text:
Wikipedia:AMA Requests for Assistance/Archive2

User:AladdinSE and content dispute over Arab-Israeli Conflict
I realize this is probably one of the most controversial topics on Wikipedia. Unfortunately a new dispute has arisen, and I think a resolution process aught to be initiated. Please examine the article and related Talk page. We have attempted to reach consensus but, while some compromise was reached, there remains an outstanding disagreement. My inclusion of a caricature keeps getting deleted. I beleive the Talk pages fully explains the dispute, so there is no need to reproduce it here. Thank you very much for your assistance.--A. S. A. 17:52, Jan 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Copied from requesting user's talk page, 1 February, following contact earlier that day by User:Alex756: Thank you very much for your initiative. I put in a Request for Comment, and the resulting rejuvenated Talk discussions resulted finally in a consensus, and the caricature that was repeatedly deleted has been finally agreed upon and will stay. If it anyone reneges and deletes it again, I will follow your helpful directions and contact an advocate.--A. S. A. 07:15, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC). Therefore, this one was actually dealt and dispensed with in an expeditious manner, and no further action was needed. Wally 03:53, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

List of oxymora
A small edit war is under way. LexCorp (me) and shanedidona are reverting each other. It started when I introduced Creation Science to the list and then shanedidona rved without comment. I rved back and then he deleted my entry and instead introduced Evolutionary Science without comment. I then rved again this time using the talk page to explain to shanedidona first that a revert should be commented and to argue that Evolutionary Science is neither a real terrm or oxymoron for that matter. After that he did not revert but introduced Evolutionary Science again in the page this time using the talk page to offer me a compromise deal that if both terms are in the list he will be ok with it. I have answer no to this as this is a project to disseminate factual information and as such Evolutionary Science can not be considered a oxynoron. I reques assistance as to what steps to follow from here. Yours --LexCorp 17:22, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC) UPDATE: Well it seems that for the moment the dispute has subsided so I will leave the request in stand by mode.--LexCorp 00:10, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Withdrawn by user. - Keith D. Tyler ¶ [ AMA ] 18:28, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

User:WikiUser vs. User:ChrisO et al
(Please note the above statement was made by Mr. Tyler, without my knowledge or permission, it has nothing to do with me.) Request for advocate by UserWikiUser. I request a reasonable person to help me against abuse by several people but in particular a user called ChrisO, who has hounded me against all wikipedia rules for most of the time since I registered 7 months ago - to the point where I have felt suicidal. He is abusing me now in a sort of frenzy and says he will shortly "ban" me "long term" as I have filed a Mediation request against a user, and BEFORE I have had time to file a Mediation appeal re him. (I warned him recently that if he did one more attack I would file for Mediation re him. Now hence his upping the level of his attacks.) When I filed for Mediation, among other abuses of the rules he said: "You also have no right to abuse Wikipedia dispute resolution procedures for your own ends, as in your frivolous arbitration request last August and the equally frivolous mediation request you've made this week.". This is untrue, I do have the same right to file a Mediation appeal that anyone else does. And is breaking the Mediation procedure by flaming me beneath my appeal on the Mediation page with lies about me, which is against the wiki rules. He is as clearly determined to stop me having a Mediation appeal re him and the other person I've asked to stop abusing me, as he is to ban me simply for editing. I don't know why he has this incredibly extreme obsession against me, but I SEEK ASSISTANCE with preventing him from using the wikipedia to harrass me and stopping my normal use of it, to the detriment of my health.WikiUser 16:07, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I like this personal attack cases. I contacted the user preliminarily . I can't take this case, so I restored the request. --Neigel von Teighen 22:05, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * User:ChrisO has rejected mediation and indicated his intent to take the issue to arbitration . Is anyone involved in this case? - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  00:53, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Arbitration request is at Requests for arbitration/WikiUser. Evidence includes allegations of anon posting by User:WikiUser with language bordering on either the violent or the paranoid, to pages of various users including Jimbo Wales. See Requests for arbitration/WikiUser/Evidence. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  05:21, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I should note that this user came to us looking for advocacy; there is now an arbitration request against him, which is proceeding. Due to a small dispute between myself and the requestor I do not consider myself appropriate to take the task. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  07:04, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think anyone is! Looks like he will be banned for a long time, so this request should probably be removed. violet/riga (t) 00:47, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

User:Katefan0 vs. User:149.243.232.3
Hi there, I reverted an edit to Dan Crippen made by the above anon user. He reverted it back and in his summary line justifying his revert he called me a "known vandal." My problem with the information he added was that it was utter speculation about Crippen's name being circulated as a replacement for the current outgoing NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe. Not only should an encyclopedia not be a repository for rumors, he credited it to a Website called NASAWatch which was odd, since it's essentially a fannish blogsite (he also added an external link to NASAWatch, which smacks as possibly someone involved with the site looking for some free advertising). Anyway, I posted a message on the IP's usertalk page asking him to reconsider his revert, but given the rude and inaccurate way he tagged me as a "known vandal" in the edit summary I am not anticipating an easy resolution. Katefan0 16:20, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like he voluntarily reverted. Must've been my appeal on his userpage (shocked!)  Man, y'all are more effective than I'd thought. ;) I withdraw my request.  Thanks.  Katefan0 20:03, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Congrats. Dispute resolution always starts with attempting to talk with the other party about the issue. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  20:25, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

Ollieplatt vs. Radicalsubversiv
Radicalsubversiv has accused me of vandalism and sockpuppetery.

I asked him to withdraw these personal attacks and to say sorry.

He has failed to do either.

Can I please have assistance before I seek arbitration which I would rather avoid if he withdraws his falsehoods. Ollieplatt 20:16, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * An arbitration between User:Libertas and User:Radicalsubversiv (brought by the latter) was decided on 28-Jan-2005. The case -- Requests_for_arbitration/Libertas -- found, among other things, that User:Ollieplatt, among other minor accounts, is a sockpuppet for User:Libertas, a banned user. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  21:32, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

Southern Manifesto
I request help in resolving the following dispute:

The Note at the end of the article which reads Senators Lyndon Johnson of Texas and Estes Kefauver and Albert Gore of Tennessee were the only Southern senators who refused to sign.

should either be removed as extraneous information

or

No Republican Senators signed. should be included User:Nobs

 * I believe this disagreement has been mooted. The text of the manifesto, including the list of signers, has been moved to Wikisource. -Willmcw 19:40, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

ELITISM
User:Alikar vs. User:70.19.102.225 (me) Alikar has not allowed contributors outside a small clique of people to contribute to the Graffiti article. He has reverted every single edit by user:70.19.18.147 and other "outsiders" with some petty comment. I thought wikipedia is a community allowing the free exchange of ideas? when has it become an elitist clique? please review the history of the page and judge for yourself. I also demand user:Slowking Man to LIFT the ban on 70.19.102.225, that 17 yr old kid is NOT A JUDGE.
 * After reviewing the history of the article, and seeing blanking by User:70.19.102.225, I contacted User:Alkivar to see if my analysis met with what happend to the article. Reversion was mainly done to keep users within this subgroup from listing themselves in a list of renowned graffiti artists from other primary sources, which are cited at the end of the article.  After Alkivar reverted the article to its original content, user 70.19.102.225 blanked the entire article and made a nasty comment instead, and thus, was banned. Although Wikipedia is permitting the free exchange of ideas, it is not to be used for personal vanity. KC9CQJ 02:23, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Should the original, petitioning user be open to alternate resolution, I would be more than happy to revitalize his request and serve as an advocate to insure appropriate resolution. KC9CQJ 04:31, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

User:Eddieuny re anon vandalism on Quixtar
I am not a partisan in favor of the Alticor complex (I am a former distributor, a very long time ago for a very short time.), but there seems to be an edit war going on over the Quixtar article. Perhaps someone more knowledgable than I could take a look and perhaps see if the person who keeps changing Quixtar to Quickscam and Amway to Scamway can be persuaded to move the dispute to discussion; if it keeps up, perhaps editing could be frozen to allow heated passions to cool.
 * Above posted by User:Eddieuny. Numerous anons from different sources are editing the words in the article to pejorative plays on the names of the companies; clearly vandalism. Not sure what Eddieuny's relation to the article is, unless he is a proxy for User:The Mule. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  23:24, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not a proxy for anyone. I was looking at the article and saw that it kept changing all the time, so I thought this was the procedure to let someone more knowledgable know that there might be a problem.  I'm a little new to Wikipedia, so forgive me if I violated the conventions.  18:26, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)User:Eddieuny
 * For the record: no, I'm just trying to identify your relation to the problem. Normally advocates deal with inter-user conflicts, and IMO it helps to measure what the conflict is and what your involvement in it is. I'll be on your Talk page. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]
 * Gave the user appropriate advice, which was well received. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  01:21, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

User:Malbear and VfDs submitted by OneGuy
OMG! Help Help!. Revisionist attack on all articles which describe discrimination by Muslims against people of their own country. New enough to wiki to not know the procedure in this case but after grepping through the dispute res stuff this may be a good place to start. Anyone can help? Going through an entire class of articles and slapping a VFD on every one simply because you dislike the content is probably not what this space is for right?--Malbear 06:03, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * This seems to stem from a large number of articles by User:RK created straight from U.S. government texts with names like "Status of religious freedom in (name of country)", mostly for Middle Eastern and South Asian countries, as well as similar articles named "Discrimination against non-Muslims in (insert Arab or heavily Islamic country here)" (most of which have been moved or merged into articles with names like the previous example).
 * Note that each of these articles, which are the ones indicated by the complainant, seem to have been settled with a rename and redirect. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  21:51, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Incidentally, the user says he is "new enough to not know the procedure" -- his WP activity actually predates mine by a few months. I am responding to the user. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  22:39, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * No response from user after 10 days. Closing. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  01:21, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

Robert_the_Bruce et al vs. User:Exploding Boy (RFA)
I have a problem with Exploding_Boy in that he is hell bent on pursuing action against me at the highest level, RfC to Ac and then back to AC while refusing mediation. Now simply put I believe that EB has a specific agenda here in that he wants to force his POV on the articles of his choice. Currently JakeW and myself appear to frustrate his aims and as such he intends to attempt to neutralise us. There is currently an AC matter open which is a shocker. I request two levels of support. One, challenging the process of the AC in this particular case and secondly in addressing the situation which exists between myself and EB. Thank you in anticipation. - Robert the Bruce 18:56, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I have responded preliminarily to this user. Wally 20:39, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I have accepted this case and am in the process of preliminary research. Wally 01:12, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * User has asked that advocacy end in favor of self-representation. Wally 04:43, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ray Foster vs. Dcreemer re Deaf
I'm not sure how to proceed. I'm new to Wikipedia and I'm working hard to read and understand the overall vision, style and intent. But I have come up with a problem. In the "Deaf" article, there were things written there that were terribly inflammatory, patently false, blatently prejudiced and downright sinister and they were represented as the point of view of culturally deaf people. Of dispute right now is "Views of Treatment" to which I contributed a major re-write.

