text:
Talk:Syntax highlighting

Wiki Syntax highlighter
Does anyone know of a wiki syntax highlighter to help in writing the pages? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.92.96.22 (talk) 01:06, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * See "WikiMedia Built-in Syntax highlighting" below. BTW, the standard practice is to add new topics at the bottom of the page. — Frecklefσσt | Talk 16:25, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Not sure that's quite what's wanted; the section you refer to is on highlighting computer code in wiki pages, not about highlighting wiki syntax (e.g. red for external links, from [ to ], blue for internal links from to , grey for comments and templates...). This is separate and would also be useful. HLHJ (talk) 12:04, 8 July 2015 (UTC)
 * If you mean highlighting wiki syntax while editing, there are several plugins that can be activated for that. One of them is already integrated; go to Preferences->Gadgets, and in the Editing section activate the Syntax highlighter. Diego (talk) 12:22, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

How can I implement Syntax highlighting in vb? or java? what is the funda of syntax highlighting?

Syntax highlighting is a function of the text editor, so to highlight syntax in a given language you simply get a text editor with support for that language. Or if you want to add support for a new language, you read the manual for the editor in question.

Isn't syntax coloring the more accurate term?

 * No. Syntax highlighting in some programs uses font changes for different elements, too.  "Syntax highlighting" gets lots more google hits than "syntax coloring" — Omegatron 20:40, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Not to mention that the whole purpose is to _highlight_ the various pieces of code, not to highlight them. "Syntax coloring" seems to be implying that it's an end in itself (pretty code), rather than a means to an end (better understanding of the code). --Shinyplasticbag 07:17, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

LimoWreck revert
Please explain why you reverted my edit. Otherwise leave it alone. --klaus
 * because people tend to add their own pet editors to articles like this. Listing feature of  doesn't add anything to the principle that's explained in the article; contrary, it makes of the article a platform for spamming software links --LimoWreck 21:32, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Please remove the Vim reference as well. Otherwise, leave my change as-is. I have no relationship with PSPad whatsoever but it is one of the very few editors that can do what I mentioned in the blurb. --klaus
 * The vim reference was removed as well ;-) --LimoWreck 12:17, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Not the last one. I don't want to be difficult here but if you're going to be reverting my changes then you also need to be fair. If it's so important to you that a reference to not appear here then the Vim one should also be purged — but I'm not going to do it for you. --klaus

The link to LEXX, goes to the series, not sure where what the correct link is here, so maybe one of you wikipedians can fix it.

Syntax Highlighting should highlight syntax and not only keywords
Most of the editors do not really support Syntax Highlighting in my opinion, but instead only support keyword highlighting or lexical highlighting (or whatever you like to call it). Syntax highlighting should mean that the syntax is highlighted or in other words highlight that the text is syntactically valid or invalid. I.e: I could write a piece of Java code starting with  which is valid or write it as   which is invalid. With only keyword highlighting the last example would colour just fine because the editor recognizes the keywords class and public, with real Syntax highlighting the second example would be somehow marked as invalid. Semantic highlighting should even tell you that the meaning of the context is erroneous.

Writing a real Syntax highlighting text editor is a level complexer then writing a keyword highlighting text editor. Keyword recognition can be done on the fly whereas for syntax highlighting the text has to be parsed which is either a process running in a separate thread, is extremely fast and efficient or is able to break the parsing algorithm as soon as user input is received.

Here are some of the editors I know and how I would classify them (note that some of them can load plugins which could enable them to do real syntax highlighting):

Eclipse (and maybe JBuilder) even has some basic semantically highlighting. It can tell you that an import is never used, that some local variables are never used and that some code might not be reachable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.58.196.2 (talk) 10:27, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

WikiMedia Built-in Syntax highlighting
Hi, I've recently seen pages that use tags in place of   tags. This is new and a neat feature, however, I don't see any documentation for it on Wikipedia. The header at the top presently reads "For syntax highlighting of source in Wikipedia and other wikis using MediaWiki, see Wikipedia:Text editor support", however, this statement is misleading, as the resulting page offers no feature. Is there a better page to link to for this? Also, as a hint, if you want to know what parameter to use for, try using the tags above on the Sandbox, and a bad   will dump an error that lists the supported keywords and languages. See GeSHi for more information for the code responsible for the syntax highlighting in MediaWiki. + m t  19:46, 6 July 2007 (UTC)
 * http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:SyntaxHighlight_GeSHi 71.123.183.141 (talk) 03:42, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Revert: Link to online syntax highlighter
Hello,

I recently added a link to an online syntax highlighting utility (http://www.billauer.co.il/html_highlighting_nesting.html). Yes, it's in my own site, but that doesn't diminish the link's relevance. The topic is syntax highlighting, and the link takes you to a place where you can see it live. I suggest bringing the link back (revert by Heptite, on the grounds of advertising spam). Billauer (talk) 09:51, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Since there was no objection, I returned the link. Billauer (talk) 08:53, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I removed the entire external links section. There are tons of syntax highlighting utilities, and Wikipedia is not a directory. There's clearly no official link, so it's either everything (WP=/ directory), some (biased), or none. MrVibrating (talk) 09:18, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Document Class Section?
is document class an actual term? it seems made up. further, there is bad grammar. it seems like the only relevant part is the first paragraph and the list. im going to edit it, but if anyone can show me an example of 'document class' as an actual term, then revert.

173.79.130.54 (talk) 20:05, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

Syntax Hylighting for Reports
Can anybody add any info regarding having text font colors changed, so that you can include code all pretty in a open office etc? Chendy (talk) 14:55, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Syntax highlighting for English/Natural language
You could highlight verb arguments: who, what, where, why, and how. To read, you'd scan for "red" verbs, then dart over to the "green" noun phrase (NP) describing the what for the red verb. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.171.160.228 (talk) 07:28, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Syntax highlighting is common practice in primary schools
The article is completely oriented to programming and ignores the fact that using colored markers is a common standard technique in primary schools to teach writing, reading comprehension, exams, etc. and was so way before computer programming became common task. This means there is no way to find a pioneer or early use for the technique, the idea is incorporated in school systems for long. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.35.92.11 (talk) 00:01, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

Syntax highlighter on but is not selected in Preferences
Anyone else experiencing this problem? I can't turn it off because it's not turned on. It's doing it on its own. Pyxis Solitary talk 09:26, 14 June 2018 (UTC) Well, if this happens to anyone else, the fix is "Restore all default settings (in all sections)". I had not touched my Preferences in probably 3 years. Wikipedia bugs are a pain in the @#$! Pyxis Solitary 01:40, 15 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Syntax highlighting


text: User talk:198.53.15.18

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:198.53.15.18


text: User talk:68.60.182.30

title: User talk:68.60.182.30


text:
Lambda (rocket family)

Lambda is the name of a series of Japanese carrier rockets. It consisted of the types Lambda 2, LSC-3, Lambda 3, Lambda 3H, Lambda 4S, Lambda 4SC, and Lambda 4T developed jointly by Institute of Industrial Science of the University of Tokyo, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo, and Prince Motor Company, which merged with Nissan in 1966.

Lambda series rockets did not have guidance systems, as they had the potential to be converted for offensive military use, thus interpreted as a violation of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. However, future Japanese launch vehicles, such as the H-II, were allowed to have guidance systems.

Configurations
Lambda types differ regarding the upper stages used. The following table shows the actual configurations:

Launches
Lambda rockets were launched by ISAS, from Kagoshima pad L.

On February 11, 1970, the first Japanese satellite Ohsumi was launched using a Lambda 4S rocket.

The Lambda 4S was launched nine times, though five were failures. The first launch of the Lambda 4S rocket took place on September 26, 1966, from Kagoshima. A fourth-stage attitude control failed resulting in loss of the vehicle and payload.

title: Lambda (rocket family)


text:
Gut Records

Gut Records was a British independent record label, based in Maida Vale in London, England.

Formed in 1991, Gut was founded by Guy Holmes, who had been Head of Promotions at Island Records. The first single released on the label, Right Said Fred's song, "I'm Too Sexy", became a worldwide hit.

In August 2008, the company went bankrupt and its assets were sold to Phoenix Music International Ltd.

Artists

 * Aswad (signed under the Bubblin' imprint)
 * Sarah Cracknell
 * Crazy Frog (UK only deal, released on the Gusto and Tug imprints)
 * The Dualers
 * The Egg (signed under the Gusto imprint for "Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)" with David Guetta)
 * Fightstar (signed under the Institute Recordings imprint)
 * Hairy Diamond
 * Hi_Tack (signed under the Gusto imprint, recordings licensed from The Netherlands)
 * Tom Jones
 * The Lisa Marie Experience (signed under the Gusto imprint)
 * Pulse
 * Puretone (signed under the Gusto imprint, recordings licensed from Australia)
 * Right Said Fred (signed under Tug Records)
 * Jimmy Somerville
 * Space
 * Sparks
 * Stan (signed under the Hug imprint)
 * Tears for Fears (licensed from New Door Records)
 * Uniting Nations (signed under the Gusto imprint)

title: Gut Records


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Seed company

Seed companies produce and sell seeds for flowers, fruits and vegetables to commercial growers and amateur gardeners. The production of seed is a multibillion-dollar global business, which uses growing facilities and growing locations worldwide. While most of the seed is produced by large specialist growers, large amounts are also produced by small growers who produce only one to a few crop types. The larger companies supply seed both to commercial resellers and wholesalers. The resellers and wholesalers sell to vegetable and fruit growers, and to companies who package seed into packets and sell them on to the amateur gardener.

Most seed companies or resellers that sell to retail produce a catalog, for seed to be sown the following spring, that is generally published during early winter. These catalogs are eagerly awaited by the amateur gardener, as during winter months there is little that can be done in the garden so this time can be spent planning the following year’s gardening. The largest collection of nursery and seed trade catalogs in the U.S. is held at the National Agricultural Library where the earliest catalogs date from the late 18th century, with most published from the 1890s to the present.

