text:
Ice racing

Ice racing is a form of racing that uses cars, motorcycles, snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, or other motorized vehicles. Ice racing takes place on frozen lakes or rivers, or on groomed frozen lots. As cold weather is a requirement for natural ice, it is usually found at higher latitudes in Canada, the northern United States, and in northern Europe, although limited indoor events are held in warmer climates, typically on ice hockey rinks (motorcycles and ATVs only). Tracks in North America vary from 1/4 mile to several mile-long (~400 m to several kilometer-long) circuits.

Track
Tracks used for ice racing include ovals and road courses. Some tracks are dirt track racing tracks with the snow plowed off them. When there is no natural snow, an icy surface may be created by spraying the dirt surface with water when the temperature is below freezing. Artificial ice tracks (usually speed skating ovals) are used where it is not possible to construct natural ice tracks. Some tracks are made by plowing the snow off an area of a frozen lake. Spectators frequently park their cars around the outside of the track on a frozen lake.

In the UK, ice meetings have been staged at ice rinks. The longest running event, at Telford, features riders using conventional machines with spiked tires. In the late 1960s ice racing was staged at a number of rinks in Scotland and the machines used were rally-based machines with all season tires.

Tires
Ice racing tires are either studded or non-studded. Studded tires have a stud such as a screw or bolt to provide better traction and increase speed. Some studs are sharpened to increase penetration. Tires cannot be purchased with studs, so the pit crews need to attach the studs to the tires. Through 2008, Menard's Racing in Wisconsin manufactured and sold studded racing tires for cars, and they were required in many ice-racing classes. Cars with studded tires are generally required to contain roll cages and increased safety equipment since they achieve much more speed with the greater cornering abilities.

The sanctioning body's rule book generally specifies the length and type of stud, often with the goal of controlling the level of damage done to the ice surface. Aggressive studs can cause enough damage to be a safety concern as they wear through the ice on successive laps, particularly during door-to-door auto racing.

Non-studded tires are standard production snow tires, as used on highway-use passenger cars in colder climates. Drivers often use winter tires. Favorites among ice-racers include Bridgestone Blizzaks and Nokian Hakkapeliittas.

Motorcycle ice racing
Ice racing includes a motorcycle class which is the equivalent of Speedway on ice. Bikes race anti-clockwise around oval tracks between 260 m and 425 m in length. The race structure and scoring is similar to Speedway.

The bikes bear a passing resemblance to those used for speedway, but have a longer wheelbase and a more rigid frame. The sport is divided into classes for full-rubber and studded tires. The studded tire category involves competitors riding on bikes with spikes up to 30 mm in length screwed into each tread-less tyre, each bike has 90 spikes on the front tyre and 200–500 on the rear. The use of these spikes in this discipline necessitate the addition of special protective guards (similar to mudguards) over the wheels which extend almost to the ice surface. The spiked tyres produce a tremendous amount of traction and this means two-speed gearboxes are also required. As with speedway, the bikes do not have brakes. Czech made 4-stroke Jawa motorcycles have been the dominant force in this sport.

In the studded tyre class there is no broadsiding around the bends due to the grip produced by the spikes digging into the ice. Instead, riders lean their bikes into the bends at an angle where the handlebars just skim the track surface. Speeds approach 80 mph on the straights, and 60 mph on the bends. The safety barrier usually consists of straw bales or banked-up snow and ice around the outer edge of the track.

The riding style required for studded ice racing is different from that used in the other track racing disciplines. This means riders from this discipline rarely participate in Speedway or its other variants and vice versa.

The majority of Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme sanctioned team and individual meetings are held in Russia, Sweden and Finland, but events are also held in the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary (since 2000), the Netherlands, and occasionally other countries. Countries that dominated and won the majority of titles in Individual Ice Racing World Championship (held since 1966) and Team Ice Racing World Championship (held since 1979) were the USSR and since 1991—Russia. Canada's national touring series is sanctioned by the Canadian Motorcycle Association.

Automobile ice racing
Automobile ice races have been most successful in France, where the Trophée Andros series, sponsored by an industrial jam (fruit preserver) manufacturer attracts ex-F1 drivers like Alain Prost or Olivier Panis, manufacturer-backed entries of sophisticated 4WD cars and international television coverage. The Trophée Andros races mainly use damped snow (that is not very different from ice regarding car handling) tracks in French ski resorts with a final race on artificial ice in Paris Stade de France. The 2006 trophy includes one round in Andorra. On several occasions a round also took place in Canada, in the Canadian Challenge, which is held yearly and is the most notable Ice Racing event in North America.

In the 1960s and 1970s, there were two major Ice Racing Championships, the North American Ice Racing Championship and the European Ice Racing Championship. The North American was held in Anchorage, Alaska and their champions include Earl Bennett and Chuck Higgins, while Mexican Formula One driver Pedro Rodríguez won his class and an exhibition race in 1970, and was 2nd overall.

Elsewhere, ice racing has proven to be a largely recreational pastime. There is no professional ice-racing sanctioning body in North America, but there are clubs in several Canadian provinces (Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, Saskatchewan) and American states (New York, Michigan, Maine, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Alaska ). Some amateur and professional dirt track and paved track racers use ice racing to hone their skills or to practice for the summer season. Drivers often find that developing the car control skills needed on ice substantially improves their performance on a wet race track.

There is a new class in Canada called SS (street studs) where a car can run with the same modifications as a rubber to ice class, without the need for a roll bar. This same SS classing, although referred to as Super Stud or Studded class, by some American Clubs (such as the Anchorage Alaska Sports Car Lions Club) require any car running studded tires to meet at least IT rules and requires a roll cage and full safety gear. Some clubs even encourage people to ice-race their daily driver, and have strict no-contact rules to allow that safely.

In Russia there is a rally raid event, called the Northern Forest run on ice and snow in the last days of February in the outskirts of the city of St Petersburg. Also, in Russia there is popular winter track racing, where pilots race on short ice oval track, usually hippodromes, covered with ice during winter.

Conventional rallying also takes place on ice. Most notably, the tarmac of the Monte Carlo Rally is occasionally covered with snow and ice. The Sno*Drift rally in Michigan is another example of such events.

Race vehicle
There are many classes of racing vehicles. The racing vehicles are frequently divided into studded or non-studded tire classes. Nearly all dirt track racing vehicles could be raced on ice. Flying snow and ice powder limits visibility, so some vehicles are required to have a bright light, normally red or yellow, on the back of the car for greater visibility in the powder.

Non-studded cars are selected by their weight since non-studded cars cannot carry high speed through a corner and cars cannot get much power to the slippery surface. Lightweight front-wheel drive cars are generally the quickest.

Ice racing in film
Ice racing was featured in the 1969 James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service with George Lazenby and Diana Rigg as they attempted to evade their pursuers. The track was in Switzerland.

Motorcycle ice racing footage can be seen in the Bruce Brown documentary On Any Sunday.

title: Ice racing


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Audicate

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:18, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Audicate
Neologism. Rhobite 15:29, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Doesn't google. delete. Radiant! 15:43, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Come on, people, you can't use WP to coin neologisms! HyperZonktalk 18:15, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Audicate is a replacement term for podcast." Really? Where did you hear that from? Zzyzx11 23:44, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Nathaniel Mitchell

Nathaniel Mitchell (1753 – February 21, 1814) was an American lawyer and politician from Laurel, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, a Continental Congressman from Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served as Governor of Delaware.

Early life and family
Mitchell was born near Laurel, Delaware, son of James and Margaret Dagworthy Mitchell. A croquet fan from a young age, he often trained at Graveny school of croquet. He married Emma Yrten and had ten children: Rebecca, Emma, William, Theodore, Alfred, Dagworthy, Elizabeth, Mary Ann, Elizabeth and Frederick. Mitchell was one of the founders of Georgetown, Delaware, and lived there on the northeast corner of the square from about 1791 until 1808. The family returned to their Laurel home, Rosemont, now 121 Delaware Avenue, in 1808. They were members of Christ Episcopal Church at Broad Creek.

Military career
Mitchell was an officer of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. In 1776, he was captain of a Delaware company raised under Colonel Samuel Patterson as part of what was known as the "Flying Camp". They were stationed at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, and saw no action. When the "Flying Camp" disbanded, the company was attached to Colonel David Hall's regiment, but fought with Colonel William Grayson's Virginians at the Battle of Brandywine. Nursing an illness, he was not at Germantown, but spent the winter at Valley Forge. Following Grayson's promotion to brigadier-general, Mitchell led his regiment in the attack at the Battle of Monmouth. This was the attack that was ordered back by General Charles Lee and which eventually led to his court-martial. In 1779, Mitchell was brigade major on General Peter Muhlenberg's staff in the tidewater Virginia. When British General Benedict Arnold attacked Richmond, Virginia, Mitchell was defending Petersburg when he was captured on May 10, 1781. By most accounts, his childhood friend Michael O'Brien died in the affray. He was held prisoner until after the Battle of Yorktown.

Professional and political career
Mitchell was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He served as Delaware's delegate to the Continental Congress during its last two years from his election on October 27, 1786, until the Congress was replaced by the new government under the United States Constitution of 1787. Following that he was Prothonotary for Sussex County. In 1801 he ran for Governor of Delaware, losing to David Hall, the Democratic-Republican candidate. Hall was another veteran of the American Revolution who ran a campaign critical of Mitchell's alleged deistic Anglicanism. Mitchell lost heavily Presbyterian New Castle County by just enough votes to overcome his wide margins elsewhere. Three years later, in 1804, he was successful, beating Joseph Haslet, the Democratic-Republican candidate. Mitchell served as Governor of Delaware from January 15, 1805, until January 19, 1808.

Death and legacy
Mitchell died at his home at Laurel. He may have been buried there at first, but was later removed to Christ Church, and is buried in the Broad Creek Episcopal Graveyard, near Laurel.

Hannah, Nathaniel Mitchell's widow, later married Colonel Manaen Bull, a British soldier who became a resident of Laurel after the American Revolution. He had the first store there, on the northwest corner of Delaware Avenue and Market Street. They lived near Trap Pond. Unlike Mitchell, Bull was a Democratic-Republican and ran for Governor of Delaware in 1816 and 1819, losing to John Clark and Henry Molleston.

No known portrait exists of Nathaniel Mitchell.

Almanac
Elections were held the first Tuesday of October and members of the General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January. The General Assembly elected the Continental Congressmen for a term of one year, State senators had a three-year term and state representatives had a one-year term. The governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and had a three-year term.

