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John Latham (judge)

Sir John Greig Latham GCMG PC QC (26 August 1877 – 25 July 1964) was an Australian lawyer, politician, and judge who served as the fifth Chief Justice of Australia, in office from 1935 to 1952. He had earlier served as Attorney-General of Australia under Stanley Bruce and Joseph Lyons, and was Leader of the Opposition from 1929 to 1931 as the final leader of the Nationalist Party.

Latham was born in Melbourne. He studied arts and law at the University of Melbourne, and was called to the bar in 1904. He soon became one of Victoria's best known barristers. In 1917, Latham joined the Royal Australian Navy as the head of its intelligence division. He served on the Australian delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where he came into conflict with Prime Minister Billy Hughes. At the 1922 federal election, Latham was elected to parliament as an independent on an anti-Hughes platform. He got on better with Hughes' successor Stanley Bruce, and formally joined the Nationalist Party in 1925, subsequently winning promotion to cabinet as Attorney-General. He was also Minister for Industry from 1928, and was one of the architects of the unpopular industrial relations policy that contributed to the government's defeat at the 1929 election. Bruce lost his seat, and Latham was reluctantly persuaded to become Leader of the Opposition.

In 1931, Latham led the Nationalists into the new United Australia Party, joining with Joseph Lyons and other disaffected Labor MPs. Despite the Nationalists forming a larger proportion of the new party, he relinquished the leadership to Lyons, a better campaigner, thus becoming the first opposition leader to fail to contest a general election. In the Lyons government, Latham was the de facto deputy prime minister, serving both as Attorney-General and Minister for External Affairs. He retired from politics in 1934, and the following year was appointed to the High Court as Chief Justice. From 1940 to 1941, Latham took a leave of absence from the court to become the inaugural Australian Ambassador to Japan. He left office in 1952 after almost 17 years as Chief Justice; only Garfield Barwick has served for longer.

Early life
Latham was born on 26 August 1877 in Ascot Vale, Victoria, in the western suburbs of Melbourne. He was the first of five children born to Janet (née Scott) and Thomas Edwin Latham. His mother was born in the Orkney Islands of Scotland, while his father was Australian-born. His paternal grandfather, Thomas Latham, was an attorney's clerk who was transported to Australia as a convict in 1848 for obtaining money under false pretences, and later worked as an accountant.

Latham's father was a tinsmith by profession, but "preferred benevolent work over a comfortable salary" and became a long-serving secretary of the Victorian Society for the Protection of Animals. The family moved to Ivanhoe in Melbourne's eastern suburbs shortly after Latham's birth. His father was also a justice of the peace and served on the Heidelberg Town Council in later life. Latham began his education at the George Street State School in Fitzroy. He subsequently won a scholarship to attend Scotch College, Melbourne, and went on to graduate Bachelor of Arts from the University of Melbourne in 1896.

After completing his undergraduate degree, Latham spent two years as a schoolteacher at a private academy in Hamilton, Victoria. He returned to the University of Melbourne to study law in 1899, where he also tutored in philosophy and logic at Ormond College. He was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1904 but struggled for briefs in his first years as a barrister and primarily worked in the Court of Petty Sessions and County Court.

In 1907, Latham played a key role in establishing the Education Act Defence League, a rationalist organisation aimed at upholding the secular provisions of the Education Act 1872. In 1909 he became the inaugural president of the Victorian Rationalist Association (VRA). He campaigned against the University of Melbourne's plans to open a divinity school.

World War I
In 1915, at the request of Thomas Bavin, Latham became secretary of the Victorian branch of the Universal Service League, an organisation supporting conscription for overseas service. In 1917 he joined the Australian Navy as head of Naval Intelligence, with the honorary rank of lieutenant commander. His appointment was prompted by complaints of sabotage in naval dockyards, while he later investigated allegations of Bolshevik activity in the Navy.

Latham accompanied navy minister Joseph Cook to London in 1918, assisting him at Imperial War Cabinet meetings and later in his role on the Commission on Czechoslovak Affairs at the Versailles Peace Conference. He also served as an adviser to Prime Minister Billy Hughes, but was "critical of his excesses and affronted by his manner" and "conceived an antipathy to Hughes that remained throughout his political career". For his services, Latham was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours.

Legal career
Latham had a distinguished career as a barrister. He was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1904, and was made a King's Counsel in 1922. In 1920, Latham appeared before the High Court representing the State of Victoria in the famous Engineers' case, alongside such people as Dr H.V. Evatt and Robert Menzies.

Early career
Latham was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1922 federal election, standing as a self-described "Progressive Liberal" in the seat of Kooyong. He received the endorsement of the newly created Liberal Union, "a coalition of Nationalist Party defectors and people opposed to socialism and Hughes". He additionally received support from the conservative Australian Women's National League, the imperialist Australian Legion, and colleagues in Melbourne's legal profession. He did not fully accept the Liberal Union's platform, although he claimed to "strongly support the attitude of the Union", and issued his own platform consisting of nine principles including a slogan that "Hughes Must Go". At the election, Latham narrowly defeated the incumbent Nationalist MP Robert Best.

The 1922 election resulted in a hung parliament, with Latham siding with the Country Party to force Hughes' resignation as prime minister in favour of S. M. Bruce. While notionally remaining an independent, he soon announced his support for the new government and attended meetings of government parties. His early contributions in parliament concentrated on foreign affairs and the need for greater involvement of Australia and the other Dominions in developing imperial foreign policy.

Latham was re-elected at the 1925 election, standing as an endorsed Nationalist candidate in Kooyong. He subsequently joined Bruce's government as attorney-general. His major concerns in that role were "legislating against domestic communists and aligned interests, and reforming industrial arbitration law". Latham also served as a key advisor to Bruce on foreign affairs, accompanying him to the 1926 Imperial Conference in London. He was pleased with the Balfour Declaration on the constitutional status of Dominions which emerged from the conference, stating that it "embodies the most effective and useful work that any Imperial Conference has yet accomplished".

In 1929, Latham published Australia and the British Commonwealth, a book detailing the evolution of the British Empire into the British Commonwealth of Nations and its implications for Australia.

Leader of the Opposition
After Bruce lost his Parliamentary seat in 1929, Latham was elected as leader of the Nationalist Party, and hence Leader of the Opposition. He opposed the ratification of the Statute of Westminster (1931) and worked very hard to prevent it.

Two years later, Joseph Lyons led defectors from the Labor Party across the floor and merged them with the Nationalists to form the United Australia Party. Although the new party was dominated by former Nationalists, Latham agreed to become Deputy Leader of the Opposition under Lyons. It was believed having a former Labor man at the helm would present an image of national unity in the face of the economic crisis. Additionally, the affable Lyons was seen as much more electorally appealing than the aloof Latham, especially given that the UAP's primary goal was to win over natural Labor constituencies to what was still, at bottom, an upper- and middle-class conservative party. Future ALP leader Arthur Calwell wrote in his autobiography, Be Just and Fear Not, that by standing aside in favour of Lyons, Latham knew he was giving up a chance to become Prime Minister.

Lyons government
The UAP won a huge victory in the 1931 election, and Latham was appointed Attorney-General once again. He also served as Minister for External Affairs and (unofficially) the Deputy Prime Minister. Latham held these positions until 1934, when he retired from the Commonwealth Parliament. He was succeeded as member for Kooyong, Attorney-General and Minister of Industry by Menzies, who would go on to become Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister. Latham became the first former Opposition Leader who was neither a former or future Prime Minister to become a minister and was the only person to hold this distinction until Bill Hayden in 1983.

As external affairs minister, Latham "judged the measured accommodation of Japan to be a priority in Australia’s approach to regional affairs". During the Manchurian Crisis and subsequent Japanese invasion of Manchuria, he and Lyons avoided making public statements on the matter and the government adopted a policy of non-alignment in the conflict. In meetings with Japanese foreign minister Kōki Hirota he unsuccessfully attempted to convince Japan to remain within the League of Nations.

In mid-1934, Latham led the Australian Eastern Mission to East Asia and South-East Asia, Australia's first diplomatic mission to Asia and outside of the British Empire. The mission, which visited seven territories but concentrated on China, Japan and the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia), has been identified as a milestone in the early development of Australian foreign policy. Latham publicly identified the mission as one of "friendship and goodwill", but also compiled a series of secret reports to cabinet on economic and strategic matters. He "actively sought information about trading opportunities across Asia, entering into frequent and detailed discussions with prime ministers, foreign ministers, premiers and governors about Australia‘s trading and commercial interests, custom duties and tariffs". On his return, Latham successfully advocated in cabinet for the appointment of trade commissioners in Asia, where previously Australia had been represented by British officials.

Chief Justice of Australia
Latham was appointed Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia on 11 October 1935. From 1940 to 1941, he took leave from the Court and travelled to Tokyo to serve as Australia's first Minister to Japan. He retired from the High Court in April 1952, after a then-record 16 years in office.

As Chief Justice, Latham corresponded with political figures to an extent later writers have viewed as inappropriate. Latham offered advice on political matters – frequently unsolicited – to several prime ministers and other senior government figures. During World War II, he made a number of suggestions about defence and foreign policy, and provided John Curtin with a list of constitutional amendments he believed should be made to increase the federal government's power. Towards the end of his tenure, Latham's correspondence increasingly revealed his personal views on major political issues that had previously come before the court; namely, opposition to the Chifley government's health policies and support of the Menzies Government's attempt to ban the Communist Party. He advised Earle Page on how the government could amend the constitution to legally ban the Communist Party, and corresponded with his friend Richard Casey on ways to improve the Liberal Party's platform.

According to Fiona Wheeler, there was no direct evidence that Latham's political views interfered with his judicial reasoning, but "the mere appearance of partiality is enough for concern" and could have been difficult to refute if uncovered. She particularly singles out his correspondence with Casey as "an extraordinary display of political partisanship by a serving judge." Although Latham emphasised the need for secrecy to the recipients of his letters, he retained copies of most of them in his personal papers, apparently unconcerned that they could be discovered and analysed after his death. He rationalised his actions as those of a private individual, separate from his official position, and maintained a "Janus-like divide between his public and private persona". In other fora he took pains to demonstrate his independence, rejecting speaking engagements if he believed they could be construed as political statements. Nonetheless, "many instances of Latham's advising [...] would today be regarded as clear affronts to basic standards of judicial independence and propriety".

