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Rundle Mall

Rundle Mall is a pedestrian street mall located in Adelaide, South Australia. It was opened as a pedestrian mall in September 1976 by closing the section of Rundle Street between King William Street and Pulteney Street, to vehicular traffic. The street continues as Rundle Street (as before) to the east and Hindley Street to the west.

The pedestrian mall has become the centrepiece of Adelaide's city centre, home to some of the most expensive real estate in the state. It competes with the large shopping complexes in the suburbs, (e.g. Westfield Marion, Armada Arndale Shopping Centre, Westfield Tea Tree Plaza, etc.) In 2009, retail space directly on the mall leased for up to $3,700 per square metre per year.

The mall is home to the South Australian flagship stores of many large Australian retailers and many smaller independent and chain stores. The mall also features a number of arcades and plazas containing smaller boutiques and eateries. These include the Italianate-style Adelaide Arcade (also being the first retail establishment in Australia with electric lighting, and allegedly home to six ghosts), Regent Arcade, Gay's Arcade, City Cross, Southern Cross, Adelaide Central Plaza, Myer Centre, Renaissance Arcade, and Rundle Place.

There are usually several buskers performing in the mall, licensed by the Adelaide City Council. The mall's stores are generally open seven days a week.

Rundle Street
Rundle Street, from which the mall takes its name, is named after John Rundle, a member of the British House of Commons and an original director of the South Australia Company. The street was named on 23 May 1837 by the Street Naming Committee.

In 1895, the first electric street lighting was installed at the intersection of Rundle Street (as it was then), King William Street and Hindley Street, at what is now known as "Beehive Corner".

During the late 19th century, Rundle Street had a tramline run through it, part of a large network of trams in Adelaide. Horse-drawn trams travelled from the Southern Cross Hotel, from King William Street into Rundle Street, past the Kent Town Brewery, with various lines travelling through different routes in the eastern suburbs.

Rex Theatre
The first picture theatre in Rundle Street was the Arcadia Picture Palace, established in a prominent position at no. 127 (at a site now just west of the present Twin Street) in converted shoe store on 2 July 1910. However this modest-looking cinema did not last long, closing on 11 February 1911. A new cinema was designed, reopening as the Pavilion Theatre on 22 June 1912, which became known as "the Pav", reflecting the sign over its entrance. Unusually for its time, the cinema ran films continuously from 11am to 11pm, with audience members allowed to sit for as long as they liked for the price of three pence for a seat in the stalls, or six pence for a seat in the dress circle. It also ran a child-minding service, with "special lady attendants" who looked after children in the circle seats while their mothers went shopping. attendance figures at the Pav were very large. In 1929 the Pavilion Theatre was closed and converted into a mini-golf course. However it was again extensively redeveloped as a cinema, reopening as the Rex Theatre on 31 March 1933.

The Edwardian façade was not substantially altered, but a new balcony verandah was added, which had access from the circle on warm nights. During the late 1930s, after a change in ownership, the cinema was remodelled in Art Deco / Moderne style, with an openable roof. by architect John Kirkpatrick. It had a seating capacity of 1,100 in 1940, and was then well known as a second-run cinema, usually showing films first shown at the nearby Regent Theatre. In October 1954 a nearby department store, Cox-Foys, bought the theatre, which was still under lease until 1956 by Hoyts. The theatre closed on 12 February 1959. However it was given a new lease of life by Celebrity Theatres Ltd (who ran the Majestic Theatre), who leased it, installed CinemaScope and VistaVision equipment, and reopened it on 15 May 1959.

From 1960 the Rex started screening foreign films, and then new releases from MGM while their Metro Theatre was showing Ben Hur for 27 weeks. The cinema finally closed on 29 July 1961 and the contents auctioned, before the building was demolished. The Cox-Foys store was extended westwards towards Adelaide Arcade, and continued to operate until 1977. The site was rebuilt to accommodate Kmart in the 2010s, which has office space above it.

Sturt Theatre
Alfred Drake, owner of the Norfolk Arms Hotel, built the Grand Picture Theatre (also known as the Grand Theatre) on the site of the hotel, to the design of architect R. R. G. (Rowland) Assheton, with construction supervised by architect A. J. C. Assheton. It was an elaborate building of five storeys (some of it used as an hotel ), with a ticket box of marble, a wide arch at its front entrance, two sliding roofs for ventilation purposes, and a polished cedar staircase. Its opening night for the Lord Mayor of Adelaide (then Isaac Isaacs ) and other notable people took place on 30 November 1916, while the public opening took place the following day, when The Fool's Revenge was shown. Drake and his son continued to operate the cinema for many years, earning good profits, and well-known organist Horace Weber played at the theatre.

In the early 1930s, with the advent of "talkies", the theatre underwent refurbishment in Art Deco style, its name was changed to Mayfair Theatre. Having been acquired by British Cinemas Ltd, on its opening night, Good Friday (30 March) 1934, the programme was announced as "British Films for British People". The then Lord Mayor, Jonathan Cain, was present at the opening night.

In 1953, it once again underwent renovations, with a new 40 ft wide screen, allowing major films to be shown, and it was renamed to Sturt Theatre, then owned by Greater Union.

The cinema closed in 1976, and underwent conversion into offices, with only the facade remaining of the original building. The building is at 21–23 Rundle Mall.

Regent Theatre
The Regent Theatre, located at 101–107 Rundle Street/Mall, was designed by Cedric Ballantyne of Melbourne, in partnership with Adelaide architects English and Soward, a practice which at that time included Herbert Montefiore Jackman (1897–1968). It was built by J. Reid Tyler, under the personal supervision of cinema filmmaker and entrepreneur F. W. Thring by Hoyts, and opened on 29 June 1928. It was one of the most ornate cinemas and glamorous picture theatres of its time, and originally seated 2,229 people. Its ceiling was highly ornate, featuring hidden recessed lighting, and it had a 14 ft wide staircase opposite the entrance that led up to the balcony foyer. Its stage was fully equipped to accommodate live performances. Its decorations included Moroccan style details, period Louis XV furniture, and Arabesque filigree on the walls, some of which still remains. There were also tapestries, paintings, statues, and murals. It resembled the Regent Theatre in Sydney.

Along with the Wondergraph in Hindley Street, the Regent became the first in Adelaide to feature talkies. In 1967 it was reduced in size to cater for dwindling audiences, with the conversion including the creation of the Regent Arcade. When it reopened in May 1968, it seated just 894 people. The theatre's frontage was rebuilt on Grenfell Street.

Regent Theatre finally closed in 2004 and was incorporated into the arcade. The cinema was featured in a photographic exhibition called Now Showing... Cinema Architecture in South Australia held at the Hawke Centre's Kerry Packer Civic Gallery in April/May 2024.

In April 2022 the upper level of the cinema opened as a Dymocks bookstore, with its ornate ceiling intact.

Pedestrianisation (1976)
In November 1972, the then South Australian Premier, Don Dunstan, issued the closure of the western part of Rundle Street to create Rundle Mall, due to extreme congestion caused by traffic and the increasing number of pedestrians. It opened on 1 September 1976. Other than police and other government vehicles, drivers need permission to drive on the pedestrian strip. The mall is a dry zone as well as a smoke-free zone.

Upgrades
In 1995−96, the mall received its first major upgrade. The upgrade saw most of the mall's fixtures replaced and the erection of permanent market stalls down the centre of the mall. The market stalls were later demolished as part of a 2013 redevelopment. There were also some escalators in the middle of the Rundle mall in the 1990s, but these were later removed.

In 2013, the Adelaide City Council commenced a $27 million upgrade of the mall that was completed in four stages over a 16-month period. New paving, benches, trees, bins, a multi-purpose structure and ground services were installed. The Rundle Mall master plan also included a catenary lighting system to be supported by four 20 m poles at either end of the mall, using brackets on a number of building facades. In June 2015, it was announced that an additional cost of $3 million was required to complete the lighting system and to undertake further storm water works in the mall. The catenary lighting system for the mall was completed in November 2015 after being delayed by several months.

Notable sites
Rundle Lantern, situated on the south-east corner of Pulteney and Rundle Streets, lights up the eastern end of the Mall at night.

Beehive Corner
Of note is the historic Beehive Corner, completed in 1896. It lies at the western end of the Mall, on the corner of King William Street, and was originally owned by John Rundle. Beehive Corner is built in the Neo-gothic style, which is generally reserved for churches.

Fountain
The Rundle Mall Fountain is one of a pair which formerly stood at the entrance to the Jubilee Exhibition Building on North Terrace between 1887 and 1962 (the other is now located in the Creswell Gardens). When Rundle Mall was being established, the cast-iron fountain. painted in Victorian colours, was relocated to the centre of the intersection of the mall and Gawler Place; it was later moved to the entrance to Adelaide Arcade. The fountain bears a foundry plate showing it was manufactured in England by Andrew Handyside and Company.

"Mall's Balls"
There are several items of modern sculpture in the mall. The best-known is the 4 metre tall The Spheres by Bert Flugelman; two large stainless steel spheres with a diameter of 2.15 metre balanced one on top of the other (commonly referred to as the "Mall's Balls", or sometimes Bert's Balls ). This is a common meeting place for visitors to the mall. Erected in 1977, they were commissioned by the then Hindmarsh Building Society (subsequently absorbed into the Adelaide Bank) and donated to the City of Adelaide to mark the building society's 1977 centenary.

