text:
WBTW

WBTW (channel 13) is a television station licensed to Florence, South Carolina, United States, serving the Pee Dee and Grand Strand regions of South Carolina as an affiliate of CBS. The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group, and maintains studios on McDonald Court in the unincorporated community of Socastee (but with a Myrtle Beach postal address); its transmitter is located near Dillon, South Carolina (across from the tower of ABC affiliate WPDE-TV, channel 15).

History
The station went on the air on October 18, 1954, on VHF channel 8 from a transmitter at its original studios on TV Road in the Back Swamp section north of the town of Quinby (though with a Florence address). It was owned by Jefferson Standard Life Insurance Company (later becoming Jefferson-Pilot, now part of Lincoln Financial Group). It was Jefferson Standard's second television station behind WBTV in Charlotte, North Carolina. WBTW's call sign was derived from "W" being the next letter in the alphabet after "V". The two stations were programmed separately, but shared a microwave system built in 1959. On September 17, 1962, it moved to VHF channel 13, while its previous channel was re-allocated to High Point, North Carolina as WGHP.

Jefferson Standard sold the station to the Shott family of Bluefield, West Virginia, publishers of the Bluefield Daily Telegraph and owners of WHIS-AM-FM-TV in Bluefield through the Daily Telegraph Publishing Company, in 1968. The move came because WBTV and WBTW had a fairly significant grade B signal overlap, and neither station would have been able to expand its signal if Jefferson Standard had kept them both. During WBTW ownership by the Shott family, the station often used local radio personalities to deliver news, sports and weather. Regular talent included Jim (James) Griffin and Gene Allen.

In 1979, WBTW activated its current tower on Pee Dee Church Road in rural Dillon County, southeast of the county seat of Dillon south of South Carolina Highway 9. This more than doubled its coverage area, giving it at least secondary coverage as far north as Fayetteville, Raeford and Pinehurst; as far west as Polkton and Pageland; as far south as Georgetown and Summerton and as far east as Leland and Elizabethtown. Only local cable systems in Fayetteville and Pinehurst do not currently carry WBTW, but did until the 1980s and early-1990s.

For many years, it was the only commercial television station located between Wilmington and Charleston. This was because of a quirk in the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s allocation of VHF channels. Most markets got at least two VHF allocations. However, Florence–Myrtle Beach is sandwiched between Raleigh–Durham (channels 4, 5, and 11) and Wilmington (channels 3 and 6) to the north, Charleston (channels 2, 4, 5, and 7) to the south, and Columbia (channel 10) and Charlotte (channels 3 and 9) to the west. This created a "doughnut" in northeastern South Carolina where there could be only one VHF license.

The station has always been a CBS affiliate, but carried some ABC shows until WPDE-TV (channel 15) signed-on in 1980. The Shotts sold most of their media holdings in 1984, with their two remaining television stations, WBTW and KIMT in Mason City, Iowa, going to Spartanburg-based Spartan Radiocasting Corporation (later Spartan Communications), the founding owners of fellow CBS affiliate WSPA-TV. In the late-1980s and early-1990s, it branded itself on-air as the "Best of Two Worlds" playing off the "BTW" in its call letters. In 2000, Spartan merged with Media General.

From 1995 to 2000, WBTW served as the de facto CBS affiliate for parts of the Wilmington market because former affiliate WJKA-TV switched to Fox and became WSFX-TV. That market got another CBS affiliate in 2000 when WILM-LP (now WILM-LD) picked up the affiliation. However, WBTW still served some parts of the Wilmington area that did not receive the low-powered WILM signal over-the-air or on cable. This ended in 2017 when WWAY acquired the CBS affiliation for its second digital subchannel. After being known as "TV 13" for most of its history, this station re-branded itself as "News 13" in 2002. WBTW's broadcasts became digital-only, effective June 12, 2009.

On May 2, 2011, a letter was submitted to the FCC requesting that WBTW be authorized to abandon its channel 13 frequency (213 MHz) and move to channel 41 (635 MHz), and transmit a non-directional signal with a strength of 1 million watts—equivalent to 5 million watts in analog (it is 316,000 watts on channel 13). The letter also requested that the height of the transmitter elements on the tower be the same as now on channel 13. This was never acted upon by the FCC and WBTW remains on channel 13.

On January 27, 2016, Media General announced that it had entered into a definite agreement to be acquired by Nexstar Broadcasting Group for $4.6 billion. The combined company would be called Nexstar Media Group and own 171 stations (including WBTW). The deal was completed on January 17, 2017.

News operation
Historically, WBTW has been one of the most dominant stations in the country. This is in part because it was the only station in the market for a quarter-century; until WPDE signed on in 1980, viewers had to rely on cable to get programming from the other networks.

The ratings have tightened with more competition, but WBTW continues to lead. It is the only station that covers the entire market equally; WPDE and NBC affiliate WMBF-TV have largely focused on the Grand Strand in recent years.

Another factor in the station's dominance is talent continuity. Channel 13 has a number of staffers with remarkably long tenures for what has always been a small market. Bob Juback has been the station's main anchorman since 1992, longer than anyone in the market's history. For the first 28 years of his tenure, he was teamed with Nicole Boone, who had been the station's top female anchor since 1989. Boone went into semi-retirement in 2020, but returns to cover special events in the market.

In 2004, WBTW established a news share agreement with Fox affiliate WFXB. It then began producing a weeknight 10 o'clock newscast for that station known as Fox 43 News at 10. In 2006, the title switched to Fox News at 10.

During August 2007, WBTW became the second station in the market to move most of its operations to new studios in Myrtle Beach. A smaller facility at that same site had been serving as the station's Grand Strand bureau since 1989; it was demolished in 2007 to make way for the larger facility. The station maintained some operations its old facilities in Florence for a time. However, by 2008 the station had moved all of its operations to Myrtle Beach. A physical Lumberton bureau closed in 2007. Like the other two stations in the market, it has kept a small team of reporters in Florence to cover the inland portion of the market.

In March 2008, WBTW converted its news operation to all-digital. The revamp included new graphics, new news set, and robotic studio cameras. In 2013, WBTW became the second station in the market (after NBC affiliate WMBF, which signed on in HD) to broadcast its newscasts in high definition. This left ABC affiliate WPDE as the last local news station to still broadcast in enhanced digital widescreen (until 2015).

On December 1, 2011, WBTW began producing an hour-long weekday morning show on WFXB. Known as Fox Morning News, the broadcast is seen from 7 until 8 offering a local alternative to the big three network morning shows. On May 19, 2012, WBTW launched an hour-long newscast on Saturday and Sunday mornings from 8–9 a.m.

On April 20, 2015, WBTW began producing a half-hour extension to its morning newscast at 4:30 am, as well as an hour-long 9 a.m. newscast titled News 13 NOW. The newscasts are the only ones on at that time in the Florence/Myrtle Beach market, and as a result, WBTW 13 produces five and a half hours of weekday morning news, with two of those hours produced for WFXB.

On September 10, 2018, WBTW debuted a 5:30 p.m. newscast, with Inside Edition moving to WMBF-TV in the same timeslot, which moved its 5:30 p.m. newscast to 7:30 pm.

