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Robin Hood Battalion

The Robin Hood Battalion was a unit of the Volunteer Force of the British Army and Territorial Force, later the Territorial Army. The battalion served as infantry during the 1916 Easter Uprising in Dublin and then served on the Western Front during World War I. In the 1930s it re-roled as an anti-aircraft unit and served in World War II, including North-western Europe from June 1944 to May 1945.

Formation
The unit was formed on 30 May 1859 when six volunteers paraded at Nottingham Castle under Sergeant-Major Jonathan White. (White became the Adjutant and was still an officer in the corps 40 years later with the honorary rank of colonel. ) It was one of many such Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) to be formed at a time of increased fear of war with France, which created a flurry of interest in establishing such volunteer corps by the more affluent classes of British society. The unit was simply known as the Robin Hood Rifles in honour of Nottingham's legendary Robin Hood.

By October 1859, five separate company-sized Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) had been raised in Nottingham, the first officers' commissions were issued on 15 November, and by December they had been combined into a battalion as the Robin Hood RVC, becoming the 1st Nottinghamshire (Robin Hood) RVC of nine companies by March 1860. One company was raised by A.J. Mundella from employees of his hosiery mill. The unit adopted a uniform of Rifle green with black facings.

In 1881, following the Cardwell-Childers Reforms, the Sherwood Foresters (Derbyshire Regiment), later the Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment), was formed as the county regiment, and the 1st Nottinghamshire (Robin Hood) RVC (now 10 companies strong) became its 3rd Volunteer Battalion without changing its title. An 11th company was added in 1895, a 12th in 1896, and during the Second Boer War 1900–01 the establishment was increased in 1900–01 to 18 companies (including two cyclist companies), divided into two battalions, together with a cadet corps at Nottingham High School.

The battalion was part of the North Midland Brigade from 1888 until 1901 when that formation split to form a separate Sherwood Foresters Brigade.

Boer War
In 1900, men of the battalion volunteered for service in the Boer War that which had been raging since 1899 and contingent sailed for South Africa in February. During the campaign it took part in three pitched battles and 25 smaller engagements. Sergeant Hickinbottom was Mentioned in dispatches and awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM), and the battalion was awarded its first Battle honour South Africa 1900–1902.

Territorial Force
When the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Nottinghamshire Volunteer Rifle Corps became the 7th (Robin Hood) Battalion, Sherwood Foresters. It built a new Drill Hall in Derby Road in 1910.

World War I
When the First World War began in August 1914, the Robin Hood Rifles continued to be part of the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Brigade (later the 139th (1/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade), North Midland Division (later the 46th (North Midland) Division).

On 19 September, a duplicate battalion of the Robin Hoods was formed, the original becoming the 1/7th. This duplicate joined the 2nd Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Brigade, 2nd North Midland Division, which later became the 178th (2nd Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade and 59th (2nd North Midland) Division respectively. Another duplicate battalion, the 3/7th, was formed in March 1915; this battalion remained in Britain for the duration of the war, became 7th (Reserve) Battalion in April 1916, later absorbing the 8th (Reserve) Battalion in September 1916.

The 1/7th Battalion landed in France in February 1915 with the rest of the 46th Division. The battalion saw heavy fighting at the Battle of Hohenzollern Redoubt – a subsidiary action of the Battle of Loos – which was their first major action of the war. The battalion received its first Victoria Cross (VC) when Temporary Captain Geoffrey Vickers was awarded the VC – the highest award for bravery in the face of the enemy – for his actions at Hohenzollern on 14 October. The battalion was involved in the first day of the Battle of the Somme on 1 July 1916 and the brigade they were part of sustained very severe casualties in the Attack on the Gommecourt Salient.

In the home front, the 2/7th Robin Hoods had, meanwhile, been sent to Ireland with the rest of the 59th Division to help suppress the 1916 Easter Uprising in Dublin. The division returned to England in January 1917 and then moved to France in February. The 2/7th Battalion took part in many actions, including the Battle of Passchendaele and Cambrai. The battalion was absorbed by the 1/7th on 31 January 1918 and the Robin Hoods reverted to their original name, the 7th (Robin Hood) Battalion. On 7 May, the 7th Robin Hoods were reduced to cadre strength. The First World War ended on 11 November 1918. On 14 June 1919, the Battalion was disbanded.

During the First World War, Captain Albert Ball – fourth ranking ace of the Royal Flying Corps – had been awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions in 1916–1917 while seconded from the Robin Hoods.

Between the wars
In 1920 the Territorial Force was reformed as the "Territorial Army" and, on 7 February, the 7th (Robin Hood) Battalion (TA) was re-raised, once more forming part of the 46th (North Midland) Division. With the advent of air power, and the reduced need for so much infantry, the Robin Hoods were one of many units to be converted to the anti-aircraft role. The battalion re-roled as a unit of the Royal Engineers on 10 December 1936 and became the 42nd (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers. It joined the 32nd (Midland) Anti-Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division (formerly 46th (North Midland) Division) and was based in the West Riding region. In this role the Robin Hoods were organised as follows:
 * Battalion HQ at Nottingham
 * 366 AA Company at Carlton
 * 367 AA Company at Beeston
 * 368 AA Company at Bulwell
 * 369 AA Company at Sutton-in-Coldfield, Warwickshire

Mobilisation
The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti-Aircraft Command. In June a partial mobilisation of TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations.

On mobilisation, the battalion deployed 366, 368 and 369 AA Cos as part of 39 AA Bde and battalion HQ moved from Nottingham to Red House at South Collingham, near Newark-on-Trent.

Battle of Britain and Blitz
When the RE AA battalions were transferred to the RA in August 1940, the battalion became 42nd (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Searchlight Regiment, RA, retaining its Robin Hoods cap badge in silver for officers and white metal for other ranks, together with a Rifle green lanyard instead of the white lanyard normally worn by the RA. By now the Battle of Britain was on; the regiment was still in 2 AA Division but had transferred to 50 Light AA Bde covering Nottingham and Derby. It continued to serve with this formation during the Blitz, including the Nottingham Blitz of 8/9 May 1941, a misdirected attempt to bomb the Rolls-Royce aero engine works at Derby, which was one of the last raids of the campaign.

Mid-War
In 1941 the searchlight layout over the Midlands was reorganised, so that any hostile raid approaching the Gun Defended Areas (GDA) around the towns must cross more than one searchlight belt, and then within the GDAs the concentration of lights was increased.

The regiment remained with 50 LAA Bde for the next two years. The brigade became part of 5 AA Group in October 1942 when the AA divisions were scrapped in favour of an organisation that closely corresponded to the groups of RAF Fighter Command. In March 1943, 42nd S/L Rgt moved back to 39 AA Bde, then in April on to 57 AA Bde (with 366 and 369 S/L Btys attached to 50 LAA Bde), and finally in May to 31 (North Midland) AA Bde – all within 5 AA Group.

North West Europe
In early 1944 the regiment was in the North of England under 31 AA Bde, which was one of the formations earmarked for the Allied invasion of Normandy, Operation Overlord. 369 Bty was disbanded on 23 February, and the remainder of the regiment underwent special training to support Night fighters over the Normandy beachhead.

After D-Day (6 June) the regiments of 31 AA Bde waited in England for their turn to embark for Normandy to join 21st Army Group. However, the planned night fighter belt over the beachhead was cancelled and the Robin Hoods remained in England. On 1 August the regiment left its staging camp and deployed in the AA role round RAF Colerne in Wiltshire, then on 6 August it moved to RAF Middle Wallop and relieved 69th (3rd City of London) S/L Rgt, establishing Regimental HQ (RHQ) at Fonthill Abbey, near Tisbury, Wiltshire. On 24 August the regiment was relieved by 54th (Durham Light Infantry) S/L Rgt and concentrated around Tisbury, where it was at 6 hours' notice to move to its marshalling area.

On 1 September, RHQ under the command of Lt-Col C.W. Cronin moved to Storrington, West Sussex, and then on 12 September to an embarkation marshalling area at Whipps Cross Camp, near London. From there it embarked at Royal Albert Dock aboard SS Empire Swordsman and disembarked by landing craft at Arromanches-les-Bains in Normandy on 18 September. It then moved by stages to Brussels, where it arrived on 24 September.

Also on 1 September, 366 S/L Bty moved from Alderbury, Wiltshire, to a concentration area at West Chiltington, West Sussex, then on 17 September to the embarkation marshalling area at Lee-on-the-Solent, Hampshire. It was shipped to Arromanches in three groups, 18–22 September, and concentrated at Sainte-Croix-sur-Mer before moving to Dieppe where it came under the command of 80 AA Bde on 25 September. Similarly, 367 S/L Bty arrived at Brussels, and 368 S/L Bty at Ostend.

While 367 SL Bty joined the AA defence of Brussels, the rest of 42nd S/L Rgt was deployed in a joint AA and coastal defence role along the Scheldt estuary. 366 S/L Battery under the operational control of 56 US AA Artillery Bde set up 90 cm lights to illuminate any surface craft trying to approach Antwerp and allow LAA guns to engage them.

Defence of Antwerp
The air situation was quiet until 21 October, when the Germans began a bombardment of Antwerp and Brussels with V-1 flying bombs. With experience drawn from defending against the V-1 attacks on Southern England (Operation Diver), GHQ AA Troops with 21st Army Group had a contingency plan for this, known as 'X' defences. This involved three lines of warning stations in the path of the V-1 attacks, then heavy AA guns at least 10 miles from the target cities. Searchlights were deployed to aid the guns at night, and to mark the boundaries of the X defence areas to warn off friendly aircraft. British units took responsibility for Brussels, but the two batteries of 42nd S/L Rgt deployed at Antwerp were under the command of the US 50th AA Artillery Brigade.

