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San Francisco Seals (PCL)

The San Francisco Seals were a minor league baseball team in San Francisco, California, that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 until 1957 before transferring to Phoenix, Arizona. The organization was named for the abundant California sea lion and harbor seal populations in the Bay Area. The 1909, 1922, 1925, and 1928 Seals were recognized as being among the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time.

Early history
Along with the Los Angeles Angels, Portland Beavers, Oakland Oaks, Sacramento Solons, and Seattle Indians, the Seals were charter members of the Pacific Coast League, which was founded in 1903. The team played their home games at Recreation Park at Harrison and 8th Streets until it was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

The mild climate of the west coast allowed the PCL to play a much longer season than the major leagues and the other eastern professional baseball leagues. Seasons often ran 200 games or more, especially in the early years. In the 1905 season, the Seals set the all-time PCL record by playing 230 games (Pacific Coast Baseball League Record Book 1903–1969, compiled by William J. Weiss, League Statistician; published by the PCL, 1969; p. 30).

The Seals finished the 1906 season playing home games at Freeman's Park in Oakland. A new Recreation Park was constructed at 14th and Valencia Streets for the 1907 season. The Seals won their first PCL pennant in 1909, finishing $13 1/2$ games over the runner-up Portland Beavers. They won flags also in 1915, 1917, 1922, 1923 and 1925.

During the 1914 season, the Sacramento Solons were moved to San Francisco, where they finished out the season playing as the San Francisco Missions, representing the city's Mission District. The idea of a second team in San Francisco remained alive and, after the 1925 season, the Vernon Tigers were purchased by a group headed by San Francisco businessman Herbert Fleishhacker and moved to San Francisco and renamed the Mission Reds or simply the "Missions", again representing the Mission District as this team played their games five blocks from Mission San Francisco de Asís. From 1926 through 1930, they played their home games at Recreation Park, playing at home while the Seals were on the road.

In 1918, financially strapped owner Henry Berry put the San Francisco Seals up for sale and Charles H. Strub, George Alfred (Alfie) Putnam and Charles H. Graham each acquired a one-third share in the team.

In 1931, the Seals moved to their own park, Seals Stadium, an 18,600-seat facility located at 16th and Bryant Streets. Seals Stadium was unusual in that it boasted three clubhouses: one for the visitors, one for the Seals, and one for the Missions, who moved there with the Seals and were the Seals' tenants from 1931 through 1937, after which the team moved back to Los Angeles to become the Hollywood Stars in 1938. There were three breweries on the adjoining northwest corners of Seals Stadium, which included Hamm's, Budweiser and Lucky Lager.

The Seals celebrated their inaugural year in Seals Stadium by winning the PCL pennant in 1931. The following year, Seals outfielder Vince DiMaggio arranged a tryout for his younger brother Joe. In 1933, Joe DiMaggio hit safely in 61 straight games, a harbinger of his 56-game hitting streak for the New York Yankees in 1941. The team won the pennant again in 1935.

Change of control
In 1945, a controlling interest in the team was purchased by businessman Paul Fagan, with the stated intention of bringing Major League Baseball to the west coast by having the Pacific Coast League becoming the nation's third major league. He spent thousands of dollars upgrading Seals Stadium to perceived major league standards. He hired former major league player Lefty O'Doul, a native San Franciscan and fan favorite, as manager. Though the Seals won the pennant in 1946, subsequent teams under Fagan's watch did not fare as well, typically finishing in the second division. Rival clubs did not buy into Fagan's major league ambitions. Rather, they established working agreements with major league teams, and fared better than did the independent Seals.

Fagan gave up his aspirations and sold his interest in the Seals, who became an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox. After their Bay Area rival, the Oakland Oaks, moved to Vancouver after the 1955 season, the Seals won their last PCL pennant in 1957, which proved to be their final season. Late in that season, the New York Giants announced their move to San Francisco for the 1958 season, and the Seals were forced to relocate.

As part of the Giants' transfer to San Francisco, the Seals became its top affiliate after a swap on October 15, 1957 in which the Minneapolis Millers joined the Red Sox organization. They moved to Phoenix, Arizona for the 1958 season and were renamed the Phoenix Giants. The franchise then moved to Tacoma, Washington, where they played from 1960 to 1965, returning to Phoenix for the 1966 season. The team remained in Phoenix–from 1986 onward as the Firebirds–until 1998, when they were displaced by MLB's Arizona Diamondbacks. In a complicated deal, the Firebirds' ownership group bought the Tucson Toros, inheriting the Toros' staff and facilities. After an interim one-year affiliation with the Milwaukee Brewers, the Toros affiliated with the Diamondbacks and changed their name to the Sidewinders. The Giants' affiliation was transferred to the displaced Tucson AAA franchise, which became the Fresno Grizzlies until their reassignment to Low-A. In 2009, the Sidewinders franchise moved to Reno, Nevada. They retained their affiliation with the Arizona Diamondbacks as the Reno Aces, and play their home games at Greater Nevada Field. The Tucson Toros returned under the same ownership as the Sidewinders, but they are not affiliated with a major league club. The new Toros played their home games at Hi Corbett Field, the longtime home of minor league baseball in Tucson, until 2010.

The Giants played their home games at Seals Stadium in 1958 and 1959, moving to Candlestick Park in 1960. Seals Stadium was subsequently torn down to make way for a White Front store. When this chain of stores went out of business, the building stayed empty for some years. It was finally turned into a car dealership and later a Safeway grocery store. The legacy of the Seals lives on in the Giants' mascot Lou Seal, as well as in a statue of the Seals' cartoon mascot (c. 1947) at Oracle Park, and with a marker on the 16th & Bryant sidewalk placed where Seals Stadium home plate stood.

Rebirth in 1985
The Seals were reborn as a collegiate woodbat team in 1985 by Bay Area high school and college coach as well as former scout Abel Alcantar. Seals Alumni include many current California Junior College, Division I, and Division II coaches. The Seals played out of Albert Park in San Rafael, CA until 2002, until the historic team moved to Sonoma, CA, and then most recently Alameda, CA where he put together teams at various levels from 8U-18U while continuing the collegiate summer team. The collegiate team played in the Far West League in 2012 and 2013, the Great West League in 2018, and the California Collegiate League in 2019, but has been known for being an independent summer collegiate team that travels more than any summer collegiate team in the nation, simulating the grind of minor league professional baseball. They have made appearances in the Alaska Baseball League, the West Coast League, Canada, and the National Baseball Congress World Series in Wichita, KS.

Affiliations
The Seals were largely independent of major league farm systems except for the following affiliations:

Notable alumni

 * Earl Averill, Major League Baseball outfielder, Hall of Fame
 * Frank Bodie, Major League Baseball outfielder
 * Sam Bohne (originally "Sam Cohen"; 1896–1977), Major League Baseball infielder
 * Syd Cohen, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Frank Crosetti, Major League Baseball infielder
 * Dominic DiMaggio, Major League Baseball outfielder
 * Joe DiMaggio, Major League Baseball outfielder, Hall of Fame
 * Vince DiMaggio, Major League Baseball outfielder
 * Babe Ellison, MLB player and member of Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame
 * Ferris Fain, Major League Baseball Infielder, 2-time American League batting champion
 * Harry Feldman, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Vernon "Lefty" Gomez, Major League Baseball pitcher, Hall of Fame
 * Smead Jolley, Major League Baseball outfielder
 * Frank Malzone, Major League third baseman and 8 time MLB All Star
 * Jack Mealey (born 1899), catcher, manager in minor leagues and president of Sooner State League
 * Lefty O'Doul, Major League Baseball outfielder; Seals manager, Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame, Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
 * Albie Pearson, Major League Baseball outfielder, 1958 AL Rookie of the Year, 1963 All-Star
 * Babe Pinelli, Major League Baseball infielder and umpire
 * Gus Suhr, Major League Baseball outfielder
 * Paul Waner, Major League Baseball outfielder, Hall of Fame
 * George "Buck" Weaver, Major League Baseball infielder, Member of the 1919 Chicago "Black Sox"
 * Gene Woodling, Major League Baseball outfielder

title: San Francisco Seals (PCL)


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Negar Khan

Negar Khan (born 18 July 1984; also credited as Nigar Khan) is an Iranian-born Norwegian actress. She is best known for her Bollywood item songs and film work.

Personal life
Khan is fluent in the Persian, Azeri, Norwegian, English and Urdu languages. Khan has a bachelor's degree in Marketing & Advertising and two master's degree in international business and film & television.

She married Sahil Khan on September 21, 2004, but divorced in July 2005. In 2009, she had a new romance with someone from India while keeping a low profile.

Career
Khan gained fame when she appeared in the music video of a remix of the classic Indian Hindi movie song "Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani". She was a contestant in the Norwegian version of the Paradise Hotel reality show, where she was accused of having multiple plastic surgeries. She claimed that she has not undergone any surgery.

Controversies
Khan allegedly posed topless for the Norwegian men's magazine VI Menn in 2004. She denied this and said that the pictures had been graphically manipulated.

She was deported from India to Norway in February 2005 for allegedly providing false documents to procure her work visa. She had been working while on tourist visa. However, she and Sahil Khan claimed that she had married him and hence was eligible to become an Indian national.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Negar Khan


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User talk:DanielWenger

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Carrp | Talk 18:08, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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 * How to write a great article
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Please don't cite yourself
Please refer to Reliable sources, and particularly Verifiability and External links for guidance. ~Amatulić (talk) 19:25, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:DanielWenger


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Jacques Freitag

Jacques Freitag (11 June 1982 – c. 1 July 2024) was a South African high jumper. He is one of only ten athletes (along with Valerie Adams, Usain Bolt, Veronica Campbell-Brown, Yelena Isinbayeva, Kirani James, Jana Pittman, Dani Samuels, David Storl and Faith Kipyegon) to win world championships at the youth, junior, and senior level of an athletic event.

Freitag grew up in Bronkhorstspruit, Gauteng (50 km east of Pretoria). His mother, Hendrina Pieters, was South African high jump champion in 1973 with a personal best of 1.74 metres.

