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The Need

The Need is an American queercore band formed by the singer and drummer Rachel Carns and the guitarist Radio Sloan in Portland, Oregon, in the mid-1990s.

After issuing a series of seven-inches on labels including Kill Rock Stars and Outpunk, the Need relocated to Olympia, Washington and released two albums for Chainsaw Records. The duo's unsettling brand of post-punk art rock (combined with Carns' distinctive artwork) would set them apart and ensure their versatility. During the band's initial run, they played shows with such diverse acts as Tribe 8, Fugazi, The Ex and Bright Eyes, and toured with Le Tigre, BS 2000 and Blonde Redhead. Their third album, The Transfused, acted as a soundtrack to the rock opera of the same name.

The Need dissolved in 2001, with Carns and Sloan shifting their focus to other projects. After briefly reuniting for benefit shows in 2010, the Need reformed for a second time in 2013 and released the album Resurrection.

Background
Rachel Carns formed Kicking Giant with fellow Cooper Union student Tae Won Yu in 1990. Based in New York, the pair recorded songs on Yu's 4-track and released a number of homemade cassettes. Through the network of underground fanzines and tape trading circles, Kicking Giant were introduced to the riot grrrl movement, which merged DIY culture and feminism. After performing at the International Pop Underground Convention in Olympia, Washington, the energy of the burgeoning Pacific Northwest punk scene proved infectious and both members were ready to leave New York. The duo parted ways temporarily in 1992 when Yu moved to Olympia and Carns to Washington, D.C. (where she briefly joined Slant 6 as drummer) before moving to Olympia to rejoin Yu and Kicking Giant. During the next three years Carns also performed and recorded with The Fakes, Sue P. Fox, The Pet Stains and Witchypoo. Kicking Giant issued their final album on K Records in 1994 before breaking up the following year.

Formation and early years (1995–1997)
In 1995, Carns moved to Portland, Oregon to play keyboards with the CeBe Barnes Band, which included singer and future filmmaker Miranda July, guitarist Shannon Tragedy (later known as Radio Sloan) and Sleater-Kinney drummer Toni Gogin. Pioneers in the next wave of queercore, they toured the West Coast with Sleater-Kinney, playing the Santa Barbara Girls Convention. After the band's demise in 1996, Carns and Sloan continued to collaborate with July and named the new line-up the Need, releasing their debut EP, Margie Ruskie Stops Time, on Kill Rock Stars. They toured down the coast to play the Dirtybird Queercore Festival in San Francisco, but July soon left to pursue solo endeavors. The Need continued as a duo and issued a second EP for Kill Rock Stars in 1997, which was followed up with an additional release on Outpunk. That year, Carns and Sloan relocated to Olympia where they signed with Donna Dresch's queercore label Chainsaw Records, who released the Need's self-titled debut studio album.

Collaborations and The Need is Dead (1998–1999)
Before their next album, the Need began branching out into other projects. With singer Nomy Lamm, the duo formed a highly theatrical surf punk drag king band called The Teenage Ho-Dads. They also created a collaborative project where Carns and Sloan, with a rotating cast of players, acted as a karaoke band for guest singers; including Lamm, Tamala Poljak (Longstocking), Audrey Marrs, Tracy Sawyer (Heavens to Betsy) and Slim Moon. The Need released these recordings as Karaneedoke, which would be part of Kill Rock Stars' Mailorder Freak Singles Club. In 1998, Joe Preston briefly joined the Need, playing bass and sampler. The songs "Vaselina" and "Talk Potty" were released as The Need with Joe Preston & DJ Zena on Up Records. During this period Carns played drums with the Sub Debs and later with The Spells. Carns and Sloan both joined Mocket for a short time and appeared on their album Pro Forma. This was followed by the pair collaborating with Two Ton Boa. The Need returned to the studio with producer Mike Lastra in summer 1999 and completed their second album, The Need is Dead, for Chainsaw Records.

The Transfused and breakup (2000–2001)
Following multiple collaborations, the sense of community involvement, DIY spirit, and willingness to experiment led to the Need's creation of The Transfused, a full-length rock opera, co-written with Lamm. Twelve months in the making, with an original score by Carns and Sloan, a cast of twenty-five, a full backing band, $40,000 in grassroots fundraising, months of rehearsals, and hundreds of volunteers, The Transfused sold out its two-week run at Olympia's Capitol Theater in summer 2000. An album featuring music from the production was released on Yoyo Recordings. The first-ever Ladyfest took place in Olympia later that year; Carns organized and emceed the punk cabaret-style Dude-Looks-Like-A-Lady drag show. Soon after, Sloan relocated to Los Angeles; the Need added a new bass player, Dvin Kirakosian, and for a while Carns spent alternate months in Olympia and LA. However, this only lasted for a short period as the band broke up in 2001, with Carns and Sloan moving on to other projects.

Actors in the production included Nomy Lamm, Andras Jones, Mirah Yom Tov Zeitlyn, Anna "Oxygen" Huff, Zack Carlson and many other Olympians of note.

Reformation (2010–present)
In 2010, the Need briefly reunited for a handful of benefit shows for their friend (and former Kill Rock Stars employee) Natalie Cox, in order to help with her medical expenses. These shows were held in Seattle and Portland with bills that also featured The Bangles, C Average and Joe Preston's solo project, Thrones. Several years later, the Need reformed for a second time and embarked on a West Coast tour in 2013. Additionally, the band released Resurrection, a compilation album that included previously released songs from all three studio albums, early demo material and compilation tracks. Both the album title and artwork suggest the possibly of continued output, with its cover stating "in which 13 years later the dead doth rise again" and the more blatant "we're baaaaaaack [sic]" exclaimed in the albums' liner notes.

Additional projects
After the initial break up of the Need in 2001, both members remained active in music; recording, touring and performing with a number of different artists. Radio Sloan formed Circuit Side (named after the opening track from The Need is Dead) who released a self-titled EP, collaborated with Nicole Georges for the band Fact or Fiction and temporarily joined Scarling, filling in on bass for the band's live performances. Rachel Carns formed The King Cobra who played one of their earliest shows at the first ever Homo A Go Go Festival in Olympia in 2002. Following several releases and tours supporting Tracy + the Plastics, Erase Errata and Shoplifting, The King Cobra changed their name to TWIN in 2006. Sloan and Carns also made sample contributions to This Island by Le Tigre and Tracy + the Plastics' Culture for Pigeon, respectively. Sloan and drummer Samantha Maloney collaborated in two touring groups; The Chelsea, who acted as the backing band for Courtney Love after the release of her solo debut America's Sweetheart, as well as The Herms, a band created to support Peaches, following release of her album Impeach My Bush. In 2009, Transfused alumni Anna Oxygen commissioned Carns and Sloan to compose music for Under Polaris, a multimedia performance art piece by experimental theater group Cloud Eye Control.

Studio albums

 * The Need (1997) Chainsaw Records
 * The Need is Dead (1999) Chainsaw Records
 * The Transfused (2000) Yoyo Recordings

Compilation albums

 * Resurrection (2013) self released

Extended plays and singles

 * Margie Ruskie Stops Time (1996) Kill Rock Stars
 * The Need (1997) Kill Rock Stars
 * Jacky O'Lantern (1997) Outpunk
 * Karaneedoke (1998) Kill Rock Stars
 * The Need with Joe Preston & DJ Zena (1998) Up Records

Compilation and soundtrack appearances

 * I Released by The Need with Nomy Lamm.
 * II Released by Miranda July with The Need.
 * III Part of Kill Rock Stars' Mailorder Freak Singles Club.

title: The Need


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Astronomy departments in the University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge has three large astronomy departments as follows:

 * The Institute of Astronomy, concentrating on theoretical astrophysics and optical, infrared and X-ray observations.
 * The Cavendish Astrophysics Group, concentrating on radio and submillimetre observations and instrumentation, observational cosmology and all aspects of astronomical interferometry, and operating the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory.
 * The Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics and Isaac Newton Institute in the Faculty of Mathematics, include theoretical astrophysics and cosmology amongst other disciplines

There is frequent collaboration between departments as research interests overlap.

