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Task Force 20

Task Force 20 is a temporary combat force designation that has been used several times and may still be used by separate parts of the United States armed forces. The longer-established iteration was a part of the United States Second Fleet in the Atlantic from after the Second World War. This was part of the formal United States Military Communications-Electronic Board system.

The other iteration was a much more temporary task force of the Joint Special Operations Command, one of the designations used by the JSOC high value targets task force which began its life as Task Force 11 (also doubling a U.S. Navy designation) after the September 11 terrorist attacks.

United States Navy
Task Force 20 was a task force for the now-deactivated United States Second Fleet, as well as a now-inactive task force for the United States Fleet Forces Command. In its Second Fleet role, TF-20 served as that fleet's Battle Force. In its subsequent role in the Fleet Forces Command, TF-20 served in a training role for U.S. naval units preparing to deploy to the United States Sixth Fleet in the East Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, as well as the United States Fifth Fleet in the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf.

Task Force 20 was one of the task force designators assigned to the United States Fleet Forces Command in the Atlantic, and was previously one of the task force designators assigned to the United States Second Fleet. According to Norman Polmar, writing in Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, the designator was reserved for the Second Fleet's Battle Force, and the commander of that force was to be Commander, Second Fleet. This was the documented case from 1978 to 1987, and from probably much earlier. The task force was probably intended primarily at that time to undertake attacks on Soviet Navy bases on the Kola Peninsula in the event of a general war.

From 21 to 27 November 1946, USS Missouri (BB-63) was en route to Davis Strait as part of Task Group 20.2, which also included the cruiser Little Rock and destroyer USS Fechteler. Between 27 November and 4 December, she participated in cold-weather exercises in Davis Strait, between Greenland and East Baffin Island, as part of Task Group 20.2. An incident during that cruise involving the USS Little Rock (CL-92). She was off the port side firing 5-inch star shells for illumination, to spot icebergs, when there was a misfire. According to standard procedure the gunner began to point the barrel toward the water to wait out a hangfire. However, the round cooked off halfway down. The round hit the Missouri on the signal bridge, killing Coxswain Robert Fountain and starting a fire involving an acetylene tank which was lashed to the railing. One or two officers' cabins were destroyed as well. Missouri did not get back to Norfolk until 13 December 1946. Commander Carrier Group 6 served as CTG 20.2 for a Mediterranean deployment aboard USS America (CV-66) in April 1984.

In late October 1983, USS Independence (CV-62)'s battle group (Carrier Group Four), assigned to the Second Fleet, became the core of Task Group 20.5, the carrier task group that would support the Invasion of Grenada. On 25 October 1983, aircraft from Independence's embarked air wing flew missions supporting the invasion.

The post of Commander, Task Force 20, which was an additional post for the fleet's commander during the fleet's existence, has been maintained as a three-star vice admiral's position who also concurrently serves as the deputy commander of Fleet & Joint Operations, the deputy commander of U.S. Fleet Forces Command and the director of Combined Joint Operations From The Sea, Centre of Excellence. Task Force 20 was commanded by Vice Admiral David H. Buss) from 30 September 2011 until its disestablishment on 24 August 2012.

In effect, the tasks of the Second Fleet commander and staff were reassigned to Commander, Task Force 20 until Fleet Forces Command was reorganized on 14 September 2012. The Commander, Fleet Forces Command said on his blog that "It was for these reasons that I approved the establishment of two DCOM billets, the 3-Star DCOM for Fleet and Joint Operations (DCOM-FJO) and the 2-Star DCOM for Fleet Management/Chief of Staff (DCOM-FM/COS). These two individuals will report directly to me for their respective portfolios. Recognizing the significant increase in direct report subordinate commands, I will also dual-hat the DCOM-FJO as Commander, Task Force 20 (CTF 20), with delegated command responsibilities for SECOND Fleet's subordinate commands (Commander Strike Force Training Atlantic (CSFTL), 4 x CSG, ESG-2) and Second Fleet’s existing Task Forces and Task Groups."

Task Force 20 was disestablished effective 1 October 2012, and its functions transferred to Task Force 80.

Invasion of Iraq
In preparation for the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Task Force 20 was formed based on Task Force 11/Sword during the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and were assigned to western Iraq, the TF (Task Force) was led by Major General Dell Dailey. TF 20 was composed of mainly SOF units from Joint Special Operations Command: B squadron Delta Force and all 3 Battalions of the 75th Ranger Regiment; Able Co. 1–15 Inf. 3rd Infantry Division 3rd Brigade (Audie Murphy Battalion) were the first unit to assist in QRF and HVT for the TF 20 at BIAP and as 3rd ID's mission was to return home after completing the Invasion of Iraq. Then a battalion strength element of the 82nd Airborne Division, serving as a QRF and reinforcements; and a M142 HIMARS; later in the invasion M1A1 Abrams tanks from C Company, 2nd Battalion 70th Armor were attached to TF 20.

TF 20 was covertly based at Ar'Ar Air Base in Saudi Arabia; the commander of the Delta Force squadron Lieutenant colonel Pete Blaber wanted to deploy his operators out into western Iraq and conduct strikes against enemy concentrations, tying up enemy forces that could otherwise be sent to reinforce against the Army and Marine advance from the south, such operation would also effectively deceive the Iraqis as to the true intentions of the coalition forces and precisely where the main effort would be concentrated. However, Dailey wanted the Delta squadron to stay at Ar'Ar Air Base and only launch against suspected WMD sites and/or HVT, the disagreement was decided by General Tommy Franks who went with Blaber's plan. TF 20 was tasked with seizing airfields deep in Iraq and capturing HVTs along with providing long-range Special Reconnaissance; one of its primary pre-invasion targets was the planned seizure of Saddam International Airport in Baghdad, two full-scale rehearsals were carried out but the operation was never carried out and the airport was eventually captured by conventional units.

In the evening of 19 March 2003, Task Force 20, led by B squadron Delta Force (accompanied by several Air Force Special Tactics teams, a Delta intelligence and targeting cell, several military working dog teams and two Iraqi-American interpreters), was the first US SOF unit to enter western Iraq as part of the initial infiltration before the main invasion. They later assisted coalition SOF in the capture H-3 Air Base, Rangers were later flown in to garrison the base; unofficially, Task Force 20 had been in Iraq, along with British SOF Task Force 7 and 14, and the Australian SOF Task Force 64. Delta Force then proceeded to the Haditha Dam complex; it also conducted numerous deception operations to confuse the Iraqis as to the disposition of Coalition forces in the west.

On 24 March 2003, Delta Force recce operators drove through Iraqi lines around the Haditha Dam, marking targets for Coalition airstrikes, the subsequent bombings resulted in the destruction of a large number of Iraqi armoured vehicles and antiaircraft systems. Also that day, 3rd Battalion 75th Ranger Regiment conducted a combat drop onto H-1 Air Base, securing the site as a staging area for operations in western Iraq. Delta's reconnaissance of the dam indicated that a much larger force was needed to capture it, so C squadron Delta squadron was dispatched from Fort Bragg, with a further Ranger battalion, along with M1A1 Abrams tanks from C Company, 2nd Battalion 70th Armor (known as "Team Tank"). C-17s flew the company from Talil to H-1 Air Base and then to MSS (Mission Support Site) Grizzly – a desert strip established by Delta Force which was located between Haditha and Tikrit; C Squadron, Delta Force was flown directly to MSS Grizzly.

On 26 March 2003, the DEVGRU component in TF 20 supported by B company 2nd Battalion 75th Ranger Regiment conducted the raid Objective Beaver – a suspected chemical and biological weapons site at the al Qadisiyah reservoir, north of Haditha, they engaged numerous gunmen but there was no chemical or biological weapons at the site.

On 1 April 2003, DEVGRU along with Para Rescue Jumpers and Combat Controllers from the 24th Special Tactics Squadron and Rangers from 1st and 2nd battalion 75th Ranger Regiment and other forces took part in the rescue of PFC Jessica Lynch; also that day C squadron Delta Force and 3rd battalion 75th Ranger Regiment captured the Haditha Dam and held it for a further 5 days.

Delta units headed north from Haditha to conduct ambushes along the highway above Tikrit, tying up Iraqi forces in the region and attempting to capture fleeing high-value targets trying to escape to Syria, Team Tank convinced Iraqi generals that the coalition main effort might be coming from the west. On 2 April 2003, they were engaged by half a dozen armed technicals from the same anti-special forces Fedayeen that had previously fought Task Force 7. Two Delta operators were wounded and the squadron requested aero medical evacuation and close-air support as a company of truck-borne Iraqi reinforcements arrived to bolster the Fedayeen assault. Two MH-60K Blackhawks carrying a para jumper medical team and two MH-60L Black Hawk DAPs of the 160th SOAR responded and engaged the Iraqis, which allowed the Delta operators to move their casualties to an emergency HLZ, after which they were medevaced to H-1 Air Base, escorted by a pair of A-10As. However, Master sergeant George Fernandez died of his wounds. The DAPs stayed on station and continued to engage the Iraqis, destroying a truck carrying a mortar and several infantry squads, whilst Delta snipers killed Iraqi infantryman firing on the DAPs. A pair of A-10As arrived and dropped 500 lb airburst bombs within 20m of Delta positions and killed a large number of Iraqi infantry who had been gathering in a wadi. The DAPs spotted several Iraqi units and engaged them until they were dangerously low on fuel.

On 9 April 2003, the combined team seized an airfield near Tikrit during a night attack, one tank drove into a 40 ft deep hole and flipped, injuring one of the crew and disabling the tank, which was later destroyed by another tank to deny it to the enemy. By mid-April, Delta had advanced into Baghdad and "Team Tank" returned to its parent unit.

Throughout April, TF 20 continued to raid suspected WMD sites, sometimes only hours ahead of the official Army WMD SSE team as major combat operations were winding down TF 20 transitioned to hunting HVT former Ba'athists. On 19 April 2003, the TF captured HVTs Mohammed Abbas, the leader of the PLF terrorist group. On 25 April, captured the Iraqi deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz. TF 20 also recovered a Mi-17 Hip helicopter for later use in covert operations.

Post invasion
in May 2003, 80% of SOF assets were rotated out of the theatre at the conclusion of major combat operations, elements of Task Force 20 remained and continued to hunting HVT former Ba'athists under direct JSOC command and had several successes in its early operations.

On 16 June 2003, operators from G Squadron, SAS (part of Task force 14) and B squadron, Delta Force, captured Lieutenant-General Abid Hamid Mahmud al-Tikriti, who had been Saddam Hussein's personal secretary and had been ranked the fourth most important HVT. He was captured in a joint helicopter and ground assault on a safehouse in Tikrit without resistance or casualties, in what was considered a highly successful operation.

On 18 June 2003, near the Syrian border, AC-130 Spectre gunships guided in by TF 20 operators destroyed a convoy of Ba'ath Party members escaping to Syria. Intelligence indicated that the convoy may have included Saddam Hussein and/or his sons; other reports claimed the convoy was composed of oil smugglers. Once the convoy was destroyed by the AC-130s, TF 20 conducted a heliborne assault into a nearby compound that proved to be a Ba'athist safehouse for ferrying FREs (Former Regime Elements) across the border. The operators then came under fire from Syrian border guards, leading to a firefight that left several of the border guards dead with 17 more captured who were immediately released.

