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Second Battle of Kernstown

The Second Battle of Kernstown was fought on July 24, 1864, at Kernstown, Virginia, outside Winchester, Virginia, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War. The Confederate Army of the Valley under Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early soundly defeated the Union Army of West Virginia under Brig. Gen. George Crook and drove it from the Shenandoah Valley back over the Potomac River into Maryland. As a result, Early was able to launch the Confederacy's last major raid into northern Union territory, attacking the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Maryland and West Virginia and burning Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in retaliation for the burning of civilian houses and farms earlier in the campaign.

Background
On July 19, following a series of unsuccessful Union attacks on his flanks, General Early decided to withdraw from his precarious position at Berryville to a more secure position near Strasburg. During the evacuation of the military hospitals and storage depots at Winchester, Union forces under Brig. Gen. William W. Averell won a rare victory over Confederate forces under Maj. Gen. Stephen D. Ramseur at the Battle of Rutherford's Farm. The poor Confederate performance at the battle, as well as a series of small cavalry engagements south of Winchester the following day led Union commanders George Crook and Horatio G. Wright to conclude the Confederates were merely fighting a rearguard action and that Early was leaving the Valley and heading for Richmond to reinforce the Army of Northern Virginia.

With the threat to Washington, D.C., seemingly over, Wright withdrew the VI Corps and XIX Corps from the valley to return to the aid of Ulysses S. Grant's siege of Petersburg, Virginia, on July 20, leaving only the three-division strong Army of West Virginia in the Valley. The following two days were relatively quiet with both armies resting in their camps some 15 mi from each other. On July 23, Confederate cavalry attacked the Union advanced picket line at Kernstown, leading to a sharp cavalry skirmish. From prisoners caught in the skirmish Early learned of Wright's departure. In order to continue to be of service to Lee in the Valley, Early realized he had to attack the diminished force in front of him to ensure that Grant's force at Petersburg would not be reinforced.

Battle
On the morning of July 24, Early marched his army north against Crook. Confederate cavalry encountered its Union counterpart south of Kernstown in the morning and heavy skirmishing broke out. Couriers alerted Crook to the attack. Crook still believed Early's infantry had left the Valley and sent only two of his division with cavalry support to meet the attack. In the early afternoon the infantry of both armies had arrived on the field. The Confederate position extended well to each side of the Valley pike south of Kernstown, anchored on each flank on high ground and screened by cavalry. Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon's division formed the Confederate center along the Valley Turnpike. Ramseur's division formed on his left with its flank resting on Sandy Ridge to the west of Kernstown, screened by Col. William "Mudwall" Jackson's cavalry. Brig. Gen. Gabriel C. Wharton's division, led by Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge, formed the Confederate right, with its flank screened by Brig. Gen. John C. Vaughn's cavalry. Early initially concealed his infantry in a woods, sending out his cavalry and skirmish line of sharpshooters to draw the Federals into battle, thus playing into Crook's misconception that the Confederate infantry had left the Valley.

The Union infantry position remained clustered around the Valley Pike in Kernstown anchored by Col. James A. Mulligan's division on Pritchard's Hill, one of the keys to the Union success at the First Battle of Kernstown in 1862. To his right, Col. Joseph Thoburn's division formed on Sandy Ridge. To his left, future president Rutherford B. Hayes's brigade formed east of the Valley turnpike. Crook dispatched cavalry under Averell to ride around the Confederate right flank and get in its rear. As the two armies skirmishers encountered one another the battle got under way. It soon became apparent to the Federal divisional commanders that they were facing a superior Confederate force which they were hesitant to attack and relayed the information to Crook.

Crook quickly became impatient by his divisional commanders hesitance to attack the Confederate position, and distrusted their report of the Confederate strength. He ordered Mulligan to attack the Confederates with Thorburn's division in support. At 1 p.m. the Union infantry reluctantly moved out, abandoning Pritchard's Hill. Mulligan's division bitterly held its ground at Opequon Church where its advance was halted by Gordon's men. As Hayes's brigade advanced in support, Breckinridge marched Wharton's division to the northeast into a deep ravine that ran perpendicular to the Valley Turnpike. He turned the division into the ravine, which screened his movement from the Federals on the turnpike. As Hayes came up the road past the ravine, Breckinridge ordered a charge and the Confederates assaulted Hayes's exposed flank and sent his division reeling in retreat, taking many casualties.

Thoburn was supposed to support Mulligan's right flank in the attack, but because of the topography of the battlefield, he became separated from Mulligan and saw little action during the battle. Gordon's Confederates exploited the gap in the Union line to get on Mulligan's right and when Hayes's division broke, Mulligan found himself caught between two Confederate divisions. Mulligan immediately ordered a withdrawal, and was mortally wounded as he tried to rally his troops and prevent a full rout during the retreat. The Confederate infantry pressed the fleeing Federals all the way back through Winchester and the cavalry kept at their heels well into West Virginia.

Averell's cavalry had attempted to flank the Confederates as ordered but ran headlong into Vaughn's cavalry on the Front Royal Pike. The shock of the unexpected Confederate cavalry attack sent the Federal cavalry racing towards Martinsburg. When the fleeing cavalry encountered the retreating wagon and artillery trains north of Winchester it incited a panic among the Federal teamsters, causing many to abandon their charges as they got caught up in retreat. Many of the wagons had to be burned to prevent them from falling into Confederate hands. As night fell the Confederate cavalry swept the countryside looking for Federals who had become lost from their units in retreat. Most of the Federals spent the night out in the rain, scattered across countryside, trying to evade capture.

Aftermath
The victory marked the high-water point for the Confederacy in the Valley in 1864. Crook's broken army retreated to the Potomac River and crossed near Williamsport, Maryland, on July 26. With the Shenandoah Valley clear of Union forces, Early launched a raid into northern territory, the last made by a substantial Confederate force during the war, burning Chambersburg, Pennsylvania as retribution for David Hunter's burning of civilian houses and farms earlier in the campaign. (Hunter had also burned the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, but Early's orders to his cavalry under John McCausland did not mention this as a justification.) They also attacked Union garrisons protecting the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad near Cumberland, Maryland. As a result of this defeat and McCausland's burning of Chambersburg on July 30, Grant returned the VI and XIX Corps to the Valley and appointed Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan as commander of Union forces there, turning the tide once and for all against the Confederates in the Valley.

title: Second Battle of Kernstown


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Dutch Open Telescope

The Dutch Open Telescope (DOT) is an optical solar telescope located on Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma (near the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope). With a main mirror of 45 centimeters, it can reach an 0.2 arcsec resolution for sustained periods. For further optimization of the images, the DOT uses the image despeckle mechanism. It was used to record movies of the 2004 Venus transit.

The open design was a departure from vacuum-style solar telescopes, and helped pave the way for bigger solar telescopes.

Cameras
The DOT has 6 cameras, each with a different filter. These filters can be used at the same time, and allows images to be taken at different wavelengths to be compared. Furthermore, some filters are tunable, allowing observers to take images at several points in the spectral lines.

Open structure

The DOT is an open telescope, which means that the structure is physically open, and the wind can blow through. Because the wind blows along the mirror the air has a more or less constant temperature, and this prevents seeing. Conventional telescope designs have the problem that hot air from the ground (which is hotter due to solar heating) is blown up along the tower, and this causes air with different temperatures to blow along the telescope, which degrades the image. A drawback of this open structure is that the skeleton has to be very rigid (do not confuse with strong), to prevent the structure from moving in the wind. Normally a solid tower takes care of this (as is done with the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST), for example), or the telescope is placed inside a dome. The DOT does not have this and thus has to be very rigid. The optical part of the telescope is mounted 2 meters in front of the main mirror, and to prevent blurred images, the cameras are mounted very rigidly and can move with a precision of micrometres.

The telescope mirror can be upgraded in size to 3/4 of a meter with small modification, and even larger with additional adaptions.

Custom designed roof

Another novel feature of the DOT is the roof which is made of a special polymer fibre which retains its shape after being stretched and does not loosen after time. The shape of the several roof sections are made in such a way that they are always under tension when closed, so it is stronger (i.e., the sections are saddle-shaped). Patterning and test installation of this specific skin is done in cooperation with the team of Poly-Ned who made more retractable coverings for telescope structures. Example of other similar projects is: GREGOR project on Tenerife. A high UV resistance PVC coated Polyester weave is important for this kind of structures. We call them Textielarchitecture from the Dutch ground.

Despeckle
The despeckle algorithm that improves the image quality allows observers to reach the diffraction limit of the telescope more often than the seeing would normally allow. The despeckle takes 100 images of the same object (e.g., a granule), but each with a temporal distance such that the atmosphere has changed drastically, but the object has not. Then by using statistics and high powered computing (a 35 dual-Xeon computer-cluster powers these despeckle algorithms) the image is improved. Before the summer of 2005 the computation took months after a day of observations, but the new cluster reduces this time to a night.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dutch Open Telescope


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Peter Llewelyn Davies

Peter Llewelyn Davies (25 February 1897 – 5 April 1960) was the middle of five sons of Arthur and Sylvia Llewelyn Davies, one of the Llewelyn Davies boys befriended and later informally adopted by J. M. Barrie. Barrie publicly identified him as the source of the name for the title character in his 1904 play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up.

He was awarded the Military Cross after serving as an officer in World War I, and in 1926 founded the publishing house Peter Davies Ltd. He struggled emotionally after the war, and eventually ended his life by suicide.

He was the first cousin of the English writer Daphne du Maurier.

Childhood
Davies was an infant in a pram when Barrie befriended his older brothers George and Jack during outings in Kensington Gardens, with their nurse Mary Hodgson. Barrie's original description of Peter Pan in The Little White Bird (1902) was as a newborn baby who had escaped to Kensington Gardens. However, according to family accounts, his brothers George and Michael served as the primary models for the character as he appeared in the famed stage play (1904) and later novel (1911), as a pre-adolescent boy.

