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Westinghouse Broadcasting

The Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, also known as Group W, was the broadcasting division of Westinghouse Electric Corporation. It owned several radio and television stations across the United States and distributed television shows for syndication.

Westinghouse Broadcasting was formed in the 1920s as Westinghouse Radio Stations, Inc. After expanding into television, it was renamed Westinghouse Broadcasting Company in 1954, and adopted the Group W moniker on May 20, 1963. It was a self-contained entity within the Westinghouse corporate structure; while the parent company was headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Westinghouse Broadcasting maintained headquarters in New York City. It kept national sales offices in Chicago and Los Angeles.

Group W stations are best known for using a distinctive corporate typeface, introduced in 1963, for their logos and on-air imaging. Similarly styled typefaces had been used on some non-Group W stations as well and several former Group W stations still use it today. The Group W corporate typeface has been digitized and released freely by John Sizemore; Ray Larabie's font "Anklepants borrows heavily from the typeface and is occasionally used as a substitute. The font is also used in the video game Damnation.

Westinghouse Broadcasting was also well known for two long-running television programs, the Mike Douglas Show and PM Magazine (called Evening Magazine in Group W's core broadcast markets).

Radio origins
The Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company entered broadcasting with the November 2, 1920, sign-on of KDKA radio in Pittsburgh. The oldest surviving licensed commercial radio station in the United States, KDKA was an outgrowth of experimental station 8XK, a 75-watt station that was located in the Pittsburgh suburb of Wilkinsburg, and founded in 1916 by Westinghouse assistant chief engineer Frank Conrad.

Westinghouse launched three more radio stations between 1920 and 1921: WJZ, originally licensed to Newark, New Jersey; WBZ, first located in Springfield, Massachusetts; and KYW, originally based in Chicago. WBZA in Boston, a station which shared WBZ's frequency and simulcasted WBZ's programming, signed on in November 1924.

Westinghouse was one of the founding owners of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919, and in 1926 RCA established the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), a group of 24 radio stations that made up the first radio network in the United States. Westinghouse initially owned a 20 percent stake in NBC, and as a result, all of Westinghouse's stations became affiliates of NBC's Blue Network when it was launched on January 1, 1927. Most of the Blue Network's programming originated at WJZ, which in 1923 had its license moved to New York City, and its ownership transferred to RCA.

In 1931, Westinghouse switched the call letters of its two Massachusetts stations, with WBZA moving to Springfield and WBZ going to Boston. The two stations had suffered from interference problems, though the Boston facility was the more powerful of the two. In 1934, KYW was moved from Chicago to Philadelphia following a Federal Communications Commission-dictated frequency realignment. Westinghouse's next station was its first purchase: WOWO in Fort Wayne, Indiana, joined the group in August 1936.

The North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement of 1941 saw all of Westinghouse's original stations move to their current frequencies. With WOWO's power increase to 50,000 watts later that year, the Westinghouse stations were now also clear-channel stations. A decade later, the FCC forbade common ownership of two or more clear channel stations with overlapping nighttime coverage, though the commission allowed Westinghouse to keep WBZ, KYW, KDKA, and WOWO together under a grandfather clause. Among them, the four stations' nighttime signals blanketed almost all of the eastern half of North America. Despite the assignments which resulted from NARBA, WBZA became a 1,000-watt daytime-only operation as it continued to share a frequency with WBZ.

The Westinghouse group survived the government-dictated split of NBC's radio division in 1943. WBZ/WBZA, KDKA, and KYW became affiliates of NBC's Red Network while WOWO, which had a secondary affiliation with the Blue Network, fell back on its primary relationship with CBS. Westinghouse expanded to the West Coast in 1944 with its purchase of 5,000-watt KEX in Portland, Oregon, a station which also shared a frequency with WOWO. Westinghouse would increase KEX's power to 50,000 watts in 1948.

Later in the 1940s, Westinghouse moved on to develop FM and television stations as the FCC began to issue permits for those services. Westinghouse built FM sister stations for WBZ/WBZA, KDKA, KYW, KEX, and WOWO, all of which were on the air by the end of the decade. FM radio was, initially, an unsuccessful venture for Westinghouse, and the company would silence most of its FM stations during the 1950s. Of the early Westinghouse FMs, only the original KDKA-FM (now WLTJ) and the second WBZ-FM facility (now WMJX) proved to be worth keeping, and Westinghouse sold those outlets in the early 1980s.

Moving back to AM radio, Westinghouse returned to Chicago with its 1956 purchase of WIND. In 1962, Westinghouse re-entered the New York market when it bought WINS, then a local Top-40 powerhouse, from J. Elroy McCaw. Having reached the FCC's then-limit of seven AM stations, Westinghouse sold KEX to actor and singer Gene Autry, and later decided to shut down WBZA and return its license to the FCC. In 1966, Westinghouse agreed to buy another top-rated music station, KFWB in Los Angeles.

On April 19, 1965, WINS dropped music and instituted a 24-hour, all-news format. KYW went all-news six months later on September 12, three months after Westinghouse regained control of the station (see The 1956 Trade with NBC, below). KFWB would adopt the format on March 11, 1968. The three stations all prospered with their new formats, usually ranking among the five highest-rated stations in their markets. During the 1970s and 1980s, WIND also tinkered with a part-time news format, though it had little success against the dominant all-news station in Chicago, CBS-owned WBBM.

In the 1970s, Westinghouse Radio also developed a prodigious reputation for its innovation in analytical techniques and tools for radio sales and buying. Using sophisticated mathematical modeling, the group promoted its "New Math Calculator" which became extremely popular in ad agencies for planning radio campaigns. This was no simple look-up table; it introduced innovative measures such as "reach index" and "gross cume" to operationalize its core models. Westinghouse later introduced an even more comprehensive tool, stylized as the "Numa Radio Planner". In the days before desktop computers, these "slide rules" were state-of-the-art in audience planning research.

Over the next quarter-century, Westinghouse would purchase several other radio stations, including KFBK in Sacramento, California; WNEW-FM in New York, KTWV in Los Angeles, and WMMR in Philadelphia. WOWO was sold to other interests in 1982 and WIND was spun off in 1985, two years before Group W bought WMAQ from NBC after that network announced it was closing its radio division.

Expansion into television
Westinghouse entered television on June 9, 1948, with the sign-on of WBZ-TV in Boston; it is the only television station to have been built by the company. Westinghouse's first station purchase was with WPTZ (now KYW-TV) in Philadelphia, in 1953. KPIX in San Francisco was bought in 1954; WDTV (now KDKA-TV) in Pittsburgh was added in 1955; and WAAM (now WJZ-TV) in Baltimore was purchased in 1957. Westinghouse's only other outright television station purchase was in Charlotte, North Carolina, where it purchased WRET-TV from Ted Turner in early 1980, and changed its call letters to WPCQ-TV. Turner used the proceeds from the sale of the Charlotte station to help him launch CNN.

In 1961, the company expanded into television production by launching television and radio distributor WBC Productions. In 1980, the company bought out a majority share of Home Theater Network from Diversified Communications. The company also purchased cable TV system operator TelePrompTer in 1981, which it renamed Group W Cable the following year. Also that year, the company formed Group W Satellite Communications to maintain operations of its satellite business through its TelePrompTer acquisition, as well as that of Home Theater Network. The TelePrompTer acquisition also brought animation producer Filmation into the Group W fold. However, Westinghouse would leave the cable TV system business in 1986, and would later sell the Filmation library to L'Oréal in 1989. During that period, Group W was known in full as Westinghouse Broadcasting and Cable, Inc.

The 1956 trade with NBC
In June 1955, Westinghouse announced that it would sell its Philadelphia stations, KYW radio and WPTZ, to NBC. In exchange Westinghouse received NBC's Cleveland stations, WTAM radio and WNBK television, along with $3 million in compensation. The deal was approved in January 1956; one month later Westinghouse moved the KYW call letters to Cleveland and NBC renamed the Philadelphia stations WRCV (AM) and WRCV-TV. Both companies also transferred much of their respective management and some on-air personnel to their new cities. Most notably, both The Mike Douglas Show and the Eyewitness News format originated on KYW-TV during its tenure in Cleveland.

However, the ink had barely dried on FCC approval of the trade when the United States Department of Justice opened an investigation into the deal, on claims that NBC had employed extortion and coercion. The Justice Department believed that NBC abused its power as a broadcast network by threatening to withhold or cancel affiliations with Westinghouse-owned stations unless the latter company agreed to the network's terms and participate in the trade. Specifically, it was determined that NBC threatened to drop its programming from both WPTZ and Boston's WBZ-TV; to withhold a primary affiliation from newly acquired KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh (that station would sign with CBS as a primary affiliate); and to withhold or pull an NBC affiliation from any other major-market station Westinghouse would purchase in the future. Based on these findings, a civil antitrust suit was filed against NBC and its parent company RCA, on behalf of Westinghouse in December 1956. "Justice Dept. hauls NBC into court." Broadcasting - Telecasting, December 10, 1956, pp. 27-32. During this ordeal NBC attempted to circumvent the investigation by trading the Philadelphia stations in return for RKO General's radio and television properties in Boston, which would have resulted in WBZ-TV losing its NBC affiliation to rival station WNAC-TV; the proposed NBC-RKO station swap never materialized.

In August 1964, after a nearly eight-year-long investigation, the FCC ordered a reversal of the swap. NBC appealed the ruling, extending the ordeal by another year, but the ruling was upheld on appeal. Westinghouse was also allowed to keep the cash compensation from the original deal. When Westinghouse regained control of the Philadelphia stations on June 19, 1965, it restored the KYW calls to the radio station and renamed the television station KYW-TV. And in a reversal of nine years prior, both NBC and Westinghouse relocated various personnel between both cities.

