text:
Talk:Temple (Latter Day Saints)/Archive 4

Scope of the article
Request for discussion: I think certain parts of this article might best be spun-off into new articles. For example:

 * I think there should be articles entitled "Endowment (Mormonism)", and "Sealing (Mormonism)". The "Endowment (Mormonism)" article could be the home of discussions about the Endowment ceremony, and all such material in this article would be moved to that article, leaving only a link and a summary explanation.

 * I think there should be a separate article entitled "Temple (Mormonism)" that discusses what temples mean in the context of Mormonism, and includes discussions on how Mormons view the Temple in Jerusalem and the prophesied temple(s) in "Zion" (Jackson County, Mo.)? This article could also explain what the purpose of the Kirtland temple was, because historically, we know that endowments and sealings were not performed there.  <<>>

Comments? COGDEN 19:26, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * To your first proposal, I think this is premature given the fact that many of us are upset with the current contents of the article (we think it contains too much sacred information and think a lot of the material should be discarded). AFAIK, we never came to a consenses on what to do with the objectionable material. Some of us wanted the offending material removed, others said we need it. Visorstuff said he was working on a revision that would be less objectionable, but I haven't seen it (he did add a great deal, however).

 * I share your concern with sacred information, as I am a Temple Recommend holder myself; but I think that creation of an Endowment (Mormonism) site would actually help us sort out what is objectionable and what is not. I don't think that most Mormons would be offended by the inclusion in this article of pretty much everything else that goes on in the temple, other than the Endowment ceremony.  The hard questions about what to include about the Endowment ceremony could be localized in a more narrowly-focused Endowment (Mormonism) article.COGDEN 02:40, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * As to your second proposal, wouldn't "Temple (Mormonism)" be redundant? I think it'd be interesting stuff, but perhaps it needs a different title. It sounds like you want to discuss LDS temple history and prophesy. Perhaps a title that includes those words? AFAIK, the Church is planning to build a temple in Jackson County, Mo, but I don't know if they've made an official announcement yet.

 * My thought is that Temple (Mormonism) would explain what temples are in the context of Mormonism (including non-LDS and pre-Nauvoo Mormonism, and on Mormon views on pre-Mormon temples such as the Temple in Jerusalem), whereas this article would be specifically about LDS temples, which all function pretty much alike. These topics would not fit comfortably within the present article.  Thus, Temple (Mormonism) would be about Temples in the context of Mormonism, and be much broader in scope.COGDEN 02:40, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Also, I think a list of temples with construction dates and important events surrounding them would be gnarly (and photos of each one!), but probably not too interesting for the casual reader. Plus, I'm generally opposed to lists in the 'pedia—IMHO it has too many useless ones ("List of people with brown hair and blue eyes", "List of people who have visited a dentist and family doctor on the same day", "List of people who were married in Deleware", "List of dogs with the letter "K" in their names", etc.). —Frecklefoot 15:02, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Nearly done with my revisions. Should have something this weekend. Much shorter article. Will include a link to a list of temples around the globe. Visorstuff 17:46, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * After your revisions, I'm thinking about separating out the arguably objectionable content (or content that, if expanded upon, could eventually become objectionable, and putting it in the Endowment (Mormonism) article.COGDEN 02:40, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I think the only page needed is a Changes to LDS Temple Ceremonies page. This page is good enough, when all my edits are complete, to give a good overview. The purpose of the page is to give an overview of LDS temples and what they are for and what goes on inside. The controversial material could be disucssed in a more academic way on a page about changes. This page will give a good overview of the Endowment from an LDS perspective -- and gives reasons why it does not need further development. The page is about a long as it can be, so a new page will need to be made if a new direction is wanted. That's my $0.02. Visorstuff 06:17, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I think we need more than just a Changes page. The Endowment is an interesting enough subject that it should have its own article.  At the same time, there is so much more to temples than the Endowment.  Therefore, I am wary about making this page too Endowment-heavy.  This page should focus on temples as a whole, and just contain a basic overview of all the numerous things that happen in them, many of which are Wikipedia articles in their own right.  I also agree with Visorstuff that this page needs more historical material.COGDEN 06:56, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm dissapointed that new pages were created. I think the main purpose of keeping the page all together was to keep the controversy in one place - plus there is not enough publicly-available and accurate information out there on the endowment to have it's own page. When it has its own page, we open it up to more controversy and the copyright issues, etc. from previous discussions have to start all over again, creating a bigger mess. Please review all the archives of this talk page and then tell us if you still feel the same about those pages. I would have liked more discussion and imput from other contributors on this before the new pages added. Interested to see what Frecklefoot and BoNoMoJo have to say about this. In addition, because the changes radically alter how my major edits were going to be presented, I will hold off on putting any more of my edits until this is decided. Visorstuff 08:06, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * We know from experience that the new pages will eventually be created, at some point, as Wikipedia grows. The existence of an Endowment (Mormonism) page will hopefully funnel all the controversy about the Endowment ceremony into one place.  Controversies regarding the Endowment ceremony belong in an Endowment article.  This article, on the other hand, should contain a simple and relatively sterilized summary of what occurs in temples, along the lines of your (Visorstuff) most recent edits.  The information that you and others have most recently deleted will inevitably crop up again, and I'd rather have it crop up elsewhere than on this page, which should be more like an "Introduction" to LDS temples, rather than an exposé on the Endowment ceremony.COGDEN 20:07, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I disagree that a new page would be created by others. There is not enough real, legal, and accurate information to justify it. I've spent the last month reading everything the church or church leaders have said on the subject of the endowment and began to put together what is available legally and without controversy. I think by creating a new page we've just opened a new can of worms. Now it is inevitable that the new page will focus not only on mentioned changes, but also illegally published material and dissafected and inaccurate accounts of the ceremony. We'll have to go through this whole excercise again. My purpose was not to sterilize, but keep short, accurate and in one place. The whole first two pages of the archive dealt with keeping the material accurate and relevant. I personally don't believe that detailed information about the Endowment is relevant to anyone until they begin to prepare to go to the temple for themselves - unless you think relevancy includes pure curiousity. I think that I'm done with the major edits for a while now - it's not worth finishing to me until we get to this point again with the other pages. I don't want to duplicate my work a million times. I'll hold on to what I have and save it until then. Someone else take lead for a bit, I'll add in and correct the doctrine/policy where I can. Visorstuff 07:22, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Ugg. I don't have the bandwidth for yet another controversy. I normally agree with what Visorstuff has to say, but having an article just on the endowment may help filter the controversy into a more specific forum. Making this article more general may be a Good Thing. For example, if a casual reader wants to know what LDS temples are for, a concise article which just gives a brief overview of what they are used would be preferable to deluging them with tomes of information of questionable value.

 * I don't want to create any enemies here, but I think the seperate artcile might be a good course of action, though I'm disappointed that it impacts Visorstuff's rewrite which he's been working on (I'm assuming Visorstuff's a "he"). If we can keep the information in that article relevant and useful, instead of apocryphal, that would be even better. —Frecklefoot 19:41, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Sounds good - that is the consensus and I'm supportive. Even the Encyclopedia of Mormonism has an endowment entry, although it is very vague. Not quite sure where to go from here, however, as the change has altered how my edits would appear. Any suggestions? Visorstuff 17:09, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * How about this: create all the sub-articles which are planned to be created (i.e. are any other sub-articles planned for the temple?). Then trim down the current information in this article to be a brief overview (or maybe even just a mention or list) of ceremonies performed in temples. Then fix the linked articles to make them pretty. Off the cuff, just my initial thoughts. :-) —Frecklefoot 19:39, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I want to apologize to Visorstuff for interfering with (his/her) edits, but I thought the edits were on a good track, and should be continued here or on the Endowment (Mormonism) page. Perhaps we can move some of the relevant Archive discussions on the intellectual property issues over there to Talk:Endowment (Mormonism).  BTW, I don't think those IP/privacy issues have been resolved yet, but does anyone think they apply to any other aspect of the Temple than the Endowment?  Has the sealing ceremony changed?COGDEN 00:20, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm not offended at all - I do appreciate the direct feedback. I'm not afraid to admit I'm wrong at times. Or that I need to change my thinking for a time. By the way I am male.

 * I think there was some closure on the IP issues - the consensus was to steer clear of any possible copyright infringement, but still provide relevant descriptions of what the temple is about/ceremonies in the temple. I agree some of the background information should be duplicated on the other page. You want to move it?

 * I personally don't want to get into how/if the sealing ordinance has changed, as that is a whole other can of worms about the standardization of temple ordinances and would be tooooo long and boring for this forum. On the other hand, it may get a more lively discussion going. The LDS version of a civil wedding ordinance has changed very little since it was first published in the D&C in the 1800s (obviously not in current editions, but is in the History of the Church). I think it is important to note that there is a BIG difference between sealing and the temple marriage ceremony or sealing of parents to children. The sealing authority is given or delegated to very few men (some general authority seventy have this power) on the earth (in fact, it is one of the three or four differences between an area authority seventy and a general authority seventy). Any priesthood ordinance they do under this authority is considered a sealing ordinance and is bound in the eternities (that didn't have the right emphasis, but I hope you know what I mean - any ordinance belonging to the authority). This is different than the delegated authority to perform priesthood ordinances (such as baptism, confirmation, ordinations and the sacrament) that are bound in the eternities (that delegation comes from those who have priesthood keys). Those who hold this (sealing) authority can also do other ordinances that others cannot, such as restore temple and priesthood blessings to re-baptized members, etc. It is also why I support the Eternal Marriage title rather than Sealing (Mormonism).

 * Not sure if I mentioned this before, but a few different types washings and annointing ordinances were done in the Kirtland Temple, so although it is part of the Endowment, it should be kept seperate, as it may include more than just the initiatory ordinances. Visorstuff 01:03, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * In that case, maybe there should be some sort of a "Washing and Anointing" article. If so, what would we call it?  I brainstormed some possible names:  Washing and Anointing (Mormonism), Washing and Anointing, Washings and Anointings, or First Anointing (as distinguished from Second Anointing, which I believe was historically (maybe still is?) considered an extension of the Endowment, but not part of the Endowment proper).COGDEN 17:29, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Most of it is technically part of the endowment, and I don't think there are any fully reliable recent accounts of other washing, etc. ordinances, including the washing of the feet and ordinances you mentioned. We'll confuse everyone with additional pages of information that is not known by people or accurately portrayed. I don't think anyone alive today that has experienced will discuss. It simply does not happen. That being said, we can discuss from a historical POV within this article. Visorstuff 21:18, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Summary of the discussion
Most of us realize that material is available on the subject of this article and that the temple rituals are not that earth shattering in presentation or content. However, they are sacred to the people who have experienced them and are not discussed, as members who experience it are told that it can only be understood by revelation on a personal level. A member of the Church that attends the temple may see something symbolically one time and literal another or understand something very different each time. Therefore, from a Latter-day Saint point-of-view the way it is presented is essential and can only be fully understood in that setting.