In 1904, the year when Barrie's play, Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, debuted at London's Duke of York's Theatre, the Davies family moved out of London and went to live at Egerton House, an Elizabethan mansion house in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. Their time there lasted only three years; in 1907, Davies's father died of cancer and his mother took Davies and his brothers George, Jack, Michael, and Nico back to London. She too developed cancer and died in 1910. In her will, she named Barrie, the boys' uncles Crompton Llewelyn Davies and Guy du Maurier as well as her mother, Emma, as guardians to her sons. Hodgson continued to serve as nurse and surrogate mother for him and his brothers, with Barrie taking on the duties of the main guardian and supporting them financially.

Davies, like his brothers (apart from Jack), attended Eton College.

Adulthood
Davies volunteered along with his brother George to serve in World War I, and they both received commissions as officers in the King's Royal Rifle Corps in September 1914. He was a signal officer in France and spent time in the trenches; at one point he was hospitalized with impetigo. By March 1918, he had reached the rank of captain and was the adjutant for 7th Battalion KRRC, when the German spring offensive started. Davies took charge of the battalion after their colonel was wounded during a fighting retreat that lasted for 15 days, for which he was awarded the Military Cross; however, he was emotionally scarred by his wartime experience. His brother George was killed at the age of 21 at Ypres in March 1915.

In 1917, while still in the military, Davies met and began to court Hungarian-born Vera Willoughby (a watercolour painter and illustrator, as well as a costume and poster designer), a married woman 27 years older, with a daughter older than he was. He stayed with her when on leave, which scandalized Barrie and caused a rift between the two. His former nurse and mother figure Mary Hodgson disapproved strongly as well. The relationship continued at least through the end of his military service in 1919. In 1926 he published an edition of George Farquhar's The Recruiting Officer featuring illustrations by Willoughby.

In 1926, Davies, with financial help from Barrie, founded a publishing house, Peter Davies Ltd, which in 1951 published his cousin Daphne du Maurier's work about their grandfather, illustrator and writer George du Maurier, The Young George du Maurier: a selection of his letters 1860–67.

He married Margaret Leslie Hore-Ruthven, youngest daughter of Maj-Gen Walter Hore-Ruthven, in 1931, and had three sons with her: Ruthven (1933–1998), George (b. 1935) and Peter (1940–1989).

He grew to dislike having his name associated with Peter Pan, which he called "that terrible masterpiece". Upon Barrie's death in 1937, most of his estate and fortune went to his secretary Cynthia Asquith, and the copyright to the Peter Pan works had previously been given in 1929 to Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children in London. Davies and his surviving brothers each received a legacy. Davies's son Ruthven later told an interviewer: "My father had mixed feelings about the whole business of Peter Pan. He accepted that Barrie considered that he was the inspiration for Peter Pan and it was only reasonable that my father should inherit everything from Barrie. That was my father's expectation. It would have recompensed him for the notoriety he had experienced since being linked with Peter Pan—something he hated."

He assembled and edited family papers and letters into a collection which he called the Morgue and completed in 1950.

Death
On 5 April 1960, after lingering at the bar of the Royal Court Hotel, 63-year-old Davies walked to the nearby Sloane Square station of the London Underground and threw himself under a train as it was pulling into the station. A coroner's jury ruled that he had killed himself "while the balance of his mind was disturbed". Possible contributing factors to his suicide were his alcoholism and ill health (he was suffering from emphysema). Newspaper reports of his death referred to him in their headlines as "Peter Pan".

Portrayals
In the 1978 BBC mini-series The Lost Boys, he was portrayed at various ages by Jean-Benoit Louveaux, Matthew Blakstad, Dominic Heath, and Tom Kelly.

In the 2004 film Finding Neverland, he was portrayed as a child by Freddie Highmore, presenting him as a child troubled by his father's death, who is drawn out of his shell by Barrie; Highmore received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for his performance. In the musical adaptation, he was portrayed by Harry Polden in the 2012 U.K. premiere; Aidan Gemme played Davies in the American Repertory Theater (2014) and original Broadway theatre (2015) productions.

In the 2013 play Peter and Alice by John Logan, he was portrayed by Ben Whishaw as a troubled individual who had been hurt by his fame and his past.

title: Peter Llewelyn Davies


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Jonathon Power

Jonathon Tyler Power (born August 9, 1974) is a Canadian retired professional squash player. In 1999, he became the first North American squash player to reach the World No. 1 ranking. He won 36 top-level squash events during his career, including the World Open in 1998, and the British Open in 1999.

Career overview
Power began playing squash at the age of seven and turned professional at age 16. After joining the Professional Squash Association (PSA) Tour in May 1991, he went on to win 36 PSA tournaments, and appeared in 58 finals. Career highlights included winning the World Open (1998), the British Open (1999), the Super Series Finals (2003 & 2005), the PSA Masters (2001, 2002 & 2005), the Tournament of Champions (1996, 1999, 2000 & 2002), and the men's singles Gold Medal at the 2002 Commonwealth Games.

Power is considered to be one of the greatest shotmakers in the history of the game, having perfected a wide range of drop shots and deception shots. He was often a crowd favourite, partly because of his emotional outbursts and verbal exchanges with referees, which sometimes led to him being compared with John McEnroe. Power's rivalry with Scotland's Peter Nicol was one of the most famous and extended in the history of the game.

In January 2006, Power returned to the World No. 1 ranking, four-and-a-half years after the previous time he was ranked in the top spot (marking the longest gap between periods of holding the World No. 1 ranking of any player in history). He lost the No. 1 ranking in February 2006 to David Palmer, but regained it again on 1 March 2006. One day later, on 2 March, Power announced his retirement from professional squash. His wife, Sita, gave birth to their daughter named Parker on January 23, 2007.

Power played for Canada at the 2007 and 2009 World Team Championships. He defeated several highly ranked players and showed he was still competitive at world level. He also won the 2008 Canadian Championships, defeating Shahier Razik in the final.

title: Jonathon Power


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European Space Astronomy Centre

The European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) near Madrid in Spain is the ESA's centre for space science (astronomy, Solar System exploration and fundamental physics). It hosts the science operation centres for all ESA astronomy and planetary missions together with their scientific archives. Past and present missions represented at ESAC include (in alphabetical order) Akari, BepiColombo, Cassini–Huygens, Cluster, Exomars, Gaia, Herschel Space Observatory, Hubble Space Telescope, ISO, INTEGRAL, IUE, James Webb Space Telescope, LISA Pathfinder, Mars Express, Planck, Rosetta, SOHO, Solar Orbiter, Venus Express, and XMM-Newton.

Future missions to be represented from ESAC include Athena, Euclid, JUICE, and Plato.

In addition to deep space and solar system exploration, ESAC hosts the data processing of SMOS, a satellite observing the Earth, and the CESAR educational programme.

ESA's deep-space antenna in Europe is located in Cebreros, Avila, about 90 km from Madrid and 65 km from ESAC. This installation provides essential support to the activities of ESAC. Inaugurated in September 2005, Cebreros features a highly accurate pointing control system and a 35-metre antenna that allow ESA to gather data from distant missions to Mercury, Venus, Mars and beyond. ESAC is also involved in ESA missions conducted in collaboration with other space agencies. One example is Akari, a Japanese-led mission to carry out an infrared sky survey, launched on 21 February 2006. Collaborative programmes include the NASA-led James Webb Space Telescope, the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope.

In addition, ESAC also hosts the Spanish Astrobiology Center (CAB), a research facility aimed mainly at encouraging young Spanish scientists to enter the fields of astrophysics and fundamental physics.

ESAC is located near Villafranca del Castillo, within the municipal limits of Villanueva de la Cañada, is located 30 km west of Madrid in the Guadarrama Valley. It lies in between evergreen oaks and at the foot of the ruins of the 15th-century Aulencia Castle.

title: European Space Astronomy Centre


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EXOSAT

The European X-ray Observatory Satellite (EXOSAT), originally named HELOS, was an X-ray telescope operational from May 1983 until April 1986 and in that time made 1780 observations in the X-ray band of most classes of astronomical object including active galactic nuclei, stellar coronae, cataclysmic variables, white dwarfs, X-ray binaries, clusters of galaxies, and supernova remnants.

This European Space Agency (ESA) satellite for direct-pointing and lunar-occultation observation of X-ray sources beyond the Solar System was launched into a highly eccentric orbit (apogee 200,000 km, perigee 500 km) almost perpendicular to that of the Moon on 26 May 1983. The instrumentation includes two low-energy imaging telescopes (LEIT) with Wolter I X-ray optics (for the 0.04–2 keV energy range), a medium-energy experiment using Ar/CO2 and Xe/CO2 detectors (for 1.5–50 keV), a Xe/He gas scintillation spectrometer (GSPC) (covering 2–80 keV), and a reprogrammable onboard data-processing computer. Exosat was capable of observing an object (in the direct-pointing mode) for up to 80 hours and of locating sources to within at least 10 arcsec with the LEIT and about 2 arcsec with GSPC.

History of Exosat
During the period from 1967 to 1969, the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) studied two separate missions: a European X-ray observatory satellite, as a combined X- and gamma-ray observatory (Cos-A), and a gamma-ray observatory (Cos-B). Cos-A was dropped after the initial study, and Cos-B was proceeded with.

Later in 1969 a separate satellite (the Highly Eccentric Lunar Occultation Satellite - Helos) was proposed. The Helos mission was to determine accurately the location of bright X-ray sources using the lunar occultation technique. In 1973 the observatory part of the mission was added, and mission approval from the European Space Agency Council was given for Helos, now renamed Exosat.

It was decided that the observatory should be made available to a wide community, rather than be restricted to instrument developers, as had been the case for all previous ESA (ESRO) scientific programmes. For the first time in an ESA project, this led to the approach of payload funding and management by the Agency. Instrument design and development became a shared responsibility between ESA and hardware groups.

