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Philosophy of biology

The philosophy of biology is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences. Although philosophers of science and philosophers generally have long been interested in biology (e.g., Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant), philosophy of biology only emerged as an independent field of philosophy in the 1960s and 1970s, associated with the research of David Hull. Philosophers of science then began paying increasing attention to biology, from the rise of Neodarwinism in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering. Other key ideas include the reduction of all life processes to biochemical reactions, and the incorporation of psychology into a broader neuroscience.

Overview
Philosophers of biology examine the practices, theories, and concepts of biologists with a view toward better understanding biology as a scientific discipline (or group of scientific fields). Scientific ideas are philosophically analyzed and their consequences are explored. Philosophers of biology have also explored how our understanding of biology relates to epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, and metaphysics and whether progress in biology should compel modern societies to rethink traditional values concerning all aspects of human life. It is sometimes difficult to separate the philosophy of biology from theoretical biology.

 * "What is a biological species?"
 * "What is natural selection, and how does it operate in nature?"
 * "How should we distinguish disease states from non-disease states?"
 * "What is life?"
 * "What makes humans uniquely human?"
 * "What is the basis of moral thinking?"
 * "Is biological materialism & deterministic molecular biology compatible with free will?"
 * "How is rationality possible, given our biological origins?"
 * "Is evolution compatible with Christianity or other religious systems?"
 * "Are there laws of biology like the laws of physics?"

Ideas drawn from philosophical ontology and logic are being used by biologists in the domain of bioinformatics. Ontologies such as the Gene Ontology are being used to annotate the results of biological experiments in model organisms in order to create logically tractable bodies of data for reasoning and search. The ontologies are species-neutral graph-theoretical representations of biological types joined together by formally defined relations.

Philosophy of biology has become a visible, well-organized discipline, with its own journals, conferences, and professional organizations. The largest of the latter is the International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB).

Biological laws and autonomy of biology
A prominent question in the philosophy of biology is whether biology can be reduced to lower-level sciences such as chemistry and physics. Materialism is the view that every biological system including organisms consists of nothing except the interactions of molecules; it is opposed to vitalism. As a methodology, reduction would mean that biological systems should be studied at the level of chemistry and molecules. In terms of epistemology, reduction means that knowledge of biological processes can be reduced to knowledge of lower-level processes, a controversial claim.

Holism in science is the view that emphasizes higher-level processes, phenomena at a larger level that occur due to the pattern of interactions between the elements of a system over time. For example, to explain why one species of finch survives a drought while others die out, the holistic method looks at the entire ecosystem. Reducing an ecosystem to its parts in this case would be less effective at explaining overall behavior (in this case, the decrease in biodiversity). As individual organisms must be understood in the context of their ecosystems, holists argue, so must lower-level biological processes be understood in the broader context of the living organism in which they take part. Proponents of this view cite our growing understanding of the multidirectional and multilayered nature of gene modulation (including epigenetic changes) as an area where a reductionist view is inadequate for full explanatory power.

All processes in organisms obey physical laws, but some argue that the difference between inanimate and biological processes is that the organisation of biological properties is subject to control by coded information. This has led biologists and philosophers such as Ernst Mayr and David Hull to return to the strictly philosophical reflections of Charles Darwin to resolve some of the problems which confronted them when they tried to employ a philosophy of science derived from classical physics. The old positivist approach used in physics emphasised a strict determinism and led to the discovery of universally applicable laws, testable in the course of experiment. It was difficult for biology to use this approach. Standard philosophy of science seemed to leave out a lot of what characterised living organisms - namely, a historical component in the form of an inherited genotype.

Philosophers of biology have also examined the notion of “teleology.” Some have argued that scientists have had no need for a notion of cosmic teleology that can explain and predict evolution, since one was provided by Darwin. But teleological explanations relating to purpose or function have remained useful in biology, for example, in explaining the structural configuration of macromolecules and the study of co-operation in social systems. By clarifying and restricting the use of the term “teleology” to describe and explain systems controlled strictly by genetic programmes or other physical systems, teleological questions can be framed and investigated while remaining committed to the physical nature of all underlying organic processes. While some philosophers claim that the ideas of Charles Darwin ended the last remainders of teleology in biology, the matter continues to be debated. Debates in these areas of philosophy of biology turn on how one views reductionism more generally.

Ethical implications of biology
Sharon Street claims that contemporary evolutionary biological theory creates what she calls a “Darwinian Dilemma” for realists. She argues that this is because it is unlikely that our evaluative judgements about morality are tracking anything true about the world. Rather, she says, it is likely that moral judgements and intuitions that promote our reproductive fitness were selected for, and there is no reason to think that it is the truth of these moral intuitions which accounts for their selection. She notes that a moral intuition most people share, that someone being a close family member is a prima facie good reason to help them, happens to be an intuition likely to increase reproductive fitness, while a moral intuition almost no one has, that someone being a close family member is a reason not to help them, is likely to decrease reproductive fitness.

David Copp responded to Street by arguing that realists can avoid this so-called dilemma by accepting what he calls a “quasi-tracking” position. Copp explains that what he means by quasi tracking is that it is likely that moral positions in a given society would have evolved to be at least somewhat close to the truth. He justifies this by appealing to the claim that the purpose of morality is to allow a society to meet certain basic needs, such as social stability, and a society with a successful moral codes would be better at doing this.

Other perspectives
One perspective on the philosophy of biology is how developments in modern biological research and biotechnologies have influenced traditional philosophical ideas about the distinction between biology and technology, as well as implications for ethics, society, and culture. An example is the work of philosopher Eugene Thacker in his book Biomedia. Building on current research in fields such as bioinformatics and biocomputing, as well as on work in the history of science (particularly the work of Georges Canguilhem, Lily E. Kay, and Hans-Jörg Rheinberger), Thacker defines biomedia as entailing "the informatic recontextualization of biological components and processes, for ends that may be medical or non-medical...biomedia continuously make the dual demand that information materialize itself as gene or protein compounds. This point cannot be overstated: biomedia depend upon an understanding of biological as informational but not immaterial."

Some approaches to the philosophy of biology incorporate perspectives from science studies and/or science and technology studies, anthropology, sociology of science, and political economy. This includes work by scholars such as Melinda Cooper, Luciana Parisi, Paul Rabinow, Nikolas Rose, and Catherine Waldby.

Philosophy of biology was historically associated very closely with theoretical evolutionary biology, but more recently there have been more diverse movements, such as to examine molecular biology.

Scientific discovery process
Research in biology continues to be less guided by theory than it is in other sciences. This is especially the case where the availability of high throughput screening techniques for the different "-omics" fields such as genomics, whose complexity makes them predominantly data-driven. Such data-intensive scientific discovery is by some considered to be the fourth paradigm, after empiricism, theory and computer simulation. Others reject the idea that data driven research is about to replace theory. As Krakauer et al. put it: "machine learning is a powerful means of preprocessing data in preparation for mechanistic theory building, but should not be considered the final goal of a scientific inquiry." In regard to cancer biology, Raspe et al. state: "A better understanding of tumor biology is fundamental for extracting the relevant information from any high throughput data." The journal Science chose cancer immunotherapy as the breakthrough of 2013. According to their explanation a lesson to be learned from the successes of cancer immunotherapy is that they emerged from decoding of basic biology.

Theory in biology is to some extent less strictly formalized than in physics. Besides 1) classic mathematical-analytical theory, as in physics, there is 2) statistics-based, 3) computer simulation and 4) conceptual/verbal analysis. Dougherty and Bittner argue that for biology to progress as a science, it has to move to more rigorous mathematical modeling, or otherwise risk to be "empty talk".

In tumor biology research, the characterization of cellular signaling processes has largely focused on identifying the function of individual genes and proteins. Janes showed however the context-dependent nature of signaling driving cell decisions demonstrating the need for a more system based approach. The lack of attention for context dependency in preclinical research is also illustrated by the observation that preclinical testing rarely includes predictive biomarkers that, when advanced to clinical trials, will help to distinguish those patients who are likely to benefit from a drug.