Notable former staff

 * Darby Mullany Dunn – anchor (1993–1997; later at CNN; now reporter at CNBC)
 * Rick Pizzo – sports anchor/reporter (1998–2001; now a studio host and sideline reporter at Big Ten Network)

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

On September 5, 2006, WBTW launched a new subchannel branded as "My TV", carrying programming from MyNetworkTV and Retro TV. It is carried on Spectrum digital channel 1215, on HTC Cablevision channel 99 in Conway, and previously in Brunswick County, North Carolina, on ATMC channel 73. In 2011, RTV was replaced with Antenna TV and the subchannel was rebranded as "WBTW 13.2".

Out-of-market cable and satellite coverage
During the CATV period of the 1970s and 1980s, WBTW had even more significant coverage in North Carolina. It was once carried in Anson (Wadesboro system), Montgomery, Moore and Lee counties. As of 2011, it was only carried in Polkton (Anson County), the counties of Richmond, Hoke, and parts of Columbus and Brunswick. Most of WBTW's out-of-market carriage has since ended. WBTW is not carried on satellite outside of the market.

Anson and Richmond counties are within the Charlotte DMA (served by WBTV), while Hoke and Moore counties are in the Raleigh–Durham DMA (served by sister station WNCN) and Montgomery is the only county served by WBTW that is within the Greensboro DMA (served by WFMY-TV).

title: WBTW


text:
Talk:Jahangir

Completing the picture?
I have tried to merge what seem like competing versions. Let's try to synthesize and provide a complete picture rather than trying to bludgeon each other's views out of existence, huh? —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 21:19, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Old Merge
This and Emperor Jahangir need to be merged. Also there is a lost and orphaned image I found in the page history. MeltBanana 23:55, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This merger appears to have been completed - as the Emperor Jahangir link autodirects to here.

 Discuss 2010 merger below --Haruth (talk) 18:52, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

Irrelevant
The excerpt from "scholarship" given at the end of the article is completely unneccesary and biased. It is reflecting a very trivial view by and author that obviously has an agenda, and doesn't add anything worthwhile to the content of the article (since it discusses a single, most likely mythical, event.)03:24, 23 October 2005

 * very much agree with your comments and your deletion.--Nemonoman 01:11, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Spelling of Mughal
I will replace "Muġal Empire" with "Mughal Empire" as the latter spelling is much more widely accepted. Mar de Sin  Speak up!  03:11, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Nur Jahan section
The section about Nur Jahan seems to be a bit biased. Can anyone change it so it is bit more neutral? --Eriko-nee (talk) 01:56, 26 March 2008 (UTC)Eriko-nee

Revolt section
I corrected a few mistakes and tried to harmonize the transliteration for Jahangir's son Khusrau Mirza: the name Khosrau has had through history many spellings: Khusraw, Khosraw, Khusrau, Khusro. The wikipedia article is titled Khusrau, in the Jahangir article Khusraw is mostly used. I also found Khusro in the artcle Mariam-uz-Zamani. (Shas3 (talk) 06:35, 20 May 2008 (UTC))

The Revolt section also states "The victorious Jahangir Only 16 years of age, ordered...". In 1594, Jahangir born in 1569 must have been around 25, not 16. Can someone clarify this section? It may be a confusion with Aurangzeb, Jahangir's grandson, who (at 16) also won a battle here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marq au (talk • contribs) 02:31, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

I also corrected two links in this section that pointed to Bandela instead of Bundela. Marq au (talk) 02:35, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

Merger Proposal
Since Jahangir ruled the Mughal_empire_after_akbar, it would seem sensible to merge the Empire Article with this one. --Haruth (talk) 18:34, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Agree. Actaully, the article Mughal empire after akbar can simply be deleted and redirected, as it does not add any thing that can be 'merged'. Geeteshgadkari (talk) 14:25, 10 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree. There is an article about Moguls in general. Issues evolving after Akbar's death shold be posted there. The current article focuses very much on Jahangir anyway. --Peter Walt A. (talk) 16:02, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Disagree. What is the issue? Is it Jahangir or post Akbar period? Later Mughals from Bahadur Shah I are included into separate section by the historians. Akbar as an Emperor was definitely a submit in Indian history. However, I find the very idea of 'Mughal Empire After Akabr' a novelty in itself. It can be part of new essay in itself. Therefore, the need is to understand that is the very idea of having an article Mughal Empire after Akbar historically right? What will be the situation if such a write up developed at all, vis-i-vis Later Mughals. Later Mughals is an established concept.

Every concept is a creation of Historians. I do not believe Wikipedia is a Historian. Secondly, it is policy of Wikipedia as such not to start any research or entertain any newly researched issue. Hence, merging disapproved.

I must say that very concept should be scrapped. --Sumir 09:23, 18 April 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sumir Sharma (talk • contribs)
 * @Sumir: May I point out that, contrary to your belief, Wikipedia is not a historian or a platform for novel ideas. Original research is a criterion for deletion. So, if you think the article is "novel", then as per Wikipedia policy, it should be deleted. Reading WP:NOT will be helpful. Geeteshgadkari (talk) 00:30, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Resolved. The article Mughal empire after akbar has been deleted and redirected to Mughal Empire. --Geeteshgadkari (talk) 00:50, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Toehold for the British?
Puzzling to see no reference to this in the article....
 * "In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe was instructed by James I to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (r. 1605 - 1627) to arrange for a commercial treaty which would give the Company exclusive rights to reside and build factories in Surat and other areas. In return, the Company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market. This mission was highly successful as Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe: "
 * {{Quote|Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend; that in what place soever they choose to live, they may have free liberty without any restraint; and at what port soever they shall arrive, that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet; and in what city soever they shall have residence, I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires; to sell, buy, and to transport into their country at their pleasure." (from East India Company) Snori (talk) 14:56, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

don't get it
" and the Sikh Guru Arjan (the religious fifth guru) tortured for five days until he had disappeared while taking a bath in a river—" I would think he wouldn't let himself be tortured, he would be in prison. True? How did he get to the river? "had disappeared" is pluperfect and usually means one past action that preceded another, what's the subsequent past action to the disappearance? Also usually "Xing somebody until they Y" means that X caused Y. Maybe "until" is the wrong word?

"In this state, Jahangir was also open to the influence of his wives, a weakness exploited by many. Because of this constant inebriated state, Nur Jahan, the favourite wife of Jahangir, became the actual power behind the throne." the sentence right before "in this state" should say what the state is; "this" always refers to something in the immediate area. The reference to inebration should come before it not after it. 4.249.63.144 (talk) 21:14, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

Language Proficiency
According to his memoirs, Jahangir was fluent in Turkish as well (I presume the Chagatai dialect), in addition to his knowledge of Persian and Hindi.

From Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri, Translated by Rogers and Beveridge, London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1909-1914, pp. 87-88 (in the online copy linked in the article).

"In connection with the account of Kabul the commentaries of Babur passed in view before me. These were in his own handwriting, except four sections that I wrote myself. At the end of the said sections a sentence was written by me also in the Turki character, so that it might be known that these four sections were written by me in my own hand. Notwithstanding that I grew up in Hindustan, I am not ignorant of Turki speech and writing."

