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SMS König

SMS König was the first of four König-class battleship dreadnought battleships of the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) during World War I. König (King) was named in honor of King William II of Württemberg. The battleship was armed with ten 30.5 cm guns in five twin turrets and could steam at a top speed of 21 kn. Laid down in October 1911, the ship was launched on 1 March 1913. The construction of König was completed shortly after the outbreak of World War I; she was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 9 August 1914.

Along with her three sister ships, SMS Grosser Kurfürst (1913), SMS Markgraf, and SMS Kronprinz, König took part in most of the fleet actions during the war. As the leading ship in the German line on 31 May 1916 in the Battle of Jutland, König was heavily engaged by several British battleships and suffered ten large-caliber shell hits. In October 1917, she forced the Russian pre-dreadnought battleship RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Slava to scuttle herself in the Battle of Moon Sound, which followed Germany's successful Operation Albion.

König was interned, along with the majority of the High Seas Fleet, at Scapa Flow in November 1918 following the Armistice. On 21 June 1919, Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter gave the order to scuttle the fleet, including König, while the British guard ships were out of the harbor on exercises. Unlike most of the scuttled ships, König was never raised for scrapping; the wreck is still on the bottom of the bay.

Design

The four König-class battleships were ordered as part of the Anglo-German naval arms race; they were the fourth generation of German dreadnought battleships, and they were built in response to the British Orion-class battleship that had been ordered in 1909. The Königs represented a development of the earlier Kaiser-class battleship, with the primary improvement being a more efficient arrangement of the main battery. The ships had also been intended to use a diesel engine on the center propeller shaft to increase their cruising range, but development of the diesels proved to be more complicated than expected, so an all-steam turbine powerplant was retained.

König displaced 25796 t as built and 28,600 t fully loaded, with a length of 175.4 m, a beam of 29.5 m and a draft of 9.19 m. She was powered by three Parsons steam turbines, with steam provided by three oil-fired and twelve coal-fired Schulz-Thornycroft water-tube boilers, which developed a total of 31847 kW and yielded a maximum speed of 21 kn. The ship had a range of 8000 nmi at a cruising speed of 12 kn. Her crew numbered 41 officers and 1,095 enlisted men.

She was armed with ten 30.5 cm SK L/50 guns arranged in five twin gun turrets: two superfiring turrets each fore and aft and one turret amidships between the two funnels. König was the first German battleship to mount all of her main battery artillery on the centerline. Like the earlier Kaiser-class battleships, König could bring all of her main guns to bear on either side, but the newer vessel enjoyed a wider arc of fire due to the all-centerline arrangement. Her secondary armament consisted of fourteen 15 cm SK L/45 quick-firing guns and six 8.8 cm SK L/45 quick-firing guns, all mounted singly in casemates. As was customary for capital ships of the period, she was also armed with five 50 cm underwater torpedo tubes, one in the bow and two on each beam.

The ship's armored belt consisted of Krupp cemented steel that was 35 cm thick in the central citadel that protected the propulsion machinery spaces and the ammunition magazines, and was reduced to 18 cm forward and 12 cm aft. In the central portion of the ship, horizontal protection consisted of a 10 cm deck, which was reduced to 4 cm on the bow and stern. The main battery turrets had 30 cm of armor plate on the sides and 11 cm on the roofs, while the casemate guns had 15 cm of armor protection. The sides of the forward conning tower were also 30 cm thick.

Service
König was ordered under the provisional name "S" and built at the Kaiserliche Werft dockyards in Wilhelmshaven, under construction number 33. Her keel was laid in October 1911 and she was launched on 1 March 1913 by the King's cousin, Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg. Fitting-out work was completed by 9 August 1914, the day she was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet. Directly after commissioning, König conducted sea trials, which were completed by 23 November 1914. Her crew consisted of 41 officers and 1,095 enlisted men. Afterward, the ship was attached to V Division of III Battle Squadron of the German High Seas Fleet, where she would later be joined by her sister ships. On 9 December, König ran aground in the Wilhelmshaven roadstead. Her sister ship Grosser Kurfürst, following right behind, rammed her stern and caused some minor damage. König was then freed from the bottom and taken back to Wilhelmshaven; repair work lasted until 2 January 1915.

Operations in the North Sea

König took part in several fleet sorties in support of Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper's battlecruisers of I Scouting Group; however, due to her grounding outside Wilhelmshaven, the ship missed the first operation of these battlecruisers on the night of 15/16 December 1914, when they were tasked with bombarding the English coast to lure out a portion of the British Grand Fleet to the waiting German fleet. On 22 January 1915, König and the rest of III Squadron were detached from the fleet to conduct maneuver, gunnery, and torpedo training in the Baltic. They returned to the North Sea on 11 February, too late to assist I Scouting Group at the Battle of Dogger Bank.

König then took part in several sorties into the North Sea. On 29 March, the ship led the fleet out to Terschelling. Three weeks later, on 17–18 April, she supported an operation in which the light cruisers of II Scouting Group laid mines off the Swarte Bank. Another fleet advance occurred on 22 April, again with König in the lead. On 23 April, III Squadron returned to the Baltic for another round of exercises lasting until 10 May. Another minelaying operation was conducted by II Scouting Group on 17 May, with the battleship again in support.

König participated in a fleet advance into the North Sea which ended without combat from 29 until 31 May. She was then briefly assigned to picket duty in the German defensive belt. The ship again ran aground on 6 July, though damage was minimal. The ship supported a minelaying operation on 11–12 September off Texel. Another fleet advance followed on 23–24 October; after returning, König went into drydock for maintenance, rejoining the fleet by 4 November. The ship was then sent back to the Baltic for more training on 5–20 December. On the return voyage, she was slightly damaged after grounding in the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal during a snow storm. König was in the Baltic on 17 January 1916 for further training, then on 24 January returned to the North Sea. Two fleet advances followed on 5–6 March and 21–22 April.

König was available on 24 April 1916 to support a raid on the English coast, again as support for the German battlecruiser force in I Scouting Group. The battlecruisers left the Jade Estuary at 10:55, and the rest of the High Seas Fleet followed at 13:40. The battlecruiser SMS Seydlitz struck a mine while en route to the target, and had to withdraw. The other battlecruisers bombarded the town of Lowestoft unopposed, but during the approach to Yarmouth, they encountered the British cruisers of the Harwich Force. A short artillery duel ensued before the Harwich Force withdrew. Reports of British submarines in the area prompted the retreat of I Scouting Group. At this point, Admiral Reinhard Scheer, who had been warned of the sortie of the Grand Fleet from its base at Scapa Flow, also withdrew to safer German waters. König then went to the Baltic for another round of exercises, including torpedo drills off Mecklenburg.