On 22 July 2003, a former Ba'athist regime member used an informer to pass intelligence to the 101st Airborne Division that Uday and Qusay Hussein (who had $15 million bounty), along with Qusay's son and a bodyguard, were hiding in the informer's home in Mosul. The 101st passed this information to their divisional special forces liaison, who passed it on to TF 20. Platoons from the 101st Airborne set up an outer cordon around the target house; a Delta assault team prepared to breach and clear the building from the entrance, whilst a Delta interpreter called upon the occupants to surrender. The informer and his two sons left the building as previously agreed. Delta operators breached and entered, upon which they were immediately engaged by small arms fire, which wounded one Delta operator. As they withdrew from the house, the occupants threw grenades from the second floor on them, and several Delta operators were lightly wounded by the grenade fragments; the stairs had also been blocked to impede any rapid assault. Another group of assaulters fast-roped from a MH-6 Little Bird onto the roof of the building to examine the possibility of entering the building through the roof, but this wasn't possible. The decision was taken to soften up the target with heavy weapons before another entry. After soldiers of the 101st Airborne engaged the building with .50 cal HMGs and M136 anti tank rockets, a third entry attempt was made, but was again driven back by intense gunfire. The 101st fired 10 TOW missiles from HMMWV-mounted TOW II antitank guided missiles into the house, followed by repeated gun runs from OH-58 Kiowas firing 2.75 rockets and .50 cal machine guns. Delta subsequently made a successful entry and moved up onto the second floor, finding Qusay and the bodyguard dead. Qusay's son was hiding under a bed and opened fired on the operators, leaving them no choice but to kill him. Uday was discovered wounded and armed, a Delta operator shot and killed him.

title: Task Force 20


text:
Sexual frustration

Sexual frustration is a sense of dissatisfaction stemming from a discrepancy between a person's desired and achieved sexual activity. It may result from physical, mental, emotional, social, financial, religious or spiritual barriers. It can derive from displeasure during sex due to issues such as anorgasmia, anaphrodisia, premature ejaculation, delayed ejaculation or erectile dysfunction. A sense of incompatibility or discrepancy in libido between partners may be involved. It may also relate to broader existential frustration.

Historical methods of dealing with sexual frustration have included fasting and the taking of libido suppressants such as anaphrodisiacs (food supplements) or antaphrodisiacs (medicinal supplements). It can also affect the sexually active, especially hypersexual people. It is a natural stage of the development throughout youth, when going through puberty as a teenager.

Ways to cope with sexual frustration include engaging in solo sex, meditating, exercising, exploring new techniques, discussing and being open with one's partner about sexual frustrations, or seeking professional assistance through a sex therapist.

Adolescents
Adolescents may experience sexual frustration due to a variety of factors, including societal expectations, hormonal changes, and the complexities of navigating relationships. For some adolescents, sexting serves as an outlet for sexual exploration within a virtual space, particularly for those not yet ready for physical sexual activity.

Menopause
During menopause, individuals may experience reduced sexual desire and activity. However, engaging in sex remains important for many older people. Couples in their 50s or older expect ongoing sexual involvement, with an emphasis on traditional intercourse over other forms. Common sexual dysfunctions, like ejaculatory issues in males and genital atrophy in females, pose challenges. Lack of awareness about these changes may hinder communication with partners, potentially leading to sexual frustration and abstinence.

Autism
People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may face sexual frustration far more than most other people due to challenges in social interaction, communication difficulties, and sensory sensitivities associated with ASD. These individuals often struggle to interpret social cues and establish meaningful relationships, leading to a sense of isolation. Sensory sensitivities can also contribute to discomfort in intimate situations. Additionally, the lack of tailored resources and support for sexuality education exacerbates their frustration.

Sexual frustration's impact on aggression and crime

 * Sexual frustration has been identified as a factor contributing to immoral conducts throughout history.  However, it is not prominently addressed in major criminological theories. This historical oversight can be attributed to misguided perspectives stemming from misconceptions that disregard female sexual frustration, misrepresent male biology, and fail to consider psychological and qualitative dimensions, including the option of masturbation.
 * Sexual frustration extends beyond individuals facing involuntary celibacy; it also affects those engaged in sexual activity. The frustration arising from unmet sexual desires, unavailability of partners, and unsatisfactory sexual experiences appears to heighten the risks of aggression, violence, and criminal tendencies associated with the pursuit of relief, power, revenge, and displaced frustration. While sexual frustration alone is not adequate to fully explain aggression, violence, or crime, recognizing its impact on behavior remains crucial.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sexual frustration


text: User talk:83.104.56.27

title: User talk:83.104.56.27


text:
Talk:Arthur Ransome

Untitled
From the article "Ransome won the suit but his wife's behaviour during the trial added to the stress on their marriage. Ransome left his wife and went to Russia in 1913 to study folk lore." What did his wife do? That statement leave you with unquenched curiosity, but may be i am just too nosy. Would enrich the article neverthless

I've watched the BBC programme "An awfully big adventure, Arthur Ransome" and in it Hugh Brogan, who wrote Ransome's 1993 biography, says that respectable women did not attend libel cases to hear the arguments at that time and that she enjoyed receiving the attentions of the journalists reporting the case.MidlandLinda (talk) 21:14, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Ransome has become very popular in countries such as Japan and Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic),

First off, Czechoslovakia is not "now the Czech Republic"; Czechoslovakia split into two separate states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Is Ransome's popularity spread across both countries, or is it confined to just one of them? In a discussion of his modernday popularity there's no need to mention a country that hasn't existed for fifteen years, so the sentence should either read, "such as Japan, the Czech Republic and Slovakia", "such as Japan and the Czech Republic" or "such as Japan and Slovakia". Binabik80 (talk) 05:28, 17 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Providing a source for the information and matching the text to it would solve the problem. Who says this? --Old Moonraker (talk) 08:17, 17 December 2008 (UTC)
 * The Arthur Ransome website says that he has been published in both Czech and Slovak, though they were originally one country when the first books were published there. Here is an on-line paper about the Czech translations Arthur Ransome in Czech. This website of book covers seems to indicate that all the titles have been published in Czech but only three in Slovak, though there may be others which aren't listed there. Again all the books were translated and published while Czechoslovakia was a country. It appears that he was published in Czechoslovakia and is more popular in the Czech Republic today. Its one of the problems of history, how do you describe an event that occurred in a country which has since split up. He wasn't originally published in the Czech Republic but in Czechoslovakia. He remains more popular in the Czech translation, presumably in the current Czech Republic, though there are still plenty of Czech speakers and readers in the modern day Slovakia. Dabbler (talk) 10:10, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Russian Wikipedia cited as source
In this edit a user has replaced a reference from an external print source with a reference to ru:wikipedia. This seems not to accord with the WP:SPS policy "Articles and posts on Wikipedia... may not be used as sources" and I propose to restore the print source, subject to other editors' views --Old Moonraker (talk) 12:31, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Changed back. --Old Moonraker (talk) 19:24, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I just removed a similar "reference", this time inserted in addition to the existing but still no more than a link to the ru wiki. Nancy  talk  12:08, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I have also left a note on the editor's talk page. Nancy  talk  12:30, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks—perhaps I should have done that. --Old Moonraker (talk) 12:34, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Swallow Island
Perhaps mention should be made that "Swallow Island", of which there are endpaper maps in "Swallows and Amazons", is in fact a real place - Horsey Island, near Walton-on-the-Naze.Colcestrian (talk) 00:06, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The Secret Water article locates the setting as Hamford Water, the broad inlet containing Horsey Island, but doesn't mention the island itself. Wild Cat Island, mapped on page 12 of Swallows and Amazons, is largely Peel Island, Cumbria. --Old Moonraker (talk) 05:56, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree that Peel Island is partly a source for Wild Cat but it is by no means the only source. Really only the Secret Harbour and the view of the island from a distance come from Peel Island. Ransome is said to given Blakeholme on Windermere as another origin but I have not seen that so can't confirm. Dabbler (talk) 11:24, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The trouble with Blake Holme is that it's only a dozen yards from the shore and hasn't got the secret harbour, although it's about the right distance down the lake from "Rio". --Old Moonraker (talk) 11:57, 13 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I am not suggesting that any particular island is Wild Cat but that Wild Cat, like the Lake and other aspects of the Lake books geography, is not based on any one original but on composites of places that Ransome knew in the area. The Broads books and Secret Water and We didn't mean to go to sea are all much more geographicaly anchored to real places. Dabbler (talk) 13:26, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Ransome's security file from The National Archives
This is an abstract only, needing payment for full access and thus possibly at odds with WP:ELNO. Views? --Old Moonraker (talk) 11:36, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

"In the pay of the Foreign Office"
I have added a tag, for the supposed "citation" as much as anything. The dealings with the FO have been examined most carefully by biographers, and IFAICR none of them has mentioned money. Please bring a WP:RS if this is to be kept.--Old Moonraker (talk) 22:13, 11 January 2010 (UTC)
 * WP:RS found for an aspect of Ransome's relationship with the FO and used to replace the above. Again: if it can be sourced, bring it back. --Old Moonraker (talk) 10:19, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Slovakian Ransome Society?
Do you have a reference for the Slovakian Ransome Society? I know there is a Czech one but didn't think there was a Slovakian one. As far as i know the books were only translated into Czech. Dabbler (talk) 00:26, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Hugh Walpole
I've used a quotation from Hugh Walpole as a source for "best children's writer", so it's just as well to acknowledge that the two men were friends, and my print reference is from an advert paid for by Ransome's then publisher. By way of balance, the other source is provided by a well-known children's writer, school librarian and director of a rival publishing firm. Anyone do better? --Old Moonraker (talk) 13:51, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

20th-century British children's literature
This article is now on my watchlist after revising it yesterday on a pass thru all Carnegie Medal winners. I see that it is in Category: 20th-century British children's literature, which is new to me.

Which biographies and books articles should be in this category?

Having recently visited perhaps 100 of 200 articles on Carnegie and Greenaway Medal-winners, I know that very very few have been categorized by nationality-cross-time, only by time and nationality separately. Before revisiting such articles I'll try to remember to try to discuss ;-) categorization at WP UK and Children's literature.

P.S. I see the category was renamed "20th-century" from "1900-1949" only a year ago. That must be a partial explanation for little Carnegie/Greenaway overlap. --P64 (talk) 15:30, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

Most widely held in libraries
WorldCat reports that Ransome's work most widely held by participating libraries is The fool of the world and the flying ship; a Russian tale (1968) --a posthumous edition of one story from Old Peter's Russian tales (1916)..

The reported margin for this one above all his other works is enormous, much greater than I have seen elsewhere (now close to 50 authors and illustrators, mainly British). No doubt the primary reason for its wide dissemination is that Uri Shulevitz won the U.S. Caldecott Medal for illustrating this 48-page book. Nevertheless we should probably mention this book in the biography, which we do not yet.