Later years in television
Throughout its history as an operator of television stations, Westinghouse Broadcasting had relationships with all three major networks. KYW-TV (in both Cleveland and Philadelphia), WBZ-TV, and WPCQ-TV were NBC affiliates, KPIX and KDKA-TV were aligned with CBS, and WJZ-TV was an ABC station. All of Group W's stations were located within the top 40 television markets.

Westinghouse's television stations were all known for their very deep connection to their home markets. They often pre-empted network programming in favor of local programs, and all of them carried programming produced by Group W, which was a major force in television syndication (see Syndication programs, below). However, for the most part the networks did not seem to mind. Most of them were among their networks' strongest performers. KDKA-TV and WJZ-TV dominated their markets, while WBZ-TV and KPIX were solid runners-up.

The only exceptions were KYW-TV and WPCQ. KYW-TV had been one of Westinghouse's (and NBC's) crown jewels for many years, but faltered in the late 1970s and eventually became NBC's weakest major-market affiliate by the mid-1980s. Westinghouse found no success in the Charlotte market, as WPCQ-by far the smallest station ever owned by the company-remained an also-ran during its Group W years. Despite the record purchase price, Group W ran the station on a shoestring budget. Under Group W, WPCQ had a marginal signal, a minimal local news presence and a program schedule more typical of an independent station, with a large number of cartoons and second-hand syndicated programming. WPCQ was also a UHF network affiliate competing against two long-established network stations on VHF. It also had to deal with three longer-established NBC affiliates, on VHF channels from nearby cities, that were also available over-the-air in large parts of the Charlotte market. Westinghouse was able to escape Charlotte when it sold WPCQ (now WCNC-TV) to Odyssey Television Partners (later to become Renaissance Broadcasting) in 1985. The subpar performance of KYW-TV and WPCQ was particularly embarrassing for NBC, as it came during a very prosperous period for the network as a whole.

Aside from WPCQ, Group W almost expanded into the country's top two markets; it emerged as a leading bidder for RKO General's independent stations WOR-TV (currently WWOR-TV) in Secaucus, New Jersey (serving New York City), and came to a deal to buy KHJ-TV (currently KCAL-TV) in Los Angeles. However, protracted legal issues that had dogged RKO General for years delayed the transfer of KHJ-TV, and Westinghouse ultimately withdrew its offer. They were also outbid for WOR-TV by a consortium of Cox Enterprises and MCA/Universal (though the former company dropped out over questions of who would be running the station). In 1987, Westinghouse attempted a bid for the station group handled by investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, with six stations formerly held by Storer Broadcasting, but the deal ultimately fell through.

Merger with CBS
Within a year-long span during 1994–95, a series of surprising events occurred which not only changed the look of the television industry but also ended Westinghouse's uniqueness among television station operators.

In 1994, the Fox Broadcasting Company agreed to a multi-year, multi-station affiliation deal with New World Communications, resulting in most of New World's stations switching to Fox. Among these stations were longtime CBS affiliates WJBK-TV in Detroit and WJW-TV in Cleveland.

To avoid being consigned to the UHF band in two major markets, CBS heavily courted ABC affiliates WXYZ-TV in Detroit and WEWS-TV in Cleveland. Both stations were owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, who used this leverage to strike a similar multi-station affiliation deal of its own with ABC. Unwilling to risk losing two of its strongest and longest-standing affiliates, ABC and Scripps agreed to a 10-year affiliation contract with WEWS, WXYZ and three other stations.

One of these additional stations was Baltimore's then-NBC affiliate, WMAR-TV, which would displace that city's longtime ABC affiliate, Group W-owned WJZ-TV. ABC was initially skeptical of including WMAR in the deal; WJZ-TV had been one of ABC's strongest affiliates, and had been the dominant station in Baltimore for a quarter-century. In contrast, WMAR had been a ratings also-ran for over 30 years. However, Scripps demanded that WMAR be included if the deal was to go through. Well aware that there were few viable choices for replacement affiliates in Detroit or Cleveland, ABC gave in.

The loss of WJZ-TV's ABC affiliation did not sit well with Westinghouse. At the time, WJZ-TV had been affiliated with ABC for 46 years, longer than any station that wasn't owned by the network. Westinghouse sought an affiliation deal of its own, and after several months of negotiations with the other networks, Westinghouse agreed to affiliate its entire television unit with CBS. Under the terms of the deal, all five Group W stations would carry the entire CBS schedule with no pre-emptions except for local news emergencies (as noted above, prior to this, Group W stations were known for pre-empting selected programming of their affiliated networks with Group W-mandated content).

The deal resulted in a three-way transaction between Group W, CBS, and NBC, which unfolded between the summer of 1994 and the summer of 1995. The terms were as follows:
 * In September 1994, KPIX and KDKA-TV ended their long-standing policies of pre-empting some CBS shows, and began carrying the entire CBS schedule with no pre-emptions. (KPIX however at the time aired CBS prime time programming an hour earlier than normal, a practice that continued until 1998.)
 * On January 2, 1995, WJZ-TV and WBZ-TV switched from ABC and NBC, respectively, to CBS, while WBAL-TV and WHDH-TV affiliated with NBC; WMAR-TV took on WJZ-TV's ABC affiliation.
 * On September 10, 1995, at 1:00 a.m. EDT, KYW-TV switched from NBC to CBS. CBS traded its previous Philadelphia station, WCAU-TV, to NBC in return for KCNC-TV in Denver and KUTV in Salt Lake City, while KUSA and KSL-TV affiliated with NBC and KMGH-TV affiliated with ABC. CBS then traded controlling interest in KCNC and KUTV to Westinghouse in return for a minority stake in KYW-TV. (KCNC's station history page erroneously implies that this trade was between NBC and Westinghouse.) The swap in Philadelphia was delayed when CBS discovered it would face a massive capital gains tax bill if it sold WCAU to NBC outright.
 * As a result of the trade, CBS-owned WCIX in Miami swapped channels with NBC-owned WTVJ. CBS and NBC traded their Miami broadcasting facilities to compensate each other for the loss of stations. WCIX changed its call letters to WFOR-TV, and CBS sold controlling interest in WFOR to Westinghouse.
 * Westinghouse and CBS formed a joint venture that assumed ownership of KYW-TV, KCNC, KUTV and WFOR, with Westinghouse as majority owner. Giving Group W control of the venture allowed CBS to have some interest in its affiliates and avoid violating FCC rules at the time that forbade groups from owning TV stations that covered more than 25% of the country (CBS O&Os reached 21.8% prior to the purchase, and Group W reached 9.7%.)

A short time later, Westinghouse announced it was buying CBS outright, a transaction which closed in late 1995. As a condition of the merger, both CBS and Group W were forced to sell off several radio stations due to the FCC's then-current ownership limits. CBS also had to sell WPRI-TV in Providence, Rhode Island (which was acquired in March 1995 and would swap affiliations with WLNE-TV one hour before KYW-TV assumed the CBS affiliation) due to a significant signal overlap with WBZ-TV, which provides a city-grade signal to much of the Providence market. At the time, the FCC normally did not allow common ownership of stations with overlapping signals, and would not even consider granting a waiver for a city-grade overlap; the FCC began to allow common ownership of stations with overlapping signals without a waiver in 2000.

Epilogue and legacy
Following the completion of the CBS takeover, the former Westinghouse Broadcasting operations took on the CBS name and identity, though the Group W name survived until the end of the 1990s as a holding company within the merged entity's structure. The Westinghouse-CBS merger resulted in several longtime rivals on the radio dials of New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Philadelphia becoming sister stations.

From that point forward, however, Westinghouse proceeded to transform itself from its legendary role as a diversified conglomerate with a strong industrial heritage into a media giant. Over the next year, it sold off almost all of its non-broadcast properties. In 1997, Westinghouse changed its name to CBS Corporation and moved its headquarters to New York. Westinghouse's cable television network properties—consisting then of The Nashville Network (now the general-interest Paramount Network) and Country Music Television, which CBS/Westinghouse purchased from Gaylord Entertainment in 1996, and equity stakes in regional sports networks Midwest Sports Channel (now split into Fox Sports North, serving Minnesota and the Dakotas, and Fox Sports Wisconsin, both of which CBS purchased in conjunction with its 1992 acquisition of Midwest Television and its two stations, WCCO-TV in Minneapolis/St. Paul and WFRV-TV in Green Bay) and Home Team Sports (now NBC Sports Washington) in the Baltimore–Washington area—were consequently reorganized as CBS Cable (a name used prior by CBS Inc. for an arts-oriented basic cable channel it operated from October 1981 to December 1982). In 1998, the company created a new licensing subsidiary under the Westinghouse Electric Corporation name. In this sense, the Westinghouse-CBS merger turned out to be a "wag the dog" transaction.

After selling off its nuclear assets to BNFL in 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom in 2000, thus ending the corporate legacy of the original Westinghouse for good. TNN and CMT were consolidated into Viacom's MTV Networks basic cable unit post-merger, with HTS being sold to Comcast and Midwest Sports Channel being sold to News Corporation shortly afterward. Viacom, however, changed its name to CBS Corporation at the end of 2005 and spun off most of its cable and movie interests as a new Viacom. With a few exceptions, the "new" CBS Corporation retained the same television properties that the old CBS Corporation held prior to the Viacom merger, including the new Westinghouse. Theater chain National Amusements, which had held controlling interest in the "old" Viacom since 1986, retained controlling interest in both the "new" CBS and Viacom.

Excluding WMAQ (shut down in 2000 to allow all-sports WSCR to move to its old dial position) and KFWB (placed in a holding trust as a consequence of CBS's purchase of KCAL-TV; the trust divested the station in 2016), all of the former Group W radio stations were part of CBS Radio until its merger with Entercom (now Audacy, Inc.) on November 17, 2017. While the merged company took Entercom's name, CBS shareholders held controlling interest in the enlarged Entercom. Following the merger, one of the former Group W stations, WBZ, was spun off to iHeartMedia. CBS had previously announced in 2016 that it had been looking to leave the radio business.

