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Mesgegra

In Irish mythology, Mesgegra (Mess-gegra, Mes Gegra, Mes Gedra) was king of Leinster during the events of the Ulster Cycle, and was also the brother of Mac Da Thó aka Mes Róidia in The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig.

Mesgegra was killed by the Ulster warrior Conall Cernach, who preserved Mesgegra's brain in lime as trophy. But the brain-ball was stolen by the Conacht warrior Cet mac Mágach who shot it at the Ulster king Conchobar Mac Nessa and lodged in his head, killing him seven years later, thus fulfilling the prophecy that Mesgegra would somehow avenge his own death.

Name
Mes-gegra is mentioned in Cormac's glossary, only to state that Mes signifies 'edge' or 'blade'.

Mes-gegra shared this Mes- prefix with his siblings and father.

Margaret E. Dobbs guesses that Mesgegra would have originally meant "warrior (or sword) of Cecra". In Ancient Chaldea, "Mes-" meaning "hero or champions" appears in the roster of kings, and this Chaldean word derived from Sumerian mas 'cut, divide' or mâsu 'warrior'. Dobbs ventured that the Irish Mes- name convention could have been borrowed from that far region.

Genealogy
Mesgegra (Messcegra), Mesroida (Mesreta), Mesdana, Mesdomnand are named as siblings in the poem Cethri meic Airtt Mis-Telmann ("four sons of Art Mes-Telmann") Their father Art is said to have belonged to the tribe of Domnann, and the settlement of the British Dumnonii in East Leinster appears to be incontrovertible historical fact.

Mesgegra was a King of Leinster, Mesroidia a wealthy brugaid of Leinster also known as Mac-Da-Tho, Mesdana, a warrior, and Mesdomnand, a poet according to the stated poem. Mesroída aka Mac Datho

Mesroída who was the brugaid (hospitaller, from brug "hostel") was of course the titular figure of Scéla Muicce Mac Dáthó "The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig", and the final strophe of the poem recapitulates that story by telling of the pig and hound and the banquet and the "Four times seven fifties" who died in the mansion.

Life and death

 * Siege of Howth

Mesgegra (Mess-gegra) was king of Leinster (North Leinster), whose parents were deaf and mute; his brother was named Mes-Róidia (var. Mes roida).

To Leinster arrived the Ulster poet Athirne, who had been dispatched from his king Conchobar mac Nessa and was making circuit around Ireland to exact ruthless demands of precious jewels, or women, or even an eye, on pain of receiving the poet's invective and dishonor. The poet intended to goad the Leinstermen into killing him, thereby causing war between Leinster and Ulster, so he named an impossible bribe, a lost buried heirloom jewel, but that was fortuitously found and given him.

Mesgegra yielded his wife Buan to the poet for a night, but did not have his wife taken away afterwards, although he had to make a binding promise that she would be given to whichever Ulsterman arrived bearing Mesgegra's head. The poet then carried away him 150 wives of Leinstermen, so that the Leinster army did give pursuit, and clashed with the Ulster army. The ensuing battle, the Siege of Howth, was a bloody stalemate which ceased when Leinster retreated and erected a red wall as barrier, which Ulstermen were forbidden from crossing (due to a geis).

Mesgegra was incautiously tarrying with just his gillie in his company at a spot called Cassán Chlóinta (Path of Clane), where a strange incident unfolds. A giant nut larger than a man's head floats down the stream, which Mesgegra takes and halves with a knife. The gillie wakes up claiming to have had an evil vision, and asks if his half of the nut was saved, then slashes off the king's hand without properly confirming. Learning his mistake afterwards, the gillie commits suicide. The one-handed Mesgegra, forced to act as his own charioteer, is met with worse luck when he encounters the Ulster warrior Conall Cernach, who was seeking revenge for two fallen brothers in the earlier battle. To make it a fair fight, Conall fought him with one hand tied to his side. Conall is triumphant and carries Mesgegara's severed head to Leinster, hoping to claim Mesgegra's queen as his prize (as the poet predicted), but she falls dead in sorrow.

Mesgegra's head was hollowed out, and the brain mixed with lime for Connall to take back to Ulster's capital Emain Macha as trophy.

Mesgegra's calcified brain became Connal's bragging piece in Ulster. Mesgegra's brain was later stolen by Cet Mat Matach (Cet mac Mágach ) of Connacht as it was prophesied that Mesgegra would eventually avenge himself even in death. Cet shot the brain-ball and lodged in the head, resulting in a horrific injury. Mesgegra's brain ball made Conchobar unable to over-exert himself, but he still survive the injury another 7 years, when the brain-ball dislodged with Conchobar's fury at the news of the crucifixion of Christ.
 * Aided Conchubair

It is worth mentioning that Cet had been outdone and shamed by Connal (and the Connachtsmen shamed by the Ulstermen in general by Connal's administration of the curadmír or "Champion's Portion" in the Scéla Muicce Meicc Dá Thó), and the trouble-making hosteller named Mac Dá Thó of Leinster, also called Mesroeda, is identified as a brother of Mesgegera the king.

Comparative analyses
Mesgegra's brain-ball has been likened to the táthlum or táthluib "sling-stone", such as the Lugh's sling-stone which was a hardened ball of blood and sand.

The one-handed Mesgegra fighting Connal with a hand tied has been paralleled with Nuada of the Silver Arm and his arm-cutting foe Sreng whose name can mean "cord" or "tug away", as well as with the Norse god Týr who lost one hand in order to bind Fenris wolf. The one-handed figure appears alongside a one-eyed Eochaid mac Luchta, the king of South Connacht, whose Norse counterpart is Óðinn. Scowcroft conjectures there was some wisdom-gaining underlying theme, similar to Óðinn losing an eye in Mimir's Well, as the strange nut that Mesgegra ate is reminiscent of the hazelnut of water-pool of Segais which imparted wisdom to the Salmon of Knowledge.

title: Mesgegra


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Battle of Chioggia

The Battle of Chioggia was a naval battle during the War of Chioggia that culminated on June 24, 1380 in the lagoon off Chioggia, Italy, between the Venetian and the Genoese fleets. The Genoese, commanded by Admiral Pietro Doria, had captured the little fishing port in August the preceding year.

The port was of no consequence, but its location at an inlet to the Venetian Lagoon threatened Venice at her very doorstep. The Venetians, under Vettor Pisani and Doge Andrea Contarini, were victorious thanks in part to the fortunate arrival of Carlo Zeno at the head of a force from the east. The Venetians both captured the town and turned the tide of the war in their favor. A peace treaty signed in 1381 in Turin gave no formal advantage to Genoa or Venice, but it spelled the end of their long competition: Genoese shipping was not seen in the Adriatic Sea after Chioggia. This battle was also significant in the technologies used by the combatants.

Background
By the fourteenth century, interregional trade had seen a very large increase, aided in part by improved navigational and naval technologies as well as by the collapsing Byzantine empire. The northern Italian cities of Genoa and Venice were well placed to foster this trade that extended east through the Mediterranean to Constantinople, the Middle East, and the Black Sea, as well as north through the Strait of Gibraltar to the Baltic Sea. Common goods that were traded in the region included timber, metals, weapons, slaves, salt, spices, and grain. Grain from the Black Sea region became increasingly important to feed the growing urban populace of the city-states and support the growing naval merchant class, with most grain imports coming through the ports at Caffa in modern-day Crimea and Chios in the eastern Aegean Sea. Throughout this period both Genoa and Venice became ever more entrenched in trade, building considerable naval forces to protect their interests and battling for trade dominance in a series of sporadic wars that largely culminated with Chioggia.

Lead-up to the battle
Since 1372, Venice and Genoa had been engaged along with their respective allies in the War of Chioggia, the fourth Genoese War. In 1378, when full-scale hostilities occurred in earnest, Venetian Captain General of the Sea Vettor Pisani was sent with a fleet of 14 galleys to attack Genoese waters. It is worth noting that throughout the War of Chioggia, the sizes of the fleet of both sides were relatively small compared to other wars. This is a sign that the plagues and general slump of the mid-fourteenth century had weakened both cities.

After some moderately successful campaigning, Pisani requested to return home to refit his ships but was denied by the Venetian leadership. He was ordered to spend the winter near Pola in modern Croatia. There he was led into a trap by an attacking Genoese fleet in which he was outnumbered and saw most of his fleet destroyed.

The Genoese pressed their advantage and sent their force towards Venice, burning towns and capturing ships as they went along the Lido. In August 1379, they, along with an allied force from Padua, moved into the Venetian Lagoon and captured the small port of Chioggia, right at the doorstep of Venice itself.

Battle
After the loss of Chioggia, Venice asked the Genoese to negotiate, but they replied that they would only do so after they had “bridled the horses of San Marco”. Apparently they intended to attack Venice, but decided to secure themselves at Chioggia for fear of navigating the lagoon. Venice responded by mobilizing every resource it could muster, using forced loans and mass conscription to assemble and arm a force of galleys 34 strong.

Pisani, who had been imprisoned for his crushing defeat at Pola, was released after crowds took to the streets demanding that he be put back in command. He served as executive officer under the Doge himself, who took command as Captain General. After training the new conscripts, who were mostly craftsmen, the new fleet executed Pisani's plan to turn the besieging Genoese into the besieged.

