text:
Henri Alexis Brialmont

Henri-Alexis Brialmont (Venlo, 25 May 1821 – Brussels, 21 July 1903), nicknamed The Belgian Vauban after the French military architect, was a Belgian army officer, politician and writer of the 19th century, best known as a military architect and designer of fortifications. Brialmont qualified as an officer in the Belgian army engineers in 1843 and quickly rose up the ranks. He served as a staff officer, and later was given command of the district of the key port of Antwerp. He finished his careers as Inspector-General of the Army. Brialmont was also an active pamphleteer and political campaigner and lobbied through his career for reform and expansion of the Belgian military and was also involved in the foundation of the Congo Free State.

Today, Brialmont is best known for the fortifications which he designed in Belgium and Romania and would influence another in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The fortifications he designed in Belgium at the end of the 1880s around the towns of Liège, Namur and Antwerp would play an important role during the early stages of the German invasion of Belgium during World War I.

Early life
Henri-Alexis Brialmont was born in Venlo in Dutch Limburg in 1821. His father, Mathieu Brialmont, had served in the French Grande Armée during the Napoleonic Wars and had reached the rank of captain. During Dutch rule in Belgium, Mathieu served in the Dutch army and, after Belgian independence in 1830, joined the Belgian army. In 1849 he was made General, and was appointed Minister of War in 1850. Although Venlo is not situated in Belgium today, the whole of Limburg was a disputed territory over which the Belgian government claimed control after the Belgian Revolution. Belgium was forced to relinquish its claims at the Treaty of London in 1839 and today Limburg is divided in a Dutch and a Belgian part.

Henri-Alexis performed poorly at school but succeeded in getting into a military academy. In 1859, during his military career, he married the daughter of the journalist and leading figure of the Belgian Revolution, Louis de Potter.

Military career
Brialmont graduated from military school in 1843 as a Sous-lieutenant of the Engineers. He quickly rose up the ranks, being promoted to lieutenant in 1847. From 1847 to 1850 he was private secretary to the war minister, General Baron Félix Chazal. In 1855 he entered the staff corps, was promoted to the rank of major in 1861, lieutenant-colonel in 1864, colonel in 1868. In 1874 he was promoted to major-general and was appointed to oversee the fortifications of Belgium's major port, Antwerp, the same year. In 1877 he was promoted to Lieutenant General and later to Inspector-General of the Army; a post which he held until his retirement in 1892.

During the Belgian response to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Brialmont, then a colonel, served as chief-of-staff of the Army of Antwerp, assigned to defending the National Redoubt at Antwerp. However, during his whole military career, Brialmont never once served in a war, even though some Belgian soldiers served as volunteers during the Mexican Adventure (1861–67) and during fighting for the Unification of Italy.

Political activities
From his early career, Brialmont advocated expanding the importance of the Belgian army. In 1850, he convinced his father to resign his ministerial post rather than consent to a lowering of defence spending. His stance put him into conflict with Walthère Frère-Orban and the Liberals. From 1855, he began campaigning for restructuring of the defenses of the crucial port city of Antwerp in north-east Belgium. Despite being officially warned off the politically unpopular project, he continued. In the mid 1850s, he published a series of pamphlets arguing for the reorganization and expansion of the tiny Belgian navy, which he believed could be used for imperialist purposes projecting Belgian influence abroad.

Although King Leopold I was deeply opposed to Brialmont's plans, his son Leopold, Duke of Brabant (the future King Leopold II) was impressed by his ideas and the two corresponded frequently. Brialmont felt that colonial expansion was essential to make Belgium a world power, and was an energetic supporter of Leopold II's Congo Free State, which he even helped to found, from the 1880s. Nevertheless, Brialmont refused the offer of becoming Leopold II's aide-de-camp.

In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, Brialmont became an advocate for the abolition of the Remplacement system of conscription and the adoption of a form of universal military service.

Political and historical writings
Brialmont was an energetic writer on military and political subjects. In 1851, he published his first major work, entitled Considérations politiques et militaires sur la Belgique, which was well received. He wrote a number of books on fortifications including La Fortification du temps présent (1885), Influence du tir plongeant et des obus-torpilles sur la fortification (1888), Les Régions fortifiées (1890), La Défense des états et la fortification à la fin du XIXe siècle (1895) and Progrès de la défense des états et de la fortification permanente depuis Vauban (1898). In 1872, he created the newspaper La Belgique Militaire. He also wrote a number of historical works, including an account of the campaigns of the Duke of Wellington.

Fortress design
As a result of Brialmont's lobbying, Belgium undertook an ambitious programme of fortress design between 1887 and 1892. In addition to forts built at Antwerp after 1859 on Brialmont's instructions, twelve new forts were built at Liège and nine in Namur.

Brialmont believed that, in order to protect cities from long-range artillery, it was important to move fortifications several miles outside the city itself. On average the forts he constructed were situated 4 km outside the settlement they were intended to defend.

In order to guarantee effective protection, a number of forts distributed around the city's perimeter were required. Using new materials, many of these newer fortifications were built of concrete and incorporated retractable gun cupolas, often based along triangular or trapezoid plans. Because of the need to use specialist workers, the construction process was slow and expensive. He was also an early supporter of using wire entanglements for defensive purposes. In an 1879 pamphlet, he advocated the use of wire barricades against infantry assaults.

The Brialmont forts would be used for the first time after Brialmont's death during the German invasion of Belgium in 1914. The system of fortifications established by Brialmont was at the heart of the ultimately unsuccessful Belgian defensive strategy and led to decisive battles at major fortified regions, including the Battles of Liège, Namur and Antwerp between August and October 1914. Ultimately the fortifications proved ineffective against new, large caliber German siege artillery such as the 420 mm "Big Bertha" and Austrian 305 mm Model 1911 howitzers.

After the end of the First World War, some of the forts were upgraded and also saw service in the Battle of Belgium in May 1940.

Romania
In 1882, Brialmont was commissioned by King Carol I of Romania to design a series of fortifications to protect the new Kingdom of Romania (which received its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877) against invasion and to enhance the status of its new capital, Bucharest. Brialmont was refused permission by the Belgian government to visit Romania in his official capacity and instead went to Romania as a private citizen. Work on the ring of 18 forts around Bucharest began in 1883 and lasted until 1900. On his return he was accused by Frère-Orban of having endangered Belgian neutrality.

While the Bucharest fortifications never served their intended defensive purpose, they were a major influence on the subsequent development and urban planning of the city. The routes constructed to link the forts served as the basis for the modern Bucharest ring-road.

Influence
Captain-Commandant Émile Wangermée, one of Brialmont's pupils, was instrumental in the design of the Fort de Shinkakasa (built 1891–94) at Boma in the Congo Free State. The fort, based on those designed by Brialmont at the Meuse, was designed to house coastal artillery to protect the Congo River, the main artery in Leopold II's personal colony, against Portuguese encroachment. The fort was the site of a significant mutiny in 1900.

