text:
Talk:Christopher Curry (businessman)

Splitting to make the Atom?
There are a number of versions of the story of Curry's departure from Science of Cambridge:
 * Chris Curry's version (Interview with Chris Curry - Practical Computing October 1982)
 * The MK14 was "quite a successful computer. The next step was obviously a version that ran Basic instead of just machine code. That was where our ways separated, because Clive didn’t want to do it and I did. So I set up Acorn Computer with Hermann Hauser."

 * A version supporting Chris Curry's version: (Binary Dinosaurs on Acorn Ltd)
 * Curry "wanted to expand the MK14 to have a BASIC interpreter and TV connection but Clive didn't since he was already pursuing the design of the Newbrain, so they parted company and Chris set up Acorn with a Cambridge University friend, Hermann Hauser."

 * A Sinclair-centric version: (Sinclair & The Sunrise Technology)
 * Rodney Dale, in The Sinclair Story, suggests that Sinclair and Curry parted over Sinclair's determination to stick to his principles as an innovator. According to Dale, 'It was on the question of quality that Sinclair and Curry diverged.'

 * A Radionics Employee's version:
 * (Richard Torrens (v 0.9))
 * Chris first started Science of Cambridge Ltd with Clive's backing. When Sinclair went bust (for the first time) he moved in on Chris, took over Science of Cambridge and the Sinclair line of computers resulted. Chris moved out (over a bar-room brawl, now part of Cambridge's history) and started Acorn.

 * (Richard Torrens (v 1))
 * I am certain that Chris initially went to Clive with the intention of leaving [Radionics] to start Science of Cambridge. Don't know the exact details - but Clive always liked many irons in the fire and felt flattered by the number of companies he had helped start/spawned so helped Chris with cash on apparently undefined terms. Chris got pushed out when the terms were defined later and that started the animosity!

 * An Acorn employee's version ( http://www.cary.demon.co.uk/acorn/acornWilson.html Interview with Sophie Wilson)
 * Hermann Hauser (from Kings College, Cambridge University) had recently founded Acorn Computers Limited in Cambridge, with Chris Curry, correct? Actually, that came later. The initial work [to produce the System 1] was done for Hermann’s own company Cambridge Processor Unit (that’s an Austrian’s idea of a joke). Hermann went for the System One and came up somehow with the Acorn name, then Clive and Chris had an argument and Chris left Science of Cambridge and joined Hermann at Acorn: the first thing that we worked on with Chris was the Atom.

The sequence seems to be (and some of this is quite speculative):
 * Curry leaves Sinclair Radionics to get Science of Cambridge up and running; he rents offices at 6 King's Parade, Cambridge. Was this money borrowed from Sinclair?
 * Between summer 1977 and summer 1978 Curry runs the MK14 development program; consults Hauser who uses his contacts at the University. Possibly Hauser and Curry start to realise the potential of the fledgling microcomputer market at this time.
 * Science of Cambridge get National Semiconductor to make 2000 MK14 kits. This is likely to have been one of the things Curry discussed with Hauser.
 * When the MK14 is launched in July 1978 the response is greater than expected; the 2000 kits manufactured sell quickly and many other customers have to wait while their kits are manufactured. Curry and Hauser must now see the possibilities that the new market segment offers. Possibly at this time Curry begins to resent the fact that most of the revenue from the MK14 project goes to Sinclair despite Sinclair having minimal involvement.
 * In early summer 1978 Hauser challenges Sophie Wilson to construct the prototype she had discussed with him, perhaps in the hope that this might provide competition for the MK14.
 * Radionics starts work on the NewBrain project in July 1978. With the MK14 on the market, Curry probably discusses some of his ideas for improvements to it. Sinclair is not convinced. Sinclair viewed many of his companies' products only as a source of revenue to finance his dream projects - such as the electric vehicle and the mini-TV; perhaps Sinclair thinks it unnecessary to (spend money to) develop this MK14 (i.e. by adding BASIC) while they are already selling more than they could really cope with.
 * Wilson constructs the prototype over the summer; the operating software is blown to PROM using Nick Toop's PROM blower in August 1978 (Toop was presumably still working for Science of Cambridge at this point). Curry and Hauser know that they can produce their own MK14. It possibly occurs to Curry that if he is a Director of the company set up to produce this computer, he will be in a position to include exactly the types of developments Sinclair refused for the MK14 (BASIC, for example); it is also probably obvious to him that a far greater propfortion of revenue raised will come to him in such event.
 * Cambridge Processor Unit Ltd set up on 5 December 1978, possibly on the strength of the Ace Coin Equipment (ACE) contract. Possibly some ACE work has already been undertaken - is the ACE electronic controller using SC/MP processor because it was started using MK14 boards as a Science of Cambridge job?
 * Wilson writes the BASIC for the System 1 over Christmas 1978. There was to be no BASIC on a Sinclair computer until the ZX80.
 * Presumably CPU is working on the ACE contract at 4a Market Hill. Wilson designs the anti-theft device for it. At some point the ACE controller is redesigned to use a 6502 rather than a SC/MP. Is this because the people at CPU/Acorn knew that they would soon cease to have "free" access to SC/MPs and that their own 6502-based product will be available?
 * The Acorn Microcomputer kit was launched as the first product of a new company, Acorn Computers Ltd, founded in March 1979.
 * First Acorn Microcomputer kit ships in April 1979.
 * Possibly by this point Curry, knowing the actual performance of the Acorn Microcomputer kit on the market, simply leaves Science of Cambridge. However, Wilson recalls that Curry went to Acorn after an argument with Sinclair. Was this argument to do with the ACE contract perhaps? Or simply with Curry helping to get to market a rival computer to the MK14?
 * Curry goes to Acorn (sometime between March and mid-April 1979?)
 * Sinclair at this time knew his product must compete with a similarly priced (MK14 + VDU module = £39.95 + £33.75 = £73.70) product from Acorn (£75). But the Acorn can be programmed in BASIC...
 * In May 1979 the Financial Times predicts that "Personal computers will become steadily cheaper and their price could drop to around £100 within five years." While the MK14 and the Acorn Microcomputer kit are already on the market at under £100, the FT probably means computers more like the Apple and Nascom. Since Science of Cambridge probably has little MK14 knowledge now that Curry & Toop have left, Sinclair probably decides to start a completely new project - the ZX80 - rather than have his designers learn the workings of the MK14. Furthermore, his team already has experienced of Z80 development from the NewBrain project.
 * Science of Cambridge commissions ZX80 BASIC in April 1979. Curry probably learns of this through contacts at Science of Cambridge; probably conceives the Atom as a response to the ZX80. Curry said that he "had to push hard for the Atom. I did the development separately with one chap [Nick Toop]. To save money, the case for the Atom was designed not as a computer but as a keyboard for the Systems. We asked the industrial designer [Allen Boothroyd??] to make something which was low-key, not too flashy. He produced the Atom."
 * Clive Sinclair resigns from Sinclair Radionics In July 1979.
 * Sinclair ZX80 launched in February 1980
 * Acorn Atom launched in March 1980

Who planted the seed?
While Sophie Wilson's interview (in which she says Curry joined Acorn after the System 1 was out) casts doubt on it, the commonly held view is that Acorn was founded by Chris Curry and Hermann Hauser:
 * FROM ATOM TO ARC: Part one of the ups and downs of the development of Acorn
 * The opportunities were too good to miss and in 1978 Hauser and Curry formed Cambridge Processor Unit. CPU worked in a room 'borrowed' from Science of Cambridge, Sinclair's company that Curry helped run, and it provided computer consultancy services to finance its hardware development.

 * 'Digital Gliterati' by Christopher Langdon and David Manners at the Acorn Cybervillage:
 * In 1977, the year in which he received his PhD from Cambridge University, Hermann Hauser founded Acorn Computers with Chris Curry who had been working as Sir Clive Sinclair's marketing manager.

 * King's Parade - a newsletter for members of King's
 * Hermann co-founded Acorn Computers a few years after leaving King’s where he came as a PhD student in Physics, working at the Cavendish Laboratory.

But the site celebrating the 125th anniversary of the University of Cambridge's Engineering Department introduces something new:

 * History of the Laboratory for Communications Engineering
 * [Andy] Hopper's PhD was on a local area communications network, and he developed a system known as the Cambridge Ring, which was a serious contender to the Ethernet. Technology developed as a result of this research led to the development of the BBC microcomputers by Acorn, a company founded jointly with Herman Hauser in the 1970s.

Furthermore, Hopper's profile for the Cambridge-MIT Institute's Third National Competitiveness Summit 2003, where he was a speaker, says that im 1978 he co-founded "Acorn Computer Ltd (formerly CPU Ltd)". Also note Curry's use of the name "Acorn Computer" in the Practical Computing interview.

So, we have 3 people, all of whom are said to have been involved (to some extent) in the foundation of Acorn. Furthermore, each makes the claim on the internet in places where they have control of the content.

