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Virginia State Capitol

The Virginia State Capitol is the seat of state government of the Commonwealth of Virginia, located in Richmond, the state capital. It houses the oldest elected legislative body in North America, the Virginia General Assembly, first established as the House of Burgesses in 1619.

The Capitol was conceived of by Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau in France, based on the Maison Carrée in Nîmes. Construction began in 1785 and was completed in 1788. The current Capitol is the eighth built to serve as Virginia's statehouse, primarily due to fires during the Colonial period. The building also served as the Confederate States Capitol during the Civil War from 1861 to 1865. In the early 20th century, two wings were added, leading to its present appearance. In 1960, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.

Colonial precursors in Jamestown and Williamsburg
During the American colonial era, the Colony of Virginia's first capital was Jamestown, where the first legislative body, the Virginia House of Burgesses, met in 1619. The new government used four state houses at different times at Jamestown due to fires. The first Representative Legislative Assembly convened on July 30, 1619 at the Jamestown Church which served as the first Capitol.

With the decision to relocate the government inland to Williamsburg in 1699, a grand new Capitol building was completed in November 1705. Nearby was the grand Governor's Palace. It burned in 1747 and was replaced in 1753. On June 29, 1776, Virginians declared their independence from Great Britain and wrote the state's first constitution, thereby creating an independent government four days before Congress voted for the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia on July 4.

The Capitol at Williamsburg served until the American Revolutionary War began, when Governor Thomas Jefferson urged that the capital be relocated to Richmond. The building was last used as a capitol on December 24, 1779, when the Virginia General Assembly adjourned to reconvene in 1780 at the new capital, Richmond. It was eventually destroyed.

Richmond and state capitol design
When it convened in Richmond on May 1, 1780, the legislature met in a makeshift building near Shockoe Bottom. By 1788, the "Old Capitol" where the Virginia Ratifying Convention met was at the New Academy by the Chevalier Quesnay.

Plans were begun for a new building to serve a new state, the Commonwealth of Virginia. The site selected for a new, permanent building was on Shockoe Hill, a major hill overlooking the falls of the James River.

Thomas Jefferson is credited with the overall design of the new Capitol, together with French architect Charles-Louis Clérisseau. The design was modeled after the Maison Carrée at Nîmes in southern France, an ancient Roman temple. The only other state to accurately copy an ancient model is the Vermont State House, which based its portico on the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. Jefferson had Clérisseau substitute the Ionic order over the more ornate Corinthian column designs of the prototype in France. At the suggestion of Clérisseau, it used a variant of the Ionic order designed by Italian student of Andrea Palladio, Vincenzo Scamozzi.

The cornerstone was laid on August 18, 1785, with Governor Patrick Henry in attendance, prior to the completion of its design. In 1786, a set of architectural drawings and a plaster model were sent from France to Virginia, where it was executed by Samuel Dobie. It was sufficiently completed for the General Assembly to meet there in October 1792.

It is one of only twelve Capitols in the United States without an external dome. (The others are the Capitols of Alaska, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon and Tennessee.)

American Civil War
The building also served as the Capitol of the Confederacy during the American Civil War (1861–65) (It was the Confederacy's second home, the first being the Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama).

The Capitol, the adjacent Virginia Governor's Mansion, and the White House of the Confederacy (about three blocks to the north on East Clay Street) were spared when departing Confederate troops were ordered to burn the city's warehouses and factories, and fires spread out of control in April 1865. John Brown's carpet-bag, full of documents including many unpublished ones, was kept in the Virginia Capitol from 1860 to 1865 by Andrew Hunter, at that time a state senator. When Richmond fell, "so Yankees can't find them", the carpet-bag was hidden "between the wall and the plastering". It has never been found.

The first Flag of the United States to fly over the capitol since secession was hoisted by Lieutenant Johnston L. de Peyster. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln toured the Capitol during his visit to Richmond about a week before his assassination in Washington, DC.

From April 6 until April 10, 1865 Lynchburg served as the Capital of Virginia. Under Gov. William Smith, the executive and legislative branches of the commonwealth moved to Lynchburg for the few days between the fall of Richmond and the fall of the Confederacy.

On July 24, 2020, House Speaker Eileen Filler-Corn ordered the removal of a statue of Confederate General Robert E. Lee, along with busts of J.E.B. Stuart, Stonewall Jackson, Jefferson Davis, and other Confederates from the historic Old House Chamber.

1870 Tragedy

After the end of the American Civil War, during the Reconstruction period, Virginia was under military rule for almost five years, ending in January 1870. In the ensuing months, a dispute over leadership of the Richmond government resulted in the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals holding a hearing on April 27, 1870, in the large courtroom on the second floor of the Capitol. Several hundred people crowded in. Before the proceedings could begin, the gallery gave way and fell to the courtroom floor. This added weight, in addition to the crowd already there, caused the entire courtroom floor to give way, falling 40 ft into the House of Delegates chamber.

The injured stumbled, crawled or were carried out onto the Capitol lawn during the mayhem that followed. Sixty-two people were killed and 251 injured. There were no women believed to have been present when the collapse occurred. The dead included a grandson of Patrick Henry, and three members of the General Assembly. Injured included both men contesting the Richmond mayoral position, the speaker of the House of Delegates, a judge and ex-governor Henry H. Wells. Former Confederate general Montgomery D. Corse was partially blinded by the collapse.

Rebuilding, expansion, renovation
Despite demands for the building's demolition, the damage from the tragedy of 1870 was repaired. In 1904, two wings (not in the original plans) were added to the east and west ends of the building to provide much-needed additional space for the growing legislature. These additions were built to the collaborative designs of three of Virginia's leading architects and architectural firms: Frye & Chesterman of Lynchburg, John Kevan Peebles of Norfolk and Noland & Baskervill of Richmond.

In 2003, the assembly approved $83.1 million for the renovation, restoration and expansion of the Capitol. Work began in 2004 and was completed on May 1, 2007. Among major changes are a completely new HVAC control system, updated mechanical, storm water and plumbing systems, and construction of a 27000 sqft expansion beneath the hill on the south lawn. The expansion provides a visitor's entrance that is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act, plus office space and meeting rooms, and better security management. The final cost of the restoration was approximately $104 million. The extension was designed by architect Sonja Bijelić of RMJM.

The Virginia National Guard was activated to provide extra security at the Virginia State Capitol, prior to the 2021 Inauguration of Joe Biden, in response to the FBI warning of possible armed protests at US capitals.

Individuals known to have lain in state/repose

 * June 1806: George Wythe, Signer of the Declaration of Independence from Virginia
 * January 21, 1862: John Tyler, Tenth President of the United States; 23rd Governor of Virginia
 * May 15, 1863: Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, Confederate general
 * June 15, 1971: J. Sargeant Reynolds, then-Lieutenant Governor of Virginia
 * September 30, 1991: A. L. Philpott, then-Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates
 * February 11, 2011: Leroy R. Hassell Sr., then-Chief Justice of the Virginia Supreme Court (first African American in Virginia to be afforded the honor)
 * January 29–30, 2013 Harry L. Carrico, Former Chief Justice with over 42 years of service as an active Justice on the Virginia Supreme Court
 * September 6, 2017: Lacey Putney, Former House Speaker and longest serving legislator in Virginian history (1962–2014)

Capitol Square
The area around the Capitol is known as Capitol Square. It contains several monuments to prominent Virginians and events in Virginia:
 * Washington Monument, 1858
 * In 1869, the monument was completed, with statues of the following encircling the base:
 * Patrick Henry
 * Thomas Jefferson
 * Andrew Lewis
 * John Marshall
 * George Mason
 * Thomas Nelson Jr.

 * General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson Statue, 1875
 * Governor William "Extra Billy" Smith Statue, 1906
 * Dr. Hunter Holmes McGuire Statue, 1904
 * Zero Milestone, 1929, for measuring highway distances from the city of Richmond
 * Edgar Allan Poe Statue, 1958
 * Harry F. Byrd Sr. Statue, 1976
 * Virginia Civil Rights Memorial, 2008
 * The Bell Tower was built in 1824–1825. It is still used for ceremonial ringing.
 * Oliver Hill Building (1892-1894)

In film and television
Given its Classical Revival style of architecture along with the fact that its color is white, the Capitol was the double for the exterior shots of The White House featured in the movie The Contender (2000) starring Gary Oldman, Joan Allen, Jeff Bridges, Christian Slater.

In the 1993 comedy-drama film Dave with Kevin Kline, Sigourney Weaver, Frank Langella; the House of Delegates chamber served as the set for the United States House of Representatives, where the title character President addresses a joint session of Congress.

In the 2012 film Lincoln, the Virginia State Capitol was used as a stand-in for the United States Capitol in Washington D.C. during the Civil War era with some film retouching.

title: Virginia State Capitol


text:
Raigarh district

Raigarh district is a district of the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Raigarh is the district headquarters.

