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Chavela Vargas

Chavela Vargas (born María Isabel Anita Carmen de Jesús Vargas Lizano; 17 April 1919 – 5 August 2012) was a Costa Rican-born Mexican singer, she gained widespread recognition for her distinctive interpretations of Mexican rancheras. However, her impact extends beyond this genre, encompassing various styles within popular Latin American music.

An influential interpreter, Vargas left a legacy on both the Americas and Europe. Notably, she served as a muse to influential figures like Pedro Almodóvar. Renowned for her poignant and captivating performances, she earned the title "la voz áspera de la ternura", translated as 'the rough voice of tenderness'. Her accolades include a Latin Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic for her contributions to music.

Early life and career

She was born in Costa Rica, in San Joaquín de Flores, as Isabel Vargas Lizano, daughter of Francisco Vargas and Herminia Lizano. She was baptized on 15 July 1919 with the forenames "María Isabel Anita Carmen de Jesús." She had a difficult childhood: her parents divorced and left her under the care of an uncle, and she contracted poliomyelitis. She went by Chavela, which is a pet name for Isabel. At age 17, she abandoned her native country due to lack of opportunities for a musical career, seeking refuge in Mexico, where an entertainment industry was burgeoning. There she resided for more than seventy years and obtained Mexican nationality.

For many years she sang on the streets, but in her thirties she became a professional singer. In her youth she dressed as a man, smoked cigars, drank heavily, carried a gun, and was known for her characteristic red jorongo, which she wore in performances until old age. Vargas was radical in her negation of heteronormativity. Since she preferred to dress like a man, Vargas’ parents hid their defiantly nonfeminine daughter from guests.

Vargas sang the canción ranchera in her own peculiar style. The ranchera was sung from a man's perspective and with a mariachi accompaniment. Chavela sang this type of song as a solo, using only guitar and voice. She often slowed down the tempo of melodies to draw more dramatic tension out of songs, so they could be taken as naughtily humorous.

Towards the end of the 1950s, she became known within artistic circles, due in part to her performances in Acapulco, center of international tourism, where she sang at the Champagne Room of the restaurant La Perla. Her first album, Noche de Bohemia (Bohemian Night), was released in 1961 with the professional support of José Alfredo Jiménez, one of the foremost singer/songwriters of Mexican ranchera music. She eventually recorded more than 80 albums. Vargas was hugely successful during the 1950s, the 1960s, and the first half of the 1970s, touring in Mexico, the United States, France, and Spain and was close to many prominent artists and intellectuals of the time, including Juan Rulfo, Agustín Lara, Frida Kahlo and her husband, Diego Rivera, Dolores Olmedo and Jiménez. Vargas was known to have had various lesbian relationships, and is rumored to have had affairs with Frida Kahlo and Ava Gardner. Although her lyrics were addressed to women, Vargas did not publicly come out until the age of 81 in her 2002 autobiography And If You Want to Know about My Past (Y si quieres saber de mi pasado).

Partial retirement and return to the stage
Vargas retired from performing due to a 15-year battle with alcoholism, which she described in her autobiography as "my 15 years in hell." Chavela could not maintain her heavy drinking and intense lifestyle. In 1970, "submerged in an alcoholic haze" as she described it, she was taken in by a native family who nursed her back to health without knowing who she was. In 2003, she told The New York Times that she had not had a drink in 25 years.

Vargas returned to the stage in 1991, performing at a bohemian nightclub called "El Hábito" in Coyoacán, Mexico City. Her career started to recover international prominence, with performances in Latin America, Europe and the United States. Vargas debuted at Carnegie Hall in 2003 at age 83 at the behest and promotion of Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar, an admirer and friend.

Sexuality and coming out
Long considered an open secret, she publicly came out as a lesbian at age 81 in her 2002 autobiography. Her coming out was not surprising to her fans. For years Vargas refused to change the genders in her songs. In "Paloma Negra" ("Black Dove"), Vargas accuses a woman of partying all night long and breaking her heart. Vargas herself, as a young woman, was alleged to have had an affair with Frida Kahlo during Kahlo's marriage to muralist Diego Rivera. From 1988 to 1993, she was in a relationship with her lawyer Alicia Elena Pérez Duarte.

Gender performance & masculinity
Vargas' gender performativity did not reflect the Western binary of gender because she wore more masculine clothing, which in the 1940s, included pants, charro suits, sombreros, guayaberas, and ponchos. In Chavela, Vargas remembers people telling her, "she doesn't dress like a woman, style her hair or wear her makeup like a woman." Mid-20th century Mexico was not as accepting of Vargas and her music because her gender expression and sexual orientation were constantly questioned throughout her career. Anthropologists including Roger Lancaster, Joseph Carrier, Stephen O. Murray studied the intersections of gender and sexuality in Latin America, and they claim, "that patterns of sexuality can be as easily affected by political, social, and economic currents as gender relations." Vargas was publicly identified as a lesbian and her music would reflect queer love, joy, and heartbreak. Emma Perez commented on Vargas' role in shaping queerness in Mexico's music industry and calls it the sitio she "formed within Mexican popular music, a space/place for mestiza lesbian subjectivity, desire, and sexuality." Vargas' ability to engage with her sexuality through her music amidst finding success in a traditional country, where there was deep-rooted homophobia and religious fundamentalism, paved the way for LGBTQ artists like Concha Buika and other Latin women artists such as Lila Downs, Eugenia León, La Santa Cecilia, Julieta Venegas, and more.

Vargas' live performances and her music were passionate yet subtle references to her personal life. She naturally challenged structural notions of masculinity through her music and performance, since "she often declined to change the pronouns in love songs written by men from 'she' to 'he.' But she also tended to shun modern gender pigeonholes, noting that many described her as 'una rareza' -- a rarity." Vargas' artistry was determined by her queer experiences and performance, which was an image she held long before it was widely celebrated and accepted.

Vargas' songwriting resonated heavily with queer audiences. Marvette Perez, curator of Latin-American Culture and Music for the Smithsonian Museum of American History, described her sentiments on Vargas' song "Macorina" in an interview with NPR: "I don’t think there could be a more queer song for a woman to sing. The song says, ‘Ponme la mano aqui, Macorina.’ 'Put your hand right here, Macorina.' And whenever she sang the song, she put such sexuality, desire, and kind of sensuality into it that you knew why she was singing, why she was singing and to whom she was singing it. She was singing it to a woman.” Vargas captured audiences through her performances on stage and her masculine gender performance, which would posthumously become part of her understated queer legacy.

Her experience as a masculine ranchera singer in the 20th century led to marginalization and hate, which made her path as a woman in ranchera music much more difficult to garner more supporters. On the other hand, her fans recognize her "unsettling, coded, but undeniable connection between her interpretations and her physicality (the unique vocal technique to infuse emotions into the songs, her body in performance) must be turned comfortingly back to the realm of musicianship." Those who loved Vargas saw the brilliance in her gender-bending style and music, so she was able to thrive and find success even though her appearance was generally not accepted.

Appearances in film
Vargas is featured in many of Almodóvar's films, including La flor de mi secreto in both song and video. She said, however, that acting was not her ambition, although she had previously participated in films such as the 1967 movie La Soldadera. Vargas also appeared in Frida, singing "La Llorona" ("The Weeping Woman"). Her classic "Paloma Negra" ("Black Dove") was also included in the soundtrack of the film. She appeared in Alejandro González Iñárritu's Babel, singing "Tú me acostumbraste" ("I got used to you"), a bolero by Frank Domínguez.

On 10 February 2017, the biographical film Chavela debuted. Directed by Catherine Gund and Daresha Kyi, the film features Pedro Almodóvar, Elena Benarroch and Miguel Bosé among others.

Death and legacy
Chavela Vargas died in Cuernavaca, Mexico, after being hospitalized for several weeks due to respiratory issues. Her official Facebook page reported that her final words were, "I leave with Mexico in my heart."

On August 6, 2012, Chavela’s funeral was held in Plaza Garibaldi in the center of Mexico city. The film Chavela included footage of her funeral. Hundreds of fans and loved ones gathered in order to honor her legacy where they played her music and drank her favorite drink, tequila. Chavela's ashes were scattered in Chalchi Hills, Morelos, Mexico.

The film Chavela mentions that after her new found popularity in Spain, she no longer rejected the word “lesbian” despite having previously been offended by the term. In the film, Chavela states that there is no longer a need to be scared about defining herself as a lesbian, and embraced being open about who you are. In the film, one of the last statements she makes is that “My song is dedicated to all the women of the world: Mothers, daughters, sisters, wives, friends, and lovers.”

A slogan that she lived by and would often tell her fans was “Human beings love, and that’s all that matters. Don’t ask them who they love or why.” She had categorized the person she was before leaving for Mexico as Isabella, someone that she held dear. Whereas ‘Chavela’ was born in 1942 when she moved to Mexico and was someone who was “Cabrona.” In the persona of Chavela, she found a safety net for herself that allowed her to continue living despite the turmoil she had faced. In one of her last interviews in the film, she states, “When you’re true to yourself, you win in the end.”

On 17 April 2013, Google celebrated her 94th birthday with a Google Doodle.

In August 2019, Vargas was one of the honorees inducted in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighborhood noting LGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields."

References in other works
Joaquín Sabina's song "Por el Boulevard de los Sueños Rotos" ("Down the Boulevard of Broken Dreams") is dedicated to Vargas. Sergio Ramírez Mercado, a Nicaraguan writer, published in 2011 the novel La Fugitiva, a fictionalized account of the life of Costa Rican writer Yolanda Oreamuno. In Ramírez' work, Oreamuno's life is told by three women who met her. According to many critics, one of the female characters telling Oreamuno's history is a singer who resembles Chavela Vargas. The character talks about her own life and her non-reciprocated love for Yolanda Oreamuno.

