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Domed city

A domed city is a hypothetical structure that encloses a large urban area under a single roof. In most descriptions, the dome is airtight and pressurized, creating a habitat that can be controlled for air temperature, composition and quality, typically due to an external atmosphere (or lack thereof) that is inimical to habitation for one or more reasons. Domed cities have been a fixture of science fiction and futurology since the early 20th century, offer inspirations for potential utopias and may be situated on Earth, a moon or other planet.

Origin
In the early 19th century, the social refomer Charles Fourier proposed that an ideal city must be connected by glass galleries. Such ideas inspired several architectural projects along of 19th and 20th centuries. The most famous of these is the building of The Crystal Palace in 1851 at Hyde Park.

In fiction
Domed cities appear frequently in underwater environments. In Robert Ellis Dudgeon's novel Colymbia (1873), glass domes are used for underwater conversation. In William Delisle Hay's novel Three Hundred Years Hence (1881), whole cities are covered by domes beneath the sea. Survivors of Atlantis are found living in an underwater glass-domed city in André Laurie's novel Atlantis (1895). The same idea is found later in David M. Parry's The Scarlet Empire (1906) and Stanton A Coblentz's The Sunken World (1928). In William Gibson's Sprawl trilogy, the namesake of the series is a massive supercity in the USA, stretching from Boston to Atlanta and housed in a series of geodesic domes.

Authors used domed cities in response to many problems, sometimes to the benefit of the people living in them and sometimes not. The problems of air pollution and other environmental destruction are a common motive, particularly in stories of the middle to late 20th century. As in the Pure trilogy of books by Julianna Baggott. In some works, the domed city represents the last stand of a human race that is either dead or dying. The 1976 film Logan's Run shows both of these themes. The characters have a comfortable life within a domed city, but the city also serves to control the populace and to ensure that humanity never again outgrows its means.

The domed city in fiction has been interpreted as a symbolic womb that both nourishes and protects humanity. Where other science fiction stories emphasize the vast expanse of the universe, the domed city places limits on its inhabitants, with the subtext that chaos will ensue if they interact with the world outside.

In some works cities are getting "domed" to quarantine its inhabitants.

Engineering proposals
During the 1960s and 1970s, the domed city concept was widely discussed outside the confines of science fiction. In 1960, visionary engineer Buckminster Fuller described the Dome over Manhattan, a 3 km geodesic dome spanning Midtown Manhattan that would regulate weather and reduce air pollution. A domed city was proposed in 1979 for Winooski, Vermont and in 2010 for Houston.

Seward's Success, Alaska, was a domed city proposed in 1968 and designed to hold over 40,000 people along with commercial, recreational and office space. Intended to capitalize on the economic boom following the discovery of oil in northern Alaska, the project was canceled in 1972 due to delays in constructing the Trans-Alaska Pipeline.

In order to test whether an artificial closed ecological system was feasible, Biosphere 2 (a complex of interconnected domes and glass pyramids) was constructed in the late 1980s. Its original experiment housed eight people and remains the largest such system attempted to date.

In 2010, a domed city known as Eco-city 2020 of 100,000 was proposed for the Mir mine in Siberia. In 2014, the ruler of Dubai announced plans for a climate-controlled domed city, named the Mall of the World, covering an area of 48 million square feet (4.5 square kilometers), but as of 2016, the project has been redesigned without the dome.

title: Domed city


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Enslaved

Enslaved may refer to:

 * Slavery, the socio-economic condition of being owned and worked by and for someone else
 * Enslaved (band), a progressive black metal band from Haugesund, Norway
 * "Enslaved", a song by Mötley Crüe on their Greatest Hits album
 * Enslaved (Soulfly album), 2012
 * Enslaved (Steel Attack album), 2004
 * Enslaved: Odyssey to the West, a 2010 video game developed by Ninja Theory
 * Bottom (BDSM), people playing the 'slave' part in BDSM
 * Enslaved, a British-Canadian TV documentary series

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Enslaved


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Wilhelm Beiglböck

Wilhelm Franz Josef Beiglböck (10 October 1905 – 22 November 1963) was an internist Nazi physician and held the title of Consulting Physician to the German Luftwaffe (Airforce) during World War II. In the 1947 Doctors' Trial, he was tried and convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity for conducting human experimentation involving seawater on prisoners at Dachau concentration camp; he was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment, but his sentence was commuted to 10 years and he was released in 1951. He was found dead in a stairwell in 1963.

Education and war crimes
Beiglböck attended Stiftsgymnasium Melk and studied medicine at the university of Vienna. During his studies there he became active in Wiener Burschenschaft Moldavia. First he worked as an assistant at the Medical University Clinic in Vienna for Franz Chvostek junior and afterwards for Hans Eppinger.

From 1933 he was a member of the Nazi Party and from 1934 of SA, promoted to the rank of Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel). In 1939 he made his habilitation and in 1940 he became top doctor under Hans Eppinger. From May 1941 Beiglböck worked as Stabsarzt (medical officer) of the Luftwaffe. In 1944, he became an extrabudgetary professor at the Vienna University. During the war he performed medical tests involving seawater on inmates at Dachau concentration camp.

Trial
After the war, Beiglböck was arrested by the British, who then transferred him to U.S. custody. He was a defendant in the Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During his trial, one of his surviving victims, Karl Höllenreiner, rushed at him with a knife. Höllenreiner was sentenced to 90 days in prison for contempt of court, albeit he was released on probation four days later. was sentenced Beiglböck was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and sentenced to 15 years in prison. Beiglböck's sentence was commuted to 10 years in January 1951, and he was released from prison that December.

In early 1947, the Vienna prosecution initiated proceedings against Beiglböck because of war crimes, mistreatment, and violating human rights. The Vienna proceedings were finished in October 1947.

Release and post-war career
Since Beiglböck's license to practice medicine had not been revoked, he was allowed to resume working as a doctor. After his release, he was controversially given a temporary job at the University of Freiburg hospital. Beiglböck then got a job at the Buxtehude Hospital, where he became the head physician of the internal medicine department.

The German Society of Internal Medicine (DGIM) campaigned for Beiglböck's rehabilitation. A three-member commission was formed to address Beiglböck's conviction. Multiple other prominent DGIM members sought to exonerate him via expert opinions and statements. The expert opinions relied on the standards established by the Nuremberg trials. However, all but one of the experts assumed that the test subjects had been volunteers. The experts claimed no deaths or long-term damage had occurred among the test subjects, and that Beiglböck had acted with the best medical intentions. The opinions were based entirely on files submitted to the experts by Beiglböck's attorney. None of the experts had seen any of the test subjects themselves, and most of them had never met Beiglböck.

In 1956, Beiglböck was elected to the DGIM committee, where he served until 1962. In 1959, the public prosecutor in Bückeburg opened a new investigation against Beiglböck, but dropped the case in 1960. In 1962, the Austrian Medical Association invited to Beiglböck to give a medical lecture in Vienna. This was met with opposition from the Social Democratic Party of Austria and the local Jewish community. The administrative committee of the city of Buxtehude supported Beiglböck, and said he was not guilty of the crimes for which he had been convicted. However, his invitation was rescinded.

Death
In 1963, Beiglböck was found dead in a stairwell. Stille Hilfe, a relief organization for the SS, was his official heir. The circumstances of Beiglböck's death remain unclear. It is rumored that he was murdered, as he had received threatening letters prior to his death.

Beiglböck's supporters continued to claim that the prisoners had volunteered for his experiments, and that he had been completely exonerated by the DGIM. During Beiglböck's funeral, a state physician representative said that "after the war he was caught up in a wheelwork of hatred that knew no justice."

During a meeting in Wiesbaden in 1964, a DGIM official declared that "Wilhelm Beiglböck was a true student of Eppinger. Rich in fruitful thoughts. His brilliant rise at the Vienna Clinic was abruptly and undeservedly interrupted by the misfortune of his detachment to carry out the so-called seawater experiments. It must be said again at this point that the review of these experiments by a commission of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für innere Medizin, chaired by Mr. Oehme, absolved him of any guilt. Beiglböck deserves our full recognition and veneration as a human being, physician, and researcher."

title: Wilhelm Beiglböck


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Christopher Dean

Christopher Colin Dean, OBE (born 27 July 1958) is a British ice dancer who won a gold medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics with his skating partner Jayne Torvill. They also won a bronze medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

Early life
Dean grew up in Calverton, Nottinghamshire. When he was six, his mother left and his father remarried. Dean never talked about this with his father or stepmother, both of whom have died. He has regained contact with his mother.

From 1974 to 1980, he was a police constable with Nottinghamshire Police.

Skating career
Dean began to skate at the age of 10 after he received a pair of skates as a Christmas present. His parents were keen ballroom dancers. At school he was captain of the football team and he saw ice skating as a sport that was athletic and graceful. Dean's first ice partner was Sandra Elson. They began skating together when he was 14 and competed as ice dancers for a few years under their instructor Len Sayward. However, despite becoming British Junior Dance champions, the team parted, as Dean and Elson did not get along well. Dean then agreed to practise with Jayne Torvill, another skater at the Nottingham rink. The pair were first coached by Janet Sawbridge but in 1978 Betty Callaway became their coach.

Dean left school at age 16 and joined the Nottingham Police Force in 1974. It was challenging for him to undergo police cadet training, as his schedule often clashed with his skating training sessions. Thus Torvill and Dean had to practise during his off-hours. These difficult times brought them closer and gave them a sense of discipline that was to prove vital throughout their career.

By 1980, Torvill and Dean had progressed to not only become British National Dance Champions but were in medal contention in international competitions as well. It was then that Dean made the decision that he could no longer balance his skating and police careers so he resigned from the police force. Torvill left her job soon after; this was made possible with a Nottingham City Council grant of £42,000.

