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Gas stove

A gas stove is a stove that is fuelled by combustible gas such as natural gas, propane, butane, liquefied petroleum gas, syngas, or other flammable gas. Before the advent of gas, cooking stoves relied on solid fuels such as coal or wood. The first gas stoves were developed in the 1820s and a gas stove factory was established in England in 1836. This new cooking technology had the advantage of being easily adjustable and could be turned off when not in use. The gas stove, however, did not become a commercial success until the 1880s, by which time supplies of piped gas were available in cities and large towns in Britain. The stoves became widespread on the European Continent and in the United States in the early 20th century.

Gas stoves became more common when the oven was integrated into the base and the size was reduced to better fit in with the rest of the kitchen furniture. By the 1910s, producers started to enamel their gas stoves for easier cleaning. Ignition of the gas was originally by match and this was followed by the more convenient pilot light. This had the disadvantage of continually consuming gas. The oven still needed to be lit by match and accidentally turning on the gas without igniting it could lead to an explosion. To prevent these types of accidents, oven manufacturers developed and installed a safety valve called a flame failure device for gas hobs (cooktops) and ovens. Most modern gas stoves have electronic ignition, automatic timers for the oven and extractor hoods to remove fumes.

Gas stoves are an indoor common fossil-fuel appliance that contribute significant levels of indoor air pollution,  so require good ventilation to maintain acceptable air quality. They also expose users to pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide, which can trigger respiratory diseases, and have shown an increase in the rates of asthma in children. Gas stoves also release methane. Research in 2022 estimated that the methane emissions from gas stoves in the United States were equivalent to the greenhouse gas emissions of 500,000 cars. About 80% of methane emissions were found to occur even when stoves are turned off, as the result of tiny leaks in gas lines and fittings. Although methane contains less carbon than other fuels, gas venting and unintended fugitive emissions throughout the supply chain results in natural gas having a similar carbon footprint to other fossil fuels overall. In June 2023, Stanford researchers found combustion from gas stoves can raise indoor levels of benzene, a potent carcinogen linked to a higher risk of blood cell cancers, to more than that found in secondhand tobacco smoke.

History
The first gas stove was developed in 1802 by Zachäus Winzler (de), but this along with other attempts remained isolated experiments. James Sharp patented a gas stove in Northampton, England in 1826 and opened a gas stove factory in 1836. His invention was marketed by the firm Smith & Philips from 1828. An important figure in the early acceptance of this new technology, was Alexis Soyer, the renowned chef at the Reform Club in London. From 1841, he converted his kitchen to consume piped gas, arguing that gas was cheaper overall because the supply could be turned off when the stove was not in use.

A gas stove was shown at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, but it was only in the 1880s that the technology became a commercial success in England. By that stage a large and reliable network for gas pipeline transport had spread over much of the country, making gas relatively cheap and efficient for domestic use. Gas stoves only became widespread on the European Continent and in the United States in the early 20th century.

Early gas stoves were rather unwieldy, but soon the oven was integrated into the base and the size was reduced to fit in better with the rest of the kitchen furniture. By the early 1920s, gas stoves with enameled porcelain finishes for easier cleaning had become widely available, along with heavy use of insulation for fuel-efficiency.

In the 1960s the American Gas Association ran an advertising campaign to promote gas stoves while also downplaying science showing their health risks, mirroring the tobacco industry playbook of creating uncertainty.

Ignition
Gas stoves today use two basic types of ignition sources, standing pilot and electric. A stove with a standing pilot has a small, continuously burning gas flame (called a pilot light) under the cooktop. The flame is between the front and back burners. When the stove is turned on, this flame lights the gas flowing out of the burners. The advantage of the standing pilot system is that it is simple and completely independent of any outside power source. A minor drawback is that the flames continuously consume fuel even when the stove is not in use. Early gas ovens did not have a pilot. One had to light these manually with a match. If one accidentally left the gas on, gas would fill the oven and eventually the room. A small spark, such as an arc from a light switch being turned on, could ignite the gas, triggering a violent explosion. To prevent these types of accidents, oven manufacturers developed and installed a safety valve called a flame failure device for gas hobs (cooktops) and ovens. The safety valve depends on a thermocouple that sends a signal to the valve to stay open. Although most modern gas stoves have electronic ignition, many households have gas cooking ranges and ovens that need to be lit with a flame. Electric ignition stoves use electric sparks to ignite the surface burners. This is the "clicking sound" audible just before the burner actually lights. The sparks are initiated by turning the gas burner knob to a position typically labeled "LITE" or by pressing the 'ignition' button. Once the burner lights, the knob is turned further to modulate the flame size. Auto reignition is an elegant refinement: the user need not know or understand the wait-then-turn sequence. They simply turn the burner knob to the desired flame size and the sparking is turned off automatically when the flame lights. Auto reignition also provides a safety feature: the flame will be automatically reignited if the flame goes out while the gas is still on—for example by a gust of wind. If the power fails, surface burners must be manually match-lit.

Electric ignition for ovens uses a "hot surface" or "glow bar" ignitor. Basically it is a heating element that heats up to gas's ignition temperature. A sensor detects when the glow bar is hot enough and opens the gas valve.

Also stoves with electric ignition must be connected with gas protection mechanisms such as gas control breaker. Because of this many manufacturers supply stoves without electricity plug.

Burner heat
One of the important properties of a gas stove is the heat emitted by the burners. Burner heat is typically specified in terms of kilowatts or British Thermal Units per hour and is directly based on the gas consumption rather than heat absorbed by pans.

Often, a gas stove will have burners with different heat output ratings. For example, a gas cooktop may have a high output burner, often in the range 3 to 6 kW, and a mixture of medium output burners, 1.5 to 3 kW, and low output burners, 1 kW or less. The high output burner is suitable for boiling a large pot of water quickly, sautéing and searing, while the low output burners are good for simmering. Mean benzene emissions from gas and propane burners on high and ovens set to 350 °F ranged from 2.8 to 6.5 μg min–1, 10 to 25 times higher than emissions from electric coil and radiant alternatives.

Some high-end cooktop models provide higher range of heat and heavy-duty burners that can go up to 6 kW or even more. These may be desired for preparing large quantities or special types of food and enable certain advanced cooking techniques. However, these burners produce greater emissions and necessitate better ventilation for safe operation. Higher capacity burners may not benefit every potential user or dish.

Design and layout
In the last few years, appliance manufacturers have been making innovative changes to the design and layout of gas stoves. Most of the modern cooktops have come with lattice structure which usually covers the complete range of the top, enabling sliding of cookware from one burner to another without lifting the containers over the gaps of cooktop. Some modern gas stoves also have central fifth burner or an integrated griddle in between the outer burners.

Size
The size of a kitchen gas stove usually ranges from 50 to 150 cm. Almost all the manufacturers have been developing several range of options in size range. Combination of range and oven are also available which usually come in two styles: slide in and freestanding. Usually, there isn't much of a style difference in between them. Slide-in come with lips on their either side and controls over the front along with burner controls. Freestanding gas range cooktops have solid slides and controls placed behind the cooktop.

Oven
Many stoves have integrated ovens. Modern ovens often include a convection fan inside the oven to provide even air circulation and let the food cook evenly. Some modern ovens come with temperature sensors which allows close control of baking, automatically shut off after reaching certain temperature, or hold on to particular temperature through the cooking process. Ovens may also have two separate oven bays which allows cooking of two different dishes at the same time.

Programmable controls
Many gas stoves come with at least few modern programmable controls to make the handling easier. LCD displays and some other complex cooking routines are some of the standard features present in most of the basic and high-end manufacturing models. Some of the other programmable controls include precise pre-heating, automatic pizza, cook timers and others.

Safety factors
Modern gas stove ranges are safer than older models. Two of the major safety concerns with gas stoves are child-safe controls and accidental ignition. Some gas cooktops have knobs which can be accidentally switched on even with a gentle bump.

Gas stoves are at risk of overheating when frying oil, raising the oil temperature to the auto-ignition point and creating an oil fire on the stove. Japan, South Korea and China have regulated the addition of electronic safety devices to prevent pan overheating. The devices use a thermistor to monitor the temperature close to the pan, and cut off the gas supply if the heat is too high. Fire loss statistics for Japanese gas stoves showed a reduction in house fires caused by gas stoves in the years following 2008, when the safety devices were mandated.

Efficiency
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) ran tests in 2014 of cooktop energy transfer efficiency, simulating cooking while testing what percentage of a cooktop's energy is transferred to a test block. Gas had an efficiency of 43.9%, with ±0.5% repeatability in the measurement. This level of efficiency is only possible if the pan is big enough for the burner.

Japanese gas flames are angled upwards towards the pot to increase efficiency. The efficiency of gas appliances can be raised by using special pots with heatsink-like fins. Jetboil manufactures pots for portable stoves that use a corrugated ribbon to increase efficiency.

Health concerns
Carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, benzene and nitrogen dioxide from gas stoves contribute to indoor air pollution. Nitrogen dioxide can exacerbate respiratory illnesses, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies have been performed correlating childhood asthma and gas stoves. A 1999–2004 study published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine found "no evidence of an association between the use of gas as a cooking fuel and either asthma symptoms or asthma diagnosis". A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that gas cooking increases the risk of asthma in children. A 2020 Lancet systematic review surveyed 31 studies on gas cooking or heating, finding a pooled risk ratio of 1.17 for asthma. One study found that in households with gas stoves those that report using ventilation had lower rates of asthma than those that did not. A 2023 meta-analysis estimated that in the United States, one in eight cases of asthma in children are due to pollution from gas stoves. The asthma risk caused by gas stove exposure is similar in magnitude to that caused by secondhand smoke from tobacco. Stoves can cause levels of nitrogen dioxide that can exceed outdoor safety standards. A 2020 RMI report found pollution from gas stoves causes exacerbation of asthma symptoms in children.