Publications

 * Oeuvres militaires de Simon Stevin, Brussel, 1846.
 * Notice sur la conservation des poudres de guerre, in: Annales des Travaux publics de Belgique, 1849.
 * Éloge de la guerre ou réfutation des doctrines des Amis de la paix, 1850.
 * Histoire critique des négociations relatives au Traité du 11 décembre 1831, prescrivant la démolition des forteresses, in: Le Spectateur militaire, 1850.
 * De l'armée et de la situation financière, 1850.
 * De la guerre, de l'armée et de la garde civique, 1850.
 * Faut-il fortifier Bruxelles? Réfutation de quelques idées sur la défense des Etats, par un officier du génie, 1850.
 * Réponse d'un officier du génie à M. Vande Velde, pour faire suite à l'ouvrage intitulé : « Faut-il fortifier Bruxelles?, 1850.
 * Précis d'art militaire (publications de l'Encyclopédie militaire), 4 volumes, 1851.
 * Considérations politiques et militaires sur la Belgique, 3 volumes, 1851-1852.
 * Utilité de la marine militaire, 1853.
 * Projet de réorganisation de la marine militaire belge, par un ancien officier du génie, 1855.
 * Réflexions sur la marine militaire belge (1830–1835), 1855 (*).
 * Défense du projet d'agrandissement général d'Anvers, présenté par MM. Keller et consorts, 1855.
 * Histoire du duc de Wellington, 3 volumes, 1856-1857. - Translated in English.
 * Résumé d'études sur les principes généraux de la fortification des grands pivots stratégiques. Application à la place d'Anvers, 1856.
 * Défense de l'Escaut, 1856.
 * De la fortification des grands pivots stratégiques. Réponse au colonel Augoyat, 1857.
 * Agrandissement général d'Anvers. Réfutation des critiques dont le projet de grande enceinte a été l'objet, 1858.
 * Réponse à une note de M. Eenens. De l'emploi de l'artillerie aux travaux de défrichement (Académie royale de Belgique, t. XVI), 1859.
 * La vérité sur la question d'Anvers par le général Bonsens, 1859.
 * Manifestation du peuple belge en 1860.
 * Système de défense de l'Angleterre. Observation critique sur la commission d'enquête nommée en 1859, 1860 (*).
 * Complément de l'oeuvre de 1830. Etablissements à créer dans les pays transatlantiques, 1860.
 * Réorganisation de la marine nationale en Belgique, 1860.
 * Question des canons. Réponse A M. Féréol-Fourcault, par le capitaine Gargousse, 1861.
 * Le système cellulaire et la colonisation pénale. Réponse à M. E. Ducpétiaux, in: Revue britannique, 1861.
 * Marine militaire. Nouvelles considérations sur l'utilité d'une marine militaire, 1861.
 * Étude sur la défense des États et sur la fortification, 3 volumes, 1863.
 * Les nouvelles fortifications d'Anvers. Réponse aux critiques de Mangonneau, ancien ingénieur, 1863 (*).
 * La guerre du Schleswig, envisagée au point de vue belge, 1864.
 * Le corps belge au Mexique. Considérations en faveur de l'organisation de ce corps, par un officier d'état-major, 1864.
 * Réflexions d'un soldat sur les dangers qui menacent la Belgique. Réponse à M. Dechamps, ministre d'État, 1865.
 * Réponse au pamphlet: « Anvers et M. Brialmont, avec plan de la position d'Anvers », 1865.
 * La Belgique doit armer, 1866.
 * Réorganisation du système militaire de la Belgique, par un officier supérieur, 1866.
 * Considérations sur la réorganisation de l'armée. Justification du quadrilatère. Le volontarisme jugé au point de vue belge, etc., 1866.
 * Étude sur l'organisation des armées, et particulièrement de l'armée belge, 1867.
 * Utilité de la citadelle du Nord, 1868.
 * Traité de fortification polygonale, 2 volumes, 1869.
 * La fortification polygonale et les nouvelles fortifications d'Anvers. Réponse aux critiques de MM. Prévost et Cosseron de Villenoisy, 1869.
 * La fortification polygonale jugée par le général Tripier, in: Revue militaire française, 1870.
 * Observations critiques sur l'enseignement de la fortification à l'École militaire de Bruxelles, 1870.
 * Le service obligatoire en Belgique, par un colonel de l'armée, 1871.
 * Réponse aux adversaires du service obligatoire, par un colonel de l'armée, 1871.
 * La vérité sur la situation militaire de la Belgique en 1871.
 * Ce que vaut la garde civique. Étude sur la situation militaire du pays, 1871.
 * Projet de réorganisation de l'infanterie belge. Conférence donnée à MM. les officiers du corps d'état-major le 6 février Ì871.
 * Le service obligatoire. Réponse à MM. Frère-Orban et Hymans, 1872.
 * L'armée, la presse et les partis en Belgique. Lettre adressée à la « Belgique militaire », 2e édition, revue et corrigée, 1872.
 * La fortification à fossés secs, 2 volumes, 1872.
 * La fortification improvisée, 2e édition, revue et augmentée, 1872.
 * Étude sur la fortification des capitales et l'investissement des camps retranchés, 1873.
 * Le service obligatoire et le remplacement; erreurs, mensonges et vérités. Bases d'un projet de loi sur la milice, 1873.
 * Les adversaires du service obligatoire mis au pied du mur, 1873.
 * Imprévoyance et impérities, in: La Belgique militaire, 1873.
 * Le remplacement par l'État, dernière planche de salut des adversaires du service obligatoire, 1873.
 * Situation politique et militaire des petits États et particulièrement de la Belgique, 1874.
 * La vérité sur le remplacement militaire et le service personnel, 1874.
 * L'Angleterre et les petits États à la Conférence de Bruxelles, par le général T., 1875.
 * Causes et effets de l'accroissement successif des armées permanentes, 1876.
 * La défense des États et les camps retranchés, 1876.
 * Symptôme de décadence à propos de la question de la défense nationale, 1876.
 * La fortification du champ de bataille, 1878.
 * Manuel des fortifications de campagne, 1879.
 * Étude sur la formation de combat de l'infanterie, l'attaque et la défense des positions et des retranchements, 1880.
 * La tactique de combat des trois armes, 2 volumes, 1881.
 * La situation militaire de la Belgique, 1882.
 * Le général comte de Todleben. Sa vie et ses travaux, 1884.
 * Le général de Blois. Sa vie et ses ouvrages, 1885.
 * La fortification du temps présent, 2 volumes, 1885.
 * Les fortifications de la Meuse, 1887.
 * M. Frère et les travaux de la Meuse, 1887.
 * Les fortifications de la Meuse. Réponse au colonel Crousse, 1887.
 * Réponse aux objections de M. le général Chazal, contre les fortifications de la Meuse, 1887.
 * L'influence du tir plongeant et des obus torpilles sur la fortification, 1890.
 * Situation actuelle de la fortification. Idées et tendances de la nouvelle école, 1890.
 * La fortification de l'avenir, d'après les auteurs anglais, 1890.
 * Notice sur le général Liagre, in: Annuaire de l'Académie, 1892.
 * Étude sur l'infanterie légère, l'organisation et l'emploi des troupes du génie, 1893.
 * Ce que Bazaine a fait à Metz, in: Revue internationale de Dresde, 1893.
 * Notice sur Henri Maus, in: Annuaire de l'Académie, 1895.
 * La défense des États et la fortification de la fin du XIXe siècle, 1895.
 * La défense des côtes et les têtes de pont permanentes, 1896.
 * Progrès de la défense des États et de la fortification depuis Vauban, 1898.
 * Affaiblissement de la place d'Anvers, projet du Gouvernement, 1900.
 * Notice sur Emile Banning, in: Annuaire de l'Académie, 1901.
 * Agrandissement d'Anvers. Critique des résolutions de la sous-commission militaire, 1901.
 * Anvers et Termonde. Critique des résolutions de la commission mixte, 1901.
 * Organisation et composition des troupes du génie et de l'état-major de cette arme, 1901.--->

title: Henri Alexis Brialmont


text:
User talk:WikiLeon

Invitation to Local Wikimania Event in San Francisco this Friday
Hi!

Wikimania is happening and hopefully you're enjoying the sessions. While it's fairly last minute, you're warmly invited to participate in the local Wikimania-themed meetup in the Wikimedia Foundation office this Friday (tomorrow!). You will have to register in advance, but we would love to see more people from the WikiSalon community participate! For more information and registration, please check out Wikimania 2022/San Francisco Meetup.

The event will involve hacking, teaching, learning, and celebrating and we'll have snacks. We will have the opportunity to watch live sessions at Wikimania together in the afternoon. The rest of the day we'll have opportunity to participate in the hackathon, and we may have some on-demand workshops/learning sessions.

In case we run out of space, it's first-come-first-serve so let us know soon! Hope to see you there.

(Subscribe/Unsubscribe to this talk page notice here)

On behalf of the Bay Area Wiki Salon team and Bittakea, Effeietsanders

Temu flag fixes
Hi, I have posted Talk:Temu (company) to ask for fixes to the page about Temu (company), the most downloaded app in the United States the last few months. These tiny fixes address the last issues needed to remove the flag. . I have a conflict of interest as an employee of Temu and I would very much appreciate it if you might have time to take a look. Since you are a member of the WikiProject for Internet Culture, I thought you might possibly be interested in this internet cultural moment. , |CNBC. This page is in need of careful expansion in compliance with Wikipedia policy (and there is plenty of press coverage) but getting rid of the last tiny policy violations is a good place to start.

Thanks in advance for your consideration! Snowy2000 (talk) 02:20, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Kristin Adams

The article Kristin Adams has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NACTOR."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Bgsu98  (Talk)  22:31, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

Nomination of Kristin Adams for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Kristin Adams is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Kristin Adams until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Bgsu98  (Talk)  19:41, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

The Center Line: Fall 2023
  Volume 10, Issue 1 • Fall 2023 • About the Newsletter • A New Future for Road Articles Online  Archives • Newsroom • Full Issue • Shortcut: WP:USRD/NEWS
 * Features
 * —delivered by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of  Imzadi 1979  →  on 19:00, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:WikiLeon


text:
District magistrate

The district magistrate, also known as the district collector or deputy commissioner, is a career civil servant who serves as the executive head of a district's administration in India. The specific name depends on the state or union territory. Each of these posts has distinct responsibilities, and an officer can assume all of these roles at once. The district magistrate is primarily responsible for maintaining law and order, while the district collector focuses on revenue administration, and the deputy commissioner is in charge of overseeing developmental activities and coordinates government departments. Additionally, they also serve as election officers, registrar, marriage officer, licensing authority, and managing disaster responses, among other things. While the specific scope of duties may vary from state to state, they are generally similar. The district magistrate comes under the general supervision of divisional commissioner.

History
Warren Hastings introduced the office of the District Collector in the Judicial Plan of 1772. By the Judicial Plan of 1774, the office of the Collector cum District Magistrate was temporarily renamed Diwan or Amil. The term Collector was brought back under the Judicial Plan of 1787. The name, Collector, derived from the holder being the head of the revenue organization (tax collection) for the district. With the passage of the Government of India Act 1858, by the British Parliament.

Sir George Campbell, lieutenant-governor of Bengal from 1871 to 1874, intended "to render the heads of districts no longer the drudges of many departments and masters of none, but in fact the general controlling authority over all departments in each district."