Dean also served as the chief choreographer for the Torvill and Dean team. Torvill and Dean's free programme at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, performed to the music of Maurice Ravel's Boléro, became world-famous. They received nine 6.0 marks for artistic impression, (three more for technical merit for a total of twelve 6.0 marks) the highest possible score and the only time ever that an all-perfect score was achieved. It was one of the most popular achievements in the history of British sport, watched by a British television audience of 24 million people. Since the time limit was four minutes and ten seconds and their music was four minutes 28 seconds, they began on their knees and moved their bodies to the music for 18 seconds before starting to skate.

Torvill and Dean turned professional after their 1984 Olympic win. Under then existing Olympic Games rules as professionals they became ineligible to participate in Olympic competition. In 1993 the International Skating Union relaxed the rules for professional skaters, allowing the pair to participate in the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer where they won a bronze medal.

Torvill and Dean were admitted to the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1989.

From January 2006–2023, Torvill and Dean have participated in the ITV show Dancing on Ice. Each season, the televised show runs from January to March with Torvill and Dean as "judges". The show then migrates to go on tour to arenas across the United Kingdom. The show is scheduled to return in 2024.

In January 2012, Dean said he was open to working with the National Ice Skating Association to help British competitive skating. Torvill and Dean were ambassadors for the 2012 European Figure Skating Championships in Sheffield, England. In February 2014, they visited Sarajevo for the 30th anniversary of the 1984 Olympics, and recreated their Bolero routine in the same arena where they won the gold.

In 2018, Dean choreographed the free programme of Aljona Savchenko and Bruno Massot, who won the gold medal in Pair skating with a world record at the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang.

Honours
On 28 April 1983, Dean was appointed Honorary Freeman of the City of Nottingham. Dean was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1999.

Personal life
Between 1991 and 1993, Dean was married to French-Canadian World ice dance champion Isabelle Duchesnay whom he met while choreographing for her and her brother Paul Duchesnay in the late 1980s.

On 15 October 1994, Dean married American skater Jill Trenary in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They had two sons, Jack Robert and Sam Colin, and lived in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Dean's agent confirmed in March 2010 that the couple had separated. He and Trenary remain on good terms.

He has been in a relationship with Karen Barber since 2011.

Dean also remained close friends with partner Jayne Torvill.

In 2021, Dean took part in an episode of DNA Journey to trace his family roots. He also appeared on The Masked Dancer as Beagle, where he was the fifth celebrity to be unmasked.

In popular culture
Dean was portrayed by Will Tudor in the 2018 ITV biopic Torvill & Dean.

title: Christopher Dean


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Moonstone Books

Moonstone Books is an American comic book, graphic novel, and prose fiction publisher based in Chicago focused on pulp fiction comic books and prose anthologies as well as horror and western tales.

The company began publishing creator-owned comics in 1995, and since 2001 has also published material based on a number of licensed properties, including Zorro, Doc Savage, The Avenger, Buckaroo Banzai, Bulldog Drummond, Kolchak: The Night Stalker, Mr. Moto, Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar, The Phantom, Honey West and several titles based in White Wolf's World of Darkness.

Participants
Moonstone's editor-in-chief is Joe Gentile, who frequently writes his own stories for their comics. Frequent writers, artists, and colorists for their books include Eric M. Esquivel, Dave Ulanski, Mike Bullock, Chuck Dixon, Amin Amat, Ben Raab, Rafael Nieves, Renato Guerra, Peter David, Graham Nolan, David Gallaher, Eric Theriault, EricJ, Nancy Holder, Tom Mandrake, Vatche Mavlian, Richard Dean Starr, Doug Klauba, Paul Storrie, Mike W. Barr, Tom DeFalco, Max Allan Collins, Steve Ellis, Ron Goulart, Ken Wolak and Stefan Petrucha.

The Phantom
Moonstone's most successful title is The Phantom, which is based on Lee Falk's superhero comic strip. Moonstone is the first US publisher to produce new Phantom stories for the comic book format since Marvel Comics cancelled their Phantom 2040 comic in 1995.

Moonstone started publishing Phantom graphic novels in 2002. Only five books, written by Tom DeFalco, Ben Raab and Ron Goulart, were published, but in 2003, Moonstone started a regular comic book series with the character, written by Ben Raab, Rafael Nieves, and Chuck Dixon, and drawn by the likes of Pat Quinn, Jerry DeCaire, Nick Derington, Rich Burchett and EricJ. After 11 issues, Mike Bullock took over the book, with Carlos Magno as the regular artist in 2006, leaving the series to finally come out on a more regular schedule.

Moonstone have also made and is in the process of making several special projects with the character. In 2006, a retcon of the Phantom's origin called "Legacy" was published, written by Ben Raab and drawn by Pat Quinn, which aimed to look like one of the Phantom's chronicle books. 2006 also marked the year when Moonstone invented the wide-vision format, introducing it to the world with the Phantom story "Law of the Jungle". Moonstone have also announced a Phantom Annual, and two prose collections featuring Phantom short stories.

The Phantom is Moonstone's best selling title.

Moonstone Noir
In January 2002, Moonstone Books announced their plans to develop the radio drama Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar as a quarterly book in their Noir Fiction line. This was to be the first graphic novel in the series. It was one of their more faithful and entertaining adaptations of a classic noir character. There is no record of the series continuing.

The creative team consisted of David Gallaher, a former Marvel.com writer/editor, and Eric Theriault, the creator of Veena and Flirt.

Moonstone Monsters
The licensing rights to publish adaptations of White Wolf Games @ "Classic World of Darkness" has apparently been sold to Vault Comics.

Kolchak the Night Stalker
Moonstone is publishing new stories based on the TV-series Kolchak: The Night Stalker.

Several graphic novels featuring the character have been published, as well as a regular, ongoing comic book series. A "wide vision" graphic novel has been announced.

Buckaroo Banzai
Since 2006, Moonstone have been publishing comics with Buckaroo Banzai, the main character from the 1984 film The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension, which continues plotlines left unexplored in the movie.

Prose anthologies
Moonstone recently published a Stoker Award-nominated prose anthology with Kolchak, which sold out fast. Due to the success of the Kolchak collection, Moonstone released two new prose anthologies with The Phantom and The Spider, and announced others featuring The Avenger and one with Doc Savage, as well as two Lone Ranger anthologies.

Comics
Moonstone comics titles include:

 * Airboy
 * Angeltown: The Nate Hollis Investigations
 * Buckaroo Banzai
 * Blackest Terror
 * Bulldog Drummond
 * Boston Blackie
 * Captain Action
 * The Cisco Kid
 * C.L.A.S.H.
 * The Domino Lady
 * Evilman
 * The Hat Squad
 * Honey West
 * Kolchak the Night Stalker
 * Moonstone Monsters
 * Mr. Keen
 * Mr. Nightmare's Wonderful World
 * Pat Novak for Hire
 * The Phantom
 * Psychotic Reaction'
 * Rotten
 * The Silencers
 * Thor: Unkillable Thunder Christ
 * The WhiteWolf Gaming
 * Wyatt Earp: Dodge City
 * Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar

title: Moonstone Books


text: User talk:68.235.183.141

title: User talk:68.235.183.141


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Scrimmage vest

A scrimmage vest, sometimes referred to as a pinny (NAE) or bib (BrE), is a piece of clothing or sportswear, often made of mesh, used in practices as a substitute for a sports team's usual uniform or to differentiate temporary teams in informal scrimmages. Some teams elect to have benched players wear them during a game. A vest can come in a variety of forms, including a racerback cut, collegiate cut, basketball cut or lacrosse pinny.

Vests are usually made from poly-mesh material. Screen printing or vinyl heat press artwork is often applied directly to the mesh. New techniques include dye-sublimation.

title: Scrimmage vest


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Chuck Thompson

Charles Lloyd Thompson (June 10, 1921 – March 6, 2005) was an American sportscaster best known for his broadcasts of Major League Baseball's Baltimore Orioles and the National Football League (NFL)'s Baltimore Colts. He was well-recognized for his resonant voice, crisply descriptive style of play-by-play, and signature on-air exclamations "Go to war, Miss Agnes!" and "Ain't the beer cold!"

Early life and career
Thompson was born in Palmer, Massachusetts, and moved with his family to Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1927. He began his broadcasting career in 1939 at WRAW-AM in Reading, working there until 1942. After spending only a month at WKBN-AM in Youngstown, Ohio, that same year, he joined WIBG-AM in Philadelphia as an on-air announcer. His career was interrupted in October 1943, when he was drafted into the U.S. Army. Promoted to the rank of sergeant, he was sent to Europe aboard the Queen Mary in January 1945 and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. After an honorable discharge in August 1945, he returned to WIBG. For three years starting in 1946, he, along with Byrum Saam and Claude Haring, called all the home games of both Philadelphia professional baseball teams, the Athletics and Phillies. He also called Temple University football during this period.

Career in Baltimore
In 1949, Thompson was hired by the Gunther Brewing Company to be WITH-AM's play-by-play voice for both the International League Orioles and the Colts, at the time a member of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Despite being laid off following the 1951 IL season because the brewery felt no need for a salaried announcer, he joined WITH in order to continue doing the broadcasts.

When the American League's St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore, Maryland, and were rechristened the Orioles in 1954, his previous connections with Gunther prevented him from becoming a broadcaster for the franchise. The National Brewing Company had purchased the team's broadcast rights and hired Ernie Harwell as the lead voice, but still wanted Thompson to be part of the coverage. He agreed to work with Harwell on Orioles broadcasts on WCBM-AM and WMAR-TV in 1955. Two years later he joined Bob Wolff to call Washington Senators games on WWDC and WTOP-TV, succeeding Arch McDonald as a result of National Brewing's becoming the team's new sponsor.

