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M. Carey Thomas

Martha Carey Thomas (January 2, 1857 – December 2, 1935) was an American educator, suffragist, and linguist. She was the second president of Bryn Mawr College, a women's liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.

Early life and education
Thomas was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on January 2, 1857. She was the daughter of James Carey Thomas and Mary (Whitall) Thomas. Thomas was noted to have been conceived "in full daylight", which her father believed would diminish the chance of his wife miscarrying.

Her family included many prominent Quakers, including her uncle and aunt Robert Pearsall Smith and Hannah Whitall Smith, and her cousins Alys Pearsall Smith (first wife of Bertrand Russell) and Mary Smith Berenson Costelloe (who married Bernard Berenson).

In 1864, when Carey Thomas was just seven years old, she was severely burned while trying to help her cook, Eliza, prepare lunch. Thomas's frock caught on fire and the young girl was engulfed in flames, which were shortly thereafter extinguished by her mother. Her recovery was long and arduous, a time during which her mother cared for her intently. Growing up, Thomas was strongly influenced by the staunch feminism of her mother and her mother's sister, Hannah, who became a prominent preacher. Her father was not entirely comfortable with feminist ideas, but his daughter was fiercely independent, and he supported her in these endeavors.

Although both her parents were orthodox members of the Society of Friends, Thomas' education and European travel led her to question those beliefs and develop a love for music and theater, both of which were considered incompatible with orthodox Quakerism. This religious questioning led to friction with her mother.

Thomas initially attended a Society of Friends school in Baltimore. Minnie had a strong childhood relationship with her cousin, Frank Smith, Hannah Smith's son. The two were almost inseparable until Frank's sudden death in 1872. Minnie became deeply depressed, moving her parents to send her, along with her cousin, Bessie, to the Howland Institute, a Quaker boarding school near Ithaca, New York, in October 1872. While at Howland, Minnie decided to dress as a man in the school's opera, which made her mother very upset, for it was "repugnant to her taste". It was here that Miss Slocum, a teacher at Howland, influenced Minnie to study education, rather than medicine. Thomas hoped to enter Cornell University to pursue further education, but met with her father's objections. After a great deal of pleading from both Thomas and her mother, her father relented.

Thomas attended Sage College, the women's school at Cornell University, in September 1875, where she formally changed her first name to Carey. She graduated from Cornell University in 1877. Cornell offered her both the position of professor of literature and dean of Sage College, but she did not consider either. She did graduate work in Greek at Johns Hopkins University, but withdrew because she was not permitted to attend classes. She did further graduate work at the University of Leipzig, but that university did not grant degrees to women. She then went to the University of Zurich and earned a Ph.D. in linguistics, summa cum laude, in 1882 for her dissertation, which was a philological analysis of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. This dissertation continued to be highly regarded by specialists eighty years later.

She was the first woman and the first foreigner to receive such a doctorate from the university. She then spent some time in Paris, where she attended lectures by Gaston Paris at the Sorbonne, and then returned to the United States. Thomas did not pursue her degree out of love for her academic work, but rather out of a desire to show Americans that women had the same intellectual capacity as men.

Career
In 1882, Thomas wrote a letter to the trustees of Bryn Mawr College, requesting that she be made president of the university. She was not granted the position, however, as the trustees were concerned about her relative youth and lack of experience. Instead, Thomas entered in 1884 as the dean of the college and chair of English. Despite not receiving her desired role at Bryn Mawr, Thomas was active in the college's administration, working closely with then president James Rhoads. According to the biographical dictionary Notable American Women: 1607–1950, by 1892 she was "acting president in all but name". She hired Woodrow Wilson as professor of history and government, 1882-1885.

At the end of April 1884 Thomas went with the encouragement of President Rhoads to tour other colleges in the area to become familiar with them in order to bring ideas back to Bryn Mawr. She started her tour at Vassar, then she went on to Smith College, Wellesley, and ended her tour at Radcliffe (or the Harvard Annex as it was called).

In 1885, Thomas, together with Mary Garrett, Mamie Gwinn (February 2, 1860 – November 11, 1940), Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers, founded The Bryn Mawr School, a prep school in Baltimore, Maryland. The school would produce well-educated young women who met the very high entrance standards of Bryn Mawr College.

In 1894, President Rhoads died, and Thomas was narrowly elected to succeed him on September 1, 1894. Out of respect for President Rhoads's recent death, Thomas was not given a ceremony. She was president until 1922 and remained as Dean until 1908.

During her tenure as president, Thomas' primary concern was upholding the highest standards of admissions and academic rigor. The entrance examinations for the college were made as difficult as those at Harvard University, and pupils could not gain admission by certificate. For the academic curriculum, Thomas emulated the "group system" of Johns Hopkins, in which students were required to take parallel courses in a logical sequence. Students could not freely choose electives. There were also other requirements, including a foreign language requirement that culminated in a sight translation examination proctored by Thomas herself. Overall, the academic curriculum at Bryn Mawr under Thomas shunned liberal arts education, preferring more traditional topics such as Greek, Latin, and mathematics. Thomas was also instrumental in bringing several new buildings to the College, which introduced collegiate Gothic architecture to the United States.

In 1908, she became the first president of the National College Women's Equal Suffrage League. She was also a leading member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. After 1920 she advocated the policies of the National Woman's Party. She was one of the early promoters of an equal rights amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Thomas maintained an ongoing intimate relationship with long-time friend, Mamie Gwinn. Thomas and Gwinn lived together at Bryn Mawr College in a small cottage that came to be known as "the Deanery". "As late as the first decade of the twentieth century, she wrote of her relationship with Mamie in language analogous to marriage. But by the 1920s she faced a different world. The love between women that had once been broadly accepted was now being portrayed in fiction and on the stage as lesbian and deviant." When Gwinn left Thomas in 1904 to marry (a love triangle fictionalized in Gertrude Stein's Fernhurst) Alfred Hodder, a fellow Professor of English at Bryn Mawr College, Thomas pursued a relationship with Mary Elizabeth Garrett. Thomas shared her campus home, the Deanery, with Garrett and together they endeavored to grow Bryn Mawr's resources. Upon her death, Garrett, who had been prominent in suffrage work and a benefactor of Bryn Mawr, left to President Thomas "a sum which would, in 1994, be close to $15,000,000." to be disposed of as she saw fit. M. Carey Thomas had firm views on marriage, and in a letter to her mother she described it as a "Loss of freedom, poverty, and a personal subjection for which I see absolutely no compensation."

Both during and before her tenure as college president, Thomas actively worked to bar Jews from entering Bryn Mawr, both as faculty members and as students, biographer Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz noted. Thomas blocked the hiring of Jewish teachers, and later worked to remove Jewish candidates from consideration for faculty positions, noting she preferred to have faculty made up of "our own good Anglo-Saxon stock." She tried to block the admission of Sadie Szold, a Jewish student, to the college.

In a speech to the freshman class of 1916, Thomas said: "If the present intellectual supremacy of the white races is maintained, as I hope that it will be for centuries to come, I believe that it will be because they are the only races that have seriously begun to educate their women." While Thomas claimed that African American students did not apply to Bryn Mawr during her tenure as president, she diverted Jessie Redmon Fauset, an African American student who received a scholarship to attend Bryn Mawr in 1901, to Cornell University, and helped pay a portion of Fauset's tuition.

In August 2017, Bryn Mawr President Kim Cassidy addressed Thomas' "racism and anti-Semitism' and demands by some that the school drop Thomas' name from several buildings. ''"While Thomas had a profound impact on opportunities for women in higher education ... on the academic development and identity of Bryn Mawr, and on the physical plan of the campus, she also openly and vigorously advanced racism and anti-Semitism as part of her vision of the College. Some of you have suggested that the College rename Thomas Library and Thomas Great Hall because of this legacy, and others have suggested making that history explicit in other ways."''

In 2018, the buildings formerly known as Thomas Library and Thomas Hall was renamed Old Library and Great Hall.

Thomas retired in 1922, at age sixty-five. She was succeeded by Marion Edwards Park, who served as a dean at both Simmons and Radcliffe Colleges. The Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry, which was founded at Carey's behest in 1921, was a sort of "grand finale" bookending Thomas' legacy as an earlier shaper of the college.

Mary Garrett left a considerable fortune to Thomas, who spent the last two decades of her life traveling the world in luxury, including trips to India, the Sahara, and France.

Death
Thomas died in Philadelphia on December 2, 1935, of a coronary occlusion. She had returned to Philadelphia to address Bryn Mawr College on the 50th anniversary of its founding. Her ashes were scattered on the Bryn Mawr College campus in the cloisters of Thomas Library.

title: M. Carey Thomas


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John Lawson (explorer)

John Lawson (27 December 1674 – 16 September 1711) was an English explorer, naturalist and writer. He played an important role in exploring the frontier regions of the Carolinas, publicising his expeditions in a book. He founded two settlements in North Carolina, Bath and New Bern, both located on rivers in the coastal plain. He was murdered by the Tuscarora people which led to the outbreak of the Tuscarora War.

Early life and education
John Lawson was born in England. Little is known definitively about his early life. He appears to have been the only son of Dr. John Lawson (1632–c. 1690) and Isabella Love (c. 1643–c. 1680). Both were from London. The family owned land near Kingston upon Hull, where Lawson may have been educated in his youth. He attended lectures at Gresham College, where the Royal Society often met. His education seems evidenced by his book. His freedom to explore and take charge suggest he was well placed in society. After an acquaintance in London assured him that "Carolina was the best country", Lawson as a young man sailed for England's North American colonies, arriving in Charleston, South Carolina on August 15, 1700.

Exploration
Beginning December 28, 1700, Lawson participated in a small expedition out of Charleston in the Carolina Colony to the interior. They traveled up the Santee River by canoe, and then on foot, to explore the Carolina backcountry. Along the way he was guided by American Indians; he took careful note of the vegetation, wildlife and, in particular, the many Native tribes he encountered. He traveled nearly 600 miles through the wilderness, ending his journey near the mouth of the Pamlico River in what was later designated as North Carolina.

After his expedition, Lawson settled near the Pamlico River, where he earned a living as a private land surveyor. In 1705, he was appointed deputy surveyor for the Lords Proprietor of Carolina. In 1708, he succeeded Edward Moseley to become surveyor-general of the colony, a lucrative position.

