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Don Beyer

Donald Sternoff Beyer Jr. (born June 20, 1950) is an American businessman, diplomat, and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Virginia's 8th congressional district since 2015. A member of the Democratic Party, his district is in the heart of Northern Virginia and includes Alexandria, Falls Church, and Arlington.

Beyer has owned automobile dealerships in Virginia and has a long record of involvement in community and philanthropic work. From 1990 to 1998 he served as the 36th lieutenant governor of Virginia during the gubernatorial administrations of Doug Wilder (1990–1994) and George Allen (1994–1998). His party's nominee for governor of Virginia in 1997, he lost to Republican Jim Gilmore, who was then the Attorney General of Virginia. From 2009 to 2013, he served as United States Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein under President Barack Obama.

In 2014, Beyer announced his candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives seat for Virginia's 8th congressional district held by the retiring Jim Moran. Beyer won the 12-candidate Democratic primary in June with 45% of the vote and defeated Republican Micah Edmond, 63% to 33%, in the general election.

Early life and education
Beyer was born in the Free Territory of Trieste, the son of a U.S. Army officer, Donald Sternoff Beyer Sr., and his wife, Nancy McDonald. His grandmother Clara Mortenson Beyer was a pioneer in labor economics and workers' rights, and worked in the United States Department of Labor under Frances Perkins during the New Deal era. His grandfather Otto S. Beyer Jr. was Chairman of the National Mediation Board. The oldest of six children, he was raised in Washington, D.C., where his grandparents lived.

In 1968, he graduated from Gonzaga College High School, where he was salutatorian of his class; in 1972 he graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Williams College, magna cum laude, in economics. Beyer was a Presidential Scholar in 1968 and a National Merit Scholarship winner. He graduated from a winter Outward Bound course at Dartmouth College in January 1971 and attended Wellesley College that year as part of the "12 College Exchange" program.

In 2022, during his congressional career, Beyer enrolled at George Mason University in pursuit of a master's degree in computer science with a concentration in machine learning, taking one evening course per semester. He told The Washington Post in December 2022 that he was taking required undergraduate courses before he started graduate coursework, which he expected to begin by 2024.

Business career
After college, Beyer began working at the Volvo dealership his father had purchased in 1973. In 1986, he and his brother Michael bought the business from their parents and as the Beyer Automotive Group, the business expanded to nine dealerships, including the Volvo, Land Rover, Kia, Volkswagen, Mazda, and Subaru brands. Beyer sold his share of the dealerships to his brother in 2019. Beyer is a past chairman of the National Volvo Retailer Advisory Board. In 2006, he chaired the American International Automobile Dealers Association.

Beyer served as a member of the board of Demosphere International, Inc., a leading soccer registration software provider. He was also a board member of History Associates, which bills itself as "The Best Company in History." He has served on the Virginia Board of First Union National Bank, the board of Shenandoah Life Insurance Company, and the board of Lightly Expressed, a fiber optic lighting design and manufacturing firm.

Civic activism
During nearly two decades of community activism, Beyer has taken leadership roles on the boards of many business, philanthropic and public policy organizations, the Fairfax County Chamber of Commerce and the American Cancer Society. He has received numerous awards and honors, including the Grand Award for Highway Safety from the National Safety Federation; the James C. Wheat Jr. Award for Service to Virginians with Disabilities; the Earl Williams Leadership in Technology Award; and the Thomas Jefferson Award for 2012 from American Citizens Abroad.

In 2017, he received the Leaders for Democracy Award from the Project on Middle East Democracy. In April 2017, he received the Community Integration Leadership Award for Community and Public Service from the ENDependence Center of Northern Virginia and the Community Engagement Award from Phillips Programs for Children and Families. In 2021, Beyer received the Excellence in Public Service Award from the Population Association of America.

Beyer chaired the board of the Alexandria Community Trust, Alexandria's community foundation, and the board of Jobs for Virginia Graduates, the state's largest high school dropout prevention program. He is a former president of the board of Youth for Tomorrow, Washington Redskins coach Joe Gibbs's residential home for troubled adolescent boys and girls. He also served on the board of the DC Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. He currently serves on the board of directors of Jobs for America's Graduates.

In 2022, readers and editors of Arlington Magazine named Beyer "Best Elected Official" as part of the magazine's annual roundup of favorite restaurants, shops, doctors, summer camps, live bands and more in Arlington County, Virginia.

Political career
Beyer was the northern Virginia coordinator of the Gerald L. Baliles campaign for governor in 1985. In 1986, Governor Baliles appointed Beyer to the Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB), which is responsible for overseeing the Virginia Department of Transportation and allocating highway funding to specific projects. It consists of 17 members, including the Secretary of Transportation, Commonwealth Transportation Commissioner, Director of the Department of Rail and Public Transportation, and 14 citizen members who are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Virginia General Assembly.

Beyer was elected lieutenant governor of Virginia in 1989, defeating Republican state senator Edwina P. Dalton. He was reelected in 1993, defeating Republican Michael Farris 54%-46%, as Republicans George Allen and Jim Gilmore were elected on the same ballot as governor and attorney general, respectively.

Farris's close connection to conservative leaders such as Jerry Falwell of the Moral Majority, Pat Robertson of the Christian Coalition and Phyllis Schlafly of the Eagle Forum, as well as his adherence to the Quiverfull movement, stirred deep-seated feelings and led some prominent Virginia Republicans such as U.S. Senator John Warner to support Beyer rather than Farris.

During his tenure as lieutenant governor, Beyer served as president of the Virginia Senate. He chaired the Virginia Economic Recovery Commission, the Virginia Commission on Sexual Assault, the Virginia Commission on Disabilities, the Poverty Commission and was co-founder of the Northern Virginia Technology Council, an outgrowth of the Chamber of Commerce. He was active in promoting high-tech industries and led the fight to eliminate disincentives in the Virginia Tax Code to high-tech research and development.

He is also credited with writing the original welfare reform legislation in Virginia.

Beyer was the Democratic nominee for governor in 1997, losing to Republican Jim Gilmore. He served as Finance Chairman for Mark Warner's Political Action Committee, "Forward Together", and as the National Treasurer for the 2004 presidential campaign of former Vermont Governor Howard Dean. After Dean withdrew from the race, he served as chairman of the John Kerry campaign in Virginia.

In 2007–08, Beyer endorsed and campaigned extensively for presidential candidate Barack Obama. He chaired the Mid Atlantic Finance Council of Obama for America campaign and served on the campaign's National Finance Council.

The Democratic National Committee appointed Beyer to serve at the 2008 DNC Convention on the Credentials Committee.

Following the 2008 election, President-elect Obama asked Beyer to head up the transition team at the Department of Commerce.

Obama nominated Beyer for United States Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein on June 12, 2009. In December 2010, Beyer attracted public attention when it was reported that he had warned the Swiss government against offering asylum to WikiLeaks publisher Julian Assange. In March 2013, Beyer received the Thomas Jefferson Award from American Citizens Abroad. The award is presented annually by ACA to recognize State Department members who have rendered outstanding service to Americans overseas. Beyer was recognized for organizing a series of town hall meetings where American citizens overseas could voice concerns and opinions to officials of the State Department. He resigned as ambassador in May 2013.

During the run-up to the 2020 primaries, Beyer endorsed Pete Buttigieg for president. He then endorsed Joe Biden on Super Tuesday.

In June 2022, after a spate of mass shootings in the U.S., Beyer said he would propose a bill to increase taxes on assault-style guns by 1,000%. He told Business Insider, "What it's intended to do is provide another creative pathway to actually make some sensible gun control happen. We think that a 1,000% fee on assault weapons is just the kind of restrictive measure that creates enough fiscal impact to qualify for reconciliation."

Elections

 * 2014

On January 24, 2014, Beyer announced his candidacy for Virginia's 8th congressional district to succeed retiring Democratic incumbent Jim Moran. It was his first partisan race since losing the 1997 gubernatorial election. He won the June 10 Democratic primary with 45.7% of the vote.

On November 4, Beyer defeated Republican nominee Micah Edmond and three others in the general election receiving 63.1% of the vote. But he had effectively clinched a seat in Congress in the primary. At the time, the 8th was Virginia's second-most Democratic district, with a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+16 (only the 3rd district was more Democratic).

Beyer is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.

 * 2016

Beyer defeated Republican nominee Charles Hernick, 68.6% to 27.4%.

 * 2018

Beyer defeated Republican nominee Thomas Oh, 76.3% to 23.7%.

 * 2020

Beyer defeated Republican nominee Jeff Jordan, 75.8% to 24.0%.

 * 2022

Beyer defeated Republican nominee Karina Lipsman, 73.5% to 24.8%.

Tenure
Beyer was a frequent critic of the Trump administration. On April 13, 2017, he was the first lawmaker to call for senior White House adviser and Trump son-in-law Jared Kushner to lose his security clearance after it was revealed that Kushner had omitted numerous contacts with foreign nationals from his security clearance application. In June 2017, Beyer renewed his call, sending a letter signed by more than 50 other House Democrats demanding that the White House immediately revoke Kushner's clearance, citing national security concerns.

Beyer wrote the Cost of Police Misconduct Act, which proposed to create a publicly accessible federal database over police misconduct allegations and settlements.

As of 2022, Beyer has voted with President Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time, according to FiveThirtyEight.