Freitag was found shot dead in July 2024, two weeks after going missing, at the age of 42. His case is being considered a murder.

Awards

 * 2003 University of Pretoria Sportsman of the year.

Education
He was in Hoërskool Erasmus in Bronkhorstspruit, then he attended Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool (Afrikaans High School for Boys, also known as Affies), located in Pretoria.

title: Jacques Freitag


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Oakland Oaks (PCL)

The Oakland Oaks were a minor league baseball team in Oakland, California that played in the Pacific Coast League from 1903 through 1955, after which the club transferred to Vancouver, British Columbia. The team was named for the city and used the oak tree and the acorn as its symbols.

Team history
Along with the Los Angeles Angels, Portland Beavers, Sacramento Solons, San Francisco Seals, and Seattle Indians, the Oaks were charter members of the Pacific Coast League which was founded in 1903.

In their first year of competition, 1903, the team finished last, and finished either last or next to last place four more times before winning its first PCL pennant in 1912. The Oaks (or "Acorns" as they were also called) played their home games at Freeman's Park at 59th Street and San Pablo Avenue and at Recreation Park in San Francisco.

After the 1912 season, the Oaks opened their new stadium, named Oakland Ball Park (or simply Oaks Park) though it was located in the neighboring city of Emeryville at San Pablo and Park Avenues. In their first season at Oaks Park the Acorns finished last, and were mired in the second division for more than a decade.

In 1916, a struggling Oaks team made history by (inadvertently) breaking the professional baseball color line, as Jimmy Claxton pitched in both ends of a double-header on May 28, 1916. He was introduced to the team as an American Indian, but once the team discovered that his ancestry was both Native American and African, he was fired. The Oaks were owned by PCL founding father J. Cal Ewing from 1903 until the 1920s. Ewing also owned the San Francisco Seals, which allowed the clubs to share their ballparks at various times with no problem, but the leaders of Organized Baseball eventually made Ewing choose one or the other, and he divested his interests in the Oakland club.

In 1927, the Oaks won their first pennant at Oaks Park, finishing 120–75 (.615), $14 1/2$ games over the runner-up Seals.

In 1943, a controlling interest in the Oaks was purchased by C. L. "Brick" Laws, who operated the team for its remaining seasons. In 1946, Laws hired Casey Stengel, the former manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Braves of the National League, to manage the Oaks. He responded with second and fourth-place finishes, before the club won its most celebrated pennant in 1948. It was in Oakland that Stengel developed his talent for platooning, which later served him as manager of the New York Yankees.

The 1948 Oaks were nicknamed the "Nine Old Men" in that many of the star players were older veterans, including Ernie Lombardi, Billy Raimondi, Cookie Lavagetto, Nick Etten and Catfish Metkovich. There were younger players on the team as well, including rookie second baseman Billy Martin. Rooming with Martin and playing shortstop was Artie Wilson, the first black player on the Oaks since Jimmy Claxton was fired. Wilson won the PCL batting title with a .348 average and also led in stolen bases with 47. In 1950, he led the PCL in runs with 168 and hits with 264, helping the Oaks to the 1950 PCL championship.

Stengel's success with the Oaks did not go unnoticed, and he became manager of the Yankees in 1949. Stengel was replaced by Chuck Dressen, who led the Oaks to a second-place finish in 1949 and the PCL pennant in 1950. Again, the Oaks' manager's success resulted in a promotion to the major leagues, with Dressen hired to manage the Dodgers in 1951. Former New York Giants star Mel Ott was hired as his replacement. Ott led the Oaks to an 80–88 record in 1951 (seventh place) and a 104–76 mark in 1952 (second place).

Augie Galan replaced Ott as the Oaks' skipper in 1953, and the team stumbled to a 77–103 record and seventh place in the PCL.

After three seasons in charge of the Dodgers in Brooklyn, Chuck Dressen returned as Oaks manager in 1954. The Acorns finished third with an 85–82 record under Dressen, but won the postseason series to capture their last PCL pennant. In spite of this, attendance at the now-dilapidated Oaks Park had dropped dramatically.

Dressen returned to managing at the major-league level in 1955, taking over in the Washington Senators' dugout, making way for San Francisco Seals legend Lefty O'Doul in Oakland. Under O'Doul, the Oaks finished seventh (77–95) in 1955, and their attendance was the worst of the eight-team league. Owner Laws felt he had no other choice but to move the team. When officials of Vancouver, British Columbia made him an offer, Laws moved the Oaks to Vancouver, where they were renamed the Vancouver Mounties.

Oaks Park was demolished in 1957, replaced by a Pepsi-Cola bottling plant. Presently, the site is the headquarters of Pixar Animation Studios. The only thing left in the area to suggest that baseball was ever played at Park and San Pablo Avenues is a cardroom and restaurant across the street, appropriately named the Oaks Club. There is also a plaque commemorating Stengel and the Oaks on 59th.

On October 18, 1967, twelve years after the Oaks played their last game in Emeryville, the American League owners gave Kansas City Athletics president Charles O. Finley permission to move the Athletics to Oakland for the 1968 season.

Notable Oaks players with MLB experience

 * Buzz Arlett
 * George Bamberger
 * Charlie Beamon
 * Gene Bearden
 * Sam Bohne (originally "Sam Cohen")
 * Roger Bowman
 * Ernie Broglio
 * Sam Chapman
 * Bill Conroy
 * Vince DiMaggio
 * Chuck Dressen
 * Ed Fernandes
 * Augie Galan
 * Billy Herman (HOF)
 * Jackie Jensen
 * Spider Jorgensen
 * Harry Krause
 * Ray Kremer
 * Cookie Lavagetto
 * Thornton Lee
 * Ernie Lombardi (HOF)
 * Billy Martin
 * Hersh Martin
 * Catfish Metkovich
 * Joe Gordon (HOF)
 * Johnny Ostrowski
 * Mel Ott (HOF)
 * Jackie Price
 * Earl Rapp
 * Jimmie Reese
 * Bill Rigney
 * Neill Sheridan
 * Floyd Speer
 * Casey Stengel (HOF)
 * Jim Tobin
 * Artie Wilson
 * Chuck Workman
 * Roy Zimmerman

Affiliations
The Oaks were independent of farm systems for most of their existence; they were affiliated with the following major league teams:

Tributes
The Oakland Athletics have worn Oaks uniforms on occasion in a "1950s throwback night" promotion.

title: Oakland Oaks (PCL)


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Talk:Language Council of Norway

Old page histories: &
 * Old page histories now merged to this page's history. J Milburn (talk) 15:18, 2 August 2009 (UTC)

--- This article does not address whether the spåkråd governs bokmål or nynorsk, or both. Does anyone know the answer to this?

 * It governs both. --SAB 19:30, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Technically, it does not govern any language, but it gives advice to the government when it comes to language. Norsk Språkråd is comprised of linguists, etymologists and other language experts, and give their opinion on how to best serve both the language and its users. --Harpunkim 11:53, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Equivalent
Are there any equivalent councils in other countries? --80.203.35.95 (talk) 02:41, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Language Council of Norway


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Repudiation

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 03:03, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Repudiation
This is a term that has a number of possible definitions, and the one listed isn't even the most common. Deb 18:12, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, dicdef fragment. Wyss 19:16, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Dicdef. Inter 20:02, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary. Megan1967 01:41, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Mellon Institute of Industrial Research

The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was a research institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that became part of Carnegie Mellon University. It was founded in 1913 by Andrew Mellon and Richard B. Mellon as part of the University of Pittsburgh, and was originally located in Allen Hall. After becoming an independent research center and moving to a new building on Fifth Avenue in 1937, the Mellon Institute merged with the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1967 to form Carnegie Mellon University. While it ceased to exist as a distinct institution, the landmark building bearing its name remains located at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Bellefield Avenue in Oakland, the city's university district. It is sited adjacent to The Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute (SEI) and the University of Pittsburgh's Bellefield Hall and is across Bellefield Avenue from two other local landmarks: the University of Pittsburgh's Heinz Memorial Chapel and the Cathedral of Learning.

Designed by architect Benno Janssen (1874–1964), the Mellon Institute building has neo-classical architecture and elegant construction, with its signature monolithic limestone columns (the largest monolithic columns in the world). Andrew Mellon, who served as United States Secretary of the Treasury, specified to Janssen a building with a monumental ionic colonnade similar to the Treasury Building in Washington, D.C. The proportions of the Mellon Institute's street facades are nearly those of the long lateral facade of the Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. The Mellon Institute building was completed and dedicated posthumously to the Mellon brothers in May 1937.

The Mellon Institute building houses the Office of the Dean for Carnegie Mellon University's Mellon College of Science, as well as the administrative offices and research laboratories for the Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry. From 1986 until 2006, it also housed the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.

History
The Mellon Institute of Industrial Research was first established as the Department of Industrial Research at the University of Pittsburgh. It conducted research for firms on a contractual basis; a company would contract the institute to solve a specific problem, and the institute would then hire an appropriate scientist to do the research. The results of the research then became the property of the contracting company.

In 1928, the institute was incorporated as a nonprofit, independent research center and planning for a new Mellon Institute building began that same year. When completed in 1937, the institute moved into its new building which sat directly across from the newly completed Cathedral of Learning, and handed its original facility, now known as Allen Hall, back to the University of Pittsburgh. The original design called for two more pillars than architect Janssen decided on. The two extra pillars were buried in the large lawn beside the Cathedral of Learning. The pillars are set to be unburied in 2014 as a new pipe system is installed in the basement of the Cathedral.

In 1967, declining use of independent research institutes for the outsourcing of corporate industrial research led Mellon Institute to merge with the Carnegie Institute of Technology to form Carnegie Mellon University. The "Carnegie Institute of Technology" name was retained to refer to the engineering portion of Carnegie Mellon's "College of Engineering and Science".

In 2013, the American Chemical Society recognized the Mellon Institute as a National Historic Chemical Landmark for its contributions to industrial research and training from its inception in 1913 until its merger with the Carnegie Institute of Technology. Researchers at the Mellon Institute had contributed more than 4,700 papers, 1,600 patents, and other research products, including George O. Curme, Jr.'s discovery of a method for producing acetylene from petroleum that resulted in the production of ethylene and research in organosilicones and the resulting establishment of the Dow Corning Corporation.

