text:
Talk:Parry Sound, Ontario

Parry Sound Media
why is that there?
 * Why wouldn't it be? Bearcat (talk) 05:56, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Local attractions
Hi!

Great article on Parry Sound, is anyone from there? We could perhaps add more of the local attractions not already included in its own section? --ShaunMacPherson 19:46, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There's a Wal-Mart with a McDonalds in it next to a standalone McDonalds... Not really anything else that isn't already mentioned. There's some annual celebrations in the town square and some of the roads nearby, but I don't know much about the details. One of them's posted on a sign near the mall. 24.146.8.72 18:15, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Depot Harbour
Dan Crawford 99: It is Depot, not Depo. The Parry Sound Public Library's Web site has the correct spelling.

—Eric S. Smith 23:21, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Question - Depot Harbour destruction by fire The Parry Sound page refers to Depot Harbour's destruction by fire during V-E Day celebrations, but the Depot Harbour page says it was destroyed on 8/14/45 during V-J Day celebrations - at least one of those must be incorrect.--Byoolin 12:53, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The Depot Harbour page is correct: the date given by the Parry Sound library pages linked above is V-J Day.  I've also re-worded things a little, to indicate that the fire was accidental.  It was funnier with the implication of deliberate destruction intact, but not accurate.  Unless someone's got a reference... —Eric S. Smith 18:44, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Content
Please note that several recent additions to this article were formatted in the style of a Parry Sound tourist brochure, not an encyclopedia article. I've reformatted them in proper encyclopedic format. Bearcat (talk) 18:32, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

Parry Sound Development
Perhaps someone could add a section on the main article about the development of Parry Sound including the south end of town.

Notable People
Should Ian Borden, President, International at McDonald’s Corporation and soon (as of Sept 1) CFO McDonald's Corporation be added to the list of notable people? 192.55.55.57 (talk) 19:57, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The list should only include people with a wiki article, and when a reliable source ties them to the location. If he meets both, add him and the source. - Floydian τ ¢ 20:33, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parry Sound, Ontario


text:
CFA Institute

The CFA Institute is a global, not-for-profit professional organization that provides investment professionals with finance education. The institute aims to promote standards in ethics, education, and professional excellence in the global investment services industry. Since 1945, the institute has published the peer-reviewed, quarterly journal, the Financial Analysts Journal. It also publishes the Enterprising Investor blog.

Structure
The organization offers its flagship CFA designation program and six other certifications:
 * Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation
 * Certificate in Investment Performance Measurement (CIPM)
 * Certificate in ESG Investing
 * Climate Risk, Valuation, and Investing Certificate
 * Private Markets and Alternative Investments Certificate
 * Data Science for Investment Professionals Certificate
 * Investment Foundations® Certificate

It provides continuing education conferences, seminars, webcasts, and publications to allow members and other participants to stay current on developments in the investment industry. CFA Institute also oversees the CFA Institute Research Challenge for university students and the CFA Research Institute Foundation.

CFA Institute is headquartered in Charlottesville, Virginia, with additional offices in New York City, Washington, D.C., London, Hong Kong, Mumbai, Beijing, Shanghai and Abu Dhabi. The current President and CEO is Margaret Franklin.

History

In 1947, four financial analyst societies—Boston, Chicago, New York, and Philadelphia — cooperated for the purpose of promoting the exchange of ideas and supporting the welfare of their profession, calling the new group the National Federation of Financial Analysts Societies (NFFAS). In 1959, the NFFAS Board of Directors approved the establishment of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts (ICFA), which was incorporated in 1962. NFFAS changed its name to the Financial Analysts Federation (FAF) in 1961.

In 1962, the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation and code of conduct were established. In 1963, the profession was formalized when 284 candidates sat for the first CFA exam and 268 CFA charters were awarded. The following year, all 3 levels of the exam were administered to more than 1,700 candidates.

The Association for Investment Management and Research (AIMR) was founded in 1990 as the umbrella organization for the ICFA and the FAF, still separate entities at that time. ICFA and the FAF consolidated under AIMR in 1999.

In 2004, the Association for Investment Management and Research voted to change its name to the CFA Institute.

In February 2019, The United States Department of Justice announced it will fine CFA Institute more than $320,000 for discriminating against qualified American workers by hiring temporary foreign workers through the H-1B visa program.

Given the COVID-19 pandemic, CFA Institute has cancelled the majority of the examinations around the world due to the lack of examination facilities in 2020. From 2021 onwards, all examinations were shifted to computer-based testing for the three levels of the CFA program.

In March 2021, CFA Institute launched the Certificate in ESG Investing due to the increasing importance of environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) factors in socially responsible investing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CFA Institute


text:
Dale, Pembrokeshire

Dale is both a small village and a community in Pembrokeshire, Wales, located on the peninsula which forms the northern side of the entrance to the Milford Haven Waterway. The village has 205 inhabitants according to the 2001 census, increasing to 225 at the 2011 Census.

History
It was once a marcher borough, controlled by the Norman de Vale family from the 13th century Dale Castle. Owen, in 1603, described it as one of nine Pembrokeshire "boroughs in decay". Located in the hundred of Roose, it is part of Little England beyond Wales and has been English-speaking since the 12th century. The name (Old Norse: Dalr = "valley") suggests prior occupation by Scandinavians. The nearby RAF Dale airfield was active from 1941 to 1948. Following cessation of activities in World War II, RAF Dale was decommissioned, and the site became occupied by the Fleet Air Arm as RNAS Dale (HMS Goldcrest), a satellite of HMS Goldcrest at RNAS Brawdy.

Henry Tudor
In 1485, Henry Tudor landed at Mill Bay near Dale before the Battle of Bosworth, after which he became King Henry VII. Villagers mark the anniversary; the most spectacular commemoration was for the 500th anniversary in 1985.

Sea Empress disaster
On 15 February 1996, the oil tanker Sea Empress grounded at the Milford Haven entrance, spilling 72,000 tonnes of crude oil.

Housing

There are many older Victorian homes towards the coastal shore area but as you gradually move away from the shore there are a large row of late 1940s council houses.

Present
Dale Fort is a Victorian era fort located on a rocky promontory that now houses a field studies centre, for study of local marine biology, biology, geology, geomorphology, and other related fields.

Dale is a local centre for sailing, and windsurfing is taught in the Dale bay, along with sailing and boat handling courses. Dale is also often the location of sailing galas. The Pembrokeshire Coast Path passes through the village and around the Dale peninsula.

Dale beach has a Blue Flag award.

The Dale Coronation Hall is used for many events in the community and is home to the D.A.D.S. (Dale Amateur Dramatic Society). The society performs a play or a pantomime in March.

The 2011 census showed 5.9% of the population could speak Welsh, a fall from 11.0% in 2001.

The community includes Skokholm Island.

title: Dale, Pembrokeshire


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was N/A (issue resolved outside VfD, nothing to vote) jni 13:00, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter
In accordance with wikipedia's Copyright Violation Policy this page should be deleted and replace with its temp non-copied version. --BerserkerBen 19:48, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This should be listed on Copyright problems, not here. Gamaliel 19:55, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * it is listed but nothing has been done about it. --BerserkerBen 23:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Note that there is a significant backlog on Copyright problems. That's no reason to clutter this page further. Gamaliel 23:34, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, if and when copyvio is resolved. @ Megan1967 23:37, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Base on the poor speed of how copyright violations get solved I am hoping this could be fixed before launch, as then people are going to want to check on this site for information on it, and find this rather trashed page that will reflect poorly on wikipedia.--BerserkerBen 23:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. if copyright problems are fixed. Capitalistroadster 09:37, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: What copyvio? Comparing the last pre-copyvio-tagged version with the space.com article, the only text in common seems to be the photo caption: The orbiter's shallow radar experiment, one of six science instruments on board, is designed to probe the internal structure of Mars' polar ice caps, as well as to gather information planet-wide about underground layers of ice, rock and, perhaps, liquid water that might be accessible from the surface.  But this is not space.com's wording, it is NASA's: see .  I believe NASA's wording is public-domain.  So we now have two perfectly good articles that need to be merged. -- Curps 05:58, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * great, so can someone merge them? --BerserkerBen 06:12, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, when copy-vio problem is countered of course. -- Riffsyphon1024 06:03, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Well I have moved all the data from the temp over to the orginal in accordence with Curps plan for merger. Deletion and replacemnet with the temp is no longer needed now as the copyright problem has been solved(?). All that this needs now is to delete the temp (or merge it, which ever)--BerserkerBen 07:13, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The two versions (original non-copyright-infringing and new Temp) have now been merged. BerserkerBen has removed his own VfD notice from the page.

This vote is now moot. -- Curps 07:47, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Dusty Rhodes (disambiguation)

Dusty Rhodes (1945–2015) was an American professional wrestler

Dusty Rhodes may also refer to:

Sports

 * Dusty Rhodes (footballer) (1882–1960), English association football player
 * Dusty Rhodes (cricketer) (1916–1983), English cricketer and umpire
 * Dusty Rhodes (outfielder) (1927–2009), Major League Baseball player
 * Dusty Rhodes (pitcher), Negro leagues baseball player
 * Dusty Rhodes (baseball coach) (born 1946), former head coach of the North Florida Ospreys baseball team
 * Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic, a yearly tournament created in 2015 named after the wrestler

Music

 * Dusty Rhodes, album by John Holt
 * Dusty Rhodes (music producer), (fl. 1960s), country music producer on Willis Alan Ramsey
 * Dusty Rhodes and the River Band, an indie rock group from Anaheim, California
 * Robert Fripp (born 1946), guitarist who used the pseudonym "Dusty Rhodes"

Publishing

 * Dusty Rhodes (author), American author
 * Thomas L. "Dusty" Rhodes (1939–2018), American political editor and president of National Review

Other

 * Raleigh "Dusty" Rhodes (1918–2007), American World War II fighter pilot
 * Dusty Rhodes, radio presenter/DJ on various Irish radio stations, including Atlantic 252 and RTÉ 2fm

title: Dusty Rhodes (disambiguation)


text:
Mills Cross Telescope

The Mills Cross Telescope was a two-dimensional radio telescope built by Bernard Mills in 1954 at the Fleurs field station of the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in the area known now as Badgerys Creek, about 40 km west of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Each arm of the cross was 1500 feet (450 m) long, running N–S and E–W, and produced a fan beam in the sky. Mills said it "consists of two rows of 250 half-wave dipole elements backed by a plane wire mesh reflector; the individual dipoles are aligned in an E-W direction." The cross operated at a frequency of 85.5 MHz (3.5m wavelength), giving a 49 arcminute beam.