Beyer voted to provide Israel with support following 2023 Hamas attack on Israel. He declined to vote in favor of a resolution declaring anti-Zionism a form of antisemitism, instead voting present.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Ways and Means
 * Subcommittee on Trade
 * Subcommittee on Tax
 * Joint Economic Committee (Senior House Democrat)

Caucus memberships

 * New Democrat Coalition
 * Congressional Arts Caucus
 * Climate Solutions Caucus
 * Caucus on Macedonia and Macedonian-Americans
 * U.S.-Japan Caucus
 * Medicare for All Caucus
 * Congressional Progressive Caucus
 * Congressional Freethought Caucus
 * Americans Abroad Caucus

Personal life
Beyer and his wife, Megan, have two children, Clara and Grace. He also has two children, Don and Stephanie, from a previous marriage, and two grandchildren.

As of May 2019, according to OpenSecrets.org, Beyer's net worth was more than $124 million.

title: Don Beyer


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User:SPUI/New York City Subway rollsigns R16-38

This is from, in an easier-to-read format.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Answers.com

Answers.com, formerly known as WikiAnswers, is an Internet-based knowledge exchange. The Answers.com domain name was purchased by entrepreneurs Bill Gross and Henrik Jones at idealab in 1996. The domain name was acquired by NetShepard and subsequently sold to GuruNet and then AFCV Holdings. The website is now the primary product of the Answers Corporation. It has tens of millions of user-generated questions and answers, and provides a website where registered users can interact with one another.

History
GuruNet was founded in Jerusalem during 1999 to develop technology that intelligently and automatically integrates and retrieves information from disparate sources and delivers the result in a single consolidated view to the user. GuruNet initially displayed its information through a downloadable software product, today known as 1-Click Answers. The product was launched as a free product in 1999. Beginning in 2003 it was sold to users on a perpetual license base and later as an annual subscription.

In October 2004, GuruNet had an IPO on the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) under the symbol "GRU" and also acquired the Answers.com domain name early the same year for $80,000.

In January 2005, the company began a new business model of free-to-customer product. Answers.com and 1-Click Answers software, containing practically all the content that was sold via subscriptions. The new model was based on generating advertising revenue.

On August 2, 2005, the company's shares started trading on NASDAQ instead of AMEX under the symbol "ANSW".

On October 17, 2005, GuruNet changed its corporate name to Answers Corporation, unifying the company's name and its website, Answers.com.

From 2005 to late 2009, the Google search engine definitions feature, in the top-right corner of the site, was linked to Answers.com.

On July 2, 2006, Answers.com released a trivia game known as blufr.

In November 2006, Answers.com acquired the question and answer site FAQ Farm. Following the acquisition, the product was renamed WikiAnswers.

In the fall of 2009, Answers.com launched a revamped version of their website that fully integrated WikiAnswers.

At Jeff Pulver's 140 Characters Conference in New York City in April 2010, Answers.com launched its alpha version of a Twitter-answering service nicknamed 'Hoopoe.' When tweeting a question to the site's official Twitter account, @AnswersDotCom, an automatic reply is given with a snippet of the answer and a link to the full answer page on Answers.com.

Aside from providing community-generated Q&A and reference information for published titles, Answers.com began offering videos as part of its VideoAnswers library, in July 2010. This was part of a partnership with video site 5min.

In September 2010, blufr was relaunched as an iPhone/iPod Touch app with new design, game modes, and social features.

It was announced in November 2010 that the Answers.com Q&A wiki community reached its 10 millionth answer.

At the start of 2011, the site surpassed 11 million answers. Shortly after, on February 3, Answers.com announced in a press release that it had agreed to be acquired by AFCV Holdings for $127 million in cash. AFCV Holdings, LLC, is a portfolio company of growth equity investor Summit Partners. Bob Rosenschein was quoted: "The acquisition price of $10.50 per share represents a significant cash premium of approximately 33% over our 90-day volume-weighted average closing stock price."

On April 23, 2012, TA Associates announced that it was joining as an additional private investor in Answers.com and on May 1, 2012, laid off the remaining development staff in the Jerusalem office as a first step in fully assimilating the company.

On August 8, 2012, reports surfaced that Answers.com had reached a preliminary agreement to acquire About.com from The New York Times Company for $270 million of debt and equity. However, it was thwarted by IAC, who countered with a $300 million "clean cash" offer.

On December 23, 2013, Answers.com acquired ForeSee Results, Inc., a customer experience & customer survey analytics company based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. Answers.com proceeded to lay off between 50 and 75 employees one month after the acquisition, followed by another 100 layoffs 18 months later.

In August 2014, Apax Partners acquired Answers Corp. for $900 million. The terms of the deal were that Apax would own 91% of the company while Answers’ founders and management team will own the remaining 9% stake.

In March 2017, Answers.com parent company, Answers Corp, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

As of May 3, 2018, Answers.com abandoned their wiki format, according to Chris Hawkins, Vice President, Business Operations. The entire user database was purged, and users can no longer edit questions or answers on the site; however, the site's content will remain available to read.

In October 2019, Answers.com re-launched user-generated content enabling new user registrations, questions, multiple answers, reactions, and comments.

In September 2020, Answers.com launched native iOS and Android apps focused on Homework Help Q&A.

In May 2022, Answers.com was purchased by System1.

title: Answers.com


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Talk:Shooter game

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 20 January 2021 and 2 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): PaintballGuy973.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:16, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Subgenres
The subgenres for modern, Doom-style games are confusing and ambiguous. First and third person shooters are listed as distinct subgenres, based solely on the camera angle used in-game (as to more meaningful elements, like say, the gameplay). Some modern games use both a first and third-person camera? So what sub-genre are they?

The article goes on to list "tactical shooters," a distinction that is based on gameplay or style. However, a tactical shooter can be either first or third-person.

Regardless of their usefulness as game descriptors, all three of these--FPS, TPS, tactical--share common characteristics and are distinctly different from the other subgenres, (light gun games, and so on). I propose that, at the very least, these three be made subordinate to a category describing modern, free-roam shooters. I also think it's completely ridiculous that FPS and TPS are considered separate subgenres, but I'm sure someone will want to argue that point. --ExarPalantas (talk) 05:01, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The article just isn't very good or developed at this point. There is a separate article on third person shooters which could probably stand to be merged here. bridies (talk) 04:33, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Distinctions
I'm working on the genre articles and I'm somewhat confused over the distinctions between shooting galleries, rail shooters and light gun shooters. Take Operation Wolf, you can't direct the game path, only guide your reticule and fire. It would seem to be both a rail shooter and a shooting gallery. It is listed as a shooting gallery on its page, but wouldn't rail shooter be better?

In short, what are the analytical differences (if any)? Are shooting galleries stop-action games where you reach a position, shoot everything that's not made from condensed neutrons, then move on, while rail shooters are constantly moving? If so, House of the Dead should be a rail shooter (and is in fact listed as such in its aricle) but is in this article listed as an example of shooting gallery. Mikademus 11:03, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * An old comment, I know, but I feel I should answer this: House of the Dead should be labeled a light gun game, as the interface makes it distinct from shooting gallery games.  Both are shooters, of course, and very closely related, but the control interface makes a sizable difference enough so that each is somewhat distinct.  I also wouldn't label House of the Dead or Operation Wolf as rail shooters as, even though you are not in control of forward progression, you are not forced in near constant forward movement.  It's more stop and go.  The level moves, then stops, and you engage in combat.  Very rarely is one both forced into movement and into shooting combat at once in these games.  That differs from, say, Star Fox and Panzer Dragoon (both very much rail shooters) where one is constantly forced forward and engages in combat whilst moving forward.  Think of rail shooters this way: they're pretty much 2D shmups made 3D. Therealspiffyone (talk) 21:22, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Danmaku ?
Should there be an explanation about Danmaku (barrage) shooter ? - Try over at Scrolling shooter or Shoot 'em up

What a shooter truly is
First-person shooters are first-person shooters.

Third-person shooters are third-person shooters.

First-person shooters and third-person shooters are NOT "simply shooters".

Shooters = shmups, only shmups, nothing but shmups. Stop mixing the genres!

- Stormwatch 18:00, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

This comment may be years old, but I'd like to bring it up all the same. In common parlance in the gaming world, "shooter" means exactly as this person says, with little or no confusion between other genres such as FPSs. As it stands, this collection of articles is extremely confusing, and mostly redundant. There is duplicate information in the pages Scrolling shooter, Shoot 'em up, and this one, and I vote that:

(a) this page and Scrolling shooter be merged, and the content focused mainly on the content of the latter, with a disambiguation link at the top referring the reader to FPSs, shooting gallery games etc.

(b) all useful information from Shoot 'em up be salvaged and brought here, and the page deleted. The term as I see it is archaic, and many of the subgenres it discusses have so few members as to make them unworthy of classification.

