text:
User talk:Get It

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(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 02:17, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I DON'T WANT TO BE BANNED, what part do I have to understand, OK? I checked at that on my talk page at the pt language Wikipedia, it is not yet shown up. Pumpie, 01:42, Mar 30 2005 (UTC)

Juntas has corrected one of the pages, Fajã da Ovelho. I OWE AN APOLOGY on some parts. I will not expand more sentence on each page that is misunderstandable on that point. If anything is wrong about some non-en sentence, I will talk to any user who has a knowledge of any form of Portuguese. Please, Don't ban me, Give me another chance. Okey-Dokey. Pumpie, 01:54, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

I will not be banned, The next time I expand an article on the pt Wikipedia, It will be 100% correct (one example of a sentence, I will write A actividade principal é a agricultura instead of A área é composta de uma agricultura.) with 0% spelling errors. I will not make an another single floppy sentence on that Wikipedia again. Pumpie, 16:02, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
For your work on the PAF page I made. Guinnog 18:50, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Your vote on the RFR poll
Hi, Get It, thanks for voting on the RFR poll. If you could explain why you voted oppose, this would help greatly in working out a way to improve the proposal. Thanks, Talrias (t | e | c) 22:15, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Portal de Portugal
Já abriu o Portal de Portugal na Wikipedia! Junta-te a nós para trabalharmos em prol de artigos, listas e imagens relacionadas com Portugal. No portal, encontrarás um artigo geral, um artigo biográfico, um artigo geográfico e uma imagem todas as semanas em destaque. Para além disso estão apresentadas também secções de Notícias, Curiosidades, Listas, Citações, Opentasks, informação sobre artigos recentes, etc. Futuramente teremos um WikiProject para geografia de Portugal (de modo a estandardizar todos os artigos relativos às localidades e divisões administrativas portuguesas), história de Portugal, biografias, e possivelmente desporto. Também temos em vista a criação de uma Colaboração Semanal para artigos sobre Portugal. Por isto, e tudo mais, pedimos-te que venhas ajudar-nos. Estamos também à procura de colaboradores, por isso, se estiveres interessado, é só pedires que já estás no grupo de manutenção do portal. Saudações! Gameiro 19:40, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

GNR
Funny how even their own website says they are a military force under the control of the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces.--Tomtom9041 12:55, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

From You: GNR, A GNR, Historial: A Guarda Nacional Republicana, criada por Decreto de 3 de Maio de 1911, é uma força de Segurança constituída por militares organizados num Corpo Especial de Tropas dependendo em tempo de paz do Ministério da Administração Interna, para efeitos de recrutamento, administração e execução do serviço decorrente da sua missão geral, e do Ministério da Defesa Nacional para efeitos de uniformização e normalização da doutrina militar, do armamento e do equipamento; em caso de guerra ou em situação de crise, as forças da Guarda Nacional Republicana passarão a estar subordinadas ao Chefe do Estado-Maior General das Forças Armadas, quando nos termos da Lei estas forem colocadas na sua dependência para efeitos operacionais. Best regards, Get_It 15:43, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * That is, in peacetime the GNR depends on the Ministry of Internal Administration (MAI) for recruitment, administration and execution of their general mission, and also depends on the Ministry of National Defence for the uniformity of the military doctrine, armament and equipment. And, only, in wartime or in the case of a crisis situation the GNR will be under the command of the Chief-of-Staff of the Armed Forces. Has you can see this does not make them a branch of the Armed Forces.

So does that make the US Coast Guard not a branch of the armed forces?--Tomtom9041 16:17, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

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FlightGlobal
Hi, I saw you removed the KC-390 from the Portugese Air Force. Good! It seemed also dubious to me that Portugal can afford in this times to buy new planes. What would you use as a source for aircraft numbers? I wanted to start with updating European Air Forces, as many have numbers that are 4-5 years old. I have the 2013 FlightGlobal  Journal and wanted to use it as main source; if you happen to have a more reliable source, please let me know where to find it so I can base my work on that. thanks, noclador (talk) 19:46, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Hello. When it comes to aircraft numbers and fleet status of various nations it's very hard to find a single source that is 100% correct. The most that I can say in that aspect is to try and find multiple local sources.

When it comes to Portugal I usually use Portuguese online forums and blogs to keep up with the numbers. I know, I know... We can't use them as sources but a lot of military personnel and aviation enthusiasts (from writers to spotters) are very active in a lot of those websites and they keep very good records and are able to justify their numbers. I then work back from that information and track down official information from the Air Force website, news articles in the Portuguese press, law decrees and books on the matter and their sources. The information on the forums and blogs is specially useful to weed out incorrect data.

One has to always take news articles and press releases with a grain of salt. The media seems to jump to the conclusions a lot just because a Minister gives a handshake to a businessman. One example is when a few years ago the JSF marketing team put Portugal as a potential customer for the F-35 on a PowerPoint presentation and a lot of people/journalists used it as a source for Portugal ordering the F-35.

More recently, just this week, the Jornal de Notícias newspaper put up this infographic with the current numbers regarding personnel and equipment of the Portuguese Armed Forces, where they have the number of active jet trainers and light helicopters as six Alpha Jets and six Alloutte III. These numbers seem to make sense as in the past year other sources have pointed out to less than 15 and 10 aircraft active, respectively. However, I'm restraining myself from using it as a source since the Portuguese media has a very bad reputation when it comes to its coverage and proper research of military-related matters.

If you check the sources for the List of aircraft of the Portuguese Air Force and the individual aircraft articles that I have edited you will notice some common sources that are heavily used. The Mais Alto magazine is very reliable as their collaborators have direct access to historical and official data. The same thing can be said for Walkarounds that does a very good job researching and quote their sources.

I think that in regard to updating the current numbers of many nations the best option is to contact the local communities and get their insight into the most reliable sources. Online forums like the Key Publishing Ltd Aviation Forums and MilitaryPhotos.net can also be a good place to find those opinions in addition to the community here on Wikipedia (emphasis given to the aviation and national Portals and Projects).

Best regards, Get_It (talk) 23:08, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation
 LTV A-7 Corsair II in Portuguese service, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. The article has been assessed as C-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. You are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. . Thank you for helping improve Wikipedia! MatthewVanitas (talk) 03:51, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
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A kitten for you!
Awesome article!

thebetterindian 19:06, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Please comment on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history
Hi... Could you please so kind to participate in request for comment on RfC: Aircraft inventory table on air force pages. Thanks.Ckfasdf (talk) 05:56, 20 April 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of SAPO (company)

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title: User talk:Get It


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Talk:Atso Almila

Untitled
According to the first several pages of a Google search this is the most comprehensive source on the conductor in English. --Oldak Quill 02:19, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Atso Almila


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Talk:Big Ben (horse)

Image
Thinking about how to get an image of him, it occurred to me that the stamp may be publically available (I'm not sure about Canadian law here) — if so someone could get a scan of the stamp. Deco 02:18, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hi, I'm the grand-son of his breeder Jacobus van Hooydonk. (I've seen a nice picture of his statue to be unveiled on 22/05/2005) If you like to know more or want me as a moderater for this page I'ld be glad to help. contact me: michael.van.wesenbeeck *AT* telenet.be

title: Talk:Big Ben (horse)


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics/Collaboration of the Month/Removed

This page is an archive of all articles removed from Mathematics Collaboration of the Week. Those entries who won the award can be found here.

February 15-21, 2005
Four Color Theory

 * Nominated February 10, 2005

 * Removed by poster

Support:
 * 1) ral315 17:14, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * An interesting theory that could easily be a featured article if made COTW.
 * Is there something different from Four color theorem that this can be about? - Taxman 03:35, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * My mistake; I should have looked there first. Removed.  ral315 03:39, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Created redirect to Four color theorem --L33tminion | (talk) 13:25, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

February 22-28, 2005
Euler prime

 * Nominated February 10, 2005

Support:
 * 1) ral315 17:14, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * A three-sentence article that could really use some TLC. ral315 17:14, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Or maybe VfD. Which pairs of odd primes satisfy the definition (exercise)? Charles Matthews 13:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Modular forms

