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Life and Debt

Life and Debt is a 2001 American documentary film directed by Stephanie Black. It examines the economic and social situation in Jamaica after globalization, and specifically how the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank's structural adjustment policies have impacted the island.

Synopsis
Life and Debt is a 2001 United States documentary film directed by Stephanie Black about the economic and social situation in Jamaica after globalization, specifically the impact of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank's policies. It starts with the essay "A Small Place" by Jamaica Kincaid. The IMF loans were conditional on structural adjustment policies, which required Jamaica to enact major economic reforms, including trade liberalization, privatization, and deregulation. Reforms were not successful and left Jamaica with $4.6 billion in debt.

The film features a number of interviews with former Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley, in which he critiques the system of International Financial Institution loans. He is particularly critical of required structural adjustments as an attack on the sovereignty of many former colonial nations and suggests the system is akin to imperialism or neocolonialism. He also criticizes the Jamaican Free Zones as U.S.-subsidized sweatshops. The film itself interviews several of the free zone workers.

Cast

 * Belinda Becker as the Narrator
 * Michael Manley
 * Buju Banton
 * Stanley Fischer
 * Yami Bolo
 * Jerry Rawlings
 * Michael Witter
 * David Coore
 * Jean-Bertrand Aristide
 * Bill Clinton (archive footage)
 * Horst Kὅhler (archive footage)

Awards

 * 2004 Festival International du Film Insulaire, Ole de Groix, Special Jury Prize
 * 2004 Paris Human Rights Film Festival, Special Jury Prize.
 * Cineambiente Int. Environmental Film Fest. 2002 Teen Jury Best Film of Festival, Turin, Italy
 * One World 2002-Prague Human Rights Film Festival-Audience Award Best Film of the Festival
 * One World Media Awards-Finalist, International Premier Award, England
 * Best Documentary at the Jamerican Film Festival
 * Critics Jury Award, Honorable Mention “Best Film of the Festival” Independent Feature Project/West Los Angeles Film Festival

Reception
Roger Ebert, a film critic for the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the movie a three out of four-star rating and described it as "a harsh indictment, but persuasive".

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 90% based on reviews from 42 critics.

On June 15, 2001, Stephen Holden of The New York Times, wrote a review titled "ILM REVIEW; One Love, One Heart, Or a Sweatshop Economy?", in which he describes the film as a powerful documentary. He says that "The movie offers the clearest analysis of globalization and its negative effects that I've ever seen on a movie or television screen".

On February 26, 2003, Jamie Russell from the BBC gave it a four out of five-star rating and described the movie as brilliant. She explains that Stephanie Black's hits toward the tourism industry and lack of options to change the situation leaves audiences with nothing more than simply being angry about everything.

On March 25, 2003, Andrew Pulver of The Guardian gave it four out of five stars. He stressed the importance of the movie and explained that anyone with any interest in globalization should watch it. He describes it as "a detailed, poignant examination of Jamaica's parlous economic plight".

title: Life and Debt


text:
Ridge Racer 64

Ridge Racer 64 is a racing video game developed by Nintendo Software Technology for the Nintendo 64 in 2000. It features a total of 20 race tracks, including some drawn from Ridge Racer and Ridge Racer Revolution.

In 2004, the game was remade for the Nintendo DS as Ridge Racer DS, which uses the system's features such as the touch-screen and wireless multi-player while providing otherwise a very similar experience to its original counterpart.

Reception
The N64 version received "favorable" reviews, while the DS remake received "mixed" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Michael Wolf of NextGen gave a positive review for the former console version.

Joe Ottoson of AllGame gave the Nintendo 64 version four-and-a-half stars out of five, saying, "If you're looking for some intense but uncomplicated racing action, Ridge Racer 64 is nearly at the peak of straight up racing action on the Nintendo 64. With a wide variety of tracks and plenty of hidden cars to unlock there's a lot to see and win over the course of the game." Michael "Major Mike" Weigand of GamePro said of the same Nintendo 64 version in one review, "Arcade racing fans who have had to be content with SF Rush and Cruis'n titles will find Ridge Racer 64 a big improvement. Although the multiplayer races are a disappointment, solo compeitors will want to add this title to their collections." In another GamePro review, however, The Freshman called it "a decent game for people who must have every Ridge Racer known to man, but last year's Ridge Racer Type 4 was much better. In the supersaturated world of N64 racing, RR64 barely manages to keep up." Later, however, Four-Eyed Dragon said of the DS version, "with a frustrating control scheme, Ridge Racer only stays in low gear. It's lucky that this driver is one of the first out of the DS gates, or else it wouldn't have stood a chance."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ridge Racer 64


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/March 1, 2005


text:
San Francisco Zoo

The San Francisco Zoo is a 100 acre zoo located in the southwestern corner of San Francisco, California, between Lake Merced and the Pacific Ocean along the Great Highway. The SF Zoo is a public institution, managed by the non-profit San Francisco Zoological Society, a 501(c)(3) organization. under a public-private partnership since 1993, receives $4.2 million annually from the city. As of 2016, the zoo housed more than one thousand individual animals, representing more than 250 species. It is noted as the birthplace of Koko the gorilla, and, from 1974 to 2016, the home of Elly, the oldest black rhinoceros in North America.

The zoo's main entrance (one located on the north side across Sloat Boulevard and one block south of the Muni Metro L Taraval line) is to the west, on the ocean side.

History
Originally named the Fleishhacker Zoo after its founder, banker and San Francisco Parks Commission president Herbert Fleishhacker, planning for construction began in 1929, on the site adjacent to what was once the largest swimming pool in the United States, the Fleishhacker Pool. The area was also already home to a children’s zoo and playground, an original (circa 1921) Michael Dentzel/Marcus Illions carousel, and the Mother’s Building, a lounge for women and their children. Most of the exhibits were populated with animals transferred from Golden Gate Park, including two zebras, a cape buffalo, five rhesus monkeys, two spider monkeys, and three elephants (Virginia, Marjorie, and Babe).

The first exhibits built in the 1930s cost $3.5 million, which included Monkey Island, Lion House, Elephant House, a small mammal grotto, an aviary, and bear grottos. These spacious, ha-haed enclosures were among the first bar-less exhibits in the country. In 1955, a local San Francisco newspaper purchased Pennie, a baby female Asian elephant, and donated her to the zoo after many children donated their pennies, nickels, and dimes for her purchase.

The zoo has faced decades of scrutiny over the it’s safety protocols, animal care practices and management. Criticism extended to Zoo Director Tanya Peterson, whose leadership has been questioned over alleged mismanagement and animal care practices. Incidents, including the theft of a squirrel monkey and lemur, the death of a young gorilla due to a hydraulic door malfunction, and a radio spying controversy, fueled concerns about the zoo's operations. Additionally, violations of local laws and a breach of contract regarding public access to operational information were reported. Amidst ongoing criticisms, the zoo faced incidents like a mountain lion killing marsupials and a grizzly bear escaping primary containment, prompting continued scrutiny and calls for improved management and animal welfare practices.

Over the next forty years, the Zoological Society became a powerful fundraising source for the San Francisco Zoo, just as Fleishhacker had hoped when he envisioned: "…a Zoological Society similar to those established in other large cities. The Zoological Society will aid the Parks Commission in the acquisition of rare animals and in the operation of the zoo." True to its charter, the Society immediately exerted its influence on the zoo, obtaining more than 1,300 annual memberships in its first ten years (nearly 25,000 today). It also funded projects like the renovation of the Children’s Zoo in 1964, development of the African Scene in 1967, the purchase of medical equipment for the new zoo Hospital in 1975, and the establishment of the Avian Conservation Center in 1978.

In November 2004, Tinkerbelle, San Francisco Zoo's last Asian elephant, was moved to ARK 2000, a sanctuary run by PAWS-Performing Animal Welfare Society located in the Sierra Nevada foothills. She was later joined in March 2005 by the African elephant Lulu, the last elephant on display at the zoo. The moves followed the highly publicized deaths of thirty-eight-year-old Calle in March 2004, and forty-three-year-old Maybelle the following month.

In early 2006, the SF Zoo announced its offer to name a soon-to-hatch American bald eagle after comedian Stephen Colbert. The publicity and goodwill garnered from coverage of the event on the Colbert Report was a windfall for the zoo and the city of San Francisco. Stephen Jr. was born on April 17, 2006.

In April 2024, Mayor London Breed announced San Francisco Zoo will receive Giant Panda Bears from China in a signed memorandum of understand.

