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Tornado myths

Tornado myths are incorrect beliefs about tornadoes, which can be attributed to many factors, including stories and news reports told by people unfamiliar with tornadoes, sensationalism by news media, and the presentation of incorrect information in popular entertainment. Common myths cover various aspects of the tornado, and include ideas about tornado safety, the minimization of tornado damage, and false assumptions about the size, shape, power, and path of the tornado itself.

Some people incorrectly believe that opening windows ahead of a tornado will reduce the damage from the storm. Some people also believe that escaping in a vehicle is the safest method of avoiding a tornado, but this could increase the danger in some situations. Other myths are that tornadoes can skip houses, always travel in a predictable direction, always extend visibly from the ground to the cloud, and increase in intensity with increasing width. Finally, some people believe that tornadoes only occur in North America, do not occur in winter, or that some areas are protected from tornadoes by rivers, mountains, valleys, tall buildings or other geographical or man-made features; the truth is that tornadoes can occur almost anywhere at any time if the conditions are right. Some geographic areas are simply more prone to these conditions than others.

Some tornado myths are remaining bits of folklore which are passed down by word of mouth. The idea that the southwest corner of a structure is the safest place in a tornado was first published in the 1800s and persisted until the 1990s despite being thoroughly debunked in the 1960s and 1970s. One notable instance of mass media spreading a tornado myth was after the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, where TIME magazine ran a caption on a picture suggesting that highway overpasses were safer tornado shelters than houses. The spread of some myths can be attributed to popular tornado-themed movies such as The Wizard of Oz and Twister.

Safest location in a building
In 1887, the first book on tornadoes was written by John Park Finley, a pioneer in the field of tornado research. While it was a revolutionary book containing many breakthrough ideas, it contained a few ideas which have since been proven false. One of these was the idea that the northeast or east part of a structure was the least safe, and should be avoided when seeking shelter from a tornado.

This myth was derived from two misconceptions: First, that tornadoes always travel in a northeasterly direction, and second, that debris from a structure will be carried away in the direction of the tornado's propagation, leaving anyone taking shelter on the side of the structure facing the tornado's approach unharmed. The seriousness of these misconceptions began to be revealed in the 1960s and 1970s, when surveys of major tornado damage in residential areas showed that the section of a house in the direction of the tornado's approach is actually the safe. Additionally, many tornadoes have traveled in directions other than northeasterly, including the Jarrell tornado (F5 on the Fujita scale), which moved south-southwesterly. Because determining a tornado's direction of approach can take time away from seeking shelter, official advice is to seek shelter in an interior room on the lowest floor of a building, under a staircase, I-beam, or sturdy piece of furniture if possible.

Opening windows to reduce tornado damage
One of the oldest pieces of tornado folklore is the idea that tornadoes do most of their damage due to the lower atmospheric pressure at the center of a tornado, which causes the house to explode outward. The supposition was that opening windows helps to equalize the pressure.

The source of this myth is from the appearance of some destroyed structures after violent tornadoes. When one wall receives the extreme pressure of tornado winds, it will likely collapse. This then leads to a considerable pressure on the three remaining walls, which fall outwards as the roof falls down, creating the impression of a house which has exploded. Damage surveys of "exploded" houses usually show at least one wall which has blown inward. Additionally, if the roof is lifted before any walls fall, the walls can fall in any direction. If they fall outward, this structure can also appear to have exploded.

In even the most violent tornadoes, there is only a pressure drop of about 10%, which is about 1.4 psi. Not only can this difference be equalized in most structures in approximately three seconds, but if a significant pressure differential manages to form, the windows will break first, equalizing the pressure. Additionally, as the windows are the most fragile parts of a house, in a significant tornado flying debris will likely break enough windows to equalize any pressure difference fairly quickly. Regardless of any pressure drop, the direct effects of a tornado's winds are enough to cause damage to a house in all but the weakest tornadoes.

Current advice is that opening windows in advance of a tornado wastes time that could be spent seeking shelter. Also, being near windows is very dangerous during a severe weather event, possibly exposing people to flying glass.

Using highway overpasses as shelter

There are several documented cases of people surviving under highway overpasses, but scientists and meteorologists warn against using them for protection. From scientific lessons learned, meteorologists insist that overpasses are insufficient shelter from tornado winds and debris, and may be among the worst places to take refuge during a violent tornado. The embankment under an overpass is higher than the surrounding terrain, and the wind speed increases with height. Additionally, the overpass design may create a wind tunnel effect under the span, further increasing the wind speed. Many overpasses are completely exposed underneath and most lack hanging girders or a crawlspace-like area to provide sufficient protection from debris, which can travel at high speeds even in weak tornadoes. People stopping underneath overpasses may also block the flow of traffic, putting others in danger.

Escaping a tornado in a vehicle
Often people try to avoid or outrun a tornado in a vehicle. Although cars can travel faster than the average tornado, the directive from the National Weather Service is for house-dwellers in the path of a tornado to take shelter at home rather than risk an escape by vehicle. This is a result of several factors and statistics. An interior room inside a well-built frame house (especially one with a basement) provides a reasonable degree of protection from all but the most violent tornadoes. Underground tornado shelters, as well as extremely strong structures such as bank vaults, offer almost complete protection. Cars, on the other hand, can be heavily damaged by even weak tornadoes, and in violent tornadoes they can be thrown large distances, even into buildings. High-profile vehicles such as buses and tractor trailers are even more vulnerable to high winds.

There are many reasons to avoid cars when a tornado is imminent. Severe thunderstorms which produce tornadoes can produce flooding rains, hail, and strong winds far from the tornado-producing area, all of which can make driving difficult or even impossible. Any of these situations can leave drivers stranded in the path of the tornado far from substantial shelter. When coupled with driver panic, they may also result in dangerous but preventable accidents. This situation would be magnified greatly if all the residents of a warned area left in their vehicles, which would cause traffic jams and accidents as the tornado approached. Numerous victims of the deadly Wichita Falls, Texas tornado on April 10, 1979, died in their vehicles in such a situation.

If a person spots a nearby tornado while driving, the official National Weather Service directive has been for the individual to abandon the car and seek shelter in a ditch or culvert, or substantial shelter if nearby. Far-away, highly visible tornadoes, however, can be successfully fled from at right angles (90-degrees) from its direction of apparent movement. Despite dangers inherent with operating a vehicle during a tornado, given sufficient advance warning, mobile home residents have been instructed by the National Weather Service to drive to the nearest secure shelter during a warning.

Tornadoes skipping houses
Several different phenomena have lent credence to the idea that tornadoes "skip" houses, like a person jumping over hurdles. Tornadoes vary in intensity along their path, sometimes drastically over a short period and distance. If a tornado was causing damage, then weakened to the point where it could cause no damage, followed by a re-intensification, it would appear as if it skipped a section. Occasionally with violent tornadoes, a smaller subvortex within a tornado will completely destroy a structure next to another building which appears almost unscathed and thus apparently skipped over.

It is true that a house that is between two destroyed homes can be undamaged, but this is not the result of a tornado skipping, as some previously thought. After the 1974 Super Outbreak, Ted Fujita studied many films of tornadoes from that day. Included in his review was damage and tornado film footage of F4 and F5 tornadoes. Fujita concluded that multiple vortices, highly volatile tornadic satellites transiting within a parent tornado at high speeds, are responsible for making tornadoes appear to skip houses. The phenomenon of satellite tornadoes, where a smaller tornado orbits a larger companion tornado, can also lead to gaps in damage between the two tornadoes.

Weaker tornadoes, and at times even stronger tornadoes, can occasionally lift, meaning their circulation ceases to affect the ground temporarily. The result is an erratic and discontinuous linear damage path, leading to the term skipping tornado. These discontinuities tend to occur over areas larger than the small neighborhoods where the house-skipping effect is observed, except possibly at the time of the birth and organization of the tornado. This situation is not commonly observed and the term is now rarely applied. Typically, when one tornado weakens and another forms, the process of successive parent mesocyclones forming and decaying is known as cyclic tornadogenesis, thus leading to a series of tornadoes spawned by the same supercell. This series of tornadoes is known as a tornado family.

Association of size with intensity
Some people have been led to assume that small, skinny tornadoes are always weaker than large, wedge-shaped tornadoes. There is an observed trend of wider tornadoes causing worse damage. It is unknown whether this is due to an actual tendency of tornado dynamics or an ability for the tornado to affect a larger area. However, this is not a reliable indicator of an individual tornado's intensity. Some small, rope-like tornadoes, traditionally thought of as weak, have been among the strongest in history. Since 1950, more than 100 violent tornadoes (F4/EF4 or higher) had a maximum width of 300 ft. Also, tornadoes typically change shape during the course of their lifespan, further complicating any attempt to classify how dangerous a tornado is as it is occurring.

Appearing to reach the ground
It is commonly and mistakenly thought that if the condensation funnel of a tornado does not reach the ground, then the tornado cannot cause substantial damage. Furthermore, a tornado is sometimes believed to be on the ground only when its condensation funnel descends to the surface, but this assumption is misleading and extremely dangerous. The 2013 El Reno tornado is one such example which disproves both beliefs, as it featured an expansive and translucent outer circulation with an incomplete condensation funnel. The circular, violent surface winds (not the condensation funnel) are what both define the tornado and cause the tornado's damage. Spotters should keep sight of swirling debris directly under any visible funnel or rotating wall cloud, even if such structures appear to not descend entirely to the ground. Additionally, tornadoes can be wrapped in rain and thus may not be visible at all.

Direction of travel
It has been thought in the past that tornadoes moved almost exclusively in a northeasterly direction. This is false, and a potentially deadly myth which can lead to a false sense of security, especially for unaware spotters or chasers. Although the majority of tornadoes move northeast, this is normally due to the motion of the storm, and tornadoes can move in any direction. The expectation of northeasterly travel may be accurate in many cases, but is a statistical observation about the most usual direction of travel that cannot be applied to predict the movement of a particular tornado. A deadly F5 tornado that hit the city of Jarrell, Texas, in 1997 moved to the southwest – directly opposite to the commonly expected storm motion. Another notable example is the 1990 Plainfield tornado, a significant and deadly F5 tornado that traveled from northwest-to-southeast. Tornadoes can also change direction unpredictably due to storm motion changes or effects on the tornado itself from factors such as its rear flank downdraft. A change of direction proved deadly in the 2013 El Reno tornado, in which a 2.6-mile-wide tornado shifted from an easterly to a northeasterly direction, killing four storm chasers. A 2008 tornado in Colorado moved in a southeast-to-northwest direction, which is very rare.