Pigs
Other sculpture includes a group of life-size bronze pigs − Horatio, Truffles, Augusta and Oliver - rooting around a rubbish bin. South African-born artist Marguerite Derricourt created the bronze sculptures in a national competition instigated by the City of Adelaide.

Cockroach
In 2013, there was giant cockroach statue added to the mall. This statue was salvaged from a junk yard and cleaned up, before being placed in the mall. Police reported two men for dragging the statue six metres along the mall.

Pigeon
In December 2020, there was a 2 m tall steel pigeon statue placed at the Gawler Place entrance of the mall. The sculpture was commissioned by the City of Adelaide and was completed by South Australian artist Paul Sloan.

Buildings and tenants
The majority of buildings on the Mall contain a small number of retail tenancies. There are also many larger arcades and shopping centres that lead off the Mall or blocks around it. No single company or organisation owns a significant proportion of the Mall's real estate.

Laneways, arcades and plazas
A number of public laneways lead off the mall, such as Gawler Place, James Place, Charles Street, Twin Street, and No Fixed Address Lane. These are home to more retail tenants.

There are a number of arcades and plazas off the mall and its laneways, including:

 * Adelaide Arcade, with Gay's Arcade leading off it
 * Adelaide Central Plaza
 * Charles Street Plaza
 * Citi Centre Arcade
 * City Cross Arcade
 * Da Costa Arcade (off James Place)
 * The Myer Centre
 * Parc Arcade
 * Regent Arcade
 * Renaissance Arcade
 * Rundle Mall Plaza
 * Rundle Place
 * Rundle Square
 * Twin Plaza Arcade (off Twin Street)

Anchor tenants
Major department stores in Rundle Mall are David Jones; Kmart; and Myer. Target is on the opposite side of Pulteney Street.

Other large tenants:

 * Apple Store
 * Coles Supermarkets
 * Dymocks
 * Harvey Norman
 * H&M
 * JB Hi-Fi
 * Lincraft
 * Rebel Sport
 * Uniqlo
 * Woolworths Supermarkets

Former major tenants:

 * Amart Sports
 * Best & Less
 * Borders
 * Cox-Foys
 * Harris Scarfe
 * Hoyts Cinemas
 * John Martin's
 * Radio Rentals
 * Sanity
 * Toys "R" Us
 * Virgin Megastores

title: Rundle Mall


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Werner Langen

Werner Langen (born 27 November 1949) is a German politician who served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1994 until 2019. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

Early beginnings
Between 1990 and 1991, Langen served as State Minister for Agriculture in the cabinet of Minister-President Carl-Ludwig Wagner of Rhineland-Palatinate. From 1992 until 1993, he was a member of the CDU executive board under the party's then-chairman, Chancellor Helmut Kohl.

Member of the European Parliament, 1994-2019
Langen first became a Member of the European Parliament in the 1994 elections. Throughout his time in office, he served on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. In this capacity, he was in charge of steering key financial reforms through the European Parliament, including the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) and the Insurance Mediation Directive (IMD 2) in 2015. In July 2016, Langen was elected to chair the Parliament's Committee of Inquiry into Money Laundering, Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion (PANA) that investigated the Panama Papers revelations and tax avoidance schemes more broadly.

Between 1999 and 2009, Langen was a member of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, where he served as the European People's Party rapporteur for public services whose remit included competition cases.

Between 2006 and 2012, Langen chaired the CDU/CSU delegation to the European Parliament. In this capacity, he once again served as a member of the CDU executive board, this time under the party's then chairwoman, Chancellor Angela Merkel. In 2010, he was a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany.

From 2014 until 2019, Langen was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Biodiversity, Countryside, Hunting and Recreational Fisheries.

Other activities

 * Konrad Adenauer Foundation (KAS), Member
 * European Energy Forum (EEF), Member
 * German European Security Association (GESA), Founding Member
 * Kangaroo Group, Member
 * Ludwig Erhard Foundation, Member
 * Pollichia, Member

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Werner Langen


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Armin Laschet

Armin Laschet (born 18 February 1961) is a German politician who served as Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 27 June 2017 to 26 October 2021. He served as Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 22 January 2021 to 31 January 2022. He was elected to the German Bundestag following the 2021 German federal election.

Laschet earned a law degree and worked as a journalist before and during his early political career. In 1994 he was elected to the German Bundestag and in 1999 he became a Member of the European Parliament. In 2005 he entered state politics in North Rhine-Westphalia as a member of the state government. In 2012 he became leader of the state party, and he was elected Prime Minister of the state in 2017. His Cabinet consisted of members of his own CDU and the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP).

In January 2021, Laschet was elected leader of the CDU, winning 52.8% of delegates votes against Friedrich Merz in the second round of the contest. The result of the election was certified by postal vote of the party conference's delegates with the final result announced on 22 January. It was confirmed on 20 April 2021 that he would be the CDU/CSU candidate for Chancellor of Germany at the 2021 German federal election, after rival Markus Söder conceded.

He was born to an observant Roman Catholic family of German-speaking Walloon origin; his father's parents were both of Belgian origin. He is married to Susanne Malangré, whom he met in a Catholic children's choir when they were children and who is a member of a prominent Aachen political family of French-speaking Walloon origin.

Laschet resigned as Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia on 25 October 2021 in order to resume his membership of the Bundestag.

On 9 February 2024, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from TED University.

Early life and education
Laschet was born in Burtscheid, a suburb of Aachen, about three kilometres from the Belgian and Dutch borders, to parents Heinrich Laschet and Marcella née Frings; he was raised in an observant Roman Catholic family. His father was a mining engineer at a black coal mine and later became an elementary school teacher and headmaster. The Laschet family is originally from Liège Province in Wallonia in modern Belgium where the family's ancestor Jacques (or Jacob) Laschet lived in Hergenrath in the Duchy of Limburg in the 18th century; his paternal grandfather Hubert Laschet (1899–1984) moved from Hergenrath to Aachen in the 1920s; his paternal grandmother Hubertina Wetzels (1900–1979) had been born in Aachen to parents who had just moved there from Welkenraedt in Belgium. Like many others in the tri-border area the Laschets had relatives across the national boundaries, who lived in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Neutral Moresnet. Laschet maintains close personal ties to Belgium where members of the Laschet family still live.

He attended the Pius-Gymnasium in Aachen and studied law at the universities of Bonn and Munich, passing the first state examination in law in 1987. He studied journalism from 1986 to 1988. In Munich he became a member of K.D.St.V. Aenania München, a Catholic student fraternity that is member of the Cartellverband.

Laschet speaks fluent French.

Laschet worked as a journalist and in the publishing industry from 1986 until 1991, among other things as Bonn correspondent for Bayerischer Rundfunk. He later served as editor-in-chief of the Catholic newspaper KirchenZeitung Aachen from 1991 until 1994. From 1995 to 1999, while also serving as a member of parliament, he was CEO of the Catholic publishing company Einhard-Verlag, which had previously been led by his father-in-law Heinrich Malangré.

Family
Laschet is married to his childhood sweetheart Susanne Malangré, whom he met as a child in a Catholic children's choir led by Susanne's father, prominent business executive Heinrich Malangré; they married in 1985. The couple has two sons and a daughter. The family resides in Aachen's Burtscheid district. His wife belongs to a prominent Aachen family of French-speaking Walloon origin and is the niece of CDU politician and lord mayor of Aachen Kurt Malangré; the Malangré family moved from Haine-Saint-Pierre in Belgium to Stolberg to establish a glass production business in the second half of the 19th century. His son Johannes ("Joe") Laschet, who studies law, is a blogger and model, described as a fashion influencer on Instagram.

Member of the German Bundestag, 1994–1998
After serving as staffer to the President of the Bundestag, Laschet became a member of the German Bundestag in the 1994 election. He was elected in the single-member constituency of Aachen I, after the incumbent Hans Stercken retired. He was on the Committee for Economic Cooperation and Development and on the Committee for European Union Affairs. In addition, he was part of the so-called "Pizza-Connection" (a reference to an American drug ring). A number of informal meeting of a group of young Bundestag Members from both the CDU and the Greens. This was later seen as controversial, because it solidified an image of him as a liberal/centrist member of the CDU. He lost re-election in the 1998 SPD landslide to future Health Minister Ulla Schmidt.

Member of the European Parliament, 1999–2005
As Member of the European Parliament, Laschet served on the Committee on Budgets between 1999 and 2001 and on the Committee on Foreign Affairs between 2002 and 2005. In the latter capacity, he served as the Parliament's rapporteur on relations between the EU and the United Nations.

Role in state politics
Under Minister President Jürgen Rüttgers in North Rhine-Westphalia, Laschet served as State Minister for Generations, Family, Women and Integration from 2005 until 2010, and as State Minister for Federal Affairs, Europe and Media from 2010. In 2010, he unsuccessfully ran against Norbert Röttgen for the post of CDU chairman in the state. When Röttgen resigned from that office in 2012, Laschet was elected as his successor. On 4 December 2012, he was elected as one of five deputy chairpersons of the national CDU party, serving alongside Volker Bouffier, Julia Klöckner, Thomas Strobl and Ursula von der Leyen.

