text:
Talk:Code-switching

Field template
On 16 August I added the template Linguistics to this page, reasoning that the topic relates to several sub-fields within linguistics (e.g. sociolinguistics, syntax, phonology, language acquisition). On 17 August Stevertigo replaced that template with sociolinguistics, presumably reasoning that it is more specific and therefore more appropriate. Stevertigo did not use an edit summary, but did comment at User talk:Cnilep/Archive/11 September 2010. See also a related discussion at Talk:Code-mixing.

Do other editors have an opinion on which template is most appropriate for this page? Cnilep (talk) 15:00, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I think sociolinguistics is appropriate. It's true that code switching/mixing are relevant to other fields of linguistics too, as you said on your talk page, but really only to the extent that those fields interact with socio. The phenomena are primarily related to socio and only secondarily to the other fields. +Angr 15:37, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with Angr.·Maunus· ƛ · 15:39, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Ditto. — kwami (talk) 20:47, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Not to beat a dead horse (the 'Sociolinguistics' template has been in place for over a month now), but the recently published Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-Switching (ISBN 9780521875912) offers evidence counter to the assertion that code-switching is primarily a sociolinguistic topic. I've not read the volume yet, but I notice that it has five parts of which only one (Part 2, Social aspects of code-switching) is primarily sociolinguistic. Part 3, The structural implications of code-switching, and Part 5, Formal models of code-switching, each deal with aspects of grammar, especially syntax. Part 4 is Psycholinguistics and code-switching. Part 1, Conceptual and methodological considerations in code-switching research, appears to be a general introduction. Cnilep (talk) 22:30, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

 * In view of the evidence adduced above by, I have re-added the Template:Linguistics field template and linked the edit comment to this section. Please  me to discuss. --Thnidu (talk) 01:23, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

code switching in india
I'm quite sure that code-switching is most common not in the countries mentioned, but in India. Here in India in all the cities code-sitch between the state language and English. eg. Hinglish in Delhi, Benglish in Kolkata etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.224.239.132 (talk) 05:48, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Code switching is common throughout the world - certainly also in India, but unlikely that it is more so than elsewhere.·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 22:08, 31 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Salman Rushdie, somewhere in his writing, said that in what was then Bombay, where he grew up, they jokingly said they spoke "HUGME", a mixture of Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, and English, sometimes with words from all 5 languages in the same sentence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.123.68.64 (talk) 00:49, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Bilingual immigrants to Britain of Punjabi descent and their descendents code-switch between English and Punjabi all the time when speaking to each other. They will happily switch to straight English when conversing with someone with a different background. --Ef80 (talk) 20:33, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I think code-switching occurs throughout the world, but maybe more so in places where there are multiple local languages being spoken by the people. India is definitely a great example but we can also talk about Indonesia, and several countries in Africa such as Nigeria --Gulf Peninsula (talk) 6:50, 01 Nov 2020 (UTC)

Code-switching in politics
I understand somewhat why this wouldn't fit in this article since the term, when applied in a political context, strays from the strict linguistic definition. That said, it is still the same basic use of the term, just applied in a specific context. Monica Heller, who is cited in this article, has written about it extensively. The whole last paragraph of the lead section talks about alternate uses of the term from the standard linguistic definition, so I'm not sure why the political use wouldn't fit there. - Maximusveritas (talk) 15:54, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

 * As to why "the whole last paragraph" fits the standard linguistic definition, see Talk:Code-switching/Archive July 2016. Publications in the fields of applied linguistics and sociolinguistics call the switch from African American English to Standard American English "code-switching". Use of the term in literary criticism is more tenuously connected to its use in linguistics, but scholarly publications are at least cited.

 * If Professor Heller or others make the case that politicians' shifts in stance are code-switching in this sense, then by all means cite those publications. I suspect, though, that a better fit is Stance (linguistics), which is currently a non-existent page cited from Appraisal (discourse analysis) . See, for example, Cnilep (talk) 23:37, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

The political sense of the term is the one that I (not a linguistics professional) encounter most often, and I came to this article hoping to read about it. Racist or anti-Semitic (etc.) statements may be so covered in habitual euphemism that the person speaking may be sincerely convinced that what he's saying isn't racist or anti-Semitic (etc.), since he isn't using any "forbidden" vocabulary, so that the code switching may even affect the speaker's own self-awareness. But strained circumlocutions (e.g. saying "member of the [whatever] community" when you clearly wish that you "could" say something else) can be potent indicators in themselves, and a person may speak differently on the same topic if he thinks that none of "them" are around. (I have sometimes been around when it was apparently not realized that I was one of "them" ...) DSatz (talk) 17:57, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I've seen several journalists describing politicians who adapt different speaking styles, which Slate, for example, calls "Code-switching—or code-mixing, or style-shifting" Some writer deride this as inauthentic (though, as Slate points out, everybody does it). I have therefore cited a scholarly paper about perceptions accent and style shifting in politics – one that specifically calls it "code-switching" on page 341.
 * Monica Heller's work on "The politics of codeswitching" is about literal code-switching between French and English (and sometimes other languages), and how this is taken up in Canadian politics. I assume "the political sense of [code-switching]" means the former rather than the latter, right? Cnilep (talk) 04:04, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

CMS UA
I know that Carol Myers-Scotton uses a lot of initialisms such as CS for "code switching" and ML for "matrix language", and I know that some of the scholars follow her in this usage. It is, however, confusing for non-experts to encounter text dense with such abbreviations. Manual of Style/Abbreviations urges consistency throughout an article. The style guide also suggests, "Always consider whether it is better to simply write a word or phrase out in full, thus avoiding potential confusion". I would recommend spelling out most, if not all of the labels from Myers-Scotton's work, even where she does not. (Oh, and just in case the heading of this section is unclear, it refers to "Carol Myers-Scotton's use of abbreviations".) Cnilep (talk) 00:45, 5 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, I just appended "(MLF)" to the first mention of "Matrix-Language Frame". I'll see what else ... --Thnidu (talk) 06:30, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

Criticism section
just added the Template: Criticism section headnote to § Grammatical theories. ISTM that a more nuanced criticism is justified.

The only subsection I'd accuse of NPOV violation is Matrix language-frame model. That one is so long it seems to overshadow the others; it contains enough detail to warrant a separate article and should be significantly trimmed.

And then, the criticisms are scattered. Poplack's model -- or Sankoff and Poplack's model, depending on which paragraph you consult; where does Sankoff come in? -- is the only subsection to include criticisms of the theory, while Joshi's Closed-class Constraint and Belazi et al.'s Functional Head Constraint are relegated to Controversies. All these seriously cry out for conscious and conscientious rewriting.

Please me to discuss. --Thnidu (talk) 02:17, 12 June 2016 (UTC)
 * My main concern is that there are criticisms categorized under one section header, Generally speaking, they need to go throughout the article to make it more neutral. -- I dream of horses If you reply here, please ping me by adding to your message (talk to me) (My edits) @  05:18, 12 June 2016 (UTC)
 * No disagreement there! But a rewrite should also cover my other issues: Sankoff, Joshi, and Belazi+'s treatment, and the bloatedness of Myers-Scotton's (Matrix Language-Frame model), which is not only bloated but very hard to read. I'm working on that now.) --Thnidu (talk) 07:27, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

Nairobi?
The second set of examples in § Matrix language-frame model doesn't specify the language being switched with English. The text refers to it as "Nairobi", but there is no such language. Swahili seems the likeliest, and applying Google Translate to a section of example #2 supports that. I'm editing accordingly. --Thnidu (talk) 07:05, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

Non-verbal code-switching
I removed this sentence: "Like verbal code-switching, non-verbal code-switching can provide contextualisation cues."

The sentence cited Pahta and Nurmi (2009). That piece defines code-switching as "an umbrella term to refer to any identifiable changes from one language to another within a communicative episode". Their intent, as I understand it, is to include historical letters as "communicative episodes" that can feature code-switching. They do not suggest non-verbal code-switching as far as I can see. They do write, "we can speak of code-switching as a contextualisation cue, as one of the many linguistic or non-verbal procedures which can be used for signalling contextual presuppositions". But I take it that they mean contextualization cues – not code-switching – can be non-verbal. Cnilep (talk) 03:32, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

Intro section organization
In the intro section, there are three full paragraphs about the linguistics usage of the term before we get to everyday usage of the term. Should this be reorganized, perhaps to put the everyday usage first then all the linguistics, or else linguistics paragraph 1, then everyday, then linguistics 2 and 3? --zandperl (talk) 16:40, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

 * The rest of the article is about linguistics. As a general rule, Lead sections should reflect article content. The disambiguation page, named in the hatnote, can help readers find the Code Switch blog or literature using multiple languages. Cnilep (talk) 00:06, 21 September 2016 (UTC)

Code switch weights and measures.
We British switch weights and measure, metric and imperial all the time; is this considered code switching by linguists? If so should this be covered by the article? It actually seems very similar to me and this page came up when search for the proper phrase to describe this. 185.6.155.248 (talk) 12:06, 8 May 2019 (UTC)
 * It's an interesting phenomenon! But no, it's not code-switching in the linguistic sense. Pathawi (talk) 05:59, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Remote work
discusses code-switching making remote work more difficult. 2601:648:8202:96B0:0:0:0:313A (talk) 17:13, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

Shorter word
Isn't the most obvious reason for code switching that some concepts require more, or longer, words in one language than another, so bilinguals will tend to use whichever is shorter and easier to say. I have observed this a lot while listening to my wife dropping English words into conversation in Farsi. Isn't laziness a major driving force in linguistic evolution? DenisHowe (talk) 10:26, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

No, there are decades of research on code-switching with many documented communicative functions, none of which are laziness. Laziness is also not a major driving force in linguistic evolution. Unless you have some sources other than your interpretation of your wife's speech, this won't be a productive avenue for discussion.2601:602:9200:80:CD4C:FAEC:4248:3F45 (talk) 06:44, 22 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, ad-hoc borrowing (here: dropping English words into conversation in Farsi) is something many would consider "code-mixing" rather than "code-switching". –Austronesier (talk) 11:55, 22 May 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Multilingualism and Language contact
— Assignment last updated by Potato2357 (talk) 21:12, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writ 2 - Academic Writing
— Assignment last updated by Roach Jefferson (talk) 23:57, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