Journals

 * History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
 * Journal of the History of Biology
 * Biology & Philosophy
 * Biological Theory
 * Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology
 * Studies in History and Philosophy of Science

Professional organizations

 * International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology

title: Philosophy of biology


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Talk:Queer as Folk (American TV series)

Title
Discussion about the title of this article and its recent change can be found at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (acronyms). Feel free to contribute. -- hike395 16:31, 27 February 2005 (UTC)

Beginning and End of the Show Statement
Why do people CONTINUE to revert the sentence about the OPENING AND CLOSING STATEMENT that used to air on Queer As Folk before and after the show that stated "While Queer as Folk depicts the lives of a group of gay friends, it does not represent the gay community". I'm thinking some of you are reverting that statement because you own the DVDs. The fact does remain however, that this statement did open and close the show for the first three seasons and then was omitted in the last two. Please justify your revert thanks --Julien Deveraux 00:57, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

That box
I put that box there.. I a lot of other TV shows have them.. It needs to be edited, I thought an image would make the page more engaging... but feel free to delete it... - SweetSurrender — Preceding unsigned comment added by SweetSurrender (talk • contribs) 23:04, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Episode table
Hello:

A great deal of the changes to this page have been made by myself, particularly the newer information about the production as I am a former member of the production itself and worked on the show for four of its five seasons.

On a technical note, I don't understand why the episode table is being duplicated each time I try to delete it since I intended to add to it only once. If someone knows how to delete the duplicate table, please do so...the episode table is intended to be there only once. I assure everyone here that my editing of this article is to make it more factural since I have first-hand knowledge of this series. Any "vandalism" that someone mentioned was to my own text. My only mistake I guess was not doing it with an actual account which I have now done. Thanks and please understand I only want to make the information about this show as accurate as possible.

TorontoDrew — Preceding unsigned comment added by TorontoDrew (talk • contribs) 13:38, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Teen drama?
Can someone please explain to me how QaF is in any way, shape, or form a teen drama?

Gothic Author — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.159.111.246 (talk) 03:21, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, e.g.: as we get to know in episode 509, Ted is 39 then [though he claims to turn 35 soon], so he must be 37 or so in the first season...
 * -- anonymous 00:31, 16 Oct 2006 (CEST) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.134.197.59 (talk) 22:34, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Additions to the article by TorontoDrew and verification for those additions
I have added some additional production information to the article that somehow was deleted previously when I posted it originally anonomously. I am reposting it under my signed name. The information is accurate as I was part of the production as a background actor (extra) for the last four seasons the show was on the air. --Drew 14:37, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Clarification of American/Canadian co-production
Queer as Folk, as produced for Showtime, was a American/Canadian co-production...these are the facts to support this:

American partners: Showtime Networks Inc., CowLip Productions, Tony Jonas Productions and Warner Bros. Inc. Canadian partners:  Temple Street Productions, Queer as Folk Productions Ltd. and its four successor companies

According to the information I am aware of, Showtime Network has the ownership rights and distribution rights in the U.S. and ownership rights world-wide EXCEPT for Canada. Temple Street Productions is the legal owner of the show in Canada and controller of distributions rights. Warner Bros. Inc. has the distribution rights to the series outside the U.S. and Canada.

--Drew 22:10, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Series DVD availability in the UK
Hi there,

I am struggling to find out when/if seasons 2-5 are, or, are going to be made availble on Region 2 format. I have searched/asked all the main DVD distributors I can think of, including HMV in the UK who had the release of Season 1 US version for the UK.

I am unable to contact Showcase, as their website is not accessable from outside the US.

Any help would be much apreciated.

Regards,

Richard, UK --82.152.28.82 14:54, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Hi Richard,

I wouldn't take this as gospel but I have heard of no plans by Showtime to release the North American (aka the U.S.) version of Queer as Folk in any format other than Region 1 NTSC. I suspect the reason is that the series, other than seasons 1 and 2, has not been widely enough released in other non-North American countries to warrant a release in other DVD formats besides Region 1 NTSC. To my knowledge, the only other English-speaking country where all five seasons of the series have been broadcast is Australia. I have heard in Britain that only some of the seasons have been shown but not all of them.

From what I know, the main priority for Showtime regarding QAF now is to get it running "off-network" which means selling the rerun broadcast rights to another cable channel the way HBO did with its Sex And The City. They claim to be negotiating with unspecified U.S. cable channels but things have been going slowly I'm sure due to the content of the series and the fact that each episode will have to be heavily edited for language and content before it can be shown on any standard U.S. cable channel.

BTW...the Showcase website WAS accessible by anyone...Showcase is the Canadian cable channel that aired the show and had a web site devoted to the series even though they were no longer broadcasting it...that website, unfortunately was taken down by Showcase at the beginning of February 2006 and is no longer available...you were probably thinking of the Showtime website in the U.S. which is in fact not accessible by anyone who has an IP address that is not an officially U.S. registered address.

Drew 18:29, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * But Series One has actually been released on DVD in the UK, which is why Richard was asking about series 2-5. Also, in the UK we have seen four seasons of QAF and I would imagine that the fifth will be broadccast too.  Maybe the UK DVD has nothing to do with Showtime?  It was only available from HMV after all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.225.5.163 (talk) 01:23, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You are correct, the UK release of the North American version of QAF has nothing to do with Showtime. The non-North American rights to the series are held by Warner Bros. Television International Distribution and they would generally make the decisions on when QAF DVDs are released outside region 1. Generally speaking, it's been my experience that non-region 1 DVDs of North American series are much slower to be issued than in region 1. Sometimes, that even extends to region 1 as well. For example, QAF was actually made in Canada here in Toronto [I was a member of the background cast for seasons 2-5] but while the season 5 DVDs are available in the USA as I write this there is no release date for Canada. Canadian releases tend to be a week to a month behind the US release but this time, no one knows why there is no Canadian release date. The Canadian DVDs are also not distributed by Showtime either but rather by Alliance-Atlantis, the parent company of the cable network Showcase that QAF ran on.
 * I suspect that someday, there will be a region 2 set of DVDs for the entire series but as of now, I have not heard of any plans by Warner to do this. And this may possibly be because one season has not been broadcast in the UK yet. TV companies are fickle like that. For my part, I hope and want Brits to be able to see the entire series so I will hope that Warner does plan on releasing region 2 sets soon.
 * Drew 12:36, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

characters
There needs to be a better descrition of the characters. There's one of Bryan but it leads into a mentioning of just about all of the characters. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.217.6.9 (talk) 01:32, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

I added the rest of the "starring cast," to the box ... Peter Paige (season 1-5), Scott Lowell, (seasons 1-5) Thea Gill, (seasons 1-5) Michelle Clunie, (seasons 1-5) and Robert Gant, (seasons 2-5) because for some unknown reason they weren't included. Considering that all of these actors appeared in at least 4 or more seasons of the series, I felt they should be included too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Abisel (talk • contribs) 15:42, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Good idea, I agree with you that all of the cast members should be listed here. I was a member of the background cast of the series from seasons two to five and worked with everyone of them so knowing how important their contributions were to the series, they all deserve to be acknowledged. --Drew 17:26, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Nearly all of the characters have their own bio page. Those without are Lindsay Peterson and Melanie Marcus.

At the start of Queer As Folk Brian is 29. By the end he is 34. This means that the whole series went for around 5 years (in the QAF universe).

-Klarth — Preceding unsigned comment added by Klarth (talk • contribs) 11:37, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

"Brian Kinney: a literal sex machine" If this were true, Brian would actually be a machine... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.16.14.155 (talk) 22:23, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Who played the porn star Zack O'tool? what are his other on-air appearances in other shows. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.111.193.9 (talk) 15:56, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

"People of Color"
I'm referring to a reference that was removed in this article on "people of color" in favor of "non-white." If you go to the "people of color" article it says that the reason it is offensive is because of the us-vs-them attitude with the focus being whites and non-whites. If you are going to use the term non-white you might as well use the term "people of color". The phrase DOES NOT just refer to african americans, it refers to all non-caucasion peoples.--Torourkeus 20:53, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Wrong David Wellington
Obviously, the link toward David Wellington is not the good one (director vs. writer, born in Canada vs. in Pittsburgh).

I neither know anything to say about the QAF David Wellington, nor how to make a disambiguation page, nor if it'd be very appropriate toward an empty page.

If someone could do anything about that ?

