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Talk:Conversational Monitor System

Comparisons to Unix?
I have no idea why Unix is mentioned here. The definition of computing, much less operating systems, is so different between mainframes, minis, and PCs, there's no use in comparing them. The article sounds like Unix users should switch to CMS!

Since I haven't used CMS (although I've used other mainframe JCLs), I'll wait for someone else to clean this up first. If no one does, I'll chop it out myself after a couple of days. -- A D Monroe III 18:17, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The comparison to UNIX is perfectly reasonable, IMHO. The original CMS was developed to provide a terminal shell for the underlying kernel (CP-40, CP-67, VM/370-CP).  The fact that CMS could also run as a single-user standalone operating system, on a real IBM S/360, was convenient but not really the goal. Dave Tuttle 21:23, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

messaging/chat?
I'm trying to remember the mechanism by which users could talk with each other on CMS, back in the '70's. I used it, but forget what it was called or how it worked. Some sort of messaging or mail system? Early social networks? :) ★NealMcB★ (talk) 21:19, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * There were (and still are) several options : To talk to local users one can use the CP "MESSAGE" command which sends an immediate message to that local user - provided that user hasn't elected to not receive such messages (CP SET MSG ON/OFF). To send "mail", one can send a virtual deck of cards containing the message to another user's virtual card reader spool queue. For connected systems (through RSCS), both of these can be achieved by relaying these options through RSCS - allowing communicating with users on another VM system or to another NJE connected system (MVS, VSE, etc..). Ivan Scott Warren (talk) 10:04, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conversational Monitor System


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User:Seraphim89

male, high school sophmore. Favorite Comics: El Goonish Shive, Two Kinds, Megatokyo, Exterminatus Now, Applegeeks, PowerPuff Girls Doujinshi,VG Cats, Anime Arcadia, Star Cross'd Destiny, Inverloch. Comics currently reading: all of the above

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Seraphim89


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File:Elliott smith from a basement on the hill cover.jpg

Summary
Album cover from Elliott Smith's 2004 album, From a Basement on the Hill.


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391 Ingeborg

391 Ingeborg (prov. designation: or ) is an asteroid and second-largest Mars-crosser on an eccentric orbit from the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 1 November 1894, at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. When discovered, it was observed for a couple of weeks, and follow-up observations were made in 1901 and 1904. The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 26.4 hours and measures approximately 17 km in diameter. Any reference of the asteroid's name to a person is unknown.

Orbit and classification
Ingeborg orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.6–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,291 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic.

Naming
Any reference of this minor planet's name to a person or occurrence is unknown.

Unknown meaning
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Ingeborg is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between and  and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth.

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ingeborg measures between 15.75 and 18.15 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.282 and 0.495. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 19.63 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9. Other large Mars crossing minor planets include 132 Aethra (43 km), 323 Brucia (36 km), and 2204 Lyyli (25 km).

title: 391 Ingeborg


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Talk:Pushrod engine

This page has a LOT of incorrect information

I think am image, say a CAD rendering could really improve this article. Does anyone have one that could be used? PhasmatisNox 18:08, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I just spent the day making an animation in Flash, now comes the tricky part: Converting to GIF.  Flash 5 has crap support for any file format.Ahanix1989 01:54, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, fantastic. I have the SWF done, but I can't get it converted to GIF without it either being huge, or losing a lot of quality (why the hell isn't that damn thing fading out?!)   Here is the SWF, anybody have any suggestions? Ahanix1989 02:02, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know anything about Flash, but if you can make each of the animation frames into individual image files you could use Polyview to convert the frames into an animated GIF image. IJB TA 22:23, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

I have an AutoCAD drawing that I'm almost finished with but I don't have a way to make a nice rendering of it. If anyone can make a nice render of a DWG file (or possibly other AutoCAD formats or exports) leave me a message on my talk page and I'll email it to you. IJB TA 22:34, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Here's the drawing, this is the best I can get it with AutoCAD. I might try to improve it in Gmax but I'm not really sure how I can do that yet. So again, if anyone can improve it let me know. My talk page.

Agreed on all points. the comparison of the LS7 pushrod motor is ridiculously unfair. the author is pitting a motor sold in 2006 with motors designed many years prior. Comparing a 2003 M5 motor with the 2006 LS7 ludicrous. the M5 now has greater power to weight in its latest production year. This does not proove that the LS7 is "exceptional". It a flawed argument.

'''This article is made by somebody that talks only of advantages of GM engines compared to another engine companies, and by this fact, it has a lot of mistakes and false information, please correct it!!! In addition, only car engine are mentioned, what happens with radial engine of early airplane? the article should be called "Pushrod engines of GM" because any other pushrod engine is insignificant for this article...'''

 * Agreed on most points. I was going to make changes like what you are suggesting but I was waiting to see what happened with the merge between this and the cam-in-block article. I'm not really sure where any incorrect information is in this article though. IJB TA 14:25, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Shouldn't this page really be at Pushrod engine instead of pushrod? What this page describes isn't actually a pushrod.

Also, both limitation sections need NPOV, weasel word, and fact-check cleanup. --Milkmandan 18:18, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)

Why the plug for Radical Motorsports? I would change that to "some engines..."

The term used for years was OHV, and it was not chosen deliberately to get confused with OHC. A more encyclopedic article would give the history of such engines, and what advantages and disadvantages they had over those which came before them and competed with them. --Sobolewski 02:55, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

I don't think the comparison between the GM 3800 and the Honda J-Series is particularly valid. The J-Series has VTEC, makes noticeably more horsepower per liter than any other engine in the segment (for a direct example, it makes 50 more horsepower than Toyota's outgoing 3.0L 1MZ-FE), and the 3800 is also being phased out, to be replaced by the newer LZ8/LZ9 3900 (which does have VVT).

Removed:

 * Torque and Fuel efficiency - Due to the inherent torque advantage of larger displacement, pushrods can often be tuned for fuel economy and performance at the same time. The GM LS4 V8 produces 303 horsepower, 323 ft·lbf of torque, and returns 17 city/28 hwy mpg, currently without a multiple valve-per-cylinder arrangement or VVT, although it does use Displacement on Demand.

The production of torque has nothing to do with the type of valve actuation system used. Fuel mileage ratings are irrelevant as the fuel saving is largely due to a technology that is separate from the OHV configuration. IJB TA 21:07, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Removed:

 * Torque - Generally pushrod engines create more torque at a given displacement

 * Reliability - Pushrod motors can be the most reliable engines. (i.e. Chevy Smallblock, GM 3800 V6)

The valve actuation system has nothing to do with torque production, torque is not an advantage. The statement on the reliability of pushrod engines requires a reference. IJB TA 15:53, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Removed:

 * Lighter [less mass] while producing higher output:
 * 7 L V8 I-head in 2007 Chevrolet Corvette Z06: 458 lb [208 kg], 505 HP SAE [377 kw] @ 6300 rpm, 470 lbft [637 Nm] @ 4800 rpm
 * 5 L V10 OHC in 2007 BMW M5 & BMW M6 : 529 lb [240 kg], 500 HP SAE [373 kw] @ 7750 rpm, 383 lbft [519 Nm] @ 6100 rpm

This is a comparison of a V8 to a V10 so it doesn't make much sense. Also this isn't true very often. IJB TA 23:46, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Removed:

 * Simplicity means less mass:
 * 7 L V8 I-head in LS7 from GM : 458 lb [208 kg], 505 HP SAE [377 kw] @ 6300 rpm, 470 lbft [637 Nm] @ 4800 rpm
 * 5 L V8 OHC in S62 from BMW: 527 lb [239 kg], 396 HP SAE [295 kw] @ 6600 rpm, 370 lbft [502 Nm] @ 3800 rpm

Pushrod engines only have simpler drive systems, they commonly have more (edit: reciprocating) parts overall compared with OHC engines, even when compared with OHC systems with twice the number of valves. The LS7 is an extreme example of power to weight ratio for production V8s in that price range. Most pushrod engines do not have superior power to weight ratios, OHC race engines have vastly superior power to weight ratios compared with pushrod race engines. In order to make anything stating that pushrod engines have superior power to weight ratios accurate you would have to list that there are many exceptions, which really makes the point moot. IJB TA 05:10, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

RPM
"Custom manufactured or modified engines that utilize oversquare piston travel, and lightweight valvetrains similar to those used in NASCAR racing can rev in excess of 8000 rpm." While this is technically correct, it's a bit of an understatement. NASCAR engines will routinely turn more than 9000 rpm, and at longer tracks such as Pocono they will occasionally see over 10,000. 24.113.18.109 21:57, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

OHV?
Overhead valve engines can also be OHC engines, it would seem this term could not be interchangeable with pushrod engine. I have changed OHV to I-Head which is a term that cannot be confused with any other configuration. IJB TA 17:56, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Comparing engines
S: IJB TA, you removed the V8 vs V10, alright. You wanted a V8 to V8 comparison, I provided.

Now you start talking about price range... The V8 BMW engine is heavier and MORE expensive. Not even mentioning how much more expensive the V10 is.

Then you talk about race engines and how much better OHC are. Alright, then explain how the Corvette C6.R has won the last 6 Le Mans championships with the pushrod LS7.R against the OHC from Aston Martin.

My point here is that for large displacement the pushrod design can be better. The technology is evolving, don't get stuck in the past.

This article is about the technology and it should at least mention the new developments. This is not a history article :-)

 * You can make the point that you can use larger displacement with pushrod engines because they are more compact, but that really falls into the first advantage that is already listed. Also larger displacement doesn't really mean much because pushrod engines commonly produce less power with that displacement. My only point is you can't just compare two engines and say that pushrod engines will always be lighter. F1 engines weigh little more than 200 lbs but make somewhere around 800 hp, I think the V10 F1 engines made 900+ hp and weighed around 260 lbs. That power to weight will never be matched by a pushrod engine, I don't think it's even matched by gas turbines. Again, all you could really say is that pushrod engines are lighter sometimes, which doesn't really say much. IJB TA 20:13, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * S: Please name one OHC mass production performance engine that beats the LS7 in power to weight.
 * Here is one that comes close but fails:
 * Mercedes AMG V8 6.3 L OHC from the CLK63 AMG, 475 HP, 439 lb => 1.08 HP/lb vs 1.10 HP/lb LS7.

