text:
Framingham Heart Study

The Framingham Heart Study is a long-term, ongoing cardiovascular cohort study of residents of the city of Framingham, Massachusetts. The study began in 1948 with 5,209 adult subjects from Framingham, and is now on its third generation of participants. Prior to the study almost nothing was known about the epidemiology of hypertensive or arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Much of the now-common knowledge concerning heart disease, such as the effects of diet, exercise, and common medications such as aspirin, is based on this longitudinal study. It is a project of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, in collaboration with (since 1971) Boston University. Various health professionals from the hospitals and universities of Greater Boston staff the project.

History
In 1948, the study was commissioned by the United States Congress, with multiple communities being considered for study. The final choice was between Framingham, Massachusetts, and Paintsville, Kentucky. Framingham was chosen when residents showed more general interest in heart research than Paintsville. Thomas Royle Dawber was director of the study from 1949 to 1966. He was appointed as chief epidemiologist shortly after the start of the project, when it was not progressing well. The study had been intended to last 20 years; however, interest grew in part due to Dr. Dawber's efforts to promote the study and engage in fundraising after he had been transferred to Boston to accept a chairmanship of preventive medicine. By 1968, it was debated whether the original study had served its purpose and should be terminated as scheduled. A committee gathered and considered that, after 20 years of research, the Framingham study should come to an end, since their hypothesis had been tested and extensive information concerning heart diseases had been gathered. Despite this conclusion, Congress failed to accept the recommendation, instead voting to continue the study. The study has been split into different segments, or "cohorts".

William P. Castelli is a former director of the Framingham Heart Study.
 * The Original Cohort, founded in 1948, consisted of 5,209 men and women. Requirements for entry were an age between 30 and 62 years at the time of first examination, with no history of heart attack or stroke. Due to lukewarm interest at first, doctors, nurses and healthcare workers volunteered for the study to set an example for patients.
 * The Offspring Cohort, founded in 1971, was a second-generation study for which children of the Original Cohort were eligible. Spouses were also eligible if they had become pregnant with or sired two or more children by a participant in the Offspring Cohort.
 * The Omni One Cohort, founded in 1994, looked at the possible influence of race and heritage as heart risk factors, as well as the changing racial background of Framingham.
 * The Generation Three Cohort, founded in 2002, was a third-generation study consisting of children of the Offspring Cohort and grandchildren of the Original Cohort participants. Minimum age for acceptance was 20 years.
 * The Omni Two Cohort, founded in 2003, was a second-generation study involving children of Omni Cohort participants. While the Original Cohort had been spaced over decades, the Omni Cohort had a much shorter generational window. On account of this, participants as young as 13 years of age were eligible for the Omni Two Cohort.

Strengths and weaknesses
Over 3,000 peer-reviewed scientific papers have been published related to the Framingham Heart Study. It is generally accepted that the work is outstanding in its scope and duration, and overall is considered very useful.

It was rightly assumed from the start of the Framingham Heart Study that cardiac health can be influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors, and by inheritance. The Framingham Heart Study is the source of the term risk factor. Before the Framingham Heart Study, doctors had little sense of heart disease prevention. In the 1950s, it was believed that clogging of arteries and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis) were normal parts of aging, and that they occurred universally as people became older. High blood pressure (hypertension) and elevated serum cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) were also seen as normal consequences of aging in the 1950s, and no treatment was available. These and further risk factors, such as homocysteine, were gradually discovered over the years.

The Framingham Heart Study, along with other important large studies, such as the Seven Countries Study and the Nurses' Health Study, also showed that healthy diet, not being overweight or obese, and regular exercise are all important in maintaining good health, and that there are differences in cardiovascular risk between men and women. Along with other important studies about smoking, such as the British Doctors Study, it also confirmed that cigarette smoking is a highly significant factor in the development of heart disease, leading in many cases to angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (MI), and coronary death.

Recently the Framingham studies have come to be regarded as overestimating risk, particularly in the lower risk groups, such as for UK populations.

One question in evidence-based medicine is how closely the people in a study resemble the patient with whom the health care professional is dealing.

Researchers recently used contact information given by subjects over the last 30 years to map the social network of friends and family in the study.

Framingham Risk Score
The 10-year cardiovascular risk of an individual can be estimated with the Framingham Risk Score, including for individuals without known cardiovascular disease. The Framingham Risk Score is based on findings of the Framingham Heart Study.

Major findings
Major findings from the Framingham Heart Study, according to the researchers themselves:

 * 1960s: Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of heart disease. Increased cholesterol and elevated blood pressure is associated with increased risk of heart disease. Exercise is associated with decreased risk of heart disease, and obesity with increased risk.
 * 1970s: Elevated blood pressure is associated with increased risk of stroke. In women who are postmenopausal, risk of heart disease is increased, compared with women who are premenopausal. Psychosocial factors affect risk of heart disease.
 * 1980s: High levels of HDL cholesterol is associated with lower risk of heart disease. No empirical evidence found to confirm the rumor that filtered cigarettes lower the risk of heart disease as opposed to non-filters. Elevated levels of fibrinogen are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and stroke.
 * 1990s: Having an enlarged left ventricle of the heart (left ventricular hypertrophy) is associated with increased risk of stroke. Elevated blood pressure can progress to heart failure. Framingham Risk Score is published, and correctly predicts 10-year risk of future coronary heart disease (CHD) events. At 40 years of age, the lifetime risk for CHD is 50% for men and 33% for women.
 * 2000s: So called "high normal blood pressure" is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (high normal blood pressure is called prehypertension in medicine; it is defined as a systolic pressure of 120–139 mm Hg and/or a diastolic pressure of 80–89 mm Hg). Lifetime risk of developing elevated blood pressure is 90%. Obesity is a risk factor for heart failure. Serum aldosterone levels predict risk of elevated blood pressure. Lifetime risk for obesity is approximately 50%. The "SHARe" project is announced, a genome wide association study within the Framingham Heart Study. Social contacts of individuals are relevant to whether a person is obese, and whether cigarette smokers decide to quit smoking. By providing contact information, the Framingham Heart Study establishes a network of personal relationships, connecting participants through their relationships—friends, colleagues, relatives and neighbors. Four risk factors for a precursor of heart failure are discovered. 30-year risk for serious cardiac events can be calculated. American Heart Association considers certain genomic findings of the Framingham Heart Study one of the top research achievements in cardiology. Some genes increase risk of atrial fibrillation. Risk of poor memory is increased in middle aged men and women if the parents had had dementia.

Study design
The Framingham Heart Study participants, and their children and grandchildren, voluntarily consented to undergo a detailed medical history, physical examination, and medical tests every three to five years, creating a wealth of data about physical and mental health, especially about cardiovascular disease. A nonprofit charity, called Friends of the Framingham Heart Study, was founded to help defray study costs and spread awareness of heart issues. Membership is limited to participants.

Genetic research
In recent years, scientists have been carrying out genetic research within the Framingham Heart Study.

Inheritance patterns in families, heritability and genetic correlations, molecular markers, and associations have been studied. The association studies include traditional genetic association studies, i.e., looking for associations of cardiovascular risk with gene polymorphisms (single-nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) in candidate genes, and genome wide association studies (GWAS). For example, one genome wide study, called the 100 K Study, included almost 1400 participants of the Framingham Heart Study (from the original cohort, and the offspring cohort), and revealed a genetic variant associated with obesity. The researchers were able to replicate this particular result in four other populations. Further, the SHARe Study (SNP Health Association Resource Study) uncovered new candidate genes, and confirmed already known candidate genes (for homocysteine and vitamin B12 levels) in participants of the Framingham Heart Study.

Because of these exciting genomic results, the Framingham Heart Study has been described as "on its way to becoming the gold standard for cardiovascular genetic epidemiology".

However, clinically, despite these (and other) efforts, the aggregate effect of genes on cardiovascular disease risk beyond that of traditional cardiovascular risk factors has not been established.

Similar studies

 * The Busselton Health Study has been carried out since 1966 in a high proportion of the residents of Busselton, a town in Western Australia, over a period of many years. A database has been compiled and is managed by the School of Population Health at the University of Western Australia. Although the results of the Busselton Health Study and the Framingham Heart Study are similar in many aspects, the Busselton Health Study also investigated the influence of some factors that had not been investigated in the Framingham Heart Study, e.g., sleep apnea.
 * The Caerphilly Heart Disease Study, also known as the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS), is an epidemiological prospective cohort, set up in 1979 in a representative population sample drawn from a typical small town in South Wales, UK. The study has collected wide-ranging data and has led to over 400 publications in the medical press, notably on vascular disease, cognitive function and healthy living.
 * The China–Cornell–Oxford Project, also known as the "China–Oxford–Cornell Study on dietary, lifestyle and disease mortality characteristics in 65 rural Chinese counties". This study was later referred to as "China Study I". The successor study is named "China Study II".
 * The Strong Heart Study is an ongoing cohort study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among American Indian men and women. The original cohort began in 1984 with 4,549 participants ages 35–74 from 13 tribal nations and communities in Arizona, Oklahoma, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
 * The Copenhagen City Heart Study, also known as Østerbroundersøgelsen in Danish (referring to the Eastern part of Copenhagen "Østerbro"), is an ongoing prospective cohort study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among Danish men and women. The original cohort began in 1976 with 19,698 participants ages 20–93 ]. To date over 930 articles have been published and 76 PhD dissertations defended based on data from the study. Notable findings from the study include the benefits of physical activity in old age, clinical implication of elevated triglyceride levels and effect of genetic disposition of development of cancer and cardiovascular disease.

title: Framingham Heart Study


text:
The United States Steel Hour

The United States Steel Hour is an anthology series which brought hour-long dramas to television from 1953 to 1963. The television series and the radio program that preceded it were both sponsored by the United States Steel Corporation (U. S. Steel).

