text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 5, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 5, 2005


text: User talk:66.191.54.137

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:66.191.54.137


text:
FIVB Volleyball World League

The FIVB Volleyball World League was an annual international men's volleyball competition. Created in 1990, it was the longest and richest of all the international events organized by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB). The women's version of the competition was called FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix. This event should not be confused with the other international volleyball competitions, the World Championship, the World Cup and the World Grand Champions Cup.

From 2018, the World League and World Grand Prix was replaced by the men's and women's Nations League and men's and women's Challenger Cup.

Origins

The World League was created in 1990 as part of the intensive marketing programme that would become a distinctive mark of the FIVB's activities near the end of the century. The idea was to promote the sport of volleyball by establishing an annual competition that would appeal to audiences all over the world.

Winners
In the 1990s, the Italians dominated the World League, winning the first three tournaments in 1990, 1991 and 1992. Playing at home, Brazil, at the time the Olympic champions, managed to take the gold in 1993, but Italy regained the title in 1994 and 1995.

In 1996, foreshadowing what would happen just a couple of months later at the Atlanta Olympic Games, the Netherlands beat them in an extremely tight five-set match, before Italy once again won the gold in 1997. In 1998, the winners were Cuba, while in 1999 and 2000 Italy won again.

As can be seen, Italy were clearly the dominant team in the first decade of the World League: from 1990 to 2000, the World League was played 11 times, and Italy took gold eight times, while the remaining three titles were won by three different teams.

Italy's supremacy in the World League began to wane in 2001, when Brazil won a second gold medal, beating the Italians in three straight sets. With further titles each year from 2003 to 2007, and winning another titles in 2009 and 2010, the Brazilians were the preeminent at the start of the 21st century, being also World and Olympic Champions. The interruptions to Brazil's dominance came in 2002, when Russia took the title, and in 2008, with the United States winning gold and gaining positive momentum going into the Beijing Olympics.

Competition formula
The FIVB is constantly adapting the World League's competition formula to improve competitiveness and to make the games more attractive to the audience. Nevertheless, a few basic rules and restrictions will probably remain unchanged in the following years.

 * Teams who participate must provide local media coverage and live TV broadcasting.
 * The competition is divided in at least two phases: a preliminary round (usually called "Intercontinental Round"), with a system of rotating host cities; and one or more final rounds, with one or more host nations.
 * In the preliminary round, teams are organized in pools. Each team plays a total of four matches against all other teams in its pool, two at home, two as visitors. Each pair of matches is played over a weekend.
 * When all the matches of the preliminary round have been played, the top n teams in each pool qualify for the final round(s), and the remaining ones leave the competition. The value of n depends on the number of participating teams and the format that will be employed in the finals.
 * Host nation(s) automatically qualify for the final round(s).
 * The FIVB has tried various formats for the final round(s): Top Six, Top Four, Quarter-Semi-finals (Olympic format). For some years now (2004), the most commonly used is a mixed format: quarterfinalists are organized in two pools, and the top two teams in each pool play semifinals and finals according to the Olympic format.
 * In the preliminary round, a team is usually given the right to work with a list of nineteen players, from which the coach builds the fourteen-player line-up included two liberos (if the team include only one libero in the roster, their max roster number is limited to 12) that will be employed in a particular weekend. For the final round(s), only fourteen players included two liberos are allowed.

Hosts
List of hosts by number of final round championships hosted.

Appearance
Brazil and Italy are the only teams that participated in all editions of the World League. {{legend|#BBF3BB|Team last allocated in Group 1}} {{legend|#BBF3FF|Team last allocated in Group 2}} {{legend|#FFFFBB|Team last allocated in Group 3}} {{legend|#FFFFFF|Team was inactive in the last World League}}

Most valuable player by edition

 * 1990 – 🇮🇹 Andrea Zorzi (ITA)
 * 1991 – 🇮🇹 Andrea Zorzi (ITA)
 * 1992 – 🇮🇹 Lorenzo Bernardi (ITA)
 * 1993 – 🇧🇷 Giovane Gávio (BRA)
 * 1994 – 🇮🇹 Andrea Giani (ITA)
 * 1995 – 🇷🇺 Dmitry Fomin (RUS)
 * 1996 – 🇮🇹 Lorenzo Bernardi (ITA)
 * 1997 – Guido Görtzen
 * 1998 – 🇨🇺 Osvaldo Hernández (CUB)
 * 1999 – 🇨🇺 Osvaldo Hernández (CUB)
 * 2000 – 🇮🇹 Andrea Sartoretti (ITA)
 * 2001 – Ivan Miljković
 * 2002 – Ivan Miljković
 * 2003 – Ivan Miljković
 * 2004 – 🇮🇹 Andrea Sartoretti (ITA)
 * 2005 – Ivan Miljković
 * 2006 – 🇧🇷 Gilberto Godoy Filho (BRA)
 * 2007 – 🇧🇷 Ricardo Garcia (BRA)
 * 2008 – 🇺🇸 Lloy Ball (USA)
 * 2009 – 🇧🇷 Sérgio Santos (BRA)
 * 2010 – 🇧🇷 Murilo Endres (BRA)
 * 2011 – 🇷🇺 Maxim Mikhaylov (RUS)
 * 2012 – 🇵🇱 Bartosz Kurek (POL)
 * 2013 – 🇷🇺 Nikolay Pavlov (RUS)
 * 2014 – 🇺🇸 Taylor Sander (USA)
 * 2015 – 🇫🇷 Earvin N'Gapeth (FRA)
 * 2016 – 🇷🇸 Marko Ivović (SRB)
 * 2017 – 🇫🇷 Earvin N'Gapeth (FRA)

title: FIVB Volleyball World League


text:
List of mitosporic Ascomycota

The mitosporic Ascomycota are a heterogeneous group of ascomycotic fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state (anamorph); many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group.

 * Acremonium
 * Acrodontium
 * Alatospora
 * Anguillospora
 * Antennariella
 * Anungitopsis
 * Aphanocladium
 * Bispora
 * Brachyconidiella
 * Calcarisporium
 * Capnobotryella
 * Cephaliophora
 * Ceratocladium
 * Chaetasbolisia
 * Chaetomella
 * Clathrosporium
 * Colispora
 * Coniosporium
 * Corynespora
 * Curvicladium
 * Cytoplea
 * Dactylaria
 * Duddingtonia
 * Eladia
 * Endoconidioma
 * Engyodontium
 * Flagellospora
 * Fonsecaea
 * Geniculifera
 * Glarea
 * Gliocephalis
 * Goniopila
 * Gonytrichum
 * Gyoerffyella
 * Helminthosporium
 * Hormococcus
 * Humicola
 * Hyphozyma
 * Kabatina
 * Kendrickiella
 * Kloeckera
 * Kumanasamuha
 * Lecophagus
 * Lemonniera
 * Leptodontidium
 * Limaciniaseta
 * Lunulospora
 * Macrophoma
 * Macrophomina
 * Madurella
 * Microsphaeropsis
 * Moniliella
 * Myxocephala
 * Nakataea
 * Neoplaconema
 * Noosia
 * Ochroconis
 * Oosporidium
 * Phaeoisariopsis
 * Phaeomoniella
 * Phaeoramularia
 * Phaeosclera
 * Phaeoseptoria
 * Phaeotheca
 * Phaeotrichoconis
 * Phialemonium
 * Phoma
 * Polycytella
 * Pseudofusarium
 * Pseudotaeniolina
 * Raffaelea
 * Readeriella
 * Rhizopycnis
 * Rhizosphaera
 * Rhynchosporium
 * Robillarda
 * Saitoella
 * Sarcopodium
 * Sarocladium
 * Scleroconidioma
 * Sclerotium
 * Scolecobasidium
 * Scytalidium
 * Sirococcus
 * Spegazzinia
 * Sphaerographium
 * Spicellum
 * Spirosphaera
 * Stachybotrys
 * Stanjemonium
 * Symbiotaphrina
 * Synchaetomella
 * Termitaria
 * Tetrachaetum
 * Tetracladium
 * Thermomyces
 * Tilachlidium
 * Tricellulortus
 * Trichosporonoides
 * Trichothecium
 * Tricladium
 * Tritirachium
 * Tumularia
 * Verticimonosporium
 * Xenochalara
 * Zalerion

title: List of mitosporic Ascomycota


text: User talk:66.169.11.94

title: User talk:66.169.11.94


text:
Jentil

The jentil (or jentilak with the Basque plural), are a race of giants in Basque mythology. This word meaning gentile, from Latin gentilis, was used to refer to pre-Christian civilizations and in particular to the builders of megalithic monuments, to which the other Basque mythical legend the Mairuak are involved too.

The jentil were believed to have lived alongside the Basque people. They were hairy and so tall that they could walk in the sea and throw rocks from one mountain to another. This stone throwing has led to several tales and explanations for ancient stone buildings and large isolated rocks. Even the Basque ball game, pilota, is ascribed to these stone-throwers. The tradition lives on in the Basque power games of stone lifting and throwing. Some attributed to the jentil the defeat of Roland in the Battle of Roncevaux, where the Basques defeated the Frankish army by throwing rocks on them. The giants were believed to have created the neolithic monuments, such as dolmens, found around the Basque Country.

They also were said to have invented metallurgy and the saw and first grew wheat, teaching humans to farm. However, they were unwilling to move to the valleys from the mountains, with a certain unwillingness to progress. They disappeared into the earth under a dolmen in the Arratzaren valley in Navarra when a portentous luminous cloud – perhaps a star – appeared, said to have heralded the birth of Christ (Kixmi) and the end of the jentil age. Other stories say jentil threw themselves from a mountain. Only Olentzero remained, a giant who appears at Christmas and is reproduced as straw dolls.

There are many structures and places around the Basque Country with jentil in their name, generally referring to pagan or ancient places, supposedly built by the jentil. Dolmens are  jentilarri or jentiletxe, harrespil are jentilbaratz, caves can be jentilzulo or jentilkoba.

title: Jentil


text:
Talk:Foraminifera

Foraminiferea at depth
Foraminifera found on the top centimetre of sediment at Challenger Deep, 10,896m below the surface. One diffrence is these foraminifera have a soft shell, unlike those found in shallow depth which has hard shell. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Wk_muriithi (talk • contribs). 00:48, 5 February 2005 (UTC)

 * Organic-walled forams can be found at shallow depths as well. The people who study forams were excited about the Challenger Deep discovery because their study organisms now have the distinction of being some of the deepest-dwelling creatures!

