text:
Koshien

Kōshien (甲子園) often refers to:
 * Koshien, Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, a neighborhood of Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, Japan
 * Koshien Stadium, a baseball stadium in Koshien which is the venue of the annual high school baseball tournaments
 * Kōshien baseball tournament, two annual baseball tournaments played by Japanese high schools nationwide

Kōshien may also refer to:

Places

 * Kōshien Station on the Hanshin Main Line in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo
 * Kōshien Hotel in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, now part of Mukogawa Women's University

Sport

 * Kōshien baseball tournament, high school tournaments generally referred to as Kōshien
 * Japanese High School Baseball Championship, commonly called Summer Kōshien
 * Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament, commonly called Spring Kōshien
 * Kōshien (series), Japan-exclusive high school baseball-themed video games released for various systems
 * Koshien Bowl, an American football championship held in Koshien Stadium

Education

 * Koshien Junior College in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo
 * Koshien University in Takarazuka, Hyōgo

title: Koshien


text:
User talk:Mdsussman

Are you Mike Sussman? Welcome aboard -- I know you from your posts at the TrekBBS as well. Glad to have you contributing to the continuity article. When I have a moment I'm going to reorganize things to make your comments the main reply; assuming you're who I think you are, they carry more weight as far as I'm concerned. P.S. Sorry to hear about the cancellation - I think you all did wonderful work down there and the show can carry its head high and proud as far as I'm concerned. Cheers! 23skidoo 17:22, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mdsussman


text: Category:Arab nationalist political parties


text:
Wikipedia:Notice board for India-related topics/to do

Please add to this list and expand as needed


text:
Kothagudem

Kothagudem is a city in Telangana. It serves as the headquarters of the Bhadradri Kothagudem district of the Indian state of Telangana. It was a portion of large Zamindari estate known as Husanabad Shankaragiri or Palvancha Zamindari in the Nizam's Dominion. Estate name was given by Captain Glasfurd. The Zamindar of Bhadrachalam was Zamindar of Palvancha also.

Geography
Kothagudem is located at 17.55°N, 80.618°W. It has an average elevation of 89 metres (295 ft) above sea level. The North of Kothagudem borders Chhattisgarh state which is approximately 120 km from the town.

Kothagudem is known for its record high temperatures during summer, often crossing 48 °C mark.

Government and politics
Kothagudem Municipality was constituted in 1971 and is classified as a first grade municipality with 33 election wards. The jurisdiction of the civic body is spread over an area of 16.10 km2.

Demographics
According to the 2011 India Census the population of Kothagudem was 119,501.

Transport
National Highway 30 passes through this town.

Rail
Kothagudem has a train station which is called Bhadrachalam Road railway station. It is located on the Dornakal–Manuguru line.

Education

 * University College of Engineering, Kakatiya University

title: Kothagudem


text:
Dyson

Dyson may refer to:

 * Dyson (surname), people with the surname Dyson
 * Dyson (company), a Singaporean multinational home appliances company founded by James Dyson
 * Dyson (crater), a crater on the Moon
 * Dyson (operating system), a Unix general-purpose operating system derived from Debian using the illumos kernel, libc, and SMF init system
 * Dyson sphere, a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures most or all of its power output
 * Dyson tree, a hypothetical plant suggested by physicist Freeman Dyson
 * Eufloria (formerly called Dyson), a video game based on the idea of Dyson trees
 * USS Dyson (DD-572), a United States Navy destroyer in commission from 1942 to 1947
 * NOAAS Oscar Dyson (R 224), an American fisheries and oceanographic research ship in commission in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration since 2005
 * Dysons, an Australian bus operator
 * Dyson, a character in the Canadian television series Lost Girl
 * The Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, often referred to as "Dyson"

title: Dyson


text: User talk:66.63.139.162

title: User talk:66.63.139.162


text:
Zaqqum

According to the Quran, Zaqqoum or Zaqqum (زقوم) is a tree that "springs out of the bottom of Hell". It is mentioned in verses 17:60 (as the "cursed tree"),  37:62-68,  44:43, and 56:52, of the Quran.

Religious references
The Qur'an says:

 * [44.43] Surely the tree of Zaqqum,
 * [44.44] Is the food of the sinful
 * [44.45] Like dregs of oil; it shall boil in (their) bellies,
 * [44.46] Like the boiling of hot water.

The fruits of Zaqqum are shaped like heads of devils (Qur'an 37:62-68). Some Islamic scholars believe in a literal meaning of this tree grown in fire, showing the inverted flora of hell. The inhabitants of hell are forced to eat the tree's fruits, which tears their bodies apart and releases bodily fluids as a punishment. According to Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar, a leading Muslim Brotherhood scholar and professor at the University of Jordan, once the palate of the sinners is satiated, the fruit in their bellies churns like burning oil. Other scholars suggest the tree is grown by the seeds of the evil deeds of the sinners, therefore the devilish fruits are the fruits of their bad actions during their lifetime. As ibn Arabi stated, the tree stands for the arrogant self.

Botany
The name zaqqum has been applied to the species Euphorbia abyssinica by the Beja people in eastern Sudan. In Jordan, it is applied to the species Balanites aegyptiaca. Volney describes the Balanites aegyptiaca tree as a

In Turkey, zakkum is the vernacular for Nerium oleander; and zıkkım, a Turkish cognate, means "poison".

title: Zaqqum


text:
Norwich Union

Norwich Union was the name of insurance company Aviva's British arm before June 2009. It was originally established in 1797. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

On 29 April 2008, Aviva announced that the Norwich Union brand would be phased out and disappear over a period of two years, on the grounds that a consistent Aviva brand would bring "global impact". On 1 June 2009, Norwich Union was rebranded as Aviva.

History
Norwich Union was founded in 1797 in Norwich, when 36-year-old merchant and banker Thomas Bignold formed the "Norwich Union Society for the Insurance of Houses, Stock and Merchandise from Fire", a mutual society owned by the policyholders who received a share of the profits. This in turn became known as the Norwich Union Fire Insurance Office.

In 1808 Thomas Bignold established a second mutual, the Norwich Union Life Insurance Society. The Fire Society demutualised in 1821 when it absorbed the Norwich General Assurance Company. In common with many insurance companies against fire loss, they operated their own fire brigades to protect (only) the society's policyholders whose buildings were identified by "fire insurance marks". It was not until 1929 that the Fire Society gave up its last private brigade, in Worcester, to the municipal authorities.

In 1997, its bicentenary year, Norwich Union demutualised and floated as a public limited company on the London Stock Exchange. Although it sold general insurance, motoring, healthcare and life policies—its wide range of products leading indirectly to its slogan no-one protects more—it was listed on the markets as a life company, and in later years was under some pressure from analysts to shed its general insurance arm.

In 2000, Norwich Union merged with CGU, which itself was formed from the merger of General Accident and Commercial Union in October 1998. The Norwich Union had tried to take over General Accident over 100 years earlier. CGU also offered a broad range of life and general insurance products, with a stronger global presence than the heavily UK-based Norwich Union. Upon merging they formed the group CGNU which went on to become the Aviva group. In 2005, there were still two companies operating in the UK under the Aviva umbrella that used the Norwich Union brand: Norwich Union Insurance (NUGI) and Norwich Union Life (NUL).

Following an extensive pilot, in October 2006, Norwich Union introduced a novel type of auto insurance called Pay as You Drive (PAYD). A GPS receiver and mobile technology are placed in a car and risk factors (time of day, distance, mileage) are monitored. The information is transmitted back to the insurance company. Drivers using their vehicles at low-risk times of day or on low-risk roads or driving low mileage get a discount on their motor insurance premiums. There are several business method patents covering this invention. The Pay as You Drive service was withdrawn in 2008 due to lower-than-expected volumes of new business.

Norwich Union supported a European public service ad campaign against careless driving at too great a speed. The ad campaign is known as "The Faster the Speed, the Bigger the Mess".

Customer service
In December 2007 Norwich Union was fined £1.26m by the Financial Services Authority (FSA) after customers with life assurance policies were put at risk of fraud. The FSA said the company had failed to deal with the issue properly even when it had been alerted to the problem.

After discovering an overcharging error that dated back to 2001, Norwich Union agreed to compensate their clients with a cheque for £300 each, due to charges that exceeded the 1% cap imposed by the government. The final amount of compensation is expected to exceed £11 million.

International operations
In Canada, Norwich Union was well known as a direct marketer of life insurance products, often promoted through frequently repeated television advertisements. Most famous was a spot beginning with the phrase, "It's Patrick! He took out life insurance." Following the Norwich/CGU merger, this unit was sold to American International Group and renamed AIG Assurance, which decided to drop the "Patrick" ads. The unit was then resold in 2009 to Bank of Montreal, and is now known as BMO Insurance.

In Australia the operations of Norwich Union Australia were rebranded as Aviva in October 2003. The company then consisted of three businesses: life insurance, fund manager Portfolio Partners (which reports directly to London) and the master trust/financial planning service Navigator.

title: Norwich Union


text: Category:Sexual health

title: Category:Sexual health


text:
Blackwall hitch

The blackwall hitch is a temporary means of attaching a rope to a hook. Made of a simple half hitch over the hook, it will only hold when subjected to constant tension. It is used when the rope and hook are of equal size, but it is likely to slip if subjected to more than ordinary tension. Human life should never be trusted to it.

title: Blackwall hitch


text:
Dean Witter Reynolds

Dean Witter Reynolds was an American stock brokerage and securities firm catering to a variety of clients. Prior to the company's acquisition, it was among the largest firms in the securities industry with over 9,000 account executives (ranking third in the US in 1996) and was among the largest members of the New York Stock Exchange. The company served over 3.2 million clients primarily in the U.S. Dean Witter provided debt and equity underwriting and brokerage as mutual funds and other saving and investment products for individual investors. The company's asset management arm, Dean Witter InterCapital, with total assets of $90.0 billion prior to the acquisition, was one of the largest asset management operations in the U.S.

