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Yazidi Black Book

The Yazidi Black Book (Mishefa Reş) is one of two books written in the style of a holy book of the Yazidis in their native Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) tongue, the other being the Yazidi Book of Revelation (Kitêba Cilwe). The authenticity of these two books has been questioned. Dr. Frederick Forbes visited Sinjar in 1838 and ascribed the authorship of the Yazidi Black Book to Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir. It is believed that the content of the Yazidi Black Book is a fusion of authentic Yazidi traditions and beliefs with Western forgeries.

Content
The book discusses cosmogony, the creation of humanity, history of the Yazidis and prohibitions in regard to food, deeds and pronunciation of words. The book begins with cosmogony and continues with how '''God created the white Pearl out of his most precious essence. He also created the bird Angar. God placed the white Pearl on the back of this bird, and he dwelt on it for forty thousand years.'' '. The book moreover states that the first day of creation was Sunday, which contradicts oral traditions that claims that the first day of creation was a Saturday. God created Tawûsî Melek on Sunday, on Monday he created Shaykh Ḥasan or Dardāʾīl, on Tuesday he created Shaykh Shams al-Dīn or Isrāfīl, on Wednesday he created Shaykh Abū Bakr or Mīkhāʾīl, on Thursday he created Sajād al-Dīn or ʿAzrāʾīl, on Friday he created Nāṣir al-Dīn or Shamnāʾīl and on Saturday he created Yādīn (Fakhr al-Dīn) also known as Nūrāʾīl. The book then states that God Melek Taus is the ruler of them all and God then moved on to create seven heavens, the earth, the sun and the moon. Then, Yādīn created humans, animals, birds and beasts, which God put in a pocket of cloth that would come out accompanied by these seven angels. The book also mentions Gabriel, Adam, and Eve.

However, the presence of a textual Black Book and Book of Revelation alone may be enough to alter the Yazidi religion to become more consistent and coherent across villages. This is due in part to the rising literacy rate among Yazidis, such that those who can read or write hold a more esteemed position, and the written word is treated as more valid than the oral tradition.

Publications

 * The Black Book of the Yezidis (edited with an introduction by J. Lange). ISBN 1547149566
 * MASHAF REŠ (THE BLACK BOOK)

title: Yazidi Black Book


text: User talk:4.243.40.146

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:4.243.40.146


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Terry Christian

Terence Christian (born 8 May 1960) is an English broadcaster, journalist and author. He has presented several national television series in the UK including Channel 4's late-night entertainment show The Word (1990–1995) and six series of ITV1 moral issues talk show It's My Life (2003–2008). He has also been a regular guest panelist on the topical Channel 5 series The Wright Stuff and Jeremy Vine.

Christian presented two series of Turn on Terry with regular guest Tony Wilson and numerous other programmes for ITV, MTV, VH1, Channel 4 as well as a variety of different local and national radio programmes on stations including BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 6 Music, Talksport, Century Radio, Key 103, Signal and BBC Radio Derby and BBC Radio Manchester. While at Radio Derby he won two Sony Awards.

Early life
Christian grew up in the Brooks Bar neighbourhood of Old Trafford with five brothers and sisters to Irish immigrant parents from Dublin: Daniel Christian and Margaret Christian (née Cullen). One of his siblings died when Christian was aged two.

He was educated at St Alphonsus' RC Primary School, Ayres Road, Old Trafford, and St Bede's College, Manchester. His father operated a fork-lift truck at Esso in Trafford Park. He attended Thames Polytechnic (now the University of Greenwich) in London but was removed from his biology course due to his poor attendance.

He first appeared on national TV in 1981 with other unemployed youngsters from inner-city areas of Manchester on Devil's Advocate, a Granada Television programme made for ITV by the World In Action team, presented by former World in Action editor Gus Macdonald and produced by Geoff Moore. The show was made in reaction to the Scarman report which looked into the causes of that summer's riots in Moss Side in Manchester, Toxteth in Liverpool, Brixton in London, Handsworth in Birmingham and St Pauls in Bristol. Other contributing youngsters on Devil's Advocate included Johnny Marr of the Smiths. As a result of his appearances on the programme, Christian was offered his own radio show on BBC Radio Derby called Barbed Wireless.

Radio
Christian presented Barbed Wireless between 1982 and 1988 at BBC Radio Derby. The show won Sony Awards in the Best Specialist Music category in 1985 and again in 1986. He also contributed regularly to Saturday Live on BBC Radio 1. From 1986 to 1988 he presented Radio 4's programme Wavelength, which became Wavelength Plus or WPFM, on which Jo Whiley was his researcher.

Christian managed a twelve-piece reggae band from the Derby/Nottingham area, Junior C Reaction, who received airplay on John Peel and Janice Long's shows on BBC Radio 1 for their first independent release on Centurion Records, a double A Side, "Cry Jahoviah", and "Love & Emotion". They were signed to Cooltempo, a Chrysalis subsidiary, and enjoyed a modicum of success with their first release, a version of the Delroy Wilson classic "Better Must Come", which was C-listed on Radio 1 and Capital Radio at the time, as well as playing a live session on Radio One's Saturday Live. Christian also promoted concerts around the Derby and Nottingham area, and regular house nights at Derby's Twentieth Century club, where the resident Saturday-night DJ was Graeme Park.

In late 1988, Christian joined Piccadilly Radio's Key 103 FM, presenting weekday evenings and Sunday afternoon. Christian also wrote "The Word" page in the Manchester Evening News from September 1989, dedicated to the Manchester music scene.

Christian has presented on every radio station in the Manchester area and several across the North West, including Century Radio, where he presented a syndicated evening show across the network. He also presented the breakfast and drivetime show on BBC Radio Manchester, and the same station's Manchester Music Show in 2002, featuring old and new bands from the Manchester area. He then went on to host the breakfast show on BBC Radio Manchester in April 2006. He was also the presenter of The Final Whistle on talkSPORT on Saturday evenings from 2006 until 2008, alongside ex-footballer Micky Quinn.

Christian joined Stockport-based radio station Imagine FM (104.9 FM) in March 2011.

Christian has presented Pick of the Week on BBC Radio 4 as well as With Great Pleasure and A Good Read and appeared on The News Quiz and Chain Reaction, with his KFM colleague Caroline Aherne.

Television
In 1990, with the explosion of the Madchester scene, Christian was recruited to host the Channel 4 youth entertainment show The Word, based on the format of his music magazine radio shows. The show was a mixture of pop music and teen attitude. The Word hosted many groups playing live for the first time on British TV. Christian remained its only continuous presenter until it finished its run in 1995.

He went on to present Carlton Television's The Big City, Sky 1's pop music show The Hitmix, and The Football Show for Tyne Tees Television. He presented Turn on Terry for ITV with regular guest Tony Wilson and six series of Moore Television's It's My Life (2003–2009). "It's My Life" was nominated for two St Martin's Trust Awards.

Christian appeared as himself in the Cribs' video for the stand-alone single "You're Gonna Lose Us", which was made to look like an episode of The Word; and also played the part of Ross Peagrum, despotic TV presenter, in series 2 and 4 of the BBC TV drama series Cutting It. He appeared as a guest on other TV shows in the UK and Ireland. During the '90s, Terry was also regularly seen as a presenter on MTV Europe. In January 2009 he entered as a contestant on the sixth series of Celebrity Big Brother alongside Verne Troyer, La Toya Jackson, Ulrika Jonsson, Coolio and Mutya Buena, finishing in second place. Christian has ITV's youth discussion show It's My Life, made by Manchester-based independent Moore Television. The programme is filmed at Granada Television in Manchester.

Christian turned to stand-up comedy with his one-man show Naked Confessions of a Recovering Catholic, which was well received. Since 2009 he has been a regular panellist on The Wright Stuff on Channel 5 and its replacement Jeremy Vine.

Writing
Christian has been writing articles and columns for newspapers since 1983 and is a regular columnist in the Sunday People and has contributed to other British newspapers. He has also had regular columns in the Daily Sport, Manchester Evening News and the Derby Evening Telegraph and written articles for magazines like Rolling Stone and New York Rocker.

He has also written three books: Brothers – from Childhood to Oasis; Reds in the Hood (1999), about his early life growing up in Old Trafford; and My Word, a look at the world of television in the 1990s, published in June 2007.

Personal life
Christian considers himself to be ethnically Irish, although of British nationality.

Politics
Christian publicly opposed Brexit, saying on television that the campaign was "based on lies", arguing that a "no-deal Brexit" was "undeliverable" and trusting Boris Johnson was like trusting "the captain of the Titanic to crash into the iceberg". In 2020, he sparked controversy for a social media post in which he expressed a desire to see elderly Brexit voters infected with "a good virulent strain" of influenza, which some characterised as Christian "wanting elderly people to die". Christian also described supporters of Brexit as "pitiable saps" who "deserve their job losses and hardship coming their and their families [sic] way". During a debate on Good Morning Britain, Christian defended his comments, saying that they had been made as a joke.

title: Terry Christian


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Portal:Music/DYK/31

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title: Portal:Music/DYK/31


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Ozalid (trade mark)

Ozalid is a registered trademark of a type of paper used for "test prints" in the monochrome classic offset process. The word "Ozalid" is an anagram of "diazol", the name of the substance that the company "Ozalid" used in the fabrication of this type of paper.

Overview
OZALID was first federally registered in the United States as a trademark on February 5, 1929 as a brand for light-sensitive copying and photographic papers. The registration currently is owned by R.Q.O. Holding Company, Inc. of New York, and is related to the even earlier registration of October 11, 1923 in what is now the Federal Republic of Germany. The R.Q.O. Holding Company also owns a United States trademark registration for OZALID for "copying and reprographic machines, apparatus and parts thereof."