Battle of Jutland

König was present during the fleet operation that resulted in the battle of Jutland which took place on 31 May and 1 June 1916. The German fleet again sought to draw out and isolate a portion of the Grand Fleet and destroy it before the main British fleet could retaliate. König, followed by her sisters Grosser Kurfürst, Markgraf, and Kronprinz, made up V Division of III Battle Squadron, and they were the vanguard of the fleet. III Battle Squadron was the first of three battleship units; directly astern were the Kaiser-class battleships of VI Division, III Battle Squadron. Directly astern of the Kaiser-class ships were the Helgoland-class battleship and Nassau-class battleshipes of I Battle Squadron; in the rear guard were the obsolescent Deutschland-class battleship pre-dreadnoughts of II Battle Squadron.

Shortly before 16:00 CET, the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group encountered the British 1st Battlecruiser Squadron under the command of David Beatty. The opposing ships began an artillery duel that saw the destruction of HMS Indefatigable (1909), shortly after 17:00, and HMS Queen Mary, less than half an hour later. By this time, the German battlecruisers were steaming south to draw the British ships toward the main body of the High Seas Fleet. At 17:30, König's crew spotted both I Scouting Group and the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron approaching. The German battlecruisers were steaming to starboard, while the British ships steamed to port. At 17:45, Scheer ordered a two-point turn to port to bring his ships closer to the British battlecruisers, and a minute later at 17:46, the order to open fire was given.

König, Grosser Kurfürst, and Markgraf were the first to reach effective gunnery range; they engaged the battlecruisers HMS Lion (1910), HMS Princess Royal (1911), and HMS Tiger (1913), respectively, at a range of 21,000 yards. König's first salvos fell short of her target, and so she shifted her fire to the nearer Tiger. Simultaneously, König and her sisters began firing on the destroyers HMS Nestor (1915) and HMS Nicator with their secondary battery. The two destroyers closed in on the German line, and after having endured a hail of gunfire, maneuvered into a good firing position. Each ship launched two torpedoes apiece at König and Grosser Kurfürst, although all four weapons missed. In return, a secondary battery shell from one of the battleships hit Nestor and wrecked her engine room. The ship, along with the destroyer HMS Nomad, was crippled and lying directly in the path of the advancing German line. Both of the destroyers were sunk, and German torpedo boats stopped to pick up survivors. At around 18:00, König and her three sister ships shifted their fire to the approaching Queen Elizabeth-class battleships of 5th Battle Squadron. König initially engaged HMS Barham (04) until that ship was out of range, then shifted to HMS Valiant (1914). However, the faster British battleships were able to move out of effective gunnery range quickly.

Shortly after 19:00, the German cruiser SMS Wiesbaden had become disabled by a shell from the British battlecruiser HMS Invincible (1907); Rear Admiral Paul Behncke in König attempted to maneuver his four ships to cover the stricken cruiser. Simultaneously, the British III and IV Light Cruiser Squadrons began a torpedo attack on the German line; while advancing to torpedo range, they smothered Wiesbaden with fire from their main guns. König and her sisters fired heavily on the British cruisers, but even sustained fire from the battleships' main guns failed to drive off the British cruisers. In the ensuing melee, the British armored cruiser HMS Defence (1907) was struck by several heavy caliber shells from the German dreadnoughts. One salvo penetrated the ship's ammunition magazines and, in a massive explosion, destroyed the cruiser.

Shortly after 19:20, König again entered gunnery range of the battleship HMS Warspite (03) and opened fire on her target. She was joined by the dreadnoughts SMS Friedrich der Grosse (1911), SMS Ostfriesland, SMS Helgoland (1909), and SMS Thüringen. However, König rapidly lost sight of Warspite, as she had been in the process of turning east-northeast. Nearly simultaneously, British light cruisers and destroyers attempted to make a torpedo attack against the leading ships of the German line, including König. Shortly thereafter, the main British line came into range of the German fleet; at 19:30 the British battleships opened fire on both the German battlecruiser force and the König-class ships. König came under especially heavy fire during this period. In the span of 5 minutes, HMS Iron Duke (1912) fired 9 salvos at König from a range of 12,000 yards; only one shell hit the ship. The 13.5-inch shell struck the forward conning tower but instead of penetrating, the shell ricocheted off and detonated some 50 yards past the ship. Rear Admiral Behncke was injured, though he remained in command of the ship. The ship was then obscured by smoke that granted a temporary reprieve.

By 20:00, the German line was ordered to turn westward to disengage from the British fleet. König, at the head, completed her turn and then reduced speed to allow the vessels behind her to return to formation. Shortly thereafter, four British light cruisers resumed the attacks on the crippled Wiesbaden; the leading German battleships, including König, opened fire on the cruisers in an attempt to drive them off. The pursuing British battleships had by this time turned further south and nearly managed to "cross the T" of the German line. To rectify this situation, Admiral Scheer ordered a 16-point turn south and sent Hipper's battlecruisers on a charge toward the British fleet. During the turn, König was struck by a 13.5-inch shell from Iron Duke; the shell hit the ship just aft of the rearmost gun turret. König suffered significant structural damage, and several rooms were filled with smoke. During the turn to starboard, Vice Admiral Schmidt, the commander of I Battle Squadron, decided to turn his ships immediately, instead of following the leading ships in succession. This caused a great deal of confusion, and nearly resulted in several collisions. As a result, many of the German battleships were forced to drastically reduce speed, which put the entire fleet in great danger. In an attempt to mitigate the predicament, König turned to port and laid a smokescreen between the German and British lines.

During the battle, König suffered significant damage. A heavy shell penetrated the main armored deck toward the bow. Another shell hit the armored bulkhead at the corner and shoved it back five feet, breaking off a large piece from the armor plate in the process. Shell splinters from another hit penetrated several of the casemates that held the 15 cm secondary guns, two of which were disabled. The ammunition stores for these two guns were set on fire and the magazines had to be flooded to prevent an explosion. The ship nevertheless remained combat effective, as her primary battery remained in operation, as did most of her secondary guns; König could also steam at close to her maximum speed. Other areas of the ship had to be counter-flooded to maintain stability; 1,600 tons of water entered the ship, either as a result of battle damage or counter-flooding efforts. The flooding rendered the battleship sufficiently low in the water to prevent the ship from being able to cross the Amrum Bank until 09:30 on 1 June. König was taken to Kiel for initial repairs, as that was the only location that had a floating dry dock large enough to fit the ship. Repairs were conducted there from 4 to 18 June, at which point the ship was transferred to the Howaldtswerke shipyard. König was again ready to join the fleet by 21 July. In the course of the battle, she suffered 45 men killed and 27 wounded, the highest tally for any surviving battleship in the German fleet.

