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Colo-Colo

Colo-Colo, officially Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo, is a Chilean professional football club based in Macul, Santiago. Founded in 1925 by David Arellano, it competes in the Chilean Primera División, from which the club has never been relegated. The team has played its home games at Estadio Monumental David Arellano since 1989. Colo-Colo is regarded as the most successful club in Chilean football.

Colo-Colo has won 33 Primera División de Chile titles, more than any other Chilean club and a record thirteen Copa Chile titles. It was the first Chilean team to win a continental tournament, winning the 1991 Copa Libertadores The following year, the club went on to win a further two international titles: the 1992 Recopa Sudamericana and the 1992 Copa Interamericana,

The club's all time top scorer is Carlos Caszely with 208 goals, and the player with most appearances is the former defender Lizardo Garrido with 560 games. Luis Mena, dubbed the "historic one", won eleven titles for the club, a Chilean league record.

Colo-Colo is the most supported team in Chile. According to CONMEBOL, it is considered the most popular sports club in Chile with more than 7 million fans as of April 2016. Colo-Colo holds a long-standing rivalry with Universidad de Chile. The club also holds a traditional rivalry in matches against Cobreloa and Universidad Católica. The IFFHS ranked the team in 14th place in 2007. In 2009, the IFFHS also named the team as the top club in Chile for the 20th century, and one of the top twenty clubs in South American football history.

1925–1933: Foundation and early years

The team was founded in early 1925 by Magallanes' footballer David Arellano, who led a group of young players leaving that club after institutional problems. Finally, on 19 April, Arellano and the other youths officially established the institutions after meetings and negotiations, where Luis Contreras chose the name Colo-Colo for the club, which refers to the eponymous Mapuche cacique Colo Colo.

The team began to play friendly games, but in 1926, Colo-Colo took part in the Metropolitan League of Honour, where they were proclaimed champions (unbeaten) and earned the nickname of "invincible". The following year, Colo-Colo became the first Chilean football team to participate in a tour across Europe. However, on 2 May, during an exhibition match against Real Unión Deportiva at Valladolid, the team founder and captain David Arellano was critically injured after suffering a collision with an opposing player, which caused him peritonitis. The inflammation led him to his death the next day. Despite the great impact caused by Arellano's death, the club won the Central League of football tournament – then renamed Asociación de Football de Santiago – in the 1928, 1929 and 1930 seasons.

In the 1931–32 season, Colo-Colo suffered its first institutional crisis due to financial problems, which led to a salary reduction for first team footballers and board members, with their consequent resistance. That season the team played another tournament final against Audax Italiano. However, due to a platform collapse at Estadio Italiano and the subsequent fracas between the fans, it was decided that the game would be suspended. In that moment, Colo-Colo were winning 2–1. That day's tragedy resulted in 130 injuries and three deaths. The match was cancelled and the champion position for that year remained vacant. Other authors however declared that both Audax Italiano and Colo-Colo were declared champions.

1933–1973: Beginnings in professional football
In 1933, Colo-Colo alongside six clubs from Santiago decided to create the Chilean professional football league. On 23 July, the team won the Campeonato de Apertura (Copa Chile precursor), after defeating 2–1 to Unión Española. However, in the first Primera División official tournament, Colo-Colo finished first alongside Magallanes, which forced the "Cacique" to play a tie-breaker match. That match was lost 2–1 by Colo-Colo. In 1937 the team was undefeated, and reached its first league title. Two seasons later, in 1939, Colo-Colo won the league title for a second time, now under the guidance of the Hungarian coach Francisco Platko, and with Alfonso Domínguez as goalscorer with 20 goals in 24 matches. After another title in 1941 with Platko as coach, the club went on to win the titles of 1944 and 1947. The following year Colo-Colo organized the South American Club Championship – Copa Libertadores background – in Santiago, which brought together the 1947 continent's champions. In 1945, the club had the worst season in its history, finishing penultimate in eleventh place only ahead of weak Badminton.

In the early 1950s, club's president Antonio Labán hired Newcastle United striker George Robledo, paying £25,000 for its signing. Robledo's performances led the team to the titles of 1953 and 1956. During that age, the club acquired a terrain at Macul, where began the construction of Estadio Monumental. Besides the acquisition, the directive invested in a headquarters located at Santiago Centro (located at Cienfuegos 41) in 1953. The next decade Colo-Colo win the titles of 1960 and 1963. The 1963 team broke two top-tier records: Luis Hernán Álvarez scored 37 goals in a single season (the highest number of goals scored by a Colo-Colo footballer during a season) and the netting of the highest number of goals scored by a club in a season (130). The team won its tenth honour in 1970.

Colo-Colo 1973 and 1980s dominance
In 1972, now under the orders of coach Luis Álamos and with figures like Carlos Caszely and Francisco Valdés, the club won another championship. It also obtained the country's attendance record of 45,929 people for a single season. That team was the basis of the so-called "Colo-Colo 73", the first Chilean team to reach a Copa Libertadores final, where it lost against Independiente of Argentina. After Colo-Colo's brilliant campaign, the club went into a competitiveness and institutional crisis not being able to win another league title until 1979. That team featured the talented Brazilian midfielder Severino Vasconcelos alongside a returning Caszely. Nevertheless, in 1975, the construction of Estadio Monumental was finished and the stadium was inaugurated in a league match against Deportes Aviación, but due to problems with the infrastructure and other basic services the stadium was indefinitely closed.

In the 1980s, the club obtained the league titles of 1981 and 1983 with coach Pedro García, and the 1986 and 1989 honours under Arturo Salah. The 1987 Alianza Lima air disaster claimed the lives of sixteen players and Colo-Colo was the first to help the Peruvian team, loaning them 4 players. Nonetheless, the team won four Copa Chile titles in that decade. During that period, the greatest disappointment was at the continental tournament level with the team only exceeding the first stage in the 1988 Copa Libertadores. On 30 September 1989, the Estadio Monumental was re-inaugurated in an exhibition match against Peñarol, which Colo-Colo won 2–1 with goals by Marcelo Barticciotto and Leonel Herrera, the son of a 1970s legendary former defender of the same name.

1991–1999: International success
The 1990s was the most successful decade in the club's history for the national and international honours achieved. Eduardo Menichetti was a president of the club in 1990–1995 and Croatian Mirko Jozić arrived as coach, leading the team towards its first Bicampeonato for winning two national titles in a row. On 5 June 1991, after beating Olimpia 3–0 at Monumental with two goals by Luis Pérez and one by Leonel Herrera, Colo-Colo became the first Chilean team to win a Copa Libertadores. That same season, the "Albos" lost the Intercontinental Cup final against Yugoslavian club Red Star Belgrade, after being defeated 3–0 in Tokyo. At the local level, the club won the 1991 league, its third-consecutive title thus achieving its first Tricampeonato. The following season, the club won the Recopa Sudamericana, after beating Brazil's Cruzeiro in a penalty shootout, and also obtained the Copa Interamericana, after winning 3–1 against Puebla in Mexico. The last title won by Jozić in Colo-Colo was the 1993 league title, thus closing a successful spell in South America.

After Jozić's departure came a brief drought in national titles, but the team managed to get an unforgettable 3–0 win over arch rivals Universidad de Chile in 1995. The team was champion of the 1994 Copa Chile and reached the 1994 Copa Libertadores quarterfinals. The following season saw the arrival of Paraguayan coach Gustavo Benítez, who obtained the 1996, 1997-C and 1998 league titles. The team advanced to the semifinals of the Supercopa Libertadores in 1996, and of the Copa Libertadores in 1997, being eliminated both times by Cruzeiro. In 1999, Colo-Colo relived something like 1994, finishing fourth in the Chilean league and having three coaches during that single season: Brazilian Nelsinho Baptista, the caretaker manager Carlos Durán and then Fernando Morena of Uruguay, who remained until 2001.

1999–present: Bankruptcy and recovery
In 1999, after Benítez's departure, the club entered a serious financial crisis. On 23 January 2002, after years of economic mismanagement under the leadership of Peter Dragicevic as president, the club was declared bankrupt. Justice named Juan Carlos Saffie as syndic responsible for the institution allowing it not to lose its legal status. Despite the bankruptcy, under Jaime Pizarro as coach – key player in the obtaining of the 1991 Copa Libertadores – Los Albos won the Torneo de Clausura, with an almost completely juvenile squad. Three years later, in 2005, the joint-stock company Blanco y Negro took over the administration, concessioning all club assets for thirty years in exchange for paying all debts through an opening process at the Santiago Stock Exchange. In the first half of 2006, the judiciary court declared the bankruptcy over.

With the Argentine Claudio Borghi as coach since 2006, and with players like Matías Fernández and Humberto Suazo, Colo-Colo obtained a Bicampeonato winning the Apertura and Clausura tournaments. The squad reached another international final, the Copa Sudamericana, losing 2–1 to Mexico's side Pachuca. That season, El Cacique was recognized by the IFFHS as the world's club of the month. The following season Colo-Colo won two more consecutive tournaments, winning a Tetracampeonato for winning four back-to-back championships, being the first Chilean team to achieve that.

After Borghi's departure, the club obtained its 28th title after defeating Palestino in the 2008 Torneo de Clausura finals under the coaching of Marcelo Barticciotto, and with Lucas Barrios as principal scorer, who equaled Luis Hernán Álvarez's record of highest number of goals scored by a Colo-Colo footballer during a single season with 37 goals. The following season, the club became the first professional team to play on Easter Island. After a poor Torneo de Apertura 2009 – not reaching the play-offs for the first time – Los Albos started the Clausura very close to relegation positions. However, the team reached the tournament's finals against Universidad Católica, beating them 4–2 in Santa Laura, with players like Esteban Paredes, Macnelly Torres and Ezequiel Miralles, coached by Hugo Tocalli. Colo-Colo's last championship was in 2014 after winning the Torneo de Clausura. It was the team's 30th Chilean League title.

Badge, colours and kit
The club's badge represents Mapuche chieftain Colo Colo, an important Wall Mapu member who fought in the Arauco War against the Spanish empire (1536–1818). On 19 April 1925, when the club was established, Luis Contreras – one of the players that founded the club – defined the team's badge, in representation of the chief and the country's indigenous people.

Throughout its history, Colo-Colo's uniform has been a white shirt and black shorts. The uniform was originally designed by Juan Quiñones following the recommendations of David Arellano.

In 1927, after Arellano's death while playing against Real Unión Deportiva (currently Real Valladolid), it was decided then that the badge will wear a black horizontal band over it forever, to represent the institution's eternal mourning.

