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The Edukators

The Edukators (Die fetten Jahre sind vorbei) is a 2004 crime drama film directed by the Austrian director Hans Weingartner. A co-production between Germany and Austria, it stars Daniel Brühl, Stipe Erceg, and Julia Jentsch as three young, anti-capitalist Berlin activists involved in a love triangle. The friends, calling themselves "the Edukators", invade upper-class houses, rearrange the furniture, and leave notes identifying themselves. Weingartner, a former activist, wrote the film based on his experiences and chose to use nonviolent characters. The film, shot in Berlin and Austria with digital hand-held cameras, was made on a low budget which Weingartner said kept the focus on the acting.

First shown at the Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2004 and released in its home countries later that year, The Edukators was praised by critics and audiences. It grossed more than US$8 million worldwide and received a number of awards and nominations. It did, however, receive criticism mainly for its political statements and also for its long running time. It has become a cult film, part of a "German New Wave", and the inspiration for real-life actions and a 2013 stage adaptation in Brazil.

Plot
Set in 2004, the film revolves around three young anti-capitalist activists in Berlin's city centre: Jule (Julia Jentsch), her boyfriend Peter (Stipe Erceg) and his best friend Jan (Daniel Brühl). Jule is a waitress struggling to pay off a €100,000 debt she incurred a year ago when she crashed into a Mercedes-Benz S-Class belonging to a wealthy businessman named Hardenberg (Burghart Klaußner). After her eviction for non-payment of rent, she moves in with Peter and Jan, who are often out all night. While Peter is in Barcelona, Jan tells Jule that he and Peter spend their nights "educating" upper-class people by breaking into their houses, moving furniture around and leaving notes saying "die fetten Jahre sind vorbei" ("the days of plenty are over") or "Sie haben zu viel Geld" ("you have too much money").

After hearing this, Jule convinces the reluctant Jan to break into Hardenberg's home in the affluent Berlin suburb of Zehlendorf while he is away on business. During the break-in, the thrill of the moment entices them to kiss before Jan leaves Jule alone for a few minutes; he does not want to destroy his friendship with Peter. As she wanders around outside Jule accidentally sets off the house's floodlights, and they quickly leave.

When Peter returns the next day, Jan and Jule do not tell him about their activities the night before. Jule realises that her mobile phone is gone, and she and Jan leave later that night to look for it in the house. After she finds it, Hardenberg walks in the door and struggles with Jule when he recognises her. Hearing them, Jan comes downstairs and knocks Hardenberg unconscious with a flashlight. Not knowing what to do, they call Peter and he comes to their aid.

The three cannot decide what to do with Hardenberg and take him to a remote, rarely used cabin belonging to Jule's uncle in the Tyrolean Austrian Alps near Jenbach, overlooking Achensee. As they try to decide how to deal with their hostage, they learn that Hardenberg was a radical himself during the 1960s. A leader of the Socialist German Student Union, he was a good friend of Rudi Dutschke before marrying, getting a good job and abandoning his ideals.

As the story progresses, political ideology and the characters' relationships become the main issues. Peter and Jan temporarily fall out over Jan's developing romance with Jule, and Hardenberg seems to regain some of his former self.

The trio finally decides that kidnapping Hardenberg was wrong and take him back to his house to let him go. As they prepare to leave, Hardenberg gives Jule a letter forgiving her debt and promising not to involve the police. The film ends with Peter, Jan and Jule asleep in the same bed as a group of heavily armed police (Spezialeinsatzkommando) gather outside their flat and knock on the door. Jule wakes up when she hears a knock, and the police force their way into the almost-empty flat. Apparently in Barcelona, Jule opens the door to a hotel maid who wishes to clean their room. In the Berlin apartment, the police find a note: "Manche Menschen ändern sich nie" ("some people never change"). In the original German version, the Edukators set off in Hardenberg's boat in the Mediterranean, presumably to disrupt the island signal towers supplying most television programming to Western Europe.

Development and characters
According to Weingartner, The Edukators was influenced by his past as a political activist: "There's some of me in the film". He considers it an autobiographical film, with Brühl playing Weingartner. It describes the last 10 years of his life, an attempt to find a political movement satisfying his ideals. It also reflects his frustration over the lack of political ideals among his generation and the effect of advertising and media images. About this, he stated, "We don't know where to put our revolutionary energy and we don't know how to fight the system because we can't grab it, we don't know how to attack it," he said. "The system has become so invulnerable because it sells revolution to us."

The director opted for nonviolence because violence "only makes the system stronger", citing the Baader-Meinhof gang which "practically killed the Left movement in Germany ... because they gave the police an excuse to really arm up and create a more totalitarian system." Instead, Weingartner gave his characters "poetic resistance."

Although Brühl thought the film "very realistic", he was dissatisfied with his character's authenticity. The actor felt "attached" to Jan, admiring his "courage to want to change the way things are going, to act to defend his beliefs", but thought it was "very utopian and naive, that they take so much risk to break into some rich man's house to move things around."

The authenticity of the love triangle was "very important" to Weingartner, who was once part of such a relationship. Although the actors were uncertain at first that Peter could forgive Jan and Jule's betrayal, Weingartner uses the situation to explore his concept of friendship: "Friendship means more to him than bourgeois moral values. Peter loves Jule – he doesn't own her. He can tell that when she falls in love with Jan, their love is a wonderful thing, coloured by a joint rebellion – a shared rejection of social constraint."

Production and filming
Weingartner said he received an offer large enough that "I would not have to work for the rest of my life" from an American studio but refused it, opting to produce the film with his own studio, y3film, and coop99, an Austrian studio. A low-budget film, it was funded by a €250,000 loan Weingartner obtained with his parents' house as collateral. His second feature film, The Edukators was shot with hand-held digital cameras, allowing the director "to explore the space and give actors license to go wherever they wanted." Weingartner wanted a technically simple film focused on the actors. His decision to have a low budget was measured: "More money means more pressure. This way, I used a limited crew and was able to set the shooting schedule the way I wanted it – usually. The huge advantage of this kind of film-making is that it's rapid." Most of the film was shot in Berlin, except for scenes in the Austrian Alps.

Casting
The character of Peter was written for Erceg after Weingartner saw him "in a friend's film." Brühl, already a popular actor in Germany, was known to the director, who saw him as a "perfect match" for Erceg. Klaußner was cast because, according to Weingartner, "I knew the energy and vibe between us was right." The most difficult role to cast was Jule; Weingartner searched for eight months, and when he found Jentsch she was committed to another film. Since he was certain that the actress was "the perfect cast", he rescheduled filming.

