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Ptolemy's theorem

In Euclidean geometry, Ptolemy's theorem is a relation between the four sides and two diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral (a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on a common circle). The theorem is named after the Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). Ptolemy used the theorem as an aid to creating his table of chords, a trigonometric table that he applied to astronomy.

If the vertices of the cyclic quadrilateral are A, B, C, and D in order, then the theorem states that:

 * $$AC\cdot BD = AB\cdot CD+BC\cdot AD$$

This relation may be verbally expressed as follows:

 * If a quadrilateral is cyclic then the product of the lengths of its diagonals is equal to the sum of the products of the lengths of the pairs of opposite sides.

Moreover, the converse of Ptolemy's theorem is also true:

 * In a quadrilateral, if the sum of the products of the lengths of its two pairs of opposite sides is equal to the product of the lengths of its diagonals, then the quadrilateral can be inscribed in a circle i.e. it is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Equilateral triangle

Ptolemy's Theorem yields as a corollary a pretty theorem regarding an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle.

Given An equilateral triangle inscribed on a circle and a point on the circle.

The distance from the point to the most distant vertex of the triangle is the sum of the distances from the point to the two nearer vertices.

Proof: Follows immediately from Ptolemy's theorem:

 * $$ qs=ps+rs \Rightarrow q=p+r. $$

Square
Any square can be inscribed in a circle whose center is the center of the square. If the common length of its four sides is equal to $$a$$ then the length of the diagonal is equal to $$a\sqrt{2}$$ according to the Pythagorean theorem, and Ptolemy's relation obviously holds.

Rectangle
More generally, if the quadrilateral is a rectangle with sides a and b and diagonal d then Ptolemy's theorem reduces to the Pythagorean theorem. In this case the center of the circle coincides with the point of intersection of the diagonals. The product of the diagonals is then d2, the right hand side of Ptolemy's relation is the sum a2 + b2.

Copernicus – who used Ptolemy's theorem extensively in his trigonometrical work – refers to this result as a 'Porism' or self-evident corollary:

 * Furthermore it is clear (manifestum est) that when the chord subtending an arc has been given, that chord too can be found which subtends the rest of the semicircle.

Pentagon
A more interesting example is the relation between the length a of the side and the (common) length b of the 5 chords in a regular pentagon. By completing the square, the relation yields the golden ratio:
 * $$\begin{array}{rl}

b \cdot b                 \,\;\;\qquad\quad\qquad =&\!\!\!\! a \! \cdot \! a + a \! \cdot \! b \\      b^2  \;\;  - ab                        \quad\qquad =&\!\! a^2 \\ \frac{b^2}{a^2} \;\; - \frac{ab}{a^2}      \;\;\;\qquad =&\!\!\! \frac{       a^2 }{a^2} \\ \left(\frac{b}{a}\right)^2 - \frac{b}{a} + \left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 =&\!\! 1 + \left(\frac{         1 }{  2}\right)^2 \\ \left(\frac{b}{a}        -                  \frac{1}{2}\right)^2     =&\!\! \quad \frac{         5 }{  4} \\ \frac{b}{a}         -                \frac{1}{2} \;\;\; =&\!\!\!\! \pm \frac{   \sqrt{5}}{  2} \\ \frac{b}{a} > 0 \, \Rightarrow \, \varphi = \frac{b}{a} =&\!\!\!\! \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{ 2} \end{array}$$

Side of decagon
If now diameter AF is drawn bisecting DC so that DF and CF are sides c of an inscribed decagon, Ptolemy's Theorem can again be applied – this time to cyclic quadrilateral ADFC with diameter d as one of its diagonals:

 * $$ad=2bc$$

 * $$\Rightarrow ad=2\varphi ac$$ where $$\varphi$$ is the golden ratio.
 * $$\Rightarrow c=\frac{d}{2\varphi}.$$

whence the side of the inscribed decagon is obtained in terms of the circle diameter. Pythagoras's theorem applied to right triangle AFD then yields "b" in terms of the diameter and "a" the side of the pentagon is thereafter calculated as
 * $$a = \frac {b} {\varphi} = b \left( \varphi - 1 \right).$$

As Copernicus (following Ptolemy) wrote,

 * "The diameter of a circle being given, the sides of the triangle, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon and decagon, which the same circle circumscribes, are also given."

Visual proof
The animation here shows a visual demonstration of Ptolemy's theorem, based on Derrick & Herstein (2012).

Proof by similarity of triangles
Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral. On the chord BC, the inscribed angles ∠BAC = ∠BDC, and on AB, ∠ADB = ∠ACB. Construct K on AC such that ∠ABK = ∠CBD; since ∠ABK + ∠CBK = ∠ABC = ∠CBD + ∠ABD, ∠CBK = ∠ABD.

Now, by common angles △ABK is similar to △DBC, and likewise △ABD is similar to △KBC. Thus AK/AB = CD/BD, and CK/BC = DA/BD; equivalently, AK⋅BD = AB⋅CD, and CK⋅BD = BC⋅DA. By adding two equalities we have AK⋅BD + CK⋅BD = AB⋅CD + BC⋅DA, and factorizing this gives (AK+CK)·BD = AB⋅CD + BC⋅DA. But AK+CK = AC, so AC⋅BD = AB⋅CD + BC⋅DA, Q.E.D.

The proof as written is only valid for simple cyclic quadrilaterals. If the quadrilateral is self-crossing then K will be located outside the line segment AC. But in this case, AK−CK = ±AC, giving the expected result.

Proof by trigonometric identities
Let the inscribed angles subtended by $$AB$$, $$BC$$ and $$CD$$ be, respectively, $$\alpha$$, $$\beta$$ and $$\gamma$$, and the radius of the circle be $$R$$, then we have $$AB=2R\sin\alpha$$, $$BC=2R\sin\beta$$, $$CD=2R\sin\gamma$$, $$AD=2R\sin(180^\circ-(\alpha+\beta+\gamma))$$, $$AC=2R\sin(\alpha+\beta)$$ and $$BD=2R\sin(\beta+\gamma)$$, and the original equality to be proved is transformed to

 * $$ \sin(\alpha+\beta)\sin(\beta+\gamma) = \sin\alpha\sin\gamma + \sin\beta \sin(\alpha + \beta+\gamma)$$

from which the factor $$4R^2$$ has disappeared by dividing both sides of the equation by it.

Now by using the sum formulae, $$\sin(x+y)=\sin{x}\cos y+\cos x\sin y$$ and $$\cos(x+y)=\cos x\cos y-\sin x\sin y$$, it is trivial to show that both sides of the above equation are equal to

\begin{align} & \sin\alpha\sin\beta\cos\beta\cos\gamma + \sin\alpha\cos^2\beta\sin\gamma \\ + {} & \cos\alpha\sin^2\beta\cos\gamma+\cos\alpha\sin\beta\cos\beta\sin\gamma. \end{align} $$

Q.E.D.

Here is another, perhaps more transparent, proof using rudimentary trigonometry. Define a new quadrilateral $$ABCD'$$ inscribed in the same circle, where $$A,B,C$$ are the same as in $$ABCD$$, and $$D'$$ located at a new point on the same circle, defined by $$ |\overline{AD'}| = |\overline{CD}|$$, $$|\overline{CD'}| = |\overline{AD}|$$. (Picture triangle $$ACD$$ flipped, so that vertex $$C$$ moves to vertex $$A$$ and vertex $$A$$ moves to vertex $$C$$. Vertex $$D$$ will now be located at a new point D’ on the circle.) Then, $$ABCD'$$ has the same edges lengths, and consequently the same inscribed angles subtended by the corresponding edges, as $$ ABCD$$, only in a different order. That is, $$\alpha$$, $$\beta$$ and $$\gamma$$, for, respectively, $$AB, BC$$ and $$AD'$$. Also, $$ABCD$$ and $$ABCD'$$ have the same area. Then,

\begin{align} \mathrm{Area}(ABCD) & = \frac{1}{2} AC\cdot BD \cdot \sin(\alpha + \gamma); \\ \mathrm{Area}(ABCD') & = \frac{1}{2} AB\cdot AD'\cdot \sin(180^\circ - \alpha - \gamma) + \frac{1}{2} BC\cdot CD' \cdot \sin(\alpha + \gamma)\\ & = \frac{1}{2} (AB\cdot CD + BC\cdot AD)\cdot \sin(\alpha + \gamma). \end{align} $$ Q.E.D.

Proof by inversion

Choose an auxiliary circle $$ \Gamma $$ of radius $$ r $$ centered at D with respect to which the circumcircle of ABCD is inverted into a line (see figure). Then $$ A'B' + B'C' = A'C'. $$ Then $$ A'B', B'C' $$ and $$ A'C' $$ can be expressed as $ \frac{AB \cdot DB'}{DA} $, $ \frac{BC \cdot DB'}{DC} $ and $ \frac{AC \cdot DC'}{DA} $  respectively. Multiplying each term by $ \frac{DA \cdot DC}{DB'} $ and using $\frac{DC'}{DB'} = \frac{DB}{DC} $  yields Ptolemy's equality.

Q.E.D.

Note that if the quadrilateral is not cyclic then A', B' and C' form a triangle and hence A'B'+B'C' > A'C', giving us a very simple proof of Ptolemy's Inequality which is presented below.

Proof using complex numbers
Embed ABCD in the complex plane $$\mathbb{C}$$ by identifying $$A\mapsto z_A,\ldots,D\mapsto z_D$$ as four distinct complex numbers $$z_A,\ldots,z_D\in\mathbb{C}$$. Define the cross-ratio
 * $$\zeta:=\frac{(z_A-z_B)(z_C-z_D)}{(z_A-z_D)(z_B-z_C)}\in\mathbb{C}_{\neq0}$$.

Then

\begin{align} \overline{AB}\cdot\overline{CD}+\overline{AD}\cdot\overline{BC} & = \left|z_A-z_B\right|\left|z_C-z_D\right| + \left|z_A-z_D\right|\left|z_B-z_C\right| \\ & = \left|(z_A-z_B)(z_C-z_D)\right| + \left|(z_A-z_D)(z_B-z_C)\right| \\ & = \left(\left|\frac{(z_A-z_B)(z_C-z_D)}{(z_A-z_D)(z_B-z_C)}\right| + 1\right) \left|(z_A-z_D)(z_B-z_C)\right| \\ & = \left(\left|\zeta\right| +1\right) \left|(z_A-z_D)(z_B-z_C)\right| \\ & \geq \left|(\zeta +1)(z_A-z_D)(z_B-z_C)\right| \\ & = \left|(z_A-z_B)(z_C-z_D)+(z_A-z_D)(z_B-z_C)\right| \\ & = \left|(z_A-z_C)(z_B-z_D)\right| \\ & = \left|z_A-z_C\right|\left|z_B-z_D\right| \\ & = \overline{AC}\cdot\overline{BD} \end{align} $$ with equality if and only if the cross-ratio $$\zeta$$ is a positive real number. This proves Ptolemy's inequality generally, as it remains only to show that $$z_A,\ldots,z_D$$ lie consecutively arranged on a circle (possibly of infinite radius, i.e. a line) in $$\mathbb{C}$$ if and only if $$\zeta\in\mathbb{R}_{>0}$$.