Minor Edits
Hello! I am Melany Mihai a student from UCSB in a Writing 2 class. We are doing a project on editing Wikipedia pages and I would like to add this portion into the intro. In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation. Code-switching is different from plurilingualismin that plurilingualism refers to the ability of an individual to use multiple languages,[1] while code-switching is the act of using multiple languages together. Multilinguals (speakers of more than one language) sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the use of more than one linguistic variety in a manner consistent with the syntax and phonology of each variety. Code-switching may happen between sentences, sentence fragments, words, or individual morphemes (in synthetic languages). However, some linguists consider the borrowing of words or morphemes from another language to be different from other types of code-switching.[2][3] There are many ways in which code-switching is employed, such as when a speaker is unable to express themselves adequately in a single language or to signal an attitude towards something.Likewise, code-switching is utilized when communicating with different jargon and in different setting. Code-switching is used to directly adapt to the audience so that they understand you clearly and effectively.Several theories have been developed to explain the reasoning behind code-switching from sociological and linguistic perspectives. Caiversi25 (talk) 14:02, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

Question about minor edits to Distinguishing features
Hello! This is Kaixiang Lin. I am also a student from UCSB Writing 2 and work on the same project mentioned above. I am planning to add some portion of terms that are usually confused with Code-switching, like Code-Meshing, and translingual. I think these would be best fit under the section of Distinguishing features and to avoid over repetitive, I am planning to mainly focus on the differences between these if there are. I am not sure if this would be helpful to page, or this is already considered and intentionally left out. Some advice would be highly appreciated! Thanks ahead. Olkxiver (talk) 06:59, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Added Subsection of Easily Confused Terms
Hello! This is Kaixiang Lin. I am also a student from UCSB Writing 2 course. I executed my plan as I discussed above and eventually to add my edit as the subsection called Easily Confused Terns under the section Distinguishing features. Feel free to edit these if I made mistake of inappropriate formatting and talk to me on the talk page of my sandbox about these. Thanks ahead! Olkxiver (talk) 06:27, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

references for code switching in education - gone
At some point, the references in the education section got unlinked, or whoever added them didn't port them over correct from a sandbox. Not sure where exactly the info comes from- there are at least four un-linked sources in there and im not sure how long they've been there for, unlinked. The info there tracks with the rest of the article, so it definitely had actual sources at some point, i just have no clue where from. Ejones0 (talk) 21:13, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

 * The section "Code-Switching in Language Education" appears to have been added by User:Ephvex with [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code-switching&diff=1146145473&oldid=1146142232 this edit] in March 2023. The text added at that time includes the non-functional numbers (e.g. "code-switching is often a very common method to establish communication between educators and learners.[1]") visible now. Perhaps it was copied from a sandbox or other page. Unfortunately Ephvex doesn't seem to be around after their course ended in April, but User:Ephvex/sandbox appears to include the draft text, with references. Cnilep (talk) 05:34, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writing 2
— Assignment last updated by Bryceucsb (talk) 01:22, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Hello, I am a student at UCSB working on a writing project in order to add to the code-switching conversation. I would like to add additional information to the application in language learning process paragraph, as well as the bilingual advantage paragraph. Additionally, I would like to add my own paragraph based on the bilingual disadvantage. Gaucho221 (talk) 20:58, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose merging Code-mixing into Code-switching. Too much WP:Overlap. The slim differences that "some scholars" see can be included on Code-switching. Knowledgegatherer23 ( Say Hello ) 01:25, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Although some work under the heading of code-mixing is essentially identical to code-switching, other work uses that heading for quite different (albeit diverse) topics. I would have only a weak objection to changing Code-mixing to a disambiguation page – namely that not all of the topics labeled code-mixing are currently treated in other Wikipedia entries. (Full disclosure: I created the code-mixing entry in 2009; before that it was a redirect to Code-switching.) Cnilep (talk) 01:45, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Agree. I think code-mixing can be succesfully integrated within the Code-switching article, and the term be kept as a redirect to its own section within Code-switching. Malacitana (talk) 16:24, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Weak support. I support merging the articles in principle. I think in such a case, however, there should be a larger discussion about changing the name of the merged article to language alternation or similar, to capture its more generalized nature. While code-switching and code-mixing are more-or-less synonymous, other forms of language alternation such as code-blending (which does not currently have its own article) are distinctly different from code-switching and would not fit well under this moniker. Alphaw00lf2000 (talk) 13:31, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd like to wait for a few more opinions to determine consensus. Knowledgegatherer23  ( Say Hello ) 14:19, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

Accuracy of examples
On a similar note, the examples listed on the article seem to be innacurate as some look more like examples of Code-meshing. Supporting this, there has been much recent research and changing opinions in recent years on this matter. The whole section doesn't cite any sources and the above section only cites one extremely outdated source from last century. I propose writing new examples. What does everyone think? Knowledgegatherer23 ( Say Hello ) 07:34, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Why were this user's edits allowed to go through? This person has simply replaced the academic (useful) definition of code-switching with the popular misunderstanding of it. Code-switching is NOT simply speaking different language varieties to other people! Why would that even have a name? Does anyone struggle to identify why a bilingual French-English speaker might choose to use French in France and English in England? 2600:8800:2F00:3970:499E:9E4C:539:253C (talk) 04:20, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

the writing agenda

 * Code-switching in remote settings has become higher on the writing agenda due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Remote settings have taken the likes of social media, emails, and any other setting where communication has been made via online platforms.

What is the writing agenda? In the second sentence, what exactly does taken mean? —Tamfang (talk) 21:46, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I think that they maybe meant to say that code-switching is being taken into account and performed intentionally in some remote-meeting contexts. Malacitana (talk) 16:12, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: African American Studies
— Assignment last updated by Studenteditor03 (talk) 14:40, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Linguistics in the Digital Age
— Assignment last updated by Fedfed2 (talk) 00:54, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

the null transformation

 * For Example, the American English sentence "First day I walk in the door, there she was" transforms into "First day I walk in the door" in African American English. This alteration serves to clarify the action, emphasizing its singular occurrence.

Can someone check the source of this passage to confirm that the phrase transforms into exactly the same phrase? (And that Example is indeed anomalously capitalized?) —Tamfang (talk) 21:02, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
 * This is a grave misrepresentation of the source. Apart from the fact that American English sentences do not "transform" into AAVE sentences, the author Rusty Barrett actually presents the sentence "First day I walk in the door, there she was" as the correct AAVE version of incorrect **"First day I walk in the door, there she be", a sentence that appears in Kathryn Stockett's novel The Help (one of many language blunders in that novel). Barrett writes: "Why is a college-educated White woman rewarded for using African American English incorrectly in her writing, while an African American child who writes in perfectly correct African American English is likely to be reprimanded, corrected, or asked to switch it out for another more appropriate version of English?" I will remove the passage, since it really misses Barrett's point. –Austronesier (talk) 21:33, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Writ 2 - Academic Writing
— Assignment last updated by Icecream209 (talk) 07:07, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

Proposed merger
I think Situational code-switching should be merged into Code-switching, of which it is undoubtedly a sub-category. BetweenCupsOfTea (talk) 03:29, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Support Situational code-switching is definitely a sub-category. Adleid (talk) 20:21, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose after reading Cnilep's reply. Adleid (talk) 07:18, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose for reasons of length. 'Code-switching' currently has around 10,000 words, which WP:SIZESPLIT suggests is close to the limit for most readers' attention span. Linking to 'Situational code-switching', Metaphorical code-switching, Translanguaging, Code-mixing etc. with templates such as Further and Main would allow readers to focus on the area of interest to them. Cnilep (talk) 02:54, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Comment: The every-day use of code-switching has shifted to mean Situational code-switching, while technical use among linguists continues to be bilingual code-switching. I'm not sure they can be merged due to length concerns. The ideal solution might be to revisit the merge of Code-switching to Code-mixing and then have Code-switching redirect to Situational code-switching to reflect the now more common every day use and something at the top to let linguists, linguistic students and those who might be looking for bilingual Code-switching to go to the merged page. Mars3 (talk) 03:22, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

Code switching in the slavery era
This article doesn't mention this topic. Is there a reason for that? Wiki-uk (talk) 19:25, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Predominantly discussions of code-switching in the context of slavery refers to Situational code-switching. While there is a lot of linguistic research about enslaved people and the language contact from the Atlantic Slave Trade, I can't find or think of any specifically about the sort of bilingual code-switching that might fit this topic. Mars3 (talk) 01:26, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Code-switching


text:
Talk:Ben Lui

Untitled

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. —Wknight94 (talk) 04:00, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Moved this to here, Ben Laoigh is a mismatch of the proper gaelic name (i.e., where it is now) and the anglo-version (Ben Lui). Grinner 11:20, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I reckon it ought to be "Ben Lui". The OS (who have been adding a lot of Gaelic names to their maps recently) only give "Ben Lui" on both the Landranger and Explorer maps. I haven't got any recent guidebooks to double-check, but I'd think that Common names and Use English apply here. Besides which all the incoming links use the anglicised form. The article would of course still mention the Gaelic form in the first sentence. -- Blisco 16:37, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Beinn Laoigh → Ben Lui – see above. Blisco 16:49, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~

 * Support for reason given. Blisco 16:49, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Ben Cruachan
The Ben Cruachan page claims that at 1126m it is the highest mountain in Argyll and Bute, but if Ben Lui is 1130m and is in Argyll too, maybe that's wrong? MaherCoen 06:12, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Ben Lui is on the boundary of Argyll and Bute and Stirling (council area). From looking at the OS 1:25K map, it looks like the boundary doesn't exactly go over the summit, so the summit is is Stirling council area, not Argyll and Bute. I would estimate that that highest part of Ben Lui in Argyll and Bute is about 1115m, though I'm not sure how exact the boundaries and contour lines on the map are. Also note the boundaries of the current Argyll and Bute council area are not necessarily the same as the historical area/county of Argyll. So the summit might be in Argyll, but not Argyll and Bute? I've updated the page anyway, to specify Ben Lui is in Argyll and Bute, and Stirling.
 * FWIW, I've just checked Database of British hills. It says Ben Cruachan is the highest point in Argyll and Bute, but Bidean nam Bian is the highest point in the historic county of Argyll. --Vclaw (talk) 00:09, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ben Lui


text: User talk:202.8.27.5

title: User talk:202.8.27.5


text:
User talk:Stormie/Archive7

Dr Victor Chang
Hi Stormie. Fantastic work on the Victor Chang article! I was just thinking about him when I saw a clip of him on that Memorable Moments thing on Nine last night. I'll see what I can add to the article. - Mark 00:45, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