Does anyone else share my views on this? 83.70.178.165 (talk) 10:05, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I respectfully disagree. Many younger gamers, for instance, use the term "shooter" when discussing FPS titles, and not shmups.  For example, they may ask what one's favorite shooter happens to be, and are confused if one answers with a title such as, say, Radiant Silvergun.  To them, shooter means FPS, like Halo, not shmups like Silvergun.  Frankly, shooter means ANY game in which the primary focus of gameplay is combat with a gun or projectile weapon, and that encompasses a rather large variety of titles, as the article attempts to show. I say keep it as it is. Therealspiffyone (talk) 21:17, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Identify this game
What type of shooter is Tank Mania? SharkD 17:33, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Nam-1975.png
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Fair use rationale for Image:Gunstar heroes-lvl1.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:24, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Light Gun Shooter
Really? A sub-genre? A Light-Gun is not a sub-genre, its an interface. The interface is not a defining characteristic of a genre or sub-genre. Should we start making Keyboard Shooter and Gamepad Shooter genres as well? Of course not.

I would suggest most light gun games could be classed as either a gallery shooter (like Duck Hunt) or a rail shooter (like Area 51). The light gun's use as the interface does not allow the user to have much control over navigation of the level. Dawynn (talk) 12:16, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Honestly, I could go either way on this one. Genres are organized around gameplay. On one hand, a fixed shooter is a fixed shooter where enemies appear on the screen and you have to get them before they get you -- whether you're aiming with a joystick or with a light gun. On the other hand, a light gun just plays differently from a joystick game -- with a joystick you're often moving an avatar rather than a target, and the control schemes are very different. User:Bridies knows a lot about the genre/interface. Randomran (talk) 15:14, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Interface can be part of the defining characteristic, so long as it remains secondary to the primary characteristic, that being gameplay itself. For instance, you can see an example of just that with the adventure game genre.  Text adventures are adventure games where the interface is text input.  Point and click adventures are adventure games where the primary interface is usually mouse based (hence "point" and "click").  Not all adventure games follow this formula, however, but it does show that control interface can influence classification.  Again, however, I point out that it must be secondary to type of gameplay. Therealspiffyone (talk) 21:13, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

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Warning about references is outdated.
I propose that the June 2008 warning about references is outdated and should be removed. Although the article does not include as many as perhaps it should, it is no longer correct to say that it does not include ANY references. EWAdams (talk) 14:30, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Fixed. bridies (talk) 13:07, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Hunting games
I've seen games like Cabela's Big Game Hunter (PC) classified under Sports video games, but I've also seen them under Shooter games. I've seen games similar to this down at the arcade, and usually there's a shotgun-styled light gun used to play the game.

How are these classified by the industry? I still don't like the "light gun" genre (see above), but I could see using that classification on the arcade versions. But what about the PC versions? I assume those are mouse controlled on computers (I haven't had enough interest in these to buy a game).

Should these be classified as "Sports" games, since hunting is considered a type of sport? Or, with the style of play involved, would these be more properly classified as "shooting gallery" games? Am I overlooking some other, better classification for these games? Dawynn (talk) 17:23, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes. They should be classified as sports games, and (assuming they play that way) they should be classified as shooting gallery games. Because they are. —173.199.215.5 (talk) 03:48, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

Paragon is MOBA, it is not typical hero shooter
Main source should be Paragon's official page. Paragon is not typical hero shooter, because it has MOBA-like lines, MOBA-like minions, better choose other hero shooter game from source.

Possible References for more info
Here are some articles that I think could help add more to this. Filip, Lange-Nielsen (2011). "The Power-up Experience: A study of Power-ups in Games and their Effect on Player Experience" (PDF). "The Complete History Of First-Person Shooters". PCMAG. Retrieved 2021-03-01. "electronic shooter game | History & Examples". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-01. "Rail Shooter". TV Tropes. Retrieved 2021-03-01. Arsenault, Dominic (2009-10-26). "Video Game Genre, Evolution and Innovation". Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture. 3 (2): 149–176. ISSN 1866-6124. PaintballGuy973 (talk) 06:58, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shooter game


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Cutting Jade

Cutting Jade is a five-piece rock group from Pretoria, South Africa, formed in 1998.

History
Their first demo single was released to South Africa's largest campus station TUKS FM (then still Radio TUKS) in late 1998 and reached number one on the station's South African Top 10. The same song also made it to number 10 on the station's Top 30, the first unsigned band ever to feature at all on that chart. Their second demo gained a similar response and the band became popular at live shows in Pretoria.

So There We Were, was Cutting Jade's first album, released in 2000. The band described this independent release "as an emotional rock album with relevant and accessible lyrics. Our intention has never been to baffle audiences with erudite lyrics or impress them with technical complexity any more than it has been to be part of any musical fashion or trend."

Cutting Jade then signed to the David Gresham Record Company late in 2001 and brought out a second album: Between Two Lives. Ten Seconds, the first single off the album, reached number 1 in the national Top 40. Look at me now, the second single off the album was also successful. A fan described Between Two Lives as "an album packed with raw emotion, driving guitars and passionate vocal deliveries".

In April 2002, the band travelled to France where they played at Course Croisière de l'Edhec, one of the most important sailing competition in France.

In July 2002, Cutting Jade played a four-date tour in the United Kingdom with Wonderboom, another band on the David Gresham label. The tour comprised one night in Wales, one at the Shepherd's Bush Empire (on 26 July 2002) and two at other London venues.

Early in 2004, the band's future seemed bleak when they left David Gresham Records and vocalist Andrew Duggan left to pursue a solo career. The band recruited Logan Grobbelaar, a twenty-year-old marketing student at the University of Pretoria, as a vocalist and began recording a third studio album: Come Back to Life.

Trivia

 * Logan was in a garage band while at varsity called "Till That Time". He left that band during that time to join Cutting Jade.
 * Logan left The band in April 2007. His last gig as a part of Cutting Jade was Friday 13 April 2007 at Vaughn's Pool Bar in Edenvale (Johannesburg).
 * Marliese left the band in April 2007 for a business opportunity in Cape St Francis. Her last gig as a part of Cutting Jade was 25 April 2007 at Café Barcelona in Pretoria with Lonehill Estate.
 * Andrew Duggan (then with the band Southworld ) temporarily returned to the band and filled in as lead singer for 4 gigs. Andrew and the remaining members realised that there was something special about the last four gigs and with the past behind them Andrew rejoined the band and introduced them to Nathan Lowe who stepped in as the new bass player.
 * Andrew Duggan was in a band called Final Clearance before he joined Cutting Jade in 1998. Final Clearance never released an album.
 * Jorn Dannheimer spent a few months playing for South African band 'Hang the Jury' after his split from Cutting Jade in 2005, but rejoined Cutting Jade in 2012 again. 'Hang the Jury' have now gone their own way and are recording their first demo.
 * In early 2008 Andrew Duggan split with Southworld. Andrew rejoined Cutting Jade and the band set about finding a bass player to replace Marliese. The spot ended up being filled by Nathan Lowe. Nathan sang the high harmonies on the single "Supermodel" the preview single for the new album. Nathan also played piano on some of the tracks of the album and wrote the track entitled 'Scream'.
 * Cutting Jade set about recording their fourth studio album "From Nothing" which has been hailed by critics and fans as their most complete all round album.

Members

 * Shaun Collins (guitar and lyrics) (1998 – )
 * Raoul Dippenaar (lead guitar) (1998 – )
 * Marliese Botha (bass) (1998 – 25 April 2007)
 * Logan Grobbelaar (vocals) (28 March 2004 – 13 April 2007)
 * Gavin Vaughan (Drums) (November 2004 – 2007 )
 * Rudolph van Wyk (Drums) (2007 – June 2009)
 * Eben Groenewald (Drums) (July 2009 – Before August 2012)
 * Andrew Duggan (vocals) (1998 – January 2004; 2008 –  )
 * Jörn Dannheimer (drums) (1998 – October 2004; 2012 –  )
 * Nathan Lowe (Bass) (2008 – )

Discography

 * 1998: Two demo tracks
 * 2000: So There We Were
 * 2002: Between Two Lives
 * 2002: Ten Seconds (single)
 * 2002: Look at Me Now (single)
 * 2004: Come Back to Life
 * 2004: Almost Real (single)
 * 2005: Angel K (single)
 * 2006: People Are People (Depeche Mode Cover) (unreleased promo single)
 * 2006: Easier For You (single)
 * 2008: From Nothing
 * 2010: Go your own way (Fleetwood Mac Cover)

title: Cutting Jade


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Wikipedia talk:What Wikipedia is not/Archive 2

Wikipedia is not a national encyclopedia
How do you think about what I wrote as rule 6 under "What Wikipedia is not"? --> "Wikipedia is not a national encyclopedia focusing only on one specific culture or country. Therefore Wikipedia is neither an American, European, Asian or African encyclopedia. Wikipedia is an international encyclopedia written in the English language. Wikipedia does not focus on American English. Therefore the British English can be used everywhere and should not be limited for articles relevant to the British culture; the same applies to other popular kinds of English, too." - Optim 21:26, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I'm sure I read something about British vs. American spelling somewhere else; Manual of Style, maybe? Anyway, it's covered elsewhere. Also, this might be misleading, causing people to think that it's OK to mix-and-match British and American spelling. Having both in one article is a pet peeve of mine. Meelar 21:32, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * No it's not good to mix American and British spelling in the same article. I will update the wording to reflect that. Thanks for your comments! Optim 21:35, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmm, yes. I reverted an edit on the Glasgow Underground when someone had changed "anticlockwise" to "counterclockwise"... as far as I know that's not Glaswegian! -- Arwel 00:42, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, is it also a rule that: "American English can be used everywhere and can be used even for articles relevant to the British culture"?. Bevo 21:42, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, good point! Personally I would replace the Americanisms with British English if the article is about British culture. However I wouldn't say that people who introduce Americanisms in British culture-related articles do something wrong. But there is already some policy on this. Maybe we should update the wording of the "new rule" to make it more clear? Feel free to change the wording if you like. But this is just a detail. The "rule" is just a reminder that Wikipedia is international. Optim 21:50, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * That rascal Noah Webster seems to be the one behind this mess! "Divided we are, if this be our common language" -Yoda...  Have we heard from the Aussies yet?  Bevo 22:07, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