With experience, the defenders improved their effectiveness: in Christmas week, the Antwerp X defences plotted 209 missiles approaching the city, of which 171 came from directions in which it was safe to employ AA guns; of these 102 were engaged and 61 destroyed. The number of V-1s approaching Antwerp reached a peak of 623 a week in February, but declined thereafter. Overall the defenders' success rate was 43.2 per cent of V-1s destroyed by AA fire, reaching 97.5 per cent in March, after which the launch sites in Germany were overrun. Meanwhile, the Luftwaffe carried out major air raids on the nights of 30/31 December and 31 December/1 January 1945 in connection with Operation Bodenplatte, the attacks on Allied air bases in support of the German Ardennes Offensive. 42 S/L Regiment's lights were heavily involved during the two nights and assisted in the destruction of 5–7 raiders. Although on high alert during the daylight raids, none came close enough to be engaged by the AA light machine guns of the S/L sites.

At the end of January, 368 S/L Bty rejoined the regiment from Ostend, driving through bad winter roads. The regiment returned to British command under 80 AA Bde in February. In the last stages of the war, 42nd S/L Rgt moved into Germany to defend the Rhine bridges against conventional air attack, with 366th Bty still deployed on the South Scheldt estuary. After VE Day the regiment moved to Hamburg to begin occupation duties; in July, 367 S/L Bty was called out to suppress rioting between German and Italian dock workers.

The regiment was placed in suspended animation in 1946.

Post-War
In 1947, the Robin Hoods were reformed in the reconstituted TA as the 577th (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Searchlight Regiment, RA. It formed part of 58 AA Brigade (the pre-war 32nd (North Midland) AA Brigade). Over the next few years the title varied between 'searchlight' and 'light anti-aircraft' until 1953 when it became 'light anti-aircraft/searchlight'. AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955 and there were wholesale merges and amalgamations amongst its regiments. The Robin Hoods amalgamated with the 350th (South Nottinghamshire Hussars Yeomanry) Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery and 528th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment (West Nottinghamshire) to form the 350th (The Robin Hood Foresters) Heavy Regiment, RA. The following year Heavy was changed to Light.

In 1961, the regiment converted to engineers and re-titled as the 350 (The Robin Hood Foresters) Field Squadron. In 1967, with reforms of the Armed Forces, it left the RE, returning to the Sherwood Foresters as part of The Robin Hood (Territorial) Battalion, a TAVR III (Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve) unit. In 1969, the Robin Hoods were reduced to cadre strength when they became the Robin Hood (T) Battalion, The Sherwood Foresters, RE. The Robin Hoods were sponsored by 73 Engineer Regiment, RE. In 1971, with further defence reforms, the Robin Hoods became D (Robin Hood Foresters) Company, 3rd (V) Battalion of the newly formed Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment.

In 1992, the Robin Hood lineage was discontinued upon D Company becoming the HQ Company; the company was disbanded in 1999.

Insignia
When the battalion transferred to the RA in August 1940 it was allowed to retain its Robin Hoods cap badge in silver for officers and white metal for other ranks, together with a Rifle green Lanyard instead of the white lanyard normally worn by the RA.

42nd (Robin Hoods) S/L Regiment was cited in a decree of the Belgian government on 8 May 1947 for its heroic part in the defence of Antwerp, and members of its successor regiment were permitted to wear a strip of ribbon of the Belgian Croix de Guerre on each shoulder.

Honorary Colonel
Honorary Colonels of the battalion included:
 * William Beauclerk, 10th Duke of St Albans, appointed 13 June 1863, died 10 May 1898
 * William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland, appointed 21 September 1898
 * Colonel George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway, GCMG, DSO, OBE, appointed 21 September February 1933
 * Lieutenant-Colonel G.A. Wharton, MBE, TD, appointed 1 April 1967

Memorials
The actions of the 46th (North) Midland Division at the Hohenzollern Redoubt on 13 October 1915 are marked by two memorials. There are other memorials to the battalion at St Mary's Church, Nottingham, and at Nottingham Castle. The main Sherwood Foresters' war memorial is a tower at Crich, high in the Derbyshire Hills.

title: Robin Hood Battalion


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Cascading Style Sheets/archive1

Cascading Style Sheets
I was pleasantly surprised to find this much information on CSS here, and thought it looked like a featured article. grendel|khan 18:41, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)

 * Object. Not ready for featured status. Has no lead section, no images (yes I think these are possibly for this article), and about a quarter of the article consists of external links, many of which are duplicate or irrelevant. The article should also be clear on whether it is an article about CSS or an article for people who want to use it. There are various more smaller problems which I will not dicuss here now; I suggest to move this article Peer Review before coming back here. Jeronimo 19:09, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Refer to Peer Review. In addition to Jeronimo's points: I think the article should include more info on the content of the CSS(2) specifications. Also, keywords are mentioned but not explained ('aural', 'paged'). Content is duplicated (e.g. the part about the nature of CSS2.1 is found in both the 'Difficulty with adoption' and 'Recommendations' sections). The distinction (if any) between 'recommendation' and 'specification' is not clear. The important issue of accessibility is touched upon only in tutorial style.  — mark ✎ 00:26, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * agree with everything said so far. Object its not yet ready for FA status. I would also like to point out theres nothing on the CSS 3.0 standard proposal and what its going to break/fix.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 01:27, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Refer to peer review - lead section too short. Not enough about incompatiblities (yes, I realise there are external links, but this should be noted in the article text itself) we have an article Internet Explorer box model bug for instance, User:WapCaplet noted in the talk page that "stylesheets were originally envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee in about 1994, and how they progressed over time to become a standard" and that there should be "some mention of the difficulties in getting the standards widely accepted and used in practice, and particularly in getting browsers to implement them". No information about the differences between CSS1, CSS2 and CSS3. More information about sites like CSS ZenGarden might be nice also. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:30, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Some discussion of advanced CSS syntax, like a[href ^="http://"]. —Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 05:59, 2005 Feb 10 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Winfield House

Winfield House is an English townhouse in Regent's Park, central London and the official residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (formally, ambassador to the Court of St. James's). The grounds are 12 acre, the largest private garden in London save for that of Buckingham Palace.

The house was built for American heiress Barbara Woolworth Hutton in 1936 on the former Hertford–St. Dunstan estate that had been damaged by fire. During the Second World War, the estate was used by the Royal Air Force. Hutton donated it to the United States after the war, and since 1955 it has been the American ambassador's residence. The house is Grade II listed by Historic England as an "exceptional ambassador's residence and as a notable Neo-Georgian town house containing numerous features of note."

Hertford Villa
The first house on the site was Hertford Villa, the largest of the eight villas originally constructed in Regent's Park, pursuant to the development scheme of John Nash. This house was designed by Decimus Burton in 1825 for Francis Seymour-Conway, 3rd Marquess of Hertford, who used it for orgies. Burton's creation was described as, 'decorated simplicity, such as the hand of taste, aided by the purse of wealth can alone execute'. Burton's design was subsequently refurbished with an updated exterior. Later, this Georgian style villa became known as 'St Dunstan's' because of the distinctive clock that hung in front of it, which was purchased by the art-collecting Marquess of Hertford when it was auctioned from the church of St Dunstan-in-the-West prior to the church's demolition in 1829–30 for a road-widening scheme.

Subsequent occupants who leased Hertford Villa–St. Dunstan's included American financier Otto Kahn and British newspaper proprietor Lord Rothermere. During the First World War, Kahn lent the house to a new charity for blinded servicemen, which took the name of St Dunstan's (now Blind Veterans UK). After a fire in 1936, the house and grounds were purchased by Barbara Hutton and the fire-damaged home was then demolished.

Winfield House
Hutton commissioned a new mansion to be built in the Neo-Georgian style, which was designed by Leonard Rome Guthrie of the English architectural practice Wimperis, Simpson and Guthrie. The house was at first known by one of the names of its predecessor (St Dunstan's), but Lord Fraser of Lonsdale, head of the soldiers' charity, approached Hutton to explain that the similarity in the name and location of her house and his organisation (still with an office in Regent's Park) caused confusion, and he asked that she give up the historical name. She agreed to the request and chose a new name, derived from her grandfather Frank Winfield Woolworth, who had an estate, Winfield Hall, in Glen Cove, New York.

During the Second World War, the house was used by a Royal Air Force barrage balloon unit and as an officers' club. It was visited during the war by film actor Cary Grant, who was married to Hutton at the time. After the war, Hutton sold the house to the American government for a token sum, one dollar.

After extensive renovations, Winfield House became the ambassador's residence in 1955. The previous official residence at 14 Prince's Gate had been deemed inadequately secure. The house is listed on the U.S. Secretary of State's Register of Culturally Significant Property, which denotes properties owned by the U.S. State Department with particular cultural or historical significance. The interiors have undergone several alterations at various points, including in 1969 by William Haines, a decorator and former silent film star.

Grounds
Winfield House is situated within twelve acres of grounds set into Regent's Park, which includes a small front wood, sculpture garden, formal garden, vegetable garden, and a grass tennis court, and a greenhouse directly behind the court, as well as an extensive lawn for entertaining which comprises the majority of the acreage. Pathways and drives extend into the grounds, and connect the front garden and entrance to the rear. The property is surrounded by trees, primarily for security and privacy.

title: Winfield House


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Tobias Schneebaum

Tobias Schneebaum (March 25, 1922 – September 20, 2005) was an American artist, anthropologist, and AIDS activist. He is best known for his experiences living and traveling among the Harakmbut people of Peru, and the Asmat people of Papua, Indonesia.

Early life
Schneebaum was born into a family of Jewish emigres from Poland in New York City. Schneebaum's father Jacob (known as Yankle) emigrated to America from Poland just before World War I, in which he served in order to get U.S. citizenship. His mother, Riftcha, emigrated in 1913.

He was born as Toivele Schneebaum on Manhattan's Lower East Side and grew up in Brooklyn. A school official later changed this to Theodore Schneebaum, by which he was known by friends and family throughout his childhood. (He later changed his name legally to Tobias.) In 1939 he graduated from the Stuyvesant High School, moving on to the City College of New York, graduating in 1943 after majoring in mathematics and art. During World War II he served as a radar repairman in the U.S. Army.