In July 1981 ESA released the first Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for participation in the Exosat observation programme to the scientific community of its Member States. By 1 November 1981, the closing of the AO window, some 500 observing proposals had been received. Of these, 200 were selected for the first nine months of operation.

Exosat was the first ESA spacecraft to carry on board a digital computer (OBC), with its main purpose being scientific data processing. Spacecraft monitoring and control were secondary. To provide the data handling subsystem with an exceptional flexibility of operation, the OBC and Central Terminal Unit were in-flight reprogrammable. This flexibility far exceeded any other ESA spacecraft built up to then.

Satellite operations
Each of the three axes were stabilized and the optical axes of the three scientific instruments were coaligned. The entrance apertures of the scientific instruments were all located on one face of the central body. Once in orbit the flaps which cover the entrances to the ME and LEIT were swung open to act as thermal and stray-light shields for the telescopes and star trackers, respectively.

The orbit of Exosat was different from any previous X-ray astronomy satellite. To maximize the number of sources occulted by the Moon, a highly eccentric orbit (e ~ 0.93) with a 90.6 hr period and an inclination of 73° was chosen. The initial apogee was 191,000 km and perigee 350 km. To be outside the Earth's radiation belts, the scientific instruments were operated above ~50,000 km, giving up to ~76 hr per 90 hr orbit. There was no need for any onboard data storage as Exosat was visible from the ground station at Villafranca, Spain for practically the entire time the scientific instruments were operated.

title: EXOSAT


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George Llewelyn Davies

George Llewelyn Davies (20 July 1893 – 15 March 1915) was the eldest son of Arthur and Sylvia Llewelyn Davies. Along with his four younger brothers, George was the inspiration for playwright J. M. Barrie's characters of Peter Pan and the Lost Boys. The character of Mr. George Darling was named after him. He was killed in action in the First World War. He was the first cousin of the English writer Daphne du Maurier.

Early life
Davies (the family only used the double surname Llewelyn Davies on official occasions) and his brother Jack met Barrie during their regular outings to Kensington Gardens, with their nurse Mary Hodgson. As the oldest (he was four years old when he met Barrie) he featured most prominently in the early storytelling and play adventures from which the writer drew ideas for Barrie's works around that time about young boys. He and Jack (and to a lesser extent Peter) were featured in a photo storybook The Boy Castaways which Barrie made during a shared holiday at Barrie's Black Lake Cottage in 1901.

In the 1904 play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, Peter Pan is roughly 10 – the same age that Davies was when Barrie began writing the play in 1903. Barrie reported taking some of the characterisation of Peter and individual Lost Boys from things Davies and his younger brothers said or did. For example, in response to Barrie's oral tales about babies who died and went to live in Neverland, the boy reportedly exclaimed, "To die will be an awfully big adventure"; this became one of Peter Pan's most memorable lines.

Barrie financially supported Davies and his brothers following the death of their father (1907), and became their primary guardian following the death of their mother (1910). Davies remained very close with "Uncle Jim" as he grew up and went away to school, with the two exchanging letters regularly. His youngest brother Nico later described him (and their brother Michael) as "The Ones": the boys who meant the most to Barrie.

Adult life
Davies attended the Berkhamsted School followed by Eton College, where he excelled at sports (especially cricket) and was elected to the elite social club Pop while still an underclassman. He later attended Trinity College, Cambridge, where he joined the Amateur Dramatic Club (ADC), following in the footsteps of both his uncle, actor Gerald du Maurier, and his dramatist guardian.

Following the UK's entry into World War I, Davies and his brother Peter volunteered for service. He received a commission as a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps and served in the trenches in Flanders On the morning of 15 March 1915, Davies attended an early morning briefing with the battalion's colonel, where the officers were receiving instructions for an advance on the German position at St. Eloi (Ypres). Resting on a bank, Davies had not realised he was sitting in an exposed position. He died of a gunshot wound to the head, aged 21, killed by a German sniper. This occurred six days after the death of his uncle, Colonel Guy du Maurier. J. M. Barrie wrote to George to inform him of his uncle's death, but by the time Barrie received his reply, George himself had been killed.

Originally buried near where he fell, his remains were later moved to the Voormezeele Enclosures Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemeteries in Voormezele, near Ypres, Belgium.

Portrayals
In the 1978 BBC mini-series The Lost Boys, he was portrayed at various ages by Barnaby Holm (son of actor Ian Holm, who portrayed Barrie), Paul Holmes, Philip Kassler, Mark Benson and Christopher Blake.

In the 2004 film Finding Neverland he was portrayed as a child by Nick Roud.

In 2014 he was portrayed by Sawyer Nunes in the musical adaptation Finding Neverland and in its 2015 Broadway production.

title: George Llewelyn Davies


text:
Talk:Physical oceanography

Coriolis computation seems wrong
Coriolis section mentions that "A slope of one part in one million in sea surface height, for example, will result in a current of 1 cm/s at mid-latitudes. " I get that it should be 10cm/s as follows: Use geostrophic relation fu=(1/rho) dp/dy To get that u = (1/f*rho) dp/dy And at the surface pressure is given by p=rho g eta where g is gravity and eta is sea surface height. Substitute in above expression to get current as u = (g/f) d eta / dy = 10^5 10^{-6} = 0.1 m/s

Here f is a mid latitude Coriolis parameter such that g/f =10^5. I'm pretty sure this is correct so I am changing the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.30.6.72 (talk) 21:04, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

Unsigned comment in talk and edit in article are mine, I hadn't signed in so my ip was used instead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oc iduro (talk • contribs) 05:56, 25 December 2015 (UTC)

a note
Re-instated article. Re-write or expand as needed, don't just re-direct to a category. -Vsmith 14:15, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Collab. of the week - nominee
OK - so it just got nominated, mis-read that one. Anyway, I've added an outline of sorts for your filling or chopping or whatever.

I feel the Chemical oceanography article could easily be merged here, but this if developed via this collab. should be separate from the Oceanography overview article. Enjoy - I may be back later to do some fill-in, providing no one strenuously objects to the organization. Vsmith 00:54, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Suggest that we remove the seafloor spreading. This belongs in geological oceanography.--Agnana 03:03, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Geological oceanography or marine geology, the study of the geology of the ocean floor including plate tectonics; RJBurkhart 17:56, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Ocean currents
This section seems to be getting a bit too tactical in nature, and I though it would be better to merge the specific current entries with the Ocean current page. This section could then just be a general overview of what is in the main article. Thoughts? — RJH 20:24, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Possibly ... This sub-domain article lacks high-impact visual learning graphics and it's already included by cross-referencing.

What's the optimum length for an overview article?

RJBurkhart 19:12, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * ocean currents, including:
 * wind-driven surface currents (see Upwelling)
 * geostrophic currents (see Coriolis effect, secondary circulation)

Dimensions
Removed the following from section:
 * The biosphere concept concerns life-supporting zones impacted by physical oceanography factors. The thickness of the biosphere on earth is hard to measure. Birds typically fly at altitudes of 650 to 2000 meters and fishes that live deep underwater can be found down to -8,372 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench.

Not sure that it fits here - esp with the depth limit of the PR trench. Seems more appropriate for Marine biology. Vsmith 01:40, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. This is *physical* oceanography! William M. Connolley 10:01, 20 January 2006 (UTC).

 * This was added for interdisciplinary middle school (8th grade) earth science programs to help answer SO WHAT challenge questions and make static tabular ocean basin facts more memorable or personally relevant!

RJBurkhart 18:58, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * We're not writing a curriculuum for 8th grade science. We're writing an encyclopedia. Those 8th grade teachers need to provide the so what challenges. Not for us to write in riddles. Vsmith 19:47, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

SLR
I took out:

 * Rejecting some IPCC assumptions, Mörner (2004) has argued that sea level rise will not exceed 200 mm, within a range of either +100±100 mm or +50±150 mm depending on assumptions. and These sea level rises could lead to difficulties for shore-based communities: for example, many major cities such as London already need storm-surge defences, and would need more if sea level rose. TAR chapter 11.

Morner is a definite minority (of about one) viewpoint and doesn't deserve to be in a summary like this ( plus the abs of Morner 2004 doesn't support the text ). The communities stuff I removed on the grounds that this is *physical* oceanography. William M. Connolley 18:58, 20 January 2006 (UTC).
 * Hmmm... OK, so I got the wrong Morner 2004. The correct one is and its totally wacky. William M. Connolley 19:04, 20 January 2006 (UTC).

 * I agree! Thanks for simplifying this section's abstract! However, what's memorable and relevant to a middle-school student that relates (ramaining) factoids to global impacts or causes to consequences?  RJBurkhart 22:04, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree! Thanks for simplifying this section's abstract! However, what's memorable and relevant to a middle-school student that relates (ramaining) factoids to global impacts or causes to consequences?  RJBurkhart 22:04, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Well done!
Congratulations to everyone involved. This article has really amazingly improved since becoming Science Collaboration of the Week. Keep it smart, and let us know when you come across other articles similarly needing help! Best, Samsara contrib talk 10:18, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Oceanography WikiProject ?
Oceanography is an important subject requiring attention on Wikipedia. Many articles require cleaning up and expansion, and there are many missing articles. Some standardization would be helpful. Is there any interest in forming an Oceanography WikiProject? It would be an undertaking, so it's important that there be enough interest to maintain it, but it is something that should happen when possible. Looking to other WikiProjects for ideas and for illustrating the power of projects to improve areas is helpful, some related WikiProjects I'm involved in that have improved things greatly are Meteorology, Tropical cyclones, and Climate change. Evolauxia 06:28, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

The project is proposed at WikiProject Council/Proposals. Evolauxia 06:28, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

Ocean temperatures
Does anyone have information over the different temperatures at different depths in oceans near the equator?