 * Let us never forget the cost. F1 engines that you mentioned are astronomically expensive. Any comparison should consider at least the same price range.
 * Also the F1 engines were designed [read pushed hard] to last one race. Let's talk real life, reliable engines, comercial engines. To me anything over 10000 rpm is pushing it too far, regardless of the technology. Until new materials will come AND become affordable, the rev-it up trick won't work if the engine must last.

 * 2003 Porsche Carrera GT Porsche M80 5.7L DOHC V10 604hp 472lbsGzuckier 18:00, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm looking for the weights of the Ferrari 360 Modena and F430 engines, I'm pretty sure both of those engines have better power to weight ratios but I can't remember where I saw them. The point I wanted to make when I mentioned price range above was that there are plenty of high end OHC engines that have better power to weight ratios. If you want to include something about some pushrod engines generally offering higher peak power output for the cost I wouldn't have any objections. Also my main point still stands, only the LS7 has such a power to weight ratio, most pushrod engines have inferior power to weight ratios, so really it's still a rare trait that is specific to one engine. IJB TA 21:31, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

The Ferrari F50 V12 weighed 436.5 lbs and made 513 hp. Also, high-rev engines last just fine. F1 engines are required to last for two events, that includes qualifying. IJB TA 22:23, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

 * S: I hope there is at least one mass produced OHC engine to support this entire "OHC is always better" :-)
 * The F50 V12 was VERY low production, only 349 were made. Also VERY outside of the price range of the LS7. Same for the Carrera GT engine.
 * Funny that my V10 vs V8 comparison was not valid, but your V12 vs V8 is :-)
 * I am not saying that all pushrods are better, it is just that LS7 is a notable exception and it should be added to the article, as the 1994 Mercedes Indianapolis engine was mentioned.

Ok, I guess V12/V10/V8 comparisons will have to be valid, it's too difficult to find enough engine weights to make a direct comparison. But your point that pushrod engines are always lighter is not valid. If you want the LS7 to be noted then make it so, I believe it deserves a mention as well. But if you want to make a mention of the LS7 it should be made in the main part of the article and not in the advantages, it is only one pushrod engine out of many and this is not an article about the LS7. I never said OHC is always better, I'm only saying that pushrod engines aren't always lighter, if they were that would be an indisputable advantage of the configuration and I wouldn't have any objections here. IJB TA 02:35, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This is such a bizarre discussion. Power/Weight of an engine is kind of an odd item to be looking at. what do we include? power steering and AC pumps? alternator? Air cleaner? exhaust manifold? if i cut the sump down from 6 quarts to 2 quarts, that improves the power to weight, does it make a better engine? going from iron heads to aluminum heads of identical design, and/or iron block to aluminum block? Good old ZL1 engine was aluminum 427, cranked out at least 550 hp, was a production engine although only two were actually produced. Less weight is certainly an advantage, but is it really a better engine than the iron block high performance 427s? Maybe the reason large displacement high power engines are pushrod is because a large displacement high power OHC engine would be ridiculously high power for a production car. As in the supercars, with their large displacement high power OHC engines with high power/weight which we aren't allowed to mention here. Gzuckier 17:40, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * S: Power/Weight is a very important indicator for an automotive engine. What is included or not leaves room for error indeed. But what we can do? We get whatever figure the manufacturer has published. Some engines are sold as a "crate engine" and the net weight is given.
 * I really doubt any manufacturer would cut any important part of an engine just for improving the power/weight ratio. Because the engine must perform, for many years most of the time.
 * There is no such thing as ridiculously high power for a production car. Look at the Bugatti Veyron.
 * What I suggest as a comparison index for engines is Power/(Weight*Price*Size). The price is obviously the most difficult to obtain if not impossible. Size may be approximated with Length*Width*Height of an imaginary box that would fit the engine.

 * I'm not about to start arguing what engine design is better, that is purely a matter of opinion. What I am concerned with is what is factually correct. The Ferrari F50 and Porsche Carrera GT both have engines with better power to weight ratios compared with any production pushrod engine, as far as I can tell anyway. But are they better? To someone with enough money to buy them they absolutely would be. Does the fact that the LS7 is much less expensive make it better? I would say no. When you put a Z06 and a Carrera GT on a track together which performs better? Should the Z06 be allowed a handicap just because it is less expensive? If it was shouldn't a '06 Honda Civic Si be on the same level as the Z06? It costs much less and it performs very well for its cost. What about powerband, the LS7, like all 2 valve engines without any kind of VVT has a pretty narrow one. There are just too many variables that could be brought into this comparison. What we can say here without any doubt is that pushrod engines do not always have better power to weight ratios, but that there are also many OHC engines that don't have great power to weight ratios either, so to be factually correct we can't say that either has an advantage in that respect. IJB TA 20:45, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * S: I say that "being better" is a matter of the desired application/car/target price, so the only fair comparison would be to put the competing engines in the same type of chassis and then test the cars; obviously impossible.
 * As for the powerband of the LS7, please look at the torque-rpm diagram. Based of what I have seen so far it is better than all the engines in our table. But then again, we have to define what "better" means?

 * The F50 maintains 91% of its peak torque output over a 2,000 rpm range. The Carrera GT maintains 91% of its peak torque output over a 2,250 rpm range. The Z06 maintains 89% of its peak torque output over only a 1,500 rpm range. All rpm ranges are from peak torque output to hp peak which are the only numbers I have. IJB TA 22:37, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

 * S: You must be joking :-) LS7 makes more torque than all those engines plus it makes it very early and on the entire rpm range. LS7 has more torque than the maximum torque of the Ferrari F50 engine almost on the entire rpm range!
 * The two [very expensive] OHC engines we have here win the power/weight comparison because they rev very high. But when talking torque they cannot match the LS7.

Well, rpm is how you make power from torque and the higher the rpm you can make torque the more power you will have. Making more torque at lower rpm isn't an advantage unless you make enough torque to make more power. F50: 347 lb-ft @ 6500 rpm = 429 hp, Carrera GT: 437 lb-ft @ 5750 rpm = 478 hp, Z06 475 lb-ft @ 4800 rpm = 434 hp. You can see the Z06 makes about as much power as the F50 at peak torque rpm, but because the Z06 would have to shift sooner (only 1500 rpm after that peak) it would reduce it's torque output to the wheels before the F50 which could continue to accelerate in that gear for another 600 rpm which would make the car accelerate at a faster rate. IJB TA 00:14, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * S: High rpm are desirable, it's a known fact.
 * But the definition of the Power band is not the best. I would use something like Power band = the rpm range where an engine makes at least 75% of its maximum power. I edited that article, hope people will agree.
 * Then it would be easy to see that both the Ferrari V12 and the Porsche V10 are peaky engines, with a narrow power band. Which is alright; peaky engines were used all the time for racing and high performance cars.
 * LS7 has most probably a wider power band than the two exotic engines above. It does 352 lb*ft (75% of the max 470) from 1310 to 7000 rpm! Just look at the torque-rpm diagram.
 * Changed^ the definition of the power band. It is called POWER band, not torque band :-)
 * The LS7 does more than 379 HP [75% of the max power] from 4350 to 7000 rpm, so the powerband is 2650 rpm wide.
 * We cannot talk without having the diagram for the engines we compare.

 * Yes. (meaning that's a good point which bears discussion in the article)Gzuckier 17:06, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

More flywheel torque does not mean wide powerband. Although I can't say with total certainty that the F50 and Carrera GT make 75% of their peak torque over more of their rpm range compared to the Z06, the fact that they maintain more of their peak torque over a wider rpm range would suggest that they have a wider powerband. Also I don't think that definition is particularly valid, the Civic Si I mentioned before maintains about 88% of its peak torque output over at least a 6,000 rpm range (75% of its rpm range) which is a very wide, very flat torque curve for a NA engine, yet it is considered peaky. I don't even think there is a proper definition of a "peaky" engine here. I managed to locate the gear ratios for the Carrera GT and the Z06. Since I only have the numbers for torque peak and hp peak for the Carrera GT I'll have to use those for comparison.

 * Peak tq to the wheels in 3rd gear.
 * Z06: 2092 lb-ft @ 1079 rpm
 * GT: 2627 lb-ft @ 951 rpm

You can see the Carrera GT can accelerate longer in each gear while supplying more torque to the wheels, which obviously makes it a faster car.
 * Peak hp to the wheels in 3rd gear.
 * Z06: 1873 lb-ft @ 1416 rpm
 * GT: 2398 lb-ft @ 1324 rpm

Some interesting charts of "peaky" engines:

Civic Si output JDM Integra Type-R output JDM Integra Type-R wheel torque

Made some changes ^ IJB TA 21:59, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It looks like its actually closer to 90%+ of peak torque over a 6000 rpm range for the Civic. Isnt the definition of a wide powerband when an engine can produce more of it's peak power over a wider rpm range, not a wider percent of its rpm range? Engine rpm still translates to a certain amount of wheel rpm. Mister E 23

 * S: We were talking engines and power band here. Where are you IJB going? Of course the Carrera GT is a faster car, it better be as it's 4 times more expensive :-) Plus what you are ilustrating is gearing. Total ratios [3rd gear and final drive] are: Z06 1.30*3.42=4.45, GT 1.36*4.44=6.03! Of course the GT has more torque at the wheels with such a difference in gearing. When talking engines we should stick to engines. But I will stop here, we are wasting our time continuing.

 * I'm proving that I was correct in saying that the Z06 has a narrow powerband, what I have illustrated is a wide powerband. You need high torque over a wide rpm range at the flywheel to have high torque over a wide rpm range at the wheels. You could change gearing all you want but you can't simply make power that isn't there just by using gears. Anyway point made, and continuing is off the subject here. IJB TA 16:20, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * A correction here (even if it is somewhat irrelevant). The Civic Si maintains about 90% of its peak torque output over about 86% of its rpm range since it does not idle at 0 rpm. IJB TA 23:55, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Can we delete this section? It's not really relevant anymore. IJB TA 12:09, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

"Currently few pushrod type engines remain in production, a result of the fact that it has become difficult to achieve competitive engine performance with the configuration."

Difficult to achieve competitive engine performance???? The LSX and Hemi series of engines are two fantastic examples of competitive performance. Thats a horrible quote, and I am deleting it. There is a myriad of pushrod engines out there that prove that it is easy to achieve competitive engine performance without a doubt!!!!!!!!! Not only that, but the DOHC engine configurations have been playing catch up since day one and will continue to play catch up. Pushrod motors put out the most power bar none. Every time you give an example of a Carrera GT motor or an F50 motor, I can give you an example of a crate motor that will blow it out of the water. If you give an example of a F1 motor, I will give you an example of a bigger race motor. So enough with that horribly biased statement, its wrong and its gone.