Latham was one of only eight justices of the High Court to have served in the Parliament of Australia prior to his appointment to the Court; the others were Edmund Barton, Richard O'Connor, Isaac Isaacs, H. B. Higgins, Edward McTiernan, Garfield Barwick, and Lionel Murphy.

Personal life
He was a prominent rationalist and atheist, after abandoning his parents' Methodism at university. It was at this time that he ended his engagement to Elizabeth (Bessie) Moore, the daughter of Methodist Minister Henry Moore. Bessie later married Edwin P. Carter on the 18th May 1911 at the Northcote Methodist Church, High Street, Northcote.

In 1907, Latham married schoolteacher Ella Tobin. They had three children, two of whom predeceased him. His wife, Ella, also predeceased him. Latham died in 1964 in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond.

He was also a prominent campaigner for Australian literature, being part of the editorial board of The Trident, a small liberal journal, which was edited by Walter Murdoch. The board also included poet Bernard O'Dowd.

Latham was president of the Free Library Movement of Victoria from 1937 and served as president of the Library Association of Australia from 1950 to 1953. He was the first non-librarian to hold the position.

Legacy
The Canberra suburb of Latham was named after him in 1971. There is also a lecture theatre named after him at The University of Melbourne.

title: John Latham (judge)


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History of the World (board game)

History of the World (often abbreviated HotW) is a board game designed by Ragnar Brothers and originally published in 1991. It is played by up to six players across various epochs, each player playing a different empire every round to have the greatest score at the end of the game by conquering other players' regions of the board.

History
The first edition of History of the World by Ragnar Brothers was released in 1991 and featured a hand-made cloth map instead of a board. It sold out in a few weeks, according to game designer Steve Kendall. Following this, alternative language editions were released by various publishers. In 1993, a new edition was published by Avalon Hill, who updated the visual design of the game and added a system of event card management. After Avalon Hill was purchased by Hasbro in the early 2000s, History of the World was re-released as a big box game. Ragnar Brothers released a revised version of the game, A Brief History of the World, in 2009. The most recent edition was released in 2018 by Z-Man Games.

Gameplay
The game is played in seven rounds known as epochs (6 epochs in the 2009 edition, and 5 epochs in the 2018 edition), which correspond to different historical periods. At the beginning of every epoch, each player–starting with the player with the lowest score and ending with the player with the highest–draws an Empire Card and assumes the role of that empire for the round. Each empire has advantages and disadvantages based on the order in which it appears in an epoch as well as its starting location on the world map, number of armies, ability to access certain lands by sea, and whether or not it possesses a capital; empires without capitals are known as "Marauders" and gain an additional point when they reduce an opponent's structure.

During each empire's turn, its allocated units are placed on the board beginning from its capital or starting space and proceeding through contiguous areas and controlled seas or oceans. Occupation of empty territory is automatic, while dice-based combat rules are applied if a unit is placed in an area already occupied by another player's forces. If a player wins or ties a battle in a territory containing either a capitol, city, or monument, then the territory is "reduced" by turning it into a city (if it is a capitol) or removing it from the game (if it is a city or monument).

At the end of each player's turn, they are given a score based on how much control they have of regions of the board (known as "Areas") and how many capital, cities, and monuments they possess. The remains of players' empires never move again, but remain on the board for the rest of the game until they are conquered or destroyed by other empires. Players are also given "Greater Events" and "Lesser Events" cards at the beginning of the game, which can be used throughout to gain certain advantages.

Reception
In 1994, the Avalon Hill edition of History of the World won the Origins Award for "Best Pre-20th Century Boardgame of 1993".

In Issue #78 of Casus Belli, Bruno Faidutti briefly reviewed the Avalon Hill edition, criticizing the graphic design for being plain and unappealing. This point was restated by Faidutti in a longer review for Issue #80, though he went on to praise the game for its method of distributing empires in each era and point system, as well as the additional number of pawns in the Avalon Hill edition compared to the Gibson Games edition. In a review of the 2018 edition for ICv2, contributor William Niebling rated the game 5/5 stars and praised its updated graphics and component quality. He concluded that "Thanks to the updates, gameplay is brisk, decisions are meaningful, luck is a factor but not an overwhelming one, and everything feels well balanced." Matt Jarvis, writing for Tabletop Gaming, gave the 2018 edition a very positive review for its trimmed gameplay, component quality and design, and its "subver[sion of] the classic civilisation format," concluding that "Playful without feeling frivolous, History of the World is enormous fun."

The game's concept of scoring based on level of control in a region was cited by designer Jason Matthews as an influence on Twilight Struggle.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: History of the World (board game)


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Marco Delvecchio

Marco Delvecchio (born 7 April 1973) is an Italian retired professional footballer who played as a forward. Although he played for several Italian clubs throughout his career, he spent most of it at Roma, where he is still remembered by the club's fans for his ease in scoring against rivals Lazio in the Derby della Capitale, and for the contributions he made to the club's league title victory in 2001. At international level, he represented Italy on 22 occasions between 1998 and 2004, scoring 4 goals, taking part at UEFA Euro 2000, reaching the final of the tournament, in which he scored, and at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Delvecchio collaborates with a Rome-based private radio station as a football pundit.

Club career
Delvecchio was born in Milan, Italy, where he started his professional career with Inter (1992 and 1994–95). He went on to represent Venezia (1992–93) and Udinese (1993–94) before joining Roma in 1995. His career reached a high when he transferred to Roma, becoming a key player at the club. He notably won the Scudetto with Roma in 2001, followed by the 2001 Supercoppa Italiana, under manager Fabio Capello, alongside forwards Francesco Totti, Gabriel Batistuta and Vincenzo Montella. He also reached the Coppa Italia Final with Roma during the 2002–03 season. He subsequently played one season for Brescia in 2004–05, and was then bought by Parma in 2005. In 2006, Parma released him and he went on to join Ascoli on a free transfer.

On 10 May 2007, Delvecchio and Ascoli mutually agreed to terminate his contract following a combination of a knee injury and Ascoli's relegation to Serie B, the latter following a 1–0 loss to Torino three days earlier. He scored twice in ten appearances for the club.

After one season of inactivity, Delvecchio decided to abandon professional football altogether and accept an offer from Eccellenza Lazio side Pescatori Ostia, where he scored 34 goals throughout the season.

International career
Delvecchio was a member of the Italy under-21 teams that won the UEFA European Under-21 Championship in 1994 and 1996; in total, he scored 6 goals for the under-21 side in 24 appearances between 1992 and 1996. He also represented Italy at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, making three appearances and scoring once.

He made his international for the Italy senior side debut under manager Dino Zoff on 16 December 1998, in a friendly match in Rome against the FIFA World-Stars, commemorating the first century since the founding of the Italian Football Federation. He was subsequently called up by Zoff for the 22-man Italian squad that took part at Euro 2000, making three appearances throughout the tournament. His first international goal came against France in the Euro 2000 final, although Italy later conceded an equaliser in the final minute of stoppage time, and were defeated in extra-time from a golden goal. Delvecchio travelled to Korea with the 23-man Italian 2002 World Cup squad, but did not play during the tournament under manager Giovanni Trapattoni. After the World Cup, he scored a goal in a 2–0 friendly win over Northern Ireland, and on 18 February 2004, he made his final appearance for Italy against the Czech Republic, missing out on Trapattoni's Euro 2004 squad. He was not selected for the country's FIFA World Cup-winning squad in 2006. Delvecchio scored 3 goals in 14 starts for the Italy senior team, scoring 4 goals in 22 total appearances for Italy between 1998 and 2006.

Style of play
Delvecchio was a versatile, powerful, determined, and hard-working forward, who was capable of playing anywhere along the front line, as well as in midfield, as either a winger or as an attacking midfielder, although he was primarily utilised as a central striker or as a supporting forward. Due to his height and strength, his main attributes were his aerial ability, as well as his finishing, and his positioning skills. Despite his large, slender frame, he was also a good passer and dribbler, which enabled him to link-up with other players, create chances, and provide teammates with assists.

Personal life and media
Delvecchio was a contestant on the Italian version of Dancing with the Stars, Ballando con le Stelle 2012, where he placed second alongside professional dancer Sara Di Vaira, with whom he later began a relationship.

International

 * Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Delvecchio goal.

Honours
Roma
 * Serie A: 2000–01
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2001

Italy U21
 * UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1994, 1996

Italy
 * UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2000

Orders
 * [[Image:Cavaliere OMRI BAR.svg|left|50px]] 5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2000

title: Marco Delvecchio


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Hacker (card game)

Hacker is a dedicated deck card game for 3–6 players published by Steve Jackson Games (SJG) in 1992.

History
In early 1990, SJG was developing a game called GURPS Cyberpunk. On March 1 of that year, the company was raided by the United States Secret Service as part of a nationwide investigation of data piracy. The agents took computers, printers, hard drives, at least one pocket calculator, over 300 floppy disks, and an entire BBS server. In the court case that followed, the Secret Services justified their actions by calling GURPS Cyberpunk "a handbook for computer crime".

In 1992, SJG made a card game called Hacker based on the Secret Service's beliefs.

In 1993, SJG released the supplement Hacker II: The Dark Side, which added new rules and new cards to the gameplay.

Gameplay
The original game has 110 cards, 172 die-cut cardboard counters, 53 thin cardstock counters, two network ID cards, and a plastic ziplock bag.

The players use cards to construct a computer network, and then roll dice to try and infiltrate the system. Successful entry gains access to new systems, or the ability to crash the system or upgrade the player's equipment. If too many hackers try to infiltrate the same system, it initiates a system housecleaning. A player can also be raided by the FBI or Secret Service.

The first player to gain access to 12 systems wins the game.

