text:
Talk:Herstory

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Deletion
Since no one seems to be able to come up with a source for this and it appears to be non-notable, I'm proposing it for deletion. --Xombie 01:14, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Please do not Delete. It is not that "no one" is able - 'No One" has tried. I am a linguist and I have spent the past week emailing a number of my older lingiust mentors in search of the definitive origins and usage of this word.  It is used widely by Lesbian authors to differentiate their history from that of the general population.  This article is not currently NPOV but I will strive to bring it up to date and into line with standards.  I would like to be given at least a month to rewrite this.  Deleting this before then would serve no useful purpose. Thanks Lisapollison 17:12, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I have added as many citations and details as I felt necessary. Another kind editor or editors had already laid the perfect groundwork for me. Many thanks.  I believe this article is now NPOV and informative to standards.  however, if anyone wishes more citations or work, please state what you'd like done here and I will do my best to comply. Lisapollison 18:00, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't understand the point of the two "external references". These are just links to "Women's history" (and woman's self-esteem) references.  This doesn't have much to do with herstory per se, does it?  They don't use the term far as I can see (but one site is German, which I don't read).  What is the relevance? Phiwum 18:25, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I have removed the two "external references", since I still don't see how they pertain to an article on "Herstory". If I missed some relevance, please feel free to replace them — and explain what I overlooked.  Thanks. Phiwum 13:12, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * This still appears to be nothing more than a dictionary definition rather than an encyclopedic article. I fail to see why this word is deserving of its own article, even if it is commonly used. The type of article that it is now (definition, usage, etymology, etc), I could copy-paste and make for any random word in the dictionary. Simple definitions are non-encyclopedic. If this were a new article I would agree that it has potential, but the article has existed for several years and has yet to be fleshed out, it is well past due for it to be merged into another article on feminism or historical revisionism. --Xombie 19:07, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Name
Wouldn't Hertory be a better name, since History-His-=-tory, Her-+-tory=Hertory?

Principally yes. But the usual word-play interprets "history" as "his story" (it sounds like "his story if spoken) and so they invented the term "her story" or "herstory" respectively.
 * I have added an explanation of the false etymology of the word to the article. I believe that any questions you may have about the term can now be answered by the text.

I keep posting Women in Cuba (Herstory) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cuba#Women_in_Cuba_.28Herstory.29 and some idiots keep deleting it. Go see it while it lasts. El Jigue 1/19/06

The usage in Sisterhood is Powerful quoted in the article appears to be a portmanteau of heresy and history. Шизомби 12:32, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * In the LGBT world "herstory" is pretty common and this article addresses the usage of that word. Benjiboi 00:56, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

When is it going to be called ourstory? 203.211.113.83 (talk) 04:44, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

reverts that gut the meaning
I am saddened by the reverts of my recent edits which gut the meaning of the article. The term is NOT a pun. It is an example of false etymology or faux amis. If you don't know the difference between a pun and those temrs, take the time to acquaint yourself with them. Taking those details out and further gutting my edit will only help strengthen the argument for deletion since they muddy the origin of the term. I know some people are dearly attached to the idea that the word is a [pun]] but it is NOT and none of the sources I could find of actual linguists refer to it as such. It is innapropriate and misleading to keep reverting to the description of the word as a pun. I put considerable time and effort into updating this article to save it from deletion. I respectfully request that my last edit on etymology be reverted. Lisapollison 18:33, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Is there any citation for saying that the word is a pun? If there isn't we shouldn't be putting it in the article. --Xombie 00:13, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Xombie - there is no credible citation that I can find but there is one User who is bound and determined to keep the word in the definition and reverts every edit that takes it out. See the history of the edits for more info.  I believe that this stems from either a stubborn misunderstanding of what a 'pun' actually is or, from a determined attempt to undermine the crediblity of the term by reducing it to a joke.  Herstory is a Neologism and NOT a Pun. The terms are not interchangeable and are not even similar in meaning.  if you want to take up the good fight to get the word 'pun' out of this article - more power to you.  it will only continue to be reverted. The constant re-insertion of the word 'pun' into this article should be viewed as vandalism IMO Lisapollison 22:19, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Isn't the term derived from a pun? Reading the word history as his story is a homophonic pun, is it not? Not sure what my point is, but I just thought I'd mention it! :) Martin 14:40, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Heralaya
Himalaya is also gender biased - it suggests that only men can climb mountains. Oh, you don't think so? Then delete this moronic article. Haizum 02:50, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Funny point about Himalaya, but I don't think this a moronic article at all. You may feel how some people use the term to be ridiculous, but the point of the article is to explain the concept and its use. It's not a defense of its use. As a matter of fact, the word is often used in hit-and-run vandalism to replace the word 'history' in Wikipedia. Twalls 00:40, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Wiktionary this sucker. Haizum 19:18, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

First sentence
Herstory is a term which originated as a neologism. – that sounds quite tautological, on a first read. After all, aren't all terms new when they are created? However, I suppose the idea is to say that it is a constructed term, as opposed to something that slowly grew to use. Is there a better way to word this? /skagedal... 22:24, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

The word has been used in feminist literature since its inception. - The linked article cites feminist literature earlier than the late 1960's-1970 (given variously as the earliest usage of the term). Please rectify -- perhaps "its inception" refers to the word, not to feminist literature. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.21.180.134 (talk) 17:25, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Bias
This article seems completely one sided, since it presents absolutely no critical views of the term (it was, after all, invented by someone who completely misunderstood the etymology of the word "history," making it pointless). Would anyone like to start a criticism section? --HarmonicFeather 04:50, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Nay, that would make too much sense; this is Wikipedia. Tyranny of the minority, don't you know? --Haizum   μολὼν λαβέ 09:01, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I second the disputed tag btw. --Haizum   μολὼν λαβέ 09:27, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Do you have any evidence at all that the first user of the term "herstory" really believed that "history" derives from "his story"? More than likely, the term was adapted because it was a simple way to emphasize feminine history and not as a silly mistake about etymology.  But I'm just guessing here, too.
 * Anyway, the article does mention the possibility of mistaken etymology right there in the introduction. It also explicitly says that "history" does not derive from "his story".  So what exactly is the issue?  What information would you like to add?  What bias do you see in the article?  (Note: I personally hate the term "herstory".  But I see no particular bias in the article.)
 * Note also that "Criticisms" sections are generally discouraged on Wikipedia. Critical comments should occur in the existing sections.Phiwum 15:20, 17 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I believe in some of the supporting literature, the term "herstory" is presented in opposition to the "sexist" term "'his'tory," as the intro to the article intimates. The biases I see stem from the fact that the article cites the history of the term, claims that it was intended to be used seriously, helped to change school curriculum, and continues to be used in published works. Aside from the introduction, one would think that there was almost no controversy to its usage. --HarmonicFeather 15:54, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Let's examine these one at a time.
 * The term was intended to be used seriously (as well as humorously). The article gives a reference.
 * The term helped change school curricula. Uncited, so I added a tag.
 * Continues to be used in published works. Clear citation proving this point.
 * (Note: I have not checked the references, so I can't vouch for them.) The article also suggests that some scholars find the term divisive and gives a reference.  Aside from the introduction, the article consists of a report on how the term is used.  This seems perfectly neutral to me.  I don't see any particular bias in the article, so I ask again: How would you like it to be changed?  What new information should be included? Phiwum 17:17, 19 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Those questioning the neutrality of the article should provide some sources to support their criticism. Just don't liking the term isn't enough to call the article biased. I don't like it either, but neither do I think the article should take some sort of stance against the term. I've removed the neutrality tag until someone provides more than just personal opinions.
 * Peter Isotalo 12:38, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Indent reset. Criticism section added. Please ensure all potentially controversial content is well-sourced and balanced. Benjiboi 01:06, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

(Section title removed)
There has been in my experience a movement to minimize and delete articles of LGBT interest. My documentation of our subculture in such things as look alike contests have been called "silly" "unimportant" and "not worthy". THESE things are part of our Herstory and we must as a community unite. Please contact me so we can have a "queer army" to help in civil discussions on talk pages with this narrow minded fellow editors. Contact me Cr8tiv 18:41, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * How does it make you feel to know that you're the result of two breeders having sex? You must really enjoy cognitive dissonance. --Haizum   μολὼν λαβέ 18:50, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * There is no need to project your intolerance onto me. I've never criticized anyone for being gay. I will however criticize hate speech against heterosexuals in the form of terms like "breeders." --Haizum   μολὼν λαβέ 19:07, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

I have removed the offensive section title. Speaking as a "breeder" who marched in the local Gay Pride parade last month, I have no sympathy for people who use their perceived oppression as an excuse to oppress others. Now can we get back to the article? -- Rob C. alias Alarob 20:59, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Please everyone let's keep focussed on improving the article only. Cr8tiv, you will probably get more sustained and constructive help by asking for it in a non-confrontational way. Everyone else let's assume this less-experienced user is simply unaware that this blog-like atmosphere does not diminish the need of civility. Benjiboi 01:03, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Global Language Monitor as source
I'd like some feedback on the use of Global Language Monitor as a source for the comment that "herstory" is the "third most politically incorrect word of 2006." Concerns: Maybe this could be included in a "trivia" section, but I have difficulty taking the Global Language Monitor seriously. Comments? -- Rob C. alias Alarob 21:26, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The shiftiness of politically correct (and its inverse) as a concept. Witness the interchangeable use of "correct" and "incorrect" in the press release. Does the ranking mean anything?
 * The misconception perpetuated on the GLM site that "herstory" was coined by people who actually believed the word "history" is derived from "his story."
 * Whether the site can be considered a reliable source. It claims a lot of media attention, and the founder has a book deal, but is this not really an entertainment site? Consider the "GLM Core Staff".
 * The number of careless language errors on the website of a self-styled "language monitor." Frankly I see no excuse for the PC press release to still look as sloppy as it does.

