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Clarence Barnhart

Clarence Lewis Barnhart (1900–1993) was an American lexicographer best known for editing the Thorndike-Barnhart series of graded dictionaries, published by Scott Foresman & Co. which were based on word lists and concepts of definition developed by psychological theorist Edward Thorndike. Barnhart subsequently revised and expanded the series and with the assistance of his sons, maintaining them through the 1980s.

Early years
Barnhart was born near Plattsburg, Missouri, on 30 December 1900.

Barnhart attended the University of Chicago and studied under noted linguist and primary founder of the Linguistic Society of America, Leonard Bloomfield. Barnhart was influenced by Bloomfield's approach to learning which included developing word lists based on frequency of use and citation files based on real-world examples. In 1929, Barnhart joined book publisher Scott, Foresman & Co. eventually becoming an editor. Scott, Foresman paid for portions of his education in exchange for a promise of employment when his studies were complete. Barnhart graduated in 1930 and further undertook graduate studies from 1934-1937.

Barnhart married Frances Irma Knox on 21 February 2031.

Noted child psychologist Edward Thorndike approached Scott Foresman with his ideas for a children's dictionary based on his Teacher's Word Book (1921) and upcoming Teacher's Word Book of the Twenty Thousand Words Found Most Frequently and Widely in General Reading for Children and Young People (1932.) The Scott Foresman editors brought Barnhart in to explain Thorndike's proposal after which the project was approved. Together Thorndike and Barnhart co-created the Thorndike-Century Junior Dictionary in 1935 followed by the Thorndike-Century Senior Dictionary in 1941. A revised edition of the Junior Dictionary came out in 1942, followed by the Thorndike-Century Beginning Dictionary in 1945.

During World War II the United States Army approached the Linguistic Society of America seeking assistance to write a dictionary of military terms. Barnhart and Jess Stein (who would later go on to become the editor for the Random House Dictionary) were sent to New York and undertook the editing of the Dictionary of U.S. Army Terms (TM-20-205) for the War Department in 1944.

Post-war years
While in New York, Barnhart found out that Random House had plans to produce an “Americanized” version of the Oxford Concise Dictionary. Random House had acquired the rights to the Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia in the late 1930s and the Dictionary of American English in the early 1940s. Barnhart approached Random House and convinced them to let him take complete control of the project, from concept to design to implementation. This resulted in the American College Dictionary, published in 1947. This work was later used as the basis of the Random House Dictionary.

Following American College Dictionary, Barnhart contracted with Scott, Foresman to produce the Thorndike-Barnhart dictionary series intended for school children. The new dictionaries were derived from the Thorndike-Century school dictionaries co-developed with Edward Thorndike in the 1930s and 1940s.

His first general reference book published under the Thorndike-Barnhart name was the Thorndike-Barnhart Comprehensive Desk Dictionary, first published in 1951. This was followed by the Thorndike-Barnhart Handy Pocket Dictionary (1953), and the Thorndike-Barnhart Concise Dictionary (1956.)

Under Random House he produced the New Century Cyclopedia of Names in 1954, a three volume expansion of the original 1894 volume of the Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia. From the New Century Cyclopedia of Names he further produced The New Century Handbook of English Literature published in 1956.

In the 1950s and 1960s, he also developed the linguistic approach to reading instruction begun by Leonard Bloomfield, entitled Let's Read which was published in 1961.

Barnhart, aided by his sons, continued to update and revise the Thorndike-Barnhart school dictionaries throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. These became the most popular school dictionaries in the United States. All dictionaries for schools were published by Scott Foresman and in the trade market by Doubleday. During the 1980s the dictionaries were published under two alternative titles. The advanced dictionary was published as either Thorndike-Barnhart Advanced Dictionary or Thorndike-Barnhart Student's Dictionary. The middle dictionary was published as either Thorndike-Barnhart Intermediate Dictionary or Thorndike-Barnhart Advanced Junior Dictionary. The junior dictionary was published as either Thorndike-Barnhart Beginning Dictionary or Thorndike-Barnhart Junior Dictionary. In 1997, Scott Foresman was acquired by Pearson Education who retired the work in favour of their Longman brand dictionaries.

His largest general dictionary was the World Book Dictionary, a two-volume work created as a supplement to the World Book Encyclopedia. It is essentially an expanded and more advanced version of the Thorndike-Barnhart school dictionaries. It was first published in 1963 and was updated annually until 1976, whereupon it had a major revision, totaling approximately 225,000 individual entries. Consistent with the encyclopedia's use by young people, Barnhart wrote definitions which were both simple and accurate, and most entries include sample sentences or phrases. Many definitions are the same, or almost the same, as those of the Thorndike-Barnhart school dictionaries. Like Webster's Third New International, it included few proper names, leaving them to be covered by the companion volumes of the encyclopedia. Throughout the 1980s up until the 1990s the work was periodically revised and updated with the last revision done by his son Robert and his wife Cynthia Barnhart in 1996.

He also co-edited of The Barnhart Dictionary of New English Since 1963 (copyright 1973), The Second Barnhart Dictionary of New English (copyright 1980), and The Third Barnhart Dictionary of New English (copyright 1990). These works were designed to cover new words, meanings, and changes in usage. In 1982, with his son David, he began editing a quarterly publication devoted to thorough dictionary treatment of new words, new meanings and changes in usage entitled The Barnhart Dictionary Companion.

Nearly all of his dictionaries were based heavily upon the collection of evidence, the value of which he learned from work he did for Sir William Craigie on the Dictionary of American English at the University of Chicago. Over his career of 64 years he and his staff accumulated a file of over 7 million quotations exhibiting contemporary usage of English words. He was active in interlinguistics, serving as a consultant to the research body that presented Interlingua in 1951. In the late 20th century he and his son helped to pioneer the use of electronically retrievable evidence from computerized files of news publications.

His sons, David Barnhart and Robert Barnhart, worked with him on many of his later projects.

Barnhart's wife, Frances, died on 28 November 1979.

Barnhart died on 24 October 1993, in Peekskill, New York.

title: Clarence Barnhart


text:
Love Spreads

"Love Spreads" is a song by British alternative rock group The Stone Roses, released on 21 November 1994 as the first single from their second album, Second Coming. The record reached number two on the UK Singles Chart, the highest peak for any song by the band, as well as number 55 on the US Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart and number 67 on the Canadian RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart. The single also reached the top 10 in Ireland and the top 20 in Sweden.

Cover art
John Squire designed the "Love Spreads" cover, using a photograph of one of the four stone cherubs on the Newport Bridge in Newport, South Wales. The cherubs on the bridge are modelled after Newport's coat of arms, which contains a cherub with winged sea lions. The cherub design was subsequently used on many pieces of Second Coming merchandise.

Lyrics and composition
"Love Spreads" is a blues rock song in D minor. Its lyrics are a telling of the Passion of Christ, reinterpreting Jesus as a black woman.

In 1995, guitarist John Squire said the lyrics were inspired by British author Rosalind Miles' 1988 book The Women's History of the World. The book examines the roles of women, their representation, and their power through history.

