text:
Talk:Topographic prominence

Prime factor
I removed the claim in the lead that this is called "prime factor" in, um "Europe" (what language is "Europe"?) It seems that the Norwegian for "prominence" is primærfaktor, and this has made its way onto at least one page in Norwegian english. Trouble is that when he says "primary factor is a well known term among mountain enthusiasts", he means the obvious corresponding sentence in Norwegian (which I could read, but can't write). Unless there is evidence of this term actually being used in English, I don't think it belongs, even if anyone could decide whether primærfaktor is "prime" or "primary". Imaginatorium (talk) 15:20, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Prominence Parentage
Prominence parentage appears to have become the established parentage standard on Wikipedia. I have clarified the definition of Topographic prominence to remove a tag, but I am concerned about the tagging of prominence related articles in general, which could threaten the whole future of Wikipedia's coverage of prominence. The definition given for prominence parentage states: The (prominence) parent peak of peak A can be found by dividing the island or region in question into territories, by tracing the two hydrographic runoffs, one in each direction, downwards from the key col of every peak that is more prominent than peak A. The parent is the peak whose territory peak A is in. This seems to me to be a clear, correct and definitive definition, but I cannot source this anywhere on the web, and unless this becomes sourceable, or is replaced by a sourced definition, there is a risk that someone may delete the prominence parentage section, which would threaten our coverage of topographic prominence in general. Viewfinder (talk) 16:56, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Topographic prominence. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050404082156/http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/research/surface_network.htm to http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/research/surface_network.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040807222206/http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/working_papers/Paper43.pdf to http://www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/working_papers/Paper43.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:52, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

More definitions problems - possibly related to 'equivalence of definitions'
The reason I first came to the talk page was to comment on the paragraph at the beginning of the 'definitions' section: a 'please clarify' tag has been added to the statement that Everest's prominence is equal to its elevation, but the answer to the question ("why?") is right there at the beginning of that sentence - "by convention", which is a perfectly satisfactory answer.

Perhaps, though, the "why?" shouldn't be / isn't asking about why Everest's prominence equals its elevation, but why the answer to this question is given as "by convention" when, going by the first definition ("the height of the peak’s summit above the lowest contour line encircling it but containing no higher summit within it" at time of writing), one obtains precisely the elevation of Everest as its prominence, assuming sea level is the lowest contour line applicable to the definition i.e. assuming wet prominence is to be calculated, because this contour circumscribes no summit higher than Everest.

However, as far as the other two definitions are concerned as they are currently formulated ("the minimum height necessary to descend to get from the summit to any higher terrain" and, "for every path connecting the peak to higher terrain, find the lowest point on the path; the key col is defined as the highest of all such points; prominence is the difference between the elevation of the peak and the elevation of the key col," respectively [I have reworded for brevity but without reformulating]), the prominence of Everest can't be defined, in the first case because it is impossible to get from the summit of Everest to any higher terrain, and similarly in the second case because there are no paths connecting the peak of Everest to any higher terrain; thus, with either the second or the third definition of prominence, a convention regarding Everest is indeed required. This may be the reason for the qualifier "apart from this special case" before the claim that the definitions are equivalent, though it seems to me that there must be a better way of wording the section - something like giving definition one, stating Everest's prominence by this definition, then stating that for other peaks it can also be calculated in the other way(s). Maybe that just wouldn't read as well, but it would certainly remove the need for clarification, if there is one currently.

I read through the whole talk page to check this hadn't already been discussed, and enjoyed reading it despite not having read the whole article itself. I was particularly interested in the 'equivalence of definitions' section, although it was made harder to follow by the fact that the 'definitions' section in the article had clearly been edited since it was discussed, which is why I included the quoted or paraphrased definitions as they currently are in my comment above. It seems though that for the counterexample given, the first definition (at least the one that's first now) gives a different value from the second/third definition - so this is still or again a problem, four-and-a-half years later.

Furthermore, I realised after going back to the article that the wording (but not the formulation, as far as I can see) of the third definition contains an inconsistency in the first two sentences, "For every ridge (or path of any kind) connecting the peak to higher terrain, find the lowest point on the ridge. This will be at a col (also called a saddle point or pass)." On a path of some kind other than a ridge, the lowest point need not be a saddle point in the geometric sense, however the key col, defined to be the highest of all points that are the lowest point on some path connecting the summit with higher ground, will necessarily be a col and a saddle.

One resolution to this is to simply remove "(or a path of any kind)", however as a mathematician I feel better about using the "any path" version as it avoids any possible subjectivity in the definition of a 'ridge' and is otherwise equivalent. So instead I propose the definition read something more like, "For every path connecting the peak to higher terrain, find the lowest point on the path. The key col (or key saddle, or linking col, or link) is defined as the highest of these points, along all connecting paths. The prominence is the difference between the elevation of the peak and the elevation of the key col. See Figure 1." The example, "If the peak is the highest point on a landmass, the key col will be the ocean, and the prominence of the peak is equal to its elevation," still does not apply to Everest by this definition, as explained above; it could be kept in the definition with the qualifier, "but higher points exist on other landmasses," though of course it's still only an example since it's evident from the definition of the key col without being explicitly stated; if we were to leave it as it is it sounds more like a stated convention than an example, in which case it would (require a source, and also) apply to Everest, answering the 'why?' question I was commenting on above.

Lastly - sorry for the long post - the second and third definitions at time of writing are equivalent in a much stronger sense than that they always give the same result: the third definition is effectively a method of calculating the prominence by the second definition, as far as I can see. In other words, they are not so much equivalent definitions as a single definition restated, if one were to make such a distinction. I might argue that they need not 'both' be given here, unless some comparison of them is notable in the literature on topographical prominence, or unless I've misinterpreted that second one. Just some thoughts.

P.S. If the sentence "Together with the convention for Mount Everest, this implies that the prominence of any island or continental highpoint is equal to its elevation above sea level," which applies to the second/third definition, were to be reworded as something more like, "This implies that the prominence of any island or continental highpoint except the world's highest, Mount Everest, is equal to its elevation above sea level, hence a convention that the prominence of Mount Everest is also defined to be equal to its elevation above sea level," then this too answers the above question and removes any need for clarification, and therefore whichever sounds better of this, the "If the peak is the highest point on a landmass but higher points exist on other landmasses, the key col will be the ocean, and the prominence of the peak is equal to its elevation, hence a convention that the prominence of Mount Everest is also defined to be equal to its elevation above sea level," or some combination of the two, it would also remove the need to rearrange the section as I initially suggested, and maybe instead would only require a statement like, "Note that by [the first definition], the prominence of Everest can be calculated and can be shown indeed to equal its elevation." Adam Dent (talk) 10:58, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

 * To summarise, may I suggest that the section 'Definitions' be changed to the following:

There are at least two (related) definitions of prominence:

 * The prominence of a peak is the minimum height necessary to descend to get from the summit to any higher terrain, which can be calculated for a given peak in the following way: for every path connecting the peak to higher terrain, find the lowest point on the path; the key col (or key saddle, or linking col, or link) is defined as the highest of these points, along all connecting paths; the prominence is the difference between the elevation of the peak and the elevation of the key col. See Figure 1. (This implies that the key col of any island or continental highpoint where a higher point exists on another landmass (that is, all except Mount Everest, the Earth's highest mountain) will be the ocean, so the prominence of the peak is equal to its elevation above sea level, hence a convention that the prominence of Mount Everest is also defined to be equal to its elevation above sea level.)
 * The prominence of a peak is the height of the peak’s summit above the lowest contour line encircling it but containing no higher summit within it. Note that by this definition, the prominence of Everest can be calculated, and does indeed equal its elevation (thus, using this definition, no convention regarding Everest is required.) Adam Dent (talk) 11:17, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

How to calculate the prominence of Datuzi Peak?
Peakbagger listes a peak lower to be the parent of Datuzi Peak. What about, say, if we have a peak inside a crater which is taller than the crater? --146.95.196.222 (talk) 00:39, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I think Peakbagger is just confused. Obviously the parent peak has to be higher, by any definition. Imaginatorium (talk) 03:01, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I still have something confused about the definition: suppose the Wizard Island Peak is taller than Mount Scott (or at least the Hillman Peak), how should we calculate its prominence? Any approach to it must pass through the Phantom Ship Overlook then. --146.95.196.129 (talk) 23:54, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I'm not familiar with the various places you mention. The prominence of the Wizard island peak is obviously the height above the surrounding lake. If that level varies a lot, then, well, the prominence varies. What is the problem with the other mountains? Imaginatorium (talk) 02:52, 23 August 2019 (UTC)

Example
I just created and uploaded this real-life example. Might be useful. --Kreuzschnabel (talk) 10:06, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

Confusing defition in the lead
Hello! I found the defition of "key col" provided in the lead ("the highest gap between two mountains") confusing and potentially misleading, so I changed it to "the highest col surrounding a peak". I also moved the hyperlink from the "col" part of the compound word "key col" to the mention of "col" in the parenthesis. Nikolaj1905 (talk) 12:16, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

