text:
Marinus Willett

Colonel Marinus Willett (July 31, 1740 – August 22, 1830) was an American military officer, politician and merchant who served as the mayor of New York City from 1807 to 1808. Willett is best known for his actions during the American Revolution, where he served as an important Patriot leader in colonial New York before enlisting in the Continental Army and serving in numerous campaigns in the Revolutionary War throughout the Northwest.

Born in Jamaica, Queens, Willett underwent an apprenticeship as a cabinetmaker before enlisting in the provincial militia after the French and Indian War broke out in 1754. He participated in the Ticonderoga campaign and the British capture of Fort Frontenac in 1758, before falling sick and being transferred to Fort Stanwix in order to recuperate. After the end of the conflict, he entered King's College in New York in 1772 and graduated in 1776.

A prominent member of the Sons of Liberty, Willett enlisted in the 1st New York Regiment in 1775, taking part in the failed Invasion of Quebec before transferring to the 3rd New York Regiment in 1776. Fighting at Monmouth, Willett subsequently participated in the 1778 Sullivan Expedition. He was made colonel of the 5th New York Regiment in 1780 and the Tryon County militia in 1781, where he fought at Johnstown before the war's end in 1783.

After the conflict, Willett returned to New York, working as a merchant and aligning himself with the Anti-Federalist Party; he was elected to the New York State Assembly in December 1783. In addition to serving intermittently as New York County Sheriff, Willett also served as New York City's mayor for a year. On August 22, 1830, Willett died and was buried in the graveyard of Trinity Church. The town of Willet, New York, is named in his honor.

Early life
Marinus Willett was born on July 31, 1740, in Jamaica, Queens, New York. Willett's father was Edward Willett, a Quaker tavernkeeper in New York, and his mother was Aleta Willett (née Clowes). Growing up, he underwent an apprenticeship as a cabinetmaker. After the French and Indian War broke out in 1754, Willett was commissioned as a lieutenant into the New York Militia, serving in a regiment commanded by Oliver De Lancey.

Serving under De Lancey, Willett participated in the Ticonderoga campaign led by James Abercrombie in July 1758 and John Bradstreet's capture of Fort Frontenac in August 1758. In the same year, he fell sick and was transferred to British-controlled Fort Stanwix in order to recuperate. After the conflict concluded in 1763, Willett returned to New York City, where he eventually entered into King's College in 1772 and graduated in 1776.

As tensions increased between Great Britain and its North American colonies, Willett aligned himself with the Patriot cause and quickly became an informal leader of the New York City branch of the Sons of Liberty. As noted by American historian Larry Lowenthal, his primary activities during this period consisted of inciting colonial public opinion to support the Patriot cause via rabble-rousing tactics and engaging in numerous street fights.

American Revolutionary War
After news of the Battles of Lexington and Concord reached New York City on April 23, 1775, Willett and a group of fellow Patriots broke into the city arsenal and plundered its contents. When British forces stationed in the city attempted to load a convoy of military supplies onto the Asia on June 6, he led a crowd which confiscated the convoy. On June 20, Willett was involved in a Patriot raid on a British storehouse in Turtle Bay, Manhattan.

On June 28, 1775, Willett enlisted in the 1st New York Regiment of the Continental Army's New York Line at the rank of captain; the regiment was led by Alexander McDougall. Six weeks later, the regiment took part in Richard Montgomery's failed invasion of British-held Quebec, including the Battle of Quebec on December 31, 1775. After returning to New York City, Willett fought against the British in the Battle of Long Island on August 26, 1776.

Willett enlisted in the 3rd New York Regiment at the rank of lieutenant-colonel in mid-1776. Serving as Peter Gansevoort's aide-de-camp in the New York Highlands, Willett arrived at the now-abandoned Fort Stanwix in late-1777, renovating it and hastily establishing a garrison. On August 6, 1777, Willett led a successful raid on the camps of Barry St. Leger and Sir John Johnson, capturing large quantities of supplies and military intelligence.

In June 1778, as his regiment was stationed at Fort Stanwix, Willett received permission from Gansevoort to join an army commanded by George Washington, participating in the Battle of Monmouth on June 28. Willett then participated in an expedition led by Goose Van Schaick against the Onondaga in April 1778 before returning to his regiment and seeing action in the Sullivan Expedition against British-allied Iroquois in May 1779.

Willett was made colonel of the 5th New York Regiment in early 1780, serving in the regiment until January 1, 1781, when it was disbanded. In April 1781, he was appointed as colonel of the Tryon County militia, with whom Willett secured a victory over a British-Indian force at Johnstown on October 25. After leading an aborted attempted to capture Fort Ontario, Willett's men disbanded themselves in 1783, bringing his military career to an end.

Political career and death
After the conflict's end, Willett returned to New York City and started working as a merchant. He subsequently aligned himself politically with the Anti-Federalist Party, including governor of New York George Clinton, to whom Willett served as a political advisor. Together, the pair frequently discussed plans to counter the political influence of the Democratic-Republican Party, which was dominated by politicians from the American South. In addition to being elected to the New York State Assembly in December 1783, Willett also twice served as the Sheriff of New York County.

In 1790, George Washington, by now serving as the U.S. President, dispatched Willett as a diplomatic envoy to the Muscogee in order to persuade Alexander McGillivray, a prominent Muscogee leader, to come to New York City and negotiate with the federal government. Willett's mission was successful, and a delegation of twenty-seven Muscogee leaders led by McGillivray came to the city and negotiated the 1790 Treaty of New York with Washington and United States Secretary of War Henry Knox. The treaty delineated clear borders between American and Muscogee lands.

Willett continued to advise the federal government on indigenous affairs after the treaty was signed. As noted by historian Colin G. Calloway, when tensions rose between encroaching settlers from Georgia and Muscogee tribals on the American frontier, Willett wrote a letter to Washington warning him against authorising a military offensive against the Muscogee without conducting a thorough investigation on the cause for the tensions. In the letter, Willett claimed that territorial ambitions from the "leading men of Georgia" were to blame for ongoing U.S. tensions with the Muscogee.

In April 1792, Willett was appointed by Washington to command American forces in the ongoing Northwest Indian War at the rank of brigadier-general, though he did not accept the appointment. In a letter to Washington explaining his decision, Willett argued against the United States government's decision to fight the war, claiming that it "would be the last choice of my mind" and that a policy of pursuing peace on the Ohio Country frontier was far more preferable. Willett was subsequently appointed to serve as an emissary to the Northwestern Confederacy, which he also declined.

From 1807 to 1808, Willett served as New York City mayor, having previously joined the Democratic-Republican Party. In 1811, the death of John Broome left a vacancy in the office of New York Lieutenant Governor. Willett participated in a special election as the Tammany Hall candidate, where he was defeated by DeWitt Clinton; this led to Willett retiring from politics. On August 22, 1830, Willett died and was buried in Trinity Church, after a lavish funeral service which included 10,000 mourners. His corpse was later reburied in the New York City Marble Cemetery.

Personal life, family, and legacy

Throughout his life, Willett was "[very] interested in social services and the needs of [American] citizens", establishing several relief centers, medical centers, and hospitals in New York City "to assist the needy". Having amassed a personal fortune through land speculation and the purchase of confiscated Loyalist estates after the Revolutionary War, Willett invested in these medical institutions and took an active interest in their management until his death in 1830.

Willett was one of the original members of the Society of the Cincinnati, a fraternal hereditary society founded in 1783; the society's membership was restricted to those who had served as military officers in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. In 1791, Willett commissioned American painter Ralph Earl to paint a full-length portrait of him. In c. 1802, he paid for the neoclassicist artist John Vanderlyn to paint his wife Margaret and son Marinus Jr.

Over the course of his life, Willett married thrice. In 1760, he married Mary Pearsee, and had one child together, a son named Marinus, Jr. who died in 1778. After Mary passed away in 1793, Willett remarried to a widow named Susannah Vardill; the marriage ended in 1799, when she filed for divorce from him. Willett remarried again for a third and final time to Margaret Bancker c. 1800, with whom he had five children: Marinus Jr., William, Edward, Elbert, and Margaret.

Numerous locations were named after Willett both during and after his life. A street in Albany, New York, bordering Washington Park, was named in honor of Willett, as was Willet, a town in Cortland County, New York. A memorial plaque commemorating Willett was fixed to a boulder in the Albany park in 1907. The boulder was struck numerous times in traffic collisions, so it was moved to a different location in 2006 in anticipation of the park's 200th anniversary.

title: Marinus Willett


text:
Talk:Rohirrim

Should this article maybe be merged with "Rohan"? (anon. post by User:Cythraul)

 * More importantly, the Rohirrim are not actually a people with a folk history as so naively presented here, but an element of Tolkien's invented mythology. I have added a brief section exemplifying Tolkien's use of his sources in inventing the Rohirrim.--Wetman 15:34, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Anglo-Saxon culture
It says in the article thatAnglo-Saxon culture is derived from Scandinavian culture, but as only some of the Anglo-Saxons came from Scandinavia (Jutland), I wonder if this is entirely true and should be in the article? Drogo (talk) 14:08, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think this is true or should be in the article. Old English is a western Germanic language (though influenced by Old Norse). Also, the remark about Goths fighting mounted being 'relations' of the Angles and Saxons (if those indeed made up the main bulk of the immigrants from the continent, better call them Anglosaxons) is not true. First, 'Goths' is too broad a term. Second, Goths are only very distantly 'related' to the Anglosaxons (their languages differed very much, Western Germanic language vs Eastern Germanic language). Third, Goths had a only slightly more mounted warriors then other Germanic groups. The phrase as it is now "(their relations the Goths did fight mounted)" should for accuracy be changed to: "(the Huns, who weren't related to Anglosaxons at all but lived around the same time, did fight mounted). Krastain (talk) 13:08, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Rohirrim


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/WeedySeadragon

Weedy Seadragon

The Weedy sea dragon taken by Richard Ling.