60.231.24.120== Thanks! ==

Stormie - many thanks for supporting my adminship! Ðåñηÿßôý | Talk 05:04, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Alex Zanotelli: pages and subpages
Hi! Thanks a lot for your tips! Besides my being italian, I'm also a new wikipedian, in a few words: I've got a lot to learn...and a lot of work to do. I should have studied the editing rules more carefully in advance. My fault! Thanks again and greetings from...down-over..:) Shezarainbow 17:53, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Regarding Golden age of arcade games vandal
Please join me in discussing him at User talk:212.219.189.68. -- user:zanimum

Re: Copyright details on images
I usually put that fair use tag below screen grabs I use for Trek and Star Gate articles I added. I'm guessing that tag is sufficient enough, so far no one's taken any down that I can tell. I got a little lazy adding them recently, and forgot about updateing them. I wasn't even sure if adding a screen grab to an episode synopsis was worth it or not. I'm kind of experimenting right now. Cyberia23 23:12, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Each one of the TOS episode images already has a line that says "Image from Star Trek episode [Name of Episode]". Under each episode article, at the top, I put additional info; like the directors name, and show writer, etc. You want this added to each picture as well? I could put like © 1960-whatever Paramount Pictures or something there too. Hows that? I got these images from a foreign fan site, the guy there made the screen captures. The site is all in Slovenian or something, I can't read it. Cyberia23 01:31, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I'd say it's totally reasonable. More so when they aren't even full frames. All of the ones I and Cyberia uploaded were cropped and shrunk. It falls under fair use. Although several of mine should be revamped with more information about where it came from and the MGM owns the original copyright. Tatarize 01:58, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Vandal/Troll
Hi stormie, there is a troll/vandal that maybe you can help with (you are an admin, right?).

This person uses;

 * (66.144.5.25 | talk | contributions)
 * (210.142.29.125 | talk | contributions)
 * (Chuck F | talk | contributions)

I think you dealt with Chuck_F on the Exxon Mobil page. Some of his edits are good, but others are nonsense reverting (see ). I listed him at Vandalism_in_progress but he is still reverting Nut (hardware)

 * thanks for the note, I fixed one of the links above. Duk 14:58, 9 Oct 2004 (UTC)

After his recent activity on Michael Badnarik, I listed Chuck on WP:RFC. The request is at Requests for comment/Chuck F. If you think it's justified, I'd appreciate if you certified it. Thanks. Rhobite 01:04, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

Re: Lease purchase contract and Real estate contract
Not a lawyer, I had to add certain information that I don't know if it is correct or not. —Joseph | Talk 06:23, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

Hey, thanks for the adminship vote!
Thanks mate, I appreciate the vote of confidence! - Ta bu shi da yu 09:55, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Reithy
I've put up an RFC on Reithy, if you'd care to comment (your edit to his talk page is invoked). RadicalSubversiv E 18:39, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Leto Atreides
Thankyou for the tip, i have stated that the Brotherhood is real. The stories that follow, though based entirely on truth, might be consodered fiction so I stated that as well.

Korean IP
Thanks ... your solution was far more diplomatic than mine. Sucks when you wake up and feel bad about how you treated an anonymous Korean. :P Sigh. --Golbez 20:20, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, an hour block to get his attention did better than my angry ravings in edit summaries. :) At least he's now made a username, Tyler111. --Golbez 21:24, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

Niclead
Hi,

With regards to the photo of Nicholas Lea, a few years ago I was making a website and found various pictures to add to it, most of which were in public domain. I discovered my folder of them when I wrote the Nic Lea article and simply uploaded it.

If it isn't public domain, please feel free to delete it, I just assumed as such.

Daydream believer2 08:31, Oct 18, 2004 (UTC)

Woohoo!
Thanx :-) Ta bu shi da yu 07:15, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

xsarpedonx
Thanks for the advice. I looked breifly for a wiki way to do thelists but didn't see it so I just did it the html way. I'll be sure to do it the right way next time.

What is the general etiquite for placement of the stub tag and other document infomation, like the incorrect title and so on?

And how do I get it to stop telling me I have new messages?
 * Ok it stopped now, I think it was during maintenance so perhaps a file or database was locked at the time and couldn't be updated.

Heya
Hi Stormie thanks pointing out the Sydney project and the Australian notice board, I was vaguely familiar with the former, and have added a couple more things to the latter, and the list of Australian musicians. Cheers Galaga88 12:31, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Stormie, thanks for your support. Even if I don't make it, the important thing is that I'll continue what I know I do best (no, not fighting), I'll continue to write. Between you and me, I want you to know that I have you to thank for my change in atitude. I've learned a lot about the workings of Wiki because you, RickK and Hajor, among others, have led the way. User:Marine 69-71

Kostya Tszyu
Hey mate, how you doing? I'm not writing about a Wikipedian issue this time. Today I met the Australian, Kostya Tszyu, the boxing world champion. We found out that he was traning over here, in Phoenix Az. and my son and I snuck in through a back gate where he held a press conference for his fight this Saturday (My son got stuck in gate). Anyway, we got a boxing glove and a poster signed by him. A newscastor from your channel 9 was there and filmed us with Tszyu. So, if you see the sports news tonight on T.V. and you see a good-looking old guy and a crazy young guy next to him with Tszyu, that's us. Cheers! Tony the Marine

Do Me A Favor
Stormie, take a look at Vanesa Littlecrow, I don't think I'm writing a POV when I descibed the person as multitalented. What I mean by that is that she has more then one talent. Someone wants to discuss it in the talk page. Tell me what can be done.

User:Marine 69-71

U.S. embargo against Cuba
You voted for U.S. embargo against Cuba, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)  13:52, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Baumann article
Great to see you on this crazy site. Been too long. Anyway, thanks for expanding that Baumann article somewhat. I put the speedy tag on it since the original content was nothing more than Eugen Baumann, (December 12, 1846 - November 3, 1896) chemist. Talk to you soon and happy holidays! - Lucky 6.9 01:24, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

LOL! Well, I guess I'll be thinking of Baumann the next time I install sprinklers! Here it is, a Friday, the worst possible day of the week at a radio station...and I'm noodling around Wikipedia. It's fun being nuts. :^) Seriously, it's good to hear from you.  Later! - Lucky 6.9 20:22, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Heya
I just want you to know that the work you put into Newtown, New South Wales is quite simply superb! Keep up the good work :-) Ta bu shi da yu 14:56, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Bert Newton
You voted for Bert Newton, this week's Australian Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. Thanks.

Rienzo
Since you have been involved with Rienzo before, you probably ought to see

Requests for arbitration

CheeseDreams 01:54, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image licensing
Hi. I am currently reviewing license tags for art images. I just replaced a PD tag with PD-art-US for Image:Derain CharingCrossBridge.png. As I see, the artist passed away less than 100 years ago, and his work is fairly likely to be under copyright protection in many jurisdictions. I am aware that some works could be released into public domain by the artist, and if that is the case with Charing Cross Bridge, I should change the tag. But I am finding out that many images are tagged PD when for the simple reason of the work is published before 1923. If I am mistaken about this case, I apologize. But if you suspect that you did indeed tagged other images as PD just because it is a pre-1923 work, please let me know. I would be more than happy to check and make changes to tags. Cheers, Tomos 12:41, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stormie/Archive7


text:
Net energy gain

Net Energy Gain (NEG) is a concept used in energy economics that refers to the difference between the energy expended to harvest an energy source and the amount of energy gained from that harvest. The net energy gain, which can be expressed in joules, differs from the net financial gain that may result from the energy harvesting process, in that various sources of energy (e.g. natural gas, coal, etc.) can be priced differently for the same amount of energy.

Calculating NEG
A net energy gain is achieved by expending less energy acquiring a source of energy than is contained in the source to be consumed. That is

 * $$NEG = Energy_{\hbox{Consumable}} - Energy_{\hbox{Expended}}.$$

Factors to consider when calculating NEG is the type of energy, the way energy is used and acquired, and the methods used to store or transport the energy. It is also possible to overcomplicate the equation by an infinite number of externalities and inefficiencies that may be present during the energy harvesting process.

Sources of energy
The definition of an energy source is not rigorous. Anything that can provide energy to anything else can qualify. Wood in a stove is full of potential thermal energy; in a car, mechanical energy is acquired from the combustion of gasoline, and the combustion of coal is converted from thermal to mechanical, and then to electrical energy. Examples of energy sources include:

 * Fossil fuels
 * Nuclear fuels (e.g., uranium and plutonium)
 * Radiation from the sun
 * Mechanical energy from wind, rivers, tides, etc.
 * Bio-fuels derived from biomass, in turn having consumed soil nutrients during growth.
 * Heat from within the earth (geothermal energy)

The term net energy gain can be used in slightly different ways:

Non-sustainables
The usual definition of net energy gain compares the energy required to extract energy (that is, to find it, remove it from the ground, refine it, and ship it to the energy user) with the amount of energy produced and transmitted to a user from some (typically underground) energy resource. To better understand this, assume an economy has a certain amount of finite oil reserves that are still underground, unextracted. To get to that energy, some of the extracted oil needs to be consumed in the extraction process to run the engines driving the pumps, therefore after extraction the net energy produced will be less than the amount of energy in the ground before extraction, because some had to be used up.

The extraction energy can be viewed in one of two ways: profitable extractable (NEG>0) or nonprofitable extractable (NEG<0). For instance, in the Athabasca Oil Sands, the highly diffuse nature of the tar sands and low price of crude oil rendered them uneconomical to mine until the late 1950s (NEG<0). Since then, the price of oil has risen and a new steam extraction technique has been developed, allowing the sands to become the largest oil provider in Alberta (NEG>0).

Sustainables
The situation is different with sustainable energy sources, such as hydroelectric, wind, solar, and geothermal energy sources, because there is no bulk reserve to account for (other than the Sun's lifetime), but the energy continuously trickles, so only the energy required for extraction is considered.