Subsequent operations
Following completion of repairs, König was again detached to the Baltic for training, from the end of July until early August. König was back in the North Sea on 5 August. A major fleet sortie occurred on 18–20 August, with König again in the lead. I Scouting Group was to bombard the coastal town of Sunderland, in an attempt to draw out and destroy Beatty's battlecruisers. However, as SMS Von der Tann and SMS Moltke were the only battlecruisers in fighting condition, the new battleship SMS Bayern and two of König's sisters, Markgraf and Grosser Kurfürst, were temporarily assigned to I Scouting Group. Admiral Scheer and the rest of the High Seas Fleet would trail behind providing cover. The British were aware of the German plans and sortied the Grand Fleet to meet them, leading to the inconclusive action of 19 August 1916. By 14:35, Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet's approach and, unwilling to engage the whole of the Grand Fleet just 11 weeks after the decidedly close call at Jutland, turned his forces around and retreated to German ports.

König remained in port until 21 October, when the ship was again sent to the Baltic for training. The ship returned to the fleet on 3 November. König and the rest of III Squadron then steamed out to Horns Reef on 5–6 November. König was then assigned various tasks, including guard duty in the German Bight and convoy escort in the Baltic. 1917 saw several training missions in the Baltic during 22 February – 4 March; 14–22 March and 17 May – 9 June. König then went into Wilhelmshaven for maintenance on 16 June. The installation of a new heavy foremast and other work lasted until 21 July. On 10 September, König again went into the Baltic for training maneuvers.

Operation Albion
In early September 1917, following the German conquest of the Russian port of Riga, the German navy decided to eliminate the Russian naval forces that still held the Gulf of Riga. The Admiralstab (the Navy High Command) planned an operation to seize the Baltic island of Ösel, and specifically the Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula. On 18 September, the order was issued for a joint operation with the army to capture Ösel and Moon Islands; the primary naval component was to comprise the flagship, Moltke, along with III Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet. V Division included the four König-class ships, and was by this time augmented with the new battleship Bayern. VI Division consisted of the five Kaiser-class battleships. Along with 9 light cruisers, 3 torpedo boat flotillas, and dozens of mine warfare ships, the entire force numbered some 300 ships, supported by over 100 aircraft and 6 zeppelins. The invasion force amounted to approximately 24,600 officers and enlisted men. Opposing the Germans were the old Russian pre-dreadnoughts RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Slava and RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Tsesarevich, the armored cruisers RUSSIAN CRUISER Bayan, RUSSIAN CRUISER Admiral Makarov, and RUSSIAN CRUISER Diana, 26 destroyers, and several torpedo boats and gunboats. The garrison on Ösel numbered some 14,000 men.

König departed Kiel on 23 September for Putziger Wiek, where the ship remained until 10 October. The operation began on 12 October; at 03:00 König anchored off Ösel in Tagga Bay and disembarked soldiers. By 05:50, König opened fire on Russian coastal artillery emplacements, joined by Moltke, Bayern, and the other three König-class ships. Simultaneously, the Kaiser-class ships engaged the batteries on the Sworbe peninsula; the objective was to secure the channel between Moon and Dagö islands, which would block the only escape route of the Russian ships in the Gulf. Both Grosser Kurfürst and Bayern struck mines while maneuvering into their bombardment positions, with minimal damage to the former. Bayern was severely wounded, and had to be withdrawn to Kiel for repairs. At 17:30, König departed the area to refuel; she returned to the Irben Strait on 15 October.

On 16 October, it was decided to detach a portion of the invasion flotilla to clear the Russian naval forces in Moon Sound; these included the two Russian pre-dreadnoughts. To this end, König and Kronprinz, along with the cruisers SMS Strassburg and SMS Kolberg and a number of smaller vessels, were sent to engage the Russian battleships, leading to the Battle of Moon Sound. They arrived by the morning of 17 October, but a deep Russian minefield thwarted their progress. The Germans were surprised to discover that the 30.5 cm guns of the Russian battleships out-ranged their own 30.5 cm guns. The Russian ships managed to keep the distance wide enough to prevent the German battleships from being able to return fire, while still firing effectively on the German ships, and the Germans had to take several evasive maneuvers to avoid the Russian shells. However, by 10:00, the minesweepers had cleared a path through the minefield, and König and Kronprinz dashed into the bay. By 10:13, König was in range of Slava and quickly opened fire. Meanwhile, Kronprinz fired on both Slava and the cruiser Bayan. The Russian vessels were hit dozens of times, until at 10:30 the Russian naval commander, Admiral Bakhirev, ordered their withdrawal. König had hit Slava seven times; the damage inflicted prevented her from escaping to the north. Instead, she was scuttled and her crew was evacuated on a destroyer. In the course of the engagement, König struck the cruiser Bayan once. Following the engagement, König fired on shore batteries on Woi and Werder.

On 20 October, König was towed by mine sweepers into the Kuiwast roadstead. König transferred soldiers to the island of Schildau, which was then occupied. By that time, the fighting on the islands was winding down; Moon, Ösel, and Dagö were in German possession. The previous day, the Admiralstab had ordered the cessation of naval actions and the return of the dreadnoughts to the High Seas Fleet as soon as possible. On the return voyage, König struck bottom in a heavy swell. The ship was repaired in Kiel; the work lasted until 17 November.

Final operations
Following König's return from the Baltic, the ship was tasked with guard duties in the North Sea and with providing support for minesweepers. König returned to the Baltic on 22 December for further training, which lasted until 8 January 1918. Another round of exercises was conducted from 23 February to 11 March. On 20 April König steamed out to assist a German patrol that was engaged with British forces. The ship was part of the force that steamed to Norway to intercept a heavily escorted British convoy on 23–25 April, though the operation was canceled when the battlecruiser Moltke suffered mechanical damage. König was briefly grounded in the northern harbor of the island of Helgoland on 30 May. Two months later, on 31 July, König and the rest of III Squadron covered a minesweeping unit in the North Sea. The ship then went to the Baltic for training on 7–18 August, after which König returned to the North Sea. König conducted her last exercise in the Baltic starting on 28 September; the maneuvers lasted until 1 October.

König was to have taken part in a final fleet action days before the Armistice, an operation which envisioned the bulk of the High Seas Fleet sortieing from their base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet. To retain a better bargaining position for Germany, Admirals Hipper and Scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, whatever the cost to the fleet. On 29 October 1918, the order was given to depart from Wilhelmshaven to consolidate the fleet in the Jade roadstead, with the intention of departing the following morning. However, starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on Thüringen mutinied. The unrest spread to other battleships, including König. The operation was ultimately canceled; in an attempt to suppress the mutiny, Admiral Scheer ordered the fleet be dispersed. König and the rest of III Squadron were sent to Kiel. During the subsequent mutiny, König's captain was wounded three times, and both her first officer and adjutant were killed.