In 2019, Viacom and CBS reunited as ViacomCBS (renamed Paramount Global in 2022), with National Amusements as the majority shareholder.

Currently, only one station continues to use the classic Group W font: radio station WOWO (owned by Pathfinder Communications Corporation). The other stations gradually discontinued using the typeface during the 21st century.

Former Westinghouse-owned stations
Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license.

Notes:
 * (**) – indicates a station built and signed-on by Westinghouse.

Television stations

 * This list does not include KCNC-TV in Denver, WFOR-TV in Miami, and KUTV in Salt Lake City. In the aftermath of KCNC-TV and KUTV ending their NBC affiliations and the formation of WFOR-TV after a transmitter and license swap with WTVJ, these stations were taken over by Group W in the interim period before the completion of CBS's acquisition by Westinghouse.

Radio stations
(a partial listing)

Syndicated programs
Some of their best-known programs were syndicated and seen in primetime and early/late fringe through its syndication division, Group W Productions, which was originally known as WBC Productions until 1968. It was originally founded in 1961 to sell syndication of radio and television programming. Many of these programs were also sold internationally (under the name of Westinghouse Broadcasting International). In 1992, the Westinghouse Broadcasting International unit has signed a deal with Mitsubishi to represent the catalog for the Japanese market.

Late night talk/variety shows

 * PM East (with Mike Wallace and Joyce Davidson)/PM West (with Terrence O'Flaherty) (1961–1962)
 * The Steve Allen Show (1962–1964)
 * That Regis Philbin Show! (1964–1965)
 * The Merv Griffin Show (1965–1969)
 * The David Frost Show (1969–1972)
 * The Howard Stern Radio Show (1998–2001) (as Eyemark Entertainment)

Daytime shows

 * The Mike Douglas Show (1963–1980)
 * The John Davidson Show (1980–1982)
 * Hour Magazine, hosted by Gary Collins (1980–1989)
 * The Wil Shriner Show (1986–1987)
 * Couch Potatoes, game show hosted by Marc Summers (1989; co-production with Saban Entertainment)
 * Every Second Counts, game show hosted by Bill Rafferty, produced by Charles Colarusso Productions (1984)
 * House Party; talk show hosted by Steve Doocy (1990; co-production with NBC Productions)
 * Scrabble, unsold syndicated run pilot with Steve Edwards as host (1990; co-production with Reg Grundy Productions)
 * That's Amore, game show hosted by Luca Barbareschi (1992-1993, co-production with Four Point Entertainment and RTI Mediaset)
 * Vicki!, talk show hosted by Vicki Lawrence (1992–1994)
 * Marilu, talk show hosted by Marilu Henner (1994–1995)
 * Morning Stretch, exercise and fitness program hosted by Joanie Greggains (produced at KPIX during the 1980s)
 * Day and Date, hosted by Dana King and Patrick Vanhorn (also produced at KPIX, 1995–1997; initially went under Group W name before switch to Eyemark name mid-season)

Group W and KPIX also created, in 1975 (with its premiere in 1976), America's first non-news magazine series, Evening Magazine with host Jan Yanehiro. After the first few years, it franchised to Group W stations and eventually to other markets through local stations, using the name PM Magazine on non-Group W stations airing the show.

Made-for-TV movies

 * Mafia Princess, starring Tony Curtis and Susan Lucci (1986)

Children's/animated series

 * Dino Babies
 * Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 version)
 * Speed Racer (1993 version)
 * Way Cool (1991–1992)
 * The in-house Filmation library (He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, The Archie Show, She-Ra: Princess of Power, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, Ghostbusters, BraveStarr, among other titles)

First-run syndicated shows

 * Fight Back! with David Horowitz (1976–1992)
 * Bob Vila's Home Again (1990-2005)
 * The George Michael Sports Machine (1995)
 * Martha Stewart Living (1993–2004)

End of Group W Productions
After the merger with CBS in 1996, Westinghouse acquired Ed Wilson and Bob Cook's MaXam Entertainment and merged it with Group W Productions and CBS Enterprises (including CBS Broadcast International) to form Eyemark Entertainment, with CBS Broadcast International acquiring the overseas rights to the Group W backlog. Eyemark was in turn folded into King World Productions following the latter company's acquisition by CBS in 2000. King World gained control of most of the Group W and Eyemark libraries from 2000 to 2005. These libraries are now controlled by CBS Media Ventures. The Filmation library and The George Michael Sports Machine are owned by NBCUniversal (the former through DreamWorks Animation/Classic Media), Bob Vila's Home Again is owned by Bob Vila with Telco Productions handling distribution rights, and the 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series is also owned by CBS Media Ventures with DVD rights licensed to Lionsgate Home Entertainment (formerly Family Home Entertainment).

Cable networks

 * The Nashville Network (then co-owned with Gaylord Entertainment; Group W later bought Gaylord's stake in the channel; later owned by Viacom's MTV Networks as Spike (currently Paramount Network as of 2018))
 * The Disney Channel (then co-owned with The Walt Disney Company; Disney later bought Group W's 50 percent stake prior to its launch)
 * Home Team Sports (Baltimore\Washington network) and Home Sports Entertainment (Dallas)
 * Home Theater Network (1978–1987)
 * Satellite News Channel (co-owned with ABC; network went defunct after a year)
 * Showtime (50 percent stake with Viacom from 1981 (when Group W acquired TelePrompTer), until they sold their half of Showtime back to Viacom in 1982)
 * Wisconsin Sports Network (co-owned with the Milwaukee Time Warner Cable franchise from 1996 to 1998, then merged into CBS Cable's Midwest Sports Channel (MSC). Later bought by Fox in 2000 and became FSN North and FSN Wisconsin (No relation to the present-day website of the same name.)
 * Z Channel (under TelePrompTer-owned Theta Cable)

title: Westinghouse Broadcasting


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The Journey of Natty Gann

The Journey of Natty Gann is a 1985 American adventure film directed by Jeremy Paul Kagan, produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released by Buena Vista Distribution. The film introduced Meredith Salenger and also starred John Cusack, Lainie Kazan and Ray Wise.

Plot
In 1935, teenage tomboy Natty Gann lives in Chicago with her unemployed widowed father, Sol. After being out of work because of the Great Depression, Sol applies for work as a lumberjack in Washington. However, to take the job, he must leave on almost no notice on a company bus. Unable to find Natty before departing, he leaves her a letter promising to send her the fare to join him as soon as he has earned it. Meanwhile, he makes arrangements with Connie, the shallow and insensitive innkeeper of their rooming-house, so Natty can stay on under Connie's temporary supervision.

After overhearing Connie reporting her as an abandoned child, Natty runs away to find her father on her own, embarking on a cross-country journey riding the rails along with other penniless travelers and hobos. Along the way she saves a wolfdog from a dog fighting ring. In return the dog, whom she calls Wolf, becomes her friend and protector in her attempt to return to her father. She has a brief, innocent romance with another young traveler, Harry, and encounters various obstacles that test her courage, perseverance, and ingenuity, such as being arrested after cattle rustling and remanded to a juvenile facility. Natty manages to escape the detention center and confronts Charlie, the blacksmith who has been given control of the captured Wolf. Charlie turns out to be kind and fair-minded; he gives back Wolf as well as cooking her a meal. Charlie also gives Natty enough money for a train ticket. She is cheated of her ticket money by an unscrupulous ticket agent, and narrowly escapes his attempt to turn her in, returning to "riding the rails" illicitly on freight trains, where she is unexpectedly reunited with Harry in a rail-side shantytown.

When Natty's father calls Connie, she tells him Natty is gone. In a later phone call, he is grieved to learn that Natty's wallet was found underneath a derailed freight train — unbeknownst to him, she survived the crash. He is given a week's leave from the lumber company to search through the wreckage for her, but to no avail. He returns to the lumber camp and requests the most dangerous jobs, known as "widow's work", now that he seems to have little to live for.

Arriving on the west coast, Natty's journey takes several more challenging turns. Harry finds work through the federal Works Progress Administration in San Francisco, but she declines his invitation to go with him, preferring to find her father. The logging operation does not list Sol Gann among their workers, but Natty is undeterred, searching fruitlessly for him by showing other loggers his photo in a pendant he has given her which is her last trace of her parents. Wolf hears the calls of other wolves nearby, and Natty tearfully tells him to go join his own kind. The company clerk catches her in one of the backwoods camps and makes arrangements for her to be sent back down the mountain for her own safety. The clerk then unexpectedly finds the returned letter her father had sent enclosing her train ticket to rejoin him and tells Natty of his location. Natty sets out on foot and sees a company truck pass by loaded with injured men. In the truck, she glimpses her father. She runs after it, calling out for him, but is eventually devastated when it outpaces her. She hears his voice call out for her and finds him standing in the road. They share an emotional embrace, with Wolf looking on from a nearby cliff.

Home media
The film has been released in the United States on VHS in April 1986, then again in 2002. The DVD version was released using the pan and scan format. The title was also made available for streaming and download in SD and HD versions (without pan and scan). It was released on Blu-Ray as part of Disney's Movie Club on July 17, 2018.

Reception
The film received positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 91%, based on 32 reviews, with a rating average of 7.13/10. Critics praised the actors' performances and the film's portrayal of Depression-era life, while occasionally lamenting its pace and level of sentimentality.

Accolades
At the Young Artist Awards, Salenger won for Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film, and the film itself was nominated for Best Family Motion Picture (Drama). Albert Wolsky received an Academy Award nomination for Best Costume Design.