Lawson played a major role in the founding of two of North Carolina's earliest permanent European settlements: Bath and New Bern. On March 8, 1705, Bath was the first town incorporated in what was to become North Carolina. Part of the incorporated land was owned by Lawson. He became one of the first town commissioners. Later he became clerk of the court and public register for Bath County.

In 1709, Lawson returned to London to oversee the publication of his book, A New Voyage to Carolina, in which he described the native inhabitants and the natural environment of the region. The book was an instant success. Several editions were published, including translations into German and French. The resulting publicity attracted many immigrant settlers to the colony of North Carolina.

While in London, Lawson represented the colony before the government in a boundary dispute with Virginia. He also organized a group of Germans from the Electorate of the Palatinate to settle in Carolina, returning with them in 1710 to found New Bern on the Neuse River. The government of Queen Anne had invited the Protestant refugees to England for passage to the colonies. They were fleeing extended hardship in their homeland, due to a record cold, and French invasions. Nearly 3000 Palatine Germans were settled in the New York Colony in 1710 as well, and worked in naval stores camps on the Hudson River to pay off their transportation.

In September 1711, Lawson and his associate Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg were captured by Tuscarora natives while ascending the Neuse River. The Tuscarora released von Graffenried, but they subjected Lawson to ritual torture, typical of warriors, and killed him. Shortly thereafter, tensions between the Tuscarora and their allies and settlers erupted into a bloody conflict known as the Tuscarora War, lasting until the defeat of the Tuscarora in 1715. The colonists gathered their own American Indian allies, especially from among the Yamasee and Cherokee, traditional enemies and competitors of the Tuscarora.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Lawson (explorer)


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Brian Crowley

Brian Donal Crowley (born 4 March 1964) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the South constituency from 1994 to 2019. He served as a Senator from 1993 to 1994, after being nominated by the Taoiseach.

Early and personal life
Crowley was born in Blackrock, Dublin in 1964, but was raised in Bandon, County Cork, where he attended Hamilton High School. He received a diploma in law in 1993 from University College Cork. His father, Flor Crowley, served as a TD for various Cork constituencies for most of the period between the 1965 general election and the February 1982 election.

Crowley is a wheelchair-user as a result of an accident at age 16.

Politics
In 1993, he was nominated by the Taoiseach Albert Reynolds to the 20th Seanad Éireann. At the 1994 European Parliament election he was elected to the European Parliament for the Munster constituency. He retained his seat at the three subsequent elections. He was a member of Ireland's Council of State from 1997 to 2004, Committee on Industry, Research and Energy and the delegation for relations with the United States. Crowley also served as a substitute member of the Committee on Legal Affairs.

Crowley stated in an interview with The Irish Times on 29 September 2008 that he would like to run for President of Ireland at the 2011 presidential election.

On 12 February 2009, the Committee on Legal Affairs of the European Parliament approved a report drafted by Brian Crowley to extend the copyright term of music recordings from 50 years to 95 years.

He was co-president of the Union for Europe of the Nations until 2009, when Fianna Fáil joined the ALDE group.

In June 2011, Crowley refused to release details of his expense and allowance claims as a member of the European Parliament.

Again in July 2011, Crowley declared to Fianna Fáil party colleagues, that he was available to run for the presidency, but had been advised by party colleague Fianna Fáil TD Willie O'Dea not to seek his party's nomination. In the context of failure to be nominated for the presidential election by his party, Crowley withdrew his candidature for the nomination.

From 2011 to 2013, Crowley had trouble with sores on his legs arising from his paralysis. These required repeated treatment which kept him out of the public eye. In July 2013, he said his health was improved and he intended to run for re-election in 2014.

In June 2014, he joined the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament, against the wishes of the Fianna Fáil leadership. He lost the Fianna Fáil party whip on 24 June 2014. Fianna Fáil stated that the principles of the ECR group were incompatible with the party.

In December 2015, concerns were raised about Crowley's frequent absence from the European Parliament due to ill health. A news report in May 2016 stated that Crowley had failed to attend any votes since being re-elected over two years previously. In March 2018, Politico Europe included him in their list of "The 20 MEPs who matter, for the wrong reasons". In June 2018, the Irish Examiner reported that Crowley had not voted in the Parliament since his re-election on 2014. He did not cast a single vote in the 2014 to 2019 session.

On 17 January 2019, Crowley announced at a news conference that he would not seek re-election in the European elections in May 2019, and would be retiring from public life.

title: Brian Crowley


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Seán Ó Neachtain (politician)

Seán Ó Neachtain (born 22 May 1947) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament for the North-West constituency from 2002, when he was substituted for Pat "the Cope" Gallagher, until 2009.

He was a member of the Transport and Tourism Committee, as well as the Fisheries Committee. Ó Neachtain was instrumental to the recognition of the Irish language as an official working language of the European Union.

After obtaining a BA (hons) in 1969, Ó Neachtain became a school teacher. He worked in this capacity through the 1970s and 1980s. He was involved in regional politics around Galway and western Ireland from 1979, and served as a member of Galway County Council from 1991 to 2002. He made his first foray into European politics when he was appointed as a member of the Committee of the Regions in 1994. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Galway West constituency at the 1997 general election.

On 20 April 2009, he announced that he would not be contesting the 2009 European Parliament election due to health concerns.

title: Seán Ó Neachtain (politician)


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Liam Aylward

Liam Aylward (born 27 September 1952) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician who served as a Minister of State from 1988 to 1989, from 1992 to 1994 and from 2004 to 2004. He served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the East constituency from 2004 to 2014. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency from 1977 to 2007.

Aylward was born in Waterford in 1952, but is a native of Mullinavat, County Kilkenny. He was educated at St Kieran's College, Kilkenny. He worked as a laboratory technician before getting involved in politics. He was elected to Kilkenny County Council in 1974, and served on that authority until 1992.

Aylward was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD for the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency at the 1977 general election in what proved to be a landslide for Fianna Fáil. He served as Minister of State at the Department of Energy (1988–1989), Minister of State at the Department of Education (1992–1994) and the Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture and Food (2002–2004). In 1998, Aylward was the subject of a complaint to Oireachtas authorities for groping a female usher in the Dáil bar, for which he apologised.

In June 2004, he was elected to the European Parliament for the East constituency for Fianna Fáil, which was then part of the Union for a Europe of Nations. After the 2009 European Parliament election, Fianna Fáil joined the ALDE group. Aylward became a member of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, the delegation for relations with Mercosur, and the delegation to the Euro-Latin American Parliamentary Assembly. He also became a substitute member of the Committee on Culture and Education and the delegation to the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

Owing to the dual mandate legislation that forbids members of the European Parliament from seeking re-election as members of their national legislatures, he retired from national politics at the 2007 general election. He was succeeded as a Fianna Fáil TD by his brother Bobby Aylward. They are sons of Bob Aylward, who served as a Fianna Fáil Senator from 1973 to 1974.

Aylward has opted not to receive a ministerial pension, but still receives annual pension payments of around €50,000 from his time as a TD.

He retired from politics at the 2014 European Parliament election.

title: Liam Aylward


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Eoin Ryan Jnr

Eoin Ryan (born 24 February 1953) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Dublin from 2004 to 2009, and also was a Teachta Dála (TD) for Dublin South-East from 1992 to 2007.

Ryan was born in Dublin in 1953 and educated at St. Mary's College, Rathmines; College of Commerce, Rathmines; and Kildalton Horticulture College, County Kilkenny. In 1985 he was elected to Dublin City Council. In 1989 he was nominated to Seanad Éireann by then Taoiseach Charles Haughey. Ryan was elected to Dáil Éireann for the first time at the 1992 general election. He was re-elected at the 1997 general election, topping the poll in the Dublin South-East constituency.

In February 2000 Ryan was appointed Minister of State at the Department of Tourism, Sport and Recreation. He was not re-appointed in 2002. In 2004 he was elected to the European Parliament for the Dublin constituency, sitting in the Union for Europe of the Nations group.

Ryan comes from an Irish political family. His father, Eoin Ryan Snr, was a senator in Seanad Éireann for a number of years. Ryan's grandfather was James Ryan, a founding-member of Fianna Fáil and a long-serving cabinet minister. His great-aunts, language teacher Josephine Ryan and chemist Phyllis Ryan served in the GPO during the 1916 Easter Rising, and married respectively general and Fine Gael politician Richard Mulcahy and president of Ireland and Fianna Fail politician Seán T. O'Kelly (who was the widower of his great-aunt Mary Kate Ryan); and his great-aunt Agnes McCullough, also an activist and member of Cumann na mBan, married Denis McCullough, Cumann na nGaedheal TD and musical entrepreneur.

Ryan retired from national politics at the 2007 general election, opting to concentrate on European politics. He lost his seat at the 2009 European Parliament election.

title: Eoin Ryan Jnr


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Palaka language

Palaka (or 'Kpalaga') is a central Senufo language spoken by approximately 8,000 people in northern Ivory Coast. It is bordered to the south by Djimini, a southern Senufo language, and to the west by Nyarafolo, another Senufo language. North and east of the Palaka area live Dioula people.

Palaka constitutes a separate branch of the Senufo languages on its own, being rather different from them in morphology and phonology. It has been tentatively linked to Nafaanra language, an isolated Senufo language spoken in Ghana. Palaka has been separated from the other Senufo languages at least since the fourteenth century AD.

title: Palaka language


text: User talk:61.69.12.20

title: User talk:61.69.12.20


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David L. Kaplan (composer)

David Leon Kaplan, (December 12, 1923 – April 6, 2015) was a Chicago-born, U.S.-educated Canadian composer, university professor of music, performer, and conductor.

Life and education
Dr. Kaplan was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1923 to a musical family. Kaplan's father, Joshua Samuel, played euphonium in a Russian army band, eventually settled in Chicago, where he played in brass bands and became a general practitioner. His mother, Nettie (née Lurie), born in Lithuania, was a piano student. Kaplan took piano lessons in elementary school and switched to the clarinet in high school, where he joined the band and discovered his love of music. He wrote his first symphony at 14.

He served with the U.S. military during the Second World War, from 1942 to 1946. During that time he played in a Special Services branch under the command of Major Wayne King, who was known then as the Waltz King of America. Kaplan credited his wartime service for exposing him to new musical styles, including jazz.

He received a Bachelor of Music from Roosevelt University in 1948, a Master of Music from Oberlin College in 1950 and a Doctor of Music from Indiana University in 1978.