Exhibit renovations

 * Otter River (1994) featuring North American river otters
 * Feline Conservation Center (1994) housing three species of small cats, including the snow leopard, ocelot, and Malayan fishing cats
 * Spectacled bear exhibit renovation (1994)
 * Lion House outdoor enclosures (1994)
 * Eagle Island renovation (1995) providing a home for Sureshot, an injured (and non-releasable) bald eagle
 * Australian WalkAbout (1995) new space for red kangaroos and emus
 * Flamingo Lake renovation (1995)
 * Monkey Island demolition (1995)
 * Hippopotamus exhibit renovation (1995)
 * Warthog exhibit (1996)
 * Billabong (1996)
 * Aviary renovation (1996)
 * Ring-tailed lemur exhibit renovation (1996)
 * Children’s Zoo entrance (1996)
 * Kodiak bear exhibit (1996)
 * Avian Conservation Center (1997)
 * African lion cub exhibit (1997)
 * Aye-aye Forest (1997)
 * Asian elephant exhibit renovations (1997 and 1999)
 * Rainbow Landing (now Lorikeet Landing) (1998)
 * Outdoor aviary demolition (1998)
 * Restoration of Little Puffer (miniature railroad) (1998)
 * Primate Discovery Center terrace exhibit renovation (1998)
 * Children’s Zoo renovation (1999)
 * Puente al Sur (1999) now houses giant anteaters, mountain tapirs, and capybara

 * Infrastructure replacement (1999)
 * Aviary renovation (2000) depicts a South American tropical forest, complete with birds, caiman, and an anaconda
 * Seal pool/bear exhibits (2000)
 * Connie and Bob Lurie Education Center (2001)
 * Koret Animal Resource Center (2001)
 * Expanded Children’s Zoo and Family Farm (2001)
 * Wetlands habitat (2001)
 * Cassowary Exhibit (2001) features double-wattled cassowaries, one of the world's largest bird species
 * Lipman Family Lemur Forest (2002) houses five species of Madagascan primates in an outdoor forest
 * Friend and Taube Entry Village (2002)
 * Leaping Lemur Café (2002)
 * Split Mound artwork by McCarren/Fine (2002)
 * Bronze lion sculptures by Gwynn Murrill (2002)
 * Zoo Street and parking (2002)
 * Dentzel Carousel (2002)
 * African Savanna (2004) features giraffe, zebra, kudu, ostrich and other African wildlife roaming together in a lush, 3 acre (1 ha) habitat.
 * African Savanna Giraffe Feedings (2006)
 * Black swan exhibit (2006)
 * Binnowee Landing and Feeding (formerly Lorikeet Landing) (2006)
 * Kunekune pig exhibit at the Family Farm (formerly the miniature pig exhibit) (2006)
 * Hearst Grizzly Gulch exhibit (opened June 14, 2007)
 * Big Cat Exhibit Renovations (January 2008)
 * Hippopotamus and Rhinoceros exhibits (the 2 hippos, Puddles and Cuddles, died during renovation) (2007–2009)
 * Little Puffer restoration (2009)
 * South American Tropical Rainforest Aviary asbestos removal (2009–2010)
 * Fishing cat exhibit (2010)
 * Mexican wolf canyon (2016)
 * Expanded Snow leopard habitat (2022)

Criticism of Use of Bond Funds
In 1997, the San Francisco Zoo secured $48 million through a bond measure aimed at revitalizing its facilities, with orangutans and chimpanzees serving as the focal points of the campaign. Despite pledges to overhaul the aging infrastructure and create lush environments like the proposed Great Ape Forest, substantial enhancements remain incomplete decades later. Critics argue that while the zoo focused on enhancing visitor amenities, animal welfare concerns persist, sparking debates over the management of taxpayer funds. Concurrently, the city's Commission of Animal Control and Welfare acknowledged the zoo's efforts to enhance the visitor experience through various bond-funded projects, including the restoration of the zoo carousel, the construction of the animal resource center, and the renovation of the entrance. However, concerns linger over the allocation of funds, particularly regarding the $15 million project combining the new lemur exhibit with facility upgrades.

2007 tiger attacks

On December 22, 2006, Tatiana, the 242-pound Siberian tiger, attacked zookeeper Lori Komejan, causing the keeper to be hospitalized for several weeks with lacerated limbs and shock. The Lion House was closed for ten months as a result. California's Division of Occupation Safety and Health found the zoo liable for the keeper's injuries, fined the zoo, and ordered safety improvements.

On December 25, 2007, the same tiger escaped from her grotto and attacked three zoo visitors after being taunted and pummeled by sticks and pine cones by the visitors. Carlos Sousa, 17, of San Jose, California, was killed at the scene, while another taunter was mauled and survived. The tiger was shot and killed by police while hiding in the landscape after the attack. Three other tigers who shared Tatiana's grotto did not escape. Tatiana arrived at the San Francisco Zoo from the Denver Zoo in 2005, in hopes that she would mate. (This "Tatiana" is not the same as the one successfully breeding in the Toronto Zoo). According to the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the attack is the first visitor fatality due to animal escape at a member zoo in the history of the organization.

Criticism of Zoo Director
Tanya Peterson, a former lawyer assumed the role of interim director in June 2008, despite having never taken care of wild animals or managed a nonprofit, has continued as CEO and executive director, with an annual salary of $339,500 as of the 2022. Peterson faced criticisms of animal care practices, and management decisions including the hiring of her daughter as a paid intern and her fiance to perform concerts at the zoo. Complaints also arose over Peterson's social media presence, particularly a Facebook photo showing her in close proximity to a seal, contravening federal guidelines. In 2014 Members of the zoo’s union then cast a vote of no-confidence in Peterson, saying in a letter to the zoo’s board that the director “promoted a punitive/retaliatory culture” and “failed to provide proper oversight and senior management accountability on safety issues” and in April 2024 97% of the zoo’s union members cast another vote of no-confidence in Peterson, alleging that Peterson had created a toxic work environment, exacerbated staffing shortages, and neglected safety concerns, including issues with the security of proposed housing for a new jaguar.

Squirrel Monkey Stolen
Banana-Sam, a squirrel monkey was stolen from his cage on December 31 2011. Vandals broke into the zoo and cut the netting around the squirrel monkey pen, prompting a search by zoo and police officials. Eventually Banana-Sam was found in a nearby park.

Young Gorilla Killed by a Door
Following the death of Kabibe, a young gorilla crushed by a door in her enclosure at the San Francisco Zoo in November 2014, the facility faced repercussions from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Despite the zoo's payment of a $1,750 fine, critics, including the International Primate Protection League, deemed the penalty insufficient. The incident occurred during the relocation of gorillas after closing hours, when Kabibe unexpectedly darted under a closing hydraulic door. The zoo's executive director acknowledged breaches in protocol and highlighted routine USDA inspections that previously found no issues with the enclosure. However, expert opinions revealed flaws in the enclosure's design and operational procedures, raising concerns about the safety of both animals and staff.

Radio Spying Controversy
In March 2015, San Francisco Zoo employees raised concerns over allegations that management had been using the radios they were required to wear for spying purposes. The issue came to light when employees discovered that their conversations were being picked up by a "hot mic" feature on the radios. While management denied using the radios for spying, a whistleblower claimed that managers were eavesdropping on conversations and even laughing about it.

Management Delay Euthanasia Decisions
In April 2017 a dispute over the euthanization of a cancer-stricken monkey at the San Francisco Zoo revealed tensions between employees and management regarding animal care. The incident, involving a 15-month-old patas monkey named Bernardo, sparked controversy when zookeepers accused Executive Director Tanya Peterson, with no background in animal care, of delaying euthanasia despite the animal's suffering. Peterson refuted the claims, stating that proper procedures were followed.

Mountain Lion Kills Marsupials
On June 12, 2020, a kangaroo and two wallaroos were found dead in their enclosure. Zoo officials suspected a local wild carnivore as the culprit. Speculation arose about the involvement of a young mountain lion sighted in the area prior to its capture on Thursday of the same week.

Gorilla Incident Hydraulic Door
In August 2018, former zookeeper Trisha Cassianni reported an incident involving a 9-year-old male gorilla named Hasani. While working in the gorilla building, Cassianni heard her coworker shout a warning to Hasani. She observed the ape successfully pulling open a hydraulic door, partially. Although keepers managed to distract Hasani and relocate him safely, investigation revealed that the door malfunctioned due to hydraulic fluid leakage. Records indicated two previous instances of door malfunctions and repairs in the months leading up to the incident. Cassianni expressed concern that had the keepers been in the adjacent space, the situation could have resulted in a catastrophic outcome.

Violation of Local, State Laws and Breach of Contract
On June 18, 2019, the Sunshine Ordinance Task Force unanimously found the San Francisco Zoological Society (SFZS) in violation of the San Francisco Sunshine Ordinance and California Public Records Act for its failure to respond to requested records from Justin Barker, in his efforts gain insight into the inner workings of the San Francisco Zoo. It was noted that the zoo was also breaching its lease agreement with San Francisco, which mandates public access to operational information. The San Francisco Zoological Society, a non-profit managing the zoo under a public-private partnership since 1993, receives $4.2 million annually from the city.

Endangered Lemur Stolen
In October 2020, a 30-year-old man was arrested when he stole an endangered ring-tailed lemur named Maki. He was charged in July 2021 for a violation of the Endangered Species Act. He faces $50,000 in fines and as much as one year in prison. Maki was found the day after he was kidnapped at a playground in Daly City and was returned to the zoo.