However, compound "Ozalid Process" appears never to have been registered as a trademark, and the use of OZALID specifically for the Ozalid process using diazo compound paper is not currently registered as a trademark at least in the United States. OZALID as a mark for "machines for diazo type prints" was first registered in the United States in 1938 and is now expired. Similarly, another registration for the use of OZALID for Light-Sensitive Diazotype Papers, Cloths, Films, etc., Machines for Photoprinting Thereon, Machines for Developing the Photoprints Thus Produced and Parts of Such Machines was first registered in the United States in 1942, and also has expired.

Accordingly, OZALID may have become descriptive of the Ozalid process, and no longer uniquely associated with any one source, at least in the United States. Trademark rights, may, however, continue in the United States on a state registration or common law unregistered basis, even after a federal registration expires.

The Ozalid process
The Ozalid process is a process of printing positive images on paper from patterns on film or other translucent media. Its objective is the creation of a photogram, using chemically treated paper.

A transparent film with the pattern to be printed is placed on a diazo compound coated paper. This sandwich is exposed to ultraviolet light. After a 15 sec to 5 min exposure, ammonia vapours are used to develop the film image onto the paper.

Its main use was for making copies of electrical, mechanical and civil engineering drawings. It is still used widely in developing countries. It is also used for proofing, as it produces an image very close to the finished work.

This process produces a blue or black image on a white paper. It is a monochromatic copying process.

title: Ozalid (trade mark)


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Nathaniel Claiborne

Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne (November 14, 1777 – August 15, 1859) was a nineteenth-century Virginia lawyer and planter, as well as an American politician who served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly and in the United States House of Representatives (1825-1837).

Early and family life
Born in Chesterfield, Virginia to Mary Leigh Claiborne (1750-1782) and her first cousin and husband, William Claiborne (1748-1809), Claiborne was born to the First Families of Virginia. He could trace his ancestry to William Claiborne (1600–1677), a merchant who emigrated to the Virginia Colony from Kent, England, and became active politically and militarily in the Chesapeake Bay region. His elder brother William Charles Cole Claiborne would also become politically active, including as Governor of Louisiana, Tennessee congressman and U.S. Senator. Their uncle Thomas Claiborne, served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. His father had been born at the Sweet Hall plantation in King William County, but was young when his father died and was raised by his burgess uncle Augustine Claiborne at the Windsor plantation in Sussex County. On coming of age, William inherited the Putney plantation in New Kent County, but advertised it for sale in 1780 and was living in Hanover County in 1783. He also owned 1002 acres of land in King William County in 1782, but sold it later that year. Financial reverses as a result of the American Revolutionary War, led William to move his family to Manchester, Virginia (now a district of Richmond, Virginia) by 1782, where he became a merchant. In April 1782, his wife (this boy's mother) died, and William Claiborne remarried the following year to the widow Frances Blair Black, who did not bear children in this marriage but would survive her husband and died aged 78 in 1822. The family included elder brothers Ferdinand Leigh Claiborne who married Mary Magdalene Hutchins, William C.C. Claiborne who had a distinguished political career, this Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne, and younger brothers Thomas Augustine Claiborne (who married twice) and Charles Augustine Claiborne (who was borne in 1777), and a daughter Mary Leigh Claiborne (who married her cousin Bathhurst Claiborne). Like his brothers, Nathaniel received a private classical education at a local academy appropriate to his class, and also read law.

Career
By 1798, Claiborne had been admitted to the Virginia bar and was practicing in Lee County, on the new state's western frontier. In 1801 Claiborne moved to Franklin County and soon won election as the Commonwealth's attorney (prosecutor), and would win re-election several times before resigning in 1810 to become a part-time member of the Virginia House of Delegates, as described below, as well as maintain his own private legal practice. Claiborne also won election as captain of the local militia in November 1803.

Between 1802 and 1806, Claiborne purchased about 800 acres of land in Franklin County north of the Blackwater River, and established a plantation he called "Claybrook". That became his principal residence for the rest of his life. Claiborne farmed using enslaved labor. He owned 19 slaves in 1810, 14 slaves in 1820 (of whom 4 boys and 3 girls were 14 years old or younger), 17 slaves in 1830 (of whom 3 boys and a girl were 10 years old or younger), 14 slaves in 1840, of whom a boy and 2 girls were 10 years old or younger.

Franklin County voters in 1809 first elected Claiborne as one of their representatives in the Virginia House of Delegates, and he won re-election until 1812. During his first legislative terms, he sat on the Committee for Courts of Justice and objected to salaries earned by members of the Court of Appeal as well as to the time required to adjudicate cases. Claiborne instead favored instead county-level courts. He also voted to instruct Virginia's congressional delegation to oppose re-chartering of the Bank of the United States, foreshadowing his future allegiance with Jacksonian Democrats, but also voted in favor of establishing a new bank in Lynchburg, which was becoming a commercial hub. During the War of 1812, fellow legislators elected Claiborne to Virginia's Council of State, which assisted the Commonwealth's Governor in running the state, and which precluded simultaneous legislative service. He attended sessions regularly until his marriage in May 1815 (and the war's slowing down), and resigned that position on April 1, 1817. Claiborne also wrote several articles about the conflict, which he consolidated in 1819 and republished as Notes on the War in the South; with Biographical Sketches of the Lives of Montgomery, Jackson, Sevier, the Late Gov. Claiborne, and Others.

In 1818, Virginia's governor appointed Claiborne to the commission which met at Rockfish Gap and chose to locate the new University of Virginia in Albemarle County. However, Claiborne declined an offered professorship at the institution. In 1821, voters from Franklin County, as well as adjoining Henry, Patrick and Pittsylvania Counties elected Claiborne as their representative in the Virginia State Senate. He completed one term, from 1821 to 1825, in part because he lost his first contest to become a U.S. Congressman (running as a Jacksonian democrat), to Jabez Leftwich.

However, two years later, Claiborne ran as an Anti-Jacksonian and defeated Leftwich. He won re-election to the United States House of Representatives several times, serving from 1825 to 1837. Congressman Claiborne rose to become chairman of the Committee on Elections from 1831 to 1837. After losing his re-election attempt in 1836 to Archibald Stuart, Claiborne returned to his Rocky Mount plantation.

Personal life
In 1815, Claiborne married Elizabeth Archer Binford (1799-1880) of Goochland County, who would survive him by many years. They would have six daughters and five sons, of whom the second son, Nathaniel C. Claiborne would continue the family's (and his father's) political involvement, first in Virginia and later in Missouri. His elder brother, Ferdiannd Leigh Claiborne (1817-1862), was born in Richmond, became a tobacco merchant and married into the Taliaferro family, and died in Baltimore during the Civil War. William Patrick Claiborne (1827-1891) would serve in the Confederate Army. Thomas Binford Claiborne (1832-?) became judge of the Franklin County court in 1874. The youngest son, James Robert Claiborne married Frances Moore. Their sisters Susan Magdalene Claiborne and Mary Elizabeth Claiborne married George W. Wilson and Thomas Wilson, and Bettie Herbert Claiborne married James Otey. Ann Claiborne married James B. Wilson a,d Catherine Sophronia Claiborne married twice, to David Franklin Frederick and Thomas Bailey Greer More distant relatives of later generations who became politically noteworthy include: John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne (nephew) and the great-great-great grand-niece and nephew of Marie Corinne Morrison Claiborne Boggs and Claiborne de Borda Pell.

Death and legacy
Claiborne died on August 15, 1859, near Rocky Mount, Virginia. He was interred in the family cemetery at his "Claybrook" estate.

Elections

 * 1825; Claiborne was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives unopposed.
 * 1827; Claiborne was re-elected with 67.71% of the vote, defeating Independent William Campbell.
 * 1829; Claiborne was re-elected unopposed.
 * 1831; Claiborne was re-elected unopposed.
 * 1833; Claiborne was re-elected unopposed.
 * 1835; Claiborne was re-elected with 51.31% of the vote, defeating Democrat Alexander H.H. Stuart.
 * 1837; Claiborne lost his re-election bid.

title: Nathaniel Claiborne


text:
Talk:Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne

public domain
The text of article was obtained from public domain site. Darwinek 22:20, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne


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Socialist Alternative (Sweden)

Socialist Alternative (Socialistiskt Alternativ, SAV) is a Trotskyist political party in Sweden. SAV is the Swedish section of International Socialist Alternative (ISA). SAV was called Arbetarförbundet Offensiv (Workers' League - Offensive) up until 1997 and the Socialist Justice Party until 2023. The group developed out of the Offensiv group that had practiced entryism in the Swedish Social Democratic Party during the 1970s and 1980s.

Ahead of the 2010 elections internal divisiveness resulted in the Västerbotten faction forming its own party, which adopted the name the Workers' Party in 2011.

History
The group who were later to start Offensiv were students at Umeå University and members of Swedish Social Democratic Youth League (SSU, Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Ungdomsförbund: the youth organisation of the Swedish Social Democratic Party). At the 1972 SSU conference, two members of this group; Anders Hjelm and Arne Johansson; met representatives of the Labour Party Young Socialists in Britain, where supporters of the left wing Militant had won control of that organisation, and began discussing with them. As Arne Johansson puts it "One conclusion of the discussions with the British Trotskyists was that we should start publishing a paper as a rallying point for a Marxist left within the labour movement, something we then did ahead of the election in 1973".

In the early 1980s SSU initiated expulsions against young socialists associated with Arbetarförbundet Offensiv and their newspaper, named Offensiv. Activists of Offensiv defined these expulsions as witchhunts arranged by the right-wing leadership of SSU. On the other hand, the leadership of SSU saw the Offensiv-tendency as an ambition to carry out a communist take-over of SSU.

In the early 1990s, Arbetarförbundet Offensiv started to relinquish their former tactics of entryism into other movements. The organisation also gradually distanced themselves from the Swedish Social Democratic Party and even further from SSU, whose members often saw them as infiltrators. The newspaper, Offensiv, ran harsh criticism on the Social Democratic Party's policies, claiming that this party no longer represented the interests of the working class. Instead they started to promote the building of a new labour party to take this role.

