text:
Talk:Elastoplast

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 * Elastoplast.jpg

Original version?
This says "Beiersdorf bought brand rights for the Commonwealth from Smith & Nephew in 1992." Is that why you cant get real Elastoplast any more? 2A00:23C4:552C:B900:80A1:FA7:71E0:27E5 (talk) 10:44, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elastoplast


text:
Talk:Kite (geometry)

Untitled
regarding the latest change, which is the former and which is the latter, it is unclear as you only mention kite flying in the sentence. Can you change it to "the geometric kite was inspired by the shape of the flying object" or whichever - I can't figureout which way it is. Onco_p53 11:09, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

The article is unclear regarding if the kite can be concave or only convex. In Hungary "deltoids" also include concave quadrilaterals having two pairs of equal sides, but of course concave deltoids can't be tangential. Cheers, SyP 20:46, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

 * In the USA we call non-convex deltoids "darts." I'm going to see if there's a Wikipedia page for them.... RobertAustin 16:06, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Can we redirect "Deltoid" to "Kite" after dembuguity because it is also a Muscle?.--Dagofloreswi (talk) 00:03, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Deltoid is currently a disambiguation page pointing to both the muscle and the shape, as well as to a few other meanings. I don't think we should change that. —David Eppstein (talk) 00:13, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I have always defined "kite" to be convex, excluding the deltoid, dart, or arrowhead. Does anyone actually use the term "concave kite"?  Should we modify the definition?    D b f i r s   08:31, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

right kite
Is there such a thing as a right kite? I mean, a right triangle reflected over its hypotenuse? What properties does it have?
 * A right kite is a cyclic quadrilateral.—GraemeMcRaetalk 19:49, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Quadrilateral Classification
I want to apologize for some changes I made earlier without consulting this discussion thread. I appreciate the author's respect and interpretation of these changes. The changes I suggested drive toward a general confusion that exists in geometry, albeit mainly at the high school level. Confusion arises when students attempt to classify quadrilaterls using specific properties to create a hierarchical relationship.

Let me give one such example. If we decide to classify quadrilaterals based on the the parallelism of sides, we end up with three major categories: Kites (no parallel sides), Trapezoids (1 set of parallel sides) and Parallelograms (2 sets of parallel sides.) I teach geometry at the high school level and this is the text's preferred classification. Following these rules, the rhombus and rectangle are special parallelograms and the square is a combination of the two.

The confusion arises when a statement, like the one I edited in this article, reads (to the effect): "any quadrilateral with an axis of symmetry must be either a kite or isosceles trapezoid." Such a statement makes the assumption that the reader is familiar with the classification method being used. It assumes the reader will conclude that rectangles, rhombi and squares can also be considered special Kites and Isosceles Trapezoids. If a student is using the classification method mentioned previously, confusion will occur.

Do the authors of this article feel it would be worth while to briefly describe the classification method used in the article and the subsequent, hierachical relationships? I understand the "correctness" of the article in its current state but wish to clarify some of the assumptions that are made.

Andrewbressette (talk) 19:26, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

 * The Quadrilateral article has a taxonomy of quadrilaterals. All references to classification should be made in accordance with that hierarchy.—GraemeMcRaetalk 22:40, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

I did not realize that this issue has been brought up before. "Is a rhombus a kite?" Here, at Wikipedia, the consensus seems to be yes, but in US high school geometry, the answer is no. The quadrilateral classification chart (Euler diagram) on the Wikipedia article shows rhombuses as kites, but excludes darts. There are several related questions: Is a circle an ellipse?

I don't think we have to "decide" for all time, but I do think it is worth mentioning. My daughter would have had several of her geometry test questions marked wrong if she only consulted Wikipedia. Danieltrevi (talk) 14:15, 27 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I think the typical usage at the elementary and high school level is more or less as you describe (classifications are exclusive, so squares are not kites) and at any higher level of mathematics is usually inclusive (squares are kites). The reason for using inclusive rather than exclusive categorization is to avoid lots of silly special cases (e.g. with inclusive classifications we can state Varignon's theorem as: the midpoints of every quadrilateral form a parallelogram; with exclusive classifications we would instead have to say that sometimes it's a parallelogram, sometimes it's a rhombus, sometimes it's a rectangle, and sometimes it's a square, and readers would be left wondering why such a vague statement is even a theorem at all). So it bears mentioning that there are these two ways of doing things. But you have repeatedly added value judgements (it is usually one way but that some authors disagree) stated as fact with zero sources supporting those judgements. That is not how Wikipedia does things. Everything needs to be supported by references to reliable publications. So if you want to say that it is usually one way, you need a source that says roughly the same thing. Better would be to say what I have said above (lower level mathematics does it one way, higher the other way, and why) but again that needs a source. —David Eppstein (talk) 18:42, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

 * British schools usually teach the inclusive definitions. Is it only American schools that teach the exclusive ones?  ( Good teachers try to set unambiguous questions. )   Dbfirs  20:33, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

OK, I will try to find a source. Would a US high school geometry textbook be acceptable? (Pearson or McGraw-Hill). As I stated earlier, the article on the isosceles trapezoid has an almost identical statement, without a source. I don't recall ever even hearing about "kites" as a geometry term until this year. Danieltrevi (talk) 13:48, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Would a US high school geometry textbook note the existence of both types of definitions and describe which usage is more common at which level of mathematics? That is the kind of source we need. I don't think finding a source that chooses and uses only one of the definitions is helpful for statements about which usage is more common. In particular I think that your addition of "Big Ideas Math" (Texas Ed., p. 401) as a source for this is so far off-topic as to be either incompetent or intellectually dishonest. That page gives a (pictorial) definition of kites but says nothing about the relation between kites and other kinds of quadraterals, let alone clarifying whether the definition should be inclusive or exclusive. —David Eppstein (talk) 18:57, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

I really think your "intellectually dishonest" comment was uncalled for. I think your comment was arrogant. I guess this is your pet page, and you don't tolerate disagreement. Danieltrevi (talk) 20:32, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I am still waiting for proper sources to appear. —David Eppstein (talk) 20:55, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * This is your page, I guess, and "isosceles trapezoids" is someone else's page, so you have not undone my edits on that page. I think the discrepancies in how certain quadrilaterals are defined between US high schools and universities is worth mentioning. It is not worth abuse. I do not know if there is a source that says explicitly that there is a disagreement. Apparently, for you, a source that is in disagreement with the definition given in this page is not enough. Where is the source for the very first sentence of this article? -
 * In Euclidean geometry, a kite is a quadrilateral whose four sides can be grouped into two pairs of equal-length sides that are adjacent to each other.
 * You could cite the reference "kite definition" in the "External Links" section, except that definition reads:
 * A quadrilateral with two distinct pairs of equal adjacent sides. A kite-shaped figure. (emphasis added by me.)

 * And why did you undo the citation to John Page in the link? That is the way he requested for his citations to appear.Danieltrevi (talk) 14:08, 29 March 2019 (UTC)Danieltrevi —(talk) 22:42, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * And as far as you waiting for "proper" sources to appear, I will not be providing them. I have pointed out what I think are several deficiencies on this page. If you, the self-appointed master of this page, do not think they are worth correcting, that is your call. Have a good day, and thank you for all you do for Wikipedia. -Danieltrevi (talk) 14:18, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Just wanted to point out that the "kite definition" formerly in the external links section (I have removed it) was incorrect. The use of the word distinct is clearly in error. As software engineer John Page explicitly states, two pairs of adjacent sides are "distinct" if they have no side in common! This is confusing the concept of distinctness with a type of disjointedness. Two pairs can be distinct and yet share a common side, consider a triangle with one side designated as the base. The pairs of sides consisting of the base and one of the other sides, are two distinct pairs with a common side. If one views the pairs as sets consisting of two adjacent sides, then what he calls distinct is really the notion that the sets are disjoint (have no common element). Also, even if he used the adjective "disjoint", the case of the rhombus would not be ruled out. The only proper way to use the word distinct in this situation would be to rule out the possibility of considering the adjacent pair of sides A and B as different from the pair B and A. --Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 19:42, 29 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Thank you. You must remember, his website is aimed at high school math. This was confusing to me, and probably to many high school math teachers._23:25, 29 March 2019 (UTC)Danieltrevi (talk)
 * I suspect part of the confusion arises because some of the sources used the wrong word "distinct" rather than "disjoint", perhaps out of a feeling that "disjoint" was too technical. We want to say that a kite is a shape that has two disjoint pairs of equal adjacent sides. That is, the two pairs do not share any edges with each other. The sources that say that a kite has two distinct pairs of equal adjacent sides are wrong, because that definition would also apply to a 1-1-1-2 trapezoid (which I think we can all agree is not a kite). The trapezoid has two pairs of equal adjacent sides (the first 1-1 and the second 1-1), and these pairs are distinct (they are not the same pairs as each other) but they are not disjoint. Once we use the right word in the definition, we can then move on to finer distinctions, such as whether the decomposition into disjoint pairs must be unique or whether it is enough for at least one decomposition to exist. —David Eppstein (talk) 00:09, 30 March 2019 (UTC)
 * This misuse of the word distinct is very common among students in teacher preparation courses. We often have to start out emphasizing its use to increase the awareness of precision in mathematical language. The lesson is probably learned a bit too well and students begin to use the term indiscriminately because it seems to make their statements sound more precise. Overuse is not penalized as heavily as underuse, so the take-away seems to be "use it whenever in doubt". --Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 03:49, 30 March 2019 (UTC)