In all energy extraction cases, the life cycle of the energy-extraction device is crucial for the NEG-ratio. If an extraction device is defunct after 10 years, its NEG will be significantly lower than if it operates for 30 years. Therefore, the 'energy payback time (sometimes referred to as energy amortization) can be used instead, which is the time, usually given in years, a plant must operate until the running NEG becomes positive (i.e. until the amount of energy needed for the plant infrastructure has been harvested from the plant).

Biofuels
Net energy gain of biofuels has been a particular source of controversy for ethanol derived from corn (bioethanol). The actual net energy of biofuel production is highly dependent on both the bio source that is converted into energy, how it is grown and harvested (and in particular the use of petroleum-derived fertilizer), and how efficient the process of conversion to usable energy is. Details on this can be found in the Ethanol fuel energy balance article. Similar considerations also apply to biodiesel and other fuels.

ISO 13602
ISO 13602-1 provides methods to analyse, characterize and compare technical energy systems (TES) with all their inputs, outputs and risk factors. It contains rules and guidelines for the methodology for such analyses.

ISO 13602-1 describes a means of to establish relations between inputs and outputs (net energy) and thus to facilitate certification, marking, and labelling, comparable characterizations, coefficient of performance, energy resource planning, environmental impact assessments, meaningful energy statistics and forecasting of the direct natural energy resource or energyware inputs, technical energy system investments and the performed and expected future energy service outputs.

In ISO 13602-1:2002, renewable resource is defined as "natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the technosphere is equal to or greater than one".

Examples

During the 1920s, 50 oilbbl of crude oil were extracted for every barrel of crude used in the extraction and refining process. Today only 5 oilbbl are harvested for every barrel used. When the net energy gain of an energy source reaches zero, then the source is no longer contributing energy to an economy.

title: Net energy gain


text:
Charles S. Roberts Award

The Charles S. Roberts Awards (or CSR Awards) is an annual award for excellence in manual, tabletop games, with a focus on "conflict simulations", which includes simulations of non-military as well as military conflicts, as well as simulations of related historical topics. From its founding in 1975 through 2021, the award was almost exclusively focused on historical wargaming, changing to a broader "conflict simulations" in award year 2022 (calendar year 2023).

It is named in honor of Charles S. Roberts the "Father of Wargaming" who founded Avalon Hill. The award is informally called a "Charlie" and officially called a "Charles S. Roberts Award". The Wargamer magazine called it "very prestigious". The Award is managed by the Charles S. Roberts Award Committee which has no commercial sponsorship, made up of designers, writers and hobbyists. It is a "people's award" with winners chosen through votes submitted by fans.

History
Created at the first Origins Game Convention in 1975, the awards were the brainchild of Canadian game store owner John Mansfield. Originally the awards were titled the "Origins Awards" but were informally known as the Charles Roberts Awards and it was only in 1988 that Charles Roberts officially agreed to let his name be used. The split from the Origins Awards occurred in 1987, after Fortress America by Milton Bradley Company won an award. Fortress America was not considered a traditional historical wargame by members of the wargaming community, with mechanics and a target audience more akin to Risk; and there was concern that because of the large print run of a Milton Bradley product, many of the voters came from outside the traditional wargaming hobby flooding out smaller run titles.

Prior to 2000, the awards were given at the Origins Game Fair. From 2000–2012, the awards were presented at the World Boardgaming Championships (formerly "AvalonCon"). The awards were not given from 2013–2018.

Current award
In 2020, a group of gamers and industry figures restarted the award under auspices of Chairman Rodger B. MacGowan and directed and operated by Tim Tow. Like the original, it is a non-profit and not associated with commercial interests. There are an increased number of categories including art, print and play (called "amateur wargames"), and computer wargame categories.

The Awards also included the Charles Roberts Awards Hall of Fame which recognized game designers and producers that have made a significant and long lasting contribution to the contemporary board wargaming hobby.

2003
Source:
 * Best Pre–World War II Boardgame—Age of Napoleon (Phalanx Games)
 * Best World War II Boardgame—Europe Engulfed (GMT Games LLC)
 * Best Modern Era Boardgame—Lock 'n Load (Shrapnel Games)
 * Best Magazine-Published Boardgame—Ignorant Armies (Strategy & Tactics/Decision)
 * Best DTP-Produced Boardgame—Thunder on South Mountain (Blue Guidon)
 * Best Wargame Graphics—Ardennes '44 (GMT Games LLC)
 * Best Professional Wargame Magazine—Against The Odds
 * Best Amateur Wargame Magazine—Panzerschreck (Minden Games)
 * Best Game Review or Game Analysis—Drive on Stalingrad, Paper Wars #50
 * Best Historical or Scenario Article—"Napoleon at the Berezina", Against the Odds Vol.1 No.4
 * James F. Dunnigan Award, To a Game Designer, Developer, Graphic Artist or Game for outstanding achievement – Rick Young and Jesse Evans, Europe Engulfed (GMT Games LLC)
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME—Kevin Zucker

2004
Source:
 * Best Pre–World War II Boardgame—Sword of Rome (GMT Games)
 * Best World War II Boardgame—ASL Starter Kit #1 (Multi-Man Publishing)
 * Best Modern Era Boardgame—Downtown (GMT Games)
 * Best Magazine-Published Boardgame—Fortress Berlin (Against the Odds)
 * Best DTP-Produced Boardgame—Louisiana Tigers (BSO Games)
 * Best Wargame Graphics—Downtown (GMT Games)
 * Best Professional Wargame Magazine—(tie) Against The Odds and Strategy & Tactics
 * Best Amateur Wargame Magazine—Panzerschreck (Minden Games)
 * Best Game Review or Game Analysis—no winner designated
 * Best Historical or Scenario Article—S&T Sedan, by Ty Bomba
 * Best Pre-20th Century PC Game—Rome: Total War (Total War Games)
 * Best 20th Century+ PC Game—Battles in Normandy (Strategic Studies Group)
 * James F. Dunnigan Award, To a Game Designer, Developer, Graphic Artist or Game for outstanding achievement—Lee Brimmicombe Wood for Downtown (GMT Games)
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME—JD Webster

2005
Source:
 * Best Pre–World War II Boardgame—Bonaparte at Marengo (Simmons Games)
 * Best World War II Boardgame—Empire of the Sun (GMT Games LLC)
 * Best Modern Era Boardgame—Twilight Struggle (GMT Games LLC)
 * Best Magazine-Published Boardgame—Chennault's First Fight (Against The Odds #12)
 * Best DTP-Produced Boardgame—Death in the Trenches (Schutze Games)
 * Best Wargame Graphics—(tie) Empire of the Sun (GMT Games LLC) and Fire in the Sky (MMP/The Gamers)
 * Best Professional Wargame Magazine—Against The Odds
 * Best Amateur Wargame Magazine—Panzerschreck (Minden Games)
 * Best Game Review or Game Analysis—Empire of the Sun Strategy Concepts (C3i #17)
 * Best Historical or Scenario Article—not awarded
 * Best Pre-20th Century PC Game—Crown of Glory (Matrix Games)
 * Best 20th Century+ PC Game—not awarded
 * James F. Dunnigan Award, To a Game Designer, Developer, Graphic Artist or Game for outstanding achievement—Ananda Gupta and Jason Matthews, Twilight Struggle (GMT Games LLC)
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME—none

2006
Source:
 * Best Pre–World War II Boardgame—Here I Stand (GMT Games LLC)
 * Best World War II Boardgame—A Victory Lost (Multi-Man Publishing)
 * Best Modern Era Boardgame—Winged Horse: Campaigns in Vietnam, 1965–66 (S&T #239)
 * Best DTP-Produced Boardgame—Battle of the Little Bighorn (Khyber Pass Games)
 * Best Magazine-Published Boardgame—Golden Horde: Kulikovo 1380 (Against the Odds #18)
 * Best Wargame Graphics—A Victory Lost (Multi-Man Publishing)
 * Best Professional Wargame Magazine—Against The Odds
 * Best Amateur Wargame Magazine—Line of Departure (Jim Werbaneth)
 * James F. Dunnigan Award, To a Game Designer, Developer, Graphic Artist or Game for outstanding achievement—Tetsuya Nakamura, A Victory Lost (Multi-Man Publishing)
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME—none

2007
Source:
 * Best Pre–World War II Boardgame—1914: Twilight in the East (GMT Games LLC)
 * Best World War II Boardgame—Case Blue (MMP/The Gamers)
 * Best Modern Era Boardgame—World at War: Eisenbach Gap (Lock 'n Load Publishing)
 * Best DTP-Produced Boardgame—Rosebud: Prelude to Little Bighorn (Khyber Pass Games)
 * Best Magazine-Published Boardgame—Not War But Murder (Against the Odds #19)
 * Best Wargame Graphics (tie)—1914: Twilight in the East (GMT Games LLC) and Overlord: D-Day and the Beachhead Battles (New England Simulations)
 * Best Professional Wargame Magazine—Against The Odds
 * Best Amateur Wargame Magazine—Line of Departure (Jim Werbaneth)
 * Best Game Review or Game Analysis—Against the Odds #19: "The Evolution of Cards and Wargames", by John Prados
 * Best Historical or Scenario Article—Against the Odds #19, "Not War But Murder: The Cold Harbor Campaign – 1864", by Michael Rinella
 * James F. Dunnigan Award, To a Game Designer, Developer, Graphic Artist or Game for outstanding achievement—Dean Essig, Designer, Case Blue and OCS series (MMP/The Gamers)
 * Best Pre-20th Century Era Computer Wargame—Empires in Arms (Matrix Games)
 * Best 20th Century Era Computer Wargame—Guns of August 1914–1918 (Matrix Games)
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME—none