In 1997, Arbetarförbundet Offensiv changed name to Rättvisepartiet Socialisterna (Socialist Justice Party or Justice Party - the Socialists) and began publishing Offensiv weekly instead of monthly.

Elections and breakaway
RS first won seats on the municipal council of Umeå in 1991, winning 3 seats. In 2002 the party had three seats in the municipal council in Umeå and also won two seats in Luleå. In the 2006 elections, the RS won representatives in the municipal councils of Umeå (3 seats), Luleå (3 seats) and Haninge (2 seats). In 1994 RS won a seat in Västerbotten county council but upon re-election in 1998 failed to again reach the 3% threshold required for representation.

Before the 2010 elections, the party was divided between a national faction representing all but Västerbotten and a new party, Rättvisepartiet Socialisterna - enhetslista för jobb, mot nedskärningar (Socialist Justice Party - Unitary list for jobs, against cut-downs). RSE, unlike the mother party, did not campaign for the Riksdag but won one municipal council seat in Umeå (retained by an incumbent RS councillor). Consummating as well as simplifying the divisions, it was renamed the Workers' Party in 2011. In Haninge and Luleå the RS retained five seats with neither gains nor losses.

Kobane
RS have taken the initiative in organizing demonstrations in support of Kurds in the town of Kobane, Syria, besieged by the Islamic State.

title: Socialist Alternative (Sweden)


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Template talk:France-stub

Should this template be used for biographical articles? It is unsightly for an article to have two separate stub notices. john k 20:24, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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Thurlaston

Thurlaston may refer to:

 * Thurlaston, Leicestershire
 * Thurlaston, Warwickshire

title: Thurlaston


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Constitutional status of Cornwall

The constitutional status of Cornwall has been a matter of debate and dispute. Cornwall is an administrative county of England.

In ethnic and cultural terms, until around 1700, Cornwall and its inhabitants were regarded as a separate people by their English neighbours. One aspect of the distinct identity of Cornwall is the Cornish language, which survived into the early modern period and has been revived in the modern era.

Prior to the Norman Conquest

In pre-Roman times, Cornwall was part of the kingdom of Dumnonia. Later, it was known to the Anglo-Saxons as West Wales, to distinguish it from North Wales, that is, modern-day Wales. The name Cornwall is a combination of two elements. The second derives from the Anglo-Saxon word wealh, meaning "Celt", "Roman", "Briton", which also survives in the words Wales and Welsh. The first element "Corn", indicating the shape of the peninsula, is descended from Celtic kernou, an Indo-European word related to English horn and Latin cornu.

References in contemporary charters (for which there is either an original manuscript or an early copy regarded as authentic) show Egbert of Wessex (802–839) granting lands in Cornwall at Kilkhampton, Ros, Maker, Pawton (in St Breock, not far from Wadebridge, head manor of Pydar in Domesday Book), Caellwic (perhaps Celliwig or Kellywick in Egloshayle), and Lawhitton to Sherborne Abbey and to the Bishop of Sherborne. All of the identifiable locations except Pawton are in the far east of Cornwall, so these references show a degree of West Saxon control over its eastern fringes. Such control had certainly been established in places by the later ninth century, as indicated by the will of King Alfred the Great (871–899).

King Athelstan, who came to the throne of England in 924 CE, immediately began a campaign to consolidate his power, and by about 926 had taken control of the Kingdom of Northumbria, following which he established firm boundaries with other kingdoms such as Scotland and Cornwall. The latter agreement, according to 12th century West Country historian William of Malmesbury, ended rights of residence for Cornish subjects in Exeter, and fixed the Cornish boundary at the east bank of the River Tamar. At Easter 928, Athelstan held court at Exeter, with the Welsh and "West Welsh" subject rulers present, and by 931 he had appointed a bishop for Cornwall within the English church (i.e. subject to the authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury). The Bodmin manumissions, two to three generations later, show that the ruling class of Cornwall quickly became "Anglicised", most owners of slaves having Anglo-Saxon names (not necessarily because they were of English descent; some at least were Cornish nobles who changed their names).

It is clear that at this time areas beyond the core of Anglo-Saxon settlement were recognised as different by the English kings. Athelstan's successor, Edmund, in a charter for an estate just north of Exeter, styled himself as "King of the English, and ruler of this province of Britons". Edmund's successor Edgar styled himself "King of the English and ruler of the adjacent nations".

Surviving charters issued by the Kings of England Edmund I (939–946), Edgar (959–975), Edward the Martyr (975–978), Aethelred II (978–1016), Edmund II (1016), Cnut (1016–1035) and Edward the Confessor (1042–1066) record grants of land in Cornwall made by these kings. In contrast to the easterly concentration of the estates held or granted by English kings in the ninth century, the tenth and eleventh-century grants were widely distributed across Cornwall. As is usual with charters of this period, the authenticity of some of these documents is open to question (though Della Hooke has established high reliability for the Cornish material), but that of others (e.g., Edgar's grant of estates at Tywarnhaile and Bosowsa to his thane Eanulf in 960, Edward the Confessor's grant of estates at Traboe, Trevallack, Grugwith and Trethewey to Bishop Ealdred in 1059) is not in any doubt. Some of these grants include exemptions from obligations to the crown which would otherwise accompany land ownership, while retaining others, including those regarding military service. Assuming that these documents are authentic, the attachment of these obligations to the King of England to ownership of land in Cornwall suggests that the area was under his direct rule and implies that the legal and administrative relationship between the king and his subjects was the same there as elsewhere in his kingdom.

In 1051, with the exile of Godwin, Earl of Wessex and his sons and the forfeiture of their earldoms, a man named Odda was appointed earl over a portion of the lands thus vacated: this comprised Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and "Wealas". As Wealas is Saxon for foreigners, this could mean "West Wales"—that is, Cornwall—or it could mean that he was overlord of the Cornish foreigners in Devon or elsewhere.

Elizabethan historian William Camden, in the Cornish section of his Britannia, notes that:

"As for the Earles, none of British bloud are mentioned but onely Candorus (called by others Cadocus), who is accounted by the late writers the last Earle of Cornwall of British race."

Norman conquest and after
Cornwall was included in the survey, initiated by William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England, which became known as the Domesday Book, where it is included as being part of the Norman king's new domain. Cornwall was unusual as Domesday records no Saxon burh; a burh (borough) was the Saxons' centre of legal and administrative power. Moreover, nearly all land was held by one person, William's half-brother Robert of Mortain, who may have been the first Norman to bear the title Earl of Cornwall. He held his Cornish lands not as a Tenant in Chief of the King, as was the case with other landowners, but as de facto viceroy.

F. M. Stenton tells us that the early Norman compilation known as "The Laws of William the Conqueror" records all regions under West Saxon law. These included Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Berkshire, Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset and Devon. Cornwall is not recorded as being under West Saxon, or English, law.

Ingulf was secretary to William the Conqueror and after 1066 was appointed Abbot of Croyland. When his church burned down, he established a fund raising committee to rebuild it. Ingulf's Chronicle tells us:

"Having obtained this indulgence, he now opened the foundation for the new church, and sent throughout the whole of England, and into lands adjoining and beyond the sea, letters testimonial. To the Northern parts and into Scotland he sent the brothers Fulk and Oger, and into Denmark and Norway the brothers Swetman and Wulsin; while to Wales, Cornwall and Ireland he sent the brothers Augustin and Osbert."

Henry of Huntingdon, writing about 1129, included Cornwall in his list of shires of England in his History of the English.

The Scrope v Grosvenor lawsuit of 1386–1389 upheld the rule that two claimants of the same nation may not bear the same arms. However, the same case allowed Thomas Carminow of Cornwall to continue to do so, as Cornwall was considered a separate country, being "a large land formerly bearing the name of a kingdom".

The phrase "England and Cornwall" (Anglia et Cornubia) has been used on occasion in post-Norman official documents referring to the Duchy of Cornwall:

"25 Edw. III to John Dabernoun, our Steward and Sheriff of Cornwall greeting. On account of certain escheats we command you that you inquire by all the means in your power how much land and rents, goods and chattels, whom and in whom, and of what value they which those persons of Cornwall and England have, whose names we send in a schedule enclosed..."

Tudor period
The Italian Polydore Vergil in his Anglica Historia, published in 1535 wrote that four peoples speaking four different languages inhabited Britain:

"the whole Countrie of Britain... is divided into iiii partes; whereof the one is inhabited of Englishmen, the other of Scottes, the third of Wallshemen, [and] the fowerthe of Cornishe people, which all differ emonge them selves, either in tongue, ... in manners, or ells in lawes and ordinaunces."

During the Tudor period some travellers regarded the Cornish as a separate cultural group, from which some modern observers conclude that they were a separate ethnic group. For example, Lodovico Falier, an Italian diplomat at the court of Henry VIII said, "The language of the English, Welsh and Cornish men is so different that they do not understand each other." He went on to give the alleged 'national characteristics' of the three peoples, saying for example "the Cornishman is poor, rough and boorish".

Another example is Gaspard de Coligny Châtillon – the French Ambassador in London – who wrote saying that England was not a united whole as it "contains Wales and Cornwall, natural enemies of the rest of England, and speaking a different language". His use of the phrase "the rest of" implies that he believed Cornwall and Wales to be part of England in his sense of the word.

Some maps of the British Isles prior to the 17th century showed Cornwall (Cornubia/Cornwallia) as a territory on a par with Wales. However most post-date the incorporation of Wales as a principality of England. Examples include the maps of Sebastian Munster (1515), Abraham Ortelius, and Girolamo Ruscelli. Maps that depict Cornwall as a county of the Kingdom of England and Wales include Gerardus Mercator's 1564 atlas of Europe, and Christopher Saxton's 1579 map authorised by Queen Elizabeth I.

