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Ballintubber Abbey

Ballintubber Abbey is an abbey 2 kilometres northeast of Ballintubber, County Mayo in Ireland that was founded by King Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair in 1216.

History
Despite being suppressed and damaged during the Protestant Reformation, the roofless abbey continued to be used throughout penal times by Catholics. In 1963, extensive archaeological excavations were carried out prior to starting restoration work. By 1966, the nave had been restored and re-roofed, in time for the 750th anniversary of the abbey's foundation although work continued until 1969. In 1997, the Chapter House and Dorter area were restored and re-roofed. In 2016, during the 800th anniversary celebrations, planning permission to restore the entire east wing was granted.

The abbey has several modern outdoor attractions, including a very modern abstract Stations of the Cross, an underground permanent Crib, and a Rosary Way. There is a small museum. According to the Ballintubber website and other popular accounts, John O'Mullowny of Ballyhean, an infamous local priest hunter, is buried in the cemetery. A large tree marks the spot. The abbey marks the beginning of Tochar Phádraig, the ancient pilgrimage route to Croagh Patrick, reopened by Pilgrim Paths of Ireland.

Introduction
Ballintubber Abbey was built in 1216 in the Hiberno Romanesque style, characterized by the chevron archivolts and foliate capitals of the three light-transitional windows to the east. The design is a Latin-cross foundation with a nave, crossing transepts, and a rib-vaulted chancel with two chapels for each side. The abbey has gone through various renovations, mainly on re-building portions that became damaged as it withstood history. There are three renovation attempts to note: the first in 1846 led by Archbishop John MacHale, the second in 1881 overseen by George Coppinger Ashlin, finally, the third restoration in 1909 with Reverend Thomas A. Egan and Percy le Clerc leading the project.

Renovations
In 1265, a fire burned the timber and oak shingles of the nave to ashes, but the stone portion of the east was left standing. The resulting restorations in 1270 had Gothic elements, including the pointed arches seen throughout.

The Cromwellian assault in 1653 destroyed the monastic buildings, dormitories, cloisters, and domestic quarters; all of the timber structures inside the abbey were also taken down. After the assault, only the stone vaulted roofs of the chancel, the four sides of the chapels, and the old sacristy remained.

The first renovation attempts in 1846, led by Archbishop John MacHale, was tasked with re-roofing the nave and the transepts. However, this was interrupted and abandoned in 1847 due to the Great Famine, and funds were also used elsewhere as a result. Renovations performed at this time also spurred a bit of upset as the work was seen as out of character with the architecture of the old building.

The second restoration attempt in 1881-1890 was more successful in completing the project. George Coppinger Ashlin supervised the work being done. With the support of wealthy benefactors, the walls were reinforced, the openings between the transepts were glazed, and the east window of "stained glass of medieval pattern procured from Mayer & Co. of Munich" was installed. Ashlin also completed the roofing of the chancel, crossing, and transepts.

The third restoration took place from 1909 to 1979, supervised by the Reverend Thomas A. Egan and Percy le Clerc, the Inspector of National Monuments at the time. The nave was given a roof and the interior was restored to how it would have appeared in the thirteenth century. It consists of a tessellated quarry tile floor, re-glazed clear glass, and an exposed oak roof. Another aspect of the interior is the rib-vaulted chancel with carved capitals of animals and birds with leaves and plant inclusions. The restorations were done under the liturgical reforms sanctioned by the Second Council of the Vatican.

In 1994, the Chapter House adjoining the south transept was also re-roofed as a meeting space for members to use. In 1997 the Chapter House and Dorter portion of Ballintubber Abbey was also given a roof and some restoration efforts were performed. Recently, the walls of the dormitory were raised and roofed, and a section of the arcaded cloister was given a glass roof for visitor comfort and protection from the weather.

Other burials

 * Tibbot ne Long Bourke, 1st Viscount Mayo

title: Ballintubber Abbey


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Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria

Maximilian III Joseph, "the much beloved" (28 March 1727 – 30 December 1777), was a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Bavaria from 1745 to 1777. He was the last of the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach and because of his death, the War of Bavarian Succession broke out.

Biography

Born in Munich, Maximilian was the eldest son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII and his wife, Maria Amalia of Austria, daughter of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor. Upon his father's death in January 1745, he inherited a country in the process of being invaded by Austrian armies (see War of the Austrian Succession). The 18-year-old Maximilian Joseph wavered between the Peace-party, led by his mother Maria Amalia and Army Commander Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff and the War-party, led by Foreign Minister General Ignaz Count of Törring and the French envoy Chavigny. After the decisive defeat in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen on 15 April Maximilian Joseph quickly abandoned his father's imperial pretenses and made peace with Maria Theresa in the Treaty of Füssen, in which he agreed to support her husband, Grand Duke Francis II Stephen of Tuscany, in the upcoming imperial election.

In 1747, Maximilian married his first cousin, Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony, but the marriage remained childless. During the Seven Years' War Bavarian forces then fought on the Habsburg side. Maximilian Joseph's sister Maria Josepha of Bavaria was married in 1765 to Maria Theresa's son Archduke Joseph. But long-term weakening of Prussia was not in the Bavarian interest, as that country offered the only counterweight to the Habsburg monarchy. Maximilian Joseph tried, as far as possible, to keep Bavaria out of the wars. Apart from militia troops, he sent only a small force of 4,000 men to join the Austrian army. In 1758/1759 (only a year and half into the war), he withdrew Bavarian auxiliary troops from Austrian service. Together with the Wittelsbach Elector Charles Theodore of the Palatinate he enforced the neutrality of the Empire during the conflict.

Maximilian Joseph was a progressive and enlightened ruler who did much to improve the development of his country. He encouraged agriculture, industry, and exploitation of the mineral wealth of the country, and abolished the Jesuit censorship of the press. In 1747 the Nymphenburg Porcelain Factory was established, while the Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis was written in 1756. In 1759, he founded Munich's first academic institution, the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. During the severe famine in 1770 Maximilian sold some of the crown jewels to pay for grain imports to relieve hunger. In that year, he also issued an edict against the extravagant pomposity of the Church which contributed to the end of the era of Bavarian rococo. He also forbade the Oberammergau Passion Play. In 1771 the elector regulated general school attendance. In December 1777 Maximilian Joseph rode in his carriage through Munich; on the ride, as he passed one of the tower clocks, the mechanism broke, and the clock struck 77 times. Commenting to the passengers, Max Joseph decided this was an omen, and that his years had run out. Within days, he was stricken with a strange disease. None of his 15 doctors could diagnose it, but by Christmas, it had become clear that it was a particularly virulent strain of smallpox, called "purple small pox" at the time.

By the last day of the month he was dead without leaving an heir. Maximilian III Joseph is buried in the crypt of the Theatinerkirche in Munich.

