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Unga

Unga or UNGA may refer to:

Places

 * Unga Island, in Alaska, United States
 * Unga, Alaska, a ghost town
 * Unga L.T.D., an administrative ward in Tanzania
 * Unga Station, in Japan

Other uses

 * Unga (crab), or coconut crab
 * Unga (fish), a fish of Cameroon
 * Unga (unit), a Scottish land measurement
 * Unga (drug), a street name for heroin
 * United Nations General Assembly, or UNGA
 * Unga Group, a flour milling company
 * Tēvita ʻUnga (c. 1824 – 1879), Tongan Crown Prince and Prime Minister
 * Harvey Unga (born 1988), American football running back

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Unga


text: User talk:204.60.75.131

title: User talk:204.60.75.131


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Mitchell and Webb

Mitchell and Webb are a British comedy double act composed of David Mitchell and Robert Webb. They are best known for starring in the Channel 4 sitcom Peep Show and their radio and TV sketch shows That Mitchell and Webb Sound and That Mitchell and Webb Look. The duo first met at the Footlights in 1993 and collaborated on the 1995 revue while at Cambridge.

Television and radio
After graduating from university, the duo performed in two-man shows at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and some sketch writing, including a series of Big Train and also for Armstrong and Miller's eponymous show. Their big break came in 2000 when they joined the writing team for the BBC Two sketch show Bruiser. The following year, the short-lived Play UK channel invited them to write their own sketch show, The Mitchell and Webb Situation. Later, they wrote and starred in the Radio 4 sketch show That Mitchell and Webb Sound, later adapted for television on BBC Two as That Mitchell and Webb Look. The first series of That Mitchell and Webb Look won the BAFTA for Best Comedy Programme in 2007.

They often appear with actors Olivia Colman, James Bachman, Mark Evans and Paterson Joseph.

In 2008, the duo wrote a pilot script for their first original TV sitcom, Playing Shop. The two star as Eric and Jamie, friends who set up a business together after they are made redundant from their old jobs. Hartswood Films recorded the pilot episode on 20 December, with a view to producing a full series for BBC Two. Although approved by BBC, plans for future episodes fell through as Mitchell and Webb decided not to proceed with it.

Mitchell and Webb collaborated with Armstrong and Miller again for the 2009 Red Nose Day fundraising event. They co-wrote and starred in two short sketches incorporating Armstrong and Miller's World War II airmen characters from The Armstrong and Miller Show and their characters Sir Digby and Ginger from their radio show That Mitchell and Webb Sound. In 2012, the pair provided the voices for the pair of robots in the Doctor Who TV episode "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship" in addition to starring in the BBC Two comedy-drama Ambassadors.

In 2017, they appeared in the Channel 4 sitcom Back, on which they also worked as executive producers.

In 2022, they appeared in the Adult Swim series "Rick and Morty" as "Knights of the Sun" in the episode titled "A Rick in King Mortur's Mort" alongside Jack Black, Matt King and Daniel Radcliffe.

Other
Mitchell and Webb have also appeared in the U.K. regional versions of the 'Get a Mac' advertisements for Apple.

They also voiced a pair of peas on the Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway sponsorship TV adverts for Bird's Eye.

Magicians, a film starring the pair, was released on 18 May 2007.

They have also published the comedy book This Mitchell and Webb Book.

title: Mitchell and Webb


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The Crucible (1996 film)

The Crucible is a 1996 American historical drama film directed by Nicholas Hytner and written by Arthur Miller, based on his 1953 play of the same title. It stars Daniel Day-Lewis as John Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail Williams, Paul Scofield as Judge Thomas Danforth, Joan Allen as Elizabeth Proctor, and Bruce Davison as Reverend Samuel Parris. Set in 1692 during the Salem witch trials, the film follows a group of teenage girls who, after getting caught performing a ritual in the woods, band together and falsely accuse several of the townspeople of witchcraft.

Principal photography began in Massachusetts and Nova Scotia on September 11, 1995, and concluded on November 18. The Crucible was theatrically released in the United States on November 27, 1996, and was a commercial failure, grossing only $7.3 million against its $25 million budget. Despite this, it received positive reviews from critics, with Day-Lewis, Ryder, Scofield, and Allen earning widespread acclaim for their performances.

The Crucible was screened at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival, where it competed for the Golden Bear. At the 54th Golden Globe Awards, Scofield and Allen were nominated for Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress respectively, while Allen received a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the 69th Academy Awards, and Scofield won Best Actor in a Supporting Role at the 50th British Academy Film Awards. Arthur Miller received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

Plot
In Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692, a group of village girls meet in the woods with slave Tituba, attempting to conjure love spells. Abigail Williams kills a chicken and drinks its blood, wishing for John Proctor's wife Elizabeth to die. When Abigail's uncle, Reverend Samuel Parris, discovers them, the girls run away, but his daughter Betty collapses unconscious.

Betty will not awaken, nor will Thomas and Ann Putnam's daughter Ruth, who was also conjuring. Giles Corey, who suspects that the children are just acting out, and John Proctor, with whom Abigail had an affair, visit the Parris household. Believing Betty and Ruth to be demonically possessed, Parris and the Putnams call Reverend John Hale from nearby Beverly to examine Betty. To save herself and the other girls from punishment, Abigail accuses Tituba of witchcraft. After being whipped, Tituba confesses to seeing the devil and is saved from being hanged. Struck by their new power, the girls begin naming numerous other women, including Elizabeth, whom they "saw" with the devil.

John wants to forget about his affair with Abigail and get back with Elizabeth. He decides to stop Abigail's accusations, telling his servant, Mary Warren, who is one of the "afflicted" girls, to testify at the trial that the witchcraft was faked. In court, Francis Nurse gives a list of people vouching for the accused; the judges order that all on the list be arrested and brought in for questioning. Giles insists that when Ruth accused Rebecca Nurse, Mr. Putnam was heard to tell Ruth that she had won him a "fine gift of land". Giles refuses to identify who heard this remark, and the judges order his arrest. Mary Warren insists she only thought she saw spirits but the other girls later cow her into recanting. Elizabeth says she is pregnant and will be spared from death until the baby is born, but John insists that the girls be charged with false witness.

The girls are called in and asked if they were lying about the witchcraft, but they start screaming that Mary Warren is bewitching them. To demonstrate Abigail's complicity, John confesses to having sex with her, claiming that she accused Elizabeth in order to get rid of her so that she could marry him. Abigail denies the affair, so Elizabeth is called in to verify it. Unaware that John confessed and wanting to save his reputation, she lies. As Reverend Hale tries to persuade the court of John's honesty, the girls turn the court further against the Proctors by screaming that Mary Warren is attacking them as a "yellow bird". John repeats his accusation that the girls are merely pretending, but they run outside from the "bird" into a nearby lake. To save herself from being hanged, Mary Warren accuses John of witchcraft. When asked if he will return to God, John despairingly yells "I say God is dead!" and is arrested as a witch.

On the day before John is to be hanged, Reverend Hale confronts Abigail at the now-abandoned homes of the victims whom she testified against. Because Hale was the lone official in the court to doubt her claims, Abigail attempts to convince the court that Hale's wife is also a witch; however, this backfires as the judges doubt her, as they consider a minister's wife to be pure. Eventually, the girls become outcasts and Abigail steals Parris' money to flee to Barbados, but not before asking John to go with her, telling him she never wished any of this on him. He refuses, stating "It's not on a ship we'll meet again, but in Hell".

Parris fears that John's hanging will cause riots directed at him, so he allows Elizabeth to meet with John to convince him to "confess" and save his life. John agrees and writes the confession. The judges insist that he sign the confession and publicly display it to prove his guilt and to convince others to confess, but John, determined to keep his name pure for his sons, angrily shouts "Leave me my name!", and tears it up.

On the gallows, John, Rebecca Nurse and Martha Corey's recitation of the Lord's Prayer is cut short when they are hanged. A closing title card states that the Salem Witch Trials were brought to an end after nineteen people were executed after they refused to save themselves by giving false confessions.

Background
In 1952, Miller's friend Elia Kazan appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC); fearful of being blacklisted from Hollywood, Kazan named eight members of the Group Theatre, including Clifford Odets, Paula Strasberg, Lillian Hellman, and John Garfield, who in recent years had been fellow members of the Communist Party. After speaking with Kazan about his testimony, Miller traveled to Salem, Massachusetts to research the witch trials of 1692. The Crucible, in which Miller likened the situation with the House Un-American Activities Committee to the witch hunt in Salem in 1692, opened at the Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22, 1953.

Miller and Kazan were close friends throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s (the latter had directed the original production of Miller's Death of a Salesman), but after Kazan's testimony to the HUAC, the pair's friendship ended, and they did not speak to each other for the next ten years. The HUAC took an interest in Miller himself not long after The Crucible opened, denying him a passport to attend the play's London opening in 1954. Later Miller was further checked out: when testimony came out that he misled the HUAC, he was sentenced to a $500 fine and a 30-day stay in jail. It was overturned on appeal. Kazan defended his own actions through his film On the Waterfront, in which a dockworker heroically testifies against a corrupt union boss.