 * Safay 20:02, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Their role in the formation of sand
Could someone please explain how these forams contribute to the formation of sand? Some information on the subject can be found at http://www.susanscott.net/Oceanwatch2002/mar1-02.html

Thanks for the Susan Scott article link.

In tropical places where there is not a lot of input of terrestrial material, the white sand is made of calcium carbonate. That calcium carbonate comes from broken up coral, broken shells of molluscs, echinoderms, and othermarine animals, calcareous algae like Halimeda, and the tests of foraminifera. The tests of foraminifera sometimes makes up a significant proportion of the sand. In Kudaka Island in Japan, the sand on the backreef is almost entirely made up of foram tests. So these tiny creatures, which live on the reef or on the surface of the sand, die and leave behind their tests.

Foraminifera have been refered to as "Living Sands" by John J. Lee, in my estimation the greatest living contributor to foram biology. If you have access to academic journals, he has written an excellent general introduction to endosymbiont-bearing forams: John J. Lee, 1995. Living Sands. BioScience 45(4):252-60.

Safay 20:02, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Not all forams are marine
Not all modern forams are marine, although all planktic ones (and all testate benthics) are. Modern molecular work groups numerous 'naked' non-testate benthic forms inside the foraminiferal clade, some of which are freshwater.Badgerpatrol 04:32, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Can you provide a reference? Various non-testate amoebae used to be considered forams, but last I heard molecular work only supported the inclusion of Reticulomyxa, and that was only two or three years ago. Josh

Hi Josh- The ones I was particularly thinking of were Nature 399, 27, 1999 'Naked foraminiferans revealed', Pawlowski et al., and 'The evolution of early Foraminifera', Pawlowski et al., PNAS, 2003, 100, 20, 11494-11498 (full text here), but a quick glance at the web also reveals Pawlowski et al. 'Molecular evidence that Reticulomyxa filosa is a freshwater naked foraminifer' J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1999, 46(6):612-7. (abstract here), 'Molecular phylogeny of Foraminifera a review' Pawlowski and Holzmann European Journal of Protistology, 38, 1,2002,1-10 (abstract) and especially 'Freshwater Foraminiferans Revealed by Analysis of Environmental DNA Samples' The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 50, 2, 135-139 (abstract). Although all of these come from the same research group (largely because few others are working in this area, I think), the evidence for placement of FW protists within the foram clade seems now to be quite strong. I must stress that my knowledge of benthic forams is very scant and it is very likely that you will have a greater familiarity with the literature! Cheers, Badgerpatrol 00:06, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I didn't realize Reticulomyxa was freshwater or know about the environmental samples, but I should have remembered some of the simple-shell forams are, given that I mentioned such another page. Thanks. Josh

Note here that there is a disjunct between the systematics and phylogenetics - the evidence so far says that the reticulomyxa nest within the (clade including all) foraminifera, but I don't think there has been a revision to the taxonomy. I think everyone is waiting for more data to come in before shaking up the taxonomy - the papers you cite above, as far as I remember, only include sequence data from a single locus. I'd say that more loci need to be sequenced and more exemplars need to be included in the analysis before anyone is ready to "definitively" revise the taxonomy. Safay 06:09, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

On a similar note, my understanding was that planktic forams, unlike benthics, were (I think...) exclusively sexually reproductive?Badgerpatrol 00:11, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Plain English
I think this article is a bit to technical for the neophyte. I would love to see it broken down a bit more into plain English, for the rest of us! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Margareta (talk • contribs).

I agree. It is important to have the technical information included, but I think it would be nice if the introduction was limited to discussion the layman could understand. Pafferguy (talk) 17:52, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Cite references
In-text citations in general and introductory artcles may be nice to have, but are superfluous. End of article references in this case should suffice. In-text citations are only critical in professional, academic, (and original) works of science.

I noticed you don't have a reference for the number of extinct or fossil forams.

I don't know how to add references (yet), and haven't taken the time (yet) to track down the original article, but I ran across this website: http://web.archive.org/web/19990203140657/gly.fsu.edu/tour/article_7.html

"Evolution at Sea - a Complete Fossil Record from the Ocean Upholds Darwin's Gradualism Theories" adapted from an article that first appeared in Research in Review, published by Florida State University, on-line article revised Oct. 1997

and it has this statement in it:

About 330 species of living and extinct planktonic forams have been classified so far. After thorough examinations of marine sediments collected from around the world, micropaleontologists now suspect these are just about all the free-floating forams that ever existed.

They have also classified them and tracked their evolution for over 500,000 years with a virtually complete record of the transistions. Good reading.

This may be an online version of the original article: http://web.archive.org/web/19990504095208/www.gly.fsu.edu/tour/article_3.html

It has much the same information and an earlier date (1995)

paul 12:49, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

 * There are a lot more than 330 (planktonic species- there are many thousands of recognised species overall, if benthics are included also), but the exact number depends largely on personal opinion. Different workers synonymise species as they see fit; given recent work, it's probable that there are actually (i.e. phylogenetically defined) at least several thousand planktonic species (although it may not be possible to recognise all or even most of these). Off the top of my head, I'd suggest that there are maybe 2-3 thousand described species, most of which are obviously synonymous. Loeblich and Tappan may give an exact estimate of actual planktonic diversity in one of their papers. I doubt if that particular journal is peer-reviewed (sounds like a faculty newsletter or similar) but if it is then why not put it in as a placemarker for now, if the actual printed paper can be located. Badgerpatrol 15:33, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Evolutionary significance
Someone suggested to me that this article would/should be improved with coverage of Foraminifera's unique evolutionary significance. Foraminifera are absolutely unparalleled in their ultra high resolution continuous and complete fossil record record documenting their evolutionary history, making them exceptionally important and exceptionally common subjects of research testing and examining the process of evolution in exceptional detail. The section needs work and citations (I'm not comfortable coding citations yet). If someone wants to add proper citations, take a look at this page: http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=299009&cid=20648249 for some potential references to cite which cover most of the information I added. Note: I kept the section deliberately short... maybe too short. I almost didn't add the section at all out of an excess of caution *not* wanting to hijack the Foraminifera article into an evolution advocacy platform, but on careful consideration I decided that the information was specifically significant to Foraminifera and definitely did warrant coverage here. Even if one rejects evolution, Foraminifera's unique usage by in evolutionary research is undeniable and quite notable. Any evolution doubters who happen to learn that transitional fossils really *do* exist is certainly welcome gravy :), but it is not justification for putting an evolution lecture here. Alsee 15:08, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * No right-thinking person rejects evolution, it's a manifest fact. There is legitimate debate over the mechanism of evolution. I wouldn't allow fear of upsetting extremists affect your editing here on Wikipedia. Badgerpatrol 16:13, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

taxon ranks and other things
As one who studied micropaleontology and especially forams rather intensely some years back I'm not sure some of the new taxnomic perspectives (if they are that) are all that helpful. Some of the newer names such as Rhizaria and Retaria look like synonyms or quasi-synonyms for previously established names like Sarcodina and Rhizopoda.

Confusing too is the mix of ranked and unranked taxa (an oxymoron), i.e. in groupes, out groups, up groups, and down groups. Am I getting confused with quarks? Any valid group can be a taxon. Persnickety rank is not important, but sequential position is. If an unranked but valid group comes between a class and an order, name it a subclass or superorder. If it comes between an order and a family, name it a suborder or superfamily, either one will do.

What becomes a problems is when a taxon, such as Foraminiferida, which is normally ranked as an order is suddenly elevated two steps to a phyllum. It's one thing to think of formanifera as either an order or superorder, or even a subclass. It's quite another to accept it as a superclass, subphyllum or phylllum. It doesn't work well in the greater scheme of things.

JM converse —Preceding undated comment added 00:50, 15 September 2009 (UTC).

Wrong Kingdom
Formaminifera is a taxon in the Kingdom Protozoa, alternatively Protista, or Protoctista, not Rhizaria. It may be in the Rhizaria, but Rhizaria is only an infrakingdom, as defined by Cavalier-Smith(2004), not a Kingdom.

The Wikipedia taxobox set with Rhizaria as a kingdom is in my view wrong and should be replaced with one in which the Kingdom actually follows Cavalier-Smith, Margulis, or other published expert.

For now the higher taxonomic relationships of foraminifera are misleading.

JM(talk) —Preceding undated comment added 00:40, 3 October 2009 (UTC).
 * Well, I tried to adjust the taxobox to infer that Rhizaria is a taxon within Protista, but, then that wound up screwing up the taxobox. We may need to have the template tweaked somehow.--Mr Fink (talk) 00:55, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

08:18, 19 October 2010 (UTC)08:18, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Rain forest soil
I think that the note about one species living in rain forest soil is wrong. There is a tropical rain forest termite species named Homallotermes foraminifer (Edwards et al., 1996), which probably has caused the confusion. Can someone confirm? Edwards, D.S.; Booth, W.E.; Choy, S.C. (Eds.) 1996. Tropical Rainforest Research - Current Issues. Series: Monographiae Biologicae, Vol. 74, 1996, 570 p. ISBN: 978-0-7923-4038-6 Don Richardo 08:12, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

 * No, nothing is wrong with it. Check http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphoallogromia_australica Regards, Denis Barthel (talk) 20:36, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

What, no Class?
The taxobox jumps from Phylum Foraminifera to a list of foraminiferal orders, leaving out the intervening taxonomic rank. This can be solved by referring to the Foraminifera as a Class rather than a Phylum, which is commonly done, and referring the Phylum to the Granuloreticulosa. J.H.McDonnell (talk) 16:47, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

Phylum or class? Most paleontologists use phylum.
If it helps in this dispute over the higher levels of taxonomy, I can add that most paleontologists (like me) use "Phylum Foraminifera". You can check this in Google Scholar with a simple search of recent papers. It is a continuing discussion, though. There are professional advocates for several higher taxonomic schemes. Wilson44691 (talk) 12:04, 2 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Just came across this. Phylum Foraminifera is perfectly OK and there are good arguments for it. However those arguments do just as well for Class Foraminifera. If Phylum is used, the appropriate class should be included before what ever Order is presented. By the way when I took micropaleo back in the early '60s it was Order Foraminiferida. J.H.McDonnell (talk) 21:37, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * That is half a century ago though, and molecular phylogenetics has radically changed the understanding of Forams.-- Kev min  § 15:04, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

