text:
Chiastic structure

Chiastic structure, or chiastic pattern, is a literary technique in narrative motifs and other textual passages. An example of chiastic structure would be two ideas, A and B, together with variants A' and B', being presented as A,B,B',A'. Chiastic structures that involve more components are sometimes called "ring structures", "ring compositions", or, in cases of very ambitious chiasmus, "onion-ring compositions". These may be regarded as chiasmus scaled up from words and clauses to larger segments of text.

These often symmetrical patterns are commonly found in ancient literature such as the epic poetry of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Classicist Bruno Gentili describes this technique as "the cyclical, circular, or 'ring' pattern (ring composition). Here the idea that introduced a compositional section is repeated at its conclusion, so that the whole passage is framed by material of identical content". Meanwhile, in classical prose, scholars often find chiastic narrative techniques in the Histories of Herodotus:

"Herodotus frequently uses ring composition or 'epic regression' as a way of supplying background information for something discussed in the narrative. First an event is mentioned briefly, then its precedents are reviewed in reverse chronological order as far back as necessary; at that point the narrative reverses itself and moves forward in chronological order until the event in the main narrative line is reached again."

Various chiastic structures are also seen in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, the Book of Mormon, and the Quran.

Etymology

The term chiastic derives from the mid-17th century term chiasmus, which refers to a crosswise arrangement of concepts or words that are repeated in reverse order. Chiasmus derives from the Greek word, a word that is khiazein, marked with the letter khi. From khi comes chi.

Chi is made up of two lines crossing each other as in the shape of an X. The line that starts leftmost on top, comes down, and is rightmost on the bottom, and vice versa. If one thinks of the lines as concepts, one sees that concept A, which comes first, is also last, and concept B, which comes after A, comes before A. If one adds in more lines representing other concepts, one gets a chiastic structure with more concepts.

Mnemonic device
Oral literature is especially rich in chiastic structure, possibly as an aid to memorization and oral performance. In Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, for instance, Cedric Whitman finds chiastic patterns "of the most amazing virtuosity" that simultaneously perform both aesthetic and mnemonic functions, permitting the oral poet easily to recall the basic structure of the composition during performances. Steve Reece has demonstrated several ambitious ring compositions in Homer's Odyssey and compared their aesthetic and mnemonic functions with those of several South Slavic songs.

Use in the Hebrew Bible
Chiasms in the Hebrew Bible include, but are not limited to, the following examples:
 * Genesis 6:10–9:18a (including a numerical mini-chiasm)
 * Genesis 17:1–25
 * Genesis 32:1–31 (including a name-changing mini-chiasm)
 * Genesis 37:3–11
 * Genesis 37:12–36
 * Genesis 38:1–30
 * Genesis 39:1–23
 * Genesis 40:1–23
 * Genesis 41:1–57
 * Genesis 42:1–38

Genesis flood narrative
Gordon Wenham (1978) analyzed the Genesis flood narrative and concluded that it is essentially an elaborate chiasm. Based on the earlier study of grammatical structure by F. I. Andersen (1974), Wenham illustrated a chiastic structure as displayed in the following two tables.

Within this overall structure, there is a numerical mini-chiasm of 7s, 40s, and 150s:

Genesis 17
William Ramey has compiled several chiasms in the Hebrew Bible, including Genesis 17:1–25 (quoted in Donald Ostrowski 2006).

Book of Daniel
In 1986, William H. Shea proposed that the Book of Daniel is composed of a double-chiasm. He argued that the chiastic structure is emphasized by the two languages that the book is written in: Aramaic and Hebrew. The first chiasm is written in Aramaic from chapters 2-7 following an ABC...CBA pattern. The second chiasm is in Hebrew from chapters 8–12, also using the ABC...CBA pattern. However, Shea represents as "D", a break in the center of the pattern.

Use in the Christian New Testament
Form critic Nils Lund acknowledged Jewish and classical patterns of writing in the New Testament, including the use of chiastic structures throughout.

Use in the Quran
While there are many examples of chiastic structure in the Quran, perhaps the most well known is in the 'Verse of the Throne' or 'Ayat al-Kursi'. The verse contains 9 sentences which exhibit chiasmus, but perhaps more interesting is that it is found in the longest chapter of the Quran, Al-Baqara, which itself contains a fractal chiastic structure in its 286 verses, i.e. where each (outer) chiasm is composed of (inner) chiastic structures reflected in some sense in the analogue outer chiasm. One such analysis of the chapter is shown below (from; alternate and/or more detail analyses can be found in,  ).

Use in the Book of Mormon
Chiastic structure is found throughout the Book of Mormon, for example in Mosiah 5:8–9:

Beowulf
In literary texts with a possible oral origin, such as Beowulf, chiastic or ring structures are often found on an intermediate level, that is, between the (verbal and/or grammatical) level of chiasmus and the higher level of chiastic structure such as noted in the Torah. John D. Niles provides examples of chiastic figures on all three levels. He notes that for the instances of ll. 12–19, the announcement of the birth of (Danish) Beowulf, are chiastic, more or less on the verbal level, that of chiasmus. Then, each of the three main fights are organized chiastically, a chiastic structure on the level of verse paragraphs and shorter passages. For instance, the simplest of these three, the fight with Grendel, is schematized as follows:

A: Preliminaries
 * Grendel approaching
 * Grendel rejoicing
 * Grendel devouring Handscioh
 * B: Grendel's wish to flee ("fingers cracked")
 * C: Uproar in hall; Danes stricken with terror
 * HEOROT IN DANGER OF FALLING
 * C': Uproar in hall; Danes stricken with terror
 * B': "Joints burst"; Grendel forced to flee

A': Aftermath
 * Grendel slinking back toward fens
 * Beowulf rejoicing
 * Beowulf left with Grendel's arm

Finally, Niles provides a diagram of the highest level of chiastic structure, the organization of the poem as a whole, in an introduction, three major fights with interludes before and after the second fight (with Grendel's mother), and an epilogue. To illustrate, he analyzes Prologue and Epilogue as follows:

Prologue A: Panegyric for Scyld
 * B: Scyld's funeral
 * C: History of Danes before Hrothgar
 * D: Hrothgar's order to build Heorot

Epilogue
 * D': Beowulf's order to build his barrow
 * C': History of Geats after Beowulf ("messenger's prophecy")
 * B': Beowulf's funeral

A': Eulogy for Beowulf

Paradise Lost
The overall chiastic structure of John Milton's Paradise Lost is also of the ABC...CBA type:

A: Satan's sinful actions (Books 1–3)
 * B: Entry into Paradise (Book 4)
 * C: War in heaven (destruction) (Books 5–6)
 * C': Creation of the world (Books 7–8)
 * B': Loss of paradise (Book 9)

A': Humankind's sinful actions (Books 10–12)

title: Chiastic structure


text:
Talk:Land of Nod

Untitled
The current Bible passage is from the somewhat obscure New Living Translation. I'm going to change it to one from the King James Version, just because that is arguably the most familiar version. The KJV isn't even my preferred translation, but it is more well known. Lairor 17:50, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Coast to Coast
Coast to Coast Am hosted by Art Bell was announced from "The Land of Nye" not Nod. Art lived in Nye County, NV. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.21.111.186 (talk) 04:54, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

Translation question
I have a question abt this paragraph which an expert on Hebrew might be able to fix:

''"Nod" (נוד) is the Hebrew root of the verb "to wander" (לנדוד) and is possibly an etymological etiology intended to explain the peripatetic lifestyle of Cain and his descendants, the Cainites. One interpretation of Genesis 4:16 is that Cain was cursed to wander the land forever, not that he was exiled to a "Land of Wanderers", otherwise absent from the Old Testament.''

My question relates to the 'Land of 'Wanderers" part - I don't think you can in fact translate eretz-nod as "land of wanderers", as nod is not a plural noun. I think "Land of Wander(ing)" might be closer, but I'm not suer. Any ideas? PiCo 01:41, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

a possible answer
The Septuagint translation which is based on Hebrew texts about a thousand year older than the Masoretic, has not "nod", but "NAID", which reflects a Hebrew text like NAHID OR NA'ID, or simply a corruption of the Greek word ΙΝΔΙΑ. East of Mesopotamia (Eden) is simply India. The name for India was corrupted into NAID and later NOD perhaps through a popular false etymology. The people of India had and still have a mark on their forehead for protection, do you understand something from that? They also worship as God "Shiva", who is simply the spirit of envy and destruction. In India there is a class of outcastes which became gypsies in other countries with a strange "fate" not to ever have a land and be always in misery. Compare to the painting of Cain's exile in the article. Does this all ring a bell for your question? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 888gowinda (talk • contribs) 12:09, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Very interesting. It is said in the History of Tabari that after Adam was exiled from Jannat al-'Adn (the Garden of Eden), he landed upon a mountain in India (or rather Sarandib/Sri Lanka) known as Budh (بوذ) but within the English translation it is rendered as Nudh in reference to the Land of Nod.--MuslimKnight786 (talk) 18:49, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Sleep
The section on "land of Nod" meaning "sleep" needs to be cleaned up. Every dictionary says that nodding (off) was in use long before Swift, and that Land of Nod to mean sleep was a pun on the verb's extant meaning. So the suggestion that nod off was coined by Swift, or is in any way related to Nod, should be removed. Moreover, I can't find any reliable source for the claim that Swift was the first to use the pun. I mean, the source used here is Everything2. Not only does that source not even give the title of the Swift work correctly—it's A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation, not Polite—but it's just another place where any yahoo [thanks, Jonathan] can put something on the internet without a citation. It's like citing another Wikipedia page. Not much of an encyclopedic source.--76.28.236.209 (talk) 23:40, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

 * You are quite right. This entry should be about the Biblical Hebrew name "Nod" and the refuge of Cain, which only coincidentally sounds like the modern English verb "to nod".  I will be adding some obscure extra-Biblical historiographic sources that give other names for the refuge of Cain, that don't sound particularly like any modern English word, or give other info, sometimes contradicting Masoretic Genesis, like locating it west of Eden rather than east.  That's the type of info I would want to find here. Til Eulenspiegel (talk) 11:42, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Meaning of ‘Nod’
To the common Israeli, as I can testify, the phrase ‘land of Nod’ would mean just that he started wandering, not that he actually went to a specific place named ‘Nod’.

Also, I’m not sure how noteworthy this is, but ‘nod’ means ‘fart’ in (somewhat obsolete) Israeli slang. Siúnrá (talk) 08:27, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

Cities of Refuge
There is a possibilty that the Land of Nod represents one of the cities of refuge which were common throughout mesopotamia during Biblical times. I am not qualified to make such a call, but here is a reference from Dr. Michael Hudson.