A miniature "epitome" of Ortelius' map of England and Wales, published in 1595, names Cornwall; the same map displays Kent in an equivalent manner. Maps of Britain which display Cornwall usually in their legends do not refer to Cornwall, e.g. Lily 1548.

17th and 18th centuries
Recognition that several peoples lived within Britain and Ireland continued through the 17th century. For example, after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, the Venetian ambassador wrote that the late queen had ruled over five different 'peoples': "English, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish ... and Irish".

Writing in 1616, diplomat Arthur Hopton stated:

"England is... divided into 3 great Provinces, or Countries... every of them speaking a several and different language, as English, Welsh and Cornish."

Wales was effectively annexed to the Kingdom of England in the 16th century by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, but references to 'England' in law were not presumed to include Wales (or indeed Berwick-upon-Tweed) until the Wales and Berwick Act 1746. By this time the use of "England and Cornwall" (Anglia et Cornubia) had ceased.

Because of the tendency of historians to trust the work of their predecessors, Geoffrey of Monmouth's semi-fictional 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae remained influential for centuries, often used by writers who were unaware that his work was the source. For example, in 1769 the antiquary William Borlase wrote the following, which is actually a summary of a passage from Geoffrey [Book iii:1]:

"Of this time we are to understand what Edward I. says (Sheringham. [De Anglorum Gentis Origine] p. 129.) that Britain, Wales, and Cornwall, were the portion of Belinus, elder son of Dunwallo, and that that part of the Island, afterwards called England, was divided in three shares, viz. Britain, which reached from the Tweed, Westward, as far as the river Ex; Wales inclosed by the rivers Severn, and Dee; and Cornwall from the river Ex to the Land's-End."

Another 18th-century writer, Richard Gough, concentrated on a contemporary viewpoint, noting that "Cornwall seems to be another Kingdom", in his "Camden's Britannia", 2nd ed. (4 vols; London, 1806).

During the 18th century, Samuel Johnson created an ironic Cornish declaration of independence that he used in his essay Taxation no Tyranny His irony starts:

"As political diseases are naturally contagious, let it be supposed, for a moment, that Cornwall, seized with the Philadelphian phrensy, may resolve to separate itself from the general system of the English constitution, and judge of its own rights in its own parliament. A congress might then meet at Truro, and address the other counties in a style not unlike the language of the American patriots. ... We are the acknowledged descendants of the earliest inhabitants of Britain, of men, who, before the time of history, took possession of the island desolate and waste, and, therefore, open to the first occupants. Of this descent, our language is a sufficient proof, which, not quite a century ago, was different from yours."

19th century
Popular Cornish sentiment during the 19th century appears to have been still strong. For example, A. K. Hamilton Jenkin records the reaction of a school pupil who was asked to describe Cornwall's situation replied: "he's kidged to a furren country from the top hand" – i.e., "it's joined to a foreign country from the upper part". This reply was "heard by the whole school with much approval, including old Peggy (the school-dame) herself."

The famous crime writer Wilkie Collins described Cornwall as:

"a county where, it must be remembered, a stranger is doubly a stranger, in relation to his provincial sympathies; where the national feeling is almost entirely merged into the local feeling; where a man speaks of himself as Cornish in much the same way that a Welshman speaks of himself as Welsh."

Chambers' Journal in 1861 described Cornwall as "one of the most un-English of English counties" – a sentiment echoed by the naturalist W. H. Hudson who also referred to it as "un-English" and said there were

"[few] Englishmen in Cornwall who do not experience that antipathy or sense of separation in mind from the people they live with, and are not looked upon as foreigners."

Until the Tin Duties Abolition Act 1838, the Cornish miner was charged twice the level of taxation compared to the English miner. The English practice of charging 'foreigners' double taxation had existed in Cornwall for over 600 years prior to the 1838 act and was first referenced in William de Wrotham's letter of 1198 AD, published in G. R. Lewis, The Stannaries [1908]. The campaigning West Briton newspaper called the racially applied tax "oppresive and vexatious" (19 January 1838). In 1856 the Westminster Parliament was still able to refer to the Cornish as aboriginals (Foreshore Case papers, Page 11, Section 25).

Cornish "shires"

Additionally, Cornwall was also divided into "Hundreds", which often bore the name of "shire" in English. In Cornish, they were called kevrangow (sing. kevrang).

Although the name "shire", today implies some kind of county status, hundreds in some English counties often bore the suffix 'shire' as well (e.g., Salfordshire), but where English shires were split into hundreds each having their own constable, Cornish hundreds had constables at parish level.

The Kevrangow were not, however, English hundreds: Triggshire came from Tricori 'three warbands', suggesting a military muster area capable of supporting three hundred fighting men. However it must be said that this is an inference from name alone, and does not constitute historical evidence of any fighting force raised by a Cornish hundred.

The Cornish kevrang replicated England's shire system on a smaller scale. Although by the 15th century the shires of Cornwall had become hundreds, the administrative differences remained in place long after.

Current administrative status
Along with other English counties, Cornwall was established as an administrative county under the changes introduced in the Local Government Act 1888, which came into effect on 1 April 1889. This was replaced by a non-metropolitan county of Cornwall in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, which includes it under the heading of "England".

The argument for non-English constitutional status
In 1328 the Earldom of Cornwall, extinct since the disgrace and execution of Piers Gaveston in 1312, was recreated and awarded to John, younger brother of King Edward III.

The constitution of the now-defunct Council for Racial Equality in Cornwall defined Cornwall as follows:

"'Cornwall retains a unique and distinct constitutional relationship with the Crown, based on the Duchy of Cornwall and the stannaries. For other purposes it is recognised as a Celtic region or nation and enjoys its own national flag.'"

On 14 July 2009, Dan Rogerson MP, of the Liberal Democrats, presented a Cornish 'breakaway' bill to the Parliament in Westminster – The Government of Cornwall Bill. The bill proposed a devolved assembly for Cornwall, similar to the Welsh and Scottish setup. The bill states that Cornwall should re-assert its rightful place within the United Kingdom. Rogerson argued that:

"'there is a political and social will for Cornwall to be recognised as its own nation. Constitutionally, Cornwall has the right to a level of self-Government. If the Government is going to recognise the right of Scotland and Wales to greater self-determination because of their unique cultural and political positions, then they should recognise ours.'"

The argument for English county status

Some people reject all claims that Cornwall is, or ought to be, distinct from England. While recognising that there are local peculiarisms, they point out that Yorkshire, Kent, and Cheshire (for example) also have local customs and identities that do not seem to undermine their essential Englishness. The legal claims concerning the Duchy, they argue, are without merit except as relics of mediaeval feudalism, and they contend that Stannary law applied not to Cornwall as a 'nation', but merely to the guild of tin miners. Rather, they argue that Cornwall has been not only in English possession, but part of England itself, either since Athelstan conquered it in 936, since the administrative centralisation of the Tudor dynasty, or since the creation of Cornwall County Council in 1888. Finally, they agree with representatives of the Duchy itself that the Duchy is, in essence, a real estate company that serves to raise income for the Prince of Wales. They compare the situation of the Duchy of Cornwall with that of the Duchy of Lancaster, which has similar rights in Lancashire, which is indisputably part of England. The proponents of such perspectives include not only Unionists, but most branches and agencies of government.

Below are some indications that would tend to support the assertion that for more than the last thousand years Cornwall has been governed as a part of England and in a way indistinguishable from other parts of England:

Governmental position in the 21st century
In 2008, the government said it would not be undertaking a review of the constitutional status of Cornwall and would not be changing the status of the county. The Justice Minister, Michael Wills, replying to a question from Andrew George MP, stated that "Cornwall is an administrative county of England, electing MPs to the UK Parliament, and is subject to UK legislation. It has always been an integral part of the Union. The Government have no plans to alter the constitutional status of Cornwall." On 26 July 2007, David Cameron appointed Mark Prisk as Shadow Minister for Cornwall, although there was no formal government post for him to shadow. This would bring Cornwall into line with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, all of whom have their own respective ministerial level departments. The post and associated department was not made official when the Conservative party went into government with the Liberal Democrats in 2010 however.

In 2015, Cornwall was granted a devolution deal, the first of its kind given to a council authority. It was criticised by devolution campaigners and nationalists for not ceding enough powers to Cornwall – Mebyon Kernow leader Dick Cole argued Cornwall should be given devolution powers like those of Wales or Scotland.

The Duchy of Cornwall

The Kilbrandon Report (1969–1971) into the British constitution recommends that, when referring to Cornwall, official sources should "on all appropriate occasions" use the designation of duchy when referring to Cornwall itself, in recognition of its "special relationship" with the Crown.

In 1780 Edmund Burke sought to curtail further the power of the Crown by removing the various principalities which he said existed as different aspects of the monarchy within the country:

"Cross a brook, and you lose the King of England; but you have some comfort in coming again under his Majesty, though 'shorn of his beams', and no more than Prince of Wales. Go to the north, and you find him dwindled to a Duke of Lancaster; turn to the west of that north, and he pops upon you in the humble character of Earl of Chester. Travel a few miles on, the Earl of Chester disappears, and the King surprises you again as Count Palatine of Lancaster. If you travel beyond Mount Edgecombe, you find him once more in his incognito, and he is Duke of Cornwall ... every one of those Principalities has the apparatus of a Kingdom for the jurisdiction over a few private estates, and the formality and charge of the Exchequer of Great Britain for collecting the rents of a country squire. Cornwall is the best of them."