 * I thinks it's credible enough, and an interesting source, but their website points out they're referenced by CNN, Wall Street Journal, etc so I'd rather see those more credible sources cited whenever possible. Benjiboi 01:09, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Those are not sources for the cited information (the PC list). They are media outlets that have mentioned the GLM website (according to the GLM website, anyway). My guess is that the mentions were mostly "lighter side" content and do not necessarily mark this website as a reliable source. -- Rob C. alias Alarob 22:26, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Rob. This is a terrible citation, a dull entertainment site with no authority at all. Phiwum 01:24, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Guessing that a mention is light and calling them dull doesn't diminish that they are potentially doing credible work. Instead of disparaging the reference why not simply replace with a better, more credible source. Even the best of sources had humble beginnings. Benjiboi 21:14, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

I appreciate your open approach to the website, Benjiboi, but do not see how I can follow your advice. GLM is the original source for the information that "herstory" was selected as one of the most "politically (in)correct" words of 2006. Quoting CNN reporting the story does not make the selection itself any more or less credible. In this case, whether GLM is a reliable source is the whole issue. I propose removing the passage from this article. Concerns? -- Rob C. alias Alarob 22:15, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the source is credible enough for the purposes of the statement it's supporting. Nothing seems to contradict it and no one else seems to be tracking the mangling of language as GLM does with unique language software and methods they developed. Benjiboi 23:15, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

I like what you've done and think it puts GLM in a better context. Would like to see a more exact cite of Devoney Looser's book, so readers can go right to the relevant passage(s). But it's a good section and likely to get better as more users contribute. FWIW it's still my opinion that the "politically (in)correct" bit is so much fluff. It also seems to give the word too much importance. Maybe "herstory" still has currency that I'm unaware of, but it seems to me that it has done its part (a limited one), is fading from usage, and is unlikely to see an upswing. This article is about its history, which is notable. This blog essay surveys the question well (except for the fussing about etymology). It might deserve a link from the article. -- Rob C. alias Alarob 01:56, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think the word will be here for a while. Language changes and adapts so the nuances of political correctness and backlash are far from over. A quick Google Book search will pop 500-plus herstory references so I think it's use is far from over. In feminist and LGBT worlds its use is as popular as ever. Benjiboi 06:44, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

This is the explanation of why the term was classified as "politically incorrect" by GLM, as reported in the cited Reuters article: "In third was 'Herstory' substituting for 'History.' Payack said there are nearly 900,000 Google citations for 'Herstory,' all based on a mistaken assumption that 'history' is a sexist word. 'When Herodotus wrote the first history, the word meant simply an "inquiry,"' he said." This is completely unverifiable - how can Payack of the GLM know whether or not these 900,000 Google searches were based on this premise? From the article itself, as well as the talk page, it seems clear that this is not the only reason to use/search the term herstory. Including this reference seems to support this rather unfounded understanding of herstory and its usage. I suggest that this portion of the article be removed - I did so earlier, but it was reverted; in order to determine why this point should/shouldn't be included, I would appreciate further discussion. I realize that this was discussed above, but no conclusions about its appropriateness seem to have been reached as a result. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.193.251.182 (talk) 03:25, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't really like the cite either, but it's not clear to me whether deleting it is consistent with WP policy, since it is a verification of the claim that the word comes from mistaken etymology. Now, you doubt the truth of the verification and so do I, but I don't think we should substitute our armchair opinions for a verifiable reference.  What we need is a better reference which settles the question, or a confirmation that this cite is not a reliable source.  Phiwum (talk) 11:06, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

 * How about the OED entry on herstory (cited liberally in this article), which gives this etymology: "Punning alteration of history n. (fancifully reinterpreted as his story, implying that history has in the past been viewed predominantly from the male perspective), with his- replaced by her." It also includes this definition: "In feminist use: history emphasizing the role of women or told from a woman's point of view; also, a piece of historical writing by or about women." Finally, it gives this example (among others, which don't speak to the issue one way or another): "1976  Miller & Swift Words & Women viii. 135   When women in the movement use herstory, their purpose is to emphasize that women's lives, deeds, and participation in human affairs have been neglected or undervalued in standard histories." (All from the OED online).
 * As you can see, the OED entry doesn't even make reference to the false etymology claim, nor did an admittedly brief search for such a claim dig up anything from a reputable source. Nevertheless, as you say, the GLM provides "a verification of the claim that the word comes from mistaken etymology." If that's the logic for inclusion, then the GLM reference should be used more explicitly as an example of the supposed "controversy" over the etymology of the term (as it is, that's not how it's presented). To me, the assertion that it's "politically incorrect" without an explanation of why it's considered to be so makes it sound like it's somehow offensive, rather than (allegedly) based on a false etymology. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AEIMcM (talk • contribs) 23:20, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Okay, since no one has voiced any concerns about this change, I'm going to go ahead and make it when I have a spare moment. AEIMcM (talk) 17:06, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

Hoff Sommers "strident"
I deleted the word "strident" in reference to the criticism by Ms. Hoff Sommers. The Oxford American Dictionary defines "strident" as "loud and harsh; grating." It is not appropriate for a Wikipedia entry to offer an opinion about whether her opinions are "loud, harsh, or grating." Nicmart (talk) 16:25, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Mistaken
It says in the intro 'mistakenly restated as "his story"'. If I've undrestood the previous debates correctly it seems that it isn't possible to verify that it was a 'mistake' but a purposeful construction. The editor changed 'ironically' to 'mistakenly'. I think it would be better just to say 'restated as "his story". I'll change it for now. Calindreams (talk) 09:20, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Wasn't it a joke?
I may be wrong, but I have understood that the word ‘herstory’ was originally born as a linguistic joke, a spoof – a pseudo-feminist counterpart for the deliberately misunderstood ‘his story’. Then it was picked up by someone who didn't understand linguistics at all.

Pardon my English; it's a foreign language. Harjasusi (talk) 00:16, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Is the word based on ignorance or wordplay?
An anonymous contributor has changed the text to read The term attempts to hint at an alleged "[[political correctness|political incorrectness]" of the word "history"], whereas before it was claimed to be a pun. His reference is a Reuters article which mentions the term in passing.

I don't think that this is a convincing reference at all, but neither am I sure that the term was based on a pun rather than a misunderstanding of the etymology of history. Has anyone really found an authoritative explanation for the origins of "herstory"? Was it coined in ignorance of etymology, or in a bit of knowing playfulness? Phiwum (talk) 11:54, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Note that the Reuters article refers to a list of politically correct terms that was discussed [#Global_Language_Monitor_as_source above]. Phiwum (talk) 12:13, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

What is the correct year for "Who Stole Feminism"?
I noticed that the Christina Hoff Sommers article shows a publication date of 1995 for this book, while this article shows 1994. The Amazon page allows one to read the copyright page of the book, and it says copyright 1994, first Touchstone edition 1995 (which leaves the possibility that an edition was published by another publisher).

So, does this count as a 1994 book or a 1995 book? Phiwum (talk) 12:56, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 06 September 2014

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: oppose (speedy close) Anthony Appleyard (talk) 20:53, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

Herstory → Hertory – "History", minus "his", plus "her" is "hertory", not "herstory". – Article editor (talk) 02:59, 6 September 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:16, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose WP:UCN; no evidence provided that "hertory" is the preferred form over "herstory"; Further, by English rules, if "history" = his+story, where the double-consonant has been consolidated as a single "s", then "history"-his+her="herstory" because his+story=history. And the contention seems to be it is a story by men, so hisstory, therefore the feminine would be herstory; not the female supporters of the monarchy "hertory" (tory being the supporters of the British monarch) -- 65.94.169.222 (talk) 05:48, 6 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Oxford says "herstory." Isn't it a pun? I.e. "her story." La crème de la crème (talk) 09:15, 6 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose Nonsense. —innotata 17:00, 6 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose – Suggest speedy close, as this unsourced suggestion is clearly going nowhere. —BarrelProof (talk) 21:16, 6 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment on obscurity of "hertory": Although "hertory" does appear in the article, I have been unable to verify whether the term is reliably sourced. All but one of the sources cited in the article are either dead links or offline sources. As further evidence of the obscurity of the term, I notice that nothing on Wikipedia (in article space) links to the "hertory" redirect (despite the redirect having existed for nearly a decade). —BarrelProof (talk) 16:02, 7 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Herstory is the WP:COMMONNAME. gobonobo  + c 00:25, 7 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Herstory. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140109040115/http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00293243?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=herstory&first=1&max_to_show=10 to http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00293243?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=herstory&first=1&max_to_show=10
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140907005522/http://people.ok.ubc.ca/creative/glossary/h_list.html to http://people.ok.ubc.ca/creative/glossary/h_list.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090826013737/http://www.languagemonitor.com:80/politically_correct to http://www.languagemonitor.com/politically_correct

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:28, 26 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately oed & ubc.ca links won't go (and I removed them anyway as useless, with misleading article text which I cannot verify form the source). languagemonitor.org OK. Staszek Lem (talk) 22:22, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Wrong link?
I think that the link in the first paragraph of "Usage" links to the wrong article. The reference to W.I.T.C.H. links to the Italian comic. There is a different article, that I assume was intended, to the Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.129.44.18 (talk) 19:30, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:33, 9 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Womanpower logo.svg

title: Talk:Herstory


text:
Polish European Constitution referendum

The Polish referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was a referendum expected to be held on in October 2005 to decide whether Poland should ratify the proposed Constitution of the European Union. After the rejection of the constitution by France and the Netherlands the referendum was cancelled.

