text:
Milan Metro

The Milan Metro (Metropolitana di Milano) is the rapid transit system serving Milan, Italy, operated by Azienda Trasporti Milanesi. The network consists of 5 lines with a total network length of 104.1 km, and a total of 113 stations, mostly underground. It has a daily ridership of about 1.4 million on weekdays. The Milan Metro is the largest system in Italy in terms of length, number of stations and ridership; and the seventh longest in the European Union.

The first line, Line 1, opened in 1964; Line 2 opened 5 years later in 1969, Line 3 in 1990, Line 5 in 2013, and Line 4 in 2022. There are also several extensions planned and under construction. The architectural project of the Milan Metro, created by Franco Albini and Franca Helg, and the signs, designed by Bob Noorda, received the Compasso d'Oro award in 1964.

History
The first projects for a subway line in Milan were drawn up in 1914 and 1925, following the examples of underground transport networks in other European cities such as London and Paris. Planning proceeded in 1938 for the construction of a system of 7 lines, but this too halted after the start of World War II and due to lack of funds.

On 3 July 1952, the city administration voted for a project of a metro system and on 6 October 1955, a new company, Metropolitana Milanese, was created to manage the construction of the new infrastructure. The project was funded with ₤ 500 million from the municipality and the rest from a loan. The construction site of the first line was opened in viale Monte Rosa on 4 May 1957. Stations on the new line were designed by Franco Albini and Franca Helg architecture studio, while Bob Noorda designed the signage. For this project both Albini-Helg and Noorda won the Compasso d'Oro prize.

The first section from Lotto to Sesto Marelli (21 stations) was opened on 1 November 1964 after 7 years of construction works. Two trains adorned with Italian flags left at 10.41 a.m. and arrived at the Sesto Marelli terminus at 11.15 a.m., greeted by the notes of the national anthem and the triumphal march of Giuseppe Verdi's opera "Aida". The track was 12.5 km long, and the mean distance between the stations was 590 m. In the same year, in April, works on the second line started. Passengers on the network grew constantly through the first years of service, passing from 37,092,315 in 1965 to 61,937,192 in 1969.

The green line from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba (7 stations) opened five years later. During the 1960s and 1970s the network of 2 lines was completed, and both lines had 2 different spurs. In 1978, the lines were already 17.6 km and 23 km long respectively, with 28 and 22 stations.

The first section of the third line (yellow), with 5 stations, was opened on 3 May 1990 after almost 9 years of construction works. The line opened just before the World Cup. The other 9 stations on Line 3 opened to the southeast in 1991, and northwest to Maciachini Station in 2004.

In March 2005, the Line 2 Abbiategrasso station (south branch from Famagosta) and the Line 1 Rho Fiera station opened. The intermediate station of Pero, on line 1, opened in December 2005. A north extension of Line 3 to Comasina (4 stations) and a new south branch on the Line 2 to Assago (2 stations) opened in early 2011.

The first stage of the Line 5 (the first automated line of the network), covering the 4.1 km from Bignami to Zara, in the northern part of the municipality, opened on 10 February 2013. The 1.9 km second stage, from Zara to Garibaldi FS, opened on 1 March 2014. The 7 km third stage, from Garibaldi FS to San Siro Stadio, in the west of the city, opened on 29 April 2015, with some intermediate stations not in service at that time; as of November 2015, all the stations have been opened.

The metro replaced several interurban tramroutes of the original Società Trazione Elettrica Lombarda (STEL) tramlines, in particular the Line 2 to Gessate.

In November 2022, the first six stations of the automated line 4 were opened, from Linate airport to Dateo; it was the first metro line to be inaugurated without any connection to the rest of the system, instead relying on a connection to the suburban railway network at Dateo railway station; the line was extended in 2023 to San Babila, linking it to line 1, and is expected to reach San Crisforo, another railway station, in the city west, by the end of 2024.

Lines
The system comprises 5 lines. All the lines run underground except for the northern part of Line 2 and the Line 2 Assago branch.

There are 8 interchange stations, each with 2 lines: Loreto (Lines 1 and 2); Cadorna (Lines 1 and 2), terminus of Ferrovienord railway network, Centrale (Lines 2 and 3), also Milan's main train station; Duomo (Lines 1 and 3), considered the center of the city; Zara (Lines 3 and 5); Garibaldi (Lines 2 and 5), also a major railway station; Lotto (Lines 1 and 5) and San Babila (Lines 1 and 4).

Lines run in the Milan municipality for 80% of the total length (92 stations). Beside Milan, 13 other neighbouring municipalities are served: Assago, Bussero, Cassina de' Pecchi, Cernusco sul Naviglio, Cologno Monzese, Gessate, Gorgonzola, Pero, Rho, San Donato Milanese, Segrate, Sesto San Giovanni, Vimodrone. The network covers about 20% of Milan's total area.

The metro network is also linked with the suburban rail service, with 14 interchange stations: Affori FN, Cadorna FN, Dateo, Domodossola, Stazione Forlanini, Garibaldi FS, Lambrate FS, Lodi T.I.B.B. (with the nearby Porta Romana station), Porta Venezia, Repubblica, Rho Fiera, Rogoredo FS, Romolo and Sesto 1º Maggio.

The track gauge for all lines is the. Platform screen doors are present in all stations on Line 4 and Line 5 and on some stations on Line 1.

Power supply
Lines 2 and 3 use overhead lines to supply the electric current to the train and are electrified at 1500 V DC. Line 1, electrified at 750 V DC, uses a fourth rail system, although the same line also supports overhead lines in some stretches and depots; this allows Line 2 and 3 trains to use Line 1 tracks to reach a depot placed on the line. Line 4 and Line 5 trains are supplied by a third rail system at 750 V DC.

Passenger information

All the stations are provided with LED screens showing the destination and waiting time of coming trains. In every station, a recorded voice announces the direction of every approaching train and, at the platform, the name of the station. While older trains have no on-train information, the new Meneghino and Leonardo trains and the driverless trains on Line 5 are equipped with displays and recorded announcements in Italian and in English.

Mobile phone coverage
Since December 2009 all stations and trains of the Milan metro have full UMTS and HSDPA connectivity. Mobile operators TIM and Vodafone also provide LTE connectivity in all lines.

Rolling stock
The first 3 lines are heavy rapid-transit lines, with 6-cars trains, about 105 m in length. Line 4 and Line 5 are light metro lines, with 4-cars trains, about 50 m long. Line 4 and Line 5 are equipped with driverless trains.

Tickets
A standard ticket costs €2.20 and is valid for 90 minutes since its validation on metro, tram, bus, trolleybus and suburban lines within Milan and 21 bordering municipalities. Other tickets are available as well, such as daily, weekly, monthly, annual, student and senior passes. Additional fares are required to travel outside Milan and the 21 bordering municipalities.

Paper tickets can be substituted by contactless bank cards payments, provided the trip starts in the metro, by tapping in the orange gates installed in every metro station. This payment method is not available on suburban lines; it was expected to be implemented on trams and buses starting by the end of 2019; it was eventually introduced in December 2020 on three urban bus lines, with plans for coverage on all the network by 2023.

Between 2004 and 2007 ATM introduced Itinero smartcard, a proximity card which can be charged with season tickets, replacing paper for this type of tickets. At the beginning of 2010, a new smartcard, RicaricaMi, was introduced. The new card can be charged up with credit and can be used for travel in place of magnetic paper tickets, on the model of London's Oyster card.

Milan metro lines can be accessed also with the regional integrated ticket "Io viaggio ovunque in Lombardia", as 1 to 7 days tickets or longer subscriptions using the smartcard "Io Viaggio".

Opening hours
The service starts at about 5:40 am and ends at about 0:30. During Sundays and holidays service usually starts later and ends later, depending on the occasion.

Headways at peak hours vary from 2 minutes on the Line 1 (central part) to 3 minutes on Line 3. On branch lines (of lines 1 and 2) the headway is usually double.

Night service
A night service has operated since 2015 with buses. The bus service follows the same route and stops at the same stations of the metro. The entire lines 1 and 3 and the urban section of line 2 (Abbiategrasso-Cascina Gobba) are covered by the service.

The future network
The metro system is currently expanding. An extension of Line 1 from Sesto 1º Maggio to Cinisello/Monza, towards the city of Cinisello Balsamo, is currently under construction. The track will be 2 km long with an intermediate station at Sesto Restellone. The completion has been delayed several times, and is now scheduled for 2027. There is a project for a further 3 km extension of Line 1 to the west into Baggio, a neighbourhood on the eastern border of the municipality.

An extension of Line 2 from Cologno Nord to Vimercate is planned. The section will be 10.8 km long with 6 stations (Brugherio, Carugate, Agrate Colleoni, Concorezzo, Vimercate Torri Bianche, Vimercate). The track will be mostly underground (83%).

Line 3 is planned to be extended in some form (by metro or some less expensive means) to the south-east from San Donato to Paullo: 14.8 km with intermediate stations in the city of San Donato, Peschiera Borromeo, Mediglia, Caleppio Cerca, Paullo and Paullo East, the first 3 being underground and the other on the surface. The project is currently on hold.

The last phase of line 4, from the city centre in San Babila to San Cristoforo railway station in the south-west, near the municipal border with Buccinasco and Corsico, is scheduled to open in 2024. Further extensions to Segrate train station in the east and to Buccinasco are also planned, though not yet in construction.

Line 5 is planned to be extended to Cinisello/Monza, where it will intersect with line 1 a second time at Monza Bettola, and then to Monza city centre and west side.

title: Milan Metro


text:
Urethral syndrome

Urethral syndrome is defined as symptoms suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection but in the absence of significant bacteriuria with a conventional pathogen. It is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients with dysuria and frequency without demonstrable infection. In women, vaginitis should also be ruled out.