Music
Elmer Bernstein originally scored the picture, having to rewrite much of his material in the process; ultimately most of his music was replaced with a new score by James Horner. Both scores were released on compact disc – Bernstein's in 2008 as part of a four-disc set of rejected scores by Varèse Sarabande (also including Gangs of New York and The Scarlet Letter) and Horner's in 2009 by Intrada Records.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Journey of Natty Gann


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Image:2005 Subaru Legacy Red.JPG

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Images for deletion. -- AllyUnion (talk) 17:07, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Image:2005 Subaru Legacy Red.JPG
Link added to the VfD page by anon user:24.205.57.29 but the discussion sub-page was not opened properly. Regardless, it should have been listed on "Images for deletion", not here. Please consider this discussion closed. Rossami (talk) 07:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Bob Houghton

from Vfd
On 17 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Bobby Houghton for a record of the discussion.

I'm not sure about the Maidstone United statitics. I was a regular supporter in the early 70's. He only played and coached one season, 1971-72, having arrived from Hastings and replacing Harry Hill who had managed in the Isthmian League and went to Bromley in 1971 taking a number of players who wanted to remain amateur with him. Houghton was sacked at the end of 71-72 when he failed to win promotion and was replaced by Ernie Morgan who successfully won promotion to the Premier Division of the Southern League in 72-73. I remember him not as a big striker but as a stylish defensive midfielder, strong influence of Bobby Moore to whom he had a strong physical resemblance. Most of Maidstone's goals in that season came from Micky Angel, Colin Toal, Bobby Constable and Alan Walker. At best he scored a handful of goals. Good player though who would have justified a place in the lower divisions of the Football League but for his early coaching ambitions.Thermosoverfil (talk) 18:08, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

This would have been deleted ages ago
If it were not for the fact that this bozo managed some crappy team in the USA.

The subject of the article is not even known in footballing circles in his home country. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.132.247.175 (talk) 02:34, 6 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, because taking a team to the European Cup final doesn't count for anything. What nonsense! Keresaspa (talk) 20:10, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:Carl Meinhof

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Fula.
The Fula example, while interesting, is misleading in the context in which it is presented, since Fula, while a Niger-Congo language, belongs to the Atlantic languages group, not to the Bantu languages. -- Ziusudra 12:34, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep, you're right. I'm pulling it out for now, because it really should be verified whether and where Meinhof does talk about Fula. If preserved, it could be in the following form:
 * Meinhof also noted that West-African Fula, a far relative of the Bantu languages, has a noun class reserved for liquids.
 * — mark ✎ 16:12, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carl Meinhof


text:
Talk:Ekaterina Geladze

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The article gives her years as 1858-1935 at the beginning but at the end says she passed away on May 13, 1937. Which is accurate, they cannot both be true. FDR 12:40 30 June, 2006

title: Talk:Ekaterina Geladze


text:
Talk:HMS Jersey (P295)

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title: Talk:HMS Jersey (P295)


text:
Meerschaum pipe

A meerschaum pipe is a smoking pipe made from the mineral sepiolite, also known as meerschaum. Meerschaum (, German for "sea foam") is sometimes found floating on the Black Sea and is rather suggestive of sea foam (hence the German origin of the name, as well as the French name for the same substance, écume de mer).

History

The first recorded use of meerschaum for making pipes was around 1723. It quickly became prized as the perfect material for providing a cool, dry, flavorful smoke. Because of the porous nature of meerschaum, moisture and tobacco tar are drawn deep into the stone. Meerschaum became a premium substitute for the clay pipes of the day and remains prized to this day, although since the mid-1800s briar pipes have become the most common pipes for smoking.

The use of briar wood, beginning in the early 1820s, greatly reduced demand for clay pipes and, to a lesser degree, meerschaum pipes. The qualities of meerschaum were combined with those of briar pipes by lining briar pipes with meerschaum bowls. Some smokers believe that meerschaum-lined briar pipes give the porosity and sweet-smoking qualities of meerschaum along with the heat-absorbing qualities and durability of briar. However, meerschaum must be cool before a pipe can be cleaned, and briar must be rested after a few days of smoking, so the combination comes with some of the drawbacks of both materials. The thinness of the lining can affect how long a pipe lasts and some smokers do not clean out their pipes, causing the meerschaum to crack.

Characteristics
Meerschaum does not burn and floats in water. It softens when wet, but hardens again when dried. Meerschaum, which expels moisture due to its porous structure, is therefore used in pipe making.When smoked, meerschaum pipes gradually change color, and old meerschaum pipes will turn incremental shades of yellow, orange, red, and amber from the base on up. When prepared for use as a pipe, the natural nodules are first scraped to remove the red earthy matrix, then dried, again scraped and polished with wax. The crudely shaped masses thus prepared are turned and carved, smoothed with glass-paper, heated in wax or stearine, and finally polished with bone-ash.

Worldwide use

Carved Turkish meerschaum products were traditionally made in manufacturing centers such as Vienna. Since the 1970s, though, Turkey has banned the exportation of meerschaum nodules, trying to set up a local meerschaum industry. The once famous manufacturers have therefore disappeared and European pipe producers turned to others sources for their pipes.

Another variation of meerschaum pipe is the calabash pipe made iconic by William Gillette's stage portrayal of Sherlock Holmes. The calabash is a gourd similar to a squash, grown specifically for use in pipes. The shape is determined as the gourd grows by placing small blocks under the stem, forcing it into a gentle curve. The mature gourd is cut and dried, then fitted with a cork gasket to receive a meerschaum bowl. The finished pipe offers one of the coolest, driest smokes available.

In Somalia and Djibouti, meerschaum is used to make the dabqaad, a traditional incense burner. The mineral is mined in the district of El Buur, the latter of which serves as a center for quarrying. El Buur is also the place of origin of the local pipe-making industry.

Similar materials
Imitations are made in plaster of Paris and other preparations.

The soft, white, earthy mineral from Långbanshyttan, in Värmland, Sweden, known as aphrodite (sea foam), is closely related to meerschaum. It is a synonym for the smectite clay: stevensite.

In popular culture
In the 2004 film National Treasure, the second clue to the treasure is found hidden inside a meerschaum pipe. Later on in the film, the tobacco holder of said pipe acts as a key to opening the treasure vault.

In Samuel Beckett's 1957 one-act play Endgame, while Hamm is narrating the story of the day when he adopted Clov, he mentions how he was smoking a meerschaum pipe, after lighting it with a vesta.

In 1958, the popular American television sitcom Leave It to Beaver, season 2, episode 9, featured third-grader Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver and his friend Larry Mondello smoking a meerschaum pipe recently sent from Germany as a gift to Beaver's father. They are discovered because of the telltale discoloration of the pipe's bowl.

In the Dungeons and Dragons "Forgotten Realms" campaign setting, the legendary wizard Elminster is known for smoking a meerschaum pipe.

title: Meerschaum pipe


text:
Talk:Hanna Marklund

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title: Talk:Hanna Marklund


text: Category:893 births

title: Category:893 births


text:
Ottosdal

Ottosdal is a small town situated at an altitude of 1,479 meters (4,855 feet) on the branch railway line from Makwassie in the central North West Province of South Africa. Ottosdal is a farming community engaged in the growing of grains such as maize (mielies), sunflower and peanuts. In addition, local farmers raise cattle, sheep, pigs, dairy cows and chicken. A major pyrophyllite mine lies near it on the farm Gestoptefontein. This town originated from the establishment of a Dutch Reformed Church parish in 1913. To this was added a church building on Korannafontein, the farm of Gerhardus Petrus Otto. The town is known as the birthplace of "Die Baas", who was born there in 1952. Ottosdal grew around the church and was officially registered in 1917 and named after G. P. Otto (de Jager 1997).

Climate
Ottosdal has a relatively hot and dry climate. Summers are very hot. Winter, which seldom last more than two to three months a year, is characterized by cold nights and mild to warm days. The average yearly rainfall is 550 mm (21.6 inches). Precipitation primarily occurs between October and April in the form of heavy thunderstorms during the mid-summer and light rain in the Autumn. Hail can occur between December and February and it only snows once a decade at most. Between August and October, strong winds and dust storms can occur (de Jager 1997).

Cultural and historic sites
Some of the cultural and historical sites in and near Ottosdal are:
 * Trenches, cemeteries and British forts dating to Second Boer War, which are located on the farms Gestoptefontein and Driekuil. Driekuil contains structures, which once were the headquarters of Major General Walter Kitchener, a major British Commanders in the western Transvaal. Also, there is the "Garden of Remembrance", which contains the graves of soldiers killed during the Second Boer War.
 * The Ouplaas, one of the few surviving Boer mansions. It was built in 1907 for D. G. van der Merwe by the Italian architect, Sribante. It survives today as the Old Farm Guest House, "Ouplaas Gastehuis", which lies about 13 km west of Ottosdal.
 * The farm Rietkuil which belonged to Boer prophet Siener van Rensburg. He is buried, along with the members of various other Voortrekker families, near Ottosdal. His prophesies about the Boer War, the 1914-1915 rebellion, the death of General Koos de la Rey and other events brought him to prominence among the Boere and South Africans in general.
 * Khoisan (Late Stone Age) Rock Engravings on local farms. This rock art included petroglyphs showing game such as elephants, rhinos, ostriches, lions, buffalo, baboons, snakes and giraffes, which once occurred locally in great abundance thousands of years ago.
 * A collection of African artifacts housed in a 1910 farmhouse converted to a museum.
 * An 1860 water mill, which has been dedicated as a national monument.
 * A church belonging to the Dutch Reformed Church. It was built in 1918; used until 1955; and is now a national heritage site.
 * and 30 km from Ottosdal is the site of the Battle of Boschbult of the Second Boer War. It occurred on March 31, 1901.

Pyrophyllite mines
A major industry of the Ottosdal area is the pyrophyllite mines located on the farm Gestoptefontein. These mines produce a very high quality pyrophyllite, which is a phyllosilicate mineral composed of aluminium silicate hydroxide: AlSi2O5OH. The pyrophyllite is a metamorphosed clay. The clay was formed by the alteration of volcanic ash, which apparently accumulated at the bottom of a quiet body of water. It forms a dense, but soft light grey, or darker, fine-grained stone, which splits into well-defined slabs. The strata, in which it occurs, is a 3.0 to 3.1 billion year-old, over 2 kilometer-thick assemblage of arenaceous sediments, conglomerates, grits, basic volcanics, tuffs, coarse pyroclastic rocks and quartzite called the "Dominion Group".

