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Kermanshah

Kermanshah is a city in the Central District of Kermanshah province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. The city is 525 km from Tehran in the western part of the country. The 2016 National Census measured the population of the city as 946,651 (2021 estimate 1,047,000).

Population
At the time of the 2006 census, the city's population was 784,602 in 202,588 households. The following census in 2011 counted 851,405 people in 242,311 households.

The language of the native people in Kermanshah is South Kurdish, but the people of Kermanshah can also speak standard Persian. A minority in the city speak Kermanshahi Persian, a local dialect which differs from standard Persian. The city has the largest Kurdish population in Iran. Kermanshah has a moderate and mountainous climate. Most of the inhabitants of Kermanshah are Shia Muslims, but there are also Sunni Muslims, Christians, and followers of Yarsanism.

Etymology
"Kermanshah" derives from the Sasanian-era title Kirmanshah, which translates as "King of Kerman". Famously, this title was held by the son of Shapur III, Prince Bahram, who was bestowed with the title upon being appointed governor of the province of Kirman (present-day Kerman Province). Later, in 390, when he had already succeeded his father as Bahram IV Kirmanshah ((r. undefined – undefined)388–399), he founded the city and his title was applied to it, i.e. "(City of the) King of Kirman".

Prehistory

Because of its antiquity, attractive landscapes, rich culture and Neolithic villages, Kermanshah is considered one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, the Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some hand axes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in various parts of the province, especially in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht, Tang-e Malaverd and near Taq-e Bostan. Neanderthal Man existed in the Kermanshah region during this period and the only discovered skeletal remains of this early human in Iran was found in three caves and rock shelter situated in Kermanshah province. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Qobeh, Malaverd and Do-Ashkaft Cave. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining to Iran were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. In May 2009, based on a research conducted by the university of Hamadan and UCL, the head of Archeology Research Center of Iran's Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization announced that one of the oldest prehistoric village in the Middle East dating back to 9800 B.P. was discovered in Sahneh, located west of Kermanshah.

Remains of later village occupations and early Bronze Age are found in a number of mound sites in the city itself.

The city contains 4 archaeological mound sites: Chogha Kaboud, Chogha Golan, Morad Hasel, and Tappa Gawri.

Sassanid Kermanshah

In ancient Iranian mythology, construction of the city is attributed to Tahmuras, the third king of Pishdadian dynasty. It is believed that the Sassanids have constructed Kermanshah and Bahram IV (he was called Kermanshah, meaning king of Kerman) gave his name to this city.

It was a glorious city in Sassanid period about the 4th century AD when it became the capital city of Persian Empire and a significant health center serving as the summer resort for Sassanid kings. In AD 226, following a two-year war led by the Persian Emperor, Ardashir I, against "Kurdish" tribes in the region, the empire reinstated a local "Kurdish" prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. At the time, the term "Kurd" was used as a social term, designating Iranian nomads, rather than a concrete ethnic group. The word became an ethnic identity in the 12th and 13th century. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent kingdom lasting until AD 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.

Islamic era
Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in 629 AD. Under Seljuk rule in the eleventh century, it became the major cultural and commercial center in western Iran and the southern Kurdish-inhabited areas as a whole. It was sacked by the Mongols under Hulegu in 1257, shortly before the sack of Baghdad. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Ottomans during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797–1834). Kermanshah was occupied by Ottomans between 1723–1729 and 1731–1732.

Modern history
Occupied by the Imperial Russian army in 1914, followed by the Ottoman Army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917 when the British forces arrived there to expel the Ottomans. Kermanshah played an important role in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution during the Qajar dynasty period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi dynasty period. The city was harshly damaged during the Iran–Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not yet fully recovered.

Climate
Kermanshah has a climate which is heavily influenced by the proximity of the Zagros mountains, classified as a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) bordering on a humid continental climate (Dsa). The city's altitude and exposed location relative to westerly winds makes precipitation a little bit high (more than twice that of Tehran), but at the same time produces huge diurnal temperature swings especially in the virtually rainless summers, which remain extremely hot during the day. Kermanshah experiences rather cold winters and there are usually rainfalls in fall and spring. Snow cover is seen for at least a couple of weeks in winter.

Highest recorded temperature: 44.1 C on 13 July 1998 Lowest recorded temperature: -27.0 C on 6 February 1974

Main sights

Kermanshah sights include Kohneh Bridge, Behistun Inscription, Taghbostan, Temple of Anahita, Dinavar, Ganj Dareh, Essaqwand Rock Tombs, Sorkh Deh chamber tomb, Malek Tomb, Hulwan, Median dakhmeh (Darbad, Sahneh), Parav cave, Do-Ashkaft Cave, Tekyeh Moaven al-molk, Dokan Davood Inscription, Sar Pol-e-Zahab, Tagh e gara, Patagh pass, Sarab Niloufar, Ghoori Ghale Cave, Khajeh Barookh's House, Chiyajani Tappe, Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex, Emad al doleh Mosque, Tekyeh Biglarbeigi, Hunters cave, Jamé Mosque of Kermanshah, Godin Tepe, Bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia, and Anobanini bas relief.

Taq-e Bostan
Taghbostan is a series of large rock reliefs from the era of Sassanid Empire of Persia, the Iranian dynasty which ruled western Asia from 226 to 650 AD. This example of Sassanid art is located 5 km from the city center of Kermanshah in western Iran. It is located in the heart of the Zagros mountains, where it has endured almost 1,700 years of wind and rain.

The carvings, some of the finest and best-preserved examples of Persian sculpture under the Sassanids, include representations of the investitures of Ardashir II (379–383) and Shapur III (383–388). Like other Sassanid symbols, Taghbostan and its relief patterns accentuate power, religious tendencies, glory, honor, the vastness of the court, game and fighting spirit, festivity, joy, and rejoicing.

Sassanid kings chose a beautiful setting for their rock reliefs along an historic Silk Road caravan route waypoint and campground. The reliefs are adjacent a sacred spring that empties into a large reflecting pool at the base of a mountain cliff.

Taghbostan and its rock relief are one of the 30 surviving Sassanid relics of the Zagros Mountains. According to Arthur Pope, the founder of Iranian art and archeology Institute in the US, "art was characteristic of the Iranian people and the gift which they endowed the world with."

One of the most impressive reliefs inside the largest grotto or ivan is the gigantic equestrian figure of the Sassanid king Khosrow II (591-628 AD) mounted on his favorite charger, Shabdiz. Both horse and rider are arrayed in full battle armor. The arch rests on two columns that bear delicately carved patterns showing the tree of life or the sacred tree. Above the arch and located on two opposite sides are figures of two winged angels with diadems. A noticeable border with flower patterns has been intricately carved around the outer layer of the arch. These same patterns can be seen on the official costumes of Sassanid kings. Equestrian relief panel measured on 16.08.07 approx. 7.45 m across by 4.25 m high.

Behistun
The Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون; Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun.

The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Persian cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.

The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 meters wide, and 100 meters up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The Old Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines. The inscription was illustrated by a life-sized bas-relief of Darius, holding a bow as a sign of kingship, with his left foot on the chest of a figure lying on his back before him. The prostrate figure is reputed to be the pretender Gaumata. Darius is attended to the left by two servants, and ten one-metre figures stand to the right, with hands tied and rope around their necks, representing conquered peoples. Faravahar floats above, giving his blessing to the king. One figure appears to have been added after the others were completed, as was (oddly enough) Darius' beard, which is a separate block of stone attached with iron pins and lead.

Qajar dynasty monuments
During the Qajar dynasty (1794 to 1925), Kermanshah Bazaar, mosques and tekyehs such as Tekyeh Biglarbeygi and Moaven al-molk Mosque, and beautiful houses such as Khajeh Barookh's House were built.

Tekyeh Biglarbeygi is well known for unique mirror decoration. Tekyeh Biglarbeygi was made during Qajar dynasty by efforts of Abdullah khan Biglarbeygi.

Tekyeh Moaven al-molk is unique because it has many pictures on the walls that relate to shahnameh, despite some of its more religious ones.

Khajeh Barookh's House is located in the old district of Faizabad, a Jewish neighborhood of the city. It was built by a Jewish merchant of the Qajar period, named Barookh/Baruch. The house, an historical depiction of Iranian architecture, was renamed "Randeh-Kesh House", after the last owner, is a "daroongara"(inward oriented) house and is connected through a vestibule to the exterior yard and through a corridor to the interior yard. Surrounding the interior yard are rooms, brick pillars making the iwans(porches) of the house, and step-like column capitals decorated with brick-stalactite work. This house is among the rare Qajar houses with a private bathroom.