Critical reception
Bobby Gillespie of Primal Scream hailed the song "as the greatest comeback single ever." In May 2007, NME magazine placed "Love Spreads" at number 44 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever and said it was the band at their "take no prisoners best". AllMusic called the song a "true classic".

Music video
There are two music videos for "Love Spreads". The original UK version, directed by Mike Clark and the Stone Roses, consisted of home footage. There are scenes of Mani, Squire, and Brown dressed as a chicken, the devil, and Death respectively. These scenes were interspliced with hidden images.

Geffen and MTV were unsatisfied with the quality of the first video, so Steven Hanft at Propaganda Films directed a second video for American audiences.

In popular culture
A re-recorded version of "Love Spreads" was used on The Help Album (a compilation of songs for the charity War Child). It was also used in the season 4 episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, "Invisible Evidence" and in a season 5 episode of Entourage, "Return to Queens Boulevard."

The song is featured in the music video game Guitar Hero World Tour, appearing in the final bonus set in career mode. It is also available as a downloadable track for the music video game series Rock Band and is playable in Rock Band Track Pack: Classic Rock.

Track listings
7-inch and cassette single
 * 1) "Love Spreads" (LP version) – 5:46
 * 2) "Your Star Will Shine" (LP version) – 2:56

12-inch single
 * A1. "Love Spreads" (LP version) – 5:46
 * A2. "Your Star Will Shine" (LP version) – 2:56
 * B1. "Breakout" – 6:04
 * B2. "Groove Harder" – 4:26

CD single
 * 1) "Love Spreads" (LP version) – 5:46
 * 2) "Your Star Will Shine" (LP version) – 2:56
 * 3) "Breakout" – 6:03

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Love Spreads


text:
Talk:Barrow-in-Furness

CCHT external link
This link was added to the article after discussion on the WP Reliable Sources Noticeboard. See: WP:RSN exercise. No information from the CCHT link has been put into the body of the article in the form of citations because it has not yet been verified for 100% accuracy by the Victoria County History project for Cumbria. (This will take some years to do). Laplacemat (talk) 10:10, 09 February 2022 (UTC)

Furness
Barrow was founded on the iron and steel industry (plus its potential for a deep-water port and the coming of the railway to allow the export of that iron). Shipbuilding came later. I don't think the town is the administrative capital of Furness. Furness is not an administrative area.

Wind turbines
What's this about wind turbines in Morecambe Bay? Are they there now or are they just planned?

Gas being used in the generation of electricity at Barrow: I took out a sentence about this, but then I remembered that Roosecote power station was re-built a few years ago, and I have a feeling it's now a gas-fired station and presumably does therefore take gas direct from the terminal. If that's so perhaps it could be explained - with ref. to Roosecote.

Another point about the gas terminal: When such a terminal was mooted local authorities across the NW were up in arms about the possibility of having it on their doorstep; Barrow wasn't even on the list. Then along came some faceless suit from Barrow and invited BG to apply to locate it in or near the town. BG couldn't believe their luck. From having to defend their proposals and maybe engage in protracted planning and legal battles to get their way, now some numbskull, on behalf of another town, was inviting them in - needless to say they didn't have to think long about the offer. How many people does the terminal employ? If your can write this in a NPOV style then why not put it in the article. I'm afraid I can't! Arcturus 19:19, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

The turbines aren't actually in Moreca,be Bay; they're beginning construction off the coast of Walney, in the Irish sea rather than Morecambe Bay. Currently a few ships out there doing whatever it is they have to do, and if you squint you can see the bottom of the turbines beginning to stick out of the water.

The power station at Roosecote is indeed gas fired, and the gas comes from the terminals via pipes under Walney Island. I think Roosecote is considered part of Barrow, rather than a seperate place. Robdurbar 09:19, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

County Issue
I think suggesting Barrow remains in some way part of the 'ceremonial county' of Lancashire is more POV and/or incorrect than to mention that many locals do in fact consider the area should still be considered Lancastrian. I have put in as neutral a statement in the intoductory paragraph as I thought fit. But with a reasonable geography section already mentioning the Lancastrian history - it might be sensible not to have County issues raised in the first sentance describing the town Nogwa 02:07, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Though I agree that we shouldn't over emphasise the Lancashire issue - its a historical feature in the end, it is incorrect to suggest that the 'ceremonial counties' don't exist any longer - they do. It is, I agree, POV and probably original research to include the locals bit, without statistical support. Robdurbar 09:11, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * While they exist, Barrow is in the ceremonial county of Cumbria - not Lancashire as the article was saying. The current intro 'Barrow-in-Furness is a town in northwest of England. Since 1974 it has been part of Cumbria for ceremonial purposes' is also misleading as it's inclusion within Cumbria has more than a ceremonial role. In fact it was the inclusion in Lancaster that was more 'by name' as from the late 19th century while Barrow was included in Lancaster - this was as a county borough with much administrative autonomy. Nogwa 23:13, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I, personally, am fine with the intro how it was, say, 24 hours ago. In the Geography section, the following text can be seen.
 * The town is geographically and historically part of Lancashire, but has been part of the administrative county of Cumbria since 1974.
 * I feel that is a fine sentence, and I suppose that could always be the one in the intro, if needs be. --Dreaded Walrus 23:22, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Barrow is and always will be a part of the Duchy of Lancaster. And you can not seperate the Duchy from the historical county paletine. The Department of the Environment accepted that as such in the 1980's. Cumbria is a false county and it may well be disbanded soon anyway.

 * I think the history within different counties and as a county borough would be best left to the geography section and doesn't need to be gone into in the introduction. But if it is - the introduction should at least be accurate. To say it is part of the ceremonial county of Lancashire - or that it is part of Cumbria for ceremonial purposes are both misleading. The sentence you quote is fine - except that one of the interesting things about Furness as part of Lancashire is exactly that it was geographically separate from the rest of the county except by crossing the sands! Nogwa 00:00, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. I also found that fascinating. I am not particularly excellent at putting my point across at time, but what my main thought was, is that the version that the version inserted earlier, that started off this debate, was inaccurate, as "Cumbria" is more than just a ceremonial name. It appears below "Barrow-in-Furness" on all of my mail, for example. --Dreaded Walrus 00:16, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Cumbria is no longer a postal county and Lancashire is equally acceptable per the Royal Mail. Lancsalot 00:30, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * That is misleading. Cumbria and Lancashire are both former postal counties. Counties no longer form part of any address. Where a county is supplied, it will be ignored. MRSC 11:14, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

On this issue, one of the reasons my own parents and grandparents offered was that since Barrow was part of Cumbria from 1974, most of the adult population were born as Lancastrians and consider the area they were born in as 'traditionally', Lancashire. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.67.92.200 (talk • contribs).

Cleanup
I've just re-read this article, having not done so for several months. It is appalling! The standard of writing is that of a primary school pupil. A great deal of work needs doing to bring this up to encyclopedia level. I've tagged it for cleanup and will make a start on a re-write in due course. Arcturus 22:45, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Barrow in Furness / Vickers / Vickers Armstrong
I don't think DDH is the largest shipbuilding hall in Europe. It is definately the biggest in UK. The biggest hall in Europe is probably this

--84.64.16.16 22:00, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Some suggestions regarding the Vickers and Barrow in Furness entries.

