text:
Harley's Humongous Adventure

Harley's Humongous Adventure is a side-scrolling 2D platform video game released in 1993 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It was originally developed by Visual Concepts, and funded by publisher Electronic Arts, but eventually published by Hi Tech Expressions.

Gameplay
The player controls Harley, a man in a green suit who has shrunk himself to the size of a bar of soap. Harley's mission is to gather the parts of his shrinking machine to return himself to normal size. Harley advances through the levels, picking up items such as tacks, rubberbands, and marbles. Harley adventures through his lab, where the initial incident occurs, his kitchen, his toy room, where the player pilots a toy tank by himself, his bathroom, and other stages.

Enemies include flies, bees, and ants. Players must avoid such enemy attacks as the flies vomiting overhead. The main boss is a deformed rat that tries to jump on Harley, and after each encounter utilizes a household item for the limb he had lost in the previous encounter.

Development
Visually, the game utilizes a mix of pixel art for the stage backgrounds, the menus and most objects, and digitized clay animation models for all characters. The clay animation was produced by A-OK Animation, who had also worked on Claymates, another Super NES game featuring a somewhat similar graphical style.

The game was programmed, and designed in part, by Brian Greenstone of Pangea Software. This programmer previously wrote games for the Apple IIGS computer, which happens to share the same 65C816 microprocessor as the Super NES.

The box art was created for EA by veteran gaming illustrator Marc Ericksen. It features Harley blasting out of the kitchen sink, holding a red plastic push pin for scale reference.

title: Harley's Humongous Adventure


text:
Officer candidate

Officer candidate or officer aspirant (OA) is a rank in some militaries of the world that is an appointed position while a person is in training to become an officer. More often than not, an officer candidate was a civilian who applied to join the military directly as an officer. Officer candidates are, therefore, not considered of the same status as enlisted personnel.

In several NATO countries, the term officer designate (OF-D) is used. In the NATO rank scale, it comes below the grade of OF-1 and above the grade of Student Officer. Ranks designated as OF-D include dokimos efedros axiomatikos in the Hellenic Army, and chuẩn úy ("officer designate") in the Vietnam People's Army. In the German Armed Forces, officer designates are enlisted personnel and have a corresponding rank code.

Finland
In the Finnish Defence Forces, officer candidate is a service rank, equivalent but senior to sergeant, that is given to conscripts who completed the Reserve Officer School (RUK). At the end of their conscript service, officer candidates are promoted to the rank of second lieutenant.

Germany
In the German Armed Forces, officer designates are enlisted personnel. Soldiers accepted for officer training are given the annotation (OA) for Offizieranwärter ("Officer Aspirant") to their rank. Then the designate progresses through the ranks of Fahnenjunker (OR-5), Fähnrich (OR-6) and Oberfähnrich (OR-7) in the German Army and German Air Force. Officer designates in the German Navy go through the corresponding ranks of Seekadett, Fähnrich zur See and Oberfähnrich zur See instead.

Officer designates in the army and air force wear the same uniform and insignia as the corresponding NCOs; added a silver metal tissue cord on their shoulder straps. A distinction to this is the insignia of the Oberfähnrich. His service and dress uniforms, including the shoulder straps, are sowed the silver piping, indicating the officer career instead of the NCO piping. However, his rank insignia on mounting loops for the field uniform are identical to the non-commissioned Hauptfeldwebel; plus the cord of the officer designate.

The navy doesn't use a silver cord to indicate the officer designates; instead a golden nautical star is displayed. The rank insignia of Seekadett and Fähnrich zur See is the same as for the corresponding NCOs, but exchanges the anchor symbol with the nautical star. The rank insignia for Oberfähnrich zur See is lent to the Leutnant zur See, displaying the nautical star and a golden half-stripe — also on the field uniform.

Indonesia
In the Indonesian National Armed Forces, an officer candidate (calon perwira) is one who wants to earn a commission as an officer in the armed forces.

Officers in the Indonesian National Armed Forces are commissioned through one of four major commissioning programs. Upon graduation the candidates are promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, thus becoming commissioned officers. The four programs are:
 * National Armed Forces Academy (Akademi TNI): a four-year undergraduate program that emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions, preparing men and women to take on the challenge of being officers in the armed forces (Army: Military Academy, Navy: Naval Academy, Air Force: Air Force Academy);
 * Officer Candidate School: a 28-week program that is attended by senior NCOs or warrant officers from all services;
 * Career Officer Program for college graduates: a 7–8 month program that is designed to recruit civilian professionals (e.g., doctors, dentists, pharmacists, psychologists) into the armed forces;
 * Pilot Short Service School: a 34-month program to train pilots to serve in the armed forces

Philippines
In the Philippines, an officer candidate ("OC") is a civilian who holds a baccalaureate degree and who wants to earn a commission as an officer in the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Upon admission to the Officer Candidate School, officer candidates are appointed as probationary second lieutenants and probationary ensigns.

Cadet vs Officer Candidate
The words cadet and officer candidate are synonymous in referring the rank below second lieutenant. In the Philippines, officer candidates are referred to RESCOM, AFPOCS and PCGOBETC students who had baccalaureate degree, foreign service academies and reserve officer pools undergoing 4 months to 1 year of rigorous military training. On the other hand, cadets are referred to students of military schools such as PMA, PNPA, PMMA, MAAP and ACP undergoing 4 years of military training while completing their college degree.

United Kingdom
In the British Armed Forces, officer candidates (or potential officer candidates) are civilians or enlisted persons who apply to join the service as an officer. This does not infer rank or salutation. On joining the Armed Force, they then become designated as Officer Cadets.

U.S. Army
In the United States Army, officer candidates attend either the Federal Officer Candidate School (OCS) at Fort Moore, Georgia, or Army National Guard Regional Training Institutes (RTIs). RTIs follow the same curriculum and requirements as OCS and commission graduates who receive federal recognition into the Army National Guard. Soldiers who attend OCS are usually prior service enlisted personnel, though civilians with college degrees can enlist and go directly to OCS after basic training. Additionally, Warrant Officer Candidates attend the Warrant Officer Candidate school and are also officer candidates.

With regard to rank, a U.S. Army officer candidate exists in a gray area. AR 600–20, Army Command Policy, places their rank as outranking all enlisted members of the service and rank directly below all officers. They are not yet officers. They are enlisted soldiers who lose all rank status when reporting to the course. Regardless of pay grade, traditionally, but technically incorrect, candidates are outranked by any course cadre or permanent party enlisted soldiers they may encounter. Although their status does not correspond to a position of authority within the standard U.S. Army ranks, candidates serve in leadership training roles at the platoon or company level. They are addressed as "candidate" by the OCS cadre. During the first few weeks of indoctrination, candidates are treated much the same as a new recruit. In the final weeks of training, OCS platoons may achieve "senior" status and senior officer candidates may be addressed as "Sir" or "Ma'am" by more junior candidates, but never by other enlisted ranks.

The pay grade for a U.S. Army officer candidate is E-5 (Federal OCS), or E-6 (state OCS) on the enlisted pay scale, unless the candidate previously achieved a higher enlisted rank. For example, an E-7 who becomes a candidate would continue to receive E-7 pay. The OCS uniform is stripped of the rank patch which is replaced by the letters "OCS." Upon commissioning, a candidate becomes a second lieutenant.

U.S. Marine Corps
In the United States Marine Corps, officer candidates are trained by Marine officers and staff non-commissioned officer Marines at the Officer Candidates School in Quantico, Virginia.

U.S. Navy
In the United States Navy, officer candidates are trained at either the Officer Candidate School or Officer Development School in Newport, Rhode Island. A parallel program known as Aviation Officer Candidate School (AOCS) at NAS Pensacola, Florida, previously produced officers slated to become naval aviators, naval flight officers, air intelligence officers and aircraft maintenance duty officers not otherwise procured via the U.S. Naval Academy or NROTC. A major distinction between the two programs was the use of enlisted Marine Corps drill instructors in the AOCS program, a vestige from the World War II and early 1950s period when AOCS graduates were given the option of being commissioned in the U.S. Navy or U.S. Marine Corps before proceeding to flight training. AOCS was disestablished in 1994 due to BRAC action and merged into the current OCS program in 1994.

Officer candidate is also the rank to which participants in the active duty commissioning program "Seaman to Admiral 21" are appointed. STA 21 officer candidates are appointed to the rank at the Naval Science Institute and go on to hold the rank while training with the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps at NROTC-affiliated universities. While attached to their colleges or universities, officer candidates are looked to as mentors to the midshipmen throughout the school year. They must maintain 2.0 GPAs, and are urged to assist midshipmen in developing their own leadership abilities.

STA 21 OCs maintain their enlisted pay grade and eligibility for enlisted advancement. The number of sailors selected each year to participate in the "Seaman to Admiral 21 program" varies from year to year. Fiscal year 2010 admitted about 200 candidates, FY11- 115, and FY12- about 75. Currently, the program has been downsized to only admit 50 candidates.

The rank of officer candidate is denoted by an officer's uniform with no insignia except for a line officer's star device on white and dress blue uniforms. If the candidate has never had prior service, rank is typically that of Officer Candidate Under Instruction Second Class (OCUI2). On khaki and working blue uniforms, fouled anchors are worn on the collar points until candidate officer status is achieved, at which time OCs wear the bar insignia similar to their senior/midshipmen 1st class counterparts at the U.S. Naval Academy and in NROTC.

U.S. Coast Guard
In the United States Coast Guard, Officer Candidates (OC) are trained at the Officer Candidate School (OCS) located at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut.