 * Hermann Hauser's profile at Amadeus Capital Partners says:
 * A co-founder of Amadeus Capital Partners Limited, Hermann has a long history of success as a venture capitalist and entrepreneur. Companies he founded [...] include Acorn Computers

 * Andy Hopper's homepage at the Lab for Communication Engineering says:
 * Co-Founder and Director: Acorn

 * Chris Curry founded General Information Systems Ltd. The company's website includes a history of the company that says:
 * GIS was founded in 1985 by Christopher Curry who was the founder of Acorn Computers in 1978

And what did that seed sprout?
There is some confusion concerning Acorn's registered name at the early stages. Was it Acorn Computer Ltd or Acorn Computers Ltd?

As can be seen above, Hopper states that he was a co-founder of Acorn Computer Ltd. In the Practical Computing interview Curry uses the same name. But on Hauser's profile at Amadeus the company is called Acorn Computers.

Issue 1 of the schematic for the System 1's Keyboard, display & cassette interface PCB names the company as Acorn Computers Ltd. It is dated 26 February 1979. Issue 1 of the Technical Manual shows a company logo incorporating the wording "Acorn Computer" but in the address the company is named as "Acorn Computers Limited". The manual is dated March 1979.

By 7 February 1980 the company was marking its schematics as © Acorn Computers Ltd, as can be see from this schematic of the Acorn 6809 SBC.

It is possile that the founders of the company intended that it be named in the style of Apple Computer, Inc and called Acorn Computer Ltd. But it appears that other factions within the company were using the Acorn Computers Ltd format and possibly it was one of these people who was given the job of filling in the name on the official forms...

From little fruits a mighty Acorn does grow
Cambridge Processor Unit financed their hardware development by providing consultancy services. Their first customer was Ace Coin Equipment, who wanted to replace the mechanical controls of their fruit machines with microprocessor-based controllers. In a series of articles on the history of Acorn in Acorn User in 1988 it was stated that "CPU worked in a room 'borrowed' from Science of Cambridge, Sinclair's company that Curry helped run". As has been suggested above, if Curry started working for Sinclair in 1966 and worked for him for 13 years, then he stopped working for Science of Cambridge in 1979. CPU was founded in December 1978...

In a number of sources it is claimed that Acorn developed a machine based on the MK14 after Curry left Science of Cambridge. Was this the SC/MP based controller for the fruit machines?

Initially CPU set about the ACE project using SC/MP processors but they later moved to 6502s. The MK14 used the SC/MP. Wilson worked on the fruit machines, designing an anti-theft device to stop them paying out if a piezo lighter was used in an attempt to knock out electronic devices.

When it was released, the Acorn System 1 used a National Semiconductor INS8154 RAM & I/O chip. Sophie Wilson recalls that they used this because "Hermann had them around: Science of Cambridge used 8154s on its MK14 kit".

As has already been mentioned, when Sophie Wilson was interviewed about the germination of the System 1 she was absolutely definite that Curry did not join Acorn until after the System 1 came out (which was in March 1979). However, other sources reveal that Curry, Hauser and Hopper founded Cambridge Processor Unit in December 1978. Wilson remembers working in the upstairs room of 4a Market Hill rather than in a room Science of Cambridge's office at 6 King's Parade. This is compatible with Curry moonlighting at Science of Cambridge and running the CPU consultancy business from there. CPU initially used SC/MP processors on the ACE contract - suggesting that they were diverted from the MK14s they were bought for.

Might Cambridge Processor Unit have been so called because they were using (Science of) Cambridge's Processor Units?

Preferred name
The man himself told me last week he prefers to be known as Christopher not Chris. So should the article not use the name he prefers? 86.173.180.26 (talk) 14:01, 17 January 2011 (UTC)wmheath
 * ✅ I don't propose to update all the links myself because:
 * There are a significant number
 * AIUI Christopher Curry has been commonly referred to as Chris Curry in interviews/commentary etc. so the name may stick.
 * Feel free to update these links yourself, in which case it'd be a good idea to include meaningful edit summaries. Also you may be required to justify such changes on talk pages. In any case, readers will now arrive at the correctly named article when they follow links to Chris Curry. --Trevj (talk) 14:40, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

Promotional photo for Acorn Atom at 4a Market Hill
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Micro Men. Trevj (talk) 12:21, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christopher Curry (businessman)


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User talk:Mr Woodpigeon

Good afternoon. Your article Decan Lude has been speedily deleted as hoax material. Wikipedia is a project for verifiable, reliable information, and it is no place for practical jokes. Please feel free to contribute verifiable material on notable subjects. If you feel that the article was deleted improperly, you can bring it up on Wikipedia: Pages for Undeletion. Geogre 17:26, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mr Woodpigeon


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Anton Schweitzer

Anton Schweitzer (6 June 1735 in Coburg – 23 November 1787 in Gotha) was a German composer of operas, who was affiliated with Abel Seyler's theatrical company.

He was a child prodigy who obtained the patronage of the duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who sent him to study with Jakob Friedrich Kleinknecht at the court of Bayreuth in 1758, and then sent him to Italy (1764–66), and made him Kapellmeister. With the dismissal of the court orchestra at Hildburghausen, he was enabled to tour Europe with the Seyler theatrical company from 1769. His most notable work is the opera Alceste (1773), with a German libretto by Christoph Martin Wieland, among the early German-language operas.

Operas

 * Elysium (libretto: Johann Georg Jacobi, 18 January 1770, Hoftheater Hannover)
 * Die Dorfgala (libretto: Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter, 30 June 1772, Hannover)
 * Alceste (libretto: Christoph Martin Wieland, 28 May 1773, Hoftheater Weimar)
 * Die Wahl des Herkules (libretto: Christoph Martin Wieland, 3 September 1773, Hoftheater Weimar)
 * Rosamunde (libretto: Christoph Martin Wieland, 20 January 1780, Nationaltheater Mannheim)

Literature

 * Schweitzer, Anton Neue Deutsche Biographie
 * Jörg Krämer: Deutschsprachiges Musiktheater im späten 18. Jahrhundert. Typologie, Dramaturgie und Anthropologie einer populären Gattung. (= Studien zur deutschen Literatur vol. 149), Tübingen 1998, pp 202–260.
 * Julius Maurer: Anton Schweitzer als dramatischer Komponist. (= Publikationen der Internationalen Musikgesellschaft), Leipzig 1912.

title: Anton Schweitzer


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Fidel Velázquez Sánchez

Fidel Velázquez Sánchez (May 12, 1900 – June 21, 1997) was the preeminent Mexican union leader of the 20th century. In 1936 he was one of the original founders, along with Vicente Lombardo Toledano, of the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), the national labor federation most closely associated with the ruling party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He replaced Lombardo as the leader of the CTM in 1941, then expelled him from it in 1948. He led the CTM, which grew increasingly corrupt and conservative, until his death in 1997.

Early years
Velázquez was born in San Pedro Azcapotzaltongo (now Villa Nicolás Romero), State of México. His father was the mayor of the town. The family moved to Puebla, Puebla, during the Mexican Revolution.

After his father's death in 1920 Velázquez moved to the Azcapotzalco area of Mexico City, where he worked, among other things, delivering milk. In 1923 he organized a union of milk industry workers, which he affiliated with the Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana, (CROM), the largest and most powerful union confederation of the day and a key supporter of the regimes of Plutarco Elías Calles and Álvaro Obregón.

In 1928 former President Obregón was assassinated by a right-wing Roman Catholic associated with the Cristero movement. While neither CROM nor its leader, Luis Morones, had any connection to the crime, Calles (who was about to finish his term of office and to begin his run as éminence grise behind the presidency in the period known as El Maximato) considered Morones the intellectual author of the assassination because he had denounced Obregón's plans to amend the constitution to allow himself to serve another term as President of Mexico. Obregón's successor, Emilio Portes Gil – a forced ally of Calles due to the upheaval created by Obregón's assassination  – fired CROM officials from their government posts and threw the government's support to rival union groups, such as the Confederación General de Trabajadores, (CGT), a nominally anarchist group, and the Confederación Sindical Unitaria de México, a group associated with the Mexican Communist Party (PCM). The CROM began to disintegrate once it lost state support.

Velázquez and Jesús Yuren, head of the Union of Cleaning and Transport Workers, withdrew their unions from the CROM and, on February 25, 1929, organized the Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores del Distrito Federal (CSTDF), a federation of unions within the Federal District. The CSTDF was a hodgepodge, much like the Knights of Labor in the United States in the nineteenth century: it included the two unions led by Velázquez and Yuren, street vendors and merchants organizations, the "unión blanca" or company union of streetcar workers composed largely of strikebreakers, a union of homeopathic doctors, grave diggers and bottling plant workers.

Three other union leaders, Fernando Amilpa, Alfonso Sanchez Madriaga and Luis Quintero, took their unions out of CROM to affiliate with the CSTDF shortly thereafter. When Morones stated that he was glad to be rid of these "worms," a CGT union leader reportedly said, "They are not worms, but wolves and will soon eat up the chickens in the hutch." The five were thereafter known as los cinco lobitos, or "the five little wolves".