The district was formed by merging the princely states of Raigarh, Sakti, Sarangarh, Udaipur and Jashpur. Jashpur is now a separate district. Sakti is now not a part of Raigarh district. Sarangarh was also Separated in 2021.

It is rapidly growing as an industrial district of Chhattisgarh. One of the oldest jute mills of India is situated here, Mohan jute mill; it was the only Jute Mill of the state Chhattisgarh and undivided Madhya Pradesh. Raigarh is one of the major producers of steel and power in the country. Here are situated many steel and power plants such as JSPL, MSP, Monnet steel, and many other small and medium producers. The volume can be judged by the statement that Raigarh itself is consuming about 20,000 tons of coal per day.

Administration
Raigarh district has 9 tehsils:

 * 1) Raigarh
 * 2) Udaipur (Dharamjaigarh)
 * 3) Kharsia
 * 4) Pusour
 * 5) Lailunga
 * 6) Tamnar
 * 7) Gharghoda

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Raigarh district has a population of 1,493,984, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 336th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 211 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.02%. Raigarh has a sex ratio of 993 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.7%.

After bifurcation the district had a population of 1,112,982, of which 218,821 (19.66%) live in urban areas. Raigarh district has a sex ratio of 987 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 126,349 (11.35%) and 443,752 (39.87%) of the population respectively.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 72.34% of the population in the district spoke Chhattisgarhi, 8.63% Odia, 8.32% Hindi, 5.29% Kurukh, 1.07% Bengali and 1.04% Bhojpuri as their first language.

Languages spoken here include Asuri, an Austroasiatic language spoken by approximately 17,000.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Raigarh district


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bell test loopholes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect to Bell test experiments. Deathphoenix 01:42, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Bell test loopholes
This is a POV fork of Bell test experiments. It should be partially merged into Bell test experiments and redirected, but original research by C. Thompson and references to her papers should only be kept if editors other than Caroline Thompson consider it relevant. --Pjacobi 10:28, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)
 * Remark. Dont' forget Loopholes in optical Bell test experiments. CSTAR 18:02, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge (or partial merge). Upon a Google search of Bell test loopholes, eight of the first ten entries (that is the 1st page entries) point to CT's contribution or references to it (one of the ten points to Real Estate loopholes). It doesn't get much better on te second page.  What this proves is that CT's efforts have succeeded in converting WP into a vehicle for promoting her ideas.CSTAR 17:25, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As the main author of the page, I say keep as it is. I created this page as a separate one so that it could conveniently be referenced directly from a general page such as Bell's theorem or from more specialist pages such as Bell test experiments or Bell inequalities.

 * Incidentally, CSTAR's interpretation of his Google findings is very misleading. As far as Google was concerned, I was an authority on the subject before I started contributing to wikipedia.

 * If the page were redirected, where would this be to? The page structure of the group of pages is logical as it is (apart from the fact that I'd forgotten that there was already a redirect from Bell's inequalities to Bell's theorem.) Caroline Thompson 19:47, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Authority? Oh really?

 * Cranks, Crackpots, Kooks and Loons on the net

 * CSTAR 20:14, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect. -Sean Curtin 03:04, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect -Lethe | Talk 11:54, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect and merge anything useful. Possible deficiencies in the Bell test experiments should be addressed there, not forked off into a separate article. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 15:31, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That sounds a reasonable compromise, though it may then be necessary to say more about the loopholes in other pages. If the main material is incorporated into Bell test experiments, will a reference to my own papers -- at least to my 1996 Chaotic Ball paper -- be allowed, both here and from other pages, in particular CHSH inequality?  It is widely acknowledged to give clear explanation of the fair sampling loophole. [See Google!  I don't know why CSTAR thinks it a bad thing that wikipedia is on the top of the list for Bell test loophole information.  He should be proud of the fact. Caroline Thompson 09:56, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Dunno if it's too late in the game, but anyway: merge and redirect to Bell test experiments. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:22, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Ork (video game)

Ork is a video game made for the Amiga and Atari ST personal computers. It was developed by WJS Design and published by Psygnosis in 1991.

Ork is a platform game with 5 levels. It takes place on an alien planet called Cisskei, where the main character, an alien called Ku-Kabul, must find his way through each level. The levels are filled with tasks such as solving the puzzles or fighting enemies.

Ku-Kabul is equipped with a machine gun and a jetpack with limited ammunition and fuel, necessitating careful use of tools until the game allows the player to restock their items.

Keeping with Psygnosis's tradition of including references to earlier games, the third level of Ork includes a moment where Lemmings spawn, walk a few dozen metres, then jump off a cliff.

The theme music is composed by Tim Bartlett. The cover artwork for Ork consists of the image Behemoth's World, which was painted by Richard Clifton-Dey, and was previously used as the cover for Blue Öyster Cult's 1980 album Cultösaurus Erectus.

title: Ork (video game)


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Talk:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

Location "as far north as 80°N."
Could somebody give a realistic idea of how far north this is? Like give the name of a country at that level? Robinoke 10:31, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * After the five years that have elapsed since this question, we now have a nice article about 80th parallel north. --Teratornis (talk) 01:42, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

PETM impact affected all countries, but we know, the rise in global temps impacted even current day Alaska and Elsmere island. Fossil Tropical palm fronds have been discovered in sandstone in Alaska. It has been found in Bellingham Washington and the north cascades. The Hadley cells gradually changed shape, and my guess, the mid-latitude Hadley cell compressed the Arctic Hadley cell. The Arctic Hadley cell is a high-pressure zone, that is a Polar Desert. 98% of the ground is devoid of plant life. 55 million years ago, it was considered moist with lower Barometric pressure allowing a alpine forest to form. When the PETM even was over and millions of years passed, the Barometric pressure increases again, leaving behind evidence of petrified alpine tree stumps.

- Climeaware

Transgression
Did Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum cause any notable transgression of oceans onto the continents? It is very a interesting question with respect to global warming and the rising of oceans. Stepanovas 10:42, 17 December 2005 (UTC) The Cretaceous and the Paleocene did not have polar ice caps, so there were no ice reserves to melt and raise sea levels worldwide. Warmer oceans do expand somewhat. --Wetman 05:51, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

What is the Antarctic Ocean? I assume they meant Arctic.

 * I think you are right too, although I am not an expert, but I do recall (see my note below) Tim Flannery's preoccupation with the Arctic - not the Antarctic - when discussing this same PETM event so I have changed it myself. It has been a long time since you posted and no one else has been around to respond or do so.  Finally, all of the links similarly seem to refer to the north pole i.e. northern oceans also! Mattjs 04:35, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Hmm?
I guess this could represent the runaway greenhouse effect ? 91.153.61.172 07:40, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I guess it couldn't, because the greenhouse effect did not, in fact, run away. -- Zimriel (talk) 02:32, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Depends what you mean by 'runaway' - a runaway train eventually stops after all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.145.240.164 (talk) 22:51, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

And furthermore
That "1,500 to 2,000 gigatons of carbon released into the ocean/atmosphere system over the course of 1,000 years" -- could that not be related to the warming of the oceans, easily releasing that volume of CO2 over that span? Is it not a violation of NPOV to throw that particular cart in front of the horse, comparing it to human CO2 production?

All the CO2 we've produced in the last 300 years has resulted in an increase from 0.03% (preindustrial) to 0.04% of atmospheric gases. We're currently producing a little over 3% of all CO2 production in the world. We could be responsible for a bit more, by killing things that then decay. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Oiler99 (talk • contribs) 06:53, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
 * You seem to be confusing net CO2 production with gross. The natural carbon cycle moves huge amounts of CO2 between sources and sinks each year, but the natural sources and sinks have been much closer to equilibrium for most of geological history than they are now, as human additions of CO2 are not being fully taken out by natural sinks. For example, each year in the northern hemisphere the autumn leaf drop releases an amount of carbon exceeding man's current annual fossil fuel budget - but most of this carbon is taken back up during the next growing season, giving little net change from year to year. The analogy is to consider a bank account from which someone withdraws large amounts of money repeatedly but then deposits it all back. Over time, the account balance would remain stable despite the meaningless churning of the account. However, if the account holder then began depositing just a little extra, while keeping the large withdrawals and deposits the same as before, the account balance would begin steadily ticking up. That's how humans have managed to increase the atmospheric concentration of CO2 to a higher level than has existed in the past 800,000 years and probably for the last 20 million years. A seemingly small change from 0.026% to 0.04% can have quite substantial long-term impact, as similar magnitude changes in the opposite direction correlated with the site of present-day Chicago being under a mile of ice. --Teratornis (talk) 00:51, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Asteroid Impact(s)
Tim Flannery mentions this extinction event early in his book on global warming The Weather Makers refering to evidence/research that suggests a nothern hemishpere (north atlantic i believe) oceanic impact or impacts that heated the ocean and/or directly heated oceanic/coastal methane and methane hydrate reserviors. Yet nowhere is this evidence/theory however briefly mentioned in the article? Maybe I will come back and do so when I have a hardcopy to cite with the reference (I currently only have an audiobook). If anyone knows anything or has it also then please include it. Interestingly Image:Extinction Intensity.png doesn't include a -55M peak either. Regards, Mattjs 04:15, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Looks like someone else agreed with me but this time a comet. Would be a nice addition if it came with a supportable reference - guess I will just have to find it in The Weather Makers again and then add and/or amend this users edit. Mattjs 17:13, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Methane release
Found a reference to this nature published study that apparently proves the cause of the event was a massive methane release. The origin of the methane release is still not proven, also the author favor the hypothesis of a surface source : ''the microbes' sudden switch to methane for their diet indicates they were swamped by a local source of the gas. The explanation for this is a snap release from terrestrial sources, rather than a longer release of methane from the sea or underground, according to Pancost''.