Laschet currently serves as state MP in the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia and also chairs the CDU's state chapter (Landesverband). From 2014 until 2016, he was a member of the North Rhine-Westphalia Commission for Constitutional Reform, led by Rainer Bovermann.

In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of the Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the Social Democrats (SPD) following the 2013 federal elections, Laschet was part of the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on energy policy, led by Peter Altmaier and Hannelore Kraft.

In November 2015, Laschet visited the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civil war that erupted in 2011. Between March 2015 and January 2016, he chaired the Robert Bosch Expert Commission to Consider a Realignment of Refugee Policy, an expert group convened by the Robert Bosch Stiftung.

In November 2016, Laschet was elected leading candidate for the North Rhine-Westphalia state elections in May 2017 which he won in what was widely considered an upset victory. He was a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2017.

In December 2016, Laschet presided over the CDU's national convention in Essen.

Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia, 2017–2021
Laschet served as the 11th Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2017 to 2021. Laschet's government was a coalition between the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Free Democratic Party (FDP). As one of his state's representatives at the Bundesrat, he serves as a member of the Federal Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Defence Committee.

Leader of the CDU, 2021–2022
Following Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer's announcement on 10 February 2020 that she would step down as CDU party leader before the end of 2020 and would not stand as a candidate for chancellor in the 2021 federal elections, Laschet announced at a national press conference on 25 February 2020 that he would run for the party presidency, and thus also for the chancellorship. He named Jens Spahn as his vice-presidential candidate, with Friedrich Merz and Norbert Röttgen as his challengers.

Polls subsequently showed that voters rated Laschet's management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany's most populous state poorly.

The election of the new CDU party president, after several postponements due to the coronavirus epidemic, took place only at the two-day party congress in mid-January 2021, which was the first fully digital congress in the party's history. On the second day of the congress, 16 January 2021, Laschet won 38.42% of the votes in the first round and 52.79% in the second round. He thus became the new president of the CDU.

After his defeat at the head of his party in the federal elections, he resigned from the party leadership on 7 October. His place was taken by Merz, who finally succeeded in his third attempt, in the election of the party president on 17 December 2021.

CDU/CSU joint candidate for Chancellor
However, the strong intra-party divisions that were also evident in the vote could have led to a joint CDU/CSU chancellorship candidacy for Markus Söder, the president of the smaller Bavarian sister party, the CSU. Polls conducted immediately before the party congress showed that 55 percent of voters considered Söder a good candidate for chancellor, while 80 percent of CDU/CSU supporters thought he was a good candidate, compared to only 27 percent and 32 percent respectively for Laschet.

Söder opted for a wait-and-see strategy, finally announcing at a press conference in Munich on 19 April 2021 that he would not delay the nomination of his candidate for chancellor as the federal elections approached, and that he and his party, the CSU, would therefore accept the decision of the CDU's "big sister" executive board meeting, which began that day, as binding on both him and his party, the CSU. Subsequently, following a late-night meeting of the CDU leadership in Berlin, it was announced that in a secret ballot, 77.5 percent of those present at the meeting had finally backed Laschet, compared to just 22.5 percent for Söder. Thus, it was a foregone conclusion that Armin Laschet would be in the running to become chancellor of the CDU/CSU coalition in September 2021. Asked why he did not step aside from his own candidacy for chancellor, as polls had shown that he had significantly worse chances than the CSU president, Laschet said he remembered it well, that during the campaign for the 2017 North Rhine-Westphalian state parliamentary elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, when he was given similarly low odds by pollsters against the then incumbent SPD state premier Hannelore Kraft, he still won the election.

Campaign to win the Chancellorship
Subsequently, Laschet tried to "channel" the far greater popularity of his biggest rival within the CDU by recruiting Merz to his campaign team, saying that he "belonged in the team" and that his economic and financial expertise would be crucial in helping them to overcome the huge challenge of the pandemic in a sustainable way.

Already at the party congress in Rhineland-Palatinate in May 2021, Laschet called for the Greens to be the main political opponent in the upcoming election campaign. He set the goal of preventing the formation of a Red–Red–Green (SPD–Left–Greens) coalition.

As his party's candidate to succeed Merkel in the national elections, Laschet was initially seen as having made an uncertain start to his campaign and faced calls to chart a more right-wing course to win back voters disenchanted by the incumbent coalition government. However, the party's win in the Saxony-Anhalt elections was later interpreted as a boost to Laschet.

Laschet presented the joint CDU/CSU election platform with Söder on 21 June 2021. In the programme, they stated that combating the pandemic, climate change and defending prosperity and freedom are global challenges, and that their goal is to create a Germany open to the world, which strives for both modernisation and green policies.

While visiting Erftstadt, a flood-hit town, Laschet was caught laughing on camera and came under fire later despite his apology that 'It was stupid and shouldn't have happened and I regret it'. This was a decisive factor in the fact that all but 7 percent of those surveyed were positive about the provincial premier's management of the flood crisis. Following this incident, CDU/CSU suffered heavily in opinion polls and SPD took the lead. Laschet faced another scandal at the end of the month, when it emerged that he, like his fellow Green Party candidate for chancellor Annalena Baerbock, was facing accusations of plagiarism. ''Die Aufsteigerrepublik. Zuwanderung als Chance'', was written in 2009 and he finally admitted his "mistake", and apologised.

Federal election
In the 2021 German federal election on 26 September, Laschet had to compete for the post of Chancellor against Olaf Scholz, the SPD candidate for Chancellor, and Annalena Baerbock, the candidate for Chancellor of the Alliance 90/The Greens. Unlike his rivals, Laschet did not contest an individual constituency. His home constituency of Aachen I, which he had represented from 1994 to 1998 and was expected to be his constituency, swung to the Greens on election day.

Opinion poll predictions came true, with Scholz and the SPD winning the most votes (25.7%), while Laschet and the CDU/CSU had their worst result ever (24.1%), with Baerbock and the Greens not even half their popularity from the spring, finishing third with a disappointing 14.8%. In the battle for third place, the FDP trailed the Greens by only a small margin (11.5 percent) and were the "kingmakers". Aware of this, and despite the huge ideological differences between them, they started negotiating with each other after the elections to find the least common multiple in order to maximise their political power. Given the relatively small electoral margin between the SPD and the CDU/CSU, it is also possible that the latter could eventually form a government. The Greens would prefer the SPD, while the FDP would be a natural ally for the CDU/CSU. The AfD achieved 10.3 percent, while the Linke 4.9 percent in the federal election. Following the federal election, Laschet claimed personal responsibility for the disastrous result.

Environment and climate change
Laschet has been criticised for hesitancy in efforts to mitigate climate change. As Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia he claimed that the state was a "pioneer" in climate protection. Environmental organisations have rebuked this claim. In his tenure the expansion of wind power "collapsed" in North Rhine-Westphalia while under his leadership the state government enforced a phaseout of three coal-fired power plants not before the maximum date of 2038.

In 2018, shortly after taking over as Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia, Laschet supported the minister of the environment Christina Schulze Föcking's decision to dismantle the state's administrative department for environmental crimes. Public broadcaster WDR reported that prior to its dismantling the department had been investigating accusations over pig farming at the farm of Schulze Föcking's family.

During the 2021 floods in the district of Ahrweiler, he said, "One does not change one's politics because today is such a day."

European integration
On European integration, Laschet seeks to strengthen the European Union on issues such as fighting international terrorism and organized crime, as well as energy policy. He also wants to see the President of the European Commission be elected directly by EU voters.

During the European debt crisis, Laschet called for an "open discussion" toward a broad solution to the debt crisis, of which Eurobonds could be a part. He argued that a Greek exit from the Eurozone could trigger undesirable upheaval in southern Europe: "(An exit) could lead to instability in a NATO member state. Russia is standing ready with billions to help Greece in such a scenario." In October 2011, he signed George Soros' open letter calling for more European Union involvement in the single currency turmoil.

In 2020 alone, Laschet met with French president Emmanuel Macron three times. Alongside Jens Spahn, Laschet was invited by Macron of France to attend the 2020 Bastille Day celebrations in Paris, in a sign of gratitude for their role in helping French citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic in France. In an honour reserved for special guests, Macron invited Laschet into the Élysée Palace's gardens.

Social policy
Laschet was a fierce defender of Chancellor Merkel's migration policies during the European migrant crisis of 2015.

In 2016, Laschet dismissed proposals for a so-called burqa ban as a "phony debate" and distraction from more pressing issues. However, his party later adopted this policy as a core issue.

Ahead of a parliamentary vote in June 2017, Laschet expressed his opposition against Germany's introduction of same-sex marriage, going so far as to say it would be unconstitutional. During the 2021 German federal election Laschet gave a different position in a town hall, where he claimed he would have voted in favour of same-sex marriage.

In 2018, Laschet described the treehouses protesting the destruction of Hambach forest as "illegally occupied areas" and stated that RWE had the right to clear the forest. "The state government is there to ensure that the law that applies is enforced," he said during a talk show on German public broadcaster WDR.

Foreign policy
Laschet considers Germany to be insufficiently prepared for global political challenges. In his view, the country lacks the will to pursue a foreign policy that is independent of other major powers such as Russia or the US. Laschet also hopes for more strategic thinking and action from the EU, saying it "must become fit for global politics."