You should understand that I'm a deaf person who takes a cultural view of deafness. Almost all of the article is terribly offensive to deaf people who share my view, yet the people who originally created the content did decide to address the view of the culturally deaf. The problem is they seemed to have fabricated or fantasized as to what the view of culturally deaf people actually was. Fine. I've posted extensively updates but there is this one section that another contributor posted a NPOV notice on.

I have no problem whatsoever in resolving it, but all I get is utter, profound silence. I posted an offer on the article's talk page to the effect that I was willing to collaberate on creating a page that was a fair representation of the two views, but no one has responded to my suggestion or even expressed any further interest in the page. I told people what I was willing to do, but since I didn't want to wait forever to get feedback I also included a deadline for responding to my offer. I said that if no one responded saying they would like to resolve the issue, I would assume my work was satisfactory and remove the NPOV notice.

But then I realized that maybe I wasn't supposed to set the rules on removing the NPOV notice. That's why I'm seeking input now. What does one do when no one responds to an appeal to resolve the problem? My intention is to completely rewrite the entire article and give it a true neutrality rather than having an article in which I have to represent the culturally point of view as a reaction to negative assertions the orginal authors believed to be benign and acceptable assumptions that could be embraced by anyone without offense. I'd be happy to discuss this via email. Thank you.

Ray Foster 17:56, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I know that your situation is very hard and uncomfortable to you and wanted to advice you. As you're new to Wikipedia, surely you don't know anything about our dispute resolution system. We've got four 'resorts' (I like to talk about 'stages') in this system:
 * Informal discussion (called negotiation or conciliation): discuss this with the other users and try to get consensus.
 * Request for Comment: You list the page into the Request for Comment page and other users (voluntarily) get into the discussion and try to help.
 * Request for Mediation: This consists in a mediated discussion between both parties. The mediator (a member of the Mediation Comitee) will only mediate, he/she won't judge.
 * Request for Arbitration: This should only used for extremely complex cases where anything above has failed. Here, the whole Arbitration Comitee will take a decision about the topic.
 * About advocates we only represent parties, we can't take any decision, but you can request one when you want. Sadly, I can't help you (I'm in a very hard case now), but by putting the request here, the AMA will put you in contact with another advocate. --Neigel von Teighen 18:05, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll look into this a bit, as I've no current cases (others to which I've enquired have been met with no reply). I'll contact this user as well. Wally 08:04, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have offered to represent User:Dcreemer, the other party in this issue. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  01:05, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)

"lugnut" (anon) vs. Francs2000
I need some help from someone. I recived several complaints about me messing up pages or vandelizing (however you spell that) I have never, nor would I ever, mess up someone elses work. I live alone. There is 0% chance of anyone else using this computer. My name is Howard Masterson. [phone number deleted - KDT] My E-Mail is lugnut@ccrtc.com. I would like to become a member of this site, but there are some important problems involving your "administrators"(however you spell that) that need to be addressed first. Thank-you   lug.
 * Above was posted by anon 209.132.175.22. Am replying via email to ask for more information. Anon IP has only one other edit in history, same date as this one, on admin User:Francs2000's talk page (see post:, and user's response at ). - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  ]] 18:23, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * I have made contact with this user. - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ] ]] 05:57, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I could not uncover any additional information about this issue. I could not convince the anon to register as a user so as to track any future issues. There was some difficulty in receiving responses from the user. I believe this was probably a misinterpretation of comments left for an anon account which the user happened to hold temporarily due to dynamic IP. My SQL request to help track down possible sources of the problem was never answered. Closing. - Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  18:51, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

Spinboy re VfD on Students' Society of McGill University
I created the article Students' Society of McGill University after seeing quite a few listings in the Category:United Kingdom Students' Unions and created other articles myself. Now it's being voted on for deletion. I don't agree with this as there are many other articles, not created by me, on students unions. I'd appreciate some help. Thank you. Spinboy 20:56, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * For the record, this article survived VfD. The advocacy guidelines do not mention article advocacy in VfD. I would argue that this is not an appropriate duty for a member's advocate. - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ]  ]] 01:23, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that is a good issue to consider when deciding if advocacy work is appropriate when people list their disputes here. We can help people who have problems understanding the dispute resolution process or who need someone who can help them articulate their position when dealing with other members who may have more experience; so it is important to make sure that within some request for acting as some kind of mediator there is not also a request just to help the individual with understanding the process or what they are trying to acheive, that, IMHO, is within the balliwick of advocacy here. Remember someone is reaching out to our association because they can't figure out how to do it themselves, so even a little informal communication may be very helpful to them without some declaration of full "advocacy" status on their behalf. Your coordinator. — ©   Alex756   06:08, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

DnB re United Nations Children's Fund
I would appreciate some assistance in resolving a dispute - see Talk:United Nations Children's Fund. I have tried hard to engage in a discussion and to reach agreement on removal of a section of the article which is unfair and inappropriate, in my view. It appears that someone is holding this article hostage in relation to a broader argument. They refuse to agree to the deletion even though they appear to agree that it is inappropriate, unless other similar pieces are removed from other articles. This does not seem reasonable. Unable to persuade I deleted the offending section, which was immediately reverted. I don't want, and don't have time, to get into a revert war. i have posted a reference on the disputes resolution page, but would appreciate any expert advice and assistance. thank you. --DnB 23:54, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * This user was never responded to until three months after the fact when I stumbled on this. Regardless, by then the conflict was resolved; the user against whom he had a complaint is currently under enforced year-and-a-half ban.


text: User talk:68.5.11.58

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.5.11.58


text:
Talk:Lewinsky (surname)

Dab
Three or more persons with the same name appear to justify this page per WP:DAB. Based on Google News, Monica is definitely the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC though, so plain Lewinsky redirects there. FuFoFuEd (talk) 11:45, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Neologism?
Some editors said at Articles for deletion/Lewinsky that the use as neologism in already covered in Monica Lewinsky, but that doesn't appear to be the case anymore. More recently, other editors said at Articles for deletion/Lewinsky (neologism) and the related DRV that sources appear to exist on this neologism issue. However, I'm unaware of them. Until the required reliable sources are added to the relevant article(s), please do not add back the neologism entry. FuFoFuEd (talk) 11:45, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lewinsky (surname)


text: User talk:204.39.20.10

title: User talk:204.39.20.10


text: User talk:68.198.114.252

title: User talk:68.198.114.252


text:
User:Jengod/List of Hawaii county name etymologies

 * Hawaii County, Hawaii: Hawaii is said to be named for Hawaiiloa, hero of the foundation myth of the native Hawaiian people.
 * Honolulu County, Hawaii: Honolulu is a Hawaiian language word meaning sheltered bay or place of shelter.
 * Kalawao County, Hawaii: Kalawao is probably named for the village of Kalawao, which lies within its boundaries.
 * Kauai County, Hawaii: Kauai is a word of unknown origin; Hawaiiloa is often credited with naming the island for his son.
 * Maui County, Hawaii: Maui is named for a god from Hawaiian mythology, Maui.


text:
Channel 1

Channel One or channel 1 may refer to:

Television networks and channels

 * Channel One (Albania) - Albania
 * 10 Bold, an Australian television channel formerly known as One - Australia
 * Channel 1 (Bangladeshi TV channel) - Bangladeshi
 * BNT 1 - Bulgaria
 * One (Canadian TV channel) - Canada
 * Canal 1 - Colombia
 * Dubai One, Middle East and North Africa - Dubai
 * TF1, French flagship television channel from TF1 Group - France
 * Das Erste, German flagship channel from ARD - Germany
 * One (German TV channel) - Germany
 * Channel 1 (Iran) - Iran
 * RTÉ One, Irish flagship television channel from RTÉ - Ireland
 * Channel 1 (Israel) - Israel
 * Rai 1, Italian flagship television channel from Rai -Italy
 * One (Maltese TV channel) - Malta
 * Azteca Uno, a television network in Mexico using virtual channel 1 - Mexico
 * C1 Television - Mongolia
 * NPO 1, Dutch flagship television channel from the Nederlandse Publieke Omroep -Netherlands
 * Channel 1 (North American TV), a defunct channel last occupying the spectrum between 44-50MHz
 * Channel One Russia - Russia
 * Soviet TV Channel 1, a defunct flagship television channel from the All-Soviet State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company - USSR
 * Channel 1 (Syrian TV channel) - Syria
 * Channel One (British and Irish TV channel), a defunct channel in the UK - UK
 * BBC One, British flagship television channel from the BBC - UK
 * NY1, a channel in New York - USA

Other uses

 * Channel One (band), an Irish rock band
 * Channel One Studios, a recording studios in Kingston, Jamaica
 * "Channel One", two techno releases by Juan Atkins
 * Channel One News, a school television program in the United States

title: Channel 1


text:
Formate

Formate (IUPAC name: methanoate) is the conjugate base of formic acid. Formate is an anion (HCO2-) or its derivatives such as ester of formic acid. The salts and esters are generally colorless.

Fundamentals
When dissolved in water, formic acid converts to formate:
 * HCO2H -> HCO2- +  H+

Formate is a planar anion. The two oxygen atoms are equivalent and bear a partial negative charge. The remaining C-H bond is not acidic.

Biochemistry

 * [[Image:Testosterone estradiol conversion.png|400px|center]]

Formate is a common C-1 source in living systems. It is formed from many precursors including choline, serine, and sarcosine. It provides a C-1 source in the biosynthesis of some nucleic acids. Formate (or formic acid) is invoked as a leaving group in the demethylation of some sterols. These conversions are catalyzed by aromatase enzymes using O2 as the oxidant. Specific conversions include testosterone to estradiol and androstenedione to estrone.

Formate is reversibly oxidized by the enzyme formate dehydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas:
 * HCO2- -> CO2 + H+  +  2 e-

Formate esters
Formate esters have the formula HCOOR (alternative way of writing formula ROC(O)H or RO2CH). Many form spontaneously when alcohols dissolve in formic acid.

The most important formate ester is methyl formate, which is produced as an intermediate en route to formic acid. Methanol and carbon monoxide react in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium methoxide:
 * CH3OH + CO -> HCOOCH3

Hydrolysis of methyl formate gives formic acid and regenerates methanol:
 * HCOOCH3 ->  HCOOH  +  CH3OH

Formic acid is used for many applications in industry.

