text:
Talk:Mil Mi-17

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troops capacity
it is posible to add troops/civilians capacity for versions ? it will be greatly helpfull. 2A00:1028:9198:E50E:24D9:CE98:B471:EFBD (talk) 21:41, 1 April 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Mil Mi-17
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Mil Mi-17's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "World Air Forces 2019": From List of Mil Mi-8/17 operators:  From NHIndustries NH90:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 21:51, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Should the Main MI17 Picture of the article be changed?
since the present main pic on the article is of a historical Afghan airforce i think it be replaced by this one PHANTOM 2004 (talk) 10:36, 21 November 2021 (UTC)
 * This is not an article covering current users and use of the helicopter, so there is no issue with retaining the Afghan photo in the infobox, even if the colour scheme of the Afghan air force has since changed following the taliban takeover.Nigel Ish (talk) 11:07, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mil Mi-17


text:
Fire-control radar

A fire-control radar (FCR) is a radar that is designed specifically to provide information (mainly target azimuth, elevation, range and range rate) to a fire-control system in order to direct weapons such that they hit a target. They are sometimes known as narrow beam radars, targeting radars, tracking radars, or in the UK, gun-laying radars. If the radar is used to guide a missile, it is often known as a target illuminator or illuminator radar.

A typical fire-control radar emits a narrow, intense beam of radio waves to ensure accurate tracking information and to minimize the chance of losing track of the target. This makes them less suitable for initial detection of the target, and FCRs are often partnered with a medium-range search radar to fill this role. In British terminology, these medium-range systems were known as tactical control radars.

Most modern radars have a track-while-scan capability, enabling them to function simultaneously as both fire-control radar and search radar. This works either by having the radar switch between sweeping the search sector and sending directed pulses at the target to be tracked, or by using a phased-array antenna to generate multiple simultaneous radar beams that both search and track.

Operational phases
Fire-control radars operate in three different phases:

 * Designation or vectoring phase: The fire-control radar must be directed to the general location of the target due to the radar's narrow beam width. This phase is also called "lighting up". It ends when lock-on is acquired.
 * Acquisition phase: The fire-control radar switches to the acquisition phase of operation once the radar is in the general vicinity of the target. During this phase, the radar system searches in the designated area in a predetermined search pattern until the target is located or redesignated. This phase terminates when a weapon is launched.
 * Tracking phase: The fire-control radar enters into the track phase when the target is located. The radar system locks onto the target during this phase. This phase ends when the target is destroyed.

Performance
The performance of a fire-control radar is determined primarily by two factors: radar resolution and atmospheric conditions. Radar resolution is the ability of the radar to differentiate between two targets closely located. The first, and most difficult, is range resolution, finding exactly how far is the target. To do this well, in a basic fire-control radar system, it must send very short pulses. Bearing resolution is typically ensured by using a narrow (one or two degree) beam width. Atmospheric conditions, such as moisture lapse, temperature inversion, and dust particles affect radar performance as well. Moisture lapse and temperature inversion often cause ducting, in which RF energy is bent as it passes through hot and cold layers. This can either extend or shorten the radar horizon, depending on which way the RF is bent. Dust particles, as well as water droplets, cause attenuation of the RF energy, resulting in a loss of effective range. In both cases, a lower pulse repetition frequency makes the radar less susceptible to atmospheric conditions.

Countermeasures
Most fire-control radars have unique characteristics, such as radio frequency, pulse duration, pulse frequency and power. These can assist in identifying the radar, and therefore the weapon system it is controlling. This can provide valuable tactical information, like the maximum range of the weapon, or flaws that can be exploited, to combatants that are listening for these signs. During the Cold War Soviet fire control radars were often named and NATO pilots would be able to identify the threats present by the radar signals they received.

Surface based
One of the first successful fire-control radars, the SCR-584, was used effectively and extensively by the Allies during World War II for anti-aircraft gun laying. Since World War II, the U.S. Army has used radar for directing anti-aircraft missiles including the MIM-23 Hawk, the Nike series and currently the MIM-104 Patriot.

Ship based
Examples of fire-control radars currently in use by the United States Navy:
 * Mk 95 — Continuous Wave Illuminator (NATO Sea sparrow Surface Missile System)
 * Mk 92 — Combined Antenna System (Mk 75 Gun, formerly SM-1 missiles)
 * AN/SPG-62 — Continuous Wave Illuminator (AEGIS)
 * AN/SPQ-9B — Pulse Doppler (Mk 45 lightweight gun)

Aircraft based
After World War II, airborne fire control radars have evolved from the simpler gun and rocket laying AN/APG-36 system used in the F-86D to the active electronically scanned array-based AN/APG-81 of the F-35 Lightning II.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fire-control radar


text:
Greg

Greg is a masculine given name, and often a shortened form of the given name Gregory. Greg (sometimes spelled "Gregg") is also a surname.

People with the name

 * Greg Abbott (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Abel (born 1961/1962), Canadian businessman
 * Greg Adams (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Allen (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Anderson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Austin (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Ball (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Bell (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Bennett (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Berlanti (born 1972), American writer and producer
 * Greg Biffle (born 1969), American NASCAR driver
 * Greg Blankenship (born 1954), American football player
 * Greg Boyd (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Boyer (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Brady (broadcaster) (born 1971), Canadian sports radio host
 * Greg Brock (baseball) (born 1957), American baseball player
 * Greg Brooker (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Brooks (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Brown (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Bryant (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Burke (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Burns (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Camarillo (born 1982), American football player
 * Greg Campbell (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Carey (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Alyn Carlson (1971–2019), American fugitive
 * Greg Carr (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Carter (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Clark (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Collins (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Cook (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Cox (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Craven (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Davies (born 1968), Welsh comedian and actor
 * Greg Davis (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Dean (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Dobbs (born 1978), American baseball player
 * Greg Dortch (born 1998), American football player
 * Greg Downs (born 1958), English footballer
 * Greg Downs (writer) (born 1971), American author and historian
 * Greg Ducre, American football player
 * Greg Dulli (born 1965), American musician, founding member of The Afghan Whigs, The Twilight Singers, and The Gutter Twins
 * Greg Eagles (born 1970), African-American actor
 * Greg Edwards (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Ellis (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Evans (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Fidelman (born 1977), American music engineer, producer and mixer
 * Greg Foster (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Fox (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Gagne (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Gaines (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Gardner (born 1975), Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 * Greg Garrett (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Garrison (1924–2005), American television producer and director
 * Greg Gary (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Gianforte (born 1961), American businessman and politician
 * Greg Gibson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Green (born 1963), American businessman
 * Greg Guidry (1954–2003), American singer-songwriter
 * Greg Hall (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Ham (1953–2012), Australian musician, songwriter, member of the band Men at Work
 * Greg Harris (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Hartle (born 1951), American football player
 * Greg Hill (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Holland (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Holmes (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Howard (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Jackson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg James (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Jeffries (born 1971), American football player
 * Greg Johnson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Johnston (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Jones (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Joseph (born 1994) American football player
 * Greg Kane (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Kelly (born 1968), American TV news reporter
 * Greg Kennedy (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Kindle (born 1950), American football player
 * Greg King (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Lake (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Lamberson (born 1964), American author and filmmaker
 * Greg Lambert (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Lee (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg LeMond (born 1961), American road racing cyclist, three-time winner of the Tour de France
 * Greg Lewis (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Little (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Lloyd (born 1965), American player in the National Football League
 * Greg Lloyd Jr. (born 1989), American player in the National Football League, son of the above
 * Greg Long (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Louganis (born 1960), American Olympic champion diver and LGBT activist
 * Greg Luzinski (born 1950), American baseball player
 * Greg Maddux (born 1966), American baseball player
 * Greg Malone (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Mancz (born 1992), American football player
 * Greg Marshall (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Martin (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Miller (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Moore (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Morris (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Mullavey (born 1939), American theater, television, and film actor
 * Greg Myers (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Nelson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Newsome II (born 2000), American football player
 * Greg Norman (born 1955), Australian golfer and entrepreneur
 * Greg Norton (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Olsen (disambiguation), multiple people
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 * Greg Orton (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Page (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Parker, British physicist
 * Greg Pearce (disambiguation), multiple people
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 * Greg Peterson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Potter, American comic book writer
 * Greg Richards (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Roberts (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Robinson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Rusedski (born 1973), Canadian-born British tennis player
 * Greg Rutherford (born 1986), British long jumper
 * Greg Scott (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Senat (born 1994), American football player
 * Greg Shaw (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Smith (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Stekelman (born 1975), English novelist
 * Greg Stevens (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Stewart (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Stroman (born 1996), American football player
 * Greg Sutton (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Tansey (born 1988), English footballer
 * Greg Taylor (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Thompson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Tribbett (born 1968), American musician and songwriter
 * Greg van Hest (born 1973), Dutch long-distance runner
 * Greg VanWoerkom (born 1980), American politician
 * Greg Valentine (born 1951), American professional wrestler
 * Greg Vavra (born 1961), Canadian football player
 * Greg Walker (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Ward Jr. (born 1995), American football player
 * Greg Warren (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Weisman (born 1963), American writer, actor, producer
 * Greg Wells (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Whittington (born 1993), American basketball player
 * Greg Wilkins (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Williams (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Wilson (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Wood (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Young (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Greg Zuerlein, multiple people

People with the nickname

 * Greg (cartoonist) (1931–1999), the pseudonym of Belgian comic book artist Michel Regnier

Fictional characters with the name

 * Greg Brady (Brady Bunch), on the American sitcom The Brady Bunch
 * Greg Foster (The Young and the Restless), on the American soap opera The Young and the Restless
 * Greg Heffley, protagonist of the children's book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid
 * Greg Jessop, on the British soap opera EastEnders
 * Greg Nelson, on the American soap opera All My Children
 * The title character in Greg the Bunny, an American sitcom

title: Greg


text:
Napster (pay service)

Napster, commonly known as “Napster 2.0”, was a music streaming service and digital music store, launched by Roxio in 2003 under the purchased name and trademarks of former free peer-to-peer file sharing software Napster in the aftermath of the latter's 2002 bankruptcy and subsequent shut down after a series of legal actions taken by the RIAA. Roxio purchased Napster and a music streaming service called PressPlay in 2003, to create a new legal online music service that lets users access music through a subscription or on a fee-per-song basis. Napster was later acquired by Best Buy. The service was acquired by rival Rhapsody in 2011.