Seed companies produce a huge range of seeds from highly developed F1 hybrids to open pollinated wild species. They have extensive research facilities to produce plants with genetic materials that result in improved uniformity and appeal. These qualities might include disease resistance, higher yields, dwarf habit and vibrant or new colors. These improvements are often closely guarded to protect them from being utilized by other producers, thus plant cultivars are often sold under the company's own name and protected by international laws from being grown for seed production by others. Along with the growth in the allotment movement, and the increasing popularity of gardening, there have emerged many small independent seed companies. Many of these are active in seed conservation and encouraging diversity. They often offer organic and open pollinated varieties of seeds as opposed to hybrids. Many of these varieties are heirloom varieties. The use of old varieties maintains diversity in the horticultural gene pool. It may be more appropriate for amateur gardeners to use older (heirloom) varieties as the modern seed types are often the same as those grown by commercial producers, and so characteristics which are useful to them (e.g. vegetables ripening at the same time) may be unsuited to home growing.

History
Shakers were among the earliest commercial producers of garden seeds; the first seeds sold in paper packets were produced by the Watervliet Shakers in Colonie, New York.

Until 1924, US farmers received seed from the federal government's extensive free seed program that distributed millions of packages of seed annually. At its high point in 1897, over 2 million packages of seed were distributed to farmers. Even at the time the program was eliminated in 1924, it was the third largest line item in the United States Department of Agriculture's budget.

In 1930, seed companies were not primarily concerned with varietal production, but were still trying to successfully commodify seeds. There was no need to protect seed breeding at that time because there were few markets for seeds. Seed companies' first priority was simply to establish a market, and they continued to view congressional seed distribution as a principal constraint.

Consolidation of the commercial seed industry
From 1994 to 2010, seed prices increased drastically due to a consolidation of the commercial seed industry into six major companies. During this time, companies introduced six genetically engineered crops for just two traits: herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. In 1996, Monsanto introduced its first RoundUp Ready seeds engineered to tolerate the companies proprietary herbicide.

By 2019, four seed companies, Bayer, Corteva, ChemChina and BASF had consolidated to dominate the commercial seed market, controlling 60% of the global proprietary seed sales. Economists have claimed that the industry has lost its competitive edge and anticipate less choice and higher prices for farmers. There is further concern that due to the companies' interest in intellectual property, there will in future be less innovation and more restrictions on seed availability, which could make the seeds inaccessible to public researchers, farmers, and independent breeders, thereby threatening the world's food security. Activists have called for stronger antitrust measures in the face of these mergers and acquisitions, and recommended a United Nations treaty on competition to make changes internationally. Pope Francis refers to these issues in his 2015 encyclical letter Laudato si', on "care for our common home":"In various countries, we see an expansion of oligopolies for the production of cereals and other products needed for their cultivation. This dependency would be aggravated were the production of infertile seeds to be considered; the effect would be to force farmers to purchase them from larger producers." Francis calls for a dialogue on seed production issues involving seed producers and all parties affected.

Seed packets and seed information
Generally, seed packet labels include information covering: This information may be represented graphically.
 * Common plant name and the botanical name (in parentheses).
 * Spacing and depth: How deep to place the seeds in the soil, space between plants (from one row to the other one and from one plant to the other one in the same row).
 * Height: Approximate height the plant will reach when mature.
 * Soil: Type of soil the plant prefers.
 * Water, such as "keep the soil lightly damp", "bottom water the plant", "drench the soil with water", "daily misting of water" and "almost dry out before re-watering".
 * Sun: Full direct sunlight, partial sun, diffused sunlight, or grows well in the shade.
 * Indoors or outdoors: If the plant is best suited for growing indoors, outdoors or both.
 * Whether it is a perennial or annual.
 * Planting, germination and harvest period: This information can be indicated by months or quarters of the year.
 * Special requirements, if necessary.

title: Seed company


text: Category:Fir Bolg

title: Category:Fir Bolg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Innovative Strategic Solutions

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:53, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Innovative Strategic Solutions
Doesn't seem notable. None of the first hundred google hits, nor a random sampling of the rest, were in any way relevant. See also Josh Justice. —Korath (Talk) 16:56, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Philip 18:34, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. Zero Google hits for "Josh Justice" alongside "Innovative Strategic Solutions" . — Ливай | ☺ 20:13, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, part vanity rant, part vanity ad. Wyss 21:15, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 03:12, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:35, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Category:Sports mass media in the United Kingdom

There is an introduction to sports media in the United Kingdom in the sport in the United Kingdom article.


text: User talk:70.19.152.218

title: User talk:70.19.152.218


text:
Talk:Jill Talley

Date of birth
I removed her DOB as the ref that was being used as a source was Rotten Tomatoes. There's been a recent Rfc and a new consensus has been made when it comes to using RT. It's a valid source to use for movies and TV shows. But not for WP:BLP as it's not a journalism site and it's main purpose is film aggregation. Kcj5062 (talk) 03:38, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jill Talley


text:
Andoni Zubizarreta

Andoni Zubizarreta Urreta (, ; born 23 October 1961) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

The all-time most capped player for the Spain national team for several years, he played with individual and team success for Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona (eight years with the latter, he would later work with the club in directorial capacities), appearing in more than 950 official professional matches during his club career and holding the records for most appearances and clean sheets in La Liga for several years.

Zubizarreta represented Spain in seven major international tournaments, four World Cups and three European Championships, starting in six of those. He won the European Cup with Barcelona in 1992 and six La Liga titles, two with Athletic and four with Barcelona.

Athletic Bilbao
Born in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Zubizarreta spent his childhood in Aretxabaleta in Gipuzkoa, where he began his football career. After a brief passage at another Basque club, Alavés, he joined Athletic Bilbao, where he would spend the following six seasons.

Zubizarreta's debut in La Liga occurred on 19 September 1981 as manager Javier Clemente handed him a start in a 2–0 away loss against Atlético Madrid, one month shy of his 20th birthday. He went on to be an undisputed starter for the remainder of his spell, being an instrumental part in the team's conquests, most notably the back-to-back national championships.

Barcelona
In 1986, Zubizarreta signed with Barcelona for a record for a player in the position €1.7 million, quickly removing established Urruti from the starting lineup and rarely missing a match afterwards – for example, only four in the Catalans' four consecutive league wins combined. He added their first ever European Cup in 1992, following a 1–0 win over Sampdoria.

Valencia
After the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League, where Barça lost 4–0 to AC Milan in the final, Zubizarreta was deemed surplus to requirements and finished his career at Valencia, still playing at a high level. He retired after the 1997–98 campaign at nearly 37, having played in over 1,000 competitive games (622 in the league alone – the all-time record – conceding 626 goals).

Director
Zubizarreta was named Barcelona's director of football by president Sandro Rosell on 2 July 2010, taking over from former club and national teammate Txiki Begiristain. Over the previous decade he had served Athletic Bilbao in the same capacity (being involved in the establishment of the club's women's team in 2002), while also working as a radio and television commentator.

On 5 January 2015, Zubizarreta was sacked as Barcelona sporting director by club president Josep Maria Bartomeu. On 27 October 2016, he signed with Ligue 1 side Marseille in the same capacity, leaving four years later by mutual consent.

Following André Villas-Boas' election as president of Porto on 28 April 2024, Zubizarreta became its director of football.

International career
Zubizarreta made his debut for Spain on 23 January 1985, in a 3–1 friendly victory over Finland. He went on to collect a further 125 caps in the following 13 years.

Zubizarreta represented the nation in four consecutive FIFA World Cups: 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1998 – his last competition, where he scored an own goal in a 3–2 group stage loss against Nigeria – also appearing, always as a starter, at UEFA Euro 1988 and 1996. He and his deputy Francisco Buyo once held the national team record for the longest unbeaten run in international games, until Iker Casillas and Pepe Reina broke that record in October 2008; he was also surpassed by the former in total of caps on 15 November 2011.

Zubizarreta also played matches with the unofficial Basque Country regional side.

Style of play
Nicknamed "Zubi" throughout his career, Zubizarreta was regarded as one of the best goalkeepers in the world in his prime, and was considered to be one of Spain's and Barcelona's greatest and most successful goalkeepers ever. He was highly consistent, level-headed and effective, with an excellent positional sense above all things, and he favoured an efficient rather than spectacular style although he was also capable of producing decisive saves due to his good shot-stopping abilities. He also stood out for his intelligence, composure and charismatic leadership in goal, which enabled him to organise his back-line and inspire a sense of calm and confidence in his defenders; he was also known for his work-rate and longevity, as well as his ability to rush off his line.

In spite of Barcelona's passing-based playing style under Johan Cruyff, which also saw his defenders and goalkeepers given more responsibilities in terms of retaining possession and playing the ball out from the back, Zubizarreta was not particularly adept with the ball at his feet. His limited technical skills were a frequent source of criticism from his manager, and eventually led to the former's departure from the club in 1994.

Honours
Athletic Bilbao
 * La Liga: 1982–83, 1983–84
 * Copa del Rey: 1983–84
 * Supercopa de España: 1984

Barcelona
 * La Liga: 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94
 * Copa del Rey: 1987–88, 1989–90
 * Supercopa de España: 1991, 1992
 * European Cup: 1991–92
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1988–89
 * UEFA Super Cup: 1992

Individual
 * Don Balón Award: 1987
 * Zamora Trophy: 1986–87

title: Andoni Zubizarreta


text:
Alfred Petersson

Per Alfred Petersson (as a parliamentarian referred to as Alfred Petersson i Påboda, i.e. "in Påboda", after his home farm, and often just "Påboda") (25 June 1860 – 11 October 1920) was a Swedish politician and minister for agriculture in several cabinets.