Geographical scope
It is often thought that tornadoes only occur in North America. The majority of recorded tornadoes do occur in the United States and Canada; however, tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica.

Europe, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, and eastern India often experience tornadoes.

Near rivers, valleys, mountains, or other terrain features
There are many misconceptions involving the effect of terrain features – bodies of water, mountains, valleys, and others – on tornado formation and behavior. While most modes of tornadogenesis are poorly understood, no terrain feature can prevent the occurrence of a tornado.

Small bodies of water such as lakes and rivers are insignificant obstacles to tornadoes. Violent tornadoes have formed over rivers and lakes – including the 1878 Wallingford tornado, the 1899 New Richmond tornado, and more recently the 2011 Goderich tornado. More than a dozen tornadoes are reported to have crossed the Mississippi River. Strong tornadoes have also been known to cross the Detroit River and St. Clair River separating the United States and Canada.

Regarding mountains, tornadoes have been observed on terrain as high as 12000 ft above sea level, and have been known to pass up a 3000 ft ridge unaffected.

These myths have been debunked. The devastating Tri-State Tornado crossed two major rivers along a record 219 mi or longer path. In 1944, a violent tornado cut a continuous path at least 60 mi through heavily forested and mountainous territory in West Virginia, killing at least 100 people. A hill known as Burnett's Mound on the southwest end of Topeka, Kansas was purported to protect the city from tornadoes, according to an old legend. However, in 1966, an F5 tornado passed directly over the hill through downtown, killing 18 people and causing $100 million (1966 USD) in damage. This myth continues to persist, and was further compounded by the fact that Burnett's Mound was rumored to be a burial ground of the Kansa Tribe, and that Topekans had committed sacrilege by attempting to build a water tower on the grounds immediately prior to the 1966 F5 tornado, despite strong opposition as a result of the myth. Downtown Memphis, Tennessee, was believed by residents to be protected from tornadoes and other severe weather by the Chickasaw Bluff along the Mississippi River. During the 1974 Super Outbreak, violent tornadoes crossed dozens of rivers, including the Ohio River and Detroit River, as well as crossing over mountains and ridges hundreds of feet high. Another example of tornadoes hitting mountainous regions of the United States is the 2011 Super Outbreak, which hit mountainous parts of East Tennessee, Northeast Alabama, Southwest Virginia and North Georgia, killing many people, including an entire family of four in Ringgold, Georgia.

Attraction to mobile homes and/or trailer parks
The idea that manufactured housing units, or mobile homes, attract tornadoes has been around for decades. This may appear to be true at first from looking at tornado fatality statistics: from 2000 to 2008, 539 people were killed by tornadoes in the US, with more than half (282) of those deaths in mobile homes. Only around 6.8% of homes in the US are "manufactured/mobile homes".

However, it is highly unlikely that single-story structures such as mobile homes can have a substantial effect on tornado development or evolution. More people are killed in trailer parks because mobile homes are less able to withstand high winds than permanent structures. Winds which can demolish or roll a mobile home may only cause roof damage to a typical one- or two-family permanent residence. Another likely contributing factor to the continued propagation of this myth is confirmation bias: whenever a new instance of a tornado hitting a mobile home park occurs, media outlets report on it more extensively, ignoring damage to the surrounding area which may not have produced as many casualties.

Downtown areas
Some people believe that, for various reasons, large cities cannot be struck by tornadoes. More than 100 tornadoes have been reported to strike downtown areas of large cities. Many cities have been struck twice or more, and a few – including Lubbock, Texas; Regina, Saskatchewan; St. Louis, Missouri; Topeka, Kansas; and London, England – have been struck by violent tornadoes (F4 or stronger).

Tornadoes may seem rare in downtown areas because they are relatively small: as the size of a central business district is a small part of the whole town, tornadoes will strike outside the downtown area more often.

The misconception, like most, has a small basis in truth. Research has been done in a few metropolitan areas suggesting that the urban heat island effect may discourage the formation of weak tornadoes in city centers, due to turbulent warm air disrupting their formation. This does not apply to significant tornadoes, however, and it is possible that the presence of tall buildings may actually intensify storms which move into downtown areas.

During winter
Because they generally require warm weather to form, tornadoes are uncommon in winter in the mid-latitudes. However, they can form, and tornadoes have even been known to travel over snow-covered surfaces. Deadly tornadoes are no exception: from 2000 to 2008, 135 of the 539 US tornado deaths occurred during meteorological winter (December through February). Tornadoes in winter may be more dangerous, since they tend to move faster than tornadoes at other times of the year. For instance, the violent and deadly 2021 Western Kentucky tornado formed on the evening of December 10, well into meteorological winter, and maintained a consistent forward speed of 60 mph, killing 57 and injuring over 500.

title: Tornado myths


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Talk:Diagnosis of tuberculosis

WHO protocols
Treatment for Tuberculosis may vary from developing coutries to developed countries, and so may vary the protocol for diagnosis. For eg. as per the WHO run and monitored Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program in India (2002), 3 sputum samples, one of them overnight, and two others at the spot are a MUST for diagnosis. X-ray takes a second place in countries where holding cases for 6 months of ATT is a strain on the state and the citizen.

I believe these new diagnosis protocols of WHO should be incoroported, and throw this open for discussion before I go ahead and put it up.

ANy comments?
 * I agree that the WHO diagnostic protocols be put up, BUT remember that they only guide diagnosis of TB of the lungs and pretty much ignore TB infection elsewhere in the body.--Gak 16:03, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Interferon-γ testing
A related issue

Two other tests that should also be metioned are Quantiferon TB (QFT) Gold which its manufacturer (www.cellestis.com) claims is much more accurate than Mantoux, particularly among BCG imunised subjects and Ellispot tests about which I know nothing.

Since I own shares in Cellestis - the manufacturer of of QFT - I would prefer someone a bit more independent and knowlegable to deal with these tests.

"In general the US approach is likely to result in more false positives and more unnecessary treatment with potentially toxic drugs; the UK approach is as sensitive in theory and should also be more specific, because of the use of interferon-γ tests." Heyo, I was wondering whether this statement is author's opinion or whether it is a view taken from a published paper. If it is a published paper, could you please add the relevant citation, thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tetraploidtree (talk • contribs) 15:40, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Tyne test
Reference to the Tyne test removed. It is no longer in use anywhere in the world.--Gak 15:34, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Abreugraphy
I propose that this section be moved to TB radiography.--Gak 16:00, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

US guidance
Will people please STOP chopping and pasting bits wholesale from the CDC website and pretending that they apply to the whole world? CDC recommendations are specific to the US and are NOT relevant to other countries: in fact, many CDC recommendations directly contradict the recommendations of other countries and international health organisations (including the WHO). If you ARE going to put CDC guidance into this article, PLEASE mark it as US specific. --Gak 18:06, 17 September 2006 (UTC

 * I agree! TB isn't even such a big problem in the USA. So, we should be using WHO guidelines instead, or better: country-specific ones from the high-burden countries. --Waqqashanafi (talk) 08:31, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

Role of microbiology in diagnosis
Microbiological diagnosis is the only definitive method of diagnosing tuberculosis.--Gak 13:11, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

The whole microbiological diagnosis section seems a bit illogical, starting with sputum but then moving onto diagnosis by technological platform. Suggest this is ordered by platform to make it more consistent. It also skips very briefly over the nucleic amplification technologies of which there have been many recent developments.--Fortuitum (talk) 11:25, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

"Productive cough"
the symptoms of pulmonary TB: productive, prolonged cough of three or more weeks

For those of us without an extensive background in medical jargon, could some link/explanation be given to clarify the difference between a "productive" cough versus an "unproductive" cough? -- 14:11, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Productive cough basically means that you cough stuff up. I added a link from productive cough to sputum.  Hope this helps. (D.c.camero (talk) 01:40, 30 August 2008 (UTC))

Minimum criteria necessary to diagnose as TB?
This article doesn't specify the minimum clinical symptoms criteria necessary to diagnose as TB. I believe it is unexplained weight loss. Cough isn't necessary. But I'm not sure. --Waqqashanafi (talk) 08:29, 23 January 2016 (UTC)

Diagnosis in children
The problem of diagnosis in children is entirely missing. Will add one sentence as a starter. Wuerzele (talk) 17:12, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

Lede does not reflect body
After cleaning up the body a bit, I find the lede does not reflect the body whatsoever.