Travels
In 1947, after briefly studying painting with Rufino Tamayo at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, Schneebaum went to live and paint in Mexico for three years, living among the Lacandon tribe. In 1955 he won a Fulbright fellowship to travel and paint in Peru. After hitch-hiking from New York to Peru, he lived with the Harakmbut people for seven months, and said he had joined the tribe in cannibalism on one occasion.

He recounted his journey into the jungles of Peru in the 1969 memoir Keep the River on Your Right.

Until 1970 he was the designer at Tiber Press, then in 1973 he embarked on his third overseas trip to Papua, then known as Irian Jaya, where he lived with the Asmat people on the south-western coast. He helped establish the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress.

In 1999, he revisited both Irian Jaya and Peru for a documentary film, Keep the River on Your Right: A Modern Cannibal Tale.

Later life
Schneebaum spent the final years of his life in Westbeth Artists Community, an artists' commune in Greenwich Village, New York City, also home to Merce Cunningham and Diane Arbus, and died in 2005 in Great Neck, New York of Parkinson's disease. He bequeathed his renowned Asmat shield collection to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and his personal papers are preserved within the Jean-Nickolaus Tretter Collection in Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Studies.

Awards
Schneebaum received a Master of Arts in anthropology at The New School in New York City, and another from Goddard College, Plainfield, Vermont.

title: Tobias Schneebaum


text: User talk:81.139.245.236

title: User talk:81.139.245.236


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thonger

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 07:07, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thonger
Neologism, dictdef. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:46, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Maybe it something to do with flip flops. This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Comment: See Microkini. Vote pending. Uncle G 19:26, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)
 * I've seen "microkini" -- unlike thonger, I believe that that's an actual term in use. That one probably needs a cleanup, though. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:54, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know (nor do I care?) how long "thonger" has existed as a word,delete has existed for a much longer time; and that's what this article needs. Phils 22:47, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ...and I'm a Brief-er. Aren't you glad you asked? Delete. hydnjo talk 01:22, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) Too much info Hydnjo! Brookie 15:34, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research ;) Wyss 02:40, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I've never heard of such people and really don't need to! Some people need to get more fresh air! Brookie 15:33, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thonger


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Iván Guerrero

Mario Iván Guerrero Ramírez (born 30 November 1977) is a Honduran former footballer who last played for Fort Lauderdale Strikers in the North American Soccer League. He was the club captain and also served as an assistant coach.

Club
Guerrero began his career with F.C. Motagua in Honduras, playing with the team from 1996 until transferring overseas in 2000. He moved to the English Premiership to play for Coventry City along with compatriot Jairo Martínez. He left the UK in October 2002 to rejoin Motagua and then moved to C.A. Peñarol in Uruguay in 2004, before his move to Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer.

Major League Soccer
He served as Chicago's lone representative in the 2005 MLS All-Star Game; and won the Fire's 2005 Fire/Honda MVP and Fire Defender of the Year awards.

On 21 November 2007 he was selected by San Jose Earthquakes in the 2007 MLS Expansion Draft. He was later traded to D.C. United on 31 July 2008 in exchange for a partial allocation. He made his D.C. United debut on 2 August 2008 as a starting left midfielder in a 2–0 win against Kansas City Wizards.

Guerrero was traded to Colorado Rapids in February 2009 as part of the deal taking Christian Gómez back to D.C. United. He was waived by Colorado on 17 June 2009.

Retirement
He retired in 2011 playing for F.C. Motagua.

Fort Lauderdale Strikers
On 24 January 2013, Guerrero ended retirement by signing with Fort Lauderdale Strikers of the North American Soccer League. In his first season with the Strikers he led the team in assists with six. Guerrero is captain of the club for the 2014 season. Following the dismissal of head coach Marcelo Neveleff on June 7, 2015, Guerrero was named interim head coach for the Strikers final spring season match against Minnesota United FC. On April 30, 2015, it was announced that Günter Kronsteiner would be returning as Strikers head coach. Guerrero will remain as an assistant coach on Kronsteiner's staff and also still be a part of the Strikers player roster.

International career
Guerrero made his debut for Honduras in a March 1999 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Belize and has earned a total of 84 caps, scoring 4 goals. He has represented his country in 33 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 1999, 2001, 2005 and 2009 UNCAF Nations Cups as well as at the 2000, 2005 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cups.

He was a member of the national squad who competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.

His final international was an October 2010 friendly match against Guatemala.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Honduras' goal tally first.

Personal life
Guerrero is a permanent resident of the United States.

Club

 * F.C. Motagua
 * Liga Nacional: 1997–98 A, 1997–98 C, 1999–2000 A, 1999–2000 C, 2010–11 C
 * Honduran Super Cup: 1997–98

 * D.C. United
 * Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2008

 * Chicago Fire Soccer Club
 * Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2006

Country

 * Honduras
 * CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament: 2000

title: Iván Guerrero


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Talk:Cycad

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Vladams, Dmvasconcelos. Peer reviewers: Marioux.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:54, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
There is a type of Cycad that is endemic throughout peninsular Florida known as Coontie "Palm". Many of these parts of Florida are classified by some as warm temperate climate regions, as opposed to subtropical.

It would be useful to provide some information to help distinguish a cycad from a palm.

Morphology
Are there any morphological similarities among cycads other than evergreen leaves? From the pictures of different cycads they seem to vary tremendously in morphology.  SCH ZMO  ✍ 23:38, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

"They are very specialized pollinators" - what is "they"?

Its pollinators
To who questioned about "who are the pollinators":

The only cycad's pollinators known nowadays are bettles. KekoDActyluS 19:29, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Cycadophyta?
The Article states that the class Cycadopsida is part of the division Cycadophyta. But it is rather that Cycadopsida is part of the sub-division Coniferophytina, and division Spermatophyta, isn´t it? Please correct me if I should be wrong... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.136.149.95 (talk) 00:17, 18 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Botanists have applied various classifications to this group. Some modern classifications do indeed group all seed plants into a single division, and this system of classification is still found in paleobotany textbooks.  However, a majority of botanists prefer to place each living group of seed plants into a separate division.  You'll also find that the draft proposals for the PhyloCode recommend the name Cycadophyta, without assigning a rank to the group.  This leaves open the messy question of how to classify all the fossils, but it is the system that Wikipedia has adopted.  --EncycloPetey (talk) 04:39, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Culinary use?
The Miso article, in the list of types of miso, gives one that is purportedly made from cycad pulp. Is this accurate? If so, it should be added to the article. Are there any cycad enthusiasts out there willing to do some research on this? Badagnani 01:30, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I think this is a case of confusing two very different plants called "sago palm": Metroxylon sagu and Cycas revoluta.  Rarely, and usually only in famines, seeds and sometimes stem of the cycad are eaten.  The palm, on the other hand, is the source of sago, a commercially important starch.  --Una Smith (talk) 03:14, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Taxobox image
I changed the image because the "cone" of C. revoluta is unusual among cycads. KP Botany 21:12, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Cyads And Ferns
Were not that sure, that ferns are not related to cycas...

Refers to : ' A Brief Review of THE FOSSIL CYCADS' by ROBERT BUCKLEY

Yours,

Alexander Meire and Simon Baeckens —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.129.172.99 (talk) 09:51, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The scientific community is sure. Cycads produce seeds, and so are seed plants.  Ferns do not produce seeds, and share a large genomic inversion with horsetails and whisk ferns—an inversion that is found in no other group of plants.  Your confusion comes from a serious error that Buckley made in his publication: He mistakenly called the seed ferns the pteridophytes, when they are actually called the pteridosperms (a group of seed plants with fern-like leaves).  --EncycloPetey (talk) 13:18, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Extinct example
The New York Times says there is an extinct species of cycad that they call "THE BIOFUELIFER ANTI-ARRHENIUS. Svante Arrhenius would never have invented the greenhouse effect if he’d heard of this cycad plant. It gulped in carbon dioxide and methane through its leaves and exuded streams of high-octane petroleum products through its bark as a defense against beetles. Not only that, it had bright red leaves that were good to eat. Though some said they tasted a little like herring. Florida was once the home of this herbaceous panacea. Converting the entire state to a plantation of these palm trees could solve a lot of problems." What are they referring to, if anything? zafiroblue05 | Talk 22:44, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I've no idea. It seems to come from the imagination of the author.  Note that the author precedes his comments with "And if the genome engineers wanted to conjure up something actually useful..." which suggests it is a fictitious invention. --EncycloPetey (talk) 22:25, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, re-reading it you're probably right, it just comes off as the writer saying - Well, mammoths would be cool, Neanderthals would be interesting, but a truly useful thing to clone would be this plant - as if it's a less sexy but more useful idea right alongside the (obviously real) species listed before. Just confusing, is all... zafiroblue05 | Talk 04:18, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Outdated
This article is way outdated. Wasn't there a genetic study on cycads that proved they only evolved 10 million years ago? 101.98.128.11 (talk) 07:50, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

Article split?
I notice that the article is being split and reconfigured, but there is no mention of it here. The changes seem to be justified, but there should be at least a brief explanation on the Talk pages of the affected articles, for the record. Thanks, in behalf of future befuddled editors! Reify-tech (talk) 15:40, 1 July 2015 (UTC)
 * The main reason for splitting the article is that Medullosales are now included within the higher taxa referred to as cycads, i.e., Cycadopsida and Cycadophyta. Some of the material that was about living cycads should appear only on the page about Cycadales, the order that includes all the living members of the group (and some extinct species as well), so "Cycad" is now a bit smaller than it was before, as befits a group with mostly extinct members that we don't know a lot about. Perhaps people would like to make "Cycad" the page about Cycadales rather than the higher groups, with a suitable hatnote, but the initial main piece of work is to split this into two pages, copyedit, and correct various statements that were over-generalized. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 15:03, 2 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you for explaining why, and what you are doing. I defer to your expertise in this area. Reify-tech (talk) 15:29, 2 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually I think that the statement above may be incorrect, Medullosales are treated as seed ferns elsewhere and also currently in Wikipedia, should they not be removed from the taxobox here?? Tony 1212 (talk) 19:39, 16 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I feel that the information on this page and the page Cycadales are mostly overlapping, and would be much better to fuse the two pages and remove the redundant information. If the reason for this page is to include Medullosales, the inclusion of this group in the Cycadophyta (i.e. the close relationship between Medullosales and Cycadales) has not been supported since Crane (1985). it would be better to change this page to include a better view of the fossil record of the Cycadophyta and the issues surrounding their systematic and phylogenetic placement.--PalaeoPhytologist (talk) 07:59, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Done. Hemiauchenia (talk) 22:05, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

Wrong fossil illustration
Zamites feneonis was not a Cycad, but a Bennetittale, a group of plants morphologically close to Cycad (probable symplesiomorphy), but clealy divergent. If you want a fossil illustaion of Cycad's ancestors see the fossil genus Paracycas, Nilssonia, Ctenis, Pseudoctenis, ...

