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Talk:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review/Archive 1

I killed the reference to the two cited awards. They are not representative of the newspaper's work, and they're dated. More recent examples exist and I'll go find them. Until then, we should edit them out.

I also shifted the lead and history sections to reflect styles describing other newspapers (see Detroit Free Press, N.Y. Times). For that reason, the discussion about Teresa Heinz Kerry is now below the hard news about the broadsheet itself.

As time goes by, a three-second exchange between an opinion page editor and the wife of an unsuccessful presidential candidate is going to fade, and we might as well be part of that trend.

Uggggh!!! QUIT THIS! Neither the Tribune-Review nor the Boston Herald printed a gossip piece that alleged Heinz Kerry had a woman lover. The Boston Herald quoted a woman who claimed to have had an affair with John Forbes Kerry.

Why do you keep twisting this? I have the sources for your errors listed below:

OK. Finally. An editor, trying to "correct" the article showed how this erroneous statement about the politician's wife got in here.

The reference to a "very private" relationship came from a gossip column originally printed in the Boston Herald and published nationwide at various newspapers. It appears as a smear against the Tribune-Review by a liberal blogger, Max Blumenthal, that went online shortly after the Heinz Kerry incident.

Here's what Blumenthal wrote (this from www.business-journal.com/TeresaHeinzKerry.asp):

''On December 28, 1997, the paper featured an anonymously penned cover story falsely insinuating that a woman named Sheila Lawrence had had affairs with both Bill Clinton and Kerry. "Far from giving all to Bill, there was still something left over for Sen. John Kerry," who had "a very private tete-a-tete" with "sexy Sheila," the columnist alleged. In another column, the Tribune-Review mocked John Kerry as "Mr. Teresa Heinz."''

I see how this got so confused. The Boston Herald's gossip column never alleged that Heinz Kerry (the wife) had a "very private" relationship with a "sexy Sheila." The Herald suggested her husband, John Kerry, had had the affair, an oat of gossip picked up nationwide, including by the Pittsburgh paper.

Here's one version of the Herald piece:

thetrack.bostonherald.com/moreTrack/view.bg?articleid=40469

Unfortunately, Blumenthal's originally flawed perspective was picked up by Democratic operative Joe Conason and, later, by alternative tabloids such as the Philadelphia Weekly, which wrote a fanciful and, likely libelous, version of events to mischarecterize the Pittsburgh daily. A check of the author's name online found that he once had been turned down for a job by the Tribune-Review, a fact he didn't disclose in his column.

''Another young person flees: Steve Volk, formerly of the now defunct InPittsburgh news weekly, has resurfaced in Philadelphia. Little known fact: Volk, a former lackey in the Mayor Murphy administration, was once seen in the Trib offices dressed for a job interview. Later, he would devote countless inches of his media column and appear on a local cable talk show to bash the Trib. I was even the target of one of his rants when he got upset that I had been tipped off about a court hearing and the Post-Gazette reporter hadn't.

Me says good riddance.

Via Jilly, who interestingly refers to him as "the other Steve" as opposed to "the good Steve."

Posted at 9:15 AM''

That was from a cached version of the popular Pittsburgh blog run by Dave Copeland.

Wikipedia is too good to get bogged down in local gossip wars, much less incorrect notions that a major American daily with a subscription of 221,000 stooped to calling someone's wife a lesbian.

Someone continues to post the erroneous, and frankly libelous, conjecture that the newspaper accused the wife of a prominent American polititian of being lesbian. This is in complete violation of Wikipedia policy.

 * It's also a violation of Wiki policy to post unsigned comments on Talk pages. Please get a username and sign your comments. Cheers, -Willmcw 20:03, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Here's a source for some background on the Heinz/Tribune-Review matter. http://www.factcheck.org/article.aspx@docID=224.html   -Willmcw 20:16, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Scaife connection?

 * I appealed this issue to the administrators. In no way has the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review ever accused the wife of any political candidate of being a lesbian. The charge that is has is libelous. It smears the newspaper, its publisher and the wife of the candidate. unsigned comments from 147.72.93.199

The Trib's front page last week quoted Scaife. He's appeared in dozens of issues dating back several years, including a special section that arrived with the 10-year anniversary of the Pittsburgh publication in 2002.

This is easily verified by simply checking the search category on the company's internet site, although it doesn't include all of the stories in which his name has appeared.

The site linked by another "editor" suggesting that the Tribune-Review printed libel against a politian's prominent wife (I won't repeat details from the early poster's unsubstantiated libel here) says no such thing. It discusses an Internet advocacy group's belief that an op-ed piece printed in the Pittsburgh newspaper was incorrect in its appraisal of several nonprofits funded by Teresa Heinz Kerry.

There are other internet advocacy groups that say the exact opposite. Citing either seems to highlight the fact that Scaife really had little to do with what the policy factory that churned out the op-ed piece, other than reading it in a newspaper he owns.

It's hard to believe that a major American daily would be best known for an obscure op-ed that appeared once during a fiery political campaign, but we all select the facts we wish to highlight, right?

Another conundrum is this notion that somehow Scaife is a "recluse." For all the coverage he receives in Pittsburgh for attending board meetings, charity events and political grandstanding, it's hard to imagine him as a "recluse." Of course, he seems scarier if depicted as such, which is perhaps the underlying strength of the smear. Sort of a post-modern Rosebud canard, but if it works, run it!

 * Shouldn't the article mention the publisher, Richard Mellon Scaife? I have heard that the Trib has a long-standing policy against mentioning Scaife's name in the paper --- is this verifiable?  (See  for a letter to the editor censored by the Trib; the last paragraph, as sent, had contained a reference to the reclusive Scaife, the major funder of David Horowitz.)  So certainly the Trib does engage in questionable censorship of Scaife's name from their pages... but is this truly an official policy, or even a regular occurrence? —ajo (The Tartan, CMU, Pittsburgh), 20 Jan 2005

 * Well, if The Tartan, a sometime student publication of CMU that was disbanded for a year after publishing racist cartoons and spoofs is the source of your information, not the two major dailies in town, then you're on to something! Brilliant expose, editors!

 * The article mentions Scaife in the second sentence. If you have a verifiable source for the ban on mentioning his name in the T-R, then that would be worth including. Merely cutting a paragraph from an an LTE does not indicate a general policy though. Cheers, -Willmcw 01:53, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)


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Taenidia

Taenidia (singular: taenidium) are circumferential thickenings of the cuticle inside a trachea or tracheole in an insect's respiratory system. The geometry of the Taenidiae varies across different orders of insects and even throughout the tracheae in an individual organism. Taenidia generally take the form of either hoop or spiral thickenings of the tracheal cuticle.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Taenidia


text:
Pinus thunbergii

Pinus thunbergii (syn: Pinus thunbergiana), the black pine, Japanese black pine, or Japanese pine, is a pine tree native to coastal areas of Japan (Kyūshū, Shikoku and Honshū) and South Korea.

It is called (곰솔) in Korean,  (黑松) in Chinese, and  (黒松) in Japanese.

Description
Black pines can reach the height of 40 m, but rarely achieves this size outside its natural range. The needles are in fascicles of two with a white sheath at the base, 7–12 cm long. Female cones are 4–7 cm in length, scaled, with small points on the tips of the scales, taking two years to mature. Male cones are 1–2 cm long borne in clumps of 12–20 on the tips of the spring growth. The bark is gray on young trees and small branches, changing to black and plated on larger branches and the trunk; becoming quite thick on older trunks. It is a widely adapted plant with attractive dark green foliage.

Ecology
In North America this tree is subject to widespread mortality by the native American pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, spread by means of beetle vectors. Subsequently, blue stain fungus invades the plant, leading to a rapid decline and death. This nematode has also been introduced to Japan accidentally, leading to the species becoming endangered in its native area.

Uses
Because of its resistance to pollution and salt, it is a popular horticultural tree. In Japan it is widely used as a garden tree, both trained as niwaki and untrained growing as an overstory tree. The trunks and branches are trained from a young age to be elegant and interesting to view. It is one of the classic bonsai subjects, requiring great patience over many years to train properly.

Second flush of growth
One characteristic of the Japanese black pine that makes it desirable for bonsai, is the possibility of inducing a second flush of new growth and improved ramification in a single growing season. Unlike most pines, which are single flush plants, the Japanese black pine can be induced to produce new buds at the base of each spring candle by simply cutting the candles at the base as they elongate, a technique called decandling. This technique will result, in a few weeks, in the flush of multiple new buds at the base of the cut candle; each of these new buds will result in turn in new candles and branches.

title: Pinus thunbergii


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Avenue of the Giants

The Avenue of the Giants is a scenic highway in northern California, United States, running through Humboldt Redwoods State Park. It is named after the coastal redwoods that tower over the route. The road is a former alignment of U.S. Route 101, and continues to be maintained as a state highway as State Route 254 (SR 254).