Dean Witter Reynolds was founded in 1978 as the merger of Dean Witter & Co. and Reynolds Securities (with Dean Witter acquiring Reynolds), which was then the biggest merger in the history of Wall Street. The company was acquired by Sears in 1981, and was renamed "Dean Witter, Discover & Co." in 1993 when Sears spun off the company. The company also owned Discover Card.

In 1997, Dean Witter, Discover & Co. merged with investment banking house Morgan Stanley to form "Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Discover Co.". The combined firm later dropped the "Discover Co." name in 1998 and further the "Dean Witter" name in 2001.

For many years, the company used the corporate slogan, "We measure success one investor at a time", which was later adopted by Morgan Stanley.

Business overview
Prior to its merger with Morgan Stanley, Dean Witter Reynolds was a diversified financial services organization that provided a broad range of investment and consumer credit and investment products and services. Dean Witter operated in two lines of business: securities (including investment banking) and credit services and its operations were primarily focused on the U.S.

The following is a summary of the financial results of Dean Witter prior to its merger with Morgan Stanley:

Securities business
Dean Witter's traditional business was as a full-service securities brokerage. The company maintained a network of over 9,000 account executives. DWR was among the largest members of the New York Stock Exchange and was a member of other major securities, futures, and options exchanges. Dean Witter offered a broad range of securities and savings products that were supported by the firm's underwriting and research activities as well as order execution. Closely related to its securities business, Dean Witter provided investment consulting services to individual investors. The firm managed approximately $10.4 billion of assets in its consulting business as of the end of 1996. Within its securities business, Dean Witter focused on three segments:

 * Equity Securities - Dean Witter provided order execution, stock trading and equity research services primarily to individual investors but also to institutional clients. In many equity securities, Dean Witter acted as a market maker and as a specialist on various exchanges. Dean Witter's research department provided economic analysis and commentary, market and quantitative research, as well as making recommendations with regard to broad individual companies and industry sectors.
 * Fixed Income Securities - Dean Witter provided trading and order execution services for a broad range of fixed income securities, including U.S. Treasury bonds, mortgage-backed securities, corporate bonds, municipal bonds and certificates of deposit. The company was a primary dealer in U.S. Treasury bonds. The firm largely eschewed proprietary trading focusing its trading activity on establishing and maintaining an inventory of various securities.
 * Futures - Dean Witter also provided order execution and clearing services for the trading of futures contracts.

Investment banking
Dean Witter also operated as an investment banking firm, even before its merger with Morgan Stanley. Like many of its peers, Dean Witter provides a range of advisory services to corporate clients including mergers and acquisitions, divestitures, leveraged buyouts, restructurings and recapitalizations. The Company generally does not commit capital to merchant banking transactions.

However, the firm always maintained a strong connection between its investment banking business and its core business focused on individual investors. As a result, the investment banking division was involved in the research, development, and origination of investment products focused on individual investors including limited partnerships and other retail-oriented products.

The company's InterCapital subsidiary, with $90.0 billion of assets under management as of December 31, 1996, was one of the largest investment management businesses in the U.S.

Credit cards (Discover Card and Novus)
Dean Witter was also active in the issuance of credit cards through its Discover Card business. Discover Card, which today operates is the company's most widely held proprietary general-purpose credit card and generated a majority of Credit Services' revenues and net income in 1996. Prior to its merger, Dean Witter's credit cards business accounted for 52% and 47% of the company's net income in 1995 and 1996, respectively.

In addition to the Discover Card, the company operated the NOVUS Network. In the mid-1990s, the NOVUS Network was the third-largest domestic credit card network and consisted of merchant and cash locations that accept card brands that carry the NOVUS logo. In addition to the Discover Card, this the NOVUS network included Private Issue Card, the BRAVO Card and the National Alliance For Species Survival SM Card.

History
Dean Witter Reynolds traced its origins to two firms: Dean Witter & Co. founded in 1924 and Reynolds & Co. (later Reynolds Securities) founded in 1931.

Dean Witter & Co. (1924–1978)

Dean Witter & Company was founded by Dean G. Witter (together with his brother Guy Witter and cousin Jean Witter) as a retail brokerage firm in 1924. With its original offices at 45 Montgomery Street in San Francisco, California, Dean Witter would be among the largest brokerages on the West Coast. Among Witter's original partners were Guy and Jean, as well as cousin Ed Witter and Fritz Janney. Prior to founding his own firm, Witter partnered with Charles R. Blyth to found Blyth, Witter & Co., another San Francisco based brokerage in 1914. After Witter's departure, Blyth would continue on his own (his firm was ultimately acquired by Paine Webber in 1979) and the two firms would remain competitors for decades.

Witter's family had moved to Northern California from Wausau, Wisconsin, settling in San Carlos, California in 1891. Before founding his own firms, Dean Witter had worked as a salesman for Louis Sloss & Company from his graduation from the University of California, Berkeley in 1909 until 1914. Dean Witter would lead his company until his death in 1969.

In its early years, Dean Witter focused on dealing with municipal and corporate bonds. The company was highly successful in its first five years, purchasing a seat on the San Francisco Stock Exchange in 1928 and then opening an office in New York and purchasing a seat on the New York Stock Exchange in 1929. Although a relatively young company, Dean Witter survived Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression, posting profits every year during the 1930s and into the 1940s.

The company grew rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s, establishing itself as a major U.S. brokerage house and developing a reputation for innovation in the securities industry. In 1938, Dean Witter established its national research department, and in 1945, became the first retail securities firm to offer formal training for account executives. In 1953, the firm entered into an agreement to merge with Harris, Hall & Co., a Chicago investment banking and securities firm spun out of Harris Bank after the passage of the Glass Steagall Act. In the early 1950s, Harris, Hall was one of the 17 U.S. investment banking and securities firms named in the Justice Department's antitrust investigation of Wall Street commonly known as the Investment bankers case. In 1962, Dean Witter became the first firm to use electronic data processing — a feat that paved the way for securities handling on Wall Street.

Following Witter's death in 1969, and the retirement of Guy Witter the following year, Jean Witter's son, William M. Witter, became CEO of Dean Witter & Co. After numerous brokerage firm acquisitions, Dean Witter went public in 1972. Dean Witter's initial public offering (shortly after the IPO of Reynolds Securities) was part of a rush of Wall Street firms to sell an interest in their privately held businesses to public investors, following Merrill Lynch's initial public offering in early 1971.

Reynolds Securities (1931–1978)
Reynolds & Co. was founded in 1931 in New York City by Richard S. Reynolds Jr., a 22-year-old tobacco heir, together with Charles H. Babcock and Thomas F. Staley. In particular, Thomas F. Staley was Reynolds’ cousin (the grandson of Major D. Reynolds, an older brother of R.J. Reynolds). In 1951, another senior partner, John D. Baker, joined the company. Reynolds' father Richard S. Reynolds Sr. founded U.S. Foil Company, later Reynolds Metals (Reynolds wrap), and his great uncle was the founder of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR).

Like Dean Witter, the company survived the Depression, generating a profit each year. In 1934, Reynolds acquired F.A. Willard & Co. With the acquisition, Reynolds tripled its sales and shifted its emphasis toward underwritings.

In 1958, Reynolds passed its leadership to the next generation with Thomas F. Staley departing and naming Robert M. Gardiner to head the firm. Under Gardiner, Reynolds embarks on a major expansion, acquiring 26 offices from A.M. Kidder & Co. Reynolds acquired another three offices and opened nine firms in new regions in the U.S. in the early 1960s.

Reynolds was incorporated in 1971 as Reynolds Securities in advance of an initial public offering. By early 1971, there was speculation that Merrill Lynch would sell shares to the public. Reynolds initial public offering (and shortly thereafter Dean Witter's IPO) was part of a rush of Wall Street firms to sell an interest in their privately held businesses to public investors, following Merrill Lynch's initial public offering. In 1976, Reynolds implements REYCOM, the most sophisticated high-speed wire system in the industry. Meanwhile, the firm was continuing its expansion, acquiring its first international offices in Lugano and Lausanne, Switzerland. A year later, Reynolds acquired Baker Weeks & Co. whose strength was securities research.

At the time of its merger with Dean Witter in 1978, Reynolds Securities had over 3,100 employees in 72 offices producing gross revenues of nearly $120 million.

The Dean Witter Reynolds merger and the Sears acquisition (1978–1993)
In 1978 Dean Witter and Reynolds merged to form Dean Witter Reynolds Organization Inc. (DWRO) in what was then the largest securities-industry merger in U.S. history. The resultant company, Dean Witter Reynolds, was the fifth-largest broker in the U.S. One year later Dean Witter Reynolds became the first securities firm to have offices in all 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. After completion of the merger, Dean Witter Reynolds generated revenue of more than $520 million.