P.S. Z. feneonis was a Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian, maybe Tithonian) specie of France, Germany, ... see Barale, 1981 (La paléoflore Jurassique du Jura français) for the description (in french; aivaible on google books). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.20.49.176 (talk) 10:52, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Good point. I've removed the image for now; perhaps others would like to add something suitable. We do have little pages on Zamites and Nilssonia (plant) which could use work and nothing so far on Paracycas, Ctenis, or Pseudoctenis. Much needs to be done ... Sminthopsis84 (talk) 03:06, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Cycad. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100810215325/http://www.conifers.org:80/zz/cycadales.htm to http://www.conifers.org/zz/cycadales.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:01, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

missing 'Other Languages' link
Hello dear people, could someone please put in a link to the corresponding German language page? Its name is: 'Palmfarne'. (Sorry for not doing it myself, I used to be able to do it, but either it isn't possible any more for nonregistereds or I have become too stupid *g* ;-) ) Great thanks to anyone who is going to do it! :-) :-) 2A02:3032:40C:ED1C:2:2:E738:17A2 (talk) 11:14, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

 * So now I found out how to do it, but it is not possible in the moment/ by me, because this "object":
 * https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157114
 * links to it.
 * I am sure that someone made a mistake there, as common practice is that Wikipedia-articles link to each other.
 * (The German article does link to the English one, just not, because of this mistake, the other way round. The English one also links to 23 other language articles, just not the German one. So I'm very sure that something was done wrong there.)
 * Although I did find out how to, normally, put in an additional 'Other Languages' link, I do not believe I will be able to fix that Wikidata-Linking-mistake o.O
 * Please, dear "Pros", help! 2A02:3032:40C:ED1C:2:2:E738:17A2 (talk) 12:03, 6 July 2022 (UTC)
 * soooo...
 * it seems the problem comes from the English article redirecting from 'Cycadales' to 'Cycads'.
 * I now forced a "local" language link, which works, hooray!
 * I took the information from here:
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links#Adding_a_new_link
 * I know (it is silly to continually talk to myself here AND) this does not solve the underlying problem, this redirection-thing, and it is not the preferred way, but I see no other way in the moment in which * I * could adress it.
 * So if anyone knows how to *reaaaally correcttlllyyy* do this – it's your turn ;-)) – I will leave all my 'talking to myself here as documentation/ explanation, I guess :-D 2A02:3032:40C:ED1C:2:2:E738:17A2 (talk) 12:46, 6 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I've edited wikidata so its Cycadales link to this article. Because the link to Cycadophyta was blocking this change I linked the wikidata cycadophyta to the redirect here. This one-to-one linking restriction is annoying, but I think it now does what you want without the local link. —  Jts1882 | talk 13:41, 6 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you! :-)) 46.114.6.25 (talk) 06:54, 7 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I took the information from here:
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links#Adding_a_new_link
 * I know (it is silly to continually talk to myself here AND) this does not solve the underlying problem, this redirection-thing, and it is not the preferred way, but I see no other way in the moment in which * I * could adress it.
 * So if anyone knows how to *reaaaally correcttlllyyy* do this – it's your turn ;-)) – I will leave all my 'talking to myself here as documentation/ explanation, I guess :-D 2A02:3032:40C:ED1C:2:2:E738:17A2 (talk) 12:46, 6 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I've edited wikidata so its Cycadales link to this article. Because the link to Cycadophyta was blocking this change I linked the wikidata cycadophyta to the redirect here. This one-to-one linking restriction is annoying, but I think it now does what you want without the local link. —  Jts1882 | talk 13:41, 6 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you! :-)) 46.114.6.25 (talk) 06:54, 7 July 2022 (UTC)
 * So if anyone knows how to *reaaaally correcttlllyyy* do this – it's your turn ;-)) – I will leave all my 'talking to myself here as documentation/ explanation, I guess :-D 2A02:3032:40C:ED1C:2:2:E738:17A2 (talk) 12:46, 6 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I've edited wikidata so its Cycadales link to this article. Because the link to Cycadophyta was blocking this change I linked the wikidata cycadophyta to the redirect here. This one-to-one linking restriction is annoying, but I think it now does what you want without the local link. —  Jts1882 | talk 13:41, 6 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you! :-)) 46.114.6.25 (talk) 06:54, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cycad


text:
Talk:Demonym

Comments
Should something be added under -ese (similar to -ish)? Bibble 21:39, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

We should probably do more discussion on here! Anyways, I kinda liked lumping the USA in under "countries overwhelmed by European colonists", but I guess there's too much to say about it for it to fit! Adam Mathias 20:44, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

At the rate people are adding their own country, state, or city this will soon be one of the largest articles in the Wikipedia. Len (talk) 16:33, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

RE: Suffixes - are you sure the -ian model is used for Australia?
Surely "Australian" uses the -n model - you add 'n' to Australia. If it uses the -ian model described, the Demonym for Australia would be Australiaian? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.71.230.109 (talk) 10:49, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

Curaçao or the Netherlands Antilles?
Does anyone know what the proper demonym is for Curaçao or the Netherlands Antilles? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.214.196.90 (talk) 00:33, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

RE: Bellingham
Residents of Bellingham are listed under the -er model as 'Hamsters'.. wut??? First off, the suffix used is -ster, not -er. Second, that sounds like slang to me. THIRD, any town which ends in 'ham' would conform to this same convention. I think it should be taken off the list. Kkeeganm (talk) 22:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

Taswegian? Seriously?
never heard of it. the Tasmania page lists it as "Tasmanian", which is also listed about 4 million times more on Google. I will change itHypershock (talk) 12:21, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

 * "Taswegian" is not a formal demonym for Tasmanians, rather it is sometimes heard in Australia as a slang term, possibly a bit derogatory, much like "Tasmaniac", which is also a somewhat humorously derogatory term. Ptilinopus (talk) 20:39, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

RE: Ambiguities
How about the countries of Niger and Nigeria, no one discussed that on the page and I feel it warrents some time. Anyone know how the demonyms of these countries tend to be used? cullen (talk) 16:52, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

 * No ambiguity here, because of their linguistic differences. Nigeria, the English-speaking, has Nigerians, while Francophone Niger has Nigeriens.  Since the "g" is soft in French, the two demonyms sound different as well.  BurntSox (talk) 18:53, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

RE: Bosniak
'Bosniak' is used to refer to Muslims from Bosnia, while 'Bosnian' is the general term for people from that country. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.237.117.229 (talk) 04:23, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

Problems with the Cultural Problems section
The section begins with this:
 * "Some peoples, especially cultures that were overwhelmed by European colonists, have no commonly accepted demonym, or have a demonym that is the same as the name of their (current or historical) nation. Examples include Iroquois, Aztec, Māori, and Czech. Such peoples' native languages often have differentiated forms that simply did not survive the transfer to English. In Czech, for example, the language is Čeština, the nation is Česko or Česká republika, and the people are Češi. The Dominican Republic has only a demonym-based description for a name."

This really doesn't make a lot of sense. First, the points offered contradict the claim. Iroquois, Aztec, and Maori most certainly do have accepted demonyms, and these are Iroquois, Aztec, and Maori. The second, about national demonyms, also seems flimsy: how is this condition any different from that of most cultures of the world even those that were not "overwhelmed by European colonists"? Look at France, Russia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Iran and many other examples: here there is a "demonym that is the same as the name of their (current or historical) nation". The points about Czechs and the Dominican Republic make even less sense. The Dominican Republic has no real demonym but only a demonym-based description? Wait, if there is no real demonym, how can there be a demonym-based description? And for Czech, the problem seems to be that the author is unaware that in a highly inflected language like Czech the endings will vary for part of speech. But to take three words--Čeština Česko Češi--and then argue that there's something peculiar about this and that this peculiarity is due to European colonialism makes no sense. Lots of peoples have similar triads: Norway, Norse, Norwegian; Finland, Finn, Finnish; Turkey, Turk, Turkish. Inter lingua 13:41, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

Exonians?
I'm also a bit confused about people from Exeter being called Exonians? I'm from Exeter, UK, and never heard that in my 41 years of living there, but perhaps the article is referring to the place called Exeter in the USA? In which case this should perhaps be specified. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.30.233.45 (talk) 02:34, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

Seychelles
Seychellois, a proper French demonym formation, belongs in the "Derived from other languages" section. BurntSox (talk) 18:55, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

Newcastle upon Tyne
I read somewhere that people from Newcastle upon Tyne are sometimes called "Geordies", but have trouble finding confirmation, so I didn't add it. Could someone confirm and add this in the irregular section as a second name for these people? Or should it be considered a nickname? Boudewijn Waijers (talk) 15:29, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * This is true. Whilst two theories compete for the Title of Primary Source, the Historical Account makes the most sense. "Geordie" first appeared as an abusive term, finding use during 1745, by invading Scottish Jacobites, based upon their encountering the rather strong fortitification defences, as well as the steadfast defiance Newcastle residents demonstrated against the invading Jacobites; as the History says, the smear originated as a slur for their supporting King George II [Aka: A Geordie], rather than the Rebellion!