The counts for Ransome's other works are low. I suppose the explanation lies in some combination of [a] relatively unreliable WorldCat data for Ransome in his prime because library digitization is rather incomplete for "old" books; [b] perceived parochial nature of the Swallows series, with limited international appeal to libraries; [c] rather limited international library holdings of most books published before the 1950s. (Ransome's early "Russian" books rank high on his list but their counts are not high.) --P64 (talk) 19:53, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Here is an abridged version of Ransome's "top twenty"
 * twelve volumes of Swallows and Amazons (#2 to 19)
 * five "Russian" books (#1, 3, 4, 5, #14) of which two are posthumous picture book(?) editions of stories in #5
 * #11. Oscar Wilde : a critical study by Arthur Ransome (1912)
 * #15. The autobiography of Arthur Ransome by Arthur Ransome (1976) --posthumous
 * #20. A night in the Luxembourg by Remy de Gourmont (1900), Preface and appendix by Arthur Ransome (1912)
 * --P64 (talk) 20:09, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Middleton connection
Isn't this rather tenuous - to say the least. Might have a place in an article about Middleton family but the connection with ransome is so slight that surely it doesn't belong here? 212.159.44.170 (talk) 10:38, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Middleton ref should stay; Kate Middleton's grandfather - Captain Peter Middleton  -  reportedly shared a governess with the Ransome  family and  was  a respected sailor  himself down Norwich way. No doubt he  enjoyed sailing with his Ransome relatives.  His grandfather had called his house in Leeds "Rockland" - after Rockland St Mary in Norwich?  Kate Middleton also reportedly  loves to sail. Strong enough connection methinks.101.182.23.36 (talk) 06:00, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:21, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Duchess of Cambridge grandmother's governess
I'm not sure that this lady, governess to Ransome's second cousin's children as well, has any place in this article. I'm proposing to apply WP:TOPIC and remove her. Furthermore, it's cited to the gossip column of the Daily Mail, which is specifically deprecated as a Wikipedia source.--217.155.32.221 (talk) 14:27, 29 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry: I just noticed that this was brought up a couple of years ago but received no support. I'll try again, subject to the views of other contributors.--217.155.32.221 (talk) 14:35, 29 October 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, No disagreement? Implementing.--217.155.32.221 (talk) 09:55, 2 November 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:38, 30 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Mitrohin Old Peter's Russian Tales.jpg

Cheadle Royal Hospital
The article gives this establishment as Ransome's place of death and it's in Brogan (1984), p.433. All other references on the web may have been picked up from here. However CRH was, and is, a mental hospital. Anyone know more?--AntientNestor (talk) 14:17, 15 April 2022 (UTC)
 * No, I'm wrong. GRO records confirm that it was the CRH. Apologies. At the time it was private mental hospital, so it's still a bit of a mystery.--AntientNestor (talk) 08:56, 26 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Although: at the time it was offering care of "ageing related mental health problems.".--AntientNestor (talk) 09:27, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arthur Ransome


text:
Species first discovered in Hong Kong

This list contains species first discovered in Hong Kong, with the endemic species asterisked.

Plants

 * Bauhinia (Bauhinia blakeana)
 * Crapnell's camellia (Camellia crapnelliana)
 * Grantham's camellia (Camellia granthamiana)
 * Hong Kong camellia (Camellia hongkongensis)
 * Hong Kong dogwood (Dendrobenthamia hongkongensis)
 * Hong Kong iris (Iris speculatrix)
 * Hong Kong balsam (Impatiens hongkongensis)
 * Pavetta (Pavetta hongkongensis)
 * Hong Kong croton (Croton hancei)*
 * Hong Kong wild kumquat (Fortunella hindsii), see Kumquat
 * Hong Kong bamboo (Arundinaria shiuyingiana)*
 * Lantau star-anise (Illicium angustisepalum)*
 * Hong Kong asarum (Asarum hongkongense)*
 * Shiuying bamboo (Arundinaria shiuyingiana)*
 * Subglabrous cane (Sasa subglabra)*
 * Two-coloured bulbophyllum (Bulbophyllum bicolor)*
 * Monteiro's caterpillar orchid (Cheirostylis monteiroi)*
 * Entire lip ginger (Zingiber integrilabrum)* (probably extinct)

Mammals

 * Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis chinensis)

Amphibians

 * Romer's tree frog (Philautus romeri)*
 * Hong Kong newt (Paramesotriton hongkongensis)
 * Hong Kong cascade frog (Amolops hongkongensis)
 * Short-legged horned toad (Xenophrys brachykolos )*
 * Polypedates megacephalus
 * Fejervarya multistriata
 * Rana macrodactyla
 * Microhyla pulchra (Hallowell), 1861

Reptile

 * Hongkong blind skink (Dibamus bogadeki)*
 * Lazell's blind snake (Typhlops lazelli)*
 * Anderson's stream snake (Ophisthotropis andersonii)
 * Eumeces quadrilineatus (Blyth), 1853
 * Achalinus rufescens Boulenger, 1888
 * Calamaria septentrionalis Boulenger, 1890
 * Dendrelaphis hollonrakei Lazell, 2002
 * Ahaetulla prasina medioxima (Lazzell, 2002)

Fish

 * Aphyocpris lini
 * Hong Kong paradisefish (Macropodus hongkongensis)
 * Pseudogastromyzon myersi
 * Parazacco spilurus (Gunther), 1868
 * Pseudohemiculter dispar (Peters), 1880
 * Oreonectes platycephalus Gunther, 1868
 * Rhinogobius duospilus (Herre, 1935)
 * Bathyphylax bombifrons Myers, 1934
 * Figaro melanobranchus (Chan), 1965
 * Sphyraena putnamiae Jordan & Schlegel, 1905
 * Osteomugil strongylocephalus (Richardson), 1846
 * Argyrosomus pawak Lin, 1940
 * Nibea chui Trewavas, 1971
 * Callionymus altipinnis Fricke, 1981
 * Arnoglossus tenuis Gunther, 1880
 * Plagiopsetta fasciatus (Fowler), 1933
 * Brachirus swinhonis (Steindachner), 1867
 * Cynoglossus lineolatus Steindachner, 1867
 * Opistognathus hongkongiensis Chan, 1968
 * Bathygobius hongkongensis Lam, 1986
 * Paraploactis hongkongiensis (Chan, 1966)*
 * Xyrichtys trivittatus Randall & Cornish, 2000
 * Neopomacentrus bankieri (Richardson, 1846)

Mollusca

 * Phyllodesmium opalescene
 * Chloritis hungerfordiana rufopila
 * Cryptosoma imperator
 * Kaliella hongkongensis
 * Macrochlamys discus
 * Macrochlamys nitidissma
 * Marcrocycloides crenulate
 * Microcystina schmackerina
 * Microcystina stenomphala
 * Sinoenna splendens hongkongensis
 * Tornatellira boeningi

Annelida

 * Aglaophamus toloensis Ohwada, 1992

Decapoda

 * Haberma tingkok Cannicci & Ng, 2017
 * Perisesarma maipoensis (Soh, 1978)*
 * Parasesarma maipoensis
 * Nanhaipotamon hongkongense (Shen, 1940)*
 * Chiromanthes sereni (Soh, 1978)*
 * Pseudopythina patshuni (Soh, 1978)*
 * Charybdis hongkongensis Shen, 1934
 * Crypotopotamon anacoluthon (Kemp, 1918)*
 * Somanniathelphusa zanklon Ng & Dudgeon, 1992*
 * Caridina trifasciata (Yam & Cai, 2003)*
 * Caridina serrata (Stimpson, 1860)
 * Caridina apodosis Cai & Ng, 1999*
 * Neocaridina serrata*
 * Metapenaeopsis toloensis Hall, 1962
 * Periclimenes toloensis Bruce, 1969
 * Panulirus stimpsoni Holthuis, 1963
 * Periclimenes hongkongensis Bruce, 1969

Tanaids

 * Pakistanapseudes toloensis (Bamber, 1997)

Isopoda

 * Allokepon sinensis (Danforth, 1972)
 * Anchiarthrus derelictus Markham, 1992
 * Apophrixus constrictus Markham, 1980B
 * Aporobopyrus enosteoidis (Markham, 1982)
 * Bopyrione longicapitata Markham, 1980
 * Bopyrione toloensis Markham, 1980
 * Dicropleon morator Markham, 1980
 * Hypocepon globosus Markham, 1992
 * Litobopyrus longicaudatus Markham, 1980B
 * Orbione penei Bonnier, 1900
 * Parabopyrella perplexa Markham, 1990B
 * Probopyria elliptica Markham, 1992
 * Probopyrus novempalensis Markham, 1980B
 * Progebiophilus sinicus Markham, 1980B
 * Pseudostegias dulcilacuum Markham, 1980B
 * Rhopalione sinensis Markham, 1990B
 * Stegophryxus minutus Markham, 1992
 * Tylokepon naxiae (Bonnier, 1900)
 * Colanthura daguilarensis Bamber, 2000
 * Dryadillo maculatus (Arcangeli, 1952B)
 * Exalloniscus rotundatus Taiti & Ferrara, 1986A
 * Burmoniscus ocellatus (Verhoeff, 1928D)
 * Dynoides daguilarensis Li 2000

Araneae

 * Gnaphosidae
 * Hongkongia wuae
 * Philodromidae
 * Thanatus hongkong Song, Zhu & Wu, 1997
 * Lycosidae
 * Pardosa pacata Fox, 1937
 * Hahniidae
 * Hahnia thortoni Brignoli, 1982*
 * Amaurobiidae
 * Bifidocoelotes primus (Fox, 1937)*
 * Oxyopidae
 * Oxyopes daksina Sherriffs, 1955
 * Salticidae
 * Pseudamycus bicoronatus Simon, 1901*
 * Pseudamycus relucens Simon, 1901*
 * Pancorius hongkong Song & al., 1997*
 * Bianor hongkong Song, Xie, Zhu, Wu, 1997*
 * Langona hongkong Song, Xie, Zhu, Wu, 1997*
 * Habrocestum hongkongiensis Proszynski, 1992*
 * Icius hongkong  Song, Xie, Zhu, Wu, 1997*
 * Nanthela hongkong (Song & Wu, 1997)
 * Portia orientalis Murphy & Murphy, 1983
 * Thiania inermis (Karsch, 1897)

 * Corinnidae
 * Castianeira hongkong Song, Zhu & Wu, 1997
 * Liphistiidae
 * Nanthela hongkong (Song and Wu, 1997)
 * Thomisidae
 * Mastira tegularis Xu, Han & Li, 2008*
 * Massuria bellula Xu, Han & Li, 2008*
 * Diaea simplex Xu, Han & Li, 2008*
 * Lysiteles hongkong Song, Zhu & Wu, 1997
 * Ebrechtella hongkong (Song, Zhu & Wu, 1997)

