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Office of Naval Intelligence

The Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) is the military intelligence agency of the United States Navy. Established in 1882 primarily to advance the Navy's modernization efforts, it is the oldest member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and serves as the nation's premier source of maritime intelligence.

Since the First World War, ONI's mission has broadened to include real-time reporting on the developments and activities of foreign navies; protecting maritime resources and interests; monitoring and countering transnational maritime threats; providing technical, operational, and tactical support to the U.S. Navy and its partners; and surveying the global maritime environment. ONI employs over 3,000 military and civilian personnel worldwide and is headquartered at the National Maritime Intelligence Center in Suitland, Maryland.

History
Despite playing an active and decisive role in the American Civil War, in the following years the U.S. Navy fell into precipitous decline. A lack of both federal funding and public interest reduced the Navy's size, prestige, and technological superiority; whereas steel ships were increasingly the norm, the U.S. Navy was entirely wood-based. Towards the end of the 19th century, American naval power had become vastly obsolete compared to Europe, and even lagged behind the navies of less developed nations such as Chile.

In an era of rapid industrialization, globalized commerce, and colonial expansion, the prevailing military theory of the time held that navies were critical to the commercial and strategic interests of a nation, as well as a source of national prestige and power projection. In light of these developments, American naval officers and military strategists advocated for a larger and more technologically advanced navy that could protect the U.S.' vast maritime borders, safeguard its commercial interests, and project power abroad. Among the leading reformers was Navy Lieutenant Theodorus Bailey Myers Mason, who called for the creation of a naval intelligence office dedicated to gathering information on foreign navies and the latest in naval science to help rebuild the U.S. Navy.

William H. Hunt, who served briefly as Secretary of the Navy under President James Garfield, formed a Naval Advisory Board tasked with rebuilding the Navy and bringing it up to par to global standards. Largely in response to Mason's recommendations, on March 23, 1882, Hunt issued General Order No. 292, which read:

"An "Office of Intelligence" is hereby established in the Bureau of Navigation for the purpose of collecting and recording such naval information as may be useful to the Department in time of war, as well as in peace.

To facilitate this work, the Department Library will be combined with the "Office of Intelligence," and placed under the direction of the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation.

Commanding and all other officers are directed to avail themselves of all opportunities which may arise to collect and to forward to the "Office of Intelligence" professional matters likely to serve the object in view."

The new Office of Naval Intelligence would be headquartered in the State, War and Navy Building (now the Old Executive Office Building), with Mason appointed as its first "Chief Intelligence Office". As originally conceived, ONI assisted in the Navy's advancement by dispatching naval attachés around the world to acquire data and resources related to the latest in naval warfare. These findings would be analyzed, interpreted, and disseminated to Navy leaders and government officials, helping to inform policies and programs related to naval development.

Expansion
Mason was succeeded as Chief Intelligence Officer by Lieutenant Raymond P. Rodgers in April 1885. In addition to intensifying ONI's research and surveillance of naval technology abroad, Rodger's four-year tenure saw ONI partner with the U.S. Department of State in gathering information on strategic maritime interests such as Panama, Samoa, and the Kingdom of Hawaii. ONI also began to develop capabilities in cryptography, which would foreshadow its evolution into a full-fledged military intelligence office.

In 1890, one year after Rodgers' departure from ONI, the office was transferred from the Bureau of Navigation to the Secretary of the Navy, solidifying its key role in the Navy's growth and development. ONI's emergence as a proper naval intelligence arm began in earnest with the Spanish–American War of 1898. Naval operations were critical in the conflict, and ONI was responsible for protecting Navy personnel, providing tactical support, and implementing counter-intelligence measures. Nevertheless, weaknesses in its intelligence gathering were revealed.

ONI grew in prominence under President Theodore Roosevelt, a former Assistant Secretary of the Navy and naval enthusiast. His expansionist foreign policy — and the central role the U.S. Navy played therein — made maritime intelligence more crucial. The sailing of the "Great White Fleet" around the world between 1906 and 1907, which included sixteen newly constructed steel battleships, showcased new-found American seapower and validated ONI's efforts. By 1911, the U.S. was constructing super-dreadnoughts at a pace that would eventually become competitive with Britain's Royal Navy.

American entry into the First World War in 1917 marked a turning point in the office's history. President Woodrow Wilson was an exponent of the importance of a strong navy to U.S. defense. Under his administration, Congress authorized ONI's first major increase in personnel and funding, and expanded its role to include domestic security operations — namely the protection of U.S. ports, harbors, and maritime facilities from enemy infiltration and sabotage. ONI's mandate often entailed partnering with the departments of State, War, Justice, Commerce, and Labor. Due to the increasingly sensitive nature of its work, ONI also began to censor radio and mail communications, which further marked its development as a major intelligence office.

During the 1920s and 1930s, many of ONI's activities were dedicated to Japan, which was an increasingly advanced and belligerent naval power. The office investigated Japanese fortifications in the Pacific, acquired information on Japanese military aircraft and weaponry, and partnered with the U.S. Army's Military Intelligence Division and the Federal Bureau of Investigation to monitor potentially subversive elements within the Japanese American community; ONI's director, Rear Admiral Walter Stratton Anderson, met weekly with his counterparts in the FBI and MID to gather and share information on suspected internal threats. In 1929, Chief of Naval Operations William D. Leahy made permanent ONI's functions as an intelligence office, while in 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt granted the office considerable authority on matters of domestic security.

In the run up to Pearl Harbor, ONI was beset with challenges including disagreements with the Chief of Naval Operations and the FBI on who would in charge of naval counterintelligence both outside and with the borders of the United States. Partly as result of these challenges, ONI had four directors in the year 1941.

World War II
Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, concerns about subversive activity by Japanese Americans grew more pressing. ONI commissioned Kenneth Ringle, assistant district intelligence officer for the Eleventh Naval District in Los Angeles, to conduct a thorough investigation of the resident Japanese population. He found little evidence of Japanese American saboteurs, and in his final report to President Roosevelt, advised against mass incarceration, a view that was shared by most ONI officials, but that was largely ignored by the Army and War Department.

The Second World War would see another expansion of ONI's duties and a subsequent increase in its budget and staff. The office established two intelligence schools that trained hundreds of Intel officers for the Navy. Its Special Activities Branch offered critical intelligence on German U-boat technology, operations, and tactics, which proved decisive in the Battle of the Atlantic. ONI supplied U.S. forces with ship and aircraft recognition manuals, provided photographic specialists for identifying enemy vessels, assisted in naval mission planning, and was responsible for the translation, evaluation, and dissemination of intercepted Japanese communications.

Cold War
While other parts of the Navy were downsized after the war, U.S. Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz ensured ONI's continued strength, which was to prove important during the Cold War. Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal broadened ONI's mandate to include investigations of major criminal and security matters. In 1946, the Operational Intelligence Section was formed to provide fleet commanders with real-time analysis of the maritime activities and positions of foreign naval forces, namely the Soviet Navy. The Navy Field Operational Intelligence Office (NFOIO) was established in 1957 to provide more advanced signals intelligence and timely information on the intent of enemy forces.

ONI also made a concerted effort to enhance its technical and scientific resources, diversifying its personnel to reflect a wider range of expertise. The Navy Scientific and Technical Intelligence Center (NAVSTIC) was established in 1968 and shortly thereafter was folded into the Navy Reconnaissance and Technical Support Center (NRTSC). In response to the threat posed by nuclear-armed Soviet submarines, ONI developed the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and the Ocean Surveillance Information system (OSIS), allowing the U.S. Navy to monitor and deter these threats.

Consolidation and transformation
Beginning in 1988, and following the end of the Cold War, ONI's headquarters was moved to its current location in the National Maritime Intelligence Center (NMIC) in Suitland, Maryland. It was joined by Coast Guard Intelligence (CGI), which is responsible for domestic maritime operations, and the Marine Corps Intelligence Activity, which supports expeditionary missions in littoral areas. The housing of all three of the nation's principal maritime intelligence agencies was intended to facilitate data sharing and coordination.

Since the start of the Global War on Terror in 2001—and the subsequently large role played by the U.S. Navy in related conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Horn of Africa—ONI has experienced further expansion of its duties and functions. The year 2009 was characterized by a major reorganization of the office. Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Gary Roughead authorized ONI's conversion into a command with four subordinate commands, each with a specialized function: scientific and technical intelligence, operational intelligence, information services and technology, and expeditionary and special warfare support. All four commands were collocated in NMIC, which was afterward designated by the Director of National Intelligence as the nation's central source for integrated strategic maritime intelligence.

The same year, the Information Dominance Corps (IDC) was established by the Navy to train enlisted sailors and officers in a wide range of supporting intelligence capabilities. The IDC was redesignated in 2016 as the Information Warfare Community (IWC), with a greater emphasis on inter-disciplinary expertise in sustaining the U.S. Navy's operational and technological superiority. ONI provides the IWC with critical maritime intelligence and real-time global maritime surveillance.

The 21st century has also seen an extension of ONI's support beyond the Navy and U.S. government and towards relevant academic and commercial partners. In addition to operations related to the War on Terror, contemporary challenges that rely upon maritime intelligence include anti-piracy efforts, surveillance of potential maritime conflict zones (such as the territorial disputes in the South China Sea), and monitoring the activities and developments in emerging rival navies (such as those of China, Russia, and Iran).

Organization and personnel
According to its official website, ONI's organizational structure is specifically designed to "strengthen the Navy's conventional and irregular war fighting capacities, and to expand our foresight into new technologies, future platforms, weapons, sensors, C4ISR and cyber capabilities".

