text:
Template talk:PD-USGov-NASA

Usage
This template is for NASA images which were created by NASA. Not all images used by NASA were created by them; check for a copyright notice. For articles which incoporate NASA text, use NASA. --Fastfission 00:28, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Template wording
I believe the wording of this template may cause confusion on occasions, by implying that all images from NASA web pages are public domain. This is not so, it's only images created by NASA that are public domain. Copyright for images such as those appearing on Astronomy Picture of the Day is retained by the creator. Can I suggest that the wording be changed as follows? Worldtraveller 17:49, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This image page contains items created by NASA, and taken from a NASA website or publication. All such works are in the public domain, with the exception of the usage-restricted NASA logo, because works created by the U.S. federal government cannot be copyrighted. See the NASA copyright policy for more information.

In the absence of any objections, I've made the change to the template. Worldtraveller 18:32, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

NASA logo
The template mentions the 'usage-restricted NASA logo' and then shamelessly uses it. From the web page linked to in the template:

 * This general permission does not include the NASA insignia logo (the blue "meatball" insignia), the NASA logotype (the red "worm" logo), and the NASA seal. These images may not be used by persons who are not NASA employees or on products (including web pages) that are not NASA sponsored.

Therefore, I've removed it. For the sake of appearance maybe it would be nice to add an alternative graphic, like a thumbnail of a shuttle launch or something? Worldtraveller 18:37, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It would be really nice to have it here. Look at the page for the meatball. Raul654 says he has contacted NASA for permission, talking about fair use I believe. I have asked him at his talk if he ever got an answer and if the permission would apply here as well. Jonas Olson 22:38, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree it would be nice to have it here but I do not think that makes it right. In fact I came to the same conclusion after I researched this myself. According to NASA's own statements they do not wish us to use their logo. We get to use everything else of theirs so this is not an unreasonable request. Triddle 04:57, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

other language link
This template has a designation as existing in another language but I don't think its working as well as attended. Because this template asserts that is available in Korean (I think), all the images that include the template do too. Check out
 * Image:Controlled impact demonstration.triddle.jpg
 * Image:Ap8-KSC-68PC-147.jpg
 * Image:Apollo11.png

I'm mentioning this because I felt it would be wise to reach consensus before editing the template. Triddle 02:14, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Suggested image for the template
I created this simple picture from another NASA image because its a little simplier than the full launch picture used now. Here is an example:

What do you think?

 * I like that - the previous launch graphic was probably a bit too distracting for a template like this, but this is nice and simple and stylised. Looks better a little bit smaller on my screen, how does 40px wide look for anyone else? Worldtraveller 11:15, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks great here. Triddle 17:52, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Because there has been no objection I'm going to update the template. Triddle 00:50, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Rewording
I took out the bit about the fed gov part -- there are ways in which things which look like "works of the federal government" end up being "works of contractors of the federal government" which can be a much stickier copyright situation. I also took out the public domain part and replaced it instead with a notice that NASA generates no copyrights, which I think is more to the point of it. --Fastfission 00:26, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Interwiki link to vi and he
Please add an interwiki link to the Vietnamese version of this template:

vi:Tiêu bản:PD-USGov-NASA

Thanks.

– Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs) 03:25, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * And one to the Hebrew Version:
 * he:תבנית:תמונתNASA
 * Done Will (message me!) 10:46, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Interwiki link to ar
Please add an interwiki link to the Arabic version of this template:

ar:قالب:PD-USGov-NASA Thanks.
 * Done. - Bobet 11:30, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

What about joint images
I've come across images credited to multiple agencies. What happens if an image is created by both NASA and a non-US-government agency (e.g. a university, ESA, ...)? Is this template still appropriate under those circumstances? Chaos syndrome 19:50, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
 * As soon as ESA is involved the template can't be used because of more usage restrictions by ESA. --Denniss 19:58, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * In case of the Hubble (NASA and ESA), can be used. --Van helsing 17:06, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * No it can't be used. As soon as ESA is involved all material is noncommercial --Denniss 17:38, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Based on this copyright information and the fact that the guy who made the template apparently works for ESA, I got the impression it’s okay for Hubble pictures. --Van helsing 21:56, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Van helsing is right. The template is not appropriate when more than one organisation is collaborating on a mission. A new tag should then be created that properly reflects this situation. Lars Lindberg Christensen 13:23, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe he does not know about the noncommercial part of the license, many think a license for educational use is enough to be usable for Wikipedia. --Denniss 21:59, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Does that mean all Hubble pictures (or anything where ESA should be attributed) should be deleted? That would have quite an impact (hope I’m missing something). --Van helsing 22:18, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I do know what I am talking about (I have worked with Hubble, NASA and ESA copyrights for more than 7 years). And the only thing we need to do is to re-tag the Hubble images with the new PD-Hubble tag and we are doing that at the moment. BTW: something similer ought to be done for SOHO images (also a NASA/ESA collaboration). See for instance, although I leave that to the SOHO experts. Below I have commented that the STScI part of the NASA tag should be deleted. STScI does explicitly not want this note in there (Cheryl Gundy (2006), private communication).

Lars Lindberg Christensen 13:23, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that private communications or claims by people that may work for various organisations isn't good enough. We need either clear cut policies from the websites or e-mails to OTRS from people who are entilted to make these decisions. Cheryl Gundy may very well be one such person and any help she can provide would be excellent. As someone mentioned any communication also has to be clear what we are requesting, either that all copyrights be released or confirmation that they are in the public domain (i.e. the people need to understand we aren't simply asking if we can use the images on wikipedia) Nil Einne (talk) 20:40, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Template rewording
You may want to look at the Commons version for this template, it contains soem Information about what image sources may inflict copyright problems if used with the standard NASA template. See Commons:Template:PD-USGov-NASA --Denniss 19:58, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Add "small" important notice
Could anybody add the warnings based on the Commons template version? Thanks. Big  top  23:07, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done. I've remirrored from commons:Template:PD-USGov-NASA. --  Netsnipe  ►  11:57, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Someone need to rework that remirroring because several license categories needed in en wiki are now lost. --Denniss 21:19, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I've restored the old enwiki categories. --  Netsnipe  ►  13:22, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Could you convert the links on these links? Here are the links: Public domain, NASA, NASA logo, Hubble Space Telescope, Space Telescope Science Institute, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, and Astronomy Picture of the Day. Please convert as regular links and remove the w:en: name per link as soon as possible. Thanks. Big  top  22:08, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Yes check.svg|20px]] Done --  Netsnipe  ►  12:19, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * What's the problem with the w: in the links? They seem to work and display fine. Plus I can imagine that the w: thing comes from the copying from commons. It would be good to make as few deviations from the original on commons as possible (may help to merge in future changes from commons). --Ligulem 22:59, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

One to much
To the admins: please remove the last from the template source code. It is not used by the template itself and breaks the layout of pages which use this template. --Bricktop 22:34, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I fixed the noincludes . --Ligulem 22:55, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Stray double-single quotes

 * * All materials created by the SOHO probe are copyrighted and require permission for commercial non-educational use.''

should be

 * * All materials created by the SOHO probe are copyrighted and require permission for commercial non-educational use.

The stray  results in the external link being italicized (something like "[2]").

—dto (talk contribs)  21:59, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Hubble note
Firstly, I have checked with STScI that this note is a misunderstanding: "Materials from the Hubble Space Telescope may be copyrighted if they do not explicitly come from the STScI. [1]" so I would suggest that it be removed. Secondly we have created a PD-Hubble tag that complies with the NASA-ESA agreements on Hubble (Hubble is not a NASA project - it is an intergovernmental collaboration between NASA and ESA). This further makes the note superfluous. Lars Lindberg Christensen 13:10, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I plan to remove the existing Hubble text and replace it with that recommendation to use PD-Hubble for Hubble images. Last call for objections. Jamesday 04:31, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Note that this will also apply to other NASA-ESA licensed like SOHO. Jamesday 04:33, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Edit request
Basically copying the changes in commons:Template:PD-USGov-NASA across to here: --Konstable 13:52, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Under the warnings section:
 * * The NASA website hosts a large number of images from the Soviet/Russian space agency, and other non-American space agencies. These are not in the public domain.
 * 1) Also please bold the "unless noted" in the quote - it is important to emphasize that only the images with no copyright notice are copyrighted, a lot of the NASA images indeed do have copyright notices.
 * 2) A nice big warning logo put in like so
 * ✅ Done ck lostsword•T•C 20:53, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

SOHO correction
I've corrected the SOHO part of this template from:

"All materials created by the SOHO probe are copyrighted and require permission for commercial non-educational use."

to:

"Materials created by the SOHO probe may be copyrighted and require permission for 1. uses that do not educate the public 2. unless they are non-commercial."