As a Roxio subsidiary
In 2002, Roxio bought the assets of the original Napster at its bankruptcy auction and acquired PressPlay in May 2003 for $40 million. After integrating the services, Roxio launched a revamped Napster in October 2003, whereby users were able to download songs a-la-carte or pay for a monthly unlimited download and streaming media service. Users were also able to share playlists and browse other users' libraries.

Napster MP3 player
Soon after launching the revamped Napster, Roxio partnered with Korean electronics maker Samsung to create a Napster-branded MP3 player. The player, named Samsung Napster YP-910 came with a 20GB hard disk that ran for ten hours on a lithium-polymer battery. It used a special version of Napster software and drivers to transfer DRM-protected files to the built-in hard disk.

Free Napster
In May 2006, Napster launched Free Napster, a free, advertising-supported Web-based music player that enabled users to stream full-length versions of all the songs in Napster's catalog of over 8 million tracks three times each, without downloading any software or making any service commitment. Visitors could also purchase DRM-free MP3 downloads. It was discontinued in March 2010.

As a Best Buy company
In September 2008, after introducing its Insignia line of portable media players, Best Buy acquired Napster for $121 million. At that time, Napster was incurring significant losses due to new competition and had approximately 760,000 subscribers. In January 2010, after losing subscribers, the CEO position, held by Chris Gorog, was eliminated.

Purchase by Rhapsody
In 2011, the company was acquired by Rhapsody, which rebranded the combined application as Napster (streaming music service).

title: Napster (pay service)


text:
Talk:John 20:3–4

Untitled
Is the second quote from New International Version rather than KJV? Man vyi 10:07, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, the attribution has been fixed. - SimonP 12:47, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:John 20:3–4


text:
Cerro El Cóndor

Cerro El Cóndor is a stratovolcano in Argentina.

Cerro El Cóndor is a remote peak in the Argentine Puna de Atacama. As such it was probably the last major 6000m+ peak in the Andes to be climbed, with the summit reaching a height of 6400 m. The volcano has the form of a massif (which covers a surface of 281 km2) constructed by two separate volcanoes; the older edifice forms parts of the northern and eastern flanks which are cut by scarps interpreted as caldera remnants. The summit region is formed by the newer edifice, and features a series of craters with diameters of 100 - 350 m and a cover of pyroclastic material and scoria. Also part of the newer phase are extensive lava flows which form the western and parts of the eastern and southern slopes and reach distances of 17 km from the summit.

Surrounding volcanoes include Condorito (which is considered to be part of the old El Cóndor volcano), Falso Azufre and Laguna Escondida which have constrained the extent of El Cóndor's lava flows. The volcano rises within the Laguna Amarga caldera, and an older mafic monogenetic volcano lies north of El Cóndor.

Radiometric dating has yielded ages of 2.89 - 2.67 million years ago to 0.13 - 0.02 million years ago, with the volcano developing in two phases. The older group of ages has been obtained on the Condorito and the older edifice, while the ages of 130,000 years ago and younger come from the younger edifice and lava flows; some of these dates have high uncertainties (one young age is 20,000 ± 30,000 years ago from the western flank) and Holocene eruptions in the summit region are possible. Presently, Cóndor is considered to be a dormant volcano with the potential of future activity, and while the remoteness of the volcano reduces any hazard potential future pyroclastic eruptions could impact air traffic over the region and east of it.

Cerro El Cóndor is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes together with about 110 other Quaternary volcanoes, and lies in the southern sector of the volcanic zone; other volcanic zones in the Andes are the Northern Volcanic Zone, the Southern Volcanic Zone and the Austral Volcanic Zone. The history of volcanic activity is poorly known for most of these volcanoes owing to the lack of dating; only a few historical eruptions have been recorded, such as an eruption at Ojos del Salado in 1993.

The volcano has erupted trachyandesite and trachydacite in the later stages of activity, after a stage with andesitic to dacitic eruptions. The rocks define a potassium-rich calc-alkaline suite.

title: Cerro El Cóndor


text:
Mazdoor Mukti Morcha

Mazdoor Mukti Morcha (Workers Liberation Front), the Punjab affiliate of the All India Agricultural Labour Association, the agriworker wing of Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation.

title: Mazdoor Mukti Morcha


text: User talk:203.160.1.75

title: User talk:203.160.1.75


text:
Mil Mi-14

The Mil Mi-14 (Миль Ми-14, NATO reporting name: Haze) is a Soviet shore-based nuclear-capable amphibious anti-submarine helicopter derived from the earlier Mi-8.

Design and development
Formal development of an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) version of the Mil Mi-8 transport helicopter was authorised by the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee and Council of Ministers in April 1965, with the objective of replacing the Mil Mi-4 in the short-range, shore based anti-submarine role. The new helicopter was required to have an endurance of 2 hours on station at a radius of 222 km from base.

The new design (with the internal designation V-14) differed from the Mi-8 in having a boat-like hull similar to the Sea King, allowing it to operate off the water, and a retractable four-point undercarriage, with the mainwheels retracting into large sponsons on the rear of the fuselage. The helicopter was to be powered by two Klimov TV3-117MT turboshaft engines. A watertight weapons bay is fitted to the centreline of the fuselage allowing internal carriage of a single torpedo or eight depth charges, while a radome housing a search radar is fitted beneath the nose.

The Mi-14 has a crew of four: a pilot, a copilot, an onboard technician, and a weapon system operator. The Mi-14PL anti-submarine version is equipped with a radar, a dipping sonar and a magnetic anomaly detector.

The first prototype V-14, converted from a Mi-8 and powered by the older and less powerful Klimov TV2-117 engines, flew on 1 August 1967. Development was slowed by problems with the helicopter's avionics and due to reliability problems with the TV3-117 engines, with production at Kazan not starting until 1973, and the helicopter (now designated Mi-14) entering service on 11 May 1976.

In January 2016, Russian Helicopters confirmed to Russian News Agency TASS that no final decision to revive production had been taken, but market demand, feasibility studies – including with Moscow's defence ministry – and funding sources were under review. The programme remains a “priority” for Russian Helicopters. The company suggested the Mi-14 would appeal to civil operators in Russia's far north and those supplying the oil and gas industry, alongside the nation's armed forces. Out of the almost 300 Mi-14s produced at Kazan Helicopters between 1973 and 1986, it is estimated that just 44 examples remain in active service.

Variants

 * V-14
 * Prototype of the Mi-14 helicopter.

 * Mi-14PL (NATO Haze-A)
 * Anti-submarine warfare helicopter, equipped with towed APM-60 MAD, OKA-2 sonobuoys and a retractable Type 12-M search radar, armed with either a single AT-1 or APR-2 torpedo, one Skat nuclear depth bomb or eight depth charges. A single Mi-14PL was used to carry out trials  with the Kh-23 (NATO designation AS-7 Kerry) air-to-surface missile but this modification does not seem to have entered service.

 * Mi-14PLM
 * Improved anti-submarine warfare version with Os'minog ASW suite, with new search radar, dipping sonar and digital computer. Limited use.

 * Mi-14PŁ/R
 * Polish conversion of two Mi-14PŁ (Polish designation for Mi-14PL) to search and rescue version, with ASW equipment removed, developed in 2010.

 * Mi-14BT (NATO Haze-B)
 * Mine sweeping helicopter with ASW systems removed and equipped for towing Mine Countermeasures sleds. 25–30 built, with six exported to East Germany and two to Bulgaria.

 * Mi-14PS (NATO Haze-C)
 * Search and rescue version with search lights and sliding doors with hoist.

 * Mi-14PX
 * Search and rescue training helicopter for the Polish Navy (unofficial designation). One Polish Mi-14PŁ helicopter was temporarily converted into the Mi-14PX, then converted back in 1996.

 * Mi-14PZh
 * Amphibious firebuster version of Mi-14BT. Conversion price about USD1M.

 * Mi-14GP
 * Conversion of Mi-14PL to 24–26 seat civil passenger transport.