Petersson was born into a well-to-do farmer's family in Söderåkra parish, Kalmar County, and took over the family farm Påboda in 1887. He was active in local and regional politics. In 1894 he both became a member of the Kalmar County Council and was elected member of the Second Chamber of the Swedish parliament.

Appointed minister of agriculture in the short-lived coalition cabinet of Christian Lundeberg, formed in 1905 specifically to handle the issue of the dissolution of the union with Norway, he was the first farmer to become a member of the Swedish cabinet and took an active part in the negotiations with Norway.

He was instrumental in the downfall of the liberal cabinet of Karl Staaff in 1906 over the issue of suffrage. Staaff's proposition was to extend the right to vote to adult males having paid their state and municipal taxes. The so-called Påboda program was to have proportional elections to both parliamentary chambers, rather than the majoritarian system in place and retained in the Staaff proposition. After the first chamber preferred the Påboda program to Staaff's proposition, the cabinet resigned.

Petersson was offered the premiership by the king, but declined and accepted the ministry of agriculture once more in the cabinet of the conservative leader Arvid Lindman. The new suffrage proposition presented by the Lindman cabinet was based on Petersson's original program, with some changes, was accepted by both chambers in 1907 and finally became law in 1909.

Petersson resigned from the cabinet in 1909 (together with the minister of foreign affairs Erik Birger Trolle and the minister without portfolio Gustaf Roos) because of a disagreement with Lindman over the work of the parliamentary committees and the interpretation of the Riksdagsordningen (or R.O., the law regulating the work of the parliament). Petersson joined the Liberal party and was reelected as a representative in the First Chamber for that party and the Gävleborg County in 1910 but sat as member for Jönköping County from 1911 and finally for Stockholm County from 1919 until his death the following year. He was again minister of agriculture in the second Staaff cabinet 1911-1914 and finally, for the fourth time, in the coalition cabinet of Nils Edén 1917-1920. After the resignation of the Edén cabinet in March 1920, he was appointed Governor of Stockholm County, but died on his farm Påboda in October, before actually taking office.

title: Alfred Petersson


text:
Arland D. Williams Jr.

Arland Dean Williams Jr. (September 23, 1935 – January 13, 1982) was a passenger aboard Air Florida Flight 90, which crashed on take-off in Washington, D.C., on January 13, 1982, killing 74 people. One of six people to initially survive the crash, he helped the other five escape the sinking plane before he himself drowned.

One of the 14th Street bridges over the Potomac River at the crash site was renamed in his honor.

Biography
Born in Mattoon, Illinois, Williams was the son of a bank president. He was educated at Mattoon High School, where he acquired the nickname "Chub". He graduated in 1957 from The Citadel in South Carolina, served two years in the military in the United States, and attended graduate school at the University of Wisconsin. He then went into banking, managing a bank in Boca Raton, Florida and in the mid-1970s became a bank examiner for the Federal Reserve System in Atlanta.

Williams was a divorced father of a daughter and a son, and was engaged to be remarried when he died. Both his high school girlfriend and his fiancée said that he was afraid of water.

Air Florida Flight 90
On January 13, 1982, during an extraordinary period of freezing weather, Air Florida Flight 90 took off from nearby Washington National Airport, failed to gain altitude, and crashed into the 14th Street Bridge, where it hit six cars and a truck on the bridge, killing four motorists.

After the crash on the bridge, the plane then continued forward and plunged into the freezing Potomac River. Soon only the tail section which had broken off remained afloat. Only 6 of the airliner's 79 occupants (74 passengers and 5 crew members) survived the initial crash and were able to escape the sinking plane in the middle of the ice-choked river.

After the crash
News cameramen watched from the bridge, recording the unfolding disaster. There appeared to be no way to reach the survivors in the water. Bystanders helped as fellow passerby Roger Olian, with a makeshift rope, began an attempt to rescue them. At about 4:20 p.m., Eagle 1, a U.S. Park Police helicopter based at Anacostia Park in Washington and flown by pilot Donald W. Usher and carrying paramedic Melvin E. "Gene" Windsor, arrived and assisted with the rescue operation. At one point in the operation the helicopter's skids dipped beneath the surface of the icy water.

According to the other five survivors, Williams continued to help the others reach the rescue ropes being dropped by the hovering helicopter, repeatedly passing the line to others instead of using it himself. While the other five were being taken to shore by the helicopter, the tail section of the wrecked Boeing 737 shifted and sank farther into the water, dragging Williams under the water with it.

The next day, The Washington Post described his actions: "He was about 50 years old, one of half a dozen survivors clinging to twisted wreckage bobbing in the icy Potomac when the first helicopter arrived. To the copter's two-man Park Police crew he seemed the most alert. Life vests were dropped, then a flotation ball. The man passed them to the others. On two occasions, the crew recalled last night, he handed away a life line from the hovering machine that could have dragged him to safety. The helicopter crew – who rescued five people, the only persons who survived from the jetliner – lifted a woman to the riverbank, then dragged three more persons across the ice to safety. Then the life line saved a woman who was trying to swim away from the sinking wreckage, and the helicopter pilot, Donald W. Usher, returned to the scene, but the man was gone."

An essay in Time magazine dated January 25, 1982, was written before the identity of Williams was known. Roger Rosenblatt, the essay's author, wrote: "So the man in the water had his own natural powers. He could not make ice storms, or freeze the water until it froze the blood. But he could hand life over to a stranger, and that is a power of nature too. The man in the water pitted himself against an implacable, impersonal enemy; he fought it with charity; and he held it to a standoff. He was the best we can do."

- Rosenblatt, R.

Legacy
The four other members of the Air Florida rescue who also risked their lives but survived were honored shortly after the disaster.

It took over a year to investigate and establish without any doubt Williams's identity and actions. On June 6, 1983, Williams was posthumously awarded the United States Coast Guard's Gold Lifesaving Medal in a White House Oval Office presentation to his family by President Ronald Reagan and Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth H. Dole. Mrs. Virginia Williams accepted the medal on her son's behalf.

The docudrama Flight 90: Disaster on the Potomac was aired on NBC television on April 1, 1984. It displayed the heroism of Williams, portrayed by Donnelly Rhodes.

The repaired 14th Street Bridge over the Potomac River at the crash site, which had been officially named the "Rochambeau Bridge", was renamed the "Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge" in his honor by the city government of the District of Columbia in March 1985. Senator Ernest Hollings of South Carolina, a fellow alumnus of the Citadel, initiated the action in late 1983.

In 1993, Reagan retold the story of Williams and paid tribute to him during a commencement address at the Citadel on May 15. In 2000, the Citadel — and Williams's alma mater (class of 1957) — created the Arland D. Williams Society to recognize graduates who distinguished themselves through community service. The Citadel also established the Arland D. Williams Endowed Professorship of Heroism in his honor.

In August 2003, the new Arland D. Williams Jr. Elementary School in his hometown of Mattoon was dedicated.

Pop singer Sara Hickman's song "Last Man in the Water" is a tribute to Williams.

title: Arland D. Williams Jr.


text:
Sreng

In Irish mythology Sreng (often misinterpreted as Streng) was a champion of the Fir Bolg or Men of Bolg. Armed with an iron club or mace, he faced Nuada, king of the Tuatha Dé Danann in the first Battle of Magh Tuiredh, and with one great blow he cut off half his shield and severed Nuada's arm at the shoulder.

Although nearing defeat, Sreng and the three hundred surviving Fir Bolg vowed to fight to the last man. The Tuatha Dé Danann invaders, however, considered them so noble that they offered them one fifth of Ireland. They agreed, and stood down from the conflict. The Fir Bolg chose Connacht, where men traced their descent from Sreng until the 17th century.

title: Sreng


text:
Gregmark Records

Gregmark Records was founded by Lester Sill in 1961, a year before he started Philles Records with Phil Spector.

The Paris Sisters recorded five singles for the label, two of them produced by Spector. "Caravan" is a Gregmark recording attributed to Duane Eddy, but in fact is by the session man, Al Casey.

title: Gregmark Records


text:
Talk:Francisca

I'm unsure about the meaning of: “The lower part of the blade swings strongly to the handle, and has two clearly trained points, while the upper edge is particularly strongly formed out.” I've left the sentence in, but it needs to be rewritten. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:03, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

this is apparently translated from de:Franziska (Waffe):
 * Die Schneide schwingt im untern Teil stärker zum Stiel hin und hat zwei deutlich ausgebildete Spitzen, deren obere besonders stark ausgeformt ist.

maybe, "the edge is curved towards the handle and has two points, the upper of which being more pronounced.", but I'm having trouble to align this with the illustration. Maybe it should read 'head' instead of 'edge'. dab (ᛏ) 11:07, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

jakobi@acm.org: Axtkopf/(Axt)Schneide is both in use in German, usually implying some emphasis wrt the edge of the axe head. Franke seems to be used in texts written in early medivial Latin (assumption given in the German wiki article on Franke): meaning something like bold/free (correct; Duden). The Grimm and the Duden (etymology volume) may contain further information on Franke/Franken (people, Bavarian region, etc; maybe even postulating some link between francisca and the franks; francisca as axe is NOT in the Duden). See also the German wiki article (e.g. via babelfish...), which at least is consistent with my "Sprachgefuehl" - indeed German words in current usage like "frankieren" or expressions like "frank und frei" still retain some remnants of that bold/free meaning. It might be worthwhile to look up the direction of word derivation (a Germanic people taking a Latin name? themselves, or more likely when being referred to by other tribes, with med. latin being the "Lingua *FRANCA*" of that time?) in the references of that article. Students of Germanistik should have easy access to resources to cite some authorative statements say from e.g. the Grimms themselves.

DAB page
"Francisca" desperately needs a disambiguation page. There are many more other "Francisca"s than this axe. I'll make one if I have time. Moncrief 18:29, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Accuracy of measurement
"Most franciscas were between eleven and twenty-three centimetres in length" Do they mean "inches" here instead of "centimeters"? Eleven centimeteres hardly seems large enough for any type of axe, even one meant to be thrown (unless they're referring to the head, in which case that should be indicated in the sentence).--Tabun1015 04:00, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

So basically...
If I'm understanding this right.. the Franks were Hammer Bros ?