From the polar form of a complex number $$z=\vert z\vert e^{i\arg(z)}$$, it follows

\begin{align} \arg(\zeta) & = \arg\frac{(z_A-z_B)(z_C-z_D)}{(z_A-z_D)(z_B-z_C)} \\ & = \arg(z_A-z_B)+\arg(z_C-z_D)-\arg(z_A-z_D)-\arg(z_B-z_C) \pmod{2\pi} \\ & = \arg(z_A-z_B)+\arg(z_C-z_D)-\arg(z_A-z_D)-\arg(z_C-z_B) - \arg(-1) \pmod{2\pi} \\ & = - \left[\arg(z_C-z_B)-\arg(z_A-z_B)\right] - \left[\arg(z_A-z_D)-\arg(z_C-z_D)\right] -\arg(-1) \pmod{2\pi} \\ & = - \angle ABC - \angle CDA -\pi \pmod{2\pi}\\ & = 0 \end{align} $$ with the last equality holding if and only if ABCD is cyclic, since a quadrilateral is cyclic if and only if opposite angles sum to $$\pi$$.

Q.E.D.

Note that this proof is equivalently made by observing that the cyclicity of ABCD, i.e. the supplementarity $$\angle ABC$$ and $$\angle CDA$$, is equivalent to the condition
 * $$\arg\left[(z_A-z_B)(z_C-z_D)\right] = \arg\left[(z_A-z_D)(z_B-z_C)\right] = \arg\left[(z_A-z_C)(z_B-z_D)\right] \pmod{2\pi}$$;

in particular there is a rotation of $$\mathbb{C}$$ in which this $$\arg$$ is 0 (i.e. all three products are positive real numbers), and by which Ptolemy's theorem
 * $$\overline{AB}\cdot \overline{CD}+\overline{AD}\cdot\overline{BC} = \overline{AC}\cdot \overline{BD}$$

is then directly established from the simple algebraic identity
 * $$(z_A-z_B)(z_C-z_D)+(z_A-z_D)(z_B-z_C)=(z_A-z_C)(z_B-z_D).$$

Corollaries

In the case of a circle of unit diameter the sides $$S_1,S_2,S_3,S_4$$ of any cyclic quadrilateral ABCD are numerically equal to the sines of the angles $$\theta_1,\theta_2,\theta_3$$ and $$\theta_4$$ which they subtend. Similarly the diagonals are equal to the sine of the sum of whichever pair of angles they subtend. We may then write Ptolemy's Theorem in the following trigonometric form:

 * $$\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_3+\sin\theta_2\sin\theta_4=\sin(\theta_1+\theta_2)\sin(\theta_1+\theta_4)$$

Applying certain conditions to the subtended angles $$\theta_1,\theta_2,\theta_3$$ and $$\theta_4$$ it is possible to derive a number of important corollaries using the above as our starting point. In what follows it is important to bear in mind that the sum of angles $$\theta_1+\theta_2+\theta_3+\theta_4=180^\circ$$.

Corollary 1. Pythagoras's theorem
Let $$\theta_1=\theta_3$$ and $$\theta_2=\theta_4$$. Then $$\theta_1+\theta_2=\theta_3+\theta_4=9 0^\circ$$ (since opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary). Then:

 * $$\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_3+\sin\theta_2\sin\theta_4=\sin(\theta_1+\theta_2)\sin(\theta_1+\theta_4) $$

 * $$ \sin^2\theta_1+\sin^2\theta_2=\sin^2(\theta_1+\theta_2) $$

 * $$ \sin^2\theta_1+\cos^2\theta_1=1 $$

Corollary 2. The law of cosines

Let $$\theta_2=\theta_4$$. The rectangle of corollary 1 is now a symmetrical trapezium with equal diagonals and a pair of equal sides. The parallel sides differ in length by $$2x$$ units where:
 * $$x=S_2\cos(\theta_2+\theta_3)$$

It will be easier in this case to revert to the standard statement of Ptolemy's theorem:

 * $$\begin{array}{lcl}

S_1 S_3 + S_2 S_4={\overline{AC}}\cdot{\overline{BD}}\\ \Rightarrow S_1 S_3+{S_2}^2={\overline{AC}}^2\\ \Rightarrow S_1[S_1-2S_2\cos(\theta_2+\theta_3)]+{S_2}^2={\overline{AC}}^2\\ \Rightarrow {S_1}^2+{S_2}^2-2S_1 S_2\cos(\theta_2+\theta_3)={\overline{AC}}^2\\ \end{array}$$

The cosine rule for triangle ABC.

Corollary 3. Compound angle sine (+)
Let

 * $$\theta_1+\theta_2=\theta_3+\theta_4=90^\circ. $$

Then

\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_3+\sin\theta_2\sin\theta_4=\sin(\theta_3+\theta_2)\sin(\theta_3+\theta_4) $$

Therefore,

 * $$ \cos\theta_2\sin\theta_3+\sin\theta_2\cos\theta_3=\sin(\theta_3+\theta_2)\times 1 $$

Formula for compound angle sine (+).

Corollary 4. Compound angle sine (−)
Let $$\theta_1=90^\circ$$. Then $$\theta_2+(\theta_3+\theta_4)=90^\circ$$. Hence,

 * $$\sin\theta_1\sin\theta_3+\sin\theta_2\sin\theta_4=\sin(\theta_3+\theta_2)\sin(\theta_3+\theta_4) $$

 * $$ \sin\theta_3+\sin\theta_2\cos(\theta_2+\theta_3)=\sin(\theta_3+\theta_2)\cos\theta_2 $$

 * $$\sin\theta_3=\sin(\theta_3+\theta_2)\cos\theta_2-\cos(\theta_2+\theta_3)\sin\theta_2 $$

Formula for compound angle sine (−).

This derivation corresponds to the Third Theorem as chronicled by Copernicus following Ptolemy in Almagest. In particular if the sides of a pentagon (subtending 36° at the circumference) and of a hexagon (subtending 30° at the circumference) are given, a chord subtending 6° may be calculated. This was a critical step in the ancient method of calculating tables of chords.

Corollary 5. Compound angle cosine (+)
This corollary is the core of the Fifth Theorem as chronicled by Copernicus following Ptolemy in Almagest.

Let $$\theta_3=90^\circ$$. Then $$\theta_1+(\theta_2+\theta_4)=90^\circ $$. Hence

 * $$ \sin\theta_1\sin\theta_3+\sin\theta_2\sin\theta_4=\sin(\theta_3+\theta_2)\sin(\theta_3+\theta_4) $$

 * $$ \cos(\theta_2+\theta_4)+\sin\theta_2\sin\theta_4=\cos\theta_2\cos\theta_4 $$

 * $$\cos(\theta_2+\theta_4)=\cos\theta_2\cos\theta_4-\sin\theta_2\sin\theta_4 $$

Formula for compound angle cosine (+)

Despite lacking the dexterity of our modern trigonometric notation, it should be clear from the above corollaries that in Ptolemy's theorem (or more simply the Second Theorem) the ancient world had at its disposal an extremely flexible and powerful trigonometric tool which enabled the cognoscenti of those times to draw up accurate tables of chords (corresponding to tables of sines) and to use these in their attempts to understand and map the cosmos as they saw it. Since tables of chords were drawn up by Hipparchus three centuries before Ptolemy, we must assume he knew of the 'Second Theorem' and its derivatives. Following the trail of ancient astronomers, history records the star catalogue of Timocharis of Alexandria. If, as seems likely, the compilation of such catalogues required an understanding of the 'Second Theorem' then the true origins of the latter disappear thereafter into the mists of antiquity but it cannot be unreasonable to presume that the astronomers, architects and construction engineers of ancient Egypt may have had some knowledge of it.

Ptolemy's inequality

The equation in Ptolemy's theorem is never true with non-cyclic quadrilaterals. Ptolemy's inequality is an extension of this fact, and it is a more general form of Ptolemy's theorem. It states that, given a quadrilateral ABCD, then

 * $$\overline{AB}\cdot \overline{CD}+\overline{BC}\cdot \overline{DA} \ge \overline{AC}\cdot \overline{BD}$$

where equality holds if and only if the quadrilateral is cyclic. This special case is equivalent to Ptolemy's theorem.

Related theorem about the ratio of the diagonals
Ptolemy's theorem gives the product of the diagonals (of a cyclic quadrilateral) knowing the sides, the following theorem yields the same for the ratio of the diagonals.

\frac{AC}{BD}=\frac{AB \cdot DA + BC \cdot CD}{AB \cdot BC + DA \cdot CD}$$

Proof : It is known that the area of a triangle $$ABC$$ inscribed in a circle of radius $$R$$ is: $$\mathcal {A} = \frac{AB \cdot BC \cdot CA}{4R}$$

Writing the area of the quadrilateral as sum of two triangles sharing the same circumscribing circle, we obtain two relations for each decomposition.

 * $$ \mathcal {A}_\text{tot} = \frac{AB \cdot BC \cdot CA }{4R} + \frac {CD \cdot DA \cdot AC}{4R} = \frac {AC \cdot (AB \cdot BC + CD \cdot DA)}{4R}

$$

 * $$\mathcal {A}_\text{tot} = \frac{AB \cdot BD \cdot DA}{4R} + \frac {BC \cdot CD \cdot DB}{4R} = \frac {BD \cdot (AB \cdot DA + BC \cdot CD)}{4R}

$$

Equating, we obtain the announced formula.

Consequence : Knowing both the product and the ratio of the diagonals, we deduce their immediate expressions:

\begin{align} AC^2 & =AC \cdot BD \cdot \frac{AC}{BD}=(AB \cdot CD + BC \cdot DA)\frac{AB \cdot DA + BC \cdot CD}{AB \cdot BC + DA \cdot CD} \\[8pt] BD^2 & =\frac {AC \cdot BD}{\frac{AC}{BD}}=(AB \cdot CD + BC \cdot DA)\frac{AB \cdot BC + DA \cdot CD}{AB \cdot DA + BC \cdot CD} \end{align} $$

title: Ptolemy's theorem


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Area code 612

Area code 612 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The numbering plan area comprises the city of Minneapolis and a few surrounding municipalities such as Fort Snelling, St. Anthony, and Richfield. Geographically, it is the smallest area code in the state of Minnesota. The area code is one of the two original area codes in the 1947 nationwide numbering plan for the state, when it was assigned to a much larger area, including the entire Twin Cities region and a wide area surrounding it.

History
When the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) created the first nationwide telephone numbering plan in 1947, Minnesota was divided into two numbering plan areas (NPAs), which were identified with area codes 612 and 218. According to historical maps, 612 comprised roughly the southeastern third of Minnesota. The rest of the state received area code 218, which formed an r-shaped region around the 612 NPA. The separating line extended westward from Duluth to the center of the state, then south through the center.

In 1954, the state's area code boundaries were redrawn and the state was divided into three numbering plan areas. 612 was rotated to cover most of the central portion of Minnesota, stretching border to border from Wisconsin through the Twin Cities to South Dakota. In the process, it absorbed some of 218's southern portion, including St. Cloud and Alexandria. Part of the southern portion of the original 612 territory, including Rochester and Mankato, was combined with the southwestern portion of 218 to form the new area code 507. The 218 region was reshaped to be more square, absorbing much of the old 612's northeastern portion, and now consisted of roughly the northern half of the state. This configuration remained in place for 42 years.