First, the shipbuilding activities at Barrow were not limited to naval vessels and considerable numbers of passenger liners and cargo ships produced. Notable amongst the customers were P&O (SS Orsova, SS Orcades, Oriana and others. The Biritish Admiral built for BP was, I think, for a very short period the largest ship in the world.  With regard to naval vessels HMS Ajax (WW2), HMS Dreadnought (first RN SSN), HMS Princess Royal(Jutland), HMS Hermes (Falklands) and the Japanese Kongo deserve a mention.

Second, the importance of armaments and heavy machinery needs emphasis. Vickers and later Vickers Armstrong constructed artillery for land service and indeed naval service aboard ships built elsewhere. Examples include guns for KGV class battleships and propulsion for HMS Lion.

Third, the merger of Armstrongs and Vickers was very much a result of the collapse in demand for warships as a result of the limitations on naval construction following WW1.

Fourth, the decline in shipbuilding in the 1960's was very much a reflection of the labour difficulties particularly demarkatîon disputes between rival unions and lack of modern practices.

A link to the Barrow museum photgraphic archive would add value.

John Walkley 8th November 2006

 * John, there are several articles about the various incarnations of Vickers. One of these is Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd. The material you mention above would certainly improve that article, but I wonder if it should be renamed to something like "Vickers (Barrow)" or "Shipbuilding at Barrow", after all, the yard was only known as VSEL for a short time. What do you think? At the moment I'm re-writing parts of the Barrow article, including the removal of material not directly relevant to the town. However, in the spirit of Wikipedia, why don't you add the material above to whichever article you think appropriate. Increasingly at Wikipedia some editors are expecting discussion prior to editing, and often intimidate people who add or edit material unilaterally. I reject that idea entirely. If you want to add or edit something, just do it. Regards, Arcturus 17:25, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed, WP:BE BOLD. A shipbuilding at Barrow-in-Furness article would be a great addition to Wikipedia. Robdurbar 09:32, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

gallery
I have removed the gallery because all the images are not free use, until we can get some free ones it's not worth bothering with it.

Most of these photos seem to be in violation of image policies, I'll leave commented so it can be resurrected one day with free use images. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Kijog (talk • contribs) 12:39, 5 May 2007 (UTC).

Cleanup (MkII)
Again the article has descended into a poorly-written entry which features the following (in no particular order):

 * A complete absence of references (one example: a contributor went to the effort of including a major employer's URL but could not be bothered to reference the statistic of how many people it employed)
 * Poor English
 * large amounts of surplus demographic statistics (bizarrely included as the secondmost important thing behind the town's history)
 * lists of shops and businesses
 * duplicated information (which is often repeated from other more specific articles)
 * external websites which are commercial links
 * a pointless table about the town's sports clubs
 * A bloated trivia section - little if any of which is true (prove me wrong - and then reference it)

If you are going to revert any of the changes I have made - please, please reference them. Otherwise there is little point continuing ignoring the most basic policies of Wikipedia. Askam and Ireleth managed to make Good Article status, why can't its bigger brother? Have a look at it to see how it can be done. I'm a Barrovian myself - I would like nothing more to see Barrow's page as a good article, better still a featured one. At the moment it is simply embarrassing. Kijog 22:45, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, count me in. Let's see what we can do with this article... J Milburn 09:59, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed section
I have removed the chronology section, as it is blatantly redundant to the history section. Anything worth keeping can be moved as prose to history, preferably with a reference. The deleted section is below.

Chronology

 * 1845 - Barrow began to grow from a small hamlet.
 * 1850 - H.W. Schneider discovered large deposits of iron around Barrow, and soon built the towns first blast furnaces.
 * 1865 - Many of Barrow's main buildings are constructed (the Town Hall, Main Post Office and Public Library).
 * 1867 - Barrow became a municipal borough.
 * 1876 - Barrow was home to the largest steelworks in the world.
 * 1889 - Barrow became a county borough.
 * 1897 - James Ramsden conceived the idea of the Barrow Shipbuilding Company, which later became Vickers.
 * 1901 - The Royal Navy's first submarine, Holland 1, was built in Barrow.
 * 1914 - The UK had the most advanced submarine fleet in the world, with 94% of it constructed by Vickers.
 * 1931 - Barrow's population peaked at around 77,000.
 * 1941 - Barrow and its Docks receive extensive damage from German enemy bombing in World War II.
 * 1959 - The UK's first nuclear submarine was built in Barrow - the HMS Dreadnought (S101).
 * 1974 - The county borough of Barrow-in-Furness and the Dalton-in-Furness urban district formed to make the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness.
 * 1985 - Gas found in the Irish Sea begun to be piped to Rampside.
 * 2002 - 7 deaths and 172 cases of Legionnaires' disease were revealed to be from a faulty air-conditioning centre in the town's Forum 28.
 * 2004 - At least 21 Chinese immigrant cockle pickers die in nearby Morecambe Bay.
 * 2006 - Barrow's council was fined £125 000 for violation of health and safety laws that lead to the deaths of seven people in the UK's worst outbreak of Legionnaires' disease. The council also became the UK's first public body to be charged with corporate manslaughter, but was found not guilty.
 * 2006 - Barrow RNLI Lifeboats amongst other are deployed to a helicopter crash site in Morecambe Bay with 6 fatalities and 1 missing.
 * 2007 - The British House of Commons votes to renew the Trident missile system, which are to be built in Barrow as it is the only British submarine yard.

Leans very much towards recent events, and some is not Barrow specific at all. J Milburn 10:00, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Looks a lot like the basic history display in the dock museum for everything up until 1970 aswell Audigex (talk) 23:29, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Legionnaires' Disease
I think we need an entire section on this, probably at the end of the history section, and perhaps a mention in the lead. I say this because this was international news- I was on holiday at the time, and saw it on CNN. It reached the front page of The Times, and, sad though it is, it is one of the most notable events in the history of Barrow. J Milburn 11:32, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * weird, I was in Kenya at the time and I couldn't believe it when I saw Barrow flash up on CNN! Agree on this one. Kijog 11:39, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Additions
I have merged the trivia section into other relevant sections on the article. I hope it has helped and is satisfactory. I have also created other sections that include information about the legionnaires' outbreak, Barrow's modern history, Barrow in popular culture, as well as condensing information to make the contents at the top less confusing. I am also from Barrow, and will do whatever it takes to show how great it is. Shipbuilding wise, take a look at the newest article I have created, it contains information on almost every ship and submarine built in Barrow, whether it has a wikipedia article or not: List of Ships and Submarines Built in Barrow-in-Furness, UK
 * That article is fantastic, well done. J Milburn 15:29, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

statistics
We have a hell of a lot of statistics in this article and I question the relevance of most of them. A note, properly referenced, could be made about the ethnicity, place of birth and religion of Barrovians, but I simply don't think we need reams and reams of tables splitting the population up every which way. I know tables can be fiddly to do, so I have left the removed stuff below if we decide to put some stuff back in.Kijog 01:25, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