Velázquez played an active role in trade union affairs in the early 1930s: he was a member of the commission that edited the new Federal Labor Law in 1931, took part in proceedings before the Federal Labor Board, which had the power to register unions or declare a strike legal or illegal, and established ties with both the governmental representatives on the Board and with the employers. As a wave of labor militancy came to México in the wake of the worldwide depression of the 1930s, Velázquez, leaders of the CGT, and Lombardo Toledano, who had also left CROM, founded the Confederación General de Obreros y Campesinos de México (CGOCM) or General Confederation of Workers and Peasants of Mexico, on June 28, 1933.

Founding the CTM
The CGOCM became the most important union body in Mexico, leading a number of strikes in 1934. When President Lázaro Cárdenas del Río called on unions for support in resisting a threatened coup by Calles and opposing an employers' strike in Monterrey, the CGOCM and the PCM rallied to his defense.

Cárdenas also called on these unions to form a single unified body. The CGOCM transformed itself into the Confederación de Trabajadores de México, or CTM, in response.

The CTM almost disintegrated at the moment of its formation. While Lombardo Toledano was a convinced Stalinist and the most important representative of the Soviet Union in Mexico and Latin America for the decade after his visit to the Soviet Union in 1935, he was never a member of the PCM. At the founding convention of the CTM, the PCM and the industrial unions it had organized had been promised the position of organizational secretary, the second most powerful position within the CTM. When Lombardo Toledano gave that position to Velázquez, the left unions walked out of the convention. Under pressure to preserve unity, however, they returned and grudgingly assented to Velázquez's election.

The PCM and its unions almost walked out of the CTM a second time the following year. Earl Browder, then head of the Communist Party USA, urged them to accept "unity at all costs", and they returned. The CTM (along with the CGT, CROM and the electrical workers union) formally aligned with the Partido Revolucionario Mexicano, the precursor of the PRI. as its "labor sector" in 1938.

As part of the party, and therefore effectively part of the state, the CTM received a number of tangible benefits. The Federal Labor Boards, which had the power to determine which unions could represent workers and which strikes were legal, consistently favored the CTM against its rivals. Over time, the CTM became dependent on the PRI and the state for financial support as well: the PRI provided CTM with subsidies, while the CTM in return required all workers to join the union recognized at their workplace and, by extension, the PRI. The PRI also provided CTM leaders with positions at all levels of government and reserved at least one Senatorial position for a CTM leader.

On the other hand, Cárdenas took steps to ensure that CTM did not acquire so much power that it could be independent of the party. He prohibited the CTM from representing government employees, creating a separate union federation for these workers, and barred the CTM from admitting farm workers to membership.

Taking over the CTM
As organizational secretary, Velázquez involved himself in the day-to-day decisions of the organization, building up a power base of patronage. When Lombardo Toledano stepped down as general secretary of the CTM at the end of his term, Velázquez took his place on February 28, 1941. In 1946, the CTM joined in forming the new PRI, becoming one of its constituent parts. As the formal division between the PRI and the state was blurred, the distinctions between the CTM and the party and the state likewise became harder to discern.

Lombardo Toledano had remained active in the CTM after Velázquez replaced him. That changed, however, after Lombardo Toledano broke with the PRI in 1947, forming the Partido Popular. The CTM not only refused to endorse the new party, but expelled Lombardo Toledano, his supporters on the CTM's executive board, and other leftwing unionists and withdrew from both the Confederación de Trabajadores de América Latina, a regional confederation founded by Lombardo Toledano, and the pro-Soviet World Federation of Trade Unions. The CTM subsequently affiliated with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.

Remaking Mexican labor
Velázquez and the CTM then proceeded, with the help of the state, to eliminate independent union leaders in industrial unions such as the miners', petroleum workers' and railroad workers' unions. The state exercised its authority to oust uncooperative union leaders, either by removing them directly or manipulating internal union elections.

The new leaders were referred to as charros, or "cowboys", after Jesús Díaz de Leon, the leader imposed on the railroad workers union in 1948, who was known for his fondness for the finery associated with Mexican cowboys. The government likewise coerced the STPRM, the union that represented the workers at PEMEX, the state-run petroleum enterprise, to accept Gustavo Roldán Vargas as its new leader in 1949 and imposed Jesús Carrasco on the Miners and Metal Workers Union (the SNTMMSRM) in 1950.

These heavy-handed efforts did not always go unopposed: when the government installed Carrasco as the head of the SNTMMSRM, a number of locals bolted from the union to form the National Miners Union. When a strike broke out at the Nueva Rosita mine in 1950, the employer prevailed on local businesses to refuse to sell food to the strikers while the government declared martial law in the area, arresting the leaders of the strike, seizing the union's treasury and barring all meetings. The government used similar tactics in 1959, nationalizing the rail industry, firing thousands of strikers and sentencing union leaders to more than ten years in prison for leading a strike. The CTM approved these and other measures to isolate or eliminate independent unions or insurgent movements. By the end of the 1950s most opposition to Velázquez within the CTM had been eliminated.

The CTM did not hold a monopoly on labor organizing or even the exclusive relationship with the PRI: the CROM and other organizations also had a formal relationship with the PRI through its Congreso de Trabajo (CT). The CMT had, however, the advantage of state sponsorship, which it used to oppose any independent unions and to hold down the demands of its constituent unions at the behest of PRI leadership. The CTM adopted a practice of entering into "protection contracts", which would be called "sweetheart contracts" in the United States, which workers not only had no role in negotiating, but in some cases were not even aware existed. Many of these unrepresentative unions degenerated into organizations that "sold" contracts with a CTM affiliate as a guarantee against representation by independent unions, but which did not function as a union in any meaningful sense.

The age of dinosaurs
Those PRI leaders who remained in power acquired the derisive name of "dinosaurs". Velázquez was the longest-lived of them all. He became one of the most conservative as well.

Velázquez and the CTM were opposed to every movement that opposed the status quo: in 1968 he verbally attacked the student demonstrators who supported Cuba and called for democracy in México as radicals inspired by foreign doctrines. The government went further, killing several students in the Tlatelolco massacre that October. Velázquez supported the suppression of the movement.

In 1972 the CT expelled STERM, a union of electrical workers that had demanded union democracy and taken a more militant stance toward employers. When the union did not collapse, the government merged it with another union to form a new organization, the SUTERM. Velázquez intervened in SUTERM's internal affairs to drive out the former leaders of STERM, after which employers blacklisted them and their supporters.

Even then, however, those workers persisted, organizing rallies of more than 100,000 electrical workers and their supporters, and calling a strike at the Federal Electrical Commission (CFE) on July 16, 1976. That strike was ended by army units and thugs who occupied the CFE plants; the army interned hundreds of strikers in San Luis Potosí, while thugs beat workers and forced them to sign letters supporting the charro leadership of the SUTERM.

Velázquez was the first to demand that Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, who organized the Democratic Current within the PRI in 1987 and went on to found the Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD), be expelled from the PRI for arguing for democratization and challenging the entrenched leadership. Velázquez called Cárdenas a violent radical and suggested that he was a Communist. Velázquez was also one of the first to attack the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) when it led an armed rebellion in Chiapas.

Velázquez was also a faithful supporter of the "technocrats" within the PRI who sought to dismantle the nationalist economic policies of the Mexican Revolution in order to open Mexico further to foreign investment, including Miguel de la Madrid, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, and Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León. Velázquez continued to support them even as they privatized state-owned industries, a bastion of power for the CTM, as part of the structural adjustment plans imposed by the International Monetary Fund, while signing national pacts that shifted most of the burden to workers while their minimum wage in real terms fell by nearly 70 percent in these years. Velázquez also supported passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1993 after initially denouncing it as a disaster for workers of all three countries.

Even so, Velázquez's power within the PRI slipped in the 1990s as his own health declined. While in the past every President of Mexico conferred with Velázquez before picking a successor, Velázquez was not consulted in the selection of Luis Donaldo Colosio as the PRI's candidate for president in 1994 and was given only a few minutes' notice of the selection of Zedillo to replace Colosio after his assassination. Velázquez called off the traditional May Day rallies of workers in 1995, threatening those who disobeyed with fines or expulsion, to avoid the possibility of embarrassing displays of opposition to the CTM or the PRI. In lieu of a May Day march in 1996, a group put on a mock funeral for Velázquez.

The real funeral, attended by all of México's political elite, came a year later. Zedillo offered his eulogy for Velázquez: "Don Fidel knew how to reconcile the special interests of workers with the greater interest of the nation".

Velázquez's interim successor, Blas Chumacero, died three weeks after Velázquez at the age of 92. He was succeeded in turn by Leonardo Rodríguez Alcaine, aged 76. A rival federation, the National Union of Workers (UNT), was formed in November 1997 to challenge Velázquez's legacy.

title: Fidel Velázquez Sánchez


text:
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles

The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (sometimes referred to as Young Indy) is an American television series that aired on ABC from March 4, 1992, to July 24, 1993. Filming took place in various locations around the world, with "Old Indy" bookend segments filmed in Wilmington, North Carolina and on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Wilmington. The series was a Lucasfilm production in association with Amblin Television and Paramount Television.