In 2015, Laschet was criticised for not standing up for German interests when it was revealed that US intelligence agencies are illegally spying on German citizens and businesses. German experts estimate that by the year 2000, American industrial espionage was already causing annual economic losses of at least €10 billion per year due to stolen inventions and development projects – the number having likely only risen since then due to the increase of digitisation. Despite these revelations, Laschet supported Angela Merkel's policy, which in leaked cables was revealed to be to "sit out" the pressure from the German public and Bundestag.

Laschet is considered by some critics as taking a soft stance on the government of President Vladimir Putin. Laschet has voiced support for Nord Stream 2 and for a closer relationship with China and is against excluding Huawei from Germany's 5G network. However, Germany's Federal Office for Information Security has supported Laschet's position, saying that comprehensive investigations into Huawei's hardware and software have produced no evidence of wrongdoing and that an exclusion is unjustified. Barkin further argues that Laschet has also been against "demonizing" Putin for the Russian annexation of Crimea. At the same time, Laschet said that Germany should increase military spending and take on a greater share of military burdens within NATO. He argued that the Bundeswehr should take on more responsibility in Africa, around the Mediterranean and in Mali.

In 2018, Laschet cancelled his appearances at the Ruhrtriennale arts and music festival due to the festival allowing supporters of the BDS movement to perform. In 2021, he pledged support for Israel: "We stand by Israel's side without reservation."

In 2013, Laschet criticised Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle's support for rebels in the civil war in Syria: "It is absurd that the same people we are fighting in Mali are being supported in Syria. It is the terrorist groups al-Nusra and al-Qaida, financed from Qatar and Saudi Arabia, who are introducing Sharia courts and fighting Syria's religious diversity". In 2013, Laschet also criticised Westerwelle's demand to release former President Mohammed Mursi after the coup in Egypt in 2013, as minorities and Christians in particular had suffered under Mursi.

Laschet described the chaotic withdrawal of Western troops from Afghanistan and Fall of Kabul to the Taliban in August 2021 as the "biggest debacle that NATO has suffered since its founding".

In November 2023, Laschet criticized the German federal government for not voting against United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/21. In December 2023, Laschet criticized the invocation of article 99 of the UN Charta due to the 2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis by Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres, as this would apply double standards and has the potential to discredit the UN: "Dieser Artikel wurde nicht gezogen, als 500.000 Menschen in Syrien ums Leben kamen, nicht als Russland die Ukraine angriff oder bei Hunderttausenden zivilen Opfern im Jemenkrieg."

Personal life
Laschet is married to his childhood sweetheart Susanne Malangré, whom he met as a child in a Catholic children's choir led by Susanne's father, prominent business executive Heinrich Malangré; they married in 1985. The couple has two sons and a daughter. The family resides in Aachen's Burtscheid district. His wife belongs to a prominent Aachen family of French-speaking Walloon origin and is the niece of CDU politician and lord mayor of Aachen Kurt Malangré; the Malangré family moved from Haine-Saint-Pierre in Belgium to Stolberg to establish a glass production business in the second half of the 19th century. His son Johannes ("Joe") Laschet, who studies law, is a blogger and model, described as a fashion influencer on Instagram. He is a Roman Catholic.

Corporate boards

 * RAG-Stiftung, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2017), Chair of the Board of Trustees (since 2022)

Non-profit organizations

 * Heinz-Kühn-Stiftung, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2023)
 * Tarabya Cultural Academy, Member of the advisory board (since 2022)
 * Leo Baeck Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2022)
 * Atlantik-Brücke, Member
 * Bonner Akademie für Forschung und Lehre praktischer Politik (BAPP), Member of the Board of Trustees, Joint President of the Board of Trustees
 * Campus Symposium of the Business and Information Technology School, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Central Committee of German Catholics, Member
 * Charlemagne Prize, Member of the board of directors
 * European Academy of Sciences and Arts, Member
 * European Foundation for the Aachen Cathedral, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Policy Fellow
 * Karl Arnold Foundation, Member of the Board
 * Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Member of the Planning Committee
 * Peace of Westphalia Prize, Member of the Jury
 * missio, Member of the Supervisory Board
 * St. Maria zur Wiese, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN), Member of the Presidium
 * Development and Peace Foundation (SEF), Ex-Officio chairman of the board of Trustees (2017–2021)
 * Kunststiftung NRW, chairman of the board of Trustees (2017–2021)
 * North Rhine-Westphalian Foundation for the Environment and Development (SUE), Ex-Officio chairman of the board (2017–2021)
 * Theodor Heuss Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees (−2015)

title: Armin Laschet


text:
Champaign–Urbana Mass Transit District

The Champaign–Urbana Mass Transit District (colloquially known as the MTD) is a mass transit system that operates in the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area in central-eastern Illinois. MTD is headquartered in Urbana and operates its primary hub at the intermodal Illinois Terminal in downtown Champaign. In, the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of.

At the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, which lies within the District, all students pay a $59 transportation fee every semester in exchange for unlimited use of the bus services. Primarily funded by property taxes, MTD currently levies about 28 cents of property taxes per $100 of assessed valuation; bus fares are another primary source of funding. MTD is led by a seven-member Board of Trustees, who are appointed by the Champaign County Board. Buses are produced by the Canadian company New Flyer and the American company Gillig. MTD introduced hybrid buses to its fleet in Fall 2009, and currently the vast majority of its buses are hybrid. Minibuses used for paratransit service, SafeRides service, and (occasionally) fixed route service, are cutaway vans with a Ford E series chassis.

Public transit before the MTD
In 1854, the first rail lines in the region were laid 2 miles west of Urbana by the Illinois Central Railroad. The city of Urbana initially wanted nothing to do with the new railroad economy, so a new city, originally named West Urbana, was created to help serve the needs of the railroad. In 1860 West Urbana was renamed Champaign, and subsequently developed into an important railroad town. The station served as a stopover on the way from New Orleans to Chicago, and vice versa. In 1909 this was expanded to also include service from Chicago to Jacksonville, Florida.

The first trolley service in the area was established in 1863, when the Urbana Railroad Company was created to link Urbana and Champaign. These first trolleys were drawn by horses or mules. By 1890, work had begun on an electrified trolley system under the auspices of William B. McKinley. At its peak, this system had as many as 20 routes, including a nighttime "Owl Service" linking Champaign and Urbana.

Interurban streetcar service was also supplied to the area (and indeed to much of Illinois) by the Illinois Terminal Railroad Company, another brainchild of William McKinley. McKinley's scheme of selling electricity from the interurban system to the surrounding towns led to the founding of the Illinois Power and Light Company.

In 1901, the Illinois Motor Transit Company introduced a city bus system to the region, but they went bankrupt within the year. However, the inability of the trolley system to lay enough track to fully serve the area prompted the 1925 addition of another bus system by National City Bus Lines, a subsidiary of General Motors. In 1936, as was happening in other places across the nation, National City Bus Lines purchased the trolley system from the Illinois Power and Light Company and dismantled it. The last trolley operated on 10 November 1936. Within one month bus lines had become the dominant form of transportation in the city under the new name "Champaign–Urbana City Lines."

Ridership on the Champaign–Urbana City Lines was high, reaching 1 million passengers served in 1958. Like most of America however, buses in Champaign–Urbana became less popular with the advent of affordable automobiles. On November 17, 1970, P.E. Cherry, the manager of Champaign–Urbana City Lines, published an article in the Courier stating that declining ridership, aging buses, and a rising deficit would force the line to close. The Illinois Commerce Commission conducted a hearing on the petition to close the city lines and suggested that rather than close the lines, a referendum should be drafted to create a mass transit district.

History of the modern MTD
On November 24, 1970, a mere week after the lines looked to be closing, the referendum was approved and Thomas Evans was appointed the director of the new mass transit district. The new MTD began operation on August 2, 1971, for a fee of $0.30 per ride with free transfers on buses which allowed one to navigate the area using several different bus lines. On May 13, 1971, a federal grant was procured to help this both fledgling and historic transit district rework its fleet of buses, purchasing fifteen new buses and ten used buses from Peoria, Illinois. In 1973, the MTD expanded its routes to include the university, offering routes around the university and to the graduate housing complex. Fees for University students were at a reduced rate, paying only $0.10 per ride, or purchasing a $20 semester pass for unlimited rides.

In 1984, MTD received national recognition when it was chosen as the 7th best transportation system in America, outranking the systems provided by many larger cities across the country. In 1986 and 1994, it was the recipient of the American Public Transit Association's Outstanding Achievement Award.

In 1993, MTD introduced low-floor buses to its fleet with an order of 15 New Flyer D40LF buses. MTD was one of the first transit agencies in the United States to introduce low-floor buses. In 1994, MTD introduced articulated buses to its fleet, by purchasing 13 second-hand Crown-Ikarus 286 buses from Transit Authority of River City of Louisville, Kentucky. These buses were replaced by newly purchased New Flyer D60LF articulated buses in 2001-2002.

In 1999, Illinois Terminal was created in downtown Champaign which serves as both a transit hub for the MTD and a connection between the MTD, Amtrak and intercity bus lines.