Acari

 * Copidognathus daguilarensis Bartsch, 1997
 * Copidognathus gracilunguis Bartsch, 1992
 * Copidognathus inconspicuus Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus longiunguis Bartsch, 1990
 * Copidognathus monacanthus Bartsch, 1992
 * Copidognathus neptuneus Bartsch, 1992
 * Copidognathus occultans Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus paluster Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus polyporus Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus strictulus Bartsch, 1997
 * Copidognathus umbonatus Bartsch, 1992
 * Copidognathus vicinus Bartsch, 1997
 * Rhombognathus arenarius Bartsch, 1992
 * Rhombognathus dictyotus Bartsch, 1992
 * Rhombognathus hirtellus Bartsch, 1992
 * Rhombognathus luxtoni (Bartsch, 1992)
 * Rhombognathus neptunellus Bartsch, 1992
 * Rhombognathus obesus (Bartsch, 1992)
 * Rhombognathus setellus Bartsch, 1992
 * Rhombognathus sinensis Bartsch, 1990
 * Rhombognathus sinensoideus Bartsch, 1992
 * Rhombognathus verrucosus Bartsch, 1992
 * Actacarus sinensis Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus acanthoscelus Bartsch, 1992
 * Copidognathus cephalocanthus Bartsch, 1992
 * Copidognathus cerberoideus Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus consobrinus Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus gracilunguis Bartsch, 1992
 * Copidognathus daguilarensis Bartsch, 1997
 * Copidognathus inconspicuus Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus longiunguis Bartsch, 1990
 * Copidognathus monacanthus Bartsch, 1992
 * Copidognathus neptuneus Bartsch, 1992
 * Copidognathus occultans Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus paluster Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus polyporus Bartsch, 1991
 * Copidognathus strictulus Bartsch, 1997
 * Copidognathus umbonatus Bartsch, 1992
 * Copidognathus vicinus Bartsch, 1997
 * Arhodeoporus minusculus Bartsch, 1991
 * Agauopsis ammodytes Bartsch, 1992
 * Agauopsis arenaria Bartsch, 1992
 * Agauopsis humilis Bartsch, 1992
 * Agauopsis sordida Bartsch, 1992
 * Scaptognathus triunguis Bartsch, 1991
 * Simognathus foveolatus Bartsch, 1991
 * Acarochelopodia lapidaria Bartsch, 1991
 * Litarachna hongkongensis Smit, 2002

Lepidoptera

 * Tineoidea
 * Tineidae
 * Myrmecozelinae
 * Thisizima fasciaria Yang, Li & Kendrick, 2012
 * Thisizima subceratella Yang, Li & Kendrick, 2012
 * Gracillarioidea
 * Gracillariidae
 * Gracillariinae
 * Gibbovalva singularis Bai & Li, 2008
 * Gelechioidea
 * Oecophoridae
 * Oecophorinae
 * Promalactis quinilineata Wang, Kendrick & Sterling, 2009*
 * Promalactis similinfulata Wang, Kendrick & Sterling, 2009*
 * Promalactis noviloba Wang, Kendrick & Sterling, 2009*
 * Promalactis longiuncata Wang, Kendrick & Sterling, 2009*
 * Promalactis biovata Wang, Kendrick & Sterling, 2009*
 * Promalactis lobatifera Wang, Kendrick & Sterling, 2009*
 * Promalactis apicispinifera Wang, Kendrick & Sterling, 2009*
 * Stereodytis acutidens Wang & Kendrick, 2009*
 * Stereodytis brevignatha Wang & Kendrick, 2009*
 * Stathmopodidae
 * Hieromantis arcuata Guan & Li, 2015
 * Stathmopoda tetracantha Wang, Wang & Guan, 2021*
 * Xyloryctidae
 * Xyloryctinae
 * Neospastis sinensis Bradley, 1967*
 * Cosmopterigidae
 * Scaeosophinae
 * Scaeosopha hongkongensis Li & Zhang, 2012*
 * Gelechiidae
 * Dichomeridinae
 * Dichomeris argentenigera Li, Zhen & Kendrick, 2010
 * Dichomeris hamulifera Li, Zhen & Kendrick, 2010*
 * Dichomeris parvisexafurca Li, Zhen & Kendrick, 2010*
 * Sesioidea
 * Sesiidae
 * Sesiinae - Sesiini
 * Toleria sinensis (Walker, 1854)*
 * Sesiinae - Paranthrenini
 * Gaea variegata (Walker, 1854)*
 * Zygaenoidea
 * Epipyropidae
 * Fulgoraecia bowringii Newman, 1851
 * Tortricoidea
 * Tortricidae
 * Tortricinae - Cochylini
 * Gynnidomorpha pista (Diakonoff, 1984)* Original combination = Phalonidia pista Diakonoff, 1984
 * Chlidanotinae - Hilarographini
 * Hilarographa shehkonga Razowski, 2009*
 * Olethreutinae
 * Sorolopha archimedias (Meyrick, 1912) Original combination = Argyroploce archimedias Meyrick, 1912
 * Pyraloidea
 * Crambidae
 * Musotiminae
 * Siamusotima disrupta Solis, 2017*
 * Spilomelinae
 * Palpita minuscula Inoue, 1996*
 * Palpita parvifraterna Inoue, 1999*
 * Geometroidea
 * Geometridae
 * Ennominae
 * Microcalicha reelsi Sato & Galsworthy, 1998
 * Pseudothalera carolinae Galsworthy, 1997
 * Psilalcis galsworthyi Sato, 1996*

 * Larentiinae
 * Sauris purpurotincta Galsworthy, 1999
 * Sauris victoriae Galsworthy, 1999*
 * Axinoptera anticostalis Galsworthy, 1999
 * Eupithecia sekkongensis Galsworthy, 1999 a junior synonym of E. mundiscripta (Warren, 1907)
 * Sigilliclystis kendricki Galsworthy, 1999*
 * Spiralisigna gloriae Galsworthy, 1999*
 * Geometrinae
 * Pingasa chloroides Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Maxates brevicaudata Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Thalassodes maipoensis Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Berta rugosivalva Galsworthy, 1997
 * Microloxia chlorissoides (Prout, 1912)
 * Papilionoidea
 * Hesperiidae
 * Hesperiinae
 * Halpe paupera walthewi Devyatkin, 2002*
 * Bombycoidea
 * Sphingidae
 * Macroglossinae - Macroglossini
 * Theretra suffusa (Walker, 1856)
 * Noctuoidea
 * Notodontidae
 * Notodontinae
 * Neodrymonia taipoensis Galsworthy, 1997
 * Erebidae
 * Arctiinae - Lithosiini
 * Cyana harterti (Elwes, 1890)
 * Lymantriinae - Orgyiini
 * Aroa ochripicta Moore, 1879 a junior synonym of A. substrigosa (Walker, 1855)
 * Lymantriinae - Nygmiini
 * Euproctis seitzi Strand, 1910
 * Hypenodinae - Hypenodini
 * Luceria striata Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Schrankia bilineata Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Hypenodinae - Micronoctuini - Belluliina
 * Bellulia galsworthyi Fibiger, 2008*
 * Fustius sterlingi Fibiger, 2010*
 * Hypeninae
 * Lysimelia lucida Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Pangraptinae
 * Pangrapta bicornuta Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Pangrapta roseinotata Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Boletobiinae - Aventiini
 * Cerynea discontenta Galsworthy, 1998*
 * Hyposada kadooriensis Galsworthy, 1998*
 * Erebiinae
 * Oglasa stygiana Galsworthy, 1997
 * Ugia purpurea Galsworthy, 1997
 * Ugia insuspecta Galsworthy, 1997
 * Nolidae
 * Nolinae
 * Spininola kendricki László & Sterling, 2020*
 * Hampsonola ceciliae László & Sterling, 2020*
 * Eligminae
 * Baroa vatala Swinhoe, 1894
 * Noctuidae
 * Dyopsinae
 * Belciana scorpio Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Bagisarinae
 * Chasmina sinuata Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Noctuinae - Caradrinini - Athetiina
 * Athetis hongkongensis Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Athetis bispurca Galsworthy, 1997*
 * Noctuinae - Orthosiini
 * Egira ambigua Galsworthy, 1997*

Odonata

 * Cordullidae
 * Macromidia katae Wilson, 1993
 * Macromidia ellanae Wilson, 1996*
 * Gomphidae
 * Leptogomphus elegans hongkongensis Asahina, 1988*
 * Fukienogomphus choifongae Wilson & Tam, 2006*
 * Melligomphus molluami Wilson, 1995

 * Megapodagrionidae
 * Rhipidolestes janetae Wilson, 1977*
 * Platystictidae
 * Drepanosticta hongkongensis Wilson, 1977
 * Protosticta beaumonti Wilson, 1997
 * Protosticta taipokauensis Asahina & Dudgeon, 1987
 * Stylogomphus chunliuae Chao, 1954

Ephemeroptera

 * Baetidae
 * Alainites acutulus Tong & Dudgeon, 2000
 * Alainites lingulatus Tong & Dudgeon, 2000
 * Chorpralla fusina Tong & Dudgeon, 2000
 * Caenis bicornis Tong & Dudgeon, 2000
 * Caenis lubrica Tong & Dudgeon, 2000
 * Ephemerellidae
 * Serratella albostriata Tong & Dudgeon, 2000
 * Torleya arenosa Tong & Dudgeon, 2000

 * Heptageniidae
 * Compsoneuria taipokauensis Tong & Dudgeon, 2000
 * Epeorus sagittatus Tong & Dudgeon, 2000
 * Heptagenia ngi Hsu, 1936
 * Leptophlebiidae
 * Choroterpes petersi Tong & Dudgeon, 2000
 * Prosopistomatidae
 * Prosopistoma sinensis Tong & Dudgeon, 2000

Phasmatodea

 * Phasmatidae
 * Ramulus caii (Brock & Seow-Choen 2000)
 * Entoria victoria Brock & Seow-Choen, 2000*
 * Heteronemiidae
 * Phraortes stomphax (Westwood 1859)*
 * Sipyloidea shukayi Bi, Zhang & Lau, 2001*
 * Neohirasea hongkongensis Brock & Seow-Choen, 2000*
 * Macellina souchongia (Westwood, 1859)

Megaloptera

 * Corydalidae
 * Neochauliodes bowringi (McLachlan, 1867)

Coleoptera

 * Coccinellidae
 * Coccidulinae
 * Rodolia pumila Weise, 1892
 * Scymninae
 * Horniolus hisamatsui Miyatake, 1976*
 * Diomus lantauensis Yu & Lau, 2001*
 * Nephus eurypodus Yu & Lau, 2001
 * Scymnus alocasia Yu & Lau, 2001*
 * Coccinellinae
 * Lemnia circumusta (Mulsant, 1850)
 * Illeis confusa Timberlake, 1943
 * Eulichadidae
 * Eulichas dudgeoni Jach in Jach & Li, 1995
 * Scarabaeidae
 * Onthophagus convexicollis Boheman, 1858
 * Onthophagus proletarius Harold, 1875
 * Onthophagus luridipennis Boheman, 1858
 * Onthophagus taurinus White, 1844
 * Onthophagus lunatus Harold, 1868
 * Onthophagus orientalis Harold, 1868
 * Sisyphus bowringi White, 1841

 * Staphylinidae
 * Atheta hongongiphila
 * Atheta hoihaensis
 * Atheta samchunensis
 * Pedinopleurus hongkongicola
 * Zyras falsus Hlaváč, 2005*
 * Zyras lacunarumbeneolentium Pace, 1993*
 * Leiodidae
 * Agathidium xianggangense Angelini & Cooter, 1999*
 * Agathidium bowringi Angelini & Cooter, 1999*
 * Chrysomelidae
 * Downesia tarsata Baly, 1869
 * Dactylispa pungens (Boheman), 1859
 * Callispa bowringi Baly, 1858
 * Chiridopsis bowringii (Boheman, 1885)
 * Oides bowringii (Baly, 1863)
 * Cerambycidae
 * Pterolophia hongkongensis Gressitt, 1942
 * Sciades hongkongensis Breuning, 1968