Reception
Allen Varney reviewed the game twice for Dragon:
 * In the September 1992 edition (Issue 185), Varney found the game didn't have enough player interaction. Varney also didn't like the length of the game, which he felt went on too long because "When a Hacker game player pulls ahead of the pack and becomes 'Net Ninja', the others can bring down the Ninja easily, leading to a draggy war of attrition." Varney concluded, "[Steve] Jackson has made a fair hack at the subject... but he should have debugged a few more times before running it."
 * A year later, in the December 1993 edition Varney gave a retrospective thumbs down to the game because of the lack of differentiation between players' roles. "Though individual roles aren’t vital, it helps when a social game gives each player a unique identity — a particular game position, a special power, or just a name. Hacker misses a bet on this count."

Awards
Hacker won the 1992 Origins Award for Best Modern-Day Boardgame.

Hacker II won the 1993 Origins Award for Best Modern-Day Boardgame.

Reviews

 * Challenge #67 (December 1992)
 * Casus Belli #71 (Sep 1992)

title: Hacker (card game)


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Norfolk Constabulary

Norfolk Constabulary is the territorial police force responsible for policing Norfolk in East Anglia, England. The force serves a population of 908,000 in a mostly rural area of 2079 sqmi, including 90 mi of coastline and 16 rivers, including the Broads National Park. Headquartered in Wymondham, Norfolk is responsible for the City of Norwich, along with King's Lynn, Great Yarmouth and Thetford. As of March 2023, the force has a strength of 1,897 police officers, 163 special constables, 1,318 police staff/designated officers, and 103 police support volunteers. The Chief Constable is Paul Sanford, and the Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC) is Sarah Taylor (Labour).

Organisation
Norfolk Constabulary is responsible for policing Norfolk's four major settlements, the City of Norwich, King's Lynn, Great Yarmouth and Thetford, along with the Brecklands, the Broadlands and North Norfolk.

It is also responsible for Norfolk's 90 mi of coastline, along with 16 rivers, including 120 mi of navigable waters in The Broads. It achieves this through Broads Beat, the UK's only inland waterways police, which is partly funded by public sponsorship.

There are 1,457 police constables (PC's) in Norfolk (with the remainder being officers of the rank sergeant and above). This accounts for 159 police constables per 100,000 population. 219 officers are assigned to neighbourhood policing whilst 704 are assigned to incident/response management.

Sandringham Estate
Norfolk Constabulary has a responsibility for policing and security (through its own Royalty Protection Unit) of the Sandringham Estate, one of only two personal/private residences owned directly by The Royal Family.

Eastern Region Special Operations Unit
Created in 2010, ERSOU is funded by the seven police forces that make up the eastern region, with Bedfordshire Police being the lead force. It is primarily responsible for the combined Regional Organised Crime Unit and Counter Terrorism Policing.

Norfolk & Suffolk collaboration
Norfolk Constabulary and Suffolk Constabulary, the force bordering to the south, have collaborated numerous services together since 2010. An extensive programme of collaborative work has already delivered a number of joint units and departments in areas such as Major Investigations, Protective Services, Custody, Transport, HR, Finance and ICT. In 2018, then-chief constable Simon Bailey stated that around £16 million had been saved by pooling resources with Suffolk.

7 Force / Eastern Region collaboration
The 7 Force Collaboration Programme includes Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex and Kent police forces. This strategic collaboration programme was established in 2015 to develop and implement successful collaborative solutions to protect the frontline local delivery of policing. It collaborates on areas including Procurement, Training, Firearms, Driver Management, Digital Assets, Vetting and Forensics, along with ERSOU.

Norfolk Fire & Rescue Service collaboration
2015 and 2016 respectively saw the relocation of the fire and rescue analysts team and senior management team to Norfolk Constabulary's Operations and Communications Centre (OCC) in Wymondham. This was followed in 2019 with emergency operators from Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service being co-located within the Contact & Control Room (CCR) at OCC.

19th and 20th centuries
Wymondham had its own parish police force from November 1833 until 1840. It was formed under the provisions of the Watching and Lighting Act 1833 to combat constant disturbances and depredation within the parish. It had a strength of 3 constables.

Norwich City Police / Great Yarmouth Borough Police / King's Lynn Borough Police were formed in 1836 following the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which required local councils to appoint paid constable to keep the peace. Between 1858 - 1901 Norwich City Police maintained a strength of approx 100 constables.

Norfolk County Constabulary was founded as a county force on the 22nd November 1839 under the County Police Act 1839, and was one of the first county forces to be formed. It formerly begun operating in 1840. Initially, the force had a recommended strength of 1 Chief Constable, 12 superintendents and 120 constables, spread over approximately 12 districts. Wymondham Police was merged with Norfolk County Constabulary upon its inception in 1840.

Thetford also had its own borough police force until 1857 where it was merged with Norfolk County Constabulary. King's Lynn Borough Police was amalgamated with the County Force in 1947 following the Police Act 1946.

In 1910 Great Yarmouth Borough Police had a strength of 68 constables and 6 horses.

In 1965, Norfolk County Constabulary had an establishment of 636 officers and an actual strength of 529. In 1968 it amalgamated with Norwich City Police and Great Yarmouth Borough Police (Police Act 1964) to form the Norfolk Joint Constabulary. In 1974, it returned to the present name Norfolk Constabulary.

21st century
In March 2006, proposals were made by the Home Secretary which would see the force merge with neighbouring forces Cambridgeshire Constabulary and Suffolk Constabulary to form a strategic police force for East Anglia. The Norfolk Police Authority was enthusiastic for the merger, but the neighbouring forces were not. With the announcement in July 2006 by the Home Office that the principle of merger was under review, the Norfolk Constabulary announced their intention to recruit a permanent Chief Constable, a process that they had delayed while merger was likely.

In 2008, the force changed uniforms to black combat style trousers with a polo shirt but reverted to the more traditional white shirt and tie on a trial basis in November 2012. It has since reverted to the polo shirt.

In 2018, Norfolk abolished its use of PCSOs and made all of its remaining PCSOs redundant. It became the first police force in England to do this. The loss of PCSOs had allowed Norfolk Police to recruit 97 new staff, including 81 police officers. A 5.5pc rise in the police precept of council tax led to a further 17 police officers and six staff being hired. 2019 saw the UK Prime Minister announce that 20,000 new police officers would be recruited as part of a national uplift programme. Norfolk had been allocated 224 of those new officers.

2020/2021 saw almost half of all new Police Officer recruits being female. Since the Government uplift programme began, Norfolk had recruited 211 additional officers as of May 2022, bringing the force strength up to 1,888 police officers.

In 2022, Norfolk begun training recruits under the new Police Education Qualifications Framework (PEQF) from its new training centre at Hethersett Old Hall, which sees a partnership of training with Anglia Ruskin University.

Chief constables

 * 1840-n.d.: Colonel Richard Montague Oakes
 * n.d - 1880: Colonel George Black
 * 1880-1909: Sir Paynton Pigott
 * 1909–1915 : Major Egbert Napier
 * 1915–1928 : Captain J.H. Mander (https://norfolk.spydus.co.uk/cgi-bin/spydus.exe/FULL/WPAC/BIBENQ/55706609/30963807,1?FMT=IMG)
 * 1928–1956 : Captain Stephen Hugh Van Neck
 * 1956–1975 : (Frederick) Peter Collison Garland
 * 1975-1980 : Gordon Taylor
 * 1981–1990 : George Charlton
 * 1990–1993 : Peter James Ryan
 * 1993–2002 : Ken Williams
 * 2002–2005 : Andrew Christopher Hayman
 * 2005–2006 : Carole Howlett (acting)
 * 2006–2009 : Ian McPherson
 * 2010–2013 : Philip Gormley
 * 2013–2021 : Simon Bailey
 * 2021–present : Paul Sanford

Officers killed in the line of duty
The Police Roll of Honour Trust and Police Memorial Trust list and commemorate all British police officers killed in the line of duty. Since its establishment in 1984, the Police Memorial Trust has erected 50 memorials nationally to some of those officers.

The following officers of Norfolk Constabulary are just two of those from the force that have been killed in the line of duty:
 * PC Charles William Alger, 1909 (shot)
 * PC Robert Craig Orr McLaren, 1981 (his vehicle crashed during a police pursuit)

Governance and budget
Since 2024, the force has been overseen by Sarah Taylor (Labour) who is the Norfolk Police and Crime Commissioner. Since 2021, the Chief Constable has been Paul Sanford.

Norfolk Constabulary's Budget (real terms) for 2023/2024 is £204million, with £111 million being funded by the government and £93 million from precept (council tax).

title: Norfolk Constabulary


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Siarhei Rutenka

Siarhei Rutenka, also Sergej Rutenka (Сяргей Рутэнка; born 29 September 1981) is a Belarusian former professional handball player. Besides Belarusian citizenship, he also acquired Slovenian citizenship in 2003. In January 2008, he received the Spanish nationality. His preferred position was outside left, but he was also capable of playing as the pivot and playmaker. He came to prominence while playing for the Slovenian club RK Celje and earlier for RK Gorenje. He has also played for FC Barcelona in Spain. The club acquired him for €1 million in 2009.

Rutenka was the top goalscorer at the 2006 European Men's Handball Championship, representing Slovenia. In 2013, he was elected best left-back of the year.

He is the older brother of handball player Dzianis Rutenka.

title: Siarhei Rutenka


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Adelaide Hills

The Adelaide Hills region is located in the southern Mount Lofty Ranges east of the city of Adelaide in the state of South Australia. The largest town in the area, Mount Barker is one of Australia's fastest-growing towns. Before British colonisation of South Australia, the area was inhabited by the Peramangk people.

The Adelaide Hills wine region comprises areas of the Adelaide Hills above 300 m.

History
Before European settlement, the Peramangk people occupied the Adelaide Hills region, including the land from the foothills, north from Mount Barker through Harrogate, Gumeracha, Mount Pleasant and Springton to the Angaston and Gawler districts in the Barossa Valley, and also southwards to Strathalbyn and Myponga on the Fleurieu Peninsula, as well as some sites on the River Murray to the east of the hills.