When the voltages of the two arms were multiplied a pencil beam was formed, but with rather high sidelobes. The beam could be steered in the sky by adjusting the phasing of the elements in each arm.

Science
Between 1954 and 1957, Bernard Mills, Eric R. Hill and O. Bruce Slee, using the Mills Cross, carried out a detailed survey of the sky and recorded over 2,000 sources of discrete radio emission, publishing results in a series of research papers in the Australian Journal of Physics. The differences between these sources and the Cambridge 2C survey were a cause of scientific disquiet until serious questions about the 2C survey results were resolved several years later.

In 1963, the Fleurs site was transferred to the School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Sydney. The observatory was effectively closed in 1991. The 18 m dish antenna installed at Fleurs in 1959 was transferred to the Parkes Observatory.

Two of the old 13.7m dish antennas were relocated from the University of Sydney site to the CSIRO at Marsfield in 2005, as part of a precursor study into the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) development.

Other cross telescopes
Fleurs was also the site of:
 * the Shain Cross Telescope, 1956 named after Alex Shain, solar observatory
 * 19.7 MHz, beam width of 1.4 degrees, N–S and E-W arms of 1105 m and 1036 m respectively
 * the Chris Cross Telescope, 1957 named after Dr. Wilbur Norman Christiansen, solar observatory
 * N–S and E-W arms each 378m containing 32 parabolic dishes 5.8m in diameter
 * in 1959, an 18m parabola was installed at the eastern end of the Chris Cross, moved in 1963 to the Parkes Observatory
 * then, six 13.7m stand-alone antennas were sited at and beyond the ends of the N–S and E–W solar arrays, which comprised the Fleurs Synthesis Telescope with a resolving power of 20 arc seconds, used in the 1970s and until its closure in 1988 studying individual radio sources but particularly large radio galaxies, supernova remnants and emission nebulae.

Following the success of this design, Mills built another large cross antenna, the Molonglo Cross Telescope, near Canberra.

Other large cross-type radio telescopes were later built in the United States, Italy, Russia, and Ukraine.

title: Mills Cross Telescope


text:
Upper West Region

The Upper West Region of Ghana is located in the north-western corner of Ghana and is bordered by Upper East Region to the east, Northern Region to the south, and Burkina Faso to the west and north. The Upper West regional capital and largest settlement is Wa. The Upper West was created by the then Head of State, Flight-Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings in 1983 under the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) military regime. The area was carved out of the former Upper Region, which is now the Upper East Region. For about thirty-five years, it remained the youngest region of Ghana until 2018 when six more regions were created by the Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo government; hence increasing the total number of administrative regions in the country to sixteen.

Location and size
The Upper West Region is one of the 16 regions of Ghana. It is located at the northwestern corner of Ghana at latitude 9.8°- 11.O° North and longitude 1.6°- 3.0 West, bounded by Burkina Faso to the North. It covers a geographical area of 18,476 square kilometres, representing 12.7% of the total land area of Ghana. The northern Ghana-Burkina Faso is bordered on the east by the Upper East region and Northern regions, on the south by the Northern region, on the west by western Ghana-Burkina Faso, and the Upper West region on the north. It is the seventh largest region in Ghana in total area, and it is made up of 11 districts. By virtue of its location, the Upper West Region has the potential for international and inter-regional trade and other bilateral relations, but the overspill of criminal activities and disasters, such as bushfires, diseases and pestilence, armed robbery, etc., from the region's neighbours also pose a threat.

Tourism
The Wechiau Hippopotamus Sanctuary is located southwest of Wa, along the Black Volta River in the Wa West District. The Gwollu Wall in the Sissala District serves as the hometown of one of Ghana's past presidents - Dr. Hilla Limann.

Cuisine
The staple food of the people of the Upper West Region is sao or Tuo Zaafi in the local dialect, which is often abbreviated TZ or T-Zed in English.

Economy
The major economic activity of the Upper West Region is agriculture. Crops grown include corn, millet, peanuts, okra, shea tree, and rice. Sheep, goats, chickens, pigs and guinea fowl are raised for meat and eggs. Because the region's dry season is long, extending roughly from October to May, many people leave the region to work in the southern part of Ghana for at least part of the year.

Sports

 * All Stars FC, Premier League Football

Schools
Some popular schools in the region include St. Francis Xavier Junior Seminary, St. Francis Girls of Assis, St. Michael Boys - Nandom, St. Ignatius of Loyola SHS, Queen of Peace SHS, lawra Senior High School, Kanton Senior High School, Wa Senior High School, Wa Senior High Technical School, Wa UDS, Jirapa Nursing Training College, Jahan Training College, Wa Technical University, etc.

Administrative divisions
The political administration of the region is through the local government system. Under this administration system, the region is divided into 11 MMDA's (made up of 0 Metropolitan, 5 Municipal and 6 Ordinary Assemblies). Each District, Municipal or Metropolitan Assembly, is administered by a Chief Executive, representing the central government but deriving authority from an Assembly headed by a presiding member elected from among the members themselves. The current list is as follows:

Notable natives
Prominent and famous citizens of Upper West Region include:
 * President Dr. Hilla Limann from Gwollu,
 * Cardinal Peter Poreku Dery from	Nandom,
 * Peter Nanfuri from Jirapa,
 * Kwesi Nyantakyi	from Wa,
 * Samini from Wa-Sombo,
 * Wiyaala from Funsi
 * Benjamin Kunbuor from Nandom,
 * Rt. Hon. Alban Sumana Kingsford Bagbin from Sombo
 * Ambrose Dery from Nandom
 * Chief Simon Diedong Dombo from Jirapa
 * Justice Yonni Kulendi from Issa
 * Hon.Dr.Rashid Pelpuo from Wa

Festivals of the Upper West Region
Festivals that take place in the Upper West Region include:
 * Damba Festival
 * Dumba Festival
 * Paaragbiele Festival
 * Kobine Festival
 * Kakube Festival
 * Gologo/Golib Festival
 * Fao Festival
 * Samanpiid Festival
 * Feok Festival
 * Adaakoya Festival
 * Kuure Festival
 * Tengana Festival
 * Boaram Festival

title: Upper West Region


text:
Amos Vogel

Amos Vogel ( Vogelbaum; April 18, 1921 – April 24, 2012) was a New York City cineaste and curator.

Biography
Vogel was born in Vienna, Austria. He fled Austria with his parents after the Nazi Anschluß in 1938 and at first studied animal husbandry at the University of Georgia. In the American South, he noted, the racism was as bad as the anti-semitism he witnessed in Europe. Later he received a bachelor's degree from The New School for Social Research in New York.

He is best known for his bestselling book Film as a Subversive Art (1974) and as the founder of the New York City avantgarde ciné-club Cinema 16 (1947–1963), where he was the first programmer to present films by Roman Polanski, John Cassavetes, Nagisa Oshima, Jacques Rivette and Alain Resnais as well as early and important screenings by American avant-gardists of the time like Stan Brakhage, Maya Deren, James Broughton, Kenneth Anger, Sidney Peterson, Bruce Conner, Carmen D'Avino and many others.

In 1963, with Richard Roud, he co-founded the New York Film Festival, and served as its program director until 1968. In 1973, Vogel started the Annenberg Cinematheque at the University of Pennsylvania and was eventually given a Chair for film studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, where he taught and lectured for two decades. He wrote a children's book, How Little Lori Visited Times Square, published in 1963 with illustrations by Maurice Sendak.

Vogel participated in the documentary In the Mirror of Maya Deren (2003) by Martina Kudlácek. In 2014, a collection of his writings was published by the Austrian Film Museum. On the initiative of his sons, Steven and Loring, the private library of Amos Vogel has been transferred to the Austrian Film Museum. Since 2019, the Amos Vogel Library, a stock of more than 8,000 books, is available online. Both Columbia University and the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research also hold material relating to Vogel and Cinema 16.

Death
Vogel died aged 91, on April 24, 2012 in New York City.

Work

 * Film as a Subversive Art (1974)
 * Be Sand, Not Oil: The Life and Work of Amos Vogel, FilmmuseumSynemaPublikationen Vol. 24, Vienna: SYNEMA - Gesellschaft für Film und Medien, 2014 (edited by Paul Cronin).

Films about Vogel

 * Film as a Subversive Art: Amos Vogel and Cinema 16, Paul Cronin, UK, 2003; 56m.

title: Amos Vogel


text:
Otatitlán

Otatitlán is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz, in the south of the state along the border with the state of Oaxaca. The town is best known for its large black image of a crucified Christ, one of three notable images of this type. Most of the population in Otatitlán is poor and the area is dedicated to agriculture, especially sugar cane and bananas.

The town
The town of Otatitlán is about 180 km south of the state capital, near the state's border with Oaxaca. All but a couple hundred of the municipality's population lives here. It is centered on a large plaza surrounded by wide streets. The main church is San Andrés, which contains the image of the Cristo Negro, or Black Christ that the town is noted for.

Traditional music and dance of Otatitlán include Son Jarocho and Danzón. Traditional dishes include machuco (plantains fried with green chile and garlic) and tapistes, a dish with plantains, chicken, acuyo (Piper auritum), tomato and chili pepper.

The municipality
As a municipality, the town of Otatitlán is the local government for thirty other communities, which combined have a territory of 53.46km2. The municipality borders those of Cosamaloapan and Tlacojalpan with the state of Oaxaca to the south. The municipal government consists of a municipal president, a syndic and one representative for the other communities.

The municipality is rural with a population density of 104.8 people/km2, with only the seat considered urban. Outside the seat the only communities of any size are El Peladiente (pop. 111), Jesus Urueta (pop. 90), La Conchita (pop. 72) and La Isleta (pop. 58). Only 210 people are considered to live in indigenous households, where the head speaks an indigenous language. Only 81 speak an indigenous language, of which Mazateco dominates.