People interact more directly with their stove than with other gas appliances, increasing potential exposure to any natural gas constituents and compounds formed during combustion, including formaldehyde (CH2O) carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Among all gas appliances, the stove is unique in that the byproducts of combustion are emitted directly into home air with no requirement for venting the exhaust outdoors. Cooking, especially high heat frying, releases smoke (measured as fine particulate matter), acrolein and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mitigating indoor particulate pollution can involve running a range hood, opening a kitchen window, and running an air purifier. Range hoods are more effective at capturing and removing pollution on the rear burners than the front burners. California requires gas stoves to have higher levels of ventilation than electric stoves due to the nitrogen dioxide risk. Range hoods can be run for 15 minutes after cooking to reduce pollution. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is investigating reducing the health effects of gas stoves, including emissions and ventilation standards.

A 2023 study found benzene, a known carcinogen, accumulated in homes to unhealthy levels when natural gas or propane stoves were used, especially when vent hoods were not used. The Stanford researchers determined benzene is emitted from the cooking gas, not the food being cooked. Benzene exposure causes both cancer and noncancerous health effects. Shorter-term benzene exposure suppresses blood cell production, and chronic benzene exposure increases the risk of leukemias and lymphomas. A 2002 study of pipelines in Boston found that natural gas contains non-methane impurities including heptane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene and toluene.

After health concerns about gas stoves became more prominent in the 2020s and American localities regulated additions of gas stoves to new buildings, the Republican Party in the United States pushed legislative bills to "save gas stoves". In June 2023, a bill in the Republican-controlled House of Representatives narrowly failed as a dozen Republican legislators voted against the bill due to a disagreement with the Republican leadership on unrelated issues.

Climate impact
Gas stoves are often run on natural gas. The extraction and consumption of natural gas is a major and growing contributor to climate change. Both the gas itself (specifically methane) and carbon dioxide, which is released when natural gas is burned, are greenhouse gases. In 2022, a research group investigated leakage in 53 homes in California and estimated the methane emissions from gas stoves in the United States were equivalent over a 20 year period to the greenhouse gas emissions of 500,000 cars. About 80% of methane emissions occur when stoves are turned off, as the result of leaks in gas lines and fittings.

Some places, such as the Australian Capital Territory and New York State, have curtailed installation of gas stoves and appliances in new construction, for reasons of health, indoor air quality, and climate protection. As of 2023, the legality of gas stove bans in the United States is the subject of active lawsuits.

Many electrification codes exempt commercial kitchens.

title: Gas stove


text:
Tilt

Tilt may refer to:

Music

 * Tilt (American band), a punk rock group, formed in 1992
 * Tilt (British band), an electronic music group, formed in 1993
 * Tilt (Polish band), a rock band, formed in 1979

Albums

 * Tilt (Cozy Powell album), 1981
 * Tilt (Scott Walker album), 1995
 * Tilt (Greg Howe and Richie Kotzen album), 1995
 * Tilt (The Lightning Seeds album), 1999
 * Tilt (Kahimi Karie album), 2000
 * Tilt (Confidence Man album), 2022

Songs

 * "Tilt" a 2008 song by In Flames from A Sense of Purpose
 * "Christine", also known as "Tilted", by Christine and the Queens, 2014

Film and television

 * Tilt (1979 film), a 1979 American film
 * Tilt (2011 film), a 2011 Bulgarian film
 * Tilt (American TV series), a U.S. drama television series
 * Tilt (Finnish TV series), a Finnish video gaming programme

Photography

 * Tilt (camera), a cinematographic technique in which the camera is stationary and rotates in a vertical plane (or tilting plane)
 * Tilt (view camera)
 * Tilt–shift photography, use of selective focus, e.g., for simulating a miniature scene

Games and sports

 * Tilt (arcade), a chain of video arcades inside various shopping malls
 * Tilt (French magazine), a video game publication (1982–1994)
 * Tilt (Finnish magazine), a video game publication (2004–2005)
 * Tilt to Live, a mobile video game
 * Tilt (poker), a poker term for a state of mental or emotional confusion or frustration in which a player adopts a less-than-optimal strategy
 * Luke Tilt (born 1988), English football player
 * A penalty condition in pinball
 * Jousting encounter by horseback mounted competitors using lances

Other uses

 * Tilt (wagon), a word for canopy on a wagon, boat or stall
 * Axial tilt in astronomy
 * Tilt.com, a crowdfunding company that rebranded to Tilt in 2014 from its former name of Crowdtilt
 * Tilt (drink), an alcoholic beverage launched in the US market in August 2005
 * Tilt (optics), a deviation in the direction of a beam of light
 * Tilt (radio), a topical sketch show
 * AT&T Tilt, a smartphone
 * Tilt switch, an electrical switch
 * Tilt table test, a medical procedure often used to diagnose dysautonomia or syncope
 * Tilting train, a train with a mechanism for leaning
 * Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance, a medical condition
 * Tilting theory in mathematics, including tilting modules, tilted algebras, tilting functors, and so on
 * Tilt (novel), a novel by Ellen Hopkins
 * Tilts, a hamlet in South Yorkshire, England
 * John Hancock Center's Tilting Observatory in Chicago, Illinois
 * In the nomenclature of political forecasting, a "tilt" seat is one in which one particular party is deemed to have a very slight lead in electoral polls

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tilt


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Sarband (disambiguation)

Sarband or Sar-e Band may refer to:
 * Sarband, an early music ensemble focusing on connections between European, Islamic and Jewish music

Places

 * in Iran
 * Sarband, Ardabil, a village in Ardabil Province, Iran
 * Shazand (formerly known as Sarband), a district or town in the Markazi Province, Iran
 * Sarband, Bandar Abbas, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
 * Sarband-e Parangi, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
 * Sarband, Rudan, a village in Hormozgan Province, Iran
 * Sar Band, Jiroft, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
 * Sar Band-e Kasur, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
 * Sarband, Khuzestan, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
 * Sarband-e Deh Di, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
 * Sarband-e Pain, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
 * Sarband, Markazi, a village in Markazi Province, Iran
 * Sarband-e Gaviad, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran
 * Sarband District (Iran), an administrative subdivision of Iran

 * in Tajikistan
 * Sarband, Sughd, a village in Sughd Region
 * Sarband, a former name of Levakant, a city in Khatlon Region
 * Sarband District, Khatlon Region, Tajikistan

title: Sarband (disambiguation)


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Electric stove

An electric stove, electric cooker or electric range is a stove with an integrated electrical heating device to cook and bake. Electric stoves became popular as replacements for solid-fuel (wood or coal) stoves which required more labor to operate and maintain. Some modern stoves come in a unit with built-in extractor hoods.

The stove's one or more "burners" (heating elements) may be controlled by a rotary switch with a finite number of positions (which may be marked out by numbers such as 1 to 10, or by settings such as Low, Medium and High), each of which engages a different combination of resistances and hence a different heating power; or may have an "infinite switch" that allows constant variability between minimum and maximum heat settings. Some stove burners and controls incorporate thermostats.

Early patents
On September 20, 1859, George B. Simpson was awarded US patent #25532 for an 'electro-heater' surface heated by a platinum-wire coil powered by batteries. In his words, useful to "warm rooms, boil water, cook victuals...".

Canadian inventor Thomas Ahearn filed patent #39916 in 1892 for an "Electric Oven," a device he probably employed in preparing a meal for an Ottawa hotel that year. Ahearn and Warren Y. Soper were owners of Ottawa's Chaudiere Electric Light and Power Company. The electric stove was showcased at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893, where an electrified model kitchen was shown. Unlike the gas stove, the electrical stove was slow to catch on, partly due to the unfamiliar technology, and the need for cities and towns to be electrified.

In 1897, William Hadaway was granted US patent # 574537 for an "Automatically Controlled Electric Oven".

Kalgoorlie Stove
In November 1905, David Curle Smith, the Municipal Electrical Engineer of Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, applied for a patent (Aust Patent No 4699/05) for a device that adopted (following the design of gas stoves) what later became the configuration for most electric stoves: an oven surmounted by a hotplate with a grill tray between them. Curle Smith's stove did not have a thermostat; heat was controlled by the number of the appliance's nine elements that were switched on.

After the patent was granted in 1906, manufacturing of Curle Smith's design commenced in October that year. The entire production run was acquired by the electricity supply department of Kalgoorlie Municipality, which hired out the stoves to residents. About 50 appliances were produced before cost overruns became a factor in Council politics and the project was suspended. This was the first time household electric stoves were produced with the express purpose of bringing "cooking by electricity ... within the reach of anyone". There are no extant examples of this stove, many of which were salvaged for their copper content during World War I.

To promote the stove, David Curle Smith's wife, H. Nora Curle Smith (née Helen Nora Murdoch, and a member of the Murdoch family prominent in Australian public life), wrote a cookbook containing operating instructions and 161 recipes. Thermo-Electrical Cooking Made Easy, published in March 1907, is therefore the world's first cookbook for electric stoves.

Since 1908
Three companies, in the United States, began selling electric stoves in 1908. However, sales and public acceptance were slow to develop. Early electric stoves were unsatisfactory due to the cost of electricity (compared with wood, coal, or city gas), limited power available from the electrical supply company, poor temperature regulation, and short life of heating elements. The invention of nichrome alloy for resistance wires improved the cost and durability of heating elements. As late as the 1920s, an electric stove was still considered a novelty.

By the 1930s, the maturing of the technology, the decreased cost of electric power and modernized styling of electric stoves had greatly increased their acceptance. The electrical stove slowly began to replace the gas stove, especially in household kitchens.

Electric stoves and other household appliances were marketed by electrical utilities to build demand for electric power. During the expansion of rural electrification, demonstrations of cooking on an electric stove were popular.