In 1996, the northern and western portion of 612, including almost all of its territory outside of the Twin Cities, became area code 320. This was intended as a long-term solution. However, the continued growth of the Twin Cities and the proliferation of cell phone and pager services pushed 612 back to the brink of exhaustion within a year. In 1998, the 612 region was roughly split in half, mostly following the Mississippi River. Minneapolis and the area west of the Mississippi retained the old code, while most of the area east of the Mississippi, including St. Paul, became the new area code 651.

Within another year, however, it became apparent that the creation of 651 would not free up enough numbers in the western Twin Cities to meet demand. The Twin Cities are home to most of the state's landlines, pagers, and cell phones, and their continued proliferation forced a three-way split of 612 that took effect in 2000. Minneapolis and a few suburbs to the north and south kept 612. The northwest suburbs (Brooklyn Park, Coon Rapids, Maple Grove) became area code 763 while the southwest suburbs (Bloomington, Eden Prairie, Minnetonka. St. Louis Park) got area code 952.

The eastern half of the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus, in the St. Paul suburb of Falcon Heights, is an exception to the regional numbering plan. Because of an integrated telephone system linking both campuses, the Falcon Heights campus remained in 612 after the 1998 split.

612 is one of the few urbanized area codes without an area code overlay, making Minneapolis one of the few major cities where seven-digit dialing is still possible. Under current projections, it will stay that way until at least 2039.

The area code splits in the Twin Cities are unusual because they split along municipal, rather than exchange area boundaries. This led to a division of numerous exchange areas between the two area codes, and a few being divided among three.

Even with the split into four area codes, most of the Twin Cities region is still a single rate center. The four Twin Cities area codes comprise one of the largest local calling areas in the United States; with a few exceptions, no long-distance charges are applied from one part of the Twin Cities to another. Portions of area codes 320 and 507 are local calls from the Twin Cities as well.

Service area

 * City of Minneapolis
 * Richfield
 * St. Anthony
 * Fort Snelling
 * University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Area code 612


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American Indian Film Festival

The American Indian Film Festival is an annual non-profit film festival in San Francisco, California, United States. It is the world's oldest venue dedicated solely to Native American/First Nations films and prepared the way for the 1979 formation of the American Indian Film Institute.

According to the Institute, the Festival was first presented in Seattle, Washington in 1975 and moved in 1977 to San Francisco, where it remains today. In 1979, the Festival was incorporated.

Over 3,100 films have been screened from Native American/First Nations communities in the U.S. and Canada, and the festival includes events such as film screenings, panel discussions, an awards ceremony and networking events.

This festival is not to be confused by the Native American Film and Video Festival, which was founded in 1979.

title: American Indian Film Festival


text:
User:Russellkanning

Russell Kanning

I hang out on the New Hampshire Underground forum.

NHfree.com

NewHampshireUnderground.com

I help run a tiny alternative newspaper in Keene, NH

NewHampshireFreePress.com

title: User:Russellkanning


text:
Talk:The-n

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/The-n. The consensus was to redirect it. dbenbenn | talk 18:54, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The-n


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Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope

The Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) is an aperture synthesis interferometer built on the site of the former World War II Nazi detention and transit camp Westerbork, north of the village of Westerbork, Midden-Drenthe, in the northeastern Netherlands.

Overview
The WSRT comprises fourteen 25 m radio telescopes deployed in a linear array arranged on a 2.7 km East-West line, of which 10 are in a fixed equidistant position, 2 are nearby on a 300 m rail track, and 2 are located 1 km eastwards on another 200 m rail track. It has a similar arrangement to other radio telescopes such as the One-Mile Telescope, Australia Telescope Compact Array and the Ryle Telescope. Its Equatorial mount is what sets it apart from most other radio telescopes, most of which have an Altazimuth mount. This makes it specifically useful for specific types of science, like polarized emission research as the detectors maintain a constant orientation on the sky during an observation. Ten of the telescopes are on fixed mountings while the remaining two dishes are movable along two rail tracks. The telescope was completed in 1970 and underwent a major upgrade between 1995 – 2000.

The telescopes in the array can operate at several frequencies between and  with an instantaneous bandwidth of  and 8092line spectral resolution. The WSRT is often combined with other telescopes around the world to perform very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations, being part of the European VLBI Network. The telescope is operated by ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy.

WSRT performed a major upgrade in 2013 as part of the APERTIF (APERture Tile In Focus) project, where the current detectors were replaced with focal-plane arrays. The Telescope was out of operation for the upgrade from 2015 to 2019, which allows a 25x larger field of view. The upgraded telescope is used for large scale surveys of the northern sky, bringing back focus on the Hydrogen line for which it was originally designed, but also large pulsar searches and other science.

The WSRT is also an International GNSS Service site.

WSRT observed galaxies in the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey at wavelengths of 18 and 22 cm.

The WSRT site is also hosting one of the two experimental EMBRACE (Electronic MultiBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt) phased array telescopes, part of the Phase 2 of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project.

title: Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope


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Online hotel reservations

Online hotel reservations are a popular method for booking hotel rooms. Travellers can book rooms on a computer by using online security to protect their privacy and financial information and by using several online travel agents to compare prices and facilities at different hotels.

Prior to the Internet, travellers could write, telephone the hotel directly, or use a travel agent to make a reservation. Nowadays, online travel agents have pictures of hotels and rooms, information on prices and deals, and even information on local resorts. Many also allow reviews of the traveler to be recorded with the online travel agent.

Online hotel reservations are also helpful for making last minute travel arrangements. Hotels may drop the price of a room if some rooms are still available. There are several websites that specialize in searches for deals on rooms.

Connections to air travel
Large hotel chains typically have direct connections to the airline national distribution systems (GDS) (Sabre, Galileo, Amadeus, and Worldspan). These in turn provide hotel information directly to the hundreds of thousands of travel agents that align themselves with one of these systems. Individual hotels and small hotel chains often cannot afford the expense of these direct connections and turn to other companies to provide the connections.

Large-scale travel sites
Several large online travel sites are, in effect, travel agencies. These sites send the hotels' information and rates downstream to literally thousands of online travel sites, most of which act as travel agents. They can then receive commission payments from the hotels for any business booked on their websites.

Individual hotel websites
An increasing number of hotels are building their own websites to allow them to market their hotels directly to consumers. Non-franchise chain hotels require a "booking engine" application to be attached to their website to permit people to book rooms in real time. One advantage of booking with the hotel directly is the use of the hotel's full cancellation policy as well as not needing a deposit in most situations. The online booking engine applications are supported by Content management system(CMS).

Database systems
To improve the likelihood of filling rooms, hotels tend to use several of the above systems. The content on many hotel reservation systems is becoming increasingly similar as more hotels sign up to all the sites. Companies thus have to either rely on specially negotiated rates with the hotels and hotel chains or trust in the influence of search engine rankings to draw in customers.

title: Online hotel reservations


text:
Talk:Mike Bibby

Untitled
I would like to say that this entry on mike bibby is very biased. The 3rd paragraph needs a lot of improvement (i.e. exactly HOW he help the team...the word doesn't say a lot...even 2 points can be "of help") ... and the section about his family.. -___- please, this is not your fan site. 142.58.181.84 18:59, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

If you don't remember Bibby in the playoffs that year you have no business commenting on this. You are a fool.

-I've looked through it and have seen no more bias than present in the pages on Jason Kidd or Allen Iverson. - Denvir

- Ya, I've looked through this page too and there is absolutely no bias. And if someone has really followed the 2001-02 season then he would totally agree that Kings were doomed without Bibby. He virtually single-handedly co-ordinated the offense and made all key shots and free throws. 'Helped' is actually a mild word and 'carried the team on his shoulders' is more like it. Everyone, including his opponents (Bryant) acknowledged his remarkable performance. All the details in the family section are also objective (like parents, fan clubs etc). I dont really seen any reason why someone should find it controversial - Aditya.

-This entry is completely unbiased. - James

-"helped" is putting it extremely lightly and this entry is unbiased and factual. -J I would like to say that this entry on mike bibby is very biased. The 3rd paragraph needs a lot of improvement (i.e. exactly HOW he help the team...the word doesn't say a lot...even 2 points can be "of help") ... and the section about his family.. -___- please, this is not your fan site. 142.58.181.84 18:59, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

If you don't remember Bibby in the playoffs that year you have no business commenting on this. You are a fool.

-I've looked through it and have seen no more bias than present in the pages on Jason Kidd or Allen Iverson. - Denvir

- Ya, I've looked through this page too and there is absolutely no bias. And if someone has really followed the 2001-02 season then he would totally agree that Kings were doomed without Bibby. He virtually single-handedly co-ordinated the offense and made all key shots and free throws. 'Helped' is actually a mild word and 'carried the team on his shoulders' is more like it. Everyone, including his opponents (Bryant) acknowledged his remarkable performance. All the details in the family section are also objective (like parents, fan clubs etc). I dont really seen any reason why someone should find it controversial - Aditya.

-This entry is completely unbiased. - James

-"helped" is putting it extremely lightly and this entry is unbiased and factual. -J

Racial Categorization of Parents
"All encyclopedic content must be based on verifiable sources." This is the Wikipedia rule!

Henry Bibby is listed elsewhere in Wikipedia in category of "Arfican-American basketball players". His mother is Trinidadan. Trinidadans have a very mixed ethnic background, including white, Chinese, South Asian, among others. This is an encyclopedia. We must be accurate. The descriptions of his parents are both wrong. Please cite any verifiable information that his mother has African heritage. Please cite references that his father is Caucassion. Please check elsewhere on Wiki to see other info on his father. If not, I will change the racial info on the site, and describe Bibby as a citizen of the world. Once again, "all encyclopedic content must be based on verifiable sources" Mwinog2777 16:35, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

No responses, yet. Remember, this is an encyclopedia, as noted above. mwinog2777 Mwinog2777 18:02, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

OK, I change it. No response! mwinog2777Mwinog2777 05:54, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

His father is obviously not caucasion. Go to the article on Henry bibby. It claims mike bibby is his son and has a link to this article. It also says that henry bibby is african-american. My dad is a huge basketball fan and says he remembers henry bibby in the pros and says he was black. Either that article is wrong or this one is someone please fix the one thats wrong. thanks 68.55.219.1 01:26, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree with above and have taken it out. Mwinog2777 08 December 2006

In 2005 season he led sacramento in steals points ans assists. Sacramento went to the playoffs and lost in the first round by the san antonio spurs. Later in the year sacramento gets mussleman in place of old coach Rick Adleman where they will improve theyer last years pre-season record. Bibby is now hurt 10/23/06 HE WILL BE OUT FOR THREE WEEKS.