Its a striking image of an animal in its natural habitat. It's pin sharp and well lit.   — Zeimusu | Talk
 * Nominate and support.   — Zeimusu | Talk 14:08, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Now this is cool! Support Denni ☯ 22:45, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * Absolutely support. Striking. Mgm|(talk) 23:43, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 23:44, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow! Just wow!. Quadruple-support! Neutralitytalk 05:56, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Longhair 20:32, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Magnificent Shot! --Fir0002 10:57, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Only just released I forgot to sign the above comment :) --Fir0002 10:57, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support, though my first impression looking at the hi-res was, "Looks like a composite." —Korath (Talk) 10:12, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Full Support -- Chris 73 Talk 11:50, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. A little too blurry by the tail, but since its an underwater shot, I'll let it pass.  →mathx314(talk)(email) 20:29, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Great shot. - Jpo 03:31, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Elijah 21:58, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * Support Niiiiiice Junes 17:55, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --brian0918™ 13:30, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wowwwwww... Suport Tygar 04:28, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Alphax τεχ 02:04, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. -- AllyUnion (talk) 03:01, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Promoted, I am not going to count those BrokenSegue 01:12, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell

Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell (born c. 1492, died 9 September 1513) was a Scottish nobleman, who succeeded his father Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell in 1508. Prior to that, he was known by one of his territorial designations, Adam Hepburn of Crags, under which he drew up his Testament.

Hepburn married in 1511 (the first of her four husbands) Agnes (died February 1557), the illegitimate daughter of James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan by Margaret Murray. This Agnes Stewart was provided with Letters of Legitimacy, confirmed by Queen Mary of Guise, on 31 October 1552, under the Great Seal of Scotland. Hepburn and Agnes had one child: Patrick. Hepburn was killed at the Battle of Flodden, where he commanded the Scottish reserve.

title: Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell


text:
User talk:Slambo/Gallery

Thanks for uploading. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Squallwc 14:10, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Regarding another SEPTA image
I've been curious about this one image in your galler, specifically File:Septa 145 1993, near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.jpg. You say this is near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, but I looked at Valley Forge on Google Maps, and I can't figure out where this could've been. Does this track even exist now? DanTD (talk) 23:29, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slambo/Gallery


text:
Habeas Corpus Act

Habeas Corpus Act may refer to several Acts of Parliament and Acts of Congress relating to Habeas Corpus:

 * Habeas Corpus Act 1640 (16 Cha I. c. 10) of the Parliament of England
 * Habeas Corpus Act 1679 (31 Cha. 2 c. 2) of the Parliament of England
 * Habeas Corpus Act 1816 (1816 c.100 56 Geo 3) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
 * Habeas Corpus Act 1862 (20 & 26 Vict. c.20) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
 * Habeas Corpus Act 1867 (sess. ii, chap. 28, Stat. 385) of the United States Congress

title: Habeas Corpus Act


text: User talk:129.21.118.234

title: User talk:129.21.118.234


text:
Kalina

Kalina may refer to:

People

 * Kalina people, or Caribs, an indigenous people of the northern coastal areas of South America
 * Kalina language, or Carib, the language of the Kalina people
 * Kalina (given name)
 * Kalina (surname)
 * Noah Kalina, American photographer and creator of Everyday

Poland

 * Kalina, Gniezno County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Kalina, Konin County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Kalina, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Kalina, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
 * Kalina, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
 * Kalina, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
 * Kalina Mała, Poland

Bulgaria

 * Kalina, Dobrich Province
 * Kalina, Vidin Province
 * Kalina, Traditional Name

Other

 * Kalina, a geographical location in Mumbai
 * Kalina, Estonia, village in Alutaguse Parish, Ida-Viru County, Estonia
 * Kalina, the former name of Gombe in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Other uses

 * Kalina (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Maharashtra, India
 * Kalina (whale), the first orca to be born and raised successfully in captivity
 * Kalina cycle, a process through which thermodynamic energy is converted to mechanical power
 * Lada Kalina, a Russian car
 * Project Kalina, a Russian proposed fifth-generation submarine
 * SPG Kalina, a Polish tracked vehicle

title: Kalina


text:
Talk:Sodomy laws in the United States

Removed Word Pervasive
I've listed the following definition from Reverso as support for my edit substituting the word "universal" for "pervasive," as the word pervasive is really not a very neutral word. A law that was universal less than fifty years ago can hardly be so uncontroversially bad as to permit us to use such a word in a encyclopedia article.

pervasive Something, especially something bad, that is pervasive is present or felt throughout a place or thing.

Untitled
Any details on how sodomy was defined according to these Laws prior to 2003? i.e: "Idaho (all sexes; felony punishable by imprisonment for 5 years to life)". So, to which of anal/oral/BDSM/other sexual practices... for married/unmarried couples was this applicable?
 * There appear to be some unclear entries in the "Laws Prior to 2003" table. Several states (including Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, Utah, and Virginia) are listed as having had laws struck down in 2003, and cite the Lawrence vs Texas case as the reason for the laws being struck down.  However, each of them show a full set of green check marks under to all of the covered activities.  This would imply that all the activities were already permitted prior to the outcome of the 2003 Lawrence decision.  What was the real situation in each of these states prior to 2003?24.222.2.222 (talk) 18:21, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

"Gay Sex"?
There is a contradiction in the text -- in the beginning it says "gay sex" but then lists states where the laws apply to "all sexes". It seems therefore, that gay sex (which itself is not too clear -- was that male-male sex only, as in other countries, or also female-female sex?) was not the only target of those laws. -- John Smythe 02:59, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It says they were INTENDED to counter gay sex. In that intent, they defined the acts broadly enough to include heterosexual couples. Removing tag. Kuronue | Talk 21:14, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Is there any supportive documentation or are we just making assumption. There has been and still are some countries where male-male sex is illegal but female-female sex is legal or a much lesser crime.Mantion (talk) 02:28, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

The only three anti-gay law(s):
Only Texas (Just $500 Max), Oklahoma (10 Years Max) and Kansas (6 months Max) same-sex only left in the statutes (Not enforced).

Missouri (2006) and Puerto Rico (2005) / (Oral sex only) repealed these anti-same-sex law(s) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 124.183.121.151 (talk) 07:32, 21 March 2007 (UTC).

Deleting garbled paragraph on Michigan law
"Michigan In Michigan Organization for Human Rights v. Kelley 1990, a trial court ruled Michigan’s sodomy law unconstitutional under the state constitution. The ruling was not petition that ruling so it is consideration the choice is necessary on all state prosecutors. On the other hand, because the case subsists brought on behalf of select people and nplea, present status of the law is in uncertainty [4] [5]. (all sexes; felony punishable by up to 15 years imprisonment - Repeat offenders get life); statute was struck down by Wayne County judge but status was unclear."

The links are both dead, too. I'm not an expert on the law in Michigan, but I'm adding a link to a newspaper story which definitively shows that the Michigan law was overturned by Lawrence v. Texas in 2003.Textorus (talk) 20:46, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Subject
It seems odd to me that there is no actual discussion of Sodomy laws in the United States here, only a celebration that they have been repealed. Is there someone out there with some knowldege of the purported subject of this article who can write something about it? CsikosLo (talk) 16:14, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Confusion About Lawrence v. Texas
My understanding of the 2003 Supreme Court decision (and I have read it cover to cover) is that it invalidated the Texas law precisely because it treated gay people differently from heterosexuals. Therefore, it did not invalidate sodomy laws that are egalitarian with respect to that divide. If heterosexual and homosexual conduct is equally regulated, that Supreme Court decision doesn't affect the law. If that's right, then this entry is hopelessly misinformed and misleading, even outright wrong in several places. Parableman (talk) 14:17, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Legislative repeal
This entry uses the phrase "legislative repeal" to denote a law that has been repealed. But repeal requires the passage of a new law, which requires action by a legislature 'and a governor or, in rare instance, by a legislature alone overriding a governor's veto. Why don't we just say "repeal" or "repealed by statute"? Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 15:31, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

What does the big red X mean?
Should be clarified. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.172.74.184 (talk) 19:53, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

What else did these laws prohibit?
While the article provides a good summary of what these laws prohibited in terms of oral and anal sex, sometimes the same laws also banned other practices like bestiality. It would be useful to know which state or federal laws did (or do) this, because it illustrates how governments associated homosexuality with such other things. Also, I suspect these other parts of the laws were kept intact, so some sodomy laws weren't so much repealed as they were modified, but they probably aren't called sodomy laws now. I hope someone has this information to add. 24.57.210.141 (talk) 03:27, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Interesting question. I've listed the laws I found regarding sexuality in Florida.  It is more comprehensive than just "sodomy" because the word is not used in the law -- so I tried to find anything related to sex. Sliceofmiami (talk) 20:07, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Florida sexual laws
Here are the Florida laws associated with sexual behavior. The word "sodomy" does not exist in the literature, so a more comprehensive search of related to all sexual behavior was performed (hardly the correct word to use in this context). Where the "sections" are way too long to list, a reference link to the entire chapter is included.

 * CHAPTER 794 SEXUAL BATTERY

 * CHAPTER 796 PROSTITUTION

 * CHAPTER 797 ABORTION

 * CHAPTER 798 ADULTERY; COHABITATION

 * "798.01 Living in open adultery.—Whoever lives in an open state of adultery shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. Where either of the parties living in an open state of adultery is married, both parties so living shall be deemed to be guilty of the offense provided for in this section."

 * "798.02 Lewd and lascivious behavior.—If any man and woman, not being married to each other, lewdly and lasciviously associate and cohabit together, or if any man or woman, married or unmarried, engages in open and gross lewdness and lascivious behavior, they shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083."