Variants

Early electric stoves had resistive heating coils which heated iron hotplates, on top of which the pots were placed. Eventually, composite heating elements were introduced, with the resistive wires encased in hollow metal tubes packed with magnesite. These tubes, arranged in a spiral, support the cookware directly.

In the 1970s, glass-ceramic cooktops started to appear. Glass-ceramic has very low thermal conductivity and a near-zero coefficient of thermal expansion, but lets infrared radiation pass very well. Electrical heating coils or halogen lamps are used as heating elements. Because of its physical characteristics,

A third technology is the induction stove, which also has a smooth glass-ceramic surface. Only ferromagnetic cookware works with induction stoves, which heat by dint of electromagnetic induction.

Electricity consumption
Typical electricity consumption of one heating element depending on size is 1–3 kW.

title: Electric stove


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Robert Panz-Schimdt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete -- AllyUnion (talk) 02:32, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Robert Panz-Schimdt
A google search reveals only two entries for Robert Panz-Schimdt, both on the French Wikipedia site. (There are no entries for "Robert Panz-Schmidt", in case anyone's curious.) Also, the anonymous author appears to have vandalized numerous pages in the last few hours. I'm tempted to speedy this one ... CJCurrie 00:33, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * "Panz-Schimdt demystifies female sexuality around a long-drawn-out metaphor bringing the succube closer to the digestive mucous membranes." This is not merely a poor translation. I'd endorse a speedy as patent nonsense #2, and it could live on at BJAODN. Samaritan 00:49, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Your endorsement is good enough for me. Consider it gone.  CJCurrie 01:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Kieran Richardson

Kieran Edward Richardson (born 21 October 1984) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger, left-back, or central midfielder.

Richardson began his career as a trainee at West Ham United, going on to play senior football at Manchester United, Sunderland, Fulham, Aston Villa and Cardiff City. He was capped eight times for England, scoring twice.

Early career
Richardson was born in Greenwich, London and was schooled at the private and non-selective Riverston School in Lee, London. Growing up he would watch Arsenal with his father Clyde who was a season ticket holder. He began playing football at Parkwood Primary School and his talent was very apparent at this young age, he was made captain of his school team and was invited to train with Arsenal.

He then moved to West Ham United where he would begin training professionally. However, before he made his debut for the Londoners, he was signed by Manchester United in 2001.

Manchester United
During his first season at Manchester United, Richardson established his place as a regular on United's reserve team. He was given squad number 42 for the first team, but he failed to make his debut with them.

He made his first appearance for Manchester United on 23 October 2002 when coming on as a late substitute in a match against Olympiacos in the UEFA Champions League. He then scored his first goal for United in the League Cup on 5 November 2002 against Leicester City. Richardson enjoyed his first breakthrough during the 2002–03 season appearing nine times and scoring a goal for the first team. He also played a role in Manchester United's youth team's win of the 2003 FA Youth Cup.

At the start 2003–04, he was given squad number 23 and only appeared three times, all of them in League Cup and FA Cup.

During 2004–05, he started to become more involved with the first team. He had already made nine appearances and scored one goal during the first half of the season. However, during the January transfer window, Alex Ferguson decided to loan him out in order for him to gain more first team experience. Richardson was linked with a loan move to Norwich City, but Ferguson said there was no chance as other players had gone on loan. Former Manchester United captain Bryan Robson, manager of West Bromwich Albion, enquired about loaning Richardson, the deal was done straight away. Under Robson, Richardson made an instant impact on West Brom's quest to escape relegation. He was a regular in West Brom's first eleven, playing in central midfield. He scored three goals from 12 appearances as West Bromwich successfully avoided relegation, despite starting the final day of the season on the bottom of the table.

At the start 2005–06, Richardson declined a further loan spell at West Brom in an attempt to win a regular place at Old Trafford. He made his break in Manchester United's first eleven in September 2005, when he appeared as an emergency left back, in place of the injured Gabriel Heinze. He soon returned to midfield however, where he made several good performances. In October 2005, Richardson celebrated his 21st birthday by signing a new four-year contract with United. He went on to appear 36 times and score six goals that season.

In 2006–07, Richardson's chances to establish himself in the first team were limited, mainly playing in the League Cup and the FA Cup. However, Richardson felt Alex Ferguson's wrath as the youngster shouldered some of the blame for United's below-par performance against Crewe Alexandra in the League Cup. Ferguson publicly declared that Richardson and others would benefit from spending some time in United's reserve team. He scored one of United's goals in the 4–1 FA Cup semi-final win over Watford, that put them into the final at the new Wembley Stadium.

Sunderland

On 16 July 2007, Richardson joined Sunderland for an undisclosed fee, reported to be in the region of £5.5 million. He signed a four-year contract with Sunderland, under the management of his former United captain Roy Keane. After an indifferent start, it was discovered that he had a stress fracture of the spine. This led to him being out of action for almost four months. He scored his first goal for Sunderland on 29 December 2007 against Bolton Wanderers. Richardson scored two goals in the 2–0 win against Portsmouth at the Stadium of Light on 13 January 2008, also striking the bar to miss out on his hat-trick. Since then he suffered a hamstring injury in training then this injury recurred in Sunderland's 3–0 defeat to Liverpool at Anfield.

On 23 August 2008, Richardson scored against Tottenham Hotspur in the 56th minute, in a 2–1 win at White Hart Lane. Richardson took a free kick that hit the post three times at Fulham on 18 October, and later had another free kick disallowed as Pascal Chimbonda was adjudged to be pushing in the wall. On 25 October 2008, Richardson scored the winning goal in the Tyne–Wear derby, with a free kick. Richardson attracted interest from Bolton Wanderers in the 2009 January transfer window, but manager Ricky Sbragia insisted that he was not for sale.

Richardson scored his first goal of 2009–10 with an equaliser against West Ham United, which ended 2–2. Richardson was used in several positions throughout the season, whilst predominantly featuring in central midfield he also played at left back – his performances there led to many touting him as a surprise World Cup inclusion.

In the buildup to 2010–11, Richardson committed his future to the club by signing a new three-year contract. Soon after, he became first-choice left back at the club citing Brazilian full-back Maicon as inspiration for taking up his new position, saying "I watched the World Cup and saw the way guys like Maicon were bombing forward – and I thought "I can do that". He opened his scoring account for the season on 22 January away to Blackpool scoring two goals in the first half. After deploying him in an attacking role, Sunderland manager Steve Bruce hailed Richardson's versatility saying "I must have asked him to play in five or six positions this season and certainly in that position he enjoys it, it's something he revels in". He then added "He was the outstanding player on the pitch. In the first half he was brilliant, his pace was superb." Richardson scored directly from a free kick in Sunderland's next match, a 4–2 home defeat to Chelsea. Richardson made his 100th Premier League appearance for Sunderland at home to Tottenham Hotspur on 12 February, assisting Asamoah Gyan's opener in a 2–1 defeat.

Richardson's first goal of 2011–12 came in a 2–1 defeat at Norwich. Richardson was on target again in a defeat at Wolves under caretaker manager Eric Black, following Steve Bruce's departure. In this match against Wolves on 4 December 2011, Richardson scored the opening goal, a long range shot from the left, and celebrated by removing his shirt, revealing a T-shirt with the slogan "I belong to Jesus". He was booked for removing his shirt. Sunderland went on to lose the match 2–1.Under new manager Martin O'Neill, Richardson began to make impressive progress after being shifted into his preferred left wing position, making another contribution in his team's 3–2 victory away to Queens Park Rangers on 21 December 2011 after setting up two goals from corner kicks. On 18 February 2012, he scored his first FA Cup goal for the club against Arsenal at the Stadium of Light in the fifth round in which he scored the first goal in Sunderland's 2–0 win.

Fulham
On 31 August 2012, Richardson signed for Fulham from Sunderland for an undisclosed fee, reported to be approximately £2 million. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw against Southampton on 7 October.

Aston Villa

On 11 July 2014, Richardson signed for Aston Villa on a two-year contract and was reunited with his former manager at Sunderland, Roy Keane, who was Villa's assistant manager at the time. He made his debut in a 1–0 victory against Stoke. Richardson got his first assist in a 2–1 victory against Hull City at Villa Park, sliding in a low cross which Andreas Weimann slotted home from 10 yards. Richardson received a straight red card on 13 December 2014 for a late challenge on Stéphane Sessègnon during a 1–0 away defeat to West Brom.

After Villa's relegation from the Premier League, on 10 June 2016, it was announced that Richardson would leave Villa on the expiry of his contract.

Later career
On 12 October 2016, Richardson joined Championship club Cardiff City on a contract until January 2017. On 29 December 2016, Richardson was released from his contract.

On 12 April 2017, Richardson trialled at La Liga club Granada CF with a view to a contract until the end of 2016–17.

International career
During his stay at West Brom, he won his first cap for the England under-21 team on 8 February 2005 in a friendly match against the Netherlands. After a series of convincing performances for West Brom, he won a late call-up for England's trip to the United States at the end of 2004–05. He started the match against the United States and scored twice on his England debut, including one directly from a free kick. He earned praise from England manager Sven-Göran Eriksson, who described Richardson's debut as "fantastic". He also appeared as a substitute on England's second match in the United States against Colombia.

After earning senior caps, Richardson also returned to the under-21 squad, playing in both legs of the 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification play-off against France, which they lost 3–2 on aggregate. The decisive goal came in the 85th minute of the second leg, when Richardson brought down Lassana Diarra in the box and the resulting penalty was converted.

He then made two further substitute appearances during England's World Cup qualifiers against Wales in Cardiff and Austria at Old Trafford. The latter was his home England debut. However, he was not selected by Sven-Göran Eriksson in England's 2006 World Cup squad.

In 2006–07, he continued to be selected by newly appointed England manager Steve McClaren and made several substitute appearances. He went on to make further appearances for the England U21 squad, for whom he was eligible to play until the end of the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, where he made three appearances. However, he has neither started nor scored for the England senior team since his debut.

