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Mike Gartner

Michael Alfred Gartner (born October 29, 1959) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger who played 19 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Washington Capitals, Minnesota North Stars, New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs and Phoenix Coyotes. He also played one season in the World Hockey Association (WHA) for the Cincinnati Stingers. He was a two-time Canada Cup champion with Team Canada.

In 2017, Gartner was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in the league's 100-year history. Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame (HHOF) in 2001, Gartner has been a member of the HHOF Selection Committee since 2009, and its Chair since 2022.

Playing career
Gartner was born in Ottawa, Ontario. As a youth, Gartner played in the 1972 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Toronto.

Gartner was drafted in the 1st round, 4th overall, by the Washington Capitals in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft. He started his professional career in the WHA as an underager with the Cincinnati Stingers in 1978–79. He played on a line with Mark Messier and had a successful campaign, finishing second to Wayne Gretzky for Rookie-of-the-Year honors. With the WHA folding at the end of the season, he played the next season with the Capitals, and would play for them for the better part of ten seasons. He recorded an assist in his NHL debut on October 11, 1979, versus the Buffalo Sabres, and he wore number eleven for the Caps.

Gartner had a solid season in 1979–80, winning the Capitals' Rookie of the Year and MVP awards, as well as being voted by their fans as the team's Most Promising Player. He also led the team with 36 goals. Gartner was traded to the Minnesota North Stars on March 7, 1989, with Larry Murphy for Dino Ciccarelli and Bob Rouse. He left the Capitals as the team's all-time leader in career goals, assists and points, as of November 2023 he stands third in goals and points and fifth in assists. However, Gartner only lasted one season with Minnesota and was traded to the New York Rangers on March 6, 1990, for Ulf Dahlén, a draft pick and future considerations. He had a strong start with the Rangers scoring two goals in his debut versus the Philadelphia Flyers. He scored eleven goals and sixteen points in the remaining twelve regular-season games the Rangers played that year. In 1991–92, he became the first player in NHL history to score his 500th goal, 500th assist, 1000th point and play in his 1000th game all in the same season. The next season, Gartner became the first Ranger to score at least 40 goals in three consecutive seasons. He also scored four goals in the NHL All-Star Game and earned the All-Star Game MVP award. Gartner was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Glenn Anderson, a minor leaguer, and a draft pick at the trade deadline on March 21, 1994. The deal was driven by Rangers head coach Mike Keenan who disliked Gartner for his lack of grit and disappointing performances in the playoffs. Rangers general manager Neil Smith convinced his Maple Leafs counterpart Cliff Fletcher to agree to the trade by noting that Gartner had one year left on his contract while Anderson was expected to become a free agent at season's end. Gartner played with the Leafs until 1996, when he was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes, who had just re-located from Winnipeg. Gartner scored the first goal and hat trick in Phoenix history on October 7 against the Boston Bruins, in the franchise's second game since relocation. He played two seasons with the Coyotes before retiring in August 1998.

Hockey administrator
Gartner was active with the NHL Players Association. He served as president of the NHLPA from 1996 until his retirement in 1998 and served as Chairman of the Goals & Dreams program with the NHLPA. He resigned from the NHLPA on March 19, 2007.

Gartner has been a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame Selection Committee in 2009, and its Chair since 2022.

Distinction
Despite his long impressive career, Gartner never won the Stanley Cup nor played in the Cup Finals, never won an NHL award, and was never named to the postseason All-Star Team, being one of the few NHL players with this distinction to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Dino Ciccarelli likewise never managed any of these accolades, although he made the Cup Finals twice.

Gartner was a member of the New York Rangers team that would go on to win the championship in 1994, but he was traded to Toronto at the trade deadline. However, Gartner got farther than he ever would in the playoffs that same year, as the Maple Leafs made it to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the Vancouver Canucks in 5 games. He was traded close to the NHL trading deadline three times in his career, and had a knack for producing immediately for those teams, as in a combined 35 games with his new teams during the regular season after the mid-season deals, he had 24 goals, 18 assists, 42 points, and a +16 rating.

Gartner was noted for his consistency during his career, as he led his team in goals nine times during his career and scored 30 or more goals each year for the first 15 seasons of his NHL career, setting a record that has since been tied but not surpassed. Despite scoring 50 goals only once in a single season, Gartner became only the fifth player in NHL history to reach 700 goals.

Gartner was also known for his blazing on-ice speed and ability to beat defenders down the ice.

The Washington Capitals retired Gartner's #11 in a ceremony before their game against the Toronto Maple Leafs on December 28, 2008.

During the 1996 Super Skills competition, Gartner had set the record for the fastest skater event with a time of 13.386 (Full course standing start). The record stood for 20 years until Dylan Larkin of the Detroit Red Wings broke it with a skating/running start 2016. In the 2017 All-Star Game, Connor McDavid of the Edmonton Oilers set a time of 13.310 beating Gartner (standing start) but not Larkin (running start).

International

 * Canada Cup Champion (1984, 1987)
 * In 1998, he was ranked number 89 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
 * 2001 - Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame

WHA

 * One of the three final WHA players still active in professional hockey (Mark Messier and Wayne Gretzky being the last two) at the time of his retirement.
 * In 2012, he was inducted into the World Hockey Association Hall of Fame in the "Legends of the Game" category.

NHL

 * One of only 8 players in NHL history to score 700 career goals.
 * 2017 - Named to NHL's 100th anniversary list of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history.
 * NHL's Player of the Week for the week ending February 22, 1987.
 * NHL's Player of the Week for the week ending November 26, 1989.
 * NHL's Player of the Month for February 1987, becoming first Capital to win the award.
 * NHL All-Star Game MVP (1993)
 * NHL's Fastest Skater at All-Star Game Skills Competition in (1991, 1993 and 1996)
 * Played in the NHL All-Star Game (1981, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1996)

NHL Teams

 * He scored the last goal ever at Chicago Stadium in the 1994 playoffs.
 * Jersey number #11 retired by Washington Capitals December 28, 2008.
 * In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, was ranked No. 67 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons

Records

 * NHL record for most consecutive 30-goal seasons - 15 (tied with Jaromir Jagr and Alexander Ovechkin)
 * NHL record for most goals in an All-Star Game (1993) - 4 (shared with Wayne Gretzky, Dany Heatley and others)
 * NHL record for fastest two goals from the start of an All-Star Game (1993) - in 3:37
 * Washington Capitals record for longest point-streak - 17 games (twice)
 * Washington Capitals record for longest goal-scoring-streak (1986–87) - 9 games (shares record)
 * Washington Capitals record for most shorthanded goals in a season (1986–87) - 6 (shares record)
 * Washington Capitals record most points by a right winger in one season (1984–85) - 102

Personal life
Gartner and his wife Colleen have two sons, Joshua and Dylan, and a daughter Natalie. They reside in Shanty Bay, Ontario.

Gartner is a born-again Christian, and was introduced to the faith during his playing days by former Washington teammate Jean Pronovost. His son, Josh, played goalie for Yale University and right wing for the Tuck School of Business A-Team in the Upper Valley Hockey League.

Gartner and his former teammate, Wes Jarvis, are business partners and own three skating rinks in the Greater Toronto Area located in Newmarket, Ontario, Richmond Hill, Ontario, and Barrie, Ontario.

title: Mike Gartner


text:
Southern rough-winged swallow

The southern rough-winged swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis) is a small swallow. It was first formally described as Hirundo ruficollis by French ornithologist Louis Vieillot in 1817 in his Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle.

Morphology
The adult is 13.5 cm in length and weighs 15 g. It is brown above, with blackish wings and tail and a pale grey rump. The throat and upper breast are rufous with the lower underparts yellowish-white. The tail is slightly forked. It is similar in appearance to its northern counterpart, the northern rough-winged swallow, but is more uniform in color, particularly on the rump.

"Rough-winged" refers to the serrated edge of the outer primary feathers on the wing of this bird; this feature would only be apparent when holding this bird.

Distribution
It occurs in Central and South America from Honduras south to northern Argentina and Uruguay. It also occurs on Trinidad. Southern birds of the nominate race S. r. ruficollis, are migratory, moving north in winter, but the northern S. r. aequalis is sedentary.

Ecology
It is found in open areas and forest clearings. It nests in grass-lined cavities of various types, including holes in banks or walls, or disused kingfisher and jacamar nests. It does not form colonies. The clutch is 3–6 white eggs, incubated by the female for 16–18 days and with another 13 days to fledging. Southern rough-winged swallows forage for insects (such as plant bugs, beetles, flies, flying ants and heteropterans) in flight, usually flying low with a slow deliberate flight. The call is an unmusical chirrup.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Southern rough-winged swallow


text:
The Mother's International School, New Delhi

The Mother's International School (MIS) is a private secondary school in New Delhi, India. It is an establishment of the Sri Aurobindo Education Society, an agency of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. It shares its campus with the New Delhi branch of the Ashram. The school is an English-medium co-educational institution affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).

In 2001, Outlook's "C-Fore Best School Survey" had ranked MIS as the best school in Delhi.

The school's motto "More True, Forever More True" was given by Mirra Alfassa and the school's emblem portrays a bird in flight rising towards heaven. When asked about the date of the school's opening, the Mother replied "23456". And as the only possible date was 23 April 1956, it was this day that the school first opened.

When the school started out, a batch (or a grade) was of about 15 children, but today a batch has 180 students. The school has three wings, the Pre-Primary, Primary and Secondary.

The school offers education from pre-primary to senior secondary level (nursery to class XII).