I have decided to delete the following, there seems to be little appetite to return it to the article. Ki | jog  15:17, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Notable people list
Can this really be better represented as prose? I think it is best in a list, but a table is possible. I reckon prose just wouldn't be practical to have this as prose- it would be inaccessable, and would just read as it would be- a list converted to prose. Bulking the writing out further would also stretch the section, as there are rather a lot of people there. Anyone have any thoughts? J Milburn 18:24, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Not sure on this one. Reckon we could make it into prose and put the sports people as a par in the sports section Ki | jog  12:20, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Devonshire dock hall?
Is this the second largest in Europe? The largest in Europe? Anyone have any references? J Milburn 10:33, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not the biggest, that's for sure. I'm pretty sure the Stralsund one is the biggest but it's not the sort of thing that make the Guinness book of records. Prob biggest in Britain - I have access to a cuttings archive so I will see if the Evening Mail has referenced that.Ki | jog  12:22, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Ethnic Minorities
I'm happy for new information to be added to the section, but I think the information is far too detailed to be notable considering the small number of people it concerns. Also, I think the 2001 census results are a stronger source than the 2004 estimates. Some properly referenced content has been deleted to make way for the new breakdown and I'm minded to delete it unless the list can be cleaned up (as per WP:EMBED) and referenced properly. Any thoughts? Ki | jog  12:32, 18 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The 2001 census results are more accurate for 2001, but Barrow's ethnic population has changed a lot (percentage wise) over the last 4 years, never mind the last 7! I'd agree they're more verifiable, but the difference in numbers, I think, is worth using the new figures —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.243.250.194 (talk) 23:24, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

More famous people?
I have just come across Category:Barrow A.F.C. players and Category:Barrow A.F.C. managers. It may be worth looking through these for other notable individuals who were born in or who resided in Barrow. I am making a note here because I am currently looking for another reference for Frank McPherson being from Barrow, as the current source is unreliable. J Milburn 16:06, 19 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Right, well, I am removing Frank McPherson until we can get a good reference for him. It's entirely possible that every reference online can be traced back to whoever added the fact to Wikipedia. There's a fairly good chance there is a book in my house somewhere that will mention him, I will keep my eyes open. J Milburn 16:18, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

History subtitles
I think the subtitles are actually pretty relevant- without them, the history section becomes, in many ways, an inaccessible block of text. I mean, thinking about it from the point of view of a schoolchild researching local history, there is no way they are going to read all of that. However, I see where you are coming from- splitting it up is a little arbitrary, and some similar featured articles I have checked- Weymouth, Sheffield, Birchington-on-Sea- don't have them, BUT, they have much shorter history sections. Perhaps it would look a little better if we split up the text with other things, like pictures- perhaps just moving the middle picture to the left would do the trick. On another note, this isn't looking bad, at all, in comparison to said featured articles. J Milburn 13:59, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Two possible new sections
Reviewing featured articles on similar topics, two new sections that could be very useful would be geology and climate. For instance, take a look at this very nice table, I'll see what I can do about knocking up something similar. J Milburn 14:07, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Ok, table isn't going to be possible, as there is no weather station anywhere near Barrow, according to the met office website. Oh well. J Milburn 14:13, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's disappointing, that's why I had to rip out the original climate stuff because it applied to Blackpool airport! Geology is definitely a goer, as we did in the Askam one. Otherwise, we're getting there, done a bit of a copyedit on History. Two things I've just thought we need to include are a bit about parliamentary politics and also that the Walney to Wear cycle route passes through Barrow. Ki | jog  14:34, 25 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see how we need anything much on parliamentary politics... Barrow's quite definately a Labour supporting town - owing to its working class roots. It wouldn't hurt to mention it though 89.243.250.194 (talk) 23:22, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Weather Station
Walney Airport has a weather station doesn't it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.107.216.120 (talk) 18:09, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it does :-) can't find a reference though: it's not the sort of thing people tend to write about —Preceding unsigned comment added by Audigex (talk • contribs) 10:55, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Devonshire Dock Hall
After research I have found out that Devonshire Dock Hall actually is the largest shipbuilding Hall in Europe, and not the German one in Stralsund, Germany. Even the official BAE website states that DDH is the largest. I have therefore reverted all the information relating to the Stralsund Shipyard. The sources stating that DDH is the largest in Europe are:

 * BAE Systems
 * Naval Shipbuilding UK
 * Visit Cumbria
 * Barrowland —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.107.241.73 (talk) 11:26, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Fantastic. I'll format all those refs in, as well as formatting the references on your new section, tomorrow. I have gone and found myself busy today.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by J Milburn (talk • contribs) 11:28, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Stralsund (length 300m, width 108m and height 78m) is definitely bigger than DDH (length 260m, width 58m and height 51m). Sources are:

 * Volkswerft Stralsund
 * Devonshire Dock Hall

Additionally the new shed for CVF will be lower, narrower and shorter than the DDH.

84.71.61.220 (talk) 00:18, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Layout
This is clearly a much loved and well maintained article, however, I'm a little concerned with some of the over-adventurous content. For example, I'm not entirely sure an image of a bridge in China is entirely proper. Simillarly, I think a closer look at the WP:UKCITIES standard on layout etc would help here. -- Jza84 · (talk) 23:36, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Television signal quality
I've added the below to the relevant section... I'm posting here because I'm not sure how to verify the fact for inclusion (although I've lived here for 18 years) - but it's true in hundreds of Barrow homes (at the northern Hawcoat/Ormsgill area) "The signal from Millom is generally of inferior quality, with most households recieving BBC 1 and 2 and ITV at adequate quality, with low quality reception of Channel 4 programs." 89.243.250.194 (talk) 23:20, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Barrowraiderslogo.jpg
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
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This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --07:34, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Merge
I believe it would be better to merge this article with Barrow-in-Furness (borough) (the government district) to lack confusion, a nd make things simpler. An example of such a merge is the Preston article, which has information on the city and district/ borough in one. Please leave your comments below. Stevvvv4444 (talk) 15:50, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The borough of Preston probably doesn't need a separate article as it consists of the city and a few villages. The borough of Barrow-in-Furness contains Dalton-in-Furness, which is also a town. — Snigbrook  22:31, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd tend to agree with this too. Preston is a city with several villages which have become part of the city. The whole borough is run by the same council as it's the same urban conurbation. On the other hand Barrow is merely a part of Furness, with other towns which are significantly different enough to warrant seperate articles. Look at Lancaster/Morecambe and you get a third approach, seperate towns etc. I don't think there's enough reason to combine the two, Barrow is seperate to most towns/villages in the Borough, whereas Preston is attached to most. Audigex (talk) 22:16, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Cornish miners
The reference to the Cornish miners is not correct. The miners were recruited for the Stank and Yarlside mines in the 1870's, which was after the industrial revolution had started in Barrow. See Roose in Wikipedia —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hicbibi (talk • contribs) 19:27, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Pronunciation - IPA
I have altered the IPA pronunciation of Barrow in Furness to reflect a more realistic standardised version according to Wikipedia's rules on IPA for English. The previous pronunciation ( or ) gives the impression that FurNESS is the standard pronunciation and local people say FURNS. Both are incorrect. The local pronunciation is always FURness. The area is not well known enough to have gained a 'standard English' pronunciation (like NEWcastle for local NewCAStle), so the local pronunciation is surely the only correct one. Cumbrian author and academic William Rollinson has stated that "Furness is pronounced Furness, not Furness", so it has backing in print. Psammead (talk) 15:03, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Just thought I would point out that the mileage you entered is wrong, the distance from Barrow to Liverpool is more like 95 miles and about the same to Carlisle, you put almost half of those distances, thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.5.139.176 (talk) 00:05, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