ONI is based in the National Maritime Intelligence Center (NMIC), located on the grounds of the Suitland Federal Center in Suitland, Maryland. It is collocated with its five specialized subcommands, known as "Centers of Excellence" – the Nimitz Operational Intelligence Center, Farragut Technical Analysis Center, Kennedy Irregular Warfare Center, the Hopper Information Services Center, and the Brooks Center for Maritime Engagement. Since 2009, the facility has been designed to facilitate 24-hour-a-day coordination, collaboration, and analysis of maritime intelligence among ONI's subcommands, as well as its counterparts in the Marine Corps and Coast Guard. This integration is intended to offer both comprehensive and rapid intelligence to a broad range of stakeholders.

ONI is led by a commander, formally known as the Commander, Office of Naval Intelligence (COMONI), who also serves as Director of the National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office (NMIIO), the national intelligence community center for maritime issues under ODNI. The COMONI's functions including fulfilling the national maritime intelligence duties required by the Navy, Department of Defense (DoD), and wider intelligence community.

There is also a Deputy Commander, who serves as the Commander’s primary assistant and adviser; a Chief Staff Officer, who directs the activities of staff directors and officers, and serves as the point of contact for other commands; and the Command Master Chief, who leads the enlisted personnel and advises the COMONI, Deputy Commander, and Chief of Staff on command policy.

ONI employs over 3,000 military and civilian personnel worldwide, including contractors. Its staff includes intelligence analysts, scientists, engineers, and other qualified specialists. In addition to its permanent staff, ONI is supported by more than 800 Navy Reservists, who assist the office during weekend drills and active duty.

Nimitz Operational Intelligence Center
Named after World War II Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the Nimitz Operational Intelligence Center has responsibility for Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and Global Maritime Intelligence Integration (GMII), which allows it to maintain the U.S. Navy's warfighting superiority by delivering precise and timely information on the capability and position of naval and other maritime assets of interest.

Farragut Technical Analysis Center
Named for Admiral David Farragut, the Farragut Technical Analysis Center is the U.S. Navy's Center of Excellence for strategic scientific and technical intelligence (S&TI) analysis of foreign technologies, sensors, weapons, platforms, combat systems, C4ISR, and cyber capabilities. In addition to its all-source capabilities, the Farragut Center conducts ONI's foreign materiel exploitation, signal intelligence analysis, modeling and simulation, and is home to the National Maritime Acoustic Intelligence Laboratory.

Kennedy Irregular Warfare Center
Named for President John F. Kennedy, the Kennedy Center provides support to Navy Special Warfare and Navy Expeditionary Combat Command forces by providing intelligence on potential threats posed by asymmetrical warfare. Analysts are often called upon to perform other tasks and duties within this specialized area.

Hopper Information Services Center
Named for Rear Admiral Grace Hopper, the Hopper Center provides information services that support global maritime and intelligence operations. Its staff consists of more than 850 information technology specialists based in 42 locations in 11 countries. The center also assists in the integration, testing, fielding, and maintenance of advanced technologies utilized by ONI and its centers.

Brooks Center for Maritime Engagement
Named for Rear Admiral Thomas A. Brooks, a former Director of Naval Intelligence, the Brooks Center was established on 13 July 2016.

title: Office of Naval Intelligence


text:
User talk:Revkong

Welcome!

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Revkong


text:
The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty

The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty is an unauthorized biography of the Bush family by the American investigative journalist Kitty Kelley. It was published on September 14, 2004, less than two months before the 2004 US Presidential election. Reviews of the book were mixed, with some of the "accusations," according to The New York Times, "[standing] up better than others."

Glynn Wilson, who failed to graduate yet falsely claimed to be professor of journalism at the University of Tennessee and who, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, falsely claimed to have been the New Orleans Bureau Chief of the Dallas Morning News (no such bureau existed), was a free-lance journalist from Alabama, who sued Kelley for plagiarism claiming passages from the book contained the exact wording as an online article he had written. Wilson subsequently withdrew the infringement suit, first filed in Federal District Court in Birmingham. In an interview with the New York Times, Wilson indicated he withdrew because he was likely to lose the suit. Wilson also agreed not to refile his claim. According to the New York Times, Wilson received no monetary settlement from Kelley or the publisher.


text:
Johann Andreas Wagner

Johann Andreas Wagner (21 March 1797 – 17 December 1861) was a German palaeontologist, zoologist and archaeologist who wrote several important works on palaeontology.

Career
Wagner was a professor at the University of Munich, and curator of the Zoologische Staatssammlung (State Zoology Collection). He was the author of Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt (1844–46).

Wagner was a Christian creationist.

Pikermi
In his travels to the fossil beds of Pikermi, Wagner discovered and described fossil remains of mastodon, Dinotherium, Hipparion, two species of giraffe, antelope and others. His collaboration with Johannes Roth on these fossils became a major textbook in palaeontology, known as "Roth & Wagner", in which the "bones were much broken, and no complete skeleton was found with all the parts united".

Legacy
Wagner is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of South American snake, Diaphorolepis wagneri.

title: Johann Andreas Wagner


text:
Category:British pirates

Maritime history of the United Kingdom.

title: Category:British pirates


text:
Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide

Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is the chemical compound with the formula (C4H9)4NOH, abbreviated Bu4NOH with the acronym TBAOH or TBAH. This species is employed as a solution in water or alcohols. It is a common base in organic chemistry. Relative to more conventional inorganic bases, such as KOH and NaOH, Bu4NOH is more soluble in organic solvents.

Preparation and reactions
Solutions of Bu4NOH are usually prepared in situ from butylammonium halides, Bu4NX, for example by reacting them with silver oxide or using an ion exchange resin. Attempts to isolate Bu4NOH induces Hofmann elimination, leading to Bu3N and 1-butene. Solutions of Bu4NOH are typically contaminated with Bu3N for this reason.

Treatment of Bu4NOH with a wide range of acids gives water and the other tetrabutylammonium salts:

Applications
Bu4NOH is a strong base that is used often under phase-transfer conditions to effect alkylations and deprotonations. Typical reactions include benzylation of amines and generation of dichlorocarbene from chloroform.

Bu4NOH can be neutralized with a variety of mineral acids to give lipophilic salts of the conjugate base. For example, treatment of Bu4NOH with disodium pyrophosphate, Na2H2P2O7, gives (Bu4N)3[HP2O7], which is soluble in organic solvents. Similarly, neutralization of Bu4NOH with hydrofluoric acid affords an relatively water-free Bu4NF. This salt dissolves in organic solvents and is useful in desilylation.

title: Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide


text: Talk:15 minutes of fame

title: Talk:15 minutes of fame


text:
Broadway Melody of 1940

Broadway Melody of 1940 is a 1940 MGM film musical starring Fred Astaire, Eleanor Powell and George Murphy (Astaire's first male dancing partner on film ). It was directed by Norman Taurog and features music by Cole Porter, including "Begin the Beguine".

The film was the fourth and final entry in MGM's "Broadway Melody" series of films, and is notable for being the only on-screen pairing of Astaire and Powell, who were considered the finest film musical dancers of their time.

Plot
Johnny Brett and King Shaw are a dance team so down on their luck that they work in a dance hall for no money. Meanwhile, Clare Bennett is a big Broadway star. Owing to a case of mistaken identity, Shaw is offered the chance to be Clare's dancing partner in a new Broadway show, when Johnny's dancing was really what producer Bob Casey saw and wanted. The partnership breaks up, but Johnny still helps out King, who lets his newfound success go to his head. Clare eventually realizes that Johnny, not King, is the better dancer, and she falls in love after having lunch with him. When Shaw gets drunk on opening night, Johnny steps in and saves the show with a brilliant performance, though he lets King think he did it himself. Clare later tells King the truth. Just before the next show, Clare discovers King drunk again, and Johnny becomes the permanent replacement. After the show, they find out that King was pretending to be drunk so that Johnny would get the job.

Cast

 * Fred Astaire as Johnny Brett
 * Eleanor Powell as Clare Bennett
 * George Murphy as King Shaw
 * Frank Morgan as Bob Casey
 * Ian Hunter as Bert C. Matthews
 * Florence Rice as Amy Blake, Casey's Secretary
 * Lynne Carver as Emmy Lou Lee
 * Ann Morriss as Pearl Delonge
 * Trixie Firschke as Juggler
 * Herman Bing as Silhouettist (uncredited)

Cast notes:
 * Mel Blanc appears, uncredited, as a panhandler.

Musical numbers

 * "Please Don't Monkey with Broadway" - words and music by Cole Porter, sung and danced by Fred Astaire and George Murphy
 * "All Ashore" - words and music by Roger Edens, sung by Eleanor Powell, one of the few times she was ever shown singing with her own voice rather than being overdubbed.
 * "Between You and Me" - words and music by Cole Porter, sung by George Murphy, danced by Murphy and Eleanor Powell
 * "I've Got My Eyes on You" - words and music by Cole Porter, sung and danced by Fred Astaire
 * "Jukebox Dance" - words and music by Walter Ruick, danced by Eleanor Powell and Fred Astaire. Powell later said this number was her favorite out of all her filmed dances.
 * "I Concentrate on You" - words and music by Cole Porter, sung by Douglas McPhail, danced by Eleanor Powell and Fred Astaire
 * "Begin the Beguine" - words and music by Cole Porter, sung in two styles as part of the final musical piece in the film. The song is first sung in dramatic style by mezzo-soprano Lois Hodnott (who was also used to dub the vocals for screwball soprano Carmen D'Antonio in the comedy audition sequence Il Bacio in the middle of the movie) on a "tropical" set, with Powell, joined by Astaire dancing in side-by-side, their choreography drawing heavily on flamenco dance. Later, after it is sung in what was then contemporary jazz style by The Music Maids, Astaire and Powell tap dance to a big band accompaniment; the sequence includes a passage in which they tap dance with no musical accompaniment. The big-band/jazz segment was featured in the 1974 documentary That's Entertainment!, which noted in the narration that this dance was the last of MGM's big black-and-white production numbers.
 * "I've Got My Eyes on You" (instrumental and choral reprise) - danced by Fred Astaire, Eleanor Powell and George Murphy

Production
Broadway Melody of 1940 was based on a story by Jack McGowan and Dore Schary. Schary would go on to be head of production (1948) and then president (1951) of MGM until 1956. The film was originally planned to be shot in Technicolor, but because of the unsettled state of Europe due to World War II, MGM decided to stick to black and white.