Treatment of Orangutan
Former San Francisco Zoo employees Melissa Lory and Trisha Cassianni spoke out about the zoo's treatment of orangutans, expressing concerns about welfare and describing the facility as dysfunctional. Lory, who worked as an orangutan keeper, recounted her experience caring for orangutans Ollie and Amoi, later renamed Berani and Judy, in a 1950s-era primate exhibit lacking sufficient space for natural movement. She noted the inadequate outdoor access and unsuitable conditions, including dark interiors and rat infestations. Cassianni echoed these sentiments, emphasizing the zoo's apparent disregard for animal well-being. Despite improvements eventually made, including the orangutans gaining access to an outdoor yard, concerns persisted among former employees and animal welfare advocates. The zoo, while acknowledging delays in construction and ongoing efforts to enhance habitats, faced criticism for its treatment of animals.

Grizzly Escapes Primary Containment
In May 2023, Kiona, the grizzly bear, breached primary containment, venturing into the zookeeper area, where only a gate, a regular door, and a chain-link barrier separated her from the public. Amidst the chaos, a zookeeper swiftly fled for safety, coaxing Kiona into another outdoor habitat before securely locking the doors behind them.

Young Penguin Killed by a Door
In June 2023, an incident occurred involving a 1-year-old Magellanic penguin named Handy Harry, who was struck and killed by a guillotine shift door while being secured for pool cleaning. Following safety concerns, the decision was made to relocate the remaining penguins from the otter exhibit to the main penguin colony eight months later.

Animals and exhibits
Indian peafowl roam the zoo grounds freely. The zoo also has Chilean flamingos.

Leanne B. Roberts African Savanna

 * Grant's zebra
 * Common ostrich
 * Reticulated giraffe

African Aviary

 * Blue-bellied roller
 * Hadada ibis
 * Gorilla gorilla - San Francisco Zoo - San Francisco, CA - DSC03909.jpg at San Francisco Zoo]]Hamerkop
 * Grey crowned crane
 * African openbill
 * Northern bald ibis

Jones Family Gorilla Preserve

 * Western lowland gorilla

Doelger Primate Discovery Center

 * Coquerel's sifaka
 * Fossa
 * François' langur
 * Kinkajou
 * Mandrill

Lipman Family Lemur Forest

 * Black-and-white ruffed lemur
 * Blue-eyed black lemur
 * Crowned lemur
 * Red-bellied lemur
 * Red-fronted lemur
 * Ring-tailed lemur

Great Ape Passage

 * Chimpanzee
 * Bornean orangutan

Cat Kingdom

 * Black rhinoceros
 * Eastern bongo
 * Indian rhinoceros
 * Jaguar
 * Komodo dragon
 * Lion
 * Ocelot
 * Pygmy hippopotamus
 * Snow leopard
 * Wolverine

Penguin Island

 * Magellanic penguin

Outback Trail

 * Common wallaroo
 * Emu
 * Koala
 * Southern cassowary

Puente al Sur

 * Andean condor
 * Baird's tapir
 * Black-necked swan
 * Giant anteater
 * Spectacled owl

South American Tropical Rainforest and Aviary

 * Amazon tree boa
 * American white ibis
 * Blue-headed macaw
 * Blue-throated piping guan
 * Blue-winged teal
 * Boa constrictor
 * Crested oropendola
 * Curl-crested aracari
 * Dyeing poison dart frog
 * Emerald tree boa
 * Golfodulcean poison frog
 * Green and black poison dart frog
 * Honduran spiny-tailed iguana
 * Linnaeus's two-toed sloth
 * Northern caiman lizard
 * Panamanian golden frog
 * Red-eyed tree frog
 * Red-footed tortoise
 * Red-lored amazon
 * Roseate spoonbill
 * Ruddy duck
 * Scarlet ibis
 * Smoky jungle frog

Bear Country

 * American black bear
 * American white pelican
 * Chacoan peccary
 * Grizzly bear
 * Mexican wolf

Exploration Zone

 * Black-tailed prairie dog
 * Hyacinth macaw
 * Meerkat
 * Red panda
 * Red-rumped agouti
 * Turkey vulture
 * Yosemite toad

Conservation
Two black bears were rescued as orphans in Alaska. The male was found on the edges of town near Valdez in May 2017 and the female cub was found near Juneau in June 2017. Both cubs were determined by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to be motherless and were brought to Alaska Zoo and rehabilitated back to health. In 2017, the Alaska Zoo had more orphaned bear cubs than ever before, due to the repeal of bear hunting regulations by the Trump administration, which allowed for the hunting of hibernating bears in their dens. Mr. Lampi said. The two bears were brought to the San Francisco Zoo in 2017 and a previously empty habitat was repurposed to host them.

The zoo housed Henry, a 10-year-old blind California sea lion who was found stranded on a beach in Humboldt County in 2010. In 2012, he was brought to the San Francisco Zoo, he was treated by veterinarians for his blindness.

Species survival projects
The San Francisco Zoo participates in Species Survival Plans, conservation programs sponsored by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The program began in 1981 for selected species in North American zoos and aquariums where the breeding of a species done to maintain healthy, self-sustaining, genetically diverse and demographically stable populations. The zoo participates in more than 30 SSP programs, working to conserve species ranging from Madagascan radiated tortoises and reticulated giraffes to black rhinos and gorillas.

title: San Francisco Zoo


text:
Bella Bella, British Columbia

Bella Bella, also known as Waglisla, is the home of the Heiltsuk and is an unincorporated community and Indian reserve community located within Bella Bella Indian Reserve No. 1 on the east coast of Campbell Island in the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada. Bella Bella is located 98 nmi north of Port Hardy, on Vancouver Island, and 78 nmi west of Bella Coola. The community is on Lama Passage, part of the Inside Passage – a transportation route linking the area, and northern British Columbia as well as Alaska for marine vessels carrying cargo, passengers and recreational boaters from the south coast. The settlement "forms a national capital of sorts" to the Heiltsuk.

Founded between 1897 and 1903, Bella Bella is located on Campbell Island.

Originally styled New Bella Bella to distinguish it from "Bella Bella", the community's official post office name for some time was Waglisla, meaning "river on the beach" in the Heiltsuk language. Old Bella Bella, the Heiltsuk village site that is located south of the current village was known as Bella Bella. As it grew, a post office was located in the store. When the Heiltsuk relocated their settlement to the north, the post office, and the name Bella Bella, moved – first to the store in the BC Packers Cannery, then to the village of Shearwater. The post office name was retained while moving location several times. This is a source of confusion and the reason 'Bella Bella' sometimes appears on Denny Island rather than Campbell Island on some Provincial maps.

The Hudson's Bay Company's Fort McLoughlin was near the same location, which is on McLoughlin Bay.

With a population of 1,400, Bella Bella is the largest community to be found on the Central Coast north of Queen Charlotte Strait. It is home to the Heiltsuk First Nation. Like many small communities on the coast, such as nearby Ocean Falls, Bella Bella has had a precarious and isolated existence. The closing of coastal cannery towns and decreased need for coastal shipping reduced the importance of Bella Bella's port.

However, the resumption of ferry services by BC Ferries and the introduction of an air link from Vancouver via Port Hardy by Pacific Coastal Airlines have revived Bella Bella. There are scheduled flights from Bella Bella (Campbell Island) Airport onward to Klemtu and Ocean Falls. Services in Bella Bella include a large general store, the Bella Bella Community School, Alexa's restaurant, the Koeye Cafe, the Thistalalh Memorial Library, an RCMP police station (with a circuit court every 1.5 months), the Bella Bella Medical Clinic, staffed by 3 physicians and a nurse practitioner, and ƛ̓uxválásu̓ilas (pronounced kwil-valas-iwaylas) Heiltsuk Hospital (formerly R.W. Large Memorial Hospital) and its pharmacy. The CIBC bank branch closed in 2007.

The village of Bella Bella was previously known as Waglisla to the Canadian Postal Service; the postal address changed to Bella Bella (V0T 1Z0) in October 2007.

History
Bella Bella is a Heiltsuk village situated on Campbell Island, British Columbia. Today Bella Bella is the main Heiltsuk community within Heiltsuk traditional territory. The village was initially located at McLoughlin Bay, south of the current location but moved between 1898 and the early 20th Century to the present site. Heiltsuk's oral history tells of a dispute with the store owner in the original town. The store owner had acquired the land that had been the old HBC fort and would not allow the community to expand on 'his' land – prompting the entire community to abandon the site and move to a larger site – the present location of the village.

During the early period, Bella Bella was composed of relatively new European-style houses and a boardwalk. ''By 1903 the new town was fairly well established. The mission was complete with a hospital, mission house, and school which doubled as a church''.

Methodist missionaries played a significant role during this period, functioning as colonial agents, magistrates, ministers, as well as medical doctors. A missionary hospital was established, as well as a church and school. The current hospital in Bella Bella evolved from this early missionary hospital.

"The one-room school stood in a clearing beside the church, at the fringe of the dense bush that stubbornly tried to reclaim the half-mile stretch of territory occupied by the village. "

Confusion over the name and location of 'Bella Bella'

The origin of the name Bella Bella has several stories. It originally was associated with the Heiltsuk people and the community of Heiltsuk people that developed where the Hudson Bay Company built Fort McLoughlin.

Fort McLoughlin operated between 1832 and 1842. When the fort was closed, the village remained. At some point, a white trader acquired a 'legal' title to the land that the fort had occupied. This trader operated a store for some time on the site during the late 1800s. His store incorporated a postal service – using the name Bella Bella. When the Heiltsuk relocated to the current site of Bella Bella – the store went out of business and the postal operation was moved across the channel to the BC Packers cannery site. Eventually, this also closed and the postal service was moved to the small non-Aboriginal community of Shearwater. When the Heiltsuk began operating a postal service in their community – the name Bella Bella was not available – so the alternate name – Waglisla was used.

