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Semiregular polyhedron

In geometry, the term semiregular polyhedron (or semiregular polytope) is used variously by different authors.

Definitions
In its original definition, it is a polyhedron with regular polygonal faces, and a symmetry group which is transitive on its vertices; today, this is more commonly referred to as a uniform polyhedron (this follows from Thorold Gosset's 1900 definition of the more general semiregular polytope). These polyhedra include:
 * The thirteen Archimedean solids.
 * The elongated square gyrobicupola, also called a pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron, a Johnson solid, has identical vertex figures 3.4.4.4, but is not vertex-transitive including a twist has been argued for inclusion as a 14th Archimedean solid by Branko Grünbaum.
 * An infinite series of convex prisms.
 * An infinite series of convex antiprisms (their semiregular nature was first observed by Kepler).

These semiregular solids can be fully specified by a vertex configuration: a listing of the faces by number of sides, in order as they occur around a vertex. For example: $3.5.3.5$ represents the icosidodecahedron, which alternates two triangles and two pentagons around each vertex. In contrast: $3.3.3.5$ is a pentagonal antiprism. These polyhedra are sometimes described as vertex-transitive.

Since Gosset, other authors have used the term semiregular in different ways in relation to higher dimensional polytopes. E. L. Elte provided a definition which Coxeter found too artificial. Coxeter himself dubbed Gosset's figures uniform, with only a quite restricted subset classified as semiregular.

Yet others have taken the opposite path, categorising more polyhedra as semiregular. These include:
 * Three sets of star polyhedra which meet Gosset's definition, analogous to the three convex sets listed above.
 * The duals of the above semiregular solids, arguing that since the dual polyhedra share the same symmetries as the originals, they too should be regarded as semiregular. These duals include the Catalan solids, the convex dipyramids, and the convex antidipyramids or trapezohedra, and their nonconvex analogues.

A further source of confusion lies in the way that the Archimedean solids are defined, again with different interpretations appearing.

Gosset's definition of semiregular includes figures of higher symmetry: the regular and quasiregular polyhedra. Some later authors prefer to say that these are not semiregular, because they are more regular than that - the uniform polyhedra are then said to include the regular, quasiregular, and semiregular ones. This naming system works well, and reconciles many (but by no means all) of the confusions.

In practice even the most eminent authorities can get themselves confused, defining a given set of polyhedra as semiregular and/or Archimedean, and then assuming (or even stating) a different set in subsequent discussions. Assuming that one's stated definition applies only to convex polyhedra is probably the most common failing. Coxeter, Cromwell, and Cundy & Rollett are all guilty of such slips.

General remarks
Johannes Kepler coined the category semiregular in his book Harmonices Mundi (1619), including the 13 Archimedean solids, two infinite families (prisms and antiprisms on regular bases), and two edge-transitive Catalan solids, the rhombic dodecahedron and rhombic triacontahedron. He also considered a rhombus as a semiregular polygon (being equilateral and alternating two angles) as well as star polygons, now called isotoxal figures which he used in planar tilings. The trigonal trapezohedron, a topological cube with congruent rhombic faces, would also qualify as semiregular, though Kepler did not mention it specifically.

In many works semiregular polyhedron is used as a synonym for Archimedean solid. For example, Cundy & Rollett (1961).

We can distinguish between the facially-regular and vertex-transitive figures based on Gosset, and their vertically-regular (or versi-regular) and facially-transitive duals.

Coxeter et al. (1954) use the term semiregular polyhedra to classify uniform polyhedra with Wythoff symbol of the form p q | r, a definition encompassing only six of the Archimedean solids, as well as the regular prisms (but not the regular antiprisms) and numerous nonconvex solids. Later, Coxeter (1973) would quote Gosset's definition without comment, thus accepting it by implication.

Eric Weisstein, Robert Williams and others use the term to mean the convex uniform polyhedra excluding the five regular polyhedra – including the Archimedean solids, the uniform prisms, and the uniform antiprisms (overlapping with the cube as a prism and regular octahedron as an antiprism).

Peter Cromwell (1997) writes in a footnote to Page 149 that, "in current terminology, 'semiregular polyhedra' refers to the Archimedean and Catalan (Archimedean dual) solids". On Page 80 he describes the thirteen Archimedeans as semiregular, while on Pages 367 ff. he discusses the Catalans and their relationship to the 'semiregular' Archimedeans. By implication this treats the Catalans as not semiregular, thus effectively contradicting (or at least confusing) the definition he provided in the earlier footnote. He ignores nonconvex polyhedra.

title: Semiregular polyhedron


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John Cotman

John Cotman may refer to:
 * John Sell Cotman (1782–1842), English marine and landscape painter
 * John Joseph Cotman (1814–1878), his son, English landscape painter

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Cotman


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Head over Heels (video game)

Head Over Heels is an action-adventure game published by Ocean Software in 1987 for several home computers. It uses an isometric engine similar to the Filmation technique first developed by Ultimate Play the Game. Head Over Heels is the second isometric game by Jon Ritman and Bernie Drummond, after their earlier Batman computer game was released in 1986. The game received favourable reviews and was described by Zzap!64 as an "all time classic".

In 2003, Retrospec released a remake of Head Over Heels for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, BeOS, and Linux. In 2019, Piko Interactive released an Atari ST port of Head Over Heels for Atari Jaguar. A Nintendo Switch port was released in October 2021.

Gameplay
The player controls two characters instead of just one, each with different abilities.

Head can jump higher than Heels, control himself in the air, and fire doughnuts from a hooter to paralyze enemies.

Heels can run twice as fast as Head, climb certain staircases that Head cannot, and carry objects around a room in a bag.

These abilities become complementary when the player combines them after completing roughly a sixth of the game. Compared to its predecessors, the game offers unique and revolutionary gameplay, complex puzzles, and more than 300 rooms to explore.

Drummond contributed some famously surreal touches, including robots (controlled by push switches) that bore a remarkable resemblance to the head of Charles III (then Prince of Wales) on the body of a Dalek. Other surreal touches include enemies with the heads of elephants and staircases made of dogs that teleport themselves away as soon as Head enters the room.

Plot
Headus Mouthion (Head) and Footus Underium (Heels) are two spies from the planet Freedom. They are sent to Blacktooth to liberate the enslaved planets of Penitentiary, Safari, Book World and Egyptus, and then to defeat the Emperor to prevent further planets from falling under his rule.

Captured and separated, the spies are placed in the prison headquarters of Castle Blacktooth. They must first escape, then break through the market to the orbiting Moonbase. From there they can teleport down to each planet and locate and reclaim the stolen crowns. Liberating the planets and defeating the Emperor will allow Head and Heels to return to Freedom as heroes.

Development
Jon Ritman re-used and modified the isometric engine he created for Batman to support the control of 2 players instead of just 1. Modifications were made to the code for the C64 version to lower processor load, but in the end there was little difference between the versions.

Reception
Your Sinclair awarded Head over Heels 9/10 in the June 1987 issue and the game was placed at number 5 in the Your Sinclair official top 100. Sinclair User also awarded 9/10. It was chosen by Your Sinclair editors and readers as the ZX Spectrum's 1987 Game of the Year.

Crash magazine gave Head over Heels 97% and called the game "the best fun you are likely to have with a Spectrum for quite some time".

Zzap!64 gave the Commodore 64 conversion of the game 98%: enough for its coveted Gold Medal Award; the joint highest score in the magazine's history; and the first Gold Medal of the year - in its August 1987 issue. It was described as "an all time classic - not to be missed for any reason".

Commodore Force said it was the 3rd best Commodore 64 game of all time.

title: Head over Heels (video game)


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False economy

In economics, a false economy or hallucinated economy is an action that does save money at the beginning but which, over a longer period of time, results in more money being spent or wasted than being saved. For example, it may be false economy if a city government decided to purchase the cheapest automobiles for use by city workers to save money; however, if cheap automobiles have a record of needing more frequent repairs, the additional repair costs would eradicate any initial savings.

Motivating factors on the part of the party engaging in a false economy may be linked to the long-term involvement of this party. For example, a real estate developer who builds a condominium may turn the finished structure over to the ensuing condominium corporation which is run by its members once the last unit is sold and the building has passed a final inspection. Longevity of the components of the structure beyond the final turnover of the facility may not be a major motivating factor for the developer, meaning that the result of the application of false economies may be more detrimental to the end user, as opposed to the developer.

Individuals may also practise false economy in their personal lives. A notable practitioner of false economy was King Frederick William I of Prussia, who was said by Thomas Macaulay to have saved five or six reichsthalers a year by feeding his family unwholesome cabbages even though the poor diet sickened his children and the resulting medical care cost him many times what he saved.

Some examples of potential false economies include:

 * Purchasing cheaper products that don't last as long or may require more maintenance than the more expensive alternatives (buying cheap shoes, cheap paint, cheap automobiles);
 * Paying just the minimum amount on a credit card bill each month;
 * Purchasing counterfeit consumer goods;
 * Choosing to not have your vehicle serviced on time;
 * Opting to take the DIY approach for home projects rather than hiring a professional.

All these examples save the consumer some amount of money in the short-run, however could end up costing the consumer more further down the road.

The concept is related to planned obsolescence, whereby the lower initial cost of a product attracts buyers mostly on the basis of low cost, but who may later be at a disadvantage if the product becomes obsolete early.

Those in poverty often opt into false economies when they perceive that they can't afford the better long-term option in the short-term.

title: False economy


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D-Notice

In the United Kingdom, D-Notices, officially known since 2015 as DSMA-Notices (Defence and Security Media Advisory Notices), are official requests to news editors not to publish or broadcast items on specified subjects for reasons of national security.

