text:
Talk:Cricket ball

Question
how many stitches are there in the ball?

Or why does our cricket ball have a split in each half?

 * I've answered both by adding to the article. -dmmaus 01:11, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

There are two piece and four piece balls - I understoood that the international games used a two piece ball

Types
Some bits and pieces I know.

Now a days, three manufacturing companies balls are used

Duke: manufactured by Dukes in England, first used in the 1999 world cup. White balls tend to get dirty and over time, visibility is reduced. The white Duke used in the 1999 WC, has a transparent protective covering that saves the ball from wear and tear. According to some players this leads to side effect of a harder ball that swings more later in the day and that can be hit harder, manufacturers tend to disagree. In the 1999 world cup batting teams used to ask for a new ball in the last 10-6 overs to avoid the heavy swinging (complaining that the ball had become dirty.) It is also said that in the 1999 world cup there was some heavy hitting in the slog overs (especially by Klusner) due to the fact that Duke was still a hard-ball, therefore easy to hit. Still used in England, for example in the 2005 Ashes.

Kookaburra (Kookaburra Sport): made news before the 2003 world cup, because it is softer than the Duke. As the name suggests, manufactured in Australia. It is favoured because it retains its shine for longer than Duke. This ball is used internationally. It is a favourite of spinners as it tends to get softer later in the day. Batsmen can not hit it as hard as the duke in the slog overs. It does not reverse swing, which caused some problem for the England bowlers in the Pakistan tour.

SG-Test: manufactured and used in India, like Duke it is a harder ball. Murlitharan complained that he was used to the Kookaburra and could not spin SG-Test as much.

And the tapped ball used in Tape Ball cricket is a rage in Pakistan.

 * Yeah, I was just about to post a query on this page wondering why there isn't any information on the three main types of cricket balls manufactured currently in cricket (Kookaburra, Duke and SG) before I saw this section. Is it because it is difficult to find reliable sources on the topic? Also there must have been other brands of cricket balls made beforehand which are not described in Wiki's article on the cricket ball.GizzaDiscuss  © 00:16, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

 * There are other main brands of cricket ball. Readers balls are by far the most common ones used in English cricket outside of Tests, and of course there are Surridge balls - when Garry Sobers hit his 36 in an over, it was against a Surridge. Duke and Kookaburra balls are basically only used for international cricket nowadays, indeed after getting bought out by them Duke used to be the 'cheap own brand' of the Morrant mail order company. There are also cheap composition balls such as the Victor, which are harder and damage bats more than a proper corky.

Heavy Tennis Balls
We non-cricket-playing Yanks would like to know more about these commercially available items. Lou Sander 12:27, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure myself but it appears these are harder tennis balls designed to be used for Tennis Ball Cricket and as alternatives to Tape balls Nil Einne 10:44, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Image
An image of a "used" ball (60+ overs old) would be a valuable addition to this article. --Dweller 13:05, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Can someone also add a picture of an actual test worthy ball instead of an unknown Indian brand? --User:Hfkm:Hfkm 18:56, 13 December 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hfkm (talk • contribs)

Has anyone a test ball that could be cut up and photographed to show its construction? Perhaps one that has gone out of shape, so of little further use.SovalValtos (talk) 17:43, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

More information requested on manufacture
"Cricket ball is made from a core of cork, which is layered with tightly wound string, and covered by a leather case with a slightly raised sewn seam."

Does anyone know the diameter of the core compared with the amount which is string? Aspirex (talk) 07:34, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

Corky.
I find it incredibly odd that the common name for a cricket ball, a corky, is not mentioned anywhere on the page.

I'll be adding it in a the next few days if no one objects.

Very bizarre it's not mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.151.27.210 (talk) 20:40, 10 August 2015 (UTC)

Risk of injury
User:SovalValtos has reverted my recent edit with the comment ''No improvement. A tolerance is given and better to follow that than say 'about 160 grams''. The previous text was:

"Cricket balls, having a mass between 155.9 and 163.1 grams, are known for their hardness and for the risk of injury involved when using them. [...]"

My version was: "Cricket balls are known for their risk of injury, due to their hardness and weight (about 160 grams). [...]"

My check-in comment was ''Simplify, don't need exact weight here. Weight / mass distinction is relevant in scientific articles, not in sports articles.''

I think my version is better because:
 * 1) This paragraph is about risk of injury. The precise weight of a the ball is makes no significant difference to the risk of injury.
 * 2) It reduces repition. We give the minimum and maximum mass elsewhere.
 * 3) While I understand the distinction between mass and weight in a scientific context, the normal English term is weight.
 * 4) It is usually clearer and better style to give the topic of a paragraph near its start.

On reflection, my sentence is clumsy and could be read as referring to injury to the ball, not injury caused by the ball. Also, I now think that we don't need to give the weight here. I now propose:

"Injuries can be caused by cricket balls due to their hardness and weight. [...]"

Any thoughts? Verbcatcher (talk) 02:32, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Essentially I agree with User:Verbcatcher and that I was wrong. I was hasty and assumed the mention of the weight detail was the only one in the article rather than one of three. Weight is OK rather than mass. The critical thing is that the paragraph is in the lead and thus does not need the detail. I would be content with your wording but might go further and omit 'due to their hardness and weight' leaving 'Injuries can be caused by cricket balls'. It might seem obvious that injuries are 'due to their hardness and weight' but it is not sourced in the body of the article, and usually they have to be moving as well as having hardness and weight to cause injury. WP:OR ?
 * The table in the Manufacture section could benefit from having the word size in the headings changed to circumference. SovalValtos (talk) 08:05, 5 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your response. I have made more changes to the paragraph, and cited sources. Verbcatcher (talk) 19:54, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Good editing. Thank you. I have made a few copy edits which I will be happy to see reverted if thought right. The 'Dangers of cricket balls' section seems to have accumulated undue case weight and could be taughtened. I have plans for getting hold of a first-class ball and dissecting it to photograph (see Image above), but have not got there yet....SovalValtos (talk) 00:05, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks. It would be good to have some pictures like these. That page also indicates that the inside of a cricket ball can be more complex that we descibe, with a cork/rubber composite core and string layers. Verbcatcher (talk) 00:37, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Reason for pink ball
"...the white ball is unsuited to first-class cricket because its rapid deterioration makes it unable to be used for eighty overs as specified in the rules". I was under the impression that the real issue is that the white ball doesn't show up well against the compulsory white clothing worn in first class and tests, as opposed to coloured clothing in one-day... hence the need for a ball with some colour against white clothing at night. Rcbutcher (talk) 10:00, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

Corky
An unregistered editor recently added a reference to corky in the first sentence, leaving "A cricket ball, or 'corky' is a hard, solid ball used to play cricket." I deleted the edit with the comment: ''Nickname not helpful in lead paragraph. Unlikely that anyone who knows the term corky does not also know the term cricket ball. The original editor (or one with the same IP address) re-reverted the edit with the comment  That's not how encyclopedias work.''

It is not clear that corky is a name for a cricket ball. The Oxford English Dictionary $(subscription required)$ does not give this meaning, neither does Wictionary. (.)

Even if corky is an established name for a cricket ball, this does not merit mention in the lead section. Manual of Style/Lead section says: "The lead should stand on its own as a concise overview of the article's topic. It should identify the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is notable, and summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies." We should not put all known facts about a subject in the lead.

Please justify why corky should be mentioned here, or I will delete it. Verbcatcher (talk) 17:13, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:06, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * A Cricket Ball.jpg

Invented the cricket boll
invented the cricket boll 2409:4071:4D93:4674:0:0:B6C9:4D11 (talk) 14:45, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Mention "season ball" ?
I just found out that cricket balls of a certain type (I think the red balls used in Tests) are commonly called "season balls" and I’d guess that would be good to mention/explain in an appropriate spot in the article. Geke (talk) 12:55, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cricket ball


text:
Timahoe

Timahoe (: 'House of Mochua') is a village in County Laois, Ireland, 12 km south of Portlaoise on the R426 regional road.

The population of Timahoe in 2002 was 517, a 2.6% increase since 1996. It increased to 527 in 2006. The 2021 population was recorded as 569. The population over the years has only very slightly increased.

In 2008, a Timahoe Village Plan, to inform "any future developments which may occur within the development boundary of Timahoe", was drawn up to present to Laois County Council under the Laois County Development Plan 2006- 2012. This plan looked at aspects such as land use zoning, social infrastructure, community facilities and physical infrastructure. The objective of the plan was to provide a development plan for the village to service the area over a 6-year period and to enhance the character of the village.

History
The village of Timahoe received its name from Saint Mochua who founded a monastery in the location which was also named after him - Teach Mo Chua. Timahoe was built as an estate town by the Cosby family of Stradbally Hall. Originally planned to be built in the form of six-sided star with the ruins and circular market house as the focal points, it was not realised in this manner.

Church, castle and round tower
Saint Mochua established a monastery here in the 7th century. There are some early historical references to the site – a church was burned here in 919, while there was a murder in the doorway of another church in 1019. It was burned in 1142, and refounded by the O'Mores. There was a monastic community here as late as 1650.

The present fragmentary church has an inserted 15th-century chancel arch – now blocked up – leading to the site of the altar. The church resembled a sizeable rectangular building with a door facing west and a window to the east. Both cannot be identified in present day as only remains of the church are left.