Prominence parent
I can't make heads or tails of the defintion of prominence parent. The article says "The (prominence) parent peak of peak A can be found by dividing the island or region in question into territories, by tracing the two hydrographic runoffs, one in each direction, downwards from the key col of every peak that is more prominent than peak A." First of all, what is hydrographic runoff? I can not find a definition of it. Secondly, if I understand correctly the highest peak of all has no key col, but it will be a peak that is more promiment than A. So how do we apply the procedure to it? I think my confusion reflects a problem with the article, which is why I raise it here. MathHisSci (talk) 22:30, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * I think you are right, that the definitions are nothing as clear as they appear. Very roughly, the "hydrographic" thing means that the parent peak is the highest one you can get to by climbing from the key col if you never cross rivers. I can't imagine why this would be called "prominence parent", which seems to be completely meaningless. Imaginatorium (talk) 01:27, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Parent peak
It currently says that the parent peak of the highest point of a landmass is either undefined (which I can understand) or is automatically defined to be Mt Everest, but that doesn't make any sense to me. For example, using the encirclement parentage criteria, the parent peak of Mount Kosciuszko (highest point in Australia) would be Puncak Jaya (highest point in New Guinea), not Mt Everest, and that would also be valid for a whole lot of island peaks. If there is some kind of convention which says we don't follow this criteria and just put Mt Everest by default, we need a source --Ngfsmg (talk) 01:16, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

 * (Sorry, I did not realise that this was your comment, so I am merging my comment into this section.)
 * The section "Parent Peak" is marked as unsourced, but since it consists mostly of logical argument about obvious facts, it is easy to check whether it is nonsense or not. User:Ngfsmg removed a reference to the ambiguity about peaks on separate landmasses (walandters, land surrounded by water), claiming it may not even be true. But its truth is exemplified by the current article which in one place asserts that Everest is the parent peak of Aconcagua, and in another asserts that Aconcagua has no parent. Of course it would be nice to have references to possible alternative definitions of all of these terms. Imaginatorium (talk) 01:23, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * But Mt Everest would be the parent peak to Aconcagua using the encirclement criteria, it just isn't like that for every peak --Ngfsmg (talk) 01:27, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Um, no. You are using some kind of "it had better be close" intuition, which is not part of the definition. Of course with the exception of the ocean, key cols do not normally allow you to climb back up to a variety of peaks, but the ocean does: this means that the "other contour" encircles the rest of the world outside Australia. You would need to provide some reason for choosing New Guinea, rather than America, for example. Imaginatorium (talk) 01:44, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

It has nothing to do with being close or not, I already said it's due to the encirclement principle. They even talk about that in the dry prominence section--Ngfsmg (talk) 01:53, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

Wording
"The prominence of a peak may be defined as the minimum height necessary to descend to get from the summit to any higher terrain". The way this is worded made such a simple, intuitive concept so confusing for me. How could you descend to a higher elevation? I had to read other sources to figure out what this meant, which is that it is referring to a descent to the col to reach a different terrain that is higher relative to the position from that col. If instead, higher terrain is meant to be relative to the summit, then I still find that confusing because doesn't that imply that by definition, prominence only applies when there are other taller mountains? In any case, the sequence from descent to the higher terrain should not be contracted like this as though descent and ascent are simultaneous actions. I think there should be a way to rephrase this in a way that is both more concise and clearer and doesn't sound contradictory even if other people would not be as confused as I was. Sol Pacificus (talk) 20:28, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

Parent appears to have two definitions
It appears to me that the way parent peaks are defined in the definition, the true parent peak of anything is always going to be the next higher peak *anywhere in the world regardless of anything*. And that the *method* given for finding a parent will usually give some kind of "unofficial local parent" that will not likely be the true parent according to the definition. TooManyFingers (talk) 20:27, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

Mount Everest's dry prominence
This article claims that Mount Everest uses a different definition of dry prominence than every other mountain in the world. Other mountains measure their dry prominence in comparison to the lowest contour line that encircles the mountain but contains no higher summit. But the article claims that Mount Everest's dry prominence is measured in comparison to the deepest point on Earth: the Challenger Deep.

But that doesn't seem right to me, since the Challenger Deep doesn't encircle Mount Everest. It's only on the east side of it. That claim was added in one of Buaidh edits way back on 29 April 2008. It was a big edit, which added a lot of good information other than the part about Mount Everest.

https://www.floodmap.net/ shows that the lowest contour line that encircles Afro-Eurasia (but not the Americas) is 43 m below sea level. At 44 meters below sea level, you hit land in the Bering Strait. It also shows that the lowest contour line that encircles both Afro-Eurasia and the Americas is 800 m below sea level. At 801 meters below sea level, you hit land just north of the UK.

Comments? - 68.207.248.89 (talk) 05:49, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes. I agree. The “convention” cited at that point smacks of gerrymandering. And it’s only one book.  In fact the whole unsourced section on calculation and also  “_in mountaineering_” looks erroneous to me,. In mountaineering, prominence is how far up you have to go from a col. The piece about k2 and  Everest south summit sums it up perfectly.
 * surely Mauna Kea could use challenger deep as well? It’s in the pacific. I’ll have a look for other citations, but if unfound I think we can safely change Everest s dry prominence to elevation +43 m
 * Jabberwoch (talk) 06:46, 16 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You just made an attempt to tidy this up, and referred to talk -- I suppose you mean this topic?
 * Actually I think that topologically speaking, the surface of the earth is a sphere (or is it the surface of a sphere, well...) and if you start from any contour line around Mt Everest, and expand it to surround more and more of the earth's surface at a lower and lower contour, then nothing special happens when the contour reaches the "col" in the Bering strait - it's just that the contour now includes all of N and S America (and perhaps a huge chunk more). As you keep expanding this contour line, the enclosed area keeps growing, but at some point you realise you have included more than half of the earth's surface, and seen from the "other side" as it were, the contour is actually shrinking, until eventually it includes everwhere on the earth's surface except a bit of the Challenger deep. From above, the "prominence of a peak is the minimum height necessary to descend to get from the summit to any higher terrain", but this will never happen when you start from Everest, because there is no higher peak, and it is totally arbitrary to think of the second most prominent peak (Aconcagua) as somehow an ersatz "higher peak". So therefore, I think the valid claims are: either "Everest just has no prominence" or "Challenger deep". Imaginatorium (talk) 11:35, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

"America First"
"... in US English, and. drop or relative height in British English".

That so-called US English (American) takes precedence over (so-called) British English (English) has more than a hint of irony about it and epitomises the Trumpian "America First" outlook in Wikipedia. It's like 'Chinese American' taking precedence over 'American'. I wonder how Americans would feel about that?

86.191.214.39 (talk) 04:22, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

Only referring to peak vs. col or saddle?!
What's then the term for height difference for any height or point on its slope vs the plain surrounding it? I believe it's also prominence, which makes this article particlularist, one-sided, and therefore misleading. Am I wrong? If so: what is then the more general term?

One example from Britannica: "The highest crest of the main range of the western Kunlun Mountains is Mount Keriya, at an elevation of 23,359 feet (7,120 metres). ... The surrounding plain lies above 16,000 feet (4,900 metres); hence, these mountains do not have the prominence of other high mountains in Asia." It does refer to peaks (also in sentence I cut out), but then comparing their altitude to the surrounding plain's, NOT to each other or the saddles between them.

Geographers? English native-speakers? Thank you. Arminden (talk) 11:51, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

Two totally different concepts that should be split into two articles
Reading this article I get the feeling that two totally different concepts have been merged into one. The article makes sense (although things could be simplified) as long as it talks about the relative height of a peak/mountain, i.e. measuring its height from its foot to the summit, instead of giving its height from sea level.

However, when the concepts "prominence parent"/"parent peak" and "wet" versus "dry" prominence are introduced, the article jumps from the concept of relative height to some system of height measuring on a global scale, where Mount Blanc in the European Alps and the lone peak of Kilimanjaro in East Africa both have Mount Everest in the far away Himalayas as "parent peak", as they all belong to the landmass Afro-Eurasia – and Mount Everest's "dry prominence" is suddenly measured in comparison to the Challenger Deep in the Pacific.

I would suggest splitting this article in two:

One about a mountain's height from its foot or a peak's height from the nearest col, e.i. its visual height and the practical height for climbers> This is also how [[List of the most prominent summits of the United States}} and several articles define topographic prominence. If there should be any mentioning of "parent peak" in that article, it should refer to the highest peak in the mountain range that the mountain in question is part of.

The other article would deal with heigh measurements on a global scale from a cartographic perspective. That's especially where the concept of "dry prominence" belongs.