In 2001, MTD purchased its first new articulated buses, with an order of 12 New Flyer D60LF buses (retired in 2023). In 2009, MTD introduced hybrid electric buses with the introduction of five Gillig BRT 30' midibuses (retired in 2021) and four New Flyer DE60LFR articulated buses (retired in 2024).

In fall 2021, MTD introduced hydrogen fuel cell buses to its fleet, with two New Flyer XHE60 articulated buses. This represents the first commercial order for articulated hydrogen buses in the United States. This was followed up by a purchase of ten rigid New Flyer XHE40 hydrogen fuel cell buses in 2023, which are currently being delivered in 2024.

Today the MTD provides over 11 million rides per year. The current one-way bus fare is $1. Transfers are free and may be used to connect with another route at transfer points to complete a one-way trip. An annual bus pass can be purchased for $60. The annual pass allows unlimited rides. An all-day pass, good for either Saturday or Sunday, can be bought for $2. All University of Illinois students, faculty, and staff have unlimited access to all routes and services.

Fatal accidents
Prior to 2004, MTD never had an accident involving a fatality. Since 2004, there have been two fatal accidents involving pedestrians and MTD buses. Both cases involved University of Illinois students on campus:
 * October 27, 2004: Carolyn B. Jeffers, a pedestrian, was struck and killed by a 26 Pack bus at the intersection of S Goodwin Ave and Gregory Dr, Urbana.
 * September 29, 2005: Sarah Channick, a pedestrian, was struck and killed by a 22 Illini bus at the intersection of S 6th St and E Chalmers St, Champaign. The Channick family sued MTD; the lawsuit was eventually settled for $1.25 million.

After Channick's death, the governments of Champaign and Urbana, the University of Illinois, and MTD conducted the Campus Area Transportation Study (commonly referred to as "CATS"), which made specific recommendations to improve bus safety on campus. As of December 2011, two of three proposed phases had been implemented.

Facilities

 * Administration and Operations Offices
 * 1101 E. University Avenue, Urbana, IL. 40.11528°N, -88.19528°W

 * Maintenance Department and Bus Garage
 * 803 E. University Avenue, Urbana, IL. 40.11583°N, -88.19806°W

 * Illinois Terminal
 * 45 E. University Avenue, Champaign, IL. 40.11583°N, -88.24083°W

 * Wright Street Transit Plaza
 * S. Wright Street, between Daniel and John. 40.10861°N, -88.22889°W

 * Downtown Urbana Transfer Point
 * Broadway Avenue just north of Lincoln Square, between Main and Elm. 40.11194°N, -88.2075°W

Bus routes
Bold – Main portion of route

Hopper interval – Including regular service, for example, 30 minute of yellow and 10 minute of YELLOWHopper means the first 10 and 20 buses are YELLOWhopper and then 30 bus is yellow.

Weekday Daytime Routes Weekday Evening Routes Weekday Late Night Routes U of I days only

Saturday Daytime Routes

Sunday Daytime & Late Night Routes
 * 30 Lavender
 * 50 Green
 * 70 Grey
 * 100 Yellow
 * 110 Ruby
 * 120 Teal
 * 130 Silver
 * 180 Lime A
 * 180 Lime B
 * 220 Illini
 * 335 SafeRides (flex service)

Bus fleet
MTD's fixed route fleet consists entirely of buses manufactured by New Flyer Industries. Articulated buses were historically used primarily on routes 12 Teal, 13 Silver and 22 Illini on school days, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic they are now used system-wide to promote social distancing. MTD formerly operated midibuses produced by Gillig and Eldorado National, but they were retired in 2021 and 2017, respectively. MTD also operated Ford E450 and RAM 3500 shuttle buses for SafeRide on campus and ADA services.

Future Fleet

Fixed Route Ridership
The ridership statistics shown here are of fixed route services only and do not include demand response.

title: Champaign–Urbana Mass Transit District


text:
Kurt Joachim Lauk

Kurt Joachim Lauk (born 19 May 1946) is a German businessman and former politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament for Baden-Württemberg from 2004 until 2009.

Early life and career
Lauk has an MA in history and theology from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and received his MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business in 1977. He earned his Ph.D. in political science from the University of Kiel in Germany.

Career
Between 1978 and 1984, Lauk led Boston Consulting Group's German practice. He was deputy chief executive officer and chief financial o(with responsibility for finance, controlling and marketing) of Audi AG between 1989 and 1992. Ten months after the trans-Atlantic merger that created DaimlerChrysler A.G. in 1999, Lauk, then the head of Daimler's truck division, stepped down along with Thomas T. Stallkamp, CEO of Chrysler, and Heiner Tropitzsch, Daimler’s personnel chief.

Lauk is the co-founder and president of Globe CP GmbH, a private investment firm established in 2000.

European Parliament
Lauk is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party. He was a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009, during which time he served on the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee and a deputy member of the Foreign Affairs Committee.

Economic Council
From 2000 until 2015, Lauk served as president of the Economic Council of the Christian Democratic Party, a business-based advisory group closely affiliated with the party yet not officially part of it. In this capacity, he was also an adviser to German Chancellor Angela Merkel.

As head of the Economic Council, Lauk advocated a more forceful discussion of economic issues in Germany and has been highly critical of Merkel’s economic policies. He has been a vocal critic of Merkel's reluctance to introduce bold economic reforms, often arguing that she has been bowing to pressure from the Social Democratic Party over several major issues, including the introduction of a minimum wage and pensions increases. On government proposals to cut the retirement age for veteran workers to 63 and increase pensions for mothers in 2014, Lauk argued that Germany was setting "a bad example" not only for vulnerable southern European nations but also for France.

In 2010, Lauk described German industry as "the infrastructure provider to emerging countries" for the next 10 years, yet warned that promising areas like software, biogenetics and nanotechnologies were lacking. As for Germany's role as world export leader, he argued that the country's current weakness suggested that over the next decade it could probably sink to a middling place in the global top ten.

In a 2015 letter published in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Lauk wrote to German lawmakers urging them to vote against the Merkel government’s proposal for a four-month extension of Greece's bailout, arguing that "a simple extension of the aid program without effective terms would mean that we are knowingly throwing further good money after bad".

Corporate boards

 * Hennessy Capital, Independent Member of the Board of Directors (since 2020)
 * Tachyum, Member of the Board of Advisors (since 2019)
 * Nomura Holdings, Chair of the Advisory Board on Investment Banking in Germany and Austria (since 2018)
 * Magna International, Independent Member of the Board of Directors (since 2014)
 * Société Générale, Chairman of the Advisory Board on Corporate & Investment Banking in Germany (since 2010)
 * Ciber, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2010)
 * Agora Strategy Group, Member of the Supervisory Board
 * Solera Holdings, Member of the Board of Directors (2013–2019)

Non-profit organizations

 * Munich Security Conference (MSC), Member of the Security Innovation Board (since 2021)
 * German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), Member of the Advisory Council
 * International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group

Controversy
In September 2019, Lauk filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, alleging Vista Equity Partners sought to use its control of Solera Holdings' board for its own benefit by urging its directors – including himself – to buy at inflated prices other companies the firm owns. He also argued that he was removed from his position on the board of directors in May 2019 after he demanded an investigation into what he alleged was Vista’s “self-dealing.” In a response, Vista denied all charges and argued instead that Lauk was a “crony” of Solera’s former CEO Tony Aquila who had been fired in May 2019 over allegations of “aggressive and abusive” behavior.

title: Kurt Joachim Lauk


text:
Kurt Lechner

Kurt Lechner (born 26 October 1942, Kaiserslautern) is a German politician and former Member of the European Parliament for Rhineland-Palatinate.

He is a member of the conservative Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party. He resigned his seat in March 2012 due to age. He was replaced by Birgit Collin-Langen.

title: Kurt Lechner


text: Category:Communes of Bas-Rhin

title: Category:Communes of Bas-Rhin


text:
Klaus-Heiner Lehne

Klaus-Heiner Lehne (born 28 October 1957 in Düsseldorf, Germany) is a German lawyer and politician who has been serving as member of the European Court of Auditors (ECA) since 2014. From 2016 until 2022, he was its 11th President

Beforehand, he was a member of the European Parliament for the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) which is part of the European People's Party political group. In his previous national and European parliamentary career, spanning more than twenty years, he served among other things from 2009 to 2014 as political group coordinator and then Chair of the European Parliament’s Committee on Legal Affairs and concurrently as Chair of the Conference of Committee Chairs.

Early career
After his A levels, Lehne studied law, physics and philosophy at the universities of Freiburg, Cologne, Bonn and Düsseldorf from 1978 to 1986. Following the conclusion of his studies, he took up a position as a lawyer in Düsseldorf.

His brother Olaf Lehne is a member of the Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia since 2005.

Career in local politics
Lehne joined the Christian Democrats when he turned 18, in 1975. He became a member of the City Council of Düsseldorf in 1984.

In 2003, Lehne became the chairman of the CDU Kreisverband Düsseldorf. Upon nomination as Member of the European Court of Auditors in March 2014, he was succeeded in this function by Thomas Jarzombek.

Member of the German Parliament, 1992–1994
In 1992, Lehne entered the German Bundestag replacing the deceased Hubert Doppmeier. At the German Bundestag, he was a member of the Transport Committee and the Committee on Legal Affairs. In addition, he took part in the Treuhand Investigative Committee and the SED committee of inquiry.