Places with more information

 * Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161
 * University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965

title: Nathaniel Mitchell


text:
Racso and the Rats of NIMH

Racso and the Rats of NIMH is the 1986 sequel to the popular book, Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH, written by Jane Leslie Conly. It continues where the previous book left off. The book would be followed by a sequel published in 1990, R-T, Margaret, and the Rats of NIMH.

A review from the University of Chicago's Center for Children's books states that "Conly has completely mastered the bucolic tone of the first book", and that "characterizations all around are more detailed than in O'Brien's book".

Story
In Racso and the Rats of NIMH, the Rats of NIMH have developed a self-sustaining community in Thorn Valley, where they are completely isolated from humanity. Timothy Frisby, the youngest son of Mrs. Frisby, travels from his family's home to Thorn Valley (although his mother is an ordinary mouse, Timothy has inherited the extremely high intellect and long lifespan of his father, NIMH escapee Jonathan).

During his trip, Timothy meets Racso, the son of Jenner (a rat of NIMH introduced in first book who is widely considered to be a traitor). Timothy and Racso arrive at Thorn Valley, but while Timothy integrates and begins receiving the same accelerated education as the rat children, Racso, coming from a colony of savage urban rats, has trouble adjusting to life in a cultured town of rodents. Racso is also burdened by his family history, as his father deserted the rats' previous colony, placing them in danger of extinction.

Life in Thorn Valley is suddenly threatened when humans begin planning to build a dam there, which will flood most of Thorn Valley and destroy the rats' colony. The rats set a complex plan into motion to reprogram the developers' computers and sabotage the project.

Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH
Racso and the Rats of NIMH is a direct sequel to the Newbery Medal-winning book Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH by Jane Leslie Conly's late father, Robert C. O'Brien. Conly wrote her sequel long after O'Brien's death in 1973, so even though Conly's book attempts to answer many of the open-ended questions posed by the original, it is still Conly's work and not O'Brien's. One of the most anticipated events of the first book was the possibility of Mrs. Frisby's children (Teresa, Martin, Timothy, and Cynthia) having grown up to visit the rats themselves and partake in adventures of their own. Within this book, however, only Timothy is shown as having actually left for Thorn Valley. Teresa and Cynthia are still at home, and Martin has started a family of his own. While it ties up this plot point cleanly, many readers criticized this, feeling that the other children had much potential and deserved more exploration. Another question from the first book that Conly chose to answer relates to the fate of Justin, one of the rats who was a major character in the first book. In the end of the original story, O'Brien hints that Justin sacrificed his life when he went back to rescue a fallen rat, but Conly chose to keep Justin alive and well in her sequel.

Another subject in which more information was brought to light was that of Jenner. In the first book it was hinted that Jenner had died, but in an event prior to those of the book. Jenner had disagreed with Nicodemus over leaving the city, and took a group of separatists to start a new colony. In the end of the first book, it is revealed that NIMH had found a number of unusual rats dead, and it is assumed that this is Jenner's group.

However, according to the sequel, Jenner had in fact managed to escape the fate of the others (the first book having left it inconclusive whether "six or seven" dead rats were found, Jenner's group having had seven). Although he and the few surviving separatists had strong philosophical opposition toward the Thorn Valley group, they kept their distance, still believing that their way of life was better. In the sequel, it is revealed that Jenner had started a family, which Racso happens to be a part of. Jenner later makes a surprise appearance in the story and shows that despite his questionable loyalties, he cares strongly for his son. Some readers feel that the inclusion of Jenner as an antihero was heavily influenced by the film adaptation of the first book, The Secret of NIMH, in which Jenner played a much more central role than he did in the book. Jenner only turns up rarely in the book, mainly in flashbacks, and is killed off the page during the climax.

The Secret of NIMH
Despite a few plot similarities Racso and the Rats of NIMH has no connection to The Secret of NIMH's sequel, Timmy to the Rescue.

title: Racso and the Rats of NIMH


text:
Blackfeet Nation

The Blackfeet Nation (Aamsskáápipikani, Pikuni), officially named the Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana, is a federally recognized tribe of Siksikaitsitapi people with an Indian reservation in Montana. Tribal members primarily belong to the Piegan Blackfeet (Ampskapi Piikani) band of the larger Blackfoot Confederacy that spans Canada and the United States.

The Blackfeet Indian Reservation is located east of Glacier National Park and borders the Canadian province of Alberta. Cut Bank Creek and Birch Creek form part of its eastern and southern borders. The reservation contains 3,000 square miles (7,800 km2), twice the size of the national park and larger than the state of Delaware. It is located in parts of Glacier and Pondera counties.

History
The Blackfeet settled in the region around Montana beginning in the 17th century. Previously, they resided in an area of the woodlands north and west of the Great Lakes. Pressure exerted by British traders at James Bay in present-day Canada on the Algonquin-speaking tribes in the area drove the Blackfeet out onto the Northern Plains. They eventually acquired firearms and horses, and the acquisition of these two pieces of technology allowed them to become a formidable example of the classic Plains Indian culture. They were a powerful force, controlling an area that extended from current day Edmonton, Alberta Province, nearly to Yellowstone National Park, and from Glacier Park to the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Badger-Two Medicine area is a significant sacred site for the tribe.

In the late 19th century, Blackfeet territory was encroached on by European Americans and Canadians, and various branches of the people were forced to cede lands and ultimately move to smaller Indian reservations in the United States and reserves in Canada. Adjacent to their reservation, established by Treaty of 1896, are two federally controlled areas: the Lewis and Clark National Forest, set up in 1896, which contains the Badger-Two Medicine area, an area of 200 sqmi; and Glacier National Park, both part of the tribal nation's former territory. The Badger-Two Medicine area is sacred to the Blackfeet people. This sacred part of the Rocky Mountain Front was excluded from Blackfeet lands in a Treaty of 1896, but they reserved access, hunting and fishing rights. Since the early 1980s, when the Bureau of Land Management approved drilling rights leases without consultation with the tribe, the Blackfeet have worked to protect this sacred area, where they practiced their traditional religious rituals.

The United States federal government suspended all leasing activities for drilling in this area in the 1990s, and in 2007 the Bush administration made permanent a moratorium on issuing new permits. Many leaseholders had already relinquished their leases, and in November 2016 the Department of Interior announced the cancellation of the 15 drilling rights leases held by Devon Energy Corporation in the Badger-Two Medicine area. The Blackfeet had documented that the area was not a "wilderness," as the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex was designated in 1964, but a "human landscape" shaped by and integral to their culture.

Geography
Elevations in the reservation range from a low of 3400 ft to a high of 9066 ft at Chief Mountain. Adjacent mountains include Ninaki Mountain and Papoose. The eastern part of the reservation is mostly open hills of grassland, while a narrow strip along the western edge is covered by forests of fir and spruce. Free-ranging cattle are present in several areas, sometimes including on roadways.

Several waterways drain the area with the largest being the St. Mary River, Two Medicine River, Milk River, Birch Creek and Cut Bank Creek. There are 175 mi of streams and eight major lakes on the reservation.

The reservation is east of the Lewis and Clark National Forest in Montana, which contains the Badger-Two Medicine area, sacred to the Blackfeet people. The Badger-Two Medicine area is at the Rocky Mountain Front of the national forest. The Blackfeet call the Rocky Mountains the "Backbone of the World". Their names for peaks include Morning Star, Poia, Little Plume, Running Crane, Spotted Eagle, Kiyo, Scarface, Elkcalf Bullshoe, and Curly Bear.

Demographics
The 2010 census reported a population of 10,405 living on the reservation lands. The population density is 3.47 people per square mile (1.34 people/km2).

The Blackfeet Nation has 16,500 enrolled members. The main community is Browning, Montana, which is the seat of tribal government. Other towns serve the tourist economy along the edge of the park: St. Mary and East Glacier Park Village, which has an Amtrak passenger station and the historic Glacier Park Lodge. Small communities include Babb, Kiowa, Blackfoot, Seville, Heart Butte, Starr School, and Glacier Homes.

Communities

 * Babb
 * Browning
 * East Glacier Park Village
 * Heart Butte
 * Little Browning
 * North Browning
 * St. Mary
 * South Browning
 * Starr School

Culture
The tribe has an oral history of 10,000 years in this region that recounts the sacred nature of their central place, the Badger-Two Medicine area, known as their site of creation and origin.

The Rocky Mountain Front near Birch Creek The Badger-Two Medicine is "covered by the Treaty of 1896, which gives Blackfeet tribal members the right to hunt and fish in any portion of the area in accordance with state law and cut wood for domestic use. Blackfeet treaty claims as well as spiritual and cultural uses of the Badger-Two Medicine are pre-existing rights.

In 2002, the Department of Interior declared roughly two-thirds — almost 90,000 acres (36,000 ha) — of the Badger-Two Medicine area along the Rocky Mountain Front as eligible for listing as a Traditional Cultural District in the National Register of Historic Places. This was a recognition of its importance to the Blackfeet. They used an ethnographer to document their oral history of use and practices, and in 2014 used this information to negotiate with stakeholders over leases for drilling rights that had been made in the area.

The nation celebrates North American Indian Days, an annual festival held on pow wow grounds, near the Museum of the Plains Indian in Browning. Adjacent to the reservation's eastern edge is the city of Cut Bank.

Economy
Because of its isolated location, residents of the reservation have suffered high unemployment. As of May 2016, the Montana Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) Program Preliminary Non-Seasonally Adjusted Data reports the rate is 11.0% on the reservation (for comparison, at the same time, unemployment was 3.6% for Montana and 4.5% for the U.S.).

In 2001, the BIA reported 69 percent unemployment among registered members of the tribe. Among those who were employed that year, 26% earned less than the poverty guideline.

The major income source of the reservation is petroleum and natural gas leases on the oil fields on tribal lands. In 1982, there were 643 producing oil wells and 47 producing gas wells.

The reservation also has a significant tourist industry. Other economic activities include ranching and a small lumber industry, which supported the Blackfeet Indian Writing Company pencil factory in Browning.

Farms located at least partially on the reservation reported a total income of $9 million in 2002. A total of 354 farms covered 1291180 acre, the majority of the reservation's land. Most of these farms or ranches were family-owned, including the 198 farms owned by Native Americans.

Eighty percent of the land was used for raising beef cattle, which produced eighty percent of farm income. Other livestock included hogs, and chickens, with only small numbers of dairy cattle, bison, horses, and sheep.