On the night of December 22, the Venetian force sunk barges laden with stones in the canals and channels leading to the lagoon, blocking the supply lines and escape of the Genoese occupying Chioggia. The Venetian ships could more readily navigate the smaller canals, and so they blocked the larger ones, using a small land force at Chioggia as a distraction while they worked. The Venetians spent the next five months struggling to defend the barriers from Genoese attacks, while the Genoese's supplies dwindled. Carlo Zeno, who had been using his force of 14 well-equipped galleys to capture undefended Genoese ships in the east, arrived in January, greatly bolstering the Venetians’ efforts. Gradually they secured every entrance to the lagoon.

The Genoese sent reinforcements to aid their force in Chioggia, but the Venetians would not let them past their barriers, preventing them from entering the battle and dividing the Genoese force. After the starving Genoese in Chioggia unsuccessfully attempted to bribe the Venetian mercenaries into their service, they surrendered on June 24, 1380. Despite the victory at Chioggia, the Venetians then had to battle the rest of the Genoese forces until the Peace of Turin in 1381.

Technology
The primary mode of naval warfare during this time in the Mediterranean was the galley ship, although its variants were also increasingly used as trade ships. Its design effectively balanced carrying capacity and speed to create a ship well suited to many purposes. These were the main ships of war used during the battle, with the exception of the barges sunk by Venice to blockade their lagoon.

This battle is of additional note because it was the first recorded use of ship-mounted gunpowder weapons being used in combat in Europe. The Venetians, who were already using powder siege weapons on land, mounted small bombards to many of their galleys during the fight to keep the Genoese force cordoned off in Chioggia. Although there is little known about these weapons, it is known that they were not used for ship-to-ship combat. The weapons were far too inaccurate to be used against other ships, and instead were used to bombard enemy walls and fortifications. The Genoese commander, Pietro Doria, was killed by a collapsing fortification that was hit by a ball fired from a Venetian galley.

Aftermath
At the Peace of Turin, Venice made several concessions to the Genoese, including Tenedos, the original source of contention in the war. Nevertheless, the Genoese stopped their military and trade forays into most of the Mediterranean, perhaps as a result of their defeat combined with debts and domestic civil unrest. Venice too was left with a great deal of debt, but crawled slowly out of it over the next few decades.

Fernand Braudel sets the end of sporadic warfare between the two early centers of aquatic empire as a result of the economic retrenchment of the 14th century: "Perhaps the answer is that only prolonged prosperity and a rising tide of trade had made it possible to indulge for so long in battles which were fierce but not in the end mortal... Both major and minor wars had become too expensive a luxury. Peaceful coexistence would have to be the rule."

Left with no major enemies, Venice expanded its power along both Adriatic coasts, posting a fleet at Corfu to guard the sea's entrance. They increased their trade influence on the Greek Peloponnesus and greatly extended inland at home. By 1400, Venice had 3000 ships, and in a population of 200,000 had 38,000 seamen. Venice's system of aquatic economic domination is one that continued to surface even after its decline, with an example being Portugal's later domination of the seas around Africa and Asia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Battle of Chioggia


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Valdemar Atterdag holding Visby to ransom, 1361

Valdemar Atterdag holding Visby to ransom, 1361 is a historical painting (oil on canvas, signed in 1882) by the Swedish historical painter Carl Gustaf Hellqvist (1851–1890).

This painting depicts how the Danish king Valdemar IV (a.k.a. Valdemar Atterdag) collects treasures from the people in the Gotlandic medieval town of Visby in the summer of 1361 following the Battle of Visby. If the town's people do not fill the three big beer vats with gold, silver and other riches, Valdemar will see to that the whole town is burned to the ground. This type of taxation is known as fire taxation (Swedish: brandskattning).

King Valdemar Atterdag sits to the right, on an elevated red throne in front of the large St. Catherine's church, and observes the town dwellers as they run to fill the vats. At the centre of the painting, the main characters are seen—i.e. the mayor and his family. The mayor clenches his fist in wrath and looks at the Danish king, while his wife looks up to the sky, towards God. The wife plays the role of Virgin Mary, and she has a tear drop in the corner of her eye.

The painting was made in Munich in the 1880s, about half a millennium after the actual event of 1361, hence there are some incorrect details in the painting—though Carl Gustaf Hellqvist was very ambitious when making pictures that were true to the period—for instance the dachshund that is seen at the very left beer vat and the medieval houses in the background: The first dachshund was bred in the 16th century, not in the 14th century, thus an anachronism. For the houses in the background, there have never been any buildings like these in Visby—instead Hellqvist saw houses like these when he was travelling around in northern Germany. The mother in the midsection has her hair uncovered, although 14th century married women usually had their hair covered.

"Valdemar Atterdag holding Visby to ransom, 1361" or "Valdemar Atterdag imposes a levy on Visby, 1361" was awarded a gold medal in Vienna, Austria, in 1882 and is now a part of the collections of the National Museum of Fine Arts in Stockholm, Sweden.

The original Swedish title for this painting is "Valdemar Atterdag brandskattar Visby den 27 juli 1361" and its dimensions are 201 cm × 327 cm (79.2″ × 128.8″).


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Endurance riding

Endurance riding is an equestrian sport based on controlled long-distance races. It is one of the international competitions recognized by the FEI. There are endurance rides worldwide. Endurance rides can be any distance, though they are rarely over 160 km for a one-day competition.

There are two main types of long-distance riding, competitive trail riding and endurance rides. In an endurance ride, discussed in this article, the winning horse is the first one to cross the finish line while stopping periodically to pass a veterinary check that deems the animal in good health and fit to continue. As with human marathon running, many riders will participate to improve their horse's personal best performance and consider finishing the distance with a proper vet completion record to be a "win".

In the United States, most endurance rides are either 50 or 100 mi long. Shorter rides, called Limited Distance rides (LD), are organized for new riders to the sport or young horses being trained. However, LD's have evolved into a competition of their own, in which more experienced riders and horses also participate. There are also longer, usually multi-day, rides as well. In the US, the American Endurance Ride Conference (AERC) sanctions endurance rides. There is a second organization in the U.S., mainly based in the PNW called the Equine Distance Riding Association (EDRA). They sanction endurance rides as well, but not alongside AERC. In the UK, Endurance GB is the governing body. Winning riders can complete 100 mi rides in 14 to 15 hours.

Any breed can compete, but the Arabian generally dominates the top levels because of the breed's stamina and natural endurance abilities.

History
Though the need to ride long distances has existed since the domestication of the horse, endurance riding as an organized activity was first developed in the United States based on European cavalry (particularly Polish and Russian WWI) and breeding program tests requiring the ability to carry 300 lb over 100 mi in one day. Organized endurance riding as a formal sport began in 1913 in Vermont by the Morgan Horse Club with seven riders on small horses, Arabians or Morgans. They rode for 154 miles in about 31 hours. The most famous endurance ride began in 1955, when Wendell Robie and a group of equestrians rode from the Lake Tahoe area across the Sierra Nevada Range to Auburn in under 24 hours. They followed the historic Western States Trail. This ride soon became known as the Tevis Cup, and it remains the most difficult of any 100-mile ride in the world because of the severe terrain, high altitude, and 100-degree (~37 °C) temperatures. Endurance riding first was brought to Europe in the 1960s.

Structure of the ride
Before the ride, horses are inspected by a veterinarian to ensure they are fit to perform in the ride. Riders may be given a map or GPS waypoints for the course, which shows the route, the places for compulsory halts (called "holds"), and any natural obstacles (such as ditches, steep hills, and water crossings). The trails frequently are marked with colored surveyor's tape ribbons at regular intervals with additional ribbons or small arrow markers at turns in the trail.

The ride is divided into sections, with different names (legs, phases, loops etc.), depending on sanctioning organization. After each section, horses are stopped for a veterinary inspection (usually called a "vet check" and less often called a "vetgate"), where they are checked for soundness and dehydration, with their pulse and respiration taken. To continue the ride, the horse must pass the examination, including reducing its heart rate below that specified for the event, typically 64 bpm, although terrain and weather may require the ride veterinarians to set a different maximum target. The riders' time keeps running until their horses reach the required target, so it is important that the horses recover as soon as possible. Any horse deemed unfit to continue (due to lameness or excessive fatigue, for example) is eliminated from further competition (this is called being "pulled").

After the veterinary inspection, the horse must be held for an additional hold time (usually between 40 – 60 minutes), at which time it is fed and watered. If the veterinary inspection is on the course rather than at base camp, ride management usually delivers to the inspection location a cache of riders' personal gear, food, and water.

While riders may compete without additional aid, sometimes referred to as riding cavalry, many riders have a designated crew to assist them during veterinary checks. In upper-level competition, this is particularly important to efficiently prepare the horse for the vet as well as care for both horse and rider during the mandatory hold times. A good crew allows the rider a brief respite and time to concentrate all energies on the strategy and demands of the trail itself.

Riders are free to choose their pace during the competition, adjusting to the terrain and their mount's condition. Therefore, they must have a great knowledge of pace, knowing when to slow down or speed up during the ride, as well as a great knowledge of their horse's condition and signs of tiring. There is a maximum time allowed to complete mileage (12 hours for 50 miles and 24 hours for a 100-mile ride). Riders may choose to ride or may dismount and walk or jog with their horse without penalty. However, in FEI, they must be mounted when they cross the starting and finish lines. AERC riders have no requirement for being mounted at any point before, during, or after the ride.