I added some material to the article (based on a source we were already using) distinguishing the two kinds of classification. It explains why one might prefer a hierarchical, inclusive classification (because that is what the source is about) but not what the advantages of a partitioning, exclusive classification might be. It also does not include the statements wanted to add, claiming that the hierarchical classification is more usual, because I still have yet to find any source that says so. So there's more that could be added here, although we should take care not to unbalance the article with material that is really about quadrilateral classification more generally and not about kites. —David Eppstein (talk) 17:29, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

 * During decades of teaching mathematics in high schools in the United Kingdom I never once knew of anyone teaching the "exclusive" definitions, but I knew thousands of pupils who believed that they had been taught those definitions. It is highly likely that in some cases they had been taught such definitions, because a large proportion of high school mathematics teaching is done by people who are not mathematicians, and who through ignorance teach stuff that is just plain wrong. (To give just one example, I came across some algebra revision sheets produced by a colleague who taught maths but whose initial training had been in another subject, and she included the identity (x + y)2 = (x2 + y2).) However, it is also certain that some of those who insisted that that Miss X or Mr Y had taught them the "exclusive" definitions were mistaken, because I knew that Miss X and Mr Y absolutely did not teach that. Is it really standard practice to teach the "exclusive" definitions in US high schools? As far as I know it is perfectly possible that it is, but it is equally possible that it isn't, and Daniel thinks it is because that is his personal experience, not typical.
 * My own view is that a mathematical technical term should be defined in the sense in which it is normally used and understood by mathematicians, which in this case is of course the "inclusive" case. If another meaning is standard in a particular area then it may be a good idea to mention it, but that other meaning should not take precedence.
 * It is, of course, not for us to decide what words "should" mean; rather we should follow accepted practice, whether we agree with it or not. However, for what it's worth there are excellent reasons why the "inclusive" definitions are preferable (which is why they are the ones accepted by mathematicians). A square is a type of rectangle, and a rectangle is a type of parallelogram, and to define them otherwise would be unhelpful, for numerous reasons, including the one which David Eppstein has described above. The editor who uses the pseudonym "JamesBWatson" (talk) 20:50, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

 * I was very surprised to find that yes, it is indeed the case, that in US high schools the exclusive definition is the one that is commonly taught. It started with a worksheet she had listing the properties of various quadrilaterals, and you had to choose "always", "sometimes", or "never." For kites, the correct answer to the question "all four sides are congruent" was "never". I asked, "well, what if the kite is a rhombus?" "A kite is never a rhombus," according to her notes, and US high school texts. "A kite is a quadrilateral that has two pairs of consecutive congruent sides, but opposite sides are not congruent." (I am sorry, the links I placed don't seem to be working. Google "US high school geometry textbook" and you can find some free online textbooks. https://bim.easyaccessmaterials.com/index.php?location_user=cchs might work. I chose "Texas" and then the kite definition is page 405.
 * I thought many other homework help sites also used the exclusive definition, but upon review, I see I was confused because of the uses of the words "disjoint" and "distinct". Apparently, US textbook authors made that same mistake. If you Google "quadrilateral family tree" you will see the exclusive definition predominating.Danieltrevi (talk) 22:41, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

tangency

 * The kites are exactly the quadrilaterals that are both orthodiagonal and tangential. In a tangential quadrilateral, the two line segments connecting opposite points of tangency have equal length if and only if the quadrilateral is a kite.

If this is about tangency to an inscribed circle, that ought to be specified. —Tamfang (talk) 05:26, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * You did read the paragraph immediately above this one, no? —David Eppstein (talk) 05:38, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Yeah, belatedly (d'oh!). It would be more obvious if the paragraph break were removed. —Tamfang (talk) 05:39, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * My idea of the structure here is that the first paragraph of the section describes properties related to the diagonals, the second paragraph describes paragraphs related to the inscribed circle, and the third synthesizes both of the previous paragraphs by combining the diagonals and the circle into a characterization of kites. But I don't mind if you want to restructure it. —David Eppstein (talk) 17:35, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

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 * Rhombicdodecahedron.jpg

Degrees or radians
> One of them is a tiling by a right kite, with 60°, 90°, and 120° angles.

> kite with angles π/3, 5π/12, 5π/6, 5π/12.

Some angles are quoted in degrees; some in radians. I prefer degrees. JDAWiseman (talk) 16:08, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

Aren't squares kites too?
A square can be split into two adjacent sides of equal length too, I want to know why it wouldn't be considered as a kite. - S L A Y T H E - (talk) 16:27, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Why do you think they wouldn't? Our article says, explicitly, "They include as special cases ... the squares, which are also special cases of both right kites and rhombi." —David Eppstein (talk) 18:16, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
 * It doesn't seem to be included at the "special cases" section though. Thanks anyways :) - S L A Y T H E - (talk) 18:30, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

"Diameter" meaning what?
The word "diameter" appears three times in the article, in the context of "Among all quadrilaterals, the shape that has the greatest ratio of its perimeter to its diameter is an equidiagonal kite with angles 60°, 75°, 150°, 75°."

Diameter of what? The inscribed circle? If so, then this statement is false, because I can construct a kite with an unlimited ratio of perimeter to diameter (a really long pointy kite with a small circle inscribed).

Or is this restrocted to only equidiagonal kites? If so, then that isn't what the sentence says.

The article should clarify what "diameter" means here. Or clarify that sentence, both in the lead and in the body text. ~Anachronist (talk) 22:21, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Diameter here obviously means the largest distance between points (diameter = literally "measure across"). Your very pointy kite has ratio of perimeter to diameter of about 2, which is much smaller than the one described for which the corresponding ratio is >3 (for a square the ratio is $$2\sqrt{2} \approx 2.83$$). The article gives sources in the relevant section later on. –jacobolus (t) 23:10, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * If you click through the wiki-link to diameter you will find: For a convex shape in the plane, the diameter is defined to be the largest distance that can be formed between two opposite parallel lines tangent to its boundary, and the is often defined to be the smallest such distance. Both quantities can be calculated efficiently using rotating calipers. –jacobolus (t) 23:19, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That second definition is correct but more technical than necessary. The definition you quoted earlier, the largest distance between any two points, is simpler. —David Eppstein (talk) 02:00, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thumbs up. –jacobolus (t) 02:14, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

Tetrahedron has kite-shaped faces?
@David Eppstein. The article says trapezohedron has kite-shaped faces. But what about the digonal trapezohedron (known as the regular tetrahedron)? It has triangular faces instead of kites. Dedhert.Jr (talk) 13:14, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

 * @Dedhert.Jr when you call
 * it a digonal trapezohedron you are really thinking of it's faces as being degenerate kites with 180 degree angles at the two poles of the trapezohedron, at the midpoints of two opposite edges of the tetrahedron. —David Eppstein (talk) 00:09, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * =@David Eppstein Thanks. But what if this is happen to non-mathematical readers after they realized it is not kite-shaped face? What I am pointing here is many people do not understand how does regular tetrahedron being digonal trapezohedron, a degenerate case for trapezohedron? What is degenerate kite means according to them? To put it in plain, writing about the degeneracy of a geometric figure would help readers to understand even more. Dedhert.Jr (talk) 00:42, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Degeneracy (mathematics) could definitely be improved, with more concrete examples including pictures etc. Anyone who is interested should definitely feel free to work on that. –jacobolus (t) 02:14, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The only way a reader could see this degenerate example without seeing the discussion in trapezohedron explaining how it is degenerate would be to see the huge multi-screen-wide table of irrelevant data about trapezohedron somehow copied from but not quite the same as in the Trapezohedra template, which I have just removed as irrelevant. We already have a picture of some trapezohedra (the dice); why do we need so many more? —David Eppstein (talk) 09:37, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * That's another good option. However, when you are saying huge multi-screen-wide table, and the discussion about excessive tables in WT:WPM, it reminds me of how I was trying to restructure and expand the article Bipyramid in which tables were converted into multiple images. I don't think these could be applied in this article in the same way because of GA criteria: images are relevant to the topic and provided with suitable captions. Dedhert.Jr (talk) 14:40, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Kite (geometry)


text:
Talk:Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)

Cut material
I've cut the following which originally made up the article (text originally from the soc.culture.jewish FAQ). West London Synagogue began in 1840 - perhaps this was the split the author was thinking of? But it has nothing to do with current Liberal Judaism in the UK, which traces itself back to 1902.

 * Liberal Judaism is a British term for what is otherwise known as Reform Judaism.

 * The confusion about the terms "Reform" or "Liberal" comes from a split in England's Reform movement. In 1842 the English Reform movement split into two factions, one of which was more traditional, while the other was more liberal. The more traditional Reform Judaism faction called themselves simply 'Reform'. Their prayer services are much more traditional than the faction that split off, and their laity is in general more observant than the other faction. Thus their prayer services are much like American Conservative shuls and English Masorti shuls, but they still are what in the U.S. is called Reform (i.e. Classical halakha is not considered binding by its rabbinate or laity). The more liberal Reform Judaism faction seceded, and renamed their movement as "Liberal Judaism". They are more in the mode of Classic German Reform. They generally have less Hebrew in their services. Liberal Judaism feels that a Jew should be able to choose which parts of the Jewish law works for them as an individual. They reject the idea that the Torah was given directly to Moses at Mount Sinai, rather that it was given over a period of time. They feel that the Torah is not a divine revelation, rather that it is divinely inspired.