DSMA-Notices were originally called Defence Notices (abbreviated to D-Notice) from their inception in 1912 to 1993, and DA-Notices (Defence Advisory Notices) from 1993 until the mid-2010s.

A similar D-Notice system was previously operational in Australia, but has fallen into disuse. Sweden maintained a similar "gray notice" system during World War II, as described below.

United Kingdom
In the UK, the original D-notice system was introduced in 1912 and run as a voluntary system by a joint committee headed by an Assistant Secretary of the War Office and a representative of the Press Association. Any D-notices are only advisory requests and are not legally enforceable; hence, news editors can choose not to abide by them. However, they are generally complied with by the media.

In 1971, all existing D-notices were cancelled and replaced by standing D-notices, which gave general guidance on what might be published and what was discouraged; and what would require further advice from the secretary of the Defence, Press and Broadcasting Advisory Committee (DPBAC). In 1993, the notices were renamed DA-notices (Defence Advisory Notices).

One of the recommendations resulting from the 2015 review of the D-notice system included the renaming of the system to the Defence and Security Media Advisory (DSMA) Committee. This name reflected better the longstanding inclusion of the work of the intelligence agencies. In 2017, the notices were reworded and then reorganized into the following categories:

 * DSMA-Notice 01: Military Operations, Plans & Capabilities
 * DSMA-Notice 02: Nuclear and Non-Nuclear Weapon Systems and Equipment
 * DSMA-Notice 03: Military Counter-Terrorist Forces, Special Forces and Intelligence Agency Operations, Activities and Communication Methods and Techniques
 * DSMA-Notice 04: Physical Property and Assets
 * DSMA-Notice 05: Personnel and their Families who work in Sensitive Positions

According to an article in Defense Viewpoints, between 1997 and 2008 there were "30 occasions where the committee secretary has written to specific editors when a breach in the D-Notice guidelines is judged to have occurred".

Known uses
In 1967, a political scandal known as the D-notice affair occurred, when Prime Minister Harold Wilson made an attack on the Daily Express newspaper, accusing it of breaching two D-notices which advised the press not to publish material which might damage national security. When the newspaper asserted it had not been advised of any breach, an inquiry was set up under a committee of privy counsellors. The committee found against the government, whereupon the government refused to accept its findings on the disputed article, prompting press outrage and the resignation of the secretary of the D-notice committee.

The Guardian has reported that in 1971, four days following the Baker Street robbery, a D-notice was issued, requesting that reporting be discontinued for reasons of national security. It is claimed that some security boxes contained embarrassing or nationally sensitive material. However, an investigation some years later showed that a request had never been made to the D-notice committee. The Times newspaper was still reporting about the case over two months later.

In 2004 and 2005, three blanket letters were sent to newspapers advising against publication of countermeasures used against roadside ambushes of British forces in the Iraq War.

In 2008, a D-notice was issued to prevent further disclosure relating to sensitive anti-terror documents left on a train by a senior civil servant.

On 8 April 2009, the committee issued a D-notice in relation to sensitive anti-terror documents photographed when Assistant Commissioner Bob Quick arrived at Downing Street for talks about current police intelligence.

On 25 November 2010, just prior to the publication of the United States diplomatic cables by WikiLeaks, the committee issued a D-notice, which Index on Censorship said "effectively ... [asks that it] be briefed by newspaper editors before any new revelations are published". WikiLeaks tweeted that the "UK Government has issued a 'D-notice' warning to all UK news editors, asking to be briefed on upcoming WikiLeaks stories". Simon Bucks, the Vice Chair of DPBAC, wrote that the tweet was "inaccurate and reflect[s] a serious misunderstanding of the DA-Notice system".

In October 2013, Prime Minister David Cameron made a veiled threat to newspapers over the reporting of Edward Snowden's NSA and GCHQ leaks, stating in Parliament that the government might use "injunctions or D-notices or the other tougher measures" to restrain publication of leaked classified information if newspapers did not voluntarily stop publishing them.

In 2017, a notice was issued to British journalists regarding revealing the author of the controversial Steele dossier alleging collusion between Donald Trump and the Russian government during the 2016 presidential election. Multiple British outlets ignored this advisory and revealed his name anyway, including BBC News, The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian.

On 7 March 2018 and on 14 March 2018, two notices were issued to protect MI6 in relation to some aspects of the Skripal affair. In the early 1990s Sergei Skripal was recruited by Pablo Miller, the MI6 agent inside the UK embassy to Estonia in Tallinn. The MI6 officer under diplomatic cover in Moscow at this time was Christopher Steele. Miller was also the handler of Skripal after he went to jail and was released by Russia in a spy swap. Both lived in Salisbury. Steele and Miller worked for Orbis Business Intelligence which compiled the controversial Steele dossier, comprising 17 memos written in 2016 alleging misconduct and conspiracy between Donald Trump's presidential campaign and the Putin administration. While the precise nature of the relations between Skripal, Miller, and Steele were hidden, enough was already known to raise questions about Skripal's ongoing involvement with British intelligence.

Australia
A voluntary system of D-Notices was also used in Australia starting in 1952 during the Cold War period; these were issued by the Defence, Press and Broadcasting Committee. At the first meeting of the Committee, eight D-Notices were issued covering atomic tests in Australia, aspects of naval shipbuilding, official ciphering, the number and deployment of Centurion tanks, troop movements in the Korean War, weapons and equipment information not officially released, aspects of air defence and certain aerial photographs.

In 1974, the number of D-Notices was reduced to four, covering:
 * 1) Technical information regarding navy, army and air force weapons, weapons systems, equipment and communications systems;
 * 2) Air operational capability and air defences;
 * 3) Whereabouts of Vladimir Petrov and Evdokia Petrova; and
 * 4) Ciphering and monitoring activities.

A fifth D-Notice relating to the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS) was issued in 1977.

In 1982, D-Notices were again revised to four.

 * D Notice 1: Capabilities of the Australian Defence Force, Including Aircraft, Ships, Weapons, and Other Equipment;
 * D Notice 2: Whereabouts of Vladimir Petrov and Evdokia Petrova;
 * D Notice 3: Signals Intelligence and Communications Security; and
 * D Notice 4: Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS).

The Defence, Press and Broadcasting Committee has not met since 1982 although the D-Notice system remains the administrative responsibility of the Minister for Defence. The D-Notice system fell out of common use at the end of the Cold War but remained in force. The 1995 Commission of Inquiry into the Australian Secret Intelligence Service reported that newspapers confessed ignorance that the D-Notice system was still operating when it was drawn to their attention in 1993 and 1994.

On 26 November 2010, Australian Attorney-General Robert McClelland sent a letter to heads of Australian media and other organisations proposing the creation of a new system similar to the D-Notice system. The proposed National Security Legislation Amendment Bill (2014) has been described as an extension of the D-Notice system that would subject journalists who reveal details of intelligence operations to criminal penalties.

Sweden
During World War II, the government agency Statens Informationsstyrelse distributed gray notices ("grå lappar") to the media. The notes requested the media not to report on certain events that were not to become public knowledge for political or military reasons. During the war, a total of 260 gray notices were distributed to the media.

In popular culture
The use of the D-Notice is demonstrated and referenced several times in the first episode of the Black Mirror television series, first aired in 2011. The episode is titled "The National Anthem" and within it the UK government imposes a D-Notice to try to stifle a controversial ransom demand that the (fictional) prime minister have sex with a pig to secure the release of a member of the royal family.

In the comic book series Transmetropolitan (1997), a legally binding type of D-Notice is issued by the US President in an attempt to prevent the main character, gonzo journalist Spider Jerusalem, from exposing police corruption and a government-sponsored massacre.

The film Defence of the Realm (1986) illustrates the implications of the D-Notice protocols.

In the film The Bank Job (2008), MI5 discusses issuing a D-Notice about sensitive photos stolen from a safe deposit box during a bank heist.

In the film Official Secrets (2019), a journalist from The Observer questions whether a D-Notice would be applied to a story which exposes intelligence leaked by a GCHQ employee.

In Season 2 (2021) of the Sky One television drama series COBRA, the Foreign Secretary points out that a D-Notice could be issued to prevent unwanted journalistic reporting, and has it pointed out to him by the Head of MI5 that they are now called DSMA-Notices.

In Season 4 Episode 1 (2017) of Sherlock, Mycroft Holmes mentions putting out a D-Notice to prevent any unauthorised disclosure of the contents of the meeting held behind closed doors.

In Season 2 Episode 2 of the BBC television series The Capture (2019), at 32 minutes in, DSU Gemma Garland (played by Lia Williams) mentions 'you can't broadcast it; we'll slap a D-Notice on it.'

In Season 2, Episode 3 of the ITV television drama Trigger Point, Commander John Francis (portrayed by Julian Ovenden) makes a veiled threat to issue a D-Notice, to silence a journalist and their editor following an explosive device being sent to the journalist's place of work. The editor acknowledges that they are not legally binding.

title: D-Notice


text:
Federal University of Santa Maria

The Federal University of Santa Maria (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, UFSM) is a Brazilian public university located in Santa Maria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, funded by the federal government of Brazil. It was founded in 1960, by Professor José Mariano da Rocha Filho. Its campuses span over 1,837.72 ha, with a total of 386,968 m2 of buildings and 28,307 students.

UFSM's presence in the municipality of Santa Maria is one of the reasons why the city is sometimes called "university city" or "culture city". It is located in western Rio Grande do Sul, approximately 290 km far from the capital city of the state, Porto Alegre, thus being set in the heart of the pampas of Brazil.