Bazaars
Kermanshah is home to at least one bazaar dating back to the Qajar period. Kermanshah Grand Bazaar or Tarike Bazaar was built around 1820 when Prince Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah of Qajar dynasty governed over Kermanshah, and used to be the largest grand bazaar of Middle East during its time.

Churches

 * Sacred Heart of Jesus Church

Economy
Kermanshah is one of the western agricultural core of Iran that produces grain, rice, vegetable, fruits, and oilseeds, however Kermanshah is emerging as a fairly important industrial city; there are two industrial centers with more than 256 manufacturing units in the suburb of the city. These industries include petrochemical refinery, textile manufacturing, food processing, carpet making, sugar refining, and the production of electrical equipment and tools. Kermanshah Oil Refining Company (KORC) established in 1932 by British companies, is one of the major industries in the city. After recent changes in Iraq, Kermanshah has become one of the main importing and exporting gates of Iran.

Higher education
More than 49 thousands students are educating in 9 governmental and private universities in the city. Established in 1968 as the Kermanshah Graduate School of Nursing, the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences was the first university in the west part of Iran. The medical school as a division of Razi University was established in 1976 and admitted some students in general practice. Razi University established in 1972 was the second university in the west part of Iran and is the most-prominent higher education institute in Kermanshah province and also west part of the country. In 2020, Razi University ranked 24th in Iran and 1300th in the world by the U.S. News in universities of all countries of the world based upon 13 factors.

Some of Kermanshah universities are:
 * Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah
 * Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
 * Kermanshah University of Technology
 * Payame Noor University
 * Razi University

Schools
Mohtashamiyeh (Persian: محتشمیه), established in 1899, was the first modern school in Kermanshah founded by Husseinali-Khan Mohandes-e Guran. Khalq Study Hall (Persian: قرائتخانۀ خلق) was the first study hall in Kermanshah and also an adult school founded in 1909. Alliance Israélite school of Kermanshah founded by the Alliance Israélite Universelle in 1904. The Azodiyeh State School for Misses (Persian: مدرسه دولتی دوشیزگان عضدیه) was the first girls' school, founded in 1922. The first private school in Kermanshah was founded in 1991.

Arts

 * Ali Mohammad Afghani, novelist
 * Seyed Khalil Alinezhad, Tanbour master
 * Mahshid Amirshahi, writer
 * Nozar Azadi, actor
 * Ali Ashraf Darvishian, novelist and writer
 * Pouran Derakhshandeh, film director, producer, screenwriter
 * Reza Shafiei Jam, actor
 * Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor, calligrapher
 * Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi, writer
 * Rahim Moeini Kermanshahi, poet, lyricist
 * Alexis Kouros, writer, documentary-maker, director, and producer
 * Abolghasem Lahouti, poet
 * Doris Lessing, writer, 2007 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (born in Kermanshah to British parents)
 * Aref Lorestani, actor, comedian
 * Shahram Mokri, film director
 * Nicky Nodjoumi, modern painter
 * Reza Fieze Norouzi, actor
 * Guity Novin, painter & graphic designer
 * Mohammad Salemy, artist, curator, writer
 * Rashid Yasemi, one of the Five-Masters of Persian Literature

Music

 * Evin Agassi, singer
 * Kayhan Kalhor, musician
 * Mojtaba Mirzadeh, master of violin and setar
 * Roknoddin Mokhtari, violin player
 * Ali Akbar Moradi, musician and tanbour player
 * Shahram Nazeri, vocalist and musician
 * Sohrab Pournazeri, musician
 * Sousan (Golandam Taherkhani), singer
 * Marganita Vogt-Khofri, pianist, classical musician, and vocalist
 * Bahramji, musician and santur player

Politics and military

 * Ebrahim Azizi, member and spokesman of the Guardian Council
 * Abdol Ali Badrei, commander of the Imperial Iranian Army and the Imperial Guard
 * Amir Hossein Rabii, commander of the Imperial Iranian Air Force
 * Hanif Bali, member of Swedish Riksdag
 * Karim Sanjabi, Iran's attorney during oil nationalization movement, former foreign minister
 * Bijan Namdar Zangeneh, minister of Petroleum
 * Yar Mohammadkhan Kermanshahi A pivotal figure in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution

Sciences

 * Shahram Amiri, nuclear scientist
 * Massoud Azarnoush, archaeologist
 * Al-Dinawari, botanist, historian, geographer, astronomer and mathematician
 * Fereidoun Biglari, archaeologist

Sports

 * Makwan Amirkhani, mixed martial artist, UFC fighter
 * Kourosh Bagheri, world weightlifting champion
 * Homa Hosseini, rower
 * Ali Mazaheri, 2006 Asian Games gold medalist, Asian champion & Olympic boxer
 * Mohammad Hassan Mohebbi, light heavyweight freestyle wrestler & Iran's national team coach
 * Mohammad Hossein Mohebbi, freestyle wrestler
 * Yadollah Mohebbi, 125 kg freestyle wrestler and nephew of Mohammad Hossein Mohebbi and Mohammad Hassan Mohebbi
 * Mohammad Ranjbar, former Iran national football team player and head coach
 * Kianoush Rostami, world weight lifting champion
 * Neda Shahsavari, table tennis champion
 * Mohammad Torkashvand, volleyball champion
 * Mehran Shahintab, Basketball champion & head coach of the Iranian national team Iran Basketball Federation
 * Peter Warr, businessman, racing driver and a manager for several Formula One teams
 * Saeid Ahmadi, world champion gold and silver medalist in karate
 * Seyyedmasoud Derekeh, World Combat Games 2013 kickboxing champion silver medalist, WakoAsian kickboxing champion gold medalist, European Championship Tbilisi K-1 Georgia gold medalist, World Champion Iran 2011

title: Kermanshah


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brian Gillis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:58, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Brian Gillis
Vanity. RickK 09:16, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Righty-o. Delete it. —RaD Man (talk) 09:46, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Senator from California! ...In the 2002 delegation of American Legion Boys Nation. Delete. Samaritan 13:46, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. - Jpo 13:59, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, icky self-promotion. Wyss 19:58, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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USS Inchon

USS Inchon (LPH/MCS-12) was an Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ship of the United States Navy in service from 1970 to 2002. Following a major fire, she was laid up and sunk as a target in 2004.

History
Inchon was laid down on 8 April 1968 by Ingalls Shipbuilding, in Pascagoula, Mississippi, US with the hull classification number LPH-12. She was named for the Battle of Inchon, a turning point of the Korean War. The ship was launched on 24 May 1969 and commissioned on 20 June 1970.

Vietnam War
In 1972–1973, Inchon circumnavigated the globe and returned to Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. In February 1973, Inchon was attached to Task Force 78 for Operation End Sweep, the U.S. Navy's effort to clear U.S. mines from North Vietnamese waters after the signing of the Paris Peace Accords. Those operations were suspended from 17 April through 17 June. They resumed 18 June and End Sweep was completed on 18 July.

On 9 July 1975, more than 100 sailors and marines from Inchon and amphibious transport dock USS Shreveport (LPD-12) fought a fire on board a Spanish merchant vessel at Palma de Mallorca, Spain. On 16 December, Inchon and oiler USS Caloosahatchee (AO-98) were in a minor collision during refueling in rough seas west of Italy.

On 5 February 1980, while involved in an underway refueling with USS Spiegel Grove (LSD-32) in the Atlantic, the two vessels collided, with Inchon's helicopter elevator ripping through a Marine berthing space on Spiegel Grove and destroying one of that ship's 50-ton cranes. There were no injuries, however.

On 29 September 1981 LCDR Kenneth Wessel, Inchon's Aircraft Handling Officer, was killed when the UH-1 Huey he was flying crashed off the coast of Virginia Beach. Three other crew members on the helicopter were rescued.

On 7 October 1981, Inchon suffered a boiler explosion while preparing to get underway from Naval Station Norfolk.