Though the play was widely considered only somewhat successful at the time of its first production, today The Crucible is Miller's most frequently produced work throughout the world. It was adapted as an opera by Robert Ward, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1962.

Historical accuracy
The film kept many of the play's documented inaccuracies; various characters' ages were changed, including making Abigail Williams older and John Proctor younger when, in reality, they were approximately 12 and 60 years old, respectively. As in the play, the film fabricates a relationship between the two. Characters and events were also conflated, such as featuring Thomas Danforth presiding over the trials (when he was not documented as having done so in reality) and combining the trials and sentences of John Proctor, Martha Corey, and Rebecca Nurse.

Reception
The movie was not a box office success, making only $7,343,114 in the United States.

Critical reception
The film has an overall score of 70% on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 63 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The critics consensus states: "This staid adaptation of The Crucible dutifully renders Arthur Miller's landmark play on the screen with handsome production design and sturdy performances, if not with the political anger and thematic depth that earned the drama its reputation." Victor Navasky of The New York Times wrote that the film was "thought impossible to make during the McCarthy years" due to its allegorical connections to McCarthyism, yet was "probably destined for Hollywood all along".

Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a grade of "A", calling the adaptation "joltingly powerful" and noting the "spectacularly"-acted performances of Day-Lewis, Scofield, and Allen. Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, writing that the "story has all the right moves and all the correct attitudes, but there is something lacking at its core; I think it needs less frenzy and more human nature". Philip Thomas of Empire gave the film 5 out of 5 stars, calling it an "almost perfect screen adaptation".

Awards and nominations
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
 * Nominated Courtroom Drama Film

title: The Crucible (1996 film)


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Sabertooth fish

Sabertooth or sabretooth fish are small, fierce-looking deep-sea aulopiform fish comprising the family Evermannellidae. The family is small, with just eight species in three genera represented; they are distributed throughout tropical to subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.

These fishes are named for their oversized, recurved palatine teeth, similar to those of saber-toothed cats (and the prehistoric Enchodus). The family is named Evermannellidae after Barton Warren Evermann, noted ichthyologist, naturalist and director of the California Academy of Sciences.

Description
Sabertooth fishes have moderately elongated and compressed bodies which lack normal scales. The head is large and blunt; the terminal mouth is large and lined with slender palatine teeth, and the front is mostly enlarged and is curved inward slightly. A number of shorter, straighter teeth accompany these fang-like teeth. The tongue is toothless.

The eyes of the Odontostomops normalops typically range in size from small to large with a tubular structure while pointing upwards and directly laterally. The Atlantic sabertooth (Cocorella atlantica) have semi-tubular eyes directed dorso-laterally while the Balbo sabertooth (Evermannella balbo) and Indian sabertooth (Evermannella melanoderma) have tubular eyes but directed dorsally and slightly anteriorly. The tubular nature of these eyes allow the sabertooth fish to extend their vision in specific directions, and also are presumed to aid with depth perception in the dark. Evermannella have an additional adaptation called the optical fold. These optical folds are found on the lateral sides of the eyes and are another adaptation that allow these fish to extend their field of vision. The presumed mechanism of these optical folds is by altering the angle of the light from the lateral and ventral sides to better enter the eye.

Similarly, in O. normalops, the horizontal diameter of the eye is significantly smaller than the width of the orbit, whereas in C. atlantica, the diameter of the eye is approximately equal to the interorbital width. In the case of E. balbo and E. melanoderma, the horizontal diameter of the eye is notably wider than the interorbital width. These observations suggest that there exist significant variations in the proportional dimensions of the eyes and orbits among different species of organisms, which may be indicative of distinct anatomical and functional adaptations.

The anal fin (26–37 rays) is the largest of the fins, and runs along the posterior half of the fish, tapering in height towards the emarginated caudal fin. For O. normalops, anal fin ray counts are lowest in the Atlantic, higher in the Indian Ocean, and highest in the Pacific. Further sampling must be done in order to determine a cause for this trend and if this trend exists in other species as well. A single high dorsal fin (10–13 rays) originates slightly before the thoracic pelvic fins. A small adipose fin is also present. The pectoral fins (11–13 rays) are positioned rather low on the body. All fins are spineless and lightly pigmented in shades of brown.

The different families have 44–54 vertebrae, with three discrete bands of muscle tissue (epaxial, mid-lateral, and hypaxial) present in the caudal region. Sabertooths do not have swim bladders, and the stomach is highly distensible.

Evermannella are aulopiforms that have fusiform body structures, resulting in the fish being more deep anteriorly. This is in contrast to the elongated bodies of most other aulopiforms.

Sabertooth fish are usually a drab, light to dark brown when preserved; however, a brassy green iridescence is seen on the flanks, cheeks, and ocular region of well-preserved specimens. The naked skin is easily torn. The Atlantic sabertooth (Coccorella Atlantica) is the largest species, at up to 18.5 cm standard length.

Life history
Almost nothing is known of the biology and ecology of evermannellids. They are active, visual predators and confine themselves to the mesopelagic zone, about 400m - 1000m for adults. However, larvae and small juvenile sabertooth fishes tend to be found at depth ranges between 50m - 100m, descending to deeper water with age. At these depths, extremely little light is available; the view from below is like the sky at twilight. The sabertooth fish use their telescopic, upward-pointing eyes— which are thus adapted for improved terminal vision at the expense of lateral vision— to pick out squid, cuttlefish, and smaller fish silhouetted against the gloom above them.

Their distensible stomachs allow sabertooth fishes to swallow prey larger than themselves; their recurved teeth likely function in a manner similar to a snake's, preventing a captured fish from backing out and helping to guide the fish down the sabertooth's pharynx. Sabertooth fishes are solitary animals; it is not known whether they undergo diel vertical migrations.

Their reproductive habits are poorly studied; they are assumed to be nonguarding, pelagic spawners. True synchronous hermaphroditism with external fertilization is known in Evermannella indica and Odontostomops normalops, and the former species appears to spawn throughout the year. Sabertooth fish larvae are planktonic and have long snouts and oblong eyes before metamorphosis.

title: Sabertooth fish


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Plateletpheresis

Plateletpheresis (more accurately called thrombocytapheresis or thrombapheresis, though these names are rarely used) is the process of collecting thrombocytes, more commonly called platelets, a component of blood involved in blood clotting. The term specifically refers to the method of collecting the platelets, which is performed by a device used in blood donation that separates the platelets and returns other portions of the blood to the donor. Platelet transfusion can be a life-saving procedure in preventing or treating serious complications from bleeding and hemorrhage in patients who have disorders manifesting as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) or platelet dysfunction. This process may also be used therapeutically to treat disorders resulting in extraordinarily high platelet counts such as essential thrombocytosis.

Platelet transfusion
Platelet transfusions are traditionally given to patients undergoing chemotherapy for leukemia, multiple myeloma, those with aplastic anemia, AIDS, hypersplenism, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), sepsis, bone marrow transplant, radiation treatment, organ transplant or surgeries such as cardiopulmonary bypass. Platelet transfusions should be avoided in those with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) because it can worsen neurologic symptoms and acute renal failure, presumably due to creation of new thrombi as the platelets are consumed. It should also be avoided in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

In adults, platelets are recommended in those who have levels less than 10,000/μL, or less than 20,000/μL if a central venous catheter is being placed, or less than 50,000/μL if a lumbar puncture or major surgery is required.

Whole blood platelets
Not all platelet transfusions use platelets collected by automated apheresis. The platelets can also be separated from donations of whole blood collected in a traditional blood donation, but there are several advantages to separating the platelets at the time of collection. The first advantage is that the whole-blood platelets, sometimes called "random" platelets, from a single donation are not numerous enough for a dose to give to an adult patient. They must be pooled from several donors to create a single transfusion, and this complicates processing and increases the risk of diseases that can be spread in transfused blood, such as human immunodeficiency virus.

Collecting the platelets from a single donor also simplifies human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching, which improves the chance of a successful transfusion. Since it is time-consuming to find compatible donors for HLA-matched transfusions, collecting a full dose from a single donor is more practical than finding multiple compatible donors.

Plateletpheresis products are also easier to test for bacterial contamination, a leading cause of transfusion-associated deaths. Pooling of whole blood platelets is often done in an "open" system where the platelet containers are connected in a way that could expose the platelets to air, and pooled platelets must be transfused promptly so that any contamination does not have time to grow.

Problems with apheresis include the expense of the equipment used for collection. Whole blood platelets also do not require any additional donor recruitment, as they can be made from blood donations that are also used for packed red blood cells and plasma components.