Fate

Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, most of the High Seas Fleet, under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, were interned in the British naval base at Scapa Flow. Prior to the departure of the German fleet, Admiral Adolf von Trotha made clear to Reuter that he could not allow the Allies to seize the ships, under any conditions. The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser HMS Cardiff, which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow. The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British, American, and French warships. Once the ships were interned, their guns were disabled through the removal of their breech blocks.

The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty. Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships. König sank at 14:00; the ship was never raised for scrapping, unlike most of the other capital ships that were scuttled. The rights to future salvage operations on the wreck were sold to Britain in 1962.

The wrecks of König and the battleships Markgraf and Kronprinz Wilhelm were designated maritime scheduled ancient monuments on 23 May 2001. The ship is now a popular dive site in Scapa Flow, lying at a depth of 40 m on a sandy floor to the east of Cava. She turned over as she sank and the hull faces upwards at about 20 m down. There are several dynamited holes in her superstructure where salvagers have gained access to obtain non-ferrous metals. In 2017, marine archaeologists from the Orkney Research Center for Archaeology conducted extensive surveys of König and nine other wrecks in the area, including six other German and three British warships. The archaeologists mapped the wrecks with sonar and examined them with remotely operated underwater vehicles as part of an effort to determine how the wrecks are deteriorating.

The wreck at some point came into the ownership of the firm Scapa Flow Salvage, which sold the rights to the vessel to Tommy Clark, a diving contractor, in 1981. Clark listed the wreck for sale on eBay with a "buy-it-now" price of £250,000, with the auction lasting until 28 June 2019. Three other wrecks—those of Kronprinz Wilhelm, Markgraf, and the light cruiser SMS Karlsruhe (1916)—all also owned by Clark, were also placed for sale. The wrecks of König and her two sisters ultimately sold for £25,500 apiece to a company from the Middle East, while Karlsruhe sold to a private buyer for £8,500.

title: SMS König


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Faxrush

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was No consensus to delete. Rhobite 06:34, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Faxrush
Nonnotable software. Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:42, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep and improve. 4000 Google hits suggest it is notable. -- RHaworth 07:04, 2005 Feb 23 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs expansion. Megan1967 08:50, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, platform for an external link. 4100 google hits isn't overwhelming for software, particularly when only 404 are displayed. —Korath (Talk) 18:49, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Faxrush


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Wikipedia:Article improvement drive/Removed

Removed nominations of Article improvement drive nominations by day on which voting ended:
 * /6 June 2005
 * /15 May 2005
 * /8 May 2005
 * /1 May 2005
 * /25 April 2005
 * /17 April 2005
 * /11 April 2005
 * /3 April 2005
 * /27 March 2005
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Otto von Pack

Otto von Pack (c. 1480 – 8 February 1537), German conspirator.

Life
He studied at the University of Leipzig, and obtained a responsible position under George, Duke of Saxony, which he lost owing to his dishonesty. In 1528, he revealed to Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, the details of a scheme agreed upon in Breslau by the archduke Ferdinand, afterwards the emperor Ferdinand I, and other influential princes, to conquer Hungary for Ferdinand and then to attack the reformers in Germany.

Pack was sent to Hungary to concert joint measures with John Zapolya, the opponent of Ferdinand in that country, but John, Elector of Saxony, advised that the associates of Ferdinand should be asked to explain their conduct, and Pack's revelations were discovered to be false; the copy of the treaty which he had shown to Philip proving to be a forgery.

For some time, Pack lived the life of a fugitive, finally reaching the Netherlands, where he was seized at the request of Duke George. Examined under torture, he admitted the forgery, and the government of the Netherlands passed sentence of death, which was carried out on 8 February 1537. This affair has given rise to an acute controversy whether Philip of Hesse was himself deceived by Pack, or was his assistant in concocting the scheme.

title: Otto von Pack


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Cuccia

Cuccia is a surname of Italian origin. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Enrico Cuccia (1907–2000), Italian banker
 * Francesco Cuccia, also known as Don Ciccio (1876–1957), Italian member of the Sicilian Mafia
 * Paolo Cuccia (born 1953), Italian businessman
 * Salvo Cuccia (born 1960), Italian cinema director and screenwriter
 * Vincenzo Cuccia (1892–1979), Italian fencer

title: Cuccia


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Component-based Scalable Logical Architecture

CSLA .NET is a software framework created by Rockford Lhotka that provides a standard way to create robust object oriented programs using business objects. Business objects are objects that abstract business entities in an object oriented program. Some examples of business entities include sales orders, employees, or invoices.

Although CSLA itself is free to download, the only documentation the creator provides are his books and videos, which are not free.

CSLA (Component-based Scalable Logical Architecture) was originally targeted toward Visual Basic 6 in the book Visual Basic 6.0 Business Objects by Lhotka. With the advent of Microsoft .NET, CSLA was completely rewritten from the ground up, with no code carried forward, and called CSLA .NET. This revision took advantage of Web Services and the object oriented languages that came with Microsoft .NET (in particular, Visual Basic.NET and C#).

CSLA .NET was expounded in Expert C# Business Objects and Expert One-on-One Visual Basic .NET Business Objects ISBN 1-59059-145-3, both written by Lhotka. Although CSLA and CSLA .NET were originally targeted toward Microsoft programming languages, most of the framework can be applied to most object oriented languages.

Current information about CSLA .NET is available through Lhotka's self-published Using CSLA 4 ebook series.

Smart data
A business object encapsulates all the data and behavior (business logic and rules) associated with the object it represents. For example, an OrderEdit object will contain the data and business rule implementations necessary for the application to correctly allow the user to edit order information.

Rules engine
The CSLA .NET framework provides a rules engine that supports validation rules, business rules, and authorization rules. These rules are attached to object instances or properties, and are automatically invoked by CSLA .NET when necessary. Validation rules may be implemented using the CSLA .NET rule engine, or through the use of the DataAnnotations feature of Microsoft .NET.

Object persistence
Data creation, retrieval, updates, and deletes (CRUD) are performed by clearly defined methods of the business object associated with the data testing. Data access logic is clearly separated from business logic, typically using a repository pattern or other mainstream object-oriented programming techniques.

Metastate maintenance
CSLA .NET manages the metastate about each business object. For example, each business object tracks information about when it is new (it represents data that hasn't been saved yet) and when it is dirty (it needs to be saved to the database either because it is new or because its member data has been changed since it was last loaded). Business objects can also be marked for deletion so they can later be deleted (for example when a user has pressed a button confirming his or her intention to delete the rows.)

n-Level undo
This feature makes it possible for an object or collection of objects to maintain a collection of states. This allows the object to easily revert to previous states. This can be useful when a user wants to undo previous edits multiple times in an application. The feature can also allow a user to redo multiple edits that were previously undone.