Jheald 18:15, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't that be qualified somewhat.. do liberal jews really believe that thou shalt not kill is a matter of choice? Zargulon 19:32, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Dispute about terminology
Please see Talk:Reform Judaism for a discussion of the large problems with terminology, and how to classify our articles on Reform Judaism, Liberal Judaism and Progressive Judaism. RK 17:21, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * In a previous edit to the talk page, subsequently reverted, you made the (fair) point that it was not clear enough which parts of the article were supposed to be about the term "Liberal Judaism" as used worldwide, and which were specific to "Liberal Judaism" in a UK context.  I hope this is now clearer, so no grounds remain to tag the article "disputed factual accuracy".

 * On the question of whether there should be a "Liberal Judaism" aricle at all, separate from the article on "Reform Judaism", I would argue that there should. Liberal Judaism is a distinct and distinctive voice in the general religious dialogue of the UK, and I think that is more than reason enough for it to deserve an article. -- Jheald 02:49, 28 November 2005 (UTC).

 * Ok, I have thus removed the "disputed" tag. RK

The names of and within this movement
Are we sure about the name of the Liberal Movement? In the USA the Reform movement has a general name, "Reform Judaism". Yet there is a reform rabbinical body (the Central Conference of American Rabbis) and an association of Tenmples/Synagogues (Union for Reform Judaism, formerly the Union of American Hebrew Congregations.) So what is the name of the body of Liberal rabbis in the UK, and name of the body of Liberal congregations? Or perhaps they have no such formal organizations? (That is possible, but it would be odd.) RK

 * As mentioned in the article under the sub-paragraph 'organisations' the main umbrella organisation for the Liberal movement in the UK has recently renamed itself "Liberal Judaism", having previously been called the ULPS. Within that organisation, as well as the Officers, the Executive, the Council, etc, there is also an autonomous "Rabbinic Conference of Liberal Judaism", to which all Liberal rabbis are affiliated.

 * Individual schuls and rabbis pretty much have autonomy to do their own thing; the central organisation's role is to support schuls, not to dictate to them. But statements from the central bodies can often usefully underline very strong consensus agreement across the movement as to how things should be. -- Jheald 20:20, 28 November 2005 (UTC).

 * I don't think we need two articles on the same group. We have one article for the Union for Reform Judaism, even thought it used to be called the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. We also only have one article for the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, even though it used to be called the United Synagogue of America.  The name change doesn't mean that it is a different group.  It makes more sense to redirect the ULPS article to here, and add that info to this page. RK

 * We should note in the article that there is a Rabbinic Conference of Liberal Judaism. Also, is there a name for the group of Liberal shuls? RK 03:36, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The group of Liberal schuls is what was ULPS and is now Liberal Judaism. The Rabbinic Conference is an autonomous constituent part of that same organisation. (Its office is in the same building). -- Jheald 09:26, 29 November 2005 (UTC).

I agree about ULPS redirect. Zargulon 08:12, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Good. I hadn't wanted to delete what somebody else had created. -- Jheald 09:26, 29 November 2005 (UTC).

Synonyms
It doesn't make sense to have different articles about things that are the same, or have very slight similarities. The ideas that the sects share should be described in an umbrella, and the differences should be voiced. Very few people know the difference, and it should be discribed within an article shared between Progressive, Reform, Liberal, etc. The distinctions are not clear.--Cocopuffberman 23:29, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Your reversion and my re-instatement
I apologize for not having explained more clearly my edits to this article. Here is a more detailed explanation:

 * I converted the original lead to an italicized disambiguation statement because the article describes a particular movement/organization in the UK rather than all movements that call themselves liberal. It is important to remember that there are 42 countries with communities that are inheritors of C19 Reform Judaism and that a number of them use the term liberal to describe themselves. Since this article does not discuss other liberal movements in other countries it cannot (yet) lay claim to being an article about liberal Judaism in general and is still in need of some sort of disambiguation.
 * The text that was there already already performed that function well. 3-line dab paragraphs are totally against the spirit of WP:HAT. They're meant at most to be 1/2-line see alsos, not 3 line disclaimers.
 * So shorten it the dab if you can find a way to be more succinct. The fact remains that the term "liberal judaism" is not the exclusive property of the UK movement/organization.  Also as a matter of good writing style, it is misleading to have a lead paragraph that is not developed in the article itself.  As for WP:HAT, I refer you to the second paragraph
 * Note: The dispute regarding the proper usage of summaries and extended disambiguation notes is currently unresolved (see #Summarize or not? below). Most agree that they should be limited to the simplest possible form, preferably only linking to a standard Article (disambiguation) page, allowing slightly more extensive hatnotes when warranted in certain cases. Egfrank 08:22, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm open to discussion about whether the disambiguation statement should read "movement" vs. "organization". However, I need to point out that it was the content of the article itself that lead me to conclude that the essential focus of the article was an organization, and not a movement.  The pre-edit article begins by noting that the presence of two organizations is a consequence of history and ends by saying that there is currently little difference between the two "movements" beyond organization.  Also mentioned in the article is the fact that they jointly train rabbis and rabbis move between liberal and reform congregations.  This would be unlikely if there were still deep points of contention between liberal and reform congregations. Though not mentioned in the article, I would also note that they are both currently members of the World Union for Progressive Judaism subscribing to the same mission statement.  Certainly in the present, I don't believe the differences between them rise to the level of "movements".  If you feel differently, I invite you to discuss, compare and contrast the history of thinkers associated with each "movement".
 * One could certainly do that, starting with Claude Montefiore, Lily Montagu and Israel Mattock, and going on to people of the calibre of John Rayner. But for the moment, note that both the UK Liberals and UK Reform self-describe themselves as movements - and in particular as different movements.  There were moves to merge the two in the 1980s, but these were called off, because both sides decided there was value in remaining true to their different missions and different agendas.
 * No doubt - but these thinkers are discussed and respected by progressive/liberal/reform Jews around the world. They are not the exclusive property of the UK liberal movement/organization. And I do know there are strong feelings amongst UK Liberal Jews against certain UK reform practices (e.g. the continued non-egalitarian flavor of some communities).  Yes, the UK reform movement feels the need to qualify every endorsement of pluralism and the role of conscience with the need to be aware of Jewish tradition.  All the same, emphasizing their differences to the degree that you do obscures their rather significant commonalities.  The very fact that merger was even considered belies your point.  Egfrank 08:22, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The remaining edits consist of grouping together material discussing the same topic. I identified two core topics: a historical discussion of the organization (which I placed under the title ==Origins== and a characterization of the current organization which I placed first.
 * I believe the rearrangement was justified because the previous arrangement was confusing. In particular, it wasn't at all clear what was meant by the sentence "For historical reasons in the UK, 'Liberal Judaism' exists as a separate identity from the United Kingdom's Movement for Reform Judaism."  Did it mean that merely that "there is a history that is on-going" or that the presence of two organizations is an artifact of a no-longer-relevant historical dispute?
 * If you were starting with a blank page now, you might not end up with two different movements. A substantial part is down to history. But there are also very real current differences of culture and self-image that remain, as well an identification with the history.

 * I agree that I changed the focus by placing the "now" part first,, but this was not its purpose. Since the current differences are largely organizational, this arrangement had the effect of emphasizing Liberal Judaism as an organization rather than a movement. Even though this changed the focus, I believe it is the right ordering.  This is a live organization/movement, not a historical artifact like 19C German Reform, and so its current identity should be the focus.  Again, if you feel differently, I would consider enhancing the description of Liberal Judaism now so that it appears more descriptive of a movement than an organization.
 * The current differences aren't largely organisational. And the reason you're (wrongly) emphasing LJ as an organisation rather than a movement is that you've buried the paragraph on what LJ stands for right down at the bottom of the article.  It's what it stands for that makes LJ 'live', and that's what ought to be near the top of the article - as it previous was.

