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Windows Services for UNIX

Windows Services for UNIX (SFU) is a discontinued software package produced by Microsoft which provided a Unix environment on Windows NT and some of its immediate successor operating-systems.

SFU 1.0 and 2.0 used the MKS Toolkit; starting with SFU 3.0, SFU included the Interix subsystem, which was acquired by Microsoft in 1999 from US-based Softway Systems as part of an asset acquisition. SFU 3.5 was the last release and was available as a free download from Microsoft. Windows Server 2003 R2 included most of the former SFU components (on Disk 2), naming the Interix subsystem component Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications (SUA). In Windows Server 2008 and high-end versions of both Windows Vista and Windows 7 (Enterprise and Ultimate), a minimal Interix SUA was included, but most of the other SFU utilities had to be downloaded separately from Microsoft's web site.

The Interix subsystem included in SFU 3.0 and 3.5 and later released as SUA Windows components provided header files and libraries that made it easier to recompile or port Unix applications for use on Windows; they did not make Linux or other Unix binaries (BSD, Solaris, Xenix etc) compatible with Windows binaries. Like the Microsoft POSIX subsystem that Interix replaced, it is best thought of as a distinct Unix-like platform.

It is replaced by Windows Subsystem for Linux in Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019.

Components
As of SFU 3.5, it contained:
 * Over 350 Unix utilities such as vi, ksh, csh, ls, cat, awk, grep, kill, etc.
 * GCC 3.3 compiler, includes and libraries (through an MS libc)
 * A cc-like wrapper for Microsoft Visual Studio command-line C/C++ compiler
 * GDB debugger
 * Perl
 * NFS server and client
 * A pcnfsd daemon
 * X11 tools and libraries
 * Tools for making NFS mount-points appear as Windows shares, and vice versa (gateway services)
 * A NIS server capability linked with Active Directory (AD)
 * Some Windows/Unix authentication information-synchronization tools

SFU did not contain the following:
 * bash, OpenSSH, sudo, CVS, ClamAV, bzip2, gmake, curl, emacs, Apache, XView, Ruby, Tcl, Python

Although SFU includes X Window System client libraries and applications, it does not contain a native X server. Administrators may configure any of the numerous third-party Windows X servers. Fully featured free options include Cygwin/X, Xming and WeirdX.

1.0
Microsoft produced at least one beta release of the initial version of SFU before its final release in February 1999. This release, in English only, was supported on the Windows NT 4.0 SP3+ for x86 and Alpha platforms. This is the only known release to support Alpha. It included a demonstration version of the MKS Toolkit along with the following components:

 * Telnet server
 * Telnet client
 * UNIX Utilities (from MKS)
 * Client for NFS
 * Server for NFS
 * Server for NFS Authentication
 * Windows NT to UNIX password-synchronization
 * Help files and documentation

2.0
This second installment of SFU was released April 2000 and was also for English; however, a Japanese-language release appeared just two months later in June 2000. Both ran on Windows NT 4.0 SP4+ and Windows 2000 on x86 platforms with Internet Explorer 4.01+. SFU 2.0 supported the following UNIX versions: Solaris 2.6+, HP-UX 10.2+, AIX 4.2+, Tru64 UNIX 5.0+, and Red Hat Linux 5.1+. It included the following components: There were subsequent updated OEM releases SFU 2.1, SFU 2.2, and SFU 2.3.
 * Server for NFS (NFSServer)
 * Client for NFS (NFSClient)
 * Gateway for NFS (NFSGateway)
 * Server for PCNFS (Pcnfsd)
 * User Name Mapping (Mapsvc)
 * Server for NFS Authentication (NFSServerAuth)
 * Server for NIS (NIS)
 * Telnet Client (TelnetClient)
 * Telnet server (TelnetServer)
 * Password synchronization (PasswdSync)
 * ActiveState ActivePerl (Perl)
 * UNIX utilities (UnixUtilities)
 * Cron service (CronSvc)
 * Rsh service (RshSvc)

3.0
This version, released in May 2002, was the first release to include the Interix subsystem. Previously Microsoft had released Interix 2.2 (actually version 2.2.5) as a separate product around the same time frame as SFU 2.0. This SFU release included Interix release 3.0 (commonly called the "version" as reported by uname -r) with an internal Microsoft version of 7.0 that relates to internal build sequences. This Interix release contained significant technical extensions from the Interix 2.2 release such as a rooted file system and setuid functionality that were entirely based on the Softway Systems' Interix development codenamed "Firebrand". This was also released in English and followed by a later release in Japanese in October 2002, adding internationalization support. Both supported Windows NT 4.0 SP6a+, Windows 2000, and Windows XP Professional on x86 platforms with Internet Explorer 5.0+. The MKS Toolkit was no longer included. It included the following components:
 * Base Utilities for Interix (BaseUtils; including X11R5 utilities)
 * UNIX Perl for Interix (UNIXPerl)
 * Interix SDK (InterixSDK; including headers and libraries for development and a wrapper for Visual Studio compiler)
 * GNU Utilities for Interix (GNUUtils, about 9 utilities in total)
 * GNU SDK for Interix (GNUSDK; including gcc and g++)
 * NFS Client for Windows (NFSClient)
 * NFS Gateway for Windows (NFSGateway)
 * NFS Server for Windows (NFSServer)
 * NIS Server for Windows (NIS)
 * Password Synchronization (PasswdSync)
 * Windows Remote Shell Service (RshSvc)
 * Telnet Server for Windows (TelnetServer)
 * NFS User Name Mapping (Mapsvc)
 * NFS Authentication Server (NFSServerAuth)
 * PCNFS Server (Pcnfsd)
 * ActiveState Perl (Perl)

3.5
This was the final release of SFU and the only release to be distributed free of charge. It was released January 2004 and included both English and Japanese versions for Windows 2000, Windows XP Professional, and Windows Server 2003 (original release only) on x86 platforms with Internet Explorer 5.0+. It included Interix subsystem release 3.5 (build version 8.0) adding internationalization support (at least for the English version which did not have such until now) and POSIX threading. This release could only be installed to an NTFS file system (earlier versions supported FAT; this was for improved file-security requirements in Interix 3.5). The following UNIX versions were supported for NFS components: Solaris 7 and 8, Red Hat Linux 8.0, AIX 5L 5.2, and HP-UX 11i. It included the following components:
 * Base Utilities for Interix (BaseUtils; including X11R6 and X11R5 utilities)
 * UNIX Perl for Interix (UNIXPerl)
 * Interix SDK (InterixSDK; including headers and libraries for development and a wrapper for Visual Studio compiler)
 * GNU Utilities for Interix (GNUUtils, again about 9 utilities)
 * GNU SDK for Interix (GNUSDK; including gcc and g++)
 * NFS Client for Windows (NFSClient)
 * NFS Gateway for Windows (NFSGateway)
 * NFS Server for Windows (NFSServer)
 * NIS Server for Windows (NIS)
 * Password synchronization (PasswdSync)
 * Windows Remote Shell Service (RshSvc)
 * Telnet Server for Windows (TelnetServer)
 * NFS User Name Mapping (Mapsvc)
 * NFS Authentication Server (NFSServerAuth)
 * PCNFS server (Pcnfsd)
 * ActiveState Perl (Perl)

Microsoft does not intend to produce any further standalone versions of SFU, opting instead for the integrated SUA. As of August 18, 2016, v3.5 is unavailable from the provided Microsoft Link. General support continued until 2011; extended support until 2014.

Known problems
Character translation must be used to accommodate filenames which include a colon or other characters that do not comply with the naming conventions of Windows file-systems. Files with the same name but different cases are also not allowed by default, but can be enabled on installation with the side-effect of making the underlying partition's filesystem case-sensitive, even for the Win32 subsystem.

Network authentication for UNIX systems relies on the insecure NIS protocol (LDAP- and Kerberos-based authentication require a third-party solution). Microsoft has released several hotfixes for Windows Services for UNIX, and at least one Security Update (KB939778). The GNU Project utilities are several versions older than the latest ones. A separate port of the up-to-date Debian utilities was started in 2007, but apparently abandoned in 2009. Several of the text processing utilities in SUA (e.g. awk) are not compatible with Unicode or wide character text files.

No version of Windows Services for UNIX is available for Windows XP Professional x64 Edition.

Legacy
Windows Server 2003 R2 contains most SFU components, namely Microsoft Services for Network File System (NFS), Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications (SUA, a.k.a. Interix), and Identity Management for UNIX. The July 2007 SFU 3.5 Security Update updated posix.exe and related files to match the SUA version.

Unlike the SFU, the SUA version included in Windows Server 2003 R2 (and subsequent versions) has 64-bit support and allows linking of Win32 libraries to SUA applications.

Windows Vista and Windows 7 Enterprise and Ultimate Editions also contain the Services for Unix components, now called the Subsystem for UNIX-based applications (SUA), and Client for NFS v3. Users must download the utilities and SDK separately. However, the server components from the SFU product line (namely Server for NFS, User Name Mapping, Server for NIS, Password Synchronization etc.) are not included – these are included in Server editions of Windows (i.e. Windows Server 2008).

SUA was deprecated in Windows 8 Enterprise and Windows Server 2012, and completely removed in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2. The NFS server is still supported in Windows Server 2012 R2.

The NFS client feature and server features are separate from the SUA in Windows 7 and 2008, and remained supported until Windows Subsystem for Linux replaced it. On desktop (Windows 7), NFS is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions. The free reference implementation of NFS 4.1 for Windows (by UMICH CITI), the development of which was sponsored by Microsoft, does work on lower-end versions of Windows 7, but requires more involved installation.

In Windows 8, the NFS client gained krb5p (Kerberos 5 with full data encryption) support. In Windows 7, Kerberos 5 was supported for authentication, but only packet integrity checking was available for data. The maximum block/buffer size was also increased from 32 KB to 1 MB in Windows 8.