The Adelaide Hills were among the first areas of South Australia to be settled by European settlers. A number of towns in the Hills were started as German settlements; Hahndorf and Lobethal are two examples. The original town names and architecture still reflect this. Descendants of these first settlers and others of German origin still reside in the area.

Wood was harvested by woodsmen in the hills and carted to the city for building new buildings from the earliest days of the colony of South Australia. The hills were then named "the Tiers", and the timber merchants "tiersmen". The first pub in the East End of Adelaide, built at 233-237 Grenfell Street, was known as the Woodman (later being rebuilt as The Producers Hotel).

This explains the strong German cultural connection seen in the number of Lutheran churches, Lutheran schools which often have German on the curriculum, and the number of older residents who still speak German. Some customs have grown, such as the Lobethal Christmas lights which began in the 1950s.

Culture and attractions
For many Adelaide residents, a drive through the hills is a popular pastime, particularly due to proximity to the city and other suburbs. With Adelaide being a linear city extending 90 km north to south, the hills are within 20 km of the majority of residents.

The Adelaide Hills region is close enough to commute to the city, yet is the gateway to the country, so residents enjoy the best of both worlds – the country community life and the convenience of the city. Desirability of the area has increased, particularly since realignment of the road and construction of the Heysen Tunnels on the South Eastern Freeway improved road access. Rising real estate prices reflect this. The tunnels, completed in 1999 are named after Sir Hans Heysen, an eminent local landscape painter whose home and studio, "The Cedars", has been maintained as a cultural site located near Hahndorf. To this day, Hahndorf itself supports a thriving community of artists and craftspeople, either in the town or nearby countryside.

Wine region
The Adelaide Hills wine region includes all areas of the Hills above 300 m. The elevation leads to cooler nights during the warm summer months, important for increasing the flavour of wines during the ripening season, and higher rainfall.

The Adelaide Hills region is one of the oldest wine region within Australia. The first vines were planted in the Hills at Echunga by John Barton Hack in 1839, three years after South Australia was declared a province, with the first wines produced in 1843.

Attractions
The Mount Lofty area, home to Adelaide's television transmission towers, has a lookout area, restaurant and the fire-spotting tower that used to be run by the Country Fire Service.

Gumeracha is home to the largest rocking horse in the world, standing at 18.3 m (approximately the height of a six-storey building) and open to the public, it serves to advertise an adjacent wooden toy factory and wildlife park.

The National Motor Museum is at Birdwood.

Events
The National Motor Museum is the endpoint of the "Bay to Birdwood" event, in which up to 5,000 motor vehicles are driven by their owners from Glenelg past the city and through the hills to finish at the museum, a distance of 70 km, where a festival is held. There are two Bay to Birdwood events held on alternate years: the Run, held on even-numbered years, for vehicles manufactured up to 31 December 1959, while the Classic, held on odd-numbered years, is for vehicles manufactured between 1 January 1956 and 31 December 1986.

The Tour Down Under is a major annual sporting event, which makes use of some of South Australia's most popular cycling locations, including the Hills.

The area is home to the annual Medieval Fair held at Gumeracha across one weekend every April, and the English Ale Festival, also annually held each May. Highlights of the Medieval Fair include live jousting tournaments held on horseback, blacksmithing and dance demonstrations, needlework and costume creation, and authentic music provided by wandering troubadours. The genesis and popularity of these two colourful festivals, where patrons are encouraged to come in costume, springs from the relatively large numbers of British expatriates who reside in the Hills.

Throughout the year there are folk music sessions and concerts held in various small towns like Mt Pleasant, Mylor and Balhannah - connected with this same cultural community.

Protected areas

The Hills region includes the Cleland National Park, and within it the Cleland Wildlife Park with its free-roaming kangaroos, wallabies and emus. The park also has enclosed areas for dingos, koalas, native birds and snakes, and is a popular destination for school groups as well as interstate and international visitors.

Many native species of fauna can be encountered within the hills region. Among the more common species include the kookaburra, tawny frogmouth, southern brown bandicoot, kangaroo, brown tree frog, and bearded dragon. Several of the less common species include the antechinus (Morialta Conservation Park), heath monitor (Scott Creek Conservation Park) and the very rare inland carpet python (greater Mount Barker region).

Many walking trails, including a portion of the Heysen Trail and bike trails, including the start of the Mawson Trail abound within the Hills. The Heysen Trail itself extends from the tip of the Fleurieau Peninsula, through the Adelaide Hills and on up to the Flinders Ranges, three hours drive north of Adelaide. Birds found in the Hills include parrots such as the Adelaide rosella, rainbow and musk lorikeets as well as large cockatoos like the Major Mitchell, and the yellow-tailed black cockatoo. Smaller resident species include the superb blue wren and eastern spinebill.

Sport and recreation
Sporting and recreational activities are also popular in the hills region, with sports such as Australian rules football, cricket and soccer having very strong participation rates. The Basket Range Oval is home to the Basket Range Cricket Club.

Media
A small independent weekly newspaper, The Courier, is published in Mount Barker and serves many Hills towns. Founded in 1880, the paper has never missed a print run. It has been in the hands of the same family, the Marstons, since 1954, with a circulation of 7,500 as of May 2020, down from 15,000 in its heyday in the 1970s and 1980s.

Climate

It is generally a few degrees cooler in the Hills than in Adelaide city centre and Plains. The days are warm in January and February, but the region generally experiences cool nights. This significant diurnal variation results in cool mean daily temperatures even in summer.

The area receives a light snowfall approximately once every three to four years, occasionally enough to stay on the ground for half a day, and large amounts of hail are more likely to fall here than on the Plains.

title: Adelaide Hills


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Tropical kingbird

The tropical kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) is a large tyrant flycatcher. This bird breeds from southern Arizona and the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in the United States through Central America, South America as far as south as central Argentina and eastern Peru, and on Trinidad and Tobago. Birds from the northernmost and southern breeding areas migrate to warmer parts of the range after breeding.

Taxonomy
The tropical kingbird was formally described in 1819 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot under the binomial name Tyrannus melancholicus. Vieillot based his description on the Suirirí-Guazú that had been described by the Spanish naturalist Félix de Azara in 1805 in his book Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los páxaros del Paragüay y Rio de la Plata. The specific epithet is Latin meaning "melancholic" (that is "bad-tempered").

Three subspecies are recognised:

 * T. m. satrapa (Cabanis & Heine, 1860) – southwest USA to north Colombia, north Venezuela and Trinidad
 * T. m. despotes (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1823) – northeast Brazil
 * T. m. melancholicus Vieillot, 1819 – north South America to central Argentina

Description
An adult tropical kingbird is 22 cm long, weighs 39 g and has a wingspan range of 38–41 cm. The head is pale gray, with a darker eye mask, an orange crown stripe, and a heavy gray bill. The back is grayish-green, and the wing and forked tail are brown. The throat is pale gray, becoming olive on the breast, with the rest of the underparts being yellow. The sexes are similar, but young birds have pale buff edges on the wing coverts.

Breeding
Tropical kingbirds appear to be monogamous. In most parts of the species' range, they are permanent residents and remain together in pairs year-round. The call is a high-pitched twittering trill, tree-e-e-e-e-e-e, with a more complex version sung by the male at dawn.

Their breeding habitat is semi-open areas with trees and shrubs, including gardens and roadsides. Tropical kingbirds like to observe their surroundings from a prominent open perch, usually high in a tree, undertaking long flights to acrobatically catch insects in mid-air (hawking), sometimes hovering to pick food off vegetation (gleaning). The insects preyed upon include beetles, bees, wasps, termites, butterflies, moths, dragonflies and grasshoppers. They also eat some berries and fruit from such diverse species as tamanqueiro (Alchornea glandulosa), common guava (Psidium guajava), the Annonaceae, Cymbopetalum mayanum and gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba); foraging for these even in disturbed habitat. As they keep mainly to the upper levels of trees, they find little profit in following mixed-species feeding flocks in the understory.

Aplomado falcons have been known to prey on adult tropical kingbirds, while eggs and young have been attacked by swallow-tailed kites and chestnut-mandibled toucans. These birds aggressively defend their territory against intruders, even much larger birds such as magnificent frigatebirds, toucans, caracaras or hawks. In a study in Parque Nacional de La Macarena of Colombia, parasitism by microfilariae and trypanosomas (presumably T. everetti) was infrequently recorded in tropical kingbirds.

The male and female inspect potential sites together before selecting a site, typically a fork or crotch high in a tree (up to 20 m high) but sometimes just a few metres above water. The female builds a bulky, sloppy-looking, shallow nest of vines, rootlets, twigs, weeds, and grasses; it is unlined or lined with hair. Nests average about 13.2 cm across and 7.6 cm tall, with interior cup about 7.6 cm across and 4.1 cm deep.

The female incubates the typical clutch of two to four eggs for approximately 16 days, and the nestlings fledge in another 18 or 19 days. The eggs are whitish or pale pink with variable amounts of dark blotching.

Status
The tropical kingbird is one of the most widespread and conspicuous inhabitants of open forest, forest edge, scrub and agricultural land from the southwestern United States south to Argentina (Jahn, Stouffer, & Chesser, 2013). As a result, the bird is considered as being of Least Concern and their population is increasing, according to the IUCN. According to Partners in Flight, global estimates of tropical kingbird breeding population is around 200 million. They rate the species as 4 out of 20 on the continental concern scale, indicating that this species is of low conservation concern.

title: Tropical kingbird


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Hannah Frank

Hannah Frank (23 August 1908 – 18 December 2008) was an artist and sculptor from Glasgow, Scotland. She was known for her art nouveau monochrome drawings until she decided to concentrate on sculpture in 1952.

Background and education
Frank's Jewish parents both originated in Russia. Charles Fraiker, her father, came from Vilkomir in the Russian Pale of Settlement. After studying engineering at Leitz in Frankfurt, he immigrated to Scotland in 1905, and changed his name to Frank. Frank's mother was also born in Russia, as Miriam Lipctz. Having immigrated to Scotland, her family settled first in Edinburgh and then in Glasgow, where her parents ran a shop in Gorbals repairing cameras and optical devices.