"The first city that appears in the Bible (Genesis 4) is not a commercial port, administrative capital or military outpost, but the city of refuge located “east of Eden . . . in the land of Nod,” to which Adam’s son Cain withdrew after he killed his brother Abel. This city evidently was already established and populated, but we are not told by whom. Such cities of refuge are found not only in the Old Testament but also in Native American communities at the time of their first contact with white men, suggesting a nearly universal response to the problem of what to do with public offenders. Throughout history, exile has been a widespread punishment for manslaughter and other capital crimes, including treason. The exile is obliged to leave his native community on pain of death, liable to retaliation by the victim’s family taking revenge. Sanctuaries for such fugitives must have been well peopled, for an early myth says that Romulus helped populate Rome by founding an asylum for them. The Israelites are said to have created twelve cities of refuge, one for each tribal region. Genesis 9 stipulates that “Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed.” Exodus 21 qualifies this by adding that as long as there was no deliberate murder with premeditated guile, “if he does not do it intentionally, but God lets it happen, he is to flee to a place I will designate.” Numbers 35 reports that the Lord commanded Moses to “Speak to the Israelites and say to them: ‘When you cross the Jordan into Canaan, select some towns to be your cities of refuge, to which a person who has killed someone accidentally may flee. They will be places of refuge from the avenger, so that a person accused of murder may not die before he stands trial before the assembly.” Six towns were thus appointed, to be overseen by Levite priests. More details are provided by Joshua 20, a veritable manual for how to inaugurate a city or new society." From Sacred Enclave to Temple to City by Michael Hudson WjtWeston (talk) 23:21, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

New Literary Reference
In the book True Grit by Charles Portis, the phrase "to go to the Land of Nod" is used when Mattie goes to sleep at the end of chapter 6 or 5. (Or because they don't label the chapters and chapter one could be a prelude) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.177.190.111 (talk) 20:13, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Bible's 1st BIG Contradiction - other people beside Adam, Eve & Cain
I added the following to the introduction... This story is a contradiction and has been hard to explain by Bible experts for 3,000+ years. If God created Adam and Eve in his image about 6,000-years-ago, and they had two sons Cain and Abel, then how did all these other people appear east of Eden in the Land of Nod? 73.85.205.123 (talk) 14:44, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
 * This does not go in the lead. If it is added it should be added to the Interpretation section. However it should not be added as it is WP:UNSOURCED. It is also outside the scope of this article to question the veracity of anything in the Bible. This would go in the article Criticism of the Bible. I reverted your edit. Richard-of-Earth (talk) 18:03, 4 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The reason there were more people on the earth besides Adam and Eve is because you are not reading the passage in the proper context. The passage clearly states the pluralism of the creation of mankind in that it says male and female created he them. This is indicative of a plural creation. Although it does state that God took the man (Adam) and placed him in the garden, he (Adam) was what I like to refer to as a "special" human that was given special treatment while the other "created humans" were not considered to be all that special and were placed outside of the confines of the garden. 64.114.27.130 (talk) 05:53, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Land of Nod


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Pioneer Zephyr

Pioneer Zephyr
This article is a collaboration between myself and User:Vaoverland about the first successful diesel streamliner on American railroads. We've included information on the train's design, construction, revenue use and legacy. slambo 17:27, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support in general, good work. One little thing though; As much as I liked seeing a model section, I don't think there should be incomplete lists in a featured article.  IMHO the section should either be more-or-less completed or removed.  JYolkowski 21:10, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. There have been some brass imports (into the US) of this trainset, but I can't seem to find my copy of The Brown Book right now (which is really the only reason I left the expand_list template on it). I've seen lots of websites where a modeler has scratchbuilt or kitbashed a model of this train, but I didn't think that would really be appropriate here. However, when the Fine N-Scale Products model came on the scene at the NMRA National Convention in 1996, it caused quite a stir in N scale modeling circles.  slambo 03:19, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Clear language, jargon has been explained clearly or links to insightful article. Never knew there was so much to say about this train. Mgm|(talk) 09:37, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, great article, intresting information, have to love those old Budd trainsets. --User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 05:36, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Very informative and comprehensive. This has got to be a record for going from nil to featured (just beating my Great Lakes Storm of 1913 :)). BRIAN 0918   06:28, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Support the original "Silver Streak". Of many railroad articles on WP, this is one of the more exciting and interesting stories. I've seen the exhibit in Chicago, and what I learned through this article did a nice job of filling in some blanks for me. I'll bet that some WP readers will be more likely to want to see the exhibit and the 2 movies after reading this article. Zoom!! Note: I contributed a small portion to this article after I ran across it through Ralph Budd on DYK, but I didn't start it. Vaoverland 08:51, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:JayBo

title: User talk:JayBo


text:
Staple Hill, Gloucestershire

Staple Hill is a suburb of Bristol, England, lying outside the city boundary in South Gloucestershire, in the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire. It is directly east of Fishponds, south of Downend, west of Mangotsfield and north of Soundwell.

History
Staple is a rendering of the Anglo-Saxon/Old English word stapol or staypole which meant a post in the sense of an old boundary marker.

The settlement of Staple Hill developed in the 19th century. It was a hamlet in the ancient parish of Mangotsfield. Staple Hill was once within the ancient forest of Kingswood. This prevented by law of royal privilege anyone settling within the Royal Forest of Kingswood.

Development of the suburb and community
The modern settlement of Staple Hill originated in the 18th century by when forest law had become largely anachronistic and the wild boar and wolves which once made the forest dangerous were long since extinct (see Royal Forest). Expansion of the settlement was facilitated after 1888 when the Midland Railway opened Staple Hill railway station, giving direct access to Bristol and Gloucester, and also to Bath by the Mangotsfield and Bath branch line. The Bath line of the Midland Railway involved the construction of a beautifully engineered tunnel deep under the hill at Staple Hill. After this investment, Staple Hill grew beyond a small hamlet and gained tram and bus links with Bristol that allowed it to become a residence for commuters to Bristol or Bath. The station closed in 1966.

Staple Hill briefly became a centre for engineering, with Wilson and Sons Engineering designing and assembling Quasar (motorcycle)s. This was a recumbent motorcycle built in small numbers which is today widely recognised as the first modern feet-forward motorcycle design.

Staple Hill today
Staple Hill has a wide-ranging high street and the architecture is largely Victorian with ornate roof ridges and eaves, attractive decorative brickwork and architectural features in stonemasonry. The High Street is broad as trams originally ran along its length.

Page Park, which has been improved by volunteers from the community in recent years and celebrated its 100-year anniversary in 2010.

An event known as "Christmas on the Hill" takes place on the first Saturday in December during which entertainments along the main street take place with music, stall holders, treasure hunts and performances.

The railway line and the station site has been converted to the Bristol & Bath Railway cycle route, one of the Sustrans National Cycle routes. For a minor section in the central part of the ward, the path runs through Staple Hill tunnel as the land rises in this section, allowing for the hill above.

Governance
Between 1927 and 1974 Staple Hill was part of Mangotsfield Urban District. Between 1974 and 1996 it was part of Kingswood Borough in the county of Avon when it became part of South Gloucestershire, between 1974 and 2023 it was in Mangotsfield unparished area, on 1 April 2023 it became part of Staple Hill and Mangotsfield civil parish.

The area forms the Staple Hill ward of South Gloucestershire. The elections on 7 May 2015 returned two Labour Party Councillors, Shirley Potts and Ian Boulton.

title: Staple Hill, Gloucestershire


text:
User:Bartbee55057

Bartlebee55057
I'm a writer in Northfield, Minnesota (55057).

I first heard of Wikipedia a long time ago, but I really discovered it in February 2005.

(Apologies to Herman Melville for the alias)

title: User:Bartbee55057


text:
Candida (play)

Candida (Shavian: 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑛𐑦𐑛𐑳), a comedy by playwright George Bernard Shaw, was written in 1894 and first published in 1898, as part of his Plays Pleasant. The central characters are clergyman James Morell, his wife Candida and a youthful poet, Eugene Marchbanks, who tries to win Candida's affections. The play questions Victorian notions of love and marriage, asking what a woman really desires from her husband. The cleric is a Christian Socialist, allowing Shaw (who was a Fabian Socialist) to weave political issues, current at the time, into the story.

Shaw attempted but failed to have a London production of the play put on in the 1890s, but there were two small provincial productions. However, in late 1903 actor Arnold Daly had such a great success with the play that Shaw would write by 1904 that New York was seeing "an outbreak of Candidamania". The Royal Court Theatre in London performed the play in six matinees in 1904. The same theatre staged several other of Shaw's plays from 1904 to 1907, including further revivals of Candida.

Characters
In order of appearance
 * Miss Proserpine Garnett—Morell's secretary
 * The Reverend James Mavor Morell—a clergyman and Candida's husband
 * The Reverend Alexander (Lexy) Mill
 * Mr Burgess
 * Candida
 * Eugene Marchbanks

Plot
The play is set in the northeast suburbs of London in the month of October. It tells the story of Candida, the wife of a famous clergyman, the Reverend James Mavor Morell. Morell is a Christian Socialist, popular in the Church of England, but Candida is responsible for much of his success. Candida returns home briefly from a trip to London with Eugene Marchbanks, a young poet who wants to rescue her from what he presumes to be her dull family life.

Marchbanks is in love with Candida and believes she deserves something more than just complacency from her husband. He considers her divine, and his love eternal. In his view, it is quite improper and humiliating for Candida to have to attend to petty household chores. Morell believes Candida needs his care and protection, but the truth is quite the contrary. Ultimately, Candida must choose between the two gentlemen. She reasserts her preference for the "weaker of the two" who, after a momentary uncertainty, turns out to be her husband Morell.

Early productions and Candidamania
The play was first performed at the Theatre Royal, South Shields on 30 March 1895. It was revived by the Independent Theatre Company, at Her Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen on 30 July 1897. It was first performed in London at the Stage Society, The Strand, on 1 July 1900. However, it was not until late 1903, when Arnold Daly mounted a production at the Princess Theatre in New York that the play became a success. Daly's production was quickly followed by one in London. The first public performance in London was on 26 April 1904, at the Royal Court.

The play was so popular in 1904 that the phenomenon was referred to as "Candidamania". In the words of The New York Sun, "A new complaint has become widespread. It may be described as 'Candidamania.' It is a contagious disease, frequently caught in street cars, elevated trains, department stores, restaurants, and other places where people talk about what they did the night before. 'Have you seen Candida?' is the question of the hour. Thousands are dragging their friends to see Mr. Shaw's play.'" Shaw himself adopted the term, as have later writers. Shaw felt that the play was misinterpreted by some of its public. He wrote his short 1904 comedy How He Lied to Her Husband, in part as a kind of reply to Candida. The play depicts a farcical version of the same situation. Shaw's friend Archibald Henderson described it as "the reductio ad absurdum of the Candidamaniacs".