U.S. Air Force
In the United States Air Force, officer candidates are known as Officer Trainees (OT) and are trained at the Officer Training School (OTS) at Maxwell AFB, Alabama.

Similar to the Army officer candidates, Air Force officer trainees exist in a gray zone with regard to rank, and their status does not directly correspond to a position of seniority or authority within the standard Air Force ranks. Typically, they are referred to or addressed as "OT," and during the first few weeks of indoctrination, are treated much the same as a new recruit. The pay for an officer trainee, however, is equal to an E-5 on the enlisted pay scale, unless the candidate previously achieved a higher enlisted rank than E-5, e.g., an E-7 who becomes a candidate would continue to receive E-7 pay, and so on. Once commissioned, the new officer advances to the pay rate of O-1, unless they have at least four years of active duty service, in which case they are paid the higher O-1E rate in recognition of the prior enlisted service. Such pay continues at promotion to the next two grades ("O-2E" and "O-3E"), but is discontinued at the grade of O-4.

OT rank insignia loosely parallels that of Air Force ROTC and United States Air Force Academy Cadet Insignia, except in the case of the directly commissioned chaplains, lawyers, and medical personnel.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Officer candidate


text: Category:1208 deaths

title: Category:1208 deaths


text:
User:Great Scott

Bio: Professional real estate broker, amateur photographer, amateur historian, sports geek, vinophile.

A resident of Pennsylvania, USA, I have a particular interest in all things Pennsylvanian.

 * Favorite Quote: "It seemed like a good idea at the time."

Announcement
I agree to multi-license all my text contributions, with the exception of article talk pages, wikipedia namespace, and my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Great Scott


text:
Template:Hiero/ed/bgcolour

skyblue

title: Template:Hiero/ed/bgcolour


text: Template:Sockpuppet

title: Template:Sockpuppet


text: User:Sollog

title: User:Sollog


text: Category:1222 deaths

title: Category:1222 deaths


text:
Chevrolet K5 Blazer

The Chevrolet K5 Blazer is a full-size sport-utility vehicle that was built by General Motors. Being GM's smallest full-size SUV, the K5 Blazer is part of the C/K truck series. Introduced to the Chevrolet line for the 1969 model year, the K5 Blazer was replaced for 1995 by the Chevrolet Tahoe. In 1970, GMC introduced its own model of the truck, called the Jimmy, which was discontinued in 1991 and replaced by the Yukon. The "Jimmy" name was chosen to reflect how GM may sound in a similar manner to how Jeep was thought to be a pronunciation of GP in the competing market. Both were short-wheelbase trucks and available with either rear- or four-wheel drive. Despite all Chevrolet versions from 1969 to 1988 having the "K5" badge, GM never internally referred to the model as the K5 Blazer/K5 Jimmy. Officially, the vehicles have always been referred to as the Blazer/Jimmy, without the K5 prefix. After the release of the S-Series Blazer/Jimmy in 1983, the models were officially renamed "Chevrolet Full-Size Blazer" and "GMC K-Jimmy" (V-Jimmy from 1987-1991), though they are often unofficially still addressed as "K5" to avoid confusion.

The K5 Blazer and Jimmy had "full convertible" removable tops until 1975. For 1976, GM introduced a half-cab design that was less prone to leaks and slightly safer in a roll-over. These half cabs had the convertible top begin a few inches behind the driver/passenger doors and run back to the tailgate.

The Blazer's long-wheelbase relative, with an integrated rear body and doors for second row passengers, is called the Chevrolet Suburban.

History
The original K5 Blazer was built on the K10 pickup truck platform with a wheelbase shortened to 104 in, designed and marketed to compete with the International Harvester Scout (which had been introduced in 1960 for the 1961 model year) and the Ford Bronco (1965/66) utility vehicles. The Scout and Bronco were originally aimed at the Jeep CJ series and consequently all three vehicles were much smaller than the K5 Blazer. Because the Blazer was developed from a shortened pickup truck, this innovation both increased interior space and lowered the cost of production by using a shared platform. The Blazer quickly became popular. For the first time, it married the off-road capabilities of competing utility vehicles with "luxury" features like air conditioning and automatic transmissions that routinely were available on pickup trucks.

By 1970, the Blazer was already outselling both of its older rivals. Ford, Dodge, and even Jeep would counter with similar shortened full-size pickups, including the Dodge Ramcharger and Jeep Cherokee, both introduced in 1974, and the revised Ford Bronco (1978).

First generation (1967–1972)
For its first model year (1969), the K5 Blazer was available with part-time four-wheel drive only. As an option, a removable hardtop or a soft convertible-top could be specified; passenger seats also were optional on the base model. For 1970, a rear-wheel drive model was added, and the truck was also rebadged as the GMC Jimmy.

Mechanical
There were four choices for power plants, matching the contemporaneous pickup truck options: the 250 straight-6, the 292 straight-6, the 307 V8, and the 350 V8.

There was also a choice between a three-speed automatic transmission, the Turbo-Hydramatic TH350, or one of two fully-synchronized manual transmissions: a three-speed, or a four-speed (SM465), which included a "granny gear" low-ratio 6.55:1 first gear. The 350 was offered only with the SM465 or TH350; manual locking front hubs were optional.

The four-wheel drive version had a solid front axle and used leaf springs front and rear. The two-wheel drive version came with independent front suspension and rear trailing arms, both with coil springs. Both versions used drum brakes on all four wheels until 1971, when the entire GM light truck line was fitted with front discs as standard equipment. A tachometer was optional. Two transfer cases were offered: the Dana 20, available only with the manual transmissions, or the NP-205, available with both types of transmissions. The Blazer had 8 in of ground clearance and an approach angle of 35°.

 * Engines
 * 250 in³ (4.1 L) I6 (1969–1984)
 * 292 in³ (4.8 L) I6 (1970–1971)
 * 307 in³ (5.0 L) V8 (1969–1973)
 * 350 in³ (5.7 L) V8 (1969–1991)

 * Transfer cases
 * NP-205 - gear driven part-time four wheel drive
 * Dana 20 - gear driven part-time four-wheel drive

Overview
For 1973, GM's line of full-size trucks was redesigned and updated; internally, GM named this the "Rounded Line" generation, while the public nickname was "square body". A tilt-steering wheel became optional. Although rear-wheel drive Blazers were manufactured until 1982, the majority sold were four-wheel drive. As tested by Popular Science in 1973, a K5 Blazer with the 175 hp 350 V8, automatic transmission, and full-time four-wheel-drive accelerated from 0–60 mph in 22.5 seconds, with an observed fuel economy of 9.648 mpgUS at a steady 45 mph. With the standard 250 I6, automatic transmission, a 1974 K5 Blazer returned fuel economy of 13.69 mpgUS at the same speed.

The 1973–75 K5 Blazers were equipped with a removable convertible top. In 1976, a half-cab design was introduced and used until 1991.

The second generation K5 models incorporated the rear hatch glass and tailgate into a single unit, which allowed the glass panel to retract inside of the tailgate by use of a manual crank mounted on the tailgate or an electric motor activated by a key-operated switch on the tailgate and a dash-mounted switch. The weight of the large glass panel was rumored to be a liability as the manual crank gears wore prematurely and the electric motor was prone to frequent overheating and subsequent failure. This also included the electric motor drive cable which goes to the window regulator to the motor (similar in design to a speedometer cable), which usually would fail under heavy abuse. Another feature of the K5 Blazer tailgate was the safety switch connected to the electric motor which prevented the rear window from being raised if the tailgate was unlatched.

The smaller S-10 Blazer, based on the compact S-10 pickups, debuted in 1983; General Motors began officially addressing the larger models as "Chevrolet Full-Size Blazer" and "GMC K-Jimmy."

Model changes
Compared to the first generation K5 Blazer, the Rounded Line K5 grew by 7 in overall, on a 2.5 in longer wheelbase. The styling was refreshed in 1981, mirroring the changes introduced on the 1981 C/K pickups, most visible in the front end with available stacked dual square headlamps and reduced weight.

GM temporarily changed the usual "C/K" designation to "R" and "V" for the 1987 through 1991 model years. This was done to avoid confusion with the GMT400-based Chevrolet C/K pickup trucks, which were introduced in 1988, during the overlap period. Although the GMT400 trucks were introduced in the spring of 1987 as a 1988 model, the K5 Blazer, Suburban, and crew-cab trucks retained the earlier platform until 1991. In 1988, four new colors were introduced: Bright Blue Metallic, Forest Green Metallic, Light Mesa Brown Metallic, and Dark Mesa Brown Metallic. More new features for 1988 included a fixed mast antenna in place of the old windshield antenna, a trip odometer as part of the gauge package cluster, and an improved pulse windshield wiper control. Also, helping to reduce air leaks in the doors was a new door handle seal. Also in 1988, General Motors eliminated the "K5" emblems.

In late 1988 for the 1989 model year, the front grille was changed to resemble the squared-off ones used on the GMT400 series of pickups. The 1989 Blazer had new base and up-level grilles, as well as new headlight bezels, body side moldings, and front bumper rub strips. New for 1989 was the introduction of an all-new base coat/clear coat paint.

For the 1990 model year, all Blazers now had a standard rear wheel anti-lock braking system. A new electronic speedometer system, with a 6 digit odometer on the dashboard was also introduced for 1990, along with non-asbestos brake linings. A new brake warning light on the dashboard was also introduced for 1990. The Blazer body also used double sided, galvanized exterior sheet metal. A new option for 1990 was power mirrors. 3 point shoulder harness also become standard for rear passengers. The rear seat arm rest were eliminated from rear seat to make room for shoulder belts and pads were added to the wheel housings.