The Round Tower was built in the mid-12th century and is one of the finest in Ireland. Standing 30m high, it is near the centre of the village. The cap was rebuilt in the 19th century, but the tower is otherwise in its original condition. The round tower is one of the best surviving of its kind in Ireland. It is made of both limestone and sandstone rock. Its doorway, which is high off the ground and faced the doorway of the church, is elaborately decorated in the Romanesque style. The bottom of the doorway on the exterior of the tower has a step which leads to an inner doorway. The inner arch of the door is carved with a chevron pattern. It has four orders (rows of decoration receding into the doorway), two inside and two outside, separated by a narrow vaulted lobby. The capitals – the heads of the pillars of the doorway – are carved with human heads with intertwining hair.

Timahoe esker
Timahoe contains an esker which is owned by the state and is a National Nature Reserve. The esker has been identified as the best example of an esker a woodland area in County Laois that is still intact. The Timahoe esker is steep and high and many parts of the esker are not obvious but most are somewhat visible. The flora of the ash woodland contains pedalculate oak and grey willow along with hazel and hawthorn. It is also rich in bluebells, bugle and shield fern during their seasonal time.

The Timahoe Esker has a high biodiversity value as a result of it having a large area of intact woodland. It is both a Nature Reserve and a Natural Heritage area so, therefore, its potential for biodiversity management is particularly greater.

Education
Timahoe contains a co-educational Catholic national school named Scoil Mhuire Fatima under the bishop of the Kildare and Leighlin diocese.

Sport
Timahoe GAA is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club. There are currently two Timahoe players on the current Laois senior football panel. These include Damien O' Connor and Brendan Quigley. Timahoe also has a soccer club called T&S United which is conjunction with its neighbouring village Stradbally. The ladies football club in Timahoe is named as Timahoe Ladies which is in conjunction with neighbouring parishes Stradbally and Vicarstown.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Timahoe


text: Category:Government buildings in the United Kingdom


text:
Talk:Eric Idle

"Early Life"
The article states that Idle was born in South Shields and in Harton Village. Is that some sort of Pythonesque humour, or was that sentence meant to read something like "he grew up in South Shields and in Harton Village"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.199.174.149 (talk) 15:11, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

"Boks"
As this has been altered several times, it's probably worth noting here that the Monty Python books are referred to as "boks", hence why the author wrote "boks" (sic) in the original article. Please do not "correct" it to "books" [sic], as this makes no sense. -taras 17:39, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

"Anglo-American"
I edited the sentence that called Monty Python Anglo-American, to just English, because it is English, and from England, even if one member is from America

(The above was an unsigned comment by 81.158.50.245 - on  11:34, 14 September 2006)

You're correct in removing "Anglo-American"  The group was defined by the nationality of the majority of its members and the fact that all of them (including the one American) all lived in Britain. However - as Terry Jones was/is Welsh - the correct all-encompassing term is "British" - hence my change to that effect. Davidpatrick 13:52, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Nearly Departed
Does anyone have any details on Eric's extremely short-lived sitcom "Nearly Departed"? If I remember correctly, he played a ghost living in a family's attic. It didn't last an entire season. This might make a worthwhile addition to Eric's Wikipedia entry. (addendum: IMDB info at http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096659/)

Books
why are there two paragraphs on the books he has written? Delete the first one. jettofabulo 01:32, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Also, there are too many states these days, please eliminate three.--Crestville 23:23, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Eric Idle is the best Monty Python actor
By who's estimation? The Python's themselves seemed to think it was Chapman.--Crestville 12:21, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Should we add the FCC song to this? . Secretlondon 18:27, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Pre-Python collaborations
Could people please leave non-Python members of shows in the article, as well as "Monty Python" members. The non-Python members are as much a part of Eric Idle's comedy history as the Python members are. Figaro 01:52, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

his accent
at least in python's his accent sounds coming from south of englang, maybe london. i have little idea of british accents though, what is his accent sounds like being from?
 * He's from Durham so he has a northern accent, though his time in America has definitely softened this. What does it matter anyway?--Crestville 18:14, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

He also wrote the song "Fuck You FCC"
Just thought I'd mention it.
 * It's actually just called the FCC Song. 174.0.46.168 (talk) 02:42, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

"Early Life"
It states that he was born in South Shields, County Durham. South Shields is in South Tyneside, not County Durham --Geordiejon 18:06, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I changed it. Thanks for noticing. Garion96 (talk) 21:25, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

addition of Books
Boks or Books, or maybe even better Bibliography, it might be good to have a section where Eric Idle's books can be easily located. If it is deemed as useless repetition, feel free to revert. If not and if possible, please, help to list all his books with edition and ISBN. Hoverfish 21:32, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree. Good idea. Davidpatrick 14:10, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Description in first pararaph
He is a clearly renowned as a comedian and actor. And known (to a lesser extent) as an author and composer. I think to identify him in the midde of the opening sentence as a film director is stretching it. (And I'm a big fan of his!) According to IMDB and other online sources - his only sole directing credits have been the occasional TV segment (not entire shows) and one music video. And a TV special that was shelved and eventually released only on DVD. His best-known directing credit is a shared credit with an established TV director Gary Weis (from SNL) So we should definitely refer to those projects as appropriate in the overall article - but I don't think those amount to a description of him as a film director  Davidpatrick 14:09, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Ratty
Eric Idle makes also a remarkable appearance as Ratty in Terry Jones' 'Wind in the Willows' (1996). Yet the way the paragraph starts (Idle received good critical notices...) makes it questionable to add this after 'Casper'. (Did he receive good critical notices for it too?) Also the paragraph on 'Honey, I Shrunk the Audience'(1995) comes after mentioning 'Burn Hollywood Burn' (1999). Shouldn't there be a better chronological structure in this section? Hoverfish 23:45, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

By the way, I added missing dates for some Post Python features, and ask for a go-ahead to put some order in this section's paragraphs. -Well, actually I did it. Hope the good guardians of the article are pleased with it. Hoverfish 12:52, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Does Eric have a contact?
I was wondering if there was a way to contact Eric. I looked around that PythOnline site, but no such luck. The message board is not working either. Does anyone know if he's got an e-mail? --Sivak 05:13, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Eric Idle, Drugs, Star Wars? Is that true?-mattawa

George Harrison?
The section under "Trivia" that states that he made a joke about Dhani needs to specify which event honouring George Harrison he made it at. I mean, it's the sort of thing he WOULD say, I have no doubt, but I have seen "Concert for George" and he says no such thing there...

Shrek the Third
There's a missing work in a sentence toward the end of the Post-Python career section, in reference to his reaction at the Shrek the Third premiere:

"Idle was reported to have stormed out of the premiere to Shrek the Third and has said he may sue the producers of the film after seeing them directly a gag from his earlier film Monty Python and the Holy Grail."

Perhaps this word was left out intentionally, since the correct verb in this circumstance appears to be a matter of some dispute? Could a suitable placeholder be found in the interim? Mr. Chuck 23:49, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I added "copy" - it may not be the best choice, but at least it fixes the sentence for now. Thanks for catching that one. --Ckatz chat spy  23:54, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I am not sure this trivia is of any significance unless to document that he has an irrational temper or how some people don't pick up when he is making a joke. After all Idle stole the coconut gag himself. I believe several B&W movie actors (Abbott&Costello?) have used the gag in movies were they got caught using the coconuts to deceive someone about an approaching horse. Worse yet for claiming originality, the gag itself is just making visible how old radio and early movie sound effects crews made the familiar hoof beats. Thus there are hundreds of cases of prior art in sound and possibly dozens in film. 69.23.124.142 (talk) 04:39, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

"He was reported to have stormed out of its premiere and has said he may sue the producers of the film after seeing them directly copy a gag from his earlier film Monty Python and the Holy Grail. The gag in question is banging coconuts together to imitate hoofbeats- a running gag throughout Monty Python and the Holy Grail.[6][7]"

Tonight (Monday 9th June 2008) BBC Radio Seven played a classic radio comedy episode, "I'm Sorry I'll Read That again", first broadcast in April 1967. This episode uses the "you're not riding a horse - you're just banging two coconuts together!" gag quite a few years before Python and the Holy Grail. The script is attributed to Grame Garden and Bill Oddie. So logically, aren't they due a big court pay-out from Idle and the Pythons, as logically, in the absense of a time machine, the only conclusioon is that Idle pinched a Garden/Oddie joke? (Or perhaps Idle could stop being precious and accept that gags, by their nature, get recycled over the years)86.155.78.146 (talk) 22:05, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

Ancestry
Hi!

Eric Idle strongly reminds me of Gene Wilder. And his nasal pronunciation (Cockney-like, quite uncommon for Northern England) is very similar to that of Fran Drescher.

I just wondered whether he might have Jewish forefathers or perhaps even he himself is or was Jewish.

Best regards

Harald

 * Eric's mother moved back to Stratford-upon-Avon when his father died, where Standard English is the norm. I suspect Eric's mockney accent is just an attempt to hide this.

 * Anyway, Eric Idle and Gene Wilder look more Eastern European than middle-eastern. Unknown Unknowns 12:04, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I do not understand your last sentence. Is he Jewish or not?

 * Sorry, there is no record of Eric having Jewish ancestory. Unknown Unknowns 07:55, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * and what do the jews have to do with it? just stop the false stereotype i ain't funny Markthemac 14:05, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * But I would need a creditable citation to accept that the majority of bloodline Jews have no characteristic noses. However nose shape generally has little to do with nasal accents. Isn't Drescher's accent actually New Jersey? While Eric himself may not claim Jewish faith or close ancestors...keep in mind that the famous Jewish Geneologies only track those who retain Jewish faith. Eastern European noses can come from many sources, including the large number of Jews who once migrated there to get away from Rome.