The arbitration, as instructed by the Crown, was based on legal argument and documentation, and led to the Cornwall Submarine Mines Act 1858. The officers of the duchy, based on its researches, made this submission:
 * 1) That Cornwall, like Wales, was at the time of the Conquest, and was subsequently treated in many respects as distinct from England.
 * 2) That it was held by the Earls of Cornwall with the rights and prerogative of a County Palatine, as far as regarded the Seignory or territorial dominion.
 * 3) That the Dukes of Cornwall have from the creation of the Duchy enjoyed the rights and prerogatives of a County Palatine, as far as regarded seignory or territorial dominion, and that to a great extent by Earls.
 * 4) That when the Earldom was augmented into a Duchy, the circumstances attending to its creation, as well as the language of the Duchy Charter, not only support and confirm natural presumption, that the new and higher title was to be accompanied with at least as great dignity, power, and prerogative as the Earls enjoyed, but also afforded evidence that the Duchy was to be invested with still more extensive rights and privileges.
 * 5) The Duchy Charters have always been construed and treated, not merely by the Courts of Judicature, but also by the Legislature of the Country, as having vested in the Dukes of Cornwall the whole territorial interest and dominion of the Crown in and over the entire County of Cornwall.

However, the term 'county palatine' appears not to have been used historically of Cornwall, and the duchy did not have as much autonomy as the County Palatine of Durham, which was ruled by the Prince-Bishop of Durham. However, whilst not specifically called a county palatine, the officers of the duchy made the observation (Duchy Preliminary Statement – Cornish Foreshore Dispute 1856):

"The Dukes also had their own escheators in Cornwall, and it is deserving of notice that in the saving clause of the Act of Escheators, 1 Henry VIII., c. 8, s. 5 (as is the case in numerous other acts of Parliament), the Duchy of Cornwall is classed with counties undoubtedly palatinate."

The stannaries and their revival
In 1974, a group claimed to be a revived Cornish Stannary Parliament and have the ancient right of Cornish tin-miners' assemblies to veto legislation from Westminster, although it opposed the Duchy of Cornwall. In 1977 the Plaid Cymru MP Dafydd Wigley in Parliament asked the Attorney General for England and Wales, Samuel Silkin, if he would provide the date upon which enactments of the Charter of Pardon of 1508 were rescinded. A letter in reply, received from the Lord Chancellor on 14 May 1977 and now held at the National Library of Wales, stated that the charter had never been formally withdrawn or amended, however that "no doubt has ever been expressed" that Parliament could legislate for the stannaries without the need to seek the consent of the stannators. The group seem to have been inactive since 2008.

Moves for a change of constitutional status
Celtic Nations.svg nations as recognised by the Celtic League and the Celtic Congress

{{legend|blue|Scotland}} {{legend|lime|Ireland}} {{legend|red|Man}} {{legend|yellow|Wales}} {{legend|#ffb12c|Cornwall}} {{legend|#dd00ff|Brittany}} ]]

Campaigns for fuller regional autonomy
An early campaign for an independent Cornwall was put forward during the first English Civil War by Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet. He tried to use "Cornish particularist sentiment" to gather support for the Royalist cause. The Cornish were fighting for their Royalist privileges, notably the Duchy and Stannaries and he put a plan to the Prince which would, if implemented, have created a semi-independent Cornwall.

In the same vein, the Cornish Constitutional Convention – composed of a number of political groups in Cornwall (including Mebyon Kernow) – gathered about 50,000 signatures in 2000 on a petition to create a Cornish Assembly resembling the National Assembly for Wales. The petition was undertaken in the context of an ongoing debate on whether to devolve power to the English regions, of which Cornwall is part of the South West. Cornwall Council's February 2003 MORI poll showed 55% in favour of an elected, fully devolved regional assembly for Cornwall and 13% against. (Previous result: 46% in favour in 2002.) However the same poll indicated an equal number of respondents in favour of a South West Regional Assembly. The campaign had the support of all five Cornish Lib Dem MPs at the time, Mebyon Kernow, and Cornwall Council.

Lord Whitty, as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions, in the House of Lords, recognised that Cornwall has a "special case" for devolution, and on a visit to Cornwall deputy Prime Minister John Prescott said "Cornwall has the strongest regional identity in the UK."

The Conservative and Unionist Party under David Cameron appointed Mark Prisk as Shadow Minister for Cornwall on 26 July 2007. The party said that the move was aimed at putting Cornwall's concerns "at the heart of Conservative thinking". However, the new coalition government established in 2010 under David Cameron's leadership did not appoint a Minister for Cornwall.

Cornwall's distinctiveness as a national, as opposed to regional, minority has been periodically recognised by major British papers. For example, a Guardian editorial in 1990 pointed to these differences, and warned that they should be constitutionally recognised:

"Smaller minorities also have equally proud visions of themselves as irreducibly Welsh, Irish, Manx or Cornish. These identities are distinctly national in ways which proud people from Yorkshire, much less proud people from Berkshire will never know. Any new constitutional settlement which ignores these factors will be built on uneven ground.'"

The Guardian also carried an article in November 2008 titled "Self-rule for Cornwall" written by the human rights campaigner Peter Tatchell.

"Like Wales and Scotland, Cornwall considers itself a separate Celtic nation – so why shouldn't it have independence?"

Tatchell concluded his article with the question,

"Cornwall was once separate and self-governing. If the Cornish people want autonomy and it would improve their lives, why shouldn't they have self-rule once again? Malta, with only 400,000 people, is an independent state within the EU. Why not Cornwall?"

However, in a newspaper article the Conservative MP for Camborne & Redruth, George Eustice, stated in September 2014 that "However, we definitely do not need to waste money on flash new parliament buildings and yet another tier of politicians so I completely disagree with the idea of a Welsh style assembly in Cornwall."

The Labour Party in Cornwall also rejected the notion.

Cornish cultural, civic and ethnic nationalism
Some observers express surprise at enduring sentiments in Cornwall; Adrian Lee, for example, while considering Cornwall to be part of England, also considers it to have a unique status within England:

"The history of Cornwall as one of England's peripheral areas is relatively little known, as is the fact that it is the only part of England to have given rise to and sustained a nationalist/autonomist movement that has been neither spurious nor ephemeral."

Some Cornish people will, in addition to making the legal or constitutional arguments mentioned above, stress that the Cornish are a distinct ethnic group, that people in Cornwall typically refer to 'England' as beginning east of the Tamar, and that there is a Cornish language. For the first time in a UK Census, those wishing to describe their ethnicity as Cornish were given their own code number (06) on the 2001 UK Census form, alongside those for people wishing to describe themselves as English, Welsh, Irish or Scottish. About 34,000 people in Cornwall and 3,500 people in the rest of the UK wrote on their census forms in 2001 that they considered their ethnic group to be Cornish. This represented nearly 7% of the population of Cornwall and is therefore a significant phenomenon. Although happy with this development, campaigners expressed reservations about the lack of publicity surrounding the issue, the lack of a clear tick-box for the Cornish option on the census and the need to deny being British to write "Cornish" in the field provided. There have been calls for the tick box option to be extended to the Cornish; however, this petition did not meet with sufficient support (639 people signed up, 361 more were needed) for the 2011 Census, as a Welsh and English tick box option was recently agreed by the government.

title: Constitutional status of Cornwall


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Wisin & Yandel

Wisin & Yandel was a Puerto Rican reggaeton duo consisting of Wisin and Yandel. They started their career in the late 1990s and have been together until 2022 when they announced their separation, winning several awards including a Grammy Award in 2009. They became the first and the only reggaeton artists to win one. In late 2013, they announced they would take a pause in their career as a duo, after their Líderes Tour. In a 2014 interview with People en Español, Yandel confirmed that the group would not be disbanding. In February 2018, following a five-year hiatus, the duo announced they would be reuniting, and are set to embark on a world tour, as well as release new music. They sold over 15 million records.

Beginning (1998–2004)
In 1998, Wisin & Yandel participated in the album No Fear 3, produced by DJ Dicky as well as on the compilation album La Misión Vol. 1, edited by the Fresh Productions label. The success of this collection (which was certified gold) led the label to produce Los Reyes del Nuevo Milenio, the first album by Wisin & Yandel.

From that moment the duo started a successful career. They continued posting new topics in the successive editions of La Misión and recorded three new albums: De Nuevos a Viejos (2001), Mi Vida... My Life (2003) and De Otra Manera (2004), all of which were certified gold. The duo also received the Tu Música Award for Best Rap/Reggaeton Duo in 2002.

In 2004, the duo released two separate solo efforts: El Sobreviviente by Wisin and Quien Contra Mí by Yandel, which sparked speculation about a possible separation. Sales of the albums were unimpressive, and the duo remained together.

Pa'l Mundo and WY Records (2005–2006)
The duo started their own label under the name of WY Records. In 2005, they released their first album under it, titled Pa'l Mundo, which became their most successful to date. The record reached international status when it reached countries like China, Japan and some European countries. The album also peaked at #1 on Billboard's Top Latin Albums and was certified gold by RIAA. After the success of Pa'l Mundo, Wisin & Yandel released Los Vaqueros in 2006, which featured appearances of WY Records artists like Franco "El Gorila", Tony Dize, and Yomille Omar, as well as guest artists like Don Omar and Héctor el Father.

International consolidation (2007–2012)

On November 7, 2007, Wisin & Yandel released the album Los Extraterrestres, which featured collaborations with international artists like Eve and Fat Joe. The album was received positively by the Puerto Rican media, with mainstream newspaper Primera Hora awarding it a score of 4 out of 5. The review praised the fusion of styles found in the album, claiming that the production continued the "musical evolution" found in its predecessors.

Following the release of Los Extraterrestres the duo commenced an international promotional tour. After organizing concerts throughout Latin America and Europe, Wisin & Yandel noted that they would like to expand their markets to Africa and Australia. Wisin & Yandel participated in the closing ceremonies of the 2008 Viña del Mar Festival. The tickets for the event sold out, which the duo described as a "real honor". On June 2, 2008, the duo began a tour to promote Wisin vs. Yandel: Los Extraterrestres, Otra Dimensión, visiting several radio stations in Puerto Rico.