As a public university, students do not pay tuition fees. It is the oldest federal university not located in a Brazilian state capital city, and the largest in number of undergraduate courses offered in Rio Grande do Sul state. As for 2015, the university was ranked at position 15 at national ranking from MEC.

Admission
Like most other Brazilian higher education institutions, the admission for undergraduate courses in UFSM is mainly based on an annual open test called vestibular. The only request to be filled in order to apply for it is to have completed a high school course. UFSM's vestibular comprises a multiple-choice exam and a written essay and lasts for 3 mornings and 1 afternoon. The multiple-choice exam contains 15 questions on each of the following subjects: Portuguese Language, Brazilian Literature, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Geography, History, Biology, Philosophy and Foreign Language (the applicant may choose one among English, Spanish, French, German and Italian). The written essay is usually an argumentative text on a theme.

UFSM offers also a serial admission program, called PEIES (or Programa de Ingresso ao Ensino Superior), which consists of a multiple-choice exam applied at the end of each of the three years of Brazilian high school, plus a written essay only in the third year. UFSM was the first university in Brazil to adopt such a program, through which 20% of all the undergraduate students are admitted. UFSM's vestibular and PEIES are both prepared and administered by Coperves (Permanent Commission for Vestibular).

In 2011, the most competitive course was Medicine, with over 96 candidates per opening. Since 2015, vestibular was replaced by "SISU", a national wide selection system for general university entrance, as it happens to most of federal universities on the country.

Campuses
UFSM has four campuses: the main one in Camobi, Santa Maria; one campus in the municipality of Silveira Martins, near Santa Maria; and two smaller ones in northern Rio Grande do Sul, in the municipalities of Frederico Westphalen and Palmeira das Missões. In Santa Maria, however, the courses of Law, Business, Accounting, Psychology, Economics, International Relations, and Dentistry are still offered off-campus, in the city centre.

Academic centres and courses offered
The university is divided into nine academic centers, which administer and organize the undergraduate and postgraduate courses offered.

 * Centro de Artes e Letras (CAL) — Centre of Arts and Languages
 * Undergraduate courses offered at the Campus of Santa Maria: Theater (Acting and Directing), Visual Arts (Drawing and Sculpture), Industrial Design, Languages and Literatures (Portuguese; English; Spanish), and Music (Licentiate; specific musical instrument; Singing).

 * Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE) — Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences

 * Undergraduate courses offered at the Campus of Santa Maria: Biology, Physics, Geography, Meteorology, Mathematics, Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, and Statistics.

 * Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR) — Centre of Rural Sciences

 * Undergraduate courses offered at the Campus of Santa Maria: Agronomy, Forestry, Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry, and Technology on Food.

 * Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS) — Centre of Health Sciences

 * Undergraduate courses offered at the Campus of Santa Maria: Nursing, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Physiotherapy, Speech and Language Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Medicine, and Dentistry (some classes offered in downtown Santa Maria).

 * Centro de Ciências Sociais e Humanas (CCSH) — Centre of Social and Human Sciences

 * Undergraduate courses offered at the Campus of Santa Maria: Archival science, Sociology, Communications (Journalism; Public Relations; Advertising and Publishing), Philosophy, and History.

 * Undergraduate courses offered at downtown Santa Maria: Business Administration, Accountancy, Economics, Law, Psychology, and International Relations.

 * Centro de Educação (CE) — Centre of Education

 * Undergraduate courses offered at the Campus of Santa Maria: Pedagogy, and Special Education.

 * Centro de Educação Física e Desporto (CEFD) — Centre of Physical Education and Sports

 * Undergraduate course offered at the Campus of Santa Maria: Physical Education.

 * Centro de Tecnologia (CT) — Centre of Technology

 * Undergraduate courses offered at the Campus of Santa Maria: Architecture and Urban Planning, Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Acoustical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Civil Engineering, Control Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, and Information Systems.

 * Graduate courses offered at the Campus of Santa Maria: Computer Science, Civil Engineering, Process Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Production Engineering.

 * Centro de Educação Superior Norte-RS (CESNORS) — Centre of Higher Education of Northern Rio Grande do Sul

 * Undergraduate courses offered at the Campus of Frederico Westphalen: Agronomy, Communications (Journalism; Public Relations with emphasis on Multimedia), Environmental Engineering, Forestry, Technology on Food, and Technology on Internet Systems.

 * Undergraduate courses offered at the Campus of Palmeira das Missões: Animal Husbandry, Biology, Business Administration, Nursing, and Nutrition.

 * In addition:
 * the Coordenadoria de Ensino Médio e Tecnológico (CEMTEC)  — Coordination of Secondary and Technical Education offers 4 other undergraduation courses at the Campus of Santa Maria: Technology on Cooperative Management, Technology on Geoprocessing, Technology on Mechanical Fabrication, and Technology on Computer Network;
 * the Unidade Descentralizada de Ensino Superior de Silveira Martins (UDESSM) — Descentralized Unit of Higher Education of Silveira Martins offers 4 undergraduate courses at the Campus of Silveira Martins: Technology on Agribusiness, Technology on Environmental Management, Technology on Tourism Management, and Technology on Management Process.

UFSM offers 11 distance education courses and 66 graduate courses.

Secondary and technological education
The Federal University of Santa Maria also has three technical and secondary education institutions:
 * The Colégio Técnico Industrial de Santa Maria (Industrial Technical School of Santa Maria);
 * The Colégio Politécnico da UFSM (UFSM's Polytechnic School), also in Santa Maria; and
 * The Colégio Agrícola de Frederico Westphalen  (Agricultural School of Frederico Westphalen).

They are administered by UFSM's Coordenadoria de Ensino Médio e Tecnológico — Coordination of Secondary and Technical Education. The schools offer the plain high school syllabus, plus optional vocational education.

Paleontology
UFSM is a center for studies of paleontology, since the city of Santa Maria sits on a deposit of fossils. It is considered an important institution of Paleorrota.

Paleontological Sites

 * Paleontological Site Arroio Cancela.
 * Paleontological Site Largo Padre Daniel Cargnin.
 * Paleontological Site Bela Vista.
 * Paleontological Site Jazigo Cinco.
 * Paleontological Site Sanga da Alemoa.

title: Federal University of Santa Maria


text:
Talk:Testament of Job

e-text link is broken

 * Thanks. Too bad. I removed the broken link and added some references and details --Wetman 02:26, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Testament of Job


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taylor EP

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 01:21, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Taylor EP
Not notable --Brookie 12:04, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't appear separately notable, even less so due to it being only released in one market. Merge any useful data into the Jack Johnson article. Average Earthman 13:52, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this artist has enough hits on Google and this is part of his discography. Could use some improvements, though. --Sn0wflake 18:40, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it, potential fork/dupe. Wyss 20:36, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 02:36, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with the album On & On. Capitalistroadster 11:02, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fork. JamesBurns 09:05, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Mississippienne

 * I'm from, well, Mississippi. I'm also a member of the Straight Dope Message Board.
 * I was a Corps Member/ISP Coordinator in Americorps NCCC, Class X, Perry Point. I graduated in 2004.
 * My primary interest lies in medieval Europe (France, Kievan Rus, England) with some carry-over into the Crusades.

title: User:Mississippienne


text: File:Wikimedia without text-35px.png

title: File:Wikimedia without text-35px.png


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dylan Alper

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 18:38, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Dylan Alper
Non-notable high school student. Seems to be written by an author who is creating entries about school friends and summer camps that are also up for deletion. Arkyan 01:22, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 02:10, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone provides more notable evidence. Zzyzx11 04:25, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. RickK 05:33, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. not notable. —Brim 17:09, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn vanity. —Korath (Talk) 07:06, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Eddie Haskell

Edward Clark Haskell (also referred to as Edward W. Haskell) is a fictional character on the American television sitcom Leave It to Beaver, which ran on CBS from October 4, 1957, to 1958 and on ABC from 1958 to 1963. He was played by Ken Osmond. The character was also featured in the later series Still the Beaver, and in the 1997 film remake of the original series.

Character overview
The son of George (however, in Season 1, episode 20, Eddie gives his name as "Edward Clark Haskell, Jr.," and in Season 4 episode 26, Eddie's father introduces himself as "Frank Haskell") and Agnes, Eddie Haskell was the smart-mouthed best friend of Wally Cleaver. The character, played in the original series by Ken Osmond, has become a cultural reference, recognized as an archetype for insincere sycophants. Ward Cleaver once remarked that "[Eddie] is so polite, it's almost un-American."

Eddie was known for his neat grooming —hiding his shallow and sneaky character. Typically, Eddie would greet his friends' parents with overdone good manners and often a compliment such as "That's a lovely dress you're wearing, Mrs. Cleaver." However, when no parents were around, Eddie was always up to no good—either conniving with his friends or picking on Wally's younger brother, Beaver, whom he regularly derided as "Squirt". "Gertrude" and "Sam" were nicknames he reserved for Wally. Eddie's duplicity was also exemplified in his efforts to curry favor by trying to talk to adults at the level he thought they would respect, such as referring to their children as Theodore (Beaver's much-disliked given name) and Wallace, even though the parents called them Beaver and Wally.

An untrustworthy wise guy, Eddie could be relied upon to concoct and instigate schemes with his friends, schemes for which they would be in the position of blame if (and frequently when) they were caught. One of his most infamous pranks with the Cleaver brothers involved fastening a chain around the rear axle of their friend Lumpy Rutherford's car, causing unplanned damage as the entire rear axle, wheels and all, became detached when Lumpy tried to move the car. The prank has been repeated on police and gangster cars in scenes in various films including American Graffiti (1973), Porky's (1981), and Gone in 60 Seconds (2000).