The film was the fourth and final entry in MGM's loosely connected Broadway Melody series, which began with the original The Broadway Melody released in 1929, and was followed by Broadway Melody of 1936 and Broadway Melody of 1938. The films were unconnected except for the use of the song "Broadway Melody" (the 1940 entry did not feature the number, although a bit of it can be heard over the film's opening credits), and the fact that Powell starred in the 1936, 1938 and 1940 entries, playing different roles in each. A fifth Broadway Melody film was planned for release in the early 1940s, pairing Eleanor Powell with Gene Kelly, but production was cancelled at the rehearsal stage. Another production was to have been called Broadway Melody of 1944 but was instead renamed Broadway Rhythm. The 1940 entry is considered Powell's last major successful film, as she would go on to appear in a succession of only moderate hits before retiring from the screen several years later. It has the distinction of being the first non-documentary film featuring Powell to be released on DVD.

Fred Astaire had just left RKO, and Broadway Melody of 1940 was his first film for MGM since his small part in 1933's Dancing Lady. Astaire was reportedly slightly intimidated by Powell, as she was considered one of the few female dancers capable of out-performing Astaire. According to Powell in her introduction to the book, The MGM Story, the feeling was somewhat mutual. Powell recalled finally saying to Astaire, "Look, we can't go on like this. I'm Ellie; you're Fred. We're just two hoofers," after which, they got along well, and rehearsed so much they wore out their pianist.

Broadway Melody of 1940 was in production from early September until late November 1939. The set for the "Begin the Beguine" number cost $120,000 to construct. It utilized a sixty-foot multi-paneled mirror mounted on a revolving track to change backgrounds.

The film is alluded to in satirist Tom Lehrer's song "George Murphy", about the dancer becoming a United States senator:
 * Think of all the musicals we have in store,
 * Imagine: Broadway Melody of Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Accolades
"Begin the Beguine" was nominated for the American Film Institute's 2004 list AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs, while the film was nominated for the 2006 AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals.

title: Broadway Melody of 1940


text:
Talk:École hôtelière de Lausanne

Comment
I am interested at the University level (MBA) in Hospitality Management and will be grateful if you could pls let me know how I could access details of the course profile, admission criteria and the overall financial implication.

I am a student from Kolkata, India and will be completing my Graduation (15 years education) in Commerce. My E-Mail ID is rajiv_takru@wmg.co.in

Thank you,

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Selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry

Selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is a quantitative mass spectrometry technique for trace gas analysis which involves the chemical ionization of trace volatile compounds by selected positive precursor ions during a well-defined time period along a flow tube. Absolute concentrations of trace compounds present in air, breath or the headspace of bottled liquid samples can be calculated in real time from the ratio of the precursor and product ion signal ratios, without the need for sample preparation or calibration with standard mixtures. The detection limit of commercially available SIFT-MS instruments extends to the single digit pptv range.

The instrument is an extension of the selected ion flow tube, SIFT, technique, which was first described in 1976 by Adams and Smith. It is a fast flow tube/ion swarm method to react positive or negative ions with atoms and molecules under truly thermalised conditions over a wide range of temperatures. It has been used extensively to study ion-molecule reaction kinetics. Its application to ionospheric and interstellar ion chemistry over a 20-year period has been crucial to the advancement and understanding of these topics.

SIFT-MS was initially developed for use in human breath analysis, and has shown great promise as a non-invasive tool for physiological monitoring and disease diagnosis. It has since shown potential for use across a wide variety of fields, particularly in the life sciences, such as agriculture and animal husbandry, environmental research and food technology.

SIFT-MS has been popularised as a technology which is sold and marketed by Syft Technologies based in Christchurch, New Zealand.

The SIFT technique, which is the basis of SIFT-MS, was conceived and developed nearly 40 years ago in Birmingham University UK by N.G. Adams and David. Smith. Professor David Smith died February 15, 2023.

Instrumentation
In the selected ion flow tube mass spectrometer, SIFT-MS, ions are generated in a microwave plasma ion source, usually from a mixture of laboratory air and water vapor. From the formed plasma, a single ionic species is selected using a quadrupole mass filter to act as "precursor ions" (also frequently referred to as primary or reagent ions in SIFT-MS and other processes involving chemical ionization). In SIFT-MS analyses, H3O+, NO+ and O2+ are used as precursor ions, and these have been chosen because they are known not to react significantly with the major components of air (nitrogen, oxygen, etc.), but can react with many of the very low level (trace) gases.

The selected precursor ions are injected into a flowing carrier gas (usually helium at a pressure of 1 Torr) via a Venturi orifice (~1 mm diameter) where they travel along the reaction flow tube by convection. Concurrently, the neutral analyte molecules of a sample vapor enter the flow tube, via a heated sampling tube, where they meet the precursor ions and may undergo chemical ionization, depending on their chemical properties, such as their proton affinity or ionization energy.

The newly formed "product ions" flow into the mass spectrometer chamber, which contains a second quadrupole mass filter, and an electron multiplier detector, which are used to separate the ions by their mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) and measure the count rates of the ions in the desired m/z range.

Analysis
The concentrations of individual compounds can be derived largely using the count rates of the precursor and product ions, and the reaction rate coefficients, k. Exothermic proton transfer reactions with H3O+ are assumed to proceed at the collisional rate (see Collision theory), the coefficient for which, kc, is calculable using the method described by Su and Chesnavich, providing the polarizability and dipole moment are known for the reactant molecule. NO+ and O2+ reactions proceed at kc less frequently, and thus the reaction rates of the reactant molecule with these precursor ions must often be derived experimentally by comparing the decline in the count rates of each of the NO+ and O2+ precursor ions to that of H3O+ as the sample flow of reactant molecules is increased. The product ions and rate coefficients have been derived in this way for well over 200 volatile compounds, which can be found in the scientific literature.

The instrument can be programmed either to scan across a range of masses to produce a mass spectrum (Full Scan, FS, mode), or to rapidly switch between only the m/z values of interest (Multiple Ion Monitoring, MIM, mode). Due to the different chemical properties of the aforementioned precursor ions (H3O+, NO+, and O2+), different FS mode spectra can be produced for a vapor sample, and these can give different information relating to the composition of the sample. Using this information, it is often possible to identify the trace compound(s) that are present. The MIM mode, on the other hand will usually employ a much longer dwell time on each ion, and as a result, accurate quantification is possible to the parts per billion (ppb) level.

SIFT-MS utilises an extremely soft ionisation process which greatly simplifies the resulting spectra and thereby facilitates the analysis of complex mixtures of gases, such as human breath. Another very soft ionization technique is secondary electrospray ionization (SESI-MS). For example, even proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), another soft ionisation technology that uses the H3O+ reagent ion, has been shown to give considerably more product ion fragmentation than SIFT-MS.

Another key feature of SIFT-MS is the upstream mass quadrupole, which allows the use of multiple precursor ions. The ability to use three precursor ions, H3O+, NO+ and O2+, to obtain three different spectra is extremely valuable because it allows the operator to analyse a much wider variety of compounds. An example of this is methane, which cannot be analysed using H3O+ as a precursor ion (because it has a proton affinity of 543.5kJ/mol, somewhat less than that of H2O), but can be analysed using O2+. Furthermore, the parallel use of three precursor ions may allow the operator to distinguish between two or more compounds that react to produce ions of the same mass-to-charge ratio in certain spectra. For example, dimethyl sulfide (C2H6S, 62 amu) accepts a proton when it reacts with H3O+ to generate C2H7S+ product ions which appear at m/z 63 in the resulting spectrum. This may conflict with other product ions, such as the association product from the reaction with carbon dioxide, H3O+CO2, and the single hydrate of the protonated acetaldehyde ion, C2H5O+(H2O), which also appear at m/z 63, and so it may be unidentifiable in certain samples. However dimethyl sulfide reacts with NO+ by charge transfer, to produce the ion C2H6S+, which appears at m/z 62 in resulting spectra, whereas carbon dioxide does not react with NO+, and acetaldehyde donates a hydride ion, giving a single product ion at m/z 43, C2H3O+, and so dimethyl sulfide can be easily distinguished.

Over recent years, advances in SIFT-MS technology have vastly increased the sensitivity of these devices such that the limits of detection now extend down to the single-digit-ppt level.