Criticism and interpretation
In Bernard Shaw and the Aesthetes, Elsie Bonita Adams has given this assessment of Marchbanks, comparing him to two real-life artists: "Though Marchbanks has many of the external characteristics and some of the attitudes of the aesthete-artist such as Sholto Douglas or Adrian Herbert, he does not pay mere lip-service to art, his sensitivity is no pose, and he tries to rid himself of illusions."

Shaw himself describes Eugene's story-arc as a realization that Candida is not at all what he wants from life, that the kind of domestic love she could provide "is essentially the creature of limitations which are far transcended in his own nature". When Eugene departs into the night, it is not "the night of despair and darkness but the free air and holy starlight which is so much more natural an atmosphere to him than this stuffy fireside warmth of mothers and sisters and wives and so on". Eugene, according to Shaw, "is really a god going back to his heaven, proud, unspeakably contemptuous of the 'happiness' he envied in the days of his blindness, clearly seeing that he has higher business on hand than Candida". For her part, Candida is "very immoral" and completely misreads Eugene's transformation over the course of the play.

Andy Propst of Time Out listed Candida as the 25th greatest play of all time, arguing that it "bristles with Shavian wit and pointed political and social debate, ultimately shimmering as a shrewd consideration of love and marriage in Victorian England – or really any period."

Later productions
Katharine Cornell played the lead role on Broadway in five different productions, the last four of which were for her own production company. She was the actress most closely associated with this role. Shaw stated that she had created "an ideal British Candida in my imagination" as she essentially re-envisioned the role of Candida, making her the central character in the play. Previously, Candida herself was not conceived by directors or actresses as important as the issues and themes that Shaw was trying to convey. The first time Cornell played the role in 1924, she was so acclaimed that Actors' Theatre, which controlled the production rights to the play in the United States, forbade any other actress from playing the role while Cornell was still alive. In her final production of 1946, a young Marlon Brando played the role of Marchbanks.

A version for Australian television aired in 1962. Reviewing the adaptation, the Sydney Morning Herald was critical of the production style but praised the cast.

The Roundabout Theater Company presented a Broadway revival in 1993 with Mary Steenburgen, Robert Foxworth and Robert Sean Leonard.

A Court Theatre Company production starring JoBeth Williams and Tom Amandes was recorded by the L.A. Theatre Works.

In 2003 the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation broadcast a production of the play. An Oxford Stage Company production of Candida toured the UK in 2004, with Andrew Havill as Morell, Serena Evans as Candida, and Richard Glaves as Marchbanks.

In February 2009 BBC Radio 7 repeated a broadcast of a radio production of the play starring Hannah Gordon as Candida, Edward Petherbridge as Morell, and Christopher Guard as Eugene. It was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 15 August 1977.

It was revived at the Theatre Royal, Bath in July 2013 with Charity Wakefield as Candida, Jamie Parker as Morell, Frank Dillane as Marchbanks and David Troughton as Mr Burgess, Candida's father.

In March/April 2015 at the Gatehouse Theatre in London, Judi Bowker played Candida with Harry Meacher as Morell, Sebastian Cornelius Marchbanks and Roger Sansom as Burgess.

Musical adaptation
In 2009, Writers Theatre presented a musical adaptation of the play under the title A Minister's Wife, with music by Josh Schmidt; lyrics by Jan Tranen; book by Austin Pendleton; conceived and directed by Artistic Director Michael Halberstam. The production was critically acclaimed and in 2011, the Lincoln Center mounted a new production of the piece (also directed by Halberstam). The production featured Kate Fry as Candida; Bobby Steggert as Marchbanks; Marc Kudisch as Morell; Liz Baltes as Prossy; and Drew Gehling as Lexy. The production received outstanding notices in The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. Charles Isherwood, writing in The New York Times, called it a "lovingly composed chamber musical" which "moves with a gentle step, keeping an intimate focus on its central characters."

An original cast recording from PS Classics was released on 30 August. The West Coast Premiere of the musical adaptation opened in June 2013 at The San Jose Repertory Theater directed by Michael Halberstam.

title: Candida (play)


text:
Nicos Poulantzas

Nicos Poulantzas (Νίκος Πουλαντζάς ; 21 September 1936 – 3 October 1979) was a Greek-French Marxist political sociologist and philosopher. In the 1970s, Poulantzas was known, along with Louis Althusser, as a leading structural Marxist; while at first a Leninist, he eventually became a proponent of the "democratic road to socialism." He is best known for his theoretical work on the state, but he also offered Marxist contributions to the analysis of fascism, social class in the contemporary world, and the collapse of dictatorships in Southern Europe in the 1970s, such as Francisco Franco's rule in Spain, António de Oliveira Salazar's in Portugal, and Georgios Papadopoulos' in Greece.

Life
Poulantzas studied law in Greece and moved to France in 1961; there he completed a doctorate in the philosophy of law under the title The rebirth of natural Law in Germany (La renaissance du droit naturel en Allemagne) in 1964. He taught sociology at the University of Paris VIII from 1968 until his death. He was married to the French novelist Annie Leclerc and had one daughter. He committed suicide in 1979 by jumping from the window of a friend's flat in Paris.

Theory of the state
Poulantzas's theory of the state reacted to what he saw as simplistic understandings within Marxism. Instrumentalist Marxist accounts held that the state was simply an instrument in the hands of a particular class. Poulantzas disagreed with this because he saw the capitalist class as too focused on its individual short-term profit, rather than on maintaining the class's power as a whole, to simply exercise the whole of state power in its own interest. Poulantzas argued that the state, though relatively autonomous from the capitalist class, nonetheless functions to ensure the smooth operation of capitalist society, and therefore benefits the capitalist class. In particular, he focused on how an inherently divisive system such as capitalism could coexist with the social stability necessary for it to reproduce itself—looking in particular to nationalism as a means to overcome the class divisions within capitalism. Poulantzas has been particularly influential over the Marxist state theorist, Bob Jessop. Borrowing from Antonio Gramsci's notion of cultural hegemony, Poulantzas argued that repressing movements of the oppressed is not the sole function of the state. Rather, state power must also obtain the consent of the oppressed. It does this through class alliances, where the dominant group makes an "alliance" with subordinate groups as a means to obtain the consent of the subordinate group. In his later works, Poulantzas analysed the role of what he termed the "new petty bourgeoisie" in both consolidating the ruling classes hegemony and undermining the proletariat's ability to organise itself. By occupying a contradictory class position—that is to say, by identifying with its de facto oppressor—this fraction of the working class throws its lot in with the bourgeois whose fate it (wrongly) believes it shares. The fragmentation (some would argue the demise) of the class system is, for Poulantzas, a defining characteristic of late capitalism, and any politically useful analysis must tackle this new constellation of interests and power. A highly abbreviated example of this can be seen in a Poulantzas-influenced analysis of the New Deal in the United States: the American ruling class, by acceding to some of the demands of labour (things like minimum wage, labour laws, etc.), helped cement an alliance between labour and a particular fraction of capital and the state (Levine 1988). This was necessary for the continued existence of capitalism, for if the ruling class had simply repressed the movements and avoided making any concessions, it could have led to a socialist revolution.

Legacy
Poulantzas provides a nuanced analysis of class structure in an era when the internationalisation of production systems (today "globalisation") was shifting power from labour to capitalist classes. In many areas, he foresaw the current debate on the critical Marxian language of class, bourgeoisie, and hegemony finds little echo in contemporary political science, where its positivism requires researchers to focus on putative measurable and objective entities. However, by placing class analysis at the center of political analysis, Poulantzas reminds us that theorists are political agents themselves and that accounts of the political world are suffused with the ambient ideology that they suppose themselves to bracket.

The official think-tank of SYRIZA, a left-wing Greek political party, is called the Nicos Poulantzas Institute.

Democratic road to socialism
Formulated by Poulantzas, the "democratic road to socialism" refers to a form of democratic socialism that commits to pluralist representative democracy alongside an extension of participatory democracy. This understanding breaks from some forms of socialism that perceived traditional representative democracy as inherently bourgeois, instead recognizing political liberties in representative democracies as "the result of popular struggles." The democratic road to socialism maintains that representative democracy "helps reproduce the capitalist state regime, but it also reaffirms social rights." :23 Furthermore, the democratic road to socialism extends participatory democracy through the expansion of trade unions, territorial assemblies, and socialist communitarianism. :24

Major works

 * Poulantzas, Nicos. Fascism and Dictatorship: The Third International and the Problem of Fascism. NLB, 1974 (orig. 1970). ISBN 0902308858
 * Poulantzas, Nicos. Classes in Contemporary Capitalism. NLB, 1975 (orig. 1973). ISBN 0902308068
 * Poulantzas, Nicos. The Crisis of the Dictatorships: Portugal, Greece, Spain. Humanities Press, 1976. ISBN 0902308777
 * Poulantzas, Nicos. Political Power and Social Classes. NLB, 1978 (orig. 1968). ISBN 0-86091-705-3
 * Poulantzas, Nicos. State, Power, Socialism. NLB, 1978. ISBN 086091013X
 * Poulantzas, Nicos. The Poulantzas Reader: Marxism, Law and the State, ed. J. Martin. Verso, 2008. ISBN 9781844672004

title: Nicos Poulantzas


text:
KREV

KREV may refer to:

 * KonungaRikena Elgaland-Vargaland, a Swedish art project
 * KREV-LP, a radio station (104.7 FM) licensed to Estes Park, Colorado, United States
 * KEXC (FM), a radio station (92.7 FM) licensed to Alameda, California, United States that held the KREV callsign from 2009 until 2024
 * WGVX, a radio station (105.1 FM) licensed to Lakeville, Minnesota, United States, which held the call sign KREV from April 1994 to May 1997

title: KREV


text:
Ti Lung

Tommy Tam Fu-wing (, born 19 August 1946), known professionally by his stage name Ti Lung, is a Hong Kong actor, known for his numerous starring roles in a string of Shaw Brothers Studio's films, particularly The Duel, The Blood Brothers, Clans of Intrigue, The Avenging Eagle, The Sentimental Swordsman and its sequel, as well as the classic John Woo film A Better Tomorrow and its sequel.

Early life
On 19 August 1946, Ti was born as Tam Fu Wing (譚富榮) in Xinhui District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China into a family with 4 members including himself, his parents and a younger sister. When he was 4 years old, the whole family moved to Hong Kong. He was educated at the Eton School in Hong Kong. However, after his father's death, he had to terminate his studies at the age of 11 in order to support his family. Initially, he worked as a delivery boy at a grocery store where he often delivered milk, newspapers and groceries. At 17, he trained as a tailor and studied Wing Chun with the master Jiu Wan in order to protect himself against street gangs.