The municipality has eight schools, 2 preschools, 4 primary schools, one middle school and one high school, with an illiteracy rate of 11.8%. It also has 16 km of federal highway.

Black Christ of Otatitlán
Otatitlán is best known for a large image of a crucified Christ which is black, known as a “Cristo Negro” or Black Christ. It is one of three well known images of this type, with the others in Chalma, State of Mexico and Esquipulas, Guatemala.

There are two stories of the origin of this particular image. One states the Spanish king Philip II had the three Black Christ images commissioned, which then went on to their current locations. Another story says that the image was found on the Day of the Cross by an indigenous person at the foot of a tree in the village of Puctlanzingo, which was then claimed by the Mazatecos of the region. Later it was moved on the Papaloapan River on a raft to its current location.

According to researcher Carlos Navarrete, the phenomenon of “Black Christ” images follows known Aztec merchant (pochteca) routes. It is possible that these images were a substitution for the deity Yacatgecutli, the god of commerce, which was also black.

During the Cristero War in the 1930s, the image was taken by men allied with then governor of Veracruz, Adalberto Tejada, who tried unsuccessfully to burn it. Instead it was decapitated. The headless image returned to Otatitlán and a replacement was made. In 1950, the original head was found and returned, with the replacement head now kept in a glass case.

The devotion to this image is a syncretism. It is not unusual for there to be a mass followed by a ritual cleansing by a local “brujo” (roughly witch doctor). The major feast day for this image is 3 May, Day of the Cross, with events beginnings on 28 April and extending to 7 May. The event can attract up to 150,000 people from Veracruz and other parts of Mexico.

Geography
The area of the Otatitlán town is flat with a few small hills and an average altitude of ten meters above sea level. The soil is loose and susceptible to erosion. The territory is defined by the Papaloapan River, with the only other river of note, the Obispo, a tributary.

Climate
In 84% of the municipality, the climate is warm and mostly moist with rains in the summer. In the rest it is warm and very moist with very abundant rain in the summer. Average annual temperature is between 24 and 26C with the average annual rainfall varying between 1900 and 2100mm.

Flora and fauna
The wild vegetation here was high and medium tropical forest, but today almost all of the territory (45.9%km2) is dedicated to agriculture, 2.8km2 is covered by water and 1.4km2 is urban. Wildlife includes rabbits, coatis, raccoons, coyotes, doves, parrots, egrets and various reptiles.

Socioeconomics
The municipality is rural with 32.2% of the workforce involved in agriculture and livestock, 18.8% in industry (mostly sugar cane processing) and 48.8% in commerce and services. It is poor with 61.4% of the population under the poverty line and 12.1% living in extreme poverty. However, because of the availability of schools, medical care, running water, electricity, the area is considered to have only a medium level of socioeconomic marginalization.

Main crops are sugar cane, bananas and corn. Livestock is split between cattle and pigs, followed by domestic fowl and sheep.

History
The name "Otatitlán" comes from Nahuatl and means “place of the otates (Mexican weeping bamboo), “given by traveling merchants when the Aztecs reached here". The pre Hispanic population was Popoluca, which changed to Mazateco during the colonial period. From the pre Hispanic into the colonial period, it was a trading post for the indigenous population.

Jesuit missionaries founded the mission of San Ignacio Otatitlan.

The town itself was founded by the Marquis of Guadalcazar, Diego Fernández de Córdoba, dedicated to the Apostle Andrew. The village gained municipality status in 1831, bordering Tlacojalpan, Tuxtepec, Tsochoacan and Las Lomas. Otatitlán was officially recognized as a town in 1958 and its coat of arms approved in 1985.

title: Otatitlán


text:
Shaun Murphy (disambiguation)

Shaun Murphy (born 1982) is an English snooker player.

Shaun Murphy may also refer to:
 * Shaun Murphy (soccer) (born 1970), Australian former soccer player
 * Shaun Murphy (hurler) (born 1990), Irish hurling player
 * Shaun Murphy (singer) (born 1948), aka Stoney, American female singer
 * Shaun Murphy (The Good Doctor), a fictional character on the TV series The Good Doctor
 * The Shaun Murphy Band, a blues band

title: Shaun Murphy (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Sea kayak

Untitled
I was reading this entry and thought perhaps a mention should be made of a baidarka with its forked bow, so I added an entry for baidarka. The entry is so brief that perhaps it belongs in Wiktionary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by JamesReilly (talk • contribs) February 18, 2005
 * Thanks. I added a wikilnk to your page (add tweaked the page as well). -- Gnetwerker 23:40, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

This page vis. Kayak
(from Kayak talk page): There is a lot of confusion and redundancy among the various kayaking pages. The History section here and the one in Sea Kayak overlap, but contain some distinct and some inconsistent information. I would like to re-organize all of the kayaking pages, and want to float some ideas and get some feedback here first. Disclosure: I am primarily a sea kayaker, though I did a fair bit of whitewater kayaking in the 1970s, when it was a very different sport than today.

One idea is to move most/all of the History to this page (Kayak), and then have two overview sections, one by type of construction, and one by use, with the second one primarily pointing to the more-specific pages. If a page doesn't exist, we could either stub it or include the info here. We would cover the primary design issues (which are covered in more detail in Sea kayak) here, and perhaps re-iterate key points in the individual sub-articles.

Another idea is to bulk the Kayak page up with most of the info on specific kinds of boats and redirect the individual boat pages there. I think this might lead to too large a page, but felt I should suggest it. There are probably other ideas as well. If you care, let's hear from you (on the Kayak talk page please)! -- Gnetwerker 23:19, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Classes
I removed the part "classes" again, as this is describing an arbitrary classification, that I dont recognise. Especially the hard limits on size of different features is strange. Another example is that the kayak I have falls into the proposed class "expedition", but it has too small storage to manage more than 4-5 days of unsopported travelling: if I were to go for a real multi-week expedition, I would take a much larger (=wider) kayak. I think that there should be some sort of source of provenance for the proposed classification before it is reinserted. Mossig (talk) 10:14, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Broadening our horizons
Kayaking is an incredibly dynamic sport, with many different forms. There are a multitude of related subjects that should be included. I'll try and flesh out some sections, and edit in others. Of course my vantage point is purely as expedition sea kayaker and surf kayaker, and thereby limited to an extent.

 * Equipment Section* I fleshed out some generalized boat discriptors in the design section.

 * safety section* I removed a comment on the difficulty of rolling a heavily loaded boat. I personally belive a loaded boat, is easier to roll.  The added weight in the hull of the boat lowers the overall Center Of Gravity (COG).  To successfully perfom a roll, the paddler must succeed in brining his upper body, above the hull.  The lower the center of gravity, the easier to get ones torso, head and body, up on top of it.

Cheers, I like the entry so far. WestCoast222 (talk) 08:37, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Dimensional clarifications
For Sea kayak: What is meant here? Peter Horn User talk 20:48, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
 * 20 to 24 in (57 - 76 cm )
 * 20 to 24 in, 20 to 24 in?
 * 23 to 24 in (66 - 76 cm )
 * 23 to 24 in, 23 to 24 in?
 * 20 to 23 in (56 - 63.5 cm )
 * 20 to 23 in, 20 to 23 in?
 * 11 to 13 in (33 - 40 cm )
 * 11 to 13 in, 11 to 13 in?

Assessment comment
Substituted at 05:39, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Sea kayak. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090518092243/http://www.paddlermagazine.com/issues/2003_4/article_221.shtml to http://www.paddlermagazine.com/issues/2003_4/article_221.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090518092243/http://www.paddlermagazine.com/issues/2003_4/article_221.shtml to http://www.paddlermagazine.com/issues/2003_4/article_221.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:37, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sea kayak


text:
Christian Jank

Christian Jank (15 July 1833 – 25 November 1888) was a German scenic painter and stage designer.

Jank was born in Munich, the Bavarian capital. Here he originally worked as a scenic painter. Among other things he was involved in the scenery for Richard Wagner's opera Lohengrin.

His work piqued the interest of Ludwig II, who commissioned him to create concepts for his architectural projects inspired by Wagner. Jank's historistic drafts were the basis for Neuschwanstein Castle, which was built starting in 1869 by Eduard Riedel and later Georg von Dollmann. Jank was also involved in the interior of Linderhof Palace. His concepts for Falkenstein Castle could not be realized, as the project was abandoned after the king's death in 1886.

Jank himself died in Munich on 25 November 1888.

title: Christian Jank


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Saint pippin's day

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:13, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Saint pippin's day
Looks like local high school nonsense. — Catherine\talk 19:59, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. I can't find evidence of this existing. Carrp | Talk 21:51, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Festival dedicated to Peregrin the Hobbit? Delete Radiant! 22:15, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible hoax. Megan1967 23:38, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Book of Pippin? Huh? Zzyzx11 23:54, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Longhair 01:28, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Lists of communes of France

Untitled
I think we should change the formatting of each page listing the communes of a particular département. At the moment they are in the form of a list, with each of the three columns only marginally seperated. I think it'd be better if we transfer them to tables which would allow us to more easily play with the format (cell and table widths, presence of lines and borders and colours). We should also include two further columns: population and area. Does anyone know where I may get this information? Also, it is quite a large task, don't wait for me to start if you wish to. --Oldak Quill 20:00, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * In fact, the French and Swedish Wikipedias have already transfered to formatting by tables - I shall simply copy the tables from the French Wikipedia and change the headings. Still, it'd be nice to add population and area columns. --Oldak Quill 20:03, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

(list of) communes in French Polynesia
There is no list of communes of French Polynesia. French Polynesia is also not mentioned in the article Commune in France nor in the article Lists of communes of France. Do the communes in French Polynesia have some kind of special status and are not mentioned because of that?

In the French-language Wikipedia, there is already a collection (although not a list) of communes in French Polynesia: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_de_Polyn%C3%A9sie_fran%C3%A7aise.

Here is also a list (the numbers in this list coincide with the list in the French-language Wikipedia): http://www.statoids.com/ypf.html.

Yet another list (with missing numbers): http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1126512541&men=gcis&lng=en&gln=xx&dat=32&srt=npan&col=aohdq&geo=-169.