In June 2008, Wisin & Yandel participated in the 2008 edition of New York City's Puerto Rican Day Parade, organized on June 8, 2008. On June 12, 2008, they traveled to Los Angeles to attend the BMI Latin Awards, in which they received a nomination for Writer of the Year. Later they also received four Juventud Awards. They also made a guest appearance in an album titled Caribbean Connection released on June 24, 2008. The production featured several Latin American artists including Daddy Yankee, Don Omar and Héctor el Father along Jamaican musicians like Inner Circle, Bounty Killer, Elephant Man and Wayne Wonder.

On July 19, 2008, the duo made a presentation before a sold-out crowd in Venezuela. The duet were selected to perform in "KQ Live Concert" on September 27, 2008, organized by KQ 105 FM, which included several Puerto Rican and Latin American artists. On August 12, 2008, the mayor of their hometown of Cayey, Rolando Ortíz Velázquez, recognized Wisin & Yandel as "Ambassadors from Cayey to the world" during the city's annual Fiesta patronal. On April 24, 2009, Wisin & Yandel received the Latin Rhythm Album of the Year, Duo or Group Latin Billboard Music Award for Los Extraterresres. Besides this recognition, the duo also received nominations for "Ahora Es" and "Síguelo" in the Tropical Airplay Song of the Year, Duo or Group and Latin Rhythm Airplay Song of the Year, Duo or Group categories.

In May 2009, Wisin & Yandel released their next album La Revolución, which featured rapper 50 Cent. Like their previous album, it peaked at #1 on Billboard's Top Latin Albums. On October 15, 2009, Wisin & Yandel won the Latin American MTV Award for "Artist of the Year" and "Video of the Year". In 2011, the duo released Los Vaqueros: El Regreso which peaked at #1 on several charts.

In April 2012, the duo announced that they will be the opening act for Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias and American artist Jennifer Lopez at the Enrique Iglesias and Jennifer Lopez in Concert but later decided to opt out on June 29, 2012. Their album Líderes has a release date of July 3, 2012. Wisin & Yandel have both decided to release solo albums in 2013. Wisin's "El Regreso del Sobreviviente" was released on March 18, 2014. Yandel's "De Lider a Leyenda" was released on November 5, 2013.

Wisin & Yandel were coaches in the third season of La Voz... México.

Hiatus and solo careers (late 2013–2017)
In November 2013, after the Líderes Tour, the dúo went into hiatus, causing rumors to arise about their split, saying it was because of differences between them. Yandel denied such claims, assuring fans that they have not disbanded. In early April 2014, Wisin said on Radio Fórmula: "I think that late 2015 or 2016 we're ready with a new album as Wisin & Yandel – This is just a facet; it's a pause to refresh ourselves to make something different." Later in August 2014, Yandel said: "Wisin & Yandel is a registered trademark, we always work together – We are now providing separate projects, we'll soon be seen together again."

Wisin completed his second solo album, El Regreso del Sobreviviente in 2013, releasing it in 2014. Meanwhile, Yandel made his first solo tour and promoted his second solo album De Líder a Leyenda around the same time period. In September 2014, they both confirmed they were working on a new track that would premiere and be performed for the first time on Yandel's De Líder a Leyenda tour on October 4, at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Beginning in 2017, the two have made collaborations for each other in a couple of songs. On September 8, 2017, Yandel released the single "Como Antes" from his new album featuring Wisin, which came after their long-awaited return as a duo. On November 24, 2017, Wisin featured Yandel and Daddy Yankee in "Todo Comienza en la Disco".

Reunion, Los Campeones del Pueblo, La Última Misión, and their last tour (2018–2023)
In February 2018, the duo announced their reunion from their hiatus. One month later, they announced their first US concert at Madison Square Garden. The concert, held on June 8, was to celebrate their Puerto Rican heritage. The concert took place during the Puerto Rican Day Parade weekend in New York City. In May 2018, Wisin & Yandel announced on their Instagram a concert for November 30, 2018, at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in Puerto Rico. The show sold out quickly and resulted in the addition of more shows – the duo ended up having 8 back to back shows at this venue.

On October 25, 2018, they released "Reggaetón en lo Oscuro" as the lead single from their upcoming tenth studio album. On December 14, they released their latest album Los Campeones del Pueblo which features collaborations with many artists including Ozuna, Maluma, and Bad Bunny. At the same time, they released two compilation albums Como en los Tiempos de Antes and Juntos Otra Vez.

In March 2022, the duo announced La Última Misión World Tour, which was their final tour as a duo and coincided with their tenth and final studio album La Última Misión. The album features collaborations with many artists including Ozuna, Rosalía, J Balvin, Jennifer Lopez, and Prince Royce.

Members

 * Juan Luis Morera Luna (Wisin), born December 19, 1978, is from Cayey, Puerto Rico.
 * Llandel Veguilla Malavé (Yandel), born January 14, 1977, also from Cayey.

Studio albums

 * 2000: Los Reyes del Nuevo Milenio
 * 2001: De Nuevos a Viejos
 * 2002: De Otra Manera
 * 2005: Pa'l Mundo
 * 2007: Los Extraterrestres
 * 2009: La Revolución
 * 2011: Los Vaqueros: El Regreso
 * 2012: Líderes
 * 2018: Los Campeones del Pueblo
 * 2022: La Última Misión

Live albums

 * 2007: Tomando Control: Live
 * 2010: La Revolución: Live

Compilation albums

 * 2003: Mi Vida... My Life
 * 2006: Los Vaqueros
 * 2008: La Mente Maestra
 * 2009: El Dúo de la Historia Vol. 1
 * 2010: Lo Mejor De La Compañía
 * 2018: Como En Los Tiempos de Antes (DJ mix)
 * 2018: Juntos Otra Vez

Wisin

 * 2004: El Sobreviviente
 * 2014: El Regreso del Sobreviviente
 * 2015: Los Vaqueros: La Trilogía
 * 2017: Victory
 * 2021: Los Legendarios 001
 * 2022: Multimillo, Vol. 1
 * 2024: Mr. W

Yandel

 * 2003: Quien Contra Mí
 * 2013: De Líder a Leyenda
 * 2015: Dangerous
 * 2017: Update
 * 2019: The One
 * 2020: Quien Contra Mí 2
 * 2023: Resistencia

Concert tours

 * Pa'l Mundo Tour (2006–07)
 * Los Vaqueros Tour (2007)
 * Los Extraterrestres World Tour (2008–09)
 * La Revolución World Tour (2009–10)
 * Los Vaqueros: El Regreso World Tour (2011)
 * Lideres World Tour (2012)
 * Como Antes Tour (2018–2019)
 * La Última Misión World Tour (2022)

title: Wisin & Yandel


text:
Talk:HMS Nelson (28)

Another (public domain) picture of HMS Nelson

Accorting to this page, copyright on two of those photographs is held by one Ian Butler. Bastie 17:03, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

Finding me Dad
Hi Folks ... Never bin mhere before so please have patience thanks... Well here gos ...My dad servered on the Nelson & the Rodney during the 2nd world war. He was a leading torpedo man by the time the war finnished...Well I have looked at the crew members list on a couple of web sites and cannot find him any where. (ok he wus small???5'-1) just wondered if any one could help me find him...Dad daied in 1994. being his only son I get to keep all the papers he left behind of his milatry service. Loke many of you that may read this I like you feel proud that my Dad did his bit....I wounder if any one out there knowns him  ?? His name is Erice James Alfred Copeman... If you know any thing and would like to chat my e-mail ie  terrycopeman@aol.com...Many thanks for listing to my request

P.S. sorry about the spelling

Commissioned : 10 august 1927 ???

Conforoa (french wiki)

--

There is an inconsistency between the two commissioned dates shown on the page - but I don't know which is correct to edit. If anyone knows, please put this right. Thanks.

Gun mount numbers
The sentence (third paragraph) "The six pom-pom mounts were numbered from M1 (on top of B turret) to M7 at the extreme aft - there was no M2 position - the odd numbers 3 and 4 to the starboard." doesn't make sense; 4 is not an odd number, for example. WeeWillieWiki (talk) 21:28, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I have added clarification to this sentence, so it should now make sense. This whole article needs more work but for further information at present you should also read the "Nelson class battleships" & HMS "Rodney" articles where I have significantly enhanced the original authors work.The Dart (talk) 23:54, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

Italian long armistice?

 * The Italian long armistice was signed between General Dwight Eisenhower and Marshal Pietro Badoglio aboard the Nelson on 29 September.

What is this "Italian long armistice"? The link is dead, and searching for the term on the 'net turns up lots of copy-paste, but no information. It's not the Armistice of Cassibile (1943-09-03)... -- DevSolar2 (talk) 12:36, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Attack of U-56 on 30 October 1939 : Churchill&Pound aboard? Zahn relieved of command ?

 * I am much intrigued by this story about the unsuccesfull attack of U-56 on the British Home Fleet. I can see in Rohwer Chronology of the war at sea that the Home Fleet was at sea from 23-31 october, busy escorting British iron ore ships from Narvik to England. The Home Fleet returned to Loch Ewe on 31st Oct 1939. So the attack is on the 30th Oct. As the U-56 is a type II boat with 3 torpedo tubes, there are 3 torpedoes launched. One is a miss, 2 hit the Nelson but do not explode. These are facts. There are 2 other aspects which are often mentioned which according to me are urban legend :
 * Churchill and Dudley Pound were aboard the Nelson
 * Zahn was so depressed that Donitz relieved him from active duty and put him in training command instead
 * About the first aspect : Churchill and Pound were on the 31st in Loch Ewe to discuss when the Home Fleet could return to Scapa Flow in light of the U-47 attack. I find it highly unlikely that they were aboard, Sea Lords are not at sea were they are cut off from communications, that's the job of Forbes to lead the ships at sea. They have been on a mission to Norway for ten days, impossible that Churchill and Pound were away for such a long time from their command.
 * About the second aspect : after this incident, Zahn continued to be in command of the U-56 and executed two more patrols. He left U-56 to commision a bigger boat, the U-69 which indeed you could regard as some training mission, but as the U-56 was a small boat it was the plan all along that these were withdrawn to training flottilas in order to support the expanding U-boat fleet.
 * So I'd keep those two aspect in the wikipage, as you can read this urban legend in lots of books, but I would clearly mention what they are : urban legends.
 * I am posting this on the talk page of U-56, Wilhem Zahn and HMS Rodney

Klutserke (talk) 19:22, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:HMS Nelson (28)


text:
Talk:Edith Bunker

Middle initial
It's Edith J. Bunker as per second season episode 22 "Edith the Judge". Bhaldackein (talk) 16:46, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edith Bunker


text:
Mahoning Valley Scrappers

The Mahoning Valley Scrappers are a collegiate summer baseball team of the MLB Draft League. They are located in Niles, Ohio, a city in the valley of the Mahoning River, and play their home games at Eastwood Field. From 1999 to 2020, they were a Minor League Baseball team that played as members of the New York–Penn League. The club was the Class A Short Season affiliate of the Cleveland Indians from its inception until Major League Baseball's reorganization of the minors following the 2020 season.