Windows Server 2012 added support for NFS 4.1 server. The new implementation is kernel-based (RPC/XDR-wise) but many optional features from NFS4 are not implemented, including ACLs, pNFS etc. There is however support in PowerShell for mapping user identities.

title: Windows Services for UNIX


text:
Nikki D

Nichelle Strong (born September 10, 1968 ), known by her stage name Nikki D is an American rapper.

Career
Strong signed with Def Jam in 1989 and released her debut single "Lettin' Off Steam" the following year. It was produced by Sam Sever. The single's video featured Flavor Flav. In 1991, Strong released the more commercially viable song, "Daddy's Little Girl", which appeared on the Indie film Just Another Girl on the I.R.T. soundtrack, reaching #1 on the US Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart.

Prior to releasing "Daddy's Little Girl", Strong was on tour in Europe for a year with fellow R&B artist Alyson Williams. Strong has recorded songs with Moby, Queen Latifah on the Set It Off soundtrack, with Redman for his Muddy Waters album, EPMD, Naughty By Nature, Flavor Unit and Suzanne Vega.

Album

 * 1991: Daddy's Little Girl (Def Jam) - US R&B #54

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nikki D


text:
Communist Association of Norrköping

Communist Association of Norrköping (in Swedish: Norrköpings Kommunistiska Förening), was a communist group in Norrköping, Sweden.

In 1978 a pro-Albanian group based in Norrköping had broken away from the Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti (Communist Party of Sweden). This group formed NKF. In 1979 NKF merged with Stockholms Kommunistiska Enhetsgrupp to form Sveriges Kommunistiska Förbund - ml (Communist League of Sweden - ml), which later became Kommunistiska Partiet i Sverige (Communist Party in Sweden).

A series of expulsions from KPS 1983-1984 led to the refoundation of NKF.

In 1987 NKF started publishing Röd Gryning (Red Dawn).

Gradually NKF diverted from the pro-Albanian line and embraced Trotskyism.

In 1989 NKF changed its name to Marxist-Leninistiska Förbundet (Marxist-Leninist League).

In 1990 MLF dissolved itself and its cadres joined Arbetarlistan (Workers List). In 1992 a section of former MLF-members founded Förbundet för ett Revolutionärt Parti (League for a Revolutionary Party).

title: Communist Association of Norrköping


text:
Shay Brennan

Seamus Anthony "Shay" Brennan (6 May 1937 – 9 June 2000) was an Irish footballer who played as a full-back for Manchester United and the Republic of Ireland national team.

Career
His first game for the club came in an FA Cup match against Sheffield Wednesday on 19 February 1958; this was United's first game after the Munich air disaster and Brennan scored twice on an emotionally charged night. He was playing as an outside-left in this game, the position left vacant following the death of David Pegg and the injuries to Albert Scanlon in the crash.

He helped United to the 1965 and 1967 First Division championships, as well as the European Cup in 1968. Born in Manchester, England, he played internationally for the Republic of Ireland, qualifying through his parentage—the first Irish international to qualify in this way. He retired from Manchester United in 1970 after playing 359 games and scoring six goals.

Brennan moved to Ireland where he became player-manager with Waterford United, winning two titles and three further international caps. He left at the end of the 1973–74 season.

Brennan had his testimonial on 14 August 1986 when Shamrock Rovers defeated Manchester United 2–0 at Glenmalure Park.

He died, aged 63, after suffering a heart attack while playing golf at Courtown golf club, on 9 June 2000 and was buried at his adopted town of Tramore. He was the first member of the 1968 European Cup winning side to die, the second being George Best in November 2005.

Player
Manchester United
 * Football League First Division: 1964–65, 1966–67
 * European Cup: 1967–68
 * FA Charity Shield: 1965, 1967

Manager
Waterford United
 * League of Ireland: 1971–72, 1972–73
 * League of Ireland Cup: 1973–74
 * Top Four Cup: 1970–71,1972–73
 * Texaco Cup: 1974–75

title: Shay Brennan


text:
Frank Soskice

Frank Soskice, Baron Stow Hill, (23 July 1902 – 1 January 1979) was a British lawyer and Labour Party politician.

Background and education
Soskice's father was the exiled Russian revolutionary journalist ; his mother Juliet Hueffner was the daughter of Catherine Madox Brown and Francis Hueffer, and so granddaughter of artist Ford Madox Brown, niece of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and sister of Ford Madox Ford.

Soskice was educated at the Froebel Demonstration School, St Paul's School, London, and Balliol College, Oxford. He studied law and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1926. He served in the British Army with the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry during World War II.

He served first in east Africa and then, as political welfare executive, in Cairo. Later he worked with the Special Operations Executive in London.

His son, David Soskice, is an economist.

Political career
Following the war, he was elected to parliament as a Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Birkenhead East in the 1945 general election, and became Solicitor General, receiving the customary knighthood, in the government of Clement Attlee, serving in that office throughout Attlee's government. He was also, briefly, UK delegate to the United Nations General Assembly. As Solicitor General, Soskice was viewed as an important advocate for the government in the House of Commons. His constituency was abolished in the 1950 election, when he unsuccessfully fought Bebington, but he was soon returned to the House of Commons at a by-election in the Sheffield Neepsend constituency, where the sitting MP Harry Morris stood down to make way for Soskice. In April 1951, he became Attorney General.

In 1952, Soskice joined the shadow cabinet, and his fortunes rose in 1955 with the election of his close ally Hugh Gaitskell as party leader, although he continued his legal practice as well. His Sheffield Neepsend constituency was abolished for the 1955 general election, but in 1956 he won a by-election in the Newport seat in Monmouthshire that he would hold until he retired.

When Labour returned to government in 1964 under Harold Wilson, Soskice became Home Secretary. In this office he did not impress Wilson – he was in poor health, and he botched the response to an electoral boundary change dispute in Northamptonshire and accepted weakening amendments to the Race Relations Act of 1965.

In December 1965, Soskice was relieved of his Home Office responsibilities and made Lord Privy Seal. He had, though, ensured Government support for Sydney Silverman's Private Members Bill, passed on 28 October 1965, which suspended the death penalty in the United Kingdom for five years (except for treason). This reform is sometimes erroneously included with the Jenkins reforms which followed. In fact when the death penalty for murder was finally abolished in 1969, James Callaghan was Home Secretary.

In 1966, Soskice retired, and was created a life peer as "Baron Stow Hill", of Newport in the County of Monmouth on 7 June 1966. Stow Hill is a steep hill in Newport, which runs from the city centre up to St. Woolos Cathedral.

 * According to Yes Minister co-writer Antony Jay, the case of Timothy Evans (who was wrongfully hanged for the murder of his wife and daughter) was part of the inspiration for the television satire because of Soskice's refusal to reopen the case despite having himself appealed for an inquiry while in opposition.

title: Frank Soskice


text:
Pale

Pale may refer to:

Jurisdictions

 * Medieval areas of English conquest:
 * Pale of Calais, in France (1360–1558)
 * The Pale, or the English Pale, in Ireland
 * Pale of Settlement, area of permitted Jewish settlement, western Russian Empire (1791–1915)

Africa

 * Palé, town in Guinea
 * San Antonio de Palé, town on Annobon Island, Equatorial Guinea

Asia

 * Burma
 * Pale, Myanmar, town
 * Pale Township
 * India
 * Pale, Dahanu, village
 * Pale, Goa, census town

Europe

 * Pale (Greece), ancient town in Kefalonia, today part of Lixouri, Greece
 * Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a town and municipality
 * Palé, Hungary, a village
 * Pāle parish, Latvia
 * Pale River, Estonia
 * Pale-Prača, Bosnia and Herzegovina, a municipality

Music

 * Pale (album), a 1990 release of Toad the Wet Sprocket
 * Pale (band), an Australian band formed in 1991
 * The Pale (band), an Irish band formed in 1990
 * The Pale, renamed The Pale Pacific, an American indie rock band
 * The Pale (EP), by William Control
 * "Pale", a track by Within Temptation from The Silent Force

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Pale (Greyhawk), the Theocracy of the Pale, a fictional nation in the Dungeons and Dragons role-playing game
 * Pale Rider (1985), an American western film produced and directed by Clint Eastwood
 * The Pale, an otherworldly location in Disco Elysium

Other uses

 * Pale (heraldry), a vertical mark running down the centre of a flag or shield
 * Pálē (in Greek: πάλη), the Greek name for ancient Greek wrestling
 * Palisade, a fence made from paling, sticks or logs sharpened on one end into "pales" with the other on or embedded into the ground

title: Pale


text:
Talk:Fred F. Fielding

Comment
How is Fred's health these days?