Even the first sentence is unfortunate: "Tuberculosis is diagnosed by finding Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in a clinical specimen taken from the patient." Most of the time that is not true: Latent TB is diagnosed by immunological reactions alone. It would be true to say that TB is confirmed by finding Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in a clinical specimen taken from the patient. Wuerzele (talk) 18:20, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Diagnosis of tuberculosis


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User talk:Jonathan48

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Oleg Alexandrov 15:42, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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 * Thanks! I was worried removing the Archimedean solids reference would be trouble, becuase I saw that others had editted it without removing it. But I'm pretty sure that solids are polyhedra, and figures are polygons, and that article was about decagon. Jonathan48 17:23, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Because Carl Friedrich Gauss is about to be a featured article, I came to heptadecagon and your suggestion of of an animated construction. I think that would be really good and I've just posted saying so in Talk:Heptadecagon Thincat 13:01, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The heptadecagon animation is wonderful! I don't think it is "messy" at all, it is rather elegant. It isn't mathematically illuminating (to me) but it is fascinating. It is curiously asymmetrical. Thank you for doing this. I think Wikipedia is greatly enhanced by photos and graphics. Thincat 08:34, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Your heptadecagon animation is great. Looking at it, however, I think it could be improved by highlighting (bold, different colour, something like that) the heptadecagon once it is completed, so that it is visible against all the compass marks. If it's an easy thing to change, then great; if you don't change it, kudos for the animation in the first place. M.Nelson (talk) 03:45, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Thanks, Johnathan, for your work on my contributions to II Thessalonians. I'm afraid I just jumped in, and am learning the protocols the hard way. By the way, I grew up in the Levant and my brother still lives there, so if there is anything you want to know, I know it all. :) A Georgian (talk) 14:39, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

title: User talk:Jonathan48


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Axon

Comments By Participants
For the record, I think this whole thing is ridiculous. It's ridiculous that Axon is using an unrelated Wikipedia article to air some grievance that stopped being relevant years ago. I think it's ridiculous that either of us is spending this much time and effort trying to save or destroy an article that all of a dozen people on the face of the planet will ever read. I think it's ridiculous that there is no editorial oversight on Wikipedia, and that a request for mediation gets no response from either the other party or from anyone at Wikipedia itself. Most of all, I think it's ridiculous that two reasonably intelligent adults can't discuss their differences and create a factual, relevant Wikipedia article. I do not know what the outcome will be, but I am going to see it through to its conclusion. If something this trivial can't be resolved in a reasonable fashion, then Wikipedia as a whole has some serious problems. -- Bblackmoor 15:42, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Also, for the record, if the community or the Arbitration committee decides that RPG Library's failed experiment from the late 1990s really does belong on the Open gaming page, and that the authors of the October Open Gaming License really should be maligned one-sidedly for time immemorial in any venue even tangentially related to that license, I'll go along with that. I try to be objective, but I am only human. If I am actually working against the best interests of Wikipedia, I want to know. -- Bblackmoor 16:10, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

In the interest of full disclosure, I should point out that it is true that, at one time, on my user page I had linked the word "stupid" to Axon's user page. I did that out of frustration during a Request For Deletion discussion last year (it was, if anything, even more frustrating that this current tempest in a teapot). I removed the link the next time I looked at my user page: until today, I assumed that no one else had even seen it. As for the rest of his accusations, I do not know. I am not immune to the occasional emotional outburst, but as far as I know, I have gone beyond the pale in trying to resolve this matter in a civilized manner. In the request for comments, the survey, and the request for mediation, I have tried very hard to phrase his point of view as neutrally as I possibly could. I am sure that I could have done better. But I did try. -- Bblackmoor 23:53, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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User:Faethon12

Hi all.

I am [Faethon] As always, my login is Faethon12 and my password Faethon12.

My [original account] has been vandalized and its password taken. The same happened with [Faethon2]. Then a stranger (probably [Carnildo]) registered [Faethon3], [Faethon4], [Faethon5] [Faethon6], [Faethon7], [Faethon8] and [Faethon9] to prevent me register a new account. Fortunately there is always a bigger number, so I register [Faethon10] that has been abused and [Faethon11] that has been abused too by someone only admins know.

So here I am with Faethon12, hoping this account is not going to be abused. If it does, there is always [Faethon13], [Faethon14] e.t.c. (notice FaethonX's name in contributions link, it is grey meaning that is not registered yet).

'''Where are the admins to protect my user front page and my password? Why they keep letting abusers to vandalize my user page and abuse my account by stealing my password?'''.

I am asking the admins to protect me, either to change my password back in my original Faethon account, or fix my password in my Faethon12 account always to be Faethon12 and prevent other users to change it.

My Rules
[Same as Faethon11].

My Public Key
[Same as original Faethon account]

title: User:Faethon12


text: Category:Atlantic Coast Conference

title: Category:Atlantic Coast Conference


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Classic Album

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE.

I'm a little uncomfortable deleting this with only 3 votes, especially given the other links at Metallica. dbenbenn | talk 17:51, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Classic Album
Appears to be an advert for a metallica DVD of some sort. Non notable and probably covered elsewhereGeni 15:43, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There are eight such full-length Metallica videos, all but one with articles, at Metallica. On the other hand, per Encyclopedia Metallica, it seems to have been an episode of VH1's Classic Albums. Samaritan 18:00, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic, possible advert/promo. It looks like its been copied and pasted from somewhere - spelling mistakes and all. Megan1967 06:48, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Band is notable, and if individual albums are in WP, why not this video? Radiant! 12:48, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Mini Mathur

Mini Mathur (born 21 August 1972) is an Indian television host, actor and model. She was the host of the Indian reality singing contest Indian Idol for 6 seasons. Earlier, she was a VJ on MTV India where she hosted many shows. She has a bachelor's degree in English literature and an MBA in marketing from IMT Ghaziabad and recently played the lead in the Amazon original series Mind the Malhotras for which she received 7 best actor awards for her role as Shefali Malhotra. She hosts the Discovery School Super League on Discovery India and is the producer presenter of her travel series Minime, the first season of which aired on TLC. She also hosted an interview show with politicians, industrialists and opinion makers called Dilli dil se. She also was a contestant in the second season of Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa in 2007.

Career
Mini is one of the most popular TV hosts in India. She holds a degree in English literature from Lady Sriram College and in business management from Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad.

She started her career as an advertising professional at J Walter Thompson, New Delhi through IMT Campus Placement. A chance opportunity to be the face of Ray-ban sunglasses led her to many more modelling assignments and her first game show on Indian television called Tol mol ke Bol. Several more game and quiz shows and a travel show led her to Mumbai where she joined as a VJ, after a contest where she impersonated Simi Garewal interviewing Mamta Kulkarni.

In four years at MTV Mini hosted concerts by international artists, interviewed film and pop stars, appear on youth campuses, give advice on love, and play classic tracks. At MTV, she presented Bombay Blush, a culture show on India that aired in the UK. She hosted 2 seasons of the show on BBC2.

She returned to mass entertainment with the first edition of the smash hit, Indian Idol and continued to be a favorite for 3 seasons. She took a break to have a baby. She did several shows on music thereafter. Having accumulated goodwill among musicians. Yeh shaam Mastani, an interview-based concert series. Mini then stepped into the jungles of Taman Negara in Malaysia for 2 months to host the first season of Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao live, the Indian edition of "I'm a celebrity, get me out of here".

She appeared as a celebrity contestant on Jhalak Dikhlaja Season 2. She then hosted a hardcore sports quiz show called Sports ka Superstar which gave her a chance to hone her sports knowledge and appear on two seasons of Kaun Banega Crorepati (Who Wants to be a Millionaire) as an expert lifeline. She returned to host Indian Idol season 6 in 2012. She also hosted BYJU's Discovery School Super League season 1 along with Cyrus Sahukar in 2019 which aired on Discovery Channel.

She is known to harbor political aspirations. She hosts an interview show with politicians, industrialists, and opinion makers on DD, the national channel. Known for her sense of style and her love for vibrantly coloured handloom sarees, Mini appeared in many ad campaigns for Ultra doux, L'Oreal and Comfort.

Personal life
Mini Mathur was born in Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family. She resides in Mumbai with her husband, film director Kabir Khan as well as her children, Vivaan and Sairah.

Hosting career

 * Tol Mol Ke Bol Zee TV (Host)
 * Hit Thi Hit Hai (Host)
 * Hit Hit Hurray (Host)
 * Tandav Zee TV (Actress)
 * Vakaalat Zee TV ( Actress)
 * Khoobsurat Zee TV (Host)
 * Khwahish Sony TV (Actress)
 * Indian Holiday Zee TV (Host)
 * MTV (1999-2003) (VJ)
 * Bombay Blush (Host)
 *  Indian Idol 1 Sony TV (Host)
 * Popkorn ZOOM (Host)
 * Miss India Pageant (Host)
 * Sirf Ek Minute Mein Sahara ONE (Host)
 * Yeh Shaam Mastani (Sony) (host)
 * Indian Idol 2 Sony TV (Host)
 * Indian Idol 3 Sony TV (Host)
 * Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 2 (Contestant)
 * Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao Sony (Host)
 * Wife Bina Life Star Plus (Host)
 * Sports ka Superstar (Host)
 * Indian Idol 6 Sony TV (Host)
 * Dilli Dil Se Aaj Tak (Host)
 * Kaun Banega Crorepati
 * A Nation Celebrates (Producer)
 * From Corner Shops to Lords (Producer)
 * Discovery School Super League (Quiz Master)
 * Mind the Malhotras on Amazon Prime Originals

title: Mini Mathur


text:
Talk:Old Dominion University

Unnecessarily detailed information about research centers
An unregistered editor is insisting that this article include a very detailed set of paragraphs about some of the research centers of this university. This article should cannot go into too much detail about any specific part of the university as it's a general encyclopedia article about the entire institution; WP:UNIGUIDE, WP:NOT, and WP:DUE are relevant Wikipedia policies and practices. Moreover, it's unacceptable to use misleading edit summaries such as "added the number of colleges and schools. clarified student population to "approximately"" when readding thousands of bytes of information about a completely different topic. ElKevbo (talk) 15:57, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

Potential Conflict of Interest Editing
There have been several chunks of edits by IP users coming from the Old Dominion University's IP address set (Cox in Norfolk, general location near the river between Norfolk and Portsmouth) and one single purpose account named ODUMonarch. It appears likely that someone from the institution is editing this article undisclosed and hiding behind IP edits to avoid being identified. See above comment as well. These edits are usually not minor, and have included removing sections and adding unnecessarily specific detail. --18:48, 13 January 2024 (UTC) StreetcarEnjoyer (talk) 18:48, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Old Dominion University


text:
Tropic Air

Tropic Air is an airline operating scheduled services from Belize. Founded in 1979 by John Greif III with just a single airplane and two employees, Tropic has steadily grown to a fleet of 17 light aircraft and now operates over 200 daily scheduled flights. The airline flies to 13 destinations in Belize, Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras. The airline also offers private charters as well as various sightseeing tours.

Destinations

 * Belize
 * Ambergris Caye - John Greif II Airport
 * Belize City
 * Sir Barry Bowen Municipal Airport
 * Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport
 * Caye Caulker - Caye Caulker Airport
 * Corozal - Corozal Airport
 * Dangriga - Dangriga Airport
 * Placencia - Placencia Airport
 * Punta Gorda - Punta Gorda Airport

 * Guatemala
 * Guatemala City - La Aurora International Airport

 * Honduras
 * Roatan - Juan Manuel Gálvez International Airport
 * San Pedro Sula - Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport

 * Mexico
 * Cancun - Cancún International Airport

 * El Salvador
 * San Salvador - El Salvador International Airport

Fleet
The Tropic Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:

A de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter is also leased seasonally.