Themes and analysis
Weingartner commented that the film is "about economic revolution, about poor vs. rich." He also tried to explore in the film the fact that, in his opinion, "Today, we live in a society in which revolution is on sale." For example, in the film Jan comments that revolutionary icon Che Guevara now appears on T-shirts. Hardenberg's "psycho-sexual powerplay" against the main characters while in the Alps stands for what Weingartner considers "a betrayal of European Left by hippie-era survivors including Joschka Fischer, Gerhard Schroder—and Tony Blair." Nonetheless, Weingartner was "not calling for revolution with this film. It was much more important to me to emphasize how important it is to be critical and to question the status quo".

Even if the subject of the film is political, it deals with "lots of themes," and "the theme of revolution, of rebellion," and of "how a person can change the course of his life" are the main ones. Similarly, Brühl commented that "there are different things you can take out of it" as the film also deals with generational conflict and stories of love and friendship. Weingartner said, "the whole idea of 'Edukating' is playful. The movie is full of jokes. And happiness. I read somewhere that kids laugh out loud more than 150 times a day. Adults laugh only 10 times a day. Well, I want people to laugh. I want people to go see the film and have fun."

Like Brühl, Juliane Grieb of the British Film Institute also stressed its "generational conflict" theme. While Roxanne Sancto of Paste dubbed it as a film about "disillusioned youth", Boyd van Hoeij, writing for The Hollywood Reporter, said that it was part of a trend of films that "attempt to figure out what it is about political extremes that seduces young people – and how their idealism and hormone-powered gumption can eventually come head-to-head with the much uglier realities of politics and life".

Accolades and public reception
The Edukators premiered on 17 May at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival, where it received a 10-minute standing ovation. There it was nominated for the Palme d'Or, marking the first time a German film entered in the competition since 1993, when Wim Wenders' Faraway, So Close! did it. Cinematographers Daniela Knapp and Matthias Schellenberg were nominated for the 2004 Camerimage. The film won the Silver Giraldillo (second place) at the 2004 Seville European Film Festival, and that year Brühl was nominated for a European Film Award for Best Actor. Of the German Cinema New Talent Awards at the 2004 Munich Film Festival, Weingartner was Best Director, Erceg Best Actor, and writers Weingartner and Held received a jury award.

Erceg and Jentsch were nominated for the 2005 New Faces Award. At the 2005 German Film Awards The Edukators shared the Best Feature Film Silver Award with Sophie Scholl – The Final Days, Klaußner was Best Supporting Actor and Weingartner was nominated for the Best Director Award. It was the Best Film and Jentsch the Best Actress at the 2005 German Film Critics Association Awards. At the 2005 Bavarian Film Awards, Jentsch won Best New Actress. The film shared the Audience Award for Best Dramatic Feature at the 2005 Miami International Film Festival with The Overture and Red Dust.

The Edukators debuted in German theaters on 25 November 2004, and the following day in Austria. According to the European Audiovisual Observatory, the film was seen by over 1.4 million people in Europe: almost 890,000 in Germany, 71,000 in Austria and 67,000 in Switzerland. The highest attendance in non-German-speaking countries was in France (over 72,000) and Turkey (over 69,000). Box Office Mojo reported gross earnings of US$8,152,859 in Argentina, Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and the United States. In Germany and Austria, the film's home countries, it grossed US$4,540,541 and US$479,678 respectively. Since its release The Edukators has become a cult film.

Critical reception
The film was generally well received by critics. Based on 76 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, it has an overall approval rating of 70% from critics and an average score of 6.5 out of 10. According to the website's consensus, "The Edukators engagingly plays out the clash between youthful idealism and older pragmaticism." Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating from 100 top reviews by mainstream critics, calculated a score of 68 based on 28 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Stephanie Bunbury of The Age wrote that in Germany it was a "huge hit ... Abroad, however, it has been the butt of plenty of criticism. It is too earnest, too naive, too Teutonic and sincere."

Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal called The Edukators "an uncommonly smart and interesting" film, and the Austin Chronicle's Marc Savlov said the film was a "smart, kicky little gem that owes as much to Guy Debord and the Situationists." According to Sean Axmaker of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, it was "a rare film that gets smarter as it goes along ... inject[ing] a satisfying dash of pragmatism every time it seems ready to slip into either unearned idealism or cynical fatalism." Ray Bennett wrote for The Hollywood Reporter, "The Edukators is that rare beast, a terrific movie that boasts intelligent wit, expert storytelling, delightful characters and grown-up dialogue plus suspense and a wicked surprise ending."

A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that despite "its shortcomings" on political subjects, it "succeeds brilliantly in telling the story of a man who falls in love with his best buddy's girlfriend and doesn't know what to do about it." Tim Appelo of Seattle Weekly praised "the marvelous acting, the sensitive, utterly realistic treatment of the young-love triangle," adding: "The Edukators is educational—not intellectually, but emotionally." Washington Post critic Stephen Hunter praised the film's realism: "The whole thing feels messy, painful, funny and believable, just like that hideous circus known as real life." The Times' Howard Swains wrote that it "manages to combine political discourse, a love-triangle and a hostage plot, all without sacrificing its graceful humour." Los Angeles Times critic Carina Chocano described it as a "sweet, funny and gripping romantic adventure," and "The only accurate, ironic and poignant depiction of what it's like to be young and socially committed in the WTO era". Chocano choose it as one of the 13 best films released in 2005. Liese Spencer of Sight & Sound also elected it as one of the best five films of 2005.

Not all reviews were positive. The Orlando Sentinel's Roger Moore called The Edukators "a surprisingly generic German 'Stockholm syndrome' romantic triangle thriller," adding: "It ends interestingly, but it would've ended better, and played better, had it been half an hour shorter." In Slant Magazine, Jason Clark wrote that the film needed "a touch of the perverse", but "Weingartner plays out the drama far too earnestly, and the story barely sustains the length of a movie half of its running time." According to Jack Mathews of the New York Daily News, "The dialogue between the captive and the captors gets a little didactic, and the ending is as contrived as it is cynical." Similar criticism of the film's didacticism was made by Brett Michel of Boston Phoenix, Kriss Allison of Stylus Magazine and Glenn Whipp of the Los Angeles Daily News.

Andre Wright wrote for The Stranger, "[It] starts strong, with an ingratiatingly anarchic vibe, but quickly devolves into a dust-dry, hectoring socialist lecture: a cinematic version of Kenner's My First Revolution playset." Jonathan Romney of The Independent said that Weingartner "presents his indictment of the System in crudely stacked terms that make The Edukators very much a teen movie rather than a plausible political statement." In The Times, Wendy Ide wrote: "What could have been an effective piece of drama, a dialogue to cause both sides to question the very foundations of their belief systems, is just a two-hour rant from a wispy bearded idealist whose idea of brotherhood is to sleep with his best friend's girlfriend."