Of the 245530 acre used for growing crops, only 32158 acre, or 13%, were irrigated. Crops raised included wheat, barley, and hay with a smaller amount of oats. Members of the tribe work seasonally in wildfire firefighting, a source of considerable individual income. In 2000, some 1,000 Blackfeet worked as firefighters, including the elite Chief Mountain Hotshots team, and brought in $6.1 million; other yearly incomes varied according to the severity of the wildfire season.

On April 30, 2010, the Blackfeet Tribal Business Council (BTBC) approved three major initiatives totaling $5.5 million. The revenue was to be derived from payments for oil exploration from Newfield Production Co. The BTBC approved a $200 special per capita payments for all 16,500 members, initial funding for a new grocery store in Browning, and more than $1 million for land acquisition within the reservation to return property to tribal control.

Government
The Blackfeet Nation runs the sovereign government on the reservation through its elected Tribal Business Council. For many years Earl Old Person led the council. Old Person was also the honorary chief of the tribe. It provides most services, including courts, child welfare, employment assistance, wildlife management, health care, education, land management, and senior services, as well as garbage collection and water systems. They worked with the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs to replace native police with federal officers in 2003 because of problems in the local force.

The reservation includes several types of land use. Of the total 1462640 acre, 650558 acre are held in trust for enrolled tribal members, 311324 acre are held directly by the tribe, and 8292 acre are Government Reserve, mostly irrigation projects and the Cut Bank Boarding School Reserve. The remaining 529826 acre are Fee lands, which is taxable and may be privately owned by the tribe, tribe members or non-tribe members.

The tribe leases some of its communal land for homes, farms, grazing, and commercial uses. They offer leases to tribe members prior to non-members. The tribe has the right of first refusal; all private land offered for sale within the reservation must be offered to the tribe first. If they decline to purchase it, they grant a waiver permitting purchase by non-Native parties.

Transportation
There are no paved north–south roads in Glacier National Park. Access to sites on the east side of the park is provided by U.S. Route 89, which runs through the reservation to the Canada–US border, crossing near Chief Mountain. It provides access to the Canadian sister national park, Waterton Lakes. Both east–west routes for the park travel through the reservation, as does the passenger train service on Amtrak's Empire Builder. Several hiking trails continue out of the park and across the reservation; they require Blackfeet-issued permits for use.

Notable people

 * Gordon Belcourt (1945–2013), Executive Director of the Montana-Wyoming Tribal Leaders Council
 * Black Lodge Singers, powwow singers and drum group
 * Elouise P. Cobell (1945–2011), tribal treasurer and founder of Blackfeet Nation Bank. She identified mismanagement of trust land fees by the departments of Interior and Treasury, and sought corrections in Washington. In 1996 she filed a class-action suit against the government in what is known as Cobell v. Salazar, settled by the federal government for $3.4 billion in 2009. The settlement provides for payment to potentially more than 250,000 plaintiffs, repurchase of lands across the country for transfer to tribal management, and a scholarship fund for Native American and Alaskan Native students.
 * Lily Gladstone (born 1986), actress (Killers of the Flower Moon)
 * Richie Havens (1941–2013), singer-songwriter and guitarist
 * Joe Hipp (born 1962), professional boxer
 * Donna Hutchinson (born 1949), elected as member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from Bella Vista, Arkansas, served from 2007 to 2013
 * Mountain Chief (1848–1942)
 * Earl Old Person (1929–2021), tribal chief and political leader
 * Steve Reevis (1962–2017), actor (Geronimo: An American Legend, The Missing, Fargo)
 * Misty Upham (1982–2014), actor
 * Stephen Graham Jones (born 1972), author
 * Rickey Medlocke (born 1950), guitarist for Blackfoot and Lynyrd Skynyrd bands
 * Ronnie Radke (born 1983), vocalist and founding member of metalcore band Falling in Reverse
 * Running Eagle (birth unknown, died somewhere after 1878), notable female warrior

title: Blackfeet Nation


text:
Talk:List of ROH Heavyweight Champions

I have taken the title history found on ROH Heavyweight Championship and placed it here. I tried to put it into a table but the title defences section hasnt come out right, so if anyone can think of a better way to do it; please do. If not, shall i remove the defences? Paulley 15:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of ROH Heavyweight Champions


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/IRC logs

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Last vote was made rather late. -- AllyUnion (talk) 15:27, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

IRC logs
Circular dicdef with external link. Radiant! 15:32, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not even notable enough for transwiki. --InShaneee 15:37, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Longhair 18:41, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I have years of experience with IRC and I know IRC logs have a lot of impact on IRC channels. There are ethical issues of showing logs to others. IRC channels are highly political, and IRC logs have a lot of impact on the politics (because of potential for abuse of logs as well as logs being able to report troublemakers). I do believe the article could be expanded, perhaps to provide a general overview of how IRC logs affect the IRC experience as a whole. Q0 06:04, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Ashkalafoozie

I'm Ashkalafoozie.
"Ashkalafoozie Gorgonzola mit cream cheese!" is my family's motto. We say it all the time no matter who is listening or what is happening. Recently, during a visit by the Queen to our sacred grotto underneath the bathroom of an abandoned gas station in Plaquemines Parish, we began our chant. The Queen, of course, announced that she was "not amused." That caused us to giggle uncontrollably. And our diapers exploded.

I'm a psychologue; a running quarterback of loving-to-learn; a past master of avoiding the infamous tattooed dentist of Ft. Collins Colorado, the new-age ditz.

I'm father of four, grandpa of six (so far) and husband of a heroic lady-love.

I play guitar and one end against the other.

I cannot be found by others or by myself without strong search techniques of the heart.

Inga J. Lorta gathers no moss. My dog is a Mutley. I have no gorillas in my closet. I am Captain Boogerpants in the Kleenex Forest of Reality.

title: User:Ashkalafoozie


text:
Talk:Near-open central vowel

Roundedness
Is this vowel supposed to be rounded or not rounded??

 * Its roundedness is unspecificed. Nohat 17:12, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it's supposed to be unrounded, but can someone who is down and jiggy with phonology answer this and make the edit if necessary? Cheers Perezkelly 02:52, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The rounded version of it is extremely rare. Peter238 (talk) 02:23, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Funny thing is, Russians pronounce ɐ (the sound that is normally indicated with letter "а") both as rounded and as non-rounded. Somehow, everyone is used to it. 81.89.66.133 (talk) 11:23, 14 December 2022 (UTC)

Continental Portuguese
Although this symbol is used for transcription, isn't the Portuguese vowel higher than this, mid-open or even mid? kwami 01:25, 2005 August 17 (UTC)

I am removing the Portuguese example but keeping it here, in case people decide it should go back:

 * European Portuguese: amo

In Lisbon this vowel is an exemplar of. It is higher than [ɛ] and [ɔ], and lower than [e] and [o]. At least according to the vowel chart of the IPA Handbook.

The symbol for unstressed a belongs to a non-IPA tradition of rotating a vowel to indicate its unstressed value. Likewise, unstressed e is transcribed <ə>, though it is not [ə] phonetically. kwami 22:25, 2005 August 17 (UTC)

 * However, juging from the table here, the vowel of European Portuguese you speak of is still lower than a cardinal mid vowel. So maybe it's not totally inconceivable that it be denote . FilipeS 20:08, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

In American English
A vast majority of U.S. English speakers actually do use the phonetic value in words like but and cut. I know I do, for instance, as does nearly everyone else I've spoken to who isn't from the South (and I've done a lot of travelling). I'm going to update both pages with a note that GA pronunciation of the "short u" sound varies. Dave 06:49, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * According to Ladefoged, the sound in Los Angeles is [ɐ]. It may well be different than the Southern vowel, but that doesn't mean it's a back vowel. The difference could be one of height. I've never seen a formant plot that showed a back vowel. kwami 23:16, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

the table
Aeusoes1, why did you put fake meanings in? -lysdexia 01:37, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

If you're talking about the nut/cut thing, that was an error. I've fixed it and have removed the cleanup tags. In the future, don't be afraid to fix such errors yourself. Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 01:43, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

NZ English: fronted?
The article states that "the /ɐː/ of car may be fronted to /ɐː/ for some speakers". The problem is that the symbol used doesn't represent a different sound at all. What is /ɐː/ sometimes fronted to? /æː/, /œː/, /ɛː/, /øː/, /eː/, /yː/, /iː/...? (If it's fronted to any of the last six, it would also be raised). Does anybody know what the /ɐː/ of car may be fronted to for some speakers? Sw258 (talk) 11:10, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * It's fronted to a near-open near-front vowel. And by the way, yes the symbol used does represent a different sound because it has an advanced diacritic underneath it. Thegryseone (talk) 17:46, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for clearing that up - I didn't notice the diacritic. Sw258 (talk) 19:38, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * A near open front vowel would be better written as . The current statement is confusing: "In New Zealand it may be fronted . See English phonology." The symbol under ɐ means that it is closer to the center (closer to [ə]). Was the word "fronted" the intended one or a wrong vowel used? The article, English phonology, has no explanation. --Mahmudmasri (talk) 14:15, 28 July 2014 (UTC)
 * NZ is never front (meaning "fully front" rather than "not back"), it may be fronted to a near-open near-front (=advanced/fronted central) unrounded vowel. Besides, your browser is displaying that symbol wrongly; it is  with  under it. Peter238 (v̥ɪˑzɪʔ mɑˑɪ̯ tˢʰoˑk̚ pʰɛˑɪ̯d̥ʒ̊) 14:00, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

Sound ?
The sounds for this seems bogus. Is he supposed to be saying it twice ?Lathamibird (talk) 07:19, 2 December 2014 (UTC)
 * It's just a bug in your browser. I'm using Firefox, I played the sound twice. The first time it sounded ok, the second time it sounded as you described. — Peter238 (v̥ɪˑzɪʔ mɑˑɪ̯ tˢʰoˑk̚ pʰɛˑɪ̯d̥ʒ̊) 10:42, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

Valencian
Due to vowel harmony and vowel reduction/centralisation (which is also found in many Valencian dialects), final unstressed /a/ may approach to [ɞ̞] in cases like porta (door) and [ɜ̞] in cases like festa! (party!). Also in further cases it can become palatalised and velarised, which makes it further front or back. — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 01:29, 28 January 2016 (UTC) Shall I add all the distinct allophones of unstressed /a/? — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 01:59, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I added to the table, but try to dig up a source to back it up. Also, we need IPA for the example word (I don't know which $\langleo\rangle$ is there). Peter238 (talk) 02:02, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * It's ɔ but it's a bit fronted and lowered, it's also less centralised than unstressed /a/ — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 03:19, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Done, thanks. Peter238 (talk) 03:34, 28 January 2016 (UTC)
 * You're welcome, it's also slightly less rounded so it sounds more harmonious with final a :-) and I will try to look for a source but I'm not too sure if any other phoneticians are aware of this (Saborit only uses æ/ɛ and ɒ - he mentions some centralisation but it's not as extreme as this type) — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 03:38, 28 January 2016 (UTC)