Foraminifera as a Climate Proxy
While this article describes how Foraminifera may be used to reconstruct climate it does not use the correct term in doing so. That term is climate proxy, and should be added to this article. Though the descriptions of data analyses processes (isotopic ratios) are also covered the article does not touch on the limitations of the proxy method, and rather presents an overly awestruck view of the method. I would suggest the insertion of a segment on how, as forams can be used to reconstruct the ancient environment, they only provide data from limited oceanic contexts which must be combined with other proxies to create comprehensive models. Additionally, perhaps it would make more sense to have separate paragraphs on the forams contributions to paleoclimatology/oceanography instead of combining it all into one. While the cited article on forams as a proxy is good, here are two other peer-reviewed articles which focus more completely on studying or utilizing forams: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v390/n6659/full/390497a0.html http://science.sciencemag.org/content/289/5485/1719.full Lastly I would also suggest the addition of a figure to illustrate the relation of isotpic concentrations in foraminifera and temperature to complement the dense wording. Would appreciate feedback, I'm new at this. LMPrudh (talk) 02:51, 23 February 2017 (UTC)LMPrudh

Foraminifera as a proxy
1) Weaknesses of the foraminifera as a proxy method are not addressed. Strengths are that they are diverse, abundant, and complex. Examination of chemical isotopes within them can reveal information for different climate aspects. Their existence gives insight to the kind of conditions they lived in when the sediments were produced. There are practically no data analyses indicating what has been found with foraminifera as a proxy. But the article does talk about how isotopes can be analyzed for information. Although the article addresses their uses as a proxy, it does not tell of the assumption that the marine sediments have not moved around throughout time therefore moving the foraminifera around. 2) Some of the peer reviewed articles are from the early 2000s whereas there have been discoveries/improvements in their uses as proxies since then. Babila, Tali Lea. Boron/Calcium in planktonic foraminifera: proxy development and application to the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Diss. Rutgers University-Graduate School-New Brunswick, 2014.

Pak, Dorothy K., et al. "Foraminiferal proxy response to ocean temperature variability and acidification over the last 150 years in the Santa Barbara Basin (California)." Quaternary International (2016).

Here are sources from 2014 and 2016 not in the article.

3) In terms of improving the article, it seems that there should be some figures or graphs displaying the information that has been gathered from the foraminifera. Also there could be a section on how the proxy of foraminifera indicate climate change in the past and today.

Matricardi.3 (talk) 06:52, 23 February 2017 (UTC)Jenal Matricardi

Foraminifera Proxy Data
This article goes well in depth about the Foraminifera with regards to the biology and different forms. However, the article just throws the importance of Foraminifera towards climate proxy data into a small paragraph included in the "Uses" part of the article. From the small section on climate proxy use, the article describes how the various forms of Foraminifera fossils are examined in ocean sediment samples to describe the history of Earth's climate. Some analyses include the stable isotope ratios in the shells of the Foraminifera, the trace elements found within the shells, and the types of environments they are found in describe the environment they lived in millions of years ago. This article mentions the strengths of using Foraminifera as proxy data but does not include the struggles scientists encounter trying to collect samples and fossils. It also does not describe how scientists retrieve samples for scientific studies. Aside from these criticisms the article has many great pictures and illustrations of the different forms of Foraminifera. The article also has a few links that are colored red that take you to an empty page on the Wikipedia website. The recommendations that could be useful would be finding relevant references to replace these red color coded links and to include more information on how Foraminifera are retrieved from the ocean sediments.

Here are some helpful articles that could be useful to contribute to these recommendations:

Kevinoravecz (talk) 07:15, 23 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Foraminifera. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://myweb.dal.ca/jmarchib/2007.Adl.Syst.biol.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111003031806/http://www.eforams.icsr.agh.edu.pl/index.php/TAXONOMY to http://www.eforams.icsr.agh.edu.pl/index.php/TAXONOMY
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070810004729/http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/frame02.htm to http://www.paleontology.uni-bonn.de/frame02.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080609213132/http://starcentral.mbl.edu/mv/portal.php?pagetitle=index to http://starcentral.mbl.edu/mv/portal.php?pagetitle=index
 * Added tag to http://www.chronos.org/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:45, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Oceanic acidification.
There is a point in the section "Uses" which quite correctly says that "Because calcium carbonate is susceptible to dissolution in acidic conditions", acidification in the oceans is likely harmful to foraminifera. It is perfectly correct in referring to the reduction of alkalinity by carbon dioxide as "acidification". It is my understanding that the problem is worse than that. It arises from acidification to the point of pH=8.0, which is still "alkaline" to a litmus test. I suggest a change in the text in "Because calcium carbonate is susceptible to dissolution in acidic conditions" from "acidic conditions" to "insufficiently alkaline conditions". I mention this because people who deny "climate change" hold that acidification means making the oceans acidic, i.e. pH < 7.0. DaveyHume (talk) 21:09, 3 February 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Foraminifera life cycle.png

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:37, 25 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Foraminifera life cycle.png

title: Talk:Foraminifera


text:
User:Yafujifide

Symbolically:

$$S=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{2^{n}}=\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{16} + ...$$

Clearly,

$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{2^{n}}=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \bigg(\frac{1}{2}\bigg)^{n}$$

This is a geometric series of the form $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty ar^{n-1}$$ where $$a=\frac{1}{2}$$, $$r=\frac{1}{2}$$, and $$S=\frac{a}{1-r}$$. Therefore,

$$S=\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{1-\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{\frac{1}{2}}{\frac{1}{2}}=1$$

...

$$\sum_{n=\infty}^1 \frac{1}{2^{n}}=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{2^{n}}$$

In other words:

$$... + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{16} + ...$$

title: User:Yafujifide


text:
Sam Huff

Robert Lee "Sam" Huff (October 4, 1934 – November 13, 2021) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants and the Washington Redskins. He played college football for the West Virginia Mountaineers. He is a member of both the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame (inducted 1982).

Early life
Huff was born and grew up in the No. 9 coal mining camp in Edna, West Virginia. The fourth of six children of Oral and Catherine Huff, he lived with his family in a small rowhouse with no running water. Huff grew up during the Great Depression while his father and two of his brothers worked in the coal mines loading buggies for Consolidated Mining.

Huff attended and played high school football at the now-closed Farmington High School, where he was both an offensive and defensive lineman. While he was there, Huff helped lead the team to an undefeated season in 1951. He earned All-State honors in 1952 and was named to the first-team All-Mason Dixon Conference.

College career
Huff attended and played college football for West Virginia University, where he majored in physical education. He started at guard as a sophomore, then as a tackle his next two years, after winning a letter as a backup guard during his freshman season. He was a four-year letterman and helped lead West Virginia to a combined four-year mark of 31–7 and a berth in the Sugar Bowl.

In 1955, Huff was voted an All-American and served as co-captain in both the East–West Shrine Game and the Senior Bowl. Huff was also named first team Academic All-American for his outstanding efforts in the classroom.

New York Giants (1956–1963)
Huff was drafted in the third round of the 1956 NFL draft by the New York Giants. In training camp, head coach Jim Lee Howell was having a hard time coming up with a position for Huff. Discouraged, Huff left camp, but was stopped at the airport by assistant (offensive) coach Vince Lombardi, who coaxed him back to camp.

Then, defensive coordinator Tom Landry came up with the new 4–3 defensive scheme that he thought would fit Huff perfectly. The Giants switched him from the line to middle linebacker behind Ray Beck. Huff liked the position because he could keep his head up and use his superb peripheral vision to see the whole field. On October 7, 1956, in a game against the Chicago Cardinals, Beck was injured and Huff was put into his first professional game. He then helped the Giants win five consecutive games and they finished with an 8–3–1 record, which gave them the Eastern Conference title. New York went on to win the 1956 NFL Championship Game and Huff became the first rookie middle linebacker to start an NFL championship game.

In 1958, the Giants again won the East and Huff played in the 1958 NFL Championship Game. The championship, which became widely known as "The Greatest Game Ever Played", was the first National Football League (NFL) game to go into sudden death overtime. The final score was Baltimore Colts 23, New York Giants 17.

In 1959, Huff and the Giants again went to the NFL Championship Game, which ended in a 31–16 loss to the Colts. Also that year, Huff became the first NFL player to be featured on the cover of Time magazine on November 30, 1959. He almost passed up the magazine appearance, demanding money to be interviewed, but relented when Time agreed to give him the cover portrait. Huff was also the subject of an October 31, 1960 CBS television special, "The Violent World of Sam Huff", broadcast as an episode of the Walter Cronkite-hosted anthology series The Twentieth Century. The network wired Huff for sound in practice and in an exhibition game.

The Giants then visited the championship under new coach Allie Sherman in 1961, 1962, and 1963, but lost every one of them. To improve what he thought was a defensive problem, Sherman then traded many defensive players, including Cliff Livingston, Rosey Grier, and Dick Modzelewski. After these trades, Huff went to owner Wellington Mara and was assured he would not be traded. But in 1964, Giants head coach Allie Sherman traded Huff to the Washington Redskins for defensive tackle Andy Stynchula and running back Dick James. The trade made front-page news in New York City and was greeted with jeers from Giants fans, who crowded Yankee Stadium yelling "Huff-Huff-Huff-Huff."

Huff played in four consecutive Pro Bowls with the Giants from 1959 through 1963. He was named most valuable player of the 1961 Pro Bowl.

Washington Redskins (1964–1967, 1969)
Huff joined the Redskins in 1964 and they agreed to pay him $30,000 in salary and $5,000 for scouting, compared to the $19,000 he would have made another year with New York. The impact Huff had was almost immediate and the Redskins' defense was ranked second in the NFL in 1965.

On November 27, 1966, Huff and the Redskins beat his former Giant teammates 72–41, in the highest-scoring game in league history. After an ankle injury in 1967 ended his streak of 150 straight games played Huff retired in 1968.

Vince Lombardi talked Huff out of retirement in 1969 when he was named Washington's head coach. The Redskins went 7–5–2 and had their best season since 1955 (which kept Lombardi's record of never having coached a losing NFL team intact). Huff then retired for good after 14 seasons and 30 career interceptions. He spent one season coaching the Redskins' linebackers in 1970 following Lombardi's death from colon cancer.

Business
After leaving the NFL, Huff took a position with J. P. Stevens in New York City as a textiles sales representative. He later joined the Marriott Corporation as a salesman in 1971, rising to vice president of sports marketing before retiring in 1998. While with Marriott, Huff was responsible for selling over 600,000 room nights via a partnership between the NFL and Marriott that booked teams into Marriott branded hotels for away games. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he was a spokesman for Marlboro cigarettes.