Route description
The Avenue's southern terminus is at US 101 near Phillipsville, north of Garberville. Its northern terminus is at US 101 near Stafford, 15 mi south of Fortuna. The Avenue is notable for the coast redwoods that overshadow the road and surround the area. It is from these towering trees that the Avenue of the Giants takes its name. The road winds alongside the scenic Eel River, and connects several small towns such as Phillipsville, Miranda, Myers Flat, Burlington, Weott, Englewood, Redcrest and Pepperwood. The two-lane road has a number of parking areas, picnic sites, and attractions for visitors. The nearby river provides many swimming locations, such as those at the Rockefeller Forest redwood grove.

The route contains the site of the annual "Avenue of the Giants Marathon".

SR 254 is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 254 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation.

Immortal Tree
Though not the oldest redwood in the forest, this large tree is at age millennium, and is currently around 250 ft tall, though originally it was much taller. It has survived not only the ravages of time but also the 1964 flood of the area, a 1908 attempt at logging, and a direct lightning strike which removed the top 45 ft of the tree (making its original height close to 300 ft). It is from its age and perceived hardiness that the tree derives its name. Markers are visible on the tree, denoting the heights of where the loggers' axes and the floodwaters struck the tree.

Situated in the northern half of the Avenue, The Immortal Tree is easy to find, and has a large gift shop and parking area in front of it.

Founder's Grove
Near Weott, this grove has an easy 1/2 mile self-guided walk with informational booklets available at the beginning of the trail. The well-travelled trail is a good example of old-growth redwood forest and contains a few very big trees, including the Founder's Tree (346.1. ft. tall) and the Dyerville Giant (c. 370 ft. tall) which fell down in 1991.

Drive-Through Tree
Avenue of the Giants features a tree that visitors can drive through. Shrine Drive-Thru Tree is near the town of Myers Flat. The tree is privately owned; the owner charges $15 or more for a car to drive through it.

Tree House
Not a traditional tree house, this is actually a house that is, albeit partially, built within a giant redwood.

Visible from the road, and with tours available, the front of this house is entered through the hollow trunk of a still-living tree. The front door and windows are clearly visible to passers-by, and the rest of the house adjoins the rear of the tree in a more traditional style.

Eel River and South Fork

The Eel River is the third largest river in California. It carves deep canyons down great mountains, through flat valleys, and past ancient redwood forests. The Avenue of the Giants follows the South Fork of the river, but also includes the branching of the South and Main forks to its north.

History
The Avenue of the Giants was part of U.S. Route 101 until a freeway bypass was completed on August 27, 1960, assuming the 101 designation. The Avenue was then designated as CA Route 254 by Assembly Concurrent Resolution 10.

In popular culture
The Avenue of the Giants was featured by Huell Howser in Road Trip Episode 105.

title: Avenue of the Giants


text:
Talk:Phase diagram

Don't chemists use the term phase diagram for the P-T diagrams showing the lines of equilibium (and the triple point) between eg solid, liquid and gas phases of a pure substance? Linuxlad 22:54, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have written two lines here on the physico-chemical use. I would prefer that this thermodynamical aspect was associated with 'phase diagram' and that the space of dynamical variables was called 'phase space' (phase space currently redirects here). We already have stuff being added to Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian) which better belongs in a phase space article IMHO Linuxlad 12:33, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Iron/Carbon system - I've written to Longman's to ask if the phase diagram quoted by W J Moore (in 'Physical Chemistry' fig 5.24 IIRC) is useable.Linuxlad 14:28, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I now have permission from Pearson to include this. Linuxlad 22:00, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

More diagrams
I think we should add a stie that have more than allows. Like ammonia, nitrogen and such
 * I have discussed and added a binary boiling point diagram to this article. I think it would be a good idea also to add the following for a single (pure) component:
 * Temperature vs. specific volume diagram with isobars showing constant pressure
 * A 3D diagram of Pressure (P), specific volume (v), and Temperature (T). I will modify one from the French Wikipedia and insert it into this article.
 * This is helpful when covering equation of state relating P, v, and T. H Padleckas 06:55, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Here are some 3D PvT phase diagrams from WikiCommons (The right hand one is apparently for water.): H Padleckas (talk) 02:06, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The 3D phase diagram [presently in the article] needs correcting. All occurrences of liquid appear to be misspelled Ariakalea (talk) 06:30, 11 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I will reproduce Ariakalea's comment at the bottom and reply. H Padleckas (talk) 05:19, 13 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Temperature vs. specific entropy diagram with isobars showing constant pressure
 * This is helpful for explaining Refrigeration cycle, Carnot cycle, and Rankine cycle.
 * H Padleckas 06:55, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

I would like to draw attention to my papers in the Journal of Chemical Education on the current topic, which include authentic 3D phase diagrams for CO2, H2O and NH3: Glasser, L. “Equations of State and Phase Diagrams”, J. Chem. Educ., 2002, 79, 874-6. (CO2)

Glasser, L. “Water, Water Everywhere: Phase Diagrams of Ordinary Water Substance”, J. Chem. Educ., 2004, 81, 414-8; 645. (H2O)

Herraéz, A.; Hanson, R. M.; Glasser, L. (Letter to Editor) “Interactive 3D Phase Diagrams using Jmol”, J. Chem. Educ., 2009, 86(5), 566

Glasser, L. “Equations of State and Phase Diagrams of Ammonia”, J. Chem. Educ., 2009, 86, 1457-8; 645. (NH3)

Ciccioli, A.; Glasser, L. “Complexities of One-Component Phase Diagrams”, J. Chem. Educ., 2011, 88, 586-591.

Leslie Glasser (leslieglasser@yahoo.co.uk)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2403:3B00:401:442:D5CF:B0AB:E08:1A5A (talk) 03:43, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Phase Diagram ≠ Binary Phase Diagram
When people talk about phase diagrams they usually mean Pressure on the ordinate, T on the abscissa, for one particular material. When talking about binary phase diagrams, two different materials (usually pure metals) are mixed on a continuum in the abscissa, with T on the ordinate. Currently Binary phase diagram links to this page, when it actually needs its own. Riceplaytexas 07:09, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree with you on this point. In my experience, people use "Phase diagram" about both P-T diagrams, binary and ternary phase diagrams. This is just my personal experience though, it may be that it is different from field to field, university to university, or country to country. Dr bab 07:51, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

I've reset some of the redirects to the binary phase diagram sectionRiceplaytexas 07:28, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Ternary phase diagrams
This article needs something on the ternary diagrams as well. I will start to look into it. However, it is difficult to explain 3D diagrams without good figures. Anyone have any good figures that are free to use? Dr bab 08:24, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I once tried to make a raster picture of a 2D triangular base for a ternary diagram. It did not come out looking very good, and I did not finish it.  One of these years when I feel really ambitious, I may try to make a ternary composition 2D triangular base again using Inkscape to make it in an *.svg format.  H Padleckas 23:41, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I was finally able to make a better *.png image of the 2D triangular base mentioned above, which I sent to Pckilgore by private e-mail. Based on that, he made the *.svg diagram shown below.  H Padleckas (talk) 11:49, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

 * A draft for the section:

 * With three components present, it is common to display the composition on a triangle ABC, and then use an axis perpendicular to this triangle for an external variable, such as temperature or pressure. The composition at the corners of the triangle corresponds to the pure A, B and C components. Along the three edges, composition varies from pure A to pure B, from pure B to pure C and from pure C to pure B. All lines that are parallel to the A-B edge of the triangle represent a constant composition with respect to C. Likewise, the fractions of A and B are constant on lines parallel to the BC and AC lines respectively.

 * When more than two components are considered, the number of dimensions makes the graphical representation difficult. Either, a three dimensional diagram must be drawn, or one variable must be kept constant. It is common to draw ternary phase diagrams at a constant temperature and pressure, in order to be able to draw a two-dimensional diagram. Such a diagram will show how the phases of the system changes with composition at a given temperature and pressure. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Dr bab (talk • contribs) 14:03, 25 April 2007 (UTC).

Ccwillis 07:47, 7 August 2007 (UTC)Except the isothermal or isobaric section with fixxed temperature and pressure, there is another section called vertical section or isopleth, at which the fraction of one component or the content ratio of two components is fixxed,while the temperature or pressure is variable.

I feel a discussion of nodes, the plait point, and tie lines of a three component ternary phase diagram is also relevant, considering a surprising lack of information available on the internet and even in textbooks. I'll try to put something together when I have some free time but feel free to beat me to the punch. What should be fairly easy is a 2D triangular base, I can make a svg version and upload for others to play with. Pckilgore 03:50, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

--Pckilgore 04:57, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Pckilgore, I see a flaw in your diagram above. I also have other suggestions corrected.  We can work together to develop these diagrams.  Please see a message I left on your talk page.  H Padleckas 04:24, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Pxy Phase Diagram
Hi can someone help me with Pxy diagram. Is the pressure axis referring to total pressure or the partial pressure of the components? Thanks

solid to plasma transition
In the table of transitions plasma is reached only from gas/fluid. But this is not so obvious from the P-T diagram - there it seems that if P is high enough maybe solid-to-plasma transition can occur. It is not very clear, because plasma is not shown on the P-T diagram. So, we should either mention solid-to-plasma or change the P-T diagram so that it shows a negative slope on the solid/liquid line after some point so that there is no solid-to-plasma. In either case the plasma phase should be added to the P-T diagram. Alinor (talk) 17:50, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

Vapour and gas interchanged
There is a problem with the first diagram for one component in two dimensions. The regions labelled "superheated vapour" and "gaseous phase" should be interchanged. A vapour is defined as a gas which is below its critical temperature, so the region T > Tc cannot be described as a vapour and should simply be labelled "gas". The low-T region can be described as "vapour", though "vapour (gas)" would probably be better, since the vapour phase is physically a gas.