For decades, the columns of the Mellon Institute building have served as a popular background for photographers shooting Pittsburgh wedding parties.

Fictional portrayals

 * Exterior shots of the Mellon Institute were used to portray the fictitious Tanner Museum in the series premiere of the short-lived 2006 CBS television drama Smith starring Ray Liotta and Amy Smart.
 * The 1990 film Citizen Cohn starring James Woods used the exterior to depict 1960s-era Washington, D.C.
 * The 1992 film Hoffa starring Danny DeVito and Jack Nicholson filmed on location to depict Federal Courthouses and other government buildings.
 * The 1992 film Lorenzo's Oil shows an interior shot of a lecture hall in Mellon Institute.
 * The 2002 film The Mothman Prophecies starring Richard Gere depicted the building as a fictional institute for paranormal studies in Chicago.
 * The 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises starring Christian Bale filmed on location to depict "Gotham City Hall".

title: Mellon Institute of Industrial Research


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Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield

Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield is an Argentine sports club based in Liniers, Buenos Aires. Its football team plays in Primera División, the highest level of the Argentine league system. Founded in 1910, the club has spent most of its history in the top tier of Argentine football. The club's home ground is the 49,540-capacity José Amalfitani Stadium, where they have played since 1951.

One of the most successful clubs in Argentine football, Vélez Sarsfield had their first major success in 1968, when they won the league championship, and subsequently made regular seasons between 1970 and 1990. The club have enjoyed their greatest period of success in the past two decades, winning 15 trophies since 1993. Domestically, Vélez have won ten Primera División titles, while in continental competitions have won five international cups (including both the Copa Libertadores and the Intercontinental Cup). It is one of eight teams to have won CONMEBOL's treble.

Vélez Sarsfield's regular kit colours are white shirts and shorts, with some details in blue. The club's crest has been changed several times in attempts to re-brand the club and modernise its image. It is one of the most supported clubs in Argentina. Apart from football the club takes part in other sports such as athletics, basketball, gymnastics, handball, field hockey, martial arts, tennis, roller skating and volleyball.

The beginning
Vélez foundation dates back to the last days of 1909, when rain interrupted an informal football game played near the Vélez Sarsfield railway station of the Buenos Aires Western Railway, which served the barrio of Vélez Sársfield, named after jurist Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield (Vélez Sarsfield station is in Floresta barrio and was renamed Floresta station in 1944). Three of the young men whose game got interrupted, Julio Guglielmone, Martín Portillo and Nicolás Marín Moreno, sheltered in the station and discussed the possibility of founding a football club to practice the sport more seriously. The club was officially founded on 1 January 1910, in Marín Moreno's house. The founders decided to call the new club Club Atlético Argentinos de Vélez Sarsfield (lit. 'Argentines of Vélez Sarsfield Athletic Club'), and appointed Luis Barredo as their first chairman. They also decided to form two teams (one for the Argentine third division and the other for the fourth) and chose to sport white shirts, that were easy to obtain for everyone. In 1912, however, the directive board decided to change the uniform to navy blue shirts and white shorts. Vélez Sarsfield first home ground was a piece of land located between the streets of Ensenada, Provincias Unidas (currently Juan Bautista Alberdi), Mariano Acosta and Convención (currently José Bonifacio). This block is in Floresta barrio, where it meets Vélez Sársfield and Parque Avellaneda barrios.

First steps in the league
Vélez affiliated to the Argentine Football Association (AFA) in 1912. Nonetheless, on 5 September, the board decided to disaffiliate the club from AFA and affiliate it to the recently created Federación Argentina de Football (FAF), citing as reason AFA's detrimental attitude towards the club. In that same year, the team was strengthened by the joining of some former players of San Lorenzo de Almagro, who had left that club due to its internal problems. With this help, Vélez reached the Federation's second division championship final on their first year of affiliation, losing 2–4 to Tigre in GEBA's ground.

On 7 February 1913, 10 new people were accepted as members of the club. Among them was José Amalfitani, who later would go on to be club president for 30 years. Subsequently, on 23 November, the board of directors decided to shorten the club's name, eliminating the term "Argentinos" and leaving the club with its current name: "Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield". The board also decided that players from the different teams had to contribute an initial membership fee of $1 Argentine pesos, plus a monthly $0.50 of the same coin. In that year, Vélez rented a terrain in the neighbourhood of Mataderos known as Quinta de Figallo, located in the Tapalqué street, between Escalada and Chascomús streets. This new ground had the advantage that a wind mill could provide water for the dressing rooms. The club's stay in Mataderos was short however, as they moved again in 1914, this time to the neighbourhood of Villa Luro. There, they bought a terrain between the streets of Bacacay, Víctor Hugo and Cortina, and the Maldonado Stream (parallel to what today is the Gaona avenue).

In 1915, Vélez re-affiliated to AFA after the disappearance of FAF. One year later, on 14 March, and owing to the great number of members of the club who were Italian immigrants, the kit was changed again. The new colours adopted were green, red and white, the colours of the Italian flag. From then on the club played in green, red and white stripes. During the decade, the team fought to achieve promotion to Primera División, the Association's first division. On 2 December 1917, Vélez lost the Intermedia (second division) final to Defensores de Belgrano in GEBA's ground. The club regularly took part in the Copa de Competencia Jockey Club, in which both first and second division teams could compete. In 1919, however, Vélez left AFA in protest of alleged discriminatory policies that hindered the club's prospects of achieving promotion. Another 6 teams protested against these maneuvers and were expelled from the Association, while another 7 were expelled for protesting the expulsion of the first 6. All together, the expelled clubs formed a rival association, the Asociación Amateurs de Football (AAF).

Primera División
Therefore, in 1919 Vélez competed in the first division for the first time in their history, in the AAF's inaugural season. The team played their first game against Independiente, winning 2–1 with two goals scored by Martín Salvarredi. On their debut season, the club finished as runner-up, behind Racing Club, who were seven times consecutive champions of AFA's league. During the campaign, Vélez won 9 games, drew 2 and lost 2; scoring 21 goals and conceding 8.

The most frequent line-up was: Acacio Caballero, Atilio Braneri, Atilio Barderacco, Miguel Fontana, José Luis Boffi, Julio Giachi, Juan Bru, Humberto Bassadone, Marcelino Martínez, Martín Salvarredi, Alberto Granara.

Vélez made its debut in Primera División playing at dissident Asociación Amateurs de Football in 1919, where the team finished 2nd to Racing. The following championship Vélez finished 6th, and team's forward Salvador Carreras was the first player of the club to become top scorer in an Argentine league. In 1921, José Luis Boffi became the first player of the club to represent the Argentina national football team, playing against Chile in Valparaíso, a game which Argentina won 4–1.

On 13 March 1923, José Amalfitani was elected president of the club for his first two-year period. One year later, the club rent a new field to establish its home ground, staying in the neighbourhood of Villa Luro, but this time in the intersection of the streets Basualdo, Schmidel, Pizarro and Guardia Nacional. The stadium's main wood stand was finished in November of that year, and was inaugurated on 16 March 1924, in a 2–2 draw with River Plate (Vélez' scorer was Ángel Sobrino).

Four years later, in 1928, the Basualdo St. stadium hosted the first night game in Argentine football history, between the Argentina Olympic national team (silver medalist in that year's Olympics) and a team formed by players from the AAF's league. The Olympic team won 3–1, with goals by Roberto Cherro, Manuel Ferreira and Cesáreo Onzari for the Olympics, and Manuel Seoane for the AAF.

Vélez Sarsfield was also the first Argentine football team to have a manager. The job was held by Luis Martín Castellano (a physical education teacher) from 1928 to 1936.

Between 1930 and 1931, Vélez made a Pan-American tour playing against teams from Chile, Peru, Cuba, Mexico and the United States. The team played a total 25 games, winning 20, drawing 4, and losing 1 (against Fall River in Rhode Island); scoring 84 goals and conceding 32. The team was formed with 17 players, 10 from the club and another 7 loaned freely by other teams, a common practice during the amateur era. The club's players were: Celio Caucia, Eleuterio Forrester, Manuel de Sáa, Alfredo Sánchez, Rodolfo Devoto, Norberto Arroupe, Saúl Quiroga, Alberto Álvarez, Eduardo Spraggón and Ernesto Garbini; while the loaned players were Fernando Paternoster (Racing Club), Bernabé Ferreyra (Tigre), Francisco Varallo (Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata), Carlos Volante (Platense), Gerónimo Díaz and Agustín Peruch (both from Newell's Old Boys) and Alberto Chividini (Central Norte de Tucumán). Varallo (who had played the inaugural World Cup previously that year) and Ferreyra (who was later sold by Tigre to River Plate) were the top scorers, scoring 16 and 38 goals respectively.

In 1931, Vélez Sarsfield and another 17 clubs broke away from the official AFA league (that remained amateur) to form the Liga Argentina de Football, the first professional league in Argentine football. The team debuted on the first fixture of the 1931 inaugural championship, in a 0–1 defeat to Platense. Vélez would eventually finish the competition in the 9th place.

In 1932, the club's nickname el Fortín (in English: "the Small Fort") was coined by journalist Hugo Marini (Crítica) in reference to the club's Villa Luro stadium, to describe Vélez strength while playing at home. Vélez had a 24 games unbeaten run at the old Villa Luro stadium between 1934 and 1935. However, the club's home unbeaten record of 28 games was achieved at the current Liniers stadium, the José Amalfitani Stadium, between 1967 and 1969.

In 1933, the club changed their kit to the present colors, when a sports-equipment merchant offered a white jerseys with a blue "V" on the chest ordered by a rugby union team that had not claimed them. The new design has remained unchanged to the present day, replacing the red, white and green shirt used since 1915. However, Vélez has used the original Italian flag colors in alternate jerseys throughout their history. On 1935, Agustín Cosso became the first Vélez' player in the professional era to become Primera División top scorer. During the following year, Vélez toured South America again, playing games in Chile, Peru and Brazil.