Member of the European Parliament, 1994–2014
In the European Parliament election in 1994, Lehne was elected to become a member of the European Parliament. Between 2009 and 2014, he held the position of chair of the Committee on Legal Affairs and chair of the Conference of Committee Chairs. He was also vice-chair of the interparliamentary delegation for relations with Russia and member of the delegation for relations with Japan.

At the European Parliament, Lehne served as rapporteur for the following EU legislative procedures in the field of company law:
 * Takeover-directive
 * Merger directive
 * Balance directives
 * Shareholders’ rights directive
 * Statute of the European private company

As a rapporteur for European Contract Law, Lehne supported the preliminary academic work of the so-called Common Frame of Reference, which, as decided by the European Parliament at a resolution in December 2007, would form the basis for an optional instrument. This instrument would give parties involved in cross-border business the option to make use of European contract law instead of national contract law.

Lehne was also rapporteur on the issue of Collective Redress. In his report, he called on cartel victims to be entitled to compensation. However, he argued that this compensation should not follow the example of a claims industry as in the United States.

A complete list of the files for which Lehne was rapporteur is available here for the 7th parliamentary term (2009–2014) and for the 6th parliamentary term (2004–2009).

European Court of Auditors, 2014–present
In early 2014, the German government nominated Lehne as the German member of the European Court of Auditors for six years; following a positive opinion by a majority of the European Parliament the Council appointed him as Member. He served in Chamber III, which is responsible for auditing external EU policies. Lehne dealt, among other things, with the development of renewable energy in East Africa, the ACP Investment Facility, EU support for the fight against torture and the abolition of the death penalty.

On 13 September 2016, Lehne was elected President of the European Court of Auditors, becoming its 11th President. Under the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Auditors, the President shall: (a) call and chair meetings of the Court and be responsible for the proper conduct of the sessions; (b) ensure that the Court's decisions are implemented; (c) ensure that the departments of the Court operate properly and that its various activities are soundly managed; (d) appoint an agent to represent the Court in all litigation in which the Court is involved; (e) represent the Court in its external relations, in particular in its relations with the discharge authority, the other institutions of the Union and the Member States’ audit institutions.

On 12 September 2019, he was re-elected for a second term of three years running until 30 September 2022.

On 23 October 2019 he presented the Court Annual Report for the Year 2018 to the European Parliament's plenary session in Strasbourg.

Recognition

 * Federal Cross of Merit (Federal Republic of Germany)
 * High State Award of the Republic of Poland
 * Honorary chairman of the CDU Düsseldorf
 * Doctor Honoris Causa at the Bucharest University of Economic Studies

title: Klaus-Heiner Lehne


text:
Parnassia

The genus Parnassia, also known as grass of Parnassus or bog-stars, are plants now placed in the family Celastraceae, formerly classified in Parnassiaceae or Saxifragaceae. The plants occur in arctic and alpine habitats, as well as in dune systems and fens, swamps, wet meadows, open seepage areas, moist woods, and across the Northern Hemisphere. It is actually not a grass, but an herbaceous dicot. The stalk of the plant can reach up to 8 in, the leaves up to 4 in and the petals can be up to 1.4 in wide. The flower has five white petals with light green venation. There are five three-pronged sterile stamens, each tipped with drop-like false nectaries, which (along with the visual cue of veins) attract pollinating flies and bees.

Some species are often found in wet calcareous habitats with low fertility, low canopy cover, and high plant diversity. Parnassia glauca is considered to be an indicator species of fens in New York State. Such habitats are often becoming rare, and so species of Parnassia may have high conservation value. For example Parnassia palustris is threatened and legally protected in Michigan while Parnassia caroliniana is considered imperiled in North Carolina.

Parnassus flowers are the symbol of the Clan MacLea, also known as the highland Livingstone clan, and said to be the favorite flower of St. Moluag, the Irish missionary whose staff the clan chiefs hold. Three Grass of Parnassus flowers appear on the Flag of Cumberland, a British county, since that flower grows on Cumberland's lofty fells.

Species include:
 * Parnassia asarifolia
 * Parnassia cabulica
 * Parnassia caroliniana
 * Parnassia californica
 * Parnassia cirrata
 * Parnassia fimbriata
 * Parnassia foliosa
 * Parnassia glauca
 * Parnassia grandifolia
 * Parnassia kotzebuei
 * Parnassia palustris
 * Parnassia parviflora

title: Parnassia


text:
Loamhedge

Loamhedge is a fantasy novel by Brian Jacques, published in 2003. It is the 16th book in the Redwall series.

Plot summary
One day while Abruc the otter and his son Stugg are out foraging for food, they find two badgers; an old one, dead, and a giant one who is barely clinging to life. The otters take the giant back to their colony, where he is revived and reveals himself to be called Lonna Bowstripe. He is told that his attacker was most likely the pirate Raga Bol, whose ship has been lost, and his crew of sea-rats, who are moving inland. Lonna vows to hunt down and kill the entire crew. Armed with his bow and arrows, he sets out to exact his revenge.

Meanwhile, at Redwall Abbey, there is a young hare maid named Martha Braebuck, who is totally incapable of walking, thus restricting her to a wheelchair. She is wheeled around by her very hyperactive brother Hortwill Braebuck (Horty) and his friends, Springald and Fenna. While napping in front of the tapestry of Martin the Warrior, Martin and Sister Amyl appear to Martha in a dream, and she is told that the secret to make her able to walk can be found within the ancient walls of Loamhedge Abbey and that two individuals are coming that can help her.

As it so happens, the two in question are Bragoon and Sarobando, two lifelong friends who ran away from the Abbey as Dibbuns. They survive by tricking small vermin bands and taking their food. This time, it's the gang of the weasel Burrad, whose numbers are at about 13. After Bragoon enters the camp (and Skrodd accidentally kills Burrad) they tell the gang that they must leave Mossflower Woods and never return. Skrodd has other plans, however, and convinces the gang to head to Redwall, where there is a rumour of a magical sword. One night, Skrodd is killed by the rat Dargle, who gets decapitated during Skrodd's death throes. The bodies are discovered by a young fox named Little Redd (Later named Badredd), who convinces the gang he was the one who had killed Dargle. They continue on to Redwall, though no one really takes the fox seriously.

Bragoon and Sarobando arrive at the Abbey during the Summer festival and are told Martha's sad story and where the cure can be found. They decide to set out to Loamhedge, but not before Horty's group asks if they can go too. When Abbot Carrul refuses, the trio create a distraction and escape the Abbey. Though they wind up being captured by Darrats, they are rescued by Bragoon and Saro, who are not too entirely pleased to see them. Since they are already fairly far from the Abbey and could risk recapture, however, they are allowed to join the quest.

Meanwhile, Badredd's group has arrived at Redwall and hold it under siege by slipping in through the east wall gate. Realizing he could do with some more troops, Badredd sends Flinky and Crinktail out to recruit some new vermin. The two stoats unwittingly run into Raga Bol and his crew, who take over management of besieging the Abbey.

Elsewhere, the group of questers scale the tall cliffs leading to Loamhedge and enter a cave to avoid the rain. There they find Lonna and exchange stories. Lonna encounters Martin the Warrior's spirit during the night, telling him the whereabouts of Raga Bol. Lonna sets out, and the gang from Redwall continue up the cliff face and keep walking to the ancient Abbey.

At Redwall, Raga Bol continues to try to break into the Abbey. After an escapade of using a ladder to scale one of the windows, one sea rat manages to enter the Abbey and is about to kill Carrul when Martha suddenly lunges out of her chair and pushes him away, realising she now has the ability to stand and all she needed was will power.

Badredd's group managed to escape the Abbey during the battle, and Bol sends a rat named Blowfly after them. Instead of finding the escapees, Blowfly encounters Lonna, who asks him where the Abbey is and then kills him. When Lonna arrives at Redwall, he manages to kill many sea rats, and due to the efforts of the now mobile Martha, gets inside of the main building and is able to snipe out the crew from there. In a last-ditch attempt to kill the badger, Raga Bol tricks Lonna into coming out to the open where a group of spear throwers wait to slay him. Things go wrong when Lonna seizes Bol and uses him as a living shield against the spears. Then he goes on a rampage and kills every last rat.

In the meantime, the five travellers find a stream but get ambushed by reptiles. Sarobando sneaks out and gets Log-a-log Briggy to help them get out of the ambush. They soon find themselves in another wasteland and get lost. When Horty finds a dormouse named Toobledum and his pet lizard Bubbub, Toobledum shows them the way to Loamhedge. The expedition to find Loamhedge has finally arrived at the dead Abbey, but all the things in Abbess Sylvaticus' grave have rotted away to nothing or turned into dust. Rather than return empty pawed, Bragoon and Saro tell the young ones to wait outside while they write their own cure, essentially saying that one just needs faith in oneself. On the way back, the group encounters the Abyss and are attacked by Kharanjul the Wearet and his army of painted rats. In an attempt to allow Horty, Fenna, and Springald to get to safety, Sarobando and Bragoon hold off the oncoming forces, eventually pushing the bridge over the edge of the abyss. Though they won the battle, the duo is badly injured, and they die shortly after.