All of us should want a description included in this article. It is important with all the information out there to provide an accurate description in this educational forum. At the very least we should want a legal and accurate description based on publicly available information. This discussion began with the thoughts about how detailed the description should be due to legal and/or moral considerations. These considerations include the following legal and moral issues:
 * 1) Does the Church have an intellectual property right in any of the temple ceremonies?
 * 2) What form does this intellectual property right take?
 * 3) Is it copyrighted?
 * 4) What is the proof of the copyright?
 * 5) What is the extent of the copyright?
 * 6) Does the Church have a right to privacy over this information?
 * 7) Is publicizing this information violate the Church's right?
 * 8) Does such a right continue even when the information is already in the public?
 * 9) Is this the sort of information that should be protected by law?
 * 10) Even if the information is not protected by law, is it moral to publicize it?

All of the legal and moral issues may or may not be relevant or persuasive, but there are a number of legal issues that could come into play and should give wikipedians pause to consider how detailed the article should be. The goal of this discussion is to produce a comprehensive, accurate, legal, moral and NPOV description of temple ceremonies. Summary contributors: Visorstuff, —B

A couple of observations and comments about the discussion - I am trying to sum up the arguments to this point as it is getting hard to navigate (I hope I didn't miss anything in the summary [above], if so, please edit my text directly). . . I am working on a revision to the current description form and will include it later this week. Visorstuff

Some questions and responses
Q: Which, if any, versions of the temple ceremony are protected by copyright?

 * A: The copyright term for new corporate works in the US is 99 years. See the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. So, the early church writings, ceremonies, rituals and oaths are no longer covered by copyright but are in the public domain and may be freely reproduced by anyone without copyright infringement. Works until the mid 1920s are also no longer covered by copyright because those terms expired.
 * A: Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., a 2 June 2003 Supreme Court decision, said that trademark law is trumped by copyright law for public domain works, so trademark law cannot be used to prevent the reproduction of those public domain works.

This summary of some of the copyright and trademark responses from Archive1: main discussion by JamesDay 17:11, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Q: To the extent that it's possible, please explain why these matters are secret and how the secrecy evolved. That may assist those not of the faith to understand the issue better. JamesDay 08:54, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * A: James, you asked about why LDS members don't talk about what goes on in the temple. In compiling publicly available information about temple ceremonies I came across the following:

 * But be assured, brethren, there are but few, very few of the Elders of Israel, [and members of the church]now on earth, who know the meaning of the word endowment [the primary temple ordinance]. To know, they must experience.... - Discourses of Brigham Young, p.416

 * As stated before, you can read the ceremony, but unless one actually experiences one can never understand. It is a very personal, one-on-one experience with God that should be understood through prayer and very real personal revelation. It is considered one of the most sacred things a Mormon experiences, and most beleieve that the most sacred things should only be discussed in sacred places, such as temples as to not make them sound or seem commonplace or ordinary. -Visorstuff

Q: Who first created the activities in the church? Who created the Book of Mormon and other works? Are they the literal word of God? If they are, has God legally assigned the intellectual property rights exclusively to the church? To its members? To others? To all of us, in the hope that we may convert? When did God first create them, particularly the copyrighted items, in a tangible form? If they aren't Gods work, from what time do they date and how did the chain of intellectual property progress to the current day? Was it clearly assigned to the church or did the church simply continue to use it, without an explicit grant of rights? JamesDay 09:10, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * A: I will attempt to answer these questions to the best of my knowledge. Others, please jump in to fill in any gaps. :^)

 * The LDS never claimed that the ordinances are secret but rather sacred and that public disclosure of the details of the ordinances diminishes their personal and spiritual value.
 * The temple and its functions were introduced by Joseph Smith early in Church history (actually, somewhat into Smith's leadership of the Church, but early in terms of the history of the Church as a whole).
 * Joseph Smith translated the Book of Mormon from ancient records given him. The records were written by ancient prophets, much like books in the Old Testament of the Bible were. So, they are the "literal word of God" as much as any books of the Old Testament are. The Pearl of Great Price contains Smith's translation of other ancient records which came from another source and are not part of the Book of Mormon. The Doctrine and Covenants is a collection of records of various revelations that Smith and other latter-day prophets received over the course of time which pertain to certain aspects of the Church and its organization.
 * The Church claims the "works" were given via revelation to Church leaders and, while the literal word of God, were not physically recorded by Him, but by those he communicated with (or "inspired"). AFAIK, the Church retains the copyright on all these works, which is perfectly legal. For example, if you told me a story and I wrote it down and published it, I'd have the copyright, though the story (verbally) came from you. If you wrote down the story yourself, you'd have the copyright. The situation is similar here. God didn't "assign" or "designate" the IP to anyone (what are you expecting? A signed document from Him?). The Church leaders recorded the material and published it. Therefore, the Church retains the copyright.

 * The other questions I can't answer, and, in fact, I think you were getting sarcastic. :-S I know the above answers are very POV, but since this is a Talk page, I can be as POV as I like. :^) —Frecklefoot 15:50, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks, including for expanding on my question to cover the other documents. No sarcasm intended, but do remember that it's not my religion, so I don't know what the core beliefs are and how they evolved, or how the church believes the intellectual property rights arrived - in short, I don't know very well what you might find insulting or offensive when discussing your religion.

 * Thanks for clarifying that you were not intending to be sarcastic because I wondered if your entire post was intended to be sarcastic. —B 22:59, Nov 6, 2003 (UTC)

 * A: One example on intellectual property is an account I read some years ago of a church which asserted that God took over the body of a scribe and did the writing directly. In that situation, it's arguable that the scribe no more did the creating than a pen did, so some other way of getting at intellectual property rights assignment might be needed. Though there may already be precedents saying that churches own the intellectual property rights of their version of God.

 * A: James, it sounds like you don't know what the Book of Mormon is comprised of or where it came from. Taking a look at Origin of the Book of Mormon would help as would looking at the text of the Book of Mormon available at the Church's web site (http://scriptures.lds.org/bm/contents). But, in brief, the Book of Mormon is a record of some of the ancient inhabitants of the American continent. They came over from Jerusalem about 600 B.C. It is a religious history, so dates and politics, for the most part, are omitted. However dates can be inferred from the references to time they do give. Joseph Smith was given some of these records which they had preserved on plates "which had the appearance of gold." He then translated them through divine inspiration. The resulting record was published as the Book of Mormon (Mormon was the name of the ancient prophet who compiled the records). The name of the book gave the LDS their nickname ("the Mormons"), though it is quite erroneous--we don't worship Mormon, we worship Jesus Christ.

 * So, yes, the Book of Mormon was always regarded as religious scripture. The harrasment the Church endured came well after the publish of the book. If you really are researching the Church, I encourage you to get your information from the Church's web site (www.lds.org) as it has volumes of information on the Church, including its founding. It also has all the scriptures available online, which is, of course, the best source of information regarding our doctrine. Peace. :^)   —Frecklefoot 16:03, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Q: Were the sacred writings always regarded as sacred in that way or, perhaps, was it in response to some of the harassment received in the early days of the church (yes, I've been doing a little homework on the early evolution of the church, but I remain very unaware of how church members regard such things)? JamesDay 22:17, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Q: Thanks for those responses. I've seen some writing suggesting that there are diffrences between early published versions of the works of the church and the current works. Are there such discrepancies and if so, do they have any theological or other significance? I'm trying to sort out here whether the use of early, no longer copyrighted, writings of the church would be problematic in some way. JamesDay 17:11, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * A: By "works," I'm going to guess you mean temple ceremony. Other changes in the Mormon 'standard works' or 'scriptures' are relatively minor - see Book of Mormon Controversies. There are changes between earlier versions of the temple ceremonies and the current one (by my calculation there are six or seven versions: Nauvoo version, Endowment house version, the first written temple version which was the first copyrighted one written down in the St. George Temple, A version modified by Wilford Woodruff and another one done during the early 1920s, the first temple film in the 1960s, and then the 1990 version). Most of these have minor changes that shorten the amount of time taken during the lecture/instruction portion of the Endwoment.

 * Although I am familiar with the changes, I'm not as familiar with the earlier versions as I could be, and I don't think they are significantly different doctrinally. The major changes were to make the ceremony shorter to get more work done, or to put it to a new medium (such as sound recording and film) and items that were not seen as essential were removed to save on time, so more people could get more temple work completed.

 * The problem with using earlier works is that depending on which version you use, some in the church may not immediately recognize the ceremony as the language has been updated (modernized from the northeast/british dialects spoken in New York/Ohio/Missouri/Illinois/Utah by Mormons), removal of various sections that were un-essential and so forth (the Nauvoo version had much more lecture, break time, etc., and lasted between 6-12 hours, the current version is under two hours). The general idea is the same, but usinig an older version may not be an accurate portrayal of the current ceremony and could be confusing. I am working on taking what is already there and combining it with publicly-taught and available information. What we have is a good start. Perhaps we can create a "differences" section if you'd like to discuss the various versions. Visorstuff 19:50, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * A: James, if you are referring to the differences in The Book of Mormon from the first version to the current one, the changes are relatively minor. Most of the changes were for punctuation and I think one or two words. The punctutation changes are understandable since the translation was spoken and they had to insert punctuation where they thought it was appropriate. Back in the 1800's, it'd be easy to miss a few things.

 * However, this applies to only the English version of the book. AFAIK, the other language versions have gone throw numerous revisions over the years, just because of the difficulty of translating into another tongue. The English version is considered the most correct, while the others are trying to brought up to par with it in regards to meaning and doctrine. Plus, they are adding new languages all the time. —Frecklefoot 20:06, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Q: Thanks for your responses. I was really meaning all works (including such things as the way continuous revelation has changed practice and is used to attack the church - guess some people don't understand that religions can change and that a deity can adjust things if necessary). I like the idea of adding more about the history of such a significant Christian (IMO) church but suppose I'll misrepresent current text or the current view or preference of at least one of the Mormon churches at some point... I trust that you (collectively) will at least let me know if I don't accurately describe the current LDS views. Don't expect a fast set of edits though - I believe in treading slowly on potentially controversial ground. Jamesday 16:00, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Major Additions
I've added in some additions to give more background into temples. Some doctrinal items may be somewhat controversial as to what Mormons commonly beleive and what is stated in scripture, however I think it is appropriate in this setting to explain as it typically makes more sense to non-LDS. This is the first step into clarifying of temple ceremonies as previously discussed. I'd like some feedback. -Visorstuff 20:44, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Most of it looks good to me. I don't agree with one portion, however:

 * "most Latter-day Saints associate Spirit Prison and outer darkness or hell as the same place - they associate outer darkness and the place where Lucifer and his followers will be assigned after the final judgment, which has not been given a name in the LDS canon, but was given a name (Gnolom) by the Joseph Smith. The spirit prison is divided into two parts - which may or may not be geographical. The two parts are called paradise and outer darkness or hell – see Alma 40:13-14, D&C 138.). As such, Latter-day Saints believe that Christ went to the Righteous spirits in prison and organized a great missionary force to teach the gospel to the dead (see D&C 138, 1 Peter 3:18-4:6), who will likely be baptized in a temple and have a chance to accept or reject that baptism."