Theatre Guild on the Air
The series originated on radio in the 1940s as Theatre Guild on the Air. Organized in 1919 to improve the quality of American theater, the Theatre Guild first experimented with radio productions in Theatre Guild Dramas, a CBS series which ran from December 6, 1943 to February 29, 1944.

Actress-playwright Armina Marshall (1895–1991), a co-administrator of the Theatre Guild, headed the Guild's newly created Radio Department, and in 1945, Theatre Guild on the Air embarked on its ambitious plan to bring Broadway theater to radio with leading actors in major productions. It premiered September 9, 1945 on ABC with Burgess Meredith, Henry Daniell and Cecil Humphreys in Wings Over Europe, a play by Robert Nichols and Maurice Browne which the Theatre Guild had staged on Broadway in 1928–29.

Within a year the series drew 10 to 12 million listeners each week. Presenting both classic and contemporary plays, the program was broadcast for eight years before it became a television series.

Playwrights adapted to radio ranged from Shakespeare and Oscar Wilde to Eugene O'Neill and Tennessee Williams. Numerous Broadway and Hollywood stars acted in the series, including Ingrid Bergman, Ronald Colman, Bette Davis, Rex Harrison, Helen Hayes, Katharine Hepburn, Gene Kelly, Deborah Kerr, Sam Levene, Agnes Moorehead, Basil Rathbone and Mary Sinclair. One notable performance was John Gielgud as Hamlet, in an expanded 90-minute broadcast with Dorothy McGuire as Ophelia. Fredric March was heard in his only performance as Cyrano de Bergerac, a role he played neither onstage or onscreen. The series also featured the only radio broadcast of Rodgers and Hammerstein's flop musical, Allegro.

The radio series was broadcast until June 7, 1953, when U.S. Steel decided to move the show to television.

Television
The television version aired from October 27, 1953 to 1955 on ABC, and from 1955 to 1963 on CBS. Like its radio predecessor, it was a live dramatic anthology series. During its first season on television, the program alternated bi-weekly with The Motorola Television Hour.

By its final year in 1963, it was the last surviving live anthology series from the Golden Age of Television. It was still on the air during President John F. Kennedy's famous April 11, 1962 confrontation with steel companies over the hefty raising of their prices. The show featured a range of television acting talent, and its episodes explored a wide variety of contemporary social issues, from the mundane to the controversial.

Notable guest star actors included Martin Balsam, Tallulah Bankhead, Ralph Bellamy, James Dean, Dolores del Río, Keir Dullea, Andy Griffith, Dick Van Dyke, Rex Harrison, Celeste Holm, Sally Ann Howes, Jack Klugman, Sam Levene, Peter Lorre, Walter Matthau, Bennye Gatteys, Paul Newman, George Peppard, Suzanne Storrs, Albert Salmi, George Segal and Johnny Washbrook. Washbrook played Johnny Sullivan in The Roads Home in his first ever screen role. Griffith made his onscreen debut in the show's production of No Time for Sergeants, and would reprise the lead role in the 1958 big screen adaptation. In 1956–57, Read Morgan made his television debut on the Steel Hour as a young boxer in two episodes titled "Sideshow". Child actor Darryl Richard, later of The Donna Reed Show, also made his acting debut in the episode "The Bogey Man", which aired January 18, 1955. In 1960, Johnny Carson starred with Anne Francis in "Queen of the Orange Bowl".

Many notable writers contributed episodes, including Ira Levin, Richard Maibaum and Rod Serling. The program also broadcast one-hour musical versions of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The latter was broadcast on November 20, 1957, with a cast including Jimmy Boyd, Earle Hyman, Basil Rathbone, Jack Carson and Florence Henderson. Boyd had previously played Finn in the earlier telecast of Tom Sawyer.

Controversy
Rod Serling was not regarded as a controversial scriptwriter until he contributed to The United States Steel Hour, as he recalled in his collection Patterns (1957): In the television seasons of 1952 and 1953, almost every television play I sold to the major networks was "non-controversial". This is to say that in terms of their themes they were socially inoffensive, and dealt with no current human problem in which battle lines might be drawn. After the production of Patterns, when my things were considerably easier to sell, in a mad and impetuous moment I had the temerity to tackle a theme that was definitely two-sided in its implications. I think this story is worth repeating.

The script was called Noon on Doomsday. It was produced by the Theatre Guild on The United States Steel Hour in April 1956. The play, in its original form, followed very closely the Till case in Mississippi, where a young Negro boy was kidnapped and killed by two white men who went to trial and were exonerated on both counts. The righteous and continuing wrath of the Northern press opened no eyes and touched no consciences in the little town in Mississippi where the two men were tried. It was like a cold wind that made them huddle together for protection against an outside force which they could equate with an adversary. It struck me at the time that the entire trial and its aftermath was simply "They’re bastards, but they’re our bastards." So I wrote a play in which my antagonist was not just a killer but a regional idea. It was the story of a little town banding together to protect its own against outside condemnation. At no point in the conception of my story was there a black-white issue. The victim was an old Jew who ran a pawnshop. The killer was a neurotic malcontent who lashed out at something or someone who might be materially and physically the scapegoat for his own unhappy, purposeless, miserable existence. Philosophically I felt that I was on sound ground. I felt that I was dealing with a sociological phenomenon—the need of human beings to have a scapegoat to rationalize their own shortcomings.

Noon on Doomsday finally went on the air several months later, but in a welter of publicity that came from some 15,000 letters and wires from White Citizens' Councils and the like protesting the production of the play. In news stories, the play had been erroneously described as "The story of the Till case". At one point earlier, during an interview on the Coast, I told a reporter from one of the news services the story of Noon on Doomsday. He said, "Sounds like the Till case." I shrugged it off, answering, "If the shoe fits..." This is all it took. From that moment on Noon on Doomsday was the dramatization of the Till case. And no matter how the Theatre Guild or the agency representing U.S. Steel denied it, the impression persisted. The offices of the Theatre Guild, on West 53rd Street in New York City, took on all the aspects of a football field ten seconds after the final whistle blew.

Awards
Theater Guild on the Air won a Peabody Award for drama in 1947. The United States Steel Hour won Emmys in 1954 for Best Dramatic Program and Best New Program. The following year it won an Emmy for Best Dramatic Series, and Alex Segal was nominated for Best Direction. It received eight Emmy nominations in 1956, then one nomination for the years 1957, 1959, and 1961. In 1962, the episode "The Two Worlds of Charlie Gordon" was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The United States Steel Hour


text:
Rock music in Greece

Rock and roll entered Greece in the middle of the 1960s. Greek rock performers in the field include Pavlos Sidiropoulos, Dimitris Poulikakos. Greek rock bands well known globally are Aphrodite's Child, Socrates Drank the Conium and The Last Drive.

1960s
Greek rock (Ελληνικό ροκ, ) originated in the early 1960s with the creation of several anglophone pop-rock bands such as The Forminx (which included composer Vangelis), The Charms, The Idols , The Olympians, Juniors, M.G.C. and many more. 1968 in Paris saw the formation of Aphrodite's Child, (Vangelis, Demis Roussos and Loukas Sideras) one of the most important and successful Greek rock bands: with their album It's Five O'Clock (1969) and 666 (1972) they achieved worldwide fame. Another aspect of Greek rock in the late '60s saw the release of the first albums of Dionysis Savvopoulos, who combined Greek folk-music with rock elements. In the beginning of the '80s there was a small but energetic number of Punk and New Wave bands and in the 90s Hip Hop entered also in the mainstream of Rock in Greece.

1970s
Rock music in Greece first peaked in the early seventies, while Greece was still ruled by a military dictatorship. Bands included Socrates Drank The Conium (anglophone progressive rock), Nostradamos, Exadahtylos (political/satirical lyrics), Pelóma Bokioú (Santana-like Latin rock with Greek lyrics), Poll (folk with vocal harmonies, Greek lyrics), Axis (Another Paris based Greek Band).

Kostas Tournas is one of the pioneers of Greek rock. He is a singer and composer of many hits in the 1970s with a long career and a string of hits which continue to this day. His 1972 progressive-psychedelic solo album rock opera Aperanta Horafia (Infinite Fields) is considered a landmark of Greek rock and an act of resistance against the junta which ruled Greece at the time.

Tournas along with Robert Williams and Stavros Logarides, co-founders of the legendary rock group Poll, created a music wave which met with great success and took the music scene of Athens by storm. Their music resonated with the young and created songs which still remain in the history of Greek rock.

The fall of the dictatorship was followed by the cultural dominance of progressive thinking although the government was right-wing. For the right wing conservatives as well as for the communist left (KKE), rock was an "imported" (xenoferto – ξενόφερτο) form of music and they instead promoted music based on local traditions like Theodorakis' compositions or plain old Folk Greek music.

One of the most popular rock artists in the decade was Pavlos Sidiropoulos, who managed to merge Rock music with Greek lyrics especially in his collaboration with the band Spiridoula and the album Flou (1978). Another important musician who experimented with Greek lyrics was Nikolas Asimos, who recorded his first illegal tapes during the decade. Greek rock was revived at the end of the seventies, with the first punk and new wave bands, as well as some older artists. The ex-frontman of Exadahtylos, Dimitris Poulikakos made an LP in 1976.

1980s

At the beginning of the 1980s, there was a musical enrichment in the scene as more and more bands flourish, despite the extensive censorship on forms of art that in the later years gradually stopped. One example of this era is that of Mousikes Taxiarhies – Μουσικές Ταξιαρχίες (Greek for Musical Brigades) with frontman Tzimis Panousis. The lyrical content of the band for the time was considered to vary from humorous and lightly satirical to all-out criticizing towards the political life of Greece—nevertheless the band played music with rich musical content; a mixture of many influences besides rock such as reggae and funk. Pavlos Sidiropoulos went on through the decade by forming the band "Aprosarmostoi" and produced some of his best albums with them. In early 1981 a new band Fatme was formed who combined very creatively elements from Greek popular music roots and rock for the very first time. Their frontman was Nikos Portokaloglou who is still a recording singer-songwriter of great acclaim.