Enrollment
The school has a student population of about 2,400 pupils with an average section size of 30-35 students. Each grade has five sections, A-E, aside from grade 11 and 12, which have sections till F.

Academics
The school teaches four languages: English, Hindi, Sanskrit and French. It also teaches mathematics, science and social studies till Class 10. There are three main streams for study beyond Class 10: Science, Commerce and Humanities.

For classes 1 and 2, a single teacher and assistant teacher teach all the subjects; the 3rd grade onwards, there is a different teacher for each subject, with one of them being the class teacher. The student/teacher ratio is approximately 40.


text: User talk:70.176.42.36

title: User talk:70.176.42.36


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Department of Education Organization Act

Department of Education Organization Act
This page contains no information but the name of the article and a possible insult.

Anders 80.203.27.169 07:01, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I've speedy deleted this. Gamaliel 07:03, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Don Valley West (federal electoral district)

Don Valley West (Don Valley-Ouest) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1979. Its population in 2001 was 115,539. 13.6% of the population is Muslim, the highest in Canada.

Its most high-profile MPs have been John Bosley, who was Speaker of the House 1984-86 and John Godfrey, who served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Paul Martin as a Minister of State.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Canadian census

Languages: 55.1% English, 4.6% Mandarin, 4.3% Urdu, 2.8% Persian, 2.8% Cantonese, 1.9% Spanish, 1.7% Arabic, 1.7% Tagalog, 1.4% French, 1.2% Korean, 1.1% Russian, 1.1% Pashto, 1.1% Portuguese

Religions: 41.3% Christian (17.5% Catholic, 4.5% Anglican, 4.5% Christian Orthodox, 3,7% United Church, 1.0% Presbyterian, 8.0% Other), 16.5% Muslim, 6.3% Jewish, 2.2% Hindu, 31.8% None

Median income: $47,600 (2020)

Average income: $113,600 (2020)

Geography
The district includes the neighbourhoods of York Mills, Silver Hills, the western half of Don Mills, the eastern half of Lawrence Park, Leaside, and Thorncliffe Park in the City of Toronto–mostly in the former municipalities of North York and East York. The area is 37 km².

History
The federal electoral district was created in 1976 from Don Valley riding.

John Godfrey, who had represented the riding since 1993, announced in November 2007 that he would be resigning his seat on July 1, 2008 in order to accept a position as headmaster of Toronto French School and would leave earlier if an election were called before that date. Godfrey subsequently postponed his resignation until August 1.

On August 17, 2008, the Prime Minister's Office issued a press release on behalf of Prime Minister Stephen Harper announcing a by-election for Don Valley West on September 22, 2008. The by-election was canceled with the announcement of the federal election to be held on October 14, 2008.

This riding lost significant territory to Don Valley East and gained territory from St. Paul's during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Members of Parliament
This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Election results
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.


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Comprehensive layout

In graphic design and advertising, a comprehensive layout or comprehensive, usually shortened to comp, is the page layout of a proposed design as initially presented by the designer to a client, showing the relative positions of text and illustrations before the final content of those elements has been decided upon. The comp thus serves as a draft of the final layout, and (if approved) is used as guide for further design changes and, ultimately, production.

Traditionally, the four stages of an illustration or other commercial art creation (e.g., advertisement) are:
 * Sketch — the initial idea roughly "sketched out" in order to quickly transfer the idea on to a physical substrate
 * Layout — the idea laid out in relative position for further development
 * Comp — the idea created in such a way as to closely mimic the final creation, usually as a step toward approval by decision-makers
 * Finish — the idea rendered in the appropriate medium for sale, display, or reproduction

For traditional media (such as paint), the division between layout and comp is more clear-cut than for computer-generated art. For traditional media, the distinction between layout and comp is typically one of refinement and presentation. Layouts and comps are often done on different substrates because of this (e.g., tracing paper for a layout vs. calendered bond paper or illustration board for a comp). In this case, a layout done on tracing paper could be laid over other media (e.g., a photo) to see how it would eventually appear after finish render, and to ascertain overall feasibility, and the comp could be done on opaque bond paper or illustration board as a presentation piece for a client's approval.

With computer-generated art, the distinction between layout and comp has become blurred. Since computer-generated art can evolve as one file over time, finely segmented milestones in the development process have less meaning. With computer-generated art, even the sketch stage is often skipped. This has led to a two-stage process; comp and finish. The definitions of each milestone are roughly the same as with traditional media. Even in the age of rapid desktop publishing software, comps may be developed using hand-rendering techniques and materials to avoid investing too much time on the computer before client approval of the idea, depending on the complexity of the production task. If there is any three-dimensionality to the design (for example, the design is of a box or of a two sided piece) a "physical comp" is preferred to a computerized sketch because fundamental physical relationships (for example, position and show-through of die-cuts, or inadvertently designing Möbius strips) can be missed in a two-dimensional sketch. A hand-rendered comp may be useful in helping the client refrain from "nitpicking" the production quality and focus on the design idea.

In the overall creation process there is also a distinction between finish render and final render. Finish rendering refers to the process, and final rendering refers to the schedule. The first finish rendering may not be the final rendering; the first finish rendering could be the first of many renderings, with each subsequent finish rendering needing refinement before the final version is created.

The illustration element may incorporate stock photography, clip art, or other found material that gives an idea of what should be visually communicated, before entering any negotiations concerning the rights to use a specific image for the purpose. Picture agencies may encourage such use free of charge, in the hope that the comp image (sometimes referred to as a "positional" image) will end up being used in the final product. For this reason, it is sometimes mistakenly believed that "comp" is short for "complimentary," as it is in some other promotional contexts.

The word "comp" can also be used as a verb. For example, an artist may "comp something up"; that is, they will create a comp. "Comp" may also stand for "composition" or "composite layout".

title: Comprehensive layout


text: User talk:66.217.34.114

title: User talk:66.217.34.114


text: Category:Suburbs of Geelong

title: Category:Suburbs of Geelong


text:
Grovedale, Victoria

Grovedale is a southern suburb of Geelong, Victoria, Australia. At the, Grovedale had a population of 14,869.

Toponymy
The locality was originally named Germantown because several families of German Lutheran origin had settled there in 1849, with the German community expanding in the following decades. German Cottage, a house from this period located on the Surf Coast Highway (Torquay Road), is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.

Following the outbreak of the First World War, and particularly after the sinking of the RMS Lusitania by a German submarine in May 1915, there was agitation to change the name of the area. A well-attended meeting at Germantown on 31 May 1915 agreed to recommend to the South Barwon Shire Council that the name should be changed to Marlborough or Cornwall. Other names suggested were Devon, Dennys and Grovedale. On 2 July the Council chose the name Cornwall. However the Commonwealth Postmaster-General's Department and the Victorian Lands Department rejected the choice, because it duplicated an existing name elsewhere in Australia. Consequently, the council decided to recommend Bridges or Grovedale as replacement names, with the preference being for Grovedale, which was the name of a property in the district bought by Alexander Pennell in 1847. The Post Office was renamed Grovedale on 1 March 1916.

Settlement
A Post Office had originally opened on 21 January 1860. There were also two hotels, two flour mills, two tanneries and four wool-washing businesses.

The hilly country and volcanic soil were ideal for orchards and vineyards, and the area became Victoria's largest wine-producing region, particularly thanks to the efforts of German migrants. In the early 1870s the region's vines became infested with the phylloxera aphid and were pulled out.

Postwar housing boom
Residential expansion commenced in Grovedale in the early 1960s, the first housing estates branching off the Surfcoast Highway. Later expansion throughout the 1970s to the 1990s moved to the west along Church Street, Pioneer Road, and Heyers Road.

A Grovedale East Post Office opened in 1996 near the Surf Coast Highway.

Grovedale was formerly the southern suburban boundary for Geelong prior to the development of the Armstrong Creek Growth Area. The suburb previously included land south of the Warrnambool railway line; however, on 23 February 2012, the state government made significant changes to the suburban boundaries in the area, creating two new suburbs (Armstrong Creek and Charlemont) on the east side of the Surf Coast Highway, and extending the boundaries of Mount Duneed to the railway on the west side of the highway. The southern boundary of the suburb now ends at the railway line.

Transport
Grovedale is located on the Surfcoast Highway that links the suburb to the centre of Geelong, as well as to the coastal town of Torquay. Pioneer Road runs east west through Grovedale, the road not being completed eastward across the Waurn Ponds Creek until the late 1980s.

Public transport to the area is provided by buses operated by Benders Buslines and McHarrys Buslines, on routes to the Geelong city centre travelling via Deakin University, Belmont, Highton and Waurn Ponds.

The 2003–04 Victorian State Budget saw funding made available for an extension of rail services on the line between Melbourne and Geelong southwards to Grovedale. A decision was instead made to proceed with a new station at nearby Marshall, with the new Marshall station opened in 2005. A subsequent decision to extend the line further was made in the 2010s, with the new Waurn Ponds station opening on October 12, 2014.

title: Grovedale, Victoria


text:
Kevin Hodson

Kevin Hodson (born March 27, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. Hodson played professionally in the NHL and AHL before ending his playing career in the Finnish SM-liiga in 2003–04.

Hodson suffered from Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (rapid heart beat) during his time in the NHL, and affectionately earned the nickname "Ticker" from teammates.

Amateur career
As a youth, Hodson played in the 1985 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Winnipeg South Monarchs minor ice hockey team.

Hodson joined the OHL's Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds during the 1990–91 season. Hodson backstopped the Greyhounds to their first ever Memorial Cup championship during the 1992–93 season. Hodson was also selected the top goaltender of the 1993 Memorial Cup tournament. Even with his strong OHL and Memorial Cup showing, Hodson went undrafted.