Personal life
Richardson is married to Natalie with whom he has two daughters, and who was the catalyst for him becoming a born again Christian. In 2007 he said, "I just want to praise Jesus Christ and go to heaven. That's all I care about".

International

 * Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Richardson goal.

Honours
Manchester United Youth
 * FA Youth Cup: 2002–03

Manchester United
 * Premier League: 2006–07
 * Football League Cup: 2005–06
 * FA Community Shield: 2003

Aston Villa
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2014–15

title: Kieran Richardson


text:
Face (disambiguation)

The face is a part of the body, the front of the head.

Face may also refer to:

Generic meanings

 * Face (geometry), a flat (planar) surface that forms part of the boundary of a solid object
 * Face (hieroglyph), a portrayal of the human face, frontal view.
 * Face (mining), the surface where the mining work is advancing
 * Face (sociological concept), dignity or prestige in social relations
 * Face (graph theory)
 * Clock face
 * Rock face, a cliff or vertical surface on a large rock or mountain, especially a pyramidal peak
 * Typeface in typography

Books and publications

 * Face (novel), a novel by Benjamin Zephaniah
 * The Face (Vance novel), a 1979 science fiction novel by Jack Vance
 * The Face (Koontz novel), a 2003 novel by Dean Koontz
 * The Face (Whitaker novel), a 2002 novel by Phil Whitaker
 * The Face (magazine), a British music, fashion, and culture magazine
 * The Face, a novel by Angela Elwell Hunt
 * The Face (comics), a 1940s Columbia Comics superhero

Films

 * The Magician (1958 film) or The Face
 * The Face (1996 film), an American television film
 * Face (1997 film), a British crime drama by Antonia Bird
 * Face (2000 film), a Japanese dark comedy by Junji Sakamoto and starring Naomi Fujiyama
 * Face (2002 film), an American drama by Bertha Bay-Sa Pan and starring Bai Ling
 * Face (2004 film), a Korean horror film by Yoo Sang-gon
 * Face (2009 film), a Taiwanese-French comedy-drama by Tsai Ming-liang
 * FACE Film Award of the Council of Europe, a human-rights award bestowed at the Istanbul International Film Festival

Television

 * The Face (TV series), a multinational reality modeling-themed show
 * The Face (American TV series), the original series
 * The Face (Australian TV series)
 * The Face Thailand
 * The Face (British TV series)
 * The Face (Vietnamese TV series)
 * "Face" (Ghost in the Shell episode)
 * Face (Nick Jr. mascot)
 * Templeton Peck or Face, a character in The A-Team

Performers

 * Face (a cappella group), an American rock a cappella group
 * The Face (band), a Chinese rock band formed in 1989
 * Face (musician), a member of So Solid Crew
 * Face (rapper) (born 1997), Russian rapper
 * David Morales or the Face (born 1961), American house music DJ and producer

Albums

 * Face (Of Cabbages and Kings album), 1988
 * Face (Key album), 2018
 * Face (Jimin album), 2023
 * Face, a 2006 album by Kenna
 * The Face: The Very Best of Visage, a 2010 album by Visage
 * Face (EP), a 2022 EP by Solar
 * The Face (album), a 2008 album by BoA
 * The Face (EP), a 2012 EP by Disclosure

Songs

 * "Face" (Brockhampton song)
 * "Face", a song by Got7 from 7 for 7
 * "Face", a song by Rick Ross (featuring Trina) from Deeper Than Rap
 * "Face", a song by Sevendust from Sevendust
 * "The Face", a 1990 song by And Why Not?
 * "The Face", ' a 1974 song by Gentle Giant from The Power and the Glory

Other

 * Chery A1 Chery Face, a compact car produced by Chery Automobile
 * The Face, the world's first-ever 8a+ graded rock climb by Jerry Moffatt
 * Face (professional wrestling), a hero character, meant to appeal to wrestling fans

Acronyms

 * FACE, Families Advocating for Campus Equality, a non-profit organization in the United States
 * Fellow of the Australian College of Educators
 * First Aid Convention Europe, a Red Cross event
 * Federal Agency for Civic Education, a German government agency
 * Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU, an advocacy group in the European Union
 * Femmes algériennes pour un changement vers l'égalité, an Algerian feminist group created during the 2019 Hirak protests
 * Fine Arts Core Education, a fine-arts school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 * Fondation Agir Contre l'Exclusion, a private foundation in France
 * Foundation for Arts, Culture and Education in Pakistan
 * Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, a biochemical technology
 * Free-air concentration enrichment, a technology to test the effect of rising CO2-levels on the production of plant biomass
 * Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, a federal law in the United States
 * Functional Analysis of Care Environments, a commercial tool for mental health risk assessment
 * Future Airborne Capability Environment, a standards-based computing environment for aviation platforms
 * FACE, a mnemonic for notes in the treble clef

People with the surname

 * Richard Face (1942–2023), Australian politician
 * Roy Face (born 1928), American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher

title: Face (disambiguation)


text:
User:Tex1337

About Me:
I am a resident of Kirkland, WA. I like computers, books, writing, Red vs. Blue, Halo, Halo2, Magic: The Gathering, chess, math, mood music, preferably Green Day, Sci-Fi TV shows, basketball, baseball, and loads of other stuff that I either can't think of right now or don't find significant enough to mention. My e-mail is atanas_kirilov@hotmail.com and i do have MSN Messenger. My RvB username (if anyone cares) is RVB_Tex.

Links:
Red vs. Blue Halo (duh) Magic Card Maker Magic

title: User:Tex1337


text:
Talk:Hydrogen bombs

Is there a reason that this redirects to nuclear weapon, rather than to hydrogen bomb? This is a plural form of "hydrogen bomb", so it seems like it would carry much more information to link it directly to hydrogen bomb, rather than using "nuclear weapon" simply because "hydrogen bomb" doesn't currently have a page. But I'd heard something about wanting to avoid multiple redirects, so I thought I'd ask before changing it.

Thanks, -- Creidieki 00:38, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hydrogen bombs


text:
User:KHM03

 R  E   T   I   R   E   D

This user is no longer active on Wikipedia.

This user was active beginning in January 2005 as an unregistered user (207.255.120.98);
 * the user registered a username in February 2005.

This user ceased activity on Wikipedia in April 2006.

title: User:KHM03


text: User talk:24.176.84.131

title: User talk:24.176.84.131


text:
Convertible arbitrage

Convertible arbitrage is a market-neutral investment strategy often employed by hedge funds. It involves the simultaneous purchase of convertible securities and the short sale of the same issuer's common stock.

The premise of the strategy is that the convertible is sometimes priced inefficiently relative to the underlying stock, for reasons that range from illiquidity to market psychology. In particular, the equity option embedded in the convertible bond may be a source of cheap volatility, which convertible arbitrageurs can then exploit.

The number of shares sold short usually reflects a delta-neutral or market-neutral ratio. As a result, under normal market conditions, the arbitrageur expects the combined position to be insensitive to small fluctuations in the price of the underlying stock. However, maintaining a market-neutral position may require rebalancing transactions, a process called dynamic delta hedging. This rebalancing adds to the return of convertible arbitrage strategies.

Risks
As with most successful arbitrage strategies, convertible arbitrage has attracted a large number of market participants, creating intense competition and reducing the effectiveness of the strategy. For example, many convertible arbitrageurs suffered losses in early 2005 when the credit of General Motors was downgraded at the same time Kirk Kerkorian was making an offer for GM's stock. Since most arbitrageurs were long GM debt and short the equity, they were hurt on both sides. Going back a lot further, many such "arbs" sustained big losses in the so-called "crash of '87". In theory, when a stock declines, the associated convertible bond will decline less, because it is protected by its value as a fixed-income instrument: it pays interest periodically. In the 1987 stock market crash, however, many convertible bonds declined more than the stocks into which they were convertible, apparently for liquidity reasons, with the market for the stocks being much more liquid than the relatively small market for the bonds. Arbitrageurs who relied on the traditional relationship between stock and bond gained less from their short stock positions than they lost on their long bond positions.

Controversy
In the past, most people in the market believed that convertible bond arbitrage was mainly due to convertible underpricing. However, recent studies find empirical evidence that convertible bonds usually generate relatively large positive gammas that can make delta-neutral portfolios highly profitable. Other research suggests that arbitrageurs in general take advantage of illiquidity and higher volatility.

title: Convertible arbitrage


text:
Facet (disambiguation)

A facet is a flat surface of a geometric shape, e.g., of a cut gemstone.

Facet may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Facets (album), an album by Jim Croce
 * Facets, a 1980 album by jazz pianist Monty Alexander and his trio
 * "Facets" (DS9 episode), an episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 * FACETS, a scholarly journal published by Canadian Science Publishing

Biology and healthcare

 * Facet (psychology), a component of a personality trait
 * Facet, a part of a compound eye
 * Facet joint, or zygapophyseal joint, a type (zygapophyseal) of vertebral joint
 * FACETS ("Fast Analog Computing with Emerging Transient States"), a neuroscience project

Other uses

 * Facet (geometry), the formalization of the same notion
 * Facets Multi-Media, a Chicago-area non-profit arts organization
 * Facet theory, a metatheory for the behavioral sciences

title: Facet (disambiguation)


text:
User:Phlebas

Member since February 9, 2005. /sandbox

About Phlebas
I'm a biologist (KUL) living in Leuven, Belgium.

POV warning

I strongly dislike new age, pseudoscience and other general stupidity. Politically, I'm green-socialist.

Contribs

 * editcount
 * 100
 * 500
 * 1000
 * 2000

Bookmarks

 * Category:Biology_stubs

 * Wikiportal/Biology

 * Template:Wikiportal:Biology/Projects

 * WikiProject_Tree_of_Life

 * Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tree of Life/Taxobox Usage

 * Wikipedia_talk:Template_messages/Stubs

nl:Gebruiker:Adson

title: User:Phlebas


text:
Little Torch Key

Little Torch Key is an island in the lower Florida Keys.