-- Citylover 08:17, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Standardization of the lists of municipalities
There is a discussion about an eventual standardization of all the lists of municipalities. Please join here and express your opinions.--Húsönd 19:50, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of communes of France


text:
Church of Saint John the Baptist, Liverpool

The Church of Saint John the Baptist is an active Anglican parish church in the Diocese of Liverpool and lies in the archdeaconry of Liverpool and the deanery of West Derby. It is situated on the corner of West Derby Road and Green Lane, in Tuebrook, Liverpool, England. It was built in the 1860s to a design by GF Botley and is Grade I listed, as a building of exceptional architectural interest. The site also contains the Victorian vicarage and a mortuary house, also by Botley and both Grade II listed. It is also the site of the Brockman Memorial Hall, an early venue of the Beatles.

History
The church was built between 1867 and 1870, its cost of £25,000, being totally met by the wife of Revd J. C. Reade. The architect was George Frederick Bodley. The interior was redecorated in 1910 by Henry Hare to Bodley's design. This was restored in 1968–71 by Stephen Dykes Bower.

There was controversy before the church was consecrated because Bodley intended to use an early 16th-century altarpiece from Antwerp which had carved tableaux of the Passion as the reredos. However the Bishop of Chester considered it to be too "Popish" and he refused to consecrate the church until it was removed. The altarpiece is now in St Michael's Church, Brighton.

Present day
The parish continues in the Anglo-Catholic tradition that it was founded. The restrictions brought by the COVID-19 pandemic forced the church to reduce the number of services. St John's hosts a weekly foodbank in the church hall. The church has a Sunday School. St John's began live streaming Mass on Sunday when public worship was suspended in March 2020.

Architecture
St John's church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.

Exterior
The church is built in red and buff stone, which is irregularly banded. The main roof is tiled, while the roofs of the aisles are of slate. Its plan consists of a five-bay nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles under lean-to roofs, a west tower, a north porch, a chancel with a chapel to the north, the organ loft to the south and a detached vestry connected to the chancel by a short passage. The tower has angled buttresses and a west entrance above which is a three-light window. The top stage has two-light louvred bell-openings and a panelled parapet with pinnacles at the corners. The spire is recessed on an octagonal base containing gabled two-light openings and it is attached to the pinnacles by flying buttresses. At the south east corner of the tower is a lean-to stair turret. The porch has a flat roof with a parapet and a niche over the entrance containing a statue.

Interior
Pollard and Pevsner describe the interior as being "glorious" and "richly coloured" due to the "resplendent display of Bodley fittings and the vibrant decoration". The citation in the National Heritage List for England states it is "one of the finest examples of Victorian polychromy". The walls and the roofs are all richly stencilled, and in addition there is a wall painting on the east wall of the nave by C. E. Kempe. The gilt reredos dates from 1871 and has panels painted by Kempe. The area under the tower has made into the Chapel of the Holy Rood and contains a reredos, an altar and a credence table which were adapted in 1978 from a rood screen of 1890 by Bodley which was taken from Dunstable Priory. The pulpit and the octagonal font were both designed by Bodley, as were the richly painted screens (again with panels by Kempe). The stained glass in the east window and the south window in the chancel is by Morris & Co.; some of the windows elsewhere are by Burne-Jones. In the church is a brass memorial dating from 1926 by Hare which consists of a life-size figure of Rev. Ralph Brockman. The memorial to the First World War is a statue of Mary, also by Hare; that to the Second World War is a statue of John the Baptist by Sir Ninian Comper. The statue commissioned by Canon Sampson might never have been sculpted, for Comper was initially reluctant to undertake this commission, only relenting at the behest of his son, whom Comper then used as the model.

There is a ring of eight bells which were cast in 1869 by John Warner & Sons, two service bells and a dumb (practice) bell. The bells have been retuned and rehung in a new bell frame constructed by voluntary labour. They were rung for the first time on Easter Sunday 2003 after a silence of ten years.

Images
 Nave of St John, Tuebrook.jpg|View along nave to chancel High Altar, St John the Baptist Church, Tuebrook, Liverpool.1013.jpg|High altar and reredos Altar of St John, Tuebrook.jpg|Detail of reredos Roof of St John, Tuebrook.jpg|The ceiling looking west Chapel of the Holy Rood, St John, Tuebrook.jpg|Chapel of the Holy Rood East window, St John, Tuebrook.jpg|East window by William Morris Co. Organ, St John, Tuebrook 1.jpg|The Hill organ St John the Baptist Church Tuebrook - The Rood Screen.jpg|The Rood Screen St John the Baptist Church Tuebrook The Chancel.jpg|The Chancel St John the Baptist Church Tuebrook The Nave.jpg|View of the Nave from the back St John the Baptist Church Tuebrook The Lady Chapel.jpg|The Lady Chapel St John the Baptist Church Tuebrook St John's Chapel.jpg|St John's Chapel St John the Baptist Church Tuebrook The Holy Rood Chapel.jpg|The Holy Rood Chapel St John the Baptist Church Tuebrook Farther Brockman Memorial.jpg|Father Brockman Memorial St John the Baptist Church Tuebrook Canon Frank Samspson.jpg|Stained Glass window dedication to Canon Frank Sampson

Incumbents

 * 1871–1880 Rev J.C.Reade
 * 1880–1884 Rev J.Lindsay
 * 1884–1892 Fr F.H.Chevenix Trench
 * 1892–1895 Fr P.N. Clark
 * 1895–1896 Fr H.N.Thompson
 * 1896–1925 Fr Ralph T.Brockman
 * 1925–1937 Fr Thomas Brancker
 * 1937–1946 Fr W.H.Tayler
 * 1946–1994 Rev Canon Frank Sampson MA
 * 1994–2010 Rev Dr Canon Paul Nener BM BCh FRCS
 * 2010 – 2020   Rev Canon Simon J.P. Fisher MA
 * 2021 - Fr Nicholas Johnson SSC

Fr Nicholas Johnson was instituted, collated and installed as vicar on 24 June 2021, the feast of the Nativity of St John the Baptist.

Organists

 * Claude Ridley 1871–1882
 * William Faulkes (organist-composer) 1882 – 1886
 * R.Cooper ARCO 1896–1900
 * Ernest Welsh ARCO 1900–1903
 * Mr Tubb (senior) 1903–1933
 * C.F. Holt 1935–1953
 * Edward Tubb 1953–1956
 * C.F. Holt 1956–1966
 * David James (Assistant Organist 1966 then Organist from 1973 to 1982)
 * Keith Simpson BA (Hons) Dip HE 1982-1996
 * David Scott-Thomas 1996-1998
 * Clive Arnold 2000–2009
 * John Peace BA LRAM ARCO 2009–2017
 * Nathaniel Hood BA 2017-2019
 * Daniel Mansfield BA(Hons), ARCO, HonFTCSM, MISM 2019-

The Organ
The fine instrument at St John's was built by William Hill and Son of London, and installed in 1867 and was installed in St John's in time for the consecration in 1871. Hill organs have a distinctive voice, perhaps due to William Hill's study of continental organ styles, characterised by a bright, singing tone, with fiery reeds and brilliant upper work.

in 1895, some additions were made: the Bassoon on the Choir organ, and string tone pipes on the Swell organ, installed in a miniature swell box behind the main box. The tubular-pneumatic key and stop actions would also appear to date from 1895. There is evidence that for a certain period, a detached console was installed in the Lady Chapel. However, in 1905, it was decided revert to the original (and current) position within the organ case, possibly due to mechanical problems.

Essential re-leathering work was carried out by David Wells Organ Builders of Liverpool between 1991 and 2009. The organ case was designed by G.F. Bodley, who often commissioned work from Hill.

The Organ at St. John's is one of the few organs by Hill which remain more or less unaltered, a factor which led to the granting of an Historic Organ Certificate in 2009.

Vicarage
The original vicarage, was completed in 1890, was also designed by Bodley. It is a Grade II listed building in grey brick with red brick bands and red sandstone dressings. It has three storeys and a tile roof.

Mortuary house
Also on site is the ruin of a Victorian mortuary house, also designed by Botley and Grade II listed. It is situated in the north-west angle of the vicarage garden, facing onto Snaefell Avenue.

Brockman Hall
South of the main church building is the church hall, previously known as the Brockman Memorial Hall. It is notable for being an early venue for the Beatles

Thanks to the research by Gerry Murphy, a Beatles historian and graduate of Liverpool Hope University's Popular Music and Society it can be confirmed that The Beatles played at the Brockman Hall Tuebrook a dozen times in 1961. He also maintains that Brian Epstein discovered them at the Brockman Hall and not at the Cavern as has always been believed. Epstein was identified by several members of the audience who recognised him from Nems music store.

The bookings were made by Mona Best, mother of Pete, who decided to follow the lead of other bands who were widening their profile by playing in local Halls. Their first appearance was on 17 February when the band played with Gene Day and the Jango Beats. The audience was 200 strong, drawing teenagers from all over Tuebrook, Stoneycroft and Old Swan. The cost of entry for fans was 3s 6d and doors opened at 8.15 pm. The Beatles were paid £20.00. They played again in March on three occasions and four times in July. Their final appearance was on 31 August.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chakib Sbiti

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:01, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Chakib Sbiti
Is this an example of vanity, or notability? Are executives of companies large and small notable? In this example, does being the vice president of a division of a company which provides services to the petroleum industry establish a firm footing in notability to make this individual worthy of inclusion on Wikipedia? How large must a company be in order to justify a seperate article for each member of their executive staff? What are the qualifying factors? GRider\talk 20:01, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. The company is traded on NYSE.  He is an Executive Vice President.  I would say the bar of notability should be set such that VP's and higher of companies traded publically on a major exchange (NYSE, NASDAQ, FTSE, NIKKEI,...)  are included on that basis alone.  Also, "Chakib Sbiti" gets 464 Google hits.  They may not all be him, but the top ones definitely are.  Johntex 20:18, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Also note that there are an additional dozen or so other high level executives (presidents and vice-presidents) at Schlumberger Oilfield Services below Chakib Sbiti who all receive a similar number of Google hits and are presently red linked.  Based on your interpretation of notability, should they then all receive articles as well?  GRider\talk 20:25, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete - non-notable. being VP does not establish any notability. only the CEO's of publically traded companies probably deserve articles. kaal 22:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 23:39, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, important person to a lot of people's lives, although merging into a list of the company's executives would be ok too. VPs and heads of major divisions should be definitely be covered. I regret that this might not be kept because executives are less exciting to vote on than hit singles and popular models (not that I mind them being included). Kappa 02:38, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * According to Yahoo Finance, he is one of the top five people at this company. The company itself has a market capitalization of $43B on $12B in revenues with 77,000 employees - clearly large enough to be asking the question.  As a general rule, I don't think we should go below the top 5 in each company and often not even all of them.  So far, I have only found two references to him outside his company - speaker at an industry conference and member of an industry steering committee.  If this were a new article, I would give it the benefit of the doubt and hope that someone else would have more content to add.  The fact that this has stayed a sub-stub for over a year leads me to believe that there is nothing else to add.  Reluctantly, delete.  Rossami (talk) 07:10, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with Rossami. Delete. Radiant! 11:04, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Pectoral muscles

Pectoral muscles (colloquially referred to as "pecs") are the muscles that connect the front of the human chest with the bones of the upper arm and shoulder. This region contains four muscles that provide movements to the upper limbs or ribs.