2008
Source:
 * Best Pre–World War II Boardgame—Warriors of God (Multi Man Publications, Inc.)
 * Best World War II Boardgame—Conflict of Heroes (Academy Games)
 * Best Modern Era Boardgame—Red Dragon Rising: The Coming War with China (Decision Games)
 * Best DTP-Produced Boardgame—June '44 (DDH Games)
 * Best Magazine-Published Boardgame—Iwo Jima: Rage Against the Marines (Operations, MMP)
 * Best Wargame Graphics—Conflict of Heroes (Academy Games)
 * Best Professional Wargame Magazine—C3i Magazine (RBM Publication)
 * Best Amateur Wargame Magazine—Line of Departure (Jim Werbaneth)
 * Best Game Review or Game Analysis (tie)—Empire of the Sun: Opening Strategy, by Mark Herman (C3i Magazine) and Top 20 Games – A Look Back by Steve Carey (C3i Magazine)
 * Best Historical or Scenario Article (tie)—Combat Commander: Variant Rules by Chad Jensen and John Foley (C3i Magazine) and Flying Colors: Trafalgar Campaign by Mark Barker (C3i Magazine)
 * James F. Dunnigan Award, To a Game Designer, Developer, Graphic Artist or Game for outstanding achievement—Uwe Eickert
 * Best Pre-20th Century Era Computer Wargame—none
 * Best 20th Century Era Computer Wargame—none
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME—none

2009
Source:
 * Best Ancient to Napoleonic Era Board Wargame – A Most Dangerous Time: Japan in Chaos, 1570–1584, Multi Man Publications, Inc.
 * Best Post-Napoleonic to Pre–World War II Era Board Wargame – Battle Above the Clouds, Multi Man Publications, Inc.
 * Best World War II Era Board Wargame – D-Day at Omaha Beach, Decision Games
 * Best Post-WW2 Era Board Wargame – Elusive Victory, GMT Games
 * Best Pre-20th Century Era Computer Wargame – Field of Glory, Slitherine
 * Best 20th Century Era – Modern Computer Wargame – War in the Pacific – Admiral's Edition, Matrix Games
 * Best Science-Fiction or Fantasy Board Wargame – Struggle for the Galactic Empire, Decision Games
 * Best Magazine Game – Deathride: Mars-la-Tour 1870, Against the Odds magazine (ATO)
 * Best Desktop Published (DTP)/Print-and-Play Game – Zulus on the Ramparts!, Victory Point Games
 * Best Expansion or Supplement for an Existing Game – Panzerblitz Hill of Death mini-module Carentan, Multi Man Publications, Inc.
 * Best Board Game Graphics – Battle Above the Clouds, Multi Man Publications, Inc.
 * Best Professional Game Magazine – Battles magazine (by Olivier Revenu)
 * Best Amateur Game Magazine – Panzer Digest (by Gary Graber), Minden Games
 * Best Historical/Scenario Article – For the People – 10th Anniversary Variant Rules (C3i #23) by Mark Herman
 * Best Game Review or Analysis Article – Liberty Roads (Battles Magazine 2)
 * James F. Dunnigan Design Elegance Award – John Butterfield
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME – John Butterfield

2010
Source:
 * Best Ancient to Napoleonic Era Board Wargame – Washington's War (by Mark Herman), GMT Games
 * Best Post-Napoleonic to Pre-World War 2 Era Board Wargame – The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 (by Javier Romero), GMT Games
 * Best World War 2 Era Board Wargame – Normandy '44 (by Mark Simonitch), GMT Games
 * Best Post-WW2 Era Board Wargame – Labyrinth: The War on Terror (by Volko Ruhnke), GMT Games
 * Best Pre-20th Century Era Computer Wargame – Civilization V
 * Best 20th Century Era – Modern Computer Wargame – Gary Grigsby's War in the East: The German-Soviet War 1941–1945 (2by3 Games/ Matrix)
 * Best Science-Fiction or Fantasy Board Wargame – War of the Ring Collector's Edition (by Roberto di Meglio, Marco Maggi, Francesco Nepitello), Fantasy Flight Games
 * Best Science-Fiction or Fantasy Computer Wargame – Mass Effect 2
 * Best Magazine Game – A Week in Hell (by Laurent Guenette), Battles magazine
 * Best Desktop Published (DTP)/Print-and-Play/Postcard Game – We Must Tell the Emperor (by Steve Carey), Victory Point Games
 * Best Expansion or Supplement for an Existing Game – Combat Commander: Battle Pack #3 – Normandy (by John Foley), GMT Games
 * Best Board Game Graphics – Normandy '44 (GMT)
 * Best Computer Game Graphics – Gary Grigsby's War in the East: The German-Soviet War 1941–1945 (2by3 Games/ Matrix)
 * Best Professional Game Magazine – Battles Magazine
 * Best Amateur Game Magazine – Line of Departure
 * Best Historical/Scenario Article – Joel Toppen, History of the Peloponnesian War (C3i #24)
 * Best Game Review or Analysis Article – Mark Herman, Washington's War, Art of Asymmetrical Strategy (C3i#24)
 * James F. Dunnigan Design Elegance Award – Labyrinth: The War on terror
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME – Richard Borg

2011
Source:
 * Best Ancient to Napoleonic Era Board Wargame – Sekigahara (by Matt Calkins), GMT Games
 * Best Post-Napoleonic to Pre-World War 2 Era Board Wargame – None But Heroes (by Dean Essig), Multi Man Publications, Inc. (MMP)
 * Best Best World War 2 Era Board Wargame- No Retreat: The Russian Front Deluxe Edition (by Carl Paradis), GMT Games
 * Best Post-WW2 Era Board Wargame – Lock 'n Load: Heroes of the Gap (by Pete Abrams, Mark H. Walker), Lock 'n Load Publishing
 * Best Pre-20th Century Era Computer Wargame – Shogun 2 Total War
 * Best 20th Century Era – Modern Computer Wargame – Combat Mission: Battle for Normandy
 * Best Science-Fiction or Fantasy Board Wargame – Space Empires 4X (by Jim Krohn), GMT Games
 * Best Science-Fiction or Fantasy Computer Wargame – Ravenmark: Scourge of Estellion
 * Best Magazine Game – Into the Bastards! – First tank battle (by Nicolas Rident), Battles magazine
 * Best Desktop Published (DTP)/Print-and-Play/Postcard Game – The Battle of Halle 1806 (by Dennis A. Spors, James Soto, Monte Mattson, Michael Neylan), LA Bataille ME Premier
 * Best Expansion or Supplement for an Existing Game – Advanced Squad Leader: Starter Kit Expansion Pack #1 (by Ken Dunn), Multi Man Publications, Inc. (MMP)
 * Best Board Game Graphics – Where The Eagles Dare MMP
 * Best Computer Game Graphics – Shogun 2 Total War
 * Best Professional Game Magazine – Battles Magazine
 * Best Amateur Game Magazine – Line of Departure
 * Best Historical/Scenario Article – To Script or Not to Script, that is the question? (Mark Herman C3i #25
 * Best Game Review or Analysis Article – Labyrinth, David Hughes
 * James F. Dunnigan Design Elegance Award – Adam Starkweather
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME – Ed Wimble

2012
Source:
 * Best Ancient to Napoleonic Era Board Wargame: The Battle of Fontenoy (by Mathew Hinkle), Clash of Arms Games
 * Best Post-Napoleonic to Pre-World War 2 Era Board Wargame: Bloody April (by Terry Simo), GMT Games
 * Best World War 2 Era Board Wargame: Red Winter (by Mark Mokszycki), GMT Games
 * Best Post-WW2 Era Board Wargame: Andean Abyss (by Volko Ruhnke), GMT Games
 * Best Pre-20th Century Era Computer Wargame: Levee en Masse (by John Welch), Victory Point Games
 * Best 20th Century Era – Modern Computer Wargame: Battle of the Bulge, Shenandoah Studios
 * Best Science-Fiction or Fantasy Board Wargame: Star Wars: X-Wing Miniatures Game (by Jeffrey Kniffen), Fantasy Flight Games
 * Best Science-Fiction or Fantasy Computer Wargame: X-Com: Enemy Unknown, Firaxis 2K Games
 * Best Magazine Game: Beyond Waterloo (by John Prados), Against the Odds magazine (ATO)
 * Best Desktop Published (DTP) / Print-and-Play / Postcard Game: City of Confusion: The Battle for Hue, Tet 1968 (by Paul Rohrbaugh), High Flying Dice Games
 * Best Expansion or Supplement for an Existing Game: Festung Budapest (by Bill Cirillo), Multi Man Publications, Inc. (MMP)
 * Best Board Game Graphics: The Battle of Fontenoy (by Charles Kibler), Clash of Arms Games
 * Best Computer Game Graphics: Battle of the Bulge, Shenandoah Studios
 * Best Professional Game Magazine: C3i, RBM Publications
 * Best Amateur Game Magazine: 1914 Dispatches, Oregon Consim Gamers
 * Best Historical/Scenario Article: 1914 – A postwar Solution for Austria-Hungary's Mobilization (Michael Resch C3i nr 26)
 * Best Game Review or Analysis Article: For the People – Defending the Union (by Dave Dockter and Mark Herman), C3i Magazine
 * James F. Dunnigan Design Elegance Award: Dean Essig
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME: Brian Youse

2019
Source:
 * Best Ancients to Pre-Napoleonic War Game: Nevsky: Teutons and Rus in Collision
 * Best Napoleonic Era War Game: Quatre Bras 1815
 * Best Post-Napoleonic Pre-WWII War Game: Death Valley: Battles of Shenandoah
 * Best WW2 Era War Game: U-BOOT The Board Game
 * Best Amateur/Print-n-Play War Game: Federation Stellar Force
 * Best Game Review or Analysis: The Players Aid
 * Best Modern Era Computer War Game: Command: Modern Operations
 * Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Computer War Game: Stellaris
 * Best Computer War Game Expansion or Update: Through the Ages: New Leaders and Wonders
 * Best Computer War Game Graphics: Unity of Command II
 * Best Pre-20th Century Computer War Game: Julius Caesar
 * Best Amateur War Gaming Magazine: War Diary
 * Best Magazine Board War Game: Campaigns of 1777 (Strategy and Tactics magazine)
 * Best Postcard/Small Format Board War Game: Imua! The Unification of Hawaii, 1795
 * Best Professional War Game Magazine: C3i
 * Science Fiction or Fantasy War Game: Dune
 * Best Solitaire/Co-Operative War Game: UBOOT The Board Game
 * Best War Game Playing Components: UBOOT The Board Game
 * Best War Game Rules: UBOOT The Board Game
 * Best War Game Map Graphics: UBOOT The Board Game
 * Best Computer Assist Module: UBOOT The Board Game
 * Best Original Box Cover Art: UBOOT The Board Game
 * Best Expansion or Supplement: Time of Crisis: Age of Iron and Rust
 * Best Post-WW2, Cold War, and Hypothetical Era: Storming the Gap: World at War '85
 * Best Game Review or Analysis Article: (tie) Evolution of Historical Small Unit Tactic Board Wargames by Robert Carroll and OCS 101 Vitebsk Introductory Scenario by Chip Saltsman
 * Clausewitz Award HALL OF FAME: Rich Banner
 * James F. Dunnigan Award for Design and Playability: Volke Ruhnke
 * War Boardgame of the Year: UBOOT The Board Game