The film has been considered to be part of a "New German Wave" in the cinema. The Deutsche Welle staff considered it to be one of the best German films of 2004 and early 2005. In 2018, the British Film Institute named it one of the ten "great German films of the 21st century". News publisher The Local and DE magazine Deutschland also included the film among the best ten films of Germany in 2018 and 2019 articles.

Cultural impact
In 2006 a group of left-wing activists calling itself "Hamburg for Free" dressed as superheroes, robbing food from upper-class stores to distribute to the underclass. The media considered the crimes inspired by the film, and some protesters had T-shirts and banners reading "Die fetten Jahre sind vorbei" (The Edukators' original title). In 2009, a statue stolen from Bernard Madoff was returned with a note ("Bernie the Swindler, Lesson: Return stolen property to rightful owners") signed by "The Educators".

It gained international attention and in 2006 it was announced that Brad Anderson would adapt and direct a version of the film set in the United States.

In 2013, a Brazilian stage adaptation of The Edukators was directed by João Fonseca and scripted by Rafael Gomes. The idea came from Pablo Sanábio, who stars in the play as Peter. The remaining cast was composed by Fabrício Belsoff (Jan), Nathália Lage (Jule) and Edmílson Barros (Hardenberg). To promote the play, furniture-like sculptures by juvenile interns in Rio de Janeiro were placed in affluent neighborhoods such as Flamengo, Gávea, Ipanema, Lagoa and Leblon. Film director Weingartner approved the stage adaptation and besides watching it in Rio de Janeiro, he made a five-minute montage for the play featuring The Edukator film scenes and newspaper headlines about the Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street. After being staged in Rio de Janeiro, performances were also held in São Paulo, Porto Alegre, Salvador, Brasília, and Belo Horizonte.

title: The Edukators


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Mario Luzi

Mario Luzi (20 October 1914 – 28 February 2005) was an Italian poet.

Biography
Born in Castello, near Sesto Fiorentino, Luzi's parents, Ciro Luzi and Margherita Papini, hailed from Samprugnano (later Semproniano). He spent his youth in Castello, where he started his primary school. In Florence he studied at the liceo classico Galileo, and also in Florence he obtained his degree in French literature with a final dissertation about François Mauriac. This was an important period for Luzi. He met poets such as Piero Bigongiari, Alessandro Parronchi, Carlo Bo, Leone Traverso, and the critic Oreste Macrì.

His first book, La barca, was published in 1935 and in 1938 he started to teach in high schools in the cities of Parma, San Miniato and Rome.

In 1940, he published Avvento notturno; in 1945 he went back to Florence and there he taught at the liceo scientifico. In 1946 he published Un brindisi e Quaderno gotico, in issue 1 of Inventario, in 1952 Onore del vero, Principe del deserto e Studio su Mallarmé. In 1955 he began teaching French literature at Florence University in the Facoltà di scienze politiche (Political Studies Institute).

Between 1963 and 1983, he published many books such as Nel magma (1963); Dal fondo delle campagne (1965); Semiserie (1979), Reportage (1985). In 1978, with the book Al fuoco della controversia, he won the Viareggio Prize (Premio Viareggio). He won the Aristeion Prize in 1991 for his work Frasi e Incisi di un Canto Salutare; in the same year he was proposed for the first time by the Accademia dei Lincei for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Ultimately never awarded, when asked for his thoughts by one reporter on his fellow countryman Dario Fo's 1997 success he slammed the phone down: "I'll say only this. I've just about had it up to here!"

His last book, L'avventura della dualità, was published in 2003. In October 2004, he was appointed to the Italian Senate as a senator-for-life by President of the Republic Ciampi. He died in Florence, just some months later, on 28 February 2005.

List of works

 * La barca (1935)
 * Avvento notturno (1940)
 * Biografia a Ebe (1942)
 * Un brindisi (1946)
 * Quaderno gotico (1947)
 * Primizie del deserto (1952)
 * Onore del vero (1957)
 * Il giusto della vita (1960)
 * Nel magma (1963; new edition, 1966)
 * Dal fondo delle campagne (1965)
 * Su fondamenti invisibili (1971)
 * Al fuoco della controversia (1978)
 * Semiserie (1979)
 * Reportage, un poemetto seguito dal Taccuino di viaggio in Cina (1980)
 * Per il battesimo dei nostri frammenti (1985)
 * ''La cordigliera delle Ande e altri versi tradotti (1983)
 * Frasi e incisi di un canto salutare (1990)
 * Viaggio terrestre e celeste di Simone Martini (1994)
 * Il fiore del dolore (2003)
 * L'avventura della dualità (2003)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mario Luzi


text:
Weiss (crater)

Weiss is a lunar impact crater along the southern edge of the Mare Nubium. It was named after Austrian astronomer Edmund Weiss. Nearly attached to the southwest rim is the crater Cichus, and Pitatus lies just over one crater diameter to the east-northeast. To the east-southeast lies the eroded Wurzelbauer.

The northern rim of this crater has been removed and the interior flooded by lava, leaving a nearly featureless surface. The southern half of the rim still survives, although it is eroded in places. This rim climbs to a height of 0.8 km above the base. The satellite crater Weiss E lies at the northern edge of the interior floor, along the surviving remnant of the rim edge. A smaller crater just to the east of Weiss E has incised the low rise along the northeastern side.

The crater is marked by traces of the ray system from the prominent crater Tycho, which lies several hundred kilometers to the southeast. To the north of Weiss is the rille designated Rima Hesiodus, named after the crater Hesiodus to the northeast.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Weiss.

title: Weiss (crater)


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Talk:Simon (game)

Brain Teaser (Arcade)
Little Caesars Pizza in mid 1990's have a Arcade game call Brain Teaser like simon can this be add or new page for it. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/13/nyregion/pizzeria-brain-teaser-is-seized-as-gambling.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by Indoorsoccer (talk • contribs) 18:51, 15 March 2013 (UTC)

Completely Biased
This article is biased to hide the fact that the simon was a copy of Atari's touch me, not the other way around190.191.62.60 (talk) 18:44, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

World record?
Anybody has an idea of the world record ? I read stuff like 14 http://www.hasbro.com/simon/pl/page.newsguinness/dn/default.cfm or 31 (can't find the URL anymore) but I don't believe a word of it, it's much higher with no doubt. Ukuk 17:13, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

A completed sequence is 100. 14 completed sequences of 100 is the world record — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.168.200.179 (talk) 10:22, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

The record can't be 14. I personally got 19 just the other day. (Of course, it could just be that nobody ever plays Simon anymore or cares about breaking the record) :)

 * I'm also surprised that I can't find anything about a record. Maybe it has to do with the fact that some sequences given by the machine are inevitably easier to remember than others (giving 3 in a row of the same color, or a full circle). I found this http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:HURJkCMsfEIJ:boardgames.about.com/b/a/046701.htm+Worlds+Best+SIMON2+Player&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us

It says "14 Simon sequences". Maybe a sequence is one of those 31 flashes at the hardest level? So 434? I'd believe that.
 * Yeah, 434, but if you cheat... --NakiBest (talk) 17:21, 5 February 2009 (UTC) what they are saying is that the guy beat the game 14 consecutive times. The game only goes to 32 then you have conquered the game and you start over

 * Found this: http://www.prweb.com/releases/2004/01/prweb98606.htm. Says "31 sequences," but I am not sure what that means... is it the same as a single sequence of 961 lights (and if so, why not just say that)? 24.243.50.242 (talk) 01:05, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Older models
Will somebody submit some photos of older model simon games? --SuperDude 08:23, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

What does this paragraph add?
"Mathematically, the sequence generated is n, n + 1, n + (n + 1), n + (n + 2)..., in which n is the single occurrence of any of the four colors lighting up within a given color sequence. Simon's built-in computer generates which of the four colors is chosen, probably with a random number generator."