For 1991, two new exterior colors, Brilliant Blue and Slate Metallic were offered.

Drivetrain
The K5 Blazer was fitted with a 250 cuin inline-six as standard through 1984. Available engines included a 292 cuin inline-six, small-block V8s of 305, 307, 350, or 400 cubic inches (5.0, 5.0, 5.7, and 6.6 liters), and a 6.2 L Detroit Diesel V8. The six-cylinder Blazer was not recommended for towing.

Since 1981 (in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and the 1979 energy crisis), Chevrolet and GMC used the smaller displacement 305s with a 9.2:1 compression ratio. These engines produced nearly as much torque as the 350, giving a similar driving feel. However, these power plants were underpowered and prone to detonation (engine knocking), especially with the electronic spark control module. To achieve the 9.2:1 compression ratio, the cylinder head chambers were smaller, measuring 56 cc instead of 76 cc. After 1987, when throttle-body injection was introduced in the truck engines, the 350 was made the standard power plant.

Corporate 10-bolt axles were upgraded to 30 spline axle shafts from previous 28 spline shafts in 1989. In addition, the standard L05 5.7-liter V-8 now had one serpentine accessory drive belt in place of the older multi-belt accessory drive setup. 1989 was the first year for the NP241 transfer case and also the only year for speedometer cable driven version of the NP241. The 5.7 liter V8 (L05) engine was improved for 1990 with the addition of improved oil control rings, a redesigned rear crankshaft seal, a new camshaft sprocket design, non-asbestos intake manifold gaskets, and heavy-duty intake valves. For 1991, the 700R4 was renamed to the 4L60. The TBI (throttle body injection) system used on the Blazer's standard 5.7 liter V8 had longer throttle shaft bearings, new throttle return springs, and improved fuel mixture distribution. The 5.7 liter V8 also had new heavy-duty intake valves and powdered metal camshaft sprockets. Standard on all engines was a lighter more powerful 100-amp CS130 alternator.

(All power and torque figures are pulled from GM factory service manual)

1973–1980 Blazers used the gear-driven part-time NP-205 transfer case (mostly mated to the SM465 manual transmission and some TH350s) or the chain-driven full-time NP-203 transfer case (mated to the TH350 automatic) and DANA-44 front/12-bolt rear axle combination through 1980. Starting in 1981 used the chain-driven NP208 transfer case (NP241 after 1988) with front 10-bolt/rear 10-bolt axle combinations until 1991. There is an overlap of 12-bolt rears into the early 1980s, while the 10-bolt front axle was phased into production in the late 1970s.

Third-generation (GMT400; 1992–1994)
In 1991, for the 1992 models, GM redesigned its large SUVs, moving to the GMT400 architecture that had debuted for GM's 1988 pickup lines. Dimensions grew modestly with a 111.5 in wheelbase and 187.7 in length overall. The Chevrolet was still called the Full-Size Blazer, while the GMC V-Jimmy was renamed, and straightaway launched as the first generation GMC Yukon, while the smaller S15 Jimmy dropped the prefix and was named the 'Jimmy' from then on. In 1993, the Chevrolet version was renamed back to "Chevrolet Blazer" with the smaller S10 Blazer being renamed "S-Blazer." Unlike prior generations, the GMT400-based Blazer/Yukon did not have a removable roof, and the tailgate glass was fixed. The Blazer was named "Four Wheeler of the Year" in 1992 by Four Wheeler magazine.

The standard engine remained the 350 cuin small-block V8 with throttle-body fuel injection. A 6.5 L turbocharged Detroit Diesel V8 was added as an option for 1994, with output of 180 hp and 360 lbft of torque. The diesel engine was available only with a four-speed automatic transmission. All versions were fitted with an independent front suspension and solid rear axle with leaf springs; four-wheel drive versions had torsion springs in front, while two-wheel drive versions had coil springs.

In 1995, the Blazer nameplate was discontinued for the full-size vehicle; it was renamed and relaunched as the new 1995 Chevrolet Tahoe. The 1995 Tahoe/Yukon also included a longer wheelbase, four-door wagon body style which was smaller than the Suburban but larger than the two-door Tahoe. From then on, the Tahoe and Yukon models were offered in two sizes, as two- and four-doors. At the same time, Chevrolet rebranded their 2nd generation successor to the S-10 Blazer, and the Blazer name was transferred to it as Chevy's 'all-new Blazer' (and GMC Jimmy); the smaller Blazer/Jimmy vehicles were sold from 1995 to 2005, while the first-generation Tahoe/Yukon were replaced in 2000.

M1009
Around 1976, a prototype K5 Blazer was used as a testbed for a military CUCV vehicle built by Vic Hickey, father of the HUMVEE. Between 1983 and 1987, what is known as the M1009 CUCV was the production militarized version of the civilian K5. The differences are the lack of an air conditioner, an additional leaf spring in the suspension, a hybrid 12/24 V electrical system (described in detail below), blackout headlights, front mounted brush guard, a rifle rack, and special paint jobs. A majority of them are painted olive drab green or in the woodland camouflage pattern, though some vehicles that saw desert use were painted tan. All M1009s, including its derivatives, are powered with the 6.2 L Diesel power plant.

The M1009s have a split 24/12 V electrical system. Most of the truck actually runs on 12 V. It has two separate 12 V alternators and batteries wired in series, with only the glow plug system, injection pump, starter, and jumper cable jack being wired to the 24 V terminals; everything else in the truck runs on 12 V. The glow plugs are actually 12 V glow plugs with a resistor pack on the firewall to drop the 24 V down to 12 V. This resistor pack can be bypassed and the glow plugs run directly off of the 12 V battery. If this is done and the 24 V starter is replaced with a standard 12 V starter, the second alternator is no longer needed (If this is done then the military 24 V slave adapter in the grille will need to be disconnected as well).

Some decommissioned M1009s end up in law enforcement use (e.g. with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department) or sold through government auctions, but a handful are still in use by the National Guard.

1976–77 Chalet / Casa Grande
In 1976, GM collaborated with recreational vehicle manufacturer Chinook Mobilodge to offer modified versions of the Blazer and Jimmy with a permanently-fixed popup truck camper unit. Approximately 1,800 Blazer Chalet and Jimmy Casa Grande vehicles were built over two years of production. With the top raised, interior headroom increased from 59 to 79.5 in. The integrated camper allows occupants to walk through from the cab to the rear living quarters. In 1977, suggested retail price of the base model was US$9426 1977, but options could increase the price to $13,000.

1993–97 Yukon GT
The Yukon GT was introduced in 1993 as a sport-appearance trim variant of the third generation GMC Yukon (previously Jimmy) as a "Sport Equipment Package", option code BYP. It is equipped with four-wheel-drive and aluminum wheels; the GT package was available exclusively with the 350 in3 (5.7L) L05 V8. A 5-speed manual transmission is standard, but the automatic transmission can be selected. Visually, the GT was rendered in a monochromatic color scheme by painting the grille, bumpers, trim, and fender flares the same color as the body, which was available in black or dark garnet. It matched the appearance of the contemporaneously marketed high-performance GMC Syclone truck and Typhoon SUV, but unlike the smaller vehicles, the Yukon GT did not have any special engine tuning.

1977 K5 Blazer-E
At the 2020 SEMA show, Chevrolet Performance exhibited a electromod 1977 K5 Blazer-E equipped with the "Electric Connect and Cruise" (aka eCrate) package, which is the powertrain from the Chevrolet Bolt EV repackaged and sold commercially as a kit to convert conventionally-powered cars to electric vehicles. The K5 Blazer-E followed the Chevrolet E-10 Concept, a similar "electromod" restoration and electrification project that converted a 1962 C-10 pickup with a Bolt-derived EV powertrain, shown at SEMA 2019. Other "electromod" restorations with EV powertrains that followed the K5 Blazer-E include the 2021 Hyundai Heritage Series and 2021 Ford F-100 Eluminator.

The Blazer-E retains its original driveshafts, axles, and transfer case, and uses a more powerful 200 hp Bolt traction motor instead of the 400 cu.in. V8, which had an estimated output of 175 hp using modern ratings. The Bolt's 60 kW-hr battery pack is bolted into the cargo area of the K5 Blazer-E. Aftermarket components were used to add power steering, generate vacuum for the vintage braking system, and control the gauges, with the fuel gauge converted to indicate state of charge instead.

"Retro Tahoe" K5 Blazer homage
For the 2019 SEMA show, a customized 2018 Chevrolet Tahoe was restyled by Flat Out Autos as an homage to the first generation K5 Blazer. Dubbed the "Retro Tahoe", it was built to honor the Blazer's 50th anniversary. Steps to complete the customization include replacement of the stock exterior sheetmetal, a carbon fiber rear hatch, and machined aluminum door handles; four were built for members of the Abu Dhabi royal family. The following year, the same shop showed a modified two-door K5 Blazer homage using a sectioned Tahoe chassis.

title: Chevrolet K5 Blazer


text: Category:1224 deaths

title: Category:1224 deaths


text: Category:1228 deaths

title: Category:1228 deaths


text:
Talk:Isabel

Isabella means Isabel?
Hi. I didn't get why there are three "Isabellas" listed here. It seems to me that this is a whole other name, despite the obvious similarity. Wouldn't it be better to create another Disambiguation page for "Isabella" and transfer those entries there? Then, to prevent any problems, we could add a "See also" section to each, directing to the other name, given the similarities. But as it stands, it leads to the conclusion that one can say "Isabel" and actually mean "Isabella", which I don't believe to be the case. I can carry out this suggested changes, unless anyone wants to object. Regards, Redux 17:30, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There are two reasons for disambiguating Isabel, Isabella, Isabelle, and other spellings on a single page: (1) The spellings are really variants of the same name (the same woman may be named "Isabel" in an English source, "Isabelle" in a French source and "Isabella" in a Spanish source); and (2) The point of a disambiguation page is to assist the reader in finding a page they are looking for. Disambiguating variant spellings on a single page helps the reader who isn't sure how to spell the name they are looking for — or who doesn't know which of the variants Wikipedia is likely to use. Gdr 15:38, 2005 May 8 (UTC)

Actually, the Spanish version would be Isabel, the English could be also Isabella, which is the Italian version, too, as well as the Scottish. French use Isabelle and Isabeau and Ysabeau. 217.140.193.123 10:10, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What is the origin of this name?? Where did it began to spread??