 * Today, it refers to anyone in the Region, sharing the dialect/accent, but most often used in conjunction with Newcastle upon Tyne Residents, and Newcastle United FC {English Premier League (EPL) Supporters. Hope this helps! Cheers,

 * PVH Henry, P. V. (talk) 19:33, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

Guernsey
I added "Sarnian" as the official demonym for "from Guernsey" (Channel Island). I put it in the "derived from Latin" section. Yes, it is official: it's even the title of their second national anthem.

I know people from Guernsey and Jersey refer to one another as "donkeys" (Guernseymen), and "crapeauds" (French for toads, Jerseymen). I wasn't sure whether these should be considered demonyms or just chaffs. Boudewijn Waijers (talk) 15:32, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Aren't they Guernésiais, Jèrriais and Sercquiais in French? Is there an English cognate? 109.78.63.239 (talk) 20:10, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

Germany
Should Germany be included in the "append -(a)n" section? Of all the countries mentioned, it is the only one where nothing is appended but left out, instead. If a suffix had been appended, it would have been "Germanian", which to me sounds like someone from the tribe of old.Boudewijn Waijers (talk) 15:40, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Equestrian?
Equestria - demonym Equestrian with a link to My Little Pony. This is clearly a joke. I'll remove it.109.78.63.239 (talk) 20:06, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

Actually, maybe it should be moved to Fictional demonyms? Can anyone confirm that 'Equestrian' as in 'inhabitants of Equestria' is actually a thing? 109.78.63.239 (talk) 20:15, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

Arijoz

 * Parma → Parmesan in English, Parmigiano in Italian, Pram'zan in emilian, while Parmense is for people born in the province of Parma, (emilian language: Arijoz)

Could be more explicit: is Arijoz the Emelian equivalent of Parmense, or something else? —Tamfang (talk) 18:57, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

Taiwan(ese)

 * However, in American political language, Taiwanese refers only to those who are descended from the pre-People's Republic residents of the island, and therefore the correct diplomatic term for the current residents of Taiwan is "Taiwans"

This American is willing to believe the first part of the sentence, but would be amazed to hear "Taiwans" applied by an English-speaker to the people, by whatever definition! Deleted the insertion, pending support. —Tamfang (talk) 04:16, 3 November 2012 (UTC)

Kiwi?
As an Australian, I have always been led to believe that New Zealander is the correct demonym, and "kiwi" is a slang term, however it's used twice in this article. My understanding is that this is equivalent to using "Aussie", and while this is a very common term, and may even be heard being used by the Prime Minister in speeches, it is still a slang term. I'm going to change these references to "kiwi" - If someone can point to an authoritative reference to the contrary, it can be changed back. Tuskah (talk) 01:33, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

-stans
There are a number of words listed under irregulars that end in -stan that are not irregular and not demonyms. The -stan mean "land of" which is appended to the name of a people. So the country name is derived from the name of its people not the other way around. This does not apply to all -stan words. Pakistan is a created from (with various proposed meanings of Pak) there is no Pak tribe. This may be part of why Pakistani is the correct demonym not Paki (used derogatorily). Most of these should be listed under the demonyms as roots section like Finland/Finns. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.150.26.28 (talk) 20:33, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Well said. But to take it further, almost all other -istan countries/regions correctly use the name of the people as the demonym. Though common, it is incorrect to say Afghanistani, Kazakhstani, Uzbekistani etc: the correct demonym is Afghan, Kazakh, Uzbek respectively. Similarly with inhabitants of Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Baluchistan. Ptilinopus (talk) 20:50, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

 * –stani is useful for citizens of Xstan who are not ethnic X, no? —Tamfang (talk) 09:00, 23 December 2017 (UTC)

East Asian
I am pretty sure most of the East Asian -eses come via Portuguese (not using the French spelling isn't a coincidence). I got that from Lazlo Montgomery's China History Podcast, at least re: "Chinese." I'd have to go back and find out what his source for that was, it's been a few months since I listened to that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.250.158.55 (talk) 03:24, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

Is the demonym a noun, adjective, or both?
The lead of this article is confusing, as it gives the examples "Briton", which is only a noun; "Dutch", which is only an adjective when used to talk about a person, and "Canadian", which can be both. Surely one of those three isn't really a demonym. - filelakeshoe (t / c) 23:13, 14 December 2013 (UTC)

 * An interesting point. Look at the section under -ish that includes Cornish and English. It has a note saying that -ish items are usually adjectives but does not discuss whether adjectives qualify as demonyms. See Cornish and Demonyms UK for two pages that include such adjectives as demonyms. My guess is that such adjectives are generally treated as demonyms in English. This should be added to the article. --BB12 (talk) 09:16, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Wiktionary, thefreedictionary.com, and merriam-webster.com all claim it is only a noun. I disagree with the OP on one point. I feel that "Dutch" is a also a plural noun. ("The Dutch have a saying.") I further think that singular demonyms are a problem in English in that their traditional forms are now considered politically incorrect or awkward, e.g. Dutchman/Dutchwoman/Dutchperson. The standard solution is to avoid the demonym altogether in favor of the adjective. ("It was invented by a Chinese person.") I personally hate this, and wish there were acceptable singular demonyms for every application. (When I looked into "Cornish" several months ago, the answer I found was Cornishman and Cornishwoman. Ditto for the Welsh.)
 * 2602:306:BC65:42B9:3104:5C17:FAD8:B96D (talk) 15:25, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Somalia
The main Wikipedia article on Somalia lists its demonym as both Somali and Somalian, with US references for both. In this article, however, Somalia is listed under the '-i' category thus: 'Somali (not Somalian)'. Although 'Somalian' can be found in reference sources and print media, it would I think be rare to find it used by Somalis, many of whom (in my UK experience) say it is wrong. I would therefore be inclined to support the listing in this article. Assuming this article is correct, should the Somalia article should be amended?

If I have offended against any guidelines or etiquette, do please advise me; I am new to this.

79rr (talk) 13:30, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

 * I have since seen the similar comment on the Talk page of the Somalia article. In the absence of any comments to the contrary, I have now amended the Somalia article.

 * 79rr (talk) 10:50, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

Is 'Wikipedian' a demonym?
Is Wikipedian a demonym? Should it be listed? How about WP:Wikian? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dpleibovitz (talk • contribs) 02:10, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

 * No, because Wikipedia is not a geographic place. Even if you want to argue that point, Wikipedian is to Wikipedia as librarian is library. tbc (talk) 13:15, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Intro
Debated? In what way is it debated? This is a really confusing article -- is this the only proposed term to describe such names, or is there a competing word? Imma change the intro to be a little clearer. --Trentblase (talk) 06:27, 25 April 2014 (UTC)

New York City
New Yorker will do, I suppose, but how could one be specific? tbc (talk) 13:18, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

 * "Will do"?? You might as well say "Vermonter will do" for Vermont. "New Yorker" is it. I grew up there, and that's the demonym. Also The New Yorker magazine, whose "reviews and events listings often focus on the cultural life of New York City".--Thnidu (talk) 06:41, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * @tbc i would guess your question is 'how does one distinguish between a new state resident and one of new york city', and i'm afraid i'm also unaware of a demonym that would refer to the former. Potholehotline (talk) 22:13, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

Level 3 headings
I have enabled level 3 headings so as to enable the use of links to heading placers but have retained TOC behaviour at "TOC level|2".

With edits as at 16 August 2014, "TOC level|3" enabled this TOC behaviour.

Who knows, future versions of Wikipedia may enable toggling between options. Gregkaye (talk) 08:48, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

Gentilic
While it is true that gentilic is the earlier term, it is not widely used today, having been largely replaced by demonym. Certainly on Wikipedia the term demonym is used for articles and categories, and a ghit search of "demonym - wikipedia" vs "gentilic - Wikipedia" shows a ratio of more than 10:1, with many of the hits for "gentilic" using it as an (unofficial) adjectival form of the word "gentile". As such, it makes sense to use the term demonym as the primary form throughout this article, so I have undone the undiscussed wholesale change made by one editor earlier today (who aslo used the term "demonic" rather than "demonymic" as an adjectival form, though I don't think any demons were involved!) Grutness...wha?  00:13, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I had never heard of demonym until recently when I started to notice that it was starting to appear all over wiki. 'Demonym' as a word was only recently coined and still comes up as a typo on spell check!
 * I think it is important to acknowledge our heritage in the English language.  Gentilic as a word makes sense with its much clearer/traceable roots..  Any English major would know that!  Words aren't just introduced, they develop.
 * To a certain extent, it feels like it is introducing 'demon' into everyday language and for the spiritual world, it has ramifications too.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Magadrin (talk • contribs) 19:54, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

 * neither 'gentilic' (as a noun) nor 'demonym' appear in the oxford english dictionary, wordnet or gcide. gentilic looks a lot like the word 'gentelicio', the spanish word for demonym, which is a point in its favor, but demonym seems better english to me. good lord, such a fine language and its speakers never came up w/ anything better than 'nickname' to describe the phenomenon? i'll be watching the oed to see if they accept the word after an apparent 25 year existence.
 * grutness, under 'gentilic' the oed gives 'Heathen, pagan (obs.)'as the first sense, which gives some amount of officiality to the use you mention, though the sense is marked with the dagger of obsolescence and the entry hasn't been updated since 1898. Potholehotline (talk) 02:21, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

 * It is indeed a fine language, and is a lot easier to read if written with capitals on proper nouns and abbreviations and at the beginnings of sentences— otherwiseit'snearlyashardtoreadasunspacedEnglish. This isn't an SMS chat page; please write accordingly.--Thnidu (talk) 07:29, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Where is it in OED ?Magadrin (talk) 21:25, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

 * it's on their website, found by searching 'gentilic', but the entry is for an adjective, the first (obsolete) sense 'Heathen, pagan', the second sense 'Tribal, national', the quotes for the first 1604, for the second all 19th century. Potholehotline (talk) 23:29, 17 October 2016 (UTC)potholehotline

Philippines
"A 'demonym' is derived from the name of a place. Examples of demonyms derived from place names include Chinese for the natives of China, Swahili for the natives of the Swahili coast, and American for the natives of the United States of America (or sometimes those of the Americas)."

