text:
User talk:Crackjack

Please do not post copyrighted material to Wikipedia without permission from the copyright holder. See Copyrights. Copyright violations are unacceptable and persistent violators will be blocked. Your original contributions are welcome. Gamaliel 07:00, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Unsourced
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AfD nomination of Arunabh Kumar
Arunabh Kumar, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that Arunabh Kumar satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Arunabh Kumar and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Arunabh Kumar during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Hammer1980 ·talk 11:35, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

West Bengal Map
I saw your message on Antorjal's page. I think the map was prepared by Planemad and not Antorjal. Antorjal's map on Bardhaman district page is okay. Please see this page in Wikimedia Commons. Regards. - P.K.Niyogi (talk) 02:11, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Eastern Coalfields
You seem to belong to the Andal-Durgapur region. There is no article on Eastern Coalfields Limited. If you have proper referenced material on the same, you can add an article. Regards. - P.K.Niyogi (talk) 03:11, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Delhi Belly
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Delhi Belly, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

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Tappa
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Speedy deletion of Tappa
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2009 U.S. Open - Men's Singles
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on 2009 U.S. Open - Men's Singles, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because 2009 U.S. Open - Men's Singles is a test page. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting 2009 U.S. Open - Men's Singles, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 23:40, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Jigna Mehta
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Jigna Mehta, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

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Welcome!
Welcome to Wikipedia, Crackjack! I have been editing Wikipedia for quite some time. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on or by typing helpme at the bottom of this page. I love to help new users, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Oh yeah, I almost forgot, when you post on talk pages you should sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on, or place helpme on your talk page and ask your question there. Again, welcome! -Thanks. Jayanta Nath (Talk 05:14, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
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Yes dear I know that you are in wikipedia from 2005.Are you bangali? Do you know bengali wikipedia? Please joint to bengali wikipedia and contribute there also. If you need to any kind of help bengali typing, feel free to leave me a message on .-Thanks. Jayanta Nath (Talk 05:12, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Natasha Jog
A tag has been placed on Natasha Jog requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Linguisticgeek (talk) 11:52, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Natasha Jog

The article Natasha Jog has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * a single reference doth not pass WP:BIO

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Linguisticgeek (talk) 09:27, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Crackjack! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 00:11, 9 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Bharat Shah -

Proposed deletion of Mamta Sharma

The article Mamta Sharma has been proposed for deletion because under Wikipedia policy, all biographies of living persons created after March 18, 2010, must have at least one source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't take offense. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners or ask at Help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within ten days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Travelbird (talk) 07:28, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Premier League Soccer
Hello, Crackjack! I wondered if you wouldn't mind please explaining your revert to this revision I made. Thanks! Stubbleboy 06:49, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification
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Proposed deletion of Tanya Abrol

The article Tanya Abrol has been proposed for deletion because, under Wikipedia policy, all newly created biographies of living persons must have at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within ten days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Wikieditindia (talk) 06:06, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of Saumya Tandon for deletion
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Tanya Abrol moved to draftspace
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File:Rabindrasangeet singers.jpg
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January 2019
Please do not add or change content, as you did at Angira Dhar, without citing a reliable source. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. Fylindfotberserk (talk) 09:44, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

Chhadmabeshi
Hello, I'm Titodutta. I noticed that a page you started Chhadmabeshi lacks sources. This is an interesting article, if you can expand the article and add reliable sources, that would be great. Please let me know if you need help. Titodutta (talk) 03:14, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

Chhadmabeshi moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Chhadmabeshi, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page.  CASSIOPEIA(talk) 06:44, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Satyajit for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Satyajit is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Your submission at Articles for creation: Chhadmabeshi has been accepted
 Chhadmabeshi, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. The article has been assessed as Start-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. You are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. If your account is more than four days old and you have made at least 10 edits you can create articles yourself without posting a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for Creation if you prefer. Thank you for helping improve Wikipedia! Andrew Base (talk) 12:31, 28 September 2019 (UTC)
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Important Notice
—  Newslinger  talk   09:55, 10 April 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Bharat Shah

The article Bharat Shah has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage is mainly about a criminal conviction so WP:BLP1E applies. Also there has been a long standing effort to remove that content and in my opinion the notability is not sufficient for the effort of maintaining this article."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Atlantic306 (talk) 01:07, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

April 2021
Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions did not appear constructive and has been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use your sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. Tayi Arajakate Talk 12:04, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Request for blacklist removal
Sir, I would like to remove this page Abbas Siddiqui from the blacklist. Please help. মঞ্জুর আলম খান (talk) 12:04, 20 April 2021 (IST)

Proposed deletion of Mahesh Ranjan Shome

The article Mahesh Ranjan Shome has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG"

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Mahesh Ranjan Shome moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Mahesh Ranjan Shome, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Nomadicghumakkad (talk) 12:26, 8 June 2021 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Bombay to Goa (2007 film)

The article Bombay to Goa (2007 film) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non notable film, appears to fail WP:NFILM as nothing of substance was found in a WP:BEFORE that could help support notability."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Donald D23  talk to me  12:21, 29 July 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Bombay to Goa (2007 film) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Bombay to Goa (2007 film) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Bombay to Goa (2007 film) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Donald D23  talk to me  13:27, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Mahesh Ranjan Shome
Hello, Crackjack. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Mahesh Ranjan Shome, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 13:03, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Mahesh Ranjan Shome (December 3)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reasons left by TheBirdsShedTears were:

The comment the reviewer left was:

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TheBirdsShedTears (talk) 08:39, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

Regarding a recent move made by you
Hi, I am Itcouldbepossible, and I am here to discuss about a recent move that you made. The spelling of the TV show is 'গাঁটছড়া' in Bengali, as written in the poster on Hotstar. As per our Bengali grammar, as you might know (since you say that your you understand bengali on your userpage), we represent a (ँ), as an 'n' in the english alphabet. But there is no N in the spelling of the article which you moved the past article to. So it should have been 'Gantchora' and not 'Gaatchora' or 'Gantchhora' (as was the previous spelling, since the bengali ছ, is to be represented using 'ch' and not 'chh'). So the correct spelling of the article would be 'Gantchora'. Waiting for your views regarding this matter and also asking to comment on this matter. Regards, ItcouldbepossibleTalk 08:07, 30 April 2022 (UTC)

 * , WP:COMMONNAME policy can be applicable. But I don't know if it's applicable for multiple spellings of a same name. I've made a move request on Anupamaa about the same issue. If you're not convinced with the new title, you can revert it or make a move request. Shinnosuke 15, 12:53, 30 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Considering the fact that no reply has been received from the user who made the action, I have decided to move the page to the desired title. I state that I have thoroughly read through WP:COMMONNAME and think it is best to move the page to the correct English spelling as per the bengali pronunciation, so initiating this to you . ItcouldbepossibleTalk 04:19, 6 May 2022 (UTC)
 * The "English name" of the series, according to the production house (Hotstar) is Gaatchora and not anything else. Check the link https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/gaatchora/1260075978 and the heading in it. This is clearly written on the page you have linked to. How then can it be pointed to some other spelling - which is derived from its Bengali spelling, or anything else? Crackjack (talk) 07:49, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Guddi (TV series)