 * Nominated February 10, 2005

Support:
 * 1) ww 00:28, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) ral315 05:03, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Critical to the development of Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. Little or no coverage accessible to the non-professional available. WP math mavens would be doing a service in creating some, especially in connection to FLT. Current WP article is quite technical and inaccessible.
 * This article is more suitable as a cleanup article; Collaboration of the Week articles must be 1000 characters or less (or 2 paragraphs or less). While I agree that it needs some work, it doesn't fit the COTW criteria. .  After further review, the guidelines of CotW articles have been changed to allow for articles in poor shape. ral315 02:29, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I wonder if the supporters know what they are asking for. No way an account of Ribet's work on the epsilon conjecture would be more accessible than what is there now. Charles Matthews 07:49, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to defer to CM here. There may be no way to improve this one significantly in terms of accessibility.  --L33tminion | (talk) 15:10, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've been hacking wikipedia articles quite close to this recently. I've been planning on editing this one. For example, one problem with the modular forms article is that the definition of the lattice is confusing and not integrated with the article on lattice (group) -- things like Lambda=<alpha,z > need to be more clearly/simply defined. That alone would help.  It is also a minor tweak that converts the article from something opaque to something accessible; otherwise the novice reader is scratching their head "what the heck is Lambda=<alpha,z >" even though the rest of the article might be easy to get at. So while I agree with CM, I disagree on editorial points like this.   However, I've never done a one-week free-for-all before, so I am nervous about this.linas 15:49, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It will often be the case - without prejudice to whatever could happen with this article - that better access to a part of mathematics can come from dealing with preliminaries, and also some historical perspective. But do bear in mind that order-of-magnitude estimates of the amount of mathematics required to explain big advances, to grad students, come out at 1000 pages or more. Charles Matthews 21:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * One page at a time ... there are plenty of one-page articles in wikipedia that share titles with 500-page volumes with the same title. Symplectic manifold and Riemann surface come to mind. No matter -- the Erdos model of mathematics says that sometimes its enough to advance mathematical knowledge simply by becoming aware that previously unrelated topics are related. The ability to chase links in wikipedia is a strength that wikipedia has over linear textbooks.  A practicing mathematician in one area, completely ignorant of another field, can profit from the ability to skim through wikipedia to find related topics and background. In my case, I didn't know a modular form from a hole in the wall until I accidentally found out that fractals are made out of them ... something you won't find in any book on fractals, or in any book on modular forms.  To establish this relationship, you don't need to understand Andrew Wiles proof or Taniyama-Shimura or any of the hard stuff; just a small dose of basics is quite enough -- and yet, its still "new math", however non-profound it may be.linas 03:14, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Singular point of a curve

 * Nominated February 14, 2005

Support:
 * 1) Charles Matthews 19:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Fropuff 15:17, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)

Comments:
 * We have plenty of more fancy stuff on algebraic geometry. This is a basic topic, with the chance to use many graphical illustrations, and certainly a potential featured article. Charles Matthews 19:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd like to see what articles would link to this article. What is the context? Jake 23:16, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Areas of mathematics

 * Nominated February 17, 2005

Support:
 * 1) Tompw 23:09, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Markus Krötzsch 21:40, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) 500LL 16:23, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * This is an article intended to help give the big picture when it comes to mathematics. Maths is such a vast subject that an article which explains the varoius areas of maths, and how the interlink would be beneficial for those who are not expert in a particular field. Tompw 23:09, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. All these uncommented lists seem to have their main use for search engines, or is anyone reading such lists? So this article would be a nice replacement/predecessor for the List of mathematical topics on the portal page. And everybody could contribute to this project easily, which helps to promote the overall concept of MathCOTW. --Markus Krötzsch 21:40, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Here's a link I have found very interesting: . It's from a few years back; but I feel the classification used is closer to the reality of active research. Looking at it another way, we are not dealing at WP with current publication, but a whole heritage. One way or another, I don't think we can expect to get agreement on what the areas of mathematics are; the AMS list of course is authoritative in its way, but not definitive. The lists of articles here: they matter to the experts in areas; I wouldn't say that someone who can't just scan them would benefit in the same way, but I don't think we can do without them. Charles Matthews 22:23, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Elementary mathematics

 * Nominated April 21, 2005

Support:
 * 1) linas 15:33, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Vince Vatter 02:52, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comments:
 * Actually, the nomination is for most articles in this category or one of its subcategories; there are about 150 articles grand total in there, many/most of these articles are in apallingly bad shape; many are stubs, none are marked as stubs. This could keep us busy for the next 3 years :). Please note that almost all of these articles deal with "high-school" or even "grade-school" math, and so just about any Wikipedian with a college education and a love of math can participate in the editing. This is in marked contrast to the nomination of modular forms, for which there are less than half-a-dozen active wikipedians who are capable of editing. By working with the more elementary articles, you will achieve several goals: 1) a much higher participation rate in CotW and 2) a much larger readership.  Honestly, how many people want to read about modular forms, as compared to the more elementary topics? linas 15:33, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Root_%28mathematics%29 could be a really good article, as could be counting, just to name a couple. Vince Vatter 02:52, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Emmy Noether

 * Nominated May 18, 2005

Support:
 * 1) One of the all-time greats. We should try to push this up to featured article standard. Charles Matthews 12:52, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Great idea Charles, and dare I say it, politically correct to boot. Paul August ☎ 19:27, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) I read a great quote from Edmund Landau today, saying he was sure Noether was a great mathematician, but couldn't be sure she was a woman. So that probably balances out any excess PC. Charles Matthews

Comments:

Pascal's triangle

 * Nominated May 28, 2005

Support:
 * 1) This is a subject that has great potential to capture the public interest (conceptually accessible; a large number of visual patterns etc) and which has sufficient depth to interest mathematicians at all levels. It is important to many popular subjects such as gambling (probability theory), combinatorics etc ... reetep 22:50, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Comments:

Tangent bundle

 * Nominated June 2, 2005

Support:
 * 1) Tangent bundles are beautiful constructions which provide a nice connection between topology and vector spaces. Jake
 * 2) --MarSch 10:03, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Comments:


text:
User:SeventyThree/Current

Wikipedia:Serialized edits

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Wikipedians are encouraged to be bold in their edits, or even to ignore all rules. For serialized edits, however, extra precaution is advised, and a broad consensus, for the type of edits you want to serialize is desirable.

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Definitions
Serialized editing is defined as performing repetitive tasks on different articles.

Not considered "repetitive tasks on different articles" in the context of this definition:
 * Moving a single page together with its talk page (this creates four edits in one go);
 * Cleanup after a page move or the creation of a disambiguation page (e.g. double redirect or Disambiguation repair);
 * Stub sorting;
 * Updating inter-wiki links;
 * Reverting vandalism or removing obvious errors.

Apart from that, repetitive is defined very broadly: two consecutive edits only inserting redundant whitespace could be considered a pattern of repetitive editorial behaviour, and fall under this guideline.

General principle
Being bold in updating pages and ignore all rules are great principles which help to make Wikipedia what it is. If you wish to change something in a single article and you guess that a significant number of wikipedians may find the change objectionable or redundant (in the sense of taking server time without inherent benefit) you can do it; that would be covered by the boldness principle, even if a fellow-wikipedian has the boldness to revert it. However, serializing this edit over several articles would not be a good idea.

 * When in doubt whether it would be a good idea to serialize a particular type of edit, you may want to consult your fellow-wikipedians before proceeding with the serialized edit. The proposal can be raised on an appropriate talk page, a village pump page, Current surveys, etc.
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Even simple tasks that need individual interpretation or assessment of context and content of a page can easily lead to errors when performed repetitively.

Users who serialize a set of edits should be prepared to undo edits diverging from the principles of this guideline. These reversions should not destroy intermediate changes by other editors.

Software and Bots
Users of any software which enhances the speed with which edits can be made (that is: faster than exclusively editing with a standard webbrowser installation), should be particularly careful.

Botflagged accounts are excluded from this guideline. Accounts that are in a trial run for bot status are also excluded - however, remember that only tasks which are properly described in the bot's job description and trial run description should be done.

Examples
This section lists some tasks and whether they should be performed in a serialized manner. This is not a comprehensive list limiting the scope of this guideline; rather this list should be treated as a set of examples.

Policies and Guidelines
Since official policies are covered by a broad consensus, bringing articles in line with these policies in a serialized manner would generally be perceived as uncontentious.

Guidelines are also covered by consensus, but they are more likely to have exceptions. As such, more care needs to be taked when applying guidelines in a serialized manner.

 * When a guideline or policy implies that the appropriateness of certain edits is dependent on context or interpretation, it is wise to consider that different people might choose to make different edits. For example, an ArbCom case decided against serialised reformatting of Harvard references to footnotes. The arbitrators justified this because whatever encouragements were inscribed in guidelines, there was no uniform format imposed by wikipedia policies and guidelines.

Style Guidelines
Style guidelines (the Manual of Style and other pages in Category:Wikipedia style guidelines) often hold recommendations that are not suitable to be serialized indiscriminately.

For example Lead section currently recommends that articles with less than 15000 characters have a lead section of less than three paragraphs. Systematically lumping together the lead section paragraphs of such articles would probably not be a good idea: depending on context it might be better to create subsection headers or otherwise reorganise the content of such articles.

