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Unfinished symphony

An unfinished symphony is a fragment of a symphony, by a particular composer, that musicians and academics consider incomplete or unfinished for various reasons. The archetypal unfinished symphony is Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8 (sometimes called Schubert's Unfinished Symphony), written in 1822, six years before his death. It features two fully orchestrated movements. While it seems clear from sketches that Schubert set out to create a traditional four-movement symphony, this has been the subject of endless debate. Schubert wrote the symphony for the Graz Musical Society, and gave the manuscript to his friend Anselm Hüttenbrenner, in his capacity as its representative. However, Hüttenbrenner did not show the score to the society at that time, nor did he reveal the existence of the manuscript after Schubert died in 1828, but kept it a secret for another 37 years. In 1865, when he was 76 (three years before his death), Hüttenbrenner finally showed it to the conductor Johann von Herbeck, who conducted the extant two movements on 17 December 1865 in Vienna, adding the last movement of Schubert's third symphony as the finale. Music historians and scholars then toiled to "prove" the composition was complete in its two-movement form, and indeed, in that form it became one of the most popular pieces in the late 19th century classical music repertoire, and remains one of Schubert's most popular compositions.

Other unfinished symphonies
The unfinished symphony may also refer to:

 * Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony in C minor, Hess 298, was sketched around 1791–93 as a small fragment of the first movement before being abandoned. In addition, musicologist and Beethoven specialist Barry Cooper has identified several attempts and sketches of several projected symphonies before Beethoven finished his Symphony No. 1 in C major.
 * Franz Schubert's Symphony in D major, D 2B, was begun in 1811, leaving it as an incomplete 30-bar orchestral score. The sketch includes the whole slow introduction and the first theme of the Allegro before breaking off. No performing version is yet available.
 * Franz Schubert's Symphony in D major, D 615, it was begun in May 1818, with initial sketches made for the opening sections of the first movement and finale. It was left as an incomplete four-page, 259-bar sketch written for solo piano. Although conductor and composer Brian Newbould has made a performing version of the fragments, a full completion has not yet been attempted.
 * Franz Schubert's Symphony in D major, D 708A, was sketched between 1820 and 1821, with initial sketches made for the opening sections of the first, second, and fourth movements, and an almost complete sketch for the third movement. In 2012, Newbould was commissioned by BBC Radio 3 to complete the symphony.
 * Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 7 in E major, was composed in August 1821. Although the work is structurally complete, Schubert only orchestrated the slow introduction and the first 110 bars of the first movement. The rest of the work is continued on 14-stave score pages as a melodic line with occasional basses or counterpoints, giving clues as to changes in orchestral texture. Completions were made by John Francis Barnett (1881), Felix Weingartner (1934), Brian Newbould (1980) and Richard Dünser (2022).
 * Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8 in B minor "Unfinished" was sketched in 1822, left as two complete movements, a scherzo nearly completed in piano score but with only two pages orchestrated, and no finale. It has been theorized by some musicologists, including Brian Newbould, that Schubert may have sketched a finale that instead became the big B minor entr'acte from his incidental music to Rosamunde, but all evidence for this is circumstantial. Several completions have been made through the years, perhaps being the piece of classical music with the most attempts at being finished.
 * Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 10, a work sketched between 1822 and 1825, and left unfinished when Beethoven died in 1827. Musicologist Barry Cooper made a completion of the first movement. In 2019, artificial intelligence was used to reconstruct the third and fourth movements of the symphony, which premiered on 9 October 2021, titled Beethoven X: The AI Project.
 * Mikhail Glinka's Symphonies. Glinka began and left two unfinished single-movement symphonies: A Symphony in B-flat major (1824), and the more known Symphony in D minor, subtitled "On Two Russian themes" (1833). The first was completed by Pyotr Klimov, the second by Vissarion Shebalin. Both have been performed and recorded.
 * Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 10 in D major, D 936A, was sketched between October and November 1828, during the last weeks of the composer's short life. The manuscript contains sketches of three movements. Scholars agree that the second movement is virtually completed, while the two outer movements are more fragmentary. According to Brian Newbould, the second and third movements are complete in the sketches, with the first only lacking the recapitulation. It has been orchestrated by Brian Newbould in a completion that has subsequently been performed, published and recorded.
 * Robert Schumann's Symphony in G minor "Zwickau" was sketched between October 1832 and May 1833. Schumann finished the first two movements and wrote sketches for a scherzo and a finale before abandoning work on the piece. The first movement was premiered on November 10 of 1832 at Zwickau (where the nickname comes from), conducted by Friedrich Wieck. The piece was not published until 1972 in an adaptation by the Swiss conductor Marc Andreae.
 * Norbert Burgmüller's Symphony No. 2, sketched between 1834 and 1835. It was conceived as a four-movement symphony, only the first two being completed when the composer died in 1836. The third movement was finished and orchestrated by Robert Schumann, who also tried to add a finale of his own. Fragments of the original fourth movement were found in 1983.
 * Richard Wagner's Symphony in E major was begun in 1834, being an orchestration of his Grand Piano Sonata in A major (1832). He sketched out the first movement and part of the second before abandoning the work. The manuscript was lost, being found in a second-hand bookshop in Berlin in 1886. His wife Cosima asked Wagner's assistant Felix Mottl to orchestrate the sketches. In addition, several unfinished sketches for at least two other symphonies exist, dating from between 1846 and 1847.
 * Robert Schumann's Symphony in C minor (IRS 169), was sketched between 1840 and 1841 but quickly abandoned. The first movement is partly orchestrated but unfinished, the scherzo movement is complete, the other two movements are only in rough draft form. The scherzo was later published in Bunte Blätter, Op. 99, as No. 14.
 * Georges Bizet's Roma Symphony, is sometimes described as "unfinished", but this is misleading. After eleven years of tinkering (1860–71), with a partial performance in 1869, Bizet could still not produce a version that truly satisfied him. However, the latest version of the symphony was published posthumously in 1880, and is a complete work in the sense that all the movements are fully scored.
 * Modest Mussorgsky's Symphony in D major was sketched between 1861 and 1862, left in a fragmentary state and eventually lost.
 * Anton Bruckner's Symphony in B-flat major, sketched in October 1869 in two-stave score only. Only the first sixty-eight measures of the opening movement (first and second subject groups of the exposition) were drafted. An arrangement for chamber orchestra was made by Ricardo Luna.
 * Joachim Raff's Symphony No. 11 in A minor (subtitled "Winter") was composed in the spring of 1876, but was left without being published nor performed when he died in 1882. In 1883, Raff's friend the conductor Max Erdmannsdörfer, took the manuscript, edited and published it. Raff supposedly left the work finished and Erdmannsdörfer only edited it for publishing. However, since the original score disappeared, we can not be completely sure.
 * Hugo Wolf's Symphony in B flat major was sketched between 1876 and 1877. Apparently the work was written in four movements, but the first and third were lost at the train station in Graz in 1877. The now two-movement piece remained unpublished and unperformed until 1940, 37 years later after Wolf's death.
 * Hans Rott's Symphony No. 2 was sketched between 1 January and 4 August 1880, but his mental collapse in October of that year left the work unfinished.
 * Claude Debussy's Symphony in B minor was written between 1880 and 1881 for four-hands piano, he intended to write it in three movements but left two. Debussy sent the manuscript to Nadezhda von Meck and the score was kept in a Russian archive after her death. It was published posthumously by Muzgiz in 1933. The work was never orchestrated by Debussy himself, being arranged for orchestra by Tony Finno.
 * Johan Svendsen's Symphony No. 3 was sketched between 1883 and 1884, being destroyed when his first wife Sarah had thrown the only copy in the fire in a fit of rage. However, some sketches were found by conductor Bjarte Engeset in 2007. They were elaborated and orchestrated by Bjørn Morten Christophersen and premiered by the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra and Engeset in 2011.
 * Alexander Borodin's Symphony No. 3, was sketched between 1886 and 1887. It was conceived as a four-movement work complete on the composer's mind, but when he died, only fragments of two movements were found. Alexander Glazunov completed and orchestrated the piece, being published in 1889.
 * Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 9, was composed between 1887 and 1896, leaving the finale unfinished when he died on 1896. There have been a number of completions made of the fourth movement, but most conductors opt to perform and record only the first three.
 * Johannes Brahms's Symphony No. 5 in G major, he gave up this project and made use of the themes to complete his String Quintet No.2 in G major, Op. 111.
 * Carl Nielsen's Symphony in F major, sketched in 1888, from which only the first movement was finished, which later got the title Symphonic Rhapsody FS 7. It was performed twice, but Nielsen never composed the rest of it. Instead, he started composing what would become his Symphony No. 1 in G minor, which is famous for being the first symphony in history that employed the use of progressive tonality.
 * Charles Gounod's Symphony No. 3 in C major was sketched between 1890 and 1892, managing to finish the slow introduction of the first movement and the whole second movement. These fragments were recorded for the first time in 2014 for the CPO label.
 * Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 7 in E flat major, was sketched between 1891 and 1892, but Tchaikovsky was dissatisfied and abandoned it. The material was reworked in 1893 as his Piano Concerto No. 3, Op. 75 and Andante and Finale, Op. 79. A reconstruction of the original symphony from the sketches and various reworkings was made between 1951 and 1955 by Soviet composer Semyon Bogatyrev. In 2005, a second reconstruction, commissioned by the Tchaikovsky Fund, was completed by Russian composer Pyotr Klimov.
 * Edvard Grieg's Symphony No. 2, subtitled "In Spring", was left as sketches when he died in 1907.
 * Arnold Bax's Symphony in F major was composed in 1907 but left as a piano score, being dissatisfied with it. It was orchestrated by Martin Yates, being performed and recorded.
 * Alexander Glazunov's Symphony No. 9 in D minor was begun in 1910 but remained unfinished when he died in 1936, only being able to finish the first movement in short score. It was given to Rimsky-Korsakov's son-in-law Maximilian Steinberg in 1928, and in 1947 it was orchestrated by Gavril Yudin.
 * Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 10, sketched between 1910 and 1911, and left as a continuous draft of this five-movement work, with the first and third movements more or less fully scored. These two movements (Adagio and Purgatorio) were prepared for publication by Franz Schalk and Ernst Krenek in 1924. Various orchestrations and performing editions of the entire symphony have been made since the 1960s, including that of Deryck Cooke (1960–64), subsequently revised with input from Berthold Goldschmidt, Colin Matthews and David Matthews and a sparer, brass-prominent version by Joseph Wheeler.
 * Charles Ives' Universe Symphony, a composition which Ives worked on periodically between 1911 and 1928. During the 1980s and 1990s, there were three separate performing versions assembled, including a version by David Gray Porter (1993), Larry Austin (1994),     and Johnny Reinhard (1996).
 * Wilhelm Stenhammar's Symphony No. 3 in C major, was sketched between 1918 and 1919, left as a draft of a first movement (including a seven-page fragment in full score) and sketches of three other movements. The full-score fragment of the first movement was edited with a concert ending by Tommy B. Andersson and first performed in 1991.
 * Jean Sibelius' Symphony No. 8, was sketched intermittently from the mid-1920s until around 1938. A fair copy of at least the first movement was made, but how much of the symphony was completed is unknown. Sibelius repeatedly refused to release it for performance, though he continued to assert that he was working on it even after he had, according to later reports from his family, burned the score and associated material, probably in 1945.
 * Edward Elgar's Symphony No. 3 in C minor, Op. 88. It was sketched between 1932 and 1934, being left in a very fragmentary state when the composer died in 1934. Anthony Payne discovered these fragments at the beginning of the 1970s, and made a completion of the work between 1993 and 1997, which has been recorded several times.
 * Gustav Holst's Symphony was sketched between 1933 and 1934, but his death left the work unfinished. If finished, it would have been his third after the Cotswolds Symphony and the First Choral Symphony. The scherzo (H192) of the incomplete symphony has been performed, published and recorded as an independent piece. In addition, Holst began planning a 'second Choral Symphony', based on poems by George Meredith, but only made some initial fragmentary sketches.
 * Louis Vierne's Organ Symphony No. 7 in C minor was begun briefly before his death on 2 June 1937, leaving unfinished sketches.
 * Ernest John Moeran's Symphony No. 2 in E-flat major, was sketched between 1939 and 1950. He began with a four-movement idea of the work, but in 1947 switched to a single-movement form, still remaining full of doubts. When he died in 1950, his widow, Australian cellist Peers Coetmore, took the sketches back to her native country, where they still reside. The manuscript of that work and various others were donated to the Victorian College of the Arts in Melbourne. Conductor Martin Yates realised the work, it was recorded for a Dutton release and then publicly premiered with the BBC Concert Orchestra in 2011.
 * Allan Pettersson's Symphonies No. 1 and 17. No. 1 was begun in 1951, Pettersson wrote a substantial amount of material before he became disaffected with the piece. However, through his life, Pettersson returned to the score several times despite being unable to finish it. Symphony No. 17 was apparently begun in 1979, leaving a fragment of only 207 bars before he died on 20 June 1980. Both works were completed by Christian Lindberg.
 * York Bowen's Symphony No. 4 in G major was left unfinished when he died in 1961.
 * Gavriil Popov's Symphony No. 7 was begun in 1970, but left unfinished when he died in 1972.
 * Eduard Tubin's Symphony No. 11, was sketched in 1982 shortly before the composer died. The score contains a partially orchestrated first movement and the opening ten bars of a second movement. The orchestration of the first movement was completed by Kaljo Raid in 1987 and this movement has been performed and recorded several times.
 * Boudewijn Buckinx's Symphonies. In the years 1991–92 this postmodern Belgian composer composed nine unfinished symphonies (which premiered in 1993).
 * Stephen Albert's Symphony No. 2 was composed in 1992, but his death in a car accident left the piece as a manuscript of 67 pages. The composer was orchestrating the piece, and the publisher G. Schirmer asked composer Sebastian Currier, a close friend of Albert, if he could finish the piece, a request he accepted. It was finished in 1994.
 * Mieczysław Weinberg's Symphony No. 22 was finished in a piano score when he died on 26 February 1996, unable to orchestrate it. Weinberg's wife Olya suggested to Kirill Umansky that he might orchestrate the score. Immersing himself in Weinberg's symphonic music, Umansky completed the orchestration and the first performance was given by the Belgorod State Philharmonic Orchestra in 2003.
 * Alfred Schnittke's Symphony No. 9 was composed between 1996 and 1998. Despite being finished, the score was barely readable and needed to be deciphered. Russian conductor Gennady Rozhdestvensky made a performable version but was rejected by Schnittke. Russian-Canadian composer Nikolai Korndorf began a second attempt before dying in 2001. Finally, Russian composer Alexander Raskatov made the final version that was premiered in Dresden on 16 June 2007, with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Dennis Russell Davis. Raskatov also wrote his own composition: Nunc dimittis — In memoriam Alfred Schnittke intended as a finale to the piece.
 * Richard Arnell's Symphony No. 7 "Mandela", Op. 201, was sketched between 1996 and 2009. After his death in 2009, the piece was completed by Martin Yates. It was recorded in the summer of 2010 by Yates and the Royal Scottish National Orchestra and was issued by Dutton Epoch.
 * David Maslanka’s Symphony No. 10 was sketched in 2017 until the composer's death the same year. The first movement and half of the second movement were completed by the composer. At the composer's urging, his son Matthew then finished the remainder of the work based on his sketches. The second and fourth movements were completed based upon detailed sketches by the composer; the third movement, inspired by less finished sketches, was composed primarily by Matthew.
 * Krzysztof Penderecki's Symphony No. 9. On several occasions, through articles and interviews, the Polish composer expressed his intentions on writing a final work before his death: his Ninth Symphony or another Passion. Penderecki said he had lots of 'absolutely different' sketches made for a Ninth Symphony but wasn't sure he would use any of them. His death on 2020 has presumably left the piece in a fragmentary state. So far no attempts of completions have been made.
 * Jaakko Kuusisto's Symphony Op. 39 was sketched between 2020 and 2021 but his death due to a brain tumour left the piece far from being finished. There were just ten minutes' worth of material across its two movements. His widow Maija then recruited Jaakko's two closest collaborators; Pekka Kuusisto and Jari Eskola, to complete the work. The piece was then performed and recorded by the BIS label.