Formate esters often are fragrant or have distinctive odors. Compared to the more common acetate esters, formate esters are less commonly used commercially because they are less stable. Ethyl formate is found in some confectionaries.

Formate salts
Formate salts have the formula M(O2CH)(H2O)x. Such salts are prone to decarboxylation. For example, hydrated nickel formate decarboxylates at about 200 °C with reduction of the Ni2+ to finely powdered nickel metal:

 * Ni(HCO2)2(H2O)2 ->  Ni  +  2 CO2  +  2 H2O  +  H2

Such fine powders are useful as hydrogenation catalysts.

Examples

 * ethyl formate, CH3CH2(HCOO)
 * sodium formate, Na(HCOO)
 * potassium formate, K(HCOO)
 * caesium formate, Cs(HCOO); see Caesium: Petroleum exploration
 * methyl formate, CH3(HCOO)
 * methyl chloroformate, CH3OCOCl
 * triethyl orthoformate
 * trimethyl orthoformate, C4H10O3
 * phenyl formate HCOOC6H5
 * amyl formate

title: Formate


text: User talk:85.160.64.11

title: User talk:85.160.64.11


text:
Category:Identical twins

This category contains articles on pairs of identical twins, and people who were born with an identical twin.
 * For the article about multiple births, see Twin.
 * For a list of all twins, identical or otherwise, see List of twins.
 * For other uses of the term Twin, see Twin (disambiguation).

title: Category:Identical twins


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Linear writing is stupid!

Linear writing is stupid!
Linear writing is stupid!

There are better ways to voice disapproval


text:
Talk:Ministry of Justice of Cameroon

[Untitled]
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Ministry of Justice of Cameroon. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 20:31, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Ministry of Justice of Cameroon


text:
The Ultra Zone

The Ultra Zone is the sixth studio album by guitarist Steve Vai, released on September 7, 1999, through Epic Records.

The Ultra Zone is structurally similar to Vai's previous album, Fire Garden, in that the first half of the album consists mainly of instrumentals, and the second half mainly of vocal songs; however, unlike Fire Garden, The Ultra Zone is not formally divided into two "phases".

Background
The Ultra Zone is notable for its tributes to two legendary guitarists: Frank Zappa (on the track "Frank"), and Stevie Ray Vaughan (on the track "Jibboom").

Also notable is the fact that this was Vai's last studio album of original material until 2005's Real Illusions: Reflections; in the years in between, he released several compilations of his material, as well as a live album.

This album includes the participations of Koshi Inaba and Tak Matsumoto from the Japanese band B'z on "Asian Sky".

Track listing
All songs written by Steve Vai.
 * 1) "The Blood & Tears" – 4:26
 * 2) "The Ultra Zone" – 4:52 (instrumental)
 * 3) "Oooo" – 5:12 (instrumental)
 * 4) "Frank" – 5:09 (instrumental) (homage to Frank Zappa)
 * 5) "Jibboom" – 3:46 (instrumental) (homage to Stevie Ray Vaughan)
 * 6) "Voodoo Acid" – 6:25
 * 7) "Windows to the Soul" – 6:25 (instrumental, with some small spoken parts)
 * 8) "The Silent Within" – 5:00
 * 9) "I'll Be Around" – 4:57
 * 10) "Lucky Charms" – 6:44 (instrumental)
 * 11) "Fever Dream" – 6:03 (instrumental)
 * 12) "Here I Am" – 4:12
 * 13) "Asian Sky" – 5:34

Personnel

 * Steve Vai – everything (tracks 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 & 9), everything else (track 7, 10, 11 & 13), guitars (tracks 4, 5 & 12), vocals (track 12)
 * Koshi Inaba - vocals (track 13)
 * Tak Matsumoto - guitar (track 13)
 * Mike Keneally - keyboards (track 7)
 * John Sergio – bass (track 4)
 * Philip Bynoe – bass (tracks 5,7 & 12)
 * Bryan Beller – bass (tracks 10 & 11)
 * Gregg Bissonette - drums (track 4)
 * Mike Mangini - drums (tracks 5, 7 & 12)
 * Robin DiMaggio - drums (track 10)
 * Andy Cleaves - trumpet (track 10)
 * Duane Benjamin - trombone (track 10)
 * Niels Bye Nielsen - orchestration (track 10)

title: The Ultra Zone


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Israel Israelsson Näslund III

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:02, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Israel Israelsson Näslund III
A very average local vicar in northern Sweden. He is not included in any Swedish encyclopedia or any major, general purpose Swedish biographical reference work. The article is probably based on a biographical dictionary of clergymen in the Diocese of Härnösand, which has been scanned and put on the web (PDF). Näslund is below my bar of notability for churchmen (but contrast Lars Levi Laestadius for another local vicar in northern Sweden who is notable for several reasons). / u p p l a n d 20:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just under the bar of notability. Megan1967 23:42, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I see nothing notable here. Vicars are much smaller than, say, bishops, who may be "inherently notable". -R. fiend 00:44, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. -- Riffsyphon1024 07:23, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Peer review/French grammar/archive1

French grammar
accurate and precise translation needed at Talk:French grammar, and collaboration needed/wanted at French grammar. Request posted by Lysdexia 21:38, 18 February 2005 (UTC). (Bishonen | Talk)

Some comments: Quite a list... but that's it for now. — mark ✎ 11:12, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) General — The article lacks references. This could well be one of the reasons for the confusion in the debate at the Talk page.
 * 2) General — Take leave of the idea that there is only one 'accurate and precise translation'. Languages simply don't map accurately and precisely onto each other, so it's hardly a surprise if there are various possible translations of a given construction.
 * 3) General — There is nothing on question formation. What are the different ways to ask questions? What question words are there? What syntactical and intonational devices?
 * 4) Verbs > tenses — This section is in desperate need of simple sample sentences. In general, it needs more structure and more didactics; the reader should be taken by the hand and led along the different tenses, every single of them supplied with a sample sentence. The main distinction (simple vs compound) should be explained before the reader starts to worry about it. Sample sentences help to intuitively visualize this distinction. And so on. Incidentally, I have found the neat format used at Nafaanra_language (bulleted sentences, bolded morphemes) to be handy.
 * 5) Verbs > tenses — 'Aside from these tenses, there is an imperative, a participle, and the infinitive, each of which can be inflected for tense (present and past), although the past imperative is quite rare.' :) But that's not a peculiarity of French; I'd say that's for obvious semantic reasons.
 * 6) Verbs > Compound tense auxiliary verbs — I count only the sixteen motion verbs, but the text says that 'Those sixteen verbs, plus three common compounds, are: (...)'. Where are the compounds? What's the meaning of 'compound' in this context?
 * 7) Verbs > The Past Participle — It reads that participle-as-an-adjective '...follows all the regular agreement rules of the language...', but the reader has not yet come across those regular agreement rules; clarify expressions on first use.
 * 8) Verbs > Conjugation — Contains no text.
 * 9) Nouns — What morphosyntactical consequences has the gender of a noun? Does the conjugation of the verb change? Does the form of the adjective have to agree with it?
 * 10) Adjectives — I miss the 'agreement rules' previously referred to. What determines the form of an adjective? Examples of this agreement would be nice.
 * 11) Word order — Could do with an example sentence.


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Epsilon Canis Majoris

Epsilon Canis Majoris is a binary star system and the second-brightest star in the constellation of Canis Major. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinised from ε Canis Majoris, and abbreviated Epsilon CMa or ε CMa. This is the 22nd-brightest star in the night sky with an apparent magnitude of 1.50. About 4.7 million years ago, it was the brightest star in the night sky, with an apparent magnitude of −3.99. Based upon parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is about 430 light-years distant from the Sun.

The two components are designated ε Canis Majoris A, officially named Adhara – the traditional name of the system,  and B.

Nomenclature
ε Canis Majoris (Latinised to Epsilon Canis Majoris) is the binary system's Bayer designation. The designations of the two components as ε Canis Majoris A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

ε Canis Majoris bore the traditional name Adhara (sometimes spelled Adara, Adard, Udara or Udra), derived from the Arabic word عذارى 'aðāra', "virgins". In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire star systems. It approved the name Adhara for the star ε Canis Majoris A on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

In the 17th-century catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi al Mouakket, this star was designated Aoul al Adzari (أول العذاري awwal al-adhara), which was translated into Latin as Prima Virginum, meaning First of the Virgins. Along with δ Canis Majoris (Wezen), η Canis Majoris (Aludra) and ο2 Canis Majoris (Thanih al Adzari), these stars were Al ʽAdhārā (العذاري), 'the Virgins'.

In Chinese, 弧矢 (Hú Shǐ), meaning Bow and Arrow, refers to an asterism consisting of ε Canis Majoris, δ Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris, ο Puppis, π Puppis, χ Puppis, c Puppis and k Puppis. Consequently, ε Canis Majoris itself is known as 弧矢七 (Hú Shǐ qī, the Seventh Star of Bow and Arrow).

Physical properties
ε Canis Majoris is a binary star. The primary, ε Canis Majoris A, has an apparent magnitude of +1.5 and belongs to the spectral classification B2. Its color is blue or blueish-white, due to the surface temperature of 22,200K. It emits a total radiation equal to 38,700 times that of the Sun. This star is the brightest source of extreme ultraviolet in the night sky. It is the strongest source of photons capable of ionizing hydrogen atoms in interstellar gas near the Sun, and is very important in determining the ionization state of the Local Interstellar Cloud. Its rotation period is estimated to be about 5 days.

The +7.5-magnitude (the absolute magnitude amounts to +1.9) companion star, ε Canis Majoris B, is 7.5" away with a position angle of 161° of the main star. Despite the relatively large angular distance the components can only be resolved in large telescopes, since the primary is approximately 250 times brighter than its companion.

A few million years ago, ε Canis Majoris was much closer to the Sun than it is at present, causing it to be a much brighter star in the night sky. About 4.7 million years ago, Adhara was 34 light-years from the Sun, and was the brightest star in the sky with a magnitude of –3.99. No other star has attained this brightness since, nor will any other star attain this brightness for at least five million years.

In culture
USS Adhara (AK-71) was a U.S. Navy Crater-class cargo ship named after the star.

ε Canis Majoris appears on the national flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Tocantins.

title: Epsilon Canis Majoris


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Category:Rebellions in Europe

Rebellions in Europe.

title: Category:Rebellions in Europe


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Charles Molyneux, 1st Earl of Sefton

Charles William Molyneux, 1st Earl of Sefton (11 October 1748 – 31 January 1795) was a Member of the British Parliament and a member of the peerage of Ireland.