There is no bias here only fact. I would love to see those examples. IJB TA 10:48, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Your original statement was: "Currently few pushrod type engines remain in production, a result of the fact that it has become difficult to achieve competitive engine performance with the configuration."

You said that, I said it was bogus and biased. My evidence to back up my statements consist of big block race motors that you can purchase for an expensive amount of money, but nonetheless back up my statement with 100% accuracy. The links below have motors that range from moderate 500Hp levels all the way to 1500HP levels. Keep in mind this is all naturally aspirated V8 Big block motors. Granted it would not be fun to drive these engines on the street everyday, nor would a 900hp 20,000rpm F1 motor, but it nonetheless proves my point.

http://www.greenwoodchevy.com/engine5.htm 720HP http://www.cmengines.com/Engines/RaceEngines/tabid/98/Default.aspx Many listed, up to 950HP http://indyhe.fatcow.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/page02.pdf Many listed, up to 1165HP http://www.indyheads.com/id1.html More pictures on the website above http://paceperformance.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWCATS&Category=10015 Many listed, up to 900HP http://www.steveschmidtracing.com/engines/585-super-pro.html 1200HP

http://www.steveschmidtracing.com/engines/dyno-charts/760-commander-dyno.html 1539.9 http://www.steveschmidtracing.com/engines/760-commander.html more info

Your next argument should consist of F1 motors reaching 1,400 HP, but those were the turbo models. The new V8 F1 race motors should hit 1000-1100 HP in this season and will continue to go up, as will the race crate motors that I have provided you with. In the 80's, the F1 turbo motors saw 1400HP. If you turbo the big block motors above, one might net 6000HP. The are all pushrod motors that I speak of.

Clearly I have provided the evidence, and clearly I am correct.

Also, please stop deleting my statement on torque. A pushrod designation creates more torque in the low RPM's as DOHC motors create more torque in the high RPMS. HP is a function of torque, therefore an advantage of a pushrod motor is more torque and horsepower in the lower rpm's in most scenarios. Get it?

I looked up an 800 hp crate engine from Summit racing Here Its shipping weight is 740 lbs, so its actual weight is probably right around 700 lbs. You're saying that somehow an engine that weighs 500 lbs more than an F1 engine with the same amount of power will somehow be better? Please explain the logic in that thought process. Also:

 * Compare
 * Ford OHC engines
 * GM pushrod engines

Which makes more torque at a lower rpm?

Also take a look at the engine output for the Integra Type-R above and compare it to the LS7 in the links above. Which makes more torque over a wider rpm range? Also pushrod engines almost always make less power and torque from a given displacement, compare just about any engine you can find: BMW M3 - 81.875 ft-lb/l, LS7 - 67 ft-lb/l. Also compare the output of the OHC Ford engines to the GM pushrod engines, the Fords have higher torque output for a given displacement. IJB TA 02:57, 11 December 2006 (UTC) -

''I looked up an 800 hp crate engine from Summit racing Here Its shipping weight is 740 lbs, so its actual weight is probably right around 700 lbs. You're saying that somehow an engine that weighs 500 lbs more than an F1 engine with the same amount of power will somehow be better? Please explain the logic in that thought process.''

Is this about horsepower or weight? Clearly I am correct, but you instead mentioned the weight of it. Again your statement said: "Currently few pushrod type engines remain in production, a result of the fact that it has become difficult to achieve competitive engine performance with the configuration." And I proved you wrong, and now you want to bring in weight? Nothing weighs as much as an F1 motor, and nothing puts out as much power as a Big Block V8 that makes 1500hp. Looks like we have hit the crossroads of engine design philosophy. Im not mechanical engineer, so I cannot tell you, but there are different philosophies on the subject. The point of the matter is you said it is difficult to make power with a pushrod, and I have shown you its not. If you want to jump into another argument about weight, then so be it. There is another wikipedia page for that, if you want to talk about it there with me, go for it, but its not relevant here.

*Compare
 * Ford OHC engines
 * GM pushrod engines

Which makes more torque at a lower rpm?

Clearly the Ford does, but take a look at earlier engine architecture from the sixties...

1965

Production: 23,652 Coupe: 8,186 Convertible: 15,376

Engines: 327 V8 250 bhp @ 4400 rpm, 350 lb-ft @ 2800 rpm. L75 327 V8 300 bhp @ 5000 rpm, 360 lb-ft @ 3200 rpm. L79 327 V8 350 bhp @ 5500 rpm, 360 lb-ft @ 3600 rpm. L76 327 V8 365 bhp @ 6200 rpm, 350 lb-ft @ 3400 rpm. L84 327 ("fuelie") V8 375 bhp @ 6200 rpm, 350 lb-ft @ 4600 rpm.

The peak torque ratings are 2800rpm, 3200rpm, 3600rpm respectively. Yeah they are off by 5hp or so, but that could be associated with a plethora of things like the tranny they used.

''Also take a look at the engine output for the Integra Type-R above and compare it to the LS7 in the links above. Which makes more torque over a wider rpm range? Also pushrod engines almost always make less power and torque from a given displacement, compare just about any engine you can find: BMW M3 - 81.875 ft-lb/l, LS7 - 67 ft-lb/l. Also compare the output of the OHC Ford engines to the GM pushrod engines, the Fords have higher torque output for a given displacement.''

I never said a pushrod makes more torque over a wider rpm ranged, I said its flatter, begins earlier, and there is usually more of it. Thats a good point, there useable torque over the RPM range. Thats why OHC motors make more power at higher rpm because theres more torque up there, which gives them more horsepower, whereas pushrods lose the torque, therefore losing the horsepower.

You can play the displacement to horsepower/torque argument all you want, especially with Honda fanboi's on street racing sites who make moot arguments consisting of how I cant beat your V8 but I have a better displacement to power ratio. Truth of the matter is, its a number on paper and has zero relevance, unless you are really into numbers on paper that have no effect on the real world. Granted the bore and stroke an engineer choose will affect the outcome of torque and horsepower, but the lower it is, doesnt make it better. You could make up silly ratio's all day long, and get nothing out of it, just like the displacement to power ratio. Its silly, unneeded, and has no effect on anything but biased MotorTrend Editors. Its all about how much power is actually put out. The M3 motor is gone, they are not using it anymore. Why? It's reached its capacity. BMW is going with a 4 liter V8 to try and surpass the LS2, because a 3 liter is too small. Big displacement is what makes more power. The natural evolution of engines is to increase bore and stroke to make more power. It sounds like you would like that number to be kept at a minimum to satisfy better "ratio's."

I am putting back in what I said before, because its fact. -Dezelon

You clearly don't understand anything about engine design. Pushrod engines make more torque when? When they have huge displacements? Fine, so why not compare a 333 liter Caterpillar engine to a 1 liter Honda engine, clearly it makes more torque because it's a pushrod engine. I really would like to know your basis for that statement. The only thing you are actually saying is that a bigger engine makes more torque, that's all, and I think just about anyone knows that. Fact is: muli-valve OHC engines of the same displacement as a comparable 2 valve pushrod engine will almost always make more torque, therefore are capable of making more power.

I never said a pushrod makes more torque over a wider rpm ranged, I said its flatter, begins earlier, and there is usually more of it.

I just proved you wrong on all of those points. Where the torque peak occurs has nothing to do with the system that opens the valves. It's all tuning and you have the same exact tuning options with an OHC engine as you do with a pushrod engine. Yes it is true that many DOHC engines are tuned to make power at high revs, that is the main reason for using a DOHC configuration. Because of that ability those engines can produce more power from a given displacement. You need to get your facts right. IJB TA 05:56, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks to me like the M3 engine is doing just fine: M3. In the past it did have a bearing problem, but that was only a mistake on the part of the bearing supplier. IJB TA 05:56, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

"Currently few pushrod type engines remain in production, a result of the fact that it has become difficult to achieve competitive engine performance with the configuration."

Clearly you have no concept of how engines work if you write a statement saying that pushrods cant make power these days. Duh. PROVED WRONG!

Beyond that I gave you examples of a 327 Corvette motor from the sixties to compare to your Ford truck motor. It torque peaking earlier in the RPM range. If you use the nifty formula that I keep on posting, then you will see that more torque down low means more horsepower down low too. Thats all I am trying to say. I am not saying pushrods make more power in the high rpm's cus they dont, I am saying they are making more power down low around 1000rpm-3000rpm. Its pretty damn simple. You need to get your facts right. Maybe click some numbers into that formula and you will see I am correct. Its common knowledge that pushrods make power down low, and overhead cam motors make power up top, thats all I am trying to say. It has everything to do with the system of valves and cams. Why would there be such a clear difference since 1960 to right now? I am very involved in the racing industry and can tell you that all builders know that the pushrod has more down low, and the DOHC has it up top. Go build an engine, dyno test it, and do it another thousand times and you will be at my level.

Why are you giving me a link to an M3 data website? I told you it cannot make much more than 300rwhp in N/A form, and they are switching to a V8 to make more power. Thats all. I only brought it up because you were talking about the displacement argument, so dont give me stupid links to some website thats completely irrelevant.

And back in goes my info...Whats tomorrow tuesday? Go into a racing shop tomorrow after work, or whatever you do, and check out the pushrod motors and talk to the guys that build those things all day long and dyno test them. See what they say about low end power. YOU COULD REALLY LEARN SOMETHING, in fact, it might change your life. -Dezelon

Ok, why is an engine from the '60s even relevant? It's not going to meet current emissions requirements, same with those crate engines, so there is no point in comparing them to current production engines. You can make all the power you want at low rpm it's not going to provide you with any benefits. On the road I don't see people flooring their cars from a stop to drive normally and racing engines spend very little time at low rpm if any, so unless you can present how more power at low rpm is a benefit I don't think it's a valid point. Also, again that's a trait specific to any large displacement engine, not pushrod engines. Why would there be such a huge difference between engines from the '60s and now? TONS of reasons, probably more reasons than any one person can explain. Obviously you haven't noticed but engine technology has made HUGE leaps in the past 40 years. I take back what I said about facts, they seem to be somewhat correct, it's the HUGE amount of information you are lacking that is the problem. Maybe if you take the time to inform yourself about how engines from the '60s differ from current production engines you will understand what I'm trying to say here.