 * For most people the Jewish ancestory would make no difference either way -- except if they were adding names to that semi-comic song about all the Jewish people in show business. Don't worry the song is by a singing Jewish comedian (whose name I forget). 69.23.124.142 (talk) 04:51, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Just noticed the bit about Stratford-on-Avon, where the true local accent is South Warwickshire/SW Midlands, not Standard English. It is easy enough for a middle-class English comic actor of Eric's skill to adopt a bit of a Cockney accent when the need arises.Carreg63 (talk) 20:59, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

CITIZEN
Is this person an American citizen? If not, this article should not be in an 'English American' category. Please fix. Hmains 03:18, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Child Actor?
He's listed as being an English Child Actor, but there's no mention in the article or his IMDB entry about anything before 1966, when he was probably 23. Rayhol (talk) 19:52, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Eric Idle presenting Rutland Weekend Television.jpg
Image:Eric Idle presenting Rutland Weekend Television.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:26, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Deletion of Criticism section
repeatedly deletes the "Criticism" section:, ,. I think it's a good section, well-sourced, and not particularly POV. Until today, the reason stated for the deletion. In one deletion, the summary was "Section deleted due to invalid and false claims stated within," which is clearly not the case: the sources check out. In the most recent deletion, the summary is "Passage was removed as it was maliciously inspired by an individual with a personal vendetta." I don't know that that's true, but even so, as long as it's sourced and accurate, and WP:NPOV, the motivation of the editor adding it does not concern me. If there really is a POV issue, it would be better addressed by appropriate (NPOV) edits to provide balance, rather than by deletion. TJRC (talk) 21:22, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

born at age 67
it is stated in the info-box

'Born 	29 March 1943 (1943-03-29) (age 67) South Shields, England'

i don't quite follow this, please repair. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.204.238.236 (talk) 21:20, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

Sport
It looks like Eric disputes the claim in he supported Wolverhampton Wanderers:

"Idle stated that the two things that made his life bearable were listening to Radio Luxembourg under the bedclothes and watching the local football team, Wolverhampton Wanderers."

uptone: @ericidle You've taken the piss out of sport for decades eg Being Eaten by a Crocodile Olympic Event but Wiki says you support Wolves. Huh?? http://twitter.com/uptone/status/267968024261304322 12:32pm, Nov 12 from HootSuite

EricIdle: @uptone Wikilies. http://twitter.com/EricIdle/status/268029647613218816 4:37pm, Nov 12 from Web Johnalexwood (talk) 21:58, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

 * This information came from a review of 'The Pythons Autobiography of the Pythons' by Richard Williamson in the Birmingham Mail. The Wikipedia article does not say that Idle is a Wolves fan, only that he watched them as a child. Unknown Unknowns (talk) 11:13, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

small matter but am wondering if his performance at the 2012 Olympic closing ceremony is worth a mention — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.157.170.64 (talk) 01:17, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

Footlights president
It's claimed here (without a citation) that he was the first Footlights president to allow women to join. I'm not sure that this is true, given that Eleanor Bron was in a Footlights production in 1959 and Idle wasn't president until 1965. Then again, it's possible that women were allowed to perform but not be official members, or something. Maybe some Cambridge types could shed light on this.... MFlet1 (talk) 12:21, 8 November 2013 (UTC)

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages.

The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person.

Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 19:38, 23 April 2015 (UTC)

Add to Songs written Eric uploaded a Youtube video song "PUT HARRY NILSSON INTO THE ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME!" on 16th May 2015 in support of the submission. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Davy Nook (talk • contribs) 02:17, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

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External links modified (January 2018)
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Figment?
He was on figment guys come on 170.203.145.239 (talk) 20:32, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

secondary misinformation

 * Idle was eventually caught watching the X-rated film BUtterfield 8 (suitable for audiences aged 16 years and over under the contemporary film certificates)

"X-rated" was not yet a concept in 1960, and I cannot imagine that BUtterfield 8 would ever have been rated X; it's racy but there's no nudity (unless I have forgotten something in the years since I watched it). But because the above sentence is paraphrased from a biography of Monty Python, I am told it must remain as is. What's the policy on keeping falsehoods that were reported by others? —Tamfang (talk) 19:38, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not false information. Take a look at the original promotion poster on this page. Unknown Unknowns (talk) 23:12, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Wow, I learn something every day. —Tamfang (talk) 05:22, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eric Idle


text: User talk:198.67.36.167

title: User talk:198.67.36.167


text:
Constant Vanden Stock Stadium

The Constant Vanden Stock Stadium (Stade Constant Vanden Stock, Constant Vanden Stockstadion), also known as the Lotto Park for sponsorship reasons, is a football stadium in the municipality of Anderlecht in Brussels, Belgium. It is home to R.S.C. Anderlecht. It also hosted the UEFA Euro 1972 semi-final between Hungary and the Soviet Union, as well as several games of the Belgium national football team.

Early history
In 1917, R.S.C. Anderlecht installed, on the border of the Meir Park (later renamed Astrid Park), a new stadium with only one wooden stand. It was originally called the Émile Versé Stadium (Stade Émile Versé, Émile Verséstadion), after the industrialist Émile Versé, a generous patron of the club. Later, concrete stands were set up.

On September 20, 1980, 38,349 viewers attended a game against Standard Liège at the Versé Stadium, the largest number of spectators to attend a match at the stadium ever.

Between 1983 and 1991, the stadium was completely rebuilt and renamed the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium (Stade Constant Vanden Stock, Constant Vanden Stockstadion), after the club's then-chairman, Constant Vanden Stock.

In 1992, Anderlecht won the International Olympic Committee award for architecture in sport. The cost of the renovation works amounted to 1.5 billion Belgian francs. The club received no government support but financed the renovation works with the proceeds from lodges and business seats.

21st century
In the summer of 2012, R.S.C. Anderlecht carried out work to bring the stadium up to UEFA standards. Its capacity was thus decreased to 21,500 seats but it offers more comfort, more security, as well as new VIP areas and a brand new press room. All seats in the stadium are now equipped with a backrest. The aisles have been widened by 40 cm for safety reasons, rail seats for safe standing were fitted on the terracing behind each goal, while stand 1 is now equipped with 651 outdoor VIP seats. During European competitions, the stadium is all-seated, which decreases its capacity even more.

In 2010, the son of Constant Vanden Stock, Roger, announced together with RSC Anderlecht's manager Herman Van Holsbeeck that the club was going to build a third ring above the two existing ones in order to increase the stadium's capacity to accommodate 30,000 spectators. The plans were put on hold when in 2014, Anderlecht agreed to become anchor tenant of the planned 60,000+ new national stadium in Brussels.

After Anderlecht withdrew from the project, the plans for an expansion of its own stadion were eventually also shelved in 2022, due to financial and political reasons.

In 2019, the stadium was officially rebranded as the Lotto Park, for sponsorship reasons.

Location and features
The stadium is located at 2, Avenue Théo Verbeeck/Théo Verbeecklaan, near Saint-Guidon/Sint-Guido metro station. Rival supporters must stop at Aumale metro station for UEFA Champions League matches due to security measures. The stadium hosts a former one-star restaurant (Le Saint-Guidon) and a cafeteria, as well as the official club fanshop and ticketing booths.

title: Constant Vanden Stock Stadium


text:
Calcium channel

A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions. It is sometimes synonymous with voltage-gated calcium channel, which are a type of calcium channel regulated by changes in membrane potential. Some calcium channels are regulated by the binding of a ligand. Other calcium channels can also be regulated by both voltage and ligands to provide precise control over ion flow. Some cation channels allow calcium as well as other cations to pass through the membrane.

Calcium channels can participate in the creation of action potentials across cell membranes. Calcium channels can also be used to release calcium ions as second messengers within the cell, affecting downstream signaling pathways.

Comparison tables
The following tables explain gating, gene, location and function of different types of calcium channels, both voltage and ligand-gated.

Voltage-gated

 * voltage-operated calcium channels

Ligand-gated

 * receptor-operated calcium channels

Non-selective Channels Permeable to Calcium
There are several cation channel families that allow positively charged ions including calcium to pass through. These include P2X receptors, Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, Acid-sensing ion channels, and SOC channels. These channels can be regulated by membrane voltage potentials, ligands, and/or other cellular conditions. Cat-Sper channels, found in mammalian sperm, are one example of this as they are voltage gated and ligand regulated.

Pharmacology
L-type calcium channel blockers are used to treat hypertension. In most areas of the body, depolarization is mediated by sodium influx into a cell; changing the calcium permeability has little effect on action potentials. However, in many smooth muscle tissues, depolarization is mediated primarily by calcium influx into the cell. L-type calcium channel blockers selectively inhibit these action potentials in smooth muscle which leads to dilation of blood vessels; this in turn corrects hypertension.

T-type calcium channel blockers are used to treat epilepsy. Increased calcium conductance in the neurons leads to increased depolarization and excitability. This leads to a greater predisposition to epileptic episodes. Calcium channel blockers reduce the neuronal calcium conductance and reduce the likelihood of experiencing epileptic attacks.

title: Calcium channel


text:
Chloride channel

Chloride channels are a superfamily of poorly understood ion channels specific for chloride. These channels may conduct many different ions, but are named for chloride because its concentration in vivo is much higher than other anions. Several families of voltage-gated channels and ligand-gated channels (e.g., the CaCC families) have been characterized in humans.

Voltage-gated chloride channels perform numerous crucial physiological and cellular functions, such as controlling pH, volume homeostasis, transporting organic solutes, regulating cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Based on sequence homology the chloride channels can be subdivided into a number of groups.