Thompson returned to broadcast Orioles games on both radio and television (WBAL-AM and WJZ-TV from 1962–1978, WFBR-AM from 1979–1982, and WMAR-TV from 1979–1987). He resigned from the radio broadcasts after the 1982 season and the death of longtime broadcast partner Bill O'Donnell. However, he remained on the television broadcasts until his first retirement after the 1987 season. The prime of his career was the 17 years he shared the broadcast booth with O'Donnell beginning in 1966. During that span, the pair would describe two World Series Championships (1966 and 1970), five American League Pennants (1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, and 1979), six A.L. Eastern Division titles (1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, and 1979), and only one losing season. Others who worked with Thompson on Orioles broadcasts included Frank Messer (1964–1967), Jim Karvellas (1968–1969), John Gordon (1970–1972), Brooks Robinson (1978–1987), and Tom Marr (1979–1982). Thompson was also the narrator of the official 1966 World Series highlight film jointly produced by both major leagues.

Besides his baseball-related achievements, Thompson also called Colts football for many years, first on CBS television in the 1950s and '60s, and then alongside Vince Bagli on WCBM Radio from 1973 until the team's relocation to Indianapolis in 1984. From 1964 to 1969, he narrated the Colts' season review films produced by NFL Films, making on-camera appearances in the first two. The National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association named Thompson as Maryland Sportscaster of the Year for eight consecutive years from 1959 to 1966.

National work
Thompson's national television debut was in 1954 when he succeeded Ray Scott as the voice of the NFL's Saturday night Game of the Week on the DuMont Television Network, as well as that year's NFL Championship Game. Four years later, he teamed with Chris Schenkel to call the telecast of the legendary 1958 Championship Game on NBC. The announcers flipped a coin to determine play-by-play assignments for the two halves. Schenkel won the toss and chose the second half. Thompson ended up broadcasting the first-ever sudden-victory overtime in professional football history. Thompson also called the 1959 and 1964 Championship Games for NBC and CBS, respectively, and regular-season NFL games for the Mutual radio network. In 1988, he was among several veteran announcers who called some September NFL telecasts for NBC while many of the network's regular broadcasters were working that year's Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.

Thompson also did baseball work for NBC, beginning with the Game of the Week in 1959 and 1960. He, along with Curt Gowdy, covered the Memorial Stadium legs of the World Series in 1966, 1970 and 1971, and conducted the victorious post-Series clubhouse interviews in 1966 and 1970.

He is particularly remembered for his flawed but endearing call of Bill Mazeroski's championship-clinching home run to end the 1960 World Series, for which he was the play-by-play announcer for NBC Radio.(Audio) This event was replayed in full on an MLB radio special some years ago, during one of the players' strikes. The pitcher was actually Ralph Terry; Art Ditmar was warming up in the bullpen, and besides that error, Thompson just got caught up in the moment: "Well, a little while ago, when we mentioned that this one, in typical fashion, was going right to the wire, little did we know…Art Ditmar throws—here's a swing and a high fly ball going deep to left, this may do it!…Back to the wall goes Berra, it is…over the fence, home run, the Pirates win!…(long pause for crowd noise)…Ladies and gentlemen, Mazeroski has hit a one-nothing pitch over the left field fence at Forbes Field to win the 1960 World Series for the Pittsburgh Pirates by a score of ten to nothing!…Once again, that final score…The Pittsburgh Pirates, the 1960 world champions, defeat the New York Yankees. The Pirates ten, and the Yankees NINE!... and Forbes Field... is an insane asylum!"

In 1985, Thompson's Ditmar-Terry flub became a commercial hit, featured as an audio-over in a nostalgia-immersed Budweiser TV ad during that year's World Series. A libel lawsuit subsequently filed by Ditmar against Anheuser-Busch and its advertising agency for the commercial was ultimately rejected by a United States District Court.

Later career
Thompson came out of retirement in 1991 to work part-time on Orioles games for WBAL-AM when Jon Miller was away broadcasting ESPN Sunday Night Baseball. Failing eyesight caused by macular degeneration forced him to retire for good in 2000. He received the Ford C. Frick Award from the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1993. In January 2009, the American Sportscasters Association ranked Thompson 34th on its list of Top 50 Sportscasters of All Time.

Death
Thompson, who lived in Lutherville, Maryland, at the time, died at Greater Baltimore Medical Center on March 6, 2005, after suffering a stroke.

Catch phrase origins
"Go to war, Miss Agnes!" was picked up from a golfing friend who never swore and whose putting failed to improve even after reading a book about it. Thompson explained the details in Curt Smith's Voices of the Game: "He was a great guy, very proper, and like any golfer, he had some real frustrations. But instead of cussing, he'd come up with the phrase, 'Go to war, Miss Agnes!' I didn't know what it meant, but don't feel bad – he may not have known. What I did know was that it sounded so funny. I picked it up and used it to emphasize something big and exciting on the ball field, and it just caught on – with listeners, it snowballed."

Thompson phased out the expression when the Vietnam War was protracted, although it was later picked up by North Carolina Tar Heels football and basketball broadcaster Woody Durham.

"Ain't the beer cold!" became the title of Thompson's autobiography, in which he described the story behind the exclamation: "For years in my game broadcasts I had used the expression, 'Ain't the beer cold!' when things were going especially well for the home team. I got that phrase from Bob Robertson, a spotter who worked with me on Baltimore Colts football games (that were sponsored by the makers of National Beer). Eventually, I received lots of mail from people in the Carolinas, the area sometimes referred to as the Bible Belt. The listeners felt they shouldn't have to put up with my ad libs about beer with all the beer advertisements they were already exposed to, and I thought they had a legitimate beef. So, I stopped using the line sometime in the 1970s."

title: Chuck Thompson


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Scrimmage

Scrimmage (alteration of skirmish) may refer to:

 * An exhibition game, an informal sports contest or practice match which does not go on the regular season record
 * Line of scrimmage, in American football and related games
 * Scrimmage vest, clothing used in practices as a substitute for a sports uniform
 * USS Scrimmage (AM-297), a U.S. Navy minesweeper built during World War II
 * Scholastic Scrimmage, a high school quiz bowl game show televised in Pennsylvania, US

title: Scrimmage


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Corporate mercantilism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:19, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Corporate mercantilism
The phrase "corporate mercantilism" doesn't seem to be that widespread (~500 google hits) and I doubt the differences between mercantilism and corporate mercantilism will be so different they need seperate articles. --jag123 02:34, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete SYSS Mouse 02:42, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Anyone see a reason not to redirect to crony capitalism? Gazpacho 02:50, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) (not SYSS Mouse)
 * Merge and redirect to Noam Chomsky Crony capitalism. Megan1967 06:01, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to crony capitalism, as Gazpacho suggests. No need to merge with Chomsky -- people who want to know his views can get there easily enough, and there's nothing new here not already there. --Christofurio 14:14, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no RD, random word pairing/construction, not a helpful classification. Wyss 21:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It seems this is not a widespread term even in Chomsky's own work. Googling for chomsky + "corporate mercantilism" gets 250 Google hits, while Chomsky gets over 2 million. JoaoRicardo 02:48, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this substub. Whole article says A phrase regularly used by Chomsky to refer I guess to the international combination of state capitalism and multinational corporations. See: corporate + mercantilism. Apart from anything else the words "I guess" should be a dead giveaway. Capitalistroadster 09:39, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Darkwind 21:18, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Bühler~enwiki

Please visit my German User Page

My Homepage

Articles I created

 * Wilhelm Beiglböck

de:Benutzer:Bühler

title: User:Bühler~enwiki


text:
Alcântara, Maranhão

Alcântara is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Maranhão. The city has a population of 22,112 (2020) and an area of 1458 km2. The municipality is 30 km away from the state's capital, São Luís.

Founded by French explorers in the 16th century, Alcântara was later conquered by the Portuguese, who used the small village as a base to take São Luís from the Dutch in 1646.

The city was declared by the Brazilian government as a National Historical Patrimony. The city's economy is based mainly on tourism and fishing.

The climate is favorable, characterized by two well-defined seasons: a rainy season from January to June, and a dry season from July to December. The annual average temperature is 26.5 °C, and the wind blows predominantly from the east at an average speed of 12 m/s.

Helton da Silva Arruda, a famous Brazilian goalkeeper, was born in the city.

The municipality contains a small part of the Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area, a 1775035.6 ha sustainable use conservation unit created in 1991 that has been a Ramsar Site since 2000.

Rocket Launch Center
The Brazilian Space Agency maintains a launch site in Alcântara.

The Alcântara Launch Center is located in the historic city of Alcântara, close to city of Sao Luis, capital of the State of Maranhão. The geographic coordinates are 2°18′S and 44°22′W.

The Launch Center comprises the Cyclone-4 Launch Site, under the responsibility of ACS, and a set of facilities under the responsibility of the Brazilian Air Force (FAB), and the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB), which include general infrastructure and dedicated complexes for the launching of the Brazilian Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV).

The overall infrastructure consists of an airport with a 2,600 meter-long runway, a Command and Control Sector equipped with telemetry, communication, meteorology, radar and electricity supply systems, and an Administrative center with hotels, a hospital and administrative buildings.

The general infrastructure also includes roads, and a project for a seaport which is currently underway.

Technical Complex
The main components of the Cyclone-4 launch site are the Technical Complex and the Launch Complex. The Satellite Assembly Integration and Testing Building is located in the Technical Complex. This building has clean rooms for receiving, testing, fuelling and satellite integration to the launch vehicle payload unit. This building is connected to the Launch Vehicle Assembly, Integration and Testing Building, where the launch vehicle parts are received and tested, and the entire vehicle assembled. The integration of the payload unit, already with the satellite, to the launch vehicle is performed in this building.

The Launch Complex receives the Cyclone-4 launch vehicle horizontally by a railway that connects the launch complex to the technical complex. The launch vehicle is tilted to the vertical position, and the final tests are performed automatically. The launch complex is designed so that the launch vehicle fuelling and launching are performed automatically, thus allowing a safe and reliable operation.