 * Then move that paragraph up to the discussion of the movement/organization now. You are right it doesn't belong in an origins section.  Perhaps you might also want to add (cited) material about the proposed merger and why it didn't happen to the article.  I think this would be very relevant and might help diffuse the current sense that Liberal Judaism is just an organization.   Egfrank 08:22, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

I hope we can come to an agreeable consensus on this. Egfrank 21:12, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The article as it was previously was balanced and nuanced and edited by people who actually knew what they were writing about at first hand. I'd ask you to put it back.  Jheald 00:21, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

I caution you against ad-hominem attacks. You don't actually know whether or not I have first hand experience. In any case, it wouldn't be relevant since my experience is POV. If you feel strongly enough about this, I'm happy to request arbitration, but I will not put it back until the content issues I have raised have been addressed. I have provided several suggestions about how the article might be expanded to make your point. Wouldn't it be more worth our time to spend time expanding the article rather than trying to turn back the clock? Egfrank 08:22, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Is Liberal Judaism an organization or movement
I also think the Liberal Judaism article was better as it was, before the edit you're insisting on. Jheald 17:49, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Whatever its historic origins, the World Union for Progressive Judaism (WUPJ) is now recognized as the international (42 countries) umbrella organization of those congregations that grew out of C19 German Reform. Those organizations have chosen to collectively call themselves "progressive".  It is their choice and I think we should respect it.
 * As for the UK issue - the problem in the UK isn't a question of "who wants to be associated with whom" - liberal and reform congregations have been using the same rabbinical seminary for years. Rather "Liberal" and "Reform" in the UK now identify particular organizations.  The potential for confusion would be more like confusing Nefesh B'Nefesh with the Israeli government's klitah program - both serve the same purpose (absortion) but have different organizational structures (amuta vs. government).  Egfrank 19:38, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Not entirely true. There are distinct differences in outlook between the UK Liberal and UK Reform movements, and people do tend to strongly associate themselves with one rather than the other. UK Liberal is affirmatively progressive. UK Reform covers a broader range, including some schuls that are anything but progressive. It's appropriate for the two pages to explore the two different outlooks. The two movements are not identikit clones of each other, and it's not just simply a question of affiliative organisation. Reducing the pages to just being about the organisational structures is doing a disservice to Wikipedia. Jheald 20:26, 25 September 2007 (UTC) The above was taken from Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Judaism Egfrank

 * It was not at all my intent to "reduce pages to being about organizational structures" - I suggest though that we continue this discussion on the Liberal Judaism talk page. The issue of whether Liberal Judaism is a movement or organization is a good one.  I agree that there are some strong feelings and that "Reform" in the UK is sometimes anything but, including some that are strongly anti-egalitarian.  Interestingly, the two organizations also seem to differ in self perception - the Liberal Judaism website describes itself as a movement whereas the Movement for Reform Judaism ironically describes itself as an umbrella organization.  Go figure...

 * However, I think the differences between the two UK movements, if you will, must be understood from the broader perspective of "pluralism". In the early days of the reform movement, disputes about praxis caused schisms and separate movements.  In the progressive/reform/liberal congregations of today they are simply viewed as (sometimes angry) disagreements that we must learn to live with in the name of pluralism.  Similarly differences in Hebrew levels and observance, and even differences in beliefs about the status of Jewish text are simply disagreements, not differentiators.  The commonality among those calling themselves liberal/reform/progressive is a shared understanding of Jewish decision making, not a list of expectations about the specific content of those decisions. For example, the Israeli reform movement accepts neither homosexual marriage nor patrilineal descent.  However, it has no problem seeing itself as part of the same movement as American Reform Jews who accept both.  I believe the same ability to agree to disagree exists between the two movements in the UK. Egfrank 22:15, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The two UK groups value their different histories and different identities. And I'm not sure they do agree about Jewish decision making - my understanding is that unlike the pluralism of the Liberals, Reform has a central Beit Din which has some real  authority.  I repeat: these are different strands, with a strong sense of identity and of distinctness from each other.  They are best each considered on their own terms.  Saying otherwise simply doesn't reflect the situation on the ground.  Jheald 00:41, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * As a correction of fact, both pluralism and informed individual conscience are part of the UK Reform movement/organization's self-stated world view. From About Us, in their own words:
 * Internal Pluralism. Living Judaism understands that darcheha darchei noam, vechol netivoteha shalom, its [the Torah] ways are ways of pleasantness and all its paths are peace – ways and paths.  For there is no one way within Judaism but many ways, many doors, many signposts to the Jewish journey through life.
 * Responsible Autonomy. Living Judaism recognises the existential truth that individuals are free to make their own choices. But authentic Jewish choice can only be exercised responsibly – in dialogue with the needs of our people, the teachings of our dynamic tradition and the promptings of God as we experience God in our individual and collective lives.
 * Of course the two organizations/movements value their history and differences. But they are also both committed to pluralism and belong to a common organization, the World Union for Progressive Judaism, train their rabbis in the same school, etc.  You haven't addressed these points.  If differences rose to the level of separate movements, why would the UK Reform send their rabbis to a rabbinical school founded by Liberal Judaism?  I would rather think they would object strongly to the idea. Egfrank 07:44, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * FYI, Leo Baeck (actually originally founded by Reform) has trained the majority of UK Masorti rabbis too, and they really are a different movement. Jheald 08:17, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Good point (and thank-you for the correction), but there you have it - "they really are a different movement. At least part of the reason we consider the UK Masorti a really separate movement is that even though it uses the same rabbinical schools, congregations affliated with the UK Masorti movement do not ally themselves organizationally with other progressive movement bodies.  On the other hand both the UK Reform and Liberal congregations do.  Egfrank 08:36, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

JHeald - you "won" hands down!:-) Rearranged back to make clear this is a movement and not just an organization. But it still needs a lot of work on both Egfrank 06:08, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
 * the history (there's a lot more to tell than just Lily Montegu)
 * thought and belief. Thinkers like Rayner should be covered by Progessive Judaism, but this article should probabably:
 * list the UK thinkers that have made major contributions to Progressive Jewish theology and halakhah
 * discuss the local impact of those thinkers (which may differ from the general movement impact)

Serious discussions about using the names Reform vs. Progressive Judaism
Please see the present discussions at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countering systemic bias/open tasks. Your input would be greatly appreciated. (They are the result of discussions that unfolded at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Judaism.) Thank you, IZAK 09:21, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the page, per the discussion below; the evidence presented seems to have been insufficient to determine the validity of the proposal. Dekimasu よ! 22:22, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

Liberal Judaism → Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom) – "Liberal Judaism" is also the oldest, and still oft used, umbrella term for Reform Judaism in Europe especially, and worldwide as well --Relisted. George Ho (talk) 22:46, 5 October 2014 (UTC) 08:44, 25 September 2014 (UTC) AddMore (talk) 08:44, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * AddMore, the parallel Polish article describes: "Liberal Judaism - a branch of Judaism that occurs almost exclusively in the United Kingdom ..." There also isn't another form of "Liberal Judaism".  I had a bit of a snoop in Category:Religious denominations and only found one disambiguation by location (Progressive Judaism and Progressive Judaism (United Kingdom) but in this case both articles are in existence).  Perhaps if people read of Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom) they will assume that there is also another form of Liberal Judaism and wonder why the redirect continually brings them back to the UK. Gregkaye  ✍ ♪  13:03, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * User:Gregkaye, thank you for your swift response. Since when are Wikipedia articles in any language a credible source? I presume they simply based theirs on wiki.en, like most wikipedians do. "Liberales Judentum" is also the official name of Reform Judaism in Germany, where I believe it has more followers than in England. That's the case in the Netheralnds and France, too. The term was used primarily in Germany between 1844-1939, and was the semi-official name of what this wikipedia erroneously called "German Reform movement (Judaism)". British Liberals do not "occur almost exclusively" in the UK, they are almost a replica of American Reform Judaism, share their belief in progressive revelation etc. That's why both and many others - who are variously called Liberal/Progressive/Reform - are members of the World Union for Progressive Judaism. There's a terrible mess in the matter here, and I know, and we should start fixing that.AddMore (talk) 13:46, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Note I think the proposal would be most workable in a situation in which the Liberal Judaism name space is turned into a WP:CONCEPTDAB or regular disambiguation page. If the Liberal Judaism namespace just acts as a redirect then it will raise the problems mentioned above.  Obviously this situation has a significant knock on effect on the movement entitled "Liberal Judaism" and the argument should now be to prove that this group is not WP:PRIMARY.  If this is true and/or if people within Liberal Judaism would be happy then no objections.
 * I have edited the hat note at Liberal Judaism with the info just presented but this can easily be reverted.
 * I tend to refer to a variety of sources but looked but only looked the other Wikipedias this time as I hadn't thought through the disambiguation options. Gregkaye  ✍ ♪  14:36, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * How about Liberal Judaism (UK movement) or similar? If appropriate this is not as suggestive of being part of a larger whole. Gregkaye  ✍ ♪  14:41, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose, even without the development of a disambiguation page, a proposal has been entered to take the identity of one religious denomination and direct it to the identity of another religious denomination. Its nuts.  Gregkaye  ✍ ♪  23:37, 5 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)


text:
Snake Rattle 'n' Roll

Snake Rattle 'n' Roll is a platform video game developed by Rare. It was published by Nintendo and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in July 1990 and in Europe on March 27, 1991. The game features two snakes, Rattle and Roll, as they make their way through eleven 3D isometric levels. A Mega Drive version was released by Sega in June 1993 with an extra level. Snake Rattle 'n' Roll was developed by Rare members Tim Stamper and Mark Betteridge. The music was composed by David Wise and was inspired by "Shake, Rattle and Roll" and other 1950s-era songs.

The object of the game is to navigate the obstacles in each level and eat enough "Nibbley Pibbleys" to ring a weigh-in bell located in the level, which will allow the snakes to exit. The game can be played by a single player or by two players simultaneously. Snake Rattle 'n' Roll has been named one of the top games released on the NES and one of the top games released by Rare. It is included in Rare's 2015 Rare Replay compilation for Xbox One, and was re-released on the Nintendo Switch Online service on February 21, 2024. A follow-up for the Game Boy, titled Sneaky Snakes, was released by Tradewest in 1991.