Can we add this information to a related section of the article? I also wonder if he knew other local or regional languages, as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.195.176.50 (talk) 17:57, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

Many references deleted on 25 October 2015
On 25 October 2015, approximately 50 references were deleted from this article by 106.194.133.191. Is there any good reason for it? The IP made a few edits that could be constructive, but mostly just deleted references without any explanation. Maybe we try to put it back. Krubo (talk) 19:59, 9 September 2018 (UTC)

Vandalism to birthdate and birthplace
An anonymous user keeps changing Jahangir's birthdate and birthplace to respectively "14 December 1569" and "Peshawar, North Western frontier province, British India(Now in-Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan". He always gives the comment "This is the truth" with his edits, which clearly identifies the editor as the same person regardless of the continually changing anonymous IP-adress. These edits are untruth and clear vandalism and are - given the rpeated character - not good faith edits. -- fdewaele, 4 November 2018, 17:15 CET.

Some action should be taken immediately! Balasoreanishman (talk) 16:59, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Balasoreanishman - this is a post from 2018 - Arjayay (talk) 18:06, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

Need Subject Matter Expert
In the same paragraph at the top of the Nur Jahan section, we have these two statements: "...Jahangir yearned for [Mehr Un Nisaa] much earlier than her wedding to Sher Afgan... most travellers' reports say that [Jahangir] met [Mehr Un Nisaa] after Sher Afgan's death." The article overall seems to suffer from this problem, but it is rarely so obvious. Is there a consensus view? We state both with equal authority and, unless Jahangir had a time machine, it cannot be both. I do not have the knowledge or the sources to find out which is right and correct the article. Last1in (talk) 18:19, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

Art section
I just added some citations from reputable books to a few paragraphs in the Art section of this page, but don't have the time to make all the edits that are required for a properly supported section. This excerpt (...my liking for painting and my practice in judging it have arrived at such point when any work is brought before me, either of deceased artists or of those of the present day, without the names being told me, I say on the spur of the moment that is the work of such and such a man. And if there be a picture containing many portraits and each face is the work of a different master, I can discover which face is the work of each of them. If any other person has put in the eye and eyebrow of a face, I can perceive whose work the original face is and who has painted the eye and eyebrow.) is quoted in full without any source as to where/when Jahangir said it. Presumably the Jahangirnama? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Frusticolus (talk • contribs) 16:37, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

Rebellion
Could anyone please add rebellion of Prince Salim against Akbar? I'm unable to word them well. You can find information from here:
 * https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/8/mode/2up Manavati (talk) 17:27, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

The brutality of reign never mentioned
I find it interesting that any of the listings of the various Mughal rulers of India never lists the brutality of their reign. No mention that Jahangir planned his fathers death to take over. He blinded his own son and not to mentioned how many he has skinned to include Guru Arian Dev Ji, that lead to hostilities/war between Mughals and Sikhs. 70.106.201.136 (talk) 23:39, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

The page shortened?
It seems that the article has been heavily edited, to make it shorter, with less pictures. Makes it less informative. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nathularog (talk • contribs) 14:46, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

Jahangir parents’ name is wrong…
Please see the parents’ name of Jahangir… it’s written Saif and Kareena. Check the info on the page. 202.142.118.228 (talk) 16:21, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

I quickly fixed it. Thanks for the information! WatkynBassett (talk) 20:23, 24 May 2022 (UTC)

Battles
Battles fought by jahangir : 1. Battle of Dewair 103.70.128.41 (talk) 08:07, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jahangir


text:
Committee on Finance

Committee on Finance or Finance Committee may refer to:

 * Board of Finance in New England local government (with varying titles outside Connecticut)
 * Canadian Senate Standing Committee on National Finance, a standing committee of the Senate of Canada
 * Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance
 * Finance Committee (French National Assembly)
 * Standing Committee on Finance (Parliament of India)
 * Finance Committee (House of Commons), a committee of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
 * Finance Committee (House of Lords), a committee of the House of Lords of the United Kingdom
 * Finance Committee (Sweden), a committee of the Riksdag
 * Finance Committee (works council), a committee of German works council
 * United States Senate Committee on Finance, a standing committee of the United States Senate

title: Committee on Finance


text:
Parotitis

Parotitis is an inflammation of one or both parotid glands, the major salivary glands located on either side of the face, in humans. The parotid gland is the salivary gland most commonly affected by inflammation.

Etymology
From Greek παρωτῖτις (νόσος), parōtĩtis (nósos) : (disease of the) parotid gland < παρωτίς (stem παρωτιδ-) : (gland) behind the ear < παρά - pará : behind, and οὖς - ous (stem ὠτ-, ōt-) : ear.

Dehydration
Dehydration: This is a common, non-infectious cause of parotitis. It may occur in elderly or after surgery.

Infectious parotitis
Acute bacterial parotitis: is most often caused by a bacterial infection of Staphylococcus aureus but may be caused by any commensal bacteria. Parotitis presents as swelling at the angle of the jaw. Bacterial parotitis presents as a unilateral swelling, where the gland is swollen and tender and usually produces pus at the Stensen's duct. This pus is usually sampled and the bacteria within are identified. Common causative bacteria are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and E coli. It is associated with poor oral hygiene; oral infections and decreased saliva production. Symptoms include fever, dehydration, chills, fast heartbeat and breathing if the infection is causing sepsis. Medications such as antihistamines and diuretics can be predisposing factors. Treatment is usually antibiotics.

Parotitis as extrapulmonary tuberculosis: The mycobacterium that cause tuberculosis can also cause parotid infection. Parotid swelling can be an uncommon symptom of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB outside of the lungs). The usual symptoms are a cough, fever, weight loss, shortness of breath, chest pain, tiredness and chills. This is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB can also affect the heart, thyroid and adrenal glands but the main site of infection is the lungs. Risk factors are chronic alcohol consumption, diabetes, long term steroid use, HIV infection and kidney failure. Those infected tend to have enlarged, nontender, but moderately painful glands. The diagnosis is made by typical chest radiograph findings, cultures, or histologic diagnosis after the gland has been removed. When diagnosed and treated with antitubercular medications, the gland may return to normal in 1–3 months.

Acute viral parotitis (mumps): The most common viral cause of parotitis is mumps. Routine vaccinations have dropped the incidence of mumps to a very low level. Mumps resolves on its own in about ten days. A viral infection caused by Paramyxovirus, a single-stranded RNA virus. Common symptoms include fever, headache and bilateral or unilateral parotitis (swelling of the parotid gland on one or both sides of the face). The parotid gland is usually swollen and tender. Parotid swelling usually occurs 16–18 days after exposure to the virus. Treatment includes isolation and therefore prevention of spread of the disease and supportive measures such as hot or cold packs. Mumps usually resolves itself and can be prevented by vaccination.

HIV parotitis: Generalized lymphadenopathy has long been associated with HIV, but the localized enlargement of the parotid gland is less well known. HIV-associated salivary gland disease can involve many diseases but often presents as enlargement of the parotid gland and a dry mouth. Causes have not been specifically identified but the most likely are viral opportunists and autoimmune responses. Viruses linked to this can include; hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus, paramyxovirus, influenza A, and adenovirus. Treatment is anti-retroviral therapy.

Disseminated histoplasmosis: During a large urban disseminated histoplasmosis outbreak (est. 100,000 victims) in Indianapolis from 1978 to 1979, manifestations included parotitis.

Autoimmune causes
These are also collectively known as chronic punctate parotitis or chronic autoimmune parotitis.

Sjögren's syndrome: Chronic inflammation of the salivary glands may also be an autoimmune disease known as Sjögren's syndrome. The disease most commonly appears in people aged 40–60 years, but it may affect small children. In Sjögren syndrome, the prevalence of parotitis in women versus men is approximately 9:1. The involved parotid gland is enlarged and tender at times. The cause is unknown. The syndrome is often characterized by excessive dryness in the eyes, mouth, nose, vagina, and skin.