Operational history
As part of the Syrian civil war, starting from 2013, Syrian Navy Mi-14 helicopters were used as improvised bombers to drop naval mines and barrel bombs on large area targets from high altitude, mostly cities held by opposing forces. On 22 March 2015, one crashed with its pilot killed on the spot after capture and the rest of the crew captured.

On 7 May 2022, Ukraine confirmed that Colonel Ihor Bedzay, the deputy head of the Ukrainian Navy, was killed when his Mi-14PS was shot down by a Russian Su-35. A video emerged, claimed shot on 7 May 2022, showing a Su-27 family fighter engaging a Mi-14 with its 30 mm gun.

Operators
By 1991, about 230 had been delivered, with exports to many Soviet allies including Bulgaria, Cuba, East Germany, Libya, Poland, and Syria.

Current operators

 * Georgian Air Force
 * Georgian Air Force
 * Libyan Air Force
 * Libyan Air Force
 * Korean People's Army Air Force
 * Polish Navy
 * Congolese Navy
 * Syrian Air Force
 * Syrian Navy
 * Congolese Navy
 * Syrian Air Force
 * Syrian Navy
 * Syrian Navy
 * Ukrainian Naval Aviation
 * Yemen Air Force
 * Yemen Air Force
 * Yemen Air Force

Former operators

 * Bulgarian Navy
 * Cuban Air Force
 * East German Navy Mil Mi-14BT, S9-TAJ, Aerotec International.jpg
 * Ethiopian Air Force
 * German Navy
 * Russian Naval Aviation
 * South Yemen
 * People's Democratic Republic of Yemen Air Force
 * Soviet Naval Aviation
 * Yugoslav Air Force
 * Russian Naval Aviation
 * South Yemen
 * People's Democratic Republic of Yemen Air Force
 * Soviet Naval Aviation
 * Yugoslav Air Force
 * Soviet Naval Aviation
 * Yugoslav Air Force
 * Yugoslav Air Force

title: Mil Mi-14


text:
User talk:Affeman

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Welcome!

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 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Affeman


text:
Pappus's hexagon theorem

In mathematics, Pappus's hexagon theorem (attributed to Pappus of Alexandria) states that
 * given one set of collinear points $$A, B, C,$$ and another set of collinear points $$a,b,c,$$ then the intersection points $$X,Y,Z$$ of line pairs $$Ab$$ and $$aB, Ac$$ and $$aC, Bc$$ and $$bC$$ are collinear, lying on the Pappus line. These three points are the points of intersection of the "opposite" sides of the hexagon $$AbCaBc$$.

It holds in a projective plane over any field, but fails for projective planes over any noncommutative division ring. Projective planes in which the "theorem" is valid are called pappian planes.

If one considers a pappian plane containing a hexagon as just described but with sides $$Ab$$ and $$aB$$ parallel and also sides $$Bc$$ and $$bC$$ parallel (so that the Pappus line $$u$$ is the line at infinity), one gets the affine version of Pappus's theorem shown in the second diagram.

If the Pappus line $$u$$ and the lines $$g,h$$ have a point in common, one gets the so-called little version of Pappus's theorem. The dual of this incidence theorem states that given one set of concurrent lines $$A, B, C$$, and another set of concurrent lines $$a, b, c$$, then the lines $$x, y, z$$ defined by pairs of points resulting from pairs of intersections $$A\cap b$$ and $$a\cap B, \; A\cap c$$ and $$a\cap C, \;B\cap c$$ and $$b\cap C$$ are concurrent. (Concurrent means that the lines pass through one point.)

Pappus's theorem is a special case of Pascal's theorem for a conic—the limiting case when the conic degenerates into 2 straight lines. Pascal's theorem is in turn a special case of the Cayley–Bacharach theorem.

The Pappus configuration is the configuration of 9 lines and 9 points that occurs in Pappus's theorem, with each line meeting 3 of the points and each point meeting 3 lines. In general, the Pappus line does not pass through the point of intersection of $$ABC$$ and $$abc$$. This configuration is self dual. Since, in particular, the lines $$Bc, bC, XY$$ have the properties of the lines $$x,y,z$$ of the dual theorem, and collinearity of $$X,Y,Z$$ is equivalent to concurrence of $$Bc, bC, XY$$, the dual theorem is therefore just the same as the theorem itself. The Levi graph of the Pappus configuration is the Pappus graph, a bipartite distance-regular graph with 18 vertices and 27 edges.

Proof: affine form
If the affine form of the statement can be proven, then the projective form of Pappus's theorem is proven, as the extension of a pappian plane to a projective plane is unique.

Because of the parallelity in an affine plane one has to distinct two cases: $$g \not\parallel h$$ and $$g \parallel h$$. The key for a simple proof is the possibility for introducing a "suitable" coordinate system:

Case 1: The lines $$g,h$$ intersect at point $$S=g\cap h$$.

In this case coordinates are introduced, such that $$\;S=(0,0), \; A=(0,1), \;c=(1,0)\;$$ (see diagram). $$B,C$$ have the coordinates $$\;B=(0,\gamma),\; C=(0,\delta), \; \gamma,\delta \notin \{0,1\}$$. From the parallelity of the lines $$Bc,\; Cb$$ one gets $$b=(\tfrac{\delta}{\gamma},0)$$ and the parallelity of the lines $$Ab, Ba$$ yields $$a=(\delta,0)$$. Hence line $$Ca$$ has slope $$-1$$ and is parallel line $$Ac$$.

Case 2: $$g\parallel h \ $$ (little theorem).

In this case the coordinates are chosen such that $$\;c=(0,0), \;b=(1,0),\; A=(0,1), \;B=(\gamma,1),\;\gamma\ne 0$$. From the parallelity of $$Ab\parallel Ba$$ and $$ cB\parallel bC$$ one gets $$\;C=(\gamma+1,1)\;$$ and $$ \;a=(\gamma+1,0)\;$$, respectively, and at least the parallelity $$\;Ac\parallel Ca\;$$.

Proof with homogeneous coordinates
Choose homogeneous coordinates with
 * $$C = (1, 0, 0), \; c= (0, 1, 0),\; X = (0, 0, 1), \; A = (1, 1, 1)$$.

On the lines $$AC, Ac, AX$$, given by $$x_2 = x_3,\; x_1 =x_3, \; x_2 = x_1$$, take the points $$B, Y, b$$ to be
 * $$B = (p, 1, 1),\; Y = (1, q, 1),\; b = (1, 1, r)$$

for some $$p, q, r$$. The three lines $$XB, CY, cb$$ are $$x_1 = x_2 p,\; x_2= x_3 q,\; x_3 = x_1 r$$, so they pass through the same point $$a$$ if and only if $$rqp = 1$$. The condition for the three lines $$Cb, cB$$ and $$XY$$ with equations $$ x_2 = x_1 q,\; x_1 = x_3 p ,\; x_3 = x_2 r$$ to pass through the same point $$Z$$ is $$rpq =1$$. So this last set of three lines is concurrent if all the other eight sets are because multiplication is commutative, so $$pq = qp$$. Equivalently, $$X, Y, Z$$ are collinear.

The proof above also shows that for Pappus's theorem to hold for a projective space over a division ring it is both sufficient and necessary that the division ring is a (commutative) field. German mathematician Gerhard Hessenberg proved that Pappus's theorem implies Desargues's theorem. In general, Pappus's theorem holds for some projective plane if and only if it is a projective plane over a commutative field. The projective planes in which Pappus's theorem does not hold are Desarguesian projective planes over noncommutative division rings, and non-Desarguesian planes.

The proof is invalid if $$C, c, X$$ happen to be collinear. In that case an alternative proof can be provided, for example, using a different projective reference.

Dual theorem
Because of the principle of duality for projective planes the dual theorem of Pappus is true:

If 6 lines $$A,b,C,a,B,c $$ are chosen alternately from two pencils with centers $$G,H$$, the lines
 * $$ X:= (A\cap b) (a\cap B), $$
 * $$ Y:= (c\cap A) (C\cap a), $$
 * $$ Z:= (b\cap C) (B\cap c)$$

are concurrent, that means: they have a point $$U$$ in common. The left diagram shows the projective version, the right one an affine version, where the points $$G,H$$ are points at infinity. If point $$U$$ is on the line $$GH$$ than one gets the "dual little theorem" of Pappus' theorem.

Other statements of the theorem
In addition to the above characterizations of Pappus's theorem and its dual, the following are equivalent statements:
 * If the six vertices of a hexagon lie alternately on two lines, then the three points of intersection of pairs of opposite sides are collinear.
 * Arranged in a matrix of nine points (as in the figure and description above) and thought of as evaluating a permanent, if the first two rows and the six "diagonal" triads are collinear, then the third row is collinear.
 * $$\left|\begin{matrix}

A & B & C \\ a & b & c \\ X & Y & Z \end{matrix} \right|$$
 * That is, if $$\ ABC, abc, AbZ, BcX, CaY, XbC, YcA, ZaB\ $$ are lines, then Pappus's theorem states that $$XYZ$$ must be a line. Also, note that the same matrix formulation applies to the dual form of the theorem when $$(A,B,C)$$ etc. are triples of concurrent lines.