AdrianAbel 09:09, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Ocean currents map
This article would benefit from a map showing major ocean currents and gyres. I'll put sources at Talk:Gyre. -- Beland (talk) 00:38, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

physical features and geographical locations
hello there i was just wondering if you could answer so some questions what are the physical features of tropical oceans and what is the geographical locations of tropical oceans —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.42.151.123 (talk) 09:47, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, it is not part of your job to do your homework for you. Invertzoo (talk) 23:34, 29 May 2014 (UTC)

Heat Flux
Here is a bibliography I've worked up for editors interested in expanding this section: https://www.worldcat.org/profiles/greycloud/lists/3461529 Some of the references have online content availability and users of WorldCat can toggle the bibliography to show the latest publications first.Church of the Rain (talk) 00:20, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Interior water
At Sea level rise one primary source under review uses the concept of "interior water". Can any page editors here explain what that is? Thanks. The source is this one NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 12:12, 8 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I cannot locate a technical meaning in a glossary. However,the meaning is the subsurface.SeeScripps website In Carl Wunsch'

Modern Observational Physical Oceanography on p. 83 he writes "The surface and near-surface ocean are complicated places...Surface waves which dominate the kinetic energy at the sea surface, span scales from millimeters to kilometers..." For him the interior water might mean the ocean below a mile to the benthic.Here the meaning of interior water is that which is below the air-sea interface. Church of the Rain (talk) 02:38, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

 * I must be misreading Wunsch. The subsurface is not a mile down even though Wunsch confines the sea surface temperature to meteorology rather that oceanography. The interior waters mean waters below a couple hundred meters or 600 feet. See NASA website Quoting (Wunsch, 2015, p. 84): "The ocean surface layer is subject to forcing by the atmosphere via winds, atmospheric pressure loads, evaporation, and precipitation.These processes also transfer gases...important in biology and climate. In high winds, such as hurricanes, the air-sea interface itself can vanish, becoming a continuum of air and water." I think oceanographers speak of the interior waters as those beyond the reach of these atmospheric processes.Church of the Rain (talk) 12:37, 28 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Physical oceanography


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Powerpuff Girls (character)

Delete. This is a fragment from the main Powerpuff Girls article. Therefore, it should be deleted. Marcus2 14:17, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brave Noodle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:30, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Brave Noodle
Advertising/vanity for a non-notable Alexa rank 4 million (!) website. --BM 14:18, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Deøete, Although a better attempt than most, WP is not a web directory. Inter 18:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wikipedia is not a web directory, article does not justify making an exception. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:45, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 19:48, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As it is now, it is in the style of a self-promotion ad. Zzyzx11 19:55, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I actually laughed out loud! My own domain, in the measly 2,000,000 rank range, is more popular. And note that I did not even link it here, much less create an article. /me continues to laugh maniacally. HyperZonktalk 02:26, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. We keep plumbing the depths of the ranks on Alexa.  I didn't know before last week that they went below 2 million.  Now we know that they go down much further.  My wife's web site where she posts family photos and our daughter's art has an Alexa rank of around 1,000,000. --BM 21:13, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete of course. --Wetman 21:20, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The webistes directory is to full as it is. Oberiko 11:55, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
JEM-EUSO

The Extreme Universe Space Observatory onboard Japanese Experiment Module (JEM-EUSO) is the first space mission concept devoted to the investigation of cosmic rays and neutrinos of extreme energy (E > $5 eV$). Using the Earth's atmosphere as a giant detector, the detection is performed by looking at the streak of fluorescence produced when such a particle interacts with the Earth's atmosphere.

EUSO
EUSO was a mission of the European Space Agency, designed to be hosted on the International Space Station as an external payload of the Columbus. EUSO successfully completed the "Phase A" study, however in 2004, ESA decided not to proceed with the mission because of programmatic and financial constraints. The mission was then re-oriented as a payload to be hosted on board the JEM module of the Japanese KIBO facility of the ISS. The mission was then renamed JEM-EUSO.

JEM-EUSO
JEM-EUSO is currently (2013) studied by RIKEN and JAXA, in collaboration with 95 other institutions from 16 countries aiming for a flight after 2020. The proposed instrument consists of a set of three large Fresnel lenses of 2.65-metre diameter (with top and bottom cut off to reduce the minimum diameter to 1.9-metre so that they fit in the HTV resupply vehicle in which the instrument is to be launched) feeding a detector consisting of 137 modules each a 48 x 48 array of photomultipliers. The imaging takes place in the 300 nm-450 nm band (low-energy UV through deep-blue), and photons are time-tagged with 2.5-microsecond precision.

Orbital debris detection
In addition to its main, science mission, EUSO might also be used to detect orbiting space junk that could pose a threat to ISS, that is too small to be spotted by astronomers (1 to 10 cm). The ISS is shielded adequately against particles that are smaller than 1 cm. Particles in this range, or larger, can inflict serious damage, especially to other objects in orbit, since many of them are traveling at speeds of about 36,000 km/h. Nearly 3,000 tons of space debris resides in low Earth orbit; more than 700,000 pieces of debris larger than 1 cm now orbit Earth. A laser might then be used to deflect dangerous particles. The project could be ready to implement after about 2017–2018, using better lasers.

Other projects under the EUSO framework

 * EUSO-TA (Extreme Universe Space Observatory-Telescope Array): a ground-based telescope designed to prove the technology of EUSO telescopes. Was installed at Black Rock Mesa, Utah, United States at one of the Telescope Array fluorescence detectors in March 2013 (first observations in 2015). The experiment was on-going in 2018. The experiment has detected some UHECR-events (Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray).
 * EUSO-Balloon: a balloon-based EUSO telescope meant to further validate the technology. The balloon flight took place in 2014 in Canada and lasted 5 hours. The telescope observed laser-simulated cosmic ray events.
 * EUSO-SPB (EUSO-Super Pressure Balloon): a high-altitude heavy-lift balloon EUSO telescope. Launched in 2017 from New Zealand (EUSO-SPB1-mission). The flight took 13 days, but was cut substantially shorter than the planned 100 days. Second mission (EUSO-SPB2) is planned for 2021.
 * TUS (Tracking Ultraviolet Setup): a Russian mission on board the Lomonosov-satellite (launched 2016); included in the EUSO program as of 2018 (originally was not part of EUSO program).
 * Mini-EUSO: an ultraviolet telescope operated at the ISS. The telescope serves as a pathfinder mission for UCHER-missions in space and maps the ultraviolet background produced by Earth atmosphere. The mapping of the UV-background is important for the follow-up missions K-EUSO and JEM-EUSO. The mission started as a co-operation between Italian Space Agency and Russian Space Agency. The Mini-EUSO telescope was launched to ISS on 22 August 2019.
 * K-EUSO (KLYPVE-EUSO; KLYPVE is a Russian acronym for extreme energy cosmic rays): a Russian Space Agency project to place an UHECR telescope in the Russian segment of ISS. The project builds upon the TUS-experiment of the Russian Lomonosov-satellite. In 2017, the launch was scheduled for 2022.
 * JEM-EUSO (Japanese Experiment Module-EUSO): the final goal of the JEM-EUSO program is to have the JEM-EUSO telescope installed into ISS.
 * POEMMA (Probe Of Multi-Messenger Astrophysics): a dedicated satellite mission (2 satellites) to observe UHECR-events in the atmosphere. As of 2018, it is a NASA-sponsored concept study.

title: JEM-EUSO


text:
User:Teknic

I'll get around to it, but for now please just pretend there's something insightful here. Thank you.

title: User:Teknic


text:
Einstein Observatory

Einstein Observatory (HEAO-2) was the first fully imaging X-ray telescope put into space and the second of NASA's three High Energy Astrophysical Observatories. Named HEAO B before launch, the observatory's name was changed to honor Albert Einstein upon its successfully attaining orbit.

Project conception and design
The High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO) program originated in the late 1960's within the Astronomy Missions Board at NASA, which recommended the launch of a series of satellite observatories dedicated to high-energy astronomy. In 1970, NASA requested proposals for experiments to fly on these observatories, and a team organized by Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, George W. Clark, Elihu Boldt, and Robert Novick responded in October 1970 with a proposal for an x-ray telescope. NASA approved four missions in the HEAO program, with the x-ray telescope planned to be the third mission.

One of the three missions of the HEAO program was cancelled in February 1973, due to budgetary pressures within NASA that briefly resulted in the cancellation of the entire program, and the x-ray observatory was moved up to become the second mission of the program, receiving the designation HEAO B (later HEAO-2), and scheduled to launch in 1978.

HEAO-2 was constructed by TRW Inc. and shipped to Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, AL for testing in 1977.

History
HEAO-2 was launched on November 13, 1978, from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on an Atlas-Centaur SLV-3D booster rocket into a near-circular orbit at an altitude of approximately 470 km and orbital inclination of 23.5 degrees. The satellite was renamed Einstein upon achieving orbit, in honor of the centenary of the scientist's birth.

Einstein ceased operations on April 26 1981, when the exhaustion of the satellite's thruster fuel supply rendered the telescope inoperable. The satellite reentered Earth's atmosphere and burned up on March 25, 1982.

Instrumentation

Einstein carried a single large grazing-incidence focusing X-ray telescope that provided unprecedented levels of sensitivity. It had instruments sensitive in the 0.15 to 4.5 keV energy range. Four instruments were installed in the satellite, mounted on a carousel arrangement that could be rotated into the focal plane of the telescope:

 * The High Resolution Imaging camera (HRI) was a digital x-ray camera covering the central 25 arcmin of the focal plane. The HRI was sensitive to x-ray emissions between 0.15 and 3 keV and capable of ~2 arcsec spatial resolution.
 * The Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) was a proportional counter covering the entire focal plane. The IPC was sensitive to x-ray emissions between 0.4 and 4 keV and capable of ~1 arcmin spatial resolution.
 * The Solid State Spectrometer (SSS) was a cryogenically cooled silicon drift detector. The SSS was sensitive to x-ray emissions between 0.5 and 4.5 keV. The cryogen keeping the SSS at its operational temperature ran out, as expected, in October 1979.
 * Bragg Focal Plane Crystal Spectrometer (FPCS) was a Bragg crystal spectrometer. The FPCS was sensitive to x-ray emissions between 0.42 and 2.6 keV.