Otherwise I might come back in a week or so and create a very minimalistic page about the guy, but I really don't feel like I'm the good one for I don't heard of him before noticing this mistaking link ....

romdam — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.114.84.98 (talk) 13:45, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Music of QAF, Babylon tour
There seems to be very little mention of the soundtrack of the series (the music was very important to the show) or the CDs of music from the show or the "Babylon" tour which I think is going on it's 3rd or 4th year. Would be worthy of it's own section. Benjiboi 11:02, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

Showcase Broacast Schedule For The Series
I have reverted the article back to indicating that Showcase in Canada was running Queer as Folk in a 1 hour 10 minute time block by the time the series was in its last season because of so many advertisers. Someone had changed it to 90 minutes which is incorrect. I can attest to the broadcast schedule since I watched every single broadcast Showcase ever ran of the series. The extension of the series time block from 60 minutes began in the third season and varied between 65 and 70 minutes per episode with a few exceptions, one of which was the series finale which ran 75 minutes on Showcase with commercials. At no time did Showcase ever broadcast the series over a 90 minute time block during its entire 5 season run with the sole exception of the pilot episode which (in it's Canadian version) ran 2 1/2 hours with commercials and which was broadcast only once. When the pilot was re-aired later in 2001, it was split into three episodes which ran in 60 minute time blocks. Drew 04:47, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

The final scene
The final scene was more like a fantasy than reality. Where were their indications that it was going to be re-built? Joemaza 00:36, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

The actors' sexual orientations
I disagree with Melsaran's edit. What is controversial or potentially libelous about the actors' sexual orientations? I think the series teaches us to relax about this entirely, so I will restore the valuable background info. Roman Czyborra 11:17, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Melsaran has also been involved with other potentially-homophobic actions across Wikipedia, and has since been banned. - Cyborg Ninja 15:04, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

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Criticisms & List of Cities.
So I notice this morning that an anon IP removed Houston from the list of cities with a gay area of the city. Since I've put this page on my watchlist, I've seen many changes this particular sentence adding and deleting names of towns. There appears to never be any particular reason to add or delete a town. I've never reverted or changed the section because I don't think I am fit to solely determine what cities belong on this list.

So, I'm wondering if there should be a discussion on what cities belong on this list so that that sentence can stay stable. (IOW, any edits made to the list following the discussion can be reverted back to the agreed upon list.) We can think of this as a Request for Discussion without making it an official RfD.

My Thoughts: I'm interested to hear what others believe. So, please chime in with your thoughts. --TreyGeek (talk) 12:26, 14 December 2008 (UTC)
 * A list of cities, regardless of the size of their gay communities, does not add to the article.
 * A selected group of cities, which are truely "urbane" and "sophisticated" (as mentioned previously in the sentence before the list of cities) and are generally known by most people is appropriate.
 * San Francisco should be on the 'list' since it is known throughout the world as a gay center of activity (whether it is or not).
 * I'm unsure that Los Angeles, Chicago, or Atlanta should be on the list. I'll admit, I'm not well traveled to these cities, but I can't recall hearing of a significant gay area of these towns (though someone might argue West LA & Hollywood).
 * Miami and Montreal may be alright, I have no opinion one way or another.
 * Houston and Dallas both have gay areas and been on versions of this 'list,' but I'm not sure how well known they are outside of their respective areas (or Texas).
 * I don't really see what a list of cities has to do with the actual topic of the article myself. Sounds rather off-topic.Doniago (talk) 19:43, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I can it being useful to those who have never seen the show. We can describe QaF's version of Pittsburgh in a way that can be related to real life cities.  To simply say the show is set in Pittsburgh may be misleading as what is depicted may not reflect what is really in the city.  --TreyGeek (talk) 16:05, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
 * How about "a fictionalized Pittsburgh"? (he said a bit tongue-in-cheek)Doniago (talk) 15:13, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Since when and why?
Since when and why people started editing the discussion as well and deleting the comments of others? I wrote my fantasy of QAF in 2009 and some SOB has deleted that. Can I ask why? Realton (talk) 18:23, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Show premise
Just a suggestion if gay/homosexual could be taken out of the first sentence, it looks excessive. (ex: The series follows the lives of five gay men living in Pittsburgh). There was recently a dispute going on with an IP and a few other users between gay/homosexual. Versus22 talk 17:10, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't believe gay can or should be taken out. After all, the show's premise is about 5 gay men, not just 5 men.  The fact they are gay (as is most of the characters on the show beyond the 5 featured ones) is a significant part of the series.  --TreyGeek (talk) 17:12, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with Versus22, lets take it out of the first sentence but leave it in the second paragraph? - Kingpin13 (talk) 17:26, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't know. It seems kind of fundamental to the premise of the show to me, unless (I haven't seen all episodes) it's disputed that they're gay? Gonzonoir (talk) 17:36, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with Treygeek and Gonzonoir. This is a show about gay men, not a show about men who happen to be gay. Maybe we'll live in a post-gay world someday where shows aren't built on this premise, but we don't yet, and this show is built on this premise. The clue's in the title. garik (talk) 17:55, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I just read a mail-order catalog of gay DVD titles yesterday, and in their advertisements for Queer As Folk the producers were specifically describing the television series as a show about the lives of gay characters, and their friends. The product packaging and all promotional materials were quite positively using the terms gay and queer as primary descriptions of the stories, the characters, and the settings. ~Teledildonix314~Talk~4-1-1~ 18:19, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It seems to be fundamental to the set-up of the show. I don't understand the reason for wanting to remove it. Aleta  Sing 18:40, 24 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Are we really having this discussion? The show's title is QUEER as Folk.. as in GAY as Folk. The 5 men are GAY. That's the show's premise and plot. Leave it where it is. - ✰ ALLST☆R ✰ echo 04:53, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed - the premise really is that they are gay. All it's marketing and controversy (and title!) emphesise this. It is far more important that they are gay than they that they are men for example. (why are the 2 lesbians not in that sentence anyway? They get their own scenes, are in almost every episode, etc) [Ah, sneaky semi-colons!]. So it should be prominently featured, with the word gay staying where it is.YobMod 17:52, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Characters :/
Does anyone else think that it's weird that Brian's assistant at his work has an bio but there isn't one for George, Leda, or Chris Hobbs? Anyone else think we should fix this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.55.170.113 (talk) 19:11, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

DVD releases and other unsourced material
I've removed this section and relocated other unsourced material here. The article has been tagged for needing sourcing for over 2 years and there's no reason to use a rather cruft'y table for the DVD releases when prose would suffice. The DVD release table was not playing nicely with the collapse template, so I've linked to the original material. Doniago (talk) 13:18, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

Wrong about Toronto for internal shots only
The statement that the internal shots were done in Toronto is a mis-statement. Anyone who knows the city at all will recognize that its outdoors also feature largely in the series, especially the venues of Church Street and the Annex. 24.85.238.166 (talk) 19:41, 7 February 2013 (UTC)Nooc1

Unsourced Material
Article has been tagged since 2009 for needing sources. Please feel free to reinsert the below information with appropriate citations. DonIago (talk) 20:31, 28 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I am going to call this a bit bias. Not unlike your removal of the DVD release section and the Awards section. This whole article basically exists with only a few references. All but a single section of it could be moved here to the talk page for the very same reason you moved the production section. The ONLY part that is pretty much a total bloody lie is that exterior shots were filmed in Pittsburgh. Maybe a few were for some iconic landmarks but it is soooooooo recognisable as Toronto that it is hard for any informed person to deny. Of course there are people who will deny it because it was on Showtime and nothing on Showtime isn't made in America.
 * {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;font-size:88%;text-align: left; border: 1px solid silver; margin-top: 0.2em;"

! style="background-color: #CFC;" | intro Queer as Folk is a North American television series that was produced for Showtime Entertainment and Showcase by Cowlip Productions, Tony Jonas Productions, and Temple Street Productions in association with Channel 4 Television. It was developed and written by Ron Cowen and Daniel Lipman (Sisters, An Early Frost), who were the showrunners, and also the executive producers along with Tony Jonas, former President of Warner Bros. Television.
 * style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white; " |
 * style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white; " |

Based on the British series created by Russell T Davies, Queer as Folk was the first hour-long drama on American television to portray the lives of gay men and women. Although it was set in Pittsburgh, PA, interior scenes were actually shot in Toronto and employed various Canadian directors known for their independent film work (including Bruce McDonald, David Wellington, Kelly Makin, John Greyson, Jeremy Podeswa and Michael DeCarlo) as well as Australian director Russell Mulcahy (Highlander) who directed the pilot episode. Additional writers in the later seasons included Michael MacLennan, Efrem Seeger, Brad Fraser, Del Shores, and Shawn Postoff.
 * }
 * {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;font-size:88%;text-align: left; border: 1px solid silver; margin-top: 0.2em;"

! style="background-color: #CFC;" | Show premise ==Show premise== The series follows the lives of five gay men living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Brian, Justin, Michael, Emmett, and Ted; a lesbian couple, Lindsay and Melanie; and Michael's mother Debbie and his uncle Vic. Another main character, Ben, was added in the second season.
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 * style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white; " |
 * }
 * {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;font-size:88%;text-align: left; border: 1px solid silver; margin-top: 0.2em;"

! style="background-color: #CFC;" | Show history ==Show history== The show drew strong ratings for both Showtime and Canada's Showcase. In fact, in Canada, the series had such high ratings that by the end of the fifth season Showcase chose to air the show in hour-and-ten-minute timeblocks to accommodate all the ads without cutting any scenes. This was not a problem for Showtime, since that service is commercial-free and no ads were ever broadcast during a Queer as Folk telecast.
 * style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white; " |
 * style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white; " |

The series ran for five seasons (2000 to 2005 on Showtime and 2001 to 2005 on Showcase).