In 1981, Dean Witter Reynolds was acquired by Sears, Roebuck and Company in a $600 million transaction. Sears' core retail business was facing several challenges, and the company decided to diversify into new businesses, including financial services. Sears, which was already in the financial services business through its ownership of the Allstate Insurance Company announced a major acquisition initiative in financial services. In addition to the acquisition of Dean Witter, Sears also acquired Coldwell Banker, the real estate brokerage company in 1981. Sears intended for Dean Witter to form the foundation for a larger Sears Financial Services Network that would be available to customers through the company's retail stores.

Sears named Philip J. Purcell, a strategic planner at the Sears Chicago headquarters and former McKinsey & Co. consultant, to head Dean Witter. Purcell moved to New York to run the operation from Dean Witter's office. At the time of the Sears acquisition, Dean Witter Reynolds had a retail broker force of over 4,500 account executives in over 300 locations with over 11,500 employees in total. For the year ended 1980, Dean Witter Reynolds generated over $700 million of revenue.

Under Sears ownership, in 1986, the firm launched the Discover Card, a new brand of credit card outside the well established Visa, MasterCard and American Express networks. Unlike other attempts at creating a credit card to rival MasterCard and VISA, such as Citibank's Choice card, the Discover Card quickly gained a large national consumer base. It carried no annual fee, which was uncommon at the time, and offered a typically higher credit limit than similar cards. Cardholders could earn a "cashback bonus", in which a percentage of the amount spent would be refunded to the account (originally 2%, now as high as 5%), depending on how much the card was used. Discover offered merchant fees significantly lower than those of other widely accepted credit cards. Eventually, Discover grew to become one of the largest credit card issuers in the U.S.

Dean Witter Discover (1993–1997)
Sears' financial services initiative proved highly successful as Discover grew through the late 1980s and early 1990s. Furthermore, the substantial investment in the Discover business also began to pay off, with the business becoming highly profitable. The early 1990s were also a period of rapid growth for Dean Witter Reynolds as its strategy of focusing on the distribution of proprietary mutual funds through its extensive retail brokerage network began to bear fruit.

Dean Witter's core securities business and its Discover business generated combined revenue of $59 billion in 1992 and Sears announced that it would seek to monetize its investment. In February and March 1993, Sears sold 20% of the company in an initial public offering, and the company was subsequently renamed Dean Witter, Discover & Co., with two primary operating subsidiaries: Dean Witter Reynolds and Discover Card. Later that year, the remaining 80% of shares were distributed to Sears' shareholders, giving Dean Witter complete independence from Sears.

Dean Witter's corporate headquarters were located in New York City's 2 World Trade Center (i.e. South Tower), where the firm had occupied over 864000 sqft since 1985. Dean Witter was one of many tenants whose offices were evacuated as a result of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, which took place during the firm's spinoff from Sears. Following, the firm's merger with Morgan Stanley, the firm's headquarters would be moved to 1585 Broadway on the edge of New York's Time Square. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter still had a large presence at the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks on September 11, 2001.

Dean Witter was the first big brokerage company to get into the online trading business when it bought a small San Francisco-based outfit called Lombard Brokerage in 1996.

Merger with Morgan Stanley (1997–2009)

In 1997, Morgan Stanley Group, Inc. and Dean Witter Discover merged to form one of the largest global financial services firms: Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Discover Co.. The combined firm later dropped the "Discover Co." name in 1998 and further the "Dean Witter" name in 2001.

Although Morgan Stanley was the more prominent partner, Dean Witter's focus on retail investors, mutual funds and credit cards which were seen by the stock market as generating more stable cash flows than Morgan Stanley's investment banking business had by the time of the merger made it the more valuable partner in terms of market capitalization. Dean Witter's CEO, Philip Purcell, the main architect of the merger, became chairman and chief executive officer of the merged group. The merger marked the pairing of a storied investment banking firm with a retail brokerage (that had been owned by a retailer) that was often termed "white shoes and white socks". In order to avoid tension during the integration of the two firms, Purcell and Morgan Stanley's CEO John Mack decided not to choose between the two brand names. Instead, they combined the names of the two firms and put the Morgan Stanley Dean Witter brand on almost all of its operations.

Eventually, to foster brand recognition and marketing, the Dean Witter name was dropped from the retail services division in 2001, leaving the current name Morgan Stanley. In 2009, the Dean Witter retail operations were transferred to Morgan Stanley Smith Barney, a joint venture with Citigroup.

Acquisition history
The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors:

Notable alumni

 * Garo H. Armen
 * Lauren Bessette, sister-in-law of John F. Kennedy Jr.
 * Jean Chatzky, research analyst
 * George Davidsohn
 * Chris Gardner, whose autobiography was turned into the 2006 feature film The Pursuit of Happyness, interned at Dean Witter Reynolds
 * Thomas J. Healey
 * Catherine Meyer
 * John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh, stockbroker
 * Gretchen Morgenson
 * Rick Rescorla
 * Ronald P. Spogli, investment banker
 * Thomas J. Wilson

title: Dean Witter Reynolds


text:
Talk:Newegg

Expand upon Controversies section?
Could someone please help out and expand the Controversies section with all the stuff that recently came out from "Gamers Nexus" and "UFD Tech" (particularly the UFD Tech one)

Would be much appreciated! UfoTheUfo (talk) 20:56, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Newegg


text:
British Rail Class 313

The British Rail Class 313 was a dual-voltage electric multiple unit (EMU) train built by British Rail Engineering Limited's Holgate Road carriage works between February 1976 and April 1977. They were the first production units that were derived from British Rail's 1971 prototype suburban EMU design which, as the BREL 1972 family, eventually encompassed 755 vehicles over five production classes (313, 314, 315, 507 and 508). They were the first second-generation EMUs to be constructed for British Rail and the first British Rail units with both a pantograph for overhead lines and contact shoe equipment for  supply. They were, additionally, the first units in Britain to employ multi-function automatic Tightlock couplers, which include electrical and pneumatic connections allowing the coupling and uncoupling of units to be performed unassisted by the driver whilst in the cab.

The Class 313 units were the oldest EMUs operating on the National Rail network in Great Britain prior to their withdrawal in 2023, having entered service in 1976. However, the even older 1972 Stock and 1973 Stock are still in service on London Underground.

Background
Two new fleets were ordered as part of the electrification, authorised in 1971, of suburban services on British Rail's Great Northern route between London King's Cross and Royston, via Welwyn Garden City on the East Coast Main Line and via Hertford North on the Hertford Loop Line. For outer-suburban services – those making limited stops over the length of the route – a fleet of 49 units were procured as derivatives of the proven  design. The Class 313 fleet was correspondingly ordered for the inner-suburban services – those making frequent stops between London and Welwyn or Hertford.

An integral component of the electrification programme was BR's acquisition from London Underground of the Northern City Line, which had been built at a size sufficient for mainline trains and which provided the most direct route between Finsbury Park, on the existing Great Northern route, and Moorgate in the City of London. Following completion of the electrification to Welwyn and Hertford, the London terminal for all inner-suburban services would switch from King's Cross to Moorgate, reducing the number of train movements at the former station enough to permit the remodelling and subsequent electrification of the complicated approach tracks. The Northern City Line tunnels, however, were still not large enough to be fitted with the same overhead line electrification system used for the rest of programme, and were instead configured to use the  system standard on BR's Southern Region. This in turn required that a new design of EMU be developed for the Class 313 order, as none capable of running on both systems existed at the time.

Given this requirement, the opportunity was taken to further develop the Class 445 and 446 prototypes that had been produced by British Rail Engineering Limited in 1971, and which were considered by BR to be "the basis of all [its] future suburban stock". As these prototypes had been configured for use only on third-rail electrification, a new intermediate trailer carrying a pantograph and AC to DC transformer was built and inserted into the two-car Class 446 prototype, which was then tested on AC-electrified track for six months in 1975. This three-car arrangement, with driving-motor vehicles 'sandwiching' the trailer carrying the AC collection equipment, was subsequently adopted as the basic layout for the Class 313 design.

Description
Given the need to use the Northern City Line tunnels, Class 313 units were built to a slightly smaller loading gauge than conventional trains. They were of standard length and width, but the roof was lower, which was most noticeable due to the lack of a "well" for the Stone Faiveley AMBR pantograph on the centre coach. They had to comply with regulations for underground trains, such as having doors at each end of the train for evacuation onto the tracks, and when on 750 V DC supply the traction supply for each motor coach was separate, whereas on conventional 750 V DC trains each coach in a unit is linked by a 750 V bus line. Due to this, each motor coach had shoe gear on both bogies, whereas normally it would only be on the leading bogie. They were fitted with trip-cocks that are struck by a raised train-stop arm at red signals and will apply the brakes if the train passes one.

The units were originally numbered 313001–313064. Each unit was formed of two outer driving motors and an intermediate trailer with a pantograph. This was a reversal of the practice started in the 1960s, where the motors and pantograph were on an intermediate vehicle, with the outer vehicles being driving trailers. Part of the reason was to simplify the equipment to allow dual-voltage operation, and to keep down weight by spreading the heavy transformer and motors between vehicles. The intermediate trailer carried the pantograph and a transformer and rectifier, which on 25 kV AC provides 750 V DC to the motor coaches, each of which had four 110 hp GEC G310AZ direct current traction motors, two per bogie. On 750 V DC each motor coach drew its supply directly through its shoe gear. The traction motors were driven by a camshaft-controlled resistance system with series and parallel motor groupings and weak field steps. Originally the heating in the motor coaches was provided by passing air over the hot traction and braking resistors in addition to conventional heaters, but this feature was later taken out of use and the pneumatic dampers were disabled. Great Northern and Southern retrofitted their units with cab air conditioning.