Somebody put it again in the article. I will take it out again and don't put it back until it is somehow mentioned in the article. Robert4565 (talk) 21:22, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

Trade to Hawks
The trade is pending league approval and physicals. Until the trade is officially completed, please don't change his team details yet. --Madchester (talk) 01:24, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

It's official now. --Reezy (talk) 05:12, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

What are you doing? It's official now.  --Reezy (talk) 05:25, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Please look at ESPN, FOXSports or Yahoo Sports, the trade is still pending league approval and physicals. (The ESPN article was published after the Sacramento Bee release) Please wait until the deal is made official... we all saw what happened when people jumped the gun with the Kidd trade being announced in principle. --Madchester (talk) 05:27, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

Well, it's officially official now. :p --Reezy (talk) 20:56, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Mike Bibby played for Team U.S.A (senior men's team) in the summer of 2003 at the Tournament of the Americas where he helped the team win the Gold Medal and qualify for the 2004 Olympics. However, Bibby was not chosen to represent the U.S at those 2004 Olympics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.139.153.30 (talk) 21:35, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Bibby has never made an all star team
He received the largest contract ever for a non-all star player. Every player in nba HISTORY that has been given an 80 million plus contract has made an all star at least once. This is notable and should be on his wiki page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jingleheimer Smith (talk • contribs) 05:01, 8 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Even if that's true (and a source would be nice), the implications of that statement are misleading. The All-Star Game selection is an imperfect process. Lots of quality players get left out every year. If you look through the List of NBA All-Stars, you'll see many modern guards with lower career statistics than Bibby: B.J. Armstrong, Dana Barros, Sam Cassell, Jameer Nelson, John Starks, Mo Williams, etc.
 * If you're implying that Bibby slacked off after signing his big contract, that's not fair, either. His scoring average rose for four consecutive seasons, and his assists average rose for three consecutive seasons. He has been a solid contributor. Zagalejo^^^ 18:39, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

 * First of all, I was wrong in saying that every player in nba history with an 80 million plus contract has made an all star team: I present you with zachary randolph 6 years 84 million zero all star appearances.  However, he is still in his contract and can potentially make an all star team.  As for a source, I used hoopshype.com, espn,com, and realgm.com.
 * Yes, many guards have lower career stats than Bibby, but everybody you mentioned also made or makes a fraction of what Bibby made. When I say all star, that can easily be substituted with all nba first second or third team.  My premise still stands, bibby and randolph are the only two players ever with an 80 million plus contract and not even an all nba third team to their name.Jingleheimer Smith (talk) 06:07, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, if you're only taking into account the period during which a player was under contract, you should consider Juwan Howard, who signed a 7-year, $105 million deal in 1996, and never returned to the All-Star game. Zagalejo^^^ 06:26, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, the point I was trying to make re BJ Armstrong, Dana Barros etc is that Bibby probably should have been an All-Star at some point, based on his stats, but just never got the chance. Zagalejo^^^ 06:34, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, forget all that. Jalen Rose had a $93 million contract! Zagalejo^^^ 06:50, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I see that you're still trying to include this, but I don't think that kind of statement is appropriate. Bibby doesn't hold the record for largest contract by a non-All-Star player. He's simply one of several players with a contract that exceeds your arbitrarily chosen value. Zagalejo^^^ 05:28, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

We can reword so that zach randolph is also mentioned. Jingleheimer Smith (talk) 16:54, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * That doesn't address my point, though. Why use $80 million as the cut-off? It's arbitrary. Zagalejo^^^ 20:00, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Bibby is one of only 2 players in nba history to get an 80 million plus contract and never make an all star or all nba team before, during, or after the contract. Jalen rose is the other. Juwan howard actually made an all star game and zach randolph can possibly make a team since his contract isn't up yet. Jalen Rose and Mike Bibby are the only two players in NBA history to play the entirety of a contract worth over 80 million and never make an all star game before or after, bibby is the only active player. Yes 80 million is arbitrary but if it was, for example, 45 million then there would be dozens of players in that group. If you have a problem with the wording of this notable fact about bibby that is fine, but it needs to be mentioned. Jingleheimer Smith (talk) 21:55, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Why does it need to be mentioned? You haven't written anything at Jalen Rose. It seems that you're just looking for some way to criticize Bibby. And my points from above still stand. Bibby's production over the years is comparable to or better than many players who did make the All-Star team, so the fact you're trying to introduce is unfair and misleading. Zagalejo^^^ 05:20, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

I will make a comment at jalen rose, juwan howard, and zach randolph's page. If you think the language is harsh we can modify it. thanks Jingleheimer Smith (talk) 16:45, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Edit request
Yesterday I could edit,now I can't.I just wanted to change Bibby's status to free agent.It does not state if he is on the Wizards,the Heat or any team.Please change it. --Bellsprout723d (talk) 22:47, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

This page incorrectly states that the wizards gave a first round pick to atlanta in the washington atlanta trade. It was the other way around, atlanta gave up there first round pick to DC. Please fix this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.15.6.164 (talk) 22:52, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Now fixed. Thanks for pointing it out.— Chris! c / t 23:44, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

Father-son NCAA champs
There's a fourth father-son duo who both won national championships in basketball: Derek and Nolan Smith (Louisville 1980 and Duke 2010) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Needoreado (talk • contribs) 02:44, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Mike Bibby


text: User talk:66.234.244.254

title: User talk:66.234.244.254


text:
User:Limeheadnyc/Controversial

Hi there. This is a public watchlist of mine about some controversial subjects – like the clitoris and autofellatio, to name a few. Enjoy.

 * Related changes.

List

 * Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse, Talk:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse.
 * Autocunnilingus, Talk:Autocunnilingus, Votes_for_deletion/Autocunnilingus.
 * Autofellatio, Talk:Autofellatio, Image:Autofellatio.jpg, Image_talk:Autofellatio.jpg.
 * Breast, Talk:Breast.
 * Clitoris, Talk:Clitoris.
 * Death erection, Talk:Death erection.
 * Erection, Talk:Erection.
 * Nipple, Talk:Nipple.
 * Oral sex, Talk:Oral sex.
 * Penis, Talk:Penis.
 * Vagina, Talk:Vagina.
 * Vulva, Talk:Vulva.

title: User:Limeheadnyc/Controversial


text:
John Jameson (character)

John Jonah Jameson III (also known as Colonel Jupiter, the Man-Wolf and the Stargod) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as the son of J. Jonah Jameson, and a friend to Peter Parker. He has also been portrayed as the husband of Jennifer Walters / She-Hulk.

Publication history
John Jameson debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (March 1963), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko. This first story introduces the character as a prominent astronaut.

During his lengthy stint on The Amazing Spider-Man during the 1970s, writer Gerry Conway had Jameson turned into a werewolf, with the new alias "the Man-Wolf". Conway explained: "I'd wanted to do something with [John Jameson] for a long time. I felt like he was a character who'd gotten lost over the years. Also, at this point, it's 1973, John Jameson is an astronaut, and we've been to the moon, so I asked myself, 'What would we do with that in Spider-Man's world?' And that was how it played out. It also added another layer of tension to Spider-Man's relationship with J. Jonah Jameson. As a writer, you always want to find a way to increase the pressure on the main character, to increase the involvement of other characters with that character. Consequently, anything that could make Jonah's hatred of Spider-Man more intense and at the same time more understandable was a useful device dramatically." As the Man-Wolf, Jameson was the lead feature in Creatures on the Loose #30-37 (July 1974-September 1975).

Fictional character biography
Born in New York City, John Jonah Jameson III is the son of The Daily Bugle's irascible, gruff publisher J. Jonah Jameson Jr. and Joan and the grandson of J. Jonah Jameson Sr. Jonah is immensely proud of his son, whom he sees as a true hero. Initially an astronaut, he was first seen being saved by Spider-Man when his craft malfunctioned on re-entry, something that did nothing to endear the wall-crawler to his father resenting Spider-Man's form of heroism.

At one point, Jameson was sent by NASA to evaluate the possibility of recruiting Spider-Man for the space program, which led to him witnessing the new superhero team 'the Spacemen', who claimed to be astronauts who had been exposed to cosmic energies during a mission and were hunting Spider-Man for thefts. However, the wall-crawler soon proved that the Spacemen were the real criminals, and they were actually astronaut washouts who had acquired their powers by stealing from NASA. Ultimately Jameson concluded that Spider-Man wouldn't be a good fit for the space program, as his superhuman physiology meant that any data found from testing him wouldn't be applicable to anyone else.

On a later mission, Jameson was infected with spores that gave him super-strength, but strained his body and mind. He was forced to wear a strength-restraining Jupiter suit and battled Spider-Man at his father's urging before recovering and calling himself "Colonel Jupiter". His father convinced him to go after Spider-Man, who had been seen apparently robbing a bank. The web-slinger outsmarted him, and Jonah soon learned that Spider-Man was saving the bank from a bomb. However, Jameson did not care about the misunderstanding and was really out for revenge. Spider-Man managed to neutralize the spores with electricity, returning Jameson to normal.

While he was on the Moon, Jameson found the mystical Godstone, an other-dimensional ruby. The jewel grafted itself to his throat (after he made it into a pendant and started wearing it around his neck) and extended tendrils through his body. Moonlight activated the gem, which transformed him into the lycanthropic Man-Wolf, and he fought Spider-Man in this bestial form. The ruby was removed by Spider-Man. Some time after that, the ruby was reattached to Jameson by Morbius, the Living Vampire, who used the Man-Wolf as a pawn so that Morbius could find a cure for his condition. The Man-Wolf was again defeated by Spider-Man.

Later, Jameson was transported to the dimension known as the Other Realm, from which the ruby originated. It was revealed that the ruby was created by the dying Stargod to pass on his powers to someone else. While on Earth, Jameson could only partially transform, resulting in his bestial form, while in the Other Realm he could fully transform, retaining his human intelligence and speech in lupine form. He took up the mantle of the Stargod, acted as champion of the Other Realm, and gained new powers such as telepathy and energy manipulation. He fought his foes with a sword, a dagger and a longbow and arrows in this incarnation. Afterward, he opted to return to Earth, resulting in him losing the ability to fully transform and the loss of all memory of his ever being the Stargod. He became the Man-Wolf again during this period and became the Stargod again at one point, teaming up with the She-Hulk and the Hellcat. He later returned to Earth, becoming the Man-Wolf again, and allowed himself to be subjected to a procedure that destroyed the Godstone, restoring him to normal for some time.

Jameson became the pilot of Captain America's personal Quinjet for a period, using the call-sign of "Skywolf". During this time, he was temporarily transformed into the Man-Wolf by Dredmund the Druid, who wanted the Stargod's power for himself. Jameson then left Captain America's employ due to his attraction to Diamondback (Captain America's then-girlfriend).

Jameson remains friends with Spider-Man and often tries to convince his father to "let up on [Spider-Man]". He spent some time as Ravencroft's Head of Security and briefly dated its director, Dr. Ashley Kafka. The Carnage symbiote briefly overwhelmed Jameson, using him to commit further murders before Carnage eventually bonded with Ben Reilly (Spider-Man at that time). Both Jameson and Ashley were fired by a director who was angry about the Chameleon's escape and subsequent wounding by Kraven the Hunter. Via hypnotherapy, Kafka helped discover that Jack O'Lantern had caused him to attack his hospitalized father. This therapy also briefly unleashed Jameson's Man-Wolf form before Ashley was able to help Jameson suppress his changes once more.