Literature

 * "The selected ion flow tube (SIFT); A technique for studying ion-neutral reactions" Adams N.G., Smith D.; International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics 21 (1976) pp. 349–359.
 * "Parametrization of the ion-polar molecule collision rate constant by trajectory calculations" Su T., Chesnavich W.J.; Journal of Chemical Physics 76 (1982) pp. 5183–5186.
 * "Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) for on-line trace gas analysis" Smith D., Španěl P.; Mass Spectrometry Reviews 24 (2005) pp. 661–700.
 * "Quantification of methane in humid air and exhaled breath using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry" Dryahina K., Smith D., Španěl P.; Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 24 (2010) pp. 1296–1304.


text:
Talk:List of ETA attacks

"a Basque baby"
Does anyone have a citation for this? First edit from this IP address, no summary or citation. - Jmabel | Talk 21:14, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * there is no citation and it contradicts what is said on the sentence below which states that it was the first deadly attack, i feel that without citation we should delete the dead baby sentence.--Joebengo 06:34, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Problem with this article
Is this an exhaustive list of ETA attacks (in 2006-2007 every single incident is included) or a list of most important attacks? A choice should be made otherwise the list may be misleading.--Burgas00 21:19, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

I have started editing the latest ETA strikes from late 07 onwards. I have edited some older ones, but usually get it updated pretty quickly after it happens (24 hours) and no one seems to update. So as per my update it's updated till 2008. I even updated the tally at the top from after 2003. Lihaas (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 22:57, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Exhaustive listing of ETA assasinations
For an exhaustive lisint of ETA terrorist attacks and assasinations (victim names, dates, political sign of government in office, etc.) check http://especiales.abc.es/2006/eta/index.html (in Spanish, but arab numeration is international)

tally
i was thinking about a proposal to add the annual tally on the section headings. It would be a good idea for research purposes as one can analyze the group's ups and down and when it was most potent (as 2008 is showing) Lihaas (talk) 10:47, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

details
more are available on the spanish page http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Asesinatos_cometidos_por_ETA_entre_1968_y_1975 59.183.241.174 (talk) 05:49, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Destroyer Marques de la Ensada?
It should be Marqués de la Ensenada. This vessel was named after a famous Spaniard 18th-century minister for the Navy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.8.98.118 (talk) 11:26, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes: Marqués de la Ensenada (D-43)
 * [[Image:Naval jack of Spain.svg|18px]] Takashi Kurita ~ Hablame compañero 14:10, 4 May 2018 (UTC)

ETA's first victim?
Despite the popular delusion in current Spain, the baby girl Begoña Urroz was killed by mistake by the DRIL, unless you want to nonsensically blame ETA for all the bombs concealed by the DRIL at Madrid, Barcelona, San Sebastian and Bilbao rail stations and on the express train Madrid-Barcelona from 26 to 29 June 1960. Facts, not fairy tales. At least 2 DRIL members (including a leader: José Fernández Vázquez under the nickname Jorge de Sotomayor) owned up decades ago that one of their explosive devices killed a baby girl in the summer of 1960. In Spain there are only 2 experts on the DRIL: Xurxo Martínez and Xavier Montanyà. Both of them have no doubt: the DRIL was behind the bombing at Amara station in San sebastián on 27June 1960. O.K., both of them are leftist and Nationalist (Galician the former and Catalan the latter), but their authority on the matter is beyond doubt. The last but not the least: Begoña Urroz has  never been included as an actual ETA victim on the official list issued by the Spanish Home Ministry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.8.98.118 (talk) 11:54, 22 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Le Monde: Madrid, 29 Juin (united Press International)_Pour la police espagnole les attentats à la bombe qui ont eu lieu dimanche et lundi dans les gares de Barcelone, madrid et de San-Sebastian sont l'ouvre d'un réseau baptisé DRIL (Directoire révolutionaire ibérique de libération) [...]
 * "http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/3853900/20110202/manipulant-primera-victima-deta.html" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.8.98.118 (talk) 12:08, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

The list of 829 victims (people killed by different ETAs, Comandos Autónomos and Iraultza)
It's the most rigorous list, perhaps too much, but not devoid would-be mistakes: cabman Germán Aguirre in 1975 (unsolved), cabman Martín Merquelanz in 1978 (killing claimed by the far-right Batallón Vasco Español, and ETA denied all responsibility), customs agent J.M. Echeveste in 1980 (unsolved... ETA for the Home Ministry, far-right Triple A for the Basque Parliament), Eduardo Moreno Bergareche Pertur from ETA político-militar in 1976 (unsolved, claimed by Triple A, no one blamed ETA before 1978), Naparra from the Comandos autónomos Anticapitalistas in the early 1980s (same as Pertur), postman José Antonio Cardosa in 1989 (killed by a bomb-letter, dirty war, no doubt about it). There's a group of victims that more likely were killed by ETA -at least I think so-, but those cases are in fact unsolved or partially unsolved for the time being: 3 young Galicians vanished in the French Basque Country in 1973, and to a lesser extent Ibarguchi and the Martínez Castañares Brothers in 1981, raked by gunfire in their car (ETA denied all responsibility, but I don't believe it)(well, there's a proof: a local policemen from Tolosa was sent to jail under the charge of having passed on information to an ETA commando, who took Ibarguchi and his mates for members of the Spanish Police). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.8.98.118 (talk) 13:23, 8 November 2011 (UTC)
 * ATTENTION PLEASE : I made a mistake. Although this list  includes on purpose some non-ETA victims (like José Antonio Cardosa, 1989, dirty war), there is a problem with this unofficial list of ETA 829 victims issued by the Spanish authorities: people killed by the Anarchist-like CAA (Comandos Autónomos Anticapitalistas=Anti-Capitalist Autonomous Commandoes) are not on the list. For instance the Socialist Senator Enrique Casas, Telefónica manager Enrique Cuesta (Telefónica is like British Telecom in the UK) and Moulinex manager Mr. Latiegui. Other lists, on the contrary, include people killed by the CAA (over 20 victims). That account for the discrepancies. For instance 857 victims according to the book "Vidas rotas" (although "Vidas rotas" in general terms is reliable stuff, 857 victims -858 with French constable Jean-Serge Nérin- is a little overestimation, and the page on Begoña Urroz as the "first ETA-victim" is nothing but Goebbels-like propagandistic brainless rubbish)
 * "http://elperiodico.com/es/lista-victimas-ETA.shtml" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.8.98.118 (talk) 11:23, 3 July 2012 (UTC)

Piecemeal...
''July 28. 1979: 3 bombs in Barajas Airport and Atocha and Chamartin train stations, killing 7 people and injured a further 100. The attacks came after attacks in Bilbao and San Sebastian had killed 4 people".

 * 1)Those bombings were carried out and claimed by ETA political-military.
 * 2)So far as I know, there were 5 or 6 fatalities, not 7.
 * 3)The bombing in Bilbao some days earlier, with 3 fatalities (including 2 gipsy teenagers) was claimed by the Triple A (far-right terrorism). The target was a nursery owned by an Herri Batasuna elderman. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.8.98.118 (talk) 12:20, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * P.D:_I made a mistake. Some days earlier ETA killed in Bilbao 2 forcemen (from Policía Nacional). The Triple A bombing was in 1980. Sorry. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.130.137.249 (talk) 19:05, 25 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Another mistake: there were 7 fatalities (J. A. Amaya, A. Pastor, J.E. Pérez Palma, J. Luna, D. Fertz or Fertig, G. Redondo, D. Rey, and J.M. Boix). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.130.137.249 (talk) 19:09, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

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Pardines
According to Spanish Wikipedia, Pardines did not die in a gunfight but from a bullet in the neck.

JFCochin (talk) 17:18, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

Fire at Hotel Corona de Aragon was an accident
ETA never took responsability and government itself claims it was an accident, claiming otherwise is a conspiracy theory The basque savior (talk) 11:11, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of ETA attacks


text:
Still Loving You (album)

Still Loving You is a compilation album by the German hard rock band Scorpions.

Background
Subtitled More Gold Ballads, the record is a follow-up to the 1985 compilation Gold Ballads. Nine of the tracks were remixed for this album by Erwin Musper at Wisseloord Studios, Hilversum, the Netherlands. The song "Living for Tomorrow" appears here for the first time.

Track listing

 * 1) "Believe in Love - Remix" (Rudolf Schenker, Klaus Meine) – 4:54 (originally released in 1988 on the album Savage Amusement; Klaus Meine's vocals were re-recorded for this track, which has slightly different lyrics)
 * 2) "Still Loving You - Remix" (Schenker, Meine) – 6:12 (originally released in 1984 on the album Love at First Sting)
 * 3) "Walking on the Edge - Remix" (Schenker, Meine) – 4:50 (originally released in 1988 on the album Savage Amusement)
 * 4) "Born to Touch Your Feelings - Remix" (Schenker, Meine) – 7:21 (originally released in 1977 on the album Taken by Force)
 * 5) "Lady Starlight - Remix" (Schenker, Meine) – 6:26 (originally released in 1980 on the album Animal Magnetism; Meine's vocals were also re-recorded for this track)
 * 6) "Wind of Change" (Meine) – 5:10 (from the album Crazy World)
 * 7) "Is There Anybody There? - Remix" (Schenker, Meine, Herman Rarebell) – 4:23 (originally released in 1979 on the album Lovedrive; taken from the European version of Best of Rockers 'n' Ballads)
 * 8) "Always Somewhere - Remix" (Schenker, Meine) – 4:57 (originally released in 1979 on the album Lovedrive)
 * 9) "Holiday - Remix" (Schenker, Meine) – 6:26 (originally released in 1979 on the album Lovedrive; this is a different remix than the one on Best of Rockers 'n' Ballads)
 * 10) "When the Smoke Is Going Down - Remix" (Schenker, Meine) – 3:51 (originally released in 1982 on the album Blackout)
 * 11) "Living for Tomorrow" (live) (Schenker, Meine) – 7:14 (previously unreleased; recorded live in Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg, 26 April 1988. Later appeared on the live album Live Bites)

Personnel

 * Klaus Meine - vocals
 * Rudolf Schenker - rhythm guitar, lead guitar on tracks 2, 5, 6, 8, 10
 * Matthias Jabs - lead guitar, rhythm guitar on tracks 2, 5, 6, 8, 10
 * Uli Jon Roth - lead guitar on "Born to Touch Your Feelings"
 * Michael Schenker - lead guitar on "Holiday"
 * Francis Buchholz - bass
 * Herman Rarebell - drums

Still Loving You
Released in Europe as a CD single.