Deep Throat
Since it turned out that Fielding was not 'Deep Throat' is it appropriate for that section to still be in this article? —Linnwood 03:37, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd be inclined to keep it, tho more should be said abt how widely known the opinion was. --Jerzy•t 20:35, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Reagan wounding
NPR reported on him today for some reason, & mentioned he'd been the one to make the call as to who was in charge when RR was shot. That role deserves some sort of attention, tho i've no confidence i got enuf facts straight to write anything w/o research. --Jerzy•t 20:35, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Quasi-Dab'n?
I'm often inclined to want Dab'ns that don't occur to all editors. In this case, i heard his name and (tho i've no recollection that his middle initial, let alone middle name, was mentioned) confused him in my mind with another lawyer of almost the same generation, whose peer & colleague James D. St. Clair would also represent Nixon (in St. Clair's case in U.S. vs. Nixon), and who arguably might have had St. Clair's career except that Sen. Joseph McCarthy had "left no sense of decency" and probably compromised St. Clair's colleague's future by publicizing the colleague's flirtation with Marxism. The accompanying article is about Fred Fisher Fielding, and i could believe i am the only person to confuse Fielding & the St. C. colleague -- but if at least one other editor shared in that confusion, without first reading the name seen if you hover or click this lk, i think we need a ToP Dab on the accompanying article, and perhaps also on the other bio in question. --Jerzy•t 20:35, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Fielding's history with Blackwater
I think no profile on Fielding should be without mention of his work as executive, and legal counsel for Blackwater. It has appeared in USA Today, The Nation, etc. I have to apologize for being a little green; I'll leave it to your discretion on how its presented. ````Rawkcuf —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rawkcuf (talk • contribs) 18:05, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Looks like he was outside counsel. Found no source verifying that he was an executive of the firm, and removed that claim. Perhaps it was in the dead link I was unable to trace at the wayback machine. AndersW (talk) 13:35, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

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External links modified
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title: Talk:Fred F. Fielding


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Owen-Williams

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 17:48, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Owen-Williams
Schoolteacher, not notable. sjorford// 19:44, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity - while those who teach the young are notable in their own way, I do not personally believe it is in the encyclopedic way. HyperZonk 23:07, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Omnia vanitas. Radiant! 23:52, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; principals and teachers are notable with respect to their schools, but not in the encyclopedic sense, just as User:Hyperzonk said. --Idont Havaname 00:48, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, family vanity. Megan1967 02:30, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, someday I oughta start a school tribute wiki and make enough from the banner ads to pay for my broadband connection. Wyss 11:51, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - oh for goodness sake - this drivel hurts -another tie in a bag and drop into the river job. Brookie 19:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ok even i will have to vote delete on this one... q;-/ Beta_M talk, |contrib ( Ë-Mail )

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Duck butter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 17:47, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Duck butter
Dic def-ish slang neologism that doesn't seem to have gained much traction. Less than 1000 hits, and most appear to refer to a lubricant or hotsauce. Of the first ten only a couple blog entries refer to this definition. Also, turdwords.com has a different definition. Wikipedia is not urbandictionary.com, nor is it MichaelJacksonQuotations.com. Niteowlneils 19:55, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, multiple different non-notable definitions. If Michael Jackson's upcoming trial makes his definition notable (I can already picture the tabloid headlines), then someday it might warrant re-creation. -- Curps 20:06, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because its meaning (or lack thereof) is heavily contested. Radiant! 23:52, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, slang dictionary definition. Megan1967 02:28, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, trivial slang dicdef, reads like vandalism. Wyss 11:53, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Byzantine romance

Byzantine romance represents a revival of the ancient Greek romance of Roman times. Works in this category were written by Byzantine Greeks of the Eastern Roman Empire during the 12th century.

Under the Comnenian dynasty, Byzantine writers of twelfth century Constantinople reintroduced the ancient Greek romance literature, imitating its form and time but somewhat Christianizing its content. Hence the Byzantine stories are traditional in their plot structure and setting (featuring complex turns of events taking place in the ancient Mediterranean, complete with the ancient gods and beliefs) but are also medieval, clearly belonging to the era of the Crusades as they reflect customs and beliefs of that time. A break of eight centuries exists between the last surviving romance work of late antiquity and the first of this medieval revival.

Only four of these works exist today, just one of which is written in prose: Hysimine and Hysimines by Eustathios Makrembolites. Two are in the dodecasyllable metre: Rodanthe and Dosikles by Theodore Prodromos and Drosilla and Charikles by Niketas Eugenianos. And one is in "political verse," Arístandros and Kallithéa by Constantine Manasses, but exists only in fragments. Of these four romances, one had been translated into English before the twenty-first century: Ismene and Ismenias, a Novel by L.H. Le Moine, (London and Paris: 1788). Le Moine, however, had made his translation from the 1756 French translation, Les amours d'Ismene et d'Ismenias, of Pierre-François Godart de Beauchamps, which had in turn been made from a Latin rather than a Greek text.

More recently, however, interest in these works by English readers has increased, resulting in new translations directly from the Greek.

Later medieval romance works from around the fourteenth century continued this literary tradition. These are the anonymous
 * A Byzantine Novel: Drosilla and Charikles by Niketas Eugenianos translated by Joan Burton (Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 2004).
 * Four Byzantine Novels translated by Elizabeth Jeffreys (Liverpool University Press, 2012), which includes Rhodanthe and Dosikles by Theodore Prodromos, Hysmine and Hysminias by Eumathios Makrembolites, Aristandros and Kallithea by Constantine Manasses, and Drosilla and Charikles by Niketas Eugenianos

 * Belthandros and Chrysantza
 * Kallimachos and Chrysorrhoe
 * Lybistros and Rhodamne

available in English translation as Three Medieval Greek Romances: Velthandros and Chrysandza, Kallimachos and Chrysorroi, Livistros and Rodamni, translated by Gavin Betts, Garland Library of Medieval Literature, 98 (B), (New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1995). One of them is available in French: M Pichard, Le roman de Callimaque et de Chrysorrhoé: Texte établi et traduit, (Paris: 1956). Some of them are available in Italian : C Cupane Romanzi Cavallereschi Bizantini (Torino:1995) Other medieval romance works include the anonymous:

 * The Tale of Achilles
 * The Tale of Troy: a Byzantine Iliad

title: Byzantine romance


text:
Marxist–Leninist Popular Action Movement

Popular Action Movement - Marxist–Leninist (Movimiento de Acción Popular - Marxista–Leninista) is a Hoxhaist communist party in Nicaragua that surged out of a split from the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in the early 1970s. Since 1985 it is officially named the Marxist–Leninist Party of Nicaragua (Partido Marxista-Leninista de Nicaragua), but the original name MAP-ML is far more known and has been used when participating in elections.

The party was founded in 1967 by pro-Chinese members of the Nicaraguan Socialist Party. When Albania broke with China, the MAP-ML followed Albania.

The party has a trade union wing, Frente Obrero (FO, Workers' Front) that was founded in 1974. The wing organized Milicias Populares Antisomocistas (MILPAS), which fought against the dictatorship of the Somoza regime. As of 1980, MAP-ML had only about 25 members, but through FO and El Pueblo, the daily newspaper of the party, it exerted much influence in the society.

One of the founders of MAP-ML, Marvin Ortega, had belonged to the national leadership of FSLN. MAP-ML built up a militant trade union activism and in urban areas had its own armed militias, Milicias Populares Antisomocistas (MILPAS). In the struggle against the Somoza regime, MILPAS forces fought under the command of the FSLN.

When the Sandinista Revolution succeeded in 1979, MAP-ML condemned it as "not a workers' but a bourgeois revolution". It organized strikes and land seizures. The Sandinistas reciprocated by disarming MILPAS and temporarily closing down El Pueblo. Several members were also imprisoned.

MAP-ML was generally critical against the mixed economy during the FSLN government. MAP-ML was the only party that voted against the Sandinista constitution in the National Assembly.

In 1984 MAP-ML was one of the parties that contested the general elections. The party got 2.1% of the votes in the parliamentary election and two seats in the national assembly. In the presidential election the MAP-ML candidate was Isidro Téllez Toruño, the general secretary of FO, and vice-presidential candidate was Juan Alberto Henríquez. Isidro and Henríquez got 11,352 votes (1%). An electoral slogan of MAP-ML was "¡Ni un voto a la burguesía! ¡Balas para el imperialismo!" ("Not one vote for the bourgeoisie! Bullets against imperialism!").

In 1985 the MAP-ML conference decided to officially change its name to Marxist–Leninist Party of Nicaragua (Partido Marxista-Leninista de Nicaragua).

MAP-ML opposed the Esquipulas Peace Agreement, which it saw as an imperialist scheme by the United States.

In the 1990 presidential election, the PMLN candidates (Isidro Téllez for president, Carlos Cuadra for vice-president) got 8,135 votes (0.6%). PMLN lost its parliamentary representation that year. PMLN lost their registration after the 1996 elections.

In the 2001 presidential elections, PMLN supported FSLN candidate Daniel Ortega.


text:
Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor

Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor, (9 April 1903 – 29 March 1984) was a British Conservative Party politician who served as Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Paymaster General from 1961 to 1962 and — following the "Night of the Long Knives" — as Home Secretary from 1962 to 1964.

Early life and education
Brooke was born in Oxford, the son of artist Leonard Leslie Brooke and Sybil Diana ( Brooke), daughter of Irish churchman Stopford Augustus Brooke. He was educated at Marlborough College, where he was a classmate of Rab Butler, and Balliol College, Oxford. He had an elder brother, 2nd Lt. Leonard Stopford Brooke, who was killed in Germany in 1918 while serving with the Army Cyclist Corps.

Political career
After teaching philosophy at Balliol College for a year, Brooke worked at a Quaker settlement for the unemployed in the Rhondda Valley from 1927 to 1928. This experience led him to turn down the offer of a Fellowship in philosophy at Balliol in favour of a lifetime in politics. After a year on The Economist, Brooke became one of the original members, and subsequently Deputy Chairman, of the Conservative Research Department (1929–1937) under the chairmanship of Neville Chamberlain. The impetus for the pre-war "special areas" legislation was derived from his unsigned articles on "Places without a Future" which he wrote for The Times in 1934.

He was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Lewisham West in a 1938 by-election. He spoke at the request of the Whips in support of Chamberlain in the debate of May 1940, just before the prime minister's fall from power, and Brooke himself was defeated in the 1945 general election. The next year he was elected to the London County Council, and served as Conservative leader on the council until 1951, continuing to serve on the Council and the Hampstead borough council until 1955. In 1949, he led the Conservative party on the London County Council to the brink of seizing power for only the third time in its history. From 1946 to 1948 he was the last deputy chairman of the Southern Railway before nationalisation.