Lymphoepithelial lesion of Godwin: Most frequently associated with a circumscribed tumor with the histologic features of Sjögren syndrome. This designation has also fallen out of favour.

Blockage
Blockage of the main parotid duct, or one of its branches, is often a primary cause of acute parotitis, with further inflammation secondary to bacterial superinfection. The blockage may be from a salivary stone, a mucous plug, or, more rarely, by a tumor, usually benign. Salivary stones (also called sialolithiasis, or salivary duct calculus) are mainly made of calcium, but do not indicate any kind of calcium disorder. Other causes can be duct stricture (narrowing of the duct), infection or injury. Symptoms may include recurrent swelling, pain and aggravation during eating as this is when saliva production is stimulated. Ductal obstruction may cause less saliva flow, which can result in recurrent gland infections.

Stones may be diagnosed via X-ray (with a success rate of about 80% ), a computed tomography (CT) scan or medical ultrasonography. Stones may be removed by manipulation in the doctor's office, or, in the worst cases, by surgery. Lithotripsy, also known as "shock wave" treatment, is best known for its use breaking up kidney stones. Lithotripsy can now be used on salivary stones as well. Ultrasound waves break up the stones, and the fragments flush out of the salivary duct.

Diseases of uncertain cause
Chronic nonspecific parotitis: This term is generally used for patients in whom no definite cause is found. Episodes may last for several days, paralleling the time course of a bacterial or viral illness. Others may experience episodes that last only a few hours from onset to resolution. Some episodes may last for several weeks. Quiescent periods between episodes last for hours, days, or even years.

Recurrent parotitis of childhood: The disease is also knows as juvenile recurrent parotitis (JRP). An uncommon syndrome in which recurring episodes clinically resembling mumps. Generally, episodes begin by age 5 years, and the frequency of the episodes generally ceases after the puberty. The duration of attacks averages 3–7 days but may last 2–3 weeks in some individuals. The spectrum varies from mild and infrequent attacks to episodes so frequent that they prevent regular school attendance. Treatment of individual infections may prevent injury to the gland parenchyma. In the past, the disease was treated with aggressive surgical interventions such as Stensen’s duct ligation, superficial or total parotidectomy, and tympanic neurectomy. Nowadays, the disease is managed with sialendoscopic procedure. The sialendoscopy as a relatively safe and minimally invasive technique with a significant impact on the reduction of acute relapse episodes, has immense diagnostic and therapeutic potential in management of juvenile recurrent parotitis.

Sialadenosis (sialosis): In this disorder, both parotid glands may be diffusely enlarged with only modest symptoms. Patients are aged 20–60 years at onset, and the sexes are equally involved. The glands are soft and non-tender. Approximately half of the patients have endocrine disorders such as diabetes, nutritional disorders such as pellagra or kwashiorkor, or have taken drugs such as guanethidine, thioridazine, or isoprenaline.

Sarcoidosis: The lungs, skin, and lymph nodes are most often affected, but the salivary glands are involved in approximately 10% of cases. Bilateral firm, smooth, and non-tender parotid enlargement is classic. Xerostomia occasionally occurs. The Heerfordt-Waldenstrom syndrome consists of sarcoidosis with parotid enlargement, fever, anterior uveitis, and facial nerve palsy.

IgG4-related sialadenitis: This term refers to IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) involving any of the major salivary glands, i.e. parotid or submandibular glands. This is often symmetrical and is usually associated with manifestations of IgG4-RD elsewhere in the body. IgG4-related sialadenitis is particularly associated with involvement of one or both of the lacrimal glands (referred to as IgG4-related dacryo-sialadenitis). Mikulicz's disease, now considered to be a subtype of IgG4-related disease, was a term used when (i) any two of the parotid, submandibular and lacrimal glands were persistently and symmetrically enlarged and (ii) other diseases that may mimic this presentation were excluded.

Pneumoparotitis: Air within the ducts of the parotid gland with or without inflammation. The duct orifice normally functions as a valve to prevent air from entering the gland from a pressurized oral cavity. Rarely, an incompetent valve allows insufflation of air into the duct system. Pneumoparotitis most commonly occurs in wind instrument players, glass blowers, and scuba divers.

Several lymph nodes reside within the parotid gland as a superficial and deep group of nodes. These nodes may be involved with any process that affects lymph nodes, including bacterial, fungal, viral, and neoplastic processes. Rarely, drugs such as iodides, phenylbutazone, thiouracil, isoproterenol, heavy metals, sulfisoxazole, and phenothiazines cause parotid swelling.

Associated with Bulimia: Parotid gland swelling is a common feature of self-induced vomiting. This swelling usually develops 3–4 days after the stopping of chronic excessive self-induced vomiting. The swelling is bilateral, with little tenderness. Causes are not well understood. Ideal treatment should be preventative and can involve medication that increases saliva production (sialagogues), anti-inflammatory medication and the application of hot packs. Occasionally pilocarpine can be used to help resolve the swelling.

Masseteric hypertrophy
Masseteric hypertrophy (enlargement of the masseter muscle's volume) can present as facial swelling in the parotid gland area and may be confused with 'true' parotid gland swelling. The specific cause of masseteric hypertrophy is still unclear, but it may be related to tooth grinding or malocclusion. Treatment options can include surgical removal of some of the muscle and botulinum toxin type A injections.

Diagnosis
Serum and urinary amylase rise during the first week of parotitis.

Treatment
Treatment is based on lab investigation report.

title: Parotitis


text:
Portrait of Jennie

Portrait of Jennie is a 1948 American supernatural film based on the 1940 novella by Robert Nathan. The film was directed by William Dieterle and produced by David O. Selznick. It stars Jennifer Jones and Joseph Cotten. At the 21st Academy Awards, it won an Oscar for Best Special Effects (Paul Eagler, Joseph McMillan Johnson, Russell Shearman and Clarence Slifer; Special Audible Effects: Charles L. Freeman and James G. Stewart). Joseph H. August was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography - Black and White.

Plot
In 1934, impoverished painter Eben Adams (Joseph Cotten) meets a fey little girl named Jennie Appleton (Jennifer Jones) in Central Park, Manhattan. She is wearing old-fashioned clothing. He makes a sketch of her from memory which involves him with art dealer Miss Spinney (Ethel Barrymore), who sees potential in him. This inspires him to paint a portrait of Jennie.

Eben again encounters Jennie at intermittent intervals. Strangely, she appears to be growing up much more rapidly than is humanly possible. He soon falls madly in love with her, but is puzzled by the fact that she seems to be experiencing events that he discovers took place many decades previously, as if they had just happened. Eventually he learns the mysterious truth about Jennie and though inevitable tragedy ensues, she continues to be an inspiration to Eben's life and art, and his career makes a remarkable upturn, commencing with his most famous Portrait of Jennie.