Thrombocytopenia due to underproduction
Recipients in this category include those undergoing chemotherapy, those with myelophthisic anemia, AIDS, or with aplastic anemia. If indicated, transfusions (one thrombapheresis concentrate) should be given until recovery of platelet function, generally approximately twice weekly. Surgical bleeding due solely to thrombocytopenia occurs when platelets < 50,000/μL while spontaneous bleeding occurs when platelets < 10,000/μL. Thrombocytopenic patients can develop "dry" bleeding, that is, petechiae and ecchymoses only. They will not suffer fatal hemorrhagic events unless they first have extensive mucosal bleeding, or "wet" bleeding. Therefore, in those with no bleeding or only "dry" bleeding, the threshold for transfusion should be between 5,000 and 10,000/μL. A more conservative threshold of 20,000/μL should be used in those with a fever or other risk factors for bleeding. Those with active bleeding or prior to surgery should have a threshold of 50,000/μL. An unconfirmed, but helpful, way to determine whether a patient is recovering from chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia is to measure "reticulated" platelets, or young RNA-containing platelets, which signifies that the patient is starting to make new platelets.

Immune thrombocytopenia
Recipients in this category include those with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or drug-induced thrombocytopenia. Platelet transfusions are generally not recommended for this group of patients because the underlying cause involves antibodies that destroy platelets, therefore any newly transfused platelets will also be destroyed. Platelet transfusion may be used in emergency bleeding situations where the platelets could be used by the body before the immune system destroys them.

Altered platelet functions
Disorders of platelet function can be congenital or acquired. Most of these disorders are mild and may respond to therapy with desmopressin (dDAVP). Transfusion is not necessarily required. However, with some more severe disorders such as Glanzmann thrombasthenia, transfusions with large amount of platelets may be needed. The number of transfusions may be reduced if these patients are given recombinant human factor VIIa since the underlying cause are antibodies to platelet glycoproteins IIb/IIIa.

Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery
Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery can result in destruction of a large proportion of the patient's platelets and may render the remaining viable platelets dysfunctional. The indications for transfusion in such patients is controversial. General guidelines recommend not transfusing patients prophylactically but only when they are bleeding excessively, while also giving desmopressin.

Drug-induced platelet dysfunction
The most common of these is aspirin, and its similar drug class, the NSAIDs. Other anti-platelet drugs are commonly prescribed for patients with acute coronary syndromes such as clopidogrel and ticlopidine. When surgery is undertaken following the administration of these drugs, bleeding can be serious. Transfusion under these circumstances is not clear-cut and one has to use clinical judgment.

Expected platelet increase after transfusion
Platelet count increase as well as platelet survival after transfusion is related to the dose of platelets infused and to the patient's body surface area (BSA). Usually these values are less than what would be expected.
 * Corrected platelet count increment (CCI) = platelet increment at one hr x BSA (m2) / # platelets infused x 1011
 * Expected platelet increase (per μL) = platelets infused x CCI / BSA (m2)

The theoretical value of the CCI is 20,000/μL but clinically, the value is closer to 10,000/μL. If the CCI is less than 5,000/μL, patients are said to have "refractoriness" to platelet transfusion.

Platelet collection

The separation of individual blood components is done with a specialized centrifuge (see apheresis). The earliest manual forms of thrombapheresis are done by the separation of platelets from multiple bags of whole blood collected from donors or blood sellers. Since each blood bag (usually 250 mL or 500 mL) contains a relatively small number of platelets, it can take as many as a dozen blood bags (usually from five to ten bags, depending on the size of the blood bags and each donor's platelet count) to accumulate a single unit of platelets (enough for one patient). This greatly increases the risks of the transfusion. Each unit of platelets separated from donated whole blood is called a "platelet concentrate".

Modern automatic thrombapheresis allows blood donors to give a portion of their platelets, while keeping their red blood cells and at least a portion of blood plasma. Therefore, no more than three units of platelets are generally harvested in any one sitting from a donor. Most donors will donate a "single" or "double" unit, however the occurrence of "triples" has been increasing as more suitable donors are recruited.

Because platelets have a shelf life of just five days, more platelet donors are always needed. Some centers are experimenting with seven-day platelets, but this requires additional testing and the lack of any preservative solutions means that the product is far more effective when fresh.

Even though red blood cells can also be collected in the process, many blood donation organizations do not do so because it takes much longer for the human body to replenish their loss. In addition, some (though not all) centers defer further platelet donations until the red blood cells can be replenished.

In most cases, blood plasma is returned to the donor as well. However, in locations that have plasma processing facilities, a part of the donor's plasma can also be collected in a separate blood bag (see plasmapheresis). For example, in Australia around 5.9×1011 platelets and 580 mL of plasma might be collected from an 88 kg donor.

Leukoreduction
Due to their higher relative density, white blood cells are collected as an unwanted component with the platelets. Since it takes up to 3 liters of whole blood (the amount of a dozen blood bags) to generate a dose of platelets, white blood cells from one or several donors will also be collected along with the platelets. A 70 kg (154 lb) man has only about 6 liters of blood. If all of the incidentally collected white blood cells are transfused with the platelets, substantial rejection problems can occur. Therefore, it is standard practice to filter out white blood cells before transfusion by the process of leukoreduction.

Early platelet transfusions used a filter to remove white blood cells at the time of transfusion. It takes a trained person about 10 minutes to assemble the equipment, and this is not the safest or most efficient means of filtration because living white blood cells can release cytokines during storage and dead white blood cells can break up into smaller fragments that can still stimulate a dangerous response from the immune system. In addition, simple filtration can lead to increased risks of infection and loss of valuable platelets. Newer, more advanced thrombapheresis machines can filter white blood cells during separation.

For example, with marginally acceptable whole blood (white blood cells: < 10,000/mm³; platelets: > 150,000/mm³), a dose (3×1011) of platelets comes with about 2×1010 white blood cells. This can seriously damage the patient's health. A dose of single-donor platelets prepared using latest filters can contain as little as 5×106 white blood cells.

Apheresis
There are two types of manual platelet apheresis. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used in North America and buffy coat (BC) is more widely used in Europe. Platelets are the clotting cells of the blood. Platelet donation therapy is frequently needed by cancer patients, because chemotherapy for such patients can render them unable to generate platelets of their own.

The basic principles of automatic platelet apheresis are the same as in the manual procedure, but the whole procedure is performed by a computer-controlled machine. Since the donor's blood is processed in a sterile single-use centrifuge, the unwanted components can be returned to the donor safely. This allows the apheresis machine to repeat the draw-centrifuge-return cycle to obtain more platelets. The bulk of the machine and the length of the donation process means most platelet donations are done in blood centers instead of mobile blood drives.

Each country has its own rules to protect the safety of both donor and recipient. In a typical set of rules, a platelet donor must weigh at least 50 kg (110 lb) and have a platelet count of at least 150 x 109/L (150,000 platelets per mm³).

One unit has greater than 3×1011 platelets. Therefore, it takes 2 liters of blood having a platelet count of 150,000/mm³ to produce one unit of platelets. Some regular donors have higher platelet counts (over 300,000/mm³); for those donors, it only takes about one liter of their blood to produce a unit. Since the machine used to perform the procedure uses suction to draw blood out of a donor's body, some people who can give whole blood may have veins too small for platelet donation.

Blood accounts for about 8% of body weight, so a 50 kg (110 lb) donor has about four liters of blood. No more than 50% of a donor's platelets are ever extracted in one sitting, and they can be replenished by the body in about three days.

Most newer apheresis machines can separate a maximum donation of platelets in about 60 to 120 minutes depending on the donor's health condition.

Platelet donation
After a short physical examination which usually involves checking the donor's height, weight, body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate, haemoglobin concentration, etc., the donor is taken into the donation room and sits in a reclining chair next to the machine. The technician cleans one or both arms with iodine, chlorhexidine or other disinfectant, and inserts the catheter into a vein in the arm. With some procedures both arms are used, one to draw blood and the other to return it. The process takes about one to two hours while blood is pulled into the machine, mixed with an anticoagulant such as sodium citrate, spun around, and returned to the donor. "Double needle" procedures using both arms tend to be shorter since the blood is drawn and returned through different catheters; with "single needle" procedures a set volume is drawn and processed in the first part of the cycle and returned in the second part. The donor's blood undergoes repeated cycles of draw and return. Side effects of the donation of platelets generally fall into three categories: blood pressure changes, problems with vein access, and effects of the anticoagulant on the donor's calcium level. Blood pressure changes can sometimes cause nausea, fatigue, and dizziness. Venous access problems can cause bruising, referred to as a hematoma. While donating, a supply of calcium antacid tablets is usually kept close by to replenish the calcium lost. Because the anticoagulant works by binding to the calcium in the blood, a donor's levels of calcium – and especially of active calcium ions – drop during the donation process. The lips may begin to tingle or there may be a metallic taste; since calcium enables the function of the nervous system, nerve-ending-dense areas (such as the lips) are susceptible, at least during the donation process. Unusually low calcium can cause more serious problems such as fainting, nerve irritation and short-duration tetany. Such an acute hypocalcaemia is usually due to low calcium levels prior to donation, aggravated by the anticoagulant. Hypocalcaemia can be curtailed by modestly increasing dietary calcium intake in the days prior to donation. Serious problems are extremely rare, but apheresis donors are typically not allowed to sleep during the long donation process so that they can be monitored.