Causes
Signs indicative of urethral syndrome include a history of chronic recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) in the absence of both conventional bacterial growth and pyuria (more than 5 white blood cells per high power field). Episodes are often related to sexual intercourse.

Some physicians believe that urethral syndrome may be due to a low grade infection of the Skene's glands on the sides and bottom of the urethra. The Skene's glands are embryologically related to the prostate gland in the male, thus urethral syndrome may share a comparable cause with chronic prostatitis.

Possible non-infective causes include hormonal imbalance, trauma, allergies, anatomical features such as diverticula, and post-surgical scarring and adhesions.

Treatment
In a small minority of cases of the urethral syndrome, treatment with antibiotics is effective, which indicates that in some cases it may be caused by a bacterial infection which does not show up in either urinalysis or urine culture. For chronic urethral syndrome, a long term, low-dose antibiotic treatment is given on a continuous basis or after intercourse each time if intercourse appears to trigger symptoms.

As low oestrogen may also be considered a source for urethral syndrome, hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptive pill (birth-control pills) containing oestrogen are also used to treat the symptoms of this condition in women.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Urethral syndrome


text:
Talk:Arise (band)

this article needs alot of work.
this article needs to be expanded, alot. The discography needs their own seperate articles. We need pictures. The infobox needs to be filled out, and just overall expansion. Thanks. dposse 22:06, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arise (band)


text:
Gradually Going Tornado

Gradually Going Tornado is the third solo album by drummer Bill Bruford and the second and final album by his group Bruford. It was co-produced by Bruford and Ron Malo, the latter known from his work with Weather Report. The music on the album leans closer to progressive rock than the jazz fusion oriented sound of the band’s previous albums. More of Bruford's lyrics are featured as well, for the first time sung by bassist Jeff Berlin. "Land's End" incorporates music keyboardist Dave Stewart had previously composed for the National Health album Of Queues and Cures (1978). Guitarist Allan Holdsworth left the group before recording began, and recommended his guitar student John Clark as his replacement. Clark was listed as “the Unknown John Clark” on the album sleeve as part of a running joke highlighting his obscurity in comparison to Holdsworth.

The title of the album was taken from the British-based Romanian artist Paul Neagu who did a performance under the name "Gradually Going Tornado" in London in 1974. Neagu created the album's cover art.

Reception
In a review for AllMusic, Lee Bloom wrote: "This is intelligent fusion -- intricately crafted, high energy, and technically impressive... Gradually Going Tornado, if not Bruford's most successful effort, is certainly among the finest music produced in the progressive rock/fusion genre."

The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings called the music "strongly melodic, freewheeling and built round Bruford's ringing percussion."

John Kelman of All About Jazz commented: "The Bruford Tapes demonstrated a more raucous energy than Bruford's first two releases, but the follow-up studio album, Gradually Going Tornado, proved that the group was capable of generating the same kind of power in the studio."

Track listing

 * 1) "Age of Information" (Bruford, Stewart) – 4:41
 * 2) "Gothic 17" (Bruford, Stewart) – 5:07
 * 3) "Joe Frazier" (Berlin) – 4:41
 * 4) "Q.E.D." (Bruford, Stewart) – 7:46
 * 5) "The Sliding Floor" (Berlin, Bruford, Stewart) – 4:58
 * 6) "Palewell Park" (Bruford) – 3:57
 * 7) "Plans for J.D." (Bruford) – 3:50
 * 8) "Land's End" (Stewart) – 10:20

2005 bonus cut

9. "5G" [live] (Berlin, Bruford, Stewart) – 7:21

Personnel

 * Dave Stewart – keyboards, synthesizers
 * John Clark – electric guitar
 * Jeff Berlin – bass guitar, lead vocals
 * Bill Bruford – drums

Guests:
 * Georgie Born – cello (“Gothic 17”)
 * Amanda Parsons, Barbara Gaskin – backing vocals (“Land’s End”)

Technical:
 * Ron Malo – co-producer, engineer
 * Pete Buhlman – engineer, tape operator
 * Martin Moss – engineer, second engineer
 * Paul Neagu – art direction, design

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

title: Gradually Going Tornado


text:
Subgroup series

In mathematics, specifically group theory, a subgroup series of a group $$G$$ is a chain of subgroups:
 * $$1 = A_0 \leq A_1 \leq \cdots \leq A_n = G$$

where $$1$$ is the trivial subgroup. Subgroup series can simplify the study of a group to the study of simpler subgroups and their relations, and several subgroup series can be invariantly defined and are important invariants of groups. A subgroup series is used in the subgroup method.

Subgroup series are a special example of the use of filtrations in abstract algebra.

Normal series, subnormal series
A subnormal series (also normal series, normal tower, subinvariant series, or just series) of a group G is a sequence of subgroups, each a normal subgroup of the next one. In a standard notation

 * $$1 = A_0\triangleleft A_1\triangleleft \cdots \triangleleft A_n = G.$$

There is no requirement made that Ai be a normal subgroup of G, only a normal subgroup of Ai +1. The quotient groups Ai +1/Ai are called the factor groups of the series.

If in addition each Ai is normal in G, then the series is called a normal series, when this term is not used for the weaker sense, or an invariant series.

Length
A series with the additional property that Ai ≠ Ai +1 for all i is called a series without repetition; equivalently, each Ai is a proper subgroup of Ai +1. The length of a series is the number of strict inclusions Ai < Ai +1. If the series has no repetition then the length is n.

For a subnormal series, the length is the number of non-trivial factor groups. Every nontrivial group has a normal series of length 1, namely $$1 \triangleleft G$$, and any nontrivial proper normal subgroup gives a normal series of length 2. For simple groups, the trivial series of length 1 is the longest subnormal series possible.

Ascending series, descending series
Series can be notated in either ascending order:
 * $$1 = A_0\leq A_1\leq \cdots \leq A_n = G$$

or descending order:
 * $$G = B_0\geq B_1\geq \cdots \geq B_n = 1.$$

For a given finite series, there is no distinction between an "ascending series" or "descending series" beyond notation. For infinite series however, there is a distinction: the ascending series
 * $$1 = A_0\leq A_1\leq \cdots \leq G$$

has a smallest term, a second smallest term, and so forth, but no largest proper term, no second largest term, and so forth, while conversely the descending series
 * $$G = B_0\geq B_1\geq \cdots \geq 1$$

has a largest term, but no smallest proper term.

Further, given a recursive formula for producing a series, the terms produced are either ascending or descending, and one calls the resulting series an ascending or descending series, respectively. For instance the derived series and lower central series are descending series, while the upper central series is an ascending series.

Noetherian groups, Artinian groups
A group that satisfies the ascending chain condition (ACC) on subgroups is called a Noetherian group, and a group that satisfies the descending chain condition (DCC) is called an Artinian group (not to be confused with Artin groups), by analogy with Noetherian rings and Artinian rings. The ACC is equivalent to the maximal condition: every non-empty collection of subgroups has a maximal member, and the DCC is equivalent to the analogous minimal condition.

A group can be Noetherian but not Artinian, such as the infinite cyclic group, and unlike for rings, a group can be Artinian but not Noetherian, such as the Prüfer group. Every finite group is clearly Noetherian and Artinian.

Homomorphic images and subgroups of Noetherian groups are Noetherian, and an extension of a Noetherian group by a Noetherian group is Noetherian. Analogous results hold for Artinian groups.

Noetherian groups are equivalently those such that every subgroup is finitely generated, which is stronger than the group itself being finitely generated: the free group on 2 or finitely more generators is finitely generated, but contains free groups of infinite rank.

Noetherian groups need not be finite extensions of polycyclic groups.

Infinite and transfinite series
Infinite subgroup series can also be defined and arise naturally, in which case the specific (totally ordered) indexing set becomes important, and there is a distinction between ascending and descending series. An ascending series $$1 = A_0\leq A_1\leq \cdots \leq G$$ where the $$A_i$$ are indexed by the natural numbers may simply be called an infinite ascending series, and conversely for an infinite descending series. If the subgroups are more generally indexed by ordinal numbers, one obtains a transfinite series, such as this ascending series:
 * $$1 = A_0\leq A_1\leq \cdots \leq A_\omega \leq A_{\omega+1} = G$$

Given a recursive formula for producing a series, one can define a transfinite series by transfinite recursion by defining the series at limit ordinals by $$A_\lambda := \bigcup_{\alpha < \lambda} A_\alpha$$ (for ascending series) or $$A_\lambda := \bigcap_{\alpha < \lambda} A_\alpha$$ (for descending series). Fundamental examples of this construction are the transfinite lower central series and upper central series.

Other totally ordered sets arise rarely, if ever, as indexing sets of subgroup series. For instance, one can define but rarely sees naturally occurring bi-infinite subgroup series (series indexed by the integers):
 * $$1 \leq \cdots \leq A_{-1} \leq A_0\leq A_1 \leq \cdots \leq G$$

Comparison of series
A refinement of a series is another series containing each of the terms of the original series. Two subnormal series are said to be equivalent or isomorphic if there is a bijection between the sets of their factor groups such that the corresponding factor groups are isomorphic. Refinement gives a partial order on series, up to equivalence, and they form a lattice, while subnormal series and normal series form sublattices. The existence of the supremum of two subnormal series is the Schreier refinement theorem. Of particular interest are maximal series without repetition.