It's hard to talk to someone who basically ignores what I say. I told you (twice) that it is not about Valencian having more than one variants of, but about the presence of more than one Valencian example, which is not needed (it's not the article Valencian, which is the appropriate place for such fine details). I'm reverting again, please actually read my edit summaries in the future. Peter238 (talk) 04:24, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I am not ignoring what you say, I just don't understand your point, and it doesn't make sense to me. In my language a centralized /ɛ/ (æ) is not the same than a centralized /ɔ/ (ɒ), or a plain /a/ is not the same than a harmonised /a/... — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 04:32, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Therefore, based on the difference of these sounds I will revert you, and just because for me and many Valencians they are not the same — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 04:34, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * IMO if a stressed /ɛ/ (like in Miquel) is described as a type of near-open near-front unrounded vowel, a harmonised final /a/ (preceded by a stressed /ɛ/) would be slightly more centralized than /ɛ/ in Miquel. Also a derived word like Micalet or Miquelet would have more centralization than the original term "Miquel". Do you understand me? — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 05:39, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * This article is about the vowel which has the quality, not Valencian and all of its vowel allophones. The argument "ąs I say they are different sounds, unless you split the page and add a new vowel to represent this one this should be displayed here" is invalid, you should pick up the sound that is most similar to the default IPA value of  and list it here, and ignore the less similar sound (listing all of them on Valencian is perfectly ok). No specific dialect has more than one example in our vowel/consonant articles, so we definitely should not be making exception in case of Valencian. Any thoughts from other editors? Peter238 (talk) 06:20, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Who is saying this article is for Valencian and all its allophones? IMO if a language has several allophones we can add them, also AFAIK this article includes several qualities surrounding . If Valencian has several allophones for /a/ that are close to ɐ but are not the same since most people can see the difference, it's not our fault, it's how nature has made us — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 06:36, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm not talking about fault or lack thereof, I'm saying that what you're proposing is an overkill. Peter238 (talk) 07:43, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * That's how is the reality Peter. I'm also doing the same than when I added the Spanish ɸ, which is also similar to what other users do with the languages they know. The problem with the Valencian /a/ is that we lack specific articles like the near-open near-front/back vowels, but that's ok for me. — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 08:24, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

Since asked for outside opinions, here's one. It seems like this same situation occurs with a lot of languages: where the language has multiple phonemes or allophones that could be all be listed in the same phone page. For instance, for an extreme example, Ubykh has five uvular stop phonemes:. So, Ubykh should get to have five examples at voiceless uvular stop, but only one example is listed: (I guess that's a case of ). So, if Ubykh gets only one example, why should Valencian have more than one?

Ubykh is an extreme case, but many languages have unaspirated and aspirated stops,, or plain and palatalized,. Currently all these variants aren't listed, though they are often explained in the Notes column. If Valencian gets two examples, then all these other languages should get as many examples as they could have, and there will be a lot of work to do, and the lists will be very long.

I did have a crazy idea for a compromise. What if there's a short example that showcases both of these Valencian -like vowels? Not sure if that's possible, but whatever. — Eru·tuon 09:04, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I understand your explanation Eru and I see you prefer to summarise certain stuff. IMO it's difficult to do this now since we include many allophones/variants that are labelled as ɐ (and not only these allophones and this article, but others too). Also an abbreviation with just two sounds would hide the main realizations about the Valencian harmonization processes (unlike Murcian which displays 5 types of harmony). I would agree with three examples (i.e. a plain /a/, a centralised ɛ, and a centralised ɔ – as it's displayed now). As you can see I didn't include the palatalized/velarized allophones as they're more complex (and I think the substitution of terra (tèrrè) / festa (fèstè) for Miquelet (Micalet) already summarises certain processes). I have a question, if the Iberian languages have a specific section for the alveolar retracted sibilants, why don't we have space for the sounds of Ubykh? I don't think that's fair. — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 10:12, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your input, Erutuon. If it's possible then yes, it's a good idea. If it's not, then I propose the following: one Valencian example, with the following note: "Main realization of . It can be slightly lowered in stressed position or in contact with liquids. Also appears as an allophone of unstressed and  during vowel harmony processes."

 * If the vowel is near-front, we can simply list it on near-open front unrounded vowel (near-open near-front vowels are already there - see Estonian, Maastrichtian Limburgish). If it's near-back, list it on open back unrounded vowel (near-open near-back vowels are already there - see Belgian Standard Dutch, Maastrichtian Limburgish; see also Estonian, Finnish that have near-open back vowels).

 * Allowing two Valencian examples here creates a precedence and also a massive amount of work - after all, to be fair, we would have to list all variants of a certain sound from a specific language, otherwise that would indeed be unfair. Are you willing to do that? I'm certainly not.

 * What I don't like is that JaumeR, instead of discussing the issue here, is imposing such a precedence by edit warring instead of waiting for a consensus to include two Valencian examples. What makes that edit warring much stranger is that neither of those examples is sourced. So, technically, anyone could remove them both.

 * Iberian languages do not have a specific section for the alveolar retracted sibilants, it's just that the majority of the languages listed there are (or may be, I haven't counted that) Iberian. So there's no unfairness. Peter238 (talk) 17:27, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I beg your pardon? I am not imposing anything, I just act according to honesty, and... what's the matter with you, can't you see these are different processes with different vowels in different environments? The examples clearly correspond to different realizations, just like Spanish include several examples for ɸ (Voiceless bilabial fricative, voiceless bilabial approximant) with several graphs or like English has several ɐ. And we have a source for the example Miquelet and the plain /a/. I'll add it tonight or tomorrow.
 * The vowel /ɛ ~ e/ is not near front in Miquelet but central, Miquel (like set 'seven') has a near-open near-front unrounded vowel (which according to the wikipedia is also found in Norfolk English). — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 19:19, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * English examples are typically from many dialects, not all from the same dialect. The two examples of from North-Central Peninsular Spanish are probably breaking the rule of not including more than one example from a language variety, and one of the examples should be removed. — Eru·tuon 19:33, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * For "impose", see (or ) and.
 * What you are failing to see is that this article is not about Valencian and its vowel processes. We shouldn't devote more space for Valencian than for other languages. Peter238 (talk) 19:23, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I know the definition of that Latinate term as I am from Southern Europe and I am a Romance speaker. We don't have more space for Valencian than for other languages. Have you seen how much space English or Spanish use (e.g. ɸ)? — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 19:29, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oh right, well then we can change the dialect, and add Northwestern Catalan (i.e all Western Catalan dialects) as /ɛ/ also becomes centralised there. In Northwestern Catalonia however there are not rounded allophones for coda /a/, except in Occitan/Aranese where (I think) final /a/ may approach to ɔ or o in some cases. — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 19:40, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * But AFAICS we're talking only about the table for the unrounded vowel. The table for the rounded vowel is another story. Peter238 (talk) 19:45, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes [ɞ̞] is another story as it occurs in a different environment. A centralised /ɛ/ (or æ) is different, as it also affects /ɛ ~ e/, and a plain /a/ is just an "a".  — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 19:54, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * If you don't like Miquelet (i.e. derived from Miquel) as an example, we could always replace it by Vicenteta (derived from Vicenta) — Jɑuмe (dis-me) 20:04, 1 March 2016 (UTC)

The source doesn't match the content for Arabic
No part of the Arabic example and explanation "Allophone of short /a/ in unstressed syllables for Persian Gulf speakers." is to be found in the source provided. Furthermore, "Persian Gulf speakers" is an ambiguous term as it can refer to Gulf Arabic or the dialects of Peninsular Arabic (including Gulf Arabic). --KoveytBud (talk) 01:37, 18 April 2017 (UTC)
 * If you find a ref falsification, WP:BEBOLD and remove it. Mr KEBAB (talk) 02:09, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

Icelandic?
I noticed the absence of Icelandic in the chart. I don't know of any reliable sources for this, but just from listening it seems like unstressed /a/ is often realized in Icelandic as [ɐ]. The Icelandic phonology article doesn't mention this, and I haven't found any specific reliable sources. Anyone else hear this?162.247.45.152 (talk) 18:08, 6 July 2017 (UTC)
 * You answered yourself: it's not here because nobody is aware of a source that discusses what you're talking about. Some amount of mid-centralization of unstressed vowels is to be expected in pretty much any language that has relatively few (or a moderate amount of) vowels. Plus, Icelandic has no contrastive unrounded vowel near the space, which opens up the possibility of -raising in unstressed contexts. Mr KEBAB (talk) 18:25, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

This page doesn't need to exist
All this does is create an extra step in getting readers to the right information. I'm nominating this for deletion and redirecting Ɐ (IPA) to Near-open central unrounded vowel which is where it needs to go per IPA. Pariah24 (talk) 17:33, 3 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Per IPA? $\langle\rangle$ has an undefined roundedness... Mr KEBAB (talk) 17:35, 3 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Well regardless both articles use the exact same audio. Please see my AfD entry. Pariah24 (talk) 17:48, 3 September 2017 (UTC)
 * AFAIK Pariah24 has changed his mind and so I'll close the AfD discussion and remove the tag. Mr KEBAB (talk) 19:38, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

Relevant discussion at Talk:Mid central vowel
--mach 🙈🙉🙊 17:00, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

Is the sound clip correct?
I find it hard to believe that this sound clip in this article is actually of the near-open central vowel. It sounds very different to my ears from how this vowel is pronounced in the languages and dialects I speak (British English and European Portuguese), nor does it sound like any of the vowels I hear in the small russian clip found in this same article. To my ears it is far closer to an open central vowel.

Is this a mistake? Is there a better quality clip that could be used instead? 80.2.140.122 (talk) 13:54, 7 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I concur... at least that the sound clip for /ɐ/ sound fishily near-identical to the one for /ʌ/. Wolfdog (talk) 23:21, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * There's possibly been a discussion about this already elsewhere, but it's not on this talk page, so I'm going to change it to another one. Tell me if this sounds right. Wolfdog (talk) 23:25, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * See Help talk:IPA. Nardog (talk) 23:28, 11 March 2021 (UTC)

The example for Vietnamese is wrong
As a Vietnamese, the example "chếch" is wrong. ê is pronounced like e (Close-mid front unrounded vowel).