Succession
As the last of the junior branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty which derived from Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and had ruled Bavaria since early 14th century, Maximilian's death led to a succession dispute and the brief War of the Bavarian Succession. He was succeeded (in the male line) by his 12th cousin, once removed, the Elector Palatine Charles Theodore from the senior branch of the dynasty.

Maximilian's widow Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony and Maximilian's sister Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria as well as Maria Anna of Palatinate-Sulzbach, the widow of the former Bavarian crown prince Duke Clement Francis of Bavaria negotiated with Max's reluctant heir and intervened together with Frederick II. of Prussia and the new elector's presumptive successor, Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken, to secure Bavaria's independence from Austria. The Prussian king had to threaten both the emperor and Bavaria itself with war. Austria had already invaded portions of the duchy immediately after the Elector's death and the new elector had less than any interest in his new realm. Instead, Charles Theodore, much to public annoyance, repeatedly tried to change it for Further Austria or the Austrian Netherlands, even better, for proximity to his Palatinian homelands.

Cultural legacy
Maximilian III Joseph ordered in 1751 François de Cuvilliés to construct the splendid rococo Cuvilliés Theatre and in 1755 the Stone Hall of Nymphenburg Palace. He also ordered the decoration of some rooms of the New Schleissheim Palace in rococo style.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was received by Maximilian III Joseph, who was like his sister Maria Antonia Walpurgis of Bavaria skilled in music and composed, but due to a need for strict frugality no post could be offered. In 1775 La finta giardiniera, an Italian opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, received its first performance at the Salvatortheater in Munich.

In 1770 Maximilian III Joseph established the precursor of the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Adam Hall

Adam John Hall (born August 14, 1980) is an American former professional ice hockey player. A second round selection of the Nashville Predators in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft, Hall played in the National Hockey League for the Nashville Predators, New York Rangers, Minnesota Wild, Pittsburgh Penguins, Tampa Bay Lightning, Carolina Hurricanes and Philadelphia Flyers. He finished his career in the National League (NL), playing three seasons for HC Ambrì-Piotta.

Playing career
Hall was a member of the United States National Development Team Program, and twice represented the United States at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, in 1999 and 2000. He was selected 52nd overall by the Nashville Predators in the second round of the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. He played four years with the Michigan State Spartans and was named to the Central Collegiate Hockey Association's Second All-Star Team in 2000.

He played his first NHL game for the Nashville Predators in 2001–02 after graduating from Michigan State. He scored 16 goals and 12 assists in 2002–03, his rookie season. After four seasons with the Predators, he was dealt to the New York Rangers in exchange for Dominic Moore prior to the 2006–07 NHL season. Hall played only half a season on Broadway, and was dealt to the Minnesota Wild for Pascal Dupuis in February 2007.

On October 1, 2007 he signed a one-year, two-way deal with the Pittsburgh Penguins and contributed during the Penguins run to the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals, where they lost in six games to the Detroit Red Wings. He left the Penguins following the season, signing a three-year deal with the Tampa Bay Lightning worth $1.8-million. Hall spent most of the 2009–10 season with the Lightning's AHL affiliate, the Norfolk Admirals.

In the following 2010–11 season, under new coach Guy Boucher, Hall played in all 82 games with the Lightning, recording seven goals and 18 points. He led the Lightning in face-off percentage with 55 percent and ranked fourth overall with 360 face-offs won. Hall also led the team with 152 hits and was third among forwards with 59 blocked shots. He was Tampa Bay's nominee for the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy after battling his way back to the NHL. He was one of only four Bolts to play in all 82 games. The 30-year-old veteran also played in all 18 Stanley Cup Playoff games with the Lightning as they made it to within one game of the Stanley Cup Finals. He recorded a goal and five points during the postseason. On the 29th of June, Hall was re-signed to a one-year, one-way contract.

During the 2012 NHL lockout Hall was signed to his second European team on a temporary contract with EV Ravensburg Tower Stars of the German 2nd Bundesliga. Hall led the team in his tenure with the Tower Stars with 15 points in 17 games before returning to the Lightning for the shortened 2012–13 season. Twenty games into the season, Hall was placed on waivers and claimed by the Carolina Hurricanes on March 16, 2013.

On April 2, 2013, Hall was traded back to the Lightning along with a 7th-round draft pick for Marc-André Bergeron. The Lightning promptly placed him on waivers and he was claimed by the Philadelphia Flyers on April 3. Hall signed a one-year, $600,000 contract with the Flyers on July 4, 2013.

On August 2, 2014, Hall signed a one-year contract with HC Ambri-Piotta of the Swiss National League A. He prematurely agreed to a two-year contract extension on December 24, 2014, making him a Bianco-Blu through the end of the 2016-17 season. He finished his first season in Switzerland with 14 goals and 18 assists in 50 games. He helped the team to stay in the NLA tallying 5 points in 11 games in the relegation round. In the summer of 2015, he was named alternate captain of the team. In three seasons with the team, he played a total of 159 games, tallying 40 goals and 46 assists.

On July 4, 2017, Hall announced his retirement from professional hockey.

Personal life
Hall grew up in Kalamazoo, MI but ultimately graduated from Pioneer High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan). While at Michigan State University Hall was a finance major. Since retiring from professional hockey, he has entered into the wealth management sector with Morgan Stanley. He holds the Series 7 & 66 Licenses as well as the 215 Insurance License for Life, Health, and Variable Annuities.

His hobbies include fishing and golf. Adam and his wife, Dina, have two children: Evan & Mia. He works for Morgan Stanley as a Financial Advisor, and is a Global Sports and Entertainment Associate Director.

title: Adam Hall


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Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg

Eberhard III (16 December 1614, Stuttgart – 2 July 1674, Stuttgart) ruled as Duke of Württemberg from 1628 until his death in 1674.

Eberhard III became the heir under guardianship in 1628 during the Thirty Years' War at the age of 14 after the death of his father, Johann Frederick, 7th Duke of Württemberg. His guardian at first was his father's brother Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard and after his death in 1631 Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen.

Württemberg lost around one third of its territory in 1629. Julius Frederick was removed as guardian in 1633 when Eberhard was declared of full age at which point he assumed full rule of the Duchy. Following a major defeat of Württemberg troops in the battle of Nördlingen on 6 September 1634, Württemberg was severely looted and plundered.

Eberhard fled to Strasbourg, where he married in 1637, returning to Württemberg in 1638 after long negotiations with Ferdinand III of the Holy Roman Empire. By this time many territories had already been passed on by the Emperor to other parties to push forward Catholicism in the region.

The Duchy of Württemberg was reinstated after long negotiations resulting in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, despite or maybe because of the effects of war, poverty, hunger and the Bubonic plague all of which reduced the population from 350,000 in 1618 to 120,000 in 1648.