Relegation and return
During the 1940 season, Vélez was relegated from the first division for the only time to date. Vélez finished penultimate, one point behind Atlanta that defeated Independiente on their final fixture for 6–4 (being 6–0 at the end of the first half, on a match suspected to be fixed). With the club on the second division, it entered a crisis and was forced to vacate the stadium's lot. José Amalfitani returned to the club's presidency, and eventually the team moved to the Liniers neighbourhood.

Vélez stayed three seasons in the second division, returning to the Primera División in 1943 after winning the Segunda División championship on the category's first professional season. Vélez confirmed the championship on 20 November by defeating Dock Sud 5–2 at home at Ferro Carril Oeste's stadium. The team's manager during the season was the former club captain Victorio Spinetto, while Juan José Ferraro was the top goal scorer. During that same 1943, the club inaugurated the Liniers' stadium on the ground over the Maldonado Stream, the same spot where now stands the subsequently rebuild José Amalfitani Stadium. On 1945, Vélez achieved its biggest win in history by defeating Independiente 8–0 (goals from di Bella (3), Scliar (3), Bottini and Cano).

That team was formed by Miguel Ángel Rugilo, Héctor Cuenya, Blas Angrisano, Armando Ovide, Víctor Curuchet, Héctor Herrero, Marco Aurelio, Eduardo Heisecke, Juan José Ferraro, Ángel Fernández and Alfredo Bermúdez, being Victorio Spinetto the coach. Other players were Osvaldo Bottini, Jorge Cano, Alfredo Costa, Salvador di Bella, Emilio Díaz, Simón Fredotivich, Adriano Garrone, Luis Orué, Pedro Perrota, José Puisari, and José Scorzo.

Decade of 1950s
During 1949, Vélez' goalkeeper Miguel Ángel Rugilo, formed at the club's youth divisions, saved 5 penalty kicks in 5 consecutive games. Moreover, in 1950, he saved two penalties in a match against River Plate. The club's player represented Argentina 5 times, most notably in a 1–2 away defeat by England at Wembley. Despite the defeat, journalist Luis Elías Sojit nicknamed him El León de Wembley (The Lion of Wembley) for his performance.

On 22 April 1951, Vélez reinaugurated the Liniers' stadium, rebuild to be almost entirely made of cement. On the reinauguration, the team defeated Huracán 2–0 with goals by Raúl Nápoli.

On the 1953 championship, Vélez Sarsfield was runner-up for the first time in the professional era of Argentine football, finishing 4-point behind River Plate. The team was coached by Victorio Spinetto (the same who had achieved promotion in 1943), and had a strong forward quintet formed by Norberto Conde, Ernesto Sansone, Juan José Ferraro, Osvaldo Zubeldía, and Juan Carlos Mendiburu. Conde was subsequently Argentine Primera División top scorer in the 1954 season. The line-up in those years was: Nicolás Adamo, Oscar Antonio Huss, Ángel Allegri, Armando Ovide, Jorge Ruiz, Rafael García Fierro, Norberto Conde, Ernesto Sansone, Juan José Ferraro, Osvaldo Zubeldía and Juan Carlos Mendiburu, coached by Victorio Spinetto. The rest of the squad were Juan Carlos Cerretani, Emilio Espinoza, Argentino Geronazzo, Roberto Iglesias, Pablo Mallegni, Joaquín Martínez, Carlos Sardá and José Viglienghi. On May 24, 1959, the first official change of goalkeeper in a First Division match took place, when at 45 minutes, Floreal Rodríguez replaced Roque Marrapodi at the Velez Sarsfield fence, in a 1-0 defeat against San Lorenzo in the gasometer of Avenida La Plata.

First championship
During the 1960s decade, Vélez finished among the top positioned teams in the 1966 championship (5th), the 1967 Metropolitano (3rd in its group) 1967 Nacional (3rd), and the 1968 Metropolitano (1st in its group and eliminated in the semi-finals by Estudiantes de La Plata). Moreover, in 1965 the team's striker Juan Carlos Carone finished as the league's top scorer.

Vélez Sarsfield clinched its first national championship on the 1968 Nacional. Coached by Manuel Giúdice, the team finished first on the final league standings, sharing the position with River Plate and Racing Club. Therefore, the three teams had to play a championship playoff, where Vélez drew 1–1 with River (goal by José Luis Luna) and defeated Racing 4–2 (goals by Omar Wehbe (3) and Roberto Moreyra). Vélez finished tied with River, who had defeated Racing 2–0, in both points and goal difference. However, Vélez won the championship for having more goals for in the regular championship (39, over River's 35). During this tournament, Vélez also achieved its biggest victory in official matches, 11–0 against Huracán de Bahía Blanca. Moreover, Omar Wehbe was league top scorer with 16 goals. In total, the team played 17 games, winning 11, drawing 3, and losing another 3; with 44 goals for and 17 against.

The 1968 champion line up was: Miguel Marín, Luis Gallo, Iselín Santos Ovejero, Luis Atela, Eduardo Zóttola, Alberto Ríos, Roberto Moreyra, José Solórzano, Daniel Willington, José Luis Luna, Omar Wehbe, Carlos Bianchi, Mario Nogara. Manuel Giúdice was the coach, and the rest of the roster were Osvaldo Biaggio, Carlos Caballero, Juan Carlos Carone, Juan Manuel Gómez, Roque Nieva, Jorge Pérez, Néstor Sinatra, and Carlos Zeballos.

Vélez would have played its first international tournament in the 1969 Copa Libertadores, however the club refused to play for economic reasons. The team did however play internationally during the decade, both a friendly against Pelé's Santos (played in the José Amalfitani Stadium to re-inaugurate the lighting systems), and a friendly tournament in Montevideo, Uruguay against Nacional, Torpedo Moscow, and Sparta Prague. During the final tournament of the decade, Vélez finished 3rd in its group in the 1969 Metropolitano.

1970s and 1980s
During the 1970 Nacional, Vélez came 3rd in its group and was unable to challenge the title (only the first two of each group advanced to the semi-finals). One year later, on the 1971 Metropolitano, the team came second to Independiente after losing its first place on the last two fixtures of the championship (1–2 defeats with Racing and Huracán). On both of the mentioned championships, Vélez' striker Carlos Bianchi was the overall top scorer.

The club also had good participation in the 1972 Nacional (3rd in its group), 1973 Nacional (again 3rd in its group), 1974 Nacional (first in its group and 3rd in the final tournament group), 1977 Metropolitano (3rd overall), and 1978 Nacional (2nd in its group and eliminated by River Plate).

Vélez was again runner-up in the 1979 Metropolitano, after losing the tournament final with River Plate. In that year's Nacional, the team was first in its group but was again eliminated by River Plate (this time in the quarter-finals through a penalty shootout). Vélez did however defeat Unión in the runners-up play-off to define the second team qualified for the Copa Libertadores.

Vélez started the year 1980 by playing its first Copa Libertadores. The team came first on its group (over River Plate and Peruvians Sporting Cristal and Atlético Chalaco), but was eliminated in the semifinals (ending last its group behind Brazilian Internacional and Colombian América de Cali).

In the local league, Vélez reached the semi-finals of the 1981 Nacional, where it was eliminated by Ferro Carril Oeste. Vélez' striker Carlos Bianchi, who had returned to the club after a period in French football, was for the third time league top scorer. Subsequently, the club was third in its group in the 1982 Nacional, and fifth in the 1982 Metropolitano. The following season, Vélez' was eliminated in the round of 16 of the 1983 Nacional, and came fourth in the 1983 Metropolitano, 4 points behind champions Independiente.

The team was again runner-up of the Argentine Primera División during the 1985 Nacional, losing the final to Argentinos Juniors. Vélez striker Jorge Comas was the tournament's top scorer with 12 goals.

The beginning of greatness
The 1990s decade started with Vélez finishing third in the 1990 Apertura tournament. In the last fixture of the championship, Vélez defeated River Plate 2–1 (goals from Ricardo Gareca and Esteban González) at the Monumental, thwarting River's chances of winning the title. Vélez goalkeeper, former Argentine international Ubaldo Fillol, saved a penalty kick during the game, and retired at the age of 41. The 1990–91 season also saw the team's striker Esteban González finish as league top scorer, with 18 goals. Subsequently, the club finished fourth in the 1991 Apertura and second in the 1992 Clausura.

In December 1992, former striker Carlos Bianchi was appointed as the club's manager. Bianchi, who had been league champion and three times top scorer with the team, had no coaching experience in Argentine football. In his first tournament as manager (the 1993 Clausura), Vélez won the Argentine Primera División title after 25 years. The championship was defined in the penultimate fixture (8 June), when the team drew 1–1 with Estudiantes de La Plata (with goalkeeper José Luis Chilavert scoring his first goal in Vélez). The team played 19 games, winning 10, drawing 7 and losing 2, with 23 goals for and 7 against. Its most frequent line-up was: José Luis Chilavert, Héctor Almandoz, Roberto Trotta, Víctor Hugo Sotomayor, Raúl Cardozo, José Basualdo, Marcelo Gómez, Christian Bassedas, Walter Pico, José Oscar Flores, Omar Asad and Esteban González. Carlos Bianchi was the coach, and the roster was also formed by Mariano Armentano, Horacio Bidevich, Patricio Camps, Carlos Campagnucci, Juan Carlos Docabo, Cecilio Galeano, Claudio Husaín, Mauricio Pellegrino, Martín Posse, Leonardo Ramos, Fabián Vázquez and Sergio Zárate. On that year's Apertura, the team was runner-up, one point behind River Plate. Vélez played the last games of the tournament with substitutes, as they were already participating in the 1994 Copa Libertadores (the 1993 Apertura finished in February 1994).

International titles
On 31 August 1994, in the club's second participation in the Copa Libertadores, they won the title by defeating defending champions São Paulo in the final. The first series final was played at the José Amalfitani Stadium, with Vélez winning 1–0 (goal by Omar Asad). The return game was played at the Estádio do Morumbi, with São Paulo winning by the same margin. The champion had to be defined via penalty shootout, with Vélez winning 5–3 (the last penalty was scored by Roberto Pompei).