In 2012, the artist Juan Carlos del Valle presented a series of portraits of Vargas at the Centro Cultural de España en México, Mexico City.

Selected discography

 * Con el cuarteto Lara Foster, 1961
 * Hacia la vida, 1966
 * Corridos de la revolución, 1970
 * Amanecí en tus brazos, 1973
 * La Original, 1973
 * Lamento Borincano, 1973
 * Poema 20, 1975
 * Noche Bohemia, 1989
 * Noche de Ronda, 1989
 * Piensa en mí AKA Vuelve, 1991
 * Boleros, 1991
 * La Llorona, 1994
 * Sentimiento de México (vol. 1), 1995
 * De México y del Mundo, 1995
 * Le canta a México, 1995
 * Volver, volver, 1996
 * Dos, 1996
 * Grandes mementos, 1996
 * Macorina, 1994/1996
 * Chavela Vargas, 1997
 * Pasión bolero, 1999
 * Colección de oro, 1999
 * Con la rondalla del amor de Saltillo, 2000
 * Para perder la cabeza, 2000
 * Las 15 grandes de Chavela Vargas, 2000
 * Grandes éxitos, 2002
 * Para toda la vida, 2002
 * Discografía básica, 2002
 * Antología, 2004
 * Somos, 2004
 * En Carnegie Hall, 2004
 * La Llorona, 2004
 * Cupaima, 2006/2007
 * Soledad, 2007
 * Piensa en mí, on Splendor in the Grass by Pink Martini, 2009
 * Luz de Luna, on San Patricio by The Chieftains featuring Ry Cooder, 2010
 * Por mi culpa!, 2010
 * Luna Grande, 2012

title: Chavela Vargas


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Richard Kroft

Richard Henry Kroft, (born May 22, 1938) is a former Canadian lawyer, businessman, and Senator.

Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he received a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Political Science from the University of Manitoba in 1959 and an LL.B in 1963.

He was Assistant Secretary and Treasurer of McCabe Grain Co. Ltd. Next, he became Special Assistant to the Minister of Finance, and Executive Assistant to the Secretary of State for External Affairs, Mitchell Sharp. After, in 1969, he became President of Tryton Investment Co. Ltd.

He was summoned to the Senate by recommendation of Jean Chrétien in 1998, and resigned in 2004. He was Chair of the Standing Committee on Internal Economy, Budgets and Administration, and Chair of the Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce.

He is married to Hillaine Jacob and has three children, Elizabeth, Steven, and Gordon.

Honours
In 1997, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. In 2008, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Manitoba.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard Kroft


text: Wikipedia talk:Tutorial (historical)/Keep in mind/sandbox


text: User talk:85.74.54.32

title: User talk:85.74.54.32


text:
Effective population size

The effective population size (Ne) is size of an idealised population would experience the same rate of genetic drift or increase in inbreeding as in the real population. Idealised populations are based on unrealistic but convenient assumptions including random mating, simultaneous birth of each new generation, constant population size. For most quantities of interest and most real populations, Ne is smaller than the census population size N of a real population. The same population may have multiple effective population sizes for different properties of interest, including genetic drift and inbreeding.

The effective population size is most commonly measured with respect to the coalescence time. In an idealised diploid population with no selection at any locus, the expectation of the coalescence time in generations is equal to twice the census population size. The effective population size is measured as within-species genetic diversity divided by four times the mutation rate $$\mu$$, because in such an idealised population, the heterozygosity is equal to  $$4N\mu$$. In a population with selection at many loci and abundant linkage disequilibrium, the coalescent effective population size may not reflect the census population size at all, or may reflect its logarithm.

The concept of effective population size was introduced in the field of population genetics in 1931 by the American geneticist Sewall Wright.

Overview: Types of effective population size
Depending on the quantity of interest, effective population size can be defined in several ways. Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright originally defined it as "the number of breeding individuals in an idealised population that would show the same amount of dispersion of allele frequencies under random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding as the population under consideration". More generally, an effective population size may be defined as the number of individuals in an idealised population that has a value of any given population genetic quantity that is equal to the value of that quantity in the population of interest. The two population genetic quantities identified by Wright were the one-generation increase in variance across replicate populations (variance effective population size) and the one-generation change in the inbreeding coefficient (inbreeding effective population size). These two are closely linked, and derived from F-statistics, but they are not identical.

Today, the effective population size is usually estimated empirically with respect to the sojourn or coalescence time, estimated as the within-species genetic diversity divided by the mutation rate, yielding a coalescent effective population size. Another important effective population size is the selection effective population size 1/scritical, where scritical is the critical value of the selection coefficient at which selection becomes more important than genetic drift.

Empirical measurements
In Drosophila populations of census size 16, the variance effective population size has been measured as equal to 11.5. This measurement was achieved through studying changes in the frequency of a neutral allele from one generation to another in over 100 replicate populations.

For coalescent effective population sizes, a survey of publications on 102 mostly wildlife animal and plant species yielded 192 Ne/N ratios. Seven different estimation methods were used in the surveyed studies. Accordingly, the ratios ranged widely from 10-6 for Pacific oysters to 0.994 for humans, with an average of 0.34 across the examined species. Based on these data they subsequently estimated more comprehensive ratios, accounting for fluctuations in population size, variance in family size and unequal sex-ratio. These ratios average to only 0.10-0.11.

A genealogical analysis of human hunter-gatherers (Eskimos) determined the effective-to-census population size ratio for haploid (mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosomal DNA), and diploid (autosomal DNA) loci separately: the ratio of the effective to the census population size was estimated as 0.6–0.7 for autosomal and X-chromosomal DNA, 0.7–0.9 for mitochondrial DNA and 0.5 for Y-chromosomal DNA.

Variance effective size
In the Wright-Fisher idealized population model, the conditional variance of the allele frequency $$p'$$, given the allele frequency $$p$$ in the previous generation, is

 * $$\operatorname{var}(p' \mid p)= {p(1-p) \over 2N}.$$

Let $$\widehat{\operatorname{var}}(p'\mid p)$$ denote the same, typically larger, variance in the actual population under consideration. The variance effective population size $$N_e^{(v)}$$ is defined as the size of an idealized population with the same variance. This is found by substituting $$\widehat{\operatorname{var}}(p'\mid p)$$ for $$\operatorname{var}(p'\mid p)$$ and solving for $$N$$ which gives

 * $$N_e^{(v)} = {p(1-p) \over 2 \widehat{\operatorname{var}}(p)}.$$

Theoretical examples
In the following examples, one or more of the assumptions of a strictly idealised population are relaxed, while other assumptions are retained. The variance effective population size of the more relaxed population model is then calculated with respect to the strict model.

Variations in population size
Population size varies over time. Suppose there are t non-overlapping generations, then effective population size is given by the harmonic mean of the population sizes:

 * $${1 \over N_e} = {1 \over t} \sum_{i=1}^t {1 \over N_i}$$

For example, say the population size was N = 10, 100, 50, 80, 20, 500 for six generations (t = 6). Then the effective population size is the harmonic mean of these, giving:

 * $${1 \over N_e}$$
 * $$= {\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{10} \end{matrix} + \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{100} \end{matrix} + \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{50} \end{matrix} + \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{80} \end{matrix} + \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{20} \end{matrix} + \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{500} \end{matrix} \over 6} $$
 * $$= {0.1945 \over 6}$$
 * $$= 0.032416667$$
 * $$N_e$$
 * $$= 30.8$$
 * }
 * $$= 0.032416667$$
 * $$N_e$$
 * $$= 30.8$$
 * }
 * $$= 30.8$$
 * }

Note this is less than the arithmetic mean of the population size, which in this example is 126.7. The harmonic mean tends to be dominated by the smallest bottleneck that the population goes through.

Dioeciousness
If a population is dioecious, i.e. there is no self-fertilisation then

 * $$N_e = N + \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \end{matrix}$$

or more generally,

 * $$N_e = N + \begin{matrix} \frac{D}{2} \end{matrix}$$

where D represents dioeciousness and may take the value 0 (for not dioecious) or 1 for dioecious.

When N is large, Ne approximately equals N, so this is usually trivial and often ignored:

 * $$N_e = N + \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{2} \approx N \end{matrix}$$

Variance in reproductive success
If population size is to remain constant, each individual must contribute on average two gametes to the next generation. An idealized population assumes that this follows a Poisson distribution so that the variance of the number of gametes contributed, k is equal to the mean number contributed, i.e. 2:

 * $$\operatorname{var}(k) = \bar{k} = 2.$$

However, in natural populations the variance is often larger than this. The vast majority of individuals may have no offspring, and the next generation stems only from a small number of individuals, so

 * $$\operatorname{var}(k) > 2.$$

The effective population size is then smaller, and given by:

 * $$N_e^{(v)} = {4 N - 2D \over 2 + \operatorname{var}(k)}$$

Note that if the variance of k is less than 2, Ne is greater than N. In the extreme case of a population experiencing no variation in family size, in a laboratory population in which the number of offspring is artificially controlled, Vk = 0 and Ne = 2N.

Non-Fisherian sex-ratios
When the sex ratio of a population varies from the Fisherian 1:1 ratio, effective population size is given by:

 * $$N_e^{(v)} = N_e^{(F)} = {4 N_m N_f \over N_m + N_f}$$

Where Nm is the number of males and Nf the number of females. For example, with 80 males and 20 females (an absolute population size of 100):

 * $$N_e$$
 * $$= {4 \times 80 \times 20 \over 80 + 20}$$
 * $$={6400 \over 100}$$
 * $$= 64$$
 * }
 * $$={6400 \over 100}$$
 * $$= 64$$
 * }
 * $$= 64$$
 * }

Again, this results in Ne being less than N.

Inbreeding effective size
Alternatively, the effective population size may be defined by noting how the average inbreeding coefficient changes from one generation to the next, and then defining Ne as the size of the idealized population that has the same change in average inbreeding coefficient as the population under consideration. The presentation follows Kempthorne (1957).