The team's away kits have varied through its history, from green between 1927 and the mid-1970s and to red from 1975 to 1988.

Stadium
Colo-Colo initially played on a field called Estadio El Llano but in January 1928 moved to the Campos de Sports de Ñuñoa. The team later moved to Estadio Nacional where it played from 1939 to the late 1980s. In 1946 the club bought a stadium from Carabineros de Chile – then called Fortín Mapocho – which was closed according security reasons. It was intended to build a 30,000-seat stadium at the site. However, a municipal ordinance prohibited construction in the area. For that reason, Colo-Colo sold the stadium in order to raise funds for the future Estadio Monumental.

In 1956, club's president Antonio Labán acquired a 28 ha terrain at Macul, close to the intersection between Vicuña Mackenna and Departamental. The new stadium was originally planned with a capacity of 120,000. Due to the work's high cost and lack of a government subsidy the project was halted. In 1960, after Chile's successful proposition to hold the World Cup, several congressmen proposed to build a 52,000-seat stadium at Colo-Colo's site. However, the 9.5 Valdivia earthquake and a willingness from congress stopped the initiative.

Colo-Colo's brilliant campaigns in 1972 and 1973 allowed the stadium construction to resume. It was inaugurated in a league match 1975 which Colo-Colo win 1–0 over Deportes Aviación with Juan Carlos Orellana, who become the first player to score a goal in Monumental's history. However, the stadium was closed due to lack of basic services and infrastructure. It was not reopened until 1989 thanks to Hugo Rubio's transfer to Bologna which allowed the club to receive US$1 million to repair the problems mentioned. The stadium was called Monumental David Arellano in honour of its founder and its definitive inauguration was in a match against Uruguay's Peñarol which Colo-Colo won 2–1.

Since its definitive opening, the stadium has seen the 1991 Copa Libertadores and 1992 Copa Interamericana titles as well as several league honors.

Monumental's public record attendance was in 1992 for a derby match with Universidad de Chile which registered an attendance of 70,000 fans approximately. That record was closely followed in August 1993 during a 2–0 exhibition match win over Real Madrid with a 67,543 attendance. Several remodeling works and stricter security brought down the total capacity to 47,347.

The Chilean national team usually use the stadium for its games since 1997. The stadium was also used during the 2015 Copa América.

Supporters and rivalries
Colo-Colo is the club with the largest following in Chile, with approximately 42% of the total Chilean football fans according to research published in August 2012 by Spanish newspaper agency Marca. The study showed a 4% growth in comparison to 2006 research by Fundación Futuro that ranked the club in first place with the 38% of the preferences, leaving its rival Universidad de Chile in second place.

Since the early 1960s, the club has had organized fan groups, which evolved in the mid-1980s into the so-called Garra Blanca. They attended Colo-Colo's games and generally rioted, especially in derbies, turning Estadio Monumental surroundings into battlefields against the military police. In 2000, the group was declared as Barra brava.

Colo-Colo contests rivalries with fellow Santiago clubs Universidad Católica dubbed Clásico Albo-Cruzado and Deportes Magallanes dubbed Clásico de la Chilenidad.

Chilean Superclásico
Colo-Colo's traditional rival is Universidad de Chile, against which it plays the so-called Chilean Classic or Chilean Superclásico. Although the first confrontation between the two clubs dates back to 1935, the rivalry began to develop in the 1940s and 1950s, with the match played on 11 November 1959, being the climax of a series of disagreements between the two institutions. That match, valid for the definition of that year's title, ended with a 2-1 victory for Universidad de Chile, which was the first of a series of good results for the "Azules" over Colo-Colo. This, added to the dominance of Universidad de Chile in the national championship, only increased the rivalry. In recent years the rivalry between these teams has diminished, leaving Colo-Colo as superior to Universidad de Chile, and because of that, it has been considered as the "most unequal rivalry in the world."

Leagues

 *  Liga Central de Football / Asociación de Fútbol de Santiago: 4
 * 1925, 1928, 1929, 1930
 * Primera División: 33
 * 1937, 1939, 1941, 1944, 1947, 1953, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1970, 1972, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997-C, 1998, 2002-C, 2006-A, 2006-C, 2007-A, 2007-C, 2008-C, 2009-C, 2014-C, 2015-A, 2017, 2022

Cups

 * Copa Chile: 14
 * 1958, 1974, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1994, 1996, 2016, 2019, 2021, 2023
 * Supercopa de Chile: 3
 * 2017, 2018, 2022
 * Campeonato de Campeones: 1
 * 1945

Continental

 * Copa Libertadores
 * Winners (1): 1991
 * Runner-up (1): 1973
 * Copa Sudamericana
 * Runner-up (1): 2006
 * Copa Interamericana
 * Winners (1): 1992
 * Recopa Sudamericana
 * Winners (1): 1992

International

 * Intercontinental Cup
 * Runner-up (1): 1991

title: Colo-Colo


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President of Yugoslavia

The president of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the head of state of that country from 14 January 1953 to 4 May 1980. Josip Broz Tito was the only person to occupy the office. Tito was also concurrently President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Tito was eventually declared president for life and with his death in 1980 the office was discontinued and the new office of President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia took its place.

The 1946 constitution defined the government of Yugoslavia headed by a president (commonly known as prime minister) as the highest administrative authority in the country. Tito served as Prime Minister during the entire period up to adoption of the 1953 constitution. This law proclaimed the country to be a socialist republic and removed all previous references to a government, ministries, etc. Instead it defined the office of president and the Federal Executive Council (FEC) in place of the government. The president was to serve as head of state and would also preside over the FEC, a body of 30–40 members, some of whom would be selected to be federal secretaries. Tito moved from the position of prime minister to president on 14 January 1953 and was subsequently re-elected on 29 January 1954 and 19 April 1958.

The 1963 constitution specifically gave Tito an unlimited number of terms. It also defined a new office of President of the Federal Executive Council which would head that institution rather than the president. Tito could still convene the Federal Executive Council, remained head of state and commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav People's Army, and concurrently still served as head of the communist party. He was re-elected by the Federal Assembly under this system again in 1963 and 1968.

Constitutional amendments in 1971 created a new collective presidency consisting of republican representatives, still presided over by the president of the Republic. The 1974 constitution gave the then 82-year old Tito an unlimited mandate, making him president-for-life. It also created a new rotating office of President of the Presidency which would take effect in the event of Tito's death. The sitting vice president of the Presidency would succeed him in this case. This eventually occurred on 4 May 1980 when Lazar Koliševski became the first president of the presidency upon Tito's death.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: President of Yugoslavia


text: User talk:69.201.159.207

title: User talk:69.201.159.207


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Talk:Layoff

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title: Talk:Layoff


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List of Hasidic dynasties and groups

A Hasidic dynasty or Chassidic dynasty is a dynasty led by Hasidic Jewish spiritual leaders known as rebbes, and usually has some or all of the following characteristics:
 * Each leader of the dynasty is referred to as an ADMOR (abbreviation for  ADoneinu MOreinu VeRabeinu – "our master, our teacher, and our rabbi"), or simply as Rebbe (or "the Rebbe"), and at times called the "Rav" ("rabbi"), and sometimes referred to in English as a "Grand Rabbi";
 * The dynasty continues beyond the initial leader's lifetime by succession (usually by a family descendant);
 * The dynasty is usually named after a key town in Eastern Europe where the founder may have been born or lived, and sometimes, such as in the case of the Bostoner Chassidim, where the group began to grow and flourish or where a significantly influential Jewish teacher founds a court or yeshiva where students go to learn from, or consult with, that Rebbe;
 * The dynasty has (or once had) followers who, through time, continue following successive leaders (rebbes), or may even continue as a group without a leader by following the precepts of a deceased leader.

Distinguished from a dynasty, a Hasidic group or Chassidic group has the following characteristics:
 * It was founded by a leader who did not appoint or leave a successor;
 * It may be named after a key town in Eastern Europe where the founder may have been born or lived, or where the group began to grow and flourish, or it may be named after the founder himself;
 * It has followers who continue as a group under the direction of rabbis who expound and interpret the precepts of the deceased founder.

Dynasties with larger following
Hasidic dynasties (arranged alphabetically) with a large following include:

Dynasties with smaller following
Hasidic dynasties (arranged alphabetically) with a small following include:

Other dynasties
Many of these dynasties have presently few or no devotees, due to most of the Hasidic groups being destroyed during the Holocaust, 1939–1945. Other communities are flourishing, and have growing Hasidic sects. There are many dynasties whose followers number around five to fifteen people, and are not listed here.

A

 * Alesk (from Olesko, Ukraine)
 * Amdur (from Indura, Belarus)
 * Anipoli (from Annopol, Ukraine)
 * Apta / Zinkov / Mezhbizh (from Opatów, Poland)

B

 * Beitsh (from Biecz, Poland)
 * Bender (from Bender, Moldova)
 * Berditchev (Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev (1740–1810) from Berdychiv, Ukraine)
 * Bergsass Current Rebbe: Aaron Pollak, Founder: Abraham Alter Pollak (died 2007), Headquartered in: El'ad, Israel (from Beregszász, Hungary (now Ukraine))
 * Bertch (from Bircza, Poland)
 * Białystok (from Białystok)
 * Bialobrzeg (from Białobrzegi, Poland)
 * Bluzhev (from Błażowa, Poland)
 * Bikovsk (from Bikofsk)
 * Bohush (from Buhuși, Romania)
 * Bonia
 * Botoshan (from Botoşani, Romania)
 * Brod (from Brody, Ukraine) (several)
 * Brezahn (from Berezhany, Ukraine)
 * Brizdovitz (from Berezdivtsi, Ukraine)
 * Bucharest (from București, Romania) (several)
 * Burshtin (from Burshtyn, Ukraine)

C

 * Chabad-Avrutsh (from Ovruch, Ukraine)
 * Chabad-Bobroisk (from Bobrujsk, Belarus)
 * Chabad-Kapust
 * Chabad-Liadi
 * Chabad-Nezhin
 * Chabad-Strashelye
 * Chernovitz (from Chernivtsi) (several)
 * Czortkow (from Chortkiv)
 * Chust (from Khust) (several)
 * Cleveland
 * Cracow (from Kraków)

D

 * Deyzh (from Dés, Hungary) (today Romania)
 * Dinov (from Dynów, Poland)
 * Dombrova (from Dąbrowa Tarnowska, Poland)
 * Drubitsh (from Drohobych, Poland) (several)
 * Dzirka (from Györke, Hungary) (today Ďurkov, Slovakia)
 * Dzikov (from Tarnobrzeg, Poland)