Originally, pyrophyllite was quarried and locally used for tombstones and building stone and to carve ornaments and utensils such as pots, dishes and cases. Currently, it is milled and processed near where it is mined to produce material used for the production of a wide variety of products. They include acid-resistant lab ceramics, refractory bricks and linings, filler in paint, electrical insulation, boilermaker's chalk, chromic-acid purification pots, and crucibles used in the manufacture polycrystalline-diamonds. Blocks of pyrophyllite are stilled quarried and sold as either "Wonderstone" or "African Stone" for sculpting. It can be easily carved with rasps and power tools and finished with a beautiful polish. The quarries are also the source of naturally grooved, spherical to disk-shaped, and sometimes intergrown concretions composed of either hematite, pyrite, or wollastonite, which are collected by gem, mineral, and rock collectors and subject of much folklore.

title: Ottosdal


text:
Talk:Hebei Daily

from Vfd
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title: Talk:Hebei Daily


text: Category:911 deaths

title: Category:911 deaths


text:
Kongsi

Kongsi is a Hokkien transcription term meaning "company", especially businesses which have been incorporated. However, the word has other meanings under different historical contexts. Kongsi were most commonly known as Chinese social organizations or partnerships, but the term was also used for various Chinese institutions.

Amongst overseas Chinese, the word kongsi was applied to reference both clan organizations, whose members shared a common descent, and to district-dialect clubs, for Chinese immigrants originating from the same district speaking the same dialect. In the late 19th century, these district-dialect associations came to be known as wui gun (huiguan; ), especially in San Francisco, California where many Chinese from eight districts on the west side of the Pearl River Delta near the City of Canton went for the California gold rush.

Southeast Asia
In Southeast Asia, the kongsi republics were made up of Hakka Chinese mining communities that united into political entities that functioned as self-governing states. By the mid-nineteenth century, the kongsi republics controlled most of western Borneo. The three largest kongsi republics were the Lanfang Republic, the Heshun Republic (Fosjoen), and the Santiaogou Federation (Samtiaokioe).

Functions of the Kongsi system
The system of kongsi was utilized by Cantonese throughout the diaspora to overcome economic difficulty, social ostracism, and oppression. In today's Cantonese communities throughout the world, this approach has been adapted to the modern environment, including political and legal factors. The kongsi is similar to modern business partnerships, but also draws on a deeper spirit of cooperation and consideration of mutual welfare. It is believed by some that the development and thriving of Cantonese communities worldwide are the direct result of the kongsi concept. A vast number of Cantonese-run firms and businesses that were born as kongsi ended up as multinational conglomerates.

title: Kongsi


text:
Talk:Hjalmar Holand

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User talk:Hydrodrive

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Sannieshof

Sannieshof is a small farming town situated in North West Province of South Africa. It started as a post office to serve the farms in the district and was named in honour of the first postmaster, John Voorendijk's wife Sannie. The village is 40 km north-east of Delareyville and 38 km north-west of Ottosdal. It is also close (20 km) to Baberspan which is a water bird sanctuary and a fishing mecca.

History
The name was bestowed by John Voorendijk in 1920 who was postmaster of Lichtenburg, in honour of his wife Sannie (née De Beer), whom he married in 1904. In 1928, land was sold to form a village that was named Roosville after a local politician Tielman Roos. The name was disliked and the town regained its original name in 1952.

title: Sannieshof


text:
Israel Cruz

Israel Cruz is an Australian singer-songwriter and record producer. Cruz was born in Quezon City, Philippines and at the age of 3 moved to Melbourne, Australia with his family. He lives in Sydney, Australia with friends and has written and performed with Australian singer Stan Walker.

Career
His single, "Party Up", was released as a digital download and an extended play. It peaked at number 33 on the Australian Singles Chart, becoming Cruz's highest-charting single since 2004's "Old Skool Luv". "Party Up" was certified Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipping 35,000 copies. Regarding the song's reception, Cruz stated in an interview with Dominic Di Francesco of Rhyme and Reason: "I feel like it’s been good. For me, it’s not about having a No.1 record. I focus on making good music that the people like. I’ve seen so many artists have so much more than me [with regards to] the deals that they get. But I haven’t needed a job since about 2004. I’ve learnt how to make money off music. I just love putting out records and I love the response "Party Up" has been getting. I feel like I'm always going to be the guy who makes these street anthems. One day, if it crosses over, thank God. But my thing is making music I like, putting it out and if the people love it – great!"

Songwriting credits

 * Elen Levon
 * "Naughty" (produced, featured)
 * Jessica Mauboy
 * "Been Waiting" (co-wrote, produced)
 * "What Happened to Us" (co-wrote, co-produced)
 * Ricki-Lee Coulter
 * "Wiggle It" (co-wrote, produced)
 * Stan Walker
 * "All I Need" (co-wrote, produced)
 * "One Thing" (co-wrote, produced)
 * Scarlett Belle
 * "Lover Boy" (also produced)
 * Tinchy Stryder
 * "Famous" (also produced)

title: Israel Cruz


text: User talk:66.66.39.107

title: User talk:66.66.39.107


text:
Polypill

A polypill or single pill combination (SPC) is a type of drug combination consisting of a single drug product in pill form (i.e., tablet or capsule) and thus combines multiple medications (that is, more than one active pharmaceutical ingredient). The prefix "poly" means "multiple", referring to the multiplicity of distinct drugs in a given "pill". In precise usage, a pill is a polypill if it contains at least 4 drugs (meaning that fixed-dose combinations of 2 or 3 drugs are not polypills). An occasional synonym is combopill. A polypill is commonly targets treatment or prevention of chronic conditions.

Polypills may be aimed to be consumed by healthy people as a means of preventive medicine, and/or treating actual pathophysiological condition(s), the former typically involving lower dosages than the latter. Polypills can reduce the number of tablets or capsules (generally orally administered) that need to be taken, which in turn may facilitate handling and administration of pharmaceuticals as well as alleviate patient pill-burden. Sometimes the multiple drugs in a given polypill might all be aimed at a single underlying condition (or, group of related conditions), partly because this expands the pool of potential patients for whom a given combination of drugs/dosages might be appropriate (particularly in the case of mass-produced polypills, i.e. FDCs). The term polypill was first coined in the context of cardiovascular disease prevention, but has since gained broader acceptance, including now for combinatorial drug products that existed before the term was actually coined (as the bare term without any modifiers is now quite generic).

In addition to the noted fixed-dose types of polypills, polypills can also be custom-made for specific patients through a process called pharmacy compounding. Physicians in most jurisdictions have wide discretion to prescribe customized drug products containing unique drug-dosage combinations (and/or formulations thereof) specifically for individual patients, which certain pharmacies can then sometimes produce for such patients.

For treatment or management of disease
Polypills are a useful therapeutic tool for those afflicted with various diseases/conditions, by consolidating multiple medications into a single product and thereby simplifying medication administration for healthcare personnel as well as alleviating pill-burden for patients.

HIV, mental-health, transplant, and certain other patient groups are known for especially high pill-burdens (whether temporary or indefinite). Also, elderly patients in particular are likely to require several medications on a daily basis for managing multiple conditions, and they are also particularly susceptible to difficulties remembering or keeping track of their regimen.

Origin of multi-drug pill usage
Combinatorial drug products were proposed for treating diagnosed conditions long before they were proposed for preventive medicine, including "aspolol" (a combination of aspirin and atenolol) for those diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Fixed-dose combination (FDC) products today are also common for treating other diseases, such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

Treating cardiovascular disease
One of the first recommended roles of a polypill was as a means of providing recommended medications to people with heart disease, stroke and other forms of cardiovascular disease. Most cardiovascular disease patients do not receive recommended medications long-term: the proportion of cardiovascular disease patients not receiving a statin, aspirin and blood pressure lowering medication long-term ranges from about 50% in high income countries to over 90% in low income countries. In 2001, a World Health Organization and The Wellcome Trust meeting of experts to discuss interventions for non-communicable diseases noted “the use of a single pill could well encourage patients to adhere to treatment as well as seriously reduce the cost of the drugs” A programme of research was outlined, including stability and bio-availability testing followed by assessment of short-term effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, platelet aggregation, safety and side effects. In 2002, the World Health Organization Annual Report outlined the substantial potential public health impact and cost-effectiveness of scaling up access to combination cardiovascular treatment and an editorial in The Lancet noted that a four component combination pill would reduce cardiovascular risk by about 75% among people with vascular disease.

Treating diabetes and metabolic syndrome
Polypills have been proposed for managing diabetes (and potentially for pre-diabetes).

Diabetes - particularly Type II diabetes - is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Diabetes also contributes substantially to cardiovascular risk, yet some ingredients appropriate for a cardiovascular polypill may not be advisable for patients with diabetes (such as beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics). A polypill for diabetes could include a statin (to reduce LDL cholesterol and for their anti-inflammatory properties), an ACE inhibitor (for blood pressure control and to protect the kidneys), aspirin (for antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory properties), and metformin (a medication for diabetes that is also associated with weight loss).

Role of compounding pharmacy
As noted, not all polypills are mass-produced fixed-dose (FDC) drug products. Physicians in many countries have wide discretion to prescribe customized drug products containing unique drug-dosage combinations and/or formulations thereof specifically for individual patients, which can then be custom-produced in a compounding pharmacy. Some kinds or compositions of polypills or similar drug products are more amenable to custom-compounding than others, and most retail pharmacies no longer offer compounding services at all (although hospital pharmacies still commonly compound intravenous medications). While fewer pharmacists are trained and experienced in the relevant skills anymore, especially regarding oral dosage forms, such compounding pharmacies nevertheless can be found and utilized via mail-order (if not available locally) with sufficient notice and planning. Generally, if a customized drug product is produced for a specific patient in response to a prescription specifying said patient's drug(s)/dosage(s), it is not subject to regulatory approval (e.g., FDA in the US) but is instead regulated under the practice of pharmacy (governed at the state-level in the US).