General functions
Voltage-gated chloride channels are important for setting cell resting membrane potential and maintaining proper cell volume. These channels conduct Cl− or other anions such as HCO3−, I−, SCN−, and NO3−. The structure of these channels are not like other known channels. The chloride channel subunits contain between 1 and 12 transmembrane segments. Some chloride channels are activated only by voltage (i.e., voltage-gated), while others are activated by Ca(2+), other extracellular ligands, or pH.

CLC family
The CLC family of chloride channels contains 10 or 12 transmembrane helices. Each protein forms a single pore. It has been shown that some members of this family form homodimers. In terms of primary structure, they are unrelated to known cation channels or other types of anion channels. Three CLC subfamilies are found in animals. CLCN1 is involved in setting and restoring the resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle, while other channels play important parts in solute concentration mechanisms in the kidney. These proteins contain two CBS domains. Chloride channels are also important for maintaining safe ion concentrations within plant cells.

Structure and mechanism
The CLC channel structure has not yet been resolved, however the structure of the CLC exchangers has been resolved by x-ray crystallography. Because the primary structure of the channels and exchangers are so similar, most assumptions about the structure of the channels are based on the structure established for the bacterial exchangers. Each channel or exchanger is composed of two similar subunits—a dimer—each subunit containing one pore. The proteins are formed from two copies of the same protein—a homodimer—though scientists have artificially combined subunits from different channels to form heterodimers. Each subunit binds ions independently of the other, meaning conduction or exchange occur independently in each subunit.

Each subunit consists of two related halves oriented in opposite directions, forming an 'antiparallel' structure. These halves come together to form the anion pore. The pore has a filter through which chloride and other anions can pass, but lets little else through. These water-filled pores filter anions via three binding sites—Sint, Scen, and Sext—which bind chloride and other anions. The names of these binding sites correspond to their positions within the membrane. Sint is exposed to intracellular fluid, Scen lies inside the membrane or in the center of the filter, and Sext is exposed to extracellular fluid.[4] Each binding site binds different chloride anions simultaneously. In the exchangers, these chloride ions do not interact strongly with one another, due to compensating interactions with the protein. In the channels, the protein does not shield chloride ions at one binding site from the neighboring negatively charged chlorides. Each negative charge exerts a repulsive force on the negative charges next to it. Researchers have suggested that this mutual repulsion contributes to the high rate of conduction through the pore.

CLC transporters shuttle H+ across the membrane. The H+ pathway in CLC transporters utilizes two glutamate residues—one on the extracellular side, Gluex, and one on the intracellular side, Gluin. Gluex also serves to regulate chloride exchange between the protein and extracellular solution. This means that the chloride and the proton share a common pathway on the extracellular side, but diverge on the intracellular side.

CLC channels also have dependence on H+, but for gating rather than Cl− exchange. Instead of utilizing gradients to exchange two Cl− for one H+, the CLC channels transport one H+ while simultaneously transporting millions of anions. This corresponds with one cycle of the slow gate.

Eukaryotic CLC channels also contain cytoplasmic domains. These domains have a pair of CBS motifs, whose function is not fully characterized yet. Though the precise function of these domains is not fully characterized, their importance is illustrated by the pathologies resulting from their mutation. Thomsen's disease, Dent's disease, infantile malignant osteopetrosis, and Bartter's syndrome are all genetic disorders due to such mutations.

At least one role of the cytoplasmic CBS domains regards regulation via adenosine nucleotides. Particular CLC transporters and proteins have modulated activity when bound with ATP, ADP, AMP, or adenosine at the CBS domains. The specific effect is unique to each protein, but the implication is that certain CLC transporters and proteins are sensitive to the metabolic state of the cell.

Selectivity
The Scen acts as the primary selectivity filter for most CLC proteins, allowing the following anions to pass through, from most selected to least: SCN−, Cl−, Br−, NO$− 3$, I−. Altering a serine residue at the selectivity filter, labeled Sercen, to a different amino acid alters the selectivity.

Gating and kinetics
Gating occurs through two mechanisms: protopore or fast gating and common or slow gating. Common gating involves both protein subunits closing their pores at the same time (cooperation), while protopore gating involves independent opening and closing of each pore. As the names imply, fast gating occur at a much faster rate than slow gating. Precise molecular mechanisms for gating are still being studied.

For the channels, when the slow gate is closed, no ions permeate through the pore. When the slow gate is open, the fast gates open spontaneously and independently of one another. Thus, the protein could have both gates open, or both gates closed, or just one of the two gates open. Single-channel patch-clamp studies demonstrated this biophysical property even before the dual-pore structure of CLC channels had been resolved. Each fast gate opens independently of the other and the ion conductance measured during these studies reflects a binomial distribution.

H+ transport promotes opening of the common gate in CLC channels. For every opening and closing of the common gate, one H+ is transported across the membrane. The common gate is also affected by the bonding of adenosine nucleotides to the intracellular CBS domains. Inhibition or activation of the protein by these domains is specific to each protein.

Function
The CLC channels allow chloride to flow down its electrochemical gradient, when open. These channels are expressed on the cell membrane. CLC channels contribute to the excitability of these membranes as well as transport ions across the membrane.

The CLC exchangers are localized to intracellular components like endosomes or lysosomes and help regulate the pH of their compartments.

Pathology
Bartter's syndrome, which is associated with renal salt wasting and hypokalemic alkalosis, is due to the defective transport of chloride ions and associated ions in the thick ascending loop of Henle. CLCNKB has been implicated.

Another inherited disease that affects the kidney organs is Dent's disease, characterised by low molecular weight proteinuria and hypercalciuria where mutations in CLCN5 are implicated.

Thomsen disease is associated with dominant mutations and Becker disease with recessive mutations in CLCN1.

Genes

 * CLCN1, CLCN2, CLCN3, CLCN4, CLCN5, CLCN6, CLCN7, CLCNKA, CLCNKB
 * BSND - encodes barttin, accessory subunit beta for CLCNKA and CLCNKB

E-ClC family
Members of Epithelial Chloride Channel (E-ClC) Family (TC# 1.A.13) catalyze bidirectional transport of chloride ions. Mammals have multiple isoforms (at least 6 different gene products plus splice variants) of epithelial chloride channel proteins, catalogued into the Chloride channel accessory (CLCA) family. The first member of this family to be characterized was a respiratory epithelium, Ca2+-regulated, chloride channel protein isolated from bovine tracheal apical membranes. It was biochemically characterized as a 140 kDa complex. The bovine EClC protein has 903 amino acids and four putative transmembrane segments. The purified complex, when reconstituted in a planar lipid bilayer, behaved as an anion-selective channel. It was regulated by Ca2+ via a calmodulin kinase II-dependent mechanism. Distant homologues may be present in plants, ciliates and bacteria, Synechocystis and Escherichia coli, so at least some domains within E-ClC family proteins have an ancient origin.

Genes

 * CLCA1, CLCA2, CLCA3, CLCA4

CLIC family
The Chloride Intracellular Ion Channel (CLIC) Family (TC# 1.A.12) consists of six conserved proteins in humans (CLIC1, CLIC2, CLIC3, CLIC4, CLIC5, CLIC6). Members exist as both monomeric soluble proteins and integral membrane proteins where they function as chloride-selective ion channels. These proteins are thought to function in the regulation of the membrane potential and in transepithelial ion absorption and secretion in the kidney. They are a member of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily.

Structure
They possess one or two putative transmembrane α-helical segments (TMSs). The bovine p64 protein is 437 amino acyl residues in length and has the two putative TMSs at positions 223-239 and 367-385. The N- and C-termini are cytoplasmic, and the large central luminal loop may be glycosylated. The human nuclear protein (CLIC1 or NCC27) is much smaller (241 residues) and has only one putative TMS at positions 30-36. It is homologous to the second half of p64.

Structural studies showed that in the soluble form, CLIC proteins adopt a GST fold with an active site exhibiting a conserved glutaredoxin monothiol motif, similar to the omega class GSTs. Al Khamici et al. demonstrated that CLIC proteins have glutaredoxin-like glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase enzymatic activity. CLICs 1, 2 and 4 demonstrate typical glutaredoxin-like activity using 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide as a substrate. This activity may regulate CLIC ion channel function.

Transport reaction
The generalized transport reaction believed to be catalyzed chloride channels is:
 * Cl− (cytoplasm) → Cl− (intraorganellar space)

CFTR
CFTR is a chloride channel belonging to the superfamily of ABC transporters. Each channel has two transmembrane domains and two nucleotide binding domains. ATP binding to both nucleotide binding domains causes changes these domains to associate, further causing changes that open up the ion pore. When ATP is hydrolyzed, the nucleotide binding domains dissociate again and the pore closes.

Pathology
Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7, the most common mutation being deltaF508 (a deletion of a codon coding for phenylalanine, which occupies the 508th amino acid position in the normal CFTR polypeptide). Any of these mutations can prevent the proper folding of the protein and induce its subsequent degradation, resulting in decreased numbers of chloride channels in the body. This causes the buildup of mucus in the body and chronic infections.

Other chloride channels and families

 * GABAA
 * Glycine Receptor
 * Calcium-activated chloride channel
 * Anion-conducting channelrhodopsin

title: Chloride channel


text: User talk:169.207.149.2

title: User talk:169.207.149.2


text:
Talk:Alex von Falkenhausen Motorenbau

I'm adding a bit more information since the article right now is fairly empty. Diego440 15:27, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Meaning unclear; proper citations needed
The second paragraph of the lede currently contains the passage:
 * "By 1951 Stuck was within the development of a lightweight V8 engine designed by Richard Küchen . . . ." [my italics].