E

 * Erlau (from Eger/Erlau, Hungary)
 * Etched (from Nagyecsed, Hungary)

F

 * Faltishan (from Fălticeni, Romania)

G

 * Galovitch (from Tulchyn, Ukraine)
 * Gorlitz (from Gorlice, Poland)
 * Gostynin (from Gostynin, Poland)
 * Gvodzitz (from Hvizdets)
 * Gribov (from Grybów, Poland)

H

 * Hornsteipel (from Hornostaypil', Ukraine)
 * Huvniv (from Hivniv, Ukraine)
 * Husiatyn ( from Husiatyn, Ukraine)

K

 * Kaliv (from Nagykálló, Hungary)
 * Kaminke (the unrelated Ukrainian Kaminke dynasty from Kamianka, Ukraine and Galician Kaminke dynasty from Kamianka-Buzka, Ukraine)
 * Kaminetz
 * Kunskvola (from Końskowola, Poland)
 * Karlin-Stolin (Hasidic dynasty)
 * Kashau (from Kassa, Hungary)
 * Kerestir (from Bodrogkeresztúr, Hungary)
 * Khentshin (from Chęciny, Poland)
 * Kielce (from Kielce, Poland)
 * Koidanov (from Koidanava, Belarus)
 * Kolbasov (Végaszó, Hungary)
 * Komarno (from Komarno, Ukraine)
 * Kopyczynitz (from Kopychyntsi, Ukraine)
 * Korets (from Korets, Ukraine)
 * Koson (from Mezőkaszony, Hungary)
 * Kosov (from Kosiv, Ukraine)
 * Kotsk (from Kock, Poland)
 * Kozlov
 * Kozhnitz (from Kozienice, Poland)
 * Krasna
 * Krula (from Nagykároly, Hungary)
 * Kshanov (from Chrzanów, Poland)
 * Kuzmir (from Kazimierz Dolny, near Warsaw) (several)

L

 * Łańcut (from Łańcut, Poland)
 * Lashkovitz (from Ulashkivtsi, Ukraine)
 * Lelov (from Lelów, Poland)
 * Lechovitch (from Lyakhavichy, Belarus)
 * Linitz (from Linitz)
 * Liske (from Olaszliszka, Hungary)
 * Lizhensk (from Leżajsk, Poland)
 * Leva (from Leova, Moldova)
 * Liozna (from Liozna, Belarus)
 * Lublin (from Lublin, Poland) (several)
 * Lutsk (from Lutsk, Ukraine) (several)

M

 * Margareten (from Margitta, Hungary) (today Marghita, Romania)
 * Mattersdorf (from Mattersburg, Austria)
 * Mezhbizh (from Medzhybizh), Ukraine; Also see Apter Rov
 * Mishkoltz (from Miskolc, Hungary) (several)
 * Mogelnitz (from Mogielnica, Poland)
 * Manestrishtze (from Monastyryshche, Ukraine)

N

 * Narol (from Narol, Galicia/Austria-Hungary, now in Poland)
 * Neshchiz (from Nesukhoyezhe, Ukraine)
 * Neshchiz (from Nesukhoyezhe, Ukraine)

O

 * Ostrof
 * Ozherov (from Ożarów, Poland)

P

 * Pabianice (from Pabianice, Poland)
 * Pashkan (from Paşcani, Romania)
 * Piasetzne (from Piaseczno, Poland)
 * Pietrokov (from Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland)
 * Pilts (from Pilica, Poland)
 * Pilzno (named for Pilzno, Poland)
 * Pintchiv (from Pińczów, Poland)
 * Pittsburgh (from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
 * Porisov (from Parysów, Poland)
 * Premishlan (from Peremyshliany, Ukraine)
 * Pshemishl (from Przemyśl, Poland)
 * Pshevorsk (from Przeworsk, Poland)

R

 * Radomsk (from Radomsko, Poland)
 * Radoshitz (from Radoszyce, Poland)
 * Radowitz (from Rădăuţi, Romania)
 * Radvil (from Radyvyliv, Ukraine)
 * Radzymin (from Radzymin, Poland)
 * Ratzfert (from Újfehértó, Hungary)
 * Ribatitch (from Rybotycze, Poland)
 * Rimenov (from Rymanów, Poland)
 * Roman (from Roman, Romania)
 * Ropshitz (from Ropczyce, Poland)
 * Ruzhin (from Ruzhyn, Ukraine)
 * Rzeszów (Rzeszów, Galicia, Poland)

S

 * Sambur (from Sambir, Ukraine) (several)
 * Sasregen (from Szászrégen, Hungary) (today Reghin, Romania)
 * Sassov (from Sasiv, Ukraine)
 * Savran (from Savran, Ukraine)
 * Seret (from Siret, Romania)
 * Shedlitz (from Siedlce, Poland)
 * Shotz (from Suceava, Romania)
 * Shidlovtza (from Szydłowiec, Poland)
 * Shineva (from Sieniawa, Poland)
 * Shpikov (from Shpykiv, Ukraine)
 * Shtefanesht (from Ştefăneşti, Romania)
 * Siget (from Máramarossziget, Hungary) (today Sighetu-Marmaţiei, Romania) (parent of, now sharing leadership with, the Satmar dynasty above)
 * Sochatchov (from Sochaczew, Poland)
 * Sokolov (from Sokołów Podlaski, Poland – there was a branch of the Ropshitz dynasty in Sokołów Małopolski, Poland, as well)
 * Stanislov (from Stanyslaviv, Ukraine) (several)
 * Stepan (from Stepan, Ukraine)
 * Stitshin (from Szczucin, Poland)
 * Stretin (from Stratin, Ukraine)
 * Strikov (from Stryków, Poland)
 * Strizhov (from Strzyżów, Poland)
 * Stropkov (from Sztropkó, Hungary (now in Stropkov, Slovakia))
 * Sudilkov (from Sudylkiv, Ukraine)
 * Sulitza (from Suliţa, Romania) (there was also a branch of the Shotz dynasty in Sulitza)

T

 * Tetsh (from Técső, Hungary (now Tyachiv), Ukraine)
 * Temeshvar (from Temesvár, Hungary) (today Timișoara, Romania)
 * Tolna (from Talne, Ukraine)
 * Toldos Tzvi
 * Trisk (from Turiisk, Ukraine)
 * Tseshenov (from Cieszanów, Poland)
 * Tshakova (from Szczakowa, Poland)

U

 * Ujhel (from Újhely, Hungary)
 * Ungvar (from Ungvár, Hungary)
 * Ushpitzin (from Oświęcim, Poland)

V

 * Vasloi (from Vaslui, Romania)
 * Vien (from Wien/Vienna)
 * Volova (from Mizhhirya, Ukraine)
 * Vorka from Warka, Poland
 * Vulkan (from Zsilyvajdejvulkán, Hungary (today Vulcan, Hunedoara, Romania)

Y

 * Yeruslav (from Jarosław, Poland) (several)

Z

 * Zablitov (from Zabolotiv, Ukraine)
 * Zbarz (from Zbarazh, Ukraine) (several)
 * Zenta (break-off from Satmar) (from Zenta, Hungary) (today Senta, Serbia)
 * Zhmigrod (from Nowy Żmigród, Poland)
 * Zhitomir (from Zhytomyr, Ukraine)
 * Zidichov (from Zhydachiv, Ukraine)
 * Zinkov
 * Zlatipol (from Zlatopol)
 * Zlotchov (from Zolochiv)
 * Zolozitz (from Zaliztsi)
 * Zychlin

title: List of Hasidic dynasties and groups


text: Template:MEP-stub

title: Template:MEP-stub


text:
Miss Marjoribanks

Miss Marjoribanks is an 1866 novel by Margaret Oliphant. It was first published in serialised form in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine from February 1865. It follows the exploits of its heroine, Lucilla Marjoribanks, as she schemes to improve the social life of the provincial English town of Carlingford. The late nineteenth century English novelist George Gissing, who read the novel in September 1896, thought it "excellent".

Characters

 * Miss Lucilla Marjoribanks (Pronounced the way it is spelt; late in the novel she tells her cousin that it was originally pronounced March-Banks) – The heroine of the story. She ostensibly aspires to make her papa happy and finds the idea of courting to be unimportant at this moment in her life.
 * Dr. Marjoribanks – Lucilla's father. He sent her back to boarding school after her invalid mother's funeral, because she was only 15 and he was quite self-sufficient. When she returned, after having done a European tour, she takes charge of the household. He admires the way she has outwitted him and is proud of her success in society and is amused to see how she deals with minor setbacks.
 * Tom Marjoribanks – Lucilla's cousin on her father's side. They grew up in each other's company. He loves Lucilla but she does not reciprocate his feelings, and he goes to India for several years.
 * Mr. Cavendish – The only man capable of flirting at parties.
 * Nancy – Dr. Marjoribanks' cook. Sometimes competes with Lucilla for authority in the house. Usually fails.
 * Barbara Lake – Has the perfect singing voice to complement Lucilla at her at homes but is lower in the social scale and resents Lucilla and actively schemes to get Mr Cavendish's attention.
 * Rose Lake – Barbara's younger sister. Works at the school of design. Takes art very seriously. Pre-Raphaelite.
 * Mr. Lake – drawing master of the town. Widower. Many young children left in his care. Blissfully ignorant of his daughter's interest in Mr Cavendish.
 * Mr Ashburton taken up by Lucilla as the next Parliamentary candidate, in opposition to Mr Cavendish
 * Mrs. Centum.
 * Mrs. Woodburn – Enjoys imitation. Sister to Mr. Cavendish. Not very social but very observant.
 * Mrs. Chiley – Old. Married to Colonel. No children. Takes a motherly role in Lucilla's life and becomes a confidant.
 * Miss Martha Blount – Miss Marjoribanks' school teacher.
 * Ellis – Mrs. Marjoribanks' maid.
 * Mr. Bury – rector

Adaptations
BBC Radio 4 produced a four-part radio adaptation first broadcast on 4 August 1992, dramatized by Elizabeth Proud and featuring Elizabeth Spriggs as Margaret Oliphant and Teresa Gallagher as Lucilla Marjoribanks.

title: Miss Marjoribanks


text:
Sedimentary basin analysis

Sedimentary basin analysis is a geologic method by which the formation and evolution history of a sedimentary basin is revealed, by analyzing the sediment fill and subsidence. Subsidence of sedimentary basins generates the spatial distribution of accommodation infilling sediments. Aspects of the sediment, namely its composition, primary structures, and internal architecture, can be synthesized into a history of the basin fill. Such a synthesis can reveal how the basin formed, how the sediment fill was transported or precipitated, and reveal sources of the sediment fill. From such syntheses models can be developed to explain broad basin formation mechanisms. Examples of such basin classifications include intracratonic, rift, passive margin, strike-slip, forearc, backarc-marginal sea, fold and thrust belt, and foreland basins.