A correct example would be "ba" (translation in English is the number three) Kevingb1 (talk) 17:34, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Near-open central vowel


text:
Talk:Dennis Hart Mahan

Untitled
Text of the article was obtained from public domain site. Darwinek 15:30, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Which one? —Viriditas | Talk 08:22, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, it was three years ago but I think it was www.nps.gov . - Darwinek (talk) 11:44, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, it looks like the text has been changed since then. Are you still interested in working on this article?  I wanted to add a list of major works by Mahan and discuss his legacy. —Viriditas | Talk 23:07, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * No problem, go ahead. - Darwinek (talk) 23:12, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dennis Hart Mahan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080515195331/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ma/Mahan-De.html to http://www.bartleby.com/65/ma/Mahan-De.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:39, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

Highlighting Mahan's civil engineering background Comment
I will be adding some material to highlight Mahan's civil engineering background as part of Wikiproject civil engineering. Cheers ... Risk Engineer (talk) 16:18, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dennis Hart Mahan


text:
Talk:List of extreme points of Italy

Merger
Geography of Italy already has a section on the vertical extremes of the country. The lateral extremes should be handled in the same way, and in the same article, where they will have context. Uncle G 15:40, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * This is part of a series of articles. See, for instance, Extreme points of the United Kingdom or Extreme points of the world for examples of how this article can grow.  The Geography of Italy article is a mess which provides little content and should link to this page. Warofdreams 17:23, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it is not. The fact that the article where this belongs is a "mess" is not an excuse to fork a sub-topic.  If you see a mess be bold and clean it up.  Don't fork a new article to get away from it.  Extreme points of the United Kingdom is a sub-topic broken out of Geography of the United Kingdom because the parent article is rather large.  That is not the case with Geography of Italy, and so there is no parallel.  Extreme points of the world only exists because "the world" is not specific to a country, and again there is no parallel.  There is no "Extreme points of" series here.  What there is is a series of individual country articles (India, Italy, United Kingdom, &c.) with "Geography of" articles broken out of their geography sections (Geography of India, Geography of Italy, Geography of the United Kingdom &c.).  In rare cases the "Geography of" articles have themselves grown big enough for their own sections to likewise spawn their own break-out articles (e.g. Economic geography of the United Kingdom).  This is not the case here.  Geography of Italy is still relatively tiny, and this text belongs there, not least because it is about the geography of Italy. Uncle G 17:49, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * There are a whole series of extreme points of X articles. If this is merged, (almost) all of them should be too.  But I see no benefit from doing so, and nobody has suggested it in the many months since the first were created.  If you insist on merging, please hold a vote for all the articles for consistency. Warofdreams
 * Oppose. The article has a well-defined subject and is extendable, see Extreme points of the United Kingdom for an example. mikka (t) 00:18, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Suggestions. How about we set up a sort of "infobox" template to hold "extreme points" data? The "Extreme points of..." series seems to me to be a good candidate for this sort of treatment as the type of information is generally pretty standard. If such "infoboxes" are done, they might be easier to included in the corresponding "Geography of..." articles without reducing readability. On the other hand, perhaps there should even be a series of separate articles "Geographical data for..." that could be an expanded version of the "Extreme points of..." articles, to include the vertcal high/low, longest river, largest lake, etc. Does anyone have any views? --A bit iffy 11:51, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm concerned that an infobox with this information would be unduly long. Could you mock up an example?  thanks, Warofdreams talk 14:02, 27 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Warofdreams, here you are. What do you think? I'd welcome anyone's views on the viability of this, and prettifying/expansion/reformatting etc. Any sort of feedback is welcome, really. NB: I got the data for the highest and lowest points from Geography of Italy, and promptly removed them from there as the information seems suspect. So the Geography of Italy is not just a mess, it appears wrong as well. --A bit iffy 12:25, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Your table looks very nice. Is there a way of including the extreme points of the mainland and any necessary notes (which this article does not have but many others in the series do)?  Or do you envisage this kind of information being written out in the Geography of ... article? Warofdreams talk 00:19, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Sorry for delay, xxxx - this is quite a slow process, isn't it! I tend to contribute to WP in small bits and pieces during odd moments, so I can't usually do extended contributions.

Here's another infobox. I've based this one on Extreme points of Ireland as it has notes, and these are just examples anyway.

I envisage these probably going in the main "Geography of..." articles as I don't think they take up too much of the screen's real estate, Also, things like standardised boxes do make the article easier to read by compartmentalising the information.

These are the first ones I've ever done, and I've found they're amazingly simple! I suppose if we do implement something like this, it would make sense to formally create the corresponding template so that similar infoboxes can be done for other countries/regions.

Also, I do think there is a case for things like dedicated "Geographical data for..." articles. These could include not just these infoboxes, northermost settlements, southernmost, etc., and maybe even things like largest lake, largest city, longest river - there's quite a scope here.

Merger, again
I'm working on Geography of Italy, and I think I will proceed with the merger of this article into that one, like in Geography of Germany. Extreme points of the United Kingdom is a special case, since it specifies extreme points for all the states of the country, that is not the case with Italy. --Ita140188 (talk) 21:41, 18 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I disagree. The decision was based on the poor status at the time ([see]) but that was not the correct way to structure these article type. In these typology should be listed not only overall state geographic latitude and longitude extreme points, but mainland and regioni one's too, like Brazil's article. It is possible to add extreme settlements also. Moreover, extreme points are elevation ones too, like in Extreme points of Switzerland, another country with few or no islands at all. When all this data are present, the list is too specific to be part of the global country article and IMHO should be a separate article. --EH101 (talk) 11:06, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
 * In this sandbox the new proposed version of this page, expanded with first overwiew over the Mont Blanc dispute. I will continue expanding the sandbox that IMHO deserves an own article since now. --EH101 (talk) 11:59, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
 * If you can substantially expand the section with useful and encyclopedic information, then sure it makes sense to split the section in a different article in the future. Until then, I think the section should stay here, to avoid the proliferation of unnecessary short articles and per WP:SPLIT. --Ita140188 (talk) 12:23, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Ok. Working oh the matter I just discovered there is a dispute on the Mount Bianco status (there is a dedicated article on it.wiki here). Waiting for a specific article on en.wiki, if I briefly expand the story, the situation will suggest to split the extreme point section from the global geography article. Keep looking at the sandbox and give your opinion.--EH101 (talk) 15:31, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Splitting, again
As stated one year ago, now the article has an own specific identity giving report to Mount Bianco summit dispute. --EH101 (talk) 18:03, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of extreme points of Italy


text:
Dicksonia antarctica

Dicksonia antarctica, the soft tree fern or man fern, is a species of evergreen tree fern native to eastern Australia, ranging from south-east Queensland, coastal New South Wales and Victoria to Tasmania.

Anatomy and biology
These ferns can grow to 15 m in height, but more typically grow to about 4.5 - 5 m, and consist of an erect rhizome forming a trunk. They are very hairy at the base of the stipe (adjoining the trunk) and on the crown. The large, dark green, roughly-textured fronds spread in a canopy of 2 - 6 m in diameter. The shapes of the stems vary as some grow curved and there are multi-headed ones. The fronds are borne in flushes, with fertile and sterile fronds often in alternating layers.

The "trunk" of this fern is merely the decaying remains of earlier growth of the plant and forms a medium through which the roots grow. The trunk is usually solitary, without runners, but may produce offsets. They can be cut down and, if they are kept moist, the top portions can be replanted and will form new roots. The stump, however, will not regenerate since it is dead organic matter. In nature, the fibrous trunks are hosts for a range of epiphytic plants including other ferns and mosses.

The fern grows at 3.5 to 5 cm per year and produces spores at the age of about 20 years.

Reproduction
Reproduction by this species is primarily from spores, but it can also be grown from plantlets occurring around the base of the rhizome.

In cultivation, it can also be grown as a "cutting", a method not to be encouraged unless the tree-fern is doomed to die in its present position. This involves sawing the trunk through, usually at ground level, and removing the fronds; the top part will form roots and regrow, but the base will die.

Habitat
The fern grows on damp, sheltered woodland slopes and moist gullies, and they occasionally occur at high altitudes in cloud forests. Dicksonia antarctica is the most abundant tree fern in South Eastern Australia.

The plant can grow in acid, neutral and alkaline soils. It can grow in semi-shade. It strongly resents drought or dryness at the roots, and does best in moist soil. Dicksonia antarctica is a long lived species in comparison to the trees that also grow in its natural habitat. While it does best in the dappled shade of other trees, it must also be able to survive high light intensities when a forest gap is created by the fall a tree. It also shows adaptation to fire with the trunk and top of the plant being quite resistant to damage.

Cultivation
Dicksonia antarctica grows best in areas of rainfall of over 1,000 mm per year but in lower rainfall areas does well in moist gullies. It is tolerant of fire and re-shoots readily after re-location. It can provide habitat for epiphytes and also provides shelter for more delicate fern species to flourish underneath.

Plant in organic soils and ensure the fern is kept mulched and watered. Dicksonia antarctica generally requires a minimum rainfall of 500 mm (20 inches) per year. In dry climates, a drip irrigation or spray system applied overhead is the most effective method of watering.

It is best to leave old fronds on the plant in order to protect the trunk from cold and desiccation. Winter protection of the trunk is recommended during prolonged or severe cold weather.

This plant is particularly suited to garden planting and landscaping purposes. As an ornamental plant, it is hardy to about -5 C, succeeding outdoors in the milder areas of Britain where it thrives and often self-sows in Cornish and Scottish west coast gardens. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Harvesting
Large Dicksonia antarctica available for sale come from old growth Tasmanian forests, and may be hundreds of years old. The trunks are also available legally from local suppliers who licence collection of minor species from Forestry Tasmania, the State Government GBE who manage forestry.

Edibility
The soft tree fern can be used as a food source, with the pith of the plant being eaten either cooked or raw. It is a good source of starch.

The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that "The pulp of the top of the trunk is full of starch, and is eaten by the aboriginals [sic.] both raw and roasted. The native blacks [sic.] of the colony used to split open about a foot and a-half of the top of the trunk, and take out the heart, in substance resembling a Swedish turnip, and of the thickness of a man's arm. This they either roasted in the ashes, or ate as bread; but it is too bitter and astringent to suit an English palate. (Gunn)"

title: Dicksonia antarctica


text:
Sphaeropteris cooperi

Sphaeropteris cooperi, synonym Cyathea cooperi, also known as  lacy tree fern, scaly tree fern, or Cooper's tree fern, is a tree fern native to Australia, in New South Wales and Queensland.