Kaplan retired in the 1990s. He died in his Saskatoon home on April 6, 2015, aged 91, survived by his second wife, Suzanne, two sons and a daughter, five grandchildren and a great-granddaughter.

Career
Kaplan taught at West Texas State University from 1955 to 1959 before moving to Canada in 1960, where he was a professor of music at the University of Saskatchewan. He founded its department of music, which he headed from 1966 to 1982. He also founded the university's concert band. During his time at the university, he was responsible for introducing new programs such as the BA in music and music education and graduate degrees in music education and music arts. David Kaplan served full-time at the University of Saskatchewan from 1960 to 1991. He also held teaching positions at the Chicago Conservatory of Music, the University of New Mexico, the National Music Camp in Interlochen, Michigan, and the World Youth Orchestra of Jeunesses Musicales in Spain.

From 1962 to 1972 he was the principal conductor of the Saskatoon Symphony Orchestra.

He was responsible for establishing the Festival of Faith multi-faith music festival in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

Composition
Kaplan arranged or composed pieces for woodwinds, including a series of 50 solos for school use written in 1985. Some of his music was published by Jack Spratt, New York, and Belwin.

Music education
Kaplan was responsible for preparing the Western Board of Music (WBM) woodwind syllabus in 1972. He also edited the school-music magazines Clarinet Corner and Band Lab during the 1950s and early 1960s.

Awards

 * 2002 - Member of the Order of Canada
 * 2006 - Saskatchewan Order of Merit
 * December 12, 2013, his 90th birthday, was declared "David L. Kaplan Day" by the Saskatoon City Council.

title: David L. Kaplan (composer)


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Mozzie

Mozzie may refer to:
 * De Havilland Mosquito, a World War II combat aircraft
 * Mozzie (White Collar), a character in the comedy drama series
 * A Rainbow Six Siege operator
 * An Australian term for mosquito

title: Mozzie


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User talk:RMF

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Carrp | Talk 00:49, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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title: User talk:RMF


text: User talk:68.74.7.22

title: User talk:68.74.7.22


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vegetable pie

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki. Joyous 00:17, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

Vegetable pie
This article is not bad in itself but it's a recipe so it should really be in the WikiCookbook -- Derek Ross | Talk 00:50, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)

 * is the correct tag for that, not . Uncle G 02:10, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * transwiki since recipes are one of the few things specifically and expressly out-of-bounds for WP. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 02:34, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki or delete. Megan1967 07:37, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki it. Mgm|(talk) 09:05, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki, it's a recipe. Wyss 20:26, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki - send for Fanny Cradock ! Brookie 19:18, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Drancy internment camp

Drancy internment camp (Camp d'internement de Drancy) was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German occupation of France during World War II. Originally conceived and built as a modernist urban community under the name La Cité de la Muette, it was located in Drancy, a northeastern suburb of Paris, France.

Between 22 June 1942 and 31 July 1944, during its use as an internment camp, 67,400 French, Polish, and German Jews were deported from the camp in 64 rail operations, which included 6,000 children. Only 1,542 prisoners remained alive at the camp when the German authorities in Drancy fled as Allied forces advanced and the Swedish Consul-General Raoul Nordling took control of the camp on 17 August 1944, before handing it over to the French Red Cross to care for the survivors.

Drancy was under the control of the French police until 1943 when administration was taken over by the SS, which placed officer Alois Brunner in charge of the camp. In 2001, Brunner's case was brought before a French court by Nazi hunter Serge Klarsfeld, which sentenced Brunner in absentia to a life sentence for crimes against humanity.

Operational history
After the 1940 defeat by Germany and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, the Republic was abolished and Vichy France was proclaimed. The Vichy government cooperated with Nazi Germany, hunting down foreign and French Jews and turning them over to the Gestapo for transport to the Third Reich's extermination camps.

The Drancy internment camp became identified by the northeastern suburb of Paris in which it was located. It was originally conceived by the noted architects Marcel Lods and Eugène Beaudouin as a striking, modernist urban community. The design was especially noteworthy for its integration of high-rise residential apartment towers, among the first of their kind in France. Poetically named La Cité de la Muette ("The Silent City") at its creation for its perceived peaceful ideals, the name became twisted with bitterly ironic meaning. The entire complex was confiscated by Nazi authorities not long after the German occupation of France in 1940. It was used first as police barracks, then converted into the primary detention center in the Paris region for holding Jews and other people labeled as "undesirable" before deportation.

On 20 August 1941, French police conducted raids throughout the 11th arrondissement of Paris and arrested more than 4,000 Jews, mainly foreign or stateless Jews. French authorities interned these Jews in Drancy, marking its official opening. French police enclosed the barracks and courtyard with barbed-wire fencing and provided guards for the camp. Drancy fell under the command of the Gestapo Office of Jewish Affairs in France and German SS Captain Theodor Dannecker. Five subcamps of Drancy were located throughout Paris (three of which were the Austerlitz, Lévitan and Bassano camps). Following the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup on 16 and 17 July 1942, more than 4,900 of the 13,152 victims of the mass arrest were sent directly to the camp at Drancy before their deportation to Auschwitz.

Drancy was under the control of the French police until 3 July 1943 when Germany took direct control of the Drancy camp. SS officer Alois Brunner became camp commandant as part of the major stepping up at all facilities needed for mass extermination. The French police carried out additional roundups of Jews throughout the war. Some Drancy inmates died as hostage pawns. In December 1941, 40 prisoners from Drancy were executed in retaliation for a French attack on German police officers.

In November 1943 around 350 inmates of the Borgo San Dalmazzo concentration camp in Italy were deported by train to Drancy and, soon after, on to Auschwitz. The inmates from Borgo, Jewish refugees from a number of European countries, had been arrested after the Italian surrender in September 1943, having mostly come to Italy from France in search for safety from Nazi prosecution.

Prisoners
The Drancy camp was designed to hold 700 people, but at its peak held more than 7,000. There is documented evidence and testimony recounting the brutality of the French guards in Drancy and the harsh conditions imposed on the inmates. For example, upon their arrival, small children were immediately separated from their parents for deportation to the death camps.

On 6 April 1944, SS First Lieutenant Klaus Barbie raided a children's home in Izieu, France, where Jewish children had been hidden. Barbie arrested everyone present, all 44 children and 7 adult staff members. The next day, the Gestapo transported the arrestees to Drancy. From there, all the children and staff were deported to Auschwitz. None of the children survived.

Many French Jewish intellectuals and artists were held in Drancy, including Max Jacob (who died there), Tristan Bernard, and the choreographer René Blum. Of the 75,000 Jews whom French and German authorities deported from France, more than 67,000 were sent directly from Drancy to Auschwitz. Dutch painter Max van Dam, captured in France en route to Switzerland, was briefly incarcerated in Drancy where he was able to paint and create print work. He was among the 1008 deportees on Transport 53 which left Drancy, on 25 March 1943, with the final destination of Sobibor. Van Dam was spared upon arrival and survived for six months painting for the SS but was murdered in September 1943. Jewish Austrian footballer Max Scheuer was sent to Drancy, and then on to Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was murdered in the early 1940s.

There were also many non-French Jews captured in France and deported to Drancy to await final deportation to Auschwitz and other death camps. They included the noted German artist Charlotte Salomon, who had lived in the south of France after fleeing from the Nazis in Germany. By September 1943, Charlotte Salomon had married another German Jewish refugee, Alexander Nagler. The two of them were dragged from their house and transported by rail from Nice to Drancy. By now, Charlotte Salomon was five months pregnant. She was transported to Auschwitz on 7 October 1943 and was probably murdered by gas on the same day that she arrived there (10 October).

The prisoners dug a tunnel to escape, but it was discovered before completion. A TV documentary was made about the attempt.

As the Allies were approaching Paris in August 1944, the German officers fled, and the camp was liberated on 17 August when control of the camp was given over to the French Resistance and Swedish diplomat Raoul Nordling.

Present-day
The camp was used after the war for the internment of collaborationists, then went back in 1946 to its original designation as low-income housing. In 1977, the Memorial to the Deportation at Drancy was created by sculptor Shelomo Selinger to commemorate the French Jews imprisoned in the camp.

Until recently, the official point of view of the French government was that the Vichy regime was an illegal government distinct from the French Republic. While the criminal behaviour of Vichy France and the collaboration of French officials were acknowledged, and some former Vichy officials prosecuted, this point of view denied any responsibility of the French Republic. This perspective, held by Charles de Gaulle among others, underlined in particular the circumstances of the July 1940 vote of the full powers to Marshal Pétain, who installed the "French State" and repudiated the Republic. With only the Vichy 80 refusing this vote, historians have argued it was anti-Constitutional, most notably because of pressure on parliamentarians from Pierre Laval.

However, on 16 July 1995, president Jacques Chirac, in a speech, recognized the responsibility of the French State, and in particular of the French police which organized the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup (Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv) of July 1942, for seconding the "criminal folly of the occupying country".

On 20 January 2005, arsonists set fire to some railroad freight cars in the former camp; a tract signed "Bin Laden" with an inverted swastika was found.

On 11 April 2009, a swastika was painted on a train car used for the deportation of Jews, a permanent exhibit. This was condemned by the French Minister for the Interior, Michèle Alliot-Marie.

New museum
A new Shoah memorial museum designed by Swiss architect Roger Diener was opened in September 2012 just opposite the sculpture memorial and railway wagon by the President of France, François Hollande. It provides details of the persecution of the Jews in France and many personal mementos of inmates before their deportation to Auschwitz and their death. They include messages written on the walls, many graffiti, aluminium drinking mugs and other personal belongings left by the prisoners, some of which are inscribed with the names of the owners.

The archive also includes the cards and letters written by the prisoners to their relatives before deportation, and they are a moving contribution to the memory of the camp, and the crime of their detention. The ground floor shows a changing exhibit of prisoners' faces and names, as a memorial to their imprisonment and murder by the Nazis, assisted by the gendarmerie of Occupied France.

Documentary films

 * Drancy: A Concentration Camp in Paris 1941–1944, Worldview Pictures, 1994.
 * Drancy Avenir, 1997.

Literature
Nicolas Grenier, Cité de la Muette (poem), in honor of Max Jacob, who died in the Drancy camp, 2011.