Three parts to this:

 * 1) It's not certain that images that are scientific data are eligible for copyright due to lack of original human creative effort, or that that SOHO-post-processing of routine images is sufficient to create a copyright. So, "are copyrighted" replaced by "may be copyrighted" until there's some legal precedent set other than the general one that you can't copyright data.
 * 2) SOHO grants two licenses and people seem not to be good at noticing this:
 * 3) "for public education efforts". Note that this is anything that educates the public, commercial or not. It's not the "educational" license type that is limited to only schools and colleges.
 * 4) "non-commercial purposes". If it doesn't educate people in some way, its still OK if you're not doing it as a business.

Please let me know if you have any questions. Jamesday 08:46, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

HTML Error
editprotected The line "NASA logos (which include the current "meatball" logo, the old "worm" logo, and the seal) are copyrighted." is missing a closing  tag. —Neuropedia 03:15, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * ✅ - auburn pilot   talk  05:39, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

interwiki it:
Please add it:Template:PD-NASA interwiki. Thanks--Trixt (talk) 00:02, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

New tag
Non-free-NASA

Technically, the NASA logos are in the public domain, but are restricted so it's non-free. ViperSnake151 16:05, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Need update from wikimedia
editprotected This template is out of date, and incorrect (the meatball logo is actually PD, but there's a law that covers its use to avoid fraudulent use).

The corrected version is already in wikimedia, and needs copying here from:

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-USGov-NASA - (User) WolfKeeper (Talk) 08:04, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * If there are no objections in 1 day I will synchronize this with the template on commons. - cohesion 19:51, 2 April 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ - cohesion 22:24, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

proposed additional NOINCLUDE text
Please add the following A partial list of NASA attribution templates: * PD-USGov-NASA: Images. * NASA: NASA web sites for which NASA's use guidelines applies * NASA-text: Printed publications and other NASA text not covered by NASA

to be consistent with the other two templates mentioned. davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  14:12, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ - cohesion 22:24, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Change to NoInclude text
editprotected

NASA-text has been merged into NASA. Please change the recently-added NOINCLUDE text at the bottom of PD-USGov-NASA to match the bottom part of NASA. davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  19:37, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. – Luna Santin  (talk) 07:22, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Iwiki
Plz, update iwiki: ar:قالب:ناسا bg:Шаблон:PD-USGov-NASA fr:Modèle:Domaine public NASA ru:Шаблон:PD-USGov-NASA vi:Tiêu bản:PD-USGov-NASA Thx. Alex Spade (talk) 12:38, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅ Thanks, PeterSymonds (talk)  12:44, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Nasa Logo Warning on Restriction
The template states there are US law restrictions on using nasa logs, but why is this mentioned?

I can think of no scenario in which the template would be used where this warning were relevant.

If an image wasn't a nasa image then the template wouldn't be used.

If the image was a nasa image then the template would be used and any logo appearing upon the image would not violate the law referenced nor any other I can identify.

So is this neccesary to include upon the template wording?

Any reason it should remain? Maybe I just don't understand the purpose.--Δζ (talk) 05:40, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

editprotected
 * Regardless of whether it should be there at all, it should say "is restricted," to agree with "use." CPColin (talk) 16:55, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

 * So it should. ✅ Hers fold  (t/a/c) 01:18, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks! CPColin (talk) 17:09, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

fix
Please, remove red link to NASA logo template and move documentation to separate page to allow similar fixes to editors without sysop bit Bulwersator (talk) 06:27, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Docs moved to /doc. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) (talk) 09:21, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

Broken link: JPL image use policy
Please update link to: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jpl-image-use-policy Sabih omar 05:04, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:PD-USGov-NASA


text:
Category:Motor skills

Articles related to motor skills, learned abilities to cause a predetermined movement outcome with maximum certainty. Motor learning is the relatively permanent change in the ability to perform a skill as a result of practice or experience. Performance is an act of executing a motor skill. The goal of motor skill is to optimize the ability to perform the skill at the rate of success, precision, and to reduce the energy consumption required for performance. Continuous practice of a specific motor skill will result in a greatly improved performance, but not all movements are motor skills.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Motor skills


text:
Batten Kill Railroad

The Batten Kill Railroad is a class III railroad operating in New York. The BKRR was formed in 1982 beginning operations on October 22 of a pair of abandoned Delaware and Hudson Railway branch lines, totaling about 30 miles of track.

History
The Greenwich and Johnsonville Railway (G&J) was incorporated in the late part of the 19th century, and built a rail line between Greenwich and Johnsonville, New York.

Around 1900, G&J became a subsidiary of the Delaware and Hudson Railway (D&H). By 1907, the G&J (with support from parent D&H) had built a branch from Greenwich to Greenwich Junction (just south of Salem) where it connected to the D&H's Washington Branch that was built circa 1856. The old G&J route to Johnsonville was abandoned in July 1932 and all traffic henceforth went via "The Junction" in Salem. Most of the abandoned section to Johnsonville eventually became (Washington) County Route 74.

Following the 1980 closure of the Georgia Pacific pulp & paper mill in Thomson, New York, the D&H planned to abandon the G&J along with the adjoining Washington Branch, which ran from Eagle Bridge, New York to Castleton, Vermont. In 1982, Mohawk-Hudson Transportation, owned by Ron Crowd, purchased the railroad from the D&H, forming the Batten Kill Railroad. Crowd had the distinction of being the first African-American to own and operate a railroad in the United States.

While initially financially successful, a series of national railroad strikes in the mid-1980s left the railroad in a less profitable state. In 1994, the railroad was turned over to NE New York Rail, a non-profit, and the BKRR remained the operator. Passenger excursions were started, but were terminated by late 2003 due to declining ridership. In November 2008, William (Bill) Taber purchased the Batten Kill from Mohawk Transportation and the estate of the late Ron Crowd. Taber is the current President and CEO of the railroad.

Rail assistance programs
In 2016 the Batten Kill Railroad got a $1.3 million state grant funding installation of new cross ties onto about 4 miles of track.

Route
The Batten Kill's sole interchange location is in Eagle Bridge, New York where it connects to the main line of Berkshire and Eastern Railroad (formerly Pan Am Railways and the Boston & Maine). The line runs north from Eagle Bridge, through Cambridge, New York and Shushan, New York, to Greenwich Junction. From there, a short remnant of the D&H Washington Branch continues north into Salem, New York. This segment is out of service. This north-south component of the line is paralleled by NY Route 22. The other route from the junction continues west to the village of Greenwich, paralleled by NY Route 29. The line running west from Greenwich to Thomson, New York, is also out of service. In Greenwich, the railroad maintains a small engine house and the former G&J depot as an office.

title: Batten Kill Railroad


text:
Talk:Dlinza Forest

Memories
Ahhhh, this place takes me way back to my childhood days. I remember at the age about 9 or 10 years old, I used to run around in Dhlinza barefoot, playing, jumping off the the second waterfall. This was my escape world. I went back there in 1998 and enjoyed the peaceful trees :-) Thanks User:Wikiwizzy for putting up this page --Jcw69 17:55, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dlinza Forest


text:
MP4 (disambiguation)

MP4 is MPEG-4 Part 14, a file format.

MP4 may also refer to:

 * Møller–Plesset perturbation theory of the fourth order in computational chemistry
 * Mario Party 4, a 2002 video game for GameCube
 * Metroid Prime 4: Beyond, an upcoming video game for Nintendo Switch
 * MP4 (band), a band made up of UK Members of Parliament
 * Mammal Paleogene zone 4, a division of the Paleogene period
 * McLaren MP4/1, the McLaren team's Formula One car
 * MP4, a 2000 album by Michael Penn

title: MP4 (disambiguation)


text: User talk:207.232.162.199

title: User talk:207.232.162.199


text:
Worldwide Cancer Research

Worldwide Cancer Research is Scotland’s only cancer research charity. It funds discovery research (also called early-stage, basic or fundamental research) worldwide that aims to lay the groundwork for cures for cancer.

The team of 40 currently works to fund £4 million of cancer research around the world every year – raised entirely from donations.

Established in 1979, Worldwide Cancer Research has awarded over £180 million in research grants in 34 different countries.

Dr Helen Rippon is the Chief Executive of the charity, appointed in 2016. Previously the charity’s Director of Research, she has over 17 years of experience in the field of cancer research – including a PhD in Molecular Biology from the University of York – and was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Imperial College London.

The head office is in central Edinburgh, Scotland and its charitable registration is at the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator.

title: Worldwide Cancer Research


text:
Baba Dochia

In Romanian mythology, Baba Dochia, or The Old Dokia, is a figure identified with the return of spring. She is sometimes imagined as "an old woman who insults the month of March when she goes out with a herd of sheep or goats." Supposedly the name originates from the Byzantine calendar, which celebrates the 2nd-century martyr-saint Eudokia of Heliopolis (Evdokia) on March 1. The Romanian Dokia personifies mankind's impatience in waiting for the return of spring.