Career
In 1968, after he graduated year 2 college, Ti Lung responded to an advertisement placed by the Shaw Brothers and applied to the Shaw Acting Course. Upon graduation from the class, he was able to secure a minor role in Chang Cheh's Return of the One-Armed Swordsman starring Jimmy Wang Yu. Chang Cheh immediately recognized his potential and offered him the lead role in his next production Dead End opposite Golden Chan Hung-lit, a role which would launch his career as one of the best known faces in classic Wuxia films. At that time, he continued to study Wing Chun under the martial arts master Jiu Wan who described him as having the advantages of a strong body, intelligence, speed, good footwork and a diligent work ethic. Jiu Wan granted Ti Lung a certificate upon completion of his martial arts training in Wing Chun, and Ti Lung subsequently learned other martial arts (and performance art skills) such as Judo, Muay Thai, Taekwondo, Wushu and horseback riding. Later on in his career, Ti Lung became a common face associated with David Chiang, Alexander Fu Sheng, Ku Feng, Chen Kuan-Tai, the Venom Mob and other major Shaw Bros stars at the time, often cast as a dashing, noble hero as well as a capable martial artist.

Ti Lung is also perhaps more known for his collaborations with the most revered of Shaw Studio directors - Chang Cheh - who turned him into a star along with fellow actor and frequent co-star David Chiang in over 20 films: Dead End (1969), Have Sword, Will Travel (1969), Vengeance (1970), The Heroic Ones (1970), The Duel (1971), Duel of Fists (1971), The Deadly Duo (1971), Angry Guest (1972), Four Riders (1972), The Blood Brothers (1973) and The Pirate (1973). Due to their successes, the trio eventually became known as "The Iron Triangle." During the early 1970s, one of Ti Lung's most notable feature films was The Blood Brothers (1973) which netted him The Special Award for Outstanding Performance at the 11th Golden Horse Awards in Taiwan and the Special Jury Award at the Asian Film Awards in 1973. In 1974 Ti Lung starred together with Les Humphries Singers in the German film Es knallt - und die Engel singer directed by Roberto Leoni (as Butch Lion). Soon after, Ti Lung moved forward ins his career by teaming up with Lar Kar-Leung, Chu Yuan, Sun Chung and Tong Gai to produce movies still loved today such as The Magic Blade (1976), Clans of Intrigue (1977), The Sentimental Swordsman (1977), The Avenging Eagle (1978) and Shaolin Prince (1983).

The famous standard formula of wuxia movies produced by the Shaw Brothers took Chu Yuan as the director, Gu Long as the original playwright and Ti Lung as the hero. Chu Yuan directed more Gu Long movies than any other director did, and Ti Lung appeared in more Chu Yuan films than any other actor, including Clans of Intrigue in 1977, Legend of the Bat in 1978, The Magic Blade in 1976 and The Sentimental Swordsman in 1977. In 1979, he won a Best Actor Award at the 25th Asian Film Awards as Black Eagle Chik Ming-Sing in The Avenging Eagle in 1978.

After he left Shaw Brothers Studios in the 1980s, Ti Lung's career took a turn for the worse until 1986, when John Woo cast him opposite Chow Yun-fat in A Better Tomorrow for the role of a Triad member, Sung-Tse Ho. The movie was a massive box office success and placed Ti Lung squarely back in the public consciousness, although it changed his image from the handsome young martial artist to the tortured, would-be hero gangster. His role in the film also won him a Best Actor Award at the 23rd Golden Horse Awards in 1986. After that role, Ti Lung's next most recognizable appearance would be with Jackie Chan in Drunken Master II, in which he co-starred as Wong Kei-Ying, father of Chinese folk hero Wong Fei Hung. In 1994–95, Ti Lung lead-starred as Bao Zheng in a Hong Kong version of the Justice Pao TV series for TVB. At the time this series was playing on Hong Kong television, many fans in Mainland China and Hong Kong favorably compared Ti Lung/TVB's Bao Zheng with Jin Chao-chun/Mainland China's Bao Zheng. Ti Lung also worked with Andy Lau in Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon as the legendary Guan Yu. From there, he has continued to steadily work in television in a variety of roles.

In 1999, Ti Lung experienced a comeback in movies by playing the role of Sir Lung in The Kid (1999), which enabled him to achieve a Best Supporting Actor award at the 19th Hong Kong Film Awards in 2000. In 2007, he received a Life Achievement Award at the Golden Bauhinia Awards. Until 2015, he played Master Lam in a Hong Kong and Malaysia feature film co-production, The Kid from the Big Apple. The role won him a Best Actor Award at the 7th Macau International Movie Festival. The sequel to the film is slated to premiere in Malaysia in November 2017.

The origin of the stage name "Ti Lung"
When he was a child, Ti Lung greatly admired the French actor Alain Delon. In 1968, at Shaw Brothers Studio, he asked production to choose a name for him which would sound like Alain Delon's in the hope of being as good an actor as he was. One day a secretary from the production (Mona Fong) found the name of "Ti Lung" for him and it stuck, "Ti" being a lucky name and "Lung" meaning dragon.

Personal life
Ti Lung married beauty queen and actress Tao Man Ming in 1975. In 1980, Tao gave birth to a son, Shaun Tam Chun-yin (譚俊彦). He is also the uncle of Jerry Lamb and Jan Lamb.

title: Ti Lung


text:
Hush (Tool song)

"Hush" is a song by American rock band Tool from their 1992 debut EP Opiate, recorded by producer Sylvia Massy at Sound City Studios.

Background
It was the first song that helped establish the band's reputation. The lyrics protest Tipper Gore and censorship, which is a recurring theme in Tool songs.

The song was first recorded on a self-titled demo tape variously known as Toolshed and 72826, recorded in mid-1991. This demo version is not the same as the studio recording that appears on Opiate.

Music video
The music video for "Hush" was Tool's first ever music video. The video is shown in black-and-white-style, the band members appear nude in a white room, with black tape over their mouths. Toward the end of the video the band members are seen to be foaming at the mouth through the tape and eventually remove the tape itself. Signs shown over their genitalia read "Parental Advisory: Explicit Parts", a parody of the "Parental Advisory: Explicit Lyrics" sticker.

The Canadian music channel MuchMusic played it regularly.

There is a misconception that Ken Andrews was the director, but the concept was entirely provided by vocalist Maynard James Keenan. It is the only Tool music video other than "Sober" in which the band members appear, and the only one in which they appear in a prominent fashion.

The music video was released in 2000 as a bonus on the DVD, but not the VHS, of the Salival box set.

Personnel

 * Maynard James Keenan – vocals
 * Adam Jones – guitar
 * Paul D'Amour – bass
 * Danny Carey – drums

title: Hush (Tool song)


text:
Hush (Billy Joe Royal song)

"Hush" is a song written by American composer and musician Joe South, for recording artist Billy Joe Royal. The song was later covered by Somebody's Image (an Australian band fronted by Russell Morris) in 1967. Their version reached #14 in Australia. It was also covered by Deep Purple in 1968 and by Kula Shaker in 1997. Each artist had a Top 5 hit with their version.

Billy Joe Royal version
Billy Joe Royal recorded "Hush" on 12 July 1967 in Nashville with Barry Bailey, future lead guitarist for the Atlanta Rhythm Section, on guitar. Joe South, Royal's regular songwriter/producer, was travelling to Nashville with Royal and writing "Rose Garden" in the car. Royal didn't like it, so South wrote "Hush" for him while leaning on the dashboard. Royal did record "Rose Garden" for his album Billy Joe Royal featuring Hush, though didn't release it as a single. In 1971, "Rose Garden" become an international hit for Lynn Anderson, and was South's most successful composition. Royal later regretted not liking the song.

Although more successful than Royal's last six single releases, only two of which had ranked even low on the Billboard Hot 100, "Hush" would not afford Royal a Top 40 comeback: managing only one "top-tier" market breakout in Chicago - whose prime Top 40 station WLS would rank "Hush" as high as #5 tying the WLS hit parade peak for both Royal's 1965 career record "Down in the Boondocks" and also Deep Purple's 1968 "Hush" cover - "Hush" would rise no higher on the Hot 100 than #52, with a Canadian pop chart peak of #45. The qualified success of "Hush" was sufficient to allow for the release of Royal's second album Billy Joe Royal featuring Hush.

"Hush" did afford Billy Joe Royal a one-off hit on the European continent, reaching #12 on the German singles chart and becoming a Top Ten hit in Belgium (#1), the Netherlands (#5) and Switzerland (#2).

A promo clip for Billy Joe Royal's release of the song was filmed at the boardwalk amusement park and outskirts of an unidentified Southern beach town.

Deep Purple version
The song was subsequently recorded by English hard rock band Deep Purple  for their 1968 debut album Shades of Deep Purple, group member Ritchie Blackmore having heard the Billy Joe Royal original while living in Hamburg: (Ritchie Blackmore quote:) "It was a great song [which] would be a good song [for] our act, if we could come up with a different arrangement ... We [recorded] the whole song in two takes." The track became the group's first hit single, peaking at number 4 on the Hot 100 on 21–28 September 1968, number 16 in Italy in late 1968, and number 2 in Canada, while going largely unnoticed in the United Kingdom. Cash Box called it a "psychedelicized reversion of the time-back Billy Joe Royal song," saying that the instrumental work and tailoring of the rock song all point to sheer force".  Record World described it as "a rollicking, contemporary ditty."

In 1968, Deep Purple performed live on Hugh Hefner's Playboy After Dark TV series. The band opened the episode playing the instrumental "And the Address". After Hefner heard a ghost story from Jon Lord and had a guitar lesson from Ritchie Blackmore, Deep Purple performed "Hush" which is available in the Playboy After Dark -2nd Collection 2007 DVD release and the 2000 CD-reissue of the Shades of Deep Purple album.

In celebration of the band's 20th anniversary, Deep Purple re-recorded the song in 1988 for their album Nobody's Perfect. The track was released as a single and reached number 62 on the UK singles chart and number 44 on the US Hot Mainstream Rock chart.

"Hush" is one of four songs originally recorded with the band's original vocalist Rod Evans and bassist Nick Simper that Deep Purple have performed with their replacements Ian Gillan and Roger Glover later on. Others are "Mandrake Root", also from Shades of Deep Purple, "Kentucky Woman", from the album The Book of Taliesyn from 1968 and "Bird Has Flown", from the album Deep Purple from 1969. The instrumental "Wring That Neck" from The Book of Taliesyn was also a regular part of the band's setlist into the early 1970s.