Again, you can tune any engine to make power anywhere in the rpm range you want. Where are you getting this idea that somehow a DOHC engine can only make power at high rpm? What is the basis for that thought process? You said the M3 engine was gone, I gave you a link to show that it isn't. IJB TA 01:55, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, BMW is not switching to a V8, most of their line up uses an I6 and will continue to do so. It's not like they're going to offer the one of the most powerful engines they make in every model of vehicle they have. IJB TA 02:06, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

I'll put this information right here so there's no mistake:

 * Ford: 5.4-Liter Triton™, 90-Degree V8, 24-Valve, SOHC, SEFI Engine; Front Mounted With Horsepower Of 300@5000, Torque Of 365@3750, Iron Block and Alloy Cylinder Heads (Standard)

 * GM: 6.0-Liter Vortec, V8, 16-Valve, OHV, SEFI Engine; Front/Longitudinal Mounted With Horsepower Of 300@4400, Torque Of 360@4000, Cast Iron Block and Alloy Cylinder Heads (Standard)

Engines available for the Pontiac G6:

 * Pushrod engine: 3.9L V6 SFI (240 HP [179 kW] @ 6000 rpm, 240 lb-ft [325.1 N-m] @ 4600 rpm)

 * OHC engine: 3.6L V6 SFI (252 hp [188 kW] @ 6300 rpm, 251 lb-ft [340 N-m] @ 3200 rpm)

Which makes more torque (and power) at a lower rpm? The OHC engines, or the pushrod engines? Also notice that the OHC engines don't even need more displacement to make that torque.

Why are speculative quotes such as this one below allowed without reference?:

Currently few pushrod type engines remain in production, a result of the fact that it has become difficult to achieve competitive engine performance with the configuration.

 * Because it's a fact. IJB TA 17:10, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

According to whom???

 * If you can find a better way to explain why pushrod engines are almost completely phased out of production by all but a few manufacturers please do so. IJB TA 00:48, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Since you appear to be actively moderating this page, I'd much prefer you to back up your statement of fact with a citation, something other than an appeal to popularity as an authority. The tyranny of power, and all that.

 * Just look at the performance of OHC engines compared to similar pushrod engines, that should be all the proof required. There is a reason something becomes popular. Also there are some examples above, one being the DOHC engine for the Pontiac G6. It not only makes more power over its entire rpm range compared to the pushrod engines but it also achieves greater fuel efficiency. But like I said, if you can find a better way to explain why pushrod engines are being phased out of production please do. IJB TA 23:23, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Considering that the G6's base OHV engine just received a power boost, and that you not only appear to be comparing fuel economy when one engine is mated to a 4-speed transmission while the other is mated to a 6-speed, but also specific hp/l without mention of developmental dollars spent on each engine (you are, after all, comparing GM's High Feature and High Value engines), I would like to see something a little more technical.

 * I compared the 3.9 with a 6 speed manual to the 3.6 with a 6 speed auto. Even with a less efficient transmission the 3.6 has greater fuel efficiency, it also has lower emissions output. So it's more powerful, more fuel efficient and cleaner, pretty hard to beat that. With the amount of driving I do the 3.9 liter would cost me almost $300 a year more to operate compared to the 3.6. So even if the 3.6 is more expensive to begin with (I haven't looked yet) it would easily pay for itself during the time a person would own it. There are plenty of other examples like that as well, like Toyota and Honda V6 engines. Developmental cost is completely irrelevant. IJB TA 23:36, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

The Toyota is not only a good deal more powerful, but also quite a bit cleaner and more efficient. IJB TA 00:36, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

There is a recent trend that some automatic transmissions improve fuel economy more than manual transmissions. A case in point would be the new http://automobiles.honda.com/models/specifications_full_specs.asp?ModelName=Civic+Sedan&Category=3, which isn't even a 6-speed comparison, it's two 5-speeds. The fact that you don't believe that development cost is irrelevant when the 3900 is still using a cast-iron block, obviously for cost considerations, only underscores the fact that you should cite. I note there was a similar issue with you on the OHC page.

 * As far as the OHC page, all I said was that OHC engines can spin faster (can you name any 19,000 rpm pushrod engines?) and that they have fewer parts compared with pushrod systems of the same number of valves. Here's the only online reference I can give for the number of parts: R&T Technical correspondence.

 * The 5 speed manual and the 5 speed automatic Civics get the same mileage in the city, the automatic only does better on the highway. Also both of those Civics have the same engine. How do you explain the fact that the Honda, Toyota and GM OHC engines get better mileage than the G6 3.9 liter and manage to have more power? I still don't see how developmental cost is relevant, that's not something consumers look at and it doesn't have a direct impact on the performance of the engine. IJB TA 00:19, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Comparison Table (Removed)
I took out the table at the end of the article: it's obvious someone put a lot of effort into including the table, but it was presented out of context and seemed to me to be nothing more than an attempt to bastion further the positive qualities of the LS7 engine. If some compelling reason can be provided for including the table and the seemingly random cars that used those engines, then the table can be re-included, but as it appeared to me it was a violation of the NPOV policy, as it was obvious astroturfing for the title engine. --156.143.89.87 01:34, 5 January 2007 (UTC) KeplerNiko

The table was not out of context, it was showing a reality: the pushrod engine technology is far from being as bad as described. Yes, the LS7 is an exceptional engine, with a power/weight ratio better than many highly regarded DOHC engines. You cannot do anything about it. Just read car magazines and the exceptional reviews of the car with this engine, C6 Corvette Z06. Pick your choice of DOHC engines and let's compare them in this context. But no, it is easier to remove. This is why Wikipedia remains a flawed concept. I will not waste my time here anymore.

 * The LS7 performs very well in its specific use, but this is not an article about the LS7. It is about all pushrod engines and the LS7 does not represent all pushrod engines very accurately, just like the Porsche Carrera GT engine does not represent all OHC engines very accurately. Really the information in that chart shows that some pushrod engines can be competitive with some OHC engines in only one way. Also since there is no sure way to tell in what configuration the engines were in when they were weighed (accessories, wet or dry, etc. as mentioned by Gzuckier above) there is no way to determine the validity of the chart. IJB TA 02:32, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the chart would be more useful if it contained more than the two closely related GM pushrod engines. It would also help to compare engines with similar displacement and aspiration (the BMW turbo 3.0l V8 being too extreme an example for comparison).  I would keep the LS7 and compare it to DOHC 500hp engines like ones in the BMW M5.  I'll see what info I can dig up. Crazym108 21:22, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I edited the chart to remove the three forced induction racing engines, leaving only naturally aspirated production car engines. I also added the Viper engine and sorted the whole thing by displacement. Crazym108 21:55, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

None of the engines listed in the chart used forced induction. Both the Motopower RST-V8 and the Powertec RPA V8 are available in road legal vehicles.

 * Caterham RST V8
 * Motopower RST-V8
 * Powertec RPA 2.6 V8
 * BMW P80

IJB TA 15:49, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the chart looks great as of the revision by 68.35.101.191 Crazym108 00:23, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. IJB TA 16:19, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pushrod engine


text:
User:Sciurinæ

de:Benutzer:NightBeAsT

title: User:Sciurinæ


text:
Category:Industrial furnaces

This category is primarily for metallurgical furnaces by generic type. Articles on particular furnaces should be in categories for particular countries subcategories of Category:Iron and steel mills or the equivalents for other metals.

es:Categoría:Hornos industriales

title: Category:Industrial furnaces


text:
Summerland (TV series)

Summerland is an American drama television series created by Stephen Tolkin and Lori Loughlin. It is centered on a clothing designer in her 30s, Ava Gregory (Loughlin), raising her niece and nephews after their parents die in a tragic accident. They live with three of Ava's friends who also help raise the kids in the fictional city of Playa Linda, California.

Summerland premiered on June 1, 2004, on The WB. The series ran for a total of 26 episodes over two seasons. Its cancellation was announced on May 15, 2005, and the last episode aired on July 18, 2005. A soundtrack was released on March 19, 2005, and the show has been syndicated in many countries.

Overview
The series follows Ava Gregory (Lori Loughlin), a fashion designer, and her housemates and niece and nephews as they learn to cope with a life-changing event and each other. After the death of their parents, Bradin (Jesse McCartney), Nikki (Kay Panabaker), and Derrick Westerly (Nick Benson) leave their home in Kansas to live with their Aunt Ava in Playa Linda, California. They live with three other house mates: Johnny Durant (Shawn Christian), Ava's ex-boyfriend; Susannah Rexford (Merrin Dungey), Ava's best friend and business partner; Jay Robertson (Ryan Kwanten), an Australian surfer who owns a local surf shop. The show follows the struggles that these friends and family face as they adapt to their new lives together. Jay has an on-again-off-again relationship with Erika Spalding (Taylor Cole), who becomes Bradin's surfing instructor. Cameron Bale (Zac Efron) is Nikki's boyfriend and classmate.

Main
Summerland initially featured a main cast of eight characters. In the second season, after appearing as a recurring member in the first season, Zac Efron was added to the main cast. This brought the total number of main characters to nine.
 * Ava Gregory (Lori Loughlin) is a woman in her mid 30s who is raising her niece and nephews, Bradin, Nikki, and Derrick Westerly, after their parents' tragic deaths. She lives in a beach house with the children, her on again/off again boyfriend Johnny, her best friend Susannah, and another close friend, Jay. Ava has a very hectic life and also faces the stressful task of raising three children, who are all devastated at the loss of their parents and who deal with their loss in very different ways.
 * Johnny Durant (Shawn Christian) is Ava's ex-boyfriend who still remains her roommate until Season 2. He gets along tremendously with the kids and opens up his own restaurant. Despite hiding it, he is desperately still in love with Ava.
 * Susannah Rexford (Merrin Dungey) is Ava's best friend, business partner and roommate.
 * Jay Robertson (Ryan Kwanten) is an Australian, who lives with Ava in Playa Linda and is the "big brother" to the children. He was dating Erika, despite his notorious behavior for being a playboy.
 * Bradin Westerly (Jesse McCartney) is the oldest of the three children. He copes with the loss of his parents by drinking, getting involved in drugs and earns a reputation as a wild child. He is also an exceptional surfer and is offered a sponsorship by many major companies but his personal problems seem to get in the way on more than one occasion.
 * Erika Spalding (Taylor Cole) is Jay's girlfriend. She helps coach Bradin with his surfing. She leaves to take care of her mother, but returns and begins dating Bradin.
 * Nicole "Nikki" Westerly (Kay Panabaker) is an exceptionally bright child. She starts off trying to take over the "mother" role, but eventually settling in and making many friends including Cameron, who would later become her on/off boyfriend.
 * Derrick Westerly (Nick Benson) is the youngest child. Despite being very close to his Aunt Ava, he can't quite get over the loss of his parents at such a young age.
 * Cameron Bale (Zac Efron) is Nikki's best friend and on/off boyfriend. He lives with his troubled, divorced, alcoholic father (portrayed by C. Thomas Howell). In season two, Efron became a part of the main cast after appearing as a recurring star in season one.