The legend of Dragomir
Baba Dochia has a son, called Dragomir, who is married. Dochia ill-treats her daughter-in-law by sending her to pick up berries in the forest at the end of February. God appears to the girl as an old man and helps her in her task. When Dochia sees the berries, she thinks that spring has come back and leaves for the mountains with her son and her goats. She is dressed with twelve lambskins, but it rains on the mountain and the skins get soaked and heavy. Dochia has to get rid of the skins and when frost comes she perishes from the cold with her goats. Her son freezes to death with a piece of ice in his mouth as he was playing the flute.

The legend of Dragobete and the Babele myth
Another version of this story is that Dragobete marries a girl against Baba Dochia's will. Angry with her son's decision, she sends her daughter in law to wash some black wool in the river and tells her not to come back until the wool has turned white. The girl tries to wash it, but the wool would not change color. In despair and with her hands frozen from the cold water of the river, the girl starts crying, thinking that she would never be able to see her loved husband again. Then Jesus sees her from the sky and feels sorry for her, so he gives her a red flower telling her to wash the wool with that. As soon as she washes the wool as told by Jesus, it turns white so the girl happily returns home. When Baba Dochia hears about her story, she gets angry and thinks spring has come, since the man (who the girls had not recognized as being Jesus) was able to offer her a flower. She leaves for the mountains dressed in nine coats. As the weather changes fast on the mountain, she starts throwing away her coats, one by one, until she is left with no coat. But as soon as she drops her last coat, the weather changes again and Baba Dochia is frozen on the mountain.

Babele myth
A folk myth associates the 9 days from March 1 to March 9 with the 9 coats she's shedding. Her spirit is haunting every year around that time, bringing snowstorms and cold weather before the spring sets in. Women use to pick a day out of these 9 beforehand, and if the day turns out to be fair, they'll be fair in their old days, and if the day turns out to be cold, they'll turn bitter when older. In Romanian language 'babele' is the plural of 'baba', the hag or the old woman.

Dochia is sometimes depicted as a proud woman who teases the month of March, who in return gets its revenge by taking some days from February.

Legend of Dochia and Trajan
In other sources, Dochia was the daughter (or sister) of Decebalus, King of the Dacians. When the Roman Emperor Trajan was conquering part of the Dacian territory, Dochia seeks refuge in the Carpathian Mountains in order to avoid marrying him. She disguises herself as a shepherd and her people as a herd. When she realizes that there is no escape she asks the supreme Dacian god Zamolxes to turn her and her herd into stone, thus becoming Babele, a rock formation in the Bucegi Mountains.

title: Baba Dochia


text:
Gloster

Gloster may refer to:

People with the surname

 * Elizabeth Gloster (born 1949), English judge
 * J. Gary Gloster (born 1936), American bishop in The Episcopal Church
 * John Gloster (born before 1998), Australian physiotherapist who works with cricket teams
 * Tracey Gloster, British biochemist

People with the given name

 * Gloster Richardson (born 1942), American football player
 * Gloster Udy (1918–2003), Australian Uniting Church minister and author

Places

 * Actis, California (formerly Highberg, Rummington, and Gloster), an unincorporated community in Kern County
 * Gloster, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * Gloster, Louisiana, an unincorporated community and census-designated place in DeSoto Parish
 * Gloster, Mississippi, a town in Amite County
 * Gloster River, in the Marlborough region of New Zealand
 * Gloster House, an historic house in County Offaly, Ireland

Other uses

 * Gloster Aircraft Company, British aircraft manufacturer 1917–63
 * Category:Gloster aircraft
 * Gloster Southern Railroad, in Mississippi and Louisiana
 * Gloster, an apple cultivar
 * MG Gloster, a sport utility vehicle sold by SAIC Motor in India

title: Gloster


text:
New York and Ogdensburg Railway

The Ogdensburg Bridge and Port Authority owns two segments of shortline railroad that are operated by Vermont Rail System dba the New York and Ogdensburg Railway totaling approximately 26 mi (40 km). This railroad serves the Port of Ogdensburg and connects with CSX Transportation, thus providing intermodal service for industries of northern and central New York, as well as southeastern Ontario, Canada.

title: New York and Ogdensburg Railway


text:
Brain Research UK

Brain Research UK, formerly known as the Brain Research Trust, is a United Kingdom medical research charity dedicated to the research of neurological diseases and conditions.

Registered charity no. 1137560

About
Founded in 1971 to support research at University College London's Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, the charity now funds UK-wide and focuses on those conditions where they determine funding is most urgently needed - currently brain tumours, brain and spinal cord injury, and headache and facial pain.

title: Brain Research UK


text:
User:Gumol

is:Notandi:gumol

title: User:Gumol


text: User talk:137.52.214.51

title: User talk:137.52.214.51


text:
Talk:Alka-Seltzer Plus Award

Can someone please explain what the "+/- category" is. Articles like this are useless when written this haphazardly. -R. fiend 18:05, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alka-Seltzer Plus Award


text:
British Homeopathic Association

The British Homeopathic Association (BHA) is a British charity founded in 1902 by John Epps to promote homeopathy and advocate for its training and research. The BHA was re-branded in 2021 to Homeopathy UK. It supports the use of homeopathy within general and specialist healthcare, and provides a listing of homeopathic practitioners. From 1902, the BHA co-sponsored the Missionary School of Medicine, a school of medicine for medical missionaries. The charity also campaigns for more homeopathy in Britain's National Health Service (NHS).

Homeopathy is a form of alternative medicine in which practitioners treat patients using highly diluted preparations based on the Law of Similars of Paracelsus, one of the first documented  proponents of modern toxicology".

The BHA has been accused of misrepresenting evidence submitted to the House Of Commons Evidence Check On Homeopathy. Analysis of the evidence submitted by the British Homeopathic Association contains many examples of quote mining, where the conclusions of scientific papers were selectively quoted to make them appear to support the efficacy of homeopathic treatment. For example, one paper's conclusion was reported as "There is some evidence that homeopathic treatments are more effective than placebo" without the immediately following caveat "however, the strength of this evidence is low because of the low methodological quality of the trials. Studies of high methodological quality were more likely to be negative than the lower quality studies."

NHS England's public consultation in July 2017 "to drive out wasteful and ineffective drug prescriptions" resulted in the recommendation, in November 2017, that GPs should stop prescribing homeopathy to patients. The BHA "believed it had identified serious flaws" in the consultation's process and sought a judicial review, crowdfunding donations from supporters to support the legal action. In May 2018, Mr Justice Supperstone heard the case at the Royal Courts of Justice, London and, in June, he upheld NHS England's original decision to cease funding homeopathy. NHS England announced its intention to "reclaim £120,000 in legal costs" from the BHA, arguing "that taxpayers should not pick up the tab for “tap water masquerading as medicine”".

In May 2019, the charity changed its name to Homeopathy UK.

title: British Homeopathic Association


text:
Subterranean Jungle

Subterranean Jungle is the seventh studio album by the American punk rock band Ramones, released by Sire Records on February 23, 1983. Overall, the album featured a return to a somewhat more hard punk rock style compared to the band's previous two albums End of the Century in 1980, and Pleasant Dreams in 1981, which were the most pop-focused of the band's career. This direction was encouraged by guitarist Johnny Ramone. The recording sessions saw disputes between band members, mainly due to struggles with alcohol addiction by Joey Ramone and Marky Ramone, and the drug addiction of Dee Dee Ramone.

The album begins with two cover songs, and features a third on side two. The band's signature punk rock is supplemented by touches of hard rock, and psychedelic rock. The album was deemed by critics to be a return to the band's roots, and received mostly positive reviews. Subterranean Jungle peaked at number 83 on the US Billboard 200, but failed to chart internationally. The singles released from the album did not chart. This is the last album by the band to feature Marky Ramone on drums until the 1989 album Brain Drain. It is the first album by the band to feature vocals from someone other than Joey Ramone, with Dee Dee Ramone singing lead on "Time Bomb", as well as the bridge of "Outsider".

Conception
Compared to their previous two albums, Subterranean Jungle marked a shift back to the band's punk rock roots. Johnny Ramone felt as though the band needed to "be focused and stop worrying about getting played [on the radio] and just make a good record." Lead singer Joey Ramone was given less stylistic freedom than on the previous two releases, and the album was shaped mostly by Johnny's preference for harder rocking material.

Three of the four members of the band, Johnny being the exception, were facing issues with addiction. Both Joey and drummer Marky Ramone were dealing with alcoholism, while bassist Dee Dee Ramone was severely addicted to cocaine and was undergoing psychotherapeutic treatment. Since the Ramones' previous two releases had producers which proved disappointing to the members, they were skeptical of the producer for Subterranean Jungle, Ritchie Cordell. Marky relates: "I hated the production, I hated the producer."

The artwork for Subterranean Jungle features an image of the band inside a subway car. The photograph was taken by George DuBose at the subway station on 57th Street and Sixth Avenue in Manhattan. This cover concept was designed by Dubose, who suggested that since the B Sixth Avenue Express train stopped at the empty station for about 20 minutes. In the photograph, Marky is featured peering out the subway window—Marky was positioned this way after Johnny asked DuBose to do so, because "they were kicking him out of the band, but he didn't know it yet." Marky recalled that he "liked that shot, but [he] knew something was up."