 * Given three distinct points on each of two distinct lines, pair each point on one of the lines with one from the other line, then the joins of points not paired will meet in (opposite) pairs at points along a line.
 * If two triangles are perspective in at least two different ways, then they are perspective in three ways.
 * If $$\; AB, CD,\;$$ and $$EF$$ are concurrent and $$DE, FA, $$ and $$BC$$ are concurrent, then $$ AD, BE,$$ and $$CF$$ are concurrent.

Origins
In its earliest known form, Pappus's Theorem is Propositions 138, 139, 141, and 143 of Book VII of Pappus's Collection. These are Lemmas XII, XIII, XV, and XVII in the part of Book VII consisting of lemmas to the first of the three books of Euclid's Porisms.

The lemmas are proved in terms of what today is known as the cross ratio of four collinear points. Three earlier lemmas are used. The first of these, Lemma III, has the diagram below (which uses Pappus's lettering, with G for Γ, D for Δ, J for Θ, and L for Λ).
 * Pappus-collection-7-129.svg

Here three concurrent straight lines, AB, AG, and AD, are crossed by two lines, JB and JE, which concur at J. Also KL is drawn parallel to AZ. Then
 * KJ : JL :: (KJ : AG & AG : JL) :: (JD : GD & BG : JB).

These proportions might be written today as equations:
 * KJ/JL = (KJ/AG)(AG/JL) = (JD/GD)(BG/JB).

The last compound ratio (namely JD : GD & BG : JB) is what is known today as the cross ratio of the collinear points J, G, D, and B in that order; it is denoted today by (J, G; D, B). So we have shown that this is independent of the choice of the particular straight line JD that crosses the three straight lines that concur at A. In particular
 * (J, G; D, B) = (J, Z; H, E).

It does not matter on which side of A the straight line JE falls. In particular, the situation may be as in the next diagram, which is the diagram for Lemma X.
 * Pappus-collection-7-136.svg

Just as before, we have (J, G; D, B) = (J, Z; H, E). Pappus does not explicitly prove this; but Lemma X is a converse, namely that if these two cross ratios are the same, and the straight lines BE and DH cross at A, then the points G, A, and Z must be collinear.

What we showed originally can be written as (J, ∞; K, L) = (J, G; D, B), with ∞ taking the place of the (nonexistent) intersection of JK and AG. Pappus shows this, in effect, in Lemma XI, whose diagram, however, has different lettering:
 * Pappus-collection-7-137.svg

What Pappus shows is DE.ZH : EZ.HD :: GB : BE, which we may write as
 * (D, Z; E, H) = (∞, B; E, G).

The diagram for Lemma XII is:
 * Pappus-collection-7-138.svg

The diagram for Lemma XIII is the same, but BA and DG, extended, meet at N. In any case, considering straight lines through G as cut by the three straight lines through A, (and accepting that equations of cross ratios remain valid after permutation of the entries,) we have by Lemma III or XI
 * (G, J; E, H) = (G, D; ∞ Z).

Considering straight lines through D as cut by the three straight lines through B, we have
 * (L, D; E, K) = (G, D; ∞ Z).

Thus (E, H; J, G) = (E, K; D, L), so by Lemma X, the points H, M, and K are collinear. That is, the points of intersection of the pairs of opposite sides of the hexagon ADEGBZ are collinear.

Lemmas XV and XVII are that, if the point M is determined as the intersection of HK and BG, then the points A, M, and D are collinear. That is, the points of intersection of the pairs of opposite sides of the hexagon BEKHZG are collinear.

title: Pappus's hexagon theorem


text:
Cerro Escorial

Cerro Escorial is a stratovolcano at the border of Argentina and Chile. It is part of the Corrida de Cori volcanic group and its youngest member. A well-preserved 1 km crater forms its summit area. Lava flows are found on the Chilean and smaller ones on the Argentinian side, the former reaching as far as 3 - 4 km from the volcano. One of these is dated 342,000 years ago by argon-argon dating.

Off the western coast of South America, the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate. This process has given rise to the Andes mountain chain and the Altiplano-Puna high plateau, which formed through shortening of the crust that lasted until 1 million years ago. Cerro Escorial rises from the Puna, which is dissected at Cerro Escorial by the Archibarca lineament; it is a strike-slip fault that has facilitated the ascent of magma.

Andesite lavas were erupted during the Miocene and Pliocene. Hydrothermal alteration has affected an area 4 km from the crater. A Plinian eruption on Escorial was the source of the dacitic Escorial ignimbrite, which is also known as the Corrida de Cori ignimbrite or Caletones Cori ignimbrite. Pulsed changes in the magma supply during the eruption generated a radial ignimbrite structure which was deposited in various flows. The source magma underwent significant crustal contamination and contains quartz veins, indicating that the ignimbrite interacted with a buried hydrothermal system. Lithic clasts including basement material are also present. The ignimbrite has a volume of about 0.6 km3 and was erupted 460,000±10,000 years ago. The eruption of the ignimbrite was followed by more lava eruptions and the formation of a Holocene cinder cone. Present-day activity is of hydrothermal nature and the absence of infrastructure and human population in the region mean that renewed activity is unlikely to have an impact. It is considered to be Argentina's 28th most dangerous volcano.

A sulfur mine lies 4 km southwest of Escorial. Mining ceased about 1983.

title: Cerro Escorial


text:
Parasitic cone

A parasitic cone (also adventive cone or satellite cone) is the cone-shaped accumulation of volcanic material not part of the central vent of a volcano. It forms from eruptions from fractures on the flank of the volcano. These fractures occur because the flank of the volcano is unstable. Eventually, the fractures reach the magma chamber and generate eruptions called flank eruptions, which, in turn, produce a parasitic cone.

A parasitic cone can also be formed from a dike or sill cutting up to the surface from the central magma chamber in an area different from the central vent.

A peculiar example of multiple parasitic cones is Jeju Island in South Korea. Jeju features 368 "oreums" (Korean: 오름; "mount"), which lie in a roughly lateral line on either side of the island's central dormant shield volcano Hallasan.

title: Parasitic cone


text:
Talk:K–12

pronounciation
A suggested addition: pronunciation

How is K-12 pronounced: "kay twelve, "kay to twelve", ...?

This still doesn't mean a lot outside of the USA. What are the ages of the children you are refering to?

 * the general spoken format for that is 'K thru 12'... that's just the US education system, Kindergarten is age 5 or 6, then first grade thru 12th grade (12 = senior in high school, US's secondary school)... - Adolphus79 09:15, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

K-16
I've read on several pages (ex. this one: (www.txstate.edu/math/degrees-programs/phd.html) where they use the term "K-16". What does that mean and how, if at all, is it different from K-12? --74.120.133.109 23:59, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Without looking, I'd guess that K-16 refers to K-12 plus undergraduate. --aciel (talk) 19:47, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

K-18 is also in use (example)- covering primary, secondary and tertiary education. Kim (talk) 21:28, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Australian Reference
The reference to Australia may be misleading here. While such usage exists (as evidenced by the link), it is unusual, and may be capitalizing on the common understanding of the North American system.

My motivation for writing is because I am an Australian living in the USA with young children. I hear the term "K-12" all the time in relation to my sons' educations, and I thought I should look it up to make sure I properly understand what the expression means. Learning that it is in use in Australia was very surprising to me.

65.91.254.98 20:13, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Requested Move or Merge
I would suggest this article be moved to K-12 education, or merged with compulsory education. --aciel (talk) 19:47, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Support  and the resultant redirect should go to the dab page. 132.205.99.122 (talk) 22:10, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * This particular page should just be redirected - it's a dictionary definition. K12 is an article on a particular mountain. Should that be moved to K12 (mountain) and redirect to the dab as well? Dekimasu よ! 00:53, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Some action would be good, but I'm not sure what. I can't see any way to expand this article beyond a deletable dictionary definition, but I'd be delighted to be shown wrong.