The Franks lived in Glasgow's Gorbals district, where there was a strong Jewish immigrant community, first in Abbotsford Road and later in South Portland Street. When Frank was 13, the family moved to 72 Dixon Avenue, in Crosshill.

Frank attended Abbotsford Road Primary School followed by Strathbungo School and then Albert Road Academy. She obtained her Intermediate Certificate in 1924 (with subject passes in English, Maths, Latin, French, Science and Drawing). Her Higher Certificate followed in 1926 (English Literature and History, Latin, French and Art).

Frank was a student at the University of Glasgow in 1926–27, 1928–29 and 1929–30, taking courses in Latin, English, French, Moral Philosophy and Botany, living at home during her periods of study. In the session 1927–28 she attended Skerry's College, studying German, where she was assessed as 'having a rare talent for languages'. Although she had to negotiate several re-sits, she graduated Master of Arts on 8 November 1930. Her formal essays, notebooks and examination scripts can be viewed in the University Archives.

While at the university, she participated in Glasgow University Jewish Society rambles and in its Zionist Branch meetings and studies. She contributed poems and illustrations to the Glasgow University Magazine. Its index for May 1929 reveals "Al Aaraaf" to be her pen name. The name was taken from a poem, by Edgar Allan Poe, about a star named by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe which "....shone as bright as Jupiter and Venus for a few nights and was never seen again."

By 1929, Gilbert Highet, the editor of GUM, had moved to Oxford and had become involved with The University News, in which he unsuccessfully attempted to have published two of Frank's illustrations, Red Flowers and Sorcery. The former was deemed to be of such high quality as to command a price that the University News could not afford. Highet himself bought Sorcery for 25/- and had it framed, remarking in correspondence with Frank, that he thought this drawing 'underpriced'. Somnia and Vana Spes were also enthusiastically received, but not published as the magazine, intended as a commercial venture, ran into publishing problems.

Frank continued to illustrate the GUM after graduating. After university, Frank qualified as a teacher at Jordanhill Teacher Training College. She also undertook part-time study at the Glasgow School of Art (GSA) for several years, taking the General Course in sessions 27/28 and 28/29, and courses in Design (29/30) and Drawing and Painting (31/32 and 32/33). Her teachers in the latter included Dugdale, Keppie, Richmond, Gauld, Whitelaw Hamilton, Anningbell, Forrester Wilson and Gray. She may also have taken Calligraphy. Frank won the GSA evening class prize in 1929 for Sorcery (the drawing that was bought by the former editor of GUM) and the James McBey prize for wood engraving in 1934. She attended further courses at the GSA in 35/36, 37/39 and 43/66.

In 1939, Frank married Lionel Levy. Her works during the years of the World War II were reflective of the mood of the time, as a Jew, and with brothers in the British Army these years were long and dark, and there were many illustrations of grim, gaunt figures, reflecting the plight of the refugees. It was also during this period that Frank began clay modelling at the Glasgow School of Art under Paul Zunterstein and Benno Schotz who encouraged her work, and sculpture became her main passion.

Early life
Although she had works published in the Glasgow University Magazine which brought with it involvement with the wider university community, during her later career, Frank's work was to reach a wide audience including many in Glasgow's Jewish community where she received many appeals to donate art to help with fundraising appeals. This involvement can be characterised by focusing on the years between 1948 and 1969, in which Frank either donated or lent her artwork for charitable and fundraising purposes for Jewish organisations. Throughout her career, Frank assisted in any areas possible to help various organisations raise money, whether this was designing brochures or lending her work to help fundraise. Frank and her husband Lionel Levy were also members of the Glasgow committee of the Friends of the Hebrew University. This connection with the Jewish community would be something that would span out over most of Frank's career and later life. Below are five examples ranging between the years 1948 and 1985 which convey Frank's enthusiastic approach to assisting Jewish organisations.

In 1948, Frank designed a brochure cover for the Glasgow Board for Jewish Education, which was the main centre for Jewish education in Glasgow at the time. This brochure design coincided with the 50th Jubilee of the Talmud Torah (Letter 2/3/7, from Mr L. Friedlander to Mrs L. Levy, 19 September 1948, Hannah Frank & Lionel Levy Collection, Scottish Jewish Archives Centre).

In 1966, Frank donated an art piece to the Rosa Wollstein group which was to be used in an art draw in May of that year. The Rosal Wollstein was a women-run Glasgow branch that belonged to the Women's International Zionist Organisation, whose aim was to raise money for projects such as Israeli orphanages (Letter 2/3/9, from Mrs D. N. Links to Mrs L. Levy, 26 March 1966, Hannah Frank & Lionel Levy Collection, Scottish Jewish Archives Centre).

In 1967, Frank gave a sculpture to the Joint Israel Appeal which was collecting for an Israel emergency fund. The organisation held a Fine Art auction to which Frank donated. Ethel Collins and Louis Ferrar of the appeal wrote to Frank and gave expansive thanks for her donation (Letter 2/3/11, from Ms Ethel Collins & Mr Louis Ferrar, 28 November 1967, Hannah Frank & Lionel Levy Collection, Scottish Jewish Archives Centre).

In 1969, Frank donated a signed print to the Glasgow Women's Zionist Organisation's Jewish Art Group, which was auctioned to presumably raise money (Letter 2/3/28, from Mrs J. Lewis to Mrs L. Levy, 14 December 1969, Hannah Frank & Lionel Levy Collection, Scottish Jewish Archives Centre).

Frank and her husband Lionel were members of the Glasgow group of the Friends of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1985, Frank donated a piece to the group that would be placed into a raffle, the raffle itself raised around £700.

Later life
In the latter half of Frank's life her artistic practice lay in the production of sculpture (with the latest drawings dated 1952) following her enrolment in sculpture classes at the Glasgow School of Art. The small scale plaster, terra cotta and bronze sculptures are mainly figure studies. Many of these sculptures focus on the form of women, a subject she found more interesting to work with, which is evident in her drawings too. Frank's style was influenced by contemporaries such as Henry Moore as well as her teachers at the Glasgow School of Art (Benno Schotz and Paul Zunterstein) but her personal style is undoubtedly distinct with elongated limbs and elegant shaping, with her roots in the Scottish Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movement.

Following an exhibition in 1969 at her brother's premises in Forrest Road, prints began to be made to satisfy the demand and interest in her work. In 1983 a retrospective exhibition took place in Glasgow, which was soon followed by the first edition of Hannah Frank, Drawings and Sculptures in 1988, published by Arthur Frank.

The Scottish Jewish Archives Centre holds a large collection of Frank's diaries and correspondences with various institutions. Her university notebooks and some correspondence is also held at the University of Glasgow's Archives. She also gifted two works on paper and one sculpture to Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery.

From 25 April – 5 June 2004 the Lancaster City Museum and Art Gallery hosted the first show of the successful touring exhibition: Hannah Frank: A Glasgow Artist. This toured for five years in the run up to Frank's 100th birthday, which coincided with the exhibition's final destination, her alma mater, the University of Glasgow. As part of this touring exhibition, Frank had her first solo exhibition in London at Ivy House, Golders Green, home to the London Jewish Cultural Centre. At the end of the London show Frank presented her 1943 drawing Sun to the Ben Uri London Jewish Museum of Art. Although she was not able to be there, due to travelling difficulties at the age of 98, she said that she was 'glad that people in London are becoming as enthusiastic about my work as they are in Scotland'. She was present at the opening of the final exhibition of the tour, at the University of Glasgow Chapel, where she was given a standing ovation by the 150 guests present.

The University of Glasgow recognised Frank's talent and "international distinction" and the day before her death (too late for her to know) a letter had been sent, offering her an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters. Frank's legacy lives on through her art, which proves to be an endless joy for her admirers, with exhibitions in Glasgow in 2011 and 2012, in two locations in Shetland in 2012 and 2013, an exhibition in Dalbeattie in 2013, and an exhibition in Ayr in 2014.

Art
Frank's drawings imply a melancholic interpretation, not least created by the black and white contrast. The influences of artists such as the McDonald sisters, Jessie King, Aubrey Beardsley, Harry Clark and John Duncan can be seen in her work. However, her work maintains her own, distinctive style. Her drawings seem vibrant through the extreme colour contrast and clear but simple lines. Looking at the drawings more carefully, they differ enormously: some are melancholic and mystic, others bright and optimistic and others again calm. Most of her drawings date from between 1925 and 1952. While developing her drawing techniques and skills the shift of the content went on portraying females. According to an interview she gave whilst living in West Acres care home she claimed that women are simply more aesthetic and nicer to draw and, as an artist, she was more interested in capturing this.

Her drawings could be categorised in two sections according to a change in style. The first section would be from 1925 till 1934. By looking at e.g."Isabella or the Pot of Basil" (1928) one discovers an intense focus on details. The black and white contrast and the horizontal and vertical lines create a dynamic atmosphere and dramatise the scene with simple methods. The details, such as the skull in the vase, the basil itself or the ornaments surrounding the drawing are typical for this period of her drawings. Most of her drawings within this period are based on poetic interpretation; some of the poems she wrote and published herself.

Artist Ann Marie Foster said, "What a find! Hannah captures an essence with such economy of line. They are evidence of her drawing skill and technical facility and demonstrate the draftsman/womanship underpinning the black and white line drawings".

The next period is from roughly 1939 until 1952. There is a noticeable shift towards a brighter composition; white is the dominating colour. The figures are mainly women and Frank drew numerous face close-ups. The style is simpler and she drifts away from trying to draw realistic features, a trend typical of the art nouveau movement. Details in her drawings are of natural origin such as flowers, trees, animals and the sun/moon. Examples are "Sun" (1943), "Spring Frieze" (1945) or several of her "Girl at the Window" (1945, 1946, 1952) drawings.