Accidents and incidents

 * 4 December 2014: a Cessna 208B Grand Caravan overran the runway upon landing at the Belize City Municipal Airport and came to rest in the waters of the Caribbean Sea. Nobody was hurt.
 * 17 November 2017: a Cessna 208B Grand Caravan on a domestic flight to Punta Gorda Airport in Belize with seven people on board, including the Acting Prime Minister of Belize Patrick Faber and Agriculture Minister Godwin Hulse, ditched in the sea just after it lifted off the runway at Placencia Airport, after one of its main landing gear wheels hit a vehicle. Several occupants of the aircraft and a passenger in the vehicle were injured, but there were no fatalities. The runway at Placencia Airport is very close to a road that has boom gates to stop vehicles while aircraft are landing or taking off; one of the gates reportedly failed to deploy.

title: Tropic Air


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Yucca schidigera

Yucca schidigera, also known as the Mojave yucca or Spanish dagger, is a flowering plant native to the southwest deserts of North America.

Description
Yucca schidigera is a small evergreen tree growing to 5 m tall, with a dense crown of spirally arranged bayonet-like leaves on top of a conspicuous basal trunk. The bark is gray-brown, being covered with brown dead leaves near the top, becoming irregularly rough and scaly-to-ridged closer to the ground. The leaves are 30–150 cm long and 4–11 cm broad at the base, concavo-convex, thick, very rigid, and yellow-green to blue-green in color.

The flowers are white, sometimes with a purple tinge, 3–5 cm long (rarely to 7.5 cm), bell-shaped and segmented into six parts; they are produced in a compact, bulbous cluster 60–120 cm tall at the top of the stem. The fruit is an elongate berry, up to 11.5 cm long.

Distribution and habitat
The plant is native to the Mojave Desert, Chihuahuan Desert and Sonoran Desert of southeastern California, Baja California, New Mexico, southern Nevada and Arizona.

This yucca typically grows on rocky desert slopes and creosote desert flats between 300 - 1200 m altitude, rarely up to 2500 m. They thrive in full sun and in soil with excellent drainage. It also needs no summer water. It is related to the banana yucca (Y. baccata), which occurs in the same general area; hybrids between the two are sometimes found.

Fire ecology
Post fire, the Mojave yucca produces sprouts eagerly and the regeneration of the seedlings are witnessed. The fire regime is defined predominantly by heavy crop vegetation that take part in carrying the fire in the ecosystem. Over time, the invasive species that have been introduced to the ecosystem, such as grasses, have turned more fire tolerant, increasing the fire frequency and altering the fire regime that existed in the past.

Early accounts describe the flora of the Mojave Desert as arid grassland and shrubland communities. This ecosystem depended on winter precipitation. Y. schidigera was tolerant of this fire regime and rarely harmed. However, the introduction of nonnative grasses led to a higher frequency of fire, which decreased the survival rate of Y. schidigera.

Uses
Moths gather pollen from the flowers and deposit it on the stigma of a flower, the ovary of which they lay their eggs in; the larvae eat of the fruit capsule as it grows, but leave behind some seeds to develop into fruit.

The fibers of the Yucca schidigera leaves are used by Native Americans to make rope, cloth, thread, and sandals. The flowers and fruit are eaten either raw or roasted, and the black seeds were ground into a flour. The roots are used to make soap. Some reports claim that Native Americans wash their hair with yucca to fight dandruff and hair loss. Among the other maladies this yucca has been used to treat are headaches, bleeding, gonorrhea, arthritis and rheumatism.

Currently, extracts from this plant are in animal feed and various herbal medications. The rigid flower stalk of the yucca, after maturation, is used as a substitute for eucalyptus stems or logs to make didgeridoos. It is also used as a natural deodorizer, and is used in pet deodorizers. Steroid saponins are produced commercially from Y. schidigera that can be used as naturally derived food-grade surfactant. Y. schidigera is an ingredient that is found in a quarter of dog food sold. It is mainly included in their food to reduce the waste odor of most pets.

Researchers have also found that the ingestion of Y. schidigera have decreased the blood cholesterol of human and chickens, increased vitamin and mineral absorption in animals, and increased cattle reproduction.

In fish, Yucca schidigera extract is beneficial. It can improve the growth rate in fish as a result of increased protein metabolism, requiring less food to sustain populations of fish. Outside of boosted growth rates, Yucca schidigera can also be used to improve the health of fish as it reduces ammonia that may be present in the water, generally improving the water quality. Evidence also suggests that Yucca schidigera is a suitable substitute in enabling fish to fight off the many diseases that characterize aquaculture.

title: Yucca schidigera


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Megalithic yard

The megalithic yard is a hypothetical ancient unit of length equal to about 2.72 ft. Some researchers believe it was used in the construction of megalithic structures. The proposal was made by Alexander Thom as a result of his surveys of 600 megalithic sites in England, Scotland, Wales and Brittany. Thom also proposed the megalithic rod of 2.5 megalithic yards, or on average across sites 6.77625 feet. As subunits of these, he further proposed the megalithic inch of 2.073 cm, one hundred of which are included in a megalithic rod, and forty of which composed a megalithic yard. Thom applied the statistical lumped variance test of J.R. Broadbent on this quantum and found the results significant, while others have challenged his statistical analysis and suggested that Thom's evidence can be explained in other ways, for instance that the supposed megalithic yard is in fact the average length of a pace.

Other units
Thom suggested that "There must have been a headquarters from which standard rods were sent out but whether this was in these islands or on the Continent the present investigation cannot determine."

Margaret Ponting has suggested that artefacts such as a marked bone found during excavations at Dail Mòr near Callanish, the Patrickholme bone bead from Lanarkshire and Dalgety bone bead from Fife in Scotland have shown some evidence of being measuring rods based on the megalithic yard in Britain. An oak rod from the Iron Age fortified settlement at Borre Fen measured 53.15 in with marks dividing it up into eight parts of 6.64 in. Euan Mackie referred to five-eighths of this rod 33.2 in as "very close to a megalithic yard". A hazel measuring rod recovered from a Bronze Age burial mound in Borum Eshøj, East Jutland by P. V. Glob in 1875 measured 30.9 in. Keith Critchlow suggested this may have shrunk 0.63 in from its original length of one megalithic yard over a period of 3000 years.

Thom made a comparison of his megalithic yard with the Spanish vara, the pre-metric measurement of Iberia, whose length was 2.7425 ft. Archaeologist Euan Mackie noticed similarities between the megalithic yard and a unit of measurement extrapolated from a long, marked shell from Mohenjo Daro and ancient measuring rods used in mining in the Austrian Tyrol. He suggested similarities with other measurements such as the ancient Indian gaz and the Sumerian šu-du3-a. Along with John Michell, Mackie also noted that it is the diagonal of a rectangle measuring 2 by 1 Egyptian remens. Jay Kappraff has noted similarity between the megalithic yard and the ancient Indus short yard of 33 in. Anne Macaulay reported that the megalithic rod is equal in length to the Greek fathom of (2.072 m) from studies by Eric Fernie of the Metrological Relief in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

Reception
Thom's proposals were initially ignored or regarded as unbelievable by mainstream archaeologists.

Clive Ruggles, citing astronomer Douglas C. Heggie, has said that both classical and Bayesian statistical reassessments of Thom's data "reached the conclusion that the evidence in favour of the megalithic yard was at best marginal, and that even if it does exist the uncertainty in our knowledge of its value is of the order of centimetres, far greater than the 1mm precision claimed by Thom. In other words, the evidence presented by Thom could be adequately explained by, say, monuments being set out by pacing, with the 'unit' reflecting an average length of pace." David George Kendall makes the same argument, and says that pacing would have created a greater difference in measurements between sites, and that a statistical analysis of sites would reveal whether they were measured by pacing or not. In an investigation for the Royal Academy Kendall concluded that there was evidence of a uniform unit in Scottish circles but not in English circles, and that further research was needed. Statistician P. R. Freeman reached similar conclusions and found that two other units fit the data as well as the yard.

Douglas Heggie casts doubt on Thom's suggestion as well, stating that his careful analysis uncovered "little evidence for a highly accurate unit" and "little justification for the claim that a highly accurate unit was in use".

In his book Rings of Stone: The Prehistoric Stone Circles of Britain and Ireland. Aubrey Burl calls the megalithic yard "a chimera, a grotesque statistical misconception."

Most researchers have concluded that there is marginal evidence for a standardized measuring unit, but that it was not as uniform as Thom believed.

Arguments for a geometric derivation
Some commentators upon Thom's megalithic yard (John Ivimy and then Euan Mackie ) have noted how such a measure could relate to geometrical ideas found historically in two Egyptian metrological units; the remen of about 1.2 feet and royal cubit of about 1.72 feet. The remen and royal cubit were used to define land areas in Egypt: "On documentary and other evidence Griffith came to the conclusion that the square on the royal cubit was intended to be twice that on the remen; and Petri identified the remen as a length of 20 digits".

A square with side length equal to the diagonal of a square with side length equal to one remen has an area of one square royal cubit, ten thousand (a myriad) of which defined an Egyptian land measure, the setat. John Ivimy noted that "The ratio MY : Rc is SQRT(5) : SQRT(2) to the nearest millimeter, which makes the MY equal to SQRT(5) remens, or the length of a 2 × 1 remen rectangle." see figure at right.

The main weakness in this argument is probably that, in order to derive their yard, the builders of the megalithic monuments would have needed the remen and royal cubit, upon which this geometrical relationship relies. However, since the megalithic constructs of the British Isles and northern France predate the pyramids by millennia, this supposed counter-argument is anachronistic.