The concepts of "key col" and "parent peak" are especially confusing, where the article intro simply says that these are "selected according to various criteria". Both concepts seem to come from a single source, a web site by programmer Andrew Kirmse. He and his co-author Jonathan de Ferranti did some impressive research that was published in the Sage Journal Progress in Physical Geography in 2017, but are its conclusions universally accepted by geography experts? Thomas Blomberg (talk) 11:53, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi . I'm happy you brought it up. Have you read the question I've raised, one above this one? I need a widely accepted term for the height difference for a hill- or mountaintop, or any point on the slope below, vs the plain surrounding it. Relative prominence? What's the dry prominence you brought up? Is there a standard terminology used all across the English-speaking geographers' guild? We need to be able to wikilink terms used in various articles to a thoroughly worked-through one here.
 * Only once the terminology is figured out can we start splitting up - or not - the article. Why not keep it all under "topographic prominence" once different, clearly defined sections are set up?
 * In principle, we need agreed-upon terms for the height difference between a positive height, either representing a peak or not, in relation to
 * the peak's own col
 * maybe its saddle, too
 * the main plateau or plain at the foot of the height
 * the main peak in the range
 * sea level
 * sea bottom
 * what else? The next tall underwater peak?
 * I see there's a whole series of terms. Having a section (a glossary?) defining each of them is a mandatory first step here, as it is anywhere. Then each of the main terms should get its own section.
 * prominence
 * relative prominence
 * wet prominence
 * dry prominence
 * prominence parent
 * parent peak
 * key col
 * I'm sure there are more.
 * What do you think? Arminden (talk) 12:59, 7 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree totally. Yes, I did read your question, which illustrates the same problem. From what I understand, "topographic prominence" is a term used by some experts for the height of a mountain from its foot (i.e. the lowest contour line encircling it) to its peak, also known as "relative height" as opposed to absolute height (i.e. height above mean sea level).
 * So far, so good, but in the section "Definition", things start to be confusing when the writers try to define the term "key col" and gets into an awful muddle, which ends with the statement that "Mount Everest's prominence is defined by convention as its height, making it consistent with prominence of the highest peaks on other landmasses", adding that "an alternative equivalent definition is that the prominence is the height of the peak's summit above the lowest contour line encircling it, but containing no higher summit within it" – which is what the picture next to the section "In mountaineering" exemplifies very well.
 * The section "Illustration" mentions "parent peak" for the first time and makes the rather outlandish claim that Mount Everest's peak is the parent peak of Aconcagua in Argentina, the world's second highest mountain. The only way to achieve this is to draw contour lines across the whole globe, including the ocean bottoms.
 * The section "Parent peak" confuses things even further, introducing four different ways to calculate parentage, all of them apparently valid. The first one, "encirclement or island parentage", claims that Mont Blanc in the Alps has Mount Everest in the Himalayas as "parent peak". How come? Well, both mountain ridges are on the Afro-Eurasian landmass and when checking all the contour lines on that landmass, two 113 m contour lines meet near Lake Onega, northwest of St Petersburg. One of those can supposedly be traced back to the Alps and the other to the Himalayas. However, they are separate, so that line can't be the "key col", and the definition of key col in the Col article clearly puts the key col close to the mountain in question. In my mind, the term "parent peak" should be restricted to a mountain ridge.
 * Further down in the article, the terms "wet" and "dry" are introduced, stating that most of the previous text refers to "wet" prominence, which limits measurements to the area of dry land surrounding a mountain, so the author of that section wants to widen the measurements to a global scale instead, where water masses are disregarded and we get a chance to measure a mountain peak from the deepest spot on earth, i.e. the Challenger Deep, which means that Mount Everest is 19,759 metres heigh instead of the established 8,848 meters from sea level. But why other mountains in the "dry" list aren't also measured from the Challenger Deep isn't explained. There is also no explanation why Mount Everest's "topographic prominence" isn't measured from the South Col or the North Col, where climbers start out when trying to conquer the highest peak in the world.
 * Looking back into the revision history of the article, it has changed drastically over the years. What started out as an article just defining prominence as the height from the foot of a mountain or the height from the nearest valley within a mountain ridge, has since 2004 evolved into a very long and complex article about key cols, parent peaks and dry prominence, which has nothing to do with the original purpose: to explain why height above sea level doesn't necessarily reflect the height on the mountain itself - and definitely not the height that any climbers will have to conquer.
 * This is why I think this article should be split into two: one that deals with what the first sentence says: "In topography, prominence (also referred to as autonomous height, relative height, and shoulder drop in US English, and drop or relative height in British English) measures the height of a mountain or hill's summit relative to the lowest contour line encircling it but containing no higher summit within it", and another which deals with things like the different systems of determining parent peaks och the concept of "dry prominence", where suddenly underwater mountains become interesting and every mountain in the world theoretically could be made 10,920 metres higher by measuring them from the bottom of the Challenger Deep.
 * However, I was just passing by and made a layman's observation, so I leave that job and that discussion to the editors who have spent so much time putting this article together. Thomas Blomberg (talk) 16:36, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

This is a pointless concept.
As presented in this article, the concept of prominence is meaningless and pointless.

I would have thought the concept of prominence would be to indicate how high a mountain is in relation to the surrounding terrain, as in, how prominent is this peak?

i.e. If I were to climb Mt. Everest, and wanted to know how 'big' the mountain is, this article says it has a prominence of 8,849m, which means I'm starting my climb from somewhere in the Bay of Bengal. However, the 'base' of Mt Everest is around 4200m(depending where measured), meaning the 'how big is this mountain?'/prominence is around 4400m.

As a result I'm left with not the faintest clue about how big Mt Everest is, because I know it sits on a mountain range and doesn't rise to 8,849m from near sea level, like a giant volcanic cone rising out of the ocean.

It's meaningless and thus pointless. 61.68.160.116 (talk) 23:19, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

 * You may be interested to know that in 1990, Tim Macartney-Snape became the first person to walk and climb from sea level to the top of Mount Everest. HiLo48 (talk) 00:30, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Topographic prominence


text:
Dangerous goods

Dangerous goods (DG), are substances that when transported are a risk to health, safety, property or the environment. Certain dangerous goods that pose risks even when not being transported are known as hazardous materials (syllabically abbreviated as HAZMAT or hazmat). An example for dangerous goods is hazardous waste which is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment.

Hazardous materials are often subject to chemical regulations. Hazmat teams are personnel specially trained to handle dangerous goods, which include materials that are radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing, asphyxiating, biohazardous, toxic, poisonous, pathogenic, or allergenic. Also included are physical conditions such as compressed gases and liquids or hot materials, including all goods containing such materials or chemicals, or may have other characteristics that render them hazardous in specific circumstances.

Dangerous goods are often indicated by diamond-shaped signage on the item (see NFPA 704), its container, or the building where it is stored. The color of each diamond indicates its hazard, e.g., flammable is indicated with red, because fire and heat are generally of red color, and explosive is indicated with orange, because mixing red (flammable) with yellow (oxidizing agent) creates orange. A nonflammable and nontoxic gas is indicated with green, because all compressed air vessels were this color in France after World War II, and France was where the diamond system of hazmat identification originated.

Global regulations
The most widely applied regulatory scheme is that for the transportation of dangerous goods. The United Nations Economic and Social Council issues the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, which form the basis for most regional, national, and international regulatory schemes. For instance, the International Civil Aviation Organization has developed dangerous goods regulations for air transport of hazardous materials that are based upon the UN model but modified to accommodate unique aspects of air transport. Individual airline and governmental requirements are incorporated with this by the International Air Transport Association to produce the widely used IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR). Similarly, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has developed the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code ("IMDG Code", part of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea) for transportation of dangerous goods by sea. IMO member countries have also developed the HNS Convention to provide compensation in case of dangerous goods spills in the sea.

The Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail has developed the regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail ("RID", part of the Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail). Many individual nations have also structured their dangerous goods transportation regulations to harmonize with the UN model in organization as well as in specific requirements.

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an internationally agreed upon system set to replace the various classification and labeling standards used in different countries. The GHS uses consistent criteria for classification and labeling on a global level.

UN numbers and proper shipping names
Dangerous goods are assigned to UN numbers and proper shipping names according to their hazard classification and their composition. Dangerous goods commonly carried are listed in the Dangerous Goods list.

Examples for UN numbers and proper shipping names are:
 * 1202 GAS OIL or DIESEL FUEL or HEATING OIL, LIGHT
 * 1203 MOTOR SPIRIT or GASOLINE or PETROL
 * 3090 LITHIUM METAL BATTERIES
 * 3480 LITHIUM ION BATTERIES including lithium ion polymer batteries

Classification and labeling summary tables
Dangerous goods are divided into nine classes (in addition to several subcategories) on the basis of the specific chemical characteristics producing the risk.

Note: The graphics and text in this article representing the dangerous goods safety marks are derived from the United Nations-based system of identifying dangerous goods. Not all countries use precisely the same graphics (label, placard or text information) in their national regulations. Some use graphic symbols, but without English wording or with similar wording in their national language. Refer to the dangerous goods transportation regulations of the country of interest.

For example, see the TDG Bulletin: Dangerous Goods Safety Marks based on the Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations.

The statement above applies equally to all the dangerous goods classes discussed in this article.

Handling
Mitigating the risks associated with hazardous materials may require the application of safety precautions during their transport, use, storage and disposal. Most countries regulate hazardous materials by law, and they are subject to several international treaties as well. Even so, different countries may use different class diamonds for the same product. For example, in Australia, anhydrous ammonia UN 1005 is classified as 2.3 (toxic gas) with subsidiary hazard 8 (corrosive), whereas in the U.S. it is only classified as 2.2 (non-flammable gas).

People who handle dangerous goods will often wear protective equipment, and metropolitan fire departments often have a response team specifically trained to deal with accidents and spills. Persons who may come into contact with dangerous goods as part of their work are also often subject to monitoring or health surveillance to ensure that their exposure does not exceed occupational exposure limits.