Additionally, the Monitor Proportional Counter (MPC) was a non-focal plane, coaxially-mounted proportional counter that monitored the x-ray flux of the source being observed by the active focal plane instrument.

Two filters could be used with the imaging detectors:

 * The Broad Band Filter Spectrometer consisted of aluminum and beryllium filters than could be placed into the x-ray beam to change the spectral sensitivity.
 * The Objective Grating Spectrometer transmission gratings.

Riccardo Giacconi was the principal investigator for all of the experiments on board Einstein.

Scientific results
Einstein discovered approximately five thousand sources of x-ray emission during its operation and was the first x-ray experiment able to resolve an image of the observed sources.

X-ray background
Surveys by early x-ray astronomy experiments showed a uniform diffuse background of x-ray radiation across the sky. The uniformity of this background radiation indicated that it originated outside of the Milky Way Galaxy, with the most popular hypotheses being a hot gas spread uniformly throughout space, or numerous distant point sources of x-rays (such as quasars) that appear to blend together due to their great distance. Observations with Einstein showed that a large portion of this x-ray background originated from distant point sources, and observations with later x-ray experiments have confirmed and refined this conclusion.

Stellar x-ray emissions
Observations with Einstein showed that all stars emit x-rays. Main sequence stars emit only a small portion of their total radiation in the x-ray spectrum, primarily from their corona, while neutron stars emit a very large portion of their total radiation in the x-ray spectrum. Einstein data also indicated that coronal x-ray emissions in main sequence stars are stronger than was expected at the time.

Galaxy clusters
The Uhuru satellite discovered x-ray emissions from a hot, thin gas pervading distant clusters of galaxies. Einstein was able to observe this gas in greater detail. Einstein data indicated that the containment of this gas within these clusters by gravity could not be explained by the visible matter within those clusters, which provided further evidence for studies of dark matter. Observations by Einstein also helped to determine the frequency of irregularly-shaped clusters compared to round, uniform clusters.

Galactic jets
Einstein detected jets of x-rays emanating from Centaurus A and M87 that were aligned with previously-observed jets in the radio spectrum.

title: Einstein Observatory


text:
Ásíyih Khánum

Ásíyih K͟hánum ( 1820 – 1886) was the first wife of Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith. She is also known by her titles of Navváb, the Most Exalted Leaf, Búyúk K͟hánum or Hadrat-i-K͟hánum. K͟hánum is a title usually given to a Persian lady and is equivalent to madam or dame. Baháʼu'lláh and Ásíyih Khánum were known as the Father of the Poor and the Mother of Consolation for their extraordinary generosity and regard for the impoverished. Baháʼu'lláh, along with Ásíyih Khánum and her children, are regarded as the Baháʼí holy family.

Background

Ásíyih Khánum was born Ásíyih Yalrúdí the only daughter of Mírzá Ismáʼíl Yalrúdí, an aristocrat and minister in the Qajar court in the village of Yal Rud in Mazandaran. She had one brother Mírzá Mahmúd who did not become a follower of Bábism nor of the Baháʼí Faith. The Yalrúdí family held a prominent position in the nobility, providing Ásíyih with an upbringing of exceptional privilege. She received a comprehensive education and was proficient in both Persian and Arabic.

Marriage
In 1832, Ásíyih's elder brother, Mírzá Mahmúd, entered into marriage with Sarah, an elder sister of Baháʼu'lláh. Sarah was very close to Baháʼu'lláh and was gratified with evidence of young Ásíyih’s beauty, piety and kindness. She quickly devised a plan to marry the two together. Mírzá ʻAbbás Núrí agreed, possibly enticed by a substantial dowry that included three servants, a sizable piece of land, property, and a sum of money. Although the engagement was officially announced, it was postponed until Ásíyih reached marriageable age.

In October 1835, the fifteen-year-old Ásíyih Khánum married Baháʼu'lláh in a lavish ceremony where the buttons on Ásíyih Khánum's attire were jewels. These jewels were later sold to sustain the family with food during the persecution of Bábís in 1852. According to Baháʼí sources, Ásíyih and Baháʼu'lláh were actively involved in philanthropy. Known as the “Mother of Consolation,” Ásíyih engaged in charitable work, particularly aiding the destitute in Tehran.

The marriage resulted in seven children: Kázim, Sádiq, ʻAbbás, ʻAlí-Muhammad, Bahíyyih, Mihdí, and ʻAlí-Muhammad. Only three survived to adulthood, all of whom maintained a strong loyalty to their mother. Ásíyih Khánum was intimately connected with her children, actively participating in their upbringing, especially that of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. The Núrí family resided in the capital, Tehran, and spent the summer months in Mazandaran; the customary practice of upper-class Persian families.

As a Bábí
In 1844, Baháʼu'lláh heard of a new faith Bábism and accepted. Ásíyih soon joined to the new faith and became a fervent convert. She helped hide the Bábí leader Táhirih in her private parlour whilst she was hiding from government forces.

On 15 August 1852, a radical Bábí group attempted to assassinate the Shah, but their plan failed. The Bábís associated with the plot were apprehended and executed. Despite their assertion that they acted independently, the entire Bábí community bore the blame, triggering a widespread pogrom initiated by the Shah. Bahá’u’lláh was arrested. Ásíyih’s residence was ransacked, its belongings seized, leaving her in dire poverty. She fled with her children, grappling at times to secure enough funds for their sustenance. The family vividly recalled receiving only a handful of flour to alleviate their hunger.

Baghdad

Bahá’u’lláh was eventually released but banished from his homeland to Baghdad. Despite their well-established connections through their families, many distanced themselves from the couple during this period. Upon departure, no one bid them farewell, except the "grandmother of Ásíyih Khánum". Reluctantly, Ásíyih left her youngest child, Mihdí, in her care.

In the freezing winter of January 1853, the family embarked on their journey to Baghdad. Accompanying Baháʼu'lláh, who was weak and ailing from his months in the dungeon, Ásíyih Khánum became his closest companion and confidante. Additionally, she was pregnant during the journey, which posed considerable challenges.

In 1854, Baháʼu'lláh decided to retreat to Kurdistan, entrusting the care of the family to his two brothers, Mírzá Músá and Subh-i-Azal. According to her children’s recollections, Azal restricted the family’s freedom, forbidding Ásíyih from seeking medical help when her baby needed a doctor. The child, named ʻAlí-Muhammad after the Báb, was born in Baghdad and died around 1855 at the age of two. Bahá’u’lláh eventually returned, bringing some stability to the family.

Constantinople and Adrianople
The family were subsequently exiled again to Constantinople in 1863. Shortly after the arrival in Constantinople they were exiled to the remote Adrianople. The journey was an exhausting and wearisome one during the winter. The cold took its toll on Ásíyih and she fell gravely ill. The five years in Adrianople were also unhappy. Bahá’u’lláh almost died in 1866 and she was threatened with being separated from her husband in 1868. It was, according to Baháʼís, through the intercession of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá that this was scrapped and the family all exiled together.

Acre

In July 1868, a royal decree was issued, condemning the Bábís/Baháʼís to perpetual imprisonment and isolation in remote outposts of the Ottoman Empire. Mirza Yahya and his followers were assigned to Famagusta, Cyprus, while Baháʼu'lláh and his followers were designated to Acre in Ottoman Palestine. Once again, and for the final time, the family was exiled to the prison city of Acre, Israel, which proved to be the most challenging place they had experienced thus far. Accompanying Ásíyih were her twenty-four-year-old son, her twenty-one-year-old daughter, her twenty-year-old son, and her husband.

The Baháʼís arrived in August at the peak of summer. The inhabitants of Acre were informed that the new prisoners were deemed enemies of the state, God, and His religion, and any association with them was strictly prohibited. The hostile public engaged in jeering and verbal abuse. Nearly all of the exiles fell dangerously ill. This period proved distressing for Ásíyih Khánum, as well as for many other Baháʼís, given the death of three Baháʼís and the antagonistic behavior of the surrounding population. The Baháʼís were imprisoned in appalling conditions within a cluster of cells covered in dirt and sewage, without adequate food for three days. Perhaps the most trying circumstance for Ásíyih was the sudden and accidental death of her youngest son, twenty-two-year-old Mihdí.

The death of her son caused Ásíyih much pain, to the extent that her family grew concerned about her sanity. According to Baháʼís, the disconsolate Ásíyih found solace in Baháʼu'lláh, who reassured his wife that their child was in heaven.

Easing of restrictions
In 1870, the family's restrictions were eased, and they were relocated from the prison. As the people of Acre began to show respect for the Baháʼís, particularly ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, he arranged for houses to be rented for the family. Around 1879, when an epidemic prompted the inhabitants to flee, the family moved to the Mansion of Bahjí. Despite her delicate health, exacerbated by the climate of Acre, Ásíyih continued her nursing work, a vocation she had initiated in Tehran. Remembered in the city for assisting the sick and developing remedies, she maintained this commitment

As pilgrims gradually arrived from Persia, Ásíyih greeted them as the "head of the household," earning great respect and admiration from both Baháʼís and her own children. Baháʼu'lláh affectionately called her “Navváb”, and also gave her the names Varaqiyih-'Ulyá, meaning "Most Exalted Leaf," and his "perpetual consort in the worlds of God". Baháʼu'lláh designated her son ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as his successor.

Death
Ásíyih passed away in 1886 at the age of 66, having suffered a fall, with Baháʼu'lláh by her side. Her death was a cause for mourning not only within the Baháʼí community but also among the broader populace of Acre.; her funeral was attended by Muslims, Christians and Druze people. Baháʼu'lláh expressed his profound grief, stating that after Ásíyih, his light had turned to darkness, his joy to sadness, and calmness into agitation. Her death was followed by additional losses that deeply affected the family. A year later, Mírzá Músá, Baháʼu'lláh's brother, passed away, followed by the death of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's son and Baháʼu'lláh's grandson, five-year-old Husayn. These subsequent losses intensified Baháʼu'lláh's mourning.