Philippines = Philippine, demonym suffixation is "-in(e)" (c.f. Philippine-American War, Philippine Airlines, Philippine Army, etc.); and, less commonly but prevalent in Europe specifically in France is "Philippinean", demonym suffixation is "-(a)n".

The Philippines is unique, in that it also uses the Spanish version of Philippine: "Filipino" (masculine) and "Filipina" (feminine). The demonym suffixation for Filipino is: "(en)(in)o".

Filipino(a), Philippine, Philippinean are all acceptable, it is a matter of choice and preference as there are no arbitrary rules regarding the use of a Philippine demonym. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Josedecura (talk • contribs) 01:36, 15 September 2015 (UTC) --Jose de Cura 01:51, 15 September 2015 (UTC)--Jose de Cura 02:08, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

 * I'd say Philippine as a demonym is transferred rather than derived from Philippine as the name of the islands (etymologically an adjective derived from the name of a king of Spain). —Tamfang (talk) 06:39, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

Nonstandard?
Should there be a section for major, non-standard demonyms, such as Swiss or Welsh? Ivy John  11:53, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

 * As a Silhillian from Solihull I most definitely agree. MyTuppence (talk) 19:28, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

 * I think "Sydneysider" warrants a footnote too!129.94.8.0 (talk) 06:07, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Or "Liverpuddlian"! An interesting misnomer is calling an inhabitant of Newcastle a Novocastrian. The demonym derives from New Caster. Linguistically it should be Novocastellian. But Novocastrian it is, and must remain! Ptilinopus (talk) 21:34, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

It's worth noting that Quebec and Burma reference "(though see below; Irregular forms)." It's not clear which "below" they're referring to. It seems as if a former version of the article might have had an irregularities section that has since been removed? Spiffulent (talk) 00:40, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree completely with, although I wouldn't call them "nonstandard": it sounds as if they're not the usual terms, as though they were slangy. Call them "irregular", like irregular verbs ("I ran" instead of "I runned") and irregular nouns ("children" instead of "childs"). And they are a really major component of English demonymy: England:English, France:Frenchman/Frenchwoman, Spain/Spaniard, Portugal/Portuguese, ... --Thnidu (talk) 07:18, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

Hayastani
§ -(a)n included the entry
 * Armenia → Armenian (also "Hayastani")

"Hayastani" (Armenian: Հայաստանի) is an Armenian word, not an English one, and has no more business in this article than "colombiano" or "russkiĭ" would alongside "Colombian" and "Russian". I have deleted it.--Thnidu (talk) 06:51, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

Turkic
"Turkic" refers not specifically to Turkey and Turks, but to larger families of peoples and of languages, of which Turks and Turkish are but a part:
 * The Turkic peoples[,] a collection of ethnic groups that live in central, eastern, northern, and western Asia as well as parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family.

I am taking it out.--Thnidu (talk) 07:23, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

-man
There seems to be an entire group of demonyms omitted - those with the suffix -man (and by extension -woman). Just because there is a current trend to political correctness and gender equality is no reason to ignore/omit an entire class of demonym suffices that has definite historic, and in some places, current, usage. Particularly in the British Isles this suffix is/was used, specifically for the personal noun form of the demonym (the language noun and adjectival form being different). (The sometimes substituted "-person" never really gained traction in this context.) Thus (Personal demonym / adjectival form): I am sure there are a number of others. Incidentally, Turkmen (and historically, Turkoman) does not belong in this class, as the -men/-man ending has a different linguistic derivation not related to English. Ptilinopus (talk) 21:44, 22 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Englishman / English
 * Welshman / Welsh
 * Irishman / Irish
 * Cornishman / Cornish
 * Yorkshireman
 * Jerseyman
 * Guernseyman
 * Kentishman / Kentish
 * Chinaman / Chinese (the -man usage today is both obsolete and somewhat derogatory)
 * Scotsman / Scottish/Scots (the noun Scot is probably more current; the adjective Scotch never properly applied to the people, only the beverage.)
 * Ulsterman
 * Kerryman
 * Frenchman / French
 * Dutchman / Dutch

 * I added many of these to the Ethnic demonyms section. Feel free to add a new separate section though, or to add ones I've missed to the "ethnic" section. — ★ Parsa ☞ talk 04:27, 9 April 2017 (UTC)

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Ethic demonyms ravaged
Someone who doesn't understand what a demonym is ravaged the former section called "Ethnonyms as Demonyms." They changed the demonym to a simple adjective. For instance Kurdistan once listed the demonym as "Kurd." It was later change to "Kurdish." One would never say "He is a Kurdish." You would say "He is a Kurd" or "He is Kurdish." In a similar way, Arabia now has "Arabic." This one is clearly wrong as that does not describe a person generally. It should be Arab. — ★ Parsa ☞ talk 03:07, 9 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I tried to fix it a bit, and attached an orphaned section. — ★ Parsa ☞ talk 04:24, 9 April 2017 (UTC)

Perak.
Someone or something from Perak is actually Perakese. - (119.224.80.18 (talk) 11:25, 15 June 2017 (UTC))

"Kiwi" as an example
As it stands, the first line of this article gives a cited (but not online) definition of demonym as a name for a people derived from the name of that particular place. The next paragraph goes on to give Kiwi as an example, which is, of course, nothing to do with the name of New Zealand: the term is taken from the local wildlife. Which is right?31.185.45.1 (talk) 11:27, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Kiwi is an informal demonym for New Zealander, a person from New Zealand. I removed it from the lead. It already exists further down in the informal section. Akld guy (talk) 20:02, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

 * i'm with you @ 31.185.45.1, i don't see that demonyms are always based on the place name, for example 'hoosier' to refer to folks from indiana should by all rights be a demonym Potholehotline (talk) 02:26, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Hoosier has been in the list for a very long time, in the "Non-standard examples" section under "Formal". Please take care to look in the correct section before attempting to add an entry. Akld guy (talk) 02:50, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
 * @Akld guyi checked my contributions page and found no evidence that i had added an entry for 'hoosier'. you wanna tell me what you're talking about? Potholehotline (talk) 19:56, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Re-write needed
This article is a mess because the entries are listed by suffix, examples -ian, -anian, -nian, -in(e), -ite. Counter-intuitively, the reader must first know the correct suffix, or else is forced to search through each section. It is also causing editors to add entries in inappropriate sections because they perceive that the entry is missing. Thus we have many countries with duplicate entries; Argentina has 3, at least a dozen others have 2.

How about we simply list countries alphabetically, then the same with towns and cities, and so on. I am willing to do this, but want to know whether the present listing by suffix serves some purpose that I can't see at this stage. Akld guy (talk) 20:16, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

What's more, the list is so confusing, nobody has noticed that France is missing entirely. Akld guy (talk) 20:28, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

 * If you want a reference table, how about creating List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names and removing most of them from the article? Seems to me the point of an article like Demonym is to define the concept and give a small selection of examples of the different ways in which demonyms are formed. —Tamfang (talk) 01:24, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

 * My edit of a few minutes ago moved lists of demonyms up from See also to sections of their own, placed more prominently near the start of the article. This article is more of a technical description of demonyms and their suffixes and variations. Akld guy (talk) 19:34, 9 April 2018 (UTC)

Tyrol - Tyrolese, Tyrolean or Tyrolian
What are the sources or citation for Tyrolese being the chosen as the correct demonym for that region of Austria (and Italy)?

The Wikipedia article for Tyrolean even lists that as the demonym over Tyrolese, and in terms of personal experience from Austria Tyrolean (or Tyrolian depending on spending) is almost always used. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:1458:202:1C:0:0:102:FD0 (talk) 20:13, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

City demonyms in plural form?
I noticed that most city demonyms are expressed in the plural, whereas other places (country, state, etc.) are expressed in the more conventional singular form. Is there a particular reason for this? If so, the article should explain it. Otherwise, a massive change is required removing all those plurals for the sake of consistency.

Of course, if a plural is used then the word can only be used as a noun, whereas demonyms are usually used as both nouns and adjectives, especially when applied not to a people but to _things_ from a place (e.g. European car, Parisian night life). PabloStraub (talk) 01:51, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

Removal of "Indianan" from the States and Provinces list under the Suffixation subsection
I propose that Indianan be removed from the suffixation list. It is not an official or commonly-used demonym, and the current entry reads "Indiana → Indianans (more commonly Hoosiers below)." In 2017 the U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual was updated to reflect the use of Hoosier as the official demonym. I propose that documentation of historical demonym use is more appropriate for the individual Wikipedia articles.Saccarte (talk) 18:28, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

The need to uniformize the treatment of demonyms
I suggest these guidelines for the treatment of demonyms:

1. If an article about a place is in language X, the corresponding demonym or demonyms should be in that language and they need not be labeled. For example, an article in English about Paris, France, should list Parisian, which need not be labeled English.

2. It is debatable whether an article in language X should list demonyms in languages other than language X. At present, many do. For example, in the article in English for Valladolid, Spain, the only demonym shown is vallisoletano, which is Spanish (and not even labeled as such). In my opinion, only English demonyms should appear in articles in English, and so on. (The English demonym for Valladolid, Spain, by the way, is Vallisoletan, which should appear in the article in English for that city).

3. All demonyms should be in the singular form. At the moment, certain articles give them in the singular and others in the plural. S. Valkemirer (talk) 01:16, 13 August 2020 (UTC)

Kennewick Man
"Often the demonyn for a [subnational place] is simply the name of the place used as an adjective. For example, Kennewick Man."