Recent work by John Michell (Ancient Metrology, The Lost Science of Measuring the Earth), John Neal (All Done with Mirrors), Richard and Robin Heath (various works on British megalithic circles and on Carnac) make a case for the connection of the megalithic yard with a systemic relation of geodetics and the lunation cycle. A fresh proposal demonstrating a correlation between four units of measure (the royal cubit, the remen, the megalithic yard and the foot) examines the text of Euclidin light of the ancient cosmological implications of the dodecahedron's construction atop a cube. The approach demonstrates that the Egyptian Duat, as an encircled pentagram, is a shorthand glyph for the Platonic quintessence (dodecahedron) and that they both represented the fabric of the celestial canopy covering the earth (cube). In this example, given side AB equals 10 royal cubits (5.236067 meters), then side DB equals 20 remen and line GB equals 1 megalithic yard. The difference between the royal cubit and the megalithic yard is 1 foot.

title: Megalithic yard


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Eduard Strasburger

Eduard Adolf Strasburger (1 February 1844 – 18 May 1912) was a Polish-German professor and one of the most famous botanists of the 19th century. He discovered mitosis in plants.

Life
Eduard Strasburger was born in Warsaw, Congress Poland, the son of Anna Karoline (von Schütz) and Eduard Gottlieb Strasburger (1803–1874). In 1870, he married Alexandra Julia ("Alexandrine") Wertheim (1847–1902), they had two children: Anna (1870–1942) and Julius (1871–1934).

Strasburger studied biological sciences in Paris, Bonn and Jena, receiving a PhD in 1866 after working with Nathanael Pringsheim. In 1868 he taught at the University of Warsaw. In 1869 he was appointed professor of botany at the University of Jena. From 1881 he was head of the Botanisches Institut at the University of Bonn.

Strasburger died in Bonn, Germany.

Achievements
Strasburge was a founder of the famous Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen (Textbook of Botany), which first appeared in 1894. He was the first to provide an accurate description of the embryonic sac in gymnosperms (such as conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants), along with demonstrating double-fertilization in angiosperms. He came up with one of the modern laws of plant cytology: "New cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other nuclei." and originated the terms cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

Together with Walther Flemming and Edouard van Beneden, he elucidated chromosome distribution during cell division. His work on the upward movement of tree sap proved that the process was physical and not physiological.

Awards
He was awarded the Linnean Medal in 1905, as well as the Linnean Society of London's even more prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908, awarded only once every 50 years.

Family
Strasburger was married to the pianist Alexandra Julie ("Alexandrine") Wertheim (1847–1902, daughter of the banker and councillor Julius Wertheim 1817–1901 from Warsaw, half sister of Carl Tausig) and aunt of the pianist Juliusz Wertheim (1880−1928); they had three children (the third died early). His son was the internist Julius Strasburger, a grandson was the ancient historian Hermann Strasburger.

Works

 * On Cell Formation and Cell Division, 1876 – a book in which he set forth the basic principles of mitosis.
 * Ueber das Verhalten des Pollens und die Befruchtungsvorgänge bei den Gymnospermen: Schwärmsporen, Gameten, pflanzliche Spermatozoiden und das Wesen der Befruchtung. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 1892.
 * Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen, 1st ed., 1894; 4th ed., 1900, digital edition by ULB Düsseldorf; 5th ed., 1902, by ULB Düsseldorf; 8th ed., 1906, by ULB Düsseldorf; 16th ed., 1923, available at BHL; 33rd ed., 1991; 36th ed. 2008. Translated to English, Estonian, Italian, Japanese, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, and Spanish. A complete list of editions and translations up to 1994 is given in Finke et al. (1994)
 * A Textbook of botany, 1st ed., 1898, English translation of the 2nd German ed. (1895), available at BHL. Macmillan, London.
 * Das kleine botanische Practicum für Anfänger : Anleitung zum Selbststudium der mikroskopischen Botanik und Einführung in die mikroskopische Technik, 4th ed., 1902, digital edition by ULB Düsseldorf.

title: Eduard Strasburger


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Talk:2005 Thai general election

Untitled
Can we get some pics of the opposition? Even if the thais don't think so, we need something more than just Thaksin Shinawatra.✏ Sverdrup 15:57, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Could someone who reads Thai go to the Election Commission website and tell me if there are detailed election statistics to be found there? If not, does anyone know of any other source for them? Adam 15:12, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:07, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Thaksinposter.JPG

title: Talk:2005 Thai general election


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Total enclosure fetishism

Total enclosure fetishism is a form of sexual fetishism whereby a person becomes aroused when having their entire body enclosed in a certain way. Total enclosure is often accompanied by some element of bondage.

Examples
Some total enclosure activities include:
 * In rubber fetishism, rubber suits, gas masks and similar garments and accessories are used for total enclosure.
 * Vacuum beds rigidly enclose the entire body under a rubber sheet with a small breathing tube.
 * Sleepsacks and body bags are also used as less rigid enclosure alternative to the vacuum beds, although some are made in inflatable form to increase pressure on the occupant's body.
 * In spandex fetishism, zentai suits are used for total enclosure in skintight fabric from head to toe. In the case of zentai, the wearer breathes through the loose-woven fabric itself, the garment is not as tight as a rubber or PVC garment would be, and the costume generally comes off with a zipper that can be operated by the wearer.
 * Being sealed within a giant stuffed animal or murrsuit (sexual fursuit).

Although experiences of these activities are regarded as claustrophobic, total enclosure fetishists like to practice these activities, sometimes combining them with bondage to intensify feelings of helplessness.

Risks
As with all activities involving bondage or potential risk to breathing, this is a risky activity. Maintaining an airway, preventing positional asphyxia, and ensuring that the enclosed person has a means of escape at all times are of paramount importance, if these activities are not to result in death.

See the articles on bondage and erotic asphyxiation for some discussion of the risks involved.

title: Total enclosure fetishism


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User talk:Occhialino

Ler's get started

title: User talk:Occhialino


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Clan (disambiguation)

A clan is a group of people united by kinship and descent. It may refer to:

 * Clan (African Great Lakes), a unit of social organisation
 * Chinese clan association, formed by Overseas Chinese based on dialect groups or family names
 * Irish clan, an Irish family group with a common surname
 * Japanese clans. a Japanese family group with a common surname
 * Scottish clan, a Scottish family group with a common surname

Clan(s) may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Clans (BattleTech), in the fictional BattleTech universe
 * Clans (board game), a prehistoric-themed German-style board game
 * Clans (game), a 1999 action RPG.
 * Clan (TV channel), a children- and youth-oriented Spanish TV channel.
 * Clan (TV series), a Flemish TV series
 * Clan (video gaming), a group of players who regularly play together in a multi-player game
 * Glasgow Clan An ice hockey team from Glasgow, Scotland who compete in the Elite Ice Hockey League.

Other uses

 * Clan (car), a British sports car manufacturer, producer of the Clan Crusader
 * Clans, Alpes-Maritimes, a commune of the Alpes-Maritimes département in France
 * Clans, Haute-Saône, a commune of the Haute-Saône département in France
 * Clan Class, a Highland Railway steam locomotive
 * Clan Line, a British shipping firm of the 19th and 20th centuries
 * Protein clan, a superfamily of proteins, usually proteases
 * Simon Fraser Clan, the varsity sport teams for Simon Fraser University
 * The collective noun for hyenas

title: Clan (disambiguation)


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Mirabile, Missouri

Mirabile is an unincorporated community in Caldwell County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

History
A post office called Mirabile was established in 1849, and remained in operation until 1941. Mirabile is a name derived from Latin meaning "wonderful".

title: Mirabile, Missouri


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Octavius Pickard-Cambridge

Octavius Pickard-Cambridge FRS (3 November 1828 – 9 March 1917) was an English clergyman and zoologist. He was a keen arachnologist who described and named more than 900 species of spider from a large collection that he made with contributions sent to him by correspondents from around the world.

Life and work
Pickard-Cambridge was born in Bloxworth rectory, Dorset, the fifth son of Rev. George Pickard, rector and squire of Bloxworth: the family changed its name to Pickard-Cambridge in 1848 after receiving the property left behind by a relative, Charles Owen Cambridge, of Whitminster House in Gloucestershire. Octavius was tutored at home by the poet William Barnes, after failing to receive admission to Winchester College. He also learned to play the violin from Sidney Smith. He then studied law in London before theology at the University of Durham. He was very active and made many friends in this period. He served as steward at steeplechases and presided over the college choral society. In 1857 he presented the Pickard-Cambridge Challenge Cup to University College Boating Club, University of Durham for a skiff race; it was re-presented in 1895 for college second trial fours. He received a BA in 1858 and an MA in 1859. He was ordained Deacon at Scarisbrick in 1858. In 1859 he became a priest and resigned the next year to return to Bloxworth succeeding his father in 1868. He took part in debates on evolution and sided with Charles Darwin's views. He corresponded with Darwin on various matters, and with Alfred Russel Wallace, who quoted one of his letters on his 1889 book Darwinism. Pickard-Cambridge was interested in natural history from an early age and his first publication was made in 1853 in The Zoologist. His main interest was in spiders, though he wrote also on birds and lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). This passion for arachnids was probably fostered in 1854 in which year he both accompanied the entomologist Frederick Bond on a visit to the New Forest in Hampshire and was introduced to the writings of the arachnologist John Blackwall, with whom he struck up a correspondence, meeting for the first time in 1860. Pickard-Cambridge assisted Blackwall between 1861 and 1864 in the publication of Blackwell's great work, British and Irish Spiders. In 1863-64, Pickard-Cambridge travelled through Europe to Egypt along as a tutor for O. Bradshaw. It was on this trip that he met his future wife. He also collected birds in Egypt and began a communication with Alfred Newton, introduced by Frederick Bond. He travelled again in 1865 with Bradshaw, this time meeting Herrich-Schäffer in Regensburg and in Nurenberg, he met Ludwig Koch and spent several days examining the spider collections made by him and his father.

Pickard-Cambridge published extensively on spiders between 1859 and his death in 1917, his major work being the volume on arachnids in the Biologia Centrali-Americana between 1883 and 1902. Of his other works, The Spiders of Dorset was perhaps his best-known, much of his other writing being in the form of papers in The Zoologist, the journals of the Linnean Society and the Zoological Society, and in the Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. He became a world authority on spiders, describing 932 new species including the Costa Rican redleg tarantula (Megaphobema mesomelas) and the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus).