Chicago
Hodson turned pro in 1992 after signing with the Chicago Blackhawks and spent the 1992–93 season with both his Junior Team and the IHL's Indianapolis Ice, where he posted a 5–9 record.

Detroit
After that season was finished, Hodson signed with the Detroit Red Wings and was sent to their AHL affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings, for 1993–94 and 1994–95 seasons, as Detroit had enough goaltending depth with Chris Osgood, Mike Vernon, Bob Essensa, Tim Cheveldae, Vincent Riendeau, and Peter Ing alternating goaltending duties at some point during those seasons. Hodson made his NHL debut with the Detroit Red Wings during the 1995–96 Season, where he shut out the Blackhawks 3–0. Hodson would go on to post a 2–0–0 record for that year.

During the 1996–97 Season in which the Red Wings would eventually win the Stanley Cup, Hodson remained as the Red Wings' Number 3 Goalie and as such, only saw 6 games that season, posting a 2–2–1 record. Since Hodson spent the majority of the season with the Red Wings, Detroit included his name on the Cup, even though did not officially qualify.

During the off-season, Vernon was traded to the San Jose Sharks, moving Hodson to the backup position for the 1997–98 Season. Hodson posted a 9–3–3 record in 21 regular season games as the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup for the 2nd straight season.

For the 1998–99 Season, Norm Maracle challenged Hodson for the backup goaltender role in Detroit. Given Maracle's level of play, Hodson was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning in a deal that brought Bill Ranford and Wendel Clark to the Red Wings on March 23, 1999.

Tampa Bay
Hodson went 2–1–1 in the five games with Tampa Bay before suffering a groin injury which ended his season.

The 1999–2000 season found Hodson serving as a backup to Dan Cloutier, who was Hodson's backup in 1993 with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds. Hodson's record in 24 games that year was 2–7–4. Hodson was assigned to Tampa Bay's minor league affiliate, the Detroit Vipers and was later dealt to the Montreal Canadiens on June 2, 2000 for a seventh round pick in that year's entry draft.

Hodson remained inactive until the 2002–03 season, when he was re-signed by Tampa Bay as the backup goaltender to Nikolai Khabibulin. Hodson posted a 0–3–1 record in seven games with Tampa Bay that season.

On January 15, 2003, Tampa Bay made a trade with the Boston Bruins that brought goaltender John Grahame to the team as Khabibulin's new backup. Rather than accept reassignment to the minors, Hodson announced his retirement from on January 16, 2003.

Career in Europe
On November 6, 2003, Hodson was signed as a free agent by Jokerit of the Finnish SM-liiga, where he posted a 1–1-1 record before leaving the team in mid-season.

After hockey
Kevin Hodson returned to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario and earned a Bachelor of Business Administration Degree from Algoma University. Hodson began a career as a financial advisor with Edward Jones, and in 2012 left the firm to join with RBC Dominion Securities.

Awards

 * Memorial Cup Tournament All-Star Team (1993)
 * Member of 1992–93 Memorial Cup Champion Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds
 * Member of 1996–97, 1997–98 Stanley Cup Champion Detroit Red Wings
 * Outstanding Goalie Hap Emms Memorial Trophy (Memorial Cup 1993)
 * 1993 OHL All-star team

title: Kevin Hodson


text: User talk:67.137.86.236

title: User talk:67.137.86.236


text:
Talk:Joggling Board

Need to merge with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joggling_board (lower-case b-oard)

title: Talk:Joggling Board


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User talk:Omerlives

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

I posted this welcome template so you know how to sign your name. Go back to your comment on Aisha page and sign your name now OneGuy 07:09, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Stop vandalizing the Pakistan article, or you will be blocked from editing. RickK 05:37, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

I have changed the info with and added comments in the discussion section: the article states Pakistan as being the 3rd largest muslim country. This is false. Vandalizing is coming from the reverter. Hope that clarifies things. Correcting misstatements is not vandalism. However I do apologize for not mentioning my ID. Im new to wiki.

3 revert rule
Just to let you know so that you can't claim ignorance, there is a rule in Wikipedia that prevents you from making more than 3 reverts to an article in a 24 hour period. Violations of that rule would result in temporary blocking of editing privileges. Let me know if you need any more information about this or other common rules regarding editing. Thanks. --Ragib 07:51, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

I wasnot aware of that. Thankyou. omerlivesOmerlives 12:03, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Al Khwarizmi
Sogdian Information on Wikipedia must be reliable. Facts, viewpoints, theories, and arguments may only be included in articles if they have already been published by reliable and reputable sources. Articles should cite these sources whenever possible. Any unsourced material may be challenged and removed. The threshold for inclusion in Wikipedia is verifiability, not truth. Please see WP:V and WP:NOR for more information. Cheers, —Ruud 16:25, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks Koot. omerlivesOmerlives 22:56, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Sart
"Sart" doesn't mean 'nomadic' - it means precisely the opposite. Go to the page and have a look at the references Sikandarji 15:27, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

you are right! Thanks for the correction. Funny how I wrote the opposite LOL. omerlivesOmerlives 15:36, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Pashtun people
Hello. thanks for your input as it has been useful. There were other genetic studies attached that appear to have been deleted at some point, but your correct assessment helped. Whatever other astute problems you find in the article, please let me know. Unlike some other critics, your assessments have been largely valid so please keep helping out. Tombseye 18:28, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Thanks Tombseye omerlives Omerlives:

Jinnah
Hi, I edited Jinnah's page to say that Dina continued to live in India after her partition. But the vandal idiot Rama's Arrow keeps changing it. Jinnah's article is unncessarily negative and I just saw that you too had tried to change it.

RVT on Iqbal
Hi - I'm sorry but you must not keep reverting. First off, your {{cite note is not necessary as everything is cited. Secondly, I don't see why you are removing text from the intro. Rama's Arrow 19:15, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Omerlives, please visit my talk page for some issues Rama is having with some edits. I believe that argument is in need of mediation by a third party. Thanks.--Disinterested 19:19, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There are some statements made by Iqbal noted just below the Allahabad address bit. Also, even if you don't believe Iqbal did so, it does not justify the removal of cited material. That claim is cited as per the Naipaul book. Rama's Arrow 19:21, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I am obliged to warn you:

Please refrain from undoing other people's edits repeatedly. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia under the three-revert rule, which states that nobody may revert an article to a previous version more than three times in 24 hours. (Note: this also means editing the page to reinsert an old edit. If the effect of your actions is to revert back, it qualifies as a revert.) Thank you. Rama's Arrow 19:44, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * How do you know they didn't have an affair? I don't object to your removal of that sentence, though. Rama's Arrow 01:49, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I repeat, I didn't object to your removal of those words becoz I agree that an accusation must not be made. Rama's Arrow 02:01, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

My Responses The reasons are because I have read Iqbal and no where does he state muslim incompatibility with other religious minorities. If I am wrong than I would like you to point out where did he claim so.

And for the intro, it should go in order of importance as to his fame, identity and contribution. More importantly, the piece you revert it to has redundant information in the intro. Omerlives

Plase see the discussion. I have also removed the citation tag in criticism until I can verify if indeed the citations show that Iqbal advocated incompatibility of muslims with other religious minorities. Thanks. Omerlives 19:44, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Well any such claims pertaining to very personal issues of a famous personality one really needs to have credible sources. As far as I know most biographers dismiss this issue as rumors. If you are concinved other wise than maybe we can create a link to "Attiya Faizi and Iqbal Controversy" on a sperate page I guess. Omerlives 01:59, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Hello
I am a little slow nowadays, so not very active. But still alive and interested...

--iFaqeer 05:21, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for you compliments. Siddiqui 00:49, 4 July 2006 (UTC) ---

Iqbal
Hi Omerlives - I just wanna say that I'm sorry if I've ever been rude over Iqbal. Thanks for the recent copyedit. This Fire Burns.....Always  23:29, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

My Response: It's all good. I know you're a avid contributor to the encyclopedia and I appreciate and admire that fact. Good omens :). Omerlives 00:12, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Please do not remove cited data. There are references to suggest that Iqbal's Urdu poetry wasn't as good as Persian. Rama's arrow  05:36, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Islamic Barnstar Award
Please offer your opinion, vote, or whatever about your choice for the image to be used with the Islamic Barnstar Award at the Barnstar proposals page. Although there is consensus for the concept of an Islamic Barnstar Award, some editors would like to change the image for the award. I was just thinking you should be aware of this discussion because you have contributed to Islamic-related articles, received the Islamic Barnstar Award, or have contributed to the Islam-related Wikiprojects, etc.--JuanMuslim 1m 16:17, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Anti-semitism from South Asian terrorists

 * Here is the extract from the article cited:

http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2001/01/05/stories/040555ra.htm The Markaz, an Ahle Hadith organisation of Wahabi orientation, was initially very close to Saudi Arabia, but seems to have developed differences with it because of its proximity to Osama and of its contention that even Saudi Arabia does not have an ideal Islamic society. Its criticism of the stationing of the US and other Western troops in Saudi Arabia also contributed to this. It describes the Hindus and Jews, in that order, as the main enemies of Islam and India and Israel as the main enemies of Pakistan. Its Amir, Prof Saeed, is a strong opponent of Western-style democracy. Markaz is the political wing of Lashkar-e-ToibaShiva's Trident 01:55, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi, I think I have reached a compromise regarding our edit dispute. I had assumed that LeT was referring to Indian Jews specifically. I see now that it is not the case and have replaced Indian Jews with simply "Jews". I think that the edit accurately expresses a very reliable source. See the article talk page. ThxShiva's Trident 04:06, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Personal attacks against another user

 * Hello. I'm afraid your edit summary in the diff below is unacceptable. It is a personal attack. While the editor you attacked has not been so goodeither, I have told him so and, for the sake of fairness, am telling you so as well.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3APakistan&diff=73682750&oldid=73354258

Please see Wikipedia's no personal attacks policy. Comment on content, not on the contributor; personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Note that continued personal attacks may lead to blocks for disruption. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you.