When were these weapons in use?
The article states that the Francisca "is known to have been used during the reign of Charlemagne (768 - 814)". The german wikipedia dates its use to the 5th to 6th century, stating that the latest archeological findings reach back to the 7th century. Who's right? Feirefis (talk) 09:58, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

When were these weapons in use?
The article states that the Francisca "is known to have been used during the reign of Charlemagne (768 - 814)". The german wikipedia dates its use to the 5th to 6th century, stating that the latest archeological findings reach back to the 7th century. Who's right? Feirefis (talk) 09:59, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Wasnt the francisca a Vichy French symbol?
Wasnt the Franciska Double baded axc a Vichy facuist French Symbol as well? VICTORISEDSONANDREJOHSONDDULC (talk) 03:22, 8 December 2010 (UTC)Abdre'

Bouncing
Multiple sources are referring to franciscas bouncing. Why was the paragraph removed?Leate Woncelace (talk) 08:00, 12 February 2014 (UTC)
 * According to the description given by Marasmusine of his 12 February 2014 edit, there was only one source cited for the claim, and it appeared to be self-published and of uncertain reliability. If you have "multiple sources" of demonstrable reliability, please provide citations and restore the passage. 12.233.147.42 (talk) 02:17, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

It's back, but it should be removed because there is absolutely no historical or academic source to back up the claim. It is based entirely off the conjecture of youtuber Lindybeige from his own LARP experience. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.249.133.252 (talk) 03:22, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Francisca


text: User talk:4.255.39.147

title: User talk:4.255.39.147


text:
Area bombardment

In military aviation, area bombardment or area bombing is a type of aerial bombardment in which bombs are dropped over the general area of a target. The term "area bombing" came into prominence during World War II.

Area bombing is a form of strategic bombing. It can serve several intertwined purposes: to disrupt the production of military materiel, to disrupt lines of communications, to divert the enemy's industrial and military resources from the primary battlefield to air defence and infrastructure repair, and to demoralise the enemy's population (See terror bombing).

"Carpet bombing", also known as "saturation bombing", and "obliteration bombing", refers to a type of area bombing that aims to effect complete destruction of the target area by exploding bombs in every part of it.

Area bombing is contrasted with precision bombing. The latter is directed at a selected target – not necessarily a small, and not necessarily a tactical target, as it could be an airfield or a factory – and it does not intend to inflict a widespread damage.

title: Area bombardment


text: User talk:81.129.157.97

title: User talk:81.129.157.97


text: User talk:194.230.20.152

title: User talk:194.230.20.152


text: Category:BBC national radio stations

title: Category:BBC national radio stations


text:
Air Ivoire

Air Ivoire was an airline headquartered in the Immueble EECI in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. It was the national airline and operated scheduled regional and intercontinental services. Its main base was Port Bouet Airport, Abidjan. The airline ceased operations in 2011.

History
The airline was established on 14 December 1960 and started operations in August 1964. Sodetraf, UTA and Air Afrique held an interest in the airline until January 1976, when the government of Ivory Coast acquired all of the shares. Initially known as Air Ivoire, the airline suspended operations in September 1999 due to financial difficulties. After being acquired by AAA, owned 51% by Air France and AIG, the company changed its name to Nouvelle Air Ivoire and resumed operations in 2001. The airline had since reverted to its original title.

According to the company website, after an increase in the airline's company, and a repurchase by the government, Air Ivoire reverted to government control. On 15 October 2008, the private Groupe Atlantique took a 51% shareholding, with the Government of Ivory Coast retaining 49%.

Air Ivoire finalized a substantial fleet modernization process in the second half of 2009, whereby its Fokker F28 were replaced by three Boeing 737s forming the backbone of its regional network. All aircraft were maintained as per Ivorian and European standards (EU-OPS).

Fleet
The Air Ivoire fleet included the following aircraft (as of August 2012):

 * 1 Airbus A321
 * 4 Boeing 737-500

Historic fleet

 * Airbus A319
 * Boeing 737-200
 * Boeing 737-300
 * Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner
 * Fokker 100
 * Fokker F27 Friendship
 * Fokker F28 Fellowship
 * Douglas C-47
 * NAMC YS-11A-614
 * Short 360

title: Air Ivoire


text:
Talk:Jorge Castillo (chef)

Untitled
This article was proposed for deletion January 2005. The discussion is archived at Votes for deletion/Jorge Castillo (cook). Joyous 17:06, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jorge Castillo (chef)


text: User talk:82.10.35.118

title: User talk:82.10.35.118


text:
Ohsumi (satellite)

Ōsumi (or Ohsumi, おおすみ) was the first Japanese satellite put into orbit. It was launched on February 11, 1970 at 04:25 UTC with a Lambda 4S-5 rocket from Uchinoura Space Center by Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, University of Tokyo, now part of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Japan became the fourth nation after the USSR, United States and France to release an artificial satellite into successful orbit on its own. The satellite was named after the Ōsumi Peninsula in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, where the launch site was located.

title: Ohsumi (satellite)


text:
Talk:Maya dance

Untitled
As User:Infrogmation said in an Edit summary, "are we getting a bunch of Mesoamerican undergrads posting their papers here?"

To an outsider (me), this topic seems significant, interesting, and important for an anthropologist, or possibly a dance person.

title: Talk:Maya dance


text:
British Rail Class 220

The British Rail Class 220 Voyager is a class of diesel-electric high-speed multiple unit passenger trains built in Belgium by Bombardier Transportation in 2000 and 2001. They were introduced in 2001 to replace the 20-year-old InterCity 125 and almost 40-year-old Class 47-hauled Mark 2 fleets operating on the Cross Country Route. They were initially operated by Virgin CrossCountry and since 2007 have been operated by CrossCountry.

Technical details
All coaches are equipped with a Cummins QSK19 diesel engine of 559 kW at 1,800rpm. These power a generator which supplies current to motors driving two axles per coach, with one axle per bogie powered.

Voyagers have both air and rheostatic brakes. They are fitted with Dellner couplers, like the Class 222 operated by East Midlands Railway and the Class 390 Pendolino electric trains used by Avanti West Coast, meaning they can be coupled in rescue/recovery mode (air brake only) in the event of a failure. 220s and 221s can also be easily assisted by Dellner fitted Class 57s (Thunderbirds) in the event of a failure. By use of adaptor couplings a failed 220 or 221 can also be assisted by any air braked locomotive such as a Class 37, Class 47 or Class 66 or even an HST.

The Class 220s and closely related Class 222s have B5005 bogies, which are distinctive as they are of inside-frame design and so the axles are supported by bearings behind the wheels, meaning the outside face of the wheel is visible. The related tilting Class 221 Super Voyager has outside-frame bogies and hence a more conventional appearance.

The Class 220s operate in four-coach sets with a carriage mass of between 45 and 48tonnes and a total train weight of 185.6tonnes, a top speed of 125 mph, and a maximum range of approximately 1350 mi between each refuelling. Their route availability is very good being RA 2 - in part due to the lightweight bogie design.

Class 220 units are fitted with an AB Hoses variable rate sanding system.

All Voyagers are maintained at the dedicated Central Rivers TMD near Burton-on-Trent.

Accidents and incidents
Units have sometimes been stopped by salt water, when storm-driven waves broke over the train at Dawlish in south Devon and inundated the resistor banks, causing the control software to shut down. This problem was fixed by an upgrade to the control software.

There were a number of exhaust fires on the Voyager class during 2005–2006 due to incorrect fitting of equipment during overhauls. Fires occurred at Starcross (Class 221), Newcastle, and on 19 January 2006 at Congleton.

On 26 May 2006, a passenger was murdered aboard unit 220005 as it approached Oxenholme whilst working the Glasgow to Paignton service.

On 14 March 2008, unit 220012, forming a service to Derby, had a roof fire at Banbury. This fire was caused by a bird getting caught under one of the hot brake resistors on the roof of the train. Damage to the train was not serious and it was repaired and returned to service.

Formation and passenger facilities
Class 220s operate in four-coach sets. These trains, unlike the older trains they replaced, feature electronic information displays on the exterior walls showing the train number, the departure time, the coach, the train's destination, and the next station. This is also a feature of the and  trains (the  trains also have such electronic information displays, but in the doors). They are air-conditioned throughout, with powered doors. The coaches are fitted with power sockets for laptop computers and mobile phone charging. Toilet facilities for disabled people and storage facilities for bicycles are provided.

They provide 26 seats in 2+1 formation in first class and 174 seats in 2+2 formation in standard class.

The formation of a four-car Class 220 is as follows:
 * 604XX - Coach A - 26 seats - First class with disabled area, train manager office, first class catering area, and driving cab. Toilet.
 * 602XX - Coach C - 66 seats - Standard class. Toilet.
 * 607XX - Coach D - 66 seats - Standard class with large luggage area and reservable space for three bikes. No toilet.
 * 603XX - Coach F - 42 seats - Standard class with disabled area, catering base, and driving cab. Toilet.

There is no coach B on the four-car class 220; it exists on the five-car Class 221 and is usually a coach which holds no reservations. This aids short-term fleet changes, for example if a Class 220 is running in a diagram that usually has a Class 221, then the loss of a coach will not affect the reservation system, as they will all still be allocated.

CrossCountry has finished updating the interior layout of all its 220 and 221 sets. The interior renovation involved the removal of the shop from coach D and the conversion of the stowage area in coach F to a catering storage area where there is now a fridge, food storage, and a space for an on-board trolley to be stored. Bicycle storage has been moved to coach D where the shop was. It can now store three bicycles instead of four. The aim is to increase seating capacity, in line with its commitments to the franchise agreements, as well as to provide an at-seat trolley service for refreshments instead of a shop. Research had shown that the shop was not making as good a turnover as hoped because people prefer not to leave their seats to get refreshments; they feared either losing their seat or having their belongings stolen when away.