Eberhard III entered into an inheritance agreement with his younger brother Frederick thereby handing over ownership of the Duchy of Württemberg-Neuenstadt and thus establishing a new branch line of the duchy. In 1651, Eberhard came to a similar agreement with another brother, Ulrich affecting the Castle of Neuenbürg.

Family and children

Eberhard III was the second son of John Frederick, 7th Duke of Württemberg and Barbara Sophie of Brandenburg. He married twice, first on 26 February 1637 with Anna Katharina Dorothea, Wild- and Rheingräfin of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen (27 January 1614 – 27 June 1655). They had fourteen children in just seventeen years, nine of whom lived to adulthood:
 * John Frederick of Württemberg-Stuttgart (9 September 1637 – 2 August 1659).
 * Louis Frederick of Württemberg-Stuttgart (2 November 1638 – 18 January 1639), died in infancy.
 * Christian Eberhard of Württemberg-Stuttgart (29 November 1639 – 23 March 1640), died in infancy.
 * Eberhard of Württemberg-Stuttgart (12 December 1640 – 24 February 1641), died in infancy.
 * Sophie Louise of Württemberg-Stuttgart (19 February 1642 – 3 October 1702); married on 8 February 1671 to Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth.
 * Dorothea Amalie of Württemberg-Stuttgart (13 February 1643 – 27 March 1650), died in childhood.
 * Christine Friederike of Württemberg-Stuttgart (28 February 1644 – 30 October 1674); married on 28 May 1665 to Prince Albert Ernest I of Oettingen-Oettingen and had issue, among which was the Duchess consort of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
 * Christine Charlotte of Württemberg-Stuttgart (21 October 1645 – 16 May 1699), married 8 May 1662 to Prince George Christian, Prince of East Frisia.
 * Duke William Louis of Württemberg (7 January 1647 – 23 June 1677).
 * Anna Katharine of Württemberg-Stuttgart (27 November 1648 – 10 November 1691).
 * Karl Christof of Württemberg-Stuttgart (28 January 1650 – 2 June 1650), died in infancy.
 * Eberhardine Katharine of Württemberg-Stuttgart (12 April 1651 – 19 August 1683); married on 30 April 1682 her brother in law, Prince Albert Ernest I of Oettingen-Oettingen.
 * Duke Frederick Charles of Württemberg-Winnental (September 1652 – December 1698).
 * Karl Maximilian of Württemberg-Stuttgart (28 September 1654 – 9 January 1689).

Secondly, he married on 20 July 1656 with Countess Marie Dorothea Sofie of Oettingen-Oettingen (29 December 1639 – 29 June 1698). They had eleven children, only four of whom lived to adulthood:
 * George Frederick of Württemberg-Stuttgart (24 September 1657 – 18 October 1685), killed in the Battle of Kassa against the Ottomans.
 * Stillborn son (12 April 1659).
 * Albrecht Christian of Württemberg-Stuttgart (13 June 1660 – 20 January 1663), died in childhood.
 * Louis of Württemberg-Stuttgart (14 August 1661 – 30 November 1698).
 * Joachim Ernst of Württemberg-Stuttgart (28 August 1662 – 16 February 1663), died in infancy.
 * Philipp Siegmund of Württemberg-Stuttgart (6 October 1663 – 23 July 1669), died in childhood.
 * Karl Ferdinand of Württemberg-Stuttgart (13 October 1667 – 13 June 1668), died in infancy.
 * John Frederick of Württemberg-Stuttgart (10 June 1669 – 15 October 1693), died in a duel with count János Pálffy near Herrenberg.
 * Sophie Charlotte of Württemberg-Stuttgart (22 February 1671 – 11 September 1717); married on 20 September 1688 to John George II, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach.
 * Eberhard of Württemberg-Stuttgart (1 July 1672 – 27 November 1672), died in infancy.
 * Emanuel Eberhard of Württemberg-Stuttgart (posthumously, 11 October 1674 – 1 July 1675), died in infancy.

title: Eberhard III, Duke of Württemberg


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Talk:Whiskey in the Jar

An infobox was requested for the 1972 Thin Lizzy recording of "Whiskey in the Jar" at WikiProject_Missing_encyclopedic_articles/List_of_notable_songs/14.
 * The article now has the infobox, so I am removing the infobox reqeust.Bonnie (talk) 19:37, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

Irish or gibberish?
Is "musha ring duma do damma da whack for the daddy 'ol whack for the daddy 'ol" Galeic/Irish or just a bunch of babble?
 * Just a bunch of nonsense. Like Toora loora loo. -R. fiend 06:15, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, musha is an irish word that means rougly "If it be so." I think the rest is a little scattered by time and I have never heard it translated.  I certainly don't have the knowledge to append it to the article.  Audioweevil 22:32, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Yup just a bunch of gibberish and it is pure coincidence that "m'uisce rinne de me don amadan" translates to my drink made me the fool. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C4:4784:1B00:E820:B44A:5AF4:94DD (talk) 00:53, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "M'Uisce rinne me don amadan" is pronounced almost exactly like the supposedly "nonsense" line "musha ring dum a doo dum a da" that appears in the song. More information 173.88.246.138 (talk) 20:07, 16 January 2022 (UTC)
 * "M'uisce rinne me don amadan" also translates as "Whiskey made a fool of me", so it is obviously the correct lyric. 142.36.201.99 (talk) 18:36, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

Cleanup
This page has turned into a mess of lyrics lists, most of which are basically the same. Needs work cutting down on sloppiness and redundancy. -R. fiend 03:50, 23 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I would very much like to see someone put the lyrics on WikiSource rather than witness a continued argument over them here. WikiSource is really where they belong anyway; WP:NOT an indiscriminate collection of information, and Wikipedia is specifically not a place where song lyrics should be accumulated. WikiSource is even explicitly recommended on that page as a proper place for non-copyrighted song lyrics (of which the lyrics to Whiskey in the Jar are a prime example).--chris.lawson 02:57, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

I think it needs some little changes
I think the name Metallica is very prominent in the article... maybe changing that a little?

Since it is not a Metallica song, but they just covered the song like so many others.

Khora 22:30, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree very strongly. As a player of traditional Irish music, I was a little insulted by the two very prominent boxes regarding Metallica. The Category box at the bottom (whatever it's referred to as) especially, as this article should belong in some sort of Irish music, Traditional music, or other music category, and definitely not in the "Metallica" category.

10:59 July 12 2007 (EDT)

and maybe remove the lars lilholt-comment. just beceause some random danish musician is singing the song, doesn't mean that he has to be mentioned in the very first part of the article —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.94.157.91 (talk) 21:40, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Can there also be a change to the line that reads "song originated in the 17th century, and (based on plot similarities) that John Gay's 1728" I feel that it should be changed from 17th to the 18th century in this line as 1728 is in the 18th century

thankyou. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.239.12.77 (talk) 10:54, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Timing of the song
I really cannot judge the reference to the Irish "half pike", but one can just for instance check wikipedia to find out that "rapier" is a general term for a slender thrusting sword of the 16th and 17th centuries. Mkkls 14:42, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

name of origin?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro (false) far simply reffers to the container in which whiskey is stored for long periods of time. The melody sounds very similar to an Irish folk song "We'll Fight For Uncle Sam".