Origin of name
What is the origin of this name? Does it come from Elizabeth, is that why it is translated as such in English at times? Isabella I know is NOT a Spanish name (Isabella of Castile was Isabel of Castile in reality ['reality' is in the mind of the reader. in her _native_ language, she refers to herself as "como yo doña Ysabel, por la gracia de Dios reyna de Castilla, de León". these forced anglicizations of 'foreign' names drives me nuts. tpk (talk) 11:15, 2 September 2017 (UTC)]). It seems that the Iberian Isabel comes from the French Isabelle which may come from the Italian Isabella, but this is just a guess. (I think this soley because Isabela or Isabella aren't names in Castilian or Portuguese, but I could be wrong.) Any name historians out there?

As far as I know, Isabel is the Spanish form of Elizabeth. In Spanish, there is no final /t/, hence /t/ became /l/. (In medieval times, Elizabeth didn't have a modern English th sound). Isabella etc. are dervived from the Spanish name. Wathiik 16:27, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and edited the origin of the name in the article. The derivation from "Isis Bella" strikes me as a "folk etymology" of the most obvious sort. It is extremely unlikely that anyone would have used a Latin adjective (bella) to describe an Egyptian goddess (Isis). Even when Egypt was part of the Roman empire, the Romans in Egypt spoke Greek, and when speaking Greek they translated the name Isis as Aphrodite (considered to be the same goddess). (If the Egyptian Romans had spoken Latin, they would have called her Venus.) Finally, the etymological link from a presumably ancient name "Isisbella" to medieval ProvenÇal "Isabel" is all but impossible to make, whereas Hebrew Elisheva > Greek Elissabet > Latin Elisabeth > Provencal Isabel is both straightforward and well documented. A key to the chain is the influence of Arabic in southeastern Europe. Elizabeth in Arabic is Al-Isabeth, with the first syllable taken to be the Arabic article "Al." Some languages, like Spanish, tended to preserve "al" as part of the words and names derived from Arabic, but Provencal, like Italian and French, usually dropped the article (compare Sp. azucar with It. zucchero, Fr. sucre, and Eng. sugar, all from Ar. as-sukkar). The Provencal derivation of Isabel from Elisabeth, influenced by Arabic Al-Isabeth, is therefore very straightforward.

 * I also took the liberty of deleting an irrelevant paragraph on the name Jezebel, which (despite the similarity in sound) is completely unrelated to the name Isabel and has no business in this article. --Potosino 04:01, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Mother nature's prized daughter?????
Honestly inserting "mother natures prized daughter " as the meaning of Isabel/Isabella/Elizabeth has to make this article the stupidest in Wikipedia. There's an abundance of websites online that give the meaning as being "God's promise" from the medieval Elisabel, from the Hebrew Elisheba. Wikis own article on the English variant "Elizabeth" even says as such, creating ludicrous discrepency between articles.

The Scottish variant Ishbael is an Anglicisation but Isabel is clearly Provencal, derived from Elisabel, not the Gaelic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 32.136.79.158 (talk) 14:13, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Elisabeth? Jezabel
Isabel is not a derivative of Elizabeth. It is a derivative of Jezabel. - your source? see: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisheba & en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel tpk (talk) 11:21, 2 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Isabel. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140110091657/http://parenting.kidspot.com.au/australias-100-most-popular-baby-names/ to http://parenting.kidspot.com.au/australias-100-most-popular-baby-names/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:34, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

Isabel/Isabella/Isabelle
There is another page dedicate to the name variant "Isabella" and all the subjects named Isabella should probably be moved to that list. SpiritedMichelle (talk) 01:35, 26 April 2018 (UTC)

Another Izzy
"Isabel (Izzy) Ortiz Reubens is one of the most important characters in LOCAS."

2001:171B:2274:7C21:7DD1:5A4E:3876:A80B (talk) 21:19, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

Yet another Izzie
"StartUp (TV Series 2016–2018) Otmara Marrero as Izzy Morales."

2001:171B:2274:7C21:7DD1:5A4E:3876:A80B (talk) 21:21, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

Split to: Isabelle
I suggest that the spelling "Isabelle" originating from French, should be a separate article, as it is French, and much like Isobel and Isabella (given name), is spelled differently from "Isabel". As "Isobel" and "Isabella" is not combined in this page, I see no need for "Isabelle" to be combined onto this page. There is sufficient content for a separate article, and its history in France is not that of the history of Isabel in England or Spain. -- 65.92.247.90 (talk) 04:05, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

 * It looks like it was merged because of common pronunciation in English. I think this is a general issue - the lists are somewhat long already, so splitting would probably help a bit for people who know the spelling of the person they're looking for. But for people who don't, there'd have to be some hopping around trying to find it. At the same time, they have to do that for the variant Isobel which is split out. We see some traffic for that at the clickstreams already, though it is overshadowed by other traffic. And on that note, most of the top 20 is for Isabel entries which are sorted higher than Isabelle entries. So it sounds like a good idea to experiment with. --Joy (talk) 07:23, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Isabel


text:
Talk:Pan Am Systems

Complaint
"GTI has totally alienated its workforce" is a POV statement and a generalization. Should be phrased more objectively by someone familiar with the situation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.36.0.137 (talk) 2 February 2005

Pan Am Systems and CSX
The reports that indicate that CSX is purchasing Pan Am Railways from Pan Am Systems is not accurate. CSX is purchasing all of Pan Am Systems, here’s what it says on the STB revised report:

“Specifically, Systems would be merged with 747 Merger Sub 1, Inc., with Systems surviving. Immediately thereafter, Systems would be merged with 747 Merger Sub 2, with 747 Merger Sub 2 surviving and the separate corporate existence of Systems ceasing. 747 Merger Sub 2, as the surviving corporation, would be renamed Pan Am Systems, Inc., and would be a wholly owned subsidiary of CSXC. Concurrent with closing, CSXC would contribute Pan Am Systems, Inc., and all of its subsidiaries to CSXT. CSXT would thereafter control the rail carrier subsidiaries of Pan Am Systems, Inc., and at a future time yet to be determined, would merge those subsidiaries, except V&M, into CSXT.”

So CSX is purchasing Pan Am Systems and replaced it with a short lived new Pan Am Systems instead of just purchasing Pan Am Railways. Here’s the report I’m talking about- https://www.progressiverailroading.com/resources/editorial/2022/50875.pdf

Granthew (talk) 00:26, 13 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pan Am Systems


text:
Stjørdalen

Stjørdalen is a valley and a traditional district in Trøndelag county, Norway. The valley follows the river Stjørdalselva river from the border with Sweden 75 km to the west where it empties into the Trondheimsfjorden. The valley traverses the present-day municipalities of Stjørdal and Meråker. The European route E14 highway and the Meråker Line railway follow the river through the length of the valley.

The traditional district of Stjørdalen is a historical region surrounding the Stjørdalen valley. The area is sometimes considered the southern part of the Inntrøndelag region. The neighboring communities of Selbu and Tydal to the south are sometimes grouped together in this historic district. From the Iron Age through the Middle Ages, the area was referred to as Stiordølafylki, one of the small petty kingdoms in the Trøndelag region under the Frostating assembly.

History
Stjørdalen was once a municipality of its own. It was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt), but in 1850 it was split to create the two new municipalities of Øvre Stjørdal and Nedre Stjørdal. Later, in 1874, Øvre Stjørdal was split into Hegra and Meråker municipalities. On 1 January 1901, Nedre Stjørdal was split into three municipalities of nearly equal sizes: Skatval, Stjørdal, and Lånke. At this point, there were now five municipalities in the valley. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1962, Hegra, Skatval, Stjørdal, and Lånke were merged to form the new Stjørdal municipality. On 1 June 1997, the village of Stjørdalshalsen in Stjørdal municipality gained status as a city. Currently, the combined population of the municipalities of Stjørdal and Meråker is 21,738.

title: Stjørdalen


text:
Talk:Ján Figeľ

Untitled

 * The title of this article is incorrect because of technical limitations. The correct title is "Ján Figeľ".

The ľ is not an l followed by an apostrophe but a single character. The software can't cope with having that in the title so I have used "l apostrophe" as the nearest approximation. I'm keeping the wrong title template off the article page because it would look silly when the title appears to be correct. "Ján Figel" and "Jan Figel" also redirect to the article if anyone needs a less messy URL. — Trilobite (Talk) 17:35, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Since the software upgrade, this no longer applies. — Trilobite (Talk) 14:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

The following discussion was copied here from User talk:Juro.