This has been fought over dozens of times since I've been here; the main Manual of Style generally represents the current armed truce :-) though not in maximal detail. Use of dialect most closely connected to the subject seems to keep the peace better than the alternatives; it's an interesting game to see how well one can write in a dialect other than one's own - I can remember some of the differences, but usually a native Brit will catch my oversights. Without an article being explicitly marked as to its original dialect, it is basically impossible to tell which dialect it was created in, and sometimes difficult for nonexperts to distinguish typos from dialectical usages, so it doesn't work to insist that the dialect of the first draft be preserved forever. I suppose someone should do an updated and dedicated MoS entry so that all this is clearer, and people don't get paranoid that WP is being secretly twisted into Americopedia, Britopedia, etc. (I'm doing my part! bought a book solely for the purpose of adding more Royal Navy material) Stan 22:31, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I like the international focus on "what wikipedia is not", but I don't think it should mention spelling, which is already excruciatingly documented in the Manual of Style. FWIW, the current compromise is that the form of English used by the primary (usually original) author of the article should be adhered to: that is, you should not change British to American English or vice-versa, with the exception that articles on a specific culture should use that culture's spelling. That is, United States House of Representatives should be written in US English, and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom should be written in UK English. We also have a bias against anything other than US and UK English, as they are the two primary internationally-recognized dialects, and have a further bias against particular colloquialisms intelligible only within one region of the world. In any case, I think that level of detail belongs in the manual of style, where it currently is. --Delirium 23:28, Feb 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've changed accordingly, though feel free to argue if you disagree with my changes. Another reason for taking it out: the en: Wikipedia is English-centric, and biased towards that viewpoint, and does not allow all opinions on word-usage equal weight.  For example, we use English place-names, not local place-names. --Delirium 23:32, Feb 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * The current wording "Wikipedia is not a national encyclopedia. While the English-language Wikipedia is, of course, written in the English language, it is to be international in its focus and content." seems OK to me and I agree with this version. I agree that the spelling issue is better to be discussed in the Manual of Style page. Regarding the place names, we are biased in support of English language but not English culture (culture of people of Anglo-Saxonian origin, such as many or most of the USA/UK/Canada/Australia/New-Zealand/etc residents. So, we try to write the people's names and place names in such a way it will be easy for English-speaking people read and understand our articles (so instead of writing Georgios Papandreou which is the Greek spelling, we choose George Papandreou, and instead of the Greek Kostas Karamanlis we write the more English-like Costas Caramanlis since, as far as I know, K seems foreign to English speakers), no matter whether these people live in USA, UK, Greece, Egypt or India. At least, this is how I perceive it. Optim 23:59, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Err, I've always written Karamanlis with a K and I'm a native UK English speaker, and I've got nothing against Georgios, either... -- Arwel 00:42, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I have asked this question on the IRC channel and other people told me that K is not good because English speakers think it sounds foreign. So I thought that the general English population disliked K and non-anglicised names. ***personally*** I would prefer to have Kostas Karamanlis and Georgios Papandreou and Kostas Simitis instead of Costas Caramanlis and George Papandreou and Costas Simitis. However, I had the idea that the general opinion and consencus was to use anglicised names. If there are English speakers who have no problem with K and non-anglisised names, maybe we should discuss this somewhere and see whether we should update this policy. Personally I would vote to keep names as they are used in their native country. Optim 01:12, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * The usage of K and C is about evenly split--that is, the C can't really count as anglicized, FWIW. Aside from that, I would support the rule in its current wording. Meelar 01:18, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I think the entire statement is a complete waste. What are you trying to accomplish with it? If it's spelling, then that's been already taken care of by the MoS. Let people write about whatever subject they're interested in and have a good knowledge of. Don't tell them they can't just edit articles related to their culture - they know their culture best and should do so. Are you afraid that wikipedia will turn into a "national encyclopedia"? How so? --Jiang 06:06, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Just to emphasise and protect the international nature of the project and prevent americanisation due to the American majority of contributors. I would also suggest that small cultures need more protection (for example, we can delete a stupid stub on American or European culture because somebody else will certainly come to write a good article sometime, but we may prefer to accept a stupid stub on Mongolian or Tibetan culture because the probability of someone writing again an article on that topic is much lower). This rule also protects the American culture because, if (for example) Chinese people become the majority in the future, they will be unable to monopolise the content and focus of Wikipedia. So this rule protects all and is good for everyone. I am afraid that cultures with lots of contributors may tend to monopolise Wikipedia and oppress or discriminate against small cultures. The rule seeks to prevent that. The spelling is part of the cultural protection. For example, we shouldn't consider American English as "international English" since British English is the spelling used in most schools all over the world and Americanisms are popular only because of Holywood, the Internet, etc. British English seems also more "academic" to me. Anyway, the rule as it is now is only about the culture in general and does not refer to spelling. Optim 06:25, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a national encyclopedia: Is this meant to support removal of articles typically found in national encyclopedias, e.g. the many Rambot entries on US towns? If it's just a spelling question, we should formulate it differently. -- User:Docu

 * No. We should not remove information. The rule simply states that a stub on an American town has the same importance as a stub on an Mongolian or Indonesian town. An American acress has the same importance as a Greek acrress. And it is ok to have an article on an Albanian bank if we are to have articles on American or German banks, etc. Optim 06:25, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe it should rather read Wikipedia is not one nation's national encyclopedia, as national encyclopedia's are more likely to include that level of detail. -- User:Docu

 * No problem. You can change it in What Wikipedia is not. Optim 06:48, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

FYI the current rule (edited by another user) is: "Wikipedia is not a national encyclopedia. While the English-language Wikipedia is, of course, written in the English language, it is to be international in its focus and content." and I agree with this version since the spelling issue is better to be addressed on the MoS page. Optim 06:28, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

American English is popular with our handful :-) of American readers; the use of British English everywhere would cause more snickering and giggling than anything else. But I've never seen any evidence of "oppression" or "discrimination" against "small cultures", on the contrary, there are lots of people creating articles on small towns in Mozambique and the like. Was there some incident that brought this on? The concern seems really unmotivated, especially considering that my fingers are right now sore from typing in hundreds of Greek names... I remember whole pages describing the evils of X-centric encyclopedizing, but can't seem to find them now. Stan 06:50, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Stan, the presence of "fair use" images in Wikipedia is an example of americanopaedisation. I have heard that in UK there is some problem with that. Optim 07:50, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Heh, that's a complicated issue, as you can tell from mailing list discussion. One could even argue that the whole "fair use" concept is a byproduct of American litigiousness, and that it's really a non-issue elsewhere in the world. Note that the concerns are coming from amateurs, not legal professionals. Stan 15:07, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

If it's to protect against Americanization, then be specific. I think this is more of an issue of what wikipedia is rather than what it is not. Wikipedia is an international encyclopedia. To say that it is not a "national encyclopedia" will lead people to draw the conclusion that they are being restricted from writing on country-specific articles or subjects that are not internationally known, though famous locally. --Jiang 07:03, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Feel free to change the wording of the rule or suggest a new wording. I am thinking of the addition of "Wikipedia is an international encyclopaedia" after the "Wikipedia is not a national encyclopaedia" Do you think it will be sufficient? Optim 07:22, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