The Kavli Institute for Cosmology at Cambridge (KICC) is operated jointly by the first two departments, with close connections to the third. It is located on the same site as the Institute of Astronomy. In 2013 the Cavendish Astrophysics group relocated to a new building, the Battcock Centre for Experimental Astrophysics, on the same site to foster further collaboration and integration.

History
Although Astronomy has been taught at the University of Cambridge since medieval times, the departmental structure has changed frequently, and all three of departments listed above were founded within the last two centuries.

The first astronomical observatory at the University of Cambridge was built at the top of Trinity College gatehouse in 1704.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Bailan melon

The Bailan melon is a locally famous melon grown near Lanzhou, the capital city of Gansu province in the People's Republic of China. It is a variety of honeydew melon, globose to subglobose and typically has white skin with sweet, white or pale green, flesh. In photographs, the melons appear light yellow, orange or white, with a light green or apricot yellow flesh, which makes it similar in appearance to other types in the cultivar group of true melon. It is also heavy due to the density of the fruit's inner flesh. Like other types of honeydews, the Bailan melon is rich in Vitamin C and protein.

According to Chinese sources, the melons were introduced to China by Henry A. Wallace, Vice President of the United States, who donated melon seeds to the locals while visiting in the 1940s. Wallace had a background in agriculture and had founded a major seed company, Pioneer Hi-Bred. This is the reason the Chinese sometimes refer to the melon as the Hualaishi (an adaptation of the name "Wallace").

Nutrients
As a species of melon, the Bailan melon contains bioactive compounds (BC) such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and fatty acids. Melons are considered as natural curatives which serve a preventive role against chronic diseases.

title: Bailan melon


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Siiri Nordin

Siiri Nordin (born 15 October 1980) is a Finnish singer. She was the lead singer of the now defunct Finnish rock band Killer.

Biography
Nordin was born in Helsinki. In 2003, she had a solo hit with the song "Sydämeni osuman sai", included on the soundtrack of the movie Helmiä ja sikoja. The song is a cover version of the David and Jonathan hit song "Something's Gotten Hold of My Heart".

In 2004, Nordin took a break from music and took up boat carpentry. She entered a civil union with her girlfriend, Mirja, in the autumn. She has also worked as a taxi driver.

In April 2006, she released a solo album called Me Too, released by the Finnish label, Next Big Thing. In March 2008, she released the Finnish-language album Lyö Tahtia.

Nordin participated in the 2011 Dancing with the Stars Compatible 6 with Jani Rasimus as her partner.

In 2017, she moved from Helsinki to the village of Matildan in southwest Finland.

Albums

 * 2006, Me Too
 * 2008, Lyö Tahtia

title: Siiri Nordin


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Tom Lehman

Thomas Edward Lehman (born March 7, 1959) is an American professional golfer. A former number 1 ranked golfer, his tournament wins include one major title, the 1996 Open Championship; and he is the only golfer in history to have been awarded the Player of the Year honor on all three PGA Tours: the regular PGA Tour, the Web.com Tour and the PGA Tour Champions.

Amateur career
Born in Austin, Minnesota, and raised in Alexandria, Lehman played college golf at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis–Saint Paul, graduated with a degree in business/accounting, and turned professional in 1982.

Professional career
It took Lehman many years to become a leading tour professional. He played on the PGA Tour with little success from 1983 to 1985, and was then obliged to play elsewhere for the following six seasons. This included time in Asia and South Africa and on the second tier Ben Hogan Tour in the United States. He regained his PGA Tour card by topping the Ben Hogan Tour's 1991 money list, and enjoyed unbroken membership of the PGA Tour from 1992 until shortly after he joined the Champions Tour. He was named PGA Tour Player of the Year in 1996.

From 1995 to 1997, Lehman held the 54-hole lead at the U.S. Open, but each time failed to win. During this period he won his only major championship to date, The Open Championship in 1996. In April 1997, he was Number 1 in the Official World Golf Ranking for what would be only one week. He has won five times on the PGA Tour, but in addition to his Open win these wins have included the season-ending Tour Championship and Memorial Tournament, and he has won at least nineteen professional events in total.

Although Lehman did not win a lot of tournaments on the PGA Tour he was one of the most consistent players on tour with 19 runner-up finishes between 1992 and 2006.

Unusually for a star American golfer, Lehman won almost as many regular tour events internationally as he did in the United States. His most well-known victory was at the 1996 Open Championship in England. He also won the 1993 Casio World Open on the Japan Golf Tour and the 1997 Gulfstream Loch Lomond World Invitational on the European Tour. He also recorded runner-up finishes at the 1989 South African Open and the 2000 Scottish Open, the European Tour event he won three years previous.

Lehman was captain of the Ryder Cup team in 2006, which lost 18½ to 9½ to Europe at the K Club in Ireland.

In April 2009, Lehman became the 13th Champions Tour player to win his debut tournament. He teamed with Bernhard Langer to win the Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf in a playoff over Jeff Sluman and Craig Stadler. On May 30, 2010, Lehman won the Senior PGA Championship in a playoff over Fred Couples and David Frost for his first Champions Tour major championship. In 2011, Lehman topped the Champions Tour money list and was voted the Champions Tour Player of the Year. He is the first golfer to win "Player of the Year" honors on all three tours operated by the PGA Tour. In June 2012, Lehman defended his title at the Regions Tradition, to win his third senior major championship. He won by two strokes from Germany's Bernhard Langer and Taiwan's Lu Chien-soon. In his next major appearance at the Senior Players Championship, he finished runner-up, two strokes behind Joe Daley.

Personal
Lehman and his wife Melissa have lived for many years in Scottsdale, Arizona, and they have four children: two daughters and two sons. Lehman is a devout Christian.

Amateur wins

 * 1981 Minnesota State Amateur

PGA Tour wins (5)
PGA Tour playoff record (0–3)

Ben Hogan Tour wins (4)
 * Note: The 1991 Ben Hogan Gulf Coast Classic was shortened to 36 holes due to rain.

Ben Hogan Tour playoff record (2–2)

Tour de las Américas wins (1)
1Co-sanctioned by the TPG Tour

Other wins (10)
Other playoff record (0–1)

PGA Tour Champions wins (12)
 * Note: The 2018 Principal Charity Classic was shortened to 36 holes due to weather.

PGA Tour Champions playoff record (3–2)

European Senior Tour wins (2)
European Senior Tour playoff record (1–0)

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} WD = Withdrew CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 8 (1996 Masters – 1997 PGA)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1996 U.S. Open – 1996 Open Championship)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships
1Cancelled due to 9/11 {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = tied NT = No tournament

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order before 2022. {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place NT = no tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

Awards
Lehman has won the following awards:
 * 1991
 * Ben Hogan Tour money list winner
 * Ben Hogan Tour Player of the Year
 * 1996
 * PGA Player of the Year
 * PGA Tour Player of the Year
 * Vardon Trophy
 * Byron Nelson Award
 * PGA Tour money list winner
 * 2010
 * Payne Stewart Award
 * 2011
 * Champions Tour money list winner
 * Champions Tour Player of the Year
 * Charles Schwab Cup
 * 2012
 * Champions Tour Player of the Year
 * Charles Schwab Cup

U.S. national team appearances

 * Ryder Cup: 1995, 1997, 1999 (winners), 2006 (non-playing captain)
 * Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners), 1996 (winners), 2000 (winners)
 * World Cup: 1996
 * Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1999, 2000
 * UBS Warburg Cup: 2002 (winners)
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing PGA Tour): 1997 (winners), 1999, 2012 (ChampionsTour)

title: Tom Lehman


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Lord John Hay

Lord John Hay may refer to:

 * John Hay, 1st Lord Hay of Yester (1450–1508), Scottish nobleman
 * Lord John Hay (Scottish Army officer) (c. 1668–1706), Scottish general
 * Lord John Hay (politician) (1788–1851), British Royal Navy officer and Whig politician
 * Lord John Hay (Royal Navy officer, born 1827) (1827–1916), British Royal Navy officer and Liberal politician, nephew of the above

title: Lord John Hay


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Saint John's Island

Saint John's Island ( MS Pulau Sekijang Bendera) also known as St John's is an island in the Straits of Singapore located 6.5 km off the southern coast of Singapore. With an area of 0.41 km2, it is the largest of the Marine Park islands which also include the Sisters' Islands and Pulau Tekukor. St John's was colonised by the British along with mainland Singapore in the 19th century and was the site of a colonial quarantine centre. In the 20th century, the island served as a detention centre, drug rehabilitation centre and refugee settlement. Singapore gained independence under the Government of Singapore in the mid-20th century and maintained sovereignty over St John's. In the present day, the island has doubled as grounds for recreational facilities and aquaculture research and development facilities.