 * CHAPTER 800 LEWDNESS; INDECENT EXPOSURE

 * "800.02 Unnatural and lascivious act.—A person who commits any unnatural and lascivious act with another person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. A mother’s breastfeeding of her baby does not under any circumstance violate this section."

 * "800.03 Exposure of sexual organs.—It is unlawful to expose or exhibit one’s sexual organs in public or on the private premises of another, or so near thereto as to be seen from such private premises, in a vulgar or indecent manner, or to be naked in public except in any place provided or set apart for that purpose. Violation of this section is a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. A mother’s breastfeeding of her baby does not under any circumstance violate this section."

 * "800.04 Lewd or lascivious offenses committed upon or in the presence of persons less than 16 years of age."

 * "800.05 Forfeiture of retirement benefits for a felony defined in s. 800.04"

 * "800.09 Lewd or lascivious exhibition in the presence of an employee."

 * CHAPTER 823 PUBLIC NUISANCES

 * "823.13 Places where obscene materials are illegally kept, sold, or used declared a public nuisance"

 * CHAPTER 825 ABUSE, NEGLECT, AND EXPLOITATION OF ELDERLY PERSONS AND DISABLED ADULTS

 * "825.1025 Lewd or lascivious offenses committed upon or in the presence of an elderly person or disabled person"

 * CHAPTER 826 BIGAMY; INCEST

 * "826.01 Bigamy; punishment.—Whoever, having a husband or wife living, marries another person shall, except in the cases mentioned in s. 826.02, be guilty of a felony of the third degree"

 * "826.03 Knowingly marrying husband or wife of another.—Whoever knowingly marries the husband or wife of another person, knowing him or her to be the spouse of another person, shall be guilty of a felony of the third degree"

 * "826.04 Incest.—Whoever knowingly marries or has sexual intercourse with a person to whom he or she is related by lineal consanguinity, or a brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, or niece, commits incest, which constitutes a felony of the third degree"

 * CHAPTER 827 ABUSE OF CHILDREN

 * "827.071 Sexual performance by a child"

 * CHAPTER 847 OBSCENITY

 * CHAPTER 872 OFFENSES CONCERNING DEAD BODIES AND GRAVES

 * "872.06 Abuse of a dead human body; penalty. (1) As used in this section, the term “sexual abuse” means: (a) Anal or vaginal penetration of a dead human body by the sexual organ of a person or by any other object; (b) Contact or union of the penis, vagina, or anus of a person with the mouth, penis, vagina, or anus of a dead human body; or (c) Contact or union of a person’s mouth with the penis, vagina, or anus of a dead human body. (2) A person who mutilates, commits sexual abuse upon, or otherwise grossly abuses a dead human body commits a felony of the second degree"

Sliceofmiami (talk) 20:07, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Jefferson
It mentions castration as the punishment for sodemy, polygamy and what not.. But it should be noted that Jefferson felt that females who engaged in such activities should be punished with "by cutting thro' the cartilage of her nose a hole of one half inch diameter at the least." Should that be included?Mantion (talk) 02:30, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Sodomy laws in the United States. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100710013622/http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/web/pabonadio.html to http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/web/pabonadio.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20061020161253/http://www.ilga.org:80/statehomophobia/Legal%20Wrap%20Up%20Survey%20July%202006.pdf to http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/Legal%20Wrap%20Up%20Survey%20July%202006.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:39, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

graphic
This graphic was in the text but unless I'm missing something I don't see how it can possibly be accurate as all sodomy laws were declared unconstitutional in 2003.

Bangabandhu (talk) 15:41, 23 September 2016 (UTC)
 * It is explained in the article. Many states still are holding old statues banning sodomy - regardless decisions of the Supreme Court and regardles of the USA constitution. They are still written there despite being invalid. So it is really nice to have a graphic which shows that US law system is more complex. Especially for someone from the outside. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.21.104.2 (talk) 06:20, 27 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Some states are conforming some are still not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.21.104.2 (talk) 06:24, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Sodomy laws in the United States. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151018163941/http://www.nola.com/printer/printer.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-9%2F111466958966450.xml to http://www.nola.com/printer/printer.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-9%2F111466958966450.xml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081012085225/http://www.aoc.state.nc.us/www/public/coa/opinions/2005/040636-1.htm to http://www.aoc.state.nc.us/www/public/coa/opinions/2005/040636-1.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131216194515/http://www.sodomy.org/laws/ to http://www.sodomy.org/laws/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110928031636/http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/Hotspots/GayGuide-action-Region-regionid-23.html to http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/Hotspots/GayGuide-action-Region-regionid-23.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:10, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Help verifying edit about revision of Louisiana sodomy law
I'm soliciting some help in trying to establish the validity of this [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States&diff=567317233&oldid=566813584 set of edits on 5 August 2013], referencing an article in the Times-Picayune titled "Sodomy law revisions are upheld on appeal", thus implying there was a revision to the Louisiana sodomy law (presumably Louisiana R.S. 14:89), the validity of the revision to the law purportedly having been challenged and upheld.

Neither archive.org nor archive.is has a usable copy of the article, and I have been unsuccessful at locating this article or some other article about a change to the law within the apparent time frame (e.g. 2003-2005). The "best" I have found is a change to R.S. 14:89 made in 2010.

I'd like somebody else to look this over before we consider removing it. Perhaps there's a way to figure out all the different revisions that have been made to this statute in the relevant time frame and hopefully identify either an article supporting this or the specific court case it is referencing.

As far as I understand, the Louisiana law has never been modified to comply with Lawrence v Texas, a bill to do so having failed to pass in 2014. Fabrickator (talk) 01:43, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Maryland repeal
A bill in Maryland has passed into law to repeal the ban. It is effective October 1st, 2020. Is it the policy to wait for the bill to be effective before making the necessary edits on this page?

Agpuh2 (talk) 19:30, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

 * : I think it's desirable to include this now. The issue is that our language makes it awkward to create text which is appropriate for both before and after the fact, and we'd prefer to be able to make one edit which works both before and after.  This calls for the use of the delayed template.  Here's an example:
 * The first day of 2020.
 * The last day of 2020.
 * Of course, you would use something like this (click on "edit" to see the template usage):
 * Maryland bill HB81 October 1, 2020.
 * Congratulations! You are now an advanced template user.  Fabrickator (talk) 22:20, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

 * in the spirit of making the changes in one edit, how would I change the map (the same one shown earlier on this Talk page) to reflect this update?

Agpuh2 (talk) 04:17, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

 * The map is its own entity (i.e. File:Unconstitutional_sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States.svg) and would be updated independently of the article page. Insofar as having the map automagically update on a specific date, I don't think there's any sort of "template" to accomplish that.

 * Note that the map is stored as an svg file. There are tools available to edit svg files, but if all you're doing is changing the "fill" color of one state, you can cleverly decipher the coding and just replace the existing "fill" value for that state with the appropriate "fill" value..  At least, that's what I did to modify a very similar map. Fabrickator (talk) 08:57, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:22, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Unconstitutional sodomy laws in the United States.svg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:53, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Sodomy laws in the United States.svg

This really needs a friendlier title.
Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Decriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse in the United States

Both of the above would make more sense wouldn't they? As not all of same sex relationships are related to the articles antiquated laws. That way this page could be merged with a more apt title, and put in the "historical" part, as in past tense. 49.185.177.195 (talk) 19:59, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

Minnesota Legality
the 2001 Hennepin County decision found the Minnesota sodomy law 609.293 to be unconstitutional as applied to private, noncommercial acts by consenting adults in Doe v. Ventura.

yet this page shows that married and unmarried couples as covered under the law, when this is not the case. 2600:1014:B04F:5B6A:488:4A69:3A96:E2A8 (talk) 16:20, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Just as a point of interest (since it seems to be moot given that it's been deemed unconstitutional), can someone please point to the basis for this claim that it does not apply to both married and unmarried couples? Fabrickator (talk) 19:52, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sodomy laws in the United States


text:
User:Inter/Articles

Started Articles
Just a list of articles I have started and/or contributed to in my time on WP.

 * Impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Norway
 * RPWL
 * Seasons End (album)
 * Holidays in Eden (Album)
 * Brave (Album)
 * Brave The Movie (Movie)
 * Afraid of Sunlight (Album)
 * This Strange Engine (Album)
 * Radiation (Album)

There's more but I have forgotten and/or too lazy to check my extensive edit history.

Large And Small Contributions to Articles

 * Gravis Ultrasound (Work in progress)
 * Marillion
 * South Africa (FAC)

Project Participation

 * Discworld Project

title: User:Inter/Articles


text:
Adam Hepburn, Master of Hailes

Adam Hepburn, Master of Hailes (after 1432 – 1479) was Sheriff of Berwickshire in April 1467, and had a charter of confirmation of Dunsyre in the sheriffdom of Lanarkshire, dated 13 October 1475, being thereafter designated 'of Dunsyre'.

Family
Adam Hepburn, Master of Hailes, was the son of Sir Patrick Hepburn, 1st Lord Hailes and Ellen Wallace. He was not of age to marry on 2 February 1448, the date of the marriage contract agreed between his father, and Alexander Home, 1st Lord Home, which settled the contract of marriage between Adam and Helen Home, Sir Alexander's daughter by his spouse Marion Lauder.

Children

 * 1) Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell (c. 1452 – 18 October 1508).
 * 2) George Hepburn (c. 1454 – 9 September 1513)
 * 3) Margaret Hepburn (c. 1456 – 8 November 1542) married Sir David Wemyss of Wemyss and (bef 4 Dec 1488) Henry Sinclair, 4th Lord Sinclair.
 * 4) Adam Hepburn (c. 1457 – 9 September 1513)
 * 5) Elizabeth (Agnes) Hepburn (born c. 1461) married Alexander Home

Intrigue
Hepburn is believed to have intrigued with the widowed Queen Mary of Gueldres, a young and beautiful woman. He attached himself to the party of the Boyds, and was concerned in the seizure of King James III at Linlithgow on 9 July 1466, for which he obtained a remission from Parliament dated 13 October that year.