The office of a collector during the British Raj held multiple responsibilities – as collector, he was the head of the revenue organization, charged with registration, alteration, and partition of holdings; the settlement of disputes; the management of indebted estates; loans to agriculturists, and famine relief. As district magistrate, he exercised general supervision over the inferior courts and in particular, directed the police work. The office was meant to achieve the "peculiar purpose" of collecting revenue and of keeping the peace. The superintendent of police (SP), inspector general of jails, the surgeon general, the divisional forest officer (DFO) and the Executive Engineer PWD (EE) had to inform the collector of every activity in their departments.

Until the later part of the nineteenth century, no native was eligible to become a district collector. But with the introduction of open competitive examinations for the Indian Civil Service, the office was opened to natives. Romesh Chandra Dutt, Sripad Babaji Thakur, Anandaram Baruah, Krishna Govinda Gupta and Brajendranath De were the first five Indian ICS officers to become Collectors.

The district continued to be the unit of administration after India gained independence in 1947. The role of the district collector remained largely unchanged, except for the separation of most judicial powers to judicial officers of the district. Later, with the promulgation of the National Extension Services and Community Development Programme by the Nehru government in 1952, the district collector was entrusted with the additional responsibility of implementing the Government of India's development programs in the district.

Nomenclature
The different names of the office are a legacy of the varying administration systems in British India. While the powers exercised by the officer were mostly the same throughout the country, the preferred name often reflected his primary role in the particular province. In the Bengal Presidency, the post was called District Magistrate and Collector whereas in the Bombay Presidency and Central Provinces, it was known simply as the District Collector even though he was also the District Magistrate. In the Madras Presidency, it was often known simply as Collector.

Law and order was an important subject in the United Provinces and the post continues to be known as the District Magistrate in present-day Uttar Pradesh. In non-regulation provinces like Punjab, Burma, Assam and Oudh, a simpler form of administration prevailed with many elements of the Criminal Procedure Code suspended and the DM functioning as the District and Sessions Judge as well. Here the post was known as Deputy Commissioner, due to these provinces having a Chief Commissioner who took the place of the usual Governor and High Court and exercised both executive and judicial functions.

Post Independence, the different names have continued even though the role and powers of the DM are almost the same throughout India.

 * Deputy Commissioner (DC)- In India, some states use the term "Deputy Commissioner" instead of "District Magistrate" to refer to the head of the district administration. These states are Karnataka, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Arunachal Pradesh, etc.
 * District Collector (DC)- In India, some states use the term "District Collector" instead of "District Magistrate" to refer to the head of the district administration. These states include Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Odisha, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Puducherry and Lakshadweep
 * District Magistrate (DM)- some states use the term "District Magistrate" to refer to the head of the district administration. These states are Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, etc.

Posting
They are posted by the state government, from among the pool of Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and State Civil Services (SCS) officers, who either are on Level 11, Level 12 or Level 13 of the Pay Matrix, in the state. The members of the IAS are either directly recruited by the Union Public Service Commission, promoted from State Civil Service (SCS) or nominated from Non-State Civil Service (Non-SCS). The direct recruits are posted as Collectors after five to six years of service. SCS officers are also posted as Collectors when they attain at least the Selection Grade (Level 13 Grade Pay) in their service. A District Magistrate and Collector is transferred to and from the post by the state government.

Personal Staff
The District Collector/District Magistrate is provided with Personal Security Officers, including armed guards, to ensure their safety and protection.

The District Collector/District Magistrate has personal staff, including a Personal Assistant (PA), a Secretary, and other support staff like clerks, peons, and drivers.

Functions and responsibilities
The District Collector holds a diverse range of responsibilities that are defined under various laws and regulations, including the Land Revenue Act, Revenue recovery rules, Land acquisition act, Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), the Arms Act, 1959, The Cinematograph Act, Registration Act, peoples representation act, and other relevant acts. They are entrusted with land revenue administration, maintaining law and order, managing district administration, and implementing government policies and also they are incharge of various state and central government schemes and projects at district level. The responsibilities assigned to a district magistrate vary from state to state, but generally, Collectors, under the general supervision of divisional commissioners (where such a post exists), are entrusted with a wide range of duties in the jurisdiction of the district, generally involving the following:

As District Magistrate

 * The District Magistrate acts as the primary executive magistrate of the district. Their main responsibility is to take preventive measures to maintain law and order and maintain peace in the district.
 * Issuance of adoption orders under the provisions of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 with provision of appeal to divisional commissioners.
 * The district Magistrate has the authority to issue orders under Section 144 of the CrPC, restricting the assembly of people to prevent potential disturbances.
 * Under the National Security Act (NSA), the district magistrate has the authority to order preventive detention of individuals to prevent them from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of the state or maintenance of public order.
 * Granting and renewing arms and ammunition licence under Arms Act with provision of appeal to divisional commissioners.
 * Granting license to cinemas under Cinematograph Act, 1952 with provision of appeal to divisional commissioners.
 * Heads the district disaster management authority constituted under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
 * Enforcement of various provisions of Indian Telegraph Act, 1885
 * Implementation of provisions of Maintenance & welfare of parents & senior citizens act, 2007
 * Enforcement of mines act, 1952
 * Supervision of jails in the district.
 * Supervises all Executive Magistrates in the district and has very limited control over police.

As District Collector

 * District Collector is the highest officer of revenue department in the district. The collector is the highest authority of revenue administration.
 * Responsible for collecting land revenue, government taxes, fees, and all dues recoverable as arrears of land revenue.
 * Responsible for land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, and other land related matters.
 * Ensures accurate and up-to-date records of land rights.Implements land reforms and exercises power as the land acquisition officer.
 * Supervises treasury and sub-treasury operations.
 * Enforces the Stamp Act and acts as a custodian of government lands.
 * Acts as a protocol officer and empowers the Collector to recover government dues from defaulters residing in the district with property.
 * Responsible for disaster management in the district. Primarily tasked with relief and rehabilitation operations in any calamity whether natural or man-mde.
 * Act as a returning officer for parliament constituency; overall incharge of conducting of election in the district.
 * Enforcement of Essential Commodities Act, 1955
 * To be guardian of a minor under Guardians and wards act.

Other Functions

 * 1) District Election Officer (DEO)
 * 2) Chairperson, Regional Transport Authority
 * 3) Chairperson, District Road Safety Authority
 * 4) Chairperson, District Tourism Promotion Council
 * 5) Chairperson, District Disaster Management Authority
 * 6) Chairperson, District Development Council (DDC)

Separation from judiciary
While almost all of the 741 Indian districts are headed by DMs, constitutional developments post Independence in 1947 have led to a reduction in power and realignment of roles for the District Magistrate. The first major change came about in the early 1960s as the Judiciary was separated from the Executive in most Indian states in line with Article 50 of the Constitution of India. This meant that DMs and SDMs could no longer try criminal cases or commit accused to Sessions Court. Their place was taken by Chief Judicial Magistrates and Sub Divisional Judicial Magistrates. The District Magistrate was now the main Executive Magistrate of the district - charged with taking preventive measures for maintenance of law and order. Indirectly, this led to a loss of direct control over the police which now depended on the District Judge and the Judicial Magistrates. This change was institutionalised by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. In the Union Territories and the North Eastern states, Collectors continued to exercise judicial power for much longer. A separate district judiciary was not created till 1978 in Delhi, 2008 in Mizoram, 2016 in Arunachal Pradesh and 2020 in Meghalaya. South Garo Hills District in Meghalaya, the last remaining district of India with the District Magistrate also exercising judicial powers, finally got a separate District and Sessions Court on 17 December 2020.

Restructure
The need to restructure the roles of the District Collector is for removing the colonial legacy, corruption, promoting uniformity, devolving power to local bodies, ensuring separation of power, mitigating power concentration, addressing status quoist tendencies, and advancing grass-root democracy.

There have also been many instances where at lower levels, district magistrates have pressurized victims or their family members, especially if they belong to the marginalized community

Exception
Kolkata in West Bengal does not have a conventional collector. A recently created post with the same name performs the functions of collector of stamp revenue, registration and certain other miscellaneous functions. The Magisterial powers are exercised by a Police Commissioner, one of the earliest such posts in British India, while the Kolkata Municipal Corporation takes care of all other responsibilities.

title: District magistrate


text:
Buddy film

The buddy film is a subgenre of romantic comedy, a combination of the romance, adventure and comedy film in which two people, bonded through some kind of affection or love for each other, go on an adventure, mission, or road trip. The two typically are males with contrasting personalities. The contrast is sometimes accentuated by an ethnic difference between the two. The buddy film is commonplace in Western cinema; unlike some other film genres, it endured through the 20th century with different pairings and different themes.

Male–male relationships
A buddy film portrays the pairing of two people, often the same sex, frequently men. A friendship between the two people is the key relationship in a buddy film. The two people often come from different backgrounds or have different personalities, and they tend to misunderstand one another. Through the events of the buddy film, they gain a stronger friendship and mutual respect. Buddy films often deal with crises of masculinity. American Masculinities: A Historical Encyclopedia explains, "[Buddy films] offer male movie-going audiences an opportunity to indulge in a form of male bonding and behavior usually discouraged by social constraints." Ira Konigsberg wrote in The Complete Film Dictionary, "Such films extol the virtues of male comradeship and relegate male–female relationships to a subsidiary position."