Hello. I'm interested to know why you moved the article to Jan Figel, without diacritics. The software can't cope with the ľ character, but it can cope with normal acute accents above letters like "a" and "i". I chose to put the article at Ján Figel', with an apostrophe after the "l", as the nearest approximation. You'll see I made a note of this on the talk page but I notice you didn't respond. It seems also that there's supposed to be an accent above the "i" as well, but when you added this in I wonder why you didn't just move the article to Ján Fígel' (accent on the "a" and the "i", apostrophe after the "l")? — Trilobite (Talk) 16:38, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The answer is very simple: (1) since there are many various accents in Slovak and other languages, as a rule, we write the word without any accents, so that authors of other articles that include e.g. the word Fígeľ as a link do not have to guess how this word might have been written by the original author of the original article...that`s the only logical procedure, otherwise there would be quarrels with each new Slovak, Hungarian, Czech etc. article (2) there is no apostrophe behind the l (rather, ľ is one special character), so the original version was wrong in the first place...Juro 02:51, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Juro, I believe Ján Figeľ does not have accent on "i". See for example his commissioner website or any Slovak newspaper articles. Brona 02:47, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that's a frequent error, because I have checked that for the German wikipedia months ago on Slovak pages and always found a long i...Figeľ would sound rather weird phonetically either...But if you are persuaded that it's a short i, change it...Juro 02:51, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * In a quick google search I have not seen any Fígeľs, but Figeľ is used on his website (see above), in his CV at KDH website, Radio Slovakia international , etc. Probably the short "i" comes from Vranov dialect. Some I will change it.... Brona 03:17, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, then, I do not know any more where I have looked up it last time...Sorry for the additional workJuro 03:46, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * When I created it I was confused about whether there should be an accent on the "i", especially because the German Wikipedia had it, but after looking around the internet I decided it probably shouldn't be there. As for the ľ character, perhaps I didn't make myself clear in my message. I know it's a single character, but I put the article at l apostrophe because to the casual reader it looks the same. You'll notice that in the text of the article itself I used the proper character throughout. It's only article titles that the software won't allow to have certain characters in. Also, I wonder if you could point me to some piece of Wikipedia policy where it says that articles should be located at names with no accents whatsoever. It seems to me that it's best to put the article at the nearest approximation possible, and then make redirects to it from all possible alternatives people might use, including most importantly the version with no accents. I made plenty of redirects, including with combinations involving the accent above the "i" in case typed this in thinking that's how it was spelt. When the article was moved, all these were broken. Because of the redirects, authors of other articles who want to link to this one don't need to worry about which accents are included; readers will be redirected to something that looks completely correct, even if strictly speaking the software doesn't allow us to get the ľ quite perfect (maybe one day that problem will be sorted). — Trilobite (Talk) 12:05, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pre 90s activity
There's nothing about his political activity before 1990? Was he a member of the Communist Party? Deyanov

 * No, Ján Figeľ was never in Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. From 1978 till 1983 he worked in Technical University of Košice and from 83 till 92 in Branch establishment of industry automatization in Prešov. --EllsworthSK (talk) 15:56, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

It is correct that JF was not a member of the Communist Party but he was a very active member of the Youth Branch of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, he was Faculty Chairman of the Socialist Youth Union [Socialisticky Zväz Mládeže, SZM, in SK] a youth Marxist–Leninist organization of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. SZM was a kind of preparation for Communist Party membership; but to enter the Communist Party, a candidate had to have two Party members recommendations and a certain professional experience. With regards to JF age and then 1989 events, he simply could’t have time to join the Party. By the way, JF attended in 1989 a professional traineeship in Eastern Germany and such an opportunity to travel and work abroad, was strictly monitored by both Communist Party as well as security apparatus. His traineeship in Eastern Germany is a clear signal that he was a solid element of Socialist society and for sure not a dissident or a critic of the regime. As a reminder, in 1989 some dissidents such as first chairman of KDH Ján Čarnogursky were in prison. Furthermore, when JF was Faculty Chairman of youth branch of the Communist Party, children of dissidents were not even allowed to study at a university. JanRyanPugno (talk) 20:30, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ján Figeľ. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120827003319/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/08/former-eu-education-commissioner.html to http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2012/08/former-eu-education-commissioner.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:35, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

Anti immigration campaign – incorrect source
As of 2019-05-22, the article states: "Furthermore, Figeľ created a controversy with an electoral campaign focusing on anti immigration and nationalist rhetoric with a slogan about “white Slovakia”."

The claimed source is: https://www.enca.com/world/slovak-anti-immigrant-premier-set-third-term

But there is nothing in the article that would substantiate the aforementioned claim. I am from Slovakia, I am interested in politics and I never heard Figeľ talk about white Slovakia. I thus think this is a mistake and suggest removing the sentence. It is unsourced and probably factually incorrect.

Reply to above mentioned remarks: The electoral slogan and campaign for a “white Slovakia” emerged already during the campaign 2012 and again in 2016. He was then chairman of the Slovak Christian Democratic Party (KDH). There are many quotes in Slovak and international press about this. In 2012, Figel as a chairman of KDH was criticized by Ms Irene Biahariova, a Roma activist from Slovakia and chair of “People against Racism” NGO (Ludia proti rasizmu in SK). Source: https://spravy.pravda.sk/volby/clanok/243791-kdh-laka-ludi-na-biele-slovensko-narazky-na-rasizmus-odmieta/. Quote by Bihariova: “Nechcem krivdiť KDH a už vôbec nie vyznieť tak, že všetko biele nám prekáža. Hádam úroveň tvorcov kampane je taká vysoká, aby domysleli jej následky,“ uviedla pre Pravda.sk. Podľa nej možno chcela strana týmto vyvolať kontroverziu, „veď aj negatívna reklama je reklama“. V každom prípade však Bihariová očakávala podobné heslo skôr od SNS či ĽSNS. EN Translation: I do not want to harm the KDH and not be understood in the sense that everything white hinders us [eg. Roma or “not white” population of Slovakia]. I hope the education level of this political campaign's creators is high enough to think of its consequences, Bihariova told Pravda.sk. According to Bihariova, the KDH party might want to provoke a controversy, "even negative advertising is advertising." However, Bihariova expected a similar electoral slogan [about white Slovakia] from the SNS [Slovak National Party, extreme right] or the LSNS [People’s Party Our Slovakia, extreme right]. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JanRyanPugno (talk • contribs) 20:20, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ján Figeľ


text:
Talk:Henry de Monfreid

Untitled
Permission was given for use of the material originally posted on www.roadjunky.com there is no copyright infringement here.

There was a TV series
"Secrets of the Red Sea", well-made, from around 1985 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marcin862 (talk • contribs) 10:30, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Henry de Monfreid. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050403123854/http://roadjunky.com/greats/hashish.shtml to http://www.roadjunky.com/greats/hashish.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155353/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/lush06.htm to http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/lush06.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:36, 2 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry de Monfreid


text:
Shitagi

Outside of Japan, lit. "under clothing" (下着) (also gusoku shita) refers to a type of shirt worn by the Samurai class of feudal Japan when they were wearing full armour. In the common and modern use of Japanese language, however, "shitagi" just means underwear.

The shitagi was the second garment to be put on, coming second only to the Fundoshi (Japan loincloth). The shitagi was like a short kimono with a button at the neck and a thin attached waist cord (obi).

There are several different types of shitagi. The shitagi would be put on as though it were a kimono, the left hand being put first into its sleeve, and then the right, the neck would then buttoned and the waist cord finally tied at the back.

title: Shitagi


text:
Talk:Peasant

Distinguishing Peasant from Slave
The main difference between a Slave and Peasant is Freedom

A peasant is given Freedom to:
 * Pay Taxes to the governing Elites
 * Be responsible for his living expenses (pay rent, buy food)
 * Die in wars when the Elites of his nation are involved in a conflict
 * Respect the borders drawn by the agreement of the world governing Elites
 * Be proud of his flag, language, religion, culture & superiority to other peasants. Freedumbest (talk) 00:04, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

Black Death
I have seen arguments like the one in the wiki (that things got good for enterprising peasants after that point) and also arguments that things got much, much worse. I've heard about things getting considerably easier for nobility due to the influx of estate money from the countless dead (which ultimately led to the social mobility which undermined the feudal system) but I have heard that, with so few peasants left, the ones remaining were made to work so hard as to account for the lost ones. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.125.233.221 (talk • contribs).

First Sentence
I think that the first sentence is very difficult to read. You should start with the definition and then get into the origin of the word.

Other terms...
Should "clown" go in the section on other words meaning peasant? Shakespeare uses it in this sense, if I remember properly...

On the "Latin America" section
"In Latin America, the term "peasant" is translated to "Campesino" (from campo—country person)"

Forgets to account for Brazil, Haiti and other Latin American nations where spanish isn't widely spoken. Would be better to change "Latin" to "Hispanic" or just completely remove that sentece. Campo means field, not country person. JamesSolterre (talk) 04:47, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

Apparent discrepancy between the English and Spanish pages
The spanish wikipedia equivalent for the english page "Peasant" is titled "Campesino", but from what i understand those do not mean exactly the same thing. This difference in meanings becomes apparent when comparing the contents of the two pages, as the english "Peasant" page talks about them in reference to mediaval times and the system of feudalism, meanwhile the spanish "Campesino" talks about self-sustaining agrarian lifestyles and how they still exist today. Google translate seems to thing "Peasant" translate to "Campesino" aswell, but as a native Puertorrican Spanish speaker, my whole life known "Campesino" to simply mean "a person who lives in the countryside" and "Peasant" to mean more something like "A poor, lower-class person in mediaval times", and furthermore the former is simply a descriptor while the latter could possibly be insulting to a person of low-income. Gato feliz 2006 (talk) 01:30, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peasant


text:
1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election

The 1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election was held on June 11, 1983, in Ottawa, Ontario to elect a leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (PC Party). At the convention, Montreal businessman and lawyer Brian Mulroney was elected leader on the fourth ballot, defeating former prime minister and party leader Joe Clark.