title: Unfinished symphony


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Talk:Man versus Horse Marathon

Untitled
The story of Guto and the horse is discredited in his own article.

Unfortunately, it's not true that bicycles are prohibited from bridleways. --Auximines 13:36, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I find article claims about bike participation doubtful, unless the course terrain is crazy (rocks, logs, etc) a bicycle would beat a runner (and by article's reasoning, any horse) by a huge margin: on most roads/packed dirt trails a good mountain biker could have ~15-20mph sustained speed.

(and the best result mentioned in the article has an overall speed of less than 11mph).

Similarly, the claim:

"In 1989, British cyclist Tim Gould beat the first horse by three minutes - the first time that a horse was beaten by a human in the race."

is doubtful. Pro bicyclists can maintain road speeds in excess of 25mph for several hours. I was under impression that this is quite a bit faster than what a horse can do.

Shouldn't there be a column for whether the race was won by a horse, a cyclist or a runner?

From someone who was there
I rode in this race in 1984 and 1985. I was actually in 2nd place in 85 when a collision with a razor/barbed wire fence ripped up arm and I ended up 9th cyclist. I still have the scars. Comparisons with what a road cyclist does are essentially meaningless. If you want a sensible comparison, look at cyclocross racing instead. Tim Gould was indeed the first cyclist to beat a horse on this course. Its possible that had mountain biking drawn the attention of some professional cyclists back in the mid-80's, this event would have happened sooner. But this was, as the UK's "Bicycling" magazine put it years later, the "pre-history" of UK mountain bike racing. Even when top US riders like Joe Murray came to try this event, they could not beat the horse. I raced Tim Gould on a couple of other occasions, and although he probably wasn't much a of pro road racer, he was an amazingly talented mountain bike racer, especially in the muddy, nasty conditions that the UK (and this race in particular) were known for. And yes, by comparison with US mountain bike racing of that time, this course's terrain was crazy. Sufficiently so that only someone with a lot of experience of this kind of terrain would ever beat a horse or even a runner. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.59.25.70 (talk) 02:59, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

Urban legend it must be
I sounds mega-bullshit that a human runner on foot could defeat a horseman over 40-something kilometers. Either those horses were centennials or there is some skullduggery going on here. They definitely did not use the noble arabian horses, which regularly run a 1000 kilometers over terrible desert terrain without much water or stopping. 82.131.210.162 07:30, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * But what speed do those Arabian horses make? Probably not very fast. Vultur (talk) 23:39, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You're vastly underestimating the speed of a well-trained athlete. The competitors in this race are not even elite distance runners, and they can average ~11mph over 22 miles. The world record for the marathon (26.2 miles) averages over 12.5 miles per hour.  The article on horse gait claims that, at a trot (horses cannot gallop for more than a mile or two, even Arabian horses), horses only average around 8mph--137.22.112.142 (talk) 02:00, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * There is hardly any evidence in the article on endurance riding that there are 1000 kilometer events. (However, that article seems mainly to reflect the sport from a U.S.A. perspective.)  It does mention "multi-day" events, but doesn't give details.  So, the 1000 KM events could be some of these.  That article suggests a horse in a 100 mile event can average about 8.3 to 10 MPH. 206.53.197.24 (talk) 02:40, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

 * While it is my own experience and so not really permissible, I regularly run along side a "noble arabian horse" ridden by my mother, and also regularly beat it over 5 miles. This is not far fetched at all. However it probably should be added that I'm quite into my fitness training and neither my mother or her horse is. Humans are well designed for long distance running compared to most animals.80.41.175.7 (talk) 09:31, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

More info?
The article is entirely lacking in route description. Is it primarily ross country? Roads/lanes? River crossings? Any steeples? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gatematemakeshaketohatehats (talk • contribs) 20:59, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Wouldn't the article be more informative if it mentioned how many runners, horses, and bicyclists participate? How many runners go in hoping to beat a horse? How many runners beat the slowest horse, and how many horses beat the slowest runners? Also, I recently heard from a marathoner in my neighborhood that this is just one of several man vs. horse events. Shouldn't the others be mentioned in this article? 206.53.197.24 (talk) 02:09, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