Recurring

 * Sarah Borden (Sara Paxton) is a troubled teen with an addiction to pot, and problems with pathological lying. She becomes Bradin's girlfriend and pressures him into using drugs and having sex. Sarah's parents eventually send her to rehab.
 * Mona (Carmen Electra) is Johnny's partner, who invests in a bar with him and eventually asks him to move in with her. However, in a tragic automobile accident Mona is killed leaving Johnny heartbroken. He changes the name of his bar to "Mona's Sandbar" in memory of Mona who transferred her share of the property to Johnny before she died.
 * Callie (Danielle Savre) is a girl from the Midwest who becomes one of Bradin's girlfriends and helps him recover from his relationship with Sarah.
 * Amber (Shelley Buckner) is Nikki's best friend, Carrie's ex-best friend, and Cameron's ex-girlfriend. Amber and Nikki didn't get along at first, but eventually they put their differences aside and become friends. Amber was once the most popular girl in school.
 * Chris (Tyler Patrick Jones and Cole Petersen), is Derrick's best friend and often plays with Bradin, too.
 * Simon O' Keefe (Jay Harrington) is Nikki's principal at Playa Linda Middle School. He and Ava go on their first date after meeting each other at Nikki's school and soon they fall deeply in love with each other. In the season 1 finale, Ava asks Simon to marry her, but in season 2 Simon calls off the wedding because he knows that Ava and Johnny still have deep feelings for each other.
 * Carrie (Logan Browning) is Amber's ex-best friend. She is particularly mean to Nikki even after her and Amber become friends and often causes Nikki to be in embarrassing situations. Carrie is jealous of Nikki's friendship with Amber. She appears in Season 2 running for Class President against Cameron.

Music
Each episode of the show features a number of songs from various artists in addition to an original score. The music is usually used as a background element and is non-diegetic, although occasionally the music comes from a diegetic source. In the second-season episode "Where There's a Will, There's a Wave" Christy Carlson Romano stars as a fictional pop star and performs her song "Dive In".

Other artists heard in the show include The Beach Boys, The Penguins, Howie Day, John Mayer, Ryan Adams, Blink-182, Maroon 5, and Lifehouse.

Soundtrack
On March 19, 2005, a soundtrack was released featuring music from both seasons of the show. It included the opening theme as well as a song by cast member Jesse McCartney, "Get Your Shine On", which also appeared on his first album and was released as a single.

 * Track listing
 * 1) "Undertow" – Bowling For Soup
 * 2) "General Attitude" – Collective Soul
 * 3) "All Downhill from Here" – New Found Glory
 * 4) "Get Your Shine On" – Jesse McCartney
 * 5) "Feel So Free" – Ivy
 * 6) "The Crying" – Kristian Leontiou
 * 7) "My Paper Heart" – The All-American Rejects
 * 8) "Struggle" – Ringside
 * 9) "Try" – Lisa Loeb
 * 10) "Alive" – Kenny Wayne Shepherd
 * 11) "My Way Home" – Citizen Cope
 * 12) "Beautiful Day" – Steve Plunkett

Cancellation
On May 15, 2005, The WB released early information on their 2005–2006 season. Summerland, along with eight other shows, were canceled. Jesse McCartney responded to the cancellation in an interview, saying the show was "in a crazy time slot and … the writers were having trouble, and it was just a bad call."

Syndication
The series has been syndicated on The N and Universal HD in the United States. It also aired overseas on Ten Network in Australia, Living in the United Kingdom and Ireland, TV2 in Norway, M6 in France, and on MBC 4 in the Middle East. In Spain, Summerland (which retains its English language title) has been used as a filler during the summer months. In July 2008, Telecinco aired all of the episodes again in the 9 a.m. time slot, the same time slot in which it aired in the summer of 2007. It also used to air in 2013 on Sweden's channel 5, kanal5, however only on weekend mornings.

title: Summerland (TV series)


text: User talk:Seraphim89

title: User talk:Seraphim89


text:
392 Wilhelmina

Wilhelmina (minor planet designation: 392 Wilhelmina) is a large Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Max Wolf on 4 November 1894 in Heidelberg, Germany.

title: 392 Wilhelmina


text:
393 Lampetia

Lampetia (minor planet designation: 393 Lampetia) is a fairly large main belt asteroid that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 4 November 1894 in Heidelberg. It has an unusually low rotation rate, with a period estimated at 38.7 hours and a brightness variation of 0.14 in magnitude.

In 2000, the asteroid was detected by radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 0.98 AU. The resulting data yielded an effective diameter of 125 ± 20 km.

It comes to opposition at apparent magnitude 10.5 on 6 July 2023 and then perihelion on 15 August 2023.

title: 393 Lampetia


text:
List of schools in Taiwan

An incomplete list of schools in Taiwan.

National chains

 * Taiwan Mandarin Institute
 * Hess Educational Organization
 * Joy English School
 * KOJEN English Language Schools

Keelung

 * National Keelung Commercial & Industrial Vocational Senior High School
 * Keelung Fu Jen Sacred Heart Senior High School

Taipei

 * Affiliated Senior High School of National Taiwan Normal University
 * Asia American International Academy
 * Banqiao Senior High School
 * Broaden Media Academy
 * Cheng Kung Senior High School
 * Chingshin Academy
 * Dominican International School
 * Mandarin Daily News Language Center
 * National San Chung Senior High School
 * Datong High School
 * Taipei American School
 * Taipei Adventist American School
 * Taipei European School
 * Taipei First Girls' High School
 * Taipei International Christian Academy
 * Taiwan Mandarin Institute
 * Taipei Municipal Jianguo High School
 * Taipei Municipal Jingmei Girls' High School
 * Taipei Municipal Lishan Senior High School
 * Taipei Municipal Neihu Senior High School
 * Taipei Municipal Song Shan Senior High School
 * Taipei Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School
 * Taipei Yanping Senior High School
 * Tsz-Shiou Senior High School

Hsinchu

 * Hsinchu American School
 * Hsinchu County American School
 * Hsinchu International School
 * Hsinchu Kuang-Fu Senior High School
 * National Experimental High School
 * National Hsinchu Girls' Senior High School
 * National Hsinchu Senior High School
 * Sagor Bilingual School

Taichung

 * Cingshuei High School
 * Ming-Dao High School
 * Morrison Academy (branches in Taipei and Tainan)
 * National Wen-Hua Senior High School
 * American School in Taichung
 * National Dali High School

Tainan

 * Kuen Shan Senior High School
 * National Tainan Girls' Senior High School
 * National Tainan Second Senior High School
 * National Nanke International Experimental High School

Kaohsiung

 * Affiliated Senior High School of National Kaohsiung Normal University
 * Kaohsiung American School
 * Morrison Academy Kaohsiung
 * Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Senior High School
 * Pu-Men High School
 * I-Shou International School
 * Dominican International School
 * Chung Shan Industrial and Commercial School
 * Guoguang Laboratory School, National Sun Yat-sen University
 * I-Shou International School
 * Kaohsiung Municipal Jhong-Jheng Senior High School
 * Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Girls' Senior High School
 * Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Senior High School
 * Kaohsiung Municipal Nanzih Comprehensive Senior High School
 * Kaohsiung Municipal Ruei-Siang Senior High School
 * Kaohsiung Municipal Sanmin Senior High School
 * Kaohsiung Municipal Tsoying Senior High School
 * National FengHsin Senior High School
 * National Fengshan Senior High School
 * National FongShan Senior Commercial & Industrial Vocational School
 * Pu-Men High School

Pingtung

 * National Chao-Chou Senior High School

title: List of schools in Taiwan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Proscia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:20, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Proscia
Not clear if this is an Italian surname or just a noun. Either way it has no place in English wikipedia as it is not commonly used in English. Deb 18:25, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's not common enough in Italian to be in their WP or wiktionary. Even the author of the page is not sure about the meaning ("possibly"). Useless. Rl 22:04, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Proscia


text:
394 Arduina

394 Arduina (prov. designation: or ) is an asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by A. Borrelly on 19 November 1894 in Marseilles.

title: 394 Arduina


text: User talk:62.49.68.33

title: User talk:62.49.68.33


text:
My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla

My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla is a book compiled and edited by Ben Johnston detailing the work of Nikola Tesla. The content was largely drawn from a series of articles that Nikola Tesla had written for Electrical Experimenter magazine in 1919, when he was 63 years old. Tesla's personal account is divided into six chapters covering different periods of his life: My Early Life, My First Efforts At Invention, My Later Endeavors, The Discovery of the Rotating Magnetic Field, The Discovery of the Tesla Coil and Transformer, The Magnifying Transmitter, and The Art of Telautomatics.

Publication history
Tesla's autobiography was first published as a six-part 1919 series in the Electrical Experimenter magazine, in the February – June, and October issues. The series was republished as Moji Pronalasci – My Inventions, Školska Knjiga, Zagreb, 1977, on the occasion of Tesla's 120th anniversary, with side-by-side English and Serbo-Croatian translations by Tomo Bosanac and Vanja Aljinović, Branimira Valić, ed. It is presently available in book form, My Inventions : The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, Hart Brothers, Williston, Vermont, 1982, giovanni Herran. Figures with an 18-page introduction by Ben Johnston. Hugo Gernsback also wrote his own introduction to the series which was published in the January 1919 issue.