On its way to the championship, the team had finished first in their group, ahead Boca Juniors (with results of 1–1 and 2–1), and Brazilians Palmeiras (1–0 and 1–4) and Cruzeiro (1–1 and 2–0). Subsequently, Vélez had defeated Uruguayan Defensor Sporting in the round of 16 (1–1 and 0–0, 4–3 in penalties), Venezuelan Minervén in the quarter-finals (0–0 and 2–0) and Colombian Junior in the semi-finals (1–2 and 2–1, 5–4 in penalties).

As Copa Libertadores champion, Vélez played the 1994 Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan, facing Italian side AC Milan (winner of the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League). On 1 December 1994, Vélez defeated Milan 2–0, with goals from Roberto Trotta (from a penalty kick at the 5th minute of the second half), and Omar Asad (13th minute of the second half), successfully becoming club world champion for the first time in history. Moreover, Asad was selected as the game's best player, and was awarded an automobile from Toyota, the tournament's sponsor. The team was formed by the same players that had won the domestic title, with Roberto Pompei replacing Pico. Other players of the roster were Mariano Armentano, Patricio Camps, Carlos Campagnucci, Juan Carlos Docabo, Federico Domínguez, Esteban González, Sandro Guzmán, Claudio Husaín, Guillermo Morigi, Martín Posse, Ricardo Rentera, Flavio Zandoná and Marcelo Herrera.

Among the starting eleven of the Intercontinental Cup title, 7 players and the manager were from the club's youth divisions (Almandoz, Asad, Bassedas, Cardozo, Flores, Gómez, Pompei and Bianchi).

Subsequently, the team came third in the 1994 Apertura and in the 1995 Clausura. In this last championship, Turu Flores was the top scorer, with 14 goals. The club won its third national championship in the 1995 Apertura, finishing 6 points above runner-up Racing Club. Vélez won the last 6 games of the tournament, including a 3–0 away victory over Independiente in the final fixture (goals by Roberto Trotta (p.k.), Patricio Camps and José Basualdo). The team played 19 games, winning 13, drawing 2 and losing 4; with 29 goals for and 13 against.

On 24 February 1996, Vélez won its third international competition by defeating Costa Rican Cartaginés in the Copa Interamericana (0–0 away and 2–0 at home, with goals by José Oscar Flores). During that year, the team also won the 1996 Clausura, finishing one point above Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata. By winning successively the Apertura and Clausura of the 1995–96 season, Vélez became the sixth club in the Argentine professional football history to win two championships in a row. Osvaldo Piazza, a former club player, replaced Carlos Bianchi as coach for the last four fixtures of the season. In total, Vélez won 11 games, drew 7 and lost 1, scoring 40 goals and allowing 18.

Under Piazza's coaching, Vélez won the 1996 Supercopa Sudamericana unbeaten, defeating Grêmio (3–3 and 1–0), Olimpia (3–0 and 1–0), Santos (1–0 and 2–0) and Cruzeiro (1–0 and 2–0). With 4 goals, Patricio Camps was the tournament's top scorer.

On 13 April 1997, the team won the Recopa Sudamericana, defeating River Plate 4–2 in the penalty shootout, after drawing in the regular time 1–1 (goal by José Luis Chilavert, from a penalty kick). This was Vélez's 5th and, to date, last international championship.

After the Recopa, Vélez finished fifth in the 1997 Clausura and fourth in the 1997 Apertura. Subsequently, under Marcelo Bielsa's coaching, the club won their fifth national championship by finishing first in the 1998 Clausura, 6 points above runner-up Lanús. Vélez secured the championship in the penultimate fixture, with a 1–0 home win over Huracán (goal by Martín Posse). The team played 19 games, winning 14, drawing 4 and losing 1; with 39 goals for and 14 against.

2000–present
During the first years of the 2000s decade, Vélez was unable to finish in the league's top positions until the 2003 Clausura, when the team finished third behind River Plate (champion) and Boca Juniors. In the 2004 Clausura, striker Rolando Zárate was league top scorer with 13 goals, and in the 2004 Apertura Vélez was again runner-up. The team finished two points behind Newell's Old Boys, after drawing 1–1 in the last fixture with Arsenal de Sarandí.

In the following championship, the 2005 Clausura, Vélez won their 6th national championship. The team finished 6 points above Banfield, effectively winning the tournament in the penultimate fixture, after defeating Estudiantes de La Plata 3–0 (goals by Fabián Cubero, Rolando Zárate and Lucas Castromán). Vélez was coached by Miguel Ángel Russo, and had a team formed mostly by players formed in the club's youth divisions, who averaged 25 years of age. In the starting eleven, only Gastón Sessa and Fabricio Fuentes were not from Vélez' youths. The team played 19 games in total, winning 11, drawing 6 and losing 2, scoring 32 goals and allowing 14.

The team's lineup was: Sessa; Cubero, Fuentes, Maximiliano Pellegrino, Ariel Broggi/Marcelo Bustamante; Jonás Gutiérrez, Leandro Somoza, Marcelo Bravo; Leandro Gracián; Castromán and Rolando Zárate. Other players who played regularly for the first team during the tournament were Juan Manuel Martínez, Santiago Ladino, Maximiliano Bustos, Emanuel Centurión, Hernán Pellerano and Mauro Zárate, among others.

Vélez subsequently finished third in the 2005 Apertura, reached the semi-finals of the 2005 Copa Sudamericana and the quarter-finals in the 2006 Copa Libertadores. In the 2006 Apertura, Mauro Zárate was the 13th player in the club's history to finish as Argentine Primera top scorer (counting both professional and amateur eras), sharing the honour with Rodrigo Palacio.

By the end of 2008, Christian Bassedas, former player of the club during the successful 1990s era, was appointed as director of football; while Ricardo Gareca, former club player in the late 1980s and early 1990s, was contracted as manager. In the first tournament under Gareca's coaching, Vélez became Argentine league champion for the seventh time in history, by winning the 2009 Clausura. In the final fixture of the tournament, the team played against Huracán (who was first, one point above Vélez) at home, winning 1–0 (goal by Maximiliano Moralez) and therefore securing the championship. In total, the team won 11 games, drew 7 and lost 1, scoring 29 goals and allowing 13. Moreover, goalkeeper Germán Montoya was awarded the Ubaldo Matildo Fillol Award for having the lowest goals-to-games ratio in the tournament. The starting eleven for the final against Huracán was: Montoya; Gastón Díaz, Sebastián Domínguez, Nicolás Otamendi, Emiliano Papa; Cubero, Franco Razzotti, Víctor Zapata; Moralez; Juan Manuel Martínez and Hernán Rodrigo López. Other players who took part of the first team squad during the tournament were Jonathan Cristaldo (who could not play the last fixture due to an injury), Joaquín Larrivey, Nicolás Cabrera (who was a starter until he suffered a knee injury in the fifth fixture), Darío Ocampo, Waldo Ponce, Roberto Nanni, Leandro Coronel and Ariel Cabral, among others. Captain Leandro Somoza was out for the entire tournament due to an injury.

During the 2009–10 season Vélez Sarsfield contributed with 8 players to the different South American national teams: 6 for Argentina (Emiliano Papa, Nicolás Otamendi –who went on to play the 2010 FIFA World Cup–, Sebastián Domínguez, Jonathan Cristaldo, Gastón Díaz and Franco Razzotti), one for Chile (Waldo Ponce) and one for Uruguay (Hernán Rodrigo López).

On 1 January 2010 the club's fans celebrated Vélez' 100th anniversary by marching from Floresta to the José Amalfitani Stadium in Liniers. A group of more than 50,000 people took part of the celebration.

During 2010, the team's best tournament was in the Apertura, in which they were runners-up. Vélez made a 43-points campaign, 3 more than in their latest Clausura championship, but finished 2 points behind Estudiantes de La Plata. In that tournament, the Uruguayan forward Santiago Silva was the joint-top scorer, while goalkeeper Marcelo Barovero won the Ubaldo Fillol Award, conceding only 6 goals.

On the first semester of 2011, Vélez contested both the national championship and the Copa Libertadores. In the latter, after qualifying second in their group, they defeated LDU Quito in the round of 16 and Libertad in the quarter-finals with overall scores of 5–0 and 7–2 respectively. Vélez reached the semi-finals for the first time since 1994, however, they were eliminated by Peñarol on away goals rule, after losing 0–1 in Montevideo and winning 2–1 in Buenos Aires. In this second match, Vélez' forward Santiago Silva missed a penalty with the game 2–1.

Despite being eliminated from the Copa Libertadores, Vélez had managed to maintain themselves as serious contesters of the 2011 Clausura. On the penultimate fixture, Vélez defeated Huracán 2–0 and, after Lanús' defeat to Argentinos Juniors 4 hours later, won the national championship. During the whole season the team kept a regular starting lineup with Marcelo Barovero; Fabián Cubero, Sebastián Domínguez, Fernando Ortiz, Emiliano Papa; Augusto Fernández, Leandro Somoza / Franco Razzotti, Víctor Zapata; Maximiliano Moralez; Juan Manuel Martínez and Santiago Silva. Ricky Álvarez, Guillermo Franco, David Ramírez, Iván Bella, Jonathan Cristaldo, Fernando Tobio, Héctor Canteros and Agustín Vuletich also played regularly. Goalkeeper Barovero retained his Ubaldo Fillol Award during the tournament

Despite losing three of its key offensive players for the second half of the year (Maximiliano Moralez, Ricky Álvarez and Santiago Silva, who were purchased by Atalanta, Inter Milan and Fiorentina respectively), the team finished up 2011 with another semi-finalist finish in an international competition, this time losing to LDU Quito in the Copa Sudamericana, as well as a joint runner-up position in the 2011 Apertura (behind undefeated Boca Juniors).

With Gareca's contract renewal, Vélez prepared 2012 to once again challenge the Copa Libertadores. The club retained its key players and brought three footballers for its attack: Federico Insúa, Lucas Pratto and Iván Obolo. However, Vélez faced defending champions Santos in the quarter-finals and were eliminated in the penalty shootout. Nonetheless, a third-place finish in the 2012 Clausura secured them a spot in the next season's Copa Libertadores.