 * I don't regard Sprit Prison and Outer Darkness as the same place. Spirit Prison is just a place to wait to be taught the gospel--sort of a spiritual bus depot. On the other hand, Outer Darkness is a place of damnation and punishment (not a place of torture, but eternal seperation from the presense of God). It is the place where the "damned" will be assigned after the Final Judgement (I agree with that).

 * The two parts of the Spirit World (pre-Final Judgement) are Spirit Prison and Paradise. Those in paradise teach those who are in prison. Those in prison may cross over into paradise if they accept the gospel and their temple work is done for them.

 * I didn't look at your references (didn't have time, but thanks for providing them), but I will later. Does anyone else have views on this?

 * Overall, looks good. I made a few, minor changes, but for the most part I didn't see any errors. —Frecklefoot 22:10, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I tried to reorganize my thoughts in the spirit prison paragraph. See changes on main page.

According to church publications, one of the reasons why Section 138 was added to the D&C was to clarify that the post mortal spirit world is called spirit prison (138: 16 "the bands of death", 138:50 "looked on their long absence of their spirits from their bodies as a bondage," 138:29 Christ went to prison, but only to the unrighteous to organize missionary work). A careful re-reading of Alma 40 and other passages state that when we die if we are righteous we go to paradice, or if we are wicked, we go to outer darkness (also see Mormon Doctrine p551 for spirit world correlation). There is nowhere that equates the final place of satan and his angels and sons of perdition as "outer darkness," although most Mormons use the term to describe it. It's never made it out of our vocabulary and will continue to stay a misconception for many more years. Joseph Smith is the only one who named what most mormons call 'outer darkness' - by calling it Gnolom or Gnolaum (see Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith p361 or Mormon Doctrine p316). That is the only place I can find the name of the place reserved for those who do not inherit a kingdom of glory. The bottom line is that within Spirit Prison there are two divisions: Spirit Paradise and Outer Darkness or hell. All three are part of the same "spiritual bus depot."

As you know, there are many things that members of the church take for granted and are not accurate or are speculative. As Mormons we think that because others have the same speculation that it must be right (which often it probably is) Another speculation that comes to mind is about the three divisions in the premortal life. Are they three equally divided divisions comprising of exactly 33% a piece or three "parts" of unequal numbers of people? It is commonly thought one-third (33%), the D&C just says "a third part." So if God continues to have children does this mean 1/3 turn away from him? We just speculate...Church scholars admit they have no idea and there are actually three leading schools of thought. However, I digress - that is a topic for another time.

Hope this helps, let me know your thoughts, perhaps this should be explained better in the article. -Visorstuff 22:38, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your further explanation. But that still doesn't really jibe with my thinking. If what you say is accurate, it would signficanlty alter my understanding of eternal progression. Let me see if I understand what you are saying: everyone dies and goes to Spirit Prison. Baptized members go to Paradise within Prison and teach those in hell? Everyone who has not been baptized goes to hell and waits for the gospel to be taught them and for their work to be done (and then, of course, they have the choice to accept or reject it).

 * My understanding has always been that the post-mortal life is comprised of Spirit Prison and Spirit Paradise (but we don't know if that division is physical or not). They are both part of the same post-mortal existence. In Prison, those spirits are taught the gospel and can progress to Paradise if/when their work is done and they accept the message (golly, I wonder if other types of proseletizing goes on there?).

 * Outer Darkness (hell) is strictly for Satan, his "third" and Sons of Perdition. Outer Darkness is actually pretty hard to get into for any of us--most people will inherit some degree of glory (after all, we all fought for the Plan of Salvation in the pre-mortal existence). Those consigned to Outer Darkness will only go there after the Final Judgement. Until then, they wait in Spirit Prison.

 * Anyway, that is the view I've had of the post-mortal world. I'm not trying to start a fight here: I just want to get this sorted out. I wonder what B has to say about this? Thanks for all your valuable contributions to the article, Visorstuff. Hopefully we can reach a consensus soon. :-) —Frecklefoot 15:05, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

What you have been taught and stated as your "understanding" above is accurate, except for the names of the various places. That is the only major difference into what I'm meaning. My changes typically makes less sense to us Mormons (because of our faulty teaching traditions) and more sense to non-LDS. It shouldn't significanly alter your beliefs, just change the names.

Again. Same concepts, just different names. Here are the changes really. May want to check out some of my references - specifically Alma 40, D&C 76 and D&C 138.

What is commonly believed vs. scriptural teaching
 * Spririt World = Spirit World or Spirit Prison (no bodies is a prison)
 * Paradise = Paradise
 * Spirit Prison = Outer Darkness or Hell
 * Outer Darkness = Everlasting punishment (D&C 76:44), Gnolom, Gnolaum.

Check out some of the more recent manuals (gospel doctrine, Temples, etc. and they won't even put up the old spherical plan of salvation chart we used growing up. It doesn't exist in any new manuals for the same reason - it's semi-accurate. Maybe I'm being too picky with the exactness of stated doctrine versus what is commonly beleived in the church, but I think in these type of settings it's important to get it as close to perfect as we can. Let me know what you think. If you think this is a better discussion here for reference or via email let me know. Visorstuff 17:05, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)


text:
Pat Crerand

Patrick Timothy Crerand (born 19 February 1939) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a right half. After six years at Celtic, he moved to Manchester United where he won the English League title twice, the FA Cup, the FA Charity Shield twice and the European Cup. He also gained 16 international caps for Scotland. He is considered one of the best midfielders of his generation, possessing an extraordinary sense of sight and having a particularly prolific partnership with talisman George Best.

Crerand spent one season managing Northampton Town and has since forged a career in the media. He started on radio, and later commentated on matches for MUTV.

Early and personal life
Crerand was born to Irish immigrants in the Gorbals area of Glasgow on 19 February 1939. His father, Michael Crerand, was from Newtownstewart, County Tyrone, and his mother, Sarah Boyle, was from Gweedore, County Donegal, where Crerand spent much of his childhood. His father was killed on 12 March 1941 in a German air raid on John Brown's shipyard in Clydebank, where he was working the fire watch on the night of his death; Crerand was two years old.

Crerand married Noreen Ferry, a Scottish girl of Irish descent, in 1963. They have three children including Danny, who was also a professional footballer. He also has eight grandchildren. A cousin, Charlie Gallagher, also later became a footballer with Celtic. In 2007, he released his autobiography Never Turn the Other Cheek. Crerand became involved in Irish politics during the Troubles. He said in his autobiography that he was a friend of John Hume and he had talked to IRA members, including Martin McGuinness, in an effort to resolve the rent strikes of 1975.

Football career
Crerand signed for Celtic, following a spell playing Scottish junior football for Duntocher Hibernian alongside future Australia international Pat Hughes. After six years at Celtic, making 120 appearances and scoring five goals, he signed for Manchester United on 6 February 1963, the fifth anniversary of the Munich air disaster. Crerand made his debut against Blackpool. A hard-tackling right half known for his tenacity, he was also an accurate passer, creating chances for attacking players such as Bobby Charlton and George Best.

If pace was not one of his attributes, pugnacity was: "Where I was brought up, you had to be able to run or fight, and you know about my running," he once told a journalist. His pugilistic skills, as well as accurate passing, were much appreciated by his teammate George Best who was frequently the target for some rough treatment by opponents, especially in European matches. At such times, Best recalled: "I always looked around for Paddy Crerand. He's not a dirty player but he's a case-hardened tough Scottish nut when it comes to a fight."

Crerand helped United to the league championship in 1965 and 1967 and won the 1963 FA Cup final and 1968 European Cup final. He represented the Scotland national side on 16 occasions and the Scottish Football League XI. Crerand was inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame in November 2011.

In 1967, Crerand was involved in an incident which led to a change in the International Laws of Association Football. On 13 May 1967, Stoke City visited Old Trafford to play Manchester United. Crerand had an altercation with Peter Dobing of Stoke, which was dealt with by referee Pat Partridge by holding Crerand close, such that his head was over the referee's shoulder. Unknown to the official, TV cameras picked up Crerand spitting over his shoulder at opponent Tony Allen. Crerand and Dobing were cautioned for their confrontation. Partridge later received a letter from the Football League, asking for his observations on the incident. Partridge was unable to respond with conclusive evidence, but nevertheless the International Board changed the Laws of the Game to put spitting on a par with violent conduct and therefore a dismissible offence.

Crerand retired from playing in 1971, having appeared in 401 games. He became a coach at Manchester United and was assistant manager under Tommy Docherty in December 1972. However, Docherty added Frank Blunstone and Tommy Cavanagh to his coaching team soon after, and Crerand was sidelined. Crerand left Old Trafford in 1976 and was manager of Northampton Town in 1976–77. He covered Manchester United matches on local radio in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Media career
Today, he appears regularly on MUTV, Manchester United's television channel, as a co-commentator on its coverage of all Manchester United first-team and reserve matches, as well as appearing as a pundit on the phone-in show 'The Paddy Crerand Show", where he receives calls from supporters and discusses all things Manchester United. Crerand had previously summarised United matches for Piccadilly Radio in the 1990s before joining MUTV.

In February 2009, Crerand was part of the Manchester United contingent that visited Malta to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Malta Manchester United Supporters' Club, the oldest supporters club in the world. During this visit, MUTV and Crerand provided local fans with the opportunity to form part of the audience for his phone-in show.

In 1995, Crerand supported Eric Cantona during the time of his infamous kung-fu kick on Crystal Palace fan Matthew Simmons. Both before and after this incident, Crerand became known for being a 'cheerleader' for the Old Trafford club in media. Speaking in October 2014, former United captain Roy Keane criticised Crerand and Bryan Robson for being biased towards the club in their media work. Keane cited an incident where Nani had been sent off in a Champions League tie against Real Madrid which Keane believed was a correct decision, but Crerand and Robson had believed was incorrect.

On 10 December 2012, Crerand had a hostile reaction during an interview on BBC Radio 5 Live, where he was asked about Rio Ferdinand being struck by a coin from the home crowd during the previous day's Manchester derby.

Honours
Manchester United
 * Football League First Division: 1964–65, 1966–67
 * FA Cup: 1962–63
 * FA Charity Shield: 1965, 1967
 * European Cup: 1967–68

Scotland
 * British Home Championship: 1961–62

Individual
 * Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2011 inductee

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pat Crerand


text:
Nandao

Nandao is a kind of dao that is used mostly in contemporary Chinese wushu exercises and forms. It is the southern variation of the "northern broadsword", or beidao. Its blade bears some resemblance to the butterfly sword, also a southern Chinese single-bladed weapon; the main difference is the size, and the fact that the butterfly swords have D-shaped knuckle guards. The main difference with the beidao is that the nandao is mostly used two-handed due to its larger amount of weight, and it has a large metal crossguard useful in deflecting blows and hooking the opponent's weapon; also, although it is single-edged, the nandao is not curved like the northern broadsword.