A tag has been placed on Guddi (TV series) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion discussion, at Articles for deletion/Guddi (TV series). When a page has substantially identical content to that of a page deleted after a discussion, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Shinnosuke 15, 07:28, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

 * @Shinnosuke15 Hi Shinnosuke15. G4 is for articles that are identical to the previous deleted version. But as you might know, the previous version by TorteraKetchum was promotionally written, but this is not. So how is it identical to the previous version? Moreover this TV show needs an article, so if someone creates an article, what is the harm in it? ItcouldbepossibleTalk 07:36, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

Shyamal Gupta moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Shyamal Gupta, is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page.  Onel 5969  <i style="color:blue">TT me</i> 14:14, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Shyamal Gupta.jpg
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Concern regarding Draft:Shyamal Gupta
Hello, Crackjack. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Shyamal Gupta, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

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Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 15:01, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Shyamal Gupta

Hello, Crackjack. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Shyamal Gupta".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz <sup style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: #006400;">Read! Talk! 17:53, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Guddi.png
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Arabella Churchill

Arabella Churchill may refer to:

 * Arabella Churchill (royal mistress) (1648–1730), mistress of King James II of England and VII of Scotland
 * Arabella Churchill (charity founder) (1949–2007), founder of the charity Children's World

title: Arabella Churchill


text:
Arabella Churchill (charity founder)

Arabella Spencer-Churchill (30 October 1949 – 20 December 2007) was an English charity founder, festival co-founder and fundraiser and a granddaughter of former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill.

In 1971, Churchill played a major role in the development of the Glastonbury Festival. In 1979, she set up the children's area of the festival and also the theatre area. Until her death, she ran the theatre and circus fields. Her duties in the 2007 festival involved the booking and management of some 1500 separate acts. She also founded and was the director of the Children's World charity.

Life
Churchill was born in London to Randolph Churchill (son of Sir Winston Churchill) and his second wife June Osborne (daughter of Colonel Rex Hamilton Osborne), and was half-sister to Winston Churchill, who was born to Randolph Churchill and his first wife Pamela Beryl Digby, better known as Pamela Harriman. She appeared, at the age of two, in the portrait of Winston Churchill and his family which hangs in the National Portrait Gallery.

She went to Fritham School for Girls, where she was Head Girl, and then Ladymede school, near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. She worked at Lepra, the charity for people with leprosy, and then briefly at London Weekend Television.

In March 1954, then four-year-old Churchill appeared on the cover of Life as part of a feature on possible future spouses of then five-year-old Prince Charles. In 1967 she was "Debutante of the Year", appeared in January UK Vogue feature "Youthquakers Face '67" photographed by Norman Parkinson, met the Kennedys and Martin Luther King Jr. in America, and was romantically linked, during 1970, with Crown Prince Carl, the future King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.

In 1971 Churchill was invited to represent Britain at the Norfolk International Azalea Festival in Virginia, established in 1953 after NATO's Allied command was established there. Each year a NATO country is honoured, and invited to send a beautiful "Azalea Queen" as its ambassador. She refused to go, indicating in a letter she believed in the goals of the peace movement, and was horrified by the Vietnam War. Chased through London by a surprised press, she left instead for rural Somerset, where she helped lead the first full-scale incarnation of the Glastonbury Festival with Andrew Kerr, Thomas Crimble, Michael Eavis and many others.

During the 1970s she embraced the alternative culture of the time, which included living for a time in a squat but later worked and lived on a farm. She granted a rare interview to Rolling Stone magazine. In 1979 Churchill and Kerr were again in charge of the festival, and from then on her administration continued alongside Eavis and Kerr, along with the founding and leading of the charity Children's World and work as a fundraiser.

In 1972 she married Jim Barton, and in 1973 had a son, Nicholas Jake. In 1987 she met her second husband, a juggler, Haggis McLeod, and in 1988 they had a daughter, Jessica.

She embraced Tibetan Buddhism through the teachings of Sogyal Rinpoche, author of The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying.

Death
On Thursday, 20 December 2007, Churchill died at St Edmund's Cottages, Bove Town, Glastonbury, Somerset, aged 58. She had developed a short illness due to pancreatic cancer, for which she had refused chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Arrangements following her death reflected her Buddhism, and included a parade and simple farewell on the final evening of the Glastonbury Festival in June 2008.

Festival organiser Michael Eavis, paying tribute to Churchill after her death, said: "Her energy, vitality and great sense of morality and social responsibility have given her a place in our festival history second to none."

In 2010, Eavis received a donation from British Waterways of timber from the old gates at Caen Hill Locks in Wiltshire. This was used to construct a new bridge, dedicated to Churchill's memory, at the Glastonbury Festival site.

title: Arabella Churchill (charity founder)


text:
EasyCard

The EasyCard is a contactless smartcard system operated by the EasyCard Corporation, which was previously named the "Taipei Smart Card Corporation", for payment on the Taipei Metro (also known as "Taipei MRT", or "Taipei Rapid Transit System"), buses, and other public transport services in Taipei since June 2002, and its usage has since expanded to multiple kinds of businesses. Its use has also since been expanded to include convenience stores, department stores, supermarkets, taxis, and other retailers since 1 April 2010. Like conventional electronic fare systems, the card employs RFID technology to operate without physical contact. They are available for purchase at all Metro stations and all chain convenience stores.

History
The Taipei Smart Card Corporation was established in 2000 with a total capitalization of NT$700 million. Shareholders include the Taipei City Government, the Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation, banks, bus companies, and other companies. Promotional trials of the card began in 2001, and the card was officially released in 2002. In 2008, the company changed its name to the EasyCard Corporation to increase branding and visibility.

By April 2016, the company had issued over 60 million cards. EasyCard transactions now account for 91% of Taipei Metro system transactions, 92% of bus transactions, and 71% of parking lot transactions. Daily transactions reached 3.1 million in 2009.

Brand
The name EasyCard was chosen in a contest where the general public was asked to propose names. In Mandarin Chinese the card is known as 悠遊卡 (Pinyin: Yōu-yóu Kǎ), which literally means Easy Travel Card. The logo, designed by Y&P Design Group, is composed of four different colored logos radiating outward, each representing something different: technology and unhindered travel, sustainable development, commitment, and efficiency. In 2003, the EasyCard logo won the 20th American Corporate Identity Award of Excellence.

Taipei Metro
Users of the card on the Taipei Metro are required to pass the card over the EasyCard sensor area on fare gates both entering and exiting the stations; the first pass registers the start of the journey and the second as the end. Fares deducted from the card depend on the distance traveled and whether a public bus was used within a transfer time frame (currently, one hour).

Beginning in 2020, travelers using an IC Card such as EasyCard on Taipei MRT trains will receive a rebate of between 10 and 30% on all Taipei MRT fares, with the discount percentage based on the number of rides taken during the month. The rebate amount is deposited onto the IC card the next time the traveler uses the card on the Taipei MRT after the end of the respective month, but the rebate must be collected within six months. Prior to the current rebate scheme, IC card users were instead given an automatic 20% discount off every published fare.

The EasyCard can also be used for the Maokong Gondola without any discounts.