Hymenoptera

 * Chalcidoidea
 * Aphelinidae
 * Aphelininae
 * Aphelinus hongkongensis Hayat, 1994
 * Encyrtidae
 * Encrytinae
 * Leurocerus hongkongensis Subba Rao, 1971
 * Ormyridae
 * Ormyrinae
 * Ormyrus hongkongensis Narendran, 1999
 * Chrysidoidea
 * Bethylidae
 * Mesitiinae
 * Metrionotus hongkongensis Moczar, 1974
 * Pristocerinae
 * Pseudisobrachium hongkongense Terayama, 1996
 * Dyrinidae
 * Dryininae
 * Dryinus bellicus Olmi, 1987
 * Gonatopodinae
 * Neodryinus dolosus Olmi, 1984*

 * Apoidea
 * Crabronidae
 * Larrinae
 * Trypoxylon takasago hongkongense Tsuneki, 1981
 * Vespoidea
 * Formicidae
 * Formicinae
 * Camponotus maculatus hongkongensis subspecies name not listed on Hymenoptera Name Server v1.5
 * Camponotus irritans hongkongensis Forel, 1912
 * Myrmicinae
 * Pheidole hongkongensis Wheeler, 1928
 * Vespidae
 * Polistinae
 * Ropalidia hongkongensis (Saussure, 1854)
 * Eumeninae
 * Parancistrocerus hongkongensis Gusenleitner, 2002

Isoptera

 * Rhinotermitidae
 * Coptotermes hongkongensis Oshima, 1914
 * Coptotermes melanoistriatus Lau & He, 1995
 * Termitidae
 * Ahmaditermes choui Ping & Tong, 1989
 * Macrotermes planicapitatus Gao & Lau, 1996
 * Nasutitermes choui Ping & Xu, 1989
 * Nasutitermes dudgeoni Gao & Lam, 1986

Psocoptera

 * Epipsocidae
 * Hinduipsocus hongkongensis Li & Mockford, 1997
 * Mesopsocidae
 * Mesopsocus hongkongensis Thornton, 1959
 * Peripsocidae
 * Peripsocus hongkongensis Thornton & Wong, 1968

Diptera

 * Ceratopogonidae
 * Forcipomyia nanshengwei
 * Forcipomyia yuani
 * Forcipomyia fengjiensis
 * Forcipomyiia claris
 * Bezzia datana
 * Bezzia lujingi
 * Leptoconops hongkongensis
 * Dasyhelea abronica

 * Culicidae
 * Uranotaenia jacksoni Edwards, 1935
 * Uranotaenia macfarlanei Edwards, 1914
 * Culex annulus Theobald, 1901
 * Culex infantulus Edwards, 1922
 * Culex jacksoni Edwards, 1934
 * Aedes macfarianei (Edwards), 1914
 * Ficalbia jacksoni Mattingly, 1949
 * Anopheles minimus Theobald, 1901
 * Anopheles maculatus Theobald, 1901
 * Tachinidae
 * Peribaea hongkongensis Tachi & Shima, 2002

Hemiptera

 * Aleyrodidae
 * Paraleyrodes pseudonaranjae Martin, 2001
 * Aphididae
 * Aulacophoroides millettiae Qiao, Jiang & Martin, 2006
 * Toxoptera victroiae Martin, 1991
 * Coccidae
 * Cribropulvinaria tailungensis Hodgson & Martin, 2001
 * Fistulococcus pokfulamensis Hodgson & Martin, 2005
 * Miridae
 *  Orientomiris sinicus (Walker), 1873

Trichoptera

 * Helicopsychidae
 * Helicopsyche agnetae Johanson & Oláh, 2008

title: Species first discovered in Hong Kong


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Antenna (astronomy)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. This article has already been redirected to Antenna. Deathphoenix 17:04, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Antenna (astronomy)
this page duplicates Antennae (astronomy), and an admin reverted my speedy request. The name is also wrong, being it's called the antennae. Also, there are several types of antennas/antennae used in astronomy, so this title is ambiguous in any case. 132.205.45.110 19:43, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and merge Since the two pages have basically the same data, one should redirect to the other. slambo 20:56, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Likewise:
 * If you want to fix the name, get yourself a pseudonym, and just be bold. However, be aware of the Naming conventions, especially with regard to "the".
 * The next time that you see two or more duplicate articles, do what it says to do in Duplicate articles. Don't come to WP:VFD.  Deletion should not be the only tool in your toolbox.
 * COMMENT I don't think this should exist as a redirect, since it is confusing. Antenna Galaxy would be a proper term to redirect from, not Antenna (astronomy). 132.205.45.148 19:40, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Uncle G 21:38, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect. Antenna is an alternate spelling of Antennae . Zzyzx11 00:28, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Anabolic Frolic

Chris Samojlenko, better known as Anabolic Frolic and Chris Frolic, is a happy hardcore DJ from Canada who is known for the Happy 2b Hardcore CD series and the Hullabaloo! promotion he threw in Toronto, Ontario.

Biography
Samojlenko was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in 1974 and was raised by his grandmother. He first started being interested in Happy Hardcore upon listening to a randomly chosen UK import mixed tape at the now defunct rave shop X-static in 1995. He taught himself to DJ on a pair of used turntables bought from a pawnshop for $100. It was the only way he could listen to the music he loved in Toronto (or anywhere in North America then), mainly because he didn't go to raves at the time. Frolic began importing and re-selling Happy Hardcore vinyl from the UK.

At age 21, Samojlenko became interested in it as a lifestyle. He started Nokturnal Records out of his bedroom, importing and selling vinyl records online. In 1996, he moved into a small, windowless office, sleeping on the floor for the next two years while trying to make a go of his DJ career and his events production company, Hullabaloo!.

He was signed by Steve Levy, a co-owner of the international music label Moonshine Records, after sending them an unsolicited mixed tape and, according to his own website, a faked magazine article he had a friend write for him.

The first Happy 2b Hardcore release in 1997 sold 100,000 copies. Chris also met Robin Grainer that year—a fan from Southern California who would become his wife.

In 2000, Samojlenko was banned from ever entering the United States due to visa violations, but this ban was lifted after a period of three years. To add to his legal problems, his American fiancée at the time also did not have status in Canada. Despite these professional and personal uncertainties, however, Samojlenko put out Happy2bHardcore Chapters Four and Five, producing two of the latter's tracks and continuing to organise his Hullabaloo events.

Currently, there are eight Happy 2b Hardcore albums by Anabolic Frolic released, and he co-hosted an online radio show called HappyHourRadio with his "DJ crony" Silver1. HappyHourRadio ceased late 2004/early 2005 and the last Hullabaloo! event was held on July 14, 2007 (One More Group Hug).

In 2019, Samojlenko held a non-musical reunion event under the Hullabaloo banner (One Last Group Hug) to mark the release of his memoir Requiem For My Rave, chronicling his personal story through the rave culture of Toronto.

Discography

 * The Frolic Files - Happy Hardcore Level 1 (August, 1996)
 * Happy 2b Hardcore Chapter 1 (January 21, 1997)
 * Live @ Not The End 2 (April, 1997)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 1: Something Good (June 21, 1997)
 * Happy 2b Hardcore Chapter 2 (September 9, 1997)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 2: Return of the Vibe (September 10, 1997)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 3: Love & Magic (November 22, 1997)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 4: Into the Blue (February 7, 1998)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 5: Meltdown (April 24, 1998)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 6: Birthday Funtopia (June 27, 1998)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! WEMF Stage 98 (July 18–20, 1998)
 * Live @ Destiny/Next Junction (October 3, 1998)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 7: Electric Dreams (October 10, 1998)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 8: Rush Hour (December 8, 1998)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 9: Big Top (February 6, 1999)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 10: Foreverland (April 17, 1999)
 * Happy 2b Hardcore Chapter 3 (April 20, 1999)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 11: Birthday Funtopia 2 (June 19, 1999)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! WEMF Stage 99 (July 19–20, 1999)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 12: View to a Thrill (October 9, 1999)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 13: For Those Who Know (UK Vs Canada) (December 4, 1999)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 14: Ooh Crikey... Wot a Scorcher! (February 5, 2000)
 * Happy 2b Hardcore Chapter 4 (February 22, 2000)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 15: Through the Looking Glass (Cancelled - Replaced with "Group Hug") (April 15, 2000)
 * Live @ World Electronic Music Festival 2000 (July 15, 2000)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! WEMF Stage 2000 (August 2–4, 2000)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 16: Birthday Funtopia 3 (October 7, 2000)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 17: Space Invader (December 9, 2000)
 * Happy 2b Hardcore Chapter 5 (January 23, 2001)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 18: Rhythm of Life (February 3, 2001)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 19: Group Hug 2001 (April 20, 2001)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! WEMF Stage 2001 (August 2–4, 2001)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 20: The Hullabaloo! iDance Pre-Party (September 1, 2001)
 * Happy 2b Hardcore Chapter 6: The Final Chapter (November 6, 2001)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 21: Turn Up The Music (November 10, 2001)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 22: Make Believe (February 16, 2002)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 23: Field of Dreams (May 11, 2002)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 24: The Anthems (July 5, 2002)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! WEMF Stage 2002 (July 19–20, 2002)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 25: Warp Factor (September 28, 2002)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 26: Digital Outlaws (December 14, 2002)
 * Happy 2b Hardcore Chapter 7: A New Beginning (January 21, 2003)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 27: Power Of Dreams (February 8, 2003)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 28: Get Hype (April 19, 2003)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 29: Stay Here Forever (July 5, 2003)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 30: Fires in the Sky (September 20, 2003)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 31: Enchanted (December 6, 2003)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 32: Accelerator (February 7, 2004)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 33: Sail Away (April 17, 2004)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 34: Birthday Funtopia 7 (July 3, 2004)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 35: Drift on a Dream (September 18, 2004)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 36: Back & Forth (December 11, 2004)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 37: Pacific Sun (February 5, 2005)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 36: Lost in Space (April 30, 2005)
 * Live @ The Hullabaloo! Pre-Party Extravaganza (July 8, 2005)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 37: All Good Things (July 9, 2005)
 * Happy 2b Hardcore Chapter 8: The Lost Mix (March 5, 2007)
 * Live @ Hullabaloo! 38: One More Group Hug (July 14, 2007)

Chapter 1
This was the start to the series of albums released by Anabolic Frolic, and was released on January 21, 1997.

 * Track list
 * 1) Reach Out - Eruption
 * 2) Higher Love - JDS
 * 3) Go Insane - DJ DNA
 * 4) Feel The Power - DJ Codeine & Unknown
 * 5) It's Not Over - Seduction & Dougal
 * 6) Forever - Bananaman
 * 7) Here I Am - DJ Demo, DJ Ham, Justin Time
 * 8) Surrender - Eruption
 * 9) Here We Go Again - DJ Ham
 * 10) I Believe - DJ Stompy
 * 11) Heart Of Gold - Force & Styles
 * 12) Muzik - DJ Demo
 * 13) Dawn of a New Era - DJ Stompy
 * 14) Let The Music - Eruption
 * 15) Now is the Time - Scott Brown Vs Dj Rab S
 * 16) Wanting To Get High - Hixxy

Chapter 2
The second chapter in the series was released on September 9, 1997.