This whole hoo-ha seems like nothing more than an attempt to start an anti-American spelling revert war. RickK 21:13, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * From RickK's talk page: I just feel the need for some reason to protect the non-American cultures. For example, Fair Use images were/are allowed in Wikipedia, but this (fair use) is primarily an American concept, if I am not mistaken (IANAL). English Wikipedia means a Wikipedia version written in English, not following the American law in particular. I wouldn't have a problem to see Fair Use images in an American Wikipedia (and I would contribute there). The English Wikipedia community has so many Americans that it seems to forget the existence of British, Australian, and other speakers of English, including the non-native ones. So many times I just feel the need to protect the international spirit of our project :) Optim 23:36, 21 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Your comments on Talk:American twenty dollar bill show your anti-American agenda. RickK 04:26, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * from that talk page: No. Next time I may make discussions against Russia. Will you call me Anti-Russian? I am not Anti-anything. I just promote tolerance, equality, internationalism, justice and cooperation. Optim 04:26, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC) and By discussing this page move I think I can help the Latin American countries and Canada to protect their culture and identity. I think that a Peruvian feels American, so they wouldn't like to let USA monopolise the American adjective. Actually I don't care so much about this issue, but I am afraid it is not NPOV to use the American adjective in this way, at least in article titles. However, if everybody thinks it's ok then I don't have strong desire to continue the discussion. Optim 04:24, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC) and I am not anti-American, really. I do not consider it an insult when someone prefers to use Istanbul instead of Constantinople. It belongs to Turkey now, so they can call it as they like, but some Greeks still consider Istanbul as insulting. For this reason somebody could call me Anti-Greek, but I am not. I just want to correct some things. I have got the feeling that the United States citizen thinks the whole American continent belongs to him/her... I Hope I am wrong Optim 04:14, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * and: An anti-American is a person who discriminates against USA. I don't do that. I am willing to support USA whenever somebody discriminates against it. If I discriminate against something, then I discriminate against discrimination. Optim 04:43, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Come to think of it, since when have we had a "national encyclopedia"? The fact that it's all encompanssing is already implied. I think the statement says close to nothing useful. --Jiang 07:45, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd like to see that "national encyclopedia" clause removed. It is not even written in the spirit of a "is not ..." entry.  The explanatory text is all "Wikipedia is ..." this or that, and so having it in the "is not..." section waters down the intent of the entire section.  Bevo 08:23, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Number article exceptions
Current practice is that articles about numbers can include both loosely defined lists (everything in which that number has some significance) and dictionary definitions. This practice is currently being voted on at Talk:List of numbers/Deletion, and right now there's a majority in support of it, so I have changed this policy to reflect current practice. I don't like it, but the only alternative is to get rid of this stuff rather than be in violation of policy.—Eloquence 19:20, Feb 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see it as an exception at all. Rather, I see it as an example of "Every good encyclopedia article has a dictionary definition at its head." The number articles start as dictionary definitions with bulleted lists and gradually grow to add commentary and insight into each number, to draw correlations between its mathematical and extramathematical properties. Given time, each article on the integers from 1 to 1001 will become an invaluable reference not only to number theorists and math aficionados, but to anyone who has to choose a number for a specific purpose. Anton Mravcek 16:07, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Informational not instructional
The following seems to be the general idea that people have about how-to type content on Wikipedia. i.e. that it belongs on wikibooks, not wikipedia. I couldn't find anywhere where this was written out as policy, so this is my proposed addition to What Wikipedia is not:

Under what Wikipedia articles are not:

 * 1) Instructions. Wikipedia seeks to be informative, not instructional. Therefore, things like how-tos, recipes, and other types of information that provide instruction on something are not appropriate on Wikipedia. They are appropriate, however, on Wikibooks, and articles that contain only instructional material should be moved to the appropriate area on Wikibooks. It is possible that information about instructions are appropriate on Wikipedia, but it should be presented in the indicative mood, and not the imperative mood that so distinctively marks instructional material.

I know the wording is a little weak, but it's my first attempt.

--Nohat 22:57, 2004 Feb 23 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia includes articles on procedural knowledge as per How-to. Not sure if this helps you decide if you should include an IKEA how-to. -- User:

I think that it is necessary to include articles about how to do things, how things were done, how others do things and so on. I can't think of any reason why it should not be in Wikipedia but loads of reasons why it should be. BL 02:47, Mar 2, 2004 (UTC)

I don't see anything wrong with How To articles per se. The problem is they are usually POV or original research. Anthony DiPierro 02:54, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

It is unclear to me whether or not this issue is resolved. I am interested in starting a Wiki at work and I am having trouble collecting the necessary information. This information seems like a silly thing not to have on one of the wiki*.org websites. If it exists, it would be nice to at least link it (prominently) from the "Wiki software" entry in wikipedia. I am considering appending what I have learned to that article and letting someone else sort it out. I want the information to be available, but I don't have enough time to figure this out. --rs2 16:56, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * See MediaWiki User's Guide and Wikibooks. --mav 05:40, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

moved from meta page

 * 1) Wikipedia is not place to form a consensus of opinion, but instead a place to form consensus of fact.  Often these facts are about people holding opinions.  See NPOV.

I actually agree with the spirit of this, but dislike the wording. Can we find a way to make it clear that concensus of opinion amongst editors is good, but that facts, references and verifiability should be the result of such concensus? I'm well aware of how they arn't always, but I'm of the opinion that true concensus involves embrace of the truth ;) Sam Spade 02:48, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. I mainly wanted to express this here so I could point to it from the mailing list.  This point is apropos of a few issue which have arisen there lately.  I didn't think "Wikipedia is not a soapbox" quite covered it.  On the other hand, I can't think of a better concise way to express it.  If someone's got a stroke of genius, maybe we could form a good concensus? :)  --Spikey 17:48, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

What What Wikipedia is not is not
This is a page about what types of things should or should not be included in Wikipedia (mostly what should not be in it, but exceptions to what should not be in it are also acceptable). It's not a page to discuss anything which can be phrased in a sentence beginning with "Wikipedia is not..." In other words, this isn't the place to write about personal attacks or ownership of articles or how to spell things. Not every wikipedia policy needs to be on this page. anthony [beware: this is a work in progess and will change without prior notice]
 * I disagree. This is a page about the properties of Wikipedia and its articles- particularly, properties which people commonly (and erroneously) believe that Wikipedia or its articles have, but in fact they do not. Fennec 14:00, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is Not is the page you use to tell newbies: "Wikipedia is not a dictionary." and related corrections. :) Fennec 14:14, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Anyway, the page is called "What Wikipedia is not", not "What Wikipedia is". If you want to put stuff that Wikipedia is, put it on a different page, say, What Wikipedia is or Wikipedia. ugen64 20:36, Mar 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see how any of the comments above disagree with me. -anthony
 * When this particular page was first posted on Wikipedia (19 Feb 2002), it stated "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Here is a list of Things That Encyclopedia Articles Are Not." With that in mind, a reference to and explanation of "Wikipedia:Ownership of articles" is appropriate. Kingturtle 03:17, 26 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't see how the content of the original page is relevant. The page has clearly changed since then. Also, you'll notice that all the other descriptions are "Wikipedia is not [noun]", not "Wikipedia is not [verb]".  "owned by a particular user" is not a thing.  - anthony
 * Wikipedia is not a lot of things. Not all of those need to be listed here. Angela. 05:38, Mar 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I must say I found the "terrorism" thing rather funny. Has this really ever come up? -- VV 06:00, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Products and Product catalogs
Recently pages like List of Sony products and individual products of IBM and Sony like Sony Ericsson P900 have been listed on Vfd with the assumption that Wikipedia is not a product catalog. Which of the 20 points of this page suggest that Wikipedia should not contain products-related info ? Will creating articles out of products/lists make wikipedia less of an encyclopedia ? Jay 18:37, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I would say that Wikipedia is not paper and a good article on these products is not inherently wrong - Tεx τ urε 19:19, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * I've just added some info to the P900 page, I don't think [i]all[/i] products deserve a page but for advanced products such as leading edge smartphones it makes sense to me. In a few years people will be wanting to track the development of these devices like it happened for the early home computers etc. Just my 2 cents. Thomas Horsten 19:04, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a community or a social club
Failing to comprehend this leads inevitably to destroying the encyclopedia to please the community. Sadly this is the end result of the mailing list and IRC channel system and also of the concept of a "banned user" (whatever that is, since they always come back).

A recent user (whose name should not be pronounced any more, but who is not a banned user) recently gave as one of the reason for leaving the fact decisions were increasingly taken over irc discussions. The media of decision change, but the clique or cabal does not - although predictably the most determined advocates of cliques and social control fail to see they are in fact participating in such a system of social control.

However, it remains that the medium of discussion is not the same as the medium of presentation - the real power is not with those who contribute, not even who contribute the most or best, but with those who spend the most time influencing so-called authority, and trying to gain "infrastructure owners' trust" thereby.

The wrong idea of using another medium to make decisions, that not all users are empowered to use equally, and the wrong idea of "punishing" those who do not accept the power structure, both arise out of the idea of "community".

Neither concept makes for good editorial decisions, for example, often good articles are deleted out of process because of who wrote them, not because of what they say, and articles are "reverted" to being wrong, when they have been corrected. But both are absolutely necessary if there is to be a "community", and absolutely wrong if there is to be an "encyclopedia". The time has come to choose between the two.

The mailing list and other advocates of so-called "community" make rulership and ownership choices that are contrary to the spirit of the GNU FDL (if not the letter--mostly the fault of MediaWiki software which matches its terms imperfectly--should MediaWiki actually be ditched? no doubt "the community" which includes its developers will argue it must not).

Furthermore, they don't even recognize community bias, or make any attempt to find a representative sample of themselves to actually represent the "users" - who are, amazingly, totally shut out in the unique Wikipedia concept of a "user community consisting only of those who speak up on specific pages by name."

The idea of "virtual community" is stupid, and probably evil - it is epistemic community masquerading as real community with sad and predictable social consequences: people unable to tell a political dispute from a bodily threat, people unable to conceive of political methods of dispute resolution that are not themselves based on invasion and war. Plus the more pathetic consequences of people thinking they are making friends by typing, when they are really only making conspiracies and alliances to do things that do not matter all that much.

Darwikinism and a battlefield of ideas are more rational ways to run an encyclopedia, and can reward competence and a history of good edits, not whining, lying, and relationships with the bosses: "The community", like any community, rewards all the wrong things - its social capital is built on pleasing and helping *friends*, NOT actually serving users.

The mailing list/IRC channel system favours those incompetent people who speak up there, over competents who do not, in an encyclopedic sense. It should be ditched, immediately. Wikipedia needs editors, or at least, Wikipedia needs trolls to keep attacking groupthink, i.e. "community", more directly.