This was part of a substantial addition to the article in the edit of 16 February 2005 by User:Diego440, who appears to be currently inactive.

The meaning of "within the development" is unclear to this native BrE speaker. I suspect it may derive from a non-English expression, and perhaps could mean something like "involved in the development", but would welcome input from others who may know more about the subject.

Incidentally, this entire article is not properly sourced with in-text citations, although it looks as though the single external link and the two "for example" links under References might well contain the appropriate information for sourcing. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.122.58.120 (talk) 07:20, 2 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alex von Falkenhausen Motorenbau


text:
Acid Bath

Acid Bath was an American sludge metal band from Houma, Louisiana, active from 1991 to 1997. Acid Bath combined doom metal roots with influences from hardcore punk, death metal, gothic rock, and blues to create the band's unique sound. They broke up after the death of bassist Audie Pitre in a traffic collision in January 1997.

History
Acid Bath formed in 1991. The band was based south of New Orleans in several small towns including Houma, Thibodaux, Morgan City and Galliano. Acid Bath was an incarnation of two bands, Dark Karnival which featured Audie Pitre, Sammy "Pierre" Duet, and Tommy Viator, and Golgotha which featured Dax Riggs, Mike Sanchez, Jimmy Kyle, and Jerry "Boon" Businelli. Golgotha's bassists were in frequent rotation finally culminating with Chad Pierce, who would then be succeeded by Pitre during Acid Bath's formation. Tommy Viator was later replaced by Jimmy Kyle on drums but would return to play keyboards toward the end of the band's career. Joseph J. Fontenot was the bassist for a short period of time.

Influenced by thrash metal as well as bands and artists such as Black Sabbath, Alice Cooper, Celtic Frost, Carcass and Darkthrone, Acid Bath recorded their demo Hymns of the Needle Freak with their manager and producer Keith Falgout in 1993. The strength of the demo earned them a deal. They released When the Kite String Pops produced by Spike Cassidy in 1994, followed two years later by their second and final effort Paegan Terrorism Tactics (also produced by Keith Falgout). Neither gained them mainstream success, but both albums earned a high degree of underground acclaim. In 2005, another album composed of their demos, Demos: 1993–1996, was released.

The last show Acid Bath ever performed took place at the Shreveport Municipal Auditorium on April 25, 1997. Crowbar, Floodgate, and Dead Industry were also on the bill that night. Jeromy Boullion played guitar for Acid Bath instead of Mike Sanchez. Acid Bath didn't get paid because the show wasn't promoted properly and not enough people showed.

Break-up and subsequent projects
After two studio albums, Acid Bath's career came to an abrupt end on January 23, 1997, when bass guitarist Audie Pitre and his parents were killed by a drunk driver who had run a stop sign. Kelly Pitre, Audie's brother, was the only one of four family members to survive the incident, escaping with only a broken rib and a mild neck fracture.

While rumors of another album circulated after the band's end, nothing new surfaced. Sammy Duet owns a tape of him and Mike Sanchez coming up with riffs for a possible third Acid Bath album. He mentioned this tape on his interview with Does It Doom?. The tape was labeled "Rat Poison" because neither of them could come up with an album name. One of the members saw some rat poison in a box at the rehearsal space and said "just call it fucking Rat Poison". It was also rumored that some of the riffs were used for the first Goatwhore album; however, this was proven to be false.

Tommy Viator played drums on Disincarnate's album Dreams of the Carrion Kind with the well-known death metal guitarist James Murphy. Dax Riggs and Mike Sanchez went on to perform in the band Agents of Oblivion, releasing one self-titled album in 2000 and disbanding shortly thereafter. Starting in 2000, Riggs was also the frontman for the swamp rock band Deadboy & the Elephantmen, before he began releasing material under his own name in 2007. Sammy Pierre Duet was once a member of Crowbar, but has since left the band. He is now a member of the blackened death metal band Goatwhore and Ritual Killer and his doom metal band with Kelly Pitre (the brother of Audie) Vual. Sammy Duet has remained an open satanist since his days in Acid Bath. Audie formed a metal band in 1995, blending black metal vocals with the heavy sound of multiple bassists with no guitars, known as Shrüm. Tommy Viator and Joseph Fontenot were also members of Shrüm. Shrüm utilized two distorted low-end basses, and Fontenot would alternate between playing a distorted high-end bass and a clean bass. Fontenot later played bass for Devourment for two years. Joseph Fontenot is now a drill sergeant in the U.S. Army.

In 2014, rumors started that Acid Bath were reuniting with a new vocalist because Jimmy Kyle reached out to vocalist of Slipknot Corey Taylor with a very vague message stating "Acid Bath is in search of a vocalist. Please send Mp3, demo, videos or any music links performing Acid Bath songs." However, these rumors were dismissed by other band members stating that "There is no ACID BATH without [late bassist] Audie Pitre, so there will never be 'new' ACID BATH material", and that "Currently, most of the surviving members of ACID BATH — Jimmy, Mike, and myself — have been considering the possibility of doing some shows in the future, as an ACID BATH tribute band, but nothing has been set in stone, and it is still just an idea."

Musical style
Acid Bath is best known for blending extreme, death metal-influenced sludge metal with a mixture of death growls and melancholic goth/grunge-style vocals and acoustic guitar passages, as well as use of sampling and spoken word poetry. AllMusic has called the band's sound "difficult to pigeonhole" and described it as "a blend of Black Sabbath-like sludge, bluesy Southern rock, death metal, hardcore, and hints of goth and industrial". In a Pit Magazine interview, vocalist Dax Riggs classified their sound as "death rock". In another interview, guitarist Sammy Duet described their sound as "gothic hardcore".

The band sampled sound clips from controversial movies including Blue Velvet and A Clockwork Orange. Dax Riggs' vocals were processed, which produced an industrial feel; some other instruments have been processed through industrial effects in their recordings (such as the snare drum on the second half of "New Death Sensation"). One of Acid Bath's most trademark sounds was the way in which they crafted multiple tempo changes and worked them into the song structure. Their experimentation drifted into diverse territory. The song "Scream of the Butterfly" is an acoustic blues song with double bass drum patterns toward the end of the song. The song "The Bones of Baby Dolls" experiments with folk musicianship, and the song "Dead Girl" was described as a country song by Dax Riggs.

Dax Riggs' lyrics are frequently poetic, often displaying an obsession with death, drug use, mental illness, dark humor, Louisiana-based regional culture, and continuous references to animism as well as paganism, nihilism, and misanthropy. He has claimed these inspirations are culled from comic books, namely those authored by Frank Miller, Alan Moore, and Clive Barker, and has also expressed admiration for ANSWER Me! and Boiled Angel. AllMusic's William York has stated that the song "Venus Blue" could have been a radio hit "if not for the graphic lyrics". Another facet of their presentation which may not have endeared them to popular sentiment was the use of art by John Wayne Gacy and Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Due to the controversy surrounding Kevorkian's artwork For He Is Raised on the album, Paegan Terrorism Tactics was initially banned from Australia. The ban has since been lifted. The cover of the band's 1994 extended play simply entitled Edits featured the artwork of Richard Ramirez. The cover of their 1996 compilation entitled Radio Edits featured the artwork of Kenneth Bianchi. Their song "Diäb Soulé" ("Drunken Devil" in Cajun French) starts out with an audio sample of Jim Jones of the People's Temple screaming. Their song "Toubabo Koomi", mistranslated as "Land of White Cannibals", is a reference to the novel Roots: The Saga of an American Family.

Despite only releasing two albums, as well as a number of radio edits and an official bootleg DVD, Acid Bath gained a strong underground following (especially in Louisiana) owing to the unique, experimental nature of their music.

Final lineup

 * Sammy Pierre Duet – guitars, vocals (1991–1997)
 * Jimmy Kyle – drums (1991–1997)
 * Audie Pitre – bass guitar, backing vocals (1991–1997; died 1997)
 * Dax Riggs – lead vocals (1991–1997)
 * Mike Sanchez – guitars, vocals (1991–1997)
 * Joseph Fontenot – bass guitar (1997)
 * Tomas Viator – keyboards (1996–1997; died 2024)

Live members

 * Jeromy Boullion - guitar (1997)

Studio albums

 * When the Kite String Pops (1994)
 * Paegan Terrorism Tactics (1996)

Demos

 * Wet Dreams of the Insane (Golgotha demo) (1991)
 * Screams of the Butterfly (1992)
 * Demo II (1993)
 * Hymns of the Needle Freak (1993)
 * Liquid Death Bootleg (1993)
 * Radio Edits 1 (1994)
 * Radio Edits 2 (1996)
 * Paegan Terrorism Tactics Outtakes (1996)
 * Demos: 1993–1996 (2005)

Videos

 * "Apocalyptic Sunshine Bootleg" (1994)
 * "Toubabo Koomi" (1994)
 * "Double Live Bootleg!" DVD (2002)

title: Acid Bath


text:
Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative

The Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative (OCBC) is a California organization whose mission is to "provide seriously ill patients with a safe and reliable source of medical cannabis information and patient support." In order to become a member, a person must provide a note from a treating physician assenting to cannabis therapy for a medical condition listed on the Medicinal Cannabis User Initial Questionnaire. Those conditions range from severe disabilities such as multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy to relatively minor conditions such as menstrual cramps.