Pectoralis major is a thick, fan-shaped or triangular convergent muscle, which makes up the bulk of the chest muscle. It lies under the breast. It serves to flex, extend, and rotate the humerus, the long bone of the upper arm.

Pectoralis minor is a thin, triangular muscle located beneath the pectoralis major. It attaches to the ribs, and serves to stabilize the scapula, the large bone of the shoulder.

The pectoral fascia is a thin layer of tissue over the pectoralis major, extending toward the latissimus dorsi muscle on the back.

Along with the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor, the subclavius muscle forms the axilla or armpit. The subclavius moves the shoulder downward and forward.

Serratus anterior is another muscle on the front of the chest. It moves the scapula forward around the torso, as when throwing a punch.

Between the ribs are various groups of intercostal muscles, which help with breathing.

title: Pectoral muscles


text:
File:Mid 981 De Lorean sun visor.jpg

Mid 1981 De Lorean sun visor. easing image under GFDL licensing

title: File:Mid 981 De Lorean sun visor.jpg


text:
Talk:Stungun

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Stungun. The consensus was to redirect it. dbenbenn | talk 20:04, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stungun


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Whats on the web

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 01:03, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Whats on the web
This page does not make sense, as far as I can tell - but I hesitate to make it speedy. Johntex 20:07, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I speedy deleted. It was somebody's meeting notes from some meeting.  But it was incoherent and definitely not an encyclopedia article.  RickK 20:46, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
File:Mid 1982 De Lorean no clock.jpg

Mid 1982 De Lorean without console clock. Releasing image under GFDL licensing

title: File:Mid 1982 De Lorean no clock.jpg


text:
Stouffer's

Stouffer's is a brand of frozen prepared foods currently owned by Nestlé. Its products are available in the United States and Canada. Stouffer's is known for such popular fare as lasagna, macaroni and cheese, meatloaf, ravioli, and salisbury steak. It also produces a line of reduced-fat products under the Lean Cuisine brand name. In February 2023, Nestle Canada announced their intentions to wind down and exit the frozen meals and pizza business within the next six months.

History
The Stouffer family business traces its roots to 1898, when James B. Stouffer and his son Abraham E. Stouffer started the Stouffer's Cottage Creamery Company at the Sheriff Street Market in Cleveland. In 1901, James's son Abraham E. Stouffer (age 26) became vice-president of the company.

In 1905, the Stouffer family established the Medina County Creamery Company in Medina, Ohio.

James B. Stouffer died on November 23, 1908, at age 62 in Orlando, Florida, and Abraham took over the running of the Medina County Creamery. On January 11, 1912, the Medina County Creamery Company filed a change of address to Cleveland. By 1914, the company had expanded and opened a branch of the Medina County Creamery Company in Detroit. By the mid-1910s, the creamery claimed to be the largest manufacturer and wholesaler of creamery products in the city of Cleveland, supplied by over 1,500 farmers.

In early 1920, Stouffer's lucrative creamery drew the attention of the Fairmont Creamery (now Fairmont Foods), the largest creamery company in the United States. In December 1920, Abraham Stouffer announced that the Medina County Creamery Company would merge with Fairmont Creamery Company of Omaha, Nebraska, through stock ownership. As part of the merger, Abraham Stouffer would oversee the Cleveland plant until 1922.

In 1922, Abraham Stouffer and his wife Lena Mahala Bigelow took over one of the company's milk stands, on the lower level of the Cleveland Arcade, and converted it into a restaurant serving buttermilk, sandwiches, and Lena Stouffer's homemade Dutch apple pie (credited by some as the reason for the almost instant success of the restaurant).

Abraham had reportedly had the idea for the "Stouffer Lunch System" before 1920. They opened the first restaurant, called the Stouffer Lunch, in 1924. As time went on, the couple continued the program of expansion with the assistance of their sons Vernon, a graduate of the Wharton School of Finance, and Gordon, who together led the reorganization of the business, taking it public as the Stouffer Corporation in 1929 with Abraham as chairman of the board.

The year 1929 also marked the beginning of the company's effort to establish locations outside of Ohio, with the opening of a restaurant in Detroit, Michigan, and another in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. After Abraham's death in 1936 the company continued its program of expansion by opening its first restaurant in New York City, and eventually began a program of diversification, entering the frozen food business in 1946. In 1956 the company was formally renamed Stouffer Foods Corporation.

In 1960 Stouffer purchased its first hotel, the Anacapri Inn of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and, by the end of that year, the company was composed of three divisions: Stouffer Foods Corporation, Stouffer Hotels Corporation, and Stouffer Restaurants Corporation. In 1961, Stouffer's opened two short-lived automated vending restaurants. Stouffer's took over this complex of restaurants with the shared kitchen (Plaza Pavilion). In 1962 Stouffer's Disneyland operated the Plaza Pavilion Restaurant, the Tahitian Terrace, and the French Market Restaurant. As of 2007, Stouffer's operated the Liberty Tree Tavern in Walt Disney World's Liberty Square.

In 1967, the Stouffer Corporation was purchased by Litton Industries for vertical integration purposes, when that company had a large share of the microwave oven market, but in 1973, Litton sold Stouffer to Nestlé. In 1993, as part of a refocusing of the company on food products, Nestlé announced its intention to sell Stouffer Hotels to the New World Development Company (which at that time owned the Renaissance and Ramada hotel brands). The transaction was complete, and the Stouffer Hotel brand was retired, by the end of 1996. As custodian, Primordial acquired the rights to bring Stouffer Hotels back in 2013.

Legal dealings
In 1991, the Federal Trade Commission issued a complaint that Stouffer Foods had misrepresented sodium content in their Lean Cuisine entrees by stating that they were low in sodium. Stouffer's argued that the campaign had focused on good taste and controlled sodium, fat, and calories. They also argued that the sodium claim was relative, reflecting a lower amount of sodium, not necessarily that the entrees were low sodium. However, the Administrative Law Judge ruled in favor of the Federal Trade Commission.

In 2003, Applebee's sued Stouffer's for a 1997 trademark infringement of Applebee's marketing term "Skillet Sensations." Applebee's had a line of "Skillet Sensations" of their own and claimed that it caused confusion for customers that believed the Stouffer's line was linked to theirs. The U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ruled in favor of Applebee's.

On March 14, 2011, a recall was placed on Lean Cuisine spaghetti and meatballs after consumers reported finding pieces of plastic in their meals. On March 10, 2016, a number of Stouffer's products were voluntarily recalled on the suspicion that they contained small pieces of glass.

title: Stouffer's


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Charles Christopher Parry

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 16:05, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Charles Christopher Parry
Is this an instance of botany-cruft, or does this skeletal sub-stub actually present some form of value to our readers? What makes this article beneficial? GRider\talk 20:07, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) MPF 21:09, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "Charles Christopher Parry (1823-1890) is well known to botanists worldwide. More than eighty new species of flowering plants were named from Parry's Colorado collections, and many more from his collections in Mexico and the American Southwest. Fascinated with mountains, Parry made barometric observations that permitted the first accurate estimations of the high peaks. Yet his greatest contribution to science was through the distribution of his botanical collections to the museums of the world." - from an Amazon capsule review of King of Colorado Botany. Botanists can be notable. Keep (and expand). DS 20:40, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As the starter of this article, I should mention I started it as a quick stub while not having much spare time to research further detail. I fully intend this to be a proper article about a major botanist, and would welcome others contributors' additions too. BTW, I am not resident within this botanist's sphere of influence; my knowledge of him does not come from any parochial concerns, but from an international perspective on his importance in botany. Keep and expand. -
 * More details added to page - MPF 22:22, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. – flamurai (t) 21:49, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. @ Megan1967 23:40, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. MPF's work has clearly established notability as a botanist - well done MPF. Also first man to ascend and nameGrays Peak ans Torreys Peak so notable explorer as well. Capitalistroadster 01:43, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - and stop the campaign of deletion-cruft. --Centauri 02:02, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think this is more a campaign of precedent-cruft. I'm not sure how useful these will be as precedents though, it seems when you research any substubs about a scientist you find someone notable. Kappa 02:23, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Most scientists that survive in the public record, usually do so because they did something notable, keep--nixie 09:47, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
The Comeback (American football)

The Comeback or The Choke was a National Football League (NFL) game held on January 3, 1993, as part of the 1992–93 NFL playoffs. The Buffalo Bills overcame a 35–3 deficit to defeat the visiting Houston Oilers 41–38 in overtime and set the then-record for largest comeback in NFL history. Though surpassed by the Minnesota Vikings in 2022, the Bills' 32-point comeback remains the largest comeback in postseason history and the second largest overall. It was also the first time an NFL team with a lead of at least 30 points lost the game.

Background
(Note: The Houston Oiler records, trademark and history are now owned by the Tennessee Titans franchise. Any mention of the Houston Oilers will show the Tennessee Titans as the team of record in parentheses). Prior to this game, the only time in NFL history that a team failed to win a game that they led by 30 or more points in was a 38–38 tie in a 1960 game between the Buffalo Bills and Denver Broncos, in which the Broncos rallied from a 38–7 deficit to tie the game at 38, which would end up being the final score.