Gameplay
Snake Rattle 'n' Roll features two snakes (Rattle and Roll) making their way through 11 isometric levels. The object in each level is to eat enough "Nibbley Pibbleys" – small round creatures found throughout each level – to gain enough weight to ring a bell on top of a weighing machine located at the end of the level; this causes a door for the next level to open. Players maneuver their snakes throughout the level with the control pad and are able to pick up Nibbley Pibbleys by lashing their tongue, which can also be used to attack enemies. The snakes' lengths increase when they eat; snakes grow more quickly when they eat Nibbley Pibbleys of their own color, and they grow the most when they eat yellow ones. Located in each level are dispensers which randomly spew out Nibbley Pibbleys; however, they also spew out bombs which can damage the snakes. When a snake reaches a long enough length, the tail begins to flash, which means the snake is heavy enough to exit that level. At that point, they must find and jump on the scale to ring the bell and open the exit door.

Each level contains various obstacles and enemies. Players lose a segment from their snake if they are hit by an enemy, and they lose a life if their snake runs out of segments. Players can also lose a life if their snakes fall too far, the timer runs out, their snakes touch a sharp object, or if they are squashed by an object from above. Also, if they remain in some bodies of water for too long, a shark will attack. The game ends when players lose all their lives, but they have several continues in which they can restart the game from where they left off. Players can defeat enemies by hitting them with their tongues or by jumping on them. Players can collect various items to help them along during gameplay, such as items that extend the length of the snakes' tongues, provide extra lives and continues, add time bonuses, award invisibility diamonds, speed up the snakes, or reverse their directional controls. Located throughout the game are "lids" (in the shape of manhole covers) which players can open to uncover Nibbly Pibbleys, items and extra lives, entrances to bonus levels, and sometimes enemies. Also located in the game are hidden warps which allow players to skip several levels and restart at a later point in the game.

Development
Snake Rattle 'n' Roll was developed primarily by Rare employees Tim Stamper and Mark Betteridge. As with Rare's other NES games, it was executive produced by Howard Phillips, who soon left Nintendo in 1991. Stamper worked on the game's graphics and concepts, while Betteridge worked on the game program itself. Most of the ideas behind the game came from Betteridge, who had challenged himself to get the smallest file size for a NES game possible. According to Rare member Brendan Gunn, Betteridge found out how to develop cheap backgrounds that took up little space. After thinking about what and how to move objects on such backgrounds, he came up with the idea for a snake. Much of the game derived from another isometric video game Marble Madness, of which Rare published the NES version in 1989. They also used the same type of high-speed scrolling that was used in the NES port of Marble Madness, which, according to a Nintendo Power overview of Rare, "many said couldn't be done on the NES". Rare's future creative director Gregg Mayles started with the company play-testing Snake Rattle 'n' Roll. He recalls being impressed with Betteridge's development of the controls, which he said "felt really responsive".

The game's soundtrack, consisting predominantly of twelve-bar melodies in the early rock-'n'-roll style of the 1954 song "Shake, Rattle and Roll", the name of which is parodied in the game's title, was composed by David Wise. According to website GamesRadar, the game's compositions revolve around 1950s-era "oldies so old they don’t even get played on the radio anymore". One sound effect, played when a snake lands in the water and is pursued by a shark until it returns to land, quotes John Williams' two-note theme from the 1975 film Jaws. The soundtracks for the NES and Sega Mega Drive versions were released on vinyl in 2020 by Black Screen Records with liner notes from Wise.

It was first published by Nintendo and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in July 1990 and in Europe on March 27, 1991. Rare later ported the game to the Sega Mega Drive, a version which was released only in Europe by Sega in 1993; this port features an additional final level in addition to the 11 levels on the NES version. In that version, the snakes make it into space, but a meteorite crashes into their spaceship, causing them to crash land on another planetoid, which serves at the 12th level. After completing the level, the ending shows the snakes on a new spaceship that is going back home. Although this game was never released for the Game Boy, in level 7 of the NES version, the landscape spells out "NINTENDO GAME BOY". The Sega version spells "SNAKES R+R GO SEGA" in the same place.

Reception
Snake Rattle 'n' Roll first received preview coverage in January 1990 in Nintendo Power magazine. The preview said that the game "defies description" and that it would appeal to people who have enjoyed games such as Q*bert and Adventures of Lolo. The game was featured in the magazine's September–October 1990 issue, which featured a walkthrough of the game's first three levels. It was also featured in UK-based magazine Mean Machines, where it received high praise from editors Matt Regan and Julian Rignall. Regan praised the game's 3D environment, fun gameplay, and level of humor, as noted by the odd objects such as toilet seats. Rignall called the game's graphics "stunning, with beautifully drawn scrolling forced perspective 3D backdrops and some great sprites"; he also lauded the game's playability and simple controls, challenging difficulty, and overall fun factor. Overall, they said Snake Rattle 'n' Roll was "one of the most original games seen in years" and was "a firm favourite here in the MEAN MACHINES offices".

The game received further reviews and praise in other video gaming magazines in 1991. German magazine Video Games called Snake Rattle 'n' Roll "a quaint and original game" that includes high-quality graphics. The reviewer praised the animations in the characters, especially after the snakes eat Nibbly Pibbleys, and he enjoyed the two-player simultaneous mode; however, he said that the game lacked in variety, though the gameplay and challenge remained consistent throughout the course of the game. Another German magazine, Power Play, gave a similar review, and it compared the game to the 1987 Rare game R.C. Pro-Am in gameplay. American video gaming magazine Game Players awarded Snake Rattle 'n' Roll the "Game Player's NES Excellence Award" for 1990 as one of the best games released for the NES that year.

Nintendo Power reviewed Snake Rattle 'n' Roll as part of an overview of NES games which the magazine found were overlooked or otherwise did not sell well. Their main criticism was that the main characters were not recognizable to anyone, giving the game a lack of visibility amongst consumers. Otherwise, they praised the game for its precise controls and for its blend of puzzle and action elements.

Snake Rattle 'n' Roll received some retrospective coverage years after its release. IGN ranked the game at #32 in its "Top 100 NES Games" list, calling it "another of Rare's excellent pre-second-party efforts on the NES" as well as "Marble Madness turned into a platformer". Executive editor Craig Harris also noted the game's high level of difficulty and its excellent soundtrack. UK-based magazine Retro Gamer reviewed the game in its August 2006 issue, calling it one of the best isometric games on the NES and "an essential NES game". The two title characters of the game were named "Hero of the Month" in the magazine's February 2007 issue. In a 25th anniversary retrospective of Rare in December 2010, the same magazine called the game "an excellent platformer" and was one of the games they wished would be released on Kinect; the magazine received a glimpse of a Marble Madness prototype on Kinect and wanted to see the control scheme in that game implemented in a new version of Snake Rattle 'n' Roll. The game was also ranked #23 on a readers' poll of top 25 games made by Rare. UK-based magazine Retro Gamer covered Snake Rattle 'n' Roll as part of its retrospective on isometric video games, saying that the game "merged brilliantly the offbeat nature of games such as Head Over Heels with popular movement-based isometric action/puzzle titles like Marble Madness and Spindizzy". It was also covered in GamesTM's Retro book, where it was lauded as one of the more unheralded games in the NES library. The retrospective highly praised its visuals and landscapes, as well as having a "quirky humour" and a "unique charm". It concluded by saying that Snake Rattle 'n' Roll stands apart from other NES games, as also did other Rare games such as Cobra Triangle and R.C. Pro-Am.

Snake Rattle 'n' Roll, along with several of Rare's other NES games, appears in the Xbox One compilation Rare Replay. The game was re-released via the Nintendo Switch Online service on February 21, 2024.

Legacy

In the ending of Snake Rattle 'n' Roll, the game hints at a sequel titled Snakes in Space, but the game was never released. Rare developed a follow-up on the Game Boy titled Sneaky Snakes and the game was published by Tradewest in June 1991. The game features two Snakes named Genghis and Atilla who must save Sonia Snake from the Nasty Nibbler. It has identical gameplay to Snake Rattle 'n' Roll but in a 2D side-scrolling platforming mode instead of the 3D isometric mode. Sneaky Snakes received mediocre ratings from Electronic Gaming Monthly in its July 1991 issue. Reviewer Steve Harris criticized the game for its awkward controls, lack of originality, and a "zero-grav effect" while jumping. Ed Semrad said that the game got old after the first several levels, and Martin Alessi said that while it is an original idea, likewise repeated the previous reviewer's criticism of the game's repetitiveness. Reviewer "Sushi-X" called the game "average" and said: "It lacks the rest of the positive traits that truly rates [sic] an exceptional game".

title: Snake Rattle 'n' Roll


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User:March 28

Hey this is March 28. How are you ppl. I am a good kid. My sis June 29 is a baaad kid. Love Ya!

title: User:March 28


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Henry (lunar crater)

Henry is a lunar impact crater that is located to the northwest of the larger crater Cavendish, in the southeastern part of the Moon's near side. It was named after the Scottish-American scientist Joseph Henry. Less than a half diameter to the northwest is similar-sized crater Henry Frères, named for the brothers Paul and Prosper Henry.