Operations

All units are owned by Beacon Rail, after they were purchased from Voyager Rail Leasing, a consortium of Lloyds Banking Group and Angel Trains. They are leased to the train operating companies;, CrossCountry is the only operator of Class 220 units.

Virgin CrossCountry was the sole operator of Class 220 Voyager trains when they were introduced in 2001. When the Cross Country Route franchise was transferred to Arriva CrossCountry in November 2007, most of the Voyager fleet was transferred with it, and by the end of 2007 CrossCountry was the sole operator of Class 220 units.

Class 220 units often operate in multiple with units, which are mechanically similar except for their bogies and have the same coupler type.

Named units
Some units have been named; these are as follows:

On 27 July 2021, 220016 was named Voyager 20 at Central Rivers to mark two decades of fleet use.

On 19 August 2021, 220009 was named Hixon at Stafford railway station to commemorate the 11 lives lost and 45 injured in the Hixon rail crash of January 1968.

title: British Rail Class 220


text:
Mesophyte

Mesophytes are terrestrial plants which are adapted to neither particularly dry nor particularly wet environments. An example of a mesophytic habitat would be a rural temperate meadow, which might contain goldenrod, clover, oxeye daisy, and Rosa multiflora. Mesophytes prefer soil and air of moderate humidity and avoid soil with standing water or containing a great abundance of salts. They make up the largest ecological group of terrestrial plants, and usually grow under moderate to hot and humid climatic regions.

Morphological adaptations
Mesophytes do not have any specific morphological adaptations. They usually have broad, flat and green leaves; an extensive fibrous root system to absorb water; and the ability to develop perennating organs such as corms, rhizomes and bulbs to store food and water for use during drought.

Anatomical adaptations
Mesophytes do not have any special internal structure. Epidermis is single layered usually with obvious stomata. Opening or closing of stomata is related to water availability. In sufficient supply of water stromata remain open while in limited supply of water stomata are closed to prevent excessive transpiration leading to wilting.

Properties
Mesophytes generally require a more or less continuous water supply. They usually have larger, thinner leaves compared to xerophytes, sometimes with a greater number of stomata on the undersides of leaves. Because of their lack of particular xeromorphic adaptations, when they are exposed to extreme conditions they lose water rapidly, and are not tolerant of drought. Mesophytes are intermediate in water use and needs. These plants are found in average conditions of temperature and moisture and grow in soil that has no water logging. The roots of mesophytes are well developed, branched and provided with a root cap. The shoot system is well organised. The stem is generally aerial, branched, straight, thick and hard. Leaves are thin, broad in middle, dark green and of variable shape and measurement.

For example, in hot weather they may overheat and suffer from temperature stress. They have no specific adaptations to overcome this, but, if there is enough water in the soil to allow this, they can increase their rate of transpiration by opening their stomata, thus meaning some heat is removed by the evaporating water. However these plants can only tolerate saturated soil for a certain amount of time without a warm temperature. In dry weather they may suffer from water stress (losing more water via transpiration than can be gained from the soil). Again they have no specific adaptations to overcome this, and can only respond by closing their stomata to prevent further transpiration. This does actually have some benefits as it reduces the surface area of the leaves exposed to the atmosphere, which reduces transpiration. Prolonged periods of dehydration, however, can lead to permanent wilting, cell plasmolysis, and subsequent death. Since mesophytes prefer moist, well drained soils, most crops are mesophytes. Some examples are corn (maize), cucurbits, privet, lilac, goldenrod, clover, and oxeye daisy.

title: Mesophyte


text:
Robert Bateman (painter)

Robert McLellan Bateman (born 24 May 1930) is a Canadian naturalist and painter, born in Toronto, Ontario.

Career
Bateman was always interested in art, but never intended to make a living from it. He was fascinated by the natural world in his childhood; he recorded the sightings of all of the birds in the area of his house in Toronto and created small paintings with birds in their habitats. He found inspiration from the Group of Seven; later, he became interested in making abstract paintings of nature, strongly influenced by the work of Franz Kline. It was not until the mid-1960s that he changed to his present style, realism. In 1954, he graduated with a degree in geography from the Victoria College in the University of Toronto. Afterwards, he attended Ontario College of Education. Starting in 1957, Bateman travelled around the world for 14 months in a Land Rover with his friend J. Bristol Foster. As they made their way through Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia, Bateman painted and sketched what he saw.

Bateman became a high school teacher of art and geography, and continued focusing his life on art and nature. After two decades as a high school teacher, he became a full-time artist in 1976. A year later Mill Pond Press started making signed, limited edition prints of some of his paintings; over the years, these prints resulted in millions of dollars being raised for environmental causes. His work started to receive major recognition in the 1970s and 1980s. Robert Bateman's show in 1987, at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, drew a large crowd for a living artist. In 1999, the Audubon Society of Canada declared Bateman one of the top 100 environmental proponents of the 20th century.

Robert Bateman's realistic and evocative painting style reflects his deep understanding and appreciation for nature, featuring wildlife in its natural habitat and encouraging the viewer to closely observe the natural world. He is a spokesman for many environmental and preservation issues, using his art to raise millions of dollars for these causes. The majority of Bateman's paintings are in acrylic on various media, and have been shown in major solo exhibitions around the world. He has been the subject of several films and books including The Art of Robert Bateman (1981), The World of Robert Bateman (1985), An Artist in Nature (1990), Natural Worlds (1996), Thinking Like a Mountain (2000), Birds (2002), New Works, (2010), Life Sketches (2015), Bateman’s Canada (2017) as well as several children's books.

Robert Bateman Secondary School in Abbotsford, British Columbia, Robert Bateman High School (currently closed) in Burlington, Ontario, and Robert Bateman Public School, Ottawa, Ontario are named for him. He is an Honorary Director of the North American Native Plant Society, and has received numerous honours and awards, including Officer of the Order of Canada and fourteen honorary doctorates from institutions such as the University of Victoria, University of Toronto, Royal Roads University, and McGill University.

At 93, Robert continues a schedule of painting daily and advocating for nature awareness and conservation.

Foundation
The Bateman Foundation, a national public charity, inspires a lasting relationship with nature through the lens of art, using artwork to promote a connection to nature and the environment. Established in 2012 by world-renowned artist and naturalist Robert Bateman, the Foundation grew from his philosophy that by helping people reconnect with nature they will be inspired to conserve and protect it. Through educational programs, community collaborations and Bateman Gallery exhibitions, the Foundation inspired a generation of people to build a deeper relationship with the natural world.

The purpose of the Foundation was to promote the preservation and sustainability of the environment by:

 * 1) Establishing and maintaining an art gallery to perpetuate, protect, enhance and promote the artistic and cultural legacy of nature-inspired artists, including Robert Bateman.
 * 2) Supporting or developing educational programs relating to the environment and nature-inspired artists.

Robert Bateman is already aligned with child-in-nature philosophies. He is associated in the public mind with pro-nature education by his work, writings and public speaking. He is widely regarded by the national and international conservation community as a “hero” because of his lifelong support and clearly articulated perspective. He is a natural and gregarious teacher and his artwork is vastly instructive. Finally, Robert Bateman is perceived by many to be one of the voices of reason and hope for healthy, rejuvenated and creative engagement with the natural world:"From the beginning of time we have been connected to nature, but for the first time in history, that connection threatens to be broken for most of an entire generation and perhaps generations to come. When children play in nature – climb trees, build forts and dams in creeks and go exploring – here is what happens: they have less obesity, less likelihood of developing attention deficit disorder, lower rates of depression and suicide, less alcohol and drug abuse, less bullying, plus, they get higher marks…nature is magic. "Bateman’s Sketch Across Canada was a nationwide project started by the Bateman Foundation. They achieved their goal of distributing 33,000 free sketchbooks across the country, asking Canadians to venture outside and, in the words of Robert Bateman, “become bright-eyed three-year-olds again”.

The Bateman Foundation's flagship NatureSketch Program started in 2016 as a volunteer managed family program in Victoria. NatureSketch is an eco-literacy curriculum that encourages individuals to develop a personal connection to nature by teaching them how to observe and appreciate the natural world through art. The program is inspired by the artistic practices and personal philosophies of Robert Bateman and has been implemented in several major cities across Canada, reaching over 20,000 participants by 2023.

Personal life
In 1960, Robert Bateman married Suzanne Bowerman, having three children: Alan, Sarah, and John. He would then go on to marry Birgit Freybe Bateman in 1975, having two children: Christopher and Robert.

In the early 1980s, Bateman and Birgit moved to Salt Spring Island. The couple purchased a home located on Reginald Hill Road, looking out on Fulford Harbour, that was designed by Hank Schubart and originally built for actress Eileen Brennan, (d. July 28, 2013) In the early 2000s, the Batemans moved from the Reginald Hill house to a house on a lake in Salt Spring designed by their son in law, Robert Barnard.