Aside from the procedure, donating platelets is different from donating blood in a few ways.

Firstly, the donor must not take aspirin or other anti-platelet medications such as clopidogrel (Plavix) for anywhere from 36 to 72 hours prior to donation (guidelines vary by blood center). (Aspirin can prevent platelets from adhering to clot bleeding.) Some blood centers also prohibit the taking of any non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for 36 hours prior.

Secondly, platelet donations are allowed anywhere from every 3 to 28 days. This is in contrast to whole-blood donation, which has an eight-week (or longer) waiting period. Along those lines, since platelet donation temporarily removes whole blood from the body, it may be necessary to wait eight weeks after a whole blood donation to donate platelets, although two weeks is more common. In the US, a donor is allowed to donate platelets every seven days, but not more than 24 times during any 365-day period and may not lose more red blood cells or plasma during that period than they would from the maximum allowable number of whole blood donations. In India, as per Ministry of Health, the blood donation interval criteria for apheresis requires at least 48 hours interval after platelet- or plasma-apheresis. Any donation should not be done more than two times a week and should be limited to 24 times in one year.

Thirdly, additional tests may be required before becoming a donor for the first time. These tests may establish a platelet count. Newer automated platelet pheresis machines do that as the donation begins, and adjust accordingly the quantity of platelets to be drawn. Tests may also determine the donor's compatibility with particular recipients through a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) test. Multiparous women may be excluded from becoming donors due to heightened TRALI risk. These tests usually involve nothing more involved than the drawing of several tubes of blood.

Adverse events
Adverse conditions that can happen during a plateletpheresis donation are hypocalcemia, hematoma formation, and vasovagal reactions. The risk of these conditions is normally reduced by pre-donation education of the donors and change of apheresis machine configuration.

Vein scarring
Repeated platelet donations at short intervals will cause the venipuncture site to scar. While cosmetically it is virtually invisible, the scarring also occurs on the vein itself, making it harder to insert a needle on future occasions. Anecdotal reports have said that rubbing vitamin E oil (or the insides of a vitamin E capsule) on the venipuncture site may reduce scarring. However, a study conducted by the University of Miami Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery in 1999 demonstrated no positive effect from the application of topical vitamin E.

title: Plateletpheresis


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- Mailer Diablo 18:55, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

College Terrace, Palo Alto, California
Thanks for creating this article. It's been tagged for notability for 5 years now. Could you look it over, see if you think it meets WP:NOTABILITY and see if you can improve it? Best wishes, Boleyn (talk) 13:26, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Madzane


text:
User talk:Davewelch

Welcome!
Hi Davewelch, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

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- Mailer Diablo 18:56, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:Political_chart.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Political_chart.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.  MaxDZ8 talk  20:20, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The result of the above discussion was keep, however the image has subsequently been re-nominated because a SVG-format version is available - the preferred format for use in Wikipedia - and all previous uses of the JPG version have been modified to use the SVG version. — superbfc  [  talk  |  cont  ] — 08:50, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Political_chart.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Political_chart.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. — superbfc  [  talk  |  cont  ] — 08:50, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Davewelch


text:
User talk:Starfury

Welcome!
Hi Starfury, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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- Mailer Diablo 18:56, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Maus_destroyed_rear_side_view.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Maus_destroyed_rear_side_view.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

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 * Image use policy
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Speedy deletion of Image:Maus destroyed rear side view.jpg
A tag has been placed on Image:Maus destroyed rear side view.jpg, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

not soviet PD

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Unspecified source for Image:PanzerV Panther D.jpg
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title: User talk:Starfury


text:
User talk:VikingRaider

Welcome!
Hi VikingRaider, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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title: User talk:VikingRaider


text:
Maverick (comics)

In comic books, Maverick may refer to:

 * Maverick (Dark Horse), a comics imprint of Dark Horse Comics
 * Maverick (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
 * Maverick (Marvel Comics), a fictional character who appeared in the X-Men comics
 * An alias of the fictional character Chris Bradley (comics) in the X-Men comics
 * The Mavericks (comics), the New Mexico team of the Fifty State Initiative in Marvel Comics
 * Maverick, a 1959 Dell Comics series based on the Maverick TV series

title: Maverick (comics)


text:
Talk:POEE

Why is this page blank? What is everybody talking about? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:7081:4B3B:E142:4ECF:4220:F4F2:960D (talk) 11:51, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

Hmmm. Doesn't look /very/ disputed to me. Pretty unanimous, in fact. Liam Proven 18:58, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yeah - it's not a guy's opinion of what POEE is, it's POEE's own definition of what it is, straight outta the PD. Why's there a dispute? - Agent Compassion, KSC, CLF, NSRA

Maybe the article should be changed to say something like "according to the Principia Discordia POEE is... yaddah yaddah yaddah." Still not much detail though, not sure why there is even a second article.

title: Talk:POEE


text:
Talk:Pehr Kalm

Kalm a Finn, or a Swede, or what?
the whole thing about Kalm's national identity has no place in his article. It could equally well be repeated in every single biography of a Swedish-speaking person living and working in Finland before 1809 (and many after that time as well, if the issue is limited to language). Accordingly, it doesn't belong here, but in a more general article on the history of Finland or Finnish identity or something like that. / up+land 18:59, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You are of course right so far, that this issue is in no way specifically connected to Kalm. I'm not sure what can be done about it, but I feel not yet convinced that it would be a good idea to remove the references to the controversy.

 * You may also want to see Finland's language strife, that I just wrote based on other additions by the same contributor. I am not particularly knowledgeable, relying chiefly on Matti Klinge and some general background knowledge of things Finnish, and guess that my attempt can be much improved — and possibly moved somewhere else?
 * --Ruhrjung 22:31, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

"This doesn't in any way change the fact that Kalm worked all his life in Finland"

On the other hand, he also lived and worked whole his life in Sweden because Finland was just a part of Sweden.

That is, he lived and worked in Finland. Would you refer to someone working i Tartu, Estonia during the swedish reign as a Swede?

 * So Immanuel Kant was Russian? Aaker 23:14, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Also this "pietari kalm" thing does not even seem to be that widespread in Finland. For isntance the reference article that is cited fro mTiede does not use the name pietari kalm but rather Pehr Kalm. I think is just someone who is a bit too eager to take the finlandization of names to wider lengths than jut the kings. Gillis 14:10, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Ruhrjung's edits
I have no position with regard to the squabbles over ethnicity, etc., but note that the changes that I have reverted are a straightforard matter of English grammar and vocabulary. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:05, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I was about to restore your corrections too, but You are faster than I am. --Ruhrjung 19:30, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably not faster — just more obsessive about checking my watchlist... Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

From Finland?
In the Swedish verision of Wikipedia it is said that he was born in Ångermanland which still belongs to Sweden.

 * There is a Finnish nationalist occasionally editing this and other articles to make people more Finnish than they actually were. A few days ago Jacob De la Gardie was given the fine Finnish name of Jaakko. up+land 21:53, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

And Swedish nationalist claim Nordenskiöld and other significant people born i Finland as Swedes... Kalm was the son of Finns and was as you can see born in exile. Hes hould be referred to as a Finnish-swede.

"Exile"? Is it hard to understand that Finland and Sweden was the same country at the time? Aaker 23:16, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Being in exile does not limit to being exiled from your home country. But i agree with you (im not the original anon poster). It's regrettably for some (both in todays sweden and finland) painstakingly hard to understand that Sweden and Finland was the same country. Gillis 14:01, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Pehr Kalm


text:
Grand Central

Grand Central may refer to:

Transportation

 * Grand Central Terminal, train terminal in Manhattan, New York City:
 * Grand Central Madison station, a Long Island Rail Road station complex under Grand Central Terminal
 * Grand Central–42nd Street (New York City Subway), a New York City Subway station complex adjacent to Grand Central Terminal, consisting of:
 * Grand Central – 42nd Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), serving the trains
 * Grand Central (IRT Flushing Line), serving the trains
 * Grand Central (IRT 42nd Street Shuttle), serving the train
 * Grand Central (train operating company), British train operator running services between London, and Sunderland and Bradford
 * Grand Central Airport, Midrand, South Africa
 * Grand Central Airport (California), United States
 * Grand Central Parkway, Queens, New York City
 * Grand Central Station (Chicago), former train station in Chicago, Illinois
 * Grand Central tram stop, Birmingham, England
 * Belfast Grand Central station, County Antrim, Northern Ireland

Other uses

 * Grand Central, St. Petersburg, Florida, a district
 * Grand Central (store), former discount department store bought out by Fred Meyer in 1984
 * Grand Central (film), a 2013 French film
 * Grand Central Band, New Zealand Band
 * Grand Central, Birmingham, a shopping centre that is part of New Street railway station in Birmingham, England
 * Grand Central Dispatch, computing technology from Apple Inc.
 * GrandCentral, a Voice over IP service that was acquired by Google
 * Grand Central Hall, building in Liverpool, England
 * Unite Grand Central, student halls of residence also in Liverpool, England
 * Grand Central Records, independent record label based in Manchester, England
 * Grand Central Stockport, entertainment and leisure complex in Stockport, Greater Manchester, England
 * Grand Central Station (radio series), 1937–1954
 * Hotel Grand Central Ltd, a Singaporean-based company that owns the Hotel Grand Chancellor group
 * Grand Central Publishing, a division of the Hachette Book Group
 * "Grand Central", a song by No Devotion from Permanence
 * Grand Central Hotel Belfast, two hotels in Belfast, Northern Ireland

title: Grand Central


text:
Talk:Buryatia

Flag
The flag on this page is wrong - the black part should be white.