Canada's Showcase, which was making a great deal of money from the advertising demand, did briefly consider producing a sixth season, but as Showtime owned much of the rights to the series and funded much of the budget, Showcase decided against it.

Another U.S. cable channel owned by Viacom, Logo, began broadcasting edited, commercially sponsored episodes of Queer as Folk on September 21, 2006.

As of January 9, 2008, Showcase began offering the Canadian version of the Queer as Folk episodes on their website. These Canadian versions differ from the Showtime and DVD versions in that they have breaks within the episodes (where commercials would have been inserted) and make references to "Showcase" and "Temple Street Productions presents" instead of "Showtime presents". Unlike the Season 1 DVDs, episodes 101 and 102 are presented separately and episode 102 is the rare extended version of the episode, created for broadcast during reruns of the first season and not seen since 2002. The first seven episodes were posted on January 9 and one additional episode was posted each week after.
 * }
 * {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;font-size:88%;text-align: left; border: 1px solid silver; margin-top: 0.2em;"

! style="background-color: #CFC;" | Character profiles ==Character profiles==
 * style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white; " |
 * style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white; " |

Main characters

Secondary characters
 * }
 * {| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;font-size:88%;text-align: left; border: 1px solid silver; margin-top: 0.2em;"

! style="background-color: #CFC;" | Plot ==Plot==
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 * style="border: solid 1px silver; padding: 8px; background-color: white; " |

The first episode finds the four friends ending a night at Babylon, a popular gay club. Brian picks up and has sex with Justin, who falls in love with him and eventually becomes more than a one-night-stand. Brian also becomes a father that night, bearing a son with Lindsay through artificial insemination.

Michael's seemingly unrequited love for Brian fuels the story, which he occasionally narrates in voice-over. Justin's coming out and budding relationship with Brian has unexpected effects on Brian and Michael's lives much to Michael's dismay as Justin is only 17 years old. Justin confides in his straight high-school friend Daphne, while struggling to deal with homophobic classmates and his dismayed, divorcing parents, Craig and Jennifer. Later in the second season Justin and Michael co-create the sexually explicit underground comic Rage, featuring a "Gay Crusader" superhero based on Brian.

Brian's son Gus, being raised by Lindsay and Melanie, becomes the focus of several episodes as issues of parental rights come to the fore. Ted is Melanie's accountant who once harbored a longstanding crush on Michael. He and Emmett begin as best friends, but briefly become lovers later in the series. Their relationship ends as Ted, unemployed and with a criminal record earned from running a legitimate porn website that was targeted by a Chief of Police running for Mayor, becomes addicted to crystal meth. In the fourth season, Brian, who has lost his job by assisting Justin in opposing an anti-gay political client, starts his own agency. Michael marries Ben Bruckner, an HIV-positive college professor, and the couple adopts a teenage son, James "Hunter" Montgomery, who is also HIV-positive as a result of his experiences as a young hustler.

Ted's affair with a handsome crystal meth addict, Blake Wyzecki, sets the pattern for Ted's later tragic but ultimately redeeming experiences with drug addiction.

Melanie and Lindsay's relationship, while on the surface seeming more of a "stable" relationship, is actually quite tumultuous and controversial. Each cheats on the other at various points in the series; both tackle on a threesome shortly after they marry and become separated for much of the 4th and 5th seasons. Melanie is impregnated by Michael (through artificial insemination, as Lindsay was) in the third season, so that best friends Brian and Michael become co-fathers to Lindsay and Melanie's children. Melanie gives birth to a girl, Jenny Rebecca, over whom Melanie, Lindsay, and Michael have a brief legal custody battle following the women's transitory break-up. Brian's new advertising agency, Kinnetik, becomes highly successful both through a combination of Brian's customer loyalty and his edgier advertising. As a result of this, Brian is able to purchase Club Babylon from its bankrupt owner.

In the fifth and final season the boys have become men, and the series, perhaps more comfortable in its role in gay entertainment, tackles political issues head-on and with much more fervor.

A political campaign called "Proposition 14" is depicted during much of the final season as a looming threat to the main characters. This proposition, like so many real-life recent legislative moves that have affected many U.S. states, threatens to outlaw same-sex marriage, adoption and other family civil rights. The many ways in which such a proposition would affect the characters are depicted through nearly every episode. Debbie, Justin, Jennifer, Daphne, Emmett, Ted, Michael, Ben, Lindsay, Melanie and the children are depicted standing up and fighting against this proposition both by active canvassing, political contributions and other democratic processes, but are met with staunch opposition, discrimination, outright hatred and political setbacks.

The show climaxes near the end of the series when a benefit to support opposition to Proposition 14 hosted at Brian's club Babylon (after repeated relocations of the benefit, due to discrimination) is attacked by a bomb that initially kills 4, and eventually another 3 and injures 67.

This horrible event sets the bittersweet tone for the final three episodes, in which Brian, frightened by this third possible loss of Justin, finally declares his love for him. The two even plan to marry, but Justin's artistic abilities get noticed by a New York art critic and the two decide, for the time being at least, in favor of a more realistic approach to a stormy relationship that nevertheless works for their characters. Melanie and Lindsay, realizing they have more in common than they don't, resume their relationship but relocate to Canada to "raise [their children] in an environment where they will not be called names, singled out for discrimination, or ever have to fear for their life."

Emmett becomes a Queer-Eye type TV presenter but is later fired when professional football player Drew Boyd kisses him on the news to signify his coming out. Ted confronts his midlife crisis head-on and finally reunites with Blake. Hunter returns and the Novotny-Bruckner family perseveres.

The series came full circle with the final scenes staged in the restored Babylon nightclub. In the final scene, Brian dances to Heather Small's "Proud," a song that accompanied a pivotal scene between Brian and Michael in the very first episode of the series. It ends with a final narration by Michael:

"So the "thumpa thumpa" continues. It always will. No matter what happens. No matter who's president. As our lady of Disco, the divine Miss Gloria Gaynor has always sung to us: We will survive."
 * }
 * Editors are under no obligation to fix every problem an article presents. I removed a section that I felt should not be included without sourcing, especially since the article has been tagged for such long-term. If you feel that other information should also be move here you are welcome to take appropriate action. DonIago (talk) 03:10, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130409014727/http://www.xtra.ca:80/public/Toronto/Bar_Babylon_closed_owner_arrested-684.aspx to http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/Bar_Babylon_closed_owner_arrested-684.aspx
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110823040633/http://www.toronto.com:80/article/508259 to http://www.toronto.com/article/508259
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080724100503/http://sho.com/queer/ to http://sho.com/queer/
 * Added tag to http://www.showcase.ca/queer

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Requested move 24 July 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved to suggestion with consensus (non-admin closure) — Andy W.  ( talk  · ctb) 22:31, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

Queer as Folk (2000 TV series) → Queer as Folk (Showtime TV series) – Or Queer as Folk (North American TV series) or Queer as Folk (American TV series). The year itself is a little more confusing as Queer as Folk (UK TV series) was released a year earlier. Either a channel name or nationality is clearer than the year itself. I would go for (Canadian TV series), but the setting of the Showtime version was San Francisco while the filming took place in Toronto. This leaves me three alternatives instead. George Ho (talk) 19:50, 24 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. No benefit to using a longer name when date DAB is commonly used in TV series titles. Nohomersryan (talk) 20:35, 24 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Almost forgot Queer as Folk (U.S. TV series), Nohomersryan. --George Ho (talk) 20:59, 24 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Oh wait, can you say at least "move to Queer as Folk"? "Oppose" looks confusing when you say the contrary. --George Ho (talk) 21:00, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Strong support move of some kind! Because the most well-known TV series by that name was released merely one year earlier, using the release year for disambiguation leads to confusion. Furthermore, the North American series was an adaptation of the year-older British series, and the British series' article also covers Queer as Folk 2 (released in 2000), leading to the unusual circumstance where year disambiguation isn't the best option.  ONR  (talk) 00:02, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Oppose, but to make it clear, just leave the show name as it is now. And for the record, I thought that user George Ho was taking a wiki Break? So why is this even being brought up? 76.123.200.158 (talk) 03:00, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