The terrain riders compete over varies greatly from ride to ride. Natural obstacles (called "hazards"), are marked on the trails. In some areas, wilderness or undeveloped areas are difficult to find; in these places, no more than 10% of the route can be on hard-surfaced roads.

Determining the winner
Under the rules of the FEI and AERC, the first horse to cross the line and pass the vet check as "fit to continue" is the winner. Under the rules of competitive trail riding and the endurance rules in some nations (though not international competition nor that in the USA), as well as for limited-distance endurance rides (25–49 miles or 40–79 km in one day), the winner is determined by a combination of speed and the recovery rate of the horse or by a required standard.

Additional awards are usually given to the best-conditioned horses who finish in the top 10 for distances of 50 mi or more. The Best Conditioned, or "BC" award is generally more prized than finishing first, as it is determined by a combination of speed, weight carried, and veterinary scores. Thus, a horse finishing fourth, but carrying a heavier rider than the first-place finisher and with equal vet scores, still has a good chance to win the BC award.

American Endurance Ride Conference
The majority of American endurance rides are sanctioned by the American Endurance Ride Conference (AERC), founded in 1972 as a governing body for long-distance riding. AERC's motto is "To finish is to win." Though the first horse and rider to finish the race are technically the winner, the majority of AERC riders aim for a "completion" rather than a placing. As with human marathon running, many riders will participate to improve their horse's personal best performance and consider finishing the distance with a proper vet completion record to be a "win". In addition, each distance race has a time limit. For example, a fifty-mile ride must be completed within twelve hours and the hundred mile ride competitors have twenty-four for completion credit. The majority of competitors are amateurs that participate in endurance as a hobby rather than a profession, generally owning a small number of horses and riding them themselves. More competitive riders race for Top 10 placings, but the horse's welfare is still a top priority and putting a horse's health at risk for the sake of competition is heavily frowned upon.

Traditional endurance ride distances range from 50–100 miles. The most common distance is 50 miles, though longer distances 75 and 100 miles are also completed in one day. Occasionally, 2-day 100-mile rides are offered, where the same rider and horse complete 50 miles each day for two consecutive days and receive credit for a 100-mile ride (competitors must sign up for the 100-mile ride and complete both days in order to receive credit). Elevator rides allow competitors to sign up for a shorter distance with the option to increase to a higher mileage offered on the same day. Multi-day rides, with multiple endurance rides on at least consecutive days and totaling at least 155 miles, usually offer their awards to recognize horses who successfully complete all days of the ride. These rides can be just as demanding, if not more, on a horse and rider team than a single-day 100-mile ride and highlight the exceptional care, preparation, and commitment of a horse and rider team. While the majority of rides are completed in one or more loops with both the start and finish lines are located in base camp, Pioneer rides (like Tevis) are point-to-point rides where riders start in one location and finish in another. Some riders compete with the assistance of a crew in camp that usually consist of friends, family, or fellow riders. However, the majority of riders compete on their own and riders generally provide assistance to one another as needed.

In addition to traditional endurance distances of 50 or more miles, AERC includes a Limited Distance (LD) division. LD's are at least 25 miles and can be as long as 35 miles. Though originally introduced as training rides for beginning riders and horses, they evolved into their own level of competition. However, due to the difference in demands entailed by the longer distances, LD miles are counted and recognized separately from endurance miles. Occasionally, a non-competitive introductory trail ride for novice riders and horses will be offered alongside the endurance competition, generally about 15 miles long.

All AERC rides are required to offer completion awards to all horse and rider teams who meet completion criteria (including the horse being judged "fit to continue), as well placings and Best Condition awards. Individual rides may offer additional recognitions, including middle-of-the-pack awards and the turtle award (last place). Awards are typically low-cost and provide more sentimental than monetary value. T-shirts are popular awards. Moreover, AERC recognizes year-end accomplishments (such as top season mileage) and lifetime horse and rider mileage accomplishments. Various regional clubs and organizations offer further recognitions and awards. Widely acclaimed riders are typically those with high lifetime mileage accumulation and minimal "pulls" (non-completions).

FEI
Endurance became a recognized Fédération Équestre Internationale discipline in 1978, and the international organization has since set down rules with the welfare of the horse as top priority. In the United States, endurance rides are sanctioned by the FEI, the AERC, or both and seldom by the FEI alone. Usually the stand-alone rides are special FEI rides like the North American Team Challenge. When both the FEI and AERC sanction a ride, the FEI rules prevail.

Two well-known American 100 mi endurance rides are The Western States Trail Ride, commonly known as the Tevis Cup, held in California, and the Old Dominion ride, held in Virginia. Additionally, the top riders and horses compete at the World Equestrian Games, the Endurance World Championships, and regional championships such as the Pan-Am Games and the European Endurance Championships.

One-day international competitions are 40–160 km. Multi-day competitions are longer but have daily distance limits. Those that are FEI recognized and are broken into the following categories:
 * CEI * (one star): minimum average distance each day is 80 - 119 km
 * CEI **: 120 - 139 km in one day or 70 - 89 km per day over two days
 * CEI ***: 140 - 160 km in one day, or 90 - 100 km per day over two days, or 70 - 80 km per day over three days or more.
 * CEI ****: Senior Championships of a minimum of 160 km in one day, Young Horse. Championships for 7 year olds – maximum distance 130 km, Junior and Young Rider Championships of a minimum of 120 km, maximum of 130 km in one day.

Note: CEI is the notation that the competition is an FEI-approved international competition.

When first recognized by the FEI, there were only four international competitions. This grew to an average of 18 rides per year by 1998, when the first World Championships were held in the United Arab Emirates. The World Championships provided a huge boost to the sport, and, by 2005, there were 353 international competitions, second to only eventing and show jumping. Due to the huge increase in international competition, endurance is growing quite rapidly worldwide.

Horse welfare controversy
Recently, there has been increasing concern over horse welfare issues within FEI and particularly Group VII in the Middle East, including injuries (namely fractures), drugging, and overall rule abuse. Multiple endurance organizations around the world, such as France, Belgium, and Switzerland, issued complaints over FEI's mis-handling of these issues. In June, 2013, AERC issued a letter to USEF demanding that something be done. Of particular concern to AERC members were the effects of excessive speed and racing as well as the overall perception of the sport of endurance riding. Due to this strongly-worded letter, North America was invited to participate in discussions over how to address these issues. The result of these discussions were the creation of the FEI Endurance Strategic Planning Group, which is currently working to address current issues and plan for the future.

In 2015, the FEI banned the United Arab Emirates from participating in Endurance racing following scandals of welfare, doping, the use of 'ringers' and phantom races. After being reinstated to compete later that year, the FEI suspended the country from participating events a second time in 2020 for not complying with rules regarding welfare.

Equipment
Endurance is less formal than many other equestrian competitions, with riders choosing clothes for comfort. The AERC does not have any equipment requirements other than requiring junior riders to wear a helmet. However, individual ride managers may set certain requirements, such as the use of a helmet or hoof protection, and such information is typically included in the ride flyer and/or website. At FEI competitions, riders must wear an equestrian helmet, riding breeches or riding tights, correct footwear, and a shirt with a collar.

Endurance riders usually use a saddle that is designed to be lightweight yet comfortable to horse and rider for long hours of riding. There are saddles designed specifically for endurance riding, though they are not universally used. At the highest levels in FEI, it is usually a variation on the English saddle in shape, although it may have wider panels and stirrups with a wider tread. Lightweight endurance designs based on western saddles are also popular, particularly in AERC rides. Various experimental designs are also common, including treeless and flexible panel saddles. Regardless of design, endurance saddles are very light to ensure the horse does not have to carry unnecessary weight. Many endurance saddles have extra metal rings for the attachment of equipment.

Riders who compete in CEI rides must meet a minimum weight of 75 kg with their saddle and pads. If the rider and their accompanying tack weighs in under this, they are required to ride with weights. Weigh-ins are generally conducted before and after a race; however, unscheduled weigh-ins can occur during the race. AERC has various weight divisions, and a rider may be heavier, but not lighter, than the division in which they are enrolled.

Bridles for the horses may use a wide variety of bits or hackamores. Riders also often add a breastcollar to keep the saddle in place while traveling over rough terrain. Use of a crupper is not common, but sometimes seen to keep the saddle from sliding forward on horses. Protective boots may be used on a horse's legs, though boots also cause problems in some types of terrain (they may slip, can collect burrs and dirt, and if crossing water may become waterlogged, any of which can irritate the legs of the horse and lead to lameness), so use varies by the type of ride and the rider's preferences. Hoof protection varies from barefoot to the use of hoof boots and shoes.

title: Endurance riding


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Dlinza Forest

The Dlinza Forest is a subtropical forest or Coastal Scarp Forest in Eshowe, Zululand, South Africa, one of five natural forests running in a 100 km line running northwest from the coast. Others are the Ongoye, Entumeni, Nkandla and Qudeni Forests. They are the most important forests in southern Africa from the aspect of unique biodiversity. It contains rare birds, chameleons, snails, butterflies, moths, frogs and beetles. Dlinza is the home of more than 65 species of birds, including the endangered spotted ground thrush which breeds here, rare Delegorgue's pigeon, magnificent purple-crested turaco and Narina trogon.

