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Talk:Go-go

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"Go Go" or "Go-Go"?
Does anyone have a source that gives a definitive justification of spelling it "go-go" as opposed to "go go"? I used to spell it without a hyphen because it was written that way on Chuck Brown's website somewhere, but I just recently did a search and saw that several of the most credible sources (The Washington Post, Take Me Out to the Go-Go magazine) always spell it with the hyphen. I realize that go-go is an organic sort of phenomenon, and Chuck Brown might not have a specific spelling in mind when he first used the term, but it would be nice to have a source that gives a definitive spelling. 140.247.31.107 06:05, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is a definitive spelling. --AW 16:12, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Good question, look at album covers, perhaps(?)--John Bessa (talk) 16:48, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Crucial question, bcz the hyphenated spelling pretty much guarantees it the title Go-go instead of Go go (music subgenre).  I was skeptical, and, well, suspicious that someone had intentionally angled for the "principal topic" (un-suffixed title) by hyphenating the title. I took my suspicion to the bank, as it were, collecting the  half-dozen or so individual performers in the Category, and the half-dozen or so groups in its sub-Cat. Cutting and pasting, i had a Google search target:
 * "go-go" "Chuck Brown" OR "Mike Dillon" OR "Jimi Dougans" OR     "Anwan Glover" OR  "Kevin Hammond" OR    "Anthony Harley"       OR "DJ Kool"  OR "Bob Mintzer" OR "Experience Unlimited"  OR "Junk Yard Band"  OR "Mambo Sauce"  OR "Rare Essence"  OR "RDGLDGRN"  OR "Trouble Funk"
 * Not as clever as i thot: 1) "go-go" and "go go" are treated as interchangeable, and 2) search keys joined by OR are not given equal weight, at least if you're only looking at the earliest hits-pages from the search.  But rather than hold you in suspense, pages that mention the godfather of Go-go strongly prefer hyphenation. Having gone this far, i'm going to do the dozen or so separate searches to be sure they show a similar trend, and add info on them below, with the expectation that the order-unbiased result will confirm that trend for the record, bcz it's easier for me to keep going that leave doubt or leave someone else to start over to eliminate the doubt. Unless someone reads this quickly and has a better toolkit, i'll post the result as the next talk contrib in this section. --Jerzy•t 02:46, 8 September 2013 (UTC)
 * A result labelled m/n/p means m out of 20 previews mention only hyphenated version, n mention only unhyph, and p mention both. (I'm looking at none of the actual found pages, and mentions inside the URL don't count, i.e. Google's "title" for the page, plus its extract from the page.) When m+n+p≠20, the difference is made up by FB or other pages whose titles and summaries don't actually mention the genre, or mention it only as "Gogo" or "GoGo". Oh, or by recounting until i'd accounted for 20 by miscounting, when there was a meaningless with-hyphen hit. (See methodological faults, below.)
 * "go-go" "Chuck Brown" About 164,000 hits: 16/3/1
 * "go-go" "Bob Mintzer" About 122,000: 2/18/0
 * "go-go" "DJ Kool" About 71,300: 15/5/0
 * "go-go" "Trouble Funk" About 62,300: 16/3/0
 * "go-go" "Kevin Hammond" About 48,800: 17/1/0
 * "go-go" "Rare Essence" About 46,600: 14/4/0
 * "go-go" "RDGLDGRN" About 30,700: 14/3/3
 * "go-go" "Mike Dillon" About 22,400: 19/1/0
 * "go-go" "JunkYard Band" about 15,700: 12/6/1  * Google-suggested alternative; perhaps article name should be "Junkyard Band"
 * "go-go" "Experience Unlimited" About 14,300: 12/6/2
 * "go-go" "Mambo Sauce" About 10,100: 14/3/1
 * "go-go" "Junk Yard Band" About 5,590: 11/7/0 * Wikipedia article title
 * "go-go" "Anwan Glover" About 4,040: 19/1/0
 * "go-go" "Anthony Harley" About 3,900: 20/0/0
 * "go-go" "Jimi Dougans" About 474: 18/1/0
 * Methodological weaknesses: I left in WP hits, and some likely to have been copied from WP; only partway thru did i realize that Google occasionally gives 11 hits per page; i conjecture that the hit on images turned up by my search key, "which don't count", and that some of my counts for individual musicians include an images-hit (always counted as hyphenated bcz "page title" always echoing my always-hyphenated key), and omit another hit that i missed when i finally did a (bad!) re-count that totaled the 20 i expected, when there really were 21 items on the 2 pages, counting the images-hit. Altho Bob Mintzer appears to have been huge and highly consistent voice for no hyphen -- perhaps by mentioning its absence to every interviewer and publicist -- overall there's a strong consensus for the hyphen. --Jerzy•t 06:36, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

Modern bands
Modern Day Bands include:
 * Northeast Groovers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.83.1.231 (talk) 08:40, 31 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Backyard band
 * Junkyard Band
 * Rare Essence
 * ABM
 * TOB
 * TCB
 * UEB
 * XIB
 * HEAVY IMPACT
 * KSF — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.91.253.18 (talk) 16:06, 12 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Myia band — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.91.253.18 (talk) 16:04, 12 March 2015 (UTC)
 * CCB
 * Reaction Band
 * New Vision
 * UBB Stars
 * MDB
 * AAO
 * NEB — added to article by 208.88.120.86, moved to talk page by Closenplay (talk) 20:57, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

It's ridiculous to try to include anything like this here, they change every 5 minutes, http://gogobeat.com/Bands tries to add new ones when they appear, and now has 307 entries, I'm sure at least 200 of them have performed at least once in the last 2 years. 71.246.215.8 (talk) 04:00, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Note re: what TCB abbreviates: I think you're definitely right that it meant "Total Control Band", James Brown's "Taking Care of Business" band of course makes everyone think of that, but, (as far as I can tell), for a long time now the band just refers to itself as "TCB". I don't think it stands for ANYTHING, anymore, it is ALWAYS just "TCB". I'd be interested to see if there is any mention of the band as "Total Control Band" _anywhere_ other than people trying to un-abbreviate it parenthetically like we are doing here, within the last 5 years... They do put it as "T.C.B" (note, no final period...), and they put it as "TCB - The Bounce Beat Kings", but _mostly_ the band itself just refers to itself on flyers and sites as "TCB", and _never_ for I don't know how long as "Total Control Band". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.246.215.8 (talk) 19:01, 7 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I've no idea why this needed discussion, but TCB (disambiguation) should draw your attention to TCB (TV program),
 * a 1968 television special produced by Motown Productions and George Schlatter–Ed Friendly Productions.... The title of the program uses a then-popular acronym, "TCB", which stands for "Taking Care of Business".
 * and to the TCB Band,
 * ... a group of professional musicians who formed the core rhythm section of Elvis Presley’s band from August 1969 until his death in 1977.
 * On the other hand, Googling "james brown's Taking Care of Business" gets you to this talk page, and someone's copy of it.
 * --Jerzy•t 07:44, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

Go-go (or specifically, Chuck Brown) userbox

 * User:RadioKAOS/UBX2. RadioKAOS / Talk to me, Billy / Transmissions 10:10, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

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Problems with the rhythmic analysis
I came to learn about go-go so I'm steering well clear of doing any edits myself, but I think I've identified some issues in the "Description" section that should be fixed by someone with more go-go knowledge.

Here's the problem sentence: "In technical terms, "go-go's essential beat is characterized by a five through four syncopated rhythm"

1. "five through four" is not a musical term I've heard, although "five against four" is. 2. But it's not five against four. The audio example has six, not five sounds, and they're not evenly spaced, which is usually the requirement for using the "against" formulation. Here's a transcription of the article's audio example for "basic go-go beat"

K=Kick, S=Snare, and o=rest

Kooo SoKo ooKo SKoo  (quarter, eighth, eighth, eighth rest, quarter, sixteenth, dotted 8th)

So it's either 6 hits spread out (not evenly) over 4 beats, or, if you consider the snares just to be backbeats then the kick pattern has only 4 hits. The audio clip attached to the article sounds great, and the pattern is indeed what the kick and snare play on the iconic "Bustin' Loose", so I think the only problem is the wording in the "Description" section.

Later in that section, "a swing rhythm is often implied if not explicitly stated". Again using Bustin' Loose as the reference point, I'd say it definitely has the type of "swing" at the 16th note level that's found in hip-hop and funk, which is to say not all the way to the triplet. Swing is an incredibly complex topic that hasn't been satisfactorily demystified in Wikipedia or elsewhere and the most common use of the term pertains to swing jazz, where written 8th notes are stretched towards 8th note triplets (or all the way at slower tempos). That's not at all what's happening in go-go since it's swinging in a different sense and at the 16th note level. I would say that until Wikipedia has a thorough, definitive article on swing (which would be a massive contribution to the world!) that the term "swing" be used very carefully in articles like this one.