 * The correct disambigation would be Queer as Folk (U.S. TV series), not Queer as Folk (American TV series) (which should not be used) – see WP:NCTVUS. --IJBall (contribs • talk) 20:29, 31 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Support Queer as Folk (U.S. TV series). Country of origin is clearly a more recognizable way to distinguish from Queer as Folk (UK TV series), especially as the UK show also had a season airing in 2000. If the issue with "U.S." is that it's a Canadian co-production, Queer as Folk (North American TV series) would be a goo out of the box solution.--Cúchullain t/ c 18:05, 1 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Support Queer as Folk (U.S. TV series) per User:Cuchullain. Better and more recognizable dab. — Amakuru (talk) 20:30, 2 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Support Queer as Folk (U.S. TV series) – that is the best of the available choices here. And while it may have been filmed in Canada, I think the Americans put up most of the production money... --IJBall (contribs • talk) 08:08, 3 August 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Cast's sexual orientation
I've separated that part of the article into its own section, and completely rewritten it, as it contained a lot of misinformation, some of which were cleared up as the years went by. Some of the problems fixed:
 * 1) The part where the actors were unwilling to talk about their sexuality during the show's run: fixed that to indicate that at the very least, it was Harold and Lowell who were not willing to talk about it.
 * 2) Added section where the cast's sexuality was revealed on a Larry King Live show in 2002, and how Gant was actually identified as straight on the show, but later came out.
 * 3) Added portion talking about the cast discussing their sexuality in the years since QAF ended.

Kiteinthewind  Leave a message! 18:50, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

2022 series
Title should be moved to Queer as Folk (2000 TV series) as there will soon be two American versions of the show. One released in 2000 and the other in 2022. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dannybaby1234 (talk • contribs) 01:23, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Queer as Folk (American TV series)


text:
Talk:Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)

Article moved
Good Riddance (Time Of Your Life) → Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request.

Proper capitalization. —User:Mulad (talk) 05:10, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Looking at the track listings on my CD of Green Day's Nimrod album, the song is listed as "Good Riddance (Time Of Your Life)" with a capitalized "O" in "Of", and as a song being a work of art, and with works of art (i.e. books, paintings, music, etc.) generally considered as proper nouns, and as the name of the song is listed with "Of" on the information included with the compact disc, this proposed RM does not conform with the Naming conventions (capitalization) policy. —ExplorerCDT 05:32, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral See Wikiproject_Music_standards, #10 — Catherine\talk 10:07, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this qualifies under the "unless it is unique" rule. —ExplorerCDT 16:53, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Pointless move. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 12:47, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Proper and logical capitalization. In my opinion, letting people hijack the conventions of English for marketing or whims or whatever is not something to support, even if they Want To Capitalize Every Word or use BiZZare CapitALs or whatever. Note that this is in agreement with the Naming Conventions (capitalization) listed above; it is not a proper noun per se but a title; titles are traditionally capitalized according to specific rules which keep short, common prepositions like of in lowercase. I confess I'm not sure I understand what "unless it is unique" means—it seems to me that the vast majority of song titles would be unique. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 07:56, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. What Knowledge Seeker said. — OwenBlacker 22:24, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. While I agree wholeheartedly with Knowledge Seeker, this isn't—unfortunately—the current policy of Wikipedia.  Let the idiotic marketing capitalization stand.  A.D.H. (t&m) 03:27, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. It's unique only if it's something like Yvan Eht Nioj.  Mixed 06:53, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Jonathunder 18:11, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)
 * Support. I doubt very much that it's a marketing ploy — it's just some careless or ignorant typist's error, not picked up by a copy-editor (because there wasn't one).  I'm looking at an Island CD, Cat Stevens' Catch Bull at Four, according to which track 8 is that well-known Irish bar “O'CARITAS” (for those who don't know it, it's a Latin title, “O Caritas”).  It's one thing to go along with idiot marketing people (the sort of people who recently decided that boxed sets of CDs would be box sets — who the hell wants a set of boxes?), but another to go along with a typo. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:43, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Jordi·✆ 12:22, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. —Lowellian (talk) 09:14, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

This move request is now closed - further discussion should be added under a different section violet/riga (t) 16:31, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Question
can I put it was the last song ever played by The Storm radio station?

Contradiction
''When Billie wrote Good Riddance, his girlfriend moved to Ecuador. He tried to be levelheaded about it and wrote this song when they were producing Dookie, but to show his anger, he named the song "Good Riddance" and made "Time Of Your Life" the subtitle. The song shows us about life, how we are not to question it and keep moving on.''

This line in in direct contradiction with an earlier part in the article that said he wrote in response to his fans turning on him when GD got big. I lean towards this explanation since BJA mentioned this in this month's issue of Rolling Stone. Regardless, we have to go with one. Also this part "The song shows us about life, how we are not to question it and keep moving on," is WAY too subjective.--Esprit15d 18:54, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Ahh, just discoverd its copyright vio from . I will remove it.

It was pretty much a "fuck off" type of song.
I have no fucking idea what that means. Removing it. -VJ 23:25, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

The Fact Section
Does it make sense? On the International Superhits! CD, the song still has the messed up guitar and the swearing, leading me to believe it's intentional.67.142.130.15 21:35, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
 * it was an accident, but was kept anyway71.184.227.2 (talk) 16:21, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Modern Rock Tracks Discrepancy
On here and on the Green Day discography page, this song is listed as having reached #1 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in 1998. However, our pages listing all of the hits (Number one modern rock hits of 1998, as well as other years in close range) do not seem to display this song's title anywhere. According to our Modern Rock Tracks archive the Green Day songs to hit #1 were Longview, Basket Case, When I Come Around, J.A.R., Minority, American Idiot, Boulevard of Broken Dreams, and Holiday.Porce 21:33, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Green Dahy - Good Riddance - CD single cover.jpg
Image:Green Dahy - Good Riddance - CD single cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 22:47, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

what about this
I know that there is a alternate version of this song that is called time of your life (good riddance) and fans had to say which one was better and they said the one we know now. maybe someone could add something about it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.115.80.96 (talk) 19:31, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)


text:
Altes Museum

The Altes Museum (English: Old Museum) is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin, Germany. Built between 1825 and 1830 by order of King Frederick William III of Prussia according to plans by Karl Friedrich Schinkel, it is considered a major work of German Neoclassical architecture. It is surrounded by the Berlin Cathedral to the east, the Berlin Palace to the south and the Zeughaus to the west. Currently, the Altes Museum houses the Antikensammlung and parts of the Münzkabinett. As part of the Museum Island complex, the Altes Museum was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999, in recognition of its testimony to the development of the museum as a social and architectural phenomenon.

Planning and location
In the early nineteenth century, Germany's bourgeoisie had become increasingly self-aware and self-confident. This growing class began to embrace new ideas regarding the relationship between itself and art, and the concepts that art should be open to the public and that citizens should be able to have access to a comprehensive cultural education began to pervade society. King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia was a strong proponent of this Humboldtian ideal for education and charged Karl Friedrich Schinkel with planning a public museum for the royal art collection.

Schinkel's plans
Schinkel's plans for the Königliches Museum, as it was then known, were also influenced by drafts of the crown prince, the future King Friedrich Wilhelm IV, who desired a building that was heavily influenced by Classical antiquity. The crown prince even sent Schinkel a pencil sketch of a large hall adorned with a classical portico.

Schinkel's plans incorporated the Königliches Museum into an ensemble of buildings, which surround the Berliner Lustgarten (pleasure garden). The Stadtschloss in the south was a symbol of worldly power, the Zeughaus in the west represented military might, and the Berliner Dom in the east was the embodiment of divine authority. The museum to the north of the garden, which was to provide for the education of the people, stood as a symbol for science and art—and not least for their torchbearer: the self-aware bourgeoisie. For the front facing the Lustgarten, a simple columned hall in grand style and proportionate to the importance of the location would most certainly give the building character. The arrangement of the eighteen Ionic columns was effected by the Lustgarten. The portico was designed with a function in order to give the museum building an exterior befitting its site, in which the monuments can be placed.