Laws and regulations on the use and handling of hazardous materials may differ depending on the activity and status of the material. For example, one set of requirements may apply to their use in the workplace while a different set of requirements may apply to spill response, sale for consumer use, or transportation. Most countries regulate some aspect of hazardous materials.

Packing groups
Packing groups are used for the purpose of determining the degree of protective packaging required for dangerous goods during transportation.
 * Group I: great danger, and most protective packaging required. Some combinations of different classes of dangerous goods on the same vehicle or in the same container are forbidden if one of the goods is Group I.
 * Group II: medium danger
 * Group III: minor danger among regulated goods, and least protective packaging within the transportation requirement

Transport documents
One of the transport regulations is that, as an assistance during emergency situations, written instructions how to deal in such need to be carried and easily accessible in the driver's cabin.

Dangerous goods shipments also require a dangerous goods transport document prepared by the shipper. The information that is generally required includes the shipper's name and address; the consignee's name and address; descriptions of each of the dangerous goods, along with their quantity, classification, and packaging; and emergency contact information. Common formats include the one issued by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) for air shipments and the form by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for sea cargo.

Training
A license or permit card for hazmat training must be presented when requested by officials.

Global goals
The international community has defined the responsible management of hazardous waste and chemicals as an important part of sustainable development with Sustainable Development Goal 3. Target 3.9 has this target with respect to hazardous chemicals: "By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination." Furthermore, Sustainable Development Goal 6 also mentions hazardous materials in Target 6.3: "By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials [...]."

Australia
The Australian Dangerous Goods Code complies with international standards of importation and exportation of dangerous goods in line with the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. Australia uses the standard international UN numbers with a few slightly different signs on the back, front and sides of vehicles carrying hazardous substances. The country uses the same "Hazchem" code system as the UK to provide advisory information to emergency services personnel in the event of an emergency.

Canada
Transportation of dangerous goods (hazardous materials) in Canada by road is normally a provincial jurisdiction. The federal government has jurisdiction over air, most marine, and most rail transport. The federal government acting centrally created the federal Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act and regulations, which provinces adopted in whole or in part via provincial transportation of dangerous goods legislation. The result is that all provinces use the federal regulations as their standard within their province; some small variances can exist because of provincial legislation. Creation of the federal regulations was coordinated by Transport Canada. Hazard classifications are based upon the UN model.

Outside of federal facilities, labour standards are generally under the jurisdiction of individual provinces and territories. However, communication about hazardous materials in the workplace has been standardized across the country through Health Canada's Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS).

Europe
The European Union has passed numerous directives and regulations to avoid the dissemination and restrict the usage of hazardous substances, important ones being the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) and the REACH regulation. There are also long-standing European treaties such as ADR, ADN and RID that regulate the transportation of hazardous materials by road, rail, river and inland waterways, following the guide of the UN model regulations.

European law distinguishes clearly between the law of dangerous goods and the law of hazardous materials. The first refers primarily to the transport of the respective goods including the interim storage, if caused by the transport. The latter describes the requirements of storage (including warehousing) and usage of hazardous materials. This distinction is important, because different directives and orders of European law are applied.

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom (and also Australia, Malaysia, and New Zealand) use the Hazchem warning plate system which carries information on how an emergency service should deal with an incident. The Dangerous Goods Emergency Action Code List (EAC) lists dangerous goods; it is reviewed every two years and is an essential compliance document for all emergency services, local government and for those who may control the planning for, and prevention of, emergencies involving dangerous goods. The latest 2015 version is available from the National Chemical Emergency Centre (NCEC) website. Guidance is available from the Health and Safety Executive.

New Zealand
New Zealand's Land Transport Rule: Dangerous Goods 2005 and the Dangerous Goods Amendment 2010 describe the rules applied to the transportation of hazardous and dangerous goods in New Zealand. The system closely follows the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and uses placards with Hazchem codes and UN numbers on packaging and the transporting vehicle's exterior to convey information to emergency services personnel.

Drivers that carry dangerous goods commercially, or carry quantities in excess of the rule's guidelines must obtain a D (dangerous goods) endorsement on their driver's licence. Drivers carrying quantities of goods under the rule's guidelines and for recreational or domestic purposes do not need any special endorsements.

United States
Due to the increase in fear of terrorism in the early 21st century after the September 11, 2001 attacks, funding for greater hazmat-handling capabilities was increased throughout the United States, recognizing that flammable, poisonous, explosive, or radioactive substances in particular could be used for terrorist attacks.

The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration regulates hazmat transportation within the territory of the US by Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates the handling of hazardous materials in the workplace as well as response to hazardous-materials-related incidents, most notably through Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). regulations found at 29 CFR 1910.120.

In 1984 the agencies OSHA, EPA, USCG, and NIOSH jointly published the first Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Guidance Manual which is available for download.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates hazardous materials as they may impact the community and environment, including specific regulations for environmental cleanup and for handling and disposal of waste hazardous materials. For instance, transportation of hazardous materials is regulated by the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act was also passed to further protect human and environmental health.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission regulates hazardous materials that may be used in products sold for household and other consumer uses.

Hazard classes for materials in transport
Following the UN model, the DOT divides regulated hazardous materials into nine classes, some of which are further subdivided. Hazardous materials in transportation must be placarded and have specified packaging and labelling. Some materials must always be placarded, others may only require placarding in certain circumstances.

Trailers of goods in transport are usually marked with a four digit UN number. This number, along with standardized logs of hazmat information, can be referenced by first responders (firefighters, police officers, and ambulance personnel) who can find information about the material in the Emergency Response Guidebook.

Fixed facilities
Different standards usually apply for handling and marking hazmats at fixed facilities, including NFPA 704 diamond markings (a consensus standard often adopted by local governmental jurisdictions), OSHA regulations requiring chemical safety information for employees, and CPSC requirements requiring informative labeling for the public, as well as wearing hazmat suits when handling hazardous materials.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dangerous goods


text:
Kaori Takahashi (actress)

Kaori Takahashi (高橋かおり Takahashi Kaori; born August 29, 1975, in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese actress. She starred in the 2003 Fuji TV adaptation of Kuni Arisaka's novel Happiness in Bloom, and played supporting roles in the 1986 NHK series Musashibō Benkei and the 1994 TV Asahi series Troublesome Teacher. In 2009 she appeared in the lead role in Christmas Miracle (Xmasの奇蹟), her third lead role for Fuji TV after Shiawase saita and the 2005 drama Dangerous Liaisons (危険な関係).

title: Kaori Takahashi (actress)


text: User talk:68.254.180.241

title: User talk:68.254.180.241


text:
Highly Refined Pirates

Highly Refined Pirates is Minus the Bear's debut full-length album, released on November 19, 2002, by Suicide Squeeze Records.

Personnel

 * Jake Snider - Vocals and guitar
 * Dave Knudson - Guitar
 * Erin Tate - Drums
 * Cory Murchy - Bass
 * Matt Bayles - Electronics

Additional personnel

 * Produced and Engineered by Steve Fisk
 * Mixed by Steve Fisk and Troy Tietjen, except 4, 7, 10, 12, and 14 mixed by Matt Bayles
 * Mastered by Ed Brooks
 * Additional vocals by Amy Blaschke on "Get Me Naked 2: Electric Boogaloo"

Trivia

 * Some of the song titles are quotes from the film Starship Troopers.

title: Highly Refined Pirates


text:
Cwichelm

Cwichelm is a masculine English given name. Notable people with the name include:

 * Cwichelm of Wessex (died 636), Prince of Wessex
 * Cwichhelm (bishop) (died after 678), Bishop of Rochester

title: Cwichelm


text:
Robert McAlpine

Rob or Robert McAlpine may refer to:

 * Sir Robert McAlpine, 1st Baronet (1847–1934), Scottish businessman, founder of the construction company Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd.
 * Robert Edwin McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of Moffat (1907–1990), British businessman, leader of the construction company Sir Robert McAlpine Ltd., grandson of Sir Robert
 * Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green (born Robert Alistair McAlpine, 1942–2014), British Conservative peer
 * Sir Robert McAlpine, a construction company
 * Rob McAlpine (born 1991), Scottish rugby player

title: Robert McAlpine


text:
The Scott Motorcycle Company

The Scott Motorcycle Company was owned by Scott Motors (Saltaire) Limited, Saltaire, West Yorkshire, England and was a well-known producer of motorcycles and light engines for industry. Founded by Alfred Angas Scott in 1908 as the Scott Engineering Company in Bradford, Yorkshire, Scott motorcycles were produced until 1978. Initially started in a rented workshop, Alfred moved the business to Hirstwood Works, Hirstwood Road, Saltaire. This building is still standing and has industrial use.

Scott's inspiration
In an article in Motor Cycle magazine in 1914, Alfred Scott wrote that he was drawn to the two-stroke engine because he was trained on high speed steam and marine engines, and when turning his attention to gas and petrol engines the regular power strokes of the two-stroke (or Day cycle as he sometimes called it), seemed preferable to the one power stroke in four of the Otto cycle. He said this attraction to the two stroke was further enhanced by the reliable and excellent service from a two stroke engine designed by his brother (A. F. Scott M.I.M.E) and used to drive machinery in his experimental workshop.