The 2012–13 Argentine Primera División season appeared to be a transition championship for the team, after losing many of its key players in the last transfer window (Juan Manuel Martínez, Augusto Fernández, Marcelo Barovero and Víctor Zapata), replacing them mainly with players from its youth divisions. Uruguayan goalkeeper Sebastián Sosa and youngsters Facundo Ferreyra and Jonathan Copete were the only signings. Despite these changes, Vélez went on to win the 2012 Inicial and Ferreyra was joint top-scorer of the league. The championship-winning regular starters were Sebastián Sosa (although Germán Montoya was the starter during the first half of the tournament); Fabián Cubero, Fernando Tobio, Sebastián Domínguez, Emiliano Papa; Iván Bella, Francisco Cerro, Ariel Cabral; Federico Insúa; Lucas Pratto and Facundo Ferreyra. Other important first team players were Gino Peruzzi, Juan Ignacio Sills, Lucas Romero, Jonathan Copete, Agustín Allione, Brian Ferreira and Ezequiel Rescaldani.

With the Copa Libertadores as the main objective, Vélez signed Argentine international Fernando Gago on loan for the start of 2013. However, and despite finishing first in the group, the team was eliminated by Newell's Old Boys in the round of 16, on away goals rule. Vélez could take revenge however by defeating Newell's (2013 Final champions) by 1–0 in the 2012–13 Superfinal, earning the 10th league championship for the club. The starting eleven for the Superfinal were Sosa; Cubero, Tobio, Domínguez, Papa; Bella, Franco Razzotti, Gago; Insúa; Pratto (who scored the winning goal) and Ferreyra. Peruzzi, Cerro and Romero entered in the second half.

After the end of the season, Ricardo Gareca left the managerial position after four years, in which he won four titles. His replacement was his assistant José Oscar Flores, former club forward and part of the 1990s multi-champions. Flores started his spell as Vélez manager winning the 2013 Supercopa Argentina against Arsenal de Sarandí (champions of the 2012–13 Copa Argentina). In June 2015, the club announced a financial loss of ARS 198,3 million.

Uniform evolution
Uniforms worn by Vélez Sársfield since 1910:

 * Notes

Rivalries
Vélez Sarsfield direct rival is Ferro Carril Oeste, based in the neighbourhood of Caballito. The matches played between them are known as the Clásico del Oeste (in English: "Western Derby"). They have not faced each other since 2000 (because to relegation of Ferro Carril Oeste, that has not yet returned to first division), when Vélez Sarsfield beat Ferro Carril Oeste away 1–0.

Stadium
The José Amalfitani Stadium (named after José Amalfitani, club's president for 30 years) holds 49,540 people, although it does not provide seating for all of them. It is also frequently used for concerts and Argentina national rugby union team test matches. The stadium, nicknamed el Fortín (in English: "the Small Fort"), was built between 1941 and 1943, later rebuild in cement between 1947 and 1951, and again remodeled in preparation for the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

The stadium is located on 9200 Juan B. Justo avenue, in the Liniers neighborhood of Buenos Aires, a short walk from the Liniers railway station.

Chairmen

 * 1910–13: Luis Barredo
 * 1913–14: Plácido Marín
 * 1914: Roberto Piano
 * 1914–17: Eduardo Ferro
 * 1917–19: Antonio Marín Moreno
 * 1919: Eduardo Ferro
 * 1920–21: Antonio Marín Moreno
 * 1921–23: Esteban Aversano
 * 1923–25: José Amalfitani
 * 1925–32: Enrique D'Elía
 * 1932–35: Nicolás Marín Moreno
 * 1936–37: Juan C. Sustaita
 * 1937: Narciso Barrio
 * 1937–38: Inocencio Bienati
 * 1938–39: Nicolás Marín Moreno
 * 1940–41: Roberto Orstein
 * 1941–69: José Amalfitani
 * 1969: Leonardo Pareja
 * 1969–70: Domingo Trimarco
 * 1970–76: José Ramón Feijóo
 * 1976: Domingo Trimarco
 * 1976–79: Osvaldo Guerrero
 * 1979–85: Ricardo Petracca
 * 1985–91: Francisco Antonio Pérez
 * 1991–93: Ricardo Petracca
 * 1993–96: Héctor Gaudio
 * 1996–99: Raúl Gámez
 * 1999–02: Carlos Eduardo Mousseaud
 * 2002–05: Raúl Gámez
 * 2005–08: Álvaro Balestrini
 * 2008–11: Fernando Raffaini
 * 2011–14: Miguel Calello
 * 2014–17: Raúl Gámez
 * 2017–23: Sergio Rapisarda
 * 2023-present: Fabian Berlanga

Most appearances
Total games with the team, counting both league and international competitions.

All-time topscorers
Total goals scored for the team, counting both league and international competitions.

National championships
The following players have been Argentine Primera División top scorers playing for the club.

International competitions
The following players have been top scorers in an official international competition playing for the club.

Individual awards
The following players have won an official individual award while playing for Vélez.

World Cup players
The following players represented their national team in a FIFA World Cup while playing for the club. The player in bold was part of a squad that also won that edition of the World Cup.

The following players were formed in the club's youth divisions and participated in a FIFA World Cup, regardless if they did so while playing for the club.

Managers

 * 🇦🇷 Victorio Spinetto (1942–43, 1944–55, 1958, 1961)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan José Ferraro (1964)
 * 🇦🇷 Victorio Spinetto (1966–67)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Cavagnaro (1967–68)
 * 🇦🇷 Manuel Giúdice (1968)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge Solari (1980)
 * 🇦🇷 Juan Carlos Lorenzo (1982–83)
 * 🇦🇷 José Yudica (1986–87)
 * 🇦🇷 Daniel Willington (1987–88)
 * 🇦🇷 Héctor Veira (1989)
 * 🇦🇷 Alfio Basile (1 July 1989 – 30 June 1990)
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Luján Manera (1992)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Bianchi (1 July 1993 – 31 Dec 1995)
 * 🇦🇷 Osvaldo Piazza (1996–97)
 * 🇦🇷 Marcelo Bielsa (1 July 1997 – 30 June 1998)
 * 🇦🇷 Julio César Falcioni (1 July 1997 – 30 June 2000)
 * 🇺🇾 Óscar Tabárez (1 July 2000 – 30 June 2001)
 * 🇦🇷 Edgardo Bauza (1 July 2001 – 30 June 2002)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Ischia (1 Jan 2002 – 30 June 2004)
 * 🇦🇷 Alberto Fanesi (1 Jan 2004 – 30 June 2004)
 * 🇦🇷 Mario Zanabria (17 May 2004 – 23 June 2004)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Russo (1 July 2004–??)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo La Volpe (1 Jan 2007 – 15 Nov 2007)
 * 🇦🇷 Pedro Larraquy (interim) (2007)
 * 🇦🇷 Hugo Tocalli (1 Dec 2007 – 31 Dec 2008)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo Gareca (16 Dec 2008 – 31 Dec 2013)
 * 🇦🇷 José Oscar Flores (1 Jan 2014–14)
 * 🇦🇷 Miguel Ángel Russo (1 Jan 2015 – 29 Oct 2015)
 * 🇦🇷 Christian Bassedas (13 Nov 2015 – Sept 25, 2016)
 * 🇦🇷 Omar De Felippe (Sept 30, 2016 – 7 Nov 2017)
 * 🇦🇷 Gabriel Heinze (12 Dec 2017 – 12 Nov 2019)
 * 🇦🇷 Mauricio Pellegrino (17 Apr 2020 – 23 Mar 2022)
 * 🇦🇷 Julio Vaccari (interim) (24 Mar 2022 – 24 May 2022)
 * 🇺🇾 Alexander Medina (30 May 2022 – 25 Feb 2023)
 * 🇦🇷 Ricardo Gareca (8 Mar 2023 – 4 Jun 2023)
 * 🇦🇷 Sebastián Méndez (27 Jun 2023 – 8 Dec 2023)
 * 🇧🇴 Gustavo Quinteros (23 Dec 2023 – )

League

 * Primera División (10): 1968 Nacional, 1993 Clausura, 1995 Apertura, 1996 Clausura, 1998 Clausura, 2005 Clausura, 2009 Clausura, 2011 Clausura, 2012 Inicial, 2012–13
 * Segunda División (1): 1943
 * Primera C (2): 1914 FAF, 1922 AAm

National cups

 * Supercopa Argentina (1): 2013

International

 * Copa Libertadores (1): 1994
 * Copa Intercontinental (1): 1994
 * Supercopa Sudamericana (1): 1996
 * Copa Interamericana (1): 1994
 * Recopa Sudamericana (1): 1997

Basketball
Vélez Sarsfield has both men's and women's basketball teams. The men's team currently plays at the Liga Nacional B (3rd level). On the other hand, the women's team is the most successful in Argentina, having won the Liga Nacional de Básquet Femenino (Argentine first division) 6 times, including the 2010 season. Vélez's starting five during the 2010 championship (Sandra Pavón, Marina Cava, Paula Gatti, Paula Reggiardo, and Florencia Fernández) were selected to represent Argentina at the 2010 FIBA World Championship for Women.