For the idealized population, the inbreeding coefficients follow the recurrence equation

 * $$F_t = \frac{1}{N}\left(\frac{1+F_{t-2}}{2}\right)+\left(1-\frac{1}{N}\right)F_{t-1}.$$

Using Panmictic Index (1 − F) instead of inbreeding coefficient, we get the approximate recurrence equation

 * $$1-F_t = P_t = P_0\left(1-\frac{1}{2N}\right)^t. $$

The difference per generation is

 * $$\frac{P_{t+1}}{P_t} = 1-\frac{1}{2N}. $$

The inbreeding effective size can be found by solving

 * $$\frac{P_{t+1}}{P_t} = 1-\frac{1}{2N_e^{(F)}}. $$

This is

 * $$N_e^{(F)} = \frac{1}{2\left(1-\frac{P_{t+1}}{P_t}\right)} $$

although researchers rarely use this equation directly.

Theoretical example: overlapping generations and age-structured populations
When organisms live longer than one breeding season, effective population sizes have to take into account the life tables for the species.

Haploid
Assume a haploid population with discrete age structure. An example might be an organism that can survive several discrete breeding seasons. Further, define the following age structure characteristics:

 * $$v_i = $$ Fisher's reproductive value for age $$i$$,

 * $$\ell_i = $$ The chance an individual will survive to age $$i$$, and

 * $$N_0 = $$ The number of newborn individuals per breeding season.

The generation time is calculated as

 * $$T = \sum_{i=0}^\infty \ell_i v_i = $$ average age of a reproducing individual

Then, the inbreeding effective population size is

 * $$N_e^{(F)} = \frac{N_0T}{1 + \sum_i\ell_{i+1}^2v_{i+1}^2(\frac{1}{\ell_{i+1}}-\frac{1}{\ell_i})}.$$

Diploid
Similarly, the inbreeding effective number can be calculated for a diploid population with discrete age structure. This was first given by Johnson, but the notation more closely resembles Emigh and Pollak.

Assume the same basic parameters for the life table as given for the haploid case, but distinguishing between male and female, such as N0ƒ and N0m for the number of newborn females and males, respectively (notice lower case ƒ for females, compared to upper case F for inbreeding).

The inbreeding effective number is

\begin{align} \frac{1}{N_e^{(F)}} = \frac{1}{4T}\left\{\frac{1}{N_0^f}+\frac{1}{N_0^m} + \sum_i\left(\ell_{i+1}^f\right)^2\left(v_{i+1}^f\right)^2\left(\frac{1}{\ell_{i+1}^f}-\frac{1}{\ell_i^f}\right)\right. \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, & \\ \left. {} + \sum_i\left(\ell_{i+1}^m\right)^2\left(v_{i+1}^m\right)^2\left(\frac{1}{\ell_{i+1}^m}-\frac{1}{\ell_i^m}\right) \right\}. & \end{align} $$

Coalescent effective size
According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution, a neutral allele remains in a population for Ne generations, where Ne is the effective population size. An idealised diploid population will have a pairwise nucleotide diversity equal to 4$$\mu$$Ne, where $$\mu$$ is the mutation rate. The sojourn effective population size can therefore be estimated empirically by dividing the nucleotide diversity by the mutation rate.

The coalescent effective size may have little relationship to the number of individuals physically present in a population. Measured coalescent effective population sizes vary between genes in the same population, being low in genome areas of low recombination and high in genome areas of high recombination. Sojourn times are proportional to N in neutral theory, but for alleles under selection, sojourn times are proportional to log(N). Genetic hitchhiking can cause neutral mutations to have sojourn times proportional to log(N): this may explain the relationship between measured effective population size and the local recombination rate.

Selection effective size
In an idealised Wright-Fisher model, the fate of an allele, beginning at an intermediate frequency, is largely determined by selection if the selection coefficient s ≫ 1/N, and largely determined by neutral genetic drift if s ≪ 1/N. In real populations, the cutoff value of s may depend instead on local recombination rates. This limit to selection in a real population may be captured in a toy Wright-Fisher simulation through the appropriate choice of Ne. Populations with different selection effective population sizes are predicted to evolve profoundly different genome architectures.

title: Effective population size


text:
User talk:Amritraj

Hi ! Here You Can Talk About Me ... hey !! do you think that I am weird and my typing style is woo-woo .. sorry guys and gals ..

anyway I will love your feedback ..

hobbies .. Playing Wiki Chess Playing with Linux Presently :: Waiting for the UPSC(mains) result. Please pray that I get through and can put the infinitesimal contribution for the betterment of Indian People.

Bye bye amrit

title: User talk:Amritraj


text:
Talk:Paiste

Untitled
I changed what alloy the article reports for the "201" series of cymbals to bronze as reported on paiste's web site.

If I know my Estonian right, "e" is always pronounced as /e/ in Estonian, not as /i/ (like in the English "tee"). So "pies-teh" would be a better approximation of a pronunciation, though I still don't know if English words can end in a plain /e/ sound at all. — J I P | Talk 11:03, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I believe you're correct -- this should be reflected in the article! Will make the change now.

A representative from Paiste told me it was pronounced pie-stee (rhyhming with fiesty). Unfortunately, it appears they removed this from the website. Jm51 16:59, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

perfect. :)  Pie-stee.

Take care,

Paiste

-Original Message- From: Sent: Thursday, May 19, 2005 10:38 AM To: epaiste@paiste.com Subject: United States of America

Below is the result of your feedback form. It was submitted by on Thursday, May 19, 2005 at 12:37:36 ---

COMMENTS: How do you properly pronounce Paiste? is it pie-stee?

The last link, http://grassomusic.de/english/paiste.htm, is no longer available, but it can be viewed at archive.org if you disable Javascript. 69.166.229.111 06:47, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure that no Estonian would pronounce Paiste as pie-stee. If it is estonian word meaning "shine", then it end in /e/. But I'm Finnish, not Estonian, so it would be nice if somebody from our neightbour Eesti would settle this once and for all... Pie-stee is sure to be anglisism. 195.197.175.20 21:30, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

The correct pronunciation is "pie-ste", where "pie" is like pie and "ste" is like Ste in Stephanie. 82.131.52.118 19:01, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Meg White/ Josh freese
I believe meg white should be added to the user list. also it shoould be added that joch drummed for devo and live for NIN

-NINANDNIRVANA (who forgot his password)

It seems to me the list of notable artist is overly long. I think it should be shortened and listed per genre. Any ideas?

I think the list is fine, if it were edited, what would be the criteria for inclusion? If they endorse, list them. btw I added Mikkey Dee. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.115.232.65 (talk) 19:49, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

I think the list is fine also. If anything, it should include more drummers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dpepper73 (talk • contribs) 12:16, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Logo trouble
By now I'm pretty sure someone has noticed that there's something wrong with the logo. We should find a way to fix it.(SUDUSER)85 06:59, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Paiste-logo.png
Image:Paiste-logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:05, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

The meaning of the word "paiste" in Estonian
Just to be clear here, "paiste" definitely doesn't mean "sunrise" as the article suggests. There is a compound word "päikesepaiste" which directly means "sunshine". "Sunrise" in Estonian is "päikesetõus", the word "paiste" cannot be used as a meaning for the Sun rising in any way. Shining, yes. Rising, no. DrScummm (talk) 14:19, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * when you see something like this, you can change it to make it correct. See WP:BEBOLD. If you add anything, make sure you include a source. --- Possibly (talk) 04:39, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

B8 alloy
Article currently reads Paiste is also known as being the only major cymbal company to use the B8 alloy for its high end lines; although Meinl has recently[when?] introduced a line of high-end cast B8 bronze cymbals as well.

Umm, no. Paiste certainly pioneered using B8 (which they call 2002 alloy) for high end cymbals with their original 2002 and New Beat lines, but at the time and ever since their very top lines have always been richer in tin, either Sound Alloy (quickly rechristened Signature Alloy) or B20 (bell metal) or some each way. The Sound Alloy patent, coming years after the success of the 2002 series, actually explicitly claims that less than 20% tin had never previously produced a top-line cymbal! On the other hand, when the Meinl Byzance series was introduced, it was all B20 and represented a policy shift for Meinl, who had for some years previously produced only B8 cymbals as their top lines (and excellent cymbals they were too), the only one of the big four to do so to date AFAIK. The original Byzance series were B20, made in Turkey, and were still cheaper than the corresponding top Meinl B8 models of the time, made in Germany of course.

Now I don't know whether these earlier top of the line Meinl B8 cymbals were "cast" rather than prepared from sheet metal, and metallurgically it's impossible to tell, as the subsequent treatment of B8 removes all the evidence (including any difference in sound, that's why so many cymbal companies like B8 so much, and unlike any alloy richer in tin yet invented AFAIK). Nor can I remember the dates. The introduction of the Byzance series did occur at a time when Paiste were producing only Sound/Signature Alloy high end cymbals for drum kits, that much I remember. And at the time Paiste said the'd never go back to Formula 602 because Sound Formula was so much better. I remember that clearly because I had two irreplaceable Formula 602 cymbals stolen at the time, and was looking for replacements (and don't agree about Sound Formula vs 602).

How times change. I can't provide refs for any of this, but I do claim it's accurate, and our current article therefore is not. Andrewa (talk) 14:49, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

All bronze is cast, even if eventually it ends up in a sheet, a disc, or a blob of metal.