Sedimentary basin analysis is largely conducted by two types of geologists who have slightly different goals and approaches. The petroleum geologist, whose ultimate goal is to determine the possible presence and extent of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-bearing rocks in a basin, and the academic geologist, who may be concerned with any or all facets of a basin's evolution. Petroleum industry basin analysis is often conducted on subterranean basins through the use of reflection seismology and data from well logging. Academic geologists study subterranean basins as well as those basins which have been exhumed and dissected by subsequent tectonic events. Thus academics sometimes use petroleum industry techniques, but in many cases they are able to study rocks at the surface. Techniques used to study surficial sedimentary rocks include: measuring stratigraphic sections, identifying sedimentary depositional environments and constructing a geologic map.

An important tool in sedimentary basin analysis is sequence stratigraphy, in which various sedimentary sequences are related to pervasive changes in sea level and sediment supply.

title: Sedimentary basin analysis


text:
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Gregory of Narek

Grigor Narekatsi (Գրիգոր Նարեկացի; anglicized as Gregory of Narek; c. 950 – 1003/1011) was an Armenian mystical and lyrical poet, monk, and theologian. He is venerated as a saint in the Armenian Apostolic and Catholic Churches and was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Francis in 2015.

The son of a bishop, Gregory was educated, ordained, and later stationed at Narekavank on the southern shores of Lake Van (modern Turkey). Scholars consider Gregory the most beloved and significant theological and literary figure of the Armenian religious tradition.

He is best known for his Book of Lamentations, a significant piece of mystical literature which serves as a confessional prayer book in many Armenian religious households. His works have inspired many Armenian literary figures and influenced Armenian literature in general throughout the ages.

Life and background

Scholars place Gregory's birth and death dates circa 945–951 and 1003 or 1010–11, respectively. He lived in the Kingdom of Vaspurakan, a medieval Armenian kingdom, which is "notable for the high cultural level that it achieved." Vaspurakan, centered around Lake Van, is a region described by Richard Hovannisian as "the cradle of Armenian civilization".

Little is known about his life. He was born in a village on the southern shores of Lake Van, in what is now eastern Turkey, to Khosrov Andzevatsi, a relative of the Artsruni royal family. Khosrov was ordained a bishop after being widowed and was appointed primate of the diocese of Andzevatsik. His father was suspected of pro-Byzantine Chalcedonian beliefs, a doctrine not accepted by the Armenian Apostolic Church, and was eventually excommunicated by Catholicos Anania Mokatsi for undermining the Armenian Church with his interpretation of the rank of Catholicos, the highest rank in Armenian church clergy, as being equivalent to that of a bishop, a lower rank in Christian churches, based on the works of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a fifth-century Greek Christian theologian and mysticist. Grigor and his elder brother Hovhannes were sent to the Narekavank (lit. the monastery of Narek), where he was given religious education by Anania Narekatsi (Ananias of Narek). The latter was his maternal great-uncle, a celebrated scholar and the monastery's founder. Being raised in an intellectual and religious fervor, Grigor was ordained priest in 977 and taught others theology at the monastery school until his death.

Whether Gregory led a secluded life has become a debate among Armenian scholars. Both literary critic Arshag Chobanian and scholar Manuk Abeghian believe he did. In contrast, literary critic argued that Gregory was very well aware of the secular world and his time, had a deep knowledge of both peasants and princes and the complexities of the world. Tamrazyan believes he could not have lived solely on literary ecstasy.

Gregory was buried inside the walls of the monastery of Narek. A rectangular-shaped chapel-mausoleum was built on his tomb, which survived until the mid-20th century, when the monastery, abandoned in the aftermath of the Armenian genocide, was destroyed by the Turkish authorities, and later replaced with a mosque.

Book of Lamentations (Narek)

The Book of Lamentations (Classical Armenian: Մատեան ողբերգութեան, ) is widely considered Gregory's masterpiece. It is often simply called Narek (Նարեկ). Completed towards the end of his life, circa 1002–03, the work has been described as a monologue, a personal lyric and confessional poem, mystical and meditative. It comprises 95 chapters and over 10,000 lines. Almost all chapters (except two) are titled "Words unto God from the Depths of My Heart". The chapters, which are prayers or elegies, vary in length, but all address God. The central theme is the metaphysical and existential conflict between Gregory's desire to be perfect, as taught by Jesus, and his realization that it is impossible and between the divine grace and his sense of one's unworthiness to receive that grace. However, the love and mercy of God's all-embracing, all-forgiving, and amazing grace compensate for man's unworthiness.

The book is considered a masterpiece of Christian spiritual literature. Helen C. Evans described it as "one of the world’s great mystical poems." It has been described by Agop Jack Hacikyan et al. as the "most beloved work of Armenian literature." It has been historically kept in Armenian homes. Scholars have described its popularity among Armenians as second to the Bible. For centuries, Armenians have treasured the book as an enchanted treasure and have attributed to it miraculous powers. For instance, one passage has been read to the ill expecting a cure. Malachia Ormanian, scholar and Patriarch of Constantinople, wrote that Narek is "written in a florid and sublime style, is regarded as a potent talisman against all kinds of dangers." In the 21st century, psychiatrist Armen Nersisyan has claimed to have developed a unique type of therapy based on the book, which can cure many diseases, at least partly.

The book's first complete publication was done by Voskan Yerevantsi in Marseille, France, in 1673. While the first complete commentary was published in Constantinople in 1745. The work has been translated into English, Russian, French, Arabic, Persian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian. There are three English translations of the book, with the first one appearing in 1977.

Commentary on the Song of Songs
Gregory's second most known extant work is a commentary on the Song of Songs (Մեկնութիւն երգոց երգոյն Սողոմոնի, ), written in 977, the year he was ordained a priest. The commentary was written at the behest of prince Gurgen-Khachik Artsruni of Vaspurakan. Gregory makes frequent use of St. Gregory of Nyssa's Letters on the Song of Songs. The commentary contains explicit condemnation of marriage and sexuality practices by Tondrakians, an Armenian Christian sect named as heretics by the Armenian Apostolic Church. Gregory may have been commissioned to counter these heretical teachings. Armenian author Ara Baliozian describes the commentary as a prose masterpiece.

Other works
There is also a single extant manuscript of a commentary by Gregory on chapters 38 and 39 of the Book of Job. Gregory also wrote hymns, panegyrics on various holy figures, homilies, numerous chants and prayers that are still sung today in Armenian churches. Scholars have noted that Gregory often departs from the standards of the Armenian and Greek traditions of panegyrics and encomia and innovates in interesting and distinctive ways. Of particular importance are his two recensions of the encomium on the Holy Virgin, in which he affirms the doctrines of Mary's bodily Assumption, perpetual virginity, and perhaps the immaculate conception.

The encomium on the Holy Virgin was written as part of a triptych requested by the bishop Step’anos of Mokk’. The other two panegyrics forming this set are the History of the Holy Cross of Aparank’, which commemorates the donation of a relic of the True Cross to the monastery of Aparank’ by the Byzantine emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, and the Encomium on the Holy Cross. By focusing on the cross, both of these panegyrics counter Tondrakian rejection of veneration of the cross and other material objects. Here again, as in the rest of Gregory's corpus, the saint defends orthodoxy against the Tondrakians and other heretical movements. Gregory also wrote a panegyric on St. Jacob of Nisibis, a fourth-century Syriac bishop who has been and remains today highly esteemed among Armenians. Gregory also has is an encomium on the Holy Apostles.

Gregory also authored around two dozen (lays or odes), which are the first documented religious poems in Armenian literature, and spiritual songs called, both in verse and prose. Gregory also composed music for his odes, but they are not considered (chants).

Many of the festal odes and litanies as well as the panegyrics have been translated to English and annotated by Abraham Terian.

Outlook and philosophy

The central idea of Gregory's philosophy is eternal salvation relying solely upon faith and divine grace, and not necessarily upon the institutional church, in which his views are similar to those of the 16th century Protestant Reformation. This interpretation of Gregory as a precursor of Protestantism has more recently been challenged. Gregory may have been suspected of heresy and being sympathetic to the Paulicians and Tondrakians—two major sects in medieval Armenia. He notably wrote a treatise against the Tondrakians in the 980s, possibly to clear himself of accusations of being sympathetic to their movement. In the treatise, he states some of his theological views. Although Gregory does not mention the Tondrakians in the Book of Lamentations, some scholars have interpreted certain chapters as containing anti-Tondrakian elements. Other scholars have pointed out that the Book of Lamentations is dominated by the theme of the centrality of the sacraments, especially baptism, reconciliation, and the Eucharist, and thus directly opposes Tondrakian deprecation of the sacraments. In his struggle against the antinomian Tondrakians, Gregory followed his predecessor at the monastery of Narek—his great-uncle Anania, who was condemned for his alleged Tondrakian beliefs.

According to Ara Baliozian, Gregory broke from Hellenistic thought, which was dominant among the Armenian intellectual elite since the 5th-century golden age. He was instead profoundly influenced by Neoplatonism. In fact, the Narek school was instrumental in instilling Christian Neoplatonism in Armenian theology, particularly concepts such as divinization, the attainment of the power of spiritual vision or discernment through penitential purification of the inner and outer man, and a symbolic exegetical methodology. He may have been influenced by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a pivotal author in Christian Neoplatonism, although this view has been challenged. Vache Nalbandian argued that Gregory's outlook is essentially anti-feudal and humanistic.

The tone of the Book of Lamentations has been compared to that of Confessions by Augustine of Hippo. Some scholars have compared Gregory's worldview, and philosophy to those of later Sufi mystic poets Rumi and Yunus Emre,  and 19th century Russian writers Fyodor Dostoevsky and A. K. Tolstoy. Michael Papazian, a scholar of Gregory, opined that he is "what you'd get if you crossed Augustine and James Joyce. But his spirituality is also infused with the simple piety of the Desert Fathers; and, although he lived before him, there’s an element of St. Francis in him, too. He's a synthesis of so many strands of Christian tradition."