I have heard Furness as a surname pronounced like "furnace". However in the Furness article the pronunciation is listed as being "fur-niss" rather than "fur-nəss" so is the name pronounced differently in Barrow to the rest of Furness? As for the pronunciation widely used on the BBC: in the case of Newcastle Upon Tyne the IPA for the RP pronunciation is listed as well as the local accent. Although Furness is not as well known as Newcastle it might make sense to avoid confusion. Tk420 (talk) 12:44, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Broadly speaking - yes, it is pronounced like "furnace". There's no difference in pronunciation of 'Furness' in Barrow to the rest of Furness, so (without being very familiar with IPA) I'd say that fur-nəss of this article is probably right: it's not pronounced to rhyme with 'hiss' if that's the implication of "fur-niss"? I'd argue that the pronunciation which I like to call 'Barrow Inverness' is simply incorrect rather than an RP variation: as Psammead says above, Furness doesn't seem well known enough to have acquired it's own RP pronunciation! Super Nintendo Chalmers (talk) 08:29, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Apologies for any confusion caused by the error in my last message (the Furness article lists the pronunciation as fur-niss not fur-nəss) which I have since corrected. The inverted e, also known as Schwa, (ə) represents the mild central vowel sound e.g. the a sound in Rosa and about and is used in pronunciation respelling, which native English speakers are often more familiar with than IPA, on Wikipedia as well as in IPA. Tk420 (talk) 10:30, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I have another question that might help get the pronunciation right: How is furnace pronounced in the local accent? In standard accents the second vowel in furnace is pronounced like the i in hiss rather than the a in Rosa. Tk420 (talk) 10:45, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

 * So the pronunciation would be much closer to the a 'Rosa', yes. An example of quite a strong version of Barrow accent would be the TV presenter/chef Dave Myers - interview here. There's also a discussion of Barrow accent here. Super Nintendo Chalmers (talk) 12:53, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

 * The current IPA (with schwa) is broadly correct for Furness, as Standardised version of the local pronunciation. Of course, it doesn't represent the local accent, since that's not really what Wikipedia's asking for (no one native to Cumbria will use /æ/ for example). I've added a respell to make life simpler. Psammead (talk) 18:51, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

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incapacity benefit reference
the article mentions Barrow having concerning figures for incapacity benefit claimants related to mental health problems... this isn't referenced, but either way is long outdated - incapacity benefit no longer exists - so the figure cannot be up to date or currently true..

Hoped somebody can sort this as I lack the capacity to look at it just now! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.166.188.206 (talk) 05:28, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:31, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
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Eleanor Williams
She is notable too, is'nt she? Look at this: BBC on E. Williams. She changed the whole community in Barrow-in-Furness, says Simon Fell cf. "Simon Fell, the MP for Barrow and Furness, said the case had caused huge community tensions in Barrow, with an increase in racist attacks on Asian people and “unofficial surveillance operations” being carried out on Asian businesses." (The Guardian 3th January 2023). --Cabanero (talk) 11:20, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes. Came looking for more news on her and found nothing.  cheers, Michael C. Price talk 08:41, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-64950299 cheers, Michael C. Price talk 08:44, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Barrow-in-Furness


text:
Eugene Bullard

Eugene Jacques Bullard (born Eugene James Bullard; October 9, 1895 – October 12, 1961) was one of the first African-American military pilots, although Bullard flew for France, not the United States. Bullard was one of the few black combat pilots during World War I, along with William Robinson Clarke, a Jamaican who flew for the Royal Flying Corps, Domenico Mondelli from Italy, and Ahmet Ali Çelikten of the Ottoman Empire. Also a boxer and a jazz musician, he was called "L'Hirondelle noire" in French (literally "Black Swallow").

"All Blood Runs Red", a biography of Bullard by Phil Keith and Tom Clavin, was published in 2019 by Hanover Square Press.

Early life
Bullard was born in Columbus, Georgia, the seventh of 10 children born to William (Octave) Bullard, a Black man from Stewart County, Georgia, and Josephine ("Yokalee") Thomas, a Black woman said to be of African American and Indigenous (Muscogee Creek) heritage. His paternal ancestors had been enslaved in Georgia and Virginia according to U.S. census records, and his father was born on a property owned by Wiley Bullard, a slave owning planter in Stewart County. Bullard attended the 28th Street School in Columbus from 1901 to 1906 completing the 5th Grade.

During his youth, he suffered the trauma of watching a white mob attempt to lynch his father over a workplace dispute. Despite the rampant racism of Jim Crow-era Georgia, his father continued to voice the conviction that African-Americans had to maintain their dignity and self-respect in the face of the white prejudice. Despite this, Bullard became enamored with his father's stories of France where slavery had been abolished and blacks were treated the same as whites. When he reached his 11th birthday, Bullard ran away from home with the intent of getting to France. Stopping in Atlanta, he joined a British clan of gypsies known by the surname of Stanley and traveled throughout Georgia tending their horses and learning to race. It was the Stanleys who told him how the racial barriers did not exist in Britain and reset his determination to now get to the United Kingdom.

Disheartened that the Stanleys were not scheduled to return to the United Kingdom, Bullard found work with the Turner family in Dawson, Georgia. Because he was hard-working as a stable boy, young Bullard won the Turners' affection and was asked to ride as their jockey in the 1911 County Fair races. In 1912, he made his way to Norfolk, Virginia where he stowed away on the German freighter Marta Russ, hoping to escape racial discrimination. Bullard arrived at Aberdeen, Scotland and made his way first to Glasgow and then London where he boxed and performed slapstick in the Freedman Pickaninnies, an African-American troupe. While in London, he trained under the then-famous boxer Dixie Kid who arranged for him to fight in Paris. As a result of that visit to Paris, he decided to settle in France. He continued to box in Paris and also worked in a music hall until the start of World War I.

Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion
World War I began in August 1914. On October 19, 1914, Bullard enlisted and was assigned to the 3rd Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (R.M.L.E.), as foreign volunteers were allowed only to serve in the Foreign Legion.

By 1915, Bullard was a machine gunner and saw combat on the Somme front in Picardy. In May and June, he was at Artois, and in the fall of that year fought in the Second Battle of Champagne (September 25 – November 6, 1915) along the Meuse River. He was assigned to the 3rd Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment. On July 13, he joined the 2nd Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment and also served with the 170th French Infantry Regiment. The 2nd Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment and the 2nd Marching Regiment of the 2nd Foreign Regiment were serving as part of the 1st Moroccan Division. Commanded initially by Hubert Lyautey, Resident-General of Morocco at the outbreak of World War I, the division was a mix of the Metropolitan and Colonial French troops, including Legionnaires, zouaves and tirailleurs. Towards the end of the war, the 1st Moroccan Division became one of the most decorated units in the French Army. The Foreign Legion suffered high casualties in 1915. It started the year with 21,887 soldiers, NCOs, and officers, but ended with only 10,683. As a result, the Foreign Legion units fighting on the Western front were put in reserve for reinforcement and reorganization. On November 11, 1915, 3,316 survivors from the 1e and the 2e Étranger were merged into one unit – the Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (Régiment de Marche de la Légion étrangère), which in 1920 became the 3rd Foreign Regiment of the Foreign Legion. Bullard participated in the fighting on the Somme, Champagne, and Verdun, where he was severely wounded on March 5, 1916.