As for the word "superheated", this term is used mostly for steam (water), for which superheated steam is steam above the normal boiling point. This is not really a useful term to explain phase diagrams and should be omitted.

This problem was noted on 27 January 2010 in the Gibbs' phase rule article which uses the same diagram. As far as I can figure out, the diagram was originally drawn by an editor who is now inactive. Can someone please redraw the diagram and label it correctly? Dirac66 (talk) 03:02, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * You are talking about File:Phase-diag2.svg, right? The explanation of the image on it's description page says it's for water, therefore it is currently correct, I think. I'm not sure I completely follow what you are trying to say. If you can accurately explain what is should be I can fix it for you. Wizard191 (talk) 13:58, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Yes, you have the right file. The required changes to the diagram are (1) change the label "superheated vapour" to "gas phase" and (2) change the label "gaseous phase" to "vapour". The reason is that vapour is defined as a gas below the critical temperature, not above as in the present diagram. Dirac66 (talk) 15:10, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Done! Wizard191 (talk) 17:32, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Thank you - the diagram is now more accurately labelled. And a note to others who read this - if like me you don't see the change at first, try renewing the cache (F5 on a PC) where your computer stores the old version. Dirac66 (talk) 20:27, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

I am also talking about the same phase diagram: gas and vapor are not distinct phases but are defined with respect to the critical point. However, the dotted black lines are not part of the phase diagram and should be clearly mentioned as such.

Also; the green line is not on the same scale. What is the dotted green line? Please label the region between the solid green and dotted green (lines). Also worth mentioning that there are several forms of solid (ice) and some of them are actually heavier than water (liquid).

To Dirac66: Any liquid can be superheated (unstable; not in equilibrium with gas and therefore does not show in regular phase diagram plots) and any gas or vapor can be similarly superheated. I agree that the concept is useless and best discarded. But dry and wet steam (reasonable concepts) are widely used and sometimes (interchangeably) called (mistakenly) superheated steam (vapor). chami 15:50, 10 May 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ck.mitra (talk • contribs)

One component 3D phase diagram changes

 * Reproduced from above:

The 3D phase diagram needs correcting. All occurrences of liquid appear to be misspelled Ariakalea (talk) 06:30, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree that correcting the spelling of "Liquid" is needed for that diagram. I can make am working on making corrections to that image.  While I'm at it, I would like to make the following changes to this diagram:
 * correcting spelling of "Liquid"
 * changing "Volume" to "Specific volume", which is how such diagrams are usually shown for a given compound
 * eliminating the rather confusing isotherms from the diagram
 * delete the "pedestal" (base) from the bottom, which might be nice and aesthetic-looking for an actual model but has no scientific or explanatory benefit in the diagram
 * The following change would also be good:
 * shading or coloring of the phase surfaces, perhaps with different colors for each of the phases

If anybody has any comments on these ideas, let me know. H Padleckas (talk) 05:35, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree with 4 of 5 suggestions, but I would retain the isotherms. I think the detailed shape of the diagram would be harder to see (understand) if all the isotherms were eliminated. Of course, if you see a way to draw isotherms which are less confusing, I have no objection.
 * Changing volume to specific volume is a good idea which will make the diagram more general. Then the legend will not have to specify "for fixed amount". Dirac66 (talk) 17:23, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I have not started any work on the isotherms, the "pedestal", or the surfaces yet. Presently all the lines/curves in the 3D diagram are colored blue.  To keep the isotherms, but make them less confusing with the other lines, the isotherms or the other lines can be given a different color to distinguish them.  H Padleckas (talk) 03:58, 14 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, a color difference would help. Dirac66 (talk) 13:09, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I have made the first two corrections listed above so far (correcting spelling of "Liquid" and changing to "Specific volume") and re-uploaded the revised file. I have not yet made the other changes mentioned above.  It will likely take me a while to make those.  However, one may look at two other 3D single-component PvT diagrams shown above as candidates for inclusion in this article.  H Padleckas (talk) 02:18, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * OK so far. I suggest doing the other changes one at a time, since changing the drawing is more difficult to get right than changing words. Dirac66 (talk) 03:09, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I've eliminated the "pedestal" (base) and re-uploaded again. To recolor the lines/isotherms, it must be determined whether the isotherms or the other lines should have their color changed, and also the new color.  A possibility is for the isotherms to retain a blue color and the other lines darkened to a blackish color.  I am thinking of eliminating the dots on that one isotherm with dots, such that the only remaining dot would be the critical point.  After that might come the most difficult part, adding shading/color to the surfaces.  The colors have to be decided for those.  I am considering a diagonal checkerboard pattern on surfaces where there are two phases.  The single phase surfaces would get only one color but with shading for a 3D effect.  This may take me quite a while to do.  H Padleckas (talk) 05:11, 16 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I have been reconsidering this as the isotherms are rather confusing. I have also been examining the two diagrams above in the section More diagrams. The multicolored one confuses me, but the black and white one without isotherms is actually easier to understand than the one in the article. Perhaps it would be better to forget the isotherms and use that one. We would have to point out in the text though that water is a special system in that the solid volume is larger than the liquid. Dirac66 (talk) 03:26, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

The black and white one doesn't show any variations in ice structural density and implies that liquid water is incompressible.WFPM (talk) 23:41, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Liquid water is almost incompressible. When ice is compressed under a certain range of conditions, it converts to liquid water.  Other than such phase changes, solids are almost incompressible also.  H Padleckas (talk) 06:36, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

And I'd like to see one on 6C12 to use in connection with Hazen's book "the Alchemists" about the diamond.WFPM (talk) 23:50, 21 February 2011 (UTC)
 * What is 6C12 ? The C-12 isotope of carbon ??  H Padleckas (talk) 06:36, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Yes. Except Hazen wrote a nice book about how diamonds can be made out of Peanut Butter etc and has a Phase diagram with triple point et al. and discusses unit cell structure and graphite etc. So 3D phase diagram might be interesting.WFPM (talk) 11:36, 22 February 2011 (UTC) I missed an IQ test question in college because I wasn't supposed to know that water was compressible. Still sore spot with me.WFPM (talk) 11:42, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

One diagram for high-pressure ice is enough
To Wizard 191: I think you were too quick to revert the edit by 86.16.21.74 as "vandalism". Yes, this editor deleted a whole diagram without explanation in the edit summary. However the section Crystal phase diagrams now contains two very similar diagrams both showing the phases of high-pressure phases of ice as a function of log P and T, so I think 86.16.21.74 was justified in deleting the less aesthetic version. Please revert your edit and delete this diagram again.Dirac66 (talk) 19:20, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Materialscientist already reverted me. I didn't realize there were two similar images, but the edit looked like vandalism so I reverted it. Sorry about that. Wizard191 (talk) 16:10, 25 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually, those deletions almost tripped me to revert too, and I went looking for the duplicates of this diagram and got here. IP edits w/o edit summaries are a nuisance. Materialscientist (talk) 00:49, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

The Phase Diagram of water.
This diagram currently attributed to Cmglee is derivative of phase diagrams on my website over the years and should reference this website http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_phase_diagram.html81.157.18.224 (talk) 12:00, 30 June 2015 (UTC)Martin Chaplin

 * I think you mean the one in the section Crystal phase diagrams which has crystalline phases up to Ice XI. Cmglee claims to have drawn the actual file which appears in Wikipedia, but not that the schema is entirely original. I would presume that similar diagrams can be found not only on your website, but also in some number of books or articles on the subject. Perhaps the simplest solution would be to add a note saying that "A similar diagram may be found on the site http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_phase_diagram.html." Dirac66 (talk) 02:08, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

That would be acceptable. The figure is provably copied (redrawn) from my site. Cmglee only states that he got the data from my site (and also from a site that is a direct copy of my site) but the 'data' includes some of my my actual lines not just from the equations and triple points I provide from the literature. Even the Atkins figure he refers to is a 'copy' of an earlier version from my site. I do not believe that my diagram is a derivative of any phase diagrams in books or articles on the subject although I have often given permission for copying it so long as it is correctly cited.81.157.18.224 (talk) 15:33, 2 July 2015 (UTC) Martin Chaplin

 * OK, I have made the suggested addition to the figure title, and included the website title. Dirac66 (talk) 21:57, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