Taichung MRT
The EasyCard can be used on the Taichung MRT.

Taoyuan Metro
The EasyCard are available for each station of the Taoyuan Airport MRT.

Using the card to shuttle between the three stations from A12 station (Airport Terminal 1) to A14a station (Airport Hotel) is free.

Kaohsiung Metro
Users of the card can use the card on the Red and Orange Lines of the Kaohsiung Metro. Fares deducted from the card depend on the distance traveled and a 15% discount over single journey tokens, which is the same as iPASS.

The Circular light rail enabled EasyCard usage from February 2018.

The EasyCard can be add-valued only at the information center of each station of Kaohsiung Metro. The add-value machines are scheduled to enable EasyCard add-value function in May 2018.

Taiwan Railway Administration
The EasyCard is available for all stations of the TRA. Passengers holding the card can take all trains of the TRA, except Taroko Express, Puyuma Express, group trains, tourism trains, and specified operating trains.

There is a 10% discount if the travelling distance is less than 70km.

Buses
The EasyCard can be used on most city bus systems and several inter-city bus in Taiwan. The card might not be accepted on several routes.

In Taipei, passengers using Adult cards (including co-branded credit cards and debit cards), Student cards, or Concessionaire (Welfare) cards to transfer between Metro and bus within one hour, receive an NT$8, NT$6 and NT$4 discount respectively. The EasyCard machine prevents repeated transactions on the same card until the bus travels into the next paying section.

In Taichung, users can enjoy a 10-kilometer free ride.

Taxis
A trial allowing the payment of taxi fares with the card was carried out in 2005 but this payment option was not then implemented on a wider level for taxi journeys.

Parking
The EasyCard is accepted in government-run parking lots and some privately run parking lots. Parking meters accept Easy Cards exclusively, charged in quarter-hour increments, and expire in due time like a normal meter.

In addition to being usable on the Taipei Metro and buses, the EasyCard is also accepted at public garages adjacent to Metro stations and in other areas of Taipei. As of 2008, the EasyCard can be used to pay for boat rides in areas such as Tamsui.

Designated retailers
As of 1 April 2024, EasyCards can now be used to pay for purchases at a variety of stores across Taiwan including 7-Eleven, FamilyMart, Cosmed, OK Mart, Hi-Life, Starbucks, Muji, Daiso and Pacific SOGO. The EasyCard can now be used at over 10,000 retail outlets throughout Taiwan. In 2011, card usage is expected to be expanded to gas stations and fast food chains.

Other uses
In addition to payment, the EasyCard has also been used as a multifunctional card. At the 2010 World Model UN Conference held in Taipei, the card served as a ticket, meal coupon, and identification card (in addition to its regular uses). Limited edition cards have also been sold to raise money for charity.

Other areas of use
In addition to paying for public transit, parking, and select retailers, the EasyCard can also be used for:
 * Most buses in multiple areas in Taiwan
 * Ferries (Taipei Blue highway).
 * Admission into the Taipei Zoo, and a some museums, festival activities and recreational areas.
 * Library cards, allowing the user to borrow materials from Taipei or Yilan Public Libraries.
 * Digital IDs, including Student ID Cards.
 * YouBike bicycle sharing system. (Registration with the YouBike system with registered mobile telephone is required)

Payment and recharge
EasyCards can be used for purchases of up to NT$1,000 at available stores once, up to a maximum of NT$3,000 per day. This limit does not apply to payment of government fees, public service charges, medical costs, transport services (including recreational services like the Maokong Gondola or bicycle rental), miscellaneous school expenses, and parking fees. Value can be recharged in multiples of NT$100 and each card can hold up to NT$10,000 of value.

For consumer safety, all money from EasyCard deposits are held in the EasyCard Prepaid Trust Fund managed by Cathay United Bank. All deposits are protected by a full refund guarantee issued by the managing bank.

If a card has not been used for over two years, a recharge must be made before the card will be reactivated. The balance on a card can be checked on the scanner unit whenever a transaction is made or using an EasyCard Reader located at all Taipei Metro stations.

Types of cards

 * Adult: These standard fare cards cost NT$500, inclusive of a NT$400 balance and NT$100 deposit. Purchase and add-value are available at all Taipei Metro stations, bus stations, and most convenience stores. The card can be credited to a maximum of balance of NT$10,000. Unused fees and the deposit are refundable.
 * Student: These cards cost the same amount (NT$500), but can only be purchased from station staff with appropriate student identification. The pricing model remains the same on the Metro but is discounted on public buses at NT$12 rather than NT$15. Cardholders after October 2015 will not receive the NT$3 discount on public buses according to EasyCard Corp.

Note: As of 1 May 2010, at certain convenience store chains (7-Eleven, FamilyMart, Hi-Life, OK Mart), Adult and Student cards may be purchased with NT$200 (NT$100 balance and NT$100 deposit).

 * Concessionaire: These cards are reserved for children (under eligible legislation), seniors over 65 years of age, and disabled persons. It offers discounts depending on the service used.
 * Taipei Pass: A special-purpose card that allows for unlimited travel on the Metro and associated bus services and unlimited trips on the Maokong Gondola. The pass is sold as a one-day, two-day, three-day, or five-day pass. It expires on midnight of the expiry date. Buses that accept the card will display a TaipeiPass identification sticker.

Debit and co-branded credit cards
Joint-branded cards allow for an EasyCard to be linked with a credit or ATM account to automatically add value. This allows for consumers to pay for products, services, or government fees with the card. The option remains popular with users in spite of handling fees and a limit of how much money can be added per day (NT$500).

Auto-recharge applied to debit card to make up to 3 times of each NT$500 at all Designated retailers and value-adding machine at Metro stations

Mobile device integration
Several attempts have been made to embed EasyCard radio chips into mobile devices, enabling "transactions by phone." Users are not billed by their telecommunications accounts; rather, they can read transaction records and check balance using a supported mobile phone.

Security attacks
As the value of an EasyCard can be used for transactions of scarce services and products, security measures are important. EasyCard uses multiple encryption techniques to prevent illegal modification of values and hacking.

At the 27th annual German Chaos Communication Congress hacker conference ("27C3") in 2010, German free software programmer Harald Welte showed that it is possible to artificially change the amount of money stored on a first-generation EasyCard —based on the MIFARE Classic chip— using nothing more than a USB RFID reader and a laptop computer running open source software. Welte denounced the system for its poor choice of cipher and lack of user authentication. He was able to map out and manipulate the card's internal format in 2 days on a trip in Taiwan.

However, hacking the EasyCard remains illegal, and in September 2011 a 24-year-old engineer was arrested on suspicion of fraudulently using a hacked EasyCard.

EasyCard has since addressed several of the weaknesses in later card hardware revisions but remains vulnerable to several known attacks on the cryptography of MIFARE Classic that cannot be addressed without breaking backwards compatibility to existing infrastructure.

Reception
The EasyCard has been very popular since its launch in 2002. By 2010, over 23 million cards had been issued.(The source did not say what cards have returned as subpriced) By 2014, more than 50 million cards have been issued.