As for the Americans and other volunteers, they were allowed to transfer to the Metropolitan French Army units, including the 170th French Infantry Regiment. The 170th had a reputation of crack troops, being nicknamed Les Hirondelles de la Mort (in English, 'The Swallows of Death'). Bullard opted to serve in the 170th Infantry Regiment and the 170 military insignia is displayed on his uniform collar. In the beginning of 1916, the 170th Infantry along with the 48th French Infantry Division, to which the regiment belonged from February 1915 to December 1916, was sent to Verdun. During his convalescence, Bullard was cited for acts of valor at the orders of the regiment on July 3, 1917, and was awarded the croix de guerre.

Aviation
While serving with the 170th Infantry, Bullard was seriously wounded in action in March 1916 at the Battle of Verdun. While recuperating he learned to fly on a bet. After recovering, he volunteered on October 2, 1916, for the French Air Service (Aéronautique Militaire) as an air gunner. He was accepted and underwent training at the Aerial Gunnery School in Cazaux, Gironde. Following this, he went through his initial flight training at Châteauroux and Avord, and received pilot's license number 6950 from the Aéro-Club de France on May 5, 1917.

Like many other American aviators, Bullard hoped to join the famous squadron Escadrille Americaine N.124, the Lafayette Escadrille, but after enrolling 38 American pilots in the spring and summer of 1916, it stopped accepting applicants. After further training at Avord, Bullard joined 269 American aviators at the Lafayette Flying Corps on November 15, 1916, which was a designation for all American pilots who served with the French Air Service, rather than the name of a specific unit. American volunteers flew with French pilots in different pursuit and bomber/reconnaissance aero squadrons on the Western Front. Edmund L. Gros, who facilitated the incorporation of American pilots in the French Air Service, listed in the October 1917 issue of Flying, an official publication of the Aero Club of America, Bullard's name is on the member roster of the Lafayette Flying Corps.

On June 28, 1917, Bullard was promoted to corporal. On August 27, he was assigned to Escadrille N.93 (Escadrille SPA 93), based at Beauzée-sur-Aire south of Verdun, where he stayed until September 13. The squadron was equipped with Nieuport and Spad aircraft that displayed a flying stork as the squadron insignia. Bullard's service record also includes Squadron N.85 (Escadrille SPA 85), September 13, 1917 – November 11, 1917, which had a bull insignia. He took part in over twenty combat missions, and he is sometimes credited with shooting down one or two German aircraft (sources differ). However, the French authorities could not confirm Bullard's victories.

When the United States entered the war, the United States Army Air Service convened a medical board to recruit Americans serving in the Lafayette Flying Corps for the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Forces. Bullard went through the medical examination, but he was not accepted, as only white pilots were chosen. Some time later, while on a short break from duty in Paris, Bullard allegedly got into an argument with a French commissioned officer and was punished by being transferred to the service battalion of the French 170th Infantry Regiment in January 1918. He served beyond the Armistice, not being discharged until October 24, 1919.

Interwar years
For his World War I service, the French government awarded Bullard the Croix de guerre, Médaille militaire, Croix du combattant volontaire 1914–1918, and Médaille de Verdun, along with several others. After his discharge, Bullard returned again to Paris.

Bullard found work for four years as a jazz drummer in a nightclub named "Zelli's", which was owned by Joe Zelli. Bullard worked with Robert Henri, a lawyer and friend, to secure a club license, which allowed Zelli's to stay open past midnight. This led to Zelli's becoming the most celebrated nightclub in Montmartre, as most other area cabarets still closed at midnight. Following his time at Zelli's, Bullard departed for Alexandria, Egypt where he performed with a jazz ensemble at Hotel Claridge and fought two prize fights. He also hired musicians for private parties with Paris' social elites, worked as a masseur, and an exercise trainer. Bullard later managed a nightclub "Le Grand Duc", where he hired the American poet Langston Hughes. Around 1928, Bullard was able to buy "Le Grand Duc" from Ada "Bricktop" Smith. As a popular jazz venue, "Le Grand Duc" gained him many famous friends, including Josephine Baker, Louis Armstrong, Langston Hughes, and French flying ace Charles Nungesser. He eventually became the owner of another nightclub, "L'Escadrille". Bullard's Montmartre fame was such that Ernest Hemingway based a minor character on Bullard in "The Sun Also Rises."

Bullard also opened Bullard's Athletic Club which was a gymnasium offering physical culture, boxing, massage, ping pong and hydrotherapy. He also worked as a trainer for noted boxers Panama Al Brown and Young Perez.

On 17 July 1923, he married Marcelle Eugénie Henriette Straumann, (b. 8 July 1901) a milliner from Paris' second arrondissement. The marriage ended in divorce on 5 December 1935, with Straumann abandoning custody of their two surviving children, Jacqueline Ginette and Lolita Joséphine, to Bullard upon her departure.

When World War II began in September 1939, Bullard, who also spoke German, agreed to a request from the French government to spy on the German citizens who still frequented his nightclub.

World War II
Following the German invasion of France in May 1940, Bullard volunteered and served with the 51st Infantry Regiment (51e Régiment d'Infanterie) in defending Orléans on June 15, 1940. Bullard was wounded, but he escaped to neutral Spain, and in July 1940 he returned to the United States.

Bullard spent some time in a New York hospital and never fully recovered from his wound. Moreover, he found the fame he enjoyed in France had not followed him to the United States. He worked as a perfume salesman, a security guard, and as an interpreter for Louis Armstrong, but a back injury severely restricted him. In 1945, he attempted to regain his nightclub in Paris, but it had been destroyed during the war. He received a financial settlement from the French government and was able to buy an apartment in Harlem, New York City.

Peekskill riots
In 1949, a concert held by Black entertainer and activist Paul Robeson in Peekskill, New York to benefit the Civil Rights Congress resulted in the Peekskill riots. These were caused in part by members of the local Veterans of Foreign Wars and American Legion posts, who considered Robeson a communist sympathizer. The concert was scheduled to take place on August 27 at Lakeland Acres, north of Peekskill. Before Robeson arrived, however, a mob attacked the concert-goers with baseball bats and stones. Thirteen people were seriously injured before police put an end to it. The concert was then postponed until September 4. The rescheduled concert took place without incident, but as concert-goers drove away, they passed through long lines of hostile locals, who threw rocks through their windshields.