Commentator
After retiring from football, Huff spent three seasons as a color commentator for the Giants radio team and then moved on in the same capacity to the Redskins Radio Network, where he remained until his retirement at the end of the 2012 season, calling games alongside former Redskins teammate Sonny Jurgensen and play-by-play announcers Frank Herzog (1979–2004) and Larry Michael (2005–2012). He was also a broadcaster for a regionally syndicated TV package of Mountaineer football games in the mid-1980s.

Honors
In 1982, Huff became the second WVU player to be inducted into both the College and Pro football Halls of Fame. In 1988, he was inducted into the WVU School of Physical Education Hall of Fame and, in 1991 he was inducted into the WVU Sports Hall of Fame.

In 1999, Huff was inducted into the National High School Hall of Fame and was ranked number 76 on the Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.

In 2001, Huff was ranked number six on Sports Illustrated's list of West Virginia's 50 Greatest Athletes. In 2005, Huff's uniform number 75 was retired by West Virginia University.

Horse breeding and racing
In 1986 Huff began breeding thoroughbred racehorses at Sporting Life Farm in Middleburg, Virginia. His filly, Bursting Forth, won the 1998 Matchmaker Handicap. He also helped establish the West Virginia Breeders' Classic.

Politics
In 1970, Huff ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, but lost in the West Virginia Democratic primary for the 1st district against Bob Mollohan by more than 19,000 votes.

Illness and death
Huff was diagnosed with dementia in 2013. He died at the age of 87 at a hospital in Winchester, Virginia, on November 13, 2021.

title: Sam Huff


text:
Invariance theorem

Invariance theorem may refer to:
 * Invariance of domain, a theorem in topology
 * A theorem pertaining to Kolmogorov complexity
 * A result in classical mechanics for adiabatic invariants
 * A theorem of algorithmic probability

title: Invariance theorem


text:
List of English abbreviations made by shortening words

This is a list of common abbreviations in the English language.

A

 * ab
 * abdominal muscle (slang)
 * abalone
 * abscess (slang)

 * ad
 * advantage (tennis)
 * advertisement

 * advert
 * advertisement

 * addy
 * [email] address

 * admin
 * administrator
 * administration

 * afish
 * aficionado

 * ag
 * agriculture (informal)

 * aggro
 * aggravation or aggression

 * agit-prop
 * agitational propaganda

 * alky
 * an alcoholic

 * amp
 * ampere
 * amphetamine (as in "amped up")
 * amplifier
 * amputation or amputee
 * ampoule
 * amplify

 * app
 * application

 * arco
 * arcology

 * Argie
 * Argentine, Argentinian

 * Aspie
 * Someone with Asperger syndrome

 * auto
 * automobile
 * automatic

 * av or avvie (also avvy)
 * avatar

B

 * bennies
 * benzedrine (slang)
 * benefits

 * bevvy
 * beverage (usu. alcoholic)

 * bi
 * bisexual (slang)

 * bike
 * bicycle

 * bio
 * biology
 * biography (informal)

 * Birks
 * Birkenstocks

 * biz
 * business (informal)

 * black ops
 * black operations

 * bod
 * body (slang/informal)

 * bookie
 * bookmaker

 * bra
 * brassiere

 * bread
 * bread and honey (money)

 * bro
 * brother (slang)

 * bronc
 * bronco

 * bronto
 * Brontosaurus

 * bud
 * buddy (informal)

 * budgie
 * budgerigar

 * bunk
 * bunkum

C

 * cab
 * Cabernet Sauvignon
 * cabriolet

 * caff (UK slang)
 * café

 * cal
 * calorie (in combination, especially "lo-cal")

 * Cal or Cali
 * California
 * Calcutta

 * cam
 * camera
 * camouflage

 * camo
 * camouflage

 * Can
 * Canada or Canadian (in combination)

 * cap
 * captain
 * lie (informal)

 * caps
 * capitals

 * carbs
 * carbohydrates

 * cardio
 * cardiovascular training (aerobic exercise)

 * cat
 * catalytic converter
 * catamaran

 * chem
 * chemistry

 * chemo
 * chemotherapy

 * Chevy
 * Chevrolet

 * chimp
 * chimpanzee

 * cig
 * cigarette

 * cishet or cis-het
 * cisgender-heterosexual

 * civ
 * civilization

 * civvy or civvie
 * civilian

 * civvies
 * civilian clothes (military slang)

 * clit
 * clitoris

 * coed
 * coeducational

 * coke
 * cocaine

 * Coke
 * Coca-Cola

 * com
 * command
 * communication (especially in combinations)

 * combi or combo
 * combination

 * Commie
 * Communist

 * con
 * confidence trick
 * convention
 * convict

 * condo
 * condominium

 * congrats
 * congratulations

 * contacts
 * contact lenses

 * co-op
 * cooperative

 * corp
 * corporation

 * cred
 * credibility

 * crip
 * cripple

 * croc
 * crocodile

 * curio
 * curiosity

 * cuz
 * cousin
 * cousin

 * cyber
 * cybernetic (especially in combination)

D

 * decaf
 * decaffeinated

 * decal
 * decalcomania

 * decij
 * decision

 * deco
 * decoration

 * deets
 * details

 * defrag
 * defragment

 * deli
 * delicatessen

 * delish
 * delicious

 * Dem
 * Democrat

 * demo
 * demonstration
 * demolition

 * derm
 * dermatologist
 * dermatological

 * depict
 * depicture

 * detox
 * detoxification

 * dicot
 * dicotyledon

 * dif (or diff)
 * difference

 * digi
 * digital

 * digi cabes
 * digital cable

 * dino
 * dinosaur

 * dis (or diss)
 * disrespect

 * disco
 * discotheque

 * doc
 * doctor
 * document

 * dorm
 * dormitory

 * Dub
 * Dubliner

E

 * e-
 * electronic (e.g. email, efit, emeter)

 * ed
 * education

 * emo
 * emotional

 * ep
 * episode

 * eppie, eppy
 * epileptic seizure

 * ex
 * ex-(boyfriend, wife, etc.)
 * exhibition
 * war exercise

 * exam
 * examination

 * exec
 * executive

 * expo
 * exposition

F

 * fab
 * fabrication
 * fabulous

 * fan
 * fanatic

 * fav
 * favorite

 * fed
 * federal

 * frack
 * fracture

 * frag
 * fragmentation grenade, also verb: to kill with such a grenade.

 * frank
 * frankfurter

 * fridge
 * refrigerator

G

 * ganj
 * ganja

 * gas
 * gasoline

 * gat
 * Gatling gun

 * gig
 * gigabyte

 * gin
 * Geneva

 * glutes
 * gluteus maximus

 * go fig
 * go figure

 * gov, guv
 * governor
 * government

 * grad
 * graduate (or graduation, as in "grad night")

 * gran, granny
 * grandmother

 * guac
 * guacamole

 * gym
 * gymnasium

H

 * ham, hammy
 * hamster

 * hash
 * hashish

 * hep
 * hepatitis

 * hetero or het
 * heterosexual

 * hifi
 * high fidelity system

 * hi(gh) res
 * high resolution

 * hippo
 * hippopotamus

 * homo
 * homosexual
 * homogenized (milk)

 * hydro
 * hydroelectricity
 * hydrotherapy
 * hydrothermal
 * hydroponic

 * hype
 * hyperbole

 * hypo
 * hypodermic

 * hyper
 * hyperactive

I

 * Inc
 * Incorporated

 * indie, indy
 * independence, independent
 * independent music
 * independent film

 * Indy 500
 * Indianapolis 500

 * inf
 * infinitely

 * info
 * information

 * infra dig
 * infra dignitatem (beneath one's dignity) (borrowed from Latin)

 * inti
 * intifada

 * intro
 * introduction

 * ipecac
 * ipecacuanha

 * Itey
 * Italian (offensive)

J

 * Jap
 * Japanese (offensive)

 * Jerry
 * German (offensive, historical)

K

 * kilo
 * kilogram

 * klepto
 * kleptomaniac

L

 * lab
 * laboratory
 * (cap.) Labrador retriever

 * lav, lavvy
 * lavatory

 * legit
 * legitimate

 * les, lez, or lesbo
 * lesbian

 * lib
 * liberal
 * liberation
 * library (computer science)
 * (cap.) Libertarian

 * Lib-Lab
 * Liberal-Labour (UK)

 * limo
 * limousine

 * lino
 * linoleum
 * Linotype machine

 * lit
 * literature

 * lit crit
 * literary criticism

 * lo-cal
 * low-calorie

 * log
 * logarithm

M

 * mac
 * macadam
 * macaroni
 * (with initial capital) Apple Macintosh
 * McIntosh apple
 * (or mack) mackintosh

 * macro
 * macroinstruction

 * mag
 * magazine
 * magnet
 * magnification
 * magnesium alloy wheels
 * magnum

 * Man United
 * Manchester United F.C.

 * Mass
 * Massachusetts

 * maths (UK) or math (U.S.)
 * mathematics

 * matric
 * matriculation

 * max
 * maximum

 * mayo
 * mayonnaise

 * med, meds
 * medication
 * medic
 * (with initial capital) Mediterranean (the sea or the surrounding area)

 * meg
 * megabyte

 * memo
 * memorandum

 * meth
 * methamphetamine

 * meths
 * methylated spirits

 * Mex or Mexi
 * Mexican

 * mezc
 * mescaline

 * mike or mic
 * microphone

 * mig
 * milligram mg

 * mil
 * military
 * millilitre

 * Minn
 * Minnesota

 * Miss
 * Mississippi

 * mod
 * moderator
 * modern
 * modification
 * modular
 * modulo

 * mono
 * monaural
 * monochrome
 * mononucleosis

 * monocot
 * monocotyledon

 * movie
 * feature film (i.e. moving picture)

N

 * natch
 * naturally

 * neg
 * negative

 * negs
 * (photographic) negatives
 * negative hits

 * net
 * Internet

 * neocon
 * neoconservative

 * neolib
 * neoliberal

 * Newfy
 * Newfoundlander

 * Nip
 * A Japanese (derogatory, Nipponese)

 * nympho
 * nymphomaniac

O

 * op
 * optical art
 * optical
 * operation
 * operator
 * opportunity

 * op-ed
 * "opposite the editorial (page)", possibly "Opinion-Editorial" page

 * orang
 * orangutan

P

 * Paki
 * Pakistani (pejorative)

 * Paleo diet
 * Paleolithic diet

 * pants
 * pantaloons

 * pap, paps
 * paparazzi

 * pec
 * pectoral muscle

 * peeps
 * people (slang)