The differentiation between beidao and nandao appear to be rather modern. There is no historical usage of the term and few antique weapons have been found with a shape that resembles a nandao. Therefore, it can never have been a major form as widely used as niuweidao, yanmaodao, liuyedao and the butterfly swords. It needs momentum to be used effectively, you deflect rather than block because of this.

title: Nandao


text:
John Ireland (disambiguation)

John Ireland (1914–1992) was a Canadian-American actor and film director.

John Ireland may also refer to:

 * John de Courcy Ireland (1911–2006), Irish historian and activist
 * John Ireland (bishop) (1838–1918), Irish-born American Catholic bishop
 * John Ireland (composer) (1879–1962), English composer
 * John Ireland (cricketer) (1888–1970), English amateur cricketer
 * John Ireland (philatelist) (1882–1965), British philatelist
 * John Ireland (pirate) (fl. 1694–1701), American pirate
 * John Ireland (politician) (1827–1896), American politician
 * John Ireland (Anglican priest) (1761–1842), English Anglican priest and philanthropist
 * John Ireland (South African musician) (born 1954), South African pop musician
 * John Ireland (sportscaster) (born 1963), American sportscaster
 * John Ireland (theologian) (fl. 1459–1495), Scottish theologian, diplomat, and priest
 * John Ireland (writer), (died 1808), British author
 * John Busteed Ireland (1823–1913), American lawyer, writer, and landowner
 * Jon Ireland (born 1967), Australian tennis player

title: John Ireland (disambiguation)


text:
Smoking (rolling paper)

Smoking is a brand of rolling paper, founded in 1924 in Capellades (Barcelona). It is owned by Miquel y Costas, a Spanish company specialized in the manufacture of rolling paper booklets and other products such as filters, tubes or accessories.

History
1725 is the earliest documented reference of this company. It was not until almost 100 years later that the Miquel family started specializing in cigarette paper. In 1868 the brothers Lorenzo and Antonio Miquel y Costas began to manufacture cigarette paper and in 1879 "El Pino" was born, considered the predecessor brand of Smoking. Also that year, the company moved production to La Pobla de Claramunt and founded the company Miquel y Costas Hermanos.

In 1929, the company was incorporated and took its present name, Miquel y Costas & Miquel S.A. Cigarette paper booklets first appeared in the 19th century and their international brand, Smoking, was introduced in 1924.

They manufacture Smoking, Pure Hemp, Guarani, Bugler, Bob Marley, SMK, Mantra and Bambu brand papers. They also produce many private label brands for other companies.

In 2006, Miquel y Costas was charged in Spain for allegedly using carcinogenic raw materials to cut production costs. The case was dismissed a few months later by the Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona, who found no basis for further proceedings.

title: Smoking (rolling paper)


text:
Michael Stone (author)

Michael Stone (born 1966) is an English author. He still lives in the area with his wife and daughter.

In the last three years, he has sold stories to online and print magazines such as Continuum SF, Kopfhalter! and Fusing Horizons, as well as appearing in the anthologies Cold Glass Pain, Teddy Bear Cannibal Massacre and Robots and Time. Forthcoming are stories in Twisted Cat Tales, Dred, Space Squid and Electric Spec.

After selling his story to Dybbuk Press for Teddy Bear Cannibal Massacre, he contacted the owner/operator Tim Lieder and sold him the second major project (for Dybbuk Press), BADASS HORROR which features stories by Michael Hemmingson, Michael Boatman, and Ronald Malfi. He also helped edit the anthology with Christopher J. Hall. Tim Lieder praises his ability to find great authors for the anthology.

Short stories

 * Memory Bones (www.stillwatersjournal.com, Winter 2002 and Kopfhalter! No. 1, March 2005)
 * C is for Clear (www.alienskinmag.com, May 2003 and www.continuumsciencefiction.com, April 2005)
 * The Genie's Last Laugh (www.alienskinmag.com, June 2003 and Fantasy World Geographic #2, June 2005)
 * Quiescent (Fusing Horizons No. 1, December 2003)
 * Weapons of Mass Production (Fusing Horizons #2, February 2004)
 * Sacred Skin (www.bloodlust-uk.com, April 2004)
 * Soapocryphal (Fusing Horizons #3, May 2004)
 * Takeaway (Fusing Horizons #3, May 2004)
 * After Dark) (Fusing Horizons No. 3, May 2004)
 * The Colour of Lemons (Continuum SF #2, Summer 2004)
 * The Damage Done (Fusing Horizons #4, October 2004)
 * The Long Fuse (Fusing Horizons #4, October 2004 and Flashshot #1127 December 2005)
 * Metaphorm (Fusing Horizons #4, October 2004)
 * Clob (The Teddy Bear Cannibal Massacre, ed. Tim Lieder, Dybbuk Press, LLC July 2005)
 * Bit Parts (Flashshot #1085, November 2005)
 * Enduring (Flashshot #1104, November 2005)

Collections

 * BADASS HORROR (editor alongside Christopher Hall, Dybbuk Press February 2006)

title: Michael Stone (author)


text:
Chhaang

Chhaang or chhyang (, छ्याङ, थो:) is a Nepalese and Tibetan alcoholic beverage also popular in parts of the eastern Himalayas, Yakkha, Limbu, Dura, Newar, Sunuwar, Rai, Gurung, Magar, Sherpa, Tamang, Tharus and Lepcha communities. Among the Lepcha, it is called Chi. It is also known as jaarh in Nepal.

Geographical prevalence

Chhaang is consumed by the ethnically Tibetan, Ladakhi and Nepalese, and to a lesser degree, by the people of the neighboring nations of Pakistan and Bhutan. It is usually drunk at room temperature in summer, but is often served piping-hot in brass bowls or wooden mugs when the weather is colder. The Limbu people of eastern Nepal call the drink Tongba.

Ingredients and drinking

Chhaang is a relative of beer. Barley, millet (finger-millet) or rice grains are used to brew the drink. Semi-fermented seeds of millet are served, stuffed in a barrel of bamboo called a dhungro. Boiling water is then poured in and sipped through a narrow-bore bamboo tube called a pipsing.

When the boiled barley has cooled, some yeast or dried barm is added and it is left to stand for two or three days after fermentation begins. This concoction is called glum. The barm consists of flour and, in Balti, often has ginger and aconite added to it. After fermentation is complete, water is added to the brew and it is then ready for consumption.

In Lahaul the glum is pressed out by hand instead of by filtering, yielding a rather cloudy drink. The residue of malt can be pressed through a strainer and then mixed with water or milk and used in baking bread or cakes.

Near Mount Everest of Nepal, chhaang is made by passing hot water through fermenting barley, and is then served in a large pot and drunk through a wooden straw.

This beverage is similar to the traditional drink of the Limbus, mandokpenaa thee.

Nepalese jand refers to the turbid liquor which is obtained by leaching out the extract with water from the fermented mash. Unlike chhang or tongba, jand is served in large mugs. These alcoholic beverages are generated using a traditional starter called murcha. Murcha itself is prepared by using yeast and mold flora of wild herbs in cereal flours.

Aconite and potential toxicity
The plant name Aconite may refer to two plant genera in the family Ranunculaceae, namely Aconitum and Eranthis, although Eranthis is known more usually as Winter Aconite. The plants used in the brewing of Chhaang in Baltistan and Ladakh are, however, almost certainly referable to Aconitum species - notably the local Aconitum ferox - which have a long history of use in the folk medicinal systems of Asia. Aconitum species are amongst the most virulently poisonous plants known, containing a variety of extremely toxic alkaloids, including aconitine and pseudaconitine.

The use of Aconitum as an additive in beer-brewing is therefore a practice fraught with the danger of fatal poisoning and should on no account be undertaken by any individual attempting to replicate a traditional Chhaang recipe. Although individual Aconitum species vary somewhat in the degree of their toxicity, all are poisonous and, when used in traditional herbal medicine, are invariably pre-treated in various ways intended to minimise their toxicity, while retaining their assumed therapeutic properties. Nevertheless, numerous fatalities have occurred resulting from such medicinal use e.g. in certain Chinese medicinal soups consumed for their supposed tonic effects, which include augmenting physical strength, boosting the immune system, and dispelling 'wind' and 'dampness'.

Culture
Chhaang is said to be the best remedy to ward off the severe cold of the mountains. It reputedly has many healing properties for conditions like the common cold, fevers, allergic rhinitis, and alcoholism among others.

According to legend, chhaang is also popular with the Yeti, or Himalayan Snowmen, who often raid isolated mountain villages to drink it.

Social correlates
Drinking and making offerings of chhaang are part of many pan-Tibetan social and religious occasions, including settling disputes, welcoming guests, and wooing.

title: Chhaang


text:
Alfred Krupp

Alfred Krupp (born Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp; Essen, 26 April 1812 – Essen, 14 July 1887) was a German steel manufacturer and inventor; the largest arms supplier of his era, which earned him the nickname "The Cannon King".

Biography
Alfred Krupp, son of Friedrich Krupp and his wife Theresa Helena Johann Wilhelmi (1790-1850), was born in 1812. His father did not manage to put the factory he founded in 1811 on its feet during his lifetime. He died in 1826 when Alfred Krupp was 14 years old and left to his son the secret of making high-quality cast steel, together with a small workshop in which production had come almost to a standstill. At this time, the family lived with the aunt in Metternich. The company, which at that time had only seven jobs and a debt of 10,000 thalers, was inherited by Friedrich's wife Theresa. Together with Friedrich Krupp's sister, Helena von Müller, née Krupp, a steel company was founded. The founding agreement was signed by all the heirs of Friedrich and his sister Helena. Alfred dropped out of school and took over the firm, although the firm was officially owned by his mother. By 1830 the situation had changed. With the development of rail transport in Germany and Europe, the demand for steel for the production of rails and steam locomotive axles had greatly increased. On 26 August 1830, after overcoming some difficulties in steel production, Krupp supplies cast steel rolls for the first time to Hüseken in Hagen-Hohenlimburg.

The creation of the German Customs Union facilitated freight transport in Germany. In 1836, Krupp already employed 60 people. Alfred Krupp took care of his "Kruppians", as they were later called, all his life. He introduced sickness insurance and built apartments for workers. In exchange, he demanded loyalty from them to the firm.

Alfred Krupp won new customers, extended his firm's purchases of raw materials, and secured funds to finance the expansion of his works. At the first world exhibition, the Great Exhibition, in London in 1851, he exhibited the largest steel ingot ever cast up to that time (4,300 pounds).

In 1851, another successful innovation, no-weld railway tyres, began the company's primary revenue stream, from sales to railways in the United States. Alfred enlarged the factory and fulfilled his long-cherished scheme to construct a breech-loading cannon of cast steel. He strongly believed in the superiority of breech-loaders, on account of improved accuracy and speed, but this view did not win general acceptance among military officers, who remained loyal to tried-and-true muzzle-loaded bronze cannon. Alfred soon began producing breech loading howitzers, one of which he gave to the Prussian court.