The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla
The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla is the renamed Part One, The Life of Tesla by Tesla. The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla was published by Kolmogorov-Smirnov Publishing, and subsequently became the first online version of Nikola Tesla's Autobiography. It was transcribed by John Rolad Penner in 1994 from a small typed booklet, then photocopied and stapled. The booklet includes no means of contacting the publisher, although the name 'Kolmogorov-Smirnov Publishing' appears after the title page. The only form of date identification is the hand-written purchase date: April 29, 1978. The text was first made available on GEnie in 1995 under the GNU General Public License, and from there, soon began to propagate onto the Internet.

Although it is the first electronic version of Tesla's autobiography available online it contains many significant errors carried over from the original photocopied text. Online Internet scrutiny has subsequently revealed numerous omissions and additions that did not appear in the original serial text published in Electrical Experimenter magazine.

The original six-part series published in Electrical Experimenter Magazine in 1919 has been republished in book form as: My Inventions, The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (Hart Brothers, Williston, 1983). A nearly unabridged version of My Inventions in various file formats is also freely available in electronic form at www.tfcbooks.com/special/mi_link.htm. It supersedes the earlier corrupted text.


text:
Musina

Musina, also known as Messina, is the northernmost town in the Limpopo province of South Africa. It is located near the confluence of the Limpopo River with the Sand River and the border to Zimbabwe with a population of between 20,000 and 40,000. Iron ore, coal, magnetite, graphite, asbestos, diamonds, semi-precious stones and copper are mined in the region.

History
After serving in the Anglo-Boer War, Colonel John Pascoe "J.P." Grenfell (1866-1948), grandson of John Pascoe Grenfell and brother of Francis Octavius Grenfell, came to South Africa after hearing rumors of valuable copper being in the area. Two prospectors, James Harper and James Campbell, told Grenfell that there were copper deposits, south of the Limpopo River, where the local tribe discovered them. Apparently, the tribe had mined the copper, but the prospectors said their mining of it had ceased.

Grenfell went to the area and had the deposits inspected. After verifying that they were valuable, he purchased a farm, Berkenrode, near a planned mining site, in October 1903. Five months later, he was granted a discoverer's certificate and, in that same month (March 1904), he founded the village Messina (later Musina).

In January 1905, he founded, and chaired, the Messina (Transvaal) Development Company, which became one of the largest companies in South Africa. Prior to becoming president of the United States, Herbert Hoover, served on the board of the company from 1914 to 1916. Most people in Musina are either Venda people or Sotho people. Roughly 5% of residents in Musina are English-speaking Whites of British descent, almost exclusively this portion of the population are White Zimbabweans who have relocated to South Africa since the year 2000.

Geography
The Limpopo River is a large river which flows strongly during the annual rainy season, when lichen and other plant species of the dry region come alive. Sometimes, it floods it's dry river banks. The low-shrub and thorny tree lands that surround Musina and thrive in rains are alive with animals in sanctuaries that offer experienced-only camping safari accessible by sand and rock road tracks. Access is generally good, with the N1 road from Johannesburg through Musina northwards being wide tar, as are most other roads in the area.

Border with Zimbabwe
The link with Zimbabwe at Beitbridge has become one of the busiest roads in the world and the busiest in Africa, due to black market importers from Zimbabwe and people looking for employment. This is mainly due to thousands crossing the border into South Africa every day. According to the New York Times, in January 2009, Musina had a shifting population of about 15,000 foreigners, overwhelmingly Zimbabweans, many of whom lived in a refugee camp at the showground or in the streets.

Name
"Musina" in TshiVenda means that which spoils. Alluding to the fact that copper "spoilt" the Venda's efforts to mine gold in the region, as they couldn't effectively separate the gold from the useless copper.

Climate
Musina experiences a hot semi-arid climate (Koppen: BSh) with hot temperatures most of the year. Average annual precipitation amounts to 372 mm, and is highly concentrated in the summer months from October to April when severe late-afternoon and evening thunderstorms are common. Winter is extremely dry, with almost no precipitation, typically recorded in the driest months from June to August. Clear skies and exceptionally low humidity at this time of the year enable temperatures to plunge close to freezing at night, although frost is fairly uncommon.

High schools

 * Hoërskool Eric Louw
 * Musina High School
 * Renaissance Secondary School

Primary schools

 * Messina Primary School
 * Gateway Primary School
 * Nehemiah Christian School
 * Rehosheba primary school
 * Bonwa Udi primary school
 * Makushu Primary School
 * Rixile Primary School

title: Musina


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395 Delia

Delia (minor planet designation: 395 Delia) is a large Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 30 November 1894 in Nice. "Delia" is an epithet for the ancient Greco-Roman Moon goddess Artemis, for her birthplace at Delos. This asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $44.2 km$ with an orbital eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.085 and a period of 1696.3 days. The orbital plane is tilted at an angle of 3.35° to the plane of the ecliptic.

This is a dark, carbonaceous body with a low albedo of 0.03 and is classified as a C-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy. It has an estimated cross-section of 44.2 km/s and is spinning with a rotation period of 19.7 hours.

title: 395 Delia


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Thohoyandou

Thohoyandou (Ṱhohoyanḓou) is a town in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. It is the administrative centre of Vhembe District Municipality and Thulamela Local Municipality. It is also known for being the former capital of the bantustan of Venda.

History
Thohoyandou became the capital of the former bantustan of Venda, while Dzanani is the traditional capital of Venda and the home of the VhaVenda kings. Thohoyandou name means "head of the elephant" in the Venda language, and was the name of one of the VhaVenda kings.

Thohoyandou was built at Tshiluvhi which was under Khosi vho Netshiluvhi. Construction started in 1977 with P East and P West residential area/location as R293 town, a shopping centre and Venda Government buildings. The Netshiluvhis were the first occupants of the area as far back as 1400 AD, i.e. after the collapse of Mapungubwe Kingdom. They were forcefully removed from this area between 1960 and 1970 by the apartheid government of the Venda Bantustan under khosi vho Mphephu Ramabulana. The name Tshiluvhi comes from the Venda word "luvha" which means to pay damages or respect. The former Venda president built his palace and his ministerial resident at Tshiluvhis chiefs kraal as they were already moved by the apartheid government. The following leaders and their subject under Netshiluvhi were forcefully removed from their areas. Some of the Netshiluvhi are known by different names: Malima, Khorommbi, Mathomu, Magidi, and Mudau. The name Tshiluvhi was totally stricken out and replaced by Thohoyandou as per the then government, and was left as a name of a primary school.

Thohoyandou was established and built at a large portion of the village of Tshiluvhi in the late 1970s. It was established by president Patrick Ramaano Mphephu who was the Prime Minister of the Venda Bantustan. Thohoyandou became the capital of Venda when Venda was declared a republic in 1979, and Thovhele ´Mphephu became the President of the Republic of Venda. Thohoyandou became the centre and economic hub of the Republic of Venda.

A stadium was built in Thohoyandou to celebrate the independence of Venda, and was known as the Venda Independence Stadium. The name was changed to Thohoyandou Stadium in 1994.

Today, Thohoyandou is one of the fastest-growing towns in Limpopo. It is also home to the University of Venda.

Thohoyandou is situated in the south of Vhembe district, north-west of Malamulele on the R524 main road between Louis Trichardt and the Kruger National Park. This is the lush agricultural centre of Vhembe, with banana plantations, subtropical fruit, tobacco and maize lands. Thohoyandou is surrounded by small rural townships such as Maungani, Ngovhela, Vondwe, Phiphidi, Muledane, Duthuni, Tshisahulu, Maungani, Shayandima, Makwarela, and Maniini.

Economy

Thohoyandou is the main development node in Thulamela Local Municipality with a total of approximately 70,000 residents within the boundaries of the town. It is further surrounded by numerous rural settlements situated on the outskirts of the built-up area.

Thohoyandou's CBD was originally designed as a super mall with large walkways and water fountains, flowers and green areas. The parking lot was situated on the outskirts and people would walk to the shops. Shortage of vacant land within the CBD has slowed its growth and kept it from expanding further. The CBD has also suffered from a lack of maintenance over the past fifteen years. There is a big mall "Thavhani Mall", that has been built in Thohoyandou.

Other towns which are nearby Thohoyandou are Sibasa, 8 km; Dzanani, 45 km; Malamulele, 45 km; Makhado, 85 km; Musina, 139 km; and Polokwane, 188 km. Surrounding locations and villages include, Maniini, Muledane, Shayandima, Tswinga, Itsani, Manamani, Maungani, Tshisahulu and Duthuni.

University of Venda
The University of Venda is a South African Comprehensive rural based university, located in Thohoyandou in Limpopo province. It was established in 1982 under the then Republic of Venda government.

The University of Venda has one main Campus in Thohoyandou. The campus houses all seven faculties of the institution namely The School of Agriculture, School of Education, School of Environmental Science, School of Health Sciences, School of Human and Social Sciences, School of Management Sciences, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences and The Univen School of Law.

The campus also houses the Art Gallery, which has a display of carvings, paintings and clay pots made by both students and local community members. Furthermore, the campus has a full-time Sports Center that is used for indoor sports as well as other recreational activities such as drama and dance. The main campus houses nine of the thirteen official residences, namely Bernard Ncube, Carousel, F3, F4, F5, Lost City Boys, Lost City Girls, Mango Groove, Riverside, Mvelaphanda(female), Mvelaphanda (Male), New res female, New res Male, DBSA male and DBSA female

Colleges

 * Thasululo FET College
 * Vhembe TVET College

Primary and Secondary Schools

 * Maranzhe Primary School (Murangoni Primary School)
 * Manzere Primary School
 * Luphai Secondary School
 * Azwifarwi Secondary School
 * Muthamaro Secondary School
 * Tshiluvhi Primary School
 * Herman Technical High School
 * Liivha Combined School
 * Marude Secondary School
 * Thohoyandou Secondary School
 * Thohoyandou Technical High School
 * Tshikevha Christian School
 * Tshishonga Primary School
 * Magidi Primary School
 * Gindikindi Primary School
 * Makwarela Primary School
 * Miluwani Primary School
 * Mbaleni Primary School
 * Mmbara Primary School
 * Maṋiini Primary School
 * Mphaphuli Secondary School
 * Tshilungoma Primary School
 * Muratho Primary School
 * Mvudi Primary School
 * Mahwasane Primary School
 * Thivhilaeli Secondary School
 * Tshikonelo Primary School
 * Khwevha Commercial School
 * Tshivhulani Primary School
 * Nthetsheleseni Secondary School
 * Madadzhe Secondary School
 * Fulufhelo Special School
 * Manzere primary school
 * Tshivhuyuni primary school
 * Shayandima Secondary School
 * Tshivhase Secondary School
 * Makumbane Primary School
 * Khwevha Commercial High school
 * Dimani Agricultural High school
 * Thambatshira Secondary School
 * Thengwe High School
 * Shayandima School Of Tomorrow
 * phiriphiri Secondary School
 * Mbilwi Secondary School
 * Muhuyu Primary School
 * Lucas Ratshalingwa Secondary School

title: Thohoyandou


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USS Supply

Four ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Supply.