 * Peke
 * Pekingese

 * Penn
 * Pennsylvania

 * perk
 * perquisite

 * perp
 * perpetrator (slang)

 * perv
 * pervert

 * photo
 * photograph (informal)

 * photo op
 * photo(graphic) opportunity

 * phys ed
 * physical education (informal)

 * piano
 * pianoforte

 * pic (plural pics or pix)
 * (motion) picture (slang)
 * (photographic) picture (slang)

 * pol
 * politician (informal)

 * polio
 * poliomyelitis

 * poly
 * polyamorous
 * polyester
 * polyethylene
 * polygraph (U.S. government, as in "full scope poly")
 * polymer
 * Polynesian
 * polytechnic

 * po-mo
 * post-modern

 * pop
 * popular (informal)
 * popular music

 * porn or porno
 * pornography (slang)

 * postgrad
 * postgraduate

 * pram
 * perambulator, a baby carriage

 * prefs
 * preferences

 * preg
 * pregnant

 * prelim
 * preliminary (examination)

 * prep
 * preparatory

 * pres or prez
 * president

 * pro
 * professional

 * prof
 * professor

 * prom
 * promenade

 * promo
 * promotion

 * prop
 * propaganda
 * propeller
 * proposition
 * property (especially in theater sense)

 * psych
 * psychology

 * psycho
 * psychopath

 * pub
 * publication
 * public house

 * pullie
 * pullover

 * pulsar
 * pulsating
 * star

 * pyro
 * pyromaniac
 * pyrotechnic

Q

 * quad
 * quadrangle (courtyard)
 * quadruplet
 * quadriceps muscles
 * quadcopter (quad-engine helicopter)
 * quadbike (New Zealand)

 * quin, quint (U.S. and Canada)
 * quintuplet

R

 * rad
 * radian
 * radiator
 * radical
 * (military) radio

 * radfem
 * radical feminist

 * radio
 * radiotelegraphy

 * raspberry, razzy
 * raspberry tart (fart; more commonly, the derisive sound made with the tongue and lips; a Bronx cheer)

 * rasp
 * raspberry

 * Rasta
 * Rastafarian

 * Reb
 * Rebel (i.e., Confederate)

 * rec
 * recreation
 * (all capital) record

 * recon, reccy
 * reconnaissance

 * ref
 * referee
 * reference

 * reg
 * registration (, of a motor vehicle)
 * regulation

 * rehab
 * rehabilitation

 * rep
 * repetition
 * representative
 * (with initial capital) Republican
 * reputation

 * repo
 * repossession
 * repo man – repossession person

 * res
 * reserve (Indian or military)
 * residence
 * resolution

 * resp
 * respiratory

 * retro
 * retro-rocket
 * retrospective

 * rev
 * revolution (of a record, engine, etc.)
 * reverend

 * rhino
 * rhinoceros

 * ril
 * really

 * Rhodie
 * Rhodesian ridgeback
 * Rhodesian
 * Rhode Island red

 * Rolls
 * a Rolls-Royce

 * ruck
 * rucksack

 * rum
 * rumbullion (obsolete)

S

 * sales rep
 * sales representative

 * San Fran
 * San Francisco

 * sarge
 * sergeant

 * sarky (UK)
 * sarcastic

 * Satch
 * Joe Satriani

 * sax
 * saxophone

 * schizo
 * schizophrenic

 * Scottie
 * Scottish Terrier

 * scrum
 * scrummage (now mostly used in rugby football)

 * Sea-Tac
 * Seattle-Tacoma

 * sec
 * second
 * secant

 * Semper Fi!
 * Semper Fidelis

 * sig
 * significant (figures)
 * signal
 * (Internet) signature

 * sim
 * simulation

 * sis
 * sister

 * soph
 * sophomore

 * sosh
 * social (in the context of social security number)

 * spats
 * spatterdashes

 * spec
 * specialist
 * specification
 * speculation

 * specs
 * specifications
 * spectacles

 * sperm
 * spermaceti
 * spermatozoön

 * staph
 * staphylococcus

 * stat
 * statim (borrowed from Latin)

 * stats
 * statistics

 * steno
 * stenographer

 * stereo
 * stereophony

 * strep
 * streptococcus

 * stude
 * student

 * sub
 * subaltern
 * subeditor
 * subsidiary
 * sublieutenant
 * submarine
 * subordinate
 * subscriber
 * (especially as subs) subscription
 * subsistence money (an advance payment)
 * substitute
 * subway

 * sum
 * summarize

 * sus (or suss)
 * suspect

 * sush
 * sushi

 * sync or synch
 * synchronization
 * syncopation

 * synth
 * synthesizer

 * syph
 * syphilis

T

 * tab
 * tabulation

 * tan
 * tangent

 * tarp
 * tarpaulin

 * taxi or taxicab
 * taximeter cabriolet

 * tech
 * technician
 * technology

 * techno
 * technology

 * teddy
 * teddy bear

 * teen
 * teenager, teenage

 * tele or telly
 * television

 * terb
 * terrible

 * titfer
 * tit for tat (hat)

 * tog
 * obsolete togeman, from obsolete French togue, cloak, from Latin toga, garment

 * trad
 * tradition(al)

 * tranny
 * transmission
 * transsexual or transgender (slur/offensive)
 * transistor radio (obsolete)

 * tranq
 * tranquilizer

 * trans
 * transgender

 * trig
 * trigonometry

 * Trot
 * Trotskyite

 * turp, turps
 * turpentine

 * tux
 * tuxedo

 * twofer
 * two for one, two for the price of one

 * typo
 * typographical error

U

 * undies
 * underwear

 * uni
 * university

 * unicam
 * (unicameral) legislature (Nebraska, United States only)

V

 * vag, vadge
 * vagina

 * veg
 * vegetate

 * veg or veggie
 * vegetable
 * vegetarian or vegan

 * vet
 * veterinarian
 * veteran

W

 * Westie
 * West Highland Terrier

 * Wisc
 * Wisconsin

 * women's lib
 * women's liberation

X

 * xolo
 * xoloitzcuintli

Y

 * Yank
 * Yankee

 * Yid
 * Jew (Yiddisher; offensive)

Z

 * zep
 * zeppelin

 * Zin
 * Zinfandel

 * zinco
 * zincograph

 * zoo
 * zoological garden


text:
Brit Air

Brit Air (short for Brittany Air International) was a regional airline based at Morlaix Airport in Ploujean, Morlaix, Brittany, France, operating scheduled services as an Air France franchise from Lyon–Saint Exupéry Airport, Paris-Orly Airport and Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport.

The airline, along with Régional and Airlinair, was fully merged in HOP! since 2017 after a year of negotiation process.

History
Since 31 March 2013, all Brit Air flights are operated under HOP! name, Air France's new regional brand name.

Brit Air ceased all flight operations in March 2017 after its merger in HOP!.

Destinations
Brit Air operated the following services (as of March 2013):

Fleet
In August 2019, the Brit Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft with an average age of 10.6 years:

Fleet development
Over the years, the airline has operated various aircraft types including:

Incidents and accidents
On 22 June 2003, Air France Flight 5672 from Nantes to Brest, which was operated by a Brit Air CRJ-100, crashed 2.3 miles short of the runway when attempting to land at Brest Bretagne Airport at 23:55 local time, resulting in the death of the captain. The aircraft involved (registered F-GRJS) subsequently caught fire (after all 21 passengers on board had been evacuated) and was damaged beyond repair. The most probable cause of the accident was declared to be pilot error, as the instrument approach had not been executed correctly.

title: Brit Air


text:
Dahu

The dahu is a legendary creature that resembles a mountain goat and is well known in France and francophone regions of Switzerland and Italy, including the Aosta Valley. The dahu, a quadrupedal mammal, may have been inspired by the chamois, a small, horned goat-antelope once plentiful in European mountainous regions, and also resembles the ibex.

Regional variations on its name include dahut or dairi in Jura, darou in Vosges, daru in Picardy, darhut in Burgundy, daù in Val Camonica; also called a tamarou in Aubrac and Aveyron, and tamarro in Catalonia and Andorra. The dahu cub is called a dahuot.

Description
The dahu's principal distinguishing characteristic is that the legs on one side of its body are shorter than the legs on the opposite side, to facilitate standing on and walking on steep mountain slopes. In practical terms, the dahu's asymmetrical limbs allow it to walk around the circumference of the mountain in only one direction. Therefore, there are two different types of dahu: the laevogyrous dahu, with shorter legs on its left side, walks around the mountain counterclockwise; the dextrogyre dahu, with the shorter legs on its right side, walks clockwise around the mountain. Respectively, the terms dahu senestrus and dahu desterus have also been used.

Hunting dahu
The "dahu hunt" (chasse au dahu), similar to another wildlife-related practical joke, the snipe hunt, is a prank in which pranksters may take a victim out at night with the stated intention of catching a dahu only to abandon the victim on the mountain. Jokers may also tell a gullible subject that to catch a dahu requires two people: one with a bag, and another who is good at imitating dahu sounds. The former stands at the bottom of the slope, and the other behind a dahu. When the dahu turns around to see the source of the sound, it will lose its balance and roll down the slope to the person with the bag.

The rise of the dahu
The dahu is a staple of 20th-century French popular culture, known in Lorraine, in the mountainous regions of eastern France (Alpes and Jura), and in French-speaking Switzerland as a theme of jokes among natives and a spoof for fooling young children. Its popularity began to soar toward the end of the 19th century. The budding tourism industry brought to the mountains wealthy city dwellers with a somewhat arrogant attitude and a paltry knowledge of the countryside. The mountaineers working as hunting guides would take advantage of the gullibility of some tourists to lure them into the "dahu hunt" (French: chasse au dahu). The animal was touted as a rare and precious bounty, the capture thereof required waiting alone all night on a chilly slope, crouched in an uncomfortable position. In the second half of the 20th century, the supply of naive hunters had dried up, and the dahu hunt enjoyed a second life as a summer camp practical joke.

The dahu today
As of the last decades of the 20th century, the dahu is widely recognized as a tall tale and a source of humor. The Alps Museum in the Bard Fort, Aosta Valley, dedicated a part of its permanent exhibition to Dahu. It has been adopted by other mountainous regions such as the Pyrenees. Recreational "dahu hunts" are sometimes organized as outdoor activities in France and Switzerland. There are dahu websites and dahu aficionados, such as Marcel Jacquat, former director, now retired, of the Natural Science Museum of La Chaux-de-Fonds in Switzerland, who wrote a monograph and opened an exhibition devoted to the animal on 1 April 1995. On 1 April 1967, the Prefect of Haute-Savoie (France) officially made the mountainous suburbs of the small town of Reignier a "Dahu Sanctuary" where hunting and photography are forbidden.

title: Dahu


text:
John McWhorter

John Hamilton McWhorter V (born October 6, 1965) is an American linguist with a specialty in creole languages, sociolects, and Black English. He is currently an associate professor of linguistics at Columbia University, where he also teaches American studies and music history. He has authored a number of books on race relations and African-American culture, acting as political commentator especially in his New York Times newsletter.