He was born on 11 October 1748, the son of Thomas and Mary (née Leverly) Molyneux. Thomas died on 3 September 1756, leaving him the heir to the title 8th Viscount Molyneux, which he inherited at the age of 10 on 30 March 1759 following the death of his uncle, William Molyneux, 7th Viscount Molyneux. He married Lady Isabella Stanhope, daughter of William Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Harrington, on 27 November 1768. He conformed to the Church of England on 5 March 1769, for which he was rewarded the title Earl of Sefton on 30 November 1771 with which the viscountcy was merged. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1771 and represented the Lancashire constituency as a Whig until 1774.

He died in either late December 1794 or January 1795 and was succeeded by his only son, William.

title: Charles Molyneux, 1st Earl of Sefton


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Talk:Spartacus – and the Sun Beneath the Sea

This should be changed to "Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea", with a redirect for "Spartacus and the Sun Beneath the Sea"

dvd
Anyone heard anything about this cartoon being released on DVD IN ENGLISH?

Gringo300 5 July 2005 03:27 (UTC)

Bad merge
The merge on June 5 2005 by User:Piotrus should've gone the other way, to Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea. I've merged it the other way round now, and made this a redirect.--Staecker 6 July 2005 05:07 (UTC)


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Gacrux

Gacrux is the third-brightest star in the southern constellation of Crux, the Southern Cross. It has the Bayer designation Gamma Crucis, which is Latinised from γ Crucis and abbreviated Gamma Cru or γ Cru. With an apparent visual magnitude of +1.63, it is the 26th brightest star in the night sky. A line from the two "Pointers", Alpha Centauri through Beta Centauri, leads to within 1° north of this star. Using parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, it is located at a distance of 88.6 ly from the Sun. It is the nearest M-type red giant star to the Sun.

Nomenclature
γ Crucis (Latinised to Gamma Crucis) is the star's Bayer designation. Gacrux is currently at roughly 60° south declination. It was known and visible to the ancient Greeks and Romans as it was visible north of 40° latitude because of the precession of equinoxes. Oddly, it lacked a traditional name. The astronomer Ptolemy counted it as part of the constellation of Centaurus. The historical name Gacrux was coined by astronomer Elijah Hinsdale Burritt (1794-1838). In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Gacrux for this star.

In Chinese astronomy, Gamma Crucis was known as 十字架一 (Shí Zì Jià yī, the First Star of Cross.).

The people of Aranda and Luritja tribe around Hermannsburg, Central Australia named Iritjinga, "The Eagle-hawk", a quadrangular arrangement comprising Gacrux, Delta Crucis (Imai), Gamma Centauri (Muhilfain) and Delta Centauri (Ma Wei).

Among Portuguese-speaking peoples, especially in Brazil, it is also named Rubídea (or Ruby-like), in reference to its colour.

Physical properties
Gacrux has the MK system stellar classification of M3.5 III. It has evolved off of the main sequence to become a red giant star, but is most likely on the red giant branch rather than the asymptotic giant branch. Although only 50% more massive than the Sun, at this stage the star has expanded to 73 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating roughly 830 times the luminosity of the Sun from its expanded outer envelope. With an effective temperature of 3,689 K, the colour of Gacrux is a prominent reddish-orange, well in keeping with its spectral classification. It is a semi-regular variable with multiple periods. (See table at left.)

The atmosphere of this star is enriched with barium, which is usually explained by the transfer of material from a more evolved companion. Typically this companion will subsequently become a white dwarf. However, no such companion has yet been detected. A +6.4 magnitude companion star lies about 2 arcminutes away at a position angle of 128° from the main star, and can be observed with binoculars. But it is only an optical companion, which is about 400 light years distant from Earth.

In culture
Gacrux is represented in the flags of Australia, New Zealand, Samoa, and Papua New Guinea as one of five stars (four in the case of New Zealand) that compose the Southern Cross.

It is also featured on the flag of Brazil, along with 26 other stars, each of which represents a state. Gacrux represents the State of Bahia. The position of the line passing through Gacrux and Acrux marks the local meridian of the sky observed from Rio de Janeiro, at 8:30 am on 15 November 1889, the time when the republic was formally ratified.

title: Gacrux


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Battle of Saraighat

The Battle of Saraighat was a naval battle fought in 1671 between the Mughal Empire (led by the Kachwaha raja, Ram Singh I), and the Ahom Kingdom (led by Lachit Borphukan) on the Brahmaputra river at Saraighat, now in Guwahati, Assam, India. This was the decisive battle that ended the years long Mughal siege of Guwahati, with the Ahoms pushing away the Mughals west beyond the Manas river.

The Ahoms, smarting from the occupation of the capital by Mir Jumla and the harsh conditions of Treaty of Ghilajharighat, decided to lure a Mughal imperial force to Saraighat and take a stand there. Although weaker, the Ahom Army defeated the Mughal Army by massive army, clever diplomatic negotiations to buy time, guerrilla tactics, psychological warfare, military intelligence and by exploiting the weakness of the Mughal forces—its navy.

The Battle of Saraighat was the last battle in the last major attempt by the Mughals to extend their empire into Assam. Though the Mughals managed to regain Guwahati briefly later after a Borphukan deserted it, the Ahoms wrested control in the Battle of Itakhuli in 1682 and maintained it till the end of their rule.

The commanders and leaders who were stationed in and around Saraighat emerged as a power group called the Saraighatias that participated in subsequent Ahom internal power struggles.

Background
Mir Jumla's invasion had left the Ahom kingdom depopulated, fortifications destroyed, and the treasury depleted due to the conditions of the January 1663 Treaty of Ghilajharighat. Beside the debilitating indemnity the Ahoms had to pay the Mughals, they had to accept the vassalage of the Mughal empire, let the Mughals take back possession of the land from Manas River to Guwahati, and cede to them the Ahom possession from Guwahati to Bharali River in the north bank of Brahmaputra River and Guwahati to Kolong River in the south bank.

Ahom preparations for war
After the humiliating defeat inflicted by Mir Jumla, the Ahom king Jayadhwaj Singha died in despair. On his deathbed, he exhorted his cousin and successor Chakradhwaj Singha to "remove the spear of humiliation from the bosom of the nation." There followed a complete overhaul of the Ahom kingdom. People who had dispersed due to Mir Jumla's invasion were rehabilitated in the appropriate khels, food and military productions were increased, new forts were constructed and garrisoned and an expeditionary army was organized under a new commander—Lachit Borphukan. Alliances were renewed with the Jaintia and the Kachari kingdoms. During this period Mughal imperial demands were tactfully and diplomatically rebuffed, but when the new faujdar of Guwahati, Firuz Khan, forced the matter in March 1667, the Ahoms were compelled to move. In August 1667 the Ahom army, under Lachit Borphukan and accompanied by Atan Burhagohain, sailed downstream to retake Guwahati.

Ahoms retake Guwahati
Lachit made Kaliabor, the old seat of the Borphukan, his base camp and advanced toward Guwahati along both banks of the Brahmaputra. On the north bank the Deka Phukan retook Bahbari in early September 1667. On the south bank, the Nausalia Phukan and others, moving on land and water, captured Kajali, Sonapur, Panikhaiti, and Titamara forts between the Kapili river and Guwahati. The Ahoms then reached Guwahati which was defended by five choukies on each bank of the Brahmaputra (north—Kanai-borosi-bowa, Hillar, Hindurighopa, Patduar and Korai; south—Latasil, Joiduar, Dharamduar, Duarguria and Pandu). With some loss, the Ahoms captured Shah Buruz and Rangamahal forts, a little north of the city. An extended battle was fought for the Itakhuli fort (at the site of the current Deputy Commissioner's bungalow). The Ahoms besieged Joiduar, occupied Pandu, and in spite of a Mughal reinforcement, approached Itakhuli. The grand attack was launched on the night of 4 November 1667, when the Ahoms scaled the walls by ladders and after two months of siege, Itakhuli fell in mid-November 1667. Most of the defenders were massacred, many surrendered but a few managed to escape. War provisions, treasures and war material fell into Ahom hands.

The Mughals received some reinforcement at this point and retaliated against the Ahoms. The Ahoms fought back with their naval forces and removed them from their bases in Umananda and Barhat. The Mughals, pursued by the Ahoms, managed to fortify the Manahmukh (the confluence of Manas river) and fend off the attackers for some time but Firuz Khan finally surrendered and was taken prisoner. This brought an end to the recapture of Guwahati and the Ahoms were able to control their old Manas border once again. But this did not last long and they had to beat a strategic retreat due to the advancing Mughal army of Raja Ram Singh.

Mughal imperial invasion
Mughal emperor Aurangzeb was informed of the losses on 19 December 1667 and he commissioned Raja Ram Singh of Amber, son of the famous Mirza Raja Jai Singh, to take back Guwahati. Ram Singh left Delhi on 27 December 1667 and finally reached Rangamati in February 1669. He was accompanied by Rashid Khan, ex-faujdar of Guwahati. The Ahoms, anticipating a Mughal strike, are said to have followed his movements from Delhi itself. Along the way Aurangzeb augmented Ram Singh's forces of 4,000 troopers (from his char-hazaari mansab), 1,500 ahadis (soldiers recruited by the Emperor) and 500 barqandezes by an additional 30,000 infantrymen, 21 Rajput chiefs (Thakurs) with their contingents, 18,000 cavalry, 2,000 archers and shieldmen and 40 ships. When Lachit surveyed the massive Mughal force later, he was moved to tears and he uttered: "It is a tragedy that my country is facing this dire catastrophe during my Phukanship. How will my king be saved? How will my people be saved? And how will my posterity be saved?"

Armies from Koch Bihar joined the Mughal forces since they were vassals.

Ahom strategic planning and Mughal attacks
Aware of Mughal military might and the weakness of the Ahom militia, especially against the professional cavalry and mounted forces in open fields, Lachit Borphukan and the other commanders decided to choose the terrain of the battlefield with care. The choice fell on Guwahati, which was hilly, on the way to the heart of the Ahom kingdom and without open fields where the Mughal forces would not have sufficient mobility. The only way east was via the Brahmaputra river passing through it. The Brahmaputra at Saraighat, at its narrowest 1 km width, was ideal for a naval defense. To check Mughal advance, Lachit prepared a complex system of mud embankments in Guwahati When the Mughals found Guwahati impregnable by land, they would be forced to use their navy, which was their weakest asset. Lachit set up his headquarters at Andharubali, the sandbanks between the Kamakhya and Sukreshwar hills. The deliberations of the war council were recorded and made into a manual.