313s had rheostatic braking (which was disabled on London Overground) in addition to conventional three-step air-operated disc braking. During braking if wheelslide was detected by the Wheel slide protection (WSP), rheostatic braking was disabled and disc-braking only was used. Great Northern units had sanding equipment. Unlike some other DMU/EMU classes, additional brake force was not available when the emergency brake application was initiated and was the equivalent force of a step 3/full service application. WSP was still active when making an emergency application.

In addition to the primary suspension of rubber chevron spring and oil dampers, secondary suspension was provided by two air bellows per bogie - flow into each bellows was controlled independently by a levelling valve and arm assembly that allowed the suspension to inflate/deflate when the weight of the coach was increased or decreased by passenger loading. The air suspension was linked to the braking system via a Variable Load Valve (VLV), which increased air brake pressure when the coach was more heavily loaded to compensate for the additional weight.

All units had standard class seating only.

As built, the sliding doors were opened by the passengers. Once the driver had stopped the train and the guard had activated the master door release, a passenger could move the door handle gently sideways which operated a switch controlling the individual door opening circuit. Many people did not wait for the guard's release and gave the handle a much harder tug, which could force the door open even if the train had not stopped. Concerns over passenger safety rapidly led to removal of the handles, after which the guard had sole control of the doors. Passenger-operated push-buttons were provided as replacements for the removed handles from March 1977 onwards.

Modifications led to renumbering and reclassification. All units originally had shoebeams on the inner bogie of each motor coach, which was sufficient for third-rail duties between Drayton Park and Moorgate. Some units became surplus, and in 1987 four were transferred to the Colchester – Clacton/Walton route, which has no DC sections; they had the shoegear removed, and were renumbered from 313061–313064 to 313096–313099. Following an accident involving one unit at Walton-on-the-Naze in August 1987, they were replaced by units in 1988. Units 313001–313016 had shoegear fitted to the outer bogies in addition, and were transferred to the Euston – Watford DC route where there are long gaps in the third rail. They were renumbered into a new 313/1 subclass, leaving the unmodified units in subclass 313/0.

Following the privatisation of British Rail, ownership of the Class 313 fleet passed to leasing company Eversholt Rail Group. In June 2012 Eversholt sold twenty units (313121 and the nineteen 313/2 units) to newly formed lessor Beacon Rail.

Network Rail
Network Rail leased Beacon Rail-owned unit 313121 as a test vehicle for the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) installation on the Hertford Loop.

The unit was repainted into Network Rail's yellow house colours and internally refurbished at Alstom's Wembley Intercity Depot, to include a new driving desk, technician's workstation, kitchen and toilet facilities, and the necessary ERTMS equipment. The work was completed in June 2013 and the unit was tested for the first time on Friday 5 July 2013 between Wembley and Bletchley. It commenced testing on the Hertford Loop later that month. Following conclusion of the Hertford Loop works, it was placed in store at Eastleigh Works in May 2018. It was expected to be used again when ERTMS was ready for testing on the Great Western Main Line, but Network Rail instead listed the unit for sale by tender in January 2023.

Silverlink/London Overground
Silverlink inherited 23 units from British Rail. These were mainly operated under the Silverlink Metro brand on the North London, West London, and Watford DC lines, although they were also regularly used on the St Albans Abbey – Watford Junction branch line between 1988 and the end of the Silverlink franchise in 2007.

In 2007 they were used on services transferred to London Overground, which replaced Silverlink Metro. London Overground branding was added, and some seats were removed to provide additional standing room. They were replaced by Class 378 trains, with longitudinal seating to improve standing room.

The final day of scheduled 313 operation on the North and West London Lines was 19 February 2010, although units remained in use as ad-hoc substitutes for unavailable 378/0s. By August 2010 only 313121 and 313123 were still in service with London Overground, as the 378/2 Capitalstars were by then in use on the Watford DC Line. They last ran for London Overground on 13 September 2010.

Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway)
Nineteen 313s that were displaced by Capitalstars on London Overground were transferred to Southern, replacing the newer Class 377/3 Electrostars on East and West Coastway services from Brighton. They primarily operated local services from Brighton to Hove, West Worthing, Portsmouth Harbour, Lewes and Seaford. In addition, they worked the Littlehampton to Bognor Regis and Portsmouth & Southsea services.

These units were repainted at Wolverton Works and renumbered from 313/1 into a new 313/2 subclass. The full refurbishment began in June 2010 at Wabtec Doncaster and included new flooring and carpet, new seating, improved space for cycles and passengers in wheelchairs, and the fitting of a Passenger Information System. Additional modifications were carried out at Stewarts Lane TMD including the installation of cab air-conditioning, sanding equipment, a 750 V busline, shore supply sockets and the removal of overhead line equipment.

The 313s commenced operations with Southern on 23 May 2010, providing a two-trains-per-hour service between Brighton and Seaford, and some trains between Brighton and Lewes, Hove, West Worthing and Littlehampton. From 13 December 2010, their operation expanded to stopping services from Brighton to Portsmouth Harbour and the Littlehampton to Bognor Regis shuttle.

The decision to use 313s on the Coastway lines was controversial, as they were much older and slower than the 377s and were missing certain on board facilities like air conditioning and toilets. The rail union RMT criticised the move and many publications, including the BBC, questioned the introduction of 35-year-old trains in place of much newer units. These trains were deployed on services that operated predominantly over short distances, such as Brighton to Hove and Brighton to Seaford, and some longer (but stopping) services that provided predominantly local links that ran alongside 377s on faster services. The introduction of 313s on the Coastway routes facilitated the delivery of additional capacity on high-demand suburban routes in South London.

In December 2017, it was announced that unit 313201 – originally 313001, the first and oldest Class 313 unit – had been repainted into British Rail's Rail blue livery, as originally used on the units (though, to meet modern accessibility requirements, the passenger doors were painted entirely grey rather than blue and grey as original). The repaint was part of the C6 overhaul, which included works on the doors, air system and interior (including new, modern LED lighting), and bodywork repairs. The Director of Engineering for Beacon Rail, which owned the Class 313s, has said, "We wanted to celebrate the heritage of this special train, so the re-livery made perfect sense."

Southern confirmed in March 2023 that it planned to withdraw the Class 313 fleet at the May 2023 timetable change. Three units – 313202, 313214, and 313217 – had already been removed from service by this point, and on 10 March 2023 they were dispatched for scrapping at Eastleigh Works. A farewell railtour was held on 29 April 2023 using units 313201 and 313213, which raised approximately £25,000 for charity. The final public services with the class operated on Friday 19 May 2023. They were replaced by units from Southern's existing fleet.

West Anglia Great Northern/First Capital Connect/Great Northern (Govia Thameslink Railway)

West Anglia Great Northern inherited 41 units operating inner suburban services out of Moorgate and London King's Cross, to Welwyn Garden City, Hertford North, Stevenage, and Letchworth Garden City. From 1 April 2006 the Great Northern (GN) franchise merged with Thameslink to form the Thameslink Great Northern franchise, which was won by FirstGroup and became known as First Capital Connect. Three Class 313/1 units were transferred to First Capital Connect from London Overground in September 2010 to augment the Class 313/0 fleet. They were repainted into FCC livery and lightly refreshed internally but retained their original low-backed seating. Despite receiving modifications that made them mechanically identical to the 313/0s, they were not renumbered. The units were then transferred to Great Northern on 14 September 2014 when the Thameslink and Great Northern franchise was merged into the Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern franchise.

Although the majority of the route is overhead line equipment, the Northern City Line route between Moorgate and Drayton Park is, formerly part of the London Underground's Northern line, and although built to full loading gauge there is insufficient clearance to add catenary.

Trains bound for Moorgate approach Drayton Park on a falling gradient, drawing power via the pantograph. After coming to a stand at the platform the driver opens the vacuum circuit breaker, lowers the pantograph and changes over to DC. Whilst at Drayton Park, the starting signal for the platform is held at danger until the pantograph is lowered. Unusually for dual voltage trains, on this stock and its replacement, the Class 717, a shunt resistor is permanently connected to the pantograph. The detection of the small current drawn holds the signal at danger while the pantograph remains in contact with the overhead wire. This current is very audible as it manifests itself as a distinct buzzing noise as an arc is struck and subsequently extinguished as the pantograph lowers. This prevents the driver from powering into the tunnel with the pantograph raised which would cause damage to the train as the pantograph ran off the end of the overhead line and struck the tunnel portal. On journeys from Moorgate traction power is maintained into Drayton Park for the rising gradient. Once the train is at a stand the driver selects AC traction and raises the pantograph. There is no system forcing the driver to change traction supplies beyond the customary 'PANS UP' sign at the end of the platform. If the driver forgets to change to AC no damage will occur to the train or any infrastructure; there will simply be a loss of power as the train runs out of third rail.

Great Northern 313s were electrically limited to 30 mph in DC mode, the maximum line speed on the Northern City Line.

313134 was named "City of London" at Moorgate on 9 December 2010 by Michael Bear, the Lord Mayor of London.

The Class 313 units were replaced by a new fleet of units, which began to enter service in March 2019. The first Class 313 withdrawal – unit 313026 – occurred the month prior; it was sent for scrapping in April 2019.

The final Class 313 service on Great Northern was the 23:33 Hertford North to Moorgate on 30 September 2019. A final railtour, operating from London King's Cross to Royston (via Welwyn Garden City) and back (via Hertford North and Moorgate) was held on 23 October 2019 with units 313134 and 313064; the DMSO vehicle of 313064 was repainted in Network SouthEast livery.