I noticed that, in the table of results from 2000 to 2008, a runner and horse-and-rider always make up first and second (in either order). Has it never been the case that human runners placed first and second, or horses placed first and second? 206.53.197.24 (talk) 02:47, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The table has been modified to show the fastest horse, and the fastest human. It no longer implies 2nd place overall. SlowJog (talk) 01:29, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Human/horse comparison/background data
This would be more interesting with some background information, particularly on the physical performance characteristics of both humans and horses. Naively, one would expect a horse to win easily, since their top speed is much greater than a humans, but clearly the whole premise is that isn't necessarily the case. How long can a horse gallop without stopping? How long must they be rested? Are they rested, or do they just run at a slower pace for longer distances? What is different about human and horse physiology that gives them different endurances? Also, How does the terrain factor in, does that aid human or horse? 207.58.192.150 (talk) 17:27, 15 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. Part of the answer, at least with regard to humans, can be found in the article on Persistence hunting.  Humans are better able to dissipate heat due to light hair and a lot of seat glands. SlowJog (talk) 04:14, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

15 minutes head start
This should be renamed "Man with 15 minutes head start versus horse marathon". Even in the text it's not clear that this is a handicap race where the humans are given a big advantage. The text makes a short mention of it like we were supposed to know of this advantage but it's not described anywhere. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.184.78.70 (talk) 16:32, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

Yes, this race is stupid if the humans are given a head start. I realize that it is a timed race, so the head start doesn't really matter, but why not have the horses and humans start at the same time, if you are timing both? I doubt a well-trained horse would be spooked by a few humans running alongside. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.103.249.246 (talk) 23:42, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

 * The 15 minutes is accounted for at the finish line - the times of the humans and horses are compared. The first human across the line has to wait 15 minutes to find out if they've beaten the horse or not :-)
 * As for starting at once - there's not a lot of room at the start line and someone would almost certainly be trampled. "A few" runners and a couple of horses would probably be OK. A few hundred runners and ~50 horses is another matter entirely. 137.44.4.110 (talk) 14:46, 22 September 2014 (UTC)
 * You really shouldn't use the word "stupid" if you don't understand why the humans and horses don't run together. -- 184.189.217.210 (talk) 05:49, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

Rules are lacking
The terms for humans and horses for the race seem to be different, but they are not explained in the article. How is the start organised? A mass start with 40 horses, 500 humans and bicycles sounds difficult. Is the race course the same? Do they compete on the same lane? Are there dangerous situations if man, horses and bicycles overtake each other? How is the turf (grassland, forrest, road, rocky) - is it the same for bikes, horses and humans? difference in altitude? Regards Minoo (talk) 10:27, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

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Why does this Man versus Horse Marathon get the article?
The lede admits there are several Man vs. Horse Marathons. That being the case, why is it this one has a WP article? Is this one somehow more prominent or notable than the others? If not, what should be done? Can this article be turned into an article about man vs. horse marathons in general, perhaps with a table or paragraphs about specific such events? SlowJog (talk) 00:35, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

 * This one seems to be the original and from the looks of the dead links, the only one still extant.
 * And given the coverage, this seems to be the only one meeting notability and verifiability.
 * If anything I'm tempted to remove the others as irrelevant. If you think there's enough for a more general article, then it should probably be at something like Competition between humans and horses and then wiki linked between the two. OwainDavies (about)(talk) edited at 07:41, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Man versus Horse Marathon


text:
Jolo

Jolo (Sūg) is a volcanic island in the southwest Philippines and the primary island of the province of Sulu, on which the capital of the same name is situated. It is located in the Sulu Archipelago, between Borneo and Mindanao, and has a population of approximately 500,000 people.

The island is the location of the Jolo Group of Volcanoes, and contains numerous volcanic cones and craters, including the active Bud Dajo cinder cone. It has been the headquarters of militants from the terrorist group Abu Sayyaf.

History

After a series of less-than-successful attempts during the centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Spanish forces captured the city of Jolo, the seat of the Sultan of Sulu, in 1876.

On that year, the Spanish launched a massive campaign to occupy Jolo. Spurred by the need to curb slave raiding once and for all and worried about the presence of other Western powers in the south (the British had established trading centers in Jolo by the 19th century and the French were offering to purchase Basilan Island from the cash strapped government in Madrid, Spain), the Spanish made a final bid to consolidate their rule in this southern frontier. On 21 February of that year, the Spaniards assembled the largest contingent against Jolo, consisting of 9,000 soldiers, in 11 transports, 11 gunboats, and 11 steamboats. Headed by Admiral José Malcampo, the contingent captured Jolo and established a Spanish settlement with Capt. Pascual Cervera appointed to set up a garrison and serve as military governor; he served from March 1876 to December 1876 followed by Brig. Gen. Jose Paulin (December 1876 – April 1877), Col. Carlos Martinez (Sept 1877 – Feb 1880), Col. Rafael de Rivera (1880–1881), Col. Isidro G. Soto (1881–1882), Col. Eduardo Bremon, (1882), Col. Julian Parrado (1882–1884), Col. Francisco Castilla (1884–1886), Col. Juan Arolas (1886–1893), Col. Caesar Mattos (1893), Gen. Venancio Hernandez (1893–1896) and Col. Luis Huerta (1896–1899).

By 1878, the Spaniards had fortified Jolo with a perimeter wall and tower gates, built inner forts called Puerta Blockaus, Puerta España, and Puerta Alfonso XII; and two outer fortifications named Princesa de Asturias and Torre de la Reina. Troops, including a cavalry with its own lieutenant commander, were garrisoned within the protective confine of the walls. In 1880 appointed Governor Colonel Rafael Gonzales de Rivera dispatched the 6th Regiment from Jolo to the Siasi and Bongao islands. The Spaniards were not secure in their stronghold because it would be sporadically attacked. On 22 July 1883, it is reported that three unnamed juramentado succeeded in penetrating the Jolo town plaza and killed three Spaniards.; The word "Ajuramentado" was coined by Spanish colonel Juan Arolas after witnessing several such acts while serving duty in Jolo garrison.

The Spanish and the Sultan of Sulu signed the Treaty of Peace on July 22, 1878, but Jolo Island and Tawi-tawi remained partially ruled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements.

The Americans arrived in 1899, and by the turn of the century, the Philippine–American War was raging in Luzon. So as not to spread out their forces, the Americans employed the classic divide-and-rule tactic.

Initially, Sultan Kiram was disappointed by the hand-over of control to the Americans and had expected to regain sovereignty over the Sulu archipelago after the defeat of the Spanish. Brig. General John C. Bates's main goal though, was to guarantee the Sultanate's neutrality in the Philippine–American War, and to establish order in Mindanao. After some negotiations, the Bates Treaty was signed. This treaty was based on the earlier Spanish treaty, and it retained the translation discrepancy: the English version described a complete dependency, while the Tausug version described a protectorate. Although the Bates Treaty granted more powers to the Americans than the original Spanish treaty, the treaty was still criticized in America for granting too much autonomy to the Sultan. One particular clause, which recognized the Moro practice of slavery, also raised eyebrows in Washington, D.C. Bates later admitted that the treaty was merely a stop-gap measure, signed only to buy time until the war in the north was ended and more forces could be brought to bear in the south. The peace created by the Bates Treaty did not last, however. This became evident when the Muslims repudiated the Moro province, a politico-military government in Mindanao lasting from 1903 to 1914, and the Moro Rebellion soon broke out. It is important to note that barely two months before the creation of the Moro province, the American colonial government declared and classified all unoccupied lands as public lands. Immediately after the declaration, American investments entered Mindanao and mass migration of Christians was encouraged. Severina Luna de Orosa and her husband Sixto Orosa were the first Christian doctors to work in Jolo, bringing western medicine to the region.

Jolo was occupied by the Japanese during World War II. On April 2, 1945, the 2nd Battalion of the U.S. 163rd Regiment, 41st Division (formerly the Montana National Guard) landed at Sanga Sanga and Bongao in the Sulu Archipelago, halfway between the island of Borneo and the Philippines. A week later, the other two battalions of the regiment left Mindanao and landed at Jolo, where they began fighting their way up heavily defended Mount Daho, the highest point on the island. The Sultan of Jolo, Muhammad Janail Abirin the 2nd, leader of the archipelago's 300,000 Moslems, welcomed Col. William J. Moroney, commander of the 163rd, and promised to help rid the island of Japanese. In three weeks of combat the 163rd suffered 37 dead and 191 wounded. Approximately 2,600 Japanese troops were killed, and only 87 Japanese soldiers were captured or surrendered in Jolo. Local fighters killed many Japanese stragglers hiding in the jungle after the Imperial Army surrendered in August, 1945.

Fighting on the island flared up again in February 2005 when between 4,000 and 5,000 Philippine troops clashed with around 800 Islamist militants from the Abu Sayyaf group, along with followers of Nur Misuari. Up to 12,000 people were thought to have fled the fighting. Fighting is still continuing today.

On 27 January 2019 the Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Jolo was bombed.

Kidnappings
On 22 September 2015, Kjartan Sekkingstad, age 56, from Sotra, Norway, was abducted by Abu Sayyaf Islamist guerrillas from a high-end tourist resort on Samal Island, along with 2 Canadian men, John Ridsdel, age 68, and Robert Hall, age 67, and a Filipina woman, Marites Flor, Hall’s girlfriend. In April and June 2016, the Canadians were beheaded after ransoms were not paid, and in June 2016, Flor was released. On 17 September 2016, Sekkingstad was released on Jolo island, about 600 miles south of Manila, after Islamist captor Abu Sayyaf received $638,000 in ransom for his release. He was handed over to the rebel group Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). The MNLF is in peace talks with the government and had been working with authorities to secure his release. It is not known who has paid the ransom, but was not Norwegian authorities.

In popular culture
In the American film Plane (2023), an airliner makes an emergency landing on this island, with the survivors having to deal with local terrorists.

title: Jolo


text:
Jolo, Sulu

Jolo, officially the Municipality of Jolo (Kawman sin Tiyanggi; Bayan ng Jolo), is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Sulu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 137,266 people.