Even though Vasilis Papakonstantinou started his career in the 1970s, it wasn't until the beginning of the 1980s that he gain huge popularity and became one of the most successful Greek rock singers. Vasilis Papakonstantinou is still active and he continues to release successful albums.

In 1980 Syndromo was formed with guitar player Nikos Ginis and Panos Katsikiotis (Chiko) on drums, Bill Korovesis on guitar and Kostas Theodorakos on bass, also a Costas on percussions. Their first album Συνδρομο-Ριζες was a mix of rock with funk, sounding a lot like Talking Heads which were an inspiration for the band. Nikos Ginis appeared on the Greek Rock scene in a concert in Zografou's Vaska private school (where at the time most rock concerts were organised), as a surprise one-off guitar solo player with a brilliant local band (The Fakiola brothers band with Nik Kourtis as drummer) and since he had just returned from the US had a lot new tricks up his guitar playing sleeve. Nikos Ginis and Syndromo in most their songs had hints about heroin (all members were at the time heroin users), and it was one of the few bands who performed their own material.

Another group that deserves mentioning is the PUMSVC (Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiasis, or Pneumonokoniasis for short) a progressive rock band from Zografou formed by keyboard player Jim Kavakopoulos and guitarist George Alahouzos (Greek Australian). The band was famous in the area as it was one of the 3–4 who could actually perform live well. George Alahouzos later went on to form another group but his main interest was special effects for cinema, in which he became one of the best in Greece.

Another band from Zografou circa 1979 was the Dalton brothers who later united with PUMSVC.

George Hatzakos and Giannis Jizman deserve also mention as they were two of the first country/folk/rock musicians who performed solo, opening every concert at that time in Zografou. The "Erogenous zones" was formed in 1979 by George Kalyviotis, George Soilis, Stratos Hatzinikolaou and performed in 2 concerts before breaking up.

With the second generation, the scene produced also some of the finest electric guitar players such as Christophoros Krokidis and Spyros Pazios who to date are still active in various projects. During the mid-1980s, a band called The Last Drive appeared, whose outstanding performance both in Greece and internationally deeply influenced the scene. In 1985 it was the great birth of the modern Greek rock as it is known today and this thanks to a bands from Thessaloniki: Trypes with their first album and two years later in 1987 a trio-band called Mora Sti Fotia – Μωρά στη Φωτιά (Babies on Fire), [veria] whose name was inspired by the song's title "Baby's on Fire" by Brian Eno. The band plays a combination of new wave, punk, soft and hard rock. One of the legendary bands of that era was En Plo (Εν Πλώ – loosely translated as "En route via a ship"). En Plo, got together in Athens in 1985 by Ntinos Sadikis, Christos Politis and Dimos Zamanos. After various band member changes and demo tapes, in 1989 they released their self-titled debut album. "En Plo" was produced by Andreas Christofilis, remixed in London and released by the Athenian label Penguin Records in 1001 copies. Their sound was combining elements of traditional folk music and loud distorted guitars with dark lyrics. The sleeve was impressive as well, with the inner part containing credits and lyrics handwritten by Andreas Christofilis, and the outer sleeve was made out of butchers meat wrapping and attached was a small card resembling the aesthetics of 4AD. This album is considered by many as one of the top ten most rare records of Greek rock music.

However many would argue that the most important rock band from the 80s in Greece would be Lefki Symphonia. The band was created in 1984 in Athens. The members were Thodoris Dimitriou (voice) Takis Barmpagalas (ex "Forwand Music Quintet") (guitar), Diogenes Chatzistefanidis (bass) and Spyros Harisis (drums). In October 1985 they signed a contract with "Triple Action Studios III" to record six tracks and the next year they released their first lp titled "Secret Gardens" from "EMI". In 1986 Michalis Vassiliou was added to their composition (ex "-273 °C", "Alternative Solution 3") on keyboards, who played for two years in the group. In 1987 they traveled together with "Winter Watercolors" to Barcelona where they participated in the "Biennale" exhibition. In the same year a collection was releashed of the Spanish "Ips & Co.", with all the bands that participated in the exhibition, titled "Biennal '87" and contained their track "Rain Is Falling Hard". In 1988 they released the album "Echo of desire" with ten songs, from "EMI". The song "Looking Back" was the band's first video clip, which aired on "MTV" and was the first Greek video clip played on the channel. After many changes in the bands composition and members the band finally broke up in 1997

En Plo never performed live but once, supporting Green on Red in Rodon Club. A little later, the band recorded a new song, "421", and remixed four tracks from their debut album, to release in 1991 a new EP, something that was never realized. It is rumored that scarce white label copies exist but no one has actually seen them. After one more release (a 7'single) for a fanzine, En Plo decided to split. In 2011, Alltogethernow Records rereleased their debut album.

Other subgenres of rock emerged during this period: heavy metal, punk rock and indie rock gained popularity. Greek metal bands such as Spitfire (Traditional Heavy metal) and black metal sound pioneers Rotting Christ and Varathron, emerged in the 1980s.

1990s
The 1990s is when Greek rock culture was at its highest. It was dominated by the groups Xylina Spathia, Trypes and Stereo Nova. For the first time in Greek rock history, there were sold out appearances in large venues of Greek bands. Thousands of fans cheered these groups; Greece was a great place, musically, to live in during this period. Other groups followed including Diafana Krina, Endelekheia, The Flowers Of Romance, Nama, Pyx Lax, Katsimihas Brothers, Giorgos Dimitriadis kai Oi Mikroi Iroes, Giorgos Dimitriadis then as a solo artist, thirty ντέρτι, Manolis Famellos kai Oi Podilates, Ypogeia Revmata, Trypes broke up in early 2000s just as Xylina Spathia.

Heavy metal bands continued to emerge in the 1990s, with symphonic death metal band Septic Flesh being one of the most important.

2000s
The 2000s saw less interest in Greek rock music; however, mainstream rock artists of the past decades remained popular.

An anglophone revival during this decade took place, with bands like Raining Pleasure achieving worldwide fame. Furthermore, ex-Trypes frontman Giannis Aggelakas, released several albums with his personal band Oi Episkeptes, combining Greek rock not only with folk elements, but also with Jazz and Reggae.

Firewind took the leading position in modern Heavy metal, releasing four albums in the decade and achieving international popularity. The guitarist of the band, Gus G performed along with Ozzy Osbourne replacing his former guitarist, while the keyboardist Bob Katsionis released personal albums. Septic Flesh reunited and recorded Communion, which received highly positive reviews and recognition as did the album "Cheap Pop for the Elite" from the Corfu-based Rock/Pop Band Kore. Ydro. who became favorites in the underground Rock/Pop scene. During the 2000s a small scene of metal bands playing metalcore/hardcore punk/screamo/deathcore emerged.

2010s
In the 2010s there was a big explosion in the Greek underground scene with the heavy rock music. Dozens of bands started playing heavy, stoner, southern, grunge rock etc., with leading pioneers Planet of Zeus and 1000mods continuing the legacy of Nightstalker and touring relentlessly around Europe. In 2010 the Greek girl-fronted New Wave-Punk band Barb Wire Dolls became the first band from Greece to re-locate to Los Angeles after receiving continuous airplay on Los Angeles's "World Famous" KROQ radio station by Rodney Bingenheimer on his "Rodney on the Roq" show for their song "California" from their self-released EP "Punk The Fussies!".

title: Rock music in Greece


text: Category:Commercium songs

title: Category:Commercium songs


text:
User:Sepper

Just a user from Montreal.

title: User:Sepper


text:
Non-linear sigma model

In quantum field theory, a nonlinear σ model describes a scalar field $Σ$ which takes on values in a nonlinear manifold called the target manifold T. The non-linear σ-model was introduced by, who named it after a field corresponding to a spinless meson called σ in their model. This article deals primarily with the quantization of the non-linear sigma model; please refer to the base article on the sigma model for general definitions and classical (non-quantum) formulations and results.

Description
The target manifold T is equipped with a Riemannian metric g. $Σ$ is a differentiable map from Minkowski space M (or some other space) to T.

The Lagrangian density in contemporary chiral form is given by
 * $$\mathcal{L}={1\over 2}g(\partial^\mu\Sigma,\partial_\mu\Sigma)-V(\Sigma)$$

where we have used a + − − − metric signature and the partial derivative $∂Σ$ is given by a section of the jet bundle of T×M and $V$ is the potential.

In the coordinate notation, with the coordinates $Σ^{a}$, a = 1, ..., n where n is the dimension of T,
 * $$\mathcal{L}={1\over 2}g_{ab}(\Sigma) (\partial^\mu \Sigma^a) (\partial_\mu \Sigma^b) - V(\Sigma).$$

In more than two dimensions, nonlinear σ models contain a dimensionful coupling constant and are thus not perturbatively renormalizable. Nevertheless, they exhibit a non-trivial ultraviolet fixed point of the renormalization group both in the lattice formulation and in the double expansion originally proposed by Kenneth G. Wilson.

In both approaches, the non-trivial renormalization-group fixed point found for the O(n)-symmetric model is seen to simply describe, in dimensions greater than two, the critical point separating the ordered from the disordered phase. In addition, the improved lattice or quantum field theory predictions can then be compared to laboratory experiments on critical phenomena, since the O(n) model describes physical Heisenberg ferromagnets and related systems. The above results point therefore to a failure of naive perturbation theory in describing correctly the physical behavior of the O(n)-symmetric model above two dimensions, and to the need for more sophisticated non-perturbative methods such as the lattice formulation.