Typical phase diagram
There are, imho, lots of problems with this article (specifically in the earlier parts, I didn't read it in its entirety). Firstly, it seems to assume that the phases are of the thermodynamical variables P and T. In reality, as most here know, a phase diagram may indicate a variety of phases including composition or spin or a host of others. Secondly, in reading the article lede and overview, I'm still not sure what it is that a phase diagram is showing. For instance the text claims that the blue line in the first figure shows the 'boiling point' as a function of pressure. BUT typically the independent variable is on the x-axis (horizontal) so, the line would (to someone not ever having learned better) show the boiling point varying with Temperature. Maybe its "toe may toe" vs "tah mah toe", but isn't clear. The text CLAIMS that the lines mark the conditions which allow multiple phases to co-exist. This OBVIOUSLY implies that away from the lines, only ONE PHASE will exist. We know this just ain't so. For a P-T phase diagram, typically TWO phases will coexist (in most (many?) areas of a PT diagram). If I look up STP on the water p.d. I see water exists as vapor, supposedly. That would be real news to fish the world over. I actually came to this article looking to refresh my memory of what the various areas in a PT p.d. represent and man, did I NOT find anything intelligible! So, I'll either have to recreate what I learned about p.d.s in school those many decades ago and 'fix' the article myself, or rely on others to do it. At this point, I'm hoping someone else will jump in, since I'm just not clear enough about what these things are showing to express it in a simple way. They don't show "equilibrium" processes at all, rather they indicate the boundary lines, on ONE SIDE of at which, as either (2° diagram) variable CHANGES, and ONE phase MIGHT disappear. So two major issues: one - the lede and overview fail to inform a casual reader what the typical diagram is showing and the article confuses the reader by implying that only one phase exists at a given P and T. It also seems to confuse a reversible DYNAMIC system with a system at equilibrium. I also add that in a gravitational field (don't know where those don't exist, do you?) pressure/density can only approximately be uniform for a finite (say, macroscopic) volume. (this is a nit-pick, but should be made explicit somewhere in the article). I also don't at all agree that a Temperature-Entropy diagram (or a Pressure-enthalpy or entropy-enthalpy diagrams) are "PHASE" diagrams. Certainly the HUGE diagram of T-E is inappropriate here. (eg. ONLY liquid water exists 'to the left of the dome'???). If a diagram doesn't have phases in it, it isn't a phase diagram (the lower 3 diagrams "for steam" apparently are of a SINGLE phase? At the very least they add nothing to the intelligibility of the article, regardless if we have permission to use them. Simply because some diagram has two or more phases (of a material) indicated, DOESN'T make it a "phase diagram". [just like it isn't useful to describe any bus which happens to have a celebrity on board as a celebrity bus.]

First thing that needs doing is a clear, concise, simple, and USEFUL explanation for someone picking an arbitrary point on a diagram, either on or off a phase transition line, that clearly and simply explains how to interpret the p.d. for that point. 216.96.77.80 (talk) 20:20, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

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How are phase diagrams generated?
This page could be improved by the addition of a description of how phase diagrams are generated using modern methods and instrumentation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.80.48.54 (talk) 16:41, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

Nitrogen ice
I had my comment that nitrogen ice floats in its liquid reverted because some reference claimed this happened at very high pressures only. Not true. I pumped on my dewar of LN2 to get my sample below 77K. I watched as small ice particles then large chunks formed floating on the surface. Then the whole surface froze, got thicker and eventually froze the entire dewar solid N2 - from top to bottom. I got down to 54K. I don’t have a reference - just experimental fact. Bscip (talk) 19:25, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree that the observations you describe seems to be at much lower pressure than the results of Mukherjee and Boehler in their Physical Review Letter. But to appear in Wikipedia, your observation has to be supported by a published reference so we can be certain it has been observed and interpreted correctly, at least in the opinion of a journal referee. You might try checking the articles on solid nitrogen and liquid nitrogen to see if anyone has reported observations similar to yours. Dirac66 (talk) 01:12, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

This was almost 40 years ago while doing my dissertation research. The technique of pump-cooling, esp. LN2, is so common I assumed this phenomenon was well-known. When I showed my advisor and a couple other Solid State profs my dewar, they were surprised (and quite amused) to see the chunks of N2 floating - also amused to see the whole dewar freeze solid after a day or so. Unfortunately I did not mention it in my dissertation - it was a sidebar. You know, not every single detail in every article in Wikipedia is supported by published references. I just thought people might like to know. Bscip (talk) 20:55, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phase diagram


text:
It Conquered the World

It Conquered the World is an independently made 1956 American black-and-white science fiction film, produced and directed by Roger Corman, starring Peter Graves, Lee Van Cleef, Beverly Garland, and Sally Fraser. It Conquered the World was released theatrically by American International Pictures as a double feature with The She-Creature.

It Conquered the World concerns an alien creature from the planet Venus that secretly wants to take control of the Earth. The creature makes radio contact with a disillusioned human scientist, who agrees to help because the scientist believes that such an alien intervention will bring peace and save a doomed humanity from itself.

Plot
Dr. Tom Anderson, an embittered scientist, has made contact with a Venusian creature, while using his radio transmitter. The alien's secret motivation is to take complete control of the Earth by enslaving humanity using mind control devices; the alien claims that it merely desires to bring peace to the world by eliminating all emotions. Anderson agrees to help the creature and even intends to allow it to assimilate his wife, Claire and friend Dr. Paul Nelson.

The Venusian then disrupts all electric power on Earth, including motor vehicles, leaving Dr. Nelson to resort to riding a bicycle.

After avoiding a flying bat-like creature which carries the mind control device, Dr. Nelson returns home to find his wife, Joan newly assimilated. She then attempts to force his own assimilation using another bat-creature in her possession, and he is forced to kill her in self-defense. By then, the only people who are still free from the Venusian's influence are Nelson, Anderson, Anderson's wife and a group of army soldiers on station in the nearby woods.

Nelson finally persuades the paranoid Anderson that he has made a horrible mistake in blindly trusting the Venusian's motives, allying himself with a creature bent on world domination. When they discover that Tom's wife Claire has taken a rifle to the alien's cave in order to kill it, they hurriedly follow her, but the creature kills her before they can rescue her. Finally, seeing the loss of everything he holds dear, Dr. Anderson viciously attacks the Venusian by holding a blowtorch to the creature's face; Anderson dies at the alien's hand as it expires. Arriving on the scene too late to save his friend, Nelson sadly reflects on how Anderson's misguided ideals ultimately led to death and devastation, and muses that a solution to humanity's problems must ultimately be achieved by humanity itself.

Cast

 * Peter Graves as Dr. Paul Nelson
 * Lee Van Cleef as Dr. Tom Anderson
 * Beverly Garland as Claire Anderson
 * Sally Fraser as Joan Nelson
 * Russ Bender as General James Pattick
 * Taggart Casey as Sheriff N.J. Shallert
 * Karen Kadler as Dr. Ellen Peters
 * Dick Miller as Sgt. Neil
 * Jonathan Haze as Corporal Manuel Ortiz
 * Paul Harbor as Dr. Floyd Mason
 * Charles B. Griffith as Dr. Pete Shelton
 * Thomas E. Jackson as George Haskell
 * Marshall Bradford as Secretary Platt
 * David McMahon	as General Carpenter
 * Paul Blaisdell as The Monster (uncredited)

Development
The film was inspired by the box office success of Day the World Ended, also directed by Corman. It was written by Lou Rusoff (Sam Arkoff's brother-in-law), but before being completed, Rusoff's brother died and he had to leave for Canada. Corman then called in Charles Griffith to do a final rewrite, two days before filming began. Griffith does have a small part as a scientist.

Griffith said Rusoff's script "was incomprehensible which was strange because he was quite meticulous. Lou's brother was dying at the time which most likely had something to do with it." Griffith said he "wrote streams of dialogue. The picture was terrible."

Peter Graves' casting was announced in March 1956. Beverly Garland's casting was announced shortly afterwards.

Shooting
Filming began 3 April 1956.

The design of the creature was Paul Blaisdell's idea, and he thought that coming from a big planet, It would have evolved to deal with heavy gravity and would therefore be low to the ground. Corman later admitted this was a mistake, saying the creature would have been more frightening had It been larger or taller. When Beverly Garland first saw the creature, she commented "That conquered the world?" and claimed she kicked It over (unlikely, since Blaisdell said in an interview that it took three men to turn the prop onto its side for the film's death scene finale).

Paul Blaisdell, who made the creature, researched Venus and "came to the conclusion that if it would have any life — it would be vegetable. In trying to make it look as far removed from anything resembling animal-like, I whipped up a nightmarish creation resembling a pear-shaped, cucumber- like creature, with two mobile, branch- like arms." He created the monster with rubber skin over a wooden frame, latex antenna and carved pine teeth. Flashlights were used to make the eyes glow. Originally the claws worked, but they were damaged on the first day of shooting. When Blaisdell unveiled the costume to the film's producer James Nicholson, Nicholson happily exclaimed "Paul, you've done it again!"