2020
Source:
 * Ancients to Medieval Board Wargame Caesar: Rome vs. Gaul GMT
 * Early Gunpowder Board Wargame Imperial Struggle GMT
 * Napoleonic Era Board Wargame The Shores of Tripoli Fort Circle Games
 * Late GunPowder Era Board Wargames Freedom! Phalanx
 * American Civil War (ACW) Board Wargames Chancellorsville 1863 Worthington
 * WWI Board Wargames Verdun 1916: Steel Inferno Fellowship of Simulations
 * WW2 Board Wargames The Jaws of Victory: Battle of Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket – January/February 1944 New England Simulations
 * Modern, Hypothetical Board Wargame Brotherhood & Unity: War in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1995 Compass
 * SciFi Fantasy Board Stellar Horizons Compass
 * SF Fantasy Computer Wargame Shadow Empire Matrix Games and Root Dire Wolf
 * Pre-20th Century Computer Wargame Crusader Kings III Paradox Interactive and Field of Glory II: Medieval Slitherine
 * Modern Era Computer Wargame Panzer Corps 2
 * Computer Wargame Expansion Field of Glory Empires – Persia 550 – 330 BCE Slitherine Ltd and Order of Battle: Red Storm  Slitherine
 * Computer Wargame Graphics Panzer Corps 2
 * Board Game Assist Module Dune (Treachery Online)
 * Solitaire/Coop Board Wargame The Shores of Tripoli Fort Circle Games
 * Magazine Board Wargame Battle for Kursk: The Tigers Are Burning, 1943  C3i #34
 * Amateur/Print & Play Wargame Kettle Hill
 * Postcard/Small Format Board Wargame Lucky Little Luxembourg
 * Best Board Wargame Expansion Labyrinth: The Forever War, 2015-?
 * Board Wargame Playing Components The Jaws of Victory: Battle of Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket – January/February 1944 New England Simulations
 * Board Wargame Map Graphics Imperial Struggle GMT
 * Wargame Rules The Jaws of Victory: Battle of Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket – January/February 1944 New England Simulations and The Shores of Tripoli Fort Circle Games
 * Original Box Cover Art The Shores of Tripoli Fort Circle Games
 * Amateur Wargame Magazine Punched
 * Professional Wargame Magazine C3I
 * Wargame Analysis / Game Review / Analysis website, webcast, podcast The Player’s Aid
 * Individual Historical Article or Scenario Analysis Wargaming in the Department of Defense — U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Common Core: Wargaming in the Joint Planning Process* – Eric Walters
 * Military History Book Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific 1944-1945 by Ian Toll
 * Wargame of the Year Verdun 1916: Steel Inferno Fellowship of Simulations
 * Dunnigan Award for Design Excellence Verdun 1916: Steel Inferno Walter Vejdovsky
 * Clausewitz Hall of Fame recipient Walter Vejdovsky

2021
Source:
 * Best Ancients to Medieval Era Board Wargame: Rome, Inc., Against the Odds, designer Philip Jelley
 * Best Early Gunpowder Board Wargame 1453-1793 AD: Bayonets & Tomahawks, GMT Games, designer Marc Rodrigue
 * Best Late Gunpowder to Pre-World War I Board Wargame, excluding American Civil War and Napoleonic Topics: Red Flag Over Paris, GMT Games, designer Fred Serval
 * Best Napoleonic Board Wargame: Napoleon Invades Spain, Operational Studies Group, designer Kevin Zucker
 * Best American Civil War Board Wargame: Hood Strikes North, Multi-Man Publishing, designers Joseph M. Balkoski, Ed Beach & Chris Withers
 * Best World War I Era Board Wargame: Decisive Victory 1918: Soissons, Legion Wargames, designers Serge Bettencourt, Tim Gale
 * Best World War II Era Board Wargame: Atlantic Chase, GMT Games, designer Jeremy White
 * Best Modern Era Board Wargame: NATO: The Cold War Goes Hot, Compass Games, designer Bruce Maxwell
 * Best Science-Fiction or Fantasy Board Wargame: Oath: Chronicles of Empire and Exile, Leder Games, designer Cole Wehrle
 * Best Solitaire or Cooperative Board Wargame: Atlantic Chase, GMT Games, designer Jeremy White
 * Best Magazine Board Wargame: Hannut: France 1940, Decision Games, designer Joe Youst
 * Best Expansion or Supplement for an Existing Board Wargame: Undaunted: Reinforcements, Osprey Games, designers David Thompson & Trevor Benjamin
 * Best Board Wargame Playing Components: Atlantic Chase, GMT Games
 * Best Board Wargame Map Graphics: Bayonets & Tomahawks, GMT Games, map artist Marc Rodrigue
 * Best Board Wargame Rules: Atlantic Chase, GMT Games, designer Jeremy White
 * Best Cover Art: Storm Above the Reich, GMT Games, box artists Mark Simonitch & Antonis Karidis
 * Best Computer Wargame: War in the East 2, Slitherine, Ltd.
 * Best Wargame Magazine: C3i, RBM Studios
 * Best Individual Historical, Scenario Analysis, or Book: Wayne Hansen, “Let’s Play! Devil Boats: PT Boats in the Solomons Overview & Review”
 * Best Game Review or Analysis Website, Webcast, or Podcast: The Player’s Aid (Blog & YouTube)
 * Wargame of the Year: Atlantic Chase, GMT Games, designer Jeremy White
 * James F. Dunnigan Design Elegance Award: David Thompson
 * Clausewitz Award Hall of Fame: Chad Jensen
 * Charles S. Roberts Best New Designer Award: Marc Rodrigue

2022
Source:

 * Best Ancients Wargame: Great Battles of Julius Caesar Deluxe Edition, GMT Games, designers Richard H. Berg and Mark Herman
 * Best Medieval Wargame: Almoravid, GMT Games, designer Volko Ruhnke
 * Best Gunpowder Wargame: No Peace Without Honor, Compass Games, designer David Meyler
 * Best Early Modern Wargame: Plains Indian Wars, GMT Games, designer John Poniske
 * Best Napoleonic Wargame: Bonaparte in the Quadrilateral, OSG, designer Kevin Zucker
 * Best American Civil War Wargame: A Most Fearful Sacrifice, Flying Pig Games, designer Hermann Luttmann
 * Best Early 20th Century Wargame: 1914: Nach Paris, VUCA Simulations, designer Bertrand Munier
 * Best World War II Wargame: Pacific War Second Edition, GMT Games, designer Mark Herman
 * Best Modern Wargame: Flashpoint: South China Sea, GMT Games, designer Harold Buchanan
 * Best Hypothetical Wargame: The Third World War Designer Signature Edition, Compass Games, designer Frank Chadwick
 * Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Wargame: The Long Road, Flying Pig Games, designer Mark H. Walker
 * Best Solitaire or Cooperative Wargame: Skies Above Britain, GMT Games, designers Jerry White and Gina Willis
 * Best Expansion for an Existing Wargame: Fall of Saigon, for Fire in the Lake, GMT Games, designers Mark Herman and Volko Ruhnke
 * Best Wargaming Magazine: Strategy & Tactics
 * The Redmond A. Simonsen Memorial Award for Outstanding Wargame Presentation: A Most Fearful Sacrifice: The Three Days of Gettysburg, Flying Pig Games
 * The James F. Dunnigan Award for Playability and Design: Volko Ruhnke
 * The Charles S. Roberts Memorial Award for Best New Designer: Richard Whitaker (Into the Woods)
 * CSR Awards (Clausewitz) Hall of Fame Inductees: Dana Lombardy, John Prados, Volko Ruhnke
 * Wargame of the Year: A Most Fearful Sacrifice: The Three Days of Gettysburg, Flying Pig Games, designer Hermann Luttmann

Previous award winners
Source:

1974 to 2012 – Best Amateur Wargaming Magazine

 * – formerly Swabbers

1987 to 2012 – Best Historical or Scenario Magazine Article

 * – only Honorable Mentions

1989 to 2012 – James F. Dunnigan Award for Playability and Design
To a Game Designer, Developer, Graphic Artist or Game for outstanding achievement in that year
 * – In 1989 and 1991 the game won the award.

Leading CSR award winners for wargames (1974 to 2011)
These totals include awards for games, magazine games, game graphics and (for designers) the James F. Dunnigan award. Not included are awards for magazines, computer media and articles.

by game company
47 – GMT Games LLC

16 – Multi-Man Publishing

13 – The Gamers Incorporated

12 – The Avalon Hill Game Company

12 – Victory Games

10 – Decision Games

9 – XTR Corporation

6 – Simulation Publications Incorporated

6 – Against the Odds Magazine

5 – Game Designers' Workshop

4 – World Wide Wargames

4 – West End Games

3 – Clash of Arms

3 – Khyber Pass Games

by game designer or graphic artist
16 – Dean Essig

13 – Rodger MacGowan

9 – Richard Berg

8 – Ted Raicer

6 – Joe Miranda

6 – Mark Herman

5 – Volko Ruhnke 5 – Mark Simonitch

4 – John Prados

4 – Ted Koller

4 – Nicolas Eskubi

3 – Frank Chadwick

3 – Joseph Balkoski

3 – Greg Costikyan

3 – Dan Verssen

3 – Charles Kibler

title: Charles S. Roberts Award


text: User talk:192.117.121.107

title: User talk:192.117.121.107


text:
Bicholim

Bicholim (Konkani: Dicholi; IPA : ), is a small town and a municipal council in North Goa district in the state of Goa, India. It is the headquarters of the Concelho (county) of Bicholim, one of seven that make up the Novas Conquistas (New Conquests), territories added to Goa comparatively later than the first three of the Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests). The town is located about 30 km from the state capital of Panaji. It is in the mining heartland of Goa.