Schinkel had developed plans for the Königliches Museum as early as 1822/23, but construction did not begin until 1825. Construction was completed in 1828 and the museum was inaugurated on 3 August 1830. Schinkel was also responsible for the renovation of the Berliner Dom, originally a Baroque cathedral, in the Neoclassical style, and he exercised considerable influence on Peter Joseph Lenné's renovation of the Lustgarten, which coincided with the construction of the museum, resulting in a harmonized and integrated ensemble.

Museum Island
In 1841, King Friedrich Wilhelm IV announced, in a royal decree, that the entire northern part of the Spree Island (now known as Museum Island) "be transformed into a sanctuary for art and science". In 1845, with the completion of the Neues Museum ("New"), the Königliches Museum was renamed the Altes Museum ("Old"), a name it holds to this day. Griechische Helme1.JPG helmets, Antikensammlung Berlin

]]

With the completion of the Neues Museum by Friedrich August Stüler in 1855, Museum Island began to take form. This was followed by the Nationalgalerie (now the Alte Nationalgalerie) by Johann Heinrich Strack (1876), the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (now the Bodemuseum) by Ernst von Ihne after plans by Stüler (1904), and the Pergamonmuseum by Alfred Messel and Ludwig Hoffmann (1930). Thus, Museum Island evolved into the institution it is today.

Julius Carl Raschdorff's 1894–1905 reconstruction of the Berliner Dom into a neo-Renaissance cathedral (replacing the classical cathedral designed by Schinkel) severely disrupted the classical ensemble, especially since the new cathedral has significantly larger dimensions than its predecessor.

Content of the museum
The royally appointed commission, which was responsible for the conception of the museum, decided to display only "High Art" in the proposed building, which included Old Master paintings and prints and drawings on the upper floor, as well as Classical sculpture from ancient Greece and Rome on the ground floor. This precluded the incorporation of ethnography, prehistory and the excavated treasures of the ancient Near East from Assyria, Persia, and elsewhere); instead, these artifacts were primarily housed in Schloss Monbijou.

20th century
During the Nazi era, the Altes Museum was used as the backdrop for propaganda, both in the museum itself and upon the parade grounds of the redesigned Lustgarten. Close to the end of Second World War, the building was badly damaged when a tank truck exploded in front of it, and the frescoes designed by Schinkel and Peter Cornelius, which adorned the vestibule and the back wall of the portico, were largely lost.

Under General Director Ludwig Justi, the building was the first museum of Museum Island to undergo reconstruction and restoration, which was carried out from 1951 to 1966 by Hans Erich Bogatzky and Theodor Voissen. Following Schinkel's designs, the murals of the rotunda were restored in 1982. However, neither the ornate ceilings of the ground floor exhibition rooms nor the pairs of columns under the girders were reconstructed. The former connection to the Neues Museum has also not been rebuilt; instead, an underground passageway connecting all of the museums of Museum Island is planned as part of the Museumsinsel 2015 renovations.

The Antiquities Collection
The Altes Museum was originally constructed to house all of the city's collections of fine arts, including Old Master paintings, and prints and drawings. However, since 1904, the museum has solely housed the Antikensammlung (Collection of Classical Antiquities). Since 1998, the Collection of Classical Antiquities has displayed its Greek collection, including the treasury, on the ground floor of the Altes Museum. Special exhibitions are displayed on the second floor of the museum.

title: Altes Museum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ode to a Butterfly (song)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 18:27, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Ode to a Butterfly (song)
This article is a pointless stub (10 words) on a song by an artist who doesn't even have his own article. It should be deleted. --Moochocoogle 16:32, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not very likely someboy will ever bother expanding it. --Sn0wflake 19:11, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: unnotable song, contentless article. I guess that makes it a double delete. -R. fiend 20:00, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for not providing any notable content. Zzyzx11 21:03, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, song cruft. Megan1967 22:48, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:International Socialists (United States)

Untitled
Discussion about the title of this article and its recent change can be found at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (acronyms). Feel free to contribute. -- hike395 16:32, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

In no sense can the IS be called a Trotskyist organization. The people who founded it, while many respected Trotsky and his politics as they understood them, had formally broken with "Trotskyism" by the the early 1950s. While it is true that many of the younger members of the IS evolved toward what they termed "trotskyism" in the early 1970s, invariably they left the IS in order to further this self identification. Neither they nor those who stayed in the IS during the 1970s would have labeled the IS a "trotskyist" organization.

Wiki writes: "One group of members left in 1973 to form the Revolutionary Socialist League around a series of disputed questions."

in fact the people who formed the RSL were organized as a group inside the IS called the Revolutionary Tendency and were expelled en masse.

Wiki writes: "By 1977 another grouping were growing disturbed that the IS was abandoning its rank and file strategy and looked to the British International Socialists for guidance. This led to the expulsion of this group and the formation of the International Socialist Organization. In common with the British IS, the group called for the formation of a rank-and-file movement in labor unions and as a result ordered members to take jobs in industry, a tactic known as industrialisation. Some objected, and this was a key factor in the split which produced Workers Power. However, in 1986, the IS agreed a more pluralist organization was required and so merged with Workers Power and Socialist Unity to form Solidarity"

Wiki must mean by "another grouping" the people who went on to form the ISO - The International Socialist Organization" and in fact this group opposed "industrialization" as did its mentor, the British IS. In its early stages ISO tended to oppose alliances with dissident union officials, a tactic which was becoming important to IS trade unionists.  Workers Power did not particularly share that criticism, but rather emphasised that the "rank and file" work of the IS had lost its political edge meaning that in such alliances the IS trade unionists tended to lose sight their independent polical role as socialists.

 * These are interesting comments. I disagree that it can't be classed as a Trotskyist group, although more detail on its self-description would be useful in the article.  Do you have any sources we can use for the other information?  thanks, Warofdreams talk 17:11, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Independent/International
Maybe I'm ignorant or misreading, but are the words "Independent" in Independent Socialists (e.g. name from 1969) correct. Shouldn't that be "International"? BobFromBrockley 15:42, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Revolutionary
The International Socialist is a revolutionary group; look at their web page, they only picked topics of stigma for something that has been around since the 1960s, in the support of immorality; their group is opposition, instead of trustworthy; they pick up a lot of outsiders, extremists, radicals, and the disillusioned. Like wolves, they wear sheeps clothing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.105.61.178 (talk) 05:08, 16 July 2010 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Jan Štursa

=Comments=

Untitled
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. Votes for deletion/Jan Stursa Joyous 16:34, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jan Štursa


text:
Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport

Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport (Budapest Liszt Ferenc Nemzetközi Repülőtér), formerly known as Budapest Ferihegy International Airport and commonly denoted as Ferihegy , is the international airport serving the Hungarian capital city of Budapest. It is the largest of the country's four commercial airports, ahead of Debrecen and Hévíz–Balaton. The airport is located 16 km southeast of the center of Budapest (bordering Pest county) and was renamed in 2011 after Hungarian composer Franz Liszt (Liszt Ferenc) on the occasion of his 200th birthday. The facility covers 1,515 hectares (3,744 acres) and has two runways.

It offers international connections primarily within Europe, but also to Africa, to the Middle East, and to the Far East. In 2019, the airport handled 16.2 million passengers. The airport is the headquarters and primary hub for Wizz Air and base for Ryanair. In 2012 it experienced a significant drop in aircraft movements and handled cargo, primarily due to the collapse of Malév Hungarian Airlines earlier in the year, hence lost a large portion of connecting passengers. It had been the hub for Malév until the airline's bankruptcy on 3 February 2012.

Name
Originally called Budapest Ferihegy International Airport (Budapest Ferihegy Nemzetközi Repülőtér), on 25 March 2011 it was officially renamed Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport in honour of the Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt (Modern Hungarian: Liszt Ferenc). Popularly, the airport is still called Ferihegy as before.

Ferihegy is the name of the neighbourhood around the airport. The name is derived from that of Ferenc Xavér Mayerffy (1776–1845), the former owner of an estate who established vineyards and contributed to the development of viticulture in Pest-Buda. "Feri" is a diminutive form of Ferenc while "hegy" means mountain. In fact, the area is almost totally flat; but originally there was a 147 m high sandy hillock which was levelled in the 1940s during the construction of the airport.