Hkelkar 08:54, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Response: Well I don't really know who the user was, the person was coward enough not to sign the name lol. All decorum aside, the person didn't receive an iota of whiplash he could've gotten. I hope since you are so conscentious of the policy, you'll put a ban on the coward. Cheers! Omerlives

 * I'm afraid that you are not allowed to continue making personal attacks against another user, anon that he may be. Even if he has initiated an attack, it does not jsutify your attcking him, in turn. I am not an admin so I can't ban him. I am watching the contribs coming from the ip and if he persists I will report him. If you persist I will report you as well.

Please see Wikipedia's no personal attacks policy. Comment on content, not on the contributor; personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Note that continued personal attacks may lead to blocks for disruption. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you.

Hkelkar 16:56, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

NOTE: Abover user Hkelkar has ben banned for breaking policy of wikipedia repeatedly and personal attacks against other users.

 * Furthermore, I would say that this edit of yours:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3APakistan&diff=69352844&oldid=69351653

 * has the same characteristics that you accuse the anon edit of having, so please stop this kind of thing.Hkelkar 17:03, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Seeking Help
Please help remove Hindi script from Allama Iqbal by your support in the favour of removal of Hindi. See its talk page. Szhaider 22:28, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Salwar kameez
I'm feeling cranky about all this project tagging. Since salwar kameez are worn all over India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and in the desi diaspora, why are you trying to claim them for Pakistan? I wear salwar kameez (they're comfortable) and I'm not Pakistani.

I'll give myself some time to cool down, but I do think that I want to erase the project tag. Zora 01:55, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * My reply: Dear Zora, the tag is legit, since shalwar kameez is the national dres of Pakistan and a topic very much related to it. Please don't remove it.Omerlives

Someone else removed it, not me. However, I think that if you replace it, I'll remove it again. The outfit is worn in many countries; you can't claim it for just one. Nationalism has no place in clothing, which crosses all boundaries. Zora 08:57, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

helping out
Hi I hope you'll be able to help out later if it's needed.Someone wrote a false article on christians in Pakistan which was just deleted this morning upon my request. The article contained no sources just POV as in "Pakistan should...." or lies like "Pakistan blames the Jews".

Basically the article was created to brand us as extremists.

Some Indian editors plan on writing an article on "Pakistani textbooks".Basically another attempt to demonize us.

If they do,I ask you before hand to help me vote these propaganda articles for deletion.Such articles as these are an abuse of the use of wikipedia.See [here].

Hope you'll be able to help.

All the best.Nadirali 16:06, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Shalwar vs. Salwar Redux
Hi, Since you had posted an opinion on the preferred (Wikipedia) spelling of this apparel, I was wondering if you could respond to Shalwar vs. Salwar Redux. Thanks. Fowler&fowler «Talk»  21:28, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

reply
Dear Mr Omerlives thankyou very much for your welcome message.I have been editing every now and then but this is the first time I have made username.

Thankyou.Vmrgrsergr 17:11, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

thankyou!
Dear Mr Omerlives thankyou again for you warm welcome and for this glorious award.Please drop me a line when you need me to help improve or write up an article.Thanks again!Vmrgrsergr 01:03, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Seeing your good contributions to Pakistan related pages,please feel free to ask for help if you need it.If I am knowledgeable to the subject Im sure I can lend a hand.-Vmrgrsergr 20:44, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Hindutva terrorism
Hi Omer.Can you please contribute to the article and help expand/improve it in anyway you can? Thanks.-Vmrgrsergr 00:12, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Please comment on this.-Vmrgrsergr 08:35, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Pakistan Studies
Please see the article and leave your comments on the talkpage.Thankyou.-Vmrgrsergr 04:52, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Pakistan WikiProjects
Hi. Currently, there is discussion being held at Miscellany for deletion/Small Pakistan wikiprojects about numerous Pakistani WikiProjects and whether they should be deleted/or stay. It would be appreciated if you present your viewpoint on the topic. We need opinions. Thanks. 121.222.191.2 (talk) 11:20, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Ajam
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Ajam. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Ajam. Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate.

Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:07, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Omerlives


text: User:Rangerdude

title: User:Rangerdude


text:
Talk:Austen Henry Layard

GCB
The 1911 article states that Layard received the GCB in 1878 on the occasion of the Berlin Conference. This cannot be correct, as the Berlin Conference was in 1884. Other places mention him receiving it upon his retirement as ambassador in Constantinople, yet in the text of the Cyprus Convention he is listed with GCB in his title. Is there some source to find the correct info reagrding this?
 * The Congress of Berlin was in 1878 as its function was to place the terms of the treaty of San-Stefano signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia earlier that year before the great powers for renegotiation. According to the dictionary of national biography Layard got his GCB in June 1878 presumably due to his success in bringing the Ottoman Empire and Britain closer together.
 * Yusuf
 * I see the problem. It was the Congress of Berlin, not the Berlin Conference. Looking at the Cyprus Convention, I noticed that Layard was not written with GCB on June 4, 1878, but he was on July 1, 1878. The Congress of Berlin began June 13, so that all seems consistent. --Mmm 08:04, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Antecedents
His maternal ancestry seems to be Portuguese and not Spanish. cf. Layard 220.247.242.14 10:54, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Austen Henry Layard's mother was the daughter of Nathaniel Austen, banker of Ramsgate. Her mother is not mentioned. More about his paternel ancestry can ce found --92.76.101.82 (talk) 11:29, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Nineveh
It should be noted that "Nineveh" in the titles of Layard´s books means not just Kuyunjik but also other sites such as Khorsabad and, especially, the site of his most major excavations Nimrud. He seems to have believed that "Nineveh" was the name of an urban region covering a wide area, though he especially applies the name to Nimrud. He cannot really be credited, therefore, with the identification of Nineveh with Kuyunjik. (Anyway, notwithstanding some confusion over what area "Nineveh" covered, the identification with Kuyunjik was widely accepted, and I believe the ancient name appears in the right place on many much older maps and globes; in any case it seems that any confusion was only in the Western World and in the region the location of ancient Nineveh was always known).

Cyros cylinder
This cylinder was not discovered by Layard. Please look into http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_cylinder The British Museum does not mention Rassam as discoverer - this is only assumed. --88.70.222.170 (talk) 10:45, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Ancient Clay Tablet
Does anyone know of a clay tablet written around 700BC and contained celestial information from 3123 BC? Supposedly, this also contains information about an 'impact' in the Swiss Alps about a town called Kfels in the Austrian Alps? Is this impact of sorts true and when did it happen? Thanks.Mylittlezach (talk) 18:51, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

I forgot to mention that Layard is supposed to be the discoverer.Mylittlezach (talk) 18:52, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

I got this quote about a book that was written called 'A Summerian Observation of the Kfels' Impact' by Alan Bond and Mark Hempshill - It ended up in the British Museum's cuneiform clay tablet collection as catalogue No. K8538 (also called "the Planisphere"). Anyone heard of this??? Mylittlezach (talk) 19:01, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

Sorry, I see that the website I got it from missspelled it. It should be Kofels' impact and there is info elsewhere on Wikipedia that I will now read.Mylittlezach (talk) 19:04, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Removal

 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austen_Henry_Layard&type=revision&diff=799422836&oldid=799421368
 * "The report he gave on his return proved to be controversial, generating negative responses in the Australian press"

This wasn't found in the source - in fact it seemed to get a positive response eg see http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/result?q=layard+1858 - dates 17 Aug and 6 Aug.

 * http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49779977?searchTerm=layard%201858&searchLimits=

 * and

 * http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/112897381?searchTerm=layard%201858&searchLimits=

It's not clear why the responses in an Australian newspaper where considered relavent here anyway, even if they existed in the first place.5.198.10.236 (talk) 17:01, 7 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Austen Henry Layard


text:
Timeline of the Norwegian campaign

The Norwegian Campaign, lasting from 9 April to 10 June 1940, led to the first direct land confrontation between the military forces of the Allies—the United Kingdom and France— against Nazi Germany in World War II.

January 1940

 * 27: German planners assign the code name Weserübung to the operation.

February 1940

 * 5: Using assistance to Finland as rationale, the Allied Supreme War Council decides on intervention in Norway. Initial plans are for a landing at Narvik, and success would rely on the acquiescence of Norway and Sweden. It is clear that despite the stated rationale, cutting supplies of iron ore to Germany is a prime motivation for the plan.
 * 16: The British destroyer HMS Cossack (F03) intercepts the GERMAN TANKER Altmark in neutral Norwegian waters, freeing 303 British internees (captured merchant sailors) and killing 8 German sailors. The Altmark Incident makes public the attitude of the Allies toward intervention in Norway, and provides impetus to German planners to accelerate their plans.
 * 21: General Nikolaus von Falkenhorst is appointed to command the invasion of Norway. He will command German forces in Norway until 1944.