I'm not sure what this paragraph adds to the last one. I don't really get what the math expression is trying to say, but it seems like it's just restating that the game adds a new color to the sequence each time. --Allen 07:04, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This paragraph doesn't make sense, so I removed it.  lowercase  05:56, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Losing His Mind
I remember from my youth that instructions said something along the lines of "If you ever manage to beat SIMON, he will lose his mind!". I've always wondered what that meant. Fr ac tu reTalk  06:42, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

I've wondered that too.Cfive 19:06, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If you finished the set (different numbers for different levels) all of the lights would flash in random orders and it would make a 'doodley doodley' type noise, if I remember right.
 * Of course, it was 30 years ago or more that I played with it... --StarChaser Tyger (talk) 06:46, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

I would assume that means that since it came out in the 1980's it would have a memeory limit and once it reaced that limit the game would kind of crash in a sence.Applepi2342 (talk) 04:58, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

I can tell you from both an actual complete run, and a team run to prove it, that it stops at 31 color/tones and I assume that "losing his mind" refers to the fact that it just stops. No flashing lights no beeps, I was very disappointed. I did not know about the "If you ever manage to beat SIMON, he will lose his mind" disclaimer. The team run was to prove to my sisters that I had maxed it out by having one person write down the next color in the sequence and read them back. The key for me was when I realize the playback tempo was not important only the sequence. You can take a few seconds between each button playback. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ZOKTLRD (talk • contribs) 01:36, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

SIMON is unambiguously identified in story "Chyphertone" by S.Sykes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.169.122.140 (talk) 10:14, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

Flash Version
I have changed the flash version link of the game to the flash coder's own Web site. If anyone should benefit from the traffic it's him. And I'm sure that there's a Wikki rule about commercial gain.

Bop It-Clone?
I don't think Bop It should be included as a clone. It has a Simon Says style game play, but that's it. Bop It's inputs are all different, and other than 'Bop It' do not involve pushing buttons. It also is not a game where you remember a sequence, but rather do what the game says as fast as you can. It's a clone the same way all platform video games are a clone of Super Mario Bros.- it shares a common element, but is different enough to be considered unique. —Preceding unsigned comment added by TDS18 (talk • contribs) 17:29, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Film involving the game
Anyone else remember what I think was a short film from the late 1970s or early 1980s involving a child playing this game (under a different name, of course)? The game was actually a means of opening up a portal of some sort after beating the game. The film ended with the kid's father finding out about the true purpose of the game, but being too late to stop his son, so he starts playing the game so he can go wherever his son went. 67.135.49.198 (talk) 17:58, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
Simon is featured in the recent Christmas special of the show It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, thus the reference should appear under cultural references. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pphresh (talk • contribs) 05:13, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Paragraph on the notes might be incorrect
Ralph H. Baer says here http://www.dieterkoenig.at/ccc/english/se_story_simon.htm

"Henceforth, SIMON was programmed to beep G, C, E and G ... the bugle sounds that can be played in any sequence and still sound pleasant!"

Bias again
This lousy article is very biased against Atari's Touch Me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.13.84.222 (talk) 21:37, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

AIBO
Sony's AIBO robot ERS-7M2 also has a Simon-like game mode, using the four paw 'buttons' and animal sounds (dog, cat and cow were there as in other clones but I think the fourth sound was sheep). Not sure where that would fit in the existing page however, or where to find a verifiable source for that (besides my own AIBO). Ouroboros726 (talk) 16:14, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Maximum Number of Buttons in a Sequence?
The article would be improved if it mentioned the maximum number of buttons that could be in a sequence, and what happens if the player achieves it (do they have to keep repeating the sequence ad infinitum or is there some indication that they win). It's not clear. Also, I see something about limits in the clones section, but it's not clear how the main game works. If someone more knowledgeable can add that, it would be great. -Thunderforge (talk) 21:36, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

Windows 7 Icon
Hover the pointer over the Default Programs icon in the Start menu and a "Simon" icon will appear at the top of the menu, which is funny and clever. Has anyone at Microsoft ever acknowledged the reference? 2fort5r (talk) 21:14, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

 * This is the "Default Programs" icon in the Control Panel. There is no evidence that it is intended to be seen as an Easter egg. Also, the layout of the colours is not the same as on a Simon game.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 06:40, 7 February 2014 (UTC)

 * You aren't the first to have thought of this. Others have said that Simon might have been the design inspiration for the Google Chrome logo AND Windows Vista. There is no evidence for either conjecture. Sadly, ianmacm is correct.--FeralOink (talk) 05:27, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

UK version different?
I had a version here in the UK in the early 80s that was different to the one described. The notes were in a minor triad, not major. Also, the speed of the game increased slightly with each round, with later rounds being played very fast indeed. There was also a deep "buzzer" sound played when you got a note wrong. It was an official Simon game, not a clone and looked just like the one depicted here in the article. I'd like to add this information to the article but not sure why my version was different, whether it was a special UK version or perhaps just a later early 80s version? Grand Dizzy (talk) 10:27, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

 * The YouTube video here does show that the yellow key has a minor third with A, in other words the yellow key is a C, not C♯. This is interesting, but there is a need to avoid original research. Perhaps there is a source which mentions this.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 10:52, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

Not C sharp but C
Is it my ears or does the Simon play a C instead of a C#, as mentioned on the WIki page, when I listen to it on YouTube? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:982:33F1:1:3CFA:8AB:30D7:83B4 (talk) 15:33, 11 August 2014 (UTC)
 * See the section above. It is definitely a C in the video, so maybe there were different versions produced.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 15:46, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:13, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Simon Optix
Hi the simon Optix has just been released. Someone please make an article about it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.103.238.17 (talk) 17:19, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