Maximal series

 * A composition series is a maximal subnormal series.
 * Equivalently, a subnormal series for which each of the Ai is a maximal normal subgroup of Ai +1. Equivalently, a composition series is a subnormal series for which each of the factor groups are simple.

 * A chief series is a maximal normal series.

Solvable and nilpotent

 * A solvable group, or soluble group, is one with a subnormal series whose factor groups are all abelian.
 * A nilpotent series is a subnormal series such that successive quotients are nilpotent.
 * A nilpotent series exists if and only if the group is solvable.

 * A central series is a subnormal series such that successive quotients are central, i.e. given the above series, $$A_{i+1}/A_i \subseteq Z(G/A_i)$$ for $$i=0, 1, \ldots, n-2$$.
 * A central series exists if and only if the group is nilpotent.

Functional series
Some subgroup series are defined functionally, in terms of subgroups such as the center and operations such as the commutator. These include:
 * Lower central series
 * Upper central series
 * Derived series
 * Lower Fitting series
 * Upper Fitting series

p-series
There are series coming from subgroups of prime power order or prime power index, related to ideas such as Sylow subgroups.
 * Lower p-series
 * Upper p-series

title: Subgroup series


text:
Dō-Ō Expressway

The Dō-Ō Expressway (道央自動車道) is a national expressway in Hokkaido, Japan. It is owned and operated by East Nippon Expressway Company.

Naming
The road is named the Dō-Ō Expressway (lit. "Central Hokkaidō Expressway") in Japanese; however, it's also known as the Hokkaido Expressway.

Officially the expressway is designated as the Hakodate-Nayoro Route (函館名寄線) of the. The name Jūkan (縦貫) distinguishes it from the, the Ōdan (横断).

Route description
The expressway connects the north of Hokkaido with the south via the city of Sapporo. Extension of the expressway in the north towards the city of Wakkanai and in the south towards the city of Hakodate is underway; although the Hokkaido Expressway itself is not planned to extend as far as these two cities, various expressway-standard roads (bypasses of National Route 40 to the north and National Route 5 to the south) will cover the remaining distances.

Some unfinished sections of the expressway (Shibetsu-Kenbuchi Interchange to Nayoro Interchange in the north and Ōnuma Interchange to Nanae Interchange in the south) will be constructed according to the New Direct Control System. These sections are expected to operate toll-free upon completion.

The section from Sapporo-minami Interchange through Sapporo Junction to Sapporo-nishi Interchange on the Sasson Expressway is built to an urban expressway standard and the tolls are charged at a flat rate. As of March 2008 the toll on this section is 400 yen for regular passenger cars. Tolls on all other sections of the expressway are assessed according to distance travelled in the same manner as most other national expressways.

History

 * 4 December 1971 - Kitahiroshima Interchange - Chitose Interchange section opened.
 * 19 September 1972 - Kitahiroshima Interchange - Chitose Interchange section expanded to 4 lanes.
 * 24 October 1978 - Chitose Interchange - Tomakomai-higashi Interchange section opened.
 * 29 October 1979 - Sapporo-minami Interchange - Kitahiroshima Interchange section opened.
 * 29 October 1980 - Tomakomai-higashi Interchange - Tomakomai-nishi Interchange section opened.
 * 9 November 1983 - Sapporo Interchange - Iwamizawa Interchange section opened.
 * 30 November 1983 - Tomakomai-nishi Interchange - Shiraoi Interchange section opened.
 * 18 October 1985 - Shiraoi Interchange - Noboribetsu-higashi Interchange section opened.
 * 25 October 1985 - Sapporo Interchange - Sapporo-minami Interchange section opened.
 * 9 October 1986 - Noboribetsu-higashi Interchange - Noboribetsu Muroran Interchange section opened.
 * 18 September 1987 - Iwamizawa Interchange - Bibai Interchange section opened. Mikasa and Bibai Interchanges become the first in Japan to implement automated ticket dispensers at toll gates.
 * 8 October 1988 - Bibai Interchange - Takikawa Interchange section opened.
 * 12 September 1989 - Takikawa Interchange - Fukagawa Interchange section opened.
 * 30 October 1990 - Fukagawa Interchange - Asahikawa Takasu Interchange section opened (originally 2 lanes, expansion to 4 lanes completed in 2004).
 * 26 April 1991 - Highway Oasis opened at Sunagawa Service Area (at that time the second in Japan in first in Hokkaido).
 * 25 October 1991 - Noboribetsu Muroran Interchange - Muroran Interchange section opened.
 * 30 September 1992 - Sapporo Junction is opened, connecting with the Sasson Expressway.
 * 27 October 1992 - Muroran Interchange - Date Interchange section opened.
 * 30 March 1994 - Date Interchange - Abuta Tōyako Interchange section opened.
 * 22 October 1997 - Abuta Tōyako Interchange - Oshamanbe Interchange section opened.
 * 23 March 1998 - Connection with the Hidaka Expressway is completed at Tomakomai-higashi Interchange.
 * 11 April 1998 - Fukagawa Junction is opened, connecting with the Fukagawa-Rumoi Expressway.
 * 7 October 1999 - Chitose-Eniwa Junction is opened, connecting with the Dōtō Expressway.
 * November 1999 - Chitose-bound exit opened at Sapporo-minami Interchange.
 * 29 March 29, 2000 - Date Interchange - Toyoura Interchange section closed due to risk of eruption from nearby Mount Usu.
 * 13 July 2000 - Temporary Abuta Tōyako Interchange opened, allowing access to Toyoura Interchange.
 * 4 October 2000 - Asahikawa Takasu Interchange - Wassamu Interchange section opened.
 * 9 February 2001 - Date Interchange - Toyoura Interchange section reopened.
 * 30 June 2001 - Temporary Abuta Tōyako Interchange closed due to full reopening of expressway.
 * 10 September 2001 - Asahikawa-bound entrance opened at Sapporo-minami Interchange.
 * 17 October 2001 - Fukagawa Interchange - Otoe Parking Area section expanded to 4 lanes.
 * 19 November 2001 - Oshamanbe Interchange - Kunnui Interchange section opened.
 * 30 September 2003 - Otoe Parking Area - Asahikawa Takasu Interchange section expanded to 4 lanes.
 * 4 October 2003 - Wassamu Interchange - Shibetsu-Kenbuchi Interchange section opened.
 * 27 March 2004 - Pippu Junction is opened, connecting with the Asahikawa-Monbetsu Expressway.
 * 18 November 2006 - Kunnui Interchange - Yakumo Interchange section opened.
 * 21 December 2007 - Abuta Tōyako Interchange is moved to a new location to meet the rebuilt National Route 230.
 * 10 October 2009 - Yakumo Interchange - Otoshibe Interchange section opened.
 * 26 November 2011 - Otoshibe Interchange - Mori Interchange section opened.
 * 10 November 2012 - Mori Interchange - Ōnuma Kōen Interchange section opened.
 * 3 August 2013 - New Chitose Airport Interchange opened.
 * 13 December 2020 - Tomakomai-chūō Interchange opened.

List of interchanges and features

 * IC - interchange, JCT - junction, SA - service area, PA - parking area, BS - bus stop, SIC - smart interchange, TB - toll gate

title: Dō-Ō Expressway


text:
Game fish

Game fish, sport fish or quarry refer to popular fish species pursued by recreational fishers (typically anglers), and can be freshwater or saltwater fish. Game fish can be eaten after being caught, preserved as taxidermy (though rare), or released after capture. Some game fish are also targeted commercially, particularly less bony species such as salmon and tuna.

Specimens of game fish whose measurements (body length and weight) significantly exceed the species' average are sometimes known as trophy fish, as such captures are often presented as bragging rights among fishers.

Examples
The species of fish prized by anglers varies with geography and tradition. Some fish are sought for their value as food, while others are pursued for their fighting abilities, or for the difficulty of successfully enticing the fish to bite the hook.
 * Big-game fish or blue water game fish are large pelagic saltwater fish such as tuna, tarpon, grouper and billfish (sailfish, marlin and swordfish). Occasionally other predatory fishes such as sharks, barracuda and dolphinfish are also pursued. Large powerful freshwater fish such as alligator gar, lake sturgeon and flathead catfish can also be considered big-game fish.
 * Freshwater fish targeted by anglers in North America include bass (especially black bass), salmon/trout, char, walleye/sauger, common snook, redfish, northern pike and muskellunge, sturgeon, gar and several catfish species. In Europe and Asia, large cyprinids (e.g. carps, barbels, breams, chubs, daces and tench), perches, freshwater salmonids (trout, graylings, whitefish and taimen), drum, pikes, catfish, eels and snakeheads are also popular, although many of them are regarded derogatorily as "trash fish", "dirt fish" or "pest fish" in America.
 * In the United Kingdom, "game fish" refers specifically to salmonids other than graylings – that is, salmon, trout and char. Other popular freshwater fish are called coarse fish.
 * Small/medium-sized freshwater fish routinely sought by anglers are called panfish in the United States, because they typically can fit wholly into a normal cooking pan without needing to be cut or filleted. Examples are crappies, yellow perch, rock bass, bluegills and other sunfish (Centrarchidae). Panfish are often sought by younger, more inexperienced anglers, at least partly due to their proactivity to feed and the relative ease to be caught; although adult anglers sometimes consider them as "nuisance fish" due to their tendency to opportunistically strike the baits/lures intended for other larger fishes.

Some popular game fish have been introduced and stocked worldwide. Rainbow trout, for instance, can be found nearly anywhere the climate is appropriate, from their native range on the Pacific Coast of North America to the mountains of southern Africa, and is now listed as one of the worst invasive species.