Another example is linking/delinking words. Only make links that are relevant to the context mentions that context (which is always subject to interpretation) is important when deciding whether or not to apply a wiki-link. Because of this, serializing linking or delinking is often contentous.

Adding/removing whitespace
"Whitespace" consists of spaces, empty lines, etc.

Examples:
 * Changing section headers from  == Headline text ==  to  ==Headline text==  (or vice versa). There is no visual effect on the output, and there is no consensus as to which is prefered. Serializing these edits alone is largely redundant, may spamming Recent Changes, and may hide vandalism from user's watchlists.
 * Adding spaces around pipes. While generally there is no visual effect (as above), in specific cases the visual result may inadvertedly be affected. For example, changing  (essay)  to  ( essay)  changes the appearance from (essay) to ( essay).

Fixing redirects that aren't broken
See Redirect. The consensus not to fix these is narrow, and may change. Until a broad consensus emerges, serializing these edits is not recommended.

Re-ordering category sequences alphabetically
Wikipedians have spent quite some time to find the "ideal" order of categories listed at the bottom of an article. No consensus has resulted thus far. See Wikipedia talk:Categorization of people for a summary of the discussions.

title: User:SeventyThree/Current


text:
Timothy's World Coffee

Timothy's World Coffee (a.k.a. Timothy's) is a large Canadian coffee roasting company and chain of coffeeshops.

Origin and background
Timothy's was founded in 1975 as a retailer of premium roasted coffee beans by Timothy Snelgrove and his wife Teresa Snelgrove. The company was originated as a business-school project Snelgrove undertook while studying at the University of Western Ontario. As the company expanded, it evolved its retail offering to include brewed coffee. The first Timothy's was opened in a mall in London, Ontario.

Timothy's was purchased by Ian and Becky McKinnon in 1986 who further expanded retail locations and created a wholesale coffee division. Timothy's also became a roaster partner of Keurig and began producing single serve K-Cups for use in Keurig's line of single serve brewers.

In 2008, Timothy's became an affiliated portfolio company of Sun Capital Partners.

On November 13, 2009, it was announced that Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Inc. would acquire Timothy's wholesale business, while Bruegger's Enterprises, Inc. would purchase and continue to operate the retail business. Bruegger's would also acquire Timothy's partner restaurants, mmmuffins and Michel's Baguette, through a wholly owned subsidiary called ThreeCaf Brands Canada Inc.

Timothy's produces its own coffee beans, roasting and producing multiple formats of coffee in its own plant. For this reason, the company offers a freshness guarantee and other supporting company policies. Since 2015 the Toronto roasting plant was closed and consolidated into the Van Houtte roasting plant in Quebec.

Expansion into the United States
In the mid-1990s, Timothy's expanded into the United States, concentrating in New York City. Other stores were located in Boston, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia. At one point, it was New York City's second-largest coffeehouse chain, after Starbucks. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the company closed its US operations and the company re-focused on the Canadian market and wholesale business operation.

Expansion into South Korea
Timothy's opened its first overseas store in Seoul, Republic of Korea (South Korea) on May 19, 2007.

Current business
Timothy's has since purchased the existing stores in Canada. It later acquired the mmmuffins and Michel's Baguette retail businesses. Today, the company operates some 30 Canadian stores under the Timothy's name. Timothy's also operates a wholesale coffee business, supplies office coffee service companies, packages coffee in K-Cups for Keurig home and office brewers, and has a distribution program in large chain hotels, grocery stores, sports clubs and similar venues.

In February 2009, it named a brand of coffee the "Presidential No. 44" blend to celebrate a visit to Canada by U.S. President Barack Obama.

Bruegger's/Green Mountain acquisition
On November 13, 2009 Green Mountain Coffee Roasters acquired Timothy's wholesale business from Sun Capital Partners, Inc. for a cash purchase price of approximately $157 million, in U.S. dollars, subject to adjustment. Concurrently, Bruegger's Enterprises, Inc. acquired Timothy's retail operations for an undisclosed sum.

Green Mountain acquired the Timothy's World Coffee wholesale business, but not their retail operations. Timothy's wholesale business will be maintained as a Canadian subsidiary, with operations integrated into Green Mountain's Specialty Coffee Business Unit.

Bruegger's Enterprises, Inc., through a wholly owned subsidiary called ThreeCaf Brands Canada Inc., assumed control of Timothy's three restaurant brands: Timothy's World Coffee, mmmuffins and Michel's Baguette. Bruegger's intends to continue operations of all three brands.

MTY Food Group acquisition
In 2018, MTY Food Group acquired Timothy's World Coffee and Mmmuffins retail operations from Le Duff America.

title: Timothy's World Coffee


text:
Category:Quebec City

This is a collection of articles about or relating to Quebec City in the Province of Quebec, Canada.

title: Category:Quebec City


text:
Category:Wards of Osaka

Wards of the city of Osaka in Osaka Prefecture, Japan.

title: Category:Wards of Osaka


text:
Digital permanence

Digital permanence addresses the history and development of digital storage techniques, specifically quantifying the expected lifetime of data stored on various digital media and the factors which influence the permanence of digital data. It is often a mix of ensuring the data itself can be retained on a particular form of media and that the technology remains viable. Where possible, as well as describing expected lifetimes, factors affecting data retention will be detailed, including potential technology issues.

Since the inception of automatic computers, a key difference between them and other calculating machines has been their ability to store information. Over the years, various hardware devices have been designed to store ever larger quantities of data. With the development of the Internet the quantity of information available appears to continue to grow at an ever-increasing rate often characterised as an information explosion. As information is increasingly being stored on electronic media as opposed to traditional media such as hand-written documents, printed books, and photographic images, humanity's social and cultural legacy to future generations will depend increasingly on the permanence of these new media.

However, not all of this information is worth saving; sometimes its value can be short-lived. Other data, such as legal contracts, literature, scientific studies, are expected to last for centuries. This article describes how reliable different types of storage media are at storing data over time and factors affecting this reliability.

Librarians and archivists responsible for large repositories of information take a deeper view of electronic archives.

Given that individuals' personal data has been growing at a rapid rate in the 21st century, these archiving issues affecting professional repositories will soon be manifest in small organisations and even the home.

Solid-state memory devices
Digital computers, in particular, make use of two forms of memory known as RAM or ROM and although the most common form today is RAM, designed to retain data while the computer is powered on, this was not always the case. Nor is active memory the only form used; passive memory devices are now in common use in digital cameras.

 * Magnetic, or ferrite core, data retention is dependent on the magnetic properties of iron and its compounds.
 * PROM, or programmable read-only memory, stores data in a fixed form during the manufacturing process, with data retention dependent on the life expectancy of the device itself.
 * EPROM, or erasable programmable read-only memory, is similar to PROM but can be cleared by exposure to ultraviolet light.
 * EEPROM, or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, is the format used by flash memory devices and can be erased and rewritten electronically.

Magnetic media

Magnetic tapes consist of narrow bands of a magnetic medium bonded in paper or plastic. The magnetic medium passes across a semi-fixed head which reads or writes data. Typically, magnetic media has a maximum lifetime of about 50 years although this assumes optimal storage conditions; life expectancy can decrease rapidly depending on storage conditions and the resilience and reliability of hardware components.
 * magnetic tape reels
 * magnetic stripe cards
 * magnetic cards
 * cassette tapes
 * video cassette tapes

Magnetic disks and drums include a rotating magnetic medium combined with a movable read/write head.
 * floppy disks
 * zip drives
 * hard disks and drums

Non-magnetic media

 * punched paper-tape
 * punched cards
 * optical media (rotating media combined with a movable read/write head comprising a laser), such as:
 * pressed CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs
 * Write once read many (WORM) media such as CD-R, DVD±R, BD-R.
 * Rewriteable media such as CD-RW, DVD±RW, BD-RE.
 * Some disc types can have multiple data layers for greater storage capacity.

Printing technology
Printing hard-copies of documents and images is a popular means of representing digital data and possibly acquires the qualities associated with original documents, especially their potential for endurance. More recent advances in printer technology have raised the quality of photographic images in particular. Unfortunately, the permanence of printed documents cannot be easily discerned from the documents themselves.
 * wet-ribbon inked printers
 * heat-sensitive papers, such as FAX rolls
 * NCR and other carbon technologies
 * ink-jet printers
 * wax-based inks e.g. DataProducts SI810
 * water-based inks
 * other bases
 * mono laser printers
 * colour laser printers

Financial Driven Resources
A way of preserving digital content through means of financial trusts. The data is driven with financial investments typically assigned to a Trust Company which pay traditional storage providers to house data for long periods of time with the interest gained on the principal. In 2008 a series of companies such as LivingStory.com and Orysa.com started offering these services to store point in time accounting data and provide consumer archive services.