On August 22, 2021 (Chuck Brown Day) It was announced that just under 2000 photographic images taken by photographer Chip Py added to Go-Go Archive at DC Public Library
https://www.dclibrary.org/node/68645 108.28.194.132 (talk) 19:58, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

https://dcist.com/story/21/08/17/dcpl-go-go-photo-collection-chuck-brown-band-rare-essence/

title: Talk:Go-go


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lordship Lane

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 16:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lordship Lane
Roads are not inherently notable, and the article offers no evidence of this road's notability. Possible vanity. Uncle G 16:48, 2005 Feb 3 (UTC)
 * Roads that appear in literature and are significant enough to have their own websites are important enough to keep.--Centauri 01:23, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even a toddler can have a website these days. As it stands, there is no claim to notability. Simply having a crime novel set there is not enough. What was the importance of the street in the novel? JoaoRicardo 04:52, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I've categorised it. There is no reason to suppose it is vanity. Since Uncle G is so fond of nominating articles for deletion, I would be grateful if he could sort out a working user page so we can find out something about him and try to fathom his motives. Philip 02:05, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This article provides useful information and is categorisable as important, particulary due to the concrete house. Brendanconway 02:13, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, a major enough road --SPUI (talk) 13:58, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. For the most part, roads aren't notable, which is a good thing because otherwise we'd have thousands of articles about roads, written by people who live on them.  There are a few exceptions, but the road through a southern suburb of London, which is of marginal notability itself, doesn't seem like it is one, and the fact that some obscure 1946 crime novel had "Lordship Lane" in its title doesn't make it more so.   --BM 01:15, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonnotable road. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:34, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Not a vanity article; did I mention that Pissarro painted a picture of this locality in the 19th century? -- The Anome 12:59, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. High standard article and with a number of notable features including the Pissaro painting, heritage buildings and a famous person in Enid Blyton having lived in the street, it has enough claims to make it notable. Capitalistroadster 19:06, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment.  How many trivia items have to be associated with a road before it becomes notable?   Enid Blyton lived here. (not Enid Blyton! Oh my Gawd, we have to put this place on the itinerary, Myrtle!)  Pissaro painted it. (Oooh...)    Oh, and somebody in 1946 wrote a crime novel with Lordship Lane in its title. (We have to read it on the plane.) And "Heritage buildings"! (That settles it. Cancel the Paris leg of the trip, Henry, so we can spend more time on Lordship Lane.)   Seems like the threshold is pretty low for roads.  --BM 21:00, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The bar for notability should be lower when something it part of a system, like roads or train stations. Or Rambot towns. --SPUI (talk) 23:48, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A bit iffy, but on balance I'd say keep. There are probably fifty or more London streets alone that have significant cultural or historical interest to warrant entries, and eventually I guess they will get them.  I reckon Lordship Lane just about squeaks in.  HowardB 07:58, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. For me, the number of trivia items required is about 2. Kappa 11:52, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The fact that google comes up with 20,900 results for a string search (http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22Lordship+Lane%22&btnG=Google+Search) must mean something. I wish my street aroused such interest. --Waddypak 01:23, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:GalaazV

Welcome! Not in use anymore. Please see user Rosaecruz.

My location: Lisbon, Portugal.

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Talk:Churchill, Oxfordshire

You'd expect someone called Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) to understand what was wrong with "monolith of stone". Complete the following syllogism: If philosophy depends on precise use of language... Jacquerie27 16:51, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, the monolith wasn't found in the nearby wood, it's made of stone found in the nearby wood — hence what I wrote. Most of Jacaquarie27's changes (as with the others he or she has made in his or her mission to discover and edit – with or without snide remarks – my pages, following our disagreement on Votes for deletion/Jewish ethnocentrism) are merely matters of personal preference as to style; some are genuinely useful; some assume that I'm semi-literate, and thus fail to notice that the change distorts my meaning, the original wording having been carefully chosen (as with the monolith example, "the jumble of imitations", not of different architectural styles), and the windows of the church being based on not copies of Oxford-College windows.  I await with breathless excitement the next instalment of this obsessive Wikistalking. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:02, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * ...some are genuinely useful... Thanks. I'm not arguing about any of the rest: you're too verbose and know too little about English usage, so I can only repeat my previous advice: read The Guardian less and George Orwell more. ("...obsessive Wikistalking" is another example of tautology, btw.) Jacquerie27 19:13, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Churchill, Oxfordshire


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Richard Darman

Richard Gordon Darman (May 10, 1943 – January 25, 2008) was an American businessman and government official who served in senior positions during the presidencies of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush.

Early life
Darman was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, the son of Eleanor F. and Morton H. Darman. His father was a textile mill owner.

Darman graduated with honors from Harvard College in 1964 and from the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration in 1967.

Career
Darman held several governmental positions under James Baker, including as Assistant Secretary of Commerce (1976–1977). After the defeat of Gerald Ford, Darman became a member of the faculty of Harvard Kennedy School, to which he would return on two occasions between 1977 and 2002.

When Baker became White House Chief of Staff under President Reagan, Darman returned to serve as Assistant to the President of the United States and White House Staff Secretary (1981–1985), before following Baker to the Treasury Department as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (1985–1987).

Darman served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget for the entire presidency of the first President Bush. Darman was regarded as provocative and intelligent by Washington insiders but was criticized by some economists for being too focused on the budget deficit and was sometimes blamed for convincing Bush to renege on his promise of "Read my lips: No new taxes," which is widely believed to have contributed to Bush's defeat in the election of 1992. Darman had previously tried to stop Bush from making the promise during the 1988 campaign.

From 1993 until his death in 2008, Darman was a partner and managing director of The Carlyle Group. During that period, Carlyle went from being a small firm with 26 employees to one of the world's largest and most successful private equity firms. Darman was a trustee of the Loomis Sayles Funds, the IXIS Funds, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He served as Chairman of the Board of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History and, in May 2003, became Chairman of the Board of AES Corporation, an electric utility company.

Personal life
He married Kathleen Emmet on September 1, 1967; they had three sons, William T. E., Jonathan W. E. and C. T. Emmet Darman.

Darman died on January 25, 2008, at the age of 64, following a battle with acute myelogenous leukemia.

title: Richard Darman


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Ursula Cowgill

Ursula Moser Cowgill (9 November 1927 – November 27, 2015) was a biologist and anthropologist who worked for Yale University, Dow Chemical Company and the University of Colorado during the second half of the 20th century. Her work includes studies of agricultural practices in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, seasons of birth in human beings, the relationship between cultural gender bias and infant mortality, and the possible role of selenium in reducing mortality from AIDS. She also looked after four pottos for many years and published a series of observations on their behaviour.

Cowgill earned a PhD from Iowa State University in 1956. Later she worked as an analytical chemist for the limnologist G. Evelyn Hutchinson. Her first journal articles, some published jointly with Hutchinson, appeared in the early 1960s.

Cowgill was living in Colorado as of 2003. In addition to her scientific research, she was an activist with the American Civil Liberties Union.

Pottos
In 1959, three pairs of pottos from West Africa arrived at Yale's Osborn Zoological Laboratory. At first they lived in the laboratory with a number of other nocturnal prosimians that Cowgill and Hutchinson were studying. In 1964, Cowgill took two of the pairs to live with her. She looked after them until 1981, when she gave the sole surviving male to a colleague.

While the pottos were with her, Cowgill published a number of journal articles on their anatomy, diet, reproduction, illnesses and recovery, and social behaviour. These publications constitute one of the few long-term studies of pottos in captivity.

Maya agriculture
Between 1961 and 1963, Cowgill and Hutchinson made studies of soil in the Petén Basin, Guatemala, with the aim of learning about the effects of agricultural practices of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. Their findings reported that Maya cultivation methods had gradually robbed the soil of vital elements, meaning that it eventually became unable to sustain crops. Some scholars have linked this exhaustion of the soil to the 10th-century decline of the Maya urban settlements in the Petén region.

Sex ratio and childhood mortality
Cowgill's research into gender and child mortality covered both historical records in England and contemporary observations in Guatemala. Using birth and death records from the parish registers of York between 1538 and 1812, Cowgill found that throughout the city's history, girls at every stage of childhood had died at a higher rate than boys of the same age. This resulted in an adult sex ratio of 136 males for every 100 females. Cowgill theorised that this was partly because girls were more likely to be victims of infanticide, and partly because sons tended to receive better feeding and care than daughters.

In Guatemala, Cowgill studied an indigenous village where the sex ratio was even more skewed—178:100. Cowgill observed that mothers in this village breastfed sons for much longer than daughters, and tended to give them preferential treatment even after weaning. Cowgill and Hutchinson also speculated that the sexually provocative behaviour of young girls in this village might be a survival mechanism.