Most opinion data showed that many Poles were enthusiastic about EU membership. The French and Dutch no's however decreased Polish support for the Constitution. A later opinion poll showed an increase in the number of people against the Constitution to 35%. The number of supporters had dropped to 40%.

Some of right wing parties were sceptical about the Constitution due to a feeling that the country had lost out on the issue of Polish voting strength during negotiations.

Former President Aleksander Kwaśniewski had said that a referendum on the Constitution could have been combined with the presidential elections in October 2005. It would have been legally binding in case of a turnout of at least half the electorate. In case of smaller the matter would be up for the Parliament to decide.

The project of a Constitutional Treaty was replaced by the Treaty of Lisbon.

 * Eurokonstytucja

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Polish European Constitution referendum


text:
LeRoy Neiman

LeRoy Neiman (born LeRoy Leslie Runquist, June 8, 1921 – June 20, 2012) was an American artist known for his brilliantly colored, expressionist paintings and screenprints of athletes, musicians, and sporting events.

Early life
Neiman was born in 1921 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, the son of Lydia Sophia (née Serline), of Braham, Minnesota, and Charles Julius Runquist, who were married in 1918 and lived in Grasston, Minnesota (Kanabec County). He was of Turkish and Swedish descent ("as near as I can figure out", as he has said). His father deserted his family, and when his mother married his stepfather, John L. Niman (Neiman) in 1926, LeRoy changed to the new surname as well. His mother divorced Neiman about 1935, and married for the third time in about 1940, to Ernst G. Hoelscher, of St. Paul. She died in St. Paul on November 14, 1985, aged 87. LeRoy was raised in the Macalester-Groveland and Frogtown neighborhoods of St. Paul. The home he lived in the longest, from about 1940 to about 1955, still stands at 569 Van Buren Avenue.

Career
Neiman served in the U.S. Army during World War II. He worked as a cook until the end of the war, when his art skills were recognized and put to use painting sets for Red Cross shows. Following his return in 1946, Neiman studied briefly at the St. Paul School of Art, then at the School of The Art Institute of Chicago on the G.I. Bill. After graduating, Neiman served on the Art Institute faculty for ten years. During the time Neiman was teaching, he was exhibiting art in competitions and winning prizes. In 1954, Neiman began his association with Playboy magazine. Neiman had met Hugh Hefner while doing freelance fashion illustration for the Carson Pirie Scott department store chain, where Hefner was a writer. Hefner and Playboy art director Art Paul commissioned an illustration for the magazine's fifth edition. Hefner told Sports Illustrated, "I don't remember the moment. Our eyes did not meet across a crowded room." One day, after Hefner had started his magazine, he ran into Neiman on a street and asked him to become a contributor to Playboy. Among Neiman's contributions over the next 50 years, he created the Femlin character for the Party Jokes page, and did a feature for 15 years titled "Man at His Leisure", where Neiman would paint illustrations of his travels to exotic locations.

Beginning in 1960, he traveled the world observing and painting leisure life, social activities, and athletic competitions including the Olympics, the Super Bowl, the World Series, the Kentucky Derby, championship boxing, PGA and The Masters golf tournament, The Ryder Cup, the World Equestrian Games, Wimbledon and other Grand Slam competitions, as well as night life, entertainment, jazz, and the world of casino gambling.

In 1970, Neiman did the illustration for the 5th Dimension's album Portrait.

In 1994, Neiman was commissioned to create the illustrated logo for the Sherman Brothers musical Busker Alley. The illustration was used for posters and also was recreated as a five story high mural on the St. James Theater on Broadway (New York). In 1998, he did all the illustrations for a special "Sports" issue of The Nation magazine, for which he received the magazine's standard fee of $150.

Nieman was also an actor, known for minor parts as ring announcer in Rocky IV (1985), Rocky III (1982) and Rocky Balboa (2006).

Neiman sponsored and supported several organizations from coast to coast that foster art activities for underprivileged children such as The LeRoy Neiman Center for Youth in San Francisco and the Arts Horizons LeRoy Neiman Art Center in Harlem. He also has established facilities at various colleges, including the LeRoy Neiman Center for Print Studies at Columbia University in New York and the LeRoy Neiman Campus Center at his alma mater, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Neiman donated $5 million to the School of the Art Institute, which funded the construction of the Neiman Center at the School.

He received five honorary doctorates and numerous awards, a lifetime achievement award from the University of Southern California, an induction into the International Boxing Hall of Fame, and proclamations and citations. He received The Order of Lincoln award (the State's highest honor) on the 200th birthday celebration of Abraham Lincoln given by the Governor of Illinois in 2009. He authored 12 books of his art. A documentary on his jazz painting, The Big Band, had its world premiere in Los Angeles in February 2009.

Neiman produced about six different serigraph subjects a year, generally priced from $3,000 to $6,000 each. Gross annual sales of new serigraphs alone topped $10 million. Originals can sell for up to $500,000 for works such as Stretch Stampede, a mammoth 1975 oil painting of the Kentucky Derby. In addition to being a renowned sports artist, Neiman has created many works from his experience on safari, including Portrait of a Black Panther, Portrait of the Elephant, Resting Lion, and Resting Tiger. Some of his other subjects include sailing, cuisine, golf, boxing, horses, celebrities, famous locations, and America at play. Much of his work was done for Playboy magazine, for which he still illustrated monthly until his death.

Neiman worked in oil, enamel, watercolor, pencil drawings, pastels, serigraphy and some lithographs and etching. Neiman was listed in Art Collector's Almanac, Who's Who in the East, Who's Who in American Art, Who's Who in America, and Who's Who in the World. He was a member of the Chicago Society of Artists. His works have been displayed in museums, sold at auctions, and displayed in galleries and online distributors. He is considered by many to be the first major sports artist in the world, challenged only in his later years by a new generation of artists like Stephen Holland and Richard T. Slone. His work is in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian, the Whitney Museum, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the State Hermitage Museum in Russia, Wadham College at Oxford, and in museums and art galleries the world over, as well as in private and corporate collections.

Personal life
Neiman married Janet Byrne in 1957. They lived in New York City, their home base for over five decades, until Neiman's death. Their residence, inside a New York City landmark, the Hotel des Artistes over the Café des Artistes on West 67th Street, originally intended for painters, is made up of double-height rooms that overlook Central Park. Norman Rockwell once lived there, as well as celebrities Rudolph Valentino, Noël Coward, CNN founder Reese Schonfeld and former mayor John Lindsay. Neiman's painting studio, offices, and home are on one floor, his archives on another, and his penthouse at the top.

Later years
Neiman continued to paint after having his right leg amputated, the result of arterial insufficiency, at a New York hospital in April 2010. Neiman's autobiography, titled All Told: My Art and Life Among Athletes, Playboys, Bunnies, and Provocateurs was published on June 5, 2012.

Awards
Leroy Neiman was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 2009 as a Bicentennial Laureate.

Death
Neiman died on June 20, 2012, twelve days after his 91st birthday, in New York City. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

title: LeRoy Neiman


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Danish European Constitution referendum

The Danish referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was a planned referendum to be held on 27 September 2005, that would have put the proposed Constitution to the voters of Denmark for ratification. However, after voters voted down the Constitution in both the French and Dutch referendums before the Danish vote could take place, Danish prime minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen indicated that the referendum would be cancelled. On April 24, 2008 the Danish parliament ratified the Treaty's successor, the Treaty of Lisbon, without a referendum.

A November 2004 opinion poll indicated that 49% of Danes were expected to vote in favour of the Constitution, with 26% opposing.

Positions of political parties
Most political parties in the Danish Parliament, the Folketing, supported the European constitution with the exception of the Danish People's Party and the Red-Green Alliance. These two parties together held 30 seats out of 179 in the Parliament.

title: Danish European Constitution referendum


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Demon hunters

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:30, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Demon hunters
This is badly written, un-encyclopedic. -- Riffsyphon1024 01:50, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. I speedied it once earlier. — Dan | Talk 02:02, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, looks like some stupid fan thing. DopefishJustin (・∀・) 08:08, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, poorly written. Relevant contents would probably exist under Demon or Exorcism. --Idont Havaname 18:41, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Incomprehensible rambling, ScottM 00:19, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and send a heavily armed demon hunter after whoever wrote it! Miss Pippa 23:06, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nonsense. Andrew pmk 01:22, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - But Cleanup. --Irishpunktom\talk 11:55, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)


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American Land Title Association

The American Land Title Association (ALTA), founded in 1907, is the national trade association representing more than 6,400 title insurance companies, title and settlement agents, independent abstracters, title searchers and real estate attorneys. ALTA's headquarters is in Washington, DC. ALTA founded the Coalition to Stop Real Estate Wire Fraud in 2019.

Overview
ALTA members conduct title searches, examinations, closings and issue title insurance that protects real property owners and mortgage lenders against losses from defects in titles.