Was this some kind of joke?? Kennewick Man is not a DEMONYM!(?!) Kennewick Man refers to the 10,000 year old (or so) skeletal remains of one individual person! It is the exact same formula as Java Man (found in Java), Peking Man (found in Peking), and Neanderthal Man (found in Neanderthal, or Neander Valley, Germany).

This ought to be removed... Firejuggler86 (talk) 19:33, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

Manx
People from the Island of Man are called Manx. It’s the only ‘-x’ demonym AFAIK and should be included here. For its uniqueness, if nothing else. 2601:CA:8400:2F40:5421:1F79:1A77:5600 (talk) 18:12, 19 April 2022 (UTC)

Some Nations are missing
I noticed a couple of nations were missing. SOme of these are Niger and New Zealand. LuigiIsSuppreme989🌀 (talk) 17:06, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

Abolish the Other languages section
At the end of the article we have a completely unsourced, short section called Other languages. This is English language Wikipedia, so the section seems both unnecessary and inappropriate. It is also obviously unlikely to ever be anything like complete. I propose deleting that section, unless someone can justify its existence here, AND provide some sourcing. HiLo48 (talk) 23:34, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Done. HiLo48 (talk) 03:55, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Demonym


text:
Regulatory affairs

Regulatory affairs (RA), is a profession that deals with an organization’s adherence to regulatory compliance.

It is a position mostly found within regulated industries, such as pharmaceuticals, medical devices, cosmetics, agrochemicals (plant protection products and fertilizers), energy, banking, telecom etc. Regulatory affairs also has a very specific meaning within the healthcare industries (pharmaceuticals, medical devices, biologics and functional foods).

Regulatory affairs professionals, also known as regulatory compliance professionals, usually have responsibility for the following general areas:

Offices of Regulatory Affairs at many companies and organizations are known for collaborating with their company’s Offices of Government Relations, Public Relations, Legal-General Counsel, and others to accomplish their goals.
 * Ensuring that their companies comply with all of the regulations and laws pertaining to their business.
 * Working with federal, state, and local regulatory agencies and personnel on specific issues affecting their business, i.e., working with such agencies as the Food and Drug Administration or European Medicines Agency (pharmaceuticals and medical devices); The Department of Energy; or the Securities and Exchange Commission (banking).
 * Advising their companies on the regulatory aspects and climate that would affect proposed activities. i.e. describing the "regulatory climate" around issues such as the promotion of prescription drugs and Sarbanes-Oxley compliance.

Healthcare RA
The regulatory function in healthcare industries is vital in making safe and effective healthcare products available worldwide. Individuals who ensure regulatory compliance and prepare submissions, as well as those whose main job function is clinical affairs or quality assurance are all considered regulatory professionals. The most significant responsibility of a regulatory professional in an export company is to get a product successfully registered and approved by the health agency of the country like FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for USA, or EMA (European Medicines Agency) for Europe.

Regulatory professionals are employed in industry, government and academia and are involved with a wide range of products, including:

 * pharmaceuticals
 * medical devices
 * in vitro diagnostics
 * biologics and biotechnology
 * nutritional products
 * cosmetics
 * veterinary products

The regulatory professional's roles and responsibilities often begin in the research and development phases, moving into clinical trials and extending through premarket approvals, manufacturing, labeling and advertising and postmarket surveillance.

Core competencies
Regulatory professionals come from diverse backgrounds. Most regulatory professionals have earned a bachelor's degree, and more than half have an advanced degree, most often in a scientific or technical field. In addition, regulatory professionals usually have experience in other careers before transitioning into regulatory affairs.

Although there are some university degree and graduate certificate programs in regulatory affairs and related areas, experience is a key asset for regulatory professionals. Valuable skills include project management and organization, negotiation and communication, and the ability to learn from the experience of others, both inside and outside the organization.

Continuing education and professional development are critical to the regulatory professional. Regulatory professionals must keep up to date with regulatory policies and procedures for one or more countries, as well as maintain an understanding of the scientific and technical background of healthcare products. Global aspects of regulatory affairs are taken up by organisations such as the Drug Information Association (DIA) and the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH).

Origins
The healthcare industries were the first to be significantly regulated in the modern era. Much of this regulation has stemmed from avoiding the repetition of disasters, and has tended to be led by the USA due to size of the market and its technological lead:
 * Diphtheria Epidemic led to 1902 Biologics Control Act
 * Publication of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair led to 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act
 * Elixir of Sulfanilamide led to the 1938 Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
 * Thalidomide led to the 1962 Kefauver Harris Amendments
 * Dalkon Shield led to the 1976 Medical Device Amendments
 * Bjork-Shiley Heart Valves led to the 1990 Safe Medical Devices Act

In the US, this regulation is largely written directly into law and codified in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations

Recent developments
Starting in 1980 the European Union started to harmonize the regulation of healthcare products in the member states. The concept of regulating medicines was well established in most member countries along similar lines to the US model, but many countries did not have any significant medical device regulation. Concurrently the EU had been developing the concept of New Approach Directives where only broad concepts were written into the law and the bulk of the technological detail delegated to compliance with recognized standards (which are more readily update-able).

The Europeans took the radical approach of applying the New Approach Directive to Medical Devices and by doing so made the first significant conceptual advance in healthcare regulation for nearly 100 years.

The European Model for medical device has largely been adopted by the Global Harmonization Task Force as the international template.

Future developments
Many in the regulatory affairs profession believe the new approach to regulation will eventually be adopted for all healthcare products as it represents the best model for delivering new healthcare advances to market in a reasonable time with acceptable safety.

Regulatory affairs departments are growing within companies. Due to the changing resources necessary to fulfill the regulatory requirements, some companies also choose to outsource or outtask regulatory affairs to external service providers. Regulatory affairs department is constantly evolving and growing and is the one which is least impacted during the acquisition and merger, and also during recession. Global harmonization in standards has led to consistent approach in regulatory submissions and hence its review.

Regulatory affairs profession
The (healthcare) regulatory affairs profession is still an emergent profession but has a few major international professional membership organizations:
 * Drug Information Association, DIA, http://www.diahome.org
 * The Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society, RAPS, http://www.raps.org
 * The Organisation for Professionals in Regulatory Affairs, TOPRA, http://www.topra.org
 * Vietnam Regulatory Affairs: https://vnras.com/
 * Association of Regulatory Affairs Professionals: ARAP
 * Certified Clinical Research Professionals: CCRP

which offer education and training, professional development, competence certification and codes of ethics.

The regulatory professional typically has a background relevant to the business in which they work, i.e., science, medicine, or engineering.

title: Regulatory affairs


text:
Talk:Maritz rebellion

Kemp and Bezuidenhout
I could not find the full names of "JCG Kemp" and "Bezuidenhout", perhapse someone else with references can fill them in -- PBS 18:52, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 14:35, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Title of article: Maritz Rebellion or 1914 Rebellion?
Is the title of this article correct? It seems academic literature (Giliomee, The Afrikaners)and some newspaper articles refers to the 1914 Rebellion and not the Maritz rebelion. I stumbled on this when looking for the 1914 Rebellion and would not have thought to have looked for it here. Any opinions? ShiningWolf (talk) 06:15, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

The Rebel Banner
Currently the article has the old ZAR flag reflected as the rebel banner, but the rebellion had it's own banner, a combination of the flags, some literature describes it somewhat similar to the Union flag. The ZAR flag should thus be removed and replaced with the correct banner? Zarpboer (talk) 08:57, 21 September 2014 (UTC) From the court record, of the rebellion trials (after the rebellion failed) : "Otherwise we will go to Pretoria and see the Government, and if they will not heed our protest, then we will hoist the Republican flag." He pointed to a cart standing near, where lay the colours of the defunct Orange Free State." Zarpboer (talk) 09:14, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

The name of the rebellion
@Lathamibird dude, please could you do your magic with the appearances in newspapers, etc. - seeing as you did such a cool and stirling job with Transvaal? and then could you also do the edit, etc. Should this be The South African Rebellion, The Boer Revolt, Maritz Rebellion (for which I am finding far fewer citations), or any other names? Please :) Zarpboer (talk) 06:31, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * the problem of names such as "Boer Revolt" and "South African Rebellion" is that initially they look as if they are popular name, but they have real problems in several ways. The first is that they appear to be accurate but are not for example "Boer Revolt" implies that it all Boers against the rest -- it was not. "South African Rebellion" leads to the question against whom were South Africans rebelling?
 * The second problem is one of scope using Google Book results [ "Maritz Rebellion" ] returns an estimated about 500 books, in fact only about 130 are returned. ["Boer Revolt" ] returns returns an estimated 1,200 books but when qualified by 1914 ["Boer Revolt" 1914] only an estimated 245 books are retuned (actually 82). Using ["South African Rebellion"] returns an estimated 20,700 when qualified with ["South African Rebellion" 1914] an estimated 9,610 but when checked only 58 books are returned. This means that not only are "Boer Revolt" and "South African Rebellion" are according to a google search less common terms for this revolt than "Maritz Rebellion" they are more likely to be false positives for the Boer Wars.
 * -- PBS (talk) 15:02, 27 September 2014 (UTC)

RfC Name of this page
Should the name of this rebellion be "The South African Rebellion" or "The Maritz Rebellion" is this a German vs Britain war or the Union or what? Zarpboer (talk) 10:12, 25 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Speedy close. This is not an issue for an RFC. Page moves come under WP:RM and the policy page is WP:AT. The name of the article is based on WP:COMMONNAME. So, Zarpboer, I suggest that you close this RfC (by removing the template), read WP:AT and then if you think a title change is in order start a WP:RM. -- PBS (talk) 14:29, 27 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Close. This is too minor an issue to justify an RfC. Like Zarpboer said, just take it to WP:RM. -- Writing Enthusiast ☎ 01:30, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