Adam Hepburn of Dunsyre is one of the several illustrious jurors on an Assize, 5 March 1470/1, which acquitted Andrew Ker of Cessford of aiding and abetting James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Angus "traitor from England within Scotland", for his association with Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd after he was declared a rebel, and other accusations, all of which Ker had denied. Others on the jury were Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus, David Lindsay, 3rd Earl of Crawford, Alexander Cunningham, Lord Kilmaurs, James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton, and Sir Alexander Lauder of Haltoun. (Hist. MSS).

title: Adam Hepburn, Master of Hailes


text:
Bowser (disambiguation)

Bowser is the main antagonist in the Mario videogame and media franchise.

Bowser may also refer to:

Liquid storage and delivery

 * Bowser (tanker), a generic name for a tanker of various liquids
 * Australian and South African English for a fuel dispenser at a filling station

People

 * Bowser (surname)
 * Bowzer, the nickname of Jon Bauman (born 1947), singer for the music group Sha Na Na, game show host, and television personality

Dogs and related characters in comics, literature and entertainment

 * A traditional name for a pet dog, such as
 * Bowser, a former mascot dog of the Indiana Pacers basketball team – see Boomer
 * Bowser, the title character of Bowser the Hound, a 1920 children's book by Thornton Burgess
 * Bowser, Claire Bennett's pet dog in the American comic strip Moose & Molly
 * Bowser, a puppy character in Pound Puppies, a 1986–1989 American animated television series
 * Böwser vön Überdog, the bulldog primary antagonist in the American webcomic The Ongoing Adventures of Rocket Llama
 * Rex "Bowser" Pointer, a policeman character with a robot dog in COPS (animated TV series)

Places

 * Bowser, British Columbia, Canada, a community
 * Bowser, Texas, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Mount Bowser, Ross Dependency, Antarctica
 * Bowser Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica
 * Bowser Formation, a geologic formation in Alaska

Entertainment

 * Bowser (Doctors), a fictional character from Doctors
 * Bowser and Blue, a musical duo from Quebec, Canada who write and perform comedic songs
 * Bowser Jr., Bowser's son and the secondary antagonist in the Mario franchise
 * "Bowser", a song from Members Only, Vol. 3

Other uses

 * Bowser railway station, Victoria, Australia
 * Bowser Manufacturing, a manufacturer of model railroad items

title: Bowser (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Bowser (disambiguation)

Redirects and page name
Deleted redirect to Talk:Bowser_(Nintendo) as the disambig page might need its own talk page. —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( TALK )  07:32, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

BTW, I have heard of more cats than dogs named Bowser. —  F REAK OF N URxTURE  ( TALK )  07:33, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

PRL, Now 62 yrs young, as a child of 10 and interested in anything military, my memories of 'BOWSER' were of a small, camouflaged, two wheeled, oval shaped tanker, containing maybe 250 gallons of aviation spirit, which could be pulled by a Jeep around an airfield full of WW2 spitfires!
 * This page should be the name of the Nintendo character since that is the most well known use of the word, so troll moved it though. Edgecution 06:31, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Part of Microsoft Windows operating systems?
The article refers to Bowser as a part of Microsoft Windows operating systems. However, in that article, I can’t find any information about that (the term “Bowser” does not appear there). –SW (87.181.109.54 (talk)) 13:17, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I rather doubt this was correct; of course, they may have been thinking of "browser". I've removed that entry. TheFeds 22:12, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

 * But it's real, see these two blog posts by Larry Osterman (a programmer at Microsoft who originally wrote the component). Any objections to putting it back in? 217.238.117.254 (talk) 16:39, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 2010

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:13, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Bowser (disambiguation) → Bowser — Multiple plausible primary topics: tanker/dispenser for liquid and video game character. Better to leave the disambiguation page at Bowser, rather than redirecting straight to the video game character. TheFeds 22:10, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support no primary topic. —innotata 00:12, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose Video game character considerably more well-known Purplebackpack89  (Notes Taken)  (Locker) 02:06, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. Video game character is relatively obscure, known mainly to those few who play Mario Bros games, while other uses are common English. Andrewa (talk) 09:43, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * While I agree that the character probally would not the clear priamry meaning I would not call the character obscure. The orignal Super Mario Bros. sold over 40 million copies.--76.69.164.78 (talk) 02:41, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I did say relatively. But my describing the players as few is obviously wrong! Good point. Andrewa (talk) 17:03, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support No clear primary topic. A google search  shows a mixture of topics in it's first few results.  The first topic that occurred to me when seeing this request was the tanker and given that usage has (presumably) been around much longer I think a disambiguation page at Bowser is the way to go. Dpmuk (talk) 09:31, 22 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose Using Google results in this case would be more convincing if the results indicated a split between the video game character and the other topics listed on this disambiguation page. Instead, they seem to be a split between the video game character (by far the most prominent) and topics that aren't covered on Wikipedia at all. I skimmed the first five pages of results of a search for "bowser -wikipedia" and saw 1 hit marketing the British Columbia community, and 1 hit related to the tanker usage, and that was it for the non-character-topics listed here. Propaniac (talk) 20:11, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Using number of google hits for something like this has many problems. I suspect your results may be partly due to the version of google you use.  Google UK returns five hits to the the tanker in the first 5 pages.  There is also the issue that, being a computer related term, internet searches may be biased towards the character.  Although looking at Google News results is made difficult by how often Bowser occurs as a name it would appear that the tanker is the more common usage in those results.  Meanwhile a google scholar search has the Bowser Basin in BC as the most common usage (after removing articles with an author name of Bowser), which we don't appear to have an article on at all but which certainly appears notable.  It was for this reason that I only used the google results as part of my reasoning - I'd never rely on it alone.  Having now looked at more closely, both in terms of different types of google search (normal, scholar, news) and several different country versions I'm even more convinced there is no primary topic. Dpmuk (talk) 22:32, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support — teh video game character has no legit claim on the redirect and this disambig should be what's on offer. Jack Merridew 20:28, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. No clear primary topic has been demonstrated. Quantpole (talk) 12:58, 27 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 1 April 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. Per the wording of WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, there is no single criterion, and the consensus of editors makes the decision on existence of a primary topic. EdJohnston (talk) 18:42, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

– The character is far and away the primary topic by readership and by ghits. The character gets more than 10x the readership of the next most popular article. There is no other historical topic or academic usage that is higher in import for the title. I almost did this move myself boldly since the case is so stark, but want to respect process for the sake of a five-year-old consensus. czar ⨹   22:06, 1 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Bowser → Bowser (disambiguation)
 * Bowser (character) → Bowser
 * Strong oppose as previous RM, as Google Books: Bowser (tanker) etc. Wondering if Bowser (Mario) might be better given Bowser the Hound by Thornton W. Burgess. In ictu oculi (talk) 06:28, 2 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose per 2010 move request, and bowser -- 65.94.43.89 (talk) 09:31, 2 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I can name things too—what is the rationale? If the issue is that Bowser (tanker) is more a common phrase and thus has more usage, that doesn't play out in practice: Bowser (character) receives over 10 times the hits in an average 90 day period (38.5k vs. 3.5k). Readers searching for Bowser are far and away expecting the character page and we give them the disambig where it should instead be a hatnote. That's why it is the primary topic. And there is no case for the argument that the other Bowsers somehow have a combined encyclopedic value that overpowers that of the character—they receive a pittance of the interest in the one character article. czar ⨹   11:54, 2 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, which the opposers apparently haven't read in a while. I still am waiting for In ictu oculi's imaginary criterion of "Google Books results" to be added. Red Slash 23:59, 3 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. No primary topic. To many of us, a bowser is primarily a water tanker. -- Necrothesp (talk) 20:25, 4 April 2015 (UTC)
 * What metric or policy-backed rationale is "many of us"? czar ⨹   21:53, 4 April 2015 (UTC)
 * In fact, policy clearly states that primary topic has nothing to do with what comes to your mind first. Red Slash 04:28, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * To claim that the primary meaning for this common word is a video game character is ludicrous WP:RECENTISM. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:07, 6 April 2015 (UTC)
 * That essay says nothing about article notability, and the only possibly relevant part, the ten year test, would still indicate that by the traffic metrics measured above, the character is far and away the perennial target for those searching for Bowsers. We're talking ten times the traffic of the tanker with no spikes that would indicate fleeting importance. I see no possible policy-backed rationale for the position that the tanker is equally expected as the target for "Bowser" searches. If anything, the limiting factor is not that the character is more recent (and then somehow of less enduring importance despite its worldwide renown) but that the tanker term "bowser" is UK-centric and not nearly the expected result for international searches of Bowser. czar ⨹   15:47, 6 April 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Bowser (character) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 02:15, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Bowser (character) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 12:46, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Bowser (character) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:46, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Bowser (character) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:16, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bowser (disambiguation)


text:
Scoreboard

A scoreboard is a large board for publicly displaying the score in a game. Most levels of sport from high school and above use at least one scoreboard for keeping score, measuring time, and displaying statistics. Scoreboards in the past used a mechanical clock and numeral cards to display the score. When a point was made, a person would put the appropriate digits on a hook. Most modern scoreboards use electromechanical or electronic means of displaying the score. In these, digits are often composed of large dot-matrix or seven-segment displays made of incandescent bulbs, light-emitting diodes, or electromechanical flip segments. An official or neutral person will operate the scoreboard, using a control panel.