After several years of effort – the Heiltsuk were able to have the name Bella Bella returned to the postal service in the community. The name was changed in 2007. As a result of this history – the name Bella Bella can be seen in four different locations on the Central Coast maps – depending on when they were created and how up-to-date they are.

1897–1903

The Heiltsuk move their community from McLoughlin Bay (Qelc or Old Bella Bella) to the site of the present-day village of Bella Bella, BC.

1903

By 1903 New Bella Bella, now just known as Bella Bella (aka Waglisla), was fairly well established following the move from McLoughlin Bay.

1913, August

Canadian Royal Commission known as the McKenna-McBride Commission visits Bella Bella.

1975 The Canadian National Film Board (NFB) documentary "Bella Bella "

1993 'Qatuwas Canoe Festival

In 1993 the Heiltsuk hosted an ocean-going canoe festival at Bella Bella. Called 'Qatuwas – the event was an important milestone in the ongoing renaissance in Northwest Coast Ocean-going canoes. Some 25 canoes from First Nations up and down the coast paddled to Bella Bella for a week-long cultural sharing event.

1997 R. v. Gladstone

The Supreme Court of Canada recognized the Heiltsuk have a pre-existing Aboriginal right to herring that entails a commercial component.

2014 'Qatuwas Canoe Festival

A second 'Qatuwas festival was held in Bella Bella in 2014.

2015 Herring Crisis

The 2015 herring season saw a crisis erupt over a long-simmering dispute between the Heiltsuk and Canada (DFO). Citing concern for the stocks and Heiltsuk rights, as well as taking issue with DFO predictive models, the Heiltsuk occupied the local DFO office for 4 days. The crisis abated when the remainder of the commercial herring fleet departed and the Heiltsuk and Canada agreed to discuss the next season's management.

June 30, 2015 Potlatch in Bella Bella to ratify the Heiltsuk-Haida Peace treaty, a formal agreement that builds on the peace treaty of 1852 that ended the war between the two Nations.

Geology
The 13-million-year-old mafic dike swarms in the Bella Bella area were formed by the Anahim hotspot when this part of North America was directly overhead. The dikes are believed to mark the first arrival of the hotspot, although it is now located in central British Columbia at Nazko Cone.

title: Bella Bella, British Columbia


text: Wikipedia:POTD/March 2, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/March 2, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/March 2, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/March 3, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/March 3, 2005


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/March 3, 2005


text:
User talk:Pentawing

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FAR for University of Michigan
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title: User talk:Pentawing


text:
Fritz Maytag

Frederick Louis "Fritz" Maytag III (born December 9, 1937, in Newton, Iowa) is the former owner of Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco and former Chairman of the Board of the Maytag Dairy Farms (maker of Maytag Blue cheese). He is also the owner of York Creek Vineyards in St. Helena, California. His revival of Anchor Steam beer inspired many other brewers to follow, and he is often considered the father of modern microbreweries. Maytag has also been an active trustee of Grinnell College, whose campus is close to the headquarters of Maytag Dairy Farms, recruiting among others Apple Computer's Steve Jobs to the Board of Trustees.

Biography
Maytag is the great grandson of Maytag Corporation founder Frederick Louis Maytag I and son of Maytag Dairy Farms founder Frederick Louis Maytag II. He is a graduate of Deerfield Academy (1955) and attended Stanford University (1959).

In its April 2005 article "26 Most Fascinating Entrepreneurs", Inc. magazine named Maytag seventh-most fascinating "for setting limits".

Maytag won the 2008 James Beard Foundation's Lifetime Achievement award for his work at Anchor Brewing.

Anchor Brewing Company
Hearing that the Anchor Brewing Company was about to close and looking for a business challenge outside his family's vast appliance concern, Maytag bought the company in 1965 and made enhancing its fortunes his mission. This venture did not initially meet with enthusiasm from his family back in Iowa. The Maytag family fortune grew dramatically over half a century as the family managed a vast international appliance manufacturing and distribution enterprise based in central Iowa. Its backbone was an extensive line of clothes-washing machines. The clothes washer is credited as one of several time-, labor-, and money-saving improvements to home life. It is one of the technologies defining what the rest of the world saw as the admired, relaxed, American lifestyle. In the 1920s, clothes washing was generally done by hand; the Maytag company was on the vanguard of automating this task. The company's highly recognized Lonely Maytag Repairman advertising promoted the brand and explained Maytag's higher price. Company advertising never veered from this central theme. The ad resonated and its message reinforced the brand's most noteworthy competitive advantage. The Lonely Maytag Repairman (created by Chicago Ad Agency Leo Burnett) is recognized as one of advertising's most successful, longest-running and most cost-effective ad campaigns of the last century.

With a commitment to quality and the use of more expensive raw materials being keys to the family's success in their Iowa washing machine business, Fritz Maytag was unafraid of Anchor Steam's low volume but higher-end market positioning. The brand had produced characterful local beer, but frequently in the 1950s and into the '60s it became contaminated, turning it sour. To revive the company, in his early years at Anchor, Maytag invested extensively, borrowing heavily to revamp the company and expand capacity. In so doing, he placed at risk a substantial portion of his inheritance, because to procure the loans required, he was required to post Maytag stock as collateral. However, at this time, the late 1960s, a bear market controlled the U.S. equity market. Maytag stock fell, and his lenders required Fritz to post more and more of his inheritance. Meanwhile, he focused on turning around Anchor Brewing's fortunes. He both altered the recipe and the complex brewing process. Over time the beer surged in popularity. The brewery, once located on the upper floors of a building in what is presently San Francisco's Design District, moved, in 1979, to a new location nearby at the base of Potrero Hill; and, throughout the years, demand continued to climb. Not wanting to sacrifice the small size of the brewery, and, in turn, the quality of the beer, Maytag helped competitors become proficient in microbrewing. This helped to ease the strain on his own company.

In 2010, Maytag sold the brewery.

title: Fritz Maytag


text:
SAFE (cable system)

The South Africa Far East cable is an optical fiber submarine communications cable linking Melkbosstrand, South Africa to Penang, Malaysia.

It was commissioned in 2002 and built by Tyco Submarine Systems of the United States with an initial capacity of 10 Gigabits per second, and current capacity of 440 Gigabits per second. It has four fiber strands, using Erbium-doped fiber amplifier repeaters and wavelength division multiplexing.

It has a total length of 13104 km and is one of a pair of cables—SAT-3/WASC being the other—that provides high-speed digital links between Europe, West and Southern Africa, and the Far East. Together with SAT-3/WASC, it also provides redundancy for other cables travelling through the Middle East.

It has landing points at:
 * 1) Melkbosstrand, near Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa (where it meets the SAT-2 and SAT-3 cable systems)
 * 2) Mtunzini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (branch)
 * 3) Saint Paul, Réunion
 * 4) Baie du Jacotet, Savanne, Mauritius
 * 5) Kochi, India (branch) (where it meets the SEA-ME-WE 3 cable system)
 * 6) Penang, Malaysia (where it meets the FLAG and SEA-ME-WE 3 cable systems)

title: SAFE (cable system)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Torrijos toledo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 14:06, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Torrijos toledo
Moved from Pages needing translation into English:

Spanish history text. jni 09:25, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Almost certainly scanned or cut-and-paste (Google doesn't find it, so I'll guess scanned). Anyone think this shouldn't be copyvio'd? -- Jmabel | Talk 00:57, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, on closer inspection, I bet it's a cut-and-paste of some version of the Spanish Wikipedia article Torrijos (Toledo) (not the current one, but it's pretty close). I say we speedy-delete this and add a request at Translation into English. I'll leave 24 hours to see if we have consensus on that. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:04, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with User:Jmabel. This looks like it was taken from es:Torrijos (Toledo), which by the way looks like a copyvio in itself and hasn't got a single wikilink. JoaoRicardo 21:23, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic, possible copyright violation. Megan1967 03:05, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Lee Radziwill

Caroline Lee Bouvier, later Canfield, Radziwiłł , and Ross (March 3, 1933 – February 15, 2019), was an American socialite, public relations executive, and interior designer. She was the younger sister of former First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis and sister-in-law of President John F. Kennedy.

Early life and ancestry
Caroline Lee Bouvier was born at Doctors Hospital, Manhattan, New York City, to stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and his wife, socialite Janet Norton Lee. She attended The Chapin School, in New York City, Potomac School in Washington, D.C., Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, and pursued undergraduate studies at Sarah Lawrence College. In her birth announcement, and from her earliest years, she was known by her middle name "Lee" rather than Caroline.

Career and fame
Considered by "New York's society arbiters and editors" as the city's leading debutante, Radziwill had her "coming out" party in 1950. A full-page photograph of her in her gown was featured in the "debutante" section of Life magazine (page 71) in the December 25, 1950 issue.