This feature can provide rich functionality for desktop application and web applications. One note of caution would be to consider the overhead for high-transaction web-based applications. n-Level undo capability will require storing the previous state of an application generally accessed by reflection. This is common practice in desktop applications where changes must be "Applied". In web based designs, the added storage may pose unnecessary overhead as changes are generally submitted in batch and do not require the same level of "undo" capability.

Business rule tracking
Allows objects to maintain collections of "broken rule" objects. Broken rules will exist for an object until it is in a valid state, meaning it is ready to be persisted to the database. BrokenRule objects are usually associated with validation logic such as ensuring that no alphabetic characters are entered into a phone number field. For example, if an Account object has a PhoneNumber property, and that property is assigned a phone number with alphabetic characters, the Account object's IsValid property will become false (making it impossible to save to the database) and then a new BrokenRule object will be created and assigned to the Account's Broken Rules collection. The rule will disappear when the invalid phone number is corrected making the Account object capable of saving itself to the database.

Simple UI creation
Business objects created using CSLA .NET fully support data binding for all Microsoft .NET UI technologies, including Windows Runtime (WinRT), WPF, Web Forms, ASP.NET MVC, Windows Phone, Silverlight, and Windows Forms. Data-bound controls like DataGrids and ListBoxes can be bound to business objects instead of more generalized database objects like ADO.NET DataSets and DataTables.

Distributed data access
The CSLA .NET framework implements a concept called mobile objects or mobile agents to allow objects to move across network boundaries using WCF, Web Services, or other technologies. As a result, the data access enjoys location transparency, meaning that the logic may run on the client workstation or server depending on the application's configuration. It can also be configured to use manual database transactions or distributed two-phase commit transactions.

Data access logic is cleanly separated from business logic, and can be implemented using any data access technology available on the Microsoft .NET platform. Examples include ADO.NET Entity Framework, raw ADO.NET, nHibernate, etc.

Web Services support
Business logic created with the CSLA .NET framework can easily be exposed as a web service to remote consumers. This can be done using server-side Microsoft .NET technologies such as Web API, WCF, and asmx web services.


text:
Outlooks

OUTLOOKS was a Canadian LGBT magazine, published 10 times annually (monthly excepting combined issues in July/August and December/January). Founded by Roy Heale in 1997 as a newsprint monthly, in 2009 the publication was purchased by Brett Taylor and was changed to a full gloss lifestyle magazine for the LGBT community. The head office was located in Calgary, Alberta.

In 2011 the publication was purchased by Mint Media Group in Toronto with a new editor, Jim Brosseau. There was an online version of the magazine and print subscribers were served by Canada Post, readers in major cities could also obtain copies at various businesses in gay village locations, and the publication was stocked at many Chapters/Indigo bookseller locations, making the magazine available to gay and lesbian readers outside traditional gay villages. Outlooks covered gay culture, bringing together editorial features by experts from across Canada on travel, politics, arts and entertainment, fashion, finance and issues of importance to Canada's LGBT communities from coast to coast.

On December 4, 2012, a news release was issued by the owner, Mint Media Publication (Patricia Salib), announcing that the publication was to be temporarily suspended to restructure the magazine for sustainability in a rapidly evolving market. Instead of reviving Outlooks, however, Mint Media has since repositioned its other publication, the local Toronto magazine In Toronto, into a national magazine branded as In Magazine.

title: Outlooks


text:
Wilhelm Killing

Wilhelm Karl Joseph Killing (10 May 1847 – 11 February 1923) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to the theories of Lie algebras, Lie groups, and non-Euclidean geometry.

Life
Killing studied at the University of Münster and later wrote his dissertation under Karl Weierstrass and Ernst Kummer at Berlin in 1872. He taught in gymnasia (secondary schools) from 1868 to 1872. In 1875, he married Anna Commer, who was the daughter of a music lecturer. He became a professor at the seminary college Collegium Hosianum in Braunsberg (now Braniewo). He took holy orders in order to take his teaching position. He became rector of the college and chair of the town council. As a professor and administrator, Killing was widely liked and respected. Finally, in 1892 he became a professor at the University of Münster.

In 1886, Killing and his wife entered the Third Order of Franciscans.

Work
In 1878 Killing wrote on space forms in terms of non-Euclidean geometry in Crelle's Journal, which he further developed in 1880 as well as in 1885. Recounting lectures of Weierstrass, he there introduced the hyperboloid model of hyperbolic geometry described by Weierstrass coordinates. He is also credited with formulating transformations mathematically equivalent to Lorentz transformations in n dimensions in 1885.

Killing invented Lie algebras independently of Sophus Lie around 1880. Killing's university library did not contain the Scandinavian journal in which Lie's article appeared. (Lie later was scornful of Killing, perhaps out of competitive spirit and claimed that all that was valid had already been proven by Lie and all that was invalid was added by Killing.) In fact Killing's work was less rigorous logically than Lie's, but Killing had much grander goals in terms of classification of groups, and made a number of unproven conjectures that turned out to be true. Because Killing's goals were so high, he was excessively modest about his own achievement.

From 1888 to 1890, Killing essentially classified the complex finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras, as a requisite step of classifying Lie groups, inventing the notions of a Cartan subalgebra and the Cartan matrix. He thus arrived at the conclusion that, basically, the only simple Lie algebras were those associated to the linear, orthogonal, and symplectic groups, apart from a small number of isolated exceptions. Élie Cartan's 1894 dissertation was essentially a rigorous rewriting of Killing's paper. Killing also introduced the notion of a root system. He discovered the exceptional Lie algebra g2 in 1887; his root system classification showed up all the exceptional cases, but concrete constructions came later.

As A. J. Coleman says, "He exhibited the characteristic equation of the Weyl group when Weyl was 3 years old and listed the orders of the Coxeter transformation 19 years before Coxeter was born."

Selected works

 * Work on non-Euclidean geometry

 * Work on transformation groups

title: Wilhelm Killing


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Welivetogether.com

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. --Rhobite 21:49, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Welivetogether.com
This page should be deleted because it is an advertisement for a porn website. Tkessler 06:49, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wish I could speedy it, but doesn't quite fit the requirements. – ClockworkSoul 06:55, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Gamaliel 07:06, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Not notable Longhair 07:07, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence that this is a notable website. Andrewa 08:50, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Blatant spam. Delete, candidate for speedy deletion. - Mike Rosoft 13:11, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete as spam. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:18, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Thinly veiled advertising. Kosebamse 15:30, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I'm not against notable porn sites having articles, and this site is fairly notable, but the article as written is just an ad. Do we really need a description of the disclaimer page? 23skidoo 15:43, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: pr0ncruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:50, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I'd argue that popularity doesn't neccisarily make notibility. This article is Exhibit A.--InShaneee 20:45, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree it reads like an advertisement. Articles about porn sites are not inherently bad, but the site has to be pretty special to be notable. This one certainly isn't. 85.76.152.179 05:28, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - David Gerard 15:09, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Benmckune

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 06:50, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Springville Museum of Art.jpg
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title: User talk:Benmckune


text:
User talk:Sydneyphoenix

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 06:50, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Goguryeo
Hello, Sydneyphoenix! Thanks for your interest in the Goguryeo article. One of your changes to that article is rather confusing. I'm referring to your replacing the tables of kings with a single list of "emperors."