Nature : Increased terrestrial methane cycling at the Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum

AFP Greenhouse Earth: Methane powered runaway global warming — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.68.92.104 (talk) 18:03, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Would the Nature (journal) article be useful at Tipping point (climatology)? 99.109.126.95 (talk) 03:32, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

The claim that 'careful examination of the Thomas et al. data set shows that there is not a single intermediate planktonic foram value, implying that the perturbation and attendant δ13C anomaly happened over the lifespan of a single foram' appears to be original research by synthesis of data from a published paper.

Volcanic Activity
Official excerpt from the book "Waking the Giant" (Bill McGuire 2009) "Accompanying the event, wholesale melting in the Earth’s mantle underlying the waking the giant region fed vast outpourings of lava across Canada’s Bafﬁn Island, Greenland, the Faeroes, and north-west Britain. In places, lavas were piled more than seven kilometres thick, while elsewhere magma intruded en masse into the local rock and sediments. Estimates suggest that the total volume of magma involved was staggering, ranging between 5 and 10 million cubic kilometres. Impressive, undoubtedly, but what has this to do with the PETM? According to Mike Storey of Roskilde University in Denmark, and colleagues, quite a lot. Storey and his fellow researchers propose that the puzzle of the initial PETM warming can be explained by the release of prodigious volumes of carbon-12 enriched methane as magma associated with the splitting of Greenland from Europe heated and baked carbon-rich sediments that ﬂoored much of the region prior to the tectonic upheaval. The timing is just about right, with the start of the PETM occurring a little after the beginning of the great, magmatic outburst." http://ncse.com/files/pub/evolution/excerpt–giant.pdf Prokaryotes (talk) 04:35, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

Earth's Orbital Shifts
A new review article at SciAm argues that the 405,000 year orbital wobbles may have caused the PETM: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earths-orbital-shifts-may-have-triggered-ancient-global-warming/

"In their study, Zeebe and Lourens examined geologic records to identify orbital eccentricity cycles, calculating a new astronomical solution for the positions and velocities of the planets in the past and checking it against the sediments from Atlantic Ocean seafloors. “We came up with a remarkable match,” Zeebe says. “The geologic record and our calculation seem to be very much in agreement until 58 million years ago.” Most significantly, Zeebe and Lourens’s calculations show the PETM also began around one of the 405,000-year cycles, which tracks with past hyperthermal events, suggesting planetary dynamics initiated it." . ..

“Given an orbital trigger for the PETM and the strong evidence for orbital pacing of the subsequent hyperthermals, no other trigger is necessary,” Zeebe says.

Probably merits addition to the sparse discussion of orbital shifts in our article. -- Pete Tillman (talk) 03:27, 6 September 2019 (UTC)

Silurian hypothesis
Should we maybe include a small section on the Silurian hypothesis in this article? AFAIK no scholar actually promotes it as the most likely explanation for the PETM— the Schmidt and Frank paper only argues that it is possibility which merits further research— but it is arguably notable and we already have a standalone article on the subject which links back here. Montgolfière (talk) 02:54, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
 * No. The Silurian article does not claim any possible connection with the PETM. Dudley Miles (talk) 08:06, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Now that you mention it, there probably should be an explicit mention of the PETM in the body of the Silurian hypothesis article, since the original paper definitely discusses it at length. There is currently a link to the PETM article in the See Also section. Montgolfière (talk) 18:05, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Terrestrial extinctions or not?
Intro: "Many benthic foraminifera and terrestrial mammals became extinct"

4.5 Life: "There is no evidence of any increased extinction rate among the terrestrial biota."

Surely these are contradictory statements?

The "Norwegian Blue"
During a hot period at 55 mya there is, now, in Denmark of all places, a wingbone of the first parrot. Any chance of seeing this in the article? Seems to me to be topical - unless we are assuming two warming periods within 800,000 years of each other, one of which affected only Denmark. I posted it a mite too fast and perhaps in the wrong section of this article. I was going to wikify my primary source but someone edited it out faster than I could fix it. Anyway, my link here is the better-formatted version I'd posted in the parrot page... -- Zimriel (talk) 02:32, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

maths or unit wrong
>At this location, the PETM CIE, from start to end, spans about 2 m.[6] Long-term age constraints, through biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy, suggest an average Paleogene sedimentation rate of about 1.2 cm/yr. Assuming a constant sedimentation rate, the entire event, from onset though termination, was therefore estimated at about 200,000 years

I make that 200 years. I think the sedimentation rate may be per century. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.201.169.177 (talk) 20:50, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.physorg.com/news9572.html
 * In Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum on Sun Jul 16 21:16:34 2006, 404 Not Found
 * In Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum on Mon Jul 17 16:27:51 2006, 404 Not Found
 * In Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum on Thu Jul 27 00:59:56 2006, 404 Not Found

maru  (talk)  contribs 05:00, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I deleted the broken link and added two functioning ones --Wetman 05:49, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

AKA: LPTM
Late Paleocene thermal maximum (LPTM), as per ~ender 2007-07-07 23:00:PM MST

Comparison with current anthropogenic carbon emissions
mentions a carbon addition range from about 2500 to over 6800 gigatons. The lead section calls the PETM "perhaps the best past analog in which to understand the fate and consequences of current fossil fuel emissions on an intermediate time-scale (>1000 years)." I think it be useful, then, to list the current annual, cumulative to date, and projected carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion, for comparison. Does anyone else have opinions about whether and how to work this information in to the article? --Teratornis (talk) 00:30, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Lysocline or CCD?
Is it not the CCD that is reflected explicitly in geological records and not the Lysocline? Whilst you're at it, if you are in the know about these things could you please have a look at a related question of mine using the link below:

[]

Cheers.

--Andrew F. (talk) 23:06, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

Another link on CO2 withdrawal and sequestration following PETM onset
See here: Earth Recovered from Prehistoric Global Warming Faster Than Previously Thought. ~ AH1 (discuss!) 01:46, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

resource
[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2011/10/hothouse-earth/kunzig-text World Without Ice; 56 million years ago a mysterious surge of carbon into the atmosphere sent global temperatures soaring. In a geologic eyeblink life was forever changed.] by Robert Kunzig National Geographic October 2011 publishing. 97.87.29.188 (talk) 23:12, 20 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Excerpt ...
 * See Carbon cycle within Planetary boundaries.
 * 99.119.128.87 (talk) 01:18, 6 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Here is a list of wikilinks from the Quotation deleted by Special:Contributions/Arthur Rubin (see View History) ... global warming, Atlantic Ocean, primate, human beings burned, coal, oil, natural gas, fossil fuels, carbon, drought, flood, insect plagues, extinction, Life, Earth.  99.190.87.183 (talk) 05:45, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Zuni sequence reference?
The PETM c.55Ma is associated with a marine transgression over much of North America, the Zuni sequence from 55-25Ma. Also, is not the PETM associated with the rifting open of the North Atlantic, and the final severing of North America from Europe? 66.235.38.214 (talk) 19:26, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Possible useful reference.
I've come across this paper related to this subject which might be of use in the article http://www.pnas.org/content/110/40/15908.abstract.html

To quote Calcium carbonate and carbon isotope records from the rhythmically bedded Marlboro Clay, deposited during the onset of the PETM CIE, show that the massive release of isotopically light carbon was instantaneous, providing important constraints for the magnitude of carbon released and potential mechanisms.