Reburial

After Ásíyih died in 1886, she was buried in a Muslim cemetery in Acre. Western and Eastern pilgrims would travel to the cemetery to visit her grave and the grave of Mírzá Mihdí. In 1932 her daughter died and her wish was to be buried beside her mother and brother. Shoghi Effendi thought the gravesite of Ásíyih in this cemetery was unbefitting for her and her son.

After fifty-three years since her death, he arranged to secretly transfer her remains and that of her son to be buried near her daughter in Mount Carmel. They were removed from their previous resting places and the bodies were temporarily left in the Shrine of the Báb till the burial arrangements were finished. He then cabled the Baháʼís:

"Blessed remains Purest Branch and Master's mother safely transferred hallowed precincts Shrines Mount Carmel. Long inflicted humiliation wiped away. Machinations Covenant-breakers frustrate plan defeated. Cherished wish Greatest Holy Leaf fulfilled. Sister brother mother wife ʻAbdu'l-Bahá reunited one spot designed constitute focal centre Baháʼí Administrative Institutions at Faith's World Centre. Share joyful news entire body American believers. Shoghi Rabbani."

He commissioned two marble monuments to be built made in Corinthian style from Italy. After successfully transferring the remains, Shoghi Effendi reburied the two next to each other in a ceremony on Christmas Day of 1939. The burial ground is now called the Monument Gardens, the burial ground of the Baháʼí "holy family", namely the wife, son, daughter and daughter-in-law of Baháʼu'lláh.

Appearance and personality

Tall by the standards of nineteenth-century Persia, Ásíyih possessed a fair complexion, dark hair, deep blue eyes, and regular features, making her a recognized beauty. Described by her daughter as a "pearl amongst women", historical accounts depict her as "slender, stately, with white skin and blue eyes and dark hair". She was further characterized as "winsome, vivacious, and exceedingly beautiful". All her children inherited her distinctive physical features.

Ásíyih had an aristocratic bearing, yet at times, she grappled with the challenges of life in exile. Unaccustomed to labor, she faced difficulties during the exile in Baghdad, with her hands suffering from blisters and cuts caused by washing clothes. Remembered for her strong character, her son `Abdu’l-Bahá reflected that she was "patient, God-fearing, calm, humble, and contented." Shoghi Effendi described her as having "continued to evince a fortitude, a piety, a devotion, and a nobility of soul".

Ásíyih was profoundly religious. Following the unexpected death of her son Mírzá Mihdí, she found solace in her deeply rooted belief that he was in heaven. Her granddaughter fondly remembered her, stating, "my eyes will always see her in her blue dress…her sweet, smiling face…as she chanted prayers in her musical voice". Even in her youth in Tehran, Ásíyih was recognised for her charitable work with the poor, and this commitment continued during her imprisonment in Acre. When the exiled Bahá’í community experienced a period of relative freedom, Ásíyih actively participated in caring for the sick in Acre.

title: Ásíyih Khánum


text:
Mary Cartwright

Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright (17 December 1900 – 3 April 1998) was a British mathematician. She was one of the pioneers of what would later become known as chaos theory. Along with J. E. Littlewood, Cartwright saw many solutions to a problem which would later be seen as an example of the butterfly effect.

Early life and education
Mary Cartwright was born on 17 December 1900, in Aynho, Northamptonshire, where her father William Digby was vicar. Through her grandmother Jane Holbech, she descended from poet John Donne and William Mompesson, Vicar of Eyam. She had four siblings, two older and two younger: John (born 1896), Nigel (born 1898), Jane (born 1905), and William (born 1907). Her early education was at Leamington High School (1912–1915), and then at Gravely Manor School in Boscombe (1915–1916) before completion in Godolphin School in Salisbury (1916–1919).

Cartwright studied mathematics at St Hugh's College, Oxford, graduating in 1923 with a first class degree. She was the first woman to attain the final degree lectures and to obtain a first. She briefly taught at Alice Ottley School in Worcester and Wycombe Abbey School in Buckinghamshire before returning to Oxford in 1928 to read for her D.Phil. Cartwright was supervised by G. H. Hardy in her doctoral studies. During the academic year 1928–9 Hardy was at Princeton, so it was E. C. Titchmarsh who took over the duties as a supervisor. Her thesis "The Zeros of Integral Functions of Special Types" was examined by J. E. Littlewood, whom she met for the first time as an external examiner in her oral examination for that 1930 D.Phil.

In 1930, Cartwright was awarded a Yarrow Research Fellowship and went to Girton College, Cambridge to continue working on the topic of her doctoral thesis. Attending Littlewood's lectures, she solved one of the open problems which he posed. Her mathematical theorem, now known as Cartwright's Theorem, gives an estimate for the maximum modulus of an analytic function that takes the same value no more than p times in the unit disc. To prove the theorem she used a new approach, applying a technique introduced by Lars Ahlfors for conformal mappings.

Career
Throughout her career, Cartwright wrote over ninety articles on several different mathematical concepts. Her contributions extended to topics such as the Dirichlet series, Abel summation, directions of Borel spreads, analytic functions regular on the unit disk, the zeros of integral functions, maximum and minimum moduli, and functions of finite order in an angle. In 1936, Cartwright became director of studies in mathematics at Girton College. In 1938, she began work on a new project which had a major impact on the direction of her research. The Radio Research Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research produced a memorandum regarding certain differential equations which came out of modelling radio and radar work. They asked the London Mathematical Society if they could help find a mathematician who could work on these problems and she became interested. The dynamics lying behind the problems were unfamiliar to Cartwright, so she approached Littlewood for help with this aspect. They began to collaborate studying the equations, in particular the Van der Pol oscillator, which greatly surprised the two:"For something to do we went on and on at the thing with no earthly prospect of 'results'; suddenly the whole vista of the dramatic fine structure of solutions stared us in the face." The fine structure described here is today seen to be a typical instance of the butterfly effect. The collaboration led to important results which have greatly influenced the direction that the modern theory of dynamical systems has taken. Although the duo did not supply the answer in time, they succeeded in directing the engineers' attention away from faulty equipment towards practical ways of compensating for the electrical "noise"—or erratic fluctuations—being produced.

In 1945, Cartwright simplified Hermite's elementary proof of the irrationality of $\pi$. She set her version of the proof as a Tripos question, later published in an appendix to Sir Harold Jeffreys' book Scientific Inference. In 1947, she was elected to be a Fellow of the Royal Society; although she was not the first woman to be elected to that Society, she was the first female mathematician.

Cartwright was appointed Mistress of Girton in 1948 and a Reader in the Theory of Functions in Cambridge in 1959 until 1968. From 1957 to 1960, she was president of the Cambridge Association of University Women. After retiring from Girton, she was a visiting professor at Brown University from 1968 to 1969 and at Claremont Graduate School from 1969 to 1970. Cartwright died in Cambridge, on 3 April 1998 at the age of 97.

Recognition
Cartwright was the first woman:
 * to serve on the Council of the Royal Society
 * to be President of the Mathematical Association (in 1951)
 * to be President of the London Mathematical Society (in 1961–62)
 * to receive the Sylvester Medal (in 1964)
 * to receive the De Morgan Medal, the highest award of the London Mathematical Society (in 1968)

In 1968, Cartwright became the first woman to receive the De Morgan Medal, the highest award of the London Mathematical Society, and was elected an Honorary Fellow of The Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE). In 1969, she received the distinction of being honoured by the Queen, becoming Dame Mary Cartwright, Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

Death
Cartwright died in Midfield Lodge Nursing Home in Cambridge in 1998.

title: Mary Cartwright


text:
Mayo (Dáil constituency)

Mayo is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects 4 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

History
At the 2002 general election Fine Gael suffered its worst electoral performance ever, losing 23 seats nationally, a figure larger than expected and with its overall vote down 5%. Enda Kenny came close to losing his seat and even went so far as to prepare a concession speech. In the end he won the third seat in the five-seat constituency.

At the 2011 general election, this was the constituency of Fine Gael leader Enda Kenny, who would become Taoiseach after the election. Fine Gael won four out of five seats in Mayo at that election. This was the first time any party won four seats in any five-seat Dáíl constituency; the last time any party had won four seats in a Dáil constituency was in the era of six- and seven-seat constituencies.

Boundaries
The constituency includes Castlebar, Westport and Ballina. Mayo is the largest Dáil constituency in Ireland by area.

The Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017 defines the current constituency as:

The constituency was used for the first time at the 1997 general election and replaced the former constituencies of Mayo East and Mayo West.

In the Constituency Review Report 2023, the Electoral Commission recommended that the electoral divisions of Mayo that were in the Galway West constituency should be transferred to the Mayo constituency, thereby making the constituency comprise the entire county of Mayo. It was also allocated an extra seat and become a five seat constituency.

For the next general election, the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023 defines the constituency as:

title: Mayo (Dáil constituency)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brown University's Undergraduate Finance Board

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Brown University's Undergraduate Finance Board
Article about a student organization, apparently part of Brown's student goverenment. Too low a level of granularity. Delete --BM 14:23, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, student vanity. Megan1967 22:55, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV, anything that's worthwhile might be merged as a "controversy" section to Brown University, but even that is probably not a good idea, in my opinion. HyperZonktalk 02:55, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge what can be salvaged to Brown University. This fork in unencyclopedic. vlad_mv 04:53, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Template:Utah-bio-stub

title: Template:Utah-bio-stub


text:
Matty Grooves Records

Matty Grooves Records is a record label which was started by the members of Fairport Convention in 2004, when Woodworm Records was put into hold. The name is derived from the English folk song "Matty Groves".

title: Matty Grooves Records


text:
User talk:Fburns

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

You might find these pages useful:

 * How to edit a page

 * How to write a great article

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If you have any questions, see help, leave a question at the help desk, or feel free to drop me a line on my talk page.