Joe Clark became party leader in 1976 and led the PCs to a minority government in the 1979 federal election, though lost power only nine months later. In 1981, about a third of delegates were dissatisfied with Clark's leadership and were in favour of holding a new leadership convention. Clark refused to resign as leader and stayed on, though in January 1983 still about a third of delegates were unhappy with Clark's leadership. Clark resigned as leader, triggering a leadership election. If he won, he would have been able to demonstrate a 'clear mandate' to the opponents of his leadership.

A big tent party, a politically diverse set of eight candidates ran for the leadership. President of the Iron Ore Company of Canada Brian Mulroney, along with former Bay Street investment executive Michael Wilson and sports owner Peter Pocklington, gained support among the pro-business faction of the party. Clark and former Mayor of Toronto David Crombie were popular among Red Tories while Member of Parliament John Crosbie was popular among the social liberal wing of the PC Party. John A. Gamble and Neil Fraser were lesser-known minor candidates who only had a few followers. Quebec played a major role in the leadership election, as Crosbie and Wilson's chances of victory were hampered by their inability to speak French. Mulroney, on the other hand, was a fluently bilingual native Quebecer who was popular among PC members from Quebec.

After the results of the first round were released, the set of eight candidates was halved to four; Wilson and Pocklington endorsed Mulroney while Gamble and Fraser endorsed Crosbie. In the second round, Crombie was eliminated and endorsed Crosbie. Crosbie, Mulroney and Clark were the three candidates left standing in the third round, and Clark was the only one in the trio who never received an endorsement. After Crosbie placed third, he released his delegates to vote as they chose. In the fourth round, Mulroney was elected leader with 54.4% of the votes cast compared to Clark's 45.6%.

Mulroney later went on to carry the Progressive Conservatives to a massive landslide victory in the 1984 federal election, and a second majority government in 1988. Clark, Crosbie, Crombie and Wilson would all gain prominent positions in Mulroney's cabinet.

Background
Joe Clark had been leader of the PCs after winning the 1976 leadership convention. While Clark was credited with uniting the PCs after the difficult years under the leadership of Robert Stanfield and with leading the party to victory in the 1979 federal election, the opposition defeated his government over a divisive austerity budget. The Progressive Conservatives lost the subsequent 1980 federal election, and found themselves returned to opposition.

After the 1980 defeat, Clark decided to stay on. At the party's 1981 convention, 33.5% of delegates voted in favour of holding a leadership convention to choose a new leader. This was generally interpreted as being a high level of discontent with Clark's leadership. Clark's internal strategy, led by his Chief of Staff Lowell Murray, was to bring dissidents into the party structure.

Clark's external strategy was to change the party's longstanding strategy of obtaining large wins in English Canada and then appealing to Québec voters with the advantage of holding government to obtain a majority. Believing that the party's base was now too narrow to win government, Clark began an attempt to broaden the party to include women, multicultural communities, and nationalist Quebec voters.

Though the approach began to pay some dividends, including favourable attention in Quebec after the patriation of the Canadian constitution, opponents remained prominent in the party and the national media. They could generally be divided into two groups: the first were not convinced Clark had the ability to win another election, given his personality and the unpopularity of the 1979-80 government. Others within the party maintained that Clark's outreach and moderate policy decisions were aloof from the party's grassroots, which had begun to embrace neoliberal and monetarist reforms that were being pursued in the United Kingdom and United States. At the party's national convention in Winnipeg in January 1983, the chief issue was again Clark's leadership. The issue mobilized supporters and detractors of Clark to a degree not usually seen at biennial conventions. At the convention 66.9% of the delegates voted against, and 33.1% voted for leadership review. Clark, seeing only a marginal gain in popularity among his party, decided with his advisers that he would resign as leader, and run in the convention to succeed himself. This was seen within his inner circle the only way to drown out the opposition to his leadership, as the previous attempts to reach out to opponents had left the party leadership unable to push back.

After a short rebound after the patriation of the constitution, the Liberals lagged in opinion polls, with the PCs ahead at times by over 20 percentage points. While Clark would probably have thought this an advantage, it also made the leadership a much more lucrative prize than it would have been.

Candidates
Joe Clark, 44, Member of Parliament (MP) for Yellowhead, Alberta, had been the party leader since 1976 and served as prime minister from 1979 to 1980. He was supported by the more centrist elements of the party, Quebec nationalists, some Red Tories, and most of the party's Toronto-based establishment. Clark at this point was fluently bilingual and making inroads into Quebec, where support for the Tories was traditionally the weakest. Clark's efforts to broaden the party's ideological reach were generally seen as making him weaker in traditional conservative bedrocks such as Western Canada and rural Ontario.

Brian Mulroney, 44, was a Quebec lawyer and businessman who had finished third (behind  Clark and Claude Wagner) at the 1976 leadership convention. He was the early front-runner to replace Clark. As former head of the Iron Ore Company of Canada, Mulroney attracted much of the party's pro-business faction in Toronto and Montreal. Mulroney was generally seen as personable and capable, though his previous attempt at the leadership had cast him as superficial. Mulroney's main pitch was that as a fluently bilingual native Quebecer, he would enable the party to break the Liberal Party's stranglehold on Quebec's seats in the House of Commons.

John Crosbie, 52, MP for St. John's West, Newfoundland, had been Clark's Minister of Finance in 1979, and known as an accomplished debater with a sense of humour. He was generally seen as the most personable candidate. He attempted to distinguish himself by adopting what he called a "continentalist" platform, with the centrepiece being free trade with the United States. His campaign was chiefly hobbled by his inability to speak French, and by a political base that was concentrated in the small province of Newfoundland. Before entering federal politics, Crosbie had been a senior provincial cabinet minister in Newfoundland.

Michael Wilson, 46, MP for Etobicoke Centre, Ontario, was a well-respected Bay Street banker and had been Minister of State for International Trade in Clark's government. He attracted modest support within his home province of Ontario, inherited the bulk of the support in Quebec for Peter Blaikie's abortive campaign, and gained only a smattering of support from other provinces. While Tories respected his financial acumen, he was an uninspiring speaker who struggled in French.

David Crombie, 47, MP for Rosedale since 1978, had been a popular Mayor of Toronto prior to entering federal politics and served as Minister of Health and Welfare in Clark's cabinet. Crombie attracted moderates who opposed Clark's leadership. Crombie was the only candidate to openly identify himself as a "Red Tory".

Peter Pocklington, 41, was an Alberta entrepreneur best known for owning the Edmonton Oilers hockey team. He ran a campaign based on strict adherence to the principles of free enterprise, with most of his focus on a flat tax. He gained some support through the Amway retail system.

John Gamble, 49, was the MP for York North, Ontario. He attracted a small band of supporters with a hard-line right-wing anti-Communist platform. Gamble had been an outspoken critic of Clark, and had hoped to parlay his role in Clark's downfall into a strong showing at the convention and a role in a future Progressive Conservative cabinet.

Neil Fraser, 49, was a civil servant who had been fired for publicly opposing the conversion to the Metric system in Canada. He mounted a campaign that had few followers. Granted the same nationally televised 25 minutes as the other candidates for his convention address, Fraser engaged in a bizarre speech that likened Confederation to a blood transfusion to Quebec. Lise Bissonnette commented that if the speech had been heard on Radio-Canada, it would have set the Tories' Quebec efforts back 10 years.

The campaign
As with prior conventions, the leadership would be chosen by a delegated convention. Each of the party's constituency associations was permitted to elect six delegates to the convention: two "youth" delegates and four regular delegates, one of which had to be female. Student associations were able to send three youth delegates each to the convention. PC members of federal and provincial parliaments were ex officio delegates, and provincial party associations were able to elect "at-large" delegates. Associations controlled their own nomination procedures, so delegate selection meetings were held sporadically throughout the country, concluding by the end of April. To win, a candidate would have to win 50% + 1 of valid delegate votes; In the event a majority was not reached, the candidate finishing last would be automatically eliminated and new ballots would be held until a majority resulted.

While campaigns focused on electing slates of sympathetic delegates, delegates were not bound to vote for any particular candidate once elected, and around 60% were "undecided" in the race after the elections had taken place. This meant that the primary focus of campaigning after April was to appeal to delegates and influence their preferences in later rounds.

Clark already had a sizable campaign team up and running by the time he called the leadership convention, as he had mobilized support to help gain delegates for the biennial convention. Mulroney and Crosbie had been laying the groundwork for a campaign for some time, with Crosbie expecting Clark to lose or resign soon, and Mulroney supportive of the anti-Clark movement.

Quebec
Quebec riding associations, which had tended to be inactive between elections, were overrun with Clark and Mulroney organizers in short order and many held votes within the first week of the campaign with set delegate slates. Clark's supporters tended to be former Union Nationale, Créditiste, and nationalist voters, while Mulroney's support came primarily from disaffected Liberals. These contests were especially fierce: voters only had to be PC members for five days before the vote was held, leading to many "five day wonders" that simply paid the $3 membership fee, with party operators receiving $10 commissions per voter. The lack of an age limit meant that children as young as 9 were recruited by the Clark and Mulroney camps to vote, with one 15-year-old recruiting 20 of her classmates. Most infamously, a CBC TV report showed a bus full of obviously intoxicated men from a homeless shelter travelling to vote for Mulroney in Montreal.