Honours and awards

 * Life Member, Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
 * Queen Elizabeth Silver Jubilee Medal, 1977
 * Officer of the Order of Canada, 1984
 * Member of Honour Award, World Wildlife Fund, 1985 (presented by the Prince Philip)
 * Society of Animal Artists Award of Excellence 1979, 1980, 1981, 1986, 1990, 2008; Lifetime Achievement 2010
 * Lescarbot Award presented by the Canadian Government, 1992
 * Rachel Carson Award presented by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Washington D.C., 1996
 * Order of British Columbia, 2001
 * Rungius Medal presented by the National Museum of Wildlife Art, 2001
 * Queen's Jubilee Medal, 2002
 * Roland Michener Conservation Award presented by the Canadian Wildlife Federation, 2003
 * Ideas for Life Award, Canadian Environment Awards, 2006
 * Human Rights Defender Award presented by Amnesty International, 2007
 * Niagara Escarpment Lifetime Achievement Award, 2009
 * Royal Canadian Geographical Society Gold Medal, 2013
 * World Ecology Award, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 2015.
 * International Brandwein Medal, Brandwein Institute, 2017
 * Jay N. Ding Darling Award, The Wildlife Society, 2017

Books

 * The Art of Robert Bateman. Biography by Ramsay Derry. Madison Press Books, 1981. (French ed. 1982, German ed. 1984)
 * The World of Robert Bateman. Biography by Ramsay Derry. Madison Press Books, 1984
 * Robert Bateman: An Artist in Nature. Biography by Rick Archbold. Madison Press Books, 1990
 * Robert Bateman: Natural Worlds. Text by Rick Archbold. Madison Press Books, 1996
 * Safari. Robert Bateman and Rick Archibald. 1998
 * Thinking Like a Mountain. Robert Bateman and Rick Archbold. Penguin Books, 2000
 * Birds. Robert Bateman and Kathryn Dean. Madison Press Books, 2002
 * Backyard Birds. Robert Bateman with Ian Coutts. Madison Press Books, 2005
 * Birds of Prey. Robert Bateman with Nancy Kovacs. Madison Press Books, 2007
 * Polar Worlds. Robert Bateman with Nancy Kovacs. Madison Press Books, 2008
 * Vanishing Habitats. Robert Bateman with Nancy Kovacs. Madison Press Books, 2010
 * Bateman: New Works. Greystone Books, 2010
 * Hope & Wild Apples. Bateman Foundation, 2012
 * Sight Unseen. Paul Gilbert, Bateman Foundation, 2014
 * Life Sketches: A Memoir. Simon & Schuster, 2015
 * Robert Bateman's Canada. Simon & Schuster, 2017

Films

 * “Down to Earth”, Zephyr Films, 2001
 * "Robert Bateman", Art Gallery of Greater Victoria, 1994
 * "A Day in the Life of Robert Bateman", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1985
 * "Robert Bateman - Artist/Naturalist", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Spectrum, 1984 (Donna Lu Wigmore, producer)
 * "Robert Bateman - A Celebration of Nature", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Take 30, 1983 (Brigitte Berman, producer)
 * "The Nature Art of Robert Bateman", Eco-Art Productions, 1981 (Norm Lightfoot, producer)
 * "Images of the Wild: A Portrait of Robert Bateman", National Film Board of Canada, 1978 (Norm Lightfoot, director; Beryl Fox, producer)
 * "Robert Bateman", Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, This Land, 1972 (John Lucky, producer)

title: Robert Bateman (painter)


text: User talk:151.200.182.19

title: User talk:151.200.182.19


text:
Josie Dew

Josie Dew (born 1966) is an English touring cyclist, author and cook. Although a caterer by profession she frequently takes long cycle trips (such as circumnavigating Britain or Japan – or crossing the Sahara on her bicycle whilst suffering kidney problems) and then writes a humorous travelogue detailing her experiences. She lives near Portsmouth, England. She has two daughters and a son.

She began to use cooking to pay for her cycling trips at the age of 15 and by 17 it had paid for her first significant trip, around the coast of Britain, inspired by a tour of the Isle of Wight when she was 10. By September 2005, she had cycled through 48 countries and by 2010 she had covered more than 350,000 miles.

She crossed Europe with her boyfriend, which led to her first writing success, Wind in my Wheels. After her boyfriend was injured in a crash she began travelling alone, which she prefers, despite those who find it strange.

In March 2007, Long Cloud Ride, her book about New Zealand, was selected among the top 10 writer's reads by Geographical.

Books

 * The Wind in My Wheels: Travel Tales from the Saddle (1992)
 * Travels in a Strange State: Cycling Across the U.S.A. (1994)
 * A Ride in the Neon Sun: A Gaijin in Japan (1999)
 * The Sun in My Eyes: Two-Wheeling East (2001), ISBN 978-0-7515-3018-6
 * Slow Coast Home: 5,000 Miles Around the Shores of England and Wales (2003)
 * Saddled at Sea: A 15,000-mile journey to New Zealand by Russian freighter (2006)
 * A Long Cloud Ride: A Cycling Adventure Across New Zealand (2007), ISBN 978-1-8474-4014-3

title: Josie Dew


text:
Talk:Direct product

Huh? Direct product of vector spaces
I cut out the following from the section Vector space direct product because it is insane:

 * Note that a direct product for a finite index $$\prod_{i=1}^n X_i $$ is identical to the direct sum $$\oplus_{i=1}^n X_i $$. The direct sum and direct product only differs for infinite indices, where the elements of a direct sum are zero for all but for a finite number of entries.

It has been added by User:Piil on 22 sept 2004. The correct definition is in the article Tensor product. Was there some deeper meaning behind this seemingly insane statement? linas 17:12, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Insane? As far as I know, that is correct.  What does it say in the tensor product article?  err... I'll go check it out.  Lethe | Talk 18:51, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * The only thing I see on the tensor product article about direct products is this statement: "This construction is unrelated to the direct product of M and N." So ... I don't understand why you want to replace the explanation on direct products with a link to tensor products.  I'm reverting. -lethe talk 18:54, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

Lethe is right, the statement is correct as it stands. You are confusing the direct product with the tensor product — these aren't the same thing. Most courses on linear algebra don't talk about the direct product, only the direct sum. The reason being is because the two are identical on a finite number of factors (exactly as is stated). To see the difference you have to take an infinite number of factors (and so obtain an infinite dimensional vector space). -- Fropuff 04:14, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)

radical suggestion
I'm going to make a radical suggestion that we just move everything on this page to other articles (existing or newly-created) and turn this one into a disambiguation page. Before there's an outcry, let me give some reasons:

 * 1) The topological product really has no business being here. No one (that I know of) calls the product topology the "direct product topology".
 * 2) The product in category theory is a common generalisation which doesn't belong in an article without lots of examples.
 * 3) All that leaves is the direct product of groups and vector spaces. There's nothing that makes these more significant than other occurrences of categorical products, except that they are the ones called "direct product". That's a pretty flimsy reason to justify an exposition of them apart from their main articles, IMO.

All of this is related to my personal belief that all of the "product" articles collectively are in a confusing and sorry shape. Some things are misnamed, some articles have no apparent reason for their content organisation, other things aren't clarified enough, etc. At the heart of the matter seems to be a failure to organise, name, and clarify topics by keeping in mind their category theory meaning. This doesn't mean you have to know category theory to understand anything, but category theory does point a clear direction of how things should be organised, and it's not the direction we're going.

There are 4 major ideas going on in all these articles, based on 2 criteria with 2 options each: first, product or coproduct/sum; second, external or internal. That makes

 * 1) (External) product
 * 2) Internal product
 * 3) (External) coproduct/sum
 * 4) Internal coproduct/sum

A lot of things are named "sum" that are really products, and a few things that are "internal" aren't clearly identified that way (since "external" is a kind of default). For example, direct sum of groups is actually about the internal direct product of groups. Also, in many cases, you can form the product/sum like you do the sum/product, as objects, but it's not a universal object. For example, if you have an abelian group, you can take the product of them as groups, and as an object, this is still an abelian group, but no longer satisfies universal property. Similarly, you can take the "abelian" sum of arbitrary groups, but it's not universal. This is sometimes called the "weak direct product" or "restricted direct product". This distinction between what is an object and what actually is universal is missing in many places. You don't have to mention it directly, but it seems it should guide the presentation. Revolver 19:54, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * A lot of the above, my ideas have changed on. See the discussion at the wikiportal talk page. Although, I still think the "radical suggestion" is good. This should be a disambig page. Revolver 05:05, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I would disagree with the split. All these types of direct products (OK, at least product of groups, modules and topological spaces) share the same idea of using the cartezian product. I think they are all best understood if in the same place. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 23:37, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I second Revolver's suggestion. I certainly agree that I do not know of reputable sources that use the phrase "direct product" for topological spaces.  One would normally just say "product".  Probably the section "Topological space direct product" should be merged into the product topology page.  In the mathematical literature, the term "direct product" is used primarily for groups and modules (the latter includes vector spaces and representations). Ebony Jackson (talk) 05:49, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

confusion over direct product vs direct sum
This is a subsuggestion of the radical idea section that I feel very strongly needs to be called out explicitly:

I'm pretty sure where it says w.r.t the direct product: "For abelian groups which are written additively, it is also called the direct sum, denoted by " is incorrect, the direct product is the possibly infinite product, where there can be possibly infinite number of non-identity coordinates. The direct sum is the subgroup of the direct product consisting of elements where only finitely many coordinates can be non-identity. - —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.197.234.28 (talk • contribs)

 * I have changed the sentence to explicitly say what I believe was intended: "For abelian groups which are written additively, it may also be called the direct sum of two groups...". - grubber 14:53, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Direct product of functions?
The direct product of two functions would make a simpler example than the direct product of two groups. However, perhaps the terminology "direct product of functions" is not in standard use. A post on mathoverflow related to this is: http://mathoverflow.net/questions/106496/functions-that-can-be-written-as-direct-products-of-other-functions-question-ab

Tashiro~enwiki (talk) 16:00, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree that "direct product of functions" is not a standard term, so I would not add it to this article. Ebony Jackson (talk) 05:15, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

Product of infinitely many objects.
'We can even talk of products of infinitely many objects e.g. R x R x R...' Just out of interest shouldn't there be another line or so explaing what this product is like describing its cardinality for instance. Poshida (talk) 14:37, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

Removal of metric and norm section
I propose the 'metric and norm' section be removed because it does not seem particularly relevant to the article. At the very least it should be incorporated into the rest of the article so as not to occupy a whole section. - 25 May 2019 Joel Brennan

 * I wonder whether the sentence is appropriate at all.
 * As far as I remember, I saw a direct product defined only on equationally-defined algebraic structures with one underlying set A and one or more operations f: A ×...×A → A. In these cases, the operations on the direct product can be defined pointwise.
 * This wouldn't be applicable to metric spaces, since a metric maps to the nonnegative real numbers; pointwise lifting doesn't make sense. The same for a norm.
 * Of course, a metric can be defined on the Cartesian product of metric spaces, in various ways, but this isn't what the article speaks about.
 * If I'm right (I'm far from being sure about it), the sentence could be turned in a counter-example to distinguish a direct product from a Cartesian product. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 14:32, 26 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I too agree to the removal of the "Metric and norm" section. Ebony Jackson (talk) 05:49, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Direct product


text:
Mortimer Planno

Mortimo St George "Kumi" Planno, (6 September 1929, Cuba – 5 March 2006, Kingston, Jamaica) was a renowned Rastafari elder, drummer and a follower of the back-to-Africa movement founded in the 1910s by Marcus Garvey. He is best known as the Rasta teacher and friend of Bob Marley, and as the man who commanded the respect of a chaotic crowd during the arrival of Emperor Haile Selassie on his visit to Jamaica in 1966. He is referred to by other Rastas as a teacher and a leader within the context of the faith, given his life's work.