Governance
The 11-member ALTA Board of Governors is responsible for creating association strategic priorities, managing the financial health of the association and overseeing the work of more than 40 committees.

title: American Land Title Association


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Presumption

In law, a presumption is an "inference of a particular fact". There are two types of presumptions: rebuttable presumptions and irrebuttable (or conclusive) presumptions. A rebuttable presumption will either shift the burden of production (requiring the disadvantaged party to produce some evidence to the contrary) or the burden of proof (requiring the disadvantaged party to show the presumption is wrong); in short, a fact finder can reject a rebuttable presumption based on other evidence. Conversely, a conclusive/irrebuttable presumption cannot be challenged by contradictory facts or evidence. Sometimes, a presumption must be triggered by a predicate fact—that is, the fact must be found before the presumption applies.

History
The ancient Jewish law code, the Talmud, included reasoning from presumptions (hazakah), propositions taken to be true unless there was reason to believe otherwise, such as "One does not ordinarily pay a debt before term."

The same concept was found in ancient Roman law, where, for example, if there was doubt as to whether a child was really the issue of someone who had been left money in a will, the presumption was in favour of the child. Medieval Roman and canon law graded presumptions according to strength: light, medium or probable, and violent. These gradings and many individual presumptions were taken over into English law in the seventeenth century by Edward Coke.

Specific presumptions
A number of presumptions are found in most common law jurisdictions. Examples of these presumptions include:
 * The presumption of death. A person who has been absent for seven years without explanation and "gone to parts unknown" is presumed dead at common law.  The time period it takes for the presumption to arise has often been modified by statute.
 * The presumption of sanity. A person who faces criminal trial is presumed sane until the opposite is proved. Similarly, a person is presumed to have testamentary capacity until there is evidence to undermine that presumption.
 * The presumption of innocence, which holds that the prosecution bears the burden of proof in a criminal case with the result that the accused may be acquitted without putting forward any evidence.
 * The presumption of legitimacy or presumption of paternity, which presumes that a husband is the biological father of a child born to his wife during the marriage, or within nine months after the marriage is ended by death, legal separation, or divorce. Some jurisdictions also hold that a presumption of paternity arises when a father accepts a child into his home, or publicly represents that he is the child's father.
 * A presumption of survivorship has referred to a number of different presumptions. The term is sometimes used to refer to presumptions that one or another of two persons lived the longer when they died together in the same accident. The presumption that two or more people who establish a joint account intend for the survivors to have the assets put into the fund upon the death of one of the joint account holders has also been called the "presumption of survivorship".
 * The presumption of mailing presumes that a properly addressed letter delivered to the post office or a common carrier was in fact delivered and received by the addressee.
 * The presumption of fraud or undue influence arises where a person in a position of trust over another, such as a guardian or the holder of a power of attorney applies the other person's assets to their own benefit.
 * The presumption of validity is another way of expressing a burden of proof: the official acts of courts are presumed valid, and those who would challenge them must overcome this presumption. This is also termed the presumption of regularity.
 * The presumption of advancement in relation to transfers from husbands to wives and from fathers to children.
 * In commercial contracts, there is a presumption that parties to a contract intend all disputes between them to be determined within the same forum. This presumption is also known as "one-stop adjudication" and reflects the belief that contracts are entered into by rational business parties. A German Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice) decision made on 27 February 1970 thought there was "every reason to presume that reasonable parties will wish to have the relationships created by their contract and the claims arising therefrom ... decided by the same tribunal and not by two different tribunals", and the Federal Court of Australia in Comandate Marine Corp v Pan Australia Shipping Pty Ltd. (2006) referred to a "sensible commercial presumption that the parties did not intend the inconvenience of having possible disputes from their transaction being heard in two places". The House of Lords in Premium Nafta Products Ltd (20th Defendant) and Ors v. Fili Shipping Company Ltd and Ors (2007) noted that "this approach to the issue of construction is now firmly embedded as part of the law of international commerce" and endorsed a ruling the Court of Appeal made on this basis, stating that this presumption "must now be accepted as part of our [ England and Wales ] law too".
 * In the law of the United States, the presumption of constitutionality presumes that all statutes are drafted in accordance with Federal and state constitutional requirements. The party challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of proof, and any doubts are resolved against that party. If there are two reasonable interpretations of a statute, one of which is constitutional and the other not, the courts choose the path that permits upholding the statute.

Conclusive (irrebuttable) presumption
A conclusive presumption, also known as an irrebuttable presumption, is a type of presumption used in several legal systems. In English law, a conclusive presumption is a presumption of law that cannot be rebutted by evidence and must be taken to be the case whatever the evidence to the contrary. For example, a child below the age of criminal responsibility is presumed to be incapable of committing a felony.

Australia
In Australian law, it is a conclusive presumption that no child under the age of 10 can be held responsible for criminal action. This presumption exists to protect children by acknowledging that they do not have sufficient development to understand the gravity and consequences of committing a criminal act.

Canada
Recent amendments to Impaired Driving law allows the Crown to rely on a conclusive presumption. Normally, where the police conduct a breathalyzer test within 2 hours of the operation of a conveyance (or care and control), the court can accept the blood alcohol concentration as being the same at the time of the operation of the vehicle as at the time of the offence. If the test is conducted outside the two hours, and the blood alcohol concentration is greater than 20 mg of alcohol/100 mL of blood, there is now a conclusive presumption that the blood alcohol concentration can be increased by 5 mg of alcohol/100 mL of blood for each 30 minutes.

England and Wales
A child below the age of criminal responsibility cannot be held legally responsible for their actions, and so cannot be convicted of committing a criminal offence. The age has continually been under debate with adjustments being made in line with rulings, the results of psychological research and to some extent public pressure. The age was seven at common law, and raised by the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 to eight (section 50) and by the Children and Young Persons Act 1963 to ten, at which it remains. In the case of rape, if it is found that the defendant intentionally deceived the complainant as to the "nature or the purpose of the act", or if "the defendant intentionally induced the complainant to consent by impersonation of a "person known personally to the complainant"" it can be conclusively presumed the defendant is guilty of rape and must be convicted.

title: Presumption


text: Talk:Fine art

title: Talk:Fine art


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User talk:Airsin

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you. - Lucky 6.9 02:04, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. - Lucky 6.9 02:06, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You are on the verge of being banned from this site before you even start. If you wish to display your artwork, please do so on your user page. Read What Wikipedia is not to better understand what goes on here. If you have any questions, please click on my user name and leave a message on my talk page. Gentle warning: One more bad edit and you'll be banned for vandalism. - Lucky 6.9 02:10, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Airsin


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Molecule Man

The Molecule Man (Owen Reece) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in Fantastic Four #20 in November 1963 and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. An enormously powerful entity, he is often portrayed as a supervillain, but sometimes takes the role of a reformed outlaw or reluctant hero.

Publication history
The Molecule Man was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, and first appeared in Fantastic Four #20.

Fictional character biography
Owen Reece was a timid child from Brooklyn, New York who obsessively clung to his mother. He grew into a weak-willed adult, made bitter and lonely by his mother's death, and full of fear and hatred of what he regarded as a deeply unfriendly world. Reece became a lowly laboratory technician working at a nuclear plant owned by the Acme Atomics Corporation. He was disgruntled by his job's long hours and low pay. One day, Reece accidentally activated an experimental particle generator, which bombarded him with an unknown form of radiation, later revealed to be energy from a dimension containing the Beyonder. The radiation had a mutagenic effect on Reece, releasing his potential for psionic powers on a cosmic scale. Reece could now control all matter, even down to the molecular level, and all energy. The radiation also left markings resembling lightning bolts across Reece's face. Reece named himself the "Molecule Man" after his power to control molecules.

The accident also opened a wormhole between Earth's dimension and the Beyonder's dimension. During the following years, the Beyonder observed Earth and its multiverse through the interdimensional pinhole.

The day after the accident, the president of Acme Atomics fired Reece for his carelessness, not even knowing his name after his twelve years of work there. Angered, Molecule Man covered the president and his desk with ice that he formed from molecules in the air. Reece became a criminal and set out to use his powers to take revenge on a world he believed had belittled and persecuted him. However, Reece's self-doubt, fear, and self-hatred subconsciously restricted his powers. He believed he was unable to affect organic molecules, and that his power resided in a metal wand. Uatu the Watcher recognized the threat that the Molecule Man posed and alerted the Fantastic Four. The Molecule Man easily defeated the Fantastic Four, forcing them to retreat. He created a glass barrier around Manhattan Island, saying the people would be trapped until the Fantastic Four were brought to him. Mister Fantastic, realizing Reece had only affected inorganic molecules, had Alicia Masters lure him to her apartment with the Fantastic Four flare. The Fantastic Four pretended to be statues by covering themselves with plaster. When Reece found himself unable to affect the statues, he dropped his wand in shock, allowing Mister Fantastic to grab it. The Watcher transported the Molecule Man to confinement in an other-dimensional world where time passed at an accelerated rate.

Believing himself unable to escape, Reece created a humanoid construct to serve as his companion and, through unknown means, endowed it with consciousness. Reece let the construct believe itself to be his son. Before dying, Reece transferred his consciousness and powers into the wand his son carried. Not bound by human limitations, the construct, known as the new Molecule Man, escaped to Earth. In an attempt to avenge his father, the new Molecule Man battled both the Man-Thing and the Thing of the Fantastic Four. Dependent on the metal wand to maintain his existence in this dimension, the new Molecule Man disintegrated when the wand was taken from him.

However, the consciousness and powers of the original Molecule Man remained within the wand, and Molecule Man could overpower the minds of whoever touched the wand and take control of their bodies. He took mental possession of Cynthia McClellan, and through her, battled Iron Man. Molecule Man then took mental possession of Aaron Stankey and Mister Fantastic.