Cast

 * Jennifer Jones as Jennifer "Jennie" Appleton, the title character who seems to possess a mysterious ability to travel through time.
 * Joseph Cotten as Eben Adams, the main protagonist who falls for the mysterious title character.
 * Ethel Barrymore as Miss Spinney, Eben's friend who has come to believe Eben's story about the mysterious Jennie he is besotted with.
 * Lillian Gish as Mother Mary of the St. Mercy convent, where young Jennie had lived since graduation till her sudden death via drowning.
 * Cecil Kellaway as Matthews
 * David Wayne as Gus O'Toole
 * Albert Sharpe as Moore
 * Henry Hull as Eke
 * Florence Bates as Mrs. Jekes
 * Clem Bevans as Capt. Cobb
 * Brian Keith as Ice-Skating Extra (uncredited)
 * Nancy Davis as Teenager in Art Gallery (uncredited)
 * Anne Francis as Teenager in Art Gallery (uncredited)
 * Nancy Olson as Teenager in Art Gallery (uncredited)
 * Robert Dudley as Another Old Mariner (uncredited)
 * Maude Simmons as Clara Morgan

Production
The book on which the film was based first attracted the attention of David O. Selznick, who purchased it as a vehicle for Jennifer Jones.

Filming began in early 1947 in New York City and Boston, Massachusetts, but Selznick was unhappy with the results and scheduled re-shoots as well as hiring and firing five different writers before the film was completed in October 1948.

The New York shooting enabled Selznick to use Albert Sharpe and David Wayne who were both appearing on stage in Finian's Rainbow, giving an Irish flair to characters and the painting in the bar that was not in Nathan's novel.

Although Portrait of Jennie was a fantasy, Selznick insisted on filming actual locations in Massachusetts (The Graves Light) and New York City (Central Park, The Cloisters and the Metropolitan Museum of Art), which dramatically increased the film's production costs. The film's major overhaul came when Selznick added a tinted color sequence for the final scenes. The final shot of the painting, appearing just before the credits, was presented in three-strip Technicolor.

Portrait of Jennie was highly unusual for its time in that it had no opening credits as such, except for the Selznick Studio logo. All the other credits appear at the end. Before the film proper begins, the title is announced by the narrator (after delivering a spoken prologue, he says, "And now, 'Portrait of Jennie'").

The portrait of Jennie (Jennifer Jones) was painted by artist Robert Brackman. The painting became one of Selznick's prized possessions, and it was displayed in his home after he married Jones in 1949.

The film features Joseph H. August's atmospheric cinematography, capturing the lead character's obsession with Jennie, amongst the environs of a wintry New York. August shot many of the scenes through a canvas, making the scenes look like actual paintings. August, who used many lenses from the silent film era, died shortly after completing the film. He was posthumously nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography.

Dimitri Tiomkin used themes by Claude Debussy, including Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun), the two Arabesques, "Nuages" and "Sirènes" from Nocturnes, and La fille aux cheveux de lin, with the addition of Bernard Herrmann's "Jennie's Theme" to a song featured in Nathan's book ("Where I came from, nobody knows, and where I am going everyone goes"), utilizing a theremin. Herrmann was assigned the original composing duties for the film but left during its extended shooting schedule.

A scene of Jennie and Eben having a picnic after witnessing the ceremony in the convent, features in the original screenplay. It was filmed but deleted when it looked as if Jennie's hair was blending into the tree next to her. Another scene that featured Jennie doing a dance choreographed by Jerome Robbins took over ten days to film, but was not used in the completed film.

Reception
When Portrait of Jennie was released in December 1948, it was not a success, but today it is considered a classic in the fantasy genre with a 91% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Upon its release, The New York Times reviewer Bosley Crowther called it "deficient and disappointing in the extreme;" but the Variety reviewers found the story was "told with style, taste and dignity." Later film critics have also given the film strong praise. Leslie Halliwell wrote that it was "presented with superb persuasiveness by a first-class team of actors and technicians". Spanish surrealist filmmaker Luis Buñuel included the film on his list of the 10 best of all time.

"Portrait of Jennie," the title song written by J. Russel Robinson, subsequently became a hit for Nat King Cole. An EmArcy Records (MG-36005) recording, Clifford Brown with Strings (recorded January 18, 19, 20, 1955) features jazz trumpeter Clifford Brown performing "Portrait of Jenny" [sic]. Although this instrumental version of the song was arranged by Neal Hefti for the date, the melodic line is close to what Nat King Cole had recorded in 1948. Jazz trombonist J. J. Johnson recorded an instrumental version for Blue Note Records in 1955, and one with choir accompaniment for his 1960 album Trombone and Voices. The song was revisited in 1958 by pianist Red Garland on Manteca, and again in 1966 by jazz trumpeter Blue Mitchell on his Bring It Home to Me. Rob McConnell and the Boss Brass recorded a version of "Portrait of Jenny" heard widely on jazz radio stations on their 1976 LP The Jazz Album featuring Guido Basso.

Joseph Cotten's performance as Eben Adams won the International Prize for Best Actor at the 1949 Venice International Film Festival.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated
 * 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
 * Nominated Fantasy Film

Adaptations
Portrait of Jennie was presented on the radio program Academy Award on December 4, 1946. Joan Fontaine starred in the adaptation. Lux Radio Theatre presented an hour-long adaptation of the film on October 31, 1949, again starring Joseph Cotten, but this time with Anne Baxter in the role of Jennie.

title: Portrait of Jennie


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Johann van Beethoven

Johann van Beethoven (c.  1739 or 1740  – 18 December 1792) was a German musician, teacher, and singer who sang in the chapel of the Archbishop of Cologne, whose court was at Bonn. He is best known as the father of the celebrated composer Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827). Johann became an alcoholic later in his life and was at times an abusive father to Ludwig. At 18, Ludwig had to obtain an order to force Johann to support his family. Johann died soon after Ludwig moved to Vienna to study with Joseph Haydn.

Life
Johann van Beethoven was the son of Maria Josepha Poll (married 1733) and Lodewijk or Ludwig van Beethoven (1712–1773; not to be confused with Johann's famous son of the same name), who was probably born in or near the city of Mechelen, in the Habsburg Netherlands (now in Flanders, Belgium), and had served as a musician in several communities in and around Mechelen before establishing himself in Bonn in 1733, where he served as a musician at the court of Prince-Archbishop-Elector of Cologne Clemens August of Bavaria, rising to the post of Kapellmeister in 1761. Johann van Beethoven also showed musical talent, and joined the court, primarily as a singer, in 1764. In addition to singing (his range, while usually described as that of a tenor, may have extended into alto and even higher registers), he played the violin and zither, and played and taught keyboard instruments of the day, including the harpsichord and the clavichord.

He met his future wife, Maria Magdalena Keverich (1746–1787), on a trip to Ehrenbreitstein. She was the daughter of the head chef to Johann IX Philipp von Walderdorff, Archbishop-Elector of Trier, whose court was there, and she had family connections in the court orchestra at Bonn. Keverich was already widowed at the age of nineteen. She and Johann were married on 12 November 1767 in the Catholic Church of St Remigius, Bonn. They had seven children, three of whom lived into adulthood:

 * Ludwig Maria van Beethoven (2 April 1769 – 6 April 1769)
 * Ludwig van Beethoven (16 December 1770 in Bonn, Kurköln – 26 March 1827)
 * Kaspar Anton Karl van Beethoven (8 April 1774 – 15 November 1815)
 * Nikolaus Johann van Beethoven (2 October 1776 – 12 January 1848)
 * Anna Maria Franziska van Beethoven (23 February 1779 – 27 February 1779)
 * Franz Georg van Beethoven (17 January 1781 – 16 August 1783)
 * Maria Margarete Josepha van Beethoven (5 May 1786 – 26 November 1787)

Johann realized Ludwig's talent and became his first teacher. Johann was also aware of Leopold Mozart's success traveling with a talented and young Wolfgang, and wished to duplicate their fame and fortune. He was, however, an abusive father according to a number of witnesses. "There were few days when [Ludwig] was not beaten in order to compel him to set himself at the piano", related one childhood friend of Ludwig. A court councilor reported that Johann occasionally locked Ludwig in a cellar. Whenever Ludwig played poorly, Johann would exclaim that it was an embarrassment to the family. Johann would drag young Ludwig out of bed to play piano all night with no sleep. Johann was an alcoholic, a situation that worsened when Maria died in 1787, after which time the family was increasingly dependent on young Ludwig for support. In 1789 the 18-year-old Ludwig obtained an order resulting in one half of Johann's pay being turned over to him for support of the family.