Critics have called for stronger measures to promote name registration of EasyCards in order to protect consumer rights. Over NT$600 million is lost yearly in lost cards. As of 2009, fewer than 0.02% of cards had been registered.

title: EasyCard


text:
Talk:Cooties

boy cooties
When I was in elementary school, boy cooties were said to be less known, but more potent than girl cooties. Also, vaccinations were administered with a pinecone anointed with saliva. Benjamin (talk) 09:56, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

I would like to agree to disagree
On this point, I would have to say that cooties are real and highly contagious. The major cause of death used to be consumption. In recent years, in the US, lung cancer has been a major cause, even if setting in after an immune system has been compromised in a dying person.

Can you definitively prove that cooties do not exist. For 20 years, doctors stood behind SIDS, until it was finally found to be a brain stem defect, yet still insisted on putting babies to sleep on their backs even if it meant mommy and baby did not sleep for over 3 1/2 months, until mommy thought, "enough is enough."

When you travel to find in some areas that certain fields places are so tight-knit that certain places in certain field, not to mention any names, are at least fifty years in the dark ages, sometimes you have to use good old-fashioned home remedies that apparently are expected common emergency room visits where they don't know how to treat what is known to yourself as common emergency room reasons to visit, at least yester-year.

So, who is to say, imaginary or not. What is an actual cootie, anyway? Maybe, someday they will have a more scientific explanation for them.2604:2000:E94B:5C00:FD04:93A2:68C0:13AD (talk) 14:26, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

Adding some other ways to protect against cooties.
So you can also cross your fingers. Lets say it's like a preventative measure. It's like quarantine to COVID-19. So yeah that's what is going on nowadays. It's annoyign to have toes or fingers crossed but at least you can talk normally to everyone. ∘ ∘               |               ∪  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:8C:4180:1130:C97E:319E:5D7:C77B (talk) 18:26, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

Cooties are real
This page is apparently trying to say that body lice are imaginary. Sure if you grew up in a nice clean neighborhood and had good sanitation and went to school with other children that lived in nice clean neighborhoods and had good sanitation, you may have gotten the impression that cooties were something children just made up. They aren't. Yes, they are real and you can get them from other children. Body lice are all too well known to probably billions of people who aren't as fortunate as you. DrHenley (talk) 12:38, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Too pedantic
Cooties as we knew them going to school in the fifties or sixties had nothing to do with the board game or any previous use of the word, and only boys could get it. Our cootie shot was different and if you had every girl in the class give you one then it lasted a lifetime. All these variations might be expected but to connect the former grade school legend with all this other stuff is simply off the mark. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8805:7F40:0:D1C0:87A4:580C:9460 (talk) 19:04, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 March 2022
Tiny change to third sentence in the first paragraph, adding the word "jentelus":

"... and to terms used in the Nordic countries (jentelus), ..."

Felt a bit weird that the sentence mentions terms used in Nordic countries but without giving an example/listing them.

Source to "jentelus" definition from a Norwegian dictionary: https://naob.no/ordbok/jentelus Jhkl4777 (talk) 22:47, 16 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. It's already covered in the Other terms section. The lead is just a summary, so it doesn't need the specific words. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 11:01, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Kudis - a Malay word that is closer to cooties
I think the word could have come from the Malay word 'kudis', and was picked up by the British in Malaysia.

It means, 'scabies' - an infectious skin diseases caused by mites. Pepper Lim (talk) 22:11, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cooties


text:
User talk:Pedroarp

Leiria
Ah, I see you decided to create an account. Great job on Leiria. You put a lot of work into that article, rearranging the information, uploading the pictures, everything. It looks sharp. I just wanted to say "thank you" and welcome to you to Wikipedia. SWAdair | Talk 07:09, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! SWAdair | Talk 07:09, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:Castle of leiria.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Castle of leiria night.jpg
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If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Longhair 15:13, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pedroarp


text:
Cockayne syndrome

Cockayne syndrome (CS), also called Neill-Dingwall syndrome, is a rare and fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by growth failure, impaired development of the nervous system, abnormal sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity), eye disorders and premature aging. Failure to thrive and neurological disorders are criteria for diagnosis, while photosensitivity, hearing loss, eye abnormalities, and cavities are other very common features. Problems with any or all of the internal organs are possible. It is associated with a group of disorders called leukodystrophies, which are conditions characterized by degradation of neurological white matter. There are two primary types of Cockayne syndrome: Cockayne syndrome type A (CSA), arising from mutations in the ERCC8 gene, and Cockayne syndrome type B (CSB), resulting from mutations in the ERCC6 gene.

The underlying disorder is a defect in a DNA repair mechanism. Unlike other defects of DNA repair, patients with CS are not predisposed to cancer or infection. Cockayne syndrome is a rare but destructive disease usually resulting in death within the first or second decade of life. The mutation of specific genes in Cockayne syndrome is known, but the widespread effects and its relationship with DNA repair is yet to be well understood.

It is named after English physician Edward Alfred Cockayne (1880–1956) who first described it in 1936 and re-described in 1946. Neill-Dingwall syndrome was named after Mary M. Dingwall and Catherine A. Neill. These two scientists described the case of two brothers with Cockayne syndrome and asserted it was the same disease described by Cockayne. In their article, the two contributed to the signs of the disease through their discovery of calcifications in the brain. They also compared Cockayne syndrome to what is now known as Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), then called progeria, due to the advanced aging that characterizes both disorders.

Types

 * CS Type I, the "classic" form, is characterized by normal fetal growth with the onset of abnormalities in the first two years of life. Vision and hearing gradually decline. The central and peripheral nervous systems progressively degenerate until death in the first or second decade of life as a result of serious neurological degradation. Cortical atrophy is less severe in CS Type I.
 * CS Type II is present from birth (congenital) and is much more severe than CS Type 1. It involves very little neurological development after birth. Death usually occurs by age seven. This specific type has also been designated as cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal (COFS) syndrome or Pena-Shokeir syndrome Type II.  COFS syndrome is named so due to the effects it has on the brain, eyes, face, and skeletal system, as the disease frequently causes brain atrophy, cataracts, loss of fat in the face, and osteoporosis. COFS syndrome can be further subdivided into several conditions (COFS types 1, 2, 3 (associated with xeroderma pigmentosum) and 4). Typically patients with this early-onset form of the disorder show more severe brain damage, including reduced myelination of white matter, and more widespread calcifications, including in the cortex and basal ganglia.
 * CS Type III, characterized by late-onset, is typically milder than Types I and II. Often patients with Type III will live into adulthood.
 * Xeroderma pigmentosum-Cockayne syndrome (XP-CS) occurs when an individual also has xeroderma pigmentosum, another DNA repair disease. Some symptoms of each disease are expressed. For instance, freckling and pigment abnormalities characteristic of XP are present. The neurological disorder, spasticity, and underdevelopment of sexual organs characteristic of CS are seen. However, hypomyelination and the facial features of typical CS patients are not present.