- sdrawkcab
 * Thanks for pointing this out. I have just replaced the image.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus europeaus) 19:17, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Name
On some of the Buryatia pages in other languages (Catalan, Estonian, etc.) the name of Buryatia in Buryat is given as Буряадай Республика instead of Буряад Республика. Seems a bit odd, even to someone who speaks none of the languages in question. Lincmad 06:00, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The official website uses "Буряад Республика".—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 14:37, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

History
HOW THE HİSTORY OF SUCH AN ANCIENT PLACE BEGUN FROM ITS COLONıSATION ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.27.38.240 (talk) 12:04, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your suggestion! When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. You don't even need to log in (although there are many reasons why you might want to).  The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold in updating pages. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes — they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 15:19, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Oka River
Does the Oka River flow through Buryatia? Bathrobe (talk) 10:23, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It's ok, I've fixed it. Link should be Oka River (Siberia)
 * Bathrobe (talk) 10:42, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Republic of Adygea which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 11:00, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 10:34, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041204033734/http://egov-buryatia.ru:8081/ to http://egov-buryatia.ru:8081
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040216024317/http://gov.buryatia.ru:8080/ to http://gov.buryatia.ru:8080
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040804011638/http://gov.buryatia.ru:8082/ to http://gov.buryatia.ru:8082
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100427043140/http://www.frontlineonnet.com:80/fl2704/stories/20100226270406400.htm to http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2704/stories/20100226270406400.htm

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Order of the languages
I have once again reverted a change that placed Buryat ahead of Russian in the list of languages (in the infobox and in the template). For one, the order of the languages in the Constitution of Buryatia would not take priority over the previously established editing consensus. Secondly, the whole argument falls apart once you consider the rationale. If we must use the order of languages in the Constitution, it bears remembering that Buryatia is a part of Russia, and according to the Constitution of Russia, Russian is the official language on the whole territory of the country. Ethnic republics have a right to establish other official languages in addition to Russian, but since the Constitution of Russia takes priority over the regional Constitution, logically, Russian still needs to be listed first.

Finally, for future reference, when one's edit is reverted, one is expected to follow WP:BRD, not revert back.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); January 24, 2018 ; 14:14 (UTC)

 * Although as Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

 * 1. The Russian language shall be the state language on the whole territory of the Russian Federation.

 * 2. The Republics shall have the right to establish their own state languages. In the bodies of state authority and local self-government, state institutions of the republics they shall be used together with the state language of the Russian Federation.

 * The Constitution of the Federation didn’t give us an order about languages, but at republican-level there is one in the Constitution of Buryatia. As the article, it’s not an unconstitutional act that a Republic listed it’s official languages with a non-Russian-first order in it’s constitution. Here I listed Buryat language first, it’s both constitutional at federal and republican level indeed.

 * The Constitution of the Federation says that Russian is (only) the state language of the Federation. And it also means that Russian can be not a state language of a Republic but just shall be used together.

 * Above, it’s my idea. —LibCae (talk), 00:52 25 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Republics have the right to establish their own state language, in addition to Russian (which is by default a state language on the whole territory of the country), and the Constitution of any given republic cannot override what the Constitution of Russia says (the republics may choose to not even mention Russian in their Constitutions, which would still not mean that Russian loses its official status as a result, and the order in which they list the languages certainly doesn't matter one bit, as their statuses are supposed to be equal). Note also that not all republics have an additional official language—the Republic of Karelia, for example, does not have one. Logically, thus, any state language would come second after Russian (Russian is official in every republic, and most of them also have another official state language or languages, which is the right the Constitution of the country grants them).—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); February 8, 2018 ; 16:07 (UTC)

Buryat soldier allegedly the most cruel in Ukraine

 * https://www.corriere.it/esteri/22_aprile_30/buriati-soldati-putin-d4fc3e1a-c8a6-11ec-85c4-7c8d22958d02.shtml
 * Some of them murdered in Syria.Xx236 (talk) 06:47, 10 June 2022 (UTC)
 * https://nypost.com/2022/06/07/putin-mercenary-vladimir-andonov-killed-by-sniper-reports/ Xx236 (talk) 06:50, 10 June 2022 (UTC)
 * https://therussianreader.com/2022/05/23/buryats-russian-world/ Xx236 (talk) 06:59, 10 June 2022 (UTC)

"Presence of Buryat soldiers in conflicts that Russia is involved with is not really relevant to the history of Buryatia. This fact is not likely to leave effects over reasonable any period of time and change anything about the history of Buryatia. Something like this is more suitable for the page about the conflict, or the page on Russia itself; as it is a conflict Russia is involved in not a conflict that Buryatia is involved in."

 * The editor misinforms. I have written also about racial discrimination in Russian army. This a serious problem itself.
 * 'is not really relevant to the history of Buryatia' - any sources? Many young men die in Ukraine, other ones will return with physical or psychical handicaps. Buryat soldiers participate in war crimes. Austria also pretended to not participate in the WW2. Only recently, 77 years later, some hidden problems return.Xx236 (talk) 12:00, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Buryat men join the army, because Buryatia is poor. This page ignores social problems of Buryatia. Lists of economic data situate Buryatia below average, close to the bottom in the Federation.
 * Buryat people protest against the war both abroad and in Buryatia. Such protests may be important for the nation. Those who accept the war crimes are coresponsible like Austrian people were. If Russia terrorizes the Buryat people, we should inform about the terror. Xx236 (talk) 12:05, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I also inform about Buryat-Chechen conflict in Ukraine. I do not know the context, but it does not seem that all parts of the Federation cooperate.
 * What kind of reletionship exist beteen Buryatia and Russia? Is it similar to Alabama vs. USA? Xx236 (talk) 12:12, 29 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The Buryat language is endangered. https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/cess2021/p/10687 Xx236 (talk) 12:16, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

 * It's not at all surprising that there are Buryats present in the Russian Federation's invasion of Ukraine, that's like saying that the sky above Buryatia is blue. Keeping a collection of news items on Buryats in the Russian army and a running total of Buryat casualties on this page seems like recentism at best. 2001:48F8:4002:684:11C8:66DA:5F56:8BCA (talk) 06:28, 30 June 2022 (UTC)
 * It is surprising that you reduce my text to "there are Buryats present", they not only are present, they die there. Buryatya is one of the most poor regions of the RF, there is high unemployment there, so young Buryats sign contracts  and there are many funerals in Buryatia.

The page does not inform about economic and cultural problems of Buryatia. I am unable to describe everything, but I try. Xx236 (talk) 08:21, 30 June 2022 (UTC) If Buryat soldiers participate in another wars (Syria) please write about it.
 * https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/06/9/7351558/ dropping like flies (Haidai probably exagerates, but what is Buryat opinion ?)
 * 114 oficial funerals https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-war-soldiers-poverty-funeral-buryatia/31862097.html Xx236 (talk) 08:28, 30 June 2022 (UTC)
 * https://www.eurasiareview.com/22052022-many-incorrectly-and-unfairly-classify-buryats-as-loyal-soldiers-of-putins-war-in-ukraine-oped/

Xx236 (talk) 08:30, 30 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The NZZ is a Swiss newspaper, uninvolved politically https://www.nzz.ch/english/russian-soldiers-from-buryatia-are-dying-in-the-war-in-ukraine-ld.1688551

Ukrainian soldiers die for their land and nation. Buryat soldiers die for money. Many of them are Buddists. Please explain.Xx236 (talk) 08:35, 30 June 2022 (UTC)

 * First point, can you please use the customary syntax to comment. As now it is very hard to read what you're saying. And some interjections seem to be completely unrelated to the discussion topic.

 * I'm not denying that people from Buryatia participate in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Or that the treatment of ethnic minorities in the Russian army is bad. This is obviously a fact.
 * What I am questioning is how relevant this is to the history of Buryatia.
 * You say that I have to provide a source that is is not relevent to the history. This is obviously nonsensical. You have to provide a source that this is relevant to the history of Buryatia an not a recentist sentiment. Can you provide a source that my father dropping his bowl of soup is not relevent to the history of Buryatia?
 * Buryatia is part of the Russian Federation. Parts of Russia do not indvidually participate in the war, Russia as a whole does. Buryatia has not somehow decided to send soldiers.
 * The reason why soldiers from Buryatia are especially present among the death toll of the conflict. Is because of racism and the socio-economic situation of the Buryat people. This is obviously a problem. But probably more suited for the 'economy' or 'Demography' sections or the page about the Buryat people.