Description
Sphaeropteris cooperi is a medium-to-large fast growing tree fern, to 15 m in height with a 12 in thick trunk. The apex of the trunk and unfurling crosiers are particularly attractive, covered as they are with conspicuous long, silky, straw colored scales. The crown is widely spread and the light green fronds may reach a length of 4 - 6 m. It can also very rarely be found in the colour of a pale pink with an orange stripe going down the middle. This is extremely rare and can be worth about 2,000 dollars.

Cultivation
Sphaeropteris cooperi is one of the most commonly cultivated tree ferns as an ornamental plant. It is used in gardens and public landscaping. It is hardy and easy to grow. Heavy frosts may kill the fronds, but plants recover quickly. The plant prefers protected, shady moist conditions but can be grown in sunny areas. It does not do well in full sun and must be well watered. It does not grow in its optimal form in full sun.

Under its synonym Cyathea cooperi it has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

It is sometimes mislabeled in the nursery industry as "Cyathea australis" (a synonym of Alsophila australis).

Habitat
It has naturalised in Western Australia, South Australia, and parts of New South Wales where it is not native. It has also naturalized in New Zealand, South Africa, Tanzania, the Mascarene Islands, the Azores, Madeira and Hawaii, where it is classified as an invasive species.

title: Sphaeropteris cooperi


text:
Birthright: The Book of Man

Birthright: The Book of Man is a science fiction novel (or a novel-like series of vignettes) by American writer Mike Resnick, published in 1982. It describes the fictional history of humanity's conquest of the galaxy that serves as environment for a number of the author's other novels.

Plot summary
Birthright spans a timeline of nearly 17 millennia, beginning at a very early stage of expansion from Earth and ending with the death of the last humans. In between, it chronicles a slow but (despite some set-backs) steady conquest of the entire galaxy - inhabited by thousands of sentient alien races, which are overpowered and oppressed using whatever tool it takes: economic pressure, diplomatic finesse, or simple military power.

Not all chapters deal with humanity's treatment of aliens; some also cover the "internal" politics that result in a development of the growing human empire from a democracy to a monarchy. But the biggest theme is undeniably the search for the elusive quality that allows humanity to overcome all opposition and manage the unique feat of conquering the entire galaxy. It is never clearly defined but manifests perhaps most succinctly when it also results in the failure of an attempt to cross the void between galaxies.

Then, after there is no more room for conquest, the only way left is down: internal struggles as well as deep-seated resentment of aliens result in a decline of human power that takes nearly as long as the rise, but is described far less extensively. Somehow, despite whatever enabled humans to achieve total power, they were unable to keep it.

One of the chapters reveals the "literary genre of fiction" as another of humanity's peculiarities, not shared by any alien race.

Form
The book is structured into 26 chapters, each of which forms a complete story, with no characters shared between chapters. At first glance, this looks like a collection of short stories, but the individual stories clearly exist only to form a bigger picture. This impression is reinforced by the linear placement of the stories at key events in the overall timeline.

Each chapter bears the name of a human group or profession on whose contribution to the overall storyline the chapter is focused, such as "The Cartographers", "The Artists", "The Priests".

Furthermore, most of the chapters are prefaced by excerpts from two history textbooks (one written by a human, one by aliens) corresponding to the events described in the chapter. Compared with the "first hand" information the reader gains in the chapters, both sources show a substantial bias in their interpretation of the events while often being in direct contradiction.

Inspiration and relation to other works
The book's narrative describes a historical framework which serves as a setting for a number of Resnick's other works of fiction, including the novels Ivory, A Miracle of Rare Design, and Santiago.

The story is inspired by Resnick's personal interest in Africa. Humanity's behavior and motivation is a direct continuation of 16th to 19th century European colonialism and imperialism: ruthless exploitation and domination of other cultures, justified by an ideology of racial superiority. Birthright is based on the speculation that this behavior could be a fundamental trait of humans, which would be exhibited in just the same way towards extraterrestrial aliens. The later part is apparently based on the rather less speculative notion that seemingly invincible empires can and invariably do crumble and disappear, often quite quickly. History provides numerous examples, including Ancient Rome, the Mongol and British Empires and the domain of Alexander the Great.

title: Birthright: The Book of Man


text:
User:Romihaitza

 * ro:Utilizator:Romihaitza

ro:Utilizator:Romihaitza

title: User:Romihaitza


text:
Odofredus

Odofredus (died 3 December 1265) was an Italian jurist. He was born in Ostia and moved to Bologna, studying law under Jacobus Balduinus and Franciscus Accursius. After working as an advocate in Italy and France, he became a law professor in Bologna in 1228. The commentaries on Roman law attributed to him are valuable as showing the growth of the study of law in Italy, and for their biographical details of the jurists of the 12th and 13th centuries. Odofredus died at Bologna in 1265.

Odofredus is famous for the personal remarks with which he sprinkled his teaching, often introduced by Or signori, "Listen, gentlemen". Perhaps his most famous saying is: "Everybody wants to know, but nobody wants to know the price of knowledge."

Works

Under his name appeared the following works, which had already been printed in the late fifteenth century:
 * Lecturae in Codicem (Lyons, 1480)
 * Lecturae in Digestum Vetus (Paris, 1504)
 * Summa de libellis formandis (Strassburg, 1510)
 * Lecturae in Tres Libros (Venice, 1514)
 * Lecturae in Digestum Novum (Lyons, 1552)
 * Lecturae in Digestum Novum (Lyons, 1552)

title: Odofredus


text:
File:Lagwagon Trashed.jpg

Summary
Cover for the album Trashed by Lagwagon

Rationale of fair use for Trashed

 * 1) No free or public domain images have been located for this album.
 * 2) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the album in any way.
 * 4) For an article about an album, the cover artwork is very important and adds significantly to the article.
 * 5) The image is of lower resolution than the original cover. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, and could not be used as artwork on illegal CD or vinyl copies of the album.
 * 6) This image is used on various websites, so its use on Wikipedia does not make it significantly more accessible than it already is. The cover is being used for informational purposes only.

title: File:Lagwagon Trashed.jpg


text:
K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen

Koninklijke Patro Eisden Maasmechelen is a Belgian football club from the municipality of Maasmechelen in Limburg. The club play in Challenger Pro League, the second tier of Belgian football.

History
The original club name was V.V. Patro Eisden until 1992 when it was changed to K. Patro Eisden. In 1998, it was again changed to K. Maasland Maasmechelen in the hope of gaining supporters from the whole Maasland region. In 2001 the team adopted the current name after signing a deal with Roda JC.

The club finished 17th in the 2004–05 second division season but was relegated as it did not receive the professional football license. It was suggested that the club should play in the promotion (and even in provincial leagues) as it was both sportively (17th) and financially (no license) relegated but the Belgian Football Association finally decided it must play in the third division for the 2005–06 season. The FA changed the decision eventually. Following this, the club changed its name again to K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen starting the 2005–06 season in the fourth division.

On 20 May 2023, Patro Eisden secured the title of Belgian National Division 1 2022–23 after defeating Dessel Sport 3–0 on Final Day in Matchweek 38 and was thus promoted to Challenger Pro League from 2023 to 2024.

Honours

 * Belgian National Division
 * Champions (1): 2022–23

title: K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen


text:
Talk:List of ROH Pure Champions

I have taken the title history found on ROH Pure Championship and placed it here. I tried to put it into a table but the title defences section hasnt come out right, so if anyone can think of a better way to do it; please do. If not, shall i remove the defences? Paulley 15:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of ROH Pure Champions


text:
Sisters' Islands

Sisters' Islands are two of the Southern Islands in Singapore and are located to the south of the main island of Singapore, off the Straits of Singapore. It can be reached via a boat ride from Marina South Pier or West Coast Pier.

Big Sister's Island, about 39,000 m2 in area and also known as Pulau Subar Laut in Malay, faces the open sea, while Little Sister's Island, about 17,000 m2 in area and also known as Pulau Subar Darat in Malay, faces the mainland. The two islands are separated by a narrow channel. Currents through this channel can be very dangerous to swimmers and divers.

Legends
There are three legends on how the Sisters's Islands come about.

The first version tells of two orphaned daughters, Minah and Linah, who stayed with their uncle on an island. One day, Linah met some pirates when fetching water from a well near the sea. The pirates chased her home and at her home, the pirate chief demanded to marry Linah the next day. On the next day, the pirates forcibly took Linah from her home and took her onto their boat. A storm broke out while Minah gave chase to rescue Linah and swam after the boat. While swimming after the boat, Minah drowned. Linah broke free from the pirates and jumped into the sea after Minah and subsequently drowned also. The storm stopped but the sisters could not be found. On the next day, two islands appeared where the two sisters were last seen.

Another version of the legend stated that the sisters were being blown away by the storm and each landed on one of the islands, and hence the name Sisters' Islands.

A third version of the legend said that there were two sisters who drowned at sea. The elder sister tried to save the younger sister but both drowned. God was touched by their love for one another and transformed both into two little islands so they could be together forever.

The two islands, called Pulau Subar Laut and Pulau Subar Darat, was then known as the Sisters' Islands. It was said that every year on that very day when the sisters turned into islands, there will always be storm and rain.

Present
The beaches and warm blue waters make snorkeling a favourite activity at the islands. The islands are also popular with picnickers and campers and are also home to some of Singapore's richest reefs. A wide variety of corals can be found in the waters surrounding the islands. Common sea life that can be found includes hard corals, nudibranchs and octopus. Big Sister's Island is home to some long-tailed macaques.

Pulau Subar Laut, meaning Big Sister Island, is open to the public while Pulau Subar Darat, meaning Small Sister Island, is not open to the public due to a turtle hatchery located there.

Sisters’ Islands Marine Park
In July 2014, National Parks Board announced plans for a marine park on the islands. The park, known as the Sisters’ Islands Marine Park, is 160,000 m2 which encompasses the land and waters surrounding the islands, and also covers the western coasts of both St John’s Island and Pulau Tekukor.

The park, which is managed by National Parks Board, allows visitors to appreciate and understand Singapore’s marine habitats, through guided walks and the dive trails where divers can register with an approved dive operator. A Marine Park Public Gallery was set up at St. John’s Island to showcase the biodiversity in Singapore waters and is an alternative site for visitors to learn more about the marine life of Singapore.

title: Sisters' Islands


text:
List of Chinese musical instruments

Chinese musical instruments are traditionally grouped into eight categories known as bā yīn (八音). The eight categories are silk, bamboo, wood, stone, metal, clay, gourd and skin; other instruments considered traditional exist that may not fit these groups. The grouping of instruments in material categories in China is one of the first musical groupings ever devised.