Bullard was among those attacked after the concert. He was knocked to the ground and beaten by an angry mob, which included members of the state and local law enforcement. The attack was captured on film and can be seen in the 1970s documentary The Tallest Tree in Our Forest and the Oscar-winning documentary narrated by Sidney Poitier, Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist. None of the assailants were prosecuted. Graphic pictures of Bullard being beaten by two policemen, a state trooper, and a concert goer were published in Susan Robeson's biography of her grandfather, The Whole World in His Hands: a Pictorial Biography of Paul Robeson.

Later life and death
In the 1950s, Bullard was a relative stranger in his own homeland. His daughters had married, and he lived alone in his apartment, which was decorated with pictures of his famous friends and a framed case containing his 14 French war medals. His final job was as an elevator operator at the Rockefeller Center, where his fame as the "Black Swallow of Death" was unknown. On December 22, 1959, he was interviewed on NBC's Today Show by Dave Garroway and received hundreds of letters from viewers. Bullard wore his elevator operator uniform during the interview.

Bullard died in New York City of stomach cancer on October 12, 1961, at the age of 66. He was buried with military honors in the French War Veterans' section of Flushing Cemetery in the New York City borough of Queens. His friend Louis Armstrong is buried in the same cemetery.

Honors

Bullard received 14 decorations and medals from the government of France. In 1954, the French government invited Bullard to Paris to be one of the three men chosen to rekindle the everlasting flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier under the Arc de Triomphe. In 1959, he was made a Chevalier (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle, who called Bullard a "véritable héros français" ("true French hero"). He also was awarded the Médaille militaire, another high military distinction.

In 1989 he was posthumously inducted into the inaugural class of the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. On August 23, 1994 – 33 years after his death, and 77 years to the day after the physical that should have allowed him to fly for his own country – Bullard was posthumously commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force.

On October 9, 2019, the Museum of Aviation in Warner Robins, Georgia erected a statue in Bullard's honor.

There is a sign in Columbus, Georgia, near the site of the house where he grew up, which describes his early life.

In 2022 Bullard was inducted with the class of 2020 into The National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.

Decorations and medals
1st row : 2nd row : 3rd row : 4th row :
 * Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (Knight of the Legion of Honor)
 * Médaille militaire (Military Medal)
 * Croix de guerre 1914–1918 avec etoile de bronze (War Cross with bronze star)
 * Croix du combattant volontaire 1914–1918 (Volunteer Combatant Cross)
 * Croix du combatant (Combatant's Cross)
 * Médaille des blessés militaires (Medal for Military Wounded)
 * Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1914–1918 (World War Service Medal)
 * Médaille interalliée 1914–1918, dite de la Victoire (Interallied Victory Medal)
 * Médaille engagé volontaire (Voluntary Enlistment Medal)
 * Médaille commémorative de la bataille de Verdun (Battle of Verdun Medal)
 * Médaille commémorative de la bataille de la Somme (Battle of the Somme Medal)
 * Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1939–1945 (World War II Service Medal)
 * Médaille commémorative des services volontaires de la France libre (Voluntary Service to Free France)
 * Médaille des volontaires américains avec l'Armée Française (American Volunteer with French Army Medal)

In addition to the above awards, Bullard also received the French Pilot's Badge and the fourragere unit award.

Note – Bullard was posthumously eligible for the World War I Victory Medal (United States) as he was posthumously commissioned an officer in the United States Army with a date of rank which fell during the eligibility period of the medal.

In popular culture
In 1972, Bullard's exploits as a pilot were retold in a biography, The Black Swallow of Death by Patrick Carisella and James Ryan. He is also the subject of the nonfiction young adult memoir Eugene Bullard: World's First Black Fighter Pilot by Larry Greenly.

The 2006 movie Flyboys loosely portrays a fictionalization of Bullard, called 'Eugene Skinner' played by British actor Abdul Salis.

In 2012–2014, the French writer Claude Ribbe wrote a book on Bullard and made a television documentary.

In the 2012 movie Red Tails, the fictional Col. A.J. Bullard (played by Terrence Howard), a thinly disguised representation of the World War II African American Tuskegee Airmen's main commander, Lt. Col. (later Gen.) Benjamin O. Davis Jr., is given that surname in honor of Eugene Bullard.

In 2020, the progressive rock/metal project Telergy released the album Black Swallow which portrays the life of Eugene Bullard.

In 2023, a biographical graphical novel of Bullard's life was published by First Second publishing house.

title: Eugene Bullard


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List of United States Marine Corps aircraft wings

This is a list of United States Marine Corps aircraft wings:


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The Other Side (Godsmack EP)

The Other Side is an acoustic EP by American rock band Godsmack, released on March 16, 2004. It includes several previously released songs re-recorded as acoustic versions, as well as three new acoustic tracks.

One new song, "Touché", featured Godsmack's first guitarist, Lee Richards, as well as John Kosco, who were at that time in the now defunct band Dropbox. The other two new acoustic tracks are "Running Blind" and "Voices" which are old songs that vocalist Sully Erna wrote but never recorded.

The song "Asleep" is actually an acoustic, shorter and calmer version of "Awake" from the band's second album, Awake.

Recording
According to Sully Erna, the band decided to do an acoustic record because they have always messed around with acoustic versions of their music and gotten great reactions to it. "Reworking the songs this way shows a different side of the band."

The Other Side was recorded in a Hawaiian studio with producer David Bottrill, who has worked with the group on "I Stand Alone", and on their third studio album, Faceless.

Commercial performance
The Other Side debuted at number five on the Billboard 200, selling 98,000 copies in its first week, and the album would go on to sell over half million copies in the United States. The album has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with excess sales of 500,000 copies.

Personnel

 * Sully Erna – acoustic guitar, vocals, producer
 * Tony Rombola – acoustic guitar, backing vocalist
 * Robbie Merrill – bass
 * Shannon Larkin – drums, percussion
 * David Bottrill – mixing
 * P. R. Brown – art direction, design, cover photo
 * Troy Gonzalez – assistant
 * Sherline Hall – assistant
 * Kent Hertz – engineer
 * Dave Homcy – photography
 * John Kosco – guest appearance, vocals
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Lee Richards – guest appearance, guitar
 * Ben Sanders – assistant
 * Kurt Schneck – assistant
 * Kevin Sheehy – assistant

title: The Other Side (Godsmack EP)


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The Cambridge Student

The Cambridge Student, commonly known as TCS, is one of Cambridge University's student newspapers. The paper was founded in October 1999 and once produced a weekly print run of 10,000 copies during university term time. The publication has been relaunched in 2023. It is affiliated with the Cambridge University Students' Union (CUSU), although it is editorially independent.

The paper has interviewed public figures, including United Nations Weapons Inspector Hans Blix, director Ridley Scott, politician Ian Paisley; the BBC's security correspondent Frank Gardner; and journalist David Frost, and academics including Jason Arday.

TCS has historically national headlines with news of animal rights abuses at the university. The newspaper's photography of the tuition fee riots also won plaudits. In March 2011 the paper became embroiled in controversy when its editor, Philip Brook, forged a letter insinuating unfounded sexual allegations against a fictional fellow at St. John's.