Female–female friendships
A female buddy film is similar to a buddy film except that the main characters are women, and it is centered on their situation. The cast may be mainly female depending on the plot. There are far fewer female buddy films than there are male buddy films; however, notable examples include 1991's Thelma and Louise, which had a popular impact similar to Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and paved the way for onscreen female friendships such as those in Waiting to Exhale, Walking and Talking, and Fried Green Tomatoes.

Hybrid genres
Buddy films are often hybridized with other film genres, such as road movies, Westerns, comedies, and action films featuring police. The "threats to [the] masculinity" of the male–male relationship depend on the genre: women in comedies, the law in films about outlaw buddies, and criminals in action films about cop buddies.

Pre-1930s
The buddy film is more common to cinema in the United States than cinema in other Western countries, which tend to focus on male–female romantic relationships or an individual male hero. Film historian David Thomson observes that buddy films are rare among British and French films, "You just wouldn't see three Englishmen behave the way American men do, who are truly happiest when they are together with other men." Portrayal of male bonding in the United States traces back to 19th-century author Mark Twain's characters Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer as a "good boy–bad boy combo", as well as Huck Finn and the slave Jim in Twain's 1884 novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Vaudeville acts in early 20th-century United States often featured male pairs. Another example could be 1881's The Prince and the Pauper with Prince Edward and Miles Hendon.

1930s to 1960s: Comedy duos
From the 1930s to the 1960s in the United States, male comedy duos often appeared in buddy films. Laurel and Hardy and Abbott and Costello were popular in the 1930s and 1940s. Laurel and Hardy starred in films like Sons of the Desert (1933), and Abbott and Costello starred in films like Buck Privates (1941). Another comedy duo was Wheeler & Woolsey, who starred in Half Shot at Sunrise (1930). Bing Crosby and Bob Hope starred together in the 1940 Paramount Pictures film Road to Singapore, which led to other 1940s buddy films that the Los Angeles Times described as "escapist wartime fantasies". Hope and Crosby starred together in a series of films that lasted to the 1960s. Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis were a popular duo in the 1950s, and Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon were famous in the 1960s, starring in the hit 1968 film The Odd Couple.

A major departure from the more comic buddy films of the era was Akira Kurosawa's 1949 Japanese film Stray Dog, starring Toshirō Mifune and Takashi Shimura. It was a more serious police procedural film noir that served as a precursor to the buddy cop film genre.

1960s to 1970s: Responses to feminism and society
Throughout the 1960s and the 1970s, the feminist movement and "a widespread questioning" of social institutions influenced buddy films. The films explored male friendships more dramatically and encouraged individualism—particularly to be free from women and society. Critics like Molly Haskell and Robin Wood saw the decades' films as "a backlash from the feminist movement." Philippa Gates wrote, "To punish women for their desire for equality, the buddy film pushes them out of the center of the narrative ... By making both protagonists men, the central issue of the film becomes the growth and development of their friendship. Women as potential love interests are thus eliminated from the narrative space." The buddy films of these decades were also hybridized with road movies. The decades' buddy films included Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), Easy Rider (1969), Midnight Cowboy (1969), Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974), and Dog Day Afternoon (1975). The Los Angeles Times said films like Scarecrow (1973) and All the President's Men (1976) reflected the "paranoia and alienation" felt in the era. Beyond Hollywood, a notable buddy road movie of that era was the Bollywood "Curry Western" film Sholay (1975), which was the highest-grossing Indian film of all time.

Biracial buddy films emerged in the 1970s and 1980s; Richard Pryor and Gene Wilder initiated the movement with Silver Streak (1976) and Stir Crazy (1980). Eddie Murphy was a key actor in biracial buddy films, starring in 48 Hours (1982) with Nick Nolte and in Trading Places (1983) with Dan Aykroyd. Throughout the 1980s, the individual roles in biracial buddy films are reversed. The "racial other... is too civilized" while the white man "is equipped for survival in... the urban landscape".

1980s: Action films and biracial pairings
The 1980s was a popular decade for action films, and the genre that "blended masculinity, heroism, and patriotism into an idealized image" was hybridized with buddy films. Following the Civil Rights Movement, black advancement was also reflected in more common biracial pairings. In this decade, the buddy cop film took the place of the buddy road movie. Action films with biracial pairings include the 1982 film 48 Hours starring Eddie Murphy and Nick Nolte and the 1987 film Lethal Weapon starring Mel Gibson and Danny Glover. Another combination of the action film and the buddy film in the 1980s and another biracial reversal was the 1988 film Die Hard in which Bruce Willis's heroic character John McClane is supported by the black cop Al (played by Reginald VelJohnson).

1990s: New approaches to the genre
In the early 1990s, the masculine figure in films became more sensitive, and some buddy films "contemplated a masculinity that required sensitive relations between men". Such films included The Fisher King (1991) and The Shawshank Redemption (1994). The decade also saw new approaches to the genre. The 1991 film Thelma & Louise featured a female pairing of Geena Davis and Susan Sarandon, and the 1993 film The Pelican Brief featured a male–female platonic pairing of Julia Roberts and Denzel Washington. The 1998 film Rush Hour featured a nonwhite male pairing of Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker, which the Los Angeles Times said symbolized color blindness in American cinema.

Biracial buddy films continued in the 1990s and 2000s and were combined with different genres, such as White Men Can't Jump (1992), Bulletproof (1996), Gridlock'd (1997), National Security (2003) and The Bucket List (2007).

Also in the 1990s and 2000s, John Woo's Hollywood films imported the wuxia "themes of loyalty and trust" from his previous Hong Kong-produced films to create different takes on male bonding. Kin–Yan Szeto writes in The Martial Arts Cinema of the Chinese Diaspora, "[In] his third Hollywood film, Face/Off... Woo manages to deploy and politicize themes of homosociality with the possibility of contesting hegemonic masculinity that consolidates kinship and family." Woo's 2001 World War II film Windtalkers depicted two buddy pairs, with each pair indicating inequality through ethnicity (white American soldiers protecting Navajo code talkers but ready to kill the talkers to protect the code). Szeto explains, "Woo uses the twin buddy pairs to explore the shifting meanings and multiple possibilities in interracial bonding, rather than simply recuperating and empowering dominant positions for white heterosexual men."

Comedy

 * The Flying Deuces (1939)
 * The Blues Brothers (1980)
 * Trading Places (1983)
 * Weird Science (1985)
 * Planes, Trains & Automobiles (1987)
 * Gammat Jammat (1987)
 * Twins (1988)
 * Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
 * Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989)
 * Wayne's World (1992)
 * Dumb and Dumber (1994)
 * Clerks (1994)
 * Mallrats (1995)
 * Men In Black (1997)
 * Mouse Hunt (1997)
 * Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004)
 * Wedding Crashers (2005)
 * Hot Fuzz (2007)
 * Hop (2011)
 * The Nice Guys (2016)
 * Sonic the Hedgehog (2020)

Action

 * Sholay (1975)
 * 'Yaarana' (1981)
 * 48 Hrs. (1982)
 * Beverly Hills Cop (1984)
 * Running Scared (1986)
 * Lethal Weapon (1987)
 * Stakeout (1987)
 * Shoot to Kill (1988)
 * Midnight Run (1988)
 * Dead Heat (1988)
 * Red Heat (1988)
 * Tango & Cash (1989)
 * Turner & Hooch (1989)
 * Showdown in Little Tokyo (1991)
 * The Hard Way (1991)
 * The Last Boy Scout (1991)
 * Point Break (1991)
 * Samurai Cop (1991)
 * Se7en (1995)
 * Die Hard With a Vengeance (1995)
 * Bad Boys (1995)
 * Top Dog (1995)
 * Rush Hour (1998)
 * Shanghai Noon (2000)
 * The 51st State (2001)
 * Showtime (2002)
 * National Security (2003)
 * Sherlock Holmes (2009)
 * Cop Out (2010)
 * The Other Guys (2010)
 * 21 Jump Street (2012)
 * 2 Guns (2013)
 * Ride Along (2014)
 * Drive Hard (2014)
 * Skin Trade (2014)
 * The Nice Guys (2016)

Animation

 * The Land Before Time (1988)
 * The Pebble and the Penguin (1995)
 * Toy Story (1995)
 * Beavis and Butt-Head Do America (1996)
 * The Road to El Dorado (2000)
 * The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
 * Shrek (2001)
 * Monsters, Inc. (2001)
 * Up (2009)
 * Home (2015)
 * Zootopia (2016)
 * The Secret Life of Pets (2016)
 * Trolls (2016)
 * The Boss Baby (2017)
 * Despicable Me 3 (2017)

Television series
Lethal Weapon was adapted into a television series which ran from 2016 to 2019. The 2021 series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier has many of the features of the buddy film genre, and is influenced by films like 48 Hrs., The Defiant Ones, Lethal Weapon and Rush Hour. Other examples include Hardcastle and McCormick, in which a retired judge and his last defendant follow up on cases that were dismissed due to technicalities; CHiPs, the adventures of two California Highway Patrol motorcycle officers; and Voyagers!, in which a member of a league of time travelers and a boy travel through time repairing errors in world history.

In 2018, an original anime production A Place further than the Universe aired. It comprises four girls with contrasting personalities and life background meeting together to go to Antarctica.

title: Buddy film


text:
Lord Deputy of Ireland

The Lord Deputy was the representative of the monarch and head of the Irish executive under English rule, during the Lordship of Ireland and then the Kingdom of Ireland. He deputised prior to 1523 for the Viceroy of Ireland. The plural form is Lords Deputy.