Johann died in 1792, not long after Ludwig moved to Vienna to study with Joseph Haydn. His employer the Elector wrote sardonically to a friend, "The revenues from the liquor excise [tax] have suffered a loss in the death of Beethoven."

Ancestry
The family name means "from (van) Bettenhoven". Johann van Beethoven was only one half from the Duchy of Brabant;  his father Lodewijk was the last Beethoven to be fully from the Duchy of Brabant. Most of his most recent family came from the German-speaking Rhineland region and the Electorate of the Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire.

Descendants
Johann's famous son Ludwig van Beethoven had no children and was never married, but his second son, Karl, did have children. However, none of Karl's living descendants now bears the name of Beethoven, the last to do so, Karl Julius Maria van Beethoven, having died without a son in 1917.

title: Johann van Beethoven


text:
Enright

Enright is a family name, possibly derived from the Irish "Innreachtaigh", "Irraghty", or "indrecht".

People whose family name is or was Enright include:

 * Andrew Coulter Enright, American artist
 * Anne Enright, Irish novelist
 * Barbara Enright, professional poker player
 * Barry Enright, professional baseball starting pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks
 * Brock Enright, American artist
 * Charlie Enright, American sailor
 * Corey Enright, Australian Rules footballer playing for the Geelong Football Club
 * Dan Enright, American television producer
 * Derek Enright, British Labour Party politician
 * D. J. Enright, British academic, poet, novelist and critic
 * Dick Enright, American football player and coach
 * Dom Enright, Irish hurler
 * Eddie Enright, Irish hurler
 * Edmund Enright, Irish singer-songwriter better known as Mundy
 * Elizabeth Enright, American children's author and illustrator
 * George Enright, American baseball player
 * Gerry Enright, Irish Gaelic football player
 * Harold Enright, American track and field athlete
 * Jack Enright, American baseball player
 * James Enright, American professional basketball referee
 * James Enright, Canadian Paralympic athlete
 * Jim Enright, American pornographic film director
 * Jim T. Enright, professor of behavioral physiology at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography
 * Jo Enright, British comedian and comic actress
 * Joe Enright, Irish footballer
 * John Enright, United States Navy sailor, a recipient of the Medal of Honor
 * Joseph F. Enright, submarine captain in the United States Navy
 * Leo J. Enright, Irish broadcaster and veteran space commentator
 * Leonard Enright, Irish hurler
 * Olwyn Enright, Irish Fine Gael politician
 * Maginel Wright Enright, American children's book illustrator and graphic artist
 * Marlene Enright, Irish singer
 * Mary Enright, New Zealand teacher, journalist and community worker
 * Maurice Enright, Irish-American gangster
 * Michael Enright (disambiguation)
 * Michael Enright, British actor and volunteer for Kurdish forces
 * Michael Enright, Canadian radio broadcaster
 * Michael Enright, Irish Democratic Left politician
 * Nick Enright, Australian dramatist and playwright
 * Paddy Enright, Irish hurler
 * Peter Enright, Australian cricket Test match umpire
 * Philip King Enright, British admiral of the Royal Navy
 * Ray Enright, American film director
 * Ray Enright (Canadian football), Canadian football player
 * Rex Enright, American football and basketball player, coach, and college athletics administrator
 * Robert Enright, Canadian journalist
 * Richard Enright, NYPD Police Commissioner from 1918 until 1925
 * Shane Enright, Irish Gaelic football player
 * Stephanie Enright, Puerto Rican volleyball player
 * Thomas Enright, American serviceman of World War I
 * Thomas Jones Enright, American mathematician
 * Tom Enright, Irish Fine Gael politician
 * Walter John Enright, Australian solicitor and amateur anthropologist
 * William Benner Enright, Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California

title: Enright


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Samuel David Dealey

Samuel David Dealey (September 13, 1906 – August 24, 1944) was the commanding officer of a United States Navy submarine killed in action with his crew during World War II. Among American service members, he is among the most decorated for valor during war, receiving the Medal of Honor, the Navy Cross (4), the Army Distinguished Service Cross, and the Silver Star for his service on the submarine USS Harder (SS-257). He was the nephew of George B. Dealey, publisher of the Dallas News and for whom Dealey Plaza is named.

Early life and career
Sam Dealey was born on September 13, 1906, in Dallas, Texas. His mother moved the family temporarily to Santa Monica, California, following his father's death in 1912, returning in time for Sam Dealey to graduate high school in Dallas. He was appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, from Texas and graduated in June 1930. Dealey was commissioned an ensign and reported for sea duty aboard the battleship USS Nevada (BB-36), where he was promoted in June 1933 to lieutenant (junior grade). In March 1934, he briefly transferred to the destroyer USS Rathburne (DD-113), then reported that summer for submarine training at the Submarine School, New London, Connecticut. After graduating, he served on board the submarines USS S-34 (SS-139) and USS S-24 (SS-129). Remaining on sea duty, he reported on board USS Nautilus (SS-168) then USS Bass (SS-164).

In May 1937, he was assigned as an aide to the executive officer at Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida (NAS Pensacola). While there, in June 1938, he was promoted to lieutenant. In the summer of 1939, he was assigned as the executive officer (first officer) on board the destroyer USS Reuben James (DD-245). In April 1941, he reported to Experimental Division One for duty as the prospective commanding officer (PCO) of USS S-20 (SS-125) to support at-sea experiments off New London. He commanded S-20 for two years, serving aboard at the United States' entry into World War II.

World War II
When war broke out, Dealey's practical qualifications led to assignment as commanding officer of the new-construction Gato-class submarine USS Harder (SS-257), which he commissioned on December 2, 1942, less than a year after the Attack on Pearl Harbor. After a shakedown off the East Coast, Dealey survived a "blue-on-blue" attack by a Navy patrol bomber in the Caribbean Sea to bring Harder to the Pacific in the spring of 1943.

First patrol
Harder left Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on her first war patrol on June 7, 1943, bound for the coast of southern Honshu. In Dealey's first attack on a two-ship enemy convoy late on the night of June 21, the submarine was driven down deep by an aggressive enemy escort and crashed into the muddy bottom – an inauspicious beginning, even though it now appears that one enemy target may have been damaged. Dealey backed the submarine out of the mud, and two nights later had his first real success in torpedoing the Japanese seaplane tender Sagara Maru (7,000 tons) and crippling the enemy ship so badly that it was beached on the Japanese mainland and abandoned as a total loss. Over the next four days, Dealey made seven attacks on three different enemy ship convoys, but post-war analysis credits him only with possible damage to one enemy ship.