Game-fish tagging programs

As part of the catch-and-release practice encouraged to promote conservation, tagging programs were established. Some of their goals are to improve the management of fishery resources and to keep records on abundance, age, growth rates, migrations and breed identification.

Some well-known tagging programs in the United States are the South Carolina Marine Game Fish Tagging Program and the Virginia Game Fish Tagging Program. The South Carolina Marine Game Fish Tagging Program began in 1974 and it is now the largest public tagging program in the Southeastern United States. Anglers are trained and then receive a tag kit with tags, applicator, and instructions. When they tag a fish, anglers use a reply postcard they receive in advance to send the information on the tag number, tag date, location, species, and size. This program issues anglers who tag and release 30 or more eligible species within a year a conservation award. When an angler recaptures a tagged fish, they then should report the recapture. If possible, the tag number and the mailing address should be reported, along with the location and date of the recapture, as well with the measurement of the fish. The objective is to provide biologists with the necessary information to determine growth rate through an accurate measurement. The Virginia Game Fish Tagging Program started operations in 1995 and keeps records on recaptured fish since then. This is an annual program that starts in January and it is limited to 160 anglers. Anglers receive training workshops in February and March.

Records
The official guide to world salt- and freshwater fish records is the World Record Game Fishes, published annually by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA), which maintains records for nearly 400 species around the world. The records are categorised, with separate records for juniors, for the type of tackle and line used, for fly fishing, and locality records. The IGFA also organize the world saltwater championship tournaments.

title: Game fish


text:
User:KingDaevid

King Daevid MacKenzie (February 9, 1961 - ) is a writer and broadcaster. He has been a program host for various television and radio stations in Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Arizona, Manitoba and the United Kingdom since 1972, and has written for The Guardian, RadioDigest.com and Tucson Observer. He currently resides in Lancaster, California.

title: User:KingDaevid


text:
Leslie matrix

The Leslie matrix is a discrete, age-structured model of population growth that is very popular in population ecology named after Patrick H. Leslie. The Leslie matrix (also called the Leslie model) is one of the most well-known ways to describe the growth of populations (and their projected age distribution), in which a population is closed to migration, growing in an unlimited environment, and where only one sex, usually the female, is considered.

The Leslie matrix is used in ecology to model the changes in a population of organisms over a period of time. In a Leslie model, the population is divided into groups based on age classes. A similar model which replaces age classes with ontogenetic stages is called a Lefkovitch matrix, whereby individuals can both remain in the same stage class or move on to the next one. At each time step, the population is represented by a vector with an element for each age class where each element indicates the number of individuals currently in that class.

The Leslie matrix is a square matrix with the same number of rows and columns as the population vector has elements. The (i,j)th cell in the matrix indicates how many individuals will be in the age class i at the next time step for each individual in stage j. At each time step, the population vector is multiplied by the Leslie matrix to generate the population vector for the subsequent time step.

To build a matrix, the following information must be known from the population:

 * $$n_x$$, the count of individuals (n) of each age class x
 * $$s_x$$, the fraction of individuals that survives from age class x to age class x+1,
 * $$f_x$$, fecundity, the per capita average number of female offspring reaching $$n_0$$ born from mother of the age class x. More precisely, it can be viewed as the number of offspring produced at the next age class $$b_{x+ 1}$$ weighted by the probability of reaching the next age class. Therefore, $$f_x = s_xb_{x+1}.$$

From the observations that $$n_0$$ at time t+1 is simply the sum of all offspring born from the previous time step and that the organisms surviving to time t+1 are the organisms at time t surviving at probability $$s_x$$, one gets $$ n_{x+1} = s_xn_x$$. This implies the following matrix representation:

\begin{bmatrix} n_0 \\ n_1 \\ \vdots \\ n_{\omega - 1} \\ \end{bmatrix}_{t+1} = \begin{bmatrix} f_0 & f_1 & f_2 & \ldots & f_{\omega - 2} & f_{\omega  - 1} \\ s_0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0\\ 0 & s_1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & s_2 & \ldots & 0 & 0\\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & s_{\omega - 2} & 0 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} n_0 \\ n_1 \\ \vdots\\ n_{\omega - 1} \end{bmatrix}_{t} $$

where $$\omega$$ is the maximum age attainable in the population.

This can be written as:

 * $$\mathbf{n}_{t+1} = \mathbf{L}\mathbf{n}_t$$

or:

 * $$\mathbf{n}_{t} = \mathbf{L}^t\mathbf{n}_0$$

where $$\mathbf{n}_t$$ is the population vector at time t and $$\mathbf{L}$$ is the Leslie matrix. The dominant eigenvalue of $$\mathbf{L}$$, denoted $$\lambda$$, gives the population's asymptotic growth rate (growth rate at the stable age distribution). The corresponding eigenvector provides the stable age distribution, the proportion of individuals of each age within the population, which remains constant at this point of asymptotic growth barring changes to vital rates. Once the stable age distribution has been reached, a population undergoes exponential growth at rate $$\lambda$$.

The characteristic polynomial of the matrix is given by the Euler–Lotka equation.

The Leslie model is very similar to a discrete-time Markov chain. The main difference is that in a Markov model, one would have $$f_x+s_x=1$$ for each $$x$$, while the Leslie model may have these sums greater or less than 1.

Stable age structure
This age-structured growth model suggests a steady-state, or stable, age-structure and growth rate. Regardless of the initial population size, $$N_0$$, or age distribution, the population tends asymptotically to this age-structure and growth rate. It also returns to this state following perturbation. The Euler–Lotka equation provides a means of identifying the intrinsic growth rate. The stable age-structure is determined both by the growth rate and the survival function (i.e. the Leslie matrix). For example, a population with a large intrinsic growth rate will have a disproportionately “young” age-structure. A population with high mortality rates at all ages (i.e. low survival) will have a similar age-structure.

Random Leslie model
There is a generalization of the population growth rate to when a Leslie matrix has random elements which may be correlated. When characterizing the disorder, or uncertainties, in vital parameters; a perturbative formalism has to be used to deal with linear non-negative random matrix difference equations. Then the non-trivial, effective eigenvalue which defines the long-term asymptotic dynamics of the mean-value population state vector can be presented as the effective growth rate. This eigenvalue and the associated mean-value invariant state vector can be calculated from the smallest positive root of a secular polynomial and the residue of the mean-valued Green function. Exact and perturbative results can thusly be analyzed for several models of disorder.

title: Leslie matrix


text:
User talk:KingDaevid

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. I've moved your King Daevid MacKenzie article to User:KingDaevid, since Wikipedia tends to frown on autobiographies. RickK 00:41, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Please do not add unhelpful and non-constructive information to Wikipedia. Your edits could be considered vandalism, and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Someone other than yourself has to establish your notability as a resident. --Patrick Berry 13:17, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

The Whimper of Whipped Dogs
I see you have a history of working on the article The Whimper of Whipped Dogs. I am looking at it from the project Unreferenced articles where it is one of the longest unreferenced tagged articles that does not meet at least the barest minimum of verifiability. It has been tagged and completely without references since June 2006. It would be extremely helpful if you had some references you could add to the article to help support its verifiability and notability. Thanks for any help you can give.  Birgitte SB  17:33, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Images
Would you please refrain from posting images from my website here? Nitelinger (talk) 07:54, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Audio theatre an article to audio dramas
Please if you have time and you know anything to it (I have seen that you have made edits in the article area which owns relations on it), please look on the article Audio theatre, somebody placed a erase discussion on it. after we have had a merge discussion. It would be interesting what you would say to the merge and the delete discussion. And possibly it could help to contact other people that they should help also. )-: Merry Xmas --Soenke Rahn (talk) 13:58, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

Twiggy's Jukebox
This article is unreferenced. Rather than tag it as such at the moment, I thought I'd comment on your talk page. Maybe it was a minor show - I never saw it - but maybe not. Was it perhaps notable as an early music video show pre-MTV? If you can dig into this and build up the article, it might be worhy of Did You Know, Verne Equinox (talk) 00:45, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

File source and copyright licensing problem with File:ColdturkeyUK.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:ColdturkeyUK.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status and its source. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously.

If you did not create this work entirely yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. You will also need to state under what licensing terms it was released. Please refer to the image use policy to learn what files you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. The page on copyright tags may help you to find the correct tag to use for your file.

Please add this information by editing the image description page. If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please also check any other files you may have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is [ a list of your uploads]. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Eeekster (talk) 04:19, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

File source problem with File:ColdturkeyUK.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:ColdturkeyUK.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Eeekster (talk) 04:49, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for April 23
Hi. When you recently edited Lee Phillip Bell, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Paul Gibson (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 11:00, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:KingDaevid


text:
Talk:List of measures of inequality

Accuracy dispute
Where is there anything in the Zipf's law or zeta distribution articles, or the one on Benford's law, that deals with measures of inequality? I think of variance or information entropy as measures of inequality; whoever wrote that list seems to think of any probability distribution at all as a measure of inequality. Why not just re-name probability distribution and call it "measures of inequality"? (Besides the fact that that would be absurd? And so, for the same reason, is the inclusion of an article in this list merely because it's about a probability distribution.) Michael Hardy 00:41, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Some of these seem to be about measures of statistical dispersion. The intended topic of this article is not clearly defined. Michael Hardy 00:49, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Although I am the originator of the article (list), I do agree with some of this criticism. All probability distributions, and in fact nearly all of statistics, may be described as measures of inequality.

However, certain devices within statistics specificly try to capture the degree of inequality in some data, either with one key number, or with a simple graph. Zipf's law is a case in point; it is obviously related to e.g. the Lorenz curve.