And "New Beat" is Zildjian; GIANT BEAT is Paiste. As for B8 not being used in "top lines", the 2002 line (and previously Giant Beat) always had equal billing with the 602 line, but in the case of a brochure, someone has to go first, right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FA48:6ECA:11F0:226:BBFF:FE0D:9EF (talk) 17:51, 27 September 2014 (UTC)

Notable Users section
Is there any point to this section? Given the importance of Paiste in the percussion world, it's likely that almost all professional drummers and percussionists will have used Paiste instruments at some stage of their careers. --Ef80 (talk) 13:06, 18 October 2019 (UTC)
 * There is not. I removed it. --- Possibly (talk) 04:37, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

Query about notability template
Just curious as to why this article has been marked up with the notability|Companies template. No reason was given, and I don't want to remove it in case it starts an edit war or something. KaraLG84 (talk) 22:48, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The template was added last year, with little explanation. The editor who added it is now, unfortunately, deceased.   I would support its removal - in my view the company is clearly notable.   Ghmyrtle (talk) 23:07, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
 * ok. I'll remove it if it's not already been done. KaraLG84 (talk) 09:15, 7 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Done. KaraLG84 (talk) 09:20, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paiste


text:
Zhengguo Canal

The Zhengguo Canal, Zhengguoqu or Chengkuo Canal, named after its designer, Zheng Guo, is a large canal located in Shaanxi province, China. The canal irrigates the Guanzhong plain, north of Xi'an. Together with the Dujiangyan Irrigation System and Lingqu Canal, it is one of the three biggest water conservation projects built before the Qin dynasty in ancient China. The canal connects the Jing river and Luo river, northern tributaries of the Wei River.

History
Historian Sima Qian in his Records of the Grand Historian wrote of the Zhengguo Canal:

"But Han heard that Qin was fond of embarking on enterprises, so with the intention of causing its energies to be dissipated and in order to prevent it from making an attack to the east, it accordingly dispatched a water engineer named Zheng Guo to give controversial advice to Qin by making it excavate a canal from the Jing River west of Mount Zhong as far as Hukou, from where it was to go east along the Northern Mountains and flow into the Luo. It would be more than 300 li long, and the intention would be to use it to irrigate the fields. When it was half completed the true purpose was realized, and Qin intended to kill Zheng Guo, but Zheng Guo said: ‘At first I was acting in order to cause dissension, but when the canal is completed it will surely be a benefit to Qin.’ Qin thought this was true, so in the end had the progress on the canal continued. When the canal did make further progress, it was used to cause the stagnant waters to flow, and irrigate the salty land over an area of more than 40,000 qing, so that the harvest totalled one zhong per mou. Thereupon the area within the passes was turned into fertile but uncultivated land, and there were no calamitous years, and thus Qin became rich and strong, and in the end unified the feudal states. Because of this it was called the Zheng Guo Canal."

- Sima Qian

The plan to drain the resources of the State of Qin back-fired as Qin successfully completed the canal, which irrigated c. 27,000 square kilometres of additional agricultural land, providing the kingdom with sufficient resources to increase the size of its already massive armies. To this day the land surrounding the Zhengguo Canal is extremely fertile. The Jingshui River flows slowly and is heavy with sand, so the canal was frequently blocked. By the time of the Han dynasty, much of the canal had silted up and only a small section was still flowing. Under the supervision of engineer Bai Gong, a new canal was cut in 95 BC for irrigation. For the next 2000 years, re-cutting and moving the canal's feeder mouth upstream of the Jing River became a pattern as silt built up and river bed deepened, diminishing water flow and the efficiency of the system.

title: Zhengguo Canal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Driscoll

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 11:57, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

John Driscoll
A vanity page - this programmer has done nothing I can see that is particularly noteworthy of Wikipedia. Delete. Nick04 11:04, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * What if people want to look me up? I think the page is pretty honest. Leave it here for people to research me until another John Driscoll rises to significance and the page is needed. I vote for NOT deleting this entry.
 * Note: Comment by page author 195.134.12.229. --InShaneee 17:44, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There's nothing wrong with having info about yourself on wikipedia, it just belongs on your user page. --InShaneee 17:44, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't have a page about myself of Wikipedia, because I've done nothing particularly noteworthy. If people want to find out about me, they can Google and visit my own personal website, or visit my user page...hence this VFD, to see if other people agree with my viewpoint and think this page is not noteworthy enough to be included. Nick04 11:19, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The usual sort of vanity crap. Author also removed the VfD tag. jni 11:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Approve! This guy rocks and I use his company every day
 * Note: Comment by page author 195.134.12.229. --InShaneee 17:44, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Article creator has also vandalized this page. Lupo 11:56, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Approve, this guy's photo dating site helped me find my wife and we now have two kids. I owe everything to this guy!
 * Note: Comment by page author 195.134.12.229. --InShaneee 17:44, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Approve, this guy has been on TV, interviewed by the UK's Richard and Judy, as well as Des O Connor!
 * Note: Comment by page author 195.134.12.229. --InShaneee 17:44, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as clear vanity. andy 12:04, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * del. vanity. and the fact that i have to resubmit my edit because he keeps editing the vfd is irritating. Avriette 12:26, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You know the headline that last night someone slept with Claire Danes? That was this guy!
 * Note: Comment by page author 195.134.12.229. --InShaneee 17:44, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- One more can't hurt. Longhair 13:09, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete phony. Gazpacho 13:31, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. While I normally don't bother voting "delete" on vanity articles (they will eventually be deleted anyway), I hate the way the author desperately tries to astroturf the VfD. If you're going to masquerade as several different people, at least vary the style. Making every comment like "Approve, this guy cured world hunger" makes me not know whether to laugh or cry.   — J I P | Talk 13:56, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, This fiasco. Inter 14:43, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Approve! (of deletion, that is) . Radiant! 16:49, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nonnotable vanity (to say nothing of the vfd reversions and rampant sockpuppeting)--InShaneee 17:44, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as rewritten by the ever avuncular Uncle G. This subject has made me temporarily reverse my decision not to waste my time voting on vanity pages that are clearly going to make it to the trashcan without my vote. Frankly, this guy will never be notable as he has not even been smart enough to hide the fact that he created this page and every single keep vote on the VfD page. What kind of network programming guru would be that clue-free? Delete, please. HyperZonktalk 17:42, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Leave it here for people to research me until another John Driscoll rises to significance and the page is needed. — Well that didn't take long to happen. Rewritten article about a John Driscoll who, looking at the list of publications on the Federal Reserve web site, his home page, and IDEAS, may well pass the average professor test. See what you think. Weak Keep. Uncle G 17:54, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep as per Uncle G's rewrite. Incidentally, the original John Driscoll's vdf vandalism amused me. Childish vandalism, but amusing nonetheless. DaveTheRed 19:12, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The edits by Uncle G are helpful, but still, what makes this figure notable and encyclopedic?  Which barometer are we using this week?  No vote.  GRider\talk 19:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The correct thing for Uncle G to have done would have been to have (1) written the article about "John Driscoll (economist)" as a new article, if he actually believes the Federal Reserve Bank economist is notable; (2) redirected the article originally under discussion to "John Driscoll (programmer)";  (3) created a disambiguation page betweeen the JD two articles; (4) patched up the VfD so that we were discussing the deletion of "John Driscoll (programmer)".     Better yet, he might have waited until after the original article was deleted, then written a new article on the economist, which would have saved effort on the disambiguation page and the patching up, wouldn't have changed the subject of the vote in mid-stream; and finally would have saved the admin who implements the vote some trouble.    If he had done that, it might have occurred to him after the programmer article was deleted that the economist, although more notable than the other guy, isn't that notable either.  What he has instead done has been to preempt the process for forming a consensus on whether the original John Driscoll article was vanity.    Perhaps it was, but that is what we were in the process of deciding.   Uncle G, who is in other respects a great Wikipedia contributor with whom I am almost always in agreement, thinks it is amusing to swoop in and change the subject of (alleged) vanity articles while they are waiting to be deleted.   I can see why he thinks this is fun, but I don't think it is fair to do that until the original article has received its 5 days in court.  If one person can decide that an article is vanity, then that person should be an administrator authorized to speedy-delete it.   That authority was voted on recently and was not granted to administrators.   The extra few days of waiting through the full VfD doesn't cost anything, and not waiting makes it seem as though the deletionists (which includes me, I guess) are in a big hurry to remove stuff from the Wikipedia.    I realize I'm not making much headway with this argument.   It is probably going to take Uncle G screwing around with an article that he thinks is vanity where others do not agree before he gets my point.  And this is most likely not that article.  Nevertheless, I make the point again.   My vote: Delete the article.  The original version on JD #1 was vanity.   The current version by Uncle G on JD #2 is about a government economist who does not pass the average professor test. --BM 19:36, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree on all counts. Whether this is a good article now or not, this was clearly crossing the line. This can't be allowed to become a trend. --InShaneee 00:58, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The solution here would be to write the new article on the Talk page, so others can comment on or add to it. If the current nominated VfD article goes under, simply add the new article from the Talk page. If it is an entirely different individual/topic it can't really be classed as article recreation. I've done so below with the Hatchling article. Megan1967 03:16, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neither Driscoll is notable. Jayjg (talk) 21:57, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - This guy is nobody, who will ever want to look up this old mothball?
 * Delete - You all have managed to warp this article and VFD into a twisted pile of your own bile, that is at times cutting and nasty, and has no relevance to the original article this may or may not have been about, especially as it no longer exists.
 * Note: Above 2 comments by user 212.57.245.105. --InShaneee 04:13, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Zheng Guo

Zheng Guo (fl. third century BCE) was a Chinese hydraulic engineer who lived towards the end of the Warring States period. He is best known for designing the Zhengguo Canal, which was named after him.

Life
Zheng Guo was from the Han state. In the third century BCE, near the end of the Warring States period, the Qin state in western China was making aggressive advances towards the other six major states in the east. The Han state, which shared borders with the Qin state, heard that the Qin state liked to carry out large-scale construction works and projects, so they sent Zheng Guo to persuade the Qin state to build a canal connecting the Jing and Luo rivers to irrigate the Guanzhong plain and boost agricultural productivity. The plan was actually meant to distract the Qin state and keep it busy, so as to prevent it from attacking the other states.