Preservation
The Railway Heritage Designation Advisory Board had originally designated unit 313201 for potential preservation after retirement, on the grounds that it was the first Class 313 unit built, and by extension the first production PEP-derived unit. However, in early 2023, the board decided instead to designate Network Rail's unit 313121, as unlike 313201 it retains its original seating and dual-voltage running equipment. It is preserved at the Fife Heritage Railway in Scotland.

313201 is preserved by the 400 Series Preservation Group and resides at Arlington Fleet Works in Eastleigh.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 15 October 1986, unit 313012 ran into the rear of a London Underground empty stock train at Kensal Green due to excessive speed after passing a signal at caution. Twenty-five people were injured.
 * On 12 August 1987, unit 313063 overran the buffer stop at Walton-on-the-Naze and demolished the station building due to a brake fault on the train. Thirteen people were injured.
 * On 22 October 2020, unit 313212 was derailed at Bognor Regis due to a signalling error.
 * On 19 November 2020, unit 313220 was involved in a fire at West Worthing station.
 * On 10 March 2021, unit 313203 was involved in a fire at East Worthing station.

Vehicle numbering
Individual vehicles are numbered in the ranges as follows:

title: British Rail Class 313


text:
Sharm El Sheikh Summit of 2005

The Sharm El Sheikh Summit of 2005 was a meeting of four Middle Eastern leaders at Sharm El Sheikh, in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, that took place on 8 February 2005 in an effort to end the four-year Second Intifada which started in September 2000. The four leaders were Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, President of the Palestinian Authority Mahmoud Abbas, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, and King Abdullah II of Jordan.

Sharon and Abbas explicitly undertook to cease all violence against each other's peoples, marking a formal end to the Second Intifada, and reconfirmed their commitment to the Road map for peace process. Sharon also agreed to release 900 of the 7,500 Palestinian prisoners being held by Israel at the time, and to withdraw from West Bank towns.

Background
The Second Intifada, which began in September 2000, had by February 2005 led to over 5,000 Palestinian and Israeli casualties and took an extensive toll on both economies and societies. The cycle of violence persisted throughout this period, except for a short-lived Hudna in mid-2003.

Neither side was willing to negotiate until there was a halt to violence. Yasser Arafat, the man thought by many to have engineered the Intifada and to have kept it alive, died in November 2004. The Palestinian presidential election was held on 9 January 2005 to elect Arafat's successor. It confirmed Mahmoud Abbas as President of the Palestinian Authority. His initial efforts were to bring order to the anarchy in the Palestinian territories and halt attacks against Israel. As a good will gesture, Ariel Sharon changed his attitude towards negotiations and ordered a significant reduction of Israeli military activity in the Palestinian territories and took many measures to help Palestinian civilians.

These trust-building steps, together with renewed security coordination between the two sides and the backing of the United States, Jordan and Egypt led to the agreement to hold the Sharm El Sheikh Summit. The summit began with a series of meetings between Sharon and Mubarak, King Abdullah and Abbas. Later, all leaders except King Abdullah read statements reaffirming their commitment to continued efforts to stabilize the situation and reconfirmed their commitment to the Road map for peace process.

Outcome
Though no agreement was signed, Sharon and Abbas in their closing statements explicitly stated their intention for a cessation of all violent activity against each other's peoples, marking a formal end to the Second Intifada. They all reconfirmed their commitment to the Road map for peace process. Sharon also agreed to release 900 Palestinian prisoners and to withdraw from West Bank towns.

Subsequent events
The violence in Israel continued into the following years, though suicide bombings decreased significantly. By May 2005, 500 of the 900 prisoners scheduled for release had been released. However, after Qassam rocket attacks on Sderot on 5 May, Sharon stopped the release of the remaining 400 prisoners, saying the Palestinian Authority needs to rein in the militants.

Arab–Israeli peace diplomacy and treaties

 * Paris Peace Conference, 1919
 * Faisal–Weizmann Agreement (1919)
 * 1949 Armistice Agreements
 * Camp David Accords (1978)
 * Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979)
 * Madrid Conference of 1991
 * Oslo Accords (1993)
 * Israel–Jordan peace treaty (1994)
 * Camp David 2000 Summit
 * Israeli–Palestinian peace process
 * Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs
 * List of Middle East peace proposals
 * International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict
 * Agreement on Movement and Access

title: Sharm El Sheikh Summit of 2005


text:
Why Does It Always Rain on Me?

"Why Does It Always Rain on Me?" is a song by Scottish band Travis, released as the third single from their second studio album, The Man Who. The song became the group's international breakthrough single, receiving recognition around the world. Following a rain-soaked performance at the 1999 Glastonbury Festival, the song became Travis's first top-10 hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 10 in August 1999. The song also peaked within the top 20 in Australia and achieved moderate success in mainland Europe, North America, Ireland, and New Zealand. In a poll by listeners of Absolute Radio, the song was ranked 62nd on a list of the top 100 songs of the 1990s.

Background
Fran Healy started writing the song while on holiday in Eilat, Israel. According to Healy, he was looking for some winter sun when his accountant suggested Eilat, which is known for its hot weather even during winter time. However, on the way to the hotel, it began to rain, which lasted until he left a week later.

Healy said he wanted to write the song, and wrote the second verse starting with "Why does it always rain on you? Is it because I picked you up in '92?" but decided that it wasn't good and changed it. He said that the line "Is it because I lied when I was 17?" refers to the time when he lied about his age to get a job behind the bar at the biggest club in Glasgow. The rest of the song was written six months later in Madrid at 1 o'clock in morning. He had just spoken to his manager on the phone who assured him that his career is taking off, but he felt things were not working for him, and wrote the lines "I can't sleep tonight / Everybody's saying everything is alright" and "I can't stand myself" which refers to him hating himself as well as not being able to stand up. "I'm being held up by invisible men" refers to people in the music industry who propped him up as well as holding him up like robbers.

Music video
The music video was directed by John Hardwick and filmed in Cornwall, with scenes filmed on Bodmin Moor. The pool of water that Healy (actually a stuntman) jumps into is part of a disused mining quarry known locally as "Gold Diggings" in Craddock Moor which is on the edge of Bodmin Moor. The video features the band in a rain-soaked setting, with the band having locked frontman Healy, wearing a kilt, in the trunk of a 1970s Vauxhall Viva. Healy escapes, and chases the rest of the band into a disused mining quarry. The video continues with the band being shown in a floating living room, performing the song. The video ends with the living room floating away. It does not actually rain at any point during the video.

The underwater scenes were filmed by underwater cinematographer Mark Silk, in the tank at Oceanic SW Limited, Honiton, Devon. (The company went into administration in January 2019). The director of photography of the video was Ben Davis with Derrin Schlesinger the producer.

Live performances
When Travis began to perform this song at the 1999 Glastonbury Festival, after being sunny for several hours, it began to rain exactly when the first line was sung, and stopped at the end of the song. Their performance was a talking point of the festival, and their career took off afterwards. Their single was released a month after Glastonbury, and it reached No. 10 on the UK Singles Chart; it also helped push the album The Man Who to No. 1.

Despite the performance's reputation, Healy was at the time disappointed in the band's performance, believing they had blown their opportunity with an average showing. "I can't hear myself. I'm out of tune. Oh no, it just started raining and everyone's really upset at me," Healy recalled thinking. Lead guitarist Andy Dunlop said, "People looked miserable and it was raining. It wasn't really one of the things that you felt, 'Oh, this is history!" However, the day after, the band saw Jo Whiley and John Peel on television name Travis the performance of the weekend.

Track listings
UK CD1
 * 1) "Why Does It Always Rain on Me?"
 * 2) "Village Man"
 * 3) "Driftwood" (live at the Link Café, Glasgow)

UK CD2
 * 1) "Why Does It Always Rain on Me?"
 * 2) "The Urge for Going"
 * 3) "Slide Show" (live at the Link Café, Glasgow)

UK cassette single
 * 1) "Why Does It Always Rain on Me?"
 * 2) "Village Man"

European maxi-CD single
 * 1) "Why Does It Always Rain on Me?"
 * 2) "Village Man"
 * 3) "Driftwood" (live at the Link Café, Glasgow)
 * 4) "The Urge for Going"

Australian and New Zealand maxi-CD single
 * 1) "Why Does It Always Rain on Me?" – 4:25
 * 2) "Village Man" – 3:18
 * 3) "Driftwood" (live at the Link Café, Glasgow) – 4:06
 * 4) "...Baby One More Time" (live at the Bay Tavern, Robin Hood's Bay) – 3:30
 * 5) Multimedia

Japanese EP
 * 1) "Why Does It Always Rain on Me?"
 * 2) "Village Man"
 * 3) "Driftwood" (live at the Link Café, Glasgow)
 * 4) "The Urge for Going"
 * 5) "Slide Show" (live at the Link Café, Glasgow)

Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the UK CD1 liner notes.

Studios
 * Produced at Chateau de la Rouge Motte (Domfront en Poiraie, France) and Abbey Road (London, England)
 * Mixed at Mayfair Studios (London, England)

Personnel

 * Fran Healy – writing
 * Sarah Wilson – cello
 * Mike Hedges – production
 * Ian Grimble – co-production
 * Nigel Godrich – mixing
 * Blue Source – art direction
 * Stefan Ruiz – photography

title: Why Does It Always Rain on Me?


text:
Jerry Saltz

Jerry Saltz (born February 19, 1951, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American art critic. Since 2006, he has been senior art critic and columnist for New York magazine. Formerly the senior art critic for The Village Voice, he received the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism in 2018 and was nominated for the award in 2001 and 2006. Saltz served as a visiting critic at School of Visual Arts, Columbia University, Yale University, and The School of the Art Institute of Chicago and the New York Studio Residency Program, and was the sole advisor for the 1995 Whitney Biennial.