This means they can only arise as effective field theories. New physics is needed at around the distance scale where the two point connected correlation function is of the same order as the curvature of the target manifold. This is called the UV completion of the theory. There is a special class of nonlinear σ models with the internal symmetry group G *. If G is a Lie group and H is a Lie subgroup, then the quotient space G/H is a manifold (subject to certain technical restrictions like H being a closed subset) and is also a homogeneous space of G or in other words, a nonlinear realization of G. In many cases, G/H can be equipped with a Riemannian metric which is G-invariant. This is always the case, for example, if G is compact. A nonlinear σ model with G/H as the target manifold with a G-invariant Riemannian metric and a zero potential is called a quotient space (or coset space) nonlinear $σ$ model.

When computing path integrals, the functional measure needs to be "weighted" by the square root of the determinant of g,
 * $$\sqrt{\det g}\mathcal{D}\Sigma.$$

Renormalization
This model proved to be relevant in string theory where the two-dimensional manifold is named worldsheet. Appreciation of its generalized renormalizability was provided by Daniel Friedan. He showed that the theory admits a renormalization group equation, at the leading order of perturbation theory, in the form
 * $$\lambda\frac{\partial g_{ab}}{\partial\lambda}=\beta_{ab}(T^{-1}g)=R_{ab}+O(T^2)~,$$

$R_{ab}$ being the Ricci tensor of the target manifold.

This represents a Ricci flow, obeying Einstein field equations for the target manifold as a fixed point. The existence of such a fixed point is relevant, as it grants, at this order of perturbation theory, that conformal invariance is not lost due to quantum corrections, so that the quantum field theory of this model is sensible (renormalizable).

Further adding nonlinear interactions representing flavor-chiral anomalies results in the Wess–Zumino–Witten model, which augments the geometry of the flow to include torsion, preserving renormalizability and leading to an infrared fixed point as well, on account of teleparallelism ("geometrostasis").

O(3) non-linear sigma model
A celebrated example, of particular interest due to its topological properties, is the O(3) nonlinear $σ$-model in 1 + 1 dimensions, with the Lagrangian density
 * $$\mathcal L= \tfrac{1}{2}\ \partial^\mu \hat n \cdot\partial_\mu \hat n $$

where n̂=(n1, n2, n3) with the constraint  n̂⋅n̂=1 and $μ$=1,2.

This model allows for topological finite action solutions, as at infinite space-time the Lagrangian density must vanish, meaning n̂ = constant at infinity. Therefore, in the class of finite-action solutions, one may identify the points at infinity as a single point, i.e. that space-time can be identified with a Riemann sphere.

Since the n̂-field lives on a sphere as well, the mapping  $S^{2}→ S^{2}$ is in evidence, the solutions of which are classified by the second homotopy group of a 2-sphere: These solutions are called the O(3) Instantons.

This model can also be considered in 1+2 dimensions, where the topology now comes only from the spatial slices. These are modelled as R^2 with a point at infinity, and hence have the same topology as the O(3) instantons in 1+1 dimensions. They are called sigma model lumps.

title: Non-linear sigma model


text:
Credit card debt

Credit card debt results when a client of a credit card company purchases an item or service through the card system. Debt grows through the accrual of interest and penalties when the consumer fails to repay the company for the money they have spent.

If the debt is not paid on time, the company will charge a late-payment penalty and report the late payment to credit rating agencies. Late payment is sometimes referred to as "default". The late-payment penalty increases the customer's total debt.

A customer's interest rate may be significantly increased as a result of them missing multiple payments. The penalty Annual percentage rate (APR) varies between card-issuing companies and is usually disclosed in literature at the time of a credit card application, and also on a paper notification that is sent with the credit card to the customer's residence.

Research shows people with credit card debt are more likely than others to forgo medical care than others and that the likelihood of forgone medical care increases with the magnitude of credit card debt.

Statistics
Quarterly credit card debt in the United States since 1986 (in billions):

 * Q3 2016: $927.1
 * Q3 2014: $833.8
 * Q4 2012: $828.8
 * Q4 2011: $834.4
 * Q1 2011: $776.6
 * Q4 2010: $833.1
 * Q4 2008: $984.2
 * Q4 2000: $688.2
 * Q4 1990: $245.9
 * Q3 1986: $133.5

Declines in credit card debt are often misinterpreted because they omit information about charge-offs. Declines in credit card debt may be caused by consumers paying off their debt, credit card companies writing off charged-off debt, or a combination of both. The inclusion of charged-off debt can significantly affect debt trends and the characterization of a nation's financial health.

Consumers commonly pay off a large portion of their credit card debt in the first fiscal quarter of the year because this tends to be when people receive holiday bonuses and tax refunds. Credit card debt tends to increase throughout the rest of the year.

Credit card debt is said to be higher in industrialized countries. The average U.S. college graduate begins his or her post-college days with more than $2,000 in credit card debt. The median credit card debt in the U.S. is $3,000 and number of cards held is two.

According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, "the amount owed by all Americans on their credit cards increased to a record $1.13 trillion at the end of 2023". Wilbert van der Klaauw, a Fed economic research adviser, said growth in credit card debt shows "increased financial stress in younger and lower income families".

Relieving credit card debt
Bankrate advises people with credit card debt to look for options and use what they find to try to negotiate a reduced rate from their current credit card provider(s). On May 25, 2023, Bankrate reported some companies offer "a 0 percent intro APR for 21 months from account opening on purchases and qualifying balance transfers, (18.24%, 24.74%, or 29.99% variable APR thereafter)".

After the start of the Great Recession in December 2007, multiple-credit-card debt-relief options became widely popular for U.S. residents with unsecured debt of over $5,000.

Debt-relief options available in the U.S. include:
 * Debt settlement
 * Debt consolidation
 * Credit counseling
 * Chapter 7 bankruptcy and Chapter 13 bankruptcy

Although each of these debt-relief options deals with credit card debt, they are also able to deal with other types of debt. including personal loans, medical debt, accounts in collections and more, epending on the program type. These programs have not been enough to help enough Americans get out of debt, resulting in economists calling for action and a massive debt bailout by government.

, credit card issuers are required to disclose to the customer how much money a balance will take to pay off if only the minimum payment is made on their billing statement.

Credit score effects
A debtor who pays their debts on time and most of the balance each month tends to positively affect their credit score. People who tend to carry a balance which is near their credit limit from month to month and does not pay down their balance can negatively affect their credit scores. Credit use, the number of on-time payments and the length of time one has had one's credit card can effect the credit score of the credit-card debtor.

The overall score of a debtor varies between scoring agencies and services that report to the bureaus.

Bankruptcy
In the U.S., a consumer has the right to dismiss certain types of debt under U.S. Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy laws but to do so, they must fulfill certain obligations. A bankruptcy expert reviews the debt with the debtor prior to proceeding with these actions. Certain kinds of debt reviewed may be considered fraud if it is discovered a line of credit was used to make unusually large purchases or cash advances 60 days before the bankruptcy case was filed.

Political aspects
Some credit card companies have attempted to lobby at the U.S. federal level to tighten U.S. bankruptcy laws to make the cancellation of credit card debts more difficult.

Legal issues
Once a debt is handed to a collection agency, the agency will attempt to recover the customer's unsecured debt. If a debt-collection agency is unable to collect a debt despite attempting to do so, it may use legal action in court to attempt recovery of the debt. A successful judgement against the debtor can include seizure and garnishment of assets including bank accounts and wages in order to pay off outstanding debts.

Customers have rights under the U.S. Fair Debt Collection Practice Act, which specifies they can ask in writing a debt-collection agency to stop calling them about a debt. This does not stop the collection process but may lead to a legal challenge if a no-contact request is made.

If the statute of limitations has passed in certain U.S. states and legal actions have not been issued against the debtor, a collection agency must remove the outstanding debt from their credit report. The process in the U.S. varies between states.

Forgiveness of credit card debt
A collection agency or credit card issuer may choose to forgive the entire debt, relieving the debtor of the need to repay the debt. In the U.S., this results in the sending of a 1099 C tax form to the debtor, which the debtor is required to file. In the U.S., the reportable amount varies between states.

title: Credit card debt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sanjay Bhatia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:14, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Sanjay Bhatia

 * delele.Vanity. non-notable. Mikkalai 04:25, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Probable autobiography. Trilobite (Talk) 16:57, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable enough, possible vanity. Megan1967 01:11, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable PatGallacher 01:22, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:40, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Teach-in

A teach-in is similar to   a general educational forum on any complicated issue, usually  an issue involving current political affairs. The main difference between a teach-in and a seminar is the refusal to limit the discussion to a specific time frame or a strict academic scope. Teach-ins are meant to be practical, participatory, and oriented toward action. While they include experts lecturing on their area of expertise, discussion and questions from the audience are welcome, even mid-lecture. "Teach-ins" were popularized during the U.S. government's involvement in Vietnam. The first teach-in, which was held overnight at the University of Michigan in March 1965, began with a discussion of the Vietnam War draft and ended in the early morning with a speech by philosopher Arnold Kaufman.

The first teach-in
The concept of the teach-in was developed by anthropologist Marshall Sahlins of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor during a meeting on March 17, 1965. Previously, around 50 faculty members had signed onto a one-day teaching strike to oppose the Vietnam War. About a dozen of these faculty members, including William A. Gamson, Jack Rothman, Eric Wolf, Arnold Kaufman, and Roger Lind, reconsidered the strike and gathered to discuss alternative ways to protest the war in the face of strong opposition to the strike from the Michigan legislature and governor as well as the university president. The New York Times Magazine summed up how Sahlins arrived at the idea: "They say we're neglecting our responsibilities as teachers. Let's show them how responsible we feel. Instead of teaching out, we'll teach in—all night."