On the Talk page, User:Nanshu had posted what is -- for him -- a very cogent explanation of why the Goguryeo rulers should be referred to as "kings" rather than "emperors." In fact, every Korean history textbook I have read uses "king" (왕/대왕) rather than "emperor" (황제/천왕) for the Goguryeo rulers.

For the time being, I have changed this section back to the version created by User:HappyDog and User:Babelfisch. If you think that is in error, please explain on Talk:Goguryeo. Thanks! -- Visviva 02:33, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * please note that all your hard work will be reverted, by others if not me, unless you can provide some convincing citations. wikipedia policy is to avoid interpreting ancient, foreign language original texts, because there are already too many self-appointed experts with their own interpretations, and we can never resolve conflicts between personal conclusions. we have to rely on reputable publications, preferably in english, preferably reference works. you may notice that i've done some work on many korean history articles, including the monarch list, and while there is much more to be done, i've tried to limit myself to independent english sources, or, if i can't find any, widely used hangul encyclopedias accessible through daum, naver, yahoo korea (britannica korea, pretty useful).

 * i hope you do stick around and make meaningful contributions, because many korea-related articles desperately need help. but your work will only make a difference if you can convince others not to revert you, and you do that with good references. thanks. Appleby 16:50, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

thanks, that's much better, although i'm not entirely comfortable with such detail in an overview article. would you mind also taking a look at Balhae and Buyeo (state)? they need much more detail. First Manchu expedition to Korea and Second Manchu expedition to Korea also needs much work. thanks. Appleby 23:24, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

new Portal:Korea
User:Visviva has worked hard to create a brand new Portal:Korea. Please take a look & contribute if you can. I think the new Template:Korea topics has the potential to be a more useful reference tool than categories or lists, if editors continue to expand and update it. It's also a good reminder for help & requests on ye olde notice board. Hopefully, this will help revive some activity all around. Appleby 22:16, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Million years
Hi again! I'm just dropping by to ask if you might be willing to share your source for stating that some scholars believe Korea to have been occupied for 1,000,000 years. It seems plausible, but I haven't been able to find a specific scholar who does so. Since you'd like to keep this text in the article, would you please share your source with us? Thanks! -- Visviva 09:36, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

History of Korea
Erm, Hi! It's good to see editors working on History of Korea article, but please discuss some of the changes you make at the discussion page. Erm, also, please refrain from using MR Romanization for Korea-related articles (unless they specifically pertain to North Korea ) and use Revised Romanization instead - I think this was stated in a Wikipedia guideline before. :-) Deiaemeth 06:45, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

oops, sorry about 3rr, so tired of chasing vandalism on various pages, didn't realize this page was getting up there. i didn't think of the previous version as a "truce," was just grateful that you stopped doing wholesale reverts of copyedits and wikilinking, which you started again this time. i think i gave you references to the most widely read korean encyclopedias on the topic, & hoped you'd read up on it. everything i've read then & since only confirms that gija joseon is downplayed by scholars today because they think gija has been mythologized by later generations, but nothing in the encyclopedias or any overview of korean history has ever suggested that gija joseon-gojoseon coexistence theory is a widespread academic view. you haven't provided any sources indicating that either. until you do, i'm going to have to rely on sources like. when you start out with wholesale reverts, and do not provide references that counter references previously given to you, frankly, it looks like vandalism. i do apologize about 3rr, though, & i've self-reverted. Appleby 06:12, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

if you can spare the energy towards preserving accuracy & neutrality in korea-related articles, we could use more knowledgeable people monitoring Sea of Japan naming dispute, Dokdo, Goguryeo, and many others. Appleby 06:40, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Blue-water navy
Hi, please do not re-add the Russian Navy to the list. This issue has come up repeatedly, and I & other contributors do not consider it to be truly blue-water. Many navies have some blue-water capability, but few are really blue-water. Given the massive problems concerning the Russian Navy, it would ridiculous to given them this special status. Cheers, John Smith's 16:57, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The main issue is that we want to keep the list short, so can't just throw in any old navy with some decent ships. And because the Russians really can't mobilise their assets any more, it's an easy one to keep off the list. John Smith's 11:04, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Korean Provisional Government
Hi, I know that many Koreans fought for the Allies in WW2 but the list in Allies of World War II is about officially-recognised, independent states, which Korea was not in 1941-45. We do not include India, the Philippines and others or the same reason. They can still be mentioned elsewhere in the article, however. Grant65 | Talk 01:45, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Korean Penisula.
Hi.

good compromise! Better than the ping-pong back and forward between Korea and Chosen.

Thanks. 125.203.207.252 10:15, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Dokdo naming dispute
Hey, another Dokdo naming dispute has arisen, & RM has taken place. Please check archive for previous discussions & pariticipate in the vote. Thanks. I'm also going to note all others who participated in the previous poll. (Wikimachine 18:29, 21 May 2007 (UTC))

Speed Skating
Hello, I've noticed you've had an interest in speed skating articles. Would you be interested in joining a WikiProject for the sport? I created a proposal where you can vote to support or oppose the creation of such a project! See it here: WikiProject Council/Proposals/Speed Skating.  on camera (t)  03:52, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I started the WikiProject Speed Skating and you can join the list of members. You can use the talk page of the Project to coordinate any ideas you have (like possible navigation and competition templates).  on  camera (t)  19:26, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Guy Daignault
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February 2011
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Template talk:History of Korea
Please see: Template talk:History of Korea Thank you. Isitall (talk) 20:21, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Presidents of South Korea
Howdy, the english sources count the South Korean presidents via individual, not via terms of office. GoodDay (talk) 23:31, 17 May 2017 (UTC)

PLEASE STOP, you're only going to mess them up with the current President. GoodDay (talk) 13:19, 18 May 2017 (UTC)

Question
Hey,

I noticed you added the info about the leaders of the Korean Provisional Government back in this edit. Do you have any sources for the translations or where you got this information from? I've been struggling with finding consistent translations for the various titles and was wondering where you got yours from. toobigtokale (talk) 02:11, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sydneyphoenix


text:
User talk:Seltsamematerie

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Seltsamematerie


text:
User talk:Harinezumi~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Harinezumi~enwiki


text:
Talk:Slave I

I did a major rewrite and removed the stub tag. I may have removed some info that I wasn't sure was correct. For example, I'm not quite sure what the status on missile and torpedo launchers is. -LtNOWIS 06:55, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The shape
Come on. No mention that it's shaped like an elephant's head? --Boradis 15:20, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Did you know, that in all the years I've been a SW fan, that particular observation has never occurred to me? --maru  (talk)  contribs 02:57, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