The wand passed through the hands of a succession of holders until Reece's mind recreated his mutated body and transferred his consciousness and powers out of the wand and into the body. He threatened to destroy the world, but Tigra persuaded him to give himself up and seek psychiatric help.

Reece did so, and soon began to change. He now had simple goals: true love, friendship, and a good home. However, Reece found himself sent to Battleworld, the planet created by the Beyonder, as part of the small army of criminal superhuman beings that were to engage in the first Secret War. Impressed by the charismatic dictator Doctor Doom, Reece agreed to help fight the superheroes also brought to Battleworld. During the course of the war, Reece and a superhuman called Volcana fell in love. Doctor Doom eventually succeeded in temporarily stealing the power of the Beyonder and transferring it into himself. Believing himself abandoned by Doctor Doom, Reece threatened to kill him. But Doctor Doom helped Reece break through his mental blocks and realize that his power was greater than he had believed. No longer angry at Doctor Doom, Reece transported himself, Volcana, and most of the criminals back to Earth. On Earth, Reece and Volcana began living together quietly in a Denver suburb, and Reece took a job as a worker in an atomic plant.

Months later, the Beyonder, again in possession of his full power, came to Earth in humanoid form seeking emotional fulfillment. When he failed, the Beyonder decided to rid himself of the problem by obliterating the multiverse. Reece attempted to save the universe by destroying the Beyonder, but the Beyonder's immense power far surpassed even Reece's own. Reece joined forces with many of Earth's superhuman champions to battle him. But the Molecule Man exhausted himself fighting the Beyonder, who unleashed an immensely powerful blast of energy to destroy Reece and his allies. The blast ripped open Earth's crust in the area of the Rocky Mountains, and would have caused incredible planet-wide instability if not for Molecule Man's power. Molecule Man used his power to shield himself and his allies, and to remove every living thing from the path of the blast to safety. As a result of his monumental efforts, Reece severely injured himself internally.

His foes appearing to have been defeated, the Beyonder proceeded with his new plan to find fulfillment by using a complex machine to transform himself into a mortal being with his full power. The machine drained the Beyonder's power into itself, transformed him into a mortal baby, and then began transferring the energy back into him. The infant would soon again become an adult. Molecule Man and his allies found the machine, and Reece, believing they could not take the chance that the newly reborn Beyonder would not someday destroy the multiverse, decided to kill him while he was vulnerable. Reece destroyed the machine, causing the infant's death, and diverted the Beyonder's immense power, which the machine released, through an interdimensional portal into the dimension from which the Beyonder had originally come. There the energy created a new universe.

The injured Molecule Man and the Silver Surfer, uniting their power temporarily, repaired all the damage done to the Earth, restoring the mountains and the part of the crust that the Beyonder had destroyed. Reece, believing that Earth's superhuman champions would always worry about his misusing them, pretended his powers had been burned out. Only Volcana and Silver Surfer know that Reece still has his powers. Reece lived quietly for a time with Rosenberg in their Denver suburb.

Reece was briefly merged with the Beyonder to take part in the creation of the complete Cosmic Cube being known as Kosmos. The Cube expelled him and he returned to Earth. He was then defeated in combat by Klaw, and separated from Volcana. The Molecule Man was later placed under the mental control of the Puppet Master. The Puppet Master used Reece to combat Aron the Rogue Watcher, but Aron defeated him. The now generally benevolent Reece accidentally releases his "darkest aspect", which takes separate form and attacks Kosmos in search of revenge upon the Beyonder, and it extracts and fights this part of the whole in a more than three-dimensional battle. After it defeats the Beyonder, Kubik and the original Molecule Man stop it from delivering the death blow, as this would also kill the peaceful Kosmos. Owen reabsorbs it, and as farewell, Kubik states that Owen's true self's full potential is far greater than that of his dark side.

Doc Samson stumbles upon the Molecule Man while searching for the missing Bruce Banner. Owen mistakenly thinks that he is being stalked, and captures Samson to explain himself. After She-Hulk gets involved, they clear up the misunderstanding. He reveals that his relationship with Marsha has hit a road bump, leading to temporary separation that makes him depressed. Samson convinces Owen to display his affection more openly, whereupon the latter decides to repair areas destroyed by recent terrorist activity in Marsha's honor, including rebuilding Mount Rushmore with the addition of her own likeness, which his girlfriend apparently finds touching.

The Molecule Man was listed as one of the Raft escapees after the events of The New Avengers #1.

During the "Secret Invasion" storyline, Molecule Man is one of the villains incarcerated in the Raft when the Skrulls strike.

A series of disappearances in the small town of Dinosaur, Colorado, causes Norman Osborn's "Dark Avengers" to visit the area. Sentry arrives first and is instantly disintegrated. Owen, isolated from everyone, has lost the ability to differentiate between hallucinations and reality, and secluded himself near the area he was born. After the other Avengers are defeated, Victoria Hand convinces Reece to restore everyone and everything he destroyed and to stop being a threat, in return for being left alone in the future. Sentry returns at this point, attacks the Molecule Man, and pulls him into the air, but is destroyed again. Sentry immediately reforms, and takes advantage of Owen's distraction from an incoming missile to take control of his body. Apparently unaware that Owen had already promised to do so, Sentry tells the Molecule Man to restore everything or be killed. Owen does so, but Sentry still disintegrates his body in return.

Reece's body was reformed and imprisoned by Doctor Doom, who intended to use him, as his energy frequency matched with the beacon of the Mapmakers, to oppose whatever was the origin of the Incursions and the decay of the universe. The Molecule Man took Doom elsewhere, a blank void from where they subsequently traveled backwards through the mists of time.

Doom and the Molecule Man arrived twenty-five years into the past of another universe, where they witnessed the origin of said reality's Molecule Man. The journey affected Molecule Man's mind, restoring it from its chaotic state which enables Reece to inform Doom that his accident was caused by the Beyonders, who created the Molecule Man in the first place as a singularity across every reality, to have the function of a "bomb", which would destroy its universe if he died. To prove his point the Molecule Man killed his counterpart, which set off the early death of his counterpart's universe, and is the default origin of the Incursions. The Molecule Man convinced Doom that to thwart the plans of the Beyonders, he had to embark on a mission to kill every one of the Molecule Men, but they realized that this course of action was not going to prevent the early death of the Multiverse. Therefore, they began to collect Molecule Men in order to build a weapon to use against the Beyonders. It worked and the Beyonders' power were siphoned into the Molecule Man. The nearly omnipotent Doctor Doom kept the Molecule Man in a special chamber in his castle after using him to kill the Beyonders, absorb their power, and form of his Battleworld. During the attack on Castle Doom, the two Spider-Men (Peter Parker and Miles Morales) found the chamber that the Molecule Man is in. Like every visitor before him, the Molecule Man asks if they had any food with them. Miles gives him a hamburger from his pocket, for which Reece states he is in debt to Miles. Upon learning that the Molecule Man is the source of Doom's powers, the two Spider-Men leave. Mister Fantastic and Maker (the Earth-1610 version of Mister Fantastic) enter the Molecule Man's chamber where Maker is seemingly killed by the Molecule Man while Mister Fantastic fights God Emperor Doom. To make the fight between Mister Fantastic and Doctor Doom fair, the Molecule Man depowered Doom. During the fight, Doom admits that Mister Fantastic would have done better with the godlike powers, and in response, the Molecule Man gives the power of the Beyonders to Mister Fantastic, causing Battleworld to fall apart. With his newfound omnipotence in conjunction with Franklin Richards' ability to shape entire universes, Mister Fantastic begins to reconstruct the Multiverse. As each new reality is recreated, a portion of the Molecule Man attached to it as an "anchor", which has the effect of restoring his sanity. In gratitude to Miles, the Molecule Man transfers him and his family and friends to Earth-616, now known as the Prime Earth. Their entire life histories are merged with this new Prime Earth, and have no memory of having originated from a different universe, except the participants of the Battleworld who still have their former respective original universes' memories intact.

The Molecule Man was later seen with the Fantastic Four and the Future Foundation on a world where he has noticed that Franklin's reality-warping capabilities are depleting. When the Griever at the End of All Things attacked, she killed the Molecule Man and had her Endlings feed off of his energies. Following that, the Future Foundation (led by Alex Power) went on a quest to reassemble the Molecule Man's pieces, but the Maker want to steal the pieces for himself.

It was eventually revealed that Reece survived the attack from the Griever by placing all of his consciousness into one molecule and teleporting it to the Microverse.

Powers and abilities
Owen Reece originally has the ability to psionically manipulate molecules for a variety of effects, such as force field generation, energy blasts, and hyperspace travel. However, he later gained reality-bending capabilities on a multiversal scale. Reece subconsciously imposed mental blocks on himself that prevented him from affecting organic molecules, though he later overcame the blocks. The Molecule Man was initially dependent on using a steel rod so he could focus his powers, but subsequently learned how to direct them without it.

The Molecule Man was intended to be a multiversal demolition tool by the Beyonders. Each version of Reece in every universe is the same and they are all connected. If Reece dies, the universe also dies, too. Furthermore, this causes a contraction in the multiverse, thus inducing universal collision events called "incursions."

As his power originates from the Beyonders, Reece is connected to them so he can absorb their energies. With the help of Doctor Doom, he was able to drain the powers of the Beyonders and store them within himself. By utilizing the stolen energy, Doom uses it to create Battleworld out of the remnants from incursion worlds. The Molecule Man aids in the creation of a new multiverse called the Eighth Cosmos (an old Seventh Cosmos continuation).