Soft storage technology
The short-comings of some storage media is already well recognised and various attempts have been made to supplement the permanence of an under-lying technology. These "soft storage technologies" enhance their base technology by applying software or system techniques often within quite narrow fields of data storage and not always with the explicit intention of improving digital permanence.
 * RAID systems
 * Distributed systems, such as BitTorrent
 * networked backup services
 * public archive repositories
 * web-site archives
 * financial trust resources

title: Digital permanence


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User talk:Spock111

I'm Spock! I love Star Trek (The Original Series and Enterprise are my favorites), 60s music, movies and much more.

title: User talk:Spock111


text:
Luke Kreamalmeyer

Luke Kreamalmeyer (born September 28, 1982, in Edwardsville, Illinois) is a professional American soccer player.

College and amateur
Kreamalmeyer attended Edwardsville High School where he scored a hat trick in the final state championship soccer game. Kreamalmeyer scored a record high 38 goals his senior season at Edwardsville and added 13 assists. Kreamalmeyer was voted First-team All American during his senior season at Edwardsville. Luke recorded 74 total goals at Edwardsville. He then played college soccer at Bradley University from 2001 to 2004. Luke made the MVC-All Freshman team in 2001. Kreamalmeyer was named first team All-Missouri Valley Conference as a junior and senior, and finished his career with 26 goals and 20 assists for the Braves. He also played for Chicago Fire Premier in the USL Premier Development League.

Professional
Upon graduating from Bradley, Kreamalmeyer was named the MVP at the MLS player combine in 2005. Due to his small stature, he fell in the 2005 MLS SuperDraft, until Real Salt Lake took him with the 37th overall pick. Kreamalmeyer played in six games as a rookie and was released after the season (added one assist). Kreamalmeyer then played in 2006 for the Portland Timbers of USL First Division and led the team with 9 goals. Kreamalmeyer was also named USL-1 All-League First-team in 2006 and was the MVP of the Timbers team. Kreamalmeyer also played for the Timbers in 2007, but missed half the season due to an injury. He had 4 assists and one goal during half of the season.

In 2008 Kreamalmeyer played for the Rochester Rhinos. He tied for the Rhinos 2008 team lead in scoring with 17 points on 4 goals and 9 assists. In January 2009, he signed with the Carolina RailHawks. Kreamalmeyer added 4 goals and two assists on 22 starts before joining AC St Louis. In his first season with AC St Louis, Kreamalmeyer tied Mike Ambersley for the team lead in points with 18. He scored 5 goals and had 8 assists on the season. Kreamalmeyer's 8 assists tied Martin Nash for the assist lead in NASL during the 2010 season. Kreamalmeyer has played 150 professional games concluding the 2010 season with 25 goals and 24 assists in his career.

Kreamalmeyer signed a one-year contract with Montreal Impact of the North American Soccer League on February 17, 2011. He was released by Montreal on October 12, 2011.

title: Luke Kreamalmeyer


text:
User talk:WBardwin

Hello Wikipedia!
''I logged into the system on 17 February 2005, having worked as an "anonymous" for the previous six weeks or so. During that time, I often signed notes and edits with "-W." While the time I have been able to devote to Wikipedia has varied over the years, I made my 5,000th edit on August 28th, 2005 and passed 20,000 edits in January 2010. Please note the archives listed below. Courteous comments on recent edits are welcome on the discussion page. And, please sign your posts. Thank you.''     WBardwin

Archives/Storage

 * User:WBardwin/Archive 8 (January - December 2009)
 * User:WBardwin/Archive 7 (January - December 2008)
 * User:WBardwin/Archive 6 (July-Dec 2007)
 * User:WBardwin/Archive 5 (Jan-June 2007)
 * User:WBardwin/Archive 4 (July-Dec 2006)
 * User:WBardwin/Archive 3 (Jan-June 2006)
 * User:WBardwin/Archive 2 (Aug-Dec 2005)
 * User:WBardwin/Archive 1 (Jan-July 2005)

 * User:WBardwin/AOL Block Collection History on AOL/IP related blocks.

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User page link question
On your main userpage you are linking to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, which currently is redirecting to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; did you intend to use the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (the link to the dab page for several of the organizations in the Latter Day Saint movement) instead? -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 15:51, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Why do you want to know? I find both the question, and your change on my Sandbox page, intrusive.  WBardwin (talk) 03:08, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry if I have given offense; it appears I worded my previous question here very poorly; please feel free to delete this entire conversation if you feel my line of inquiry is inappropriate. I was trying to understand if your user page meant to describe the group whose current head is Thomas S. Monson (which commonly is assigned "LDS Church" as a short form of their name), or conversely some/all of the groups in the Latter Day Saint movement, as your usage of the "The" in the link, but not using the "Latter-day" (with hyphen and lower case d) left this ambiguous. As you are an experienced editor who is well versed in topics about the Latter Day Saint movement, I was fairly certain that you'd be aware the name currently used by the LDS Church includes all of those elements, but that prior to the succession crisis those elements were not used, so I was confused. I am aware of many of the details of the naming changes of the church that JS Jr. founded, as well as the large number of groups claiming to be either a continuation of that church, or a successor to it, but as far as I know only the LDS Church specifies that the "The" is a part of their name; however, given your anomalous usage, I thought it might indicate there was a reason I had never heard of to use the "The" as you had done there. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 16:21, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

 * So.........you are asking if I'm a Mormon? Yes.  WBardwin (talk) 00:39, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Recent new editor
Thank you again for your patience as I learn about Wikipedia editing. I am, however, surprised that an "established editor" continues to use the verifiably incorrect words "without resistance" in the article, without addressing the reasoning for doing so. Please, in the interest of having an accurate article, let's put aside everything else for now and deal with just the words "without resistance". To be perfectly honest with you, it was that incorrect language... just those two words in the article... that prompted me to start editing. So, please respond to me concerning why you repeatedly insist upon using them. If you do not correct this issue, the use of those two words will become an issue that editors at the highest level, and other individuals, will end up addressing. On the other hand, if those two incorrect words are removed from the article, you will find that I will actually spend very little of my time editing, because I really do have other things that I would rather be doing. Thank you again. I am quite sincere. Verifiabledetails (talk) 19:24, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

To "A sniper": As we discussed on the talk page: I thank you for your first comment indicating that my initial edits were, perhaps, "too much too fast", even though they were in good faith and generally properly cited. Although I was initially shocked that you reverted everything I edited, I agreed with most of what you said, especially with regard to possibly using other articles for such detail. I pointed out that I had never before edited a Wikipedia article, and asked you to forgive me.

I, in turn, accept your apology for your initial removal of "things of merit", as you call them. However, we then had discussion on the talk page about which "things of merit" should be allowed in the article. You responded concerning some of those things, so, once again, I accepted your reversion related to those points. However, you didn't respond concerning two incorrect words contained in the article about the death of Joseph Smith. Those two words are used in a sentence, stating that Joseph Smith was attacked "without resistance". As I pointed out to you before, the separate "main article" on the death of Joseph Smith goes into great detail (all of which is well-documented and cited) about how Joseph Smith used a "six-shooter" handgun, which had been smuggled to him inside the jail, to resist his attackers. In absence of an argument from you with regard to that matter, and in the interest of making the article more accurate, I deleted the two words: "without resistance", and noted the reason in my edit summary. Without relevant explanation, those two incorrect words were added back into the article.

To "WBardwin": You came to the defense of "A Sniper" by adding the two incorrect words back into the article. You left me a message on the talk page telling me that you had done so, you acknowledged that I was totally new to editing, and you warned me that I "...need to learn how this place works." You did not, however, address whether the two words were correct. I replied to your message, thanking you, and asked for comment specifically with regard to the two incorrect words. Although you and "A Sniper" were always very quick to restore the two incorrect words to the article, two days have passed since I have asked for an explanation, and I haven't heard or seen an explanation from anyone. I have indeed been learning how this place works, and I will continue to learn. Quoting directly from Wikipedia:

"Revert vandalism on sight, but revert a good faith edit only as a last resort. Edit warring is prohibited. See three-revert rule. Editors should provide an explanation when reverting. It is particularly important to provide a valid and informative explanation when you perform a reversion. A reversion is a complete rejection of the work of another editor and if the reversion is not adequately supported then the reverted editor may find it difficult to assume good faith. This is one of the most common causes of an edit war. A substantive explanation also promotes consensus by alerting the reverted editor to the problem with the original edit. The reverted editor may then be able to revise the edit to correct the identified problem. The result will be an improved article and a more knowledgeable editor."