During the 1960s, Radziwill attempted a career as an actress. Her acting attempt was unsuccessful, if highly publicized. She featured in the 1967 production of The Philadelphia Story as the spoiled Main Line heiress Tracy Lord. The play was staged at the Ivanhoe Theatre in Chicago, and Radziwill's performance was much criticized. A year later, she appeared in a television adaptation of the 1944 movie Laura, which was also criticized.

A London townhouse and a manor, Turville Grange (which she owned and shared with her second husband), had both been decorated by Italian stage designer Lorenzo Mongiardino and were greatly admired and frequently photographed by Cecil Beaton and Horst P. Horst. She worked briefly as an interior decorator in a style influenced by her association with Mongiardino. Her clientele were wealthy; she once decorated a house "for people who would not be there more than three days a year". She frequented celebrity company, including travelling with The Rolling Stones during their 1972 tour of North America, which she attended alongside the writer Truman Capote.

Radziwill was named to the Vanity Fair International Best Dressed Hall of Fame in 1996. Her Paris (Avenue Montaigne 49) and Manhattan (160 East 72nd Street) apartments were featured in the April 2009 issue of Elle Décor magazine. She was interviewed by director Sofia Coppola in February 2013 about her life as part of Radziwill's cover story for T: The New York Times Style Magazine as well as about Coppola's movie The Bling Ring and the loss of privacy. She was listed as one of the 50 best-dressed people older than age 50 by The Guardian in March 2013.

Family at Grey Gardens
Radziwill hired documentary filmmakers Albert and David Maysles in 1972 to work on a movie about the Bouvier family. At the outset, the brothers filmed two eccentric and reclusive members of the extended family, Radziwill's aunt and cousin, Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale ("Big Edie") and her daughter Edith Bouvier Beale ("Little Edie"). The Beales lived in a rambling, decaying home in East Hampton, New York, and were funded by other members of the family.

Radziwill's original movie project was suspended, and she retained the footage of the Beales. However the Maysles brothers saw the cinematic potential of the two women and their peculiar lives, and after raising funds for film and equipment of their own, returned and recorded many hours of new footage with Big Edie and Little Edie—the resulting 1975 film Grey Gardens is widely ranked among best of the documentary genre. The film was adapted as a 2006 musical of the same name, where the characters Lee and Jackie Bouvier appear as visiting children in retrospect. HBO produced the 2009 television movie Grey Gardens based on the lives of the Beales.

Surviving footage of Radziwill's 1972 visit to the Beales was included in the 2017 film That Summer.

Personal life and death
Radziwill was married three times. Her first marriage, in April 1953, was to Michael Temple Canfield, a publishing executive. They divorced in 1958, and the marriage was declared annulled by the Sacred Rota in November 1962. According to the memoirs of Loelia, Duchess of Westminster, Edward VIII believed that Canfield was actually the biological son of his brother Prince George, Duke of Kent (the fourth son of King George V and uncle of Elizabeth II) and Kiki Preston.

Her second marriage, on March 19, 1959, was to the Polish aristocrat Prince Stanisław Albrecht Radziwiłł, who divorced his second wife, the former Grace Maria Kolin (Grace later married William Ward, 3rd Earl of Dudley as his third wife. Dudley's second wife was Viscountess (Frances) Laura Long née Charteris who later married Michael Temple Canfield, Lee's first husband) and received a Roman Catholic annulment of his first marriage to re-marry. (His second marriage had never been acknowledged by the Roman Catholic Church, so no annulment was necessary.) Upon her marriage, she began to use the title of Her Serene Highness Princess Caroline Lee Radziwiłł and was sometimes referred to as Princess Radziwill in the American press. However, the Second Polish Republic had abolished the legal recognition of noble titles in the March Constitution of 1921 (article 96), with the effect that the Radziwills were pretenders to the title. They had two children, Anthony (1959–1999) and Anna Christina (b. 1960). Their marriage ended in divorce in 1974.

In 1976, The New York Times reported Peter Francis Tufo, a lawyer and real estate developer, was a "frequent escort" of Radziwill.

On September 23, 1988, Radziwill married for a third time, becoming the second wife of American movie director and choreographer Herbert Ross. Their divorce was finalized during 2001; he died later that year, and she returned to using Radziwill, the transliteration of her children's name, Radziwiłł.

Radziwill died on February 15, 2019, aged 85, in her apartment on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.

The funeral service was held at St. Thomas More in New York City; among the funeral guests were Caroline Kennedy, Carole Radziwill, Marc Jacobs, Tory Burch, Andre Leon Talley, Sofia Coppola, Carolina Herrera, Peter Beard and Deeda Blair.

In popular culture
Gilda Radner, performing a Roseanne Roseannadanna skit on Saturday Night Live, notably mused about "Princess Lee" in December 1978.

Radziwill was portrayed by Calista Flockhart in Feud: Capote vs. The Swans (2024).

title: Lee Radziwill


text: User talk:68.160.122.5

title: User talk:68.160.122.5


text:
User:Ta bu shi da yu/monobook.js

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title: User:Ta bu shi da yu/monobook.js


text:
Talk:Hans-Thilo Schmidt

Names
Both the man's name and cryptonym appear to be misspelled. I've generally seen them written "Hans-Thilo Schmidt," and "Asche" rather than "Asch." Logologist 08:18, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Asche is german for ash (but the french would probably choose some french word) Asch is no german word but the sound of

the french letter H, I think Koczazuk refers to "AH" the french would spell that how Asch sounds in german.

degree of importance to Engima break in Poland
My impression from the literature is that Rejewski's initial break into Engima was independent of Asche's information, though it proved helpful in working out details after Rejewski's analytic breakthrough. Indeed I recall being surprised at learning that his supervisor withheld all (or much, memory fails) of Asche's data from Rejewski. The article states, somewhat baldly, that Asche's information enabled the break. I think some revision in wording is indicated to more clearly credit Rejewski's role.

Comments? ww 17:13, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting point about Rejewski's superiors perhaps having withheld subsequent materials that might have been provided by Bertrand.  A hypothesis (my own? someone else's?):  if the French did provide the Poles more material obtained from Asche, the mathematicians' superiors might have wanted to keep them operationally independent of intelligence material for their ongoing reading of Enigma traffic.  Logologist 09:10, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Have a look at Marian Rejewski. User:Logologist added several quotes by Rejewski himself, including:
 * "To this day, it is not known whether equation set (3) is soluble. [Its solution would yield the wirings.] To be sure, another way was found, at least in theory, to reconstruct the [wirings] in the drums. Still, this approach is imperfect and tedious. [I]t requires possession of messages from two days with the same or close settings of the drums, and hence it conditions the discovery of the drum connections on chance, and then it also requires many trials, so that it is not clear that the Cipher Bureau's directors would have had the patience to employ several personnel for a long period without certainty of getting results [...]. Hence the conclusion is that the intelligence material furnished to us should be regarded as having been decisive to solution of the machine." (Rejewski, in Kozaczuk's Enigma 1984, p. 258.) [emphasis mine].
 * I think it's fair to say that the documents provided by Schmidt enabled the break, and that it doesn't take anything away from Rejewski's achievement. — Matt Crypto 18:30, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Matt, I was aware of that observation from Rejewski. Nevertheless, it seems to me that MR found an entirely new approach to cryptanalysis and did so without assistance from Asche's data. Given that analytic break, the data helped with the further work of making practical the advance. A shift of emphasis, perhaps, is all that I perceive to be needed. ww 18:38, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure, although I think the bald assertion is fine in the lead section; I've added a sentence to the main body of the article that should clarify that Rejewsi's work, in addition to Schmidts treachery, was necessary. — Matt Crypto 19:12, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Operator manuals
it shall be noted again that the enigma operator manuals in their first editions gave away many info that should have been kept utmostly secret to make the very machine a properly secret tool. This was one of the many grave mistakes that happened at that time. greetings to Matt ! Frank
 * Yes: in particular, Marian Rejewski made use of a stretch of matching plaintext and ciphertext, together with the key

settings, in an early manual, in order to resolve ambiguity in his solution of the Enigma rotor wiring. — Matt Crypto 04:19, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Motive
where was it that said Schmidt's motive was money, he was not a political spy like Richard Sorge ? Frank
 * Hugh Sebag-Montefiore's book digs into Schmidt's background and motivations. "Should Hans Thilo Schmidt be revered as an unsung hero, or had he just spied for the money? He had not exactly given the Enigma cipher to the Allies. He had sold it to them for a lot of money, and his original act of treachery had taken place two years before the Nazis seized power...[he] was perfectly prepared to put his life on the line as long as he made a handsome profit, and seduced a lot of women, in the process" (p. 10) — Matt Crypto 04:19, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

His brother the panzer general
Ernst R. May says in his Strange Victory that Generaloberst Rudolf Schmidt was Hans-Thilo Schmidt's brother. 88.195.213.75 (talk) 14:36, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hans-Thilo Schmidt


text:
Romano–Ward syndrome

Romano–Ward syndrome is the most common form of congenital Long QT syndrome (LQTS), a genetic heart condition that affects the electrical properties of heart muscle cells. Those affected are at risk of abnormal heart rhythms which can lead to fainting, seizures, or sudden death. Romano–Ward syndrome can be distinguished clinically from other forms of inherited LQTS as it affects only the electrical properties of the heart, while other forms of LQTS can also affect other parts of the body.