Evil Simon
I don't know if it reaches the notability requirements (though I do note a home-brew version of the game is listed), but I've designed an "evil" variant of the game. The difference is that instead of the buttons being colored plastic, the buttons are clear and lit with 4-color LEDs. Because of that, the colors can move around, and even require the player to push a different button than the one that lit up in the pattern. https://hackaday.io/project/166766-Симон Nsayer (talk) 17:23, 20 September 2019 (UTC)

Simon speaks
I bought a small version of Simon. When you press a button it says 2 words- “solo” and “packing”. What does that mean? 2600:8805:3B00:133:D99D:B2A5:4FFB:8CA7 (talk) 19:18, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

TV ads
Vincent Price "If you think Simon's fun at a party, wait 'till you play it alone." Drsruli (talk) 02:20, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Simon (game)


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Jazz DSP

The Jazz DSP, by Improv Systems, is a VLIW embedded digital signal processor architecture with a 2-stage instruction pipeline, and single-cycle execution units. The baseline DSP includes one arithmetic logic unit (ALU), dual memory interfaces, and the control unit (instruction decoder, branch control, task control). Most aspects of the architecture, such as the number and sizes of Memory Interface Units (MIU) or the types and number of Computation Units (CU), datapath width (16 or 32-bit), the number of interrupts and priority levels, and debugging support may be independently configured using a proprietary graphical user interface (GUI) tool. A key feature of the architecture allows the user to add custom instructions and/or custom execution units to enhance the performance of their application.

Typical Jazz DSP performance can exceed 1000 million operations per second (MOPS) at a modest 100 MHz clock frequency. Please refer to the EEMBC Benchmark site for more details on Jazz DSP performance as compared to other benchmarked processors.

title: Jazz DSP


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Hamilton Mountain (federal electoral district)

Hamilton Mountain is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968. The riding is located in the Hamilton region.

The socio-economic composition of the Hamilton Mountain is diverse, with low-income public housing residents as well as million-dollar homes, highly-paid unionized workers, low-wage unskilled workers, and well-established families and recent immigrants.

That diversity makes Hamilton Mountain a swing riding in which many elections are virtually two-way or three-way ties. For instance, fewer than 100 votes separated the top two places in 1988. Only 3000 votes separated the top three candidates in 2004. From the 1990s to 2006, the races were between the Liberals and the NDP. After the Liberal Party's collapse in the late 2000s, the Conservatives became the main competitors in the riding. With the Liberal resurgence during the 2015 election, the vote difference of the three major parties has narrowed, solidifying the riding's status as a three-way tossup.

Geography
In the 2012 redistribution, Hamilton Mountain lost area to Hamilton West-Ancaster-Dundas and Flamborough—Glanbrook. The riding was redefined to: "that part of the City of Hamilton commencing at the intersection of the Niagara Escarpment with Redhill Creek, west along said creek to Mountain Brow Boulevard, south along said boulevard to Arbour Road, then generally southerly along said road, its intermittent production, Anchor Road and its southerly production to the intersection of Rymal Road East with Glover Road, then westerly along Rymal Road East and West to Garth Street, north along said street to the Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway, east along said parkway to West 5th Street, north along said street to James Mountain Road, then generally northeasterly along said road to the Niagara Escarpment, then east and south along said escarpment to the point of commencement."

History
The riding was created in 1966 from parts of Ancaster—Dundas—Flamborough—Aldershot, Hamilton South, Hamilton West, Stoney Creek, and Wentworth ridings.

The riding's 1966 representation order indicated that Hamilton Mountain would include that part of the City of Hamilton east of a line drawn west along Mud Street, north along Mountain Brow Boulevard, and northwest along the brow of the Mountain and the part of the Township of Glanford in the County of Wentworth lying north of County Suburban Road No. 22.

In 1976, it was redefined to consist of the part of the City of Hamilton lying south of the brow of the Mountain bounded on the east by Red Hill Creek, on the west by the west limit of the city, and on the south by Mohawk Road, Limeridge Road, and Mountain Brow Boulevard.

In 1987, it was redefined to consist of the part of the City of Hamilton lying south of the brow of the Mountain bounded by a line drawn from Mountain Brow Boulevard, west along Limeridge Road to St. Jerome School, west to Garth Street, south along Garth Street, west along the proposed Mountain Freeway.

In 1996, it was redefined to consist of the part of the City of Hamilton south of a line drawn north from the western city limit near Lisajane Court, east along Stone Church Road, north along Garth Street, east along Redhill Creek Expressway, north along West 5th Street, then east along the brow of the Niagara Escarpment to the eastern city limit.

In 2003, the riding was redefined to consist of the part of the City of Hamilton bounded by a line drawn west from the Niagara Escarpment along Red Hill Valley Parkway|Red Hill Creek, south along Mountain Brow Boulevard, Arbour Road and Glover Road, west along the hydroelectric transmission line situated south of Rymal Road East, north along Glancaster Road, east along Garner Road East, north along the hydroelectric transmission line situated west of Upper Paradise Road, east along Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway, north along West 5th Street, northeast along James Mountain Road, and east and south along the Niagara Escarpment to the point of commencement.

In 2012, the riding was redefined:

In 2022, the riding's boundaries were updated again. While remaining similar to the 2012 Representation Order, Hamilton Mountain gained a small section of Flamborough-Glanbrook. The riding's new southern border was extended to the hydroelectric transmission line between Garth Street and Glover Road, effectively reincorporating portions of the riding that were lost in 2012.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Languages: 69.6% English, 3.0% Arabic, 2.5% Italian, 2.3% Spanish, 2.0% Tagalog, 1.4% Aramaic, 1.3% Portuguese, 1.0% French

Religions: 57.4% Christian (30.5% Catholic, 3.8% Anglican, 3.4% United Church, 2.5% Christian Orthodox, 1.6% Presbyterian, 1.4% Pentecostal, 1.4% Baptist, 12.8% Other), 7.7% Muslim, 1.5% Hindu, 30.9% None

Median income: $39,200 (2020)

Average income: $46,360 (2020)

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.


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Hernando del Pulgar

Hernando del Pulgar (1436 – c. 1492), also spelled as Fernando de Pulgar, was a Castilian royal secretary, historian, and writer. He first served in the administration of Enrique IV of Castile and later was appointed by Isabel I to serve as her royal chronicler. His best known work, Claros varones de Castilia, presents a series of biographical sketches of some of the most important nobles and prelates of the era.

Biography
Hernando del Pulgar was born around 1420 at Pulgar in Castile. His father, Diego Rodriguez de Toledo, was a court scribe. Pulgar was educated in the chancery of John II. Starting around 1457, he was a secretary in the chancery for Henry IV. After the accession of Isabel he became a councilor of state, was charged with a mission to France, and in 1480 was appointed the official chronicler for the queen. From that point on, he spent his time on the preparation of historical documents. He is said to have died of old age around 1490 in Villaverde, a village near Madrid.