G-13114 (talk) 17:48, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Here's an article about that study http://beforeitsnews.com/environment/2013/10/petm-shocker-when-co2-levels-doubled-55-million-years-ago-global-temperatures-may-have-jumped-9f-in-13-years-2481958.html G-13114 (talk) 23:28, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Someone added the study to the article, today. Prokaryotes (talk) 23:54, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Hi! "Someone" was me :-) --Hg6996 (talk) 04:36, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

Duration
Perhaps someone could look into the research at Rutgers University. It seems to contradict this article regarding the duration of CO2 release. Or perhaps I missed something. In any case, shouldn't this recent finding be added. ? Here's the link,  http://news.rutgers.edu/research-news/new-finding-shows-climate-change-can-happen-geological-instant/20131003#.U_FvO-NdXl7  67.167.10.252 (talk) 03:27, 18 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks, added. prokaryotes (talk) 12:08, 18 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Read a follow up study, http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/faculty/zeebe_files/Publications/ZeebeEtAlPNAS14.pdf prokaryotes (talk) 23:55, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

Possible confusing edits
A recent editor of the article, made in part wrong and confusing edits, see for instance https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum&diff=prev&oldid=598091911 It is unclear if the edits were made by mistake, references are lacking too. prokaryotes (talk) 13:04, 18 August 2014 (UTC) In this edit the user clearly modified a figure wrong https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum&diff=prev&oldid=598066034 - see the study paper http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/36/4/315 which states 6800, he changed the article figure to 7000. The same edit div has him changed, quote = This model was improved using the assumption that 3He flux is constant; this cosmogenic nuclide is produced at a (roughly) constant rate by the sun, and there is little reason to assume large fluctuations in the solar wind across this short time period. TO quote = This age model was independently examined using 3He contents, assuming the flux of this cosmogenic nuclide is roughly constant over short time periods END Thus, he changed the content (added independent) and made the part about the sun influence more confusing, by removing keywords, such as the mention of the sun entirely. prokaryotes (talk) 13:21, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

Article needs more updates
There are several conclusions in the article, based on studies which can be considered out of date and need to be updated with our current understanding of the events. --prokaryotes (talk) 00:36, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

A positive spin on PETM?
"The increase in mammalian abundance is intriguing. There is no evidence of any increased extinction rate among the terrestrial biota. Increased CO2 levels may have promoted dwarfing[34][35] – which may have encouraged speciation. Many major mammalian orders – including the Artiodactyla, horses, and primates – appeared and spread around the globe 13,000 to 22,000 years after the initiation of the PETM.[34]"

Why not state how many species that died out instead. Putting that way makes it seem as if PETM is something good, something to strive for? Makes for a really sick idea to me. And I think it should be it for most educated people? Someone takes the 'positive aspects' of methane releases, CO2, and global warming too far there in my opinion. Never liked stupidity. 90.130.230.11 (talk) Yoron. — Preceding undated comment added 00:45, 23 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, it's not stupid if the sourcing holds up. There's no "good" or "bad" in looking at these geologic events; I mean, if something else had happened, maybe humans would never have come into being, and is that good or bad?  (You'd have to see the alternative I suppose)  Our current ecological disruption is bringing a wide range of exciting new (mostly hybrid) invasive species into being, killer bees and such, and is that good or bad? Wnt (talk) 15:47, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Significance of the comet paper
I assume folks have seen this/this about microtektites found in New Jersey and Florida from 56 MYA. So far the editing of the article has been understated. I am tempted to now put the comet theory first, remove the comment about it briefly being favored, have a thing about it in the lead etc. But... this isn't my field and I'm not sure how to balance this against other sources. Can we have a discussion of how far to push this?

It's a damn simple idea, a comet full of CO2 instantly causing greenhouse warming, but perhaps that simplicity is too alluring. How likely is it that that happened and something else at the same time? Wnt (talk) 15:42, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Recent edits
I have again reverted recent edits. The first one changes the temperature comparison from a comparison between temperatures today and at the P-E Maximiun to stating the increase in temperature at the time, but the increase at the time is already covered in the next paragraph. The edit also uses the ~ symbol, which will not be familiar to many readers. The other edit seems to make a valid point but is very badly worded. It repeats the words "a main difference" in the previous sentence, and it also says "the amount of released carbon" whereas the difference is not the amount but the speed of release. Dudley Miles (talk) 08:45, 1 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi Dudley. Temperature changes, as the summary noted, are due to a missing reference - now indicated by a citation needed tag. The ~ sign is used 8 times in this article, and is commonly used elsewhere on Wikipedia. The repeated phrase has been addressed. The amount/speed figures are based on a new study, see references for more. Other than that, you also removed the new study entirely from the body, and a related image, as well as study results from Bowen 2015. prokaryotes (talk) 09:51, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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K-Pg vs. K-T
Does Wikipedia have any emerging standard as to whether to call it the K-Pg mass extinction or K-T mass extinction? I know they're the same thing, but it's confusing to switch back and forth when you're new to the topic. This page uses K-Pg in the key events text box at the top, but K-T in the Effects/Life/Ocean section. This being outside my field, I don't know which one to fix. -Yannick (talk) 20:09, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum


text:
Jacob Hübner

Jacob Hübner (20 June 1761 – 13 September 1826, in Augsburg) was a German entomologist. He was the author of Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge (1796–1805), a founding work of entomology.

Scientific career
Hübner was the author of Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge (1796–1805), a founding work of entomology. He was one of the first specialists to work on the European Lepidoptera. He described many new species, for example Sesia bembeciformis and Euchloe tagis, many of them common. He also described many new genera.

He was a designer and engraver and from 1786 he worked for three years as a designer and engraver at a cotton factory in Ukraine. There he collected butterflies and moths including descriptions and illustrations of some in Beiträge zur Geschichte der Schmetterlinge (1786–1790) along with other new species from the countryside around his home in Augsburg.

Hübner's masterwork "Tentamen" was intended as a discussion document. Inadvertently published, it led to subsequent confusion in classification. His publications were issued in sections, some after his death, often without associated publication dates. Arthur Francis Hemming, secretary of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, summarized all the citations of Hübner's proposed taxonomic names, thereby constraining the possible dates of publication leading to the acceptance of Hübner's works as valid taxonomic publications.

Works

 * 1786–1790: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Schmetterlinge ["Contributions to the history of butterflies"], Augsburg
 * 1793: Sammlung auserlesener Vögel und Schmetterlinge, mit ihren Namen herausgegeben auf hundert nach der Natur ausgemalten Kupfern ["Collection of choice birds and butterflies, issued with included names on 100 naturally colored copperplate prints"]
 * 1796–1805: Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge ["Collection of European butterflies"]
 * 1806: Tentamen determinationis, digestionis atque denominationis singularum singularum stirpium Lepidopterorum, peritis ad inspiciendum et dijudicandum communicatum ["Preliminary examination, an attempt to fix, arrange and name the individual races of Lepidoptera to experts for examination and the expression of an opinion"]
 * 1806–1824: Geschichte europäischer Schmetterlinge ["History of European butterflies"]
 * 1806–1834 (with C. Geyer and G.A.W. Herrich-Schäffer): Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge ["Collection of exotic butterflies"] (2 vols.), Augsburg
 * 1816: Verzeichnis bekannter Schmetterlinge ["Directory of known butterflies"], Augsburg.
 * 1822: Systematisch-alphabetisches Verzeichnis aller bisher bey den Fürbildungen zur Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge angegebenen Gattungsbenennungen ["Systematic-alphabetic directory of all genus names hitherto issued with the depictions of European butterflies"]. Augsburg: published by the author.

title: Jacob Hübner


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jacinthe

Jacinthe
What stand here is certainly not encyclopedic and is probably an experiment. Still we have "about 110 000" google hits on Jacinthe, so I am submitting this to vfd. 129.177.61.124 10:35, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Five Blind Boys of Mississippi

The Five Blind Boys of Mississippi was an American post-war gospel quartet. They started with lead singer Archie Brownlee, their single "Our Father" reached number ten on the Billboard R&B charts in early 1951. Then the screams of their new lead singer Big Henry Johnson captivated audiences all over the world. Jimmy was the heart of the group and the longest standing member. It was one of the first gospel records to do so.

John Fogerty's goal for the line, "Rollin', rollin', rollin' on the river," in the song "Proud Mary" was to evoke male gospel harmonies, as exemplified by groups such as the Swan Silvertones, the Sensational Nightingales, and the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi.

History
The group originated in 1936 as a quartet of students from the Piney Woods School near Jackson, Mississippi. The students — Brownlee, Joseph Ford, Lawrence Abrams, and Lloyd Woodard — originally sang under the name "the Cotton Blossom Singers", performing jubilee quartet and secular material, to raise money for the school. Their teacher, Martha Louise Morrow Foxx, helped organize the blind singers at the behest of the school founder Laurence C. Jones. On March 9, 1937, Brownlee and the others recorded sacred tunes (as the Blind Boys) and three secular numbers (as Abraham, Woodard, and Patterson) for Library of Congress researcher Alan Lomax. After graduation in the early forties, they began performing professionally singing pop music as the Cotton Blossom Singers and religious material under the name The Jackson Harmoneers. They were often backed by a female jazz band which originated from the same country school known as "The International Sweethearts of Rhythm." In the early 1940s, Melvin Henderson, also known as Melvin Hendrix, joined the group making them—like many so-called quartets—actually a quintet.

In the mid-1940s, Brownlee and the others relocated to Chicago, and changed their name to the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi. Under the influence of R.H. Harris of the Soul Stirrers, Brownlee moved away from the jubilee style of singing and towards a more popular hard gospel style. Even though Harris' influence was persuasive—the Blind Boys at first covered Soul Stirrers songs almost exclusively—Brownlee's high voice, which could move from a sweet croon to a devastating scream, was one of the most recognizable in gospel. Though blind from birth, he would also sometimes leap from a stage into the audience below.