The concentration camp also featured in a part of Sebastian Faulks' 1999 novel Charlotte Gray. The character of Levade was an inmate here, as well as young brothers André and Jacob Duguay. Charlotte was staying at a small hotel nearby to try and pass on a message to Levade.

Journal d'Helene Berr, Editions Tallandier, 2008, (English translation Journal Helene Berr, MacLehose Press, 2008 and 2009). Berr was a young French Jewish graduate who kept a diary between April 1942 and February 1944. She was beaten to death, suffering typhus, five days before the camp was liberated. She worked in Paris to save Jewish children by escorting them to the Free Zone.

Andre Schwarz-Bart's The Last of the Just uses as reference De Drancy a Auschwitz, by Georges Wellers.

title: Drancy internment camp


text:
Rushworth Kidder

Rushworth Moulton Kidder (May 8, 1944 – March 5, 2012) was an American author, ethicist, and professor. Kidder founded the Institute for Global Ethics in 1990, and is the author of Moral Courage and How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living. He was born in Amherst, Massachusetts. He worked as a columnist and editor for The Christian Science Monitor. Kidder died in 2012 of natural causes in Naples, Florida at the age of 67. Kidder earned a doctorate from Columbia University in English and comparative literature and wrote the foreword to Compassion Wins, by Godfrey John. He wrote an award winning five-part series on quantum physics in 1988, and his writings appeared in the American Society of Newspaper Editors' Best Newspaper Writing collection.

Selected bibliography

 * Good Kids, Tough Choices: How Parents Can Help Their Children Do the Right Thing (2010), ISBN 978-0-470-54762-5
 * The Ethics Recession: Reflections on the Moral Underpinnings of the Current Economic Crisis (2009), ISBN 0-615-27535-4
 * Moral Courage (2005), ISBN 0-06-059154-4
 * How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living (1995), ISBN 0-688-13442-4
 * Shared Values for a Troubled World: Conversations With Men and Women of Conscience (1994), ISBN 1-55542-603-4
 * "Heartland Ethics: Voices from the American Midwest" editor (1992), ISBN 1-881601-00-5
 * "In the Backyards of Our Lives" (1992), ISBN 978-0-89909-343-7
 * Reinventing the Future: Global Goals for the 21st Century (1989), ISBN 0-262-11146-2

title: Rushworth Kidder


text:
File:For All You've Done.jpg

Summary
For All You've Done album cover.

Licensing
Source: Hillsong Music Australia

title: File:For All You've Done.jpg


text:
Messerschmitt Me 309

The Messerschmitt Me 309 was a prototype German fighter, designed in the early years of World War II to replace the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Although it had many advanced features, the Me 309's performance left much to be desired and it had so many problems that the project was cancelled with only four prototypes built. The Me 309 was one of two failed Messerschmitt projects intended to replace the Bf 109, the other being the 1943 Me 209 project.

Design and development
Messerschmitt's failure to resolve the stability and other problems of the Me 209 project during 1940 caused Willy Messerschmitt to scrap much of the earlier design work when he commissioned wind tunnel testing of new wing designs and the cockpit canopy in January 1941. Other changes included dropping the Daimler-Benz DB 601 engine and substituting tricycle landing gear for the previous tail-dragger landing gear. The revised design was formally redesignated as the Me 309 in May.

The new fighter included a pressurized cockpit, which would have given it more comfortable and effective high-altitude performance. Each of the new features was first tested on a number of Bf 109F airframes, the V23 having a ventral radiator, the V31 with a radiator and tricycle landing gear, and the V30 having a pressurized cockpit.

Low government interest in the project delayed completion of the first prototype until spring 1942, and trouble with the nosewheel pushed back the 309's first flight to July. When it did fly, the Me 309's performance was satisfactory – about 50 km/h (30 mph) faster than a standard Bf 109G – but not exemplary. In fact, the Bf 109G could out-turn its intended replacement. With the addition of armament, the aircraft's speed decreased to an unacceptable level. In light of its poor performance and the much more promising development of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190D, the Me 309 was canceled.

In an attempt to revive the project, initiated in response to a 1941 Reich Air Ministry requirement for a new Zerstörer (destroyer) to replace the twin engined Messerschmitt Bf 110, Messerschmitt's response was the Me 609. In order to meet the requirement of a new design in a minimum of time and with a minimum of new parts, the failed Me 309 project was used as the basis of the new fighter. The Me 609 would have joined two Me 309 fuselages with a new centre wing section. Only the two inner wheels of the joined Me 309's main landing gears would have been used and would retract into the centre section. This resulted in an unusual four-wheel arrangement. The Me 609 would have had its cockpit in the port fuselage, the starboard being smoothed over. Two versions were planned: a heavy fighter with four or six 30 mm MK 108 cannon, and a Schnellbomber (Fast bomber) variant with two 30 mm MK 108 cannon and a bombload of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) carried beneath the fuselages. By the time designs were being ironed out, the revolutionary Messerschmitt Me 262 turbojet negated the need for further piston-engined fighter design.

In 1943, Messerschmitt made one last attempt at creating a replacement for the Bf 109 in the form of the Me 209-II. It was essentially a modification of the existing 109 airframe, Messerschmitt designers not wanting to invest the time and trouble in a new design like the Me 309.

title: Messerschmitt Me 309


text:
Vonda N. McIntyre

Vonda Neel McIntyre was an American science fiction writer and biologist.

Early life and education
Vonda N. McIntyre was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the daughter of H. Neel and Vonda B. Keith McIntyre, who were born in Poland, Ohio. She spent her early childhood on the east coast of the United States and in The Hague, Netherlands, and Poland, before her family settled in Seattle in the early 1960s.

In 1970, she earned a Bachelor of Science, with honors, in biology from the University of Washington. That same year, she attended the Clarion Writers Workshop. McIntyre went on to do graduate work at University of Washington in genetics.

Career
In 1971, McIntyre founded the Clarion West Writers Workshop in Seattle, Washington, with the support of Clarion founder Robin Scott Wilson. She contributed to the workshop until 1973.

McIntyre won her first Nebula Award in 1973, for the novelette '"Of Mist, and Grass, and Sand". This later became part of the novel Dreamsnake (1978), which was rejected by the first editor who saw it, but went on to win both the Hugo and Nebula Awards. McIntyre became the third woman to receive the Hugo Award for Best Novel (1979).

McIntyre's debut novel, The Exile Waiting, was published in 1975. In 1976, McIntyre co-edited Aurora: Beyond Equality, a feminist/humanist science fiction anthology, with Susan Janice Anderson.

She also wrote a number of Star Trek and Star Wars novels, including Enterprise: The First Adventure and The Entropy Effect. The Entropy Effect was the first original story published in the Pocket Books' series of Star Trek novels, and was developed by McIntyre from a screenplay that she wrote at age 18. It convinced Pocket Books to assign McIntyre the novelizations of the next three films Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, and Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. McIntyre created given names of several Star Trek characters that later became canon, including Hikaru Sulu, Nyota Uhura, and Kirk's mother Winona. Sulu's given name became canon after Peter David, author of the comic book adaptation, visited the set of Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, and convinced director Nicholas Meyer to insert the name into the film's script.

While taking part in a science fiction convention panel on sci-fi in TV, McIntyre became exasperated at a fellow panelist's extreme negativity toward existing science fiction TV shows. She asked the panel and audience if they had managed to see Starfarers, which she claimed was an amazing SF miniseries that had almost no viewers due to bad scheduling on the part of the network. No such show existed, but after reflecting on the plot she described, McIntyre felt it would make a good novel, and went on to write Starfarers as well as its three sequels, later referring to it as "my Best SF TV Series Never Made".

McIntyre's novel The Moon and the Sun, set in the court of Louis XIV of France, was rejected initially. In 1997, Pocket Books picked up the novel, and in 2013 Pandemonium Pictures began to produce The King's Daughter, featuring Pierce Brosnan as the Sun King. In October 2021, it was announced that Gravitas Ventures acquired distribution rights to the film, and set it for a January 21, 2022, release.

She was able to complete a final novel, Curve of the World, shortly before her death in 2019.

Personal life
She enjoyed crafting crocheted marine creatures to contribute to the Hyperbolic Crochet Coral Reef project of the Institute For Figuring.

McIntyre died on April 1, 2019, at her home in Seattle, Washington, of metastatic pancreatic cancer, which was diagnosed in February.

Legacy
In 2019, Clarion West established the Vonda N. McIntyre Memorial Scholarship, to enable women writers and writers of color to attend the Clarion West Writers Workshop and Writing the Other established the Vonda N. McIntyre Sentient Squid Memorial Scholarship, to help authors at any point in their career path and from every background, including those who don't have the money to pay for writing workshops.

Awards and tributes

 * "Of Mist, and Grass, and Sand": 1974 Nebula Award, nominated for the 1974 Hugo Award and the 1974 Locus Poll Award
 * Dreamsnake: 1979 Hugo Award, 1979 Nebula Award
 * Robert A. Heinlein dedicated his 1982 novel Friday, "to Vonda" (among many others).
 * The Moon and the Sun: 1997 Nebula Award, nominated for the 1998 Locus Poll Award and the 1997 James Tiptree, Jr. Award
 * "Little Faces": Nominated for the 2005 James Tiptree, Jr. Award, 2006 Sturgeon Award, and the 2007 Nebula Award
 * McIntyre was a Guest of Honor at Sasquan, the 73rd World Science Fiction Convention.

title: Vonda N. McIntyre


text:
Category:Airlines of Greenland

See also: List of airlines and List of defunct airlines

This is a list of Greenlandic airlines that started in or stay in Greenland.

title: Category:Airlines of Greenland


text:
Loch Kishorn

Loch Kishorn (Ciseòrn) is a sea loch in the north-west Highlands of Scotland. Kishorn is a collective name used to refer to a group of populated settlements located next to the loch.

Topography
Loch Kishorn is a northern branch of Loch Carron about 1.5 km wide and 4 km long, with a maximum recorded depth of around 92 m. It is fed by the river Abhainn Cumhag a' Ghlinne and the River Kishorn which flows from the north and enters through a small estuary. To the north and west of the loch is the Applecross peninsula; to the east is a headland that separates it from upper Loch Carron. The mouth of the loch is marked by the Garra Islands, the largest of which is Kishorn Island.

There are several small settlements located in the vicinity of the loch: Sanachan, Tornapress, Courthill, Achintraid, Ardarroch and Rhunasoul. It is common to refer to these populated settlements collectively as Kishorn.