Brooke returned to parliament in 1950 as MP for Hampstead, and entered Winston Churchill's government in 1954 as Financial Secretary to the Treasury, serving under Rab Butler and Harold Macmillan when they were Chancellors of the Exchequer. He continued in this job until 1957, when he became Minister of Housing and Local Government and Minister of Welsh Affairs in the Macmillan government, entering the Cabinet. In the former job he was the main driving force behind making London a smokeless zone. He attracted controversy when steering the Rent Bill through Parliament after it had already secured a Second Reading in the House of Commons under his predecessors. In the latter job, he caused anger throughout Wales through his crucial support of Liverpool Council's bid to secure Westminster's approval of an Act of Parliament to flood Cwm Tryweryn in Meirionydd, thereby by-passing Welsh local authority opposition to the scheme. However, largely in response to the protests over Tryweryn, he subsequently attracted investment to Wales, including such projects as the Severn Bridge, the steelworks at Llanwern, and the Heads of the Valleys Road. In 1961 he became the first Chief Secretary to the Treasury in modern times.

In 1962, he reached his highest level in government, becoming Home Secretary following Harold Macmillan's "Night of the Long Knives" when many senior ministers were sacked. As Home Secretary, Brooke was not particularly successful, and his actions caused controversy on several occasions, including his response to the noisy demonstrations against the state visit by King Paul and Queen Frederica of Greece.

In his obituary in The Times, the author wrote: "His tenure of this difficult post was not a particularly happy one, and although his integrity and fairness were generally admired, there was a feeling in some quarters that he lacked the sensitiveness and flexibility required in the handling of difficult individual cases." In the Dictionary of National Biography, Lord Blake wrote that Brooke had to take a number of decisions in the field of immigration and deportation which infuriated libertarians, and that he seemed to display a certain insensitivity in these cases – an impression enhanced by his somewhat pedantic way of speech. In the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

He was plunged into controversy at the very beginning of his term of office because of his initial reaction to the case of Carmen Bryan. Bryan was a 22-year-old Jamaican woman and first offender, who pleaded guilty to petty larceny (shoplifting goods worth £2) and was recommended for deportation by Paddington magistrates. Brooke's acquiescence to the court order and her six-week detention in Holloway Prison pending deportation was seen as both unnecessary and unjust. Neither bail nor the opportunity for her to appeal were offered directly to her. Standing firm, Brooke told the House of Commons, "I think it would be a great act of injustice if I were to stand in the way of her returning to Jamaica. I am not prepared to look at this case again". However, criticism in Parliament and in the media combined to force a speedy review where, four days later, Brooke recanted, freeing Bryan and allowing her to remain. Deportations for misdemeanours were subsequently suspended. There had been more than eighty recommendations for deportation in the seven weeks following the Conservative Government's introduction of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1962).

Brooke was one of many politicians to receive unprecedented criticism on That Was The Week That Was on BBC Television in 1962–63, which called him "the most hated man in Britain" and ended a mock profile of him with the phrase "If you're Home Secretary, you can get away with murder". He was also involved in the passage of various new anti-drug laws, including ones banning possession of amphetamines and the growing of cannabis. As the final arbiter in death penalty cases he was the last Home Secretary to allow death sentences to go ahead for the murder of John Alan West.

Sir Alec Douglas-Home kept Brooke in office as Home Secretary when he became Prime Minister in October 1963, and his last 12 months in office, which saw the introduction of the Police Act 1964 and the creation of a Royal Commission on Crime and Punishment, attracted much less controversy.

Brooke went into opposition following the Conservative defeat in 1964, and he lost his seat in the subsequent election in 1966. Having been appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour as a Member (CH) in 1964, he was created a life peer as Baron Brooke of Cumnor, of Cumnor in the Royal County of Berks on 20 July 1966, and acted as a Conservative front bench spokesman in the House of Lords until 1970. The onset of Parkinson's disease then led him to retire gradually from public life.

Personal life and family
Brooke married Barbara Muriel, daughter of the Reverend Alfred Mathews, in 1933. As she was made a life peer, too, they were one of the few couples who both held titles in their own right. The couple had four children:

 * Peter Leonard Brooke (1934-2023), later The Lord Brooke of Sutton Mandeville, a Conservative politician.
 * Sir Henry Brooke (1936–2018), a judge and Lord Justice of Appeal.
 * Honor Leslie Brooke (b. 1941), married Thomas Nigel Miller.
 * Margaret Hilary Diana Brooke (b. 1944), married James Pulfer.

Death
Lord Brooke of Cumnor died from Parkinson's disease in 1984, aged 80.

title: Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor


text:
SS American Victory

SS American Victory is a Victory ship which saw service during the final months of World War II in the Pacific Theater of Operations, the Korean War from 1951–1954, and the Vietnam War from 1966–1969. Built in June 1945, she carried ammunition and other cargo from Los Angeles to Southeast Asia, then ferried cargo, equipment and troops back to the U.S. after the war ended. She survived two typhoons and one hurricane.

American Victory spent part of the period between 1946 and 1966 chartered to commercial carriers and the other part in two stints in U.S. reserve fleets. From 1966 to 1969 she delivered cargo to Southeast Asia in the Vietnam War, then three decades again in reserve.

In April 1999, she was turned over to a preservation organization to serve as a museum ship. Today she is the main feature of the American Victory Ship & Museum, also known as the American Victory Mariners Memorial & Museum Ship in Tampa, Florida's Channel District.

World War II era
Named after the American University in Washington, D.C., the ship was built at the California Shipbuilding Yard (Calship) in Los Angeles, California, launched after just 55 days, "fitted out" for another month, and was then delivered to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) on 20 June 1945. American Victory, a United States Merchant Marine ship, was operated for WSA under a general agency agreement by Hammond Shipping Co. Ltd. She loaded United States Army cargo at Fort Mason then took on cargo at Los Angeles and other west coast ports before steaming to Manila in the Philippines. She was in Manila when the war ended. She took her remaining cargo to Shanghai, China, and spent the next two months sailing the South China Sea and Bay of Bengal.

In November 1945, American Victory sailed to Calcutta and Port Said, Egypt and numerous other ports, loaded with military cargo to be returned to the United States. She arrived in New York in January 1946, and unloaded her cargo, having completed her first cruise. At the end of the war she ferried more cargo, equipment and troops stateside.

Post-World War II
From 29 June 1946 until November 1947, American Victory was bareboat chartered by American Export Lines. The ship carried foodstuffs and machinery exported from the United States to Europe, Russia, and the Near East under the Marshall Plan, the Post-War reconstruction of the European Continent. Some of her Ports of call were: Trieste, Italy, Constanza, Romania, Piraeus, Greece, and Antwerp, Belgium. Departing Odesa, Ukraine, for Boston, in January 1947, the Black Sea had already iced up. Not waiting for the Soviet icebreaker Turgenev to clear the ice, Captain, A. D. Cushman, knowing American Victory decided to use her as an icebreaker, backed up and rammed the ice so both her and other ships could depart the Black Sea. She was then laid up in the Hudson River Reserve Fleet until she was again chartered by commercial shipping lines, United States Navigation Company, during the Korean War, from 1951 until January 1954, when she entered the Sabine River Reserve Fleet in Texas.

In 1963, plans were made to convert American Victory and 14 other ships in her class to "forward depot" vessels, to be loaded with materiel and stationed near potential flashpoints to provide American forces with pre-positioned supplies. This scheme was cancelled in February 1966, after only three conversions had been carried out. Had American Victory been converted, she would have been renamed USNS Carthage and assigned hull classification symbol AG 185.

American Victory was removed from the Sabine River Reserve Fleet in 1966, and chartered to the Hudson Waterways Corporation which used her to ferry military equipment to American forces in South Vietnam. She was deactivated again in October 1969, and placed in the James River Reserve Fleet in Lees Hall, Virginia, where she remained until 1985. American Victory was then renovated as part of a program to determine the efforts needed to reactivate mothballed Victory ships. In June, after US$2.5 million had been spent to bring her up to fully operational condition, she sailed for just 26 hours before returning to the Naval Reserve Fleet.

Today

One of several World War II Victory ships due to be scrapped in the late 1990s, American Victory was rescued by preservation efforts which began in October 1998. She arrived at Tampa, Florida, under tow to begin her new life as a museum ship and memorial on 16 September 1999.

Following extensive overhaul with the ship brought to fully operational status in 2003, she is now on display and included on the National Register of Historic Places. Guided and self-guided tours of the ship are available, though some areas are off-limits for safety reasons, such as the lower areas of the engine room (which is visible from a catwalk). Most of the ship's spaces are open, such as officer, crew, and gunners quarters, galley and crew mess, three forward holds, wheelhouse and chartroom, radio room, hospital, and food cold storage, have been restored and are decorated in original period memorabilia.

American Victory has been upgraded with modern VHF radio and radar (visible on the bridge deck) and other modern electronics have been added to the electricians' quarters and radio room. American Victory is generally historic form, with her 3 in bow-mounted deck gun in a reconstructed gun tub, as well as the 5 in stern gun plus an additional 3-inch gun next to it.

American Victory is a fully operational, seaworthy vessel. With considerable preparation, she can cruise in Tampa Bay, and the next cruise is planned for 2023. The U.S. Coast Guard performs a safety inspection of the ship twice per year, she would not be open to the public without passing.

Of the 534 Victory ships completed, only three are open to the public: American Victory at Tampa, SS Lane Victory at Los Angeles, and SS Red Oak Victory at Richmond, California.

Exhibits
The ship has many notable exhibits in the No.3 cargo hold, which was converted to a museum exhibit area and receptionist desk. It includes an original submarine propeller from the GS U-352, sunk in May 1942, by the U.S. Coast Guard cutter USCGC Icarus (WPC-110), and recovered in 1979. It includes photos of the shipwreck, a mannequin of a Kriegsmarine sailor in uniform, and a diagram of GS U-505. She also has numerous ship models, including a Clemson-class destroyer, a Fletcher-class destroyer, and a German Type VII U-boat.

There are also numerous vintage Merchant Marine recruiting posters, and a collection of Victory and Liberty ship's plaques, all of them sunk or scrapped. There is also a mock-up of the ships wheelhouse, and a lifeboat and Maritime Signal Flag exhibit.