""I was lying on my bed, watching Kojak when Joey calls me and says, 'Mark, I feel bad about this, but, uh, you can't be in the band anymore.' I deserved it. Joey was okay about it, but the others, forget it. No one called me after that. If it was today, Joey would've said, 'Why don't we take off for a month and you get sober?' But I didn't want to tell Joey or the band about my being in rehab, because I would've been admitting my guilt.""

- Marky Ramone

The internal conflicts during recording sessions would cause band members to fire Marky during the album's recording, consequently substituting him with drummer Billy Rogers on "Time has Come Today." Johnny recounts, "We were having trouble with Mark because his drinking problem was really bad. So we did "Time Has Come Today" with a different drummer, Billy Rogers, from Walter Lure's band." "Time Has Come Today" became the Ramones' only song to involve three drummers: Marky Ramone on the album credits, Billy Rogers on the recording and Richie Ramone in the music video.

Compositions and lyrics
The album opens with two cover songs; the first, "Little Bit O' Soul", popularized by the Music Explosion in 1967, was originally written by John Carter and Ken Lewis, and the second, "I Need Your Love", was first performed by the song's writer Bobby Dee Waxman in local New York band the Boyfriends in the late 1970s. Subterranean Jungle is the first Ramones' release to begin with a song not written by the band. This track list structure was criticized by author Everett True, who said that it was "disorientating." Johnny also thought that the fact that the album featured three covers was a bad idea, saying, "we shouldn't have, but I was happy with the guitar sound on it." The album's third track, "Outsider", was written by Dee Dee and, in 2002, it was covered by Green Day on Shenanigans. "What'd Ya Do?" was track number four, and was described by music journalist Chuck Eddy as "crudely metallic." Eddy also deemed the next track, "Highest Trails Above", as "AOR-mystic." "Somebody Like Me" was called a "full-on rock anthem" by True, who went on to say that the lyrics contained "no-nonsense lines."

Side two of the album begins with "Psycho Therapy", which was written by both Johnny and Dee Dee; the song has since grown into one of the Ramones' most popular songs. Dee Dee recalled: "I knew we needed a real 'Ramones song' for the album, and I knew [Johnny] was depressed about how things were going. He needed that song to get excited about the band again," while Johnny stated, “I wanted to do a hardcore song to show the hardcore people that we can play as fast or faster than they can. Nobody plays faster than us.” The next track is another cover song, "Time Has Come Today", which was originally recorded in 1967 by the soul music group the Chambers Brothers. The Ramones' version of the song featured a psychedelic rock influence, and was said by Eddy to have more of a "garage" feel to it, as compared to the original. "My-My Kind of a Girl" was directed specifically toward the band's female fandom. The lyrics were written by Joey about meeting a girl on 8th Street in Manhattan and wanting to spend his life with her. In Vanity Fair, the song was regarded as a "lingering affection for Phil Spector's pop grandeur." Dee Dee's "Time Bomb", which was track number eleven, was said by True to be "more ridiculous than frightening." The album concludes with "Everytime I Eat Vegetables It Makes Me Think of You", which was said by author Todd Anderson to be a "sing along."

Release and reception
Subterranean Jungle was released by Sire Records in February 1983. In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, music journalist Robert Christgau wrote that despite containing two inferior pieces ("Highest Trails Above" and "I Need Your Love"), the album is "more worthy of an audience than anything they've done in the '80s." Stereo Review magazine strongly recommended it to "headbangers of all ages" as "a textbook Ramones album" whose unintellectual lyrics about mental illness and drug abuse "can actually be refreshing." The album peaked at number 83 in on the Billboard 200 in the US, but failed to chart elsewhere. Neither of the album's singles—"Psycho Therapy" and "Time Has Come Today"—charted.

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, author Stephen Thomas Erlewine called Subterranean Jungle the band's "most enjoyable record since Rocket to Russia," and said that the producers "steered the Ramones back toward the '60s pop infatuation that provided the foundation for their early records." He ended his review by stating that it may not be defined as the "strictest sense" of punk rock; however, he strongly suggested that the band had not sounded so "alive" since their earlier days. Douglas Wolk, writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), was less enthusiastic and called it an "attempt at radio-friendly production," with a series of cover songs that "almost recasts the group as an oldies act." In a 2004 interview for New York magazine, Johnny Ramone graded the album a "B" and said that he was pleased with its guitar sound, despite the three cover songs, while remarking "I was watching the Brewers-Cardinals World Series when we were recording it."

Track listing
The following track listing can be verified through the Subterranean Jungle expanded edition liner notes.

 * Notes
 * Track 13: a different mix was issued as the B-side of the UK single "Real Cool Time" in September 1987.
 * Track 14: previously unissued.
 * Tracks 15-19: previously unissued. Recorded at Daily Planet Studios, New York City, July 1982.

Personnel
The following credits are adapted from AllMusic.

Ramones
 * Joey Ramone – lead vocals (tracks 1-10, 12)
 * Johnny Ramone – guitar
 * Dee Dee Ramone – bass guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals (track 11), co-lead vocals (track 3)
 * Marky Ramone – drums (tracks 1-7, 9-12)

Additional musicians
 * Walter Lure – additional guitar
 * Billy Rogers – drums (track 8)

Production
 * Ritchie Cordell – production
 * Glen Kolotkin – production
 * Ron Cote – engineering
 * Stuart J. Romaine – mastering
 * George DuBose – photography
 * Tony Wright – cover art

title: Subterranean Jungle


text:
Khatanga (river)

The Khatanga (Хатанга) is a river in Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia. The river is navigable. The river port of Khatanga is located on the river.

Course
It begins at the confluence of the rivers Kotuy and Kheta. The Khatanga is 227 km long (1636 km including its headwater Kotuy); the area of its basin is 364000 km2. It flows into the Khatanga Gulf of the Laptev Sea, forming an estuary. There are more than 112,000 lakes, with a total surface area of 11600 km2, in the basin of the river.

The Khatanga freezes up in late September–early October and breaks up in early June. Its main tributaries are the Nizhnyaya, Bludnaya, Popigay, Novaya, and Malaya Balakhnya.

Fauna
The Khatanga teems with different kinds of fish, including ryapushka, omul, muksun, white salmon, taimen, loach, among others.

History
Russian fur traders first reached the Khatanga about 1611.

title: Khatanga (river)


text: User talk:81.178.71.184

title: User talk:81.178.71.184


text:
Decatur Dorsey

Decatur Dorsey (c. 1836 – July 11, 1891) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions at the Battle of the Crater. Born into slavery, Dorsey enlisted in the United States Colored Troops and served through the last year of the war.

Early life
Decatur Dorsey was born a slave in about 1836 in what is now Howard County, Maryland. Dorsey, who was also known as Cato, may have been a slave to Upton Welsh, who died in July 1858. In October 1858, Dorsey was a slave to Upton Welsh's son, Napoleon B. Welsh. The Welshes lived near Gaither's Siding in Howard County. In 1858 Dorsey was convicted with another slave of burglarizing a store located in Woodbine, Carroll County, and was sentenced to serve two years eight months in the Maryland penitentiary. Prior to his committal to the prison, Dorsey escaped, but was recaptured in Baltimore. Dorsey completed his prison term in May 1861. At the time, Maryland law provided that upon the expiration of a slave's prison term, they were to be sold at auction and removed from the state. Dorsey was sold as a slave by the State of Maryland to Edward Rider, Jr. of Baltimore County.

Military career
On March 26, 1864, Decatur Dorsey enlisted in Company B of the 39th United States Colored Infantry as a private, but was promoted to corporal less than two months later, on May 17. Dorsey enlisted in the Army as a free man even though he had not been freed by Rider and was still a slave. (Rider would later be paid a $100 bounty as a result of Dorsey's enlistment).

On July 30, 1864, Dorsey took part in the Battle of the Crater in Petersburg, Virginia. With the Siege of Petersburg at a stalemate, Union forces hoped to break the city's defenses by detonating explosives in a tunnel dug beneath the Confederate lines and charging the enemy positions in the aftermath of the explosion. The blast blew a huge crater in the Confederate defenses, and white Union soldiers rushed in to attack. Men who entered the crater became trapped as the Confederates regrouped and began firing down at them.

Dorsey's division, which had been held in reserve, was then ordered to reinforce the attack. Dorsey, serving as the 39th Regiment's color bearer, moved ahead of his unit during the advance and planted the flag on the Confederate fortifications. When the regiment was forced to pull back, he retrieved the flag and rallied his fellow soldiers for a second attack. In this second assault, the men of the 39th breached the Confederate works and engaged in hand-to-hand combat with the defenders. They captured two hundred prisoners and two flags before being pushed back again and ordered to withdraw.