The Clark and Mulroney camps roughly split the province's delegates, which was seen as a strategic victory for the Clark side after Mulroney's boast that Clark "won't have enough support in Quebec to get a bridge game."

Davis and Lougheed
In the campaign's early months, there was speculation that Ontario Premier Bill Davis and Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed could enter the race. Both premiers commanded great respect in the party and contemporary polls stated they would have been amongst the frontrunners had they chosen to run. They had also been at opposite ends of the debates in the early 1980s about patriation of the Canadian constitution and about the National Energy Program. The energy issue created an open feud between them during Clark's 1979-80 PC government and had significantly undermined his attempts of offering more conciliatory federal-provincial relations as a selling point of the party.

Clark attempted to divine Davis's intentions by making a series of public remarks, including that Davis was "regional candidate" and that he had encouraged bilingual educational reforms as an election measure. The remarks angered Davis and his "Big Blue Machine" campaign team, which began to create a national structure and solicit positive responses throughout the party hierarchy, including most PC Premiers. The day before announcing his candidacy, Premier of Saskatchewan Grant Devine called Davis, downplayed his prior support, and informed him that Lougheed would campaign explicitly against him if he ran and that he could not support his candidacy. Devine's reversal had been preceded by other warnings regarding Lougheed's intentions and Davis felt that, while he could win, to do so against Lougheed and Clark would fatally divide the party on regional lines.

Davis's decision left Crombie and Wilson some hope in Ontario for recruiting members of Davis's campaign team, however, it effectively dispersed to all the candidates.

Aside from discouraging Davis's candidacy, Lougheed declined to enter the race, but insisted on inviting leadership candidates for interviews with the Alberta PC Caucus to help determine their support, as all PC MLAs were ex officio delegates. The caucus meeting was referred to by candidates as an "inquisition" and seen as using provincial government resources for an internal party election at the federal level, though only Wilson refused to attend. Lougheed ultimately did not disclose who he voted for.

Ideological change
Media coverage emphasized the pro-business and neo-liberal rhetoric of most of the candidates as a "changing of the guard" within the PC Party from their more classical conservative and moderate elements. This allowed the Clark campaign to try cast to the race as being between a group of right-wingers, on one hand, and a centrist who had been able to defeat the Liberals and had brought a multitude of previously excluded groups into the party. The Mulroney campaign responded by continuing its pro-business line, but attacking Crosbie's proposal for a free trade agreement and championing their candidate's bilingualism to find a middle ground between delegates. Crosbie's free trade proposal found a surprisingly large following with the traditionally protectionist Progressive Conservatives, even among delegates who didn't support him.

There was a renewed discussion in the party about Quebec. Even after the initial delegate contests, Clark continued to win over general Quebec public and intellectual opinion for his positions on constitutional reform and decentralization. The centrepiece was Clark's position that provinces opting out of constitutional amendments that affected provincial jurisdiction should receive funding for an equivalent program at the provincial level, an accommodation that Quebec premier René Lévesque had championed but had been excluded from the constitutional settlement. Mulroney opposed this, prompting Lévesque to attack Mulroney as a "mini-Trudeau." Mulroney suggested Clark was playing "footsie" with the sovereignist Parti Québécois, and at the April 30 all-candidates debate at Massey Hall in Toronto, Clark was booed repeatedly for answering some questions, including one from Gamble, in French.

John Crosbie
John Crosbie was seen as the dark horse of the race, with some of his delegates wearing buttons that had Clark and Mulroney as fighting hares, featuring Crosbie as a tortoise sneaking by. Crosbie's personal popularity within the party attracted many talented advisors, and among the more creative moves was exploiting a loophole in the rules that "student associations" could have delegates by creating over 20 new student associations at Canadian universities and colleges. 18 associations were accepted; among those rejected was a Newfoundland Flight school.

Crosbie's campaign hit a major snag, however, when he snapped at a news reporter in Longueuil for raising his unilingualism, saying that he would still be able to understand Quebec issues, as his lack of French was similar to not speaking German or another language. While the incident could not harm Crosbie with Quebec delegates, which were already largely split between committed Clark and Mulroney slates, the outburst was seen as showing delegates who were undecided or supporting minor candidates that Crosbie's unilingualism would be an issue in the federal election and could harm the party's chances of winning.

Other campaigns
Pocklington's campaign gained ample media attention due to his high-spending lifestyle, ideological fervour, and a foiled kidnapping plot involving his wife. It was hampered by the fact that his professional hockey team, the Edmonton Oilers, were in the Stanley Cup playoffs and he insisted on taking trips to Long Island, which angered potential supporters. He was embarrassingly confronted by the Mayor of Belleville, Ontario on the convention floor for missing a scheduled meeting, and during a breakfast meeting asked Premier of Prince Edward Island Jim Lee what his job was.

Controversy erupted on May 23 when then-CBC reporter Mike Duffy reported in the beginning of May that agents of the campaigns of Mulroney and four other candidates had met to make an "ABC" (Anybody But Clark) strategy for the convention. While Mulroney denied the meeting repeatedly, threatening to sue Duffy for libel at one point, the other candidates' campaigns admitted to the meeting.

The convention
Due to the leak of the "ABC" meeting, it was believed that Clark would have to score very close to 50% on the first ballot in order to regain the leadership. Clark's strategy relied on a large first ballot total, featuring a good part of the Quebec delegates, that would bring delegates from the left-leaning Crombie and Clark-loyalist Wilson to his side. During Clark's speech, around half of the party's Senate and House caucus members stood on stage with him.

Mulroney's strategy remained mobilizing anti-Clark sentiment, which was spread fairly evenly around the other candidates, toward himself. However, over enthusiastic aides had leaked plans and negotiations with the Wilson and Crombie campaigns, and an impromptu invasion of the latter's campaign headquarters had alienated Crombie from his campaign.

Crosbie hoped to use his status as the least polarizing personality to attract delegates from either Mulroney or Clark if there had been a disappointing finish by either, and to attract support from minor candidates. His was generally considered the best convention speech, and it featured a section in French and a promise to become fluent in the language within two years if he won.

Wilson's campaign relied on an appeal to moderate Ontario delegates, who had desired a Davis candidacy, as a safe alternative to the more polarizing personalities.

Despite ideological differences, Pocklington, Crombie, and Wilson were all on good terms throughout the campaign, with some speculation that if either of their delegate numbers were respectable, the three candidates could mount a movement together, influencing the outcome. Pocklington, whose delegates were generally viewed as the most loyal to their candidate, predicated his support for the more ideologically similar Crosbie, Mulroney, or another candidate entirely on the likelihood of Clark's defeat after the first ballot.

First Ballot
Gamble and Fraser's presence on the first ballot allowed the more popular candidates the opportunity to assess their delegate numbers and plan without fear of being automatically eliminated. Fraser earned the votes of just five delegates and was eliminated first. Gamble had indicated his willingness to drop out prior to the first ballot and endorse another candidate, but none was willing to meet his demand of a cabinet seat in a prospective Tory government, and the 17 delegates he earned gave him no real bargaining power after the fact. He thus dropped out and tepidly endorsed Crosbie, who also earned Fraser's endorsement.

Clark's first ballot showing was considered strong, and seemed to forestall the possibility of his delegates dispersing in great numbers to other camps, which the Crombie and Crosbie campaigns had pinned their hopes on.

Pocklington had a disappointing first ballot: the only advisor close to predicting his number had been pollster Michael Adams, who had jokingly guessed "99", a reference to the jersey number of Oilers' star Wayne Gretzky. The strength of Clark's showing influenced Pocklington to immediately move to Mulroney's camp on the floor and endorse him.

Wilson's numbers were far below expectations: loyalists had expected more than 300 delegates. The disappointing result made his delegates the main target of the other campaigns. Wilson, visibly shaken by the result, withdrew and endorsed Mulroney after prodding from Pocklington. Crombie remained on the ballot.

Second Ballot
Clark's vote numbers stalled the second ballot, and Mulroney pulled closer, gaining about half of the support of Pocklington and Wilson delegates; Crosbie gained 140 delegates despite only being endorsed by Fraser and Gamble.

Crombie was eliminated. While ideologically in tune with Clark, Crombie and many of his advisors felt cast aside during Clark's leadership, and he endorsed Crosbie, to the great disappointment of the Clark campaign.

Clark's inability to gain any support from the delegates of the defeated candidates was generally seen as the death knell of his candidacy and leadership. Crosbie's campaign, knowing that most of the support they required would have to come from Clark delegates, pleaded with Clark to drop out, stating that their delegates preferred Mulroney to Clark 2:1 and that this was the only way to stop Mulroney. During the live television broadcast, Newfoundland Premier Brian Peckford was shown attempting to persuade Clark to drop out and endorse Crosbie to head off a Mulroney victory. Clark and his advisors, however, viewed that such a move would be viewed as personally humiliating and damaging to his previous attempts to recruit Quebec voters to the party.

Third and Fourth Ballots
Crosbie finished last on the third ballot and, while he preferred Mulroney, he declined to endorse a candidate out of deference to Clark, who had appointed him Finance Minister four years before. When Clark advisor Finlay MacDonald spoke to Crosbie and his campaign team and began with "For the sake of the party," Jean Pigott, a noted moderate, bluntly told him that she couldn't support Clark after what he had put the party through, silencing the room and prompting MacDonald's exit.