Multinational Force – Beirut, Lebanon
From 29 October 1982 to 15 February 1983 Inchon earned the Navy Unit Commendation and the Navy Expeditionary Medal serving as the flagship of Amphibious Squadron 6, on station at Beirut, Lebanon. The Citation for the Navy Unit Commendation reads: "For exceptionally meritorious service from 29 October 1982 to 15 February 1983 in a mission of great national and international importance while serving as the United States Forces Ashore Lebanon and supporting forces of the Multinational Force peace initiatives in Lebanon. on 29 October 1982, Mediterranean Amphibious Ready Group 3-82 and Marine Amphibious Unit 24 conducted a combined surface and helo landing across Black Beach and the International Airport of Beirut, Lebanon and immediately commenced coordinated motorized and foot patrols with other Multinational Force contingents throughout the City of Beirut. Simultaneously with operations ashore, Amphibious Task Force helicopters provided special support to the U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon and special Presidential envoys, and provided major logistics lifts from Air Support Head at Larnaca, Cyprus, to Beirut. Their superior performance and tireless devotion contributed significantly to the national objectives of world peace and Middle East stability. By their resolute determination, unrelenting perseverance, and steadfast dedication to duty, the officers and enlisted personnel of Mediterranean Amphibious Ready Group 3-82 and Marine Amphibious Unit 24 reflected great credit upon themselves and upheld the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service."

On 13 August 1986, Inchon suffered a casualty to the ship's evaporators while underway to Morehead City, North Carolina, causing the ship to return to Norfolk for two days of repairs. In November 1989 a fire in the hangar deck of Inchon injured 31 people while the ship was docked for maintenance in Norfolk.

Inchon played a key role in Operation Sharp Edge in 1990, performing evacuation operations during Liberia's civil war. Shortly afterwards, Inchon patrolled the southern Mediterranean in preparation for emergency evacuations in support of Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm.

In 1994, Inchon deployed to the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean to conduct Operation Continue Hope off the coast of Somalia and Operation Deny Flight off the coast of Bosnia. Following a six-month deployment, Inchon remained in home port for only two weeks, before she was called upon to assist in Operation Uphold Democracy off the coast of Haiti.

Mine countermeasures ship
On 1 March 1995, Inchon was re-classed as a mine countermeasures ship MCS-12 and commenced a 15-month conversion/overhaul by Ingalls Shipbuilding. In July 1996, Inchon changed homeports to Ingleside, Texas, home of the U.S. Navy's Mine Warfare Center of Excellence. Sustaining extended mine countermeasures operations at forward deployed locations required extensive command and control and logistics capabilities. Inchon provided both a landing platform for Sikorsky MH-53E Sea Dragon mine-sweeping helicopters and repair and re-supply facility for Avenger-class mine countermeasures ships and Osprey-class coastal minehunters. Inchon was assigned to the Active Naval Reserve Force, 30 September 1996. From March to July 1997, Inchon made her first deployment in her new capacity. Inchon once again deployed in 1999, from April through August, and the crew provided critical heavy lift support to Operation Shining Hope, the humanitarian relief effort for Kosovar refugees in the Balkans.

Inchon's final deployment began in April 2001. On 19 October 2001, Inchon suffered an oil fire in the main boiler room while conducting inport steaming for engineering trials and assessments. A fuel oil leak had sprung from a faulty gasket on one of the main fuel pumps. This resulted in fuel oil leaking into the bilge. At some unknown point the bilge caught fire. The actual cause of the ignition to the fuel oil remains unknown. The entire bilge caught fire, and the space immediately filled with smoke. Of the nine enlisted men operating in the space, eight made it out. Petty Officer Third Class Ronnie Joe Palm Jr. of Houston, succumbed to smoke inhalation just after helping one of his fellow sailors escape. He was posthumously awarded for his heroism with the highest peacetime honor the Navy could bestow, the Navy and Marine Corps Medal.

Decommissioning and fate
Since severe damage occurred to her boiler plant the Navy made the decision at that time to decommission rather than repair the ship. Inchon was decommissioned, 20 June 2002, at NS Ingleside, Texas.

Inchon was towed by USNS Mohawk from Ingleside to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where she was laid up in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. She was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register 24 May 2004 and sunk on 5 December 2004 at 36.70833°N, -71.66667°W, in 2,150 fathoms (3.9 km) of water, 207 nmi east of Virginia Beach, Virginia.

List of awards, citations and campaign ribbons

 * Navy Unit Commendation with 2 awards
 * Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation with 3 awards
 * Navy E Ribbon with 5 awards
 * Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award
 * Navy Expeditionary Medal with 3 awards
 * National Defense Service Medal with 2 awards
 * Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal
 * Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
 * Navy Battle "E" with 5 awards
 * Sea Service Overseas Ribbon with 3 awards

title: USS Inchon


text:
The Story So Far (Spunge album)

The Story So Far is the third album by the Tewkesbury ska punk band Spunge. It was released on 26 August 2002 on the B-Unique Records label and recorded at two studios, Sawmills and Jacobs. The record was produced by John Cornfield (Supergrass, Muse) and Chris Sheldon (Foo Fighters, Therapy?).

The album perhaps marks a change in the band's sound, from a more laid-back ska style to a more rock sound. Two singles, "Jump on Demand" and "Roots", were released from the album..

The Story So Far includes a new version of the single "Ego", from Room For Abuse.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Story So Far" – 4:16
 * 2) "Roots" – 3:51
 * 3) "Give It A Try" – 2:34
 * 4) "Change of Scene" – 3:25
 * 5) "Skanking Song" – 2:23
 * 6) "Dotted Line" – 3:28
 * 7) "Ego" – 3:05
 * 8) "Jump on Demand" – 3:35
 * 9) "It's Over" – 2:41
 * 10) "Friend Called Fred" – 3:55
 * 11) "Too Little Too Late" – 3:59

title: The Story So Far (Spunge album)


text:
Talk:Elder High School

Untitled
For February 2005 deletion debate, see Votes for deletion/Elder High School. Decision was unambiguosly KEEP. jni 09:19, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Removed anonomous post. Mfields1 09:38, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

March 2007
Hello all, and thank you for contributing to this school site. I'm part of the WikiProject_Schools/Assessment team, and, as it has recently been editted, then I'm reviewing this page. I'm currently giving it a grade of start on the Wikipedia 1.0 Assessment Scale and an importance of Low on this importance scale.

My reasoning is as follows: Well its a good start length. Importance low although there are few alumni. Some pictures and more breadth. Notes good but some more referencing. Hope this helps. Victuallers 22:10, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Notable persons
I removed Brian Roether from the notability section. The Technology section is vague and notability is not demonstrated for Mr. Roether. No disrespect to him personally but all the other alumnus have publicly distinguished themselves and a web search for Brian Roether reveals nothing about the Hamtramck Computer related to Brian Roether. Editor at anonymous IP: Please discuss on this talk page the reasons for adding Brian Roether. Mfields1 01:39, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Why? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.43.27.3 (talk) 16:35, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 08:32, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Elderlogo.jpg
Image:Elderlogo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:22, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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De facto segregation
Hello PaulinSaudi -- Your recent edit, reverted by John from Idegon, is intended to show that the student body of the the school is not representative of the local community. That's a fair observation, but one that will cause consternation. We have a bunch of articles with similar assertions, for example, North Sunflower Academy. When the claim is bold, the references need to be bulletproof. For enrollment statistics, the more frequently cited is NCES. All of the other commercial school sites copy from this, the closest we have to an authoritative source, primary as it is. In 2016, Elder had thirty-five black students and nineteen of two or more races in a student body of 868. That's 4.0% or 6.2% before you jump into the thorny question of whether Hispanics self-identify as white or something else. We just need to make sure the math is correct. Rhadow (talk) 16:43, 8 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Let me poke around. ''Paul, in Saudi'' (talk) 03:57, 9 February 2018 (UTC)
 * That works for me. I copyedited it to specify date for school stats, corrected tense, removed phrasing "reported as" and rephrased "White, non-Hispanic" to non-Hispanic white. Thanks Paul. John from Idegon (talk) 05:51, 9 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elder High School


text:
Proprietary trading

Proprietary trading (also known as prop trading) occurs when a trader trades stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, their derivatives, or other financial instruments with the firm's own money (instead of using depositors' money) to make a profit for itself. Proprietary trading can create potential conflicts of interest such as insider trading and front running.

Proprietary traders may use a variety of strategies such as index arbitrage, statistical arbitrage, merger arbitrage, fundamental analysis, volatility arbitrage, or global macro trading, much like a hedge fund. Many reporters and analysts believe that large banks purposely leave ambiguous the proportion of proprietary versus non-proprietary trading, because it is felt that proprietary trading is riskier and results in more volatile profits.