S4-E38 "Beaver's Doll Buggy" may explain how Eddie's scheming character came to be. He related a story from kindergarten, when a caregiver sent him to school with a home permanent hairstyle. When he told his father about it, his father made a big joke about it. Eddie claims that was the last time he told his dad anything. Then he adds, "If you can make the other guy feel like a goon first, then you don't feel so much like a goon."

One of Eddy's catchphrases is "What's up, Doc?", which is a reference to the same catchphrase said by Bugs Bunny in response to Elmer Fudd pointing his gun at him, preceded by an "Eh..." and lip smacking while eating a carrot.

The New Leave It to Beaver
In the 1980s revival series, titled The New Leave It to Beaver, Eddie is now married to Gertrude ("Gert") and they have two sons, Freddie and Edward Jr. (played by Osmond's real-life sons, Eric and Christian, respectively). Edward Jr. (nicknamed "Bomber") is enrolled at Vicksburg Military School, the result of his having spilled grape juice on the Haskells' white carpeting. Both Freddie and Bomber have adopted their father's scheming and insincere nature.

Eddie operates an eponymously named contracting company. He remains an avid Woody Woodpecker cartoon fan.

Reception
In 1999, TV Guide ranked Eddie Haskell number 20 on its "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time" list.

title: Eddie Haskell


text:
Bugle call

A bugle call is a short tune, originating as a military signal announcing scheduled and certain non-scheduled events on a military installation, battlefield, or ship. Historically, bugles, drums, and other loud musical instruments were used for clear communication in the noise and confusion of a battlefield. Naval bugle calls were also used to command the crew of many warships (signaling between ships being by flaghoist, semaphore, signal lamp or other means).

A defining feature of a bugle call is that it consists only of notes from a single overtone series. This is in fact a requirement if it is to be playable on a bugle or equivalently on a trumpet without moving the valves. (If a bandsman plays calls on a trumpet, for example, one particular key may be favored or even prescribed, such as: all calls to be played with the first valve down.)

Bugle calls typically indicated the change in daily routines of camp. Every duty around camp had its own bugle call, and since cavalry had horses to look after, they heard twice as many signals as regular infantry. "Boots and Saddles" was the most imperative of these signals and could be sounded without warning at any time of day or night, signaling the men to equip themselves and their mounts immediately. Bugle calls also relayed commanders' orders on the battlefield, signaling the troops to Go Forward, To the Left, To the Right, About, Rally on the Chief, Trot, Gallop, Rise up, Lay down, Commence Firing, Cease Firing, Disperse, and other specific actions.

History
The military use of signal instruments dates to ancient times. The Romans used a form of bugle in their Legions. Records show the use of an early bugle in Hanover by 1758, and the British infantry introduced the Halbmondbläser in 1764. The bugle gained widespread use in horse mounted units, where the more common signals of drums and fifes were impractical. At the 1776 Battle of Harlem Heights, the use of British bugle calls was taken as an insult by United States forces, who mistook them for hunting calls.

The bugle became more common with United States units during the War of 1812. Through the 19th century, the bugle gradually replaced the Fife. By the time of the United States Civil War, each company was allotted two buglers.

Military use of bugles waned as new technology provided improved methods of field communication, but bugle calls continue to be used as traditional signals that mark daily events or special ceremonies. United States Army posts, for example, play Reveille at the start of a work day. In addition, the use of bugles and bugle calls is maintained in traditional Drum and bugle corps and some drum corps.

Bugle calls

 * "Adjutant's Call": Indicates that the adjutant is about to form the guard, battalion, or regiment.
 * "Alarm" (as played by Sam Jaffe near the end of Gunga Din)
 * "Assembly": Signals troops to assemble at a designated place.
 * "Attention": Sounded as a warning that troops are about to be called to attention.
 * "Boots and Saddles": Sounded for mounted troops to mount and take their place in line.
 * "Call to Quarters": Signals all personnel not authorized to be absent to return to their quarters for the night.
 * [[Image:Bugle Calls Call To Quarters.svg|Call to Quarters score]]

 * "Charge": Signals troops to execute a charge, or gallop forward into harm's way with deadly intent.
 * "Church Call": Signals that religious services are about to begin. The call may also be used to announce the formation of a funeral escort from a selected military unit.
 * "Drill Call": Sounds as a warning to turn out for drill.
 * "Fatigue Call": Signals all designated personnel to report for fatigue duty.
 * "Fire Call": Signals that there is a fire on the post or in the vicinity. The call is also used for fire drill.
 * "First Call": Sounds as a warning that personnel will prepare to assemble for a formation.
 * This call is also used in horse racing, where it is known as Call to the Post. In that context, it indicates that jockeys need to have their mounts in position to be loaded into the starting gate.
 * "First Sergeant's Call": Signals that the First Sergeant is about to form the company.
 * "Guard Mount": Sounds as a warning that the guard is about to be assembled for guard mount.
 * "Last Post": Used at Commonwealth of Nations military funerals and ceremonies commemorating those who have been killed in a war.
 * "Mail Call": Signals personnel to assemble for the distribution of mail.
 * "Mess Call": Signals mealtime.
 * "Officers Call": Signals all officers to assemble at a designated place.
 * "Pay Call": Signals that troops will be paid.
 * "Recall": Signals duties or drills to cease.

 * "Retreat": Formerly used to signal troops to retreat. Now used to signal the end of the official day. This bugle call is very close to Sunset used in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms. (This call is also used to introduce Act 3 of La damnation de Faust by Hector Berlioz.) In the U.S. Army, it is signaled right before To The Colors.
 * [[Image:Bugle Calls Retreat.svg|Retreat score]]

 * "Reveille": Signals the troops to awaken for morning roll call. In the U.S. Army, it accompanies the raising of the flag, thus representing the official beginning of the new day.
 * "The Rouse": Used in Commonwealth nations to signal soldiers to get out of bed (as distinct from Reveille, which signals the troops to awaken).

 * "School Call": Signals school is about to begin.
 * [[Image:Bugle Calls School Call.svg|School Call score]]

 * Sick Call: Signals all troops needing medical attention to report to the dispensary.
 * [[Image:Bugle Calls Sick Call.svg|Sick Call score]]

 * "Stable Call": Signals troops to feed and water horses. Lyrics dating to 1852 Sumner's March to New Mexico: "Come off to the stables, all if you are able, and give your horses some oats and some corn; For if you don’t do it, the colonel will know it, And then you will rue it, as sure’s you’re born."
 * "Swimming Call": Signals the start of the swimming period.
 * [[Image:Bugle Calls Swimming Call.svg|Swimming Call score]]

 * "Taps": Signals that unauthorized lights are to be extinguished. This is the last call of the day. The call is also sounded at the completion of a U.S. military funeral ceremony.
 * "Tattoo": Signals that all light in squad rooms be extinguished and that all loud talking and other disturbances be discontinued within 15 minutes.
 * [[Image:Bugle Calls Tattoo.svg|Tattoo score]]

 * "To Arms": Signals all troops to fall under arms at designated places without delay.
 * [[Image:To-Arms.png]]

 * "To The Colors" (or "To the Color"): In the United States, it is used to render honors to the nation. It is used when no band is available to render honors, or in ceremonies requiring honors to the nation more than once. "To the Colors" commands all the same courtesies as the National Anthem. The most common use of "To The Colors" is when it is sounded immediately following "Retreat". During this use of the call, the flag is lowered.
 * [[Image:Bugle Calls To The Colors.svg|To the Colors score]]

Popular culture
Many of the familiar calls have had words made up to fit the tune. For example, the U.S. "Reveille" goes:

 * I can't get 'em up,
 * I can't get 'em up,
 * I can't get 'em up this morning;
 * I can't get 'em up,
 * I can't get 'em up,
 * I can't get 'em up at all!
 * The corporal's worse than the privates,
 * The sergeant's worse than the corporals,
 * Lieutenant's worse than the sergeants,
 * And the captain's worst of all!

and the U.S. "Mess Call":

 * Soupy, soupy, soupy, without a single bean:
 * Coffee, coffee, coffee, without a speck of cream:
 * Porky, porky, porky, without a streak of lean.

and the U.S. "Assembly":
 * There's a soldier in the grass
 * With a bullet up his ass
 * Take it out, take it out
 * Like a good Girl Scout!

and the U.S. "Taps"
 * Day is done
 * Gone the sun
 * From the lake, from the hills, from the sky
 * All is well, safely rest
 * God is nigh

Irving Berlin wrote a tune called, "Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning". In a filmed version of his musical, This Is the Army, he plays a World War I doughboy whose sergeant exhorts him with this variant of words sung to "Reveille": "Ya gotta get up, ya gotta get up, ya gotta get up this morning!" after which Berlin sang the song.

"Taps" has been used frequently in popular media, both sincerely (in connection with actual or depicted death) and humorously (as with a "killed" cartoon character). It is the title of a 1981 movie of the same name.

"First call" is best known for its use in thoroughbred horse racing, where it is also known as the "Call to the Post". It is used to herald (or summon) the arrival of horses onto the track for a race.

Another popular use of the "Mess Call" is a crowd cheer at football or basketball games. The normal tune is played by the band, with a pause to allow the crowd to chant loudly, "Eat 'em up! Eat 'em up! Rah! Rah! Rah!"