In 2004, the Scrappers won the New York–Penn League championship.

Post-season

 * 1999: Defeated Batavia Muckdogs, 2 games to 0; lost to Hudson Valley Renegades, 2 games to 1, in NYPL Championship Series
 * 2000: Defeated Batavia Muckdogs, 2 games to 0; lost to Staten Island Yankees, 2 games to 1, in NYPL Championship Series
 * 2004: Defeated Auburn Doubledays, 2 games to 0; defeated Tri-City ValleyCats, 2 games to 0, in NYPL Championship Series
 * 2009: Defeated Brooklyn Cyclones, 2 games to 0; lost to Staten Island Yankees, 2 games to 1 in NYPL Championship Series
 * 2017: Lost to Vermont Lake Monsters, 2 games to 0
 * 2018: Lost to Tri-City ValleyCats, 2 games to 0

Broadcasters and radio
As of the 2015 season, the Scrappers' flagship radio station is Youngstown, Ohio station WBBW (Sportsradio 1240 AM). All of the games will be carried live.

Austin Pollack was named the play-by-play broadcaster in January 2015. Pollack will broadcast all 76 games for the Scrappers. Warren, Ohio station WHKZ (1440 AM The Word) broadcast Scrappers games in 2013.

Warren, Ohio station WHTX (1570 AM) broadcast Scrappers games from 2010 to 2012.

Youngstown, Ohio station WNIO (1390 AM) broadcast Scrappers games from 2002 to 2009.

Former Channel 27 news anchor Robb Schmidt, is the current P.A. announcer. Schmidt took over the position from John Brown, who was a communications student at Youngstown State University and served as announcer in 2009 and 2010. Brown replaced current Cleveland Indians announcer Ryan Pritt.

Mike Pilch called their games in 2006 and 2007 while the broadcasts right were with Clear Channel.

Youngstown, Ohio station WBBW (1240 AM) originally broadcast Scrappers games from 1999 to 2001 with John Batcho calling the games.

Scrappers games from 2021-2022 have been broadcast by Your Sports Network (YSN) digitally on YSNLive.com. Ron Potesta covered play by play duties in 2021 before Richie Juliano assumed the responsibilities of the “Voice of the Scrappers” in 2022.

Alumni
• Greg Allen (Indians)

• Josh Bard (Mariners)

• Shane Bieber (Indians)

• Jordan Brown (Indians)

• Asdrúbal Cabrera (Indians)

• Fausto Carmona (Indians)

• Lonnie Chisenhall (Indians)

• Ryan Church (Diamondbacks)

• José Constanza (Braves)

• Trevor Crowe (Indians)

• Chad Durbin (Indians)

• Ben Francisco (Phillies)

• Ryan Garko (Rangers)

• Chris Gimenez (Indians)

• Erik González (Indians)

• David Huff (Indians)

• Joe Inglett (Astros)

• Josh Judy (Indians)

• Jason Kipnis (Indians)

• Kevin Kouzmanoff (Athletics)

• Aaron Laffey (Mariners)

• Jensen Lewis (Indians)

• Francisco Lindor (Indians)

• Héctor Luna (Marlins)

• Víctor Martinez (Tigers)

• John McDonald (Blue Jays)

• Francisco Mejía (Indians)

• Eli Morgan (Indians)

• Tyler Naquin (Indians)

• Cord Phelps (Indians)

• Jose Ramirez (Indians)

• CC Sabathia (Yankees)

• Anthony Santander (Orioles)

• Tony Sipp (Indians)

• Mitch Talbot (Indians)

• Brian Tallet (Cardinals)

• Josh Tomlin (Indians)

• Wyatt Toregas (Pirates)

• Joey Wendle (Athletics)

• Tony Wolters (Rockies)

• Bradley Zimmer (Indians)

title: Mahoning Valley Scrappers


text:
Thurlaston, Warwickshire

Thurlaston is a village and civil parish in the Rugby district of Warwickshire, England. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 352, increasing to 368 at the 2011 census, and again to 379 at the 2021 census.

Overview
Thurlaston was mentioned in the Domesday Book as Torlavestone. The village is located around 3.5 mi south-west of Rugby, and around 1 mi west of the larger village of Dunchurch. Immediately to the north of the village is the M45 motorway. There is only one dead end road into Thurlaston from the north, connecting the village with the B4429, via a bridge over the M45 motorway. Thurlaston overlooks the Draycote Water reservoir to the south, and is close to the county border with Northamptonshire, less than 2 miles to the east.

Notable buildings
The village church of St. Edmund is a red brick building dating from 1849 designed by William Butterfield. It is unusual in that it was designed to serve as both a church and a school with a schoolmaster's house attached, it is now grade II listed. The most famous building, however, is probably the old 18th century windmill which is now used as a private house, this is also grade II listed.

title: Thurlaston, Warwickshire


text:
Cambrian Line

The Cambrian Line (Llinell y Cambrian), sometimes split into the Cambrian Main Line (Prif Linell y Cambrian) and Cambrian Coast Line (Llinell Arfordir y Cambrian) for its branches, is a railway line that runs from Shrewsbury, England, westwards to Aberystwyth and Pwllheli in Wales. Passenger train services are operated by Transport for Wales Rail between the western terminals of Pwllheli, in Gwynedd, and Aberystwyth, in Ceredigion, and the eastern terminal at Shrewsbury, Shropshire, as part of the Wales & Borders franchise. The railway line is widely regarded as scenic, as it passes through the Cambrian Mountains in central Wales, and along the coast of Cardigan Bay in Snowdonia National Park.

The line includes long sections of rural single track and is designated as a community rail partnership.

Route
From Shrewsbury, the line heads west through northern Powys, serving the towns of Welshpool and Newtown, then continues further west calling at Caersws and then Machynlleth until reaching Dovey Junction. At Dovey Junction, a short distance west of Machynlleth, the line splits into two branches: the southern branch goes to Aberystwyth, and the longer, northern branch continues to Pwllheli as the Cambrian Coast Line, crossing the River Mawddach by Barmouth Bridge. The section of the Cambrian Line between Shrewsbury and Aberystwyth may be called the Cambrian Main Line.

History
The line is made up of: These lines were constructed between 1855 and 1869. The section west of Buttington Junction became part of the Cambrian Railways in 1864.
 * Shrewsbury and Welshpool Railway between Shrewsbury and Buttington
 * Oswestry and Newtown Railway between Buttington Junction and Newtown
 * Llanidloes and Newtown Railway between Newtown and Moat Lane Junction
 * Newtown and Machynlleth Railway between Moat Lane Junction and Machynlleth
 * Aberystwith and Welsh Coast Railway between Machynlleth and Aberystwyth/Pwllheli

The Cambrian Railways became part of the Great Western Railway under the Grouping Act of 1921. On nationalisation these lines were operated first by the Western Region of British Railways and later by the London Midland Region. In a later reorganisation, passenger services were operated by the Regional Railways Central sector. Following privatisation in the mid 1990s, passenger services were first operated by Central Trains, then by Wales & Borders from 2001, Arriva Trains Wales from 2003, KeolisAmey Wales from 2018 and publicly-owned Transport for Wales Rail from 2021.

Closed stations
Although the line survived the Beeching Axe, many stations were closed from the 1960s onwards. The stations closed include the following:

Shrewsbury to Dovey Junction:
 * Hanwood
 * Yockleton
 * Westbury
 * Plas-y-Court Halt
 * Breidden
 * Buttington (connection with the Cambrian Railways line to Oswestry)
 * Forden
 * Montgomery
 * Abermule
 * Scafell Halt
 * Moat Lane Junction (connection with Mid Wales Railway to Brecon)
 * Pontdolgoch
 * Carno (reopening proposed, application at final stage)
 * Talerddig
 * Llanbrynmair
 * Commins Coch Halt
 * Cemmes Road (connection with Mawddwy Railway to Dinas Mawddwy)

Dovey Junction to Aberystwyth:
 * Glandyfi
 * Ynyslas
 * Llandre
 * Bow Street (reopened in 2021)

Dovey Junction to Pwllheli:
 * Gogarth
 * Abertafol
 * Llangelynin
 * Black Rock Halt
 * Afon Wen (connection with the Carnarvonshire Railway to Carnarvon)
 * The Ruabon bound platforms at Barmouth Junction were also closed in 1965 and the station renamed Morfa Mawddach.

Politics
The Cambrian line was not directly threatened with closure in the 1963 Beeching Report. Later threats to the coastal part of the route, from Dovey Junction to Pwllheli, were subsequently withdrawn. Its tourism role is as a scenic route, as well as linking many coastal resorts and connecting to seven narrow-gauge tourist lines (these are the Talyllyn Railway, Welshpool and Llanfair Railway, Ffestiniog Railway, Welsh Highland Railway and the Vale of Rheidol Railway).