A Scottish Episcopal chapel is located at Courthill between Sanachan and Tornapress. The A896 road passes through Sanachan, and a minor road leads off to the other settlements. Ardarroch is on the lochside, next to a small shingly beach. The next settlement, Achintraid, is further up the loch. It consists of a line of whitewashed cottages, originally built to house crofters evicted in the Highland Clearances. Rhunasoul is the final populated settlement at the end of the minor road. Achintraid and Rhunasoul are noted for the extensive views of the Applecross peninsula, with the Corbetts of Sgurr a' Chaorachain and Beinn Bhàn and the pass of the Bealach na Bà being particularly prominent.

East of Kishorn are two small Marilyns: An Sgurr and Bad a' Chreamha. Tornapress is where the junction to the Bealach na Bà is located.

Kishorn Yard
Kishorn Yard is a fabrication yard at Loch Kishorn for oil platforms and other offshore facilities, with an associated port and dry-dock facility. It is currently jointly owned by two companies, Ferguson Transport and Leiths.

The yard was owned by Howard Doris between 1975 and 1987. In 1975 work began on the construction yard and dock for the production of oil platforms on the north side of the loch. This lay at the end of a 2 mi stretch of road built to provide access in just 12 days, and by 1977 over 3,000 people were working here, housed in temporary accommodation on site and in two accommodation ships moored in the loch: the former car ferries TEV Rangatira and Odysseus. Loch Kishorn offers a clear depth of up to 80 m, and the yard was therefore well suited to build the 600,000-tonne concrete Ninian Central Platform, which was built in 1978. Material was supplied by sea and when complete the platform needed seven tugs to tow it to its operating position in the North Sea. The Ninian Central Platform held the record as the largest movable object ever created by man until 1989 when the Gullfaks C platform at 1.5 million tons took the record.

Mindful of the controversy surrounding an earlier proposal to develop a yard at Drumbuie, a condition of the planning permission was that the site had to be treated as an island: a self-contained village for 2,000 workers was created, and all deliveries would arrive by sea, rather than by road. A depot for transferring deliveries from rail to sea was built at Stromeferry, on the Kyle of Lochalsh Line. These conditions, though slightly relaxed by the end of the yard's life, had the intended effect of not altering the surrounding area much, though some might have liked it if money had instead been spent on improving the poor, usually single track, roads in the area.

By 1980 the construction yard was diversifying in an effort to escape a downturn in oil exploration and production and at the time was building the Phillips Maureen hi-deck, but its days were numbered. Two thousand people were still employed in 1984, but bankruptcy (by parent company John Howard over its Middle East contracts) in 1986 was followed by closure in 1987 and clearance of most of the buildings on the site. One lasting impact is the Howard Doris Trust. Amongst other things, it has provided a lot of funding for the Howard Doris Centre in nearby Lochcarron, which provides care for the elderly.

In 1992 the dry dock was put to use in the construction of the 2,300-tonne bridge footings for the Skye Bridge that links Kyle of Lochalsh with the Isle of Skye.

The 120 m quayside, which is split into the East gate and West gate, is currently used by Ferguson Transport & Shipping as a port for fish farming supplies, forestry products, round wood, road salt and fertilizer.

In 2006, Leiths (Scotland) Ltd commenced quarrying operations on the site, supplying concrete for precast blocks for the Raasay Ferry Terminal. Leiths and Ferguson Transport have created a new joint venture company, Kishorn Port Limited to promote the regeneration of the Yard and the dry dock as a manufacturing centre for the offshore renewables industry.

In January 2017, it was announced that Kishorn Port Ltd had been awarded £500,000 to test and revamp the dry dock gates. The East gate has not been moved since 1992 when the caissons for the Skye Bridge were built in the dry dock. The West gate has not been moved since the Maureen Articulated Loading Column ("ALC") vacated the dock in 1982. The dry dock itself has since been completely drained and inspected now that the gates are back in place and fully sealed. It took almost a week of 24-hour pumping to drain all the water, an estimated 7 e6impgal.

The Kishorn Commandos
Gordon Menzies of the folk band Gaberlunzie wrote a well known song called "The Kishorn Commandos", the chorus to which is:

 * We're the Kishorn Commandos way up in Wester Ross
 * ''We've never had a gaffer, we've never had a boss
 * But we'll build the biggest oil-rig you've ever come across
 * Remember we're the Kishorn Commandos

title: Loch Kishorn


text:
Le Lombard

Le Lombard, known as Les Éditions du Lombard until 1989, is a Belgian comic book publisher established in 1946 when Tintin magazine was launched. Le Lombard is now part of Média-Participations, alongside publishers Dargaud and Dupuis, with each entity maintaining its editorial independence.

History
Les Éditions du Lombard was established by Raymond Leblanc and his partners on September 26, 1946. Wanting to create an illustrated youth magazine, they decided that the already well-known Tintin would be the perfect hero. Business partner André Sinave went to see Tintin creator Hergé to propose creating the magazine. Hergé, who had worked for Le Soir during the war, was being prosecuted for having collaborated with the Germans and did not have a publisher at the time. After consulting with his friend Edgar Pierre Jacobs, Hergé agreed. The first issue of Tintin magazine was published on 26 September 1946. Simultaneously, a Dutch version was also published, entitled Kuifje (Kuifje being the name of Tintin in Dutch). 40,000 copies were printed in French, and 20,000 in Dutch.

In 1986, Le Lombard was acquired by Média-Participations, and today publishes around one hundred titles annually. More recently, in 2015, Le Lombard joined with twelve other European comics publishing actors to create Europe Comics, a digital initiative co-funded by the European Commission's Creative Europe program.

Comics series
This is a selected list of comics series, ordered by year of first publication by Le Lombard, with main authors given. A few series were also continued or temporarily taken over by other artists and writers.

 * 1946: Tintin magazine
 * 1946: Blake and Mortimer  by Edgar P. Jacobs
 * 1946: Corentin by Paul Cuvelier
 * 1953: Chick Bill  by Tibet
 * 1954: Chlorophylle by Raymond Macherot
 * 1955: Ric Hochet by Tibet and André-Paul Duchâteau
 * 1955: Modeste et Pompon by André Franquin
 * 1956: Barelli by Bob de Moor
 * 1957: Dan Cooper by Albert Weinberg
 * 1958: Oumpah-pah by Albert Uderzo and René Goscinny
 * 1959: Clifton by Raymond Macherot
 * 1959: Michel Vaillant by Jean Graton
 * 1959: Redbeard by Jean-Michel Charlier and Victor Hubinon
 * 1959: Bob Morane by Henri Vernes and Dino Attanasio
 * 1961: Tanguy et Laverdure by Jean-Michel Charlier and Albert Uderzo
 * 1963: Blueberry by Jean-Michel Charlier and Jean Giraud
 * 1966: Bernard Prince by Greg and Hermann Huppen
 * 1966: Iznogoud by René Goscinny and Jean Tabary
 * 1966: Achille Talon by Greg
 * 1967: Luc Orient by Greg and Eddy Paape
 * 1968: Cubitus by Dupa
 * 1969: Bruno Brazil by Greg
 * 1972: Buddy Longway by Derib
 * 1975: Léonard by Philippe Liégeois and Bob de Groot
 * 1976: Simon du Fleuve by Claude Auclair
 * 1977: Thorgal by Jean Van Hamme and Grzegorz Rosiński
 * 1980: Hans by André-Paul Duchâteau and Grzegorz Rosiński, Zbigniew Kasprzak
 * 1985: Adler by René Sterne
 * 1985: Alpha by Pascal Renard and Youri Jigounov
 * From 1990: The Smurfs by Peyo
 * From 1993: Benoît Brisefer by Peyo
 * 1996: Odilon Verjus by Yann Le Pennetier and Laurent Verron
 * 1997: L'Élève Ducobu by Zidrou and Godi
 * 1999: IR$ by Stephen Desberg and Bernard Vrancken
 * From 1999: Yakari by Job and Derib
 * 2001: Western by Jean Van Hamme and Grzegorz Rosinski
 * 2001: Lait entier by Stephen Desberg and Johan De Moor

Books

 * 2010: Crusade by writer Jean Dufaux and artist Philippe Xavier. Published in Britain by Cinebook
 * 2010: Angry Birds Stella

title: Le Lombard


text:
Abend

Abend is a German-language surname, meaning "evening". Notable people with the surname include:

 * Edward Abend, (1822–1904), German American politician
 * Guy Abend (born 1990), Israeli footballer
 * Harry Abend (1937–2021), Venezuelan artist

title: Abend


text: Category:Reston, Virginia

title: Category:Reston, Virginia


text:
Buford, South Carolina

Buford is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lancaster County, South Carolina, United States. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 398. It lies at the intersection of South Carolina Highways 9 and 522.

History
The community was named after Abraham Buford (1747–1833), commanding officer during the Waxhaw Massacre.

Education
Public education in Buford is administered by Lancaster County School District. The district operates Buford Elementary School and Buford Middle School and Buford High School.

2020 census
''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

title: Buford, South Carolina


text:
User:Amorgan

About Me
I am an undergraduate student at Penn State University studying astronomy and physics. Since January of 2003, I have been working on the Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer Mission through Penn State.

title: User:Amorgan


text:
Robert McQueen High School

Robert McQueen High School is a public secondary school in Reno, Nevada, United States. It is part of the Washoe County School District.

History
The school was named for Dr. Robert McQueen, emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Nevada, Reno. During his tenure from 1955 to 1991, Dr. McQueen headed UNR's scholarship program, served as department chair and dean, and was appointed to Nevada's first psychological board of examiners. Dr. McQueen served on the Washoe County School District Board of Trustees from 1969 to 1990, during which the district built several new schools, including Reed and McQueen. He also negotiated the purchase of McQueen's 60 acre site from the Bureau of Land Management for just one dollar.

When the school opened in 1982, adjoining Seventh Street and Robb Drive were only dirt roads extended out to allow access to the school. Some remarked the school was "in the middle of nowhere" as it was more than a mile from other buildings. Since then, the construction of numerous subdevelopments has resulted in overcrowding problems. The building was designed for an enrollment of 1,600; in 2009/10 more than 1,800 were enrolled. In order to mitigate overcrowding concerns and comply with local fire regulations, several modular classrooms have been added to the campus.