Both teams qualified for the playoffs as wild card teams, with Buffalo as the fourth seed and Houston (Tennessee) as the fifth seed.

The Buffalo Bills, the American Football Conference (AFC) champions for the previous two seasons, recorded an 11–5 record during the 1992 regular season and finished in second place in the AFC Eastern Division. Buffalo's no-huddle offense led the league in rushing yards (2,436) and ranked second in the league in total offensive yards (6,114 yards). The main keys to their success were their four future Hall of Fame players on offense: Quarterback Jim Kelly, running back Thurman Thomas, and receivers Andre Reed and James Lofton. Buffalo also had a Hall of Fame defensive end, Bruce Smith, who went on to become the NFL's all-time leader in sacks.

Meanwhile, the Houston Oilers (Tennessee Titans) finished in second place in the AFC Central Division with a 10–6 record. Houston's (Tennessee's) run and shoot offense led the league in passing (4,231 yards) and its defense ranked third in the league, allowing only 4,532 total yards. Overall, the team boasted nine Pro Bowl selections, including their quarterback Warren Moon (selected despite missing six games with injuries) and three wide receivers, Curtis Duncan, Haywood Jeffires, and Ernest Givins. The Oilers also had a powerful running attack with Lorenzo White, who rushed for 1,226 yards and caught 57 passes.

The Bills and Oilers (Titans) had faced each other for the final game of the regular season, with Houston (Tennessee) defeating Buffalo, 27–3 in Houston. During that game, Kelly suffered strained ligaments in his knee, leaving backup quarterback Frank Reich to finish the game in his place. Reich completed a mere 11-of-23 passes for 99 yards, with two interceptions and a passer rating of 23.6. With Kelly out, Reich took the reins starting in place of Kelly the following week in the wild card game, which Buffalo hosted. Reich also started the following divisional playoff game in Pittsburgh in which Buffalo also won 24–3 to advance to the AFC Championship game the following week versus the Miami Dolphins.

In addition to losing Kelly, injuries also robbed Buffalo of one of their best defensive players for the upcoming wildcard game: linebacker Cornelius Bennett.

Reich and the biggest comeback in college football history
As the backup quarterback for the Maryland Terrapins, Reich replaced starter Stan Gelbaugh on November 10, 1984, and led the Terrapins back from a first-half deficit of 31–0 to a 42–40 victory over the Miami Hurricanes under Bernie Kosar. This college record stood until being broken by the 2006 Michigan State vs. Northwestern game.

First half
Houston (Tennessee) dominated the game early, as quarterback Warren Moon completed 19 of 22 passes for 218 yards and 4 touchdowns in the first half; Moon had only played in the second quarter of the previous game against the Bills after missing five straight games due to injury. The Oilers (Titans) held the ball for 21:12, keeping the Bills' high-powered offense off the field for most of the first two quarters. On the opening drive of the first quarter, Moon completed 6 of 7 passes on an 80-yard scoring drive that took over 9 minutes off the clock and ended it with his first touchdown throw to wide receiver Haywood Jeffires for 3 yards to give the Oilers (Titans) a 7–0 lead. Buffalo responded on their ensuing drive, as Kenneth Davis returned the kickoff 33 yards to the 44-yard line. Reich subsequently led the Bills to the Oilers (Titans) 18-yard line where Steve Christie made a 36-yard field goal, to cut the score to 7–3. But Moon struck right back, leading the Oilers (Titans) on a second quarter scoring drive that was nearly identical to their first one, completing 6 of 7 passes on another 80-yard drive and finishing it with a 7-yard touchdown pass to Webster Slaughter. Then after forcing the Bills to a three-and-out, Moon threw a 26-yard touchdown pass to Curtis Duncan. Later on, with 1:15 left in the half, the Oilers (Titans) drove for another touchdown, aided by an encroachment call against the Bills on fourth down and 1. Moon completed the drive with his second touchdown pass to Jeffires, this one a 27-yarder, and the Oilers (Titans) went into their locker room with a 28–3 halftime lead.

Second half
In the Bills' locker room, Defensive Coordinator Walt Corey angrily chided the defense. "I was hollering the same things the fans were hollering at me when we left the field", Corey says. "I can't repeat the words, but the more I talked, the louder I got. The thing that bothered me was their approach. To me, they looked timid. They looked like they were going to get in the right spots, but they weren't going to make anything happen afterward. This is an attitude game. Sometimes you start playing and you're afraid to make things happen or afraid to make a mistake." Nose Tackle Jeff Wright recalled "With every word that came out of Walt's mouth, he reached a new temperature level, until he finally just exploded. He had every right to say the things that he said. We were embarrassing him, we were embarrassing ourselves, we were embarrassing Buffalo Bills fans."

Meanwhile, head coach Marv Levy told his team, "You've got thirty more minutes. Maybe it's the last thirty minutes of your season. When your season's over, you're going to have to live with yourselves and look yourselves in the eyes. You'd well better have reason to feel good about yourselves, regardless of how this game turns out." Steve Tasker praised the "brilliance in his simplicity ... We had been in two Super Bowls, and he appealed to our pride. It wound up working".

Reminding Reich about his comeback while at Maryland, Kelly said "maybe lightning will strike twice" as the team began the second half. The Bills started the 2nd half on their own 36 yard line, and apparently, the words of Corey and Levy did not have any immediate effect, because 1:41 into the third quarter, and on a 3rd and 9, Reich threw a pass that bounced off the hands of tight end Keith McKeller and went into the arms of defensive back Bubba McDowell, who returned the interception 58 yards for a touchdown. Houston (Tennessee) now had a 32-point lead, 35–3; it was only the second time all season the Oilers (Titans) had broken 30 points scored in a game. The Bills' misfortunes were compounded with the loss of Thurman Thomas, who had to leave the game due to a hip injury on the drive, forcing Buffalo to attempt a comeback with a second-string backfield of Reich and Davis.

A Houston radio announcer was immortalized on NFL Films with the statement "The lights are on here at Rich Stadium, they've been on since this morning, you could pretty much turn them out on the Bills right now."

The Bills got a huge assist to start their comeback on the ensuing kickoff. The wind shifted the ball just before it was kicked by Al Del Greco. As a result, it became an unintentional squib kick that the Bills line backer Mark Maddox recovered with great field position at midfield. Buffalo then drove 50 yards in 10 plays, including a pass to Pete Metzelaars that went right through the hands of linebacker Eddie Robinson, and scored with a 1-yard touchdown run by Davis, cutting the deficit to 35–10 when the extra point was added. On the drive, Reich completed a 24-yard pass to tight end Metzelaars and a 16-yard strike to Andre Reed, while Davis kept the drive going with a 5-yard run on fourth down and 2 before finishing it off with a touchdown run with 8:52 left in the 3rd quarter.

The Bills were still behind by 25 points. Steve Christie, Buffalo's kicker, recovered his own kickoff; Levy said that the play was an error, and not a planned onside kick. Bills scored on the fourth play of their ensuing drive with Reich's 38-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Don Beebe. On the play, Beebe's left foot went partially out of bounds due to momentum caused by a shove by cornerback Jerry Gray prior to Beebe then getting open for the catch. Had the officials noted the foot on the line, this would have been grounds for a penalty as illegal touching of the football. At the time, the NFL did not have any replay challenge system to challenge the call. The extra point made the score 35–17 with 7:46 left in the third quarter.

Houston (Tennessee) was then forced to punt for the first time in the game on their next drive, and Greg Montgomery's 25-yard kick gave Buffalo the ball at their own 41-yard line. Reich started out the ensuing drive with an 18-yard completion to James Lofton. Davis gained 20 yards on a screen pass and then Reich threw a 26-yard touchdown pass to Reed, trimming the lead (after making the extra point) to 35–24. In a span of 10 minutes in the third quarter, the Bills had run 18 plays, gained 176 yards, and scored 21 points, while holding the Oilers' (Titans) offense to 3 plays for 3 yards.

The situation did not get any better for Houston (Tennessee). On the first play of the Oilers' (Titans) ensuing possession, Moon's pass was tipped off the hands of Slaughter; Bills' safety Henry Jones intercepted the pass from Moon and returned it 15 yards to the Houston (Tennessee) 23-yard line. Three plays later, Buffalo faced fourth down and five on the 18-yard line. Rather than attempt a field goal, Reich connected with Reed for the touchdown. With the score (including the extra point), the Bills had cut their deficit from 32 points to four in a span of just 6:52. On the Oilers' (Titans) next drive, linebacker Darryl Talley forced a fumble from Moon while sacking him. Houston recovered the fumble, but they were forced to punt, and Montgomery's 24-yard kick gave Buffalo the ball at its 48-yard line. In the third quarter, Buffalo had outscored Houston 28–7 while holding Moon to 2 of 7 completions for 19 yards.

This time, the Bills could not take advantage of their excellent starting field position and had to punt. Moon's run and shoot offense began to move the ball effectively again, aided by a roughing the passer penalty on Bruce Smith that negated linebacker Carlton Bailey's interception. Despite two sacks by Wright on the drive, Houston (Tennessee) reached the Buffalo 14-yard line. Al Del Greco attempted a field goal to increase the Oilers' (Titans) lead, but Montgomery fumbled the snap. Talley recovered the ball and returned it 70 yards, but officials ruled him down by contact when he made the initial recovery, giving Buffalo the ball on their own 26-yard line. After two plays, the Bills faced third down and four. With Houston's (Tennessees's) defense dropping back and expecting a pass, Reich handed the ball off to Davis, who stormed through the line and took off for a 35-yard gain. Only a diving tackle from defensive back Steve Jackson prevented Davis from taking it all the way for a touchdown. Then Reich went back to passing the ball, completing a short pass to Reed at the Oilers' (Titans) 17-yard line on third down and two for the first down. With just 3:08 left in the fourth quarter, Reich threw a 17-yard touchdown pass to Reed, giving Buffalo its first lead of the game 38–35 (after the extra point); for the first time all season, the Houston (Tennessee) defense (ninth in fewest points allowed that season) had allowed over 29 points. But Moon led Houston (Tennessee) downfield on a 63-yard drive to score the tying 26-yard field goal from Del Greco to send the game into overtime. A key play on the drive was an 18-yard completion to Slaughter on fourth down and four from the Bills' 34-yard line.