Notwithstanding the comment by an Australian expat above, K-12 is now an extremely common term in Australian education. I wonder how long they have been away, the usage of the term has only been common for the past decade or so, but it seems standard now. So, as far as Australian English goes IMO it should redirect straight to a page on education, rather than to a disambig or to the mountain K12, with a hatnote then to the disambig. But this may not be the case internationally. Andrewa (talk) 16:16, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

I agree completely with the above comment about the uncommon Australian usage. I'm still living and going to school in Australia, infact I've gone to schools in three different states and I've never heard of its usage once. Anpw (talk) 07:33, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

The suggestiion that K-12 is used in New Zealand strikes me as odd. I have ne ver heard it used in my time through primary, secondary or tertiary education, nor while my children are at school, nor while working in the tertiary education sector. Neither have I ever seen or heard it in NZ media. In fact I came across this article after googling the term to better understand a US-oriented article I was reading which referenced K-20. Furthermore it is suggested that the term indicates the years of free education in the named counties (including NZ) up to 12-grade but this is not entirely correct. We do not use 'grades' as a indication of years. I presume that a grade equals a year and if so there is no relationship to the situation in NZ with 14 years free and 13 years compulsory. See Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand) 130.195.91.131 (talk) 20:45, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

K-12 is also an extremely common E. coli strain used in research. I'd think that'd be more appropriate for this page. --aciel (talk) 22:36, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Unlike Escherichia coli O121 there seems to be no article on what the Escherichia coli article calls E. coli K12. This strain is mentioned in the stub-flagged section Model organism, where it is called E. coli K12, and in the Databases section, which is the only place in the article it is currently called K-12. I'd suggest that Escherichia coli K12 would be a better name for an article on this strain. That's if there is even enough material for an article, I notice that Escherichia coli O121 seems to be a stub although not flagged as one. Andrewa (talk) 11:03, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I suspect a redirect would be more appropriate. This is maybe not the right place for this discussion, but coli is pretty well covered by ecoliwiki.net; which has precluded the existence of coli-devoted pages on Wikipedia. But I'm not sure that means they shouldn't be here. K-12 is a very common strain. --aciel (talk) 18:25, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Of course they should be here. But IMO we shouldn't call the article on the E. coli strain K12, because most people wouldn't recognise this as a bacterium strain. We even more shouldn't call the article on the bacterium K-12, becasue K12 seems the more normal punctuation when talking about the bacterium (or, for that matter, the mountain). So the question then is, how do we best help people who want to find the bacterium article, without making life unreasonably hard for those looking for K-12 in the sense of education, or K12 the mountain? Andrewa (talk) 10:39, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Why do you say K12 seems more standard for the E. coli strain? I see that Google pops up more hits, but that's because searching for "K12" also returns those containing "K-12". Every peer-reviewed article I've seen spells it "K-12" as well. --aciel (talk) 20:29, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * See above, This strain is mentioned in the stub-flagged section Model organism, where it is called E. coli K12, and in the Databases section, which is the only place in the article it is currently called K-12. We also have a stubby article called Escherichia coli O121, not O-121. If all of that is wrong, please fix it. Suggest you don't rely on the Google test alone; Can you cite some of those peer-reviewed articles?
 * But IMO there's no way this strain is the primary meaning of K-12, in any case. Andrewa (talk) 01:50, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Support the move to K-12 education. Weak support for redirects from K-12 and K12 to K12 (disambiguation), and therefore a rename of the article on K12 the mountain. Andrewa (talk) 10:36, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

I know this discussion is old but i would like to point out that 6-12 isnt compullsory in the united states to the same extent as k-5-209.181.16.93 (talk) 15:37, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Basisschool and Ecole Maternelle? Really?
Sorry, I'm struggling to figure out why Poland, France, Serbia, Italy and Netherlands are included in the K-20 table, since clearly none of those countries use a K-12 system. Just for comparison purposes, or to hammer the point home that "the Internet does not belong to the USA," or whatever the anti-US slogan on the net is these days? --SchutteGod 76.171.231.104 (talk) 22:59, 6 October 2013 (UTC)

Section 'K–14, K–16, K–18 and K–20'
There is a line that I believe should be put into an external link or reference (or whatever suitable) but not within the section: 'Further reference to K–18 education can be found in this publication by Ann Diver-Stamnes and Linda Catelli in chapter 4 "College/University Partnership Projects for Instituting Change and Improvement in K–18 Education".75675577v'

The Average Wikipedian (talk) 14:49, 11 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 3 external links on K–12. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Combined junior and senior high schools page
Can the combined junior and senior high school page should be created and what should it be called?

 * Combined junior senior high school
 * Middle high school
 * Intermediate high school
 * 6-12

DynastiNoble (talk) 19:55, 13 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:K–12


text:
Nafana people

The Nafana are a Senufo people living in the central north-west of Ghana and the north-east of Côte d'Ivoire, in the area east of Bondoukou. They number about 45, 000 (SIL/GILLBT 1992) and they speak Nafaanra, a Senufo language. They are surrounded by Gur speakers to the north, the isolated Mande speaking Ligbi people to the east, and the Akan speaking Abron to the south.

The Nafana people relate that they come from Côte d'Ivoire, from a village called Kakala. According to Jordan (1978), their oral history says that some of their people are still there, and if they go back they would not be allowed to leave again. They arrived in the Banda area after the Ligbi people, who according to Stahl (2004) came from Bigu (Begho, Bighu) to the area in the early 17th century. Some major towns of the Nafana people are Sampa, Kokoa, Duadaso No 1, Duadaso No 2, Jamera, Debibi, and Kabile which are in the Jaman North District. Brodi and Debibi are in the Tain District. Banda Ahenkro in the Banda District. The people are mainly farmers. Their major festival is the Songhei Festival mainly original in Jamala or Jamera celebrated annually. The Nafana people are the real who can trace their origins from the Songhai empire. Their main culture heritage town is Jamera where all their history and traditions are based.

title: Nafana people


text:
Mil V-12

The Mil V-12 (NATO reporting name: Homer), given the project number Izdeliye 65 ("Item 65"), is a prototype helicopter designed in the Soviet Union and the largest helicopter ever built. The designation "Mi-12" would have been the designation for the production helicopter and did not apply to V-12 prototypes.

Design and development
Design studies for a giant helicopter were started at the Mil OKB in 1959, receiving official sanction in 1961 by the GKAT (Gosudarstvenny Komitet po Aviatsionnoy Tekhnike - State Committee on Aircraft Technology) instructing Mil to develop a helicopter capable of lifting 20 to 25 tonnes. The GKAT directive was followed by a more detailed specification for the V-12 with hold dimensions similar to the Antonov An-22, intended to lift major items of combat material as well as 8K67, 8K75 and 8K82 inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBM).

Design limitations forced Mil to adopt a twin rotor system but design studies of a tandem layout, similar to the Boeing CH-47 Chinook, revealed major problems. The single rotor layouts also studied proved to be non-viable, leading to the transverse layout chosen for the finished article.

The transverse rotor system of the V-12, which eliminates the need for a tail rotor, consists of two Mil Mi-6 transmission systems complete with rotors mounted at the tips of the approximately 30 m span inverse tapered wings. Although the first use by Mil, the transverse system had been used by several of the early helicopters, including the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 Drache and Kamov Ka-22 Vintokryl convertiplane.

Construction of the V-12 first prototype, after exhaustive testing with test-rigs and mock-ups including a complete transmission system, began at Panki in 1965. The airframe was largely conventional, using stressed skin construction methods with high strength parts machined from solid metal blocks. The large fuselage accommodated the 28.15 x cabin and crew section in the extreme nose, housing a pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer and electrical engineer in the lower cockpit, with the navigator and radio operator in the upper cockpit.

At the aft end of the fuselage access to the cabin is gained by large clamshell doors and a drop down cargo ramp with inbuilt retractable support jacks. Doors in the fuselage also give access to the cargo hold: two on the starboard side and three on the port side. Above the rear fuselage is a very large fin and rudder, with a moderately sized tailplane with dihedral fitted with end-plate fins (not fitted for the first flight). The fixed undercarriage consists of large paired main-wheel units on oleo-pneumatic levered shock absorbers mounted at the junction of a strut system supporting the rotor systems and wings and connected to the centre fuselage by a tripod strut structure with the nose-leg attached aft of the crew section. A pair of bumper wheels are mounted at the rear of the fuselage keel and fixed support pads ensure that the cargo ramp is extended to the correct angle. Long braced struts also connected the transmission units to the rear fuselage forward of the fin. Cargo handling is done by means of a forklift or electric hoists on traveling beams.

The power system and wings are mounted above the centre fuselage with interconnecting shafts ensuring synchronisation of the main rotors which overlap by about 3 m. Drag and lift losses are reduced by the inverse taper wings with minimum chord in regions of strongest down-wash. The interconnecting shafts also ensured symmetrical lift distribution in the event of an engine failure. To optimise control in roll and yaw the rotors are arranged to turn in opposite directions with the port rotor turning anti-clockwise and the starboard rotor turning clockwise, ensuring that the advancing blades pass over the fuselage.

Each power unit comprises two Soloviev D-25VF turbo-shaft engines mounted below the main gearboxes which each drive five-bladed  35 m diameter rotors and their synchronisation shafts which run from wing-tip to wing-tip. Each paired engine pod has large access panels which open up for maintenance access and also form platforms for servicing crews to operate from.

Control of the V-12 presented several problems to the designers and engineers due to the sheer size as well as the rotor layout. The pilot and co-pilot sat in the lower flight deck with a wide expanse of windows to give excellent visibility. Using conventional cyclic stick, collective lever and rudder pedals the pilots input their commands in a conventional fashion. Roll control is by differential collective pitch change on the left and right rotors, ensuring that sufficient lift is generated to prevent inadvertent sink. Yaw in the hover or low air speeds is achieved by tilting the rotor discs forward and backward differentially depending on direction of yaw required. At higher air speeds differential rotor control is gradually supplanted by the large aerodynamic rudder on the fin. Ascent and descent are controlled by the collective lever increasing or decreasing the pitch of both rotors simultaneously. Large elevators on the tailplane help control the fuselage attitude and provide reaction to pitching moments from the wing and variation on rotor disc angle.