During the construction phase, the Qin state discovered Zheng Guo's ulterior motive in asking them to build the canal, and wanted to execute him. However, Zheng Guo said, "I started as a spy working for the Han state, but once the canal is built, it is beneficial to the Qin state. Although I can prolong the Han state's existence by doing this, at the same time I am also helping the Qin state make a great achievement worthy of history." The Qin state agreed and ordered him to finish building the canal. Once completed, the canal and its irrigation works largely boosted agricultural productivity in the Qin state.

In manga Kingdom, he was referred as "The man who solved the Qin problem of flooding".

title: Zheng Guo


text: User talk:194.72.50.146

title: User talk:194.72.50.146


text:
Bessie Griffin

Bessie Griffin (née Arlette B. Broil; July 6, 1922 – April 10, 1989) was an American gospel singer. From junior high into the late 1940s, she sang with the Southern Harps, who were better known later as the Southern Revivalists of New Orleans, then performed with The Caravans for a year and toured with W. Herbert Brewster Jr. Mentored by Mahalia Jackson, she moved to Chicago in the early 1950s and then relocated to Los Angeles at the end of the decade. She performed in theaters and night clubs, and appeared on popular televisions shows like The Ed Sullivan Show and The Dinah Shore Show.

Early life and education
Arlette B. Broil was born on 6 July 1922 in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Victoria (née Walker) and Enoch Broil. Broil's mother died when she was five and she was raised by Lucy Narcisse, her "grandmother", in a strict Baptist home. Narcisse was actually her mother's cousin and was related to the singer and minister Louis Narcisse. The family went to church at 5 a.m. each Sunday. That service was followed by Sunday school at 9 a.m. and a second service at 11. After supper, they attended the 3 o'clock service, followed by the children's choir at 5 p.m., Baptist Young People's Training Union meeting at 6 p.m., and then the evening service. Broil attended public school and graduated from McDonogh Number 35 Senior High School. She had no formal voice training, but was taught to sing by her grandmother around the age of five.

Recording career
Beginning in junior high school, Broil performed with a gospel quartet, known as the Southern Harps. After touring throughout the South, in 1947, the all-girl, a cappella quartet recorded two 78s for King Records. The following year, they recorded four 78s with Bob Shad, as the Southern Revivalists Of New Orleans. Accompanied by guitarist Brownie McGhee, she also recorded several solo singles for Shad. After a failed two-year marriage to Willie Griffin, in 1951, she became engaged to Spencer Jackson, with whom she would have her only child, Spencer, Jr. In 1951, when Mahalia Jackson came to New Orleans to sing, Griffin went to the concert and the two singers met. Jackson took the younger singer under her wing and invited her to come to Chicago to appear in a gospel performance at the Chicago Coliseum. Griffin sang two songs to an audience of over 40,000 people, who had come to celebrate Jackson's 25th anniversary in the music business and was well received.

When her recording of "Too Close" in 1953 failed to gain the acceptance she had hoped, Griffin joined The Caravans, a gospel group led by Albertina Walker. She recorded nine tracks with them in 1954 for States Records, but left the group, as she was unable to earn a living. Moving to Chicago, she performed on the church circuit. She also recorded a single for Al Benson's Parrot label. She toured for a year with W. Herbert Brewster, Jr., son of the noted pastor and musician W. Herbert Brewster, but failing to find success, returned to New Orleans where she performed as a soloist and disc jockey. In 1958, she moved to Los Angeles and was signed by Art Rupe of Specialty Records. The following year, Griffin founded a group called the "Gospel Pearls" and collaborated with Robert "Bumps" Blackwell in making the first gospel musical. After opening in Los Angeles, the musical Portraits In Bronze, based upon Sweet Flypaper of Life by Langston Hughes, she toured the show in Las Vegas and various California night clubs and theaters.

Griffin's voice was described by Leonard Feather of the Los Angeles Times as similar to both Bessie Smith and her mentor Jackson, but with "a broad and genuine range without falsettos, excellent enunciation and a deep spirituality which can hardly fail to excite with its honesty and power". After touring with Bronze, she recorded an album on the Decca label with an orchestra: "It Takes a Lot of Love" and made "Portraits in Bronze" on Liberty. She joined the night club circuit in the 1960s singing and recording gospel albums and appeared on television, but never realized large earnings. Among her appearances were a performance at Disneyland, on the Pat Boone show, several appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show, and in a Dinah Shore special with Frank Sinatra, Gerry Mulligan's Jazz Quartet, and folksingers, Bud & Travis.

Griffin recorded a solo album for Savoy, an album with the Gospel Pearls entitled "Gospel Soul" on Sunset and released a live recording of a concert on the Nashboro. She struggled with health problems, in 1970 had a heart attack, and had a long battle with peritonitis, which required several hospitalizations that interrupted her career. In 1974 she appeared in Together Brothers, as the character "Reverend Brown". The 20th Century Fox thriller, shot in Galveston, Texas, was scored by Barry White. The following year, she was recorded by Anthony Heilbut in her home, singing a variation of "The Lord Will Make A Way", which was later released on an album with other artists called All Of My Appointed Time. Recordings from the Southern Revivalists Of New Orleans were re-released in 1984 by Krazy Kat Records and she continued to tour at festivals and churches, as her health permitted.

Death and legacy
Griffin died from breast cancer at the Brockton Memorial Center, Culver City, California on April 10, 1989. She was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Her most known recordings included Come Ye Disconsolate, It's Real, Soon-ah Will Be Done With the Trouble of the World and The Days Are Passed and Gone. The recording she made with Heilbut was sampled in the 1996 dance track "I Know The Lord" by the band The Tabernacle. The same sample was also used in 1999 for the Shaboom track "Bessie".

Selected works

 * 1972, The Gospel Sound, Vol. 2. Columbia Records #31595
 * 1986, Black Gospel Singing: A Capella Gospel Singing (The Golden Age of Gospel Singing 1936-1954). Folklyric Records #9045
 * 1994,  Women Of Gospel's Golden Age, Vol 1. Specialty Records #567
 * 1995, Great Gospel Women, Vol.2. Shanachie Records #6017
 * 1996, All of My Appointed Time: Forty Years of A Cappella Gospel Singing. Mojo Records #308 [Jass #604 (1993), Stash Records #114 (1978)].

title: Bessie Griffin


text:
World Cup (men's golf)

The World Cup of Golf is a men's golf tournament contested by teams of two representing their country. Only one team is allowed from each country. The players are selected on the basis of the Official World Golf Ranking, although not all of the first choice players choose to compete. The equivalent event for women was the Women's World Cup of Golf, played from 2005 to 2008.

History
The tournament was founded by Canadian industrialist John Jay Hopkins, who hoped it would promote international goodwill through golf. It began in 1953 as the Canada Cup and changed its name to the World Cup in 1967. With Fred Corcoran as the Tournament Director and the International Golf Association behind it (1955–1977), the World Cup traveled the globe and grew to be one of golf's most prestigious tournaments throughout the 1960s and 1970s, but interest in the event faded to the point that the event was not held in 1981 or 1986.

The tournament was incorporated into the World Golf Championships series from 2000 to 2006. In 2007 it ceased to be a World Golf Championships event, but continued to be sanctioned by the International Federation of PGA Tours.

From 2007 through 2009 the tournament was held at the Mission Hills Golf Club in Shenzhen, China, receiving the name Mission Hills World Cup. There was no tournament in 2010, it having been announced that the event would change from annual to biennial, held in odd-numbered years, to accommodate the 2016 inclusion of golf at the Olympics. The 2011 tournament was at a new venue — Mission Hills Haikou in the Chinese island province of Hainan.

The United States has a clear lead in wins, with 24 as of 2018.

Format
In 1953, the format was 36 holes of stroke play with the combined score of the two-man team determining the winner. From 1954 to 1999, the format was 72 holes of stroke play. Beginning in 2000, the format became alternating stroke play rounds of bestball (fourball) and alternate shot (foursomes).

The 2013 tournament was primarily an individual event with a team component. The 60-player field was selected based on the Official World Golf Ranking (OWGR) with up to two players per country allowed to qualify (four per country if they are within the top 15 of the OWGR). The format returned to 72 holes of stroke play, with the individuals competing for US$7 million of the $8 million total purse. OWGR points were awarded for the first time. The top two-ranked players from each country competed for the team portion, using combined stroke play scores. The individual portion was similar to what would be used at the 2016 Summer Olympics, except that England, Scotland, and Wales had teams instead of a single Great Britain team as in the Olympics, while Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland again played as a single team.

In 2016, the format reverted to that used from 2000 to 2011.

From 1955 to 1999, there was also a separate award, the International Trophy, for the individual with the best 72-hole score.

Team winners
1''This was a combined Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland team. They competed under the Republic of Ireland flag although both golfers were from Northern Ireland.''

Teammates

 * 4 times: Jack Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer, Fred Couples and Davis Love III
 * 2 times: Kel Nagle and Peter Thomson, Arnold Palmer and Sam Snead

As part of team

 * 6 times: Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer
 * 4 times: Fred Couples, Davis Love III, Sam Snead
 * 2 times: Seve Ballesteros, José María Cañizares, Ernie Els, Dan Halldorson, Bernhard Langer, John Mahaffey, Johnny Miller, Kel Nagle, Manuel Piñero, Peter Thomson, Lee Trevino, Tiger Woods

As individual (International Trophy)

 * 3 times: Jack Nicklaus
 * 2 times: Roberto De Vicenzo, Johnny Miller, Gary Player, Ian Woosnam

title: World Cup (men's golf)


text:
Sanchin

Sanchin (三戦) is a kata of apparent Southern Chinese (Fujianese) origin that is considered to be the core of several styles, the most well-known being the Okinawan Karate styles of Uechi-Ryū and Gōjū-Ryū, as well as the Chinese martial arts of Fujian White Crane, Five Ancestors, Pangai-noon and the Tiger-Crane Combination style associated with Ang Lian-Huat. Tam Hon taught a style that was called simply "Saam Jin" (Cantonese for "Sanchin").