If someone can think of a better title for this article, or can improve the introduction to clarify what belongs and what does not belong to the list, it will please me enormously. Maybe something about "rank distributions"? I think "standard deviation" and "interquartile range" may not belong to the list - perhaps "zeta distribution" and other links do not belong there either.

I created the list because I found that the "See also" sections in certain articles tended to have a large number of links in common. In particular, I here think of the articles on Zipf's law, the Lorenz curve, and the 80-20 rule (although this rule is quite naive, the idea in it is interesting).

Perhaps, the list should be replaced by a proper article - but I am not able to write it. --Niels Ø 08:38, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Well, I would suggest putting this articles into Category:Probability distributions and/or Category:Socioeconomics, and adding mention of the relevant ones to the Measurement section of Economic inequality. -- Beland 23:48, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Or income inequality metrics, actually. -- Beland 23:50, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The common theme in the articles referenced in the list is not limited to the field of economics or sociology. E.g., there are applications in linguistics, too. --Niels Ø 20:13, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, as you can see in my edit summaries, I added appropriate terms to Category:Computational linguistics. -- Beland 02:54, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of measures of inequality


text:
Chaource cheese

Chaource is a French cheese, originally manufactured in the village of Chaource in the Champagne-Ardenne region.

Chaource is a cow's milk cheese, cylindrical in shape at around 10 cm in diameter and 6 cm in height, weighing either 250 g or 450 g. The central pâte is soft, creamy in colour, and slightly crumbly, and is surrounded by a white Penicillium candidum rind.

History
The cheese has been made in its namesake village since at least the Middle Ages. Cheese is still manufactured there, ranging from small cheese makers to industrial-scale production further away. It is only made in a tightly controlled area in the départements of Aube and Yonne.

Manufacture
It was recognised as an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) cheese in 1970 and has been fully regulated since 1977.

The AOC regulations state that:

 * Coagulation must be principally lactic and last for at least 12 hours.
 * Drainage of the cheese must be slow and spontaneous.

Made using a similar recipe to that of Brie, affinage is usually between two and four weeks and the cheese is generally eaten young. The gently-salted central pâte has a light taste and a characteristic 'melt-in-the-mouth' texture. The fat content is a minimum of 50%.

Regulations currently allow both pasteurised or unpasteurised milk to be used during manufacture.

Style
In her 2010 book Cheese: Exploring Taste and Tradition, Patricia Michelson says: "Chaource has a bitter nutshell-like flavor, with an earthiness reminiscent of the style of the wine here, and you would think it would be a perfect match for the cheese. You should be careful to find the perfect flavor partner, however, because the cheese is also on the salty side."

title: Chaource cheese


text: User talk:83.70.232.107

title: User talk:83.70.232.107


text:
A Tale in the Desert

A Tale in the Desert (ATITD) is a massively multiplayer online roleplaying game (MMORPG) set in Ancient Egypt. The initial software download and all new content are free, with a monthly subscription required to play beyond the first 24 hours.

During the 7th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated A Tale in the Desert for "Massively Mutliplayer/Persistent World Game of the Year".

Gameplay

A Tale in the Desert is a social MMORPG which does not include combat. Instead, a variety of social activities provide for the basis of most interaction in the game. The game's main focuses are building, community, research and personal or group challenges called "Tests". ATITD has a global foregame, midgame, and endgame: on average so far, every year and a half the game ends, achievements are tabulated, and a new "Telling" begins, with certain modifications requested by the player base, or by arbitrary developer choice. To be clear about this, the game actually ends; a wipe is performed, and the game (and all players) start from scratch using the mechanism that it is now a couple of player generations removed. Within a Telling, players can write, introduce, and pass laws (including player bans), and make feature requests.

There is an in-game economy, including an amount of regional or global trade; however, there is no official, backed currency. Players can mint their own currencies but these have never had widespread adoption. Additionally, there are sufficient activities to be learned and performed that it is considered exceedingly difficult to be a Jack of all trades: this too leads itself to a much more social aspect.

A recurring theme is a "welcoming island" which established players can enter at any time: this allows them to train new players at their own leisure, and introduce them to the specifics of the game. After completing a series of tasks given to them, players may make their way to the mainland and begin the real game.

When a new player exits the welcoming island into mainland Egypt, they may immediately begin trekking around to look for a suitable settlement location or community. Upon reaching the mainland, the first goal of most players is to begin the central challenges of the game (Tests), find public resources, and expand upon what knowledge they have while integrating themselves into the community at large.

ATITD has a legal system, a controlled variant on Nomic which is generally restricted by what the developers can code, as well as the nature of such a system. With the legal system, players have the option to create petitions of any kind, like the redistribution of expired accounts' materials, the direct ban of a player, or even a change in an avatar's sex. The legal system as currently defined can only restrict players' options, alter ownership rights, or change a minor portion of a challenge; however, within those options, the possibilities have not been exhausted. Finally, the legal system also requires a great deal of cooperation between players, as a petition must be spread, signed, and returned with a certain threshold of signatures.

This game has no physical combat system, however, the psychological combat of social PVP can be very intense. While players do not engage in direct combat, the social tests in the game (many of which require community votes) encourage social combat which encourages the best and worst social behavior in players. More than one player has wondered (correctly) if this game is a sociology experiment in progress.

Tests
The majority of ATITD challenges take the form of 56 defined "Tests", separated into several groups. Of these, the first in each group is a trivial request, intended to introduce players to the discipline - the group that challenge is in. Beyond those initiations, seven challenges exist for each discipline, arranged into themes:

 * The Architecture Discipline is based around building large and potentially ornate structures, such as a useful aqueduct or an exceptional burial temple. The secondary goal of Architecture is to complete these projects as simply and efficiently as possible, which can require substantial planning, trading, and cooperation.
 * The Art Discipline is primarily based around creative expression in a limited framework, with players building mosaics, breeding scarabs for colour and pattern, forming fireworks out of basic materials, or creating detailed sculptures.
 * The Body Discipline is focused around surveying the land, both socially and geographically, to determine where various resources are. Some of the challenges within involve finding 35 different varieties of mushroom, or deducing the locations of cicadas hidden by other players.
 * The now-defunct Conflict discipline, removed in the third Telling to make way for Harmony, was centered on the pursuit of excellence in a series of games, generally with perfect information. These games, such as variants on checkers and euchre, are now played in weekly or biweekly tournaments.
 * The Harmony discipline, new to the third Telling, is generally focused around knowing one's fellow players; many of these were based on a discussion at the Ludium game developer conference. They include Marriage, where a player gives reciprocal access to their account and goods to another, as well as Mentorship, which requires players to enter the mentoring island and assist someone in becoming a citizen.
 * The Leadership discipline is much like the Harmony discipline in that the participant is required to know his or her fellow players, but rather than predicting their actions, one must influence them positively. One of the tests in Leadership, the Test of the Demi-Pharaoh, requires the player to be elected among all their peers; the reward, accordingly, is the ability to ban seven players from the game. Other tests include a Survivor-like game between 12 people, or the formation of a bureaucracy.
 * The Thought discipline is centered on the creation of numerous puzzles: the goal here is to make said puzzles simple enough that they can be effectively solved, but difficult enough to be challenging for the majority of players. Among those puzzles available are logic mazes and a modification on the popular Rush Hour.
 * The Worship discipline is centered on the need to please various deities, often through an organized group of players working in unison. The Test most characteristic of this is that of Festivals, which requires 100 players to act in unison within one hour, on a global basis.

Upon completing a Test, a player advances in rank for that discipline. The various ranks range from Initiate to Oracle, and determine one's proficiency in the discipline. At the Oracle rank, where the player has completed all seven Tests, they may build a Monument to celebrate that discipline. Furthermore, if 127 disciples are found to take part in it, the players may create a challenge for the next Telling, to replace one of those used before.

The ultimate goal of the game, therefore, can be summed up as "having enough players cooperate and complete the Tests for every discipline so that seven Monuments can be built before the end".

First Telling
The First Telling was released on February 15, 2003, after approximately three years of open testing. While considered to have more bugs than the others, it also had a tight-knit community, formed in part by the crossover of various guilds during the beta. So far, this is the only Telling to have "won" the game, by completing the main challenges; it lasted approximately one and a half years, and ended on September 2, 2004.

Kemet was a German server running concurrently with the first Telling, although released on February 1, 2003: while the international version was produced solely by eGenesis, much of the work on Kemet was done by MDO Games, an overseas publisher. Ultimately, due to the extremely low population of the version, it was dropped for the second incarnation, but the result carried over into the next international version. Additionally, the majority of MDO's translations from English to German were kept. Kemet ended at the same time as the first international Telling.

The Second Telling
The Second Telling began on September 3, 2004, with a host of changes: one new challenge was released for each discipline to replace an old one, over the course of the game, as well as a second test for the discipline of Worship. This Telling implemented changes to various technologies from the first, as well as an overhaul of the GUI; a different tutorial for newcomers replaced the old midway through. The players did not manage to complete the challenges in the second Telling, but did finish Monuments for the disciplines of Architecture, Body, Leadership, and Worship. The Telling ended on May 24, 2006, roughly 627 days after its inception.

The Third Telling
The Third Telling, released on approximately May 30, 2006. A relatively loose leveling system was added as a means to connect with gamers who are more familiar with mainstream MMORPG design. The Discipline of Conflict was dropped in favor of a new discipline, the Discipline of Harmony. Mining was returned to something more like the first tale, but with its own mysterious workings. The Test of Mentorship was modified to fix an issue that made it more challenging for those who began to play late in the tale. Additionally, an in-game event calendar was added, so that developers and players could more easily communicate events without the need for a third party website. A player named Orchid received Oracle of Seven (finished all seven tests of every type) and was first to do so. The Telling ended on December 11, 2008, roughly 926 days after its inception.