On August 22, 2003, an accident occurred when a VLS-1 rocket accidentally exploded, killing 21 Brazilian technicians.

title: Alcântara, Maranhão


text:
Talk:Christine Jessop

Untitled
This article was proposed for deletion February 2005. Votes for deletion/Christine Jessop. Joyous 02:38, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Merge with Guy Paul Morin?
I'd like to informally suggest the idea that it might make sense to merge this article into the article on Guy Paul Morin, or vice versa — with a redirect, of course, so that either name would lead to the same content. Since Christine Jessop's murder remains unsolved, and it can arguably be said that the crime (aside from being notable in and of itself because of the forensics issues and its notoriety in Canada) is the only thing generating any notability for either Jessop or Morin, it seems to me that it would make more sense to combine the material on both individuals into a single article. I know the idea of deleting this article was discussed (and rejected) several years ago, but perhaps people's feelings about the idea have changed in the meantime. Comments? Rich wales (talk · contribs) 23:57, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Makes good sense to me.  PK T (alk)  00:07, 20 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Done. Dylanfromthenorth (talk) 12:53, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Richwales wrote "Since Christine Jessop's murder remains unsolved..."
 * Well, apparently, new DNA tests have identified the killer. Geo Swan (talk) 02:27, 16 October 2020 (UTC)

rough work 23:55, 17 October 2020 (UTC)
Geo Swan (talk) 23:55, 17 October 2020 (UTC)
 * COLD CASES: Slain children whose souls still cry out for justice

title: Talk:Christine Jessop


text:
User talk:Bühler~enwiki

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title: User talk:Bühler~enwiki


text: User talk:69.227.20.158

title: User talk:69.227.20.158


text:
Talk:Murder of Kristen French

AFD
This article was proposed for deletion February 2005. Votes for deletion/Kristen French. Joyous 02:42, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

I think you should leave the article because this girl was murdered and didn't have the chance to be known, and I also think we should write more about her life before her horrible murder and also put a picture of her up ...the one where she is smiling because after all she was the girl known at her school with the pretty smile and beautiful face. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.101.113.10 (talk) 21:46, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Can someone find information about her life so that there can be more to this article than her murder? She was a teenage girl, not just a murder victim. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jenica (talk • contribs) 23:16, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

I don't agree with the deletion of this article, now or in the future. A murder is an important thing to document. I view this article however, as one that needs further development. I think it needs more for her personal life prior to her death. --Matt0401 21:04, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * What the article urgently needs are sources to verify several of the statements that give the subject notability. I'm a 19-year-old southern Californian: I know the impacts that the murders of Laci Peterson and Danielle Van Dam had; but I and many others are going to need sources to have the same understanding of this girl's impact. -Fsotrain09 01:55, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

From Terresa Portal To add my thoughts on this article. I think the neutrality of it is irrelevant at this point. It happened and the writer cannot be more clear than that. I think it should stay. It is correct information and puts the focus on the victim instead of glorifying the animals responsible for her death. That's what Canadians are about. We don't glorify our killers and use our media ratings to encourage more sociopaths to go down these animalistic paths. We ditch the creeps in jail and move on to honor their victims. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.114.67.217 (talk) 20:35, 11 June 2011 (UTC)

Please do not delete this. Kristen deserves to be remembered. This case has haunted me for 20 years; I was a teenager living in the same area when it happened and I still have a visceral reaction whenever it is mentioned. Everyone remembers the killers but it's really about the victims. To the person looking for information on Kristen's life, you probably won't find much online. We didn't really have the internet in 1992, so not much would have been posted. It's sad that most of us remember her only as one of Bernardo and Homolka's victims, but I'm sure her friends and family remember much more than that, and it's up to them what they choose to share. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.6.24.82 (talk) 02:34, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

I need help
I wrighte article about Kristen on cs.wikipedia, but I am frustrated from to small part of article, which is related to her life befor kidnaping. May be, these infromations are on internet and I can not find it (as You see, my english is really primitive :-). Please, help me! If you find, what I need, give me link. If you have (solid) newpapers with this or taoe with this, contact me, please.

The second problem: I need Image for article. On internet are many Images (1, 2, but I am afraid to be thinking about copyright od this Images is works for very crazzy men. And If You have Image PD or GFDL, please, I need it_ :-).

After all, These things will be good for these article to. Cinik 18:38, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Burlington is not just several kilometres from St.Catharines. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.67.117.31 (talk) 23:16, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Karla was never convicted of killing her sister, Tammy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.238.17.221 (talk) 02:41, 12 May 2013 (UTC)

There are many other Kristen French's in the world and it is unfortunate that every time they (we) are googled this is the first entry that comes up. If there is a way to add "Dawn" in the entry title that would make a big difference for the rest of us Kristen Frenchs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kristen french (talk • contribs) 20:31, 24 January 2015 (UTC)

Change Kristen French to Kristen Dawn French
There are many other individuals named Kristen French in the world, including myself, and I find it unfortunate that every time someone googles my name this tragic story is the first entry that pops up. I think it would be more fair and accurate to include Dawn in the entry name for this person. Thank you. Kristen french (talk) 20:35, 24 January 2015 (UTC)

NO CONFLICT: REQUEST EDIT TO THE TITLE OF THE PAGE
I am not requesting this edit because I have a conflict of interest, but because I can't make it myself. I am requesting that the name of this page be changed to Kristen Dawn French so that when people search for other Kristen Frenchs murder and rape are not the first subjects that come up. Thanks.142.255.97.197 (talk) 14:20, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

 * In response to the multiple requests to move this page: Note that Wikipedia has defined conventions for setting a title of an article about a person (see Naming conventions (people) for information). While it's unfortunate that some people share this name, it's doubtful that anyone would confuse the subject of this article with any other person having this name. Mind  matrix  17:43, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Murder of Kristen French


text:
Terminal yield

In formal language theory, the terminal yield (or fringe) of a tree is the sequence of leaves encountered in an ordered walk of the tree.

Parse trees and/or derivation trees are encountered in the study of phrase structure grammars such as context-free grammars or linear grammars. The leaves of a derivation tree for a formal grammar G are the terminal symbols of that grammar, and the internal nodes the nonterminal or variable symbols. One can read off the corresponding terminal string by performing an ordered tree traversal and recording the terminal symbols in the order they are encountered. The resulting sequence of terminals is a string of the language L(G) generated by the grammar G.

title: Terminal yield


text:
Kitty Wells

Ellen Muriel Deason (August 30, 1919 – July 16, 2012), known professionally as Kitty Wells, was an American pioneering female country music singer. She broke down a barrier for women in country music with her 1952 hit recording "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels", which also made her the first female country singer to top the U.S. country charts and turned her into the first female country superstar. “It Wasn’t God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels” would also be her first of several pop crossover hits. Wells is the only artist to be awarded top female vocalist awards for 14 consecutive years. Her chart-topping hits continued until the mid-1960s, paving the way for and inspiring a long list of female country singers who came to prominence in the 1960s.

Wells ranks as the sixth most successful female vocalist in the history of the Billboard country charts, according to historian Joel Whitburn's book The Top 40 Country Hits. In 1976, she was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. In 1991, Wells became the third country music artist, after Roy Acuff and Hank Williams, and the eighth woman to receive the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Wells' success and influence on country music garnered her the title "Queen of Country Music".

Early life
Wells was born Ellen Muriel Deason on August 30, 1919 as one of six children of Charles Cary Deason and his wife, Myrtle, in Nashville, Tennessee. (She is one of the few well known country performers to have been born in Nashville.) Wells began singing as a child, learning guitar from her father, who was a brakeman on the Tennessee Central Railroad. Her father and his brother were musicians, and her mother, Myrtle, was a gospel singer. As a teenager, Wells sang with her sisters, who performed under the name the Deason Sisters, on a local radio station beginning in 1936.

At the age of 18 Wells married Johnnie Wright, a cabinetmaker who aspired to country music stardom (which he would eventually achieve as half of the duo Johnnie & Jack).

Music career
Wells sang with Wright and his sister Louise Wright; the three toured as Johnnie Right and the Harmony Girls. Soon, Wright met Jack Anglin (who married Johnnie's sister Louise), and they became the duo Johnnie & Jack. Their band became known first as the Tennessee Hillbillies and then the Tennessee Mountain Boys. At this time, Wells adopted "Kitty Wells" as her stage name. Johnnie Wright chose the name from the folk ballad "Sweet Kitty Wells" by The Pickard Family. Wells toured with the pair, occasionally performing backup vocals. Before Wells' rise to stardom with "Honky Tonk Angels", Roy Acuff and the Smoky Mountain Boys toured with Wright and Wells for a time. Acuff advised Wright not to make his wife his show's headliner because he thought women could not sell country music records.

On Louisiana Hayride, Wells performed with her husband's duo. Wells, however, did not sing on their records until signing with RCA Victor in 1949, releasing some of her first singles, including "Death At The Bar" and "Don't Wait For The Last Minute To Pray", neither of which charted. While these early records gained some notice, promoters still were not keen on promoting female singers, so Wells was dropped from the label in 1950.

1952: "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels"
In 1952, Paul Cohen, an executive at Decca Records, approached Wells to record "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels". Wells was disenchanted with her career prospects and was considering retirement, but agreed to the session (at Owen Bradley's studio on May 3, 1952) because of the $125 union scale recording payment. "I wasn't expecting to make a hit," said Wells later. "I just thought it was another song." "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" was an answer song to Hank Thompson's "The Wild Side of Life" and its lyrical treatment of seductive, wayward women. Wells' single retorted, "It's a shame that all the blame is on us women."