To protect the OCBC from federal interference, Oakland, California established growing and possession guidelines and declared the OCBC an agent of the city. On May 14, 2001, however, the United States Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Coop that federal anti-drug laws do not permit an exception for medical marijuana.

title: Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative


text:
Wonder Stories

Wonder Stories was an early American science fiction magazine which was published under several titles from 1929 to 1955. It was founded by Hugo Gernsback in 1929 after he had lost control of his first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, when his media company Experimenter Publishing went bankrupt. Within a few months of the bankruptcy, Gernsback launched three new magazines: Air Wonder Stories, Science Wonder Stories, and Science Wonder Quarterly.

Air Wonder Stories and Science Wonder Stories were merged in 1930 as Wonder Stories, and the quarterly was renamed Wonder Stories Quarterly. The magazines were not financially successful, and in 1936 Gernsback sold Wonder Stories to Ned Pines at Beacon Publications, where, retitled Thrilling Wonder Stories, it continued for nearly 20 years. The last issue was dated Winter 1955, and the title was then merged with Startling Stories, another of Pines' science fiction magazines. Startling itself lasted only to the end of 1955 before finally succumbing to the decline of the pulp magazine industry.

The editors under Gernsback's ownership were David Lasser, who worked hard to improve the quality of the fiction, and, from mid-1933, Charles Hornig. Both Lasser and Hornig published some well-received fiction, such as Stanley Weinbaum's "A Martian Odyssey", but Hornig's efforts in particular were overshadowed by the success of Astounding Stories, which had become the leading magazine in the new field of science fiction. Under its new title, Thrilling Wonder Stories was initially unable to improve its quality. For a period in the early 1940s it was aimed at younger readers, with a juvenile editorial tone and covers that depicted beautiful women in implausibly revealing spacesuits. Later editors began to improve the fiction, and by the end of the 1940s, in the opinion of science fiction historian Mike Ashley, the magazine briefly rivaled Astounding.

Publication history
By the end of the 19th century, stories centered on scientific inventions and set in the future, in the tradition of Jules Verne, were appearing regularly in popular fiction magazines. Magazines such as Munsey's Magazine and The Argosy, launched in 1889 and 1896 respectively, carried a few science fiction stories each year. Some upmarket "slicks" such as McClure's, which paid well and were aimed at a more literary audience, also carried scientific stories, but by the early years of the 20th century, science fiction (though it was not yet called that) was appearing more often in the pulp magazines than in the slicks. The first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories, was launched in 1926 by Hugo Gernsback at the height of the pulp magazine era. It helped to form science fiction as a separately marketed genre, and by the end of the 1930s a "Golden Age of Science Fiction" had begun, inaugurated by the efforts of John W. Campbell, the editor of Astounding Science Fiction. Wonder Stories was launched in the pulp era, not long after Amazing Stories, and lasted through the Golden Age and well into the 1950s. The publisher was Stellar Publishing company based in New York City.

Gernsback era
Gernsback claimed that science fiction was educational. He repeatedly made this assertion in Amazing Stories, and continued to do so in his editorials for the new magazines, stating, for example, that "teachers encourage the reading of this fiction because they know that it gives the pupil a fundamental knowledge of science and aviation." He also recruited a panel of "nationally known educators [who] pass upon the scientific principles of all stories". Science fiction historian Everett Bleiler describes this as "fakery, pure and simple", asserting that there is no evidence that the men on the panel—some of whom, such as Lee De Forest, were well-known scientists—had any editorial influence. However, Donald Menzel, the astrophysicist on the panel, said that Gernsback sent him manuscripts and made changes to stories as a result of Menzel's commentary.

The first issue of the merged magazine appeared in June 1930, still on a monthly schedule, with Lasser as editor. The volume numbering continued that of Science Wonder Stories, therefore Wonder Stories is sometimes regarded as a retitling of Science Wonder Stories. Gernsback had also produced a companion magazine for Science Wonder Stories, titled Science Wonder Quarterly, the first issue of which was published in the fall of 1929. Three issues were produced under this title, but after the merger Gernsback changed the companion magazine's title to Wonder Stories Quarterly, and produced a further eleven issues under that title.

In July 1933, Gernsback dismissed Lasser as editor. Lasser had become active in promoting workers' rights and was spending less time on his editorial duties. According to Lasser, Gernsback told him "if you like working with the unemployed so much, I suggest you go and join them". It is likely that cost-cutting was also a consideration, as Lasser was paid $65 per week, a substantial salary in those days. Soon after Lasser was let go, Gernsback received a fanzine, The Fantasy Fan, from a reader, Charles Hornig. Gernsback called Hornig to his office to interview him for the position of editor; Hornig turned out to be only 17, but Gernsback asked him to proofread a manuscript and decided that the results were satisfactory. Hornig was hired at an initial salary of $20 per week. That same year, Gernsback dissolved Stellar Publications and created Continental Publications as the new publisher for Wonder Stories. The schedule stuttered for the first time, missing the July and September 1933 issues; the recent bankruptcy of the company's distributor, Eastern Distributing Corporation, may have been partly responsible for this disruption. The first issue with Continental on the masthead, and the first listing Hornig as editor, was November 1933.

Wonder Stories had a circulation of about 25,000 in 1934, comparable to that of Amazing Stories, which had declined from an early peak of about 100,000. Gernsback considered issuing a reprint magazine in 1934, Wonder Stories Reprint Annual, but it never appeared. That year he experimented with other fiction magazines—Pirate Stories and High Seas Adventures—but neither was successful. Wonder Stories was also failing, and in November 1935 it started publishing bimonthly instead of monthly. Gernsback had a reputation for paying slowly and was therefore unpopular with many authors; by 1936 he was even failing to pay Laurence Manning, one of his most reliable authors. Staff were sometimes asked to delay cashing their paychecks for weeks at a time. Gernsback felt the blame lay with dealers who were returning magazine covers as unsold copies, and then selling the stripped copies at a reduced rate. To bypass the dealers, he made a plea in the March 1936 issue to his readers, asking them to subscribe, and proposing to distribute Wonder Stories solely by subscription. There was little response, and Gernsback decided to sell. He made a deal with Ned Pines of Beacon Magazines and on 21 February 1936 Wonder Stories was sold.

Thrilling Wonder Stories
The title was changed to Thrilling Wonder Stories to match the rest of the "Thrilling" line. The first issue appeared in August 1936—four months after the last Gernsback Wonder Stories appeared. Wonder Stories had been monthly until the last few Gernsback issues; Thrilling Wonder was launched on a bimonthly schedule. In February 1938 Weisinger asked for reader feedback regarding the idea of a companion magazine; the response was positive, and in January 1939 the first issue of Startling Stories appeared, alternating months with Thrilling Wonder. A year later Thrilling Wonder went monthly; this lasted fewer than eighteen months, and the bimonthly schedule resumed after April 1941. Weisinger left that summer and was replaced at both Startling and Thrilling Wonder by Oscar J. Friend, a pulp writer with more experience in Westerns than science fiction, though he had published a novel, The Kid from Mars, in Startling Stories just the year before. In mid-1943 both magazines went to a quarterly schedule, and at the end of 1944 Friend was replaced in his turn by Sam Merwin, Jr. The quarterly schedule lasted until well after World War II ended: Thrilling Wonder returned to a bimonthly schedule with the December 1946 issue and again alternated with Startling which went bimonthly in January 1947. Merwin left in 1951 in order to become a freelance editor, and was replaced by Samuel Mines, who had worked for Ned Pines since 1942.

The Thrilling Wonder logo, a winged man against the background of a glass mountain was taken from the Noel Loomis story, "The Glass Mountain."

After the demise of Thrilling Wonder Stories the old Wonder Stories title was revived for two issues, published in 1957 and 1963. These were both edited by Jim Hendryx Jr. They were numbered vol. 45, no. 1 and 2, continuing the volume numbering of Thrilling Wonder. Both were selections from past issues of Thrilling Wonder; the second one convinced Ned Pines, the publisher who had bought Wonder Stories from Gernsback in 1936 and who still owned the rights to the stories, to start a reprint magazine called Treasury of Great Science Fiction Stories in 1964; a companion, Treasury of Great Western Stories, was added the next year.

In 2007, Winston Engle published a new magazine in book format, titled Thrilling Wonder Stories, with a cover date of Summer 2007. Engle commented that it was "not a pastiche or nostalgia exercise as much as modern SF with the entertainment, inspirational value, and excitement of the golden age". A second volume appeared in 2009.

IF —!: a picture feature
Six months after the debut of Thrilling Wonder Stories, its June 1937 issue contained a picture feature by Jack Binder entitled IF —!. Binder's earlier training as a fine artist helped him create detailed renderings of space ships, lost cities, future cities, landscapes, indigenous peoples, and even ancient Atlantins. IF —!'s pen and ink drawings are hand-lettered and rendered in black and white. These one-to-two page studies presented readers with possible outcomes to early 20th-century scientific quandaries. These included:
 * IF Another Ice Age Grips the Earth! (June 1937) – Binder's first picture feature is tucked in between "The Chessboard of Mars" by Eando Binder and J. Harvey Haggard's "Renegade: The Ways of the Ether are Strange When a Spaceman Seeks to Betray." Ice Age offered renderings of glaciated cities, infra-red ray guns, and a floating city alongside underground habitations—"the safest and most practicable retreat!" for chilly humans.  It ends with the announcement:  "Next Issue: If Atomic Power were Harnessed!"
 * IF the Oceans Dried! (April 1938) – Sailing vessels are museum pieces enshrined in huge bubble cases since the ocean floor is now home to meandering train tracks. All manner of minerals are mined to the benefit of mankind and the lost city of Atlantis (if real) is exposed. All ocean life becomes extinct and the Earth's climate undergoes dramatic, yet positive, change.
 * IF Science Reached the Earth's Core (Oct. 1938) – Neutronium allows humans to penetrate to the Earth's core, which is not molten, but a gravity-free haven where "vacationers enjoy the thrill of being weightless." IF —! is credited with the first use of the phrase "zero-gravity," a science fiction mainstay, where "Space Travel is solved. Starting at the zero-gravity of Earth's core, accumulative acceleration is easily built up in a four-thousand-mile tube.  The ship's reach Earth's surface where gravitation !|is strongest with an appreciable velocity that makes the take-off a simple process of continuation!"
 * IF Earth's Axis Shifted (April 1940) – An astronomical telescope points towards the night sky revealing that the planets have aligned and caused the Earth's axis to shift. Tidal waves sweep cities away. North America in now a tropic zone, while Siberia is balmy and Antarctica swarms with immigrants wanting to harvest the now accessible coal and metal.  "Next Issue:  IF the World were Ruled by Intelligent Robots!"