Thanks again and happy editing!

— Trilobite (Talk) 14:25, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fburns


text:
User talk:Kurivaim

what it's supposed to mean
Despite several attempts to read this sentence, I still have no idea what it's supposed to mean:

"After the Ontario Court of Appeal upheld Richards' original sentence- the somewhat unorthodox charity concert at an Oshawa hockey arena (a concert attendees remember as being thick with marijuana smoke) Keith emerged healthy and in love with a young New York model." Kurivaim 12:21, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

It means the sentence was appealed by the Crown, and the Appeal Court upheld the original punishment- a charity concert for the Canadian National Institute of the Blind. The sentence was controversial, and the fact that concert goers were smoking drugs, only further irritated many Canadians who thought Richards got off light because he was a celebrity. But Richards often cites the arrest and prosecution as a turning point in his life. Shortly after the episode he met his wife

Compound sentences aren't that difficult to follow are they.? --Mikerussell 00:47, 2005 Jun 24 (UTC)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Keith_Richards" Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

You might find these pages useful:

 * How to edit a page

 * How to write a great article

 * Article naming conventions

 * Wikipedia's Manual of Style

You can always experiment in the sandbox.

If you like, you can introduce yourself at the new user log, or write something about yourself on your user page.

One more thing: if you leave a note on any kind of discussion page it's always helpful to sign your post with four tildes ( ~ ), which is automatically converted to your username and the date and time. Don't do this in articles themselves though as they are not 'owned' by any particular contributor.

If you have any questions, see help, leave a question at the help desk, or feel free to drop me a line on my talk page.

Thanks again and happy editing!

— Trilobite (Talk) 14:25, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"seldomly" isn't a word
About 176,000 pages disagree. --Palnatoke 05:34, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kurivaim


text:
Popular Revolutionary Army

The Popular Revolutionary Army or Ejercito Popular Revolucionario is a leftist guerrilla movement in Mexico. Though it operates mainly in the state of Guerrero, it has conducted operations in other southern-Mexico states, including Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guanajuato, Tlaxcala and Veracruz.

The EPR announced its existence on June 28, 1996, at the commemoration of the Aguas Blancas massacre one year earlier. Dozens of rebels, carrying AK-47 and AR-15 rifles, declared war against the Mexican government and read aloud the "Aguas Blancas Manifesto", as well as firing 17 shots into the air to pay respect to the 17 who died in the massacre.

Political ideology
The Popular Revolutionary Army advocates socialist peasant revolution. Subcomandante Marcos has distanced the EZLN from the EPR in his communiqués, largely because of the EPR activities in the state of Chiapas in the midst of peace talks in 1996 and 1997. The EPR though still asserts its support of the Zapatistas.

The Popular Revolutionary Army has founded a militarized political party, the Popular Revolutionary Democratic Party, or Partido Democrático Popular Revolucionario. The group often signs its communiqués "PDPR-EPR," combining the Spanish initials of the army and the party. However, the Popular Revolutionary Democratic Party does not function in the political world independent of the Popular Revolutionary Army; the party does not appear on ballots in any local or federal elections.

1990s
June 28, 1996: After the reading of the "Aguas Blancas Manifesto" by "Captain Emiliano", guerrillas engaged police in a fire fight near the Guerrero capital of Chilpancingo, wounding several policemen and one civilian.

July 2, 1996: An EPR communiqué warns of "imminent" armed clashes with the army and police, this in response to the massive military presence in the area. Military intelligence concludes the EPR to be a genuine force, better equipped and organized than the EZLN.

July 17, 1996: An attack on an army patrol in the southwest of Guerrero wounds several soldiers and kills one civilian. Two weeks later an ambush on Navy patrolmen leaves another wounded.

August 7, 1996: EPR snipers killed one soldier and wounded several others. The EPR general command gave a press interview the same day. On August 25, the rebels claim to have killed 59 soldiers since June 28.

August 28 and 29: The largest assault so far, exceeding public and government conceptions about the group's strength. A coordinated multistate attack hits army, police, and government targets in Oaxaca, Guerrero, Puebla and the Federal District, killing 18 and wounding more than two dozen. The EPR claims 41 dead and 48 wounded. Guerrilla forces also blocked roads in Chiapas to distribute pamphlets and seized a radio station in Tabasco. President Zedillo at his State of the Union Address (Segundo Informe de Gobierno) said: "Against terrorism, all the power of the State" in a message that terrorist acts would be prosecuted.

May 1997: Two engagements left 5 soldiers and 4 guerrillas dead.

2000s
July 2007: EPR claimed responsibility for several attacks against Pemex oil facilities in the Bajío region and stated that the attacks would continue until two of its members were released. The government denies responsibility for the disappearance of these 2 members.

August 1, 2007: EPR also claimed responsibility for a bomb attack on a Sears store in Oaxaca, there was some damage but no injuries. On the same day the EPR also claimed responsibility for an attempted bombing of a Banamex bank branch also in Oaxaca.

September 10, 2007: Pemex reported explosions due to sabotage on several pipelines located in the key energy producing state of Veracruz and further inland in Tlaxcala. According to reports, there were six explosions targeting pipelines carrying natural gas, propane, and crude oil. The effects of the explosions were so severe that they caused the evacuation of over 20,000 people from the area. The explosions caused millions of dollars in damages to Pemex equipment. Additionally, it is estimated the explosions cost the Mexican economy $100 million a day as over 2,500 businesses were affected and 60% of Mexico's steel industry was shuttered. On September 11, 2007, the EPR claimed responsibility for the explosions.

Mexican government reaction
Following the July 2007 pipeline attacks, President Calderón deployed 5,000 special troops to secure the pipelines, along with dams and power plants. These troops began regular patrols of the region both on the ground and in the air. However, Pemex has 60,000 km of the pipeline so it will be difficult to secure the pipelines from saboteurs.

Shortly after the September pipeline attacks, the Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (Mexican intelligence service) leaked a report stating that Venezuela's President Hugo Chavez was believed to be supporting the EPR with materials, armament, and training.

Mexican magazine Contralínea has announced that at least 21 members of the EPR have gone missing apparently after being kidnapped by government forces since the arrival to power of President Calderón. These disappearances of political activists are not restricted to the EPR but also to many others independent activists. The government claims they are caused by narcotraffic gang disputes.

title: Popular Revolutionary Army


text:
Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer

Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer (or FAME) was a NASA proposed astrometric satellite designed to determine with unprecedented accuracy the positions, distances, and motions of 40 million stars within our galactic neighborhood (distances by stellar parallax possible). This database was to allow astronomers to accurately determine the distance to all of the stars on this side of the Milky Way galaxy, detect large planets and planetary systems around stars within 1,000 light years of the Sun, and measure the amount of dark matter in the galaxy from its influence on stellar motions. It was to be a collaborative effort between the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) and several other institutions. FAME would have measured stellar positions to less than 50 microarcseconds. The NASA MIDEX mission was scheduled for launch in 2004. In January 2002, however, NASA abruptly cancelled this mission, mainly due to concerns about costs, which had grown from US$160 million initially to US$220 million.

This would have been an improvement over the High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite (Hipparcos) which operated 1989–1993 and produced various star catalogs. Astrometric parallax measurements form part of the cosmic distance ladder, and can also be measured by other space telescopes such as Hubble (HST) or ground-based telescopes to varying degrees of precision.

Compared to the FAME accuracy of 50 microarcseconds, the Gaia mission is planning 10 microarcseconds accuracy, for mapping stellar parallax up to a distance of tens of thousands of light-years from Earth.

title: Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer


text:
List of Marquesas Islands

The Marquesas Islands were the first of the island groups discovered by European explorers in the Pacific. Over the centuries, these Polynesian islands have been variously known by a number of names.

The islands are known in Marquesan variously as Te Henua Kenana or Te Henua Enana in North Marquesan and Te Fenua Enata in South Marquesan.

The first recorded European visitor to the islands was the Spanish navigator and explorer Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira who came upon them by chance in 1595. He named them "Las Islas Marquesas de Mendoza" in honor of the wife of his patron García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, the Viceroy of Perú.

The islands are divided into two groups: a southern group of five islands and a northern group consisting of Ua Pou, Ua Huka and Nuku Hiva along with a set of smaller islands to the northwest. The southern and northern Marquesas have distinct forms of Marquesan geography, Marquesan language, and Marquesan culture.

While there is no native Marquesan name to differentiate between the northern and southern groups, they have been differentiated as such, at least by American navigators, historically, by the names "Washington Islands" to refer to the northern Marquesas, and "Mendaña Islands" to refer to the southern Marquesas.

Following is a list of the islands, giving first their most widely accepted Marquesan names, followed by variants:

 * Eiao
 * Fremantle
 * Knox
 * Masse
 * Robert
 * Hiaou
 * Iau
 * Hatutu
 * Hatutaa
 * Hatoutou
 * Chanal
 * Hancock
 * Langdon
 * Motu One
 * Sable
 * Îlot de Sable
 * Lincoln
 * Motu Iti
 * Hatu Iti
 * Nuku Hiva
 * Nukuhiva
 * Nukahiva
 * Federal Island (named by Joseph Ingraham)
 * Adams (named by Josiah Roberts)
 * Beaux (named by Étienne Marchand)
 * Sir Henry Martin (named by )
 * Madison (named by David Porter)
 * Ua Huka (including Motu Papa and Epiti)
 * Uahuka
 * Huahuna
 * Riou
 * Roahonga
 * Solide
 * Ua Pou (including Motu Mohoke and Motu Oa)
 * Ua Pou
 * Uapou
 * Uapu
 * Huapu
 * Adams
 * Marchand
 * Fatu Uku
 * Fatuhuku
 * Fatuuku
 * Fatou Houkou
 * Hood's Island
 * Hiva Oa (including Hanakee)
 * Hivaoa
 * Hiva Hoa
 * Hiavaoa
 * Dominica
 * Tahuata
 * Taahuata
 * Tuhuata
 * Santa Christina
 * Moho Tani
 * Motane
 * Mohotane
 * San Pedro
 * Fatu Hiva
 * Fatu Iva
 * Fatouhiva
 * Magdalena
 * Motu Nao
 * Thomasset Rock
 * Rocher Thomasset
 * Ariane Rock

title: List of Marquesas Islands


text:
Deterrence (film)

Deterrence is a 1999 political thriller drama film written and directed by Rod Lurie, depicting fictional events about nuclear brinkmanship. It marks the feature directorial debut of Lurie, who was previously a film critic for the New York Daily News, Premiere Magazine, Entertainment Weekly and Movieline, among others. Kevin Pollak, Timothy Hutton, Sheryl Lee Ralph and Sean Astin star. The film is an international co-production between France and the United States. It premiered at the 1999 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released in the United States on March 10, 2000, by Paramount Classics.