The Highwaymen
The link for the band The Highwaymen in the lede redirects to a dab page in which two different groups are listed with the same name. Does anyone know which group recorded a version of this song? The link needs to be fixed to link to the correct band, obviously. --- RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  17:54, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The Highwaymen (folk band) is the correct one. I fixed it.
 * JimCubb (talk) 19:34, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Edit war
Could someone outline the basis for the edit war currently going on here, apparently over the inclusion of the lyrics? Bretonbanquet (talk) 16:29, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Originally, I removed the lyrics because they are already available at WikiCommons, and the repetition seemed needless. The edit war began when anonymous fans of the Thin Lizzy/Metallica version insisted on reinserting the lyrics without explanation.  Other editors became involved (as can be seen in the edit history), and the argument was raised that the lyrics might not be in the public domain.  I cannot comment on that question---the fact that the original lyrics are on commons would indicate that they are well past any kind of copyright; the Thin Lizzy rewrite, though, is another matter.  The anonymous editors have continued their campaign, simply reinserting the lyrics, as well as the old external links, without comment; in addition to this, they have posted personal attacks on the talk page.  It seems clear that their intent is disruption, as such, it is no longer simply an edit war over content, it is a matter of stopping anons from vandalizing. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  16:54, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The lyrics are in the public domain and as such are not copyright protected. The differences between the two versions of the song clearly supports the inclusion of the lyrics from each version so that people unfamiliar with the subject matter can make the distinction between them.  RepublicanJacobite has taken it upon himself to be a Wiki-Nazi and label all edits that do not personally appeal to him as vandalism, even if others think that the content may be important. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.154.191.101 (talk • contribs) (21:22, 7 July 2008)
 * You have provided no rationale to believe the lyrics are in the public domain. In fact, you have provided no argument, no explanation, no reasoning whatsoever for your actions.  Instead, you have reverted, again and again, in addition to engaging in personal attacks---like your "Wiki-Nazi" comment above, and your "faggot" comment on my talk page---in other words, you have been a disruptive presence.  And, though you fail to acknowledge the fact in your rant above, I am not the only editor who has reverted you.  I would also argue that your disruptive pattern has been recognized by administrators, hence the fact that you have been blocked more than once.  Clearly, you cannot stand not getting your way, and have simply decided to be disruptive. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  23:54, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * RepublicanJacobite is the ultimate hypocrite. He jumps on me for my "personal attacks", yet he uses them himself. He says that I can't stand not getting my way, yet his Wiki-Nazi style tactics clearly show that it is he who acts like a big baby.  He also fails to acknowledge in his rant above that I am not the only user who reverts his useless edits.  I argue that not only is RepublicanJacobite a disruptive presence, he is also a waste of skin who should be put down before he procreates.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.230.99.202 (talk) 22:51, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

I am seeking outside help in order to resolve this dispute. Bretonbanquet (talk) 23:18, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I have added my tuppence worth over there. I hope some helpful opinion will be forthcoming. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  01:33, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Another two cents via Wikiquette alerts. There seem to be two issues

1) Are the lyrics in the public domain?
 * The Thin Lizzy version: almost certainly not. Since they're changed from the trad version, that makes them a derivative work with separate copyright.
 * The trad version: yes, if you can find an old enough print source that is out of copyright. The Wikisource version contains no information as to whether it came from such a source.

2) Should they be quoted?
 * The Thin Lizzy version: only within "fair use" - and that usually means selective quoting for the purposes of analysis or comment, not a dump of the whole thing, and also within Don't include copies of primary sources.
 * The trad version: only within the Don't include copies of primary sources.

In short, the WP:NPS guideline - "Avoid including entire texts of treaties, press releases, speeches or lengthy quotations, etc" - covers it. Let the article discuss the song, and hyperlink out to the full lyrics. Gordonofcartoon (talk) 01:52, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Intro
Per my view above, I've added to the intro a sourced quote of typical lyrics that I think is useful for identifying the song, but short enough to be fair use. Gordonofcartoon (talk) 00:48, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Rapaire etc
''Judging from the mention of a rapier it is likely that the lyrics date back to at least the late eighteenth century. In at least one version, the rapier is replaced with a sabre; the reference to the rapier could have originally referred to a rapaire ("half-pike" in Irish) and the highwayman could have been a rapparee - Irish irregular soldiers and bandits of the 17th and 18th centuries''.

Source? Gordonofcartoon (talk) 02:25, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Combination of rapier and pistol suggest 17th century
The Dubliners' version of the song has the highwayman armed with a "rapier" and a "pistol," which appears from the context of the song to be a single-shot, muzzle-loaded pistol of the type for which experienced users would carry "charges" (i.e., premeasured amounts of gunpowder tied up in wadding) they had fixed up ahead of time to facilitate quick reloading. The rapier was used in the 16th and 17th centuries, while the flintlock was used in the 17th and 18th centuries (though the more tempermental matchlock, less practical for a highwayman, was used earlier). Thus, the the Dubliners' version of the song appears to suggest a 17th century provenance. -- Bob (Bob99 (talk) 16:12, 10 March 2009 (UTC))

Thin Lizzy version: also traditional?
Thin Lizzy's chart performance should be given prominence over The Pogues version! Thin Lizzy reached no.6 in the UK!

In one of the comments above, Gordonofcartoon stated that the Thin Lizzy lyrics were revised by the band.

Is this certain? We know that this song existed in many different versions in the mid-twentieth century. Is it possible that Thin Lizzy's version was taken word-for-word from one of these multiple versions?

The Metallica version and the U2 version have the exact same lyrics as the Thin Lizzy version, but that doesn't answer the question, since they were probably just repeating the TL version without realizing that there were multiple versions available. — Lawrence King ( talk ) 04:27, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

Kilmagenny Mountain
Folk music lyrics being amendable is the tradition, so we have to deal with it. As to the locale of this song, the songbook, Folksongs & Ballads Popular in Ireland, Vol. I, Loesberg, John, Ossian Press, (Cork, Rep. of Ireland, 1979), p. 53, gives the locale as "Kilmagenny Mountain". Kilmagenny Mountain is located about five or ten miles south of Kilkenny city in the county of the same name. I feel this is the correct lyric, if such there be, to this song, due to other references to Kilkenny within other verses of many versions of the song. "Gilgarry", "Kilgarry" or other similar variants are garblings of the Kilmagenny name, as there are no such mountains by name in Ireland. "Cork and Kerry Mountains" is probably a variant promoted by singers living in those counties, but it would not explain the references to "go roving in Kilkenny" found in later verses of the song, although there are references to both Cork and Killearny, Co. Kerry, in the song regarding the stationing of the brother in the Army. My view of these lyrics will no doubt prove unsatisfactory to rogue supporters of Mettalica, Thin Lizzy, the Limeliters, or others, but I feel Loesberg's lyrics make the most sense, and that the singer who is supposed to be singing this song had his home (and crime scene) in southern County Kilkenny. Daniel Sparkman (talk) 23:40, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

I was taught the song by my grandfather, 93, who lives in Aghada, Country Cork, Ireland, and his version goes like this: As I was going o'er the Cork and Kerry mountains, I came upon Cp'n Farrel and his money he was a'countin' So first I produc'd my rapier and then I produc'd my pistol, And said, "Stand 'n deliver fer ye are a grea' deceiver"

I agree that there may well be regional differences. If you speak gaelic then you're probably well aware that if you even go 50 miles away the accent is so different as to make it virtually unintelligable, and that's despite the attempts to standardise it in schools.