The record's message was controversial at the time and was banned by many radio stations. NBC, in particular, was troubled by the lyric, "It brings back memories of when I was a trustful wife". Wells' slight alteration of "trustful" to "trusting" lifted the network ban on the song. It was temporarily banned from the Grand Ole Opry. Nevertheless, audiences were greatly enamored of the song. The single took off during the summer of 1952, and sold more than 800,000 copies in its initial release. It was the first single by a female singer to peak at number one in the eight-year history of the country music chart, where it remained for six weeks. (Certain female country songs, notably Patsy Montana's million-selling "I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart", antedate the creation of Billboard's country chart in 1944.) "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" also crossed over to Billboard's pop charts, hitting number 27. Thanks to her breakthrough, Wells received a membership to the Grand Ole Opry, which had originally banned the single.

Writer Bill Friskics-Warren has argued that part of the song's appeal came from its combination of a modern message with a familiar tune, a melody drawn from the Carter Family's "I'm Thinking Tonight of My Blue Eyes" (as were "The Wild Side of Life" and Roy Acuff's "The Great Speckled Bird"). Practically anyone could hum along with "Angels" the first time they heard it.

1953–1969: Career peak
"It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" was followed by "Paying For That Back Street Affair", a response to Webb Pierce's "Back Street Affair". The single reached number six in the spring of 1953, helping to establish a lasting place at the top of the charts for Wells. Between 1953 and 1955, Wells was popular on the country charts, and was the only female solo artist at the time to be able to maintain her success. In 1953, Wells had two top-10 hits with "Hey Joe" and "Cheatin's a Sin".

The next year, Wells partnered with country star Red Foley for the duet "One By One", which peaked at number one on the Billboard Country Chart, and became her second chart-topper. The song led to a string of hit singles from the duo within the next two decades, including 1954's "As Long as I Live", which peaked at number three. As a solo artist in 1954, Wells had two major hits with the number-eight "Release Me" and the top-15 hit "Thou Shalt Not Steal" (written by Don Everly of the Everly Brothers).

Record companies were reluctant to issue albums by country's female artists until Wells proved that women could sell. She became the first female country singer to issue an LP, starting with 1956's Kitty Wells' Country Hit Parade, which consisted of her biggest hits. Wells released her first studio album in 1957 with Winner of Your Heart. Soon, other female country singers released LPs in the late 1950s and early 1960s. "Making Believe" and "Lonely Side of Town" were also released as singles. Wells' later 1950s releases included "Searching (For Someone Like You)" written by Murphy "Pee Wee" Maddux, and "I Can't Stop Loving You" and "Amigo's Guitar", which she wrote with John D. Loudermilk.

In 1957, Wells issued Winner of Your Heart. This was followed by a string of LPs released by Decca Records between 1957 and 1973. She also partnered with Webb Pierce the same year for two duet singles, including the top-10 hit "Oh So Many Years". The duo did not record together again until 1964 with the top-10 hit "Finally". In 1959, Wells had two top-five hits with "Amigo's Guitar" and "Mommy For A Day". Wells was later awarded a BMI award for writing "Amigo's Guitar". Although not known much for her songwriting, Wells has won two BMI awards, including one for "Amigo's Guitar". She has published more than 60 songs.

Wells continued to put much of herself into her songs throughout her career, inspiring other female country singers to record risky material, as well. Loretta Lynn was one of her followers in this sense when she recorded "Don't Come Home A Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)" in 1967. Dolly Parton's 1968 recording "Just Because I'm a Woman", like "Honky Tonk Angels", questioned the male-female double standard.

Wells entered the 1960s on top with the songs "Heartbreak U.S.A." and "Day into Night". "Heartbreak USA" peaked at number one on the Billboard Country Chart and became her third and final number-one hit. The follow-up, "Day Into Night", was a top-10 hit the same year. Owen Bradley continued as Wells' producer in the 1960s. Bradley produced some of the biggest-selling country crossover singers of the time. The well-known Nashville Sound vocal group The Jordanaires can be heard backing Wells on her big country hit from 1961 "Heartbreak USA".

In the early '60s, Wells continued to have top-10 hits frequently. In 1962, Wells had three Top 10 hits with "Will Your Lawyer Talk to God", "Unloved Wanted", and "We Missed You". Beginning in 1964, Wells' albums began to chart the Top Country Albums chart, starting with the LP Especially for You. Some of Wells' albums peaked within the top 10 on that chart. That same year, Wells' singles began to return to the top 10 with "This White Circle on My Finger" and "Password", both of which peaked at number seven on the Billboard Country Chart. In 1965, Wells had her last top-10 hit with "Meanwhile, Down At Joe's", and in 1966, Wells then had her final top-20 hit with "It's All Over But the Crying", which peaked at number 14 on the country charts.

During the late 1960s and 1970s, Wells managed to have a string of minor hits and remained a popular concert attraction. She continued with a string of top-40 hits nearly until the end of the decade with her last top-40 single, "My Big Truck Drivin' Man", in 1968. In 1968, Wells recorded a duet album with husband Johnnie Wright called We'll Stick Together. Wells also reunited with Red Foley at the end of the decade for a studio album. Her albums continued to chart the Top Country Albums chart until 1969 with Guilty Street.

Wells became the first female country star to have her own syndicated television show, with her husband in 1969, The Kitty Wells/Johnnie Wright Family Show, which also featured appearances by their children, including actor Bobby Wright. The program could not compete, though, against shows starring more contemporary male artists such as Porter Wagoner and Bill Anderson, and only ran for one year.

1970–2012: Later career and retirement
Wells stayed under the Decca label until 1973. She released three studio albums in 1970 and two in 1971. In 1973, when Decca became MCA Records, Wells stayed with them for a short time before leaving the label. In 1974, she signed with Capricorn Records, a southern rock label of the era, and recorded a blues-flavored album entitled Forever Young on which she was backed by members of the Allman Brothers Band and the Marshall Tucker Band. The album received considerable acclaim and, through its association with the Allmans, brought Wells to the attention of a younger audience.

In 1976, Wells was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. In the late 1970s, Wells and husband formed their own record label, Rubocca (the name was a composite of their three children's names: Ruby, Bobby, and Carol Sue) and released several albums. In 1979, at age 60, she was back on the Billboard charts with "I Thank You for the Roses".

Wells remained a successful concert attraction at smaller venues throughout the country and Canada as late as the early 2000s. In 1987, she joined fellow Opry legends Brenda Lee and Loretta Lynn on k.d. lang's "Honky Tonk Angels Medley", which was nominated for a Grammy award in 1989. Wells' 1955 recording "Making Believe" was included in the soundtrack of the film Mississippi Burning.

In 1991, Wells was awarded from the Grammy Awards a Lifetime Achievement award. She, along with Johnnie and Bobby, joined producers Randall Franks and Alan Autry for the In the Heat of the Night CD "Christmas Time's A Comin'" performing "Jingle Bells" with the cast on the CD released on Sonlite and MGM/UA for one of the most popular Christmas releases of 1991 and 1992 with Southern retailers. In 1993, Wells appeared on Dolly Parton, Loretta Lynn and Tammy Wynette's collaboration Honky Tonk Angels, joining in on their recording of the title track.

Wells and her husband opened the Family Country Junction Museum and Studio in 1983 in their hometown of Madison, but stopped running it on their own in 2000. Their grandson John Sturdivant Jr. has kept the Junction Recording Studio at its present location, which also houses Junction Records. Wells and her singing-partner husband of 63 years performed their final show together on December 31, 2000, at the Nashville Nightlife Theater; they had announced their retirement earlier that year. Wells was ranked No. 15 on CMT's 40 Greatest Women of Country Music in 2002.

An exhibit honoring Wells at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville ran from August 2008 through June 2009. On May 14, 2008, "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" was added to the National Recording Registry at the Library of Congress, along with Roy Orbison's "Oh, Pretty Woman".

Personal life
Wells married Johnnie Wright in 1937. Kitty and Johnnie had three children, Ruby, Bobby, and Carol Sue, eight grandchildren, 12 great-grandchildren, and seven great-great-grandchildren. Carol Sue released a single with Wells in the mid '50s, titled "How Far Is Heaven", which peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Country Chart. While two of Wells' children pursued music careers, Carol Sue did not, but she was married to Nashville Music Row executive John Sturdivant Sr. and recorded numerous songs with her family, including performing with Ruby as The Wright Sisters. Ruby recorded an album for the Kapp label and was a member of 'Nita, Rita, and Ruby. Bobby recorded albums for both Decca and ABC. Wells and her husband were lifelong members of the Church of Christ. The couple celebrated their 70th wedding anniversary in 2007 by visiting the small courthouse at which they were married in Franklin, Kentucky. Kitty and Johnnie were married 74 years before Johnnie's death in 2011.

Death
Kitty Wells died on July 16, 2012, in Madison, Tennessee, from complications of a stroke. She was 92.

Achievements and honors

 * First solo female country artist to have a number 1 record on the charts
 * First female country artist to sell one million records
 * First woman to headline a major tour
 * First woman to headline a syndicated television variety show
 * Voted top country female artist for 14 consecutive years
 * Holds record for single at number 2 on the charts with "Makin' Believe" for 15 weeks
 * Country Music Hall of Fame Inductee (1976)
 * NARAS Governor's Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Recording Industry (1981)
 * Academy of Country Music's Pioneer Award (1985)
 * NARAS Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (1991)
 * The Music City News Living Legend Award (1993)
 * Native American Music Hall of Fame Inductee (2002)
 * National Recording Registry at the Library of Congress for "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" (2008)
 * In 2019, Kitty Wells was honored in Brazil by the channel canal Pouco Recurso News. The grandson of the singer John Sturdivant Jr participated in the tribute to his grandmother, with a video of thanks.
 * Mentioned fondly in the Gordon Lightfoot song “I Used to Be A Country Singer” (1998)

title: Kitty Wells


text:
American Hot Rod

American Hot Rod is a reality television series that originally aired between 2004 and 2007 on TLC and Discovery Channel. The series followed car designer Boyd Coddington and his crew as they built hot rods and custom vehicles at his wheel and car shop in La Habra, California. The show was known for its frequent rows and bust-ups, and a high staff turnover rate. Some crew members went to work for Overhaulin's Chip Foose, a former partner of Coddington's, for a more relaxed environment; even Coddington's own son could not work there for long.