During the Civil War storyline, Jameson helped Captain America while the latter was in hiding. He was assisting She-Hulk in locating and signing up unregistered superheroes. Jameson had also been registered as the Man-Wolf under the Superhuman Registration Act. During this time, the villain Stegron temporarily transformed him into the Man-Wolf again, as a side-effect of a mad scheme to devolve the entire population of New York City. He attacked Mary Jane Watson and May Parker in Avengers Tower, but was subdued by Tony Stark's Guardsmen before he could harm them. Reed Richards subsequently cured him of this form.

Jameson had been dating the She-Hulk (Jennifer Walters) and the two had been living together for some time, along with Augustus Pugliese (the She-Hulk's co-worker). Eventually, they eloped in Las Vegas. However, Jameson was forced into becoming the Man-Wolf once more after being injected by a mysterious substance. After a brief rampage, Jameson stopped fighting his situation and became the Stargod again. He now retains his intelligence while in the Man-Wolf's form, has the Stargod's powers and apparently can switch between his human and lupine forms at will. His current superhuman status can be defined in his own words as "I am a god" and is supported by a battle with a clone of the Mad Titan Thanos in which he held his own. However, Jameson did not want to be the Stargod anymore because he felt that having the powers of a god made him arrogant and savage. The She-Hulk and the Stargod separated after the She-Hulk discovered that her feelings for Jameson were influenced prior to their marriage by Starfox and after she had also learned that Jameson had hoped to convince Jennifer to give up the She-Hulk identity permanently. Dejected, the Stargod sought adventure in outer space, before finally returning to Earth. He resumed his human form and tried to reconcile with Jennifer, but when Jennifer rejected him again, Jameson realized that their relationship was truly over and he signed the legal papers annulling their marriage.

When it came to Jameson's next mission into space, Alistair Smythe, the Scorpion and the new villain the Fly-Girl attacked the launch site with an army of cyborg minions (each one wanting revenge on his father, J. Jonah Jameson) where the three sabotaged the launch and held Jameson for ransom. Jameson was saved in the end.

Soon after, Jameson was attacked on the Apogee 1 Space Station by co-workers who were being mind-controlled by Doctor Octopus, wanting to take control of the station. With the help of Spider-Man and the Human Torch, he was able to save the day and the station safely crashed into the ocean, its employees all alive and well.

Jameson would eventually go to work in the military testing out anti-symbiote weapons technology for the U.S. Armed Forces. He would eventually be contacted by Special Agent Clair Dixon in the tasking of apprehending Cletus Kasady; a.k.a. the supervillain known as Carnage, requiring his expertise with the governmental developed Sonic Defense System on top of his experience with the alien-hosting serial killer. Jameson had believed that, with the Godstone shattered by Spider-Man some years back, he had been normalized and would no longer transform into the Man-Wolf again. But due to the regenerative nature of both it and its powers, his body would continually regrow a new jewel, which continued his transformations into the Man-Wolf.

Jameson appeared as a member of the Agents of Wakanda in his Man-Wolf form. He was shown fighting vampires in outer space beyond lunar orbit. While Jameson was investigating Doverton, he was taken over by Carnage and his cult. Jameson was forced to lay a trap for Venom and Spider-Man at Ravencroft, killing several Ravencroft guards in the process. Jameson eventually threw off Carnage's control and the symbiote was purged from his body.

Traumatized by his actions while mind-controlled, Jameson found it harder to change into the Man-Wolf. He became a security consultant at Ravencroft. During a prison riot that threatened to destroy the facility, Jameson overcame his traumas and regained his Man-Wolf form. When Norman Osborn became Director of Ravencroft, he dismissed Jameson and other staff members who might interfere with Osborn's plans for the facility.

Investigating an anomaly on the Moon, the Agents of Wakanda were attacked by Entea, an intelligent plant that had taken root there. Jameson became the Stargod again and the conflict with Entea ended once the Agents of Wakanda realized she was starving due to a lack of sustenance on the Moon. The Stargod opened a portal to the Other Realm for Entea to feed there, only to discover that, in his absence, some unknown disaster has reduced it to a desolate wasteland devoid of life. Still, Entea was able to use the nutrients in the soil to take root and bring life back to the Other Realm. The other Agents returned to Earth and the Stargod remained in the Other Realm to help Entea settle in and to investigate the disaster, intending to return to Earth once that was completed.

During the "Blood Hunt" storyline, John Jameson was supposed to have lunch with his father at a restaurant when the Darkforce blocked out the Sun and a vampire invasion occurred. John Jameson became Man-Wolf to protect his father and keep him safe while working to get him to his studio in order to inform the viewers on how to stay safe amidst the vampire invasion.

Powers and abilities
John Jameson is a skilled pilot and astronaut and is experienced in hand-to-hand combat and the use of a variety of weapons. During his space flight to the gas giant planet Jupiter, alien spores found on the planet had attracted to and clung onto John on his return trip home. These spores changed his anatomical physiology, causing him to enlarge and become physically denser than normal; he also ran the risk of cardiovascular and neurological complications without use of a specially designed weighted suit which monitored his bio-readings. Also, using his powers increased psychological instability, causing him to become increasingly more violent and aggressive whenever his emotions ran away with him.

While Jameson was doing search and rescue missions in the Middle East, the American military discovered that another Godstone had grown within his body, the original having altered his physiology to the point that he now spawns replacement gems. When the new Godstone is ripped out and crushed by Carnage, another immediately grows back and heals Jameson.

As Colonel Jupiter
Due to alien spore infection, which was garnered during his space mission to Jupiter, Jameson had developed a supernormal physiology accommodating to the higher gravity and harsher atmospheric conditions of the planet. Doubling his original size and physical strength, particularly in his lower body which allows for jumping and leaping great distances at a time, even being able to move fast enough to intercept Spider-Man with relative ease. Colonel Jupiter also boasts increased skin, bone and muscle density; enough to resist superstrength blows from Spider-Man, as well as dish out enough force to rupture steel or shatter masonry barehanded, even by accident.

As Man-Wolf
As the Man-Wolf, Jameson possessed superhuman strength, agility, speed and durability, an accelerated healing factor and heightened senses. He also has razor-sharp teeth and claws to use as weapons once transformed. The Man-Wolf's levels of strength and intelligence varied according to the phases of the moon. Jameson did not retain his human personality or intelligence while in his Man-Wolf form; though the bestial side is capable of speech, it does not talk too often. He was not a traditional supernatural werewolf and was thus invulnerable not only to silver, but to weapons in general.

As Stargod
While in the Other Realm, the Stargod possessed both his human intelligence and speech while in the Man-Wolf's body. As well as giving him vast superhuman strength, a high degree of durability on top of cosmic and telepathic powers. Jameson, eventually learning to utilize the Stargod power by force of will, could consciously change between his human and werewolf forms enabling him to fly across interstellar distances, survive within the cold depths of space unprotected and without a space suit, even teleport between dimensions like Earth and the Other Realm under his own power. He wears scale mail armor and uses a broadsword, a dagger, and a longbow with arrows as weapons.

Earth X
On Earth X, Jameson lives on the Moon and is the father of Jay Jameson. He first appeared in Earth X #0.

House of M
In the House of M universe, Jameson was part of the project that gave the Fantastic Four their powers. Jameson is in the spacecraft along with Ben Grimm, Reed Richards, and Susan Storm. Instead of transforming into the Human Torch, he died along with Richards and Sue, leaving only Ben alive in the form of the Thing, but calling himself the It.

MC2
In the alternative universe of MC2, Jameson married Dr. Ashley Kafka and they had a son, Jack. Jack became the costumed adventurer known as the Buzz.

newuniversal
In the alternate world of newuniversal, Lieutenant General John Jameson is assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Thad Ross, and is involved in arranging an airstrike to kill Ken Connell. The attempt is unsuccessful.

Spider-Gwen
On Earth-65, the home of Spider-Gwen, Jameson as the Man-Wolf is one of the major crime bosses of New York with henchmen working for him all over the city. When he starts targeting Spider-Woman (Gwen Stacy) and her friends, she defeats him and gets him arrested. Shortly after his arrest, his father, Mayor J. Jonah Jameson, has him released, claiming he "wasn't in the right mind" during his time as the Man-Wolf.

What If?
In "What If the Radioactive Spider Had Bitten Someone Else?", John Jameson is one of three candidates - along with Betty Brant and Flash Thompson - who is bitten by the radioactive spider which gave Spider-Man his powers. Equipped with a rocket pack, and upon his father's relentless prompting for the sake of his paper's publicity, John begins to fight crime as "Spider-Jameson". However, when he attempts to save an astronaut from his crashing capsule (the same situation from which he was saved by Spider-Man in mainstream continuity), his rocket pack runs out of fuel, but Jameson heroically sacrifices his life by using his own body to cushion the capsule's impact. The death of his son makes Jonah Jameson re-think his relentless attitudes, and he subsequently dedicates The Daily Bugle to the promotion of superheroes, not their persecution.

Television

 * John Jameson appears in Spider-Man (1994), voiced by Michael Horton. In his most notable appearance in the three-part episode "The Alien Costume", he unwittingly brings the Venom symbiote to Earth.
 * John Jameson / Man-Wolf appears in Spider-Man Unlimited, with John Jameson voiced by John Payne and Man-Wolf's vocal effects provided by Scott McNeil. While traveling into space, he crashes on Counter-Earth amidst Spider-Man's efforts to stop Venom and Carnage. Shortly afterward, he is captured by the High Evolutionary, who unsuccessfully attempts to turn him into a Beastial. Though John is rescued before the process can be completed, he is left with uncontrollable transformations that are primarily triggered by anger or exposure to negative ions. Afterward, he joins the human resistance against the High Evolutionary and is given a bio-electric implant created by Naoko Yamada that largely suppresses his abilities.
 * John Jameson / Colonel Jupiter appears in The Spectacular Spider-Man, voiced by Daran Norris. In the episode "The Uncertainty Principle", John goes into space and nearly crash-lands after his shuttle is hit by a meteor storm. He lands safely, but unknowingly brings the Venom symbiote to Earth and is exposed to alien spores which physically enhance him. As a result, Dr. Curt Connors develops a special containment suit for him while John's father, J. Jonah Jameson, convinces him to become the superhero Colonel Jupiter. Following an attack by Venom, who frames Spider-Man for it, the spores' effects increase, leading to John attacking the web-slinger. After a brutal fight, Spider-Man discovers his opponent's weakness to electricity and restores him to normal, after which he is sent to Ravencroft, having become addicted to the spores' power.
 * John Jameson / Man-Wolf appears in Ultimate Spider-Man, voiced by Nolan North. This version of John's Man-Wolf form sports trappings and the sword of his Stargod form. In the episode "The Man-Wolf", while working on Daily Bugle Communications' lunar space station, John and his construction team discover the ruins of an advanced civilization harboring numerous strange jewels, one of which embeds itself in John's chest and triggers his feral Man-Wolf transformation. Spider-Man eventually destroys the jewel, but the sudden reversion causes John to retain partial lupine features, after which he is kept in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody for treatment. Following this, John makes minor reappearances throughout the series.
 * John Jameson / Man-Wolf appears in Spider-Man (2017), voiced by Josh Keaton. This version is a teenaged student of Norman Osborn's Osborn Academy. In his most notable appearance in the episode "Halloween Moon", he and Harry Osborn work on an experiment involving a radiation-draining lunar crystal. However, it turns John into the Man-Wolf, whose scratch can turn others into werewolves as well. As a result, Harry joins forces with Spider-Man, the Hulk, and Gwen Stacy to reverse the transformation and cure the infected.