JLA/Avengers
In JLA/Avengers, the Molecule Man is seen among the enthralled villains defending Krona's stronghold. He is shown encased in stone. When Firestorm asks who did this, the Wasp tells him it was Sersi.

Television

 * Molecule Man appears in a self-titled episode of Fantastic Four, voiced by Henry Corden.
 * Molecule Man appears in The Super Hero Squad Show, voiced by Fred Stoller. This version is Volcana's boyfriend and a member of Doctor Doom's Lethal Legion.
 * Molecule Man makes a non-speaking appearance in the Avengers Assemble episode "Molecule Kid". He fought the Avengers and was disarmed of his wand which later came into the possession of his son Aaron Reece (voiced by Daryl Sabara ). In response, Nick Fury assigns Hawkeye and Black Widow to track down Aaron and confiscate the wand. After Aaron learns of them and A.I.M. coming after him, he attempts to flee, but is captured by MODOK controlling the Super-Adaptoid. In the ensuing conflict between A.I.M. and the Avengers, the wand is accidentally broken, which also breaks reality. Despite this, Aaron uses the fragments to defeat the Super-Adaptoid and undo the damage with Iron Man's help before being transferred into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody to join Fury's training program for teenage superheroes.
 * Molecule Man appears in Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur, voiced by Edward James Olmos. This version is a four-armed alien with control over non-organic matter and a rival of the Beyonder.

Video games
Molecule Man appears as a playable character in Marvel Future Fight.

title: Molecule Man


text:
Talk:Aggregate

I went ahead and wrote an aggregate (composite) article, which I think is fairly encyclopedic. Anyone want to tackle the music article? BTW, I vote against removal to the dictionary, though I'd be happy to write something concise on composites for the sister wiki.--Polyparadigm 02:05, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aggregate


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Visionary Vehicles

'''V Cars. LLC, called Visionary Vehicles''' prior to mid-2008, was an international automobile import and distribution company, founded by Malcolm Bricklin and engaging in the development and sale of Chinese-made motor vehicles in North America. The company closed down prior to ever importing any cars to North America.

Chery distribution
V Cars was to be the North American distributor of Chery Automobiles. Bricklin's foray with Chery ended in mid-2006 after Chery allegedly used the relationship to enter the US market, then backed out of the contract with VV.

In a documentary film (The Entrepreneur) made by his son Johnathan, Malcolm Bricklin is shown with his lawyer in litigation against Chery auto makers.

Bricklin's strategy was to bring in cars and crossover SUVs that were competitive with German brands (Audi especially), but priced similarly to Honda vehicles. The lineup was to start with a mid-size car, a sporty coupé and small crossover. Later, with Bricklin funding, a bespoke line of front-wheel-drive vehicles was to have been developed. Following the front wheel drive vehicles, a rear wheel drive platform was contemplated which would have pushed Visionary into the Audi/BMW/Mercedes class of vehicles.

Bricklin's distribution strategy was to have dealers invest in Visionary Vehicles and in Chery, different from traditional dealer-distributor-manufacturer relationships. The dealer investments of $2-million were to be put in an escrow account until being used to fund investments in products from Chery.

All dealer-investors and other investing parties are suing Chery auto makers in China for breach of contract and several other categories of litigation for over $1 billion.

In July 2013, VCars LLC was awarded $2,000,000 by a Detroit jury in US district court.

Plug-in hybrids
Visionary intended to bring a $35,000 luxury Mercedes-Benz S-Class V2G-capable PHEV to market around 2010. In 2007, VV announced it would compete for the X-Prize.

Bricklin EVX/LS
The Bricklin EVX/LS was a planned plug-in hybrid electric 4-door, 5-passenger luxury sedan.

The EVX/LS would go from zero to sixty miles per hour in 5.9 seconds with an 850-mile range at 100 mpg. The fuel would be a hybrid of gasoline and electricity powered by a lithium-ion battery.

Visionary Vehicles was looking to charge around $35,000 and premiere the vehicle in production in 2010. It was never built.

Bricklin 3EV
The Bricklin 3EV is a three-wheel, two-passenger, completely enclosed vehicle that is entirely electric powered for zero emissions. The projected retail cost of the vehicle will be between $25,000 and $30,000. While marketed as a direct competitor with Tesla, Inc., multiple discussed plans include usage of Tesla supplies in the production process. To maintain collectibility of the vehicles, the exterior design will be significantly altered every 50,000 units produced.

title: Visionary Vehicles


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Minimum reception altitude

In aviation, minimum reception altitude (MRA) is the lowest altitude on an airway segment where an aircraft can be assured of receiving signals from off-course navigation aids like VOR that define a fix. An MRA is determined by FAA flight inspection traversing an entire route of flight to establish the minimum altitude the navigation signal can be received for the route (which, along with obstacle clearance, defines the Minimum Enroute Altitude - MEA) and for off-course NAVAID facilities that determine a fix. When the MRA at the fix is higher than the MEA, an MRA is established for the fix, and is the lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined.

title: Minimum reception altitude


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National Curriculum for England

The National Curriculum for England is the statutory standard of school subjects, lesson content, and attainment levels for primary and secondary schools in England. It is compulsory for local authority-maintained schools, but also often followed by independent schools and state-funded academies. It was first introduced by the Education Reform Act 1988 as simply The National Curriculum and applied to both England and Wales. However, education later became a devolved matter for the Welsh government.

The National Curriculum for England has been updated multiple times since its introduction. , the current version in use dates from 2014.

Aims
The Education Act 2002 sets out the statutory duty for schools to offer a school curriculum that is balanced and broad-based, that "promotes the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils at the school and of society" and that prepares pupils for the "opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of later life". The National Curriculum is designed to be one part of such a school curriculum.

The statutory documentation for the National Curriculum presents two main aims: 3.1 The national curriculum provides pupils with an introduction to the essential knowledge they require to be educated citizens. It introduces pupils to the best that has been thought and said, and helps engender an appreciation of human creativity and achievements. 3.2 The national curriculum is just one of the many elements in the education of every child. There is time and space in the school day and in each week, term and year to range beyond the national curriculum specifications. The national curriculum provides an outline of core knowledge around which teachers can develop exciting and stimulating lessons to promote the development of pupils’ knowledge, understanding and skills as part of the wider school curriculum.

Structure
The National Curriculum is set out for all year groups for pupils aged between 5 and 16. Year groups are divided into four Key Stages, each of which has a different compulsory list of taught subjects. These subjects are indicated in the following table:

The Secretary of State for Education is required to set out a Programme of Study for each statutory curriculum subject which outlines the "matters, skills and processes" which must be taught at the relevant Key Stages. The most recently published National Curriculum was introduced into schools in September 2014.

Other entitlements
Children in all Key Stages must additionally be provided with a curriculum of Religious Education, and for pupils in Key Stages 3 and 4 a curriculum of Sex and Relationships Education must also be provided.

In addition to the compulsory subjects, students at Key Stage 4 have a statutory entitlement to study one modern language and at least one subject from:
 * the arts (comprising art and design, music, photography, dance, drama and media arts)
 * design and technology (comprising design and technology, electronics, engineering, food preparation and nutrition)
 * humanities (comprising geography and history), business and enterprise (comprising business studies and economics)

Callaghan's Great Debate
In a 1976 speech at Ruskin College, Prime Minister James Callaghan launched what became known as the "Great Debate". The speech has been called "revolutionary" in the context of its time, and that it "lit a flare that has illuminated education reform ever since". The speech intended to stimulate wide debate on the purpose of education in the UK: "These are proper subjects for discussion and debate. And it should be a rational debate based on the facts... It is not my intention to become enmeshed in such problems as whether there should be a basic curriculum with universal standards - although I am inclined to think there should be... The goals of our education, from nursery school through to adult education, are clear enough. They are to equip children to the best of their ability for a lively, constructive, place in society, and also to fit them to do a job of work. Not one or the other but both... Both of the basic purposes of education require the same essential tools. These are basic literacy, basic numeracy, the understanding of how to live and work together, respect for others, respect for the individual. This means requiring certain basic knowledge, and skills and reasoning ability. It means developing lively inquiring minds and an appetite for further knowledge that will last a lifetime. It means mitigating as far as possible the disadvantages that may be suffered through poor home conditions or physical or mental handicap. Are we aiming in the right direction in these matters?"

1988 Education Reform Act
The first statutory National Curriculum was introduced by the Education Reform Act 1988 by Kenneth Baker. The Programmes of Study were drafted and published in 1988 and 1989, with the first teaching of some elements of the new curriculum beginning in September 1989. Moreover, the curriculum was viewed as an opportunity to promote cultural and moral values.

1994–1995 Shephard reforms
Under Gillian Shephard's tenure as Education Secretary, a review of the National Curriculum was launched in 1994, led by Ron Dearing. Its objective was to find ways to 'slim down' the over-detailed curriculum. The final report set out the need to reduce the volume of statutory content, particularly at lower key stages, as well as recommending changes to methods of assessment. Consequently, an updated National Curriculum was published in 1995 which saw a considerable reduction in the content of the curriculum and a simplification in line with Dearing's recommendations.

1997–1999 Blunkett reforms
When a new Labour government took office in 1997, its focus on English and Mathematics led to a decision to disapply the statutory Programmes of Study for the foundation subjects from September 1998, to allow schools to spend more time teaching literacy and numeracy. The Secretary of State, David Blunkett, later announced another overhaul of the National Curriculum, particularly at primary level, to reduce the content in foundation subjects allowing more time to be spent on the core subjects of English, Mathematics and Science. A new National Curriculum was published in 1999, for first teaching in September 2000.