The term teach-in was a variant of another form of protest, the sit-in. Later variants included the die-in, bed-in, lie-in, and draft card turn-in.

This first teach-in was organized by faculty and Students for a Democratic Society at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor on March 24–25, 1965. Michigan governor George Romney and other politicians still opposed the event. The teach-in was attended by about 3,500 people and consisted of debates, lectures, movies, and musical events aimed at protesting the war. Michigan faculty members such as Anatol Rapoport and Charles Tilly were also involved. Women students who attended received special permission to stay out during the night. Bomb threats emptied the hall three times over the course of the teach-in, sending participants into the freezing cold, where they continued their activities. Other Michigan students in the Young Republicans organization picketed the event, protesting "anti-American policy." The teach-in ended the next morning, concluding with a 600-person rally on the steps of the library.

Subsequent antiwar teach-ins
The Michigan teach-in received national press, including an article published in the March 25, 1965 issue of the New York Times. It went on to inspire 35 more teach-ins on college campuses within the next week. By the end of the year, there had been teach-ins at 120 campuses. Antiwar teach-ins were held until the end of the Vietnam War. These included:
 * Columbia University, March 26, 1965
 * University of Wisconsin, April 1, 1965
 * University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College, and Temple University (coordinated), April 7, 1965
 * Rutgers University, April 23, 1965
 * Boston University, May 5, 1965
 * National Teach-In (televised), Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington DC, May 15, 1965
 * U.C. Berkeley, May 21–22, 1965
 * Kent State University, spring 1965
 * Harvard University, spring 1965
 * Goucher College, spring 1965
 * Marist College, spring 1965
 * Principia College, spring 1965
 * Flint Junior College, spring 1965
 * Case Western University, spring 1965
 * Berkeley, October 15, 1965
 * UCLA, March 25, 1966
 * New York University, March 30, 1971
 * First Congregation Church, Washington, October 25–26, 1971
 * Brandeis University, April 1975

Not all college students at the time were antiwar protesters, however. At many teach-ins, pro-war students showed up to protest or signed letters of support for college administration, including at Kent State University, the University of Wisconsin, and Yale University.

Teach-in at U.C. Berkeley
The largest Vietnam teach-in was held on May 21–22, 1965 at U.C. Berkeley. The event was organized by the newly formed Vietnam Day Committee (VDC), an organizing group founded by ex-grad student Jerry Rubin, Professor Stephen Smale, and others. The event was held on a playing field where Zellerbach Auditorium is now located. Over the course of 36 hours, an estimated 30,000 people attended the event. The State Department was invited by the VDC to send a representative, but declined. UC Berkeley professors Eugene Burdick and Robert A. Scalapino, who had agreed to speak in defense of President Johnson's handling of the war, withdrew at the last minute. An empty chair was set aside on the stage with a sign reading "Reserved for the State Department" taped to the back.

Participants in the event included Dr. Benjamin Spock; veteran socialist leader Norman Thomas; novelist Norman Mailer; independent journalist I. F. Stone and historian Isaac Deutscher. Other speakers included: California Assemblymen Willie Brown, William Stanton and John Burton; Dave Dellinger (political activist); James Aronson (National Guardian magazine); philosopher Alan Watts; comedian Dick Gregory; Paul Krassner (editor, The Realist); M.S. Arnoni (philosopher, writer, political activist); Edward Keating (publisher, Ramparts Magazine); Felix Greene (author and film producer); Isadore Zifferstein (psychologist); Stanley Scheinbaum (Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions); Paul Jacobs (journalist and anti-nuclear activist); Hal Draper (Marxist writer and a socialist activist); Levi Laud (Progressive Labor Movement); Si Casady (California Democratic Council); George Clark (British Committee of 100/Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament); Robert Pickus (Turn Toward Peace); Bob Moses (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee); Jack Barnes (National Chair of the Young Socialist Alliance); Mario Savio (Free Speech Movement); Paul Potter (Students for a Democratic Society); and Mike Meyerson (national head of the Du Bois Clubs of America). British philosopher and pacifist Bertrand Russell sent a taped message to the teach-in.

Faculty participants included Professor Staughton Lynd (Yale); Professor Gerald Berreman; and Professor Aaron Wildavsky. Performers included folk singer Phil Ochs; the improv group The Committee; and others. The proceedings were recorded and broadcast, many of them live, by Berkeley FM station KPFA. Excerpts from the speeches by Lynd, Wildavsky, Scheer, Potter, Krassner, Moses (credited as Bob Parris, his middle name), Spock, Stone, Gregory, and Arnoni were released the following year as an LP by Folkways Records, FD5765. An online archive, including recordings and transcripts of many of the participants, is maintained by the Library of the University of California, Berkeley.

Scrutiny and surveillance
As part of the antiwar movement at the time, teach-ins were regarded by the FBI (then directed by J. Edgar Hoover) and the Lyndon B. Johnson administration as potentially dangerous to national interests. At a teach-in organized by the Universities Committee on Problems of War and Peace, 13 undercover agents attended and identified students, faculty, speakers, and activists by name and affiliation, passing the information to the FBI. A Senate study, "The Anti-Vietnam Agitation and the Teach-In Movement," was prepared in October 1965 by the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws. This report stated, "In reality, the great majority of teach-ins (there were a few notable exceptions to this rule) have had absolutely nothing in common with the procedures of fair debate or the process of education. In practice, they were a combination of an indoctrination session, a political protest demonstration, an endurance contest, and a variety show." The study claimed that teach-ins were a form of Communist activity, noting that "people of known Communist background were frequently involved."

Legacy of antiwar teach-ins
"[The] stroke of genius out there in Michigan ... put the debate on the map for the whole academic community. And you could not be an intellectual after those teach-ins and not think a lot and express yourself and defend your ideas about Vietnam." —Carl Oglesby, organizer at the 1965 University of Michigan teach-in and then-president of SDS, quoted in The War Within, Tom Wells

"The 1965 teach-ins were significant, in fact, more because of their very organization than for their novelty or the extent of student protest. They legitimized dissent at the outset of the war. The vacuum of understanding which they exposed created a market for information. … Moreover, the 1965 teach-ins served to identify a coterie of academic experts who challenged national policy, helped to make connections among them, and established them as an alternative source of information and understanding." —An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era, Charles DeBenedetti

"In raising anti-war consciousness in the nation as a whole, far beyond the academic community, the teach-ins were an historic turning point in the politics of the Vietnam War. ... This liberal bias of the teach-in movement, however, was one of the too-many-reasons-to-recount-here why the academic community lost its leadership role as fast as it had gained it. Part of the problem was that as soon as the teach-in movement politicized the counterculture, the latter began to counterculturalize the politics. Hence the tension between the political and the carnival in the student left as it moved from liberal protest to radical resistance and campus violence... Alienated by the left students’ tactics, the largely liberal anti-war public reverted to traditional modes of protest, although the marches and demonstrations were now massive in scale, varied in social composition and increasingly joined by establishment politicians." —Marshall Sahlins in Anthropology Today, 2009

Teach-ins were one activity of the New Left. Students, faculty, and other activists involved in the teach-ins would go on to organize other antiwar protests, including the 20,000-person rally at the Washington Monument in April 1965. Teach-ins have continued through the decades since 1965 in response to other national crises, including climate change.

Modern events
In the 1990s activists began a new series of teach-ins focused on the corporatization of education and on corporate power generally. These began under the name of the 'National Teach-Ins on Corporations, Education, and Democracy' in 1996 and continued on as the 'Democracy Teach-Ins' (DTIs) of 1998, 1999, 2001, and 2002. Leading activist and intellectual figures of the 1990s, including Cornel West, Medea Benjamin, Richard Grossman, Naomi Klein, and Vandana Shiva spoke at the Democracy Teach-Ins, which were coordinated in their first years by Ben Manski. The Democracy Teach-ins were coordinated on hundreds of campuses at once, and were intended to build campus-based networks of pro-democracy activists. The 1999 Democracy Teach-Ins, in particular, played a role in mobilizing students for the 1999 Seattle WTO protests; the 2002 teach-ins played a similar role in preparing for the 2003 national Books Not Bombs student strike. After 1998, the DTIs became a project of the campus syndicalist movement 180/Movement for Democracy and Education.

Teach-ins have more recently been used by environmental educators. The ‘2010 Imperative: A Global Emergency Teach-in’ was held on February 20, 2007, at the New York Academy of Science and organized by Architecture 2030, led by architect Edward Mazria and viewable online through a webcast.

The teach-in model was also used by a ‘Focus the Nation’ event January 31, 2008, to raise awareness about climate change. A 'National Teach-in' was held in February 2009, also addressing global climate change.

In 2011, Occupy Wall Street movement began using teach-ins to educate people about the inherent problems of capitalism.

In 2015 and 2016, Black Lives Matter teach-ins were held across the United States, including in Ithaca, New York; the Pratt Institute; Framingham State University; and Greenville, South Carolina.

In 2017 and 2018, the University of Michigan ran a number of free online “Teach-Outs” on topics such as free speech, fake news, hurricanes, and science communications. Some of the Teach-Outs were hosted on Coursera.

In 2018, the University of Michigan and the University of Notre Dame partnered to offer a series of teach-ins and an online "Teach-Out" on Puerto Rico's hurricane recovery efforts.

In 2018, Stanford University held a teach-in for gun-violence in schools.

In 2018, students, faculty, and alumni at Edinburgh University held teach-ins on a range of issues while occupying the George Square lecture theatre in support of the University College Union strikes.