Seasons of birth
Cowgill undertook one of the first scientific studies of seasonality in human reproduction. Taking data from historical records and indigenous peoples in various countries, she concluded that conception and birth in human beings, like that of many other animals, followed seasonal patterns to a degree. Because the pattern was different in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, Cowgill hypothesised that weather was the determining factor. However, she found that in urbanised and industrialised areas the pattern had been disrupted. Her 1966 article on the topic, published in the journal Ecology, has formed the basis for subsequent research by other scientists.

Selenium and AIDS
In 1997, Cowgill gauged the selenium content of soil in various locations in the United States by measuring the amount of the mineral that was absorbed by alfalfa. She then correlated this information with the mortality rate of AIDS in the area. She found that the more selenium there was in the soil, the lower mortality from AIDS was. The relationship was especially strong among African-Americans.

Publications

 * Bajo de Santa Fe (with G.E. Hutchinson). Book, 1963.
 * The history of Laguna de Petenxil, a small lake in Northern Guatemala. Book, 1966.
 * Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, 12th volume (with Llewellyn R. Williams). Book, 1989.
 * The history of Laguna de Petenxil, a small lake in Northern Guatemala. Book, 1966.
 * Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, 12th volume (with Llewellyn R. Williams). Book, 1989.
 * Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, 12th volume (with Llewellyn R. Williams). Book, 1989.
 * Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, 12th volume (with Llewellyn R. Williams). Book, 1989.
 * Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, 12th volume (with Llewellyn R. Williams). Book, 1989.
 * Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, 12th volume (with Llewellyn R. Williams). Book, 1989.
 * Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, 12th volume (with Llewellyn R. Williams). Book, 1989.
 * Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment, 12th volume (with Llewellyn R. Williams). Book, 1989.

title: Ursula Cowgill


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Kiko Loureiro

Pedro Henrique "Kiko" Loureiro (born 16 June 1972) is a Brazilian guitarist. He has been a member of several heavy metal bands, including Angra and Megadeth.

Career
Loureiro began studying music and playing acoustic guitar at age 11. He studied with two famous Brazilian musicians: Pedro Bueno and Mozart Mello. Inspired by various artists, including Eddie Van Halen, Jimmy Page, Jimi Hendrix, and Randy Rhoads, he moved to the electric guitar at 13 and by 16 had already joined two bands, Legalize (with Edu Mello on vocals, Dennis Belik on bass and Alja on drums) and A Chave, and was playing in nightclubs in São Paulo. At 19, he co-founded Brazilian power metal band Angra.

Due to the increase in popularity of power metal, Loureiro has become quite successful, both playing in Angra and as a solo artist.

In addition to his rock/metal achievements, Loureiro has also played guitars on several eurobeat songs in collaboration with Dave Rodgers, including "Fevernova", "Ring of Fire" and "The Road Is on Fire".

On 2 April 2015, it was announced that Loureiro had joined the American thrash metal band Megadeth, replacing Chris Broderick.

On 12 February 2017, Loureiro, along with Dave Mustaine, David Ellefson and Chris Adler, won the "Best Metal Performance" Grammy Award for the Megadeth song "Dystopia" at the 59th Grammy Awards.

In March 2022, Loureiro made public The Kiko Loureiro Guitar Academy, an online school offering guitar courses. Loureiro began hosting a mentorship program the same year.

Loureiro performed and co-wrote songs on Megadeth’s 2022 release The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead!, which received critical appraisal.

Loureiro announced in September 2023 that he would be taking a break from Megadeth. On 19 November 2023, Loureiro announced that he was extending his break into 2024, later confirming his exit from Megadeth in a podcast interview on 28 November.

Musical style
Loureiro is known for his technical skill on the guitar, frequently incorporating such techniques as two handed tapping, sweep picking (full swept arpeggios), alternate picking, hybrid picking, artificial and natural harmonics and combining legato and staccato in the same run or phrase. He is also well known for both his instructional and demonstration videos as well as for writing columns for and appearing on the cover of magazines Cover Guitarra, Guitar & Bass, and Young Guitar.

Despite being a right-handed guitarist, Loureiro is naturally left-handed. As such, he spends most of his pre-warmups focusing on his right-hand techniques.

Personal life
Loureiro married Finnish pianist and keyboardist Maria Ilmoniemi in 2011. The two met during Loureiro's tenure in Tarja Turunen's Storm World Tour in 2008. Their first daughter, Livia, was born on 29 September 2011. On 21 November 2016, they welcomed twins Dante and Stella. The family moved to Finland in 2020.

Loureiro is a vegetarian. He has tried being a vegan in the past but he switched to vegetarianism after six months.

Solo

 * No Gravity (2005)
 * Universo Inverso (2006)
 * Fullblast (2009)
 * Sounds of Innocence (2012)
 * The White Balance (DVD, 2013)
 * Open Source (2020)

Video lesson and instructional

 * ''Guitarra Rock (1993)
 * Os Melhores Solos e Riffs do Angra (2003)
 * Tecnica e Versatilidade (2003)
 * Guitarra Tecnica Para Iniciantes (2009)
 * Rock Fusion Brasileiro (2009)
 * Creative Fusion (2010)

Angra

 * Reaching Horizons (originally released in 1992, reissued in 1997)
 * Angels Cry (JVC Japan, 1993)
 * Evil Warning EP (1994)
 * Holy Land (Gravadora Eldorado, 1996)
 * Make Believe Part 1 single (1996)
 * Make Believe Part 2 single (1997)
 * Make Believe Part 3 single (1997)
 * Make Believe Part 4 single (1997)
 * Freedom Call EP (1996)
 * Holy Live live EP (1997)
 * Fireworks (SPV GmbH/Century Media Records, 1998)
 * Lisbon single (1998)
 * Rainy Nights single (1998)
 * Rebirth (SPV GmbH/Steamhammer, 2001)
 * Acid Rain single (2001)
 * Hunters and Prey EP (SPV GmbH/Steamhammer, 2002)
 * Rebirth World Tour – Live in São Paulo live album and video (BMG/Victor Entertainment, recorded in 2001 and released in 2003)
 * Temple of Shadows (SPV GmbH/Steamhammer, 2004)
 * Wishing Well single (2004)
 * Aurora Consurgens (SPV GmbH/Steamhammer, 2006)
 * The Course of the Nature single (2006)
 * Aqua (SPV GmbH/Steamhammer, 2010)
 * Angels Cry 20th Anniversary Tour (JVC/Victor Entertainment, Substantial Music, SPV/Steamhammer, 2013)
 * Secret Garden (JVC, Universal Music, Edel Music, 2014)
 * Ømni  (2018) - guitar solo on "War Horns" as a guest
 * Cycles of Pain (2023) - guitar solo on "Tears of Blood (Speed Version)" as a guest

Tribuzy

 * Execution (2005)
 * Execution – Live Reunion (2007)

Tarja

 * My Winter Storm (2007)
 * The Seer (EP) (2008)

Neural Code

 * Neural Code (2009)

Paco Ventura

 * Black Moon (2015) - On the song "Arabestia"

Megadeth

 * Dystopia (2016)
 * Warheads on Foreheads - compilation (2019)
 * The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead! (2022)

title: Kiko Loureiro


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Talk:Vision (spirituality)

Religion category
I removed a link to Category:Religion from the "See also" section, because I felt it was redundant: articles in the same category are related to one another by definition. However, I can't find anything relevant in the Manual of Style.