Causes
If hyperoxia or excess oxygen occurs in the body, the cellular metabolism produces several highly reactive forms of oxygen called free radicals. This can cause oxidative damage to cellular components including the DNA. In normal cells, our body repairs the damaged sections. In the case of this disease, due to subtle defects in transcription, children's genetic machinery for synthesizing proteins needed by the body does not operate at normal capacity. Over time, went this theory, results in developmental failure and death. Every minute, the body pumps 10 to 20 liters of oxygen through the blood, carrying it to billions of cells in our bodies. In its normal molecular form, oxygen is harmless. However, cellular metabolism involving oxygen can generate several highly reactive free radicals. These free radicals can cause oxidative damage to cellular components including the DNA. In an average human cell, several thousand lesions occur in the DNA every day. Many of these lesions result from oxidative damage. Each lesion—a damaged section of DNA—must be snipped out and the DNA repaired to preserve its normal function. Unrepaired DNA can lose its ability to code for proteins. Mutations also can result. These mutations can activate oncogenes or silence tumor suppressor genes. According to research, oxidative damage to active genes is not preferentially repaired, and in the most severe cases, the repair is slowed throughout the whole genome. The resulting accumulation of oxidative damage could impair the normal functions of the DNA and may even result in triggering a program of cell death (apoptosis). The children with this disease do not repair the active genes where oxidative damage occurs. Normally, oxidative damage repair is faster in the active genes (which make up less than five percent of the genome) than in inactive regions of the DNA. The resulting accumulation of oxidative damage could impair the normal functions of the DNA and may even result in triggering a program of cell death (apoptosis).

Genetics
Cockayne syndrome is classified genetically as follows:

 * Mutations in the ERCC8 (also known as CSA) gene or the ERCC6 (also known as CSB) gene are the cause of Cockayne syndrome type A and type B. Mutations in the ERCC6 gene mutation makes up ~70% of cases. The proteins made by these genes are involved in repairing damaged DNA via the transcription-coupled repair mechanism, particularly the DNA in active genes. DNA damage is caused by ultraviolet rays from sunlight, radiation, or free radicals in the body. A normal cell can repair DNA damage before it accumulates. If either the ERCC6 or the ERCC8 gene is altered (as in Cockayne Syndrome), DNA damage encountered during transcription isn't repaired, causing RNA polymerase to stall at that location, interfering with gene expression. As the unrepaired DNA damage accumulates, progressively more active gene expression is impeded, leading to malfunctioning cells or cell death, which likely contributes to the signs of Cockayne Syndrome such as premature aging and neuronal hypomyelination.

Mechanism
In contrast to cells with normal repair capability, CSA and CSB deficient cells are unable to preferentially repair cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers induced by the action of ultraviolet (UV) light on the template strand of actively transcribed genes. This deficiency reflects the loss of ability to perform the DNA repair process known as transcription coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER).

Within the damaged cell, the CSA protein normally localizes to sites of DNA damage, particularly inter-strand cross-links, double-strand breaks and some monoadducts. CSB protein is also normally recruited to DNA damaged sites, and its recruitment is most rapid and robust as follows: interstrand crosslinks > double-strand breaks > monoadducts > oxidative damage. CSB protein forms a complex with another DNA repair protein, SNM1A (DCLRE1A), a 5' – 3' exonuclease, that localizes to inter-strand cross-links in a transcription dependent manner. The accumulation of CSB protein at sites of DNA double-strand breaks occurs in a transcription dependent manner and facilitates homologous recombinational repair of the breaks. During the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, DNA damage can trigger a CSB-dependent recombinational repair process that uses an RNA (rather than DNA) template.

The premature aging features of CS are likely due, at least in part, to the deficiencies in DNA repair (see DNA damage theory of aging).

Diagnosis
People with this syndrome have smaller than normal head sizes (microcephaly), are of short stature (dwarfism), their eyes appear sunken, and they have an "aged" look. They often have long limbs with joint contractures (inability to relax the muscle at a joint), a hunched back (kyphosis), and they may be very thin (cachetic), due to a loss of subcutaneous fat. Their small chin, large ears, and pointy, thin nose often give an aged appearance. The skin of those with Cockayne syndrome is also frequently affected: hyperpigmentation, varicose or spider veins (telangiectasia), and serious sensitivity to sunlight are common, even in individuals without XP-CS. Often patients with Cockayne Syndrome will severely burn or blister with very little heat exposure. The eyes of patients can be affected in various ways and eye abnormalities are common in CS. Cataracts and cloudiness of the cornea (corneal opacity) are common. The loss of and damage to the nerves of the optic nerve, causing optic atrophy, can occur. Nystagmus, or involuntary eye movement, and pupils that fail to dilate demonstrate a loss of control of voluntary and involuntary muscle movement. A salt and pepper retinal pigmentation is also a typical sign. Diagnosis is determined by a specific test for DNA repair, which measures the recovery of RNA after exposure to UV radiation. Despite being associated with genes involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER), unlike xeroderma pigmentosum, CS is not associated with an increased risk of cancer.

Laboratory Studies
In Cockayne syndrome patients, UV-irradiated cells show decreased DNA and RNA synthesis. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1115866-workup#c5 Laboratory studies are mainly useful to eliminate other disorders. For example, skeletal radiography, endocrinologic tests, and chromosomal breakage studies can help in excluding disorders included in the differential diagnosis.

Imaging Studies
Brain CT scanning in Cockayne syndrome patients may reveal calcifications and cortical atrophy.

Other Tests
Prenatal evaluation is possible. Amniotic fluid cell culturing is used to demonstrate that fetal cells are deficient in RNA synthesis after UV irradiation.

Neurology
Imaging studies reveal a widespread absence of the myelin sheaths of the neurons in the white matter of the brain and general atrophy of the cortex. Calcifications have also been found in the putamen, an area of the forebrain that regulates movements and aids in some forms of learning, along with the cortex. Additionally, atrophy of the central area of the cerebellum found in patients with Cockayne syndrome could also result in the lack of muscle control, particularly involuntary, and poor posture typically seen.

Treatment
There is no permanent cure for this syndrome, although patients can be symptomatically treated. Treatment usually involves physical therapy and minor surgeries to the affected organs, such as cataract removal. Also wearing high-factor sunscreen and protective clothing is recommended because Cockayne Syndrome patients are very sensitive to UV radiation. Optimal nutrition can also help. Genetic counseling for the parents is recommended, as the disorder has a 25% chance of being passed to any future children, and prenatal testing is also a possibility. Another important aspect is the prevention of recurrence of CS in other siblings. Identification of gene defects involved makes it possible to offer genetic counseling and antenatal diagnostic testing to the parents who already have one affected child.

Currently, there are two ongoing projects focused on the development of gene therapy for Cockayne syndrome. The first project, led by the Viljem Julijan Association for Children with Rare Diseases, aims to develop gene therapy specifically for Cockayne syndrome type B. The second project, led by the Riaan Research Initiative, is dedicated to the development of gene therapy for Cockayne syndrome type A.