Dorsey was promoted to sergeant on August 1, two days after the battle, and again to first sergeant on January 1, 1865. He was awarded the Medal of Honor on November 8, 1865, for his actions at the Battle of the Crater and was discharged from the Army a month later, on December 4, while in Wilmington, North Carolina.

Later life
After the war, Dorsey returned to Baltimore, where he married Mannie Christie on January 4, 1866. In January 1868, he was charged by Baltimore police with stealing a wagon. By 1870 Dorsey had moved to New York City with his wife. In late 1870 he was convicted of stealing carpets from his employer and was incarcerated in Sing Sing Prison for three years. After his release, Dorsey moved to Hoboken, New Jersey, where he resided the rest of his life. He worked at various occupations, including cook, sailor, and laborer. Dorsey died in Hoboken on July 11, 1891, at the approximate age of 55. He was buried at Flower Hill Cemetery in North Bergen, New Jersey. Dorsey does not appear to have been survived by any children.

Medal of Honor citation
Planted his colors on the Confederate works in advance of his regiment, and when the regiment was driven back to the Union works he carried the colors there and bravely rallied the men.

title: Decatur Dorsey


text: User talk:84.194.89.38

title: User talk:84.194.89.38


text:
Brittle Bone Society

About
The Brittle Bone Society is the only UK wide charity dedicated to providing support to people affected by osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI).

Background
The Brittle Bone Society was established in 1968 in Dundee by Margaret Grant, who has OI. When she was young, Grant was aware that there was virtually no support for people with OI and that many medical professionals knew little or nothing about the condition. When her daughter Yvonne was born some years later, very little had changed. For many years Grant was the driving force of the society, which was recognised when she was awarded an MBE in 1989 and in 2018 when she was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Dundee.

The society now has more than 1,000 members and works closely with specialist medical units and other professionals throughout the UK.

The CEO is Patricia Osborne who has been working with the charity since 2009

The society's archives, which include about thirty boxes of material, are held by the University of Dundee.

title: Brittle Bone Society


text:
Talk:Decatur Dorsey

Public domain
Text of the article was obtained from public domain site. Darwin 18:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Errors
There are two errors. Decatur Dorsey was not a free slave. He was one of two runaway slaves that were recipents of the Medal of Honor. Secondly, he was born in Frederick Co. MD near a place called New Market. I'm a great-grand nephew. My Grandmother use to tell me stoies about him. I can be reache at (mauricetheone2006@yahoo.com).

decatur Dorsey was a true hero.
He was a good man and good soldier he fought for his people.He sacrificed his life for the people.He was akin hearted man and you should know that because he is a real true hero .You know how some movies say that villains and heroes aren't real and stuff like that well there real.villains are just the bad guys an the heroes are just the good guys like him. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.109.67.2 (talk) 14:12, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Decatur Dorsey


text:
Magic User Interface

The Magic User Interface (MUI in short) is an object-oriented system by Stefan Stuntz to generate and maintain graphical user interfaces. With the aid of a preferences program, the user of an application has the ability to customize the system according to personal taste.

The Magic User Interface was written for AmigaOS and gained popularity amongst both programmers and users. It has been ported to PowerPC processors and adopted as the default GUI toolkit of the MorphOS operating system. The MUI application programmer interface has been cloned by the Zune toolkit used in the AROS Research Operating System.

History
Creating GUI applications on Amiga was difficult for a very long time, mainly because the programmer got only a minuscule amount of support from the operating system. Beginning with Kickstart 2.0, the gadtools.library was a step in the right direction, however, even using this library to generate complex and flexible interfaces remained difficult and still required a great deal of patience.

The largest problem in existing tools for the creation of user interfaces was the inflexible output. Most of the programs were still using built-in fonts and window sizes, thus making the use of new high resolution graphics hardware adapters nearly unbearable. Even the preference programs on the Workbench were still only using the default fixed-width font.

In 1992 Stefan Stuntz started developing a new object-oriented GUI toolkit for Amiga. Main goals for new GUI toolkit were:
 * Font sensitivity: Possible for the font to be set in every application.
 * Changeable window sizes: Windows have a sizing gadget which allows users to change the window size until it suits their needs
 * Flexibility: Elements can be changed by the user regarding their own personal tastes.
 * Controlling by keyboard: Widgets can be controlled by the keyboard as well as by the mouse.
 * System integration: Every program has an ARexx port and can be iconified or uniconified by pushing a gadget or by using the Commodities exchange program.
 * Adjusting to its environment: Every application can be made to open on any screen and adapts itself to its environment.

MUI was released as shareware. Starting from MUI 3.9 an unrestricted version is integrated with MorphOS, but a shareware key is still required to activate all user configuration options in AmigaOS.

Application theory
UI development is done at source-code level without the aid of GUI builders. In MUI application the programmer only defines logical structure of the GUI and the layout is determined at run time depending on user configuration. Unlike on other GUI toolkits developer does not determine exact coordinates for UI objects but only their relative placement to each other using object groups. In traditional Intuition-based UI coding programmer had to calculate placement of gadgets relative to font and border sizes. By default all UI elements are resizable and change their size to match window size. It can also automatically switch into smaller font or hide UI elements if there is not enough space on screen to display window with full contents. This makes it very easy to build UI which adapts well to tiny and large displays as well.

There are over 50 built-in MUI classes today and various third-party MUI classes.

Example
This example code creates a small MUI application with the text "Hello World!" displayed on it. It is also possible to embed other BOOPSI based GUI toolkit objects inside a MUI application.

Applications
Some notable applications that use MUI as a widget toolkit include:

 * Aladdin4D - 3D rendering/animation application
 * Ambient - desktop environment
 * AmIRC - IRC client
 * Digital Universe - desktop planetarium
 * IBrowse - web browser
 * Origyn Web Browser - web browser
 * PageStream - desktop publishing
 * SimpleMail - email client
 * Voyager - web browser
 * YAM - email client

Other GUI toolkits
Currently there are two main widget toolkits in the Amiga world, which are competing with each other. The most widely used is MUI (adopted into AROS, MorphOS and in most Amiga programs), the other one is ReAction which was adopted in AmigaOS 3.5. There is in development a GTK MUI wrapper and it will allow the porting of various GTK based software. There is also modern interfaces based on XML, Feelin.

Palette extension to Workbench defaults
MUI extended Workbench's four-colour palette with four additional colours, allowing smoother gradients with less noticeable dithering. The MagicWB companion to MUI made use of this extended palette to provide more attractive icons to replace the dated Workbench defaults. MUI 4 added support for alpha blending and support for user defined widget shapes.

title: Magic User Interface


text:
Index locking

In databases an index is a data structure, part of the database, used by a database system to efficiently navigate access to user data. Index data are system data distinct from user data, and consist primarily of pointers. Changes in a database (by insert, delete, or modify operations), may require indexes to be updated to maintain accurate user data accesses. Index locking is a technique used to maintain index integrity. A portion of an index is locked during a database transaction when this portion is being accessed by the transaction as a result of attempt to access related user data. Additionally, special database system transactions (not user-invoked transactions) may be invoked to maintain and modify an index, as part of a system's self-maintenance activities. When a portion of an index is locked by a transaction, other transactions may be blocked from accessing this index portion (blocked from modifying, and even from reading it, depending on lock type and needed operation). Index Locking Protocol guarantees that phantom read phenomenon won't occur. Index locking protocol states:
 * Every relation must have at least one index.
 * A transaction can access tuples only after finding them through one or more indices on the relation
 * A transaction Ti that performs a lookup must lock all the index leaf nodes that it accesses, in S-mode, even if the leaf node does not contain any tuple satisfying the index lookup (e.g. for a range query, no tuple in a leaf is in the range)
 * A transaction Ti that inserts, updates or deletes a tuple ti in a relation r must update all indices to r and it must obtain exclusive locks on all index leaf nodes affected by the insert/update/delete
 * The rules of the two-phase locking protocol must be observed.

Specialized concurrency control techniques exist for accessing indexes. These techniques depend on the index type, and take advantage of its structure. They are typically much more effective than applying to indexes common concurrency control methods applied to user data. Notable and widely researched are specialized techniques for B-trees (B-Tree concurrency control ) which are regularly used as database indexes.

Index locks are used to coordinate threads accessing indexes concurrently, and typically shorter-lived than the common transaction locks on user data. In professional literature, they are often called latches.

title: Index locking


text:
Azzurra Air

Azzurra Air was a scheduled and charter airline based in Milan, Italy and flying to Spain, Greece, the Netherlands, Portugal and other Mediterranean destinations.

History
The airline was established in December 1995 and was a joint venture by the Italian investment group Air International Services (51%) and by Air Malta (49%). It started operations in December 1996. AIS shares were purchased by UK based 7 Group in 2003, anticipating the purchase of Air Malta shares later that year.