Technologies are under development to facilitate production of customized polypills, such as for example by the use of ink-jet printing mechanisms to precisely deposit selected drug substance(s) onto sheets which can then be inserted into capsules (enabling "individualized dosing and automated fabrication of medicines containing multiple drugs," in addition to custom single-drug products). Similar technology can also be used to print tablets, more directly. Ink-jet or fluid-jet approaches require each drug substance to be dissolved in a liquid solvent, but they can be particularly conducive to custom formulation with various possible excipients (in addition to custom drug/dose selections).

Origin of preventive medicine applications
Wald and Law had first proposed using a combination of well-known and inexpensive medications in one pill for protection against cardiovascular disease. They presented a statistical model which suggested widespread use of such a polypill could reduce mortality due to heart disease and strokes by up to 80%, while the drugs and their respective interactions are already fairly well known and understood due to many years of being prescribed together (via separate pills). They proposed combining six medications already established in treating cardiovascular disease and associated conditions, providing these in a single pill to people in Western countries aged 55 years or more as a preventive measure (albeit in lower doses than when used for treatment).

Developments of preventive medicine applications
Any physician could currently prescribe all the components of many proposed polypills separately for their patients, whether therapeutically or preventively. And since the ingredients of many possible polypills are off patent, it can be cheap to commercialize, although FDC products with novel combinations or formulations can sometimes themselves be patented. Of course, for any FDC product, the potential market for a given combination of drugs/dosages would need to be sufficiently large to justify the clinical trials and other expenses associated with mass-producing a new drug.

Producing countries
The polypill, drugs to lower blood pressure, is produced in Iran by the support of Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order was designed 14 years ag and called "PolyIran". According to the study was conducted by doctors from Tehran University, the University of Birmingham in Britain and other institutions and published by The Lancet, it worked quite well in a new study, slashing the rate of heart attacks by more than half among those who regularly took the pills. The pill in the study, which involved the participation of 6,800 rural villagers aged 50 to 75 in Iran, contained a cholesterol-lowering statin, two blood-pressure drugs and a low-dose aspirin.

Certain "cardiovascular polypills" are currently available in India and have been extensively studied there (see Polycap and PolyIran, for examples). Also, cardiologists in Spain are developing a polypill for secondary cardiovascular prevention.

Preventive use rationale: Treatment of population risk
Some preventive-use advocates propose that everyone over a given age (e.g., 55) should take such medications for preventive health, irrespective of individual risk factor levels. The idea is that most people in western countries are at high overall risk, thus lowering risk factor levels will provide broad benefit. This approach emphasizes the perspective that risk factors are continuous, and rigid dichotomies such as "hypertension" and "no hypertension" may be over-simplified and can be viewed instead as continuums of inter-connected factors.

In this paradigm, doctors would in effect be treating population risk rather than individual risk factor thresholds as is current mainstream practice. So, if everyone were given a relevant kind of polypill, the average blood pressure and cholesterol levels in the population would fall, thus reducing overall population risk. Perhaps ironically, this is in a sense going in the opposite direction from personalized medicine, since mass-produced or fixed-dose-combination polypills are in some tension with the goals of personalized medicine, due to the "fixed" nature of the "dose combinations." Proponents of this population-focused approach contend that the advantages of drug consolidation can outweigh any reduction in personalization of drug and/or dose selection. Also, depending on the demographic distribution and market size, there may be room for some different alternative versions of certain general FDCs to be manufactured with differences in their respective dosages and/or drugs. A widely distributed polypill could contain three blood pressure medications at low dose: a diuretic, such as hydrochlorothiazide, a beta-blocker such as atenolol, and an ACE inhibitor such as lisinopril; and these could be combined with a statin such as simvastatin, aspirin at a dose of 75 mg, and folic acid, which has been shown to reduce the level of homocysteine in the blood, which is another risk factor for heart disease.

Selected publications

 * "Tests start on pill that could lengthen millions of lives: Tablet aims to cut heart attack and stroke risk: Four-in-one drug could be sold for just $1 a month" Sarah Boseley, health editor The Guardian, Monday September 29 2008.
 * Gorman, Rachael Moeller. "The Polypill" Proto, Winter 2007
 * "Tests start on pill that could lengthen millions of lives: Tablet aims to cut heart attack and stroke risk: Four-in-one drug could be sold for just $1 a month" Sarah Boseley, health editor The Guardian, Monday September 29 2008.
 * Gorman, Rachael Moeller. "The Polypill" Proto, Winter 2007
 * Gorman, Rachael Moeller. "The Polypill" Proto, Winter 2007
 * Gorman, Rachael Moeller. "The Polypill" Proto, Winter 2007

title: Polypill


text: Category:918 deaths

title: Category:918 deaths


text:
User:Chris 73/ArchiveHeader

This is an archive of my Talk page. Do not edit this page! Please leave new messages on my Talk page.

(Old archives: 001 — 002 — 003 — 004 — 005 — 006 — 007 — 008 — 009 — 010 — 011 — 012)

title: User:Chris 73/ArchiveHeader


text: Category:Danish architects

title: Category:Danish architects


text: Category:876 births

title: Category:876 births


text: Category:973 deaths

title: Category:973 deaths


text:
User talk:Spingo

Please stop renaming pages. What you are doing is considered vandalism. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 07:58, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spingo


text: Category:955 births

title: Category:955 births


text:
John Allen

John Allen may refer to:

Academia

 * John Allen (historian) (1771–1843), Scottish historian and political writer
 * John Allen (bookseller) (1789–1829), English bookseller and antiquary
 * John S. Allen (1907–1982), American university president

Business and industry

 * John Allen (miner) (1775–?), English lead miner aboard HMS Investigator
 * John Allen (trade unionist) (1804–1888), Irish trade union leader
 * John Allen (saloon keeper) (1823–1870), American saloon keeper and underworld figure in New York City

Military

 * John Allen (soldier) (1771–1813), American Army officer killed in the War of 1812
 * John Melville Allen (c. 1798–1847), American soldier; philhellene; first mayor of Galveston, Texas
 * John Allen (Irish nationalist) (c. 1780–1855), Irish nationalist and colonel in the French army
 * John Allen (RAF officer) (1916–1940), British flying ace of the Second World War
 * John R. Allen Jr. (born 1935), United States Air Force general
 * John R. Allen (born 1953), United States Marine Corps general
 * John J. Allen (general), United States Air Force general

New Zealand

 * John Southgate Allen (1883–1955), member of the New Zealand Legislative Council
 * John Manchester Allen (1901–1941), New Zealand politician
 * John Allen (diplomat) (fl. 2009–2011), Administrator of Tokelau

United Kingdom

 * John Allen, 1st Viscount Allen (1660–1726), Irish peer and politician
 * John Allen, 3rd Viscount Allen (1713–1745), Irish peer and politician
 * John Allen, 4th Viscount Allen (died 1753), Irish peer and politician
 * John Hensleigh Allen (1769–1843), English politician; Member of Parliament for Pembroke
 * Sir John Sandeman Allen (Liverpool West Derby MP) (1865–1935), British politician; Member of Parliament for Liverpool West Derby
 * John Sandeman Allen (Birkenhead West MP) (1892–1949), British politician; Member of Parliament for Birkenhead West

United States

 * John Allen (Connecticut politician) (1763–1812), U.S. Representative from Connecticut
 * John J. Allen (judge) (1797–1871), American jurist and U.S. Representative from Virginia
 * John W. Allen (1802–1887), American politician; mayor of Cleveland, Ohio
 * John Kirby Allen (1810–1838), American politician in the Texas House of Representatives; founder of Houston
 * John J. Allen (New York politician) (1842–1926), American politician in the New York State Assembly
 * John Howard Allen (1845–1942), American politician; mayor of Orlando, Florida
 * John B. Allen (1845–1903), American politician; first U.S. Senator from Washington
 * John Mills Allen (1846–1917), U.S. Representative from Mississippi
 * John Clayton Allen (1860–1939), U.S. Representative from Illinois
 * John E. Allen (judge) (1873–1945), justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court
 * John J. Allen Jr. (1899–1995), U.S. Representative from California
 * John Allen (Arizona politician), American politician and member of the Arizona House of Representatives

Other countries

 * John Campbell Allen (1817–1898), Canadian justice of the colonial New Brunswick Supreme Court
 * John J. Allen (Canadian politician) (1871–1935), Canadian politician; mayor of Ottawa

Religion

 * John Allin (Puritan minister) (1596–1671), or Allen, English born Puritan cleric in Massachusetts
 * John Allen (minister) (1741/2–1780s), English Baptist minister who supported the independence of America
 * John Allen (religious writer) (1771–1839), English dissenting layman and religious writer
 * John Allen (archdeacon of Chester) (died 1695)
 * John Allen (archdeacon of Salop) (1810–1886), Welsh cleric
 * John Allen (provost of Wakefield) (1932–2015), English Anglican Provost of Wakefield Cathedral
 * John L. Allen Jr. (born 1965), American religion journalist

Science and medicine

 * John Allen (engineer) (born 1928), English engineer and plasma physicist
 * John Allen (physician) (c. 1660–1741), English physician and inventor
 * John F. Allen (biochemist) (born 1950), British biochemist
 * John F. Allen (physicist) (Jack Allen, 1908–2001), Canadian physicist who worked on superfluid helium
 * John P. Allen (born 1929), American ecologist and engineer; co-founder of the Biosphere 2 Center
 * John R. L. Allen (1932–2020), British geologist
 * John Romilly Allen (1847–1907), British archaeologist
 * John T. Allen, Australian atmospheric scientist