 * 1) "Still Loving You - Remix" – 6:12
 * 2) "Still Loving You - Remix Radio Version" – 3:58
 * 3) "Media Overkill" – 3:34 (from the album Savage Amusement)

Living for Tomorrow
"Living for Tomorrow" was released in Europe as a 7" vinyl and CD single. The single contained an edited version of the song that eliminated the spoken introduction and faded the ending. This version was used in television advertising for Mustang Jeans, a German clothing company, and their logo appeared on the single's sleeve.

 * 1) "Living for Tomorrow" – 3:35
 * 2) "Bad Boys Running Wild" – 3:53 (from the album Love at First Sting)

title: Still Loving You (album)


text:
Koyambedu

Koyambedu is a neighbourhood in Chennai, India. Situated in the western part of Chennai city, the Koyambedu area has become a major hub of activity in Chennai after the inauguration of the Koyambedu market in 1996 and the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT) in 2002. The area is active round the clock owing to the movement of people and goods through the day, with uninterrupted transport facilities such as long-route buses, autos, share autos, vegetable goods carriers and so forth.

Etymology
The name of the neighbourhood comes from ko meaning horse, ambu meaning arrow, and pedu meaning fence, when Lava and Kusha caught the horse sent by Rama in a fence made of arrows.

Access
Koyambedu is connected to both the Chennai Central Railway Station in Park Town and the Chennai International Airport in Tirusulam. The Poonamallee High Road (NH4) connects Koyambedu to the Chennai Central Railway Station, while the Jawaharlal Nehru Road (also known as Inner Ring Road or 100 ft road connects Koyambedu to Chennai Airport.

Recently, property prices have shot up in and around Koyambedu. Koyambedu is surrounded by localities like Vadapalani, Anna Nagar, Arumbakkam, CMDA (of Arumbakkam), Aminjikarai, Virugambakkam and Nerkundram.

Places of worship
Major temples in the neighbourhood include Kurungaleeswarar Temple, Sri Vaigundavaasa Perumal Temple, Sri Vinayagar Temple, and Sri Saemathamman Temple.

Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex (KWMC)
Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex (KWMC), popularly known as the Koyambedu Market, is a wholesale fruit and vegetable market. It was established in 1996, when the city's principal wholesale fruit and vegetable market in Kothawal Chavadi had to be closed. The market is one of the largest of its kind in Asia.

In 2013, construction of an exclusive foodgrains market, the first such facility in the state, began at the market complex at a cost of ₹ 690.7 million. Constructed in an area of 14.41 acres, next to the existing wholesale vegetable market, it was to be opened by mid-2014.

Koyambedu Roundtana
Koyambedu Junction, otherwise known as the Koyambedu Roundabout, is an important road junction in Chennai. It is located north of the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus at the junction of the Inner Ring Road and the NH4. The junction is a part of the Golden Quadrilateral project taken up under the National Highways Development Project.

Sewage treatment plants
There are two sewage treatment plants at Koyambedu and they jointly have the capacity to treat 94 million litres a day (mld) of sewage generated in localities such as T. Nagar, Kodambakkam, Anna Nagar, Virugambakkam and Mogappair. The sewage treatment capacity of the city is set to be enhanced with Chennai Metrowater preparing to float tenders for construction of another plant to treat 20 mld at Koyambedu. The new plant will facilitate treating of more sewage - generated in the neighboring suburbs. The ₹1,160-million project, which was sanctioned under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, will come up at a 25-acre site in the existing facility at Koyambedu. The new plant will take in the additional volume from suburbs such as Maduravoyal, Ambattur, Nerkundram and Nolambur that are being provided with sewerage network. Unlike the existing facilities, the infrastructure to generate electricity from sewage will be provided during the construction of the plant. The project will be commissioned in two years. This will add to the existing nine facilities having a capacity of 486 mld in Kodungaiyur and Nesapakkam. The two upcoming STPs will have a treatment capacity of 114 mld.

Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus or CMBT
Spread over an area of 37 acre in Koyambedu is the largest bus terminus in Asia and is accredited with the ISO 9001:2000 quality certification.

Mofussil stands for service throughout the Tamil Nadu state and also the neighboring states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Pondicherry. This station is also abbreviated as 'CMBT' and now it is renamed as 'Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. MGR Bus Terminus'.

It can simultaneously station 270 buses and handle over 2,000 buses and 200,000 passengers a day. The 36.5 acre bus terminus has an 18000 sqft waiting facility for passengers, a 25000 sqft parking space for auto rickshaws, cabs & private cars and a 16000 sqft parking space for two-wheelers.

Chennai Contract Carriage Bus Terminus or CCCBT
Koyambedu has another bus terminus, for private-owned (Omni) buses which operate throughout Tamil Nadu and the neighboring states. The CCCBT bus terminus is close to CMBT. It has over 80 bus bays and 100 idle parking spaces - catering to around 200 buses per day.

SAF Games Village
The South Asian Federation (SAF) Games Village at Koyambedu is a large residential complex with 760 flats. Of these, some flats come under the Government rental scheme and the others belong to individuals and institutions including Indian Oil, the Reserve Bank of India, the Punjab National Bank, Union Bank of India, Annapurna, Food Corporation of India, Canara Bank and the State Bank of India.

It was built by the Government of Tamil Nadu to provide accommodation during the seventh South Asian Federation Games (or SAF Games) event held in Chennai (then Madras) in 1995 to the sportspersons who participated in it. Later, the flats were taken over by Government institutions under various projects of the Tamil Nadu Government and promoted as a large residential complex.

Approximately 100 officers belonging to the IAS, IPS, IFS, IRS, IA&AS, IPoS, etc. reside here. The dwelling units coming under the control of organizations such as the RBI, Indianoil and SBI, Income tax and central excise departments present a pretty picture. The development of this area also led to a tremendous increase in the value of property touching even ₹ 1 to 1.5 crores per ground. South Asian Federation (SAF) Games Village is famous for its greenery, even though it is close to the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus. It has beautiful parks, which form an ideal place for kids to enjoy and for morning walkers and joggers.

Landmarks

 * Koyambedu Roundtana.
 * Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT), the largest bus terminus in Asia.
 * Chennai Contract Carriage Bus Terminus (CCCBT), a separate bus terminus for private-owned (Omni) buses.
 * St. Thomas College, Koyambedu.
 * Arihant Majestic Towers, a multi storey residential complex.
 * The Koyambedu market, the largest market in Asia.
 * SAF Games Village, a large residential complex with several apartments.

title: Koyambedu


text:
User:Jcsutton

To do....

title: User:Jcsutton


text:
Alien Love Secrets

Alien Love Secrets is an EP by guitarist Steve Vai, released on March 21, 1995, through Relativity Records. The EP reached No. 125 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and remained on that chart for two weeks, as well as reaching No. 72 on the Dutch albums chart.

Overview
Alien Love Secrets was written and recorded in less than six weeks as a stripped-down guitar, bass and drums record with minimal keyboards. According to Vai, he had wished to maintain a steady output of material following his 1993 album Sex & Religion, but the recording process for the 70+ minutes of his subsequent 1996 album Fire Garden was taking too long. The EP was therefore purposely released in anticipation of Fire Garden. Stylistically Alien Love Secrets marks a return to the more familiar instrumental rock of Vai's 1990 album Passion and Warfare, following the highly mixed reception to Sex & Religion.

Notable tracks include "Bad Horsie", which was derived from a riff played by Vai during the final scenes of the 1986 film Crossroads; "Juice" was featured on the soundtrack of the 1996 PlayStation video game Formula 1; "Ya-Yo Gakk" is a call and response interplay with vocal recordings of Vai's young son Julian; "Tender Surrender", one of Vai's most popular songs, bases itself around a familiar sound, structure and tempo as Jimi Hendrix's "Villanova Junction" from his 1969 performance at Woodstock, although written in a different key; and "The Boy from Seattle", which is a tribute to Hendrix written by Vai.

Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic gave Alien Love Secrets three stars out of five, calling it a "moodier, more atmospheric collection" than Passion and Warfare. He also praised his "fluid technique, which manages to never become completely mechanical."

Personnel

 * Steve Vai – guitar, keyboard, Eventide H3000 harmonizer, drum programming, bass, engineering, production
 * Tommy Mars – organ (track 7)
 * Deen Castronovo – drums (tracks 3, 4, 6, 7)
 * Julian Vai – baby vocals (track 5)
 * Sergio Buss – engineering assistance
 * Bernie Grundman – mastering
 * Pam Daney – production assistance

title: Alien Love Secrets


text:
Masaru Hayami

Masaru Hayami (速水 優) was a Japanese businessman, central banker, the 28th Governor of the Bank of Japan (BOJ) and a Director of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).

Early life
Hayami was born in Hyōgo Prefecture. He graduated from The Tokyo College of Commerce (now Hitotsubashi University) in 1947.

Career
Hayami was Chief Executive Officer of the Nissho Iwai Corporation,

He served as Governor of the Bank of Japan from March 20, 1998 to March 19, 2003. He took over the top BOJ role in 1998, after Governor Yasuo Matsushita and Deputy Governor Toshihiko Fukui resigned in connection with a scandal involving leaks of financially sensitive information.