The outer rim of Henry has undergone some impact erosion, particularly in the south and southeast where it is overlain by a pair of small craters. The former crater lies along the inner wall and part of the interior floor, with a rampart ridge to the north. The rim bulges outward slightly between these two depressions, and there are slight outward bulges to the north and northeast. The interior floor is relatively featureless, with an albedo that matches the surrounding terrain. A ray from Byrgius A, a satellite of Byrgius, crosses the northern half of the crater from west to east-northeast.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Henry.

title: Henry (lunar crater)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Italy war crimes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. The consensus was unclear, however I have made it a redirect anyway since it makes the most sense. -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:23, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Italy war crimes
Very poorly-written, very POV article that needs to be a redirect - where to? Deb 18:08, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV essay. Jayjg (talk)  22:55, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Probably Shoudn't Redirect. Not sure if an article exists that's relevant enough yet. Strongly POV -- if original article author wishes to assert that Italy has been accused of war crimes, he/she needs to reference who the accuser is, and include it in a relevant article such as Italian Military (which needs more depth, anyway) in a NPOV manner.
 * (Of course, if there's already a discussion of alleged Italian War crimes somewhere that I missed, this should probably redirect, otherwise, just can it). EggplantWizard 23:01, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV essay, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 00:02, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The article has potential if references are added. Suggest moving it to Italian war crimes. JMaxwell 11:20, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The article is telling us things Italian public is not aware of and all Italian governments try so much to hide. It should be improved - by adding references.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War

Note the Larbaa market bombing of 2002:. - Mustafaa 19:38, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This article needs references.Bless sins (talk) 03:30, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

what was the context of these massacres
What was the context of these massacres? Was there a civil war or some other sort of nationwide struggle? makeswell (talk) 03:30, 7 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was during the Algerian Civil War and the title should indeed mention it.Greyshark09 (talk) 06:54, 4 August 2013 (UTC)


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Gyalshing district

Gyalshing District or Geyzing District is a district of the Indian state of Sikkim. Its headquarter is Geyzing, also known as Gyalshing. The district is a favourite with trekkers due to the high elevations. Other important towns include Pelling and Yuksom. Local people also call it as Pallo-Sikkim and Sano-Sikkim commonly.

History
Gyalshing district is the site of the ancient state capital Yuksom. It served as Sikkim's capital beginning in 1642 for almost 50 years until it was shifted to Rabdentse. The district was under the occupation of the Nepalese for 30 years in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. After Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–16), the district was returned to Sikkim.

Geography
Gyalshing district covers an area of 1166 km2. Attractions include the Khecheopalri Lake, where, according to legend, not a leaf is allowed to fall on the surface of the lake and the Dubdi Monastery, the first monastery of the state.

Assembly constituencies
The district was previously divided into 5 assembly constituencies.
 * Yoksam-Tashiding (BL)
 * Yangthang
 * Maneybung-Dentam
 * Gyalshing-Barnyak
 * Rinchenpong (BL)

National protected area

 * Khangchendzonga National Park (Part)

Economy
The economy is mainly agrarian, despite most of the land being unfit for cultivation owing to the precipitous and rocky slopes.

Transport
Roads are in poor condition owing to the frequent landslides.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Gyalshing district has a population of 136,435, roughly equal to the nation of Grenada. This gives it a ranking of 608th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 117 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 10.58%. It has a sex ratio of 941 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 78.69%.

After bifurcation the district had a population of 71,675. 5.60% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 3,391 (4.73%) and 31,847 (44.43%) of the population respectively.

The people are mainly of Limbu descent. Other ethnic groups include the Lepcha and Bhutia communities. Nepali is the most widely spoken language in the district.

Religion

Hinduism is followed by majority of the people in the district. Buddhism followed by a considerable population.

The Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple, a major Hindu pilgrimage centre in Sikkim, is situated in Legship in the district.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 51.85% of the population in the district spoke Nepali, 22.61% Limbu, 8.68% Lepcha, 7.05% Bhotia, 2.69% Sherpa, 1.55% Rai and 1.48% Hindi as their first language.

Flora and fauna
Gyalshing district houses a great diversity of flora and fauna, many of which are used by Indigenous and local communities. Since most of the district is hilly it enjoys a temperate climate. Above 3,800 m (12,000 ft) the slopes are full of rhododendron forests.

In 1977, the district became home to Khangchendzonga National Park, which has an area of 1784 km2. It shares the park with North Sikkim district.

Administrative divisions
Gyalshing district is divided into two sub-divisions:

title: Gyalshing district


text: User talk:69.34.115.55

title: User talk:69.34.115.55


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Talk:First Silesian Uprising

Moved to Talk:Silesian Uprisings

title: Talk:First Silesian Uprising


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Amasa Lyman

Amasa Mason Lyman (March 30, 1813 – February 4, 1877) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and was an apostle. He was also a counselor in the First Presidency to Joseph Smith.

Early life and conversion
Lyman was born in Lyman, New Hampshire, the third son of Roswell Lyman and Martha Mason. In the spring of 1832, Lyman met two traveling Latter Day Saint missionaries, Orson Pratt and Lyman E. Johnson. Lyman was baptized a member of the Church of Christ on April 27, 1832, by Johnson. On April 28, Lyman was confirmed by Pratt.

After becoming a Latter Day Saint, Lyman traveled 370 miles to Palmyra, New York, where he hoped to meet Joseph Smith and Martin Harris. (Smith and Harris had lived in the Palmyra area when they published the Book of Mormon and organized the church in 1830). When Lyman arrived in Palmyra, he discovered that Smith and Harris had moved to Ohio the previous year, and that Smith was currently visiting Missouri.

Determined to join the Latter Day Saints in Ohio, Lyman found temporary employment on the farm of Thomas Lackey, who had bought Harris's farm. (Harris had sold it to raise money for the publication of the Book of Mormon). After working for two weeks, Lyman earned enough money to take a ship from Buffalo, New York, to Cleveland, Ohio. From Cleveland, Lyman walked the 45 miles to Hiram, where he was told Smith and his family were living. When Lyman met John Johnson, the owner of the house where Smith was living, he discovered that Johnson was the father of the missionary who had baptized him just weeks before. Johnson invited Lyman to live at his house and work on his farm. Lyman did so from June 5 until August 1832. Lyman met Smith on July 1 when Smith returned to Hiram from Missouri.

Missionary service and church leadership
In August 1832, Smith told Lyman that "the Lord requires your labors in the vineyard". Lyman agreed to serve a mission for the church. On August 23, Lyman was ordained an elder by Smith and Frederick G. Williams. The following day, he departed with Zerubbabel Snow as a missionary. Lyman served with Snow and William F. Cahoon in the eastern United States, preaching as far east as Cabell County, Virginia, in present-day West Virginia. On December 11, 1833, Lyman was ordained a high priest by Lyman E. Johnson and Orson Pratt, the same elders who had taught and baptized him in 1832.

Lyman returned to church headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio, in May 1835. At a conference of the church in June, Lyman was called by Smith to be a member of the newly organized First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1836, Lyman received the "Kirtland endowment" in the Kirtland Temple.

Marriage and family
In 1835, Lyman married Louisa Maria Tanner in Kirtland. They had eight children.

In April 1844, Smith taught Lyman the principle of plural marriage. "As he warmly grasped my hand for the last time," Lyman later recalled, "[Smith said] brother Amasa, go and practice on the principles I have taught you, and God bless you." Soon Lyman married his first and second plural wives, Diontha Walker and Caroline Partridge.

In 1846, Lyman married four additional wives: Eliza Maria Partridge (one of numerous widows of Smith and the 25-year-old sister of Lyman's wife Caroline), Paulina Eliza Phelps, Priscilla Turley, and Cornelia Leavitt. In 1851, Lyman married his eighth and final wife, Lydia Partridge, a sister of his wives Caroline and Eliza.

Additional missions
Lyman served several missions for the church, preaching in Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Tennessee. In 1838, Lyman followed Smith to Far West, Missouri, where Smith relocated the headquarters of the church. Lyman participated in the Battle of Crooked River, a skirmish between Latter Day Saints and a Missouri militia unit from Ray County, which occurred on October 25, 1838.

In 1839, Lyman traveled with the Latter Day Saints to their new headquarters in Nauvoo, Illinois. In 1841, Lyman was appointed regent of the newly organized University of Nauvoo. On August 20, 1842, Smith called Lyman to serve as an apostle of the church. Lyman filled a vacancy in the Quorum of the Twelve created by the excommunication of Orson Pratt. Five months later, on January 20, 1843, Pratt was rebaptized and restored to his former position in the Quorum of the Twelve. As the most junior and "thirteenth" apostle, Lyman was excluded from the Quorum.

On February 4, 1843, Smith called Lyman to serve as an additional counselor in the First Presidency. Due to the turbulence of the years 1843 and 1844 for the Latter Day Saints, especially after Smith's death, Lyman was never sustained at a conference of the church to this position.

Follower of Brigham Young
In July 1844 while traveling, Lyman learned that Smith and his brother Hyrum had been killed by a mob at Carthage, Illinois. He returned to Nauvoo. When apostles Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, Wilford Woodruff, Pratt, and Lyman Wight arrived in Nauvoo on August 6, Lyman sided with the group of Latter Day Saints who supported the leadership of Young and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, as opposed to that of Sidney Rigdon, Smith's First Counselor in the First Presidency.

Young restored Lyman as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on August 12, 1844. In 1847, Lyman and his seven wives and children traveled with the Mormon pioneers who followed Young to the Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah.

Young chose Lyman and Charles C. Rich to lead an expedition to establish a Mormon foothold in the San Bernardino Valley in southern California, a long-held ambition for Young. In March 1851, 437 Latter-day Saints under the leadership of Lyman and Rich left Great Salt Lake City. After traversing the Cajon Pass, the group purchased Rancho San Bernardino from the Lugo family, and built Fort San Bernardino. The fort quickly grew into a burgeoning settlement, reaching a population of 3,000 in 1856 and spurring the creation of a new county (split off from Los Angeles County in 1853) and the incorporation of a new municipality (in 1854). Lyman served as the first mayor of San Bernardino.