With the addition of hard gospel shouter Rev. Percell Perkins (1917-2003) (who replaced Henderson), the Blind Boys moved into their period of greatest fame. Perkins, who was not blind, became the group's manager, and they began to record, first for Excelsior in 1946, then for Coleman in 1948. Ford was replaced by another blind bass singer who later regained his sight and had to leave the group. He was replaced by J.T. Clinkscales, in that year, and in 1950 the group moved to Peacock Records where they recorded the hit "Our Father"  at their first session.

And over the course of 10 years the Blind Boys recorded such hits as "Old Ship Of Zion", "Coming Home", "Will Jesus Be Waiting?", "Song Of Praise", "I Wonder, Do You?", "In The Wilderness", "I Never Heard A Man", "Let's Have Church", "Leave You In The Hands Of The Lord", and "Someone Watches". Brownlee died of pneumonia while touring in New Orleans on February 8, 1960, at the age of 34, and not long after Perkins left as well to go into the ministry.

Brownlee was, at first, replaced by Roscoe Robinson and, after Robinson left the group to go out on his own, by the very able lead Henry Johnson, who, like Brownlee, made devastating screams. Quartet veteran Willmer Broadnax took the position of second lead. He was later replaced by Willie Mincey. Broadnax, in particular, had a high voice which was comparable, in some respects, to Brownlee's. Other singers who worked with the group for a time included Rev. Sammy Lewis, Rev. George Warren, James Watts, and Vance Powell. By the end of the 1960s, the group had released 27 singles and 2 albums for Peacock. In the 1970s and early 1980s, they recorded some material for Jewel, and they continued to tour into the 1990s. Of the three remaining members of the original group, Lloyd Woodard died in June 1973, Lawrence Abrams passed on in August, 1982, and Henry Johnson passed on December 10, 1999.

The Five Blind Boys of Mississippi should not be confused with The Blind Boys of Alabama, a group led by Clarence Fountain. There is some dispute as to which of the two groups was named first. Some sources say that the Five Blind Boys took their name when Percell Perkins joined them in the mid-1940s. According to Fountain, however, the two groups were actually christened simultaneously during a Newark, New Jersey quartet contest in 1948.

title: Five Blind Boys of Mississippi


text:
Mercury coulometer

In electrochemistry, a mercury coulometer is an analytical instrument which uses mercury to perform coulometry (determining the amount of matter transformed in a chemical reaction by measuring electric current) on the following reaction:

These oxidation/reduction processes have 100% efficiency with the wide range of the current densities. Measuring of the quantity of electricity (coulombs) is based on the changes of the mass of the mercury electrode. Mass of the electrode can be increased during cathodic deposition of the mercury ions or decreased during the anodic dissolution of the metal.

where $Q$ is the quantity of electricity; $Δm$ are the mass changes; $F$ is the Faraday constant; and $MHg$ is the molar mass of mercury.

Use as Hour Meter
Before the development of solid-state electronics, coulometers were used as long-period (up to 25,000 hours) elapsed hour meters in electronic equipment and other devices, including on the Apollo Program space vehicles. By passing a constant, calibrated current through the coulometer, the movement of a gap between mercury droplets provides a visual indication of elapsed time. Brands included HP's Chronister and Curtis' Indachron.

Construction
This coulometer has different constructions but all of them are based on mass measurements. The device consists of two reservoirs connected by a thin graduated capillary tube containing a solution of the mercury(II)-ions. Each of the reservoirs has an electrode immersed in a drop of mercury. Another small drop of mercury is inserted into the capillary. When the current is turned on, it initiates dissolution of the metallic mercury on one side of the drop in the capillary and deposition on the other side of the same drop. This drop starts to move. Because of the high efficiency of the deposition/dissolution of the mercury under the current influence, the mass or volume of this small drop is constant and its movement is linearly correlated with the passed charge. If the direction of the current is changed, the drop moves in the opposite direction. The sensitivity of this type of coulometer depends on the diameter of the capillary.

title: Mercury coulometer


text:
Bidean nam Bian

Bidean nam Bian (Bidean nam Beann, "peak of the mountains") is the highest peak in a group of mountains south of Glen Coe and north of Glen Etive in the Scottish Highlands. With a height of 1150 m, it is a Munro and the highest point in Argyll. It is a complex mountain with many ridges and subsidiary peaks, one of which, Stob Coire Sgreamhach, is classified as a separate Munro.

Landscape
The most noticeable features of the Bidean nam Bian massif are the famous Three Sisters of Glen Coe, three steeply-sided ridges that extend north into the Glen. Two of the sisters, Gearr Aonach ('short ridge') and Aonach Dubh ('black ridge') converge at Stob Coire nan Lochan, a 1,115 m subsidiary peak of Bidean nam Bian that lies about 1 km to the northeast of the actual summit. The final, most easterly sister, Beinn Fhada ('long mountain'), joins the Bidean nam Bian massif at the summit of Stob Coire Sgreamhach.

Beinn Fhada is separated from Gearr Aonach by a glen known as Coire Gabhail ('glen of the capture'), often known as the 'Hidden' or 'Lost Valley', as it has a wide flat area concealed from Glen Coe by the landslip which blocked the entrance and allowed a loch to form. The glen was used by Clan Macdonald to hide their livestock from raiders, or hide cattle they themselves had stolen. The steep rough path up from Glen Coe skirts a wooded ravine, and is a popular short walk (around 4 km in total), though it involves a river crossing and some rocky sections.

Ascent routes
There are several routes to the summit of Bidean nam Bian. One may continue from Coire Gabhail (known as the Hidden Valley of Glencoe), reaching the main ridge by means of a zig-zag path that climbs up the flank of Gearr Aonach to cliffs at the head of the corrie, and a patch of scree at the bealach up to the ridge. From here, turn left to climb Stob Coire Sgreamhach which lies only about 0.5 km to the southeast, or right to traverse along the cliff edge towards the summit of Bidean.

Other routes include ascending Stob Coire nan Lochan and then using the connecting ridge to reach the main summit, or ascending via the Allt Coire nam Beitheach and following either branch of this burn to reach the main ridge either side of the subsidiary peak of Stob Coire nam Beith, which lies about a kilometre to the west of the main summit.

All of the above routes start from Glen Coe and go through the corries running between the Three Sisters, and may thus be combined to allow a traverse of the mountain. Due to the accessibility of Bidean from the north, routes on the southern side are used much less frequently.

Avalanche
On 19 January 2013 four people were killed in an avalanche close to Church Door Buttress on the north side of Bidean nam Bian. A fifth person was airlifted to hospital with serious injuries and a sixth escaped unharmed. It was the worst avalanche in Scottish history and the worst in the UK since the Lewes avalanche in 1836.

title: Bidean nam Bian


text:
Talk:Brown dwarf

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 10 March 2020 and 30 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jomoeberhard. Peer reviewers: Jfields7.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:21, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Chronos Xsp.

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Some notes
$$13 M_J$$ is the critical threshold for Deuterium fusion; as a result, some descriptions implicitly put the lower bound on mass there. However, most actualy definitions of brown dwarfs clarify their existence independently of mass, and wonder openly about what the lower bound will turn out to be.

~$$65 M_J$$ is the critical threshold for burning off Lithium, so the heavier brown dwarfs (which will also be warmer and easier to spot, and make up many of the observed dwarfs) may deplete their lithium. I'm not sure if it is possible for a brown dwarf to stay hot for long enough to deplete all of its lithium... many things [including the threshold mass for helium fusion] depend on the initial composition of the dwarf.

The radius of a brown dwarf is around $$1 R_J$$ over the mass range from $$1 M_J$$ to $$75 M_J$$.

+sj +  10:43, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Is $$M_J$$ really the lower limit where the radius is $$R_J$$? Given that the radius would be roughly constant over two orders of magnitude, it seems like quite a coincidence that our very own Jupiter would define the lower limit of that range.  --Doradus 18:36, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

One of the interesting things about brown dwarfs is that they would carry large storehouses of energy to the distant future of the universe. All the other stars will have used up the available interstellar hydrogen and died off. Brown dwarf stars in binary pairs will eventually coalesce by gravitational radiation and tidal losses. The two stars although individually too small to burn hydrogen when combined might form new red dwarfs. Trillions of years in the future they might be the only active stars left. 70.108.138.233 02:00, 21 October 2005 (UTC) [marko]

I don't think the explanation of why brown dwarfs are all roughly the same size is clear. The article says that among the less massive brown dwarfs, Coulomb pressure dominates; among the more massive, EDP dominates. Is this saying that, contrary to the expectation that a more massive brown dwarf would actually be smaller as a result of greater pressure, under higher pressure EDP takes over and therefore size is roughly constant? Incidentally, can we get some physicist to write an article on Coulomb pressure? The link to Coulomb pressure obviously leads.. nowhere.