Overtime
Houston (Tennessee) won the coin toss and got the ball at its 20-yard line. Moon started out the drive with two completions for 7 yards, but his 50th pass attempt of the day turned out to be his last. On third down and three, Moon threw a pass intended for Ernest Givins five yards downfield. Givins was not able to get to the ball and it ended up further downfield into the arms of defensive back Nate Odomes for an interception. After a 2-yard return, Jeffires committed a 15-yard facemask penalty while making the tackle, giving Buffalo a first down on Houston's (Tennessee's) 20-yard line. Game commentators examined the replay and strongly asserted that Givins was held on the play by Darryl Talley. However, the referees assessed no holding penalty against Buffalo, so they retained possession. After two runs by Davis, Christie kicked a 32-yard field goal to give Buffalo the win, 41–38.

Reich finished the game with 21 of 34 pass completions for 289 yards and 4 touchdowns, with 1 interception. Reed had 8 catches for 136 yards and 3 touchdowns. Davis rushed for 68 yards and a touchdown, while also catching 2 passes for 25 yards and returning a kickoff for 33. Moon recorded 36 of 50 completions for 371 yards and 4 touchdowns, with 2 interceptions. His 36 completions set a playoff record that stood until broken by Drew Brees's 39 completions in 2010, and then broken again by Ben Roethlisberger in 2020 with 47 completions. Givins caught 9 passes for 117 yards. Jeffires recorded 8 catches for 98 yards and 2 touchdowns.

Aftermath
"We definitely choked. We got outcoached, outplayed. There's no way we blow a 32-point lead with the talent we have. They made adjustments good enough to win the game. We didn't."

Buffalo Bills
Many left the stadium while the Oilers (Titans) had the large lead; Tasker recalled "seeing so many empty seats" in the third quarter and Reich saw "a big wave of people leaving", which Buffalo News reporter Vic Carucci described as "they're pouring out of the gates, getting in their cars, driving home". Beebe's mother Barb, attending the game, later said "I almost never, ever, ever give up, but at that point, I kind of did give up".

Barb Beebe said that her son's 38-yard touchdown catch—which she insisted was not out of bounds—was when she began to gain hope. Because the game was not sold out, NFL blackout rules of the time prohibited television broadcast in the Buffalo area; fans returned when they heard on the radio of the Bills' comeback. Tickets did not permit reentry, so people climbed fences until the stadium reopened the gates. Team general manager Bill Polian recalled how the same fans who had left in disgust after denouncing to him the Bills' inability to beat the Oilers (Titans), ran back to their seats praising the team. Kelly said, "the old saying was, 'Did you know that 150,000 people went to the Buffalo Bills football game?'", Levy said "70,000 people were at that game. I've already met 400,000 of them", and Tasker joked "I've met 1.2 million people who say they were in the stadium".

Tasker said that The Comeback is part of Western New York heritage:

"It's probably bigger in Buffalo than the Ice Bowl is in Green Bay or the Immaculate Reception is in Pittsburgh, because those cities have experienced eight Super Bowls between them. Since the Bills haven't won any, we kind of hang our hat on that comeback game ... In a way, it was our crowning moment."

Carucci said of the game:

"It reset the love affair with that team. People had become jaded, people had become upset with the idea that they just didn't see the success at the end of the rainbow. And now they had this, and this reminded them of how special this football team really is."

The game was Christie's first in the postseason; after kicking the winning field goal he asked "Wow! Are all playoff games like this?" As the lowest seed remaining, Buffalo would play further games on the road. Reich also started the following divisional playoff game in Pittsburgh in which Buffalo also won 24–3 to advance to the AFC Championship game the following week versus the Miami Dolphins. With Kelly back as starter, the Bills won 29–10, advancing to Super Bowl XXVII, where they were beaten by the Dallas Cowboys 52–17.

Houston Oilers (Tennessee Titans)
Tasker heard that "the visiting locker room was like a funeral home" after the game. Oiler (Titan) Cris Dishman told an interviewer, "It was the biggest choke job in history ... I think we have to put another word in the English dictionary to describe this loss because devastated doesn't do it". Melanie Hauser of the Houston Post recalled Dishman "fighting back the tears and refusing to cry", and how "you felt the shock. You heard the anger. You watched some of the players vent; others bite back the tears". While Moon refused to say "choke", "more than a few players" said it; "One even spelled the word out". McDowell said "I apologize to the offense because we lost the damn game. They had them beat"; defensive back Sean Jones said, "To blow a 32-point lead, you need a lot of help". The day after the game, the Oilers fired defensive coordinator Jim Eddy and defensive backs coach Pat Thomas; Eddy was replaced by Buddy Ryan.

In Houston, the game is known as "The Choke". 27 years later, Hauser called the loss "the worst day in Houston sports history"; a radio station held a mock funeral for the team after the game. "Choke City" was a Houston Chronicle front-page headline in 1994, given to the city of Houston after the Houston Rockets blew two consecutive commanding fourth-quarter leads at The Summit in the first two games of their Western Conference semifinals match-up versus the Phoenix Suns in the 1994 NBA Playoffs. The Rockets went to Phoenix down 0–2 in the best-of-seven series. It was feared at the time that the Rockets would follow the same fate as the Oilers did. During this era, no Houston-based professional sports team from an existing sports league (the NFL, NBA, or Major League Baseball) had won a championship. The Rockets, however, rallied to win the series and go on to win NBA championships in 1994 and 1995.

In addition, the Oilers' (Titans) loss marked the beginning of a turbulent period for the franchise. The team suffered a drama-filled 1–4 start the following season, including a blowout loss in a rematch with the Bills, before winning the final eleven games of the season to clinch what became their final playoff appearance in Houston. After losing in the divisional round to the Kansas City Chiefs at home, Oilers(Titans)owner Bud Adams cut or traded many of his team's star players, and the Oilers(Titans) suffered through three losing seasons before deciding to move to Nashville (with an interim stop in Memphis in 1997) to eventually become the Tennessee Titans.

Houston sports radio host Rich Lord said in 2013 that "The Choke" and other Oilers (Titans)playoff losses were among reasons why the team relocated, and that Houston Texans (the city's current NFL team which began play in 2002) fans continue to expect their team to fail. While stating that had instant replay existed in 1993 "that greatest comeback never would have happened", Dishman reiterated that the Oilers (Titans) had choked: "I stick with that statement because that's what happened. We didn't finish the game".

Legacy
Christie's kicking shoe from the game is in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. The game was named #1 on NFL Top Ten's Top Ten Comebacks.

The teams next met in the playoffs at Adelphia Coliseum in the 1999–2000 Wild Card round after the Oilers had moved to Nashville and become the Tennessee Titans. Christie made another clutch field goal from 41 yards with 16 seconds left following a Rob Johnson drive that gave the Bills a 16–15 lead. On Christie's ensuing kickoff, fullback Lorenzo Neal fielded the kick and handed it off to tight end Frank Wycheck. Wycheck then threw a cross-field pass to wide receiver Kevin Dyson, who went the remaining 75 yards for a touchdown dubbed the Music City Miracle, reaching the end zone with just 3 seconds left. Following a replay review, referee Phil Luckett upheld the ruling on the field that Wycheck's pass was a lateral and not an illegal forward pass, and the Titans won 22-16 en route to a place in Super Bowl XXXIV after Del Greco's extra point and after the ensuing Bills kickoff return did not score.

On September 25, 2011, the Bills rebounded from a 21–0 deficit to defeat the New England Patriots 34–31. When Rian Lindell kicked the game-winning field goal as time expired, radio play-by-play announcer John Murphy enthusiastically dubbed their victory "The greatest comeback since The Comeback!"

27 years later, during the 2019 playoffs, the Bills blew a 16-point lead against the Houston expansion franchise Texans in the Wild Card round of the playoffs, which some considered to be revenge for the Comeback game. However, the Texans blew a 24-point lead of their own a week later against the Chiefs.

During the 2020 NFL season, Frank Reich returned to Buffalo as head coach of the Indianapolis Colts at Bills Stadium on January 9, 2021, where his team lost to the Bills in a wild card game. It was the Bills' first playoff win since the 1995 season and only the second since Reich left the roster.

Reich was fired as head coach of the Colts on November 7, 2022, and was replaced with former Pro Bowl center Jeff Saturday. On December 17, 2022, the Minnesota Vikings set a new record for largest comeback in NFL history after coming back from a 33-point halftime deficit to defeat the Colts in overtime, 39–36; the Bills comeback over the Oilers (Titans) still remains the largest comeback in NFL playoff history.

Officials

 * Referee: Gerry Austin (#34)
 * Umpire: Bob Boylston (#101)
 * Head Linesman: Terry Gierke (#72)
 * Line Judge: Dale Orem (#51)
 * Back Judge: Paul Baetz (#22)
 * Side Judge: Mike Carey (#94)
 * Field Judge: Jack Vaughan (#93)

title: The Comeback (American football)


text:
Gorgeous George

George Raymond Wagner (March 24, 1915 – December 26, 1963) was an American professional wrestler known by his ring name Gorgeous George. In the United States, during the First Golden Age of Professional Wrestling in the 1940s–1950s, Gorgeous George was one of the biggest stars of the sport, gaining media attention for his outrageous character, which was described as flamboyant and charismatic. He was a major national celebrity at his peak, and was a pioneer of early entertainment television. He was posthumously inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2002 and the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2010.

Early life
Wagner, of German heritage, was born March 24, 1915, in Butte, Nebraska. For a time, his family lived on a farm near the village of Phoenix in Holt County and probably in Seward County, before they moved to Waterloo, Iowa and later Sioux City. When he was 7 years old, Wagner's family moved to Houston, Texas, where he associated with kids from a tough neighborhood. As a child, he trained at the local YMCA and often staged matches against his friends.

In 1929, he dropped out of Milby High School at 14, and worked odd jobs to help support his family. At this time, he competed at carnivals, where he could earn 35 cents for a win. At age 17, he was getting booked by the region's top promoter, Morris Siegel. In 1938, he won his first title by defeating Buck Lipscomb for Northwest Middleweight crown. On May 19, 1939, he captured the Pacific Coast Light Heavyweight Championship.