March 1940

 * 1: A final order is given for the German attack on Norway and Denmark
 * 3: The date for invasion is set for 17 March 1940, although this is later delayed to April.
 * 28: The Allies decide to begin mining Norwegian waters (Operation Wilfred), and to send a military force to Norway to pre-empt German aggression. The Allies assumed that Wilfred would provoke a German response in Norway and prepared a separate operation known as Plan R 4 to occupy Narvik and other important locations. The end of the Winter War deprives the Allies of their primary excuse for the operation. Mining operations are set to start on 5 April 1940, but this is moved back to 8 April 1940 due to disagreements with France about the associated Operation Royal Marine.

April 1940

 * 1: Hitler approves final plans for the attacks on Norway and Denmark.
 * 2: Germany sets 9 April 1940 as the date for Weserübung.
 * 3: Winston Churchill becomes the chair of the British Ministerial Defence Committee. One of his first actions is to get consent for mining operations in Norwegian territorial waters.
 * 5: France and the United Kingdom notify Norway of their reservation of the right to deny Germany access to Norwegian resources.
 * 6: British Admiralty receives a report from Copenhagen stating ten German destroyers are headed towards Narvik, but considers the possibility of such an event doubtful.
 * 7: German vessels begin to set to sea for Operation Weserübung, some are seen by RAF reconnaissance and later attacked without effect by bombers. Home Fleet moves NNE in search of the enemy, they are joined by the 2nd Cruiser Squadron.
 * 8: HMS Glowworm (H92) is sunk by the GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Hipper after chasing the GERMAN DESTROYER Bernd von Arnim. The Polish submarine ORP Orzeł sinks the German transport SS Rio de Janeiro (1914) off the southern Norwegian coast.
 * 9: Denmark is captured by the German 170th Infantry Division and German 198th Infantry Division under command of General Kaupitsch. Landings in Norway begin. Egersund is captured without resistance, as is Arendal. The German heavy cruiser Blücher is sunk by shore batteries along Oslofjord, and troops land further south than intended. German air-landed soldiers land at and capture the airport at Oslo. Weather slows but does not prevent successful landings at Kristiansand, while surprise paratrooper landings at Stavanger quickly secure the airfield there. Bergen and Trondheim are captured quickly. The Narvik landing force evades British naval forces and defeats the Norwegian vessels in the fjord.
 * 10: The First Battle of Narvik occurs when a British force of five destroyers enters Ofotfjord. The Germans have ten destroyers defending and both sides lose two ships, with the German force suffering greater damage beyond that to other vessels. At Bergen, the GERMAN CRUISER Königsberg is sunk by air attack. In Oslo, the Norwegian government has left, and Vidkun Quisling becomes the head of the new government.
 * 11: Luftwaffe bombers attack the town of Nybergsund at 17:00, destroying civic buildings. It also bombed the town of Elverum, destroying the town's center and killing 41.
 * 12: Kongsberg falls to German forces without a fight.
 * 13: The Second Battle of Narvik occurs when a British force of nine destroyers and the battleship HMS Warspite (03) enter Ofotfjord and destroy all eight defending German destroyers.
 * 14: British forces land at Namsos and Harstad as Anglo-French forces prepare to launch operations against German forces at Trondheim and Narvik.
 * 14: German Fallschirmjäger paratroopers make a combat jump at Dombås and block the rail and road network in southern Norway for five days before being forced to surrender by the Norwegian Army on 19 April.
 * 15: Vidkun Quisling resigns. His replacement is Ingolf Christensen. The 24th British Guards Brigade lands at Harstad.
 * 16: The British 146th Brigade lands at Namsos.
 * 17: British forces land at Åndalsnes.
 * 18: The British 148th Brigade lands at Åndalsnes and the French 5th Alpine Chasseurs Demi-Brigade lands at Namsos.
 * 19: The British 146th Brigade is forced to withdraw from Steinkjer by German forces.
 * 20: German air raids ruin Namsos harbour for landing purposes. German forces moving north from Oslo reach Lillehammer and capture the town the next day.
 * 22: German forces engage the British 148th Brigade north of Lillehammer.
 * 23: The British 15th Brigade lands at Åndalsnes and moves to relieve the 148th Brigade.
 * 24: German forces are besieged at Narvik, with landings planned to facilitate the capitulation of the garrison.
 * 25: German forces successfully continue to push back Allied forces in the Gudbrandsdal north of Lillehammer. Norwegian forces conduct attacks on the Germans at Narvik.
 * 27: Allied forces decide to withdraw from Namsos and Åndalsnes, abandoning the effort against German forces at Trondheim.
 * 28: French mountain troops arrive at Harstad.
 * 29: King Haakon and the Norwegian government evacuate Molde and travel to Tromsø. German forces from the south link up with the Trondheim force.
 * 30: Allied evacuations begin at Åndalsnes.

May 1940

 * 1: Allies complete evacuation of 4,400 troops at Åndalsnes.
 * 2: German forces enter Åndalsnes. Mauriceforce evacuates 5,400 Allied troops at Namsos. Anglo-French forces land at Mosjøen to block German advances to Narvik.
 * 3: Mauriceforce is delayed by thick fog. Junkers Ju 87 divebombers attack Mauriceforce, and sink French destroyer Bison and British destroyer Afridi.
 * 5: French Foreign Legion and Polish forces land at Tromsø and Harstad.
 * 10: Engagements take place at Mosjøen as British forces are sent south to reinforce the blockage.
 * 13: Norwegian forces begin the advance on Narvik from Harstad led by Gen. Carl Gustav Fleischer, with the support of Allied forces landed at Bjerkvik.
 * 14: The 24th Guards Brigade loses significant equipment in transit to holding positions south of Narvik.
 * 17: The British cruiser HMS Effingham (D98) runs aground and is lost south of Narvik.
 * 21: Allied forces advancing on Narvik gain important positions to the north.
 * 26: The British anti-aircraft cruiser HMS Curlew (D42) is sunk by air attack near Harstad.
 * 27: Norwegian and Allied forces attack Narvik, entering the town after a short fight.
 * 27: German Luftwaffe destroys Bodø, but only two British soldiers are killed.
 * 31: The British force at Bodø is evacuated.

June 1940

 * 1: France and the United Kingdom inform Norway of their plans to evacuate the country.
 * 4: Allied evacuations begin at Harstad.
 * 7: The Norwegian government goes into exile aboard the British cruiser HMS Devonshire (39).
 * 8: German Naval force launch Operation Juno to relieve pressure on the Narvik garrison and, after discovering the evacuation, shift the mission to a hunt and sink the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious and two escorting destroyers. However Scharnhorst, damaged by a torpedo, returns to Trondheim with Gneisenau, leaving the way clear for the main evacuation.
 * 9: Norwegian military forces are ordered to cease resistance and demobilise.
 * 10: The surrender is complete and resistance is ended.

title: Timeline of the Norwegian campaign


text:
Hydramatic

Hydramatic (also known as Hydra-Matic) is an automatic transmission developed by both General Motors' Cadillac and Oldsmobile divisions. Introduced in 1939 for the 1940 model year vehicles, the Hydramatic was the first mass-produced fully-automatic transmission developed for passenger automobile use.

History
During the 1930s, automakers sought to reduce or eliminate the need to shift gears. At the time, synchronized gear shifting was still a novelty (and confined to higher gears in most cases), and shifting a manual gearbox required more effort than most drivers cared to exert. The exception here was Cadillac's break-through synchromesh fully synchronized manual transmission, designed by Cadillac engineer Earl A. Thompson and introduced in the autumn of 1928.

Cadillac, under Thompson, began working on a 'shiftless' transmission in 1932, and a new department within Cadillac Engineering was created, headed by Thompson and including engineers Ernest Seaholm, Ed Cole, Owen Nacker, and Oliver Kelley. During 1934, the Cadillac transmission group had developed a step-ratio gearbox that would shift automatically under full torque. This same group of engineers was then moved into the General Motors Research Laboratory, building pilot transmission units during 1935-36 which were then handed to Oldsmobile for testing.

The Automatic Safety Transmission (AST) was a tangent outgrowth of this work. The AST was a semi-automatic transmission using planetary gears and conventional friction clutch, requiring the driver to use the clutch to shift into or out of gear, but not between the two forward gears. Oldsmobile offered the AST from 1937-1939, while Buick offered it only in 1938.

The HydraMatic was designed to combine the hydraulic operation of a planetary gearbox (allowing much shifting to be automated) with a fluid coupling instead of a friction clutch, eliminating the need for de-clutching. The transmission would have four forward speeds (3.82:1, 2.63:1, 1.45:1, and 1.00:1) plus reverse, with all acceleration provided by gearing; its fluid coupling did not multiply the engine output as a torque converter does. (In this way, it was less sophisticated than the 1924 Vulcan (Vulcan-Werke Hamburg und Stettin) prototype, which had a torque converter.) It incorporated a parking pawl which was engaged when the shift selector was placed in reverse with the engine off. There was no separate Park position as found with modern transmissions.

The result, dubbed "Hydra-Matic Drive," went into production in May 1939 for the 1940 model year. The first Oldsmobiles so equipped were shipped in October 1939 in the Oldsmobile Series 60 and the Oldsmobile Series 70. Oldsmobile was chosen to introduce the Hydra-Matic for two reasons: economies of scale—Oldsmobile produced more cars than Cadillac and Buick at the time, thus providing a better test base—and to protect the reputation of Cadillac and Buick in case of a market failure of the new transmission. Advertising proclaimed it "the greatest advance since the self-starter."