The series explores the childhood, adolescence and early adulthood of the fictional character Indiana Jones and primarily stars Sean Patrick Flanery and Corey Carrier as the title character, with George Hall playing an elderly version of Jones for the bookends of most episodes, though Harrison Ford bookended one episode. The show was created and executive produced by George Lucas, who also created, co-wrote, and executive produced the Indiana Jones feature films.

Due to its large budget and low viewership ratings, the series was canceled in 1993. However, following the series' cancellation, four made-for-television films were produced from 1994 to 1996 in an attempt to continue the series. In 1999, the series was re-edited into 22 television films under the title The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones.

Overview
The series was designed as an educational program for children and teenagers, spotlighting historical figures and important events set during the Progressive Era of the 1900s, and the 1910s. Most episodes feature a standard formula of an elderly (93-year-old) Indiana Jones (played by George Hall) in present-day (1993) New York City encountering people who spur him to reminisce and tell stories about his past adventures. These stories would either involve him as a young boy (8 to 10, played by Corey Carrier) or as a teenager and young adult (16 to 21, played by Sean Patrick Flanery). The younger Indy would travel to different parts of the world with his parents and tutor. The older, teenage Indy rebels against his father by joining the Belgian army. Using a fake name, he fights both at Verdun and in Africa. He later becomes a spy. In one episode, a 50-year-old Indy (played by Harrison Ford) is seen reminiscing. Initially, the plan was for the series to alternate between the adventures of Indy as a child (Corey Carrier) and as a teenager/young adult (Sean Patrick Flanery), but eventually the episodes featuring Flanery's version of the character dominated the series. The series' bookends revealed that the elderly Jones has a daughter, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. The 2008 film Kingdom of the Crystal Skull introduces Mutt Williams as his son with Marion Ravenwood, but the series makes no mention of a son; this is explained by the film Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (2023), which establishes Mutt Williams to have been killed in the Vietnam War.

Many of the episodes involve Indiana meeting and working with famous historical figures. Historical figures featured on the show include Leo Tolstoy, Howard Carter, Charles de Gaulle, and John Ford, in such diverse locations as Egypt, Austria-Hungary, India, China, and the whole of Europe. For example, Curse of the Jackal prominently involves Indy in the adventures of T. E. Lawrence and Pancho Villa. Indy also encounters (in no particular order and not limited to) Edgar Degas, Giacomo Puccini, George Patton, Pablo Picasso (same episode as Degas), Eliot Ness, Charles Nungesser, Al Capone, Manfred von Richthofen, Anthony Fokker, Annie Besant, Charles Webster Leadbeater, Jiddu Krishnamurti, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, Norman Rockwell (same episode as Degas and Picasso), Louis Armstrong, George Gershwin, Seán O'Casey, Siegfried Sassoon, Patrick Pearse, Winston Churchill, a young Ho Chi Minh, Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, and Carl Laemmle; at one point, he competes against a young Ernest Hemingway for the affections of a girl but they end up becoming friends, is nursed back to health by Albert Schweitzer, has a passionate tryst with Mata Hari, discusses philosophy with Nikos Kazantzakis, and goes on a safari with Theodore Roosevelt.

The show provided back story for the films. His relationship with his father, first introduced in Last Crusade, was depicted in episodes showing his travels with his father as a young boy and brief times as a young adult. His original hunt for the "Eye of the Peacock", a large diamond seen in Temple of Doom, was a recurring element in several stories. The show also chronicled his activities during World War I and his first solo adventures. Later, in the 2008 film Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Indy describes his adventures with Pancho Villa (chronicled in the first episode) to Mutt Williams (at the time, his sidekick; later on revealed to be his son). He also mentions his mother Anna to Mutt.

Guest appearances
Most episodes of the series depicted famous and not-so-famous historical figures, including but not limited to Theodore Roosevelt, T. E. Lawrence, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Norman Rockwell, Charles de Gaulle, Leo Tolstoy, Winston Churchill, Ernest Hemingway, Manfred von Richthofen, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, George Patton, Al Capone, Pablo Picasso, Giacomo Puccini, Frederick Selous, Franz Ferdinand, Princess Sophie of Hohenberg, Edith Wharton, and Mata Hari.

Notable guest stars (playing either fictional or historical characters) include: Catherine Zeta-Jones, Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Clark Gregg, Tom Courtenay, Peter Firth, Vanessa Redgrave, Beata Pozniak, Jennifer Ehle, Elizabeth Hurley, Timothy Spall, Anne Heche, Paul Freeman, Jean-Pierre Castaldi, Jeffrey Wright, Jeroen Krabbé, Jason Flemyng, Michael Kitchen, Kevin McNally, Francisco Quinn, Ian McDiarmid, Max von Sydow, Douglas Henshall, Jon Pertwee, Sean Pertwee, Vincenzo Nicoli, Terry Jones, Keith David, Lukas Haas, Frank Vincent, Jay Underwood, Michael Gough, Maria Charles, Elsa Zylberstein, Isaach de Bankolé, Emil Abossolo-Mbo, Haluk Bilginer and Saginaw Grant.

Development
During the production of the Indiana Jones feature films, the cast and crew frequently questioned creator George Lucas about the Indiana Jones character's life growing up. During the concept stages of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Lucas and director Steven Spielberg decided to reveal some of this backstory in the film's opening scenes. For these scenes, Lucas chose River Phoenix to portray the character, as Harrison Ford believed that Phoenix most resembled Ford as a young man. Phoenix had appeared as the son of Ford's character in The Mosquito Coast. This decision to reveal an adventure of a young Indiana led Lucas and crew to the idea of creating the series. The total budget for the series was $27 million while each episode costed $1.7 million.

Writing
Lucas wrote an extensive timeline detailing the life of Indiana Jones, assembling the elements for about 70 episodes, starting in 1905 and leading all the way up to the feature films. Each outline included the place, date and the historical persons Indy would meet in that episode, and would then be turned over to one of the series writers. When the series came to an end about 31 of the 70 stories had been filmed. Had the series been renewed for a third season, Young Indy would have been introduced to younger versions of characters from Raiders of the Lost Ark: Abner Ravenwood ("Jerusalem, June 1909") and René Belloq ("Honduras, December 1920"). Other episodes would have filled in the blanks between existing ones ("Le Havre, June 1916", "Berlin, Late August, 1916"), and there would even have been some adventures starring a five-year-old Indy (including "Princeton, May 1905").

During production of the series, Lucas became interested in the crystal skulls. He originally called for an episode which would have been part of the third season involving Jones and his then friend Belloq searching for one of the skulls. The episode was never produced, and the idea ultimately evolved into the 2008 feature film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.

Casting
Phoenix and Ford were respectively approached by Lucas to reprise their roles as the younger and elder Indiana Jones respectively, but both turned the offer down as they had no desire to do television. Ultimately, Corey Carrier was cast as a 10-year-old Indy while Sean Patrick Flanery was cast as a young adult Indy, with George Hall portraying a 90-year-old Indy in the bookend segments of most episodes.

A number of actors connected to the Indiana Jones films and/or George Lucas's Star Wars franchise made guest appearances. Harrison Ford appeared as a middle-aged Indy (age 50) in the episode "Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues", which aired in March 1993. Paul Freeman, who played Rene Belloq in Raiders of the Lost Ark, portrayed Frederick Selous in a couple of episodes, while Roshan Seth, who played Chattar Lal in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, played a North African sheikh in "Morocco, 1917" (later re-edited into "Tales of Innocence"). The late William Hootkins (Major Eaton from Raiders of the Lost Ark and Porkins from Star Wars) played Russian ballet producer Sergei Diaghilev and Wolf Kahler (Colonel Dietrich in Raiders of the Lost Ark) played a German diplomat in "Barcelona, May 1917". In the episode Attack of the Hawkmen, Star Wars veteran Anthony Daniels played François, a French Intelligence scientist (in the mode of James Bond's "Q") who gives Indy a special suitcase filled with gadgets for a special mission in Germany. Clint Eastwood was approached to play the elder brother of Indiana Jones, but he turned it down despite a $10 million offer.

Filming
A variety of filmmakers wrote or directed episodes of the series, including Frank Darabont, Nicolas Roeg, Mike Newell, Deepa Mehta, Joe Johnston, Jonathan Hensleigh, Terry Jones, Simon Wincer, Carrie Fisher, Dick Maas and Vic Armstrong. Lucas was given a "Story By" credit in many episodes as he was the creative overhead on the series pitching most of the storylines the writers would then flesh out under his supervision.

The series was unusual for its time in that it was shot on location around the world. Partly to offset the cost of this, the series was shot on 16mm film, rather than 35mm. This created a 1:33:1 aspect ratio. The series was designed so that each pair of episodes could either be broadcast separately, or as a 2-hour film-length episode. The filming with Young Indy usually took around 3 weeks. The first production filming alternated between "Sean" and "Corey" episodes. The segments with old Indy were referred to as "bookends." Filming a pair of them typically took a day and most were shot at Carolco Studios in Wilmington, North Carolina and on location in Wilmington. The show also featured footage from other films spliced into several episodes.