 * In the end we cannot deny that soldiers from Buryatia die in the Russian invasion of Buryatia. But the question is how relevent it is to the history of Buryatia. Will soldiers from Buryatia dying now have real effects on the history of Buryatia more than 20 or 50 years from now? Or is it a symptom of an ongoing present situation? Kardoen (talk) 15:09, 14 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Is the extermination of Buryat soldiers relevant? Please prove it is not. The subject of high mortality among poor (!) ethnic minorities is discussed especially since the mogilization. Xx236 (talk) 13:11, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Any war is important for any society. KIAs, crippled, demorilized. Tragedies of families, who lost theri sins, husbands, fathers. Buryatia is one of the most affected regions of RF.Xx236 (talk) 13:21, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
 * If you want to contribute to any section, please do it. You have not added one letter yet. The Buryat soldiers have participated in several wars and noone has yet written about it.Xx236 (talk) 13:22, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

This agreement was abolished on 15 February 2002
By whom? What are legal results ? Xx236 (talk) 13:15, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buryatia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Phonopolis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 01:23, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Phonopolis
This article is not likely to become encyclopedic. It may be a new word coinage, but that's all. Furthermore, there are unsubstantiated claims. and the spelling could be improved (broadcasted ?) JoJan 19:03, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete kind of a neat idea, but clearly original research and/or a neologism. Lots of search hits for the word, but none relevant.  CDC   (talk)  19:29, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable dict-def. RJFJR 06:37, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.Mikkalai 17:22, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As per the explanation at Votes for deletion/Phonisicle Delete. Uncle G 02:27, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)

This article is created by a user who persistently creates neologisms with "polis". I tried to talk to him, in vain. I consider this vandalism, hence speedily deleted. Mikkalai 04:21, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Second EDSA Revolution

The Second EDSA Revolution, also known as the Second People Power Revolution, EDSA 2001, or EDSA II (pronounced EDSA Two or EDSA Dos), was a political protest from January 17–20, 2001 which peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth president of the Philippines. Following allegations of corruption against Estrada and his subsequent investigation by Congress, impeachment proceedings against the president were opened on January 16. The decision by several senators not to examine a letter which would purportedly prove Estrada's guilt sparked large protests at the EDSA Shrine in Metro Manila, and calls for Estrada's resignation intensified in the following days, with the Armed Forces withdrawing their support for the president on January 19. On January 20 Estrada resigned and fled Malacañang Palace with his family. He was succeeded by Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who had been sworn into the presidency by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. several hours earlier.

Name
EDSA is an acronym derived from Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major thoroughfare connecting six cities in Metro Manila, namely Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, San Juan, Quezon City and Caloocan. The revolution's epicenter was the EDSA Shrine church at the northern tip of the Ortigas Center business district.

Background
On October 4, 2000, Ilocos Sur Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson, a longtime friend of President Joseph Estrada, went public with accusations that Estrada and his friends and family had received millions of pesos from operations of jueteng, a numbers game which is illegal in the Philippines.

The exposé immediately ignited reactions of rage. The next day, Senate Minority Leader Teofisto Guingona, Jr. delivered a fiery privilege speech accusing Estrada of receiving ₱220 million in jueteng money from Governor Singson from November 1998 to August 2000, as well as taking ₱70 million-worth of excise tax money from cigarettes intended for Ilocos Sur. He also allegedly received ₱130 million in kickbacks released by then budget secretary Benjamin Diokno for tobacco farmers, while his wife Loi Ejercito's foundation allegedly received ₱100 million "to the detriment of regular beneficiaries." Estrada was also accused of misusing 52 smuggled luxury vehicles, nepotism, and he allegedly hid assets and bought mansions for his mistresses. The privilege speech was referred by Senate President Franklin Drilon, to the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee and the Philippine House Committee on Justice for joint investigation. Another committee in the House of Representatives decided to investigate the exposé, while other House members spearheaded a move to impeach the president. On October 20, 2000, an early anti-Estrada rally was allegedly held in Naga City, led by former mayor Jesse Robredo, Mayor Sulpicio Roco Jr., and Ateneo de Naga president Joel Tabora who demanded the resignation of President Estrada.

More calls for resignation came from Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos, and Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development). Cardinal Sin's statement read, "In the light of the scandals that besmirched the image of presidency, in the last two years, we stand by our conviction that he has lost the moral authority to govern." More resignations came from Estrada's cabinet and economic advisers, and other members of congress defected from his ruling party.

On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives led by Speaker Manuel Villar transmitted the Articles of Impeachment, signed by 115 representatives, to the Senate. This caused shakeups in the leadership of both houses of congress. The impeachment trial was formally opened on November 20, with twenty-one senators taking their oaths as judges, and Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. presiding. The trial began on December 7.

The day-to-day trial was covered on live television and received the highest viewing rating, mostly by the broadcasting giant ABS-CBN at the time. Among the highlights of the trial was the testimony of Clarissa Ocampo, senior vice president of Equitable PCI Bank, who testified that she was one foot away from Estrada when he signed the name "Jose Velarde" on documents involving a ₱500 million investment agreement with their bank in February 2000.

Impeachment trial
On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial of President Estrada moved to the investigation of an envelope containing crucial evidence that would allegedly prove acts of political corruption by Estrada. Senators allied with Estrada moved to block the evidence. The conflict between the senator-judges and the prosecution became deeper, but then-Senate Majority Floor Leader Francisco Tatad requested that the impeachment court have a vote on opening the second envelope. The vote resulted in 10 senators in favor of examining the evidence, and 11 senators in favor of suppressing it. The list of senators who voted for the second envelope are as follows:

Voted to examine

 * 1) Rodolfo Biazon
 * 2) Renato Cayetano
 * 3) Franklin Drilon
 * 4) Juan Flavier
 * 5) Teofisto Guingona Jr.
 * 6) Loren Legarda
 * 7) Ramon Magsaysay Jr.
 * 8) Sergio Osmeña III
 * 9) Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
 * 10) Raul Roco

Voted against examining

 * 1) Tessie Aquino-Oreta
 * 2) Nikki Coseteng
 * 3) Miriam Defensor Santiago
 * 4) Juan Ponce Enrile
 * 5) Gringo Honasan
 * 6) Robert Jaworski
 * 7) Blas Ople
 * 8) John Henry Osmeña
 * 9) Ramon Revilla Sr.
 * 10) Tito Sotto
 * 11) Francisco Tatad

After the vote, Senator Nene Pimentel resigned as Senate President and walked out of the impeachment proceedings together with the nine opposition senators and 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial. The 11 administration senators who voted to block the opening of the second envelope remained in the Senate session hall together with members of the defense panel. The phrase "Joe's Cohorts" quickly surfaced as a mnemonic device for remembering their names (Joe's Cohorts: Jaworski, Oreta, Enrile, Santiago, Coseteng, Osmeña, Honasan, Ople, Revilla, Tatad, Sotto). On February 14, 2001, at the initiative of Pimentel, the second envelope was opened before the local and foreign media. It contained the document that stated that businessman Jaime Dichaves and not Estrada owned the "Jose Velarde" account. '

Day 1: January 17, 2001
Senator Tessie Aquino-Oreta, one of eleven senators who voted against opening the envelope, was seen on national television as the opposition walked out; it was assumed that she was booing back and jigging at the crowd in the Senate gallery after the Ayala group jeered her and other pro-Erap senators. This further fueled the growing anti-Erap sentiments of the crowd gathered at EDSA Shrine, and she became the most vilified of the 11 senators. She was labeled a "prostitute" and a "concubine" of Estrada for her dancing act, while Senator Defensor-Santiago was also ridiculed by the crowd who branded her a "lunatic".

As he did in the EDSA I protest, Cardinal Jaime Sin called on the people to join the rally at the shrine. During the night, people began to gather in large numbers around the shrine, including protesters who received free transportation from nearby provinces such as Pampanga and Bulacan. Similar anti-Estrada rallies took place in regional centers nationwide, including Baguio, Naga, Iloilo City, and Davao.

Day 2: January 18, 2001
The crowd continued to grow, bolstered by students from private schools and left-wing organizations. Activists from Bayan Muna and Akbayan as well as lawyers of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines and other bar associations joined the thousands of protesters. A 10-kilometer human chain was formed from the Ninoy Aquino statue in Ayala Avenue, Makati to the EDSA Shrine as a demand for Estrada's resignation. At the shrine area, just as in 1986, stars and icons from the music industry entertained the crowds.

Day 3: January 19, 2001
The Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of the Philippines withdrew their support for Estrada, joining the crowds at the EDSA Shrine.