History
As per Hiregutti plates of Bhoja Asantika, a locality named Dipaka visaya in the copper plates dating 5th century CE, is identified with modern-day Divchali or Dicholi. It was under the rule of an independent Warlord (PrabhuDesai's of Sankhali/Sanquelim) It was taken over by Portuguese in late 18th century as part of New Conquest.

Geography
Bicholim is located at 15.6°N, 73.95°W. It has an average elevation of 22 metres (72 feet).

Demographics
India census, Dicholi had a population of 16,986. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dicholi has an average literacy rate of 82%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Economy
Mining constitutes a major chunk in the economy of Bicholim with about 36% of the population working for a single iron ore mine owner, formerly Souza Mineralia Pvt. Ltd. owned by M.M.P. DeSouza who formed a partnership with the Dempos, the Dempo clan took over the mines underhandedly and it is now taken over by Sesa Goa which has been merged into Vedanta Resources of Anil Agarwal.

Wednesday is the market day where people in and around Bicholim gather in the main market region for trading small goods/commodities.

Government and politics
Bicholim is part of Bicholim (Goa Assembly constituency) and North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency).

Socio-political
Bicholim has three primary schools, four secondary schools, a polytechnic institute, a number of hospitals, temples, churches and mosques, and a protected site, pandava caves.

Some of the prominent temples are the Shanta Durga temple and the Mahadeva Temple. The Shanta Durga temple is close to the banks of the river, which is a tributary of river Mandovi.

The church of Our Lady of Grace dominates the town square. The high school run from the precincts of the church complex is one of the prominent schools of Bicholim.

A historic monument Nimuz ghar (possibly Namaz Ghar) stands on the hilltop prominently overlooking the town of Bicholim. The monument was built to commemorate the victory of the combined Muslim and Hindu forces over the Portuguese.

Another prominent landmark of the town is the Tribunal started by the Portuguese to deal with civil and criminal cases after the Nova Conquista.

As in other communities of Goa, Ganesh Chaturthi or Chawath is a celebrated with its own unique touch in Bicholim. A folk dance called "Ghode Modni" which has a cavalry theme is a specialty of Bicholim.

Bicholim Industrial Estate
Set up by the Goa Industrial Development Department, the Bicholim Industrial Estate located on the banks of Mandovi tributary is home to more than 50 industrial workshops and manufacturing units specializing in a range of products and services such as Pottery, aluminium and steel fabrication, plastics, mining equipment, rolling mills, bus body, etc.

Cudnem Village
Cudnem or Kudene is a large village situated on the left bank of the Cudnem River. It is located in Bicholim of North Goa district, Goa with total 763 families residing. The Cudnem village had a population of 3,308 of which 1,714 are males while 1,594 are females according to 2011 Indian census.

Jainism
There are remains of Ancient Jain temples in Gujirwada in Cudnem village. Broken idols of Tirthankara were discovered during an excavation in 1986 by the directorate of archeology and archives. The Jain temple of Cudnem was constructed in the 10th century and was in ruins in the 15th century.

The idols of Tirthankara were also found in Chandreshwar temple in Kothambi village, situated on the right bank of the River Mandovi.

Naroa is situated on the left bank of the River Mandovi.

Broken sculptures of the Jain Tirthankara Suparshvanatha, belonging to the period of the Goan Kadamba ruler Shivachitta Permadi Dev, were discovered in an old Jain temple in Jainkot, Naroa.

The sculpture of Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara was discovered in Hindolewada, Naroa.

title: Bicholim


text:
Shaji N. Karun

Shaji Neelakantan Karun (born 1 January 1952) is an Indian film director and cinematographer. His debut film Piravi (1988) won the Caméra d'Or – Mention d'honneur at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival. He was the premiere chairman of the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy, the first academy for film and TV in India and was also the executive chairman of the International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK) from 1998 to 2001. He is best known for his award-winning films Piravi (1988), Swaham (1994), Vanaprastham (1999) and Kutty Srank (2009). He won the National Award for Best Director for his debut film Piravi. He also won two Kerala State Film Awards for Best Director for his films Swaham and Vanaprastham. Currently, he is the Chairman of Kerala State Film Development Corporation.

Biography
Shaji N. Karun was born on New Year's Day, 1952, as the eldest son of Mr. N. Karunakaran and Mrs. Chandramati in present-day Kollam district in the former state of Travancore state (now Kerala), India. The family moved to Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of the state in 1963. He did his schooling in Palkulangara H.S. and took a bachelor's degree from University College, Thiruvananthapuram. In 1971 he entered the Film and Television Institute of India, where he took his diploma in cinematography. His diploma film Genesis (1974), directed by Rahul Dasgupta, got many awards and started his career. He won the GOLD medal on graduation in 1974. After graduation, he worked in ISRO Ahmedabad, Mumbai TV, Madras Film Industry on contract basis until 1975 when Kerala State Film Development Corporation (KSFDC) was about to realize. He became responsible with founder Chairman P R S Pillai, and its then Managing Director G.Vivekanandan for the planning, designing future visions of KSFDC to bring back the Film Industry that was until then rooted in Madras. His role with the participation in meaningful cinema activities through the contribution of KSFDC and well-known giants in Malayalam filmmakers resulted in many landmark achievements to the Malayalam Cinema nationally and Internationally. 1998, He started and presided the first film academy in India as Kerala State Chalachitra Academy under Government of Kerala and leadership of then Cultural Minister Marxist Late Shri T K Ramakrshnan. It is in the same year he started the International Film Festival (IFFK) as competitive and further FIAPF recognized the festival as International competitive under his tenure. He has presented three films- Piravi, Swaham, Vanaprastham consecutively to Cannes official sections, a rare achievement for any filmmakers worldwide, where the film Swaham was in competition of Cannes in 1994. Since then, until now, no films from INDIA selected to compete for Cannes' Palme d'Or. He is the Only Malayalam filmmaker who achieved three national best films (Piravi, Vanaprastham, Kuttysrank) for the Malayalam language.

Personal life
Shaji married Anasuya Warrier, daughter of Dr. P. K. R. Warrier, who was his neighbor in Trivandrum for quite some time, on 1 January 1975. After a brief stint in the south Indian city of Madras, he returned to Thiruvananthapuram in 1976 where he got an appointment as film officer in the newly formed state Film Development Corporation. They have 2 sons, Anil and Appu. His association with the legendary Malayalam filmmaker G. Aravindan began at this time. Then he continued working with notable directors like G. Aravindan, K. G. George and M. T. Vasudevan Nair as a cinematographer. His career also spreads to many activities by Government of India and Kerala where he served in the capacities of advisory status on policy decisions. 20th International film festival of Kerala conducted by the government of Kerala, in 2015 December 4–11, under his advisory capacity is marked by the Press and film lovers as the best of the festivals held so far. Aug 2018, he is selected for the position of 8th President of Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham (Progressive Arts & Literary Organization) an Association for Art and Letters. On 31 May 2019, the government of Kerala has appointed him as the Chairman of Kerala State Film Development Corporation and assumed the position from 17 June 2019. personal website www.shajinkarun.com

Career in film direction
Shaji made his directorial debut with the Malayalam film Piravi ("The Birth", 1988), which won him the prestigious Caméra d'Or – Mention d'honneur at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival. While Piravi was about the grief of a father who loses his son, Shaji's second film, Swaham (1994) continued with the theme of grief. Swaham was selected to compete at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival. Vaanaprastham ("The Final Dance", 1999) dealt with the identity crisis faced by an actor. Mohanlal played the lead role in this film. He directed the film Nishad, made in Hindi, which was completed in May 2002, and premiered in the Fukuoka International Film Festival held in September 2002 in Japan. His latest film is titled Kutty Srank with Mammootty playing the lead role. The film was released theatrically in Kerala in July 2010.Swapaanam with Jayaram and Kadambari has premiered at Dubai International Film Festival on 8 December 2013, a rare recognition for Malayalam Cinema as the World premiere screening outside India. Olu, his latest film, under 'fantasy perception' and narrative, had chosen the inaugural film of Indian Panorama film selections presented in International Film Festival of India Goa-2018. OLU has also been chosen as the "OPENING FILMS" of TWO major International film festivals- International film festival of INNSBRUCK 2019.AUSTRIA, ISOLA Cinema International film festival 2019, SLOVENIA. Olu also won the National Film Award for Best Cinematography (2018) award in the 66th National Film Awards.

He has also made around a dozen short films and documentaries. Besides making films, Shaji Karun has been active as a juror at many international film festivals and an active participant in governmental and academic arenas. He was the Premiere Chairman of the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy, the first academy for film and TV in India and was also the Executive Chairman of International Film Festival of Kerala from 1998 to 2001.

Upcoming projects
As of January 2018 Shaji is completing the post-production of a new movie titled Olu with Shane Nigam and Esther Anil playing the lead roles. In a recent interview, Shaji revealed that Olu is the tale of a girl who gets gang raped and sunk to the bottom of the backwaters where she can mysteriously survive and live for the next nine months -until she delivers her ‘baby from rape’. The film will attempt to convey her perception of innocent feminine desires – spiritual and transcendental feelings."

His project Gaadha was announced in September 2012. Though was expected to commence shooting by November 2014, it has been postponed until further notice. Music was to be composed by the Polish composer Zbigniew Preisner.

In May 2022 Shaji N Karun announced his next project based on the life of Amrita Sher-Gil, pioneer of Indian modern art. In an interview with Jisha Surya of News9Live The cinematographer-director said that the multilingual movie will be based on the biographical writings of Sher-Gil. Conceived as an Indo-French-US collaborative project, the movie will have international actors and technicians. Karun has approached a Mexican actor to play the lead role of the Hungarian-Indian painter.