I've had some arguments from people who say it's just plain illogical to draw your rapier first, but given the period (anywhere from 18th to 19th century) it would probably have been far more logical to draw a reliable melee weapon before drawing a highly unreliable and inaccurate one-shot pistol. The version my grandfather taught me is the only one I've seen where the drawing of the rapier is put ahead of the pistol, and in my opinion lends considerable weight to its authenticity, whereas I suspect that the other versions may have been revised as time went on to reflect the increased accuracy and ease of use of pistols and other inaccuracies may have crept in.

The version sung in Cork contains no referencing to going roving in Kilkenney, but rather to going roving in Kilarney, which is in the heart of Kerry and seems much more consistent with the rest of the song.

Either way it's a great song and it's not worth getting hung up on the details, although the song does lose a lot when sung by someone without a proper Irish accent, and the rhythm and meter suffer considerable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shalestra (talk • contribs) 13:20, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

Dubliners' lyrics
The Dubliners' lyrics are given here as the Cork and Kerry mountains and yet in several renditions of them performing,it begins with the 'far-famed Kerry mountains.'Did they use both versions or should the lyrics given be altered? Lemon martini (talk) 02:06, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I also noticed in the versions I've heard that the chorus seems to start off with "whack, fall, the daddy-o" instead of "whack for my daddy-o". For example . — Preceding unsigned comment added by Memotype (talk • contribs) 00:12, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

"one of his pistols bore the same name"
Section Story states, that "the song's lyrics indicate at least one of his pistols bore the same name." Where does that come from? Maybe there is one such text, but it is obviously wrong as general statement. -- Tomdo08 (talk) 19:31, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

song lyrics
I see song lyrics mentioned here, being of great abundance in the article. Now there are only two versions in Wikisource, under thread of being deleted, and three versions of the first verse in the article. No additional link or reference in the article, no link or reference in the talk page, no copy in the talk page.

Where did all this material go? At least a note here in the talk page should have been made.

-- Tomdo08 (talk) 20:01, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

songbook fashion
The article says something about "songbook fashion". What is this? -- Tomdo08 (talk) 19:10, 4 October 2010 (UTC) Also it states that the lyrics originally reference the "Cill Dara" mountains. Cill Dara is the Gaelic for Kildare and there are no mountains in the county of Kildare. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.7.218.62 (talk) 00:23, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

 * An earlier version (click here to view), shows that the first set of lyrics were from a songbook. This became "in songbook fashion", as it related to the lyrics which were referenced to the songbook. Then lyrics were removed, rearranged, and re-referenced while leaving the preposition in place. The prose has depreciated into ambiguity and should be modified to reflect the current form of the article. Why don't you go ahead and make a correction. If you choose not to, I will likely correct it myself very soon. Thanks for your question, which will lead to improving the article. Cheers - My76Strat (talk) 00:04, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Whiskey in the Jar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080322112112/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu:80/lpop/etext/newgate/flemming.htm to http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/newgate/flemming.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:33, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

American vs. UK "Whisky"
If perhaps the original is from Ireland, should "Whisky" be renamed to drop the Americanised "e"? 114.23.226.82 (talk) 06:00, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

~Um, no. Irish whiskey is spelled with an e. It is Scotch whisky that lacks the e. MrDemeanour (talk) 08:44, 17 April 2019 (UTC)

Hard Rock
There seems to be an edit-war about whether this song is "hard rock".

This is silly. The article is about the song, not some pop single. The song is traditional Irish folk music. I'd argue that the pop-song is also an Irish folk song, rendered by a MOR rock band (reluctantly). Honestly, I have no idea what "hard rock" means; but that's beside the point. This article isn't about any particular rendition. A song can't be "hard rock"; a rendition might be hard rock, or power ballad, or psychedelic something-or-other, but the song is what it is.

Please stop arguing, and come to talk.

MrDemeanour (talk) 09:58, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

There's this new anonymous user from Brazil (probably), that insists they know everything and think they're some kind of admin. I tried to keep the article as correct as possible (provided various sources) during past days and got blocked unfairly by administer. this user acts like the whole page is their own article and they are the only person who has the right for editing and they accused me for various ip addresses without any reliable evidence, funny thing is I was being blocked during the time that various IPs were editing. Anyway, unfortunately internet is filled with these guys and we can't help it. Progrock70s (talk) 21:00, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

Reliable sources?
An Allmusic source was provided by me, an review of 'Vagabonds of the Western World' album, which says referring to 'Whiskey in the Jar' song "After achieving a reluctant Top Ten hit with a rock version of the traditional Irish pub ballad Whiskey in the Jar" rock version means Rock, not Celtic rock and I think an Allmusic review is a reliable source. On the other side, we have a user who has added as sources: Rateyourmusic, Discogs and Allmusic sidebar genres. I think all these are unreliable, but it seems he can't accept that the sources he provides are questionable, poor quality sources. 177.39.240.251 (talk) 04:29, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

First of all, you should reflect a source that says AllMusic is an unreliable source, you can't just go through various pages and say AllMusic sidebars are unreliable but they're reviews are not, it's one of the biggest and oldest music sites, you have to bring something that says AllMusic is unreliable, not your personal opinions. About Discogs, it's also in the list of top 6 genre finder sites, so once again you have to show a source that can prove Discog is an unreliable source and "not your personal views and opinions" about music sites. Progrock70s (talk) 17:35, 2 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The IP is correct. Please see WP:RSP. It includes AllMusic and Discogs. You will find their entries by following these links: WP:ALLMUSIC and WP:RSDISCOGS. As you will able to see, the AllMusic entry says: Editors also advise against using AllMusic's genre classifications from the website's sidebar (emphasis mine). The Discogs entry says: The content on Discogs is user-generated, and is therefore generally unreliable. —Alalch E. 18:14, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whiskey in the Jar


text:
American Royal Zephyr

The American Royal Zephyr was a streamlined passenger train service operated by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad between Chicago and Kansas City. This CB&Q Zephyr was named for the American Royal, one of the Midwest's largest and oldest livestock exhibition, professional rodeo, and horse show.