Experiments
Scott's first experiments with a two-stroke were in a motor boat, where he was able to make tests and obtain 'diagrams' under working conditions. His first attempt at a motor cycle was fitting an engine of his own design to a Premier bicycle in 1901. This twin cylinder engine had steel cylinders with shrunk-on aluminium radiator 'flanges', and drove the front wheel via friction directly to the tyre. He described the drive system as 'useless in the wet', and he could not prevent the cylinders from scoring. His next engine had cast iron cylinders of 2 1/4" bore, and eventually drove by belt to clutch countershaft and then by chain to the rear wheel. Various ingenious ignition arrangements were used including link work driven by a pin placed mid-way on the connecting rod. In parallel to this he continued work on a 4" bore, 4" stroke marine engine which developed 10HP at 800rpm, fitted with a large water-cooled brake wheel (a dynamometer). By recording brake and indicator readings he was able to experiment with port shapes and piston shapes, developing the 'curved top' (deflector) piston.

1908 motorcycle

Scott designed and patented a vertical twin two-stroke engine in 1904, and patented the familiar Scott motorcycle frame in 1908 designed to accept an engine of the type in the former patent and to achieve a low centre of gravity. The resulting motorcycle was launched in 1908 featuring a 450 cc two-stroke twin-cylinder water-cooled engine. Innovative features included a patented two-speed chain transmission in which the alternative ratios were selected by clutches operated by a rocking foot pedal and a kick start also patented. The first few machines to his design were produced by Bradford-based car firm Jowett in 1908 and soon after he set up as a manufacturer in his own right at the Mornington Works, Grosvenor Road, Bradford.

Pre-war competition success
While Scott's production machines were marketed as a kind of luxury "wheeled horse" for the Edwardian Gentleman, there was valuable publicity to be had in competition success and the early Scott motorcycles were so powerful that they often easily beat four-stroke motorcycles of the same capacity. After Scott's victory at the 1908 Wass Bank hillclimb, the Auto-Cycle Union handicapped their motorcycles by multiplying their cubic capacity by 1.32 for competitive purposes, which resulted in good, free advertising for Scott. The handicap was lifted three years later.

Scott made several appearances at the Isle of Man TT Races between 1910 and 1914 with specially built racing machines. In 1910 a Scott was the first two-stroke motorcycle ever to complete a full TT course under race conditions and in 1911 a Scott ridden by Frank Phillip gained the TT lap record of 50.11 mph continuous average speed. This winning streak continued with Scotts being the fastest machines in 1912, 1913, and 1914 and winning the event in 1912 and 1913.

From 1911 to 1914 Scott's Tourist Trophy racers used rotary valves to control the inlet and transfer phases of the two-stroke cycle. In 1911 the engine was controlled by advancing or retarding the valve timing and not by the throttle. Scott reverted to throttle control in 1912, giving the rotary valves a fixed gear drive in the same year.

First World War
Three months after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Scott announced they had received a large government contract and launch of their 1915 models would be delayed. This marked the end of production of civilian Scott motorcycles for the duration of the war. Despatch riders volunteering for war service were allowed to use their own motorcycles, and there are pictures of Scotts in such use, but the army requirement in 1914 was for single cylinder 3.5HP models, or opposed twins. Further rationalisation was needed for the Expeditionary Force due to managing spares, and Scott was not on the list, however they were engaged to produce motorcycle (and sidecar) based mobile machine gun batteries with 18 machines being sent to the front for testing at the end of 1914.

The machine gun units each comprised 3 Scott 552cc machines, one with the gun (the Vickers when deployed late in 1914), one carrying ammunition, and one as a spare. Enfield were also commissioned to produce their own version of this mobile machine gun platform powered by the 770cc JAP V-twin engine.

Alfred Scott also developed a three-wheeled machine gun carriage which was not taken up by the military and in 1919 he left the company he had founded to develop the vehicle for civilian use as the Scott Sociable. This did not prove to be as successful as the Scott motorcycle but Scott never returned to the Scott Motorcycle Company.

The Scott Squirrel
After the war production restarted with the 532 cc Standard Tourer, and in 1922 Scott introduced the Squirrel, its first sporting model to be offered to the general public. This had a slightly smaller 486 cc engine to bring it within the 500 cc competition limit but, with aluminium pistons and careful preparation, it produced more power. In addition, many heavy accessories such as foot boards and leg shields which had been fitted to the touring models were dispensed with, making it a very light and competitive motorcycle. It was followed by the Super Squirrel, with a further revised engine of 498 cc or 596 cc, which was the mainstay of production in the mid-1920s, and the Flying Squirrel. Although they never regained their pre-war form, Scotts continued to compete successfully in sporting events scoring a 3–4 in the 1922 TT and a third in 1924. A three-speed gearbox with conventional clutch was offered from 1923 and in this form the machine had some success as a trials motorcycle.

Second World War
In 1935 the Scott three cylinder motorcycle was launched as a water-cooled 750 cc in-line machine. This was superseded by the 1000 cc version and proved to be another example of innovative engineering by the Scott company. Neither made it into quantity production, however, due to the outbreak of the Second World War and the failing business finances.

The Flying Squirrel
Shortly after the end of the Second World War (1946/7) Scott relaunched the Scott Flying Squirrel. Available with 500 or 600 cc engines, these were even heavier than the pre-war versions and expensive for the performance offered. Sales were disappointing.

Birmingham Scotts
In 1950 the company went into liquidation and was acquired by Scott enthusiast Matt Holder's Aerco Jig and Tool Company in Birmingham. From his premises in St Mary's Row, Holder, who was an expert silversmith initially continued to build the same model from Shipley-made spare parts. These "Birmingham Scotts" remained available into the 1960s. In 1956 Holder began development of a 596 cc model with a duplex frame and telescopic fork front. When Matt's son David Holder moved the remaining stock to the former Triumph Motorcycles 'Number 2' factory at Meriden he found that his father had accumulated a huge collection of original Scott parts, including Miller headlights and Burgess silencers. In 1958 the Birmingham Scott was updated by adding a swinging arm frame and the dynamo was replaced by an alternator. A new 493 cc motorcycle called the Scott Swift was announced but never went into production, although Holder continued to develop and produce one-off Scott motorcycles until 1978.

The Bulmer workshop
Fabricator Brian Bulmer teamed up with two-stroke engine tuner Brian Wolley and rider Barrie Scully to develop a racing version of the Birmingham Scott air-cooled 350 cc twin, setting a record for the Barbon Hillclimb and achieving 115.4 mph in a Motor Cycling test. The team also developed a 52 bhp water-cooled 500 cc version, but competition from Japanese two-strokes meant that the project was not fully developed.

Silk Scotts
The 1970s also saw the launch of the George Silk Scott. Effectively one-off bespoke motorcycles, only about 22 were produced in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the last being made in 1975. This incorporated the old Scott engine accommodated into a modern Spondon frame.

Stationary engines
In the 1930s Scott manufactured a number of stationary engines with the aim of raising funds following the decline in motorcycle sales. Some of these engines were derived from motorcycle units, for instance the DSE was a watercooled version of the Lightweight Squirrel engine and the SE had the same bore and stroke dimensions as the long stroke Flyers. It has come to light that the SE does not have the same bore size as the Long Stroke Flyer (73 mm) but has a bore size of 78 mm, this has been confirmed on two Scott SE engines. The PA stationary engine however was different. Designed to meet a Ministry requirement for a portable electrical generator for the Bofors anti-aircraft gun and its Kerrison Predictor, it was produced during the Second World War by both Scott and its former partners Jowett. It was air-cooled, petroil-lubricated and featured a loop scavenge design with two opposed main transfer ports supplemented by a third "boost" port opposite the exhaust. This arrangement was patented by Scott in 1939, but is often mistakenly believed to be of post-war origin as it was later widely adopted for motorcycle racing engines and power boats after its reinvention in the late 1950s by East German motorcycle manufacturer MZ.

title: The Scott Motorcycle Company


text:
Chris Ballance

Chris Ballance (born on 7 July 1952) is a Scottish playwright and politician. He is a member of the Scottish Green Party and has been a councillor for the Aird and Loch Ness wards in the Highland Council since 2022. He was also a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the South of Scotland region from 2003 to 2007.

Biography
Born in Worcester, England, he owned and managed a second-hand bookshop in Wigtown, won a Scotsman Fringe First Award at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1990, and wrote sketches for Radio Scotland.

Political career
He was elected to the Scottish Parliament in 2003. He held a seat on the Parliament's Enterprise and Culture Committee and was the Green's Parliamentary business manager and speaker on nuclear issues, culture, and peace. He stood again in the 2007 election but was not re-elected.

In August 2007 he was appointed to the Scottish Broadcasting Commission established by the Scottish Executive.

Ballance stood as a Green candidate in the Aird and Loch Ness ward for the 2017 Highland Council election. He stood again in 2022 and was elected as a councillor.

Personal life
He is a member of the Society of Friends (Quakers).