The series ended when Coddington died, following complications from surgery, in February 2008. The car shop closed on June 20, 2008.

Custom cars built during the series included the "Alumatub", a '61 Impala Bubbletop, a '63 Chevy Corvette Stingray, and a '42 Woodie. In July 2007, the shop made an Elvis Tribute Car, a modified 1957 pink Cadillac, sponsored by Reese's.

Hot rod shop

 * Boyd Coddington: shop owner, died suddenly on February 27, 2008 at the age of 63 due to complications after surgery
 * Jo Coddington: Boyd's wife, appeared in all five seasons, ran the collectable store, consignment store, all corporate builds
 * Diane Coddington: Boyd's ex-wife, ran accounting dept., appeared in Seasons One through Four until offices were moved when wheel shop was sold to American Racing
 * Chris Coddington: Boyd's son, custom wheel sales dept., appeared in all five seasons, wheel division sold to American Racing during S4 but he appeared on S05E02 (Hershey Tribute Car)
 * Tom Emmons: art director, appeared only in S03E01 (Make-A-Wish Max Hemi) but did most of the in-house artwork and drawings for Boyd
 * Duane Mayer: shop foreman, appeared in all five seasons, now runs his own shop.
 * Dan "Chicago" Sobieski: appeared in all five seasons, opened his own shop.
 * Lee Hayes: sheet metal man, appeared in Seasons Two through Five working part-time, debuted in S02E12 ('63 Stingray 2/3)
 * Robert Taylor: fabricator & assembler, appeared in Seasons Four and Five, debuted in S04E14 ('36 Roadster)
 * Chad "Bluebear" Geary: assembler, appeared in Seasons One and Two, fired during S02E06 (Rat Rod Build Off) for insubordination
 * Jimmy Pett: fabricator and assembler, appeared in Seasons One through Three, gone by Season Four
 * Chris Smith: fabricator and assembler, appeared in Seasons Four and Five
 * Tommy Puriton: janitor, appeared in all five seasons
 * Keith "Flanders" Hickson: freelance exhaust fabricator, appeared in Season One
 * Rick Rempel: metal worker, appeared in one build in Season Four, debuted in S04E20 (El Camino/White Cap truck), quit during S04E21 to return to Canada
 * Scott Parker: appeared in Seasons Two through Four, quit during S04E10 after staying to help complete the '61 Impala Bubbletop build
 * Mike Curtis: machine shop supervisor, appeared in Seasons One and Two, fired during S02E22 ('59 Chevy Low Rider) for working for competitor Chip Foose on the side.
 * Roy Schmidt: metal worker, appears in Seasons One through Three, died of lung cancer on Oct. 27th, 2005 at the age of 64 during filming of S04E03 ('54 Corvette & '55 Chevy)
 * Thomas Loddby: mechanic, appeared in Seasons One through Five, left during S03E02 (Max Hemi) to start a shipping business, returned in S04E11 ('40 Ford) working on a part-time basis
 * Al Simon: chassis builder, appears in Seasons One through Five, quits during S02E14 (Bud Light car), returns during S02E22 ('59 Chevy Low Rider), and leaves again during S05/E08 ('59 Corvette)
 * "Speedy" MacDonald: apprentice, appeared in Seasons Four and Five before leaving during S05E06 (Sobe Mercury Wagon) to return to Connecticut
 * Jon Rockwell: metal fabricator, appeared in Season Four, debuted in S04E12 ('40 Ford), gone when Season Five began
 * Sean Dooley: metal worker, appeared in one build in Season Two ('65 Mustang), fired during S02E01 for insubordination
 * Jimmy Hudson: metal fabricator, appeared in Season Four, debuted in S04E11 ('40 Ford), quit during S04E18 ('40 Ford Woodie) for personal reasons
 * Brad Johnston: fabricator, appeared in Seasons Two through Four, debuted during S02E18 (Hildebrandt Car), quit during S04E09 ('61 Impala Bubbletop) after being confronted about excessive absenteeism
 * Liz Miles: apprentice, appeared in Season Five, debuted in S05E07 ('59 Corvette), fired during S05E08 reportedly over an alleged salary dispute and conflict with Boyd's wife Jo
 * Tony Piro: apprentice, appeared in Season Four, debuted S04E04, laid off S04E05, returned as an intern on S04E06 (all '56 Chevy), and eventually fired S04E19 ('40 Ford Woodie) for lack of experience
 * Jon Mayo: machinist, appeared in Seasons One and Two, quit during S02E08 ('42 Woodie) to move to Hawaii
 * Kevin Christianson: machinist, appeared in all five seasons
 * Chris Campbell: driver, appeared in Seasons Two through Four, fired during S04E04 ('56 Chevy) for multiple accidents and mishaps
 * Ben Vasquez: fabricator and assembler, appeared in Seasons Four and Five
 * Ken Whitney: assembler/electrical, appeared in Seasons Two through Four, had his own business named Wire 1 Hotrod specializing in wiring and computers, called in on an as needed basis
 * Jeffrey "Scott" Howard: fabricator and assembler, appeared in Seasons One and Two, gone by Season Three
 * Jimy "Tig" Kraus: apprentice, appeared in Seasons One and Two, fired during S02E02 ('65 Mustang) for lack of experience and alleged careless work habits
 * Trish ???: metal worker, appeared in a couple of builds in Season Two, fired during S02E08 ('42 Woodie) for missing a day and not calling in
 * Louie Biegler: metal worker, appeared in one build during Season Four, debuted and quit during S04E04 ('56 Chevy) because he couldn't keep up with the workload
 * Albert Gillikin, Jr: metal worker, appeared briefly in Season Four, debuted in S04E04 ('56 Chevy)
 * Mike Bennett: metal worker, appeared in Season Four, debuted in S04E04 ('56 Chevy)
 * Memo Sanchez: limo driver, appeared in multiple seasons, fired by Duane during S05E11 (Bonneville racer) because assignments from Boyd were interfering with parts runs
 * Willie Johnstone: assembler, appeared briefly in Season Two ('59 Chevy Low Rider)
 * Craig Jull: fabricator, appeared in Season Five, debuted on S05E10 to help out with the Bonneville Racer build
 * Robert Gallegos: apprentice, appeared in Season Five, debuted in S05E02 (Hershey Tribute Car)
 * Bryan "Barney" Cantrell: fabricator, appeared in Season One only
 * Chris Hoskins: intern, appeared in Season Two, debuted in S02E02 ('65 Mustang), left during S02E08 ('42 Woodie) to return to school in Chicago
 * Al "Skeeter" ???: mechanic, appeared in Season Two, debuted in S02E19 (Hildebrant Car)
 * Kevin "Dog" Gotch: intern, appeared in Season Two, debuted in S02E08 ('42 Woodie)
 * Andreas Andersson: intern, appeared in Season One, debuted in S01E05 (Alumatub), quit during S01E06 after verbal abuse from Duane caused him to leave and return to Sweden
 * James Gallando: machinist, appears in Season One (Junkyard Dog)

Body shop

 * Justin Bergsto: body shop, appeared in Seasons Two through Five
 * Rafael Garcia: body shop, appeared in Seasons One through Five
 * Charley Hutton: painter & body shop supervisor, appeared in Seasons One and Two, quit during S02E10 ('42 Woodie) and opened his own shop Charley Hutton's Color Studio in Nampa, ID. He also appeared on Rides and Overhaulin', and wins a Ridler Award with Chip Foose.
 * Andrew "Beetle Bailey" Petterson: body man, appeared in Seasons One and Two, left in Season Two to join Charley Hutton
 * Greg Morrell: painter & body shop, appeared in Seasons Three through Five, debuted on S03E02 (Max Hemi)
 * Bernt Karlsson: body shop, painter, appeared in Seasons Two through Five, debuted in S02E12 ('63 Stingray) as an independent contractor, then came aboard full-time on S02E15 (Bud Light Car).
 * Brian ????: body shop apprentice, appeared in Seasons One and Two, gone when Season Three began
 * Jose ????: body shop, appeared in Seasons Three through Five
 * Paul Fortin: body shop, appeared in Seasons Three through Five, debuted on S03E02 (Max Hemi)
 * Mike Rhodes: body shop, appeared briefly in Season Two, debuted in S3E13 for '63 Corvette build

title: American Hot Rod


text:
John Yoo

John Choon Yoo (born July 10, 1967) is a South Korean-born American legal scholar and former government official who serves as the Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley. Yoo became known for his legal opinions concerning executive power, warrantless wiretapping, and the Geneva Conventions while serving in the George W. Bush administration, during which he was the author of the controversial "Torture Memos" in the War on Terror.

As the deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) of the Department of Justice, Yoo wrote the Torture Memos to determine the legal limits for the torture of detainees following the September 11 attacks. The legal guidance on interrogation authored by Yoo and his successors in the OLC were rescinded by President Barack Obama in 2009. Some individuals and groups called for the investigation and prosecution of Yoo under various anti-torture and anti-war crimes statutes.

A report by the Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility stated that Yoo's justification of waterboarding and other "enhanced interrogation methods" constituted "intentional professional misconduct" and recommended that Yoo be referred to his state bar association for possible disciplinary proceedings. Senior Justice Department lawyer David Margolis overruled the report in 2010, saying that Yoo and Assistant Attorney General Jay Bybee—who authorized the memos—had exercised "poor judgment" but that the department lacked a clear standard to conclude misconduct.

Early life and education
Yoo was born on July 10, 1967, in Seoul, South Korea. His parents were anti-communist, having been refugees during the Korean War. He immigrated to the United States with his family when he was a young child and grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended high school at Episcopal Academy, graduating in 1985. While a student there, Yoo studied Greek and Latin.