Lordship of Ireland

 * Sir Thomas de la Dale (1365–1366)
 * Sir Thomas Mortimer (1382–1383)
 * Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare (1454–1459)
 * William Sherwood (1462)
 * Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Desmond (1463–1467)
 * John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester (1467–1468)
 * Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare (1468–1475)
 * William Sherwood (1475–1477)
 * Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare (1477)
 * Henry Grey, 4th (7th) Baron Grey of Codnor (1478–1479)
 * Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare (1479–?1494)
 * Walter Fitzsimon, Archbishop of Dublin (1492)
 * Robert Preston, 1st Viscount Gormanston (1493–1494)
 * Edward Poynings (1494–1496)
 * Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare (1496–1513)
 * Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare (1513–1518)
 * Sir Maurice Fitzgerald
 * Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey (1520–1522)
 * Piers Butler, 8th Earl of Ormonde (1522–1524)
 * Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare (1524–1529)
 * Sir William Skeffington (1529–1532)
 * Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare (1532–1534)
 * Sir William Skeffington (1534–1535)
 * Leonard Grey, 1st Viscount Grane (1536–1540)

Kingdom of Ireland

 * Anthony St Leger (1540–1548)
 * Edward Bellingham (1548–1549)
 * Lord Justices (1549–1550)
 * Anthony St Leger (1550–1551)
 * James Croft (1551–1552)
 * Lord Justices (1552–1553)
 * Anthony St Leger (1553–1556)
 * Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex (1556–1558) (Lord Lieutenant 1560–1564)
 * Sir Nicholas Arnold (1564–1565)
 * Sir Henry Sidney (1565–1571) (1575–1578)
 * William FitzWilliam (1571–1575) (1588–1594)
 * Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton (1580–1582)
 * Sir John Perrot (1584–1588)
 * William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh (1594–1597)
 * Thomas Burgh, 7th Baron Strabolgi (1597)
 * Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (Lord Lieutenant 1599)
 * Charles Blount, Baron Mountjoy (later 1st Earl of Devonshire) (1600–1603) (Lord Lieutenant 1603–1604)
 * Sir George Cary (1603–1604)
 * Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester (1605–1616)
 * Sir Oliver St John (1616–1622)
 * Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland (1622–1629)
 * Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (1632–1640)
 * Christopher Wandesford (1640)
 * Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester (1640–1643) (Lord Lieutenant)
 * James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond (1644–1650) (Lord Lieutenant)
 * Henry Ireton (1650–1651)
 * Charles Fleetwood (1652–1657)
 * Henry Cromwell (1657–1658) (Lord Lieutenant 1658–1659)
 * Edmund Ludlow (1659–1660)
 * George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1660–1661)
 * James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (1662–1668)
 * Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory (1668–1669)
 * John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor (1669–1670)
 * John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton (1670–1672)
 * Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex (1672–1677)
 * James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (1677–1682)
 * Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran (1682–1684)
 * James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (1684–1685)
 * Lords Justices: 24 February 1685
 * Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon (1685–1687)
 * Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell (1687–1688)

The title subsequently became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, with the holder also known informally as the Viceroy.

title: Lord Deputy of Ireland


text: Wikipedia:Featured article review/archive/November and December 2004


text:
User:SausMeester

The SausMeester is the Master of all Sauces. They are the joy and fulfilment of his life. Under Sauces one also counts liquors, most importantly Whisky.

title: User:SausMeester


text:
Cow dung

Cow dung, also known as cow pats, cow pies or cow manure, is the waste product (faeces) of bovine animal species. These species include domestic cattle ("cows"), bison ("buffalo"), yak, and water buffalo. Cow dung is the undigested residue of plant matter which has passed through the animal's gut. The resultant faecal matter is rich in minerals. Color ranges from greenish to blackish, often darkening soon after exposure to air.

Fuel
In many parts of the old world, and in the past in mountain regions of Europe, caked and dried cow dung is used as fuel. In India, it is dried into cake like shapes called upla or kanda, and used as replacement for firewood for cooking in chulah (traditional kitchen stove).

Dung may also be collected and used to produce biogas to generate electricity and heat. The gas is rich in methane and is used in rural areas of India and Pakistan and elsewhere to provide a renewable and stable (but unsustainable) source of electricity.

Fertilizer
Cow dung, which is usually a dark brown color, is often used as manure (agricultural fertilizer). If not recycled into the soil by species such as earthworms and dung beetles, cow dung can dry out and remain on the pasture, creating an area of grazing land which is unpalatable to livestock.

Cow dung is nowadays used for making flower and plant pots. It is plastic free, biodegradable and eco-friendly. Unlike plastic grow bags which harm nature, cow dung pots dissolves naturally and becomes excellent manure for the plant. From 20 July 2020, State Government of Chhattisgarh India started buying cow dung under the Godhan Nyay Yojana scheme. Cow dung procured under this scheme will be utilised for the production of vermicompost fertilizer.

Religious uses
Cow dung is used in Hindu yajna ritual as an important ingredient. Cow dung is also used in the making of pancha-gavya, for use in Hindu rituals. Several Hindu texts - including Yājñavalkya Smṛti and Manusmṛti - state that the pancha-gavya purifies many sins. The Mahabharata narrates a story about how Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity, came to reside in cow dung. In the legend, Lakshmi asks cows to let her live in their bodies because they are pure and sinless. The cows refuse, describing her as unstable and fickle. Lakshmi begs them to accept her request, saying that others would ridicule her for being rejected by the cows, and agreeing to live in the most despised part of their body. The cows then allow her to live in their dung and urine.

The Tantric Buddhist ritual manuals Jayavatī-nāma-mahāvidyārāja-dhāraṇī and Mahāvairocanābhisaṃbodhi  recommend use of cow dung to purify mandala altars.

Floor and wall coating
In several cultures, cow dung is traditionally used to coat floors and walls. In parts of Africa, floors of rural huts are smeared with cow dung: this is believed to improve interior hygiene and repel insects. This practice has various names, such as "ukusinda" in Xhosa, and "gwaya" in Ruruuli-Lunyala.

Similarly, in India, floors are traditionally smeared with cow dung to clean and smoothen them. Purananuru generally dated 150 BCE mentions women of Tamil Nadu smear cow dung on the floors at the 13th day after her husband's death to purify the house. Italian traveler Pietro Della Valle, who visited India in 1624, observed that the locals - including Christians - smeared floor with cow dung to purify it and repel insects. Tryambaka's Strī-dharma-paddhati (18th century), which narrates a modified version of the Mahabharata legend about how the goddess Lakshmi came to reside in cow dung, instructs women to make their homes pure and prosperous by coating them with cow-dung. Many among modern generations have challenged this practice as unclean.

In 2021, the Government of India's Khadi and Village Industries Commission launched the Khadi Prakritik paint, which has cow dung as its main ingredient, promoting it as an eco-friendly paint with anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties.

Other uses
In central Africa, Maasai villages have burned cow dung inside to repel mosquitos. In cold places, cow dung is used to line the walls of rustic houses as a cheap thermal insulator. Villagers in India spray fresh cow dung mixed with water in front of the houses to repel insects.

In Rwanda, it is used in an art form called imigongo.

Cow dung is also an optional ingredient in the manufacture of adobe mud brick housing depending on the availability of materials at hand.

A deposit of cow dung is referred to in American English as a "cow pie" or less commonly "cow chip" (usually when dried) and in British English as a "cowpat". When dry, it is used in the practice of "cow chip throwing" popularized in Beaver, Oklahoma in 1970. On April 21, 2001 Robert Deevers of Elgin, Oklahoma, set the record for cow chip throwing with a distance of 185 ft.

Ecology
Cow dung provides food for a wide range of animal and fungus species, which break it down and recycle it into the food chain and into the soil.

In areas where cattle (or other mammals with similar dung) are not native, there are often also no native species which can break down their dung, and this can lead to infestations of pests such as flies and parasitic worms. In Australia, dung beetles from elsewhere have been introduced to help recycle the cattle dung back into the soil. (see the Australian Dung Beetle Project and Dr. George Bornemissza).

Cattle have a natural aversion to feeding around their own dung. This can lead to the formation of taller ungrazed patches of heavily fertilized sward. These habitat patches, termed "islets", can be beneficial for many grassland arthropods, including spiders (Araneae) and bugs (Hemiptera). They have an important function in maintaining biodiversity in heavily utilized pastures.

Variants
A buffalo chip, also called a meadow muffin, is the name for a large, flat, dried piece of dung deposited by the American bison. Well dried buffalo chips were among the few things that could be collected and burned on the prairie and were used by the Plains Indians, settlers and pioneers, and homesteaders as a source of cooking heat and warmth.