Recognition

Gregory was the first major Armenian lyrical poet and is considered the most beloved person in Armenian Christianity. Robert W. Thomson described him as the "most significant poet of the whole Armenian religious tradition," while Jos Weitenberg declared him the "most outstanding theological, mystical and literary figure of Armenian culture." James R. Russell lists Gregory as one of the three visionaries of the Armenian tradition, along with Mesrop Mashtots and Yeghishe Charents.

According to Hacikyan et al. Gregory of Narek "deserves to be known as one of the great mystical writers of medieval Christendom." Vrej Nersessian considers him a "poet of world stature" in the "scope and breadth of his intellect and poetic inventiveness, and in the brooding, visionary quality of his language"—on a par with St Augustine, Dante, and Edward Taylor. Levon Zekiyan shares a similar view, describing Gregory as a unique figure not just in Armenian national and ecclesiastical culture, but also that of the entire globe. Nersessian argues that Gregory of Narek ranks with St. Augustine and Thomas à Kempis as "one the three greatest mystic writers in medieval Christendom, his monumental Lamentations joins the former’s Confessions, and the latter’s Imitation of Christ to form a natural trilogy." Armenian-Russian critic writes that Gregory's genius makes him comparable with Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, and Dostoevsky.

Agop Jack Hacikyan et al. note that through his "lively, vibrant, and highly individual style" Gregory shaped, refined, and greatly enriched Classical Armenian through his works. According to Hrachik Mirzoyan, Gregory may have created more than 2,500 new Armenian words, including 'a portrait or image' and օդաչու,  'a person who flies, pilot'. Many of the words Gregory created are not actively used or have been replaced by other words.

Critique
France-based Western Armenian writer Shahan Shahnour has been Gregory's most prominent critic. Shahnour targeted him in his novel Retreat Without Song (Նահանջը առանց երգի, published in 1929) through one of his characters. The latter describes the Book of Lamentations as "the most immoral, unhealthy, poisonous book, a work that had debilitated the Armenians as a nation. The Armenians remain defeated in trying to emulate Grigor's miserable, maimed soul." Criticizing the book's influence on rooting the notion of fate in Armenian popular belief and for making Armenians "conventional, patient, tolerant, suffocating the freedom-loving spirit in [them]."

Paruyr Sevak opined that the Narek has not been read by Armenians as much as it has been kissed.

Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates his feast on the second Saturday of October, during the Feast of the Holy Translators (Սուրբ Թարգմանչաց, ). Dedicated to him, Mesrop Mashtots, Yeghishe, Movses Khorenatsi, David the Invincible, and Nerses Shnorhali, it was declared a national holiday in Armenia in 2001. The exact date of his canonization by the Armenian Church is unknown, but he was already recognized as a saint by 1173, when Nerses of Lambron (Lambronatsi) included, in the earliest extant manuscript of the Book of Lamentations, a biographical section on him entitled "The Life of the Holy Man of God Grigor Narekatsi". His contemporary, historian Ukhtanes (c. 940-1000) called Gregory a "Universal vardapet".

In the 15th century, when the Catholicosate of Aghtamar was at the center of efforts to revive Armenian statehood, monks at the Cathedral of Aghtamar sought to construct a tradition that would link the Catholicosate to Gregory of Narek. One such tradition claimed that Gregory himself had founded the Catholicosate. In ritual books commissioned by Zakaria III and Stepanos IV, Gregory is depicted more than just equal-to-the-apostles.

A relic of Saint Gregory is preserved at the Treasury Museum of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. Recently, it was brought out to Etchmiadzin Cathedral for the feast of the Holy Translators on 13 October 2012. and for the foot washing and oil blessing ceremony on Holy Thursday on 9 April 2020.

Several churches built in Armenia in the 21st century have been named after him. The St. Gregory of Narek Armenian Apostolic Church in Richmond Heights, Ohio, near Cleveland, was built in 1964.

Catholic Church

Despite the schism over the Council of Chalcedon, there have always been at least some Catholics using the Armenian Rite. For example, even though the Monastery of Narek was founded by Armenian monks fleeing religious persecution in Cappadocia under the Byzantine Emperor Romanus Lecapenus, the monks of Narek, including Gregory himself, were repeatedly accused of involvement in the Tsayt movement. The Tsayts were a school of thought within the Armenian Apostolic Church who accepted the teachings of the Council of Chalcedon while continuing to offer the liturgy in Classical Armenian. To Armenians who viewed the Council of Chalcedon as a contradiction of Cyril of Alexandria and therefore as heresy, the Tsayts were accused of being "Greeks but with an Armenian tongue", and even as "half, insufficient, or inadequate Armenians". Meanwhile, criticisms of the Paulician Tondrakian movement by Gregory of Narek have come down to us, but no similar criticisms of the Council of Chalcedon or of the Tsayts are known to exist by his hand.

This would become important centuries later, when the Mekhitarist Order was founded by Mkhitar Sebastatsi as part of a wider movement within the Armenian Apostolic Church towards acceptance of the Council of Chalcedon and reunification with the Holy See. Encouraged by French Jesuit and Capuchin missionaries in the Ottoman Empire, this movement eventually resulted in both the 1707 martyrdom of Gomidas Keumurdjian and the 1742 formation of the Patriarchate of Cilicia to head the Armenian Catholic Church. For many reasons, Gregory of Narek and Nerses Shnorhali were the only two post-Chalcedon Armenian theologians used by the Mekhitarist monks to preach reunion through their publishing apostolate based at San Lazzaro Island in Venice.

In his 1987 encyclical Redemptoris Mater, Pope John Paul II called him "one of the outstanding glories of Armenia."

On 18 February 1989, John Paul II established the Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Gregory of Narek in Buenos Aires. The Armenian Catholic community in Yerevan is under the patronage of Saint Gregory of Narek.

Article 2678 of Catechism of the Catholic Church, promulgated by John Paul II in 1992, mentions the tradition of prayer in his works.

John Paul II referred to him in several addresses,  and described Gregory as "one of Our Lady's principal poets" and "the great doctor of the Armenian Church" in his 18 February 2001 Angelus address.

Gregory of Narek was recognized officially as a saint in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church in the revised 2001 Roman Martyrology and its updated 2004 edition. This recognition went largely unnoticed until his declaration as a Doctor of the Church in 2015, causing some in Catholic media to state incorrectly that the declaration was an act of equipollent canonization.

Saint Gregory of Narek is depicted in the painting, "Our Lady of Narek" by Ariel Agemian. The image is based on a vision of the Virgin Mary and Christ Child, which Gregory experienced while in prayer. The painting is enshrined above the altar in the chapel of the Pontifical Armenian College in Rome.

Doctor of the Church
On 4 September 2014, Armenian Catholic Patriarch Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni appointed Archbishop Boghos Levon Zekiyan of the Mekhitarist Order as Postulator, with orders to argue for St. Gregory being named a Doctor of the Church. Proof was demanded from Archbishop Zekiyan that the Armenian Apostolic Church has never been Monophysite and only rejected the Council of Chalcedon due to a misunderstanding over semantics. Archbishop Zekiyan's investigation and arguments were successful and, on 23 February 2015 Pope Francis declared Gregory of Narek a Doctor of the Church. On 12 April 2015, on Divine Mercy Sunday, during a Mass for the centennial of the Armenian genocide at St. Peter's Basilica, Pope Francis officially proclaimed Gregory of Narek as Doctor of the Church in the presence of Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan, Catholicos of All Armenians Karekin II, Catholicos of Cilicia Aram I, and Armenian Catholic Patriarch Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni. During a Mass on 25 June 2016 in Vartanants Square in Gyumri, Francis stated that he had "wished to draw greater attention" to Gregory by making him a Doctor of the Church. In a 2023 address, Pope Francis said of Gregory: "What is most striking about him is the universal solidarity of which he is an interpreter."

Gregory is the 36th and the first Armenian Doctor of the Church. He is also the "second saint coming out of the Eastern Church" to become a Doctor and the only Doctor "who was not in communion with the Catholic Church during his lifetime."

St. Gregory's recognition as a Doctor of the Church was commemorated by the Vatican City state with a postage stamp put into circulation on 2 September 2015. On 5 April 2018 a two-meter-high bronze statue of Gregory, erected by Davit Yerevantsi, was unveiled at the Vatican Gardens by Mikayel Minasyan, Armenia's Ambassador to the Holy See. The ceremony was also attended by Pope Francis, Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan, and Armenian Apostolic leaders Karekin II and Aram I.

In 2021 the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments established an optional memorial for him on 27 February on the General Roman Calendar.

Literary influence
Gregory influenced virtually all Armenian literature that came after him. Manuk Abeghian argued that his mark on Armenian Christian literature was "comparable to Homer for Greek and Dante for Italian." Grigor Magistros Pahlavuni (c. 990–1058) is considered his direct literary successor. Scholars have noted Gregory's influence on Armenian poets—medieval and modern ones alike. He inspired prominent medieval poets Hovhannes Imastaser (c. 1047–1129), Nerses Shnorhali (1102–1173) and Frik (c. 1230–1310), and in the modern period, Sayat-Nova (1712–95), Hovhannes Tumanyan (1869–1923), Misak Metsarents (1886–1908), Daniel Varoujan (1884–1915), Siamanto (1878–1915), Yeghishe Charents (1897–1937), and Paruyr Sevak (1924–1971).

Charents lauds the "hallowed brows" of Gregory and Nahapet Kuchak in his 1920 poem "I Love My Armenia" (""). In another poem, entitled "To Armenia" (""), Charents lists Gregory, Nerses Shnorhali and Naghash Hovnatan as geniuses. Sevak describes the Book of Lamentations a "temple of poesy, on which the destructive action of time has had no effect."

Tributes

Narek (Western Armenian: Nareg) is a highly popular male first name among Armenians. In 2018 it was the second most common name given to baby boys. It originates from the village and monastery of Narek and owns its popularity to Gregory of Narek and the Book of Lamentations, popularly known as "Narek." Hrachia Acharian did not provide an etymology for Narek, and James R. Russell noted that it has "no special meaning."

The village of Narek in Armenia's Ararat Province, founded in 1984, is named after Gregory.

The Narekatsi Professorship of Armenian Language and Culture, established in 1969, is the oldest endowed chair of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In Yerevan, a public school (established in 1967 and renamed in 1990) and a medical center (established in 2003) are named after Gregory. Gregory is depicted on a postage stamp issued by Armenia in 2001. The Naregatsi Art Institute, has its headquarters in Yerevan, Armenia (since 2004) and previously a center in Shushi, Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) (since 2006).