In 2020, students and faculty at Haverford College held teach-ins on racial justice and other related issues during a strike against the college for its refusal to meet the demands proposed by Black and other POC students.

title: Teach-in


text:
Talk:Marj Dusay

Untitled
I may be new to this but I think I previous edit included far more info on her career - notably her role on Capital. Her famous Star Trek episode should also be mentioned.

 * No sweat...I fixed it a bit. I met her once and it turns out that we have a mutual friend!  She's a terrific lady. - Lucky 6.9 06:09, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marj Dusay


text:
Talk:Aklan River

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved.   A rbitrarily 0   ( talk ) 02:05, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

Akean River → Aklan River – Move as per WP:COMMONNAME. The name Aklan River is much more commonly used, overwhelmingly so in Philippine news sources. -- P 1 9 9  ✉ 17:11, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Support: An Advanced Google search in English over the last year for Akean excluding Aklan or Wikipedia gives 63 hits (page through to the last result and you get 47 unduplicated hits).  A similar search for Aklan excluding Akean or Wikipedia gives 33,400 hits (455 unduplicated hits).  Even taking into account that some of the Aklan results are not referring to the river, but to Aklan province, it is clear from looking at the individual results that Aklan is overwhelmingly preferred for the river.  If you contain the searches to sites in the Philippines, then Akean gets just one false result, and nothing else.  Skinsmoke (talk) 04:38, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Aklan River


text:
Talk:Urtica dioica

Proposed changes
Hello, I have a suggested addition.

It is on my sandbox User:Adjerbi/sandbox, please have a look and tell me if something needs to be modified or improved.

It's my first major edit and I'm not sure linking my sandbox is the right way to suggest an edit, please feel free to correct me. It's supposed to be a new addition under "uses", and it will include the existing "traditional medicine" subsection. Adjerbi (talk) 13:20, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * thanks for not adding your material directly to the article; putting it in your sandbox and asking for comments is helpful. Unfortunately, very little of what you have drafted can be used in an article. You need to read WP:MEDRS carefully, and some of the pages linked at User talk:Zefr. You cannot add medical claims to Wikipedia unless they are sourced to the standards of WP:MEDRS, which basically means systematic reviews. Single studies in journal articles, claims of possible effects, etc. are all not allowed. You must not imply in vivo effectiveness from in vitro studies. Studies on mice can't be used to make claims of effectiveness in humans.
 * It's certainly desirable to say more about the use of nettle preparations in traditional medicine, but unless there are acceptable sources, you must not imply that they are effective in any way. Peter coxhead (talk) 15:05, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your insight, I have subsequently modified my suggested edit in my Sandbox. I removed any claim of efficacy in the traditional use subsection and only kept the information that they are used as traditional medicine without mentioning what they're supposed to cure as I hope that is what you meant by "desirable to say more about the use of nettle preparations in traditional medicine [without implying] that they are effective in any way" and I believe it now falls into the "general information" category instead of biomedical information (if not I'll just scrap this subsection altogether). I also found a source that aggregates results from the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products and European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy and cited it in the conventional medicine subsection as well as the corresponding assessment reports from the EMA (that are in any way cited as sources at the end of the website article). Please tell me any feedback you might have. Adjerbi (talk) 23:08, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

Poultry supplement sources are primary research
This disputed edit by is based on early-stage primary research represented in the proposed sources. It also contains misinformation that nettles are a dietary source of antioxidants. There is no WP:MEDRS evidence that nettles have any antioxidant or nutritional value in vivo as a feed supply. None of the sources provided indicates use of dietary nettles as a common practice in poultry farming, so remains WP:UNDUE. Further, Herrmannr is edit-warring, WP:3RR, and is warned to first obtain consensus on the talk page before further reverting per WP:BRD and WP:CON to establish consensus among other editors. Zefr (talk) 15:58, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

Nativity
According to Flora of North America, there are several subspecies, two of which are indeed native to North America. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220014002 98.118.134.179 (talk) 19:45, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

 * However, they are not currently accepted by Plants of the World Online as a subspeices of U. dioica. They classify one as the full species and the other as a subspeices as Urtica gracilis subsp. holosericea. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:286576-2 The text should certainly reflect that other sources continue to regard them as subspecies of U. dioica, but currently on Wikipedia we follow POWO for deciding what is or is not a "real" species. If no one else wants to do it I will get around to the issue of subsp. holosericea along with my ongoing cleanup to Urtica gracilis as a full species. MtBotany (talk) 20:19, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

Cystoliths
This article repeats the (extremely) oft-repeated claim that nettle cystoliths can cause urinary irritation (most also claim potential kidney stones.) I am unable to find any scientific sources of this information. The two sources cited are not scientific; the first (from which the claim is copied) makes the claim apparently without citation (though I don't have access to the full text.) Neither are scientific sources, AFAICT.

I'm not familiar with Wikipedia's policy on sources, so I have no opinion about the appropriateness of those works as citations for that claim, but I am troubled at the repetition of this information that appears (by my non-expert research) to be repeated without grounds.

So far, it seems that either the claim is false, and has just been copy/pasted on a million blog posts about nettles, or the claim is true and known only via oral tradition, in which case it doesn't seem appropriate that this article would present it in scientific terms.

Does anyone have thoughts on this, or any links to science that makes a link between cystoliths and kidney issues? Cystoliths are just calcium carbonate (i.e. chalk) and it seems unlikely that they could cause any problems.

Otherwise, I'd like to remove that caution from the article.

(Nettles seem likely to have some oxalic acid, though I can't find hard info on that either, so depending on how much of it is present, it might be appropriate to have a mention of that re: kidney stones.) Chconnor (talk) 23:20, 18 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Hello @Chconnor. If you want to fully understand Wikipedia's source policy you can read WP:SOURCE. A short summary is that the English Language version of wikipeda takes information from anything that is used as a reliable source. Non-reliable sources are those that are self-published or that contradict well established scientific consensus.
 * In this case the wording might be adjusted to either only reflect that the leaves contain cystoliths, which are unpleasant to eat since the causing urinary irritation is a medical claim. Though, it might be more useful to note the claim is commonly made, but without any specific medical study to back it, since if it is just taken out it is likely to be added back in by someone at a later date since it is commonly made in otherwise reliable books about wild food foraging.
 * If you want to research this further perhaps try searching for information about cystoliths and urinary irritation more generally rather than specifically about nettles.
 * Also, if there is any equally reliable sources that are not scientific in nature we would want that information in Wikipeida so that readers will know the information is uncertain. MtBotany (talk) 15:51, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you --I have searched in vain for any reference to CaCO3 cystoliths causing irritation of any kind. Bladder stones are sometimes referred to as cystoliths, but despite the name they are distinct (i.e. not CaCO3). I wonder if that's a source of confusion on the subject as well.
 * So this is an interesting conundrum and I wonder how Wikipedia handles this: when there is a profusion of "reliable" sources that are incorrect and not citing their own sources, it doesn't seem appropriate for an editor like me to make claims to the contrary. Additionally, if there is no explicit scientific consensus that cystoliths are safe because it hasn't been studied (even if there is no good argument to worry about it), then I can't argue that the numerous foraging guides making claims are contradicting well established science.
 * I assume there is no WP policy to allow me to add a paragraph like "Although this is often claimed, it is difficult to find any scientific evidence to back it up". So it would seem that WP is not the forum to remedy this prevalent (possibly/probably incorrect) information, which I can accept.
 * (And to follow up on my comment about oxalates above: nettles have only a little, so it does not sound like it's an issue: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35807487/) Chconnor (talk) 19:33, 20 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @Chconnor I do think it would be appropriate to say there are no studies to support the contention. Wikipedia does have a very specific rule about medical claims, which I think this falls under. WP:MEDASSESS If you do not want to reword it I certainly will tag it with "medical citation needed". Though not today, I have sprained my wrist and this makes writing slow. MtBotany (talk) 20:32, 20 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @MtBotany thanks -- I sprained my shoulder so we're in a similar boat. No pressure to respond quickly. :-)
 * So, given that WP:MEDRS seems to say that medical claims require a more particular standard than the normal reliable sources policy, and that the current sources in the article do not appear to meet that standard, what if I reword the section, on those grounds, from this:
 * ''After the stinging nettle enters its flowering and seed-setting stages, the leaves develop gritty particles called cystoliths, which can irritate the kidneys and urinary tract.[37][39]106-107 Cystoliths are made of calcium carbonate, and will not dissolve when boiled. Leaves harvested post-flowering must have their cystoliths broken down by acid, as in the fermentation process.
 * To this:
 * ''After the stinging nettle enters its flowering and seed-setting stages, the leaves develop gritty particles called cystoliths. Many non-scientific sources caution that these can cause irritation of the kidneys or urinary tract [37][39]106-107, but these claims may not have any scientific backing.
 * I took out "Cystoliths are made of calcium carbonate, and will not dissolve when boiled." which I believe to be true, but which feels irrelevant if the warnings are unsupported.
 * I took out "Leaves harvested post-flowering must have their cystoliths broken down by acid, as in the fermentation process." as it was not cited at all, and seems to further allude to the unsupported claims of dangers of cystoliths, and ignores that stomach acid will also break down cystoliths. (source [40] at the end of that paragraph only applies to the protein content.)
 * If it seems appropriate, I'd also like to add "Confusion may stem from the fact that kidney stones and bladder stones are sometimes referred to using the same "cystolith" term, but they are chemically distinct" [a couple sources here]
 * Let me know your thoughts (when your wrist feels better.) Chconnor (talk) 20:28, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @Chconnor I think you should be even firmer in the wording.
 * "After the stinging nettle enters its flowering and seed-setting stages, the leaves develop gritty particles called cystoliths. Many non-scientific sources caution that these can cause irritation of the kidneys or urinary tract [37][39]106-107, but these claims are not supported by scientific study." MtBotany (talk) 17:46, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * @Chconnor
 * I did finally get around to adding what I think is a good disclaimer. "Many sources claim consumption of these can irritate the kidneys and urinary tract, however there is no medical evidence to support this claim." What do you think? MtBotany (talk) 15:23, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @MtBotany Thanks! I've been traveling so I hadn't gotten to it yet. Looks good to me. I do wonder if we should add something about nettle cystoliths being distinct from kidney cystoliths, though, as it seems a common confusion. Thoughts on that? I have some sources which don't address the distinction but do describe the chemical composition and show the difference. Chconnor (talk) 18:33, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I did finally get around to adding what I think is a good disclaimer. "Many sources claim consumption of these can irritate the kidneys and urinary tract, however there is no medical evidence to support this claim." What do you think? MtBotany (talk) 15:23, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @MtBotany Thanks! I've been traveling so I hadn't gotten to it yet. Looks good to me. I do wonder if we should add something about nettle cystoliths being distinct from kidney cystoliths, though, as it seems a common confusion. Thoughts on that? I have some sources which don't address the distinction but do describe the chemical composition and show the difference. Chconnor (talk) 18:33, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