Sports

 * John Allen (baseball) (1890–1967), American baseball player
 * Hap Allen (John Francis Allen Jr., 1900–1988), American baseball player
 * John Allen (athlete) (1926–2006), American Olympic athlete
 * John Allen (rugby union) (1942–2022), English rugby union player
 * John Allen (footballer, born 1955), English footballer
 * John Allen (hurler) (born 1955), English hurling player and manager
 * John Allen (footballer, born 1964), English footballer for Chester City and Mansfield Town
 * John Allen (American football) (fl. 1970s), American football coach
 * John Allen (sportsman, born 1974), Australian rugby union player and cricketer
 * John Allen (basketball) (born 1982), American basketball player
 * John Allen (American football coach, SAGU) (born c. 1962), American football coach (SAGU 1996–1997)

Others

 * John Allen (settler) (1806–1879), English settler in the colony of Van Diemen's Land (later Tasmania)
 * John Allen (pioneer) (1796–1851), American pioneer and co-founder of Ann Arbor, Michigan
 * John C. Allen (1907–1979), American roller coaster designer
 * John Whitby Allen (1913–1973), American pioneering model railroader
 * John Allen (murderer) (1934–2015), English criminal who murdered his wife and children
 * John P. Allen (musician), Canadian country, rock and bluegrass fiddler
 * John Allen (guitarist), member of The Nashville Teens

title: John Allen


text: Category:983 deaths

title: Category:983 deaths


text:
Talk:Diphendryamine

Uh...are you sure you don't mean Diphenhydramine?--Polyparadigm 08:01, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I corrected the previous entry.--Jeff 19:27, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

I was researching the topic and it seems that Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is what is described in the article while this news article: link suggests Diphendryamine is also an antihestimine. Google has significantly less entries on Diphendryamine so that makes me wonder, are these the same thing just with diphendryamine spelled wrong? --Jeff 20:23, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Also what's the Wiki thing to do when it comes to mentioning brand names? Jeff 15:32, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diphendryamine


text:
User:Jag123/Converting stub templates

Meta-templates have recently been described as being harmful. See:
 * Meta-templates considered harmful
 * Template talk:MetaPicstub
 * Wikipedia talk:Meta-templates considered harmful
 * Template talk:Sisterproject
 * Templates_for_deletion/Log/Not_deleted

Since Template:metapicstub or Template:metastub should not be edited, converting the stub templates to not use meta-templates will not affect functionality but will reduce server loads.

Note: this assertion has also been contested. No consensus has yet formed on the usefulness or harmfulness of metastubs. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 12:41, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * The harmfullness is in part a simple technical question with a simple technical answer: all templates slow the servers down and meta templates do it more, because they make two database hits per use instead of one, and increase the number of visible delays and out of date versions that people see, compared to not using them. Jamesday 05:26, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Jag123/Converting stub templates


text:
User talk:Griffincheng

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:Griffincheng


text:
Gustav Trolle

Gustav Eriksson Trolle (September 1488 – 1535) was Archbishop of Uppsala, Sweden, in two sessions, during the turbulent Reformation events.

He was the son of Eric Arvidsson Trolle, a former regent of Sweden during the era of the Kalmar Union. After returning from studies abroad, in Cologne and Rome, he was in 1513 elected vicar in Linköping. One year later he became Archbishop of Uppsala. In 1515 he got into an argument with the Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger, who spread the rumour that he was allied with the King Christian II of Denmark. True or not, it resulted in Trolle being removed from his office and put under siege in the archbishop's mansion Almarestäket at lake Mälaren. In the winter of 1517, Almarestäket was demolished by orders from the Swedish government.

The Danish threat grew stronger, and Trolle was among those who spoke in favour of the Danish King. In 1520, Christian II of Denmark entered Sweden, and Trolle was rewarded by being reappointed Archbishop of Uppsala. He crowned Christian King of Sweden on 4 November, 1520. This, and subsequent events, supports the notion of the two having made a deal previous to Christian's conquest of Sweden.

Stockholm Bloodbath
Gustav Trolle presented a list of antagonists who had caused him to suffer and who had ordered the demolition of Almarestäket. King Christian gathered several people (some sources say 100, other say 20), and had them executed at the so-called Bloodbath of Stockholm on 10 November, 1520. The details and death toll are uncertain, for Christian himself wanted the public execution to have as strong effect as possible, and later, King Gustav I of Sweden is likely to have boosted the figures to support his Danish War.

Christian returned home a few months later and Trolle was one of those put in charge of the government. But Trolle was unpopular, and in September the following year he was forced to leave Sweden, and move to Denmark where he lived for several years. In 1526 he then met with Christian in the Netherlands. Christian had been dethroned from Denmark, but was eager to get back in power. He renounced his Lutheran faith so that he could gain the support of the Catholic Church, and his brother-in-law Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. He gathered an army and sailed to conquer Norway in AD 1530, aiming to re-establish the Union of Kalmar.

After a few years of feuds, Trolle was mortally wounded in a battle at Øksnebjerg, in Fyn, Denmark, 1535. He was buried at the Schleswig Cathedral.

He was described by Olaus Petri as a stiff and obstinate man. For a long time after his death, he was regarded as a traitor to the Swedish people. This was also the prevailing view among the Swedish 19th-century historians such as Anders Fryxell.

title: Gustav Trolle


text:
Abderhalden reaction

The Abderhalden reaction was a blood test for pregnancy developed by Emil Abderhalden.

In 1909 Abderhalden found that on identification of a foreign protein in the blood, the body reacts with a "defensive fermentation" (in modern terms, a protease reaction) that causes disintegration of the protein. He developed the test in 1912. This test became a subject of contention soon after its development, and a significant body of work was published both in support of and refuting the test's reliability. One such publication concluded "...the individual variations of both pregnant and non-pregnant sera make the results from both overlap so completely as to render the reaction, even with quantitative technique, absolutely indecisive for either positive or negative diagnosis of pregnancy." (Van Slyke et al. 1915). The test's overall unreliability led to its being superseded in 1928 by the Aschheim–Zondek test. Due to Abderhalden's high reputation, it was not internationally acknowledged until long after his death that the underlying theory of "defensive enzymes" (Abwehrfermente) was entirely fraudulent (Deichmann & Müller-Hill 1998).

title: Abderhalden reaction


text:
Carmel Valley AVA

Carmel Valley is an American Viticultural Area (AVA) located in Monterey County, California, southeast of Carmel-by-the-Sea and it is one of the ten AVAs in the county. Approximately 100 mi south of San Francisco, the AVA was recognized by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF),  Treasury  on January 13, 1983 after reviewing the petition submitted by  Mr. David Armanasco, General Manager of Durney Vineyard, located in Carmel, to propose a viticultural area named “Carmel Valley.”

The appellation is nestled about 5 mi inland from the Pacific coast within the towering Santa Lucia Range encompassing over 19000 acre with 300 acre of cultivated grapes on elevations ranging from 203 to(-) above sea level. The AVA is resident to a number of wineries and some vineyards dating back to the 1870s, as well as the town of Carmel Valley Village. Vineyards are predominantly within Carmel Valley and Cacahgua Valley. Bordeaux varietals are popular with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot comprising more than 70% of the grapes grown in the area.

History
The Carmel River was discovered in 1603 by Sebastian Vizcaino and the name “Carmel" has applied to the area since that time. The Carmel Valley viticultural area is within the watershed of the Carmel River and within a larger area commonly known by the name Carmel Valley. Grapevines have been grown commercially in Carmel Valley since 1968 though vineyards were first planted in the region in the 1870s.

Terroir
Carmel Valley viticultural area is a rugged region west of Monterey and  Pebble Beach extending from the village of Carmel Valley southeasterly along the Carmel River and Cachagua Creek for a distance of approximately 10 mi. The northeastern boundary is Tularcitos Ridge, which readily distinguishes the area from areas northeast of it by topography and the ridge’s effect on the climate of the valley. Southwest of the area is the Los Padres National Forest where agricultural land use is restricted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The smaller northwestern and southeastern boundaries are less well defined geographically. Its vineyards are generally situated at elevations above 1000 ft on the mountainous terrain, and are less influenced by the coastal fog and wind which affects the northern end of the Salinas Valley.

Climate
The Carmel Valley viticultural area is distinguished from the surrounding area by climate and soil types. Utilizing the Amerine-Winkler method, Carmel Valley has different cumulative heat summation during the grape growing season than nearby areas, as follows: Carmel Valley 2317 degree-days (Region I), Salinas Valley 2148 degree-days (Region I), King City 3085 degree-days (Region III). Although Carmel Valley and nearby Salinas Valley are both Region I heat summation areas, the higher elevations in Carmel Valley, where vineyards are situated above 1000 ft, curbs the marine fog incursion producing more sunny days in Carmel Valley than in Salinas Valley at the southern end. This phenomenon distinguishes the area from the surrounding AVAs. Cachagua Valley’s unique mountainous setting sits high above the fog line along the coast and exposes the grapes to a warmer overall climate. Average summer temperatures can reach into the 100’s with cool evenings dropping into the low 30’s and 40’s. This dramatic swing in temperature extends the ripening time and growing season, allowing the grapes a slow maturation process. Carmel Valley’s normal annual precipitation ranges from 16.5 to 22.5 in distinguishes it from Monterey County’s overall normal annual precipitation of 10 in.