Simon 16:56, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Native American Vision Quests
The Native American's would go on vision quests. They would be out in the elements around four days. It was a means to gain insight on what Grandfather(God) would have them do. I have yet to go on my vision quest, but hopefully Grandfather will lead me and give me the endurance necessary to accomplish this very spiritual undertaking. --Bumpusmills1 00:53, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Fictions
Since it's under religion as in historical, I've removed the fictional links. If they go back, I suggest the proper reference identifies them, as in Lego's Bionicle. Also I've returned the category - it may seem redundant but a lot of obvious categories do, don't they? It's so that when you clickk on that link you get all the relevant pages in a list.Julia Rossi 22:58, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Nat Turner?
I have commented out the Nat Turner entry. Nat Turner's "vision" as described doesn't seem to meet the definition as it was in fact a solar eclipse that he saw - unless that in addition triggered a visionary experience that does meet the definition. If so, that should be clearly stated. Cgingold (talk) 22:06, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

Eden Alexander the what?
The Neuroscience Section mentions him, but the article bearing the name suggests several people that are related that share the name have studied Neuroscience and/or Neurosurgery. It's confusing as which one it is that made the claim mentioned in the article that visions are related to metaphysical phenomenon. Unless they all have said it;- in which case, the section could be expanded, or if not, made more specific and tailored to reduce confusion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.153.11.102 (talk) 12:02, 2 July 2014

In response to the tags
Seeing the numerous tags on the article and multiple issues especially not meeting quality standards for such an important topic, I have started working on this article and have already added considerable amount of content (which was required the most as the lead section had no appropriate definition for vision and it was poorly written) while maintaining the context of the article and have also added references and links. I hope my contribution helps. Pixarh (talk) 18:41, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Sandbox rewrite in progress
I am taking this to a sandbox to rewrite and expand. If anyone wants to collaborate with me that would be great. Ping me or just comment here. Cheers. Rap Chart Mike (talk) 16:29, 13 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Step one of the expansion has been pasted in and sandbox will be blanked again momentarily. Further editing work will occur live and here. Rap Chart Mike (talk) 19:57, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

Overemphasized Christian Perspective
This article is not really in line with the NPOV. For example, the section on categories of visions heavily relies on the writings of one Catholic writer, and does not explore other perspectives. 74.83.67.36 (talk) 03:56, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vision (spirituality)


text:
Border states

Border states may refer to:
 * Limitrophe states, states bordering a given country, e.g. Russia
 * Border states (American Civil War), the five slave states that remained in the Union during the American Civil War (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and from 1863, West Virginia)
 * Border states (Eastern Europe), the newly independent countries (or "states") bordering the Soviet Union during the interwar period
 * International border states of the United States, U.S. states that border another country

title: Border states


text:
Template:Euronext

Euronext:

title: Template:Euronext


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Talk:Roy Carroll

This page
This page needs more work and also a picture —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.122.133.57 (talk • contribs) 18:01, February 3, 2005

The goal that was never given
Don't you have a picture or tape of 'The goal that was never given'? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.156.71.55 (talk • contribs) 12:12, July 19, 2005

Birthplace
Confusingly the Man Utd website says on the same page that Roy was born in both Belfast and Enniskillen. Enniskillen was always my understanding until I visited the Wikipedia page. Whatever is the case, Roy was raised in Tamlaght near Enniskillen in Co. Fermanagh. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.254.32.18 (talk • contribs) 22:39, August 29, 2005

he was signed by manchester united from neighbours wigan? has the country moved then? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.104.51.181 (talk) 17:30, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

English father?
Can anyone confirm that his dad was from England. I remember reading it in an interview with Roy with the Official Manchester United Magazine some time between January 2004 and May 2005 but I'm not entirely sure. All but two copies I have of the magazine have since been thrown away.  VEO one five 20:46, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I have every issue since April 2000, so I'll have a look through the issues you mentioned, but that is a wide range of magazines to look through, so it might take a while. – PeeJay 21:52, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Roy Carroll


text:
Rephotography

Rephotography or repeat photography is the act of photographing the same site twice, with a time lag between the two images; a diachronic, "then and now" view of a particular area. Some are casual, usually taken from the same view point but without regard to season, lens coverage or framing. Some are very precise and involve a careful study of the original image.

Rephotography and photogrammetry in the sciences
Since the 1850s techniques were developed for surveying and scientific study, especially in systems (Paganini, 1880; Deville, 1889; Finsterwalder, 1890) of photogrammetry in which precise measurements made from triangulation of points in numbers of photographic records are made in order to track changes in ecological systems.

Rephotography continues to be used by the scientific world to record incremental or cyclical events (of erosion, or land rehabilitation, or glacier flow for example), or to measure the extent of sand banks in a river, or other phenomena which change slowly over time, and in gathering evidence of climate change.

In social investigation
Rephotography has also been a useful diachronic visual method for researchers in sociology and communication to understand social change. Three main approaches are common - photographs of places, participants, or activities, functions, or processes – with scholars examining elements of continuity. This method is advantageous to studying social change due to the capacity of cameras to record scenes with greater completeness and speed, to document detailed complexities at a single time, and to capture images in an unobtrusive manner. Repeat photographs offer "subtle cues about the changing character of social life". Upon analysis of elements of continuity within the images, researchers must be cautious to not make erroneous interpretations of change. Another closely related use of rephotography has been the political one made by Gustavo Germano in Argentina, who rephotographed family pictures of disappeared, thus making explicit both the missing people and the life that goes on.

Procedures and techniques
The accurate rephotographer usually determines several facts before taking a new image. An important starting point is the choice of the older image. To show continuity between the two images, rephotographers usually include in the frame a building or other object which is present in the modern view. Some urban scenes change so much that the original buildings shown have been completely obscured by subsequent skyscrapers, or have been demolished. A "then and now" photograph could be taken but there would be nothing in common to link the two images.

The vantage point from which the original photographer took the view may have disappeared over the years, so the rephotographer has to choose an original view for which the vantage point is still accessible, or arrange to rent equipment to duplicate the original position of the camera.

Since modern camera lenses differ considerably from older lenses, the rephotographer also has to take into account the area that the lens covers, and the depth of field available.

Through scrutiny of the original image, the rephotographer determines the season and the time of day from observation of the vegetation and the shadows shown. The best way to do this is to set up a camera at the original viewpoint, at approximately the right season and time, and wait with the original view in hand, until the shadows reach the same positions relative to surrounding objects. If done with extreme accuracy it should be possible to place one image over the other, and see the edges of buildings match exactly.

This type of rephotography can be seen in the McCord Museum of Canadian History's virtual exhibition "Urban Life through Two Lenses". It shows the nineteenth-century views of Montreal by William Notman, rephotographed by Andrzej Maciejewski in 2002. Another is Douglas Levere's project New York Changing; here Levere rephotographed 114 of Berenice Abbott's Changing New York images.

Mobile and computationally assisted digital rephotography
Smart phones, because they include both cameras and computing, have the potential to simplify the re-photography process. To date, examples of this include "computational rephotography", an approach that uses feature-matching and structure-from-motion to tell a photographer how to move so that the current view best matches the previous view, and "Collaborative Rephotography", which overlays the current view transparently over the original image to allow the photographer to line up elements of the scene before taking the picture. Specific projects include: re.photos, a webportal to create, browse, search, locate, rate, share, and discuss rephotographs; and Retake Melbourne, a crowd-participatory, crowd-funded, mobile app-enabled Deakin University project to rephotograph the fifty-year-old archive of Melbourne (Australia) streetscapes by Mark Strizic.

title: Rephotography


text:
Studebaker Starlight

The Starlight coupe is a unique 2-door body style that was offered by Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana (United States) from 1947 to 1955 on its Champion and Commander model series. It was designed by Virgil Exner, formerly of Raymond Loewy Associates along the lines of the ponton style that had just gone mainstream after the WWII.

Trunk
The most striking feature was the extremely long (for a five-passenger car) hood-like cover over the luggage compartment of the sedan which was exaggerated on the Starlight. Critics of the radically styled models commented by asking the rhetorical question, "Which way is it going?" (Comedian Fred Allen quipped: "Next year Studebaker is coming out with a model that you won't be able to tell if it is going sideways".) The viewer's astonishment was compounded by the great expanse of the wrap-around rear window. Previously cars had tended to shroud back-seat passengers.

Unlike other pillared two-door sedans that use two side windows separated from the rear window by roof supports, Loewy created a roof rounded at the rear with a wraparound window system that provided a panoramic effect, similar to a railroad observation car. The curved window was achieved with four fixed panels of glass. The roof was supported by two wide pillars (sometimes called "B" pillars) immediately behind the doors and in front of the wraparound back window. The body style was originally named, simply, "5-passenger coupe"; however, for the 1949 model year it was renamed Starlight Coupe.
 * Wrap-around rear window

The car's unique profile provided the Studebaker marque with an easily recognized body shape copied as soon as possible by the other US manufacturers in their 1949 models, and appeared to be influenced by the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, particularly by the shortened fuselage with wrap around canopy. Studebaker followed a styling trend soon after the war of adopting fighter aircraft appearances on their products, as demonstrated on Buick and Cadillac vehicles starting in 1948.

Specifications

 * V-8 introduced in 1951.
 * Automatic transmission introduced in 1950.

Facelift
For 1950 and 1951, all Studebakers received a freshening of the 1947 design with the addition of the "bullet nose" (or "spinner") front sheet metal design, sharing a similar appearance with the 1949 Ford sedan. When combined with the Starlight body style, Studebakers looked comparatively futuristic at the time. This version of the Starlight body style continued until the end of the 1952 model year, when it was sold side by side with a hardtop "Starliner" version of the same model.

New body and a name-change
For 1953 designer Robert E Bourke, head of Raymond Loewy Associates Studebaker design operation, radically redesigned all Studebaker cars. Studebaker sedans rode on an 116 in wheelbase, although emphasis was placed on the sports car-like Raymond Loewy-designed 2-door coupes that rode on Studebaker's longer 120 in wheelbase.