The creature was mounted on wheels. Blaisdell would crouch inside to enable the creature to move. "Originally, the creature was supposed to be in a dark cave all the time so an air of mystery would surround it," said Blaisdell. "But Roger decided it would be more effective if the creature would make a defiant appearance outside its hiding place and be destroyed by a charge of bayonet-armed soldiers. He also wanted the creature to appear dead in the film's finale by having it lying on its side!"

In the bayoneting scene, one of the soldiers stuck a bayonet in the wrong spot and nearly skewered Blaisdell's skull who was inside it, working the costume. Luckily Blaisdell's wife had persuaded him to don a helmet for protection, which deflected the blade.

The creature's working pincers were broken on the first day of shooting, but its arms could still be raised. The melting eye socket effect was completed using chocolate syrup. Blaisdell's wife was inside the suit, manually working the chocolate-squirting device, which backed up and squirted all over her.

Garland later recalled the first time she saw the creature at Bronson Canyon: "I said to Roger, “That isn't the monster! That little thing there is not the monster, is it?' He smiled back at me, 'Yeah. Looks pretty good, doesn't it?' I said, “Roger! I could bop that monster over the head with my handbag!' This thing was no monster, it was a table ornament! He said, 'Well, don't worry about it because we're gonna show you, and then we'll show the monster, back and forth.' 'Well, don't ever show us together, because if you do everybody'll know that I could step on this little creature!' Eventually I think they did do some extra work on the monster: I think they re-sprayed it so it would look a little scarier, and made it a good bit taller. When we actually filmed, they shot it in shadow, and never showed the two of us together."

Griffith said he called the creature prop "Denny Dimwit and somebody else called It an ice-cream cone. I was around when Paul Blaisdell was building it, and he thought the camera would make it look bigger." Blaisdell himself referred to it as "Beulah" during production. A good portion of Beulah disintegrated due to the shoddy care taken to store it, and whatever was left of it was destroyed in the fire-scene finale of AIP's 1958 film How to Make a Monster.

Release history
It Conquered the World was released theatrically by AIP on August 1, 1956 on a double bill with The She-Creature.

The film originally received an "X" certificate in the UK, meaning that the picture could only be seen by adults. At issue, the scene of the creature being destroyed by a blowtorch was seen as animal cruelty. However, producer Samuel Z. Arkoff convinced the film board that the violence was against an otherworldly person, and not an animal, earning the film its passing certificate.

Reception
Griffith said, "I asked for my name not to be on that picture, so I was unbilled. Surprisingly, it got good reviews."

Variety said "this flying saucer pic is a definite cut above normal, and should help pull its weight at b.o., despite modest budget... It must be admitted that the packed house of moppets at the show caught loved the gore, and continually shrieked avid appreciation. The Lou Rusoff screenplay poses some remarkably adult questions amidst the derring-do.. Corman does a generally good job of mingling the necessary backgroundsetting with fast-paced dialog... Only a few patches of abstract discussion, fail to hold audience attention.... Corman would have been wiser to merely suggest the creature, rather than construct the awesome-looking and mechanically clumsy, rubberized horror. It inspired more titters than terror."

Sight and Sound called it "sharp, economical and really frightening".

Film historian and critic Leonard Maltin called It Conquered the World "... well acted and interesting but awkwardly plotted".

Monthly Film Bulletin found the film exciting.

Time Out magazine, however, gave the film a negative review, criticizing its poor special effects. Critic Tony Rayns opined, "You have to see a movie like this to realise that film-makers who feel they have nothing to lose are rarer than you'd think".

The Chicago Reader gave the film a generally positive review, saying, "Amazingly, this 1953 [sic] picture isn't half bad". Allmovie gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, calling it an "above-average quickie".

Creature Feature gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars, praising its campiness.

Later releases
During the 1960s, It Conquered the World was syndicated to television by American International Television. VHS versions appeared in the 1990s on the US home video market (RCA Columbia Home Video), but these are no longer in distribution, nor is the film available on DVD or Blu-ray in the US or in the UK.

In 2001, Susan Hart, the widow of AIP co-founder James H. Nicholson, sued A&E Networks for copyright infringement after the channel used footage from the film in a documentary about Peter Graves.

Remake
In 1966, It Conquered the World was remade in 16mm color by self-proclaimed "schlockmeister" Larry Buchanan after he secured the rights from distributor AIP. He retitled the film Zontar, the Thing from Venus and sold it to television syndication.

In popular culture

 * Frank Zappa's 1974 live album Roxy & Elsewhere referred to the film in the introduction for the song "Cheepnis".
 * The film's closing monologue inspired the similar ending of The Rocky Horror Picture Show.
 * The end of the film was shown at the beginning of Elvira, Mistress of the Dark (1988).
 * Filmmaker Jim Wynorski included a Beulah-lookalike monster in the finale of his horror/comedy Transylvania Twist as a respectful homage to the old 1950s AIP films.
 * In 1991, It Conquered the World was the subject of the comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000; joke topics included poor monster props, occasionally wooden acting, and an overblown closing monologue, although Dr. Clayton Forrester did concede it was probably Roger Corman's "finest film to date".
 * Audio samples from the film were included in the song "Facing That" from M83's self-titled debut album, released in 2001.
 * Season 4, episode 12 of SCTV featured an overarching story, "Zontar," which was closely based on "It Conquered the Word." Bonar Bain was featured as the scientist played by Lee Van Cleef.

title: It Conquered the World


text:
Talk:History of Galway

Untitled
Galway has a fascinating and unique medieval history, very different from that of the rest of the province of Connacht. It's history certainly deserves a separate article, to which I (and hopefully others) will add greatly to over time.--File Éireann 22:56, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

No mention of the wreck of the Spanish Armada and subsequent settlement of the survivors in Galway? Maybe that's my tourist's view of an interesting historical event. -Gregganainm

20th Century
I know that the Irish Army Barracks at Renmore was the headquarters of the Connaught Rangers (see that article).

Today it is known as Dún Úi Maoilíosa - Mellowes Barracks, for Líam Mellows who led the East Galway IRA in the War of Independence. But I also understand that he was on the anti-Treaty side in the Civil War and was responsible for the 1921 edition of the Sieges of Galway. So did deV rehabilitate him? What happened? His statue is (or was last time I looked, might be a car park now!) at the bottom of Prospect Hill?

Something about these ought to go in the 20th Century section. I'd do it, but as is evident from above, I don't have much of a clue! --Red King 23:37, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

the Bishop Casey scandal is mentioned yet the entire Celtic Tiger boom isn't? the 20th century section seriously needs to be expanded on. (Leninbenjamin 13:20, 5 April 2006 (UTC))

Cathair na Gaillimhe
An anon editor asserts In Irish, Galway is also called Cathair na Gaillimhe ("city of Galway") which is a modern creation to prevent confusion with Contae na Gaillimhe / County Galway which is often incorrectly called Gaillimh in Irish.. [Bold text not in original - just a device to cope with italics within italics.] At school, I learned that Cathair in this context means castle, the castle or fortified town (Caher) on the river Gaillimh. Is there any evidence to support the claim that it is a modern usage? (1920s retrospective Gaelicisation?) --Red King 16:42, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Yes, because when it was founded back in the 12th century, it was referred to as "Bun (sic) Dun Gallimhe" (fort at the mouth of the Gallimhe), or "Bun Gallimhe". See references in annals of the time, and the Four Masters. Personally, when signing corrospondence, I use the form Dun Gallimhe. Remember, up to and including today, the legal name of the river is the Gallimhe or Galway; Corrib is only the popular usage. Cathair na Gallimhe I have always regarded as a rather forced modern form. Fergananim 23:12, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

The official Irish name for Galway city is 'Cathair na Gaillimhe'. Look at the official website of the Galway City Council. It says 'Comhairle Cathrach na Gaillimhe' (not cathair because of genitive case). The same logo appears on all Galway City Council documents. The word cathair means city. Origins in a stone fort but in Modern Irish it means city. 86.46.44.89 (talk) 15:31, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

Material from the Annals
I have removed the first three entries from the Annals as they had no direct relevance to Galway. For interest, I have added the original Irish language entries as part of the references for the remainder (with the spelling somewhat modernized). I have also added to the section for the period 1400-1600.

Colin Ryan (talk) 04:22, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Galway


text:
Arnold Genthe

Arnold Genthe (8 January 1869 – 9 August 1942) was a German-American photographer, best known for his photographs of San Francisco's Chinatown, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and his portraits of noted people, from politicians and socialites to literary figures and entertainment celebrities.

Biography
Arnold Genthe was born in Berlin, Prussia, to Luise Zober and Hermann Genthe, a professor of Latin and Greek at the Graues Kloster (Grey Monastery) in Berlin. Genthe followed in his father's footsteps, becoming a classically trained scholar; he received a doctorate in philology in 1894 from the University of Jena, where he knew artist Adolph Menzel, his mother's cousin.