When the Mughal march reached the Manas River in March–April 1669 and defeated Ahom forces, Lachit decided on a strategic retreat to Guwahati. Three Rajkhowas were asked to meet the Mughal forces and retreat to Guwahati, keeping the Mughal forces in sight but beyond the reach of their weapons. When the Mughals reached closer, he started a sham negotiation via the captured Firuz Khan with Ram Singh, who had set up camp at Agiathuti, calling the Mughal Emperor the "Bhai Raja" (brother sovereign) to the Ahom king. And when he was ready for the Mughal attacks, he sent words to Ram Singh that "Guwahati and Kamrup do not belong to the Mughals" since they were taken from the Koch and that the Assamese were prepared to fight to the last.

A period of battles between the Ahom and Mughal forces in the region of Guwahati followed, with varied results with forts changing hands many times. In these battles, the Mughal forces were arranged in four divisions:
 * 1) The north bank, commanded by Ram Singh himself.
 * 2) The south bank, under Ali Akbar Khan, Mir Sayyid Khan, Raja Indramani, Raja Jaynarayan and Marul Khan
 * 3) The Sindurighopa entrance, under Jahir Beg, Kayam Khan, Ghanashyam Bakshi, and three Baruah's from Koch Bihar—Kavisekhar, Sarveshwar and Manmatha.
 * 4) The river, guarded by the naval commanders Mansur Khan, Latif Khan, Iswarpati, firingis (Europeans) and one Kapidan Raja.

In these attacks the Ahom allies—the Garos, the Jaintia, the Nagas, the Rani of Darrang, the Raja of Rani, and even the monsoons of 1669—joined battle. The Ahom defense was arranged as: Both commanders had a number of pali commanders each defending a specific strategic area, with each pali reorganized in response to the challenge posed by Ram Singh's forces.
 * 1) The north bank, under the command of Atan Burhagohain.
 * 2) The south bank, under the command of Lachit Borphukan.

Aurangzeb received information of the lack of progress in August 1669 and made arrangements with the Subahdar of Bengal, Shaistha Khan, to provide reinforcements to Ram Singh. This period is also known for Atan Burhagohain's dagga judha (guerilla warfare). Ram Singh protested that these harassing campaigns lowered the "dignity of warfare", and withdrew from fighting (October 1669 – March 1670), to no particular military advantage.

Major Ahom reversal at Alaboi
One of these battles stood out for a major Ahom reversal. Exasperated with the delaying tactics of the Borphukan, Ram Singh asked for a duel with the Ahom king. He promised to withdraw from Assam with his army if he was defeated. Lachit updated Chakradhwaj Singha about this proposal, who rejected the offer on the ground that it was beneath his dignity to duel a mere servant "who has no umbrella over his head" (who is not a "Chhatrapati"). Annoyed with Ram Singh's proposal he ordered Lachit to confront the Mughals militarily. In a battle that was set up as a challenge, a force of 10,000 Mughals under Mir Nawab was to confront a force of 20,000 Ahom cavalry. Ram Singh's "approach was psychological, marked by pride, chivalry and revenge". The Ahom approach, to cover their basic weaknesses, was based on "diplomacy, deception and mispresentation". So instead of 20,000, they sent in 40,000 and using an anti-koch tactic that had worked against Chilarai, they dressed their vanguard archers and musketeers as Brahmans to make the Rajput warriors desist from killing them. Ram Singh, on the other hand, set a woman, Madanavati, dressed as a man, to command the vanguard to deny the Ahoms any glory in case of a victory. The battle took place in the fields adjoining the Alaboi hills about 5 August 1669.

In the first phase, Madanavati dispersed the first four lines of the Ahom vanguard with ease, but the Borphukan had trenches dug to conceal his other lines. In the second phase, a diversion to cross the Brahmaputra was thwarted, and Madanavati was shot. The battle turned and in the third phase, Mir Nawab's forces were routed. Enraged at the deception, Ram Singh let loose his veteran horsemen and in the carnage that followed, 10,000 Ahom soldiers were massacred.

Aurangzeb was pleased with these Mughal successes and increased Ram Singh's mansab from 4000 to 5000. Ram Singh was also instructed to invest Guwahati soon, and if it was not possible, to devastate the land and plunder the people.

Final diplomatic maneuvers
After the Mughal advances in late 1669, Ram Singh began diplomatic efforts. The proposal was for the Assamese to evacuate Guwahati and a return to the 1639 status quo (Treaty of Asurar Ali) in return for a Mughal payment of 300,000 rupees. The Ahoms did not respond favorably. Ram Singh next attempted to bribe and create divisions among the Ahom field commanders (Phukans). In the meantime, the Ahom king Chakradhwaj Singha died and was succeeded by his brother Udayaditya Singha. The long war had resulted in popular discontent in the Ahom kingdom. Ram Singh again put forward his proposal on the 1639 status quo settlement and this time the Ahoms appeared receptive. The Ahom king, though displeased, left the decision to his commanders in Guwahati. In the meeting which included Lachit Borphukan, the only dissenter to the proposal was Atan Burhagohain, who displayed his statesmanship.

Atan Burhagohain argued that there was no guarantee that the Emperor at Delhi will abide by Ram Singh's assurance. Also, a settlement then would mean that the drain on the country's resources would have been in vain. Further, what was the guarantee that once the Mughals take Guwahati, they would not reach for Garhgaon or even Namrup.

Atan Burhagohain was able to persuade the other commanders and the Ahoms rejected this proposal. The diplomatic efforts of Ram Singh failed once again.

Final battle at Saraighat
Meanwhile, Mughal reinforcements in the shape of war vessels and imperial officers (Omraos) reached Ram Singh, along with the Mughal admiral, Munnawar Khan and the Mughal Viceroy Shaista Khan, sent the message that Ram Singh was sent to fight the Assamese, not make friends with them. Ram Singh now made preparations for his final and direct assault on Guwahati and began moving along the north bank. Near Sualkuchi he was joined by ships with artillery and archers under five Mughal captains including two firingis. The Mughals had large boats, some carrying as many as sixteen cannons. The Mughal ambassador, Paditrai, had reported a breach in the embankment at Andharubali a few days earlier, and Ram Singh wanted to exploit this opening. The new king Udayaditya Singha sent a army of 20,000 soldiers under Atan Buragohain from Samdhara to Saraighat. Lachit Borphukan and their admiral were both seriously ill, which demoralized the soldiers, and the Nara Hazarika, the son of the Miri Sandikoi, was in command. An encounter both on land and water ensued near Ashwakranta. The Ahom land forces, under Laluksola Phukan, worsted the Mughals, but the Mughal boats compelled the Ahom boats to retreat to Barhila, north of Saraighat. The land forces, fearing an encirclement, too retreated. The battle reached a crucial phase, when the Mughals were beginning to get close to Andharubali. The Borphukan, as well as the Nara Hazarika sent messages to inspire the soldiers. It looked as if there was a break in command and some boats began falling back to Kajali and Samdhara. Lachit Barphukan was observing this from his sickbed in the gatehouse of the Itakhuli fort.

At this crucial moment in the battle, when the Mughals were about to land at Andharubali, the Borphukan sent orders via katakis to all the land and naval forces to attack. He also ordered six war-boats for himself and had Nadai of Kharangi carry him to a boat. He shouted "The King has put all the people in my hands to fight the Bongal. Shall I go back to my wife and children?" and pushed a few men into the water. With the other six war-boats the Borphukan headed toward the naval battle.

The entry of the Borphukan transformed the Ahom soldiers. His small flotilla soon swelled with Ahom warships from all sides that smashed into the Mughal warships at Amrajuli on the north bank, opposite Kamakhya hills. The triangle in the river, between Itakhuli, Kamakhya and Aswakranta was filled with men and boat. The Ahoms spanned the river over an improviso bridge of boats and resorted to a combined front and rear attack. The Mughal admiral Munnawar Khan, smoking a hookah was killed by a gunshot from the back, throwing the Mughals out of gear. They suffered the loss of three top-ranking amirs, and another 4,000 dead. The day of this decisive battle is not known for certain, only that it happened in the middle of March 1671.

Epilogue
The Mughals were pursued to the Manas river, the Ahom kingdom's western boundary. The Borphukan instructed his men not to attack the retreating army, reminding them of Alaboi. Anticipating a counterattack, he set messengers at regular intervals, while Atan Burhagohain and other commanders stood ready for one. The Mughals in Darrang were also worsted, and Ram Singh left Kamrup on 7 April 1671 for Rangamati. Ram Singh waited in vain for another opportunity and finally had an audience with Aurangzeb on 25 June 1676.

Lachit Borphukan died at Kaliabor about a year later in April 1672, but not from the illness at Saraighat. And this was not the final battle between the Ahoms and the Mughals, nor did Guwahati remain with the Ahoms. Lachit Borphukan's own brother and successor Borphukan, Laluk Sola, deserted Guwahati for the Mughals in 1679. It remained with the Mughals until 1682, when the Ahoms under Gadadhar Singha recovered it and ended Mughal control in Kamrup permanently.

title: Battle of Saraighat


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Schur's theorem

In discrete mathematics, Schur's theorem is any of several theorems of the mathematician Issai Schur. In differential geometry, Schur's theorem is a theorem of Axel Schur. In functional analysis, Schur's theorem is often called Schur's property, also due to Issai Schur.

Ramsey theory
In Ramsey theory, Schur's theorem states that for any partition of the positive integers into a finite number of parts, one of the parts contains three integers x, y, z with

 * $$x + y = z.$$

For every positive integer c, S(c) denotes the smallest number S such that for every partition of the integers $$\{1,\ldots, S(c)\}$$ into c parts, one of the parts contains integers x, y, and z with $$x + y = z$$. Schur's theorem ensures that S(c) is well-defined for every positive integer c. The numbers of the form S(c) are called Schur's numbers.

Folkman's theorem generalizes Schur's theorem by stating that there exist arbitrarily large sets of integers, all of whose nonempty sums belong to the same part.

Using this definition, the only known Schur numbers are S(n) = 2, 5, 14, 45, and 161 The proof that  was announced in 2017 and required 2 petabytes of space.