Contents and reception
When Air Wonder Stories was launched in the middle of 1929 there were already pulp magazines such as Sky Birds and Flying Aces which focused on aerial adventures. Gernsback's first editorial dismissed these as being of the "purely 'Wild West'-world war adventure-sky busting type". By contrast, Gernsback said he planned to fill Air Wonder solely with "flying stories of the future, strictly along scientific-mechanical-technical lines, full of adventure, exploration and achievement." Non-fiction material on aviation was printed, including quizzes, short popular articles, and book reviews. The letters column made it clear that the readership comprised more science fiction fans than aviation fans, and Gernsback later commented that the overlap with Science Wonder readers was 90% (a figure that presumably referred only to the subscription base, not to newsstand sales).

Gernsback frequently ran reader contests, one of which, announced in the February 1930 issue of Air Wonder Stories, asked for a slogan for the magazine. John Wyndham, later to become famous as the author of The Day of the Triffids, won with "Future Flying Fiction", submitted under his real name of John Beynon Harris. Later that year a contest in Science Wonder Quarterly asked readers for an answer to the question "What I Have Done to Spread Science Fiction". The winner was Raymond Palmer who later became editor of Gernsback's original magazine, Amazing Stories. He won the contest for his role in founding a "Science Correspondence Club".

Science Wonder's first issue included the first part of a serial, The Reign of the Ray, by Fletcher Pratt and Irwin Lester, and short stories by Stanton Coblentz and David H. Keller. Air Wonder began with a reprinted serial, Victor MacClure's Ark of the Covenant. Writers who first appeared in the pages of these magazines include Neil R. Jones, Ed Earl Repp, Raymond Z. Gallun and Lloyd Eshbach. The quality of published science fiction at the time was generally low, and Lasser was keen to improve it. On 11 May 1931 he wrote to his regular contributors to tell them that their science fiction stories "should deal realistically with the effect upon people, individually and in groups, of a scientific invention or discovery. ... In other words, allow yourself one fundamental assumption—that a certain machine or discovery is possible—and then show what would be its logical and dramatic consequences upon the world; also what would be the effect upon the group of characters that you pick to carry your theme."

After the merger
Lasser provided ideas to his authors and commented on their drafts, attempting to improve both the level of scientific literacy and the quality of the writing. Some of his correspondence has survived, including an exchange with Jack Williamson, whom Lasser commissioned in early 1932 to write a story based on a plot provided by a reader—the winning entry in one of the magazine's competitions. Lasser emphasized to Williamson the importance of scientific plausibility, citing as an example a moment in the story where the earthmen have to decipher a written Martian language: "You must be sure and make it convincing how they did it; for they have absolutely no method of approach to a written language of another world." On one occasion Lasser's work with his authors extended to collaboration: "The Time Projector", a story which appeared in the July 1931 issue of Wonder Stories, was credited to David H. Keller and David Lasser. Both Lasser and, later, Hornig, were given almost complete editorial freedom by Gernsback, who reserved only the right to give final approval to the contents. This was in contrast to the more detailed control Gernsback had exerted over the content of Amazing Stories in the first years of its existence. Science fiction historian Sam Moskowitz has suggested that the reason was the poor financial state of Wonder Stories—Gernsback perhaps avoided corresponding with authors as he owed many of them money.

Lasser allowed the letter column to become a free discussion of ideas and values, and published stories dealing with topics such as the relationship between the sexes. One such story, Thomas S. Gardner's "The Last Woman", portrayed a future in which men, having evolved beyond the need for love, keep the last woman in a museum. In "The Venus Adventurer", an early story by John Wyndham, a spaceman corrupts the innocent natives of Venus. Lasser avoided printing space opera, and several stories from Wonder in the early 1930s were more realistic than most contemporary space fiction. Examples include Edmond Hamilton's "A Conquest of Two Worlds", P. Schuyler Miller's "The Forgotten Man of Space", and several stories by Frank K. Kelly, including "The Moon Tragedy".

Lasser was one of the founders of the American Rocket Society which, under its initial name of the "Interplanetary Society", announced its existence in the pages of the June 1930 Wonder Stories. Several of Wonder ' s writers were also members of the Interplanetary Society, and perhaps as a consequence of the relationship Wonder Stories Quarterly began to focus increasingly on fiction with interplanetary settings. A survey of the last eight issues of Wonder Stories Quarterly by Bleiler found almost two-thirds of the stories were interplanetary adventures, while only a third of the stories in the corresponding issues of Wonder Stories could be so described. Wonder Stories Quarterly added a banner reading "Interplanetary Number" to the cover of the Winter 1931 issue, and retained it, as "Interplanetary Stories", for subsequent issues. Lasser and Gernsback were also briefly involved with the fledgling Technocracy movement. Gernsback published two issues of Technocracy Review, which Lasser edited, commissioning stories based on technocratic ideas from Nat Schachner. These appeared in Wonder Stories during 1933, culminating in a novel, The Revolt of the Scientists.

Reviews of fiction and popular science books were published, and there was a science column which endeavored to answer readers' questions. These features were at first of good quality, but deteriorated after Lasser's departure, although it is not certain that Lasser wrote the content of either one. An influential non-fiction initiative was the creation of the Science Fiction League, an organization that brought together local science fiction fan clubs across the country. Gernsback took the opportunity to sell items such as buttons and insignia, and it was undoubtedly a profitable enterprise for him as well as a good source of publicity. It was ultimately more important in becoming one of the foundations of science fiction fandom.

Hornig
When Hornig took over from Lasser at the end of 1933 he attempted to continue and expand Lasser's approach. Hornig introduced a "New Policy" in the January 1934 issue, emphasizing originality and barring stories that merely reworked well-worn ideas. He asked for stories that included good science, although "not enough to become boring to those readers who are not primarily interested in the technicalities of the science". However, Astounding was moving into the lead position in the science fiction magazine field at this time, and Hornig had difficulty in competing. His rates of payment were lower than Astounding's one cent per word; sometimes his writers were paid very late, or not at all. Despite these handicaps, Hornig managed to find some good material, including Stanley G. Weinbaum's "A Martian Odyssey", which appeared in the July 1934 Wonder and has been frequently reprinted.

In the December 1934 – January 1935 issue of Hornig's fanzine, Fantasy Magazine, he took the unusual step of listing several stories that he had rejected as lacking novelty, but which had subsequently appeared in print in other magazines. The list includes several by successful writers of the day, such as Raymond Z. Gallun and Miles Breuer. The most prominent story named is Triplanetary by E. E. Smith, which appeared in Amazing.

Both Lasser and Hornig printed fiction translated from French and German writers, including Otfrid von Hanstein and Otto Willi Gail. With the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany in the 1930s a few readers (including Donald Wollheim) wrote letters complaining about the inclusion of German stories. The editorial response was a strong defense of the translations; Gernsback argued that events in Germany were irrelevant to the business of selecting fiction.

The covers for almost every issue of Air Wonder, Science Wonder, Wonder Stories and Wonder Stories Quarterly were painted by Frank R. Paul, who had followed Gernsback from Amazing Stories. The only exception was a cover image composed of colored dots, which appeared on the November 1932 issue.

Weisinger and Friend
When the magazine moved to Beacon Publications, as Thrilling Wonder, the fiction began to focus more on action than on ideas. The covers, often by Earle K. Bergey, typically depicted bizarre aliens and damsels in distress. In 1939, a reader, Martin Alger, coined the phrase "bug-eyed monster" to describe one such cover; the phrase subsequently entered the dictionary as a word for an alien. Several well-known writers contributed, including Ray Cummings, and John W. Campbell, whose "Brain-Stealers of Mars" series began in Thrilling Wonder in the December 1936 issue. A comic-strip began in August 1936, the first issue of the Beacon Publications version. It was illustrated and possibly written by Max Plaisted. The strip, titled Zarnak, was not a success, and was cancelled after eight issues.

Weisinger's successor, Friend, gave the magazine a significantly more juvenile feel. He used the alias "Sergeant Saturn" and was generally condescending to the readers; this may not have been his fault as Margulies, who was still the editorial director, probably wanted him to attract a younger readership. Under Friend's direction, Earle K. Bergey transformed the look of Thrilling Wonder Stories by foregrounding human figures in space, focusing on the anatomy of women in implausibly revealing spacesuits and his trademark "brass brassières".