The American Royal Zephyr made its inaugural run on February 1, 1953, as an all-new overnight streamliner between Chicago and Kansas City. The new train was prompted by the completion the previous October of the $16-million "Kansas City Shortcut", 49 miles of new track that made the route shorter, flatter, and straighter. The new alignment shaved 2 hours off of the previous shortest route, and made CB&Q optimistic that it could compete successfully against its entrenched rival, the AT&SF, on this busy route.

American Royal Zephyr #56 departed Kansas City at 10:00 pm, arriving in Chicago at 7:30 am. Westbound counterpart #55 operated on a mirrored schedule, departing the Windy City at 10:00 pm and arriving in Kansas City at 7:30 am. Both trains covered the 466 mile route at an average pace of 49 mph. The original consist included two Vista-Domes (which provided meal service), two Chicago-KC sleepers, one Chicago - St. Joe sleeper, and coaches. The CB&Q simultaneously launched a daylight Chicago-Kansas City service on the same route under the banner of the Kansas City Zephyr. Like its daylight counterpart, the American Royal Zephyr never lived up to ridership expectations, and it was not long before equipment from the ARZ was being shuffled off to other trains. Intense competition came from the Santa Fe, which ran six daily streamliners in each direction through Kansas City on a shorter schedule than CB&Q, and an existing, dedicated overnight service called the Kansas City Chief.

The American Royal Zephyr was discontinued in 1971.

Station stops
Original American Royal Zephyr, station stops:
 * Illinois
 * Chicago Union Station
 * La Grange Road station
 * Aurora old CB&Q station (abandoned, largely demolished)
 * Plano station
 * Mendota station
 * Princeton station
 * Kewanee station
 * Galesburg CB&Q Seminary Street station (demolished)
 * Macomb station
 * Quincy station
 * Missouri
 * West Quincy CB&Q station (entire town abandoned after the Great Flood of 1993).
 * Macon (CB&Q station)
 * Chillicothe (CB&Q station)
 * Kansas City station

title: American Royal Zephyr


text:
Barbell (piercing)

Barbell style piercing jewelry is composed of a straight bar with a bead on each end, one or both beads unscrewable for removal and/or changing of the beads. Often one of the beads is fixed, either via epoxy or welding, so that only one bead is used to install or remove the jewelry. Barbell threads are usually right-handed.

They are named because they resemble the barbells that are used in weightlifting.

Types of barbells

Internally threaded barbells
Named because the bar has smooth ends with receiving threads tapped into the end of the bar. In internally threaded jewelry, the bead has a receiving tube machined into it (this is referred to as "countersunk"), with a threaded post extending from the center, which mates with the threaded receiving tube on the bar. Being much less likely to cause damage and irritation, especially at the time of piercing, internally threaded jewelry is considered superior to externally threaded jewelry. It is usually slightly more expensive than externally threaded jewelry, due to the extra machining and labor involved.

Externally threaded barbells
So named because the shaft of the bar has threads at both ends to allow beads with receiving threads to be attached. Due to the potential damage or irritation to the piercing as the threads are passed through when the jewelry is inserted or removed as well as the popularity of the internally threaded barbell, the externally threaded option has become less common. This type of barbell is usually only used in cheap, mass-produced body jewelry. Some manufacturers make externally threaded barbells with "step-down threading", where the threaded section has a smaller diameter than the wearable section; these are fairly uncommon and usually internally threaded barbells are used in their place. Step-down threaded jewelry ends can be inserted into the blunt end of a hollow piercing needle, allowing for less irritation during initial placement than regular external barbells.

Curved barbells
Also known as a navel curve or curve, so named because of their curvature. A curved barbell is mechanically identical to a straight barbell, except for being curved. Curvature on a curved barbell can range from almost straight to circular, with some barbells actually being spiral, with the ends overlapping but separated to allow the insertion of the jewelry. A variation on this design is a J-bar, a slightly curved barbell (sometimes referred to as a bananabell or banana barbell) with a 90 degree bend near one end, used in vertical navel piercings to position the decorative end of the jewelry more appropriately. They can be either internally threaded or externally threaded.

Circular barbells
Also known as horseshoe barbells due to their shape, they are used in any number of piercings, including earlobes, tragus piercings, nasal septum piercings, or even horizontal clitoral hood piercings, although the latter is less common, as the clitoris is deprived of the stimulation gained from a properly positioned captive bead ring.

Surface bars
Used in surface piercings. A surface bar is a barbell where the bar has a pair of 90 degree bends, in the same direction (similar to a staple), to allow the jewelry to be used for surface piercings. This design minimizes the pressure that would be caused by other jewelry designs that contribute to rejection in healing surface piercings. Surface bars are produced with many different lengths between the two points.

Types of beads
Beads for barbells can vary widely in design and appearance, although the vast majority of beads are simply spherical in design. That being said, any shape that threads can be tapped into can be used as a bead. Cubes, triangles, cylinders, cones, disks, and other basic shapes are common alternative bead designs. Some large gauge barbells, especially those used in tongue piercings, use "smartie beads", flattened circular beads, to prevent the jewelry from damaging the gums and teeth and allowing free movement of the tongue. There also exist "bondage" beads, which are dimpled to accept a captive bead ring, or the "koosh" bead which is a bead made of a rubbery material textured like a French tickler condom threaded to fit the tip of a barbell. Miniature vibrators also exist, in a variety of hard or soft materials on the exterior of the bead.

Materials
Barbell style jewelry can and is made from any metal appropriate for making body jewellery. Flexible barbells made from Teflon or tygon tubing are often used in experimental surface or deep tissue piercings. Beads do not penetrate the body, so often materials not usually considered safe for piercing can be used in a decorative manner such as acrylic, glass, or organic materials.

History and culture
There are examples of externally threaded, straight barbells being used by tribal people, most notably the Dayak of Borneo. In contemporary society, barbell-style jewelry was popularized by Jim Ward, founder of Gauntlet (the first body piercing studio in the United States), in the 1970s. He was introduced to barbell-style jewelry by Horst Streckenbach "Tattoo Samy" (1926–2001), a tattooist and piercer from Frankfurt, Germany, and his student Manfred "Piker" Kohrs from Hanover, Germany.

"The first barbells I recall came from Germany. Doug had made contact with Tattoo Samy, a tattooist and piercer from Frankfurt. Over the years Samy came to the States a number of times and frequently showed up in LA to visit Doug. On one of his first visits he showed us the barbell studs that he used in some piercings. They were internally threaded, a feature that made so much sense that I immediately set out to recreate them for my own customers." Jim Ward and his magazine PFIQ have been crucial in the development of modern body piercing.