The Name
I seem to remember hearing from somewhere (actually, multiple somewheres) that Boba renamed the ship Slave II before Episode 5. Woodrow Buzard 15:20, 21 January 2007 (UTC)
 * No, Slave II is a whole other ship that he used after Slave I was impounded after the events of Episode VI. However, he later recovered Slave I.(Myscrnnm 21:46, 28 October 2007 (UTC))

Sound?
I've always been fascinated by the unique, "unmuffled" noise of the Slave I in motion, compared to the other starships depicted. Is there any background information available as to the motivation or construct of that sound behind the scenes? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.88.228.158 (talk) 02:32, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Notability
Does this fictional ship really warrant a wikipedia page? Bear in mind there's a pretty long article about it on the star wars wiki: http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Slave_I 71.127.5.47 (talk) 18:30, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

Please see
Please see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Star_Wars. --EEMIV (talk) 16:12, 12 June 2016 (UTC)

Redirect
Per consensus at Wikiproject talk page, I've redirected this article. Sent it to the List of SW spacecraft as opposed to Boba or Jango because it's used by both characters. --EEMIV (talk) 16:53, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slave I


text:
Asa Packer

Asa Packer (December 29, 1805 – May 17, 1879) was an American businessman who pioneered railroad construction, was active in Pennsylvania politics, and founded Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He was a conservative and religious man who reflected the image of the typical Connecticut Yankee. He served two terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1853 to 1857.

Early life
Packer was born in Mystic, Connecticut in 1805 and moved to Pennsylvania, where he became a carpenter's apprentice to his cousin Edward Packer in Brooklyn Township, Pennsylvania. He also worked seasonally as a carpenter in New York City and later in Springville Township, Pennsylvania, where he met his wife Sarah Minerva Blakslee.

Career
Packer and his wife settled on a farm. In the winter months, he went to Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania on the Susquehanna River and used his skill in carpentry to build and repair canal boats. This continued for 11 years. In 1833, Packer settled in Mauch Chunk in present-day Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, where he became the owner of a canal boat, which transported anthracite coal from Pennsylvania's Coal Region to Philadelphia. He then established A. & R. W. Packer, a firm that built canal boats and locks for the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company.

Packer urged the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company to adopt a steam railway as a coal carrier, but the project was not then considered feasible. In 1851, he became the major stockholder of the Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill & Susquehanna Railroad Company, which became the Lehigh Valley Railroad in January 1853, and they built a railway line from Mauch Chunk to Easton between November 1852 and September 1855. Construction commenced on the Mauch Chunk-Easton line just as Packer's five year charter was to expire. He built railways connecting the main line with coal mines in Luzerne and Schuylkill counties, and he planned and built the extension of the line into the Susquehanna Valley and thence into New York state to connect at Waverly with the Erie Railroad. Among his clerks and associates during this period was future businessman and soldier George Washington Helme.

Politics
Packer also took an active part in politics. In 1842–1843, he was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. In 1843–1844, he was county judge in Carbon County under Governor David R. Porter. He served two terms as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives beginning in 1853. George Washington Woodward at the 1868 Democratic National Convention entered Packer's name as a candidate for President as a Favorite son despite himself not being present or actively campaigning. Packer earned a nearly consistent 26 delegates through the 14th round of the ballot and due to him being little known outside of Pennsylvania, with the statement from one delegate; "Who in the hell is Packer?" being used as the headline for many New York journalists, who started to see Packer as an unoffensive moderate candidate that could increase the Democratic party's electability. However, the convention instead went with Horatio Seymour, for largely the same reason but also due to Seymour's name recognition. Interestingly, Woodward attempted to forge a Packer - Blair ticket, however, Francis Preston Blair Jr. was instead named Seymour's running-mate. Packer made an unsuccessful bid for the Democratic Party's Presidential nomination in 1868. He got the party's nod for the 1869 Pennsylvania Governor's race, but lost the campaign to John W. Geary by 4,596 votes, one of the closest statewide races in Pennsylvania history.

Lehigh University
Packer endeavored to found a university in the Lehigh Valley, an industrial region located in eastern Pennsylvania. The university was located on South Mountain in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, which then was a Moravian religious community that later became the global manufacturing and corporate headquarters of Bethlehem Steel, the second-largest steel manufacturing company in the world for most of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In 1865, Packer gave $500,000 and 60 acres (243,000 m²), later increased to 115 acres (465,000 m²), for the establishment of a technical trade school for engineers. In 1866, the year following the end of the American Civil War, the school, named Lehigh University, was chartered and began instruction. The first main building, Packer Hall, was completed in 1869. With Packer's generosity, Lehigh was able to offer education tuition free for its first 20 years from 1871–1891. Economic troubles in the 1890s forced the university to then reverse this policy.

After the initial gift of one half million dollars, Packer continued to support the university and took an active role in its management. His will bequeathed $1,500,000 as an endowment for the university, $500,000 to the university library, and granted the university an interest of nearly one third in his estate upon its final distribution.

Personal life
Packer was married to Sarah Minerva Blakslee (1807–1882), daughter to Zophar and Clarinda Whitmer Blakslee. The Packers had seven children: Lucy Packer Linderman (1832–1873), Catherine Packer (1836–1837), Mary Packer Cummings (1839–1912), Malvina Fitzrandolph Packer (1841–1841), Robert Asa Packer (1842–1883), Gertrude Packer (1846–1848), and Harry Eldred Packer (1850–1884).

Death
Packer died on May 17, 1879 in Philadelphia, at age 73.

Legacies
Packer's residence, Asa Packer Mansion, became a museum, opened for tours in 1956, and was named a National Historic Landmark in 1985. Packer was a member of St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania and contributed large amounts of money to this Gothic Revival Church. St. Mark's was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. There is an elementary school in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania named after Packer.

Lehigh University continues to honor him with a large portrait by Charles A. Boutelle and an annual celebration of Founder's Day. A life-sized bronze by Karel Mikolas, donated by the Lehigh University Class of 2003 and dedicated in 2008, stands outside Lehigh University's Alumni Memorial Building. Lehigh Valley Railroad named a passenger train after him, the Asa Packer which ran to and from New York City to Pittston, Pennsylvania until 1959.

title: Asa Packer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Justin Leveque

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. --Rhobite 22:02, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Justin Leveque
Vanity. Gamaliel 06:56, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Seems like a decent enough guy, but not notable. Sorry. --InShaneee 20:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Compare Justin Leveque's quake handle "CybrVillain" to the authorswikipedia handle "CybrVillain" - TB 13:07, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)
 * Delete or user-fy. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:02, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xerofusion

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. --Rhobite 21:51, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Xerofusion
Band vanity -- Longhair 06:57, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, band vanity. -- Riffsyphon1024 06:59, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable vanity. Carrp | Talk 07:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 07:11, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity, delete - TB 13:00, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)

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text:
Alfred Dunhill Links Championship

The Alfred Dunhill Links Championship is one of the richest golf tournaments on the European Tour. It is played in September, on three different links courses, centred on the "home of golf", St Andrews in Fife, Scotland.