Ship awards

 * Victory Medal
 * Pacific War Zone Bar
 * Philippine Liberation Ribbon
 * Korean Service Ribbon
 * Vietnam Service Ribbon

title: SS American Victory


text:
Les Enfants terribles

Les Enfants Terribles is a 1929 novel by Jean Cocteau, published by Editions Bernard Grasset. It concerns two siblings, Elisabeth and Paul, who isolate themselves from the world as they grow up, an isolation which is shattered by the stresses of their adolescence. It was first translated into English by Samuel Putnam in 1930 and published by Brewer & Warren. A later English translation by Rosamond Lehmann was published in the U.S. by New Directions (ISBN 0811200213) in 1955, and in Canada by Mclelland & Stewart in 1966, with the title translated as The Holy Terrors. The book is illustrated by the author's own drawings.

The novel was made into a film of the same name, a collaboration between Cocteau and director Jean-Pierre Melville, in 1950, and inspired the opera of the same name by Philip Glass. Miloš Petrović composed a chamber opera based on the novel. The ballet La Boule de neige by the choreographer Fabrizio Monteverde, with music by Pierluigi Castellano, is also based on this novel. The story was adapted by the writer Gilbert Adair for his 1988 novel The Holy Innocents, which was the basis for Bernardo Bertolucci's 2003 film The Dreamers.

Plot
The story concerns the siblings Paul and Elisabeth, who start the story without a father and with a bed-ridden mother, whom Elisabeth looks after. At school, Paul is obsessed with the attractive Dargelos, while Paul’s school friend Gerard is enthralled by the siblings. However, after Paul becomes ill when Dargelos throws a snowball with a stone inside at him, Elisabeth cares for both him and their mother. While Elisabeth nurses Paul, it is revealed that the siblings enjoy a relationship characterised by a psychodrama known in the book as "The Game", which can only be played in their shared bedroom, elevated by the Game-play into "The Room". The game devised by Paul and Elisabeth often involves the siblings trying to annoy or irritate each other, Elisabeth through histrionic behaviour and Paul through a taciturn refusal to be affected by her, where the winner is the one who leaves the contest with the last word, a sense of superiority, and, ideally, having caused a display of angry frustration from the other. This game continues after Paul recovers and their mother has died.

Elisabeth soon takes up a job as a model, where she meets Agathe, a girl who was orphaned at a young age after her drug-addicted parents committed suicide. Agathe, characterised by her strong resemblance to Dargelos, soon moves in with Paul and Elisabeth.

Elisabeth is the first member of the group to get married. She weds a wealthy young man who dies on his way to a business meeting before the married couple can even enjoy their honeymoon. As a result of his death, the siblings inherit a large house, into which they move. Paul soon finds himself in love with Agathe. He writes a letter declaring his love to her and stakes his life on her reciprocation. Elisabeth, who cannot stand to see her brother happy and knows she must draw him back into their shared private world, intercepts the letter to prevent it from reaching Agathe and tells Agathe that Gerard is in love with her. Then, Elisabeth manages to bully Gerard, who is in love with her, into marrying Agathe and, as a result, helps break her brother’s heart. She feels herself condemned and pursued by the Furies thereafter, for the crime of having destroyed Paul and Agathe's happiness through deceit.

After Agathe and Gerard's marriage, Gerard meets with Dargelos, who now collects poisons. Dargelos sends one of these poisons to Paul, whom he knows is also a poison-enthusiast, as a gift. The poison is opium (to which Jean Cocteau, the author of this book, was himself addicted), and Paul takes most of it in despair over Agathe. As he lies dying, he is attended by Agathe, who, reviving Paul temporarily, confesses her love to him, and Elisabeth's plot is laid bare. At this moment, Elisabeth senses that Paul's death is yet another twist in the game and that, by dying, he would beat her to the final move, so she shoots herself and dies a matter of seconds before he does, leaving a frightened Agathe with two dead bodies.

title: Les Enfants terribles


text:
User:Lake Mahalinos

This is Lake Mahalinos

I work at an internet café called Lake Mahalinos by Lake Eerie in Ohio. This is good because when I get bored, I can edit articles. I would also like to be an administrator.

title: User:Lake Mahalinos


text:
Meyer–Wempe

Meyer–Wempe romanization was the system used by two Roman Catholic missionaries in Hong Kong, Bernard F. Meyer and Theodore F. Wempe, for romanizing Cantonese in their Student's Cantonese English Dictionary published in 1935.

Provenance
Although some attribute development of the system to them, there was nothing new in it as their entire schema followed the system devised in the last decade of the 19th century known as Standard Romanization (SR), which, in turn, was almost identical to John Chalmers' system of 1870. Chalmers' system was significant in that it was the first system to virtually do away with diacritics entirely, the sole survivor being his final ö, which is eu in the Standard Romanization while being in this one oeh.

Initials
The distinction between the alveolar sibilants (,, and ) and alveolo-palatal sibilants (, , and ) has been lost in modern Cantonese, though the distinction still existed at the time this system was devised. See Cantonese phonology for more information.

Finals
The finals m and ng can only be used as standalone nasal syllables.

Tones
Diacritics are used to mark the six tones of Cantonese. The tone mark should be placed above the first letter of the final.

title: Meyer–Wempe


text:
Wikipedia:Association of Members' Advocates/AMA IRC Meeting log (2-12-05)