Combinatorics
In combinatorics, Schur's theorem tells the number of ways for expressing a given number as a (non-negative, integer) linear combination of a fixed set of relatively prime numbers. In particular, if $$\{a_1,\ldots,a_n\}$$ is a set of integers such that $$\gcd(a_1,\ldots,a_n)=1$$, the number of different multiples of non-negative integer numbers $$(c_1,\ldots,c_n)$$ such that $$x=c_1a_1 + \cdots + c_na_n$$ when $$x$$ goes to infinity is:

 * $$\frac{x^{n-1}}{(n-1)!a_1\cdots a_n}(1+o(1)).$$

As a result, for every set of relatively prime numbers $$\{a_1,\ldots,a_n\}$$ there exists a value of $$x$$ such that every larger number is representable as a linear combination of $$\{a_1,\ldots,a_n\}$$ in at least one way. This consequence of the theorem can be recast in a familiar context considering the problem of changing an amount using a set of coins. If the denominations of the coins are relatively prime numbers (such as 2 and 5) then any sufficiently large amount can be changed using only these coins. (See Coin problem.)

Differential geometry
In differential geometry, Schur's theorem compares the distance between the endpoints of a space curve $$C^*$$ to the distance between the endpoints of a corresponding plane curve $$C$$ of less curvature.

Suppose $$C(s)$$ is a plane curve with curvature $$\kappa(s)$$ which makes a convex curve when closed by the chord connecting its endpoints, and $$C^*(s)$$ is a curve of the same length with curvature $$\kappa^*(s)$$. Let $$d$$ denote the distance between the endpoints of $$C$$ and $$d^*$$ denote the distance between the endpoints of $$C^*$$. If $$\kappa^*(s) \leq \kappa(s)$$ then $$d^* \geq d$$.

Schur's theorem is usually stated for $$C^2$$ curves, but John M. Sullivan has observed that Schur's theorem applies to curves of finite total curvature (the statement is slightly different).

Linear algebra
In linear algebra, Schur’s theorem is referred to as either the triangularization of a square matrix with complex entries, or of a square matrix with real entries and real eigenvalues.

Functional analysis
In functional analysis and the study of Banach spaces, Schur's theorem, due to I. Schur, often refers to Schur's property, that for certain spaces, weak convergence implies convergence in the norm.

Number theory
In number theory, Issai Schur showed in 1912 that for every nonconstant polynomial p(x) with integer coefficients, if S is the set of all nonzero values $$\begin{Bmatrix} p(n) \neq 0 : n \in \mathbb{N} \end{Bmatrix}$$, then the set of primes that divide some member of S is infinite.

title: Schur's theorem


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Doug Holyday

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 16:05, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Doug Holyday
This individual is a city councillor and was once the former mayor of a town called Etobicoke until it was effectively merged into Toronto in the late 1990s. Two questions: Does this establish notability beyond other city councillors, enough so that this individual warrants his own independent article on Wikipedia? And, generally speaking, are Toronto city councillors less or more important than Chicago Aldermen? GRider\talk 20:41, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, former mayor of a major city and current city councillor. - SimonP 22:31, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, he is well-known and significant in Toronto. Etobicoke was city, not a town. Kevintoronto 22:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Spinboy 23:10, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just under the bar of notability. Megan1967 23:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, of course. Toronto city councillors are indeed worthy of their own articles. Earl Andrew 23:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Regardless of how one views city councillors in general, there are cases where a Toronto city councillor's notability is absolutely beyond question: eg. Olivia Chow, Paula Fletcher, Tom Jakobek, etc. For most city council articles that I've worked on, I've quite emphatically not wikied the names of individual councillors beyond the mayor. But in the case of Toronto, I'm less certain of what would be appropriate; Toronto city council directly serves more people than six of Canada's ten provinces. Regardless, however, Holyday was a mayor before the amalgamation of Metropolitan Toronto; to my mind, that puts him above the bar if we're taking the view that mayors always merit articles. Bearcat 00:17, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is no way wikipedia can have articles on every elected official in every town. Does Toronto warrant inclusion that other cities don't, or is just because it's a large city? If so how large does a city have to be? Some mayors are known outside of thier cities (and neighboring areas), and when they are they deserve articles. City councillors almost never are, they do not deserve articles. -R. fiend 00:36, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Toronto isn't "every town", it's the largest city in Canada.  Toronto City councillors play a significant role in Canadian politics.  CJCurrie 00:47, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. City councillors aren't notable in and of themselves, but as the last Mayor of Etobicoke before its very controversial 1998 merger into the Toronto megacity (population before merger about 340,000) he rises above the notability bar. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 00:55, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--politicians of large cities are notable. Meelar (talk) 03:23, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I strongly disagree that all local politicians are notable enuf for inclusion in an encyclopedia covering the entire universe for all time. However, this guy's multiple roles seems to justify an article. I guess I'm somewhere between Bearcat and R. fiend and TenOfAllTrades's reasoning. Niteowlneils 14:22, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Ten. Radiant! 11:06, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would sort of like to get an idea of what people are voting to keep here, and why, especially because the citing of "precedents" is very common, and I see a few brewing now. Is it because he is a councillor for a large city? Because he was the mayor of a small city (do we inlcude mayors of all smallish cities then? Towns? Villages?)? Because the merging of the cities was controversial? OK, but does that make him more notable than the merger? Do we have an article on the merger, as it seems so significant to some? If not, why not? And if so, why isn't he just mentioned there? Right now the article says he's a council and ex-mayor, and it comes up with 3 ways of saying he's a conservative. Can anything else be said about this guy other than how many kids he has and where he grew up? I basically hold the opnion that people are usually notable for doing notable things. Politicians are in a position to do plenty of notable things, but just sitting on a committe or whatever is not in itself notable, at least not on a scale like this. -R. fiend 17:26, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That is a good idea. Should we make a subpage on the main deletion policy page to discuss this? Otherwise, the same arguments will crop up whenever a similar nomination is made. Radiant! 11:06, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Depends how you define "small city". Even as a suburb, Etobicoke was one of the 20 largest cities in Canada. But I do agree that there should be discussion of a clear policy on articles of this type. Bearcat 07:06, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Past mayor of a city.  -- James Teterenko (talk) 20:55, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 23:45, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Area code 507

Area code 507 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan for the southern fifth of Minnesota, including cities such as Rochester, Mankato, Worthington, Fairmont, Albert Lea, Northfield, and Austin. It was the third area code created for use in the state in 1954, following the original 218 and 612. It was created from the southwestern portion of 218 and the southern portion of 612.

The region was directly bordered by 612 (to the north) until that area code was divided in the 1990s. The western half of 507 bordered area code 320 starting in 1996, and then later came to border also area code 651 (1998) and area code 952 (2000). The northern border of 507 was modified slightly so that expanding communities in and near the Twin Cities would be more closely linked with that region by telephone. 612 has now shrunk down to include just Minneapolis and a few surrounding suburbs, and no longer borders 507.

In August 2022, the North American Numbering Plan Administrator forecasted the exhaust of all available telephone numbers in 507 by 2025. Area code 924 was approved as an all-service overlay to area code 507 by the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission on March 30, 2023. Permissive calling began in January 2024, and ten-digit dialing will be required starting July 2024. New 924 numbers could be assigned as early as August 30, 2024.

Service area

 * Adams
 * Adrian
 * Albert Lea
 * Amboy
 * Arlington
 * Austin
 * Belview
 * Blooming Prairie
 * Blue Earth
 * Brownsdale
 * Byron
 * Caledonia
 * Canby
 * Cannon Falls
 * Chatfield
 * Currie
 * Dexter
 * Dodge Center
 * Dovray
 * Dundas
 * Eagle Lake
 * Echo
 * Edgerton
 * Elgin
 * Ellendale
 * Eyota
 * Fairfax
 * Fairmont
 * Faribault
 * Fountain
 * Franklin
 * Fulda
 * Gaylord
 * Gibbon
 * Grand Meadow
 * Hadley
 * Harmony
 * Hayfield
 * Hendricks
 * Hokah
 * Houston
 * Ivanhoe
 * Jackson
 * Janesville
 * Jeffers
 * Kasson
 * Kenyon
 * La Crescent
 * Lake Benton
 * Lake Crystal
 * Lake Wilson
 * Lamberton
 * Lanesboro
 * Le Center
 * Le Roy
 * Le Sueur
 * Lewiston
 * Lewisville
 * Lonsdale
 * Luverne
 * Madelia
 * Madison Lake
 * Mankato
 * Mantorville
 * Mapleton
 * Marshall
 * Medford
 * Montgomery
 * Morgan
 * Morton
 * Mountain Lake
 * New Richland
 * New Ulm
 * Nicollet
 * North Mankato
 * Northfield
 * Oronoco
 * Owatonna
 * Pemberton
 * Pine Island
 * Pipestone
 * Plainview
 * Preston
 * Redwood Falls
 * Rochester
 * Rollingstone
 * Rose Creek
 * Rushford
 * Rushford Village
 * St. Charles
 * St. Clair
 * St. James
 * St. Peter
 * Slayton
 * Sleepy Eye
 * Springfield
 * Spring Grove
 * Spring Valley
 * Stewartville
 * Stockton
 * Taopi
 * Tracy
 * Truman
 * Tyler
 * Vernon Center
 * Vesta
 * Walnut Grove
 * Waltham
 * Wanamingo
 * Waseca
 * Waterville
 * Wells
 * West Concord
 * Westbrook
 * Windom
 * Winnebago
 * Winona
 * Winthrop
 * Wood Lake
 * Worthington
 * Wykoff
 * Zumbrota

title: Area code 507


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São Bernardo do Campo

São Bernardo do Campo is a Brazilian municipality in the state of São Paulo.

It is part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The population is 810,729 (2022 census) in an area of 409.51 km2.

History
The city was founded by João Ramalho in 1553 and was known as Vila de Santo André da Borda do Campo de Piratininga, soon transferred to another nearby place, safer from hostile tribes. It is, however, historically perceived as the first Brazilian settlement built away from the sea. The original settlement was then resettled as São Bernardo, became a parish in 1812 and became a municipality in 1890. In 1938, it became a part of the Santo André district only to be separated again in 1945, as the aftermath of an action from a group of entrepreneurs led by Wallace Cochrane Simonsen, who was eventually appointed as the first mayor of the newborn municipality. The area where São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, São Caetano do Sul, and Diadema are located was once a farm owned by Benedictine monks, who owned enslaved Africans. By the second half of the 19th century, European immigrants started to come to the area, mainly from Italy. Italians settled in cottages in the rural area of São Bernardo do Campo that were called colônias. By the beginning of the 20th century, Japanese immigrants arrived, most of them going to the neighborhood called Cooperativa.

Industry, particularly metal works, thrived in the city during the 1960s, when São Bernardo do Campo became known as Brazil's  Automobile Capital (Portuguese: a Capital do Automóvel). Many of these plants have since relocated to other regions but the automobile industry remains a vital part of the history of São Bernardo do Campo. The city is also known for its furniture industry developed by Italian immigrants, who helped São Bernardo do Campo become a high-tech industrial hub.