They are worn in the cartilage of the ear but they are also worn on the lobe. The lobe is very popular because it can be performed in some countries without parental consent and it is more painless and easy to DIY.

title: Barbell (piercing)


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User:Tabor/monobook.css

body { font: x-small "Arial Unicode MS"; }

title: User:Tabor/monobook.css


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gorge Fusion

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mgm|(talk) 10:00, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Gorge Fusion
I originally listed this as a copyright violation, but I found an earlier revision that wasn't actually copied from the site's FAQ page, so I just reverted it. Whether it violates copyright or not, this does not belong here. The webcomic it comes may (arguably) be notable enough to deserve an article, but a game within the webcomic surely is not.

A link from the article on the webcomic to the FAQ page about this game would convey the information in a more useful form. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 20:56, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable - fails Google test (less than 35 hits). Megan1967 02:05, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as cruft and begone. Wyss 22:31, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is fancruft, but the fan who created it made a substub, so it must be non-notable.  Bart133 (t) 02:08, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:World War II pilots

title: Category:World War II pilots


text:
User talk:Beta m/Deletionoholics

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Beta m/Deletionaholics. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 16:51, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Text moved
Text moved from the user page:

''This is a great idea. I don't think listing deletionists should be a problem unless they are ashamed of their behavior. 213.206.34.10 16:41, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)''

I think this really belongs on this user talk page. Andrewa 20:57, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Voluntarism vs Voluntarianism
Do you really have any idea what you are talking about? You're trying to claim that voluntarism and voluntarianism are the same thing. Nobody voted to delete voluntarism, it was the article called voluntarianism, which defined something entirely different, that was deleted. RickK 08:55, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot for pointing that out to me, makes my argument that much stronger with the web search. It is probably a new word, but by no means a neologism. Beta m (talk)

 * Delete. Aside from Google, I did a JSTOR search of the word, which surveyed 34 Political Science journals along with over 100 journals from other disciplines. No hits for "Voluntarianism." Author of article has confessed it to be neologism. If it's more than that, I'd love to see a citation. --Fastfission 05:28, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC) . RickK 09:34, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Beta m/Deletionoholics


text:
Why Mosquitoes Buzz in People's Ears

Why Mosquitoes Buzz in People's Ears: A West African Tale is a 1975 children's picture book by Verna Aardema and illustrated by Leo and Diane Dillon. Published in hardcover by Dial Books for Young Readers, an imprint of Penguin Random House, it is told in the form of a cumulative tale written for young children, which tells an African legend.

Plot
In this origin story, the mosquito lies to an iguana, who puts sticks in his ears and ends up frightening a snake, which down a long line causes a panic. In the end, an owlet is inadvertently killed and the owl is too sad to wake the sun until the animals hold court and find out who is responsible. The mosquito is eventually found out, but she hides in order to escape punishment. So now she constantly buzzes in the human ears to find out if everyone is still angry at her.

About the art
The artwork was made using watercolor airbrush, pastels, and India ink. The cutout shapes were made by using friskets and vellum cut shapes at different angles.

Reception
The book won a Caldecott Medal in 1976 for the Dillons. It was the first of their two consecutive Caldecott wins; the second was for Ashanti to Zulu: African Traditions.

Cause and effect
This story is a resource for teachers to teach the skill cause and effect: "A cause is something that makes something else happen; An effect is what happens as a result of the cause"

The idea that the mosquito is to blame for the unfortunate death of the owlet is an example of cause and effect. The actions from the other animals also offers several more examples of cause and effect as each animal does something that causes the next animal to do something. This chain of events finally causes the owlet to die. Teachers can use this text to show students how actions (causes) make other things happen (effect).

In other media
The book was adapted into an animated short by Gene Deitch for Weston Woods Studios in 1984, narrated by James Earl Jones.

title: Why Mosquitoes Buzz in People's Ears


text:
Category talk:Audio engineering

A seperate article for Control Surfaces is needed!
I feel that there should be a seperate article for Control Surfaces, or even just a small snipit (or whatever they are called). There isn't even a decent description anywhere. Your thoughts? Is this even the correct place to propose such a thing?

title: Category talk:Audio engineering


text:
Lorne Greene's New Wilderness

Lorne Greene's New Wilderness (or just New Wilderness) is a Canadian television nature documentary series debuting 14 September 1982 starring Lorne Greene. The series initially aired on CTV but was syndicated in 80 per cent of the U.S. and 23 foreign countries. It was a follow-up to an earlier, similar 1970s documentary series entitled The Untamed World (later titled The Untamed Frontier).

It was a multiple award-winning wildlife program, number one in its time slot for five years running.

title: Lorne Greene's New Wilderness


text:
The High King

The High King (1968) is a high fantasy novel by American writer Lloyd Alexander, the fifth and last of The Chronicles of Prydain. It was awarded the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1969.

The series follows the adventures of Taran, the Assistant Pig-Keeper, as he nears manhood while helping to resist the forces of Arawn Death-Lord. In the concluding volume Taran and companions join the rest of Prydain in a great effort to defeat Arawn directly. Finally Taran must decide whether to be High King.

Thirty years later, Alexander explained to Scholastic students: "The High King was the final logical development of the first four books in the Prydain Chronicles. It was not an easy book to write, but at least I was building on a foundation that I had already made. I never considered a different ending ...". He did cry afterward, as the exchange implies many readers have done. After seven years "the characters were as close to me as my own family. ... I wept at the end – to see Taran confronted with such a brutally difficult decision."

"The final choice is never offered to us in the real world ... In another sense, we face this kind of choice again and again because, for us, it is never final."

Background
While Alexander's experience in World War Two informs the Prydain series as a whole, some specific instances inspired events in The High King. One notable case is Alexander's involvement in Alsace-Lorraine under Alexander Patch directly inspiring an episode where Taran and the companions nearly freeze to death near Annuvin and fight in the snow.

Plot summary
Taran and Gurgi return to Caer Dallben and are greeted by friends including Rhun (now King of Mona), Eilonwy, and the former giant (now returned to a dimunitive size) Glew. Eilonwy presents Taran with an embroidery of Hen Wen, and the two are about to discuss their relationship. Suddenly, Fflewdur Fflam arrives bearing a wounded Gwydion, Prince of Don. The bard is shocked that Taran is safely arrived at the farm, as Gwydion had been wounded rescuing Taran, with the magical sword Dyrnwen being lost in the endeavor. Achren, the former sorceress and queen of Prydain, interrupts and explains that Arawn can shapeshift and therefore led the attack on Gwydion.

Distressed, Dallben and Coll ask Hen Wen the white pig to divine what they must do. Hen Wen delivers a cryptic prophecy and her oracular letter sticks shatter as she is revealing it, rendering her functionally mute. Determined, Gwydion, Coll, Gurgi. and Taran head directly to King Smoit's lands while Rhun, Fflewdur, Glew and Eilonwy depart to communicate with Rhun's fleet. The groups plan to reunite at Caer Cadarn.