The name Sanchin, meaning "three battles/conflicts/wars" is usually interpreted as the battle to unify the mind, body, and spirit; however, there are other interpretations.

Uechi-Ryū practices a form of Sanchin with nukite zuki (貫手突) "open spear hand" strikes, while the version used by many other styles such as Gōjū-Ryū and Chitō-ryū use a closed fist.

General information
Sanchin uses the sanchin dachi (三戦立ち) "sanchin stance" named for the kata. Practice of Sanchin seeks to develop the muscles and bones of the body to help the practitioner withstand blows from an opponent, while drilling the basic mechanics of a strike that depends on a stable base.

Sanchin is the first kata learned in Uechi-Ryū, while other styles may introduce it later. In Gōjū-Ryu, there are two Sanchin kata. The first, "Miyagi's Sanchin" or sanchin dai ichi, was created by Chōjun Miyagi. The second, "Higashionna's sanchin" or sanchin dai ni was taught with open hands, as in Uechi-Ryū, but later it was also revised to closed fists by Miyagi's co-student Juhatsu Kyoda, founder of Tōon-Ryū, and adopted by Chōjun Miyagi as well. This kata was adopted by other styles such as the later Okinawan style Isshin-Ryū and Kyokushin.

Shime (締め)
Some styles use a method of checking strength, posture, hand concentration during the performance of the kata called shime (締め). This involves a range of techniques from hard strikes to check the tone of the student's muscles and overall strength to very soft and slow pushes and pulls to test the student's ability to react in order to maintain their position.

title: Sanchin


text:
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text:
Talk:Bennachie

Just now it says in the main article that Bennachie has a vitrified fort.

Is there any vitrification on Bennachie? Virtification refers to the melding of stone that is evident in ancient stone structures throughout North East Scotland (notably Dunideer). As far as I know there is no vitrification of the hillfort on Bennachie, although I could be wrong.

If it exists, where is it?

 * What you said seemed right to me but it has taken me a long time to find a reference to say there is no vitrification. In the book I have added as a reference, in the chapter Prehistoric Communities in the Garioch it says "...this fort differed in its construction from that of the forts whose walls are now vitrified". Thincat 13:06, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mountain?
I don't think Bennachie qualifies as a mountian, I'd have thought 3000ft would be the lower limit?

Cheers,

Tom. Tommfuller 11:54, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

 * "A mountain is generally higher and steeper than a hill, but there is considerable overlap, and usage often depends on local custom"; "in Scotland the term "mountain" is more subjective, often being used for hills exceeding 3,000 feet… as well as many lower hills which are distinctive or mountainous" (both quotes from mountain). --Stemonitis 12:07, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

I don't think there's any hard and fast rule on what height a hill has to be before it's considered a mountain, but in Britain it's commonly taken to be 2000ft.Nasty swimmer (talk) 21:10, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

Gaelic name
Isn't "breast" in Gaelic "cioch", rather than "ciche" which means "excrement"?Nasty swimmer (talk) 21:15, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

 * The etymologies given here are folk analysis and not the standard scholarly etymology accepted for this mountain. It's etymology is generally thought to be 'mountain of the Ce', an important tribal group in the region during the Iron Age and early Middle Ages. Deacon of Pndapetzim ( Talk ) 15:27, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bennachie


text: Sneck posset

title: Sneck posset


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Chan Hang Chak

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 14:38, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Chris Chan Hang Chak
Appears to be a vanity page. MPF 11:16, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) Delete not notable; possibly vanity. --Theo (Talk) 01:48, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Vanity. utcursch 13:30, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:08, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. My impression is that this is vanity. JuntungWu 19:36, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. vanity. Megan1967 04:09, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No doubt this is vanity.  Created by a vandal.  RickK 07:00, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Swahili people

The Swahili people (WaSwahili, وَسوَحِيلِ) comprise mainly Bantu, Afro-Arab, and Comorian ethnic groups inhabiting the Swahili coast, an area encompassing the Zanzibar archipelago and mainland Tanzania's seaboard, littoral Kenya, northern Mozambique, the Comoros Islands, and northwest Madagascar.

The original Swahili distinguished themselves from other Bantu peoples by self-identifying as WaUngwana (the civilised ones). In certain regions (e.g., Lamu Island), this differentiation is even more stratified in terms of societal grouping and dialect, hinting to the historical processes by which the Swahili have coalesced over time. More recently, however, through a process of Swahilization, this identity is extended to any person of African descent who speaks Swahili as their first language, is Muslim, and lives in a town on the main urban centres of most of modern-day Tanzania and coastal Kenya, northern Mozambique, or the Comoros.

The name Swahili originated as an exonym for the language derived from سواحل, with WaUngwana as the endonym. Swahili people speak the Swahili language. Modern Standard Swahili is derived from the Kiunguja dialect of Zanzibar. Like many other world languages, Swahili has borrowed a large number of words from foreign languages, particularly administrative terms from Arabic, but also words from Portuguese, Persian, Hindi, Spanish, English and German. Other, older dialects like Kimrima and Kitumbatu have far fewer Arabic loanwords, indicative of the language's fundamental Bantu nature. Kiswahili served as coastal East Africa's lingua franca and trade language from the ninth century onward. Zanzibari traders' intensive push into the African interior from the late eighteenth century induced the adoption of Swahili as a common language throughout much of East Africa. Thus, Kiswahili is the most spoken African language, used by far more than just the Waswahili themselves.

Definition
The Swahili people originate from Bantu inhabitants of the coast of Southeast Africa, in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. These Bantu-speaking agriculturalists settled the coast at the outset of the first millennium. Archaeological finds at Fukuchani, on the north-west coast of Zanzibar, indicate a settled agricultural and fishing community from the 6th century CE at the latest. The considerable amount of daub found indicates timber buildings, and shell beads, bead grinders, and iron slag have been found at the site. There is evidence for limited engagement in long-distance trade: a small amount of imported pottery has been found, less than 1% of total pottery finds, mostly from the Gulf and dated to the 5th to 8th century. The similarity to contemporary sites such as Mkokotoni and Dar es Salaam indicate a unified group of communities that developed into the first centre of coastal maritime culture. The coastal towns appear to have been engaged in Indian Ocean trade at this early period, and trade rapidly increased in importance and quantity between the mid-8th and the 11th century.

A local 15th genealogy, the Kilwa Chronicle, identifies the rulers and founders of the costal cities as immigrants from the Persian city of Shirazi, in the 11th century. This forms the basis of the Shirazi era origin myth that proliferated along the coast at the turn of the millennium. A 2022 DNA study obtained samples from 80 Muslim graves, from cities across the region, found the maternal ancestry of the studied population was primarily of East African lineages, principally Bantu and Pastoral Neolithic, while the majority of the male heritage was Asian. Some academics reject the authenticity of the primarily Persian origin claim. They point to the relative rarity of Persian customs and speech, lack of documentary evidence of Shia Islam in the Muslim literature on the Swahili Coast, and instead a historic abundance of Sunni Arab-related evidence. The documentary evidence, like the archaeological, "for early Persian settlement is likewise completely lacking.". The most likely origin for the stories about the Shirazi is from Muslim inhabitants of the Lamu archipelago who moved south in the 10th and 11th centuries. They brought with them a coinage tradition and localized form of Islam. These Africans migrants seem to have developed a concept of Shirazi origin as they moved further southwards, near Malindi and Mombasa, along the Mrima coast. The longstanding trade connections with the Persian gulf gave credence to these myths. In addition, because most Muslim societies are patrilineal, one can claim distant identities through paternal lines despite phenotypic and somatic evidence to the contrary. The so-called Shirazi tradition represents the arrival of Islam in these eras, one reason it has proven so long lasting. Extant mosques and coins demonstrate that the "Shirazi" were not Middle Eastern immigrants, but northern Swahili Muslims. They moved south, founding mosques, introducing coinage and elaborately carved inscriptions and mihrabs. They should be interpreted as indigenous African Muslims who played the politics of the Middle East to their advantage. Some still use this foundation myth a millennium later to assert their authority, even though the myth's context has long been forgotten. The Shirazi legend took on new importance in the 19th century, during the period of Omani domination. Claims of Shirazi ancestry were used to distance locals from Arab newcomers, since Persians are not viewed as Arabs but still have an exemplary Islamic pedigree. The emphasis that the Shirazi came very long ago and intermarried with indigenous locals ties this claim to the creation of convincing indigenous narratives about Swahili heritage without divorcing it from the ideals of being a maritime-centred culture.

There are two main theories about the origins of the Shirazi subgroup of the Swahili people. One thesis based on oral tradition states that immigrants from the Shiraz region in southwestern Iran directly settled various mainland ports and islands on the eastern Africa seaboard beginning in the tenth century. By the time of the Persian settlement in the area, the earlier occupants had been displaced by incoming Bantu and Nilotic populations. More people from different parts of the Persian Gulf also continued to migrate to the Swahili coast over several centuries thereafter, and these formed the modern Shirazi. The second theory on Shirazi origins also posits that they came from Persia, but first settled in the Horn of Africa. In the twelfth century, as the gold trade with the distant entrepot of Sofala on the Mozambique seaboard grew, the settlers are then said to moved southwards to various coastal towns in Kenya, Tanzania, northern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean islands. By 1200 CE, they had established local sultanates and mercantile networks on the islands of Kilwa, Mafia and Comoros along the Swahili coast, and in northwestern Madagascar. More recent studies support the Swahili origin myth, indicating that "Asian ancestry includes components associated with Persia and India, with 80–90% of the Asian DNA originating from Persian men."