The control system is complex due to the sheer size of the aircraft and the need to compensate for aeroelastic deformation of the structure, as well as the very large friction loads of the control rods, levers etc. To keep the control forces felt by the pilots to a minimum, the control system has three distinct stages. Stage one is the direct mechanical control from pilot input forces which are fed into a second stage, intermediate powered control system with low-powered hydraulic boosters transferring commands to stage three, the high-powered rapid action control actuators at the main gearboxes operating the swashplates directly.

Operational history
Construction of the first prototype was completed in 1968. A first flight on 27 June 1967 ended prematurely due to oscillations caused by control problems; one set of main wheels contacted the ground hard bursting a tyre and bending a wheel hub. The cause of the oscillations proved to be a harmonic amplification of vibrations in the cockpit floor feeding back into the control column when a roll demand was input into the cyclic stick. It was widely but erroneously reported in the Western press that the aircraft had been destroyed.

The first prototype, given the registration SSSR-21142, made its first flight on 10 July 1968 from the Mil factory pad in Panki to the Mil OKB test flight facility in Lyubertsy. In February 1969, the first prototype lifted a record 31,030 kg payload to 2951 m. On 6 August 1969, the V-12 lifted 44,205 kg to a height of 2255 m, also a world record. The second prototype was also assembled at the Mil experimental production facility in Panki but sat in the workshop for a full year awaiting engines, flying for the first time in March 1973 from Panki to the flight test facilities in Lyubertsy. Curiously the second prototype was also registered SSSR-21142.

The prototype V-12s outperformed their design specifications, setting numerous world records which still stand today, and brought its designers numerous awards such as the prestigious Sikorsky Prize awarded by the American Helicopter Society for outstanding achievements in helicopter technology. The V-12 design was patented in the United States, United Kingdom, and other countries. Despite all of these achievements the Soviet Air Force refused to accept the helicopter for state acceptance trials for many reasons, the main one being that the V-12's most important intended mission no longer existed, i.e. the rapid deployment of heavy strategic ballistic missiles. This also led to a reduction in Antonov An-22 production.

In May–June 1971, the first prototype V-12 SSSR-21142 made a series of flights over Europe culminating in an appearance at the 29th Paris Air Show at Le Bourget wearing exhibit code H-833.

All development on the V-12 was stopped in 1974. The first prototype remained at the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant in Panki-Tomilino, Lyuberetsky District near Moscow and is still there today (27 December 2023) at 55.66722°N, 37.93222°W. The second prototype was donated to Central Air Force Museum 50 km east of Moscow for public display.

World records
Records are certified by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. The V-12 first prototype has held eight world records, three of which are still current, in the FAI E1 General class for rotorcraft powered by turbine engines. The aircraft was crewed by:

 * 22 February 1969
 * Pilot - Vasily Kolochenko
 * Crew - L.V. Vlassov, V.V. Journaliov, V.P. Bartchenko, S.G. Ribalko, A.I. Krutchkov

 * 6 August 1969
 * Pilot - Vasily Kolochenko
 * Crew - L.V. Vlassov, V.V. Juravlev, V.P. Bartchenkov, S.G. Ribalko, A.I. Krutchkov

Variants

 * V-12: OKB designation of the two prototypes of the proposed Mi-12 production version.
 * Mi-12: Designation reserved for the expected production version.
 * Mi-12M:A further proposed refinement of the V-16 with two 20000 hp Soloviev D-30V (V - Vertolyotny - helicopter) turboshafts driving six bladed rotors, to transport 20000 kg over 500 km or 40000 kg over 200 km. The Mi-12M was cancelled at the mock-up stage when the V-12 development programme was cancelled.

title: Mil V-12


text:
Peter Levi

Peter Chad Tigar Levi (16 May 1931, in Ruislip – 1 February 2000, in Frampton-on-Severn) was an English poet, archaeologist, Jesuit priest, travel writer, biographer, academic and prolific reviewer and critic. He was Professor of Poetry at the University of Oxford (1984–1989).

Early life and education
Levi was born in Ruislip, Middlesex. The family of his father (Herbert Simon Levi) came from Istanbul and that of his mother (Edith Mary Tigar) was English. His mother was a devout Roman Catholic and his Jewish father converted to that religion; their three children all entered religious orders.

He was educated in private Catholic establishments starting at Prior Park near Bath, run by the Christian Brothers. When he was 14, Oscar Wilde had become his literary idol. Wilde had said that the Greek text of the Gospels was the most beautiful book in the world, so a school with more Greek was demanded and he changed schools to Beaumont College, a Jesuit school in Old Windsor, Berkshire. While at Beaumont, at the age of 17 he joined the Society of Jesus as a novice. He was to remain a Jesuit until he resigned the priesthood 29 years later in 1977. Levi trained for the priesthood at Heythrop College and read Classics at Campion Hall. During his teenage years he suffered from polio and as an undergraduate was knocked down by a car – the after-effects of these were to affect him throughout his life.

While at Heythrop, then a country house near Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire, he was not the most ruly of seminarians. This and possible doubts about his vocation led to his ordination being delayed for a year:
 * "We used to translate psalm [119] Beati immaculati in via at Heythrop as Blessed are those who are not spotted on the way out. I was spotted too often...."

This delay had the side effect of enabling his first visit to Greece in 1963. He travelled through Afghanistan with Bruce Chatwin in 1970, looking for traces of Greek culture.

After the priesthood
He left the priesthood in 1977. He subsequently married Deirdre Craig (granddaughter of Lord Craigavon), widow of Cyril Connolly.

He spent a year as archaeological correspondent for The Times before returning to academic life. In 1984, he was elected Oxford Professor of Poetry, an appointment requiring only a minimal number of public lectures.

In 1988, he claimed to have found a previously unknown poem by William Shakespeare in a manuscript at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California. However, the claim has not been accepted by most scholars.

Works
Most of this data retrieved from British Library catalogue July 2006.

Poetry

 * 1960: The Gravel Ponds. London: Andre Deutsch.
 * 1962:  Water, Rock and Sand. London: Andre Deutsch.
 * 1965: The Shearwaters. Clive Allison (Harlequin Poets). In Longer Contemporary Poems (ed. David Wright, 1966). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140420876
 * 1966: Fresh Water, Sea Water. London: Black Raven Press.
 * 1968: Ruined Abbeys. Northwood: Anvil Press.
 * 1968: Pancakes for the Queen of Babylon. Northwood: Anvil Press.
 * 1970: Ο τόνος της φωνής του Σεφέρη (Mr Seferis' Tone of Voice).
 * 1971: Death is a Pulpit. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-900977-69-8.
 * 1971: Life is a Platform. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-900977-66-3.
 * 1973: in Penguin Modern Poets vol 22. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
 * 1976: Collected Poems, 1955–1975. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-022-2.
 * 1977: The Noise Made by Poems. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-026-5
 * 1978: Five ages. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-036-2
 * 1979: Comfort at Fifty for my brother. Pamphlet.
 * 1980?: Music of dark tones. (With an engraving by Simon Brett.) Marlborough: Paulinus Press.
 * 1981: Private Ground. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-080-X.
 * 1983: The Echoing Green: Three Elegies. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-111-3.
 * 1985: Shakespeare's Birthday. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-142-3
 * 1989: Shadow and Bone: Poems 1981–1988. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-211-X.
 * 1994: The Rags of Time. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-258-6.
 * 1997: Reed Music. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-279-9.
 * 2001: Viriditas. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-331-0.

Autobiography and travel

 * 1980: The Hill of Kronos. Collins. ISBN 0-00-216162-1.
 * 1984: The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-009525-X
 * 1996: A Bottle in the Shade: a Journey in the Western Peloponnese. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. ISBN 1-85619-588-0.

Greece and the ancient world

 * Levi, Peter (1980). Atlas of the Greek world. Oxford: Phaidon. ISBN 0-7148-2044-X.
 * Levi, Peter and Porter, Eliot (1981). The Greek World. London: Aurum. ISBN 0-906053-24-2
 * Levi, Peter (1985). A History of Greek Literature. Harmondsworth: Viking (Penguin). ISBN 0-670-80100-3.
 * Brewster, Harry (1997). The River Gods of Greece: Myths and Mountain Waters in the Hellenic World. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-207-1. (Preface by Peter Levi).