The tournament is a pro-am, with the format based on the long-running United States PGA Tour's AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am held annually since 1937 (except during the Second World War), where each team consists of one amateur and one professional. The three course rotation consists of The Old Course at St Andrews, Carnoustie Golf Links and Kingsbarns Golf Links.

The 54-hole cut is made of the top 60 professionals and the leading 20 pro-am teams, regardless of the professional member of the team making the individual cut. These players and teams advance to the final round at St Andrews.

Originally called the Dunhill Links Championship, the event was introduced in 2001 as a replacement for the Alfred Dunhill Cup, a three-man team tournament which became marginalised when the long established World Cup of Golf was given enhanced status as part of the World Golf Championships in 2000, becoming the WGC-World Cup.

To increase interest in the event, many of the amateurs are well known personalities from the worlds of sport and entertainment. These have included Tico Torres Nigel Mansell, Ian Botham, Gary Lineker, Boris Becker, Michael Douglas, Samuel L. Jackson, Michael Vaughan, Matthew Pinsent, Hugh Grant, Justin Timberlake, Michael Phelps and Shane Warne.

title: Alfred Dunhill Links Championship


text: User talk:24.44.216.11

title: User talk:24.44.216.11


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Friends of Ireland (Raleigh)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 03:21, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The Friends of Ireland (Raleigh)
Nonnotable organization. Note that this page is specifically for a group named Friends of Ireland in Raleigh, NC; there may be notable groups by the same name elsewhere. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This stems from a disambiguation page, Friends of Ireland. If others can be grouped together in an article, then this should merged into it. -- Riffsyphon1024 07:03, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Google sees eight incoming links to their website, and eleven mentions of it. "Friends of Ireland"+Raleigh gets 68 displayed hits.  I'm going to say delete, non-notable. —Korath (Talk) 00:50, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

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text: Category:Hyderabad, India

title: Category:Hyderabad, India


text:
John E. Potter

John E. "Jack" Potter (born 1956) is the president and CEO of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority since July 18, 2011. He is the former United States Postmaster General and CEO of the United States Postal Service (USPS), having become the 72nd postmaster general on June 1, 2001. Potter is the second longest-serving postmaster general, following Gideon Granger.

Early postal career
Potter's father, Richard, was a Manhattan letter carrier who later became a senior executive of the postal service. After graduating from Cardinal Spellman High School in the Bronx a year behind Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, Potter attended Fordham University. He joined the postal service in 1978 as a distribution clerk in Westchester keying ZIP codes into sorting machines. After eight years in New York, including a three-year analyst's stint at 50th Street and Broadway, Potter rose rapidly through the hierarchy, establishing himself as an automation expert.

Anthrax Attacks
Potter and two other top officials were accused of knowingly putting workers' lives in danger during the 2001 Anthrax Attacks when letters containing anthrax spores were mailed through USPS. Laced letters targeting members of the Senate were processed at the Brentwood Post Office in Washington, D.C., where two postal workers died of anthrax inhalation and which had to be closed for decontamination.

USPS Transformation Plan
In April 2002, Potter submitted the USPS Transformation Plan to Congress in response to the many challenges the Postal Service faced, such as new uses of technology. These challenges threatened the financial and commercial viability of the Postal Service. The Transformation Plan laid out short- and long-term options for change and was partial basis for the landmark Postal Reform And Accountability Act (H.R. 6407) in late 2006—the first postal reform since the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970.

Six-day delivery
On January 28, 2009, Potter testified before the Senate that if the Postal Service is not able to readjust their payment toward the pre-funding of retiree health benefits, as mandated by the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006, the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during the summer months of June, July, and August.

H.R. 22, addressing this issue, passed the House of Representatives and Senate and was signed into law on September 30, 2009. However, PMG Potter has unveiled a plan to eliminate Saturday mail delivery. The universal service obligation and six day delivery are upheld by Congressional language within Appropriations legislation, so a reduction in service would require action from the House and Senate.

Chairman José Serrano (D-NY), of the House Appropriations subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government (which oversees language mandating six day service), said "While I understand the seriousness of the Postal Service's fiscal issues, I remain supportive of a six-day delivery schedule. I will be in conversations in coming weeks with the senior postal leadership and the postal unions in an effort to avoid service cuts."

On April 15, 2010, the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing to examine the status of the Postal Service and recent reports on short- and long-term strategies for the financial viability and stability of the USPS entitled "Continuing to Deliver: An Examination of the Postal Service's Current Financial Crisis and its Future Viability". At which, PMG Potter testified that by the year 2020, the USPS cumulative losses could exceed $238 billion, and that mail volume could drop 15% from 2009.

Retirement
On September 30, the Postal Regulatory Commission unanimously voted to deny Potter's rate hike proposal that would force rates for periodicals mailers up eight percent and raise First-Class mail stamps to 46 cents.

On October 26, 2010, Potter announced his retirement to the Postal Service Board of Governors, which oversees the post office, effective December 3, 2010. Potter's deputy, Patrick R. Donahoe, succeeded him as head of the Postal Service. Donahoe echoed his predecessor's views on five-day delivery when he assumed office in December 2010.

On February 6, 2013, Donahoe announced that the Postal Service would implement five-day mail delivery beginning August 5, a move he claimed would save $2 billion annually. Later the same day, the national board of the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association voted unanimously to call for his dismissal. July 16, the House passed the Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill, which included language protecting six‐day mail delivery, thereby blocking Donahoe's plan.

President & CEO of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority
On June 22, 2011, the board of directors of the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority selected Potter to be the president and CEO of the Airports Authority. He joined the Authority on July 18, 2011.

title: John E. Potter


text: User talk:203.220.221.118

title: User talk:203.220.221.118


text: User talk:211.27.33.153

title: User talk:211.27.33.153


text: User talk:202.64.168.183

title: User talk:202.64.168.183


text:
User talk:Dodgethis

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
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title: User talk:Dodgethis


text: Category:New Delhi

title: Category:New Delhi


text:
User talk:NelsonJ

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Penny Crygor Avatar.gif)
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title: User talk:NelsonJ


text:
User talk:Chisq

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

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Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

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 * Utilities
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 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
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 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 07:12, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chisq