Arbitrage
One of the main strategies of trading, traditionally associated with banks, is arbitrage. In the most basic sense, arbitrage is defined as taking advantage of a price discrepancy through the purchase or sale of certain combinations of securities to lock in a market-neutral profit. The trade will remain subject to various non-market risks, such as settlement risk and other operational risks. Investment banks, which are often active in many markets around the world, constantly watch for arbitrage opportunities.

One of the more notable areas of arbitrage, called risk arbitrage or merger arbitrage, evolved in the 1980s. When a company plans to buy another company, often the share price of the buyer falls (because the buyer will have to pay money to buy the other company) and the share price of the purchased company rises (because the buyer usually buys those shares at a price higher than the current price). When an investment bank believes a buyout is imminent, it often sells short the shares of the buyer (betting that the price will go down) and buys the shares of the company being acquired (betting the price will go up).

Conflicts of interest
There are a number of ways in which proprietary trading can create conflicts of interest between a bank's interests and those of its customers.

As investment banks are key figures in mergers and acquisitions, it is possible (though prohibited) for traders to use inside information to engage in merger arbitrage. Investment banks are required to have a Chinese wall separating their trading and investment banking divisions; however, in recent years, especially since the Enron scandal, these have come under closer scrutiny. One example of an alleged conflict of interest can be found in charges brought by the Australian Securities & Investments Commission against Citigroup in 2007.

Another source of conflicts of interest is potential front running, in which case the buy-side clients suffer from significantly higher trading costs. Front running per se is illegal, but there are circumstances under which a broker that operates a proprietary trading desk gains advantage over its clients based on inferences from order book data.

Famous traders
Famous proprietary traders have included Ivan Boesky, Steven A. Cohen, John Meriwether, Daniel Och, and Boaz Weinstein. Some of the investment banks most historically associated with trading were Salomon Brothers and Drexel Burnham Lambert. Trader Nick Leeson took down Barings Bank with unauthorized proprietary positions. UBS trader Kweku Adoboli lost $2.3 billion of the bank's money and was convicted for his actions.

Armin S, a German private trader, sued BNP Paribas for 152m EUR because they sold to him structured products for 108 EUR each which were worth 54 00 EUR.

Notable proprietary trading firms

 * Akuna Capital
 * Citadel Securities
 * DRW Trading Group
 * Flow Traders
 * Global Trading Systems
 * Headlands Technologies
 * Hudson River Trading
 * IMC Financial Markets
 * Jane Street Capital
 * Jump Trading
 * Optiver
 * Quantlab
 * Radix Trading
 * Susquehanna International Group
 * Tibra Capital
 * Tower Research
 * Tradebot
 * TransMarket Group
 * Virtu Financial
 * XTX Markets

title: Proprietary trading


text:
Penny Lancaster

Penelope Claire Lancaster, Lady Stewart (born 15 March 1971) is an English model and television personality. She is married to rock singer Rod Stewart. In 2014, she joined the ITV lunchtime show Loose Women.

Early life
Lancaster was born in Chelmsford, Essex, England, on 15 March 1971, to Graham and Sally and has a brother named Oliver. At the age of six, Lancaster took up dance, including tap, ballet and modern. At 16, she gave up because of her height and decided that aerobics would better suit her frame, and six years later she became a certified fitness trainer. It was during this time that she was spotted by a model scout, who suggested she should consider a career in modelling. Lancaster suffers from a chronic sweat problem called hyperhidrosis.

Early career
Throughout the 1990s, Lancaster was in a long-term relationship with city trader Mickey Sloan. They lived in Bermuda from 1996 to 1998 but separated in 1999.

Around this time, Lancaster decided to learn about the other side of modelling and began taking photography classes.

Ultimo
In 2002, Lancaster signed up to be the face of designer lingerie brand Ultimo for £200,000. Although she was a success at promoting the brand—raising its profile, especially in the United Kingdom—two years later, Lancaster's contract was not renewed. She was replaced in the role by Rod Stewart's ex-wife Rachel Hunter. The decision, dubbed Bra Wars by the British press, was seen as a publicity stunt, which infuriated Stewart, who described Ultimo's founder Michelle Mone as "manipulative". However, two of Stewart's daughters—Kimberly and Ruby—have since modelled for Ultimo.

Strictly Come Dancing
Lancaster was one of fourteen celebrities taking part in the fifth series of Strictly Come Dancing in 2007. In week 4, she was revealed as one of the bottom two participants. She and her dancing partner, (Ian Waite), were in the week six dance-off with Matt Di Angelo and were voted off.

Performances

Loose Women
On 15 September 2014, Lancaster was billed as an occasional panellist on the lunchtime TV chat show Loose Women. She made four subsequent appearances during her first series. Through series 20 and 21 Lancaster started appearing on the show more regularly, usually twice per month. However, from series 22, Lancaster returned to appearing much more infrequently, making a total of six appearances. This was followed by a further ten appearances in series 23 and four in series 24. In series 25, she appeared more frequently and was a regular panellist. In the current series, she has not yet appeared as a panellist but has appeared as a guest. She has not officially left the show.

Other television work
In January 2018, Lancaster participated in And They're Off! in aid of Sport Relief.

In January 2019, she appeared in an episode of Celebrity Catchphrase. In February 2019, she appeared in Famous and Fighting Crime alongside fellow celebrities Jamie Laing, Katie Piper, Sandi Bogle and Marcus Brigstocke on Channel 4.

In 2021, Lancaster was a competitor on BBC's Celebrity MasterChef. She made it as far as her quarter final, losing out to Melanie Sykes and Megan McKenna.

In June 2024 she appeared on Michael Mcintyre's The Wheel

Police work
In 2020, after appearing on Channel 4's Famous and Fighting Crime, Lancaster joined the City of London Police as a volunteer special constable. In April 2021, she completed her training to become a special police constable and is now fully qualified. She was on policing duties during the Queen’s funeral and the coronation of King Charles III.

Personal life
In 1999, Lancaster met singer Rod Stewart when he agreed to let her take photos of him on tour. A romance soon developed and they began a seven-year courtship. Lancaster gave birth to their first child in 27 November 2005. Lancaster and Stewart married on 16 June 2007 at La Cervara near Portofino, Italy. On 17 February, 2011, it was announced that Lancaster had given birth to their second child (Stewart's eighth).

Lancaster is an ambassador for Penny for London, a charity helping young people escape poverty, supported by Northern & Shell, the former parent company of the Daily Express, Goldman Sachs, Barclaycard and VISA. She is also a vice-president of the Royal National Institute of Blind People.

At the age of 46, Lancaster was diagnosed with dyslexia.

title: Penny Lancaster


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael C Molesky

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:59, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Michael C Molesky
Is he really notable ? Can this ever become an encyclopedic article ? JoJan 09:24, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * ULTRA EXTREME KEEP. Notable and verifiable (from what I can tell).  By all means, someone please correct me if I am wrong (and cite references).
 * EXTREME DELETE. Not notable nor is it verifiable (from what I can tell).  By all means, someone please correct me if I am wrong (and cite references).  —RaD Man (talk) 09:48, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish notability. Google finds some hits, all of them seem to be unrelated. jni 10:02, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article is notable only for the number of times it uses the word notable without ever justifying the claim. Andrewa 10:36, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. - Jpo 13:58, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article provides no evidence for its encyclopedic claims. Wyss 19:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, notability not established by the article. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:44, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Michael C Molesky is very famous in the Oxford area due to his involvement in the most contraversial elections in Oxford's history. He has developed a cult following, with parties and events held in his honour.
 * Delete. Based on current article, Google search and links cited on article page. If being quoted in the Cherwell is notable, every one of the 10,000 students in Oxford is. JuntungWu 04:18, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 04:16, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, people are notable. (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 00:51, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:196.38.131.8

title: User talk:196.38.131.8


text:
Bashar

Bashar (Arabic: بشار) is a given name, surname, and place name. Bashar may refer to:

Places

 * Bashar, Iran, a village in Qazvin Province, Iran
 * Bashar, Plateau State, a village in the Wase local Government Area of Plateau State In Nigeria
 * Béchar, the capital city of Béchar Province, Algeria