Etymology
According to Dr. Najeeb M. Saleeby (1908) and in old maps such as the Velarde map, "Joló" was the historical Spanish spelling of the word "Sulu" that now refers to the province and the whole Sulu Archipelago, which the early Spaniards historically spelt as "Xoló", with the initial letter most likely formerly pronounced with the Early Modern Spanish sound, with  the Spanish pronunciation of Sulu, but later evolved into the Modern Spanish, leading to its modern pronunciation. In many dialects the initial sound is glottal, yielding. The Spanish version Joló is still used to pertain Sulu (both province, archipelago, and ancient sultanate) in Spanish writings. Meanwhile, the word "Sulu" itself comes from Sulug, an older form of Sūg.

It is also said that the Hokkien Chinese traders who frequented and later migrated to the place, named Jolo from Hokkien 好路 after Hokkien 好儂, reflecting the Chinese perception of the natives, because whenever Chinese traders would leave goods on Jolo's shore, they found them undisturbed on their return. Part of its population is still of Chinese descent today, particularly from Amoy (Xiamen) and Singapore.

Pre-Colonial period
In the 14th century, Arab traders landed on the island to introduce and convert its inhabitants to Islam. The native inhabitants on the island are the Tausūg people. The Tausugs are part of the larger Moro group which dominates the Sulu Archipelago. The Moro had an independent state known as the Sultanate of Sulu, which was politically and economically centered on Jolo, the residence for Sulu Sultanates. The Seat of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu was in Astana Putih, which is Tausug for ‘White Palace’ in Umbul Duwa in the municipality of Indanan on Jolo Island, later on, the capital was moved in Maimbung during the 1800s.

Spanish Colonial Period
The Spanish failed to conquer and convert the Muslim areas in Mindanao. After colonising the islands in the north, they failed to take over the well-organized sultanates in the south.

Trading center
The Sulu economy relied on the network of nearby trading partners. The Sultanate benefited from importing rice from northern Philippines, as the Sulu region had a chronic rice shortage. The Sultanate was unable to bring agriculture to its full potential because the area was prone to erratic rainfall and drought.

Chinese immigration
Since the 15th century, the Sulu Sultanate traded local produce with neighbors and with countries as far as China by sea. Most of the import and export trade was done with Singapore which was estimated to be worth half a million dollars annually. In 1870, the Tausug lost much of their redistributive trade to the Chinese because of the Spanish cruising system and Chinese immigration from Singapore. Mostly originating from the Fujian province, most of the Chinese in Jolo worked as craftsmen, skilled and unskilled laborers and domestic servants for wealthy Tausugs and Chinese. Singapore served as a training ground from which they learned the Malay language and became experienced in dealing with Southeast Asians. It was these Chinese who eventually dominated trade in Jolo and benefited greatly from Jolo's status as an entrepot, and exercised profound influence over the Sulu Sultanate. However, the Sultanate was not keen on the Chinese monopoly. By 1875, Sultan Jamal ul-Azam wanted an English merchant to establish himself in order to break the monopoly at Jolo.

Chinese who lived in Sulu ran guns across a Spanish blockade to supply the Moro Datus and Sultanates with weapons to fight the Spanish, who were engaging in a campaign to subjugate the Moro sultantes on Mindanao. A trade involving the Moros selling slaves and other goods in exchange for guns developed. The Chinese had entered the economy of the sultante, taking control of nearly the entire Sultanate's economy in Mindanao and dominating the markets. Though the Sultans did not like their economic monopoly, they did business with them. The Chinese set up a trading network between Singapore, Zamboanga, Jolo and Sulu.

The Chinese sold small arms like Enfield and Spencer rifles to the Buayan Datu Uto. They were used to battle the Spanish invasion of Buayan. The Datu paid for the weapons in slaves. The population of Chinese in Mindanao in the 1880s was 1,000. The Chinese ran guns across a Spanish blockade to sell to Mindanao Moros. The purchases of these weapons were paid for by the Moros in slaves in addition to other goods. The main group of people selling guns were the Chinese in Sulu. The Chinese took control of the economy and used steamers to ship goods for exporting and importing. Opium, ivory, textiles, and crockery were among the other goods which the Chinese sold.

The Chinese on Maimbung sent the weapons to the Sulu Sultanate, who used them to battle the Spanish and resist their attacks. A Chinese-Mestizo was one of the Sultan's brothers-in-law, the Sultan was married to his sister. He and the Sultan both owned shares in the ship (named the Far East) which helped smuggled the weapons.

The Spanish launched a surprise offensive under Colonel Juan Arolas in April 1887 by attacking the Sultanate's capital at Maimbung in an effort to crush resistance. Weapons were captured and the property of the Chinese was destroyed and the Chinese were deported to Jolo.

Spanish control
In 1876, the Spanish attempted to gain control of the Muslims by burning Jolo and were successful. In March 1877, The Sulu Protocol was signed between Spain, England and Germany which recognized Spain's rights over Sulu and eased European tensions in the area. The Spanish built the smallest walled city in the world in Jolo. The Spanish and the Sultan of Sulu signed the Treaty of Peace on July 22, 1878, in which the sultan accepted Spanish sovereignty over Sulu and Tawi-Tawi but Sulu and Tawi-tawi remained partially ruled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements.

Trading decline
Trade suffered heavily in 1892 when three steamers used for trade were lost in a series of storms on the trade route between Singapore and Jolo. The traders in Singapore lost so heavily as a result that they refused to accept trade unless it was paid for in cash. Along with the fear of increased taxation, many Chinese left to other parts of the Archipelago as Jolo lost its role as the regional entrepot. The Tausug had already abandoned trading when the Chinese arrived. Thus, Jolo never fully gained its previous trading status. However, the Chinese continued to dominate trade throughout the Archipelago and Mindanao.

American Colonial Period

In 1899 following the Treaty of Paris of 1898, sovereignty over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States who attempted to forcibly incorporate the Muslim areas into the Philippine state. The American colonizers eventually took over the southern regions with force (see Moro Rebellion). The Sultanate of Sulu was abolished in 1936.

Cityhood
In the 19th Congress of the Philippines, house bills were filed by various representatives which seeks Jolo including other capital towns of provinces with no current component cities, independent component cities or highly urbanized cities to automatically convert into cities.

Geography
The town of Jolo is located on the north-west side of the Jolo Island, which is located south-west of the tip of Zamboanga Peninsula on Mindanao island. The island is situated between the provinces of Basilan and Tawi-Tawi, bounded by Sulu Sea to the north and Celebes Sea to the south.

Jolo is a volcanic island, which lies at the center of the Sulu Archipelago covering 890 km2. The Sulu Archipelago is an island chain in the Southwest Philippines between Mindanao and Borneo, which is made up of 900 islands of volcanic and coral origin covering an area of 2688 km2. There are numerous volcanoes and craters around Jolo with the last known activity (an earthquake assumed resulting from a submarine eruption from an undetermined location) taking place on September 21, 1897, causing devastating tsunamis in the archipelago and western Mindanao.

Barangays
Jolo is politically subdivided into 8 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
 * Alat
 * Asturias
 * Bus-Bus
 * Takut Takut
 * Tulay
 * San Raymundo
 * Chinese Pier
 * Walled City

Climate
Jolo has a consistently very warm to hot, oppressively humid, and wet tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af).

Languages
The majority of people who live in Jolo speak Tausug. English is also used, especially in schools and different offices. Hokkien and Malay are also spoken by some traders. Other languages include Sama and Yakan, while Chavacano is also spoken by Christian and Muslim locals who maintain contacts and trade with the mainland Zamboanga Peninsula and Basilan.

According to the 2000 Philippine census by the Philippine Statistics Authority, the Tausug language ranks number 14 with 1,022,000 speakers all over the country, the speakers mainly in the Western Mindanao area to which Sulu belongs.

Religion
About 99% of the people living in Jolo practice Islam, but there is also a significant Christian minority consisting of Roman Catholics and Protestants. Tausugs were the first Filipinos to adopt Islam when the Muslim missionary Karim ul-Makhdum came to Sulu in 1380. Other missionaries included Rajah Baguinda and the Muslim Arabian scholar Sayid Abu Bakr, who became the first Sultan of Sulu. The family and community relations are based on their understanding of Islamic law. The Tausug are also heavily influenced by their pre-Islamic traditions.

Tulay Central Mosque is the largest mosque in town and in the province. There are also numerous mosques located in different areas and barangays around Jolo. Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in the town center and is the biggest church in town. "Jolo Alliance Evangelical Church" (formerly known as Jolo Evangelical Church) of the Christian and Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines (CAMACOP) also co-exist along with the Catholic Church since the 1900s, making it the first Protestant church in the archipelago.

Culture
Bangsamoro or Moroland is the homeland of the Moro, which is a Spanish term used for Muslims. The majority of Jolo's people are Tausugs – the ethnic group that dominates the Sulu Archipelago. Tausug derives from the words tau meaning “man” and sug meaning “current”, which translates to “ people of the current”, because they were known to be seafarers with military and merchant skills. The Tausugs are known as the warrior tribe with excellent fighting skills.

Before the Tausugs adopted Islam, the Tausugs were organized into kauman and were governed by a patriarchal form of government with the individual datus as heads of their own communities. The source of law was the Adat which the Tausugs followed strictly.

The Tausug arts and handicrafts have a mix of Islamic and Indonesian influences. Pangalay is a popular celebratory dance at Tausug weddings, which can last weeks depending on the financial status and agreement of the families. They dance to the music of kulintangan, gabbang, and agong. Another traditional dance of courtship is the Pangalay ha Agong. In this dance, two Tausug warriors compete for the attention of a woman using an agong (large, deep, brass gong) to demonstrate their competence and skill.

A large portion of the population in Jolo is of Chinese descent. Between 1770 and 1800, 18,000 Chinese came from South China to trade and many of them stayed. In 1803, Portuguese Captain Juan Carvalho reported that there were 1,200 Chinese living in the town. The reorientation of the Sulu trade patterns caused an influx of Chinese immigrants from Singapore.

Economy
Poverty Incidence of

Industry
In Jolo, most of the residents are in the agriculture industry. Agricultural products include coconut, cassava, abaca, coffee, lanzones, jackfruit, durian, mangosteen and marang. Jolo is the only municipality in Sulu that does not farm seaweed. Fishing is the most important industry; otherwise people engage in the industries of boat building, mat weaving, coffee processing, and fruit preservation.