Early solid state Bally pinball tables played two bugle calls on their chime units. First Call was used as the game start tune and To the Colors for game over.

title: Bugle call


text:
SAX J1808.4−3658

The first accreting millisecond pulsar discovered in 1998 by the Italian-Dutch BeppoSAX satellite, SAX J1808.4−3658 revealed X-ray pulsations at the 401 Hz neutron star spin frequency when it was observed during a subsequent outburst in 1998 by NASA's RXTE satellite. The neutron star is orbited by a brown dwarf binary companion with a likely mass of 0.05 solar masses, every 2.01 hours. X-ray burst oscillations and quasi-periodic oscillations in addition to coherent X-ray pulsations have been seen from SAX J1808.4-3658, making it a Rosetta stone for interpretation of the timing behavior of low-mass X-ray binaries.

These accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars are thought to be the evolutionary progenitors of recycled radio millisecond pulsars. A total of thirteen accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars have been discovered as of January 2011. Three of them are Intermittent millisecond X-ray pulsars (HETE J1900.1-2455, Aql X-1 and SAX J1748.9-2021), i.e. they emit pulsations sporadically during the outburst.

On 21 August 2019 (UTC; 20 August in the US), Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) spotted the brightest X-ray burst so far observed. It came from SAX J1808.4−3658.

title: SAX J1808.4−3658


text:
Carwyn James

Carwyn Rees James (2 November 1929 – 10 January 1983) was a Welsh rugby union player and coach. He won two Welsh international caps but is most famous for his coaching achievements with Llanelli, the 1971 British Lions and the Barbarians, with all of whom he beat the All Blacks.

Early life and education
James was born in 1929, the son of a coalminer, in Cefneithin in the Gwendraeth Valley. He was educated at the village school, at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Carmathen, at Llandovery College, and at Trinity College, Carmathen. He played rugby for and captained Wales Secondary Schools.

At Aberystwyth University in his first year he studied Geography, Philosophy, Welsh History and Welsh, and Welsh alone in his final year.

Teaching, navy, espionage
James worked as a Welsh teacher by profession and later a lecturer at Trinity College, Carmarthen. He also served in the navy, and may have done spying work, although was a pacifist later in life.

Rugby playing
James played fly-half for Llanelli, playing his first game while still at Gwendraeth School. He later played for London Welsh RFC.

He was capped for Wales twice in 1958, the second time at centre, but would probably have gained more caps had he not been in competition with Cliff Morgan for the fly-half spot.

Rugby coaching
James gained distinction as a coach with Llanelli. In 1970, he refused to leave the changing rooms whilst Llanelli lost to South Africa as a protest to the apartheid in the country of the visiting team to Wales.

James was coach of the 1971 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand, the only Lions side ever to win a series against the All Blacks.

James then continued to coach Llanelli. He coached them to the famous victory over the All Blacks at Stradey Park, Llanelli, in 1972. He then coached them to four Welsh Cups between 1973 and 1976.

James also coached the Barbarians to victory over the All Blacks in 1973, including being credited with man management to stimulate Phil Bennett to make his famous sidestepping run that day.

He then coached in Italy, at Rugby Rovigo, from 1977 to 1980, winning a title.

James never coached the Welsh national side, largely because of his belief that the coach should chair the selectors' meetings and be responsible for choosing the other selectors. At one stage he applied for the role but then withdrew his application.

Coaching approach
James' coaching style was said to involve quiet words with players and half-suggestions rather than orders.

Mervyn Davies said, "He invited us to take personal responsibility for our role but without ever telling us what to do." Mike Gibson said, "We were free to express our ability, free to attack from any situation." He said in some training sessions James would run behind the backs, shouting 'Think! Think! Think!'

James was a strong believer in attacking rugby, with the attitude that if a team had possession of the ball it should be able to attack, regardless of the position on the field.

Rugby media work
In his later years he became a noted broadcaster on the game in Wales.

Politics
James was a nationalist and stood as Plaid Cymru candidate in Llanelli in the 1970 General Election. He was an opponent of apartheid and during the controversial 1969/70 Springbok tour he prepared the Llanelli team but stayed in the dressing room as a protest. He was a pacifist in his later years.

Personal life
James was very interested in literature. He spoke Russian fluently.

James never married, and is believed by many to have struggled with loneliness and possibly been homosexual.

James suffered serious eczema. Always a smoker, he also consumed significant alcohol in his later years.

Death
In January 1983, 53-year-old James made a visit to the Netherlands as a break after making a television series, and stayed alone at the Hotel Krasnapolsky in Dam Square, Amsterdam. He had stayed with Cliff Morgan before the trip, had invited Alun Richards on the trip, and made entirely normal telephone calls to friends during it. The Western Mail reported that his body was discovered in the bath of his hotel suite, having lain there for some days. Police said he had died of a heart attack and there were no suspicious circumstances.

Legacy
The sports building of Aberystwyth University is named after him, as is the playing field at Cefneithin RFC.

Due to his coaching in Italy, an international tournament, called "Carwyn James Easter Trophy", is held in Pieve di Cento (Bologna). The 12th edition was in 2016. The trophy is for Under 15s sides and has been arranged with the help of Carwyn's nephew, Llyr James.

After the conclusion of the 2024 Six Nations Championship, WRU chief executive Abi Tierney suggested that the Carwyn James–Roy Bish Cup should be awarded to the winner of the Six Nations game between Wales and Italy.

title: Carwyn James


text:
Ghalibaf

Ghalibaf may refer to:
 * Mohammad-Bagher Ghalibaf, Iranian politician
 * Qalibaf (disambiguation), places in Iran

title: Ghalibaf


text:
Truth in Lending Act

The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) of 1968 is a United States federal law designed to promote the informed use of consumer credit, by requiring disclosures about its terms and cost to standardize the manner in which costs associated with borrowing are calculated and disclosed.

TILA gives consumers the right to cancel certain credit transactions that involve a lien on a consumer's principal dwelling, regulates certain credit card practices, and provides a means for fair and timely resolution of credit billing disputes. With the exception of certain high-cost mortgage loans, TILA does not regulate the charges that may be imposed for consumer credit. Rather, it requires uniform or standardized disclosure of costs and charges so that consumers can shop. It also imposes limitations on home equity plans that are subject to the requirements of and certain "higher-priced" mortgage loans (HPMLs) that are subject to the requirements of. The regulation prohibits certain acts or practices in connection with credit secured by a consumer's principal dwelling.

History
The Truth in Lending Act was originally Title I of the Consumer Credit Protection Act,. The regulations implementing the statute, which are known as "Regulation Z", are codified at. Most of the specific requirements imposed by TILA are found in Regulation Z, so a reference to the requirements of TILA usually refers to the requirements contained in Regulation Z, as well as the statute itself.

From TILA's inception, the authority to implement the statute by issuing regulations was given to the Federal Reserve Board (FRB). However, effective July 21, 2011, TILA's general rule making authority was transferred to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), whose authority was established pursuant to provisions enacted by the passage of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in July 2010. Any forthcoming regulations implementing the statute, which are also formally referred to as Regulation Z, will be codified at and attempt to mirror the FRB's Regulation Z whenever feasible. The Federal Reserve retained some limited rule making authority under TILA for loans made by certain motor vehicle dealers, and for certain other provisions.

The TILA introduced the Annual Percentage Rate (APR) calculation mandated for all consumer lenders. Certain misleading interest rate calculations used previously, mainly on auto loans, were barred. For more than a decade, consumer loans were reported by APR in an economically meaningful way. Then, in the 1980s, the auto manufacturers began to exploit a loophole in TILA and its administration. Neither the Act nor its administrators adequately differentiated between "amount financed" and "finance charges", two terms that appear on the TILA required disclosure statements. By "bundling" the price of the car and its financing charges (which come from the auto maker's captive finance company), auto makers were able to shift money between the two categories, even to eliminating the financing charge entirely. Thus "zero percent APR" financing was born.

Typical offers from auto companies are "Zero Percent APR financing available or $1,000 rebate". The consumer who elects "zero percent" financing gives up a $1,000 rebate (reduction in car price). Effectively, he or she pays $1,000 to get the "interest free" loan. Since only auto makers can do this type of bundling, banks, credit unions and other competitors are left at a disadvantage. They must disclose true APR rates while the auto makers can claim no interest costs. In the process, the typical consumer is left with a complex finance problem. "Zero percent" financing can cost a lot less, or a lot more, than conventional financing with a non-auto maker institution.

Organization
The regulation is divided into subparts.

Subpart B relates to open-end credit lines (revolving credit accounts), which includes credit card accounts and home-equity lines of credit (HELOCs).

Subpart C relates to closed-end credit, such as home-purchase loans and motor vehicle loans with a fixed loan term. It contains rules on disclosures, treatment of credit balances, annual percentage rate calculations, right of rescission, non requirements, and advertising.

Subpart D contains rules on oral disclosures, Spanish language disclosure in Puerto Rico, record retention, effect on state laws, state exemptions (which only apply to states that had Truth in Lending-type laws prior to the Federal Act), and rate limitations.

Subpart E contains special rules for mortgage transactions.
 * § 1026.32 frames the requirements for certain closed-end home mortgages.
 * § 1026.33 are requirements for reverse mortgage mortgages, including the total annual loan cost rate and transaction disclosures.
 * § 1026.34 prohibits acts or practices in connection with "high-cost" mortgages.
 * § 1026.35 prohibits acts or practices in connection with "higher-priced" mortgage loans (HPMLs).
 * § 1026.36 prohibits acts or practices in connection with credit secured by a dwelling.
 * § 1026.39 deals with mortgage transfer disclosure guidelines.
 * § 1026.40 sets the requirements for home equity plans.
 * § 1026.42 aims to promote valuation independence.