Works
His Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, was wrongly ascribed in the first printed edition (1545) to Antonio de Nebrija, who had composed a Latin history based on Pulgar's manuscript. This work is commonly supposed to be propaganda for his patrons, Catholic Monarchs of Spain Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. Nevertheless, it is often critical of their policies and admonitory in its insistence that monarchs need to respect moral and spiritual ideals. Pulgar's Claros varones de Castilla (1486), a series of portraits of eminent nobles, ecclesiastics, and men of learning, provides interesting insights into the court of Henry IV. These portraits were published together with Pulgar's Letras (Burgos, 1486), a body of epistolary work composed of 32 letters directed to both well-known and anonymous correspondents. This epistolary is one of few 15th century collections composed in a Romance language and are an example of Humanistic prose of the Renaissance. Pulgar also composed a gloss (ca. 1485) on the Coplas de Mingo Revulgo, a work attributed to either Iñigo de Mendoza or Pulgar's brother.

title: Hernando del Pulgar


text:
Talk:Taiwanese Constitution

Should this be a disambiguation to
 * 1) the constitution of the Republic of China, and
 * 2) the draft of the constitution of the pro-independence people (e.g. http://newcongress.yam.org.tw/constitution/)? — Instantnood 17:18 Feb 28 2005 (UTC)

 * The document is not well known or widely accepted. I doubt that would ever be used even if they declared independence. This can go under a criticism/proposed replacement section of the constitution of the Republic of China article. The topics are related enough so that we dont need a new article. --Jiang 04:44, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I know the document is not well known. "Taiwanese Constitution", as the title suggests, however, looks more like the constitution of a to-be state of Taiwan, instead of the constitution of the ROC. I agree Taiwan can be used as redirects to the ROC for most situations, but I don't think it applies here. — Instantnood 05:59 Mar 9 2005 (UTC)

 * I think most people are not aware of the Republic of China but are aware of Taiwan. This is like redirecting President of Taiwan to President of the Republic of China or Flag of Taiwan to Flag of the Republic of China. (this should especially apply since we're using Taiwanese the adjective, as opposed to having this at "Constitution of Taiwan" --Jiang 07:08, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Tentatively agree. — Instantnood 07:20 Mar 9 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taiwanese Constitution


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Cleveland Arcade

The Arcade in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, is a Victorian-era structure of two nine-story buildings, joined by a five-story arcade with a glass skylight spanning over 300 feet (91 m), along the four balconies. Erected in 1890, at a cost of $867,000 ($0 in dollars), the Arcade opened on Memorial Day (May 30, 1890), and is identified as one of the earliest indoor shopping arcades in the United States. The Arcade was modified in 1939, remodeling the Euclid Avenue entrance and adding some structural support. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.

History
The Arcade was built in 1890 by Detroit Bridge Co., run by Stephen V. Harkness. Designed by John Eisenmann and George H. Smith, the Arcade is one of the few remaining arcades of its kind in the United States. Modeled after the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II located in Milan, the Arcade comprises two nine-story towers with a skylight, 100 feet (30 m) high, made of 1,800 panes of glass spanning over 300 feet (91 m). The construction was financed by John D. Rockefeller, Stephen V. Harkness, Marcus Hanna, Charles F. Brush and several other wealthy Clevelanders of the day.

The Arcade is a cross between a lighted court and a commercial shopping street. The building is a complex of three structures: two nine-story office buildings facing out to Euclid and Superior Avenues, connected via the five-story iron-and-glass-enclosed arcade. The Richardsonian arched entrance of Hummelstown brownstone  along Superior Avenue is original, but the Euclid Avenue front was remodeled in 1939 by the firm of Walker and Weeks. The level of the Superior Avenue entrance is about 12 ft lower than the Euclid entrance, so that there are two bottom arcade floors, joined by staircases at each end. Since Euclid and Superior avenues are not parallel, a passage leads, at a 23-degree angle, off the Euclid entrance to a rotunda at the southern end of the Arcade. The arcade itself is a 300 ft-long covered light court, ringed by four levels of balconies, which step back above the Euclid Avenue level. The vertical lines of the columns, rising nearly 100 feet (33 m) to the glass roof, create a spacious domed interior.

The Arcade's design inspired a similar shopping arcade in Atlanta called the Peachtree Arcade, which was constructed in the 1910s.

In 2001, the Hyatt corporation redeveloped the Arcade into Cleveland's first Hyatt Regency hotel. The Hyatt Regency occupies the two towers and the top three floors of the atrium area. The two lower floors of the atrium area remain open to the public with retail merchants and a food court. In addition, the Hyatt's lobby and offices are located near the Superior Avenue entrance. That same year, the skylight was also replaced.

title: Cleveland Arcade


text:
A Challenge of Honour

A Challenge of Honour are a Dutch music project. They create music in the genres of Modern Classical, Industrial, Experimental, Neofolk.

History
The project began in 2000 when original member Johan König approached the record label, Stahlklang Audio, with some new material. The material was then released as limited production. Later König was joined by Peter Savelkoul. König later quit due to personal problems and Savelkoul continued to release material under the project name alone. After the initial release the project was offered a new record deal with a label called Divine Comedy. Recording for "Only Stones Remain" began in 2001. It was at this time when König quit. Savelkoul had decided to keep the project running due to new interest in other labels such as Cold Spring in the UK. Other recordings from 2001 were completed to form the album "Wilhelm Gustloff" that was released by Cold Spring. In 2005 Savelkoul started a new label called Vrihaspati Recordings. This new label became an outlet for the majority of new material by the project. Later in 2008, after a three-year break, the album "No Way Out" was released. The project now featured a new member, Maurice Lahoije, who had played on a previous album "Monuments". In April 2010 the project announced that it will siege all activities on the 30th of that month. The only releases that will be published are the so-called Season Sessions which can only be obtained by a subscription. A new project by Peter saw the light of Day in May 2010 called Lenin.

Discography

 * 2001 - Only Stones Remain (Stahlklang Audio / Divine Comedy Records)
 * 2001 - The Right Place (Stahlklang Audio)
 * 2002 - Wilhelm Gustloff (Stahlklang Audio / Cold Spring)
 * 2003 - Monuments (Steinklang Industries / Vrihaspati Recordings)
 * 2005 - Seven Samurai (Vrihaspati Recordings / Divine Comedy Records)
 * 2008 - No Way Out (Vrihaspati Recordings)
 * 2009 - Leonidas (Old Europa Cafe)
 * 2010 - Season I ; The Fall Of Kerak (Self-Released)
 * 2011 - Finalmente Libre : Season II (Self-Released)

title: A Challenge of Honour


text:
Skilled worker

A skilled worker is any worker who has special skill, training, knowledge which they can then apply to their work. A skilled worker may have learned their skills through work experience, on-the-job training, an apprenticeship program or formal education. These skills often lead to better outcomes economically. The definition of a skilled worker has seen change throughout the 20th century, largely due to the industrial impact of the Great Depression and World War II. Further changes in globalisation have seen this definition shift further in Western countries, with many jobs moving from manufacturing based sectors to more advanced technical and service based roles. Examples of formally educated skilled labor include engineers, scientists, doctors and teachers, while examples of less formally educated workers include crane operators, CDL truck drivers, machinists, drafters, plumbers, craftsmen, cooks and bookkeepers.