A statue of Gregory was erected in Yerevan's Malatia-Sebastia District in 2002. A large stone resembling an old manuscript with inscribed lines and images from the Book of Lamentations was unveiled in the Narekatsi quarter of Yerevan's Avan district in 2010.

Soviet composer Alfred Schnittke composed music for the Russian translation of the Book of Lamentations in 1985 named “Concerto for mixed chorus".

title: Gregory of Narek


text:
Tim Rodber

Timothy Andrew Keith Rodber (born 12 July 1969) is an English former rugby union footballer who played at Number eight, flanker or lock for Northampton Saints, England, and the British and Irish Lions.

Background
Rodber excelled at rugby from an early age, representing his school as well as local sides Petersfield R.F.C. and Oxford Old Boys. He attended Churcher's College and studied biology at Oxford Polytechnic (now Oxford Brookes University) on Army scholarships.

Rodber was a captain in the Green Howards infantry regiment of the British Army and remained so even after rugby turned professional. He resigned in 2001 after retiring from the sport.

Playing career
In 1987 Rodber joined the Northampton Saints academy and went on to become club captain.

Whilst at Northampton he started in the victorious 2000 Heineken Cup Final as the Saints defeated Munster.

International
He made his debut for England in the 25–7 victory over Scotland in the 1992 Five Nations Championship.

Good performances including helping England to win the 1993 Rugby World Cup Sevens title.

On the 1994 England tour of South Africa Rodber played a major role in one of England's best away performances of the decade during the 32–15 First Test win at the Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Pretoria. "Has one ever seen an England team glisten in a ball-game with such a shimmering and sustained diamond brightness?" commented journalist Frank Keating. "Rodber and his forwards were quite stupendous from first to last." However in the subsequent tour game against Eastern Province Rodber became one of the few Englishmen in the 1990s to be sent off when he was given a red card for reacting to violence including a stamp on teammate Jon Callard. This incident may have possibly preventing his later selection as England captain. Rodber said the aftermath of the sending off limited his physicality when playing, thus negatively impacted his play, until 1997.

Rodber earned selection to the 1997 British Lions tour to South Africa. He captained the midweek side against Mpumalanga, but was seen initially as behind the other No. 8s for the Test side. However an injury to Scott Quinnell, and then Eric Miller catching flu, led to Rodber starting the First test. Rodber became one of the stand out performers during the tour. He was selected at No.8 for the first two Tests, both of which the Lions won to take the series 2–1.

Injury dogged Rodber's career. He was selected for England for the 1999 Rugby World Cup and was a replacement for the losing quarter final. Rodber retired at the end of the 2000/01 season.

Post-retirement
Rodber went into management after retiring and held executive posts including as Managing Director at London-based marketing and communications company Rodber Thorneycroft Ltd, which was acquired by Williams Lea in 2003. He then had successful stints as regional COO and CEO of Williams Lea. He worked for Middleton Advisors until 2013. In July 2013 he was appointed CEO of global workspace providers, Instant.

title: Tim Rodber


text:
Ohio Wesleyan Female College

Ohio Wesleyan Female College was a women's college, operating for two-and-a-half decades, until it merged into Ohio Wesleyan University in 1877. After starting as a Delaware, Ohio academy for women in 1850, equivalent to a high school, it expanded its program in 1853 to begin service as a college. In 1877, the Ohio Wesleyan Female College merged with Ohio Wesleyan University. It had been a Coordinate College in relationship with that nearby men's school since 1853.

History

It is one of the oldest institutions of higher education for women in the United States, which provided general educational opportunities to women in an era when co-educational institutions of higher learning were only sporadically open to students of both sexes. In 1855, funds for the school's first and only institutional building were obtained from Mary Monnett, a student who attended the school. The trustees named the main building Monnett Hall in her honor.

The main Wesleyan Female College Hall in Delaware, Ohio was razed in the late 1970s and the site is now occupied by Monnett Gardens. Wesleyan's annual celebration of spring, Monnett Weekend, is held each April.

Alumnae

 * Melissa Elizabeth Riddle Banta, poet
 * Sara Jane Crafts, educator, author, social reformer
 * Cornelia Cole Fairbanks, class 1872, Second Lady of the United States during the vice-presidency of her husband Charles W. Fairbanks
 * Lucy Webb Hayes, First Lady of the United States from 1877–1881
 * Flora Wambaugh Patterson, 1847–1928, mycologist at the USDA who worked on numerous important fungal diseases

title: Ohio Wesleyan Female College


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Logan Fontenelle Middle School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 05:42, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Logan Fontenelle Middle School
I'm going to just say non-notable and see what happens. I'm not really a deletionist but I'm pretty sure most middle schools are non-notable. --TIB (talk) 03:50, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Mikkalai 04:21, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Inherent notability.--Centauri 05:22, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: User has three edits, one is a revert. Luigi30 14:31, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Who? Centauri? That's not what Special:Contributions/Centauri shows me. —Korath (Talk) 15:34, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no useful content whatsoever. —Korath (Talk) 06:53, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Schools are not inherently notable, and this article fails to establish notability. Delete. Uncle G 13:17, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. Luigi30 14:31, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too little interesting content to be encyclopedic and not verifiable. Mozzerati 14:46, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect to Bellevue Public Schools. Niteowlneils 18:37, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, no useful context. Velela 18:43, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree; not notable. Cabhan 18:46, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article goes the long way round with lists to tell us that (1) the school is in some town in Nebraska; (2) that it has 7th and 8th grades; and (3) that each of the grades has 4 "educational teams", with the cutesie names of the teams given. (What the heck is an educational team?). The vast majority of middle schools are not notable, and there is no reason to think this is an exception, notwithstanding the mystery of the "educational teams". --BM 19:31, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutralitytalk 19:33, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think middle school would have to be quite remarkable to be encyclopedic. This article fails to establish noteworthy about it. Dpbsmith (talk) 23:02, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Bellevue, Nebraska and delete - Skysmith 11:36, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as suggested by Skysmith. GRider\talk 17:54, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Unless anyone has any objections, I've taken the liberty of redirecting this article over to Bellevue, Nebraska. They're cheap enough.  GRider\talk 18:31, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I object. The vast majority of the comments above are deletes, not merges, not even redirects without merges. Please don't try to make an end run around consensus. —Korath (Talk) 19:33, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * You may be bold and revert me if you'd like, but a concensus is not required for a redirect, and it's completely possible someone may search for this school on Wikipedia as we host a great deal many articles on schools around the globe. GRider\talk 20:53, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Continue the vote. While it is in progress, Wikipedians can edit the article to their heart's content.   If the outcome of the vote is a consensus to delete, the article will be deleted whether or not it has meanwhile been redirected by GRider.  I would say, however, that the redirect while the vote is in progress makes it more cumbersome for editors to read the article and learn any facts it might contain which bear on the school's notability.  (It doesn't have any such facts, but I expect people will want to find that out for themselves.) --BM 21:33, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keeping the notice intact and visible during the entire length of the process is why "Redirect" and "Merge" are votes. Uncle G 05:32, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * Delete. No content, no encyclopedic value, no notability.  Just another bit of "schoolcruft" almost certainly from a student acting in the interest of school spirit. - Lucky 6.9 21:13, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If everything is included, nothing is notable. Denni ☯ 01:48, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * Delete: no evidence of notability. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:57, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Although this article is pretty bare, if it gets deleted hopefully a better sub-seed will be replanted.  P.S. The usual stuff about Wikipedia not being paper.  P.P.S. Couldn't we have, what some people would consider but I currently do not, some although less notible still notible stuff in a category 'less notible' and have it so people doing a random search won't find it?  I still don't really understand the superfear about having this content in Wikipedia, but if its about public comments we can have it so people can choose not to see 'less notible' materials (webpages, schools, not sure what else, ask deletionists ;) )--ShaunMacPherson 17:58, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Middle schools are not inherently notable, and this article doesn't begin to make a case for its existence.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Schools are inherently notable and article has potential to be encyclopedic. --Andylkl 20:23, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Colocolo (tribal chief)

Colocolo (from Mapudungun "colocolo", mountain cat) was a Mapuche leader ("cacique lonco") in the early period of the Arauco War. He was a major figure in Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga's epic poem La Araucana, about the early Arauco War. In the poem he was the one that proposed the contest between the rival candidates for Toqui that resulted in the choice of Caupolicán. As a historical figure there are some few contemporary details about him. Stories of his life were written long after his lifetime and display many points of dubious historical accuracy.

Mentions in contemporary accounts
Pedro Mariño de Lobera listed Colocolo as one of the caciques that offered submission to Pedro de Valdivia after the Battle of Penco. Jerónimo de Vivar in his Chronicle of the Kingdom of Chile (1558), describes Colocolo as one of the Mapuche leaders with 6,000 warriors and one of the competitors for Toqui of the whole Mapuche army following the Battle of Tucapel. Millarapue also a leader of 6,000 men, but old and not a candidate for the leadership, was the one who persuaded them to quit arguing among themselves and settle the matter with a contest of strength between them which resulted in the victory of Caupolicán who became Toqui.

Lobera later says Colocolo and Peteguelen were the leaders that discovered the advance of the army of Francisco de Villagra and summoned all the people who could fight from the neighboring provinces to oppose the Spanish in the Battle of Marihueñu. He was one of the commanders under Lautaro at the second destruction of Concepción on December 4, 1555. He also lists Colocolo as one of Caupolicán's lieutenants in the Battle of Millarapue against García Hurtado de Mendoza. Lobera also says he was one of the major leaders of the Arauco area to submit to Mendoza after the Battle of Quiapo and the reestablishment of the fortress of San Felipe de Araucan in 1559. He is also said to have given Mendoza warning of the assassination plot of Mecial.

Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo in his History of All the Things that Have happened in the Kingdom of Chile mentions Colocolo in 1561 as a principal leader in Arauco and is said to be a friend until death to the Spanish. He was consulted by Pedro de Villagra about the way to defeat the first outbreak of the second great Mapuche revolt that began that year. It says he advised them to storm a fortress the rebels had built and that such a defeat would end the rebellion. Later, in the following year after Villagra had evacuated the city of Cañete revealing Spanish weakness, Colocolo was prevailed on by the rebellious Mapuche in Arauco to take command of their army. At his order Millalelmo laid siege to the fort of Arauco and other leaders the fort of Los Infantes.