Early life and education
McWhorter was born and raised in Philadelphia. His father, John Hamilton McWhorter IV (1927–1996), was a college administrator, and his mother, Schelysture Gordon McWhorter (1937–2011), taught social work at Temple University. He attended Friends Select School in Philadelphia and, after tenth grade, was accepted to Simon's Rock College, where he earned an AA degree. McWhorter, born to a bureaucrat and a professor, has described his upbringing as part of the Black middle class. He has also attributed some of his views to the Quaker school he attended as a child.

Later, he attended Rutgers University and received a BA degree in French in 1985. He obtained an MA degree in American Studies from New York University and a PhD degree in linguistics in 1993 from Stanford University.

Early career
McWhorter taught linguistics at Cornell University from 1993 to 1995, then became an associate professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked from 1995 until 2003. He left that position to become a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank.

Columbia University
Since 2008, he has taught linguistics, American studies, and classes in the core curriculum program at Columbia University. As Columbia's Department of Linguistics had been dissolved in 1989, McWhorter was initially assigned to the Department of English and Comparative Literature. The Program of Linguistics (including a revived undergraduate major as of 2021) is currently housed in the Department of Slavic Languages.

Other teaching
McWhorter is the professor of the courses "The Story of Human Language"; "Understanding Linguistics: The Science of Language"; "Myths, Lies and Half-Truths About English Usage"; "Language Families of the World"; and "Language From A to Z" in the series The Great Courses, produced by The Teaching Company.

News organizations
McWhorter has written for Time, The Wall Street Journal, The Chronicle of Higher Education, The Washington Post, The New Republic, Politico, Forbes, The Chicago Tribune, The New York Daily News, City Journal, The New York Sun, The New Yorker, The Root, The Daily Beast, Books & Culture, and CNN.

McWhorter was contributing editor at The New Republic from 2001 to 2014. He is a contributing editor at The Atlantic and, after writing op-eds for The New York Times for several years, became an Opinion columnist there in 2021.

He hosts the Lexicon Valley podcast for Slate from 2016 to 2021, and currently for Booksmart Studios.

Books
McWhorter has published a number of books on linguistics and on race relations, including Power of Babel: A Natural History of Language, Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold History of English, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why You Should, Like, Care, and Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America.

Linguistics
Much of McWhorter's academic work is concerned with creole languages and their relationship to other languages, often focusing on the Suriname creole language Saramaccan. His work has expanded to a general investigation of the effect of second-language acquisition on a language.

Regarding the various positions arising from the universal grammar debate, he describes himself as partial to the theoretical frameworks of Peter Culicover and Ray Jackendoff.

Theory of creole
McWhorter has argued that languages naturally tend toward complexity and irregularity, a tendency that is reversed only by adults acquiring the language, and creole formation is simply an extreme example of the latter. As examples, he cites English, Mandarin Chinese, Persian, Swahili, Indonesian, and modern colloquial varieties of Arabic. He has outlined his ideas in academic format in Language Interrupted and Linguistic Simplicity and Complexity and, for the general public, in What Language Is and Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue.

The matter of Austronesian languages without affixes, and Homo Floresiensis
The Austronesian family of languages makes an abundant use of prefixes or suffixes (which form new words by adding extensions either before or after root-words, such as [per-]form or child[-hood]); but languages from the center of Flores island, which belong to that family, are curiously devoid of prefixes or suffixes and are not tonal either (tones may make up for the loss or absence of affixes): keo, Lio, Ngadha, Rongga, Ende. McWhorter extends to those the hypothesis of language simplification by acquisition during adulthood. He links this with Homo floresiensis, the most recent individuals known dated from 12,000 years ago. Austronesians came to Flores from Taiwan in the west only a few thousand years ago. But current legends exist that tell of 'little people' or ebo gogo who lived among the ancestors of present Floresians until as late as the 1500s and possibly only 200 years ago, when the 'little people' were exterminated 'because they kept stealing'. These legends are most vivid in the middle of Flores island, their vividness decreasing as the distance from the center increases towards the west and they are entirely absent in the east.

The Language Hoax
McWhorter is a vocal critic of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. In his 2014 book The Language Hoax, he argues that, although language influences thought in an "infinitesimal way" and culture is expressed through language, he believes that language itself does not create different ways of thinking or determine world views.

Language proficiency
McWhorter is proficient in English, French and Spanish, and has some competence in Russian and several other languages.

Criticism of theories
Some of McWhorter's fellow linguists, such as Mauro Giuffré of the University of Palermo, suggest that his notions of simplicity and complexity are impressionistic and grounded on comparisons with European languages, and they point to exceptions to his proposed correlations.

Political views
McWhorter has characterized himself as "a cranky liberal Democrat". In support of this description, he states that while he "disagree[s] sustainedly with many of the tenets of the Civil Rights orthodoxy", he also "supports Barack Obama, reviles the War on Drugs, supports gay marriage, never voted for George W. Bush and writes of Black English as coherent speech".

McWhorter has stated that the conservative Manhattan Institute, for which he worked, "has always been hospitable to Democrats". McWhorter is biweekly guest on The Glenn Show, a commentary podcast hosted by Glenn Loury, a member of the Manhattan Institute and professor of economics at Brown University.

Political theorist Mark Satin identifies McWhorter as a radical centrist thinker.

Views on racism
In a 2001 article, McWhorter's discourse was that the attitudes and general behavior of black people, rather than white racism, were what held African Americans back in the United States. According to McWhorter, "victimology, separatism, and anti-intellectualism underlie the general black community's response to all race-related issues", and "it's time for well-intentioned whites to stop pardoning as 'understandable' the worst of human nature whenever black people exhibit it".

Racism and language
In April 2015, McWhorter appeared on NPR and said that the use of the word "thug" was becoming code for "the N-word" or "black people ruining things" when used by whites in reference to criminal activity. He added that use by President Barack Obama and former Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake (for which she later apologized) could not be interpreted in the same way, given that among blacks the use of "thug" often connotes admiration for black self-direction and survival. McWhorter clarified his views in an article in The Washington Post.

Racism and technology
McWhorter has argued that software algorithms by themselves cannot be racist since, unlike humans, they lack intention. Rather, unless the human engineers behind a technological product intend for it to discriminate against people of a particular ethnicity, any unintentional bias should be seen as a software bug that needs to be fixed ("an obstacle to achievement") rather than an issue of racism.

Race and education
McWhorter has criticized left-wing and activist educators in particular, such as Paulo Freire and Jonathan Kozol.

McWhorter has criticized both fearmongering and dismissal of concerns over the usage of critical race theory in education. McWhorter argued in a New York Times op-ed that "if critical race theory isn’t being taught to children—and in a technical sense, it isn’t—then it’s hardly illogical to suppose that some other concern may be afoot." McWhorter argues instead for continued concern over critical race influenced teaching, which McWhorter worries would be simplistic if taught to children and ineffective to produce nuanced discussion.

McWhorter has argued that affirmative action should be based on class rather than race.

Views on anti-racism
McWhorter has posited that anti-racism has become as harmful in the United States as racism itself. McWhorter has criticized the term "microaggression", as well as what he regards as the overly casual conflation of racial bias with white supremacy. As early as December 2018, McWhorter described anti-racism as a "religious movement".

McWhorter criticized Robin DiAngelo's 2018 book White Fragility following its resurgence in sales during the George Floyd protests beginning in May 2020, arguing that it "openly infantilized Black people" and "simply dehumanized us", and "does not see fit to address why all of this agonizing soul-searching [for residual racism by white people] is necessary to forging change in society. One might ask just how a people can be poised for making change when they have been taught that pretty much anything they say or think is racist and thus antithetical to the good."

Woke Racism
In his 2021 book Woke Racism, McWhorter argues that the anti-racism ideology has been elevated into a religion: "I do not mean that these people’s ideology is 'like' a religion... I mean that it actually is a religion... An anthropologist would see no difference in type between Pentecostalism and this new form of antiracism." McWhorter expands upon his previous views and argues that "third wave anti-racism" is a religion he terms "Electism" with white privilege as original sin. McWhorter likens the books White Fragility, How to Be an Antiracist and Between the World and Me to sacred religious texts. He argues that this hypothesized status as a religion explains the behavior of its adherents, whom he calls "the Elect". He advises that since the faith (like all faith) is not open to discussion, arguments with its adherents should be avoided in favor of pragmatic action against racism. McWhorter advocates three programs: ending the war on drugs, teaching reading by phonics to children lacking books at home, and free vocational education, promoting the idea that not everyone needs a four-year college education to succeed. McWhorter has expressed qualified support for reparations for African Americans, particularly those descended from victims of redlining.

Personal life
McWhorter separated from his wife in 2019. He has two daughters. He plays the piano and has appeared in musical theater productions.

McWhorter is an atheist.

title: John McWhorter


text:
Talk:Hedger

Should be merged with hedge (finance), loads of overlap. Pcb21| Pete 00:59, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yes. Nothing in here that isn't covered in hedge (finance). - Carax 12:48, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hedger


text:
Lancaster Gate

Lancaster Gate is a mid-19th century development in the Bayswater district of central London, immediately to the north of Kensington Gardens.

History
It consists of two long terraces of houses overlooking the park, with a wide gap between them opening onto a square containing a church. Further terraces back onto the pair overlooking the park and loop around the square. Until 1865 the terraces were known as Upper Hyde Park Gardens, with the name Lancaster Gate limited to the square surrounding the church. The development takes its name from Lancaster Gate, a nearby entrance to Kensington Gardens, itself named in honour of Queen Victoria as Duke of Lancaster.

The terraces are stuccoed and are in an eclectic classical style featuring English Baroque details and French touches. The church, known as Christ Church, Lancaster Gate, was an asymmetrical gothic composition with a needle spire. The architects were F. & H. Francis. The church was one of the best-known in London, but when dry rot was discovered in the roof the decision was taken to demolish most of the building and redevelop the site. The last service in the church was on 6 March 1977, and demolition began on 15 August 1977; only the tower and spire survive. The rest of the building was replaced by a housing scheme called Spire House in 1983.