After emigrating to San Francisco in 1895 to work as a tutor for the son of Baron and Baroness J. Henrich von Schroeder, he taught himself photography. He was intrigued by the Chinese section of the city and photographed its inhabitants, from children to drug addicts, Due to his subjects' possible fear of his camera or their reluctance to have pictures taken, Genthe sometimes hid his camera. He also sometimes removed evidence of Western culture from these pictures, cropping or erasing as needed. About 200 of his Chinatown pictures survive, and these comprise the only known photographic depictions of the area before the 1906 earthquake.

After local magazines published some of his photographs in the late 1890s, he opened a portrait studio. He knew some of the city's wealthy matrons, and as his reputation grew, his clientele included Nance O'Neil, Sarah Bernhardt, Nora May French, and Jack London. In 1904 he traveled to Western Europe and Tangier with the famous watercolorist, Francis McComas.

In 1906, the San Francisco earthquake and fire destroyed Genthe's studio, but he rebuilt. His photograph of the earthquake's aftermath, Looking Down Sacramento Street, San Francisco, April 18, 1906, is his most famous photograph.

Within a short time, Genthe joined the art colony in Carmel-by-the-Sea, where he fraternized with the literary elite, including George Sterling, Jack London, Harry Leon Wilson, Ambrose Bierce, and Mary Austin. Here he was able to pursue his work in color photography.

In 1906, Genthe designed the plans for his large Craftsman-style cottage located on Camino Real and 11th Avenue on the east side. Of his new residence, he wrote, "The cypresses and rocks of Point Lobos, the always varying sunsets and the intriguing shadows of the sand dunes offered a rich field for color experiments."

Although his stay in Carmel was relatively short (1905–07), he was appointed in 1907 to the Board of Directors of the Art Gallery in Monterey's luxury Hotel Del Monte, where he ensured that the work of important regional art photographers, such as Laura Adams Armer and Anne Brigman, was displayed with his own prints.

By the spring of 1907 he had established his residence and studio at 3209 Clay Street in San Francisco, where he continued to enjoy membership in the celebrated Bohemian Club, attend prominent society functions, display his own work, and pen newspaper reviews of photo and art exhibitions.

In 1911 he moved to New York City, where he remained until his death of a heart attack in 1942. He worked primarily in portraiture, and Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and John D. Rockefeller all sat for him. His photos of Greta Garbo were credited with boosting her career. He also photographed dancers, including Anna Pavlova, Isadora Duncan, Audrey Munson, Helen Moller and Ruth St. Denis, and his photos were featured in the 1916 book, The Book of the Dance.

Autochromes
Genthe was an early adopter of the autochrome color photography process. He began experimenting with the process in 1905 in Carmel, California. He claimed credit for the first exhibition of color photographs in America; later scholars determined this is not accurate, but he was undoubtedly one of the earliest. His subjects included portraits, artistic nudes, and landscapes.

Genthe's cat
Genthe owned a cat called Buzzer. Buzzer often appeared in portraitures with Genthe's subjects, most notably Broadway actresses to whom the cat warmed. One such sitting in autochrome was with actress Ann Murdock.

Publications

 * Text by Will Irwin, images by Arnold Genthe, Pictures of Old Chinatown. New York: Moffat, Yard and Co., 1908 (free download)
 * Arnold Genthe, selection and text by John Tchen, Genthe's Photographs of San Francisco's Old Chinatown, New York: Dover Publications. 1984 ISBN 0-486-24592-6
 * Arnold Genthe, The Book of the Dance, Boston, Mass.: International Publishers, 1920, c. 1916
 * Arnold Genthe, foreword by Grace King, Impressions of Old New Orleans, New York: George H. Doran Co., c. 1926
 * Arnold Genthe, Isadora Duncan: Twenty Four Studies, New York: M. Kennerley 1929; reprinted by Books for Libraries, 1980 ISBN 0-8369-9306-3
 * Arnold Genthe, As I remember, New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, c. 1936
 * Arnold Genthe, Highlights and Shadows, New York: Greenberg, c. 1937
 * William Bronson, "The Earth Shook, The Sky Burned", Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1959; many images of the San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906 taken by Arnold Genthe

title: Arnold Genthe


text:
California State Route 116

State Route 116 (SR 116) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California in Sonoma County. The route runs from SR 1 on the Pacific coast near Jenner to SR 121 south of Sonoma.

Route description

SR 116 proceeds east along the north bank of the Russian River, from SR 1 to Guerneville, passing through Duncans Mills, Monte Rio, and Guernewood Park as River Road.

At the intersection of the Guerneville Bridge, the route turns southeast and passes through Forestville. River Road continues eastward as a country road towards Fulton and Santa Rosa. The section of SR 116 connecting Guerneville and Forestville is known as Pocket Canyon Road, named for the canyon it passes through. The four east-west blocks of Forestville through which 116 passes are called Front Street, but the route veers south again towards Graton and Sebastopol. Here it is called Gravenstein Highway North until the intersection with Covert Street in Sebastopol. There it undergoes another name change: Healdsburg Avenue. But it doesn't last long—heading south (right turn), it becomes North Main Street for two blocks where it intersects Bodega Highway SR 12), whereupon it becomes South Main Street. When the one-way street becomes a two-way street again, 116 is known as Gravenstein Highway South all the way to Cotati where it runs concurrently with U.S. Route 101 (US 101) as the Redwood Highway south to Petaluma. In Petaluma, Lakeville Highway takes SR 116 to Stage Gulch Road, which makes a left turn east toward Sonoma, crossing the Sonoma Mountains directly north of Tolay Lake and descending into the Sonoma Valley. In Sonoma, SR 116 runs along Arnold Drive to its terminus at SR 121 near Schellville.

SR 116 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and a portion just west of US 101 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 116 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System,; however, it is only a scenic highway as designated by Caltrans from SR 1 to the Sebastopol city limit, meaning that it is a substantial section of highway passing through a "memorable landscape" with no "visual intrusions", where the potential designation has gained popular favor with the community.

title: California State Route 116


text:
Battle of the Clearwater

The Battle of the Clearwater (July 11–12, 1877) was a battle in the Idaho Territory between the Nez Perce under Chief Joseph and the United States Army. Under General O. O. Howard, the army surprised a Nez Perce village; the Nez Perce counter-attacked and inflicted significant casualties on the soldiers, but were forced to abandon the village.

After the battle, part of the Nez Perce War. the Nez Perce retreated east and crossed the Bitterroot Mountains via Lolo Pass into Montana Territory, with General Howard in pursuit.

Background
After the defeat of the U.S. Army by the Nez Perce at the Battle of White Bird Canyon on June 17, General Oliver Otis Howard took personal command of the army. Howard dispatched a small force to capture the neutral Looking Glass, but Looking Glass and his followers escaped and joined Joseph.

With Howard in pursuit, but several days behind, Joseph, 600 Nez Perce and their more than 2,000 livestock brushed aside a small U.S. military force at the Battle of Cottonwood (July 3–5), and continued eastward for another 25 mi. Along their route, they burned thirty ranches and farms, and the proprietors had fled to nearby Mount Idaho. The ranches and farms were on the Nez Perce Reservation and illegal in the view of the Nez Perce. They established a camp in the steep-walled valley of the South Fork of the Clearwater River, north of present-day Stites. There on July 7, they were joined by Looking Glass and other Nez Perce bringing their total strength up to about 800, with 200 fighting men.

On July 8, a company of 75 civilian volunteers under Edward McConville, found the Nez Perce camp and reported its location to General Howard. The Nez Perce discovered the volunteers the next morning and attacked them, forcing them to take refuge on a hilltop and exchanging long-distance fire with them. Out of water and their horses stolen by the Indians, the volunteers dubbed their hilltop "Fort Misery." One Nez Perce was wounded. About noon on June 11 the volunteers withdrew from their hill to Mount Idaho without opposition.

The Nez Perce anticipated that Howard and his soldiers would arrive at their village from the northeast, the same direction as the volunteers came from, but instead the General approached them from the south following the east bank of the South Fork of the Clearwater downstream through rugged country. About noon on July 11, Howard spotted the village, spread along both banks of the Clearwater. Perhaps lulled into complacency by their previous successes, the Nez Perce were surprised at his sudden appearance.

To combat approximately 200 Nez Perce warriors, Howard had 440 soldiers plus civilian packers, scouts, messengers, and Indian scouts, amounting to a force that may have exceeded 600 men. Among the Indian scouts were some Nez Perce; many Nez Perce had not joined Joseph and remained friendly with the U.S.

The battle
Howard opened the battle by firing howitzers and Gatling guns at the Nez Perce camp in the valley below from the ridge he occupied. "These only served to announce the presence of the troops to the unsuspecting Indians and 'to send horsemen...scampering over the hills in every direction...[while] herding their stock together, which was afterward driven by old Indians, squaws and children into the hills in the rear."