Plays

 * Water of Life (1989)
 * Bread and Water (1997)
 * Hope Deferred (1997)
 * Viva La Diva (2001)
 * It's My Party (2007)

title: Chris Ballance


text:
Smit International

Smit Internationale N.V. (or Smit International) is a Dutch company operating in the maritime sector. The company was founded in 1842 by Fop Smit as a towage company with only the 140 horsepower paddle steamer tug Kinderdijk. Fop's sons, Jan and Leendert, continued the company under the name L. Smit & Co and expanded the fleet. In 1870, they began using tugs with propellers. After a merger in 1923 with Internationale Sleepdienst, the name was changed to "L. Smit & Co.'s Internationale Sleepdienst". Formerly listed at the NYSE Euronext stock exchange in Amsterdam, the company was fully acquired by Royal Boskalis Westminster in 2010.

Takeover
Dutch marine engineer Boskalis made an indicative €1.11 billion takeover offer for Smit on 15 September 2008. Despite the offer being promptly rejected by Smit's board, Boskalis subsequently built a stake of over 25% in the firm and expressed a continuing desire to buy a number of its business units. A revised offer from Boskalis of €1.35 billion, coupled with a pledge to retain the Smit name and its distinct operations, was accepted by the firm's board in January 2010, with Boskalis declaring its offer unconditional that March having reached share ownership of 90%. Smit's shares were delisted from the Amsterdam Stock Exchange on 4 May 2010.

Corporate structure
The company consist of four divisions, in order of revenue:
 * Transport & Heavy Lift (33.5% of total revenues)
 * Salvage (23.9%)
 * Harbour Towage (22.8%)
 * Terminals (19.8%)

For larger (salvaging) projects the company often uses joint-ventures or combinations. An example of this is Combinatie Berging Tricolor (Dutch for Combination Salvaging Tricolor) which was created solely for the lifting of the MV Tricolor. A similar multi-firm arrangement was made for the 2013-2014 salvage of the Costa Concordia passenger cruise ship.

Fleet list
As of March 1, 2009, Smit (with its daughter companies and the joint ventures that it controls) has a fleet of 408 ships.

High profile operations
Its marine salvage division was involved in several high-profile salvage operations, including:
 * SS London Valour (1971–72)
 * MT Betelgeuse (1979–80)
 * MS Herald of Free Enterprise (1987)
 * The Russian submarine Kursk (lifting vessel) (2000)
 * Ehime Maru (2001)
 * MV Prestige (2002)
 * MV Tricolor (lifting vessel) (2002–2003)
 * MV Rocknes (2001) (2004)
 * MV Mighty Servant 3 (2006)
 * MS UND Adriyatik (2008)
 * MS Costa Concordia (oil containment) (2012)
 * USS Guardian (MCM-5) (grounded in Philippines) (2013)
 * MOL Comfort sunk in June 2013.
 * MV Stellar Banner (2020)
 * Ever Given blockage of the Suez Canal (2021)
 * MV Eemslift Hendrika ship salvation (2021)
 * Felicity Ace (2022)
 * FSO Safer (2023)

They have also partnered with the French firm JLMD System to support preinstalled fast oil recovery systems, which assure quick reliable oil removal in the event of a shipping accident.

title: Smit International


text: File:BeggingYou.jpg

title: File:BeggingYou.jpg


text:
Fubuki Takane

Yuki Asada (born 4 December 1965), better known by her stage name Fubuki Takane (高嶺 ふぶき), is a Japanese actress and a former member of the Takarazuka Revue, where she specialized in playing male characters (Otokoyaku). She joined the revue in 1983 and resigned in 1997.

General information
Takane was born in Kyoto, Japan. Having spent her entire Takarazuka career in Snow Troupe, she was the second regular star partner of legend Mari Hanafusa and is most remembered for two roles: Franz Joseph (the first of Takarazuka to be in this role) and Viscount Valmont of Kamen no Romanesque (The Takarazuka's adaptation of Dangerous Liaisons).

After she resigned from the company, she played Victoria Grant in Victor/Victoria in 1997. Her career is mostly focused on stage, but she also makes occasional TV appearances.

Regular cast era

 * Valenteno　- Natacha Rambova
 * JFK - Robert F. Kennedy
 * Elisabeth - Franz Joseph
 * An Invitation from Alice - Jack/Ernest (Leading Performance at Bow Hall)

Top star era

 * Natasha of the Rainbow - Kaoru Sanjo
 * On a Clear Day You Can See Forever - Mark
 * Kamen no Romanesque - Count Valmont

Stage

 * Victor/Victoria - Victoria Grant
 * I Do! I Do! - Agnes
 * How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying- Rosemary Pilkington
 * Love Letters - Melissa Gardner

TV

 * The Golden Wings - Kinuko Hozhina

title: Fubuki Takane


text:
Back, Lewis

Back (Am Bac) is a district and a village on the east coast of the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, situated on a coastal area known as Loch a'Tuath, or Broad Bay. Back is within the parish of Stornoway, and is situated on the B895. The village/district utilises the motto "Tre Dhilseachd Buaidh" (Through Loyalty Success) as seen on the crest of Back FC.

District villages
The district of Back comprises a number of villages, all of which are on the coast of Broadbay. These are: Gearraidh Ghuirm, Upper Coll, Coll, Inner Coll, Vatisker, Back and Gress.

Transport
The district of Back is located approximately five miles from Stornoway by road, and is accessed by the B895 from its junction with the A857 north of Stornoway.

The District of Back is served by the W5 bus route (Mon-Saturday only). Timetables available at:

https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125034/http://www.cne-siar.gov.uk/travel/busservice/current/indexlh.asp

Back school - Sgoil a'Bhac
Sgoil a’ Bhac, is a primary and former secondary education school. However, secondary education was discontinued in the early 2010's with future secondary pupils being educated within the Nicolson Institute in Stornoway.

The school currently caters for pupils aged 5 to 11 years, with an enrollment of approx. 190-200 pupils. In addition, the school has a nursery department for pre-school children. The school is structured around two divisions - a 'mainstream' English language division, and a Gaelic medium division in which half the pupils in the school are enrolled, receiving their primary education almost exclusively in the (Scottish) Gaelic language.

Sgoil a’ Bhac is a true community school, the school is used for community events every other week, and the school enjoys a strong relationship with the local Free Church of Scotland. The school has a rich history of sport, particularly that of Football and Badminton, this can be seen in the many local tournaments the school sides have won.

Local Community Facilities and Groups
The Hut - Community Hall: a small community hall with a kitchen that provides hall and room hire to local groups and for local meetings and children's parties etc.

Gress Angling Association - are the lease holders and managers of the angling rights to the Gress River. The Angling Association manage and maintain the river and fishing records, and offer children's fishing events and activities. The river is a significant salmon, sea trout and brown trout river, that is tidal for approx. a mile of its course. The river can be fished from June–October (not on Sundays), and a fee is payable either as an annual membership, or as a day ticket. The river operates a catch and release. Information and tickets from: Sportsworld, 1 - 3 Francis Street, Stornoway.

Loch a Tuath News - is a community run monthly magazine that provides local district news, local features and history, and which covers the Tong district as well as Back. The magazine has a Facebook page, and copies can be obtained in local shops and supermarkets as well as by subscription.

Còisir Sgìre a' Bhac - a local traditional Gaelic choir that has enjoyed significant success at the annual Royal National Mod over many years.

The Coll Centre - sports groups, activities and facilities - see Sport section below.

Tourism
Although not as well known or visited as some of the main tourism locations in the Outer Hebrides, the District of Back, and its neighbouring districts in Tong and Tolsta have some of the finest beaches in the islands. The District of Back has extensive sandy beaches at Coll, Vatisker and Gress. The District's beaches are being increasingly recognized as excellent surf and water sport locations, year round.

The District's rivers are good for salmon, sea trout and brown trout - there are two small fishable rivers in Coll (The Angus River and Coll River), and the main river at Gress. Permits are required to fish these rivers, but surrounding the district in the moorland areas are a number of lochs (mostly good for brown trout) that can be fished without angling association permits. See Gress Angling Association above for more details.

Due to over-fishing and trawling in the recent past, the District's coast and beaches are no longer as good for sea fishing, having a very depleted white fish population.

Wildlife - the area is home to significant populations of coastal and estuary birdlife, raptors and moorland birds. The unique corncrake can also be heard in the district during summer months, as can the cuckoo - making quite a potent nighttime mixture of bird calls - which are added to by the sound of snipe drumming over the estuary and moorlands. Broad Bay has a significant population of seals and other sea mammals.

Tourist Accommodation:

There are a number of quality B&Bs and self-catering facilities in the district, please see Visit Outer Hebrides website for details.

Religion
The community puts a massive emphasis on religion. The local church is a Free Church of Scotland. Each service is delivered either in English, or Scottish Gaelic. Ministers serving the congregation have included Rev Donald MacMaster (the first incumbent) and Rev Iain D. Campbell. The Rev Calum Iain MacLeod is the current minister at Back Free Church. Two CDs of a cappella Gaelic psalm singing were recorded at the church.

Sport
Football is the most popular sport in Back, with some community members attending games. Back F.C. was formed in 1933 and play beside the beach at Upper Coll.