@User:Zefr, you reverted a change I made, but the sources are making a medical claim and not medical sources. If you have a medical source that says that cystoliths can cause kidney stones or urinary irritation, do add it. If you think my wording could be better, please alter it. But this needs to be clarified as it is a medical claim. See Identifying reliable sources (medicine). MtBotany (talk) 15:57, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Cystoliths (or cistoliths) are a term commonly used in bladder and kidney stone disorders as the piece of calculus that causes the pain. There is no practical way of studying whether consuming a nettle preparation a) leads to formation in vivo of a cystolith or b) induces formation of a cystolith that enters the bladder or urinary tract. Let's leave your wording as it is. Zefr (talk) 16:25, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Zefr - Bladder/kidney stone cystoliths are distinct -- they are not the same thing as the cystoliths in Nettles. See e.g. here: "In adults, the most common bladder stone composition is uric acid, which accounts for about 50% of cases. ... Other chemicals that form bladder stones include calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, ammonium urate, cystine, and calcium-ammonium-magnesium phosphate (also called triple phosphate or struvite stones and are always associated with infection)." In contrast, nettle cystoliths are calcium carbonate, i.e. the same thing in most calcium supplements or multivitamins, i.e. chalk. Not known to cause any stones or urinary tract issues as far as all my searching has discovered. Nettles do have some oxalic acid (unrelated to the cystoliths and, as far as I can discover, flowering), but about half that of spinach and roughly the same as a carrot, i.e. not really a concern either in terms of stone formation. Chconnor (talk) 18:46, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I wasn't implying that urinary tract cystoliths (commonly called "stones" - not actually rocks;>) are chemically the same as nettle cystoliths. In both cases (if consuming a nettle preparation actually causes a cystolith problem), pain is the only result to compare the two conditions, as nettles consumption in any form will not be studied in a systematic way. No organization would finance that. Zefr (talk) 18:53, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

Mechanics & chemicals in the stinging trichomes
The mechanics can be compared to the mechanism of a plastic pipette used in biochemistry: the tip penetrates through the skin and as the more the trichome gets bent, the more its content is emptied under pressure. [Https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvvmGmat55Q&ab channel=TomRocksMaths https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvvmGmat55Q&ab_channel=TomRocksMaths] "It is commonly thought that the compound which causes the pain is formic acid (the same substance which stinging ants inject) but that is now known to be untrue regarding Stinging Nettle." More on the list of chemicals: http://wildflowerfinder.org.uk/Flowers/N/Nettle%28Stinging%29/Nettle%28Stinging%29.htm These substances are bicyclic peptides and tend to be highly resistant to digestion within the stomach and can persist in the digestive tract. Although not present in Nettle, there also exists a plethora of other bicyclic polypeptides such as α-Amanitin, the highly toxic principle responsible for many fatalities after consuming Death Cap (Amanita phalloides) mushrooms. Cyclosporin A, a synthetic mono-cyclic polypeptide is used as an immunosuppressant drug in organ transplants. Echinomycin is another bicyclic polypeptide produced within various bacteria and is used medicinally as an antibiotic. There are hundreds more. Thy for complementing, no more time, SvenAERTS (talk) 00:34, 11 July 2023 (UTC)
 * 1) Mechanics
 * 1) Chemicals
 * silicon dioxide, Phytolith and/or Cystolith are also responsible for the sharp trichomes
 * MONOAMINES
 * serotonin, histamine and acetylcholine, but although all three are super-irritants, experimental injection under the skin still does not unleash the full stinging experience of nettles. Therefore other substance(s) must also be involved.
 * MOROIDIN; consists of 8 differing moieties, 6 of them contained within two fused rings. The exocyclic moieties are PyroGlutamic Acid (bottom left corner) and Arginine, (top right). Attached to PyroGlutamic Acid on the first ring, and going clockwise, are: β-Leucine, Leucine, Valine and Tryptophan (with part of the Tryptophan molecule attaching at the top between Valine and Arginine). Those attached to the Arginine at top right, going clockwise, are Glycine and Histidine, which adjoins Tryptophan in the left ring. Have you got that?
 * LEUKOTRIENES

title: Talk:Urtica dioica


text:
Rock music in Ukraine

Ukrainian rock (Український рок) is rock music from Ukraine.

While it is rock it is important for those who follow Ukrainian contemporary music to understand the VIA music scene of the 1970s and 1980s. This controlled form of music, was a response to the Rock and roll infiltrating from the outside of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, to understand the development of Ukrainian rock one has to understand its background.

The most popular bands include BoomBox, Braty Hadiukiny, Druha Rika, Haydamaky, Komu Vnyz, Lama, Mad Heads XL, Mandry, Mertvyi Piven, Okean Elzy, Plach Yeremiyi, S.K.A.Y., Taras Petrynenko, Tartak, TNMK, Viy, Vopli Vidoplyasova and others. Opalnyi Prynz was, perhaps, the most influential rock band in the late 1980s and early 1990s, followed by its predecessor Loony Pelen. Okean Elzy, featuring Svyatoslav Vakarchuk has long been among the most popular bands of Ukrainian pop-rock, and has had some success abroad. The band Mandry is known for fusing traditional Ukrainian music with rock, blues, reggae and chansons. The pop-singer Ruslana also uses some elements of rock in her work.

The Chervona Ruta was a very important Ukrainian rock music festival.

"Пісенний Вернісаж" - New Ukrainian Wave 92 – Festival of the best Ukrainian folk/pop/rock bands (Producer Rostyslav-show, 1992)

Famous Ukrainian heavy metal bands include Fleshgore, Firelake, Nokturnal Mortum, Astrofaes, Drudkh, and Hate Forest.

Metal Heads Mission is the biggest metal festival in Ukraine and ex-USSR countries.

1960s-1970s
Such bands as Eney and Hutsuly were created in the 1960s during Khrushchev Thaw.

Eney (Еней) was the Ukrainian rock band that performed its own repertoire. It was named after the famous character, Aeneas, from one of the literary work of Ivan Kotlyarevsky.

During the 1960s students from a special music school in Kyiv formed this group. The group was named after Mykola Lysenko. They initially played unique interpretations of Ukrainian folk songs. Later, after members were exposed to the late works of The Beatles, they started to rearrange works of Bach and Khachaturian. In 1971 the band split as Petrynenko and Blinov left it to form the new group Dzvony. The band started to experiment in new genres: blues and soul. In 1972 the band and their music were banned in the Soviet Union and labeled "bourgeois-national". As a result, all existing records/recordings were destroyed. After that the band went underground until 1974. The members then merged with Dzvony into the new vocal-instrumental ensemble Decorative Trails. After the group was accepted to the Ukr-kontsert it changed its name to Hrono. In 1977 the ensemble became Eney once again. After a period of time, the group broke up and members either joined different bands or went solo. Petrynenko later created his own group Hrono.

1980s
The rise of rock music in the middle of 1980s was inspired by Gorbachevs perestroika with its doctrinals of glasnost and uskoreniye.

Several rock bands were formed in the rock club "Kuznia", in Kyiv. Among them are Adem (1985), Vopli Vidopliasova (1986), Komu Vnyz (1988).

The most prominent event was Chervona Ruta music festival held for the first time in Chernivtsi in 1989.

Such bands as Braty Hadiukiny, Mertvyi Piven, Opalnyi Prynz, Skriabin and Sestry Telniuk were formed in the late 1980s

Braty Hadiukiny (Брати Гадюкіни) is a rock band from Lviv, one of the most successful Ukrainian bands of Soviet times. The band music style combines different genres such as rock'n'roll, blues, punk, reggae, funk and folk. Ironical song lyrics contain a lot of local vernacularisms, slang and surzhyk. The name translates as "Hadyukin Brothers", where the fictional surname Hadyukin is derived from the word hadiuka, or "viper". The abbreviation literally means "snakes" (In Ukrainian the two words are cognates.)

The band was active mainly between 1988 and 1996. In January 2006 they held a big solo concert in Kyiv which was a big event in Ukrainian media space and was visited by lot of famous people (including that time prime minister Yulia Tymoshenko). After band's leader Serhiy Kuzminskyi died in 2009 the big tribute concert was held in 2011, joined by prominent Ukrainian rock musicians such as Komu Vnyz, Vopli Vidoplyasova, Okean Elzy and others. In 2014 rest of band members released a new album (the first one since 1996).

Mertvyi Piven (Мертвий Півень) is a rock band that formed in 1989. The first concert was given in 1990 at the first Vyvykh festival. Their debut album Eto recorded in 1991, at the end of the Chervona Ruta festival (Chervona Ruta), where the group took first prize in the category of performers art songs. Dead Rooster began as an acoustic band. During the second half of the 1990s, they evolved into a grunge/art-rock band, though their music can't be described by one particular style. Dead Rooster has changed personnel several times.