2007–2008 Balls reforms
Further changes were announced by Ed Balls in 2007 for the statutory curriculum for Key Stages 3 and 4, which again focused on removing some content from the documentation, while also adding some additional element, with the intended aim of additional flexibility for schools. These changes were introduced in September 2008, and were swiftly followed by proposed changes to the primary curriculum, based on a review to be led by Jim Rose. The review proposed replacing the 10 statutory subjects in Key Stages 1 and 2 with 6 broader 'areas of learning', such as "understanding English, communication and languages" and "human, social and environmental understanding". However, following the change of government in 2010, the plans for this change - proposed to begin in September 2011 - were abandoned, with schools advised to continue to follow the 2000 curriculum pending review.

2012–2014 Gove reforms
Following his appointment as Education Secretary in 2010, Michael Gove commissioned an expert review panel to report on a framework for a new National Curriculum. The review was led by Tim Oates of Cambridge Assessment, and reported in December 2011. It suggested significant changes to the structure of the National Curriculum, including dividing Key Stage 2 into two shorter (two-year) phases. In 2013, the government produced a draft National Curriculum, followed by a final version in September 2013, for first teaching in September 2014. Due to the short timescales for introduction, the curriculum was introduced only for certain subjects and year groups in 2014, with the core subjects in Years 2 and 6 (the final years of Key Stages 1 and 2) only becoming statutory in September 2015, to allow time for the introduction of new testing arrangements at the end of the Key Stages. Similarly, core subjects at Key Stage 4 were introduced on a year-by-year basis starting in September 2015 for English and Mathematics, and September 2016 for Science.

Other UK curriculums

 * Northern Ireland Curriculum - Northern Ireland
 * Curriculum for excellence - Scotland
 * National Curriculum for Wales (2008 to 2026) - Wales (old)
 * Curriculum for Wales (2022 to present) - Wales (new)

title: National Curriculum for England


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Beat the Devil (film)

Beat the Devil is a 1953 adventure comedy film directed by John Huston, starring Humphrey Bogart, Jennifer Jones, and Gina Lollobrigida, in her American debut, and featuring Robert Morley, Peter Lorre and Bernard Lee. Huston and Truman Capote wrote the screenplay, loosely based upon the 1951 novel of the same name by British journalist Claud Cockburn writing under the pseudonym James Helvick. Huston made the film as a sort of loose parody of the 1941 film The Maltese Falcon, which Huston directed and in which Bogart and Lorre appeared. Capote said, "John [Huston] and I decided to kid the story, to treat it as a parody. Instead of another Maltese Falcon, we turned it into a... [spoof] on this type of film."

The script, written on a day-to-day basis as the film was shot, concerns the adventures of a motley crew of swindlers and ne'er-do-wells trying to claim land rich in uranium deposits in Kenya as they wait in a small Italian port to travel aboard a tramp steamer en route to Mombasa.

Plot
Billy Dannreuther is a formerly wealthy American who has fallen on hard times. He is reluctantly working with four crooks: Peterson, Julius O'Hara, Major Jack Ross, and Ravello, who are trying to acquire uranium-rich land in British East Africa. Billy suspects that Major Ross murdered a British Colonial officer who threatened to expose their plan. While waiting in Italy for passage to Africa, Billy and his wife Maria meet a British couple, Harry and Gwendolen Chelm, who plan to travel on the same ship. Harry seems a very proper and traditional Englishman, while Gwendolen is flighty and a compulsive fantasist. Billy and Gwendolen have an affair, while Maria flirts with Harry. Peterson becomes suspicious that the Chelms may be attempting to acquire the uranium themselves. Though this is untrue, it seems confirmed by Gwendolen, who lies about her husband and exaggerates his importance.

Billy and Peterson decide to take a plane instead, but their car runs over a cliff when they are pushing it after a breakdown and the pair are wrongly reported to have been killed. In order to replace Peterson's lost capital, Ravello approaches Harry Chelm and explains their scheme. Just then, to everyone's surprise, Billy and Peterson return to the hotel unharmed, just as the purser announces that the ship is at last ready to sail. On board, Harry reveals that he knows about Peterson's scheme and intends to inform the authorities. Peterson orders Major Ross to kill Harry, but Billy thwarts the murder attempt. Disbelieving Harry's outraged accusations, however, the ship's drunken captain has Harry locked in the brig.

The ship's engine malfunctions and the passengers are told to escape by lifeboat. When Billy goes to rescue Harry, he finds that he has freed himself and left the ship, intending to swim ashore. Having abandoned ship, the passengers land on an African beach, where they are arrested by Arab soldiers. They are interrogated by Ahmed, an Arab official who suspects that they may be spies or revolutionaries. Billy creates a distraction by fleeing the room, and befriends Ahmed when he is recaptured by talking to him about Rita Hayworth, whom he pretends to have known. Billy then persuades him to send the party back to Italy by sailing boat.

After the party land, they are questioned by a Scotland Yard detective who is investigating the murder of the Colonial officer. Just as he seems taken in by Peterson's smooth talk, Gwendolen reveals Peterson's scheme, his involvement in the murder, and his attempt to kill Harry. The detective promptly arrests Peterson, O'Hara, Ross, and Ravello. As the four crooks are led away in handcuffs, Gwendolen receives a telegram from British East Africa saying that Harry has acquired the land where Peterson and the others were aiming to enrich themselves; he is now extremely wealthy and willing to forgive Gwendolen. Billy laughs happily, saying, "This is the end, the end!"

Cast

 * Humphrey Bogart as Billy Dannreuther
 * Jennifer Jones as Mrs. Gwendolen Chelm
 * Gina Lollobrigida as Maria Dannreuther
 * Robert Morley as Peterson
 * Peter Lorre as Julius O'Hara
 * Edward Underdown as Harry Chelm
 * Ivor Barnard as Major Jack Ross
 * Marco Tulli as Ravello
 * Manuel Serrano as Ahmed
 * Bernard Lee as Inspector Jack Clayton
 * Mario Perrone as Purser on SS Nyanga
 * Giulio Donnini as Administrator
 * Saro Urzì as Captain of SS Nyanga
 * Juan de Landa as Hispano-Suiza Driver
 * Aldo Silvani as Charles, restaurant owner
 * Alex Pochet as Hotel Manager (uncredited)
 * Mimo Poli as Barman (uncredited)

Production
During the filming of Beat the Devil, Humphrey Bogart lost several of his teeth in a car accident. Peter Sellers, then not known internationally but with a talent for imitating voices, was hired to dub some of Bogart's lines while Bogart was adjusting to the loss of his teeth and unable to speak clearly.

Much of the film was shot at Ravello, above Italy's Amalfi Coast. The central piazza in front of the cathedral and various cafes around it are shown. Some scenes were also shot in nearby Atrani, including – briefly – the pool area of the Hotel Convento Luna.

Stephen Sondheim worked as a clapper boy on the film.

Release and reception
Following previews, four minutes were cut from the film and it was re-edited with a voice-over narration by Bogart and a flashback structure.

In a review coinciding with the film's release to 68 New York metropolitan area cinemas, The New York Times called it a "pointedly roguish and conversational spoof, generally missing the book's bite, bounce and decidedly snug construction."

Humphrey Bogart reportedly disliked the film, possibly because he lost a good deal of his own money financing it. Roger Ebert, who included the film in his "Great Movies" list, observed that the film has been characterized as the first camp film. Beat the Devil has been in the public domain for many years, its copyright having never been renewed.

2016 restoration
In August 2016, an uncut version of Beat the Devil premiered at The Reel Thing Technical Symposium. The 4K restoration was done by Sony Pictures in collaboration with The Film Foundation and overseen by Grover Crisp. Five major differences between the two versions of the film were reported by Gary Teetzel for the website DVD Savant. Four minutes were restored, as compared to the original version, bringing the total running length of the film to 93 or 94 minutes. Unlike the original version, this restoration is copyrighted by Sony subsidiary Columbia Pictures.

title: Beat the Devil (film)


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Fritz Machlup

Fritz Machlup (December 15, 1902 – January 30, 1983) was an Austrian-American economist known for his work in information economics. He was President of the International Economic Association from 1971 to 1974. He was one of the first economists to examine knowledge as an economic resource, and is credited with popularising the concept of the information society.

Early life and career
Machlup was born to Jewish parents in Wiener-Neustadt, then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father was a businessman who owned two factories that manufactured cardboard. In 1920, he began studying economics at the University of Vienna, where he received his dr.rer.pol in 1923. At Vienna, he attended lectures by Friedrich von Wieser, and participated in seminars organised by Ludwig von Mises.

In 1933, he moved to the United States, where he was a research fellow at the Rockefeller Foundation from 1933 to 1935. After the Nazi seizure of Austria in 1938, Machlup remained in the United States, and became a naturalised citizen of the US in 1940. He was the Frank H. Goodyear Professor of Economics at the University at Buffalo from 1935 to 1947, and held visiting positions at various universities around the US, including Harvard, Columbia, and Stanford.

From 1947 to 1960, he was the Abram G. Hutzler Professor of Political Economy at Johns Hopkins University, during which time he served as a research fellow at the Ford Foundation in 1957-58. He was the Walker Professor of Economics and International Finance at Princeton University between 1960 and 1971, where he also directed the International Finance Section. He was a consultant to the Treasury Department from 1965 to 1977. From 1971 till his death in 1983, he was a professor of economics at New York University. His key work was The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States (1962), which is credited with popularizing the concept of the information society.