Other versions

 * The song's composer Joe South recorded "Hush" in 1968 for his second album Games People Play.
 * British singer Kris Ife released a version in December 1967 (MGM Records single)
 * Tommy Körberg recorded "Hush" for his 1968 album Nature Boy, credited to Tom.
 * Merrilee Rush recorded "Hush" for her 1968 album Angel of the Morning.
 * Love Affair recorded "Hush" for their 1968 album The Everlasting Love Affair.
 * A 1973 single release of "Hush" by Jeannie C. Riley, from her album Just Jeannie, reached #51 on the Billboard C&W chart.
 * Swiss band Gotthard included a cover on their self-titled 1992 debut album. They also performed the song live with Deep Purple's Jon Lord as guest special at the Zermatt Unplugged Festival in 2008.
 * Jenny Rock, a Canadian artist, recorded a French adaptation version in 1970 entitled Mal (produced by Michel Pagliaro).
 * Kula Shaker recorded a version which peaked at #2 in the UK Charts in 1997 and was used on the soundtrack for I Know What You Did Last Summer and the marketing for Kingsman: The Secret Service.
 * Somebody's Image recorded a version that was a minor hit in Australia in 1967.
 * The Partridge Family performed a version on their TV series, with David Cassidy on vocals.
 * Milli Vanilli recorded a version on their debut album All or Nothing in 1988.
 * Complex recorded a version for their debut self-titled studio album in 1970.
 * Funky Junction recorded a version of "Hush" on their only album Funky Junction Play a Tribute to Deep Purple in 1973. The band featured Phil Lynott, Eric Bell, and Brian Downey from Thin Lizzy.
 * Captain Jack covered "Hush" on the Eurodance album Party Warriors, released in Europe in 2003.

Personnel
1968 Deep Purple version
 * Ritchie Blackmore – guitar
 * Rod Evans – lead vocals
 * Nick Simper – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Ian Paice – drums
 * Jon Lord – Hammond organ, backing vocals

1988 Deep Purple version
 * Ritchie Blackmore – guitar
 * Ian Gillan – vocals, harmonica
 * Roger Glover – bass
 * Ian Paice – drums
 * Jon Lord – organ, keyboards

title: Hush (Billy Joe Royal song)


text:
Pamella Bordes

Pamela Chaudry Singh (born 1961), known for some years as Pamella Bordes, is an Indian photographer and beauty pageant titleholder who won Miss India 1982.

Personal life
Singh was born in New Delhi in 1961; her father, Major Mahinder Singh Kadian, was an officer in the Indian Army. She attended the Maharani Gayatri Devi Girls' Public School in Jaipur then transferred to the Lady Sri Ram College in Delhi to study literature. She won the Miss India crown in 1982 and represented India in the Miss Universe pageant the same year. She subsequently moved to Europe, where she met and married Henri Bordes.

Singh studied at Parsons School of Design in New York, the American University of Paris, and the International Center of Photography in New York. She took to photography as her career in 1997.

Allegations
In the late 1980s Singh worked in a brothel which had provided one of British publicist Max Clifford's clients with various services. Clifford asked the madam to reveal details of her girls and clients, and found that one prostitute, Pamella Bordes, was simultaneously dating Andrew Neil (then editor of The Sunday Times), Donald Trelford (then editor of The Observer), Conservative minister for sport Colin Moynihan, and billionaire arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi. Clifford rang News of the World editor Patsy Chapman and drip-fed her the story of Bordes through the investigative reporter she was using on the madam. The story was published in March 1989 under the headline "Call Girl Works in Commons", since it was discovered she had a House of Commons security pass arranged by MPs David Shaw and Henry Bellingham.

Clifford claimed Bordes was never his client, and that he earned his fee for "writing" the story, which ultimately served the purpose of saving the madam from any adverse publicity or court case.

title: Pamella Bordes


text:
Bozeman Pass

Bozeman Pass el. 5702 ft is a mountain pass situated approximately 13 mi east of Bozeman, Montana and approximately 15 mi west of Livingston, Montana on Interstate 90. It separates the Bridger and Gallatin mountain ranges.

It is named after pioneer John Bozeman, a young Georgian who opened the Bozeman Trail from Fort Laramie, Wyoming to Virginia City, Montana in 1863, via the pass which now bears his name. The pass is part of a transcontinental railroad route constructed by the Northern Pacific Railway between Saint Paul, Minnesota and Tacoma, Washington. The Northern Pacific opened a 3652 ft tunnel under the Pass in 1884. A shorter 3015 ft tunnel just north of the original opened in 1945. The tracks are now used by BNSF Railway.

Sacagawea, the Shoshone woman who guided parts of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (the Corps of Discovery), led Captain William Clark and his party of ten men through the pass on July 15, 1806. They were eastward bound and planned to explore the Yellowstone River to its mouth, where they were to rejoin Captain Meriwether Lewis and party, who were returning eastward via the Missouri River.

title: Bozeman Pass


text:
Sosthenes of Macedon

Sosthenes (Greek Σωσθένης; died 277 BC) was a Macedonian general who may have been a king of the Antipatrid dynasty. During the reign of Lysimachus he was his governor in Asia Minor. Sosthenes was elected King by the Macedonian army, but he may or not have reigned as king. Appointed as strategos he may have declined the title of king as he had no royal connections. During his reign, he faced invading Galatians, Antigonus II Gonatas and other rivals. He defeated Bolgius, one of the earliest invading Galatian leaders but was soon faced with the invasion of Brennus in the summer of 279 BC. Antigonus II Gonatas tried to invade Macedonia from Asia in 278 but was beaten by Sosthenes.

title: Sosthenes of Macedon


text:
Texas Pete

Texas Pete is a brand of hot sauce in the United States developed and manufactured by the TW Garner Food Company in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. TW Garner was founded by Thad W. Garner in 1929. As of 2022, Texas Pete is the seventh-best selling hot sauce in the U.S., according to Instacart, an online grocery service.

History
Texas Pete hot sauce was introduced in 1929 by Sam Garner, operator of the Dixie Pig barbecue stand in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Customers asked for a spicier sauce, and the Garners concocted one with cayenne peppers. Developing a product name, a marketing adviser suggested "Mexican Joe" to connote the spicy cuisine of Mexico. However, Thad's father Sam Garner opposed this, saying that the name should be American. Texas is known for its spicy food; this was combined with Pete, the nickname of Thad's brother Harold Garner.

Carcinogen
The ingredient Sodium Benzoate ("Benzoate of Soda" under "...Nutrition Info" ) is a common preservative. Scientists have shown that when mixed with ascorbic acid (vitamin C), it turns into benzene, a known carcinogen. Sodium benzoate in beverages that also contain vitamin C may, therefore, be problematic. Hot peppers naturally contain vitamin C ("nearly as much as in one orange" ) so the observation about beverages applies to pepper sauces containing sodium benzoate, like Texas Pete. Hot pepper sauces typically contain some vitamin C, as does Texas Pete.

Products
The brand has 6, 12, and 24 ounce bottles with bright red sauce, flip top, and white and yellow label featuring the name in red and "Texas Pete," a red silhouette cowboy. Texas Pete is fairly mild, registering 747 on the Scoville heat scale. Its auxiliary branded Hotter Hot Sauce is claimed to be three times hotter than original Texas Pete. Texas Pete also makes a sautéed garlic hot sauce. In 2013, Texas Pete introduced the "Cha!" Sriracha sauce. Sabor! by Texas Pete was released in 2016 as their Mexican style hot sauce. In 2015, the TW Garner Food Company discontinued production of its Texas Pete Chili Sauce for hot dogs and hamburgers.

title: Texas Pete


text:
Magic Affair

Magic Affair is a German eurodance project formed in Frankfurt, Germany in 1993 by music producer Mike Staab. German singer Franca Morgano and American rapper Burnell Keith Herring (A.K. Swift) fronted the project in the early stages. Magic Affair is best known in Europe for the hit singles "Omen III", "Give Me All Your Love" and "In the Middle of the Night" and the album Omen (The Story Continues...). To date, the project has sold 2.5 million records in Germany and over 8 million records worldwide.

1993–94: Formation and Omen (The Story Continues...)
Magic Affair was created by producer Mike Staab as a spin-off act from the group Mysterious Art, a band in which Staab himself was a member and a producer. German singer Franca Morgano and American rapper Burnell Keith Herring (A.K. Swift) fronted the act. The first single "Omen III" was first released in 1993 under the shortened group name M.A. The single achieved success in Europe and worldwide, reaching No.1 in Germany. "Omen III" later achieved Platinum status in Germany and Gold in Austria. The single peaked #17 in the UK Singles Chart. "Omen III" was followed in 1994 by the debut studio album Omen (The Story Continues...) and the three singles "Give Me All Your Love", "In the Middle of the Night", and "Fire", which peaked #6, #16 and #20 in the German single chart respectively. At the end of 1994, Herring was briefly replaced with Alfonso Daniel Morgan due to some internal issues between Morgano and Herring. However, Herring returned to the group shortly, and nothing was recorded with Morgan.

1995–97: Departure of Morgano and Herring and Phenomenia
In February 1995 both, Morgano and Herring were fired and replaced with two female singers, Anita Davis and Jannet De Lara (Jannet Schüttler). Along with the new line-up and a new musical direction to a more pop sound including female verses and excluding male raps, Magic Affair subsequently released their first single "The Rhythm Makes You Wanna Dance" in 1995 of their upcoming second studio album. "The Rhythm Makes You Wanna Dance" was followed in 1996 by the second studio album "Phenomenia" and the two singles "Energy of Light", co-written by Daisy Dee, and "World of Freedom", which became moderate hits and peaked #37 and #15 in the Swizz and Finnish Single Chart respectively. Singer Lori Glori provides guest vocals on the album track "Magical Love Affair".

In September 1996, Schüttler was fired and replaced by the rapper Ras-Ma-Taz (Richard A. Smith), previously of E-Rotic and S.E.X. Appeal. With the third line-up, the group also appeared on the Queen tribute compilation album Queen Dance Traxx, with the song "Bohemian Rhapsody", which also saw a single release. The tribute album also featured another Queen song "We Are The Champions", recorded with all artists, who participated on Queen Dance Traxx as a supergroup labeled as "Acts United". Meanwhile, Morgano and Herring formed their own band called Blaxone and released one single "Good times" in 1996, which has been later in 2008 credited as a Magic Affair song and been included on Magic Affair's remix album series "Remixcollection I-III". In 1997, two more singles have been released, the fourth and final single of "Phenomenia", called "Break These Chains", in a different single edition with additional raps by Smith, and the new song "Night Of The Raven", being the first single released on the new Dutch label CNR and the first single for the planned but yet never materialized third studio album. "Night Of The Raven" became a minor hit, peaking #54 in the Swedish Single Chart respectively. After this release, Davis and Smith both left the band. In 1997, Herring launched his solo career.