Charges of heresy and excommunication
In 1860, Young appointed three of the twelve apostles—Lyman, Charles C. Rich, and George Q. Cannon—to the presidency of the church's European Mission. On March 16, 1862, Lyman preached a sermon in Dundee, Scotland, which all but denied the reality of and the necessity for the atonement of Jesus Christ, which is a central tenet of the LDS Church. His speech appeared to have been overlooked for years, but on January 21, 1867, Lyman was brought before his fellow quorum members to answer for his heretical words. Lyman confessed his error and apologized to the quorum. He wrote a letter of apology to the general membership of the church, which was published in the Deseret News.

However, months later, Lyman began publicly preaching the substance of his 1862 Dundee speech. As a result of his failure to live up to his confession and apology, the church stripped Lyman of the apostleship on May 6, 1867.

Following his removal, Lyman obeyed the counsel of the quorum members, even though he felt the advice was unappealing, and nineteen months later he was regularly attending Church services. However, in 1869, while not admitting any conversations to the Church of Zion, known as the Godbeites, Lyman began a relationship with William S. Godbe, and began traveling to Salt Lake City to meet with Godbe and his associates. Lyman associated constantly, preached, and even openly participated with the Godbeites. Lyman's renewed activism spread through Salt Lake City, and rumors began to be circulated that Lyman would even become president of the Church of Zion.

On May 10, 1870, three representatives from the Salt Lake Stake high council, where Lyman was residing, came to investigate his activism and the rumors. Following the meeting the three took their findings to the high council, and the council excommunicated Lyman on May 12, 1870.

Death
Lyman died at Fillmore, Utah Territory on February 4, 1877. He and seven of his eight wives were the parents of 38 children. On January 12, 1909, by direction of church president Joseph F. Smith, Lyman was posthumously reinstated as a church member and an apostle, persuaded by assertions of mental illness.

Notable descendants and relatives

 * Sons Francis M. Lyman and Platte D. Lyman both served as president of the European Mission of the LDS Church.
 * Francis M. Lyman and his grandson Richard R. Lyman, became apostles in the LDS Church. Francis became the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.
 * Great-great-grandson James E. Faust served as an apostle for 29 years and as second counselor in the First Presidency of the church (1995–2007).
 * Lyman Hall, a member of the Lyman family, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
 * Alexander Joseph Lyman notable musician of Salt Lake City

title: Amasa Lyman


text:
NOTAM

A NOTAM (Notice to Airmen, Notice to Air Men, Notice to Airman or Notice to Air Missions ) is a notice filed with an aviation authority to alert aircraft pilots of potential hazards along a flight route or at a location that could affect the flight. NOTAMs are notices or advisories that contain information concerning the establishment, conditions or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which may be essential to personnel and systems concerned with flight operations.

NOTAMs are created and transmitted by government agencies and airport operators under guidelines specified by Annex 15: Aeronautical Information Services of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (CICA). A NOTAM is filed with an aviation authority to alert aircraft pilots of any hazards en route or at a specific location, or Flight Information Region. The authority, in turn, provides a means of disseminating relevant NOTAMs to pilots.

History
The acronym NOTAM came into common use following the ratification of the CICA, which came into effect on 4 April 1947, although early recorded use of the "Notice to Airmen" heading can be found in Flight International magazine in the UK. Notices to airmen were normally published in a regular publication by each country's air authorities, as in the UK.

Several developments and amendments to the CICA have resulted in the more automated system available today. At some point in the past, the NOTAM system became web-aware.

In July 2017, Air Canada Flight 759 nearly crashed into four other airliners as it attempted to land on a San Francisco taxiway misidentified as a runway: the adjacent runway was closed, but the information was buried in the NOTAM. In September 2018, as a consequence of the findings of its investigation, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) stated NOTAMs were unintelligible and ignored. The NTSB recommended more effective presentation of relevant information. NTSB chairman Robert Sumwalt described NOTAMs as "a bunch of garbage that nobody pays any attention to". This led to an initiative of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to reform the NOTAM system.

In early 2014, Russia occupied Crimea and as part of the takeover Russia issued a newly-invented code, URFV to cover the Crimean airspace. The Ukrainian air controller has been subjugated to issue NOTAMs under the UKFV code, basically a verbatim repeater. As a result all the UKFV NOTAMs advising about this area affix this note: DUE ACTIVITY PUBLISHED BY RUSSIAN FEDERATION. THE PUBLICATION BY RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF INFORMATION RELATED TO AIRSPACE UNDER RESPONSIBILITY OF UKRAINE DOES NOT COMPLY WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE ICAO AIR NAVIGATION PLAN - EUROPEAN REGION (DOC 7754) AND THE ICAO ANNEXES 11 AND 15.

In the run-up to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian authorities closed large parts of the Black Sea, the Kerch Strait, and almost the entire Sea of Azov "for missile and artillery live fire exercises." A spokesman for the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry protested the Russian NOTAMs over this unprecedentedly large exercise area, which essentially obstructed international shipping and had economic consequences for Ukrainian ports such as Mariupol.

Usage
NOTAMs are issued (and reported) for several reasons, such as:
 * hazards, including air shows, parachute jumps, kite flying, lasers, rocket launches, etc.
 * flights by important people such as heads of state (which sometimes involve temporary flight restrictions, TFRs)
 * closed runways
 * inoperable radio navigational aids
 * military exercises with resulting airspace restrictions
 * inoperable lights on tall obstructions
 * temporary erection of obstacles near airfields (e.g., cranes)
 * passage of flocks of birds through airspace (a NOTAM in this category is known as a BIRDTAM)
 * notifications of runway/taxiway/apron status concerning snow, ice, and standing water (a SNOWTAM)
 * notification of an operationally significant change in volcanic ash or other dust contamination (an ASHTAM)
 * software code risk announcements with associated patches to reduce specific vulnerabilities

Aviation authorities typically exchange NOTAMs over Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN) circuits.

Software allows pilots to identify NOTAMs near their intended route or at the intended destination. Some complain that the volume and increasing triviality of NOTAMs has reduced their usefulness.

In the U.S. Air Force information technology enterprise, C4 NOTAMs (command, control, communications, and computer notices to airmen) are notices of new or updated Air Force Network Operating Instructions (AFNOIs). Often, these notices serve to direct Air Force computer administrators to install security updates or change the configuration of computer systems.

Flight planning applications for electronic flight bag can help decipher and better organize NOTAMs.

Format
The following describes ICAO NOTAMs. NOTAMs are published using all upper case letters. Some countries, such as the United States, may diverge from the following ICAO standards.

 * The first line contains NOTAM identification (series, sequence number, and year of issue), the type of operation (NEW, REPLACE, or CANCEL), as well as a reference to a previously issued NOTAM (for NOTAMR and NOTAMC only).
 * The "Q" line holds information about whom the NOTAM affects, along with a basic NOTAM description. This line can be encoded/decoded from tables defined by ICAO. This allows NOTAMs to be displayed electronically.
 * The "A" line is the ICAO code of the affected aerodrome or FIR for the NOTAM. The area of influence of the NOTAM can be several hundred kilometers from the originating aerodrome.
 * The "B" line contains the start date and time, and the "C" line contains the finish date and time of the NOTAM. Fields "B" and "C" are in the format YYMMDDhhmm, with times given in Universal Co-ordinated Time, also known as UTC or Zulu time.
 * Sometimes a "D" line may be present. This gives a miscellaneous diurnal time for the NOTAM if the hours of effect are less than 24 hours a day, e.g., parachute dropping exercises tend to occur for short periods of a few hours during the day, but may be repeated over many days.
 * The "E" line is the full NOTAM description. It is in English but can be heavily abbreviated. These abbreviations can be encoded/decoded by tables defined by ICAO.
 * When present, "F" and "G" lines detail the height/altitude restrictions of the NOTAM. Typically SFC means surface height or ground level, and UNL is unlimited height. Other heights are given in feet, flight level, or a combination of the two.

Example
This is a typical NOTAM for London Heathrow airport: A1234/06 NOTAMR A1212/06 Q)EGTT/QMXLC/IV/NBO/A/000/999/5129N00028W005 A)EGLL B)0609050500 C)0704300500 E)DUE WIP TWY B SOUTH CLSD BTN 'F' AND 'R'. TWY 'R' CLSD BTN 'A' AND 'B' AND DIVERTED VIA NEW GREEN CL AND BLUE EDGE LGT. CTN ADZ

This decodes into the following:
 * Series and number:  issued in 2006
 * Nature of the NOTAM: Replacing   issued in 2006

 * FIR: London FIR
 * Subject: Taxiway
 * Condition: Closed
 * Traffic: NOTAM issued for IFR flights and VFR flights
 * Purpose: NOTAM selected for immediate attention of flight crew members, for PIB (Pre-flight Information Bulletin) entry , concerning flight operations
 * Scope: Aerodrome
 * Limits: FL 000 to FL 999
 * Geographical location: 51°29' N 000° 28' W
 * Operation radius of the NOTAM: 5 NM

 * Aerodrome: London Heathrow

 * From: 05:00 UTC 5 September 2006
 * Until: 05:00 UTC 30 April 2007
 * Category: Aerodromes, air routes, and ground aids
 * Description: Due to work in progress, taxiway "B South" is closed between "F" and "R" . Taxiway "R" is closed between "A" and "B" and is diverted via a new green centre line and blue edge lighting . Caution advised.