Industrialization also attracted migrants from the Brazilian Northeastern region in the 1960s. Among them was the family of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who grew up in the region. The future president of Brazil worked in automobile factories in São Bernardo do Campo in the 1970s, becoming a union and anti-military dictatorship figure.

São Bernardo also contributed to the development of Brazilian cinema, mainly during the 1950s and 1960s, thanks to the Vera Cruz studios, which produced a great number of movies and revealed many notable actors. This is also the birthplace of the football player Anderson Luís de Souza, better known as Deco.

Location
São Bernardo do Campo is located in the top of the Serra do Mar, on the Atlantic plateau. It occupies an area of 407.1 square kilometre. The altitude varies from a low of 60 meters above sea level at the foot of the mountain range where Rio Passareúva with the Rio Pilões rivers meet, to 986.5 meters at the peak of the Bonilha, in the Montanhão neighborhood.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification São Bernardo do Campo has a humid subtropical climate. On average the maximum temperatures is 24.0 Celsius, with an average low of 14.8, an average of 19.09 Celsius. In 2010 the summer temperatures reached 34 to 35 C in January–February. In summer, normally only for a few days, heavy storms occur, reaching 110 mm of precipitation. Winter is the coldest of the ABC region. In July and August the temperature can reach 8 °C or less, but towards the end of winter the heat returns with temperatures reaching 23 to 27 C. The summer of 2012 was not as hot as the previous 5 years. Also the average temperature has decreased over the years to 27.2 °C in 2011 and 23.7 °C in 2012.

Demographics
As of the census of 2006, the population was 803,906, making it the second most populous suburb of São Paulo, and fourth most populous city in the state. The population density was 1,937.02/km2. Source: 2022 census

The population are primarily Afro-Brazilians and Luso-Brazilians. There are significant populations of Italian, Arab, Asian (mostly Japanese) Spanish and German descendants.

Economy
São Bernardo do Campo, from the 1950s had its economy based on the auto industry - At that time, the Brazilian Federal Government headed by Juscelino Kubitschek decided to create an executive board to promote local carmaking - the Grupo Executivo da Indústria Automobilística (GEIA) (Executive Group for Automobile Industry). Providing, among other regulations, a minimum amount of national components to integrate the vehicles, it stimulated the implantation of carmakers and auto parts industries.

At that time, the German companies Volkswagen, Karmann-Ghia and Mercedes-Benz, as well the American Willys-Overland started to build their factories in São Bernardo do Campo, later followed by Simca, Toyota and Scania.

In 1967, Willys-Overland has been bought by Ford Motor Co. In that same year, the French carmaker Simca became a Chrysler plant, ending its operations in 1981 when it was acquired from Volkswagen to be their truck division. This plant has been shut down definitely in 1990 and gave place in 2006 to a warehouse from one of the biggest retail stores in Brazil, Casas Bahia.

Together with those first automakers in Brazil, other factories established themselves in the city, e.g. paint industries as BASF, which produces Suvinil brand paintings, and auto parts industries that support them, as well the largest industrial plant in the world of Colgate-Palmolive toothpaste.

In the 1990s, the economy of the region had a wide variation, which increased the importance of the service sector in the city. The trade is diverse and found in every neighborhood, especially the traditional trade Marshal Deodoro Street and environs, and the nationally known Center Furniture at Jurubatuba street, which gives São Bernardo do Campo the name of Furniture Capital. The construction and urban reform was boosted in 2008 with the construction of the southern section of the Rodoanel Mário Covas beltway, a ring road in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Avenida Pery Ronchetti with duplication and channeling Saracantan stream, plus the construction of many buildings, mostly residential, with reforms of the Metropolis Mall and the Golden Shopping Mall.

, São Bernardo do Campo exports $3.59B (USD) worth of goods and represents 1.48% of Brazil's total exports. Transportation manufacturing and machine manufacturing make up the majority (84%) of the municipality's exports. The top five material goods exported by São Bernardo do Campo are Delivery Trucks (14%), Tractors (14%), Vehicle Chassis (13%), Cars (13%), and Vehicle Parts (12%).

Education
The city is known for important private universities such as the Universidade Metodista de São Paulo and Centro Universitário da FEI.

Colleges and universities:
 * Universidade Federal do ABC
 * Faculdade de Tecnologia Termomecânica - FTT
 * MEDICINA - Universidade Nove de Julho
 * ETEC Lauro Gomes
 * Faculdade SENAI de Tecnologia Ambiental
 * Centro Universitário da FEI
 * Faculdade de Tecnologia de São Bernardo do Campo - FATEC
 * Faculdade PanAmérica - FAPAN
 * Faculdade de São Bernardo do Campo
 * Faculdade Anchieta
 * Faculdade de Direito de São Bernardo do Campo
 * UMESP - Universidade Metodista de São Paulo
 * Seminário Presbiteriano Conservador
 * Universidade Bandeirante de São Paulo - UNIBAN
 * Faculdade Interação Americana - FIA
 * ESPM - Centro de Estudos de Propaganda e Marketing LTDA.
 * Colégio Termomecanica

Transportation
The city is a core part of the ABCD region (A = Santo André, B = São Bernardo do Campo, C = São Caetano do Sul, D = Diadema).

Roads

 * Via Anchieta (SP-150): state toll road operated by Ecovias dos Imigrantes company, links the city of São Paulo to Port of Santos and neighboring towns. Established in 1949, it is an important traffic route for trucks carrying goods to be exported from Santos. As Via Anchieta has many exits throughout the city, they become important traffic routes to allow people's displacement inside São Bernardo do Campo. Due to its strategical placement, many large factories are based at the edges of the road, for example Volkswagen and Mercedes-Benz plants.
 * Rodovia dos Imigrantes (SP-160): state toll highway operated by Ecovias dos Imigrantes company, links the city of São Paulo to the southern shore of State of São Paulo, specially São Vicente and Praia Grande municipalities. It started its operations in 1976 as a one-way highway (switched from uphill to downhill direction depending on the traffic intensity) and gained its definitely downhill path in 2002.
 * Perito Criminal Eng. Antonio Carlos Moraes/Interligação do Planalto (SP-041): short state road designed to link Via Anchieta and Rodovia dos Imigrantes roads, allowing vehicles to change from one to the other in case of special operations, traffic constraints or weather difficulties. Those three roads, among with some other ones in the shore, compose the Sistema Anchieta-Imigrantes, fully operated by Ecovias dos Imigrantes.
 * Rodovia Índio Tibiriçá (SP-031): state road operated by the Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem (DER-SP) connecting São Bernardo do Campo to the city of Suzano, in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. It is also used to have access to the municipalities of Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra, as well Santo André's Paranapiacaba district.
 * Caminho do Mar (SP-148): historical state road operated by the Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem, it connected São Bernardo do Campo to the city of Cubatão, thus allowing access to the Port of Santos and the shore itself. It has been fitted to serve automobiles in 1913 but, with the establishment of Via Anchieta and Rodovia dos Imigrantes, its path seemed to be not suitable for traffic anymore. Today it is used only to reach Rodovia Índio Tibiriçá and some neighborhoods along the Billings Reservoir, although its old mountain path can still be reached by walking.
 * Rodoanel Mário Covas (SP-021): state toll highway operated by SPMar company in its south lot and by CCR RodoAnel in its west lot, it is a beltway intended to connect all major roads and highways surrounding the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, thus decreasing the need for trucks to cross the city of São Paulo. At its current completion, it links Via Anchieta and Rodovia dos Imigrantes directly to Rodovia Régis Bittencourt (heading South of Brazil), Rodovia Raposo Tavares (westbound of São Paulo State, Mato Grosso do Sul State), Rodovia Castelo Branco (westbound of São Paulo State, North of Paraná State), Via Anhanguera (North São Paulo state, Goiás State, Brasília) and Rodovia dos Bandeirantes (central region of São Paulo State, Viracopos International Airport - VCP). It also reaches city of Mauá and thru expressways, gives access to Rodovia Ayrton Senna, therefore to Gov. André Franco Montoro International Airport in Guarulhos - GRU).

Public transportation
Public transportation in São Bernardo do Campo is provided by ETCSBC (Empresa de Transporte Coletivo de São Bernardo do Campo) and EMTU (Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos, "Metropolitan Urban Transport Company").

Local bus service is provided by SBCTrans - Consórcio São Bernardo Transportes, which has owned the rights to operate the ETCSBC - Empresa de Transporte Coletivo de São Bernardo do Campo routes in 1998. Buses and minibuses are used in this operation. Intercity buses are also available connecting São Bernardo do Campo to Diadema, Mauá, Osasco, Ribeirão Pires, Rio Grande da Serra, Santo André, São Caetano do Sul and São Paulo. Many bus companies operate such routes under permission of EMTU - Empresa Metropolitana de Transportes Urbanos de São Paulo, a state-owned company.

EMTU is also responsible for the Corredor São Mateus-Jabaquara bus system, connecting Diadema, Santo André, Mauá and South and East regions of São Paulo. It is operated by METRA - Sistema Metropolitano de Transportes. As it uses a busway in most of its path, it is considered a bus Rapid Transit system. It also provides access to Line 1 of São Paulo Metro thru Jabaquara terminal, the Jabaquara Bus Terminal and Line 10 of the commuter rail CPTM in Santo André station. This bus system is often called as trolleybus system as it employs many trolley buses. This system is considered part of the Metropolitan Transport Network of São Paulo.

The integration among local bus service, intercity buses and trolleybus system can be done at Ferrazópolis Terminal, São Bernardo Terminal and João Setti Terminal. The Terminal Rodoviário Alvarenga, is located in a neighborhood with easy access to major highways, as well asprovides long-distance and interstate bus routes, giving access to the coast and countryside of São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Mato Grosso and Rondônia states, as well as the Brazilian capital Brasília.

Media
SBC is also known because of the number of small Newspapers that the city has, for example: Jornal da Balsa, Jornal Hoje, Tribuna do ABCD, and more.

There is the Diário do Grande ABC a daily news about all region, the paper is located in Santo André, but it is distributed in all ABC and some parts of São Paulo.

In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica da Borda do Campo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

Entertainment and sport
The Cidade da Criança (Children's City) is an amusement park located in the center of the city behind the former Vera Cruz Film Studios. It was the first theme park in Brazil and in Latin America. It opened on October 10, 1968.

The local association football clubs are rivals São Bernardo Futebol Clube and Esporte Clube São Bernardo. The city also hosted the 2000 Pan American Men's Handball Championship and the 2011 Pan American Women's Handball Championship.