 * Track list
 * 1) Crowd Control [Vinylygroover remix] - Ramos, Supreme
 * 2) Killer - Demo
 * 3) Eternity - Jimmy J, Jenka, Justin Time
 * 4) Time - Vinylgroover
 * 5) You're Mine - DJ Demo
 * 6) Cloudy Daze - Bang!
 * 7) 12" Of Love [97 remix]
 * 8) I Feel You - DJ Fade, Martina
 * 9) Natural High [Anabolic Frolic's H2BH] - Unknown
 * 10) Kick Your Legs
 * 11) See The Light - Brisk, Lenny, Trixxy
 * 12) Big Up The Bass - Blaze
 * 13) Sweet In The Pocket '97 - Justin Time, Blaze
 * 14) Get into Love - Anti-Social
 * 15) People's Party [remix] - Hixxy, Sunset Regime
 * 16) Keep On Trying

Chapter 3
The third chapter in the series was released on April 20, 1999.
 * Track list
 * 1) Distant Skies - Unique
 * 2) Break Of Dawn [Brisk & Ham mix] - Bang!
 * 3) Eurolove - Brisk, Trixxy
 * 4) Wonderful World [Brisk remix] - Triple J
 * 5) Sunrize - Trixxy
 * 6) Don't Go Away - Visa
 * 7) Shooting Star [Ham mix] - Bang!
 * 8) Innovate - Innovate
 * 9) Sensation - Sy, Demo
 * 10) Till We Meet Again - DJ Slam
 * 11) You Belong To Me - Eternity, King Size
 * 12) Tears Run Cold - Sy, Demo
 * 13) Pleasure And Pain [Justin Time remix] - Ad-Man, Demo
 * 14) Eye Opener - Brisk, Trixxy
 * 15) Let Me Play - DJ Hyperactive

Chapter 4
The fourth chapter in the series was released on February 22, 2000.

 * Track list
 * 1) Space Odyssey - Vinylgroover & Trixxy
 * 2) Everytime I Close My Eyes - Scott Brown, Gillian Tenant
 * 3) Better Day [Sy & Unknown remix] - GBT Inc.
 * 4) Hear Me - Mr. X
 * 5) All That You See & Hear - Elevate
 * 6) John Gotti's Revenge - Vinygroover & Trixxy
 * 7) Raver's Anthem - MC Storm, Sy & Unknown
 * 8) Run To Me [Brisk remix] - Elogic
 * 9) Elysium - Scott Brown
 * 10) Love Of My Life [Brisk remix] - Northern Lights
 * 11) I Want You - Lisa Abbott, BDB
 * 12) Mirror Of Love - Ina
 * 13) Clearly Now [Brisk remix] - Frisky & Daniella
 * 14) Give Me A Reason - Bang!
 * 15) See Me Climb [Brisk remix] - Stealth

Chapter 5
The fifth chapter of the series was released on January 23, 2001

 * Track list
 * 1) Music I Like - Fabulous Faber
 * 2) Blue Moon - DJ Kaos, Ethos
 * 3) Excitement - Fabulous Faber
 * 4) Feels So Right - Anabolic Frolic
 * 5) Lost Generation - Scott Brown
 * 6) Sail Away [Trixxy mix]
 * 7) Sunshine - Force & Styles
 * 8) Stay With Me - DJ Demo, The Sy Project
 * 9) Pilgrim 2000 - Scott Brown
 * 10) Shelter Me - Anabolic Frolic
 * 11) 2000 Style - Robbie Long & Coyote
 * 12) Take It From The Groove [DNA and Breeze mix]
 * 13) Oblivion [Ham mix]
 * 14) Space Invader [Scott Brown remix] - Euphony
 * 15) Power Of Love - Q-Tex

Chapter 6: The Final Chapter
The sixth and "final" chapter was released on November 6, 2001.

 * Track list
 * 1) Drift On A Dream - Ethos
 * 2) All I Need [Kaos remix]- Visa
 * 3) Turn Up The Music - Scott Brown
 * 4) Deep Inside - DJ UFO
 * 5) Jump A Little Higher - Breeze & MC Storm
 * 6) Euphoric State - DNA
 * 7) Toy Town [remix] - Hixxy & Sharkey
 * 8) Roll The Track - Interstate
 * 9) Look At Me Now - Force & Styles
 * 10) Influence - DJ Slam & Helix
 * 11) Flyin High - DJ UFO & Stu J
 * 12) About U - DNA & Ham
 * 13) Can't Stop - [Brisk remix] - Midas
 * 14) Come Together - Hixxy
 * 15) Make Believe - Force & Styles

Chapter 7: A New Beginning
The 7th chapter of the series, is the revival of the initial series, was released on January 21, 2003.

 * Track list
 * 1) Intro- MC Jumper @ Hullabaloo
 * 2) Don't Cry For Me - Dougal & Innovate
 * 3) Like An Angel - Q-tex
 * 4) Follow Me[Breeze and Styles remix]- Force & Styles
 * 5) Fly With You - DJ Fade
 * 6) Power Of Dreams - DJ Impact
 * 7) Create - DJ Ufo
 * 8) I'm Ready - Hixxy
 * 9) Shine a Light - Nimrod
 * 10) Definition of a Badboy - Hardcore Authority
 * 11) My Way[Hixxy remix] - Antisocial
 * 12) Lost - Kaos & Ethos
 * 13) Till The Day [Blizzard remix] - Blaze!
 * 14) Get Hype - Dougal & Gammer
 * 15) You're Shining - Breeze & Styles
 * 16) Just Accept It - Hixxy Ft. MC Storm

Chapter 8: The Lost Mix
The 8th chapter of the series, was given to all the attendees of the Hullabaloo! event "One More Group Hug" on July 14, 2007.

 * Track list
 * 1) Break of Dawn (Scott Brown remix) - Force & Jack Speed feat. Lisa Abbott
 * 2) Through the Darkness (Dougal & Gammar remix) - Mickey Skeedale feat. Jenna
 * 3) Lifts Me Up - DJ Flyin & Limitz
 * 4) Ordinary People - Dougal & Gammer
 * 5) 24/7 (Breeze & Styles remix) - Eclipse
 * 6) Shadow of a Memory - Arkitech
 * 7) Heaven's Above (Hixxy remix) - Adam Harris
 * 8) Fires in the Sky - Dougal & Gammer
 * 9) Pay Attention - DJ Ham
 * 10) Neckbreaker (Essential Platinum remix) - Scott Brown
 * 11) You're My Angel - Breeze & Styles
 * 12) Make the Beat Drop - Scott Brown
 * 13) True Awareness - Vagabond feat. MC Casper
 * 14) Stay Here Forever - Brisk & Fade
 * 15) Heartbeats (Scott Brown remix) - Breeze & Styles
 * 16) Field of Dreams - Force & Styles

title: Anabolic Frolic


text:
History of Dallas

This article traces the history of Dallas, Texas, (United States).

Territorial period (1500s–1838)
The Caddo inhabited the Dallas area before it was settled by Europeans. All of Texas became part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain in the 16th century. The area was also claimed by the French, but in 1819 the Adams-Onís Treaty officially placed Dallas well within Spanish territory by making the Red River the northern boundary of New Spain.

One European who probably visited the Dallas area was Athanase de Mezieres in 1778. De Mezieres, a Frenchman in the service of the King of Spain probably crossed the West Fork of the Trinity River near present-day Fort Worth. He wrote:

It is worthy to note that from the Brazos River on which the Tuacanas are established, and until one reaches the river which bathes the village of the Taovayzes (Red River), one sees on the right a forest that the natives appropriately call the Grand Forest. ...it is very dense, but not very wide. It seems to be there as a guide to even the most inexperienced, and to give refuge in this dangerous region to those who, few in number and lacking in courage, wish to go from one village to another. — De Mezieres

Bolton argues that de Mezieres was describing the Eastern Cross Timbers and the route would have him crossing the West Fork of the Trinity River between the present Fort Worth and Arlington.

Present-day Dallas remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area became part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. The Republic of Texas broke off from Mexico in 1836 and remained an independent country for nearly 10 years.

Settlement (1839–1855)
John Neely Bryan, looking for a good trading post to serve Native Americans and settlers, first surveyed the Dallas area in 1839, perhaps drawn by the intersection of Caddo trails at one of the few natural fords for hundreds of miles along the wide Trinity floodplain. Bryan also knew that the planned Preston Trail was to run near the ford — the north–south route and the ford at Bryan's Bluff became more important when the United States annexed Texas in 1845.

After Bryan surveyed the area, he returned home to Arkansas. While there, a treaty was signed removing all Native Americans from Northern Texas. When he returned in November 1841, half of his customers were gone. He decided that, rather than a trading post, he would create a permanent settlement, which he founded in November 1841. In 1844 J. P. Dumas surveyed and laid out a 0.5 sqmi section of blocks and streets near present downtown. The origin of the name is uncertain. The official historical marker states it was named after Vice President George M. Dallas of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. However, this is disputed. Other potential theories for the origin include his brother, Commodore Alexander James Dallas, as well as brothers Walter R. Dallas or James R. Dallas.

Early years (1856–1873)

On 2 February 1856, Dallas was granted a town charter during the Regular session of the Sixth Texas Legislature. Samuel Pryor was elected the first mayor along with a constable, a treasurer-recorder, and six aldermen. By 1860, the town's population reached 678, including 97 African Americans (mostly enslaved), as well as Belgian, French, German, and Swiss immigrants. By that year, the railroad was approaching from the south, and several stage lines were already passing through the city.

In July 1860, a fire broke out in the square, destroying most of the buildings in the business district of Dallas. Out of fear, many white residents assumed that slaves were behind it, and two abolitionists were run out of town. They lynched three African-American slaves, and officials ordered all other slaves in Dallas to be whipped, as part of event that is known as the "Texas Troubles". On the eve of the Civil War in 1861, Dallas County voted 741–237 in favor of secession. On 8 June of that year, a state of war was declared, and citizens were very supportive of the effort. The town was a long way from any battles, and suffered no damage from the war.

The Reconstruction period brought many challenges for Dallas and some benefits for the state. On 19 June 1865 (Juneteenth), Texan slaves were emancipated, as announcement of the end of the war was delayed. Many African Americans migrated to Dallas after the war for work, because the city was thriving compared to other Southern cities. They also wanted to leave rural areas to escape the supervision of whites and establish their own communities. Freedmen's towns were scattered throughout Dallas. In attempts to maintain white supremacy, white insurgent veterans established a Ku Klux Klan chapter in 1868. By 1871, Dallas legally became a city. In 1869 the Reconstruction legislature established a funding mechanism to support public education for the first time, and authorized school districts to be set up across the state.

Notable Civil War veterans include William W. Ross. The Dallas Morning News states that, “William W. and Andrew J. Ross were early land owners who came to Dallas in 1866. One was a Civil War veteran, but, both men were farmers and real estate developers.” Ross Avenue is named in honor of the two brothers and bisects the land they formerly owned.