In 1940, the Hydra-Matic was a US$57.00 option ($0 in dollars ), rising to US$100.00 ($0 in  dollars ) for 1941. In 1941, it also became an option on Cadillacs for $125.00 ($0 in dollars ). Almost 200,000 had been sold by the time passenger car production was halted for wartime production in February 1942.

During the war, the Hydramatic was used in a variety of military vehicles, including the M5 Stuart tank (where two of them were mated to twin Cadillac V8 engines) and the M24 Chaffee light tank. The extensive wartime service greatly improved the postwar engineering of the transmission, later advertised as "battle-tested."

Starting in 1948 Hydramatic became optional for Pontiacs (and was in 70% of them that year), although Buick and Chevrolet chose to develop their own automatic transmissions, called Dynaflow and Powerglide. All Oldsmobiles installed with the Hydramatic had at the bottom edge of the front fender directly behind the front wheel a badge that said "Futuramic" which identified an Oldsmobile approach to simplified driving, and the presence of an automatic transmission. V8 Oldsmobiles were automatic-only in 1949 as Oldsmobile lacked a manual gearbox that could handle the torque of the new Rocket V8 engine.1948 Oldsmobile Futuramic introduction. One million Hydramatics had been sold by 1949. In the early 1950s various manufacturers without the resources to develop a proprietary automatic transmission bought Hydra-Matics from GM. Users included:

 * 1951–1957 Hudson
 * 1950–1957 Nash
 * 1951–1956 Nash Rambler
 * 1957 Rambler
 * 1958–1960 Rambler American (AT&T associated company fleet units only)
 * 1951 Frazer
 * 1951–1955 Kaiser
 * 1954–1955 Willys
 * 1949–1954 Lincoln
 * 1956–1968 Austin and Vanden Plas Princess

In 1952, Rolls-Royce acquired a license to produce the HydraMatic for Rolls-Royce and Bentley automobiles. It continued production until 1967.

A massive fire that destroyed GM's Hydra-Matic plant in Livonia, Michigan on August 12, 1953, left the corporation and the three divisions that used this transmission scrambling for other sources of automatic transmissions to complete that year's model year production. As a result, Oldsmobiles and Cadillacs during the downtime were assembled with Buick's Dynaflow transmission, while Pontiacs used Chevrolet's Powerglide, both two-speed torque-converter units. Non-GM makes that bought Hydra-Matics from the corporation, including Ford Motor Co.'s Lincoln division and independent automakers Hudson, Kaiser, and Nash ended up looking for other sources of automatic transmissions as well, with Lincoln using the Borg-Warner-designed Ford-O-Matic transmission, while other automakers also switched to automatics from Borg-Warner during the downtime.

About nine weeks after the Livonia fire, GM opened up a new source for Hydra-Matic production at Willow Run, Michigan. By the time the 1954 models debuted in late 1953, Hydra-Matic production had returned to normal levels and all '54 model Cadillacs, Oldsmobiles, and Pontiacs with automatic transmissions were once again equipped with Hydra-Matics.

Evolving by the pressure of industrial competition from other manufacturers such as Studebaker's three-speed lock-up torque converter co-designed by Detroit Gear (a division of Borg-Warner), named DG 200/250, and Packard's dual-range two-speed lock-up torque converter coupled Ultramatic, GM's Hydra-Matic underwent several revisions through 1955, before being gradually replaced by the substantially redesigned Controlled-Coupling HydraMatic (also called Jetaway, by Oldsmobile, and StratoFlight, and later Super Hydra-Matic, by Pontiac, or 315 HydraMatic, by Cadillac, or Dual-coupling Hydra-Matic) in 1956.

The Controlled-Coupling Hydra-Matic incorporated a secondary fluid coupling and a pair of sprag clutch in place of the former friction clutch and brake bands, shifting in part by alternately draining and filling the secondary coupling. It was a later version of GM's "dual-range Hydra-Matic", first introduced in some 1952 models. The dual range feature allowed the driver to hold the transmission in third gear until the maximum allowable upshift points, for improved performance in traffic or in mountain driving. The new, dual coupling transmission also incorporated a separate park position, falling in line with other automatic transmissions of the day.

Controlled-Coupling Hydra-Matic was substantially smoother than the original Hydra-Matic, but also more complex and expensive to produce, just as efficient as the original HydraMatic because all HydraMatic transmissions, including Roto Hydra-Matic and Tempest Torque, use the split-torque design.

In 1961, The model 375 Roto Hydramatic was produced. The Roto is a four range three speed unit. The Roto eliminated the front fluid coupling that was used in the Controlled coupling Hydramatic and the connection between the engine and transmission was made by using the small fluid coupling that is used also to control the front planetary gear set' (in which the "dump and fill" shifting principle was retained from the older controlled coupling Hydramatic). The Roto was adopted for all Oldsmobiles as well as Pontiac's full-sized Catalina, Ventura, and Grand Prix models, while all Cadillacs and Pontiac's Bonneville and Star Chief models retained the older four-speed Controlled-Coupling Hydra-Matic unit. Controlled Coupling HydraMatic and Roto HydraMatic both have the "Split Torque feature" whereby, in high gear, the torque is divided 40% through the fluid coupling and 60% through mechanical connection, which made these transmissions more efficient than any other automatics before the lock-up torque converter was used. Hydramatic transmissions were ultimately replaced by a new three-speed torque converter automatic transmission called Turbo-Hydramatic in 1964 and 1965, whose design was more similar in principle to the Chrysler TorqueFlite and the '51 Borg-Warner-designed Ford Cruise-O-Matic than the fluid coupling Hydra-Matic the "Turbo" replaced.

The original Hydra-Matic continued to be used in light trucks and other commercial vehicles until 1962. It was subsequently replaced in that role by Chevrolet Division's Powerglide (where it was dubbed "Pow-R-Flow") in the GMC light truck line, and later, in 1966, with the Turbo Hydra-Matic (THM) in GMC light trucks, whose simplified design was much less costly to manufacture. Chevrolet Division's light truck line used the less-than-adequate Powerglide all through the 1960s until Turbo-Hydramatic was made standard in 1969. Cast-iron Hydra-Matic production ceased at Willow Run after the 1962 model year, and Controlled-Coupling Hydramatic ceased in early 1964, allowing retooling time for the Turbo Hydra-Matic 400, which debuted in the 1964 Cadillac models in mid-year, with Pontiac Division's Star Chief and Bonneville models being the last to use the Controlled-Coupling Hydramatic (Model HM315) of any GM car. 1964 Turbo-Hydramatic production used a selector quadrant similar to Chevrolet's Powerglide in that there was only one "Drive" position and a "Low," although it was a true three-speed unit. This was improved upon for all 1965 models with the "D L2 L1" or "D S L" quadrant, which allowed "dual range" flexibility as did the Dual-Range Hydramatic of 1953-1955. It was this version that replaced all Roto Hydramatic and Controlled-Coupling Hydramatic models in GM cars in that year, ending twenty-four years of four-speed automatic transmission production that obviated the need for a torque converter. Despite the name, the Turbo-Hydramatic has no mechanical or design related to the original Hydra-Matic, or the Controlled-Coupling Hydramatic.

Hydra-Matic was a complex design that was expensive to produce. Despite some early problems, it was reliable and so rugged it was widely used in drag racing during the 1960s. It was not as smooth as some competitors' transmissions (notably Buick's Dynaflow), but was more efficient, especially at highway speeds. The Hydra-Matic paved the way for widespread acceptance of automatic shifting.

A 3-speed light-duty version of the Turbo Hydra-Matic, called the Turbo-Hydramatic 180 was produced by GM's Hydra-Matic division from 1981 to 1998 for use in a wide variety of small cars and trucks.

Hydramatic is a trade name for GM's automatic transmission division, which produces a variety of transmissions, the most notable of which is the Turbo Hydra-Matic from the 1960s to the 1990s.

Design
The Hydramatic used a two-element fluid coupling (not a torque converter, which has at least three elements, the pump, turbine, and stator although Roto Hydra-Matic has a fluid coupling and a fixed stator) and three planetary gearsets, providing four forward speeds plus reverse. Standard ratios for the original Hydra-Matic were 3.82:1, 2.63:1, 1.45:1, and 1.00:1 in automotive applications, and 4.08:1, 2.63:1, 1.55:1, and 1.00:1 in light truck and other commercial applications. The Controlled-Coupling Hydra-Matic used 3.97:1, 2.55:1, 1.55:1, and 1.00:1. Roto Hydramatic 375; a three-speed, four-range automatic has a 3.56:1, 2.93:1, 1.56:1, and 1.00:1. Roto Hydramatic 240; a three-speed, four-range automatic has ratios of 3.64:1, 3.03:1, 1.57:1, and 1.00:1 The Hydramatic was fitted with two pumps to pressurize its hydraulic control system and provide lubrication of internal components. The front pump was a variable displacement vane unit driven from the fluid coupling housing, which meant oil pressure would be available immediately upon starting the engine. Relatively constant pressure was maintained by moving a slide inside the pump, which had the effect of changing the pump's displacement and therefore the volume of oil being delivered.

The rear pump was an unregulated gear pump driven from the transmission output shaft, which meant it was capable of pressurizing the transmission if the vehicle was in motion. This feature made it possible to push-start a vehicle with a dead battery if the vehicle could be accelerated to at least 15 - 20 mph. At higher speeds, the rear pump provided all the oil volume that was needed to operate the transmission and the front pump's slide was nearly centered, causing that pump to produce little output.