Many songs of the band were written in lyrics of Ukrainian poets like Yuri Andrukhovych, Maksym Rylsky, Oleksandr Irvanets, Viktor Neborak, Yurko Pozayak, Serhiy Zhadan, Natalka Bilotserkivets, Ihor Kalynets and Taras Shevchenko. The album Pisni Mertvoho Pivnya is based on the Andrukhovych's poetry collection of the same name.

In 2009 their song "Kiss" ("Potsilunok") was featured in the a soundtrack of Cold Souls, an American film directed by Sophie Barthes.

Vopli Vidopliasova (Воплі Відоплясова) was formed in 1986 in Kyiv. Their influences include folk, patriotic songs, punk, hard rock, heavy metal and, most recently, electronic music.

Their song Den Narodzhennia is featured in the Russian crime films Brother and Brother 2 by director Aleksei Balabanov. Band member Oleh Skrypka has also produced several solo albums.

Komu Vnyz (Кому Вниз) was founded in 1988 in Kyiv. They wound up at their first festival Chervona Ruta completely by chance. It was too late to submit the sample recording to the panel of judges for the tryout, but Taras Petrynenko, after listening to their work, insisted that they participated in the event.

As of 2011, Komu Vnyz is translating their lyrics into English in order to re-release their albums in Europe.

Early 1990s

Haydamaky (Гайдамаки) is a folk rock band formed in Kyiv in 1991. The music of Haydamaky is inspired by various ethnic music from around the world, especially from various regions of Ukraine, such as Polesia, Bukovina, and Transcarpathia. Other influences include the Romanian folklore, punk music sound of Shane MacGowan and by the reggae of such bands like Burning Spear and Black Uhuru.

Haydamaky have recently performed at many club venues across Europe, including as a special guest at a concert of Asian Dub Foundation in Bratislava, Slovakia. Other club appearances this year were held in Germany, Estonia, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Moscow.

Okean Elzy (Океан Ельзи, translation: Elza's Ocean) is one of the most successful and popular Ukrainian bands. It was formed in 1994 in Lviv, Ukraine. The band's vocalist and frontman is Svyatoslav Vakarchuk. Okean Elzy is one of the best-loved Ukrainian rock band not only in Ukraine but also in most CIS countries. In April 2007 Okean Elzy received FUZZ Magazine music awards for “Best rock act”.

Plach Yeremiyi (Плач Єремії) is a rock band from Lviv, Ukraine. The band was actually formed in February 1990, but the two most constant musicians - Taras Chubay and Vsevolod Dyachyshyn have played together since 1984 in the band Tsyklon (Циклон).

Plach Yeremiyi songs are usually serious, philosophical poems many composed by lead man Taras Chubay's father Hryhoriy Chubay and given a contemporary rock sound. The group's name comes from Taras Chubay's father's Magnum opus Plach Yeremiyi posthumously published in 1999. The music in the songs sounds hard, then changes to an easy ballad and again explodes, overfilled by emotions. All this has a specific "Lviv" colouring.

Late 1990s
Dymna Sumish (Димна Суміш) was founded on 3 December 1998 in Chernihiv. The group plays a mix of hardcore, punk and psychedelic rock. Winners of the festivals «Chervona Ruta» (Ukraine), «Pearls of the Season» (Ukraine), «Boards» (Moscow), «Woodstock» (Poland). Its name means Smoking Mix.

All members of the group are vegetarians. They openly express their opinion against violence, drugs and alcohol, trying to convey to the listeners with their music and lyrics the value of life.

In April 2012 the participants of the group said that the group temporarily stop their activity because of inability to cope with the situation in Ukraine - when a culture isn't valued, but instead all the power has policy, social experiments and "totalitarianism".

Druha Rika (Друга Ріка) is a rock band from Zhytomyr. The band's style determined as Brit Pop. Druha Rika released five studio albums and two compilations. The name of the band means Second river.

Tartak (Тартак) is a hip-hop/rapcore/alternative crossover band from Ukraine. They mix styles of guitar rock, hip-hop and dance music to produce an energetic compositions and lyrics.

"Tartak" means woodsaw in Ukrainian. Sashko thought that tartak symbolized something energetic, loud, active, and hence appropriate for a band name.

Sashko Polozhynskyi founded the group in the Fall of 1996 in Lutsk, Ukraine. The group has released five albums with a total of 74 songs and 9 videos. Tartak's songs "Ni Ya Ne Tu Kokhav" and "Stilnykove Kohannia" stayed on the Top 40 charts for 144 days and 75 days respectively. Tartak was one of the bands that performed during the events of the Orange Revolution as seen in the adjacent picture.

The true founder of Tartak was Vasyl Zinkevytch jr., a friend of Sashko. Bohdan Zinkevych came up with the name. Vasyl came up with the idea and put together the group; he also arranged the rehearsals since his father is a famous singer he has access to studios, so they could make records. At the beginning they were struggling because their lyrics weren't a success and the soloist (Vasyl Zinkevych) had no voice for lyrics they wrote. Sashko soon made changes because for a long time he was trying to make a place for himself in the show business. In the late 1990s Sashko was making his way as a showman on the concerts, parades, and other musical events! when his fame actually came to him he claimed that the idea of Tartak was his idea.

Tin Sontsia (Тінь Сонця, sometimes literal translation Sun Shadow is used) is a folk metal band from Kyiv. Primarily the band's style was close to alternative rock, but in 2003 they have come to so called Cossack rock. Almost all of the lyrics are in Ukrainian except couple of Belarusian songs.

The band has taken part in number of festivals the biggest of which are Basovišča and Zakhid.

2000s–2010s
BoomBox (also: БумБокс, Bumboks) is a Ukrainian funky groove band, which was founded in 2004 by singer Andriy Khlyvniuk and Andriy “Mukha” Samoilo on guitar. In April 2005 the band released its first album, which only took 19 hours to record.

Their songs are in predominantly in Ukrainian, but songs in Russian and English also appear on their albums and singles.

S.K.A.Y. (С.К.А.Й.) is a pop rock band formed in 2001 in Ternopil, Ukraine.

After the band had been formed in 2001 it started to tour the country and performed at several festivals like Perlyny sezonu, Tavriyski ihry and Chervona ruta. They became more known for a broader audience after their appearance on the programme "Fresh Blood" on the Ukrainian TV channel M1. The general director Eduard Klim from Lavina Music saw them and signed them to his label.

In 2006 their first album "Te, shcho treba" was released. They released their second album "Planeta S.K.A.Y." already in 2007.

The frontman Oleh Sobchuk in 2008 was awarded the medal of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) "1020 Years of Baptism of Rus" for his participation in the rock-tour with the same name.

In October–November 2013 the group took part in agitational concerts "We are united", which were organized by pro-Russian politician Viktor Medvedchuk in Ukrainian cities.

Notable festivals

 * Bandershtat (Volyn Oblast, 2007–present)
 * Chervona Ruta (different cities of Ukraine, 1989–present)
 * Taras Bulba (Dubno, Rivne Oblast, 1991–present)
 * Tavria Games (Kakhovka, Kherson Oblast, 1992–present)
 * Rock-Existence (Kyiv, 1996–2005)
 * Rock-Sich (Kyiv, 2006–2013)
 * Stare Misto (Lviv, 2007–2013)
 * Trypilske kolo (Rzhyshchiv, Kyiv Oblast, 2008–present)
 * Zakhid (Lviv Oblast, 2009–present)
 * Respublica (Kamianets-Podilskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, 2011–present)

Art rock

 * Eney
 * Gorgisheli
 * The Telniuk Sisters
 * Plach Yeremiyi
 * Mertvyi Piven

Black metal

 * Astrofaes
 * Blood of Kingu
 * Drudkh
 * Hate Forest
 * Khors
 * Nokturnal Mortum

Death metal

 * Firelake
 * Fleshgore

Indie rock

 * Brunettes Shoot Blondes
 * Esthetic Education
 * Marakesh
 * Valentyn Strykalo

Folk metal

 * Holy Blood
 * Kroda
 * Motanka
 * Tin Sontsia

Folk rock

 * KOZAK SYSTEM
 * Los Colorados
 * Haydamaky
 * Mandry
 * PanKe Shava
 * TIK
 * Vopli Vidopliasova (VV)
 * Yurcash

Gothic metal

 * Obiymy Doshchu

Gothic rock

 * Komu Vnyz
 * Viy

Heavy Metal

 * Conquest
 * Monolit
 * Exact Division
 * KPP
 * Kryliya
 * JackRebel
 * Bila Vezha

Metalcore

 * JetRockers
 * Jinjer
 * Make Me Famous
 * MY RENAISSANCE

Pop rock

 * BoomBox
 * Druha Rika
 * Krykhitka (ex-Krykhitka Tsakhes)
 * Lama
 * Okean Elzy
 * Opalnyi Prynz
 * S.K.A.Y.
 * Skriabin
 * Trystavisim

Punk rock

 * Braty Hadiukiny
 * Dymna Sumish
 * Flit
 * Mad Heads XL (ex-Mad Heads)
 * O.Torvald
 * Perkalaba
 * Qarpa (ex-Faktychno Sami)
 * Robots Don't Cry
 * Sobaky v Kosmosi
 * Teoriia Gvaltu
 * The Sixsters

Rap rock

 * Tartak
 * TNMK

List of rock bands Outside Ukraine

 * The Ukes (Leeds, England)
 * The Ukrainians (Leeds, England)
 * Klooch (Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
 * Enej (Olsztyn, Poland)
 * Berkut (Olsztyn, Poland)
 * Svoboda (Saint Petersburg, Russia)
 * Sontse-Khmary (Saint Petersburg, Russia)

title: Rock music in Ukraine