Volleyball
The club also has men's and women's volleyball teams in Buenos Aires' metropolitan leagues.

title: Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield


text:
Talk:Rancidification

Antioxidant carcinogens?
Wait wait wait, antioxidants are carcinogens now? what happened to them being -anti- carcinogens that captured free radicals? I also disagree with the sentence: "the chemical anti-oxidants are potential carcinogens". In addition to previous contributor rationale, if chemical antioxidants are used that is because very strict regulated scientific procedures have concluded that they are safe. Subject sentence is at the very least misleading. 84.120.135.112 07:11, 10 October 2005 (UTC)
 * While most antioxidants will disable known carcinogens, this doesn't mean that antioxidant products are all necessarily benign. They may just as easily cause damage to the body as well, by unbalancing various systems. For all we know, some very well might have carcinogenic properties themselves. Tyciol 23:59, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

The effects of cooking on fats
As heat accelerates the oxidation reactions that cause fat to go rancid, wouldn't cooking anything with fat in it therefore make the fat inedible? Certain fats seem to be more prone to this than others. From what I can tell, fat oils like olive oil or animal fats are used a lot for cooking, and are stable... do they require higher temperatures or something? This article still doesn't clearly identify exactly what rancidification IS, nor very explicitly the health effects of eating rancid fats. Would rancid fats be comparable or worse than trans-fats or other modified fat products in the diet, for example? Tyciol 23:59, 20 June 2006 (UTC) Also, how does dehydration affect the rancidification of different meats? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jordnthoms (talk • contribs) 01:59, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

Ratio of antioxidants
In the sentence "A combination of water-soluble and fat-soluble antioxidants is ideal, usually in the ratio of fat to water" seems to indicate based on its ordering that the ratio used would be the percent of water-soluble antioxidants is directly to proportional to the percent of fat in the food, with the ratio of fat-soluble antioxidants being directly proportional to the percent of water in the food. Is this actually the case, it seems a bit counter-intuitive.

If it's not the case just changing "ratio of fat to water" to agree with the order of the first part of the sentence, "ratio of water to fat" would clear it up.--Jay the Despicable 22:59, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * That's definately a good idea, it seems like a minor mistake in presentation. The only question is which part to flip around. It's probably better to mention fat first, since water-soluble antixodidants are more like a secondary form of protection. Tyciol (talk) 20:53, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Revision, Christmas 2010
I was considering revising this article and have already left some pointed comments. My impression (and source) is that rancidification is only about oxidation, which releases small molecules with distinctive smells/flavors. Also it seems that the vitamin E story is not relevent here. But I am open to suggestions and corrections. --Smokefoot (talk) 21:43, 25 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Why? Oxidation rate is modulated by antioxidants. Well, it (Vit. E) was once as an example of how the body copes with the problem. This rest is a result of some edits. Now, it is not really needed. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 21:57, 25 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the note, I am not sure which of my suggestions your "why" is aimed at. So far as I could tell (I am no super-expert), the current content in this article under the heading "Role of vitamin E" deals with the role of vitamin E as a protective measure in organisms.  Tocopherol is used preventing rancidification in inanimate materials such as foods, rendered fats, drying oils.  But any info that you might on the subject would be very welcome.  My intent here was been to describe the molecular events related to rancidification.

 * On a related subject, I dont think that hydrolysis of triglycerides or fatty esters is part of the rancidification process. Nor have I heard of "Microbial rancidity" so I am wondering if some earlier editor invented (aka synthesized) this portion of the article as sort of a placeholder.

 * Comments are welcome.
 * --Smokefoot (talk) 02:38, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Enzymes can speed up the rancidification. Ripe salami and ripe fatty cheese have a rancidity. Soap are rancid, but they are boiled. The heading of the Vit. E section is wrong, the equations are very valuable. It is important to know that this chain reaction is exponential. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 05:04, 26 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks. By "rancidification can be pushed", you mean that enzymes cause rancidification?  My impression is that rancidification is an autoxidation, not caused by enzymes.  It is a consequence of autoxidation, which can be catalyzed by a variety of agents including degraded metalloenzymes, I guess.
 * Soap is rancid? Not really, soap is by definition a salt of a fatty acid, period.  I guess some soaps prepared from certain unsaturated triglycerides could rancidify, and that aspect might be worth noting.
 * Also the scheme looks possibly incomplete:
 * 1) The scheme shows hydroxyl radical. There is no ready source of hydroxyl radical, but references are often vague on this point.
 * 2) The scheme shows a monoene. It is the dienes that are very susceptible to rancidification, not mono-alkenes,  One source states that one has to heat mono-enes to cause autoxidation.  Linolenic and linoleic acid derivatives are the substrates that are likely responsible for rancidification (I need to find other sources to support this impression).
 * 3) The scheme fails to show the important steps. Rancidness is manifested by the formation of volatile organic fragments, but the scheme only shows the formation of the allylic hydroperoxide, before anything interesting happens (hydroperoxides are less volatile than their precursors).  The strong flavors/odors arise from the decomposition of the hydroperoxide.  Here is a quote from my source: "The intermediate hydroperoxides are labile compounds that decompose into a number of different ... keto compounds,... aldehydes, .... The volatile carbonyl compounds formed in this process are responsible for the taste and odor of oxidized oils and fats."
 * I won't being doing anything fast, this process takes a while. If you are interested in the topic, drying oils is a relevant article.  --Smokefoot (talk) 07:42, 26 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Autoxidation vs. enzymes, any biological degradation of fatty acids speeds up the chain reaction. Linolenic and linoleic acid derivatives degrade readily under oxygen at room temperature. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 08:36, 26 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I am not sure what you are saying, complete sentences would help. "Biological degradation" is meaningless - it is the kind of imprecise but plausibly technical phrasing I work against within Wikipedia (although I am guilty of falling into the same groove). Enzymes are completely irrelevant to autoxidation, I am pretty sure.  If you have a reference or a direction to read within or outside of Wikipedia, leave a note.  Thanks, --Smokefoot (talk) 18:18, 26 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok, sorry. I'm not a lawyer, I never talked much. References are difficult. The chain reaction needs an ignition (hydroxyl radical source), but in nature things are so impure that this is not a problem. In food processing, as in cured meat and ripe cheese the microbial degradation changes the flavor. This rancidity is important there. Anything that degrades the triglicerides, changes its solubility in water and changes the oxygen access. But it wasn't me who included the autoxidation, hydrolysis and microbial degradation division.
 * About the figure: this figure is available on Wikipedia, pragmatism. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 18:40, 26 December 2010 (UTC)
 * No problem. Scientists are in fact kinds of lawyers, and become more lawyer-like when the topic of conversation closes in on their area of expertise.  Folks walk around with fuzzy impressions about how chemical stuff works and often blame their foggy understanding on biology. But you're right, the autoxidation process needs to be kicked off.  Thanks, --Smokefoot (talk) 18:57, 26 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Note: oils r quite stable. Heats speeds up every chemical reaction, of course. Degradation n emulsification of lipids, freezing n drying of emulsions, speeds up the chain reaction as well. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 17:35, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The chemical equation was important, the ref was about linoleic acid, and so relevant !!! --Chris.urs-o (talk) 16:23, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Detergents or cleaning methods
It would be nice to find referenced material on how to clean gummy rancid oil. Some suggest using sodium-bicarbonate with antigrease detergent to scrub and to later rince with warm vinegar. I've not tried this. Some commercial soaps may also give better results than others (Dawn appears to have some reputation for heavy fat cleaning jobs). Another possible solution could be trisodium phosphate (TSP)... 76.10.128.192 (talk) 03:30, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

photo oxidation
olive oil is significantly degraded by light 78.149.6.220 (talk) 11:31, 30 July 2013 (UTC)

Hydrolytic rancidity
This passage feels out of place: "A slight degree of rancidity may not be objectionable to consumers, but products which do not seem fresh will not attract repeat purchases. If customers do not return to a product, the long-term effects of a slight degree of rancidity can be very serious."

Not sure that this belongs here in a description of a chemical process -- it feels as if it's from a commercial food preservation textbook. Especially the part about "a slight degree... can be very serious" -- I don't think that this article should be about the potential for sales to fall. Shuaksky (talk) 21:49, 9 September 2014 (UTC)shuaksky

Lead Section
The lead section of this article does indeed have an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the topic, however it does not include any description of the article's major sections and thus can be expanded to do so. There is also some redundancy in the lead section regarding the "undesirable flavors and odors". Jcorelite (talk) 17:17, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rancidification


text: User talk:146.95.224.79

title: User talk:146.95.224.79


text:
Talk:Royal Military Police

Close Protection
I removed the following:

"Until recently they used HK53 assault rifles but now are mostly seen with C8-CQBs. They also carry Browning Hi-Power or P229 pistols as well as other police equipment such as, extendable batons and PlastiCuffs".

This had remained unreferenced for over a year with no appropriate action.

November 2010 Cleanup
I have just completed a Phase 1 copy edit and restructure per WP:MOS I have yet to run the the Article through WP:AWB for error checking and fixes but will do so shortly. The History section is still too long, if anyone can constructively condense it, that would be helpful. Phase 2 copy will follow when I have more time. Pol430 (talk) 14:13, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

 * It might be an idea to move the history section to a separate article, retaining only a summary on this article. The present history section is disproportionately large. The present size of the overall article is too large. I would be interested to hear the fellings of others, please discuss below. Pol430 (talk) 19:26, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

February 2011
I have removed the text that claims RMP are attested as special constables on the Falklands Islands because this source seems to indicate that this practice ceased when the Falklands Islands Police Force was established; however, RMP do still have powers over civilians subject to service discipline per the Armed Forces Act 2006 and this has been reflected in the the relevant body text. Pol430 talk to me 12:17, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

Your taking an airsoft site as a source of information? look mate I would quit whilst your ahead, your making a right pig ears of thisPandaplodder (talk) 00:22, 9 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Unless there's something I've missed (and even if I have), that came across as unnecessarily uncivil. He is free to challenge and remove an unsourced statement; that he also gave an explanation for why he removed it is a bonus and should not be attacked. ninety:one  01:57, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

No doubt your a user of practical airsoft? How come in the space of three years this has gone from a GA nomination to something that's been decimated. In the case of this pratical article if you don't have any real life experience then please leave alone Pandaplodder (talk) 18:10, 10 March 2011 (UTC)
 * No, I am not a user of "practical airsoft"?! Pol430 did a good job of adding references, there is no need to criticise him. And it is not a pre-requisite of editing a Wikipedia article that you must have "real life experience". I think that is enough now, I don't want to have an argument here. ninety:one  23:44, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

April 2011
Removed the unsourced tag after several reflinks have been added, this article has more reflinks than most wiki articles that don't have as many reflinks Pandaplodder (talk) 13:36, 27 April 2011 (UTC) As far as I know AGC/RMP(same corps) recruits do not do phase one training at Pirbright but at Winchester. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.10.51.2 (talk) 05:56, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Part of Adjutant General's Corps
This article did not acknowledge the fact the RMP became part of the Adjutant General's Corps in 1992. I have added two paragraphs (summary in introductory section, more detailed under History section, mainly lifted from the other article History of the Royal Military Police) and would suggest corresponding details that are due be added to the Infobox.Cloptonson (talk) 21:58, 13 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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firearms use
Is there an armed component to the RMP, like Authorised Firearms Officers in the Met or are they a strictly unarmed force? 98.10.179.163 (talk) 00:26, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Royal Military Police


text:
Balmis Expedition

The Royal Philanthropic Vaccine Expedition (Real Expedición Filantrópica de la Vacuna), commonly referred to as the Balmis Expedition, was a Spanish healthcare mission that lasted from 1803 to 1806, led by Dr Francisco Javier de Balmis, which vaccinated millions of inhabitants of Spanish America and Asia against smallpox. The vaccine was transported through children: orphaned boys who sailed with the expedition.