U.S. Route 1 (also known as the Overseas Highway), crosses the key at about mile markers 28–29. It is immediately preceded to the northeast by Big Pine Key, and is followed by Middle Torch Key to the southwest.

A small island 24 mi from Key West, Little Torch Key is home primarily to locals, living and working from Big Pine Key to Key West. The island is also host to visitors who don't mind a commute to the popular destination of Key West. There are a few, but not many businesses on the island, including restaurants and lodging.

Like all of the keys in the Torch Keys, this key was probably named for the native torchwood tree, Amyris elemifera L. The north end of the key is the site of a former settlement which was abandoned in 1938 when the highway was relocated.

Its most likely claim to fame is as a relatively frequent fishing destination for U.S. President Harry S. Truman. A Reuters story on February 14, 2009, named a resort there as one of the "Top 10 most romantic retreats".

Etymology
Little Torch Key was named after the torchwood tree and is just south of Big Pine Key.

title: Little Torch Key


text:
Chris Eagles

Christopher Mark Eagles (born 19 November 1985) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger.

After coming through the youth system at Watford, he began his professional career with Manchester United. He was unable to break into the first-team regularly. He played 17 times for United, including in the 2004 and 2007 FA Community Shield matches. He had two loan spells back at Watford, as well as with Sheffield Wednesday and Dutch club NEC Nijmegen, before a permanent move to Burnley for a £1.2 million fee in July 2008. He spent three seasons with the club, helping them to win promotion out of the Championship in 2009. He was sold on to Bolton Wanderers in July 2011, where he stayed for another three seasons. He went on to have brief spells with Blackpool, Charlton Athletic, Bury, Accrington Stanley, Port Vale and Ross County. He joined Oldham Athletic in July 2019 after spending more than a year away from the game before leaving his contract early in January 2020.

Career
Eagles was born in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, and was a season ticket holder at Tottenham Hotspur, whom he went to see with his family. Originally coming through the youth system at Watford, Eagles left when he was 14 to join the Manchester United academy. The compensation owed to Watford for this move would later form part of the package, which took Danny Webber in the opposite direction.

Manchester United
Eagles made his first-team debut for Manchester United on 28 October 2003 as a second-half substitute for Kieran Richardson in an extra time win away to Leeds United in the League Cup. He played once more that season, this time as a substitute for Cristiano Ronaldo as United lost 2–0 away to West Bromwich Albion in the Fourth Round of the League Cup. His performances saw him nominated for the new League Cup talent award, awarded to the young player judged to have made the best first-team breakthrough in the competition. He played in the 2004 FA Community Shield, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute in a 3–1 defeat by Arsenal at the Millennium Stadium.

Eagles was loaned out to Watford on 21 January 2005. He scored his first goal in senior football in a 2–0 win over Gillingham at Vicarage Road on 5 February. He made 13 Championship appearances for the "Hornets", and manager Ray Lewington said that: "he is an exciting player and has done very well". He was also loaned to Sheffield Wednesday for the first half of the 2005–06 season. Manager Paul Sturrock stated that: "Sir Alex said to me that he wants this player to play in front of big crowds and see how he handles it". He scored his first goal for the "Owls" in a 1–0 victory over Leeds United at Hillsborough on 13 September. He ended his loan spell at Wednesday with three goals in 25 appearances. On 6 January 2006, Eagles returned on loan to Aidy Boothroyd's Watford. He scored the only goal of the match against Stoke City in the first league appearance of his second loan spell at Watford. He scored the winning goal in the 1–0 away win at Brighton & Hove Albion on 18 February from 50 yd (almost the halfway line), which won him the club's goal of the season award. Watford reached the 2006 Championship play-off final, and Eagles was an unused substitute as they secured promotion to the Premier League with a 3–0 win over Leeds United.

On 31 August 2006, Eagles agreed to spend four months on loan at Dutch Eredivisie side NEC Nijmegen to gain more experience. He decided to take the option of returning to Old Trafford on 21 December after struggling to get many games at the Stadion de Goffert. On 13 March, Eagles featured in the second half for United in the UEFA Celebration Match exhibition game at Old Trafford against Marcello Lippi's Europe XI. On 28 April, Eagles scored his first senior goal for United in a 4–2 Premier League win over Everton; after coming on as a second-half substitute, he scored a 93rd-minute goal to put the result beyond doubt as United went five points clear in their race for the Premier League title. He was an unused substitute in the 2007 FA Community Shield, as United beat Chelsea on penalties following a 1–1 draw.

Burnley

In July 2008, Eagles signed for Burnley on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. The London Evening Standard reported that the fee was £1.2 million, of which £200,000 would go to Watford as part of a sell-on clause. Manager Owen Coyle said: "He can play as a striker, or behind the striker or wide or as a central midfielder. He gives you a host of variations, but outwith that he's a talented footballer and that's what we want – young exciting talents to complement the quality we already have." Eagles made his league debut for Burnley on 9 August in a 4–1 loss to Sheffield Wednesday. On 27 September, he scored his first goal for Burnley in a 3–1 victory over rivals Preston North End. He was nominated for the Championship Player of the Month award for November, losing out to Chris Iwelumo. He ended the 2008–09 season with eight goals in 57 league and cup appearances, and came on as a 69th-minute substitute for Robbie Blake as Burnley beat Sheffield United 1–0 in the Championship play-off final at Wembley Stadium.

He scored two goals in 34 Premier League games in the 2009–10 campaign as Burnley were relegated in 18th-place. In July 2010, the "Clarets" accepted a bid from Scottish champions Rangers to buy Eagles, but the player was unable to agree terms with the Scottish club and remained in England. He agreed a new two-year contract with Burnley the following month. In October 2010, manager Brian Laws said that Eagles was "unplayable" and in "absolutely magnificent form" after scoring five goals in the space of four games. Eagles went on to score 15 goals in 48 appearances for Burnley in the 2010–11 season, and newly appointed manager Eddie Howe was reported to have planned to build his team around Eagles.

Bolton Wanderers
In July 2011, Eagles and his Burnley teammate Tyrone Mears joined Bolton Wanderers on a three-year contract for a joint fee in the region of £3 million, linking up with their ex-manager Owen Coyle for the second time in their careers. He made his debut in a 4–0 away win at Queens Park Rangers on 13 August, where he created an assist for the second goal put in his own net by Danny Gabbidon. On 20 September, he scored his first goal for the "Trotters", from 25 yd, in the League Cup Third Round 2–0 away win against Aston Villa. He also scored a brace in a 5–0 win over Stoke City at the Reebok Stadium on 6 November. He found himself out of the starting line-up for a short time due to Tuncay Şanlı being in form, but he came back to the starting line-up on 21 April, where he scored in a 1–1 draw at home to Swansea City. At the end of the season, Bolton were relegated to the Championship.

The fans named Eagles Player of the Month for August, September and October of the new season. He finished the 2012–13 season as Bolton's top goalscorer with twelve goals, and also created the most, with twelve assists. His form in April earned him a nomination for the Championship Player of the Month award.

He played just 18 games in the 2013–14 season and was released by the club in May 2014. Shortly after his release from Bolton, he explained that he was disappointed at aspects of his departure. Still, he admired the club's supporters and the town. In July 2014, Eagles was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Bolton for his services to sport. He later blamed manager Dougie Freedman for his exit, saying "I didn't like him and I didn't like the way he managed. He showed me no respect".

Later career
On 18 November 2014, Eagles joined Blackpool on a short-term contract until January 2015. He played seven games for the "Tangerines", but left Bloomfield Road at the expiry of his contract despite both he and manager Lee Clark reportedly being keen to extend his stay at the club. Eagles signed for Charlton Athletic on 19 February 2015 on a free transfer until the end of the 2014–15 season. He scored on his Charlton debut, as the "Addicks" won 3–0 away at Wigan Athletic; manager Guy Luzon said that "he played well for his first time". He left The Valley at the expiry of his contract in May 2015.

Eagles had trials with Preston North End, Wigan Athletic, and Coventry City before joining League One club Bury in October 2015 on a contract until the end of the 2015–16 season. However, four months later he was sent to train with Ryan Kidd and the youth team by manager David Flitcroft, who deemed him not fit enough to train with the first-team. He was released in the summer and signed with John Coleman's League Two side Accrington Stanley in August 2016. The following month he agreed to stay at the Crown Ground until January after settling in well at the club.

He joined League One side Port Vale on a short-term contract after impressing manager Michael Brown during a trial game in January 2017. After initially being used out wide, he was moved to a number 10 role and scored in consecutive games against Southend United and Swindon Town to pick up important points for Vale's relegation battle. He won a place on the EFL Team of the Week after picking up an assist and a goal in a 2–0 win over AFC Wimbledon at Vale Park on 1 April. He also scored the only goal of the penultimate game of the season against Walsall on 25 April to take the "Valiants" ultimately unsuccessful battle against relegation to the last day of the 2016–17 season; the strike won him the club's Goal of the Season award. He left the club at the end of the season, but returned to train at Vale Park in November 2017 after new manager Neil Aspin offered him a contract, which Eagles rejected.

On 23 November 2017, Eagles signed for Scottish Premiership club Ross County until the end of the 2017–18 season, reuniting with former manager Owen Coyle at the Scottish Premiership club. Eagles left Ross County by mutual consent on 4 April, a month after Coyle had resigned as manager.

After spending 15 months as a free agent, Eagles returned to League Two on 27 July 2019 after signing a one-year deal with Oldham Athletic, with the option of a further year. However, he departed Boundary Park on 6 January 2020 after agreeing to a mutual termination of his contract.