Lancaster Gate stands alongside Hyde Park Gardens as one of the two grandest of the 19th-century housing schemes lining the northern side of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens.

The development was planned in 1856–57 on the site of a nursery and tea gardens, and construction took at least 10 years. The terraces overlooking the park were designed by Sancton Wood and those around the square by John Johnson. The exteriors are largely complete, with just a couple of 20th-century infills, but many of the interiors have been reconstructed behind the facades. Many of the properties are still in residential use and command very high prices. Others are used as embassies (such as the Embassy of Costa Rica), offices, or hotels. For many years, the headquarters of The Football Association were located in Lancaster Gate and the term was often used as a metonym for the organisation, but it later relocated to Soho Square and is now based at Wembley Stadium.

Lancaster Gate is also an electoral ward of Westminster City Council. The population at the 2011 Census was 13,195.

title: Lancaster Gate


text:
Family business

A family business is a commercial organization in which decision-making is influenced by multiple generations of a family, related by blood or marriage or adoption, who has both the ability to influence the vision of the business and the willingness to use this ability to pursue distinctive goals. They are closely identified with the firm through leadership or ownership. Owner-manager entrepreneurial firms are not considered to be family businesses because they lack the multi-generational dimension and family influence that create the unique dynamics and relationships of family businesses.

Overview
A family business is the oldest and most common model of economic organization. The vast majority of businesses throughout the world—from corner shops to multinational publicly listed organizations with hundreds of thousands of employees—can be considered as family businesses.

Based on research of the Forbes 400 richest Americans, 44% of the Forbes 400 member fortunes were derived by being a member of or in association with a family business.

The economic prevalence and importance of this kind of business are often underestimated. Throughout most of the 20th century, academics and economists were intrigued by a newer, “improved” model: large publicly traded companies run in an apparently rational, bureaucratic manner by well trained “organization men.” Entrepreneurial and family firms, with their specific management models and complicated psychological processes, often fell short by comparison.

Privately owned or family-controlled enterprises are not always easy to study. In many cases, they are not subject to financial reporting requirements, and little information is made public about financial performance. Ownership may be distributed through trusts or holding companies, and family members themselves may not be fully informed about the ownership structure of their enterprise. However, as the 21st-century global economic model replaces the old industrial model, government policy makers, economists, and academics turn to entrepreneurial and family enterprises as a prime source of wealth creation and employment.

In some countries, many of the largest publicly listed firms are family-owned. A firm is said to be family-owned if a person is the controlling shareholder; that is, a person (rather than a state, corporation, management trust, or mutual fund) can garner enough shares to assure at least 20% of the voting rights and the highest percentage of voting rights in comparison to other shareholders. Some of the world's largest family-run businesses are Walmart (United States), Volkswagen Group (Germany), Samsung Group (Korea) and Tata Group (India). The "Global Family Business Index" comprises the largest 500 family firms around the globe. In this index—published for a first time in 2015 by Center for Family Business University of St. Gallen and EY—for a privately held firm, a firm is classified as a family firm in case a family controls more than 50% of the voting rights. For a publicly listed firm, a firm is classified as a family firm in case the family holds at least 32% of the voting rights.

Family owned businesses account for over 30% of companies with sales over $1 billion.

In a family business, two or more members within the management team are drawn from the owning family. Family businesses can have owners who are not family members. Family businesses may also be managed by individuals who are not members of the family. However, family members are often involved in the operations of their family business in some capacity and, in smaller companies, usually one or more family members are the senior officers and managers. In India, many businesses that are now public companies were once family businesses.

Family participation as managers and/or owners of a business can strengthen the company because family members are often loyal and dedicated to the family enterprise. However, family participation as managers and/or owners of a business can present unique problems because the dynamics of the family system and the dynamics of the business systems are often not in balance.

Problems
The interests of the entire family may not be balanced with the interests of their business. For example, if a family needs its business to distribute funds for living expenses and retirement, but the business requires those to stay competitive, the interests of the entire family and the business are not aligned.

Nepotism has been listed as a problem with family businesses. Forbes writes that "nepotism in family businesses is a phenomenon that has been present for centuries" and that it is "prevalent" in such businesses. Nepotism-based favouritism contributes to a poorer workplace atmosphere and tension, which can impact worker contributions to the organisation.

The interest of one family member may not be aligned with another family member. For example, a family member who is an owner may want to sell the business to maximize their return, but a family member who is an owner and also a manager may want to keep the company because it represents their career and they want their children to have the opportunity to work in the company.

Three circles model
The challenge for business families is that family, ownership, and business roles involve different and sometimes conflicting values, goals, and actions. For example, family members put a high priority on emotional capital—the family success that unites them through consecutive generations. Executives in the business are concerned about strategy and social capital—the reputation of their firm in the marketplace. Owners are interested in financial capital—performance in terms of wealth creation.

A three-circles model is often used to show the three principal roles in a family-owned or -controlled organization: Family, Ownership and Management. This model shows how the roles may overlap.

Everyone in the family (in all generations) obviously belongs to the Family circle, but some family members will never own shares in the family business, or ever work there. A family member is concerned with social capital (reputation within the community), dividends, and family unity.

The Ownership circle may include family members, investors and/or employee-owners. An owner is concerned with financial capital (business performance and dividends). The Management circle typically includes non-family members who are employed by the family business. Family members may also be employees. An employee is concerned with social capital (reputation), emotional capital (career opportunities, bonuses and fair performance measures).

A few people—for example, the founder or a senior family member—may hold all three roles: family member, owner and employee. These individuals are intensely connected to the family business, and concerned with any or all of the above sources of value creation.

Genogram
A genogram is an organization chart for the family. It is an enhanced family tree that shows not only family events like births and deaths, but also indicates the relationships (close, conflicted, cut-off, etc.) among individuals in the family. It is a useful tool for spotting relationship patterns across generations, and decrypting seemingly irrational behavior.

Family myths—sets of beliefs that are shared by the family members—can play important defensive and protective roles in families. Myths help people cope with stress and anxiety and, by prescribing ritualistic behavior patterns, will enable them to establish a common front against the outside world. They provide a rationale for the way people behave, but because much of what makes up a family myth takes place deep beneath the surface, they also conceal the true issues, problems, and conflicts. Although these family myths can turn into a blueprint for family action, they can also turn into straitjackets, reducing a family's flexibility and capacity to respond to new situations.

Parallel planning processes
All businesses require planning, but business families face the additional planning task of balancing family and business demands. There are five critical issues where the needs of the family and the demands of the business overlap—and require parallel planning action to ensure that business success does not create a family or business disaster.
 * 1)  Capital How are the firm’s financial resources allocated between different and family demands?
 * 2)  Control Who has decision-making power in the family and firm?
 * 3)  Careers How are individuals selected for senior leadership and governance positions in the firm or family?
 * 4)  Conflict How do we prevent this natural element of human relationships from becoming the default pattern of interaction?
 * 5)  Culture How are the family and business values sustained and transmitted to owners, employees and younger family members?

Fair process
Fairness is a fundamental issue in family business decision-making. Solutions that are perceived as fair by the family and business stakeholders are more likely to be accepted and supported. Fair process helps create organizational justice by engaging family members, whether as owners and employees, in a series of practical steps to address and resolve critical issues. Fair process lays a foundation for continued family participation over generations.

Emotional dimension
The challenge faced by family businesses and their stakeholders, is to recognise the issues that they face, understand how to develop strategies to address them and more importantly, to create narratives, or family stories that explain the emotional dimension of the issues to the family.

The most intractable family business issues are not the business problems the organisation faces, but the emotional issues that compound them. Many years of achievement through generations can be destroyed by the next, if the family fails to address the psychological issues they face. Applying psychodynamic concepts will help to explain behaviour and will enable the family to prepare for life cycle transitions and other issues that may arise. Family-run organisations need a new understanding and a broader perspective on the human dynamics of family firms with two complementary frameworks, psychodynamic and family systematic.

Structuring
When the family business is basically owned and operated by one person, that person usually does the necessary balancing automatically. For example, the founder may decide the business needs to build a new plant and take less money out of the business for a period so the business can accumulate cash needed to expand. In making this decision, the founder is balancing his personal interests (taking cash out) with the needs of the business (expansion).

The assets that are owned by the family, in most family businesses, are hard to separate from the assets that belong to the business.

Scenarios
Balancing competing interests often become difficult in three situations. The first situation is when the founder wants to change the nature of their involvement in the business. Usually the founder begins this transition by involving others to manage the business. Involving someone else to manage the company requires the founder to be more conscious and formal in balancing personal interests with the interests of the business because they can no longer do this alignment automatically—someone else is involved.

The second situation is when more than one person owns the business and no single person has the power and support of the other owners to determine collective interests. For example, if a founder intends to transfer ownership in the family business to their four children, two of whom work in the business, how do they balance these unequal differences? The four siblings need a system to do this themselves when the founder is no longer involved.

The third situation is when there are multiple owners and some or all of the owners are not in management. Given the situation above, there is a higher chance that the interests of the two off-spring not employed in the family business may be different from the interests of the two who are employed in the business. Their potential for differences does not mean that the interests cannot be aligned, it just means that there is a greater need for the four owners to have a system in place that differences can be identified and balanced.

These three scenarios can be mitigated by following the guidelines of TMP, or "The Maria Principle"

Succession
There appear to be two main factors affecting the development of family business and succession process: the size of the family, in relative terms the volume of business, and suitability to lead the organization, in terms of managerial ability, technical and commitment (Arieu, 2010). Arieu proposed a model in order to classify family firms into four scenarios: political, openness, foreign management and natural succession.

Potential successors who had professional experience outside the family business may decide to leave the firm to found a new one, either with or without the support of the family. Instead, successors tend to be characterized by professional experience only within the family business. The education of potential successors is a critical issue in the succession process because it affects the endowment of managerial capabilities of the firm. If the succession process has been planned in advance, the incumbent and successor usually show higher levels of satisfaction. Particularly important is the incumbent’s willingness to step down. The incumbent gradually gives away his power to the successor. This happens step by step and may take several years. Such a transfer of power can take the form of the incumbent providing the successor with entrepreneurial resources that foster the firm's innovation. Eventually, the successor gains all the authority and influence while the incumbent steps down, leaves to company completely, or remains as an advisor (Sharma, Chrisman, & Chua, 2003; Handler, 1990). An international body called International Council for Family Business (ICFB) having professor Alain Ndedi as Board of Trustees chairman, is assisting worldwide the private sector and non for profit organisations (Universities, Foundations, etc) to develop effective and successful planning process.