The major north–south (Houston and Texas Central Railroad) and east–west (Texas and Pacific Railway) Texas railroad routes intersected in Dallas in 1873, thus ensuring its future as a commercial center. The arrival of the trains also meant soaring populations — the population of Dallas shot from 3,000 in early 1872 to more than 7,000 in September of the same year. New buildings and new businesses appeared daily. Dallas was the epicenter of the markets for raw materials and commodity crops, such as grains and cotton, which were shipped to the South and East. It was also the "last chance" stop for supplies for people traveling west

Industrial period (1874–1929)

The Industrial Period saw Dallas grow from a center of farming and ranching into a major, self-sustaining industrial city. The industrial growth in Dallas formed partially out of problems hurting Dallas area farmers: After buying supplies on credit during the year, farmers owed merchants the majority of their crop. Costs to ship to the coast were very high, and the price of cotton was dropping.

By 1880, the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad, under the leadership of Jay Gould, reached Dallas. In 1885, the Main Street was lit with electricity. In 1888, the Dallas Zoo opened making it the first zoological garden in the state.

In 1890, Dallas annexed the city of East Dallas, which was larger geographically than Dallas. The annexation made Dallas the most populous city in Texas. In 1893, following the national financial panic, numerous industries and five Dallas banks failed. Cotton prices dipped below five cents a pound, and the lumber and flour markets had all but vanished, so many people began leaving the city. By 1898, the city began to recover and grow again. In 1894, Parkland Memorial Hospital opened just west of Oak Lawn. In 1903, Oak Cliff, a city across the Trinity River, was annexed.

By the turn of the 20th century, Dallas was the leading drug, book, jewelry, and wholesale liquor market in the Southwestern United States. It also quickly became the center of trade in cotton, grain, and even buffalo. It was the world's leading inland cotton market, and it still led the world in manufacture of saddlery and cotton gin machinery. During the early 20th century, Dallas transformed from an agricultural center to a center of banking, insurance, fashion retailing and other businesses. Founded here were Neiman Marcus and the now-defunct A. Harris and Sanger Brothers ready-to-wear stores. The 14-story Praetorian Building was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi River and the tallest building in Texas.

Texan blacks, Mexican Americans and poor whites were excluded from much of the progress by being disfranchised when the state legislature imposed a poll tax in 1902. In addition, it had earlier established Jim Crow laws, making racial segregation legal and imposing white supremacy.

In 1908, the Trinity River flooded, reaching a depth of 52.6 ft and a width of 1.5 mi. Five people died, 4,000 were left homeless, and property damages were estimated at US$2.5 million at the time of the flood. After the flood, the city wanted to take action to control the Trinity and to build a bridge linking Oak Cliff and Dallas. In 1911, George Kessler, a city planner, created a plan for both the Trinity and the city. His plans were initially ignored but ultimately brought back, updated, in the 1920s. By the 1930s, many of his plans had been realized.

The expansion of industrial jobs attracted migrants from across the region, as well as waves of immigrants, first from southern and eastern Europe. The area bordered by Maple Avenue, McKinney Avenue and the MKT (Missouri, Kansas, Texas) Railroad became known as Little Mexico following 1910, when it was settled by a wave of Mexican immigrants, who left the disruption following the defeat of President Porfirio Diaz and his government, and the start of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). Mexicans from all walks of life came to the Dallas area to take jobs in factories, agriculture and the railroads.

A white mob of hundreds of people lynched a Black man, Allen Brooks, in 1910. The mob tortured Brooks, then killed him at the downtown intersection of Main and Akard by hanging him from a decorative archway inscribed with the words "Welcome Visitors." Thousands of men, women, and children came to gawk at the torture scene, collecting keepsakes of the murder. It was commemorated with picture postcards. No one was charged with a crime because authorities claimed they could not find anyone responsible.

In 1911, Dallas was chosen as the location of the eleventh regional branch of the Federal Reserve Bank. That year millionaire Dr. William Worthington Samuell, purchased the first ambulance for the city of Dallas, and later donated thousands of dollars to expand Parkland Hospital. The growth of aviation generated new development in the city in World War I. Love Field was established as an aviation training ground. Fair Park was the home of Camp Dick, a training facility as well. The city purchased Love Field in 1927 to use as a municipal airport. In 1915, Southern Methodist University opened.

Oil period (1930–1945)
Despite the onset of the Great Depression, business in construction was flourishing in 1930. That year, Columbus Marion "Dad" Joiner struck oil 100 mi east of Dallas in Kilgore, spawning the East Texas oil boom. Dallas quickly became the financial center for the oil industry in Texas and Oklahoma. Banks made loans to develop the oil fields, and Dallas became the financial center for all oil fields in the Texas Panhandle, the Permian Basin, East Texas, Gulf Coast, and Oklahoma. This put off most thoughts of depression until the middle of 1931, when falling prices and overproduction affected the city economy negatively. By then, more than 18,000 people in the city were unemployed. Before the New Deal policy began, the city had a work-for-food program that helped many.

After a long campaign in the years leading up to 1936, the state of Texas chose Dallas as the site of the 1936 Texas Centennial Exposition. More than fifty buildings were built for the Exposition in Fair Park, and 10 million visitors came to see the US$25 million spectacle (US$ in today's terms).

During World War II, Dallas served as a manufacturing center for the war effort. In 1942, the Ford Motor plant in Dallas converted to war-time production, producing only jeeps and military trucks. In 1943 the city began war rationing, with 376,085 ration books distributed.

Mid century (1946–1974)

In 1958 a version of the integrated circuit was invented in Dallas by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments; this event punctuated the Dallas area's development as a center for high-technology manufacturing (though the technology Mr. Kilby developed was soon usurped by a competing technology simultaneously developed in the "Silicon Valley" in California by engineers who would go on to form Intel Corporation). During the 1950s and 1960s, Dallas became the nation's third-largest technology center, with the growth of such companies as Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV Corporation) and Texas Instruments. In 1957, developers Trammell Crow and John M. Stemmons opened a Home Furnishings Mart, designed by Donald H. Speck, that grew into the Dallas Market Center, the largest wholesale trade complex in the world. The same year, the Dallas Memorial Auditorium (now the Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center) opened near Canton and Akard Streets in what is now the Convention Center District of downtown. On November 22, 1963, United States President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Elm Street while his motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas. The upper two floors of the building from which Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy, the Texas School Book Depository, have been converted into a historical museum covering the former president's life and accomplishments, Kennedy was declared legally dead at Parkland Memorial Hospital, 30 minutes after the shooting.

Real estate boom (1975–1985)
In the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s, Dallas underwent the building boom which produced a distinctive contemporary profile for the downtown area and a prominent skyline, influenced by nationally acclaimed architects. By the 1980s, when the oil industry mostly relocated to Houston, Dallas was beginning to benefit from a burgeoning technology boom (driven by the growing computer and telecom industries), while continuing to be a center of banking and business. In 1983, voters in Dallas and area cities approved the creation of Dallas Area Rapid Transit to replace the Dallas Transit System. Dallas annexed Audelia in 1981, and Renner in 1983. In 1984, the Dallas Museum of Art moved from Fair Park as one of the first buildings in downtown's Arts District. Also in 1984, the Republican National Convention was held in Dallas. In 1985, at the peak of the real estate boom, the 72-story Bank of America Plaza (then InterFirst Plaza) opened as the tallest building in Dallas. From the mid-to-late 1980s, many banks, especially in Dallas, collapsed during the Savings and Loan crisis, nearly destroying the city's economy and scrapping plans for hundreds of structures.

Recession (1986–1995)
From the mid-1980s to 2005, not a single highrise structure was built within the downtown freeway loop. Over-speculating, over-building and the Savings and Loan crisis practically destroyed the city economically. In 1987, Annette Strauss was inaugurated as the first female mayor of Dallas. In 1989, the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center opened in the Arts District of downtown. Also during this time (1991), Dallas celebrated its 150th anniversary. During this time Dallas was one of the last remaining major cities with two major newspapers covering the news. However the Dallas Times Herald ended its publication in 1991, leaving the Dallas Morning News as the lone major newspaper covering Dallas news.

Current period (1996–present)
In the late 1990s, the booming telecom industry exploded in Dallas, especially in areas like Las Colinas and the Telecom Corridor. During this time, Dallas became known as Texas's Silicon Valley, or the "Silicon Prairie". Another recession prompted by the dot-com bubble-burst and the 2001 terrorist attacks hurt several of the city's vital industries. By 2004, signs of an economic turnaround began to appear. In 2005, three towers began construction amid tens of residential conversions and smaller residential projects. By the year 2010, the North Central Texas Council of Governments expects 10,000 residents to live within the loop. Just north, Uptown is one of the hottest real estate markets in the country. At the beginning of 2006, nine highrise residential buildings or hotels were under construction in that area. Leading the way is the $500M phase two of Victory Park, a $3B+ project. At full build-out, it should contain more than 4,000 residences and 4M ft² of office and retail space.

The Arts District in downtown became a major point of growth as the Dallas Center for the Performing Arts Foundation implemented construction on several new projects in its master plan for the area. When the Winspear Opera House (Foster and Partners) and Wyly Theatre (Office for Metropolitan Architecture - Rem Koolhaas) joined the Nasher Sculpture Center (Renzo Piano) and Meyerson Symphony Center (I.M. Pei and Partners), Dallas became the only city in the world with four buildings within one contiguous block that were all designed by Pritzker Architecture Prize winners.

On May 31, 2016, several cities experienced record setting flooding.

On July 7, 2016, multiple shots were fired at a protest in downtown Dallas, held against the police killings of two black men from other states. The gunman targeted white officers, killing five and injuring nine. This marked the deadliest day for U.S. law enforcement since the September 11 attacks. After hours of negotiation failed, police resorted to a robot-delivered bomb, killing the gunman inside El Centro College.

On June 17, 2019, a shooting occurred outside the Earle Cabell Federal Building and Courthouse leaving the perpetrator dead and one injured.

Guides and popular history

 * Acheson, Sam Hanna. Dallas Yesterday, (1977).
 * Buckner, Sharry. City Smart: Dallas/Ft. Worth, (2000). excerpt and text search
 * Calvin, Peter A. Dallas, Texas: A Photographic Portrait, (2007). excerpt and text search
 * Fitzgerald, Ken. Dallas Then and Now, (2001). excerpt and text search
 * Hazel, Michael V. Dallas: A History of Big D, (1997).
 * Hill, Patricia Evridge. Dallas: The Making of a Modern City, (1996).
 * McDonald, William L. Dallas Rediscovered: A Photographic Chronicle of Urban Expansion, 1870-1925, (1978).
 * Payne, Darwin. Big D: Triumphs and Troubles of an American Supercity in the 20th Century (2nd ed. 2000), 497pp.
 * Payne, Darwin. Dallas: An Illustrated History, (1982).
 * Rafferty, Robert R. Lone Star Guide to the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, (2nd ed. 2003).
 * Rogers, John William. The Lusty Texans of Dallas, (3rd ed. 1965).
 * Shay, Kevin James. A Parent's Guide to Dallas-Fort Worth, (2003). excerpt and text search
 * WPA Writers' Program. The WPA Dallas Guide and History, ed. Maxine Holmes and Gerald D. Saxon, (1939; 1992).