Saltz is the recipient of three honorary doctorates, including from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 2008 and Kansas City Art Institute in 2011.

Early life and education
Saltz was born in Oak Park, before moving to River Forest, Illinois. His mother died when he was ten years old. Shortly after he recalls a memorable trip to the Art Institute of Chicago, where he discovered, "Everything here is telling a story, everything here has a code, has a language—and I’m going to learn this whole language and I’m going to know the story."

Saltz moved to the inner city and attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago from 1970 to 1975 before dropping out.

Career
Saltz worked briefly at Jan Cicero Gallery before co-founding, with Barry Holden and artists from the Art Institute of Chicago, N.A.M.E. Gallery, an artist-run gallery. Saltz moved to New York City in 1980.

Art criticism
Since 2006, Saltz has been senior art critic and columnist for New York magazine. Formerly the senior art critic for The Village Voice, he has also contributed to Art in America, Flash Art International, Frieze, and Modern Painters, Vulture.com among other art publications.

In an article in Artnet magazine, Saltz codified his outlook: "All great contemporary artists, schooled or not, are essentially self-taught and are de-skilling like crazy. I don't look for skill in art...Skill has nothing to do with technical proficiency... I'm interested in people who rethink skill, who redefine or reimagine it: an engineer, say, who builds rockets from rocks." In 2008 Saltz said, "I'm looking for what the artist is trying to say and what he or she is actually saying, what the work reveals about society and the timeless conditions of being alive".

In Seeing Out Loud, his collection of Village Voice columns published in 2003, he said he considers himself the kind of critic that Peter Plagens calls a "goalie," someone who says "It's going to have to be pretty good to get by me." Saltz has cited Manny Farber's "termite art" and Joan Didion's "Babylon" as well as other wide-ranging systemic metaphors for the art world. Although he's defended the art market, he's also called out faddy market behavior and the fetish for youth, saying "the art world eats its young."

On a College Art Association panel in February 2007, Saltz commented, "We live in a Wikipedia art world. Twenty years ago, there were only four to five encyclopedias—and I tried to get into them. Now, all writing is in the Wikipedia. Some entries are bogus, some are the best. We live in an open art world."

His humor, irreverence, self-deprecation and volubility have led some to call him the Rodney Dangerfield of the art world. He has expressed doubt about art critics' influence as purveyors of taste, saying they have little effect on the success of an artist's career. Nonetheless, ArtReview called him the 73rd most powerful person in the art world in their 2009 Power 100 list.

In 2007, he received the Frank Jewett Mather Award for art criticism from the College Art Association.

In a 2018 interview, Saltz maintained, "To this day I wake up early and I have to get to my desk to write almost immediately. I mean fast. Before the demons get me. I got to get writing. And once I’ve written almost anything, I’ll pretty much write all day, I don’t leave my desk, I have no other life. I’m not part of the world except when I go to see shows."

That same year, Saltz reviewed American-Canadian artist Carole Freeman's exhibit featuring portraits of little known Americans who bring to light current socio-political issues. Saltz wrote: "These transporting portraits are beautiful meditations in paint... Each is rendered lovingly and intensely; the works impart that the chariot to greatness comes in many forms and that every artist is also one of these mighty figures, laboring with passion in private shadows."

Dialogue with readers through Facebook
Saltz uses Facebook more actively than many other art critics, posting daily questions and diatribes to his audience of friends, which numbered 94,039 people in December 2020. He has stated that he wants to demystify the art critic to artists and a general art audience. His posts are less polished and restrained than his writing for New York Magazine and vulture.com, and he has shared personal matters including family tragedies, career bumps and his diet. He told the New York Observer, "It's exciting to be in this room with 5,000 people. It's like the Cedar Bar for me, or Max's Kansas City."

He has used his page to defend the use of irony in art, arguing against adherents of "the New Seriousness", whom he calls the "Purity Police".

In 2010, artist Jennifer Dalton exhibited an artwork called "What Are We Not Shutting Up About?" at the FLAG Foundation in New York that statistically analyzed five months of Facebook conversations between Saltz and his online friends. In an interview with Artinfo, Dalton said of the work, “I became interested in Jerry Saltz's Facebook page as an amazing site of written dialogue and as a place where culture is being created on the spot. I think my piece, and Jerry Saltz's Facebook page itself, tells us that a lot of people in the art world crave dialogue and community, and when a space is welcoming enough people really flock to it.”

In 2010, Saltz asked his Facebook friends about art studio (or office) door signs—and then later sought someone to compile the replies. The result was a book featuring Saltz and dozens of his page's followers' quotes: JERRY SALTZ ART CRITIC's Fans, Friends, & The Tribes Suggested ART STUDIO DOOR SIGNS of Real Life or Fantasy.

In 2015, Saltz was briefly suspended from Facebook after the site received complaints from users about provocative posts.

Art critic as television personality
Saltz served as a judge in the Bravo television series Work of Art: The Next Great Artist which ran from June 9, 2010, to December 21, 2011.

Publications

 * Saltz, Jerry. Seeing Out Loud: The Village Voice Art Columns, 1998–2003. Gt Barrington: The Figures, 2003; reprinted 2007; 410 pp. (paperback), ISBN 978-1-930589-17-9.
 * Saltz, Jerry. Seeing Out Louder. Hudson Hills Press LLC, 2009; 420 pp. (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-55595-318-8.
 * Saltz, Jerry. Beyond Boundaries: New York's New Art. 1986; 128 pp. ISBN 978-0-912383-31-6
 * Saltz, Jerry. How to Be an Artist. 2020; 144 pp. ISBN 9780593086469
 * Saltz, Jerry. Art is Life. Penguin Random House, 2022; 354 pp. ISBN  978-0593086490

Awards
Saltz received the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism in 2018 and was nominated for the award in 2001 and 2006.

Saltz is the recipient of three honorary doctorates, including from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 2008 and Kansas City Art Institute in 2011.

Personal life
Saltz lives in New York City with his wife Roberta Smith, co-chief art critic for the New York Times. They were married in 1992. Saltz is Jewish.

title: Jerry Saltz


text:
Talk:Julia A. Moore

Untitled
Supposedly, she once said, "You have come here and paid twenty-five cents to see a fool; I receive seventy-five dollars, and see a whole houseful of fools." Should this be put in the article? Does anyone know if the attribution is accurate?

--SamuelScarano 17:41, 2005 Feb 10 (UTC)

 * I see the quote is on a couple of Web pages, but I don't see a source for it. -- Smerdis of Tlön 20:18, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I have located my copy of Riedlinger. He quotes it, and cites a newspaper account of the event. I'll be including it and much more, plus fixing several mistakes.--192.35.35.34 13:47, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julia A. Moore


text:
Roland Leighton

Roland Aubrey Leighton (27 March 1895 – 23 December 1915) was a British poet and soldier, made posthumously famous by his fiancée Vera Brittain's memoir, Testament of Youth.

Life and career
His parents, Robert Leighton and Marie Connor, were both writers. Marie was the more commercially successful and wrote adventure books (the best known being Convict 99) and also stories that were serialised in the Daily Mail. Her husband was the first literary editor of the Daily Mail and wrote adventure books for boys. Roland was brought up initially at "Vallombrosa" 40 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, North London, and later at "Heather Cliff" a large Edwardian house above the beach at Lowestoft. Leighton was a prizewinning classical scholar at Uppingham School; one pupil remembered Leighton using a wheelbarrow to recover his haul from the 1914 school prize-giving. His hope was to one day become the editor of a national newspaper.

At the school, Leighton did not have a wide circle of friends as he was regarded by his peers as being rather cold and conceited. He did however become a close friend of Edward, brother of future author and journalist Vera Brittain, and Victor Richardson, the son of a Hove dentist; Mrs Leighton called the friends "the three musketeers". At Uppingham he was acting cadet officer in the Junior Division, Officers Training Corps. On leaving Uppingham, Leighton applied to Oxford University and was awarded the classical postmastership at Merton College, Oxford. In the meantime, he had developed an interest in reading poetry and writing his own verse whilst at Uppingham.

Leighton subsequently used the medium of poetry to express his burgeoning love for Vera Brittain, Edward's sister. He first met Vera when visiting Edward at Uppingham in 1913 at the age of 19. However, war was soon to intervene in their relationship.

When World War I broke out in 1914, he was highly motivated to join the fighting by ideas of patriotism, honour and duty, and sought to get to the front. He first tried to get into the Royal Navy, but was turned down due to short-sightedness. For the same reason he was rejected by the Royal Artillery and the Army Service Corps. After this experience, he procured a "general fitness" certificate from a local GP which did not make reference to his myopia, and was able to secure a commission as a second lieutenant in the 4th Battalion of the Norfolk Regiment on 21 October 1914. From then on, Roland was only able to see Vera fleetingly during his brief periods of leave.

He was promoted a lieutenant with the Worcestershire Regiment on 26 March 1915. Leighton served with the Worcestershire Regiment in France, and was engaged in the fighting around Ypres in Belgium. Vera Brittain became his fiancée in August 1915.