Given name

 * Bashar Abdullah (born 1977), Kuwaiti footballer
 * Bashar al-Assad (born 1965), President of Syria
 * Bashar Jaafari (born 1956), Syrian diplomat
 * Bashar Barakah Jackson (1999–2020), American rapper
 * Bashar Lulua, Berlin-based Arab orchestra conductor
 * Bashar Masri (born 1961), Palestinian American entrepreneur
 * Bashar Murad (born 1993), Palestinian singer-songwriter
 * Bashar Rahal (born 1974), Bulgarian actor of Lebanese descent
 * Bashar Rasan (born 1996), Iraqi footballer
 * Bashar al-Shatti (born 1982), also known as Basharno, Beesho and Maystro, Kuwaiti singer, songwriter and actor
 * Bashar Shbib (born 1959), Syrian Canadian filmmaker
 * Bashar Srour (born 1972), Syrian footballer
 * Bashar al-Zoubi, Free Syrian Army general
 * Bashar Warda (born 1969), Iraqi Chaldean Catholic cleric and Archbishop

Surname

 * Caresse Bashar (born 1976), Syrian film and TV actress
 * Habibul Bashar (born 1972), Bangladeshi cricketer
 * Khademul Bashar (1935–1976), Bangladeshi air marshal

Title

 * Abul Bashar, Bangladeshi writer
 * Bashshar ibn Burd (714–783) nicknamed "al-Mura'ath", poet in the late Umayyad and the early Abbasid periods
 * Haji Bashar, convicted former Afghan drug lord

Others

 * Bashar language, an alternative name for Yankam language, a moribund Plateau language of Nigeria
 * Bashar (Dune), a fictional military rank in the Dune universe
 * Ya Bashar, studio album by Lebanese recording artist Diana Haddad

title: Bashar


text:
Hendon Brewery

Hendon Brewery (originally Kingsbury and Hyde Brewery and not to be confused with the Darwin Brewery in Hendon, Sunderland) was started by James Robb for Mr William Field of Kingsbury House in Hendon, and seems originally to have been a domestic brewery for the house with Robb conducting a little business on the side by 1851.

With the growth of the Welsh Harp as a place of entertainment, Robb expanded the business by engaging engineers to build a new brewery in The Hyde by 1855. Having dug a new well, the water, which was raised by two horses, was itself sold as a valuable source of revenue. The trade was slow, and Robb was only managing to sell one barrel a week in low season. With the fluctuations in demand Robb was unable to meet the repayments of his debt from the expansion, and had to sell the brewery (c1861).

The next owner was Arthur Ocran Crooke, who reputedly purchased it for £140. Crooke was only in his early 20s but had come from a commercial brewing family, GW and FA Crooke of Guildford, and was able to manage the changes in supply and demand. With the construction of the railway a few years later he was able to supply the beer directly to Waring Bros and the hundreds of navvies engaged on the building of the line. From the money he made from this Mr Crooke bought up a number of inns in Hendon and Finchley, including the Surrey Arms (which he rebuilt). In 1872 a steam engine was introduced to speed up the process, and in 1874 he expanded.

The Brewery was destroyed by fire on 29 August 1878, and was reopened the following year, having been completely rebuilt by J P Dunne of Church Lane, Hendon from the insurance money. In 1892 and 1893 the brewery expanded to twice its size and included property over the road on the Kingsbury side of the Edgware Road. The new site was fitted with a brand new “trim little” steam engine, and ably assisted by his manager of 20 years, Mr H Woolley, Hendon Brewery was now brewing several hundred barrels of beer a week, and distributing it throughout Middlesex and Hertfordshire. It was said to taste not unlike Burton Ale.

Compressed Canadian hay, which was stored in the loft, caught light early on the morning of 15 March 1894 and the brewery burned down for a second time. Crooke had gambled on the expansion with the money for the insurance; he was unable to provide the capital to rebuild the brewery again. Forced to sell his interest the following year to Messrs Michell and Aldous for £83,000, he moved to Twickenham where he died in 1902, his will broken. Messrs Michell and Aldous continued at Hendon until 1920 when the site was sold to Truman's Brewery.

Hendon Brewery closed in 1959.

title: Hendon Brewery


text:
User talk:194.63.116.72

April 2012
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, adding or significantly changing content without citing a reliable source is not consistent with our policy of verifiability. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. If you are familiar with Citing sources, please take this opportunity to add references to the article.  Velella  Velella Talk 14:12, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

November 2012
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Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Blue-tongued skink. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Pinethicket (talk) 11:28, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

May 2013
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June 2013
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August 2013
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January 2014
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February 2014
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July 2014
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Craig Bellamy. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. Thank you. LRD NO (talk) 10:31, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

Please do not add unreferenced or poorly referenced information, especially if controversial, to articles or any other page on Wikipedia about living (or recently deceased) persons. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 11:31, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

October 2014
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March 2015
You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you disrupt Wikipedia, as you did at Carl Frampton. Murry1975 (talk) 17:55, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
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October 2015
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You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you disrupt Wikipedia, as you did at David Nobbs (again!). Eagleash (talk) 13:16, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
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May 2016
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October 2016
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You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war  according to the reverts you have made on The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). Users are expected to collaborate with others, to avoid editing disruptively, and to try to reach a consensus rather than repeatedly undoing other users' edits once it is known that there is a disagreement. Please be particularly aware that Wikipedia's policy on edit warring states: If you find yourself in an editing dispute, use the article's talk page to discuss controversial changes; work towards a version that represents consensus among editors. You can post a request for help at an appropriate noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases it may be appropriate to request temporary page protection. If you engage in an edit war, you may be blocked from editing. DonIago (talk) 15:58, 14 October 2016 (UTC)
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May 2017
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August 2017
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September 2017
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October 2017
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Your draft article, Draft:Crickhowell RFC

Hello, 194.63.116.72. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Crickhowell RFC".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

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Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Legacypac (talk) 14:27, 11 February 2018 (UTC)

January 2020
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a message letting you know that one or more of your recent edits to Amabel Hume-Campbell, 1st Countess de Grey has been undone by an automated computer program called ClueBot NG.

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title: User talk:194.63.116.72


text:
Plaza Hollywood

Plaza Hollywood is a large shopping centre in Diamond Hill, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It is part of Galaxia, a residential estate of Wharf Holdings.

The shopping centre opened in 1997, and includes four levels surrounding a central atrium. It has more than 220 shops, a large supermarket, food court, restaurants and cinema. It is themed after Hollywood in the United States.

Location and history
The shopping centre was formerly located in the Tai Hom Village squatter areas; it began to develop into a residential and shopping centre after the demolition of the squatter area in the mid-1990s.

The centre is surrounded by Fung Tak Road, Lung Poon Street, Tai Hom Road, and Sheung Yuen Street. It is near Diamond Hill MTR station, and next to Lung Cheung Road, which is one of the main trunk roads in Hong Kong.

The complex was developed by Wharf (Holdings), Wheelock Properties, and Hongkong Realty and Trust.

Architectural design
Inspired by the shopping mall concept in the United States, the centre hopes to bring a colorful shopping experience to customers. Its large atrium "Star Plaza" is located in the center of the shopping centre, with a construction area near 10,000 square feet. This large scale is rare in other shopping centres found in Kowloon East.

Like the Avenue of Stars, the Stars Atrium on the first floor has the names of 60 Hong Kong celebrities who received awards from Hong Kong Film Awards set into star shapes floor tiles. The roof of the atrium is covered with brightly-coloured polygon stained glass.

Facilities
There is a public underground transport interchange, providing multiple bus and minibus routes between the major housing estates in Hong Kong and Wong Tai Sin district.

There are entrances and exits in Diamond Hill MTR station. There are also travel agencies with branches on the ground floor.

The main attraction of this shopping centre is the Stars Atrium. It is often home to many promotional features, including the 1 vs. 100 feature during the month of August in 2006. It also features a large LED screen.

Each level is connected by multiple sets of escalators. The fourth floor houses the sales office of the shopping centre, cinemas, and restaurants, all of which are independently connected via the elevator of third floor.

Stores
Plaza Hollywood has boutiques everywhere, with multiple brands under i.t.'s.

Level 1 is where the large fashion apparel and jewelry stores are concentrated.

Level 2 is mainly for skin care, cosmetics, clothing, home appliances and telecoms shops.

Level 3 has restaurants, as well as the cinema, and children's clothing and household personal care stores.

There are over 30 restaurants, including Pizza Hut and Wing Wah. It also has over 100 clothing, electronics, and retail stores.