Film

 * John Jameson appears in Spider-Man 2, portrayed by Daniel Gillies. An astronaut noted for apparently being the first man to play football on the moon, this version quickly develops a relationship with Mary Jane Watson, who immediately accepts his marriage proposal. However, she eventually realizes that she does not truly love him and leaves him at the altar to be with Peter Parker.
 * John Jameson, credited as J.J. Jameson III, makes a cameo appearance in Venom, portrayed by Chris O'Hara. This version is an employee of the Life Foundation and the sole surviving astronaut of Carlton Drake's spaceship after it crash-lands in Malaysia, though his body is infected by the Riot symbiote. As John is moved by Malaysian EMTs, Riot crashes the ambulance.

Video games

 * John Jameson appears in the Spider-Man 2 film tie-in game, voiced by Charles Klausmeyer.
 * Spider-Jameson from the What If? comics appears as a playable character in Spider-Man Unlimited.

Reception
The Man-Wolf was ranked #21 on Den of Geek's listing of Marvel Comics' monster characters in 2015.

In 2022, Screen Rant included Man-Wolf in their "10 Spider-Man Villains That Are Smarter Than They Seem" list.

title: John Jameson (character)


text:
George F. Willison

George Findley Willison (1896–1972) was a writer and editor who specialized in American history. He also worked in education, journalism, art, public relations, and the military.

He was born in Colorado and lived much of his life in New York. Notable among his books is Saints and Strangers, about the lives of the Mayflower Pilgrims. He also wrote Cliffs Notes for the books Pilgrim's Progress and The Federalist, and contributed to the History of Pittsfield, MA.

Books

 * Here They Dug The Gold (1931, rev. 1945)
 * Why Wars are Declared (1936)
 * Saints and Strangers (1945)
 * Behold Virginia: the fifth crown. Being the trials, adventures & disasters of the first families of Virginia, the rise of the grandees & the eventual triumph of the common & uncommon sort in the Revolution'' (1951)
 * I Am an American - Patrick Henry and His World (1969)
 * The Pilgrim Reader (1953)

title: George F. Willison


text:
Agony aunts

Agony aunts can refer to:

 * Agony aunt, a colloquial term for an advice columnist
 * Agony Aunts, a 2012 Australian comedy television series
 * Agony Uncles, a 2012 Australian comedy television series

title: Agony aunts


text:
Água de Alto

Água de Alto is a civil parish in the municipality of Vila Franca do Campo on the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 1,788, in an area of 18.41 km2.

History
According to historian Gaspar Frutuoso, little is known about this parish. What is known is that during the 15th century, a hermitage in this region sheltered a hospital for lepers, named Lazareto (after the saint São Lázaro, or Gafaria). Following Gaspar Frutuoso's reference, the community of Água de Alto consisted of thirty houses, administered by Father Baltazar Faguntes.

The parish's name had its origin in the 30 m waterfall in the vicinity of the Ribeira do Degredo. Owing to water falling from a height, the region began to be referred as Água D´Alto, which is literally water from the heights.

During the early decades of the 16th century, the residents of Água d'Alto divided their days with tilling the land, collecting woad and fishing. On one day, close to evening, the peasants returned to their homes, where the women had prepared meager meals. Unbeknownst to the residents, a boat carrying pirates, likely Algerian in origin, neared the beach. In the shadows of the night, they passed unseen to the local sentries, and surprised the local populace. They sacked, maltreated and injured the men, violated the women, while another group advanced into the interior led by a drummer, who frightened the citizenry with his drumming. While the sound scared and terrified the women and children, the pirates continued their task of pillaging and destruction. The sentries, discovering finally what was happening, launched boats and knights on horseback to attack the pirates. But, the pirates returned to their launches and escaped, except for the drummer, who continued to drum. When he realized, it was too late, he drummed louder so that no one would cross him. At the end of the night, the drummer quieted his drumming, but immediately the townsfolk heard a scream: the drummer had fallen into a cavern. Although they could not find the body, the settlers would later report that in the evenings they were able to hear the drum. The cavern then became known as the Grota do Tamborileiro, because the spirit of the drummer continued to play his drum.

In 1602, Bishop D. Gerónimo visited the parish, finding the parish small and maltreated, and ordered the transference of the priest to São Pedro. The hospital that also functioned here, was also transferred closer to the sea, constructed in the area known as Degredo, which referred to the fact that many of the lepers were left to this zone.

With the growth of the population, in 1832, the settlers petitioned the Bishop of Angra to authorize the institution of a sanctuary, where they could place the holy sacraments.

For a long time the settlement was part of São Pedro, and was promoted to status of civil parish in 1908, during the government of João Franco.

Geography
Água de Alto is situated on the southern coast of the island of São Miguel. It is located along the regional roadway E.R.1-1ª, that encircles the island, connecting the municipality of Vila Franca do Campo with Ponta Delgada by way of the community of Lagoa along the southern coast.

Economy
Economically, the primary sector is still the most important activities in the parish, however, its relevance has steadily declined over time. The pastures of the parish are dominated by cattle ranching and dairy herding, with agriculture that includes the cultivation of potato, corn and other vegetables are occurring in the small parcels. Complementing these activities are secondary sector industries associated with construction, painting and carpentry. Trade and commerce are based on subsistence and supports primarily the local market.

Architecture

 * Church of São Lázaro (Igreja Paroquial de Água de Alto/Igreja de São Lázaro), the church was begun following the testament of João Afonso, das Grotas Fundas, in 1511

title: Água de Alto


text:
User:Sscragg

Hi, I'm Sandy Scragg, an Instructional Technology Integration Specialist ("ITIS") with the New York City Department of Education in Region 9. This year, I am working with teachers at The Heritage School, a small high school in East Harlem, Manhattan, as well as other schools in Region 9.

Before becoming an ITIS, I was the Director of TeachNet at Teachers Network, a non-profit education organization. TeachNet is a technology professional development program that publishes teachers' work online. And...before Teachers Network, I was a high school English teacher at Murry Bergtraum High School in downtown Manhattan. I earned both my B.A. and M.A. from NYU.

I am a proud New York City native currently living in Hoboken, New Jersey --and ironically, now I have a much better commute! Hoboken is a lovely brownstone community right across the Hudson River from Manhattan, famous for the birth of both baseball and Frank Sinatra.

I am married to Brian Brodeur, a musician and small business owner. He started his own DVD production company in 2001 called New York DVD. We live happily in Hoboken with a fat orange cat named Vinnie, and will welcome a new addition to our family in August!

title: User:Sscragg


text: User talk:Boris23

title: User talk:Boris23


text:
User talk:Uncle G/Wikipedia triage

Copyright judo

 * Er, doesn't a company's act of placing their copyrighted work on Wikipedia implicitly confer permission for Wikipedia to use the content, regardless of what the company site claims? There is, after all, a notice on the edit page to inform them their submitted work will be licensed under the GFDL.  "Copyright judo" is a nice term, but I don't think the point you're making is valid.  ‣ ᓛᖁ  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ ᑐ ] 19:08, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it does not convey that permission. Certainly there's no statute law saying such.  Whilst the "implied licence" doctrine (one that, ironically, is based upon the very same "even if there's nothing in writing, the implications of you doing this are" argument as shrink wrap licences) has been widely proposed, it has never been tested in court.  And even on Usenet, people generally come to the conclusion that any implied licence is limited to the act of distributing and publication a posting in the normal Usenet manner, and does not extend to redistribution of modified versions.    So even if the Usenet interpretation were found to be valid (It has not been fully tested in court.), there's no way that an implied licence extends to granting all of the permissions that the GFDL encompasses, or would be GFDL compatible.  Uncle G 19:48, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * In particular, we have no way of verifying whether the person uploading copyrighted material is in fact authorized to release that material under the GFDL (as Wikipedia requires for text). To be a free encyclopedia, we need a clear licence for the external material we use. Physchim62 18:14, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Nice idea
I like this article, and I think there might could be a full WikiProject for NewPage triage. I was amused to find this article, as I had been doing pretty much what you described, so I was thinking maybe there could be some benefit from organizing it into a WikiProject. What do you think? EvilPhoenix talk 05:43, July 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * A WikiProject seems excessive. However, if enough people supported the idea, simply renaming the article to New page triage or some such might be a possibility.  In the meantime, I've added a link to New pages patrol. Uncle G 20:07:18, 2005-08-10 (UTC)

 * Excellent stuff. I've been doing well on the first couple of steps, but you've got some other ideas and suggestions in here that I'll be putting into effect in my NPP activities. Thanks! Tony Fox (arf!) 20:25, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Very nice
This article shows that there are some weaknesses in the search form that need to be addressed to make it more idiot-proof (or perhaps novice-friendly is more PC). Sarsaparilla (talk) 14:48, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

copyvio
Thanks Uncle, nice essay, I hope you don't mind if I add it to a list on my userpage. One query though, I never saw the point of delete on site for copyvios - what would be the problem in stubyfying them?  Ϣere Spiel  Chequers 20:58, 11 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Have a read of the discussion of that CSD criterion at Criteria for speedy deletion/Proposal/Blatant copyvio material and its talk page. The problem with editing a copyright violation is that a derivative work is a copyright violation too.  Note that the CSD criterion is tangential to Copyright Judo, whose major thrust is that an advertiser's own copyrights can be used against xyr advertisements. Uncle G (talk) 11:06, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Uncle G/Wikipedia triage


text:
Østerøya

Østerøya (lit. 'East Island') a peninsula in Sandefjord Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. It is one of two long, narrow peninsulas located south of the city of Sandefjord. The peninsula lies between the Mefjorden and Tønsbergfjorden and it sits across the fjord from the Vesterøya peninsula. The Tønsberg Barrel is located on the southern end of the peninsula. The Tønsberg Barrel is an old sea mark that is mentioned in Sverris saga. It has been described as one of the most beautiful sites in Sandefjord.

Østerøya has a large number of beaches, campgrounds, recreational areas, and vacation homes. The peninsula has a length of 10 km, and is between 1-2 km in width. It was previously known as Yxnøy, a name which now is used for the southernmost point of the peninsula. Yxnøy, also spelled Yxney, is now a recreational area home to several beaches, forests, sloping rocks, hiking trails, and Tønsberg Barrel. The peninsula is now named Østerøya ("east island") since it is located east of the centre of the city of Sandefjord. The southern end of the peninsula contains public areas for outdoor activities, recreation, fishing and swimming. A preserved area with black alder swamp forest (containing ramsons, iris pseudacorus and early purple orchid) is located here.

During the Viking Age, ocean water levels were about 3 m higher, which meant both Vesterøya and Østerøya peninsulas were islands surrounded by ocean waters.

There are 20 km of hiking trails on Østerøya, which is an extension of the 25 km coastal path at Vesterøya. The combined hiking trail is part of the international North Sea Trail.