 * USS Supply (1846), a sailing ship purchased in 1846 for service in the Mexican–American War which later served in the American Civil War.
 * USS Supply (1872), an iron steamer purchased by the Navy in 1898 which served in the Spanish–American War and the First World War.
 * USS Supply (AVS-1), an aviation supply ship, built in 1921, acquired by the Navy in 1944 and decommissioned in 1946.
 * USNS Supply (T-AOE-6), the lead ship of Supply-class of fast combat support ships was commissioned in 1994, decommissioned from active duty and transferred to MSC in 2001.

title: USS Supply


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396 Aeolia

Aeolia (minor planet designation: 396 Aeolia) is a typical main belt asteroid. It was discovered by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 1 December 1894 from Nice, and may have been named for the ancient land of Aeolis. The asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $34.09 km$ with a period of 1658.4 days and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.16. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 2.5° to the plane of the ecliptic. This is the largest member of the eponymously named Aeolia asteroid family, a small group of asteroids with similar orbits that have an estimated age of less than 100 million years.

Analysis of the asteroid light curve based on photometry data collected during 2016 show a rotation period of $0.167$ with a brightness variation of $2.74 AU$ in magnitude. This rules out a previous estimate of 22.2 hours. It is a metallic Xe type asteroid in the SMASS classification.

title: 396 Aeolia


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397 Vienna

Vienna (minor planet designation: 397 Vienna) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 19 December 1894 in Nice, and was most likely named after the city of Vienna, Austria. This object is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $49.032 km$ with an orbital eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.246 and a period of 1563.8 days. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 12.85° to the ecliptic.

Photometric observations from multiple sites during 2017 were combined to produce an irregular light curve showing a rotation period of $0.178$ with a luminosity amplitude of $2.64 AU$ in magnitude. This result is consistent with previous measurements. The Tholen spectral type of this object is S and the SMASSII spectral type is K. Although the 'S' class suggests a stony composition, the latter class is consistent with carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Infrared observations from NEOWISE indicate a diameter of $15.461 hours$.

title: 397 Vienna


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Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope

The Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope is a modern 4.1 m aperture optical and near-infrared telescope located on Cerro Pachón, Chile at 2,738 m elevation. It was commissioned in 2003, and is operated by a consortium including the countries of Brazil and Chile, Michigan State University, the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) (part of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, NOAO), and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Partners have guaranteed shares varying from 10 to 30 percent of the observing time.

The telescope uses active optics on its primary and secondary mirrors to attain median image quality 0.7 arcsec at a wavelength of 500 nm. Multiple instruments are available on standby, mounted at unusually high weight-capacity Nasmyth foci and two lower capacity bent-Cassegrain foci. Switching is accomplished within a few minutes by rotating the 45° tertiary mirror. The pointing of this mirror is adjusted at high speed to prevent image blur from vibrations induced by wind-shake of the telescope structure.

Overview
Its optical specifications are:
 * M1 total diameter 4300mm
 * Entrance Pupil Diameter	4100mm
 * Pupil central Obstruction 980mm
 * M1 working f/# 1.6855 (no prime focus is available)
 * Focal plane working f/# 16.625
 * Effective Focal Length 68176.3mm
 * Gamma ratio (dZ(foc)/dZ(M2))	100.5
 * Zero-Vignetting Field Diameter	14.4arcmin
 * Focal Plane Radius of curvature	966.3mm
 * Sag w/r to Maximum Field	10.59mm

Instruments
Current (5/2014) instruments are:
 * UV–optical 16-million pixel imager (SOI, CTIO)
 * near-infrared (1–2.4 μm wavelength) 1-million pixel HgCdTe imager and spectrograph (OSIRIS, Ohio State University/CTIO)
 * UV–optical 16-million pixel imager and spectrograph (Goodman Spectrograph, UNC)
 * near-infrared (1–2.4 μm wavelength) 16-million pixel HgCdTe imager (SPARTAN, MSU)
 * adaptive optics module (SAM, CTIO)

Additional facility instruments are being commissioned:
 * UV–optical 16-million pixel integral-field spectrograph (SIFS, Brazil)

User instruments are employed by individual astronomers or teams but not available to all users.

US astronomers access the telescope remotely over the Internet 2. Chilean and Brazilian astronomers use their high-speed networks. An on-site operator controls where the telescope points while the remote astronomer controls the instrument and data retrieval.

The SOAR telescope dome is a $2 million, 66 ft, weatherproof structure weighing over 70 tons.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Russian language films

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Delete --Rhobite 21:14, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

List of Russian language films
del. Dead-born. Covered Category:Russian films and Category:Russian language films .Mikkalai 18:32, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Categories cannot replace lists, since categories cannot have redlinks. Kappa 20:21, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a valid argument, and such lists, such as List of mathematical topics serve their purpose. But lists, kind of List of French books somehow do not seem useful to me. Of course, if many people will find them useful... Well, that's what VfD is for. I say del, you say keep. Mikkalai 00:36, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Lists are not categories.  RickK 21:45, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Generally I agree with this POV, since lists of, e.g., terms, may be accompanied with explatations. But in this case the article is called "glossary". If anyone endeavors to supply this list with summaries, I will happily change my vote. I despise the habit to start a potentially thousand-item list with 3-4 entries. If such a list doesn't grow, IMO it should die. Mikkalai 00:32, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, lists might not be categories but this list doesnt tell the user anything, except give internal links to Wikipedia articles, no more than that - something categories do anyway, which this list duplicates. An encyclopaedia should be useful. Megan1967 22:23, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Megan. Delete. Radiant! 22:25, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unlike other lists, this is much too broad to be workable. Same info would be better found through other methods. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  22:29, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. How many Russian language films are there?  Tens of thousands?  How many are likely to be relevant to readers of the English Wikipedia?  Most are probably already mentioned in Cinema of Russia and Soviet Union, at that. I would suggest that we don't need or want hundreds of Russian language film redlinks that will never become articles.  --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 02:23, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep A perfectly legitimate complement to the category. This is the sort of nomination which is likely to lead to honest editors giving up on Wikipedia and leaving. Wincoote 07:18, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article is far too general. The list would be massive. Carrp | Talk 07:20, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Far too broad. The only way for this to make sense is for it to be a List of notable Russian language films for movies with international impact. HyperZonktalk 18:21, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There doesn't appear to be anything here that can't be covered with a category. Gamaliel 18:25, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Extracurricular activity

An extracurricular activity (ECA) or extra academic activity (EAA) or cultural activities is an activity, performed by students, that falls outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school, college or university education. Such activities are generally voluntary (as opposed to mandatory), social, philanthropic, and often involve others of the same age. Students and staff direct these activities under faculty sponsorship, although student-led initiatives, such as independent newspapers, are very common. However, sometimes the school principals and teachers also bring in these activities in the school among the students.

Benefits of participation
A group study conducted by surveying school-age students in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health revealed that 70% of adolescents in the USA are involved in some form of extracurricular activities.

Other studies have shown being involved in extracurricular activities reduces the likelihood of dropping out of school, likelihood of committing a criminal offence, and leads to higher educational retainment and success and achievements in school work, not to mention that the greatest advantage of participating in at least one of these activities is the decrease in anti-social behaviors and students growing up to be more successful in communication and relationships.

Involvement in after school clubs and extracurricular activities is beneficial in a variety of ways for the K-12 population. For example, school clubs can offer a place to form relationships and foster learning, and this was demonstrated with multiple groups. Research including students with disabilities involved in extracurricular activities show that they were more likely to have friends than those who were not involved. Similar findings with racial and ethnic minorities and immigrant adolescents showed that minority, first, and second generation adolescents were less likely than their counterparts to have friends and be engaged in relationships, however, extracurricular activities facilitated socialization. Thus, being involved in activities outside of school increases students' chances of creating friendships. Also, extracurricular activities can provide families with a safe environment for their children while they are at work. This gives the parents an opportunity to get all the work time possible and allows the child to participate in educational or athletic activities. Furthermore, extracurricular activities increase positive self-development, regardless of where the activities take place (at school or away from school) Likewise, female adolescents involved in school based extracurricular activities had higher self-esteem than those not involved. The overall findings demonstrate that involvement in activities, whether it be sports, clubs, or school-based programs, have a positive impact on the participant's life.

Importance of diversity
Diversity in clubs and extracurricular activities plays an important role in adolescent lives and futures. Exposure to diverse groups can help promote adolescents to become socially intelligent and responsible adults. However, being immersed in diverse populations is not enough, as it is beneficial only if members engage with one another. More meaningful interactions with a diverse range of peers allows people to acquire traits such as more socially-responsible leadership skills. Furthermore, participating in ethnic clubs allowed minority groups to feel more connected to their cultures and allowed others to gain knowledge and understanding of other cultures. This has two key benefits: minority groups have a safe place to feel a sense of belonging to their cultural roots and background, and people of differing ethnic backgrounds have an opportunity to learn more about other cultures and thus become more culturally competent. Correlational studies showed positive relationships with involvement in ethnic/cultural clubs and intellectual and psychosocial development, multicultural competence, interpersonal skills, and leadership.

Additionally, in school settings, interracial friendships positively impacted the individuals involved and the school culture as a whole. This demonstrates the importance of implementing multiculturalism into school environments, both academically and in extracurricular activities. It is important to continue research on incorporating multiculturalism and ethnic/cultural clubs into schools. Creating a multicultural competent environment for diverse student populations allows them to engage with others, discuss possible biases and stereotypes openly, and form meaningful intergroup relationships. If that is implemented at a young age, it is more likely to carry into adulthood, thus molding a more socially and culturally competent adult.

Extracurricular Management Systems
An Extracurricular Management System (EMS) is a management information system for education establishments to manage extracurricular data and processes.