The series was shot in three stages. The first production occurred from 1991 to 1992, and consisted of sixteen episodes; five with younger Indy, ten with older Indy, and one with both—for a total of seventeen television hours. The second production occurred from 1992 to 1993 and consisted of twelve episodes; one with younger Indy and eleven with older Indy, for a total of fifteen television hours. The third and final production occurred from 1994 to 1995, and consisted of four made-for-television movies, for a total of eight television hours. In 1996, additional filming was done in order to re-edit the entire series into twenty-two feature films.

Additionally the series had an audio format of Dolby Stereo.

Soundtrack
The series' main theme was composed by Laurence Rosenthal, who wrote much of the music for the series. Joel McNeely also wrote music for many episodes; he received an Emmy in 1993 for the Episode "Scandal of 1920". French composer Frédéric Talgorn composed some music for the episode set in World War I France ("The Somme, July 1916/Germany, August 1916"). Music for "Transylvania, September 1918" was composed by Curt Sobel.

Television
The pilot episode was aired by ABC in the United States in March 1992. The pilot, the feature-length Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of the Jackal, was later re-edited as two separate episodes, "Egypt, May 1908" and "Mexico, March 1916." Eleven further hour-long episodes were aired in 1992 (seven in the first season, four were part of the second season) – during the second season, it was placed as the lead-in to Monday Night Football, just as fellow Paramount series MacGyver had done for the previous six years. Only 16 of the remaining 20 episodes were aired in 1993 when ABC canceled the show. The Family Channel later produced four two-hour TV movies that were broadcast from 1994 to 1996. Though Lucas intended to produce episodes leading up to a 24-year-old Jones, the series was cancelled with the character at age 21.

Home media
The revised and updated edition of the book George Lucas: The Creative Impulse, by Charles Champlin, explains how The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles series would be re-edited into the new structure of twenty-two Chapter TV films, for the 1999 VHS release. New footage was shot in 1996 to be incorporated with the newly re-edited and re-titled "chapters" to better help it chronologically and provide smooth transitions. The newly shot Tangiers, 1908 was joined with Egypt, 1908 from the Curse of the Jackal to form My First Adventure, and Morocco, 1917 was joined with Northern Italy, 1918 (now re-dated as 1917) to form Tales of Innocence. Also included in the home video release were four unaired episodes made for the ABC network: Florence, May 1908; Prague, 1917; Transylvania, 1918; and Palestine, 1917. The series itself was also re-titled as The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones.

The 93-year-old Indy bookends for the original series were removed, as well as Sean Patrick Flanery's bookend for "Travels With Father"; however, the Harrison Ford bookend, set in 1950, from "Mystery of The Blues" was not cut.

Laserdisc and VHS
The series received its first home video release on April 21, 1993, when a Laserdisc box set was released in Japan containing fifteen of the earlier episodes and a short documentary on the making of the series. The discs were formatted in NTSC and presented with English audio in Dolby surround with Japanese subtitles. In 1994, eight NTSC format VHS tapes with a total of fifteen episodes from the first two seasons were released in Japan.

On October 26, 1999, half of the series was released on VHS in the United States for $14.99 each, along with a box set of the feature films. The series was labeled as Chapters 1–22, while the feature films were labeled as Chapters 23–25. In an effort to promote the series, the episode "Treasure of the Peacock's Eye" was included with the purchase of the movie trilogy box set in the US. The episode was chosen for the fact that its plot continues into the opening of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, which was labeled as the first film chronologically in the film trilogy.

In other countries different chapters were included, for example in the UK The Phantom Train of Doom was included. The twelve VHS releases were released worldwide over the course of 2000, including the UK, Netherlands, Hungary, Germany, Mexico, France and Japan. The UK, German, French, Hungarian and Netherlands tapes were in PAL format, while the tapes released in the rest of the countries were in NTSC format.

DVD
In 2002, series producer Rick McCallum confirmed in an interview with Variety that DVDs of the series were in development, but would not be released for "about three or four years". At the October 2005 press conference for the Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith DVD, McCallum explained that he expected the release to consist of 22 DVDs, which would include around 100 documentaries which would explore the real-life historical aspects that are fictionalized in the show. For the DVDs, Lucasfilm upgraded the picture quality of the original 16 mm prints and remastered the soundtracks. This, along with efforts to get best quality masters and bonus materials on the sets, delayed the release. It was ultimately decided that the release would tie into the release of the fourth Indiana Jones feature film.

Two variations of Volume 1 were released by CBS DVD, one simply as "Volume One", and the other as "Volume One — The Early Years" in order to match the subtitle of Volume 2.

The History Channel acquired television rights to all 94 of the DVD historical documentaries. The airing of the documentaries was meant to bring in ratings for the History Channel and serve as marketing for the DVD release and the theatrical release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. The History Channel and History International began airing the series every Saturday morning at 7AM/6C on The History Channel, and every Sunday morning at 8AM ET/PT on History International. A new division of History.com was created devoted to the show. As Paramount and Lucasfilm had already reserved IndianaJones.com solely for news and updates related to Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, StarWars.com temporarily served as the official site for the DVDs—providing regular updates, insider looks and promotions related to them. However, Lucasfilm and Paramount soon set up an official website proper for the series—YoungIndy.com. Paramount released a press kit for the media promoting the DVDs, which consists of a .pdf file and several videos with interviews with Lucas and McCallum, and footage from the DVDs. A trailer for the DVDs was also published on YoungIndy.com, with a shorter version being shown on The History Channel and History International.

Lucas and McCallum hope that the DVDs will be helpful to schools, as they believe the series is a good way to aid in teaching history. Lucas explained that the series' DVD release will be shopped as "films for a modern day high school history class." He believes the series is a good way to teach high school students 20th-century history. The plan was always to tie the DVD release of the series to the theatrical release of the fourth Indiana Jones feature film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, which was released on May 22, 2008.

Companion historical documentaries
Ninety-four historical documentaries were created over a nearly five-year period by Lucasfilm's documentary crew for the DVD release of the series. Each documentary covers a historical topic connected to the chapter to which it is associated. The television broadcast rights for these documentaries was secured by the History Channel. They were executive produced by Lucas and McCallum.

From Volume One, The Early Years

My First Adventure Special Features (Vol. 1 Disc 1)
 * Archaeology – Unearthing Our Past
 * Howard Carter and the Tomb of Tutankhamun
 * Colonel Lawrence's War – T.E. Lawrence and Arabia
 * From Slavery to Freedom

Passion for Life Special Features (Vol. 1 Disc 3)
 * Theodore Roosevelt and The American Century
 * Ecology – Pulse of the Planet
 * American Dreams – Norman Rockwell and the Saturday Evening Post
 * Art Rebellion – The Making of the Modern
 * Edgar Degas – Reluctant Rebel
 * Braque & Picasso – A Collaboration Cubed

The Perils of Cupid Special Features (Vol. 1 Disc 5)
 * The Archduke's Last Journey – End of an Era
 * Carl Jung and the Journey to Self Discovery
 * Giacomo Puccini – Music of the Heart
 * Sigmund Freud – Exploring the Unconscious
 * It's Opera!
 * Powder Keg – Europe 1900 to 1914
 * Psychology – Charting the Human Mind

Travels with Father Special Features (Vol. 1 Disc 6)
 * Seeking Truth – The Life of Leo Tolstoy
 * Unquiet Voices – Russian Writers and the State
 * Aristotle – Creating Foundations
 * Ancient Questions – Philosophy and Our Search for Meaning

Journey of Radiance Special Features (Vol. 1 Disc 7)
 * Jiddu Krishnamurti – The Reluctant Messiah
 * Annie Besant – An Unlikely Rebel
 * Medicine in the Middle Kingdom
 * Eastern Spirituality – The Road to Enlightenment

Spring Break Adventure Special Features (Vol. 1 Disc 9)
 * Thomas Edison – Lighting Up the World
 * Invention and Innovation – What's Behind a Good Idea?
 * The Mystery of Edward Stratemeyer
 * Wanted: Dead or Alive – Pancho Villa and the American Invasion of Mexico
 * General John J. Pershing and His American Army
 * George S. Patton – American Achilles

Love's Sweet Song Special Features (Vol 1. Disc 11)
 * Easter Rising – The Poets' Rebellion
 * The Passions of William Butler Yeats
 * Sean O'Casey vs. Ireland
 * Ireland – The Power of the Poets
 * Winston Churchill – The Lion's Roar
 * Demanding the Vote – The Pankhursts and British Suffrage
 * Fighting for the Vote – Women's Suffrage in America

From Volume Two, The War Years

Trenches of Hell Special Features (Vol 2. Disc 1)
 * Siegfried Sassoon – A War Poet's Journey
 * Robert Graves and the White Goddess
 * I Am France – The Myth of Charles de Gaulle
 * The Somme – A Storm of Steel

Demons of Deception Special Features (Vol 2. Disc 2)
 * Marshal Pétain's Fall from Grace
 * Flirting with Danger – The Fantasy of Mata Hari
 * Into the Furnace – The Battle of Verdun
 * Reading the Enemy's Mind – Espionage in World War I

Phantom Train of Doom Special Features (Vol 2. Disc 3)
 * Chasing the Phantom – Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
 * Dreaming of Africa – The Life of Frederick Selous
 * At Home and Abroad – The Two Faces of Jan Smuts