Several appendices contain information such as the procedures for determinations about state laws, state exemptions and issuance of staff interpretations, special rules for certain kinds of credit plans, a list of enforcement agencies, model disclosures that, if used properly, will ensure compliance with the Act, and the rules for computing annual percentage rates in closed-end credit transactions and total annual loan cost rates for reverse mortgage transactions.

Right of rescission
For certain transactions secured by a borrower's principle dwelling, TILA requires that the borrower be granted three business days following loan consummation to rescind the transaction. The right of rescission allows borrowers time to reexamine the credit agreement and cost disclosures, as well as to reconsider whether they want to place their homes at risk by offering it as security for the credit. Each borrower and any person who has a vested interest in the property may exercise the right to rescind until midnight of the third business day following consummation, or delivery of all material disclosures, whichever occurs last. If the required rescission notice or material TILA disclosures are inaccurate or not delivered, the borrowers right to rescind may be extended from three days after consummation to up to three years.

When a borrower rescinds, the security interest becomes void and the borrower is not liable for any amount, including finance charges. The bank must return any money or property given to anyone in connection with the transaction within 20 calendar days and remove any record of security interest that the bank may have taken for the new loan. Until the rescission period has ended, the bank may not 1) disperse funds other than to a valid escrow account, 2) perform any services, or 3) deliver any materials.

The right of rescission does not apply to loans that are obtained for the purpose of purchasing a home, nor does it apply to a refinance or consolidation of a home loan with the same creditor unless the amount refinanced or consolidated exceeds the unpaid balance on the existing debt.

Exemptions
TILA requirements do not apply to the following types of loans or credit:

 * Credit extended primarily for business, agricultural or commercial purposes.
 * Credit extended to an entity (not a person, with an exception for certain trusts for tax or estate planning), including government agencies or instrumentalities.
 * Credit in excess of an annually adjusted threshold, not secured by real estate or personal property, used or expected to be used as a principal dwelling.

title: Truth in Lending Act


text:
Marc Caron

Lieutenant-General (Joseph Henri Paul) Marc Caron, CMM, MSM, CD (born June 1, 1954) is a former Canadian soldier. Caron served as an infantry officer and Chief of the Land Staff of the Canadian Forces.

Early life
Caron was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on June 1, 1954. He holds a baccalaureate in Political Science from the University of Ottawa.

Military career
Caron enrolled in the Canadian Forces in October 1971 and after graduating from the Officer Cadet Training Programme, was commissioned in May 1973. As a junior officer he served with the 3rd Battalion, Royal 22e Régiment in Quebec from May 1973, with the 1st Airborne Commando in Cyprus from April 1974, with the 1st Battalion, Royal 22e Régiment in Lahr, Germany from August 1976 and with the Royal Welch Fusiliers in Lemgo, Germany from January 1978. He became a student at the Royal Military College of Science in Shrivenham, England, in 1981, and then at the Canadian Land Force Command and Staff College in Kingston, Ontario in 1982.

Caron became a company commander in the 3rd Battalion, Royal 22e Régiment in Quebec in August 1982 and then became a student at the Canadian Forces Staff College in Toronto, Ontario in 1984. He joined the Project Management Office, Anti-Armour Projects at National Defence Headquarters (NDHQ), in Ottawa in June 1985 before becoming Commanding Officer of 3rd Battalion, Royal 22e Régiment in Quebec in 1988. He was appointed head of operations staff in the Land Force Command Headquarters in July 1990 before becoming a student at the U.S. Army War College in 1994. He was made Director Force Concepts and Director Land Requirements at NDHQ in July 1994 and then Chief of Staff of the Kosovo Verification Mission of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in November 1998.

Caron was selected to be Commander, Land Force Quebec Area, in July 2000, and then Assistant Chief of the Land Staff in May 2003. He became Acting Chief of the Land Staff in November 2003 and then Chief of the Land Staff in February 2005.

Retirement
He retired from the forces in June 2006 and was succeeded by Lieutenant General Andrew Leslie. Today he works for the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), within its International Security Sector Advisory Team (ISSAT).

title: Marc Caron


text:
Foxtrot-class submarine

The Foxtrot class was the NATO reporting name of a class of diesel-electric patrol submarines that were built in the Soviet Union. The Soviet designation of this class was Project 641. The Foxtrot class was designed to replace the earlier Zulu class, which suffered from structural weaknesses and harmonic vibration problems that limited its operational depth and submerged speed. The first Foxtrot keel was laid down in 1957 and commissioned in 1958 and the last was completed in 1983. A total of 58 were built for the Soviet Navy at the Sudomekh division of the Admiralty Shipyard (now Admiralty Wharves), Saint Petersburg. Additional hulls were built for other countries.

The Foxtrot class was comparable in performance and armament to most contemporary designs. However, its three screws made it noisier than most Western designs. Moreover, the Foxtrot class was one of the last designs introduced before the adoption of the teardrop hull, which offered much better underwater performance. Also, although the Foxtrot was larger than a Zulu class submarine, the Foxtrot class had 2 of its 3 decks dedicated to batteries. This gave it an underwater endurance of 10 days, but the weight of the batteries made the Foxtrot's average speed a slow 2 kn at its maximum submerged time capability. Due to the batteries taking up 2 decks, onboard conditions were crowded, with space being relatively small even when compared to older submarines such as the much older American Balao-class submarine. The Foxtrot class was completely obsolete by the time the last submarine was launched. The Russian Navy retired its last Foxtrots between 1995 and 2000; units were scrapped and disposed of for museum purposes. During the division of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, in 1997 one Foxtrot class submarine (later renamed as Zaporizhzhia) was passed to Ukraine as it was not operational since 1991. The ship never effectively served in the Ukrainian Navy and was under repair. In 2005 Ukrainian Ministry of Defence wanted to sell it, but was unsuccessful. Following successful post-repair trials in June 2013, it was recognised as operational. However, on 22 March 2014 it was surrendered to or captured by Russia as part of the Russian annexation of Crimea. Russia decided not to accept it due to its age and operational unsuitability. Its subsequent status is unknown.

Cuban Missile Crisis
Project 641s played a central role in some of the most dramatic incidents of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Soviet Navy deployed four Project 641 submarines to Cuba. US Navy destroyers dropped practice depth charges near Project 641 subs near Cuba in efforts to force them to surface and be identified. Three of the four Project 641 submarines were forced to surface, however one eluded US forces. All four boats were later ordered to return to port in Russia.

Units
Following is a list of 58 of the 75 Foxtrot-class submarines built during the Soviet Project 641, at Yard 196, Leningrad.

Operators
Most saw service in the Soviet Navy. Foxtrots were also built for the Indian Navy (eight units, from 1967 to 1974), Libyan (six units, from 1978 to 1980), and Cuban (six units, from 1978 to 1983) navies. Some Soviet Foxtrots later saw service in the Polish and Ukrainian navies.
 * Soviet Union
 * (passed on to successor states)
 * 🇷🇺 Russia
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * – Variants known as the Kalvari-class submarine, and Vela-class submarine, now decommissioned (INS Kursura (S20) converted into a museum)
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * – 6 units (2 left but probably abandoned)
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * – three units (hull numbers 309, 510 and 586, incidentally this one was the last "Foxtrot" built)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * – 2 units (ex–Soviet Navy), ORP Wilk (1987–2003) and ORP Dzik (1988–2003)
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * – 1 unit (UKRAINIAN SUBMARINE Zaporizhzhia), has been taken over by Russian forces during the 2014 Crimean crisis.
 * – 1 unit (UKRAINIAN SUBMARINE Zaporizhzhia), has been taken over by Russian forces during the 2014 Crimean crisis.

On display
Several Foxtrots are on display as museums around the world, including:
 * B-413 at Kaliningrad, Russia.
 * B-427 at the RMS Queen Mary in Long Beach, California, United States.
 * B-440 at Vytegra, a port on the Volga–Baltic Waterway in Russia.
 * U-475 Black Widow at Strood, Kent, United Kingdom
 * Indian Foxtrot submarine INS Kursura (S20) at the Rama Krishna Beach, Visakhapatnam, India.
 * A Libyan Foxtrot submarine is docked in Benghazi, Libya.

title: Foxtrot-class submarine


text:
Rodale, Inc.

Rodale, Inc., was an American publisher of health and wellness magazines, books, and digital properties headquartered in Emmaus, Pennsylvania, with a satellite office in New York City. The company was founded in 1930. In 2017, it was acquired by New York City-based Hearst Communications, a media conglomerate.

The company launched and published health and wellness lifestyle magazines, including Men's Health and Prevention, and books, including the bestsellers An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore and Eat This, Not That by health writer David Zinczenko.

History
Rodale Inc. was founded in 1930 by J. I. Rodale. He was a partner with his brother, Joseph, in Rodale Manufacturing, which produced electrical switches. Joseph moved Rodale Manufacturing to Emmaus, Pennsylvania to take advantage of favorable local taxes, while J. I. dabbled in publishing. In 1942, Rodale started Organic Farming and Gardening magazine. It taught people how to grow food with organic farming techniques. Today, Organic Gardening is the best-read gardening magazine in the world. In 1950, Rodale introduced Prevention, a health magazine.

In 1971, J. I. Rodale died during a taping of The Dick Cavett Show, and his son, Robert Rodale (1930–1990), took over the company’s leadership. On September 20, 1990, Robert Rodale was killed in a car accident during a business trip in Russia.

In 1972, Rodale Press was one of the five founding members of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) (now IFOAM–Organics International), founded at Versailles, France.