Second patrol
Harder returned to Midway Island on July 7, 1943 with one of its four diesel engines completely broken down. The submarine was one of twelve Gato boats fitted originally with the troublesome Hooven-Owens-Rentschler (HOR) engines, whose original design was licensed from the German firm Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg (MAN) in the 1930s. After some hasty repairs and bearing a generous inventory of spare engine parts, Harder returned to sea for a second war patrol off Honshu in late August. In 14 days it made nine attacks, which netted Dealey five enemy ships sunk for 15,000 tons in the postwar accounting. Once again, the submarine suffered engine problems throughout the patrol but returned safely to Pearl Harbor, via Midway, on October 7, 1943.

Third patrol
At the end of October 1943,  COMSUBPAC, Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, ordered Harder, USS Snook (SS-279), and USS Pargo (SS-264) to the Marianas as a submarine wolfpack to attack Japanese shipping in preparation for the invasion of Tarawa. At that stage of the war, "coordinated operations" among submarines were still hampered by poor communications. Thus, after collaborating with Pargo in attacking an enemy freighter on October 12 – with results never clearly established – and sinking a small enemy minesweeper with gunfire that night, Dealey was soon separated from the rest and operating independently. On November 19, he picked up an enemy convoy of three large Japanese freighters with accompanying escorts north of the Marianas and positioned for an attack, altogether firing ten torpedoes in his first attempt, scoring hits on two enemy targets. Driven below by the enemy escort ships, Dealey surfaced later that night to chase the enemy freighter that had managed to escape undamaged. Eventually firing 11 more torpedoes at the fugitive ship for two hits and four circular runs – then driven off by defensive gunfire from the tenacious Japanese gunners – Dealey broke off the engagement and returned to Pearl Harbor because of lack of torpedoes. Later, it was established all three enemy ships had sunk, the third – Nikko Maru – late that night, giving Dealey and Harder a total of four enemy ships sunk (over 15,000 tons) for their third war patrol. Once again, however, one of Harder's HOR engines had failed completely, and the other three engines were kept running only by cannibalizing the fourth engine. Thus, shortly after the submarine arrived at Hawaii on November 30, Harder was sent back to Mare Island to be re-engined with General Motors diesel engines.

Fourth patrol
Dealey brought Harder back to Pearl Harbor in late February 1944 and took her out for her fourth war patrol on March 16, 1944, accompanied by USS Seahorse (SS-304). Initially assigned lifeguard duty for downed U.S. aviators in the western Caroline Islands, Harder on April 1 was sent to rescue an injured navy pilot on a small enemy-held island just west of Woleai, which had been hit that day by an American aircraft carrier strike. Under an umbrella of friendly air cover, Dealey nosed Harder toward the beach until he could ground the bow up against the encircling reef and hold it there by working both screws. Then, in the face of Japanese sniper fire only partially suppressed by the circling aircraft, a rubber boat was sent in to retrieve the navy pilot, Ensign John Galvin, who was brought to safety in what soon became a legendary rescue. As Blair describes it: "By the time Harder got to the reported position, the aviator, Ensign John R. Galvin, was already stranded high and dry on the beach. Dealey lay alongside a reef. Dealey's third officer, Samuel Moore Logan, and two volunteers jumped in the water with a rubber raft, secured to Harder by a line.  They fought their way through the surf and coral to the island and picked up Ensign Galvin.  As they were attempting to get back to Harder, a navy floatplane landed to help. It ran over the line and parted it.  Another Harder volunteer jumped in the water and swam another line through the surf and coral to the beach.  While navy planes circled overhead, Japanese snipers fired away from the foliage while the Harder's men pulled the raft and the five men aboard.  The rescue was later hailed as one of the boldest on record."

Continuing his war patrol, Dealey next scored his first of four successes against the toughest target of all – an enemy Japanese destroyer. Spotted by an enemy aircraft north of the Western Carolines on April 13, 1944, Harder became the quarry of a patrolling enemy destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Ikazuchi, which closed to within 900 yd before Dealey fired a spread of torpedoes. The destroyer sank within five minutes. Dealey's ensuing contact report quickly became famous: "Expended four torpedoes and one Jap destroyer". Four days later, Dealey also sank Matsue Maru (7,000 tons) near Woleai – then surfaced again near the island on April 20 to bombard the beleaguered Japanese garrison with his submarine's 4 in deck gun. Harder ended its fourth war patrol at Fremantle, Australia, on May 3, 1944.

Fifth patrol – Medal of Honor action
Next, Dealey was ordered to take Harder on patrol on May 26, 1944 off the Japanese fleet anchorage at Tawi Tawi. Dealey was asked to pick up some friendly guerrilla fighters from nearby northeastern Borneo. Heading into the Sibutu Passage on the night of June 6/7 he came upon an enemy convoy of three tankers in ballast, escorted by two destroyers. One destroyer detected him and attacked. Again, Dealey let the enemy destroyer close to less than 1,100 yd before firing three torpedoes, and JAPANESE DESTROYER Minasuki became his second destroyer victim. Then Dealey pursued, executing an end around. Diving to radar depth, he was attacked by the second destroyer. He fired all six bow tubes from just 1200 yd; all missed, and Harder plunged accidentally to 400 ft, losing contact. At 11.43 on 7 June, Dealey encountered another destroyer, JAPANESE DESTROYER Hayanami, south of Tawi Tawi, and attacked with three torpedoes from point blank range, 650 yd; all three hit. Hayanami blew up virtually overhead, and one of her sisters subjected Harder to a two-hour depth charge attack. By 17.30, there were eight hunting him. Dealey slipped away. Harder transited the Sibutu Passage to pick up the guerrilla force on the night of June 8/9 and headed back early the next day.

In the narrowest part of the Passage, Dealey spotted what appeared to be two more patrolling Japanese destroyers and made an undetected approach. Firing four torpedoes at the overlapping targets, he was rewarded with two hits on JAPANESE DESTROYER Tanikaze, which sank almost immediately. Dealey thought he had scored a hit and sunk another destroyer also, but (notoriously inaccurate) postwar records failed to confirm it. On June 10, 1944, Dealey sighted a large Japanese task force: three battleships, four cruisers, and their screening destroyers, but the submarine was spotted by an enemy airplane, and one of the enemy escorts pressed an attack on the sub. Dealey sent three torpedoes "down the throat", heard several explosions, and thought he had scored another kill, before diving to avoid two hours of relentless depth-charging. Postwar, Japanese records later showed the destroyer was able to avoid his torpedoes. Dealey returned to Darwin, Australia on June 21 after an outstanding patrol that firmly established his reputation as the "Destroyer Killer," with what was then thought to be a total of six to his credit. Of greater strategic importance was the ensuing decision by Japanese Admiral Soemu Toyoda to abandon Tawi Tawi anchorage as too exposed to enemy submarines, a sortie that then precipitated the Battle of the Philippine Sea.

In a curious incident, Rear Admiral Ralph Waldo Christie, who commanded U.S. submarines at Fremantle, ordered Harder back to sea on the day she arrived, ostensibly to seek out and attack a Japanese cargo ship that carried nickel ore from Celebes to the homeland once a month – but also to give Christie an opportunity to participate personally in a short war patrol. Assigned on June 27, 1944 to intercept a damaged Japanese cruiser returning from the Battle of the Philippine Sea, Dealey was unable to close for an attack and was similarly outmaneuvered by the "nickel ship" three days later, when Japanese patrol aircraft forced him down and kept him there. Harder returned to Darwin without further incident on July 3, and the whole episode was treated simply as an extension of the ship's fifth patrol.