Oganga, The Giver and Taker of Life Special Features (Vol 2. Disc 4)
 * Albert Schweitzer – Reverence for Life
 * Waging Peace – The Rise of Pacifism
 * Congo – A Curse of Riches

Attack of the Hawkmen Special Features (Vol 2. Disc 5)
 * War in the Third Dimension – Aerial Warfare in World War I
 * Blood Red – The Life and Death of Manfred von Richthofen
 * Flying High for France – The Lafayette Escadrille
 * Anthony Fokker – The Flying Dutchman

Adventures in the Secret Service Special Features (Vol 2. Disc 6)
 * Karl – The Last Habsburg Emperor
 * The Russian Revolution – All Power to the Soviets!
 * V.I. Lenin – History Will Not Forgive Us

Espionage Escapades Special Features (Vol 2. Disc 7)
 * Impresario – Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes
 * Ballet – The Art of Dance
 * Franz Kafka's Dark Truth

Daredevils of the Desert Special Features (Vol 2. Disc 8)
 * Lines in the Sand – The Middle East and the Great War
 * Col. Lawrence's War – T.E. Lawrence and Arabia (note: repeated from Vol 1. Disc 1)

From Volume Three, The Years of Change

Tales of Innocence (Vol. 3 Disc 1)
 * Unhealed Wounds – The Life of Ernest Hemingway
 * The Secret Life of Edith Wharton
 * Lowell Thomas – American Storyteller
 * The French Foreign Legion – The World's Most Legendary Fighting Force

Masks of Evil (Vol. 3 Disc 2)
 * For the People, Despite the People – The Atatürk Revolution
 * The Greedy Heart of Halide Edib
 * Dracula – Fact and Fiction
 * The Ottoman Empire – A World of Difference

Treasure of the Peacock's Eye (Vol. 3 Disc 3)
 * Bronisław Malinowski – God Professor
 * Anthropology – Looking at the Human Condition
 * New Guinea – Paradise in Peril

Winds of Change (Vol. 3 Disc 5)
 * Woodrow Wilson – American Idealist
 * Gertrude Bell – Iraq's Uncrowned Queen
 * Ho Chi Minh – The Price of Freedom
 * Paul Robeson – Scandalize My Name
 * Robert Goddard – Mr. Rocket Science
 * The Best Intentions – The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles

Mystery of the Blues (Vol. 3 Disc 7)
 * Al "Scarface" Capone – The Original Gangster
 * Ben Hecht – Shakespeare of Hollywood
 * On the Trail of Eliot Ness
 * Louis Armstrong – Ambassador of Jazz
 * Jazz – Rhythms of Freedom
 * Prohibition – America on the Rocks
 * Hellfighters – Harlem's Heroes of World War I

The Scandal of 1920 (Vol. 3 Disc 8)
 * Tin Pan Alley – Soundtrack of America
 * Broadway – America Center Stage
 * Wonderful Nonsense – The Algonquin Round Table

Hollywood Follies (Vol. 3 Disc 9)
 * Erich von Stroheim – The Profligate Genius
 * The World of John Ford
 * Irving Thalberg – Hollywood's Boy Wonder
 * The Rise of the Moguls – The Men Who Built Hollywood

Historical overview lectures
 * Vol. 1 – Historical Lecture: "The Promise of Progress"
 * Vol. 2 – Historical Lecture: "War and Revolution"
 * Vol. 3 – Historical Lecture: "New Gods for Old"

Content here was copied from which has a compatible CC-BY-SA-3.0 license: http://indianajones.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_The_Adventures_of_Young_Indiana_Jones_DVD_additional_features

Streaming

As of 2023, the series was available to stream on Disney+ alongside the original four Indiana Jones feature films, to commemorate the release of Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny. The series was removed from Disney+ in the US for unknown reasons in May 2024.

Reception
The series was nominated for 18 Emmy Awards and won 6. In 1993, Corey Carrier was nominated for the Young Artist Award in the category of "Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series". In 1994, David Tattersall was nominated for the ASC Award in the category of "Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series". At the 1994 Golden Globes, the series was nominated for "Best TV-Series — Drama".

Though the series won many awards, it also received some criticism. The New York Times called the pilot "clunky" for example.

Marketing
Four volumes of music from the series were released on CD. The show also spawned a series of adaptations and spin-off novels, a NES game The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles developed and published by Jaleco, a Sega Mega Drive game Instruments of Chaos starring Young Indiana Jones, trading cards and other products.

title: The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of ethnic stereotypes 2

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Very clear consensus to delete. 29 Deletes, 12 Keeps. -- AllyUnion (talk) 17:02, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

List of ethnic stereotypes

 * This isn't encyclopedic or neutral.
 * There is no way to verify most of the items listed.
 * Most of it is original research.
 * Many items are not really stereotypes: some of them are ethnic jokes and caricatures.
 * The last VfD vote had a 60 percent vote for delete. Neutralitytalk 17:33, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I just realized that this is a recreation of an already deleted article (Votes for deletion/List of ethnic stereotypes), and as such would probably qualify for speedy deletion. Radiant! 11:14, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * So please do it! ≈ jossi ≈ 04:15, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutralitytalk 17:33, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * This re-nomination is sooner than I prefer, but if one actually reads the list, it is clear that it is NOT informative, as many line-items are not widely held, which means they are original research and/or unverifiable. Austrians "Annoy people by singing everywhere they go..."? Puh-leaze, I am in the US and I'm not aware of anyone who supports that view. Suggesting the list should be moved to 'US stereotypes' assigns the US even more of a small-mindedness than it deserves. Dutch "speak English better than British or Americans"? Sez whoo? Icelanders "...love to fight when intoxicated"? since when is that not true of a good percentage of any nationality? Native Americans "often live on reservations"--well duh, but is it by choice? WASP Americans "favor Gin & Tonics over other drinks, call them G&Ts"--my ancestors are all from the British Isles, except for one German and one Flemish, but give me vodka&7-up any day. And many have entries like "women have large breasts", "alcoholics", "smoke too much"--like any of these are really limited to certain nationalities/ethnicities, and to whatever extent it may be true isn't accurately represented in this list. Delete Niteowlneils 19:38, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inherent POV, unverifiable, etc. Xezbeth  20:19, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I strongly supported deletion during the first VfD. I would like to see this useless and unverifiable article removed. Carrp | Talk 20:20, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inherently POV, unsourced, unverifiable. --BM 20:39, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even after removing the many things on the list that are not stereotypes, if any of this information was accurate, useful or interesting, we would have seen at least some of it added to each ethnicy/nationality entry.  While such a list may seem to have potential at first, I think the case against it is made more clear when one considers the prospect of having this information listed on each ethnicy/nationality entry.  It seems to me that a vote to keep is a vote for including its contents on respective ethnic/nation entries.  Please also consider the reasons why nothing on this list has its own entry.  I agree with all reasons listed by Neutrality.  --Paraphelion 21:00, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I think there's an excellent article to be made on this topic, and it would be fascinating to learn where all these got started, how they're perpetuated, how accurate they are (if at all), backlash against them, etc. If it's just a context-free list though, it isn't really helping anybody. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 22:36, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - agreed, this subject just can't be treated well in a list form. CDC   (talk)  04:03, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed w/ Neutrality. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:28, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I support having a list of ethnic stereotypes, but only if it is sourced and the stereotypes are attributed to the people who hold them. As it is now, it's nothing worth keeping. Tuf-Kat 04:45, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agreeing with comments of Niteowlneils. Joyous 05:53, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A descriptive list of what stereotypes are out there is encyclopedic and maybe even useful. It is irrelevant whether we like them or not. However, the list should state where the respective prejudices are held. Martg76 09:43, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a case where that deleted tag would have been suitable. / u p p l a n d 12:45, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even if an interesting list could be created on this subject this is not one. Jeltz talk  16:07, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This descriptive list of stereotypes is highly encyclopedic. Of course many of them are hateful. Shall we just put our heads in the sand and pretend that prejucice doesn't exist? Agree with Martg that the list should state where the respective prejudices are held. Can'tStandYa 14:43, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs cleanup and expansion. Megan1967 22:25, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * An article under this title could be very useful and scholarly; it could discuss the history of each stereotype, who holds or held it, and even what incidents it derives from. This article, by contrast, reads like a bunch of random surfers put it together... um, well, yes.  That said, keep for now in the hopes that someone completely rewrites it; you never know, they might find the examples useful by way of a sort of skeletal framework. - Mustafaa 01:29, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm sure we can all agree this article is crap the way it is now. It's more important than usual to carefully verify everything so we make sure nobody's slipping in POV and original research, which is pretty easy to do with a list like this. It's a daunting task, but it's been done before. List of celebrities with links to the US Republican Party, a VfD survivor with somewhat similar POV and verifiability pitfalls, now has a source for every entry. While that article's not exactly feature quality, it's a good example of how articles headed for the VfD scrapheap can be saved. /sɪzlæk  ˺/  02:14, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That list has one very important feature that this list lacks - items deserving of their own entries. Having said that, that list is still pretty poor.  Have you looked at the references?  One reference on some obscure blog or one mention of a donation is all it seems to take to label an actor as linked to the Republican party. That's a pretty useless list, to be used as nothing more than a rumormill.  Respective articles on snopes.com would probably be more informative.  This list has even less potential. --Paraphelion 09:47, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Wir muss nicht fergessen! Gott in Himmel!  If the Germans aren't allowed to forget their sins, why should the rest of you be allowed to forget yours?  This page needs a lot of work, but it hurts in all the right places. DocMengele 23:27, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Specatular double fallacy. You haven't shown that Germans aren't allowed to forget their sins.  Even if that is true, the accountability is not a result of this list, therefore this list would not be substantial as far as whether or not other race's sins are allowed to be forgotten.  By the way, what a lovely concept that you believe in, this 'sin of races'. --Paraphelion 19:14, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Current contents are unverified (and in my opinion, nonsense in many cases).  If someone does find evidence documenting specifically who held each of these beliefs and under what circumstances, that content would be far better discussed either in the article about the ethnicity or the article about the bigot.  This "list of" article conjoins topics that do not really relate to each other.  Rossami (talk) 07:24, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An article written and titled like this is just asking for racist jokes to be added to it. Plus it's POV and not very verifiable. Radiant! 11:11, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I just realized that this is a recreation of an already deleted article (Votes for deletion/List of ethnic stereotypes), and as such would probably qualify for speedy deletion. Radiant! 11:14, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC) -
 * The original article in question was never deleted. So your argument doesn't really hold any water. 155.84.57.253, 28 Feb 2005