Success
Successfully balancing the differing interests of family members and/or the interests of one or more family members on the one hand and the interests of the business on the other hand require the people involved to have the competencies, character and commitment to do this work.

Family-owned companies present special challenges to those who run them. They can be quirky, developing unique cultures and procedures as they grow and mature. That is fine, as long as they continue to be managed by people who are steeped in the traditions, or at least able to adapt to them.

Often family members can benefit from involving more than one professional advisor, each having the particular skill set needed by the family. Some of the skill sets that might be needed include communication, conflict resolution, family systems, finance, legal, accounting, insurance, investing, leadership development, management development, and strategic planning.

Ownership in a family business will also show maturity of the business. If all the shares rest with one individual, a family business is still in its infant stage, even if the revenue is strong.

Examples
• Adani Group

• Aditya Birla Group

• ArcelorMittal

• Avantha Group

• Bombardier Inc.

• Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP)

• BMW AG

• Cargill

• Chick-fil-A

• Comcast

• Dillard's

• Ford

• Glencore

• Heineken

• Huy Fong Foods

• IKEA

• Imabari Shipbuilding

• Jolly Time

• Kingfisher Airlines

• Koch Industries

• KONE

• Lundberg Family Farms

• Mango

• Nordstrom

• Panda Energy International

• Porsche SE (Volkswagen Group)

• Reliance Industries

• Raymond Group

• Red Bull

• Satsang Ashram

• Simon Property Group

• Solaris Bus & Coach

• Swinkels Family Brewers

• Talking Pictures TV

• Tata Group

• Toyota

• Trump Organization

• Utz Quality Foods

• Walmart

• Wawa

• Wegmans

• WWE

title: Family business


text:
Talk:Count Ugolino

Isn't The Gate to Hell really The Gates of Hell? There also might be room for a quotation from Dante or some pictures of the sculptures. Do you think it would fit? I have some analysis of the sculptures in a write up on e2 here :.

--Oeq1st1 01:00, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Count Ugolino


text:
NASA FACTS

NASA FACTS was a collection of NASA's science series which is intended as an "easy-to-understand explanations of scientific phenomena involved in projects undertaken by NASA. The NASA FACTS Science Series was published frequently at irregular intervals, each presenting "an analysis of a particular subject within program perimeters and scientific disciplines of interest to NASA".

title: NASA FACTS


text:
Talk:Danny Zuko

I would think we might consider removing a large portion of this article, I see little need for such a detailed synopsis of one charicter. Mrdude 01:24pm, March 17, 2005

This page needs cleanup and wikifying. Ppe42 01:03, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirected to the Grease (musical) article until references can be provided, it was all original research. Yamaguchi先生 21:56, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

ZUKO = SLAV
WAS DANNY ZUKO ITALIAN???...LETTER K IS NOT USED IN ITALIAN....I ALWAYS THOUGHT HE WAS DANNY ZUCCO AND ITALIAN UTIL I READ ITS SPELT ZUKO....ZUKO SOUNDS SOMETING SLAVIC...PERHAPS FROM UKRAINE, RUSSIA, CROATIA OR CZECH COMMUNITIES WITH LARGE NUMBERS IN CALIFORNIA. CAN SOMEONE REPLY????

title: Talk:Danny Zuko


text:
Gathering Blue

Gathering Blue is a young adult-dystopian novel written by Lois Lowry and was published on September 25, 2000. A companion book to The Giver (1993), it is set in the same future time period and universe, treats some of the same themes, and is followed by Messenger (2004) and Son (2012) in The Giver Quartet.

The central character, Kira, who has a deformed leg, is orphaned and must learn to survive in a society that normally leaves the weak or disabled exposed to die in the fields. In the course of the book, she begins to learn the art of dyeing thread to different colors except for blue, which nobody in her community knows how to make. She also learns more about the truth of her village and the terrible secrets that they hold.

Plot
The main character, Kira, who has a deformed leg, is recently orphaned since her mother abruptly died from unknown sickness, and her father died years ago on a hunt with the Hunters by being killed by The Beasts. Kira must learn to survive in a society that normally leaves the weak or disabled exposed to die in the fields.

Kira needs a reason for the council to keep her in the village and not to take her to the Field, which is certain death at the hands of The Beasts. A member of the council, Jamison, defends Kira during the trial, much to Kira's surprise, and convinces the Council that Kira has a gift for embroidery. She is found worthy of life in society at the trial and is given the task of repairing the Singer's robe.

She is taught how to further solidify her talent from a much older woman, Annabella, who continues to teach Kira how to create dyes for different shades and hues for her thread work. To Kira's dismay, she learns that there is no ability to create the color blue for the threads that she will be using. Eventually, to Kira's surprise, Annabella tells her that with her own years and knowledge, she knows much of the society's history and even goes so far as to say that there really are no Beasts, contrary to the society's beliefs. Kira is unsure what to think of that revelation or what Annabella really means by it.

Along the way, she becomes closer friends with a younger boy, Matt, and makes a new friend in her neighborhood at her new home, Thomas, who is a boy around Kira's age. Thomas is also an orphan and has lived there since he was very young because of his abilities. Kira learns that he is the woodworker who maintains and improves the Singer's staff, which, in turn, helps the Singer remember the history of the society as he sings the lengthy song. Together, they help each other bring out the best in their talents to prepare for The Gathering. Jamison, the Guardian who fought for her life in the trial, becomes somewhat of a mentor in her new home. He is kind and instructive but also very stern.

Kira slowly learns that her life is less than idyllic. Thomas hears crying in her building, and they discover another orphan, a very young girl, Jo, whose ability to sing is magnificent. She is kept with the intent of eventually replacing the current Singer. Jo is scolded and punished if she does not sing. Kira secretly befriends her and sneaks into Jo's locked room at night to comfort her. Kira realizes that the three do not have as much freedom as they had previously thought. Annabella abruptly dies, and Matt tells Kira that the old dyer had died and been dragged to the Field by Jamison and his men. Kira is later told by Jamison that Annabella had died of old age in her sleep. Kira is left to continue her work. That, and the secluded life that a very young Jo must live, help Kira decide to find out the truth about her society.

On the day that the Singer sings the Song at the Gathering, Matt is nowhere to be found. At the Ceremony of the Gathering, she notices that the current Singer both uses the staff that Thomas has worked so hard on and wears the robe that she repaired and enhanced. She realizes that his feet are chained, scarred, and bleeding. This implies that he is essentially a prisoner kept for the Ceremony because of his talent. This implies that Kira and the others with Gifts, which the council has saved for their jobs, are also prisoners. Their gifts are in control of the council by tenants who, without any creativity of their own, seek to control the three to provide a future that they envision.

After a long absence, Matt returns with a blind man from the distant Village of Healing. The man wears a blue shirt, which Kira's people are unable to make. The man is Kira's father, Christopher, who Kira long thought dead. Christopher reveals that he had been attacked years earlier by another hunter, who was jealous of his immediate potential of being a member on the Council of the Guardians. He was beaten and stabbed, blinding him. After being taken to the fields to die with the other rejected, injured, and dying citizens of their society, he was rescued by some people he could not see. They took him to the Village that he now lives in. This village is full of kind and helpful people, as opposed to the selfish residents of Kira's village. Matt excitedly explains that they know the way to make blue threads, and he brings plants that will allow Kira to do the same.

After a long heartfelt reunion with his daughter, Christopher reveals that he has enemies on the council. The one who maimed him years before was none other than Jamison. He tearfully apologizes for taking so long to return to get her. Because of his memory loss caused by the beating and his loss of sight, he had no way of finding her. Matt had gone looking for a way to make blue for Kira and stumbled upon Christopher's village, leading to this eventual reunion.

Kira begins to wonder if her mother's sudden death and the deaths of the two other orphans' parents were actually by the council's hand to acquire the young gifted children so that it could mould them into creating the future that it wants.

Christopher cannot stay and is forced to return to his village. Kira, however, decides to stay in her own community to continue to embroider the Singer's robe and help improve her society. Matt is designated as the "eyes" that will help Christopher find his way back. It is implied that Thomas, Kira, and Jo, who are the new holders of the Gifts, have the opportunity to change the cycle of their society and to improve the conditions in which they live by using their gifts to influence the actions of their people vastly.

At the end of the book, Matt tells Kira that in the Village, all are important and married, which she would have to do without in her society in which the injured and the impaired are seen as worthless wastes of space. He continues to tell her about a boy from the Village who has blue eyes, is around her age, and is not injured in any way (alluding to Jonas from The Giver) in the hope that will entice her to come with them. Kira declines to go with them to the Village, but it is decided that she will follow once her work in her current task is eventually finished. In the meantime, Matt will travel back and forth between Kira and her father Christopher, being called their Messenger, relaying their messages.

Reception
The book appeared in the 9th spot on the Children's Books version of The New York Times Best seller list on October 8, 2000, and again on October 29, this time in the tenth spot. Gathering Blue also received the 2001 award for Selected Audiobooks for Young Adults.

title: Gathering Blue


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brent Cameon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 07:59, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Brent Cameon
This is both vanity and advertising. The guy is a recent law graduate who runs a website. Brent Cameon scores 4 google hits. Rje 01:04, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete ASAP. Why, oh why can't these be speedied?  Brent, you're a smart guy.  Next time, please read the directions that instruct you not to write about yourself.  Thanks. - Lucky 6.9 01:44, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - fails Google test (4 hits), possible vanity. Megan1967 02:15, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, vanity, advertising, unencyclopedic. Whatever, just get it away from Wikipedia. — Ливай | ☺ 03:52, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. RJFJR 04:12, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, It's all been said. Inter 11:08, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, self-promotion. Wyss 22:21, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, person with website != notable. Bart133 (t) 02:21, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Not notable. The only things I can say about this article is "So what?" and "Who cares?" (Zzyzx11 07:51, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC))


text:
David C. Queller

David C. Queller is an evolutionary biologist at Washington University in St. Louis. He received his BA from The University of Illinois in 1976, and his PhD from the University of Michigan in 1982. Queller became a faculty member at Rice University in 1989 and remained there until 2011 when he was named Spencer T. Olin Professor of Biology at Washington University in St. Louis. Since the late 1980s, Queller has collaborated extensively with his wife and colleague Joan E. Strassmann. Empirically, Queller and Strassmann worked primarily with social insects until they made the switch to the social amoebae, Dictyostelium discoideum, in 1998.

Honors

 * Elected Member, National Academy of Sciences, 2024
 * Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2004
 * Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2008

title: David C. Queller