The name Dlinza is derived from Zulu meaning a gravelike place of meditation after the peaceful setting. Occasional church services are held here and every 3 years a nativity play, written by Selwyn Moberley in 1953, is staged in the forest.

Canopy Boardwalk
First of its kind in Southern Africa, the boardwalk winds through the forest canopy and ends up on a tower overlooking the Dlinza Forest. The Boardwalk takes you 125 metres through the forest understory to a 20 metre high viewing platform which emerges above the canopy of trees.

title: Dlinza Forest


text:
File:1914 game box.jpg

Summary

 * Description: This is a flatbed scan of the box cover for the 1914 board wargame. It was reduced in size 90% and a drop shadow was added using Paint Shop Pro.
 * Width: 220px
 * Height: 176px

title: File:1914 game box.jpg


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Talk:Gaussberg

Dubious
The article claims that Gaussberg is the only Antarctic volcano situated on the Antarctic Shield. However, since the Antarctic Shield is an old and stable part of continental lithosphere that has existed for at least 1 billion years, there is a high probability that there are old Precambrian volcanoes buried under the East Antarctic ice sheet. Precambrian volcanoes have been found in shields elsewhere on Earth. Volcanoguy 23:01, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I think there are such volcanics, although I don't think that even under an ice sheet would Precambrian volcanoes remain intact - only volcanic rock formations. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 11:15, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Not necessarily. Calderas and diatremes can remain intact for billions of years (e.g. Sturgeon Lake Caldera in Canada and the Argyle diatreme in Western Australia). Volcanoguy 17:28, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I really do not get the impression that these two are "intact" in the normal sense of the word. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 17:29, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
 * By "intact" I meant not diminished. Yes Precambrian volcanoes have been heavily eroded but that doesn't mean none exist anymore. This is especially true for calderas because the collapse structure can still be present and for diatremes because the pipe extends below the surface. Volcanoguy 22:26, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Honestly, I don't get the impression that anyone uses a definition of "intact" as broad as to encompass such volcanoes that have almost entirely lost their topographical signature. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk) 17:20, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gaussberg


text:
Pixies at the BBC

Pixies at the BBC is a compilation of BBC radio sessions by the American alternative rock band Pixies. Released by 4AD on July 6, 1998, in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records on July 14, 1998, in the United States—five years after the band's initial split—it was recorded over several sessions between 1988 and 1991 at the BBC. The album is characterized by its raw, under-produced sound.

On March 8, 2024, 4AD released Pixes at the BBC, 1988–91, a complete compilation on 2 CDs or 3 LPs of all 24 tracks recorded by the band for the BBC during this period.

Track listing
All songs were written by Black Francis except tracks 1 and 15. The final track, "(In Heaven) Lady in the Radiator Song" was written by Peter Ivers and David Lynch for Eraserhead.

 * 1) "Wild Honey Pie" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 1:52
 * 2) "There Goes My Gun" – 1:25
 * 3) "Dead" – 1:30
 * 4) "Subbacultcha" – 2:08
 * 5) "Manta Ray" – 2:15
 * 6) "Is She Weird" – 2:52
 * 7) "Ana" – 2:14
 * 8) "Down to the Well" – 2:31
 * 9) "Wave of Mutilation (UK Surf)" – 2:22
 * 10) "Letter to Memphis" – 2:33
 * 11) "Levitate Me" – 2:18
 * 12) "Caribou" – 3:18
 * 13) "Monkey Gone to Heaven" – 2:57
 * 14) "Hey" – 3:17
 * 15) "In Heaven (Lady in the Radiator Song)" (Peter Ivers, David Lynch) – 1:51

 * Recording and transmission dates
 * Tracks 1, 11, 12, 14 & 15 - Recorded for the John Peel show, May 3, 1988, first transmitted May 16, 1988
 * Tracks 2, 3, & 5 - Recorded for the John Peel show, October 9, 1988, first transmitted October 18, 1988
 * Tracks 4 & 10 - Recorded for the John Peel show, June 23, 1991, first transmitted August 4, 1991
 * Track 6 - Recorded for the John Peel show, June 11, 1990, first transmitted August 10, 1990
 * Tracks 7 & 13 - Recorded for the Mark Goodier show, August 18, 1990, first transmitted August 20, 1990
 * Tracks 8 & 9 - Recorded for the John Peel show, April 16, 1989, first transmitted May 2, 1989

Pixies at the BBC, 1988–91 track listing
All songs written by Black Francis except as noted below.

 * 1) "Levitate Me" – 2:18
 * 2) "Hey" – 3:18
 * 3) "In Heaven (Lady in the Radiator Song)" (Peter Ivers, David Lynch) – 1:53
 * 4) "Wild Honey Pie" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 1:54
 * 5) "Caribou" – 3:19
 * 6) "Dead" – 1:30
 * 7) "Tame" – 1:58
 * 8) "There Goes My Gun" – 1:27
 * 9) "Manta Ray" – 2:15
 * 10) "Down To The Well" – 2:32
 * 11) "Into the White" – 4:11
 * 12) "Wave of Mutilation" – 2:27
 * 13) "Allison" – 1:21
 * 14) "Velouria" – 3:25
 * 15) "Hang on to Your Ego" (Brian Wilson, Mike Love, Terry Sachen)  – 3:19
 * 16) "Is She Weird" – 2:52
 * 17) "Monkey Gone to Heaven" – 2:59
 * 18) "Ana" 2:15 – Buy
 * 19) "Allison" – 1:13
 * 20) "Wave Of Mutilation" – 2:11
 * 21) "Palace of the Brine" – 1:39
 * 22) "Letter to Memphis" – 2:34
 * 23) "Motorway to Roswell" – 3:37
 * 24) "Subbacultcha" – 2:07

 * Tracks 1-5 recorded for the John Peel show, May 3, 1988, first transmitted May 16, 1988. Produced by Mike Robinson.
 * Tracks 6–9 recorded for the John Peel show, October 9, 1988, first transmitted October 18, 1988. Produced by Dale Griffin, engineered by James Birtwistle.
 * Tracks 10–12 recorded for the John Peel show, April 16, 1989, first transmitted May 2, 1989. Produced by Dale Griffin, engineered by Mike Walter.
 * Tracks 13–16 recorded for the John Peel show, June 11, 1990, first transmitted August 20, 1990. Produced by Pixies, engineered by Guy Fixsen.
 * Tracks 17–20 recorded for the Mark Goodier show, August 18, 1990, first transmitted August 20, 1990. Produced by Miti Adhikari.
 * Tracks 21–24 recorded for the John Peel show, June 23, 1991, first transmitted August 4, 1991. Produced by Dale Griffin, engineered by James Birtwistle and Paul Roberts.

title: Pixies at the BBC


text:
Talk:Great Lakes Storm of 1913

older entries
This is a spectacular article, interesting, detailed, well written. Great illustrations. Are they all legal? If so, I nominate for featured article status. alteripse 03:41, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The two maps (from a blank PD map) and flag graphic were created by me, the Detroit News front page, although large in size is low enough in detail and old enough that I think it should be fair use, and the Alpena postcard is owned by the photographer, who sent me a link to the photo through email. Its copyright status is unknown but the quality is so low that it should be fair use.  Thanks for the compliments! -- brian0918  ™  03:49, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I didn't mean to mess up the table. I like the table and am not in favor of moving to sep article. I think it would be possible to shrink the size of the table and leave it where it is. I lost access to editing while I was trying to reduce font size and redistribute col width to match content, but I think I will let you do that. Too many cooks... alteripse 18:29, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I also think the table should be kept, but the problems that browsers were having with pictures around the table make me think it should remain separate. I'm starting to like it as a separate article though, because now I have the space to add other information about the ships (length, breadth, year built, exact GPS location, etc). -- brian0918  ™  18:46, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Spendid, well-done article. Colorful, informative images and the btrilliant prose have made this a gem on Wikipedia. Plus, the contributors got the information from reliable offline resources and cited them very well. — Stevey7788 (talk) 04:23, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Edmund Fitzgerald quote
The quotations section has a reference to the "Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" (The Gordon Lightfoot song). I'm thinking that it doesn't belong here because the Edmund Fitzgerald went down in 1975, whereas this article is about the 1913 storm. Before I yank it, what do you think? Como 22:43, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Good point. However the quote is fairly general and makes sense here too. I would be happier if we just added a note that it referred to a later storm, but I won't object if people would prefer to delete it. -- Avenue 00:19, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Seeing no further comment over the past 2 weeks, let's do it. Bigturtle 23:39, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Como added the suggested note to the article two weeks ago. I still believe the quote makes sense here, as a general commentary on the dangers of the Great Lakes (especially in November). I feel the same way about the Melville quote, which preceded the 1913 storm by over 50 years, and which no one has objected to yet. -- Avenue 11:46, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