Bison dung is sometimes referred to by the name nik-nik. This word is a borrowing from the Sioux language (which probably originally borrowed it from a northern source). In modern Sioux, nik-nik can refer to the feces of any bovine, including domestic cattle. It has also come to be used, especially in Lakota, to refer to lies or broken promises, analogously to the vulgar English term "bullshit" as a figure of speech.

title: Cow dung


text: Talk:Bernie Hansen

title: Talk:Bernie Hansen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/March 2005

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE (has been converted to redirect to Current events during voting). jni 07:02, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

March 2005
A 9-year-old asking a question about why Wikipedia has such a silly name. Speedy time? (I'm not 100% familiar with the criteria for speedy, so I played it safe and put the nomination here.)23skidoo 18:37, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as user test. Wyss 18:46, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's really from a nine-year-old, it seems we have a very intelligent and interesting one on our hands. This looks like a speedy delete as a misplaced village pump message/newbie experiment.  Admins? - Lucky 6.9 18:48, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * We have a 9-year-old on our hands, probably more than one. See Types of animals, Ellen Raskin, Introduction, and User: (talk • contribs). Uncle G 19:48, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)
 * FWIW we also have a registered Wikipedian who will turn 8 next month, who's edits I review from time to time as they're a bit hit or miss. He has an amazing interest in politics and national/world affairs for someone that age. Niteowlneils 20:07, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, can't complain about people starting at an early age, though one wonders if someone who can figure out how to create an article couldn't figure out how to access the Village Pump, but then again it's been awhile since I was 9! ;-) 23skidoo 03:52, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You don't need to "figure out" out how to create an article, WP practically begs you to do it if you click on a red link or your search fails. Kappa 06:29, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
File:Strangers almanac.png

Stranger's Almanac album cover

Fair use in Strangers Almanac
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It is a low resolution copy of a CD album cover (so it is not possible to replace it with a free image).
 * 2) It is the cover art for the subject of the article.
 * 3) It does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD album in any way.
 * 4) Copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.

title: File:Strangers almanac.png


text:
Maritz rebellion

The Maritz rebellion, also known as the Boer revolt, Third Boer War, or the Five Shilling rebellion, was an armed insurrection in South Africa in 1914, at the start of World War I. It was led by Boers who supported the re-establishment of the South African Republic in the Transvaal. Many members of the South African government were themselves Boers who had fought with the Maritz rebels against the British in the Second Boer War, which had ended twelve years earlier. The rebellion failed, with 124 rebels killed and 229 wounded out of 12,000. The surviving ringleaders received heavy fines and prison terms. One of them, Jopie Fourie, was executed.

Prelude
At the end of the Second Boer War twelve years earlier, all former Boer combatants had been asked to sign a pledge that they would abide by the peace terms. Some, like Deneys Reitz, refused and were exiled from South Africa. Over the following decade many returned home, and not all of them signed the pledge upon returning. At the end of the Second Boer War, those Boers who had fought to the end were known as Bittereinders.

A German journalist who interviewed the former Boer general J. B. M. Hertzog for the Tägliche Rundschau wrote: "Hertzog believes that the fruit of the three-year struggle by the Boers is that their freedom, in the form of a general South African Republic, will fall into their laps as soon as England is involved in a war with a Continental power."

Paraphrasing the Irish Nationalists' "England's misfortune is the bitter enders' opportunity," the "bitter enders" and their supporters saw the start of World War I as that opportunity, particularly since England's enemy, Germany, had been their old supporter.

First World War starts
The outbreak of hostilities in Europe in August 1914 had long been anticipated, and the government of the Union of South Africa was well aware of the significance of the common border South Africa shared with the German colony of South-West Africa. Prime Minister Louis Botha informed London that South Africa could defend itself and that the imperial garrison could depart for France; when the British government asked Botha whether his forces would invade German South-West Africa, the reply was that they could and would.

South African troops were mobilised along the border between the two countries under the command of General Henry Lukin and Lieutenant Colonel Manie Maritz early in September 1914. On 19 September 1914 another force occupied the German port of Lüderitz.

Rebellion
The Commandant-General of the Union Defence Force, Brigadier-General Christiaan Frederick Beyers was opposed to the South African government's decision to undertake offensive operations. He resigned his commission on 15 September 1914, writing "It is sad that the war is being waged against the 'barbarism' of the Germans. We have forgiven but not forgotten all the barbarities committed in our own country during the South African War", referring to the atrocities committed during the Boer War. A nominated senator, General Koos de la Rey, who had refused to support the government in parliament over this issue, associated himself with Beyers. On 15 September they set off together to visit Major JCG (Jan) Kemp in Potchefstroom, who had a large armoury and a force of 2,000 men who had just finished training, many of whom were thought to be sympathetic to the rebels' ideas.

Although it is not known what the purpose of their visit was, the South African government believed it to be an attempt to instigate a rebellion, as stated in the Government Blue Book on the rebellion. According to General Beyers it was to discuss plans for the simultaneous resignation of leading army officers as protest against the government's actions, similar to what had happened in Britain two years earlier in the Curragh incident over the Irish Home Rule Bill. On the way to the meeting de la Rey's car was fired upon by a policeman at a road block set up to look for the Foster gang. De la Rey was hit and killed. At his funeral, however, many Nationalist Afrikaners believed and perpetuated the rumour that it was a government assassination, which added fuel to the fire. Their anger was even further inflamed by Siener van Rensburg and his controversial prophecies. Lt-Col Maritz, who was head of a commando of Union forces on the border of German South-West Africa, allied himself with the Germans. He then issued a proclamation on behalf of a provisional government. It stated that "the former South African Republic and Orange Free State as well as the Cape Province and Natal are proclaimed free from British control and independent, and every White inhabitant of the mentioned areas, of whatever nationality, are hereby called upon to take their weapons in their hands and realize the long-cherished ideal of a Free and Independent South Africa." It was announced that Generals Beyers, de Wet, Maritz, Kemp and Bezuidenhout were to be the first leaders of this provisional government. Maritz's forces occupied Keimoes in the Upington area. The Lydenburg commando under General De Wet took possession of the town of Heilbron, held up a train and captured government stores and ammunition. Some of the prominent citizens of the area joined him, and by the end of the week he had a force of 3,000 men. Beyers also gathered a force in the Magaliesberg; in all, about 12,000 rebels rallied to the cause. Meanwhile, General Louis Botha had around 32,000 troops to counter the rebels, of which about 20,000 were Afrikaners.

The government declared martial law on 12 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of General Louis Botha and Jan Smuts proceeded to destroy the rebellion. General Maritz was defeated on 24 October and took refuge with the Germans. The Beyers commando was attacked and dispersed at Commissioners Drift on 28 October, after which Beyers joined forces with Kemp, but drowned in the Vaal River on 8 December. General de Wet was captured in Bechuanaland on 1 December 1914, with 52 others on a farm called Waterbury. His remark when captured was: "Thank God it was not an Englishman who captured me after all". His grandson, Dr Carel de Wet, then Minister of Health, consecrated a monument at this spot on 14 February 1970. General Kemp, having taken his commando across the Kalahari desert, losing 300 out of 800 men and most of their horses on the 1,100 kilometre month-long trek, joined Maritz in German South-West Africa, but returned after about a week and surrendered on 4 February 1915.

Aftermath
After the Maritz rebellion was suppressed, the South African army continued their operations into German South West Africa and conquered it by July 1915.

Compared to the fate of the ringleaders of the Easter Rising in Ireland in 1916, the leading Boer rebels got off relatively lightly with terms of imprisonment of six and seven years and heavy fines. Two years later they were released from prison, as Louis Botha recognised the value of reconciliation.

One notable exception was Jopie Fourie, a Union Defence Force officer who had failed to resign his commission before joining the rebellion. He was executed. In a letter written hours before his execution, Fourie wrote, "The tree which has been planted and which is wetted with my blood will grow large and bear delightful fruit."

title: Maritz rebellion


text:
Cheryl Ford

Cheryl Ford (born June 6, 1981) is an American former professional basketball player. As a member of the Detroit Shock, she won the WNBA championship three times.

Personal life
Cheryl Ford is the daughter of Bonita Ford and former NBA player Karl Malone. She has a twin brother named Daryl and a half brother, former NFL offensive tackle Demetress Bell.

High school
Ford played for Summerfield High School in Summerfield, Louisiana, where she was named a WBCA All-American. She participated in the 1999 WBCA High School All-America Game, where she scored two points.

College career
Ford was a standout collegiate player at Louisiana Tech University. In 2003, she was named to the Associated Press' All-America Honorable Mention team. She was also named the Western Athletic Conference "Player of the Year" in 2002 and 2003.

Louisiana Tech statistics
Source

Professional career
In 2003, Ford was drafted as the No. 3 overall pick in the first round by the Detroit Shock in the WNBA draft.

In just her first year in the league, Ford led the Shock from worst to the best record and a WNBA championship in 2003. She is the first player to have won the WNBA Rookie of the Year Award and a WNBA championship in the same year. Afterwards, she played for the Dallas Fury in the National Women's Basketball League (NWBL) under Coach Nancy Lieberman.

Ford spent the 2005–2006 season in Israel, playing for Anda Ramat Hasharon.

On July 15, 2007, Ford won the WNBA All-Star Game MVP Award in Washington, D.C. when the East beat the West 103–99.

Ford missed the rest of the 2008 WNBA season due to an anterior cruciate ligament injury in her right knee, sustained on July 22, 2008 during a game against the Los Angeles Sparks. A brawl had broken out and Ford sustained the injury while attempting to restrain her teammate.

During the 2009 WNBA season, Ford averaged 7.4 rebounds per game and 8.6 points per game.

In January 2010, Ford signed a deal with Polish team CCC Aquapark Polkowice from 1st division league Ford Germaz Ekstraklasa (PLKK).