São Bernardo also have an American Football team, the São Bernardo Avengers. The team have won SPFL (São Paulo Football League) Golden Series in 2022, and now compete in SPFL Diamond Series. The team also competes in the National Football Championship.

Notable people

 * Salvador Arena, (1915–1998), Italo-Brazilian entrepreneur.
 * Deco (born 1977), footballer.
 * Gabigol (born 1996), footballer.
 * Hugo Hoyama (born 1969), retired Brazilian table tennis player.
 * Andreas Kisser, (born 1968), guitarist.
 * Thiago Motta, (born 1982), footballer.
 * Alex "Poatan" Pereira, mixed martial artist, current UFC Light Heavyweight champion, former UFC Middleweight champion and former two division kickboxing champion.
 * Maisa Silva, (born 2002), actress.
 * Bruna Takahashi (born 2000), Brazilian table tennis player.

Twin towns – Sister cities
São Bernardo do Campo is twinned with:

title: São Bernardo do Campo


text:
File:Otley.jpg

Otley on a market day, looking down Kirkgate with The Chevin in the background

Taken by Mark Morton on 23 August 2003

title: File:Otley.jpg


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Alpha Gruis

Alpha Gruis is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Grus. It is officially named Alnair; Alpha Gruis is the star's Bayer designation, which is Latinized from α Gruis and abbreviated α Gru. With an magnitude of 1.74, it is one of the brightest stars in the sky and one of the fifty-eight stars selected for celestial navigation. Alpha Gruis is a single, B-type main-sequence star located at a distance of $-0.721$.

Nomenclature
α Gruis (Latinised to Alpha Gruis) is the star's Bayer designation. (Its first depiction in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603. )

It bore the traditional name Alnair or Al Nair (sometimes Al Na'ir in lists of stars used by navigators), from the Arabic al-nayyir "the bright one", itself derived from its Arabic name, al-nayyir min dhanab al-ḥūt (al-janūbiyy), "the bright one from the (southern) fish's tail" (see Aldhanab). Confusingly, Alnair was also given as the proper name for Zeta Centauri in an astronomical ephemerides in the middle of the 20th century. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Alnair for this star on 21 August 2016 and it is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

Along with Beta Gruis, Delta Gruis, Theta Gruis, Iota Gruis, and Lambda Gruis, Alpha Gruis belonged to Piscis Austrinus in traditional Arabic astronomy.

In Chinese, 鶴 (Hè), meaning Crane, refers to an asterism consisting of Alpha Gruis, Beta Gruis, Delta2 Gruis, Epsilon Gruis, Zeta Gruis, Eta Gruis, Iota Gruis, Theta Gruis, Mu1 Gruis and Delta Tucanae. Consequently, Alpha Gruis itself is known as 鶴一 (Hè yī, First Star of the Crane). The Chinese name gave rise to another English name, Ke.

Properties
Alpha Gruis has a stellar classification of B6 V, although some sources give it a classification of B7 IV. The first classification indicates that this is a B-type star on the main sequence of stars that are generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen at the core. However, a luminosity class of 'IV' would suggest that this is a subgiant star; meaning the supply of hydrogen at its core is becoming exhausted and the star has started the process of evolving away from the main sequence. It has no known companions.

The measured angular diameter of this star, after correcting for limb darkening, is 1.112 ± 0.08 mas. At a parallax-measured distance of 101 ly from Earth, this yields a physical size of times the radius of the Sun. It is rotating rapidly, with a projected rotational velocity of about 215 km/s providing a lower bound for the rate of azimuthal rotation along the equator. This star has around four times the Sun's mass and is radiating roughly 520 times the luminosity of the Sun.

The effective temperature of Alpha Gruis's outer envelope is 13,920 K, giving it the blue-white hue characteristic of B-type stars. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the metallicity, is about 74% of the abundance in the Sun.

Based on the estimated age and motion, it is a member of the AB Doradus moving group that share a common motion through space. This group has an age of about 70 million years, which is consistent with α Gruis's 100-million-year estimated age (allowing for a margin of error). The space velocity components of this star in the Galactic coordinate system are [U, V, W] = [–7.0 ± 1.1, –25.6 ± 0.7, –15.5 ± 1.4] km/s.

title: Alpha Gruis


text:
Timbisha language

Timbisha (Tümpisa) or Panamint (also called Koso) is the language of the Native American people who have inhabited the region in and around Death Valley, California, and the southern Owens Valley since late prehistoric times. There are a few elderly individuals who can speak the language in California and Nevada, but none are monolingual, and all use English regularly in their daily lives. Until the late 20th century, the people called themselves and their language "Shoshone." The tribe then achieved federal recognition under the name Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band of California. This is an Anglicized spelling of the native name of Death Valley, tümpisa, pronounced, which means "rock paint" and refers to the rich sources of red ochre in the valley. Timbisha is also the language of the so-called "Shoshone" groups at Bishop, Big Pine, Darwin, Independence, and Lone Pine communities in California and the Beatty community in Nevada. It was also the language spoken at the former Indian Ranch reservation in Panamint Valley.

Classification
Timbisha is one of the Central Numic languages of the Numic branch of Uto-Aztecan. It is most closely related to Shoshoni and Comanche.

Geographic distribution
Timbisha was formerly spoken in the region between the Sierra Nevada mountains of eastern California and the region just to the east of Death Valley in Nevada. Principal valleys where villages were located were (from west to east) Owens Valley, Indian Wells Valley, Saline Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley. In addition, there were villages along the southern slopes of the Kawich Range in Nevada.

Dialects
Each valley had its own variety of Timbisha with mostly lexical differences between them. There was, however, a general loss of ' as one moved west across Timbisha territory with ' virtually gone in Owens Valley varieties. McLaughlin's grammar is based on the far eastern variety from Beatty, Nevada, while Dayley's is based on a central variety from Death Valley.

Vowels
Timbisha also has a typical Numic vowel inventory of five vowels. In addition, there is the common diphthong ', which varies rather freely with ', although certain morphemes always contain ' and others always contain '. (The official orthography is shown in parentheses.)

Consonants
Timbisha has a typical Numic consonant  inventory. (The official orthography is shown in parentheses.):

Phonotactics
Timbisha stops (including the affricate) and nasals are voiced and lenited between vowels, are voiced in nasal-stop clusters, and are lenited (but not voiced) following .

Voiceless vowels are less common in Timbisha than in Shoshoni and Comanche.

Writing system
Timbisha spelling is based on Dayley and uses the Roman alphabet. Ü is used for and ng for.

Grammar
Study of Timbisha has been carried on by Jon Dayley and John McLaughlin, both of whom wrote grammatical descriptions. Dayley has published a dictionary.

Word order and case marking
Timbisha word order is usually SOV as in:

taipo kinni'a punittai

white-man falcon saw

"The white man saw a falcon"

The accusative case and possessive case are marked with suffixes. Adverbial relationships are marked with postpositions on nouns as well as with true adverbs. For example:

kahni-pa'a

house-on

"on the house"

Adjectives are usually prefixed to the nouns they modify, unless the relationship is temporary when they are independent words with special suffixes. Compare tosa-kapayu, 'white-horse', "palomino or other pale-colored breed" and tosapihtü kapayu, 'white/pale horse', "white or pale horse" (who happens to be white or pale, but whose siblings may be any color).

Verbs
Verbs are marked for grammatical aspect with suffixes. Valence is marked with both prefixes and suffixes. Some common intransitive verbs have suppletive forms for singular or plural subjects and some common transitive verbs have suppletive forms for singular or plural objects. Otherwise, there is no grammatical agreement marked by the verb.

title: Timbisha language


text:
Syfy (German TV channel)

Syfy is a German pay television operated by Sky Deutschland launched on 1 September 2003. It was the third Sci Fi Channel to be launched, following the US and U.K. versions. From 2003 until 2010, it was known as the Sci-Fi channel.

It was folded into Sky Deutschland operations in December 2023 with original website shut down.

Programming

 * Aftermath (2017–present)
 * Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) (2017–present)
 * Alphas (2013-2016)
 * Battlestar Galactica (1978) (2003-2007, 2010-2012)
 * Battlestar Galactica (2004) (2004, 2007-2009, 2011-2013)
 * Battlestar Galactica: Blood & Chrome (2016–present)
 * Bionic Woman (2010-2012)
 * Blood Drive (2018–present)
 * Dark Matter (2015–present)
 * Defiance (2013-2016)
 * Doctor Who (2008-2011)
 * Dominion (2016–present)
 * Earth 2 (2005-2007)
 * Eureka (EUReKA - Die geheime Stadt) (2009–2014)
 * Fantasy Island (2007-2009)
 * Farscape (Farscape - Verschollen im All)
 * From the Earth to the Moon (2006-2007)
 * Godzilla: The Series (Godzilla - Die Serie)
 * Haven (2010–present)
 * Helix (2014-2016)
 * Heroes Reborn (2015-2016)
 * Incorporated (2017–present)
 * Killjoys (2016–present)
 * Krypton (2018–present)
 * Lavalantula (2016–present)
 * Legend Quest (2012–present)
 * Lexx: The Dark Zone Stories
 * Lost Girl (2016–present)
 * Agent Carter (2015–present)
 * Marvel's Runaways (2018–present)
 * Psi Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal (Psi-Faktor - Es geschieht jeden Tag)
 * Quantum Leap (Zurück in die Vergangenheit)
 * The Invisible Man (Invisible Man - Der Unsichtbare)
 * The Powers of Matthew Star (Der Junge vom anderen Stern)
 * Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs
 * The Six Million Dollar Man (Der Sechs-Millionen-Dollar-Mann)
 * Spider-Man (Spiderman)
 * Stargate Atlantis (2008–present)
 * Stargate SG-1 (Stargate Kommando SG-1)
 * Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 * Star Trek: The Next Generation (Raumschiff Enterprise - Das nächste Jahrhundert)
 * Star Trek (Raumschiff Enterprise)
 * Star Trek: Voyager (Star Trek: Raumschiff Voyager)
 * Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2016–present)
 * TekWar (TekWar - Krieger der Zukunft)
 * The Bionic Woman (Die Sieben-Millionen-Dollar-Frau) (2007-2009)
 * The Outer Limits (Outer Limits - Die unbekannte Dimension)
 * The Shannara Chronicles (2017–present)
 * The Six Million Dollar Man (Der 6-Millionen-Dollar-Mann) (2004-2007)
 * Torchwood (2015-2016)
 * Warehouse 13 (2010–2015)
 * Z Nation (2015–present)

title: Syfy (German TV channel)


text:
Life Coach (album)

Life Coach is a studio album by Phil Manley of the band Trans Am, released in 2011.

title: Life Coach (album)