The modern Swahili people speak the Swahili language as a mother tongue, which belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. The language contains loan words from Arabic.

Religion
Islam established its presence on the Southeast African coast around the 9th century, coincident to Bantu traders both settling on the coast and tapping into the Indian Ocean trade networks. The Swahili people follow the Sunni denomination of Islam.

Large numbers of Swahili undertake the Hajj and Umrah from Tanzania, Kenya, and Mozambique. Traditional Islamic dress such as the jilbab and thob are also popular among the Swahili. The Swahili also are known for their use of divination, which has adopted some syncretic features from underlying traditional indigenous beliefs. For instance, they believe in djinn, and many men wear protective amulets featuring verses from the Qu'ran.

Divination is practiced through Qur'anic readings. Often the diviner incorporates verses from the Qur'an into treatments for certain diseases. On occasion, he instructs a patient to soak a piece of paper containing verses of the Qur'an in water. With this ink infused water, literally containing the word of Allah, the patient will then wash his body or drink it to cure himself of his affliction. The only people permitted to become medicine men in the culture are prophets and teachers of Islam.

Language
The Swahili language is the native tongue, and it is a member of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo family. Its closest relatives include Comorian spoken on the Comoros Islands and the Mijikenda language of the Mijikenda people in Kenya.

With its original speech community centred on Zanzibar and the coastal parts of Kenya and Tanzania, collectively a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast, Swahili became the tongue of the urban class in the African Great Lakes region and eventually went on to serve as a lingua franca during the post-colonial period.

Genetics
In 2022, DNA was extracted, analyzed and compared in 80 samples taken from people buried between 1250 and 1800 CE in towns that were mostly along the Swahili Coast in modern Kenya and Tanzania. It is believed that these people were Swahili elites because they were buried in cemeteries near the main mosques. Before 1500 CE, the inhabitants carried both African, as well as Asia/Near East ancestry, which was mainly Persian-related (with more than half of their DNA originating from African ancestors and another large proportion of DNA coming from Asian ancestors). The male ancestors of elite Swahili people were a mix of approximately 83% Asian and 17% African; about 90% of the Asian DNA was Persian, and the rest was Indian. The female ancestors of Swahili elites were about 97% African and 3% Asian. This is consistent with the narrative of the Kilwa Chronicle. After this time, Arabian ancestry becomes more prevalent, which correlates with the archaeological and historical record of interactions with Southern Arabia (Oman).

Economy
For centuries the Swahili depended greatly on trade from the Indian Ocean. The Swahili have played a vital role as middle man between southeast, central, and South Africa and to the outside world. Trade contacts have been noted as early as 100 CE by early Roman writers who visited the Southeast African coast in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. Trade routes extended from Kenya to Tanzania into modern day Congo, along which goods were brought to the coasts and were sold to Arab, Indian, and Portuguese traders. Historical and archaeological records attest to Swahilis being prolific maritime merchants and sailors who sailed the Southeast African coastline to lands as far away as Arabia, Persia, Madagascar,  India, and China. Chinese pottery and Arabian beads have been found in the ruins of Great Zimbabwe. During the apogee of the Middle Ages, ivory and slaves became a substantial source of revenue. Captives sold via the Zanzibar slave trade by Arab slave traders ended up in Portuguese Brazil or via the Indian Ocean slave trade in the Arabian Peninsula. Swahili fishermen of today still rely on the ocean to supply their primary source of income. Fish is sold to their inland neighbours in exchange for products of the interior.

Although most Swahili living standards are far below that of upper hierarchy of the wealthiest nations, the Swahili are generally considered a relatively economically powerful group due to their history of trade. They are comparatively well-off. For instance, the United Nations has stated that the island of Zanzibar has a 25% higher per capita GDP than the rest of Tanzania. This economic influence has led to the continued spread of their culture and language throughout East Africa.

Architecture
Thought by many early scholars to be essentially of Arabic or Persian style and origin, some contemporary academics are suggesting that archaeological, written, linguistic, and cultural evidence might suggest an African genesis which would be accompanied only later by an enduring Arabic and Islamic influences in the form of trade and an exchange of ideas. Upon visiting Kilwa in 1331, the great Berber explorer Ibn Battuta was impressed by the substantial beauty that he encountered there. He describes its inhabitants as "Zanj, jet-black in colour, and with tattoo marks on their faces", and notes that "Kilwa is a very fine and substantially built town, and all its buildings are of wood" (his description of Mombasa was essentially the same). Kimaryo points out that the distinctive tattoo marks are common among the Makonde. Architecture included arches, courtyards, isolated women's quarters, the mihrab, towers, and decorative elements on the buildings themselves. Many ruins may still be observed near the southern Kenyan port of Malindi in the Gede ruins (the lost city of Gede/Gedi).

Notable People

 * Abdisalam Ibrahim
 * Charles Okere
 * Jamal Mohamed
 * Mohamed Husseini
 * Musa Mudde
 * Saad Musa
 * Shabani Nonda
 * Yussuf Poulsen

title: Swahili people


text:
Marion Marshall

Marion Marshall (June 8, 1929 – September 24, 2018) was an American actress.

Career
Marshall's first film appearances were in the 20th Century Fox films Gentleman's Agreement and Daisy Kenyon in 1947 (although they were both uncredited). She went on to play roles (many minor) in over 25 more films until 1967.

Marshall had a small but significant role in I Was a Male War Bride (1949) as the best friend of Ann Sheridan's leading character. She was featured prominently in three Martin and Lewis comedy films, The Stooge, Sailor Beware and That's My Boy, with stars Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. Among her television appearances, she guest starred twice on Perry Mason in 1959. She played murderer Irene Bedford in "The Case of the Shattered Dream," and title character Ginny Hobart in "The Case of the Spurious Sister".

Personal life
Marshall married three times, her first husband being the cameraman Allen Davey. In 1950 she was engaged to director Howard Hawks, but a wedding never took place. Her second husband (from May 20, 1952, until 1959) was director Stanley Donen, with whom she had two sons, Peter and Joshua.

On July 21, 1963, in New York City, she married actor Robert Wagner following a 20-month engagement. They had one daughter, Katie, before divorcing in 1971.

Marshall died on September 24, 2018, at a retirement community in Missoula, Montana, at the age of 89.

Filmography

 * Daisy Kenyon (1947) (uncredited) as Law Office Telephone Operator
 * You Were Meant for Me (1948) (uncredited) Bit Part
 * Sitting Pretty (1948) (uncredited) as Secretary
 * The Street with No Name (1948) (uncredited) as Singer
 * The Luck of the Irish (1948) (uncredited) as Secretary
 * Road House (1948) (uncredited) as Millie
 * Apartment for Peggy (1948) as Ruth
 * The Snake Pit (1948) (uncredited) as Young Girl
 * Unfaithfully Yours (1948) (uncredited) as Maisie, Second Telephone Operator
 * When My Baby Smiles at Me (1948) (uncredited) as Chorus Girl
 * I Was a Male War Bride (1949) as Lt. Kitty Lawrence
 * Dancing in the Dark (1949) (uncredited) as Myrna
 * Wabash Avenue (1950) (uncredited) as Chorus Girl
 * A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950) (uncredited) as Annie
 * Love That Brute (1950) (uncredited) as Dawn O'Day
 * Stella (1950) as Mary
 * My Blue Heaven (1950) (uncredited) as Bit Role
 * Halls of Montezuma (1950) (uncredited) as Nurse
 * I Can Get It for You Wholesale (1951) (uncredited) as Terry
 * That's My Boy (1951) as Terry Howard
 * Sailor Beware (1952) as Hilda Jones
 * The Stooge (1952) as Genevieve 'Frecklehead' Tait
 * Peter Gunn as Joanna Lund (1 episode, 1958)
 * I Want to Live! (1958) (uncredited) as Rita
 * Schlitz Playhouse of Stars as Belle (1 episode, 1958)
 * Perry Mason as Irene Bedford (1 episode, 1958)
 * Have Gun – Will Travel as Maggie O'Bannion (1 episode, 1959)
 * Perry Mason as Ginny Hobart / (2 episodes, 1959)
 * Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse as Ronnie Portman (1 episode, 1960)
 * Via Margutta (1963) as Grace
 * Gunn (1967) (as M.T. Marshall) as Daisy Jane
 * It Takes a Thief as Myrna (1 episode, 1968)
 * Six Days of Justice as Magistrate (1 episode, 1975)

title: Marion Marshall


text:
Kalikesam

Kalikesam is located in the Kanyakumari wild life sanctuary in Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu, India. The Kali temple situated here.

How to Reach
This place is some 35 km from Nagercoil. There are buses from Nagercoil to this place but the frequency is low. Bus no. for this route is 4, 4A from Nagercoil and 330 from marthandam. In which the bus only one time goes to kalekesam around mid-noon time and there will be a special bus for here for full days during the festival season such as full moon days and other Tamil festive seasons. The best way to visit here is by your own transportation. By going on your own transportation you need to get an entry ticket from the check post, it's available near the keeriparai police station. Go slow and drive safely.

Facilities
Previously it was a remote place that attracted many for drinking liquor and other illegal activities. At present, there is a check post provided to avoid these illegal activities within these forest areas. There is only one small shop that sells tea and biscuits.

If you are going from Kerala after Trivandrum City it is 85 km via road. After crossing the Kerala check post you have to take left from the highway for almost 35 km to reach this place. The roads are very bad throughout, be careful of the kids and cattle wandering in the road if you are driving. There is little mobile connectivity. So you can't call anybody if anything happens to you.

Access to Kalikesam temple is restricted and one needs to take permission from the Forest Officer, Nagercoil to enter the area.

title: Kalikesam


text:
Rockridge Institute

The Rockridge Institute was an American non-profit research and progressive think tank founded in 1997 and located in Berkeley, California from 2003 until April 30, 2008. Its stated goal was to strengthen democracy by providing intellectual support to the progressive community. The Rockridge Institute promoted progressive ideas and values, studied their implications, and worked to provide an effective articulation of those values to shift public discourse.