Following Robert Rodale's death, his wife, Ardath Harter Rodale (1928–2009), became chairman and chief executive officer of the company. In 2000, Steven Pleshette Murphy joined the company as president and chief operating officer, and was named president and CEO in 2002. On June 18, 2007, Ardath Rodale stepped down as chairman, and her daughter, Maria, was named chairman. Ardath remained a member of the company’s board and took over the new title of Chief Inspiration Officer. On September 1, 2009, Murphy stepped down as President and CEO. Maria Rodale, granddaughter of company founder J.I. Rodale and daughter of previous chairpersons Robert Rodale and Ardath Rodale, succeeded Murphy as CEO.

Sale to Hearst
In October 2017, New York City–based Hearst Communications announced it would acquire the magazine and book businesses of Rodale. The transaction was expected to close in January following government approvals. Rodale announced some months prior that it would consider a total sale of the company, among other alternatives explored by its board of directors. It hired financial adviser Allen & Co. to lead the search for bidders. According to a source familiar with the negotiations, Hearst outbid Meredith Corporation, another large media company that had expressed interest in Rodale’s portfolio, almost immediately after they solicited offers.

After the sale, Hearst sold Rodale's trade publishing division to Crown Publishing Group, a subsidiary of Penguin Random House.

Imprints
In 2007, Rodale launched Modern Times, an imprint focused on non-fiction, politics, current affairs, and biographical books headed by Leigh Haber, previously of Hyperion. Modern Times was discontinued in 2008.

Rodale Kids, a children's imprint, was launched in 2017, and was absorbed into Random House Children's Books in the 2018 sale.

Magazines

 * Bicycling
 * The Bike Mag
 * Men's Health
 * Rodale's Organic Life
 * Prevention
 * Runner's World
 * Women's Health

Books

 * Gore, Al (2017). An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power.
 * Gore, Al (2017). An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power.
 * Gore, Al (2017). An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power.
 * Gore, Al (2017). An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power.
 * Gore, Al (2017). An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power.
 * Gore, Al (2017). An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power.
 * Gore, Al (2017). An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power.
 * Gore, Al (2017). An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power.
 * Gore, Al (2017). An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power.

News website
Rodale News' website was launched on Earth Day, April 22, 2009, with the tagline “where health meets green".

title: Rodale, Inc.


text:
Jean Tardieu

Jean Tardieu (born in Saint-Germain-de-Joux, Ain, 1 November 1903, died in Créteil, Val-de-Marne, 27 January 1995) was a French artist, musician, poet and dramatic author.

Life and career
He earned a degree in literature and worked for a publishing house. He published several poetry collections in the 1930s before starting to write for the stage. After World War II, Tardieu entered the world of radio and worked his way to head of dramatic programming and then director of programs at France-Music. The quality and success of French National Public Radio after World War II has been attributed largely to Jean Tardieu.

He was married to pteridologist Marie Laure Tardieu.

Tardieu's works mingled with the ideals of the French New Theatre and used comedy to pick apart more traditional theatre. He is often associated with the Theatre of the Absurd.

Some of his work has been translated into English, including:
 * The Underground Lovers, and other experimental plays
 * Going...Going...Gone! The Client Dies Twice: Three Plays (Black Apollo Press, ISBN 1-900355-21-3)
 * The River Underground: Selected Poems & Prose

Some of his work is present in Julio Cortázar's 1963 novel Rayuela (Hopscotch). Tardieu's work is included in Chapter 152, entitled "The Abuse of Consciousness".

The end of his poem «Monsieur interroge Monsieur» is quoted in Jean-Luc Godard's Film Socialisme.

The French composer Germaine Tailleferre of Les Six, who was a harp student of Tardieu's mother Caroline Luigini and who first met Tardieu as a child, set several of Tardieu's poems to music notably in the "Concerto des Vaines Paroles" for Baritone Voice, Piano and Orchestra and in the cycle "Trois Poèmes de Jean Tardieu" for Voice and Piano.

He was a great friend of Jean René Bazaine who turned his poem L'Ombre, la branche into a fine illustrated art book.( Maeght Éditeur, 1977: 150 ex. with 16 colored litho's, 50 ex. with three added litho's.)

title: Jean Tardieu


text: User talk:80.100.19.192

title: User talk:80.100.19.192


text:
Limited partnership

A limited partnership (LP) is a type of partnership with general partners who have a right to manage the business and limited partners who have no right to manage the business but have only limited liability for its debts. Limited partnerships are distinct from limited liability partnerships, in which all partners have limited liability.

The GPs are, in all major respects, in the same legal position as partners in a conventional firm: they have management control, share the right to use partnership property, share the profits of the firm in predefined proportions, and have joint and several liability for the debts of the partnership.

As in a general partnership, the GPs have actual authority, as agents of the firm, to bind the partnership in contracts with third parties that are in the ordinary course of the partnership's business. As with a general partnership, "an act of a general partner which is not apparently for carrying on in the ordinary course the limited partnership's activities or activities of the kind carried on by the limited partnership binds the limited partnership only if the act was actually authorized by all the other partners."

Background of limited liability
Like shareholders in a corporation, limited partners have limited liability. This means that the limited partners have no management authority, and (unless they obligate themselves by a separate contract such as a guarantee) are not liable for the debts of the partnership. The limited partnership provides the limited partners a return on their investment (similar to a dividend), the nature and extent of which is usually defined in the partnership agreement. General Partners thus bear more economic risk than do limited partners, and in cases of financial loss, the GPs will be the ones which are personally liable.

Limited partners are subject to the same alter-ego piercing theories as corporate shareholders. However, it is more difficult to pierce the limited partnership veil because limited partnerships do not have many formalities to maintain. So long as the partnership and the members do not co-mingle funds, it would be difficult to pierce the veil. In some jurisdictions (for instance in the UK), the limited liability of the limited partners is contingent on their not participating in management.

Partnership interests (including the interests of limited partners) are afforded a significant level of protection through the charging order mechanism. The charging order limits the creditor of a debtor-partner or a debtor-member to the debtor's share of distributions, without conferring on the creditor any voting or management rights.

When the partnership is being constituted, or the composition of the firm is changing, limited partnerships are generally required to file documents with the relevant state registration office. Limited partners must explicitly disclose their status when dealing with other parties, so that such parties are on notice that the individual negotiating with them carries limited liability. It is customary that the documentation and electronic materials issued to the public by the firm will carry a clear statement identifying the legal nature of the firm and listing the partners separately as general and limited. Hence, unlike the GPs, the limited partners do not have inherent agency authority to bind the firm unless they are subsequently held out as agents (and so create an agency by estoppel); or acts of ratification by the firm create ostensible authority.

History
The societates publicanorum, which arose in Rome in the third century BC, may have arguably been the earliest form of limited partnership. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, they were roughly equivalent to today's corporations. Some had many investors, and interests were publicly tradable. However, they required at least one (and often several) partners with unlimited liability. A very similar form of partnership was present in Arabia at the time of the coming of Islam (c. 700CE), and this became codified into Islamic law as Qirad.

Development in early modern Europe
In medieval Italy, a business organization known as the commenda appeared in the 10th century that was generally used for financing maritime trade. In a commenda, the traveling trader of the ship had limited liability, and was not held responsible if money was lost as long as the trader had not violated the rules of the contract. In contrast, his investment partners on land had unlimited liability and were exposed to risk. A commenda was not a common form for a long-term business venture as most long-term businesses were still expected to be secured against the assets of their individual proprietors. As an institution, the commenda is very similar to the qirad but whether the qirad transformed into the commenda, or the two institutions evolved independently cannot be stated with certainty. In the Mongol Empire, the contractual features of a Mongol-ortoq partnership closely resembled that of qirad and commenda arrangements, however, Mongol investors were not constrained using uncoined precious metals and tradable goods for partnership investments and executed money-lending. Moreover, Mongol elites formed trade partnerships with merchants from Italian cities, including Marco Polo's family.

Colbert's Ordinance (1673) and the Napoleonic Code (1807) reinforced the limited partnership concept under European law. In the United States, limited partnerships became widely available in the early 19th century, although a number of legal restrictions at the time made them unpopular for business ventures. Britain enacted its first limited partnership statute in 1907.

Denmark
A kommanditselskab (abbreviated K/S) is the Danish equivalent of the limited partnership. The owners are divided into general partners (komplementarer in Danish) and limited partners (kommanditister in Danish). Often the only general partner of a K/S is an Anpartsselskab with the least possible capital, thus reducing the liability of the K/S to the capital of the Anpartsselskab.

Germany
Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien – abbreviated KGaA – is a German corporate designation standing for 'partnership limited by shares', a form of corporate organization roughly equivalent to a master limited partnership. A Kommanditgesellschaft auf Aktien has two types of participators. It has at least one partner with unlimited liability (Komplementär). It is in that sense a private company. Komplementärs are natural persons or legal persons. If the Komplementär is a corporation with limited liability then the type of the company has to be named as UG (haftungsbeschränkt) & Co. KGaA, GmbH & Co. KGaA, AG & Co. KGaA or SE & Co. KGaA. Under consideration of the aspects of European freedom of establishment it is also possible that corporations established under foreign law can become Komplementärs of a KGaA forming companies like Limited & Co. KGaA.

The investment of the partners with limited liability (Kommanditisten) is the stock of the company (Grundkapital) and divided into shares. A KGaA is in that aspect comparable with a German Aktiengesellschaft.

The investment of all partners is the corporate's total capital (Gesamtkapital). The KGaA is a traditional type of very large family businesses (that are partly publicly traded) in Germany; the consumer products giant Henkel, pharmaceutical company Merck and media conglomerate Bertelsmann are prominent examples. In case of Merck, besides the owning family Merck also the members of the executive board are fully and privately liable for the company (including a period after withdrawal). Also the German football club Borussia Dortmund uses this corporate organization (as Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co KGaA) for its professional football team as part of its compliance with the "50+1 rule".