Ford spent the 2011–2012 season with Beretta Famila Schio, averaging 11.3 points and 11.9 rebounds per game.

On September 12, 2012, The Canik Belediyesi basketball club was announced as having signed Ford, as well as New York Liberty veteran Janel McCarville.

In March 2013, she signed with the New York Liberty. She missed most of the preseason due to a left knee injury, appearing in one preseason game before being released in June.

Regular season

 * align="left" | 2003
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 32 || 32 || 29.9 || .474 || .000 || .682 || 10.4 || 0.8 || 1.0 || 1.0 || 2.47 || 10.8
 * align="left" | 2004
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 31 || 31 || 29.4 || .411 || .000 || .589 || 9.6 || 1.1 || 1.3 || 0.8 || 1.74 || 10.6
 * align="left" | 2005
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 33 || 33 || 28.2 || .430 || .000 || .487 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|9.8° || 0.8 || 1.0 || 1.4 || 2.09 || 9.5
 * align="left" | 2006
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 32 || 32 || 28.7 || .498 || .000 || .648 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|11.3° || 1.4 || 1.2 || 0.8 || 1.81 || 13.8
 * align="left" | 2007
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 15 || 15 || 30.7 || .497 || .000 || .639 || 11.2 || 1.5 || 1.9 || 0.7 || 2.80 || 13.0
 * align="left" | 2008
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 24 || 24 || 26.5 || .481 || .000 || .560 || 8.7 || 0.9 || 1.0 || 0.4 || 0.96 || 10.1
 * align="left" | 2009
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 29 || 29 || 26.0 || .427 || .000 || .550 || 7.4 || 0.9 || 1.0 || 0.4 || 1.69 || 8.6
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" |7 years, 1 team
 * 196 || 196 || 28.4 || .457 || .000 || .595 || 9.7 || 1.0 || 1.1 || 0.8 || 1.91 || 10.8
 * align="left" | 2009
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 29 || 29 || 26.0 || .427 || .000 || .550 || 7.4 || 0.9 || 1.0 || 0.4 || 1.69 || 8.6
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" |7 years, 1 team
 * 196 || 196 || 28.4 || .457 || .000 || .595 || 9.7 || 1.0 || 1.1 || 0.8 || 1.91 || 10.8
 * align="left" |7 years, 1 team
 * 196 || 196 || 28.4 || .457 || .000 || .595 || 9.7 || 1.0 || 1.1 || 0.8 || 1.91 || 10.8

Playoffs

 * align="left" | 2003
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 8 || 8 || 29.0 || .324 || .000 || .826 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|10.0° || 0.5 || 1.4 || 0.8 || 1.25 || 8.4
 * align="left" | 2004
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 3 || 3 || 37.0 || .447 || .000 || .636 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|10.7° || 0.3 || 1.3 || 2.3 || 2.67 || 16.0
 * align="left" | 2005
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 2 || 2 || 24.5 || .444 || .000 || .600 || 7.0 || 1.0 || 0.5 || 1.0 || 1.50 || 9.5
 * align="left" | 2006
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 10 || 10 || 28.7 || .523 || .000 || .750 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|10.3° || 1.2 || 1.3 || 0.7 || 1.90 || 13.4
 * align="left" | 2007
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 10 || 8 || 22.8 || .415 || .000 || .455 || 9.2 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 0.3 || 1.40 || 6.9
 * align="left" | 2009
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 5 || 5 || 29.6 || .448 || .000 || .813 || 10.0 || 1.2 || 1.4 || 0.2 || 3.60 || 7.8
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" |6 years, 1 team
 * 38 || 36 || 27.8 || .433 || .000 || .684 || 9.8 || 0.8 || 1.1 || 0.7 || 1.89 || 9.9
 * align="left" | 2009
 * align="left" | Detroit
 * 5 || 5 || 29.6 || .448 || .000 || .813 || 10.0 || 1.2 || 1.4 || 0.2 || 3.60 || 7.8
 * align="left" | Career
 * align="left" |6 years, 1 team
 * 38 || 36 || 27.8 || .433 || .000 || .684 || 9.8 || 0.8 || 1.1 || 0.7 || 1.89 || 9.9
 * 38 || 36 || 27.8 || .433 || .000 || .684 || 9.8 || 0.8 || 1.1 || 0.7 || 1.89 || 9.9

National team career
Ford was named to the National team representing the USA at the 2006 World Championships, held in Barueri and Sao Paulo, Brazil. The team won eight of their nine contests, but the lone loss came in the semifinal medal round to Russia. The USA beat Brazil in the final game to earn the bronze medal. Ford averaged 3.4 points per game.

title: Cheryl Ford


text:
User talk:64.251.54.98

February 2015
Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Hatshepsut, you may be blocked from editing. Willondon (talk) 17:27, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Milkweed (novel), you may be blocked from editing. Willondon (talk) 17:29, 20 February 2015 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. Thank you.Bosstopher (talk) 18:01, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

March 2015
Hello, I'm Jay-Sebastos. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Recreational use of ketamine— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Jay Σεβαστός discuss  13:09, 30 March 2015 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Recreational use of ketamine, you may be blocked from editing. —S MALL JIM   13:12, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

October 2019
Hello, I'm 2601:5CC:8301:FD00:A933:7047:2B4C:5E34. An edit that you recently made to Common starling seemed to be a test and has been removed. If you want to practice editing, please use the sandbox. If you think a mistake was made, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks! 2601:5CC:8301:FD00:A933:7047:2B4C:5E34 (talk) 14:14, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

January 2020
Hello, I'm North Shoreman. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Commerce Clause have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the help desk. Thanks. Tom (North Shoreman) (talk) 16:32, 16 January 2020 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

March 2020
Hello, I'm Thepenguin9. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —specifically this edit to Eugene Sledge—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks.  Thepenguin9 (talk''') 18:55, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to Eugene Sledge. Your edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Plandu (talk) 18:56, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:64.251.54.98


text:
Hasselt University

Hasselt University (Dutch: Universiteit Hasselt or UHasselt) is a public research university with campuses in Hasselt and Diepenbeek, Belgium. It has more than 7,000 students and 1,700 academic, administrative and technical staff (2023). The university was officially established in 1971 as the Limburg Universitair Centrum (LUC) and changed its name to Hasselt University in 2005.

UHasselt is ranked 35th out of 605 in the 2023 Times Higher Education ranking of universities younger than 50 years. In the European Commission's U-Multirank 2022, UHasselt scores a top ten overall result, with fifteen excellent indicators.

Hasselt University has an extensive regional, national and global network, fostering collaboration in education, research and innovation.

As of October 2020, Rector of Hasselt University is Prof. Bernard Vanheusden. Vice-Rector for Education is Prof. Wanda Guedens, Vice-Rector for Research Prof. Ken Haenen.

Establishment and start
UHasselt/LUC was official established by law in May 1971. In September 1973, the first academic year followed with around 320 students and six (undergraduate) programmes (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Dentistry and Medicine).

Growth
In the ensuing decades, Hasselt University went through an enormous transformation. In 1991, the Limburg Business School (EHL) was transformed into the university's third faculty (Faculty of Applied Economics, presently Business Economics). The curriculum was expanded to include Transportation Sciences (2004), Law (2008), Architecture, Interior Architecture, Engineering Technology, Rehabilitation Sciences (2013) and Commercial Sciences (2015). In 2022, five additional programmes were launched: Social Sciences, Materiomics, Nursery and Midwifery, Healthcare Engineering and Engineering Technology: Computer Science.

Partnerships
In 2001, UHasselt/LUC and Maastricht University founded the Transnational University Limburg (tUL) – an international partnership involving two universities in two countries. tUL offers several programmes: Computer Science, Statistics, Biomedical Sciences and Law (a collaboration between tUL and KU Leuven). In 2003, UHasselt/LUC and university colleges PHL and XIOS (presently, PXL University College) formed the Limburg Association of Higher Education, or AUHL. The Association eyes the further development of higher education and scientific research in the Region.

In 2022, Hasselt University joined the EURECA-PRO European University Alliance. The network enables students and staff to study, teach and research in the field of responsible consumption and production. The long-term ambition of UHasselt and its partners in Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Romania and Spain, is to become the European hub for education and research in sustainability.

Name change
In 2005, LUC was renamed Hasselt University (or UHasselt).

From one to two campuses
In 2012, UHasselt opened a second campus in the city centre of Hasselt. It includes the Rectorate, the Law Faculty Building and the Old Prison (‘Oude Gevangenis’). The Old Prison is the university's main seat as well as the place where new students must register. Campus Hasselt also includes the Refugiehuis and Witte Kazerne, located in the Maastrichterstraat.

Rectors of Hasselt University
Rectorial elections at UHasselt take place every four years. All members of the faculty and school boards are eligible to vote (including student representatives). As highest decision-making body, the board of governors officially appoint the new rector. Over the past decades, Hasselt University has had four rectors (including current Rector Vanheusden):

 * 1972–1988: Louis Verhaegen
 * 1988–2004: Harry Martens
 * 2004–2020: Luc De Schepper
 * 2020–present: Bernard Vanheusden

Campus Diepenbeek
Campus Diepenbeek (75 hectares) is located in the ‘green belt’ near Hasselt. The campus is home to several research institutes, incubators and spin-offs. The student restaurant, University Library, class rooms and auditoriums are located in Main Building D. Other notable campus buildings are the Science Tower (with laboratories for education and research in chemistry and physics) and the Application Centre for Concrete and Construction (ACB²).