As I asked before, please reply specifically with regard to whether you feel that the words "without resistance" are correct or incorrect, with your full reasoning for same. While other comments from you, if civil, are welcome, please do not avoid the issue. Best regards, Verifiabledetails (talk) 18:35, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

 * What -- you waited two whole days and received no response to your most vital question! Do not expect editors to "jump" when you call -- we all have lives in the real world.  I have been out of state for several days, visiting a sick parent.  You are not nearly important enough to me to interrupt or cancel that trip.   As for your issue dealing with two whole words, rediculous as it is..... see A Sniper's suggestions and the detailed article on the Death of Joseph Smith, Jr..  This issue is well addressed there.  A final note -- I will take your future edits seriously, and consider retaining them, if and when you show some semblance of courtesy and a willingness to work with others.  Until you settle in and become constructive, please do not post on my talk page.  WBardwin (talk) 05:59, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Murder/Execute at Mountain Meadows
Hello there. Just curious as to why you reverted my change of the word "execute" to "murder" here - is there a source to support the use of the word murder? Just asking as I'd consider the word murder in any context (other than, say, an actual murder trial) to be pretty pov. Thanks! Fin©™ 20:31, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Execute, in my opinion, implies an arrest, a trial, a sentencing, and the carrying out of the judicial sentence. In this case, sadly, none of these occurred.  The victims were deceived into thinking the Mormon settlers were rescuing them from a native attack, then the adults were killed one by one.  Even without an arrest, I'm afraid, this was simply murder through mob action -- motivated by fear and a desire for revenge and justified by one or more Mormon leaders.  I'll transfer this to the MMM talk page so others can express their opinions.  Best wishes.  WBardwin (talk) 02:25, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Thanks for your comment at the Wikipedia:Community de-adminship/RfC re: Admin term limits
I have taken the liberty of briefly quoting you at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Administrator regarding term limits. I had been toying with something similar myself, but your simple statement struck me as excellent wording. Many thanks! Jusdafax  20:04, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I placed a comment in the discussion.  WBardwin (talk) 21:40, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Why deleting the paragraph?
Hello, will you please explain why you deleted the paragraph about open theism? Professor emeritus Louis Midgley from Brigham Young University explained very well why the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are open theists too. I wrote it neutral.

http://www.fairblog.org/2010/01/20/lcm_open_theism/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_C._Midgley

90.231.11.211 (talk) 06:56, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

I have also everything here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Christianity#What_to_do_with_good_links.3F 90.231.11.211 (talk) 07:18, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm concerned that you and Dr. Mdgeley are asserting a view that may not be doctrinally accurate. For example, in 1986, our current President Thomas S. Monson wrote that the Lord:  ".... is a resurrected, glorified, exalted, omniscient, omnipotent person and is omnipresent in spirit and power and influence, the ruler of the heavens and the earth and all things therein."  If we assert that God is omnisceient and omnipotent, how can we also assert that He does not know everything?  Even in the "blog" you used as a source, one of the commentators wrote:  "...I think (this topic) will remain in not safe for Sunday School territory for some time."  I moved your edit to the article's talk page and will move this discussion there.  Best wishes.  WBardwin (talk) 01:26, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Accuracy disputed - Second Anointing
In response to your emotional post on the LDS project page (which I moved to a more appropriate place on the project discussion page): More than one author, one article, and one point of view should be used as sources for all articles in Wikipedia. Editors do have the right to assert that a source is biased, and should present evidence to back their assertion. It is the Wikipedia editor's responsibility to have articles reflect varied viewpoints, balancing on the evidence and weight of each viewpoint.

In this case, the critical review of Bueger's book (clearly noted as a book review rather than the position of the LDS church) discussed Bueger's personal history, the history of his research and the methodology of this book's development, organization and publication. However, this work is still cited as a source for the article. It was not excluded. Please note that your point that any source originating within the LDS organization, their publishing system, or their educational system should be excluded also contains a severe bias. Would you then assert that no Mormon sources, or pro-Mormon sources, be used at all on LDS related articles? Would you assert that no official Catholic sources, or pro-Catholic sources, be used for Catholic articles? How about the Church of England? You see, this problem with "biased" sources goes on and on, as almost all authors have a distiguishable point of view. So, I suggest that, instead of attacking the LDS project, you discuss why you think Bueger is reliable and what research, documentation and presentation makes his work a citable source? Best wishes. WBardwin (talk) 07:18, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I am sorry for the “emotional” aspect of my post. I am new to Wikipedia and have not fully figured out what is going on out there, or how to use the tools. So, sorry if I am not continuing this “talk” conversation in the correct manner. The UI is not intuitive as to how to “chat”.
 * I saw the LDS Project page for the first time yesterday and my “emotions” were piqued because it appeared to me another attempt to insert the LDS version of history and to remove any dissenting information.
 * I agree with the main points you delineated above. Neutrality on a polarizing issue like religion is a difficult. However, I do believe that there are extenuating circumstances related to the Mormon Church that are not shared by other faiths. Mormon history is even more polarized due to the Church's excommunication policy and continuing efforts to quiet dissenters.
 * Being a 44 year old BIC'ed card carrying member of the Church, I have a reasonable understanding of its inner workings. I have personal experience that if a member of the Church talks about “taboo” topics outside of their own home, Church authorities will step in and threaten the Church membership of that person.  It basically comes down to, “Stop talking about this, or you will be excommunicated.” This includes scholarly papers based on documented evidence.
 * This process produces a highly polarized playing field where presenters of information are either “walking the Church line” or excommunicated and become “anti-Mormon”, “biased”, and considered poor resources because they now have an “axe to grind” with the Church. This is extremely convenient now for Mormon “academics” because all scholarly work is either “with them” or “against them”.  Any work from someone “against them” can be discredited based on the person's “obvious” bias.
 * Normal Churches, like the other denominations you mentioned above, are much more willing to have open discussions about history and admit errors. The Mormon policy is not to comment and to “control” thought from inside. Unwanted thought is pushed out.
 * So, this is where my “emotions” came from as I saw, yet again, what I perceived to be another insurgence of Church control. Yes, I do believe that, in a perfect world, it would be better to have history written by 100% non-invested authors. Of course, that is silly and not practical.  In fact, the whole notion of an “unbiased religious article” I believe is an oxymoron.
 * It almost seems to me that instead of trying to intermix opposing views into a single article, it would be better to have a “Mormon Area” and a “Non-Mormon Area” associated with each topic. Then let each side go to town, present their evidence, and let the reader decide.  I don't know, I am rambling now.
 * But again, I am sorry for posting in the wrong place and for being emotional. However, I did want you to understand where it came from. I will attempt better behavior going forward. Bakirish (talk) 16:32, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your response. Yes, it is appropriate to respond to my message on this talk or the discussion could be held on your talk page.  Each article and each project page has a discussion page so that editors can present complaints, concerns and explore issues with one another.  This allows the article/project page to present as "reader friendly" face as possible for those who access Wikipedia for general information.
 * As to the LDS project - please join if you are interested in working on LDS articles. During the years I have been here, I have seen project members range from "active Brighamites" like myself, inactive members of the LDS Church, members of other LDS based denominations, historians with a Mormon heritage but not belief, members of other denominations (your "Normal" churches, interesting choice of words, that), and some people openly expressing sceptical viewpoints about Mormonism.  The project encourages each person to express their opinions and concerns, as you have above, and then work with others to present as balanced a series of articles as possible.  However, as this is the real world, some articles swing widely over time from a strong LDS pov to one that is very critical, and then swing back again.  This is currently true of the Joseph Smith, Jr. article, and a couple of others I monitor regularly.  Many other LDS oriented articles have quite a tame history, and conflicts are minimal.
 * As to your interest in the Second Anointing, by its very topic it is subject to criticism and conflict. In regard to Bueger's book, my biggest concern with using it as a source is not his checkered history as a member of the LDS Church (it is my understanding that he ultimately asked for his records to be removed).  Note that Michael Quinn's books are still widely used by many editors here, despite his excommunication.  The chief concern is how the book ultimately was produced.  If Bueger did, as asserted in more than one source, turn several incomplete batches of material over to the publisher and then walked away, any conclusions in the book would have to be suspect.  As a historian, I would then be interested in his sources and data but could not rely upon his perspective.
 * I'm posting a list of information Wiki pages at the head of your talk page. As a newcomer, you might want to flip through them to expand your understanding of the site, and current policies and procedures.  Hope to see your name around on other articles.  Best wishes.  WBardwin (talk) 06:12, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010.

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.

When reviewing, edits should be accepted if they are not obvious vandalism or BLP violations, and not clearly problematic in light of the reason given for protection (see Reviewing process). More detailed documentation and guidelines can be found here.