I haven't been around until recently. Of course the Lightfoot quote is about the Edmund Fitzgerald--the title of the song makes that clear. And of course the Edmund Fitzgerald sank in 1975, that's already in the article. The point of the quote is to explain that the storm is worse when the November gale strikes while the waters are still warm, which is the case with this storm. It's a general quote, and has nothing to do with the Edmund Fitzgerald sinking, so why the complaints? I thought the quotation was perfect for the article; that's why I originally added it. It's the same reason I added the Melville quotation. There is no article on the November gale; all that information is in this article, so it makes perfect sense to list quotes about the fury of the November gale on the Great Lakes, in an article about the most dangerous November gale to ever hit the Great Lakes. — BRIAN 0918 • 2006-06-02 14:33

Lightship No. 61 "Corsica Shoals"
This lightship was destroyed on Lake Huron. It isn't listed in the related list of vesseles, and it obviously should be. It's being offsite was a contributing factor in the loss of the Matthew Andrews. See also Huron Lightship. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 13:22, 14 April 2008 (UTC) Stan

John A. McGean discovery date and location
This wreck is listed as being proximate to Sturgeon Point Light. However, I found this on line, which indicates that it sank near Harbor Beach, Michigan. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 19:52, 13 April 2008 (UTC)Stan
 * I've personally concluded that the McGean went down just east of Harbor Beach, Michigan. See what I wrote at Sturgeon Point Light, which contains references. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 00:24, 14 April 2008 (UTC)Stan

Isaac M. Scottdiscovery date and location
Isaac M. Scott wreck is listed as being proximate to Sturgeon Point Light. However, the location of the wreck as described in the following article seems to contradict that. It states that mariners made certain assumptions about the likely direction of the vessel, and had wrongly guessed where it went down. It states: "In 1976, the wreck of the Scott was discovered at 175 feet about six to seven miles northeast of Thunder Bay Island. The vessel is upside down and half buried in the mud." 7&6=thirteen (talk) 19:55, 13 April 2008 (UTC)Stan
 * I've personally concluded that the Scott went down 7 miles northeast of Thunder Bay Island. See what I wrote at Sturgeon Point Light, which contains references.  7&6=thirteen (talk) 00:25, 14 April 2008 (UTC)Stan

WP:URFA/2020
As part of the ongoing FA sweeps, I'm comparing this featured article to WP:FACR. The significant amount of uncited text does not seem to meet the inline citations part of FACR #1c. Hog Farm Talk 05:29, 21 March 2021 (UTC)
 * The images also could be improved, the maps are difficult to understand and could be redrawn in color, while overall there are too many images. (t · c)  buidhe  05:49, 21 March 2021 (UTC)
 * IMO there are not too many images. There are many facets to the coverage of the storm, and IMO the images are useful. North8000 (talk) 14:37, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

"current" values
Seems low and aren't current. And we don't know when that was either. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 14:26, 9 May 2021 (UTC)
 * You're right. North8000 (talk) 11:36, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Removed "current value" per the sourced body of the article. North8000 (talk) 11:40, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

I've been doing some work related to the featured article review
I've been doing some work related to the featured article review comments. North8000 (talk) 02:50, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Some conversation is located there.North8000 (talk) 23:22, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

Weather coverage
This happened over 100 years ago. The weather forecasters of the time did not have enough data, communications and analysis capability or understanding of atmospheric dynamics to predict the storm, or even to understand it's current state. They also did not have the understanding or even terminology to to make what we now consider to be routine descriptions of the current and project state. For example, they did not even have the concept of "fronts". In modern times, re-analysis was done of the limited data obtained from back then, and a theorized description of the weather during the storm was developed. But even that is theorized, as essential information (such as from the upper atmosphere) is absent.

I will attempt to add some "overview storm description" increase that, but it will probably be a slower and more complex process and I think much context and attribution will be required for whatever is put in. I intend to slowly work on developing that but it will take a while.

Meanwhile, lack of sourcing for an "overview" statement of the weather has been noted and questioned at FAR. The questioned text seems to make statements that weren't definitively known. As such I was unable to source it and to resolve the FAR question I removed the content.

Of course, anyone wanting to tackle weather overview type coverage here should not let my intentions noted above deter them. I think that any attributed and sourced statements should be fine from a FA/FAR standpoint. Sincerely, North8000 (talk) 13:51, 14 July 2021 (UTC)

Is the article improperly US centric?
This was asked at the featured article review and now that I've read more of the sources (including the main 3 books) I've been reviewing this question. I wanted to answer it more thoroughly and thought that the article talk page would be a good place to do this due to the size of this and also for future reference.

I think that the Wikipedian answer is simple. The article pretty well follows and covers what is in the sources in this respect. But I think that a more thorough overview of this question would be good to do here. Most coverage focuses on where the "news" of the storm was. A second note is that any impression about balance of coverage between countries will tend to focus on areas where countries are discussed. So, for example coverage of the biggest news of the storm which what happened on ships will utilize specific cities and geographic areas rather than countries. For example, it will say "Fort William" and not "Fort William in Canada". It only in areas regarding national government and association-related items does the country name become more visible.

Most of the impacts of the storm were on ships. And shipping mishaps (sinkings and strandings) pretty much were on the shores. And about 3/4 of those were in the US and about 1/4 were in Canada. Mostly because most of the big trouble was on southern and eastern shores which, with the exception of the east shore of southern Lake Huron, were primarily in the US. I'll make sure that the coverage of individual ships includes country of origin, ports of call, and location of the trouble. But overall, I think that that article mostly just follows the stories here.

Regarding the location of the storm, the location matters / this is mostly defined by where was it rough. The storm was rough on the actual lakes (Lake Superior, Michigan, Huron and Erie) and on certain of their shores. Farther inland, even where it was present, it would be less of a big deal. The relative heat of the lakes fueled the storm. Also large open water areas allowed high winds and big waves to build. What might be just a windy day farther inland can create 40' waves on Lake Superior. Regarding the areas where the storm created "big trouble" on land, most of that was in the US. The lion's share of this was in Cleveland, and secondarily on other areas on the south (US) shore of Lake Erie. There is also some coverage of specific incidents in Duluth/Superior and Chicago. These were all in the US.

Both countries were a lot smaller back then. Canada had a population of about 8,000,000 people, Toronto had about 210,000 people and the US about 97,000,000 people. The US Weather Bureau was small, young, an arm of the US Department of Agriculture and was focused on farming. Most sources did not mention the Canadian weather services and one other source made some comparitively brief mentions.

Also, preparations in the two countries were asked about. Nobody knew anything unusual (beyond the usual bad weather for that time of the year) was coming and so there were no particular preparations in either country. Further, ship captains were used to mostly ignoring the usual warnings for the usual bad weather at that time of the year, and that was the only type of warnings that they received.

So, in summary, I think that the article follows the sources which, in turn, mostly followed the worst calamities of the storm. About 100% of those "worst calamities" on land were in the US, and about 75% of those "worst calamities" on shipping were in the US. I think that the article would benefit from, evolving a bit away from the most-heavily-covered "worst calamities" and for the ships expanded coverage on elements (routes, ports of call etc.) in addition to what happened at the point of their final demise. I think that these expansions (which I plan to do longer term) would tend to increase Canadian coverage. Also, I think that expansion of the article into some areas less-focused-on by the sources would tend to increase Canadian coverage. But IMO the article does not currently have a wiki-problem regarding that overall question. North8000 (talk) 11:52, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

Brainstorming structure to get to the next level
The article has evolved and developed quite a bit and retained it's FA status. IMO challenges between here and the next level arise from the scope and complexity of this event. It's actually about dozens of epic events & stories. One thing that is not really covered is the storm itself, meaning the weather an waves. Of course there is material on it in dozens of places. One of the challenge is at the time they had no understanding of the storm, little overview understanding to be able to describe it. And coverage based on stories and reports from the time does not explain or really describe the storm. Decades later weather scientists did figure it out with a high degree of confidence. The article need expansion in this area.

While the best holistic structure might be chronological, integrating all aspects, available sourcing does not do that. For example, at most, sources tie shipwreck stories to weather observation at the time but few or none to any technical overview of the storm which was not known until decades later.

The worst of this storm was that it was a disaster for ships. But there are no stories about the worst of it. Basically about 20 ships sank without running aground, and everybody on every one of them died, so there is no story about how it happened to any of them. But there are many stories about ships that got wrecked when running aground. The current organization is somewhat of a blend. Also most of the things describes as aftermath were things that happened during the storm. North8000 (talk) 21:32, 23 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Lakes Storm of 1913


text:
Johnny Van Zant

John Roy Van Zant (born February 27, 1960), also known as Johnny Van Zant, is an American singer and the current lead vocalist of Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. He is the younger brother of Lynyrd Skynyrd co-founder and former lead vocalist Ronnie Van Zant, and of the 38 Special founder Donnie Van Zant.

Biography
During the 1970s, Van Zant performed with his first band, the Austin Nickels Band. They later changed their name to The Johnny Van Zant Band releasing their debut solo album, No More Dirty Deals, in 1980. Early members of the Johnny Van Zant Band consisted of Van Zant on lead vocals, Robbie Gay on guitar, Danny Clausman, on bass, Erik Lundgren on lead guitar, Robbie Morris, drums and Joan Hecht (previously Joan Cusimano) and Nancy Henderson on background vocals. Van Zant released three more solo albums between 1981 and 1985, before taking a break from the music business.