Technology
Prior to the 1980s most electronic scoreboards were electro-mechanical. They contained relays or stepping switches controlling digits consisting of incandescent light bulbs. Beginning in the 1980s, advances in solid state electronics permitted major improvements in scoreboard technology. High power semiconductors such as thyristors and transistors replaced mechanical relays, light-emitting diodes first replaced light bulbs for indoor scoreboards and then, as their brightness increased, outdoor scoreboards. Light-emitting diodes last many times as long as light bulbs, are not subject to breakage, and are much more efficient at converting electrical energy to light. The newest light emitting diodes can last up to 100,000 hours before having to be replaced. Advances in large-scale integrated circuits permitted the introduction of computer control. This also made it cost effective to send the signals that control the operation of the scoreboard either through the existing AC wires providing power to the scoreboard or through the air. Powerline modems permit the digital control signals to be sent over the AC power lines. The most common method of sending digital data over power lines at rates less than 2400 bits per second is called frequency shift keying (FSK). Two radio frequencies represent binary 0 and 1. Radio transmission such as FSK sends data digitally. Until recently radio transmission was subject to short range and interference by other radio sources. A fairly recent technology called spread spectrum permits much more robust radio control of scoreboards. Spread spectrum, like the name implies, distributes the signal over a wide portion of the radio spectrum. This helps the signal resist interference which is usually confined to a narrow frequency band.

North American football
In both the United States and Canadian football codes, the minimum details displayed are the time and score of both teams. A typical high school scoreboard will additionally display the down, the yardage of the line of scrimmage, the yards to go until a first down, the team with the possession (usually signified with the outline of a football in lights next to the possessing team's score) and the quarter. Higher levels will also include play clocks and the number of time outs left for each team. American football scoreboards may include a horn to signal the end of a quarter, but they are not used in larger venues. In those cases, the referee or public address announcer denotes the termination of a quarter vocally via the PA system; formerly quarter ends were denoted with the firing of a starting pistol in the era before digital timing.

Basketball
A basketball scoreboard will at the minimum display the time left in the period and both teams' scores. The last minute of each quarter is usually displayed with tenths of a second, which is required in FIBA, NBA (since 1989), and NCAA (since 2001). Most high school scoreboards also include a display of the number of team fouls, the number of the last player to commit a personal foul (with the total number of personal fouls for that player), the period, and indicators of which team is in the team foul penalty situation, and possession (with a separate possession arrow display at half-court; not used in the NBA). College basketball scoreboards include shot clocks and the number of time-outs left for each team, with some high school state athletics bodies also beginning to adopt shot clocks to remove end of game stalling. Larger scoreboards include statistics on the players in the game. Basketball scoreboards must include a horn or buzzer to signal the end of a period, fouls, and substitutions; the shot clocks have their own buzzer system sounding a different octave to avert any confusion with the game clock system.

In some multipurpose venues where ice hockey and basketball are played, the scoreboard unit which shows penalties will be used to display the player on the court, number of fouls, and points scored in the game. The team fouls are usually placed in the same position as shots on goal in hockey games. In some university arenas, the scorer's table, which has traditionally been used for displaying physically scrolling advertising boards along its face, may also feature either a traditional mechanical scoreboard, or a scoreboard display within a LED display on the front of the table which also functions with virtual scrolling advertisements.

Since 1991, the NBA has mandated that each shot clock carry a duplicate readout of the time left in the period in addition to the shot time. Since 2011, the shot clock also shows tenths of a second past five seconds left on the shot clock. Many college and even some high-school shot clocks (in states where a shot-clock rule is in effect for high-school basketball) now also include a game timer.

Three-sided game shot clocks became a trend in the 1990s, and after a controversial series of calls during the 2002 NBA Playoffs, the NBA instituted a new game shot clock rule in 2002, requiring specific visibility of the game- and shot-clock time for instant-replay purposes. FIBA installed a similar three-sided rule in 2004. The rule was further changed in 2005 by permitting a new Daktronics see-through model (one on top of the basket, one on the end of the basket unit) that has gained popularity as many OES and Daktronics venues have adopted the system. Since 2016, see-through clocks made by Tissot are what the NBA use for all venues.

Daktronics has introduced a technology called ColorSmart, which denotes the trailing team's score numbers with red lighting, while the leading team is in green. However this technology has yet to be utilized in a game settings as the bylaws of the major basketball sanctioning bodies and many of the high school athletic bodies decree that both scores must display in the same color; the rule came into effect in 1994 after Spectrum Scoreboards introduced an earlier version of the concept. This is used almost exclusively in recreation leagues.

Baseball
For baseball the scoreboard will at the minimum show both team scores, as well as the current inning. In addition the number of balls, strikes and outs is represented by digits or individual lights. Larger scoreboards offer an inning-by-inning breakdown of the scores, hits, errors, pitch count and the time of day, along with pitch clocks for leagues which mandate that rule. There may also be another display either separate or combined with the scoreboard listing the radar gun reading of the last pitch thrown in miles per hour. Almost all Major League facilities have a video board as a scoreboard or a matrix display. Usually these scoreboards are controlled via programs that keep statistics and not just the score. Usually the official scorer will operate this program. Then all the information the official scorer will enter, will automatically be made output to the scoreboard. Currently, the largest scoreboards are located at Progressive Field in Cleveland, Ohio, and Kansas City, Missouri's Kauffman Stadium. There is also a very large scoreboard at Citizens Bank Park, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Manually operated scoreboards are still found frequently in baseball, particularly at older venues. Well-known examples of manual scoreboards, using numbers painted on metal sheets hung by people working inside the scoreboard, include Fenway Park in Boston and Wrigley Field in Chicago.

In some stadiums since 2005, LED boards which are the full height of the outfield wall have been installed to either replace a manual scoreboard or enhance an existing wall, are considered in play, and are durably constructed to withstand the impacts of fielders colliding with the wall, along with the impact of a baseball against the panel. Examples of this type of scoreboard display are seen in Milwaukee's Miller Park, Rogers Centre in Toronto, New Yankee Stadium in The Bronx, and Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City. In all three cases, the walls display the current game state of out-of-town games (often down to pitch count for the current at-bat and runners on base), statistics for the current batter or pitcher, and promotional messages.

Another display has been added to minor and major league stadiums through the mid-2010s to the current day, the pitch clock, which will become a binding rule in MLB in the 2023 season. This is a separate display, analogous to the play clock in football, and has multiple iterations throughout the stadium for maximum player, coach, and umpire visibility, along with spectators. Outside of timing pitch releases, the pitch clock also displays time remaining before play resumes during a media timeout between innings, and to time warmup periods for relief pitchers coming out of the bullpen.

Cricket
For cricket a scoreboard will as a minimum display the batting team's score, wickets fallen, the opposition's totals. Most county-standard scoreboards will also display each batsman's score, overs remaining, extras, the bowlers currently on and details of the last wicket to fall. Australian state scoreboards will usually contain more detailed information.

Ice hockey
An ice hockey scoreboard will at the minimum display the time left (in North America) or played (in Europe), the number of goals scored by each team as well as any penalties currently being served. Additional information such as shots on goal may be shown on smaller scoreboards located in the arena. Tenths of a second are usually displayed within the last minute of each period.

In multipurpose arenas, the penalties being served will appear in the multi-purpose panels, used for player statistics in basketball, with shots on goal in the same position as team fouls for basketball. In some arenas the sideboards of the hockey rink feature three or four LED displays the size of one advertising hoarding which will show scoring information and promotional messages, though their limited visibility makes them rarely used.

A horn or buzzer must be used to signal end of timeouts or period. In most games, the home team will either play a recording of or use a separate goal horn, usually an Airchime, Kahlenberg, or Buell when their team scores. These aren't required, but are rather used as a celebration, and they are often unique to their team and easily identifiable. A notable example would be the recording that the Boston Bruins play which is used by many other teams.

Motorsports
In auto racing, the scoreboard typically displays the running order of the race, and number of laps completed. Some more complex boards scroll statistics such as average speed, laps behind, and timing reports.

Rugby football
All codes of rugby football have a game clock, the number of tries, penalties, field goals and conversions listed.

Track and field
In track and field there is usually an elapsed time display. Sometimes the team scores are displayed. Often in higher levels there is a variable message display next to each field event area that displays the standings and who is up next. Other indicators may show track side wind speed. In some settings where a track surrounds an athletic field, a track and field scoreboard may be combined within the football scoreboards.

Association football
An association football scoreboard usually shows the score for the home and away team, as well as the current match time. A board displaying the current stoppage time is usually held up by one of the match officials towards the end of the first and second half. The same board is also used to denote the jersey numbers of players coming in and leaving the game during a substitution, with the substitute's number appearing in green, while the leaving player is denoted in red.

Some amateur and youth levels will have the clock count down.

Some American venues will use a multi-purpose gridiron/soccer venue type scoreboard where various statistics are shown. Such may include either total fouls, corner kicks, shots on goal, or other important statistics for spectators to learn their team's overall performance.

Softball
Similar to baseball, a softball scoreboard will at the minimum show both team scores and the current inning. In addition, the number of balls, strikes and outs, and the number of hits and errors are often indicated.

Swimming
The scores for the meet, swimmer by lane, and their current placing, along with their race times are displayed on this type of board. The time display is most often in hundredths of a second, though thousandths may also be utilized.

Wrestling
Wrestling scoreboards will display the team scores, the current match time, the match score, and the weight class. Some scoreboards may also display riding time.

Captioning requirements
Within the last few years most major league, professional and major college venues also include smaller displays featuring closed captioning of announcements from the public address system and advertisements displayed on the scoreboards to comply with the United States Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 for the hard of hearing, and to allow distracted spectators to read what had been said.