Romano–Ward syndrome is caused by abnormal variants in the genes responsible for producing certain proteins used to transport charged particles (ion channels) within the heart. These abnormalities interfere with the electrical signals that heart cells use to coordinate contractions, causing the heart to take longer to recharge in between beats. The condition is usually diagnosed using an electrocardiogram, but other tests sometimes used include Holter monitoring, exercise testing, and genetic testing. It may be treated using medications such as beta-blockers, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, or surgery to disrupt the sympathetic nervous system. Romano–Ward syndrome is estimated to affect 1 in every 7,000 people.

Signs and symptoms
Romano–Ward syndrome increases the risk of abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias. These are typically a form of ventricular tachycardia known as Torsades de pointes which can cause faints, seizures, or even sudden death. Less dangerous arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation also occur, causing symptoms of heart racing or palpitations. However, many of those with Romano–Ward syndrome will remain free from arrhythmias and therefore free from symptoms. Certain situations are more likely to precipitate arrhythmias such as exercise or mental stress in the LQT1 subtype, sudden loud noise in the LQT2 subtype, and during sleep or immediately upon waking in the LQT3 subtype.

Romano–Ward syndrome can be differentiated from other forms of long QT syndrome by Romano-Ward's sole involvement of the heart. While other forms of long QT syndrome are associated with deafness (Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome), intermittent weakness and bone abormailities (LQT7, Andersen–Tawil syndrome), and autism spectrum disorder (LQT8, Timothy syndrome), these extra-cardiac manifestations are not seen in Romano-Ward.

Causes
Romano–Ward syndrome is a descriptive term for a group of subtypes of long QT syndrome, specifically subtypes LQT1-6 and LQT9-16. Several subtypes of Romano–Ward syndrome have been described based on the underlying genetic variant. These subtypes differ in clinical presentation and their response to treatment. There is robust evidence that the genetic variants associated with the three most common subtypes (LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3) are truly causative of the syndrome. However, there is uncertainty as to whether some of the other rarer subtypes are truly disease-causing by themselves or instead make individuals more susceptible to QT prolongation in response to other factors such as medication or low blood potassium levels (hypokalaemia).

LQT1
LQT1 is the most common subtype of Romano–Ward syndrome, responsible for 30 to 35% of all cases. The gene responsible, KCNQ1, has been isolated to chromosome 11p15.5 and encodes the alpha subunit of the KvLQT1 potassium channel. This subunit interacts with other proteins (in particular, the minK beta subunit) to create the channel, which carries the delayed potassium rectifier current IKs responsible for the repolarisation phase of the cardiac action potential.

Variants in KCNQ1 cause the LQT1 subtype of Romano–Ward syndrome when a single copy of the variant is inherited (heterozygous, autosomal dominant inheritance). Loss-of-function mutations, commonly found in the voltage-sensing domain of the protein, often result in impaired trafficking to the cell surface at levels significantly lower than wild-type. These mutations have also been demonstrated to have a dominant-negative effect on wild-type protein trafficking, meaning that wild-type surface expression is impaired due to the existence of the non-functional protein. When two copies of the variant are inherited (homozygous, autosomal recessive inheritance) the more severe Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome is found, associated with more marked QT prolongation, congenital sensorineural deafness, and a greater risk of arrhythmias.

LQT1 is associated with a high risk of faints but lower risk of sudden death than LQT2.

LQT1 may also affect glucose regulation. After ingesting glucose, those with LQT1 produce more insulin than would be expected, which is followed by a period of insulin resistance. When the resistance diminishes, abnormally low blood glucose levels (hypoglycaemia) are sometimes seen.

LQT2
The LQT2 subtype is the second-most common form of Romano–Ward syndrome, responsible for 25 to 30% of all cases. This form of Romano–Ward syndrome is caused by variants in the KCNH2 gene on chromosome 7. KCNH2 (also known as hERG) encodes the potassium channel which carries the rapid inward rectifier current IKr. This current contributes to the terminal repolarisation phase of the cardiac action potential, and therefore the length of the QT interval.

LQT3
The LQT3 subtype of Romano–Ward syndrome is caused by variants in the SCN5A gene located on chromosome 3p21-24. SCN5A encodes the alpha subunit of the cardiac sodium channel, NaV1.5, responsible for the sodium current INa which depolarises cardiac cells at the start of the action potential. Cardiac sodium channels normally inactivate rapidly, but the mutations involved in LQT3 slow their inactivation leading to a small sustained 'late' sodium current. This continued inward current prolongs the action potential and thereby the QT interval.

A large number of mutations have been characterized as leading to or predisposing to LQT3. Calcium has been suggested as a regulator of SCN5A protein, and the effects of calcium on SCN5A may begin to explain the mechanism by which some of these mutations cause LQT3. Furthermore, mutations in SCN5A can cause Brugada syndrome, cardiac conduction disease, and dilated cardiomyopathy. In rare situations, some individuals can have combinations of these diseases.

Other subtypes
LQT5 is caused by variants in the KCNE1 gene. This gene is responsible for the potassium channel beta subunit MinK which, in conjunction with the alpha subunit encoded by KCNQ1, is responsible for the potassium current IKs, and variants associated with prolonged QT intervals decrease this current. The same variants in KCNE1 can cause the more severe Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome when two copies are inherited (homozygous inheritance) and the milder LQT5 subtype of Romano–Ward syndrome when a single copy of the variant is inherited (heterozygous inheritance).

The LQT6 subtype is caused by variants in the KCNE2 gene. This gene is responsible for the potassium channel beta subunit MiRP1 which generates the potassium current IKr, and variant that decrease this current have been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. However, subsequent evidence such as the relatively common finding of variants in the gene in those without long QT syndrome, and the general need for a second stressor such as hypokalaemia to be present to reveal the QT prolongation, has suggested that this gene instead represents a modifier to susceptibility to QT prolongation. Some, therefore, dispute whether variants in the gene are sufficient to cause Romano–Ward syndrome by themselves.

LQT9 is caused by variants in the membrane structural protein, caveolin -3. Caveolins form specific membrane domains called caveolae in which voltage-gated sodium channels sit. Similar to LQT3, these caveolin variants increase the late sustained sodium current, which impairs cellular repolarization.

LQT10 is an extremely rare subtype, caused by variants in the SCN4B gene. The product of this gene is an auxiliary beta-subunit (NaVβ4) forming cardiac sodium channels, variants in which increase the late sustained sodium current. LQT13 is caused by variants in GIRK4, a protein involved in the parasympathetic modulation of the heart. Clinically, the patients are characterized by only modest QT prolongation, but an increased propensity for atrial arrhythmias. LQT14, LQT15 and LQT16 are caused by variants in the genes responsible for calmodulin (CALM1, CALM2, and CALM3 respectively). Calmodulin interacts with several ion channels and its roles include modulation of the L-type calcium current in response to calcium concentrations, and trafficking the proteins produced by KCNQ1 and thereby influencing potassium currents. The precise mechanisms by which means these genetic variants prolong the QT interval remain uncertain.

Table of causative genes

Mechanism
In the Romano-Ward forms of Long QT syndrome, genetic mutations affect how positively-charged ions, such as potassium, sodium and calcium ions are transported in and out of heart cells. Many of these genes encode proteins which form or interact with ion channels. In cardiac muscle, these ion channels play critical roles in maintaining the heart's normal rhythm. Mutations in any of these genes alter the structure or function of channels, which changes the flow of ions between cells, a disruption in ion transport alters the way the heart beats, leading to abnormal heart rhythm characteristic of the syndrome.

The protein made by the ANK2 gene ensures that other proteins, particularly ion channels, are inserted into the cell membrane appropriately. A mutation in the ANK2 gene likely alters the flow of ions between cells in the heart, which disrupts the heart's normal rhythm and results in the features of Romano–Ward syndrome.

Diagnosis
Romano–Ward syndrome is principally diagnosed by measuring the QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Romano–Ward syndrome is associated with a prolonged QTc, although in some genetically proven cases of Romano–Ward syndrome this prolongation can be hidden, known as concealed Long QT syndrome. The QTc is less than 450 ms in 95% of normal males, and less than 460 ms in 95% of normal females. Romano–Ward syndrome is suggested if the QTc is longer than these cutoffs. However, as 5% of normal people also fall into this category, some suggest cutoffs of 470 and 480 ms for males and females respectively, corresponding with the 99th centiles of normal values.

The major subtypes of Romano–Ward syndrome are associated with specific ECG features. LQT1 is typically associated with broad-based T-waves, whereas the T-waves in LQT2 are notched and of lower amplitude, whilst in LQT3 the T-waves are often late onset, being preceded by a long isoelectric segment.

Other factors beyond the QT interval should be taken into account when making a diagnosis, some of which have been incorporated into scoring systems such as the Schwartz score. These factors include a history of characteristic abnormal heart rhythms (Torsades de Pointes), unexplained blackouts (syncope), and a family history of confirmed LQT syndrome. Other investigations that may suggest a diagnosis of the LQT1 form of Romano–Ward syndrome include paradoxical lengthening of the QT interval in response to exercise (QTc >470 ms at 2–4 minutes of recovery) or during an artificial infusion of adrenaline (lengthening of the absolute QT interval >30 ms during low dose adrenaline).