The facilities, known as the Coll Centre, boast some of the best sporting facilities in the North of Scotland: Back F.C. are named after the district Back and have a large pull from the internal villages. Others have played for the blues, including people from the island, neighbouring islands and incomers. It is the youth that make up the side, this is down to a development club where children from as young as eight attend two training sessions a week.
 * There is a big hall, the size of 5 badminton courts.
 * An astro turf pitch, which is currently being turned from an outdoor to an indoor pitch with the addition of a roof.
 * A full sized natural grass football pitch, which the football club play their games on.
 * In 2011, a golf driving range was opened adjacent to the grass football pitch.
 * There is also a beach across the road, often used for football training.

The club have won many trophies since they began, including the highly sought after Eilean Fhraoich Cup on 17 occasions. Only those who live in the district or have close family are eligible to play in the cup, which gives the players a sense of pride.

Back won the 'big one' in 2004 when they won the Highland Amateur Cup. Clubs from all over the Highlands and Islands compete in this knock-out cup and it is what all the clubs in the region dream of winning.

Since winning the Highland Amateur Cup, the club has struggled at senior level to reach these heights again, but on the junior front they have dominated, with the under 18 side winning the treble in an undefeated season.

Andy Gray, who went on to play for the national side, Scotland, as well as Rangers F.C., Wolves F.C., Aston Villa F.C. and Everton F.C., where he won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, played for the club as a youth.

title: Back, Lewis


text:
Talk:Slope soaring

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Slope soaring. The result was to keep it, or merge it to Gliding. dbenbenn | talk 14:44, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Model glider stuff
I will move this model glider stuff to a new article on radio controlled model gliders. --Phatmonkey 20:36, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Done --Phatmonkey 22:24, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slope soaring


text:
Claude de Bourdeille, comte de Montrésor

Claude de Bourdeille, comte de Montrésor (c. 1606–1663) was a French aristocrat and Count of Montrésor, who played a role in the intrigues of the first half of the 17th century, and was also a memoir-writer.

He left his Mémoires, published posthumously in 1663. The Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica notes in its entry on the Count of Montrésor that "His Mémoires have preserved his name from the oblivion otherwise awaiting such intriguers; they are written with naīve frankness and are extremely interesting."

Biography
The Count of Montrésor was the grandnephew of Brantôme, the famous French writer. He became the second favorite of Gaston d'Orléans (younger brother of King Louis XIII) in 1635. Along with Gaston d'Orléans and the Count of Soissons, he planned the assassination of Richelieu at the camp of Amiens in 1636, a plan which eventually failed. In 1637, he had the Hôtel de Montrésor built in Paris by Michel Villedo and Claude Dublet.

The Count of Montrésor was forced to spend the next six years on his estate, but in 1642 he entered into the plot of Cinq-Mars against Richelieu. On the failure of the plot, he escaped to England, and his estates were confiscated.

Returning after Richelieu's death in 1643, he entered into the intrigues of the period just preceding the Fronde. He was exiled for his involvement in the cabale des Importants in 1643. He later returned from the safety of his exile in Holland to aid the duchesse de Chevreuse. He allied with the cardinal de Retz during the Fronde, and was eventually imprisoned in the Bastille, and then in Vincennes. Mazarin attempted to win him over in vain, but in 1653 he made his submission to the victorious minister, and from that time on played no part in public life.

Publication of his Mémoires
The Count of Montrésor's Mémoires were published posthumously in 1663. In subsequent years, they were occasionally reprinted in one and two volume editions, as noted by Louis Monmerqué in his 1826 biographical sketch of the Count of Montrésor. Since then, the Count of Montrésor's Mémoires have been reprinted in large collections spanning multiple volumes. The first such collection was by A. Petitot and Louis Monmerqué in the Collection des mémoires relatifs a l'histoire de France (Paris, 1819) and the second such collection was by Joseph François Michaud and Jean Joseph François Poujoulat in the Nouvelle collection des mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France (Paris, 1836). The first editions of the Mémoires du Comte de Montrésor from 1663 can be found in the special collections of several libraries around the world.

 * Claude de Bourdeille, Count of Montrésor (1663). Mémoires.
 * Petitot, C. B., Petitot, A., Monmerqué, L.-J., & Delbare, F.-T. (1819). Collection complète des mémoires relatifs à l'histoire de France, depuis le règne de Philippe-Auguste, jusqu'au commencement du dix-septième siècle; avec des notices sur chaque auteur, et des observations sur chaque ouvrage. Paris: Foucault.
 * Michaud, J. F., & Poujoulat, J. J. F. (1836). Nouvelle collection des mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France, depuis le XIIIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVIIIe; précédés de notices pour caractériser chaque auteur des mémoires et son époque; suivi de l'analyse des documents historiques qui s'y rapportent. Paris: L'Éditeur du commentaire analytique du code civil.

Other
Poe scholar Richard P. Benton has stated his belief that "Poe's protagonist [in the story "The Cask of Amontillado"] is an Englished version of the French Montrésor" and has argued forcefully that Poe's model for that protagonist was the Count of Montrésor. The protagonist was called Montresor in the story. The Count was first linked to "The Cask of Amontillado" by Poe scholar Burton R. Pollin.

Biographical sketches

 * (Google Books)
 * (Internet Archives)

Mémoires

 * (Internet Archives)


text:
Bournemouth School

Bournemouth School is an 11–18 boys grammar school, with a co-educational sixth form, located in Charminster, Bournemouth, Dorset, England, for children aged 11 to 18. The school was founded by E. Fenwick and opened on 22 January 1901, admitting 54 boys.

Establishment
The school was founded by Dr. E. Fenwick and opened on 22 January 1901, admitting 54 boys. The 1906 syllabus included natural science, drawing, vocal music, drill, and gymnastics alongside history, geography, shorthand, and book keeping. During World War I, at least 651 young men who had been or were attached to the school served, and 98 of those died, while 95 were wounded. The roll of honour for the former students who died in service can be found inside the school's main entrance.

The original Victorian school buildings occupied a plot in Porchester Road. Adjacent to the main school was the purpose-built boarding house (pictured), in which the headmaster and a select number of boarders lived (at an annual fee of 12 guineas). As the number of students increased (200 in 1904, 306 in 1914, 479 in 1925), so too did the accommodation; the school encompassed a former Royal Victoria Hospital in 1925 for lower school classes, which was situated in the nearby Lowther Road. The two sites were known within the school as "Porchester" and "Lowther".

During World War II
The school moved to the present East Way site in 1939, formerly occupying buildings in Porchester Road and Lowther Road. From 1939 to 1945, the school housed over 600 members from Taunton's School, Southampton (then a grammar, now a sixth form college), due to evacuation from large cities. Among the Taunton staff was English master Horace King, later Lord Maybray-King, Speaker of the House of Commons. On 2 June 1940, about 800 French soldiers evacuated from Dunkirk were temporarily billeted in the school. Additional gas cookers were installed in the kitchen (now Languages Office) and staff were involved in preparing food and drink for the soldiers who occupied corridors and form rooms. One form room was used a temporary hospital for the more seriously wounded. Two days later, a further 300 arrived and remained in the school for about a week. On 19 June, after the French had been moved elsewhere, 400 or so British soldiers arrived, having been rescued from Cherbourg by the Royal Navy. It was agreed they would occupy the ground floor, leaving the senior school to carry out their summer examinations in the rooms above. Normal education resumed on 26 June.

In 1935, planning for new school buildings on the northern fringe of Charminster began. Various proposals were considered and the Council decided to allocate 10 acres for the new school in East Way. Building operations were begun early in 1937 and the Foundation Stones were laid on 25 May. They were erected from the designs and under the supervision of W. L. Clowes, Borough Engineer and Architect from 1936 onwards. They opened in 1939 and were first occupied by the boys from Porchester and Lowther and evacuees from Taunton's School in Southampton. Soon after, HORSA huts were erected to the north of the main buildings to house more classrooms. Further extensions to the buildings were made in subsequent years, with the canteen (previously above the Old Gym) built in 1957, a new physics laboratory built in 1958, Rooms 40 and 41 (now 9 and 10) in 1959, a new chemistry laboratory in 1961, a steel-framed structure above the single-storey north-eastern section (at the time of building, notorious for rocking in the wind) in the early 1990s and office space for Housemasters and admin staff later in 1992 (at the time the present House system was introduced). Larger scale building works include the Sixth Form Block in 1968, the Art & Technology blocks in the 1990s (replacing the HORSA huts), the Maths Blocks, which at the time of construction (between 2005 and 2007) was used for religious studies and mathematics but now the eight classrooms are exclusively purposed for the latter and the Sir David English Centre in 1999 (replacing the increasingly neglected, vandalised and subsequently demolished pavilions that were used for physical education and sports events).

Modern history, 1973–

In 1973, the school hall burnt down. Evidence of the fire can be seen in the wooden flooring tiles in the doorway of Room 21. The new hall was opened in 1975. Its floorpan encompassed what had previously been two corridors running along either side of the old hall, thereby making much better use of space. Furthermore, the old hall had no electricity supply or dressing rooms, meaning that despite the short-term disruption, Bournemouth School now has a larger and much better-equipped facility for assemblies, productions and other events.