Head Above Water ("Hodet over vannet") by film director Nils Gaup was filmed at the southern tip of Østerøya and features Ertsvika at Yxnøy.

Yxnøy

Yxnøy is one of the largest undeveloped areas found along the Vestfold coast. The 5 m tall Tønsberg Barrel is an old beacon mentioned in Sverris saga from around year 1200. Many ships have sunk near the landmark, which is located at Yxnøy (Yxney) on the southern tip of Østerøya. The seamark (navigation mark) sits on the mountain Tønneberget (Stenbåken) with ocean-views in all directions. It has an elevation of 37 m and marks the entry point for the city of Tønsberg. Its circumference is at its most 12 m, and it is painted in white and black. The beacon originally consisted of a barrel, hence the name, but was replaced with the current seamark in 1900.

Yxnøy and the area surrounding Tønsberg Barrel were fortified by the German occupation forces during World War II. Bunkers, trenches and other remains from the war can still be seen in the surrounding area. A number of ships have also sunk here, including ships such as Wilhelm Tell in 1851 and Bjørgvin in 1961, which lies 70 m from the Tønsberg Barrel. In 1907, the ship Union sunk here and its crew of eight men drowned. The coastal hiking trail from Tønsberg Barrel to Skjellvika Beach is about 9 km long. It is part of the international North Sea Trail.

Yxnøy is the only place in Norway where the plant species Marsh valerian (Valeriana dioica) occurs. Strandvika Nature Preserve is located at Yxnøy. It is home to a black alder swamp forest containing ramsons, iris pseudacorus and early purple orchid. The nature preserve was established in 1980.

History
Østerøya was fortified during World War II.

Beaches
Beaches on East Island include:

 * Skjellvika
 * Flautangen
 * Nordre Trubervika
 * Strandvika
 * Yxnøy
 * Ertsvika
 * Hagaløkka
 * Tallakshavn

title: Østerøya


text:
Template:Gymnast ru

This article contains information from the website http://www.gymnast.ru/, incorporated into the Wikipedia with permission from its author E. V. Avsenev.

title: Template:Gymnast ru


text:
Wikipedia:Avsenev Permission

The permission from the author of the website http://www.gymnast.ru/, E.V.Avsenev was granted me (User:Cmapm) to incorporate images and other information from http://www.gymnast.ru/ into the Wikipedia. I emailed him (his e-mail address is on the website http://www.gymnast.ru/) 1:00, February 9 2005 (UTC), asking the following question in Russian: Cкажите, пожалуйста, можно ли использовать собранную Вами информацию (а также фото) Нелли Ким и других гимнастов для перевода на английский язык и включения её в биографические статьи интернет-энциклопедии Википедия?. This translates into English as:Tell me, please, can I use the information about (as well as photos of) Nelli Kim and other gymnasts collected by yourself for the translation into English and incorporation into internet-encyclopedia Wikipedia's biographical articles?

7:40 February 14 2005 (UTC) I received an answer from E.V.Avsenev (through his granddaughter) in Russian:Я выражаю Вам свою признательность за проявленный интерес к моей работе, и сообщаю , что не вижу никаких препятствий в использовании Вами материалов сайта www.gimnast.ru для Интернет -энциклопедии. This translates into English as:I express you my gratefulness for your interest in my work and inform you, that I don't see any obstacles in your use of materials from the website www.gymnast.ru for the Internet-encyclopedia.

Since now I begin to use materials from the website www.gymnast.ru in Wikipedia adding one of the following notices in the end of each corresponding article/on the description page of the corresponding image: Cmapm 19:20, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * gymnast ru image
 * gymnast ru image

As concerns the usage of the images, according to this answer, it is Template:permission, not GFDL. I asked, if it should be changed to GFDL (I also tried to explain the main difference between them) in my next letter to E.V.Avsenev. I received a reply from his granddaughter today, where she writes, that she didn't understand the essence of the problem and gives me a right to decide, believing in my honesty (that I'll not harm in any way neither the website, nor E.V.Avsenev). As I don't understand all subtle differences between permission and GFDL applied to images too, I leave permission, granted in the first reply from E.V.Avsenev, intact. Cmapm 16:09, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Avsenev Permission


text:
HALCA

HALCA (Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy), also known for its project name VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Programme), the code name MUSES-B (for the second of the Mu Space Engineering Spacecraft series), or just Haruka (はるか) was a Japanese 8 meter diameter radio telescope satellite which was used for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). It was the first such space-borne dedicated VLBI mission.

History
It was placed in a highly elliptical orbit with an apogee altitude of 21,400 km and a perigee altitude of 560 km, with an orbital period of approximately 6.3 hours. This orbit allowed imaging of celestial radio sources by the satellite in conjunction with an array of ground-based radio telescopes, such that both good (u,v) plane coverage and very high resolution were obtained.

Although designed to observe in three frequency bands: 1.6 GHz, 5.0 GHz, and 22 GHz, it was found that the sensitivity of the 22 GHz band had severely degraded after orbital deployment, probably caused by vibrational deformation of the dish shape at launch, thus limiting observations to the 1.6 GHz and 5.0 GHz bands.

HALCA was launched in February 1997 from Kagoshima Space Center, and made its final VSOP observations in October 2003, far exceeding its 3-year predicted lifespan, before the loss of attitude control. All operations were officially ended in November 2005.

A follow-up mission ASTRO-G (VSOP-2) was planned, with a proposed launch date of 2012, but the project was eventually cancelled in 2011 due to increasing costs and the difficulties of achieving its science goals. It was expected to achieve resolutions up to ten times higher and up to ten times greater sensitivity than its predecessor HALCA.

The cancellation of ASTRO-G left the Russian Spektr-R mission as the only then operational space VLBI facility. Spektr-R stopped operating in 2019.

Antenna
The large 8 meter antenna was designed to unfold in space as the unfolded configuration did not fit inside the rocket fairing. The antenna was a metal mesh of 6000 cables. To form an ideal shape the length of the cables were adjusted on the backside of the antenna. One concern was that the cables could entangle. The deployment of the main reflector started on February 27, 1997. The deployment was done over three hours on the first day and was completed in 20 minutes during the next day.

Highlights

 * Observations of hydroxyl masers and pulsars at 1.6 GHz
 * Detection of interference fringes for quasar PKS1519-273 between HALCA and terrestrial radio telescopes
 * Routines imaging of quasars and radio galaxies etc. by means of experimental VLBI observations with HALCA and terrestrial radio telescope networks

title: HALCA


text:
Category:Queercore

People and articles concerning the Queercore cultural movement and musical genre.

title: Category:Queercore


text:
Cadwalader Morris

Cadwalader Morris (February 19, 1741 – January 25, 1795) was an American merchant and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Early life
Morris was born in Philadelphia on February 19, 1741. He was a son of merchant Samuel Morris (1711–1782) and Hannah (née Cadwalader) Morris (1715–1787). His brother was Anthony Cadwalader Morris.

His paternal grandparents were Phoebe (née Guest) Morris and Anthony Morris, the brewer, merchant, judge, assemblyman, and mayor of Philadelphia. His maternal grandparents were Martha (née Jones) Cadwalader and General John Cadwalader, who emigrated from Wales to Philadelphia in 1697, sailing with William Penn on his second voyage to the Quaker City. Among his maternal family was uncle Dr. Thomas Cadwalader, and cousins, General John Cadwalader, U.S. Representative Lambert Cadwalader, and aunt Mary Cadwalader (wife of Judge Samuel Dickinson).

Career
After attending the rural school, Morris became engaged in commercial pursuits and in the management of his estate, residing for a time in the West Indies.

During the American Revolution, he was a member of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, which was commanded by his cousin, Captain Samuel Morris. He was a delegate for Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress in 1783 and 1784.

In 1781, he was a founder and also a member of the first board of directors of the Bank of North America. After the war he had an iron furnace for several years at Birdsboro, Berks County, Pennsylvania, after which he returned to mercantile pursuits in Philadelphia and was a member of the Democratic Society of Philadelphia.

title: Cadwalader Morris


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Charles Athanasie Walckenaer

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. I have moved the page to Charles Athanase Walckenaer (as indicated on the page's wrongtitle template) and created a redirect at Charles-Athanase Walckenaer. —Korath (Talk) 15:53, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Charles Athanasie Walckenaer
This bio sub-stub reads: "Charles Athanasie Walckenaer (1771 - 1852) was a French naturalist", end of substub. How is this helpful to anyone who wanted to learn about this individual, and how is notability established? If you lived during the 19th century and someone writes an article about you, are you then automatically inherently noteworthy? To be fair, an unfiltered and combined google search results in 18 hits; 9 for "Charles Athanasie Walckenaer" and another for "Charles Walckenaer". Are these sorts of substubs really beneficial to our readers, or do they dilute and detract from the overall quality of the project? GRider\talk 19:14, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Known as an arachnologist known for his work on spiders. Darwin cites his work in the Descent of Man stating that he is a "well-known arachnologist". French Wikipedia has an article on him that might be worth translating.Capitalistroadster 19:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The usefulness of this substub comes from what links to it, Avondale spider, to which it seems he gave the binomial name, and the fact it allows the French version to be found. Kappa 19:58, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In that case, are there any advantages to this article remaining separate rather than merging and redirecting to Avondale spider? GRider\talk 20:04, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That wouldn't hurt (except for French speakers), but it would be inconvenience to un-merge if more notability is established or it turns out he named a bunch of other things. Kappa 01:20, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You get more hits if you spell his name correctly - it was "Charles-Athanase", no 'i'. Also try "CA Walckenaer". Keep (and rename for correct spelling). DS 20:45, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Charles-Athanase Walckenaer, and expand. @ Megan1967 23:33, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Even without the evidence that Capitalistroadster found, he has already passed the "100 year" test. Rossami (talk) 06:49, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but translate the French. -- Riffsyphon1024 06:50, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to the right name--nixie 03:32, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:151.197.251.92

title: User talk:151.197.251.92


text:
Talk:Nattering nabob

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Nattering nabob. The consensus was to redirect it. dbenbenn | talk 19:16, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nattering nabob


text:
United States law enforcement decorations

United States law enforcement decorations are awarded by the police forces of the United States of America. Since the United States has a decentralized police force, with separate independent departments existing on the state and local level, there are thousands of law enforcement decorations in existence.

Usage and history
Law enforcement medals and badges first appeared in the late 19th century, as used by some of the (then) largest police departments in the country, such as the New York City Police Department and Chicago Police Department. Early law enforcement awards were often pins and badges awarded on a case-by-case basis. Standardized law enforcement awards began to appear once police departments began issuing more codified and structured uniform regulations.

Originally, law enforcement awards were rarely awarded, and then only for acts of heroism or bravery. The oldest police awards thus have such names as "Medal of Valor" and "Medal of Honor". Later in the 20th century, police departments began issuing medal ribbons for such routine tasks as years of service, completion of training, or simply general membership in the police. Law enforcement awards, historically the domain of larger city departments, became more common with smaller local and town offices, as well as Sheriff's departments, towards the end of the 20th century.