Plot
Set during an alternate history in the Spring of 2008, U.S. President Walter Emerson is visiting Colorado ahead of Super Tuesday in the primary elections for his party's nomination in the upcoming presidential election. Emerson, formerly an appointed Vice President who ascended to the Presidency four months earlier upon the death of his predecessor, is accompanied on his campaign tour by White House Chief of Staff Marshall Thompson, National Security Advisor Gayle Redford, his Secret Service protection detail and a television news crew documenting his campaign.

A freak blizzard traps Emerson and his entourage at a diner in the remote town of Aztec, occupied by chef and owner Harvey, waitress Katie, local resident Ralph and married tourists Taylor and Lizzie Woods. President Emerson greets all the civilians in turn just before news arrives that Iraq has invaded Kuwait on the orders of Iraqi President Uday Hussein. Emerson and his team also learn that in the process of invasion, Iraqi troops killed a UN peacekeeping mission largely staffed by U.S. armed forces and medical personnel.

In response, President Emerson makes a worldwide address from the diner, using the television crew following his campaign. During the speech, Emerson gives Hussein an ultimatum to cease his invasion of Kuwait and submit himself to the U.S. embassy in Iraq for arrest within 90 minutes, or else Emerson will authorize a nuclear strike on Baghdad. Emerson's ultimatum shocks both his staff and the civilians in the diner as he had not revealed his intentions before making the speech. When questioned by Redford, Emerson defends his decision by arguing that with the vast majority of U.S. military forces engaged in the ongoing "Second Korean War" and an undoubted act of aggression by Hussein against a U.S. ally, a nuclear strike is the only appropriate option to reinforce U.S. supremacy and decisively halt Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.

Hussein communicates through his United Nations envoy and refuses to back down despite Emerson's threat. Discussions between Emerson and the envoy grow heated, with the latter citing Emerson's status as a non-elected leader and his Jewish faith as reasons why Hussein does not take him seriously. At the same time, Emerson, Redford and Thompson coordinate with various members of the National Security Council and Joint Chiefs of Staff by phone in order to manage the crisis and plan for the potential use of nuclear weapons against Iraq to carry out Emerson's threat.

As negotiations with Iraq break down, Hussein threatens to fire Iraq's black-market nuclear missiles at many locations within the U.S. and its NATO allies, notably including the location of the NORAD command centre in Colorado close to where Emerson is based. The U.S. learns that Iraq purchased their black-market weapons from France, supposedly an ally of the U.S., whilst it is also revealed that sites of Iraqi missile launchers include other traditional opponents of the U.S., such as Libya and North Korea. In a conversation with Emerson, the President of France is cavalier about the situation and freely admits that France sold nuclear weapons to Iraq. Emerson subsequently talks privately with the French leader but does not reveal the contents of the conversation to his advisors.

With the crisis continuing to escalate, Emerson and his team are confronted with the opinions of the civilians within the diner. Harvey, Katie and the Woods' oppose using nuclear weapons whilst Ralph tells Emerson that he will have the vote of every "real" American if he carries out his threat in defense of U.S. forces. In a conversation with the First Lady over the telephone, Emerson also discovers that his wife opposes his course of action. Despite her opposition and that of Redford and Thompson, Emerson remains adamant in his strategy and states he is wholly prepared to carry out the threat if necessary. He orders a B-2 nuclear bomber to cross Iraq's airspace despite the threats of the Iraqi envoy that this would constitute an act of war. In retaliation, the Iraqis begin targeting their 23 nuclear missiles against the U.S. and its NATO allies as per their earlier threat.

Out of desperation and anger, the diner owner Harvey suddenly brandishes a shotgun and shoots dead Captain Coddington, the military officer carrying the nuclear football with which Emerson can activate the nuclear strike. Harvey is killed by the Secret Service agents in return, devastating Katie, whilst Emerson expresses sorrow that Coddington was killed doing his duty. Despite Harvey's action, Emerson is still able to obtain the nuclear codes via phone from the Joint Chiefs, although this results in the resignation of Admiral Miller, a senior military officer who had been critical of Emerson's approach throughout the crisis. With time for Hussein to submit to Emerson's ultimatum having run out, Emerson authorizes the nuclear strike and speaks to the crew of the B-2 bomber who will carry out the strike.

The nuclear bomb, approximately 100 megatons in force, results in the complete destruction of Baghdad. Iraq's retaliation begins and the majority of their missiles are shot down by NATO missile defense systems. Whilst some of Iraq's missiles successfully land on their targets, their nuclear warheads do not detonate; Baghdad is the only city destroyed—a development that surprises Emerson's staff.

As the snowstorm eases up, Emerson addresses the world once more via a TV broadcast. In the speech, Emerson reveals that it was actually the U.S. government that secretly sold nuclear weapons to Iraq, using the French as intermediaries whilst pretending to know nothing about it. The plan was carried out in order to prevent Iraq from gaining an independent, fully capable nuclear arsenal by instead selling them deliberately sabotaged missiles that could never function properly. As to why he carried out the threat against Iraq, Emerson publicly justifies his actions as a firm display that the U.S. would be prepared to defend itself from military threats with nuclear weapons if necessary. Privately, Emerson also predicts that his use of nuclear weapons will coerce China and North Korea into conceding the Second Korean War within months.

Just before Emerson and his entourage leave the diner, Redford and Thompson ask what he meant by a "significant announcement" from the White House when they return to Washington. Emerson reveals that he plans to withdraw from the presidential campaign and serve out the rest of his predecessor's term rather than run for one of his own. In this, Emerson still justifies his actions during the crisis but concedes someone else should be the one to carry on the job of leading the U.S. in the future.

Cast

 * Kevin Pollak as President Walter Emerson
 * Timothy Hutton as White House Chief of Staff Marshall Thompson
 * Sean Astin as Ralph
 * Sheryl Lee Ralph as National Security Advisor Gayle Redford
 * James Handy as Lancaster / President Buchanan
 * Clotilde Courau as Katie
 * Badja Djola as Harvey
 * Mark Thompson as Gerald Irvin
 * Michael Mantell as Taylor Woods
 * Kathryn Morris as Lizzie Woods

Critical reaction
Film critic Stephen Holden gave the film a mixed review, writing, "The threat of nuclear war may have receded in the last two decades, but it certainly hasn't disappeared. That's why a movie like Deterrence, Rod Lurie's clunky political thriller about nuclear brinksmanship in the near future, probably serves some useful purpose, despite its ham-fisted preachiness and mediocre acting...With its blunt admonitory tone and single-set location (reminiscent of 12 Angry Men), it often has the feel of a high school civics lesson packaged as melodrama. Its editorial pretensions are underscored by an opening black-and-white montage of actual presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt through Bill Clinton lambasting war."

Critic Roger Ebert, on the other hand, liked the film, writing, "And yet the film works. It really does. I got caught up in the global chess game, in the bluffing and the dares, the dangerous strategy of using nuclear blackmail against a fanatic who might call the bluff. With one set and low-rent props (is that an ordinary laptop inside the nuclear briefcase "football"?), 'Deterrence' manufactures real suspense and considers real issues...Kevin Pollak makes a curiously convincing third-string president—a man not elected to the office, but determined to fill it. He is a Jew, which complicates his Middle East negotiations and produces a priceless theological discussion with the waitress (Clotilde Courau). He is advised by his chief of staff (Timothy Hutton) and his national security adviser (Sheryl Lee Ralph), who are appalled by his nuclear brinkmanship and who are both completely convincing in their roles. The screenplay gives them dialogue of substance; the situation may be contrived, but we're absorbed in the urgent debate that it inspires." The film soundtrack includes the song “Tornado” written by Kevin Weyl and Steve Robertson.

Box office
Produced for a budget of $800,000, the film managed to only make $145,071 at the box office, making Deterrence a box office flop. The film only grossed $23,318 in its opening weekend.

title: Deterrence (film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Outage by Cody Thomas

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:26, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Outage by Cody Thomas
Wikipedia is not a novella collection. Thue | talk 14:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - could not agree more. Rossrs 14:33, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Inter 18:29, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - if I were going to post my awful fiction on Wikipedia, I'd at least make sure the paragraph breaks showed up. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:39, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like somebody just pasted in his book report. Zzyzx11 19:58, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, un-encyclopaedic trivial fiction. Megan1967 22:57, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mayor of Townsville

Delete. This article should be deleted or merged with the main Powerpuff Girls article. Marcus2 14:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cody Didymous Thomas

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:27, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

Cody Didymous Thomas
Article doesn't indicate he is notable. Thue | talk 14:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In the absence of any indication that this is a true story, it's got to go. Deb 18:43, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - lack of evidence of existence or importance. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:41, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Just gets me to say "So what?" and "Who cares?" Zzyzx11 19:57, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 22:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Category:Utah people stubs

To find out how you can help, check out WikiProject Utah.

title: Category:Utah people stubs