The Fourth Telling
The Fourth Telling was released on December 13, 2008. New graphics were introduced and the user interface was updated.

eGenesis launched a second shard, called Bastet, on February 20, 2010 This server ran concurrent with the main shard for the fourth telling, and used most of the same code, but with the exception that all of the tests were unlockable immediately - thus making the speed of this tale completely player-controlled.

The Fifth Telling
The Fifth Telling was released on August 7, 2010.

The Sixth Telling
The Sixth Telling was released on December 3, 2011.

In early 2014, Pluribus Games, took over ongoing development and operation of ATITD. The game at this point remained basically the version as defined by the prior ownership. From a player perspective, no gameplay changes were felt until the next telling.

The Seventh Telling
The Seventh Telling was released on September 11, 2015. From a player perspective, the game changed ownership with this telling. All Tests from past and current Tellings were made available, as opposed to only seven per discipline, and seven new challenges were added.

The Eighth Telling
The Eighth Telling began on March 2, 2018, and ended on August 30, 2019. The game changed ownership to player-run Desert Nomad Studios.

The Ninth Telling
The Ninth Telling started on August 30, 2019, and ended on May 25, 2021. Levels (reached by passing tests and principles) were replaced by experience points, earned by using crafting skills. The telling also introduced talents: specializations ("soft classes") that let the player spend talent points (earned by doings tasks and tests) on stat bonuses and special abilities. For example, The Weaver received bonuses to endurance, focus and dexterity and one of its traits was "Offline Flax: Adds the ability to gather flax offline".

The Tenth Telling
The Tenth Telling started on May 29, 2021.

Controversy
Because of the social aspect of A Tale in the Desert, players tend to react more strongly to events which break or strain social mores, even when these events are introduced by the developers rather than rogue players. Because, in the legal system, players can implement punishments or bans against others, the effect is most often caused by characters played by eGenesis staff. Some examples include:

 * In the first Telling, a player named Knightmare and two others created a character to attempt to force players to use the legal system more responsibly. After one of those other players damaged a public facility by removing a vital resource, the character, Mafia, was banned.
 * Additionally, in the first Telling, the developers brought in a character named Khepry, whose actions indirectly led to pollution and depleted resources.
 * Throughout the Tellings, skills have been released which provide a positive benefit to the user, and a detriment to everyone else. These "Stranger" skills, named after the game's primary antagonist, have often caused a great stir. This social dynamic of some win/most lose became a basic social standard of the game. For all the Tellings, players are challenged to decide between their personal benefit and the NPC and player nation's benefit.  This will become an ongoing choice for all succeeding Tellings.
 * An example of a Stranger skill that caused drama throughout Egypt, was the "Clear Cutting" skill introduced in September 2003. The skill allowed players to gather large amounts of wood per tree harvested, but resulted in long delays, multiple days, before the tree was restocked with harvestable wood. Massive deforestation of some regions results. At one point, 3450 trees out of a total of around 15300 are clearcut. A flood of laws to control the situation arrive at the voting booth, and calm returns within a couple weeks.
 * In the second Telling, the events team created a character named Malaki. A thief from Persia, Malaki traded worthless chaff for worthwhile materials, but most problematic of all was the absolute disregard he had for any and all female characters - he made several references to slavery and subjugation, which eventually led to him being driven out of the game, though according to Andrew Tepper, the simple controversy brought in more players than it drove away.
 * In the third Telling, a series of mysterious chests washed ashore and opened by players brought Lung Spore Disease, which made particular tasks more difficult while players searched for a cure.
 * The Test of the Demi-Pharaoh allows a player who has been elected "Demi-Pharaoh" to ban up to seven characters each. One player is elected to this position roughly once per month, but once elected, that player is a Demi-Pharaoh for the remainder of that telling. Although this position is hard to obtain, it is controversial because the Demi-Pharaoh's power extends into the real world: essentially taking away another player's ability to play their character.  This has happened on multiple occasions resulting in the removal of some player characters from the game.

title: A Tale in the Desert


text:
Talk:Fender (company)

product list
I think the product list should have it's own page. Does anyone agree? Izzy007 22:50, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

I'm thinking about a page dedicated to the Fender-Gibson rivalry. It'll have stuff on solid-body vs. hollow-body, basses, amps, and that kind of thing. Does it sound useful, and what should I call it if so?Deltabeignet 01:09, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

what happened to the list of guitars page? There is far more to Fender than Strats and Teles. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.140.47.132 (talk) 17:55, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

CBS era statement
I'm deleting the following quote:

 * However, the Fender instruments made in 1966-1979 under CBS are of a high quality, and tend to be much better built instruments than the latest Fender products. [citation needed]

This is nearly an exact opposite of both common and professional opinion. See any industry specialist, see the current issue of Vintage Guitar, etc. The overwhelming perception is that quality control started to go down when CBS took over, but did not immediately go from great to mediocre. The period more or less from 1973-1984 was considered the low point, and guitars from both before that era and mid 1980s to present are considered better than the 1970s guitars. I'm not speaking as a professional, but as an industry hobbyist very familiar with about 10,000 guitar products. 146.149.18.6 18:00, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

The following comments might be of use.

From 1977 to 1981 I sold guitars at Manny's Musical instruments, 156 West 48th St, NYC. To my recollection, the issues with Fender quality had more to do with quality control and shipping than basic quality. Guitars were badly set up, if at all. I remember one day when we unboxed all the Super Reverb amps in the store (to my recollection three or four, brand new, previously un-opened) to find one which worked. None did. I'm sure the amps had at least been plugged in and made sound when they were put on a truck in California bound for New York. But they were shipped with tubes in place (hanging down) and minimal packing (some styrofoam in the corners). The hand wiring put a lot of stress on solder joints. Of course the amps shook themselves to bits over 3,000 miles, but the fixes were generally simple.

As for the Strats, it seems mean-spirited, in fact absurd, to suggest that Fender went from using four neck bolts to using three, or to the bullet truss rod, to save money. Both changes appear to have been bona-fide attempts to improve the product and these design changes required re-tooling, which is a significant business expense. The changes addressed flaws in the original design. A major problem with Strats had been that you had to unbolt the neck to adjust the truss rod and you could only change the angle of the neck by taking it fully off and putting in shims. The angle of the new three bolt neck could be changed with an Allen wrench. The bullet truss rod neck could be straightened with an Allen wrench from the headstock.

BTW - I bought a used 1974 Strat which came into the store as a trade in 1979 - three bolt neck, large headstock and bullet truss rod Couldn't give such things away at the time, but it's still going strong. I bought it because all the guys in the guitar department, including me, agreed that it had the best "out-of phase setting" of any Strat we had ever heard - and a lot of old and new Fenders came through that store. Henry Goldrich, the owner, used to set up Jimi's brand new guitars (and I'll bet they needed it). My '74's ash and maple woods weigh a ton - Fender certainly didn't cheap out by using lighter woods at the time!

Gibson-Fender Rivalry
I'm not sure a rivalry page would be that useful, but certainly a page covering electric guitar maintenance that incorporated issues like single-coil vs humbucker, solid-body vs semi-solid-body characteristics etc could be very useful.

Missing statements to Fender amps
I think some Informations on Fenders amps would shurely be nice on this page. It's not only the guitars Fender is famous for. --de:User:Wickler 11:22, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Agreed. The Fender Amplifier History page has lots of good information but needs a more encyclopedic rewrite. It's puzzling that amplifiers such as the Champ, Twin Reverb, Deluxe etc don't have their own pages. Tremspeed 22:18, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Picture
Of course the P-bass is a Fender-icon, but to me, a picture of a Stratocaster or a Telecaster would make more sense, since those electric guitars are the core of Fender's business and those are what the brand is most known for.

I agree with the amp-remark above. - FB

The Strat is the definitive icon, for sure, and is still usually the generic shape depicted in dictionary/encyclopaedia/manual entries re the electric guitar. The P-Bass used to be the definitive bass icon when electric solid-body basses were all generically referred to as Fender Basses, irrespective of brand. -NK
 * what about a picture of an Esquire, I really miss that one —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.84.142.167 (talk) 10:32, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Auto Fender
Guitars are great, but I think fender for automobiles must also have an article in here. I mean, a separate one. Cause it's odd that the site features lots of info about cars and car parts but one for fenders doesn't exist. -mech
 * No. Car fenders are completely irrelevant and should not be in the article about the Fender company. Rather, it is Wikipedia practice to start a whole new article on automobile fenders. Oh, and they did, at Fender_(automobile). Ariedartin JECJY Talk 09:15, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

this is the stupidest thing I`ve ever readLonepilgrim007 (talk) 05:53, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

Early History?
Why is the early history section included with the entry on the Telecaster? This doesn't make sense. I've come here to learn about Fender and to send me to another entry to find that information doesn't make sense. GaTech-1101 06:14, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Simple Tube Circuits/Public Domain/Western Electric
The "simple" :-) Western Electric circuits mentioned in the article were not "released to the public". These designs were carefully licensed by W/E until the expiration of their patents. Western Electric as well as RCA scrupulously pursued infringements on said patents during the era. Many early Fender amps explicitly carry the "Licensed by Western Electric" nomenclature on the chassis.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by CoolBlueGlow (talk • contribs) 13:40, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

JV/'Japanese Vintage'
I think "well-regarded" is a bit of an understatement, the JV's are as good as the pre-CBS guitars and basses. They used USA hardware and incrediable quality wood. A Squier JV is better than any modern Fender Custom Shop by far. http://www.squierjv.info/jvstratocaster.htm for more information

 * Please sign your posts on talk pages. Andrewa 17:40, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * PS whatever the collectors may think, from the point of view of a musician my 2005 MIJ Fender Bari is very, very nice indeed (see Fender Bass VI for a photo of it in its case). Andrewa 17:49, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

 * "A Squier JV is better than any modern Fender Custom Shop by far."
 * Everyone's entitled to his/her opinion, but I think few would agree. For starters the Custom Shop uses far superior woods. Many JV's had basswood bodies. JV hardware, such as the pickups, while mainly American, weren't up to current standards. And those JV's produced for the Japanese domestic market were a real mixed bag. -NK

Acoustic guitars
Current article reads In recent years, Fender Musical Instruments Corporation has branched out into making and selling acoustic guitars - Huh? In the 1970s I was playing in a band whose lead guitarist had a Fender for his acoustic guitar, a country-western style model. I don't know where it was made, possibly a cynical rebrand by CBS. So maybe they've only just started making acoustics, but Fender has been selling them for at least that long. Did the acoustics perhaps vanish from the catalog for a while? I'm even a bit skeptical even of this, they seemed to sell well in Australia, although I never figured out why, those I played over the years all seemed terrible value for the money to me, with mediocre actions and weak tone, unlike the superb Telecaster I played for a while in that band on which you really did get there faster.