History

In the northern region of the United States, craft unions may have served as the catalyst to develop a strong solidarity in favor of skilled labor in the period of the Gilded Age (1865-1900).

In the early 1880s, the craft unions of skilled workers walked hand in hand with the Knights of Labor but the harmony did not last long and by 1885, the Knights' leadership became hostile to trade unions. The Knights argued that the specialization of industrialization had undermined the bargaining power of skilled labor. This was partly true in the 1880s but it had not yet made obsolete the existence of craft unionism.

"...The impact of scientific management upon skilled workers should not be overstressed, especially in the period before World War I."

The period between 1901 and 1925 signals the rise and fall of the Socialist Party of America which depended on skilled workers. In 1906, with the publication of The Jungle, the most popular voice of socialism in the early 20th century, Upton Sinclair gave them ignorant "...Negroes and the lowest foreigners —Greeks, Roumanians, Sicilians, and Slovaks" hell.

There was a divergence in status within the working class between skilled and unskilled labor due to the fall in prices of some products and the skilled workers' rising standard of living after the depression of 1929. Skilled workers were the heart of the labor movement before World War I but during the 1920s, they lost much of their enthusiasm and the movement suffered thereby.

In the 20th century, in Nazi Germany, the lower class was subdivided into:
 * agricultural workers,
 * unskilled and semi-skilled workers,
 * skilled craft workers,
 * other skilled workers and
 * domestic workers.

After the end of World War II, West Germany surpassed France in the employment of skilled labor needed at a time when industrialization was sweeping Europe at a fast pace. West Germany's preponderance in the training of skilled workers, was the main factor to outweigh the balance between the two countries. In the period between 1950 and 1970, the number of technicians and engineers in West Germany rose from 160,000 to approximately 570,000 by promoting skilled workers through the ranks so that those who were performing skilled labor in 1950 had already become technicians and engineers by 1970.

In the first decade of the 21st century, the average wage of a highly skilled machinist in the United States of America is $3,000 to $4,000 per month. In China, the average wage for a factory worker is $150 a month.

Overview
In addition to the general use of the term, various agencies or governments, both federal and local, may require skilled workers to meet additional specifications. Such definitions can affect matters such as immigration, licensure and eligibility for travel or residency. For example, according to US Citizenship and Immigration Services, skilled worker positions are not seasonal or temporary and require at least two years of experience or training.

Skilled work varies in type (service versus labor), education requirements (apprenticeship versus graduate college) and availability (freelance versus on-call). Each differences are often reflected in titling, opportunity, responsibility and (most significantly) salary.

Both skilled and non-skilled workers are vital and indispensable for the smooth-running of a free-market and/or capitalist society. According to Alan Greenspan, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank, "Enhancing elementary and secondary school sensitivity to market forces should help restore the balance between the demand for and the supply of skilled workers in the United States."

Generally, however, individual skilled workers are more valued to a given company than individual non-skilled workers, as skilled workers tend to be more difficult to replace. As a result, skilled workers tend to demand more in the way of financial compensation because of their efforts. According to Greenspan, corporate managers are willing to bid up pay packages to acquire skilled workers as they identify the lack of skilled labor as one of today's greatest problems.

Education
Education can be delivered in a variety of manners, and is certified or acknowledged through various means. Below is a sampling of educational conventions:
 * On-the-job training - (Examples: bartender, fashion model, salesperson, sanitation worker, truck driver, waiter)
 * Apprenticeship - (Examples: carpenter, electrician, lineman, mason, mechanic, plumber, welder)
 * Vocational Degree - (Examples: chef, cosmetologist, dental assistant, paralegal)
 * Associate Degree - (Examples: diagnostic medical sonographer, draftsman, health care assistant, HVAC technician, licensed practical nurse, medical laboratory technician, optician, web developer)
 * Higher Apprenticeship - (Examples: Chartered Engineer, Chartered Accountant, Management Consultant, Lawyer)
 * Undergraduate Degree - (Examples: accountant, journalist, registered nurse, software engineer, elementary or high school teacher)
 * Professional Degree - (Examples: architect, dentist, engineer, executive, investment banker, lawyer, pharmacist, physician)
 * Graduate Degree - (Examples: astronaut, historian, mathematician, nurse anesthetist, scientist, university professor)

Benefits
Skilled workers are an invaluable asset to companies. Benefits of a skilled workforce include:
 * Increased Productivity - Companies may benefit from the increased specialization of workers as they have attained the associated skills of a job to a high degree.
 * Economies of Scale - A group of skilled workers through increased productivity may help a company obtain cost advantages per unit that will help to increase profitability.
 * Improved Safety - Workers who are masterful in their craft tend to not make large or catastrophic mistakes that may cause injury to themselves or other workers.
 * Problem Solving - Skilled workers have the advantage of repeating a process many times. These workers have the ability to highlight inconsistencies and overcome problems that can save company's time and money.

Electronics
In American industry, there has been a change in the concentration of skilled workers from the areas of past economic might e. g. steel, automobile, textile and chemicals to the more recent (21st century) industry developments e. g. computers, telecommunications and information technology which is commonly stated to represent a plus rather than a minus for the American standard of living.

Procurement
Due to globalization, regional shortages of skilled workers, migration, outsourcing, and other factors, the methods of procuring skilled workers has changed in recent years.

Migration
All countries are in a process of change and transition which makes possible the migration of skilled workers from places of lower to higher opportunities in training and better working conditions. Although materialistic rewards play a role in skilled workers migration, it is the lack of security, opportunity and suitable rewards in the homeland that fundamentally makes this massive movement of people possible, going from places of lesser development to affluent societies.

Educational poaching is a concern among the developing nations, with the richest nations benefiting from educational resources of the nations who can least afford to lose the most productive career years of their highly skilled professionals. This factor disincentives investment in education in both the developing and developed world, as foreign students and foreign workers limit opportunities for citizens in the receiving countries. Some developing countries see the migration of domestically trained professionals abroad not as a drain but as a gain, a "brain bank" from which to draw at a price; for these professionals, on their return with their accumulated skills, would contribute to the growth of the homeland; cultural factors favor the return of these professionals for a short or a long while. However, policy in the United States is geared toward making non-immigrant visas eligible for adjustment of status to permanent residence status.