The island is part of the Jurong Rock Formation and contains both tropical rainforest and coastal habitats, and is one of the wetlands of Singapore. It is populated by several nationally critically endangered species of plants and animals. Currently, the island has no permanent inhabitants.

Etymology
St John's Island was originally named Sekijang (also known as Sakijang), which combines two Malay words, si and kijang; si means either 'barking,' 'one' or 'roe'; kijang means 'deer'. According to a member of the Stamford Raffles British delegation, John Crawfurd, they had misinterpreted the island's local name as 'St John' during their attempt to establish a port in the neighboring island of Singapore in 1819.

St John's Island and the neighbouring Lazarus Island were once collectively known by the shared Malay name Sekijang and English name 'St John's'. In maps like the 1892 British Admiralty chart of Singapore Harbor, St John's and Lazarus Island were distinguished as West and East St John's, or St John's no. 2 and no. 1 respectively. In other maps like 1872 British Possessions In The Indian Seas, St John's was named 'Sikajang Island' and Lazarus Island was labelled 'St John's Island'. Eventually, St John's Island's Malay name became Sekijang Bendera, with the term Bendera meaning flag in Malay, which is attributed to a flagstaff that existed on the island from 1823 to 1833. East St John's was later officially renamed 'Lazarus Island', also known as 'Convalescent Island' after a beriberi hospital was built there in 1899. Lazarus Island is now known as Pulau Sekijang Pelepah in Malay, with pelepah meaning 'palm leaves'.

The original Chinese name of St John's is Qizhangshan, meaning Mount Qizhang, which refers to a hill at the centre of the island. It is a transliteration of sekijang. Its Chinese name was later officially replaced with a translation of its English name, 'St John's Island' (Chinese: 圣约翰岛; pinyin: Shèngyuēhàndǎo).

Early colonial history
On 28 January 1819, a delegation led by colonial official Sir Stamford Raffles anchored off St John's, a day before they arrived at mainland Singapore to establish a British trading port. After the port was established that year, a signal station was constructed on St John's Island, along with a signal flagstaff. The signal station informed passing ships in the Straits of Singapore of the new port. It was also tasked to operate the flagstaff to report ship sightings to the signal post on Government Hill in mainland Singapore.

By 1830, the facilities on St John's Island, including the flagstaff, were reported by the officer in charge of public works to be in a dilapidated state. They were not repaired because the government did not plan to continue the St John's signal station. The flagstaff on St John's was moved to Mount Faber in 1833. Visitors to the island in subsequent years such as naturalist George Bennett and Dr Robert Little found it to be virtually abandoned, with only one Malay inhabitant.

Quarantine centre
As the number of immigrants to Singapore increased from the late 19th century onwards, the risk of epidemics heightened, leading to the establishment of a Quarantine Centre on St John's. Initially, the Quarantine Ordinance (No. 7 of 1868) was implemented to prohibit all infected ships from docking at port. However, in July 1873, a boat from Bangkok caused a cholera epidemic that lasted two months and resulted in 857 infections and 448 deaths, despite the orders of Governor Harry Ord to quarantine all ships from Siam. Consequently, Acting Master Attendant Henry Ellis proposed that a quarantine station be constructed on St John's Island. Governor Harry Ord officially approved the proposal in a speech at the Legislative Council on 21 March 1874.

The St John's Island quarantine station opened in November 1874 and served not just immigrants to Singapore but also Muslims returning to Malaya after their pilgrimage to Mecca. Although Ellis had plans for a police ship, a hospital on St John's, a steam cutter, and a cemetery on Kusu Island to support the quarantine station, it consisted largely of attap huts when first completed. The month it opened, the station quarantined more than 1,000 Chinese passengers on the cholera-infected SS Milton which was travelling from Swatow to the British colonies Penang and Province Wellesley. In 1890, Muslims on the Queen Margaret who were returning after their Hajj pilgrimage were quarantined on St John's. In 1894, the Hong Kong outbreak of bubonic plague prompted the Quarantine Station to prepare to receive bubonic plague victims. A plague hospital was constructed and ships were inspected, with one case of bubonic plague caught in March 1896.

Aside from the addition of the plague hospital, more facilities were added when the station was further redeveloped. From 1903 onwards, more than 300,000 dollars was spent on the station's development. New facilities included muster sheds for passengers to disinfect and change clothes, and boiler houses for disinfecting belongings. Other facilities include a coroner's court; a police station, jail and Sikh police barracks; a post office; storehouses of loose sulphur for fumigating ships; a temple and a mosque; quarters for workers. Additionally, a burial ground for the quarantine station's deceased was sited on Lazarus Island.

The improved facilities came in time to also serve as emergency accommodations in 1911 for the rising number of beriberi victims in the late 1890s and early 1900s. In August 1911, the overflow patients and beriberi victims in Tan Tock Seng Hospital were quarantined on St John's as one of the beriberi patients had been infected by a cholera outbreak.

In the early 20th century, the quarantine centre was further equipped and had become one of the largest quarantine operations in the British Empire. By 1924, the St John's Island quarantine station had a maximum capacity of 6,000 people. Between 1903 and 1923, the station inspected approximately 8 million people and quarantined 300,000. A model of the quarantine station was featured at the Malaya Pavilion at the British Empire Exhibition held in Wembley in April 1924. By 1930, the quarantine station was capable of vaccination and was equipped with a dispensary, telephone wires, and disinfection buildings with Izal solution spray.

Despite the quarantine laws and the island's treatment facilities, not all passengers were quarantined nor received the same level of care due to classism. Unlike steerage class passengers, cabin class (first and second-class) passengers were not required to undergo quarantine. Health examinations for sailors were also less demanding. By contrast, Chinese coolies were allegedly provided insufficient food, no bedding and used as forced labour. Complaints were made to no avail.

The St John's quarantine station officially closed on 14 January 1976 because the popularisation of air travel had drastically reduced the number of arrivals by boat.

Detention centre
St John's Island served as a World War I and World War II internment camp. In August 1914, right after World War I began, most German men in Singapore were interned on St John's Island and Tanglin Barracks while women and children were detained in Kuala Lumpur. Enemy combatants were also imprisoned on the island, including the crew of SS Markomannia and the Greek collier SS Pontoporos, which was captured by the Germans. By 1916, a total of 296 enemy nationals had been transferred from St John's to Australia. During World War II (1939–1945), enemy foreign nationals—some of whom were fleeing Nazism—were interned at St John's Island in 1940. Of these, the Germans who were to be removed from the war were interned in Ceylon. As for the rest, some were deported to neutral grounds like Shanghai. Others were transported to Australia, including German-Jewish Werner Baer (musician) and his family. Separately, the Japanese subsequently allied with the Germans and invaded Malaya. Shortly after, the Japanese women and children in Singapore were also interned on St John's Island from late 1941 to 1942 before being shipped to Calcutta. When the Japanese occupation of Malaya during World War II began, Allied prisoners of war were detained on St John's.

The Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) sparked by the Communist Party of Malaya caused St John's to resume operating as a detention centre for political prisoners. In 1947, the Communist Party of Malaya initiated a guerilla war against the British colonial government in hopes that it would be more effective in turning the Federation of Malaya and the Crown Colony of Singapore communist. Fatal attacks committed in the Federation of Malaya in June 1948 as part of this war culminated in the British colonial government declaring a state of emergency, thus enacting the Essential Regulations Proclamation on 24 June. This granted the government the authority to arrest and detain anyone without trial. Expecting an influx of political prisoners, St John's Island was officially announced as the site of the new detention centre on 3 July 1948 and became a protected area from 10 September onward.

St John's housed not only communists but also political suspects and detainees of other political leanings, from both Malaya and Singapore, who sought to overthrow the colonial government. St John's received its first batch of detainees on 20 September 1948, comprising 200 political prisoners from Johore Bahru. Travellers via ship suspected of communist inclinations were also detained at St John's under the Emergency Travel Restrictions Regulations until they were cleared of suspicion. Within two years, more than 600 were detained under the Emergency Regulations, most of whom were held on St John's. Singaporean political prisoners detained on St John's Island were university students, teachers, newspaper editors, several future politicians of Singapore, and others. Among the detainees were Devan Nair, Fong Swee Suan and Lim Chin Siong, all People's Action Party (PAP) members. They were released in 1959 after Singapore was granted full internal self-government and the PAP won the 1959 Singapore general election.

The state's fear of communism did not abide, resulting in St John's being used as a detention centre for most of the detainees arrested during the anti-communist Operation Coldstore. On 2 February 1963, the Internal Security Council of the Singapore Government executed Operation Coldstore, which detained those charged as political extremists under the Preservation of Public Security Ordinance. Arrestees were detained without trial, some for being a "suspected communist" or for associating with them. The state justifies Operation Coldstore as a response to communist threats. Prior to the move to St John's, the detainees were held in Outram Prison. On 6 February, it was announced that 99 of the 113 Operation Coldstore detainees were to be moved to the island. The rest were citizens of the Federation of Malaya, who were to be expatriated. The operation has been a contentious subject of criticism, such as from ex-detainee Poh Soo Kai and historian Thum Ping Tjin who claim that Operation Coldstore was a pretext for the PAP to crush political opposition.

Drug rehabilitation centres
From 1945 onwards, the British sought to curb opium addiction in Singapore and this led to the establishment of St John's Opium Treatment Centre. Opium was prevalent in Singapore with more than 16,000 addicts recorded after World War II. By 1945, the British Administration of Malaya sought to curb its effects and banned opium in its colonies in October. The following year, the Opium and Chandu Proclamation further restricted drug activity by banning opium smoking and the possession of opium-smoking devices. Despite these regulations, there were still more than 1,400 opium dens in 1949.

In the 1950s, the government tackled drug activity more aggressively through legal means, vice operations, and the establishment of an Opium Treatment Centre on St John's. They revised the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance of 1951 in 1953 to increase their authority to prosecute opium-related crimes, and initiated vice operations, such as the major opium crackdown of 1952. The Opium Treatment Centre was established under an amendment to the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance in 1954, marking the colonial government's first attempt to rehabilitate addicts. Formerly, addicts were simply imprisoned. Institutions have previously attempted to rehabilitate addicts, but only a fraction of patients were permanently cured.

The centre opened in February 1955 and was managed by the Prisons Department. The opium treatment programme had three phases: withdrawal, rehabilitation and follow-up. Gradual withdrawal from opium typically lasted two to four weeks in the prison hospital. The subsequent rehabilitation phase would last six months to a year at the Opium Treatment Centre on St John's Island, during which patients were taught new skills such as carpentry to aid future reintegration into society.

The experimental opium rehabilitation programme was noteworthy for medical institutions and was later claimed to cure the majority of those admitted; however, its criteria of admittance were controversial. During the centre's opening, the Commissioner of Prisons Major Sochon claimed that the United Nations Organisation had taken note. It was also claimed by the Singapore Free Press that only six of about 400 addicts treated within two years of its opening had relapsed. By 1966, more than 4,000 opium addicts had been rehabilitated at the centre. However, the apparent success of the centre must be prefaced by their denial of treatment to long-time addicts whom they evaluated to be incurable.

By the 1970s, opium addiction had greatly declined, although the extent to which this success can be attributed to the treatment centre is unknown. Despite the decline in opium addiction specifically, the number of arrests due to drug offences, in general, had increased between 1971 and 1973.

In response to the increasing number of drug offenses in Singapore, in 1973, the government converted the Opium Treatment Centre to a Drug Rehabilitation Centre for treating all types of drug addicts, especially young adults. This rehabilitation centre was shut down in 1975 as the island was to be redeveloped by the Sentosa Development Corporation into a resort centre.

Temporary settlement for refugees
St John's Island was also a temporary settlement for refugees in the 20th century. In 1955, the quarantine station housed residents of Lazarus Island, after a rare high tide destroyed their homes. In the mid-1970s, the rehabilitating drug addicts were temporarily moved out when eighty-four Vietnam War (1955–1975) refugees were settled on the island. The final batch of Vietnamese refugees departed for a permanent host country in late 1975. In 1998, there was a rise in arrests of illegal immigrants and overstayers after the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, and the government was anticipating a mass of Indonesian refugees after the May 1998 riots of Indonesia. From January to July 1998, there was an increase of almost 2000 illegal immigrants and 1000 overstayers arrested compared to the whole of last year. However, this may be due to more police raids and patrols targeting illegal immigrants. By June, there were fears that the mainland prisons' capacity would be insufficient. Thus, the government began constructing a temporary Prison Detention Centre on St John's Island to house potential spill over illegal immigrants and drug addicts. However, the expected influx of Indonesian refugees did not occur, and the temporary detention centre stands abandoned.

Holiday camp and aquaculture research centres
In the mid-1970s, the Sentosa Development Corporation planned to redevelop Singapore's offshore islands into resort centres. However, proposals to redevelop St John's as a holiday island with restaurants, golf courses and an integrated resort-casino fell through. Instead, the 3 million dollar budget was spent on developing a holiday camp on the island with sports and games facilities. A three-day outdoor activities camp for schools was established on the island in 1975. St John's Island is currently the site of several aquaculture research and development facilities. The Marine Aquaculture Centre (MAC) is a hatchery completed in June 2003, and the National Marine Laboratory was established in 2002.

In April 2018, traces of asbestos was found in construction debris around the island's campsite, lagoon and holiday bungalow areas. The two long-term residents on the island were evacuated and were assessed to be healthy. Access to the island was restricted while the contaminated debris was being removed.

Geography
St John's Island has a land area of 41.23 km2 and is located in the Strait of Singapore, about 6.5 km from the southern coast of mainland Singapore. Its location is at longitude 1°1308.30N and latitude 103°5053.88E. All the Southern Islands, including St John's, are formed by the Triassic rocks of the Jurong Formation. St John's Island's original area of 33.59 km2 was expanded by 7.64 km2 through land reclamation in the 1970s. In 2006, Lazarus Island and Seringat Island were merged and then connected to St John's via a causeway. St John's coastline comprises sandy beaches, quarry rocks to prevent erosion, lagoons, cliffs, and mangrove swamps. Like Singapore, St John's has an equatorial climate with rainfall throughout the year, especially during the first half of the Northeast Monsoon.

In 2020, restricted access to the protected lagoon, Bendera Bay, was opened to the public via programmes.

Biodiversity
The island's tropical forest and marine habitats are home to crustaceans and cetaceans in the Singapore Strait and land animals. The island is also surrounded by coral reefs. The nationally critically endangered Asian Drongo Cuckoo can be found on the island, as well as nesting grounds of the critically endangered Hawksbill Turtle.

St John's Island is covered by natural vegetation (32.0%), the majority of which is managed coastal vegetation (60.6%). More than 258 species of vascular plants have been recorded on the island, including several nationally critically endangered species such as the Podocarpus Polystachyus R Br (Sea Teak) and the Xylocarpus rumphii (Meliaceae).