The old warrior Toohoolhoolzote and 24 Nez Perce, including Yellow Wolf, rode to the top of the ridge to contest the advance of Howard. They built a stone fort and began firing at the soldiers, stalling Howard's cavalry. Soon, they were nearly surrounded and they retreated back to the village. Toohoolhoolzote's delaying action gave other Nez Perce time to set up defensive positions around three sides of a prairie on a tableland, about 1.5 miles wide and two miles long above the east side of the Clearwater River.

About 100 Nez Perce opposed Howard as he advanced and took up positions on the prairie. "Although we outnumbered the Indians," said a correspondent, "we fought to a great disadvantage. The redskins were in a fortified canyon...while our men were obliged to approach them along an open and treeless prairie." After extensive fighting all afternoon, the day ended in a stalemate with Indians and soldiers in their fortified lines. The soldiers spent the night hungry and thirsty. The Nez Perce in the battle line were supplied by women from the village in their rear.

On the morning of July 12, Howard's entire force was facing the Nez Perce on the prairie. He drove the Nez Perce away from a spring and was able to provide water and food to his men. Howard prepared an attack on the Nez Perce left flank by Captain Marcus Miller and his battalion. Unexpectedly, a pack train of 120 mules bearing supplies for Howard appeared on the battlefield. Miller moved forward to protect the pack train and, taking advantage of his advanced position, he suddenly ordered a charge on the Nez Perce. The Nez Perce retreated and soon were in full flight as Howard's men advanced all along his lines and into the village near the river. The Nez Perce men crossed the Clearwater River with their women and children and as many of their possessions as they could gather. Howard declined to continue the pursuit of the Indians beyond the river; the battle was over.

Aftermath
The day after the battle, General Howard pursued the Nez Perce about 12 mi northward to the village of Kamiah, where he saw the Nez Perce crossing the Clearwater River. Howard rushed his forces forward, but was too late; one cavalryman was wounded. On July 15, Howard received the surprising message that Joseph and his band wished to surrender, while Looking Glass, White Bird, and Toohoolhoolzote planned to continue eastward to November. However, Joseph failed to appear the next day to surrender, but 35 Nez Perce, including 14 men, did which bolstered the Army's view that the Nez Perce were disintegrating as a fighting force. Howard learned that the Nez Perce had moved their camp to Weippe Prairie, about 15 mi away from Howard's position and he set off in search of them. The Nez Perce called Howard "General-Day-After-Tomorrow" because of his slow, careful movements.

The Nez Perce seem to have undergone a crisis in leadership in the last hours of the Clearwater battle and the days which followed. Joseph was by no means the undisputed leader. Five different bands and five leaders were represented among the Nez Perce, and each warrior reserved to himself his right to fight as he wished and when he wished. Joseph (and presumably his brother Ollokot) apparently argued against leaving Idaho and their traditional lands. However, White Bird, Looking Glass, and Toohoolhoolzote prevailed and the Nez Perce decided to follow the rugged Lolo trail to Lolo Pass and Montana. Looking Glass had many friends in Montana and argued that once there the Nez Perce would be safe, not understanding perhaps that Idaho and Montana were states in the same nation.

An irony was that 72 years earlier the Nez Perce had greeted in friendship the half-starved Lewis and Clark Expedition on Weippe Prairie. Clark, it was reputed, had a son with a Nez Perce wife and that son, now an elderly man, was with Joseph.

Hearing that the Nez Perce were leaving Weippe Prairie, Howard sent out a strong force from Kamiah on July 17 to ascertain in which direction the Nez Perce were heading. Major Edwin C. Mason and "Colonel" Edward McConville, a civilian volunteer, led the force of cavalry, civilian volunteers, and several Nez Perce scouts. Joseph's Nez Perce ambushed the scouts, killing 2 and wounding one, and Mason turned back, but after having learned that the Nez Perce were traveling the Lolo Trail. The Nez Perce undertook one last raid in Idaho on July 18, stealing several hundred horses at Kamiah.

On July 16, the main body of the Nez Perce departed Weippe Prairie on the arduous Lolo Trail through 120 miles (200 km.) of uninhabited mountains. They were about 750 persons in all, two thousand horses, and hundreds of dogs in a column several miles long. They reappeared on the Montana side of the Lolo Pass on July 25, having accomplished the difficult passage with relative ease. Soon, they would again meet up with the U.S. army. Howard, with 700 men, set off after the Nez Perce on the Lolo Trail on July 30. He telegraphed ahead and soldiers awaited the Nez Perce just over the Montana border at Fort Fizzle. Colonel John Gibbon would intercept the Nez Percé at the Battle of the Big Hole.

title: Battle of the Clearwater


text:
Henry Hawley

Henry Hawley (12 January 1685 – 24 March 1759) was a British army officer who served in the wars of the first half of the 18th century. He fought in a number of significant battles, including the Capture of Vigo in 1719, Dettingen, Fontenoy and Culloden.

During the Jacobite rising of 1745, he was recalled to Britain and appointed commander in Scotland in December, replacing Sir John Cope. In January 1746, he was defeated at the Battle of Falkirk Muir, although it did not damage his career in the same way. The Duke of Cumberland took over and Hawley led the cavalry at Culloden in April, a victory that ended the Rising.

Although a courageous and capable commander of cavalry, Hawley was also a strict disciplinarian, referred to by contemporaries as 'Hangman Hawley' or 'Lord Chief Justice.' While this referred to his disciplinary methods, there is evidence he bears some responsibility for the killing of Jacobite wounded after Culloden. He returned to Flanders in July 1746, and when the War of the Austrian Succession ended in 1748, he was appointed Governor of Inverness; in 1752, he became Governor of Portsmouth, near his home in Hartley Wintney, where he died in March 1759.

Personal details

Henry Hawley (1685–1759) was born in Westminster, London and baptised on 12 January 1685 at St Martin-in-the-Fields. His father Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Hawley (1653–1692) was related to the Hawley baronets and married Judith Hughes (1659–1735) in 1684. They had four children, Henry, Edward (ca 1686–after 1724), Anne (ca 1690–after 1762) and an unknown son who died young.

Like many of his 'historical anecdotes', Walter Scott's suggestion Hawley was an illegitimate son of George II (1683–1760) has been dismissed by historians. If true, George would have fathered him at the age of two, thirty years before his first visit to England.

Francis was killed at the August 1692 Battle of Steenkerque, leaving his family penniless. In 1694, his half-brother Thomas Erle (1650-1720) made Henry an ensign in the 19th Foot, despite being only nine years old. Commissions were then considered private assets, that could be used as an investment or to provide an income; their award to children was later discouraged, but drawing pay and delegating duties to a substitute remained a common practice. His brother Edward also received a commission and his mother was given a pension.

Hawley never married but had a long-term relationship with Elizabeth Toovey, mentioned in his will as being 'for many years my friend, companion, and often my careful nurse.' Her second son Captain William Toovey became his heir and took Hawley's name after his death in March 1759; it is suggested he may have been Hawley's natural son.

Career
Francis Hawley had been Lieutenant-Colonel of the 4th Dragoons, a regiment commanded by Queen Anne's husband, Prince George of Denmark. Henry was appointed page or attendant to their son, William of Gloucester, 1689-1700; when the War of Spanish Succession began in 1702, he was commissioned into Temple's Regiment but in September 1704, Prince George arranged that this be exchanged for one in the Royal Horse Guards.

In May 1706, Hawley became a captain in his father's old regiment, and accompanied his uncle Thomas Erle to Spain, where he fought in the 1707 Battle of Almanza. This was a decisive Bourbon victory, where most of the British infantry was taken prisoner but Hawley and the cavalry escaped. In April 1708, he returned to England with Erle, who had been selected by Marlborough to lead an expeditionary force that would land on the French coast and capture Abbeville. This plan was vetoed by the Dutch Republic; Erle retired from active service and in 1709, Hawley returned to his regiment in Scotland.

In 1710, Hawley quarrelled with a fellow officer and killed him in a duel, a common practice in this period; he was pardoned by Queen Anne, who also helped him purchase a commission as lieutenant-colonel in 1712. In August 1714, George I succeeded Anne as monarch; during the Jacobite rising of 1715, Hawley and his younger brother Edward, a Captain-Lieutenant in the same regiment, fought at Sheriffmuir.

In 1717, Hawley became Colonel of the 33rd Foot; during the War of the Quadruple Alliance in 1719, his regiment was part of the expeditionary force that captured the Spanish port of Vigo. The booty taken was immense and the expedition extremely profitable for senior officers like Hawley; in 1720, he purchased an estate near Hartley Whitney where he built West Green House, now owned by the National Trust.

Britain was at peace for the next 20 years; in 1730, Hawley became Colonel of 13th Dragoons and promoted major general in 1739. The next year, he returned to the 4th Dragoons as Colonel, which he retained until his death in 1759. At the beginning of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1741, he was offered command of British land forces sent to capture Cartagena de Indias in the West Indies but turned it down. Why he did so is unclear, although it was a notoriously unhealthy posting; the expedition ended in failure, with over 9,000 deaths from yellow fever.