Pickard-Cambridge married Rose Wallace on 19 April 1866 after meeting her when she was travelling through Europe with an aunt and sister. He first saw her in Paris where Pickard-Cambridge was tutoring a pupil, though he did not speak to her there, and they were finally introduced in Venice. They had had six sons. Among them were the classicist and composer William Adair Pickard-Cambridge (1879–1957) and the classicist Sir Arthur Wallace Pickard-Cambridge (1873–1952), one of the greatest authorities on the Greek theatre in the first half of the 20th century. Octavius' nephew, Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, (1860–1905) was also a noted arachnologist.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 9 September 1887. On his death, his collection made of about 5000 bottles of specimens and his library were bequeathed to the University of Oxford and is now held by Oxford University Museum of Natural History.

Works

 * "Arachnida", in Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th Edition, Volume II (Edinburgh, 1875)
 * The Spiders of Dorset: From the 'Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club.'  (Sherbourne, 1879–82)
 * Araneidea. Scientific Results of the Second Yarkand Mission. (Calcutta, 1885)
 * Monograph of the British Phalangidea or Harvest-Men. (Dorchester, 1890)

Other sources

 * Castellum 2006: alumnus newsletter of the University College, Durham. Contains an article entitled 'It's squirrels for luncheon, Sir' (pp. 38–47) with extensive biographical notes and images.

title: Octavius Pickard-Cambridge


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Carnivore (band)

Carnivore is an American crossover thrash band from Brooklyn, New York City. It was founded by singer and bassist Peter Steele out of the breakup of the Brooklyn metal group Fallout in 1982.

History
Carnivore released their self-titled debut album Carnivore in November 1985. For this album, the band spelled their names in what they thought were "exotic" ways, Petrus T. Steele and Louie Beateaux. The band often dressed as warriors in torn clothing and spikes attached to hockey gear during their live shows at this period. Keith Alexander left the band in 1986 because he was not interested in the new crossover direction of the band, and was replaced by Marc Piovanetti, who later joined Crumbsuckers. In September 1987, they released their second album, Retaliation. Soon after their second album was released, the band broke up and Peter Steele formed a new band called Repulsion, which would later be renamed Type O Negative. According to the sleeve notes of the "Top Shelf Edition" of their second album, the first Type O Negative album, Slow Deep and Hard was composed largely from material originally written for Carnivore. Peter Steele and Marc Piovanetti would not appear together on a release again until the compilation Songs of the Witchblade: A Soundtrack to the Comic Book in 1998.

Reformation and second break-up
Despite being disbanded for many years, the band was reactivated on several occasions, including several reunion shows in the mid 1990s with the Retaliation lineup, and an appearance at the 1996 Milwaukee Metalfest, plus several shows from 2006 to 2007 with a new four-piece lineup. The new lineup of the band performed at the Wacken Open Air in 2006.

Peter Steele died April 14, 2010, thus ending the reunion.

Carnivore A.D.
In August 2017, it was announced that Carnivore would officially be reformed as Carnivore A.D., featuring original drummer Louie Beato and guitarist Marc Piovanetti along with secondary drummer Joe Branciforte sharing drum duties and also introducing new member Baron Misuraca as the bassist/vocalist.

After a live performance at the 2017 Black N Blue Bowl pre-party in May, Piovanetti announced that the group would reform out of great respect to Peter Steele's legacy while simultaneously distinguishing themselves from past incarnations of the band. They played their first show with Misuraca on October 31 at Bowery Electric in New York City dubbed "A Halloween SteeleTacular". The band then made their live festival debut at the 2018 edition of Hellfest.

Musical style
The first Carnivore album was heavily influenced by the contemporary New York hardcore scene. It also drew inspiration from Black Sabbath and early Judas Priest, whereas the second album had significant crossover influences. The 'post-apocalyptic' theme that dominated the first album and was carried onto parts of the second album was apparently inspired by a dream Pete Steele had and which became the basis for the lyrics of "Predator", the first song from the original album. The lyrical theme was then expanded on to describe human society (or the lack of one) between imaginary World Wars 3, 4, and possibly 5 (as referenced in the song "World Wars 3 & 4"). Other lyrical themes included nihilism, anti-religious sentiment, cynicism, and explicit-but-tongue-in-cheek depictions of gore and despair. Song titles such as "Jesus Hitler", "Race War", "Thermonuclear Warrior", and "God Is Dead" reflect these themes.

Band members

 * Current members
 * Baron Misuraca - lead vocals, bass guitar (2017–present)
 * - guitar (2022-present)
 * Joe Branciforte - drums (2017–present)

 * Former members
 * Peter Steele − lead vocals, bass guitar (1982–1987, 1994–1996, 2006–2010; his death)
 * Keith Alexander – guitar (1983–1986; died 2005)
 * Stan Pillis − guitar (1982–1983)
 * Paul Bento − guitar (2006–2010)
 * Steve Tobin − drums (2006–2010)
 * Joey Z. − guitar (2006–2010)
 * Louie Beato - drums (1982–1987, 1994–1996, 2017–2022)
 * Marc Piovanetti - guitar (1987, 1994–1996, 2017–2022)

Studio albums

 * Carnivore (1985)
 * Retaliation (1987)

Compilation albums

 * Retaliation / Carnivore (1991)

Demo albums

 * Demo '84 (1984)
 * U.S.A. for U.S.A. (1986)

Singles

 * "Carnivore" (1984)
 * "Predator" (1985)

title: Carnivore (band)


text:
Lancetfish

Lancetfishes are large oceanic predatory fishes in the genus Alepisaurus ("scaleless lizard") in the monogeneric family Alepisauridae.

Lancetfishes grow up to 2 m in length. Very little is known about their biology, though they are widely distributed in all oceans, except the polar seas. Specimens have been recorded as far north as Greenland. They are often caught as bycatch by vessels long-lining for tuna.

The generic name is from Greek a- meaning "without", lepis meaning "scale", and sauros meaning "lizard".

Species
The two currently recognized extant species in this genus are:
 * Alepisaurus brevirostris Gibbs, 1960 (short-snouted lancetfish)
 * Alepisaurus ferox R. T. Lowe, 1833 (long-snouted lancetfish)

The anatomic difference between the two species is the shape of the snout, which is long and pointed in A. ferox, and slightly shorter in A. brevirostris. The long-snouted lancetfish is found in the tropical and northern sub-tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean. The short-snouted lancetfish lives in the Atlantic Ocean's tropics, subtropics, and southern sub-tropics of the Pacific ocean. A third recognized species, A. paronai D'Erasmo, 1923, is a fossil known from Middle Miocene-aged strata from Italy.

Description
Lancetfish possess a long and very high dorsal fin, soft-rayed from end to end, with an adipose fin behind it. The dorsal fin has 41 to 44 rays and occupies the greater length of the back. This fin is rounded in outline, about twice as high as the fish is deep, and can be depressed into a groove along the back. The body is slender, flattened from side to side, deepest at the gill covers, and tapers back to a slender caudal peduncle.

The mouth is wide, gaping to the back of the eye, and each jaw has two or three large, fang-like teeth, in addition to numerous smaller teeth. The caudal fin is very deeply forked; its upper lobe is prolonged as a long filament, although most lancetfishes seem to lose this when captured. The anal fin originates under the last dorsal ray, and is deeply concave in outline. The ventral fins are about halfway between the anal fin and the tip of the snout, while the pectoral fins are considerably longer than the body is deep and are situated very low down on the sides. No scales are present, and the fins are very fragile.

Lancetfishes are among the largest living bathypelagic fish forms. Specimens have been collected in excess of 2080 mm in length, often from dead individuals that drifted ashore. Like their close relatives in the Aulopiformes suborder Alepisauroidei, lancetfish lack swimbladders and are simultaneous hermaphrodites.

Ecology and life history
Lancetfish have large mouths and sharp teeth, indicating a predatory mode of life. Their watery muscle is not suited to fast swimming and long pursuit, so they likely are ambush predators, using their narrow body profile and silvery coloration to conceal their presence. Lancetfish float in the water column, using their large eyes to scan for prey, which once detected, they attack using their forked tails for rapid bursts of speed, their large dorsal sails are likely used to maintain a stable trajectory toward their target, and their large mouths and teeth are used to subdue prey before it can escape. They are voracious predators and their distensible stomachs have often been found to contain a variety of food, mainly fishes, octopods, squid, tunicates, and crustacea.

Extremely little is known of lancetfish reproductive habits. While they are known to be simultaneous hermaphrodites, spawning has never been observed. They likely are planktonic spawners from the small size and pelagic transmission of their larva. While seasonal presences and absences of lancetfish capture have been noted in certain ocean basins, it remains unclear whether spawning is a seasonal occurrence.

No commercial fisheries exist for lancetfishes. Their flesh is watery and gelatinous, although edible and reportedly sweet to taste. They are caught as bycatch by tuna fisheries and are often considered pests, taking bait intended for more valuable species. Data from longline fisheries in the central and western Pacific indicates shows an apparent increases in lancetfish bycatch. This increase is thought by researchers to reflect a faunal regime shift as other commercially target species, like yellowfin and bigeye tuna populations are reduced through fishing.

Lancetfishes have been caught on longlines as shallow as ten fathoms in Oregon and the Gulf of Mexico. Some anecdotal reports have observed shoals of 30 - 40 individuals at the surface in Icelandic waters during spring. Hook and line capture of lancetfish from surf zones is not unheard of and dietary surveys suggest at least some feeding occurs within inshore waters. However, lancetfish are generally considered solitary, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic fishes occupying depths between 100 and 2000 m. While they have not been shown to participate in diel vertical migration, they have been found in a huge variety of depths.

The tetraphyllidean tapeworm Pelichnibothrium speciosum is a significant parasite of long-snouted lancetfish. The species seems to be an intermediate or paratenic host for the tapeworm.