When Gwydion, Taran, Gurgi, and Coll arrive at the castle, they are captured by Magg. Magg has seized control of Smoit's dominion and declared his allegiance to Annuvin. The companions are imprisoned with Smoit in a larder and begin to plot. Meanwhile, Eilonwy, Glew, Rhun, and Fflewdur discover the situation and plan a rescue. This is aided by Gwystyl, who has left his waystation by Annuvin to report on Arawn's movements to the Fair Folk. With magical items from Gwystyl and the cover of night, Smoit's realm is liberated and he is restored to his throne. Unfortunately, Magg has escaped and Rhun has sacrificed his life for his friends. Taran and the remaining companions regroup and mourn.

Gwydion decides to rally the people of Prydain to war. He orders Smoit and Fflewdur to raise armies in their lands and among their allies while Taran, Coll, Gurgi, and Eilonwy go to bring the Free Commots to the banner of the Sons of Don and Gwystyl rouses the Fair Folk. Gwydion himself heads to Caer Dathyl and sends messages to King Pryderi of the West Domains and other leaders to alert them of the war. Meanwhile, unbeknownst to the heroes, Taran's crow Kaw reports to Medwyn, who begins organizing the animals to aid the resistance to the Death Lord.

Eilonwy's tapestry of Hen Wen becomes Taran's banner of the White Pig as they, Gurgi, and Coll collect the men and boys, including lucky Llonio, of the Free Commots in the army. The Commots are raided by the forces of Annuvin and Annlaw Clay-Shaper is slain. Taran leads the army to Caer Dathyl and reunites with Gwydion and his other friends. When Pryderi arrives, he is initially met with rejoicing until he declares that he is aligned with Arawn. Pryderi's forces are supplemented by Cauldron-Born. His army is repulsed at the cost of the lives of many, including Llonio and the High King Math, and the Cauldron-Born manage to force the Sons of Don into hiding in the mountains.

Taran's army is tasked with harassing the Cauldron-Born on their return to Annuvin through the Red Fallows. Gwydion's forces will launch an amphibious invasion of Annuvin. As Taran and the folk of the Free Commots fight the Cauldron-Born, they suffer significant losses--Coll among them. The army is saved by a legion of Fair Folk and by the beasts of Prydain. Eilonwy and Gurgi have been abducted by Dorath and his raiders and Dorath threatens Eilonwy with sexual violence. Gurgi and Eilonwy are rescued by Medwyn's wolves. The Fair Folk cause a "river" of fire and ice that overcomes Annuvin's forces. Eilonwy and Gurgi reunite with Taran and his friends, who have been separted from the army. Back at Caer Dallben, King Pryderi attempts to slay the enchanter Dallben and is struck down by the Book of Three.

The Fair Folk, except for Doli, leave Taran's group at the gates of Annuvin. In the midst of a snowstorm that threatens to kill the companions, Fflewdur sacrifices his magical harp to start a life saving fire. As it burns, the harp sings beautifully. The group rejoins the Free Commots forces and commences the assault on Annuvin. Taran is saved from a fall by the gwythaint that he had saved earlier and discovers Dyrnwen. With it, he destroys the army of Cauldron-Born and enters Arawn's fortress.

Arawn and Taran fight, with Arawn shifting shapes and attempting to deceive the hero. In the chaos, Magg attempts to seize the throne of Annuvin and dies. Achren also sets upon Arawn and with her dying breath exposes the Death Lord to Taran's fatal strike with Dyrnwen. Upon the victory over the Death-Lord, Dallben, Gurgi, and the surviving Sons of Don (including Eilonwy and Fflewdur) prepare to leave for the Summer Country. Orddu, Orwen, and Orgoch present Taran with the tapestry of his life and disappear. Taran turns down the invitation to the Summer Country, feeling he must help Prydain rebuild. Dallben then acclaims him as the prophesied High King of Prydain and Eilonwy renounces the Summer Country to marry Taran. They reign as High King and Queen.

Reception
At the time of the book's publication, Kirkus Reviews said: "The last may be the best--movement toward an ultimate confrontation between the forces of life and the forces of death give this final Prydain adventure a stronger frame and tighter weave than the preceding four." In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1966 to 1975, children's author John Rowe Townsend wrote, "Yet when every allowance has been made, one faces, reluctantly, the fact that the Prydain saga, with its constant anachronism, its slack repetitive action, its cast of two-dimensional figures and failure to compel serious belief, is not a satisfying epic; not, I believe, a front-rank work. The High King, however, is probably the best of the five books."

title: The High King


text:
User talk:EarthmatriX

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Gravitodeathdeathrivercamscooper 21:00, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Note that Wikipedia is not a link farm. Add only external links that are directly and specifically relevent and useful to the subject, thanks. -- Infrogmation 22:03, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:EarthmatriX


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Balla, County Mayo

Balla (pronounced Bal) is a town in County Mayo, Ireland on the N60 National secondary road, the main road between Castlebar and Claremorris. The economy of the village survives mainly on passing trade, from the busy N60 which carries over 7,000 vehicles through the town every day. It is notable for its round tower. The town is in a townland and civil parish of the same name. It used to be a significant shop and market centre. It fell into decline and lost its railway station, but has enjoyed something of a revival as a residential area for people working in Castlebar.

In early times the village was known as 'Ros Dairbhreach', meaning 'The Height of the Oak Wood'. The continuing importance of the oak to the local community is reflected in the appropriately named "Dawn Oak 2000" project. At the beginning of the 21st century, 2000 oak trees were planted, creating a new wood in Balla's town park.

Name
According to Adrian Room in A Dictionary of Irish Placenames, the name refers to the Tobar Mhuire, known in English as the Blessed Well, i.e., of the Blessed Virgin Mary) to the west of Balla. This was enclosed by a wall in the 7th century, traditionally by Saint Mo Chua.

History
The founder of the local monastery appears to have been Mo Chua. Tradition has it that Saint Patrick himself had rested in Balla.

Pat Nally (1857–1891), an athlete and member of the Supreme Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, was born in Rockstown House near Balla. The P.W. Nally monument, a Celtic Cross, was erected in Balla with the aid of a public subscription, and was unveiled in 1900 by Mark F. Ryan.

William Hamilton Maxwell (1792–1850), a Church of Ireland rector in Balla, wrote Wild Sports of the West while resident there in the 19th century.

Transport
Balla railway station opened on 17 December 1862, but closed to passenger traffic on 17 June 1963, and closed altogether on 2 December 1974.

Sport
Balla GAA is the village's main sports club. Manulla FC is the local soccer club.

Annalistic references
See Annals of Inisfallen.

 * AI693.1Kl. Repose of Crónán of Balla, and of Udríne, bishop of Mag Bile. [AU 694].

title: Balla, County Mayo