The Sentosa Development Regulations (1997) were implemented to protect the biodiversity of Singapore's offshore islands. Among other regulations, it prohibits killing or capturing any animal, bird, insect, or plant.

Demographics
From 1962 to 1963, there were more than 400 islanders. Between 1976 and 1977, the residents of St John's Island, Lazarus Island and Seringat Island were relocated to the mainland, and the remaining four permanent islanders on St John's left in 2017. St John's Island English Primary School, the only school on the island, was shut down in 1976. St John's Island currently has no permanent residents.

title: Saint John's Island


text:
Talk:Gavin Newsom

Ex-wife's current relationship
Shouldn't it be mentioned in the section about Kimberly Guilfoyle, Gov. Newsom's first wife, that she is currently engaged to be married to Donald Trump Jr.? The article mentions Guilfoyle's professional connection to Trump Sr., but it glaringly leaves out the family connection through Trump Jr. It is very notable and of great relevance that the governor of California's (and possible future presidential candidate's) ex-wife is the current girlfriend and future wife of the former president (and current presidential candidate) with whom the governor has a superlatively fraught relationship. This fact should be added to the paragraph about Guilfoyle here. 108.21.213.213 (talk) 16:24, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

 * As you pointed out it already mentions she is now an advisor to Trump; she also has her own Wikipedia article for people who want more info. Also she is engaged to Trump's son not Trump so not engaged to a former president nor current candidate.   Remember this entry is about Newsom not his former wife of just over 4 years from 15+ years ago (who has married and divorced since her marriage to Newsom [and Newsom himself has since remarried]).  If Guilfoyle & Newsom had had children (in which case Trump Jr. would be in a potential stepfather role to them), an engagement or living with Trump Jr. might be important enough to mention here. Erp (talk) 04:44, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Actually, what I'm curious about is that the reason WHY they got divorced has been completely scrubbed from this article.
 * Newsome was carrying on an affair with his campaign manager/best friend's wife, while he was mayor.
 * It was a pretty substantial scandal at the time, and...it doesn't even show up. Someone's scrubbed this article. Cprael (talk) 17:19, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * , if you read Gavin Newsom, you'll see that the affair is mentioned and was not "scrubbed". You'll also see the given reasons for the divorce and that it occurred a year before the affair became public. – Muboshgu (talk) 17:21, 20 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You are correct, thank you. Cprael (talk) 19:11, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

French Laundry
"The French Laundry event took place on November 6, and between November 5 and December 7 over 442,000 new signatures were submitted and verified"

Given the implication here that the signature gathering effort was boosted by the French Laundry event, should probably note that it was first publicly reported a week later, on November 13, by the San Francisco Chronicle: https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Newsom-attended-French-Laundry-party-with-more-15725393.php 73.41.247.34 (talk) 04:29, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Replying here instead of starting a new thread since it’s convenient:
 * The incident seems to be mentioned only once, in passing, buried in a discussion of the recall.
 * It is not mentioned when discussing his handling of the pandemic.
 * This is a significant NPOV/due weight issue. I would just go and try to fix it without discussion, were it not for the very long day I’ve had.
 * Stuff like this is why I try to avoid the topic area entirely (except for minor fixes), but this falls under “local interest” for me.
 * RadioactiveBoulevardier (talk) 05:44, 21 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I think it's very notable. He did exactly what he had ordered the state's population not to do. A good leader should follow their own rules. A good leader should act as a role model for everyone else. SquirrelHill1971 (talk) 20:28, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Position on guns
The article has a very well written, very reliably sourced section regarding Newsom's support of gun control.

In the name of fairness, I think the article should also mention Newsom helping to get early release for this convicted shooter in this Los Angeles Times article. The guy shot into a car with four people. He caused one of them to be paralyzed for life. He was convicted and sent to prison.

Newsom helped this convicted shooter to get out of prison early. Newsom was also photographed in public with him. Newsom also helped him to get a government job.

It's great that the article mentions that Newsom supports gun control. I think the article should also mention that Newsom helped this convicted shooter to get out of prison early, was photographed in pubic with him, and helped him to get a government job.

https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-11-10/prison-reform-jarad-nava-sacramento

SquirrelHill1971 (talk) 20:37, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I could tell before even clicking on the LA Times link that your description above is lacking in detail and nuance. Yes, it's a well-written article, kudos to Hannah Wiley. And why is Newsom commuting his sentence relevant to this article? He hasn't reoffended, a la Willie Horton. It sounds like this guy was successfully rehabilitated, which is allegedly the purpose of prison. – Muboshgu (talk) 20:43, 24 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Fine. Then let's mention all of those things in the article. Let's mention his crimes, the length of his prison sentence, the length of time he spent in prison before he was released, and the reason for his release. SquirrelHill1971 (talk) 02:30, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

Ex-girlfriend
From 1992 to 1997, Newsom dated Montessori nursery school teacher Kelley Phleger, current wife of actor Don Johnson. Myrna11 (talk) 05:33, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gavin Newsom


text:
Horsefly (disambiguation)

Horsefly or horse-fly is a family of true flies in the insect order Diptera.

Horsefly may also refer to:
 * Horsefly Lake Provincial Park
 * Horsefly, British Columbia
 * Horsefly River

title: Horsefly (disambiguation)


text:
Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge

The Institute of Astronomy (IoA) is the largest of the three astronomy departments in the University of Cambridge, and one of the largest astronomy sites in the United Kingdom. Around 180 academics, postdocs, visitors and assistant staff work at the department.

Research at the department is made in a number of scientific areas, including exoplanets, stars, star clusters, cosmology, gravitational-wave astronomy, the high-redshift universe, AGN, galaxies and galaxy clusters. This is a mixture of observational astronomy, over the entire electromagnetic spectrum, computational theoretical astronomy, and analytic theoretical research.

The Kavli Institute for Cosmology is also located on the department site. This institute has an emphasis on The Universe at High Redshifts. The Cavendish Astrophysics Group are based in the Battcock Centre, a building in the same grounds.

History

The institute was formed in 1972 from the amalgamation of earlier institutions:
 * The University Observatory, founded in 1823. Its Cambridge Observatory building now houses offices and the department library.
 * The Solar Physics Observatory, which started in Cambridge in 1912. The building was partly demolished in 2008 to make way for the Kavli Institute for Cosmology.
 * The Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, which was created by Fred Hoyle in 1967. Its building is the main departmental site (the Hoyle Building), with a lecture theatre added in 1999, and a second two-storey wing built in 2002.

From 1990 to 1998, the Royal Greenwich Observatory was based in Cambridge, where it occupied Greenwich House on a site adjacent to the Institute of Astronomy.

Teaching
The department teaches 3rd and 4th year undergraduates as part of the Natural Sciences Tripos or Mathematical Tripos. Around 30 students normally study the masters which consists of a substantial research project (around 1/3 of the masters) and students have an opportunity to study courses such as General Relativity, Cosmology, Black Holes, Extrasolar Planets, Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics, Structure and Evolution of Stars & Formation of Galaxies. In addition, there are around 12 to 18 graduate PhD students at the department per year, mainly funded by the STFC. The graduate programme is particularly unusual in the UK as the students are free to choose their own PhD supervisor or adviser from the staff at the department, and this choice is often made as late as the end of their first term.

Notable current staff
An incomplete list of notable current members of the department.
 * Cathie Clarke
 * Carolin Crawford
 * George Efstathiou
 * Andrew Fabian
 * Gerry Gilmore
 * Douglas Gough
 * Paul Hewett
 * Mike Irwin
 * Nikku Madhusudhan
 * Richard McMahon
 * Max Pettini
 * James E. Pringle
 * Martin Rees
 * Christopher Reynolds (Plumian Professor of Astronomy)
 * Christopher Tout
 * Anna Zytkow

Notable past members and students
Here are some notable members of the department and its former institutes.