The large size, wide depth distribution, and opportunistic diet of lancetfish have lent them to the study of other pelagic biodiversity because their voraciousness can be used to survey smaller organisms throughout the deep-sea that are difficult to capture by other means. Adult lancetfish are commonly caught as bycatch in longline fisheries and analysis of their gut contents provides a convenient, if somewhat biased, method for surveying regional pelagic biodiversity, so much so that some species of deep-sea fishes were first described from specimens found in the stomachs of lancetfish. This may be partially due to the unusually slow rate of digestion apparent in lancetfish, where actual digestion seemingly does not begin in earnest until the beginning of the small intestines. In addition to a high degree of cannibalism and consumption of gelatinous foods, lancetfishes have also been documented with plastic refuse in their stomachs in the tropical north Pacific. While the exact pathway of this ingestion is not yet clear, lancetfish likely have some affinity with the epipelagic, but this could be by way of direct migration or migration of prey which had eaten plastic at the surface and returned to depth. One particularly bizarre example of this affinity for surface waters comes from a gut survey of lancetfish in the Indian Ocean where a large amount (24.1%) of floating macroalgae was documented in the stomachs of exclusively adult (>100 cm) individuals. This is most likely indicative of the pursuit of evasive prey-types by larger lancetfish into epipelagic refuges. The voracious appetite, low degree of prey selectivity, broad depth distribution, slow rate of digestion and ease of sampling via longline bycatch make lancetfishes useful platforms by which to study the greater ecology of deep mid-water fauna.

In 2023, several lancetfish have washed up on the coastline of beaches of Oregon. While the fish tend to live in tropical or subtropical water, they often need to travel to Alaska's Bering Sea to find food. Beach-goers that see the fish have been requested to take a photo and tag the NOAA Fisheries West Coast region.

title: Lancetfish


text:
Talk:Laff-A-Lympics

Really Rottens
I vaguely remember one episode in which the Really Rotten team actually won first place. Am I misremembering this? --Modemac 16:03, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think they DID win once, because of some technicality where the other two team members lost all their points. --b. Touch 17:20, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The Rottens won the Morroco/Washington DC episode

They won in two episodes - Morocco/Washington, DC and New York/Turkey. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.30.199.133 (talk) 23:20, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Updated Laff-a-Lympics?
If Laff-a-Lympics was updated today, which Cartoon Network/Boomerang characters would be in the teams?

1985-86
Should it not be mentioned that reruns of the program were shown during the 1985-86 television season? That's how I got to watch it. -Amit

Oh, I see now. -Amit

Yes, Amit, Laff-A-Lympics was in fact re-ran on ABC from March 1 to September 6, 1986. WikiPro1981X (talk) 20:40, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Original Broadcast Episode List
Does anyone know whether or not this was how the show originally ran on ABC, aside from repeated segments?

The first part of Laff-A-Lympics would be shown first, followed by Captain Caveman & the Teen Angels, Scooby-Doo and then Blue Falcon & Dynomutt. It is then closed out with the last segment of Laff-A-Lympics.

The episode guide (1977-1978): Legend of shows: (NOTE: last two shows in list are repeated starting from episode 9)
 * LAL = Laff-A-Lympics
 * CCTA = Captain Caveman & the Teen Angels
 * SD = Scooby-Doo
 * BFD = Blue Falcon & Dynomutt
 * The Swiss Alps (LAL) / The Kooky Case of the Cryptic Keys (CCTA) / The Curse of Viking Lake (SD) / Beastwoman (part 1) (BFD) / Tokyo, Japan (LAL) (September 10, 1977)
 * Acapulco (LAL) / The Mixed-Up Mystery of Deadman's Reef (CCTA) / Vampire Bats and Scaredy Cats (SD) / Beastwoman (part 2) (BFD) / England (LAL) (September 17, 1977)
 * Florida (LAL) / What a Flight for a Fight (CCTA) / Hang In There, Scooby-Doo (SD) / The Glob (part 1) (BFD) / China (LAL) (September 24, 1977)
 * The Sahara Desert (LAL) / The Creepy Case of the Creaky Charter Boat (CCTA) / The Chiller Diller Movie Thriller (SD) / The Glob (part 2) (BFD) / Scotland (LAL) (October 1, 1977)
 * France (LAL) / Big Scare in the Big Top (CCTA) / The Spooky Case of the Grand Prix Race (SD) / Madame Ape Face (part 1) (BFD) / Australia (LAL) (October 8, 1977)
 * Athens, Greece (LAL) / Double Dribble Riddle (CCTA) / The Ozark Witch Switch (SD) / Madame Ape Face (part 2) (BFD) / The Ozarks (LAL) (October 15, 1977)
 * Italy (LAL) / The Crazy Case of the Tell-Tale Tape (CCTA) / The Creepy Heap from the Deep (SD) / Shadowman (part 1) (BFD) / Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (LAL) (October 22, 1977)
 * Egypt (LAL) / The Creepy Claw Caper (CCTA) / The Creepy Cruise (SD) / Shadowman (part 2) (BFD) / Sherwood Forest (LAL) (October 29, 1977)
 * Spain (LAL) / Cavey and the Kabuta Clue (CCTA) / The Himalayas (LAL) (November 5, 1977)
 * India (LAL) / Cavey and the Weirdo Wolfman (CCTA) / Israel (LAL) (November 12, 1977)
 * Africa (LAL) / The Disappearing Elephant Mystery (CCTA) / San Francisco (LAL) (November 19, 1977)
 * The Grand Canyon (LAL) / The Fur Freight Fright (CCTA) / Ireland (LAL) (November 26, 1977)
 * Hawaii (LAL) / Ride 'em, Caveman (CCTA) / Norway (LAL) (December 3, 1977)
 * The North Pole (LAL) / The Strange Case of the Creature from Space (CCTA) / Tahiti (LAL) (December 10, 1977)
 * Arizona (LAL) / The Mystery Mansion Mix-Up (CCTA) / Holland (LAL) (December 17, 1977)
 * Quebec (LAL) / Playing Footsie with Bigfoot (CCTA) / Baghdad (LAL) (December 24, 1977)

WikiPro1981X (talk) 20:32, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

DVD Name Change
It should be noted WB as of late last year on their shop have renamed "Spooky Games" into "Laff-a-lympics: The Complete First Collection", which while not definitive is a good suggestion that this set served as their relaunch of the series to DVD with a second to probably follow. At the very least however this page should add the info on the name change. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.171.176.33 (talk) 01:18, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

points table
can we have a points table? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.232.119.244 (talk) 13:52, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

Action replay
This article could say how there was a feature in the cartoon series of "Action Replays", showing in slow motion what team members had done, often exposing cheating (typically by the Really Rottens). It could also point out that this was almost certainly a copy of a feature in a similar series called "Bailey's Comets", about roller skating teams racing around the world. Vorbee (talk) 17:54, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Laff-A-Lympics


text:
Talk:Alexis of Russia

Old talk
This should be at Alexei/Alexey or Alexis. He is not well known as "Aleksey" in English. john k 16:05, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Should he be numbered - I can't find a Tsar Alexis II, so shouldn't he just be Alexis? 172.202.230.150 01:45, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course he is Tsar Alexis in every reputable source, e.g., Encyclopedia Britannica. I tried to eliminate the numbering but was reverted. --Ghirla | talk 11:17, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Alexis I The Quietest--Юе Артеміс (talk) 08:37, 28 December 2017 (UTC)

Flowery POV passage
The following passage struck me as too flowery and partial for an encyclopaedia. For it to stay in, in my opinion, it needs specific citation from a historian (did this Sergey Platonov say all this?) and, preferably, to be put in quotations, because it is emotional rather than factual. Any opinions?

"But it is sufficient for Sergey Platonov to proclaim him the most attractive of Russian monarchs. He acquired the moniker Tishayshy, which means 'most quiet' or 'most peaceful'. Certain aspects of Russian Orthodoxy, not its most purely spiritual, but its aesthetic and worldly aspects, found in him their most complete expression. The essence of Alexei's personality is a certain spiritual Epicureanism, manifested in an optimistic Christian faith, in a profound, but unfanatical, attachment to the traditions and ritual of the Church, in a desire to see everyone round him happy and at peace, and in a highly developed capacity to extract a quiet and mellow enjoyment from all things." --qp10qp 15:29, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It is a direct quote from D.S. Mirsky who analyzes Alexis's letters in his History of Russian Literature. He is indeed known as Tishayshy in Russian historiography, so this sentence should stay. -- Ghirla -трёп-  10:22, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It certainly sounded like a direct quote, but that's the trouble: it's presented as part of the text, in which case it merely seems a random contradiction of what went before about the tsar's wars and comes over as unencyclopaedically sentimental. If you have access to the source, could you possibly put it in quotes and give an inline reference? If not, I will reframe the passage as a paraphrase and broadly ascribe it to the historian you mention.qp10qp 12:50, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * D.S. Mirsky. A History of Russian Literature. Northwestern University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8101-1679-0. Page 27. -- Ghirla -трёп-  13:39, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Cheers. I've gone ahead and put the paragraph in quotes. Please correct me if I've put too much in. qp10qp 00:01, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Return of Boris Morozov
According to Boris Morozov and Salt Riot, Morozov was returned to his post a few months after his removal. However, there is no mention of this in the current article.