Instead, he served in Flanders as deputy to Sir John Cope, commander of the cavalry reserve at the victory of Dettingen in June 1743. In December, Cope was appointed military commander in Scotland and Hawley made second-in-command of the cavalry under Cumberland. At Fontenoy in April 1745, the British cavalry was a spectator for most of the battle; after Hawley took over command from Cumberland, his handling of the cavalry enabled the Allied infantry to retreat in good order. Fontenoy was a defeat but enhanced his reputation.

1745 Jacobite Rising

The Jacobite rising of 1745 began in July when Charles Edward Stuart landed in Scotland; in September, he defeated Sir John Cope at Prestonpans. The Jacobite army then invaded England, reaching Derby on 4 December before retreating into Scotland due to lack of English or French support. Hawley was among the troops that returned to Britain and was present at the Clifton Moor skirmish on 18 December; two days later, he was appointed commander-in-chief in Scotland.

The immediate objective was to secure Lowland Scotland and on 6 January Hawley arrived in Edinburgh; he had about 8,000 troops available locally, plus 2,000 militia with the Earl of Loudoun near Inverness. The Jacobites were besieging Stirling Castle and on 13 January, he ordered 4,000 troops under John Huske (1692-1761) to move towards its relief. Hawley's previous experience at Sheriffmuir in 1715 led him to overestimate the vulnerability of Highland infantry to cavalry while he seriously underestimated their fighting qualities.

This overconfidence contributed to his defeat at Falkirk Muir on 17 January, which started late in the afternoon in poor light and heavy snow and was marked by confusion on both sides. Hawley's artillery became stuck in the mud and were abandoned by their gunners, while his dragoons charged the Jacobite right. They were repulsed in disorder, scattering their own infantry but his right under Huske held its ground, retrieved the artillery and withdrew in good order, helped when the Highlanders stopped to loot the baggage train.

Neither he or Cumberland viewed Falkirk as a serious defeat but a high proportion of government casualties were officers abandoned by their men. Unlike Prestopans, many were experienced veterans and a number of soldiers were court-martialled, several of whom were executed. The artillery commander, Captain Archibald Cunningham, described as a 'sot' or drunkard, abandoned his guns and fled using the transport horses; he committed suicide a few days later. Unlike Cope, Hawley never faced a court-martial for Falkirk, although the writer Horace Walpole argued he was 'fifty times more culpable, since Cope miscarried by incapacity, Hawley by insolence and carelessness.'

While the Hanovarian army was recuperating in Aberdeen in the early months of 1746, Hawley was resident in Guest Row, in the town house of the George Gordon of Hallhead, who was out with the Jabobites. His wife, Amy Gordon was treated rudely by Hawley and his men and, after their departure, she complained about their behaviour, making a long list of the valuables, domestic items and provisions they had looted.

Hawley led two regiments of dragoons at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April, which lasted less than an hour and ended in a decisive government victory. Jacobite losses were estimated as between 1,200 and 1,500 dead, many of whom were killed during the pursuit that followed; this was a standard part of any 18th-century battle, and troops that held together, such as the French regulars, were far less vulnerable than those who scattered like the Highlanders. Many of the Jacobite wounded left on the battlefield were also killed, an act author and historian John Prebble refers to as 'symptomatic of the army's general mood and behaviour.'

James Wolfe, Hawley's aide-de-camp at Culloden, features in an anecdote where he refused an order to shoot a wounded Highland officer, the person giving the order variously named as Cumberland or Hawley. While such killings certainly took place, whether Wolfe was either given or refused such orders is less clear; conducting punitive raids after Culloden, he later wrote to a colleague 'as few Highlanders are made prisoner as possible.'

Wolfe had a reputation for criticising his senior officers; in 1755, he claimed the troops dread (Hawley's) severity, hate the man and hold his military knowledge in contempt and described Humphrey Bland as not so well-bred and polite as might be wished. In 1748, Cumberland described Hawley as the most competent of his cavalry leaders and his written papers show he was very far from being an unthinking martinet.

Post-1745 and legacy

In July 1745, the Earl of Albemarle took over as commander in Scotland and Hawley returned to Flanders with Cumberland, where he remained until the end of the War of the Austrian Succession. He took part in the 1747 Battle of Lauffeld, a decisive French victory where only cavalry charges led by Lord Ligonier saved the Allied infantry from annihilation. This ended Hawley's active military career, although he remained colonel of the 4th Dragoons until his death; in 1748, he was appointed Governor of Inverness, a post which required little service.

In 1752, he was made Governor of Portsmouth, near his home in West Green End, where he died in March 1759. He was buried in St Mary's Church, Hartley Wintney despite his will containing several comments antipathetic to religion, notably 'I hate priests of all professions.' He left £5,000 to his sister Anne and a life interest in his properties to Elizabeth Toovey. On her death, these passed to her second son, Captain William Toovey, who took Hawley's name and whose descendants owned West Green End until 1898.

title: Henry Hawley


text:
Wesen

Wesen may refer to:

 * An alternate spelling of Wezen, the traditional name for the star Delta Canis Majoris
 * A supernatural being (non-human) from the fantasy-horror TV series Grimm
 * The German word for "essence", used with reference to Christianity in Ludwig Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity (German: Das Wesen des Christentums)

title: Wesen


text:
Cephem

Cephems are a sub-group of β-lactam antibiotics including cephalosporins and cephamycins. It is one of the most common 4-membered ring heterocycle. Produced by actinomycetes, cephamycins were found to display antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria, including those resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins. The antimicrobial properties of Cephem include the attachment to certain penicillin-binding proteins that are involved in the production of cell walls of bacteria.

Research
Researchers have developed antibiotics that include cephems and they have tried to test them clinically. Many of the antibiotics that are manufactured have different efficiencies based on the amount used, their strength, and their antibacterial spectra. Research was conducted on drugs that contain cephem to investigate their pharmacokinetics in the exudate of the space behind the peritoneum after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy.

title: Cephem


text:
Talk:Philippe de Chérisey

Untitled
I removed the following note from the beginning of this article:

LOL - WHAT TRIPE - AND WHAT VANDALISM FROM THE NUTCASES ON WIKIPEDIA!

The "parchments" DID NOT show the "survival of the Merovingians" - that was done in the Priory Documents! And there are more than 15 of these documents - and the documents are quite different to the "parchments".

Cherisey was a fraudster as he himself admitted in several accounts - including in the Priory Documents and in the unpublished 44 page document "Stone and Paper"

Loads of ignorant rubbish from those here about de Cherisey who have obviously not read the Priory Documents and whose knowledge is limited to what is written in cranky and rubbishy English Language books!!!!

Ganymead 22:58, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Phillipe de Cherisey could not have concocted the second (Shepherdess) parchment as he did not know how to encode it correctly. The correct code requires a 25 letter alphabet for correct decryption. The Stone and Paper document uses a 26 letter alphabet. This document is merely De Cherisey's attempts to decode the parchment with a false signature appended.

When Plantard told Lincoln that de Cherisey had 'fabricated' 'A' document he meant that he had merely copied them from originals. This is explained in The Messianic Legacy. De Cherisey admitted he was a 'Prankster' not a fraudster, a subtle difference. At no point, other than a dubious signature on a document that is unavailable for close independent scrutiny, has de Cherisey admitted that he fabricated the whole thing as a hoax.

But, even if he did concoct the Parchments: So what? Surely if the parchemnts can be proven to have meaning then it doesn't matter if they were only written yesterday.

Eric Tull 13:26, 06 March 2005 (UTC)

I deleted the following allegations from the article because they were either wrong or there was no valid evidence:

- Philippe de Cherisey did not understand Latin, this comes from people who knew him personally during his lifetime.

- Only one of the parchments has the text of the Codex Bezae, not both of them

- The break-up between Philippe de Cherisey and Pierre Plantard had nothing at all to do with "holding a meeting to decide on the new Priory of Sion Grand Master" - but specifically to do with Philippe de Cherisey working with Paul Rouelle against the wishes of Pierre Plantard. This was during the mid-1980s - a long time after the event relating to Plantard holding a meeting to decide on the new Priory of Sion Grand Master.

wfgh66 —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 10:11, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Philippe de Chérisey


text:
Gran Hotel Bali

Gran Hotel Bali is a 4-star hotel located in Benidorm, province of Alicante, Spain. It is, at 186 metres high (210 metres including the mast), 52 storey skyscraper and the tallest building on Europe's Mediterranean coast. It was the tallest building in Spain surpassing Torre Picasso in 2001, until November 2006 when it was overtaken by Torre Espacio. The hotel opened on 17 May 2002.

The hotel, which is actually a set of four buildings, was designed by architect Antonio Escario and has 776 rooms (with capacity for up to 2,000 guests), 18 lifts, gardens and swimming pools. It is located in La Cala de Benidorm, close to the Mediterranean seaside (300 metres).

title: Gran Hotel Bali


text:
User talk:Nob~enwiki

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 22:58, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. - Nunh-huh 23:17, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Nob~enwiki


text: File:Craig McCaw - NSTAC - May 2004.png

title: File:Craig McCaw - NSTAC - May 2004.png