In November 2003 it was announced that Azzurra Air was to take over French airline Air Littoral, but this fell through in the following month as Azzurra Air was in financial difficulties. In March 2004 operations were suspended when its regional fleet was withdrawn by lessor and co-owner Air Malta due to non-payment of leases. The company was declared bankrupt in July 2004. It had five Airbus A320-200 aircraft on order at the time.

Services
Azzurra Air only operated one scheduled service from Bergamo to Rome using a Boeing 737-700. All other services were charter operations.

Fleet
The aircraft fleet included:

title: Azzurra Air


text:
Henry Howard

Henry Howard may refer to:

U.K.

 * Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517–1547), English aristocrat and poet
 * Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton (1540–1614), son of the Earl of Surrey
 * Henry Howard, 2nd Viscount Howard of Bindon (c. 1542–1590), aristocrat and courtier
 * Henry Howard, 15th Earl of Arundel (1608–1652)
 * Henry Howard, 5th Earl of Suffolk (1627–1709)
 * Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk (1628–1684)
 * Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk (1655–1701), politician and soldier
 * Henry Howard, 6th Earl of Suffolk (1670–1718), English nobleman
 * Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle (1694–1758), Whig MP for Morpeth 1715–38
 * Henry Howard, 11th Earl of Suffolk (1686–1757), English peer
 * Henry Howard, 10th Earl of Suffolk (1706–1745), MP for Bere Alston 1728–33
 * Henry Howard, 12th Earl of Suffolk (1739–1779), British politician
 * Henry Howard, 13th Earl of Suffolk (1779–1779), British peer
 * Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk (1791–1856), Whig MP for Horsham 1829–32
 * Henry Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham (1806–1889), British peer and Member of Parliament
 * Henry Howard, 18th Earl of Suffolk (1833–1898), British peer and Liberal Party politician
 * Henry Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham (1837–1898), English peer
 * Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Effingham (1866–1927), English peer and member of the House of Lords
 * Henry Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk (1877–1917), British peer
 * Henry Howard (1802–1875), British MP for Steyning 1824–26, New Shoreham 1826–32
 * Henry Howard (MP for Penrith) (1850–1914), British MP
 * Henry Thomas Howard (1808–1851), British soldier and politician
 * Henry Francis Howard (1809–1898), British diplomat, minister to several countries
 * Henry Howard (diplomat) (1843–1921), first formal British envoy to the Vatican for over 300 years
 * Henry Howard (colonial governor) (1913–1977), British journalist, military officer, and colonial leader in the Caribbean

U.S.

 * Henry Howard (Rhode Island politician) (1826–1905), Republican governor of Rhode Island
 * Henry Howard (Detroit) (1801–1878), businessman and mayor of Detroit
 * Henry Howard (Michigan politician) (1833–1894), businessman and mayor of Port Huron
 * Henry Howard (Georgia politician) (1955-2022), member of Georgia House of Representatives

Other

 * Henry Howard (1684–1720), English Catholic priest, created titular bishop of Utica and coadjutor with Bonaventure Giffard
 * Henry Howard (historian) (1757–1842), English antiquarian and family historian
 * Henry Howard (artist) (1769–1847), painter
 * Henry Howard (priest) (1795–1868), dean of Lichfield
 * Henry Howard (architect) (1818–1884), designer of landmarks in New Orleans and Louisiana
 * Henry Howard (Australia) (1859–1933), Methodist preacher
 * Henry Newman Howard (1861–1929), English poet and dramatist
 * T. Henry Howard (1849–1923), chief of the staff of the Salvation Army
 * Henry Eliot Howard (1873–1940), amateur English ornithologist
 * Henry Howard (British Army officer) (1915–2000)

title: Henry Howard


text:
Talk:KFJC

Cleanup
The article is currently written in the first person and makes pleas for recruitment and sponsorship. To turn it into a Wikipedia encyclopaedia article, it needs to be rewritten in the third person and have the gushing text toned down; the self-congratulatory adjectives removed or replaced by more objective ones; and the pleas removed. It's nice to have someone involved contributing information to the article but the information needs to serve Wikipedia's purposes first and KFJC's purposes second. -- Derek Ross | Talk 18:16, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Factual Error

 * April 1, 2011
 * KFJC is sold to the Nimbus Communications Network and becomes a top 40 oldies station: "Music of the 80's, 90's and Today!"''

That date really should be looked into more clearly. --Dprisoner (talk) 19:30, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:KFJC


text:
Talk:Lectures on the Philosophy of History

I removed the redirect on this page and added what you see because there was a link on the Hegel page to this page, creating a self-redirect. Rather than removing the link altogether (which seemed like a bad idea because it might discourage people from actually writing about the Lectures), I decided to create a stub. I know the article is ugly now, so if anyone has other ideas, please don't hesitate. Or, better yet, write a real article! --Anakolouthon 18:16, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

it's the "philosophy of history" not "history of philosophy" - this is probably why no one has written anything. please change title of article.

Cleanup
I started. The lectures are commonly used as intro to Hegel's philosophy, so something needed to be written, though it's not a lot by any means. Also, the state of the text needed to be addressed, so people can actually know what they are holding when they have a copy of the lectures. They aren't all uniform, and there is still no full English trans. of the complete German lectures. Have fun with the article, I've done all I want to do for a while. Morgaledh (talk) 07:19, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Critical Editions -- incorrect information in article
Walter Jaeschke's edition has generally superseded the (highly problematic, almost useless) Lasson edition, and that's what you find at Meiner Verlag today. Moreover, the 1840 2nd edition which is the basis for Suhrkamp's edition was put together by Bruno Bauer, not by Hegel's son. Austinmgross 08:27, 13 February 2018 (UTC)


text: User talk:68.229.155.224

title: User talk:68.229.155.224


text:
Vakh

The Vakh (Вах) is a river in Khanty–Mansia, Russia. It is a right tributary of the Ob. The Vakh is 964 km long with a basin area of 76700 km2.

The river is a status B Ramsar wetland, nominated for designation as a Wetland of International Importance in 2000.

Course
Its source is near the drainage basins of the Yenisei and the Taz. Since the Vakh, like the Ket, flows from east to west, it was an important early transportation route. A short portage connects its headwaters to the Sym, which flows into the Yenisei. To the northeast lies the basin of the Vatinsky Yogan.

Tributaries
The Vakh's main tributaries are the Kulynigol, the Sabun, the Kolikyogan, and the Myogtygyogan. The interfluvial area between two of the Vakh tributaries, the Kolikyogan and Sabun, is a zone of raised string bogs covering 12885 km2.

History
Early pottery from the Vakh basin, Vasyugan and Tomsk-Chulym is dominated by comb-pit decorations. An 1875 account of the people of the region said, "The Samoyedes of Southern Siberia are neighbours of the Youraks, and inhabit the Upper Taz, the Yelogouï, and the affluents of the Vakh river. They are pure Samoyedes as regards race."

Russians began to significantly affect the Khanty people on the Vakh river area by 1896. These people were eking out a living by hunting, fishing and selling squirrel skins. The Russians introduced tobacco and alcohol. Moral codes began breaking down, and new infectious diseases were introduced. There was a brief attempt to counter the problems through shamanistic ceremonies. Valuable horses were sacrificed, but without effect.

title: Vakh


text:
Cystic Fibrosis Trust

The Cystic Fibrosis Trust (stylised as Cystic Fibrosis) is a UK-based national charity founded in 1964, dealing with all aspects of cystic fibrosis (CF). It funds research to treat and cure CF and aims to ensure appropriate clinical care and support for people with cystic fibrosis.

Objectives
Its objectives are:

 * To fund medical and scientific research into effective treatments and the development of a cure for cystic fibrosis;
 * To ensure appropriate clinical care for those with cystic fibrosis;
 * To provide information, advice, support and, where appropriate, financial assistance to anyone affected by cystic fibrosis.

Research
The aim of the Cystic Fibrosis Trust research is to understand, treat and cure cystic fibrosis. The Cystic Fibrosis Trust is the major funder of medical and scientific CF research in the UK. The Trust's research falls into two main categories:

 * Gene therapy – The Trust currently invests over £3 million a year in a programme of research into gene therapy, in order to make it a clinical reality in the foreseeable future. Gene therapy aims to add a healthy copy of the faulty CF gene to the lung.  The Cystic Fibrosis Trust has brought together over 40 of the UK’s leading scientists to drive this research forward through the UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium.  The scientists have developed a product which they plan to take to clinical trials in 2008.  These trials will cost an additional £4.7 million.
 * Medical and Scientific research – The Trust supports research aimed at treating and curing the symptoms of CF and improving the lives of those with the condition. The Trust currently spends around £1 million a year on this non-gene therapy research.

Clinical care
Cystic fibrosis is a complex disease requiring considerable specialist treatment. In the last fifteen years, the Trust has helped to set up and staff 45 specialist CF treatment centres throughout the UK. Since 1997, the Cystic Fibrosis Trust has invested over £10 million in the NHS to improve clinical care for the 8,000 people in the UK with CF; helping fund doctors, nurses and multidisciplinary teams.