 * Delete. If there's an encyclopedia article hiding in here, I can't find it.  If there is something encyclopedic to be written on this topic, let someone start with a nice clean redlink.  Discussion of stereotypes may well belong in the articles of the nationalities and ethnicities involved, though I'm concerned about the seven kinds of flamewar that's going to create.  --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 16:40, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV, original research, un-verifiable, un-encyclopedic. Jayjg (talk)  21:29, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Disliking content is no reason to delete valid information. --Gene_poole 21:53, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article might be encyclopedic if it documented the stereotypes, analysed them, debunked them if necessary, examined their origins, etc. This doesn't, so it isn't.  Miss Pippa 23:29, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. You have got to be kidding. An article ABOUT Ethnic stereotypes, sure, with well-chosen examples, but this? --Calton 00:31, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this article doesn't do what it should. --nixie 02:15, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Then edit it and keep it. —RaD Man (talk) 04:16, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and fast. Piece of garbage, inherent POV. An insult. ≈ jossi ≈ 04:14, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I do hope this gets deleted this time.  Inherently NPOV and thoroughly unencyclopedic. Indrian 04:48, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * The article as it stands is junk. I don't think we would lose anything by deleting it. That said, I could imagine a well-researched, well-documented article on the topic. I'd be open to someone laying down the ground rules for such an article. Guess I'm pretty much with TenOfAllTrades on this. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:04, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow, 34 separate "keep" votes clocked up in 19 minutes by The Recycling Troll!, and this from a user who only registered yesterday! Could this be the often-threatened Keepbot, that somebody has finally created? Why is wikipedia never fast enough for me to do stuff at that rate? Bishonen | Talk 23:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this user has been around longer than yesterday, however your suspicions are still quite understandable. --Paraphelion 00:02, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, this user has been around for a few months, but most of its edits appear to be "Keep" votes on VfDs, rarely with any comment. Jayjg (talk) 00:10, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry I misread the contribs, but, well, yeah! Bishonen | Talk 06:21, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The lists of ethnic slurs, political epithets, etc, are already enough work to keep editors busy. There is no purpose served by this article. -Willmcw 19:32, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * weak Keep. Reasons listed.-LtNOWIS 21:23, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, can we please finally get rid of this pernicious thing? Bishonen | Talk 23:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Antandrus 00:20, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research; I don't think a list like this has much hope of being anything but inherent POV. --MPerel( talk 00:37, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inherently POV topic.  Kaibabsquirrel 02:56, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just like last time, only more so. Unlike the previous vfd survivor List of ethnic slurs, the information here has no merit. —Korath (Talk) 06:44, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a dictionary, and that includes lists of definitions. Not that it's up for a vote now, but that really should have applied to List of ethnic slurs too. --iMb~Mw 09:05, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --taviso 11:22, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep, the article was already voted on and kept, propose speedy delisting. This is VfD vandalism at its best. Grue 11:57, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The result was not keep; there was no consensus. I count 24 deletes and 17 keeps (of various forms).  Relisting is perfectly kosher. —Korath (Talk) 12:23, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's strange because there is "The result of the debate was KEEP" at the top of the old VfD page. That was the admin's decision, probably based on the fact that many of those who voted delete aren't familiar with the deletion policy (which doesn't list POV/lack of sources as the reason for deletion). Grue 12:53, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a deletion policy, not a deletion rule. It rather sounds to me like you're unclear on the difference between policy and rule, and don't seem to understand that the deletion policy isn't some sort of constitution that VfD decisions are required to adhere to: what the VfD voters decide -- and how the admins interpret them -- is policy, no matter what legalistic rule-to-the-letter that Wikilawyers attempt. --Calton | Talk 07:00, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with User:Neutrality.-gadfium 19:03, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: I can't see how this can be POV, when it's clearly stated in the article that these are stereotypes and not facts. A useful cultural record - of course, by no means complete or perfect.Drw25 23:24, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, mostly unverifiable junk, not encyclopedic. --Bjarki 15:21, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a nice cultural reference.  And I can't find anything else like it on the web.  Cow 15:39, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's mostly made up, and a lot of these aren't commonly held, so what's the point of keeping it?--Nomadicworld

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Ticketed festivals

title: Category:Ticketed festivals


text:
Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner

Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner (14 October 1840 – 22 March 1899), also known as Gottlieb William Leitner, was a British orientalist.

Early life and education
Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner was born in Pest, Hungary, on 14 October 1840 to a Jewish family. His mother was Marie Henriette Herzberg. His father, Leopold Saphir, died when Gottlieb was young and his mother then married Johann Moritz Leitner. Gottlieb and his sister Elisabeth (the mother of British politician Leopold Amery) were thereafter known as Leitner.

As a child Leitner showed an extraordinary ability in languages. At the age of eight he went to Constantinople to learn Arabic and Turkish, and by the age of ten he was fluent in Turkish, Arabic and most European languages. At fifteen, he was appointed Interpreter (First Class) to the British Commissariat in the Crimea, with the rank of colonel. When the Crimean War ended, he wanted to become a priest and went to study at King's College London.

It is also reported that during his tour of Muslim countries he adopted a Muslim name of Abdur Rasheed Sayyah. Sayyah in Arabic means a traveller.

As a linguist, he is said to have had acquaintance with some fifty languages, many of which he spoke fluently. At nineteen, he became lecturer in Arabic, Turkish and Modern Greek, and at twenty-one was appointed Professor in Arabic and Muslim Law at King's College London.

Three years later, sometime in 1864, he became Principal of Government College University (Lahore) (then British India, present day Pakistan). He was instrumental in the foundation of the University of the Punjab in 1882. He took over as first Registrar of University of the Punjab. He founded many schools, literary associations, public libraries and academic journals, while at the same time dedicating himself to the study of the cultures of the Indian subcontinent. During this period he wrote a scholarly and comprehensive book in Urdu, History of Islam, in two volumes, with the help of an Urdu Muslim scholar, Maulvi Karim-ud-Din, who was at that time District Inspector of Schools in Amritsar, Punjab. These two volumes were later published in 1871 and 1876. Following the passage of the Royal Titles Act 1876 which declared Queen Victoria Empress of India, Prof. Leitner coined the title Kaysar-i-Hind as the new Empress' official title.

He retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1886.

Return to Europe
He returned to Europe in the late 1870s to pursue studies at Heidelberg University (Germany), and he also undertook work for the Austrian, Prussian, and British Governments. His ambition now was to found a centre for the study in Europe of Oriental languages, culture and history. On his return to England in 1881, he sought a suitable site for his proposed institution, and in 1883 came upon the vacant Royal Dramatic College in Woking, a building admirably suited for the purpose.

For the benefit of Muslim students, Leitner commissioned the construction of a mosque. The Shah Jahan Mosque was built in 1889 as one of the first mosques in Western Europe and the first purpose-built one in Britain, and survives to this day. It was built in Indo-Saracenic style, named after Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal (1868–1901).

Shah Jahan Begum made sizable donations towards the building of the mosque and also contributed generously towards the founding of the "Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College" at Aligarh, which developed into the Aligarh Muslim University.

Inscription on the tomb of Dr G.W. Leitner
Dr. Leitner is buried at Brookwood Cemetery, near Woking.