Video board animation
Most major sports facilities will use a video board and display graphics and fun videos relating to what is happening in the game. For instance, a home run may be depicted by an animation of a ball flying out to space. These animations are usually high in detail and are customized for the team that uses them. Most Major League Baseball facilities do their video editing on site in the press box; however, at Triple-A baseball stadiums most of it is done off site. Some teams have animators that create their own animations, while others have outside companies do the work for them.

title: Scoreboard


text:
The Mountaineers (band)

Mountaineers is a Welsh pop group, consisting of founding members Alex Germains (vocals and guitar),  Ceri James (vocals and keyboard), and Tomas Kelar (drums and vocals). Having been discovered by Deltasonic founder Alan Wills, they were the first act to sign to the record label Deltasonic, home of Liverpudlian bands The Coral and The Zutons. The group produced all their own music.

The original line-up released an eponymous 6-track EP (later dubbed the Red Thong EP after the opening track) on the Deltasonic imprint in 2001. This was picked up by BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Mark Radcliffe who played Red Thong (the track) on his national daytime show for a week in the November of that year. Mute Records signed the band and they released another eponymous 6-track EP (known as the Self Catering EP; again after the title of the opening track) in 2003, followed by the album Messy Century in the September. After having been released by Mute due to the label's restructuring in the wake of their takeover by EMI, Kelar left the band. They recruited a new drummer, Ezra Bang, and released a 10" limited-edition EP on the Manchester-based label Northern Ambition in February 2004. Entitled Motions of Interplanetary Dust, it was said by the band to be named after Brian May of Queen's PhD astronomy thesis, and was again well received, with several good reviews but received little radio airplay. Since that release, the band have been on hiatus. However, there are rumours of new material being recorded, but with no substantiation in the media.

Discography

 * 26 November 2001 - Red Thong EP
 * 25 February 2003 - Self Catering EP
 * 15 September 2003 - Ripen (single)
 * 29 September 2003 - Messy Century LP
 * 22 March 2004 - I Gotta Sing (single)
 * 14 February 2005 - Motions of Interplanetary Dust 10"-only EP

title: The Mountaineers (band)


text:
Goa Institute of Management

The Goa Institute of Management (abbreviated as GIM-Goa) is an Indian autonomous business school located North Goa district in the state of Goa. GIM Goa was founded in 1993 by Romuald D'Souza, a Jesuit priest.

History
Before founding GIM Goa, D'Souza earlier served as the Director of XLRI, Jamshedpur from 1982 to 1989. In 1987, he founded the Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar and was its Director till 1993.

GIM began its journey with one classroom of batch size 35 at the V. M. Salgaocar College of Law.

Administration
The school is governed by a board, and offers a full-time MBA (PGDM) program (2 years), PGDM -Healthcare Management Programme (HCM-2 years), PGDM in Big Data Analytics (BDA - 2 years), PGDM in Banking, Insurance & Financial Services (BFIS - 2-year) and Part Time Executive MBA (3 years). It has a full-time "Fellow Programme in Management" (FPM) which is a doctoral programme ideal for individuals seeking academic research and teaching careers as faculty or professors. GIM also conducts Management Development Programs/Corporate trainings for various MNC's, Public & Private sector companies.

Ribandar Campus (1993-2009)
Gradually, as the popularity of the programme grew with the student community, the campus was shifted to the heritage building in Ribandar Conservation Area. It was here in the same campus that the Institute really flourished while offering their flagship Postgraduate diploma in Management.

This was a beautiful 350 years old heritage campus was situated on the banks of the serene Mandovi River, in the Santa Casa de Misericordia in Ribandar. The building in which the school was is now an heritage conservation area and is under the care of Government of Goa. The 2011 batch was the last full-time batch to graduate from this campus.

Sanquelim Campus (2009-present)
In 2009, the Institute shifted to a sprawling campus in the lap of nature at Sanquelim. This 50 acre campus and is eco friendly and has a state of the art solar power generation facility to meet the energy requirements of the campus. The water treatment plant ensures retreated water is collected in a common pool and is utilized for maintenance. The pool also has its own flora and fauna with various types of fresh water fish and local birds. The new campus was inaugurated by Shri. Ashok Sekhar Ganguly, Rajya Sabha MP and former chairman of Hindustan Lever Ltd and Mla of Sanquelim Pratap Prabhakar Gauns.

Architecture
The GIM Sanquelim campus was structured in such a way so as to enable conditions for interaction, collaboration and open dialogue. The architecture is characterized by vast corridors with room for ample daylight and fresh air. Its open ambience promotes collaboration and problem solving.

The task of designing the new GIM campus was given to Ms. Somaya & Kallapa, who have also designed the new complex of IIT Bombay & Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani. Civil works contract was given to Ms. Vascon Engineers & Blue Star executed most of the HVAC works.

Location
The campus is located in the quaint town of Sanquelim.in North Goa district of the Western state of Goa in India. It comes under the Poriem Panchayat Area. Some of the major tourism attractions near the campus are Harvalem Waterfalls, Chorla Ghat, Old Goa, Panaji City, Calangute beach.

Accommodation
GIM has a fully residential programme with separate hostels for Boys and Girls. Faculty accommodation is also given on the Campus.

Labs
Data Labs: Lab has SAS Suite with Open-source software like R, R Studio, Python 3.7, Hadoop, Cloudera, CDH5.x, Tableau, Power BI, Oracle VM

Finance Lab: It has access to financial research tools such as Thomson Reuters Eikon, Prowess IQ of CMIE, ProQuest

Behavioural Lab: It is equipped with Tobii Technology, which assists marketers in analysing behavioural data and patterns

Activities

 * GIM organizes TEDx,   Seminars, conferences around the year for students.
 * There are 26 student clubs. Students choose their club depending on their Interests.
 * Ribandar Talks is their famous event where many motivational speakers and famous personalities are called sharing their knowledge with students.
 * Inception is their main annual function. There are many such cultural events held in GIM.
 * Freshers party, Convocation, Farewell, Music festival, Educational Trips, and so on are organized by the institute
 * Students get to experience the local culture through their Give Goa Initiative.

Facilities
Canteen/Cafeteria, Food Court, Convenience Store, Medical Facilities, Wi-Fi Campus, Open Auditorium, Multi-Purpose Hall, Meditation room.

Sports complex
Consists of basketball court, swimming pool, cricket ground, football ground, lawn-tennis court, volleyball court, badminton etc.

Academics
Goa Institute of Management was established in 1993. It is an autonomous institute governed by a board and is accredited to AICTE & National Board of Accreditation

Academic programmes
GIM is an autonomous institute and offers PGDM (MBA), PGDM-PT and FPM. Its courses have been granted international accreditation by Association of MBAs (AMBA) & GSBN

PGDM (MBA)
Post Graduate Diploma in Management is a two-year fully residential programme consisting of six terms. Students also pursue summer internship project spread over 8–10 weeks.

=== PGDM (MBA) in Healthcare Management === This is a 2 years full time residential course and it was introduced in 2013. The Higher Education Review has rated GIM as top 10 most promising Healthcare Management Colleges in India

PGDM (MBA) in Big Data Analysis
This course was introduced in 2018. A business analytics software & services SAS has announced its association with GIM for the Big Data Course. SAS and GIM hosted an event in which the teams analysed COVID-19 data of several countries and arrived at a conclusion that COVID-19 will not be eradicated anytime soon and we must adhere to the norms and guidelines advised by the government and health agencies.

PGDM (MBA) in Banking Insurance & Financial Services (BIFS)
This is also a 2-year fully residential course specializing in finance and related sectors. It has seen increasing affinity from the student community towards this course. The facilities for this course includes a finance lab, which is similar to a stock market trading floor so that students get practical experience in its operations. The course is good in terms of core finance knowledge skills those are imparted

PGDM - part time
It is a three-year part time MBA programme for working professionals. The last year of the programme is assigned for dissertation and work improvement project. The officiating registrar of Goa University Dr. Radhika Nayak is one of their prominent Alumni of part time programme.

=== Fellow Programme in Management === The programme is of four years and is aimed at training research scholars for a career in academia and practice. The program was launched in 2020 with an intake of 6 students.

Management development programmes
GIM conducts customized management trainings for executives and employees of various MNCs, Public companies, Government employees etc. It also conducts open training programmes for executives.

Selection criteria
Student has to appear for any one of the exams - XAT / CAT / GMAT / CMAT Then they have to apply for admission via their website. Final selection of the student on the basis of academic performance, objective assessment, Personal Interview, composite diversity index & work experience etc. Candidates must have secured at least 50% aggregate marks (45% for SC/ST) in any degree course recognized by Association of Indian Universities / AICTE.

Rankings
GIM-Goa was ranked 36 among business schools in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in 2022. It was ranked 11 by Outlook India's "Top Private MBA Institutions In India" of 2022.

Awards

 * 1) Ranked "Best for the World" Pioneering B-School In Positive Impact Rating
 * 2) 2021 Flourish Prize for Global Goal #8
 * 3) IMC Gold Award for Excellence in Management Education
 * 4) International Green Gown Awards-Highly commended Institution of the year 2022
 * 5) 2022 Flourish Prize for Global Goal #6

Placements
Every year companies come to the campus for placements. The institute has 100% placements record every year

International tie-ups
Goa Institute of Management has international tie-ups with leading educational institutions

 * University of Catolica, Portugal (AACSB, Equis, EFMD accredited)
 * University of Antwerp, Belgium (AACSB accredited)
 * Kansas State University, USA (Higher Learning Commission (HLC) of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools)
 * Warsaw University of Technology Business School (WUTBS), Poland (EPAS accreditation)
 * Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT), Finland (EFMD accredited)
 * Lisbon University Institute (ICSTE), Portugal (AACSB, AMBA)
 * Sapir College, Israel (Institutional Accreditation, Ministry of Education, Israel)
 * Colegio Universitario De Estudios Financieros (CUNEF), Spain
 * The Institute of Higher Education in Management (HEM, Morocco; EFMD Member)
 * North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh (UGC, Bangladesh)

International Consulting Bootcamp
This ICB is an intensive two to four- week program. Students from the partner universities travel to India along with their professors to work on a live project. Collaborating partners are University of Antwerp & University of Dhaka.