Silk (絲)
Silk (絲) instruments are mostly stringed instruments (including those that are plucked, bowed, and struck). Since ancient times, the Chinese have used twisted silk for strings, though today metal or nylon are more frequently used. Instruments in the silk category include:

Combined

 * Wenqin (文琴) – a combination of the erhu, konghou, sanxian and guzheng with 50 or more steel strings.
 * Qingzhou cuoqin (青州挫琴) – strucked and bowed zither from Shandong, China.

Bamboo (竹)
Bamboo (竹) mainly refers to woodwind instruments, which includes;

Wood (木)
Most wood (木) instruments are percussion instruments of the ancient variety:

Stone (石)
The stone (石) category comprises various forms of stone chimes.

Playing contexts
Chinese instruments are either played solo, collectively in large orchestras (as in the former imperial court) or in smaller ensembles (in teahouses or public gatherings). Normally, there is no conductor in traditional Chinese music, nor any use of musical scores or tablature in performance. Music was generally learned aurally and memorized by the musician(s) beforehand, then played without aid. As of the 20th century, musical scores have become more common, as has the use of conductors in larger orchestral-type ensembles.

Musical instruments in use in the 1800s
These watercolour illustrations, made in China in the 1800s, show several types of musical instruments being played:

title: List of Chinese musical instruments


text:
O'Donnell dynasty

The O'Donnell dynasty (Ó Dónaill or Ó Domhnaill, Ó Doṁnaill or Ua Domaill; meaning "descendant of Dónal") were the dominant Irish clan of the kingdom of Tyrconnell in Ulster in the north of medieval and early modern Ireland.

Origins
Like the family of O'Neill, that of O'Donnell of Tyrconnell was of the Uí Néill, i.e. descended from Niall of the Nine Hostages, High King of Ireland at the beginning of the 5th century; the O'Neill, or Cenél nEógain, tracing their pedigree to Eógan mac Néill, and the O'Donnells, or Cenél Conaill, to Conall Gulban, both sons of Niall. Conall was baptised by St. Patrick.

Arms and motto
The Roman Emperor Constantine the Great converted to Christianity after a vision before the famous Battle of the Milvian Bridge, having seen a chi-rho in the sky, and thence the motto In Hoc Signo Vinces, telling him he would be victorious with the sign of the cross. The chi-rho was adopted on a banner, the labarum, upheld on a vexillum, which resembled a Christian cross, and in time the motto became associated with the Cross all over Europe. Legend has it that St. Patrick struck the shield of Conall, son of King Niall of the Nine Hostages, with his crosier, called Bachal Isu (the staff of Jesus) inscribing thereon a sign of the cross and told him the same, and baptized him. According to the Life and Acts of Saint Patrick (chapter 138), commissioned by Sir John de Courcy and written by Jocelyn of Furness (c. 1185 AD), St. Patrick took his staff, known as the staff of Jesus, or Bacall Iosa, and struck the shield of Prince Conall, rendering a sign of the Cross on it, “et mox cum baculo suo, qui baculus Jesu dicebatur Crucis signum ejus scuto impressit, asserens neminem de stirpe ejus in bello vincendum qui signum illud”, and thus indicating that he and his offspring would henceforth be victorious in battle if they followed that sign This legend is also described several centuries later in the Lebhar Inghine i Dhomhnaill. His land became Tír Chonaill, Tyrconnell, the land of Conall.

Conall's Constantinian shield, and this motto, have been the main O’Donnell arms in various forms, through the centuries. The motto also appears prominently placed as a motto on a ribbon unfurled with a passion cross to its left, beneath a window over the Scala Regia, adjacent to Bernini's equestrian statue of Emperor Constantine, in the Vatican. Emperors and other monarchs, having paid respects to the Pope, descended the Scala Regia, and would observe the light shining down through the window, with the motto, reminiscent of Constantine's vision, and be reminded to follow the Cross. They would thence turn right into the atrium of St. Peter's Basilica, ostensibly so inspired. In an earlier version (before Bernini's renovations in the mid-17th century), something similar may have resonated with and been observed by Prince Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell following his visit to Pope Paul V (at the Palazzo Quirinale) in Rome, just prior to his death in 1608. It would certainly have resonated with and been observed by Cardinal Patrick O'Donnell.

Territory
Tyrconnell, the territory named after the Cenel Conaill, is the vast territory where the O'Donnells held sway, comprised the greater part of the modern county of Donegal except the peninsula of Inishowen. But it also included areas outside Donegal, such as the baronies of Carbury in County Sligo, Rosclogher in County Leitrim, and Magheraboy and Firlurg in County Fermanagh, and part of southern County Londonderry, hence it straddled the modern Republic of Ireland and also part of Northern Ireland in the UK. The jewel in the O'Donnell crown was Donegal Castle, one of seven O'Donnell castles, and now a national monument partially restored by the Office of Public Works. Tyrconnell also, therefore, bordered on territory ruled by the O'Neills of Tyrone, who were periodically attempting to assert their claim of supremacy over it, and hence the history of the O'Donnells is, for the most part, a record of clan warfare with their powerful neighbours, and of their own efforts to make good their claims to the overlordship of northern Connacht, and a wider swathe of Ulster. Nonetheless, Tyrconnell existed for a period as an independent kingdom, recognised by King Henry III of England.

Ascendancy
Gofraidh Ó Domhnaill, the first chieftain, was son of Domhnall Mór Ó Domhnaill. In 1257, Gofraidh was victorious when he went to battle at Creadran-Cille against Maurice FitzGerald. Upon Gofraidh's death, subsequent to wounds incurred during the battle against Ó Néill, he was succeeded in the chieftainship by his brother Domhnall Óg, who returned from Scotland in time to withstand successfully the demands of Ó Néill. Over time, the O'Donnell King of Tyrconnell became known as the Fisher-King, on the Continent, ostensibly due to the export of fish traded for wine in La Rochelle.

Patronage by the O'Donnell dynasty
The O'Donnells were patrons of the arts, literature, and of religious benefices. In particular, one, Manus, wrote the biography of ColmCille (St. Columba). They also were the patrons of the Franciscans in Donegal Abbey. They also exercised "jus patronus" to nominate bishops.

In the early 14th century A.D., the O'Donnell rulers aided Templar knights fleeing via Sligo and Tyrconnell to Scotland where a Templar priory existed at Ballymote, a Percival family estate for the last 300 years.

The O’Donnell rulers of Tyrconnell are also noted for having in the late 12th century given sanctuary to the Donlevy dynasty of Ulaid (Ulster), after their kingdom had fallen to John de Courcy in 1177. It is in Tyrconnell that a branch of the Donlevy's became known as the MacNulty's, deriving from the Irish Mac an Ultaigh, meaning "son of the Ulsterman", in reference to their former kingdom of Ulaid. During the Donlevy exile in Tyrconnell, The O’Donnell gave them the high Gaelic status of “ollahm leighis”  or his official physicians.

It was in fact two of these deposed MacDonlevy (> MacNulty) royals and Roman Catholic priests thereto exiled in Tyrconnell, Fathers Muiris Ulltach in full Muiris mac Donnchadh Ulltach Ó Duinnshléibhe and Muiris Ulltach in full Muiris mac Seaán Ulltach Ó Duinnshléibhe, who both along with the Archbishop of Tuam attended Hugh Roe O'Donnell (aka Red Hugh O’Donnell), The O'Donnell of 1601 Kinsale fame, in his exile at his death bed at Simancas Castle in Spain in 1602. And, it was, in turn, an Irish Count O’Donnell, who compassionately married the widow (d. 1708) of Don-Levi, a Jacobite (Jacobitism) and, thereby, on James II of England's and his French allied's failure to reclaim his British crowns, the last The MacDonlevy to sit in Ireland (departed 1691), after this prince died in exile with the Stuarts in France at the Archbishopric of Treves. This union of the MacDonlevy and the O'Donnell, though, bore no issue.

In the absence of these indulgences of the O’Donnell dynasty kings having maintained the MacDonlevy and MacNulty physicians as a dignified community, it is debatable whether they could have so influenced the course of western medicine, educating and training Niall Ó Glacáin (L. Nellanus Glacanus) in the medical arts, so he could later on the Continent apply empirical method to pioneer the field of forensic anatomy and pathology, first describe the petechial haemorrhages of the lung and swelling of the spleen incident of bubonic plague (Tractatus de Peste, 1629), and early elucidate the empirical method of differential diagnosis for the continental European medical community, and producing the medieval physician and medical scholar Cormac MacDonlevy translator from Latin to vernacular of Bernard de Gordon's Lilium Medicine, Gaulteris Agilon's De dosibus and Gui de Chuliac's Chirurgia.

Later in the early 13th century, the O’Donnell also gave succour to the Ó Cléirigh kings of Uí Fiachrach Aidhne. Onara Ultach was descended from the MacDonlevy (dynasty) royals of Ulidia (kingdom), who as above noted after the fall of that Ulster kingdom to the Anglo-Norman forces of Henry Plantagenet served as ollam lieghis or the official physicians to the O'Donnell kings of Tyrconnell. Onara married Donnchadh Ó Cléirigh, a son of the Chief of the name of the Ó Cléirigh family then also of Tyconnell. The Ó Cléirigh were too a learned Irish royal family that had lost their sub-kingdom in Uí Fiachrach Aidhne in what is today County Galway to the Anglo-Norman forces of Henry Plantagenet. The Ó Cléirigh then went into service of the O’Donnell as poet historians, scribes and secretaries or official bards, called in Irish language "ollam righ". Onara bore for Donnchadh a son Mícheál Ó Cléirigh (c. 1590 – 1643), anglicized Michael O’Cleary, who matured to become the principal author of the Annals of the Four Masters. But for the manifold grace of the O’Donnell, this union would never have occurred, and Michael O’Cleary never lived to memorialize this history of Gaelic Ireland.

Royal Household
The Royal Household was known in Gaelic as "Lucht Tighe" and comprised several offices that were performed on a hereditary basis by the heads and members of particular other families, for over four centuries.