If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Courcelles (talk) 01:12, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem: Prince Csaba
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as Prince Csaba, but we regretfully cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from either web sites or printed material. This article appears to be a copy from http://www.hunmagyar.org/mondak/hun.html, and therefore a copyright violation. The copyrighted text has been or will soon be deleted. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with our copyright policy. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators are liable to be blocked from editing.

If you believe that the article is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under license allowed by Wikipedia, then you should do one of the following:

 * If you have permission from the author to release the text under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC-BY-SA), leave a message explaining the details at Talk:Prince Csaba and send an email with confirmation of permission to "permissions-en (at) wikimedia (dot) org". Make sure you quote the exact page name, Prince Csaba, in your email. See Requesting copyright permission for instructions.
 * If a note on the original website states that re-use is permitted "under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC-BY-SA), version 3.0, or that the material is released into the public domain leave a note at Talk:Prince Csaba with a link to where we can find that note.
 * If you own the copyright to the material: send an e-mail from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-en(at)wikimedia(dot)org or a postal message to the Wikimedia Foundation permitting re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License and GNU Free Documentation License, and note that you have done so on Talk:Prince Csaba. See Donating copyrighted materials for instructions.

It may also be necessary for the text be modified to have an encyclopedic tone and to follow Wikipedia article layout. For more information on Wikipedia's policies, see Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.

If you would like to begin working on a new version of the article you may do so at [ this temporary page]. Leave a note at Talk:Prince Csaba saying you have done so and an administrator will move the new article into place once the issue is resolved. Thank you, and please feel welcome to continue contributing to Wikipedia. Happy editing!

A section (detailed myth) of this article appears to duplicate the text of its cited source, and that source carries a copyright notice. AndersW (talk) 06:27, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Huh???? The article history shows that I added 2 bytes back in 2008.  Don't remember why.  Maybe it showed up as a link in another article.  Don't really know anything about the guy.  Good luck.  WBardwin (talk) 09:18, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

 * And for that you get a "Welcome to Wikipedia"? Get a grip, Anders. Bishonen | talk 19:36, 12 August 2010 (UTC).

 * Hi Bishonen! Well, I put in a paragraph break in 2008 and suddenly I'm responsible for a copyright violation!  I assume Anders sent the same message to all editors of the article, but does seem a bit heavy handed.  Good to hear from you!  WBardwin (talk) 05:54, 13 August 2010 (UTC)
 * How's it going, W? Bishonen | talk 09:24, 13 August 2010 (UTC).
 * Well, like so many Americans, I'm broke! I've been a private business contractor for over ten years now, but several of my major long term clients have had their budgets severely cut.  So...I'm watching my savings dwindle and looking for things to do.  Other than that -- family health issues are improving and I just harvested a bunch of fresh tomatoes and peppers from my garden.  I saw that you were ill for some time, Bishonen.  Hope that things are looking up for you.  Best .... WBardwin (talk) 00:16, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Broke? Dear me. :-( I'm replying by e-mail. Bishonen | talk 13:12, 18 August 2010 (UTC).
 * Just got back from visiting my mother out of state, and saw your note. Will respond in kind, probably next week as my schedule stands now.  Thanks for the interest.  WBardwin (talk) 06:51, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I got the wrong editor, off by one in the history.  I apologize for that, and for the heavy handed and authoritative language.  (It's English Wikipedia boiler plate.) Editor PZJTF made the offending entry; he was blocked 2009-06-10.  I regret causing you unwarranted aggravation.  Cheers.  AndersW (talk) 13:02, 13 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Oh. Honest mistake and sooooo easy to do if you're in a hurry.  No worries.  Have I seen your name on some LDS articles?  Seems familiar.  WBardwin (talk) 00:16, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Hi! A request for your input
Per wp:CANVASSING, this is a neutrally worded notice being sent, without any type of "selection" bias, to everyone that edited fairly recently the MOS page about how to term the Latter Day Saints denominations on Wikipedia in the belief that your various and collective expertise or expertises, if that's a plural, can help us improve its wording, if possible. a bit. The most pertinent section is here. And the issue is to what degree the terms "Mormon church" and "LDS church" relate to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in specific, and to what kind of sourcing should be used to document this. Thanks, if you find time and the interest to look into the matter and offer your opinion or commentary.--Hodgson-Burnett's Secret Garden (talk) 23:13, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Winterbourne, Gloucestershire
An article that you have been involved in editing, Winterbourne, Gloucestershire, has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. Skinsmoke (talk) 10:42, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Merge discussion for Miss America protest
An article that you have been involved in editing, Miss America protest, has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. — btphelps (talk) (contribs) 17:59, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Ichthus: January 2012
 In this issue...

- Ichthus is published by WikiProject Christianity For submissions and subscriptions contact the Newsroom
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Propose to delink Mogollon Culture from Oasis America article
Hi. Since you've contributed to the Mogollon article I want to give you a heads up. I propose to remove on Nov 5 2012 the link from the Mogollon article and the Oasis America article. No practitioner of archaeology or anthropology in the US Southwest or Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua uses the "OasisAmerica" concept, and it is not used in any major summary such as Linda Cordell's Archaeology of the Southwest or Brian Fagan's Prehistory of North America 4E. Indeed, the term does not seem to be used anywhere except on the Wikipedia OasisAmerica page. It seems to be a term related to the modern geopolitical Azatlan movement. Mike Diehl (talk) 21:07, 29 October 2012 (UTC) PhD

Joseph Smith - FAC
Hello WBardwin,

I have put the article on Joseph Smith up as a nominee for Featured Article Status! I think the article has come a long way, and has a very good chance of being featured this time around. I would personally appreciate it if you took a moment to review the article and vote for it (or against it, I suppose) at it's FAC.

Thanks! --Trevdna (talk) 19:37, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Plague of Athens - Typhoid fever
Hi WBardwin. I think you made this edit: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plague_of_Athens&diff=51885339&oldid=51766645

Please see my comments on the Plague of Athens talk page. You may remember your source for this and clarify the reasoning which I find puzzling. Thanks. —Blanchette (talk) 07:11, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

In some benign wp:CANVASSING
Community input is politely requested for Jimbo's tkpg with regard ur expertise in gen. notability per wp:GNG & applicabilities of eg wp:PROF, wp:AUTH, etc. w/in AfD's ... here: User talk:Jimbo Wales.--Hodgdon's secret garden (talk) 00:47, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I.e.: Is Matthew Grow, editor of The Council of Fifty, Minutes, March 1844–January 1846 (The Church Historian's Press, which is an imprint of Deseret Book; 2016), notable? Is Benjamin E. Park, who reviews him here: "The Mormon Council of Fifty: What Joseph Smith’s Secret Records Reveal" (Religion & Politics, September 9, 2016)? Please chime in on a way to determine such questions in a much more consistent manner than at present...here: User_talk:Jimbo_Wales.--Hodgdon's secret garden (talk) 19:03, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Category:American cattlemen has been nominated for discussion
Category:American cattlemen, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Tobias Epos (talk) 19:59, 7 July 2019 (UTC)

Charles C. Painter information
I am doing some research on Charles C. Painter, and I saw that on the article you created in 2005 you said that his father had freed his slaves prior to the Civil War. Do you still have your source for this information? I could not find it anywhere else.

title: User talk:WBardwin


text: User:Eduardoporcher

title: User:Eduardoporcher


text:
Wien bridge oscillator

A Wien bridge oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator that generates sine waves. It can generate a large range of frequencies. The oscillator is based on a bridge circuit originally developed by Max Wien in 1891 for the measurement of impedances. The bridge comprises four resistors and two capacitors. The oscillator can also be viewed as a positive gain amplifier combined with a bandpass filter that provides positive feedback. Automatic gain control, intentional non-linearity and incidental non-linearity limit the output amplitude in various implementations of the oscillator.

The circuit shown to the right depicts a once-common implementation of the oscillator, with automatic gain control using an incandescent lamp. Under the condition that R1=R2=R and C1=C2=C, the frequency of oscillation is given by:

$$f_{hz}=\frac{1}{2 \pi R C}$$

and the condition of stable oscillation is given by

$$R_b = \frac {R_f} {2} $$

Background
There were several efforts to improve oscillators in the 1930s. Linearity was recognized as important. The "resistance-stabilized oscillator" had an adjustable feedback resistor; that resistor would be set so the oscillator just started (thus setting the loop gain to just over unity). The oscillations would build until the vacuum tube's grid would start conducting current, which would increase losses and limit the output amplitude. Automatic amplitude control was investigated. Frederick Terman states, "The frequency stability and wave-shape form of any common oscillator can be improved by using an automatic-amplitude-control arrangement to maintain the amplitude of oscillations constant under all conditions."

In 1937, Larned Meacham described using a filament lamp for automatic gain control in bridge oscillators.

Also in 1937, Hermon Hosmer Scott described audio oscillators based on various bridges including the Wien bridge.