In first gear, power flow was through the forward planetary gear assembly (either 1.45:1 or 1.55:1 reduction, depending on the model), then the fluid coupling, followed by the rear gear assembly (2.63:1 reduction) and through the reverse gear assembly (normally locked) to the output shaft. That is, the input torus of the fluid coupling ran at a slower speed than the engine, due to the reduction of the forward gear assembly. This produced an exceptionally smooth startup because of the relatively large amount of slippage initially produced in the fluid coupling. This slippage quickly diminished as engine RPM increased.

When the transmission upshifted to second gear, the forward gear assembly locked and the input torus now ran at engine speed. This had the desirable effect of "tightening" the coupling and reducing slippage, but unfortunately also produced a somewhat abrupt shift. It wasn't at all uncommon for the vehicle to lurch forward during the 1-2 shift, especially when the throttle was wide open.

Upon shifting to third, the forward gear assembly went back into reduction, and the rear gear assembly locked. Due to the manner in which the rear gear assembly was arranged, the coupling went from handling 100 percent of the engine torque to about 40 percent, with the balance being handled solely by the gear train. This greatly reduced slippage, which was audible by the substantial reduction that occurred in the engine RPM when the shift occurred.

The shift from third to fourth gear locked the forward gear assembly, producing 1.00:1 transmission. The fluid coupling now only handled about 25 percent of the engine torque, reducing slippage to a negligible amount. The result was a remarkably efficient level of power transfer at highway speeds, something that torque converter equipped automatics could not achieve without the benefit of a converter clutch.

Many Hydramatics did not execute the 2-3 shift very well, as the shift involved the simultaneous operation of two bands and two clutches. Accurate coordination of these components was difficult to achieve, even in new transmissions. As the transmission's seals and other elastomers aged, the hydraulic control characteristics changed and the 2-3 shift would either cause a momentary flare (sudden increase in engine speed) or tie-up (a short period where the transmission is in two gears simultaneously), the latter often contributing to the failure of the front band. Much of the difficulty in staging a "clean" 2-3 or 3-2 shift in any cast-iron Hydramatic was the changing elasticity of the governing springs in the valve bodies. Even ambient temperature would affect this variable, so that a Hydramatic that would shift perfectly on a summer's day would usually exhibit 2-3 "flare" when cold. Another long-standing driver complaint would be "flare" when trying to get a "3-2" downshift when going around a corner, which usually resulted in a neck-snapping jolt upon band application.

From 1939-1950, the reverse anchor was used to lock the reverse unit ring gear from turning by engaging external teeth machined into that ring gear. From 1951 on, a cone clutch did the same thing when oil pressure was up, and a spring-loaded parking pawl was allowed to lock the same ring gear in the absence of oil pressure. This worked better as the anchor would not grind on the external teeth if that ring gear were turning (that is unless the engine stalled as reverse was engaged). The reverse was obtained by applying torque from the front unit (band on, in reduction) through the fluid coupling to the rear unit sun gear. The planet carrier of this gearset was splined to the planet carrier of the reverse unit. The rear unit ring gear hub had a small gear machined on its end which served as the reverse unit sun gear. Because the rear unit band was not applied for reverse, the rear unit and reverse unit compounded causing the combined planet carriers to rotate opposite to the input torque and at a further reduced speed. The output shaft was machined onto the rear unit and reverse unit planet carriers.

Shutting off the engine caused the transmission oil pressure to rapidly dissipate. If the selector lever was in reverse or moved to reverse after the engine stopped, two mechanical parts combined to provide a parking brake. The reverse unit ring gear was held stationary by the reverse anchor. The driveshaft could still turn to cause the reverse unit sun gear and attached rear unit ring gear to rotate at a very high speed, were it not for the fact that the rear unit ring gear band was now applied by a heavy spring. Usually, bands are applied by a servo and released by spring pressure, but in this case, the band was held off by the servo and applied by spring pressure (actually, when the engine was running, the band was applied by a combination of spring pressure assisted by oil pressure). With the engine off, this brake band acting on the rear unit ring gear had a tremendous mechanical advantage. Since the rear unit ring gear with its attached reverse unit sun gear and the reverse unit ring gear were both locked to the transmission case, the planet carriers and driveshaft could not turn. As such, it provided an effective driveshaft mounted parking brake to be used alone or supplementing the hand brake.

The first-generation Hydramatic (not the Controlled-Coupling version that succeeded it in 1956) did not have a separate park position as found in modern automatic transmissions. The driver had to shut off the engine and then place the transmission in reverse in order to lock the driveline to prevent the car from moving. Also, the original Hydramatic required periodic band adjustments as a routine maintenance item that later versions did not. Early 1940 model Oldsmobiles with Hydra-Matic Drive could be started with the transmission selector lever in any position. The car would then start to move unless the transmission lever had been left in N, neutral.

The all cast-iron Hydramatic was the heaviest automatic transmission ever produced for automobiles. The heaviest of them all was the Truck Hydra-Matic version offered by GM Truck and Coach Division in its line of light- and medium-duty trucks and conventional buses, as well as with its transverse-mounted gas L6 engined transit buses produced until 1963. That particular version weighed in at an incredible 655 pounds when equipped with the angle drive for the transit bus application, while the ¾ ton and up pickup truck model (HM270) still tipped the scale at a solid 435 pounds. When coupled to GMC's heavy V6 powerplant of 1960-1962, the powertrain weight was not too much lighter than the weight of the entire body of a ¾ ton P-2500 model pickup truck. Even its successor, the Controlled-Coupling Hydramatic was reviled by shop mechanics having to remove or reinstall such a unit, as they, too, were quite heavy when compared to other contemporary units. In the end, the true Hydramatic was rendered obsolete because of its cost, both in raw materials used as well as the machining needed. The successor, Turbo Hydramatic, was a much simpler, lighter, and cheaper, if less efficient, transmission.

title: Hydramatic


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Closed adoption

Closed adoption (also called "confidential" adoption and sometimes "secret" adoption) is a process by which an infant is adopted by another family, and the record of the biological parent(s) is kept sealed. Often, the biological father is not recorded—even on the original birth certificate. An adoption of an older child who already knows their biological parent(s) cannot be made closed or secret. This used to be the most traditional and popular type of adoption, peaking in the decades of the post-World War II Baby Scoop Era. It still exists today, but it exists alongside the practice of open adoption. The sealed records effectively prevent the adoptee and the biological parents from finding, or even knowing anything about each other (especially during times before the Internet). However, the emergence of non-profit organizations and private companies to assist individuals with their sealed records has been effective in helping people who want to connect with biological relatives to do so.

Background and procedure
Historically, the four primary reasons for married couples to obtain a child via closed adoption have been (in no particular order) infertility, asexuality, having concern for a child's welfare (i.e. would not likely be adopted by others), and to ensure the sex of the child (a family with five girls and no boys, for example). In 1917, Minnesota was the first U.S. state to pass an adoption confidentiality and sealed records law. Within the next few decades, most United States states and Canadian provinces had a similar law. Usually, the reason for sealing records and carrying out closed adoptions is said to be to "protect" the adoptee and adoptive parents from disruption by the natural parents and in turn, to allow natural parents to make a new life.

Many adopting parents in non-private adoptions would apply to a local, state licensed adoption agency. The agency may be a member of the national Child Welfare League of America (CWLA). The CWLA and many adoption agencies are still in operation today, but with an expanded and somewhat different agenda compared to past decades, as the government has largely taken over some of their previous responsibilities.

Prior to adoption, the infant would often be placed in temporary and state-mandated foster care for a few weeks to several months until the adoption was approved. This would also help ensure that the infant was healthy, that the birthparent was sure about relinquishment, and that nothing was overlooked at the time of birth. Today, this practice is discouraged, as it prevents immediate bonding between the mother and child. Also, much better medical testing is available, both prenatally and postnatally. Many children also developed orphanage-type behavior including head banging, rocking and hand flapping. Many adopted adults still retain this rocking behavior especially when tired.

Once the adoption has been approved, the agency transfers the infant from foster care (if used) to the adoptive parents. After the infant has spent a few weeks or months with the adoptive parents, a local judge formally and legally approves the adoption. The natural mother has until the final court hearing. The infant is then issued a second, amended certificate, sometimes stated to be a birth certificate, that states the adopting parents are the child's parents. This becomes the adopted person's permanent, legal "birth" certificate. In the post WWII era, laws were enacted which prevented both the adopted person and adoptive family from accessing the original, and the information given to them can be quite limited (though this has varied somewhat over the years, and from one agency to another). Originally, the sealed record laws were meant to keep information private from everyone except the 'parties to the action' (adoptee, adoptive parent, birthparent and agency). Over time, the laws were reinterpreted or rewritten to seal the information even from the involved parties.

In some states, (North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia) the city and county of the adoptee's birth is changed on the amended birth certificate, to where the adoptive parents were living at the time the adoption was finalized. Often, the states will not give the adoptee the correct location of their birth. Some adoptees have been denied passports for having incomplete birth certificates. The hospital may also be omitted on the amended birth certificate, especially if it primarily serves unwed mothers. In the United States, many such hospitals were run by the Salvation Army, and named after its founder, William Booth. By the mid-1970s, all of these hospitals had closed due to high costs and the reduced need for secrecy, as the social stigma of having a child out of wedlock in America had decreased. More mothers were raising their children as a single parent (often with the help of the newly created institution of government welfare).

Searches and reunions
From the early 1950s when Jean Paton began Orphan Voyage, and into the 1970s with the creation of ALMA, International Soundex Reunion Registry, Yesterday's Children, Concerned United Birthparents, Triadoption Library, and dozens of other local search and reunion organizations, there has been a grass roots support system in place for those seeking information and reunion with family.