Typically, law enforcement decorations are bestowed by a particular police department and may only be worn and displayed while a police officer is serving as a member of that particular law enforcement activity. Most such awards are provided by city, county and state officials. Federal law enforcement agencies, such as the FBI, DEA, and the Department of Homeland Security issue medals under the authority of the United States government which are considered separate civilian government awards.

Law enforcement awards are often independently designed by the city, town, or county, where they are issued and many have a unique appearance to separate them from U.S. military awards (which are themselves often authorized for wear on police uniforms by military veterans). During the trial of George Zimmerman, the Sanford Police Department came under heavy criticism when it was revealed on national television that their officers were wearing U.S. military awards, including such decorations as the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, with simply different names as police awards. After numerous complaints to both the Sanford police and the Fraternal Order of Police, the department discontinued this practice of wearing U.S. military awards in lieu of unique police decorations.

Index of law enforcement awards
The following sections list various police decorations by awarding agency

Columbia Police Department

 * Medal of Valor
 * Purple Heart
 * Certificate of Commendation
 * Letter of Appreciation

Denver Police Department

 * Denver Police Medal of Honor
 * Denver Police Service Cross
 * Denver Police Medal of Valor
 * Police Purple Heart
 * Police Lifesaving Medal
 * Police Campaign Medal
 * Physical Fitness Award

Elyria Police Department

 * Medal of Honor.JPG Elyria Police Medal of Honor
 * Elyria Police Medal of Valor
 * Police Lifesaving Medal
 * Medal of Merit.jpg Police Medal of Merit
 * Purple Heart.jpg Police Purple Heart
 * Police Commendation Medal
 * Safe Driving Medal
 * Tactical Squad Service Medal
 * Community Service Medal
 * Education Award.JPG Police Education Medal
 * Advanced Certification Award.png Advanced Certification Medal
 * Field Training Officer Medal
 * Top Gun Medal
 * Honor Guard Ribbon Banner.jpg Police Honor Guard Medal

Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department

 * Medal of Honor
 * Purple Heart
 * Medal of Valor
 * Medal of Bravery
 * Medal of Merit
 * Ruthann Popcheff Memorial Award

Los Angeles Police Department

 * Los Angeles Police Department Medal of Valor ribbon.svg Los Angeles Police Medal of Valor
 * Liberty Award.jpg Liberty Award
 * Policemedal.JPG Police Medal for Heroism
 * Policestar.JPG Los Angeles Police Star
 * Lifesavingmedal.JPG Police Lifesaving Medal
 * Pcdsm.JPG Police Commission Distinguished Service Medal
 * Los Angeles Police Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svge Distinguished Service Medal
 * PMSM.JPG Police Meritorious Service Medal
 * PMAM.JPG Police Meritorious Achievement Medal
 * Cpm.JPG Community Policing Medal
 * Humanrelations.JPG Human Relations Medal
 * Pcuc.JPG Police Commission Unit Citation
 * Pmuc.JPGe Meritorious Unit Citation
 * Reserve service ribbon.jpg Reserve Police Officer Service Ribbon
 * 1984 Summer Olympics Ribbon
 * 1987pv.JPG 1987 Papal Visit Ribbon
 * 92riots.JPG 1992 Civil Disturbance Ribbon
 * 1994quake.JPG 1994 Earthquake Ribbon

Minneapolis Police Department

 * Medal of Honor
 * Medal of Valor
 * Medal of Commendation

New York City Police Department

 * NYPD Medal of Honor breast bar.svg NYPD Medal of Honor
 * Greenribbon.jpg NYPD Combat Cross
 * Blueribbon.jpg NYPD Medal of Valor
 * NYPD Purple Shield
 * Mpd silver.JPG Meritorious Police Duty (MPD) Honorable Mention
 * Mpd green.jpg Meritorious Police Duty (MPD) Exceptional Merit
 * Mpd bronze.jpg Meritorious Police Duty (MPD) Commendation or Commendation – Integrity
 * Mpd blue.jpg Meritorious Police Duty (MPD) Commendation – Community Service
 * Mpd.jpg Meritorious Police Duty (MPD)
 * NYPD EPD.jpg Excellent Police Duty (EPD)

Oklahoma City Police Department

 * Oklahoma Police Medal of Honor
 * Oklahoma Police Cross
 * Police Medal of Valor
 * Medal of Meritorious Service

Philadelphia Police Department

 * Sgt. Robert F. Wilson III Commendation for Valor
 * Commendation for Bravery
 * Commendation for Heroism
 * Commendation for Merit
 * Commendatory Citation
 * RNC Service Ribbon
 * Military Service Ribbon

Saint Louis Metropolitan Police Department

 * Saint Louis Meritorious Award
 * Saint Louis Medal of Valor – Crusade Against Crime
 * Saint Louis Chief of Police Letter of Accommodation
 * Saint Louis Captains Letter of Accommodation
 * Saint Louis Officer of the Year Award
 * Saint Louis Officer of the Month Award (Given each month in each of the Six Districts)
 * Proclamation by the Mayor of the City of Saint Louis
 * Proclamation by the City of Saint Louis Board of Aldermen

Sanford Police Department
Prior to the controversy surrounding the display of obvious U.S. military award ribbons as police decorations, the Sanford police issued these ribbons (in order of precedence shown below) before discontinuing the practice.

 * Combat Readiness Medal ribbon.svg
 * Selected Marine Corps Reserve Medal ribbon.svg
 * Defense Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg
 * PHL Independence Medal ribbon.png
 * Army Good Conduct Medal ribbon.svg
 * Army of Occupation ribbon.svg

St. Louis County Police Department

 * St. Louis County Medal of Honor
 * Police Medal of Valor
 * St. Louis Distinguished Service Citation
 * St. Louis Meritorious Service Citation
 * Police Purple Heart
 * Citizen's Recognition Medal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Life Of Alexander the Great

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:16, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Life Of Alexander the Great
Pointless duplication, and not good, of material covered in the article Alexander the Great. — Bill 19:21, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete per Bill. HyperZonktalk 20:06, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, only need one of these. Of course, if I'd seen it before VfD listing, I'd have redir'd to Alexander article, and saved all this trouble. Stan 21:29, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, duplicate article. Megan1967 23:35, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Limeheadnyc/Music

Hi there. This is a public watchlist of mine about music stuff I like. It's by no means exhaustive, but a good starting point IMO. Enjoy.

 * Related changes.

Genres

 * Blues, Talk:Blues.
 * Blues-rock, Talk:Blues-rock.
 * Hard rock, Talk:Hard rock.
 * Heavy metal music, Talk:Heavy metal music.
 * Alternative metal, Talk:Alternative metal.
 * Avant garde metal, Talk:Avant garde metal.
 * Black metal, Talk:Black metal.
 * Celtic metal, Talk:Celtic metal.
 * Classic metal, Talk:Classic metal.
 * Death metal, Talk:Death metal.
 * Doom metal, Talk:Doom metal.
 * Folk metal, Talk:Folk metal.
 * Goth metal, Talk:Goth metal.
 * Grindcore, Talk:Grindcore.
 * Hair metal, Talk:Hair metal.
 * Metalcore, Talk:Metalcore.
 * Neo-classical metal, Talk:Neo-classical metal.
 * Nu metal, Talk:Nu metal.
 * Power metal, Talk:Power metal.
 * Progressive metal, Talk:Progressive metal.
 * Rap metal, Talk:Rap metal.
 * Speed metal, Talk:Speed metal.
 * Stoner metal, Talk:Stoner metal.
 * Industrial music, Talk:Industrial music.
 * Rhythm and blues, Talk:Rhythm and blues.
 * Rock and roll, Talk:Rock and roll.

Equipment

 * Electric guitar, Talk:Electric guitar.

Artists & Albums

 * A Perfect Circle, Talk:A Perfect Circle.
 * Black Label Society, Talk:Black Label Society.
 * Black Sabbath, Talk:Black Sabbath.
 * Ozzy Osbourne, Talk:Ozzy Osbourne.
 * Tony Iommi, Talk:Tony Iommi.
 * Geezer Butler, Talk:Geezer Butler.
 * Bill Ward (drummer), Talk:Bill Ward (drummer).
 * Jeff Buckley, Talk:Jeff Buckley.
 * Eric Clapton, Talk:Eric Clapton.
 * Cream (band), Talk:Cream (band).
 * Deftones, Talk:Deftones.
 * The Doors, Talk:The Doors.
 * Bob Dylan, Talk:Bob Dylan.
 * Grateful Dead, Talk:Grateful Dead.
 * Guns N' Roses, Talk:Guns N' Roses.
 * Jimi Hendrix, Talk:Jimi Hendrix.
 * Led Zeppelin, Talk:Led Zeppelin.
 * Less Than Jake, Talk:Less Than Jake.
 * Limehead, Talk:Limehead.
 * The Mars Volta. Talk:The Mars Volta.
 * Megadeth, Talk:Megadeth
 * Metallica, Talk:Metallica.
 * Members:
 * Cliff Burton, Talk:Cliff Burton.
 * Kirk Hammett, Talk:Kirk Hammett.
 * James Hetfield, Talk:James Hetfield.
 * Lars Ulrich, Talk:Lars Ulrich.
 * Jason Newsted, Talk:Jason Newsted.
 * Dave Mustaine, Talk:Dave Mustaine.
 * Robert Trujillo, Talk:Robert Trujillo.
 * Motörhead, Talk:Motörhead.
 * Pink Floyd, Talk:Pink Floyd.
 * Rage Against the Machine, Talk:Rage Against the Machine.
 * Members:
 * Zack de la Rocha, Talk:Zack de la Rocha.
 * Tom Morello, Talk:Tom Morello.
 * Brad Wilk, Talk:Brad Wilk.
 * Tim Commerford, Talk:Tim Commerford.
 * Albums:
 * Rage Against the Machine (album), Talk:Rage Against the Machine (album).
 * Evil Empire (album), Talk:Evil Empire (album).
 * Live & Rare (album), Talk:Live & Rare (album).
 * The Battle of Los Angeles (album), Talk:The Battle of Los Angeles (album).
 * Renegades (album), Talk:Renegades (album).
 * Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium, Talk:Live at the Grand Olympic Auditorium.
 * The Rolling Stones, Talk:The Rolling Stones.
 * Joe Satriani, Talk:Joe Satriani.
 * The Smashing Pumpkins, Talk:The Smashing Pumpkins.
 * Tool (band), Talk:Tool (band).
 * Members:
 * Maynard James Keenan, Talk:Maynard James Keenan.
 * Adam Jones, Talk:Adam Jones.
 * Paul d'Amour, Talk:Paul d'Amour. (First bass player)
 * Justin Chancellor, Talk:Justin Chancellor. (Current bass player)
 * Danny Carey, Talk:Danny Carey.
 * Albums:
 * Opiate (album), Talk:Opiate (album).
 * Undertow (Tool album), Talk:Undertow (Tool album).
 * Ænima, Talk:Ænima.
 * Salival, Talk:Salival.
 * Lateralus, Talk:Lateralus.
 * Velvet Revolver, Talk:Velvet Revolver.
 * Voivod (band), Talk:Voivod (band).
 * Zakk Wylde, Talk:Zakk Wylde.

title: User:Limeheadnyc/Music