Biography and literature

 * Levi, Peter (1961). Beaumont, 1861–1961. London: Andre Deutsch.
 * Pope, Alexander. Ed. Peter Levi (1974). Pope. Selected by Peter Levi. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-042174-2.
 * Levi, Peter (1983). The Flutes of Autumn. (Autobiography). London: Harvill. ISBN 0-00-216246-6.
 * Boswell, James, and Johnson, Samuel. Ed. Peter Levi (1984). A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland and the Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-043221-3.
 * Levi, Peter (1988). The life and times of William Shakespeare. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-43584-2.
 * Levi, Peter (1988). A Private Commission: new verses by Shakespeare. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47655-7.
 * Levi, Peter (1989). Goodbye to the Art of Poetry. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-212-8.
 * Levi, Peter (1990). Boris Pasternak. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-173886-5.
 * Levi, Peter (1993). Tennyson. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-52205-2.
 * Levi, Peter (1995). Edward Lear: a biography. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-58804-5.
 * Levi, Peter (1996). Eden Renewed: the public and private life of John Milton. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-62071-2.
 * Levi, Peter (1997). Horace: a life. London: Duckworth (2001). ISBN 0-7156-3136-5.
 * Levi, Peter (1998). Virgil: his life and times. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-2833-X

Translations

 * Yevtushenko, Yevgeny. Trans. Peter Levi and Robin Milner-Gulland (1966). Poems: chosen by the author.London: Collins and Harvill.
 * Pausanias. Trans. Peter Levi (1971). Guide to Greece (2 vols: Central and Southern Greece). Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044226-X
 * The Bible. Trans. Peter Levi (1976). The Psalms. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044319-3.
 * Pavlopoulos, George. Trans. Peter Levi (1977). The cellar. London: Anvil Press. ISBN 0-85646-027-3.
 * Papadiamantis, Alexandros. Trans. Peter Levi (1983). The murderess. London: Writers and Readers. ISBN 0-904613-94-1
 * Unknown. Trans. Anne Pennington and Peter Levi (1984). Marko the Prince: Serbo-Croat heroic songs. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-1715-X.
 * The Bible. Trans. Peter Levi (1985). The Holy Gospel of John. Worthing: Churchman. ISBN 1-85093-027-9.
 * de Courcel, Martine. Trans. Peter Levi (1988). Tolstoy: the ultimate reconciliation. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-684-18569-5.
 * The Bible. Trans. Peter Levi (1992). The Revelation of John. London: Kyle Cathie. ISBN 1-85626-052-6.
 * Papadiamantis, Alexandros. Trans. Peter Levi (1995). The murderess. London: Loizou. ISBN 0-9521246-0-2.

Religious

 * The Bible. Compiled. Peter Levi (1974). The English Bible, 1534–1859. London: Constable. ISBN 0-09-459600-X.
 * Levi, Peter ed. (1984). The Penguin Book of English Christian Verse. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN Link0140422927.
 * Levi, Peter (1987). The Frontiers of Paradise: a study of monks and monasteries. London: Collins Harvill. ISBN 0-00-272513-4.
 * Bernard, Bruce and Lloyd, Christopher (1987). The Queen Of Heaven – A Selection of Paintings of the Virgin Mary. London: Macdonald Orbis. (Introduction by Peter Levi).

Articles and lectures

 * Levi, Peter (1975). John Clare and Thomas Hardy. University of London: The Athlone Press. ISBN 0-485-16210-5
 * Levi, Peter (1975). In Memory of David Jones: a sermon. In The Tablet.
 * O'Connell, Eileen. Trans. Eilís Dillon (1984). The Lamentation of the Dead with "The Lament For Arthur O'Leary". ISBN 0-85646-140-7.
 * Levi, Peter (1990). Hopkins a'i Dduw, (Hopkins and his God). North Wales Arts Association. ISSN 0260-6720.
 * Levi, Peter (1991).  The Art of Poetry: The Oxford Lectures, 1984–1989. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04847-5.

Novels

 * Levi, Peter (1979). The Head in the Soup. London: Constable. ISBN 0-09-462850-5.
 * Levi, Peter (1985). Grave Witness. London: Quartet. ISBN 0-7043-2497-0.
 * Levi, Peter (1986). Knit One, Drop Oone. London: Quartet. ISBN 0-7043-2592-6.
 * Levi, Peter (1988). To the Goat. Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-173627-7.
 * Connolly, Cyril (1903–1974), concluded by Peter Levi (1990). Shade Those Laurels. London: Bellew. ISBN 0-947792-37-6.

title: Peter Levi


text:
Talk:Nafana people

Sources to use

 * Superb article on the Wangara, containing references to the Nafana and some valuable sources:
 * Tauxier 1921

title: Talk:Nafana people


text:
Talk:Mil V-12

Innovative?
"notably the side-by-side rotor scheme"

I should say this wasnt "innovative", but rather direct rip off from German Focke-Achgelis Fa 223. And one could actually claim the whole aparatus was such.

http://www.luftarchiv.de/index.htm?http://www.luftarchiv.de/hubschrauber/fa223.htm http://www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org/LRG/fa223.html http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Fa_223/DI52.htm http://www.vrtulnik.cz/fa-223popis.htm

 * ohh.. Yet another "soviet copy of western copy of german device" flame... Ja, naturlich! 105 tons vs 3 tons doesnt matter. Carring wing vs simple girder is no differ. Yes, it was not the first helo of such a scheme. I don't like words as "innovative" - they produce flame, but my level of english is "1". PLZ, edit the article. --jno 13:46, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

 * this discussion is displaced.

The V-12 was a true inovation in aviation. The won prizes and patents are clear proof for this. The inovation was not based in the rotor arangement. Many other helicopter had used it before both in Germany and Russia. The true inovation was how the problems related in controlling such a giant were solved. In the end it was an ingenious piece of engineering, but there was simply no use for it when it came out. It is the same faith which happened to so many other great aircraft. BAC-TSR, Avro Arrow, Dornier Do 31 and many more. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Olilux2 (talk • contribs) 19:49, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

hotelicopter
I think that the first prototype of the helicopter's been turned into a flying hotel or something. See http://hotelicopter.com/ 75.61.108.90 (talk) 05:14, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

I would suggest even to remove reference to this from the current article: the images of the hotelicopter's suites are equal (not just similar) to the one of YOTEL (http://www.yotel.com/). Hoax, marketing or fraud? 145.97.221.41 (talk)
 * It´s also obvious that the "first flight" pictures are computer-generated and only the background is real. --Lennier1 (talk) 06:40, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

This is definitely a hoax... The specs listed on the site are completely impossible. If they were actually accurate the "hotelicopter" wouldn't be able to fly as they have added 20 feet to the rear end of it and more than doubled its height. Plus if they really had streamlined it and added four turbofans the top speed would likely be faster than the original's not slower. 64.180.20.17 (talk) 03:56, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

The web page address for the "Hotelicopter" has been changed to (http://aprilfools.hotelicopter.com/) So I am certain it is a hoax. A very slick hoax. It's nice to imagine what the Mil Mi-12 would look like if it were designed today - envisioned as a flying hotel. Personally - I don't like it. I would rather fly aboard the "Spruce Goose". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Smash591 (talk • contribs) 04:02, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

I'm removing the 'hotelicopter' from the article - again, as it never actually existed. Centrepull (talk) 06:55, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The "Hotelicopter" has its own article at Hotelicopter, FWIW. -Fnlayson (talk) 13:05, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't this warrant a small link in the "see also" section (with a small "(2009 April Fools' hoax)" comment attached)? After all, it gained some notable popularity with over a million page views. --MikeZ (talk) 10:07, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

Image does not show scale
It's a major fault that the main image in the article doesn't show the scale of the aircraft (i.e. there is nothing to clearly compare its size to in the picture). Either the picture should be changed for one that does (e.g for this photo from the same series, the best I could find in Commons), or this photo or a similar one should be used later in the article to illustrate the scale, which is one of the main notable features of this helicopter. Opinions? Centrepull (talk) 06:17, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

 * That's a poor image to use, whatever your purpose. The Mi-12 just looks like a toy beside a big round something - if one doesn't know what the something is (which is not explained), it's quite useless for showing how "big" the Mi-12 is - it does just the opposite. - BilCat (talk) 20:14, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Are we looking at the same image? I linked to File:Mil_Mi-12_aug_2008_2.jpg, an image of the Mi-12 with a MiG under its wing, clearly showing scale. Where's the 'big round something' you mentioned? Centrepull (talk) 06:52, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Uh, no, we weren't looking at the same pic. My sincere apologies! I got confused somewhere along the line, obviously! I've added your photo to the article. Thanks. - BilCat (talk) 09:16, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

Sikorsky Prize
I removed the claims that the V-12 designers won the Sikorsky Prize, as the Sikorsky Prize was not created until 1980 and as of 2011 has never been awarded (The prize is offered to anyone who creates the first human powered helicopter). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.108.243.166 (talk) 11:52, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

I have been corrected. I neglected to consider the possibility of a human powered V-12 prototype capable of time travel. Please excuse my ignorance. 66.108.243.166 (talk) 12:00, 19 January 2011 (UTC)Moi

 * Speaking of time travel, you posted your explanation 3 minutes after I revertd your unexplained deletion. Please fill in the edit summaries next time, so other editors will know why you make your edits. Anyway, I've a mention of the "Igor I. Sikorsky International Trophy" on the AHS site, and this appears to be the "prize" mentioned in the text. Mil won the trophy in 1960 and 1970, the latter date probably being fo rthe Mi-12. If' you'll stop adding the ludicrous human-flight claim to the article, I'll try to track down a more specific source later today. - BilCat (talk) 12:27, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Unsourced claims? That link you gave 6 years ago is dead.  I am, giving you the benefit of the doubt ("assume good faith"), believing you that it was a live link back in 2011.  But now, in 2017, this Sikorsky claim is, well, unsourced (the intra-WP link goes to the prize that was created in 1980, as the OC said). --jae (talk) 03:50, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

Ground effect
I'm not all that clear on it, but aren't the specification lines: "Hovering ceiling in ground effect: 600 m (2,000 ft) Hovering ceiling out of ground effect: 10 m (33 ft)" printed backwards? Ground effect (aerodynamics) seems to refer to an effect that increases lift on an aircraft flying within its own wingspan or rotorspan of the ground. I can see how having added lift would give you an increased hover ability, but 2,000ft is well over the rotorspan of this craft, so I don't see how that can be "in ground effect". It would seem more logical if the numbers were reversed..45Colt 04:56, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

Probable wrong designation
Not sure how to handle this but im a aviation historian and I'm pretty sure the built aircraft was referred to as the Mi-12. I have several Aeroflot pins and they clearly refer to the helicopter as the MI-12 not V-12. Furthermore soviet usage of internal company designations (ie v-12)is somewhat inconsistent. It should be noted that the source Gordon isn't the most reliable aviation authors. So not sure how to handle this. Lucinator (talk) 00:43, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mil V-12


text:
Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann

Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann (1 July 1801, Leipzig – 21 April 1877, Halle an der Saale) was a German physiologist, anatomist, and philosopher. He specialized in the study of the nervous and optic system.