Transport
Plaza Hollywood is served by:
 * MTR Diamond Hill station (Exit C2)
 * Bus
 * GMB
 * Taxis
 * Car park spaces

Incidents
At 5 p.m. on 2 June 2023, two women thought to be a couple, Fong Hiu-tung (, aged 26) and Lau Kai-hei (, aged 22), were stabbed by Szeto Sing-kwong, a 39-year-old man with a history of mental illness. The perpetrator was arrested and charged with two counts of murder.

title: Plaza Hollywood


text: User talk:202.150.96.34

title: User talk:202.150.96.34


text: User talk:209.191.208.186

title: User talk:209.191.208.186


text:
Daisy Donovan

Daisy Constance Donovan (born 23 July 1973) is an English television presenter, actress and writer.

Early life
Donovan was born in London. Her father was fashion photographer and film director Terence Donovan; her mother, Diana (née St. Felix Dare), was chairwoman of the English National Ballet School. She is sister to Rockstar Games co-founder Terry Donovan and half-sister to Big Audio Dynamite keyboard player Dan Donovan – and former sister-in-law of Patsy Kensit. Donovan went to the independent St Paul's Girls School in Hammersmith, London. She started reading Classics at the University of Cambridge before switching to study English at the University of Edinburgh, where she performed with the Drama Society. She then studied at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.

Career
Donovan became a receptionist, and then a runner on the first series of The Eleven O'Clock Show. The producers were looking for a female interviewer who would act straight but use comedic lines, and searched everywhere – until they tried their receptionist, the rather posh-talking Donovan. She made occasional appearance as "It Girl" Pandora Box-Grainger. In the second series she presented shorts, 'Angel of Delight', in which she interviewed politicians (she once asked Denis Healey whether he would ever give Margaret Thatcher a "pearl necklace") and got the co-host job with Iain Lee from late 1999–2000.

In 2000, Donovan was featured prominently in series one of sitcom My Family, playing Brigitte, Ben's annoying, superstitious dental assistant.

In 2002 she played Laura in Debbie Isitt's The Woman Who Cooked Her Husband while it ran at The Ambassadors Theatre in The West End.

Donovan subsequently hosted quiz shows: Does Doug Know? and the eponymous Daisy Daisy, which she also wrote and produced. In 2006, Donovan presented the British Fashion awards and later presented one series of a programme based in America called Daisy Does America.

Since 2006 she has concentrated on writing screenplays and acting in minor roles. Donovan appeared in Death at a Funeral (2007), Wild Child (2008) and I Give it a Year (2012).

Personal life
In 2005 she married her longtime boyfriend, Dan Mazer, a comedy writer and producer, in Morocco. They have two daughters, Maisy and Mini Ivy.

She lives in West London.

title: Daisy Donovan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/B.J. Eversole

Round One
 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 20:47, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

B.J. Eversole
Is he notable ? Looks like vanity. JoJan 09:42, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) I would have no problem having it removed; I (like almost everyone in my party save perhaps David McReynolds) am not notable. It wasn't for vanity as much as it was a small joke associated with a lack of sleep. I wanted to have a Wikipedia article for my party, and just for kicks made a stub article with my name; I figured that it would be marked for deletion anyway. I am the real Chairman of the Socialist Party of North Carolina, a real (albeit small) political party. Thanks to the person who found my letter and expanded the article; it almost makes me look important. I have seen Wikipedia articles for truly famous or important people that are shorter than mine. After looking at it I am impressed; it will almost be a shame to see it go (hell, I'll throw in a photo if it is not deleted); but I can certainly see reason to remove it. If it is deleted, do not put any of it in Socialist Party of North Carolina; none of it is important enough to be included in the article.
 * Same name as that of the poster. Merge into Socialist Party of North Carolina.  RickK 09:49, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good stub, and while we discourage autobiography, we don't prohibit it. I had a quick look around the articles relating to the Socialist Party USA, and while there's still some work required (e.g. how many members roughly?) I'm impressed overall at the NPOV. Andrewa 10:31, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge Information on 3rd party leaders isn't vanity, but this belongs in Socialist Party of North Carolina, which itself could be merged into Socialist Party USA. circa 2000 the SPUSA didnt really have that many locals; unless things've changed they'd easily fit as sections in the main SPUSA page.Nateji77 12:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it. Wyss 19:54, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've expanded it from "B.J. Eversole (born March 12, 1980) is the current Chairman of the Socialist Party of North Carolina." and a bio-stub tag to four paragraphs, three links and three categories hopefully shedding some light on his politics, priorities and growth plans for the party he leads. Keep. Samaritan 20:21, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Socialist Party of North Carolina, no redirect. Megan1967 02:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

One other thing: Please, Please do not delete the party's article or merge it into the Socialist Party USA; I believe that we are distinct enough from our national party to deserve our own article. --Bjeversole 06:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, do not merge. —RaD Man (talk) 09:09, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. It's turning into not a bad article, and there is room for it here. It's not like we're running out of space. If we can have all of those blessed articles on fantasy gaining characters, we should have room for political activists who engage in the fantasy of socialism. Kevintoronto 14:37, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * My own belief is that being a leader of a registered political party operating at the state or national level, even a minor one, should suffice to merit an entry whether they're elected to a legislative body or not. I wouldn't support having an article for every individual who's ever run as a party candidate in an election, but party leaders pass my keep line. Bearcat 18:21, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Agree with Bearcat.  CJCurrie 18:50, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, leaders of registered state political parties are noteworthy. Shimeru 20:30, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * keep, this is the sort of detail that makes wikipedia valuable in that it can be included here where in other encyclopedia space considerations would lead to exclusion. AndyL 02:32, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Worth keeping as it is a good little article. What does B.J. stand for, I wonder?Capitalistroadster 08:57, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * PS. Well done, Samaritan.Capitalistroadster 08:58, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I withdraw my original request for Vfd. The article has been expanded in a positive way. If the author would only add his photo, then I can say Keep JoJan 09:20, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, obviously. 68 hits on google.    GRider\talk 23:49, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Article has been expanded. Carrp | Talk 04:17, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:151.170.240.10

title: User talk:151.170.240.10


text:
That Should Cover It!

That Should Cover It! is a covers album by the Tewkesbury ska punk band Spunge. It also contains three re-recorded songs from earlier in the band's career and two completely new songs. It was released on February 23, 2004, on the band's own label Dent'All Records.

The CD-ROM also contains the music video for the song "Centerfold" (made with the help of Goblin Pictures). The video is made up shots of the band playing live, interspersed with shots of the band doing random things elsewhere.

Track listing

 * 1) "Centerfold" (The J. Geils Band) – 2:59
 * 2) "Circle in the Sand" (Belinda Carlisle) – 2:51
 * 3) "Oliver's Army" (Elvis Costello) – 2:50
 * 4) "Land Down Under" (Men at Work) – 3:29
 * 5) "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" (The Proclaimers) – 3:18
 * 6) "Happy Hour" (The Housemartins) – 2:34
 * 7) "Whitehouse" – 2:36
 * 8) "Get Along" – 2:39
 * 9) "Skanking Song" – 2:28
 * 10) "Some Suck, Some Rock" – 3:10
 * 11) "Don't Ruin My Day" – 2:43

title: That Should Cover It!


text:
Talk:Lists of characters in A Song of Ice and Fire

This page is deprecated and redirects into List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters, which it currently redirects to. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Techhead7890 (talk • contribs) 09:06, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

Character work for Song
There's quite a lot of work done on individual characters for Song. That's great, but maybe we should think about how this material should be organised. The Song-related pages seem to explode in number, but there is very little encyclopaedic material. Most of it are just one-paragraph stubs with -- and that is important -- little potential of ever becoming an encyclopaedic article.

Look instead at Light Characters in the Wheel of Time series. That's a good, encyclopaedic article (and reflects well on the WoT fandom). I would suggest to imitate that for Westerosi characters. A good start would be to merge all of your contributions into a single page (and change the other pages to re-directions).

That's not to say that there is no place for one-page articles about fictional characters. Gandalf is nice, and deserves a page. But Estë is not so nice, and looks like Fancruft. It's not clear that it needed a separate page, nor that a template needed to be constructed to aid the reader in navigating the less-than-overwhelming mass of material.

But generally I would prefer long, in-depth articles. When one of those overflows, then by all means let us refactor into smaller pages.

This is not a hard and fast rule. I can see the potential for a House Targaryen. That could become a great page, with heraldy and history and genealogy and customs and religion and individual paragraphs on notable Targs and whatnot.