The Cystic Fibrosis Trust sets the national standard on clinical care; provides and funds a UK CF Clinical Database; and measures levels of service provision. The Trust's Expert Patient Advisers (who all have CF) work with health providers and government to influence and improve the care of those with CF across the UK.

Information, advice and support
The Cystic Fibrosis Trust provides a confidential, 9–5 Monday to Friday helpline service for advice and support on all aspects of cystic fibrosis. The Trust also offers information and advice to those affected, along with their families and friends, schools and employers and anyone interested in cystic fibrosis. The Trust also advise families on benefits and, where appropriate, provides financial assistance and welfare grants.

Community support
The Cystic Fibrosis Trust receives donations and support from local communities. In addition to the contributions, fundraising efforts have been undertaken by UK artist Jenny Wicks in 2009 with her photographic art exhibition, short documentary and book titled Root Ginger. The exhibition describes the recessive gene inheritance pattern that causes ginger, or red, hair – the same inheritance pattern that causes cystic fibrosis. A portion of the proceeds from the exhibition and book sales will go to the Cystic Fibrosis Trust.

title: Cystic Fibrosis Trust


text: Template:Thomaston class dock landing ship


text:
Teichmüller

Teichmüller is a German surname (German for pond miller) and may refer to:
 * Anna Teichmüller (1861–1940), German composer
 * de:Frank Teichmüller (19?? – now), former German IG Metall district manager "coast"
 * Gustav Teichmüller (1832–1888), German philosopher
 * de:Marlies Teichmüller (1914–2000), German geologist
 * (Paul Julius) Oswald Teichmüller (1913–1943), German mathematician
 * Robert Teichmüller (1863–1939), pianist and professor
 * de:Rolf Teichmüller (1904–1983), German geologist

title: Teichmüller


text:
Pokémon the Movie 2000

Pokémon the Movie 2000 is a 1999 Japanese animated fantasy adventure film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama. It is the second theatrical release in the Pokémon franchise.

The film has two parts: a 20-minute preceding short and the feature presentation. The events of the film take place during the second season of Pokémon: Adventures in the Orange Islands, where Ash, Misty and Tracey enter Shamouti Island. While there, they discover the three legendary bird Pokémon, Articuno, Zapdos, and Moltres. Meanwhile, a collector named Lawrence III attempts to steal the three Pokémon to awaken Lugia, which proves dangerous for the legendary Pokémon, Lugia, and Ash himself.

Pokémon the Movie 2000 was released in Japanese theaters on July 17, 1999, by Toho. The English-language adaptation was released in the United States on July 21, 2000, by Warner Bros. The film earned less at the box office than its predecessor, Pokémon: The First Movie, but was still a financial success and received better (albeit still negative) reviews upon release.

Pikachu's Rescue Adventure
As in Pikachu's Vacation, all of the faces of the main human characters are unseen. When Togepi wakes up to see a group of Ledyba flying by it yawns and falls back down a hill and falls down a dark hole, Pikachu, Bulbasaur, Squirtle, Marill, Venonat, and Psyduck give chase and find themselves in a giant tree that once was Pikachu's old home. With help from Pikachu's new friend, Elekid, the Pokémon find Togepi but he has been mistaken for an Exeggcute egg. The Pokémon head off into the depths of the tree to find the missing egg, meeting a trio of dancing Bellossom along the way. A severe storm hits the area and Pikachu and his friends try to protect the Exeggcute eggs from being blown away. The grass Pokémon lend a hand and Snorlax saves everyone with his great strength. The storm fades when a Dragonair appears and calms the storm while a Chansey appears, revealing she had the missing egg all along. The eggs are reunited. Exeggcute suddenly evolves into Exeggutor with the assistance of a Leaf Stone. Pikachu and his friends say farewell to Elekid and the others and head back to their trainers. Meanwhile, Meowth tries to find his way to a campsite but ends up getting caught in Pikachu's mishaps and gives up.

The Power of One
Lawrence III, a Pokémon collector, strives to make a legendary prophecy occur. His plan to capture the legendary birds Articuno, Zapdos, and Moltres will ultimately lead to the capture of the "Beast of the Sea" Lugia. Lawrence sets out in his flying hovercraft to the heart of the Orange Islands to capture the three legendary birds, referred to as the Titans of Fire, Ice, and Lightning. He successfully captures Moltres, but this upsets the balance of power the birds have over the world's climate. Weather across the world begins to go haywire, alerting countless Pokémon to the change. Ash Ketchum and his companions Misty and Tracey Sketchit get caught in a freak storm, and are washed ashore on Shamouti, set in the center of the Orange Islands. Learning that the island festival celebrating the legend is about to begin, Ash is selected as the festival's Chosen One by a girl named Melody, the festival maiden.

At the festival's banquet, Melody explains to Ash he must retrieve three crystal balls from each of the legendary birds' islands and take them to Shamouti's shrine, guarded by a talking Slowking, where Melody will end his task by playing the festival's song, actually the song of Lugia. Ash immediately sets out, led by the troubled Pikachu. Taken to Fire Island by sea captain Maren, Ash, and Pikachu find Moltres' treasure, but are interrupted by Team Rocket. Misty, Tracey, and Melody arrive via Melody's multi-purpose boat, followed by Zapdos who has come to claim the island. Pikachu and Zapdos communicate with each other with electric shocks, with Meowth serving as the translator. Lawrence appears overhead, attacking and capturing Zapdos as well as Ash and Co. accidentally. Meanwhile, Professor Oak, Professor Ivy, and Ash's mother Delia Ketchum fly to the islands but their helicopter crashes on Shamouti. Having no use for them, Lawrence frees Ash and the others and attempts to capture Articuno, accidentally awakening Lugia in the process. Trying to foil Lawrence's plans, Ash and the others free Moltres and Zapdos who escape and bring down Lawrence's hovercraft.

Articuno, Zapdos, and Moltres engage in all-out war, trying to destroy each other. Ash and Co. manage to escape, gaining Zapdos' treasure in the process, and are transported back to Shamouti by a mysterious water spout revealed to be Lugia. Lugia at first tries to stop the battle, but is outmatched by the birds' powers combined against it. Telepathically it then explains the birds and the weather can be stopped by the legend's Chosen One, actually Ash in reality. Ash puts the two treasures he has on the shrine, but he is still missing the third one. Ash agrees to go to Articuno's island to get the final treasure, but his progress is halted by the legendary birds. Team Rocket arrives on a speedboat made from a dingy and the helicopter's discarded propeller, wishing to save the world to continue their villainy. The group race up to Articuno's shrine and retrieve the treasure, but before they can escape, the legendary birds appear. They destroy the speedboat before Articuno is knocked out by Moltres and Zapdos. Lugia rescues Ash, Pikachu, and Team Rocket, but Team Rocket heroically jump into the sea upon realizing they are slowing Lugia down. Lawrence tries to catch Lugia, but Lugia uses its Aeroblast attack to destroy his airship and take out Moltres and Zapdos before collapsing into the sea.

Misty and Tracey rescue Ash and Pikachu, who venture to Shamouti Island's shrine and place the final treasure with the others. Melody plays Lugia's song on her Ocarina, ending the storms and bringing peace to the legendary birds. Lugia rises from the sea, bringing the true Beast of the Sea with him, an underwater current that has been altering the climate. Later, after the birds returned to their islands, Lugia departs after thanking Ash. Delia and the professors arrive. Delia, having witnessed her son's actions, asks him to be more careful which he complies with. Lawrence laments his decisions, deciding to start his collection again. Team Rocket reaches the island a day later and is told by Slowking that the audience saw their heroics; the trio contemplates changing their ways but ultimately decides to stay the same when they realize their boss might not like the idea.

Theatrical release
The Power of One was released in Japan on July 17, 1999.

On March 2, 2000, Warner Bros. announced they had acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film outside Asia from 4Kids Entertainment, following the success the two companies had with Pokémon: The First Movie. The film was released under the Kids' WB label on July 21, 2000 in the United States, with a July 15, 2000 premiere at Mann’s Village Theatre.

Home media
Pokémon The Movie 2000 was released on VHS and DVD on November 14, 2000.

Viz Media and Warner Bros. announced that a limited edition Blu-ray Steelbook containing the first three Pokémon films will be released on February 9, 2016, along with single releases on DVD (These are: Pokémon: The First Movie, Pokémon The Movie 2000 and Pokémon 3: The Movie). In accommodation with the 20th anniversary of the Pokémon franchise, a digitally remastered version of the film was released on iTunes, Amazon and Google Play on February 27, 2016. Blu-ray Release on December 13, 2021 in the UK.

Box office
As of 2015, the film is the 88th highest-grossing film in Japan, with ¥6.4 billion. The film made $133,949,270 worldwide at the end of its box office run.