On 14 November 2021, Eagles played in a charity match as part of a team of Bolton Wanderers Legends against the current Bolton first-team, with the match helping to raise money for the mother of Bolton player Gethin Jones, who had been diagnosed with Motor neuron disease. The Bolton first team won 7–4, with Eagles scoring twice for the Legends team.

Style of play
Eagles was a winger, though he could also play as an attacking midfielder. Writing for The Guardian in December 2008, Steve Claridge reported that Eagles "is a natural footballer who makes the difficult things look easy", boasting natural ability and composure, as well as good distribution skills; he did however, criticize his tactical discipline and defensive work rate. Former Bury teammate Tom Pope said that: his "technique was frighteningly good – that was his ability on the ball, dribbling and his awareness of players around him".

Personal life
Eagles joined Alcoholics Anonymous in September 2021 after being found by police while drunk in charge of a vehicle outside the home of ex-girlfriend Jennifer Metcalfe; he was banned from driving for three months and fined £1,250. He had recently split from his fiancée, Danielle Mitchinson, with whom he had two children during an eight-year relationship.

Honours
Manchester United
 * FA Community Shield: 2007

Watford
 * Football League Championship play-offs: 2006

Burnley
 * Football League Championship play-offs: 2009

title: Chris Eagles


text:
User:Lydia Tseng

hehehe.... smile~Jesus loves you and I love you, too!!^+++++++^

title: User:Lydia Tseng


text: User talk:69.250.159.117

title: User talk:69.250.159.117


text: User talk:66.180.132.130

title: User talk:66.180.132.130


text:
Robinson R44

The Robinson R44 is a four-seat light helicopter produced by Robinson Helicopter Company since 1992. Derived from the company's two-seat Robinson R22, the R44 features hydraulically assisted flight controls and a larger engine. It was first flown on 31 March 1990 and received FAA certification in December 1992, with the first delivery in February 1993.

The R44 has been the world's best-selling general aviation (GA) helicopter every year since 1999. It is one of the most-produced GA aircraft of the 21st century, with 5,941 deliveries from 2001 to 2020.

Design
The R44 is a single-engined helicopter with a semi-rigid two-bladed main rotor, a two-bladed tail rotor and a skid landing gear. It has an enclosed cabin with two rows of side-by-side seating for a pilot and three passengers. Tail rotor direction of rotation on the R44 is reversed compared to the R22 for improved yaw control authority. On the R44 the advancing blade is on the bottom.

Development
Designed during the 1980s by Frank Robinson and his staff of engineers, the R44 first flew on 31 March 1990. The R44 Astro was awarded an FAA Type Certificate in December 1992, with the first deliveries taking place in January 1993. The first R44 Newscopter featuring onboard electronic news gathering equipment was delivered in 1998. In January 2000, Robinson introduced the Raven with hydraulically assisted controls and adjustable pedals. In July 2002, Robinson introduced the Raven II featuring a more powerful, fuel-injected engine and wider blades, allowing a higher gross weight and improved altitude performance.

During November 2015 Robinson announced the Cadet, a Raven I with a cargo area instead of the two back seats, a slightly less powerful engine and a more efficient muffler.

Robinson has carried out ground run testing with an aircraft diesel engine that could replace its Lycoming IO-540 avgas engine. The diesel could provide better altitude performance, a fuel burn reduced from 16 to 12 USgal per hour and better fuel availability with no lead pollution.

Ground Handling
R44’s are equipped with wheel mounts toward the rear of the skids, one on each side, for attachment of removable wheels. The wheels must be removed prior to flight. These brackets are slightly behind the helicopter center of gravity so when the wheels are installed, the helicopter sits nose low. The wheel assembly has a pivot pin which is inserted into the skid-mounted bracket and then rotated over center to lift the rear of the skids about 2 inches leaving the front of the skids on the ground. The helicopter can be moved by pulling down on the tail to lift the front of the skids off the ground. Because of the size and weight of the R44 and the height of the tail from the ground, as compared to the R22, it is extremely difficult if not impossible for a single person to move the helicopter this way. Another person can help by pushing on the bracing behind the engine.

R44’s with fixed floats or deployed pop-out emergency floats must have wheels installed under the skids as the bracket is not accessible.

All models and years of the R44 include a ¾” diameter tow ball mounted on the bottom of the fuselage, near the front and offset slightly to the left. A tow cart or tug can be engaged with the ball and then used to lift the front of the helicopter to clear the skids from the ground after the wheels are installed and rotated to lift the rear of the skids. This makes it possible for a single person to move the helicopter, even over significant distances or not-level surfaces.

Tow carts are available with a variety of features. There exist manual versions which place the ball mating device behind the wheels so the operator engages the ball then pushes down on the handle to lift the nose. Others provide a repurposed car-style hydraulic jack or an electric jack to lift the nose.

Tow carts are available with no motive power, a gas engine or one or two electric motors operated from one or two batteries. Some of the non-powered tow carts are set up to be towed such as behind a golf cart or quad cycle. One manufacturer offered a modified pallet jack.

The other option for ground handling is a landing platform which is large enough for the helicopter to safely land on, has wheels underneath and can be towed between the hangar and take-off location. These are heavy and must be towed with a vehicle. Platforms are commonly used with R44’s.

Operational history
In 1997, a Robinson R44 was piloted by Jennifer Murray for the first helicopter circumnavigation of the world by a woman, covering a distance of 36,000 miles in 97 days. , an R44 holds the piston speed record of 123 knots (141 mph or 227 km/h).

Civilian operators
The aircraft is operated by many private individuals, companies and flying clubs. It is also a popular choice for law enforcement agencies.

Flight Schools
R-44 Raven and Cadet models are also widely used for flight training in the US, because of their simplicity and functionality. Collegiate flight programs such as Southern Utah University, Embry Riddle, and University of North Dakota utilize these aircraft for training students in their Rotor Wing programs.

Military and government operators

 * Bolivian Air Force
 * Dominican Republic Army
 * Estonian Air Force
 * Royal Jordanian Air Force
 * Lebanese Air Force
 * Estonian Air Force
 * Royal Jordanian Air Force
 * Lebanese Air Force
 * Lebanese Air Force
 * Lebanese Air Force
 * Mexican Navy
 * Nicaraguan Air Force
 * Peruvian Army
 * $\phi$
 * Philippine National Police
 * Philippine Navy
 * Air ambulances in Poland (crew training purpose)
 * Forest Protection Service
 * South African Police Service Air Wing
 * Air ambulances in Poland (crew training purpose)
 * Forest Protection Service
 * South African Police Service Air Wing
 * Forest Protection Service
 * South African Police Service Air Wing
 * South African Police Service Air Wing
 * Royal Thai Army
 * Alaska State Troopers
 * Police of Uruguay
 * Alaska State Troopers
 * Police of Uruguay
 * Police of Uruguay

Fuel tanks
The R44 was found to be prone to post-accident fires due to damage to the aluminum fuel tanks, allowing fuel to leak out. In 2009, the company began installing bladder-type fuel tanks in all new R44 helicopters. It also issued Service Bulletin SB-78 on 20 December 2010, requiring R44 helicopters with all-aluminum fuel tanks to be retrofitted with bladder-type tanks to "improve the R44's fuel system's resistance to a post-accident fuel leak." The company recommended that the change should be done as soon as practical, but no later than 31 December 2014. The compliance date was later moved to 30 April 2013.

An accident investigation by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) in March 2013 found, after analyzing historical data, that a significantly higher proportion of R44 aircraft (12%) caught fire after crashing, compared to accidents involving other types of piston-engine helicopters (7%). Preliminary analysis by the ATSB of the NTSB's accident database found a similar statistic, with 15% of accidents in the US involving R44 helicopters having post-crash fires.

Although the data did not consider which type of fuel tanks were fitted, the report mentioned four fatal accidents to the R44 fitted with bladder-type tanks, but as far as they knew, did not involve a post-accident fire. The ATSB recommended that the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) take further action to urge R44 owners to fit bladder-type tanks. The FAA, the governing body in the country of manufacture whose directives would normally be followed in other countries like Australia, had not mandated the retrofit; CASA therefore issued Australian-specific airworthiness directive AD/R44/23, grounding R44 aircraft on 30 April 2013 that had not yet been upgraded.

Rotor failures
On 19 February 2015, the New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority issued an Airworthiness Directive grounding 80 of the country's R44 helicopters after two people were killed in an accident traced to a particular type of main rotor blade, the P/N C016-7 or Dash 7, which a preliminary investigation determined had failed in flight. It was the second failure or partial failure in two months. This was the largest-scale grounding of any aircraft in New Zealand's history. The CAA determined through laboratory tests that the rotor blade had failed due to overload during the crash and was not the cause of the accident and the fleet was ungrounded on 24 February 2015. The CAA left the Airworthiness Directive requiring repetitive inspections in place, however. Director of Civil Aviation Graeme Harris stated, "We don't want to see any complacency amongst operators as there is still a concern with these blades and we are waiting on test results from the USA before we review the Airworthiness notice." Following the grounding in New Zealand, Australia's Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) also grounded R44 helicopters with the same rotor blades.

Former president of Chile
On 6 February 2024 an R44 helicopter crashed into Ranco Lake near Lago Ranco, Los Ríos Region (English: Rivers Region), Chile. 3 of the 4 occupants survived, with the fatal victim being the ex-President of Chile Sebastián Piñera who was also the pilot of the accident helicopter.

title: Robinson R44


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Grandaddy

Grandaddy is an American indie rock band from Modesto, California. The group was formed in 1992, and featured Jason Lytle, Aaron Burtch, Jim Fairchild, Kevin Garcia and Tim Dryden, until Garcia's death in 2017 following a stroke.

After several self-released records and cassettes, the band signed to Will Records in the US and later the V2 Records subsidiary Big Cat Records in the UK, going on to sign an exclusive deal with V2. The bulk of the band's recorded output was the work of Lytle, who worked primarily in home studios.