Banking
There were different banks operating in Jolo and serving the people of Jolo for their needs. These included the Philippine National Bank, Metrobank, Allied Bank, Al-Amanah Islamic Bank, Land Bank and Development Bank of the Philippines. Automated teller machines (ATMs) are also available in selected bank branches.

Economic growth
Economic development in Jolo has been hampered by instability, violence and unrest caused by the presence of several Islamist separatist groups in the Bangsamoro. The long-running separatist insurgency has made these Muslim-dominated islands some of the poorest regions in the nation. Jolo has faced a large degree of lawlessness and poverty. Jolo is a main stronghold for the Al-Qaeda-linked Abu Sayyaf group, and these conditions are ideal for militant recruitment. However, the situation has improved since the US has invested in developing the region.

In 2007, United States Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Karen Hughes and US Ambassador Kristie Kenney visited Jolo to learn about US government-sponsored projects for ‘development, peace and prosperity’ in the region. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has funded a ‘farm-to-market’ road between Maimbung and Jolo to help farmers transport agricultural produce to the market. On her visit, Kenney announced the $3 million plan to improve the Jolo Airport. Since 1997, USAID has spent $4 million a year in the region. Other institutions involved are the World Bank, JICA and AusAID.

The Filipino government has spent over P39 million for development and infrastructure in Sulu. In October 2008, the Provincial Government of Sulu in cooperation with the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Mindanao Economic Development Council (MEDCO) and the Jolo Mainland Water District (JMWD) started the construction of a 54 million pesos project to upgrade the water supply system in Jolo.

Clan feud
In present-day Sulu, there is a degree of lawlessness and clan-based politics. These clan lines are based along family ties, which started after Arthur Amaral proposed marriage to a woman from a rival clan. The rejected proposal caused a family feud which forced families to take sides. There are 100,000 rifles circling the Sulu archipelago. Almost every household owns a gun, and the clans often settle disputes with violence. Most of the disputes between clans revolve around land. The clan-based society makes it extremely difficult for police to impose law. There are several gun shootings and the Filipino Army is often called in to settle disputes. In April 2008, the Jolo Zone of Peace, which was supported by the Geneva-based Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (CHD), was established where firearms were restricted in mediating conflicts between clans. The Sulu government is attempting to spread this zone of peace into the countryside.

Abu Sayyaf
The island was considered dangerous for foreigners, especially Americans, as militants threatened to shoot or abduct them on the spot. Much of the anger comes from when American colonizers killed 1000 men, women and children, who had retreated up Mount Dajo in 1906 after refusing to pay taxes, in the First Battle of Bud Dajo during the Philippine–American War. However, the American image has improved since American development plans for the region were carried out.

The most radical separatist Islamic group Abu Sayyaf claims to be fighting for an Islamic state independent of the Roman Catholic Philippine government. The group has strongholds in Jolo and Basilan. Driven by poverty and high rewards, a significant number of local residents are suspected to work for them. The Abu Sayyaf has committed a series of kidnappings. On April 23, 2000, the Abu Sayyaf raided the Malaysian resort island of Sipadan and kidnapped 21 tourists from Germany, France, Finland and South Africa and brought them back to Jolo, asking for $25 million in ransom money. The Abu Sayyaf has also kidnapped several journalists and photographers in Jolo. The US has already spent millions of dollars for information leading to the arrest of militants; and offered up to $5 million in bounty with Manila as much as P10 million reward for information leading to the capture of Abu Sayyaf leaders.

Sulu governor Benjamin Loong supported the US Special Forces projects “Operation Smiles” of providing medical care, and building roads and schools. The US Special Forces and Governor Loong hopes that winning respect and alleviating poverty from the people will stop terrorist recruitment. Governor Loong claimed that many residents have turned away Abu Sayyaf and Jemaah Islamiah members.

War on Terror
Three months after the September 11 attacks, George W. Bush announced the US was opening a second front in the War on Terror in the Philippines. The Archipelago became the testing grounds for the Philippine anti-terror plan “Clear, Hold and Develop”. In August 2006, Operation Ultimatum was launched and 5,000 Philippine marines and soldiers, supported by the US Special Forces began clearing the island of Jolo, fighting against a force of 400 guerillas. By February 2007, the town of Jolo was deemed cleared of terrorists.

2019 cathedral bombings
On 27 January 2019, two bombings took place at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. The bombings led by an unknown bandit but not exactly group Abu Sayyaf were widely condemned by local people in Jolo. The bombing caused at least few people killed or wounded during that day.

2020 town plaza bombings
On 24 August 2020, at around 12:00 pm, a bomb exploded in front of the Paradise Food Plaza in Barangay Walled City. At least five civilians and four soldiers were killed, while several others were wounded. A second bomb exploded at around 1:00 pm near the Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, which was the same site of two bombings last year. One civilian was killed while two others were injured. Philippine Red Cross Chief Richard Gordon said that a motorcycle loaded with an improvised explosive device exploded near a military truck.

Political and societal significance
The Moros are geographically concentrated in the Southwest of the Philippines. Moros identify mostly with the majority Muslim nations of Indonesia and Malaysia because of their geographic proximity, and linguistic and cultural similarities. Moros have faced encroachments from the Spanish, Americans and now face the national Philippine government. Thus, the struggle for the Moro independent state has existed for over 400 years.

Jolo has been the center of this conflict. Between 1972 and 1976, Jolo was the center of the Muslim Separatist Rebellion between the Muslim militants and the Marcos regime which killed 120,000 people. In 1974, fighting broke out when the government troops stopped the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) from taking over the town.

Currently, the Moro National Liberation Front is the ruling party of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). In 1996, the MNLF was granted leadership of the ARMM in response to the calls for Muslim autonomy. Abdusakur Tan is the governor of Sulu and Kerkhar Tan is the mayor of Jolo. Politicians in these regions rose to power with the help of clan connections.

title: Jolo, Sulu


text:
HMS Tamar

Six ships and a naval station of the Royal Navy have been called HMS Tamar,  after the River Tamar in South West England:

 * HMS Tamar (1758) was a 16-gun sloop launched at Saltash in 1758 and stationed in Newfoundland from 1763. She was renamed HMS Pluto and became a fire-ship in 1777; the French captured her in 1780.
 * HMS Tamar (1795) was a store lighter launched in 1795 and purchased that year for Navy service. She was broken up in 1798.
 * HMS Tamar (1796) was a 38-gun fifth rate launched in 1796 and broken up in 1810.
 * HMS Tamar (1814) was a 26-gun sixth rate launched in 1814, converted into a coal hulk in 1831 and sold in 1837.
 * HMS Tamar (1863) was an iron screw troop ship launched in 1863. She became a base ship in Hong Kong in 1897 and was scuttled in 1941.
 * HMS Tamar (shore station) was the name for the Royal Navy's shore base in Hong Kong from 1897 to 1997, named after the initial vessel to serve as the base ship.
 * HMS Tamar (P233) is a Batch 2 River-class patrol vessel constructed in Govan for delivery to the Royal Navy in 2020.

The River-class frigate HMS Aire (K262) was briefly renamed Tamar on her transfer to the base in Hong Kong on 14 March 1946 as the nominal depot ship. The name reverted to Aire on 20 November 1946. She was wrecked in the early hours of 20 December 1946 when a typhoon drove her aground on Bombay Reef.

SS Tamar
Four ships of Royal Mail Steam Packet Company bore the name SS Tamar between 1854 and 1922. One of these, a 3,207-ton steamer built in 1902, was captured and sunk sank off Brazil by the GERMAN LINER Kronprinz Wilhelm during World War I on 24 March 1915, while on a passage from Santos to Le Havre.

title: HMS Tamar


text:
Luke Hansard

Luke Hansard (5 July 1752 – 29 October 1828) was an English printer. He printed the Journals of the House of Commons from 1774 until his death. His son Thomas Curson Hansard took over the business, and added the name "Hansard" to the title of the official reports of parliamentary debates and proceedings in 1829. This led to such reports in the United Kingdom and in some Commonwealth countries being customarily known as Hansard.

Early life and education
Born in St Mary's Parish, Norwich, Hansard was the son of Thomas Hansard (1727–1769), a Norwich manufacturer. He was educated at Kirton Grammar School in Kirton, Lincolnshire, and was apprenticed to Stephen White, a Norwich printer.

Career
As soon as Hansard's apprenticeship expired, he started for London with only a guinea in his pocket, and became a compositor in the office of John Hughs (1703–1771), printer to the British House of Commons. In 1774 he was made a partner, and undertook almost the entire conduct of the business, which in 1800 came completely into his hands. On the admission of his sons the firm became Luke Hansard & Sons, based on Parker Street, off Drury Lane.

Among those whose friendship Hansard won in the exercise of his profession were Edmund Burke, Samuel Johnson and Robert Orme, while Richard Porson praised him as the most accurate printer of Greek. Harriet Martineau wrote:

"[...] Employed by Mr. Orme in printing his 'History of India,' he informed himself so thoroughly on Indian subjects, that he was Burke's right hand in selecting evidence from India documents for the trial of Warren Hastings. It was he who supplied, without delay, and without the commission of an error, the unequalled demand for Burke's 'Essay on the French Revolution.'"

Parliamentary records
Hansard printed the Journals of the House of Commons from 1774 till his death. The promptitude and accuracy with which he printed parliamentary papers were often of the greatest service to government—on one occasion the proof-sheets of the report of the Secret Committee on the French Revolution were submitted to Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger 24 hours after the draft had left Pitt's hands.

On the union between Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, the increase of parliamentary printing compelled Hansard to give up all private printing except when Parliament was not sitting. He devised numerous expedients for reducing the expense of publishing the reports; and in 1805, when his workmen went on strike at a time of great pressure, he and his sons themselves set to work as compositors.

Hansard's company became the Hansard Publishing Union. From 1809 the company, then run by his son Thomas Curson Hansard, printed the official reports of debates and proceedings in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and owned the publication from 1812. In 1829 T. C. Hansard added the family's name to the title of the reports, which led to such reports in the United Kingdom and in some Commonwealth countries becoming known as Hansard.

title: Luke Hansard


text:
Thomas Curson Hansard

Thomas Curson Hansard (6 November 1776 – 5 May 1833) was an English pressman, son of the printer Luke Hansard.