Indeed, unable to sell his steel cannon, Krupp gave it to the King of Prussia, who used it as a decorative piece. The king's brother Wilhelm, however, realized the significance of the innovation. After he became regent in 1859, Prussia bought its first 312 steel cannon from Krupp, which became the main arms manufacturer for the Prussian military.

Prussia used the advanced technology of Krupp to defeat both Austria and France in the German Wars of Unification. The French high command refused to purchase Krupp guns despite Napoleon III's support. The Franco-Prussian war was in part a contest of "Kruppstahl" versus bronze cannon. The success of German artillery spurred the first international arms race, against Schneider-Creusot in France and Armstrong in England. Krupp was able to sell, alternately, improved artillery and improved steel shielding to countries from Russia to Chile to Siam.

In the Panic of 1873, Alfred continued to expand, including the purchase of Spanish mines and Dutch shipping, making Krupp the biggest and richest company in Europe but nearly bankrupting it. He was bailed out with a 30 million Mark loan from a consortium of banks arranged by the Prussian State Bank.

In 1878 and 1879 Krupp held competitions known as Völkerschiessen, which were firing demonstrations of cannon for international buyers. These were held in Meppen, at the largest proving ground in the world; privately owned by Krupp. He took on 46 nations as customers. At the time of his death in 1887, he had 75,000 employees, including 20,200 in Essen. In his lifetime, Krupp manufactured a total of 24,576 guns; 10,666 for the German government and 13,910 for export.

Krupp established the Generalregulativ as the firm's basic constitution. The company was a sole proprietorship, inherited by primogeniture, with strict control of workers. Krupp demanded a loyalty oath, required workers to obtain written permission from their foremen when they needed to use the toilet and issued proclamations telling his workers not to concern themselves with national politics. In return, Krupp provided social services that were unusually liberal for the era, including "colonies" with parks, schools and recreation grounds - while the widows' and orphans' and other benefit schemes insured the men and their families in case of illness or death. Essen became a large company town and Krupp became a de facto state within a state, with "Kruppianer" as loyal to the company and the Krupp family as to the nation and the Hohenzollern family. Krupp's paternalist strategy was adopted by Bismarck as government policy, as a preventive against Social Democratic tendencies, and later influenced the development and adoption of Führerprinzip by Adolf Hitler.

The Krupp social services program began about 1861, when it was found that there were not sufficient houses in the town for firm employees, and the firm began building dwellings. By 1862 ten houses were ready for foremen, and in 1863 the first houses for workingmen were built in Alt Westend. Neu Westend was built in 1871 and 1872. By 1905, 400 houses were provided, many being given rent free to widows of former workers. A cooperative society was founded in 1868 which became the Consum-Anstalt. Profits were divided according to amounts purchased. A boarding house for single men, the Ménage, was started in 1865 with 200 boarders and by 1905 accommodated 1000. Bath houses were provided and employees received free medical services. Accident, life, and sickness  insurance societies  were formed, and the firm contributed to their support. Technical and manual training schools were provided.

Krupp was also held in high esteem by the Kaiser, who dismissed Julius von Verdy du Vernois and his successor Hans von Kaltenborn for rejecting Krupp's design of the C-96 field gun, quipping, "I’ve canned three War Ministers because of Krupp, and still they don’t catch on!"

Krupp proclaimed he wished to have "a man come and start a counter-revolution" against Jews, socialists and liberals. In some of his odder moods, he considered taking the role himself. According to historian William Manchester, his great grandson, Krupp would interpret these outbursts as a prophecy fulfilled by the coming of Hitler.

Personal life
Krupp's marriage was not a happy one. His wife Bertha (not to be confused with their granddaughter), was unwilling to remain in polluted Essen in Villa Hügel, the mansion which Krupp designed. She spent most of their married years in resorts and spas, with their only child, a son.

He was a tireless worker who never rested on his laurels. He was an extreme hypochondriac who suffered from depression and did not leave his bed for weeks and months.

He envisioned the employer as a patriarch, demanding from his workers not only respect, but also obedience and providing them with a secure existence for this. He thought highly of himself as an entrepreneur. In his villa Hugel, he received the leaders of Europe. Kings and emperors came to visit him not for receptions, but as clients. Therefore, in 1865, he refused the title of nobility granted to him by the King of Prussia as "inappropriate to his wishes." His name was Krupp, and that was enough.

title: Alfred Krupp


text:
Butterfly sword

The butterfly sword is a short dao, or single-edged sword, originally from southern China, though it has also seen use in the north. It is thought that butterfly swords date from the early 19th century. Several English language accounts from the 1840s describe local militia in Guangdong being trained in the "double swords", short swords with a hook extending from the guard, and fitting into a single scabbard.

The blade of a butterfly sword is roughly as long as a human forearm, which allows easy concealment inside loose sleeves or boots, and allows greater maneuverability when spinning and rotating during close-quarters fighting. Butterfly swords are usually wielded in pairs. A pair of swords will often be carried side by side within the same scabbard, so as to give the appearance of a single weapon.

The butterfly sword has a small crossguard to protect the hands of the wielder, similar to that of a sai, which can also be used to block or hook an opponent's weapon. In some versions the crossguard is enlarged offering a second handhold, held in this position the swords can be manipulated in a manner akin to a pair of tonfa. They may also be used as brass knuckles when non-lethal application of the weapon is desired.

Traditionally, the blade of a butterfly sword is only sharpened along half of its edge – from the middle of the blade to the tip; this can be seen in all vintage specimens from the Qing dynasty. The blade from the midpoint down is left blunt so that it can be used to deliver non-lethal strikes and to block without damaging the sharpened edge. Butterflies were generally commissioned for individual martial artists, not mass-produced, so every set of swords is different; however, an average blade today is about 11.5 in long with a 6 in handle.

Other terms
Butterfly swords are usually called 'butterfly knives' in English. However, they should not be confused with the folding balisong, which is also commonly called a butterfly knife. The Chinese word dao is used to designate any blade whose primary function is to cut and slash regardless of length. In some branches of Kung Fu, such as Wing Chun, butterfly knives are known as Baat Jaam Do (named after the system's form, literally 'Eight Chopping/Slashing Knives' in Cantonese).

Use
Butterfly swords are used in several Chinese martial arts, notably Wing Chun, Hung Ga, and Choy Li Fut. In Wing Chun, one notable aspect of butterfly sword combat is that its principles are the basis for all other weaponry. In theory, any object that can be held in the hands of a Wing Chun practitioner will follow the same basic principles of movement as the butterfly swords. This is because the use of butterfly swords is simply an extension of empty-handed combat.

The design of the weapon, including the quillon (crossguard) shape, blade profile and blade length, are specific to each style of martial arts, the precise lineage, and individual. For example, some martial arts lineages flip the butterfly swords between the forward and reverse grip like a Sai, and consequently need a quillon that will fit the hand during a reverse grip. Some lineages trap the opponent's staff or blade between the quillon and spine, and they need a longer quillon closer and more parallel to the spine than would fit a hand after flipping. Some schools like a hybrid quillon design that is adequate for both flipping and trapping, but optimal for neither.

Some butterfly swords had a long narrow blade that emphasized stabbing. While a deadly stabbing blade with a sharpened point—known as "Red Boat" knives—was used by Chinese revolutionaries in the Wing Chun lineage, modern Wing Chun practitioners tend to prefer a blade profile with a wider belly that emphasizes chopping and slashing. Wing Chun lore attributes this to the desire of Monks to maim rather than kill. These knives generally have a quarter circle style tip suitable only for chopping/slashing and not stabbing, or a shallower curve to a more pointed tip that will accommodate both.

The appropriate length of the blade is a combination of the lineage and individual. For a Hung Gar stylist, the length should be a few inches past the elbow when the knife is held in a reverse grip. Wing Chun schools that use techniques which twirl the knives inside the arm need a reverse grip blade length based on the distance to the interior of the bicep. Other Wing Chun schools measure to the outside of the bicep.

title: Butterfly sword


text:
Talk:List of defunct Canadian railways

Algoma Eastern
Algoma Eastern was taken over by the CPR in March of 1930. Little remained afterwards. It was dissolved in 1958. Huron Central is not germane to this history.

R.L.Kennedy 03:27, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Additions and deletions
This list is far from complete, however I have taken up the challenge of the original writer. I have deleted names of railways that never built anything, and there were hundreds of them! I have tried to limit it to railways that existed in the public eye, that is, had locomotives lettered for them. In addition I have included some that a have history written for them on the Internet and provided a link to my web site Old Time Trains under References, which has this material. It also has links to further Canadian Railway history web sites.

I have added brief notes to identify what happened to these defunct railways and have used the word "acquired" (whoever came up with "subsumed"? Not even in my dictionary. Had to search for that one!) simply because acquisition was had through a number of ways including in the case of the CPR, 999 year leases! Such leases are no longer legal, the Supreme Court having ruled anything longer than 99 years is a sale.

The CPR had a number of paper subsidiaries that existed into the 1950's for legal reasons. It also had subsidiaries that it operated under their own names such as Dominion Atlantic, Lake Erie & Northern etc. One of these, Quebec Central, the CPR had only 10% ownership yet, through a lease, operated it as if it owned it all!

Ontario & Quebec is an infamous "paper" subsidiary that came into the news in a big way in the 1980's when the CPR sold off its assets and kept the money for itself! Prime downtown Toronto real estate worth a fortune. It included Credit Valley and one-time narrow gauge Toronto Grey & Bruce. It was leased for 999 years yet, the CPR never held 100% ownership and the minority shareholders objected in a big way to getting nothing for themselves. It was in the courts for years and went all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada, They lost. The CPR won!