He became lead vocalist and chief songwriter for the reunited Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1987 and continues to record and perform with them today. He released another solo album, Brickyard Road, in 1990, which featured the popular title track, which was a #1 hit on the U.S. Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for three weeks. He also records and performs with his brother, Donnie, as Van Zant since 1998. Van Zant and Lynyrd Skynyrd performed in Arizona on April 9, 2022, during Arizona Bike Week at WestWorld of Scottsdale. He stated that original member Gary Rossington was recovering and still needed prayers.

In May 2006, less than one day before he was to perform at KSAN-FM 107.7 The Bone's Bone Bash 7, Van Zant underwent emergency surgery to have his appendix removed. Treated at Stanford University Medical Center in Palo Alto, California, after reporting pain to a doctor earlier in the day. The incident forced the band to cancel three U.S. shows.

Van Zant is a fan of the Jacksonville Jaguars. He recorded a video, along with remaining members of Lynyrd Skynyrd, that is played at every Jaguars home game on the TIAA Bank Field video board.

According to Skynyrd's website, Van Zant was again hospitalized on August 6, 2011, at the Hennepin County Medical Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, due to complications from a previous surgery. According to the website, Van Zant had a "surgical site" infected with cellulitus which required both hospitalization and IV/Antibiotic treatment. He began displaying signs of a staph infection and other symptoms related to the infection. His subsequent illness resulted in a number of scheduled performances being cancelled.

title: Johnny Van Zant


text: User talk:66.65.243.165

title: User talk:66.65.243.165


text:
User talk:Speaker for the Dead

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 16:34, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Speaker for the Dead


text:
User talk:Ste281

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 16:34, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Changes to Portals page
Why did you change the Wikiportal to a portal?

Category
Good job on helping to create a new category. General Eisenhower 23:06, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Wikiportal/Argentina listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Wikiportal/Argentina. Since you had some involvement with the Wikipedia:Wikiportal/Argentina redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion (if you have not already done so). Mhiji 13:03, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ste281


text:
Davis Sea

Davis Sea is an area of the sea along the coast of East Antarctica between West Ice Shelf in the west and the Shackleton Ice Shelf in the east, or between 82° and 96°E. The name "Davis Sea" appears in most leading geographically authoritative publications such as the 2014 10th edition World Atlas from the National Geographic Society and the 2014 12th edition of the Times Atlas of the World, unlike neighboring proposed water body names such as the Russian-proposed Cooperation Sea to the west.

According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, it stretches from 87°E to 98°E, and is up to 1,300 m deep. Its area is given as only 21,000 km2. Other authorities such as National Geographic assign it a much smaller extent.

The sea borders the Leopold and Astrid Coast portion of Princess Elizabeth Land, then Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, Pravda Coast and Queen Mary Land.

The never-approved 2002 draft fourth edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas identifies that the Tryoshnikova Gulf (named after Alexey Tryoshnikov) is located in the southern part of the Davis Sea.

About 55 km off the coast of Queen Mary Land is Drygalski Island. The Russian Mirny Station was built on the coast of Queen Mary Land in 1956. Roscoe Glacier flows into the eastern part of Davis Sea. Close offshore are Bigelow Rock and the Gillies Islands.

The sea was discovered by the Australian Antarctic Expedition (1911–1914) from the Aurora. It was named by Sir Douglas Mawson for Captain John King Davis, master of the Aurora and second in command of the expedition.

title: Davis Sea


text:
Talk:Davis Sea

Australian Claims
I don't think Australia's claims are particularly relevant given that this is talking about a sea, and most nations don't recognize Australia's claims. Sowelilitokiemu (talk) 04:33, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Davis Sea


text:
Complete 'B' Sides

Complete 'B' Sides is a compilation album of songs by American alternative rock band Pixies. It features the B-sides for seven out of eight of their UK singles, as well as for one USA single, from the 1980s and 1990s. The eighth, "Letter to Memphis", had no B-sides. These singles are:

 * 1) "Gigantic" (1988)
 * 2) "Monkey Gone to Heaven" (1989)
 * 3) "Here Comes Your Man" (1989)
 * 4) "Velouria" (1990)
 * 5) "Dig for Fire" (1990)
 * 6) "Planet of Sound" (1991)
 * 7) "Alec Eiffel" (USA) (1991)

The album's booklet also features commentaries for each song by Pixies frontman Black Francis. Of "Velvety Instrumental Version", he writes, "The title implies that there was a version with lyrics, but there wasn't." A non-instrumental version, titled simply "Velvety", would later appear on Frank Black and the Catholics' 2002 album, Devil's Workshop.

Track listing
All songs written by Black Francis unless otherwise noted.

 * 1) "River Euphrates" – 3:23
 * 2) "Vamos" (Live) – 3:28
 * 3) "In Heaven (Lady in the Radiator Song)" (Live) (Peter Ivers, David Lynch) – 1:46
 * 4) "Manta Ray" – 2:39
 * 5) "Weird at My School" – 1:59
 * 6) "Dancing the Manta Ray" – 2:13
 * 7) "Wave of Mutilation (UK Surf)" – 3:00
 * 8) "Into the White"  – 4:42
 * 9) "Bailey's Walk" – 2:23
 * 10) "Make Believe" – 1:54
 * 11) "I've Been Waiting for You" (Neil Young) – 2:45
 * 12) "The Thing" – 1:58
 * 13) "Velvety Instrumental Version" – 2:04
 * 14) "Winterlong" (Neil Young) – 3:07
 * 15) "Santo" – 2:16
 * 16) "Theme from Narc" (Brian L. Schmidt) – 1:48
 * 17) "Build High" – 1:42
 * 18) "Evil Hearted You" (Graham Gouldman) – 2:37
 * 19) "Letter to Memphis" (Instrumental) – 2:43

title: Complete 'B' Sides


text:
Donnie Van Zant

Donald Newton Van Zant (born June 11, 1952) is an American rock singer, songwriter, and guitarist. He is best known for being a member of the band 38 Special, from its formation in 1974 until 2013. He is the middle of three sons; his older brother Ronnie was the original lead singer for Lynyrd Skynyrd who died in a 1977 plane crash in Mississippi, and his younger brother Johnny has been the lead singer for Lynyrd Skynyrd since 1987. Donnie and Johnny Van Zant also had performed together as the group Van Zant. For a time, Van Zant considered getting out of the music industry and taking a higher paying job at the railroad, but was persuaded to stay in music by his older brother Ronnie who told him, "It's in your blood". With the formation of 38 Special, it was a last attempt at success in the music industry for Donnie.

According to a posting in March 2013 on the 38 Special website, "Donnie Van Zant has not been able to join the band's performances for the past six months. In accordance with his doctor's strict orders and due to health issues related to inner-ear nerve damage, he will not be able to join 38 Special onstage in the foreseeable future. Donnie will continue to write and record with the band." However, it was announced later in 2013 that he had officially left 38 Special and was retiring.

title: Donnie Van Zant


text:
1914 (game)

1914 is a board wargame published by Avalon Hill in 1968 that simulates the first few months of World War I on the Western Front.

Description
1914 is a two-player corps-level simulation of the first few weeks of World War I on the Western Front. With a 22" x 28" mounted hex grid game map, almost 400 double-sided die-cut counters, a mobilization chart pad for secret deployment, and various charts and instructions including a Battle Manual, the game was considered highly complex.

The game scale is 2 days per turn, with approximately 16 km per hex. The map covers the terrain from Mainz, Germany in the east to Le Havre, France in the west, and from the southern portion of the Netherlands in the north to the northern edge of Switzerland in the south. The terrain includes major rivers, ridge lines, rough terrain, forest, and the sea. It also displays the location of cities, fortifications, economic sites, mobilization squares, and railroads.

Setup
A few units on each side are required to be set up in specific hexes, such as French infantry corps in Toul, but the remainder can be placed in any friendly hex via secret deployment that is not revealed until the first turn of the game.

Gameplay
The game uses a traditional "I Go, You Go" series of alternating turns, with first the German and then Allied player moving and then firing.

Combat
The combat and movement rating of each unit is given on the front of the counter. These ratings are reduced in a series of steps as a result of combat or lack of supply until the unit is finally destroyed. Both players also receive step replacements that can be used to rebuild units that have taken losses, as long as the unit is in supply and some distance from an enemy unit.

Combat is based on an odds ratio between the attacking units Attack Rating and the defending unit's Defense Rating.

Infantry can attack a fortress, but will incur damage and only have a minimal chance of success. The German player also has the option of using their artillery to destroy a fortress, which increases the odds of success. Although the most powerful artillery in the game is the German railroad gun, it is limited in range since it cannot leave rail lines.

Movement
There are no zone of control rules. Units can move their indicated movement factor during a turn, with higher movement cost for certain types of terrain. No more than two corps can end their movement in the same hex, and only one of the corps can defend a hex.

Supply
In order to move and attack, a unit needs to be in supply, defined as being able to trace a line no more than three hexes to a friendly railroad line. Enemy units can block supply lines, but only in the hex they occupy.

Advanced rules
Players can choose to use some or all of the advanced rules: Other optional rules include more complex supply rules, cavalry probes, amphibious attack, retreat before combat, dummy counters, and variable time limits for game completion are a few of the other optional rules.
 * Facing: Using the arrow printed on the back of each counter, a unit can only move in the direction of the arrow. Turning the unit in the direction desired costs one movement factor. Units attacked from the side or the rear do not defend as well.
 * Game variation cards can produce non-historical "what if?" effects, such as modifying the size of the Belgian and Dutch armies, varying the effectiveness of the British force, etc.