Does _Coulomb pressure_ really mean, atoms with electron shells? OsamaBinLogin (talk) 00:40, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

This might be useful for some more historical information. It summarizes the first three years of brown dwarf research after the discovery of the first brown dwarf. It also includes some information on retractions of discoveries that predate the first. And it explains the Population III mass limit on VLM/BDs (90 Mj) 76.66.203.138 (talk) 14:02, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * also provides historical context. 76.66.203.138 (talk) 14:17, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Life in planets around brown dwarfs
I don't suppose someone more experienced than I could comment on this and maybe add something to the article?

 * The observations also imply that brown dwarfs might be good targets for future planet-hunting missions. Astronomers do not know if life could exist on planets around brown dwarfs.

This was from spaceref.com today. I was under the impression that only stars of our size were good for that. Do any brown dwarfs last long enough for life to theoretically develop? How close would a planet have to be to be in the habitable zone, the one that goes from a little ways inside our orbit to about 2 AU if I remember correctly? Also what would it look like? Even though I'm interested in the technical details as well it would be interesting if some articles could have an actual depiction on what it would look like to be on a planet orbiting a star. I asked on the Alpha Centauri page as well what it would look like and just remembered that I should go check that to see if I got a response. Mithridates 08:24, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't a solar system with a brown dwarf be too cold to have life? Hardee67 02:21, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Life as we know it, certainly, but I think Alan Dean Foster might have something to say about it.  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  14:07, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

 * An encyclopedia is about that which we do know, rather than that which we don't know.
 * -Kortoso (talk) 20:59, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

How about mentioning "Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star" regarding 2MASS J23062928 − 0502285 ? Anonymous, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

Cha 110913-773444 in Ido
Hi,

There's an article on Cha 110913-773444 on the Ido Wikipedia so please add it to the interwiki links if a page on it gets created over here. Mithridates 19:13, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Cha 110913-773444 and its discoverers
"Astronomers from Pennsylvania State University have detected what they believe to be a disk of gas and dust similar to the one hypothized to have formed our own solar system. Cha 110913-773444 is the smallest brown dwarf..."

Actually, only the team leader (Kevin Luhman) is an astronomer from Penn State. The others are from the Autonomous University of Mexico, from the University of Michigan, and from the CFA at Harvard.

Tables at the end of the article
The tables at the end of the article ought to be removed from the article. Most "brown dwarfs" are simply candidates for being brown dwarfs so it would be extremely difficult to state for example which brown dwarf is the most massive or youngest. At young ages brown dwarfs and low mass stars are completely indistinguishable. Massive brown dwarfs and low mass stars are virtually indistinguishable since both deplete their stores of lithium in a short period of time. These and many others facts are true for most of those categories.

 * I have added a split section request - they should be in a list of brown dwarfs article instead. 132.205.44.5 22:41, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Considered Stars or Not?
Hoping to clarify whether most astronomers consider brown dwarfs to be stars or not, and the article didn't offer a concrete answer for me (the first line includes "sub-stellar objects", which is particularly confusing). I understand this may be because there isn't yet any scientific consensus. Specifically I would like to clarify in interstellar planet and Planemo whether 2M1207b, Oph_162225-240515, and/or Cha_110913-773444 can be considered examples of such objects. Specifically, the Oph_162225-240515 article seems the exception in that one of "a pair of planetary mass objects or "planemos" that have been reported as orbiting each other, and not any star..." is later referred to as a "brown dwarf". Most of the other articles seem to refer to brown dwarfs as stars.

Since I'm interested in extrasolar planets, it would be interesting to me if one had been discovered. Any input? Kiaparowits 18:55, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Would the "internal level of activity" dividing a brown dwarf from a gas giant) depend upon the (stellar or planetary) bodies with which it is associated? The answer to Kiaparowits' question might well be "boundary depends on circumstances."

I was curious as to the difference between Red dwarfs, Brown dwarfs and White dwarfs. Each of the three articles rarely or never mention the others, although it's natural to assume there's a similarity. From what I've read of the three:

• Red dwarfs are full-on stars, just small, maybe can't do helium fusion.

• Brown dwarfs are smaller still, can't even fuse hydrogen, but can participate in some lame fusion reactions, if they're lucky. Their surface temperatures range down to room temperature! Their sizes range down to gas giant planets.

• White dwarfs are supernova remnants; totally different from the other two. They often have surface temperatures comparable to stars (hence 'white') from residual heat; can't do fusion. If they get bigger, 1.44M☉, they become neutron stars (after maybe a supernova). (And neutron stars similarly become black holes beyond 3M☉.)

I'd prefer if a professional could supply and correct these guesses of mine in the article, maybe a separate section. Also the other two articles. OsamaBinLogin (talk) 20:35, 11 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Red dwarfs are full main-sequence stars, they carry out Hydrogen to Helium fusion. They can mass as little as 0.08 solar mass. Brown dwarves are too small to reach the temperatures required; they can fuse D+D->He, but that runs out very early in their lifetimes. They are related to red dwarves only in that the extreme large brown dwarf and extremely small red dwarf are overlapping ranges. White dwarves are unrelated, usually far more massive, and not supernova remnants. White dwarves are the end stage of main sequence evolution. Regards, Tarl N. ( discuss ) 20:54, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

Note - Y-dwarf
Just adding a note for Y-dwarf to be added on this page. Thanks, CarpD, 6/27/07.
 * CFBDS0059 and Y class dwarf both redirect here for now. Both articles should be expanded as material becomes available.  davidwr/  (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  21:26, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll make my own note on Y class dwarf as an article needed. If none else is faster, that is... Said: Rursus (☻) 13:10, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

I have added the info about 2 newly discovered brown subdwarves (UGPS 0722-05 and SDWFS 1433+35) proposed as prototypes of the spectral class Y0. --Yigor (talk) 10:22, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Visible light?
''Brown dwarfs, a term coined by Jill Tarter in 1975, were originally called black dwarfs, a classification for dark substellar objects floating freely in space which were too low in mass to sustain stable hydrogen fusion (the term black dwarf currently refers to a white dwarf that has cooled down so that it no longer emits heat or light). ''

A star that doesn't emit heat? Surely it can emit light of invisible wavelengths and surely must emit some form of heat? ArdClose (talk) 14:13, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It emits cold! In the form of IR-suckup-radiation!! Said: Rursus (☻) 13:23, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Or, jokes aside: it emits heat, but it doesn't produce any by proton-hydrogen fusion. Only by deuterium fusion, or simply by old contraction heat. Said: Rursus (☻) 13:25, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh, forget it: I misread. The black dwarves would emit virtually no heat, but black dwarves don't exist, they are believed to come to existence in a later age of the Universe. Said: Rursus (☻) 13:29, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

Area 403
This is coming back with a 403 warning... TREKphiler  hit me ♠  06:45, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

lol at ABC
ABC came out with a miniseries a while ago called "Impact", and it is pretty stupid because it misstates the properties of a brown dwarf. Perhaps what they should've said was black dwarf, a type of star which is not believed to exist yet, but labeling it a "brown dwarf" only serves to confuse people. That being said, what would actually happen if a hyperdense chunk of matter were to make the mass of the moon double that of the Earth? — Rickyrab | Talk 03:42, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Gigayear
The link for a gigayear directs to year and not gigayear? Is there a reason for this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.236.186.149 (talk) 16:25, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Mistake
I mistakenly put the spectral class of a brown dwarf (T9/Y0) in the wrong column. I tried to correct the mistake, but got an edit conflict instead. How do I effect a correction? 24.184.234.24 (talk) 17:46, 4 June 2010 (UTC)LeucineZipper I just corrected the mistake. Thanks if you would advice something24.184.234.24 (talk) 17:49, 4 June 2010 (UTC)LeucineZipper

Coolest
According to the discovery document, the coolest is now UGPS 0722-05, and tentatively T10/Y0... 76.66.203.138 (talk) 12:18, 6 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. The surface temperature of UGPS 0722-05 is 520±40 K, which is right on the borderline between T and Y. It has tentatively been assigned a T10 on the basis of the depths of spectral lines. Whether it is eventually classed as a Y0 will probably depend on the identification of the so-far unidentified spectral feature. This spectral feature is found on Jupiter, but only much more faintly on T9 and T8 stars. PS. I await a more accurate parallax for this star. Mollwollfumble (talk) 09:06, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Infrared dwarf
In the first paragraph of section 1: History, I'd like to see the term "infrared dwarf" added to the list of alternative names, so the sentence would read as follows: "Alternative names have been proposed, including planetar, substar, and infrared dwarf."