In 1952 she started working on sculptures, originally to improve her anatomy skills for her drawings. However, she never returned to drawing but remained working on sculptures for almost the rest of her life till 1998, aged 90. She became widely recognised as her sculptures were exhibited in the Royal Scottish Academy, the Royal Glasgow Institute and the Royal Academy, in London. One example is "Head" (Bobby Rosenberg, 1952); this was only her second sculpture, her cousin Bobby the model. He recalls that it took her weeks to finish. Although sculptures mark a different artistic branch from drawings even here you can find a simplistic style combined with a striking aliveness. As in her drawings, the vast majority of her sculptures are female figures. Although her sculptures of heads seem detailed, they differ from works forming a whole human body where the figures remain faceless; an indicator of her focus on body anatomy. One of her most well known figures, "Reclining Woman" (1963) won her much attention. Although her first intention was to learn anatomic details, her work shifts again from realistic portrayals to experiments with surreal proportions: examples are another drawing entitled “Reclining Woman” (1964) and “Untitled” (1968).

“ I did sculpture classes because I didn't know anatomy. I thought it would be good for my drawing – then sculpture took over. I was fortunate to have Benno Schotz as a mentor".

While at the Glasgow School of Art, she won the James McBey Prize for wood engraving. Although some wood engravings, family portraits and sketches survive, her main early artistic focus was on her black and white drawings and, later, on her sculpture.

Frank lived in a care home near Glasgow in her later years. She is buried in Cathcart Cemetery, Cathcart, Glasgow.

Archives
The archives relating to Frank are maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS) and the Scottish Jewish Archives Centre and the Archives of the Glasgow School of Art.

title: Hannah Frank


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Gerald Chamales

Gerald "Jerry" Chamales is an American entrepreneur, film producer and philanthropist. Chamales was the founder of Rhinotek Computer Products, a revolutionary printer cartridge manufacturer and retailer. In 2001, he was awarded the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award for business service. Chamales has since forged a successful career in the film industry as a producer of The Irishman, which went on to garner 10 nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards. He also produced the acclaimed animated short If Anything Happens I Love You, which was named Best Animated Short Film at the 93rd Academy Awards.

In addition to his work in the tech industry and in film, Chamales is a noted philanthropist, with decades of experience helping those recovering from alcoholism and substance addiction. He has also been an active proponent of wildlife conservation in Kenya, particularly efforts to protect the black rhino.

Early life
Chamales was born into a Greek family, and spent his early life in a foster home, before moving back in with his single mother. His father was Tom T. Chamales, a World War II veteran and celebrated author who wrote Never So Few in 1957, based on his real life experiences serving in wartime Burma. This was later adapted into a film starring Frank Sinatra and providing Steve McQueen with one of his earliest roles. Chamales began taking drugs and drinking as a teenager, which led to a period of addiction, failed treatment and homelessness. Chamales ultimately decided to turn his life around and turned to sobriety and his innovative idea for a fledgling tech company.

Business career
In 1980, Chamales founded what is now known as Rhinotek Computer Products, a revolutionary printer cartridge company. Chamales founded the company in his Venice, California studio apartment, with only $7000 in his pocket, and paid himself only $200 per month in salary for the first 5 years. He even started the business on a card table, where he made his initial sales. In 1985, he moved the business venture into an office in Santa Monica, California and expanded again 2 years later by hiring 15 new employees. By taking business classes at UCLA and closely studying the industry, Chamales was able to turn the company to a rapidly growing business, and eventually built a manufacturing plant in Carson, California that included major production capabilities and two floors of call centers.

By 1998, Chamales had built what was then known as Omni Computer Products into a major force in the printer business, with 250 employees and $25.5 million in sales. That number would rise to $45 million by 2002. Omni was known for a cutting edge manufacturing approach and significant discount compared to their competitors. Omni's relatively small size and innovative strategy allowed it to undercut a printer cartridge market that had long been dominated by near-monopolies like Hewlett-Packard. When asked about this, Chamales stated that while there is nothing wrong with making a profit, "there is something wrong if you can sell something for $300 that costs you $30 to make and you are trying to drive out someone who's willing to sell it for $100." The company was also a major proponent of cartridge recycling, a precursor to later key conservation efforts by Chamales.

Chamales also became widely acclaimed for his progressive management style and willingness to help his employees, which included loans for personal troubles and a robust mentorship program. His management style has been covered in The Wall Street Journal, who observed that Chamales had "learned to tap into employees' passions and strengths, and get the best out of them." He has spoken openly about the early days of his career when his management style was "dictatorial", and strives to build encouraging, positive environments at his companies with a focus on helping those who need it. To that end, Chamales also created a revolutionary hiring policy, particularly in his call centers, which gave second chances to employees recovering from substance addiction and ultimately proved successful for both the employees and the sales culture at Omni. The approach of Chamales, offering work and career advancement as both a respite and therapy to those in need, has been widely acclaimed and contributed to numerous awards for Chamales and Rhinotek. Chamales sold Rhinotek to a private equity firm in 2006. He has since founded Equity Value Group, a company specializing in investments and philanthropic causes.

Film and television
In 2010, Chamales received his first film credit, serving as a producer for the feature-length documentary film Something's Gonna Live, which traced the history and stories of six early era Hollywood production pioneers. Several years later, Chamales was instrumental in garnering attention for the 2004 nonfiction book I Heard You Paint Houses by Charles Brandt. Chamales discovered the book after his wife, Kathleen, heard Brandt speak at the Sun Valley Writers' Conference. Chamales partnered with Brandt and began championing the book in Los Angeles, first as a documentary and then as a narrative film, on advice of his son Ryan. He ultimately brought the book to entertainment attorney Jake Bloom. Bloom connected Chamales with Robert De Niro, and the project took shape, eventually landing at Netflix.

The book was ultimately adapted by Martin Scorsese and Netflix to become the 2019 epic crime film The Irishman, with Chamales as a producer. The film was released to wide acclaim from both critics and audiences, finishing on numerous lists of 2019's best films. The Irishman received 10 nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Scorsese, and grossed $8 million despite its primary release on the Netflix streaming service.

Chamales then produced the 2020 animated short film If Anything Happens I Love You, a groundbreaking look at gun violence that was released on Netflix, who also submitted it for consideration at the 93rd Academy Awards. The film went on to win Best Animated Short Film, and was widely considered to be one of the best animated dramas of the year. Chamales also worked as a producer on the 2012 Wes Bentley action film Rites of Passage.

Work with alcoholics and addicts
Chamales, who struggled with alcohol and drug abuse himself and had been through a period of homelessness and hospitalization, has been an active and committed proponent for helping others struggling with substance addiction. As part of his acclaimed management approach, he has pushed a hiring policy that gives second chances to those who have and continue to struggle with such addictions, with as much as 30% of his work force being recovering alcoholics and addicts at any given time. Chamales has consistently ensured that his recruitment process canvasses halfway houses, parole programs, homeless shelters, and drug and alcohol treatment programs - a process that has seen higher levels of retention compared to more traditional routes. His companies provide mentorship, motivation seminars, financial programs, extensive training, counseling in case of relapse and short-term loans to all employees. The Victoria Advocate noted that the policy was instrumental in creating a productive and supportive call center, where recovering addicts often found their experiences to be a motivational force in their sales career. In 1998, Omni had over $250000 in outstanding loans to employees, much of which was loaned for legal fees and drug enforcement fines. His extensive and groundbreaking work in this field has been spoken or written about on CNBC, ABC, NBC Nightly News and The O'Reilly Factor, Time, Success, BusinessWeek, Fortune, and The Wall Street Journal.

Rhinoceros conservation
Chamales has been a consistent and vocal activist for conservation throughout his career. He learned of conservation efforts by Cathay Pacific Airways and their first officer Paul McIntosh while aboard one of their planes, and was motivated to use his resources to help. By 1998, Omni was donating $25,000 per year to rhinoceros conservation in Kenya. Three years later, Chamales teamed with the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy in Northern Kenya to help save the nearly extinct black rhino. In solidarity with the cause, Chamales renamed the company Rhinotek Computer Products, and set up a novel program to donate a portion of each sale to Lewa. The success of the Rhinotek program has aided the Conservancy in their mission to fight for the conservation of lions, giraffes, and other threatened Kenyan species.

Other charitable work
Chamales has also been a long-time advocate for the homeless, and served for ten years as a board-member of the Midnight Mission in Los Angeles, a facility that provides food, shelter, and clothing in Southern California. In 2009, he was honored with the Golden Heart Award for his work in this field. Chamales and his wife Kathleen are also supporters of the Clare Foundation, where Kathleen serves on the honorary board of directors, and Friendly House, an organization that provides sober living for recovering women.

Awards
Chamales has twice been recognized for his contributions to the American tech industry by the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award, with a nomination in 1998 and the award itself in 2001. Chamales and Rhinotek were recognized for a 20-year commitment to excellence in manufacturing and extraordinary customer service. In addition, Rhinotek has been named to IndustryWeek magazine's list of the top 25 U.S. manufacturers.