Offered in both Champion and Commander model ranges, the coupes were available as pillared and hardtop body styles. Hardtop coupes were designated Starliners while the Starlight designation was applied to the five window pillared coupes. The styling on both these later (1953) cars influenced the Hillman Minx of the late 1950s and 1960s, which was also designed by Raymond Loewy.

In late 1952 Studebaker produced one 1953 Commander convertible as an engineering study to determine if the model could be profitably mass-produced. The car was based on the 1953 2-door hardtop coupe. The car was later modified to 1954-model specifications, and was occasionally driven around South Bend by engineers. Additional structural reinforcements were needed to reduce body flexure. Even though the car was equipped with the 232 cu. in. V-8, the added structural weight increased the car's 0-60 mph acceleration time to an unacceptable level. In addition, the company did not have the financial resources to add another body type to the model line. The company's leadership mistakenly thought the 2-door sedans, 4-door sedans, and 1954 Conestoga wagon would sell better than the 2-door coupes, so the company's resources were focused on production of the sedans and the wagon. When the prototype convertible was no longer needed, engineer E. T. Reynolds ordered the car to be stripped and the body sent to the secret graveyard at the proving grounds. A non-engineering employee requested permission to purchase the car, rather than see it rot away with the other prototypes. Chief engineer Gene Hardig discussed the request with E. T. Reynolds. They agreed to let the employee purchase the car on the condition that the employee never sell it. In the 1970s, the car was re-discovered behind a South Bend gas station and no longer owned by the former employee. After eventually passing through several owners, the car is now in a private collection of Studebaker automobiles.

For 1955 the pillared Starlight reverted to "5-passenger coupe", the pillarless "Starliner" became "5-passenger hardtop."

For 1956 these 5-passenger 2-door coupes with pillars were heavily modified and reissued as the Studebaker Hawk series.

In 1958, Studebaker again applied the Starlight name to a body style, this time on its first full-sized hardtop models since 1952. With lackluster sales and a switch to the compact Lark, the company no longer was in need of the Starlight moniker and it was permanently retired at the end of the model year.

Oldsmobile would attempt an effect similar to the Starlight in 1977 with its Toronado XS model. Unlike the Studebaker, however, advances in auto glass production allowed the Toronado wrap around window to be manufactured in one sheet of glass that was bent using "hot wire" technology.

title: Studebaker Starlight


text:
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne), also known as the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, was written on 14 September 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. By publishing this document on 15 September, de Gouges hoped to expose the failures of the French Revolution in the recognition of gender equality. As a result of her writings (including the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen), de Gouges was accused, tried and convicted of treason, resulting in her immediate execution, along with the Girondists.

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman is significant because it brought attention to a set of what would later be known as feminist concerns that collectively reflected and influenced the aims of many French Revolutionaries and other contemporaries.

Previous attempts at equality
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante), during the French revolution. Prepared and proposed by the Marquis de Lafayette, the declaration asserted that all men "are born and remain free and equal in rights" and that these rights were universal. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen became a key human rights document and a classic formulation of the rights of individuals vis-a-vis the state. The Declaration exposed inconsistencies of laws that treated citizens differently on the basis of sex, race, class, or religion. In 1791, new articles were added to the French constitution which extended civil and political rights to Protestants and Jews, who had previously been persecuted in France.

In 1790, Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women. Condorcet declared that "he who votes against the right of another, whatever the religion, color, or sex of that other, has henceforth abjured his own".

In October 1789, women in the marketplaces of Paris, rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread, began to march to Versailles, often called the Women's March on Versailles. While not solely an attempt for the extension of natural and political rights to women, the demonstrators believed that equality among all French citizens would extend those rights to women, political minorities, and landless citizens. Although upon the march, the king acknowledged the changes associated with the French Revolution and no longer resisted such liberal reforms, the leaders of the Revolution failed to recognize that women were the largest force in the march, and did not extend natural rights to women.

In November 1789, in response to both the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the failure of the National Assembly to recognize the natural and political rights of women, a group of women submitted a petition for the extension of egalité to women, referred to as the Women's Petition to the National Assembly. While thousands of petitions were repeatedly submitted to the National Assembly, this one was never brought up or discussed.

The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women's rights, and this prompted de Gouges to publish her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in early 1791.

The politics of Gouges
Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached large audiences. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s, and as the political tensions of the French Revolution built, she became more involved in politics and law.

In 1788 she published Réflexions sur les hommes négres, which demanded compassion for the plight of slaves in the French colonies. For Gouges there was a direct link between the autocratic monarchy in France and the institution of slavery, she argued that "Men everywhere are equal… Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects". She came to the public's attention with the play l'Esclavage des Noirs, which was staged at the famous Comédie-Française in 1785.

Gouges wrote her famous Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen shortly after the French Constitution of 1791 was ratified by King Louis XVI, and dedicated it to his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette. The French Constitution marked the birth of the short-lived constitutional monarchy and implemented a status based citizenship. Citizens were defined as men over 25 who were "independent" and had paid the poll tax. These citizens had the right to vote. Furthermore, active citizenship was two-tiered. Citizens were divided into two groups: those who could vote and those who were fit for public office. Women were by definition not afforded any of the rights of active citizenship. Like men who could not pay the poll tax, children, domestic servants, rural day-laborers, slaves, Jews, actors, and hangmen, women had no political rights. In transferring sovereignty to the nation, the constitution dismantled the old regime, but Gouges argued that it did not go far enough. This was followed by her Contrat Social ("Social Contract," named after a famous work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), proposing marriage based upon gender equality.

The Declaration

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen was published on 15 September 1791. It is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789. Olympe de Gouges dedicated the text to Marie Antoinette, whom de Gouges described as "the most detested" of women. The Declaration states that "This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights they have lost in society".

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point. Despite its serious intent, it has been described by one writer, Camille Naish, as "almost a parody... of the original document".

Call to Action
De Gouges opens her Declaration with the famous quote, "Man, are you capable of being fair? A woman is asking: at least you will allow her that right. Tell me? What gave you the sovereign right to oppress my sex?" She demands that her reader observe nature and the rules of the animals surrounding them – in every other species, sexes coexist and intermingle peacefully and fairly. She asks why humans cannot act likewise and demands (in the preamble) that the National Assembly decree the Declaration a part of French law. Also they have seen many wars in combat with the men of France therefore they sought out rights for themselves.

Preamble to the Declaration
In the preamble to her Declaration, de Gouges mirrors the language of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and explains that women, just as men, are guaranteed natural, inalienable, sacred rights – and that political institutions are instituted with the purpose of protecting these natural rights. She closes the preamble by declaring that "the sex that is superior in beauty as it is in courage during the pains of childbirth recognizes and declares, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen."

Article I
The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility." The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen responds: "Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on common utility."

Article II and Article III
Articles II and III extend the articles in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen to include both women and men in their statements.

Article IV
Article IV declares that "the only limit to the exercise of the natural rights of woman is the perpetual tyranny that man opposes to it" and that "these limits must be reformed by the laws of nature and reason". In this statement, de Gouges is specifically stating that men have tyrannically opposed the natural rights of women, and that these limits must be reformed by the laws of a political organization in order to create a society that is just and protects the Natural Rights of all.

Article V
Article V is unchanged from the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Article VI
De Gouges expands the sixth article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which declared the rights of citizens to take part in the formation of law, to: "All citizens including women are equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their capacity, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents."

Article VII through Article IX
Articles VII through IX again extend the articles in the Declaration of the Rights of Man to include both women and men in their statements.

Article X
In Article X, de Gouges draws attention to the fact that, under French law, women were fully punishable, yet denied equal rights, declaring: "Women have the right to mount the scaffold, they must also have the right to mount the speaker's rostrum". This statement would go on to be well-known and spread to wide audiences.

Article XI
De Gouges declares, in Article XI, that a woman should be allowed to identify the father of her child/children. Historians believe that this could relate to de Gouges' upbringing as a possible illegitimate child, and allows women to demand support from fathers of illegitimate children.

Article XII
This article explains that the declaration of these rights for women is a great benefit to society, and does not only benefit those protected by it. According to her biographer, Olivier Blanc, de Gouges maintained that this article be included to explain to men the benefit they would receive from support of this Declaration despite the advice to her of the Society of the Friends of Truth.

Article XIII through Article XVI
Articles XIII through XVI extend the articles in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen to include both women and men in their statements.

Article XVII
The seventeenth article of the Declaration expresses sexual equality of marriage, and that upon marriage, women and men are found equal in the eyes of the law – this means that upon divorce, property is split evenly between the involved parties, and property cannot be seized without reason from women (as it is not seized from men).