Presently, "infrared dwarf" redirects to "brown dwarf" in the Wikipedia search box. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Doesper (talk • contribs) 17:04, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

Article Needs Comparison Pictures
Especially an artists rendition of a brown dwarf next to the Earth. These kinds of pictures are really cool and are found in other Wikipedia astronomy articles. -- Telemachus.forward (talk) 17:16, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I have added an image to Brown_dwarf comparing Jupiter and brown dwarfs Gliese 229B and Teide 1. -- Kheider (talk) 17:38, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Tweaks

 * "Y: < 500 K, ultra-cool brown dwarfs (theoretical)" - should "theoretical" annotation be removed since we now have examples?
 * 1) Brown dwarf - Adding milestones related to the Y dwarfs seems appropriate.
 * CoyneT talk 20:01, 30 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes and yes, IMO. :-) --Roentgenium111 (talk) 19:19, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

field stars?
The article contains the line "multi-color imaging surveys around field stars". is this a typo for "failed stars"? if not, what does "field stars" mean? peace - קיפודנחש (talk) 16:07, 20 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Field stars are any background stars in the field of view. -- Kheider (talk) 16:13, 20 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the explanation, but it makes the following sentence somewhat murky: "Since those earlier times, numerous searches involving various methods have been conducted to find these objects. Some of those methods included multi-color imaging surveys around field stars". what "background stars" mean, in this context? if one surveys the skies, nothing and everything is "background", no?
 * to summerize, in light of your explanation what "field stars" mean, I find this sentence unintellegible. peace = קיפודנחש (talk) 19:22, 20 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Since the statement is unreferenced, I do not know what exact context they meant. But you can compare any giving star to other stars in the same field of view. Which stars are brighter in different filters, etc. Cooler stars will be brighter in the near-IR spectrum and dimmer in the blue. -- Kheider (talk) 20:47, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

Dumb question.
Could an astronaut walk on a Y-class brown dwarf(since it's only 80 degrees) or would he fall into it?72.82.184.99 (talk) 18:16, 9 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Allowing for the fact it would have enormous gravity (being a star, after all...), having no solid surface would make it problematic at best.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  21:07, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

Discrepency
The first picture/diagram on this page shows Gliese 229, and says it is a brown dwarf. But see the Wikipedia page on Gliese 229, it says it is a red dwarf. One or the other is wrong. Bcwilmot (talk) 02:13, 14 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Read it again. The star is Gliese 229, the brown dwarf is Gliese 229B, the little dot in the picture. Tbayboy (talk) 04:36, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

First sentence
The first sentence sounds like not having fusion is characteristic of main sequence starts. It seems ambiguous to me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.209.169.177 (talk) 06:31, 2 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Good catch. Fixed.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  18:40, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

Temperature of Sun-aged brown dwarfs
What would the temperature of a 4–5-Gyr-old brown dwarf be? --JorisvS (talk) 21:47, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

Abundance
"There are actually fewer brown dwarfs in our cosmic neighborhood than previously thought. Rather than one star for every brown dwarf, there may be as many as six stars for every brown dwarf." Why isn't the fact that we've found far fewer in our cosmic neighborhood (yet) not simply the result of biased detection? --JorisvS (talk) 13:08, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

 * According to my count from published lists, there are 0.001076 brown dwarfs (L,T,Y) per cubic light year, and 0.003674 main sequence stars per cubic light year, within 50 light years of the sun. Of this number density for the main sequence stars, there are 0.002824 main sequence stars of spectral type M per cubic light year. The thing to remember is that the mass range for M stars is from (about) 0.08 to about 0.48, a mass interval of 0.4 solar masses. This gives a mass-interval number density for spectral type M main sequence stars within 50 light years of the sun of 0.00706 stars per cubic light year per solar mass. The mass range for brown dwarfs, however, is from 0.013 solar masses to 0.08 solar masses, a mass interval of 0.067 solar masses, making the brown dwarf mass-interval number density 0.01606 brown dwarfs per cubic light year per solar mass. Adjusted for the width of the mass intervals, the brown dwarf density is 2.275 times greater than the red dwarf star density. 184.15.23.124 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:09, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

 * I believe scientists were expecting WISE to detect many more nearby brown dwarfs than it did. -- Kheider (talk) 14:55, 23 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but in the early days of exoplanet detection all the hot Jupiters detected prompted some to reconsider the theories of planetary formation. People expected to find more than just one hot Jupiter after another and I heard claims back then that these 'were apparently common', even though it was clearly biased detection (and now we unmistakenly know that they are just a minority). Couldn't something similar be going on here? Are brown dwarfs, on average, maybe harder to detect than scientists expected? --JorisvS (talk) 15:36, 23 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Hot Jupiter's are detected by their gravitational pull on the host star and the further a planet is from the host star the longer the observation arc of the star has to be to detect and confirm the planet. Brown dwarfs are detected by the infrared light they give off. Many brown dwarfs have been detected even 400 ly away. -- Kheider (talk) 16:22, 23 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Gee, I know that!! I made the comparison to highlight something the psychological side associated with it, not the technical side. The brown dwarfs we have found that far away are young, hot ones... but what about the ones that have substantially cooled? Yes, I know we have found a few of those already, but maybe for some reason we're overlooking many? --JorisvS (talk) 16:42, 23 January 2013 (UTC)
 * There's a problem with the passage originally quoted at the beginning of this section ("There are actually fewer brown dwarfs in our cosmic neighborhood than previously thought. Rather than one star for every brown dwarf, there may be as many as six stars for every brown dwarf.") The problem: it is outdated, and, in my opinion, should be removed. The source cited is a mid-2012 source. If you look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs, however, you'll find that the third- and fourth-nearest nearest brown dwarfs / stars / systems of such objects, relative to Sol, were discovered in 2013 and 2014, bumping Wolf 359 from 3rd to 5th place. We haven't finished looking, either. These two new nearby discoveries are evidence supporting the hypothesis that brown dwarfs and sub-dwarfs are, in fact, more common than the view expressed in the quoted passage implies. Yes, I know that calling a 2012-source outdated may seem silly in 2014, but work is progressing so rapidly in this part of observational astronomy that it actually does make sense. RobertLovesPi (talk) 16:32, 17 July 2014 (UTC)
 * If you can find a reliable source that says that, great. The problem is that before the WISE mission astronomers thought there could be a brown dwarf closer than Proxima Centauri but now we know there is nothing closer than Proxima Centauri with a mass greater than 13 Jupiters. And I still question if a rogue object with ~4 Jupiter masses is best called a brown dwarf. -- Kheider (talk) 13:43, 18 July 2014 (UTC)

Citations etc
A number of sections lack citations totally or have very few for the amount of data covered. I came across this PDF article Observations of Brown Dwarfs by Dr. Gibor Basri, Astronomy Dept. UC Berkley which was published in 2000 that has a lot of very useful info in it. I don't have the time right now to apply it to the article but wanted to let the community know it's out there and might be very useful to the article. Coinmanj (talk) 03:28, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

Citation 23 (Kirkpatrick & Burgasser 2012) has a broken link. It looks like it was a CalTech-hosted archive page. I was able to follow links from Kirkpatrick's directory page to reach a description of the project here but that page links to the same page as the broken citation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.26.2.39 (talk) 19:48, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

Sub-brown dwarfs
The article says that many brown dwarfs at the lower end of the mass range never undergo fusion, linking sub-brown dwarf... but sub-brown dwarf defines these as not brown dwarfs. Are they a subset or a nonoverlapping category? Wnt (talk) 16:13, 14 March 2013 (UTC)
 * From what I recall, objects between 8 and 13 Jupiter masses are stuck in that grey area between a BIG gas giant planet and a wannabe Brown dwarf. -- Kheider (talk) 17:00, 14 March 2013 (UTC)
 * L 97-3b and WISE 0855-0714 are sub-brown dwarfs. What are the dimmest and coolest real brown dwarfs? 174.103.211.175 (talk) 00:34, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

New information has become available
A new paper titled "Statistical Properties of Brown Dwarf Companions: Implica tions for Different Formation Mechanisms" has been submitted, describing the possibilities of brown dwarf formation according to their mass. I wonder if the paper is too new to add anything from it to Wikipedia. --Artman40 (talk) 08:23, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

 * http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.6442 -- Kheider (talk) 09:30, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Info from the paper can be added to the article, as long as it is given due weight and presented neutrally, of course. --JorisvS (talk) 22:14, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

Citation wanted for unclear text
There is some doubt about what is meant by: "Main-sequence stars cool, but eventually reach a minimum luminosity which they can sustain through steady fusion. This varies from star to star, but is generally at least 0.01% the luminosity of our Sun." If this would refer to main sequence stars in general, 0.01% of the luminosity of our Sun would be wrong. So it should refer to K or M class stars in their formation and early stages when they settle down to hydrogen fusion and the core is hotter than the visible surface. If these stars are a group difficult to distinguish from brown dwarfs, this should be made clear by citation and/or rewording the quoted text. Over long enough times, fusion is not steady and stars age. The quoted text was added by Sj at 10:34 hours on the 25th of February 2005. - Fartherred (talk) 17:51, 19 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Wolf 359, one of the least luminous stars known, apparently has a (bolometric) luminosity of around 0.0001 (i.e. 0.01%) LSun. This means, however, that in the visual part of the spectrum it is far less luminous, because it radiates most of its energy in the infrared. The only ambiguity in the sentence I could find is "luminosity", which I have now changed to "bolometric luminosity". That said, it is a typical statement that has to have a citation. --JorisvS (talk) 18:25, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