Grandaddy released four studio albums before splitting in 2006, with band members going on to solo careers and other projects. Grandaddy reformed in 2012, and after several successful tours, released its fifth studio album, Last Place, in March 2017. Following Garcia's sudden death, the band cancelled its touring plans for the release and re-entered an extended hiatus.

In 2024, Lytle revived the Grandaddy name to release the project's sixth studio album, Blu Wav.

1992–1997: Formation and early independent releases
Grandaddy was formed in 1992 by singer, guitarist and keyboardist Jason Lytle, bassist Kevin Garcia and drummer Aaron Burtch. The group was initially influenced by US punk bands such as Suicidal Tendencies, Fear and Bad Brains. Lytle has also cited new wave influences including A Flock of Seagulls, Thompson Twins, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), the Human League, Thomas Dolby, Depeche Mode and a-ha. A former professional skateboarder, Lytle had turned to music after a knee injury forced him to stop skating. He began working at a sewage treatment plant to fund the purchase of music equipment. Several of the band's early live performances were at skateboarding competitions.

The band members constructed a studio at the Lytle family home, and their first release, also in 1992, was the self-produced cassette Prepare to Bawl. This was followed in April 1994 by a second cassette titled Complex Party Come Along Theories. The singles "Could This Be Love" and "Taster" were released later that year. The guitarist Jim Fairchild and the keyboardist Tim Dryden joined the band in 1995. Fairchild, who left another band to join Grandaddy, was another former professional skateboarder and had already guested with them; Dryden had been Fairchild's "jam-buddy". A third cassette, Don't Sock the Tryer, was withdrawn, and the band instead released their debut mini-album A Pretty Mess by This One Band in April 1996 on the Seattle-based Will label.

In 1997 they released their debut full-length album Under the Western Freeway through Will, and, with the help of Howe Gelb, signed a UK deal with Big Cat Records – by then a subsidiary of Richard Branson's V2 Records – who reissued the album the following year. The album included the single "A.M. 180", which was featured during a sequence in the 2002 British film 28 Days Later. It was also used for the theme song for the BBC Four television series Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe (9 years later, Screenwipe debuted in 2006), and in an advertisement for Colin Murray's BBC Radio 1 show. "A.M. 180" was also used in television commercials for the Dodge Journey automobile. One of the album's singles, "Summer Here Kids", was rated as "Single of the Week" by popular British music magazine NME, and was also used as the theme music for another Charlie Brooker-fronted show, BBC Radio 4's So Wrong It's Right. The album led to an increase in the band's popularity in Europe, and a main stage performance at the Reading Festival in 1998. The album was only a success in the US when later reissued by V2. With the band busy touring in 1999, their next release was the compilation The Broken Down Comforter Collection.

1998–2005: V2 record deal and mainstream success
Unhappy with the efforts of Will Records, the band signed a worldwide deal with V2 Records in 1999, their first release on the label being the Signal to Snow Ratio EP in September that year. In May 2000 they released their second album, The Sophtware Slump, to critical acclaim. NME later placed it at number 34 in their "Top 100 Greatest Albums of the Decade", and The Independent described it as "easily the equal of OK Computer". The album reached number 36 on the UK Albums Chart, and the band's fanbase increased, including celebrities such as David Bowie, Kate Moss and Liv Tyler. By early 2001 the album had sold 80,000 copies worldwide. The first single from the album, "The Crystal Lake", became the band's first UK top 40 single when it was reissued in 2001.

Around the time that The Sophtware Slump was released, Grandaddy was invited to open for Elliott Smith on his tour for Figure 8. On some nights, Smith would join Grandaddy onstage and sing lead vocals on portions of "He's Simple, He's Dumb, He's the Pilot". The band later opened for Coldplay on their US tour in mid-2001. Also in 2001, the band's version of The Beatles' "Revolution" was used in the film I Am Sam.

On December 20, 2002, Grandaddy released The Ham and Its Lily under the alias Arm of Roger via their private label Sweat of the Alps. The songs were recorded prior to the release of the Signal to Snow Ratio EP, and were initially created as a prank on their record label: the band initially submitted The Ham and Its Lily to V2 executives as a practical joke. The album was sold at their concerts during 2003, and in 2015 reissued on vinyl and cassette by PIAPTK/Soiled Gold Records.

Their third album, Sumday, recorded in Lytle's home studio, was released in 2003. The band promoted it with a pre-release US tour with Pete Yorn followed by a three-week European tour (including a performance at the Glastonbury Festival) and a larger US tour. Lytle described the album as "Grandaddy influenced by Grandaddy ... the ultimate Grandaddy record".

In 2004 and 2005 Lytle recorded Just Like the Fambly Cat, which was released as a Grandaddy album, although by then the band had decided to split up. The title is a reference to Lytle's desire to leave Modesto, a town which he complained "sucks out people's souls". Lytle created the album over a year and a half in his home studio in Modesto, "fueled by alcohol, painkillers for his body aches and ... recreational drugs", with only Burtch from the remainder of the band playing on it. At the same time as working on the album, Lytle created the EP Excerpts From the Diary of Todd Zilla, which was released first.

2006–2011: Breakup and post-Grandaddy activities
In January 2006, after a meeting the previous month, Lytle announced that the band had decided to split up, citing the lack of financial income from being in the group. Just Like the Fambly Cat was released later that year as a farewell album. Lytle spoke to the NME:

"It was inevitable ... On one hand our stubbornness has paid off, but on the other hand refusing to buy into the way things are traditionally supposed to be done has made things worse for us ... The realistic part is it hasn't proved to be a huge money-making venture for a lot of guys in the band."

Lytle had called the meeting in a hotel in Modesto, and it was the first time the band had been in a room together for two years. The feeling at the meeting was described by Lytle as frustration, the result of a breakdown in communication among the band members. According to Lytle the decision was not a surprise:

"Everybody knew, but we needed to make it formal, we needed to make it official. We needed to pay some respects to what we've done, just make it real."

Lytle also stated that he was "burnt out on touring" and cited his fears over his drug and alcohol problems as a factor in the band's split, and in 2009 he expressed his preference for being solo, saying that he was "a bit of a loner", and, referring to his former bandmates, stated: "The main thing is not having four girlfriends to lug around with me all the time."

Lytle regarded Just Like the Fambly Cat as a "pretty fitting" last stop for Grandaddy; however, he continued to make music and perform solo, and worked with M. Ward on Hold Time. In 2009 Lytle moved from Modesto to Montana, and released his first solo album Yours Truly, the Commuter. In late 2009 Lytle and former Grandaddy drummer Aaron Burtch joined Aaron Espinoza and Ariana Murray of Earlimart to form the band Admiral Radley. Admiral Radley's debut album I Heart California was released on July 13, 2010 via Espinoza's label The Ship. In 2011 Burtch played in a band called The Good Luck Thrift Store Outfit. Lytle's second solo album, Dept. of Disappearance, was released in 2012.

Jim Fairchild's first solo album, Ten Readings of a Warning, was released in April 2007 on Dangerbird Records, under the name All Smiles. A second All Smiles album, Oh for the Getting and Not Letting Go, was released on June 30, 2009. In 2010, he was selected to lead a project at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and in 2011 he released his third All Smiles album, Staylow and Mighty. Fairchild has also played for the bands Giant Sand, Great Northern, Lackthereof and Modest Mouse, having first played guitar with the latter in 2005.

2012–2013: Reunion
In March 2012, it was announced that Grandaddy had reformed and were to play a limited number of shows, including London on September 4, and headlining the End of the Road Festival in the UK. Grandaddy also played San Francisco's Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival and Paris's Rock en Seine Festival in August 2012. On August 7, 2012, to kick off their reunion tour, they played a "secret" show at the Partisan venue in Merced, California, but were billed as "The Arm of Roger". The next day they played as Grandaddy at the Henry Miller Library, Big Sur.

Regarding the band's reunion, Lytle noted, "The bargain I made myself regarding the 'brief reunion and couple of shows' situation was that I wasn't gonna talk too much about it. I was just gonna stew on it, and then do it. That's the good thing about festivals. No need for me to sell anything here. Get in, rock out, get paid, get out. There are just going to be a few shows. Festival-type thingies. Perhaps the odd 'warm up gig' in someone's hair salon or something. Money was a motivating factor (resurfacing my indoor tennis court, oil change for my 4×4 Ferrari) but the idea of playing and hanging out with each other is something all of the guys are pretty stoked about."

Lytle later noted, "It was actually Jim [Fairchild]'s fault. He suggested that we consider playing some shows, and I went, 'No', [but] he convinced me it might be a good idea. We talked about it for a little while. I didn't think anyone else in the band would be into it, [and] he checked around and it turns out they were all enthusiastic. I think I was the last one to say yes. ... I was actually blown away that they even wanted to. Once I found that out, I said 'OK, let's start doing the work, figure out how to play the songs.' The weird moment was when he had the first rehearsal; I had no idea how it was going to turn out. After five days of playing together it actually sounded really good. It was too easy, and we were actually really having a good time together."

Lytle also noted that he was likely to record a new Grandaddy album, stating, "It's probably going to happen. ... If anyone knows anything about Grandaddy, they realise that my [solo] music and Grandaddy's music is slightly interchangeable. I think if I were to focus on making a Grandaddy record [it would be] a full-blown Grandaddy record, and I like the idea of that. I'd like to give it a shot." In early 2013, Lytle elaborated: "I love the idea of making another Grandaddy record, but I wouldn't want it hanging over my head like 'Okay, you made this record, now are you guys going to get out there and tour in support of it?' ... I'm hoping for this dream scenario where I can make Grandaddy records every so often and not have all this messy stuff that goes along with it. I already did that and it's just not appealing to me any more."