 * The community on Wikipedia is considerably less prominent than on any of our competitors: h2g2, Everything2, Encarta, Brittanica. Why are you attacking us, and not them? Martin 22:16, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Whoa! Wikipedia, as an encyclopedia, is based on a conglomeration of knowledge from hopefully educated sources. In order for these sources to add to the greater body of work in a constructive fashion, they must communicate and compromise on ideas. How is that not a community? Plus, your wording comes across more as a rant than as a sudgestion. Why do you think we need attacked? That is not a basis for compromise, it is a basis for emotional recklessness. --Chaz 20:18, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree with the basic premise. Wikipedia is a community and, in my opinion, a remarkably effective one.  We may be working on a different definition of the term, though.  May I refer you to Social Software and the Politics of Groups by Clay Shirky and to replies for some background?  Rossami 22:10, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a fan repository
I'm very tempted to add another entry to this: Wikipedia is not a fan repository. There are so many fanatic people adding, deleting away what are more NPOV portions and adding their own gashing, over-the-top comments on players, especially of sports. I've a hard time keeping people from bashing other players. I'd love to have a line on top of sports personalities which says this. Mandel 15:32, Jun 10, 2004 (UTC)

(13)... Mere collections of internal links
There are more pages on wikipedia that are collections of internal links and internal links to articles that might someday exist than I know about. In fact, every time I find a new set of such pages, I'm amazed at both how many links on the page there are and how many sister pages that page has that I also didn't know about....

I don't see how this entry can even be considered as slightly true with the status quo. Not only that, but we've added a whole system to wiki just to handle collections of internal links. It's called Categories or something like that.

Now, I'm not objecting to collections of internal links. In fact, I might even have said once I liked them. I do however, think that either wiki is hypocritical, or this entry needs updating. --ssd 02:19, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:81.153.37.191

title: User talk:81.153.37.191


text:
GNU coding standards

The GNU coding standards are a set of rules and guidelines for writing programs that work consistently within the GNU system. The GNU Coding Standards were written by Richard Stallman and other GNU Project volunteers. The standards document is part of the GNU Project and is available from the GNU website. Though it focuses on writing free software for GNU in C, much of it can be applied more generally. In particular, the GNU Project encourages its contributors to always try to follow the standards—whether or not their programs are implemented in C.

Code formatting
The GNU Coding Standards specify exactly how to format most C programming language constructs. Here is a characteristic example:

The consistent treatment of blocks as statements (for the purpose of indentation) is a very distinctive feature of the GNU C code formatting style; as is the mandatory space before parentheses. All code formatted in the GNU style has the property that each closing brace, bracket or parenthesis appears to the right of its corresponding opening delimiter, or in the same column.

As a general principle, GNU Emacs can be considered a reliable authority on the GNU code formatting style. As such, it is desirable that any piece of code that looks ugly when indented by Emacs is changed into a more Emacs-friendly form—for example, by inserting additional parentheses.

Splitting long lines
"When you split an expression into multiple lines, split it before an operator, not after one."

For example:

Comments
The standards greatly emphasise the importance of English-language comments:

"Please write the comments in a GNU program in English, because English is the one language that nearly all programmers in all countries can read. If you do not write English well, please write comments in English as well as you can, then ask other people to help rewrite them. If you can't write comments in English, please find someone to work with you and translate your comments into English."

Comments should consist of complete, capitalized sentences, each followed by two spaces (so that Emacs can tell where one sentence ends and the next begins).

For long or complex preprocessor conditionals, every  and   should have a comment explaining the condition for the code below (for  ) or above (for  ).

Files
The standards require that all programs be able to operate when  and   are mounted read-only. Therefore, files that are modified for internal purposes (log files, lock files, temporary files, etc.) should not be stored in either  or. An exception is made for programs whose job it is to update system configuration files in. Another exception is made for storing files in a directory when the user has explicitly asked to modify a file in the same directory.

Portability
The GNU Coding Standards define the issue of portability in this way: portability in the Unix world means 'between Unixes'; in a GNU program this kind of portability is desirable, but not vitally important.

According to the standard, portability problems are very limited as GNU programs are designed to be compiled with one compiler, the GNU C Compiler, and only run on one system, which is the GNU system.

There is one form of portability problem though, and that is the fact that the standard makes it clear that a program should run on different CPU types. The standard says that GNU doesn't and won't support 16-bit systems, but handling all the different 32- and 64-bit systems is absolutely necessary.

Criticism
The GNU coding standards are primarily used by GNU projects, though its use is not limited to GNU projects alone.

The Linux kernel strongly discourages this style for kernel code, and refers to the style pejoratively: "First off, I’d suggest printing out a copy of the GNU coding standards, and NOT read it. Burn them, it’s a great symbolic gesture.". Steve McConnell, in his book Code Complete, also advises against using this style; he marks a code sample which uses it with a "Coding Horror" icon, symbolizing especially dangerous code, and states that it impedes readability by requiring an extra level of indentation for braces.

title: GNU coding standards


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Interpretivism (legal)

Interpretivism is a school of thought in contemporary jurisprudence and the philosophy of law.

Overview
The main claims of interpretivism are that
 * Law is not a set of given data, conventions or physical facts, but what lawyers aim to construct or obtain in their practice. This marks a first difference between interpretivism and legal positivism. But the refusal that law be a set of given entities opposes interpretivism to natural law too.
 * There is no separation between law and morality, although there are differences. This is not in accordance with the main claim of legal positivism.
 * Law is not immanent in nature nor do legal values and principles exist independently and outside of the legal practice itself. This is the opposite of the main claim of natural law theory.

In the English-speaking world, interpretivism is usually identified with Ronald Dworkin's thesis on the nature of law as discussed in his text titled Law's Empire, which is sometimes seen as a third way between natural law and legal positivism.

The concept also includes continental legal hermeneutics and authors such as Helmut Coing and Emilio Betti. Legal hermeneutics can be seen as a branch of philosophical hermeneutics, whose main authors in the 20th century are Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer, both drawing on Edmund Husserl's phenomenology. Hermeneutics has now expanded to many varied areas of research in the social sciences as an alternative to a conventionalist approach.

In a wider sense, interpretivism includes even the theses of, in chronological order, Josef Esser, Theodor Viehweg, Chaïm Perelman, Wolfgang Fikentscher, António Castanheira Neves, Friedrich Müller, Aulis Aarnio, and Robert Alexy.

title: Interpretivism (legal)


text:
User:HarveySloan

Harvey Sloan

31 year old student science teacher

title: User:HarveySloan


text: User talk:83.30.209.241

title: User talk:83.30.209.241


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Talk:United States presidential election, 2004 (detail)

Untitled
Are that the right numbers?

e.g. Bush in Arkansas: 573,182 on wikipedia, 572,770 and, 572,898  claiming amended certified results --Braunbaer 10:59, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'm sure it's something simple, but why does NH have about 700k votes listed in the top table and about 7 million in the recount stats at the bottom of the page? Also, can someone give more detail on the before and after numbers of the recount? Psychobabble 06:17, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

The results at the bottom of the page are for New York.--Syd Henderson 18:21, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Is there a good reason why this article is separated from the main election article? It goes against common practice among other US presidential election pages. And it makes finding the results of elections - a particularly important aspect, I should think - fairly difficult and unintuitive. --patton1138 18:25, 11 August 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:203.199.60.3

title: User talk:203.199.60.3


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Cuban martin

The Cuban martin (Progne cryptoleuca) is a large swallow endemic to Cuba.

It is closely related to the Caribbean martin (P. dominicensis), which breeds on Caribbean islands from Jamaica east to Tobago, and the Sinaloa martin (P. sinaloae), which breeds in Mexico.

It has at various times been considered alternatively as a race of the purple martin, Progne subis.

Description
Adult Cuban martins are 18.5 cm in length, with a forked tail and relatively broad wings, and weigh 40 g. Adult males are a glossy blue-black with contrasting white lower underparts. Females and juveniles are duller than the male, with grey-brown breast and flanks and white lower underparts.

Adult male Cuban martins can be distinguished from adult male Caribbean martins by their dark bellies: Caribbean martins have a prominent white patch on theirs. Adult females and immatures aren't as easily distinguished.

On the other hand, adult male Cuban martins and Purple martins cannot be reliably distinguished in the field. Adult female and immature Purple martins have a scaly breast pattern which can be used to distinguish the two species.

Unlike these two similar species, the Cuban martin is endemic to Cuba and Isla de la Juventud. Purple martins and Caribbean martins are migratory species that are only present in the Cuban martin's range during winter.

Behavior
The Cuban martin nests in cavities in banks and buildings, or old woodpecker holes. 3-6 eggs are laid in the lined nest, and incubated for 15 days, with another 26–27 to fledging. Just as the purple martin, this species may compete with other passerines for nesting cavities. In particular, the main foe is the house sparrow in urban areas, where they mostly use man-made structures, whereas in more rural locations Picidae holes in coconut trees are favored, and there is less competition with the sparrows.

Cuban martins are gregarious birds which hunt for insects in flight. They are often found in large, sometimes mixed flocks of up to 20 birds. Their call is a gurgly chew-chew.