Merwin and Mines
Merwin, who took over with the Winter 1945 issue, adopted a more mature approach than Friend's. He obtained fiction from writers who had previously been publishing mainly in John Campbell's Astounding. The Summer 1945 issue of Thrilling Wonder included Jack Vance's first published story, "The World Thinker". Merwin also published several stories by Ray Bradbury, some of which were later included in Bradbury's collection The Martian Chronicles. Other well-known writers that Merwin was able to attract included Theodore Sturgeon, A. E. van Vogt, and Robert A. Heinlein. Thrilling Wonder often published intelligent, thoughtful stories, some of which Campbell would have been unlikely to accept at Astounding: he did not like to publish stories that showed the negative consequences of scientific advances such as nuclear power. In the opinion of science fiction historian Mike Ashley, during the late 1940s Thrilling Wonder became a serious rival to Astounding's long domination of the field. However, this is not a universal opinion, as the magazine is elsewhere described during Merwin's tenure as "evidently secondary to Startling".

Samuel Mines took over from Merwin at the end of 1951, both at Startling Stories and Thrilling Wonder. He argued against restrictions in science fiction themes, and in 1952 published Philip José Farmer's "The Lovers", a ground-breaking story about inter-species sex, in Startling. He followed this in 1953 with another taboo-breaking story from Farmer, "Mother", in Thrilling Wonder, in which a spaceman makes his home in an alien womb. In the December 1952 Thrilling Wonder, Mines published Edmond Hamilton's "What's It Like Out There?", a downbeat story about the realities of space exploration that had been considered too bleak for publication when it had originally been written in the 1930s. Sherwood Springer's "No Land of Nod", in the same issue, dealt with incest between a father and his daughter in a world in which they are the only two survivors. These stories were all well received by the readership.

Influence on the field
For a few years, Lasser was the dominant force in American science fiction. Under him, Wonder Stories was the best of the science fiction magazines of the early 1930s, and the most successful of all Gernsback's forays into the field. Lasser shaped a new generation of writers, who in many cases had no prior writing experience of any kind; Wonder Stories was part of a "forcing ground", according to Isaac Asimov, where young writers learned their trade. The magazine was less constrained by pulp convention than its competitors, and published some novels such as Eric Temple Bell's The Time Stream and Festus Pragnell's The Green Man of Graypec, which were not in the mainstream of development of the science fiction genre.

As Thrilling Wonder the magazine was much less influential. Until the mid-1940s it was focused on younger readers, and by the time Merwin and Mines introduced a more adult approach, Astounding Science Fiction had taken over as the unquestioned leader of the field. Thrilling Wonder could not compete with John Campbell and the Golden Age of science fiction that he brought into being, but it did periodically publish good stories. In the end it was unable to escape its roots in the pulp industry, and died in the carnage that swept away every remaining pulp magazine in the 1950s.

Publication details
The editorial duties at Wonder Stories and its related magazines were not always performed by the person who bore the title of "editor" in the magazine's masthead. From the beginning until the sale to Beacon Publications, Gernsback was listed as editor-in-chief; Lasser was variously listed as "literary editor" and "managing editor", while Hornig was always listed as "managing editor". Similarly, under Beacon Publications, the nominal editor (initially Leo Margulies) was not always the one to work on the magazine. The following list shows who actually performed the editorial duties. More details are given in the publishing history section, above, which focuses on when the editors involved actually obtained control of the magazine contents, instead of when their names appeared on the masthead.

 * Air Wonder Stories
 * David Lasser (July 1929 – May 1930)

 * Science Wonder Stories
 * David Lasser (June 1929 – May 1930)

 * Science Wonder Quarterly
 * David Lasser (Fall 1929 – Spring 1930)

 * Wonder Stories
 * David Lasser (June 1930 – October 1933)
 * Charles Hornig (November 1933 – March–April 1936)

 * Wonder Stories Quarterly
 * David Lasser (Summer 1930 – Winter 1933)

 * Thrilling Wonder Stories
 * Mort Weisinger (August 1936 – April 1941)
 * Oscar Friend (August 1941 – Fall 1944)
 * Sam Merwin (Winter 1945 – October 1951)
 * Samuel Mines (December 1951 – Summer 1954)
 * Alexander Samalman (Fall 1954 – Winter 1955)

The publisher only changed once through the lifetime of the magazine, when Gernsback sold Wonder Stories in 1936. However, Gernsback changed the name of his company from Stellar Publishing Corporation to Continental Publications, Incorporated, with effect from December 1933. Thrilling Wonder ' s publisher went by three names: Beacon Publications initially, then Better Publications from the August 1937 issue, and finally, starting with the Fall 1943 issue, Standard Magazines.

Gernsback experimented with the price and format, looking for a profitable combination. Both Air Wonder and Science Wonder were bedsheet-sized (8.5 × 11.75 in, or 216 × 298 mm) and priced at 25 cents, as were the first issues of Wonder Stories. With the November 1930 issue Wonder Stories changed to pulp format, 6.75 × 9.9 in (171 × 251 mm). It reverted to bedsheet after a year, and then in November 1933 became a pulp magazine for good. The pulp issues all had 144 pages; the bedsheet issues generally had 96 pages, though five issues from November 1932 to March 1933 had only 64 pages. Those five issues coincided with a price cut to 15 cents, which was reversed with the April 1933 issue. Gernsback cut the price to 15 cents again from June 1935 until the sale to Beacon Publications in 1936, though this time he did not reduce the page count. The short duration of these price cuts suggests Gernsback rapidly realized that the additional circulation they gained him cost too much in lost revenue. Under Beacon Publications Thrilling Wonder remained pulp-sized throughout.

There were two British reprint editions of Thrilling Wonder. The earlier edition, from Atlas Publishing, produced three numbered issues from 1949 to 1950, and a further seven from 1952 to 1953. Another four issues appeared from Pemberton between 1953 and 1954; these were numbered from 101 to 104. There were Canadian editions in 1945–1946 and 1948–1951.

title: Wonder Stories


text:
User talk:Vinit~enwiki

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

You might find these pages useful:

 * How to edit a page

 * How to write a great article

 * Article naming conventions

 * Wikipedia's Manual of Style

You can always experiment in the sandbox.

If you like, you can introduce yourself at the new user log, or write something about yourself on your user page.

One more thing: if you leave a note on any kind of discussion page it's always helpful to sign your post with four tildes ( ~ ), which is automatically converted to your username and the date and time. Don't do this in articles themselves though as they are not 'owned' by any particular contributor.

If you have any questions, see help, leave a question at the help desk, or feel free to drop me a line on my talk page.

Thanks again and happy editing!

— Trilobite (Talk) 15:34, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Hey there, I hope you don't take personally the votes for deletion of those two pages -- they're just not suitable for Wikipedia pages. BUT, they're perfect for your user page space. You should re-create them in that area. Look forward to seeing you around Wikipedia. Katefan0 15:49, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Not taken personally. It was my first brush with the editing team at WikiPedia. Keep up the good work! --Vinit 15:48, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vinit. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vinit~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:32, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:16, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vinit~enwiki


text: User talk:220.237.117.254

title: User talk:220.237.117.254


text: User talk:66.26.76.190

title: User talk:66.26.76.190


text: User talk:134.241.104.20

title: User talk:134.241.104.20


text:
Alberto García Aspe

Alberto García Aspe Mena (born 11 May 1967) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He is one of the all-time appearance leaders for the Mexico national team. He participated in 109 matches, scoring a total 21 goals. In addition, he has played in three FIFA World Cups.

Club career
García Aspe's club career started in 1984 with UNAM, debuting in a 4–1 win against Puebla. García Aspe played for UNAM Pumas, Necaxa, Argentine club River Plate, América, and Puebla. He won three national championships at a professional level, with UNAM Pumas (1991) and Necaxa (1995, 1996). Overall, García Aspe played 518 games, scored 142 goals, and registered 51 assists in the Mexican First Division; his last appearance in the competition was in a 5–2 loss to Morelia.

International career
García Aspe's international debut came on February 21, 1989, in an impressive 2–1 victory against Guatemala. He participated in 109 matches, scoring a total of 21 goals. In addition, he played in three FIFA World Cup tournaments: 1994, 1998 and 2002. He scored once in 1994 against Bulgaria and once in 1998 against Belgium, both from penalty kicks. In the 2002 FIFA World Cup, García Aspe only appeared in one game, playing twelve minutes in the Round of 16 defeat to the United States.

After retirement
García Aspe was an executive of UNAM and is currently a commentator for Fox Deportes.

Honours
UNAM
 * Mexican Primera División: 1990–91
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 1989

Necaxa
 * Mexican Primera División: 1994–95, 1995–96
 * Copa México: 1994–95
 * Campeón de Campeones: 1995
 * CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup: 1994

Mexico
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup: 1996
 * FIFA Confederations Cup: 1999

International goals

 * Scores and results list Mexico's goal tally first.

title: Alberto García Aspe


text:
User:Steevc

About me
I'm really a Steve, but I've used steevc on a variety of on-line services over the years. It is effectively my Googlenym.

I live in Arlesey, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom in a house we had built for us.

I've been using computers since around 1979. Since 2004 I've mainly used Linux at home after using Microsoft Windows, Amiga and BBC Micro systems. My current distribution of choice is Ubuntu_linux. My computing interests include Encryption, the Python_programming_language and the Semantic web. I program professionally on systems for the TV industry, but rarely get around to writing programs at home for fun.

I'm into music too. I mainly play Guitar. I can get a tune out of some other instruments too.

Wikipedia interests
I've been adding to the Arlesey page, but need to find time to make it fit the standards.

Links

 * Bag of Spoons - My home page

title: User:Steevc