Ten seasons after they return to the Abbey, we find that Springald has become Abbey Recorder, Fenna has become Abbess, Horty has joined the Long Patrol at Salamandastron, adding the nom de guerre 'Longblade' to his name, Lonna has become ruler of Salamandastron, and Martha sings and dances on the walls every season in memory of the two who left to try to find her a cure.

Book divisions (English)

 * Book 1: "They're Not as Big as I Thought They'd Be"
 * Book 2: "If Only They Were Back Here at Redwall"
 * Book 3: "We Lived One Summer Too Long"

(These titles are in quotation marks because they are spoken by various characters during the book.)

Translations

 * (French) Rougemuraille : Le Secret de Loumèges
 * (Russian) Меч Мартина

title: Loamhedge


text:
Peter Liese

Peter Liese (born 20 May 1965) is a German physician and politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 1994. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Union, part of the European People's Party.

Education

 * 1991: Second state examination in medicine
 * 1989-1992: Graduated as doctor at the Institute of Humane Genetics of the University of Bonn

Early career

 * until 1994: Ward doctor in Paderborn children's hospital
 * since 1994: Doctor in general practice and internist

Career in state politics

 * Former member of the Land executive of the Young Union, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * 1991-1997: District Chairman of the Junge Union
 * Member of the Land executive of the CDU, North Rhine-Westphalia
 * 1989-1994: Member of Bestwig local council

Member of the European Parliament, 1994–present
Liese sits on the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, where he serves as the European People's Party Group’s coordinator. In this capacity, he was responsible for writing reports on including aviation within the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (2007) and an ETS reform (2021). In 2020, he also joined the Special Committee on Beating Cancer. Between 2000 and 2001, he served on the European Parliament’s Temporary Committee on Human Genetics and Other New Technologies in Modern Medicine.

Liese is a substitute for the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, a member of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America and a substitute for the Delegation to the EU-Mexico Joint Parliamentary Committee. He was part of the Parliament's delegations to the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań, to the 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Warsaw and to the 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Marrakesh.

In addition, Liese serves as member of the European Parliament Intergroup on the Welfare and Conservation of Animals and of the European Parliament Intergroup on Biodiversity, Countryside, Hunting and Recreational Fisheries. Previously, he was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Active Ageing and Intergenerational Solidarity. In 2014, he supported Françoise Grossetête’s proposal to establish a European Parliament Intergroup on Health for Citizens, including stakeholders such as the European Cancer Patients Association and the Organisation for European Cancer Institutes.

Liese has also been chairing the EPP Health Ministers Meeting (alongside Stella Kyriakides), which gathers the center-right EPP ministers ahead of meetings of the Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council (EPSCO). He is a member of the EPP Working Group on Bioethics and Human Dignity.

Role in national politics
From 2012 until 2018, Liese was a member of the CDU leadership under the party’s successive chairwomen Angela Merkel (2012-2018) and Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (2018). In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections, he was part of the CDU delegation in the working group on consumer protection. In similar negotiations following the 2017 federal elections, he was part of the working group on energy, climate protection and the environment, led by Armin Laschet, Georg Nüßlein and Barbara Hendricks.

In the negotiations to form a coalition government of the CDU and Green Party under Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Hendrik Wüst following the 2022 state elections, Liese led his party’s delegation in the working group on the environment, agriculture and consumer protection; his counterparts from the Green Party were Jan-Niclas Gesenhues and Norwich Rüße.

Political positions
Liese is known for his work on a human cells and tissues directive and conservative stance on stem cell research.

In a background paper presented to the EPP in summer 2017, Liese proposed to scrap the Strasbourg seat of the European Parliament and give the French city the European Medicines Agency (EMA) instead.

Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018, Liese publicly endorsed Friedrich Merz to succeed Angela Merkel as the party's chair.

Other activities

 * Central Committee of German Catholics, Member (since 1997)
 * German Industry Initiative for Energy Efficiency (DENEFF), Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board
 * Stiftung Zukunftsfähigkeit, Member of the Advisory Board
 * St. Maria zur Wiese, Member of the Board of Trustees

title: Peter Liese


text:
Talk:University of Lincoln

Student numbers
The student numbers currently quoted in the article look way out. They are approximately twice those quoted on the University's own Facts & Figures page (~20,000 students vs. ~10,000 students). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.44.25.60 (talk) 16:32, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Agricultural
I have reverted the alteration to the description of the extent of the University's agricultural campus from km² back to Hectares. The text of the article makes clear that the campus is an agricultural college and a working farm. Thus, a figure given in Hectares allows meaningful comparison with other agricultural colleges and articles dealing with types of farming. TheVenerableBede 09:03, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

University ratings
(I'm posting this to all articles on UK universities as so far discussion hasn't really taken off on WikiProject Universities.)

There needs to be a broader convention about which university rankings to include in articles. Currently it seems most pages are listing primarily those that show the institution at its best (or worst in a few cases). See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Universities. Timrollpickering 22:54, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Lifts
Is the thing about the lifts having different accents really note worthy? (oh and fyi the lift in the LPAC is a scot)

On a more serious note, do people think the lpac building is note worthy enough to get its own section, with it the university has one of the largest theatres in lincoln and one of the most modern univeristy theatres. Struds (talk) 00:58, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

I don't think the lifts' accents are noteworthy either, Struds. Also, have added a section under Facilities for the LPAC, and will expand Facilities further when I get time. 217.44.25.60 (talk) 16:34, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Lincoln
Was it named after Honest Abe? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.182.212.31 (talk) 21:13, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Seriously? No, Abraham Lincoln's family were descended from the general area of Lincoln, UK. Seemingly they took their name from the place. 194.80.52.106 (talk) 11:30, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The great central warehouse article is a basic regurgitation of the information within this article and can very easily be integrated within the body of this document — Preceding unsigned comment added by Struds (talk • contribs) 12:23, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Alumni
This page does not list noted alumni. Is it that shit?

It's only been going at a steady rate for about 10 years - you're hardly going to have some old profs, and notable people as the alumni in such a new establishment. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.100.247.125 (talk) 14:14, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

I thought I might find alumni of it's previous incarnations here though as University of Humberside.-- 84.92.169.252 (talk) 07:28, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

What about notable current students? Sophie Wells is studying Sports Science at the university and just won gold at the paralympics. 217.42.21.231 (talk) 08:08, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Blatant Self Promotion
Requires a rewrite. Specifically "1400 Productions YouTube channel".

University of Lincoln
A tag has been placed on University of Lincoln, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article seems to be blatant advertising that only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the general criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 11, as well as the guidelines on spam.

If you can indicate why the subject of this article is not blatant advertising, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please add  on the top of University of Lincoln and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would help make it encyclopedic, as well as adding any citations from independent reliable sources to ensure that the article will be verifiable. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Bornstein (talk) 10:52, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

 * As the above editor has only edited 2 articles for one day (at time of writing this) the tag would appear to be an act of vandalism. Like all University articles it has a degree of "promotional" type statements to it and has POV edits. But in my opinion does not meet the criteria for speedy deletion under G11. The Article has been edited by many editors over a long period of time. Promotional material is/has been removed from the article on multiple occasions in the past.

 * The lead section is in need of a copy edit as is too long/inappropriate tone for the section. - BulldozerD11 (talk) 22:56, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Agricultural
I have reverted the alteration to the description of the extent of the University's agricultural campus from km² back to Hectares. The text of the article makes clear that the campus is an agricultural college and a working farm. Thus, a figure given in Hectares allows meaningful comparison with other agricultural colleges and articles dealing with types of farming. TheVenerableBede 09:03, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Date of Foundation
This was altered from 1861 (when the Hull School of Art was founded) to 1992, the date that the ensuing organisation attained University status (as Humberside). Looking at other University pages the foundation date varies, sometimes giving the date of the oldest teaching organisation that became the University, and sometimes giving the date that the organisation officially became a University. My own feeling is that we should include both dates, as this more accurately reflects the history of the organisations that were often teaching students long before they became Universities. ThomasL (talk) 14:03, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

As examples of what I mean. The University of Manchester gives three dates of origin. The date at which the Victoria University of Manchester and UMIST combined (2004), when the current University was created, but also the origins of the two Universities that merged to create it. These latter dates are not the dates at which those Universities gained University status (which would be 1880 and 1918), but the dates of founding of the originating institutions, the "Mechanics Institute" (1824) and "Owens College" (1851). Meanwhile De Montfort University page gives its foundation date as the date pre-existing institutions became the "City of Leicester Polytechnic" (1969), ignoring the earlier dates of "Leicester College of Technology" and the "Leicester College of the Arts". Either method would produce an earlier foundation date for the University of Lincoln. ThomasL (talk) 14:22, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Hebrew?
Why is the name of the college translated into Hebrew? Just wondering, nothing against it if its common to do this, but it doesn't mention a Jewish link in the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.150.79.223 (talk) 20:08, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