Session Start: Sat Feb 12 10:38:42 2005 Session Ident: #AMA [10:38] * Now talking in #AMA [10:38] * sterling.freenode.net sets mode: +n [10:43] * alex756-away is now known as alex756 [11:33] * Sam_Spade has joined #AMA [11:34]  Hello :@alex756 [11:42] * Grunt has joined #AMA [11:42]  ..mind if I lurk? :) [11:42]  when is this meeting supposed to be? [11:42]  1700 UTC, I believe? [11:43]  and why isn't the wiki working :( [11:43] * Grunt changes topic to 'Welcome to the meeting of the Association of Member's Advocates of Wikipedia, starting 1700 UTC.' [11:43]  Server upgrades are in progress. [11:43]  I guess thats good [11:43]  I shouldn't be editing anyways, I have 2 mid-terms on monday [11:44]  besides, I'm liable to get banned for presenting unpopular ideas @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents [11:44]  Presenting unpopular ideas are not grounds for banning... [11:44]  sure they are [11:44]  ..as long as you don't attempt to disrupt operations to get the idea [11:45]  across [11:45]  I think the wiki is becoming a sort of POV oligarchy [11:45]  every controversial page has a POV group w more power than the others [11:46]  and they have recently discovered how to do anything they want, via email lists of fellow POV advocates [11:46] * Grunt grumbles [11:46] <Grunt> This is exactly the sort of problem we are worried about [11:46] <Sam_Spade> I thought of that a long time ago, but people don't seem to turn out to vote for NPOV, which is my POV [11:47] <Sam_Spade> I have opinions, but I don't want the wiki citing them as facts [11:47] <Sam_Spade> I want all expert POV's expressed neutrally [11:47] <Sam_Spade> thats why I like encyclopedias [11:47] <Grunt> That' [11:47] <Grunt> s the idea of NPOV.. [11:48] <Sam_Spade> but w all this voting, thats not what happens [11:48] <Sam_Spade> most people who want to vote have a POV [11:48] <Sam_Spade> if the vote is about communism, most voters will be communists [11:48] <Sam_Spade> if its about anarchism, the same [11:48] <Sam_Spade> if its about nazism, most voters will be people who don't like nazism [11:49] <Sam_Spade> these votes simply display the demographics of who cares about the subject [11:49] <Sam_Spade> not what is most neutral, or factual, or whatever [11:49] <Sam_Spade> I probably shouldn't begoing off about this here, sorry [11:52] <Grunt> don't worry, it's perfectly valid to be saying those things :) [11:52] <Grunt> If the RfC system worked better this would be less of an issue [11:53] <Sam_Spade> it doesn't work very well [11:53] <Sam_Spade> but its better than nothing [11:53] <Grunt> indeed. [11:53] <Sam_Spade> I think VfD is worse than nothing [11:54] <Sam_Spade> as are the polls and votes which are becomming increasingly common [11:54] * alex756 The meeting will start in about five minutes. [11:54] <Grunt> ..with a whole two advocates and one observer [11:54] <Grunt> lovely.. [11:54] <Sam_Spade> that would be cool [11:54] <Sam_Spade> but more people are likely to turn up [11:55] <Sam_Spade> then we can argue and get mad [11:55] <Sam_Spade> ;) [11:55] <Sam_Spade> hey, since we have such a small turn out, whatdya say we vote on my permanant position as "Imperator"? [11:55] <Sam_Spade> real fast tho, before anybody shows up! [11:56] <Sam_Spade> ;) [11:56] <Grunt> heh. :) [11:57] <Sam_Spade> I would love to have a NPOV voting block [11:57] <Sam_Spade> if need be, I'll start a wiki-political party [11:57] <Sam_Spade> but it would be best if we had less voting, and more concensus [11:58] <Grunt> Don't vote on everything.. [11:58] <Grunt> also Polls are evil [11:58] <Sam_Spade> how about "don't vote on anything ;) [11:58] <Sam_Spade> yeah, I like that 2nd one [11:58] <Grunt> I had a hand in starting that one =) [11:59] <Sam_Spade> the meta wiki gets precious little use [11:59] <Grunt> how sad. [11:59] * Angela has joined #AMA [12:00] <Sam_Spade> hello angela, how nice of you to be here [12:00] * alex756 changes topic to 'The meeting of Feb. 12, 2005 has commenced on 17:00 UTC.' [12:00] <Sam_Spade> whats w the strong non-AMA presence? [12:00] <Angela> hi. I'm just interested in how the AMA is progressing. I hope you mind an ex-member being here :) [12:00] Do you think we have a problem with that Sam? [12:00] I don' [12:00] Ops. [12:01] <Grunt> Angela: make that two ex-members. :) [12:01] <Sam_Spade> oh, not at all [12:01] <Sam_Spade> I think its very nice, as I said [12:01] I was thinking if we want to go into some kind of "executive session" we can have a closed meeting, but I see no reason to allowing participation from anyone who is interested. [12:01] <Sam_Spade> maybe if they were known trolls or whatnot, that could be bad [12:01] <Sam_Spade> but their highly regarded users [12:02] And Angela and Grunt are both former members, so maybe their observations will be useful. [12:02] <Sam_Spade> I think its a blessing to have them :) [12:02] * jag123 has joined #ama [12:02] <Grunt> Hi jag! [12:02] sup? [12:02] mind if I lurk? [12:02] <Sam_Spade> I'd rather if you participated [12:02] <Sam_Spade> since turn out is so low [12:02] * ziedoros has joined #AMA [12:03] <Grunt> Hi ziedoros! [12:03] <Sam_Spade> but I guess thats less of a problem by the minute! [12:03] * ziedoros has left #AMA [12:03] <Angela> just noticed my typo. I meant "I hope you _don't_ mind" of course :) [12:03] Regarding our agenda there have been some private discussions about the idea of having a "committee" or working group. [12:04] <Sam_Spade> public discussions as well [12:04] Since we do not have that many active members it does not really make that much sense to have more of a structure until we have more members. [12:05] Thought I still feel just having one coordinator is not sufficient. [12:05] <Grunt> If there aren't all that many active members.. [12:06] <Sam_Spade> I think everybody agrees we ought to have more active members, possessed of more responsibility. If not, then I'm not sure what were doing at all ;) [12:08] And we need to know more about member activities, who is doing advocacy work and some kind of procedure to make sure advocates have some basic understanding of the dispute resolution process. [12:08] <Sam_Spade> somebody needs to keep track of what members are doing, and how much of it is being done, and by whom [12:09] I still feel that we have to respect the privacy and confidentiality of advocacy work; we need statistics and maybe some links but nothing that violates the privacy between advocates and those they help. [12:10] <Sam_Spade> if such privacy is desired, I agree [12:11] <Sam_Spade> personally I'd like more scrutiny however, not less [12:11] <Sam_Spade> if nothing else it would show how much I do ;) [12:12] I think that there should also be some kind of buddy system, where an advocate to always turn to someone with more experience and discuss their case with them. [12:12] Ops, that should have been "where an advocate CAN (not to) always turn". [12:13] Maybe we should have a log system to do that? [12:14] Do you think that is a good idea Sam? [12:16] * Anthere has joined #AMA [12:16] After a date certain we ask advocates to list completed cases with a short description of their type of intervention? [12:16] Hi Athere. [12:16] <Anthere> hi, will be fully there in 5 mn [12:16] <Anthere> or 10 mn [12:20] * Sam_Spadeaway has joined #AMA [12:21] <Sam_Spadeaway> dang, I seem to be 2 people :( [12:21] * Sam_Spade has quit IRC (Read error: 60 (Operation timed out)) [12:21] * Sam_Spadeaway is now known as Sam_Spade [12:21] Now you have merged back into one... [12:21] <Sam_Spade> :D [12:22] <Sam_Spade> did I miss much? [12:22] <Sam_Spade> did you crown yourself emporer, alex? [12:22] Anthere is coming in a few minutes, and I was asking you a question about a log system. [12:22] <Sam_Spade> ok [12:23] <Sam_Spade> we seem to be agreeing alot, unless I'm mistaken [12:23] No, I crowned myself emporium. [12:23] <Sam_Spade> ;) [12:23] <Sam_Spade> so long as I'm Imperator, all is well [12:23] I have a good deal on used GPLs today. [12:23] I am also selling some out of date page histories. [12:24] For the record I want to mention our discussion about a "certification" process. [12:25] <Sam_Spade> I favor that generally [12:26] We had been talking about a certification process and also having some kind of "advocate in training" program. [12:27] Here, for the record is an excerpt of an email I sent you Sam, "something [12:27] like a test would be really interested, i.e. multiple [12:27] choice and I would do the marking of the exam. [12:27] It might be used to qualify members, we could give [12:27] them a seal of approval after they pass the test? [12:27] Something like "Certified by the AMA Coordinator" [12:27] with a link to the certification process (maybe they [12:27] also need a couple of references from people they [12:27] have worked with) and maybe an essay question [12:27] or two, they would submit the test to me via email, [12:27] it would be done on the honor system. [12:27] " (end of quote). [12:27] What would be in the test? [12:27] <Sam_Spade> in my reply I emphasized learning by doing [12:27] It would be questions dealing with the dispute resolution process. [12:28] <Sam_Spade> i.e. having cases [12:28] That is what the "advocate in training" idea would deal with. [12:28] <Sam_Spade> but I generally agree w alex's proposal [12:28] <Sam_Spade> and it would work well w a buddy or mentor program [12:29] <Sam_Spade> w experienced advocates helping nube's [12:29] <Sam_Spade> and each other, of course [12:29] Yes, I think we are all pretty much in agreement with these basic ideas now. [12:30] <Sam_Spade> the buddy and mentor aspects wouldn't require a vote of members, so long as they were voluntary [12:30] What do you think about having an assistant coordinator Sam? [12:31] <Sam_Spade> and the crtification would go over much better if uncertified persons were still allowed to advocate (not that we could stop them anyhow ;) [12:31] <Sam_Spade> I think you could use an assistant [12:31] <Sam_Spade> or secretary, or whatnot [12:31] <Sam_Spade> I also think we should ask someone to volunteer to compile AMA data, and records of cases [12:31] <Sam_Spade> we need a handful of new positions [12:31] Yes, I think we should still have an open membership policy, and then the voluntary "certifications". [12:32] What positions do you think we need? [12:32] <Sam_Spade> so9meone whose focus is on integrating new members and co-ordinating the certification / buddy process, etc... [12:32] <Sam_Spade> those 3 are a good start [12:32] <Sam_Spade> altho I'm sure more would come up organically [12:32] Maybe we should list all the tasks and figure out how many people are needed. [12:32] <Sam_Spade> maybe it could be the same number as we have active members ;) [12:32] I think we only really have about five really active members. [12:33] <Sam_Spade> ok, so five positions would be good :) [12:33] <Sam_Spade> give everybody a fancy hat, and there will be less complaining [12:33] <Sam_Spade> and in theory, more will get done [12:33] Maybe I should just deputize people for specific tasks. [12:33] <Sam_Spade> w division of labor and increased responsibility comes efficiency [12:34] <Sam_Spade> so long as their willing, sounds good [12:34] I am just suggesting that we clarify what specific tasks are needed so we can have a consensus about that. [12:34] <Anthere> sorry, i sill read you later, but unfortunately, my husband needs to use the computer for a while, so I cannot truely attend the meeting. I apology :-( [12:34] <Sam_Spade> quite alright [12:34] <Sam_Spade> thank you for the kind words, Anthere [12:35] That's o.k. Ant, we will be posting the minutes as usual later. [12:36] <Sam_Spade> the trick will be ensuring each of us is well suited to our specialized task [12:36] So, let us see, the issues that we have are, membership development, buddy system and certification. Is there anything else we need Sam? [12:36] <Sam_Spade> yes, compiling of data [12:36] <Sam_Spade> records of cases [12:36] Well, don't you think that really is within the coordinator's role already? [12:37] I think we just need a better system that the members can follow on a regular basis. [12:37] <Sam_Spade> I don't like you having more work than necessary [12:37] That also puts to rest the idea of "informal" vs. "formal" advocacy. [12:37] <Sam_Spade> ? [12:38] <Sam_Spade> I enjoy informal advocacy [12:38] I think a self reporting system is o.k., it just needs to be set up on an ongoing basis. [12:38] My point is that there is no difference, there is only "advocacy". [12:38] <Sam_Spade> hmm... [12:38] People are saying they are "informal" advocates. [12:38] What does that mean? [12:38] <Sam_Spade> I like pointing out that I'm being informal [12:38] I think if you are advocating, you are advocating. Period. [12:39] What is "official" advocating then? [12:39] <Sam_Spade> well, let me point out a distinction [12:39] Please. [12:39] <Sam_Spade> some people (in theory) might advocate a cause they know little about, simply as an impartial advocate [12:40] <Sam_Spade> they would be more formal, i assume [12:40] <Sam_Spade> I pretty much only advocate in cases where I have a POV [12:40] <Sam_Spade> which makes me perhaps more partisan, and less impartial [12:40] <Sam_Spade> in such a case I usually mention I am acting "informally" [12:41] <Sam_Spade> also there are MANY cases where the client has not officially accepted my assistance [12:41] I don't think an advocate has to be NPOV. [12:41] <Sam_Spade> in these I am most certainbly informal [12:42] But the point I am trying to make is that from the perspective of the AMA informal or formal is not really an important distinction. [12:44] <Anthere> back [12:44] <Anthere> reading [12:44] I think that when someone calls me and asks me for legal help I help them even if they are not technically my "client" it is still legal work. [12:45] So, even if someone justs contacts an AMA member and asks for some information I think that also fits into the balliwick of advocacy. It is helping the WP editor get a better understanding of the dispute resolution process. [12:46] <Anthere> I