The conventional wisdom was that his delegates would break at least 2:1 in favour of Mulroney over Clark. The conventional wisdom played out, and Mulroney was elected on the fourth ballot and declared the winner. A poll of delegates on the final ballot showed that Mulroney had won a bare majority of Clark's home province of Alberta, and that Clark had won a bare majority in Mulroney's home province of Quebec. Mulroney's strong showing amongst Ontario delegates (65% to 34%) seemed to account for most of his margin of victory.

Political commentators have said that of the other possible two-man ballots among the frontrunners, Clark would probably have had the advantage over Crosbie (because Crosbie could not speak French), while Crosbie could possibly have defeated Mulroney (due to the general "Anyone but Mulroney" sentiment of the Clark delegates).

 * Percentages are rounded, so they may not equal 100%.

Aftermath
The two party conventions in 1983 were a divisive experience for the PC Party as they set those loyal to the party's leader against those who believed that change was necessary for the party to win, a struggle the party had been infamous for since the era of John Diefenbaker in the 1960s. The general consensus was that Mulroney had become the choice of delegates due to his perceived ability to return the party to government, rather than the ideological or personal attachments that Clark and Crosbie's candidacies inspired.

Mulroney won a massive victory in the 1984 election. Crosbie, Clark, Wilson, and Crombie gained prominent cabinet positions in Mulroney's government, which adopted Crosbie's continentalist platform (resulting in the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement) and many of Clark's overtures to Quebec, parts of which were included in the Meech Lake Accord. Pocklington also briefly acted as an economic advisor to Mulroney's government, though soon withdrew from politics in order to focus on his business interests. In sharp contrast, Gamble lost his seat at the election, and was later expelled from the party in 1988 after running as an independent against the official PC candidate in Markham. To the surprise of many in the media, the party's caucus remained united throughout Mulroney's tenure, even after dismal poll numbers, constitutional talks, and the formation of the Reform Party and the Bloc Québécois in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Clark won the leadership of the party again in 1998, and retired as leader in 2002 and as an MP in 2004.

Works consulted


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/A. E. J. Collins

A. E. J. Collins
(title changed from AEJ Collins)

Collins at the age of thirteen, achieved the highest ever score in Cricket - and even over 100 years later his score stands unbeaten. This article tells us about the boy and how he achieved his score. The article includes pictures of Collins whilst at school and the game card for the match (1899). We learn about his army career and his early death at Ypres - and there is a link to the War Graves Commission site. The article informs readers of a relatively unknown sporting hero.  Brookie 17:41, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support A good article all round. Also just the right length for an article on this subject, jguk 18:02, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Tenative suppport. Good effort, Brookie, in 6 days!  Three minor caveats:  (i) should it be A.E.J. Collins?; (ii) some details are missing from the scorecards (for example, Monteath took 3 wickets in Clark's House's 1st Innings, but his bowling figures are not listed at all; similarly, bowling figures for North Town's two innings are very sketchy - are they known?  Does the "scorebook [that] hangs in the pavilion at Clifton" have the details?); (iii) it is a very new article: would it be worth leaving it on Peer review for another week to allow it to settle down? -- ALoan (Talk) 20:07, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Brookie reply: The article was originally marked as A.E.J.Collins - rather than by the initials - but it was amended by another user. The scorecards are the surviving ones as I understand it - and as the article admits - they weren't 100% accurate in the 1890's,but I have edited the table for Monteath's bowling - but have no data on his other figures! Brookie 20:59, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I originally moved the page from A.E.J Collins to AEJ Collins as there was some inconsistent dotting in the initials, and since he is only referred to by his initials it would be best to have it non-dotted. I wasn't aware of the exact policy on this; feel free to move if you think it is best. Regarding the scorebook in Clifton College's pavilion, I can find out about that (I'm a student there). Talrias 21:45, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Being a Cricket fan myself. Squash 05:30, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. 1) None of the images has any source information, and their qualification as "fair use" is therefore dubious at best. 2) I'm not convinced the score cards of the games actually contribute to the article on the boy. 3) For web references, please add a date of retrieval (as suggested by Cite your sources). I would also like to see some book/article references (or further reading if not possible). The article currently feels a bit like it was pasted together from mentioned websites. Also some quotes need to be attributed (e.g.: his approach described as "downright reckless" - by who?) 4) I realize not a lot can be said about this man (although almost nothing is said about his athletic achievements other than the 628), but current writing is a bit short at times. Especially the final section reads a bit like a fact list. 5) A copyedit would be good. For example, POV statements ("This amazing feat") and contextless statements ("even surpassing the Old Cliftonian match" - what is special about that?) should be rewritten. 6) A bit more information on cricket would make the article more readable for those who do not know the game. A complete explanation of the sport should be left to the cricket article, but explaining a few terms wouldn't hurt. Jeronimo 08:23, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Brookie reply:
 * Picture credits amended
 * I don't understand the criticism of the score cards - Collins' sole claim to fame is this one match - there can be nothing more relevant than this score card. Now moved to Wikisource.
 * Other Wikis have done a few edits on the page now.
 * Inevitably much of the material has been found and added to from from various web sites - as there simply isn't enough/any source material around to do otherwise; as using the net for reasearch is quite valid, I don't see this is anything to denegrate! Some school record information has come from his Clifton College school records, in the Clifton College Register.
 * I will add web reference dates shortly. Done
 * As far as I can find out there is no real record of his other sporting achievements to add.
 * I am happy about his "amazing feat" - it was! The point about the OC match being played on the close next door was that spectators were drawn from it to see him. Page altered.
 * I am not sure that much meaningful Cricket information can be added without being an irritating distraction. Most people reading this page will know enough about Cricket not to need it and anyone who doesn't is not likely to want to read it anyway! Brookie

 * 1) Resolved 2) Resolved 3) I see some new stuff has been added, I still have the idea this article is missing information. I'm sure all the relevant information from the websites has been used, but what about written sources, such, say, Wisden? Let me know if I'm wrong. Quotes still not attributed. 4) Somewhat improved, but see 3). 5) Resolved. 6) I don't think adding context information is irritating, as long as it is done without going into too much details. People look up articles in an encyclopedia to learn things, and they will not learn anything if the article is aimed at people who already known all about the topic. BTW, if this article makes featured status, it could be displayed on the front page, and be read by many people who know little about cricket. Jeronimo 21:31, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Brookie comment - I've added a small paragraph on Cricket as an inset to give a flavour of the game for non cricketers.--Brookie 07:42, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Another Brookie Comment - please see the comments on the request for a description on this page's discussion page [Comments] - where the general feeling seems to be that this requests isn't really needed. Brookie\talk
 * This is not at all what I meant, maybe I was unclear. A 101 on cricket is not needed (please remove indeed), just some explanation of cricket (or sports) terms here and there. For example, the usage of the term "cricket XI" is common in British English, but certainly not in the US. Just adding a brief explanation of this usage, or rewriting it to better understood text is what I was asking for. There are a few other of these examples. Jeronimo 22:33, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Brookie here:have added a description of the team numbers - what were the other examples you refer to? Brookie 22:56, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support Talrias 16:32, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Object. The score card belongs on Wikisource since it is primary source material. It takes up half the page, looks boring and adds little. The interesting facts are already summarised in the text. I will switch my vote to support if this is changed.  (However, a photo of the score card would be interesting.) GeorgeStepanek\talk   02:41, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Brookie reply - I have moved the scorecard to Wikisource as suggested and added a link to it. Brookie 08:44, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object - The article is tiny. In itself that does not automatically disqualify, but the sections before and after this one cricket match have very little information. Echo everything Jeronimo said. --mav 19:15, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Brookie comment: unfortunately as Collins was killed in his twenties, nearly 100 years ago there is no real information on him ,outside his match skills, to be added to the article.Brookie 07:34, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you obtain a copy of Derek Winterbottom's "A Season's Fame. How AEJ Collins of Clifton College in 1899 made cricket's highest individual score" (Bristol Branch of the Historical Association, Bristol, 1991) - it is only 24 octavo pages, apparently, but has 7 plates (listed for £10 here but only £1.50 from Amazon). There must be much more detail in there.  It would also be helpful to check and add anything of relevance from the 1899 or 1900 edition of Wisden and Collins' obituary from the 1915 edition.  -- ALoan (Talk) 12:42, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Brookie comment: I've ordered this from Amazon and will see what it has to say for itself! --Brookie 13:57, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A Wisden reference has been added. -- ALoan (Talk) 12:48, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - good article Tobymarshman 20:35, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Nichalp 18:40, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Rigidity

Rigid or rigidity may refer to:

Mathematics and physics

 * Stiffness, the property of a solid body to resist deformation, which is sometimes referred to as rigidity
 * Structural rigidity, a mathematical theory of the stiffness of ensembles of rigid objects connected by hinges
 * Rigidity (electromagnetism), the resistance of a charged particle to deflection by a magnetic field
 * Rigidity (mathematics), a property of a collection of mathematical objects (for instance sets or functions)
 * Rigid body, in physics, a simplification of the concept of an object to allow for modelling
 * Rigid transformation, in mathematics, a rigid transformation preserves distances between every pair of points
 * Rigidity (chemistry), the tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when subjected to outside force
 * (Modulus of) rigidity or shear modulus (material science), the tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when subjected to outside force

Medicine

 * Rigidity (neurology), an increase in muscle tone leading to a resistance to passive movement throughout the range of motion
 * Rigidity (psychology), an obstacle to problem solving which arises from over-dependence on prior experiences

Other uses

 * Real rigidity, and nominal rigidity, the resistance of prices and wages to market changes in macroeconomics
 * Ridgid, a brand of tools

title: Rigidity