(Actually, I am getting all exited about that idea. Let's focus on House Targaryen for a while and see what we can do with it.) Thore 09:45, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I've had a couple different thoughts on this: Nateji77 12:11, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * the major houses could each have their own page, with members and vassal houses described therein. khal drogo's house would be dothraki, anyone from the Free Cities as well as the individual free cities would redirect to Free Cities (A Song of Ice and Fire) etc.
 * POV characters could have their own pages, which would make House Stark and House Lannister sparser than others, but we could list members as sections and arya or bran's section could seimply say "see main article bran stark."
 * we could list all characters in a page "minor chracters in a song of ice and fire" and when the content reaches a certain "critical size" or amount of encyclopedic content move them to their own article.
 * the books still need their own pages; im also curious about the plot summaries which look like press release, back-of-the-book blurbs and probably might not qualify as public domain.

I don't agree that all these things deserve separate pages. This is an encyclopedia, not a list of lists. It is also not a place to put plot summaries. (There are lots of websites for that.) A rough plot summary for Game of Thrones is ok. Look at Nineteen Eighty-four for how an encyclopedic page for a book should look.
 * Whenever we actually produce enough content to fill a page above 32k, we can discuss splitting it into subpages, but otherwise no. How can there ever be an encyclopedic article about Bran Stark? I don't get it.
 * As I said, Gandalf deserves a page. The current one is still too small, but there is potential. What are Gandalf's literary influences (Merlin in the Arthurian legends)? What literary archetype is he an examle of?How is he portrayed by different artists and movie makers? What characters in fantasy are heavily inspired by Gandalf? That's encylopedic stuff, and Gandalf is a sufficiently important figure in fantasy to deserve that kind of attention. Bran isn't. There is no potential for an encyclopdic article about him.
 * You are overly concerned with infrastructure instead of content. I would rather that we focus our efforts on producing a couple of really good pages. No lists that point to nothing, and no plot summaries. For example, we need a good Westeros page, like the Middle-earth page. Climate, people, geography, history, etc. That's content -- hard work. We don't need a proliferation of stubs and substubs and a large list that points to them. That's infrastructure, and without content it just smacks of fancruft. Like having a page for every single Britney Spears song ever done.
 * When at some time the content becomes unmanageably large, then we can discuss subpages and templates and so on. But it's much easier to refactor content after you have content, instead of producing an infrastructure beforehand that forces others contributors to follow a largely arbitrary structure. Electronic media make it easy to change infrastructure to follow content. It shouldn't be the other way around.
 * On the other hand, I really like your House Targaryen idea. That's a great idea for a large, in-depth page. I just added "Traits and customs". It would be lovely if we could focus our efforts on making that page really good. (That includes merging Dany's page into it, and adding paragraphs about other notable Targaryens.) Thore 10:43, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree with you about the fancruft, but not about lists that point to nothing; we can un-wiki the lists or reduce their size, cut away anything that doesnt seem essential but there'll still be lists (a list of major vassal houses to house stark would be relevant to a house stark page, no? or a key item for illegitimate children's surnames by region?). aside from that, my previous post was just a brainstorm.

there were a lot of red links and substubs when i started on these pages (i wrote Arya Stark to avoid having it look like Cersei Lannister), and mostly i was just trying to get rid of that; i would've started merging pages last night, but there's probly some other people who'll wanna chime in. house targaryen wasn't my idea...

is 32k the limit? high, lower? looking at the WoT page--do you want that much plot summary on major characters? will read over the middle earth and fancruft talk pages this week.

is there a site for public domain, wiki'd cliff notes out there for things like 1984?

and calm down, man. no need for italics.

Nateji77 17:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Guideline for SoIaF characters
There is lots and lots of wonderful material about SoIaF added to the Wikipedia lately, and that is almost exclusively good news. However (at the danger of biting some newcomers and smothering enthusiasm) I would like us to agree on a few guidlines. This is mostly prompted by two recent discussions on Votes for Deletion about Song-related material, which I would like to avoid in the future. I am trying to fight for the Aerys Targaryen article, and think I have improved it somewhat, but to avoid such problems in the future I would prefer some consensus about issues of style and granularity.

As the result of the first of the "Votes for Deletions" discussions, I was asked to think about merging the character-related material. I have done some thinking (and some moving and editing, without really getting anywhere), and would like to submit the following ideas for considerations:

Where to draw the line
This series, and its fandom, is obsessed with detail. In principle, this obsession is highly compatible with Wikipedia aims, and ought to produce comprehensible, well-written, and well-researched articles. On the other hand, the mindless inclusion of trivial details about fictional universes is dangerously close to fancruft, which (in my view) is not a good thing for Wikipedia (this is debatable, please follow the link). What's worse, it makes the article in question less useful for all but the most dedicated reader. (And finally, it's a sure way to get the article listed for Deletion, which just makes it a lot of work and eventually results in a rewrite after all.)

Intended audience
For Song material on Wikipedia, I think the intended audience should be casual readers who want to solidify their understanding of the background, possibly after of during their first reading, or people who haven't actually read the books (but, say, played the game, or read about -- I never read Wheel of Time, but the WoT-related articles on Wikipedia are very useful introductions). This means that the articles should be generally accessible to a non-expert audience. Good examples of such pages from other fantasy universes are Middle-earth, Gandalf, Narnia, or even Weapons of Star Wars (just to show that I am not opposed to fictional trivia.)

Book summaries
As a consequence, I don't think the articles should contain book summaries. I can't really see who is interested in reading about the things that happen in the books (but see below). That's what the books are for, not Wikipedia. (However, Wikipedia ought to include a book summary on the page for the relevant book, with a spoiler warning. That's just like any encyclopedia.)

On the other hand, it would be very useful to have summaries of events that happen prior to the books, especially those that are revealed only bit by bit and in random order. For example, the summary of the War of the Usurper on Aerys Targaryen is pure gold (needs clean-up, but that's beside the point). Such things are extremely good because the are almost impossible to understand by just reading the books, and an encyclopedia article is perfect for it.

To make this quite clear: An account of the War of the Usurper (which is really hard to assemble by just reading the books, even after re-reads) is very interesting, and Wikipedia is just the right place for it. An account of what happens to Arya in the three books is not so good, because it's just a summary of the Arya chapters.

The gist of these meandering is that I would very much like us to agree on a policy that frowns upon "summaries of what actually happens in the main plotline". The reasons are (1) it's baaaad fancruft, and (2) it's unclear which audience benefits form this information. I may be wrong about this, so please, please comment.

 * [Since these books come out every few years, a summary (or at the very least a plot outline, or links to websites who have them) would be a useful refresher for those who want to start the latest book without having to re-read or skim the previous books. Here is a link to chapter summaries written by Vincent Briscuso for "A Game of Thrones" (contains spoilers) http://members.aol.com/vbkorik27/summary/AGOT.htm] (Unsigned interjection by anon IP 24.18.150.239.)

List of stuff
Along the same lines, I am not too fond of the "List of xxx" articles that appear (about Song and elsewhere on Wikipedia). I cannot see who wants a List of Places of Westeros. On the other hand, I can see lots of people who would like to see a good, long article about the geography of Westeros, which might then include such a list.

Arbor 13:12, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Merging content from Rickard Stark
I am merging material from Rickard Stark as per its VfD. Regular contributors can maintain this list as they see fit, but I suggest that if other articles get merged to this list, you should place the content in here and bold the character name instead of making it a link to the article. --Deathphoenix 18:02, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Scratch that. The articles are a redirect to House Stark, which is probably sufficient for the purposes of this list. --Deathphoenix 18:10, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Organization of Minor Characters.
I've cleaned up repeated names on the list; if there are four Wills in the book simply listing "Will" four times does no good to anybody.

Anyway I was thinking no one is going to come and look at this list to just browse names looking for names of intrest as this is a article involving fiction and anybody here already know what's up, they're just looking for clarification on something. The only way I can think to organize all these names for search and ease of use is by leaving this list in place and then linking onto broader pages ie the House Stark page with their members listerd here.