Closed as per above, I read WP:AT and even after lots of research I have no opinion or idea whether a title change is in order - So, gonna just leave it as it is until another more worthy editor decides or has an issue... it seems that this was indeed more commonly called "the 1914 rebellion" but is is also known by the other names.. so, it should be fine? - and Germany must still be added as a party to the infobox, sometime... anyway, thanks! :) Zarpboer (talk) 10:52, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

South Africa
@Zarpboer I notice you commented in the edit history of this article "removed south africa - there was no country called south africa in 1914" There is no such state as the "United States" or the "United Kingdom" but they are common coin to describe those states. In the same was "South Africa" is the common name of the Union of South Africa-- just as today the South Africa is the common name Republic of South Africa. There is no reason at all not use South Africa in this article to mean Union of South Africa, particularly when most general readers will not know what "The Union" means. Also in the specific edit which I have included here South Africa is being used as a geographic entity, and is similar in nature to Ireland (which can mean either the island of Ireland or the state). After the union of South Africa, South Africa was used both to describe the state and for the country/territory of the state. Ie if one visited South Africa -- just like today--it did not mean a trip to Pretoria and a meeting with a government official. -- PBS (talk) 14:36, 27 September 2014 (UTC)
 * No, talk, the intention was only to improve. The former country, The South African Republic, was also known as Transvaal and South Africa, the Union was known as South Africa and so was the Republic of South Africa as well, but clearly these were not all the same South Africa as not only were the borders different, but, well, everything.Zarpboer (talk) 07:50, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

Biased Edits
The recent rewrite of this entire page by user:Zarpboer is extremely biases against the rebels and contains questionable remarks regarding them. Wikipedia is supposed to be of a neutral encyclopedic nature, the article in its current form does not reflect those principals.XavierGreen (talk) 20:14, 27 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I've just tagged it as POV for this reason. The current version of the article is plainly not written from a neutral point of view, and goes out of its way to portray the rebels as traitors and villains. That might be how they're seen in modern South Africa, but statements like 'Ultimately the behaviour and actions of Maritz were those of a traitor to the South African nation' and 'nothing is quite equal to the betrayal of the boers under his command' are opinions rather than facts and don't belong in a Wikipedia article. Robofish (talk) 21:02, 30 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I have reverted it to the previous version.XavierGreen (talk) 04:12, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

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How it impacted the war
I dont know how it did — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.26.153.92 (talk) 16:18, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maritz rebellion


text:
2005 in Denmark

Events from the year 2005 in Denmark.

Incumbents

 * Monarch - Margrethe II
 * Prime minister - Anders Fogh Rasmussen

January

 * 1 January - New Year's celebrations all over Denmark fall silent for two minutes as mark of respect for Scandinavian memorial service for those affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
 * 8 January - Denmark is hit by the storm called Erwin, the most powerful storm since the 1999 storm called Anatol. Some areas are flooded as the wind causes very high seawater levels, but overall the damage is limited.
 * 15 January - The new Copenhagen Opera House is inaugurated.
 * 18 January - Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen calls for parliamentary elections, scheduled for 8 February.

February

 * 8 February - 2005 Danish parliamentary election: The coalition of the Liberal Party and the Conservative People's Party is reelected. The Danish Social Liberal Party almost doubles their seats from 9 to 17, while the Liberal Party loses 4 and the Social Democrats loses 5. Following their failure to gain enough votes, Mogens Lykketoft steps down as leader of the Social Democrats, Holger K. Nielsen steps down as leader of the Socialist People's Party, and Mimi Jakobsen steps down as leader of the Centre Democrats. The Centre Democrats and the Christian Democrats fail to get above the 2-percent limit, the Centre Democrats for the second time in a row.
 * 18 February - Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen presents his updated cabinet.

March

 * 3 March - At 19.17 the 3500-ton freighter, MV Karen Danielsen, crashes into the Western bridge of the Great Belt Bridge, 800m from Funen. All traffic across the bridge is closed, effectively splitting Denmark in two.
 * 4 March
 * - The Great Belt Bridge is reopened shortly after midnight after the freighter MV Karen Danielsen was pulled free, and inspectors found no structural damage to the bridge.
 * - The coldest day so far in Denmark this year. -20.2 degrees Celsius measured at Tune Airport near Roskilde. This is also the coldest day in the month of March since 1987. Source DMI.

April

 * 12 April - The Social Democrats elect a new leader to replace Mogens Lykketoft who resigned after losing the 2005 Danish parliamentary election. Helle Thorning-Schmidt is elected ahead of Frank Jensen with 24,261 votes (53%) against 21,348 votes (47%).
 * 28 April - Villy Søvndal is elected as the new leader of the Socialist People's Party.

June

 * 8 June - An arson attack destroys Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration Rikke Hvilshøj's car and part of her house.

July

 * 7 July - Security in Denmark is stepped up after the 7 July 2005 London bombings. The London attack is seen as connected to threats which al-Qaeda had made against the countries supporting USA in the occupation of Iraq, to which both the United Kingdom and Denmark contributed.

September

 * September 30 - Jyllands-Posten, a Danish newspaper, publishes 12 editorial cartoons which depict Muhammad, which would later cause controversy and unrest.

October

 * 15 October - Crown Princess Mary of Denmark gives birth to a healthy boy, expected to be named Prince Christian of Denmark. As the first child of Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark the boy is expected to become king one day. Prior to the birth there had been some speculation as to what would happen if the child was a girl; the Danish constitution says that any younger boys would be above this girl in the line of succession, while the present-day consensus in Denmark is that the girl should become Queen. There had been a good deal of speculation that this birth of a baby girl would be an opportunity to change the constitution with regard to both the line of succession and a number of other areas like human rights; but as the child was a boy this is no longer relevant.
 * 17 October - Egyptian newspaper El Fagr publishes six of the cartoons during Ramadan along with an article strongly denouncing them. The publication of the images does not provoke any known protests from either Egyptian religious authorities nor the Egyptian government.
 * October 27 - The police arrests 4 persons suspected to be part of an Islamic extremist terrorist cell planning suicide attacks. The arrests are reported to be connected to other arrests made in Bosnia; weapons and explosives have been found in Sarajevo . The following day two more Danes were arrested in Denmark.
 * 27 October - A number of Muslim organizations file a complaint with the Danish police claiming that Jyllands-Posten had committed an offence under section 140 and 266b of the Danish Criminal Code.
 * October - Taynikma, first volume of a Danish book series is published.

November

 * November 15 - Elections are held at the municipality and regional levels.
 * November 16 - First snow of winter, after an unusually warm autumn.

Architecture

 * 20 May – Jørn Utzon, designer of the Sydney Opera House, receives the Pritzker Prize at a ceremony in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando in Madrid.
 * 17 June — 3XN's Sampension HQ in Copenhagen wins a 2005 RIBA European Award at the Royal Institute of British Architects' annual awards ceremony in London.
 * September – Henning Larsen Architects' IT University of Copenhagen wins the Grand Prize at the 2nd LEAF Awards in London.

Television

 * November – DR series The Eagler wins the Emmy Award for Best Drama Series at the 33rd International Emmy Awards.

Badminton

 * 21 August – Peter Gade wins a bronze medal in men's single at the 2005 IBF World Championships.

 * Kastrup Magleby BK wins Europe Cup.

Cycling

 * 1 February — Nicki Sørensen wins Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise.
 * 25 March — Alex Rasmussen wins gold in Men's scratch at the 2005 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Los Angeles.
 * 2–24 July – 2005 Tour de France
 * 10 July — Michael Rasmussen wins the 9th stage.
 * 24 July Michael Rasmussen finishes 6th and tops the Mountain classification in the 2005 Tour de France.
 * 10 September — Lars Bak wins Tour de l'Avenir.
 * Date unknown – Jimmi Madsen (DEN) and Jakob Piil (DEN) win the Six Days of Copenhagen six-day track cyling race.

Football

 * 5 May — Brøndby IF wins the 2004–05 Danish Cup by defeating FC Midtjylland 2–1 in the final.
 * 13 July — Brøndby IF wins the League Cup at Brøndby Stadium.
 * 26 May — F.C. Copenhagen wins 2004–05 Royal League by defeating IFK Göteborg in the final.
 * 17 August — Denmark beats England 4–1 in a friendly match at Parken Stadium in Copenhagen.
 * 29 September — Brøndby IF, as the only Danish team, qualifies for the group stage of the UEFA Cup by beating FC Zürich 3–2.
 * October 12 — In spite of having won their three last matches, Denmark only finishes third in Group 2 of the World Cup qualification and has therefore failed to qualify for 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany.
 * 15 December — Brøndby IF plays the last game in their UEFA Cup Ggroup B against Palermo. After only 1 victory (against M. Petach-Tikva) and 1 draw (against Espanyol) in four games, Brøndby ends 4th in the group and is finished in the tournament.

Golf

 * 15 May — Thomas Bjørn wins The Daily Telegraph Dunlop Masters on the 2005 European Tour.
 * 15 August – Thomas Bjørn wins the 2005 PGA Championship.

Other

 * 27 March – 3 April — The 2005 Table Tennis European Championship takes place in Arhus.
 * 31 March — The Danish team wins gold at the 2009 European Table Tennis Championships.
 * 8 June — Mikkel Kessler defends his WBA super-middleweight title against Anthony Mundine in Sydney, Australia.
 * 19 June Tom Kristensen wins the Le Mans for the sixth year in a row, the seventh in total, when he wins the 2005 24 Hours of Le Mans with ADT Champion Racing.

Births

 * 8 January Theo Sander, footballer
 * 15 October – Prince Christian of Denmark

Deaths

 * 17 February – Jens Martin Knudsen, astrophysicist (born 1930).
 * 18 April – Claus Bjørn, author and historian (born 1944)
 * 19 April – Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, jazz bassist (born 1946).
 * 23 April – Ebbe Kløvedal Reich, writer (born 1940)
 * 17 June – Nanna Ditzel, designer (born 1923)
 * 12 July – Axel Strøbye, actor (born 1928)
 * 19 November – Erik Balling, TV and film director (born 1924)

title: 2005 in Denmark