Early years
He was born in Cuba, the youngest of four children. His mother was Jamaican and she took the family back to Jamaica when Planno was still a young boy in the early 1930s. His father was Cuban and his given name was Mortimo, not Mortimer.

Rastafari activism
He became a prominent Rastafari teacher in Kingston, Jamaica in the 1950s and helped found the Rastafari Movement Association as well as the Local Charter 37 of the Ethiopian World Federation. He also instigated the first "Universal Grounation of the Rastafari", a drumming and chanting ceremony held in the slum of Back-O-Wall in March 1958.

1961 visit to Ethiopia
After repeated harassment by the authorities and ostracism by the Christian public, Planno and his colleagues approached the University College of the West Indies to request an official study of the Rastafari movement, in an effort to establish a better relationship with the wider Jamaican society. The in-depth study led to Planno and two other prominent Rastas' being sent on a "fact-finding mission" to Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and other African countries in 1961. During the trip, Planno met Haile Selassie in person in Ethiopia.

The Jamaican government had decided to send a delegation of both officials and Rastafari leaders to Addis Ababa to meet Emperor Haile Selassie. Planno, Douglas Aiken Mack, and Fillmore Alvaranga were the three in the Rasta delegation. Their Minority Report of the mission differs in several significant aspects from that of the non-Rastafarian delegates, e.g.:

 * 16 April 1961: "Later in the afternoon the Rases were invited to visit His Holiness Abuna Basilios, the Archbishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church at his residence. The other delegates came along too. We discussed H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie, being the returned Messiah. His Holiness the Abuna told us at the conclusion of the discussion that the Bible can be interpreted that way. We had tea and honey with him."
 * 21 April 1961: "The Mission was granted audience with H.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I at the Imperial Palace, Addis-Ababa. We were introduced to H.I.M., by the Minister of the Imperial Guard. Emperor Haile Selassie I welcomed the delegation warmly. Speaking Amharic which was interpreted by the Minister of the Imperial Guard, H.I.M. told us that he knew the black people of the West and particularly Jamaica were blood brothers to the Ethiopians and he knew that slaves were sent from Ethiopia to Jamaica. He said we should send the right people. The Emperor said Ethiopia was large enough to hold all the people of Afrikan descent living outside Afrika and he would send a delegation to the West Indies. Dr. Leslie told H.I.M. that Jamaica had plenty of sugar cane factories making sugar and rum. H.I.M. replied that in Ethiopia there was a refinery making sugar but not rum. H.I.M. thanked the delegation and presented each of us with a gold medal."

 * "All the rest of the delegation left His presence except the three Rastafarian Brethren (Bros. Fil, Mack, Planno, as we had presents for H.I.M.). Alvaranga presented H.I.M. with a wood-carved map of Afrika with a portrait of the Emperor on one side of the wooden case. The Emperor then spoke in English for the first time to us. He said, “That’s Afrika. Is it from the Rastafari Brethren?” (That showed that he knew us before). We said “Yes”. Brother Mack presented photographs of the Rastafari Brethren in Jamaica. H.I.M. said again in English, “Photographs; thank you”. Mack also gave H.I.M. a painting of Errol Flynn’s island in Jamaica (i.e. Navy Island, off the mainland of Port Antonio). Brother Planno gave H.I.M. a woven scarf in red, gold and green. H.I.M. said “Is it you that wove it”. He said “Yes”. He said “Thank you again”. We also gave H.I.M. a photograph of a widow and six children—her husband, a Rastafari Brethren, was shot and killed by the Police in Jamaica. H.I.M. asked us to who was taking care of them now. We told H.I.M. that we took the case to Jamaica’s Premier but left the island before it was settled. The Emperor said that he would do what he could to help. We then took leave."

The full story of the 1961 Jamaican delegation in Ethiopia is told in Dr. Giulia Bonacci's book Exodus, Heirs and Pioneers, Rastafari Return to Ethiopia (University of the West Indies Press, 2015).

Bob Marley and the Wailers
On April 21, 1966, the Ethiopian Emperor, His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, seen as the Messiah by Rastafarians, landed at Kingston airport for an official visit. Thousands of Rastas smoked ganja in their chalice pipes and surrounded the airplane in adoration after surging past the barriers. Emperor Selassie remained onboard his plane for nearly an hour; some accounts state that the Emperor was struck with fear, while others say he was hiding his tears. It was Mortimo Planno who went up the gangplank and urged Selassie to appear before the ecstatic Rastafarian crowd. Photographs of the Emperor and Planno going down the gangplank appeared in the local press, securing the Rastafarian leader a lasting legendary status. Bob Marley was off the island that day, but fellow Wailers band members Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer, Rita Marley and Constantine "Vision" Walker were there and actually saw Haile Selassie driving to the city standing on his car.

Bob Marley and other members of the group already knew Planno quite well. The Rastafarian elder lived in the same neighborhood as the vocal group on 35 Fifth Street in West Kingston's Trench Town ghetto, where he kept a library of books on Black Power and Ethiopian history. Planno grew closer to the Wailers throughout 1965. Upon his return from Delaware in late 1966, Marley began an association with him that would last for a couple of years, eventually leading Planno to becoming Marley's manager and producer for a few months. On June 8, 1968, Bob Marley recorded his first openly Rastafarian song, "Selassie is the Chapel", backed by Rastafarian nyabinghi ritual drum ensemble Ras Michael and the Sons of Negus, with Rita Marley and Peter Tosh on harmony vocals. "Selassie is the Chapel" had lyrics adapted by Planno from Sonny Til and the Orioles' 1953 #1 R&B hit song "Crying in the Chapel", which was written by country music singer Artie Glenn (his son Darrell had recorded the original version in 1953) and was also a hit song for Elvis Presley in 1968. The melody was based on the original song, but the nyabinghi arrangement was somewhat different. The recording session at JBC Studio was financed by Planno. He also recorded a Rasta prayer himself, using some Amharic words as well as quoting the Bible. He was also backed by Ras Michael's group, and this recording was issued on the B-side of this rare record as "A Little Prayer". These two rare, vintage tracks were briefly reissued in 2003 by reggae historian Bruno Blum on the Bob Marley four-CD set Rebel (JAD Records).

Planno was later involved in the One Love Peace Concert, an event headlined by Marley in 1978.

title: Mortimer Planno


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Minor races in Star Wars

I believe I accidentally typed "delete" in the edit summary. I meant "redirect." Joyous 17:14, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Terrestrial kingdom

LDS-specific?
Is this doctine specific to the L-d S, as the article implies? Or more general within Mormonism? Alai 17:14, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This passage:

"The Terrestrial Kingdom is the middle of three "degrees of glory," in which the highest or Celestial Kingdom is compared to the sun, the middle or Terrestrial Kingdom is compared to the moon, and the lowest or Telestial Kingdom is compared to the stars. The terminology is also used in 1 Corinthians 15:40."

is rather unclear, dealing as it does with an interpretation of the following biblical passage:

''"But someone will ask, 'How are the dead raised? With what kind of body do they come?' Fool! What you sow does not come to life unless it dies. And as for what you sow, you do not sow the body that is to be, but a bare seed, perhaps of wheat or of some other grain. But God gives it a body as he has chosen, and to each kind of seed its own body. Not all flesh is alike, but there is one flesh for human beings, another for animals, another for birds, and another for fish. There are both heavenly bodies and earthly bodies, but the glory of the heavenly is one thing, and that of the earthly is another. There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars; indeed, star differs from star in glory. So it is with the resurrection of the dead. What is sown is perishable, what is raised is imperishable. It is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory. It is sown in weakness, it is raised in power. It is sown a physical body, it is raised a spiritual body. If there is a physical body, there is also a spiritual body" (1 Cor 15:35-44)''

As the article stands, it could be read by someone without knowledge of the biblical text that it literally teaches the tripartite division of the Mormon afterlife. However, it is unclear that it does - and this is not a statement of belief on my part, to be honest there are many ways of reading this passage, from a simple analogy the author is making to a full-blown theological theory. The Mormon reading of the passage is certainly a possibility. But some other wording regarding the biblical text would be better.

I propose "... compared to the stars (1 Cor 15:35-44 is often cited in support of this belief)." This is how such a theory would be asserted in a commentary or theological journal; it is neutral as to the validity of the attribution, and provides an opportunity for someone to look up the reference and decided for themselves. I plan to make this edit unless good reason can be shown why it shouldn't be made.