Anyway, there's more to the story of Fender acoustic guitars than the article currently indicates. Andrewa 17:40, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

acoustics
fender have made acoustics since late 1963. http://www.provide.net/~cfh/fender3.html#concert all the info is right here.

Merge Fender Amplifier History with Fender
You can discuss this proposed merger here.

Both articles contain errors, and correcting long articles is a pain is the you know what. The main Fender entry is already long enough, IMO, and I think it would be better argued to break this up into more manageable chunks than further consolidation. Hyper-linking makes the modular approach the sensible option. Modern human beings also want their information in small, manageable chunks. Hierarchical modularisation that enables one to drill down to the specific information one wants is the key to good contemporary information design. -NK

 * Oppose - Fender Amplifier History is of course too informal and contains a lot of information already present in Fender, but they should not be merged. Fender Amplifier History focuses on the history of Fender amplifiers. The content in Fender Amplifier History should be added to Fender, but both articles are too distinct to be merged. Rather, it is better to create another page called Fender Amplifiers and merge Fender Amplifier History there. Ariedartin JECJY Talk 09:09, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Amplifiers
Why do we have a full listing of guitars but not even a heading for amps? I don't know shit about fender amps so I can't add the info myself, but someone should...

There is a great resource for Fender Amps at the Fender Amplifier Field Guide: http://www.ampwares.com/ffg/

Fender Heartfield
Should this guitar be adde to the list of Fender guitars? Drogo 19:04, 10 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Not unless you have information on it, of course. Ariedartin JECJY Talk 09:13, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Fender Makes Shoes
Fender oddly enough also makes shoes in addition to guitars. we should add this somewhere

 * They make shirts and other miscellenous items too, but these are all boutique items and used for taking full advantage of the brand name. It's nothing odd, but I agree it should be added. Ariedartin JECJY Talk 09:12, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Merge Some Names
One thing i don't like about the list of guitars section is how the broadcaster and tele are listed under the same name. they're the same guitar! theres others thing that need to be changed in the list too.

Cyber-Twin article?
Well, to jumpstart the articles on individual Fender amplifiers, I think we could definitely start with their flagship amplifier, the Cyber-Twin. It is probably one of the most well-known combo amplifiers, and it also has a lot of content to write on. Think about it. Ariedartin JECJY Talk 14:22, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Where's the Champ?
How come there is no allusion to the champ/champ 12, etc. under the amps list?SHatch 23:36, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Since its talked about in the article, I think I'm going to add it to the list if there's no objections SHatch 04:32, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

The Champ now has its own page.Izzy007 01:16, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

product list
can somebody give this a seperate page a la the gibson article? -- Alex Ov  Shaolin  21:50, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Fender.png
Image:Fender.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:32, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Current
the sentence that begins

In recent years, Fender Musical Instruments Corporation has branched out into making and selling electric guitars,

can't be right. In recent years the compny branched out to make guitars? RUReady2Testify 00:57, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

I have corrected the sentence to: In recent years, Fender Musical Instruments Corporation has branched out into making and selling steel-string acoustic guitars, Izzy007 23:55, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Bass section
I created the electric bass gallery. I think there should be a bass section. Shikyo3 01:57, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

I misread the history. I thought somebody had deleted it. Oops. Shikyo3 01:58, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Redirect?
It seems to me like "fender" should redirect to the disambig page, not to here. The number of people looking for automotive fenders can't be insignificant. ASWilson 21:05, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:36, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Seprate Amplifier Article?
Anyone think that this would be a good idea? Maybe call it Fender Amplifiers (currently a redirect). Izzy007 Talk 21:29, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Infobox
What's with the giant infobox? Daniel Christensen (talk) 15:32, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

Major Issues
This article can be improved in many ways. The history given is sporadic and lacks reputable source material, which is the major killer. Simply going to the Fender website itself for a better take on the company's history would have helped this article stand better ground. It also needs to be mentioned that since 1991 the corporate headquarters moved from its Corona location to Scottsdale, Arizona. Currently, this is where "administration, marketing, advertising, sales and export operations" take place, not only for the United States operations, but many other countries as well.

Calowe1 (talk) 02:27, 22 September 2014 (UTC)calowe1

the three-bolt neck fixing was NOT a CBS development....
... & neither did it contribute meaningfully to the apocryphal "poor quality" of the CBS-era instruments.

the problem with the CBS-era instruments was a much larger one of quality control & materials, & cannot be reduced to "they weren't as good"; many of these instruments are perfectly fine, but you may have to search harder for them because fender's quality control wasn't at its best after the 1965 transition.

but I digress. the three-bolt neck. have a look at this:

https://www.google.com/patents/US3550496

198.147.19.2 (talk) 06:58, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

the Amplifiers section needs work
Most obviously, this section seems to suggest that Fender stopped making amplifers in 1968.

While creating even an exhaustive list of amp models might be a thankless chore (considering how many short-lived and beginner-grade boxes they've made over the years), certainly it wouldn't be out of reach to list the major series, as catalogued by Blue Book.

One glaring oversight is lack of mention of acquiring Sunn Musical Equipment in 1985, relocating the factory from Tualatin to Lake Oswego (both in Oregon). Though FMIC shuttered the factory (and ended the Sunn line in 2002), there were a few Fender-branded solid-state amps built there; I'm aware of the Princeton Chorus, Ultimate Chorus and Ultra Chorus (the latter two may have been the same amp rebranded), and may include the Power Chorus. Early versions featured the red knobs that at the time had displeased amp fans; these amps are now hawked as "collectible" or even "rare" for no good reason. Weeb Dingle (talk) 03:55, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

Associated artists
This section really is pointless, just a list which keeps on growing. Per the manual ... Consideration should be given to keeping embedded lists and tables as short as feasible for their purpose and scope: material within an embedded list should relate to the article topic without going into unnecessary detail. should this section be deleted ? Unibond (talk) 02:10, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

I'd vote for deleting it until someone can at least offer a list from some respected critical source. I mean, when I think "Strat," it's easy to offer up Hendrix, Beck, Guy, Marvin, & a few others; it quickly runs down toward "was once seen touching a Strat," which is ludicrous. It is not WP's role to be a place for piling fanboy trivia. Weeb Dingle (talk) 05:58, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Seeing as nobody has spoken up in defense, I killed the entire trivia pile. In any case, such fancruft is better served by a proper list, and here we already have List of Telecaster players, List of Stratocaster players, and List of Fender amplifier users; "known users" of anything more obscure ought properly be mentioned in the appropriate gear article, of course ONLY AFTER making mention (with strong referencing) in the individual's WP article. Weeb Dingle (talk) 16:15, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

remove Products section?
The infodump list of guitars that begins this section is absurd. If it's allowed to exist at all, it belongs under the Electric Guitars subhead. But Products is presented as "currently available," and as such is schizoid, stuffed full of offtrack history and lists of models that have been out of production for a year or three.

Of course, the article make frequent use of outdated trivia, such as referring to the owners of FMIC "as of July 10, 2012," then dropping the thought entirely as though ownership in the intervening five years isn't worth noting.

And I cannot find where the article links at all to Fender amplifier, which is clearly where all the OR chaff in Products >> Amplifiers belongs. Weeb Dingle (talk) 06:30, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree, the products have their own dedicated pages, no need for details here, I have been pruning but it keeps growing Unibond (talk) 12:56, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

room for expansion
Literally, that is. There is a huge gap, 1950-1965, in the presented history. That contains the company's initial (years long) peak, and in many ways the all-time high point for the brand. Weeb Dingle (talk) 05:25, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

Earlier this month, a portion of an old (1992) interview with Don Randall was published online. This ought to improve the "origin story" somewhat. Weeb Dingle (talk) 16:26, 22 November 2018 (UTC)

no mention of nailgun guitar crucifixion?
how is this article not biased again? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.115.25.33 (talk) 20:58, 17 January 2019 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? -- Jayron 32 21:05, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

2023 edits
Should have checked here before making edits, but removed a lot of fluff. Also, article was still showing Los Angeles as HQ, but different section was showing Arizona. I removed conflicting info. Many of these sections have way more content than needed, so I trimmed a lot. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sawitontwitter (talk • contribs) 18:11, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

Factory address
There is no S Valencia Drive in Fullerton, CA, only E and W. 2A01:599:744:6D53:89DD:45DC:AED9:9C45 (talk) 15:31, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

Why is Mexico gone?
I stopped by for a quick lookup as to what year FMIC opened its Ensenada (Mexico) factory, and found that it's not mentioned at all. As this factory produced Fender's Standard models (as opposed to both the American Standard models made 40 miles away, and the Squier models built overseas) since ca. 1990, this seems a particularly egregious oversight. 2001:48F8:3034:1DF5:D091:717D:64AA:E91E (talk) 19:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I've made a quick start on putting it in. For what it's worth, some stuff was taken out in this edit described as "Tried to clean up a lot of the excessive info/marketing content." rbrwr± 20:16, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fender (company)


text:
Prochlorperazine

Prochlorperazine, formerly sold under the brand name Compazine among others, is a medication used to treat nausea, migraines, schizophrenia, psychosis and anxiety. It is a less preferred medication for anxiety. It may be taken by mouth, rectally, injection into a vein, or injection into a muscle.