Designing and construction (1939–1944)
In 1938, the idea of building a new airport in Budapest was born. The area at the boundary of three settlements (Pestszentlőrinc, Rákoshegy and Vecsés) was assigned as the area of the new airport. The airport was intended as jointly for civil-military-sporting purposes. Civil facilities were to be built up in the northwestern section and military ones in the southwestern section. Just as for each building, a public tender was invited for the designing and construction of the traffic building.

In December 1939, upon an announcement of the results of the tender invited in September that year, the designs of Károly Dávid Jr. (1903–1973) were chosen. The designer, who was one of the originators of modern Hungarian architectural art, dreamt of a building which resembled an aircraft from the top-side view. The work commenced in 1942. To approach the airport from the city, a 16 km high-speed road was constructed between 1940 and 1943, which, after improvements, remains in use today.

The military buildings were constructed parallel to the civil construction from 1940 but, due to the war situation, faster. Aviation started at the airport in 1943. In wartime, the civil construction slowed down and then stopped at the beginning of 1944. Towards the end of World War II, many of the airport buildings were damaged. By the end of 1944, Budapest and its airport were under Soviet occupation.

Reconstruction (1947–1950)
In 1947, it was decided that the airport would be reconstructed for civil aviation. Under the three-year plan, 40 million forints were voted for those works. The opening ceremony was held in May 1950 and the sections finished allowed Magyar-Szovjet Polgári Légiforgalmi Rt. (Hungarian-Soviet Civil Aviation Co. Ltd. – MASZOVLET), established in 1946, to operate here. At that time the airlines operated only a few foreign flights, in particular, those to Prague, Bucharest, Warsaw, and Sofia.

Magyar Légiforgalmi Vállalat (Hungarian Airlines – Malév) was established on 25 November 1954. The first regular flight taking off from the airport to the West was the Malév's flight into Vienna in summer 1956. The first Western airline which launched a flight to Budapest was KLM in 1957. The traffic building was finished in this period and the lengthening works of the 2500 m runway were started. At the end of 1958 the runway was lengthened to 3010 m and taxiway D was finished.

Continued growth (1960–1980)
Between its opening and 1960, the number of landings at the Airport increased from 4,786 to 17,133, with passenger traffic increasing from 49,955 to 359,338 by 1960.

In 1965, a study was made on the development of the airport, which was implemented with more than a 10-year delay from the end of the 1970s. Aviation, airport, and flight control all called for more capacity and infrastructure. The Aviation and Airport Directorate (LRI) was established on 1 January 1973 and performed as an airline company, a trading company, and an authority, as well as investment, operator, and air navigation tasks.

In 1974, passenger traffic reached one million. In 1977, a new control tower was built, as well as a second runway parallel to the old one and a technical base for maintaining MALÉV aircraft. Use of the new 3707 m runway was started in September 1983.

New infrastructure (1980–2000)
In 1980, the number of landing aircraft and passengers served reached 32,642 and 1,780,000, respectively. The growing number of passengers called for more capacity. A new terminal was decided upon. The foundation-stone of the new passenger traffic building to be built was laid down on 16 November 1983. Since 1 November 1985, passengers have been received in Terminal 2, a 24,000-square-meter facility funded with Austrian loans under general contracting. It was used first by Malév aircraft and passengers, and then by those of Lufthansa, Air France, and Swissair. The old terminal continued to receive residual airline traffic under a new name, Terminal 1.

There was an IED bus attack against Russian Jewish emigrants on the road leading to Ferihegy in the early 1990s. The perpetrators were members of the German Communist organisation Red Army Faction.

In 1993, Malév launched the airport's first Hungarian overseas flight, to New York. According to the traffic figures forecast for the millennium, the two terminals serving 4 million passengers a year promised to be insufficient. The construction of Terminal 2B was started in 1997. The new building, with more than 30,000 square metres of space, together with a new apron, was opened in 1998, with all foreign airlines moving there. Terminal 2B can receive 3.5 million passengers a year, with its seven gates and five remote stands.

Public to public-private ownership (2000–2012)
On 8 December 2005, a 75% stake in Ferihegy Airport was bought by BAA plc for 464.5 billion HUF (approx. US$2.1 billion), including the right of operation for 75 years. On 20 October 2006, BAA announced intentions to sell its stake in Budapest Airport to a consortium led by the German airport group, HOCHTIEF AirPort GmbH, subject to the consent of the Hungarian State.

On 18 April 2007, the renovation of Terminal 1 at Ferihegy was awarded Europe's most prestigious heritage preservation prize, the Europa Nostra award. The designers, contractors, builders and investors (the latter being BA) received the joint award of the European Commission and of the pan-European heritage preservation organisation Europa Nostra for the renovation of the protected monument spaces, the central hall, the gallery and the furniture at T1.

On 6 June 2007, BAA and a consortium led by HOCHTIEF AirPort (HTA) formally closed and completed the transaction of the sale of BAA's shares in Budapest Airport (BA) to the HOCHTIEF AirPort Consortium. The ownership of the HOCHTIEF AirPort Consortium was as follows: HOCHTIEF AirPort (49.666%) and three financial investors: Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, Montreal (23.167%), GIC Special Investments, Singapore (23.167%) and KfW IPEX-Bank, Frankfurt (4.0%).

On 26 July 2010, after completing a security oversight investigation in May, the EU authorities revoked Budapest Airport's official "Schengen Clear" certification, due to serious lapses observed in personal security check procedures and unauthorised passing of banned objects. This meant passengers connecting via another airport in the Schengen Zone would have to be rescreened through security, just as foreign non-Schengen connecting passengers, causing delays and inconvenience. The airport argued that it had not yet had time to fully implement new security measures introduced on 29 April 2010, and inspired by the Delta Air Lines' Amsterdam "underwear bomb scare" incident. The airport's layout was also cited as an excuse for the failure. Budapest Airport was the first airport to be checked through a stringent undercover evaluation for compliance with the new regulation. (Hungarian state news agency MTI reports: ) In response, additional security measures were immediately implemented at Budapest Airport causing flight delays at both terminals. Unusually long passenger waiting queues were observed at the busier 2A-B terminal complex's departures area. These problems were solved over time, especially through the opening of the SkyCourt terminal including a central security zone.

On 15 November 2010, Budapest Airport regained the "Schengen Clear"-status, after implementing the necessary security actions and after that, the airport underwent the strict re-inspection.

On 16 March 2011, the name of Budapest Ferihegy International Airport was changed to Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport.[2]

Sky Court, the new expansion project including shops, restaurants and lounges, also connecting Terminals 2A and 2B was opened on 27 March 2011. In summer that year, the refurbishing of the old terminal parts in T2 began and was completed in 2012.

Collapse of Malév, aftermath, and future (2012–present)
In the wake of the collapse of Malév, Ryanair announced that it would expand its flights to Liszt airport. Ryanair began selling the flight tickets to the public, but Budapest airport said that the company had not secured all of the necessary slots (which were later negotiated successfully). By 9 February 2012, only six days after the collapse of the Hungarian national carrier, Liszt Ferenc Airport had recovered over 60% of its point to point traffic. Airlines that announced that new services would begin included Wizz Air, Aegean Airlines, Air Berlin, Lufthansa, and Ryanair.

However, the airport had lost Malév's transfer passengers, which, prior to the airline's collapse, had amounted to 1.5 million passengers per year. A second effect of the Malév collapse was that the areas used to service the Malév fleet would no longer generate revenue even once point to point traffic had been restored. These factors created significant financial shortfalls in the airport's revenues.

In February 2012, Hainan Airlines announced that they would cease services to Beijing from Budapest. Prior to the collapse of Malév, Hainan had a partnership with Malév, which included a codeshare.

In May 2013, Hochtief Group announced the sale of its Airports unit HOCHTIEF AirPort which held a stake in the Budapest Airport and other airports to the Canadian Pension fund Public Sector Pension Investment Board (PSP Investments). Following the sale HOCHTIEF AirPort was renamed AviAlliance.

In July 2015, the ownership of Budapest Airport was the following:
 * AviAlliance (52.666%) owned by PSP Investments, Canada,
 * Malton Investment (22.167%) owned by GIC Special Investments, Singapore,
 * Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, Canada (20.167%),
 * KfW IPEX-Bank, Germany (5%).

261 million euros was spent on expanding and modernising the airport infrastructure until December 2012. Several of these future projects involve about further 300 million euros, and depend on regulatory decisions as well as third-party investors. Since 2011, several projects have been completed, including the refurbishment of Terminals 2A and 2B with the inauguration of the Skycourt main departures hall in 2012 and an extension of Terminal 2B in 2018, the construction of a new business and cargo area called Budapest Airport Business Park as well as a new airport hotel and expanded car parking facilities.