In April 2016, TCS announced that CUSU was preparing to pass a budget which would cut its print funding, and turn it into an online newspaper, with occasional print editions. Sections of an internal letter, leaked to Varsity, said that CUSU had ended up in a "difficult situation" financially, which lead to the need for cuts. The budget was ratified at a meeting of CUSU's council on 16 May 2016, bringing TCS's print run to an end. Despite enjoying a brief fortnightly reappearance in print following widespread negative coverage of its student union publisher over the issue, in October 2018 the print run of TCS was confirmed to have been ended, following ongoing reports of huge losses incurred by Cambridge University Students' Union over a number of years.

2023 Relaunch
In 2023, TCS was relaunched with its first print publication since 2016, with a focus on long-form journalism and global issues. TCS published a new zine called MUSE in February 2024, and has launched a podcast.

title: The Cambridge Student


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User:Ojw/Switzerland

Introduction
We've been having a discussion on Image recreation requests about possible ways to replace this image with various others. Welcome to the discussion, and pitch-in with any ideas you have.

Most of the images below can be modified in lots of ways if you have any suggestions to try, or download the XCF file for GIMP and play with it yourself. Or start another discussion based on another map! All ideas welcome here...

First draft
23:05, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Light version
Ojw 23:32, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It's a nice idea, but kind of... busy. The lighter version is definitely easier to see. But shouldn't it have the names and abbreviations of each? Is that blue thing on the bottom left a lake or a canton? - Omegatron 00:00, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Whiten out the flags to almost nothing, a thinner border, and black abbreviated labels? Some of the cantons are too small to even appear on that map, which will add messiness anyway if we try to label them.  Ojw 12:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) (That's lake geneva b.t.w.)

 * We'll also get the plain version "for free" just by removing a couple of layers once the labels are done, so don't despair if you don't like the flags! I would put up an XCF file for people to play with, but don't know wikipedia's policy on posting those... Ojw 12:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Uploading XCF would seem to make a lot of sense – you could link to it [[Media:Swiss_Cantons.xcf]] on the description page of the image that's used, and others would then find it much easier to make derivatives of higher quality. I've considered it myself but don't know about any policy. Kbh3rd 15:50, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The "light" image has 23 of 26??? cantons visible and seems to be clearer than the labelled version. I can't quite read the locations of the remaining cantons, but would we want to try and label the image anyway? Ojw 21:38, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * XCF file Ojw 01:35, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Light, labelled
Ojw 20:05, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Better. Could you make the letters black, with a white outline? That way we could read, for instance, the SO. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 19:23, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Brown, labelled name

 * Misspelling of Valais (and name of Grisons, accent on Zurich)
 * Count the cantons?
 * Blotches on Uri

 * Just a note: I'm retagging the existing image as public domain (CIA), because that's what it is. iMeowbot~Mw 11:43, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

BlankMap version

This style of map is often used in Wikipedia for creating other maps.

title: User:Ojw/Switzerland


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List of United States Marine Corps aircraft groups

This is a list of United States Marine Corps Aviation Groups (MAG, MACG, MATSG). Inactive groups are listed by their designation at the time they were decommissioned.

Active Marine Aircraft Groups (MAG)
MAGs consist of a MAG headquarters, a Marine Aviation Logistic Squadron (MALS), a Marine Wing Support Squadron (MWSS), and from two to ten aircraft squadrons and/or detachments (HMH, HMHT, HMLA, HMLAT, VMM, VMMT, VMA, VMAT, VMFA, VMFA (AW), VMFT, VMGR, VMU). The MAG number is derived from the original Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW) where the MAG was activated (e.g. MAG 11 was the first MAG activated under 1st MAW and MAG 26 was 6th MAG activated under 2d MAW.) The exceptions to the MAG numbering sequence are the no longer active Marine Wing Support Groups (MWSG) which ended with the number 7 (i e. MWSG 17, 27, 37 & 47) and still active Marine Air Control Groups which end with 8 (I.e. 18, 28, 38 & 48).

Active Marine Air Control Groups (MACG)
Consists of a MACG headquarters and a Marine Air Control Squadron (MACS), a Marine Air Support Squadron (MASS), a Marine Tactical Air Command Squadron (MTACS), a Marine Wing Communications Squadron (MWCS), and a Low Altitude Air Defense (LAAD) Battery/Detachment.

Active Marine Training Support Groups (MATSG)
Performs administrative control and training support for Marine Corps personnel assigned as either permanent party or as students undergoing formal naval aviation training programs. The group also provides Marines for ceremonial support and as special detail advisors.


text:
File:Swiss cantons brown flags.png

Information
From edits by User:Ojw, it can easily be ascertained that this file was created from various free images of Swiss canton flags, per information from File:Swiss cantons.png and User:Ojw/Switzerland, and the base map originated from File:Cantons of Switserland.jpg.

VALAIS ≠ Vallais -_- please change this picture!!!

title: File:Swiss cantons brown flags.png


text:
List of United States Marine Corps divisions

This is a list of United States Marine Corps divisions.


text:
Beneteau

Beneteau or Bénéteau is a French sail and motorboat manufacturer, with production facilities in France and in the United States. The company is a large and recognized boat builder, with its holding company (Groupe Beneteau) now also holding other prestigious brands, such as Jeanneau and its multihull subsidiary Lagoon in 1995.

History
Shipwright Benjamin Bénéteau founded the company in 1884, at Croix-de-Vie, France to build sailing trawlers. In the mid sixties, Benjamin's grandchildren Annette Bénéteau Roux and her brother André Bénéteau introduced a line of fiberglass boats.

Production
The main production facility is in France, with five factories in the Vendée area. However, they have one US plant in Marion, South Carolina, which produces boats for the American market and opened in 1986. Since then, the factory has nearly doubled in size to about 250000 sqft. By May 2017, the Marion plant had built more than 8,700 boats. The Marion plant was closed in September 2020 and production was moved to the existing facilities in France.

Beneteau sailing models
Below is a list of Beneteau yacht models.

Racer/cruiser - first series
These are racer/cruiser sailboats, with a higher emphasis on the racing aspects, yet are substantially equipped for comfortable cruising. They are equipped with tall fractional rigs, high performance keels and upgraded deck hardware. Introduced in 1976 with the First 30 model designed by Andre Mauric. The current First models being offered include:

Sense series
Introduced in 2010, the Sense range is a modern interpretation of a cruising yacht, incorporating several industry firsts, while the company continued to produce the more conventional Oceanis cruising range. It introduced innovations to the deck, superstructure, and interior design.
 * Sense 50 (First built in 2010)
 * Sense 43 (First built in 2011)
 * Sense 55 (First built in 2012)
 * Sense 46 (First built in 2013)
 * Sense 57 (First built in 2016)

Seascape
In 2018 Beneteau purchased Seascape and rebrand it products under the Beneteau First brand.

Swift Trawler series
These are trawler yacht powerboats. The Swift Trawler 42 was the company's first trawler yacht and the first Beneteau powerboat to reach the U.S. Market.

Outboard motorboats
These are outboard powered motorboats in three different models: Antares cabin cruisers, Barracuda seafishing boats and Flyer console boats.

Notable boats or models

 * Beneteau 31
 * Beneteau 361
 * Beneteau First 235
 * Beneteau First 285
 * Beneteau Oceanis 321
 * Mumm 36
 * Platu 25

title: Beneteau