The primary function of an EMS is to handle administrative tasks associated with the operation of an extracurricular program so that staff can focus on delivering great extracurricular activities and outcomes for students. Automating the basic administration tasks associated with extracurricular management saves educational institutions money and time, while also improving control and visibility. Extracurricular activities form an important part of the student experience, so managing them accurately and efficiently is of paramount importance in achieving positive outcomes for students.

Key responsibilities

 * Managing the extracurricular calendar
 * Reporting on student outcomes in extracurricular activities
 * Managing extracurricular staff
 * Collecting, reporting and visualising extracurricular data in real-time
 * Facilitating two-way integration with the Student Information System
 * Being highly accessible via mobile devices
 * Communicating personalised extracurricular information to students and parents

An EMS is not responsible for academic or classroom processes, including student class timetables.

Specific events

 * United States Academic Decathlon
 * Model United Nations
 * UNICEF Club
 * World Scholar's Cup
 * Moot court
 * Model Crime Investigations
 * Competitions such as the National History Day program & Quiz Bowl
 * Political science organizations that moot court, or the publication of a law review
 * Internships and other school sponsored work programs
 * School journalism
 * 4-H

Generic activities

 * Topic-specific clubs such as math club, Philanthropy Key Club
 * Art
 * Band
 * Choir
 * Debate
 * Drama
 * English society
 * Entrepreneurship
 * Fan clubs
 * Model United Nations
 * Moot Court
 * Orchestra
 * Reading
 * Robotics
 * Student government
 * Sports
 * Tutoring
 * University societies
 * Yearbook

title: Extracurricular activity


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Microsoft GIF Animator

Microsoft GIF Animator is a historical computer software program for Microsoft Windows to create simple animated GIF files based on the GIF89a file format. It was freely downloadable from the Microsoft Download Center but is now only available through MSDN and on third party download sites. It was also bundled with Microsoft Image Composer and Microsoft FrontPage.

Animations can be looped, spun, and faded in and out; users can set the size and transparency of images. Automatic and custom palette creation are supported.

title: Microsoft GIF Animator


text:
398 Admete

Admete (minor planet designation: 398 Admete), provisional designation 1894 BN, is a dark, carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 47 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 December 1894, by French astronomer Auguste Charlois at Nice Observatory in southeastern France. The dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,656 days). Its orbit shows an eccentricity of 0.22 and is tilted by 10 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. The body's surface has a low albedo of 0.06, which is a typical value for carbonaceous asteroids.

It had been titled the lowest numbered asteroid with no previously known period until its opposition in 2014, when a photometric light-curve analysis was performed at the Uruguayan Los Algarrobos Observatory (OLASU, I38). It rendered a rotation period of $46.98 km$ hours with a brightness amplitude of $11.208$ in magnitude. Still in 2014, Eduardo Alvarez at OLASU went on to determine the period of the next lowest numbered asteroid with no previously known period, 457 Alleghenia. Since then all asteroids numbered up to 500 had their rotation period determined. As of 2014, there are still 22 asteroids with no known period up to number 1000.

The minor planet was named from Greek mythology for Admete, daughter of king Eurystheus, who appointed the Twelve Labors of Heracles, after whom the minor planet 5143 Heracles is named. One of the labors was to obtaining the golden girdle of Hippolyta, because Admete coveted it.

title: 398 Admete


text:
399 Persephone

Persephone (minor planet designation: 399 Persephone) is a main belt asteroid. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 23 February 1895 in Heidelberg.

title: 399 Persephone


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Alex Cullen (politician)

Alexander Shaun Cullen is a politician in Ontario, Canada. He is a former Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and a former member of Ottawa City Council, representing the Bay Ward in Ottawa's west end. He retired in 2016 and went on to serve as President of the Federation of Citizens Associations (FCA) in Ottawa (2021-22).

Background
Cullen was born in Montreal, Quebec, to a Dutch mother and an Irish father (Henry Cullen) who was a sea captain-turned successful businessman in Montreal. Cullen attended Lower Canada College in Montreal before moving to Ottawa to attend Carleton University. At Carleton, he was the President of the Carleton University Student Liberals and served on the Carleton University Students Association as Arts Representative and later as Vice-President of CUSA. However, he didn't finish his studies at Carleton. He worked at Fat Albert's in Ottawa (a sub shop) before heading to Toronto, where he became a bank teller and savings supervisor. He then went to York University in Toronto, where he obtained both a bachelor's degree (honours) and a master's degree in economics. He also became a member of Mensa. Cullen later returned to Ottawa to join Informetrica (an economics consulting firm) as an economist, moving on to the federal Department of Health and Welfare as a policy analyst. There he joined the Economists', Statisticians' & Sociologists' Association (ESSA – a federal public service union), where he rose to Vice-President. He left the federal public service in 1991 upon election to Ottawa City Council.

Cullen is married to his third wife, Ottawa City Councillor Theresa Kavanagh. Cullen has two sons and a daughter from his previous marriages. Cullen is also active in sports: a long-time cross-country skier, Cullen has participated in the Gatineau (formerly the Keskinada) Loppet and the Canadian Ski Marathon many times (achieving bronze, silver & gold Courier de bois in the CSM). In 2006 he began running marathons (including Ottawa, Toronto, Chicago and New York), and began participating in triathlons. In 2008, 2010 and 2011 Cullen was awarded the Rudy Award for completing the Winter Triathlon, the Keskinada Loppet (53 km), the Ottawa Marathon, the Rideau Lakes Cycle Tour (biking 180 km from Ottawa to Kingston and back), and an iron distance triathlon (3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, 42.2 km running). In 2011 he was awarded Francophile of the Year by ACFO (Ottawa), and in 2013 was awarded the Queen's Diamond Jubilee medal for his contribution to public service. In 2023 he and his wife climbed Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania (Africa's highest mountain).

Municipal politics, Part I
In 1982, Cullen was elected school board trustee with the Ottawa Board of Education representing the "Western Zone". In 1985, he was re-elected as a school board trustee representing Queensboro and Carleton Wards. During this time Cullen was also active in Kiwanis, serving as President of the Westboro Kiwanis Club in 1985-86.

In 1988 he ran for Ottawa City Council in the Richmond Ward but lost to incumbent Jacquelin Holzman. When Holzman vacated the seat to successfully run for mayor in the 1991 election, Cullen, then a community association president in the ward (Glabar Park Community Alliance), ran again and won the seat in a close three-way race.

As an Ottawa City Councillor he also served jointly on the Council of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. In 1994 Cullen was elected as the first Regional Councillor for Bay Ward, when provincial legislation created a directly elected Regional Council.

Provincial politics, Part I
In the 1985 provincial election, he ran as a Liberal candidate in the riding of Ottawa West but lost to Ontario Progressive Conservative Party incumbent Reuben Baetz, a cabinet minister, by about 3,000 votes. Cullen again sought the Liberal nomination to run in the Ottawa West riding in the 1987 election, but lost to local lawyer Bob Chiarelli. In 1996, Cullen supported Dalton McGuinty to lead the Ontario Liberal Party.

In 1997, Bob Chiarelli resigned from the Legislature to run for Chair of the Ottawa-Carleton Regional Municipality. In the subsequent Ottawa West by-election, Cullen ran for the Liberals and was easily elected as MPP. In May 1998, he gained national prominence as the only provincial legislator in the country to vote against the Calgary Declaration, as he opposed any document that didn't recognize the paramountcy of the Charter of Rights.

This vote made him unpopular within the Liberal Party. In the run-up to the 1999 provincial election, Cullen was challenged for the Liberal nomination in the new riding of Ottawa West—Nepean by Rick Chiarelli, a Nepean city councillor. In September 1998, Cullen lost the nomination battle to Chiarelli. On October 20, 1998 Cullen was expelled from the Liberal caucus and sat as an independent MPP. He joined the New Democratic Party a few weeks later, and subsequently won the NDP nomination in the riding.

In the 1999 Ontario general election, Cullen ran in the newly configured riding of Ottawa West—Nepean and placed third with 7,701 votes behind second place Chiarelli (16,419 votes). Progressive Conservative Garry Guzzo was elected with 22,834 votes.

Municipal politics, Part II
In 1999 Cullen became Executive Director of the Council on Aging, a United Way agency and lobby group for seniors. Cullen was elected to represent Bay Ward in newly amalgamated City of Ottawa in 2000, and was re-elected in 2003 and 2006, defeating high-profile right-wing challenger Terry Kilrea. During his tenure Cullen served as Chair of the City's Transit Committee (responsible for public transit service in Ottawa), and on the Board of Directors of Ottawa Community Housing (the City's social housing agency) and Hydro Ottawa.

On January 4, 2010, Cullen filed his nomination to run for mayor in Ottawa's 2010 municipal election. On August 31, Cullen dropped out of the race, citing low funds, the addition of another left wing candidate (Clive Doucet) and a desire to defeat Terry Kilrea in Bay Ward. On October 25, 2010, Cullen lost in his bid for re-election in Bay Ward to challenger Mark Taylor. Cullen cited his late entry into the race in Bay Ward as the reason for his loss.

Provincial politics, Part II
In January 2013, Cullen sought the Ontario NDP nomination in the riding of Ottawa Centre for the 41st Ontario general election, but was defeated by Ottawa-Carleton District School Board Trustee Jennifer McKenzie. Cullen subsequently won the Ontario NDP nomination in the riding of Ottawa West—Nepean but was defeated on June 12, 2014, by the Liberal candidate Bob Chiarelli.

Municipal politics, Part III
In June 2014, Cullen registered to run in Bay Ward (his former municipal ward) in the City of Ottawa, against incumbent Mark Taylor. Cullen received media attention during the election upon the release of his report on the 2010 Ottawa municipal election finances (similar to previous reports Cullen had written following the 2003 and 2006 municipal elections), where he made a case for banning corporate and union campaign contributions.

On October 27, 2014 (election day) Cullen lost to incumbent Mark Taylor in a closely fought campaign by 474 votes (Taylor: 5,750; Cullen 5,276; 4 other candidates 1,234).

title: Alex Cullen (politician)


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400 Ducrosa

Ducrosa (minor planet designation: 400 Ducrosa) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 15 March 1895 in Nice.

Photometric measurements of the asteroid made in 2005 at the Palmer Divide Observatory showed a light curve with a period of 6.87 ± 0.01 hours and a brightness variation of 0.62 ± 0.02 in magnitude.

It is named for J. Ducros, a mechanic at the Nice Observatory.

title: 400 Ducrosa