Machlup was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1961, and the American Philosophical Society in 1963. He served as President of the American Economic Association in 1966, and was President of the International Economic Association from 1971 to 1974.

Shortly before his death, he completed the third in a series of ten planned volumes collectively called Knowledge: Its Creation, Distribution, and Economic Significance. Machlup also helped form the Bellagio Group in the early 1960s, and joined its direct successor, the Group of Thirty, in 1979.

Major works

 * Die Goldkernwährung, 1925. (dissertation under Ludwig von Mises)
 * "Transfer and Price Effects", 1930, ZfN.
 * The Stock Market, Credit and Capital Formation, 1931. (online e-book)
 * "The Liquidity of Short-Term Capital", 1932, Economica.
 * "A Note on Fixed Costs", 1934, Quarterly Journal of Economics (QJE).
 * "Professor Knight and the Period of Production", 1935, Journal of Political Economy (JPE).
 * "The Commonsense of the Elasticity of Substitution", 1935, Review of Economic Studies (RES).
 * "The Rate of Interest as Cost Factor and as a Capitalization Factor", 1935, American Economic Review (AER).
 * "Why Bother with Methodology?", 1936, Economica.
 * "On the Meaning of Marginal Product", 1937, Explorations in Economics.
 * "Monopoly and Competition: A clarification of market positions", 1937, AER.
 * "Evaluation of Practical Significance of the Theory of Monopolistic Competition", 1939, AER.
 * "Period Analysis and Multiplier Theory", 1939, QJE.
 * "The Theory of Foreign Exchange", 1939–40, Economica.
 * "Eight Questions on Gold", 1941, AER.
 * "Forced or Induced Savings: An exploration into its synonyms and homonyms", 1943, Review of Economics and Statistics (REStat).
 * International Trade and the National Income Multiplier, 1943. (online e-book)
 * "Marginal Analysis and Empirical Research", 1946, AER.
 * "A Rejoinder to an Anti-Marginalist", 1947, AER.
 * "Monopolistic Wage Determination as a Part of the General Problem of Monopoly", 1947, in Wage Determination and the Economics of Liberalism.
 * "Elasticity Pessimism in International Trade", 1950, Economia Internazionale.
 * "Three Concepts of the Balance of Payments and the So-Called Dollar Shortage", 1950, The Economic Journal (EJ).
 * "Schumpeter's Economic Methodology", 1951, REStat.
 * The Political Economy of Monopoly, 1952 (online e-book).
 * "The Characteristics and Classification of Oligopoly", 1952, Kyklos.
 * The Economics of Sellers' Competition, 1952 (online e-book).
 * "Dollar Shortage and Disparities in the Growth of Productivity", 1954, Scottish JPE.
 * "The Problem of Verification in Economics", 1955, Southern EJ.
 * "Characteristics and Types of Price Discrimination", 1955, in Stigler, editor, Business Concentration and Price Policies.
 * "Relative Prices and Aggregate Spending in the Analysis of Devaluation", 1955, AER.
 * "The Inferiority Complex of the Social Sciences", 1956, in Sennholz, editor, On Freedom and Free Enterprise.
 * "The Terms-of-Trade Effects of Devaluation upon Real Income and the Balance of Trade", 1956, Kyklos.
 * "Professor Hicks' Revision of Demand Theory", 1957, AER.
 * "Disputes, Paradoxes and Dilemmas Concerning Economic Development", 1957, RISE.
 * "Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Misplaced concreteness and disguised politics", 1958, EJ.
 * "Can There Be Too Much Research?", 1958, Science.
 * "Structure and Structural Change: Weaselwords and jargon", 1958, ZfN.
 * "The Optimum Lag of Imitation Behind Innovation", 1958, Festskrift til Frederik Zeuthen.
 * "Statics and Dynamics: Kaleidoscopic words", 1959, Southern EJ.
 * Micro and Macro-Economics: Contested boundaries and claims of superiority, 1960.
 * "Operational Concepts and Mental Constructs in Model and Theory Formation", 1960, GdE.
 * "The Supply of Inventors and Inventions", 1960, WWA.
 * "Another View of Cost-Push and Demand-Pull Inflation", 1960, REStat.
 * "Are the Social Sciences Really Inferior?", 1961, Southern EJ.
 * The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States, 1962.
 * Essays in Economic Semantics, 1963.
 * "Conceptos operativos y constructos mentales en la elaboración de los modelos y de la teoría", 1963, Estudios económicos. Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
 * "Why Economists Disagree", 1964, Proceedings of APS.
 * International Payments, Debts and Gold, 1964.
 * "The Cloakroom Rule of International Reserve Creation and Resources Transfer", 1965, QJE.
 * "Adjustment, Compensatory Correction and Financing of Imbalances in International Payments", 1965, in Baldwin et al., Trade, Growth and the Balance of Payments.
 * "The Need for Monetary Reserves", 1966, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Quarterly Review (BNLQR).
 * "Operationalism and Pure Theory in Economics", in Krupp, editor, The Structure of Economics.
 * "Corporate Management, National Interest and Behavioral Theory", 1967, JPE.
 * "Theories of the Firm: Marginalist, behavioral and managerial", 1967, AER.
 * "If Matter Could Talk", 1969, in Morgenbesser et al., editors, Philosophy, Science and Methodology.
 * "Liberalism and Choice of Freedoms", 1969, in Streissler et al., editors, Roads to Freedom: Essays in honor of Friedrich A. von Hayek.
 * "Eurodollar Creation: A mystery story", 1970, BNLQR.
 * "Homo Oeconomicus and His Class Mates", 1970, in Natanson, editor, Phenomenology and Social Reality.
 * "The Universal Bogey", 1972, in Preston and Corry, editors, Essays in Honor of Lord Robbins.
 * "Friedrich von Hayek's Contributions to Economics", 1974, Swedish JE.
 * "A History of Thought on Economic Integration", 1977, Columbia University Press.
 * "Knowledge: Its Creation, Distribution and Economic Significance", Princeton University Press.
 * Vol. 1: Knowledge and Knowledge Production, 1981
 * Vol. 2:The Branches of Learning, 1982
 * Vol. 3: The Economics of Information and Human Capital, 1984
 * Vol. 3: The Economics of Information and Human Capital, 1984

title: Fritz Machlup


text:
Talk:Placement exam

Request
Instead of deleting this article, I would like you to expand it.

title: Talk:Placement exam


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Talk:Universidad Católica

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Universidad Católica. The final result was Keep. --Deathphoenix 02:11, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Universidad Católica


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Talk:Cleo

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Cleo. The final result was Keep. --Deathphoenix 02:17, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC) youtube.com/birdgamingIC1101 Bird is named cleo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tmExfiJHYs

title: Talk:Cleo


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James Bond (disambiguation)

James Bond is a media franchise based on the fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming.

James Bond may also refer to:

In Ian Fleming fiction

 * James Bond (literary character), information about the literary character
 * Portrayal of James Bond in film, information about the film character
 * Inspirations for James Bond, the people who Ian Fleming used as an inspiration for James Bond
 * Production of the James Bond films, for production background of the film series
 * List of James Bond films, for plot synopses, awards, and box office information for each film in the series
 * Motifs in the James Bond film series, the motifs that appear in the series of Bond films
 * James Bond (games), the series of video and computer games based on the character and the film series
 * James Bond music, the music for the James Bond movies
 * James Bond comic strips
 * James Bond (comics)
 * "James Bond Theme", the main theme for the James Bond movies
 * James Bond (Dynamite Entertainment), an spy thriller comic book line

Other fictional characters

 * James Bond Jr., the fictional character's nephew.
 * Jimmy Bond, a fictional character on The X-Files spin-off TV series, The Lone Gunmen
 * James Pond, a secret agent fish on the 1990 video game James Pond: Underwater Agent
 * James Bond, a character in Agatha Christie's The Rajah's Emerald

People

 * H. James Bond, thoroughbred racehorse trainer and three-time winner of the Saratoga Breeders' Cup Handicap
 * James Bond (American football) (1894–1956), former coach of the Buffalo Bulls college football team
 * James Bond (Canadian football) (born 1949), CFL player with the Calgary Stampeders
 * James Bond (naval officer) (1945–2016), Royal Australian Navy officer
 * James Bond (ornithologist) (1900–1989), author of Birds of the West Indies, whose name was borrowed by Fleming for the character
 * James Bond (speedway rider) (born 1938), British motorcycle speedway rider
 * James Bond (priest) (1785–1829), Irish Anglican priest
 * James Bond III (born 1966), American actor and director of Def by Temptation
 * Sir James Bond, 1st Baronet (1744–1820), Irish MP
 * James Henry Robinson Bond (1871–1943), British soldier
 * James Bond Stockdale (1923–2005), US Navy officer, thinker, and political candidate
 * Jim Bond (rugby league), New Zealand rugby league international
 * Jim Bond (born 1936), American minister
 * Jimmy Bond (musician) (1933–2012), American jazz and session musician
 * Terance James Bond (1946–2023), British painter of birds

Other uses

 * 9007 James Bond, an asteroid (or minor planet) named after the character
 * James Bond (1999 film), a Malayalam language comedy film
 * James Bond (2015 film), a Telugu language film
 * St. James-Bond Church, Toronto
 * James Bond (card game), a matching card game

title: James Bond (disambiguation)