Controversy
Hayami was a controversial BOJ governor because he insisted Japanese politicians must change the structure of the economy before the BOJ could take further measures to end deflation.

He fiercely resisted politicians' demand to loosen monetary policy, thereby increasing the pressure on politicians to reduce stifling regulation, monopolies, and oligopolies in various economic sectors. This strategy stressed Japan's long-term economic health over the short term problems of deflation and recession. However, there are doubts to whether the implementation of his demanded policies had actually served to increase Japan's long-term economic health in the first place.

'Inflation is no solution to economic problems: Regarding inflation policy, first and foremost, I would like to point out that inflation is no solution to economic problems. Inflation policy assumes that moderate inflation will revitalize economic activity, alleviate the debt burden of firms as well as financial institutions, and relieve the fiscal deficit problem. Apparently those who advocate inflation policy argue, while taking due account of its negative effects, that the intended positive effects would be greater than the negative effects under the current situation. But, if we look more closely, the intended positive effects themselves would not likely be achieved.'

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Masaru Hayami, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 9 works in 9 publications in 1 language and 20+ library holdings.

 * 『海図なき航海の時代: 変動相場制10年』 (1982)
 * 『円が尊敬される日』 (1995)
 * 『国際収支』 (1997)
 * 『中央銀行の独立性と金融政策』 (2004)
 * 『強い円強い経済 = Strong yen, strong economy』 (2005)

title: Masaru Hayami


text:
Jasper Ridley

Jasper Godwin Ridley, FRSL (25 May 1920 – 1 July 2004) was a British writer, known for historical biographies. He received the 1970 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his biography of Lord Palmerston.

Born in West Hoathly, Sussex, he was educated at Felcourt School, Magdalen College, Oxford, and the Sorbonne. He trained and practised as a barrister, being called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1945, before starting to write. During the Second World War, he served with an air defence unit and manned an anti-aircraft battery at Portsmouth, where the man next to him was killed by shrapnel.

He served on St Pancras Borough Council from 1945 to 1949, and stood, unsuccessfully, as Labour Party candidate for Winchester in 1955 general election.

He married, in 1949, Vera Pollak, who died in 2002 and with whom he had two sons and a daughter.

Works

 * The Tate Gallery's Wartime Acquisitions (1942)
 * The Law of the Carriage of Goods by Land, Sea and Air (1957)
 * Nicholas Ridley (1957)
 * Thomas Cranmer (1962)
 * John Knox (1968)
 * Lord Palmerston (1970)
 * The Life and Times of Mary Tudor (1973)
 * Garibaldi (1974)
 * The Roundheads (1976)
 * Napoleon III and Eugénie (1979)
 * The History of England (1981)
 * The Statesman and the Fanatic: Thomas Wolsey and Thomas More (1982); US title: Statesman and Saint: Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, and the Politics of Henry VIII (1983)
 * Henry VIII (1984); US title: Henry VIII: The Politics of Tyranny (1985)
 * Elizabeth I (1987); US title: Elizabeth I: the Shrewdness of Virtue (1988)
 * The Tudor Age (1988)
 * The Love Letters of Henry VIII (1988) editor
 * Maximilian and Juarez (1992)
 * Tito (1994)
 * A History of the Carpenters' Company (1995)
 * Mussolini (1997)
 * The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society (1999)
 * The Houses of Hanover and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha: A Royal History of England (2000) with John Clarke
 * Bloody Mary's Martyrs: The Story of England’s Terror (2001)
 * A Brief History of The Tudor Age (2002)

title: Jasper Ridley


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/The Audioholics

I've done your research for you:

www.theaudioholics.tk www.audioholics-fans.tk www.audioholics-mania.tk www.casualties.co.uk


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Primer walking

Primer walking is a technique used to clone a gene (e.g., disease gene) from its known closest markers (e.g., known gene). As a result, it is employed in cloning and sequencing efforts in plants, fungi, and mammals with minor alterations. This technique, also known as "directed sequencing," employs a series of Sanger sequencing reactions to either confirm the reference sequence of a known plasmid or PCR product based on the reference sequence (sequence confirmation service) or to discover the unknown sequence of a full plasmid or PCR product by designing primers to sequence overlapping sections (sequence discovery service).

Primer walking: a DNA sequencing method
Primer walking is a method to determine the sequence of DNA up to the 1.3–7.0 kb range whereas chromosome walking is used to produce the clones of already known sequences of the gene. Too long fragments cannot be sequenced in a single sequence read using the chain termination method. This method works by dividing the long sequence into several consecutive short ones. The DNA of interest may be a plasmid insert, a PCR product or a fragment representing a gap when sequencing a genome. The term "primer walking" is used where the main aim is to sequence the genome. The term "chromosome walking" is used instead when the sequence is known but there is no clone of a gene. For example, the gene for a disease may be located near a specific marker such as an RFLP on the sequence. Chromosome walking is a technique used to clone a gene (e.g., disease gene) from its known closest markers (e.g., known gene) and hence is used in moderate modifications in cloning and sequencing projects in plants, fungi, and animals. To put it another way, it's utilized to find, isolate, and clone a specific sequence existing near the gene to be mapped. Libraries of large fragments, mainly bacterial artificial chromosome libraries, are mostly used in genomic projects. To identify the desired colony and to select a particular clone the library is screened first with a desired probe. After screening, the clone is overlapped with the probe and overlapping fragments are mapped. These fragments are then used as a new probe (short DNA fragments obtained from the 3′ or 5′ ends of clones) to identify other clones. A library approximately consists of 96 clones and each clone contains a different insert. Probe one identifies λ1 and λ2 as it overlaps them. Probe two derived from λ2 clones is used to identify λ3, and so on. Orientation of the clones is determined by restriction mapping of the clones. Thus, new chromosomal regions present in the vicinity of a gene could be identified. Chromosome walking is time-consuming, and chromosome landing is the method of choice for gene identification. This method necessitates the discovery of a marker that is firmly related to the mutant locus.

The fragment is first sequenced as if it were a shorter fragment. Sequencing is performed from each end using either universal primers or specifically designed ones. This should identify the first 1000 or so bases. In order to completely sequence the region of interest, design and synthesis of new primers (complementary to the final 20 bases of the known sequence) is necessary to obtain contiguous sequence information.

Primer walking versus shotgun sequencing
Primer walking is an example of directed sequencing because the primer is designed from a known region of DNA to guide the sequencing in a specific direction. In contrast to directed sequencing, shotgun sequencing of DNA is a more rapid sequencing strategy.

There is a technique from the "old time" of genome sequencing. The underlying method for sequencing is the Sanger chain termination method which can have read lengths between 100 and 1000 basepairs (depending on the instruments used). This means you have to break down longer DNA molecules, clone and subsequently sequence them. There are two methods possible.

The first is called chromosome (or primer) walking and starts with sequencing the first piece. The next (contiguous) piece of the sequence is then sequenced using a primer which is complementary to the end of the first sequence read and so on. This technique doesn't require much assembling, but you need a lot of primers and it is relatively slow.

To overcome this problem the shotgun sequencing method was developed. Here the DNA is broken into different pieces (not all broken at the same place), cloned and sequenced with primers specific for the vector used for cloning. This leads to overlapping sequences which then have to be assembled into one sequence on the computer. This method allows for the parallelization of the sequencing (you can prepare a lot of sequencing reactions at the same time and run them) which makes the process much faster and also avoids the need for sequence specific primers. The challenge is to organize sequences into their order, as overlaps are not as clear here. To resolve this problem, a first draft is made and then critical regions are resequenced using other techniques such as primer walking.

Process
The overall process is as follows: A primer that matches the beginning of the DNA to sequence is used to synthesize a short DNA strand adjacent to the unknown sequence, starting with the primer (see PCR). The new short DNA strand is sequenced using the chain termination method. The end of the sequenced strand is used as a primer for the next part of the long DNA sequence, hence the term "walking".

The method can be used to sequence entire chromosomes (hence "chromosome walking"). Primer walking was also the basis for the development of shotgun sequencing, which uses random primers instead of specifically chosen ones.

title: Primer walking


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Talk:Selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry

Name
Is there any way that this article can be given a shorter name? Enochlau 10:57, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I changed it to Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry per WP:NAME. --Kkmurray 22:44, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Why are there so many dashes in the title? In everything I've read, there are no dashes, so the title should simply read "Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry". Is it possible to change it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.25.162.78 (talk) 10:00, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 10:03, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Picture
I have a picture that i took of a SIFT-MS machine and software. I'll need help getting it on here though.Gibby is gibby (talk) 19:35, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

 * If you put it up on Wikimedia Commons it will be available to all languages and projects. --Kkmurray (talk) 20:07, 23 September 2010 (UTC)


text:
File:Colne.jpg

Colne, Lancashire, England. Photograph by Christopher Sheffield.

title: File:Colne.jpg


text:
List of municipalities of the Province of Bergamo

The following is a list of the 242 municipalities (comuni) of the Province of Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy.