Chamales and Rhinotek also won the 2001 Golden Heart Leadership Award from the Midnight Mission, the 2001 Crime Prevention Program of the Year Award from the California Crime Prevention Officers Association and the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Drum Major for Justice Award.

title: Gerald Chamales


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 * I can see why the show/hide was introduced - the template is massive and I don't like it seeing it all day, it's annoying.--Commander Keane 08:53, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm happy with a show/hide button, since most users can just ignore it. But it should be checked to work in the most popular browsers; it is screwed up in Firefox and apparently others. — brighterorange  (talk) 16:00, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Commander Keane and Brighterorange - keep it, if it can be made to work in all browsers. I could see it serving purposes that the Mini-AFWP doesn't (e.g., if you want to save the space, but also want the complete project descriptions at your fingertips). BD2412  T 16:07, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Superimposed on and visible through another table
A person reported a problem on the Wiki Syntax page, whereby in Firefox this table of active projects appears superimposed over the table of "completed pages" (i.e. text from both tables is visible, one on top of the other). (If you're on a high res, you may need to resize the browser window down 800x600 size in order to see the problem). Does someone with better HTML knowledge than me know of a way that this can be fixed? E.g. make one table appear above the other, and make the contents of the lower table not be visible? -- All the best, Nickj (t) 03:00, 23 November 2005 (UTC)
 * This has been fixed (it was a problem with the other table, not with this list). -- All the best, Nickj (t) 03:04, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Expiry of listed items?
I would like to propose a possible addition to the rules governing projects listed here. The suggestion I have is that we consider allowing items to be removed from the list, if they have been listed for more than say 3 and a half months. So with the current list, this (I think) would mean that "User categorisation" and the items below it would be removed. For the record, I have nothing against those projects, indeed I think they're great; but my concern is that if items get listed indefinitely, it will dilute the central purpose of this list (at least as I see it) - which is to be a timely and current list of short-term projects (that run, need help, and then finish). There are many projects to improve the Wikipedia that run continuously (e.g. Cleanup), but we don't list those here (and nor should we, in my opinion). Of course if these projects run again with an updated batch of data, then they could be relisted at the top of the list (as can all projects). Thoughts / comments / ideas / agreement / disagreement ? -- All the best, Nickj (t) 03:04, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. --Tagishsimon (talk)

How about something more radical? I would really love a list where entries are something like this:

"Wiki Syntax Project (created 3 Dec) ~30% Fix tables. Ten minutes. Neglected articles (ongoing) Articles with few editors. Five minutes. Linkrot (created 9 Sept) ~20% Fix/remove dead links. Five minutes. Most visited articles (ongoing) Make them FA. Two hours."

In other words, an indication of the project's age and progress, and some indication of the size of one "unit" of work. r3m0t talk 22:40, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Remove these?
Can we remove the following: r3m0t talk 22:40, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * User_categorisation - unimportant

Most visited articles is not active
Looking at the history for Most visited articles shows that while people have updated a few of the articls status, the actual list has not been updated at all since the first revision. In that time period wikipedia's traffic has increased by a very large amount (orders of magnitude?). That and the original list is itslef a bit questionable (as someone else has pointed out on the talk page). I think we should get a new update or delist this as an active project. Dalf | Talk 08:15, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Delisted. JesseW, the juggling janitor 09:49, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Projectboxes
It would be nice if someone knowledgable could add this and related boxes to WikiProject Projectboxes/Catalogue. Zocky | picture popups 11:14, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Testing ...

Thank you for your suggestion regarding Wikipedia:WikiProject_Projectboxes/Catalogue! When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make whatever changes you feel are needed. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. You don't even need to log in! (Although there are some reasons why you might like to…) The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills. New contributors are always welcome.

 * ...rather verbose, maybe I should fix "sofixit" ;-) -- Omniplex 06:40, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Layout questions
For a discussion about the edit link see the Tnavbar talk page. For issues like align=right (floating), colour scheme, width, and line breaks see the talk page, it's more or less the same problem for various "sidebar" templates. -- Omniplex 06:40, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Community Portal#Todo
Could we put a link to the To do lists in this template somewhere? They compliment each other very well. --Quiddity 09:34, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Dead-end Pages
The Special:Deadendpages appears to have become inactive with the leaving of User:Bluemoose. I'm not sure what can be done about it but I wanted to note it. --Pigman (talk • contribs) 04:28, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Date Change
Per a discussion at User_talk:Dekimasu made a formating change to the date to 2007May 09 from 2007-05-09 it should meet both concerns well. Jeepday (talk) 02:05, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Copy and paste from User_talk:Dekimasu#Missing something? on 10 may 2007

Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects, one of us is missing something not sure who, probably me. As I read Manual of Style (dates and numbers) and readers' date preferences it tells me that linked dates should display in the readers preference. The default value in preferences is no preference, so when you use the format YYYY-MM-DD it displays in that format for anyone who has not set their preferences which would also include anyone not logged in. Due to cross ocean habits 2007-05-08 could also be read as 2007-08-05, when you include a named month it eliminates the ambiguity, 2007 May 08 is clearly the same as May 08, 2007. I should have not removed the wiki links when I changed the format. I think that would have met both of our concerns, but when I changed the format the links where red, so for some reason I removed the brackets. Unless you have other concerns I will redo them tomorrow. Jeepday (talk) 04:17, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I understand where you're coming from now (though I'm not sure which ocean I'm across!). I doubt there are many IP users around the parts of the encyclopedia that use this template, but it may very well be common to leave out a date preference. I think that using your format makes sense, as long as the dates remain linked for users who do have personalized settings. Thanks for your message. Dekimasu 16:55, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, I put the change in. I am set to no preference so let me know if it looks weird or something.  Jeepday (talk) 02:03, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I took out the zeroes, per my edit summary, but other than that it should be fine. Dekimasu 03:48, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Hi. The instructions for Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects state, with good reason, Note: If adding or relisting an item, please add it to the *top* of the list,. I'd be interested in knowing why in this edit you decided to move geotagging to the bottom of the list. Please let me know. --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * I think I had intended to group together the entries that were category-based (because there isn't really a certain time when the categories are updated), but then I got sidetracked by issues with the dates. I have no problem with the move back to the top, although it still makes sense to me to group the categories together, since their entries on the template will never really be updated. Dekimasu 00:27, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think you are both right. As time passes, things fall off (or an editor takes them off) and new stuff is added, it will migrate to the top of the "Category, Live up" group.  Other new or updated stuff will be above it.  in the mean time it gets top billing for a while. P.S. I am going to copy this whole section to Template talk:Active Wiki Fixup Projects  Jeepday (talk) 12:09, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Redesign
I'm converting this to use helpbox, so that it floats in the same way all the others do. I can convert it to use the old green color if anyone really needs it. Ask (and revert if necessary) if there are any other problems - thanks. -- Quiddity (talk) 20:18, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Check Wikipedia
The local page for this project is no longer active, but the information is still released regularly at http://toolserver.org/~sk/cw/enwiki/index.htm. I'd just update the link in the table but I'm not sure if that's kosher since everything else is a wikilink, not external. Thoughts? VernoWhitney (talk) 18:28, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Commons
Another odd link issue I just noticed: why doesn't "Moving free images to Wikimedia Commons" link to WikiProject Images and Media/Commons? VernoWhitney (talk) 18:31, 1 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Fixed. -- Quiddity (talk) 19:36, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Talk page redirects
All of the items listed on Talk page redirects for fixing have been handled, so I think that the project can be removed from the list now. --Slon02 (talk) 21:59, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 July 2021
--82.28.240.170 (talk) 15:26, 6 July 2021 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Config-mode

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 02:43, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Config-mode
There does not appear to be anything notable about config-mode. Perhaps a general article could be written on configuration modes for electronic equipment, but that would be very general and not likely encyclopaedic. Jcsutton 12:30, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yet another orphaned/lost VfD nomination. Resubmitted by me. jni 14:51, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Cisco Systems IOS cruft. jni 14:51, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as cruft, WP not a tech manual. Wyss 19:18, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and delete the one usefull sentence needs to go to IOS instead of to Config-mode, the rest is in Cisco publications about IOS. (look at the See also on IOS for more details.) Similarly; Global Configuration Mode should have exactly the same handling, Merge it's usefull content and Delete the page.-- Dbroadwell 20:53, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. WP != tech manual. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:20, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to IOS, and add redirect. Megan1967 08:12, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Carrp | Talk 04:21, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
The Castle of Iron

The Castle of Iron is the title of a fantasy novella by American authors L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt, and of the novel into which it was later expanded by the same authors. It was the third story (and afterwards the second volume) in their Harold Shea series. As a 35,000-word novella it was first published in the fantasy magazine Unknown for April, 1941. The revised and expanded novel version was first published in hardcover by Gnome Press in 1950, and in paperback by Pyramid Books in 1962. The book has been reprinted by a number of other publishers since its first appearance. An e-book edition was published by Gollancz's SF Gateway imprint on September 29, 2011 as part of a general release of de Camp's works in electronic form. The novel has been combined with other books in the series in the omnibus editions The Compleat Enchanter (1975), The Complete Compleat Enchanter (1989) and The Mathematics of Magic: The Enchanter Stories of L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt (2007). It has also been translated into Italian.

The Harold Shea stories are parallel world tales in which universes where magic works coexist with our own, and in which those based on the mythologies, legends, and literary fantasies of our world and can be reached by aligning one's mind to them by a system of symbolic logic. In The Castle of Iron, the authors' protagonist Harold Shea visits two such worlds, first (briefly) that of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "Kubla Khan" and second that of Ludovico Ariosto's epic, the Orlando Furioso.

Plot summary
In the wake of the events of "The Mathematics of Magic", Harold Shea and his lady love Belphebe of Faerie have married and settled happily into a mundane earthly existence. But after Belphebe disappears at a picnic, Shea is questioned by the police on suspicion of foul play. The authorities also question his colleagues at the Garaden Institute, Walter Bayard and Vaclav Polacek, and then decide to take in the three of them for further interrogation. At that point the whole group, including police officer Pete Brodsky, are spirited away to another world, that of the Xanadu which is the subject of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "Kubla Khan". After they have all languished there for a time, Shea and Polacek are pulled away from this world as well and into that represented by Ludovico Ariosto's epic, the Orlando Furioso.

The person responsible for their plight turns out to be Reed Chalmers, aspiring magician and former head of the Garaden Institute, who had accompanied Shea to Faerie in his previous adventure. He had been attempting to retrieve Shea alone, but had erroneously pulled in Belphebe first, and then misplaced his three colleagues and the police officer before at last getting things (nearly) right. Aside, that is, from getting Polacek too and leaving Bayard and Brodsky stranded in Xanadu. Moreover, as Ariosto's epic was a source text for Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, Belphebe's mind has become confused, reverting in accord with the setting to that of her Furioso prototype, Belphagor. As a result, she now believes herself a native of the world into which they have been plunged, no longer recognizing Shea as her husband.