U.S. domestic NOTAMs
In the United States, NOTAMs are classified by the FAA into five categories:

 * NOTAM (D) or distant NOTAMs
 * A NOTAM (D) information is disseminated for all navigational facilities that are part of the National Airspace System (NAS), all public use airports, seaplane bases, and heliports listed in the Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) (e.g., such information as whether or not an airport or a certain facility is usable). NOTAM (D) information includes, among other topics, such data as taxiway closures, personnel and equipment near or crossing runways, and airport lighting aids that do not affect instrument approach criteria, such as VASI.

 * Flight Data Center (FDC) NOTAMs
 * The National Flight Data Center will issue these NOTAMs when it becomes necessary to disseminate information that is regulatory in nature, and they contain such things as amendments to published IAPs and other current aeronautical charts. They are also used to advertise temporary flight restrictions caused by such things as natural disasters or large-scale public events that may generate congestion of air traffic over a site.

 * Pointer NOTAMs
 * NOTAMs issued by a flight service station to highlight or point out another NOTAM, such as an FDC or NOTAM (D) NOTAM. This type of NOTAM will assist users in cross-referencing important information that may not be found under an airport or NAVAID identifier.

 * Special activity airspace (SAA) NOTAMs
 * SAA NOTAMs are issued when SAA (the term "SAA" includes SUA, as well as instrument and visual military training routes, aerial refueling tracks and anchors ) will be active outside the published schedule times and when required by the published schedule.

 * Military NOTAMs
 * NOTAMs pertaining to U.S. Air Force, Army, Marine, and Navy navigational aids/airports that are part of the NAS.

Format
From left to right, U.S. NOTAMs contain the following elements:

 * An exclamation point
 * Accountability Location (using the FAA identifier)
 * Affected Location (using the FAA identifier)
 * One of the following keywords
 * Surface Identification (i.e., the runway or taxiway number)
 * Condition
 * Time

These NOTAMS are likely to use FAA-specific abbreviations.

Examples

 * !ORT 6K8 (U) RWY ABANDONED VEHICLE

Tok Junction Airport has an unverified vehicle that is abandoned on its runway.

 * !LAX LAX NAV VOR OTS

Los Angeles International's VOR is out of service.

 * !OSH OSH AIRSPACE AIRSHOW ACFT 5000/BLW 5 NMR AIRPORT AVOIDANCE ADZD WEF 0707152000-0707152200

There is an airshow being held at Oshkosh airport with aircraft flying 5,000 feet and below within a 5 nautical mile radius. Avoidance is advised from 2000 UTC on July 15, 2007, until 2200 on July 15, 2007.

Incidents
On 11 January 2023, the US NOTAM system failed, which grounded all domestic flights until 9:00 AM EST (UTC-5) the same day.

title: NOTAM


text:
Mangan district

North Sikkim (now officially named as Mangan District) is a district of the Indian state of Sikkim. Its district headquarters is Mangan. It is the seventh least populous district in the country (out of 640).

Geography
The district is the largest of the four districts of Sikkim.

The landscape is mountainous with dense vegetation all the way up to the alpine altitude before thinning out to desert scrub towards the northern tundra. Numerous waterfalls astride the main road make the trip to this district extremely picturesque.

The most prominent effect of the steepness of the valleys is the prevalence of landslides that at times drop to anything between 3000 and 5000 ft carrying devastation along their course. Most of them are caused either by the melting snow beds on top of the mountains or by erosive action of the rains.

Most of the people of the state reside near Mangan, the district headquarters which is about 2000 ft above sea level. Further north the elevation increases with the vegetation turning from temperate to alpine to tundra. Temperatures range from about 25° to below −40° in the extreme high reaches where the altitude is in excess of 6,000 metres. Kanchenjanga is the highest peak at over 8,000 m, straddling its western border with Nepal and can be seen clearly from the town of Singhik.

Assembly Constituencies
Since 2002, the district is divided into 3 assembly constituencies.
 * 1) Kabi Lungchok (BL)
 * 2) Djongu (BL)
 * 3) Lachen-Mangan (BL)

Economy
Mangan is known as the Large Cardamom Capital of the world. The climate and terrain best suit the cultivation of the larger variety of Cardamom here.

The region has many power projects and enjoys almost uninterrupted electricity. The steep gradient and the innumerable lakes on the higher reaches facilitate ideal conditions for generation of hydro electric power.

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named North Sikkim one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is the only district in Sikkim currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Tourism
Most of North Sikkim is restricted to travellers and permits are needed to visit these areas. The area, which shares a sensitive border with the People's Republic of China is heavily patrolled by the Indian army. However, in view of exquisite scenic beauty, a large number of tourists have started visiting the region overcoming all sorts of hardship. Often unregulated tourism becomes a major conservation issue in fragile ecosystem such as high mountains.

Administrative divisions
North Sikkim is divided into two sub-divisions:

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Mangan district has a population of 43,709, roughly equal to the nation of Liechtenstein. This gives it a ranking of 634th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 10 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 5.66%. North Sikkim has a sex ratio of 769 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 77.39%. 10.62% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.25% and 65.70% of the population respectively.

The people are mainly of Lepcha and Bhutia descent. Other groups include the Tibetan community. It also has one of the lowest populated regions of the state.

Religion
Buddhism is followed by majority of the people in Mangan district. Hinduism followed by a considerable population.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 31.71% of the population in the district spoke Lepcha, 23.24% Nepali, 14.41% Sikkimese, 8.51% Limbu, 6.40% Hindi, 3.63% Sherpa, 2.56% Tamang, 1.75% Punjabi, 1.62% Bhojpuri, 1.22% Rai and 1.08% Bengali as their first language.

Transport
Roads are in a poor condition owing to the frequent landslides.

Flora and fauna
North Sikkim is home to the red panda (Ailurus fulgens), a vulnerable species. This animal is the pride of Sikkim and is also the State Animal. It is generally found between heights of 2000 m to 4000 m. It is as big as a domestic Siamese cat (approximately 2 ft long), has a triangular shaped face with a stripe on its cheek, with red fur and black eyes. It has a sprinkling of white on its back and chest. The tail is bushy, black or brown in colour and long like that of a skunk. They generally live on treetops.

In 1977 North Sikkim district became home to Khangchendzonga National Park, which has an area of 1784 km2. It shares the park with West Sikkim district. It is also home to the Shingba (rhododendron) Wildlife Sanctuary, which was established in 1984 and has an area of 43 km2.

Important Towns and Cities

 * Mangan
 * Chungthang
 * Lachen
 * Lachung
 * Phodong
 * Dikchu

Banking Facilities
The following Banks provide banking facilities in North Sikkim, district of Sikkim:

 * Axis Bank, Lachen
 * Central Bank of India, Mangan
 * Canara Bank, Mangan
 * IDBI Bank, Mangan
 * State Bank Of India, Chungthang
 * State Bank Of India, Mangan
 * State Bank Of India, Kabi Sab
 * State Bank Of India, Lachung
 * State Bank Of India, Phodong
 * State Bank Of India, Dikchu
 * Union Bank of India, Mangan
 * Uco Bank, Mangan

title: Mangan district


text:
Talk:Second Silesian Uprising

Moved to Talk:Silesian Uprisings

title: Talk:Second Silesian Uprising


text:
Namchi district

Namchi District is a district of the Indian state of Sikkim. Its headquarters is at Namchi.

Geography
Namchi district lies at an altitude of 400 to 2000 metres and has a temperate climate for most of the year. Major urban centres include Namchi, Ravangla, Jorethang and Melli.

Assembly Constituencies
The district was previously divided into eight assembly constituencies.
 * Barfung (BL)
 * Poklok-Kamrang
 * Namchi-Singhithang
 * Melli
 * Namthang-Rateypani
 * Temi-Namphing
 * Rangang-Yangang
 * Tumen-Lingi (BL)

National protected area

 * Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary

Economy
South Sikkim is the most industrialised district in the state, owing to the availability of flat land. Since the geology is stable the roads are in good condition as compared to other parts of the state which suffer from landslides. The district is also known for Sikkim tea, which is grown near Namchi.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Namchi district has a population of 146,850, roughly equal to the nation of Saint Lucia. This gives it a ranking of 600th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 196 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.57%. and has a sex ratio of 914 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 82.06%. 14.44% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.12% and 28.19% of the population respectively.

Namchi is one of the least populated regions of the state. The people are mainly of Nepali descent. Other ethnic groups include the Lepcha and Bhutia communities. Nepali is the most widely spoken language in the district. The district was under the occupation of the Nepalese for 30 years in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Religion
Hinduism is followed by majority of the people in the South Sikkim district. Buddhism is followed by a considerable population.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 72.66% of the population in the district spoke Nepali, 3.88% Sikkimese, 3.61% Lepcha, 3.57% Limbu, 3.25% Hindi, 3.19% Sherpa, 2.46% Tamang, 1.65% Rai, 1.26% Bhojpuri, 0.88% Tibetan and 0.83% Bengali as their first language.

Flora and fauna
The Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1987. It has an area of 35 km2.

Administrative divisions
Namchi district is divided into two sub-divisions:

Villages

 * Melli Dara
 * Perbing

title: Namchi district