Mentions in later accounts
Juan Ignacio Molina follows Ercilla's account of Colocolo as the wise elder, in his The Geographical, Natural and Civil History of Chili, Vol. II, (1808). He claims Colocolo was killed in the 1558 Battle of Quiapo.

Other claims
Claims are Colocolo held the position of "Toqui de la Paz" (Peace Chief) but took over strategic duties when Spanish conquest began, becoming the head of the native Mapuche forces against these invaders. Some others believe his death happened during the great famine and typhus epidemic in 1554–1555.

Modern symbol
Colocolo, is a symbol of heroic courage, bravery, and wisdom who fought and never surrendered to the Spaniards. Remembered as Ercilla's 60-something elder widely respected by mapuche people, among his captains we can find headchiefs whose names are part of Chile's present geography: Paicaví, Lemo, Lincoyán, Elicura and Orompello, just to name a few.

The most popular Chilean football club, Colo-Colo, was named after this warrior. The Chilean Navy has given its name to several ships throughout history.

title: Colocolo (tribal chief)


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Dodge Kingsway

The Dodge Kingsway is an automobile built by Dodge for export markets. The Kingsway name was adopted for the 1940 models. Before that, the export models based on Plymouth models had no unique model names.

Kingsways were rebadged Plymouth vehicles, although they were often equipped with Dodge bumpers and trim. They were supposed to help overseas Dodge dealers to sell cars in a lower price class. The first export models were made in 1935, and they continued through the 1959 model year, with many different body styles and variations depending on the market they were intended for and which Plymouth models were available at the time. They were built in either Detroit, Michigan, or in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

Versions
The Kingsway was the lowest-priced Plymouth Deluxe model in 1949-52 (111 in wheelbase ), 1954-58 (based on Plymouth Plaza series) and 1959 (Plymouth Savoy). The Kingsway DeLuxe was based on the Plymouth DeLuxe (1946–50, 118+1/2 in wheelbase ), Cambridge (1951–53), Savoy (1954–58) and Belvedere (1959). The top line Kingsway Custom was Dodge's version of the Plymouth Special DeLuxe (1946–50), Cranbrook (1951–53), Belvedere (1954–58) and Fury (1959). For 1959 only, the Kingsway offered a model based on the Sport Fury, the Kingsway Lancer.

With the introduction of the Dodge Dart for 1960, the Kingsway line was dropped.

Introduction
The first use of the Kingsway name was in Canada for the 1940 model year (model D14), basically Dodge's rebadged version of the Plymouth. The base model came with one taillamp, one sunvisor and one windshield wiper - all on the driver's side. The body was Plymouth with Dodge nameplates, hood ornament and a grille that fit the Plymouth front end. Body styles were business coupe, 2-door and 4-door sedans.

The Kingsway name continued for the 1941 model year, on model D20. It was now available in two versions, base and Special. The Special was about $25 more than the base model. Body styles offered were the same as in 1940 with the addition of a 5-passenger coupe with fold-up (auxiliary) seats in the rear compartment.

For the 1942 model year, the Kingsway name was replaced by the DeLuxe, the same name as used on the base model Plymouth series. The DeLuxe was also the lowest priced Dodge for Canada from 1946 to 1950, although other export markets continued to use the Kingsway moniker.

Chrysler of Canada reintroduced the Kingsway name to the Canadian market for the 1951 model year, as the Canadian Dodge rebadged version of the Plymouth Concord, and replaced the DeLuxe name used on 111" wheelbase models in 1949-50.

The 1951 Kingsway offered a 2-door business coupe, 2-door fastback sedan, 2-door Suburban wagon and a 2-door Savoy wagon. The Savoy used interior and exterior trim similar to that used on higher priced models. The business coupe was dropped for the 1952 model year. As with the Plymouth Concord, the Canadian Dodge Kingsway was dropped for 1953.

The Kingsway, along with the Plymouth Savoy, were also assembled in India by Premier Automobiles until the late 1950s.

Australian production
Chrysler Australia released the D43 series Kingsway in 1953 with all major panels pressed in Australia on Australian-made tooling. D49 series Kingsways were assembled from 1954 to 1957. The D49 Kingsway differed only in terms of grilles and badgework from the Plymouth P25 and DeSoto SP25 Diplomat models which were also assembled by Chrysler Australia. An Australian developed coupe utility variant of the Kingsway was introduced in 1956.

Swedish production
In Sweden, Dodge Kingway cars were fitted between 1955 and 1957 at Aktiebolaget Nyköpings Automobilfabriks (ANA) factory in Norrköping.

title: Dodge Kingsway


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Dodge Mayfair

The Dodge Mayfair was an automobile built by Chrysler Corporation of Canada Ltd. This vehicle was produced solely for the Canadian market from 1953 to 1959. Its American equivalent was the Plymouth Belvedere. It was based on the Plymouth.

The Mayfair name first appeared as a 2-door hardtop in the 1951 Dodge Regent series, just as the Belvedere appeared in the Cranbrook series. The 1952 Mayfair adopted the same paint scheme as the 1952 Belvedere with the roof color sweeping down onto the rear trunk.

When the 1953 models were introduced, the Mayfair was again the hardtop in the Regent series. In April, 1953, though, Chrysler of Canada introduced a new, upscale series to do battle with the Chevrolet Bel Air and Pontiac Laurentian.

The D43-3 Mayfair was introduced in both hardtop and sedan models. The exterior had the front fender trim extend onto the front door and backup lamps were standard. Interiors were two-tone, in either blue or green, with a matching steering wheel. With the new D43-3, the Regent Mayfair hardtop was dropped.

Under the hood, the engine was increased from 218 CID to 228 CID and Chrysler of Canada introduced Hy-Drive on Plymouth and Dodge models.

For 1954, the Mayfair used the interiors of the new Plymouth Belvedere. The base engine and transmission were unchanged. For the first time since 1937, Chrysler of Canada offered a convertible in its Plymouth-based models, importing the Mayfair convertible from Detroit, a badge-engineered Kingsway Custom.

The V8 engine came to Chrysler of Canada's low-priced models in 1955. As before, the Mayfair was largely a Plymouth Belvedere, using that car's 115 in wheelbase and body with Dodge's front sheetmetal. The engines were imported from Detroit with various covers, manifolds, electrical pieces and rubber parts added in Windsor. Only the Mayfair offered a V8. And both Plymouth and Dodge offered PowerFlite 2-speed automatic with its new dash-mounted control lever. The Hy-Drive unit was eliminated.

Things changed in 1956 when Chrysler of Canada opened a new V8 engine plant. The Mayfair was now V8 only, while the lower-priced Dodge Crusader and Dodge Regent could be had with either the six or V8. Early in the model the 270 CID V8 was installed while later the all new 277 CIDwas introduced. A 4-door hardtop was added to the line and the Powerflite automatic was controlled by new dash-mounted pushbuttons.

Totally new bodies designed by Virgil Exner debuted for 1957. They were a styling sensation with their low lines, plenty of glass and thin roof designs. Body engineering and tooling errors, though, resulted in a car that quickly gained a reputation for poor quality and rust. Chrysler Corporation's new 3-speed Torqueflite automatic was now available on all Mayfair models, still only with the 303 CID V8, and all Chrysler Corporation cars adopted Torsion-Aire torsion bar front suspension.

Sales for 1957 were down from 1956 for all Canadian-built Dodge models, but 1958 was a disaster with sales falling over 40%. Grilles, taillights and trim were all that were new for 1958. The Mayfair adopted the 313 CID poly V8 engine.

The Mayfair's last year was 1959, when it was downgraded a notch to take the place of the Regent, while the Crusader was dropped. The 1959 Mayfair still came in two and four door sedan and hardtop, plus the imported 3-seat Custom Suburban station wagon and convertible. Although the wagon models were 318 CID V8 only, the other models were now available with either the 251 CID flathead six or the 313 CID V8.

For 1960 the Canadian Dodge based on the Plymouth would be replaced by another Plymouth-based car, the Dodge Dart. The Mayfair would become a sub-model of the Dart line for 1960, and renamed the Phoenix.

The vehicle has been commonly referred to as a Plodge because of the extensive use of Plymouth components with Dodge front grilles and sold at Dodge sales outlets.

title: Dodge Mayfair


text: User talk:129.177.44.10

title: User talk:129.177.44.10


text: User talk:65.0.136.209

title: User talk:65.0.136.209


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Dodge Regent

The Dodge Regent is an automobile that was built by Dodge Canada. The low-priced line built with a front end similar to the U.S. market Dodge attached to a Plymouth body.

The first Dodge Regent appeared for 1951, basically a Plymouth Cranbrook, and replaced the Special DeLuxe name used from 1942 through 1950. As with all Canadian Plymouths and Dodges from 1938 to 1959, the Dodge Regent used Chrysler big block (25") flathead inline-six engine. While the American Plymouth used the 23" block 217.6-cid engine, the Canadian Plymouth and Dodge used the 25" 218.1-cid engine.  Body styles were club coupe, 4-door sedan and a new for 1951 model, the Mayfair hardtop.

The Regent continued for 1952 with minor trim changes while the 1953 models received new bodies. As the U.S. Dodge now shared bodies with Plymouth, the Canadian Dodge Regent and Crusader, as well as the export Kingsway, used the Plymouth body with a Dodge front clip. In April, 1953, Chrysler of Canada introduced Hy-Drive mated to a larger, 228.1-cid engine. As well, the Mayfair hardtop was spun off into its own series along with a 4-door sedan. 1954 models received grille, trim, taillamp and interior changes and very late in the model year Powerflite automatic transmission became an option.

New styling for 1955 appeared across the Chrysler Corporation makes, and Dodge Regent continued to be a Plymouth Savoy with a Dodge front clip. Chrysler of Canada imported polyhead V8 short blocks for use in Canadian Plymouth Belvedere and Dodge Mayfair models. The lower-priced series, Crusader and Regent, came only with the flathead six, either 228.1-cid if mated to the 3-speed manual or 250.6-cid with the Powerflite automatic.

For 1956 new fins graced the rear fenders and Chrysler Canada opened a new engine plant for V8 production. The plant produced 277-cid engines for Plymouth and Dodge and 303-cid engines for Canadian Dodge Custom Royal and Chrysler Windsor models. The Regent was available with either the flathead six, now 250.6-cid, or the V8, except for the new 2-door hardtop which came only with the six. 1956 would prove to be a high-water mark for Canadian Dodge production, breaking the 50,000 mark for the first time.