IMHO opinion what we need for minor characters:

 * Kingsguard Page
 * Night's Watch
 * Bannermen of Each Major House Page (a good catchall for nobility)
 * Freeriders, Sellswords, Hedge Knights and Bandits of aSoIaF Page
 * A Citadel Page
 * A Religions of aSoIaF Page
 * Free Cities Page
 * etc

Any other ideas would be cool but I'm going to start in on this. My hope is that we can far exceed the scope and design of the WoT pages. aSoIaF deserves and at times demands something more. NeoFreak 20:08, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think that's such a good idea.  The notability guidelines at WP:FICT say that minor characters belong in a list, either in the main article or (as here) in a separate article if the main article gets too long. I would suggest renaming this article to Minor characters in A Song of Ice and Fire and adding the brief character descriptions WP:FICT suggests.  If, after that is done, the article is too long (I think it probably will be), we can consider breaking into A-L and M-Z or something along those lines.  Having a couple dozen short lists of characters just requires the reader to move around a lot to find the information she wants, and invites an AFD.  And, if they are minor characters, how much detail on them does an encyclopedia need?  Scope and design are all very well, but perspective and approachability are also useful.  I don't see how it's desirable to catalog every detail of this or that aspect of the universe; that's what fansites (or a Wikia) are for. Brendan Moody 21:43, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose Minor characters.... I think this page works best if all of them are here. It doesn't make a difference in length if there are 1000 or 975, and the decision whether Areo Hotah is minor or not is too difficult. Even if we agreed, no reader would be able to follow our reasoning. Apart from that: yes, one-line descriptions for each character on this list (so we know which Pate is meant), and a link to another page (if a longer description exists) is just what this page should evolve into. Ideally, using the search function, a reader should be able to use this page for navigation, instead of having to find an individual character by guessing "Is Jon Snow listed under House Stark or Tall buildings in A Song of Ice and Fire or Bastards of Westeros or List of characters who know nothing?" No matter where he ended up, Jon should have a one-line entry here, with a link to the most comprehensive entry. (Which will be House Targaryen, of course ;) ). Arbor 07:10, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. The best use for this page is an alphabetical listing of all characters which can link out to more relavent pages for the characters and small, simple description for those characters that are too minor too warrant being included in another page. This way the page can be used as a start point for researching people. I've started to dothis with the Kinsguard page I made and the overhaul of the Night's Watch page as well. NeoFreak 07:48, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right about Minor characters being a bad idea; I managed to suggest it without actually realizing that it would mean removing the major characters.  Agreed on everything else (well, not the R+L=J nonsense :p). Brendan Moody 08:26, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Well I just threw up the begining of the Kingsguard page, check it out to get a better idea of what I have in mind, just please keep in mind it's a rough start not a finish product. The problem with having a huge list of characters is there is no substance. When people are refrencing characters from the books they are looking for how they tie into the story in a way the appendix can't provide. I think that each of the articles I have listed have enough to stand on their own merit and adding a listing of relevent characters to each article wouldn't be a big deal. A person can look up a name on this list than just follow the internal link to see where they fit into the story. NeoFreak 22:45, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The Kingsguard page has a lot of typos and some format problems but looks good in terms of content. I don't object to articles like that, with history/background/concept sections in addition to character information.  What I don't like is the idea of articles that are just collections of brief character descriptions, because they conflict needlessly with well-established guidelines on minor character pages. Brendan Moody 22:53, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

I completely agree with you. I'm sorry about the typos I wanted to get the page up to start doing some links from this page and give people intrested in this a better idea of where I want to go with it. I'll polish it up and add alot more content in the future. I have no intrest in just starting list articles that link off here, I want to have stand alone articles that people can use to find and get background on characters off here as well. Obviously a the dozens of characters that get a few sentences in the books is not going to get listed. NeoFreak 23:03, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem about the typos; I've made more than my share. I corrected as many as I could find in Kingsguard, and added some more internal links. Brendan Moody 23:09, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Duplicate Articles ?
What is the difference between this article and the following one:

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_in_A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire

I am putting this question in both articles' talk pages. 66.97.213.202 (talk) 23:09, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

Turning this page into a dab
I tried to boldly convert this into a dab, but it was reverted. Can we discuss whether this article should stay? I think it has no added value over the two other lists (Major houses in A Song of Ice and Fire & Characters in A Song of Ice and Fire). Together those two lists have over 80 characters, which should be plenty even for a series as large as ASOIAF. This list is full of characters who play absolutely no role in the books and who nobody remembers (do you know who Lady Vaith is? Bandy? or Torrek?). It is outside the scope of wikipedia to host a list of every named character (wp:NOTDIR). We have ASOIAF specific encyclopedias such as the Tower of the hand for that kind of stuff and even there they barely receive mention. Yoenit (talk) 14:28, 15 March 2011 (UTC)
 * So, it has been over a month and no reply at all. Guess it is time to be bold one more time and if I get reverted again nominate the page for deletion. Yoenit (talk) 20:45, 21 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't see the problem with the comprehensive list. Yes, it was massive, but it was also comprehensive. Every main character or notable character had a link you could follow for more detailed information. Why not leave it at that? I'm failing to see why the large list has to be deleted.Dpetley (talk) 03:54, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * wp:NOTDIR. Yoenit (talk) 11:08, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Please can I have the list back? it's a useful, relatively spoiler free, reference guide for those of us who have just started reading the books. Iaintipping (talk) 14:15, 18 June 2011 (UTC)


text:
Attributive expression

In grammar, an attributive expression is a word or phrase within a noun phrase that modifies the head noun. It may be an:

 * attributive adjective
 * attributive noun
 * attributive verb

or other part of speech, such as an attributive numeral.

title: Attributive expression


text:
Talk:Raymond Roussel

History from misspelled Raymond Roussel,
(note the comma) Mgm|(talk) 09:48, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * 21:23, Feb 4, 2005 Markaci (added vfd tag)
 * 08:38, Dec 20, 2004 GreatWhiteNortherner m (spelling)
 * 03:24, Dec 17, 2004 CanisRufus m (RedWolf - dab French)
 * 10:48, Nov 24, 2004 130.209.6.41
 * 10:48, Nov 24, 2004 130.209.6.41
 * 10:47, Nov 24, 2004 130.209.6.41

translation
At least parts of this article seem to have been translated from French, either mechanically or by someone without a native grasp of English. For example, I have just corrected
 * References to "new impressions from africa" I is central to the science-fiction novel "The Embedding" from Ian Watson (winner of the Prix Apollo in 1975).

to
 * References to "new impressions from africa" are central to the science-fiction novel "The Embedding" by Ian Watson (winner of the Prix Apollo in 1975).

I will continue to work on this as time allows. --Thnidu (talk) 21:21, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raymond Roussel


text:
Homodyne detection

In electrical engineering, homodyne detection is a method of extracting information encoded as modulation of the phase and/or frequency of an oscillating signal, by comparing that signal with a standard oscillation that would be identical to the signal if it carried null information. "Homodyne" signifies a single frequency, in contrast to the dual frequencies employed in heterodyne detection.

When applied to processing of the reflected signal in remote sensing for topography, homodyne detection lacks the ability of heterodyne detection to determine the size of a static discontinuity in elevation between two locations. (If there is a path between the two locations with smoothly changing elevation, then homodyne detection may in principle be able to track the signal phase along the path if sampling is dense enough). Homodyne detection is more readily applicable to velocity sensing.

In optics
In optical interferometry, homodyne signifies that the reference radiation (i.e. the local oscillator) is derived from the same source as the signal before the modulating process. For example, in a laser scattering measurement, the laser beam is split into two parts. One is the local oscillator and the other is sent to the system to be probed. The scattered light is then mixed with the local oscillator on the detector. This arrangement has the advantage of being insensitive to fluctuations in the frequency of the laser. Usually the scattered beam will be weak, in which case the (nearly) steady component of the detector output is a good measure of the instantaneous local oscillator intensity and therefore can be used to compensate for any fluctuations in the intensity of the laser.

Radio technology
In radio technology, the distinction is not the source of the local oscillator, but the frequency used. In heterodyne detection, the local oscillator is frequency-shifted, while in homodyne detection it has the same frequency as the radiation to be detected. See direct conversion receiver.

Applications
Lock-in amplifiers are homodyne detectors integrated into measurement equipment or packaged as stand-alone laboratory equipment for sensitive detection and highly selective filtering of weak or noisy signals. Homodyne/lock-in detection has been one of the most commonly used signal processing methods across a wide range of experimental disciplines for decades.

Homodyne and heterodyne techniques are commonly used in thermoreflectance techniques.

In the processing of signals in some applications of magnetic resonance imaging, homodyne detection can offer advantages over magnitude detection. The homodyne technique can suppress excessive noise and undesired quadrature components (90° out-of-phase), and provide stable access to information that may be encoded into the phase or polarity of images.

An encrypted secure communication system can be based on quantum key distribution (QKD). An efficient receiver scheme for implementing QKD is balanced homodyne detection (BHD) using a positive–intrinsic–negative (PIN) diode.

Homodyne detection was one of the key techniques in demonstrating quantum entanglement.

title: Homodyne detection