B

 * Brumano
 * Brusaporto

C

 * Calcinate
 * Calcio
 * Calusco d'Adda
 * Calvenzano
 * Camerata Cornello
 * Canonica d'Adda
 * Capizzone
 * Capriate San Gervasio
 * Caprino Bergamasco
 * Caravaggio
 * Carobbio degli Angeli
 * Carona
 * Carvico
 * Casazza
 * Casirate d'Adda
 * Casnigo
 * Cassiglio
 * Castel Rozzone
 * Castelli Calepio
 * Castione della Presolana
 * Castro
 * Cavernago
 * Cazzano Sant'Andrea
 * Cenate Sopra
 * Cenate Sotto
 * Cene
 * Cerete
 * Chignolo d'Isola
 * Chiuduno
 * Cisano Bergamasco
 * Ciserano
 * Cividate al Piano
 * Clusone
 * Colere
 * Cologno al Serio
 * Colzate
 * Comun Nuovo
 * Corna Imagna
 * Cornalba
 * Cortenuova
 * Costa Valle Imagna
 * Costa Volpino
 * Costa di Mezzate
 * Costa di Serina
 * Covo
 * Credaro
 * Curno
 * Cusio

D

 * Dalmine
 * Dossena

E

 * Endine Gaiano
 * Entratico

F

 * Fara Gera d'Adda
 * Fara Olivana con Sola
 * Filago
 * Fino del Monte
 * Fiorano al Serio
 * Fontanella
 * Fonteno
 * Foppolo
 * Foresto Sparso
 * Fornovo San Giovanni
 * Fuipiano Valle Imagna

G

 * Gandellino
 * Gandino
 * Gandosso
 * Gaverina Terme
 * Gazzaniga
 * Ghisalba
 * Gorlago
 * Gorle
 * Gorno
 * Grassobbio
 * Gromo
 * Grone
 * Grumello del Monte

I

 * Isola di Fondra
 * Isso

L

 * Lallio
 * Leffe
 * Lenna
 * Levate
 * Locatello
 * Lovere
 * Lurano
 * Luzzana

M

 * Madone
 * Mapello
 * Martinengo
 * Medolago
 * Mezzoldo
 * Misano di Gera d'Adda
 * Moio de' Calvi
 * Monasterolo del Castello
 * Montello
 * Morengo
 * Mornico al Serio
 * Mozzanica
 * Mozzo

N

 * Nembro

O

 * Olmo al Brembo
 * Oltre il Colle
 * Oltressenda Alta
 * Oneta
 * Onore
 * Orio al Serio
 * Ornica
 * Osio Sopra
 * Osio Sotto

P

 * Pagazzano
 * Paladina
 * Palazzago
 * Palosco
 * Parre
 * Parzanica
 * Pedrengo
 * Peia
 * Pianico
 * Piario
 * Piazza Brembana
 * Piazzatorre
 * Piazzolo
 * Pognano
 * Ponte Nossa
 * Ponte San Pietro
 * Ponteranica
 * Pontida
 * Pontirolo Nuovo
 * Pradalunga
 * Predore
 * Premolo
 * Presezzo
 * Pumenengo

R

 * Ranica
 * Ranzanico
 * Riva di Solto
 * Rogno
 * Romano di Lombardia
 * Roncobello
 * Roncola
 * Rota d'Imagna
 * Rovetta

S

 * San Giovanni Bianco
 * San Paolo d'Argon
 * San Pellegrino Terme
 * Sant'Omobono Imagna
 * Santa Brigida
 * Sarnico
 * Scanzorosciate
 * Schilpario
 * Sedrina
 * Selvino
 * Seriate
 * Serina
 * Solto Collina
 * Solza
 * Songavazzo
 * Sorisole
 * Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII
 * Sovere
 * Spinone al Lago
 * Spirano
 * Stezzano
 * Strozza
 * Suisio

T

 * Taleggio
 * Tavernola Bergamasca
 * Telgate
 * Terno d'Isola
 * Torre Boldone
 * Torre Pallavicina
 * Torre de' Busi
 * Torre de' Roveri
 * Trescore Balneario
 * Treviglio
 * Treviolo

U

 * Ubiale Clanezzo
 * Urgnano

V

 * Valbondione
 * Val Brembilla
 * Valbrembo
 * Valgoglio
 * Valleve
 * Valnegra
 * Valtorta
 * Vedeseta
 * Verdellino
 * Verdello
 * Vertova
 * Viadanica
 * Vigano San Martino
 * Vigolo
 * Villa d'Adda
 * Villa d'Almè
 * Villa d'Ogna
 * Villa di Serio
 * Villongo
 * Vilminore di Scalve

Z

 * Zandobbio
 * Zanica
 * Zogno

Subdivisions

 * Brembate - Grignano
 * Sant'Omobono Terme - Valsecca
 * Val Brembilla - Brembilla, Gerosa

Coats of arms

 * Brembate — the coat of arms includes a piney leaf on the left and a laurel leaf on the right. The color of the shield are light sky-blue on the left and stucco on the fight.  The arch is shaped in ruins and the shape is nearly the same as the map of Idaho.  The color of the arch is melon to peach with green grass.


text:
User:Inter/Alkivar

Alkivar spent 1 hour of his life digging up this old counter from the web's early days and vandalized my counter by replacing it with this atrocity. He even had to call his friend to have him email it. Therefore, to commemorate his dedication to vandalize my counters, I am keeping it as a legacy and a warning to others that he may or may not have too much free time on his hands. If you wish to discuss this with him and/or counceling him to change his ways, you can kindly leave a note on his Talk page or come to #wikipedia and say hi to him (or me). There are also other beings of considerable power (including me) on this channel, so if you have any questions (or answers), any answers (or questions), you need to vent (or idle), you need to tell the world you love somebody (or hate somebody), you have to know why WP just died (or lived), then by all means.

'''Come join us at #wikipedia!

PS: Alkivar and AngryParsley deserve

title: User:Inter/Alkivar


text: User talk:83.237.116.252

title: User talk:83.237.116.252


text:
Caviana

Caviana Meridional, the Ilha Caviana Meridional, is a river island belonging to the Marajó Archipelago, it is located opposite the north coast of Marajó Island in the delta lowlands at the mouth of the Amazon in the state of Pará, Brazil. The island forms part of the low-lying marajó várzea, the inundated land in and around the mouth of the Amazon River. The island is an excellent place to observe the tidal bore called the pororoca, where the Amazon river waters meet the incoming Atlantic tides and form a standing wave, and is a birdwatchers' haven.

title: Caviana


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Longford, London

Longford is a suburban village in the London borough of Hillingdon, England. It is immediately northwest of London Heathrow Airport, which is in the same borough. It is the westernmost settlement in Greater London, very close to the borders of both Berkshire and Surrey. It was formerly part of Harmondsworth by tithes, land tax, vestry and still by Church of England parish. As it has never had a church it can also be considered a hamlet. Until 1965 it was in the historic county of Middlesex.

Longford is 16 miles (25.5 km) west of Charing Cross and within the M25 motorway which marks its western boundary with Colnbrook, Berkshire.

Etymology
The name Longford derives from the two words "long" and "ford", after the wide ford across the Colne which is where the old Bath Road crosses it, a middle ditch, and the Wraysbury River, carrying on west from the village street. Its old country residents pronounced its name as "Long Ford" with both syllables stressed.

History
The settlement developed by this multi-channel ford of the River Colne and its distributaries, which presented numerous obstacles for travellers to and from the west of the edge of Middlesex, on the old Bath Road west out of London. Longford may be founded on a small Saxon settlement dating from the 5th to 7th century AD. Historic buildings survive from the medieval and immediate post-medieval periods. Limited evidence survives of Roman occupation, though archaeological excavations have revealed two brooches of Roman date.

Longford, the only medieval settlement to grow up along the Bath Road in Middlesex, had 30 inhabited buildings in 1337. An important part of the parish economy, aside from its four manor houses, 48 houses were on Moor and Sheep Lanes in Harmondsworth.

In 1586 land on either side of the river was charged with the upkeep of Mad Bridge, which carried the Bath Road across the river. During the 18th and early 19th centuries this bridge was maintained by the Colnbrook turnpike trustees, who presumably erected in 1834 the bridge with cast-iron parapets which now stands.

Rocque's map of 1754, shows clearly the settlement pattern: at Longford, Harmondsworth, Sipson there were small compact groups of houses, and a straggling group at Heathrow. At Longford they lined both sides of the Bath Road from the east bank of the Longford River up to and across the Duke of Northumberland's River.

The uncultivated area west of the rivers was to the north known as Harmondsworth moors, south of the Bath Road the area between the Colne and the Longford rivers was meadowland and, between the Longford and the Duke's rivers, arable.

Parliament's Act of common land inclosure (privatisation) came to Harmondsworth parish in 1819; in it Harmondsworth's three open fields and Harmondsworth Moor and a big tract to and around Heathrow (part of Hounslow Heath) were divided among the local residents. During this Enclosure two bad bends of the Bath Road in Longford were straightened.

By 1839 Longford and Harmondsworth and Sipson had a shop serving the whole parish.

In 1929 the Longford and Colnbrook by-pass was built.

In 1930 the Road Research Laboratory on the Colnbrook by-pass opened. In the same year the Fairey Aviation Company opened an airfield, the Great West Aerodrome, southeast of Heathrow village.

About 1930 a brickworks was set up east of the junction of Cain's Lane and Heathrow Road in Heathrow. Later the quarry's main purpose changed to excavating sand and gravel. The quarry company went bankrupt in 1943; after 1944 the airport obliterated the quarry along with every trace of Heathrow village.

Middlesex County Council opened a large sewage sludge settlement works west of Perry Oaks farm; in the 1990s it was removed and Heathrow Airport's Terminal 5 is there now.

In 1648 the first bridge across the then-new Longford River was demolished. This had been replaced by 1675. In the 19th century, when it was called Stone Bridge, the Crown, not a local authority, was responsible for its upkeep and by 1960 it had been renamed King's Bridge.

Geography
Longford village is a linear development astride the Bath Road immediately north of Heathrow Airport and as such to the south of the M4, It is also immediately north of Heathrow's Western Perimeter Road. The area is characterized by an historic village core and similar-sized green buffer zones.