In 2014, Emirates opened daily flights to Dubai, UAE using the Boeing 777-300ER aircraft. It was followed by Air China's flights to Beijing Capital. In 2019, Shanghai Airlines launched a four-times weekly service to Shanghai–Pudong, also with the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.

In 2015, North American and Middle Eastern carriers announced direct flights to Budapest. In 2018, LOT Polish Airlines made Budapest their first hub outside Poland, launching with year-round flights to New York-JFK and Chicago-ORD. In 2018, American Airlines resumed flights to Budapest. American Airlines this time flew from Philadelphia, after flights from New York-JFK were suspended in 2011. PHL-BUD operated for the two summers of 2018 and 2019, May–October, and was planned to continue the following summers as well. Chicago-ORD flights were planned to start in 2020, but were axed in April 2020, just a month before the inaugural flight. LOT Polish Airlines axed their Chicago-ORD flight in August 2019, just days after American Airlines announced plans to operate the same route starting May 2020. Nowadays, the Budapest hub of Wizz Air is the largest of all, with more than 60 destinations.

There are further projects for the expansion of the airport, including a new cargo facilities area as well as a new Terminal 3, formerly called Terminal 2C and originally planned by 2020. In a 2021 interview, however, the newly appointed CEO stated that the construction of the new passenger hall could commence in 2025.

In 2020, according to a report from Bloomberg, the Hungarian government was looking at buying the airport from its foreign owners such as GIC (Singaporean sovereign wealth fund) and Canadian AviAlliance. Prime Minister Viktor Orbán was opposed to the 2005 privatization. In September 2023 the government made a formal bid to buy Budapest Airport.

On June 6, 2024, the government of Hungary announced that, together with Vinci Airports, they have purchased Budapest Airport, the operator of Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport, from its previous owners. Hungary and Vinci, after paying €3.1 billion in cash and assuming a net debt of €1.2 billion, now hold 80% and 20% ownership of the capital's airport, respectively. Vinci Airports will be the platform operator for decades to come, with a concession expiring in 2080. Mate Loga, State Secretary for Economic Strategy was appointed to be the Chairman of Budapest Airport, while Francois Bérisot serves as CEO now.

Terminals
The airport's passenger buildings consist of four main areas:
 * Terminal 1 is only used for charter and private flights
 * Terminal 2A is used for flights inside the Schengen Area
 * Terminal 2B is used for flights outside the Schengen Area
 * Sky Court, a large central waiting and shopping area, also the connection of Terminals 2A and 2B

Terminal 1 (closed)
From 1 September 2005, re-opened Terminal 1 served low-cost carriers. Terminal 1 is divided into Schengen and Non-Schengen boarding gates.

Being located within the premises of Budapest, it offers faster public transport time to the city centre, compared to the Terminal 2 about 3 kilometres farther. (Terminal 1 offers an about 20 minutes direct train journey to Budapest city centre, while Terminal 2 requires an 8-minute bus ride to the train station).

On 14 March 2012, Budapest Airport announced that due to the traffic levels being too low in Terminal 1, extra capacity in Terminal 2, and cost saving, Terminal 1 will be closed temporarily. On 30 May 2012 all airlines were moved to Terminal 2, the low-cost airlines using now the check-in desks at hall 2B and gates at a makeshift shed outside the main building. This shed now does not operate, a new pier was opened instead.

Sky Court between Terminal 2A and 2B
Sky Court is a state-of-the-art building between terminals 2A and 2B with 5 levels. Passenger safety checks were moved here along with new baggage classifiers and business class lounges, such as the first MasterCard lounge in Europe. New shops, restaurants and cafés were placed in the new building's transit hall. With the opening of Skycourt the Terminal 2 has become capable of receiving about 11 million passengers a year, instead of the former joint capacity of about 7 million.

Terminal 2A
The Schengen terminal, and formerly the "only" Terminal 2. It was inaugurated on 1 November 1985 for the exclusive use of the homeland carrier Malév Hungarian Airlines, and later renamed in 1998 to Terminal 2A. Its check-in hall serves all Skyteam and Star Alliance member airlines currently. Within its boarding area (Gates A1-A33) and arrivals level, it serves all flights to and from the Schengen-zone destinations of any airline.

Terminal 2B
The non-Schengen terminal, it is referred to as a separate object, opened in December 1998. Its check-in hall serves all flights of the OneWorld-alliance (intra- and extra-Schengen as well), as well as many other non-aligned airlines. For flights of the Hungarian low-cost airliner Wizz Air check-in desks can also be found at this terminal. However, its boarding (Gates B1-B44) and arriving area serve exclusively non-Schengen destinations.

Pier 2B
The project "Pier B" was started on 9 January 2017. The new state-of-the-art building was opened on 1 August 2018, and it is connected directly to Terminal 2B. It is 220 meters long and it includes 27 boarding gates and 10 jetbridges, which can serve more wide-body aircraft at the same time. The pier was planned to offer flexibility for traditional and low-cost airlines with boarding options via jetbridges, buses or walking directly to the aircraft.

Passenger
As of December 2023, the following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter services to and from Budapest Ferenc Liszt Airport:

Other facilities

 * Wizz Air has its head office in Building 221. Wizz Air signed the lease agreement in October 2010 and moved there in June 2011 with 150 employees. The airline occupies over 2000 sqm of space in an office building refurbished after the airline's arrival. The facility, with open plan offices, houses about 150 employees. In addition, Farnair Hungary has its head office on the airport property.
 * Malév Hungarian Airlines signed a lease agreement with the airport in the spring of 2011, agreeing to relocate its headquarters to the airport grounds by the summer of 2012. Due to the collapse of the airline, in February 2012 the plans to move to Ferenc Liszt were cancelled.

Local buses
Budapesti Közlekedési Központ (BKK), the public transit authority for Budapest, operates two major express bus services to the airport: 100E and 200E. Route 100E—modeled after the OrlyBus and RoissyBus airport bus services in Paris—provides nonstop service to the city center, stopping only at Kálvin tér and Deák Ferenc tér. Standard tickets and passes cannot be used on this route; a higher-fare ticket must be bought on board or at the airport's BKK ticket machines.

Bus route 200E provides service from the airport to Kőbánya-Kispest station, the nearest station of the Budapest Metro. Standard tickets and passes are valid on this route.

Long-distance buses
Flixbus operates long-distance routes from the airport to numerous Central European cities, including Prague, Vienna, Timișoara, and Sibiu.

Rail
Hungarian State Railways (MÁV) services stop at the nearby Ferihegy railway station, which can be accessed from Terminal 2 by bus route 200E. Trips into the city center from Ferihegy station take approximately 25 minutes, but service is infrequent. Ferihegy station formerly served the airport's Terminal 1, which no longer hosts passenger air services.

Taxi
Budapest Airport's official Taxi partner is Főtaxi which has a taxi order stand at both arrival site's exit (outside the building).

Mini buses and shuttles
Several companies operate airport shuttles taking passengers to any destination in the city. Other shuttles and coach services exist to outlying towns in Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Serbia. Airport Transfer Budapest

Accidents and Incidents

 * On August 6, 1961, a Malev Hungarian Airlines Douglas C-47A crashed into a residential area during a sightseeing flight. All 4 crew and 23 passengers were killed along with 3 on the ground.
 * On January 15, 1975, Malev Hungarian Airlines Flight 801, an Ilyushin IL-18, a ferry/positioning flight, crashed 1360m beyond runway 31 and 120m left of the centerline because of bad weather, darkness, fog, lack of crew coordination and possible spatial orientation. All 9 occupants died.
 * On February 22, 1994, a Malev Hungarian Airlines Tupolev TU-134 caught fire on the ground during a maintenance check at Budapest Airport. Four maintenance technicians died.


text:
Fund

Fund may refer to:

 * Funding is the act of providing resources, usually in form of money, or other values such as effort or time, for a project, a person, a business, or any other private or public institution
 * The process of soliciting and gathering funds is known as fundraising
 * An investment fund, often referred to as a fund
 * Hedge fund, an investment vehicle open only to investors who are qualified in some way
 * Mutual fund, a specific type of investment fund which pools money from many investors to purchase securities
 * Sovereign wealth fund, a state-owned investment fund
 * Fund accounting, nonprofit organizations and by the public sector
 * Meir Fund, American rabbi
 * FUND or FUND92, short names for the "International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992."

title: Fund