R.L.Kennedy

 * I have a couple of points:
 * This list has really developed over the last couple of months. I agree that the list be limited to 'real' railroads rather than just paper railroads.  But I would suggest expanding your definition to railways that were built rather than just having lettered locomotives.
 * I used the word 'subsumed' to describe railways that were chartered and built by a major railway but who's identity disappeared (ie was 'subsumed') into the major railway (see for example Columbia and Kootenay Railway and Canadian Northern Pacific Railway). These railways were never actually acquired since they always belonged to and were controlled by the major railway.  In contrast, other railways had an independent existence before being taken over (purchased or longterm lease) (see for example Kettle Valley Railway).
 * The listing of US railroads in the article is a mess. I think they should either get a separate heading (ie NOT under 'U') and the descriptions should be cut to a single line as with other railroads.  More details can be put into the specific railway article.  Or if the US railway was simply leasing a Canadian railway that could just be noted in the listing for the Canadian railway.
 * Al guy 17:41, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the list should be defined as railroads that built trackage (ie. the "subsumed"). I think the commenting could be made more effective by placing it into the articles themselves - even if they are only labeled with the {"rail-stub"} (remove the quote), right now we have a pile of red links, which is okay where we don't have information for certain railroads, but there is plenty to at least get a start on some of them.  Even if it just says the name, and "this railway/railroad became a subsidiary of xxx, or was merged with yyy to become zzz".  I'll see if I can get a start on these in the next few days.  I agree the U.S. area is a mess - the individual companies/subsidiaries of the U.S. systems should be placed into the general alphabetical listing, as opposed to being grouped under "U".  Plasma east 18:58, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

E&N
E: What is still operating is the E&N Railway Company (1998) Ltd. not the Esquimalt & Nanaimo. R.L.Kennedy 03:42, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I just thought that since the railway had been renamed doesn't necessarily make it 'defunct'. Canadian Pacific Limited is not listed as a defunct railway because it spun off its assets as Canadian Pacific Railway Limited.  Perhaps the entry could be put back on the list as Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway - operating as E and N Railway.  Al guy 04:20, Mar 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Defunct, in the sense of this list refers to the Corporate company not the actual tracks. In many cases the tracks continued under new names. In many cases both the Corporate and the tracks were abandoned. Esquimalt & Nanaimo was controlled by the CPR for decades. The finally got out of it by selling a small portion and then leasing the rest to E & N Railway Company (1998) Limited. The CPR is currently negotiating a deal to sell off the line to a new shortline which will also take over the portion sold to Rail America. So, the Esquimalt & Nanaimo may legally exist at the moment even though it does not operate. Perhaps then, it is correct to leave it off the list until actually disposed of by CPR.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of defunct Canadian railways. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://trainweb.org.oldtimetrains/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050301090050/http://www.trainweb.org/canadianrailways/articles/SignificantDatesInNSRailwayHistoryPart2.html to http://www.trainweb.org/canadianrailways/articles/SignificantDatesInNSRailwayHistoryPart2.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:46, 29 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of defunct Canadian railways


text:
No. 69 grenade

The British No. 69 was a hand grenade developed and used during the Second World War. It was adopted into service due to the need for a grenade with smaller destructive radius than the No. 36M "Mills bomb". This allowed the thrower to use a grenade even when there was little in the way of defensive cover. In contrast, the much greater destructive radius of the Mills bomb than its throwing range forced users to choose their throwing point carefully, in order to ensure that they would not be wounded by the shrapnel explosion of their own grenade.

The shell of the No. 69 grenade was composed entirely of the hard plastic, Bakelite, which shattered without producing fragments like a metal bodied grenade. Metal fragmenting sleeves were available to increase the grenade's lethality.

Using the No. 69 bomb was very simple: the screw-off cap was removed and discarded, and the grenade was then thrown. When the grenade was thrown, a linen tape with a curved lead weight on the end automatically unwrapped in flight, freeing a ball-bearing inside the fuze. In this manner the "all ways" action impact fuze was armed in flight and the grenade exploded on impact; and like the Gammon grenade, which used the same fuze design, it was withdrawn from service soon after the Second World War ended.

All-ways fuze
The No. 69 was the first British device to make use of the "all-ways fuze" later seen in the No. 82 Gammon bomb, the No. 73 Thermos bomb and the No. 77 smoke grenade. The "all-ways" fuze is an impact-only fuze. The term "all-ways" refers to the fact that all of the possible ways in which the grenade could hit a target were guaranteed to trigger detonation. Normally, impact-detonated munitions must hit the target with a particular point of impact (i.e. perpendicular to the fuze mechanism) in order to detonate. In contrast, no matter which way the No. 69 grenade hit the target (e.g. landing on its base, or sideways or upside down) it would still explode.

The all-ways fuze was composed of a free-floating striker and detonator combination held apart by a weak spring. On top of this assembly was a steel ball bearing pressed against a conical housing by the striker. Any impact in the vertical axis would impart acceleration to either the striker or the detonator, causing the firing pin to contact and ignite the detonator. Any impact in the horizontal axis would cause the ball bearing to follow the slope of the conical housing converting the horizontal acceleration into a vertical one, touching off the detonator as before.

The fuze was worked by the user first unscrewing a plastic cap to expose a long, narrow cloth streamer with a curved lead weight attached to the end. Upon release from the hand or projector the weighted streamer, would catch the air and quickly unwind from the top of the grenade, eventually withdrawing a loose safety pin from the fuze. With the pin removed the striker and detonator would be free to come into contact, which would happen due to the force of impact when the grenade struck a hard surface.

The all-ways fuze had a minor design defect in that the hard steel ball bearing would be propelled away from the explosion as a piece of shrapnel. When used in an "offensive" application such as the No. 69 grenade, where the user was not required to take cover before throwing, there was a chance that the user could be struck and injured by the fast-moving ball bearing. According to military author Ian V. Hogg, this problem led to restrictions in the use of the grenade as practice ordnance.

Markings

 * A ring of red "X" in the top half between the safety cap and middle indicated that it has a filling suitable for tropical use (humidity).
 * A green band just under the middle ring indicated an Amatol 80/20 filling.
 * The white letters "BAR" on the green band indicated a Baratol 20/80 filling.
 * The white letters "LYD" on the green band indicated a Lyddite filling.