Completely new Forward Look bodies appeared for 1957 - lower, wider, longer. But due to the rush to get it into production, the bodies were plagued with tooling errors, parts mismatch, and poor body engineering. For 1958 the Regent continued on as in 1957, adding a 4-door hardtop.

1959 was the final year for the Dodge Regent, and as Plymouth placed the Fury on top and bumped the other series down a rung, so did Dodge in Canada. The new top series was now Viscount, while Mayfair moved down to the middle series and Regent to the bottom. The Crusader name was dropped. Body styles available were 2-door and 4-door sedans and Suburban wagons. Engines were the 251 flathead six and 313 poly V8. For the third year in row, Canadian Dodge production was down although the Regent remained the most popular Dodge series in Canada.

Dodge introduced the Dart for 1960, and the new Dodge Dart Seneca replaced the Dodge Regent in Canadian Dodge-DeSoto dealer showrooms.

title: Dodge Regent


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Destination architects

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. The page is pending deletion due to a block compression error. Joyous 03:12, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Destination architects
Promotional stuff. IMO not a common term (i.e., Neologism), used only by wikipedia mirrors, "Destination Design and Coastal/Hydroscape Architects" and Institute of Destination Architects and Designers. It merely denotes design of resorts.

Also, the latter smartasses redirect from their webpage  http://www.idad.org/Home_FLASH/index.htm here, to save host space or something. Mikkalai 03:58, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Original research. Wikipedia is not a hosting service. Delete. Uncle G 13:24, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * Delete original research. --Deathphoenix 14:47, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This is going to be interesting, as there are a couple more articles/edits to delete. I plan to list Institute of Destination Architects and Designers for VfD, and to remove the references to these pages from architect. --Deathphoenix 14:47, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: blatant self-promo. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:57, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Dodge Crusader

The Dodge Crusader is an automobile built by Dodge Canada. Initially introduced in 1951, the original Crusader was a rebadged Plymouth Cambridge fitted with a long-block 218 cuin flathead-six engine. For 1954, the Crusader nameplate was switched to a rebadged version of the Plymouth Plaza, and it remained in production until 1958.

title: Dodge Crusader


text:
Charlie Palmieri

Carlos Manuel "Charlie" Palmieri (November 21, 1927 – September 12, 1988) was a Puerto Rican bandleader and musical director of salsa music. He was known as the "Giant of the Keyboards".

Early years
Palmieri's parents migrated to New York from Ponce, Puerto Rico in 1926, and settled down in the South Bronx where Palmieri was born. As a child, Palmieri taught himself to play the piano by ear. He attended the public school system. At age seven, his father enrolled him at The Juilliard School, where he took piano lessons. By the time Palmieri was 14 years old, he and his five-year-old brother, Eddie, participated in many talent contests, often winning prizes. It was at this time that his godfather introduced him to the music of the Latin bands - an experience which inspired him to become a musician.

In 1943, when still only 16 years old and still in high school, he made his professional debut as a piano player for the Osario Selasie Band. He graduated from high school in 1946, and immediately went to play for various bands. He made his recording debut with the song "Se Va La Rumba" as a member of the Rafael Muñiz Band.

Musical career
In October 1947, Tito Puente, the musical director of the Fernando Álvarez Band, was impressed with Palmieri and hired him to play for his band at the Copacabana Club; here he played with Puente until 1953 and, during the 1950s, he played with various bands. Besides having played with Tito Puente, he played with Pupi Campo's Band, and worked on Jack Paar's CBS daytime television show. Palmieri also formed a couple of bands that performed at the Palladium Ballroom - these were however short-lived because of a lack of work. During this time, he also worked as an accompanist for other bands.

Palmieri worked for several years in Chicago, but returned to New York and formed a band called Charanga La Duboney. While performing at the Monte Carlo Ballroom, Palmieri heard Johnny Pacheco playing the flute - the playing so impressed him that he hired him on the spot. The mixture of Pacheco's flute with the strings of the violins in Palmieri's band led to the 1960s Charanga craze in the United States. Palmieri was signed by the United Artists Record company and had several Latino hits. Palmieri did however suffer various setbacks - first Pacheco left the band and then United Artists cancelled his contract because of a conflict of interest with their other recording star, Tito Rodríguez. This led to Palmieri's signing with the Alegre Records label and with whom he had two best selling "hits" with "Como Bailan La Pachanga" and "La Pachanga Se Baila Así".

When the Charanga craze declined in popularity, Palmieri switched to the new trend, the boogaloo, by replacing the flute and violins with three trumpets and two trombones, he also dropped the word "Charanga" from his bands' name and it became known simply as "La Duboney". In 1965, he scored a hit with Tengo Máquina y Voy a 60 (Going like 60) and in 1967 with Hay Que Estar En Algo/Either You Have It or You Don't. In 1968, Palmieri recorded Latin Bugalú under the Atlantic Records label, which was also released in the United Kingdom.

In the 1970s, Palmieri worked as the musical director for Tito Puente's television show, El Mundo de Tito Puente (Tito Puente's World). He also taught and lectured about Latin music and culture at various educational institutions. After reorganizing his band, Palmieri played the organ and recorded La Hija de Lola (Lola's Daughter) and La Vecina (The Neighbor). In 1971, he provided his organ playing talents to some of his brother's recordings. In 1978, he added the melodica to his recording The Heavyweight, an LP recorded for Alegre Records that also featured Bobby Rodríguez on bass, Quique Dávila on timbales, Papiro Allende on congas, Willie Rodríguez on bongoes, Roy Román y Lou Laurita on trumpets, Bobby Nelson on sax, Marco Katz on trombone, Harry Viggiano on tres, and the vocalists Meñique, Julito Villot, and Adalberto Santiago.

Among the artists Palmieri worked with at one time or another were his brother Eddie, Celia Cruz, Tito Puente, Herbie Mann, Ismael Rivera, Rafael Cortijo, Ismael Quintana, Bobby Capó, Mongo Santamaría, Cal Tjader, and Ray Barretto.

Later years
In 1980, Palmieri moved back to Puerto Rico but returned to New York for business - on one trip there he suffered a massive heart attack and stroke. He soon recovered and returned to the music world as the member of various bands. On June 1988, he debuted in the United Kingdom accompanied by London's Robin "King Salsa" Jones.

Palmieri gave private piano lessons to students at the Schuylerville Music Center in the Throggs Neck section of the Bronx in New York City. During this time he also appeared in the 1988 movie Salsa.

Four days before his death, Palmieri gave a private show at La Fortaleza in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where he performed solo at the piano for the Governor of Puerto Rico (at the time, Rafael Hernández Colón) and his guests. On September 12, 1988, Charlie Palmieri suffered another heart attack upon his arrival at New York where, as the musical director of the Joe Cuba Sextet, he was to arrange a concert. He died later that day at Jacobi Hospital in the Bronx.

Tributes
On November 6, 2004, a Big Band Tribute to Charlie Palmieri was held at Avery Fisher Hall at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The Harbor Conservatory for the Performing Arts hosts an annual competition for the Charlie Palmieri Memorial Piano Scholarship. The winner of the competition receives a scholarship to study Latin piano music at the Conservatory. The scholarship was started by Palmieri's lifetime friend, the late Tito Puente.

Another notable friend and colleague of Palmieri's, as well as a great admirer, was the late Clare Fischer, who chose to kick off his 1989 album, Lembranças (Remembrances), with "C.P.", a piece dedicated to the composer's recently departed role model. In Fischer's words: "'C.P. - Charlie Palmieri - is dedicated to the wonderfully exciting pianist whom I have idolized for years! Charlie left us last year and the sadness I felt shows itself in some of the segments interspersed among the more spirited sections. We will miss him!'"

Discography

 * Albums

 * Easy Does It (1959)
 * El Gigante (1962) (aka Ravel's Bolero in Mambo) (1995)
 * Cuban Rhythms (1948) (tracks by Peruchin recorded in 1951)
 * Charanga (1959) (aka Let's Dance the Charanga) (1960) (featuring Johnny Pacheco)
 * Pachanga at the Caravana Club (1960) Performed at the Bronx Opera House
 * Viva Palmieri (1961)
 * Salsa Na' Ma', Vol. 3 (1963)
 * Salsa y Charanga
 * Tengo Máquina y Voy a 60 (1965)
 * Either You Have It Or You Don't (1966)
 * Hay Que Estar En Algo / Either You Have It Or You Don't (1967)
 * Latin Bugalú (1968)
 * Adelante Gigante (1973)
 * El Gigante del Teclado (1974)
 * Electro Duro (1974)
 * Impulsos (Coco Records, 1975)
 * Vuelve el Gigante (1975)
 * The Heavyweight (1978)
 * Con Salsa y Sabor (1977)
 * A Giant Step (1984)
 * Mambo Show (1990) (aka The Ensemble of Latin Music Legends)
 * Alegre All-Stars Vol. 1 (1961)
 * Alegre All-Stars Vol. 2 - El Manicero (1964)
 * Alegre All-Stars Vol. 3 - Lost and Found (1965)
 * Alegre All-Stars Vol. 4 - Way Out (1966)
 * Alegre All-Stars Vol. 5 - They Don't Make 'Em Like Us Anymore (1976)
 * Alegre All-Stars Vol. 6 - Perdido/Te Invita (1977) (2008)
 * Cesta All Stars Vol. 1 - (1975)
 * Cesta All Stars Vol. 2 - (1976)

With Ray Barretto With Herbie Mann With Cal Tjader
 * Contributing artist
 * The Rough Guide to Salsa (1997, World Music Network)
 * La Cuna (CTI Records, 1979)
 * The Family of Mann (Atlantic, 1961)
 * Latin Mann (Columbia, 1965)
 * Primo (Fantasy, 1973)

With Israel "Cachao" López
 * Cachao y Su Descarga '77' (Salsoul, 1977)

With Machito Orchestra
 * Fireworks (Coco Records, 1977)

With Tito Puente
 * Para Los Rumberos (Tico, 1972)

With Mon Rivera
 * Que Gente Averigua (Alegre, 1963)

With Celia Cruz
 * Son Con Guaguanco (Tico, 1966)

With Tico Alegre All Stars
 * Descargas Live at the Village Gate (Tico, 1966)

With Eddie Palmieri
 * Harlem River Drive (Rhino, 1971)
 * Vamonos Pal' Monte (Tico, 1971)
 * Live at Sing Sing with the Harlem River Drive (Tico, 1972)
 * Live in Concert at the University of Puerto Rico (Coco Records, 1973)
 * Lucumi, Macumba, Voodoo (Sony, 1978)

title: Charlie Palmieri