1998–99: Single releases and hiatus
In 1998 and 1999, the promotional singles "Sacrifice", an instrumental trance track without vocalists, and "Miracles" were released, both without major chart success. After these single releases, Magic Affair went on hiatus. Meanwhile, Davis went on to launch her solo career, released some solo singles, and to form her girlgroup The Clarkettes, alongside singers Brenda Hale and Brooke Russell.

2004–07: Return of Morgano and brief comeback
After a short absence, Magic Affair briefly returned in 2004 with the single release "Fly Away (La Serenissima)" alongside a music video. This single also marks the return to Magic Affair of original lead singer Morgano. "Fly Away (La Serenissima)" reached #13 in German DJ Playlist and peaked #70 in the Swiss Single Chart. In 2007, former member Schüttler has been featured on guest vocals on Raul Rincon & Coronabros's single "La Verdad".

2008–12: Return of Herring and comeback
In 2008, a remix album series entitled "Remixcollection I - 1993-1994", "Remixcollection II - 1995-1996", "Remixcollection III - 1996-1998" has been digitally released, containing most remixes of the mentioned periods of that eras. Also in 2008, the single "Stigmata (Of Love)", originally an unreleased song recorded back in 2003, has been released. "Stigmata (Of Love)" marks the return to Magic Affair of original rapper Herring, but who has been only credited as a featured artist on the single as the narrator. Alongside the single, a promotional single of Magic Affair's very first hit "Omen III" has been released in 2008 with new mixes by The Nightshifterz, Pussylickerz, Dirty Boyz and Blackzone. Next to these Magic Affair releases, Morgano released her first solo album titled "Bleeding Love Songs (Italian American Songbook)". In 2009, Morgano and Herring performed "Omen III" live at RTL Ultimative Chart Show for the first time in ages. Magic Affair was working on a third studio album, produced by Mike Staab, Rainer Kempf and Bernd Waldstadt, however the project has appeared to have been cancelled due to Mike Staab's death in May 2009. In 2010, Morgano released her second studio album "You Want It" and the compilation album "Remember Me". In 2012, Morgano released her first holiday album "Christmas Part I".

2013–present: Second departure of Herring
In 2013, Herring again left Magic Affair and was replaced by German rapper Nitro, previously of hip hop collective Brothers Keepers. Meanwhile, Morgano released her third, fourth overall, and first German-language studio album ...Nach dem sturm ("...After the Storm"). In 2014, Morgano and Nitro introduced the single "Hear the Voices" along with another new song, the B-side "We're Insane". In 2022, Magic Affair released a cover of Rebel Yell by Billy Idol.

Members
Other members:
 * Alfonso Daniel Morgan (brief replacement for Herring in 1994, but no material had been released)

Remix albums

 * 2008: Remixcollection I - 1993-1994
 * 2008: Remixcollection II - 1995-1996
 * 2008: Remixcollection III - 1996-1998

Singles
Other songs: "Rebel Yell" (Billy Idol cover) - 2022

Other appearances

 * 1996: "We Are the Champions" (as part of the supergroup Acts United on the album Queen Dance Traxx)

title: Magic Affair


text:
Johann Baptist Neruda

Johann Baptist Georg Neruda (Jan Křtitel Jiří Neruda, c. 1708 – c. 1780) was a Czech classical composer, violinist and cellist.

Life
Neruda's dates of birth and death are only approximations (1708 according to the Grove Dictionary, other sources list 1707 or 1710 ). He was born in Rosice in Bohemia (today the Czech Republic), but it is unclear in which Rosice (either in Rosice near Chrudim or in today's part of Pardubice) to a well-respected musical family.

After spending his earlier years gaining a good reputation as a violinist and conductor in Prague and German lands, Neruda became Konzertmeister of the Dresden court orchestra. He died in Dresden around 1780. His sons Antonín and Ludvík were also members of Staatskapelle Dresden. Organist Josef Neruda was his great-grandson. Cellist Franz Xaver Neruda was his great-great-grandson. Violinists Wilma Neruda and Maria Neruda were his great-great-granddaughters.

Works
His compositional output includes eighteen symphonies, fourteen instrumental concertos (including a trumpet and a bassoon concerto), sonatas, sacred works and an opera Les Troqueurs. One of the composer's most significant works is the Concerto in E-flat for Trumpet and Strings written for Johann Georg Knechtel. Originally written for the "corno da caccia" or "post horn" using only the high register, it is now rarely performed on anything other than an E-flat or B-flat trumpet.

Incidentally, the Corno da Caccia for which Neruda wrote is not to be confused with the 4-valved hunting horn which has recently been given the same name. The manuscript for this piece is in the National Library in Prague, along with several other unusual works for brass instruments.

Legacy
The Neruda crater on Mercury is named in honour of both him and fellow Czech, the poet, journalist, writer and art critic Jan Neruda.

title: Johann Baptist Neruda


text:
Firewing

Firewing is a children's book written by the Canadian author, Kenneth Oppel. It is the third book in the series which also consists of: Silverwing, Sunwing and the prequel, Darkwing.

Publication history
Firewing was first released in Canada in April 2002. It was followed with its release in the United Kingdom and the United States in September 2002 and February 2003, respectively. Below is the release details for the first edition hardback and paperback copies in these three publication regions.

 * 2002, CAN, HarperCollins ISBN 978-0-00-639194-4, Pub date April 18, 2002, Trade paperback
 * 2003, US, Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-689-84993-0, Pub date February 1, 2003, Hardback
 * 2002, UK, Hodder Children's Books ISBN 978-0-340-85255-2, Pub date September 12, 2002, Paperback
 * 2003, CAN, HarperCollins ISBN 978-0-00-639302-3, Pub date December 18, 2003, Paperback
 * 2004, US, Aladdin ISBN 978-0-689-86988-4, Pub date May 4, 2004, Paperback

Reception
Kirkus Reviews praised Oppel's writing, calling it "beautiful in its evocation of the bat world". However, they noted a "problem with voice in the story", noting some poorly-worded sections. They added, "Such inelegant writing is unfortunate in the midst of a fine tale".

School Library Journal's John Peters did not discuss Oppel's writing. Peters said the novel has "plenty of rousing action; special effects on a grand scale; a leavening of humor as well as stimulating thoughts on the nature of life, death, the afterlife, loyalty, courage, honesty, and other essential topics more than compensate for iffy internal logic".

title: Firewing


text:
Paul Petersen

Paul Petersen (born September 23, 1945) is an American actor, singer, novelist and activist.

He rose to prominence in the 1950s playing Jeff Stone on The Donna Reed Show. Peterson pursued a singing career in the 1960s. In the 1980s and 1990s, he had a recurring role on Matt Houston and played author Paul Conway in the film Mommy's Day.

In 1990, Petersen established the organization A Minor Consideration to support child stars and other child laborers through legislation, family education, and personal intervention and counseling for those in crisis.

Acting
Petersen began his show business career at age10 as a Mouseketeer on the Mickey Mouse Club. He appeared in the 1958 movie Houseboat with Sophia Loren and Cary Grant, but achieved stardom playing teenager Jeff Stone from 1958 to 1966 on the ABC family television sitcom The Donna Reed Show. Throughout eight seasons and decades of reruns in syndication, The Donna Reed Show became part of American popular culture, and in 1997, Petersen was honored by the Young Artist Foundation with its Former Child Star "Lifetime Achievement" Award for his role on the series.

After The Donna Reed Show ended, Petersen had a small role as Tony Biddle in the 1967 musical film The Happiest Millionaire. He also appeared in many guest roles, including one as a military officer in the short-lived 1967 ABC Western series Custer, with Wayne Maunder in the title role. He also made a guest appearance on F Troop as "Johnny Eagle Eye" that aired on April 12, 1966.

Singing
With the fame he achieved on The Donna Reed Show, Petersen received recording offers and had hit record singles with the songs "She Can't Find Her Keys" (also introduced on The Donna Reed Show), "Amy", and "Lollipops and Roses". In 1962, the sentimental teen pop song "My Dad" was performed on The Donna Reed Show with Petersen singing the tune to his on-screen father, actor Carl Betz. Released as a single in the same year, it reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. He also recorded for Motown/Tamla throughout the 1960s releasing such singles as "Chained" and "A Little Bit For Sandy".

Writing
After his years as a child actor, Petersen attended college. He went on to write 16 adventure novels. Petersen's authorship began after he met David Oliphant, a New York City publisher visiting Los Angeles. His first novel concerned car racing. Thereafter, he created a Matt Helm-type hero, Eric Saveman, also known as "The Smuggler". In one year, Pocket Books published eight of his Smuggler novels, earning $75,000 for Peterson. In 1977, Petersen's autobiography entitled Walt, Mickey and Me: Confessions of the First Ex-Mouseketeer was published.

Other ventures
He is a board member of the Donna Reed Foundation and works for the Donna Reed Festival, which takes place annually on the third week of June in Reed's hometown of Denison, Iowa. He also recently served on the board of directors of Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA), a national media performers AFL-CIO union based in Los Angeles.

Activism
In 1990, following the suicide of former child star Rusty Hamer, Petersen founded a child-actor support group, A Minor Consideration, to improve working conditions for child actors and to assist in the transition between working as a child actor and adult life, whether in acting or in other professions.

Personal life
Petersen has been married three times. His first marriage was to actress Brenda Benet. They married in 1967 and divorced in 1970. In 1974, he married Hallie Litman with whom he had two children. They divorced in 1988. In December 1992, Petersen married Rana Jo Platz. In addition to his two children from his second marriage, Petersen also has a daughter from a previous relationship.

Studio albums

 * 1962: Lollipops and Roses — Colpix CP-429/SCP-429
 * 1963: Teenage Triangle — Colpix CP-444/SCP-444—No. 48, May 1963
 * Featuring four tracks each by Paul Petersen, Shelley Fabares, and James Darren

 * 1963: My Dad — Colpix CP-442/SCP-442
 * 1963: Bye Bye Birdie — Colpix CP-454/SCP-454
 * Songs from the movie sung by Petersen, The Marcels, James Darren, and Shelley Fabares

 * 1964: More Teenage Triangle — Colpix CP-468/SCP-468
 * Second album featuring Petersen, Fabares, and Darren

title: Paul Petersen


text:
User:OliverSchneider

fr:User:OliverSchneider nl:User:OliverSchneider

I am mainly active in the french wikipedia.

My page in the french wikipedia

title: User:OliverSchneider


text: File:Millencolin - Use Your Nose cover.jpg


text:
Palaio Faliro

Palaio Faliro (Παλαιό Φάληρο, ; Katharevousa: Palaion Faliron, Παλαιόν Φάληρον, meaning "Old Phalerum") is a town on the Saronic Gulf coast and a municipality in the southern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. At the 2021 census it had 64,863 inhabitants.