Despite being considered endemic to Cuba and Isla de la Juventud, occasional vagrant individuals have been reported in Florida.

title: Cuban martin


text: User talk:213.149.97.38

title: User talk:213.149.97.38


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Talk:Culture of India

Culture in ancient india
H 175.101.106.36 (talk) 15:14, 18 November 2022 (UTC)

South Asian culture
South Asian culture is basically connected to the local feudal languages. It is not to be mixed up with spirituality of the location. Check this> Indian Culture! What is it exactly? 117.195.100.60 (talk) 06:38, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Fundamental characteristics of indian culture 2402:A00:189:19F6:4FCC:B944:AA56:EEB (talk) 16:04, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Sst
Please talk in Hindi 103.81.154.24 (talk) 13:49, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No, this is the English Wikipedia. If you wish to use Hindi, please go to the Hindi Wikipedia - Arjayay (talk) 13:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Culture of India


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Implicit contract

Implicit contract may refer to either of these related concepts:
 * Implied-in-fact contract in law
 * Implicit contract theory in economics

title: Implicit contract


text:
Shabazz

Shabazz may refer to:
 * Tribe of Shabazz, a supposed ancient Black nation led by prophet Shabazz, according to the Nation of Islam doctrine
 * Shabazz (name), including a list of notable people with the name
 * Shabazz Palaces, hip-hop group
 * Shabazz, a 1975 album by jazz drummer Billy Cobham

title: Shabazz


text: Talk:Bluth Company

title: Talk:Bluth Company


text:
Code page 860

Code page 860 (CCSID 860) (also known as CP 860, IBM 00860, OEM 860, DOS Portuguese ) is a code page used under DOS in Portugal to write Portuguese and it is also suitable to write Spanish and Italian. In Brazil, however, the most widespread codepage – and that which DOS in Brazilian Portuguese used by default – was code page 850.

Character set
The following table shows code page 860. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 437.

{{legend|#FFD|Differences from code page 437}}

title: Code page 860


text: Category:1251 births

title: Category:1251 births


text: Category:1252 births

title: Category:1252 births


text: Category:1258 births

title: Category:1258 births


text: Category:1259 births

title: Category:1259 births


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Chicago Lighthouse

The Chicago Lighthouse is a non-profit organization located in Chicago, Illinois.

The Lighthouse is one of the oldest social service agencies in Chicago. Among the many programs it offers are a school for children with multi-disabilities; job training and placement; a low vision clinic; and a manufacturing facility that boasts the nation's sole contract to supply clocks to the U.S. government. The Lighthouse is regarded as the most comprehensive agency of its kind in the Midwest and a model agency nationally.

During its existence, The Chicago Lighthouse has improved the quality of life for people who are blind or visually impaired and has provided opportunities toward increased independent living.

History

The Chicago Lighthouse was founded by a group of blind and sighted women volunteers in 1906 and called the "Improvement Association for the Blind". Its founding purpose was to provide basic care and community services for blind and visually impaired individuals.

By 1918, The Chicago Lighthouse trained and placed 46 blind or visually impaired men and women in competitive work. Job opportunities included crafting coffin handles and edges, assembling various products such as electrical wires for Edison Appliance Company, and hand weaving baskets, which were later to be sold as gift items in the shops and holiday catalogs of Marshall Field's.

In 1931, The Chicago Lighthouse's original name, "Improvement Association for the Blind", was changed to "The Chicago Lighthouse for the Blind".

In 1955, The Chicago Lighthouse hosted a dedication ceremony of a new building at which Helen Keller was the keynote speaker. Helen Keller was a common visitor to the lighthouse's annual dinners during the 1940s and 1950s.

The Chicago Lighthouse Low Vision Clinic – the first of its kind in the Midwest and the second in the nation – was formally established in 1957, involving both the Illinois Optometric Association and the Chicago Ophthalmological Society, to provide low vision services for people whose vision cannot be improved with standard corrective lenses.

The agency officially changed its name from "The Chicago Lighthouse for the Blind" to "The Chicago Lighthouse for People Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired" in 1999. In 2015, the organization shortened its official name to simply The Chicago Lighthouse.

Assistive Technologies
In 2020, the Chicago Lighthouse obtained an assistive device called the OrCam MyEye 2.0 which was provided to a number of employees. The MyEye 2.0 is voice-activated and allows visually impaired people to comprehend text and visual images by transforming them into sound.

Chicago Lighthouse Industries and China
Chicago Lighthouse Industries is a manufacturing facility that employs people who are blind or visually impaired. It has grown from a workshop environment in the early years to a professional manufacturer in the last three decades.

The Chicago Lighthouse was awarded a contract with the Federal Government in 1977 to produce wall clocks. A year later, Chicago Lighthouse Industries was officially initiated. The wall clocks are sold to several departments of the Federal Government, including the Department of Defense, and to and through various commercial entities.

On February 2, 2005, The Chicago Lighthouse was featured on the front page of The Wall Street Journal. The article by Michael J. McCarthy covered how the Lighthouse Industries was coping with competition from foreign countries like China.

 * "The clock is ticking for The Chicago Lighthouse," writes McCarthy, "which faces heavy new competition from China. In the past four years, U.S. imports of wall clocks -- most of them from China -- have increased by 24%, totaling $121 million in 2003."

However, in 1938 President Roosevelt signed the Wagner-O'Day Act which directed the government to purchase products manufactured by blind Americans. In 1971, Senator Jacob Javits introduced legislation known as the Javits–Wagner–O'Day Act, extending the act to severely disabled individuals. For a long time, The Chicago Lighthouse was a dominant player in the wall clock business. Today, not every government buyer is aware of The Chicago Lighthouse's favored status as a manufacturer, because the government more than a decade ago decentralized buying and encouraged individual departments to seek bargains.

 * "But China isn't cleaning Chicago Lighthouse's clock just yet," adds McCarthy. "The company's sales have actually crept up a bit in recent years amid a push to make its clocks available to corporations and the general public."

The issue has since raised the attention of former United States President Barack Obama, who visited The Lighthouse in the summer of 2005. Congressman Danny Davis encouraged officials on the House Floor in Washington to purchase from the Lighthouse with the following remarks:

 * We are always looking for the most cost-efficient way of doing business. We also better look at the needs of our people and we better look at the needs of the people in our community to provide opportunities for blind people to work, to have dignity, to have pride, to have a sense of self-worth. We should not let anything erode that, we should not let anything take that away and so I would urge us, as we purchase, as we continue to purchase clocks, that we remember something the bible says: "Where there is no vision, the people perish." Some people can see but have no vision; sometimes our policies reflect the ability to see, but not in a visionary way. Please, America, let's not put the people at The Chicago Lighthouse for the Blind out of work. Let's keep them working and hopefully all the rest of us will be able to see.

title: Chicago Lighthouse


text: Category:1269 births

title: Category:1269 births


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Code page 863

Code page 863 (CCSID 863) (also known as CP 863, IBM 00863, OEM 863, MS-DOS French Canada ) is a code page used under DOS in Canada to write French (mainly in Quebec) although it lacks the letters Æ, æ, Œ, œ, Ÿ and ÿ.

Character set
Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 437.

{{legend|#FFD|Differences from code page 437}}

title: Code page 863


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USS President Lincoln (1907)

USS President Lincoln was a troop transport in the United States Navy during World War I.

Formerly the German steamer President Lincoln of the Hamburg-American Line, it was built by Harland and Wolff in Belfast being completed in 1907. Seized in New York harbor in 1917, it was turned over to the Shipping Board and transferred to the Navy for operation as a troop transport.

Having been damaged severely by her German crew, the President Lincoln underwent extensive repairs and conversion at Robin's Dry Dock and Repair Company in Brooklyn, New York before being re-commissioned as a Navy troop transport at Brooklyn on 25 July 1917. Commander Yates Stirling Jr. was then placed in command.

Service history
The President Lincoln made five voyages from New York to France. Transporting approximately 23,000 American troops to Brest, France and St. Nazaire, four cycles were completed without incident: October–November 1917, December 1917-January 1918, February–March, and March–May. She sailed from New York on her fifth and final trip to Europe on 10 May 1918. Arriving at Brest on the 23rd, she disembarked troops, and — escorted by destroyers — got underway on the 29th with troopships USS Rijndam (ID-2505), USS Susquehanna (ID-3016) and USS Antigone (ID-3007) for the return voyage to the U.S. At sundown on 30 May 1918, having passed through the so-called "danger zone" of submarine activity, the destroyers left the convoy to proceed alone. At about 09:00 on 31 May 1918, the President Lincoln was struck by three torpedoes from the German submarine SM U-90, and sank about 20 minutes later. Of the 715 people aboard, 26 men were lost with the ship, and a Lieutenant Edouard Izac was taken aboard U–90 as prisoner. Survivors were rescued from lifeboats late that night by destroyers USS Warrington (DD-30) and USS Smith (DD-17). They were taken to France, arriving at Brest on 2 June.

title: USS President Lincoln (1907)


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Stilton

Stilton is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England, about 12 mi north of Huntingdon in Huntingdonshire, which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as a historic county of England.

History
There is evidence of Neolithic occupation of the parish. The Roman finds dug up in the village include a silver ring and a 2nd-century jug. Archaeologists have also found a potentially Roman settlement in the village and a Roman cheese press.

Stilton was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 in the Hundred of Normancross in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Stichiltone and Sticilitone in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there were three manors at Stilton; the annual rent paid to the lords of the manors in 1066 had been £4 and the rent was the same in 1086.