Top.Squark (talk) 18:31, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I've added a sentence to the article about his return. OmgItsTheSmartGuy (talk) 02:52, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

Nikon's downfall
The article mentions "Nikon's disgrace" (see also Patriarch Nikon) but no details are provided. This has to be amended. Top.Squark (talk) 18:41, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I came here to say the same thing. It is absurd that a vague mention of "the disgrace of Nikon" is the only reference in the article to one of the most important features of Alexei's reign.  As a matter of fact, I cannot find any decent Wikipedia treatment of the schism; the Old Believers article is simultaneously too vague (hardly any dates) and too detailed, and I suspect it of being unacceptably POV. At any rate, there should be at least a brief description of the events of 1666-67 here. Languagehat (talk) 19:56, 13 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Sometimes articles languish, this appears to be one of them. I don't know what happened in 1666-67 but apparently something of some importance, I just came here to note that this article doesn't describe in any way the circumstances of his death. --BHC (talk) 20:18, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I have added a section on the schism with the Old Believers (which was probably the most glaring omission from this page), where I also explain how Nikon fell from power (though there are conflicting sources).OmgItsTheSmartGuy (talk) 02:42, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

When was he born?
The first paragraph says "(9 March [O.S. 19 March] 1629". That can't be right, but are the N.S. and O.S dates reversed, or is there an error in the conversion? (The converter at http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ says 9 March 1629 N.S is 27 February 1629 O.S.). Also, Michael I of Russia says 9 May 1629, no indication whether it's N.S or O.S 64.253.109.104 (talk) 18:42, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

 * http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14522/Alexis says: (born March 9 [March 19, New Style], 1629, Moscow, Russia—died Jan. 29 [Feb. 8], 1676, Moscow), so it looks like the N.S. and O.S dates were reversed. 64.253.109.104 (talk) 05:01, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

Requested moves

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. I sympathise about the concern for consistency but it's clear we haven't got a consensus here. No prejudice against revisiting them individually. Jenks24 (talk) 14:05, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

– Right now, we have two different pairs of naming conventions with these three articles. On one hand, we have an Alexis and an Alexei, while on the other hand we have Michael I (not Michael) and Alexis (not Alexis I). We ought to have the "I" following both or neither tsars' names, and Алексе́й ought to be Alexis or Alexei both times; whether we use Alexei versus Mikhail is a completely different issue, so please don't bring that in. A simple search, even of scholarly literature, wouldn't be hugely helpful here, because it would quite possibly return results that discuss just one or the other: either we need to rely on sources that discuss both men, or we need to consider one-man results as applying to both. I've not read much scholarly stuff that discusses them, so I can't bring any solid examples to the table; all that comes to mind is Robert K. Massie's biography of Peter, in which both men are Alexis. I have no opinion on either pair of moves, i.e. I don't care whether they're both Alexis or Alexei and whether or not we include the "I" (the proposed new names up above are simply to ensure that the WP:RM bot doesn't get confused), as long as we have consistent transliteration of Алексе́й and consistent usage or non-usage of "I". Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 14:03, 30 July 2014 (UTC) Nyttend (talk) 17:32, 23 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Alexis of Russia → Alexei of Russia
 * Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia → Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia
 * Michael I of Russia → Michael of Russia
 * The move proposal has no merit. We have Peter I of Russia not Pyotr I of Russia, Catherine II of Russia not Ekaterina II of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia not Nikolai II of Russia, etc. One cannot override the centuries of English-language traditions. The Britannica uses "Alexis". --Ghirla-трёп- 06:07, 24 July 2014 (UTC)
 * As I understand the nominator's proposal ("I don't care whether they're both Alexis or Alexei", ignoring the bit about the "I"s for the moment), he suggests two options:
 * moving both to Alexis, or
 * moving both to Alexei
 * Since you're opposed to #2, does that mean you support #1, or that you support leaving them at inconsistent titles (e.g. on WP:COMMONNAME or some other grounds)? quant18 (talk) 00:36, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Regnal numbers do not make much sense when applied to pre-Petrine Russia. In the Russian tradition, these numbers have never been used to refer to the early Romanov monarchs. The tsar in question is known in Russian-language texts as "Aleksei Mikhailovich" rather than "Aleksei I". "Alexis of Russia" is a form traditionally used in English-language historical literature. I see no reason for changing the status quo. --Ghirla-трёп- 06:27, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Ghirla, I think you misunderstand me somewhat, since the status quo has the regnal number for Michael and not Alexis; is this what you think makes sense? Meanwhile, quant18 correctly understands that I'm not specifically advocating "Alexei".  I'm simply saying that grandpa and grandson ought to have the same name format, and asking that you support calling both of them "Alexei" or that you support calling both of them "Alexis".  In short, the status quo is very much unsystematic, and I'm asking that we make things systematic.  Nyttend (talk) 19:49, 27 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Neither scholarly literature nor Wikipedia is consistent with royal naming schemes in English.  Unfortunately a "simple search of literature" is in fact what should be done to decide the names; if they're inconsistent, so should we, just as we have Juan Carlos I of Spain *and* Charles II of Spain.  See Talk:Peter III of Portugal's RMs for an example.  Alexei Petrovich is an especially bad example as all sorts of weird naming conventions change when someone goes from being in line for the throne to ruling, so it isn't really relevant even if we wanted to enforce consistency.  (Note: It's possible some of these moves SHOULD be done, but that'd only be if someone can show that "Michael" is preferred to "Michael I" or the like, rather than arguing consistency.) SnowFire (talk) 17:28, 4 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Alexis of Russia


text:
Carden Aero Engines

Carden Aero Engines Limited was a 1930s British fixed-wing aero-engine manufacturer, based at Heston Aerodrome.

History
Sir John Carden established the company in March 1936, while the Flying Flea craze was sweeping Britain. He saw a need for a cheap low-powered propulsion unit for ultralight aircraft. The engine was an adaptation of the well-proven and reliable Ford 10 Model C motor car engine.

Following the death of Sir John in an air accident in December 1935, the company was taken over by Carden-Baynes Aircraft Ltd, and later sold to Chilton Aircraft Ltd, Chilton Foliat, near Hungerford, Berkshire.

Engines

 * Carden-Baynes Auxiliary
 * The Carden-Baynes Auxiliary engine, as used on the Scud III Auxiliary sailplane, was a 2.5 hp Villiers air-cooled two-stroke, capacity 350 cc.

 * Carden-Ford 31 hp 4-cyl
 * A much modified Ford 10 car engine.

 * Carden-Ford S.P.1
 * Further development of the 31 hp engine, with a centric supercharger, 1.1:1 gear ratio, splined propeller shaft extension and horizontal mounting for flush wing mounting. Used exclusively on the Carden-Baynes Bee.

Aircraft using Carden engines
Aircraft that have used the Carden-Ford 31 hp engine are: Broughton-Blayney Brawney, B.A.C. Drone, Kronfeld Monoplane, Mignet HM.14 (Flying Flea), Perman Parasol, Taylor Watkinson Dingbat, and Chilton D.W.1 Monoplane.

title: Carden Aero Engines


text: User talk:209.226.93.242

title: User talk:209.226.93.242


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ruddock House

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:48, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

Ruddock House
Substub that hasn't been expanded since creation. Duplicates information already available in the Housing section of Caltech's page. Apparently not notable. --TenOfAllTrades 16:07, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Duplicate of information more usefully included already elsewhere. Average Earthman 16:56, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. And investigate the rest of the links at California_Institute_of_Technology for notability, and remove as appropriate, so we don't keep revisiting this. Redirect unique names. Niteowlneils 17:20, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Article no longer contains only duplicate information; basic history has been added. It is no longer a substub.  131.215.172.33 13:00, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Alepisaurus ferox

Alepisaurus ferox, also known as the long snouted lancetfish, longnose lancetfish, or cannibal fish, is a species of lancetfish found in the ocean depths down to 1,830 m (6,000 ft). This species grows to 215 cm in total length and a weight of 9 kg.

The appellation cannibal fish stems from discoveries of partially-digested conspecifics in captured specimens.

Habitat
A. ferox lives in deep water oceans in the Western and Eastern Pacific, from the Aleutian Islands to Chile; the Western Atlantic, from the Gulf of Maine to the Gulf of Mexico, including the Caribbean Sea; in addition to the Northwest & Eastern Atlantic, Indian Ocean and China Sea. The longnose lancetfish can also be found as far north as Russia. This expansive geographic reach has caused for the species to be accidentally caught by some tuna fisheries. Daily vertical migrations from the epipelagic all the way down to the mesopelagic or bathypelagic zones are undertaken to find food.

Predators
The known predators for A. ferox include yellowfin tuna, opah, fur seals, Pacific cod, and salmon shark. Predators are known to change depending on the ocean region.

Effect on ecosystem
A. ferox is known for its predatory and prey behaviors in the south-western and central-western Pacific Ocean. In such regions, studies have been conducted to investigate the effects the longnose lancetfish has on the surrounding ecosystems—and whether those impacts are negative or positive for said ecosystems. When A. ferox was removed from these regions of the Pacific Ocean, there was a negative effect on the ecosystems that showed the importance of this species as both a predatory and prey type.

Appearance
The dorsal fin has about three rays strongly exerted, beginning with the third or fourth ray. It is known to have a large mouth with two fangs. It is generally pale, iridescent, and dark around the dorsal fin; all of its fins are either dark brown or black.

The stomach of A. ferox is similar to that of the other species in the suborder of Alepisauroidea. The gut of the A. ferox is a large, blind-sac that also has a very unique biological response to food. The stomach will store food in the stomach and slowly digest the contents, allowing for a more in depth understanding of the exact diet the A. ferox have.

The large, sharp teeth of the lancetfish have two functions; breaking apart organisms too large to swallow whole and cutting trunk muscles to inhibit struggling. The teeth are not used for chewing otherwise.

Diet
Longnose lancetfish diet varies depending on its inhabited area. Studies of diet variation have produced inconsistent results. They are known to prey on 98 component families; individuals may even consume man made materials, such as plastic.

The longnose lancetfish is a migratory predator. It is known to travel to a depth of 1830 m in order to hunt. A study in Suruga Bay, Japan, investigated the stomach contents of various specimens that had washed ashore and found, along with indigestible materials, traces of marine species of the photic and aphotic zones. This study showed that the longnose lancetfish is a deep sea diving species capable of migrating across different sea depths.

As aforementioned, the longnose lancetfish is referred to as the cannibal fish due to its conspecific predation habits. The extent of cannibalistic behavior depends on the availability of non-conspecific prey, with frequency of these patterns ranging from 0 to 45.5%. Such is contingent upon the availability and ease of finding other prey. Size is an influencing factor; small lancetfish will not resort to cannibalism as quickly as larger fish.

Reproduction
The fish are hermaphroditic: they have both male and female reproductive parts at the same time. Unlike other hermaphroditic fishes, A. ferox has two distinct testicular lobes that are independent from the ovarian region. This species also has an absence of a pair of diverticulae in the female reproductive section, which in other hermaphrodites is used for spermatophore uptake.

Plastic consumption
Plastic is ingested by approximately 30% of all A. ferox. Macroplastic fragments and rope fragments were the most commonly found plastic in the stomach contents with white and clear colored plastics seeming to be favored.

Bycatch
A. ferox is commonly caught as bycatch for longline fisheries and is never the intended target. In the Philippines, studies of longline tuna fisheries revealed that they usually caught more A. ferox than any tuna. A. ferox also accounts for 2% of all bycatch by circle and j hook longline fisheries in the Bay of Bengal. Survival of being bycatch in these types of nets is low - only one third of A. ferox survive.

title: Alepisaurus ferox