Early life and education
Hansard was born in Clerkenwell, currently within the borders of London but at the time part of Finsbury division, Ossulstone, Middlesex.

Career
In 1803, he established a press of his own in Paternoster Row. In the same year, William Cobbett, a newspaperman, began to print the Parliamentary Debates. At first, these were not independent reports, but were taken from newspapers' accounts of parliamentary debate.

In 1809, Hansard started to print Cobbett's reports. Together, they also published a pamphlet describing an incident in which German mercenaries had flogged British soldiers for mutiny; as a result Hansard was imprisoned on 9 July 1810 in King's Bench Prison for libel. In 1812, facing bankruptcy, Cobbett sold the publication to Hansard, who continued to publish it for the rest of his life. In 1829, he added his own name to the parliamentary proceedings, giving it the title Hansard that it bears to this day.

Hansard was the author of Typographia, an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing, published in 1825.

Death
Hansard died in 1833 on New Bridge Street in Blackfriars, London, and is buried in Kingston Cemetery.

Firm
The original business remained in the hands of his younger brothers, James and Luke Graves Hansard (1777–1851). The firm was prosecuted in 1837 by John Joseph Stockdale for printing by order of the House of Commons, in an official report of the inspector of prisons, statements regarded by the plaintiff as libellous. Hansard's sheltered itself on the ground of parliamentary privilege, but it was not until after much litigation that the security of the printers of government reports was guaranteed by statute in 1840.

After 1889, the debates were published by the Hansard Publishing Union Limited.

title: Thomas Curson Hansard


text:
Herceg Novi

Herceg Novi is a town in Coastal region of Montenegro located at the Western entrance to the Bay of Kotor and at the foot of Mount Orjen. It is the administrative center of the Herceg Novi Municipality with around 33,000 inhabitants. The town was founded as a fortress in 1382 by the King of Bosnia, Tvrtko I Kotromanić, and named after Saint Stephen but the name did not stick, instead it became known as Novi, also Castelnuovo in Italian. Between 1482 and 1687 it was part of the Ottoman Empire and then from 1687 to 1797 the Albania Veneta of the Republic of Venice. It was a Catholic bishopric and remains a Latin titular see as Novi. Herceg Novi has had a turbulent past, despite being one of the youngest settlements on the Adriatic. A history of varied occupations has created a blend of diverse and picturesque architectural style in the city.

Names and etymology
Tvrtko I of Bosnia founded the town and named it after Saint Stephen, the name that from the beginning gave way to a name Novi, which literally translates to "New", as in Newtown; also known as Castelnuovo in Italian, New Castle in English. Later town came to Kosača possession and become their winter seat. During this era, the town was renamed again by adding Stjepan's title herceg (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation of German herzog) to the name Novi, which gave it the current name of Herceg Novi.

In Montenegrin, the town is known as Herceg Novi or Херцег Нови; in Italian as Castelnuovo; and in Greek as Neòkastron (Νεοκαστρον), Turkish as Kala-i Novi, all meaning 'new castle'. The name Herceg Novi, in its modern form, was first mentioned in a Turkish document in 1726.

History
Archeological findings from the Luštica peninsula and the Vranjaj cavern imply that the area was populated during the Neolithic and early Bronze Age. In the 3rd century BC, after their victory over the Illyrians, the area was ruled by the Roman Republic. After the split of the Roman Empire, the area fell under the rule of the Western Roman Empire. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the area was dominated by the Byzantine Empire. Slavic tribes began inhabiting these lands during the 7th century AD. During these times the small settlement was part of Byzantine-held Dračevica district, which in turn later belonged to the Principality of Travunija. During the 10th century, Dračevica came under the control of various Dioclean/Zetan dukes, who were in turn incorporated into Kingdom of Serbia ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty. After the death of Emperor Stefan Dušan, the Serbian Empire began to fracture into smaller principalities and districts, with Dračevica being administered by duke Vojislav Vojinović. After the rulership of Vojinović, the area, along with most of modern Montenegro, came under the rule of the Balšić noble family.

Foundation under Bosnia
Bosnia could not make economical use of Bosansko Primorje, as its share of the Adriatic coast from the river Neretva to the Bay of Kotor lacked any major settlements. In the second half of the 14th century area in Bay of Kotor also became part of the Kingdom of Bosnia. The Bosnian king, Tvrtko, embroiled in the War of Chioggia, which erupted between the old-time rival Republics of Venice and Genoa in 1378 will, as a result, find himself pressured by the circumstances of failure to seize Kotor, the damage to the Bosnian economy from the Ragusan embargo, and the need for easy access to maritime trade. This and the fact that Bosansko Primorje had no significant port led Tvrtko to found the youngest medieval town on the eastern Adriatic coast. In early 1382, Tvrtko constructed a new fortress in the Bay of Kotor on the place of a small fishing village and decided that it should form the basis of a new salt trading center. Initially named after Saint Stephen, the city immediately came to be known as Novi (meaning "new").

After the death of Tvrtko, Duke Sandalj Hranić of the Hum lords, Kosačas, acquired Novi. During his reign, the town picked up trading salt. When Hranić died, his nephew, Duke Stjepan Vukčić Kosača inherited it. During his reign, the town grew in importance and became Stjepan's winter seat, getting a new name in the process: Herceg Novi.

Under the Ottomans
The Ottomans conquered Herceg Novi before 14 December 1481, and ruled for 200 years. The Ottomans built Kanli Tower on the upper edge of the city. However, there was a short pause between 1538 and 1539 when it was held by the Spaniards before they were defeated in the Siege of Castelnuovo. In their brief overlordship, the Spanish built a Hispaniola fort above the city that is well-preserved today. Evliya Çelebi visits the Bay of Kotor and mentions Croats, Bosnians and Albanians (Arnauts) who live in the Herceg Novi.

In 1608 an earthquake struck Herceg Novi and devastated it.

Modern Age
In 1687, the city was captured by the Republic of Venice under Girolamo Corner, and included it into Albania Veneta, an administrative unit on the territory of present-day coastal Montenegro. In Venice, the city was known as Castelnuovo. The Venetians refortified the old town walls and towers and reinforced the fortress with a Citadella tower (destroyed in an earthquake in 1979). On 24 August 1798, Herceg Novi was annexed by Habsburg Austria but was then ceded to Russia as per the Treaty of Pressburg on 26 December 1805. The Russians officially occupied Herceg Novi between 28 February 1806 and 12 August 1807.

On 7 July 1807, Herceg Novi was ceded to Napoleon I Bonaparte's French Empire as per the Treaty of Tilsit. Official French rule over Herceg Novi began on 12 August 1807, when the Russians left the city. The city was part of Dalmatia until 14 October 1809, when it was annexed to the newly created Illyrian Provinces.

Herceg Novi, as well as the rest of the Bay of Kotor, was overtaken by Montenegrin forces in 1813. It was under control of a temporary government based in Dobrota between 11 September 1813 and 10 June 1814, which was supported by Montenegro. The appearance of Austrian forces in 1814 caused the Prince-Bishop of Montenegro to turn over the territory to Austrian administration on 11 June. After Herceg Novi was retaken, as well as the rest of the bay, it became part of the Dalmatian crownland. The bay was under Austro-Hungarian control until 1918.

20th century

In 1900, the two names ERZEG NOVI and CASTELNUOVO PRESSO CATTARO were used in bilingual cancellations.

The Kingdom of Montenegro attempted to retake the Bay of Kotor during World War I, it was bombarded from Lovćen, but by 1916 Austria-Hungary defeated Montenegro. On 7 November 1918, the Serbian Army entered the bay and were greeted by the people as Slavic liberators. The bay later became a part of the self-proclaimed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Within a month, this region united with Serbia as part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929. The bay was a municipality of Dalmatia until it was, like all historic entities, abolished in 1922. It was incorporated into the Zeta Oblast (province), from 1929 style Zeta Banate.

Herceg Novi was annexed by Mussolini's fascist Italy during World War II in 1941. It became a part of the province of Cattaro. Herceg Novi was later retaken by Yugoslav Partisan forces on 10 September 1943. Within Tito's Communist reformed Yugoslavia, Herceg Novi became part of the People's Republic of Montenegro.

On 8 April 1970, following the USSR vs. Rest of the World 'Match of the Century' hosted in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, a blitz chess tournament was held in Herceg Novi, featuring four World Champions, the field was considered the strongest of any blitz tournament in modern chess history.

Ecclesiastical history
It once was a Catholic bishopric, but no residential incumbent data are available.

Titular see
In 1933 the diocese was nominally restored by establishing in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church a titular bishopric of Novi (in Dalmatia), listed as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Doclea (which in Classical times controlled its region in the Roman province of Dalmatia Superior).

The following individuals held the titular bishopric. They were either auxiliary bishops or officials of the Vatican:

 * Abel Costas Montaño (1968.11.11 – 1974.12.11), as Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochabamba (Bolivia) (1968.11.11 – 1974.12.11); later Bishop of Tarija (Bolivia) (1974.12.11 – retired 1995.10.20); died 2015
 * Alfred Gonti Pius Datubara, Capuchin Franciscans (O.F.M. Cap.) (1975.04.05 – 1976.05.24) as Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Medan (Indonesia) (1975.04.05 – 1976.05.24); succeeded later as Metropolitan Archbishop of above Medan (1976.05.24 – retired 2009.02.12)
 * Juan Ignacio Larrea Holguín (1983.08.05 – 1988.03.25) as last Military Vicar of the Military Vicariate of Ecuador (Ecuador) (1983.08.05 – 1986.07.21) and first Military Ordinary of Ecuador (1986.07.21 – 1989.12.07); later Coadjutor Archbishop of Guayaquil (Ecuador) (1988.03.25 – 1989.12.07), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Guayaquil (1989.12.07 – retired 2003.05.07), died 2006; previously Titular Bishop of Cellæ in Proconsulari (1969.05.17 – 1980.06.28) as Auxiliary Bishop of Quito (Ecuador) (1969.05.17 – 1980.06.28?), Bishop of Ibarra (Ecuador) (1980.06.28 – 1983.08.05)
 * Jan Lebeda (1988.05.19 – 1991.11.05) as Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Praha (Prague, Czechoslovakia) (1988.05.19 – death 1991.11.05)
 * Titular Archbishop: Ernesto Maria Fiore (1991.12.16 – 2001.10.30), while Dean of Tribunal of the Roman Rota (1985.06.06 – 1993.07.02) and on emeritate; previously Prelate Auditor of Roman Rota (1960.06.23 – 1985.06.06)
 * Odilo Pedro Scherer (2001.11.28 – death 2007.03.21) as Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Paulo (Brazil) (2001.11.28 – 2007.03.21) and Secretary General of National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (2003–2007); later succeeded as Metropolitan Archbishop of São Paulo (2007.03.21 – ...)
 * Carmelo Cuttitta (2007.05.28 – 2015.10.07) as Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palermo (Sicily, Italy) (2007.05.28 – 2015.10.07); later Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ragusa (Italy) (2015.10.07 – ...)
 * Titular Archbishop Paul Fitzpatrick Russell (2016.03.19 – ...) as papal diplomat: Apostolic Nuncio (ambassador) to Turkey (2016.03.19 – ...); Apostolic Nuncio to Turkmenistan (2016.03.19 – ...); and Apostolic Nuncio to Azerbaijan (2017.04.07 – ...). The Apostolic Nunciature for all three countries is located in Ankara. Previously, he was chargé d'affaires (head of mission) of the Apostolic Nunciature to China, based in Taiwan (2008.05.02 – 2016.03.19).