At 2:00 PM, Joseph Estrada appeared on television for the first time since the beginning of the protests and maintained that he would not resign. He said he wanted the impeachment trial to continue, stressing that only a guilty verdict would remove him from office.

At 6:15 PM, Estrada again appeared on television, calling for a snap presidential election to be held concurrently with congressional and local elections on May 14, 2001. He added that he would not run in this election.

Day 4: January 20, 2001
At 12:30 in the afternoon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo took her oath of office as president before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. in the presence of the crowd at EDSA. At the same time, however, a large anti-Estrada crowd had already gathered at the historic Mendiola Bridge, having left the shrine earlier in the day, only to face PNP personnel and the pro-Estrada supporters behind them, who had by now already attacked both the police and the anti-Estrada protesters and heckling them and even members of the press.

At 2:00 PM, Estrada released a letter saying he had "strong and serious doubts about the legality and constitutionality of her proclamation as president". In that same letter, however, he said he would give up his office to allow for national reconciliation.

Later, Estrada and his family evacuated Malacañang Palace on a boat along the Pasig River. They were smiling and waving to reporters and shaking hands with the remaining Cabinet members and palace employees. He was initially placed under house arrest in San Juan but was later transferred to his rest home in Sampaloc, a small village in Tanay, Rizal.

Aftermath
On the last day of protests on EDSA on January 20, 2001, Estrada resigned as president and his successor Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was sworn into office by Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario G. Davide Jr.

On March 2, 2001, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of Estrada's resignation in a unanimous 13-0 decision in Estrada vs. Desierto.

On September 12, 2007, Estrada was found guilty of plunder beyond reasonable doubt by the Philippine anti-graft court and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was pardoned by Macapagal-Arroyo on October 25, 2007.

International
International reaction to the administration change was mixed. While some foreign nations, including the United States, immediately recognized the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, foreign commentators described the revolt as "a defeat for due process of law", "mob rule", and a "de facto coup". The only means of legitimizing the event was the last-minute Supreme Court ruling that "the welfare of the people is the supreme law." But by then, the Armed Forces of the Philippines had already withdrawn support for the president, which some analysts called unconstitutional, a view shared by many foreign political analysts. William Overholt, a Hong Kong-based political economist, said that "It is either being called mob rule or mob rule as a cover for a well-planned coup, but either way, it's not democracy."

Domestic
Opinion was divided during EDSA II about whether Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as the incumbent vice president should be president if Joseph Estrada was ousted; many groups who participated in EDSA II expressly stated that they did not want Arroyo for president either, and some of these groups would later participate in EDSA III. The prevailing Constitution of the Philippines calls for the Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo at the time, to act as interim president only when the sitting president dies, resigns, or becomes incapacitated. Estrada had resigned from office and the constitutionality of his resignation was upheld by the Supreme Court on March 2, 2001.

After Estrada's plunder conviction and subsequent pardon, on January 18, 2008, Estrada's Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) bought full-page advertisements in Metro Manila newspapers, blaming EDSA 2 for having "inflicted a dent on Philippine democracy". It featured clippings that questioned the constitutionality of the revolution. The published featured clippings were taken from Time, The New York Times, The Straits Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, Asia Times Online, The Economist, and International Herald Tribune. Former Supreme Court justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA 2 violated the 1987 Constitution.

In February 2008, several parts of the Catholic Church, which played a vital role during EDSA II, issued an apology of sorts. The sitting Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) president, Iloilo Archbishop Angel Lagdameo, expressed disappointment in Arroyo's presidency and called EDSA II a mistake.

By Estrada
On March 13, 2008, Estrada named Lucio Tan, Jaime Sin, Fidel Ramos, Chavit Singson, and the Ayala and Lopez clans (who were both involved in water businesses) as co-conspirators of the EDSA Revolution of 2001.

In October 2016, Estrada claimed without evidence that it was the U.S. that ousted him from office.

title: Second EDSA Revolution


text: User talk:192.147.169.5

title: User talk:192.147.169.5


text: User talk:69.177.120.162

title: User talk:69.177.120.162


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Talk:Galvanic cell

Mistakes Found
Does anybody notice that in the half ionic equation for the ionization of zinc in the cell, that should be:

Zn → Zn+2 + 2e-

Zinc would lose electrons more readily than Copper as it has a higher position in the electronchemical series(E.C.S.).Narold 13:59, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Electro-chemical Cell is the more correct description.

A standard reduction potential is the electrical potential produced by a metal in a 1 N solution of its own ions with respect to a standard Hydrogen electrode in a 1 N acid solution.

A galvanic cell is one in which the electrolyte is sea water. The galvanic potential is the electrical potential (Volts) between to dis-similar electrodes in sea water. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Murray Peterson (talk • contribs) 08:46, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

Electrochemical potential
Can we get some info about the different voltages created by different types of metals? There must be some number for this. - Omegatron 19:07, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * See the table at standard electrode potential.

"Galvanic anodes are designed and selected to have a more "active" voltage (technically a more negative electrochemical potential) "

 * Yeah! that number.

 * math would be nice.

Few questions
"The Galvanic cell, named after Luigi Galvani, consists of two metals connected by an electrolyte which forms a salt bridge between the metals. It is also known as a voltaic cell and an electrochemical cell."

1. As far as I know, the galvanic cell contains 2 electrolytes.

 * Meaning that when the solutions are CuSO4 and ZnSO4, there would be both a copper electrolyte and a zinc one? As there is a copper electrode and a zinc electrode? The definition of electrolyte is not clear- here or on it's page. Loggie

2. I've never heard those two electrolytes being referred to as a salt bridge. Salt bridge is a replacement to the porous disk, the device that lets one to connect the two electrolytes without mixing.

 * Yes- a salt bridge allows ions to travel from one solution to another- it is not connected/ made out of metal, as is suggested. Loggie

3. Shouldn't the voltaic, galvanic and electrochemical cell articles be merged into one?

 * Are there slight differences between the three, or all they all names for the same item? Loggie
 * An electrochemical cell can mean a galvanic cell, or be a general term for galvanic and electrolytic cells. Basically, a galvanic cell generates an electromotive force through a spontaneous redox reaction, where electrolysis requires an external current before the reaction will occur.  splintax  (talk) 07:27, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Comments
You guys are just not correct in the "Description" part of the Galvanic Cell:

At the Zn anode, an atom of the the metal electrode gives up two electrons, becomes ionized ( forms a positively-charged Zn cation, Zn+2 ), and goes into the electrolyte solution, where the new cation formed is balanced by a negatively-charged sulfate anion ( SO4-2 ) coming over through the porous plate (or the salt bridge).

At the same time, at the copper cathode, a positively-charged Cu cation ( Cu+2 ) in the electrolyte solution picks up the two electrons that came over in the wire from the Zn side of the cell at the surface of the Cu metal electrode. This converts the cation to a neutral Cu metal atom, which plates out onto the Cu electrode (Zn does NOT plate onto the copper cathode). Since a cation disappears from the Cu+2 electrolyte solution, and a new cation appears in the Zn+2 electrolyte solution, a sulfate anion ( SO4-2 ) can cross the salt bridge to balance the change in the positive charges in the two electrolyte solutions.

The statements in the first paragraph are not true. For every neutral Zn atom that dissolves in the ZnSO4 electrolyte, a Cu+2 cation from the CuSO4 electrolyte plates out onto the copper electrode. The two electrons given up from the Zn side of the cell travel through the wire, do useful work, then enter the Cu electrode and convert a Cu+2 cation from the electrolyte solution to a neutral Cu atom that sticks to the Cu electrode. At the same time, one SO4-2 anion moves through the salt bridge from the Cu side to the Zn side to balance the change in the number of cations in the two electrolyte solutions.

The picture, "Scheme Of A Galvanic Cell" should be changed: the right-pointing arrow and the words "Cation flow" should be removed.

The main point in a galvanic cell is that everything has to balance: the number of electrons given up and accepted has to be equal, the charge changes have to balance, and the anions on either side of the bridge have to balance.

Also, the number of electrons involved in the two half-reactions and the energy of those electrons (electrode potential) are two different things entirely. The potential (EMF or voltage) has to do with the nature of the two dissimilar metals; the number of electrons transferred have to do with how many electrons the metals normally lose or gain in chemical reactions.

Starting at "In this way the anode is consumed or corroded....", the rest of the statements in the section are correct.

Also:

In the section "Electric Potential Of A Galvanic Cell", the net reaction shown isn't correct. It should be:

Cu+2 + Zn -> Cu + Zn+2

A suggestion:

Find a chemist to help you two write this topic. Old_Chemist

68.225.187.87 10:33, 20 September 2005 (UTC)Alan Speigel (speigela@lycos.com)

Alan's observations make sense to me indeed, I simply corrected the following typo: "...one SO4+2 anion moves..." to "...one SO4-2 anion moves...".