Kulkarni as a citation
I have changed the use of the name Kulkarni as a citation so that it is now in the references list as follows: "While apparently S. Kulkarni does research relating to brown dwarfs at Caltech, placing the name in superscript behind a statement is not the way Wikipedia handles citations. If someone can locate the particular work that supports the statement in the text and fix the citation that would be an improvement.  Otherwise this faulty citation will be removed." - Fartherred (talk) 18:29, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

Planets around Brown Dwarfs
GQ Lup is a star and GQ Lup b a substellar companion orbiting a star, therefore this object does not match the content of this paragraph "Planets around brown dwarfs" and was removed here. Esmera en (talk) 09:48, 30 August 2014 (UTC)

List of possible planetary-mass brown dwarfs
OTS44 is a 6-17 Jupiter mass object in ChaI (Bonnefoy et al. 2014, A&A 562, A127; Luhman et al. 2004, ApJ, 617, 565) and, therefore, a possible planetary-mass brown dwarf. Esmera en (talk) 09:57, 30 August 2014 (UTC)

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Who did the Brown Dwarf theoretical prediction?
I see that some people are very uncomfortable with the Brown Dwarf theoretical prediction citation. It will be better if rather than deleting the content they add their claims with citation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.68.75.180 (talk) 12:02, 8 April 2016 (UTC)
 * The problem was putting it all in the lead, not the substance of the edit. Your most recent edits have placed it in the history section with the existing references to Kumar's work, where it belongs. Tbayboy (talk) 15:26, 8 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree with Tbayboy. The issue isn't whether this material belongs in the article; it's a question of where it should be placed in the article. The history section is the best and most logical destination. Best Regards, Astro4686 (talk) 19:08, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

Structure
There's no 'structure' section here, and there probably should be. Is their internal structure like Jupiter's, or like the Sun's, etc. Fig (talk) 17:08, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

"The lightest red dwarfs"
The introduction currently says "Below this range are the sub-brown dwarfs ... and above it are the lightest red dwarfs (M9 V)". This isn't quite correct, since there are a few known L-type main sequence stars, and several M-type brown dwarfs. 203.57.211.237 (talk) 08:42, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

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Sun/jupiter/brown dwarf figure
Can someone find a chart excluding the Sun or including it at its proper size? I realize there's a caption there, but adding the sun on at the wrong size literally has negative explanatory value. We could even use the figure that has the correct sizes from further down in the article. 160.39.63.95 (talk) 14:44, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Noting that Planetkid32 recently replaced the image with a better one that has the Sun at its correct size. SevenSpheresCelestia (talk) 01:28, 21 March 2020 (UTC)

Sun's radius is 10 times that of Jupiter? Doesn't look so.
The image text reads "Jupiter's radius is 10 times that of Earth, and the Sun's radius is 10 times that of Jupiter."

Though Earth and Jupiter visually confirm to this, the image of Sun doesn't look 10 times the image of Jupiter there, so there is some obviuos inconsistency. If any scale has been used, that should be mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vsrawat (talk • contribs) 02:45, 5 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Jupiter is actually slightly larger than . The image scale looks close to correct, although I haven't measured it to the exact pixel.  Lithopsian (talk) 15:33, 5 January 2021 (UTC)

"Failed wannabe star" listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: Talk:Brown dwarf


text: Template:Tutorial sandbox heading

title: Template:Tutorial sandbox heading


text:
Mary Laffoy

Mary Eleanor Laffoy, SC (born 17 June 1945) is an Irish judge who has served as President of the Law Reform Commission since October 2018. She previously served as a Judge of the Supreme Court from 2013 to 2017 and a Judge of the High Court from 1995 to 2013. She chaired the Citizens' Assembly between 2016 and 2018.

Early life
Laffoy was born on North Circular Road, Dublin, moving to Manorhamilton and Swinford, before returning to Dublin to live in Donabate following the death of her father. She attended Tourmakeady College in Toormakeady.

Initially, after leaving school, she tried primary school teaching at Carysfort College and joined the civil service. She was subsequently educated at University College Dublin and King's Inns. She received the John Brooks Scholarship at the Inns for achieving the highest marks. She received a BA degree from UCD in 1968 and a BCL degree in 1971.

Legal career
She was called to the Bar in 1971 and to the Inner Bar in 1987. She devilled for Brian McCracken. She became a Senior Counsel on the same day as future Supreme Court colleagues Susan Denham and Liam McKechnie and at the time was only one of four women seniors.

Her expertise at the Bar was in property law. She appeared in the Cityview Press case which clarified the law on the nondelegation doctrine in Ireland. In 1983, she was appointed by the Supreme Court to argue against the constitutionality of the Electoral (Amendment) Bill 1983 following a reference made by President Patrick Hillery under Article 26 of the Constitution of Ireland. She appeared in another Article 26 reference made by Mary Robinson regarding the Matrimonial Home Bill 1993. For both references, the Supreme Court found for her side.

In 1986, she appeared on The Late Late Show in a simulated court case to argue for a vote against the Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland.

High Court
She was appointed as a judge of the High Court in 1995. She primarily presided over cases involving chancery law.

She presided over the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse from 1999 to 2003, an inquiry into child abuse. Her decision to resign as chair before the commission completed its report was controversial. In her letter of resignation from the commission of 2 September 2003, Laffoy outlined her belief that the actions of the Government and the Department of Education had frustrated her efforts and had slowed the commission's work. She felt that: "...the cumulative effect of those factors effectively negated the guarantee of independence conferred on the Commission and militated against it being able to perform its statutory functions." The commission was chaired from 2003 to 2009 by Judge Sean Ryan.

She presided over the High Court hearing in A v Governor of Arbour Hill Prison, ordering the release of a prisoner convicted of statutory rape due an earlier finding that the offence he was convicted of was contrary to the Constitution of Ireland. Her decision was overturned on appeal to the Supreme Court. In 2012, she dismissed an action taken by Thomas Pringle regarding the legality of the European Stability Mechanism. The European Court of Justice, after reference from the Supreme Court, also rejected his claim.

During her time at the High Court, ten percent of reported judgments were written by Laffoy.

Supreme Court
Laffoy was appointed to the Supreme Court of Ireland in July 2013. She retired from the Supreme Court on 16 June 2017. A portrait of her was unveiled in the King's Inns in March 2020.

Citizens' Assembly
In July 2016, she was appointed by Taoiseach Enda Kenny to chair the Citizens' Assembly, which she chaired until June 2018.

Law Reform Commission
She became the president of the Law Reform Commission in 2018.

title: Mary Laffoy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arbiter of Succession

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Merge and redirect to Klingon. Deathphoenix 02:11, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Arbiter of Succession
This article spent more than 24 hours tagged for Speedy Deletion without any admin finding a case for it, or removing the tag as obviously inappropriate. I have replaced the Speedy tag with a VfD tag and am listing it accordingly. No vote. SWAdair | Talk 10:52, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Insignificant piece of Star Trek trivia. jni 11:35, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. For the same reason. Note, however, that there's a stomach turning amount of star trek trivia in the wikipedia that could be similarly deleted or merged or whatever. Avriette 12:09, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or keep Star Trek stuff. Kappa 12:46, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or at best compress down to a sentence or two and stick in with Klingon Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:54, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into an article on the relevant episode. - SimonP 14:58, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the article for the episode doesn't currently exist, maybe Move it to Reunion (Star Trek) (that's the title List of Star Trek: TNG episodes is looking for) and tweak it so it's a start of the episode article, as that ep is the only time the 'Arbiter of Succession' is a major factor in Trek canon (the events of "Reunion" play a smaller role in the later ep "Redemption (Star Trek)", which already has an article)? Otherwise, de-link from Klingon and Delete, or merge/redir into Klingon. Niteowlneils 18:47, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Klingon. Kbdank71 19:32, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. What about all the other separate articles listed in Category:Star_Trek_politics? Should we merge each one into its relevant episode? Or combine them into one "Star Trek politics" article? Zzyzx11 20:45, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In response to ZZyzx11, my answer is yes, if it's a minor or one-time reference such as Arbiter of succession. In the case of this article, merge with Klingon. 23skidoo 21:49, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * either Keep or merge to Klingon. Megan1967 23:18, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Klingon, Star Trek politics, or other suitable article. The Arbiter of Succession is a notable term in Star Trek but does not merit an article all to itself.   — J I P | Talk 17:11, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Andrew pmk 04:13, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Klingon High Council rather than Klingon, since the subject's already mentioned there. Gazpacho 12:33, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.