During their time together, however, Admiral Christie took Dealey aside and noted his opinion that after five successful war patrols, it was time for Dealey to relinquish command to his executive officer, Tiny Lynch, and move on to other duty. Dealey demurred. With about a third of Harder's crew about to be replaced (following the Navy's standard crew rotation policy), he felt a personal responsibility to break in the new men before turning the boat over to a fledgling commanding officer. Ultimately, Christie agreed Dealey could take Harder out for one more patrol, her sixth.

Sixth patrol
After a two-week rest at "Bend of the Elbow", Dealey considered himself sufficiently rested. Lynch, who would have gotten Harder, disagreed. Dealey left Fremantle on August 5, 1944, commanding a three-sub wolfpack, joined by USS Haddo (SS-255) (Chester Nimitz, Jr.) and USS Hake (SS-256) (Frank E. Haylor, who replaced John Broach). Their objective was the destruction of Japanese shipping off the west coast of the Philippines, south of the Luzon Strait. After being informed (thanks to a contact report from William Kinsella's USS Ray (SS-271), himself guided by Ultra) Japanese convoy HI-71 holed up in Paluan Bay in northern Mindoro, Harder and Haddo joined three other U.S. submarines (USS Guitarro (SS-363), USS Raton (SS-270), and Kinsella's Ray, with only four torpedoes remaining), all under Dealey's command (as senior officer present afloat). When the enemy convoy sortied at 05.45 on August 21, the resulting mêlée – punctuated by intense depth charge barrages by the Japanese – left four enemy merchantmen totaling 22,400 tons on the bottom, with all five U.S. submarines unscathed. Of the four victims, two were credited to Haddo, and one to Guitarro, while Dealey failed to score, after Kinsella's attack (the informal pack's first) caused the convoy to steer away from Harder.

Dealey and Nimitz then moved northward to Manila Bay, arriving that same evening, and shortly after midnight picked up three small targets on radar. These were three 900-ton enemy frigates, late of HI-71. Co-ordinating with Nimitz, at around 04.00, Dealey fired bow tubes, hitting Matsuwa and Hiburi; Haddo scored hits in Sado. At first light, Dealey finished off Matsuwa and Nimitz Sado; when Nimitz missed Hiburi, Dealey finished her off. The two submarines then moved northward along Luzon to rendezvous with Hake, but on the morning of 23 August, Nimitz expended his last torpedoes in sinking the destroyer Asakaze. Believing Asakaze had only been crippled and towed into Dasol Bay, south of Lingayan, Harder and Hake lay in wait outside.

At 05.54 on August 24, 1944, two ships emerged from Dasol Bay – a minesweeper, Kaibokan CD-22, and the ex-American destroyer USS Stewart (DD-224) (now operating as PB-102). Hake maneuvered to attack PB-102, but became suspicious and broke off when the destroyer turned back into the bay. Meanwhile, Kaibokan CD-22 continued out, pinging continually, and Hake moved off to evade. Haylor caught a last glimpse of Harder's periscope at 0647. At 0728, Haylor heard a string of 15 depth charge explosions in the distance; then nothing.

Remaining in the area all day, Haylor surfaced after dark, at 20.10, and tried to contact Dealey, with no success. Over the next two weeks, Haylor continued his search, but no sign of Dealey or Harder materialized. On September 10, Nimitz returned after refuelling and reloading, confirming Dealey had not returned, as Haylor hoped. It became apparent the enemy minesweeper had been successful on August 24 in ending their extraordinary run. Indeed, after the war, Japanese records showed an antisubmarine attack that morning off Caiman Point had resulted in oil, wood chips, and cork floating in the vicinity. Dealey's death produced waves of "profound shock" and grief through the entire Submarine Force.

Dealey's loss is still blamed on fatigue by some, such as Lynch. It widened the gulf between Christie and Lockwood. In addition, Christie's attempt to nominate Dealey for a Medal of Honor was thwarted by Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, who argued the award of an Army Distinguished Service Cross for the patrol precluded any Navy decoration. Dealey did eventually get the Medal, only the fourth submariner so honored at that time.

In the final analysis, Dealey had sunk 16 enemy ships, with total tonnage of 54,002 tons (according to the postwar accounting) – enough to make him number five among U.S. submarine skippers in World War II.

Awards and honors

In addition to his Medal of Honor, his other awards include the Navy Cross with three gold 5/16 inch stars, the Distinguished Service Cross (Army award, was presented by General Douglas MacArthur), the Silver Star, and the Purple Heart. While under his command the USS Harder (SS-257) was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its performance in combat.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Commander, U.S. Navy. Born: September 13, 1906, Dallas, Tex. Appointed from: Texas. Other Navy awards: Navy Cross with 3 Gold 5/16 Inch Stars, Silver Star Medal.

Citation: "For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Commanding Officer of the U.S.S. Harder during her 5th War Patrol in Japanese-controlled waters. Floodlit by a bright moon and disclosed to an enemy destroyer escort which bore down with intent to attack, Comdr. Dealey quickly dived to periscope depth and waited for the pursuer to close range, then opened fire, sending the target and all aboard down in flames with his third torpedo. Plunging deep to avoid fierce depth charges, he again surfaced and, within 9 minutes after sighting another destroyer, had sent the enemy down tail first with a hit directly amidship. Evading detection, he penetrated the confined waters off Tawi Tawi with the Japanese Fleet base 6 miles away and scored death blows on 2 patrolling destroyers in quick succession. With his ship heeled over by concussion from the first exploding target and the second vessel nose-diving in a blinding detonation, he cleared the area at high speed. Sighted by a large hostile fleet force on the following day, he swung his bow toward the lead destroyer for another 'down-the-throat' shot, fired 3 bow tubes and promptly crash-dived to be terrifically rocked seconds later by the exploding ship as the Harder passed beneath. This remarkable record of 5 vital Japanese destroyers sunk in 5 short-range torpedo attacks attests the valiant fighting spirit of Comdr. Dealey and his indomitable command."

Medal of Honor controversy
Perhaps smarting from his decision to allow Dealey to undertake a sixth war patrol at a time when several colleagues thought he was tired and overly fatigued, RADM Christie nominated Dealey for a posthumous Medal of Honor immediately after the loss was reported. This action became mired in a controversy. General Douglas MacArthur had previously awarded the Army Distinguished Service Cross to Dealey for his prior accomplishments in the theater. Thomas Kinkaid, COMSEVENTHFLT (MacArthur's naval commander) disapproved Dealey for the Medal of Honor on the grounds that he had already been honored adequately. This dispute was one of several that led to growing personal animosity between Christie and Kinkaid, culminating in Kinkaid's relieving Christie in December 1944. Christie then returned to Washington, finally receiving MacArthur's support for the Medal of Honor which was presented posthumously to Dealey's wife, Edwina, on August 29, 1945.

Posthumous honors

 * Commander Dealey was awarded the Medal of Honor for Harder's fifth war patrol and was posthumously awarded the Silver Star for gallantry in action during Harder's sixth war patrol.
 * In 1953, USS Dealey (DE-1006) was named in his honor; she was the lead ship of her class of destroyer escort.
 * There is a plaque in Dealey's honor in the Science Place in Fair Park, Dallas, Texas.
 * Sam Dealey Drive in Dallas, Texas was named after him.

title: Samuel David Dealey