The old sites in Porchester Road and Lowther Road were used by Portchester School from 1940 until 1989, when it moved to Harewood Avenue. The boarding house was demolished to make way for the Wessex Way, "Lowther" was demolished in the 1980s, the site being redeveloped into the new Malmesbury Park Primary School, and "Porchester" was redeveloped in 1990 into Fenwick Court, a housing estate. Nothing, therefore, of the pre-East Way buildings remains.

In mid-2021, the school started work on a new building, planned to accommodate the increasing number of pupils. It was completed in January 2023, with the headmaster opening it alongside former pupil Alex James. The three-storey building contains six new language classrooms alongside a new Modern Foreign Languages office, a canteen entitled Le Bistro, and a new sixth-form study centre.

Head Teachers

 * 1901 E. Fenwick
 * 1932 J. E. Parry
 * 1957 E. G. Bennett
 * 1971 H. P. Harper
 * 1982 J. A. B. Kelsall
 * 1987 A. F. P. Petrie
 * 1996 J. Granger
 * 2009 D. P. Lewis

Grammar school status

From the mid-1950s, 'grammar streams' were introduced in all Bournemouth secondary modern schools, and they effectively became bilateral schools. This idea was pioneered by the Chief Education Officer of the County Borough of Bournemouth from 1956 to 1972, Walter Smedley (who died aged 98 in June 2006) who was a former technical college lecturer, and allowed easier movement between the 'grammar streams' in these schools and the grammar schools. The system was nationally recognised, as it allowed greater flexibility, as is possible in comprehensive schools, but allowed academic standards to be maintained - people's ability was still recognised. Movement was down as well as up. The system was well supported by parents. The rate of pupils staying on at school in the sixth form was 50% higher than the national average in the 1960s. Selection to the grammar schools from 1965 was not assessed by a single exam, but continuously. In the late 1960s, Bournemouth's schools were producing GCE results 250% better than comprehensives in London's ILEA.

However, in 1969, Edward Short, Baron Glenamara, the Labour education secretary, condemned Bournemouth's education system. Once Smedley left in 1972, the bilateral schools later became comprehensives. The last school of this type was Oakmead College of Technology. Entrance exams for the grammar schools were also reintroduced. Bournemouth LEA still gets very good exam results, especially at A level. Dorset County Council took over from 1974 to 1997.

In 2011, Bournemouth School ceased to hold its "selective grammar school" status, as it became an academy. The school kept its original name as well as its uniform and entrance examination through the change, but is now directly funded and overseen by the government rather than a local education authority.

Affiliations
The school shares playing fields with Bournemouth School for Girls and co-operates with them in theatre productions. Sixth form students often visit local primary schools to aid with teaching.

All Bournemouth School students use the Sir David English Sports Centre for physical education lessons. It has an indoor sports hall, four tennis and netball courts and three artificial turf football pitches.

The annual sports day, acting as the climax of the House Competition, takes place at the King's Park athletics stadium.

Girls in the sixth form
Bournemouth School accepted 15 female applicants to the sixth form for the first time in September 2012, and this number has risen since and in September 2013 37 female students joined the school.

Notable former pupils

 * Mark Austin, journalist and newscaster, current presenter of The News Hour with Mark Austin on Sky News
 * Daniel Avery, electronic music producer and DJ
 * Christian Bale, actor, left at age 16
 * Aaron Bastani, writer and founder of Novara Media
 * Colin Boreham, competed in the decathlon in the 1984 Summer Olympics, he had the British high jump record in 1974, of 6ft 11, which lasted one year
 * Morley Bury, painter and artist
 * Dennis Curry, geologist, president from 1963 to 1965 of the Geologists' Association, grandson of Henry Curry (founder of Currys)
 * Sir David English, journalist and editor of the Daily Mail from 1971 to 1992
 * Charlie Ewels, professional rugby union player, Bath Rugby
 * Sir Brian Follett, chairman of the Training and Development Agency for Schools since 2003, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Warwick from 1993 to 2001
 * Charles Gray, actor
 * Sir P. J. Grigg, Secretary of State for War, 1942-1945
 * Tim Hayward, writer, broadcaster from 1976 to 1981
 * Benny Hill, comedian, writer
 * James Inverne, artist manager and former editor of Gramophone; key in uncovering the Joyce Hatto fraud
 * Alex James, bass player and occasional vocalist of band Blur
 * Gareth Malone, choirmaster and broadcaster
 * Dick Moore, cricketer
 * Henry Moss (Tiskovitz), fashion entrepreneur; set up Lady Jane Boutique in Carnaby Street
 * Richard Palmer-James, co-founder of band Supertramp
 * Miles Reid, algebraic geometer
 * Michael Roberts, (1902-1948), poet, writer, broadcaster and teacher
 * Ivan Rogers, former senior British civil servant
 * John Wetton, English singer, bassist and songwriter.
 * Tom Wise, former UKIP and Independent MEP jailed for fraud

title: Bournemouth School


text: User:Audiovideo

title: User:Audiovideo


text:
Talk:Stedelen

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Stedelen. There was no consensus. dbenbenn | talk 14:49, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

External link?
My German is a little rusty, however...is there some relevance to the external link on this page? Ernstblumberg (talk) 03:35, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stedelen


text:
Richard Eppes

Richard Eppes (May 2, 1824 – February 17, 1896) was a prominent planter in Prince George County, Virginia and a surgeon in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Eppes is notable for his having kept extensive journals about his plantation and life; the journals for 1849 and 1851–1896 are held by the Virginia Historical Society and have been invaluable to historians of the Antebellum South. His Appomattox Manor was used as a base by Union general Ulysses S. Grant during his siege of Petersburg, Virginia.

Early life and education
Eppes was born in City Point, Virginia on the estate his father Benjamin Cocke managed for his mother. After his father's death he took his mother's family name. Eppes went to Petersburg Classical Institute 1840–1843, enrolled at William & Mary in 1843, but transferred to the University of Pennsylvania where he took his medical degree in 1847. Two years after his graduation he travelled through the Near East. Eppes mother died in 1844 and after the estate was settled in 1851 he took control of Appomattox Manor as sole heir.

Marriage and family
In 1850 had married Josephine Dulles Horner, the daughter of the dean of the medical school at Pennsylvania, who died of complications during childbirth less than two years after their marriage. His wife's death plunged Eppes into a deep depression, but in 1854 he married, in accordance with his late wife's wishes, her sister Elizabeth Welsh Horner. They had nine children of which three died in childhood.

Plantation owner
At the time of the Civil War, Eppes owned nearly 130 slaves and 2,300 acres (9.3 km2) at City Point and Eppes Island directly across the James River. He had given up his medical practice to manage his three plantations, devoted to wheat and other grains, and associated slaves. Eppes favored preservation of the Union, provided that Southern rights in slave property could be protected. In the Election of 1860, he supported John C. Breckinridge, who led the Southern faction of the Democratic party. Breckinridge represented those who were states rights and pro-slavery men, but who were not radical secessionists.

Richard Eppes, encouraged slave marriages to discourage escape. He watched boats coming up the Appomattox to make sure that they were not picking up slaves and he took turns with other white landowners riding around City Point, looking for African Americans who may be involved in helping slaves escape. He also discouraged slaves and poor whites from trading in stolen grain which might lead to escape plans. Slaves often traveled to Hopewell to work on other plantations owned by Richard Eppes. Slaves were helped by railroad workers and ship captains stopping in Petersburg, in their journeys to freedom up north as a part of the Underground Railroad.

Civil War
When war broke out, Eppes enlisted in the 3rd Virginia Cavalry and helped equip the unit. About a year later, he paid for a substitute to complete his obligation. (Most planters were excluded from service, as the government believed they needed to keep agricultural production going and to manage the slaves.) Early in May 1862, his wife and children moved to Petersburg, which was located inland above the falls of the James River, for safety. Just days later, a Union raiding party landed at City Point.

When the troops departed, all but twelve of Eppes' slaves had escaped with them, choosing to join the Union forces to gain freedom. Among those who escaped was Richard Slaughter, who decades later told his story to a Works Progress Administration interviewer in 1936. Most slaves were taken to Hampton, where they worked for the Union forces, and many began to learn to read and write. When given the chance, Slaughter and other men enlisted in the United States Colored Troops.

Eppes worked as a civilian contract surgeon for the Confederate army in Petersburg for the duration of the war. In the middle of the siege, Eppes got his family out of Petersburg and sent them to his wife's family in Philadelphia to wait out the war. When Petersburg fell, Eppes decided to stay behind with the wounded as Robert E. Lee evacuated the Confederate forces from the city.

Postbellum
By May 1865, Eppes had taken the Amnesty Oath, but found that his wealth excluded him from benefits of the Amnesty Proclamation. He had to raise money to reclaim and essentially purchase the title to his land and settle up with the Federal government. He also had to pay for any of the structures which the Union army left behind on his land before he could alter them. By early 1866, after a favorable transaction with the government, he controlled his plantation again. By March 1866, his family had returned and they were living at City Point.

Diaries
Eppes kept voluminous, detailed journals, which have been a source for historians on his planning and operation of his plantation, as well as the war and post-bellum years. The volumes for 1849 and 1851–1896 are in the collections of the Virginia Historical Society, in Richmond.

title: Richard Eppes


text: File:Franz Ferdinand Michael.jpg

title: File:Franz Ferdinand Michael.jpg