Soil
Carmel Valley soils are significantly different from the surrounding area and particularly well-suited to viticulture. It is composed of various mixtures of coarse, gravelly and fine sandy and clay loams forming a complex aggregate throughout the region. The soil variations are as follows: These soil mixes and terrain provides ideal drainage and allows for optimal airflow through the root system requiring minimal amounts of supplemental irrigation producing healthy, vibrant grapes.
 * San Benito (SdF) clay loam, 30-50% slopes
 * San Benito (SdG) clay loam, 50-75% slopes
 * Junípero (JaF) loamy sand, 30-50% slopes
 * Junípero (JbG) sandy loam, 30-75% slopes
 * Junipero-Sur (Jc) complex, 50-85% slopes
 * Santa Lucia (SfF) shaly clay loam, 30-50% slopes
 * Cieneba (CcG) fine gravelly sandy loam, 30-70% slopes
 * San Andreas (SgC) fine sandy loam, 30-75% slopes
 * Sheridan (SoG) coarse sandy loam, 30-75% slopes
 * Santa Lucia-Reliz Association (Sg) loamy and shallow loamy complex, 30-75% slopes.

Industry
Wineries with tasting rooms in Carmel Valley include Bernardus, Boëté, Boekenoogen, Chateau Sinnet, Folktale Winery and Vineyards, Galante, Georis, Joyce Vineyards, Holman Ranch, Joullian Vineyards, Massa Estate (formerly Heller Estate and Durney Vineyards) and Talbott. The Monterey-Salinas Transit Route 24 public bus, named the Grapevine Express, runs through the Carmel Valley stopping at most of the tasting rooms. County Route G16 traverses through the valley while the Carmel River flows on the valley floor. The vineyards in the region are mostly located at 1000 ft above sea level or higher.

title: Carmel Valley AVA


text:
Van Orden v. Perry

Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677 (2005), is a United States Supreme Court case involving whether a display of the Ten Commandments on a monument given to the government at the Texas State Capitol in Austin violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

In a suit brought by Thomas Van Orden of Austin, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled in November 2003 that the displays were constitutional, on the grounds that the monument conveyed both a religious and secular message. Van Orden appealed, and in October 2004 the high court agreed to hear the case at the same time as it heard McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky, a similar case challenging a display of the Ten Commandments at two county courthouses in Kentucky.

The Supreme Court ruled on June 27, 2005, by a vote of 5 to 4, that the display was constitutional. The Court chose not to employ the oft-used Lemon test in its analysis, reasoning that the display at issue was a "passive monument." Instead, the Court looked to "the nature of the monument and ... our Nation's history." Chief Justice William Rehnquist delivered the plurality opinion of the Court; Justice Stephen Breyer concurred in the judgment but wrote separately. The similar case of McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky was handed down the same day with the opposite result (also with a 5 to 4 decision). The "swing vote" in both cases was Breyer.

Background
The monument under challenge was 6-feet high and 3-feet wide which was installed in 1961. It was donated to the State of Texas by the Fraternal Order of Eagles, a civic organization, who paid in full for the cost of the statute. The State accepted the monument and selected a site for it based on the recommendation of the state agency responsible for maintaining the Capitol grounds. The donating organization paid for its erection. Two state legislators presided over the dedication of the monument.

The monument was erected on the Capitol grounds, behind the capitol building (between the Texas Capitol and Supreme Court buildings). The surrounding 22 acres (89,000 m2) contained 17 monuments and 21 historical markers commemorating the "people, ideals, and events that compose Texan identity."

The monument depicts the text of the Ten Commandments, an eagle grasping the American flag, an Eye of Providence, and two small tablets with what appears to be an ancient script carved above the text of the Ten Commandments. Below the text are two Stars of David and the superimposed Greek letters Chi and Rho, which represent Christ. The bottom of the monument bears the inscription in capitals "Presented to the People and Youth of Texas by The Fraternal Order of Eagles of Texas 1961."

Legal background
When Van Orden was decided in 2005 there were multiple tests for Establishment Clause analysis. These were the Lemon Test, the neutrality test and the endorsement test articulated by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in Lynch v. Donnelly (1984). The endorsement test had two parts: whether the state involvement had a secular purpose (based on the Lemon test) and whether a reasonable objective observer would perceive the state involvement as endorsing or sponsoring religion.

Procedural background
Thomas Van Orden challenged the constitutionality of the monument. A native Texan, Van Orden passed by the monument frequently when he would go to the Texas Supreme Court building to use its law library. Van Orden sued under claiming an Establishment Clause violation and seeking an injunction for the removal of the statue. The District Court held that the State had a "valid secular purpose" in accepting the statute from the Fraternal Order of Eagles in recognition of their civic "efforts to reduce juvenile delinquency", and that a reasonable person would not interpret the monument as an endorsement of religion. The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit upheld the District Court's about the secular purpose and non-endorsement effect of displaying the statue.

The appeal of the 5th Circuit's decision was argued by Erwin Chemerinsky, the Alston & Bird Professor of Law at Duke University School of Law, who represented Van Orden on a pro bono basis. Texas' case was argued by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott. An amicus curiae was presented on behalf of the respondents (the state of Texas) by then-Solicitor General Paul Clement.

Plurality opinion
The plurality opinion by Chief Justice Rehnquist stated that the Establishment Clause allowed the monument to be displayed on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol. Although the Lemon Test has not been overruled, sometimes to the open dismay of conservative Justices (Justice Antonin Scalia once remarked that it "repeatedly sits up in its grave and shuffles abroad, after being repeatedly killed and buried"), the plurality did not think it was "useful in dealing with the sort of passive monument that Texas has erected on its Capitol grounds". Instead, they created a historic intent test: "There is an unbroken history of official acknowledgement by all three branches of government of the role of religion in American life from at least 1789".

This opinion, delivered on the final day of the court's 2004-2005 term, would prove to be Rehnquist's last opinion as Chief Justice. He would die of thyroid cancer two months later, on September 3, 2005.

Concurrences
Justice Stephen Breyer concurs in the judgment, but not the plurality analysis. He looks to the purpose of the Religion Clauses to avoid the harmful social conflict based on religious divisiveness. He does not interpret the Establishment Clause to require hostility to the religious: "Such absolutism is not only inconsistent with our national traditions...but would also tend to promote the kind of social conflict the Establishment Clause seeks to avoid." He states that the current case is a borderline case that requires a fact-intensive legal judgment for which there is "no mechanical formula that can accurately draw the constitutional line in every case". Breyer states that the case can not be resolved solely on the fact that the text of the Commandments is religious:

"On the one hand, the Commandments' text undeniably has a religious message, invoking, indeed emphasizing, the Deity. On the other hand, focusing on the text of the Commandments alone cannot conclusively resolve this case. Rather, to determine the message that the text here conveys, we must examine how the text is used. And that inquiry requires us to consider the context of the display."

He concurs in the judgment based on his analysis of other facts, including the length of time the display of the monument went unchallenged. Breyer says that removal of a longstanding monument based on the religious significance of the Ten Commandments text could create religious divisiveness :

"This display has stood apparently uncontested for nearly two generations. That experience helps us understand that as a practical matter of degree this display is unlikely to prove divisive. And this matter of degree is, I believe, critical in a borderline case such as this one. At the same time to reach a contrary conclusion here, based primarily on the religious nature of the tablets' text would, I fear, lead the law to exhibit a hostility toward religion that has no place in our Establishment Clause traditions. Such a holding might well encourage disputes concerning the removal of longstanding depictions of the Ten Commandments from public buildings across the Nation. And it could thereby create the very kind of religiously based divisiveness that the Establishment Clause seeks to avoid. Zelman, 536 U.S. at 717-729 (Breyer, J., dissenting)"

Scalia's concurrence calls for "adopting an Establishment Clause jurisprudence that is in accord with our Nation's past and present practices, and that can be consistently applied". Clarence Thomas argues that the Establishment Clause should not be incorporated and that a jurisprudence that adopted a coercion requirement would be easier for Courts to apply: "Courts would not act as theological commissions, judging the meaning of religious matters."

Stevens' dissent
Stevens' dissenting opinion essentially stated that, in formulating a ruling for this case, the court had to consider whether the display had any significant relation to the specific and secular history of the state of Texas or the United States as a whole. Ultimately, Stevens asserted that the display "has no purported connection to God's role in the formation of Texas or the founding of our Nation" and therefore could not be protected on the basis that it was a display dealing with secular ideals. In fact, Stevens says that the display transmits the message that Texas specifically endorses the Judeo-Christian values of the display and thus violates the establishment clause.

title: Van Orden v. Perry


text: Category:Danish literature

title: Category:Danish literature


text:
Abelin reaction

The Abelin reaction is a qualitative reaction for demonstrating the presence of arsphenamine and neoarsphenamine in blood and urine.

It is named for Isaak Abelin, Swiss physiologist.

title: Abelin reaction


text:
User:SilasM/Kable

Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions for NSW (1996) 189 CLR 51; [1996] HCA 24 (12 September 1996)

The NSW Parliament passed a bill called the Community Protection Act 1994. That legislation authorised the Supreme Court of New South Wales to make an order requiring that a Gregory Wayne Kable be detained in prison if the Court was satisfied that that person posed a significant danger to the public.

This legislation was closely modelled on legislation passed in Victoria, the Community Protection Act 1990 (Vic) which was legislation enacted to authorise 'preventive detention' for Gary David.

Early in 1995, Justice Levine of the Supreme Court made an order under the Community Protection Act, in respect of Kable, requiring that he be detained for a period of six months. Kable appealed from that decision, and his appeal was dismissed by the NSW Court of Appeal: Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (1995) 36 NSWLR 374. It was from this decision that the appeal was brought to the High Court.

The argument which eventually pursuaded a majority of the members of the High Court was the argument that

"the Act vests in the Supreme Court of New South Wales a non-judicial power which is offensive to Ch III of the Constitution. Hence any exercise of that power would be unconstitutional and the Act conferring the power would be invalid. ... The argument is not one which relies upon the alleged separation of legislative and judicial functions under the Constitution of New South Wales. Rather it is that the jurisdiction exercised under the Act is inconsistent with Ch III of the Commonwealth Constitution because the very nature of the jurisdiction is incompatible with the exercise of judicial power."

Text of decision

 * via AusLII

title: User:SilasM/Kable