Prognosis
The prognosis for those with Cockayne syndrome is poor, as death typically occurs by the age of 12. The prognosis for Cockayne syndrome varies by disease type. There are three types of Cockayne syndrome according to the severity and onset of the symptoms. However, the differences between the types are not always clear-cut, and some researchers believe the signs and symptoms reflect a spectrum instead of distinct types: Cockayne syndrome Type A (CSA) is marked by normal development until a child is 1 or 2 years old, at which point growth slows and developmental delays are noticed. Symptoms are not apparent until they are 1 year. Life expectancy for type A is approximately 10 to 20 years. These symptoms are seen in CS type 1 children. Cockayne syndrome type B (CSB), also known as "cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal (COFS) syndrome" (or "Pena-Shokeir syndrome type B"), is the most severe subtype. Symptoms are present at birth and normal brain development stops after birth. The average lifespan for children with type B is up to 7 years of age. These symptoms are seen in CS type 2 children. Cockayne syndrome type C (CSC) appears later in childhood with milder symptoms than the other types and a slower progression of the disorder. People with this type of Cockayne syndrome live into adulthood, with an average lifespan of 40 to 50 years. These symptoms are seen in CS type 3.

Epidemiology
Cockayne syndrome is rare worldwide. No racial predilection is reported for Cockayne syndrome. No sexual predilection is described for Cockayne syndrome; the male-to-female ratio is equal. Cockayne syndrome I (CS-A) manifests in childhood. Cockayne syndrome II (CS-B) manifests at birth or in infancy, and it has a worse prognosis.

Recent research
The recent research on Jan 2018 mentions different CS features that are seen globally with similarities and differences: CS has an incidence of 1 in 250,000 live births, and a prevalence of approximately 1 per 2.5 million, which is remarkably consistent across various regions globally:

title: Cockayne syndrome


text:
Alejandro Selkirk Island

Alejandro Selkirk Island (Isla Alejandro Selkirk), previously known as Más Afuera (Farther Out (to Sea)) and renamed after the marooned sailor Alexander Selkirk, is the largest and most westerly island in the Juan Fernández Archipelago of the Valparaíso Region of Chile. It is situated 180 km west of Robinson Crusoe Island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean.

The Archipelago was home to the marooned sailor Alexander Selkirk from 1704 to 1709, and is thought to have inspired English novelist Daniel Defoe's fictional Robinson Crusoe in his 1719 novel about the character (although the novel is explicitly set in the Caribbean, not in the Juan Fernández Islands). This was just one of several survival stories from the period that Defoe would have been aware of. To reflect the literary lore associated with the island and attract tourists, the Chilean government renamed the place Alejandro Selkirk Island in 1966.

Geography
The island measures 11 km north–south and 6 km east–west, and has an area of 49.5 km2. It is densely wooded and very mountainous and is marked by ridges and numerous deep ravines lead to a steep, rugged coast on the east side of the island off which are tremendous depths. The coastal cliffs are up to 1000 m high. The south, west and north sides of the island have sandy strips of beach which extend 161 m offshore in places. The highest peak, Cerro de Los Inocentes, rises to 1268 m in the southwest part of Alejandro Selkirk Island, where there is also a prominent rock with a hole through it.

Landing is possible near the center of the east shore at Quebrada Sánchez (Sánchez Ravine), and at the foot of Quebrada Las Casas (La Casas Ravine) -33.75°N, -80.71667°W), where there is a boat slip and buildings of the former penal colony. Anchorage can be taken about 0.3 mi east-northeast of Quebrada Sánchez (-33.71667°N, -80.73333°W), in depths of 40.2 m to 49.4 m. The ravine is recognized by a white patch on a hill near it. Anchorage can also be taken, in depths of 31.1 m to 50 m, with sand bottom, off Rada de la Colonia.

Alejandro Selkirk Island is the emergent summit of a submarine shield volcano that formed during the Pleistocene epoch. Dating of rocks on the island show that it is the youngest of the Juan Fernández Islands at an age of 1 – 2 million years old. Due to its young age, the island shows little evidence of erosion. According to some early reports, now disputed, about 59 km southwest of the island is the submerged Sefton Reef (-36.71667°N, -83.25°W), almost reaching sea level, and 47 km to northwest, Yosemite Rock (-32.06667°N, -83.23333°W). Podesta Island, once reported to lie farther to the west, is a phantom island.

Climate
Alejandro Selkirk has a subtropical climate, moderated by the cold Humboldt Current and the southeast trade winds. Temperatures range from 3 C to 34 C, with an annual mean of 15.4 C. Higher elevations are generally cooler. Average annual precipitation is 1081 mm, varying from 318 mm to 1698 mm year to year. Rainfall is higher in the winter months, and varies with elevation and exposure; elevations above 500 m experience almost daily rainfall.

Flora and fauna
The Juan Fernández fur seal is known to have existed during the late 17th century on the island with the population of the seals on Alejandro Selkirk Island and Robinson Crusoe Island believed to be in excess of four million by the late 17th century. A census of 1797 estimated a population 2 – 3 million fur seals. The species was hunted to near extinction by the 19th century and was thought to be extinct for 100 years until 200 were found on the island in 1965. Since then, the population has grown steadily at 15% to 20% every year. The Masafuera rayadito is endemic to Alejandro Selkirk and one of the rarest South American birds with only 140 individuals left. The Alejandro Selkirk firecrown, Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi, an endemic subspecies of the Juan Fernández firecrown, became extinct in 1908 due to feral goats and other introduced animals. The island has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of Stejneger's and Juan Fernandez petrels, as well as the Masafuera rayaditos.

The flora on the island is in the Fernandezian Region Floristic Region, in the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom, but often also included within the Neotropical Kingdom. Endemic plant families include Lactoridaceae, with endemic plant genera also found.

History
Throughout much of its history, the island has been uninhabited. There was formerly a penal settlement along the middle of the east coast, at -33.76361°N, -80.7575°W. About 20 buildings can be made out on detailed satellite images. The settlement was operative from 1909. It initially housed 190 criminals, while there were as many as 160 political prisoners from 1927 to 1930. The penal colony was abandoned in 1930. Recently, the island has seen regular settlement, with 57 people living on the island as of the 2012 census.

In 1966 the Chilean government renamed Isla Más Afuera as Alejandro Selkirk Island, with Isla Más a Tierra becoming Robinson Crusoe Island. Alexander Selkirk was a Scottish sailor who was marooned as a castaway on Más a Tierra (then uninhabited) from 1704 to 1709. His story of survival likely inspired the 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.

title: Alejandro Selkirk Island


text: Category:Pre-Indo-Europeans

title: Category:Pre-Indo-Europeans


text:
Tamborim

A tamborim ( or ) is a small round Brazilian frame drum, developed from other similar percussive instruments bought by the Portuguese.

The frame is 6" in width and may be made of metal, plastic, or wood. The head is typically made of nylon and is normally very tightly tuned in order to ensure a high, sharp timbre and a minimum of sustain. The drum is devoid of snares or jingles. They are frequently confused with the more common tambourine. The size and weight of the tamborim compare with those of the small frame drums of the Orff Schulwerk.

The tamborim is used in many genres of Brazilian music. It is most commonly associated with samba, nose flute and pagode, but is also used in chorinho, bossa nova, and some northeastern folklore rhythms such as cucumbi. It is also played in samba music and in carnivals or festivals.

Technique

In most musical styles, the tamborim is played with a small wooden drumstick. In samba-batucada, it is played with a beater made of several nylon or polyacetal threads bound together. On rare occasions, it may be played with the fingers.