Treatment
The treatment for Romano–Ward syndrome aims to reduce the risk of arrhythmias. Lifestyle measures include avoiding very strenuous or competitive exercise. Those with the LQT2 form of Romano–Ward syndrome should avoid sudden loud noises such as alarm clocks as these may trigger arrhythmias. Fevers should be treated promptly with paracetamol. Grapefruit juice should be avoided as it contains a chemical which decreases IKr and further prolongs the QT interval. Medications that further prolong the QT interval such as sotalol should be avoided, lists of which can be found in publicly accessible online databases.

Beta blockers such as propranolol or nadolol blunt the effects of adrenaline on the heart and thereby reduce the risk of arrhythmias. Mexiletine, flecainide and ranolazine decrease the late sodium current and are of particular use in the LQT3 form of Romano–Ward syndrome, and mexiletine may also be of benefit in other subtypes. Potassium supplements may be used at times when potassium is being lost such as when experiencing diarrhoea or vomiting, but medications that encourage the retention of potassium such as spironolactone or amiloride may also be required.

An implantable defibrillator, a small device that monitors the heart rhythm and can automatically deliver an electric shock to restart the heart, may be recommended. These devices are recommended for those with Romano–Ward syndrome who have experienced a cardiac arrest or a blackout whilst taking beta blockers. In those who experience recurrent arrhythmias despite medical therapy, a surgical procedure called sympathetic denervation can be used to interrupt the nerves that stimulate the heart.

Epidemiology
Romano–Ward syndrome is the most common form of inherited long QT syndrome, affecting an estimated 1 in 7,000 people worldwide.

title: Romano–Ward syndrome


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Rini Bell

Rini Bell is an American actress.

Career
Bell has been in movies such as Ghost World, The Terminal, Bring It On, Road Trip, Baja Beach Bums, and Jarhead. She had a recurring role on Gilmore Girls playing Lulu, a local third grade teacher at the Stars Hollow Elementary School and Kirk Gleason's girlfriend.

She has also done voice acting, being in the PSP game Jeanne d'Arc. She also voiced roles in four episodes of the animated television series King of the Hill.

title: Rini Bell


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User:Wintermutee/monobook.css

/* Wintermute/monobook.css */

title: User:Wintermutee/monobook.css


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User talk:UROLOGIST

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 08:26, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:UROLOGIST


text:
User talk:UROLOGISST

VANDAL
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 08:31, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:UROLOGISST


text:
Somitomere

In the developing vertebrate embryo, the somitomeres (or somatomeres) are collections of cells that are derived from the loose masses of paraxial mesoderm that are found alongside the developing neural tube. In human embryogenesis they appear towards the end of the third gestational week. The approximately 50 pairs of somitomeres in the human embryo, begin developing in the cranial (head) region, continuing in a caudal (tail) direction until the end of week four.

Development
The first seven somitomeres give rise to the striated muscles of the face, jaws, and throat.

The remaining somitomeres, likely driven by periodic expression of the hairy gene, begin expressing adhesion proteins such as N-cadherin and fibronectin, compact, and bud off forming somites. The somites give rise to the vertebral column (sclerotome), associated muscles (myotome), and overlying dermis (dermatome). There are a total of 37 somite pairs at the end of the fifth week of development, after the first occipital somite and 5-7 coccygeal somites disappear from the original 42-44 somites.

title: Somitomere


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Boldklubben 1909

Boldklubben 1909, known as B1909, is a Danish association football club currently playing in the Denmark Series. They play at Gillested Park in Odense on Funen, which has a capacity of 6,000. Founded in 1909, the club spent a total 38 seasons in the Danish championship from 1912 to 1993, and won the 1959 and 1964 Danish 1st Division championships, as well as the 1962 and 1971 Danish Cup trophies.

In the 2006–07 season, the first team of B1909 merged with B 1913 and Dalum IF, to form FC Fyn. B 1909's new first team continued in the Danish league system, but had to stay two leagues below FC Fyn. In 2013, as FC Fyn was dissolved, the three mother clubs were reestablished in the lower leagues.

Honours
‡: Honour achieved by reserve team R: Status as a reserve team for FC Fyn
 * Danish Football Championship
 * Winners (2): 1959, 1964
 * Danish Cup
 * Winners (2): 1961–62, 1970–71
 * Runners-up (1): 1976–77
 * Provinsmesterskabsturneringen
 * Winners (1): 1931
 * Runners-up (1): 1926–27
 * Funen Football Championship
 * Winners (16): 1919–20, 1920–21, 1921–22, 1926–27, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1934–35, 1951–52‡, 1952–53‡, 1958‡, 1961‡, 1962‡, 1964‡, 1981‡, 2012–13R, 2016–17
 * Runners-up (24): 1916–17, 1917–18, 1918–19, 1922–23, 1923–24, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1941–42‡, 1946–47‡, 1947–48‡, 1955–56‡, 1956–57‡, 1959‡, 1960‡, 1963‡, 1974‡, 1979‡, 1980‡, 2011sR, 2011–12R, 2013–14, 2020–21
 * FBUs Pokalturnering
 * Winners (14) – record: 1921, 1922, 1923, 1928, 1930, 1936, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1950, 1953
 * Runners-up (9): 1920, 1924, 1927, 1932, 1939, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1952

Achievements

 * 38 seasons in the Highest Danish League
 * 38 seasons in the Second Highest Danish League
 * 9 seasons in the Third Highest Danish League

title: Boldklubben 1909


text:
User talk:Yourologist

VANDAL
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 08:40, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yourologist


text:
List of South African mass media

The is a list of South African mass media, including newspapers, television stations, radio stations and various alternative media.

National

 * Beeld (available in 5 of 9 provinces)
 * Business Day
 * City Press
 * Daily Maverick
 * Daily Sun
 * Die Burger
 * Mail & Guardian
 * News Everyday
 * The New Age
 * Rapport
 * SAMM News - currently available online
 * The Sowetan
 * Sunday Independent
 * Sunday Sun
 * Sunday Times
 * Sunday World
 * The Witness
 * ILANGA
 * Laudium Sun

Free-To-Air
eMedia Investments South African Broadcasting Corporation
 * e.tv
 * eMovies
 * eMovies Extra
 * eExtra
 * eReality
 * ePlesier
 * eToonz
 * eSERIES
 * eNCA
 * SABC 1
 * SABC 2
 * SABC 3
 * SABC News
 * SABC Education
 * SABC Sport

Subscription-based
MultiChoice

 * M-Net
 * Me
 * M-Net Movies
 * Mzansi Magic
 * KykNET
 * Africa Magic
 * Vuzu
 * One Magic
 * Novela Magic
 * 1Max

Independent Stations
 * Moja Love
 * People's Weather
 * Mindset Learn
 * Newzroom Afrika
 * Movie Room
 * Play Room
 * DBE TV
 * WildEarth
 * Business Day TV
 * Parliamentary TV
 * Via
 * BRICS TV
 * Roots TV
 * OnseTV
 * MyTV
 * The Home Channel
 * Ignition TV
 * Honey
 * Hilaal TV
 * Racing240

Community Stations

 * GauTV
 * itv
 * 1KZN
 * Rising Sun TV (StarSat)
 * Mpuma Kapa TV
 * Cape Town TV
 * Soweto TV via DStv until digital switch
 * Tshwane TV
 * Deen TV
 * Glow TV
 * Onse TV
 * Nongoma TV
 * MYtv
 * 1 Free State Television via StarSat

Streaming Media

 * Showmax
 * eVOD
 * SABC Plus (formally called TelkomONE)
 * Netflix
 * Amazon Prime
 * BritBox
 * Disney+

Direct to home satellite broadcasters

 * DStv
 * OpenView HD
 * StarSat
 * 7 AFRICA TV NETWORK

New satellite broadcasting licensees (not yet operational)

 * e-Sat
 * Telkom Media

New IPTV licensees (not yet operational)

 * Telkom Media

Radio stations
See: List of radio stations in South Africa

Street newspapers

 * Big Issue
 * Homeless talk - a small newspaper produced in Johannesburg; its content is largely about the plight of the homeless; on sale at select shops and most traffic lights in Johannesburg

Internet

 * South Africa Today
 * Quackdown (Exposes medical fraud and quackery)
 * Bizcommunity.com
 * ispotdaily.com
 * News24
 * Thesouthafrican.com
 * News Everyday
 * Saffarazzi
 * The South African
 * ZWBDC.co.za
 * EBNewsDaily
 * Briefly.co.za

title: List of South African mass media


text:
Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency

Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive fatty acid oxidation disorder that prevents the body from converting certain fats into energy. This can become life-threatening, particularly during periods of fasting.

Symptoms and signs
Typically, initial signs and symptoms of this disorder occur during infancy or early childhood and can include feeding difficulties, lethargy, hypoglycemia, hypotonia, liver problems, and abnormalities in the retina. Muscle pain, a breakdown of muscle tissue, and abnormalities in the nervous system that affect arms and legs (peripheral neuropathy) may occur later in childhood. There is also a risk for complications such as life-threatening heart and breathing problems, coma, and sudden unexpected death. Episodes of LCHAD deficiency can be triggered by periods of fasting or by illnesses such as viral infections.