National and international honors

 * Life Time Achievement Award- 12th Jaipur International Film Festival INDIA-2020
 * Life Time Achievement- Tyrol : IFFI Prize (2014) Innsbruck Film Festival, AUSTRIA
 * Padma Shri in 2011 INDIA
 * Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1999) FRANCE
 * The first Sir Charles Chaplin Award to commemorate the centenary of Chaplin's birth (1989) Edinburgh International Film Festival, UK

As a cinematographer

 * Eastman Kodak Award for Excellence, Hawaii International Film Festival (1989)
 * National Film Award: Thampu (Circus Tent) (1979)
 * Awards from the Government of Kerala: Kanchana Sita (1977), Esthappan (1981), Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare (1986)

As a director

 * Cannes Film Festival, nominated for Palme d'Or (Best Film): Swaham (1994)
 * Cannes Film Festival, Caméra d'Or (Special Mention): Piravi (1989)
 * London Film Festival, Outstanding Film: Piravi (1989)
 * Locarno International Film Festival, Grand Jury Prize (Silver Leopard): Piravi (1989)
 * Hawaii International Film Festival, Best film Piravi (1989)
 * Chicago International Film Festival, USA, Silver Hugo
 * Fajr Film Festival. Iran Crystal Simorgh
 * Bergamo Film Meeting, Italy Rosa Camuna 1990
 * International Film Festival Innsbruck iffi.at, Austria Best Film 1995
 * Bergamo Film Meeting, Italy Bronze Rosa Camuna 1995
 * 1999 Cannes Film Festival: Vanaprastham was screened in the Un Certain Regard section of the festival (1999)
 * Mumbai International Film Festival, FEPRISCI Prize, 1999
 * International Istanbul Film Festival, Grand Jury Prize: Vanaprastham (2000)

National Film Awards:

 * 2009 – Best Film – Kutty Srank
 * 1999 – Best Film – Vanaprastham
 * 1997 – Best Non-Feature Film – Sham's Vision (English)
 * 1994 – Special Jury Award – Swaham
 * 1988 – Best Film – (Producer) Piravi
 * 1988 – Best Director – Piravi
 * 1979 – Best Cinematographer (Black & White) – Thampu

Kerala State Film Awards:

 * 1999 – Best Director – Vanaprastham
 * 1994 – Second Best Film – Swaham
 * 1994 – Best Director – Swaham
 * 1988 – Second Best Film – Piravi
 * 1986 – Best Cinematographer – Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare
 * 1979 – Best Cinematographer – Esthappan
 * 1977 – Best Cinematographer – Kanchana Sita

Filmfare Awards Souths:

 * 1989: Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam – Piravi

Filmography as director

 * Piravi (1988)
 * Swaham (1994)
 * Vanaprastham (1999)
 * Nishad (2002)
 * Kutty Shranku (2009)
 * Swapaanam (2013)
 * Oolu (2018)

Short films

 * Wild Life of Kerala (1979)
 * Kerala Carnival (1980)
 * Kannikal (1986)
 * Sham's Vision (1996)
 * Bhavam (1998)
 * G. Aravindan (2000)
 * Big Man & Small World (2002)
 * Yathrakkidayil (2004)
 * Moving Focus-A Voyage with K G Subramanyan (2006)
 * AKG (2007)
 * "Fine Balance" (2010)
 * "Waiting" (2011)
 * Signature film- INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL OF INDIA (2012)
 * "Artist Namboodiri-'NERUVARA'/'trueline' " (2015)

As a cinematographer

 * Genesis (1974)
 * Lakshmi Vijayam (1976)
 * Njavalppazhangal (1976)
 * Kanchana Sita (1977)
 * Muhoorthangal (1977)
 * Thampu (1978)
 * Kanchana Sita (1978)
 * Kummatty (1979)
 * Esthappan (1979)
 * Pokkuveyil (1981)
 * Enikku Vishakunnu (1982)
 * Koodevide (1983)
 * Manju (1983)
 * Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback (1983)
 * Mangalam Nerunnu (1984)
 * Panchavadi Palam (1984)
 * Chidambaram (1985)
 * Meenamasathile Sooryan (1985)
 * Principal Olivil (1985)
 * Nakhakshathangal (1986)
 * Arappatta Kettiya Gramathil (1986)
 * Ek Chadar Maili Si (1986)
 * Neram Pularumbol (1986)
 * Meenamasathile Sooryan (1986)
 * Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare (1986)
 * Panchagni (1986)
 * Oridathu (1987)
 * Marattam (1988)
 * Unni (1989)
 * Antim Nyay (1993)
 * Sargam (1992)

title: Shaji N. Karun


text: User talk:128.240.229.65

title: User talk:128.240.229.65


text:
Central Mailer

A Central Mailer can be:
 * the coordinator of an amateur press association (APA)
 * the distributor of external publications received by a learned society
 * an email hub, used by an Electronic mailing list manager or sub-domain coordinator

title: Central Mailer


text: Talk:Smith Hempstone

title: Talk:Smith Hempstone


text:
Coenobita

 * The junior homonym Coenobita Gistl, 1848 is now the moth genus Ectropis.

The genus Coenobita contains 17 species of terrestrial hermit crabs. Several species in this genus are kept as pets.

Ecology
Coenobita species carry water in the gastropod shells they inhabit, allowing them to stay out of water for a long time.

Distribution
The majority of the species are found in the Indo-Pacific region, with only one species in West Africa, one species occurring along the Atlantic coast of the Americas, and one species occurring on the Pacific coast of the Americas.

Taxonomy
Coenobita is closely related to the coconut crab, Birgus latro, with the two genera making up the family Coenobitidae. The name Coenobita was coined by Pierre André Latreille in 1829, from an Ecclesiastical Latin word, ultimately from the Greek κοινόβιον, meaning "commune"; the genus is masculine in gender.

title: Coenobita


text:
User:Jno

 * My todo list
 * my useful watchlist
 * My photo gallery on Commons indexed here.
 * 1000+ edits in en.wiki + 100+ edits in Commons

 * hm, well, jno is my mail alias for years...
 * Initially originated from N-sk Summer Kid Programmer School.
 * Derivative of JNO code instruction (Jump-if-No-Overflow).
 * Here we are. :-)
 * --jno 11:36, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

©©©©©©©...
yepp, I'm the owner of www.aviation.ru and I fill some aviation related stubs with data taken from my site.

Plus, I'm posting some pictures. All the pictures with originals located under http://www.aviation.ru/jno/ are my own. The Wikipedia is being granted the right to use any of them in any Wikipedia projects.

useful templates

 * stub
 * article
 * ref to aviation.ru
 * Talk:Vympel_R-33 - TFM

local references

 * Template_messages/Stubs
 * List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS
 * WikiProject Aircraft/Categories
 * Cite sources

etc

 * ru:User:Jno
 * meta:User:Jno
 * Commons:User:Jno

title: User:Jno


text:
Airtel (FBI)

Airtel is an outdated data communication process used internally within the FBI in addition to Teletype and facsimile. It indicates a letter that must be typed and mailed on the same day.

The FBI official abbreviation for airtel is A/T.

Airtels are indexed automatically by a ZyIndex searchable database, which stores and retrieves full text documents.

Airtels are marked by precedence: immediate, priority, or routine. They are also marked by classification: top secret, secret, confidential, unclassified EFTO (Encrypted For Transmission Only), and unclassified.

The inefficiencies inherent in the FBI's use of airtels led to an investigation conducted by the Office of the Inspector General of the FBI that culminated in the 2002 report entitled "An Investigation of the Belated Production of Documents in the Oklahoma City Bombing Case."

title: Airtel (FBI)


text: User talk:80.126.23.145

title: User talk:80.126.23.145


text: Category:Years in organized crime

title: Category:Years in organized crime


text:
Talk:Wedge sum

Operation symbol
Is the first latex formula X /\ Y correct? Shouldn't it be X \/ Y? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mindspank (talk • contribs) 11:45, 10 February 2005 (UTC)
 * It should be. Thank you. -- Fropuff 15:41, 2005 Feb 10 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wedge sum


text: User talk:68.44.163.217

title: User talk:68.44.163.217


text: Category:Sports culture

title: Category:Sports culture


text:
Cerro Bayo Complex

Cerro Bayo is a complex volcano on the northern part border between Argentina and Chile. It consists of four overlapping stratovolcanoes along a north–south line. The main volcano face is located on the Argentine side, thought the summit of the complex is just west of the border, in Chile. The volcano is about 800,000 years old, but it is associated with ongoing ground uplift encompassing also the more northerly Lastarria and Cordón del Azufre volcanoes. The 5401 m high summit is the source of two viscous dacitic lava flows with prominent levees that traveled to the north.

Elemental sulfur can be found at Bayo, both in the form of high-grade massive deposits and as extinct fumarole chimneys. The volcano formed in three separate phases that produced lava flows. One is dated to 1.6±0.4 million years ago. The volcano can bear snow in winter. The youngest dated rocks are about 23,000 years old; in 2007 a steam eruption were observed by researchers investigating nearby salt pans such as Salar Ignorado.

title: Cerro Bayo Complex


text: Category:Sports organizations

title: Category:Sports organizations


text:
Duchess of Cornwall

Duchess of Cornwall is a title held by the wife of the heir apparent to the British throne. The Duchess of Cornwall is usually also the Princess of Wales, and uses that title. The current title-holder is Catherine (née Middleton), whose husband, Prince William (later Prince of Wales), became the Duke of Cornwall on 8 September 2022, upon the death of Queen Elizabeth II. Previously, Catherine's stepmother-in-law, Queen Camilla, was known by this title.

Duchesses of Cornwall
Until her husband's accession to the throne, Camilla, the second wife of the then-Prince of Wales, used the title "Duchess of Cornwall" rather than "Princess of Wales", as the latter was still popularly associated with Charles's first wife, Diana, who died in 1997.

Literary references

 * Arthurian legend depicts Cornwall with its own ducal family. Notably, King Arthur's mother, Igraine, would have been Duchess of Cornwall from her first marriage to Duke Gorlois; in some stories, the title is then passed on to their daughter, Morgan le Fay.
 * Shakespeare's King Lear includes the character "Regan, Duchess of Cornwall", Lear's second daughter.

title: Duchess of Cornwall


text:
File talk:Europe satellite globe.jpg

The image is terribly dark, can't somebody change it? --Malyctenar 11:52, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The image is spanning vaster than the geographically defined Europe. Just mention it or crop the picture. Axezz 11:25, 14 Mar 2005 (CET)

 * Read the Europe article. The image covers everything as defined in the article. —Cantus… ☎   05:32, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

BIASED!
Obviously biased towards turkey, those guys are not europeans! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.230.99.95 (talk) 18:21, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

title: File talk:Europe satellite globe.jpg