Postscript to the Declaration
De Gouges opens her postscript to the Declaration with a declaration: "Woman, wake up; the tocsin of reason is resounding throughout the universe: acknowledge your rights." In her first paragraph, she implores women to consider what they have gained from the Revolution – "a greater scorn, a greater disdain." She maintains that men and women have everything in common, and that women must "unite under the banner of philosophy." She declares that whatever barriers women come up against, it is in their power to overcome those barriers and progress in society. She goes on to describe that "marriage is the tomb of trust and love" and implores men to consider the morally correct thing to do when creating the framework for the education of women.

De Gouges then writes a framework for a social contract (borrowing from Rousseau) for men and women, and goes into details about the specifics of the legal ramifications and equality in marriage. In many ways, she reformulates Rousseau's Social Contract with a focus that obliterates the gendered conception of a citizen and creates the conditions that are necessary for both parties to flourish.

According to de Gouges's journal, what ails government are fixed social hierarchies that are impossible to maintain. What heals a government is an equal balance of powers and a shared virtue. This is consistent with her continuing approval of a constitutional monarchy. Marriages are to be voluntary unions by equal rights-bearing partners who hold property and children mutually and dispense of same by agreement. All children produced during this union have the right to their mother’s and father’s name, "from whatever bed they come."

Reactions to the Declaration
In response to the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, many of the radicals of the Revolution immediately suspected de Gouges of treason. The Jacobins (led by Robespierre), upon seeing that the Declaration was addressed to the Queen, suspected de Gouges (as well as her allies in the Girondists) of being Royalists. After de Gouges attempted to post a note demanding a plebiscite to decide between three forms of government (which included a Constitutional monarchy), the Jacobins quickly tried and convicted her of treason. She was sentenced to execution by the guillotine, and was one of many "political enemies" to the state of France claimed by the Reign of Terror.

At the time of her death, the Parisian press ceased to dismiss her as harmless. While journalists and writers argued that her programs and plans for France had been irrational, they also noted that in proposing them she had wanted to be a "statesman." Her crime, the Feuille du Salut public reported, was that she had "forgotten the virtues which belonged to her sex." In the environment of Jacobin Paris, her feminism and "political meddlings" were seen as dangerous combination.

De Gouges was a strict critic of the principle of equality touted in Revolutionary France because it gave no attention to whom it left out, and she worked to claim the rightful place of women and slaves within its protection. By writing numerous plays about the topics of black and women's rights and suffrage, the issues she brought up were spread not only through France, but also throughout Europe and the newly created United States of America.

United Kingdom
In the UK, Mary Wollstonecraft was prompted to write A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects in 1792. This was in response to both de Gouges' Declaration as well as Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord's 1791 address to the French National Assembly, which stated that women should only receive a domestic education. Wollstonecraft wrote the Rights of Woman to launch a broad attack against sexual double standards and to indict men for encouraging women to indulge in excessive emotion.

As opposed to de Gouges, Wollstonecraft does call for equality between the sexes in particular areas of life but does not explicitly state that men and women are equal. Her ambiguous statements regarding the equality of the sexes have made it difficult to classify Wollstonecraft as a modern feminist. Rights of Woman was relatively well received in 1792 England.

United States
While there were no immediate effects in the United States upon publishing of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, it was used extensively in the modeling of the Declaration of Sentiments, written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others at the Seneca Falls Convention, held in the summer of 1848. The Declaration of Sentiments, much like the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, was written in the style of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which was written in the style of the United States Declaration of Independence.

Analysis

In her Declaration, de Gouges is forceful and sarcastic in tone and militant in spirit. For de Gouges, the most important expression of liberty was the right to free speech; she had been exercising that right her whole life. Access to the rostrum was another question, and one that she demanded be put at the forefront of the discussion about women's rights and suffrage.

The Enlightenment's presumption of the natural rights of humans (or inalienable rights as in the United States Declaration of Independence) is in direct contradiction with the beliefs of natural sexual inequality (sometimes called the "founding principles of nature"). The rights the equality of the French Declaration states, but does not intend, implies, according to de Gouges, the need to be recognized as having a more far-reaching application; if rights are natural and if these rights are somehow inherent in bodies, then all bodies are deserving of such rights, regardless of any particularities like gender or race.

De Gouges generally agreed with Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his understanding of how education of a nation could transform the society in which that nation resided. However, seeing well beyond Rousseau in terms of gender, she argued that the failure of society to educate its women was the sole cause of corruption in government. Her social contract, a direct appropriation of Rousseau, proclaims that the right in marriage to equal property and parental and inheritance rights is the only way to build a society of harmony.

At the time of the French Revolution, marriage was the center for political exploitation. In her Social Contract, de Gouges describes marriage as the "tomb of trust and love" and the place of "perpetual tyranny." The singly most common site of institutionalized gender inequality, marriage created the conditions for the development of women's unreliability and capacity for deception. In her Social Contract, many similarities to movements around the world become apparent. Similarly to how Mary Wollstonecraft explains marriage in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), de Gouges points to female artifice and weakness as a consequence of woman's powerless place in it. De Gouges, much like Wollstonecraft, attempts to combat societal and educational deficiencies: the vicious cycle which neglects to educate its females and then offers their narrower interests as the reason for the refusal of full citizenship. Additionally, both see the resulting fact of women’s "corruption and weak-mindedness" as a major source of the problems of society – and therein lies the solution, as well.


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John Loudon

John Loudon is the name of:
 * John Loudon (politician) (1866–1955), Dutch foreign minister (1913–1918)
 * John Claudius Loudon (1783–1843), Scottish botanist
 * John William Loudon (born 1967), Missouri state senator
 * John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836), Scottish inventor of the Macadam Road Surface

title: John Loudon


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Erik Williams

Erik George Williams (born September 7, 1968) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Baltimore Ravens. He played college football at Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, where he was an NAIA All-American offensive lineman. Williams was a third-round selection in the 1991 NFL Draft.

Early years
Williams attended John Bartram High School. As a senior, he was a powerful defensive lineman, receiving All-Public League honors. He also competed in the shot put and discus throw. Poor grades prevented him from obtaining an NCAA Division I scholarship, so he enrolled at Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio. He played under hall of fame football coach Billy Joe.

As a redshirt freshman, he was converted to play the offensive left tackle position. As a sophomore, he was named the starter at left tackle and became a dominant player at the NAIA level and an All-American.

During his collegiate career from 1987 through 1990, the team won a total of 41 games with just seven losses and one tie. In 1990, Williams helped the Marauders to the NAIA national championship. It was the first of three Central State University national titles during the decade. That championship season Williams helped the offense average 492 yards and 54.8 points per game and set an NAIA record for most points in a single season with 594 points.

In 2010, Williams was inducted into the Central State University Sports Hall of Fame. In 2020, he was inducted into the Black College Football Hall of Fame.

Dallas Cowboys
Williams was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (70th overall) of the 1991 NFL Draft, with a choice from the Steve Walsh trade. He played sparingly as a rookie, as a backup to Nate Newton at right tackle. Williams' level of play during the 1992 training camp forced the Cowboys to move back Newton to left guard, in order to have the best players available on the offensive line.

In 1992, he was named the Cowboys' starting right tackle. He earned national recognition, when he held future Hall of Fame defensive end Reggie White without a sack in a 20–10 Dallas win. He received the NFC's Offensive Player of the Week award, becoming the first offensive lineman in Cowboys history to win the award.

Nicknamed "Big E", by 1993, his physical play and aggressive attitude that was rarely seen on the offensive side of the ball, made Williams the top offensive lineman in the NFL. These traits were mentioned by defensive end Michael Strahan in his Professional Football Hall of Fame enshrinement speech.

On October 24, 1994, Williams was involved in a serious one-car accident which caused him to miss the remainder of the season. Williams suffered a damaged right knee as well as a broken rib, torn ligaments in his left thumb and facial lacerations that required plastic surgery. A magnetic scan on the knee indicated two torn ligaments—the medial collateral and posterior cruciate—and a torn muscle.

In 1995, although he regained his starting position, he couldn't reach his previous high level of play, but still was good enough to help the team win Super Bowl XXX. In 2000, he started in 16 games and allowed 7.5 sacks. On March 7, 2001, he was released in a salary cap move.

Williams was a three-time All-Pro and four-time Pro Bowler, playing in the 1993, 1996, 1997, and 1999 Pro Bowls. His ability to protect quarterback Troy Aikman and to run-block for running back Emmitt Smith helped the Cowboys win Super Bowls in 1992, 1993 and 1995.

From 1992 to 1994, together with Nate Newton, Mark Tuinei, Mark Stepnoski and Kevin Gogan, Williams was part of some of the best offensive lines to play in NFL history, later dubbed "The Great Wall of Dallas".