Also, thanks for the references, they really are needed in an article like this. Note will be made that they are LDS sources, for full NPOV disclosure. Morgaledth 21:11, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Move
I've moved the page back to Terrestrial kingdom from Terrestrial Kingdom. The previous mover claimed that because it was a place, it should be capitalized, like "Heaven" or "Republic of South Africa". This overlooks the fact that it is not proper at all to capitalize "heaven". As the terrestrial kingdom is nowhere as concrete and definably discrete as the Republic of South Africa, I'm quite sure it's not appropriate to capitalize it. - SESmith 09:50, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

NPOV
I feel that I must object to the mormon church members voilating the NPOV of the page. I have attempted on several occasions to add facts to this subject. They have all been removed by members of the LDS church. The fact that the information on the subject only address an LDS point of view proves simply that it is in clear voilation of the NPOV. Allow the posting of non-LDS information to this page and I would support it. Thewayandthelight 19:16, 8 June 2007

 * Active discussions on the neutrality of this article is taking place on the Talk:Telestial kingdom page. Val42 21:06, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Addition to article
I think that it should be presented in this article that Emanuel Swedenborg first stated this concept in his book entitled Heaven and Hell. Though it can not be proven or disproven beyond a shadow of a doubt, it seems that this book and not a 'vision' was the influence that caused the three degree of glory or kingdoms to be adopted by Joseph Smith for the religion that he created. Mr. Miller presents a compling arguement in the following article:

I would appreciate all opinions. Thewayandthelight 22:56, 8 June 2007

title: Talk:Terrestrial kingdom


text:
British Rail Class 221

The British Rail Class 221 Super Voyager is a class of tilting diesel-electric multiple unit express passenger trains built in Bruges, Belgium and Wakefield, by Bombardier Transportation in 2001–02.

The class is similar to the Class 220 Voyager, but was built with a tilting mechanism enabling up to six degrees of tilt to allow higher speeds on curved tracks. Additionally, most have five coaches, and they have a different bogie design. They have a maximum speed of 125 mph.

The trains are divided between three operators, Avanti West Coast (13 sets), CrossCountry (25 sets) and Grand Central (2 sets). CrossCountry sets had their tilt function disabled in 2008 to improve reliability and reduce maintenance costs.

Details
The Class 221 units were produced as five- or four-coach sets. Each coach is equipped with a Cummins QSK19 diesel engine producing 560 kW at 1,800rpm, driving an electrical generator which powers two motors, each driving one (inner) axle per bogie via a cardan shaft and final drive. 1200 mi can be travelled between refuellings. The coach bodies, the engines and most of the equipment of the Class 221s are the same as the Class 220s, but the bogies are very different: the Class 220 Voyager B5000 bogies have inside-frames which expose the whole of the wheel faces, while the Class 221 SuperVoyager Y36 bogies have a more traditional outside-framed bogie. Unlike the Class 220s, the Class 221s were built with a hydraulic-actuated tilting system to run at high speed around bends, though this has now been disabled from the 24 sets operated by CrossCountry.

Each coach weighs between 55 and 57tonnes, with a total train weight of 281.9tonnes for a five-car set (227 tonnesfor a four-car set). The trains have air-operated (pneumatic) and rheostatic brakes, with an emergency stopping distance of 350 m at 60 mph.

Class 221 units are fitted with automatic sanding systems. The Avanti West Coast operated units are fitted with a Vossloh fixed rate sander and the Arriva Cross Country operated units are fitted with AB Hoses and fittings variable rate sanding system.

All Class 221 units are maintained at the dedicated Central Rivers TMD near Burton-on-Trent.

Formation and passenger facilities

As part of a franchise commitment to replace all of the Mark 2 and High Speed Train sets, Virgin CrossCountry ordered 40 five-carriage sets. In addition four four-carriage sets were ordered to replace High Speed Trains on Virgin Trains' North Wales Coast Line services to Holyhead. However all entered service with Virgin CrossCountry.

In November 2010, Virgin Trains reformed its three four-car sets into two five-car sets and a residual spare two-car set by inserting the two intermediate (non-driving) cars from 221144 into 221142 and 221143, giving 20 five-car sets (and two spare driving cars). This was aimed at providing more flexibility and consistency in operating Birmingham-Scotland and London-North Wales services. In 2017, a further reformation took place, allowing 221144 to be returned to traffic with CrossCountry, now operated by Arriva, involving the exchange of some vehicles between Virgin and CrossCountry and the reduction of two CrossCountry sets to four car formations.

All vehicles are air-conditioned and fitted with Wi-Fi. On some units, the at-seat audio entertainment system is still present however it has now been disabled since the Wi-Fi hotspots were introduced. Power sockets are also available for laptop computers and mobile-phone charging. First-class accommodation has 2+1 seating, standard class 2+2 seating. Former Virgin Trains units are fitted with CCTV. These trains, unlike the older trains they replaced, have electronic information display boards in the exterior walls showing the train number, the time, the coach, the train's destination and the next station. This is also a feature of the and  high speed DEMUs.

The trains have been criticised for providing insufficient space for luggage and bicycles. Also, because the units are designed to tilt, the carriages have a tapered profile that narrows towards roof level, resulting in a less spacious interior than the conventional carriages they replaced.

The formation and capacity of each unit depends on the operator.

Operations
All units are owned by Beacon Rail, after they were purchased from Voyager Rail Leasing, a consortium of Lloyds Banking Group and Angel Trains. They are leased to the train operating companies.

On their introduction in 2002, Virgin Trains was the operator of all Class 221s, which it used on CrossCountry and West Coast Main Line services as well as on the North Wales Coast line.

With the decision to transfer those CrossCountry services that operated via the West Coast Main Line to the InterCity West Coast franchise at the same time as the former franchise was relet, on 11 November 2007 the fleet was split. Virgin West Coast were allocated 221101-221118 and 221142-221144 while CrossCountry gained 221119-221141. However, while CrossCountry was overhauling five High Speed Train sets, 221114-221118 were subleased to CrossCountry for 12 months.

Avanti West Coast
Avanti West Coast uses the Class 221 units primarily between London Euston and Scotland via Birmingham New Street (despite the route being electrified throughout), between London Euston and Shrewsbury, and between London Euston and Chester and North Wales. They are also used by a few London Euston to West Midlands services.

The trains to and from Scotland often operate as double units and alternate between Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley (in turn alternating with TransPennine Express trains to and from Manchester Airport). When longer trains are needed for some of the busier services, a Pendolino will run through from and to London Euston, and the Super Voyager then fills in for it on the London to West Midlands route.

The trains on the North Wales route sometimes operate as double units. They run from London Euston and terminate at any of Chester, Holyhead, Bangor or Wrexham. The daily return service from London Euston to Shrewsbury also operates using the Class 221.

In December 2019, Avanti West Coast placed an order for 10 seven-car Class 807 electric units which will replace its Class 221 fleet, along with 13 Class 805 bi-mode units as part of £350million contract with Hitachi. These were planned to enter service in 2023.

In June 2022, units 221142 and 221143 were the first 221s to be returned to their owners after their leases to Avanti West Coast ended. With the introduction of the units. , 7 Class 221s have been transferred to CrossCountry in 2024. The class is set to be fully replaced with the introduction of the Class 807.

CrossCountry
CrossCountry's Class 221s operate alongside 220s on the routes inherited from Virgin CrossCountry. Since these routes are not cleared for tilting operation (with the exception of Wolverhampton to Stockport), in 2008 the tilting equipment was locked out of use and shortly afterwards was isolated altogether, replacing the hydraulic rams with fixed tie-bars. This change was made to improve reliability and reduce maintenance costs. In 2024, 7 Class 221s were transferred from Avanti West Coast.

Grand Central
In June 2023 it was announced that Grand Central would be leasing two Class 221 units (numbers 221142 and 221143) for use on services between London Kings Cross and Bradford.

The Class 221s first entered service with Grand Central in 2023.

Technical problems and incidents
When first introduced, Class 221 units would frequently be stopped due to waves breaking over the sea wall at Dawlish in storm conditions, inundating the resistor banks and causing the control software to shut down the whole train. This problem was fixed by an upgrade to the control software.

On 8 December 2005, unit 221125 suffered an exhaust fire at Starcross. Other members of the Voyager class suffered similar fires in the 2005-2006 period due to an incorrectly performed engine overhaul.

On 25 September 2006, unit 221136 collided with a car on the track at Moor Lane, Copmanthorpe, North Yorkshire. The 14:25 Plymouth to Edinburgh was decelerating on its approach to York station at 9pm when it collided with the car, which had crashed through a fence on to the line. Despite being derailed in the 100 mph crash, the train remained upright. Nobody on board was injured.

On 4 July 2009, unit 221112 was involved in a collision with a set of freight train container doors on the Eden Valley Loop at Penrith. At 16:27, Virgin Trains service 1M86 from Edinburgh to Birmingham New Street passed service 4M16, a container freight train which was in the Loop. The train struck one or both open doors of wagons 12 and or 13 of the container train. The train crew heard the impacts and stopped to report the damage to their control at 16:28. The train suffered damage to all cars consisting of scratching to bodywork, in particular the doors, as well as severe damage to one door step. The Super Voyager was one of three trains to be damaged by the container doors; a Class 390 and a Class 185 were also involved.

On 20 November 2013 a Virgin Super Voyager (unit 221105) overran the platform and ran into the buffers at Chester. One passenger was taken to hospital. The RAIB report concluded that this was due to exceptionally low adhesion between wheels and rails, combined with train's sanding system being inadequate. The report recommended that the sanding equipment on the class be upgraded.

In June 2014, one vehicle in CrossCountry unit 220007 was damaged after it caught fire at Eastleigh Works. As a temporary fix, the damaged vehicle from 220007 was replaced with one taken from 221135. The two units were returned to their original formations in February 2015.

Vehicle numbering
Individual vehicles, as-built, were numbered in the ranges as follows:

Named units
Some units have received names:
 * 221114 Royal Air Force Centerary
 * 221116 City of Bangor/Dinas Bangor

title: British Rail Class 221


text: User talk:12.216.85.31

title: User talk:12.216.85.31