have a suggestion [12:46] <Anthere> from time to time, we see people getting obviously confused between mediation process and arbitration success [12:47] <Anthere> could not be a situation where you could get involved and contact the person [12:47] <Anthere> if necessary privately ? [12:47] I see nothing wrong with mediators or arbitrators suggesting to someone that they get in contact with the AMA if someone is confused. [12:48] * Sam_Spadeaway has joined #AMA [12:48] Is that what you mean Ant? [12:48] <Anthere> no, i mean the AMA getting in contact directly [12:48] <Sam_Spadeaway> Deutsch-telecom sucks [12:48] But we don't have any kind of process for that. [12:48] <Anthere> why ? [12:49] That would mean that someone from ArbCom or a mediator contact me. That is certainly a possibility, no one has done so to date. [12:49] <Sam_Spadeaway> we have one of each here today [12:49] <Sam_Spadeaway> wait, one arb, 2 mediators, yes? [12:49] <Angela> 2 currently inactive mediators [12:50] <Sam_Spadeaway> thats contact! W00t! [12:50] <Sam_Spadeaway> ;D [12:50] I see no problem with anyone contacting the AMA and suggesting that I contact a member and tell them about our association. [12:50] <Sam_Spadeaway> I think thats rather an ideal circumstance, actually [12:50] * Sam_Spade has quit IRC (Read error: 60 (Operation timed out)) [12:50] But I cannot follow all the disputes on WP to see if someone could benefit from AMA assistance. [12:51] * Sam_Spadeaway is now known as Sam_Spade [12:51] <Sam_Spade> refer away, please! [12:51] <Sam_Spade> also, I'd like it if most disputes had 2 advocates involved, one on each side, if possible [12:52] <Sam_Spade> that would be more fair (assuming their desired) [12:52] Yes, if we had enough advocates that would encourage a certain collegiality too. [12:52] <Sam_Spade> hopefully! [12:52] That is why I think we need to have a membership drive sam. [12:52] <Sam_Spade> getting more advocates is NOT a problem [12:53] <Sam_Spade> I can do that, easy [12:53] I think former arbitrators would make idea members. [12:53] <Sam_Spade> but I want just a touch more structure 1st [12:53] <Sam_Spade> sure [12:53] But we want members who PARTICIPATE not just sign up and then do nothing. [12:53] <Sam_Spade> exactly [12:53] <Sam_Spade> thats why we need more structure [12:53] I think you and I both agree that structure will help membership development. [12:53] <Sam_Spade> and rewards for service! [12:53] But I think that the structure should just be informal. [12:53] <Sam_Spade> when do I get paid? ;) [12:54] <Sam_Spade> seriously tho, we need some incentive [12:54] If you volunteer I will give you some wikimoney, o.k.? [12:54] <Sam_Spade> I have a simple idea [12:54] But when I mentioned "AMA member of the Year" award everyone seemed to balk. [12:55] I think that member statements that talk about AMA advocacy experience might be a good thing. [12:55] <Sam_Spade> how about iof the co-ordinator can give people positions (assuming they want them) kinda like your deputizing idea [12:55] <Sam_Spade> that wouldn't require alot of red tape [12:55] <Sam_Spade> and assuming the positions amounted to responsibility, rather than authority... [12:55] <Sam_Spade> who could complain? [12:55] Like appointing someone Deputy in Charge of Membership Development? [12:56] <Sam_Spade> pretty much, yeah [12:56] Well, I think people might want to know why someone was chosen for a particular job. [12:56] <Sam_Spade> actually, I think all active members should be responsible fopr something [12:56] <Sam_Spade> that would increase harmony, methinks [12:56] Yes, but then we are changing the criteria for membership, this amounts to a bylaw change. [12:57] <Sam_Spade> why change the criteria for membership? [12:57] I still think that basic AMA membership is just open to all. [12:57] <Sam_Spade> we should allow anyone to join, as always [12:57] <Sam_Spade> but have certiofied, active members separate from other members [12:57] If someone wants to contribute more, they can do that, on a voluntary basis. [12:57] <Sam_Spade> a different list [12:57] Personally I think that having tiers of members is NOT a good idea. [12:58] <Sam_Spade> inactive members shouldn't be fired, just moved to a another list [12:58] <Sam_Spade> I strongly favor it, we all know that [12:58] It creates too much hierarchy. [12:58] <Sam_Spade> I am a hierarchy advocate [12:58] <Sam_Spade> ;) [12:58] Yes, I know that sam. [12:58] <Sam_Spade> and I won't be happy until I am Imperator! [12:58] <Sam_Spade> ;D [12:58] That is why I was trying to placate you with all kinds of certificates and roles. [12:59] I think we can have people apply for "Certification" and also to volunteer to be on a buddy list. [12:59] <Sam_Spade> its not a problem tho, because I think hierarchy always exists, and will grow organically no matter what we do 9assuming we do anything) [13:00] <Sam_Spade> sounds good to me [13:00] Yes, sociologist might argue that any democracy has its "pecking order" but for the sake of the association, that only has a half dozen active people do we really need more formal structure? We need more informal participation. That is what we need IMHO. [13:00] <Sam_Spade> hm [13:01] <Sam_Spade> I want more structure, formal or informal [13:01] We could give everyone a title, give everyone a list to be on, but what does that have to do with providing advocacy services to WP members. [13:01] <Sam_Spade> not alot [13:01] I agree with alex [13:01] <Sam_Spade> just some bare bones [13:01] I think having these meetings has already created a lot of informal activity, and that is good. [13:02] I would like to begin to have it bear fruit, beyond the survey and the membership logs and suggestions that we are discussing. [13:02] The problem with "active members" is what is the criterion for such status? [13:03] <Sam_Spade> if we kept track of what sort of fruits members have specifically been producing, we might be suprised at the extent of the harvest ;) [13:03] <Sam_Spade> doing something [13:03] <Sam_Spade> and maybe alerting you about it? [13:03] I am not talking about members Sam, you keep confusing the activities of the members with the organization. [13:03] They are two separate things. [13:04] <Sam_Spade> I only see the organization as a tool for producing results, in this case advocacy [13:04] I think all we need is a minimal amount of information about member activities, like what I was asking for in the survey to which you objected. [13:04] <Sam_Spade> whatever it does that increases that production is likely good [13:05] I think we agree that a buddy system and a certification process could increase interest and productivity. [13:05] <Sam_Spade> I support you on that last [13:05] Maybe also having some kind of training or seminar activity or having a roundtable discussion about cases on IRC here. [13:06] To keep due process or fundamental justice concerns in mind I think I should draw up a certification process proposal post it somewhere and ask for comments. [13:06] <Sam_Spade> as far as cases I suspect I desire more focus and better records than you, but that can sort itself out [13:07] <Sam_Spade> sounds good [13:08] I think what User:Michael Snow is doing at the SignPost is really the kind of documentation we can use that can have so use to AMA members later on. [13:08] He is sort of acting like a medieval English law reporter in that regard. [13:09] <Sam_Spade> I don't know anything about it [13:13] * Grunt is now known as GruntWillBBL [13:13] * Wally|AMA has joined #ama [13:14] He is writing Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-02-07/Arbitration_report is called "The Report on Lenthy Litigation". [13:14] <Wally|AMA> Argh, I'm late. [13:14] Hey Wally, Glad you can join us. [13:14] <Wally|AMA> Morning Alex, morning all. [13:14] We have some observers today. [13:15] <Sam_Spade> wow, this signpost rocks! [13:15] Grunt, Angela and jag123. [13:15] Yes, Micheal Snow is to be highly commended. [13:15] <Wally|AMA> Sounds great. May I ask what I've missed, or should I do that in PM or somesuch? [13:16] <Wally|AMA> Dreadfully sorry again. :/ [13:16] Wally, before you arrived we were talking about having a "certification process" and establishing a "buddy system". [13:17] And Sam wants some kind of active member status. [13:17] <Wally|AMA> That's actually something I wanted to ask about. [13:17] But I don't really want to create different membership categories, just create some tasks. [13:17] We were talking about the Coordinator's inherent "deputizing" power, and how it might be used. [13:18] <Sam_Spade> people looking for an advocate shouldn't have a list w mainly inactive members on it to choose from [13:18] <Wally|AMA> I agree, Sam. If I can find my post... [13:18] <Sam_Spade> the wikis down [13:18] <Wally|AMA> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AMA_Meeting_%28suggested_topics%29#Member_Activity [13:18] <Sam_Spade> at least partially [13:18] <Wally|AMA> Here we are. [13:19] <Wally|AMA> It is? [13:19] <Sam_Spade> they are upgrading the servers or somesuch [13:19] How about telling members to put star next to their names if they are interested in accepting inquiries regarding new cases? [13:19] <Wally|AMA> It's been working fine here... [13:19] <Sam_Spade> that won't help prospective clients much [13:19] The servers seems to be coming and going on line. [13:19] <Wally|AMA> Well there's an issue about when we vote, too; if we don't know who's active we don't know what a majority is. [13:19] <Anthere> morning Wally [13:19] Why not Sam? [13:19] <Wally|AMA> Morning Anthere. [13:20] <Sam_Spade> they likely won't know what the stars mean [13:20] <Sam_Spade> besides, some of those people arn't even using their acounts at all [13:20] <Sam_Spade> like "mrs.hippie burning [13:20] We at the top of the list, Please only contact members with a star after their name, others are currently not accepting new cases. [13:21] <Sam_Spade> I tbink that was just a sockpuppet [13:21] <Sam_Spade> that sounds good, alex [13:21] <Sam_Spade> thats a good compromise [13:21] <Wally|AMA> I agree. There shouldn't be kicking-off of inactives or any such nonsense. [13:21] <Sam_Spade> but the list should have all the people w stars at the top [13:21] <Wally|AMA> Just so we know, and clients know, which advocates are around and which aren't. [13:21] Thanks. I think as far as a quorum is concerned we don't need to worry about that. [13:22] <Sam_Spade> so as to have less to wade thru [13:22] I'll post a message to each member page and then they will have to add the star. That makes sure that only active members who read their talk pages will add stars. [13:23] <Wally|AMA> Mightn't it just be easier to section off actives and inactives? [13:23] <Sam_Spade> that was my thought originally [13:23] Like I said to Sam, that creates an artificial dichotomy, we don't have any "official" notice about active and inactive members and with the star someone can always add it or remove it when they wish. [13:23] <Sam_Spade> but alex dislikes it for some reason [13:24] <Sam_Spade> I'd highly prefer separate lists [13:24] <Wally|AMA> I just think there should be some sort of requirement for noting continued activity every two weeks. [13:24] If you want to have a page that states, list of members currently accepting new cases that is o.k.. [13:24] <Wally|AMA> That sounds good. [13:24] But if someone is not accepting new cases that does not make them "inactive". [13:25] I am not accepting cases, so that would mean that the Coordinator would be "inactive". [13:25] That would be misleading. [13:25] Because I am certainly active concerning the AMA, not just accepting cases. [13:25] <Wally|AMA> Where activity is concerned, I had that seperate - whether or not one is accepting cases, active/inactive shows whether they're involved at all. [13:25] Or what about Michael Snow, he is doing all this writing and that is really an advocacy work, but he is not accepting cases. [13:25] <Sam_Spade> yeah [13:25] <Wally|AMA> You'd be active but not accepting cases, under that standard. [13:26] <Sam_Spade> I want 5 stars by my name! [13:26] I think unless we change the membership criteria that we can't have active and inactive members, we never discussed that before. [13:26] <Wally|AMA> But at this point it seems like hair-splitting. If we can do a seperate page with members taking cases, that's fine for me. [13:26] <Wally|AMA> As long as it's given prominence over the main member list on the front page. [13:27] <Sam_Spade> nobody is proposing removing members [13:27] <Sam_Spade> just clarifying who is available [13:27] * GruntWillBBL is now known as Grunt [13:27] Maybe the list of members should be moved to a subpage but I still prefer the star system, [13:27] <Sam_Spade> and who is doing what [13:27] because it shows the members who are not active that there are only a few active members. [13:28] It might make them want to contribute more. [13:28] <Wally|AMA> Sam is right, I think, about the star system being unnecessarily complex. [13:28] <Wally|AMA> And a seperate page would provide the same incentive, wouldn't it? [13:28] Of course for the people who have left WP that is irrelevant. [13:28] <Sam_Spade> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AMA_Meeting_%28suggested_topics%29#Member_Activity [13:29] <Sam_Spade> I like walls idea on that [13:29] <Angela> what's so bad about removing inactive people? [13:29] We have one main page that gives people an idea of who we are and lists members, we are not just only about accepting advocacy cases. [13:29] <Sam_Spade> *wallys [13:29] <Sam_Spade> good point, Angela [13:29] <Sam_Spade> but its much more controversial, and might require a vote [13:29] <Sam_Spade> so its best to start small [13:30] <Sam_Spade> by clarifying who is available to help clients [13:30] <Wally|AMA> I agree there also, but we should proceed carefully. [13:30] Nothing bad about it Angela, just that since we are an organization that prides ourself on due process and fundamental justice we would not do anything that changes our rules until we give people adequate notice to ojbect.