Performance
With long sections of single line and limited passing points, minor disruptions on the Cambrian Line quickly lead to compound delays and partial cancellations. This, combined with short turnaround times at each end of the route, led to severe unpunctuality during much of the first decade of the 21st century. The extension of the service to Birmingham International in late 2008 has helped address this by eliminating the tight turnarounds at the heavily congested Birmingham New Street station. Maintenance changes and additional padding in public timetables has also helped improve performance figures overall.

In Arriva Trains Wales' performance statistics the Cambrian Line was routinely the worst-performing service group between 2003 and 2008. Since early 2009, recorded timekeeping has improved – a considerable achievement, considering that the route has been the testing ground for brand new signalling technology previously unused on the British railway network.

Line upgrade
In October 2006, it was announced that Network Rail would pilot the European Rail Traffic Management System on the Cambrian Line. The ERTMS allows headways between trains using the same track to be reduced without affecting safety, allowing a more frequent service. Should the pilot scheme be successful, the system is expected to be rolled out on some other rural routes within the UK.

The upgrade was expected to cost £59 million and was to be completed by December 2008, but the system was only released, for limited testing between Pwllheli and Harlech, in February 2010. Three signallers from the Machynlleth signalling centre and seven drivers were trained to operate the new equipment. Ansaldo STS were the principal contractors for the upgrade, with Thales as sub-contractors for the Telecomms and Eldin as installation subcontractors for all elements of UK infrastructure. Systra was in charge of testing and commissioning the ETCS and interlocking components of the signalling system.

Ansaldo installed ERTMS In Cab ETCS (European Train Control System) level 2, class 1, specification V2.3.0 in 2011 (as noted below). As the name suggests, the driver receives the instructions for movement on the cab display. This level does not require conventional fixed signals – therefore all the existing signals and RETB boards have been removed. Additionally, the line side speed signs were made redundant – drivers are given the appropriate maximum speed on the cab display (in kilometres per hour).

The Cambrian ERTMS – Pwllheli to Harlech rehearsal started on 13 February 2010 and completed successfully on 18 February 2010. The driver familiarisation and practical handling stage of the rehearsal provided an excellent opportunity to monitor the use of GSM-R voice in operation on this route. The first train departed Pwllheli at 08:53 in ERTMS Level 2 Operation with GSM-R voice being used as the only means of communication between the driver and the signaller.

Network Rail spokeswoman Mavis Choong was unable to give a figure for how much the scheme has cost, but said £400m was being spent installing it across the UK network. She claimed the 14-month delay was caused by the system "being new". In 2007, a new flat crossing, named "Cae Pawb Crossing", was installed at the intersection of the Cambrian Line and the Welsh Highland Railway.

In October 2010, following completion of testing, the ERTMS system finally entered service between Pwllheli and Harlech and the previous Radio Electronic Token Block system was removed. On 18 March 2011, the final commissioning phase for the ERTMS system across the whole Cambrian route started, including layout alterations at Welshpool and Talerddig which would facilitate a desired increase in service frequency. At 07:20 on 26 March 2011, the New ERTMS signalling system was placed into operational use across the Cambrian Line controlled from Machynlleth, some 40 minutes ahead of the planned schedule. Two days of driver familiarisation then followed; passenger operation started on 28 March 2011. An initial assessment by the operating company was not favourable: problems with the design and installation of the in-cab displays were identified and infrastructure failures included the control system becoming "confused" by common train movements, such as changes of speed or shunting into the depot.

Llanbadarn level-crossing incident
Shortly before 22:00 on Sunday 19 June 2011, a passenger train from Aberystwyth to Machynlleth ran onto the level crossing at Llanbadarn while the barriers at the crossing were raised, and came to a stop with the front of the train about 31 m beyond the crossing. There were no road vehicles or pedestrians on the crossing at the time. The immediate cause of the incident was that the train driver did not notice that the indicator close to the crossing was flashing red until it was too late for him to stop the train before it reached the crossing. Factors behind this included the driver's "workload" (his need to observe a screen in the cab at the same time as he should also be observing a lineside indicator), the design of the equipment associated with the operation of the level crossing, and the re-setting of the signalling system on board the train before it could depart from Aberystwyth. An underlying cause of the incident was that the signalling system now in use on the lines from Shrewsbury to Aberystwyth and Pwllheli did not interface with the automatic level crossings on these routes.

The RAIB made six recommendations, three directed to Network Rail, two to Arriva Trains Wales and one to the Rail Safety and Standards Board. These cover the development of engineering solutions to mitigate the risk of trains passing over automatic crossings which have not operated correctly; changes to the operating equipment of Llanbadarn crossing; the processes used by railway operators to request permission to deviate from published standards; the operational requirements of drivers as trains depart from Aberystwyth; and the way in which drivers interact with the information screens of the cab signalling used on the Cambrian lines. The failure at ERTMS System-User Interface investigated by the RAIB indicates that the ERTMS Implementation did not satisfy the non-functional attribute of safety integrity of the real time dependable distributed computing concepts.

2018 track upgrades
In 2018, Network Rail began upgrading 3.7 mi of track at a cost of £7.5 million. As well as improving reliability by replacing track, Network Rail and Powys County Council installed over a mile of new road and two road over rail bridges at Ystrad Fawr and Rallt. This has closed eight level crossings and improved safety for local residents.

ETCS upgrade announcement 2020
The UK Government Transport Secretary Grant Shapps announced on 21 August 2020 that £3m in funding had been authorised to advance plans to upgrade signalling on the 241 km Cambrian line from Shrewsbury Sutton Bridge Junction to Aberystwyth and Pwllheli. "The planned state-of-the-art digital signalling system will modernise the network, improving reliability of services, and supporting the introduction of a new fleet being rolled out across the network in December 2022", the minister said.

Services

As of May 2023, the Aberystwyth line has a near-hourly service and twelve direct trains between Aberystwyth and Shrewsbury daily, with several extended to or from Birmingham International. Trains to Pwllheli typically operate once every two hours, either as separate connecting services running to/from Machynlleth, or as portions attached to Aberystwyth services with trains dividing or joining at Machynlleth as necessary.

Trains now run more frequently than before: resignalling of the railway and other infrastructure changes have allowed more trains to run to and from Aberystwyth since 2015. Connections are better too, as some trains run through from Birmingham New Street to Birmingham International. From the 1990s until 2015, a service had typically been provided between Birmingham and Aberystwyth every two hours, with a reduced service on Sundays. From December 2009 to December 2022, connections were available through calls at Smethwick Galton Bridge.

Freight services over the line were absent for many years, after regular oil trains were halted in 1993. However, trials in 2003 and again in 2022 have led to the introduction of a regularly weekly train transporting timber from Aberystwyth to the Kronospan woodchip factory in Chirk. Trains are operated by Colas Rail but are hauled by Class 97 locomotives belonging to Network Rail, due to the need for trains on the route to be compatible with the ETCS signalling used on the line (97/37 combinations with the 97 in front of the 37 can also be used). The 2003 trial, by contrast, had used a pair of British Rail MPV units sandwiched around a rake of seven open-sided timber wagons.

Steam workings
In 2007, West Coast Railways took over operation of the Cambrian Coast Express which ran over the Cambrian Coast Line from Machynlleth to Porthmadog and Pwllheli, the train was also renamed to The Cambrian. The service would run from the last week of July until the end of August between 2007 and 2010.

Before the 2011 season, WCR issued a statement stating that due to Network Rail's implementation of the new European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) signalling on the Cambrian Coast, which necessitated new in-cab signalling equipment, the seasonal steam services had to cease running because no system was yet available for fitment in steam locomotives. No steam loco owners were planning to upgrade their locos to work under the system in the then-near future, owing to costs and the amount of equipment that was required. Locos that have visited the route over the years include: 7802 Bradley Manor, 7819 Hinton Manor, 44871, 46443, 75069 & 76079.

Following an absence of 14 years it was announced in February 2024, that as part of trials for the fitment of the new ETCS signalling system to steam locomotives, 60163 Tornado is to run overnight testing trains between Shrewsbury and Newtown. The trains will be run during night-time to avoid affecting passenger services. These trials are also being undertook as part of Network Rail's East Coast Digital Programme & Pathfinder Project.

Coast Line infrastructure problems
Major structural problems with Barmouth Bridge resulted in the withdrawal of services between 1980 and 1986 and the line was threatened with closure before ultimately being repaired and reopened.

Work began in March 2013 to replace the wooden Pont Briwet viaduct over the Afon Dwyryd near Llandecwyn. The new bridge now carries two lanes of road traffic and the single track railway, and opened in 2015. It was hoped that, apart from a four-week period where power cables had to be moved, the old viaduct could remain open throughout the works. However, the bridge was found to have been affected by the piling work for the new bridge, and was declared structurally unsafe and closed in December 2013. This necessitated a diversion via Maentwrog for road users and caused rail services to terminate at Harlech. A new temporary bridge was due to open in Spring 2014, but this plan had been scrapped in favour of running a convoy system on the A496 road that served as the diversionary route. Work then focused on completing the main railway and road bridge by the end of the year.

In January 2014, the Coast line from Dovey Junction was closed to all trains after two sections of track between Tywyn and Barmouth were severely damaged by storm-force winds and tidal surges at the beginning of the month. Part of the sea wall protecting the trackbed at Llanaber near Barmouth was washed away, resulting in some 300 tons of ballast being lost and the formation covered in debris, whilst further south a section of embankment at Tonfanau was washed out. Two of Arriva Trains Wales's trains were trapped at Barmouth, and were removed by road. Network Rail described the damage suffered by the line as "devastating", but stated the line to Barmouth could be reopened (it was). Repairs north of Barmouth were completed, and the line reopened to Harlech on 1 May 2014, two weeks ahead of schedule.

The full line reopened on 1 September 2014.

title: Cambrian Line


text: Category:British boxers

title: Category:British boxers