Population
The Herceg Novi municipality stretches from Prevlaka to the Verige strait. An almost unbroken string of towns lie along this strip of coast, accommodating the municipality's 30,864 (2011 census) residents.

Ethnicity
Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011

Religion
Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011

Tourism
Herceg Novi is a major Montenegrin tourist destination. It is well known as a spa and health center; nearby Igalo has an abundance of healing sea mud called "igaljsko blato" (Igalo mud) and mineral springs called "igaljske slatine" (Igalo springs). The most famous tourist attractions in Herceg Novi are castle Forte Mare built by the Bosnian king Tvrtko I in 1382, a clock tower built by Austrians in the 19th century, the Kanli tower built by Turks. Other famous attractions include the various ancient Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries, which include the Church of St. Ilija, the Church of Preobraženja, the Church of St. Đorđa, the Church of the Holy Salvation (St. Spas), the Church of St. Archangel Michael, and the Savina Monastery.

Whilst the city itself is not a major destination for sunbathing, with no long sandy beaches along the rest of the Bay of Kotor, many beaches are reachable by boat. Tourist companies organise one-day boat trips to Luštica peninsula, which lies opposite to the town. Popular Luštica peninsula beach sites include Žanjic, Mirište and Rose. Herceg Novi accounted for one-third of overnight stays in Montenegro before the Yugoslav wars, but the situation has changed since in favour of Budva, Kotor and other resorts.

Local bus station will charge doubtfully legal fee of €2 for entering its platform with printed e-ticket.

Culture
"JUK Herceg-Fest" This cultural events center was established on 24 February 1992. Two years later the cultural center joined with the "Orijen" movie distribution and production company. Together they have played a crucial role in enhancing the city's cultural life. Among many annual festivities are the mimosa celebration, local theatrical events, and a film and music fest.

"The Operosa Opera Festival" takes place during the summer in the Kanli Kula amphitheater inside the fortress of Stari Grad (Old Town) and in the Forte Mare fortress.

The Herceg Novi City Archive was returned in 1956 the Archive to Herceg Novi after being temporarily relocated to Zadar, Croatia. The Archive was relocated to Zadar by Italians during the Second World War. The original archive building, built in 1885, suffered severe damage from the 1979 earthquake. Shortly afterward, the building was renovated. Today, the Archive is 700 m2 in size. The Archive features modern equipment and a library open to the public. The oldest document in the Archive originated in 1685. The library contains approximately 30,000 volumes and 1,000 periodicals.

The Historical Museum was established in 1949 and officially opened in 1953. The museum building, a gift to the city from the former mayor, Mirko Komnenović (1870–1941), and his wife Olga, is at least 150 years old.

The City library contains at least 30,000 volumes. Among the contributors to this collection are Dušan Petković (5,000 books), Veljka Radojević (1,500), Doklestić, Daljev, Lučić, Subotić and others.

Transportation
Herceg Novi or Igalo is usually the final destination of buses that come from inland Montenegro and Serbia. The Adriatic Motorway, a two-lane motorway that extends for the length of the Montenegrin coast, goes through Herceg Novi before it merges with the Croatian road network at the Debeli Brijeg border crossing.

The ferry operates on the Kamenari – Lepetane line at Verige Strait, eliminating the need to go all the way around Boka Kotorska bay in order to reach Tivat, Kotor, Budva and inland Montenegro.

Tivat Airport is 23 km away (via the ferry). There are regular flights to Belgrade and Zürich, and dozens of charter planes land daily on Tivat airport during the summer season. Dubrovnik Airport in Croatia is some 30 km away, and it maintains regular flights to many European destinations.

Climate
The area of the Bay of Kotor has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) with significantly more rain in the winter than in the summer. Herceg Novi has a specific microclimate, which is a result of southern exposition, proximity to the sea, limestone substratum and mountainous hinterland which prevents the breakthrough of cold air masses.

Herceg Novi has approximately 200 sunny days a year. In July and August there are approximately 11 sunny hours per day. Average annual temperature is 16.2 °C (similar to that of Naples and Lisbon). There are frequent slight temperature oscillations; the average daily temperature fluctuation is only 4 °C (7.2 °F). Average temperature from May to September is about 25 °C, and the average summer sea temperature is rather high, between 22 and 26 C.

The annual average precipitation is 1930 mm. Relative air humidity is at its highest level, 80%, in the fall. Its lowest level, 63%, comes in the summer.

Twin towns — Sister cities
Herceg Novi is twinned with:

 * 🇷🇸 Bačka Topola, Serbia
 * 🇧🇦 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * 🇮🇹 Barletta, Italy
 * 🇷🇸 Beočin, Serbia
 * Bitola, North Macedonia
 * 🇷🇸 Čajetina, Serbia
 * 🇧🇦 Centar (Sarajevo), Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 🇧🇦 Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 🇮🇹 Guglionesi, Italy
 * 🇧🇦 Kotor Varoš, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 🇸🇮 Kranj, Slovenia
 * 🇳🇴 Kristiansand, Norway
 * 🇳🇴 Levanger, Norway
 * 🇧🇬 Loznitsa, Bulgaria
 * 🇷🇸 Mali Zvornik, Serbia
 * 🇸🇮 Novo Mesto, Slovenia
 * 🇺🇦 Odesa, Ukraine
 * Osijek, Croatia
 * Prizren, Kosovo
 * 🇸🇰 Senec, Slovakia
 * 🇭🇺 Szeged, Hungary
 * 🇧🇦 Trebinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * 🇫🇷 Vauréal, France
 * 🇷🇺 Volgorechensk, Russia
 * 🇷🇸 Zemun (Belgrade), Serbia
 * 🇷🇸 Zaječar, Serbia

Notable residents

 * Jovan Vavic – former head coach of the USC men's and women's water polo teams

Sources and external links

 * Official website of Herceg Novi municipality
 * GCatholic – (titular) bishopric
 * City Port Herceg Novi

title: Herceg Novi


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Rudolf Brucci

Rudolf Brucci (Bruči) (March 30, 1917 – October 30, 2002), was a composer of Croatian and Italian origin, born in Zagreb. He was married to Yugoslavian opera singer, Olga Brucci.

He began his artistic life playing viola in various orchestras, ranging from the cabaret to the symphonic. After moving to Belgrade, at the age of 30 he began his music studies as the only student of the composer Petar Bingulac, who was a student of the French composer Vincent d'Indy. In 1953, he took composition lessons with the Viennese composer Alfred Uhl at the Vienna Music Academy.

A crucial moment in his work was winning first prize at the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition for composers in Brussels in 1965 with his symphony Lesta. This prize was won in competition with 250 other composers from 26 countries.

In the 1970s, Brucci improved the Academy of Arts in Novi Sad, where he was the first dean, an academy with best music department in ex-Yugoslavia. He was one of the most important composers of Novi Sad, he urged the building of the new opera house there, the Serbian National Theatre. He was one of the founders of Vojvodina Academy of Arts and Sciences, Philharmonic and Music High School.

In the centre of his compositional work was the symphony orchestra. He wrote four symphonies, Symphony No. 1 (1951), Sinfonia lesta (1965), and two Third Symphonies, from 1969 and 1974. Other orchestral works include the symphonic poem Maskal, Metamorfosis B–A–C–H for strings, the ballets Katarina Izmailova, Golden Demon, and Circa, the cantata Vojvodina (text by Miroslav Antić), and two operas, Prometheus and Gilgamesh.

Brucci's style is basically conventional, but he attempted to incorporate new ideas, such as bitonality, polytonality, and atonality. On occasion he employed serial techniques, but never completely or strictly. His use of such devices was always thoughtful, and often propelled by a strong rhythmic energy and brilliant orchestration.

He died in Novi Sad on October 30, 2002, at the age of 85.

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Rudolf Brucci


text:
Leacock

Leacock may refer to:

 * Places:
 * Leacock Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, USA
 * Leacock Regional Park in Casula, south-west of Sydney, Australia

 * Surname:
 * Christopher Leacock (born 1978), Trinidadian DJ and music producer better known as Jillionaire
 * Dean Leacock (born 1984), English professional footballer
 * Edward Leacock (1853–1927), English-born real estate speculator and political figure in Manitoba
 * Eleanor Leacock (1922–1987), anthropologist and social theorist
 * Ernie Leacock (1906–1977), professional ice hockey defender
 * Hamble James Leacock (1795–1856), African missionary
 * Matt Leacock, Board game designer
 * Philip Leacock (1917–1990), English television and film director and producer
 * Richard Leacock (1921–2011), British-born documentary film director, pioneer of Direct Cinema and Cinéma vérité
 * Robin Melanie Leacock, documentary filmmaker, directed It Girls, A Passion For Giving & I'll Take Manhattan
 * St Clair Leacock, member of parliament in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Stephen Leacock, FRSC (1869–1944), Canadian teacher, political scientist, writer, and humorist
 * Stephen Leacock (musician) of General Fiasco, an indie rock group from Bellaghy, Northern Ireland

title: Leacock


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Rich picture

Part of the soft systems methodology, rich pictures provide a mechanism for learning about complex or ill-defined problems by drawing detailed ("rich") representations of them. Typically, rich pictures follow no commonly agreed syntax, usually consist of symbols, cartoons, sketches or doodles and can contain as much (pictorial) information as is deemed necessary. The finished picture may be of value to other stakeholders of the problem being described since it is likely to capture many different facets of the situation, but the real value of this technique is the way it forces the creator to think more deeply about the problem and understand it well enough to express it pictorially (a process known as action learning).