His dominant play and three Super Bowl rings, have many sports writers and players proclaim that if not for the injuries he suffered in his near-fatal 1994 auto accident, he would have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Baltimore Ravens
On August 28, 2001, he signed as a free agent with the Baltimore Ravens. He appeared in 5 games and was mostly used as a reserve right tackle behind Sammy Williams. On November 20, 2001, he was placed on the reserve-retired list.

Personal life
Williams was accused of sexual assault in 1995 for which he was acquitted. An accusation of rape in 1997 was dismissed when it was discovered the woman had made a false police report for which she was both charged and sued. In 2002, he was arrested and arraigned on charges of assaulting his wife, Chanda, who fled the home and alerted police.

He is a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. He appeared on the cover of the video game Madden NFL '95 with San Francisco 49ers defensive lineman Karl Wilson. After his playing career was over, he maintained a low profile, while spending time serving a coaching internship with the Cowboys, and a coaching stint at his alma mater Central State University.

title: Erik Williams


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Category:Architecture firms

Since the mid-20th century, it has become common for architects to be known for their work as part of a group in an architecture firm or partnership, as well as the individual architectural practice. (Herzog & de Meuron vs. Le Corbusier). Both types of firms employ a number of professional and technical staff under the direction of a partner (or partners) or shareholder(s).

Refer to the List of architects for the names of individual architects.

title: Category:Architecture firms


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Skandagupta

Skandagupta (Gupta script: Gupta ashoka sk.jpgGupta allahabad nd.jpgGupta allahabad pt.jpg Ska-nda-gu-pta, r. c. 455-467) was a Gupta Emperor of India. His Bhitari pillar inscription suggests that he restored the Gupta power by defeating his enemies, who may have been rebels or foreign invaders. He repulsed an invasion by the Indo-Hephthalites (known as Hunas in India), probably the Kidarites. He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, and is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors. The Gupta genealogy after him is unclear, but he was most probably succeeded by Purugupta, who appears to have been his younger half-brother.

Early life
Skandagupta was a son of the Gupta emperor Kumaragupta I. His mother may have been a junior queen or a concubine of Kumaragupta. This theory is based on the fact that Skandagputa's inscriptions mention the name of his father, but not of his mother. For example, Skandagupta's Bhitari pillar inscription lists the chief queens (mahadevis) of his ancestors Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II, but does not mention the chief queen of his father Kumaragupta. J. F. Fleet read a line of the Bhitari inscription to state that Skandagupta was "raised to Aryan status by the panegyrics of bards". Based on this, A. L. Basham theorized that his mother was from a low-caste Shudra background.

Others, such as Dasharatha Sharma have criticized this theory, pointing out that the Bhitari inscription clearly suggests that Skandagupta's mother held a very exalted status in the eyes of her son. The inscription states that after restoring the fallen fortunes of his family by defeating his enemies, he visited his mother just like the legendary hero Krishna had visited his mother Devaki. Jagannath Agrawal theorizes that the composer of the inscription deliberately departed from convention and devoted a line to the king's mother: this was not because of the inferior status of the mother. Agrawal disputes Fleet's reading of the "Aryan status" line, providing an alternative reading: "whom nobility causes to blush by reason of the narrations of his exploits by means of songs and eulogies". This line seems to be inspired from a verse in Kalidasa's Raghuvaṃśa. Agrawal further argues that the Bhitari inscription is a prashasti aimed at glorifying the king, and its composer would not have made a derogatory insinuation about the low status of the king's mother.

Based on the inscription, some scholars have theorised that Devaki was the name of his mother. However, according to historian R. C. Majumdar, it is more likely that the description aims to highlight the degraded position of his mother just like that of the legendary Devaki, before Skandagupta restored her to a position of prestige and power, just like Krishna did for Devaki.

Ascension to the throne
Skandagupta ascended the throne in year 136 of the Gupta era (c. 455-456 CE). According to the Bhitari pillar inscription, he restored "the fallen fortunes of his family". The inscription states that when he prepared to do so, he spent a night on the bare earth, and then defeated his enemies, who had grown wealthy and powerful. After defeating his enemies, he visited his widowed mother, whose eyes were "full of tears from joy".

Many scholars read the name of the enemies mentioned in the Bhitari inscription as "Pushyamitras", who according to the Puranas, were a tribe, and probably ruled an area located on the banks of the Narmada River. However, an alternative interpretation of the inscription reads "Yudhyamitras" (a generic term for enemies) instead of "Pushyamitras".

According to one theory, these enemies invaded the Gupta empire during the last years of Kumaragupta's reign, or shortly after his death, and Skandagupta defeated them. According to another theory, the conflict referred to in the Bhitari inscription resulted from a disputed succession to the throne. This theory is based on the following points:

 * The Junagadh inscription states that after his father's death, Skandagupta became "the ruler of the earth" by his own prowess. This suggests that Skandagupta acquired the throne using force.
 * His mother may was probably a junior wife of Kumaragupta rather than the chief queen (see Early life section above), and therefore, his claim to the throne was not legitimate.
 * The Junagadh inscription states that Lakshmi, the goddess of fortune, chose Skandagupta as her husband after rejecting all other "sons of kings". Some coins issued by Skandagupta depict a woman offering him an uncertain object, probably a garland or a ring. Assuming this woman is Lakshmi, the depiction seems to be a visual representation of the statement made in the inscription. (Some scholars identify the woman as a queen rather than Lakshmi).
 * The Bhitari inscription makes three mentions of the fallen fortunes of the Gupta family (kula or vamsha). The mention of family, rather than the empire, may be a reference to the disputed succession to the throne. The reading "Yudhyamitras", rather than "Pushyamitras", may be correct, and the enemies referred to in the inscription may be rival claimants to the throne.
 * Various historical records suggest that multiple people in the Gupta empire assumed sovereign status after Kumaragupta's death. These people include Kumaragupta's brother Govindagupta, his relative Ghatotkacha-gupta, and Prakashaditya (who is known from some gold coins). These people may have been rivals of Skandagupta.

Another argument cited in favour of the disputed succession theory is that the records of the subsequent Gupta kings omit Skandagupta's name from the royal genealogy, listing Purugupta's name after that of Kumaragupta. An example is the Bhitari seal of the 6th century king Kumaragupta III. However, this omission may be explained by the fact that these subsequent kings were descendants of Skandagupta's half-brother Purugupta, and the genealogical lists in their records intend to list only their direct ancestors, rather than provide a comprehensive list of the earlier Gupta kings.

Conflict with the Hunas
During Skandagupta's period, the Indo-Hephthalites (known as the White Huns or Hunas) invaded India from the northwest, advancing as far as the Indus River.

The Bhitari pillar inscription states that Skandagupta defeated the Hunas:

"(Skandagupta), "by whose two arms the earth was shaken, when he, the creator (of a 	disturbance like that) of a terrible whirlpool, joined in close conflict with the Hûnas;. . . . . . among enemies. . . . . . arrows. . . . . . . . . . . . proclaimed. . . . . . . . . . . . just as if it were the roaring of (the river) Ganga, making itself noticed in (their) ears.""

- Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta Line 15

The date of the Huna invasion is not certain. The Bhitari inscription mentions it after describing the conflict with the Pushyamitras (or the Yudhyamitras), which suggests that it happened later during Skandagupta's reign. However, a possible reference to this conflict in the Junagadh inscription suggests that it may have happened at the beginning of the Skandagupta's reign or during the reign of his father Kumaragupta. The Junagadh inscription, dated to the year 138 of the Gupta era (c. 457–458 CE) mentions Skandagupta's success against the mlechchhas (foreigners):

"...whose [Skandagupta's] fame, moreover, even [his] enemies, in the countries of the mlechchhas... having their pride broken down to the very root, announce with the words "verily the victory has been achieved by him.""

- Junagadh inscription

The victory against the mlechchhas happened in or before the year 136 of the Gupta era (c. 455-456 CE), when Skandagupta ascended the throne and when he appointed Parnadatta as the governor of the Saurashtra region, in which Junagadh is located. Since Skandagupta is not known to have fought against any other foreigners, these mlechchhas were probably the Hunas. If this identification is correct, it is possible that as a prince, Skandagupta was sent to check the Huna invasion at the frontier, and Kumaragupta died in the capital while this conflict was happening; Skandagupta returned to the capital and overcame rebels or rival claimants to ascend the throne.

A sentence in the Sanskrit text Chandra-Vyakarana (c. 7th century) states Ajayad-Gupto Hunan, literally, "The Gupta conquered the Hunas". This may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas, although an alternative reading by scholar K. P. Jayaswal has "Jato" instead of "Gupto". A story in the Kathasaritsagara (11th century) states that the legendary king Vikramaditya ascended the throne after his father Mahendraditya abdicated it, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the mlechchhas. Since Mahendraditya was a title of Kumaragupta, and Vikramaditya that of Skandagupta, this may be a reference to Skandagupta's victory over the Hunas.