An analysis of his letters reveals that he quickly became unhappy and disillusioned by his experiences at the front describing it as "a mere trade". He converted to Roman Catholicism from Church of England while at the Front in late 1915. This event, which took place in the summer of 1915, according to his fiancée, was unknown to anyone of his family or to her. His funeral took place according to Catholic rites.

In December 1915, he was shot by a sniper while inspecting the wire, in bright moonlight, in front of a trench at Hébuterne, France. He sustained a catastrophic abdominal and spinal injury. While still on the battlefield, he said simply, "They got me in the stomach and it's bad," before he was rendered semi-conscious by morphine. Leighton underwent emergency abdominal surgery at Louvencourt. However, he survived only a short time, dying of his wounds on 23 December 1915 at the age of 20 (his gravestone incorrectly states that he was 19).

His burial service was held at Louvencourt church. He is buried in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery at Louvencourt, near Doullens. Brittain's biographer Mark Bostridge has reported that Leighton's grave is often covered by violets in tribute to a poem he wrote for his fiancée:

Roland's final poem, which was found in his clothes after his death was "Hedauville". Brittain found the poem unsettling and difficult to fully understand. It seemed as if perhaps Roland was predicting his own death in "Hedauville", and foresaw a different life for Vera, with a new love.

Vera Brittain wrote several poems commemorating Leighton's life which were published in her 1918 work, Verses of a V.A.D., and her later volume Because You Died. She later immortalised him and her brother Edward in her famous memoir Testament of Youth. Many of Leighton's letters are included in Letters from a Lost Generation, a compilation of her wartime letters, edited by Alan Bishop and Mark Bostridge, and published in 1998. Brittain's Chronicle of Youth, which contains her diaries 1913–1917, includes entries about Leighton and their relationship, excerpts from his letters from the battlefield and his poetry. His mother anonymously published a memoir of him called Boy of My Heart in 1916.

Leighton is commemorated on the war memorial in the school chapel at Uppingham and, although he did not take up his place at Merton College, his name is on the war memorial there. He is also remembered along with Edward Brittain and Victor Richardson on the war memorial at St Barnabas Church, Hove; this was the church attended by the Richardson family.

His brother Evelyn, five years his junior, joined the Royal Navy, reaching the rank of captain; he was involved in the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 and awarded the OBE. His sister Clare Leighton became a talented woodcut artist; she wrote a biography of her mother, Tempestuous Petticoat.

Popular culture
In the 1979 TV adaptation of Testament of Youth Leighton was played by Peter Woodward, with Cheryl Campbell taking the part of Vera. The role was taken by Rupert Graves in the 1998 BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Letters from a Lost Generation and by Christian Brassington in BBC 1's documentary Vera Brittain: A Woman in Love and War in 2008. In the 2014 feature film of Testament of Youth, Leighton was played by Kit Harington, alongside Alicia Vikander as Vera Brittain.

Mark Hollis' 1998 song "A Life (1895–1915)", included on his one and only solo album, was inspired by Leighton's life and death. Hollis stated about the song, "That was someone born before the turn of the century … and dying within one year of the First World War at a young age. It was based on Vera Brittain's boyfriend. It's the expectation that must have been in existence at the turn of the century, the patriotism that must've existed at the start of the war and the disillusionment that must've come immediately afterwards. It's the very severe mood swings that fascinated me." The song correspondingly contains a variety of styles, tempos, and instrumentations.

title: Roland Leighton


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the pic Image:Orion.jpg was later found to be in copyvio and was removed. i am attempting to remove the links to it so that another pic can someday be named Orion.jpg without causing problems. Cavebear42 17:42, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Pic of the day/Archive


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Dragobete

Dragobete is a traditional Romanian holiday celebrated on February 24. Dragobete was the son of Baba Dochia, which stands for the main person in the myth related to spring arrival and the end of the harsh winter. Due to his endless kindness he was chosen – according to some sources, by Virgin Mary – to be the Guardian of Love.

The day is particularly known as "the day when the birds are betrothed". It's said that If boys don't meet the girl they like, they will have really bad luck for the rest of the year. It is around this time that the birds begin to build their nests and mate. On this day, considered locally the first day of spring, boys and girls gather vernal flowers and sing together. Maidens used to collect the snow that lay on the ground in many villages and then melt it, using the water in magic potions throughout the rest of the year. Those who take part in Dragobete customs are supposed to be protected from illness, especially fevers, for the rest of the year. If the weather allows, girls and boys pick snowdrops or other early spring plants for the person they are courting. In Romania, Dragobete is known as a day for lovers, rather like Valentine's Day.

It is a common belief in some parts of Romania that, during this celebration, stepping over a partner's foot leads to the dominant role in the relationship. Dragobete customs vary from region to region.

In the countryside there is an old tradition with girls and boys going into the woods to pick flowers. When they return home, the traditions says that boys were running after girls to kiss them. If the girl liked the boy she let him kiss her. There is a saying in Romania that makes a lot of sense regarding this: "Dragobete kisses the girls".

In neighbouring Bulgaria, the custom of stepping over one's partner's feet traditionally takes place during weddings with the same purpose, but it is not believed to be connected to Dragobete.

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Alzheimer's Society

Alzheimer's Society is a United Kingdom care and research charity for people with dementia and their carers. It operates in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, while its sister charities Alzheimer Scotland and Alzheimer Society of Ireland cover Scotland and the Republic of Ireland respectively.

Despite its name, the charity does not exclusively help people with Alzheimer's disease. There are many types of dementia, which is an umbrella term. Dementia types include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia, Korsakoff's syndrome, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, HIV-related cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, and other rarer causes of dementia.

It is an organisation that provides support for people affected by dementia via a telephone support line, as well as through dementia support workers, printed information and an online community called Talking Point.

Alzheimer's Society funds dementia research. In 2021/2022, £7m was given in 27 awards for new research, and 311 new publications came from their funding.

The society relies on voluntary donations from the public through fundraising and other activities. It is a registered Charity No. 296645, registered as a company limited by guarantee and registered in England No. 2115499. Its registered office is at 43-44 Crutched Friars, London, EC3N 2AE.

the Chief Executive of the Alzheimer's Society is Kate Lee, who replaced Jeremy Hughes on 2 March 2020.

History
The organisation was formed in 1979, following a radio broadcast on the subject of Alzheimer's disease which brought together gerontology researcher Professor Gordon Wilcock with former carer Cora Phillips. In December of that year, Morella Fisher wrote to every British national newspaper about her experiences caring for her husband, who had early-onset dementia, with the story being covered by The Observer, prompting Phillips to get in contact. Within a few weeks, the trio had established the Alzheimer's Disease Society, with an aim to raise awareness, provide information for families and generate funds for research.

A steering committee was formed, consisting of carers and medical professionals, and the first annual general meeting was held on 13 September 1980. This first AGM was attended by 98 members and supporters. The first Newsletter was published in January 1981. A development officer was employed at around this time, and the first branches were established in Oxford and Bromley in 1980 and 1981 respectively. One of the Society's earliest contributions to research, as described in the Newsletter of January 1981, was a request for brain tissue donations to help support research studies.

Through the 1980s and 1990s the society continued to grow, with volunteer committees establishing branches across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. At the AGM in 1999 members of the society agreed the change of name to Alzheimer's Society.

By 2003 the Society had a turnover of £30 million, with over 230 branches across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. In 2009/10 the Society's income had grown to £58.7 million and it currently (2012) has a network of over 2000 services.

By of 2019, the Society had an income of £107 million, £80 million of which was from public donations.

As of financial year ending 31 March 2022, the Society had a total income of over £116 million, with nearing £89 million from donations and legacies.

Kate Lee's appointment in 2020 was brought forward by six weeks following allegations in The Guardian that the outgoing chief executive Jeremy Hughes had bullied staff. In May 2020, ThirdSector magazine reported that the regulator, the Charity commission found the society had "acted in line with their legal duties", as allegations of £750,000 NDA payments were not substantiated and staff could report inappropriate behaviour. Commenting on the result, The Guardian stated that the commission had admitted failing to investigate the original complaint properly in 2018 or interview complainants whilst the chair of the Alzheimer's trustees, Stephen Hill, said the society wanted to ensure best practice and had reviewed its procedures.

Activities
The society's activities primarily focus on improving care and the lives of people living with dementia, unlike other charities such as Alzheimer's Research UK, that predominately exist to fund research projects aimed at finding cures or treatments.

Local activities
Alzheimer's Society organises and provides local activity groups and support programmes. These include activities such as Singing for the Brain, designed to promote communication and stimulation through singing, and Dementia Cafes, which offer a relaxed environment to talk about the challenges of living with dementia.

Information
The society provides information and support for people with dementia and their carers by telephone and online, including factsheets which can be downloaded.

They also provide information for health and care professionals to help them to care for people with dementia.

Campaigning
The society campaigns for the rights of people with dementia and their carers, including by lobbying for governmental policy changes.

It also runs public-facing campaigns to generate awareness of dementia and the challenges of dementia care, including the recent award-winning It's Not Called Getting Old, It's Called Getting Ill video, aimed at reframing public attitudes to receiving diagnoses and the Forgotten Third campaign in association with the England women's football team, highlighting the likelihood of developing dementia.

Research and technology
The society develops technology to support awareness and improve care, such as the 2011 Brain Map iPhone app to spread awareness of dementia.

It runs an accelerator programme, providing grants and support to people developing products and services to support those living with dementia, including launches of products such as Sibstar, a specially designed debit card, SmartSocks, intended to track agitation and alert carers of distress, and Jelly Drops, sweets that provide easy hydration.