Continued at AMA IRC Meeting log(2-12-05)Pt.II


text:
Carlos Pesquera

Carlos Ignacio Pesquera-Morales (born August 17, 1956) is a Puerto Rican civil engineer who served as the Secretary of Transportation and Public Works of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 1999. He ran in the 2016 New Progressive Party primary to be Puerto Rico's Resident Commissioner as Pedro Pierluisi's ballot running mate, but lost by over 70% of the vote to state representative Jenniffer Gonzalez. He is married to Irasema Rivera, an agronomist, and has one son and one daughter. He currently resides in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.

Education
Carlos Ignacio Pesquera Morales graduated from High School while attending Nuestra Señora de Belén. Dr. Pesquera attended the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, where he graduated with high honors as an engineer. He was awarded the Etienne Totti Award for Best Student of the Civil Engineering Class, 1978. Later, Pesquera continued his graduate studies at Cornell University, where he obtained an M.S. and Ph.D. in Structural Engineering. At Cornell, Pesquera specialized in the application of Computer-Aided-Design tools in the design of steel framed structures. He then worked at 3D/Eye where he was in charge of developing Steel-3D, one of the first fully integrated structural design tools based on computer graphics. Afterwards, he taught civil engineering at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez.

Political career
Pesquera was the Secretary of the Department of Transportation and Public Works of Puerto Rico under Pedro Rosselló's first and second terms as Governor (1993–1999). As Secretary of Transportation, he is credited as the driving force behind the $2 billion Tren Urbano (Urban Train), the Superaqueduct that has resolved metropolitan San Juan's water rationing problems, numerous road construction projects and the construction of the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in San Juan. He ran for Governor of Puerto Rico as a candidate of the pro-statehood New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico in the 2000 elections but was defeated by Sila María Calderón of the Popular Democratic Party. The results of that election showed: Sila Calderón (PDP) with 978,860 votes (48.6%); Carlos Pesquera (NPP) 919,194 votes (45.7%); Ruben Berrios (PIP) 104,705 (5.2%), while other candidates had about 2700 votes (under 0.5%). Afterwards, he reorganized his followers and remained the head of the NPP until the year 2003. That same year Pedro Rosselló returned from retirement and Pesquera ran for his party's candidacy for Governor but was soundly defeated in a primary election by Rosselló.

Pesquera then retired from public life and is currently teaching at several Puerto Rican universities. In January 2007, Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá nominated him to be part of the Board of Regents of the University of Puerto Rico.

title: Carlos Pesquera


text:
William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman

William Clive Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman, PC, JP, DL (31 December 1864 – 14 August 1935) was a British Conservative politician and peer. He notably served as Home Secretary between 1922 and 1924. He was also an active cricketer.

Background and education
Bridgeman was born in London, United Kingdom, the son of Reverend Hon. John Robert Orlando Bridgeman, third son of the 2nd Earl of Bradford, and Marianne Caroline Clive. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. While there he was secretary of the Pitt Club.

Cricketing
While at Cambridge, he played first-class cricket for the Cambridge University Cricket Club. Below first-class he played at county level for Shropshire, appearing 31 times between 1884 and 1903, achieving a century in one match with 159 runs, while playing at club level for Worthen and for Blymhill in Staffordshire. In 1931 he served as President of the Marylebone Cricket Club.

Political career
Bridgeman entered a career in politics early, becoming assistant private secretary to Lord Knutsford, the Colonial Secretary (1889–1892), and then to Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, the Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1895 to 1897. In 1897 he became a member of the London School Board, and in 1904 he was elected to the London County Council. In 1906 he was elected as a member of parliament (MP) for Oswestry, staying in this seat until his retirement in 1929. In 1909 he was appointed a member of a Royal Commission on the selection of Justices of the Peace.

In 1911, Bridgeman became an opposition whip, and became a government whip in the Asquith coalition government in 1915. From 1915 to 1916, he was Lord of the Treasury and Assistant Director of the War Trade Department. With the creation of Lloyd George's coalition in 1916, Bridgeman became Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Labour until 1919, and then Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade in 1919 and 1920, and then served as Secretary for Mines from 1920 to 1922. In these roles, Bridgeman became a devoted opponent of strikes and socialism, although he came to admire more moderate trade unionists. He was appointed to the Privy Council on 13 October 1920.

In October 1922, Bridgeman was one of the leaders of the Conservative revolt against the coalition's leadership, and he became Home Secretary in the new Conservative governments of Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin from 1922 until January 1924. He developed here a reputation for harshness and resolve, which continued in his time as First Lord of the Admiralty from November 1924 to June 1929. Throughout, he was one of Conservative leader Stanley Baldwin's closest allies. Bridgeman retired from the Commons in 1929, and on 18 June that year was created Viscount Bridgeman, of Leigh in the County of Shropshire.

Later life
In his later years, he served as chairman of various commissions and committees, as well as, briefly, Chairman of the BBC. He became Justice of Peace and Deputy Lieutenant of Shropshire, and received an Honorary Doctor of Law from the University of Cambridge in 1930.

Family
Lord Bridgeman married Caroline Beatrix Parker, daughter of Hon. Cecil Thomas Parker and Rosamond Esther Harriet Longley, daughter of the Most Rev. Charles Thomas Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury, in Eccleston, Chester, on 30 April 1895. They had four children:
 * Robert Bridgeman, 2nd Viscount Bridgeman (1896–1982)
 * Brigadier Hon. Geoffrey Bridgeman (1898–1974)
 * Anne Bridgeman (1900–1900)
 * Hon. Sir Maurice Bridgeman (1904–1980)

Lord Bridgeman died in Leigh Manor, Shropshire, on 14 August 1935, aged 70, and was buried in the churchyard at Hope near Minsterley three days later. The Viscountess Bridgeman died in December 1961.


text: User talk:66.27.113.112

title: User talk:66.27.113.112


text:
T. H. S. Sotheron-Estcourt

Thomas Henry Sutton Sotheron-Estcourt PC DL JP (4 April 1801 – 6 January 1876), known as Thomas Bucknall-Estcourt until 1839 and as Thomas Sotheron from 1839 to 1855, was a British Conservative politician.

Background and education
Sotheron-Estcourt was the eldest son of Thomas Grimston Estcourt, Member of Parliament (MP) for Devizes and Oxford University, son of Thomas Estcourt, Member of Parliament for Cricklade. His mother was Eleanor, daughter of James Sutton. He was educated at Harrow and Oriel College, Oxford.

Political career
Estcourt was elected to Parliament as MP for Marlborough in 1829. He was elected to parliament again in 1835 as MP for Devizes, switched to North Wiltshire in 1844, and continued in the Commons until 1865. Sotheron resumed the name Estcourt in 1855, and entered Lord Derby's second government in 1858 as President of the Poor Law Board. The next year, he became Home Secretary, but the government soon fell. He had been sworn of the Privy Council in 1858.

Family
Sotheron-Estcourt married Lucy Sarah, daughter of Admiral Frank Sotheron, in 1830. In 1839 he assumed by Royal licence the surname of Sotheron in lieu of his patronymic in order to inherit his father-in-law's property. However, in 1853 he resumed by Royal licence the surname of Estcourt in addition to that of Sotheron. He retired from public life in 1863 after a paralytic seizure. He died in January 1876, aged 74. His wife had died in 1870. Sotheron-Estcourt's estates passed to his nephew George Bucknall-Estcourt, who assumed the surname of Sotheron-Estcourt and was created Baron Estcourt in 1903.

title: T. H. S. Sotheron-Estcourt