The tamborim is held with the weaker hand with the thumb either crossing the rim and resting on the drumhead, or gripping the frame. The other fingers are curled under the rim, with the index typically applying and releasing pressure on the underside of the head to achieve higher or lower notes. The beater is held with the strong hand and the head is struck a little off-center.

A playing technique called virado is often used, in which the drum is flipped upside-down in the middle of the pattern, which produces one note that is slightly delayed, giving the samba its characteristic lilt. The instrument may also occasionally be struck on the rim.

Tamborim players alternate between the carreteiro, the main groove pattern, and other signature phrases which are easily distinguished above the other percussion instruments.

title: Tamborim


text:
Friars Club

Friars Club can refer to:

Organizations

 * Friars Club of Beverly Hills, also known as the "Friars Club of California"
 * New York Friars Club
 * The Friars (club), Louisiana State University, also known as "The Friars Club"

Other uses

 * Friar's Inn, a 1920s jazz venue in Chicago, called "Friars Club" in some sources
 * "The Friar's Club", the 128th episode of Seinfeld

title: Friars Club


text:
Lambert of Italy

Lambert (c. 880 – 15 October 898) was the King of Italy from 891, Holy Roman Emperor, co-ruling with his father from 892, and Duke of Spoleto and Camerino (as Lambert II) from his father's death in 894. He was the son of Guy III of Spoleto and Ageltrude, born in San Rufino. He was the last ruler to issue a capitulary in the Carolingian tradition.

Confronting Arnulf
Lambert was crowned king in May 891 at Pavia and joint emperor alongside his father on 30 April 892 at Ravenna by a reluctant Pope Formosus. He and his father signed a pact with the pontiff confirming the Donation of Pepin and subsequent Carolingian gifts to the papacy. In 893, however, Formosus sent an embassy to Regensburg to request Arnulf of Carinthia liberate Italy and come to Rome to be crowned. Arnulf sent his son Zwentibold with a Bavarian army to join with Berengar of Friuli. They defeated Guy, but bribes, along with an outbreak of fever, saw him leave in the autumn. Arnulf then personally led an army across the Alps early in 894. He conquered all of the territory north of the Po River, but went no further before Guy died suddenly in late autumn. Lambert became sole king and emperor, as well as succeeding his father to the Duchy of Spoleto. Still young though, he was left under the regency of his mother, a staunch anti-German. While Berengar occupied Pavia, Lambert and Ageltrude travelled to Rome to receive papal confirmation of his imperial title, but Pope Formosus wanted instead to crown Arnulf and was imprisoned in the Castel Sant'Angelo.

Lambert was preoccupied in thwarting the attempts of both Arnulf of Carinthia and Berengar of Friuli to take Italy for themselves during his reign. Early on, Adalbert II of Tuscany rallied to his cause, menacing Berengar in Pavia. By January 895, Lambert could take up residence in the royal capital. In that same year, his cousin Guy IV conquered the Principality of Benevento from the Byzantines. Despite the urging of Fulk of Rheims on his behalf, Lambert found himself abandoned by the Pope, who feared the increased power of the Spoletan house. In September, an embassy arrived in Regensburg beseeching Arnulf's aid. In October, Arnulf undertook his second campaign into Italy. He crossed the Alps quickly and took Pavia, but then he continued slowly. While Lambert refused to offer battle, Arnulf was garnering support among the nobility of Tuscany. Even Adalbert joined him. Finding Rome locked against him and held by Ageltrude, Arnulf took the city by force on 21 February 896, freeing the pope. Arnulf was there crowned King and Emperor by Pope Formosus, who declared Lambert deposed. Arnulf marched on Spoleto, where Ageltrude had fled to Lambert, but Arnulf suffered a stroke and had to call off the campaign. That same year, Formosus died, leaving Lambert once again in power.

Renovatio regni Francorum
After Arnulf returned to Germany and until his death, Lambert and his supporters, most powerful in the northeast and the centre of the peninsula, were in complete control of Italy. He retook Pavia and decapitated Maginulf, Count of Milan, who had joined Arnulf. In October and November, he met Berengar outside of Pavia and the two reached an agreement whereby they parcelled the kingdom out between them, Berengar keeping the realm between the Adda and the Po and Lambert the rest. They shared Bergamo. This was a confirmation of the status quo of 889. Lambert also pledged to marry Gisela, Berengar's daughter. It was this partitioning which caused the later chronicler Liutprand of Cremona to remark that the Italians always suffered under two monarchs.

In early 897, Lambert journeyed to Rome with Ageltrude and Guy to receive reconfirmation of his imperial title. The vengeful Lambert and Ageltrude also persuaded Pope Stephen VI, elected by their influence, to put the corpse of Formosus on trial for various crimes. The body, stripped of its papal robes and mutilated, was thrown into the river Tiber after the "Cadaver Synod." In January 898, Pope John IX rehabilitated Formosus against their will. Lambert convened a diet at Ravenna in February. Seventy bishops met and confirmed the pact of 891, the invalidity of Arnulf's coronation, and the validity of Lambert's imperial title. They legitimised the election of John IX. They also solved the Formosan question and confirmed his rehabilitation. Most significantly for Lambert, however, they reaffirmed the Constitutio Romana of Lothair I (824), which required the imperial presence at papal elections.

Lambert hereafter governed with the church and continued the policy of his father of renovatio regni Francorum: renewal of the Frankish kingdom. He was able to issue capitularies in the Frankish fashion as his father had done. In fact, he was the last ruler to do so. In 898, he legislated against the exploitation of the services owed by arimanni to create benefices for vassals. The Lex Romana Utinensis was composed at his court.

His rule was recognized in Benevento after the restoration of Prince Radelchis II in 897.

Battle of Marengo
However, Lambert still had to face Berengar of Friuli and the rebellious Adalbert of Tuscany. In 898, the latter marched on Pavia. The emperor, who had been hunting near Marengo south of Milan, was given advance word. Lambert surprised and defeated his rival at Borgo San Donnino, taking him prisoner to Pavia. On his return to Marengo however, he was killed, either by assassination (by Hugh, son of Maginulf), a theory about which Liutprand, our primary source, is reserved, or by falling from his horse. He was buried in Piacenza. Liutprand remembered him as an elegans iuvenis and vir severus: "an elegant youth and a stern man". His epitaph (in Latin elegiac couplets) is: He was succeeded in Spoleto by Guy IV while the regnum Italicum and the imperium Romanum were thrown into chaos, contested by multiple candidates. Within days, Berengar had taken Pavia.

title: Lambert of Italy


text:
User:Nocturne~enwiki

|User Nocturne from Germany

title: User:Nocturne~enwiki


text:
USS Spiegel Grove

USS Spiegel Grove (LSD-32) was a Thomaston-class dock landing ship of the United States Navy. She was named for Spiegel Grove, the home and estate in Fremont, Ohio, of Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th President of the United States.

Career
Spiegel Grove was laid down on 7 September 1954, by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula, Mississippi, launched on 10 November 1955. She was sponsored by Mrs. Webb C. Hayes and commissioned on 8 June 1956.

Spiegel Grove sailed for Hampton Roads and arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, on 7 July 1956. She headed for the Guantanamo Bay area on her shakedown cruise on 26 July 1956 and returned on 15 September. The ship was in the yard during October 1956, participating in amphibious exercises the following month off Onslow Beach, North Carolina.