Framing
Founded by the prominent cognitive linguist George Lakoff, the Rockridge Institute sought to examine the way that frames—which Lakoff describes as "the mental structures that influence our thinking, often unconsciously"—determine our opinions and values. Based on extensive research in human cognition, the Rockridge Institute argued that the way an issue is framed—the language used to describe it and the metaphors used to understand it—influences our political views as much, or more, than the particulars of a given policy.

Accordingly, the Rockridge Institute attempted to monitor the manipulative use of framing, particularly by right wing organizations and politicians, and to promote frames that encourage progressive thinking. A much discussed example of framing is the Bush administration's use of the phrase War on Terror to describe its policies following the September 11th attacks. The use of the "war" metaphor, the Rockridge Institute and others contended, had a tremendous effect on U.S. policy and public debate. They further contended it has allowed the president to assume war powers, makes opposition to the "war" seem unpatriotic, and was used to justify the invasion of Iraq, although cooperation between Al-Qaeda and Saddam Hussein had not occurred. If the U.S. response to September 11 had been framed as a criminal proceeding, the Rockridge Institute and others argued, such extraordinary measures would never have garnered sufficient political support.

The Rockridge Institute sought to raise consciousness about manipulative framing and to propose progressive frames on a wide range of issues, including the economy, immigration, religion, and the environment.

In December 2005 the Rockridge Institute invited its participants to apply for the 25 openings for the Advisory Board for its on-line community of practice called the Rockridge Nation.

Dissolution
The Rockridge Institute announced its closure in April 2008.

Cognitive Policy Works, an offshoot organization formed by former Rockridge fellows, maintains an online archive of Rockridge materials.

title: Rockridge Institute


text:
User talk:Bilbo1507

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 11:30, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
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Nomination of ShrinkTo5 for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article ShrinkTo5 is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/ShrinkTo5 until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. SL93 (talk) 01:51, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Bilbo1507


text:
Liza Featherstone

Liza Featherstone (born April 21, 1969) is an American journalist and journalism professor who writes frequently on labor and student activism for The Nation and Jacobin.

Early life and education
Featherstone was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in greater Boston. She graduated from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1991 with honors and from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 2008. Featherstone was a Knight-Bagehot Fellow in Business and Economics Journalism at Columbia for 2007–08.

Career
From 2013 to 2015, Featherstone held the Belle Zeller visiting chair in public policy at Brooklyn College. She teaches at New York University and Columbia's School of International Public Affairs.

Featherstone's writing has appeared in Lingua Franca, San Francisco Bay Guardian, Left Business Observer, Dissent, Sydney Morning Herald, Columbia Journalism Review, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Newsday, In These Times, Ms., Salon.com, Nerve, Us, Nylon, and Rolling Stone.

Featherstone has also written several books. She is the author of Divining Desire: Focus Groups and the Culture of Consultation, published by OR Books, a popular history of the focus group that situates it in a political context and examines its relationship to democracy. Featherstone is also the co-author of Students Against Sweatshops: The Making of a Movement (2002). In 2004, she published Selling Women Short: The Landmark Battle for Workers' Rights at Wal-Mart, a history of Dukes vs. Wal-Mart, the largest civil rights class-action suit in history.

Personal life
Featherstone lives in Brooklyn and is married to economics journalist Doug Henwood. They have a son. She is a member of the Democratic Socialists of America.

Books

 * Selling Women Short: The Landmark Battle for Workers' Rights at Wal-Mart (2002) ISBN 0-465-02315-0
 * False Choices: The Faux Feminism of Hillary Rodham Clinton (2016) ISBN 1784784613
 * Divining Desire: Focus Groups and the Culture of Consultation (2017) ISBN 978-1-682191-06-4

title: Liza Featherstone


text:
User:Smuthuraj

Hi,

I am Muthuraj, working as a Project Manager in an IT company.

title: User:Smuthuraj


text:
User talk:Sandbot

All comments regarding this bot should be directed to User talk:AllyUnion. --AllyUnion (talk) 03:14, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sandbot


text:
Uli Derickson

Uli Derickson (née Patzelt, August 8, 1944 – February 18, 2005) was a German American flight attendant best known for her role in helping protect 152 passengers and crew members during the June 14, 1985, hijacking of TWA Flight 847 by militants with alleged links to Hezbollah.

Early life
Uli Derickson was born as Ulrike Patzelt on August 8, 1944, in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia. Her family was expelled from Czechoslovakia while she was a child, and moved to East Germany. They later fled to West Germany. She worked jobs as a clerk for a bank and car dealership and also held a part-time job as an au pair in the UK and Switzerland before emigrating to the United States in 1967. Derickson also worked as an au pair in Connecticut before joining Trans World Airlines (TWA) where she met her husband, pilot Russell Derickson. They were married in the 1970s and had a son, Matthew.

In 1985, Russell Derickson retired from his job as TWA pilot.

TWA 847
Derickson was serving as the purser on Flight 847 between Athens and Rome when the flight was hijacked. Derickson took a kick to the chest from one of the hijackers as he forced her to go with him into the cockpit. The other hijacker—who was holding a grenade with the pin removed—started kicking open the door. Once inside, they pistol-whipped the pilot and flight engineer. The two hijackers spoke poor English, but one of them spoke fluent German. Derickson was the only crew member able to speak German, which left her responsible for translating the hijackers' demands to the pilot. At one point, one of the two hijackers asked her to marry him, something she later described as the most terrifying moment of the ordeal.

The plane was diverted first to Beirut, where Derickson first pleaded with the hijackers to release the women on board the plane. After the hijackers refused, she successfully pleaded for the release of 17 elderly women and two children. The hijackers then directed the plane to Algiers wherein the ground crew in Algiers refused to refuel the plane without payment, leading the hijackers to threaten violence. It occurred to Derickson to offer her Shell Oil credit card. The ground crew charged about $5,500 for 22,700 L (6,000 gal) of fuel.

The hijackers then ordered the plane flown back to Beirut. On the way the first real violence started. The hijackers had earlier identified some American military personnel on the flight. They singled out U.S. Navy diver Robert D. Stethem. After beating him severely with an armrest, they shot Stethem and dumped his body on the ramp after landing. Additional henchmen boarded the plane to assist the hijackers. The plane then headed back toward Algiers, where Derickson and the rest of the women on board were released. The plane, now with only 39 American men on board as hostages, flew back to Beirut where they were held for 17 days. The ordeal ended on June 30 after Israel released 31 Lebanese prisoners, a fraction of the 766 the hijackers had demanded.

During the hijacking Derickson was asked to sort through passenger passports to single out people with Jewish-sounding names. Initial reports suggested that she had followed the orders. It was later revealed she had actually hidden the passports.

Aftermath, later life, and death
Because some reports had said that she had given the hijackers names of Jewish passengers on the flight, Derickson later received threats from extremist groups. When the truth about her efforts to protect Jewish passengers by hiding their passports was verified, she received threats from other extremists. Derickson's family relocated to Arizona from New Jersey as a result of these threats.

After the TWA 847 incident, Derickson continued her job as a flight attendant for TWA until her resignation in the late 1980s. She worked at an Arizona real-estate firm before joining Delta Air Lines in the 1990s, where she continued her work there as a flight attendant. For her heroism, Derickson, a resident of Fredon Township, New Jersey, was awarded the Silver Cross for Valor by the Legion of Valor, a veterans' organization; she was the first woman to be so honored. A 1988 TV movie based on her experience, The Taking of Flight 847: The Uli Derickson Story, featuring Lindsay Wagner as Derickson, received five Emmy nominations. The action film The Delta Force (1987), inspired by the TWA Flight 847 hijacking, features a German air hostess (played by Hanna Schygulla) modelled after Derickson.

Subsequently, Derickson testified as a prosecution witness at the trial of Mohammed Ali Hamadi, one of the hijackers convicted of murdering Stethem. He received a life sentence. She later advised TWA, Delta Air Lines and the FBI on crisis management.

Derickson was still working as a flight attendant for Delta Air Lines when she was diagnosed with cancer in August 2003. Russell died earlier the same year. On February 18, 2005, she died in her Tucson residence at the age of 60.

title: Uli Derickson


text:
User:TheoClarke/Toolkit

This is where I keep all those useful snippets like favourite pages and templates that I can rarely remember.

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Utilities

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Thank you for your interest in Wikipedia. The test edit that you made was successful and I have now removed it. If you want to make further tests please use the sandbox, which is intended for that purpose. For more information about the way that we do things around here, you can read the Introduction to Wikipedia. You may also like to create an account. —~

title: User:TheoClarke/Toolkit


text:
Bremerhaven Radar Tower

The Bremerhaven Radar Tower is a 106-metre reinforced concrete tower located in Bremerhaven, Germany. The radar tower, which was constructed between 1962 and 1965, accommodates numerous transmitting plants for maritime radio purposes, in addition to its radar equipment. A viewing platform is situated at the 60 metre level, and is accessible to the public.

Unlike other transmitting towers, the Bremerhaven facility belongs to the Bremerhaven Water and Shipping department and not Deutsche Telekom AG or a broadcasting corporation.

title: Bremerhaven Radar Tower


text: Category:Web portals

title: Category:Web portals


text:
Rays from the Rose Cross

Rays from the Rose Cross is a Christian esoteric magazine established in June 1913 by Max Heindel, author of The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception and founder of The Rosicrucian Fellowship; its original name was Echoes from Mount Ecclesia. It is issued bimonthly by The Rosicrucian Fellowship in the United States. Its publication has stopped in May/April 2004.

It contains articles on themes as Esoteric Christianity, Astrology, Philosophy, History, Science, Health, Nutrition, Social issues, etc.

title: Rays from the Rose Cross