One thing is unclear to me though, why is it the SO4-2 ion which crosses the porous separator leftwards to keep the electrolyte compartments neutral, couldn't it be a Zn+2 crossing rightwards? Michel jullian mj@exbang.com 15:57, 9 December 2005

 * IIRC, both happen. Sulphate ions move to the left, and zinc ions move to the right.  splintax  (talk) 07:28, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmmmmm....not much of a "separator", then, is it? ("Porous", indeed!)  So we have Alan Speigel saying zinc cations don't flow toward the cathode (to the right), and Splintax saying they do.  No wonder I'm confused! 24.6.66.193 09:40, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

It may make more sense to change the diagram of the cell to one that is labeled in English, as this is the English wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thisnamenowtaken (talk • contribs) 03:16, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

This issue of the Zn2+ crossing over (or not) is rather critical to the understanding of how the whole thing works. Some books also state this, but do not explain... Also, I'd expect SO4-2 if corssing in one direction to change the amount of matrial in each side, but this isn't mentioned - are H2SO4 moving "back" to counteract this? or maybe just H2++ ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.180.131.227 (talk) 19:23, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Further to Alan's remarks, in the section 'Cell Voltage' (cell EMF?) it says 'Thus, zinc metal will lose electrons to copper ions and develop a positive electrical charge.' This is quite misleading. My understanding is that zinc atoms leave electrons behind on the anode which thus becomes negative and go into solution as zinc ions. This happens even when there is no external circuit. david.brightly at ntlworld.com 86.17.236.46 (talk) 13:36, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Again, in section 'Description' it says 'The cathode attracts cations, so has a negative charge when current is discharging' This too is misleading. When current is flowing through the external circuit there is no build-up of charge. When the cell is disconnected the copper cathode and the copper sulphate electrolyte reach an equilibrium state in which the cathode has given up some electrons to copper ions (which have 'plated out' onto the cathode). The cathode is thus somewhat depleted of electrons and is electrically positive and the copper sulphate elctrolyte has an excess of negative sulphate ions over positive copper ions. david.brightly at ntlworld.com 86.17.236.46 (talk) 10:40, 11 January 2011 (UTC)

I want more info. On this topic Rishifalcon (talk) 16:36, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

Merge with Galvonic corrosion
no merge

For one thing, I'm not sure that Galvonic is the correct spelling so who's going to find it there. It's an orphan, it's short, and it would fit in nicely here. Waerloeg 09:26, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose - I'd move it to fix the spelling, but it's a distinct enough topic that it deserves a separate article, in my opinion. Dicklyon 17:19, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose Support - "galvonic" must die. --Wtshymanski 03:34, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Galvonic will die, independent of this merge discussion; but please don't move it again manually, as that detaches the page from its history. Dicklyon 04:06, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * But there was no significant history - and if you were mad enough to type in "galvonic corrosion" and bypass the redirect you can see what little history there was. "Galvanic corrosion" is a different page with a different history. --Wtshymanski 04:09, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, whatever; change it that way if you like, but then remove the move request, too. Dicklyon 04:18, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * While Wikipedia is not a democracy and anyone can edit and guidelines aren't binding and Dicklyon's argument "it's a distinct enough topic" is persuasive...Isn't less than a day too fast to kill merge tags? I like to do useful things before I forget about them and watchlists can remind me without needing to do something instantly. Waerloeg 05:11, 26 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, we were both overly hasty. Sorry.  At this point there's no longer a clear consensus, so we should wait and see. Dicklyon 05:48, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose - Sufficiently distinct to merit separate articles. 64.40.60.9 09:30, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

not neccessarily two different metals
The following point was raised on the talk page for Electrolytic cell:
 * A galvanic cell could also use the same metal but with different ion concentrations in solution, or maybe even with only a difference in the solution medium (ionic strength, complexing agents, etc.)

--Spoon! 11:57, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Clarification Request
If Zn+2 crosses the porous barrier rightwards, as was stated above, and as is indicated by the "Cation flow" arrow in the diagram, then wouldn't that cause the solution in the right half of the cell to become contaminated with Zinc Sulfate? Does that happen in actual practice?

If so, it would be helpful to state explicitly that it's the Zinc that disolves more quickly than the Copper in this configuration, and that it's this faster dissolution that produces the abundance of electrons at the Zinc anode, relative to the electrons produced at the more slowly dissolving Copper cathode. ( This IS correct, yes? ) When I first looked at this diagram I imagined that the Copper cathode would also (as the entry says all metals do) "become positive ions upon dissolving, and leave electrons behind", thus giving it a negative charge, just like the Zinc anode. It took me a while to figure out that even if that's so, it's the *relative* difference in the rates of electron "production" in each half-cell that gives rise to the current flow from anode to cathode. [ Edited by author on 16 March 2007 for concision only. ]64.40.60.154 15:03, 2 March 2007 (UTC) & 64.40.62.157 09:10, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * The copper cathode doesn't dissolve; on the contrary, it grows. --Spoon! 11:46, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Errors
This article contains errors. For example, the diagram is of a Daniel cell. There may be a difference between US usage and UK usage but, in my experience, a cell for producing electricity has always been called a Voltaic cell. Having read the articles for Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani I think the term Voltaic cell is much more appropriate. Biscuittin 17:29, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Merge Corrosion with Galvanic Corrosion
I've taken a look at the article, and made some changes. One thigh I am wondering about is, can't we merge the Corrosion and Galvanic Corrosion sections? Slapsnot (talk) 18:15, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Unclear is galvani cell technical or methodical (who is the "inventor").
If Galvani cell is a methodological device, its inventor would be (albeit unknowingly of his invention's full potential) L.Galvani, if we are talking about technical implementation, inventor's label would be duely credited to A.Volta, am I correct? Right now, it is quite impossible to credit this to either of them, can we finally draw somehow a line between Voltaic and Galvanic cell (or merge them for good)??

on the basis of the type of galvanic
the previous comment is correct.but i think we should first of all consider the reactivity of ions in the soluton with each other and with the electrodes.should the ions in the solution react with one another and with the electrodes, a salt bridge must be used. should the ions not reat with one another or react with any of the electrodes materials, a cell with a commone electrolyte may ne used. and should the ions not react with each other, but react with any of the electrode materials,a cell with a liquid junction may be used.since in this case the ions do not react with each other, but cu-2+ can react with the zn material, hence i think its advisable to use a cell with a liquid junction and not use a salt bridge. one other reason is that cells with a salt bridge are far to expensive that the other cells. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.54.65.121 (talk) 07:35, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

"Tidying" edit
I have reverted this edit which had the edit summary "tidy". It was anything but; placing display formulae in running text makes a mess of the rendering and causes formulae on consecutive lines to overlap. It is also deprecated for accessibility reasons. A number of other things were changed which are largely a matter of editorial preference and therefore gratuitous. As for moving some of the links into the See also section and then templating it for too many links is just perverse.

Sorry for the multiple edits in the history, I was trying (unsuccessfully) to avoid having to manually redo later edits.  Spinning Spark  18:08, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Salt bridge
The article makes it sound like salt bridges are the normal construction. Aren't these just used fro educational purposes to simplify the description and/or construct an easily visible demonstration? Has anyone actually made a practical salt bridge cell that has a real world application? If not, I think the emphasis of the article should be changed. SpinningSpark 12:47, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

Disk porousity
Could please somebody explain how is possible a "Galvanic cell with no cation flow" (picture on top) Isn't it that SO4(2-) anion is bigger than Zn(2+)? If so, shouldn't Zn(2+) cross the porous disk towards the copper cathode (cation flow), instead of SO4(2-) doing it in the opposite direction as described in the picture (anion flow)? Or is it another aspect than atom/molecular size that rules the ions movement through the membrane? Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Argenfox (talk • contribs) 12:08, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

One looks up
Saying "Then one looks up the standard electrode potential" is incomplete. What determines this electrode potential? Isn't there some more fundamental principle that can be linked to or explained? Faraday and others who first discovered this certainly could not have 'looked it up'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brulez (talk • contribs) 04:27, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

 * That will make the article overly detailed. A link is already provided to Standard electrode potential. -- From RavenclawOIer with love 14:32, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

Incorrect Dictionary Citation
A battery includes a single cell. There is nothing improper about that. The dictionary definition cited also says "also : a single cell that furnishes electric current" so it an absurd false pedantic claim that it "properly" means more than one cell.71.63.160.210 (talk) 07:56, 10 January 2021 (UTC)

Unclear sentence
I can’t edit the following sentence to clarify it, because I can’t figure out what is meant: “ The energy derives from a high-cohesive-energy metal dissolving while to a lower-energy metal is deposited, and/or from high-energy metal ions plating out while lower-energy ions go into solution.”  The odd part is “..to a lower-energy metal is deposited..”. Is something deposited to a “lower energy metal,” or is metal deposited to a lower energy unnamed thing? Edison (talk) 17:16, 20 June 2021 (UTC)

Standard hydrogen electrodes
Full details 115.242.187.38 (talk) 04:47, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galvanic cell