Publication history
In 1966, Jim Dunnigan was editor of a wargame zine titled Kampff, as well as a contributor to Avalon Hill's house publication The General. In one of his contributions, Dunnigan levelled major criticisms of lack of historical accuracy at Avalon Hill's 1965 release, Battle of the Bulge. Thomas Shaw, at the time in charge of Avalon Hill, asked Dunnigan to design and submit his own wargame. The result was Jutland, published by Avalon Hill in 1967. The following year, Avalon Hill published another Dunnigan game, 1914. The game sold well, but due to concerns about its complexity, and fearful the game would discourage new players from buying more products, Avalon Hill discontinued the game in 1973.

Dunnigan went on to found Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1969, which would become the major wargame publisher of the 1970s and Avalon Hill's chief rival. One of Dunnigan's first SPI games was 1914 Revision Kit, in which he supplied new and simpler rules and new counters; a copy of the original Avalon Hill game map was required for play. Dunnigan also designed and released Tannenberg, a board wargame about the Eastern Front that used the same rule system as 1914. It was designed to be a companion game to 1914, and Dunnigan also included rules on how to combine the two games into one giant game about August 1914 on both the Western and Eastern fronts.

Reception
In Issue 25 of Albion, game designer Don Turnbull called 1914 "something of a monster which many deem as unplayable in its full version." Turnbull went on to review Dunnigan's Revision Kit, and welcomed the new streamlined rules, saying, "It will make the original 1914 game much more palatable, particularly to the relatively inexperienced player." Two years later, Turnbull reiterated that this was "the first game whose complexity is innate" and noted that "The game has few admirers, and quite an array of critics." Although he felt "the game can be an excellent simulation and a fine game for those with patience", he also agreed with critics of the game about "the awkward play mechanics." He concluded "1914 is certainly not for the faint-hearted."

In Avalon Hill's own company history, 1914 was characterized as "a sales success. Unfortunately, it was a lousy game. The mapboard, though innovative for its day, was an unplayable monstrosity and the rules suffered from being incomplete. Perhaps it was too good a simulation in reflecting the trench warfare of World War One because it sure wasn't much fun to play. Convinced that it was losing [Avalon Hill] long range customers, the game was discontinued despite continuing relatively strong sales."

title: 1914 (game)


text:
Cuban Pacification Medal (Army)

The Cuban Pacification Medal (Army) is a military award of the United States Army which was created by orders of the United States War Department on May 11, 1909. The medal was created to recognize service during the United States occupation of Cuba from 1906 to 1909.

To be awarded the Cuban Pacification Medal (Army), a service member was required to serve in the United States occupation force, garrisoned on the island of Cuba between October 6, 1906, and April 1, 1909. The Cuban Pacification Medal (Navy) was also issued to naval personnel who served ashore in Cuba between September 12, 1906, and April 1, 1909, or who were attached to any of a number of ships serving in the area within this timeframe.

There was no time limit required for presentation of the award, and a service member could technically receive the Cuban Pacification Medal (Army) for only a few days of service.

A similar decoration, known as the Army of Cuban Occupation Medal, also existed for those who had served in the initial occupation of Cuba after the Spanish–American War.

Colonel Harland Sanders was awarded the medal for his service as an army Wagoner in Cuba from 1906 to 1907.

title: Cuban Pacification Medal (Army)


text:
Talk:Artificial womb

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Adriana(ely).

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:48, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Lets make this encyclopedic
Your input is required: --- Paragraph: Potential for controversy

Although the technology does not currently exist to raise an embryo from conception to full development outside of a human body, the possibility of such technology raises questions with respect to cloning and abortion. The elimination of the need for a living uterus would make cloning easier to carry out and yet harder for legal authorities to track. At the same time, the capacity to raise an unwanted fetus apart from the mother would allow the option of fetus adoption, but might raise concerns with respect to children born with no connection to a parent. Some pro-life groups argue that this would allow a father to have a choice in whether to carry a pregnancy to term. Some people would even argue that this would make it acceptable to ban abortion, since the fetus would be able to survive outside of the uterus from the first day, thereby avoiding any possible undue burden. Some currently pro-choice people may even find it acceptable to ban abortion if artificial uteri become available, since the woman would still be allowed to have the fetus removed from her body. They may believe that she has a right to privacy over her own body, but no right to determine the fate of the fetus once it is removed.

What`s needed, are sources which are of significance, no blogs or private pages but sources from major "news sites". Secondly no original research, no opinions and no speculations. Thanks.

But it is already getting better. So let us make it happen. Slicky
 * As with many other things it can be used for good or bad purposes. For example a knife can be a useful tool for cutting food, but could also be used to kill somebody. So what's necessary are good regulations which ensure that artificial uteri are only used for good purposes and not abused for i.e. cloning. Indeed this would make abortion a thing of the past since fetuses could survive and grow into babies outside of the uterus. If a woman wants to commit abortion that means she doesn't want a baby. So it could grow into a baby in a artificial uterus and then be adopted by a good family. Risks of pregnancy and childbirth will be avoidable and women won't need maternity leave when babies are grown in artificial uteri. It will also be much safer. Genetic errors, diseases, imperfections could be fixed and the best nutrients could be provided to ensure the most healthy babies. This is not possible with normal pregnancy. --Artanisen15:17, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

"Ectogenesis"
sounds more like a process. Shouldn't the field be called "Ectogenics?" AtomSmith 00:05, 11 July 2006 (UTC) No the term is correct.Slicky

Artificial womb names
{6th Feb 2005} Artificial womb refered to by various names:-

'Grow Tube'. 'Birth Pod'. 'Baby Vat'. '"Mechanical Mother"'. 'Bio-tube'. 'Amniode'/'Amninode'

Logan's Run, Divine Invasion
Logan's Run should be added to the Fictional artifical wombs section. I can't recall the scenes in the novel or the film, but the original screenplay that I've read (scene 121) uses the term meccano-breeders to describe the artificial wombs. Also, Philip K. Dick uses the term synthetic womb in his book, The Divine Invasion. --Viriditas | Talk 00:44, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Also Lois McMaster Bujold's Vorkasian series has plot revoling around them. I think she calls them artificail uterus. I need to look it up. But in her books they are used on highly technical worlds as more convient than pregancy. Also as part a peace treaty the fetuses from raped POW'sare returned to the goverment on the offending side in artificial wombs. So the POW neither had to deal with the guilt of an abortion or an child that was forced on them. Jenn
 * They were called Uterine Replicators in that series of books. 159.153.129.39 (talk) 22:01, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Fiction: an embarrassment that doesn't belong
No more science fiction! Facts, not imaginary bullshit. Look at drill or chair or any other real technology, and ask: are there reams of fictional references? Wikipedia is such a mess, thousands of idiots outweighing any quality.
 * An artificial Uterus is still largely a science fiction subject.MrMe

Abortion
At the same time, the capacity to raise an unwanted fetus seperate from the mother would eliminate many causes for abortion, but might raise concerns with respect to children born with no connection to a parent.
 * If you could provide some sources for this claim, I would appreciate it. The "causes for abortion" are many and complex, and your statement implies that most women carrying a fetus would choose to raise it in an artificial womb if they had the chance.  This raises more problems than it appears to solve (who takes care of the baby when it comes to term) and appears to be a politcally-motivated statement with the underlying assumption that abortion is "wrong". I've changed the wording to the following:
 * At the same time, the capacity to raise an unwanted fetus seperate from the mother would allow the option of "fetus adoption", but might raise concerns with respect to children born with no connection to a parent. --Viriditas | Talk 01:09, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This is not just about the mother, with this technology a father could choose to keep the pregnancy alive long enough to deliver a baby. I have read a few articles online about this on pro-father websites.  --Rakista 05:47, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Are any of those articles notable, reputable, or worthy of inclusion? As I wrote above, provide sources. --Viriditas  | Talk 06:29, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It has been awhile I ran across the info when I was in debate class like 6 years ago. I will update when I find them --Rakista 23:40, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * To Viriditas- It made it sound like someone would want to keep the baby outside the woman, I'm not surprised, from your tone, that you would assume it must be the mother, but perhaps the mother might have nothing to do with it. As things stand today the decision is legally ONLY up to the mother, whether to kill or keep a baby that is not created by her alone. With this, the fathers might finally have a choice to keep their child without the mother playing the "her body, her choice" card to murder their child without his permission.

 * Conn. v. Conn
 * Casey v. Planned Parenthood
 * http://www.menandabortion.info/l0-aftermath.html 24.126.251.42 (talk) 02:07, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

from Vfd
On 21 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Artificial womb for a record of the discussion.

Thx and problems
Thx for the article. And there are a couple of things that are unclear and that i can't figure out how to copyedit: Hope this helps, "alyosha" (talk) 21:54, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 3rd paragraph: "be able to conceive to term" ?
 * 5th para: "develop full term outside the mother's womb, transferred after the initial 17 weeks of implantation": does this mean transfer to art. womb after 17 weeks in the mother?

limitless supplies of eggs could be grown
1:15, 2 May 2006. Could the following information be added to the article? I think it's useful info and a big scientific achievement.