 * Suzanne Aigrain
 * George Airy
 * Robert Stawell Ball
 * James Challis
 * John Couch Adams
 * Donald Clayton
 * Arthur Eddington
 * Richard Ellis
 * Roger Griffin
 * Stephen Hawking
 * Fred Hoyle
 * Jamal Nazrul Islam
 * Harold Jeffreys
 * Robert Kennicutt
 * Donald Lynden-Bell
 * Jayant Narlikar
 * Jeremiah Ostriker
 * Robert Woodhouse

Telescopes
The Institute houses several telescopes on its site. Although some scientific work is done with the telescopes, they are mostly used for public observing and astronomical societies. The poor weather and light-pollution in Cambridge makes most modern astronomy difficult. The telescopes on the site include:
 * The Northumberland Telescope donated by the Duke of Northumberland in 1833. This is a 12 in diameter refractor on an English mount.
 * The smaller Thorrowgood Telescope, on extended loan from the Royal Astronomical Society. The telescope is an 8 in refractor.
 * The 36-inch Telescope, built in 1951.
 * The Three-Mirror Telescope, which is a prototype telescope with a unique design to have wide field of view, sharp images and all-reflection optics.

The institute's former 24" Schmidt Camera was donated to the Spaceguard Centre in Knighton, Powys in Wales in June 2009.

The Cambridge University Astronomical Society (CUAS) and Cambridge Astronomical Association (CAA) both regularly observe. The Institute holds public observing evenings on Wednesdays from October to March.

Public activities

The department holds a number of events involving the general public in astronomy. These include or have included:
 * Open evenings on Wednesdays during the winter, with a talk given by a member of the institute followed by observing in clear weather
 * Hosting the Astroblast conference
 * Annual sculpture exhibition showing work of Anglia Ruskin University
 * Annual open day during the Cambridge Science Festival
 * A monthly podcast, the 'Astropod', aimed at the general public (the Astropod originally ran from 2009 to 2011, and was relaunched in 2020)
 * Extra observing nights for special events such as IYA Moonwatch and BBC stargazing live

Library
The institute library is housed in the old Cambridge Observatory building. It is a specialist library concentrating on the subjects of astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology. The collection has approximately 17,000 books and subscribes to about 80 current journals. The library also has a collection of rare astronomical books, many of which belonged to John Couch Adams.

Achievements
Among the significant contributions to astronomy made by the institute, the now decommissioned Automatic Plate Measuring (APM) machine was used to create a major catalogue of astronomical objects in the northern sky.

title: Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Margin of error (disambiguation)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (pending; block-compress error). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:48, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Margin of error (disambiguation)
This dismabiguation page contains only one meaning. 790 09:27, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was apparently never listed on vfd, so I'm putting it on today's page. —Korath (Talk) 01:50, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete: The existence of this page makes me laugh. NeevaN 01:53, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * What's even funnier is that the page it links to says:
 * This page discusses the use of the term in opinion polling. For other uses, see margin of error (disambiguation).
 * BTW, that's the only page linking to that dab page. Delete —Wahoofive | Talk

 * Delete, uselss disambig. Dave the Red (talk) 03:31, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Several subtly different meanings" then fails to explain why they are subtly different. Or indeed if such subtly different meanings exist. Delete.   — J I P | Talk 04:21, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A dismabiguation page containing only one meaning is useless. Zzyzx11 | Talk 22:35, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Chhouk Rin

Chhouk Rin is a former Khmer Rouge commander. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of three tourists, Australian David Wilson, 29, Briton Mark Slater, 28, and Frenchman Jean-Michel Braquet, 27 at Phnom Voar in 1994. In 2005, he escaped to Phnom Penh where he evaded capture because he believed that Sam Bith and Nuon Paet are the guilty ones. After he was captured, he lost an appeal to overturn the ruling that sentenced him to life imprisonment in Prey Sar prison.

title: Chhouk Rin


text:
Ferndale, Western Australia

Ferndale is a southeastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of Canning. It is approximately 15 km from Perth's central business district.

History
The name Ferndale originated from developers who decided not to proceed with the City of Canning's choice of Shearnstead. In 1965, the name change was approved. The eastern section of Ferndale Crescent was once Menzies Road. Low scrub forest covered most of the suburb until developed in the late 1960s and 1970s.

Geography
Ferndale is bounded by Metcalfe Road to the south-east, the Canning River to the north and north-west, and Bannister Creek to the south-west. Its main street is Ferndale Crescent, which runs like an inverted U-shape from Metcalfe Road – the eastern leg of the street serves as a "centre line" to divide south-west and north-east Ferndale.

Facilities
Prominent features of the suburb also include Ferndale Reserve, a large sports ground; and the small Ferndale Shopping Centre. The Canning River Regional Park, located in Ferndale's north, is a popular route for cycling and walking as it is the parkland of the Canning River.

There were two primary schools in the suburb for several decades: Ferndale Primary, located in west Ferndale; and Kinlock Primary in the east. However, Kinlock closed following the 2007 school year, along with Lynwood Primary in a neighbouring suburb. In 2008, students from those two schools moved to Ferndale Primary School. At the end of the 2009 school year, Ferndale Primary closed and was replaced by Bannister Creek Primary, which had been built on the former Lynwood Primary school site. Bannister derives its name from the creek that starts in Lynwood and passes through Ferndale, where it discharges into the Canning River. Each of the primary schools mentioned were and are feeder schools to Lynwood Senior High School, the main secondary school of the surrounding suburbs.

There are cricket and football grounds along Metcalfe Road. The cricket grounds are shared with facilities of a club nicknamed Faries. Similarly, the football grounds are shared with facilities of a club nicknamed Panthers.

Transport
Ferndale's main road, Metcalfe Road, links two routes – Nicholson Road, which links Ferndale to Cannington and Westfield Carousel, and High Road, linking to Riverton and the Bull Creek railway station.

Ferndale is served by the Transperth bus service 508 linking the area to Bull Creek and to Cannington. It is operated by Swan Transit. Prior to the commencement of the Mandurah railway line, Transperth operated two routes through Ferndale (877 and 878), which had linked the suburb to Perth via Willetton and the Kwinana Freeway.

Bus

 * 206 Cannington Station to Murdoch University – serves Nicholson Road
 * 208 Cannington Station to Murdoch Station – serves Nicholson Road
 * 507 Cannington Station to Bull Creek Station – serves Nicholson Road and Metcalfe Road
 * 508 Cannington Station to Bull Creek Station – serves Nicholson Road, Metcalfe Road, Grace Street, Willcock Street, Ferndale Crescent and High Road

title: Ferndale, Western Australia


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Margin of error (disambiguation)

somehow this went very wrong. 790 09:33, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
PJC

PJC may refer to:

 * Pacific Jewish Center, the last synagogue in Venice, CA
 * Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters, a pillar of the European Union
 * Pensacola Junior College, in Florida, USA
 * Pioneer Junior College, in Singapore
 * Paris Junior College, in Paris, Texas
 * Pedro Juan Caballero Airport, in Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguay; IATA code PJC
 * Prayer for Judgement Continued, a legal plea used in certain U.S. states
 * Premature junctional contraction (medicine), a premature beat originating at the AV node of the heart.
 * Princeton Junction station, New Jersey, Amtrak station code PJC
 * Pan American Judo Confederation
 * Zelienople Municipal Airport, FAA code: PJC

title: PJC


text:
Samoic languages

The Samoic–Outlier languages, also known as Samoic languages, are a purported group of Polynesian languages, encompassing the Polynesian languages of Samoa, Tuvalu, American Samoa, Tokelau, Wallis and Futuna, and Polynesian outlier languages in New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, and the Federated States of Micronesia. The name "Samoic-Outlier" recognizes Samoan.