Canada Skilled Worker immigration

On January 1, 2015, the Government of Canada implemented the Express Entry Immigration system under the Economic Class including the Federal Skilled Worker Program. Under Express Entry, Federal Skilled Workers across 347 eligible occupations who meet minimum entry criteria, submit an expression of interest profile to the Express Entry Pool. The profiles of candidates in the pool are ranked under a Comprehensive Ranking System.

South Africa

Under Apartheid, the development of skilled workers was concentrated on the white inhabitants but after the socio-political upheaval of the 1990s, these same skilled workers are emigrating, a highly sensitive subject in contemporary South African Society. The media in South Africa has increasingly covered the "brain drain" in the 1990s. Starting in 1994, when a democratically elected government took control of the reins of power, official South African statistics show a greater emigration of skilled workers. The validity of this data has been questioned.

European Union

The European Union brought policy into force that paved the way for skilled workers from outside the Union to work and live in the EU under the Blue Card (European Union) Scheme. The key reasons for introducing this policy are an ageing population in general and an increasing shortage of skilled workers in many member states.

Highly skilled workers migration intensity

The demand for Information Technology (IT) skilled workers is on the rise. This has led to a lessening of the immigration restrictions prevalent in various countries. Migration of skilled workers from Asia to the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia is common, specially among students and the temporary migration of IT skilled workers. Data shows, however, that the migration of skilled workers from Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and France to the United States is only temporary and is more like a brain exchange than a "brain drain".

World Bank Policy on Fair Exchange

Brain Drain literature focuses mainly on the high cost of skilled migration for the homeland or sending country. This loss can be partly offset if the migration is only temporary. Developing countries invest heavily in education. However, temporary migration can generate a substantial remittance of capital flow to the homeland. This flow of capital plus the additional knowledge gained would do more than compensate the homeland for the investment made originally in educating the skilled worker. The key to temporary migration is a change in the trade and immigration policies of the receiving country and a stepping-up of the demands of the sending country for the return migration of skilled workers.

title: Skilled worker


text: Category:1002 births

title: Category:1002 births


text:
Lookout Mountain (Oklahoma)

Lookout Mountain is located in West Tulsa, Oklahoma. Although named Lookout Mountain, the "mountain" is actually a large hill. The east end of the hill overlooks the BNSF trainyard. KTUL, a local television station is on Lookout Mountain. To the north of Lookout Mountain are several industrial businesses, including the trash-to-energy plant. To the south stretches the community of Red Fork. The west end of Lookout Mountain connects to other hills in West Tulsa, including Cowbell Hill and Anderson Hill. It is 55.86 mi from Sierra Grande, its line parent.

title: Lookout Mountain (Oklahoma)


text:
Talk:Ram accelerator

Is there a distinction in literature between "ram accelerators" and "scram accelerators"? My understanding is that these devices were originally built to study _scramjet_ design (easier to send a projectile down a tube filled with air/hydrogen mixture than to build a hypersonic wind tunnel). --Christopher Thomas 17:28, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Check out http://www.physicsforums.com/archive/t-51528_Ram_Accelerator.html and http://www.aa.washington.edu/AERP/ramac/detailed/prop_modes.html. Ramjets operate with subsonic/transonic flow in the combustion chamber, and scramjets operate with supersonic flow in the "combustion chamber"--in most scramjet designs I've seen, the "jet" is just a bump or angle with a fuel injector behind it, with the shock wave providing one combustion chamber wall (sort of like the linear nozzle engies) and the compression heating of the air providing the ingition source.  The problem is, to get a scramjet to work, you need to be going Mach 4+.  Ramjets kick in at around Mach 1, and can run up to Mach 5 or so.  Basically the differentiation between ram and scram acceleration is whether or not the projectile hits speeds high enough to transition to supersonic combustion.  It may also be possible to make a projectile that will only scram, but not ram, by not truncating the rear cone.  I read an article in Discover Magazine 10+ years ago about a scram cannon, and I think it had a projectile that was pointed at both ends.  It was not like the Washinton U gun, it used gunpowder for initial acceleration, not a light gas gun.  It may well have skipped subsonic combustion completely and gone right to scram.  I do also wonder if the ram projectiles need an ignition source in the base.  The old ramjet cruise missles used a flare sticking out of the flameholder as an ignition source.  scot 18:32, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I am aware of the operational difference between a ramjet and a scramjet; my point was that I had understood that the term "ram accelerator" covered cannons that operated both in subsonic and supersonic combustion regimes (among other things, this is what that Discover article you mention described). I had never heard the term "scram accelerator", and the description on the combustion modes page you link doesn't mention it either, which makes me leery of considering it a technical term. Google turns up a handful of hits for papers that used it, but "ram accelerator" is far more common. Please don't take this as an attack; it just strikes me as a term that is not in common use among academics discussing this type of device. --Christopher Thomas 22:24, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I think you're right. The term "scram cannon" appears to be far more common, especially in SF references to the technology's potential military uses.  That's also the term that stuck when I read the Discover article, but "scram accelerator" just seemed to be a more correct term, but, as you pointed out, it's just not that commonly used.  How about changing the note in the article to "scram cannon" and changing the redirect as well?  Or leave in "scram accelerator" and add "scram cannon"?  scot 04:27, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll tweak the wording a bit, and make a note of "scram cannon" as a science fiction term for the supersonic combustion version. The redirect from "scram accelerator" isn't doing any harm, so as far as I'm concerned it can be left as-is (and a few people may search for it based on the paper and forum links that are out there). I'll also fold in your reference links into the main article (thanks for the research!).--Christopher Thomas 04:49, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Tweaking complete. If you feel up to starting a "scram cannon" page to describe the fictional weapon, go ahead; you probably have a much better handle on where the term has been used than I do.--Christopher Thomas 05:05, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm adding the scram cannon page now. I might be reading too much into Heinlein's gun in "If this goes on-", as there had been attempts to make staged guns in the 1940s, but I think that the description he used doesn't rule out a ram accelerator, and certainly the ram accelerator would achieve the same goal--the maximum energy possible from a kinetic energy projectile.  scot 16:33, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

fuel-air mixture ??
This phrase "fuel-air mixture" appears several times. Since the volume enclosed within the ram accelerator is a controlled environment (the very reason for its construction) it is advantageous to dispense with the nitrogen component of ordinary "air" and instead substitute pure oxygen. Thus, the article should read "fuel-oxidizer" mixture. I am not going to make the edit myself in order to give the original author an opportunity to do it himself, but if no one gives a good reason not to make the revision I'll check back later and put it in myself.Wikkileaker (talk) 15:41, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ram accelerator