Background
Smallpox, a devastating disease that was endemic throughout much of the Old World, decimated the populations of the Americas after it was introduced by the Spanish conquistadors in the 1500s. By the late 16th century, smallpox had become endemic throughout Spain's holdings in the Americas and epidemics occurred periodically over the next 300 years.

In the 18th century there were scattered attempts in the colonies to use variolation, an older, less-effective method of inoculation using smallpox material. These efforts did little to mitigate the epidemics and sometimes actually increased the spread of the contagion.

In 1798, English physician Edward Jenner pioneered the use of a vaccine to immunize persons with an inoculation of cowpox material. The new vaccine was a much safer and more effective way to prevent smallpox. At the time, about 400,000 Europeans died each year from the disease which was also responsible for one-third of all cases of blindness in Europe. The use of Jenner's new vaccine spread rapidly through Europe and had a significant positive impact on the severity and frequency of smallpox epidemics.

The vaccine first reached Spain in late 1800 and by the end of 1801, several thousand persons had been vaccinated across the country. The efforts were well publicised in Spain and by 1804, dozens of papers, treatises, newspaper articles, and editorials had been published on the smallpox vaccine.

Francisco Javier de Balmis was a military physician.

Expedition

In November 1794 the daughter of King Charles IV of Spain, Infanta Maria Teresa, had died from smallpox. He had heard of the vaccine discovery. Colombia and Ecuador experienced a smallpox epidemic and called on the king for supplies.

On 30 November 1803, the expedition set off from A Coruña in northwest Spain sailing on Maria Pita. It carried 22 orphan boys (aged 3 to 10) to act as carriers of the cowpox virus. The boys were necessary because the vaccine consisted of infecting patients with cowpox, which is a virus closely related to smallpox but produces a much milder disease that confers immunity to both. However, only an active infection could be transferred to successive patients, so two boys were infected with cowpox at the beginning of the voyage, with two more infected at a time as it progressed across the Atlantic and beyond. The medical staff and caretakers for the boys consisted of Balmis, a deputy surgeon, two assistants, two first-aid practitioners, three nurses, and Isabel Zendal Gómez, the rectoress of Casa de Expósitos, an A Coruña orphanage.

The mission took the vaccine to the Canary Islands, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, the Philippines and China. The ship carried also scientific instruments and translations of the Historical and Practical Treatise on the Vaccine by Moreau de Sarthe to be distributed to the local vaccine commissions to be founded.

In Puerto Rico, the local population had already been inoculated from the Danish colony of Saint Thomas. In Venezuela, the expedition divided at La Guaira. Balmis went to Caracas and later to Havana.

At Balmis' request Cuba sent three enslaved girls to Campeche, Mexico, as additional carriers of the vaccine; following Mexican independence and emancipation, Mexico continued to bring in slaves from Cuba as vaccine carriers.

The Venezuelan poet Andrés Bello wrote an ode to Balmis. José Salvany, the deputy surgeon, went toward today's Colombia and the Viceroyalty of Peru (Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Bolivia). The voyage took seven years and cost Salvany his life, as he died in 1810 in Cochabamba. In New Spain, Balmis took on 25 more orphans to maintain the infection during the crossing of the Pacific. In the Philippines, they received help from the Catholic church, which was initially reluctant until Governor-General Rafael Aguilar made an example by vaccinating his five children. Balmis sent most of the expedition back to New Spain while he went on to China, where he visited Macau and Canton. On his way back to Spain in 1806, Balmis offered the vaccine to the British authorities in Saint Helena, despite the Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808).

Legacy
Balmis expedition may be considered the first international healthcare expedition in history. Jenner himself wrote, "I don't imagine the annals of history furnish an example of philanthropy so noble, so extensive as this."

In 2006, Julia Alvarez wrote Saving the World, a fictional account of the expedition from the perspective of its only female member.

title: Balmis Expedition


text:
User talk:AdeptOmega

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Carrp | Talk 18:20, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:AdeptOmega


text:
Talk:Henry Kuttner

Untitled
I'm not happy with what I wrote. Obviously it is the "The user is cautioned..." sentence which crystalizes my problems. The only reference I have to hand right now is L. Sprague de Camp's old Sword and Sorcery anthologies: Swords & Sorcery (New York, Pyramid Books, 1963), The Fantastic Swordsmen (New York, Pyramid Books, 1967) and Warlocks and Warriors (New York, G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1970). De Camp has almost a template biography of him in the front of these books: "...a small, dark, quiet, excessively shy man who in his youth worked for a Los Angeles Literary agency and began writing professionally in the 1930's....During his last two decades, he wrote largely in collaboration with his wife, C. L. Moore." (p. 67, Warlocks And Warriors, NY, Berkley, 1971)

In de Camp's introduction to "The Black God's Kiss" he writes "As a result of correspondence with the Lovecraft circle, Miss Moore--tall, dark and glamourous-looking--collaborated on a story with Henry Kuttner and in 1940 married him." (p.167, op. cit.) I've heard and read it elsewhere but that's my reason for adding the Lovecraft link.

Seekers of Tomorrow, by Sam Moskowitz (World, New York, 1966) was my original source for the number 3 stories by Moore. Moskowitz is not reliable. I've heard it many times since then, in fact I believe at a 1974 gathering of Darkover fans at the DisCon World Science Fiction Convention in Washington D.C. Marion Zimmer Bradley cited it. I don't have that in writing, of course; I was there and don't know if anyone recorded it.

I have yet to see any definitive proof, or any proof she wrote any given story which was credited to him. At most, in her introduction to Robots Have No Tails Moore wrote "I was rather astounded on rereading the Gallegher stories to realize that not a word of any of them is mine." Introduction to Robots Have No Tails (New York, Lancer Books, no date)

Jplatt39 18:24, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC) Amended Jplatt39 20:08, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

++Another source on the Kuttner-Moore collaborations is James Gunn in the Road to Science Fiction #3.

Problem
C.L. Moore's page contradicts the Kuttner page on how they met, could someone dig up some more references and double check... or see if they contradicted each other at some point? The CL Moore page states Kuttner was a fan of Moore and wrote her thinking she was a male and then they met that way. But this page says they were both fans of Lovecraft and met that way... one of them or a combo must be right... --Hitsuji Kinno 05:30, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Combo
I believe the version on the Moore page was first published by Sam Moskowitz in Seekers of Tomorrow. It's in the garage right now which is too far to walk to. I took this phrasing from L. Sprague de Camp's introductions to a couple of Elak stories from some anthologies he edited in the 1960s. Both knew both of them personally and were repeating what they were told.

The Lovecraft Circle was a group of inveterate letter writers. We talk about Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard as if they were close friends, but the truth is they met on very few occasions. Most of the what the group did they did through correspondence or fanzines (before we had the term). It is reasonable to believe he thought it a good idea to write Mr. Moore because she was writing to someone else he was exchanging letters with. This is actually more a different phrasing of the same story than a contradiction.

By the way, since this is a talk page, the attribution of the accusation that Moskowitz's books were full of errors to Gharlane of Eddore was probably just caution. They are, and there are no doubt problems with DeCamp's anecdotes. However, it should count for something that Moore never, to my knowledge, contradicted either version and they are both part of the authorized biography --Jplatt39 12:46, 26 March 2007 (UTC) Revised Jplatt39 13:09, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

For completeness, most of Seekers of Tomorrow and I believe Explorers of the Infinite were first published in Fantastic Magazine when Cele Goldsmith Lalli was the editor. Jplatt39 00:21, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Kuttner as mystery writer
It probably should be added that Kuttner wrote at least one well-regarded mystery, "Murder of a Wife," originally published in 1958, and chosen by Jacques Barzun and Wendell H. Taylor as one of their "Fifty Classics of Crime Fiction 1950-1975." I think there were others published under pseudonyms.

My copy is from the Fifty Classics series, reprinted in 1983 by Garland Publishing, Inc., New York/London. Jpmcewan (talk) 14:34, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Where info about Hogben story set?
I like read about... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.46.209.59 (talk) 12:35, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

This is community-contributed documentation. My Kuttner collection is certainly not complete and I just added a lot of stuff nobody has cut out yet ;-)

I'm aware Baen books reprinted the Hogben stories recently but I still don't have them. If you have information just add it. The original publication (magazine and date) should be on the copyright page of any anthology you have. That means you can place the story in the list of short stories. And if you are wrong someone will correct you. It's that simple. Jplatt39 (talk) 14:06, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

bibliography seems more complete in Russian wikipedia article
or maybe in both articles they are incomplete but missing different items. Anyway, in case somebody wants to import the material, original English names are provided over there. 76.119.30.87 (talk) 05:57, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

Kelvin Kent / Pete Manx
You are missing at least 12 Pete Manx stories. Since I only have read one reprinted without stating the publication date, I do not feel qualified to enter them in the article. There is a listing at http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pe.cgi?9868 but I don't have any way to double check. agb — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.233.168.142 (talk) 17:55, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Kuttner


text:
Talk:Ronnie Van Zandt

I made this a redirect because it has less information than the article at Ronnie VanZant and because it's spelled Zant, not Zandt. --Trweiss 22:12, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ronnie Van Zandt