Geography
Palaio Faliro is situated on the east coast of the Phalerum Bay, a bay of the Saronic Gulf, 6 km southwest of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 4.574 km2. It is surrounded by other districts of Athens: Kallithea, Nea Smyrni, Agios Dimitrios and Alimos. The Pikrodafni stream flows into sea on the border of Palaio Faliro and Alimos. Palaio Faliro is at the Northwest part of what is referred to as the Athens Riviera.

The seaside area was redeveloped for the 2004 Summer Olympics, and now contains a seaside promenade, several sports venues, a marina and the Naval Tradition Park, where museum ships are exhibited.

The neighbourhoods of Palaio Faliro are Amfithea, Batis, Edem, Panagitsa, Floisvos, Palmyra, Pikrodafni, Agia Varvara and Kopsachila.

Climate
Palaio Faliro located in the Athens Riviera, has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), closely bordering a hot-summer mediterranean (Csa) climate. It has mild winters and hot summers, with particularly warm summer nights.

History
The conventions for writing and Romanizing Ancient Greek and Modern Greek differ markedly, which can create confusion. Thus the Greek name Φάληρον (Phaleron) can appear in various forms in English (Phalerum, Faliro, etc.), according to the historical context, disguising the fact that it is the same word.

Phaleron was an important place in antiquity, then as now one of the demes of Athens; however, a precise definition of its Classical topography is lacking, although the location of the deme is well established. Pausanias records that it was on the coast, equidistant from Athens and Cape Kolias (i.e., Ayios Kosmas) at 20 stadia. Strabo enumerates the coastal demes east of Piraeus and starts with Phaleron. The site of the ancient town appears to be the area and headland around the church of St. George, with the harbour to the west in the open roadstead. Remains of conglomerate blocks have been found crossing the heights of Old Phaleron to the sea and these are likely to be part of the Phaleric Wall recorded by Thucydides.

Before the 5th century B.C., Phaleron was the port of Athens, as it is least distant from the city. Thus the Athenians sailing to Troy would have departed from Phaleron. But Themistocles, when he became preeminent in the government of the Athenians, arranged that Piraeeus be the main port, as it was more convenient for seafarers.

Pausanias, in the Roman period, notes that Phaleron contained an altar to the unknown god (by the Temple of Zeus in Phaleron), which was referred to by St. Paul when he visited Athens. In the reign of the emperor Justinian, Stephanus of Byzantium, in his geographical dictionary Ethnica, records Phaleron as a deme and port of Attica.

Throughout the period of Frankish rule, which followed the Roman-Byzantine empire, Athens was confined within the late Roman walls, and the area beyond became a wasteland.

In the Ottoman period, the port was known as Porto Vecchio (old port) and its harbour was located near the church of St. George, once a chapel dedicated to St. Nicholas. The harbour also had the name Skala of St. Nicholas. In 1674 the English Consul in Athens, Jean Giraud, called this location "Three Towers" or Tripyrgi, a place-name that was retained into the 19th century. Most likely the name was created in medieval times because of the presence of ancient ruins in this area.

The Battle of Phaleron took place in May 1827 as part of an ill-fated action to relieve the Greeks besieged in the Acropolis during the Greek War of Independence. Greek troops landed around the Three Towers area and advanced on the Acropolis but the expedition ended in disaster and the fortress capitulated in June.

The area came to be known as old Phaleron in the later 19th century, following the development of the settlement of Neo Phaleron in 1850–1860, now a suburb of Piraeus. Before 1920 old Phaleron was a small seaside village where the houses were few and between which there were long stretches of wheat, barley and oats as well as many vineyards. Some of the men were fishermen, but most were farmers, shepherds and stock breeders. In 1883 the first public transport connecting old Phaleron with Athens was inaugurated, a horse-drawn tram line. In 1890 steam trams were introduced and it was later electrified.

In the western 'Delta' area a sea plane airport was started in August 1926, with the first international route Brindisi - Faliro - Istanbul. In the 20th century there was a rapid growth in population, reflected in upgrades in municipal government (see below).

Many Greeks from Istanbul (Constantinople) came to live in Palaio Faliro, especially after 1974, and now form a very active and prominent community.

In January 2005, a 1.8-meter-tall marble torso of a young man was found in the Pikrodafni streambed at the intersections of Pikrodafnis and Dimokratias Streets. The statue dates back to the 1st century A.D. and was a copy of a 4th-century B.C. classical original that may depict Apollo Lykeios. It was said the statue could have been recently discovered by builders during construction work and dumped in the streambed for fear archaeologists might stop the works if alerted to the find.

During the 2000s, especially during the Summer Olympics 2004, Palaio Faliro saw major improvements in its infrastructure, such as the establishment of the Tram Line 3 that serves the southern coastal area of Athens.

Municipality

In 1925 Palaio Faliro was established as a local government Community (i.e. civil parish or township) with the Presidential Decree 27/8/1925.

In 1942, Palaio Faliro, together with Kalamaki, became a municipality, with K. Toufexí̱s as the first mayor. Kalamaki (now in Alimos municipality) was separated in 1945.

Mayors of Palaio Faliro
 * K. Toufexis (1/9/1942 - 28/1/1945)
 * K. Ntaí̱s (29/1/1945 - 11/2/1946)
 * A. Magriplí̱s (11/2/1946 - 11/4/1946)
 * K. Ntaí̱s (11/4/1946 - 17/6/1946)
 * I. Ntávari̱s (17/6/1946 - 9/8/1950)
 * G Sakellaríou (17/8/1950 - 24/5/1951)
 * I. Láppas (24/5/1951 - 9/6/1959)
 * N. Psarráki̱s (9/6/1959 - 25/5/1970)
 * E. Zi̱simopoúlou (29/5/1970 - 13/7/1970)
 * S. Vlachópoulos (13/7/1970 - 17/9/1974)
 * G. Chronópoulos (17/9/1974 - 24/9/1974)
 * D. Bavarézos (24/9/1974 - 6/4/1975)
 * D. Kapsanis (6/4/1975 - 31/12/1986)
 * G. Chrysoverídis (1/1/1987 - 31/12/1998)
 * D. Kapsanis (1/1/1999 - 31/12/2002)
 * D. Hatzidakis (1/1/2003 - 31/8/2019)
 * I. Fostiropoulos (1/9/2019 - )

The municipal council has 41 members.

In the municipal election of 2014, the seats achieved by each party were as follows:

 * 27 seats - New Force for Phaleron (New Democracy), aligned with mayor Dionysis Hajidakis
 * 6 seats - Radical Left (SYRIZA)
 * 3 seats – Independent Municipal Force with Phaleron
 * 2 seats – Democratic Rally
 * 2 seats – We for Phaleron
 * 2 seats – Greek Dawn

Transport
The main avenues of Palaio Faliro are the seaside Poseidonos Avenue, which connects it with the port of Piraeus and the other southern suburbs, and the Andrea Syngrou Avenue respectively, which connects Palaio Faliro with the central Athens. Palaio Faliro is served by the Tram and by Buses. Palaio Faliro has a direct connection to the Athens International Airport via its express bus line X96. A new pedestrian overpass is planned to cross Poseidonos Avenue at Aphrodite Road.

Landmarks
The Flisvos Public Park at Palaio Faliro, next to the Marina of Flisvos, is a common destination for cultural activities and public events in Palaio Faliro, as well as a place for relaxation for the local population and tourists. It is located just next to the sea beach and provides benches and ample space for jogging or gymnastics.

Other landmarks include:

 * Cultural Centre of Palaio Faliro
 * Marina of Flisvos
 * Saint Mary church (Panagitsa)
 * Naval Tradition Park, including the historical warships Georgios Averof, GREEK DESTROYER Velos and the replica of the ancient Athenian trireme Olympias.
 * Phaleron Allied War Cemetery
 * The Evgenidio Foundation (better known as: The Athenian Planetarium)
 * Parts of the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex, such as the Faliro Sports Pavilion Arena, that were intended for the usage for the 2004 Summer Olympics
 * National Historical Museum of the Hellenic Air Force
 * Phylax Statue

Churches of Palaio Faliro
The oldest church of Palaio Faliro is the chapel of St. George in Xirotagaro, next to the Museum of Naval Tradition. It was built probably in the 17th century, when the area was known by the Turks as Three Towers. Restored 1985.

The large church of St. Alexander is the metropolis of Palaio Faliro and is located in St. Alexander Street, the main commercial thoroughfare, at the corner with Alcyonis Street. In order to satisfy the spiritual needs of the growing population of Palaio Faliro the church was founded at the behest of the "Urban League of Palaio Faliro" on 5 June 1916, in honour St. Alexander, Archbishop of Constantinople. The foundation stone was laid by the then prince, later king, Alexander of the Hellenes. The church was completely rebuilt on the same site in 1952.

The Church of the Assumption of Mary is in Achilles Street. It is a large and imposing building on the model of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The first church was built in 1930 and burned down in 1969.

The church of St. Barbara, in St. Barbara Avenue, gave its name to the district of the same name in Paleo Faliro. Initially built in 1936 as a wooden chapel, the current Byzantine style church was completed in 1965.

The church of Ayia Kyriaki, in Amfitheas Street, was founded in 1955 as a private wooden church. It became a parish church in 1957. The present stone building was built in 1964 and the site includes a separate stone tower at the corner with Palaeologos Street.

Sports
The Scouts of Greece have a Sea Scout Group in Palaio Faliro. Palaio Faliro also has an A1 water polo team named AC Palaio Faliro. Palaio Faliro is also home to its professional basketball club Paleo Faliro B.C., which is currently in the Greek Second Division.

Notable people and residents

 * Mad Clip
 * Pavlos Kountouriotis
 * Christodoulos of Athens
 * Dimitrios Levidis
 * Kostas Rigopoulos
 * Yanis Varoufakis
 * Nikolaos Vokos
 * Vera Zavitsianou
 * Demetrius of Phalerum

title: Palaio Faliro


text:
User:Alireza~enwiki

This is Alireza Kheirkhahan (علیرضا خیرخواهان) of Tehran, Iran.

title: User:Alireza~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/100% Näsblod

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 18:26, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

100% Näsblod
Listed as a speedy but not a speedy candidate. No vote from me. Dbiv 17:49, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for not meeting the Notability and Music Guidelines. Tuf-Kat 17:54, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for not providing any notable content. Zzyzx11 21:04, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notabe, possible band vanity. Megan1967 22:49, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is not exactly vanity, but a notable example of non-notability. Yet I can't help but feel for these guys, just look at them! :-) Wipe 00:46, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless there's more content. Best of luck to them. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  02:12, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delte. The funny thing is that their name sounds strangly familliar to me. Maybe I have heard of them some time before or maybe I'm just imagining thigs. :) Jeltz talk  16:21, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, there seems to be another band called simply Näsblod. I'm sure there's others with "100%" or "Nosebleed" in their names... Wipe 09:38, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

category:VFD voting This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Do-Hum-Me

Do-Hum-Me (c. 1825–1843) was the daughter of the chief of the Sauk Native American tribe.