Specialized studies

 * Acheson, Sam. 35,000 Days in Texas (1938), a history of the Dallas Morning News and its conservative political and economic positions.
 * Adler, Rachel H. Yucatecans in Dallas, Texas: Breaching the border, bridging the distance (Routledge, 2015).
 * Biderman, Rose G. "The Sanger Brothers and Their Role in Texas History." Western States Jewish History 1996 28(2): 149–158.
 * Chipman, Donald, Randolph Campbell, and Robert Calvert. The Dallas Cowboys and the National Football League (1970).
 * Clark, Emily and Patricia Gower, "'Well, Bless Your Heart!’: Rhetoric and Power in Dallas Women during the Progressive Era," East Texas Historical Journal 53#1 (Fall 2015), 48–66.
 * Cristol, Gerry. A Light in the Prairie: Temple Emanu-El of Dallas, 1872-1997. (1998). 312 pp.
 * Crowell, Gwinetta Malone. To Keep Those Red Lights Burning: Dallas' Response to Prostitution, 1874-1920. Master's thesis. University of Texas at Arlington (2010). online access
 * Enstam, Elizabeth York. "The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association, Political Style, and Popular Culture: Grassroots Strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1913-1919." Journal of Southern History 2002 68(4): 817–848.
 * Enstam, Elizabeth York. Women and the Creation of Urban Life: Dallas, Texas, 1843-1920. (1998). 284 pp. * Fairbanks, Robert B. "Rethinking Urban Problems: Planning, Zoning, and City Government in Dallas, 1900-1930."  Journal of Urban History 1999 25(6): 809–837.  Fulltext: Ebsco
 * Fairbanks, Robert B. For the City as a Whole: Planning, Politics, and the Public Interest in Dallas, Texas, 1900-1965. (1998). 318 pp.
 * Gower, Patricia Ellen. "Dallas: Experiments in Progressivism, 1898-1919."  PhD dissertation Texas A. & M. U. 1996. 228 pp.  DAI 1997 58(1): 263-A. DA9718350 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
 * Graff, Harvey J. The Dallas Myth: The Making and Unmaking of an American City (2008). excerpt and text search
 * Hazel, Michael V., ed. Dallas Reconsidered: Essays in Local History (2000), 325 pp.
 * Hazel, Michael V. The Dallas Public Library: Celebrating a Century of Service, 1901-2001. (2001), 252 pp.
 * Hill, Patricia Evridge. Dallas: The Making of a Modern City. (1996). 240 pp.  the standard scholarly history
 * Hill-Aiello, Thomas A. "Dallas, Cotton and the Transatlantic Economy, 1885-1956."  PhD dissertation U. of Texas, Arlington 2006. 326 pp.  DAI 2007 67(9): 3555-A. DA3229563 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
 * McElhaney, Jacquelyn Masur. Pauline Periwinkle and Progressive Reform in Dallas. (1998). 201 pp.
 * Mims, Dennis M. "A Queer History of Dallas: the Formation, Development, and Integration of Big D’s LGBT Community, 1965-2005" (PhD. Diss. U Texas-Dallas 2019) online.
 * Minutaglio, Bill, and Steven L. Davis. Dallas 1963 (2013) excerpt; on the political environment of an assassination
 * Ofman, May Walters. "The Practice of Social Welfare: A Case Study in Dallas, Texas, 1890-1929."  (PhD dissertation U. of Michigan 1999. 456 pp.  DAI 2000 60(7): 2650-A. DA9938505 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
 * Payne, Darwin. As Old as Dallas Itself: A History of Lawyers in Dallas, the Dallas Bar Associations, and the City They Helped Build. (1999). 325 pp.
 * Portz, Kevin G. "Political Turmoil in Dallas: The Electoral Whipping of the Dallas County Citizens League by the Ku Klux Klan, 1922." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 119.2 (2015): 148–177. online
 * Tatman, Arthur T. "La Camara, 1939': a Mexican Chamber of Commerce Forms in Dallas." Journal of the West (2006) 45(4): 36–47. online at ABC-CLIO
 * Thometz, Carol Estes. The Decision-Makers: The Power Structure of Dallas, (1963).
 * Williams, Roy H. and Kevin James Shay. And Justice for All: The Untold History of Dallas. (1999). excerpt and text search

Race relations

 * Behnken, Brian D. "The 'Dallas Way': Protest, Response, and the Civil Rights Experience in Big D and Beyond." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 2007 111(1): 1-29.
 * Decker, Stefanie. "Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Juanita Craft Versus the Dallas Elite." East Texas Historical Journal 2001 39(1): 33–42.
 * Gower, Patricia E. "The Price of Exclusion: Dallas Municipal Policy and its Impact on African Americans." East Texas Historical Journal, 2001 39(1): 43–54.
 * Lawe, Thedore M. "Racial politics in Dallas in the twentieth century." East Texas Historical Journal 46.2 (2008): 27–41. online
 * Linden, Glenn M. Desegregating Schools in Dallas. (1995). 243 pp.
 * Morgan, Ruth P. Governance by Decree: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act in Dallas. University Press of Kansas, 2004. 326 pp.
 * Prior, Marsha, and Robert V. Kemper. "From Freedman's Town to Uptown: Community Transformation and Gentrification in Dallas, Texas," Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development, Vol. 34, 2005
 * Schutze, Jim. The Accommodation: The Politics of Race in an American City (2nd ed. La Reunion, 2021) excerpt

Historiography and memory

 * Behnken, Brian D. "The Southwestern Historical Quarterly and the State of Civil Rights History in Texas." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 125.4 (2022): 482–494. excerpt

Online resources

 * Handbook of Texas Online (2008), with many articles about Dallas-related people and topics
 * Lost Dallas - by D Magazine
 * Lost Dallas - by D Magazine

title: History of Dallas


text:
Ghost Dance War

The Ghost Dance War was the military reaction of the United States government against the spread of the Ghost Dance movement on Lakota Sioux reservations in 1890 and 1891. The U.S. Army designation for this conflict was Pine Ridge Campaign. White settlers called it the Messiah War. Lakota Sioux reservations were occupied by the U.S. Army, causing fear, confusion, and resistance among the Lakota. It resulted in the Wounded Knee Massacre wherein the 7th Cavalry killed over 250 Lakota, primarily unarmed women, children, and elders, at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890. The end of the Ghost Dance War is usually dated January 15, 1891, when Lakota Ghost-Dancing leader Kicking Bear decided to meet with US officials. However, the U.S. government continued to use the threat of violence to suppress the Ghost Dance at Lakota reservations Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Cheyenne River, and Standing Rock.

Ghost Dance
The Ghost Dance ceremony began as part of a Native American religious movement in 1889. It was initiated by the Paiute religious leader Wovoka, after a vision in which Wovoka said Wakan Tanka (Lakota orthography: Wakȟáŋ Tȟáŋka, usually translated as Great Spirit) spoke to him and told him directly that the ghost of Native American ancestors would come back to live in peace with the remaining Native Americans for the rest of eternity, and that by practicing the ghost dances would hasten the arrival of these events. It was also believed that shirts worn during these ritualistic dances would protect the wearer from bullets. The Sioux also believed that a series of devastating natural disasters would occur, which would wipe out all white people while Native Americans would be protected. This religious movement quickly spread by Native Americans throughout the continent and most western reservations, including Lakota reservations in South Dakota. Sitting Bull allowed Kicking Bear to preach and teach the dance at Standing Rock. At the same time, the religion was also preached by Short Bull to the Brulé at Rosebud Reservation and embraced by Spotted Elk at Cheyenne River, and by Red Cloud at Pine Ridge Reservation. This started the push to bring US troops into the Dakotas.

War
In the winter of 1890, the Lakota had been beset by a series of violations of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 by the US involving land divisions among tribes in South Dakota. Furthermore, railroads, such as the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad and the Deadwood Central Railroad (later purchased by Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) were being built near or through traditional Sioux lands. There was also a dispute around the Black Hills land, where gold was found in 1874, resulting in the Black Hills Gold Rush. In April 1890, General Thomas H. Ruger, commander of the Department of Dakota, ordered the U.S. 8th Cavalry to establish a camp along the Cheyenne River in order to observe the Miniconjou band led by Spotted Elk, living just outside the reservation in a small village they had built. Reports from the 8th Cavalry show that between April and August 1890, the relationship between the soldiers and the Lakota was cordial and that the band was "peaceably disposed and have committed no depredations on the settlers of Meade County".

Standing Rock reservation
The Standing Rock reservation also became a key point in the Ghost Dance movement. John M. Carignan, a Standing Rock school teacher, had reported that by October 1890, the number of his students had dwindled from 60 to just 3, saying that parents were pulling their children out of school to participate in the Ghost Dance. On December 14, 1890, U.S. Indian agent James McLaughlin drafted a letter to Lieutenant Henry Bullhead, an Indian agency policeman, that included instructions and a plan to capture Sitting Bull. The plan called for the arrest to take place at dawn on December 15 and advised the use of a light spring wagon to facilitate removal before his followers could rally. Bullhead decided against using the wagon. He intended to have the police officers force Sitting Bull to mount a horse immediately after the arrest.

The next morning, Indian police surrounded Sitting Bulls home before arresting him. Sitting Bull and his wife noisily protested in order to stall for time, which caused a crowd to converge on the scene. After Bullhead had used force to get Sitting Bull to mount a horse, Lakota Catch-the-Bear shot Bullhead. Bullhead and another police officer reacted by shooting Sitting Bull, killing him instantly. A shoot out erupted between the two sides, killing six policemen and seven Lakota. Two policemen, including Bullhead, died from wounds shortly after the fight.

Pine Ridge reservation
Lieutenant colonel Edwin Sumner of the 8th Cavalry was ordered to escort Spotted Elk and his band into Camp Cheyenne. Spotted Elk said he would surrender the next day, with which Sumner agreed. Spotted Elk instead led his band to the Pine Ridge Reservation. On December 28, Spotted Elk and his band were eventually apprehended by the 7th Cavalry while en route to Pine Ridge. Major Samuel Whitside had wanted to disarm the band immediately. However, his interpreter convinced him that this would lead to a shootout and advised him to instead take the band to make camp at nearby Wounded Knee and disarm them the next day instead. The next morning, the attempt to disarm Spotted Elk's band resulted in the Wounded Knee Massacre. One deaf Lakota did not give up his weapon, possibly due to the US troops not knowing how to communicate with the deaf Lakota. His gun was discharged when he was seized by U.S. soldiers, at which point other Lakota began shooting at the soldiers. One of the US commanders heard this and ordered his troops to open fire. The commanders called in reinforcements from the Hotchkiss cannons previously placed on the adjacent ridge. These cannons mowed down everyone in range. By the time the smoke had cleared, between 150 and 300 Lakota (mostly women and children) had been killed. Another 25 dead and 45 injured US troops lay on the ground. As this was happening, a blizzard came in. It prevented the US troops or the other Lakota from the Pine Ridge Reservation from retrieving their dead. This resulted in frozen dead bodies strewn across Wounded Knee Creek for the next three days. There was a public uproar when word of the gunfire reached the eastern US. The US government re-established the treaty they had broken with the Lakota to avoid further public backlash.

Aftermath
Much to the dismay of many Native Americans, twenty US troops were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions at Wounded Knee. Some Native Americans have pushed to get these medals rescinded.

In more recent years, there have been takeovers of the Wounded Knee Memorial by militant protesters, both to remind the nation of this incident and to protest government treatment of Native Americans. The American Indian Movement (AIM) occupied the Pine Ridge Reservation near Wounded Knee in protest against the federal government from February 27 through May 8, 1973. Several people died or went missing during this 71-day standoff between federal authorities and Native American activists.

title: Ghost Dance War