Reunion registries were designed so adoptees and their birth parents, siblings or other family members can locate one another at little or no cost. In these mutual consent registries, both parties must have registered in order for there to be a match. Most require the adoptee to be at least 18 years old. Though they did not exist until late in the 20th century, today there are many World Wide Web pages, chat rooms, and other online resources that offer search information, registration and support.

From the very beginning, there have been Search Angels who help adoptees, siblings and birth families locate their relatives for free. Usually, these are persons personally touched by adoption who do not feel anyone should be charged a fee to get information about themselves or their family.

Laws are ever changing and in a few states of the US, a few provinces in Canada, the UK and Australia there are now various forms of open records giving adoptees and birth family members access to information in their files and on each other.

Some states have confidential intermediary systems. This often requires a person to petition the court to view the sealed adoption records, then the intermediary conducts a search similar to that of a private investigator. This can be either a search for the birth mother at the request of the adoptee, or vice versa. Quite often, in the many years which have passed since the adoptee was born, a birth mother or female adoptee has both moved to another address, and married or remarried resulting in a change of her surname. While this can make the search difficult and time-consuming, a marriage certificate may provide the needed clue as to the person's whereabouts. If and when the intermediary is able to contact the birth mother (or adoptee), she is informed that her adopted child (or birth mother) is inquiring about her. In the few states that have open adoption records, should this party indicate that he or she does not want to be contacted, by law, the information would not be given out. Upon completion of the search in which the birth mother agrees to be contacted, the intermediary usually sends the adoptee the official unamended birth certificate obtained from the court. The adoptive parents' application to an adoption agency remains confidential, however.

The cost for a confidential intermediary and related court fees can be around $500, but varies by state and agency. For persons who cannot afford the fees, there is usually assistance available from the tax-payer supported state department or the non-profit agency, and anyone can request from them how-to request this help. Most agencies charge a fixed fee which includes everything, and only in the most extreme and unusual circumstances ask for additional funds. If the adoptee is unable to locate (or would prefer to use a third person) to find their birth father, often the same confidential intermediary can be used for an additional fee.

There are also private search companies and investigators who charge fees to do a search for or assist adoptees and birth mothers and fathers locate each other, as well as to help other types of people searching. These services typically cost much more, but like search organizations and search angels, have far greater flexibility in regards to releasing information, and typically provide their own intermediary services. However, they may not circumvent the law regarding the confidentiality process.

In all adoption searches, it is uncommon to find both the birth mother and father at the same time. A separate search, if desired, can be done afterwards for the father. Since males seldom change their surnames, and the mother might have additional information, it is usually easier than the initial search for the birth mother. In many cases, adoptees are able to do this second search for their birth father by themselves (or they try before paying for assistance).

Females have statistically been somewhat more likely than males to search for their birth parents, and are far more likely to search for their adopted children. Very often, the reason the infant was put up for adoption in the first place was the birth father's unwillingness to marry or otherwise care for the child. Nevertheless, many birth fathers in this situation have agreed to meet with their grown children decades later.

In recent years, DNA tests designed for genealogists have been used by adult adoptees to identify biological relatives.

Legal matters
Only a court order allows closed adoption records to be unsealed, which was quite uncommon prior to the early 1990s. A few cases have surfaced in which records were thought to have been sealed but were not—either by mishandling or misunderstanding. Although rare, a small number of people have been prosecuted over the years for violating the confidentially of sealed adoption records. In 1998, Oregon voters passed Measure 58 which allowed adoptees to unseal their birth records without any court order. Some other states which used to keep closed adoption records sealed permanently by default have since changed to allowing release once the adoptee turns 18. However, these laws were not made retroactive; only future adoptions subsequent to the laws' passage apply.

On June 1, 2009, Ontario, Canada, opened its sealed records to adoptees and their birth parents, with a minimum age of 18 for the adoptee, or one additional year if the birth parents initiate the request. Both parties can protect their privacy by giving notice of how to be either contacted or not, and if the latter, with identifying information being released or not. All adoptions subsequent to September 1, 2008, will be "open adoptions"

For searches involving a confidential intermediary, the intermediary initiates obtaining the court order and is reimbursed for doing so. However, once the court grants this, it is still confidential information to everyone else until the other party agrees otherwise. (See the previous section.) Many states, though, still keep this information sealed even after the adoptee and the birth parents agree to know and contact each other. A second court order would be required to have this information unsealed permanently. This is well beyond the scope of the initial search, and what is covered by the payment to the intermediary. Should an adoptee subsequently lose their unamended birth certificate, a court order may be required to obtain another one (even if a photocopy is submitted).

The probate laws of most states in the U.S. prohibit an adoptee from automatically inheriting from their birth parents. This applies regardless of whether or not the birth father participated in or agreed to the adoption. Had the adoption not have taken place, any adoptee would be an heir upon their father's death—regardless of who their childhood caretakers were. There can be additional complications if the birth father has subsequently moved to another state. Should a birth parent include an "unknown" adoptee in their will, the probate court has no obligation to fulfill this type of request, while "known" adoptees may have the same status as non-family members. However, there is some variation in probate laws from one state to another.

Criticism
Closed adoption has been increasingly criticized in recent years as being unfair to both the adoptee and their birth parents. Some people believe that making the identities of a child's parents a state secret is a gross violation of human rights. On the other hand, the birth mother may have desired the secrecy because of the circumstances of the child's conception.

In virtually all cases, the decision is up to the adoptive parents regarding how to inform the child that he or she has been adopted, and at what age to do so, if at all. Although a non-profit adoption agency (if one is used) might mail newsletters and solicit funds from the parents, traditionally, it has been extremely rare for them to communicate directly with the child (usually, adoption agencies do not contain the word "adoption" in their name).

Difficulties include the lack of a genetic medical history which could be important in disease prevention. Often, this was not given at the time of adoption, and the father's history is usually little known even to the mother.

Adoptive parents may be less likely to consider the possibility that they are doing something wrong, and blame the child's heredity. The parents may even unfavorably compare their adopted child with a near-perfect, genetically related "fantasy" child. This enables them to blame ordinary problems which all parents face on their child's supposedly "defective" genes. Thus, while non-adoptive parents are focused on nurture, some adoptive parents are solely focused on nature (i.e. heredity) instead. This results in what could have been an easily resolved problem, going unresolved in families with adopted children, possibly accompanied by child abuse.

For many years in New York State, adoptees had to obtain the permission of their adoptive parents (unless deceased) to be included in a state-sponsored reunion registry regardless of the age of the adoptee. In some cases, older adults or even senior citizens felt like they were being treated like children, and required to obtain their parents' signature on the form. In a broader sense, they felt it could be inferred that adopted children are always children, and thus second-class citizens subject to discrimination. The law has since been changed.

Organizations and media
Most US states and Canadian provinces have independent non-profit organizations that help adoptees and their birth parents initiate a search, and offers other adoption-related support. There are also independent and state funded reunion registries that facilitate reuniting family members. The International Soundex Reunion Registry (ISRR) is the oldest and largest. The Salvation Army also provides information in helping those who were born or gave birth in its maternity hospitals or homes (see the external links below). This is a change from previous decades, when nothing was ever released without a rarely given or sought court order.

Many in the adoption community first learned of search and support resources through newspaper articles, the Dear Abby column and various TV shows and movies. Starting in the mid-1980s, many adoptees and their parents first learned about the possibility of reunion on the NBC (later CBS) television program Unsolved Mysteries hosted by Robert Stack. This was under their "Lost Loves" category, the vast majority of which involved closed adoption. More than 100 reunions have occurred as a result of the program, many of those being the adoption-related cases. Reruns of the program (with a few new segments and updates) were also aired on the Lifetime Television cable network until mid-2006, and very briefly on Spike TV in late 2008. In September 2010, the program returned to Lifetime from 4 to 7 pm ET/PT.

In 2013, the film Philomena based on the book The Lost Child of Philomena Lee, opened in cinemas worldwide. It tells the true story of Philomena's 50-year-long search for her forcefully adopted Irish infant son, who was sent to the United States. She is eventually assisted by BBC journalist Martin Sixsmith, which takes up the majority of the film. Starring Judi Dench as Philomena and Steve Coogan as Sixsmith, it was nominated for four American and four British Academy Awards.

title: Closed adoption


text:
Walter Little (politician)

Walter Little (March 25, 1877 – May 31, 1961) was a Canadian politician. He represented the riding of Timiskaming in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1953. He was a member of the Liberal Party until his death in 1961.

title: Walter Little (politician)


text: Category:Australian rugby league players


text:
Harley-Davidson Knucklehead engine

The knucklehead is a retronym used by enthusiasts to refer to a Harley-Davidson motorcycle engine, so named because of the distinct shape of the rocker boxes. The engine is a two-cylinder, 45 degree, pushrod actuated overhead valve V-twin engine with two valves per cylinder. It was the third basic type of V-Twin engine used by Harley-Davidson, replacing the Flathead-engined VL model in 1936 as HD's top-of-the-line model. The engine was manufactured until 1947 and was replaced by the Panhead engine in 1948. The Knucklehead-engined models were originally referred to as "OHVs" by enthusiasts of the time and in Harley's official literature; the nickname arose from the California chopper culture of the late 1960s.

As the design of Harley-Davidson engines has evolved through the years, the distinctive shape of each model's valve covers has allowed Harley enthusiasts to classify an engine simply by looking for those shapes. The contours of a knucklehead engine's valve covers resemble knuckles on a person's fist.

title: Harley-Davidson Knucklehead engine