2014–2017: Last Place and the death of Kevin Garcia
From 2014 to 2015 Lytle produced the album Why Are You OK by Band of Horses, to which he contributed material; this collaboration also produced the single "Hang an Ornament", which was issued as the work of Grandaddy and Band of Horses. In September 2015 Lytle tweeted that the band was working on a "new GD LP", which was interpreted by the media as confirmation that a new Grandaddy album was being recorded. Following a second reunion tour in the summer of 2016, the band announced that a new album called Last Place would be released by Danger Mouse's 30th Century Records on March 3, 2017, and released a video featuring the actor Jason Ritter for the single "Way We Won't". In March 2017, Lytle said that he could "at least promise one more" Grandaddy album after Last Place, since it was the first of two that the band was contracted to create.

Kevin Garcia (born Kevin Michael Garcia on June 22, 1975 in San Jose, California) died on May 2, 2017, aged 41, one day after suffering a "massive stroke". He became a member of Grandaddy at the age of 15. Following his death, the band canceled all its planned live appearances. Two commemorative shows were planned in Modesto for October 2017 – the first was a scheduled date that had already sold out – but these were also canceled due to the band members' ongoing grief over Garcia's passing.

Minor activity during the rest of 2017 included the releases of a music video featuring the comedian Jonah Ray for the single "Brush with the Wild", taken from Last Place, and an EP of live and alternative versions of songs from Last Place titled Things Anyway. To commemorate its 20th anniversary in October 2017, the album Under the Western Freeway was reissued as a double vinyl LP that included eight demo tracks. In November 2018 a song titled "Bison on the Plains" was released: Lytle revealed that it had been written prior to the completion of Last Place.

2018–2023: Hiatus, archival releases and renewed activity
On August 28, 2020 it was announced that Grandaddy would release their 2000 album The Sophtware Slump in a 20th anniversary edition but with a twist—the whole album being performed by Jason Lytle with piano and no other instruments. The album was initially recorded during lockdown by Jason Lytle and was released in November 2020.

In October 2020, Lytle confirmed that he had plans to record a sixth (and possibly final) Grandaddy album: "I'm working on a solo LP, then I'm gonna do another Grandaddy record. I'm gonna go big on the Grandaddy; I want it to be this all-encompassing, cool send-off. I have life plans that don't involve playing live. I want to spend more time outdoors, off the grid." Lytle elaborated, suggesting that it might not be the project's final release: "I am just embarking on a new album of my own; it’s gonna be under my own name, but right after that I’m starting on a new, very big, comprehensive Grandaddy record; I’m not gonna call it the last [Grandaddy record], it’s gonna be the most comprehensive-sounding, and it’s gonna be tied in with a documentary."

In April 2022, Lytle and a group of French musicians embarked on a short tour of Europe under the name "Grandaddy and the Lost Machine Orchestra," playing the entirety of The Sophtware Slump.

On February 25, 2023, Lytle announced via Twitter in response to a fan that a new album had been recorded and would be released "in the middle of" that year."

On May 12 2023, Sumday: The Cassette Demos released, featuring demo versions of the songs off their 2003 album, Sumday. Merch related to the aforementioned album also released on their storefront at the same time.

2023–present: Blu Wav
On October 25, 2023, 'Watercooler', the lead single from their forthcoming album Blu Wav was released alongside a music video. Two months later, on December 1, 2023, 'Cabin in My Mind', the second single/music video from the album released.

Musical style and influences
Much of the band's music is characterized by Lytle's analog synthesizer and the fuzzy guitar, bass and drums of the rest of the band. The band has variously been described as "bittersweet indie space rock", "neo-psychedelic, blissed-out indie rock", "dreamy, spacey psychedelic pop",  and "an uneasy combination of warm, tactile guitars and affectless electronics". Jon Pareles of The New York Times described the band's songs as "stately anthems orchestrated with full late-psychedelic pomp: fuzz-toned guitar strumming, rippling keyboards, brawny drumbeats".

While the band's style has sometimes been described as alt country, in Lytle's view it is the sentiment of country music that the band embraced rather than the musical style. In their early days, the band's lo-fi sound was compared to Pavement. The band has also been compared to Radiohead (even described as "the next Radiohead" in 2001), Weezer, The Flaming Lips and Elliott Smith. With Sumday, the band was compared to the Electric Light Orchestra and The Alan Parsons Project.

Lytle has cited both The Beatles and E.L.O. as influences, stating in 2003: "I'm completely in tune with E.L.O. and Jeff Lynne – I know that guy like the back of my hand." He stated in 2009: "I think the majority of my musical influences were set in stone when I was five or six years old." Lytle's vocals have drawn comparisons with Neil Young.

Lyrical themes
Common lyrical themes include technology and a resistance to change. Adrien Begrand, writing for PopMatters, described the lyrics on The Sophtware Slump as "one's attempt to transcend the glut of technology in today's urban lifestyle, in search of something more real, more natural, more pastoral". Ben Sisario of The New York Times stated that the band "provided the soundtrack to dot-com-era alienation, singing in a cracked yet still innocent voice of life spent staring into a computer screen". Ross Raihala, reviewing Sumday for Spin, identified what he called Lytle's "geeky identification with technology". On The Sophtware Slump, CMJ writer Richard A. Martin commented on Lytle's "sympathy for the lost souls and machines of the high-tech dot-com landscape". Lytle described his empathy with machines in 2003, stating "I find it easier dealing with certain things by living through inanimate objects" and how the song "I'm on Standby" is about Lytle relating to a mobile phone: "I was spending so much time learning the art of turning off, while still being 'on'".

Lytle said of the tracks on Excerpts from the Diary of Todd Zilla: "For some reason, they are tied together by the idea of being fed up with your environment." He stated in 2001: "I have a growing appreciation for that which is simple and natural. I get that from the outdoors, and seeing the accumulation of clutter and waste and not being too happy about it."

There is also much humor in Lytle's songwriting, including the band's promotional Christmas single released in 2000, "Alan Parsons in a Winter Wonderland", which was also included on the charity compilation It's a Cool Cool Christmas, described by AllMusic 's Tim DiGravina as possibly "the funniest song from 2000".

Recording techniques
The band's releases were generally recorded and mixed in makeshift studios based in homes, garages and warehouses, although the last two albums were mixed in a dedicated facility. Although live performances used a full band, much of the recordings were done by Lytle alone using analog recorders and Pro Tools. He recorded basic drum tracks in a soundproofed room and overdubbed cymbals and tom toms. He recorded his vocals close to the strings of a piano for what he described as a "ghostly effect".

Lytle described how the Grandaddy recordings became more of a solo effort, and the right conditions for recording:

"Earlier on I tried to include people as much as possible. Then I realised the magic is me really prying stuff out of my head and getting it on to tape, and that stuff doesn't happen unless I'm completely alone. Sometimes it's about the right amount of blood sugar, just slightly hungover. And I'm really affected by the weather. If it's too nice outside it's insane for me, the concept of being inside. Everybody talks about this whole technology versus nature thing and if it's anything that is it: look who my best friends are, a bunch of plastic and circuitry and electricity, when I should be running around getting chased by bumblebees."

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Under the Western Freeway (1997)
 * The Sophtware Slump (2000)
 * Sumday (2003)
 * Just Like the Fambly Cat (2006)
 * Last Place (2017)
 * Blu Wav (2024)

title: Grandaddy


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User:Billions

and billions and billions...

title: User:Billions


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ian Bone

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ian Bone
No evidence of notability. Delete.-gadfium 00:51, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nothing significant there. Zzyzx11 02:56, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not establish notability. Megan1967 03:23, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ...but the inbound link from Class War, a long article about the apparently highly notable national British anarchist group and newspaper Ian Bone founded in 1983, does. Keep and allow for at least organic expansion. Samaritan 05:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep per above. Kappa 07:19, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Based on the limited evidence I can find, his notability appears to be completely derivative of Class War. Unless substantially more encyclopedic content is available, redirect .  Rossami (talk) 23:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and unlink per Courtland's findings below. Rossami (talk) 02:29, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I would agree to keep based on the relationship to The Alarm, but I visited both their present and old websites and could find no mention of the putative founder Ian Bone, indicating that he was not notable enough to be mentioned (though several other people are mentioned) if in fact I've the right publication.  Also, there is the argument that this article should be kept on the basis of Ian Bone's involvement in the establishment of the Class War anarchist society.  I've found one web reference that would support this, a recopy of an Independent news article; I'm sending an email to the News Desk there to see if they can vouch for the veracity of this 1994 article.  In the absence of reference support, though, I'd suggest this article being deleted. Courtland 02:35, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:67.172.79.99

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User:Sassy27

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Sound TV

Sound TV was a free-to-air television channel following the tradition of the variety show, which has not been popular in Britain since the 1980s. It aspired to give television exposure to acts (young and old) unable to acquire airtime on other channels.

The managing director of the channel was comedian and folk singer Richard Digance. Chris Tarrant and Mike Osman were executives and associates and Cornish comedian Jethro was a director.

The channel was managed by Information TV, a factual channel which broadcast on the same frequency between midnight and 16:00. Sound TV's launch was delayed several times under its working title of The Great British Television Channel.

Opening night
19:00 Mike Osman, Richard Digance and Jethro discussed the vision for the new channel, such as an opportunity to give television exposure and breaks to new talent. Digance commented that they could not financially compete with ITV, and therefore could not afford lavish productions such as Live at Her Majesty's. They contrasted themselves to other television executives: if the turn didn't turn up, they said, then they themselves could do the gig. 19:30 Golden Moments 20:00 The New Variety Show — From Jethro's club in Devon 22:00 Inside the Comedy Mind — Alan King meets Robin Williams 23:00 Classic Concert — Johnny Dickinson

Closure
Richard Digance resigned from the board of directors in August following creative differences and the station went off air soon after (because of cashflow problems).

Administrators Portland Business Solutions were called in on 3 October 2005. The slot reverted to Information TV.

title: Sound TV