Common side effects include sleepiness, blurry vision, low blood pressure, and dizziness. Serious side effects may include movement disorders including tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is generally not recommended. It is a typical antipsychotic which is believed to work by reducing the action of dopamine in the brain.

Prochlorperazine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1956. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 355th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 600thousand prescriptions.

Vomiting
Prochlorperazine is used to prevent vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy and in the pre- and postoperative setting. A 2015 Cochrane review found no differences in efficacy among drugs commonly used for this purpose in emergency rooms.

Migraine
Prochlorperazine, generally by intravenous, is used to treat migraine. Such use is recommended by The American Headache Society. A 2019 systematic review found prochlorperazine was nearly three times as likely as metoclopramide to relieve headache within 60 minutes of administration.

Labyrinthitis
In the UK prochlorperazine maleate has been used for labyrinthitis, which include not only nausea and vertigo, but spatial and temporal 'jerking' and distortion.

Side effects
Sedation is very common, and extrapyramidal side effects are common and include restlessness, dystonic reactions, pseudoparkinsonism, and akathisia; the extrapyramidal symptoms can affect 2% of people at low doses, whereas higher doses may affect as many as 40% of people.

Prochlorperazine can also cause a life-threatening condition called neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Some symptoms of NMS include high fever, stiff muscles, neck muscle spasm, confusion, irregular pulse or blood pressure, fast heart rate (tachycardia), sweating, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Research from the Veterans Administration and United States Food and Drug Administration show injection site reactions. Adverse effects are similar in children.

Warning
The FDA approved label for prochlorperazine includes a warning for increased risk of mortality in elderly patients with dementia related psychosis.

Discontinuation
The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse. Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping. Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains. Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time.

There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis. It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated. Rarely tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped.

Pharmacology
Prochlorperazine is thought to exert its antipsychotic effects by blocking dopamine receptors.

Prochlorperazine is analogous to chlorpromazine; both of these agents antagonize dopaminergic D2 receptors in various pathways of the central nervous system. This D2 blockade results in antipsychotic, antiemetic and other effects. Hyperprolactinemia is a side effect of dopamine antagonists as blockade of D2 receptors within the tuberoinfundibular pathway results in increased plasma levels of prolactin due to increased secretion by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary.

Following intramuscular injection, the antiemetic action is evident within 5 to 10 minutes and lasts for 3 to 4 hours. Rapid action is also noted after buccal treatment. With oral dosing, the start of action is delayed but the duration somewhat longer (approximately 6 hours).

Society and culture
In the United Kingdom, prochlorperazine is available for the treatment of nausea caused by migraine as a tablet dissolved in the mouth, and in Australia as a tablet swallowed whole. In the UK, it is available via a prescription and as a pharmacy medicine, meaning it does not require a prescription but is only available after talking with a pharmacist.

Marketing
Prochlorperazine is available as tablets, suppositories, and in an injectable form.

As of September 2017 it was marketed under the trade names Ametil, Antinaus, Buccastem, Bukatel, Chlormeprazine, Chloropernazine, Compazine, Compro, Daolin, Dhaperazine, Emedrotec, Emetiral, Eminorm, Lotamin, Mitil, Mormal, Nautisol, Novamin, Novomit, Proazine, Procalm, Prochlorperazin, Prochlorperazine, Prochlorpérazine, Prochlorperazinum, Prochlozine, Proclorperazina, Promat, Promin, Promtil, Roumin, Scripto-metic, Seratil, Stemetil, Steremal, Vergon, Vestil, and Volimin.

It was also marketed at that time as a combination drug for humans with paracetamol as Vestil-A, as a combination drug for veterinary use, with isopropamide as Darbazine.

Research
Alexza Pharmaceuticals studied an inhaled form of prochlorperazine for the treatment of migraine through Phase II trials under the development name AT-001; development was discontinued in 2011.

Synthesis
The alkylation of 2-chlorophenothiazine (1) and 1-(3-Chloropropyl)-4-methylpiperazine [104-16-5] (2) in the presence of sodamide gives Prochlorperazine (3); or by alkylation of 2-Chloro-10-(3-chloropropyl)phenothiazine [2765-59-5] (4) and 1-methylpiperazine (5).

title: Prochlorperazine


text:
Harvey Andrews

Harvey John Andrews (born 7 May 1943 in Stechford, Birmingham) is an English singer-songwriter and poet. Andrews has produced 16 albums singing his own songs, many of which have also been recorded by other artists.

Andrews began his career in 1964 and became a full-time musician in 1966. He is known for his collaboration on the musical Go Play Up Your Own End, which has been well-received in the Midlands, and his musical memoir, "Gold Star to the Ozarks." Andrews retired from full-time concert performances in 2012. Throughout his career, he has appeared at numerous festivals, on television shows, and hosted radio programs. He is the father of author Scott K. Andrews and was voted International Artiste of the Year in the 1996 Canadian Porcupine Awards for folk music.

Career
From 1964, Andrews supported his nascent career as a singer-songwriter by working as a schoolteacher, before becoming a full-time professional musician in 1966.

He collaborated on a successful musical depicting life growing up in Birmingham in the 1940s and 1950s. Go Play Up Your Own End has been well received across the Midlands, especially in its production in 2006 featuring Jasper Carrot in a major role, but has yet to make the transfer to London. The musical has played at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Birmingham Hippodrome and the Alexandra Theatre, thus setting a record of having been staged at every one of the second city's major theatres.

In 2007, he published a musical memoir, "Gold Star to the Ozarks". Harvey retired from full-time concert performances in October 2012 with a series of concerts at The Guild Hall, Lichfield.

Appearances
He has appeared at many festivals around the world. Television appearances include the Old Grey Whistle Test, Rhythm on Two and over 50 other shows. He has made two television specials featuring his songs, The Camera and The Song, and The Same Old Smile. Two further specials were produced in the Netherlands and Ireland. He sang "Riding Free", the theme song from the cult British horror movie Psychomania in 1973, and wrote and sang the theme songs for two Australian TV series, Golden Pennies (1985) and The Haunted School (1986). He has hosted BBC Radio Two's Folk on Two and a Radio Four Kaleidoscope special was devoted to his work.

Personal life
He is father of the author Scott K. Andrews.

Awards
In 1996, he was voted International Artiste of the Year in the Canadian Porcupine Awards for folk music.

Discography

 * "Harvey Andrews EP" (Transatlantic 1966)
 * Faces and Places (Decca 1970)
 * Writer of Songs (Cube 1972)
 * among the tracks are: "Hey! Sandy" (also "Hey Sandy"), written about Sandra Scheuer In addition "Soldier" a song deriving from the "Troubles" and operation "Banner" in Northern Ireland.
 * Friends of Mine (Cube 1973)
 * Fantasies From a Corner Seat, with Graham Cooper (Transatlantic 1975)
 * Someday (Transatlantic 1976)
 * Margarita (Beeswing 1980)
 * Brand New Day (Polydor 1980)
 * Old Mother Earth (Beeswing 1986)
 * PG (Beeswing 1988)
 * 25 Years On the Road (Hypertension 1989)
 * Spring Again (Hypertension/Ariola 1994)
 * Snaps – The Family Album (Hypertension 1996)
 * The Gift (Hypertension 2001)
 * The Journey (Hypertension 2003)
 * Somewhere in the Stars (Hypertension 2005)
 * Resigning from Today. Transatlantic compilation (Sanctuary 2007)
 * Encore (Haska Music 2013)
 * Life (Haska Music 2014)
 * Soldier (Written 1972)

Harvey Andrews was referenced (presumably with his consent) by Les Barker's Mrs Ackroyd Band on the album Tubular Dogs, in the song "The Harvey Andrews Chorus", using the music of Handel's "Hallelujah Chorus".

title: Harvey Andrews


text:
Les goddams

Les goddams (sometimes les goddems or les goddons ) is an obsolete ethnic slur historically used by the French to refer to the English, based on their frequent expletives. The name originated during the Hundred Years War (1337–1453) between England and France, when English soldiers were notorious among the French for their frequent use of profanity and in particular the interjection "God damn". A more contemporary ethnic slur nowadays is "Les Rosbiff" from the Roast Beef.

Outside France, the name has been used in French-speaking parts of Canada. Related terms have existed outside the French-speaking world: Godames was historically used in Brazil, while Gotama was used in East Africa.

title: Les goddams


text:
Edward Broadbent

Edward Broadbent could refer to:

 * Ed Broadbent (1936–2024), Canadian politician
 * Edward Broadbent (British Army officer) (1875–1944), British Army officer

title: Edward Broadbent


text: User talk:69.180.124.60

title: User talk:69.180.124.60