Ethnologue
According to Ethnologue 26, the Samoic–Outlier languages are as follows:

 * Samoic–Outlier
 * East Uvean–Niuafo’ou
 * Niuatoputapu
 * Niuafo’ou
 * Wallisian
 * Ellicean
 * Kapingamarangi
 * Takuu
 * Nukuoro
 * Nukumanu
 * Nukeria
 * Ontong Java
 * Sikaiana
 * Tuvaluan
 * Futunic
 * Anuta
 * East Futuna
 * Futuna–Aniwa
 * Emae
 * Rennell–Bellona
 * Mele–Fila
 * Vaeakau–Taumako
 * Tikopia
 * Fagauvea
 * Pukapuka
 * Samoan
 * Tokelauan

Glottolog
Hammarström et al. do not view the Samoic–Outlier languages as a valid phylogenetic clade. As such, the languages classified as Samoic–Outlier languages in Ethnologue are classified in the Glottolog database within Nuclear Polynesian as follows:

 * Nuclear Polynesian
 * Anuta
 * East Futuna
 * East Uvean–Niuafoʻou
 * East Uvean
 * Niuafoʻou
 * Niuatoputapu
 * Ellicean
 * Pukapukic
 * Pukapuka
 * Samoan–Tokelauan
 * Samoan
 * Tokelau
 * Tuvalu
 * Northern Outlier Polynesian–East Polynesian
 * Carolinean Outlier Polynesian
 * Kapingamarangi
 * Nukuoro
 * Solomons Northern Outlier Polynesian–East Polynesian
 * Central Northern Outlier Polynesian–East Polynesian
 * Central Northern Outlier Polynesian
 * Luangiua
 * Takuuic
 * Nukumanu
 * Nukuria
 * Takuu
 * East Polynesian
 * [...]
 * Sikaiana
 * Rennell–Bellona
 * Tikopia
 * Vaeakau–Taumako
 * Vanuatu–Loyalty Outliers
 * Emae
 * Mele–Futuna
 * Futuna–Aniwa
 * Mele–Fila
 * West Uvean

title: Samoic languages


text:
Talk:General Laws of Massachusetts

Untitled
This page was proposed for deletion; the consensus was to keep. See Votes for deletion/General Laws of Massachusetts for a record of the votes and discussion. Postdlf 09:37, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:General Laws of Massachusetts


text:
User talk:Stephane

OK, no problem. Welcome to Wikipedia. -- Curps 09:39, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'm just another editor... sometimes I edit China-related topics. -- Curps 09:48, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Request for usurpation
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I object to usurpation. - Stephane

I object to usurpation.
I object to usurpation Stephane (talk) 06:36, 29 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Bonjour, c'est moi qui ai fait la demande - vous êtes sûr de votre refus? Je demande parce que vous ne semblez pas être super actif et de mon côté le changement de nom me simplifierait la vie vue que j'ai pas mal de contacts IRL avec diverses communautés et qu'il faut que les gens me retrouvent après. Bonne fin de semaine, Stephane (Kiwix) (talk) 16:24, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stephane


text:
User talk:BWF89

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

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 * How to edit a page

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WikiProject Heraldry and vexillology
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title: User talk:BWF89


text:
Talk:Code of Iowa

Untitled
This page was proposed for deletion; the consensus was to keep. See Votes for deletion/Code of Iowa for a record of the votes and discussion. Postdlf 09:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Code of Iowa


text:
Shadow Copy

Shadow Copy (also known as Volume Snapshot Service, Volume Shadow Copy Service or VSS ) is a technology included in Microsoft Windows that can create backup copies or snapshots of computer files or volumes, even when they are in use. It is implemented as a Windows service called the Volume Shadow Copy service. A software VSS provider service is also included as part of Windows to be used by Windows applications. Shadow Copy technology requires either the Windows NTFS or ReFS filesystems in order to create and store shadow copies. Shadow Copies can be created on local and external (removable or network) volumes by any Windows component that uses this technology, such as when creating a scheduled Windows Backup or automatic System Restore point.

Overview
VSS operates at the block level of volumes.

A snapshot is a read-only point-in-time copy of the volume. Snapshots allow the creation of consistent backups of a volume, ensuring that the contents do not change and are not locked while the backup is being made.

The core component of shadow copy is the Volume Shadow Copy service, which initiates and oversees the snapshot creation process. The components that perform all the necessary data transfer are called providers. While Windows comes with a default System Provider, software and hardware vendors can create their own software or hardware providers and register them with Volume Shadow Copy service. Each provider has a maximum of 10 seconds' time to complete the snapshot generation.

Other components that are involved in the snapshot creation process are writers. The aim of Shadow Copy is to create consistent reliable snapshots. But sometimes, this cannot simply be achieved by completing all pending file change operations. Sometimes, it is necessary to complete a series of inter-related changes to several related files. For example, when a database application transfers a piece of data from one file to another, it needs to delete it from the source file and create it in the destination file. Hence, a snapshot must not be between the first deletion and the subsequent creation, or else it is worthless; it must either be before the deletion or after the creation. Enforcing this semantic consistency is the duty of writers. Each writer is application-specific and has 60 seconds to establish a backup-safe state before providers start snapshot creation. If the Volume Shadow Copy service does not receive acknowledgement of success from the corresponding writers within this time-frame, it fails the operation.

By default, snapshots are temporary; they do not survive a reboot. The ability to create persistent snapshots was added in Windows Server 2003 onward. However, Windows 8 removed the GUI portion necessary to browse them.

Windows software and services that support VSS include Windows Failover Cluster, Windows Server Backup, Hyper-V, Virtual Server, Active Directory, SQL Server, Exchange Server and SharePoint.

The end result is similar to a versioning file system, allowing any file to be retrieved as it existed at the time any of the snapshots was made. Unlike a true versioning file system, however, users cannot trigger the creation of new versions of an individual file, only the entire volume. As a side-effect, whereas the owner of a file can create new versions in a versioning file system, only a system administrator or a backup operator can create new snapshots (or control when new snapshots are taken), because this requires control of the entire volume rather than an individual file. Also, many versioning file systems (such as the one in VMS) implicitly save a version of files each time they are changed; systems using a snapshotting approach like Windows only capture the state periodically.

Windows XP and Server 2003
Volume Snapshot Service was first added to Microsoft Windows in Windows XP. It can only create temporary snapshots, used for accessing stable on-disk version of files that are opened for editing (and therefore locked). This version of VSS is used by NTBackup.

The creation of persistent snapshots (which remain available across reboots until specifically deleted) has been added in Windows Server 2003, allowing up to 512 snapshots to exist simultaneously for the same volume. In Windows Server 2003, VSS is used to create incremental periodic snapshots of data of changed files over time. A maximum of 64 snapshots are stored on the server and are accessible to clients over the network. This feature is known as Shadow Copies for Shared Folders and is designed for a client–server model. Its client component is included with Windows XP SP2 or later, and is available for installation on Windows 2000 SP3 or later, as well as Windows XP RTM or SP1.

Windows XP and later include a command line utility called  that can list, create or delete volume shadow copies and list installed shadow copy writers and providers.

Windows Vista, 7 and Server 2008
Microsoft updated a number of Windows components to make use of Shadow Copy. Backup and Restore in Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 use shadow copies of files in both file-based and sector-by-sector backup. The System Protection component uses VSS when creating and maintaining periodic copies of system and user data on the same local volume (similar to the Shadow Copies for Shared Folders feature in Windows Server); VSS allows such data to be locally accessed by System Restore.

System Restore allows reverting to an entire previous set of shadow copies called a restore point. Prior to Windows Vista, System Restore depended on a file-based filter that watched for changes to files with a certain set of extensions, and then copied files before they were overwritten. In addition, a part of Windows Explorer called Previous Versions allows restoring individual files or folders locally from restore points as they existed at the time of the snapshot, thus retrieving an earlier version of a file or recovering a file deleted by mistake.

Finally, Windows Server 2008 introduces the  utility which exposes VSS functionality through 20 different commands.

The system creates shadow copies automatically once per day, or when triggered by the backup utility or installer applications which create a restore point. The "Previous Versions" feature is available in the Business, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista and in all Windows 7 editions. The Home Editions of Vista lack the "Previous Versions" feature, even though the Volume Snapshot Service is included and running. Using third-party tools it is still possible to restore previous versions of files on the local volume. Some of these tools also allow users to schedule snapshots at user-defined intervals, configure the storage used by volume-shadow copies and compare files or directories from different points-in-time using snapshots. Windows 7 also adds native support through a GUI to configure the storage used by volume-shadow copies.