Genetics
Mutations in the HADHA gene lead to inadequate levels of an enzyme called long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is part of a protein complex known as mitochondrial trifunctional protein. Long-chain fatty acids from food and body fat cannot be metabolized and processed without sufficient levels of this enzyme. As a result, these fatty acids are not converted to energy, which can lead to characteristic features of this disorder, such as lethargy and hypoglycemia. Long-chain fatty acids or partially metabolized fatty acids may build up in tissues and damage the liver, heart, retina, and muscles, causing more serious complications.

Diagnosis
Diagnoses are typically made based on newborn screening done from blood obtained using a heel prick at birth. Prior to widespread inclusion of FAO (fatty acid oxidation) disorders in newborn screening tests, diagnosis typically occurred as a result of children presenting for medical attention having hypoglycemic hypoketotic crisis.

Prognosis
A 2001 study followed up on 50 patients. Of these 38% died in childhood while the rest suffered from problems with morbidity. However, with certain dietary and lifestyle choices, it is possible for sufferers of LCHAD to live comfortable and happy lives.


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Emsger

Emsger or South Bishop is an islet situated west of Ramsey Island, Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is the largest of the Bishops and Clerks group of islets and rocks.

Etymology
Its name can also be shown as Em-sger, Emskir or Emskyr. The second element is from Old Norse sker – a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea.

Lighthouse
The South Bishop Lighthouse, designed by James Walker, was built on the island and started operating in 1839.

It reaches a height of 37 metres (121 feet), North Bishop reaching 44 metres (144 feet).

title: Emsger


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Telex (disambiguation)

Telex may refer to:

 * Telex (network), (TELegraph EXchange), a communications network
 * Teleprinter, the device used on the above network
 * Telegraphic transfer, an electronic means of transferring funds overseas
 * Telex (anti-censorship system), a research project that would complement Tor (anonymity network)
 * Telex (band), a Belgian pop group
 * Telex (IME), a convention for writing Vietnamese using ASCII characters commonly found on computer keyboard layouts
 * Tele-X, a Nordic communications satellite
 * Telex Communications (formerly Telex Corporation), an American manufacturer of hearing aids, audio equipment, and computer peripherals.
 * Telex II, a later name for the TWX teletypewriter network
 * "Planet Telex", a song by rock band Radiohead
 * Telephone exchange
 * Telephone extension
 * Telex.hu, a Hungarian news portal

title: Telex (disambiguation)


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Alice Barnham

Alice Barnham, Viscountess St Albans (14 May 1592 – 1650) was the wife of English scientific philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon.

Family
She was born 14 May 1592, to Benedict Barnham and his wife, Dorothy, née Smith. Benedict Barnham (1559–1598) was a London merchant, who held the positions of Alderman, Sheriff of London (1591–1592), and Member of the English Parliament for Yarmouth. His father had been Sheriff before him. Her mother, Dorothy, or Dorothea (d. 1639), was the daughter of Humphrey Ambrose Smith, an important Cheapside mercer and the official purveyor of silks and velvets to Queen Elizabeth. Alice was the second of a family of daughters, her sisters being Elizabeth, Dorothy, and Bridget; a fifth, Benedicta, died at the age of 16 days. Her father died 4 April 1598, when Alice was not even six, but Alice was apparently a favourite, as his will said: "I give to my daughter, Alice Barneham, my lease of certain lands at Moulsham and Chelmsford in the County of Essex. And if it happen that the same Alice doe die and unmarried then I give the same lease to Elizabeth my eldest daughter, etc." Her mother was also left well off, with legacies of land and plate, and quickly remarried, to Sir John Pakington of Worcestershire, 22 November 1598. After John died in 1625, she would remarry again, two more times, to Robert Needham, earlier that year made 1st Viscount Kilmorey, and when he died in 1631, Thomas Erskine, Earl of Kellie.

Her older sister Elizabeth Barnham (1591–1623) married Mervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, who would become infamous for his depravity. The third sister married Sir John Constable, a friend of Bacon's, and the fourth married Sir William Soames.

Courtship and first marriage
After her father's death, Alice was brought up in the family of Sir John Pakington, who was a great favourite of Queen Elizabeth, known as "Lusty Pakington" for his magnificence of living. He owned several estates that hosted royalty, including King James I of England on his way from Scotland to take possession of the English throne in 1603. The family's favourite home was in the Strand, London.

Bacon's letters begin mention of Alice Barnham, 3 July 1603, an Alderman's daughter, an handsome maiden to my liking, when she was only eleven. They were engaged three years, and married 10 May 1606, before Alice turned fourteen, at St Marylebone's Chapel, a suburb to the North of London, with the reception at the Strand estate. She brought an income of £220 a year from her father's estate, and expected more after the death of her mother.

Alfred Dodd, in Francis Bacon's Personal Life-Story (Rider & Company: London, 1949) says their marriage was political: "Bacon had saved himself three years previously from being excommunicated altogether from the public service by his readiness for an engagement with a child of eleven years (Alice Barnham), a commoner. He was now going to open the door to State offices by his marriage to the 'handsome wench' of thirteen, according to his bargain with the King and Cecil."

Marriage to Francis Bacon
The Bacons' early married life was disturbed several times by quarrels between Sir John Pakington and Dorothy, when Dorothy would appeal to her powerful son-in-law, and Francis Bacon would try to stay out from between them. Once Bacon was even a judge on the High Commission and had to reject a lawsuit from Dorothy against John which had put John in prison.

Alice Bacon and her mother Dorothy were both reported by contemporaries as having extravagant tastes, and being interested in wealth and power. However, early in the marriage, Bacon had money to spare, "pouring jewels in her lap", and spending large sums on decorations. Power was also available, as in March 1617, along with Francis Bacon being made temporary Regent of England, a document was drawn up making Lady Bacon first lady in the land, taking precedence over all other Baronesses (it is not clear whether it was signed into law).

Their marriage led to no children. In 1620, she met Mr. John Underhill, and Mr. Nicholas Bacon, gentlemen-in-waiting at York House, Strand, Bacon's London property. She was rumoured to have had an ongoing affair with Underhill. Underhill was a cousin of the William Underhill who sold New Place to William Shakespeare in 1597.

In 1621, Bacon, by now styled as Viscount St Albans, was accused of taking bribes, heavily fined, and removed from Parliament and all offices. Lady Bacon personally pleaded with the Marquis of Buckingham for the restoration of some of Bacon's salary and pensions, to no effect. They lost York House and left the city in 1622.

Reports of increasing friction in the marriage appeared, with speculation that some of this may have also been due to financial resources not being as abundantly available to Alice as she was accustomed to in the past. Alice was reportedly interested in fame and fortune, and when reserves of money were no longer available, there was constant complaining about where all the money was going.

In 1625, Bacon became estranged from his wife, apparently believing her of adultery with Underhill. He rewrote his will, which had been quite generous to her, leaving her lands, goods, and income, to revoke it all: What so ever I have given, granted, conferred, or appointed to my wife in the former part of this my Will, I do now for just and great causes, utterly revoke, and make void, and leave her to her right only.

Remarriage to John Underhill
Less than a fortnight after Bacon's death from pneumonia on 9 April 1626, Alice, Lady St Albans, married courtier John Underhill, at the Church of St Martin in the Fields, London, 20 April 1626. Soon after, on 12 July 1626, Charles I of England knighted him at Oatlands. They lived together at Old Gorhambury House, St Albans, Hertfordshire.

The Viscountess St Albans, as she still preferred to be called, spent much of her marriage in Chancery proceedings, lawsuits over property. The first year was over her former husband's estate, trying to get what was left of Bacon's property, without his much greater debts. She was opposed in this by Sir John Constable, her brother in law, who had held some of the estate in trust. In 1628 she filed suits for property owned by her late father. In 1631, she and her husband both filed suit against Nicholas Bacon, of Gray's Inn, their former friend, who had married Sir John Underhill's niece, and gotten Underhill to sign an agreement for a large dowry and extensive property, including some property of Alice that Sir John did not have rights to, and could only inherit after her death. Their petition to court stated that Bacon had tricked Underhill "who was an almost totally deaf man, and by reason of the weakness of his eyes and the infirmity in his head, could not read writings of that nature without much pain," to sign a paper not knowing what it contained.

In 1639, Viscountess St Albans and Sir John Underhill became estranged, and began to live separately. In a later lawsuit, after her death, Underhill blamed Robert Tyrrell, or Turrell, their manservant, for this alienation of affections. In her will of 1642, she left half her property to Turrell, and other property to her nephew, Stephen Soames. She was buried in the old Parish Church of Eyworth, Bedfordshire, 9 July 1650, near her mother, and her sister, Lady Dorothy Constable.

title: Alice Barnham


text:
User:Mlewan

Real name: Magnus Lewan

 * Books I have written and illustrated
 * Less information about me

A personal cheat sheet

 * Defence of Trivia
 * The New Vandals and the fall of Wikipedia

fr:User:mlewan de:User:mlewan sv:User:mlewan

title: User:Mlewan


text: User talk:158.64.118.35

title: User talk:158.64.118.35