 * At a guess it might be to do with the university containing the Lincoln School of Theology and Ministry Studies. 194.80.52.106 (talk) 11:30, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I came to this discussion page to ask exactly the same question. Is there some particular connection? A special place for studying the language? Or maybe just one editor's little obsession..... HiLo48 (talk) 06:35, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I think that it was one user's obsession, as they also changed all of the dates into Roman numerals at a couple of points in the history of the article. Keith D (talk) 12:50, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Unless the university itself uses the Hebrew or Latin translations of its name, I don't see there being any reason for them being in the article so I'm going to remove them. Cordless Larry (talk) 11:55, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The translations were meant to reflect the broader history of Lincoln - the city that the University is based in. Its history is steeped in Roman and Jewish involvement. Although the translation is unofficial, the consensus on the ground (implying NOT the ONLINE community) seems to suggest otherwise. The purpose behind the editions were primarily to reflect the University's heritage. This is further reinforced by the use of MINERVA - note: Roman Goddess - as the official logo. Vivsaks (talk) 22:34, 7 April 2010 (GMT)
 * The university was founded in 1992, longer after the Romans had left. I doubt if anyone, on the ground or online, refers to it by the Latin or Hebrew translation of its name. By your logic, Vivsaks, the name of everything in Lincoln could be translated for Wikipedia, and I don't see such translations in use at Lincoln City F.C.... Cordless Larry (talk) 21:57, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Vivsaks - is there anything written anywhere that would back up what you're saying? It doesn't have to be online. Maybe in the university's own PR material. Without such material, what you're saying may be true, but must be viewed as Original research, not enough for Wikipedia. HiLo48 (talk) 23:32, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

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Cleanup
This article is in a bad state, I expect as a result of COI editing, reading too much like a brochure. I have done some culling but there is much more to do. Aloneinthewild (talk) 22:52, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

United Arab Emirates
From History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates:
 * A Jewish Telegraphic Agency report in 1999 stated that: "A British university has banned Jewish authors from its courses at its campus in the United Arab Emirates. The University of Lincolnshire and Humberside has confirmed that books by Jews, as well as those that mention Jews in their bibliographies, are banned by its affiliate in the Persian Gulf state. In addition, the British Council, a state-run organization designed to promote British cultural achievements abroad, also conceded that it acquiesces in the censorship of works by Jews to accommodate "local political, religious or moral publishing laws."

I hoped this article would have something about a UAE campus. Does it exist? --Error (talk) 10:12, 14 August 2020 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
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title: Talk:University of Lincoln


text:
Instituts d'études politiques

Instituts d'études politiques (Institutes of Political Studies), or IEPs, colloqually referred to as Sciences Po, are ten publicly owned institutions of higher learning in France. They are located in Aix-en-Provence, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Paris, Rennes, Strasbourg and Toulouse, and since 2014 Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Their vocation is the study and research of contemporary political science. All students at the IEPs study a curriculum that is highly practical and broad-based, focusing on the full range of the social sciences across law, economics, finance, and management. These schools are considered as some of the most selective in France, mainly because they are the place where many political and business leaders are trained.

These establishments are more known under the name of Sciences Po. Sciences Po Paris is considered to be the most prestigious of all the IEPs in France, and is the only one allowed to refer to itself with the epithet "Sciences Po" without indicating the name of the city where it is located, under a legal agreement with the other IEPs. Other IEPs can use the term "Sciences Po" to refer to themselves only when followed by the names of the cities where they are located, such as "Sciences Po Lille" or "Sciences Po Grenoble". Other IEPs in France were created after the Paris one, apart from Strasbourg, which was created by the same law but with the status of an internal institute of the Robert Schuman University.

According to article 2 of an 18 December 1989 decree, their mission is:
 * 1) to contribute to the training of higher civil servants as well as executives in the public, para-public and private sectors, notably in the State and decentralized communities
 * 2) to develop the research in political and administrative sciences

The Sciences Po approach and style inspired many universities in France but also abroad. The most famous example the London School of Economics, founded on the model of the Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques.

Grande École System
Sciences Po institutes are a type of Grande École, a French institution of higher education that is separate from, but parallel and connected to the main framework of the French public university system. Similar to the Ivy League in the United States, Oxbridge in the UK, and C9 League in China, Grandes Écoles are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process.,  unlike French ordinary public universities which "have an obligation to accept all candidates in the same academic field".

Alumni go on to occupy elite positions within government, administration, and corporate firms in France. In particular, the Paris IEP ("Sciences Po") has produced at least seven recent French presidents (including the incumbent, Emmanuel Macron), 13 French prime ministers, 12 foreign heads of state or government, and six of the CEO's of France's largest companies.

Although they are more expensive than public universities in France, Grandes Écoles typically have much smaller class sizes and student bodies, and many of their programs are taught in English. International internships, study abroad opportunities, and close ties with government and the corporate world are a hallmark of the Grandes Écoles. Many of the top ranked schools in Europe are members of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles (CGE), as are the Sciences Po institutions. Degrees from Sciences Po are accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and awarded by the Ministry of National Education (France) (Le Ministère de L'éducation Nationale).

List
The ten Instituts d'études politiques are:

 * Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po Paris or simply, Sciences Po)
 * Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence (Sciences Po Aix)
 * Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux (Sciences Po Bordeaux)
 * Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble (Sciences Po Grenoble)
 * Institut d'études politiques de Lille (Sciences Po Lille)
 * Institut d'études politiques de Lyon (Sciences Po Lyon)
 * Institut d'études politiques de Rennes (Sciences Po Rennes)
 * Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Sciences Po Saint-Germain)
 * Institut d'études politiques de Strasbourg (Sciences Po Strasbourg)
 * Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse (Sciences Po Toulouse)

The other Instituts d'études politiques around the world are :
 * Institut d'études politiques de Madagascar

Critérium
Every year an inter-IEP competition is held, hosted by the hometown of one of the IEPs and attended by participants from all 10 IEPs. The first crit, as it is known colloquially, was created in 1987 by the IEPs of Bordeaux and Toulouse who decided to have a friendly rugby match.

This competition takes the form of a 3-day sports event and party, and is held over the last weekend of March, run by the host university's "Sports office". The hosting of an event generally costs about 200,000 euros, funded by the participants, as well as by sponsors and grants. The hosting of the event is rotated between the different IEPs each year.

Hosts

 * 1987: IEP de Bordeaux
 * 1988: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 1989: IEP de Grenoble
 * 1990: IEP de Toulouse
 * 1991: IEP de Lyon
 * 1992: IEP de Paris
 * 1993: IEP de Strasbourg
 * 1994: IEP de Lille
 * 1995: IEP de Rennes
 * 1996: IEP de Bordeaux
 * 1997: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 1998: IEP de Grenoble
 * 1999: IEP de Toulouse
 * 2000: IEP de Lyon
 * 2001: IEP de Strasbourg
 * 2002: IEP de Paris
 * 2003: IEP de Lille
 * 2004: IEP de Bordeaux
 * 2005: IEP de Rennes
 * 2006: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 2007: IEP de Grenoble
 * 2008: IEP de Toulouse
 * 2009: IEP de Lyon
 * 2010: IEP de Strasbourg – Choukrit
 * 2011: IEP de Paris – Monarcrit
 * 2012: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence – Apéricrit
 * 2013: IEP de Bordeaux – Grand Crit classé
 * 2014: IEP de Rennes (canceled)
 * 2015: IEP de Grenoble – Les bronzés font du Crit
 * 2016: IEP de Toulouse
 * 2017: IEP de Lyon – Crit Gone Wild
 * 2018: IEP de Strasbourg – Le Temps de Krithédrales
 * 2019: IEP de Paris – L'Impéracrit
 * 2020: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence – La Goire de mon Crit (canceled)

Traditions
Each of the 10 instituts has a distinctive colour and distinctive symbols and/or mascots:
 * Aix-en-Provence. Colours: Red and gold. Mascot: "Pastaga-man" Symbol: An "X", cicadas
 * Toulouse. Colours: Pink and white. Mascot: A pig or hog.
 * Bordeaux. Colours: Red and black. Symbol: A bottle of red wine.
 * Rennes. Colours: Orange and black. Mascot: A reindeer called "René".
 * Paris. Colours: Yellow and black. Symbol: A lion and a fox.
 * Lille. Colours: Red and white. Mascot: A giant mussel
 * Strasbourg. Colours: Blue and white. Mascot: A stork called "Josy". Nicknamed the "Strohteam".
 * Lyon. Colours: Blue and red. Mascot: a lion called "Lyonix".
 * Grenoble. Colours: Blue and yellow. Mascot: Big Foot ("le Yéti"). Nicknamed "IKEA" due to their colours.
 * Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Colours: Green and black. Symbol: a wolf.

Winners
Paris and Aix-en-Provence are the usual winners of the trophy

 * 1987: IEP de Bordeaux
 * 1988: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 1989: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 1990: —
 * 1991: —
 * 1992: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 1993: IEP de Bordeaux
 * 1994: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 1995: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 1996: IEP de Bordeaux
 * 1997: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 1998: IEP de Paris
 * 1999: IEP de Toulouse
 * 2000: IEP de Paris
 * 2001: IEP de Paris
 * 2002: IEP de Paris
 * 2003: IEP de Paris
 * 2004: IEP de Paris
 * 2005: IEP de Paris
 * 2006: IEP d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 2007: IEP de Grenoble
 * 2008: IEP de Grenoble
 * 2009: IEP de Paris
 * 2010: IEP de Grenoble
 * 2011: IEP de Paris
 * 2012: IEP de Paris
 * 2013: IEP de Paris

title: Instituts d'études politiques