Rich pictures are a diagrammatic way of relating your own experiences and perceptions to a given problem situation through the identification and linking of a series of concepts. The creation of a rich picture provides a forum in which to think about a given situation. Rich pictures should concentrate on both the structure and the processes of a given situation.

Rich pictures are a part of the understanding process, not just a way of recording what you know of a given situation or creating a work of art. The use of metaphor in rich pictures means that their interpretation by others can often be difficult. This is of little consequence as it is the personal learning aspects that are important to this method.

It is also possible to produce rich pictures as part of a group. By having everybody contribute to a rich picture they can be used to help develop a shared understanding of a given situation.

Mind maps are often considered to be rich pictures, but since these tend to be mainly text-based and do dictate a degree of formality with respect to their structure, clear distinctions can be drawn. Generally, the two notations serve different purposes (for example, in the field of systems engineering).

title: Rich picture


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Steering pole

A steering pole is a light spar extending from the bow of a straight deck ship which aids the wheelsman in steering.

Ancient literature indicates that steering poles have long been part of boat construction, and are referred to in ancient texts such as the Epic of Gilgamesh.

title: Steering pole


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Larry Little

Larry Chatmon Little (born November 2, 1945) is an American former football guard who played in the American Football League (AFL) and the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Bethune–Cookman Wildcats. He signed with the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 1967. After two years in San Diego, he was then traded to the Miami Dolphins where he played for the rest of his career, establishing himself as one of the best guards in the NFL.

Little was a five-time Pro Bowl selection, and a seven-time All-Pro selection. He was the starting right guard of a dominant Dolphins offensive line which included Hall of Fame center Jim Langer and left guard Bob Kuechenberg, that was instrumental in the Dolphins winning Super Bowl VII during their perfect season in 1972, and Super Bowl VIII the following year. He was elected to the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team, a member of the Miami Dolphins Honor Roll, and was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993.

College career
Little played for the Bethune–Cookman Wildcats from 1964 to 1967 on the team's offensive and defensive line. He was a three-time All-]Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) selection.

Professional career
Little went undrafted in 1967. After the draft, he received free agent offers from Miami, San Diego, and Baltimore. He signed as a free agent with the American Football League's San Diego Chargers because they offered him the largest signing bonus ($750). After playing for San Diego in 1967 and 1968, he was traded to the AFL's Miami Dolphins for the 1969 season, when he was named an AFL All-Star. He then played with the National Football League Dolphins from 1970 through 1980.

"I didn't particularly like the trade," Little said in the January 1974 issue of SPORT. "The Dolphins weren't much then."

Little was a key contributor to the success of the Dolphins' punishing running attack of the early and mid-1970s, which featured Larry Csonka, Mercury Morris, and Jim Kiick.

Post-playing career
He also served as head football coach of his alma mater, from 1983 to 1991, and as head coach at North Carolina Central University from 1993 to 1998. In addition, Little served as head coach of the Ohio Glory of the World League of American Football (which eventually became the now-defunct NFL Europe).

On December 16, 1993, Larry was added to the Miami Dolphins Honor Roll.

In 1999, he was ranked number 79 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.

Personal life
Little's younger brother, David Little, was a linebacker for the Pittsburgh Steelers.

In 2007 was named to the Florida High School Association All-Century Team which selected the Top 33 players in the 100-year history of high school football in the state of Florida's history.

title: Larry Little


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Samuel Haughton

Samuel Haughton (21 December 1821 – 31 October 1897) was an Irish clergyman, medical doctor, and scientific writer.

Biography
The scientist Samuel Haughton was born in Carlow, the son of another Samuel Haughton (1786-1874) and grandson (by his second wife Jane Boake) of the three-times-married Samuel Pearson Haughton (1748-1828), a Quaker.

Samuel Pearson Haughton was also father, by his third wife Mary Pim, of James "Vegetable" Haughton (1795–1873), a Unitarian, an active philanthropist, a strong supporter of Father Theobald Mathew, a vegetarian, and an anti-slavery worker and writer.

The scientist Samuel Haughton had a distinguished career in Trinity College Dublin and in 1844 he was elected a fellow. Working on mathematical models under James MacCullagh, he was awarded in 1848 the Cunningham Medal by the Royal Irish Academy. In 1847 he had his ordination to the priesthood but he was not someone who preached. He was appointed as professor of geology in Trinity College in 1851. He held the position for thirty years. Haughton began to study medicine in 1859. He earned his MD degree in 1862 from Trinity College Dublin.

Haughton became the registrar of the Medical School. He focused on improving the status of the school and representing the university on the General Medical Council from 1878 to 1896. In 1858 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society,. He gained honorary degrees from Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh. In Trinity College Dublin he moved the first-ever motion at the Academic Council to admit women to the University on 10 March 1880. He proposed that 'In the opinion of the Council, the time has come when the Degrees in Arts of the University should be opened to women, by examination, on the same terms as men' (Thomson, 2004). Haughton, through his work as Professor of Geology, and his involvement with the Royal Zoological Society had witnessed the enthusiasm and contribution of women in the natural sciences. Although thwarted by opponents on the Council he continued to campaign for the admission of women to TCD until his death in 1897. It was 1902 before his motion was finally passed, 5 years after his death.

In 1866, Haughton developed the original equations for hanging as a humane method of execution, whereby the neck was broken at the time of the drop, so that the condemned person did not slowly strangle to death. "On hanging considered from a Mechanical and Physiological point of view" was published in the London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Vol. 32 No. 213 (July 1866), calling for a drop energy of 2,240 ft-lbs. From 1886 to 1888, he served as a member of the Capital Sentences Committee, the report of which suggested a Table of Drops based on 1,260 ft-lbs of energy.

Haughton wrote papers on many subjects for journals in London and Dublin. His topics included the laws of equilibrium, the motion of solid and fluid bodies, sun-heat, radiation, climates and tides. His papers covered the granites of Leinster and Donegal and the cleavage and joint-planes of the Old Red Sandstone of Waterford.

Haughton was president of the Royal Irish Academy from 1886 to 1891, and secretary of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland for twenty years. In 1880 he gave the Croonian Lecture on animal mechanics to the Royal Society.

Samuel Haughton was also involved in the Dublin and Kingstown Railway company, in which he looked after the building of the first locomotives. It was the first railway company in the world to build its own locomotives.

Criticism of Darwin
"Haughton has the dubious honour of being the first person to comment on Darwin's theory when the joint papers of Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace were read to the Linnean Society of London in 1858. They were presented by Darwin's close allies, the geologist Charles Lyell and the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker. Haughton presumably saw the printed version of the papers and attacked the theory briefly in remarks made to the Geological Society of Dublin on 9 February 1859. These were reported in the society's journal, and a clipping of this found its way into Darwin's possession. Haughton wrote:

"This speculation of Mess. Darwin and Wallace would not be worthy of note were it not for the weight of authority of the names under whose auspices it has been brought forward. If it means what it says, it is a truism; if it means anything more, it is contrary to fact."

Darwin later commented in his autobiography that this was the only response to the papers, summarising Haughton’s verdict as ‘all that [was] new in there was false, and what was true was old'."

In an anonymous article written in 1860 in the Natural History Review, Haughton set out his opinion that Darwin's theory was founded almost entirely upon speculation but also that this speculative theory belonged originally to Lamarck and that the differences between the two men's work were negligible.

"to establish a character for subtlety and skill, in drawing large conclusions on this subject from slender premises, the first requisite is, ignorance of what other speculators have attempted before us in the same field: and the second is, a firm confidence in our own special theory. Neither of these requisites can be considered wanting in those who are engaged in the task of reproducing Lamarck’s theory of organic life, either as altogether new, or with but a tattered threadbare cloak, thrown over its original nakedness."

Theistic evolution
Haughton's work on animal mechanics led him to believe that the structure of species was designed by an intelligent creator. In his book Animal Mechanics (1873, page 238) he commented that the "Framer of the Universe" had designed all muscles so they could perform the maximum work possible under given external conditions.

In the preface to his book, he was open to the possibility of "teleological evolution". Evolution was governed by a "Divine mind" and nothing was left to chance.

Publications
In conjunction with his friend, Joseph Allen Galbraith, he issued a series of Manuals of Mathematical and Physical Science.
 * Manual of Geology (1865)
 * Principles of Animal Mechanics (1873)
 * Six Lectures on Physical Geography (1880)

title: Samuel Haughton


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Strip financing

Strip financing is the repackaging of different types of obligations—debt, preferred stock, common stock etc.—into one security. The idea is to ease conflicts of interest and agency costs between the holders of the initial components, bond and stockholders.

In deals that are strip financed, returns to investors are generally derived from their equity positions (seen through how investors from time to time take losses on the debt components of the strip). Therefore, in a situation where a company is acquired through a strip-financed deal, and that company begins to default on loans, investors are more willing to renegotiate lending terms, thus avoiding the hold-up problem often seen in prior to and during bankruptcy. Also, repackaging can raise a securities' liquidity. One popular form developed in Canada was the Income Trust, which combined income from a high yield bond with a stock dividend. Beginning in 2003 this concept was expanded to the U.S. when "Income Deposit Securities" (also known as Enhanced Income Securities) were first offered on the American Stock Exchange (AMEX). These consist of a high yield bond and a class of common stock committed to pay a high dividend from free cash flows combined as a single unit.

title: Strip financing


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Wikipedia talk:Map sources/Moved

This page is used by the proposed WikiProject Geographical coordinates

Please see history for previous experiment on this page.

See also SourceForge feature reqest: Meta ICBM tags when appropriate

title: Wikipedia talk:Map sources/Moved