Chalmer's goal was to seek Shea's assistance in transforming his own love, the lady Florimel, a human simulacrum magically made of snow, into a real person. It was also to that end that he himself had come to this world, where he is now the guest of the wizard Atlantès de Carena in the latter's marvelous iron castle in northern Spain. The world of the Furioso is based on Carolingian legend, and the Moorish Spain in which the extradimensional travelers find themselves is in the midst of a conflict with the Frankish empire of Charlemagne and his paladins. Somehow they must manage to negotiate their way through the delicate international politics, tiptoe around the treacherous Atlantès, achieve Chalmers' ambitions for Florimel, restore Belphebe's sanity — and survive. Beyond that there are still Bayard and Brodsky to rescue, though those are tasks for later tales.

Reception
Reviewing the 1950 edition, Boucher and McComas faulted the novel for weakness in plotting, but described the series as "a high point in the application of sternest intellectual logic to screwball fantasy". P. Schuyler Miller, despite finding that Castle "hasn't quite the adroitness of incongruity which marked the first book", still reviewed it favorably, saying the authors "learnedly but irreverently wreak the same havoc with Ariosto that they did with Spenser's Faerie Queene and the Norse eddas".

Damon Knight characterized the series as "relaced, ribald adventure . . . priceless," saying that "no fantasy reader should be without them." In 1977, Richard A. Lupoff described the series as "whole planes above the hackneyed gut-spillers and skull-smashers that pass for heroic fantasy."

Science fiction editor and critic David Pringle rated The Castle of Iron as one of the hundred best fantasy novels in 1988.

title: The Castle of Iron


text:
Isra Girgrah

Isra Girgrah (born September 16, 1971) is a Yemeni-born American professional world champion female boxer.

Family and early life
The Girgrah family is of the old gypsy roaming families of Aden who are originally of Ethiopian descent. They trace their roots to the southern Yemeni mountains. Isra, at the age of 3, moved to Canada with her family in 1974 and began boxing there in 1994 to stay in shape. A multi-sport star in high school, volleyball and soccer she proved a natural as a boxer. She took it up again after graduating from college and moving to Atlanta, Georgia, United States.

Career
Girgrah, whose world boxing identification number is MD040035, is an American citizen, although the "MD" in her identification number stands for Middle East. Her nickname is "Raging Beauty". Her record includes holding 4 World Class Belts (IBF Lightweight Champion, UBA Lightweight Champion, IWBF Jr. Lightweight Champion & WIBF Jr. Lightweight Champion).

Her professional boxing debut came on February 14, 1995, in Louisiana, when she lost to future world champion Deirdre Gogarty by a knockout in three rounds. On November 2, she acquired her first victory, a six-round decision win, over Melinda Robinson, another future world champion, in Austin, Texas.

On January 19, 1996, Girgrah recorded her first knockout win, beating Amy Sherald in the first round at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her wins over Robinson and Sherrald were the beginning of a six fight winning streak, which included another victory over Robinson, with a six-round unanimous decision on February 22, 1996 in Corpus Christi, Texas. The streak came to a halt when she faced Andrea DeShong, on October 6 of the same year. She and DeShong fought to a four-round draw (tie) in Washington, D.C. After that, Girgrah knocked out Norma Mosley in the second round fifteen days later, to begin a three fight winning streak that also included wins over Bethany Payne and in a rematch against Tennile Davis.

Girgrah then faced Christy Martin on a pay per view televised match that formed part of an undercard that included the Trinidad-Waters and López-Sánchez bouts. Girgrah lost to Martin on points over eight rounds, but her name's stock rose in defeat, as most boxing magazine writers agreed that she performed well against the defending WBC women's world champion.

On April 11, 1998, she rebounded from defeat in her first world title try, by knocking out Andrea Buchanan in three rounds at Columbia, South Carolina. Next came a rematch with Bethany Payne, whom Girgrah beat by a knockout in seven rounds on November 20, at Stone Mountain, Georgia. After one more victory, she was beaten on October 23, 1999 by Marischa Sjauw by a four-round decision. This fight marked Girgrah's Las Vegas debut. On February 16, 2000, she faced the well known Britt Van Buskirk in Miami, being held to a draw after four rounds.

Girgrah fought Melinda Robinson for the third time on July 12 at Woodlawn, Maryland. Girgrah obtained her third consecutive win against Robinson with a six-round unanimous decision. On September 16, she beat Susan Mullett by a unanimous six-round decision in Atlantic City, New Jersey. After one more win, Girgrah received her second world championship opportunity.

On January 12, 2001, she and Mullet were rematched, with the UBA's vacant world Lightweight championship on the line. Girgrah became the first Middle Eastern woman to be a world champion in boxing history when she knocked out Mullet in the fourth round, in a fight that was, once again, held in Atlantic City. After a fourth win over Robinson, she met Snodene Blackeney on June 1, at Atlantic City, to unify her UBA title with the WIBF world championship. Girgrah added the WIBF's belt with a ten-round unanimous decision over Blackeney.

Girgrah won her next three bouts, but she did not expose the WIBF title in any of those fights, reason why she was stripped of the WIBF championship. She won all three of those non-title bouts, which included a February 28, 2002 ten-round decision victory over Tracy Byrd in Baltimore. After those three wins, however, she was given an opportunity to regain her WIBF championship.

Fighting for the vacant championship that she had vacated herself, Girgrah met Michele Nielsen on August 24, with Girgrah recovering the title by a ten-round decision win, once again, in Atlantic City. She followed this win with a series of non-title bouts, which led to her being stripped again, this time of the UBA and the WIBF belts. But among the fighters she beat were Mexico's Laura Serrano, decisioned over eight rounds on April 18, 2003 in Lemoore, California, and Puerto Rico's Melissa Del Valle, outpointed over eight rounds on September 6 of that same year in Washington D.C.

After the win against Del Valle, Girgrah fought Jo Wyman on December 13, for the IFBA's vacant world Jr. Lightweight title. Contrary to common boxing practice, Girgrah won her second division world championship by going down in weight, when she outpointed Wyman over 10 rounds in Washington. On March 27, 2004, she had her fourth victory against Carla Witherspoon, defeating Witherspoon by a six-round unanimous decision in Washington. The March 27 bout was Girgrah's last fight to date.

Records
Isra Girgrah has a record of 28 wins, 3 losses and 2 draws in 33 bouts as a professional boxer, with 11 wins by knockout. Her record includes holding 4 World Class Belts. IBF Lightweight Champion, UBA Lightweight Champion, IWBF Jr. Lightweight Champion, WIBF Jr. Lightweight Champion

title: Isra Girgrah


text:
Nový Bydžov

Nový Bydžov (Neubidschow) is a town in Hradec Králové District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 7,200 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone and the Vysočany part of Nový Bydžov is protected as a village monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Chudonice, Nová Skřeněř, Skochovice, Stará Skřeněř, Vysočany, Zábědov and Žantov are administrative parts of Nový Bydžov.

Geography
Nový Bydžov is located about 23 km west of Hradec Králové. It lies in a flat agricultural landscape of the East Elbe Table. The highest point is the hill Velký Borek at 267 m above sea level. The town is situated on the Cidlina River.

History
The first written mention of Nový Bydžov is from 1305, when it was a royal town of King Wenceslaus II. In 1325, King John of Bohemia sold it to the Wartemberg family. In 1516 the property passed into the hands of the Pernštejn family, and during their rule the town prospered and gained new privileges. With the permission of the nobility, the Jewish population settled in the town. From 1548, Nový Bydžov was owned by the Waldstein family.

In 1569, Nový Bydžov was exempt by payment from servitude and became the royal dowry town. The development of the town was stopped by the Thirty Years' War.

From 1751 to 1784, it was the royal seat of the newly created Nový Bydžov Region which included the Giant Mountains from Vrchlabí through Jilemnice, Nová Paka, Jičín, Hořice, Nový Bydžov, Chlumec nad Cidlinou and Poděbrady as far as Sadská. In 1784, the seat of the region was transferred to Jičín due to its position, but the name of the region remained the same until 1850. In 1850, it was still the most populated town in the region.

Nový Bydžov was then from 1850 until 1960 the district centre. After districts had been abolished it did not cease to be the natural centre of the region.

Economy
The largest employer with headquarters in the town is Datwyler Sealing Technologies CZ, a manufacturer of rubber products. It employs more than 500 people.

Transport
Nový Bydžov is located on the regional railway line Kolín–Trutnov and on a local railway line heading from Městec Králové to Lomnice nad Popelkou.

Culture
Since the 1840s, the town is known for its annual student celebrations called merenda.

Sights
The historic core has regular medieval floor plan with Masarykovo Square in the centre. In the middle of the square is a Marian plague column from 1716. The town hall from 1862–1865 is one of the most valuable Neo-Gothic town halls in the country. The Art Nouveau building of the former savings bank from 1905–1907 houses today the Town Museum. The museum contains exhibits on prehistory of the region, rural ethnography, the Bydžov Ark (a winged plate altar), paintings by Petr Brandl, and sculptures of the naïve artist Václav Kudera-Křapík.

The most valuable building is the Church of Saint Lawrence from the early 14th century. It is a unique example of a preserved Gothic church unaffected by reconstructions. In the eastern part of the town is the Church of Saint James the Great, built in the late Baroque style in 1768–1775. Other churches include Church of the Holy Trinity, Church of Our Lady of Sorrows, or Church of Saint Margaret the Virgin in Vysočany with the wooden bell tower.

There are two Jewish cemeteries. The Old Cemetery was founded in 1520 and is the third largest in the Czech Republic. The oldest preserved tomb is from 1577. The New Synagogue is also preserved and today serves as a chapel of the Moravian Church.

Notable people

 * Josef Schnitter (1852–1914), Czech-Bulgarian architect
 * Karel Boromejský Mádl (1859–1932), art historian and critic
 * Karel Šviha (1877–1937), politician
 * Zdeněk Jarkovský (1918–1948), ice hockey player

Twin towns – sister cities
Nový Bydžov is twinned with:
 * 🇸🇰 Brezno, Slovakia
 * 🇮🇹 Cascinette d'Ivrea, Italy
 * 🇷🇴 Nădlac, Romania

title: Nový Bydžov