title: No. 69 grenade


text:
User:Mozzerati/iedited

 * 1890 in science
 * 2004 Atlantic hurricane season named storms
 * 2004 U.S. Election controversies and irregularities
 * 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy
 * 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy/2004 U.S. presidential election controversy
 * 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy and irregularities
 * 2004 U.S. presidential elections
 * 2004 U.S. presidential elections and crimes against humanity
 * 2.75G
 * 4 (number)
 * 51 Pegasi
 * Abiogenic petroleum origin
 * AC-130 gunship
 * AC-47 Spooky
 * Accelerometer
 * Acoustics
 * Acts of Gord
 * Advanced Mobile Phone System
 * Afghan Baha'is
 * After effects of the Warsaw Uprising
 * Airport security repercussions due to the September 11, 2001 attacks
 * Albrandswaard
 * Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov
 * Alexander Orlov
 * Alkemade
 * Allen High School
 * Allen, Texas
 * Allerton High School
 * Alphen aan den Rijn
 * Alternating current
 * Andrea Pisano
 * Animation
 * Anne Frank
 * Antitrust
 * Anya Jenkins
 * Apartheid
 * Apeldoorn
 * Architecture
 * Arthur Travers Harris
 * Ary Scheffer
 * A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again
 * Atomic clock
 * Auschwitz
 * Auschwitz concentration camp
 * Autoradiopuhelin
 * Baibars II
 * Bangkok
 * Barendrecht
 * Basalt
 * Base station
 * Base Station Subsystem
 * Base Transceiver Station
 * Base Transciever Station
 * Battery (electricity)
 * Battle of the Ebro
 * Ben Moon
 * Bergschenhoek
 * Berkelland
 * Bermuda
 * Bertschi School
 * Betamax
 * Bibendum
 * Bicontinental country
 * Blackwater Security Services
 * Blitzkrieg
 * Bombing of Dresden
 * Bombing of Dresden in World War II
 * Bombing of Dresden in World War II/Archive 5
 * Bombing of Dresden in World War II/Archive 6
 * Bombing of Dresden in World War II/Archive 7
 * Bombing of Dresden in World War II/Archive 8
 * Border gateway protocol
 * Border Gateway Protocol
 * Breastfeeding
 * British Standards
 * Broadband
 * BSI
 * BSS
 * BTS
 * Buren
 * Cahors
 * CAPPS
 * Car phone
 * CDMA2000
 * Cell switching
 * Cellular network
 * CG artwork
 * Charnwood Forest
 * Chesapeake and Delaware Canal
 * Circuit Switched Data
 * Class I railroad
 * Climbing
 * College Baseball Awards
 * Computer-aided design
 * Cordless phone
 * Criticism of Islam
 * Cultural representations of the Warsaw Uprising
 * Cut through
 * Damage types (StarCraft)
 * David Irving
 * Definition of terrorism
 * Delft
 * Deluge (prehistoric)
 * Demographics of the Soviet Union
 * Diggers (True Levellers)
 * Digital AMPS
 * Disk brake
 * Diving
 * Doublespeak
 * Dragon Ball
 * Dsdds
 * Duplex
 * E.214
 * Eamon de Valera
 * Economy of India
 * Elder High School
 * Electromagnetic radiation
 * Empire Software
 * Epiphany (web browser)
 * Epiphany web browser
 * Essential patent
 * European Union at the 2004 Summer Olympics
 * EvoWiki
 * Excommunication
 * Exmh
 * Falkland Islands
 * Fast User Switching
 * Fenchurch Street railway station
 * Festung
 * Flat-tailed day gecko
 * Food and Drug Administration
 * Footnote
 * Four (disambiguation)
 * Freak wave
 * Free Haven
 * Frequency allocation
 * Friends Reunited
 * Fullerene
 * Gabumon
 * Galeon
 * Gallery of Socialist Realism
 * Gault Millau
 * Gazeta Wyborcza
 * Gdansk
 * Gdansk/Vote
 * Genealogy
 * General Packet Radio Service
 * Genes Reunited
 * Georgia
 * German end of WWII strongholds
 * German strongholds at the end of WW2
 * German WWII strongholds
 * Global Positioning System
 * Global System for Mobile Communications
 * Global Title
 * Global Title Translation
 * Global warming
 * GMSC
 * Goa
 * God
 * God, monotheistic
 * Goh Chok Tong
 * Golden Gate Bridge
 * Gonzo
 * GPRS core network
 * GPRS Core Network
 * Graafstroom
 * Great Books of the Western World
 * Great Britain at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
 * Greco-Persian Wars
 * Groklaw
 * GSM core network
 * GSM services
 * Gulag
 * Gustav Stickley
 * Hanjin
 * Harderwijk
 * Helen Gandy
 * Hermann Göring
 * Heuvelrug
 * High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
 * Hijab
 * Historical revisionism
 * History of Pomerania
 * Holocaust
 * Holocaust denial
 * Holocene climatic optimum
 * Houseplant care
 * Http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User talk:Netoholic&oldid=11516739
 * Human shield action to Iraq
 * Hustler
 * HyperCard
 * If I am blocked, you will be sued.
 * Image:Autofellatio.jpg
 * Image:Cahors-pont-valentre.JPG
 * Image:Frequency reuse.fig
 * Image:Frequency reuse.png
 * Image:GPRS core structure.png
 * Image:GPRS core structure.sxd
 * Image:GPRS tunnelling protocol.fig
 * Image:GPRS tunnelling protocol.png
 * Image:Gsm network.fig
 * Image:Gsm network.png
 * Image:Nafplio harbour.jpg
 * Image:Ozone cfc decline.png
 * Image:Ozone cfc trends.png
 * Image:Tdma-frame-structure.fig
 * Image:Tdma-frame-structure.png
 * Image:TransAfrica.PNG
 * Image:Uprising bank polski2.jpg
 * Image:Uprising monument.jpg
 * Image:Waw-soviet-military-cemetery-dedication.jpg
 * Image:Waw-soviet-military-cemetery-main.jpg
 * Image:Waw-soviet-military-cemetery-relief.jpg
 * Image:Waw-uprising-monument-racecourse-politicals.jpg
 * Image:Waw-uprising-monument-rycerska.jpg
 * Image:Waw-uprising-monument-sewer-entry.jpg
 * Image:Waw-uprising-monument-zelazna-chrobry.jpg
 * IMSI
 * IMT-2000
 * Indian architecture
 * Indian Olympic Association
 * Industrial design
 * Infant formula
 * Insurance
 * Intelligent Network
 * International Freedom of Expression Exchange
 * International Mobile Subscriber Identity
 * International Special Committee on Radio Interference
 * Inverse multiplexer
 * Iron law of wages
 * IS-136
 * IS-54
 * Isaac Fanous
 * Islamophobia
 * Itsuki, Kumamoto
 * James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn
 * Jan Nowak-Jezioranski
 * Jeroen Tel
 * Joerg Friedrich
 * Jörg Friedrich
 * José Padilla
 * Joseph Stalin
 * Józef Cyrankiewicz
 * Kakitsu
 * Kapo
 * Karl von Clausewitz
 * Kenji
 * Kenji (emperor)
 * Kenji (Japanese era)
 * Kent State shootings
 * Kerkrade
 * Kinnaur
 * Kurdistan Workers Party
 * Lack of outside support in the Warsaw Uprising
 * Laser cutting
 * Lázaro Cárdenas del Río
 * Lead up to the Warsaw Uprising
 * Lee Hsien Loong
 * Lee Kuan Yew
 * Les Moutiers-en-Auge
 * Liberal Reformist Party
 * Libertarianism
 * Linoleic acid
 * Lisse
 * List of climbers
 * List of military units in the Warsaw Uprising
 * List of Nashville Predators captains
 * List of noteworthy individuals in the Warsaw Uprising
 * List of "Shit happens" jokes
 * List of twins
 * List of U.S. ticker symbols
 * Location area
 * Location arithmetic
 * Louisiana
 * Lowell High School (San Francisco)
 * Lynndie England
 * Main Page
 * Marco Polo (game)
 * Mark-77
 * Mark 77 bomb
 * Matsu (goddess)
 * Maunder Minimum
 * Max
 * MC-CDMA
 * Megan Ambuhl
 * Megatsunami
 * Merry Christmas from the Willy on Wheels!
 * MH Message Handling System
 * Michelin
 * Michelin Man
 * Milankovitch cycles
 * Military description of the Warsaw uprising
 * Military description of the Warsaw Uprising
 * Military history of the Soviet Union
 * Mistrial
 * Mobile phone
 * Mobility management
 * Monoclonal antibody
 * Monotheistic God
 * Motorola
 * Mountaineering
 * Multihoming
 * Multiplexer
 * Murphy's law
 * Náfplio
 * Nanjing Massacre
 * Napalm
 * Nashville Predators
 * Nazism
 * Nekromantix
 * Network and Switching Subsystem
 * Nieuw-Lekkerland
 * Nmh
 * NPI
 * NSS
 * Numbering plan
 * Numbering Plan Indicator
 * Numbering scheme
 * Numinous
 * Objectivist philosophy
 * Office
 * Office building
 * Oleic acid
 * Olympic Games
 * One weekend a month, two weeks a year
 * Ono, Fukui
 * On War
 * Operation Barbarossa
 * Operation Tempest
 * Origins of the American Civil War
 * Packet Control Unit
 * Paging (telecommunications)
 * Parallel Lives
 * Parti Réformateur Libéral
 * Penan
 * Perfect
 * Pim Fortuyn
 * Pituitary adenoma
 * Plural of virus
 * Poland's betrayal by the Western Allies
 * Polish-Soviet War
 * Population transfer
 * Professional Mobile Radio
 * Punky Brewster
 * Pushing To 1.0
 * Push to talk
 * PXE
 * Quasar
 * Radio cell
 * Radio Network Controller
 * Ray Ewry
 * R Doradus
 * Reasonable and Non Discriminatory Licensing
 * Recent deaths
 * Renkum
 * Reporters without borders
 * Reporters Without Borders
 * Representation of the Warsaw Uprising in symbols the media and public knowledge
 * Representation of the Warsaw Uprising in symbols the media and public knowlege
 * Republican National Committee
 * RF radiation
 * Rhenen
 * Richard Stallman
 * Robert Kardashian
 * Rogue wave
 * Roosevelt
 * Rowland Emett
 * Ruling class
 * Samba configuration
 * Samba software
 * Samsung Group
 * Sanitary towel
 * San Popo
 * Schiermonnikoog
 * Security
 * Security theatre
 * Senior Minister
 * Shakespeare's sonnets
 * Shining Path
 * Shock and Awe
 * Shogen
 * Show Me!
 * Silvio Berlusconi
 * Smallpox
 * Socialist realism
 * Social Realism
 * Social realist
 * Software patent
 * Solar variation
 * Soliton
 * SOLLOG-IS-GNAA-DONCHA-KNOW
 * Soloflex
 * Sound trademark
 * Source lines of code
 * South Eastern Freeway
 * Soviet military cemetery in Warsaw
 * Spanish Civil War
 * Spanish Civil War Chronology 1936
 * Spanish Civil War Chronology 1937
 * Spanish Civil War Chronology 1938-1939
 * Specific absorption rate
 * Stadice
 * St Antony's College
 * Stingray
 * Subject-object problem
 * Sun Tzu
 * Supercow
 * Superfetation
 * Supreme Court of the United States
 * Svyatoy kolodets
 * Swastika
 * Swim
 * Sydney Hilton bombing
 * Tacitus
 * Taysir Allouni
 * Template:An
 * Template:Anb
 * Template:Anb-feature-test-1
 * Template:August 1 selected anniversaries
 * Template:Dreyfusaffair
 * Template:Economy of India infobox
 * Template:Fn
 * Template:Fnb
 * Template:Law connections
 * Template:Note
 * Template:Note test html
 * Template:Ref
 * Template:Ref2
 * Template:SpanishCivilWarNav
 * Template:Warsaw Uprising
 * Terrestrial Trunked Radio
 * Terry Pratchett
 * Theater of the Sea
 * The capitulation of Warsaw after the Warsaw Uprising
 * The Holocaust
 * The New York Times
 * The Nexus (journal)
 * The Sirens of Titan
 * Thomas E. Watson
 * Time division multiple access
 * Time-division multiplexing
 * Time slot
 * Titan (moon)
 * TMSI
 * Torneå
 * Total war
 * Trademark
 * Trail of Tears
 * Transcoder
 * Transhumanism
 * Trnopolje
 * Turbinate
 * Unani
 * User:132.205.15.5
 * User:163.150.137.68
 * User:165.21.154.9
 * User:171
 * User:172
 * User:221.127.213.55
 * User:24.156.201.37
 * User:67.68.229.20
 * User:Ae-a
 * User:AllyUnion
 * User:AllyUnion/VFD List
 * User:Alterego
 * User:Ancheta Wis
 * User:BrandonYusufToropov
 * User:Chan Han Xiang
 * User:Coolgamer
 * User:Ctrl build
 * User:Dathida
 * User:DJ Clayworth
 * User:Erginer
 * User:Everyking
 * User:Halibutt/Mozzerati
 * User:Halibutt/Warsaw Uprising
 * User:Heron
 * User:Huaiwei
 * User:Infrogmation
 * User:Jeronimo
 * User:JesseW
 * User:Jimbo Wales/Pushing To 1.0
 * User:John Ball
 * User:Jurriaan Schulman
 * User:Kate/WhyWikiPediaWorksNot
 * User:Kowloonese
 * User:L33tminion
 * User:Lord Bob
 * User:MacGyverMagic
 * User:MacGyverMagic (bastard administrator)
 * User:Mozzerati
 * User:Mozzerati/German end of WWII strongholds
 * User:Mozzerati/high-falutin'
 * User:Mozzerati/iedited
 * User:Mozzerati/Note compatibility test
 * User:Mozzerati/tag risks
 * User:Netoholic
 * User:Nichalp
 * User:Doradus
 * User:Patrick
 * User:Philip Baird Shearer
 * User:Philip Baird Shearer/Archive 2
 * User:Piotrus
 * User:SamuelWantman
 * User:SimonP
 * User:SimonP/Archive 2
 * User:SlimVirgin
 * User:Somebody512
 * User:Spinboy
 * User:TakuyaMurata
 * User:Tba03
 * User:The Rev of Bru
 * User:Tigerred53
 * User:Viajero
 * User:WOT
 * Valkenburg (South Holland)
 * Vietnam War
 * Vincent Brooks
 * Virus
 * Vlist
 * VLR
 * Vodafone
 * Votes for deletion history archive 2004-09-20
 * Wander
 * WAPI
 * Warmond
 * Warsaw Ghetto
 * Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
 * Warsaw Uprising
 * Warsaw Uprising 1943
 * Warsaw Uprising/Archive1
 * Warsaw uprising facts, figures and statistics
 * W-CDMA
 * Weblog
 * Webzine
 * Wedgie
 * Wehrwolf
 * Werwolf
 * WIA
 * Wikipedia
 * Wikipedia access via WAP
 * Avoid academic boosterism
 * Changing attribution for an edit
 * China-related topics notice board
 * Cite sources
 * Cleanup
 * Copyright problems
 * Deadend pages
 * Deletion policy
 * Deletion policy/Lists of schools
 * Deletion policy/schools
 * Descriptive image tagging
 * Featured article candidates
 * Featured article candidates/Atlanta, Georgia
 * Featured article candidates/Automatic number plate recognition/archive1
 * Featured article candidates/Business continuity planning/archive1
 * Featured article candidates/Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad
 * Featured article candidates/E-mail spam/archive1
 * Featured article candidates/Google Gulp
 * Featured article candidates/Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Featured article candidates/New York City Subway nomenclature
 * Featured article candidates/Polish-Soviet War
 * Featured article candidates/Schutzstaffel
 * Featured article candidates/Special Air Service
 * Featured article candidates/Stuttering
 * Featured article candidates/Wikipedia
 * Featured article candidates/Yield curve/archive1
 * Footnote2
 * Footnote3
 * Footnote3/html notes demo
 * Footnote3/Lessons Learned
 * Footnote3/numlink2note.pl
 * Footnotes
 * Help desk
 * How to edit a page
 * Images and media for deletion/Autofellatio 2
 * Links to disambiguating pages (F)
 * Manual of Style
 * Manual of Style (jguk's changes)
 * Manual of Style (links)
 * Million pool
 * Mirrors and forks
 * Mirrors and forks/GFDL Compliance
 * Mirrors and forks/Mno
 * Peer review
 * Peer review/Archibald Maule Ramsay/archive1
 * Peer review/Armenian Genocide/archive1
 * Peer review/Dream Theater/archive1
 * Peer review/Golden Gate Bridge/archive1
 * Peer review/International cricket in South Africa (1971 to 1981)/archive1
 * Preliminary Deletion/Vote
 * Protected page
 * Pushing to 1.0
 * Reliable sources
 * Requests for adminship
 * Selected anniversaries/August 1
 * Send in the clones
 * Standard GFDL violation letter
 * Templates for deletion
 * Three revert rule
 * Three-revert rule
 * Three revert rule enforcement
 * Vandalism in progress
 * Version 1.0 Editorial Team
 * VfD decisions not backed by current policies
 * VfD decisions not backed by current policies/poll
 * Viewing deleted articles
 * Village pump (news)
 * Village pump (policy)
 * Village pump (proposals)
 * Village pump (technical)
 * Votes for deletion
 * Votes for deletion/2004 Atlantic hurricane season named storms
 * Votes for deletion/2004 U.S. Election controversies and irregularities
 * Votes for deletion/2004 U.S. presidential election controversy
 * Votes for deletion/2240
 * Votes for deletion/Afghan Baha'is
 * Votes for deletion/AIM W3rm
 * Votes for deletion/Allen High School
 * Votes for deletion/Allerton High School
 * Votes for deletion/Antonio Domenico Viraldini
 * Votes for deletion/A Perfect Circle - The Outsider
 * Votes for deletion/Arbor Heights Elementary
 * Votes for deletion/Armwood High School
 * Votes for deletion/Arturo hernandez
 * Votes for deletion/A warning about websites that describe guns
 * Votes for deletion/Bertschi School
 * Votes for deletion/Bible mission
 * Votes for deletion/Bicontinental country
 * Votes for deletion/Binary Cell
 * Votes for deletion/Bitch slammer
 * Votes for deletion/Blake High School
 * Votes for deletion/Bloomingdale High School
 * Votes for deletion/Brandi Engel
 * Votes for deletion/Brian Wolden
 * Votes for deletion/Butterface
 * Votes for deletion/Camila Belchior
 * Votes for deletion/Carmelo Bron
 * Votes for deletion/Chinese ethnocentrism
 * Votes for deletion/Cities with same latitude
 * Votes for deletion/Cobaye Molotov
 * Votes for deletion/Cooper city high school
 * Votes for deletion/Cuatro Pelo
 * Votes for deletion/Cultural Relativism as Nihlism
 * Votes for deletion/Custy
 * Votes for deletion/Daggoth
 * Votes for deletion/Devonshire Cat
 * Votes for deletion/Dickon Prior
 * Votes for deletion/Elder High School
 * Votes for deletion/Festung
 * Votes for deletion/FoolFind
 * Votes for deletion/Four (disambiguation)
 * Votes for deletion/Free Haven
 * Votes for deletion/Friends reunited
 * Votes for deletion/Fürstentum Sealand
 * Votes for deletion/Gabumon
 * Votes for deletion/Gary E. Luck
 * Votes for deletion/George A. Sheridan
 * Votes for deletion/Global warming alarmist
 * Votes for deletion/Gniazdowski
 * Votes for deletion/Going Commando
 * Votes for deletion/Grace Marzioli
 * Votes for deletion/Hanjin
 * Votes for deletion/High schools in California
 * Votes for deletion/High schools in Connecticut
 * Votes for deletion/High schools in Illinois
 * Votes for deletion/High schools in New Jersey
 * Votes for deletion/High schools in Pennsylvania
 * Votes for deletion/High schools in the United States
 * Votes for deletion history archive 2004-09-20
 * Votes for deletion/History of Canadian imperialism
 * Votes for deletion/Homespring
 * Votes for deletion/Houseplant care
 * Votes for deletion/Huntington School York
 * Votes for deletion/International Training in Communication
 * Votes for deletion/Isaac Fanous
 * Votes for deletion/Jane and Finch
 * Votes for deletion/Jarvis Family
 * Votes for deletion/Jewish ethnocentrism
 * Votes for deletion/Jonathan Callahan
 * Votes for deletion/Katie Fitzgerald
 * Votes for deletion/King Sphinx
 * Votes for deletion/Koadic's Endless Intellect
 * Votes for deletion/Kohlit
 * Votes for deletion/Laser star hypothesis
 * Votes for deletion/Les Moutiers-en-Auge
 * Votes for deletion/Lisa Siciliano
 * Votes for deletion/List of ethnic stereotypes
 * Votes for deletion/List of Nashville Predators captains
 * Votes for deletion/List of "Shit happens" jokes
 * Votes for deletion/List of songs on Dance Dance Revolution MegaMix
 * Votes for deletion/List of U.S. ticker symbols
 * Votes for deletion/Logan Fontenelle Middle School
 * Votes for deletion/Lowell High School (San Francisco)
 * Votes for deletion/Maliia Kanaulahu
 * Votes for deletion/Malvern Preparatory School
 * Votes for deletion/Martin Oei
 * Votes for deletion/Monica de Bruyn
 * Votes for deletion/Mount Sinai High School
 * Votes for deletion/Nico Demonte
 * Votes for deletion/Nihat Ozsahin
 * Votes for deletion/One weekend a month, two weeks a year
 * Votes for deletion/Periodic table (anti)
 * Votes for deletion/Policy consensus/Regarding tally boxes
 * Votes for deletion/P. serraticauda images
 * Votes for deletion/Quadrosoft
 * Votes for deletion/Rowland Emett
 * Votes for deletion/Russian joke
 * Votes for deletion/Samael Aun Weor
 * Votes for deletion/Samba configuration
 * Votes for deletion/Soloflex
 * Votes for deletion/Sonja Elen Kisa
 * Votes for deletion/Super-threading
 * Votes for deletion/Swartika
 * Votes for deletion/Theca
 * Votes for deletion/The Nexus (journal)
 * Votes for deletion/Trnopolje
 * Votes for deletion/Tucker Max
 * Votes for deletion/Vaughan Secondary School
 * Votes for deletion/Venango Catholic High School
 * Votes for deletion/Waah
 * Votes for deletion/Wan Li
 * Votes for deletion/Wedgie
 * Votes for deletion/Wisma Maria
 * Votes for deletion/Xavier College (Melbourne)
 * Votes for deletion/Year dot
 * Votes for deletion/Zebibyte
 * Votes for undeletion
 * WAP access
 * Watch/hottopics
 * Watch/policy
 * Watch/schoolwatch
 * What is a featured article
 * WikiProject Fact and Reference Check
 * WikiProject Fact and Reference Check/Example 2/
 * WikiProject Photography
 * WikiProject Wiki Syntax/triple-quotes-004.txt
 * WikiProject Wiki Syntax/triple-quotes-006.txt
 * William Beechey
 * Win
 * Windows 95
 * Winston Churchill
 * Wireless Application Protocol
 * Witold Pilecki
 * Wong Kan Seng
 * World War I
 * Wounded in action
 * Wounded in Action
 * Xenu
 * Xmh
 * Xterra Triathlon
 * XTERRA Triathlon
 * Year dot