It also is one of three founding funders of the UK Dementia Research Institute, a joint £290 million investment with the Medical Research Council and Alzheimer's Research UK.

Alzheimer's Society has been a funder of dementia research for over 30 years and provides financial backing for research that focuses on developing the care and support available for those living with dementia, improving diagnoses and discovering treatments.

They also support researchers with the Dementia Knowledge Centre, an online catalogue comprising 13,000 dementia-specific items.

Animal research
In 2011, Animal Aid challenged four charities that are the focus of their "Victims of Charity" campaign – Cancer Research UK, the British Heart Foundation, Parkinson's UK and Alzheimer's Society – to a public debate on the scientific and moral issues relating to their funding of animal experiments. In 2020 PETA referred to Alzheimer's Society's funding of research using animal testing as gaining irrelevance for a human brain disease, commending the Society's establishment of the "Brains for Dementia Research" initiative where people can pledge to donate their brains after they die.

Alzheimer's Society has previously stated that it supports involving animals in medical research, and that it considers animal research has contributed to advances in vaccination, drugs, surgical techniques and better understanding of the biology of diseases and medical conditions including Alzheimer's disease and dementia. However, it also noted the ethical concerns involved, and stated that animals should be used in restricted circumstances, that any animals used for research should be treated humanely, and that alternative techniques should be employed where possible.

Local branch closures
The society drew criticisms of becoming too centralised and was subject to protests from members following its announcement to close all of its 240 local branches in 2010, restructuring them into 49 regional centres. An investigation led by Alan Fowler, former chair of the society's Winchester branch, claimed the society misled branch committees during the process and failed to meaningfully consult them.

title: Alzheimer's Society


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Talk:Bias (statistics)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 August 2021 and 19 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): C.Hua Wang. Peer reviewers: Yibeiiiii, GeorgePan1012, Joannetsai.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:40, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

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Eneos

Eneos Corporation (ENEOS株式会社), formerly JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation (JXTGエネルギー株式会社), or NOC or Shin-Nisseki (新日石) is a Japanese petroleum company. Its businesses include exploration, importation, and refining of crude oil; the manufacture and sale of petroleum products, including fuels and lubricants; and other energy-related activities. It is the largest oil company in Japan, and in recent years it has been expanding its operations in other countries.

Its products are sold under the ENEOS brand, which is also used for service stations. It also previously operated service stations under the Esso and Mobil brands under license from ExxonMobil. In 2019, as a result of JX Holdings' merger with TonenGeneral Group in 2017 to form JXTG Holdings, both brands were phased out in favour of ENEOS EneJet.

History
The company was established 1888 as the "Nippon Oil" (日本石油), or "Nisseki" (日石) for short. In 1999, the company merged with and absorbed the former "Mitsubishi Oil" (三菱石油). The merged company was called "Nippon Mitsubishi Oil" (日石三菱) until 2002, when it was renamed back to Nippon Oil Corporation. In 2010, NOC merged with Nippon Mining to form JX Holdings, and Nippon Oil was renamed JX Nippon Oil & Energy. In 2017, JX and TonenGeneral were merged into JXTG Holdings. The company's name was slightly modified to JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy. In 2020, JXTG Nippon Oil & Energy adopted its current name.

Worldwide operations
The company has worldwide locations including JX Nippon Oil & Energy USA Inc. in Schaumburg, Illinois, Torrance, California, and Nippon Oil Lubricants (America), LLC, in Childersburg, Alabama. They have brought their premium brand motor oil ENEOS and SUSTINA into the United States recently. The product line includes the extremely difficult to formulate 0W-50 viscosity oil. New line of premium full synthetic motor oil SUSTINA is now available in the United States.

NOC employs over 5,500 people, with additional employees from oversea divisions, and operates the following refineries throughout Japan:
 * Muroran Refinery (Nippon Petroleum Refining Co., Ltd.)
 * Sendai Refinery (NPRC)
 * Yokohama Refinery (NPRC)
 * Negishi Refinery (NPRC)
 * Mizushima Refinery (NPRC)
 * Osaka Refinery (NPRC)
 * Marifu Refinery (NPRC)

Nippon Oil Exploration owns a 5% share of Syncrude, a Canadian oil sands mining company, through its fully owned subsidiary Mocal Energy.

The company also has technical collaboration with Tide Water Oil Co., an Indian petroleum products manufacturer. Superior quality lubricants under the brand name ENEOS are manufactured and marketed in India by Tide Water Oil Co.

2011 earthquake and tsunami
On 11 March 2011, a 145,000-barrel-per-day refinery in Sendai was set ablaze by the Tōhoku earthquake. Workers were evacuated, but tsunami warnings hindered efforts to extinguish the fire until 14 March, when officials planned to do so.

Environmental record
While developing the Rang Don Oil Field and Helang Gas Field NOEX, part of the Nippon Oil Corporation, conducted environmental impact assessments. These assessments helped them implement management plans based on the results of the assessments, specifically, how to reduce the impact of the fields on surrounding sea areas.

In 2005, Nippon Oil and Ebara-Ballard announced they were going to start field testing a 1 kW household proton-exchange membrane fuel cell system that uses coal oil as fuel. It was the world's first household test with the system. The system achieves a greater power-generation efficiency than normal heating. The system can operate in temperatures as low as -10 deg C.

In 2007, Nippon Oil was the recipient of the Nippon Keidanren Chairman's Prize in recognition of its achievements in a number of areas. They were the first in the Japanese petroleum industry to achieve a zero emission status at their refineries. They are also developing fuel cell systems as well as producing and selling sulfur-free fuel. The Rang Dong Oil Field is also one of the biggest reduction projects in the world. The project utilizes associated gas produced along with crude oil for additional energy production.

Sponsorship
Nippon Oil is a current sponsor of the F.C. Tokyo football club.

It has also sponsored several motor sports teams, such as Team Lexus LeMans ENEOS SC430 in the Japanese Super GT series in the GT500 class. In the late 1980s and early 1990s JSPC, it sponsored the Trust Racing Team Porsche. From 2005 to 2008, ENEOS sponsored the Formula One program of Honda, with British American Racing in 2005, Honda Racing F1 from 2006 to 2008, and Super Aguri from 2006 to 2007. Since 2014, the Eneos brand has been featured on Kyle Larson's #42 Chevrolet Camaro in the NASCAR Xfinity Series in select races. They also sponsor Akinori Ogata in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series when he drives the 63 for MB Motorsports. He drove the 63 truck in 2015 and 2016. ENEOS is currently a sponsor of Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP team as a fuel and lubricants supplier since 2012 season and also supplying fuel and lubricants for Pata Yamaha with Brixx WorldSBK World Superbike team since 2016 season.

The company also currently sponsors the 1000km of Palanga endurance race in Lithuania.

title: Eneos


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Dragomir

Dragomir is a Slavic masculine name, mostly found in Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Russia, and Ukraine as well as Romania. It is composed of the Slavic words drag (dear, precious) and mir (peace), both very common in Slavic dithematic names. It can be translated as To whom peace is precious, i.e. He who cares about peace. However, the ending mir, found in many Slavic names, has developed from the Old Slavic term *meru which meant 'large, great, greatly'. Thus the original Old Slavic meaning of the name would be He who is very dear or He who is very precious (to his family). The female form of the name is Dragomira (or Drahomíra), Dragomirka and is also very popular.

Notable people

 * Dragomir Bojanić (1933–1993), Serbian actor, nicknamed Gidra
 * Dragomir Brajković (1947–2009), Serbian writer, journalist, editor of Radio Belgrade, poet
 * Dragomir Čumić (1937–2013), Serbian actor
 * Dragomir Dujmov, Serbian poet, novelist and short story writer from Hungary
 * Dragomir of Duklja (died 1018), ruler of Travunia and Zachlumia
 * Dragomir Hurmuzescu (1865-1954), Romanian physicist
 * Dragimir Hvalimirović, Župan of Travunia
 * Dragomir Jovanović (1902–1946), Serbian politician
 * Dragomir Markov (born 1971), retired swimmer from Bulgaria
 * Dragomir Mihajlović, Serbian rock guitarist
 * Dragomir Milošević (born 1942), Serbian commander and war criminal
 * Dragomir Nikolić, Serbian football manager
 * Dragan Okuka (born 1954), Serbian football manager and a former player
 * Dragomir R. Radev, University of Michigan computer science professor
 * Dragomir Stankovic (born 1972), Serbian football referee
 * Dragomir Tošić (1909–1985), Yugoslavian football defender
 * Dragomir Vukobratović (born 1988), Serbian footballer

As surname

 * Alexandru Dragomir (1916–2002), Romanian philosopher
 * Anastase Dragomir (1896–1966), Romanian inventor
 * Dimitrie Dragomir (1884–19??), Bessarabian politician
 * Dumitru Dragomir, president of the Romanian Professional Football League since 1996
 * Ioan Dragomir (1905–1985), Romanian bishop of the Greek-Catholic Church
 * Ionuț Dragomir (born 1974), Romanian football player
 * Mihu Dragomir (1919-1964), Romanian poet
 * Ruxandra Dragomir (born 1972), Romanian retired female tennis player
 * Manuel Dragomir (born 1999), Romanian poet

As place name

 * Dragomir, village in Berzunți Commune, Bacău County, Romania
 * Dragomir, village in Plovdiv municipality, Bulgaria

title: Dragomir