In 2010, Newsweek listed McQueen as the 740th best high school in the United States using the ratio of number of AP exams taken to graduating students as its criterion.

In March 2018, student Noah Christiansen called the office of U.S. Representative Mark Amodei to argue in favor of banning bump stocks and raising the minimum age to buy a gun. A staffer who worked for Amodei called Robert McQueen High School for his use of the word "fuck", which led to Christiansen's suspension. On March 19, the American Civil Liberties Union sent a letter to the school district demanding that the suspension be overturned. On March 23, the school district decided to withdraw the suspension to avoid "expensive and protracted litigation", but stood by the school's action to punish the student.

Athletics
 Nevada Interscholastic Activities Association State Championships
 * The Lancers compete in the High Desert League, which is part of the Northern Nevada 5A Region. McQueen competes in the 5A level, which is the large school category. In 2008, rivals.com named them the 75th Best High School Football Team in the nation. They beat Palo Verde High School in a rematch of the 2001 state semi-final game on December 6, 2008, with a score of 13-12 for the Nevada 4A High School Football Championship.  They finished ranked 48th in the nation by Rivals.com.
 * Basketball (Girls) - 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
 * Football - 1990, 1992, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2008, 2010
 * Soccer (Girls) - 2003,2023
 * Softball - 2005, 2006
 * Swimming (Girls) - 1995
 * Track and Field (Boys) - 2010, 2014, 2022
 * Track and Field (Girls) - 2010
 * Cross Country (Boys) - 2014, 2015

Music
MARCHING BAND Current Director: Nathan Williams

The marching band has won the state championships fifteen times: (1986, 1987, 1988, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2017, 2019)

The band has played in the following parades:
 * Hollywood Christmas Parade, Los Angeles, CA (2012, 2003)
 * Graeagle July 4 Parade (2018 [First Place], 2012, 2010, 2009, 2008)
 * Reno Rodeo Parade (2018, 2017, 2012, 2010, 2009 [First Place], 2008 [First Place], 2007 [First Place])
 * Fiesta Bowl Parade, Phoenix, AZ (2010/11 Class B National Champion; Field Show, Fourth Place in the Nation; 2006 Class B National Champion Field Show, Fifth Place in the Nation; 2018 Field show and Parade, Second Place Field Show and First Place Field Conductor)
 * Tournament of Roses Parade, Pasadena, CA (2014, 2009)
 * American Legion National Convention, Non-Competitive (2007)
 * Presidential Inaugural Parade, Washington, DC (2005)

CHOIR Current Director: Brandon Pierce
 * The Robert McQueen High School Choir performed in Carnegie Hall in 2007, June 2009, and March 2019.
 * McQueen's Core Jazz vocal ensemble won the "Best in Nevada" award at the UNR Jazz Festival in 2005.
 * McQueen's Core Jazz choir also had a concert tour of 5 cities in China for the World Choir Games, held in Shaoxing, China, July 2010.

ORCHESTRA Current Director: Kenny Baker
 * The McQueen Orchestra with Kenny Baker has played at the ASTA National Conference in 2010 in Santa Clara, California

Speech and Debate
Current Coach- Amanda Ayala-Guffey

Competes in NNFL (Sagebrush League). Team has qualified for 30 National Tournaments, held by National Speech and Debate Association.

Achievements

2023- 3 National Qualifiers for National Speech and Debate Tournament in Mesa, Arizona.

2024- 1 National Qualifier, 2 National Competitors for National Speech and Debate Tournament in Des Moines, Iowa.

Publications

 * The Excalibur — monthly school newspaper, inducted into the National Scholastic Press Association's Hall of Fame in the fall of 2004, making it the only student publication in the state to be inducted. It won a NSPA Newspaper Pacemaker in 2009.
 * "McQueen TV" — closed circuit television station (daily broadcast news show) and video production facility
 * Chrysalis — annual literary magazine
 * Caxton — yearbook, awarded the national Silver Crown award in 2006 and the NSPA Yearbook Pacemaker in 2008.

Demographics
In 2009, the school's total enrollment was 1,884, and its ethnic makeup was:
 * American Indian/Alaskan Native 39 (2.1%)
 * Asian/Pacific Islander 231 (12.3%)
 * Hispanic 262 (13.9%)
 * Black 79 (4.2%)
 * White 1,273 (67.6%)

Notable alumni

 * 1985, Terri Ivens, actress
 * 1986, Michael Landsberry, teacher and military veteran killed during the 2013 Sparks Middle School shooting
 * 1987, Mädchen Amick, actress, Alice Cooper on Riverdale
 * 1989, David Byerman, Director of the Kentucky General Assembly
 * 1989, Nicole King, molecular biologist, professor and MacArthur Fellowship winner
 * 1995, Carol Roth, Professional Cheerleader for the Oakland Raiderettes.
 * 1996, Teresa Benitez, former Miss Nevada 2002 and politician
 * 1997, Chris Aguila, former baseball outfielder, played with the New York Mets
 * 1998, April Meservy, singer and songwriter
 * 2001, Ryan Bader, professional MMA fighter, won The Ultimate Fighter: Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir, was competing in the UFC's Light Heavyweight Division, currently the Light Heavyweight Champion of Bellator MMA
 * 2001, Chris Carr, football defensive back, played for Oakland Raiders, Tennessee Titans, Baltimore Ravens, Minnesota Vikings, San Diego Chargers & New Orleans Saints before retiring in March 2014
 * 2002, Jeff Rowe, football quarterback, played for Cincinnati Bengals, Seattle Seahawks & New England Patriots
 * 2002, Ryan Thomas, wrestler; current professional mixed martial arts fighter for American Top Team
 * 2003, Clint Stitser, football kicker, played for New York Jets, Seattle Seahawks, Cincinnati Bengals & Washington Redskins in the NFL; played for the Las Vegas Locomotives in the United Football League (2009–2012)
 * 2009, Kyle Van Noy, football linebacker
 * 2016, Brandon Aiyuk, football wide receiver
 * 2022, Robby Snelling, pitcher in San Diego Padres organization

title: Robert McQueen High School


text:
Talk:Zeenia

I removed mention of the flower, as it is spelled "zinnia," not "zeenia." The picture of the flowers was removed for the same reason. Removed * Also spelled Zenia, Xenia, Xeenia, Zinia. What is spelled that way? The place? The flower? And I notice that none of the remaining entries actually link to a specific article. Is the page really needed? Joyous 01:09, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zeenia


text:
Talk:For All You've Done

Assessment comment
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title: Talk:For All You've Done


text:
Balloon help

Balloon help is a help system introduced by Apple Computer in their 1991 release of System 7.0. The name referred to the way the help text was displayed, in "speech balloons", like those containing words in a comic strip. The name has since been used by many to refer to any sort of pop-up help text.

The problem
During the leadup to System 7, Apple studied the problem of getting help in depth. They identified a number of common questions, such as Where am I?, How do I get to...?, or worse, Why is that item "grayed out"?. In the context of computer use they identified two main types of questions users asked: What is this thing? and How do I accomplish...?. Existing help systems typically didn't provide useful information on either of these topics, and were often nothing more than the paper manual copied into an electronic form.

One of the particularly thorny problems was the What is this thing? question. In an interface that often included non-standard widgets or buttons labeled with an indecipherable icon, many functions required the end user referring to their manual. Users generally refused to do this, and ended up not using the full power of their applications since many of their functions were "hidden". It was this problem that Apple decided to attack, and after extensive testing, settled on Balloon Help as the solution.

Apple's solution for How do I accomplish...? was Apple Guide, which was added to System 7.5 in 1994.

Mechanism
Balloon help can be activated by choosing Show Balloon Help from System 7's new Help menu (labelled with a Balloon Help icon in System 7, the Apple Guide icon in System 7.5, and the word Help in Mac OS 8). While balloon help is active, moving the mouse over an item displays help for that item. Balloon help can be deactivated by choosing Hide Balloon Help from the same menu.

The underlying system was based on a set of resources included in application software, holding text that would appear in the balloons. The balloon graphics and resizing were supplied by the operating system itself. The balloon content when displayed in text typically was sourced entirely from resources, as they could be added fairly easily using Apple's Rez resource compiler or third-party software like Resourcerer. Apple also supplied a custom editor application to simplify the process, which displayed a list of only those objects that required balloons, and edited the text inside a balloon shape to give the developer a somewhat rough idea of how the resulting balloon would be displayed. Additionally, there was a system level API that could be utilized by the application programmer to directly create and display balloons containing text, graphics, or a mixture of both.

The engine would automatically display the proper balloon based on the mouse location and the item's current state. It also positioned the balloon using an algorithm designed to keep it from covering the objects being examined and adjusted the cartouche to point appropriately. Help text for most common UI elements, such as the Close Box on a window, was built into the system. Developers could also include balloons for their application icon itself, allowing users to identify an unknown application in the Finder without launching it.

Developers were encouraged to not just name an object, but to describe its function and explain its state. For instance, for the Copy menu command Apple suggested the detailed "Copies the selected text onto the clipboard", as well as a second version that added "Not available now because there is no selection". This feature explained to users why a particular menu item was disabled.

Legacy
Microsoft subsequently introduced the similar "tooltips" in Windows 95, which serves a similar purpose, but they are generally smaller and appear without being specifically turned on. A similar system called "help tags" was used in OPENSTEP and retained for Mac OS X.

The balloon help concept has since been adopted as an optional alternative to tooltips in later versions of Microsoft Windows, such as Windows XP, which uses balloons to highlight and explain aspects of various programs or operating system features (Balloons in msdn). Balloon help is also highly visible in the Squeak Smalltalk environment, in the Enlightenment window manager, and in the AmigaOS's MUI.

Incidentally, Microsoft was able to add their own embodiment of Balloon help by acquiring the original patent among many purchased from Apple Computer in the early 1990s. That first, and original patent is described in "Method of calculating dimensions and positioning of rectangular balloons" filed in 1991.

title: Balloon help


text:
H323Plus

The H323Plus project, formerly OpenH323, has as goal developing a full featured, open source (MPL) implementation of the H.323 Voice over IP protocol. The code is written in C++ and, through the development effort of numerous people around the world, fully supports the H.323 protocol. The software has been integrated into a number of open source and commercial software products.