On 9 January 1957, Spiegel Grove, with other ships of Transport Amphibious Squadron 4 (TransPhibRon 4), sailed from Morehead City, North Carolina, with elements of the 6th Marines for a tour with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. She returned to Norfolk on 3 June and operated along the east coast for the remainder of the year. In November, she transported 364 Army troops to Labrador. In January 1958, the LSD (dock landing ship) was deployed with her squadron to the 6th Fleet on an extended tour which did not end until 6 October. On 22 October, Spiegel Grove was assigned to PhibRon 10, the new Fast Squadron. The years 1959 and 1960 saw the LSD participating in numerous operations along the east coast and in the Caribbean.

Spiegel Grove stood out of Norfolk in April 1961 with Task Force 88 (TF 88) for "Solant Amity II," a good will tour to the African coast. The force carried tons of medical supplies, food, disaster supplies, toys, books, and seed. During the four-month cruise, the ships visited Gambia, Durban, the Malagasy Republic, the Seychelles Islands, Zanzibar, Kenya, the Union of South Africa, Togo, and Gabon before returning home on 8 September. She then entered Horne Brothers Shipyard, Newport News, Virginia, for an overhaul that was not completed until early January 1962.

Spiegel Grove conducted refresher training and then spent March and April in amphibious exercises in the Caribbean. In May, she took part in operations supporting Malcolm Scott Carpenter's manned space flight in Mercury-Atlas 7. In July and August, she returned to the Caribbean for "Phibulex 2-62." On 1 December 1962, a tender availability period was begun to prepare the ship for "Solant Amity IV". The LSD loaded supplies during January 1963 and sailed, on 15 February for her second good-will tour which lasted until late May. The ship steamed over 21,000 nautical miles (39,000 km) and visited nine countries before returning home. Spiegel Grove next deployed to the Caribbean from July to September with PhibRon 8.

The landing ship spent the greater part of her active service participating in amphibious exercises along the eastern seaboard and in the Caribbean. She was deployed to the 6th Fleet from January to June 1964; 3 November 1966 to 11 May 1967; and from 17 April to 9 October 1971. She participated in "Operation Steel Pike I" off Spain in October 1964 and made a midshipman cruise to England and Denmark in 1970. On 22 July 1974, she participated in the evacuation of American citizens from Cyprus along with several other ships of the U.S. Sixth Fleet. She repeated this service in 1976, this time in Lebanon, during "Operation Fluid Drive."

In 1983, she won the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Atlantic Fleet.

The 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit participated in Eastern Wind in August 1987 in the area of Gee Salay, Somalia. At sea, Spiegel Grove, USS Saginaw (LST-1188), and USS La Moure County (LST-1194) functioned as the Amphibious Squadron 32/Commander Task Unit 76.8.2 from 2–9 August 1987.

Post-commission career
Spiegel Grove was decommissioned 2 October 1989 and her name struck from the Navy list on 13 December 1989. The vessel was transferred to the United States Maritime Administration in the James River "mothball" fleet.

In 1998, title passed to the state of Florida, with the plan of sinking the hull to make an artificial reef off Key Largo. To achieve this, the EPA had to increase the acceptable amount of PCB (a toxic chemical substance) remaining in future wrecks from 2 ppm to 50 ppm. On 13 June 2001, Spiegel Grove was transferred to the State of Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, Largo, Fla., by the Maritime Administration, so that the ship could be sunk as an artificial reef and tourist attraction for divers.

Sinking for reef
Red tape and financial problems delayed the sinking of USS Spiegel Grove for several years, but the ship was finally moved from Virginia to Florida in May 2002. The total preparation and reefing cost was $1 million. The ship sank prematurely on 17 May 2002. During the planned sinking, volunteer work crews dropped her 12-ton anchors and flooded her ballast tanks with water. But the ex-Spiegel Grove settled too soon and suddenly started rolling to her starboard side, forcing workers to abandon ship – and their equipment. She sank several hours ahead of schedule, ending up upside-down on the sea bottom and leaving her bow protruding slightly out of the ocean and her stern resting on the ocean floor.

On 10–11 June 2002, at an additional cost of $250,000, the ship was rolled onto her starboard side by Resolve Marine Group, which pumped air into the port side hull tanks to displace at least 2,000 tons of water. Air bags with 350-400 tons of buoyancy and the assistance of two tugboats were also necessary. On 26 June 2002 the wreck was finally opened to recreational divers. In the next week, over a thousand divers visited the site. There were 50,000 dives annually to the ship during just its first two years.

The ex-Spiegel Grove is located on Dixie Shoal, 6 miles (10 km) off the Florida Keys in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. For a scuba diver, it is 510 ft long and 84 ft wide; it is said that one can dive this wreck 100 times and still never see it in its entirety. Her top deck is about 60 ft below the water's surface. The vessel's hull, which is a labyrinth inside, is as much as 135 ft under water, and silt can get kicked up and reduce visibility inside to almost zero, which can cause disorientation. The depth of the wreck requires that divers have an advanced certification.

In July 2005, Hurricane Dennis shifted the Spiegel Grove onto her keel, right-side-up, which was the position originally intended when she was sunk.

Deaths

 * In April 2003, Eunice Lasala, 48, of Fredericksburg, Virginia, died from a medical condition after surfacing.

 * On 20 April 2005, Tarik Khair-el-din, 44 of Indialantic, Florida, made it to the surface after running out of air but drowned.

 * In February 2006, David Hargis, 48, of Kansas City, Missouri, died from a medical problem after making it back to the surface in distress.

 * On 16 March 2007, three divers (Kevin Coughlin, 51; Jonathan Walsweer, 38; and Scott Stanley, 55 – all from New Jersey) died while attempting a penetration dive to the interior of the ship.

 * On 17 October 2013, Captain Joseph Dragojevich, 43, of Lake County Emergency Medical Services, Florida, went missing in a penetration dive deep inside the wreck and was found the following day by rescue teams.

 * On 18 June 2015, Arne Berg, 65, of Dallas, Texas, surfaced after diving Spiegel Grove and became unresponsive. He was taken aboard a dive vessel, where crew members performed CPR. Berg was taken to shore at the Port Largo subdivision and transported to Mariners Hospital in Tavernier, where he was pronounced dead just before noon.

 * On 24 April 2017, Robert Gaskins, 61, of Clinton, Michigan, became unresponsive on the wreck, then was brought back aboard the boat and then to shore at the Port Largo Homeowner's Park. Paramedics met the boat and transported him to Mariners Hospital, where he was pronounced dead.

 * On 8 May 2017, James Ringold, 52, of Lawrenceville, GA, was on a trip with his wife when other divers located him around 10:15 a.m. in about 50 ft of water, according to the Monroe County Sheriff's Office. Ringold, who was aboard the commercial dive vessel Rainbow Reef, was unresponsive when he was found with his regulator out of his mouth in the vicinity of Spiegel Grove. Ringold was brought onto the boat, where CPR was performed as he was brought to shore. Paramedics met the vessel and took Ringold to Mariners Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 11:41 a.m.

title: USS Spiegel Grove