Career
At 5ft 9in and 215 pounds (1.75 m and 98 kg), Wagner was not especially physically imposing by professional wrestling standards, nor was he an exceptional athlete, although he was a gifted amateur wrestler. Nevertheless, he soon developed a reputation as a solid in-ring wrestler. In the late 1930s, he met Elizabeth "Betty" Hanson, whom he later married in an in-ring ceremony. When the wedding proved a good drawing card, the couple re-enacted it in arenas across the country, enlightening Wagner to the potential entertainment value that was left untapped within the industry. Around this same time, Vanity Fair magazine published a feature article about a professional wrestler named 'Lord' Patrick Lansdowne, who entered the ring accompanied by two valets while wearing a velvet robe and doublet. Wagner was impressed with the bravado of such a character, but he believed that he could take it to a much greater extreme.

Subsequently, Wagner debuted his new "glamour boy" image on a 1941 card in Eugene, Oregon. He quickly antagonized the fans with his exaggerated effeminate behavior when the ring announcer introduced him as "Gorgeous George". Such showmanship was unheard of at the time. Consequently, arena crowds grew in size as fans turned out to ridicule Wagner, who relished the sudden attention.

Gorgeous George was soon recruited to Los Angeles by promoter Johnny Doyle. Known as the "Human Orchid", his persona was created in part by growing his hair long, dyeing it platinum blonde, and putting gold-plated bobby pins in it, which he called "Georgie Pins" and distributed to the audience. He transformed his ring entrance into a bonafide spectacle that would often take up more time than his actual matches. He strolled nobly to the ring to the sounds of "Pomp and Circumstance", followed by his valet and a purple spotlight. Wearing an elegant robe sporting an array of sequins, Gorgeous George was always escorted down a personal red carpet by his ring valet "Jeffries", who carried a silver mirror while spreading rose petals at his feet. While Wagner removed his robe, Jeffries would spray the ring with disinfectant, ostensibly Chanel No. 5 perfume, which Wagner referred to as "Chanel #10" ("Why be half-safe?" he was famous for saying) before he would start wrestling.

George required that his valets spray the referee's hands before the official was allowed to check him for any illegal objects, which thus prompted his now-famous outcry "Get your filthy hands off me!" Once the match finally began, he would cheat in every way he could. Gorgeous George was the industry's first true cowardly villain, and he would cheat at every opportunity, which infuriated the crowd. His credo was "Win if you can, lose if you must, but always cheat!". This flamboyant image and his showman's ability to work a crowd were so successful in the early days of television that he became the most famous wrestler of his time, drawing furious heel heat wherever he appeared.

It was with the advent of television that Wagner's in-ring character became the biggest drawing card the industry had ever known. With the networks looking for cheap, effective programming to fill its time slots, pro wrestling's glorified action became a genuine hit with the viewing public, as it was the first program of any kind to draw a real profit. Consequently, it was Gorgeous George who brought the sport into the nation's living rooms, as his histrionics and melodramatic behavior made him a larger-than-life figure in American pop culture.

His first television appearance took place on November 11, 1947, an event that was named among the top 100 televised acts of the 20th century by Entertainment Weekly. He immediately became a national celebrity at the same level of Lucille Ball and Bob Hope, who personally donated hundreds of chic robes for George's collection, while changing the course of the industry. No longer was pro-wrestling simply about the in-ring action. Wagner created a new sense of theatrics and character performance that had not previously existed. In a very real sense, it was Gorgeous George who single-handedly established television as a viable entertainment medium that could potentially reach millions of homes across the country. It is said that George was probably responsible for selling as many television receivers as Milton Berle.

In addition to his grandiose theatrics, Gorgeous George was an accomplished wrestler. While many may have considered him a mere gimmick wrestler, he was actually a very competent freestyle wrestler, having started learning the sport in amateur wrestling as a teenager, and he could handle himself quite well if it came to a legitimate contest. The great Lou Thesz, who took the AWA title away from Wagner, and who was one of the best "legit" wrestlers ever in professional wrestling, displayed some disdain for the gimmick wrestlers. Nevertheless, he admitted that Wagner "could wrestle pretty well", but added that, "he [Wagner] could never draw a fan until he became Gorgeous George."

On March 26, 1947, Wagner defeated Enrique Torres to capture the Los Angeles Heavyweight Championship. On February 22, 1949, he was booked as the feature attraction at New York City's Madison Square Garden in what was pro wrestling's first return to the building in 12 years. By the 1950s, Gorgeous George's star power was so large that he was able to command 50% of the gate for his performances, which allowed him to earn over $100,000 a year, making him one of the highest-paid athletes in the world. On May 26, 1950, Gorgeous George defeated Don Eagle to claim the AWA World Heavyweight Championship (Boston version), which he held for several months.

During this reign, he was beaten by the National Wrestling Alliance World Champion Lou Thesz in a highly publicized bout in Chicago. Gorgeous George's perhaps most famous match was against his longtime rival Whipper Billy Watson on March 12, 1959, in which a beaten George had his treasured golden locks shaved bald before 20,000 fans at Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens and millions more who watched the match on CBC Television.

In one of his final matches, Gorgeous George later faced off against, and lost to, an up-and-coming Bruno Sammartino. He lost his precious hair again, when he was defeated by the Destroyer in a hair vs. mask match at the Olympic Auditorium on November 7, 1962. This was his final match, as he was nearly 50 years old and suffering from the effects of alcoholism. Gorgeous George appeared in one motion picture, Alias the Champ, made in 1949, which featured wrestler Tor Johnson.

Retirement and death
As his wrestling career wound down, Wagner invested US$250,000 in a 195 acre turkey ranch built in Beaumont, California. He used his showman skills to promote his prized poultry at his wrestling matches and sport shows. He raised turkeys and owned a cocktail lounge in Van Nuys, California, which he named "Gorgeous George's Ringside Restaurant".

Wagner was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis in 1962 and his doctors instructed him to retire from wrestling. This, combined with financial troubles that stemmed from a recent divorce, worsened his health. He suffered a heart attack on December 24, 1963, and died two days later, at age 48. A plaque at his gravesite reads "Love to our Daddy Gorgeous George".

Legacy
Muhammad Ali and James Brown acknowledged that their own approach to flamboyant self-promotion was influenced by George. This was referenced in the 2021 movie One Night in Miami.... A 19-year-old Ali met a 46-year-old George at a Las Vegas radio station. During George's radio interview, the wrestler's promo caught the attention of the future heavyweight champion. If George lost to Classy Freddie Blassie, George exclaimed, "I'll crawl across the ring and cut my hair off! But that's not gonna happen because I'm the greatest wrestler in the world!"

Ali, who later echoed that very promo when taunting his opponent Sonny Liston, recalled, "I saw 15,000 people comin' to see this man get beat. And his talking did it. I said, 'This is a gooood idea!'" In the locker room afterward, the seasoned wrestler gave the future legend some invaluable advice: "A lot of people will pay to see someone shut your mouth. So keep on bragging, keep on sassing and always be outrageous."

In 2002, he was inducted into the inaugural class of the Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame (PWHF.org) by a committee of his peers. On March 27, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2010. His 97-year-old former wife, Betty Wagner, accepted the honor on his behalf, answering questions and telling the story of how he became Gorgeous George.

In September 2008, the first full-length biography of Gorgeous George was published by HarperEntertainment Press. The title of the 304 page book is Gorgeous George: The Outrageous Bad Boy Wrestler who Created American Pop Culture by John Capouya. In the 2005 book I Feel Good: A Memoir in a Life of Soul, James Brown said he used many of Gorgeous George's antics to "create the James Brown you see on stage".

Bob Dylan said meeting George changed his life. In Dylan's book The Chronicles: Volume One, Dylan recounts a story of meeting Gorgeous George in person. He wrote, "He winked and seemed to mouth the phrase, 'You're making it come alive.' I never forgot it. It was all the recognition and encouragement I would need for years."

The 1951 Warner Brothers Merrie Melodies cartoon Bunny Hugged featured the one-shot character "Ravishing Ronald", modeled after Gorgeous George. The Bowery Boys also lampooned Gorgeous George (with Huntz Hall as a much-heralded wrestler) in the 1952 feature No Holds Barred. Musical performers such as Liberace, Little Richard, Elton John, Prince and Morris Day show signs of the George meme.

His theme tune "Pomp and Circumstance" was later also used as a theme tune by Randy Savage in the WWF 1985–1994 (a classical arrangement) and WCW 1994–1997 (a rock guitar arrangement).

Others in professional wrestling who have used the name "Gorgeous George" include Stephanie Bellars, Gorgeous George III and George Gillette, manager of Kendo Nagasaki.

The 1978 motion picture The One and Only starring Henry Winkler was loosely based on his career.

Rick "Lick" Joe, the Oklahoma based wrestler from the 1989 video game Violence Fight, has some styling cues resembling Gorgeous George, though with the "gorgeous" factor taken away.

In the 2000 movie Snatch, Adam Fogerty plays a bare fist fighter named Gorgeous George.

Personal life
Wagner was married twice, first to Betty Hanson (1913–2011), whom he married in 1939 in Eugene, Oregon inside a wrestling ring. They adopted two children. In 1951, after divorcing Betty, he married Cherie Dupré (1927–2000). By this marriage, he had one biological son, Gary George. Cheri filed for divorce from George in April 1962.

Wagner's grandnephew Robert Kellum, best known as "The Maestro" in World Championship Wrestling, also wrestled as "Gorgeous George III" in the United States Wrestling Association.

Championships and accomplishments

 * American Wrestling Association (Boston)
 * AWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Gulf Coast Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2023
 * Mid-South Sports
 * NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Georgia version) (1 time)
 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Charter member inducted in 2002
 * Stampede Wrestling
 * Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 1995)
 * World Wrestling Entertainment
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2010)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
 * Other titles
 * Pacific Coast Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Pacific Northwest Middleweight Championship (1 time)
 * World Heavyweight Championship (Los Angeles version) (1 time)
 * Nebraska Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 2020)

title: Gorgeous George