The last bridge or ford in the west over the Wraysbury River marked the boundary of Colnbrook which has been superseded by the M25 motorway which the road then crosses over.

The Duke of Northumberland's River that runs from here to Isleworth since its construction in or about 1543.

Soil and elevation
Elevation is an almost uniform 22 m.

Longford's soil is the rich western soil of the historic parish of Harmondsworth, being alluvial. Shortly south of the main street gravel is instead close to the surface except near rivers and northeastward of the village, and less fertile clay soil dominates for many miles.

Transport
Immediately to the north is a purpose-built bypass with a western junction connected A4, to the M4 that is, which is parallel and has two junction with this road also directly north of Heathrow airport, with the newer Junction 14 for Terminal 5 a very limited access junction, for the airport roads only.

Access to the M25 motorway is considerably shortest to the south, at Junction 14 (Stanwell Moor).

The Bath Road (A4) is an arterial road and traffic along it became so dense so early that in 1928 a bypass to Longford and Colnbrook was opened.

Landmarks
Longford retains an old-fashioned community centre character, in particular a former and an existing public house which are listed buildings only at Grade II mostly on age rather than simply architecture. An old building, Yeomans, which has been subdivided into three flats is listed. Other listed buildings include Longford Cottage, Queen River Cottage and adjoining Willow Tree Cottage, and King's Bridge which is the name of the 1834-built main bridge by the very last building at the west end of the (old) Bath Road street, which crosses the nearby siphoned off Longford River, which Charles I had constructed — this feeds Bushy Park and Hampton Court Gardens.

One of the listed cottages is thatched.

Longford Village Conservation Area
Much of the land surrounding the village of Longford is within the Metropolitan Green Belt. Many of its buildings are included in the Longford Village Conservation Area, which was designated in 1988 with a minor boundary change in 1999. It includes seven listed buildings, one listed wall and a number of unlisted properties which are considered to make an important contribution to the character and appearance of the Conservation Area.

Effect of Proposed Heathrow Runway 3
On 1 July 2015, the Airports Commission recommended that the Government approve Heathrow Airport having a third runway in the form of the Northwest Runway scheme put forward by Heathrow Airport Ltd. The plan on page 99 of the Airports Commission report confirms that the proposal requires the demolition of every building at Longford. The stages involved in bringing forward the proposed development are set out on the Heathrow Expansion website.

Religion
Of residents of the output area Hillingdon 31A (Cranford, Longford and West Harmondsworth) 938 people (or 51.2%) declared themselves to be Christian in 2011. Also in this area 11.9% of people were Muslim, 11% Sikh, 1.9% Buddhist, 13.3% of no recognised religion, 5.9% gave no religious status and 1% were of other religions.

The ecclesiastical parish of the Church of England remains in Harmondsworth at St Mary's.
 * www.stmarysharmondsworth.com

The Catholic Church have a church in central West Drayton to the north, as well as three chaplains who serve St George's Chapel in Heathrow's inner ring west or the Sunday Mass at Terminals 4 and 5.

Gurdwaras exist on Martindale and Hanworth Road, Hounslow, the latter being Sri Guru Singh Sabha. The nearest Islamic centre is the Al-Falah Muslim Centre, Tavistock Road, Yiewsley to the north.

title: Longford, London


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jim Szwiec

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 07:10, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jim Szwiec
Vanity. – flamurai (t) 11:08, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete vanity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:07, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Vanity. Inter 15:33, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ditto. – Kpalion (talk) 16:34, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Rje 17:44, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, user test. Wyss 18:59, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedian231 19:03, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not establish notability, possible vanity. Megan1967 05:57, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this article on this non-notable person. The only thing that comes to my mind is "So what?" and "Who cares?" Zzyzx11 08:10, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Enochlau 12:15, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
São Bento do Sapucaí

São Bento do Sapucaí is a Brazilian municipality in São Paulo state.

Once known as a religious and traditional town, the municipality of São Bento do Sapucaí, now with its population reaching 10,000 inhabitants, is known for its mild weather, beautiful landscapes, and great conditions for the practice of many action sports.

History
First settlings in that area were made by Bandeirantes that went up the Serra da Mantiqueira trying to reach the gold mining regions of Minas Gerais. The town was founded on August 6, 1832, and Saint Benedict was chosen as the patron saint. The name of the place comes from Saint Benedict in Portuguese) and the river Sapucaí, that crosses town. Around 1850, José Pereira Alves and his wife, Ignez Leite de Toledo donated a large area of land to the town, with the purpose of building a great church in honor of St. Benedict. The town's folk went in a religious procession to retrieve an image of the saint from the nearest chapel (which was almost in Sapucaí-Mirim, Minas Gerais), and then the "Igreja Matriz de São Bento" (St. Benedict's Matrix Church) started to be built by the slaves. Still today, you can find in there paintings of well-known artists that date back to 1853.

Geography
Located 164 km northeast of São Paulo, on a mountain chain called Serra da Mantiqueira, it has a total area of 251.2 km2. The topography is very mountainous. There are many hills and waterfalls (the highest being Toldi Falls with more than 200 m). The city's average altitude is 886 meters, and the highest peak is a rock compound known as Pedra do Baú with an elevation of 1950 m.

The municipality contains 66% of the 39800 ha Sapucaí Mirim Environmental Protection Area, created in 1998.

Media
In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo. In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).

title: São Bento do Sapucaí


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Raninidae

Raninidae is a family of unusual crabs, sometimes known as "frog crabs", on account of their frog-like appearance. They are taken by most scientists to be quite primitive among the true crabs. They closely resemble the (unrelated) mole crabs, due to parallel evolution or convergent evolution. In both groups, the claws are modified into tools for digging, and the body is a rounded shape that is easy to bury in sand. Unlike most other true crabs, the abdomens of raninids are not curled under the cephalothorax.

They spend most of their time buried in the sand with their eyes popping out so they can grab unaware prey. They also emerge for mating. Raninids are omnivores and some have been found to have consumed Sardinella, crab, shrimp, bivalve, ray, hydroid, copepod, and squid.

The earliest fossil attributable to the family Raninidae dates from the Albian.

Description
Raninids' dorsal surfaces have varying textures: smooth, pitted, granular, inclined or fungiform nodes, eroded, scabrous or terraced. Raninids have a strongly specialized respiratory mechanism. They lack Milne-Edwards openings and have modified antennae which they inhale through. They generally have posterior branchial orifices. They have eight pairs of vertically arranged gills all of which are functional. Their abdomens are short, incompletely folded, and have six freely articulated somites and a small telson. Raninids also lack a sterno-abdominal cavity.

Environment
Frog crabs are marine animals. Depending on the species they can be found at varying depths. Members of this family have been found to live at depths ranging anywhere from 1m to over 900m. The 46 species are distributed across pan-tropical regions with certain regions having many species and others only one. Some species are found across various regions while others can only be found in one specific region.

Sexual Dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is seen in both extant and extinct members of this family. Sexually dimorphic characteristics of the abdomen are seen throughout the family, though throughout the subfamilies there are varying styles and degrees of development.

Some other sexually dimorphic characteristics include males being larger, having more developed anterolateral carapace teeth, larger chelae, and different setae on the P1 propodus and dactylus as compared to those of the females.

Reproduction
Unlike other Podotremates, Raninids' spermatheca opens anteriorly on sternite 7 rather than at the extremities of sternal suture 7/8. The formation of the spermathecal chamber, which doesn't differ much from the usual podotreme configuration, is done by the separation of the two laminae which compose endosternite 7/8. In all raninoids, spermathecal apertures are close to each other, separated by medial line, recessed in medial depression, and located in proximity to the female gonopore. Female gonopores are found on P3 coxae and male gonopores on P5 coxae. There is a variety in shapes when it comes to the male sexual gonopods showing strong diversity. In reproduction sperm is ejaculated to the base of the G1. It is then picked up by the spoon-like G2 and placed in the distal portion of the G1, before being transferred through the G1 ejaculatory channel into the spermatheca.

Classification
The taxonomic status of Raninidae has varied greatly with academics citing various information learned about them to try and discern where they belong. Where these creatures fit evolutionarily has been a topic of debate and study ever since the 18th century. Their status varying so much over the years can in part be attributed to the unusual characteristics of raninids. There are still ongoing debates surrounding the raninoid lineage.

Taxonomy
The 46 extant and 183 extinct species in the famila Raninidae are arranged among 34 genera in 7 subfamilies:

 * Subfamily Cyrthorhininae
 * Cyrtorhina
 * Subfamily Lyreidinae
 * †Hemioon
 * †Lyreidina
 * Lyreidus
 * Lysirude
 * †Rogueus
 * †Macroacaena
 * †Tribolocephalus
 * Subfamily Notopodinae
 * Cosmonotus
 * †Eumorphocorystes
 * †Lianira
 * †Lovarina
 * Notopus
 * †Ranidina
 * †Raniliformis
 * Ranilia
 * Umalia
 * Subfamily Ranininae
 * †Lophoranina
 * Ranina
 * †Raninella
 * Subfamily Raninoidinae
 * †Bicornisranina
 * †Cenocorystes
 * †Cristafrons
 * Notopoides
 * Notosceles
 * †Quaslaeviranina
 * Raninoides
 * Subfamily Palaeocorystinae
 * †Cretacoranina
 * †Eucorystes
 * †Heus
 * †Notopocorystes
 * Subfamily Symethinae
 * Symethis
 * incertae sedis
 * †Araripecarcinus
 * †Sabahranina

title: Raninidae