Terman, at Stanford University, was interested in Harold Stephen Black's work on negative feedback, so he held a graduate seminar on negative feedback. Bill Hewlett attended the seminar. Scott's February 1938 oscillator paper came out during the seminar. Here is a recollection by Terman:
 * Fred Terman explains: "To complete the requirements for an Engineer's degree at Stanford, Bill had to prepare a thesis. At that time I had decided to devote an entire quarter of my graduate seminar to the subject of 'negative feedback' I had become interested in this then new technique because it seemed to have great potential for doing many useful things. I would report on some applications I had thought up on negative feedback, and the boys would read recent articles and report to each other on current developments. This seminar was just well started when a paper came out that looked interesting to me. It was by a man from General Radio and dealt with a fixed-frequency audio oscillator in which the frequency was controlled by a resistance-capacitance network, and was changed by means of push-buttons. Oscillations were obtained by an ingenious application of negative feedback."

In June 1938, Terman, R. R. Buss, Hewlett and F. C. Cahill gave a presentation about negative feedback at the IRE Convention in New York; in August 1938, there was a second presentation at the IRE Pacific Coast Convention in Portland, OR; the presentation became an IRE paper. One topic was amplitude control in a Wien bridge oscillator. The oscillator was demonstrated in Portland. Hewlett, along with David Packard, co-founded Hewlett-Packard, and Hewlett-Packard's first product was the HP200A, a precision Wien bridge oscillator. The first sale was in January 1939.

Hewlett's June 1939 engineer's degree thesis used a lamp to control the amplitude of a Wien bridge oscillator. Hewlett's oscillator produced a sinusoidal output with a stable amplitude and low distortion.

Oscillators without automatic gain control

The conventional oscillator circuit is designed so that it will start oscillating ("start up") and that its amplitude will be controlled.

The oscillator at the right uses diodes to add a controlled compression to the amplifier output. It can produce total harmonic distortion in the range of 1-5%, depending on how carefully it is trimmed.

For a linear circuit to oscillate, it must meet the Barkhausen conditions: its loop gain must be one and the phase around the loop must be an integer multiple of 360 degrees. The linear oscillator theory doesn't address how the oscillator starts up or how the amplitude is determined. The linear oscillator can support any amplitude.

In practice, the loop gain is initially larger than unity. Random noise is present in all circuits, and some of that noise will be near the desired frequency. A loop gain greater than one allows the amplitude of frequency to increase exponentially each time around the loop. With a loop gain greater than one, the oscillator will start.

Ideally, the loop gain needs to be just a little bigger than one, but in practice, it is often significantly greater than one. A larger loop gain makes the oscillator start quickly. A large loop gain also compensates for gain variations with temperature and the desired frequency of a tunable oscillator. For the oscillator to start, the loop gain must be greater than one under all possible conditions.

A loop gain greater than one has a down side. In theory, the oscillator amplitude will increase without limit. In practice, the amplitude will increase until the output runs into some limiting factor such as the power supply voltage (the amplifier output runs into the supply rails) or the amplifier output current limits. The limiting reduces the effective gain of the amplifier (the effect is called gain compression). In a stable oscillator, the average loop gain will be one.

Although the limiting action stabilizes the output voltage, it has two significant effects: it introduces harmonic distortion and it affects the frequency stability of the oscillator.

The amount of distortion is related to the extra loop gain used for startup. If there's a lot of extra loop gain at small amplitudes, then the gain must decrease more at higher instantaneous amplitudes. That means more distortion.

The amount of distortion is also related to final amplitude of the oscillation. Although an amplifier's gain is ideally linear, in practice it is nonlinear. The nonlinear transfer function can be expressed as a Taylor series. For small amplitudes, the higher order terms have little effect. For larger amplitudes, the nonlinearity is pronounced. Consequently, for low distortion, the oscillator's output amplitude should be a small fraction of the amplifier's dynamic range.

Meacham's bridge stabilized oscillator

Larned Meacham disclosed the bridge oscillator circuit shown to the right in 1938. The circuit was described as having very high frequency stability and very pure sinusoidal output. Instead of using tube overloading to control the amplitude, Meacham proposed a circuit that set the loop gain to unity while the amplifier is in its linear region. Meacham's circuit included a quartz crystal oscillator and a lamp in a Wheatstone bridge.

In Meacham's circuit, the frequency determining components are in the negative feed back branch of the bridge and the gain controlling elements are in the positive feed back branch. The crystal, Z4, operates in series resonance. As such it minimizes the negative feedback at resonance. The particular crystal exhibited a real resistance of 114 ohms at resonance. At frequencies below resonance, the crystal is capacitive and the gain of the negative feedback branch has a negative phase shift. At frequencies above resonance, the crystal is inductive and the gain of the negative feedback branch has a positive phase shift. The phase shift goes through zero at the resonant frequency. As the lamp heats up, it decreases the positive feedback. The Q of the crystal in Meacham's circuit is given as 104,000. At any frequency different from the resonant frequency by more than a small multiple of the bandwidth of the crystal, the negative feedback branch dominates the loop gain and there can be no self-sustaining oscillation except within the narrow bandwidth of the crystal.

In 1944 (after Hewlett's design), J. K. Clapp modified Meacham's circuit to use a vacuum tube phase inverter instead of a transformer to drive the bridge. A modified Meacham oscillator uses Clapp's phase inverter but substitutes a diode limiter for the tungsten lamp.

Hewlett's oscillator

William R. Hewlett's Wien bridge oscillator can be considered as a combination of a differential amplifier and a Wien bridge, connected in a positive feedback loop between the amplifier output and differential inputs. At the oscillating frequency, the bridge is almost balanced and has very small transfer ratio. The loop gain is a product of the very high amplifier gain and the very low bridge ratio. In Hewlett's circuit, the amplifier is implemented by two vacuum tubes. The amplifier's inverting input is the cathode of tube V1 and the non-inverting input is the control grid of tube V2. To simplify analysis, all the components other than R1, R2, C1 and C2 can be modeled as a non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 1+Rf/Rb and with a high input impedance. R1, R2, C1 and C2 form a bandpass filter which is connected to provide positive feedback at the frequency of oscillation. Rb self heats and increases the negative feedback which reduces the amplifier gain until the point is reached that there is just enough gain to sustain sinusoidal oscillation without over driving the amplifier. If R1 = R2 and C1 = C2 then at equilibrium Rf/Rb = 2 and the amplifier gain is 3. When the circuit is first energized, the lamp is cold and the gain of the circuit is greater than 3 which ensures start up. The dc bias current of vacuum tube V1 also flows through the lamp. This does not change the principles of the circuit's operation, but it does reduce the amplitude of the output at equilibrium because the bias current provides part of the heating of the lamp.

Hewlett's thesis made the following conclusions:
 * A resistance-capacity oscillator of the type just described should be well suited for laboratory service. It has the ease of handling of a beat-frequency oscillator and yet few of its disadvantages.  In the first place the frequency stability at low frequencies is much better than is possible with the beat-frequency type.  There need be no critical placements of parts to insure small temperature changes, nor carefully designed detector circuits to prevent interlocking of oscillators.  As a result of this, the overall weight of the oscillator may be kept at a minimum.  An oscillator of this type, including a 1 watt amplifier and power supply, weighed only 18 pounds, in contrast to 93 pounds for the General Radio beat-frequency oscillator of comparable performance.  The distortion and constancy of output compare favorably with the best beat-frequency oscillators now available.  Lastly, an oscillator of this type can be laid out and constructed on the same basis as a commercial broadcast receiver, but with fewer adjustments to make.  It thus combines quality of performance with cheapness of cost to give an ideal laboratory oscillator.

Wien bridge
Bridge circuits were a common way of measuring component values by comparing them to known values. Often an unknown component would be put in one arm of a bridge, and then the bridge would be nulled by adjusting the other arms or changing the frequency of the voltage source (see, for example, the Wheatstone bridge).

The Wien bridge is one of many common bridges. Wien's bridge is used for precision measurement of capacitance in terms of resistance and frequency. It was also used to measure audio frequencies.

The Wien bridge does not require equal values of R or C. The phase of the signal at Vp relative to the signal at Vout varies from almost 90° leading at low frequency to almost 90° lagging at high frequency. At some intermediate frequency, the phase shift will be zero. At that frequency the ratio of Z1 to Z2 will be purely real (zero imaginary part). If the ratio of Rb to Rf is adjusted to the same ratio, then the bridge is balanced and the circuit can sustain oscillation. The circuit will oscillate even if Rb / Rf has a small phase shift and even if the inverting and non-inverting inputs of the amplifier have different phase shifts. There will always be a frequency at which the total phase shift of each branch of the bridge will be equal. If Rb / Rf has no phase shift and the phase shifts of the amplifiers inputs are zero then the bridge is balanced when:

 * $$\omega^2 = {1 \over R_1 R_2 C_1 C_2}$$ and $$ {R_f \over R_b} = {C_1 \over C_2} + {R_2 \over R_1}  $$

where ω is the radian frequency.