Western India
The Junagadh rock, which contains inscription of the earlier emperors, Ashoka and Rudradaman, has an inscription engraved on the orders of Skandagupta's governor Parnadatta. The inscription states that Skandagupta appointed governors of all provinces, including Parnadatta as the governor of Surashtra. It is not clear if the verse refers to routine appointments made by the king, or his actions after a political turmoil resulting from a war of succession or invasion. The inscription outlines several qualifications required to be the governor of Surashtra, stating that only Parnadatta met these requirements. Again, it is not clear if these were actual qualifications required to be a governor under Skandagupta's rule, or if the verse simply aims to eulogise Parnadatta.

Parnadatta appointed his son Chakrapalita as the magistrate of the Girinagara city (near modern Junagadh-Girnar area), which was presumably the capital of Surashtra. The Junagadh inscription records Chakdrapalita's repairs to the Sudarshana lake, an ancient reservoir originally constructed by Chandragupta Maurya, and later improved by his grandson Ashoka. The dam was subsequently re-built by Rudradaman in c. 150, but burst in c. 456–457 (year 137 of the Gupta era). Chakrapalita is said to have spent an "immeasurable" amount of wealth to build an embankment, and is also credited with the construction of a Vishnu temple.

An inscription of the Vakataka king Narendrasena claims that his commands were obeyed by the rulers of Kosala, Mekala and Malava. The regnal dates of Narendrasena are not certain, but he is generally thought to be a contemporary of Skandagupta. Since Malava was a part of the Gupta Empire at one time, it is possible that Narendrasena raided Gupta territories during Skandagupta's reign. Skandagupta would have restored Gupta control over the region soon after. A c. 460–461 inscription refers to the "tranquil reign of Skandagupta, the lord of hundred kings."

Succession
The last known date of Skandagupta is c. 467–468 CE (year 148 of the Gupta era), and he probably ruled for a few more years.

Skandagupta was most probably succeeded by Purugupta, who appears to have been his half-brother. Purugupta was a son of Kumaragupta I from his chief queen, and therefore, must have been his legitimate successor. It is possible that he was a minor at the time of Kumaragupta I's death, because of which Skandagupta ascended the throne. Skandagupta appears to have died heirless, or his son may have been dethroned by Purugupta's family.

Coinage
Compared to his predecessors, Skandagupta issued fewer gold coins, and some of these coins feature relatively less quantity of gold. It is possible that the various wars fought by him strained the state treasury, although this cannot be said with certainty.

Skandagupta issued five types of gold coins: Archer type, King and queen type, Chhatra type, Lion-slayer type and Horseman type. His silver coins are of four types: Garuda type, Bull type, Altar type and Madhyadesha type. The initial gold coinage was on the old weight standard used by his father Kumaragupta of approximately 8.4 gm. This initial coinage is quite scarce. At some point in his reign, Skandagupta revalued his currency, switching from the old dinar standard to a new suvarna standard that weighed approximately 9.2 gm. These later coins were all only of the Archer type, and this standard and type was followed by all subsequent Gupta rulers.

In popular culture
Jaishankar Prasad, a renowned poet of modern Hindi literature, wrote a play named Skandagupta in 1928, based on the life of Gupta emperor Skandagupta. In the 1960s, Shanta Gandhi, Professor of Ancient Indian Drama while at National School of Drama, revived interest in Jaishankar Prasad's plays by successfully staging his most important play Skanda Gupta written in 1928, with little changes to the original script.

The news article Dainik Jagran claimed that the popular movie Baahubali 2: The Conclusion was based on Skandagupta's life.

title: Skandagupta


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Lynne Marta

Lynne Marta (October 30, 1945 – January 11, 2024), also credited as Lynn Marta, was an American actress and singer.

Career
Marta's first screen credit was in 1966 in an episode of the comedy series Gidget. She was a regular on the syndicated variety program The Lloyd Thaxton Show and on the anthology series Love, American Style (1969-1974). Her career was largely as a guest player on episodic television, and she often made multiple appearances on the same series as different characters (including The F.B.I., Cannon, Medical Center, The Streets of San Francisco, Barnaby Jones, Trapper John, M.D.,and Vega$).

During the mid-late 1970s, she appeared (as different characters) in three separate episodes of Starsky & Hutch. She appeared in episodes of ER; Caroline in the City; Designing Women; Gunsmoke; Matt Houston; Law & Order; Charlie's Angels; The Rockford Files; Kojak; Marcus Welby, M.D.; CHiPs; and The Rookies. She also appeared in the daytime soap operas Passions, The Young and the Restless, and Days of Our Lives.

Personal life
Born in Somerville, New Jersey, on October 30, 1945, Marta was one of two daughters born to George Marta, a first-generation Italian-American, and his wife, Ruth.

From 1968 to 1976, Marta was married to fellow TV actor Brick Huston, who died in 2018.

In 1983, People magazine reported that Marta and actor David Soul had an "open relationship". The article explained, "All through the Starsky and Hutch years David and Lynne lived together but spent time with other people."

Marta was an earwitness to the murder of actress Rebecca Schaeffer in 1989.

Marta died from cancer in Los Angeles, on January 11, 2024, at the age of 78.

Filmography

 * 1971: Red Sky at Morning as Venery Ann Cloyd
 * 1972: Joe Kidd as Elma
 * 1972: 43: The Richard Petty Story as Lynda Petty
 * 1973: Genesis II as Harper-Smythe
 * 1975: Adams of Eagle Lake as Cindy
 * 1975: Starsky & Hutch as Cheryl
 * 1976: Help Me... I'm Possessed as Melanie Blackwood
 * 1976: Once an Eagle as Celia Harrodson
 * 1977: In the Glitter Palace as Ricki
 * 1978: "CHiPs" as Beth Holmes
 * 1980: Blood Beach as Jo
 * 1980: Homeward Bound as Mary Jo Lawson
 * 1984: Footloose as Lulu Warnicker
 * 1985: Crime of Innocence as Lucille (uncredited)
 * 1990: The First Power as Nun
 * 1990: Columbo: Uneasy Lies the Crown as Frances
 * 1990: 3 Men and a Little Lady as Morgan, School Teacher
 * 1993: A Case for Murder as Marti Stevens
 * 1993: Message from Nam as Nurse #2
 * 1996: Race Against Time: The Search for Sarah as Matron
 * 1997: Sleeping with the Devil as Judge Eberhardt
 * 2002: Time of Fear as Mrs. LeDoux

title: Lynne Marta


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John L. Williams (American football)

John L. Williams (born November 23, 1964) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1980s and 1990s. Williams played college football for the Florida Gators. A first-round pick in the 1986 NFL Draft, he played professionally for the Seattle Seahawks and the Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL.

Early years
Williams was born in Palatka, Florida in 1964. He attended Palatka High School, where he was a standout high school football running back in the wishbone offense of the Palatka Panthers. Williams rushed for 3,449 yards and fifty-nine touchdowns, including 1,738 yards as a senior. The Panthers finished undefeated and won the Florida Class 3A championship. In 2007, twenty-five years after he graduated from high school, the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA) recognized Williams as one of the "100 Greatest Players of the First 100 Years" of Florida high school football.

College career
Williams accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he was a fullback for coach Charley Pell and coach Galen Hall's Florida Gators football teams from 1982 to 1985. Williams usually shared the backfield with tailback Neal Anderson, behind the blocking of the Gators' outstanding offensive line known as "The Great Wall of Florida." The Gators finished with identical 9–1–1 records in 1984 and 1985, and best-in-the-conference records of 5–0–1 and 5–1. Williams was recognized as a second-team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection in 1984 and 1985, and an honorable mention All-American in 1985. He finished his four-year college career with 2,409 yards rushing and 863 yards receiving. Williams was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great" in 1997. In a 2006 article series written for The Gainesville Sun, the Sun sportswriters rated him as the No. 31 all-time Gator from among the 100 greatest players of the first century of Florida football.

Professional career
Williams was selected by the Seattle Seahawks in the first round (fifteenth pick overall) of the 1986 NFL Draft. He played for the Seahawks for eight seasons from 1986 to 1993. He was selected to the Pro Bowl in 1990 and 1991. Williams played his final two seasons for the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1994 and 1995, and his last NFL game was Super Bowl XXX in which the Steelers lost to the Dallas Cowboys.

During his ten-year professional career, Williams played in 149 regular season games, started in 135 of them, and had 1,245 carries for 5,005 yards and eighteen rushing touchdowns, and 546 receptions for 4,656 yards and nineteen receiving touchdowns.

title: John L. Williams (American football)