title: User:Mozzerati/iedited


text:
Talk:Non-strict two-phase locking

Could anyone please explain what X(A), R(A) and W(A) mean?

--- Mistake: Two-Phase-Locking (2PL) IS NOT non-strict two-phase locking, but rather 2PL properly includes S2PL. Is the name intended for the difference 2PL - S2PL ? Unclear, and for sure not the set 2PL.

Strict-two-phase-locking is the intersection of Strict with Two-phase-locking. Strict-two-phase-locking is practically (mistakenly) used for a proper set of this intersection.

"non-strict two-phase locking" is a very bad choice of name. I have not seen this name in any professional/scientific articls. Needs to be removed.

Redirection from 2PL needs to be cancelled.

The article should be joined with the article on Strict-two-phase-locking and the one on conservative two-phase locking under the title "Two phase locking"

2PL creates serializable schedules. these schedules, however may still contain undesired effects of concurrent transaction execution (e.g. dirty reads) strict 2PL creates serializable schedules which prevent such anomalies.

2PL usually bares the risk of deadlocks! This can be prevented by another specialization of 2PC: preclaiming or "conservative 2PL": This means a transaction receives all its locks at once (either all or none), so that no cyclic wait can arise. ---

Remove this article -Wrong name
I agree with previous comments:

1. Wrong name

2. Remove article

2PL needs a separate article, or section in another article.

Comps 21:36, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

 * OK - merger proposed. Please discuss at Talk:Strict_two-phase_locking.  If you have sufficient knowledge of the subject, please merge what's good in the text from here into that article, then propose deletion of this one. - Fayenatic london (talk) 18:48, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

The article contains NO any valuable material. Maybe I used a too polite language. It is a disgrace to Wikipedia, and should be removed. The proposed merger is REJECTED. 2PL will get a proper article. Please delete or return the deletion tag. Comps 01:41, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Non-strict two-phase locking


text:
String Quartet No. 9 (Beethoven)

The String Quartet No. 9 in C major, Op. 59, No. 3, was written by Ludwig van Beethoven and published in 1808. This work is the third of three of his "Razumovsky" cycle of string quartets, and is a product of his "middle" period. It consists of four movements: 1. Andante con moto – Allegro vivace (C major)

2. Andante con moto quasi allegretto (A minor)

3. Menuetto (Grazioso) (C major)

4. Allegro molto (C major)

Discussion
The introductory andante con moto section of the first movement is not directly related to the rest of the movement and serves a similar function to the introduction of his Op. 74 quartet. Thereafter, the movement's main thematic material is exposed and developed. The relation (or apparent lack thereof) between the slow, sombre and dissonant introduction and the bright allegro which follows, is similar to what is found in Mozart's "Dissonance" Quartet, also in the key of C.

The quartet's second movement makes use of an augmented second in the descending scale first played by the first violin at the beginning of the movement. This interval, repeated through the movement, gives it an association with the Hungarian scale. Unlike the other two opus 59 quartets, this one does not have an explicit "Theme Russe" in any of its movements. Nevertheless, it can be argued that this second movement with its sparse texture and comfortless melodies, evokes a Russian feel by bringing to mind the vast, barren and desolate landscape of the Siberian tundra.

The quartet's third movement is a lighter menuetto which provides the motif that is subsequently turned upside down for the last movement, a fugal allegro molto that begins with the viola and adds the second violin, cello and first violin in that order. The movement is in alla breve time and is almost a perpetuum mobile in quavers. The fugue is semi-rigorous, somewhere between the fugato of Mozart's string quartet K.387 and the rigorous fugue of his Adagio and Fugue K.546. About halfway into the movement, a contrasting theme is introduced, which moves in minims. The movement concludes with an enormous Mannheim crescendo, peaking at an implicit Dynamics (music).

References and further reading

 * Robert Hatten, "An Approach to Ambiguity in the Opening of Beethoven's 'String Quartet', Op. 59 no. 3, I," Indiana Theory Review Vol. 3, No. 3 (Spring, 1980): 28-35.
 * Joseph Kerman, The Beethoven Quartets. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1966.  ISBN 0-393-00909-2
 * pp.95-146

title: String Quartet No. 9 (Beethoven)