Windows 8 and Server 2012
While supporting persistent shadow copies, Windows 8 lacks the GUI portion necessary to browse them; therefore the ability to browse, search or recover older versions of files via the Previous Versions tab of the Properties dialog of files was removed for local volumes. However, using third party tools (such as ShadowExplorer) it is possible to recover that functionality. The feature is fully available in Windows Server 2012.

Windows 10
Windows 10 restored the Previous Versions tab that was removed in Windows 8; however, in earlier builds it depended upon the File History feature instead of Volume Shadow copy. Current builds now allow restoration from both File History and System Protection (System Restore) points, which use Volume Shadow Copy.

Windows 11
Windows 11 retains the same Previous Versions and File History feature introduced in Windows 10, although it is disabled by default.

Samba Server
Samba on Linux is capable of providing Shadow Copy Service on an LVM-backed storage or with an underlying ZFS or btrfs.

Compatibility
While the different NTFS versions have a certain degree of both forward and backward compatibility, there are certain issues when mounting newer NTFS volumes containing persistent shadow copies in older versions of Windows. This affects dual-booting, and external portable hard drives. Specifically, the persistent shadow copies created by Windows Vista on an NTFS volume are deleted when Windows XP or Windows Server 2003 mount that NTFS volume. This happens because the older operating system does not understand the newer format of persistent shadow copies. Likewise, System Restore snapshots created by Windows 8 are deleted if they are exposed to a previous version of Windows.

title: Shadow Copy


text:
Talk:Isidor Isaac Rabi

Untitled
I found this quote on Slashdot:

"We gave you an atomic bomb, what do you want, mermaids?" -- I. I. Rabi to the Atomic Energy Commission

Does anyone have some info on it's background, context time of utterance, etc.? Brutulf 09:44, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

It looks like the quote may have become a little distorted. The context is basically Rabi defending Oppenheimer against charges of leaking classified information.

http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/history/cold-war/oppenheimer-affair/testimony.htm

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/filmmore/reference/interview/rhodes12.html

The context is that he was defending Oppenheimer in his Security Clearance Trial. It's embarrassing that this page does not mention this?? It's one of the most important episodes in scientific history and Rabi was the bravest, one of the only ones to stare down the ridiculous political hacks who were conducting the witch trial. Here is another account, now that it's been declassified, a link to the actual transcript would probably be good: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/us/transcripts-kept-secret-for-60-years-bolster-defense-of-oppenheimers-loyalty.html. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Codeslubber (talk • contribs) 17:34, 17 February 2019 (UTC)
 * This was done years ago. It is in the article already.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  21:33, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

Bates college
The Bates College reference probably should be removed, since Rabi neither studied nor taught there. The degree Rabi received from Bates was honorary and was just one of dozens of honorary doctorates he received. There is no reason to feature this one and not the others.
 * Since there are no objections, I have removed the reference.

Pronounciation
Does anyone know how to pronounce his last name? Is it Rah-bye or Rah-bee? 198.20.40.50 23:09, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's "RAH-bee". 4.131.159.107 (talk) 00:00, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Gave the atomic bomb to Israel?
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/12/09/science/09nuke.graphic.1200.jpg Revery (talk) 08:39, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

"Who ordered this?"
This famous question may be taken in at least two ways: mystically ("What God set this in order?") or wryly, in imitation of a table of diners at a restaurant ("Which physicist wanted this?"). I'm thinking, from personal experience, of a large party of diners at a Chinese restaurant with many dishes on the menu, and a plate of unrecognized food shows up. What exactly did Rabi mean when he asked this question? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Larrykoen (talk • contribs) 15:05, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Proton,Deuteron,Neutron Magnetic Moments
I've been looking into the history of the measurement of the neutron magnetic moment. I believe this article rather misrepresents the situation; see the neutron magnetic moment article. Rabi was first to measure the p,d magnetic moments fairly accurately, yes, but these had been measured earlier in 1933-4. The more accurate measurements from the late 1930's were a result of the magnetic resonance techniques developed by Rabi. I would suggest a slight rewrite to suggest that Rabi made accurate indirect determinations of the magnetic moment of the neutron, which was one of the aims of the p and d measurements. The article as it reads now suggests Rabi discovered the p and d magnetic moments, but that is not true. p was by Otto Stern, while d was likely a simultaneous discovery by Stern and Rabi groups. Both groups were after the n magnetic moment with these measurements, I believe.

While I am here, I note that the electric quadrupole moment discovery for the d was actually rather stunning. People were struggling with understanding the nature of the nuclear force at the time, and this discovery was a real breakthrough in that regard. The Rigden book notes this (p. 113, bottom). The nuclear force was not a central force, for one. This article leaves the discovery hanging, without stating why it was so important. Bdushaw (talk) 10:07, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I have revised the article in line with your suggestions. If you can fix up the neutron magnetic moment article, that would be good. Hawkeye7 (talk) 22:17, 31 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Looks good now; I couldn't have written it better myself... :) I've been working on the neutron magnetic moment article over the past few weeks.  I'm about done with it.  Happy to have an objective review of it if you (or anyone) finds themselves with a dull moment.  Meanwhile, the proton magnetic moment article needs quite a lot of work.  (And one wonders if there should not be a deuteron magnetic moment article.)  Bdushaw (talk) 05:26, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

external link?
Would an interview with transcript with Isidor Isaac Rabi from 1986 be useful here as an external link? Focus of conversation is nuclear weapons policy. http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_7E62DED261394CEDBB3A79E9260DB791 (I have a conflict of interest; otherwise I would add it myself.) Mccallucc (talk) 18:20, 23 March 2016 (UTC)
 * ✅ Added. I like external links where the reader can actually see and hear the subject. Hawkeye7 (talk) 21:56, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130722150238/http://www.aip.org/history/acap/institutions/psac.jsp to http://www.aip.org/history/acap/institutions/psac.jsp

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Award of King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom
Rabi's award of the British King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom is not mentioned in the London Gazette, as honorary awards to foreign nationals do not normally appear (Page 184 of British Gallantry Awards by Abbott and Tamplin confirms this). His eligibility is however confirmed on the official Nobel site, and on page 320 of the Biographical Memoir of Rabi by Norman F. Ramsey published by the National Academy of Sciences, which refers to the award of "Britain's 1948 King's Medal". Hsq7278 (talk) 19:09, 15 December 2018

 * No worries.  Hawkeye7   (discuss)  22:07, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

Missing his famous quote: "Who ordered that?" in reference to the muon.
As of this writing, the article is missing his famous quote: "Who ordered that?" in reference to the muon. See Muon. I recommend adding the quote and story. Any concerns? J Mark Morris (talk) 12:59, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

His Mother's Name
Shouldn't her other name - Janet Teig - be mentioned as well?77.137.14.115 (talk) 07:03, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Isidor Isaac Rabi


text:
GXA

The Global XML Web Services Architecture (GXA) was an announcement by Microsoft in 2002 of several proposals for extensions to SOAP. Some of the components of GXA were developed into standards in combination with other companies, including IBM. Others were specific to Microsoft and have been superseded. Microsoft released a reference implementation of a part of GXA as Web Services Enhancements 1.0 SP1 for Microsoft .NET (WSE).

Components of GXA in WSE 1.0

 * WS-Security
 * WS-Routing
 * WS-Policy
 * XML Infoset

GXA Future Directions
At the time of the GXA announcement, Microsoft listed further standards they were participating in developing:

Federated security: WS-Trust, WS-Privacy, WS-Federation, WS-SecureConversation, WS-Policy

Pervasive metadata and discovery: WS-Referral

Microsoft also announced they were working on distributed agreement (transaction) standards.

title: GXA


text:
User:Philip J. Rayment/Editing

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 * How to edit a page
 * Avoid weasel terms
 * Neutral point of view
 * Edit counter of my edits

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title: User:Philip J. Rayment/Editing