If one chooses R1 = R2 and C1 = C2 then Rf = 2 Rb.

In practice, the values of R and C will never be exactly equal, but the equations above show that for fixed values in the Z1 and Z2 impedances, the bridge will balance at some ω and some ratio of Rb/Rf.

Analyzed from loop gain
According to Schilling, the loop gain of the Wien bridge oscillator, under the condition that R1=R2=R and C1=C2=C, is given by

 * $$T = \left( \frac { R C s } {R^2 C^2 s^2 + 3RCs +1 } - \frac {R_b} {R_b + R_f } \right) A_0  \,$$

where $$ A_0  \,$$ is the frequency-dependent gain of the op-amp (note, the component names in Schilling have been replaced with the component names in the first figure).

Schilling further says that the condition of oscillation is T=1 which, is satisfied by

 * $$ \omega = \frac {1} {R C} \rightarrow f = \frac {1} {2 \pi R C}\,$$

and

 * $$ \frac {R_f} {R_b}  =   \frac  {2 A_0 + 3} {A_0 - 3} \,$$  with $$\lim_{A_0\rightarrow \infin} \frac {R_f} {R_b} = 2 \, $$

Another analysis, with particular reference to frequency stability and selectivity, is in and.

Frequency determining network

 * $$ H(s) = \frac { R_1 / (1 + sC_1 R_1) } {R_1 / (1 + sC_1 R_1) + R_2 + 1/(sC_2)} $$

 * $$ H(s) = \frac { s C_2 R_1 } {(1 + s C_1 R_1) (s C_2 R_1 / (1 + sC_1 R_1) + s C_2 R_2 + 1 )} $$

 * $$ H(s) = \frac { s C_2 R_1 } {s C_2 R_1 + (1 + s C_1 R_1) (s C_2 R_2 + 1 )} $$

 * $$ H(s) = \frac { s C_2 R_1 } {C_1 C_2 R_1 R_2 s^2 + (C_2 R_1 + C_2 R_2 + C_1 R_1) s + 1 } $$

Let R=R1=R2 and C=C1=C2

 * $$ H(s) = \frac { s C R } {C^2 R^2 s^2 + 3 C R s + 1 } $$

Normalize to CR=1.

 * $$ H(s) = \frac { s } {s^2 + 3 s + 1 } $$

Thus the frequency determining network has a zero at 0 and poles at $$-1.5\plusmn \frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}$$ or −2.6180 and −0.38197.

Amplitude stabilization
The key to the Wien bridge oscillator's low distortion oscillation is an amplitude stabilization method that does not use clipping. The idea of using a lamp in a bridge configuration for amplitude stabilization was published by Meacham in 1938. The amplitude of electronic oscillators tends to increase until clipping or other gain limitation is reached. This leads to high harmonic distortion, which is often undesirable.

Hewlett used an incandescent bulb as a power detector, low pass filter and gain control element in the oscillator feedback path to control the output amplitude. The resistance of the light bulb filament (see resistivity article) increases as its temperature increases. The temperature of the filament depends on the power dissipated in the filament and some other factors. If the oscillator's period (an inverse of its frequency) is significantly shorter than the thermal time constant of the filament, then the temperature of the filament will be substantially constant over a cycle. The filament resistance will then determine the amplitude of the output signal. If the amplitude increases, the filament heats up and its resistance increases. The circuit is designed so that a larger filament resistance reduces loop gain, which in turn will reduce the output amplitude. The result is a negative feedback system that stabilizes the output amplitude to a constant value. With this form of amplitude control, the oscillator operates as a near ideal linear system and provides a very low distortion output signal. Oscillators that use limiting for amplitude control often have significant harmonic distortion. At low frequencies, as the time period of the Wien bridge oscillator approaches the thermal time constant of the incandescent bulb, the circuit operation becomes more nonlinear, and the output distortion rises significantly.

Light bulbs have their disadvantages when used as gain control elements in Wien bridge oscillators, most notably a very high sensitivity to vibration due to the bulb's microphonic nature amplitude modulating the oscillator output, a limitation in high frequency response due to the inductive nature of the coiled filament, and current requirements that exceed the capability of many op-amps. Modern Wien bridge oscillators have used other nonlinear elements, such as diodes, thermistors, field effect transistors, or photocells for amplitude stabilization in place of light bulbs. Distortion as low as 0.0003% (3 ppm) can be achieved with modern components unavailable to Hewlett.

Wien bridge oscillators that use thermistors exhibit extreme sensitivity to ambient temperature due to the low operating temperature of a thermistor compared to an incandescent lamp.

Automatic gain control dynamics

Small perturbations in the value of Rb cause the dominant poles to move back and forth across the jω (imaginary) axis. If the poles move into the left half plane, the oscillation dies out exponentially to zero. If the poles move into the right half plane, the oscillation grows exponentially until something limits it. If the perturbation is very small, the magnitude of the equivalent Q is very large so that the amplitude changes slowly. If the perturbations are small and reverse after a short time, the envelope follows a ramp. The envelope is approximately the integral of the perturbation. The perturbation to envelope transfer function rolls off at 6 dB/octave and causes −90° of phase shift.

The light bulb has thermal inertia so that its power to resistance transfer function exhibits a single pole low pass filter. The envelope transfer function and the bulb transfer function are effectively in cascade, so that the control loop has effectively a low pass pole and a pole at zero and a net phase shift of almost −180°. This would cause poor transient response in the control loop due to low phase margin. The output might exhibit squegging. Bernard M. Oliver showed that slight compression of the gain by the amplifier mitigates the envelope transfer function so that most oscillators show good transient response, except in the rare case where non-linearity in the vacuum tubes canceled each other producing an unusually linear amplifier.

Other references

 * ; Speaks of Terman's inspiration by Black and his late 1930s graduate seminar about negative feedback and fixed-frequency audio oscillators; Hewlett finishing masters and looking for engineers thesis; hiring San Francisco patent attorney in 1939.
 * . Frequency and amplitude stabilization of an oscillator with no tube overloading. Uses tungsten lamp to balance bridge.
 * . Shows that amplifier non-linearity is needed for fast amplitude settling of the Wien bridge oscillator.
 * ; Wien, briged-T, twin-T oscillators
 * ; Hewlett graduated from Stanford and spent a year doing research; then he goes to MIT to get his masters. Hewlett joins the army, but is discharged in 1936.
 * (diode limiting)
 * ; Speaks of Terman's inspiration by Black and his late 1930s graduate seminar about negative feedback and fixed-frequency audio oscillators; Hewlett finishing masters and looking for engineers thesis; hiring San Francisco patent attorney in 1939.
 * . Frequency and amplitude stabilization of an oscillator with no tube overloading. Uses tungsten lamp to balance bridge.
 * . Shows that amplifier non-linearity is needed for fast amplitude settling of the Wien bridge oscillator.
 * ; Wien, briged-T, twin-T oscillators
 * ; Hewlett graduated from Stanford and spent a year doing research; then he goes to MIT to get his masters. Hewlett joins the army, but is discharged in 1936.
 * (diode limiting)
 * ; Speaks of Terman's inspiration by Black and his late 1930s graduate seminar about negative feedback and fixed-frequency audio oscillators; Hewlett finishing masters and looking for engineers thesis; hiring San Francisco patent attorney in 1939.
 * . Frequency and amplitude stabilization of an oscillator with no tube overloading. Uses tungsten lamp to balance bridge.
 * . Shows that amplifier non-linearity is needed for fast amplitude settling of the Wien bridge oscillator.
 * ; Wien, briged-T, twin-T oscillators
 * ; Hewlett graduated from Stanford and spent a year doing research; then he goes to MIT to get his masters. Hewlett joins the army, but is discharged in 1936.
 * (diode limiting)
 * . Shows that amplifier non-linearity is needed for fast amplitude settling of the Wien bridge oscillator.
 * ; Wien, briged-T, twin-T oscillators
 * ; Hewlett graduated from Stanford and spent a year doing research; then he goes to MIT to get his masters. Hewlett joins the army, but is discharged in 1936.
 * (diode limiting)
 * ; Hewlett graduated from Stanford and spent a year doing research; then he goes to MIT to get his masters. Hewlett joins the army, but is discharged in 1936.
 * (diode limiting)
 * (diode limiting)
 * (diode limiting)

title: Wien bridge oscillator


text:
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title: User talk:Paul Haroun