=== The International Student Exchange Program === GIM's student exchange programs enable students to study abroad for one term at its partner universities of

 * Catolica Lisbon
 * University of Antwerp
 * LUT University
 * CUNEF
 * HEM

The Country Immersion Program
Currently, GIM students can travel to WUTBS, Poland for this program. WUTBS awards GIM students a completion certificate titled ‘Certificate in Business: A European Perspective’.

Warsaw University of Technology Business School

Atal Incubation Center
The Atal Incubation Centre at Goa Institute of Management (AIC-GIM) was inaugurated by the honorable Chief Minister of Goa Dr. Pramod Sawant, on 26 February 2021. Atal Incubation Center at GIM has turbo charged more than 22+ Startups & conducted 35+ Startup ecosystem programs.

Center for Social Sensitivity and Action (CSSA)
It is a center to promote social responsibility within and outside GIM. CSSA remains committed to the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Principles for Responsible Management Education (PRME) initiative and to the promotion of responsible management.

Centre For Creativity, Innovation And Design Thinking (CCIDT)
They organize several workshops for photography, dance, theatre, doodling, along with competitions and events throughout the year to ensure that the students' gusto is always sky high.

Center for Excellence in Sustainable Development (CESD)
Undertakes all the eco-friendly or environmental initiatives in GIM. It is also actively engaged in MSME and Government sustainability projects.

Center For Creativity, Innovation And Design Thinking (CCIDT)
The centre works at multiple levels to provide students with ample opportunities to practice design thinking skills with the use of workshops, contests based on Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences

Center For Entrepreneurship Development (EDC)
The aim of this center is to foster the spirit of entrepreneurship among students and community

Center for Teaching Excellence (TE@GIM)
Center for Teaching Excellence at GIM promotes learning-centric pedagogical practices and innovations.

Center for Public Policy (CPP)
The Center for Public Policy takes policy matters beyond the classroom and engages students in policy development projects involving public and private organizations.

Give Goa
GIM inculcates in its students a sense of social responsibility through its CSR initiative ‘Give Goa’ which is a part of the course curriculum. Students work with various NGOs, understand the problems they are facing and help them with their cause.

The Give Goa initiative was started to promote social responsibility among the students of GIM through service to the less privileged communities and thereby contribute to goal of a more inclusive society. It is operationalized as a compulsory four-credit course in the first year of the PGDM program. The course has two components: a three-credit experiential project with partner organizations (such as banks and NGOs) and one-credit classroom learning experience.

Student clubs

 * Brain Vista - The Quiz Club
 * Bitathon
 * Entrepreneurship Cell (Ecell)
 * GIM Agora Speakers International
 * HRiday - HR Club
 * i3 - Industry Institute Interaction Club
 * Kshitiz - Creative and Literary Club
 * MECCA - Marketing Club
 * Parigyan - Data Science Society
 * Prayas - Sports Club
 * RaZzMaTaZz - The Cultural Club
 * Samarthan
 * Samriddhi
 * Sankhya - The analytics club
 * SCOPES - Supply Chain and Operations Club
 * SOFIA - Society of Finance
 * Sprokets - The Photography Club
 * Student Alumni Relations Cell
 * Student Public Relations Cell
 * Students Advisory Council
 * The Systems and Consulting Club
 * Vinidhan - Student Investment Club
 * Society for Public Policy
 * Ribandar Talks

Speakers
GIM has had eminent personalities address the students. Some of the most recent speakers have been:
 * The Dalai Lama
 * Shiv Khera, Author
 * Anil Agarwal, founder and executive chairman, Vedanta Resources
 * Prahlad Kakkar, film director
 * Bjørn Lomborg, author of The Skeptical Environmentalist
 * Piyush Pandey, executive chairman and national creative director Ogilvy & Mather India
 * Anil D. Sahasrabudhe, Chairman- AICTE

title: Goa Institute of Management


text:
Micronet 800

Micronet 800 was an information provider (IP) on Prestel, aimed at the 1980s personal computer market. It was an online magazine that gave subscribers computer related news, reviews, general subject articles and downloadable telesoftware.

Users would log onto the Prestel network (which was usually a local call) and then access the Micronet 800 home page by entering *800# (hence the name) on their modem or computer. Most Micronet 800 members would have their default main index page set to page 800 automatically.

History
The name Micronet 800 derives from its home page, 800, on the BT Prestel videotext service.

Micronet 800 derived from the earlier development in 1980 and 1981 of 'Electronic Insight' by Bob Denton. Electronic Insight was a Prestel-based feature-and-price-comparison site listing computers, calculators and other electronic and IT products, whose main page was on page 800 of Prestel. Electronic Insight was acquired by Telemap Group, a part of EMAP, East Midland (note, not Midlands) Allied Press, in 1982 on the recommendation of Richard Hease, a number of whose computer magazines EMAP had just bought. Telemap had been formed in 1981 to explore the opportunities of British Telecom's Prestel videotext service. It had been looking at the horticultural market that EMAP served with a number of magazine titles, notably providing a 'Closed User Group' purchasing network for garden centre businesses, complementing EMAP's printed 'Garden Trade News' magazine. But horticulturalists and IT proved not to be a natural marriage, and the service had insufficient users to make it viable.

Richard Hease, in 1982 Chairman of EMAP's Computer & Business Press which had acquired Electronic Insight, organised a pitch to the Telemap Group by David Babsky of a projected interactive online computer magazine to replace the existing content of Electronic Insight. Babsky showed a 'dummy issue' of the intended online magazine, programmed in Integer BASIC on an Apple II computer. Hease suggested that there be several different 'areas' of the magazine, with titles such as MicroNews, MicroNet (for those interested in networking), etc., and Babsky proposed that the entire project be called 'Micronet 800' to ensure that it could be easily found by anyone using Prestel, as its page number would be part of its name. Hease and Denton negotiated with BT Prestel for a special relationship that would rank it alongside the Nottingham Building Society's plans for its Homelink as the two key thrusts for Prestel.

Hease negotiated with then telecoms minister John Butcher a £25 subsidy for Micronet subscribers to have their homes equipped free with a telephone jack-socket for the relevant modem.

The Telemap editorial staff was first based at 8 Herbal Hill, Clerkenwell, London (after the preliminary discussions and presentation at EMAP's offices in Hatton Garden), and the technical staff in an EMAP building in Peterborough. In 1986 the technical staff moved down to the London building.

Telemap was to be the base for Micronet 800 and the editorial development of the site. Hease's and Denton's "Prism Micro Products", the exclusive distributor of Sinclair Computers in the UK, was charged with developing the required modems for the enterprise, to ensure that Micronet 800's pages could be accessed by such microcomputers as Apple II, ZX81, BBC Micro, Dragon 32/64, IBM PCs, PET, and subsequently the ZX Spectrum, Sinclair QL, Camputers Lynx, VIC-20, Commodore 64, and other 1980s home computers.

Although fast by contemporary standards, Prestel modems were quite slow from today's point of view (1200 baud download, 75 upload) and the display was just 24 lines of 40 characters, with seven colours and very simple block graphics. Yet Micronet 800 had versions of many of the Internet's subsequent features, especially an interactive 'ChatLine' (similar to Internet Relay Chat) developed by Mike Brown, who joined Micronet 800 from the Council for Educational Technology, where he'd devised a standard UK format for downloadable programs which became known as 'telesoftware'.

Micronet 800 was quite similar in scope to, and compatible with, the German Bildschirmtext and French Minitel services, but Minitel achieved volume sales for its terminals by the simple expedient of replacing paper telephone books with their terminals. Based on its success, Minitel proved resilient against the Internet adoption in France.

For Micronet, Denton negotiated that the interested parties would all agree to adopt the CET, Council for Educational Technology, format for telesoftware - one of two then competing formats. Telesoftware allowed users to download software directly from the Prestel site. Micronet then negotiated with hobbyist computer groups to provide applications and utilities that would be listed on, and be downloadable from, the Micronet 800 site. Approximately 50% of software - for Sinclair, Apple, BBC Micro, IBM, etc. - was available at no cost, and the other 50% was paid for by the automatic addition of the cost of the software to the subscriber's telephone bill.

Prism developed a broad range of modems from a simple acoustic coupler to integrated 'network interfaces' for each of the early home and personal computers. Prism models included the VTX5000, the only modem custom designed for the popular ZX Spectrum, and the more general purpose Modem 1000 and Modem 2000. These were ready-to-use out of a box, so that the buyer would get the modem with all relevant leads, cards (if necessary) and software to connect with Micronet.

Some 25,000 subscribers were eventually signed up to Micronet 800 to make it the largest CUG, Closed User Group, on Prestel; its total user base peaked at 90,000. Micronet achieved over 1.1 million page views a week. Its first subscriber, who joined on its opening day, 1 March 1983, was Jeremy Dredge, an estate agent from Thames Ditton in Surrey. Its 10,000th subscriber was Tom Corcoran, a director of BBC television's Top of the Pops.

In 1985 Telemap saw that Prism was preoccupied with its Sinclair computer distribution agency and in developing Prism's own 'luggable' Wren microcomputer, so prospective Micronet subscribers were then sent a list of several other modem suppliers.

Following Prism's collapse in 1985 and the subsequent purchase of their stock by Telemap, and in a bid to increase take-up, Micronet 800 encouraged users by giving away a free modem to new users subscribing for a year.

However, in a move that saw the demise of Micronet, Prestel priced the home user out of the service with a new pricing structure, adding time charges on top of the phone charges for evening access which effectively killed off home usage even though the network was under-utilized during the 6pm to 8am time-slot. Today this remains the peak usage time of the Internet.