 * Lector & Inaugurator of the Chieftaincy - O'Friel (Ó Frighil)
 * Gallowglass Marshalls & Standard - Bearers - McSweeney (Mac Suibhne)
 * Commanders of Cavalry - O'Gallagher (Ó Gallchobhair)
 * Custodians of the Cathach of St. Columba - Roarty (Mac Robhartaigh)
 * Historians and Scribes - O'Clery (Ó Cléirigh), formerly kings of Uí Fiachrach Aidhne
 * Brehons or Judges - Breslin (Ó Breaslain)
 * Bards & Poets - Ward (Mac an Bhaird)
 * Physicians - Donleavy (Mac Duinnshléibhe), formerly Kings of Ulster (Dál Fiatach of Ulaid)
 * Herenagh of church lands/Custodians of Donegal Castle & Ballyshannon Castle - McMenamin (Mac Meanman)
 * Stockmen/Cattle Drivers - Timoney (Ó Tiománaigh)

Later struggles and diaspora
The O'Donnells defeated the O'Neills in the 1522 Battle of Knockavoe. In 1541 Manus O'Donnell took part in the "Surrender and regrant" process. In 1567 the O'Donnells won the Battle of Farsetmore against the O'Neills, reconfirming their autonomy in Ulster. During the Nine Years' War of 1594-1603, the O'Donnells of Tyrconnell played a leading part, led by the famous Prince Red Hugh O'Donnell. Under his leadership, and that of his ally Hugh O'Neill, they advanced to Kinsale and laid siege to the English forces in anticipation of a Spanish invasion. En route, they implanted some O'Donnell kinsmen in Ardfert and Lixnaw to protect the territories of their ally, FitzMaurice, Lord of Kerry. The Battle of Kinsale was lost in 1601, heralding the end of the Gaelic order and Brehon Laws in Ireland, and the completion of the Elizabethan conquest. Following the Treaty of Mellifont of 1603 the new King James I pardoned Rory O'Donnell and created him Earl of Tyrconnell in the Irish peerage.

Rory then joined in the Flight of the Earls in 1607, which led to the title becoming attainted in 1614, and Tyrconnell and Ulster being colonised in the Plantation of Ulster. He died in exile in Rome on 28 July 1608.

Upon Rory O'Donnell's death in 1608, his son Hugh, who took the additional name Albert at his confirmation, under the patronage of Archduke Albert, succeeded to the title as 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell (which title was attainted in 1614 by the Crown but which attainder did not have any effect on his use of it in the Spanish realm) and thus the last titular earl of Tyrconnell was this Rory's son Hugh Albert, who died without heirs in 1642, and who by his will appointed Hugh Balldearg O'Donnell his heir. To a still elder branch belonged Daniel O'Donnell (1666–1735), a general of the Irish Brigade in the French service, whose father, Turlough, was a son of Hugh Duff O'Donnell, brother of Manus, son of an earlier Hugh Duff. Daniel served in the French army in the wars of the period, fighting against Duke of Marlborough at the battles of Oudenarde and Malplaquet at the head of an O'Donnell regiment.

Succession
The head of the clan was traditionally also called Ua Domhnaill ("The O'Donnell"), and inaugurated as Taoiseach (Chieftain) in an elaborate ceremony, under the Laws of Tanistry, part of the ancient Brehon Code of Law. Since the collapse of Gaelic Rule and the Brehon legal system, the putative succession of the "Chiefs of the Name" has followed the principle of male primogeniture.

On the basis of the information available at the time, the Chief Herald of Ireland recognised John O'Donel of the Larkfield branch as Chief of the Name, and he was so gazetted on 11 September 1945 in Iris Oifigiuil, bearing the courtesy title of "The O'Donnell", and who was later inaugurated as Chief of the Name, The O'Donnell (Ua Domhnaill) in County Donegal at the O'Donnell Clan rally at Easter 1954. His son was the last in the Larkfield line of Chiefs of the Name of O'Donnell of Tyrconnell, namely Fr. Hugh Ambrose O'Donel, O.F.M., who adopted the modern version of the name 'O'Donnell', a Franciscan priest in Killiney, retired from missionary work in Zimbabwe, who died on 11 July 2023. Although Fr. Hugh was never inaugurated as Chief of the Name, his Tánaiste (heir apparent) as The O'Donnell of Tyrconnell, Chief of the Name of O'Donnell, was commonly held to be S.E. The 7th Duke of Tetuan, a Grandee of Spain. The duke is also known as S.E. Don Hugo O'Donnell y Duque de Estrada - the latter appendant Duque de Estrada is not a title but a maternal family name. The Duke of Tetuan is an active member of the Clan Association of the O'Donnells of Tyrconnell, and a member of the nobiliary Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, i.e. a Knight of Malta. However, following the advice of the Attorney General, in 2003 the Genealogical Office discontinued the practice of recognising Chiefs of the Name.

Prominent O'Donnells

 * Maol Seachlainn Ó Domhnaill (d. 1247), An Ó Domhnaill (The O'Donnell), Rí (King) of Tyrconnell, son of King Domhnall Mór Ó Domhnaill
 * Gofraidh Ó Domhnaill (Godfrey O'Donnell; d. 1257), An Ó Domhnaill, King of Tyrconnell, son of Domhnall Mór Ó Domhnaill
 * Domhnaill Óg Ó Domhnaill (c. 1242–1281), An Ó Domhnaill, possibly 'enkinged' (inaugurated) as King of Tyrconnell in Raphoe Cathedral in 1258
 * Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill I (Red Hugh O'Donnell I), An Ó Domhnaill, King of Tyrconnell, builder of Donegal Castle; reigned from c. 1460 until his death in 1505
 * Sir Aodh Dubh Ó Domhnaill (Sir Hugh Doo O'Donnell), An Ó Domhnaill, King of Tyrconnell (d. 1537)
 * Maghnas Ó Domhnaill (Manus O'Donnell; 1490–1564), An Ó Domhnaill, King of Tyrconnell, biographer of Saint Colmcille or Columba; mainly lived at Lifford
 * Calbhach Ó Domhnaill (Calvagh O'Donnell; d. 1566), An Ó Domhnaill, 22nd Chieftain and King of Tyrconnell; son of Maghnas Ó Domhnaill
 * Sir Aodh mac Maghnusa Ó Domhnaill (Sir Hugh McManus O'Donnell; c. 1540–1601), An Ó Domhnaill, King of Tyrconnell; son of Maghnas Ó Domhnaill
 * Sir Domhnaill Ó Domhnaill (Sir Donnell O'Donnell; d. 1590), Seneschal of Tyrconnell and Sheriff of County Donegal, eldest son of Sir Aodh mac Maghnusa Ó Domhnaill; Sir Domhnaill was killed at the Battle of Doire Leathan in September 1590
 * Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill (Nuala O'Donnell; 1565–1630), daughter of Sir Aodh mac Maghnusa Ó Domhnaill (Sir Hugh McManus O'Donnell)
 * Conn O'Donnell (d. 1583), of Lifford in the east of Tyrconnell; son of Calbhach and father of Sir Niall Garbh
 * Conn Oge O'Donnell (d. 1601), of Lifford, youngest son of Conn, brother of Sir Niall Garbh
 * Sir Niall Garbh Ó Domhnaill (Sir Neil Garve O'Donnell; 1569–1626), Lord of Lifford; dynastic rival to both Aodh Ruadh II and Ruaidrí, Lord Tyrconnell
 * Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill II (Red Hugh O'Donnell II; 1572–1602), An Ó Domhnaill, 24th Chieftain, Rí (King) of Tyrconnell
 * Ruaidrí, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell (1575–1608), An Ó Domhnaill, last reigning King of Tyrconnell; younger brother of Aodh Ruadh II
 * Cathbarr Ó Domhnaill (Cathbarr O'Donnell; d. 1608), younger full brother of both Aodh Ruadh II and Ruaidrí, Lord Tyrconnell; married Rosa O'Doherty, sister of Sir Cathaoir Ó Dochartaigh
 * Hugh, 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell (1606–1642), Prince and Lord of Tyrconnell; son and heir of Ruaidrí, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
 * Lady Mary Stuart O'Donnell (1607– c. 1639), Ulster Gaelic noblewoman; Lady Mary was the daughter of Ruaidrí, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
 * Général de Brigade Daniel O'Donnell (1666–1735), senior-ranking officer in the Irish Brigade in the French Royal service
 * Karl O'Donnell (1715–1771), Graf von Tyrconnell (Count of Tyrconnell)
 * Enrique, Conde de La Bisbal (Henry, Count of La Bisbal; 1769–1834), Irish-Spanish nobleman and peer (de:Joseph Heinrich O’Donnell)
 * Comte Maurice O'Donnell de Tyrconnell (1780–1843), of Pressburg, also known as Moritz Graf O'Donnell von Tyrconnell, an Irish-Austrian count
 * Maximilian Karl Lamoral Graf O'Donell von Tyrconnell (1812–1895), Irish-Austrian count, son of Maurice/Moritz
 * Comte Jean Louis Barthélemy O'Donnell (1783–1836), Irish-French count, member of Napoleon's Conseil d’État and Légion d'honneur
 * General The 1st Duke of Tetuán (1809–1867), former Prime Minister of Spain
 * The 2nd Duke of Tetuán (1834–1903), Spanish foreign minister and Mayordomo mayor to King Amadeo I.
 * The 3rd Duke of Tetuán (1864–1928), conducted Winston Churchill on visit to Cuba
 * Peadar O'Donnell (1893–1986), radical Irish republican, socialist, activist, and politician
 * Patrick Cardinal O'Donnell (1856–1927), Lord Primate of All Ireland and Lord Archbishop of Armagh; senior prelate from near Glenties
 * Denis O'Donnell (1875–1933), entrepreneur, founder of Lee Strand Cooperative Creamery
 * Patrick Denis O'Donnell (1922–2005), Commandant/Irish Defence Forces, UN peacekeeper, military historian and author
 * Francis Martin O'Donnell (b. 1954), Ambassador, Knight of Malta, papal knight, trustee/director, former UN senior representative, author
 * Guillermo O'Donnell, (1936–2011), Argentine political scientist, professor, author, and international activist for democracy
 * The 7th Duke of Tetuán (b. 1948), Spanish naval historian and Knight of Malta
 * O'Donnell baronets, of Newport House, recovered & entrusted Cathach of St. Columba to the Royal Irish Academy

Recent times
Patrick Cardinal O'Donnell (1856–1927) was probably the next most prominent O'Donnell to emerge in Ulster, perhaps in all of Ireland, after the exile in 1607 of the 1st Earl of Tyrconnell. Thomas O'Donnell (1871–1943), MP for West Kerry from 1900 until 1918, was a leading agrarian reformer, and the first Member of Parliament to address the House of Commons in Westminster in the Irish language (Gaelic), but was called to order by the Speaker, but not without having made his mark with John Redmond's support. There was formerly an Irish senator from County Donegal named Brian Ó Domhnaill (O'Donnell).

title: O'Donnell dynasty


text: Category:Omsk

title: Category:Omsk