In 1843, she accompanied her father in a trip to Princeton, New Jersey for treaty negotiations. While there, she met and fell in love with an Iowa tribe representative named Cow-Hick-Kee. They married and soon thereafter were employed by P. T. Barnum's American Museum in Manhattan, performing ceremonial Native American dances. Do-Hum-Me was instantly very popular, but died at about age 18, possibly of influenza. Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn donated a burial plot. She was buried in her wedding dress. In 2005 her monument was restored with the effort of Isaac Feliciano, whose wife Rosa perished in the 9/11 attacks at the World Trade Center.

title: Do-Hum-Me


text:
User:Christiaan/Scrapbook

 * (GerardM | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
Vandalism and disruption of End-user content suppression.

Description
After repeated requests that GerardM not post discussion about the desirability of end-user content suppression to End-user content suppression (being a page dedicated to outlining the technical implications) he continued to do so, causing an edit war.

Advice was sort from those on the Foundation mailing list. Rowan Collins advised that any off-topic discussion have a place and be clearly referenced. This advice was acted upon with the creation of Desirability of end-user image suppression and the changing of the opening paragraph on End-user content suppression to include, "For discussion of whether it would be desirable, see desirability of end-user image suppression."

Still GerardM insisted on posting discussion regarding the diserability to End-user content suppression, and now he has resorted to vandalism.

As well as the general disruption and vandalism of End-user content suppression, rather than come to the table with specific issues, he has employed a slash and burn policy replete with emotional language, straw man arguments, and inappropriate posting of Wikipedia NPOV tags.

Evidence of disputed behavior

 * Disruption/vandalism to make a point
 * Example of continued disruption placing desirability discussion on article page after being asked not to
 * Inappropriate posting of his own Wikipedia NPOV dispute tags
 * Example of continued posting of off-topic discussion after advice from Rowan Collins was acted on

Applicable policies
Policy relating directly to meta seems to be thin on the ground. I come here following advice of meta:User:Angela. There are policies that could be said to apply to meta, such as:
 * Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point
 * Wikiquette
 * Don't vandalise

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute

 * meta:User_talk:GerardM
 * See thread on Foundation list

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * meta:User:Christiaan
 * nknight 15:58, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC) (meta:User:Nknight). Due largely to the events described by Christiaan in this RFC, I am leaving the project. This vote stands as my final act. I will not be furthur involved in the referenced dispute, this RFC, or any Wikimedia project.

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * Carnildo 22:28, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

 * Note: The RfC was registered three days ago but despite repeated reminders neither disputant has made any attempt at all to contact the subject of their complaint. It is hardly surprising, in the circumstances, that there is no response here. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:23, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

It appears, from the foundation-l thread that Christiaan posted, that Walter van Kalken, Aphaia, Andre Engels and David Gerard all expressed negative or puzzled reactions to Christiaan's efforts to exclude GerardM's criticism. As David Gerard explained on foundation-l:

 * Many people (myself included) consider separation of technical methods of implementing a highly debatable policy decision from debate of the desirability of that policy decision to be artificial and disingenuous at best. Doing so appears to make the debatable social decision a fait accompli. Trying to send *all* criticism off to a separate article is also a favourite tool of POV warriors on en: and presumably elsewhere; possibly this is seen as reminiscent of that.

Walter van Kalken, also on foundation-l, concurred.

Gerard M's last edit was vandalism, disruption to make a point, whatever, but it seems to have been a result of severe provocation after repeated attempts to make some reasonable edits that one of the disputants didn't seem to want on the page.

This dispute doesn't seem to have met quorum for RfC because two people have not demonstrated a serious attempt to resolve a dispute with the third party. It is also a matter of some concern that no visible effort has yet been made to contact GerardM via his talk page on Meta or his talk page on en. He cannot make a response unless he is aware of the RfC.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Tony Sidaway|Talk 07:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.

I'm sort of baffled that a dispute on meta has been brought here for comments. Should the en.wikipedia community really be attempting to decide things for other Wikimedia projects? --iMb~Mw 06:43, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes it was a mistake I think. There is a RfC process on meta, but I didn't find out until after the fact. —Christiaan 10:11, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Would either of the disputants please explain why no visible effort has yet been made to inform GerardM on his meta or his en user talk page that a RfC was underway against him? I can see by looking at the links to this page that no time has been lost in informing selected others of the RfC, so why did no party to it inform GerardM?

Discussion of "Outside view"
Firstly I would like to question Tony Sidaway's absence of a disclaimer and his implication that he is an outsider in this debate. He may not have contributed to the debate on meta however he has been one of the most vocal critics of this scheme on WikiEN-l where we have both argued about it and where he has advocated a difference solution. One would be mistaken in thinking he has no interest in the surrounding debate.

Tony states that "Walter van Kalken, Aphaia, Andre Engels and David Gerard all expressed negative or puzzled reactions to my efforts to exclude GerardM's criticism." However this is not a useful summary of events.

 * Aphaia: the only comment Aphaia has made was with regard to GerardM's vandalism for which she/he had the incorrect link.
 * Andre Engels & Walter van Kalken: Andre's main complaint was that he thinks it "is idiocy to discuss HOW to do something when there is no discussion yet on WHETHER to do it." Walter feels the same way. However, as I replied, to which I got no response, it could be argued that it is equally as idiotic to make a decision on something for which the implications have not been explored.
 * And as for David Gerard, one of his comments regarding GerardM's vandalism was, "You're right - looking at the history, that would be disrupting to make a point. This is probably not a helpful thing to do in a hot debate."
 * Gerard's, Walter's and Andre's opinion that technical debate shouldn't be separate from desirability debate was equally disputed by myself, Rowan Collins, and Nicholas Knight.

Tony writes that I have made "efforts to exclude GerardM's criticism". What he doesn make clear is that GerardM's "criticism" has consistently employed a slash and burn policy replete with emotional language, straw man arguments, ad hominem attacks and inappropriate posting of Wikipedia NPOV tags. All on a page that specifically stated it was there only to look at the technical implications. I have no problem admitting that I have moved off-topic discussion.

GerardM appears to think he is on some kind of crusade, even telling me I am "just moving towards the dark side." GerardM has consistently illustrated to me that his aim is to shut down any discussion about the technical implications of this scheme. I challenge Tony to post GerardM's "repeated attempts to post reasonable edits" in this regard.

Tony also makes the claim that "This dispute doesn't seem to have met quorum for RfC because two people have not demonstrated a serious attempt to resolve a dispute with the third party." However as the talk pages and Foundation email list evidence both Nicholas Knight and I have consistently engaged with GerardM in trying to resolve this dispute. It's worth noting that Nicholas Knight is not commenting further on this debate because he has left the Wikimedia project, largely due to GerardM's behaiviour. —Christiaan 01:27, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Outside view is specifically for outsiders to the dispute. The dispute in this case is whether or not GerardM's contributions to the Meta page were appropriate.  As I was unaware of the dispute prior to the raising of this RfC, I am an outsider.  The fact that I disagree with your proposal (for reasons unrelated to GerardM's objections) is immaterial.  I have had no discussion with GerardM, I do not agree with his point of view, and despite repeated attempts to get me involved in discussion on the meta page I have declined to do so.

 * I stand by my statement with respect to the negative reception to Christiaan's attempt to raise the dispute on foundation-l. In particular, there is absolutely no consensus that GerardM's initial contributions were wrong.

 * The attempt to characterize the emails on foundation-l as a serious attempt to resolve this dispute fails because of the repeated failure to assume good faith.

 * "I challenge Tony to post GerardM's "repeated attempts to post reasonable edits" in this regard." Easy. , , which were reverted. ,  which was again reverted. , which was reverted yet again. There are more in this vein.  While I may not agree with GerardM's opinions, the edits were reasonable.  To characterize these edits as vandalism inappropriate to the discussion, or in any way unreasonable, is unequivocally false.

 * "*Gerard's, Walter's and Andre's opinion that technical debate shouldn't be separate from desirability debate was equally disputed by myself, Rowan Collins, and Nicholas Knight." This demonstrates that there was no consensus to exclude opinions on the desirability of the move from the technical aspects.  David Gerard's expresssion of concern still stands. This was a content dispute, not a user-conduct problem (though if Christiaan keeps on like this I suspect that he could eventually provoke some editors to regard his conduct as a serious enough problem).

 * The complaint that GerardM used Wikipedia NPOV tags inappropriately seems to me especially self-defeating. Christiaan, you complain elsewhere that GerardM's language was too emotional.  Well make your mind up: either Meta pages are supposed to be NPOV or they are not.  Either way all you would need to do was edit GerardM's contributions to remove the emotional weight and retain the sense.

 * I notice that GerardM still has not been notified of this RfC concerning his conduct via either talk page. Don't you think it would be polite to do so? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:17, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * As I wrote, one would be mistaken in thinking you have no interest in the surrounding debate. It was a mistake not to make this clear and I don't appreciate it.

 * As I have noted in my summary this is very obviously not a content dispute. I consider emotional language, straw man arguments, ad hominem attacks all tolerable problems with a user. What I consider intolerable is continued off-topic edits and childish vandalism. That you do not consider such disruption a user-conduct problem leads me to believe you are not being credible.

 * You seem also to be reverting to straw man arguments Tony. The only edit of GerardM's that I have characterised as vandalism was his blanking of the page. Please do not imply otherwise. As for your examples of "reasonable" edits:

 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=End-user_image_suppression&diff=102684&oldid=102669
 * An off-topic Wikipedia NPOV dispute tag (of his own design). Not reasonable.

 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=End-user_image_suppression&diff=102844&oldid=102684
 * Again, off-topic. And personal opinion straw man arguments. Not reasonable.

 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=End-user_image_suppression&diff=102860&oldid=102859
 * Same edit as above.

 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=End-user_image_suppression&diff=102883&oldid=102879
 * Again, same edit as above.

 * You say, "In particular, there is absolutely no consensus that GerardM's initial contributions were wrong." Since when was non-consensus a measure of the reasonableness of an edit? The page clearly stated that it was there to look into the technical implications of the scheme. It is not reasonable by any stretch of the imagination to post edits that do contribute to this stated aim. —Christiaan 13:38, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have no further comment on this RfC. I caution you on No personal attacks. I am shocked at your conduct. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:49, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not a frivilous allegation, one I'm sure you'll be happy to back up by pointing out exactly what you consider a personal attack. —Christiaan 14:02, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Christiaan/Scrapbook