The film was financially successful in the United States. It earned $9,250,000 on opening day, which was only less than $1 million behind the opening day of its predecessor. It reached third place for its opening weekend, grossing $19,575,608. On its second weekend it declined 68.3% to $6.2 million and descended to sixth place. It made $43,758,684 at the U.S. box office, barely over half of the first film's U.S. total.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the North American adaptation of the film has an approval rating of 19% based on 69 reviews, with the website's critical consensus reading: "Despite being somewhat more exciting than the previous film, this kiddy flick still lacks any real adventure or excitement. What it does contain is choppy animation and poor voice acting. Doesn't match up to virtually anything out there." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 28 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Plugged In (publication) said that "the plot is as tiresome as it was in the first movie. But the violence is tamed somewhat, so the positive messages shine a bit more brightly".

A more positive review was given by Gene Seymour of the Los Angeles Times. Seymour believed that the film "charms without talking down to its audience". He also compared it favorably to the first movie, stating, "...unlike its predecessor, 'Pokémon 2000' doesn't assume that everyone who sees it will know how to tell Togepi from Bulbasaur or Squirtle from Pikachu. Sure, I know now, but I'm not telling because I don't have to".

At the 2000 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film was nominated for "Worst Achievement in Animation" and "The Remake or Sequel Nobody Was Clamoring For". However, it lost "Worst Achievement in Animation" to Digimon: The Movie.

Soundtracks
In Japan, J-pop artist Namie Amuro sang the ending song "toi et moi". A soundtrack containing Shinji Miyazaki's original score for the film was released on September 9, 1999 along with two original songs sung by Rica Matsumoto and Akiko Hiramatsu.

Pokémon 2000: The Power Of One (Music From And Inspired By The Motion Picture)
The North American soundtrack was released alongside the film in 2000 by WB's then-sister company Atlantic Records on compact disc and compact cassette and includes many songs by popular artists, many of which do not appear in the film. In the English dub, Donna Summer sings the closing song in the film, "The Power of One". The melody of has been noted as having a close resemblance to Rick Wakeman's theme for the film The Burning, with the two opening bars being identical. The song was released as a single and was remixed by Jonathan Peters and Tommy Musto. The song drew new attention in 2011 due to Republican candidate Herman Cain quoting the lyrics as part of his campaign for President of the United States.

"Weird Al" Yankovic provided an original song, "Polkamon", which is played during the ending credits. The last song played during the credits was "Flying Without Wings" by Westlife. Italian singer Laura Pausini sings the ballad "The Extra Mile", written, among others, by Australian singer Tina Arena. The B-52's also recorded the song "The Chosen One" for the movie.

In the United States, the soundtrack had sold 150,000 copies by April 2001.

Pokémon the Movie 2000 Original Motion Picture Score
Pokémon the Movie 2000 Original Motion Picture Score is the orchestral soundtrack to the movie. The CD was originally released in some European countries in 2000. In 2004, it became available for download worldwide on iTunes.

title: Pokémon the Movie 2000


text:
Solveig Krey

Solveig Krey (born 20 March 1963) is a Norwegian navy officer.

She hails from Lonkan, and graduated from the Norwegian Naval Academy in 1989. She became the first female commanding officer of a submarine in the world, when she took command of the first Kobben class submarine, on 11 September 1995. She was also the first female commander of a Royal Norwegian Navy vessel.

title: Solveig Krey


text:
User talk:Durbanreginald

Lazenby image
Why did you resize and reupload the image that was currently at James Bond of George Lazenby? Wikipedia automatically formats the picture so no resized images are necessary. ?? K1Bond007 18:22, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Resizing images is kind of against Wikipedia policy since the software on the website technically resizes it. I've already taken the steps to get the resized image deleted so it's no big deal.
 * By the way, Welcome to Wikipedia. When you post a comment to someone's talk page or a discussion page for an article you can sign your Username by typing four tildes like this ~ at the end. Wikipedia will automatically sign your name and time stamp it like this -> K1Bond007 18:53, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Bond
The source you are using is highly debatable as a reliable source for information. There are currently two reputable sources on the article that that state the worldwide gross as in the area of 435M. Please refrain from reverting again unless you can find a better reputable source. K1Bond007 19:35, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well I can't refute some of those (although some you listed didn't even have that information). My only problem with them is that none of these sources seem original. All of them are pretty much the same story of Brosnan wanting more money to play the role and coincidentally DAD making 456 million last time out. They're all written very similar to one another. It seems suspect, but since there's enough sources claiming 456M I'm not going to change it. There might be some truth it. I'll dig around and see if I can find some official numbers from MGM K1Bond007 20:55, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Owen
The person who wrote that is reaching. It's all rumor and speculation. There has been no official announcement. Although Owen has for a long time been considered up for the role as the next Bond, the last time he was interviewed about it he said he hadn't even been asked to play the role. K1Bond007 19:59, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * http://www.mi6.co.uk/news/index.php?itemid=2179 Here.. even news today. K1Bond007 19:24, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Image:31 1 b.JPG
Nothing links to it and Alfred Hitchcock died in 1980. so what is it?Geni 12:37, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Image:Yao Ming Year of The Yao Premiere Denver2.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded, Image:Yao Ming Year of The Yao Premiere Denver2.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. --Sherool (talk) 18:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:Yao Ming Year of The Yao Premiere Denver1.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded, Image:Yao Ming Year of The Yao Premiere Denver1.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. --Sherool (talk) 18:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Sean Connery 1983NSNA.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Sean Connery 1983NSNA.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 01:30, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:George Lazenby January 1968 United Artists Audition Studio Still.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:George Lazenby January 1968 United Artists Audition Studio Still.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under a claim of fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first non-free content criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the media description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace this non-free media by finding freely licensed media of the same subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or similar) media under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our non-free content criteria. You can find a list of description pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, non-free media which could be replaced by freely licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if uploaded before 13 July 2006), per our non-free content policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Rossrs (talk) 13:45, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Clive Owen2.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Clive Owen2.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 04:18, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Durbanreginald


text:
DEBRA

DEBRA (formerly known as DebRA) is the name of an international medical research charity dedicated to securing effective drug treatments and ultimately cures for every type of epidermolysis bullosa, with national groups in over 40 countries including in the United Kingdom and the United States.

History
"Debra" is the first name of the daughter of Phyllis Hilton, the original founder of the organisation in the UK, which began as a support group for parents, guardians and carers of other young children with the condition.

Although the backronym of Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association has been used by DEBRA UK in the past, the organisation provides information, research funding and support for all forms of EB, not just dystrophic, which is one of three main sub-types of the condition; the others being EB simplex and junctional EB.

The DebRA US organisation have continued to use the aforementioned acronym DEBRA for the Dystrophic EB Research Association of America since their formation in 1980.

Work
Epidermolysis bullosa is a genetic condition that in its most severe forms affects all of the body's linings, the skin, the linings of the mouth and oesophagus, and even the eyes. In its most severe forms the linings blister or rip away from the flesh under the lightest of frictions. For example, rolling over in bed can cause skin to tear away from behind the ears, and the sufferer may wake up with up to 30 blisters each morning.

There is no treatment bar the lancing and draining of these blisters to stop their growth. Sufferers of the severest form die prematurely of skin cancer (their life expectancy is usually reduced by 30–40 years); in some, death occurs in infancy. Each day sufferers face a battle against fluid loss and infections due to open wounds. Blistering can also affect inner body linings, such as the mouth and throat. Sufferers of the severest forms have difficulties with eating due to the rawness in their mouths and often have to have a feeding tube fitted.

EB has a number of distinct forms: in the least severe form, blistering is confined to the hands and feet. In more severe cases, the whole body is affected and wounds heal very slowly, giving rise to scarring, physical deformity and significant disability.

In the UK
DEBRA UK is the national medical research charity and patient support organisation for individuals and families affected by EB. There are at least 5,000 people living with this devastating condition in the UK and 500,000 people worldwide.

DEBRA UK was founded in 1978 and provides an enhanced specialist EB nursing service, in partnership with the NHS, to deliver optimal healthcare to children and adults living with EB and community support staff to work directly with families. The charity also commissions research into the condition with the aim of finding effective drug treatments and, ultimately, a cure for EB. DEBRA UK has over 90 charity shops across the country. Donations and proceeds from shops fund services for epidermolysis bullosa affected families and medical research into the condition.

In the United States
Debra of America was founded in 1980 by Arlene Pessar and her son, Eric Lopez, who was born with epidermolysis bullosa. It is the only U.S. nonprofit organization that provides all-inclusive support to the EB community, through funding research for a cure and by providing free programs and services for those with EB. The mission of debra of America is to improve the quality of life for all people living in the United States with EB, their families, and caregivers, through free programs and services while funding research to find a cure and treatments for EB.

In 2015, Debra of America launched a series of TV and web commercials alongside a campaign titled #ItWontHurtToWatch These commercials, produced by health and wellness advertising agency HAVAS Worldwide Tonic, are intended to spread awareness of the debilitating rare disease.

Other countries
A list of national groups may be found at DEBRA International.

title: DEBRA