''Human eggs which could grow into embryos have been created in a laboratory for the first time, scientists announced yesterday. ''

'' They were created by scraping stem cells off the surface of ovaries and exposing them to a chemical which stimulated growth. ''

 The breakthrough suggests limitless supplies of eggs could be grown, solving the problem of the acute shortage of donor eggs for infertile women wanting IVF treatment.

More information can be found here: http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/articles/18388656?source=Evening%20Standard

Transwomen?
It seems to me that such a technology could allow some transwomen to not only have a female exterior, but also a female interior, and perhaps even to eliminate the need for artificial hormones, if artificial ovaries can be formed as well. Presumably, a stem cell could be cultured with just a slight genetic alteration, to cut out the Y chromosome and duplicate the X, and then a uterus could be grown Nik42 02:31, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Immune System
"it would also not benefit from the protection of the mother's immune system" - Could this be worked around either by producing antibodies in a lab and injecting them into the system or performing a transfusion from the mother?

Sagron (talk) 14:04, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Are these tanks really wombs?
I moved this section here, because I think it needs confirmation of whether it actually is a womb with external nutrition into the embryonic sharks, or just mere tubes with nutritional fluid?Mikael Häggström (talk) 10:19, 9 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Additionally, a research team in Australia has developed artificial wombs with the purpose of mass producing/breeding the endangered Grey Nurse Shark:

Controversy
Moved this out of the lead because there isn't really any controversy about them yet. --70.142.34.215 (talk) 05:16, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Just wait until misandrists get ahold of it. Or Feminists who think they're being "replaced". Then there will be.24.126.251.42 (talk) 01:15, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Really? NPOV means nothing to you? 24.13.28.126 (talk) 01:03, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

Category: Artificial uterus in fiction
I recently added artificial uterus as a category listing everything from this article; page deletioon is being debated currently. CensoredScribe (talk) 04:36, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

Categories
I have removed the "artificial organ" category and re-added "hypothetical technology". The former is inappropriate because it is intended for articles about artificial replacements for a living host's damaged or missing organs or limbs, whereas this article is about an external device which replicates the function of an organ independently of a host. As for the latter category, it should remain until a reliable source can be found to document the existence of an actual, functioning artificial uterus, and until that information has been added to the article. DES (talk) 12:48, 12 July 2016 (UTC)

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Research and Development
Hi all!

I'm new to adding significant contributions so please read through my section and double check for anything that may be off. I decided to add a research and development section to the page since most of it was going towards the hypothetical without really talking about any of the recent scientific developments or those of the past. Much more can be added to this section I'm sure so eel free to add anything I may have missed! I also did some minor grammar and spelling edits and changed some of the sentence structure in the sections that were already there for added clarity. Let me know if you have any questions!FridaSCardenas (talk) 17:16, 7 May 2018 (UTC) FSCardenas

Biobag listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Biobag. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 18:23, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Growing up
Will there be any studies or research concerning the later life of the child born from an artificial uterus? In terms of how they would fit into society.Kvirgile (talk) 01:58, 2 November 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 16 November 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to move. (closed by non-admin page mover)  SITH   (talk)   11:20, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

Artificial uterus → Artificial womb – "Artificial womb" seems to be the name more commonly used in sources discussing ectogenesis, per WP:COMMONNAME. GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 01:14, 16 November 2019 (UTC) —Relisting. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 11:16, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Support - more natural and common. -- Netoholic @ 19:30, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose It's fine the way it is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Untrammeled (talk • contribs)
 * Support. Hyperbolick (talk) 21:15, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Artificial womb


text:
Talk:T cell

T cell signalling
The T cell receptor signalling pathway is described in much more detail here than it is in the T cell receptor article. I would like to add some more information about T cell receptor signalling and antigen discrimination models. Is it better to do this in this article or in the T cell receptor article? Huhny (talk) 12:53, 20 November 2019 (UTC)

I noticed as well that T cell activation or T cell signalling is described multiple times in different articles (Naive T cell, T Helper cell, T cell receptor, Cytotoxic T cell and even in Lck), in different degrees of detail. It might be good moving all the molecular details of the pathway to the T cell receptor and put a link to it in all other articles).Huhny (talk) 13:18, 20 November 2019 (UTC)

Purpose of T-cells
The article has great depth on types of different T-cells, their development, etc, but a little more "why" rather than "how" and "what" would be great. Even one sentence in the summary would go a long way, distinguishing their role from that of B-cells, for instance. I'd be happy to take a crack at it, but it's probably better done by a true subject matter expert — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rockfox212 (talk • contribs) 13:00, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

Hyphen or not?
Throughout the article the term is spelled without a hyphen (T cell), except in the accompanying image for T cell activation, where it's inconsistently spelled "T-cell" and "T cell" - Can someone clarify the usage here? Is with or without hyphen preferred? Should there be a difference for hyphenated adejctives, as in "T-cell activation"?

Thanks, 216.165.126.18 14:30, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

It's not really a set phrase, so rules are as for normal hyphen usage. I'd just go with whatever makes sense at the time. Unless it's unclear that the "cell" refers to the "T", I'd stick with "T cell". But in some cases, as with "T-cell activation", where, to the non-specialist, there is the potential for confusion as to what is happening, I'd use a hyphen. Consult a copy of Fowler's! Kantokano 15:15, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for clarifying! 216.165.126.18 16:17, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

According to National Cancer Institute word style list there is hyphen when it is used as adjective, e.g. "T-cell lymphoma", otherwise when used as a noun it is written as "T cell". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.226.21.117 (talk) 09:18, 22 October 2014 (UTC)
 * That is the normal hyphenation rule in English. If "T cell" stands on its own as a noun phrase, then no hyphen is required. If "T cell" together modifies another noun (phrase), then a hyphen should be used, such as in "T-cell activation" or "T-cell lymphoma". --JorisvS (talk) 10:54, 22 October 2014 (UTC)

You can use either, some research scientists use the hyphenated version in their papers, in order to reduce the number of words due to a word limit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.37.215.34 (talk) 13:39, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

Both "t cell" and "t-cell" are correct. The former is a noun, and the latter is an adjective. So "T cells interact with t-cell receptors" is a grammatically correct sentence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.33.129.20 (talk) 17:20, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

Should mention MAIT cells
Since 2009 there has been discussion of mucosal-associated invariant T cells which seem to be activated by molecules presented by MR1 on antigen presenting cells. Should at least mention them here, then give them their own article. eg [http://www.pnas.org/content/106/20/8290.full MR1 antigen presentation to mucosal-associated invariant T cells was highly conserved in evolution. 2009], [http://www.nature.com/icb/journal/v88/n8/full/icb2010104a.html Innate T cells detect bacteria. Bacteria, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and MR1. 2010], [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23051753 MR1 presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells. 2012] - Rod57 (talk) 03:12, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

 * The problem is the balance between making a truly comprehensive article and a readable one - I've been trying for a while to stop this article drifting off into the latest and strangest subset and to keep it general and not involve every paper someone has read and decided is important. It's probably worth waiting until these cells have been better outlined before adding them. --Kantokano (talk) 06:06, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

Are they outlined enough yet ? - eg. Innate mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are activated in inflammatory bowel diseases. - Rod57 (talk) 13:16, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

Consistent capitalization
If "T-sub-H" and "T-sub-h" refer to the same object, the article should consistently use one of the two conventions. Same for "T-sub-c" and "T-sub-C". If they do not refer to the same object, the article should specify what a "T-sub-h" cell is.

No mention of T-cell immunity
Could it be explained or linked to somehow ? - Rod57 (talk) 13:03, 20 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, by you :D (see WP:LIGHTBULB). Many thanks, --Tom (LT) (talk) 01:40, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we could say : T-cell immunity is a type of Cell-mediated immunity involving Cytotoxic T cells ? - Rod57 (talk) 22:37, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Genetic Engineering
Hello everyone, I added a genetic engineering section as human T cell genome engineering is starting to take off in 2015. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Westernmgene (talk • contribs) 03:11, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Not helpful yet. Does not say what type of T cell, what the changes were, or if/how it relates to Chimeric antigen receptor. - Rod57 (talk) 22:51, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Why only CD4+ T cell activation described
The large Signalling/activation section only seems to mention CD4+ cells (~=T helper cells). Could move this section to T helper cell ? Article only briefly mentions activation of other T cell types. - Rod57 (talk) 21:52, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Other summaries of T cell activation
Naive T cell - Rod57 (talk) 23:01, 23 February 2016 (UTC)

"T cell" or "T-cell"? We should pick one and stick with it ….
Doorland Medical Dictionary hyphenates this term Source: https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/iniSearch?searchterm=t-cell&searchtype=Within+Terms+and+in+Definitions

But a look at recently published medical journal articles shows that both "T-cell" and "T cell" are used.

My feeling is that, whichever is preferred, the article should pick one of these conventions and use it consistently throughout. It may be that the hyphenated term is appearing in the links, which may need to be reviewed and revised.

PeacefulPlanet3 (talk) 00:51, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

History
This article is missing a section on the History of the T-cell. Who discovered it? When? What are major milestones in research regarding it? Omegastar (talk) 16:37, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Very true. There are some references in the History section for Thymus, mentioning Jacques Miller's work. Perhaps a good place to start? IvanStepaniuk (talk) 13:17, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:T cell


text: Template:Fiction

title: Template:Fiction