Campus Hasselt
Campus Hasselt (2 hectares) consists of the Rectorate (with the Rector's Office), the Faculty of Law and the Old Prison. The almost 200-year-old building has a restaurant, two auditoriums and former prison cells turned into study rooms. The Student Service Centre, where enrolment of new students takes place, is also located in the Old Prison Building.

The Offices of the Rector and Administrators are located on walking distance, at the sixteenth-century Refugiehuis (once a house of refuge for the Herkenrode Abbey's beguines). The adjacent Witte Kazerne ('White Barracks') is home to some central administration offices and the Transportation Research Institute as well as the School of Transportation Sciences.

Faculties and Schools
UHasselt has seven Faculties and three Schools, offering 18 Bachelor and 34 Master programmes in total (including 5 English-taught programmes):

 * Architecture and Arts
 * Business Economics
 * Engineering Technology
 * Law
 * Medicine and Life Sciences
 * Rehabilitation Sciences
 * Sciences
 * School of Transportation Sciences
 * School of Educational Studies
 * School for Social Sciences

Research institutes and centres
UHasselt has four research institutes covering the entire research spectre (from fundamental research to applied research to valorisation):

 * Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED)
 * Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK)
 * Data Science Institute (DSI)
 * Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec)

There are also three research centres:

 * Limburg Clinical Research Center (LCRC)
 * Transportation Research Institute (IMOB)
 * Expertise Centre for Digital Media (EDM)

Student Council
Each academic year, UHasselt students elect a Student Council (StuRa), consisting of fourteen members from the different Faculties and Schools. These representatives take part in several decision-making bodies, including the Board of Governors and the Educational Council.

Student Associations
UHasselt has a rich student life, with several Student Associations:

 * Ambifaarke (student orchestra)
 * ASG (Engineering Technology)
 * BeMSA Hasselt (Belgian Medical Student Association)
 * Biomedica (Biomedical Sciences)
 * CCG (Christian Campus Community)
 * Commeatus (Transportation Sciences)
 * DIP's (Chemistry and Biology)
 * ELSA Hasselt (European Law Students’ Association Hasselt)
 * ESN Hasselt (Erasmus Student Network)
 * Filii Lamberti (Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science)
 * Hermes (Economics)
 * JOSS (Joint Organisation of Statistics Scholars)
 * Junior Consulting (association fostering entrepreneurial skills)
 * Miezerik (Medicine)
 * Themis (Law)
 * Rekinea (Rehabilitation Sciences)
 * Humanitas (Social Sciences)

Opening academic year
The formal opening of the academic year traditionally takes place in the penultimate week of September. The day starts with the Procession of Professors in the centre of Hasselt and a toast by the Mayor at City Hall. In the afternoon, a ceremony with speeches and music is held.

Foundation Day
Hasselt University celebrates its Foundation Day on May 28 (the day when the university was established by law, in 1971). To mark the occasion, honorary doctorate degrees are awarded to individuals for outstanding contributions made to a specific field and/or to society in general. Each honorary doctor receives a diploma and the University Medal. Since 2022, UHasselt also hands out the Foundation Day Honorary Award to an organisation.

In the past decades, numerous internationally renowned scientists, artists, architects, journalists and entrepreneurs from around the world joined the circle of honorary doctors of Hasselt University:

 * Xaveer De Geyter
 * Joëlle Coutaz
 * Michael Nitsche
 * Reporters Without Borders (Foundation Day Honorary Award 2024)
 * Queen Mathilde
 * Erika Vlieghe
 * Jordi Sunyer
 * Anne Larigauderie
 * Annemarie Mol
 * Christian Grönroos
 * Stella Nkomo
 * Dirk De Wachter
 * Te Gek!? (Foundation Day Honorary Award 2022)
 * Jan Rabaey
 * Dipak Kalra
 * William Cleveland
 * Jane Goodall
 * Arne Akbar
 * Franklin A. Tuitt
 * Alarcos Cieza
 * Patricia Moore
 * Clarice Garcia Borges Demétrio
 * Ronnie Leten
 * Bruno Vanobbergen
 * Thomas A. Louis
 * John Goddard
 * Serge Abiteboul
 * Harry Timmermans
 * Susanne Baer
 * Ayodhya Tiwari
 * Yehuda Shoenfeld
 * Joëlle Tuerlinckx
 * Jos Delbeke
 * Morten Bennedsen
 * Mariana Mazzucato
 * Stijn Bijnens
 * Martha Nussbaum
 * Jean-Marie Tarascon
 * Paul Stoffels
 * Kunlé Adeyemi
 * John Lloyd Provis
 * Emmanuel de Merode
 * Richard D. Bardgett
 * Jeremy Rifkin
 * Thomas Friedman
 * S. Tamer Cavusgil
 * Christine Van Broeckhoven
 * Bijoy Jain
 * Luc Deleu
 * Henry Chesbrough
 * Lieven Maesschalck
 * Michael Braungart
 * Heinz Klug
 * Richard Friend
 * Jean-Jacques Cassiman
 * John G. F. Cleland
 * Silvana Sciarra
 * Wil van der Aalst
 * Ramesh Raskar
 * Johny Vansevenant
 * Mahmoud F. Fathalla
 * Marc Bossuyt
 * Monder Ram
 * Bernardo Secchi
 * Ignace Schops
 * Andrew B. Holmes
 * Richard E. Palmer
 * Koen Vanmechelen
 * Michael Rowe
 * Panamarenko
 * Robert Mendelsohn
 * Michael Grätzel
 * Susan Trumbore
 * Alain Hubert
 * Norman Breslow
 * Ingrid Daubechies
 * Piet Lemstra
 * Lawrence Steinman
 * Alan Thompson
 * Baruch Lev
 * Gerard Unger
 * Shalom Hakkert
 * Christopher Alexander
 * Axelle Red
 * Polly Matzinger
 * Cees Dekker
 * Kathleen Eisenhardt
 * Frank De Winne
 * Tom Jovin
 * Yuri Gurevich
 * David Montgomery
 * Michael Berridge
 * Harold Kroto
 * Roger Langenaken
 * David Cox
 * Erwin Neher
 * Hans Mohr
 * Georges Köhler

title: Hasselt University


text:
Goodbye to a River

Goodbye to a River is a book by John Graves, published in 1960. It is a "semi-historical" account of a canoe trip made by the author during the fall of 1957 down a stretch of the Brazos River in North Central Texas, between Possum Kingdom Dam and Lake Whitney. The book presents both the author's account of the trip itself and numerous stories about the history and settlement of the area around the river and of North Central Texas. The title refers to Graves' childhood association with the river and the country surrounding it, and his fear of the "drowning" effect that a proposed series of flood-control dams (most notably, Lake Granbury) would have on the river.

Only three of the dams were built on the river, but at one time up to thirteen were proposed at various locations along its course to the Gulf of Mexico. The success of Goodbye to a River is often cited as a major reason that the proposed dams were never built.

The book is acclaimed as a work of both conservationism and history and has been compared to Walden by Henry David Thoreau.

title: Goodbye to a River


text: User talk:209.242.5.44

title: User talk:209.242.5.44


text:
User talk:Dzimmer6

Welcome
Hi there. Welcome to Wikipedia! Nice work on the Khazars - that article has become very comprehensive.

I hope you like Wikipedia and stick around. If you want, you can drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself. Before you start doing a lot of editing, you'll want to take the Tutorial. It gives all the basic info you'll need as you start contributing.

You can sign your name on talk pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Help desk. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 18:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! IZAK 07:26, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Jews of Rhode Island VfD
Hi Dzimmer6: As a member of WikiProject Jewish history I am bringing to your attention the vote to delete the article Jews of Rhode Island at Articles for deletion/Log/2006 July 17. Thanks. IZAK 07:26, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

P.S. Your "E - mail this user" feature is not enabled. Could you please Email me via my user page. Thanks. IZAK 07:26, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Your contact info
Hi Dzimmer: Hope you are well. You have not enabled your Wikipedia Email feature in your "tool box" on the left hand side of your user page. Sometimes editors overlook that when it's a useful way of staying in touch with other editors. Best wishes. IZAK 14:29, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Judaism Newsletter
This newsletter was automatically delivered because you are a member of one or more Judaism related WikiProjects. If you would like to opt out of future mailings, please remove your name from this list.

 * Newsletter delivery by xenobot  02:31, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

The Judaism Newsletter
This newsletter was automatically delivered because you are a member of one or more Judaism related WikiProjects. If you would like to opt out of future mailings, please remove your name from this list. As always, please direct all questions, comments, requests, barnstars, offers of help, and angry all-caps anti-semitic rants to my talk page. Thanks, and have a great month. L'Aquatique [ approves | this | message  ] 20:31, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Newsletter delivery by xenobot  21:10, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Peter Benjamin Golden

The article Peter Benjamin Golden has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp/dated tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Tyw7 (☎ Contact me! •  Contributions ) 16:32, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Peter Benjamin Golden for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Peter Benjamin Golden is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Peter Benjamin Golden until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Tyw7 (☎ Contact me! •  Contributions ) 16:33, 1 June 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dzimmer6