Yoo matriculated at Harvard University where he majored in American history and was a member of The Harvard Crimson. He graduated in 1989 with a Bachelor of Arts, summa cum laude, with membership in Phi Beta Kappa. He then attended Yale Law School, where he was a member of the Yale Law Journal, graduating with a J.D. in 1992.

Early legal service
After law school, Yoo was a law clerk for Judge Laurence H. Silberman of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1992 to 1993 and for Justice Clarence Thomas of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1994 to 1995. He served as general counsel of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1995 to 1996.

Academic career
Yoo has been a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law since 1993, where he is the Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law. He has written multiple books on presidential power and the war on terrorism, and many articles in scholarly journals and newspapers. He has held the Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Law at the University of Trento and has been a visiting law professor at the Free University of Amsterdam, the University of Chicago, and Chapman University School of Law. Since 2003, Yoo has also been a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank in Washington. He wrote a monthly column, "Closing Arguments", for The Philadelphia Inquirer. He has written academic books including Crisis and Command.

Bush administration (2001–2003)
Yoo has been principally associated with his work from 2001 to 2003 in the Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) under Attorney General John Ashcroft during the George W. Bush Administration. Yoo's expansive view of presidential power led to a close relationship with Vice President Dick Cheney's office. He played an important role in developing a legal justification for the Bush administration's policy in the war on terrorism, arguing that prisoner of war status under the Geneva Conventions does not apply to "enemy combatants" captured during the war in Afghanistan and held at the Guantánamo Bay detention camp.

Torture memos
In what was originally known as the Bybee memo, Yoo asserted that executive authority during wartime allows waterboarding and other forms of torture, which were euphemistically referred to as "enhanced interrogation techniques" were issued to the CIA. Yoo's memos narrowly defined torture and American habeas corpus obligations. Yoo argued in his legal opinion that the president was not bound by the American War Crimes Act of 1996. Yoo's legal opinions were not shared by everyone within the Bush Administration. Secretary of State Colin Powell strongly opposed what he saw as an invalidation of the Geneva Conventions, while U.S. Navy general counsel Alberto Mora campaigned internally against what he saw as the "catastrophically poor legal reasoning" and dangerous extremism of Yoo's opinions. In December 2003, Yoo's memo on permissible interrogation techniques was repudiated as legally unsound by the OLC, then under the direction of Jack Goldsmith.

In June 2004, another of Yoo's memos on interrogation techniques was leaked to the press, after which it was repudiated by Goldsmith and the OLC. On March 14, 2003, Yoo wrote a legal opinion memo in response to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, in which he concluded that torture not allowed by federal law could be used by interrogators in overseas areas. Yoo cited an 1873 Supreme Court ruling, on the Modoc Indian Prisoners, where the Supreme Court had ruled that Modoc Indians were not lawful combatants, so they could be shot, on sight, to justify his assertion that individuals apprehended in Afghanistan could be tortured.

Yoo's contribution to these memos has remained a source of controversy following his departure from the Justice Department; he was called to testify before the House Judiciary Committee in 2008 in defense of his role. The Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) began investigating Yoo's work in 2004 and in July 2009 completed a report that was sharply critical of his legal justification for waterboarding and other interrogation techniques. The OPR report cites testimony Yoo gave to Justice Department investigators in which he claims that the "president's war-making authority was so broad that he had the constitutional power to order a village to be 'massacred.'" The OPR report concluded that Yoo had "committed 'intentional professional misconduct' when he advised the CIA it could proceed with waterboarding and other aggressive interrogation techniques against Al Qaeda suspects," although the recommendation that he be referred to his state bar association for possible disciplinary proceedings was overruled by David Margolis, another senior Justice department lawyer.

In 2009, President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13491, rescinding the legal guidance on interrogation authored by Yoo and his successors in the Office of Legal Counsel.

In December 2005, Doug Cassel, a law professor from the University of Notre Dame, asked Yoo, "If the President deems that he's got to torture somebody, including by crushing the testicles of the person's child, there is no law that can stop him?", to which Yoo replied, "No treaty." Cassel followed up with "Also no law by Congress—that is what you wrote in the August 2002 memo," to which Yoo replied, "I think it depends on why the President thinks he needs to do that."

War crimes accusations
Glenn Greenwald has argued that Yoo could potentially be indicted for crimes against the laws and customs of war, the crime of torture, and/or crimes against humanity. Criminal proceedings to this end have begun in Spain: in a move that could have led to an extradition request, Judge Baltasar Garzón in March 2009 referred a case against Yoo to the chief prosecutor. The Spanish Attorney General recommended against pursuing the case.

On November 14, 2006, invoking the principle of command responsibility, the German attorney Wolfgang Kaleck filed a complaint with the Attorney General of Germany (Generalbundesanwalt) against Yoo, along with 13 others, for his alleged complicity in torture and other crimes against humanity at Abu Ghraib in Iraq and Guantánamo Bay. Kaleck acted on behalf of 11 alleged victims of torture and other human rights abuses, as well as about 30 human rights activists and organizations. The co-plaintiffs to the war crimes prosecution included Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Martín Almada, Theo van Boven, Sister Dianna Ortiz, and Veterans for Peace. Responding to the so-called "torture memoranda," Scott Horton noted

"the possibility that the authors of these memoranda counseled the use of lethal and unlawful techniques, and therefore face criminal culpability themselves. That, after all, is the teaching of United States v. Altstötter, the Nuremberg case brought against German Justice Department lawyers whose memoranda crafted the basis for implementation of the infamous 'Night and Fog Decree'."

Legal scholars speculated shortly thereafter that the case has little chance of successfully making it through the German court system.

Jordan Paust of the University of Houston Law Center concurred with supporters of prosecution and in early 2008 criticized the US Attorney General Michael Mukasey's refusal to investigate and/or prosecute anyone who relied on these legal opinions:

"[I]t is legally and morally impossible for any member of the executive branch to be acting lawfully or within the scope of his or her authority while following OLC opinions that are manifestly inconsistent with or violative of the law. General Mukasey, just following orders is no defense!"

In 2009, the Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón Real launched an investigation of Yoo and five others (known as the Bush Six) for war crimes.

On April 13, 2013, the Russian Federation banned Yoo and several others from entering the country because of alleged human rights violations. The list was a direct response to the so-called Magnitsky list revealed by the United States the day before. Russia stated that Yoo was among those responsible for "the legalization of torture" and "unlimited detention".

After the December 2014 release of the executive summary of the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture, Erwin Chemerinsky, then the dean of the University of California, Irvine School of Law, called for the prosecution of Yoo for his role in authoring the Torture Memos as "conspiracy to violate a federal statute".

On May 12, 2012, the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission found Yoo, along with former President Bush, former Vice President Cheney, and several other senior members of the Bush administration, guilty of war crimes in absentia. The trial heard "harrowing witness accounts from victims of torture who suffered at the hands of US soldiers and contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan".

Warrantless wiretapping
Yoo provided a legal opinion backing the Bush Administration's warrantless wiretapping program. Yoo authored the October 23, 2001 memo asserting that the President had sufficient power to allow the NSA to monitor the communications of US citizens on US soil without a warrant (known as the warrantless wiretap program) because the Fourth Amendment does not apply. As another memo says in a footnote, "Our office recently concluded that the Fourth Amendment had no application to domestic military operations." That interpretation is used to assert that the normal mandatory requirement of a warrant, under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, could be ignored.

In a 2006 book and a 2007 law review article, Yoo defended President Bush's terrorist surveillance program, arguing that "the TSP represents a valid exercise of the President's Commander-in-Chief authority to gather intelligence during wartime". He claimed that critics of the program misunderstand the separation of powers between the President and Congress in wartime because of a failure to understand the differences between war and crime, and a difficulty in understanding the new challenges presented by a networked, dynamic enemy such as Al Qaeda. "Because the United States is at war with Al Qaeda, the President possesses the constitutional authority as Commander-in-Chief to engage in warrantless surveillance of enemy activity." In a Wall Street Journal opinion piece in July 2009, Yoo wrote it was "absurd to think that a law like FISA should restrict live military operations against potential attacks on the United States."

National Board for Education Sciences (2020–)
In December 2020, President Donald Trump appointed Yoo to a four-year term on the National Board for Education Sciences, which advises the Department of Education on scientific research and investments.

Unitary executive theory
Yoo suggested that since the primary task of the President during a time of war is protecting U.S. citizens, the President has inherent authority to subordinate independent government agencies, and plenary power to use force abroad. Yoo contends that the Congressional check on Presidential war-making power comes from its power of the purse. He says that the President, and not the Congress or courts, has sole authority to interpret international treaties such as the Geneva Conventions, "because treaty interpretation is a key feature of the conduct of foreign affairs". His positions on executive power are controversial because the theory can be interpreted as holding that the President's war powers afford him executive privileges which exceed the bounds which other scholars associate with the President's war powers. His positions on the unitary executive are controversial as well because they are seen as an excuse to advance a conservative deregulatory agenda; the unitary executive theory says that every president is able to roll back any regulation passed by previous presidents, and it came to prominence in the Reagan administration as a "legal strategy that could enable the administration to gain control of the independent regulatory agencies that were seen as impeding the...agenda of deregulating business."

Following his tenure as an appointee of the George W. Bush administration, Yoo criticized certain views on the separation of powers doctrine as allegedly being historically inaccurate and problematic for the global war on terrorism. For instance, he wrote, "We are used to a peacetime system in which Congress enacts the laws, the president enforces them, and the courts interpret them. In wartime, the gravity shifts to the executive branch."