The implementation of VoIP protocols

 * PTLib - a multi-platform C++ class library. Programs based on PTLib can run on both Microsoft Windows and Unix/Linux. The library contains both the “basic” classes (strings, arrays, lists) and the higher-level functionality (networking, multi-threading).
 * H323Plus – a library for the development of H.323 applications. It uses PTLib for platform independence. The library has its own ASN.1 parser that generates the classes for encoding and decoding of the protocol messages used in H.323.

Sample network phones implementations

 * OhPhone: Command-line phone
 * OpenPhone: GUI for OpenH323

H.323 Related

 * OpenMCU: Conference server
 * OpenAM: Answering machine
 * OpenIVR: Interactive Voice Response
 * GNU Gatekeeper: H.323 Gatekeeper
 * PSTNGw: Serves as a gateway between H.323 and PSTN
 * CallGen323: H.323 call generator

Related Projects

 * Open Phone Abstraction Library (OPAL)

title: H323Plus


text:
Air Greenland

Air Greenland A/S (formerly named Grønlandsfly), also known as Greenlandair, is the flag carrier of Greenland, owned by the Greenlandic Government. It operates a fleet of 28 aircraft, including 2 airliners used for transatlantic and charter flights, 8 fixed-wing aircraft primarily serving the domestic network, and 18 helicopters feeding passengers from the smaller communities into the domestic airport network. Flights to heliports in the remote settlements are operated on contract with the government of Greenland.

Besides running scheduled services and government-contracted flights to most villages in the country, the airline also supports remote research stations, provides charter services for tourists and Greenland's energy and mineral-resource industries and permits medivac during emergencies. Air Greenland has seven subsidiaries, an airline, hotels, tour operators, and a travel agency specialised in Greenlandic tourism.

History
Founded in 1960 as Grønlandsfly (translates to Greenland aviation), the airline started its first services with Catalina seaplanes and within the decade expanded to include DHC-3 Otters as well as Sikorsky S-61 helicopters. The majority of operations were based on helicopters until the newly established Greenland Home Rule began investing in a network of short takeoff and landing airfields. These were very expensive to construct and Greenland's airport fees are still among the highest in the world; they also required a new fleet: DHC-7 turboprops uniquely suited to the harsh terrain and weather conditions in Greenland. The reliability of connections improved as the domestic airport network expanded in the 1990s: increasing use of the Dash 7s made the airline less restricted by inclement weather. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Air Greenland acquired a Boeing 757 and an Airbus A330, allowing it to open connections to Copenhagen, until then operated by SAS which also competed mid to late 2000s. In the 21st century, it competes with Icelandair for international connections and small charter services domestically.

1960s

The airline was established on 7 November 1960 as Grønlandsfly A/S, by the Scandinavian Airlines System (now SAS) and Kryolitselskabet Øresund, a Danish mining company involved with the cryolite operations at Ivittuut to provide transport and logistics for four American radar bases in Greenland. In 1962, interests in the firm were acquired by the Provincial Council (now the Greenland Home Rule Government) and the Royal Greenland Trade Department (now KNI).

The first flights serving the American bases in Greenland operated lightweight DHC-3 Otters and Sikorsky S-55 helicopters chartered from Canada. After a crash in 1961, Grønlandsfly used PBY Catalina water planes and DHC-6 Twin Otters on domestic routes. One of the Catalinas then crashed in 1962. In 1965, the Douglas DC-4 became the line's first larger airplane. It was followed by Sikorsky S-61 helicopters, which have remained in use: in 2010, they still served the communities of Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland year-round and those of Disko Bay during the winter.

1970s

During the 1970s, Grønlandsfly upgraded its DC-4 to the newer DC-6, but principally focused on expanding its helicopter fleet, purchasing five more S-61s. By 1972, it opened up service to east Greenland with a helicopter based in Tasiilaq, and established Greenlandair Charter. Mining at Maamorilik in the Uummannaq Fjord required still more helicopters, and the airline purchased Bell 206s for the route. Grønlandsfly also picked up a Danish government contract to fly reconnaissance missions regarding the sea ice around Greenland.

By the end of 1979, the number of Grønlandsfly passengers served annually exceeded 60,000, more than the population of Greenland. That year, the airline's first international route was also opened, running between Greenland's capital Nuuk and the town of Iqaluit in northern Canada. The route connected Greenland's Kalaallit with Canada's Inuit and was operated in conjunction with the Canadian First Air line, but the planes were generally run empty and the route was shuttered 13 years later.

1980s

The establishment of the Greenland Home Rule Government in 1979 led to investment in a regional network of true airports, with short take-off and landing (STOL) airfields constructed in Nuuk, Ilulissat (1984), and Kulusuk. (These early airports were built without de-icing equipment, a situation which has proven problematic during Greenland's winters and continues to cause delays and losses for the airline. ) The decade also saw the company train and hire its first native Kalaallit pilots.

To service the enlarged network, Grønlandsfly began acquiring DHC-7s, planes particularly suited to the often severe weather conditions in Greenland. The first was delivered on 29 September 1979, followed by more over the next decade. These planes remain in active service, serving every airport except Nerlerit Inaat near Ittoqqortoormiit, whose operation is handled by Icelandair under contract with Greenland Home Rule.

In 1981, Grønlandsfly opened its first route to Iceland, linking Reykjavík Airport to its main hub at Kangerlussuaq via Kulusuk. In 1986, a route to Keflavík allowed the company to break SAS's monopoly on flights between Greenland and Denmark via a Keflavík-Copenhagen leg operated by Icelandair. By 1989, the airline employed more than 400 Greenlanders and carried more than 100,000 passengers annually.

1990s

The company saw its activity curtailed as the mines at Ivittuut (1987) and Maamorilik (1990) closed operation, leading to a recession in the Greenlandic economy.

As the situation improved, the network of regional STOL airports was extended with Sisimiut Airport, Maniitsoq Airport and Aasiaat Airport built in mid-western Greenland and Qaarsut Airport and Upernavik Airport built in northwestern Greenland. With the purchase of a fifth Dash 7, Grønlandsfly was – for the first time since its inception – able to provide plane services to all major towns in Greenland. (Uummannaq is served by Qaarsut Airport in conjunction with its heliport.)

Grønlandsfly also purchased its first jet aircraft, a Boeing 757-200 which began operation in May 1998. The airliner was named Kunuunnguaq in honour of the Greenlandic explorer and ethnologist Knud Rasmussen, whose bust decorates in the terminal of Kangerlussuaq hub. The airliner allowed the company to run the profitable Kangerlussuaq–Copenhagen route directly, without affiliates or a layover in Iceland. Thus, in 1999, the airline served 282,000 passengers, nearly triple the number at the end of the previous decade.

2000s
Around the turn of the millennium, the airline renewed its aging fleet, retiring several of its S-61 and 206 helicopters and replacing them with Bell 212s and Eurocopter AS350s. The company also sacked its CEO Peter Fich, who had proven unable to balance Greenland Home Rule's demands for local Greenlander service with the board's for expanded tourism, lower fares and higher profits. Under his replacement Finn Øelund, Grønlandsfly initially posted a DKK 30 million loss as contractual obligations maintained unprofitable service while a strike ruined the summer tourist season and Post Greenland moved a lucrative mail contract to the Danish-owned Air Alpha Greenland. In response, the company successfully pushed back against Greenland Home Rule's large demands, high fees and low subsidies and rebranded itself, anglicising its name to Air Greenland and adopting a new logo and livery on 18 April 2002.

In 2003, Finn Øelund left to head Maersk Air and was replaced as CEO by Flemming Knudson. Air Greenland opened a route from Copenhagen to Akureyri in Iceland; the service lasted for six years before finally being deemed unprofitable and ended. Also in 2003, SAS abandoned its Greenland service, leading Air Greenland to purchase its second airliner, an Airbus A330-200 named Norsaq. (SAS briefly revived the service during the peak season in 2007 before dropping it again in January 2009. ) Owing to SAS's withdrawal from the market, Air Greenland received its contract with the U.S. Air Force for passenger service to and from Thule Air Base. Running from February 2004, the contract was renewed for another five-year period in 2008 despite SAS's brief return to the market.

The first takeover of another airline took place on 28 July 2006, when Air Greenland acquired Air Alpha Greenland, a subsidiary of Danish carrier Air Alpha. Air Alpha Greenland had operated helicopter flights in Disko Bay and in eastern Greenland. Since the takeover, the acquired Bell 222 helicopters have been used for passenger transfers between Nerlerit Inaat Airport and Ittoqqortoormiit Heliport.

In 2007, Flemming Knudson was moved to head the Royal Greenland fishing concern and current CEO Michael Binzer was hired with a mandate to lead the company towards greater commercialisation and self-sufficiency under the Qarsoq 2012 ("Arrow 2012") plan. On 13 June, SAS announced its intention to sell its stake in Air Greenland, a move later incorporated into its restructuring programme, but as of 2012 it has not found any buyers. On 1 October, the airline introduced its e-ticket system. Also in 2007, Air Greenland began direct service with Baltimore/Washington International Airport in the United States of America. After sixty American visitors were stranded by a strike of Air Greenland employees and the company refused to make alternate arrangements for their return, ticket sales slumped and the route was closed in March 2008.

In 2009, the airline carried 399,000 passengers.

2010s
In the 2010s, Air Greenland curtailed some services. On 1 January 2010, Air Greenland suspended its participation in SAS's EuroBonus frequent-flyer program due to technical difficulties. In 2011, nonstop service from Narsarsuaq to Copenhagen was suspended.

However, some expansion is planned. In order to compete with Icelandair, which operates service from Reykjavik Airport to Nuuk, Narsarsuaq, Ilulissat and the east coast of Greenland and now controls about 15% the market in Greenland-bound travel, Air Greenland may open a nonstop route between Nuuk and Keflavík International Airport in Iceland. Also, owing to improved technology and higher commodity prices, the Maarmorilik mines were due to reopen in November 2010 with zinc and iron ore reserves projected to last 50 years. As in the 1970s, the mine's supply flights to the mine will be operated by Air Greenland, using Bell helicopters (212s) based out of the Uummannaq Heliport.

Air Greenland's last remaining Twin Otter was sold in 2011 to Norlandair in exchange for cash and a one-fourth interest in the Icelandic company.

Reopening the connection to Iqaluit, now the capital of Nunavut, was considered by Air Greenland in late 2009, but finally happened in 2012. From 2012 to 2013, the airline saw a shy increase of 4 passengers flying to Nunavut over the previous year. However, this service ceased in 2015.