The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place, but it records that there were ten households at Stilton. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 persons. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Stilton in 1086 is that it was within the range of 35–50 people.

The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to 120 acre; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were 6.37 ploughlands at Stilton in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further 1.62 ploughlands. In addition to the arable land, there was 32 acre of meadows and 10 acre of woodland at Stilton.

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the king and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings (30 per cent) in the pound. For the manors at Stilton the total tax assessed was five geld.

In 1086 there was no church at Stilton.

Coaching inns
The Roman Ermine Street, which later became the Great North Road, was integral to the development of the village. By late medieval times the village was a popular posting station and coaching stop. At one time there were 14 public houses for a population of around 500.

The main inns of the period were the Bell Inn and the Angel Inn, both of which are still in existence. The Bell Inn has been recorded since 1515 and was rebuilt in 1642. The Angel Inn, dating from the early 17th century, was rebuilt as an impressive red brick house in the 18th century. It ceased to be an inn and was badly burned in 1923. Fires also damaged the village as a whole in 1729, 1798 and 1895.

Modern times
Stilton's reliance on its position on the Great North Road has twice led to problems when use of the road was reduced; the arrival of the railway several miles to the east in the 19th century cut goods transportation along the road, and the opening of a 1.25-mile-long A1 bypass on 21 July 1958 by David Renton, Baron Renton reduced passing trade through the village to almost nil. The bypass was the first from London to Newcastle when the A1 was completely improved in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

The Bell Inn closed and fell into disrepair and the village as a whole lost many businesses. To try to revive interest, on Easter Monday 1962 Tom McDonald of The Talbot and Malcolm Moyer of the Bell Inn organised the first cheese-rolling race along a course near the post office. Held every May Day holiday, it became a popular annual event. In 2018, the race was cancelled due to declining interest and uncontrollable behaviour. This may be linked with photos of the event showing small logs being rolled, and not actual cheeses.

Listed as Stichiltone or Sticiltone at the time of the 1086 Domesday Book, the name Stilton means "village at a stile or steep ascent".

Governance
As a civil parish, Stilton has a parish council elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll. The parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. Huntingdonshire District Council is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for some services, known as the parish precept. This is collected as part of the Council Tax. The parish council consists of twelve councillors and a parish clerk. The parish council normally meets on the second Tuesday of the month (except in August) in the parish meeting room.

Stilton was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Stilton became part of the county of Cambridgeshire.

The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its offices in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax. Stilton is a district ward and is represented on the district council by one councillor. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.

For Stilton the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Stilton is part of the electoral division of Norman Cross, which is represented on the county council by two councillors.

At Westminster Stilton is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Stilton has been represented in the House of Commons by Shailesh Vara (Conservative since 2005. The previous member of parliament was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative, 1997–2005).

Geography
Stilton lies south of the city of Peterborough, on the old Great North Road, 70 mi from London. It lies just south of Norman Cross. In 1998, the village was bypassed by the new A1(M), with access limited to the A15 intersection at Norman Cross.

Stilton is twinned with Saint-Christol-lès-Alès, a community in Gard in the south of France.

Demography
Between 1801 and 1901, the censuses recorded populations for Stilton in the range of 509 (the lowest in 1801) and 817 (the highest in 1841).

From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941, due to the Second World War.

All population census figures are from the report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight.

In 2011, the parish covered an area of 1633 acre, including Folksworth.

Cheese
The village gave its name to Stilton cheese. The most widely accepted explanation is that the cheese came down to be sold at the coaching inns in Stilton. Daniel Defoe in 1722 described the village as famous for its cheese. Traditionally it was thought that supplies were obtained from the housekeeper at Quenby Hall, Hungarton, Leicestershire, near Melton Mowbray, and were sold via her brother-in-law to travellers in Stilton's coaching inns, namely the Bell Inn or the Angel Inn.

Today Stilton is not licensed to make the cheese since it is not located in one of the three counties licensed to do so: Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire. The manufacturers of Stilton cheese in these counties applied for and received Protected Geographical Status (PGS) in 1996, so that production is currently limited to these three counties and must use pasteurised milk, which can be drawn from many counties within the central belt of England. Recent evidence indicates that it is unlikely that the village would have been a centre for selling of cheese unless cheese was also made in the area. Furthermore, the original recipe for a cream cheese made in Stilton in the early 18th century has since been discovered and since more than one type of cheese was usually made, it is possible that a blue cheese was also made in the area. The Parish of Stilton applied to Defra for an amendment to the Stilton PDO to be included into the Protected area but was unsuccessful. Further attempts to achieve this have been made, supported by Shailesh Vara MP, the Member of Parliament for North West Cambridgeshire, but have so far been unsuccessful.

Church
There is no record of a church in Stilton before the 13th century. The earliest parts of the present Parish Church of St Mary Magdalene date from that period. It consists today of a chancel with vestry and organ chamber, nave, north and south aisles, west tower and south porch most of which was built in the 15th century with the nave arcades 13th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Village life
Stilton has its own Church of England primary school. The village has one shop and three pubs: The S Bar, The Bell, The Talbot and Colbrook's, a Rolls-Royce and Bentley specialist garage.

title: Stilton


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Pigou effect

In economics, the Pigou effect is the stimulation of output and employment caused by increasing consumption due to a rise in real balances of wealth, particularly during deflation. The term was named after Arthur Cecil Pigou by Don Patinkin in 1948.

Real wealth was defined by Arthur Cecil Pigou as the summation of the money supply and government bonds divided by the price level. He argued that Keynes' General Theory was deficient in not specifying a link from "real balances" to current consumption and that the inclusion of such a "wealth effect" would make the economy more "self correcting" to drops in aggregate demand than Keynes predicted. Because the effect derives from changes to the "Real Balance", this critique of Keynesianism is also called the Real Balance effect.

History
The Pigou effect was first popularised by Arthur Cecil Pigou in 1943, in The Classical Stationary State an article in the Economic Journal. He had proposed the link from balances to consumption earlier, and Gottfried Haberler had made a similar objection the year after the General Theory's publication.

Following the tradition of classical economics, Pigou favoured the idea of "natural rates" to which the economy would return in most cases, although he acknowledged that sticky prices might still prevent reversion to natural output levels after a demand shock. Pigou saw the "Real Balance" effect as a mechanism to fuse Keynesian and classical models.

Integration with Keynesian aggregate demand
Keynes argued with that a drop in aggregate demand could lower both employment and the price level in unison, an occurrence observed in the deflationary depression. In the IS-LM framework of Keynesian economics as formalised by John Hicks, a negative aggregate demand shock would shift the IS curve left; as a result, a simultaneously falling wage and price level would shift the LM curve downward due to a rising real money supply - this is referred to as the Keynes effect. The Pigou effect would in turn counter the fall in aggregate demand, through rising current real balances raising expenditures via the Income effect, thus shifting the IS curve back towards the right.

Pigou's hypothesis and the liquidity trap
An economy in a liquidity trap cannot use monetary stimulus to increase output because there is little connection between personal income and money demand. John Hicks thought that this might be another reason (along with sticky prices) for persistently high unemployment. However, the Pigou effect creates a mechanism for the economy to escape the trap:

 * 1) As unemployment rises,
 * 2) the price level drops,
 * 3) which raises real balances,
 * 4) and thus consumption rises,
 * 5) which creates a different set of IS-curves on the IS-LM diagram, intersecting the LM curves above the low interest rate threshold of the liquidity trap.
 * 6) Finally, the economy moves to the new equilibrium, at full employment.

Pigou concluded that an equilibrium with employment below the full employment rate (the classical natural rate) could only occur if prices and wages were sticky.

Kalecki's criticism of the Pigou effect
The Pigou effect was criticized by Michał Kalecki because "The adjustment required would increase catastrophically the real value of debts, and would consequently lead to wholesale bankruptcy and a confidence crisis."

The Pigou effect and Japan
If the Pigou effect always operated strongly, the Bank of Japan's policy of near-zero nominal interest rates might have been expected to end the Japanese deflation of the 1990s sooner.

Other apparent evidence against the Pigou effect from Japan may be its long period of stagnating consumer expenditure whilst prices were falling. Pigou hypothesised that falling prices would make consumers feel richer (and increase spending) but Japanese consumers tended to report that they preferred to delay purchases, expecting that prices would fall further.

Government debt and the Pigou effect
Robert Barro argued that due to Ricardian equivalence in the presence of a bequest motive, the public is not fooled into thinking they are richer when the government issues bonds to them, because government bond coupons must be paid from increased future taxation. Therefore, he argued that at the microeconomic level, the subjective level of wealth would be lessened by a share of the debt taken on by the national government. As a consequence bonds should not be considered as part of net wealth at the macroeconomic level. This implies that there is no way for the government to create a "Pigou effect" by issuing bonds, because the aggregate level of wealth will not increase.

title: Pigou effect


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Albanau Community

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Block compress error: pending deletion. Joyous 01:21, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Albanau Community
Online community, 2 links on google outside of the message board itself. vanity, delete -- Chris 73 Talk 11:42, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. jni 16:38, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nn, advertising. Xezbeth  20:16, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable ad. Too bad Alexa only searches for the domain name and not subdirectories. --Deathphoenix 01:58, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No claim to notability. JoaoRicardo 04:29, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.