In 1998 Yoo criticized what he characterized as an imperial use of executive power by the Clinton administration. In an opinion piece in the WSJ, he argued that the Clinton administration misused the privilege to protect the personal, rather than official, activities of the President, such as in the Monica Lewinsky affair. At the time, Yoo also criticized Clinton for contemplating defiance of a judicial order. He suggested that Presidents could act in conflict with the Supreme Court, but that such measures were justified only during emergencies. In 2000 Yoo strongly criticized what he viewed as the Clinton administration's use of powers of what he termed the "Imperial Presidency". He said it undermined "democratic accountability and respect for the law". Yet, Yoo has defended Clinton, for his decision to use force abroad without congressional authorization. He wrote in The Wall Street Journal on March 15, 1999, that Clinton's decision to attack Serbia was constitutional. He then criticized Democrats in Congress for not suing Clinton as they had sued presidents Bush and Reagan to stop the use of force abroad.

Trump administration
In 2019, on Fox News, Yoo made the comment "Some might call that espionage" when discussing Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman, the top Ukraine expert on the National Security Council. Vindman was set to testify in front of Congress the next day about Trump requesting that the Ukrainian president start an investigation into his political rival Joe Biden. Yoo subsequently said "I really regret the choice of words" and that he had been referring to Ukrainian officials rather than Vindman.

In 2020, Yoo praised Trump as a "constitutional conservative". He wrote a 2020 book about Trump titled Defender in Chief: Donald Trump's Fight for Presidential Power. During an interview on C-SPAN in August 2020, Yoo defended the use of enhanced executive privilege within the Trump administration. He stated in a concurrent interview on CBS with Ted Koppel that his support for Trump may be guided by his possible reading of PEADs (Presidential Emergency Action Documents) as further supplementing his support for enhanced executive privilege during wartime and other national emergencies.

After Trump lost his bid for re-election in the 2020 United States presidential election, Yoo stated in an opinion piece that the Supreme Court could decide the outcome of the election. Weeks later, Yoo and J. Michael Luttig advised Mike Pence that the Vice President had no constitutional authority to interfere with the certification of Electoral College votes on January 6, 2021, as had been proposed to Pence by Trump attorney John Eastman.

Proposed reciprocal prosecutions
At a July 2024 National Conservatism Conference meeting, former Donald Trump attorney John Eastman, who had been disbarred and was facing prosecution for his alleged role in the Pence card conspiracy to overturn the 2020 presidential election results, remarked, "We've got to start impeaching these judges for acting in such an unbelievably partisan way from the bench." Yoo responded, "People who have used this tool against people like John or President Trump have to be prosecuted by Republican or conservative DAs in exactly the same way, for exactly the same kinds of things, until they stop."

Federal tort suit
On January 4, 2008, José Padilla, a U.S. citizen convicted of terrorism, and his mother sued John Yoo in the U.S. District Court, Northern District of California (Case Number 08-cv-00035-JSW), known as Padilla v. Yoo. The complaint sought $1 in damages based on the alleged torture of Padilla, attributed to the authorization by Yoo's torture memoranda. Judge Jeffrey White allowed the suit to proceed, rejecting all but one of Yoo's immunity claims. Padilla's lawyer says White's ruling could have a broad effect for all detainees.

Soon after his appointment in October 2003 as chief of the Office of Legal Counsel, DOJ, Jack Goldsmith withdrew Yoo's torture memoranda. The Padilla complaint, on page 20, cited Goldsmith's 2007 book The Terror Presidency in support of its case. In it Goldsmith had claimed that the legal analysis in Yoo's torture memoranda was incorrect and that there was widespread opposition to the memoranda among some lawyers in the Justice Department. Padilla's attorney used this information in the lawsuit, saying that Yoo caused Padilla's damages by authorizing his alleged torture by his memoranda.

While the District Court ruled in favor of Padilla, the case was appealed by Yoo in June 2010. On May 2, 2012, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that Yoo had qualified immunity at the time of his memos (2001–2003), because certain issues had not then been settled legally by the U.S. Supreme Court. Based on the Supreme Court's decision in Ashcroft v. al-Kidd (2011), the Appeals Court unanimously ruled against Padilla, saying that, when he was held as a detainee, it had not been established that an enemy combatant had the "same constitutional protections" as a convicted prisoner or suspect, and that his treatment had not been legally established at the time as torture.

Retired Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson, chief of staff to General Colin Powell in the Persian Gulf War and while Powell was Secretary of State in the Bush Administration, has said of Yoo and other administration figures responsible for these decisions:

"Haynes, Feith, Yoo, Bybee, Gonzales and—at the apex—Addington, should never travel outside the US, except perhaps to Saudi Arabia and Israel. They broke the law; they violated their professional ethical code. In the future, some government may build the case necessary to prosecute them in a foreign court, or in an international court."

Office of Professional Responsibility report
The Department of Justice's Office of Professional Responsibility concluded in a 261-page report in July 2009 that Yoo committed "intentional professional misconduct" when he "knowingly failed to provide a thorough, objective, and candid interpretation of the law", and it recommended a referral to the Pennsylvania Bar for disciplinary action. But David Margolis, a career Justice attorney, countermanded the recommended referral in a January 2010 memorandum. While Margolis was careful to avoid "an endorsement of the legal work," which he said was "flawed" and "contained errors more than minor", concluding that Yoo had exercised "poor judgment", he did not find "professional misconduct" sufficient to authorize OPR "to refer its findings to the state bar disciplinary authorities".

Yoo contended that the OPR had shown "rank bias and sheer incompetence", intended to "smear my reputation", and that Margolis "completely rejected its recommendations".

Although stopping short of referral to the bar, Margolis had also written:

"[Yoo's and Bybee's] memoranda represent an unfortunate chapter in the history of the Office of Legal Counsel. While I have declined to adopt OPR's findings of misconduct, I fear that John Yoo's loyalty to his own ideology and convictions clouded his view of his obligation to his client and led him to author opinions which reflected his own extreme, although sincerely held, views of executive power while speaking for an institutional client."

Margolis's decision not to refer Yoo to the bar for discipline was criticized by numerous commentators.

Publications
Yoo's writings and areas of interest have fallen into three broad areas: American foreign relations; the Constitution's separation of powers and federalism; and international law. In foreign relations, Yoo has argued that the original understanding of the Constitution gives the President the authority to use armed force abroad without congressional authorization, subject to Congress's power of the purse; that treaties do not generally have domestic legal force without implementing legislation; and that courts are functionally ill-suited to intervene in foreign policy disputes between the President and Congress.

With the separation of powers, Yoo has argued that each branch of government has the authority to interpret the Constitution for itself. In international law, Yoo has written that the rules governing the use of force must be understood to allow nations to engage in armed intervention to end humanitarian disasters, rebuild failed states, and stop terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

Yoo's academic work includes his analysis of the history of judicial review in the U.S. Constitution. Yoo's book, The Powers of War and Peace: The Constitution and Foreign Affairs after 9/11, was praised in an Op-Ed in The Washington Times, written by Nicholas J. Xenakis, an assistant editor at The National Interest. It was quoted by Senator Joe Biden during the Senate hearings for then-U.S. Supreme Court nominee Samuel Alito, as Biden "pressed Alito to denounce John Yoo's controversial defense of presidential initiative in taking the nation to war". Yoo is known as an opponent of the Chemical Weapons Convention.

During 2012 and 2014, Yoo published two books with Oxford University Press. Taming Globalization was co-authored with Julian Ku in 2012, and Point of Attack was published under his single authorship in 2014. His 2017 book Striking Power: How Cyber, Robots, and Space Weapons Change the Rules for War is co-authored with by Jeremy Rabkin.

Yoo's latest book, Defender in Chief: Donald Trump's Fight for Presidential Power, was published in July 2020.

In popular culture

 * In Vice, a 2018 biographical comedy-drama film about Dick Cheney, Yoo is portrayed by Paul Yoo.
 * In The Report, a 2019 film about the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture, Yoo is portrayed by Pun Bandhu.

Personal life
Yoo is married to Elsa Arnett, the daughter of journalist Peter Arnett.

title: John Yoo


text:
Tobiko

Tobiko (とびこ) is flying fish roe in Japanese cuisine, known for its use in sushi.

The eggs are small, ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 mm. For comparison, tobiko is larger than masago (capelin roe), but smaller than ikura (salmon roe). Natural tobiko has a red-orange color, a mild smoky or salty taste, and a crunchy texture.

Tobiko is sometimes colored to change its appearance: other natural ingredients are used to accomplish the change, such as squid ink to make it black, yuzu to make it pale orange (almost yellow), or even wasabi to make it green and spicy. A serving of tobiko can contain several pieces, each having a different color.

When prepared as sashimi, it may be presented on avocado halves or wedges. Tobiko is used in the creation of many other Japanese dishes. Often, it is used as an ingredient in California rolls.

Frequently, masago (capelin or smelt roe) is substituted for tobiko, due to its similar appearance and flavor.

title: Tobiko


text:
Kain

Kain may refer to:

 * Kain (given name)
 * Kain (surname)
 * Kain Department, a department in the Yatenga Province of Burkina Faso
 * Mount Kain, a mountain in the Fraser River Valley of Mount Robson Provincial Park, Canada
 * Kaïn, a folk rock group from Quebec
 * Kain (Legacy of Kain), the protagonist of the Legacy of Kain series of videogames
 * Kain (Tenchi Muyo!), a character from Tenchi Muyo! in Love
 * Kain, an archetype in Fire Emblem
 * Kain, a former municipality part of Tournai, Belgium
 * KAIN-LP, a defunct low-power television station (channel 55) formerly licensed to Natchitoches, Louisiana, United States
 * A former name for Qaen, Iran
 * Kain panjang, a traditional cloth from Indonesia, often patterned with batik or ikat'
 * Kain the Dragoon from Final Fantasy IV.

title: Kain


text: User talk:68.47.30.101

title: User talk:68.47.30.101


text: User talk:68.19.66.159

title: User talk:68.19.66.159