Hong Kong
Hong Kong offers two forms of limited partnerships, namely limited partnerships governed by the Limited Partnership Ordinance and limited partnership funds, known as "LPFs", governed by the Securities and Futures Ordinance. Neither limited partnerships nor LPFs are separate and distinct legal persons. Instead, they are simply partnerships of persons, some of whom enjoy limited liability as a result of compliance with statutory requirements. Like many other jurisdictions, the partners who enjoy such limited liability are known as limited partners and their limited liability is contingent upon them not taking an active role in the management of the partnership.

LPFs were introduced in 2020 and are intended to provide a domestic Hong Kong vehicle for private equity funds.

Japan
Japanese law has historically provided for two business forms similar to limited partnerships: In 1999, the Diet of Japan passed legislation enabling the formation of "limited partnerships for investment" (投資事業有限責任組合). These are very similar to Anglo-American limited partnerships, in that they adopt most provisions of general partnership law but provide for limited liability for certain partners. Profits of an investment limited partnership pass through to all partners proportional to their investment share. For tax purposes, profits and losses will only pass through to the general partner(s) while the partnership has negative equity (i.e. liabilities exceeding assets); however, profits and losses while the partnership has positive equity are shared equally.
 * Goshi gaisha, a form of close corporation (mochibun kaisha) with unlimited liability for certain shareholders
 * Tokumei kumiai (lit. "anonymous partnerships"), a form of partnership in which non-operating partners have limited liability so long as they remain anonymous

New Zealand
In New Zealand, Limited Partnerships are a form of partnership involving General Partners, (who are liable for all the debts and liabilities of the partnership) and Limited Partners (who are liable to the extent of their capital contribution to the partnership). The Limited Partnerships Act 2008 replaces Special Partnerships that exist under Part 2 of the Partnership Act 1908. Special partnerships are considered obsolete as they do not provide the appropriate structure preferred by foreign venture capital investors.

Features of Limited Partnerships include: The registers of Limited Partnerships and Overseas Limited Partnerships are administered by the New Zealand Companies Office. Registration, maintenance and annual return filing for Limited Partnerships and Overseas Limited Partnerships are conducted through manual forms.
 * a list of activities that the limited partners can be involved in while not participating in the management of the Limited Partnership (safe harbour activities)
 * an indefinite lifespan if desired
 * separate legal personality
 * tax treatment for Limited Partnerships.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, limited partnerships are governed by the Limited Partnerships Act 1907 and, on matters on which that Act is silent, also by the Partnership Act 1890. The UK Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (now the Department for Business and Trade) consulted in 2008 on proposals to modify and merge the two Acts, but the proposals did not go ahead.

Scots law on partnerships (including limited partnerships) is distinct from English law. Under Scots law, partnerships are legal persons distinct from the partners. However, lawsuits may still be filed against the partners by name, the general partners are still exposed to 'pass-through' liability, and partners are still jointly and severally liable (although in the case of limited partners, only to the extent of their capital contribution). There has been discussion over whether limited partnerships operating under English law should be made separate legal entities as under Scots law, and in the same way as limited liability partnerships are. The Law Commission report on partnership law LC283 suggested that creation of separate legal personality should be left as an option for the partners to decide upon when a partnership is formed. There were concerns that automatically making partnerships separate legal entities would restrict their ability to trade in some European countries and also expose them to different tax regimes than expected.

Private Fund Limited Partnerships
The Legislative Reform (Private Fund Limited Partnerships) Order 2017 made provision for partners to register their limited partnership as a "Private Fund Limited Partnership" (PFLP), which is available for collective investment schemes constituted by an agreement in writing. The order relaxed the rules applying to private fund partnerships in order to remove some uncertainty in the application of the law, reduce administrative costs, and help ensure "that the UK remains an attractive and competitive location for private investment funds in comparison to other jurisdictions". The relaxation of the law in relation to PFLPs was welcomed by the financial industry.

United States
In the United States, the limited partnership organization is most common among film production companies and real estate investment projects, or in types of businesses that focus on a single or limited-term project. They are also useful in "labor-capital" partnerships, where one or more financial backers prefer to contribute money or resources while the other partner performs the actual work. In such situations, liability is the driving concern behind the choice of limited partnership status. The limited partnership is also attractive to firms wishing to provide shares to many individuals without the additional tax liability of a corporation. Private equity companies almost exclusively use a combination of general and limited partners for their investment funds. Well-known limited partnerships include Enterprise Products and Blackstone Group (both of which are public companies), and Bloomberg L.P. (a private company).

Before 2001, the limited liability enjoyed by limited partners was contingent upon their refraining from taking any active role in the management of the firm. However, Section 303 of the Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (if adopted by a state legislature) eliminates the so-called "control rule" with respect to personal liability for entity obligations and brings limited partners into parity with LLC members, LLP partners and corporate shareholders.

The 2001 amendments to the Uniform Limited Partnership Act (to the extent the amendments are adopted by state legislature) also permitted limited partnerships to become limited liability limited partnerships in states that adopt the change. Under this form, debts of a limited liability limited partnership are solely the responsibility of the partnership, thereby removing general-partner liability for partnership obligations. This change was made in response to the common practice of naming a limited-liability entity as a 1% general partner that controlled the limited partnership and organizing the managers as limited partners. This practice granted a general partner de facto limited liability under the partnership structure.

title: Limited partnership


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Nappi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 18:37, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

John Nappi
Vanity, vanity, all is vanity. DS 01:34, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, 'tis vanity says I. Rje 03:18, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Smells like vanity. Zzyzx11 04:29, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. —Brim 17:10, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn vanity. —Korath (Talk) 07:06, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Shootin' Goon

Shootin' Goon were a Welsh ska punk outfit of the late 1990s and early 2000s who were signed to the label Moon Ska Europe and later Good Clean Fun Records. Shootin' Goon released their debut album Splottside Rocksteady in 2000, with the title inspired by the Splott area of the band's hometown of Cardiff. The band later signed to lead singer Matt's own record label Good Clean Fun Records, and released the Left for Dead EP in 2003. The EP was reviewed by skateboarder Bam Margera for rock magazine Kerrang!, in which he declared "I thought I was at the fucking circus!" prompting the band to sell T-shirts with the quote printed on them.

The band broke up in 2004 following a self-organised tour. Following the band's demise Matt became manager of fellow Cardiff band Adequate Seven. The band reformed for a one off show in support of Adequate Seven on their last gig in Cardiff on 10 December 2006.

Lineup
Original lineup (1998):
 * St. John of Caerphilly - vocals (left just weeks after the completion of Splottside Rocksteady in 1999 and in 2000 the vocals were re-recorded by new singer James)
 * Paul Hewett - guitar
 * Jimi Hewett - bass
 * James 'Ferret' Watkins - trumpet
 * Dan - saxophone
 * Dan Jones - trombone
 * Tom Harle - trombone
 * Sam Kendall - drums

Later band members: Some members were needed only once
 * Dan S (a.k.a. Yeti from the north) - Sax (joined in 1999?, left a few years later)
 * James Alexander - vocals (joined early 2000)
 * Matt "Cheap" Redd - vocals (joined 2002, previously of The Cheapskates)
 * Tom Harle - trombone (joined 1999, also appears on The Cheapskates EP and Adequate Seven's Here on Earth)
 * Tom Pinder - trombone (joined 2001, also played trombone for Adequate Seven)
 * Nick Briggs (a.k.a. The Greek) - sax
 * Matt Price - trumpet (joined late 2000, also original member of Adequate Seven)

Discography

 * Splottside Rocksteady (2000)
 * Big Up Clash (split with Lubby Nugget) (2001)
 * Left for Dead (2003)

title: Shootin' Goon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pantology

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki to Wiktionary. —Korath (Talk) 22:08, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

Pantology
Apparently rather more than a theory of everything. But an orphan deadend. A search suggests it may be confused with the science of trousers or pantomimes or even forensics in the JFK assasination. An article which looks incapable of giving any positive examples of something is a useless dictionary definition.--Henrygb 01:38, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 02:13, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as long as it can be cleaned up and expanded as soon as possible. Zzyzx11 04:28, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Isn't Wikipedia a pantology? Isn't a Grand Unified Theory a pantology? Anyway I think this should probably be a dictionary definition. — RJH 18:13, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote, but kudos to Henrygb for coming up with "the science of trousers". Meelar (talk) 20:05, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it's not in my dictionary (Webster's New American) so I'm guessing that it's either a neologism or jargon specific to philosophy. The current version is a mere definition.  I don't see any way to expand it.  [m:Transwiki|]].  (I'll change my vote if someone substantially expands it before the discussion period ends.)  Rossami (talk) 07:38, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Its apparently listed in the 1913 Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary, so I doubt it's a neologism. I also see several uses of the word in reference to authoritative works on particular fields. E.g. forensic pantology. The word is also apparently used in reference to a clothing line. :D — RJH 18:20, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Concur with Rossami, Transwiki. Radiant! 10:26, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A sentence from the article says it all: "Pantology is difficult to more clearly define because it is a little addressed subject and so expansive that it seems beyond the stretch of current human development of knowledge." Therefore, can't be expanded and not encyclopedic. —Brim 17:10, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not even a dicdef.--Audiovideo 23:57, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Several different online dictionaries found it, Transwiki to Wiktionary. DaveTheRed 00:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:56, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to Wiktionary. I too initially thought it meant "study of trousers", but I found it's a real word that really does mean "work of universal information" . -- Brhaspati (talk, contribs) 05:12, 2005 Mar 2 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.