Major works

 * On the Sciences of language and of ethnography, with general reference to the language and customs of the people of Hanza: A report of an extempore address. (nach 1856).
 * Introduction to a philosophical Grammar of Arabic: Being an attempt to discover a few simple principles in Arabic Grammar. Reprinted and slightly enlarged from the "Panjab Educational Magazine", Lahore 1871
 * The Sinin-i-Islam; The races of Turkey; History of Dardistan, songs, legends etc.; Graeco-budhistic discoveries; History of indigenous education in the Panjab since annexation.
 * A lecture on the races of Turkey, both of Europe and of Asia, and the state of their education: being, principally, a contribution to Muhammadan education. Lahore 1871.
 * A detailed analysis of Abdul Ghafur's dictionary of the terms used by criminal tribes in the Panjab. Lahore 1880.
 * History of indigenous education in the Punjab since annexation and in 1882. Calcutta 1882. Reprint Delhi: Amar Prakashan, 1982.
 * The Kunza and Nagyr handbook being an introduction to a Knowledge of the language. Calcutta 1889.
 * Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893: being an account of the history, religions, customs, legends, fables, and songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial), Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Aagyr, and other parts of the Hindukush, Reprint der Ausgabe Woking, Oriental Univ. Inst., 1893, New Delhi: Bhavana Books & Prints, 2001 ISBN 81-86505-49-0
 * Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893 : being an account of the history, religions, customs, legends, fables and songs of Gilgit Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial) Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Nagyr and other parts of the Hindukush; as also a suppl. to the 2. ed. of The Hunza and Nagyr handbook and an epitome of p. 3 of the author's "The languages and races of Dardistan". Reprint of the edition 1889, Karachi: Indus Publ., 1985.

title: Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner


text:
Yellow Medicine River

The Yellow Medicine River is a tributary of the Minnesota River, 107 mi long, in southwestern Minnesota in the United States. Via the Minnesota River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 665 mi2 in an agricultural region.

The Yellow Medicine River issues from Lake Shaokatan in Shaokatan Township in western Lincoln County, approximately 6 mi southwest of Ivanhoe, on the Coteau des Prairies, a morainic plateau dividing the Mississippi and Missouri River watersheds. It flows initially northeastwardly as an intermittent stream, past Ivanhoe. The stream flows off the Coteau in northeastern Lincoln County, dropping 250 ft in 5 mi, and turns east-northeastwardly, following a generally treeless course on till plains through northern Lyon County and eastern Yellow Medicine County, past Hanley Falls. It flows into the Minnesota River in Upper Sioux Agency State Park in Sioux Agency Township, approximately 8 mi southeast of Granite Falls, after dropping 85 ft in its final 10 mi in the Minnesota River valley.

The Yellow Medicine River's largest tributaries are the North Branch Yellow Medicine River and the South Branch Yellow Medicine River, both of which flow for most of their lengths on the Coteau. The North Branch, 41 mi long, flows northeastwardly through northern Lincoln County, briefly entering Yellow Medicine County and passing through Porter. The South Branch, 62 mi long, flows northeastwardly through Lincoln County into northwestern Lyon County, past Minneota. Other tributaries of the Yellow Medicine include Spring Creek, 46 mi long, which flows eastwardly through Yellow Medicine County; and Mud Creek, 31 mi long, which flows eastwardly through western Yellow Medicine County into northwestern Lyon County.

The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency statistically combines the watershed of the Yellow Medicine River with that of Hawk Creek on the opposite bank of the Minnesota River, as well as small watersheds of nearby Minnesota River tributaries. According to the agency, 81% of the land in the Yellow Medicine-Hawk Creek watersheds is used for agriculture, with corn and soybeans being the predominant crops.

In May 2008, 19 year-old Brandon Swanson went missing from Porter, Minnesota. It was and still is highly theorized that Brandon may have slipped and fallen into the river. However, even after an extensive search, nothing has been found.

Flow rate
At the United States Geological Survey's stream gauge near Granite Falls, 6 mi upstream from the river's mouth, the annual mean flow of the river between 1931 and 2005 was 142 cubic feet per second (4 m³/s). The highest recorded flow during the period was 17,200 ft³/s (487 m³/s) on April 10, 1969. Readings of zero were recorded on numerous days during several years.

title: Yellow Medicine River


text: User talk:81.246.11.42

title: User talk:81.246.11.42


text:
Meghann Shaughnessy

Meghann Shaughnessy (born April 13, 1979 in Richmond, Virginia) is an American former professional tennis player. She achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 11 in 2001 and won six titles on the WTA Tour. Her best doubles ranking was world No. 4, and she won 17 career doubles titles, including the WTA Championships in 2004. She is best known for her serve, which was one of the most powerful on tour, and has produced as many as 22 aces in a match.

Shaughnessy was coached and managed by Rafael Font de Mora for most of her career. She is the niece of Dan Shaughnessy, a Boston Globe sports columnist.

Career
Shaughnessy made her debut on the WTA Tour in 1996 in Budapest and broke into the top 100 in 1998. In 2000, she won her first WTA singles title in Shanghai, defeating Iroda Tulyaganova in the final, and breaking into the top 50. In her breakout year of 2001, she achieved a career-high singles ranking of No. 11, won the second singles title of her career in Quebec City, and reached the finals of Hamburg and her home tournament in Scottsdale, Arizona. She also recorded wins over world No. 5 Conchita Martínez, world No. 4 Monica Seles, and world No. 2 Venus Williams.

In 2002, Shaughnessy began the season by reaching the final of Sydney, and recaptured her career-high No. 11 ranking. She also reached the quarterfinals or better of four other tournaments that year, with wins over top five players Jelena Dokić and Serena Williams. In 2003, Shaughnessy had another strong year, finishing the season in the top 20 for the second time in her career. She captured her third career singles title in Canberra and also had strong major results. She defeated Nuria Llagostera Vives, Ľudmila Cervanová, Klára Koukalová and Elena Bovina to reach her first Grand Slam quarterfinal at the Australian Open, and she reached the round of 16 at the US Open. Shaughnessy also scored an upset over world No. 2 Venus Williams, in the round of 16 of the NASDAQ-100 Open in Miami. In 2004, she produced sub-par results, finishing just inside of the top 40, with only one top five win, over Anastasia Myskina in Dubai. However, she obtained the best doubles results of her career, winning seven tournaments with partner Nadia Petrova, including the WTA Tour Championships in Los Angeles.

In 2005, Shaughnessy struggled with injuries and consistency. Her year began with a right leg injury, which forced her to withdraw from the Australian Open doubles competition, and from a tournament in Hyderabad, India. However, she showed signs of recovery in February, reaching the final of Memphis, defeating Nicole Vaidišová in the semifinals. The match featured Shaughnessy serving 22 aces in a 7–6, 7–6 win. After Memphis, Shaughnessy struggled with back injuries for the duration of the spring, not reaching another semifinal until June at the Ordina Open in 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands.

By July, her ranking had dropped so low that she was forced to qualify for the Palo Alto tournament. She qualified, and then surprised fifth seed Vera Zvonareva in the first round, before losing to Daniela Hantuchová in the second round. A back injury forced her to withdraw from tournaments in Carlsbad and Los Angeles. As a wildcard in New Haven, she defeated No. 9 seed Nathalie Dechy for the first time in ten attempts, before losing to doubles partner Anna-Lena Grönefeld in the second round. In the opening round of the US Open, Shaughnessy led 16-year-old Sesil Karatantcheva 6–3, 5–2 and held two match points, before losing 6–3, 5–7, 5–7.

However, on March 24, 2006, Shaughnessy beat No. 3 seed Justine Henin 7–5, 6–4 in the second round of the NASDAQ-100 Open in Miami. She then won a WTA-level event in Rabat, beating eighth seeded Martina Suchá in three sets. It was her fourth tour title. She became the first American to win a WTA-level title as well as the first to reach a WTA final in 2006. Shaughnessy afterwards reached the second round at Istanbul, beating third seeded Anna Chakvetadze in the first round. She then fell in the first round of the French Open to top-seeded Amélie Mauresmo, 4–6, 4–6.

The next year, she faced the previous year's runner-up, Svetlana Kuznetsova, in the second round of the French Open. Shaughnessy raced into a 5–0 lead in the first set, and in the sixth game held three set points on Kuznetsova's serve. However, Kuznetsova saved them all, won the game and recovered to clinch the set on a tie-break, before winning the second set 6–3.

Shaughnessy then concentrated on doubles, and regularly partnered with fellow American Bethanie Mattek-Sands. The pair reached the doubles finals of the 2011 Indian Wells Open, by successively defeating Alisa Kleybanova & Yan Zi, Raquel Kops-Jones & Abigail Spears, Liezel Huber & Nadia Petrova and Victoria Azarenka & Maria Kirilenko, but lost to Sania Mirza and Elena Vesnina in the finals.

Personal life
Shaughnessy was in a relationship with her coach Rafael Font de Mora; they met when she was 13 and she moved in with him a year later. Their romantic and coaching relationship ended in 2005. However, she briefly reunited with Font De Mora as her coach during the latter part of 2006.

Shaughnessy was in a relationship with Major League Baseball player Roberto Alomar from 2004 to 2006, whom she alleged had exposed her to HIV. The lawyer of Alomar's ex-wife claimed that Alomar paid $4 million in settlements to Shaughnessy and another ex-girlfriend.

title: Meghann Shaughnessy