In July 2015, Air Greenland became a member of the European Regions Airline Association.

Prior to 2016, Air Greenland held a 50% stake in the Arctic Umiaq Line, an unprofitable but government-subsidised ferry service, with the other 50% controlled by Royal Arctic Line. In 2016 Air Greenland sold its stake in the company to Royal Arctic Line, and since July 1, 2016 the Arctic Umiaq Line has operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Arctic Line.

2020s
Similar to most airlines, Air Greenland experienced a decline in weekly flights during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the decline was less than most airlines due to Greenland's remoteness and vast distance between the communities.

In June 2024, Air Greenland relaunched the seasonal direct flight between Iqaluit and Nuuk, serving the two cities once a week until October 2024. The route is codeshared with Canadian North and timed to connect passengers arriving on Canadian North flights from Kuujjuaq, Montreal and Ottawa.

Destinations

Air Greenland's domestic airport network includes all 13 civilian airports within Greenland. Outside Greenland, the airline currently operates transatlantic flights to Keflavík International Airport in Iceland and Copenhagen Airport in Denmark.

Two international airports capable of serving large airliners – Kangerlussuaq Airport and Narsarsuaq Airport – were constructed as U.S. Air Force military bases during the Second World War and continue to be used for transatlantic flights. All other regional airports are STOL-capable and are served with Dash 7 and Dash 8 fixed-wing aircraft.

Smaller communities are served via heliports which connect with hubs located at Upernavik Airport in the Upernavik Archipelago in northwestern Greenland; at Uummannaq Heliport in the Uummannaq Fjord region in northwestern Greenland; at Ilulissat and Aasiaat Airports in the Disko Bay region in western Greenland; at Qaqortoq and Nanortalik Heliports in southern Greenland; and at Tasiilaq Heliport in southeastern Greenland. Of the 45 heliports in use, 8 are primary and equipped with a tarmac, a terminal building and permanent staff. The other heliports are helistops with either a gravel or grass landing area. Often helicopters need to make more than one flight for each connection to a fixed-wing flight because of passenger capacity, causing longer total travel time.

Air Greenland also performs charter flights within Europe on behalf of European travel agencies using its Airbus A330. In 2015, Greenland's coalition governments voted to extend the runways of Nuuk and Ilulissat airports; this directly threatened the need for Air Greenland's single widebody aircraft. The A330 was only used from Pituffik and Kangerlussuaq to Copenhagen Kastrup, but in January 2017, Air Greenland had announced more commercial routes to be covered by the aircraft between Iceland and Greenland. In March 2017, Air Greenland also announced adding more flights to Kangerlussuaq.

Interline agreements
The agreement makes it again possible to combine a trip, in one ticket.

Air Greenland has interline agreements with the following airlines:
 * DAT (Denmark)
 * Finnair (International)
 * Icelandair (International)
 * Scandinavian Airlines (Scandinavia/Europe/International)
 * Canadian North (Canada)

Settlement flights
Air Greenland operates helicopter flights to most settlements in Greenland ("settlement flights" ) on contract with the government of Greenland, with the destination network subsidized and coordinated by the Ministry of Housing, Infrastructure and Transport. Settlement flights are not featured in the company's timetable, although they can be pre-booked.

Departure times for these flights as specified during booking are by definition approximate, with the settlement service optimised on the fly depending on local demand for a given day. Settlement flights in the Disko Bay region are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring. During summer and autumn, transport between settlements is only by sea, with services operated by Diskoline, a government-contracted ferry service based in Ilulissat.

Fleet

As of December 2022, the Air Greenland fleet includes the following active aircraft:

Fixed-wing fleet
The De Havilland Canada DHC-8 is the airline's primary aircraft, operating on all domestic airport-to-airport routes. In 2010, the airline acquired its first Dash 8 aircraft.

The Air Greenland fixed-wing fleet consists of the following aircraft as of November 2023:

Helicopter fleet

The Bell 212 is the primary helicopter used for flights to district villages.

The Air Greenland helicopter fleet consists of the following aircraft :

Historical fleet
The older Sikorsky S-61N helicopters were stationed in Ilulissat Airport and Qaqortoq Heliport. With a capacity to seat 25 passengers, the S-61 based in southern Greenland was used to shuttle passengers arriving from Copenhagen at Narsarsuaq Airport. The sale of the Boeing 757 in April 2010 contributed to the long-term decline of the airport, with the airline planning to remove the old helicopter from the fleet.

In the past, Air Greenland (Grønlandsfly) also used the following aircraft:

 * Aérospatiale Alouette III
 * Airbus A330-200
 * Bell 212
 * Bell 204
 * Bell 206B Jet Ranger
 * Boeing 757-200
 * Cessna 172
 * Cessna 550
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
 * de Havilland Canada Dash 7
 * Douglas DC-3
 * Douglas DC-4
 * Douglas DC-6
 * MD-500
 * Consolidated PBY Catalina
 * Piper PA-18 Super Cub
 * Piper PA-31
 * Sikorsky S-55
 * Sikorsky S-58
 * Sikorsky S-61

Management and structure
On 29 May 2019 the Greenlandic Government acquired 37.5% of the shares in Air Greenland from the SAS Group and 25% of the company shares from the Danish Government, becoming the sole owner of the airline. The total price of the 62.5% share was DKK 462 mill. The government ownership is held by the Ministry of Housing, Infrastructure, and Transport, that oversees the development of the transport industry in Greenland and controls Mittarfeqarfiit, the airport authority in Greenland.

The Air Greenland board of directors has a total of nine members, including three members representing airline employees. The current chairman is Mr Kjeld Zacho Jørgensen (appointed 2018) and the deputy-chairman is Ms Bodil Marie Damgaard (appointed 2016). The CEO of Air Greenland is Jakob Nitter Sørensen appointed in January 2017.

Headquartered in Nuuk, the airline had 668 employees in December 2009. The airline's technical base is located at Nuuk Airport.

Charter
The charter unit within Air Greenland is led by Hans Peter Hansen and employs 8 people, with 13 helicopters and 3 fixed-wing aircraft at its disposal. Excess capacity of airplanes is used for regular charters to tourist destinations in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

The helicopters, primarily the AS350, are used for special flights, such as search and rescue, air ambulance, charter flights to the Thule Air Base on contract with the U.S. Air Force, geological exploration, and supply flights to the mining sites and the research stations on the Greenland ice sheet. During the peak summer season, the helicopter crew is supplemented by freelance pilots from Norway and Sweden.

Other charter flights include heliskiing shuttles, services for the energy industry such as facilitating oil exploration or surveying for hydroelectric stations and environmental research counting polar bears and tracking other large Arctic fauna.

Tourism

 * Hotel Arctic A/S, a hotel and travel agency based in Ilulissat, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Greenland.
 * Greenland Travel A/S, a package-tour travel agency based in Copenhagen, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Greenland.
 * World of Greenland A/S, an outfitter company based in Ilulissat, is a partnership between Greenland Travel A/S and Ilulissat Travel A/S.

Aviation

 * Norlandair ehf. is an Icelandic airline. Air Greenland owns 25% of the Icelandic airline company.

Business class
A flexible business class – named "Business-Class" – is offered by Air Greenland on transatlantic flights aboard Tuukkaq, its Airbus A330-800. The service includes a personal video screen, an in-seat power source, an amenity kit, blankets and a selection of newspapers. Passengers travelling in business class are eligible to use the Novia Business Class Lounge at Copenhagen Airport.

Economy class
Air Greenland offers flexible and restricted economy class on all flights operated with fixed-wing aircraft, with complimentary snacks and drinks. On transatlantic flights to Copenhagen, both economy class and business class seats are available, with in-flight meals served in all classes. Air Greenland publishes a quarterly Suluk (Kalaallisut: "Wing") in-flight magazine, with general information about current political and cultural events in Greenland and with news from the airline.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 29 August 1961, a DHC-3 Otter (registration CF-MEX) crashed 20 km from Kangerlussuaq. The aircraft was a non-scheduled service en route from Kangerlussuaq Airport to Aasiaat Airport when a fuel leak caused an in-flight fire. One of the pilots was killed, while the other pilot and the four passengers survived.
 * On 12 May 1962, a PBY Catalina flying boat (registration CF-IHA) crashed during landing at Nuuk Airport. The accident was caused by a mechanical malfunction in the nose wheel doors preventing them from closing during landing on water, resulting in the aircraft sinking. The accident killed 15 of the 21 people on board.
 * On 25 October 1973, the Akigssek ("Grouse"), an Air Greenland S-61N (registration OY-HAI), crashed about 40 km south of Nuuk, resulting in the loss of 15 lives. It was en route to Paamiut from Nuuk. The same helicopter had had an emergency landing on the Kangerlussuaq fjord 2 years earlier, due to a double flameout on both engines because of ice in its intake.
 * On 7 June 2008, a Eurocopter AS350 crashed on the runway at Nuuk Airport. There were no injuries, but the helicopter was damaged beyond repair.
 * On 29 January 2014, Air Greenland Flight 3205, an Air Greenland Dash 8-Q202 (registration OY-GRI), was involved in a runway excursion accident at Ilulissat Airport (BGJN), Greenland. Flight GL3205 originated in Kangerlussuaq Airport (BGSF), Greenland. Four passengers were taken to the hospital for observation, there were no fatalities or serious injuries. The aircraft went off the left side of the runway and down a 10 - 15 m dropoff and came to rest on rocky terrain approximately abeam the runway 25 threshold. There was strong crosswind conditions gusting at 35 kn. The aircraft was not repaired.

title: Air Greenland


text: User talk:195.92.109.217

title: User talk:195.92.109.217


text:
Talk:Imaging technology

Old discussion
Are these ideas really categorized as "imaging technology"? I have an impression that "imaging technology" would encompass things like MRIs or CAT scans. Joyous 01:12, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think there might be a case for deleting this article on the grounds of "no content". It is little more than a list of links. Biscuittin (talk) 09:23, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imaging technology


text: Category:High schools in North Carolina

title: Category:High schools in North Carolina


text:
Woolfardisworthy

Woolfardisworthy or Woolsery is the name shared by two villages in the county of Devon, England:

 * Woolfardisworthy, Mid Devon, between Tiverton and Crediton (Mid Devon)
 * Woolfardisworthy, Torridge, near Clovelly and Bideford (North Devon)

title: Woolfardisworthy