Many of the lessons learned with respect to online publishing and interactive services were pioneered by Micronet 800 and became every bit as important with the growth of the Internet.

BT became the majority shareholder in 1987 (after a previous 19% Telemap stake had been sold to Bell Canada) initially managing the company as part of BT Spectrum, its Value Added Services Group, before passing the group to BT Prestel. In 1988 the company passed a milestone by becoming the only Value Added Data service to become profitable. In 1989 BT finally acquired the entire company, moved it into a BT building (Dialcom House) in Apsley, just outside Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire, and folded the business into first the Dialcom Group along with the rest of the BT Prestel companies and Telecom Gold and subsequently BT Managed Network Services.

In 1991 along with all its online services, BT closed the service deciding to focus on providing network services and transferred the subscriber base to Compuserve which subsequently became AOL in the UK.

The Micronet service closed 31 October 1991. It had 10,000 members at closure and was "easily the largest online service in the UK specialising in microcomputing". Despite this apparent success, this was less than 10% of the number of users they were predicting having shortly after launch.

Micronet/Telemap Management:

 * Richard Hease - chairman and co-founder 1982-1983
 * Bob Denton - co-founder 1982-1983
 * Tim Schoonmaker - Managing Director 1983-1986
 * Ian Rock - Publisher (formerly Marketing Manager) 1983-1986 (Author of 'How To Run The Country Manual')
 * Tom Baird - BT liaison
 * John Tomany - Managing Director 1987-1990
 * Michael Weatherseed - General Manager 1990-1991

Micronet editors:

 * David Babsky, founding editor
 * Simon D'Arcy, Editor then Publisher
 * Sid Smith (author of "Something Like A House", Whitbread award-winning novel), news editor, then editor.
 * Francis Jago (Now CEO of Fingal, a creative communications agency in London)
 * Paul Needs, Amstrad & PC staff writer, then editor then managing editor computer and leisure service. Paul is now a professional entertainer and recording artist.
 * Ian Burley, Micronet's final editor (Now CEO of The Write Technology Ltd, an Internet online publishing business behind Digital Photography Now)
 * Barbara Conway (died 1991), part-time media editor in the early years of Micronet 800

Other editorial staff
 * Ken Young - online journo and roving reporter
 * Adam Denning - original Technical Editor
 * David Rosenbaum - News Editor and editor of Musicnet
 * Chris Bourne - Sunday Xtra editor
 * Paul Vigay - Acorn Editor
 * Chris Lewis - Sinclair Editor
 * Ian Burley - Acorn Editor, then News Editor.
 * Rupert Goodwins - editorial assistant
 * Afshin Rattansi - music and arts journalist
 * David Farmbrough - music journalist

Production team:

Richard Tyner- Software sales and acquisition,
 * Robin Wilkinson - publisher in Peterborough, testing, sales and downloading; previously EMAP's Telemap publisher
 * Val Burgess - previously of Prestel, Micronet 800 telesoftware database manager
 * Mike Brown - previously of CET, Technical Director
 * John Mason - software testing and pricing
 * John Prout - technical help desk
 * Denise Shemuel - editorial database manager, London
 * Colin Morgan
 * Roger "Woj" Cracknell
 * Gary "Grism" Smith
 * Robert O'Donnell
 * Patrick Reilly
 * Daemonn Brody
 * Denise Slater - graphic designer for downloadable software pages, in Peterborough
 * Anna Smith - editorial graphic designer in London, then Super sub-editor
 * Sharon Giles

Marketing Team:
 * Ian Rock - Marketing Manager
 * Peter Probert - PR Manager.
 * Phil Godsell - Product Manager
 * Lynne Thomas (the late) - Exhibitions Manager
 * Claire Walker - Advertising and PR Executive
 * Lynne Bennett - Marketing Executive

Other contributors:

 * Steve Gold
 * Robert Schifreen - previously 'Bug Buster' columnist in Richard Hease's 'Computer & Video Games' magazine.
 * David Janda

Quotes:

"There is no future for online services aimed at domestic computer users" - Michael Collins, the department head of Prestel/Telecom Gold Business Services, stated in a meeting with Paul Needs. [February 1990 - Paul Needs]

"Micronet is to communication in the 80s what the [Gutenberg] Bible was to the Middle Ages" - David Babsky, Micronet Editor, 1984.

Services provided
Micronet 800 pioneered many public online services, such as Multi User Games, long before the Internet was in widespread use.
 * Chatlines: Users could post messages that other users could see and respond to. Celebrity Chatline was a weekly feature conceived by Publisher Ian Rock and implemented by Sid Smith in which a prominent person was interviewed by Micronet users whose questions appeared onscreen, with Micronet personnel usually typing the answers (if the 'celebrity' couldn't type or format the text themselves). Early 'celebrities' included Sir Clive Sinclair, Feargal Sharkey, Fatima Whitbread, Lord Cardigan, Cynthia Payne and Sir Terry Pratchett.
 * Downloadable software: Micronet 800 implemented the CET specification that allowed 8 bit files to be transmitted over a 7 bit medium, with some basic error detection and error correction. Micro Arts (computer art) were invited on by David Babsky in 1985, and published articles and downloaded 'art programs' for the ZX Spectrum and the BBC Micro.
 * Online games: The longest-running game on the system was StarNet, a Play-by-mail game, whereby the players would send in moves which would be executed once a day (a sort of very slow game of chess, where the aim was to become the emperor of the galaxy) run by Liverpudlian Mike Singleton by inputting the moves he was forwarded by email from Micronet into a Commodore PET computer. Micronet 800 also hosted SHADES, one of the first MUDs - a realtime, highly competitive hack-and-slash game that is still running today.
 * Email: Each Prestel user had a unique number (usually the last nine digits of the subscriber's telephone number), and this could be used to send messages. Micronet users were reported to be particularly enthusiastic about the medium, sending twice as many 'mailbox' messages as regular Prestel users. On 1 July 1984 users could send a pre-formatted 'Happy Birthday' email to Princess Diana via Prince Philip, in whose name the Buckingham Palace press office telephone number had been registered as a Prestel user.
 * Gallery: Conceived by Publisher Ian Rock, this was an area where users could post their own pages about anything they wished, subject to minor oversight for libel and obscenity.
 * News and reviews: Micronet was frequently the first organisation worldwide to report on happenings in the UK computer industry.

title: Micronet 800


text:
Kattakurgan

Kattakurgan (Каттақўрғон, Kattaqoʻrgʻon) is a city in the Samarqand Region of Uzbekistan. Administratively, it is a district-level city, that includes the urban-type settlement Ingichka. It has 90,600 inhabitants (2021). It is located on the road and railway between Bukhara and Samarkand.

Etymology
The name is Turkic and means "large town or kurgan".

History
The town does not appear to be of any great antiquity, although after Alexander the Great's ransacking of Marakanda (Samarkand), the center of cultural life in that part of the Zeravshan valley may briefly have shifted west to the region around Katta-Kurgan.

According to F.F. Pospelov, a fortress was built on the current site by the local saint Sufi Allahyar and his two brothers, Farhat-Atalyk and Allah-Nazar-bii, in 1684, and the town subsequently grew up around it. Modern Kattakurgan (its oldest part is the "old city") was founded in the last quarter of the 17th century (1683-1684).

It was the seat of a Bek (local Governor) under the rule of the Bukharan Manghit dynasty. In 1868, following the fall of Samarkand to the Russians and the annexation of the Upper Zeravshan Valley from Bukhara, it became the border town between Russian Turkestan and the Bukharan Emirate, and the center of a district. In 1924 both entities were dissolved by the Soviet regime, and Katta-Kurgan was incorporated in the new Uzbek SSR. It is currently the second largest city in Samarkand Region.

Demographics
The majority population of Kattakurgan is of Uzbek ethnicity. Kattakurgan previously also had a large Russian population, which is no longer the case.

Sources and further reading

 * Ф.Ф. Поспелов "Материалы к Истории Самаркандской Области" Справочная Книга Самаркандской Области Выпуск X (Самарканд) (1912), pp 108–111
 * В.В. Бартольд Работы по Исторической Географии (Москва) (2002) pp 197–8, pp 287–8

title: Kattakurgan


text:
Adam Hepburn of Craggis

Sir Adam Hepburn was the son of Adam Hepburn, Master of Hailes and Helen Home, and brother of Patrick, the first Earl of Bothwell. He lived at Craigs, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland.

He married Elizabeth Ogstoun, daughter of William Ogstoun, thus making a considerable addition to his patrimony. Attached to the royal household of James IV, he became Master of the Royal Stables on 30 March 1497. He was killed in action at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513, as were his brother George and nephew Adam, the second Earl of Bothwell.

Adam Hepburn and his wife Elizabeth had three daughters:

 * Helen Hepburn, married to Sir Patrick Hepburne of Waughton, died before 20 April 1560
 * Elizabeth Hepburn, married Alexander Livingstone, 1st of Dunipace
 * Janet Hepburn, married to James Auchinleck of Kenny

Since he died without male-issue, his estate was divided amongst these three daughters,

title: Adam Hepburn of Craggis


text: Template:Amusement parks in the United Kingdom


text: User talk:24.147.105.133

title: User talk:24.147.105.133


text:
Talk:Pouch

Untitled
There was already an entry for pouch in the Wiktionary so I took the liberty of changing this article to a redirect. --Etimbo | Talk 14:28, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think this should probably have been made a disambiguation page instead. I arrived here from the Marsupial page where they were talking about the pouch the mothers carry their young in. I actually expected it not to talk about that, but to be about 'a bag with a drawstring'. I was kind of suprised where I did wind up, never having heard of ileo-anal pouches. Certainly was interesting. PerlKnitter 17:17, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. I don't have enough material to create the actual article Pouch (marsupial), but at least there will not be any more surprise like the one you've had ;-) Schutz 14:33, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pouch