Biography
Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann was born in Leipzig, and enrolled in medicine there in 1821. Together with Gustav Theodor Fechner, who got his degree in medicine in 1822, and Rudolph Hermann Lotze (1817–1881), they formed a small intellectual group which dissolved only in 1837 when Volkmann received his professorship in Dorpat (now Tartu). In 1826 he obtained his doctorate and in 1828 he was habilitated as Privatdozent at the University of Leipzig. It was there that he became professor extraordinary of zootomy in 1834. In 1837 he went to Dorpat as professor of physiology, pathology and semiotics. However, his residence in Dorpat was short: he left for Halle as early as 1843. After moving to Halle, Volkmann helped Gustav Theodor Fechner, his brother-in-law (married to Volkmann's sister Clara Fechner), with many experiments that formed the foundation of the epochal Elemente der Psychophysik. (his daughter Anna Anschütz was later experimental subject for Fechner). In 1854 Volkmann additionally took on the teaching of anatomy, until 1872, when physiology was branched off and given to Julius Bernstein.

Volkmann's house in Halle was a center of the city's social life. Among his friends were the painters Wilhelm von Kügelgen, Friedrich Preller and Ludwig Richter, as well as the musicians Robert Franz, and Clara and Robert Schumann. In 1872, after his fiftieth doctoral jubilee he retired completely from his university activities. He died in Halle.

Research
Today, Volkmann is most remembered for his additions to the physiology of the nervous system and physiological optics. In 1842 he demonstrated that sympathetic nerves were largely made up of medullated fibres arising from sympathetic and spinal ganglia. However, he also delineated and identified numerous features of gross anatomy, including Volkmann's canals. Probably equally important, however, are his contributions to psychophysics and perception research. Fechner developed his classical psychophysical Method of average error (already in use in astronomy) in co-operation with Volkmann. In his 1864 treatise, Volkmann studied Weber's law and reported that the threshold for distance discrimination increases with the increase of the reference distance. This was one of the first demonstrations of Weber's law in the visual domain. Volkmann's extensive experimental data in that book was the main basis on which Ewald Hering developed his theory of hyperacuity in 1899. Philosophically, Volkmann was an evangelical who opposed materialism and gave a number of speeches against the materialist assumption of identity between the body and mind.

Works

 * Anatomy of Animals (1831–33)
 * The Independence of the Sympathetic System of Nerves (1842)
 * Elasticity of Muscles (1856)
 * Physiological Investigations in the Field of Optics (Physiologische Untersuchungen im Gebiete der Optik) (1863) Partial Translation by Strasburger & Rose

Family
Richard von Volkmann, his son, became a distinguished surgeon.

title: Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann


text:
List of Pennsylvania railroads

The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

Common freight carriers

 * Aliquippa and Ohio River Railroad (AOR) Genesee & Wyoming
 * Allegheny Valley Railroad (AVR)
 * Allentown and Auburn Railroad (ALLN)
 * BD Highspire Holdings (BDHH)
 * Belvidere and Delaware River Railway (BDRV)
 * Brandywine Valley Railroad (BVRY)
 * Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad (BPRR) (Genesee & Wyoming)
 * Canadian National Railway (CN) through subsidiary Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad (BLE)
 * Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC) through subsidiary Delaware and Hudson Railway (DH)
 * Central New York Railroad (CNYK)
 * Chestnut Ridge Railroad (CHR)
 * Columbia and Reading Railway (CORY)
 * Conrail Shared Assets Operations (CRR)
 * operates Philadelphia Belt Line Railroad (PBL)
 * CSX (CSX)
 * Delaware-Lackawanna Railroad (DL)
 * East Erie Commercial Railroad (EEC)
 * East Penn Railroad (ESPN) (Regional Rail, LLC)
 * Elizabethtown Industrial Railroad (EZR)
 * Everett Railroad (EV)
 * Gettysburg and Northern Railroad (GET)
 * Juniata Valley Railroad (JVRR) North Shore Railroad)
 * Kasgro Rail Lines (KRL)
 * Kiski Junction Railroad (KJR)
 * Landisville Railroad (LVR)
 * Lehigh Railway (LRWY)
 * Lehigh Valley Rail Management (LVRB, LVRC, LVRJ)
 * Luzerne and Susquehanna Railway (LS)
 * Lycoming Valley Railroad (LVRR) (North Shore Railroad (Pennsylvania))
 * Maryland Midland Railway (MMID) (Genesee & Wyoming)
 * Middletown & Hummelstown Railroad (MIDH)
 * New Castle Industrial Railroad (NCIR)
 * New Hope Railroad (NHRR)
 * New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway (NYSW)
 * Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad (NBER) (North Shore Railroad (Pennsylvania))
 * Norfolk Southern (NS)
 * NDC Railroad (NDC)
 * North Shore Railroad (NSHR)
 * Oil Creek and Titusville Railroad (OCTL)
 * Pennsylvania & Southern Railway (PSCC)
 * Pennsylvania Northeastern Railroad (PN)
 * Pennsylvania Southwestern Railroad (PSWR)
 * Pittsburgh, Allegheny and McKees Rocks Railroad (PAM)
 * Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad (POHC) (Genesee & Wyoming)
 * Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad (RBMN)
 * R.J. Corman Railroad/Allentown Line (RJCN)
 * R.J. Corman Railroad/Pennsylvania Lines (RJCP)
 * Shamokin Valley Railroad (SVRR) (North Shore Railroad (Pennsylvania))
 * SMS Rail Lines (SRL)
 * Operates Penn Jersey Rail Lines
 * Southwest Pennsylvania Railroad (SWP)
 * Strasburg Railroad (SRC)
 * Tyburn Railroad (TYBR) (Regional Rail, LLC)
 * Union Railroad (URR)
 * Union County Industrial Railroad (UCIR) (North Shore Railroad (Pennsylvania))
 * Upper Merion & Plymouth Railroad (UMP)
 * Wellsboro and Corning Railroad (WCOR) (Genesee & Wyoming)
 * Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad (WNYP)
 * Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway (WE)
 * York Railway (YRC) (Genesee and Wyoming)
 * Operates Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad (Genesee & Wyoming) and Yorkrail
 * Youngstown and Southeastern Railroad (YSRR)

Private freight carriers

 * Cumberland Mine Railroad
 * Alpha Natural Resources
 * Conshohocken Recycling and Rail Transfer, Inc (CRRT)
 * Juniata Terminal Company (JTFS)
 * Leetsdale Industrial Terminal Railway (LIT)

Passenger carriers

 * Allentown and Auburn Railroad (heritage railroad)
 * Amtrak (AMTK) (national passenger rail)
 * CamTran (Johnstown mass transit agency operates Johnstown Inclined Plane)
 * Colebrookdale Railroad (heritage railroad)
 * Delaware Lackawanna RailRoad
 * East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company
 * Fayette Central Railroad (tourist trains operating over Southwest Pennsylvania Railroad trackage)
 * Kiski Junction Railroad (working railroad that also operates tourist trains)
 * Lehigh Gorge Scenic Railway (heritage railroad)
 * Lehigh Lackawanna RailRoad
 * Middletown and Hummelstown Railroad (working railroad, but with emphasis on tourist trains)
 * New Hope Railroad (working railroad that also operates tourist trains)
 * New Jersey Transit Rail Operations (Atlantic City Line commuter train travels from Philadelphia)
 * Oil Creek and Titusville Lines (working railroad, but with emphasis on tourist trains)
 * Pioneer Lines Scenic Railway (heritage railroad)
 * Port Authority of Allegheny County (Pittsburgh mass transit agency that operates The T light rail, the Monongahela Incline, and the Duquesne Incline)
 * Port Authority Transit Corporation (Bi-state authority operates Philadelphia-Camden County subway line)
 * SEPTA (Philadelphia mass transit agency that operates SEPTA Regional Rail commuter lines, the Philadelphia Subway, and a variety of suburban light rail lines)
 * Strasburg Railroad (heritage railroad)
 * Tioga Central Railroad (heritage railroad)
 * Wanamaker, Kempton and Southern Railroad (heritage railroad)
 * West Chester Railroad (heritage railroad)

Museums and historic sites

 * Allegheny Portage Railroad
 * Howard Tunnel
 * Electric City Trolley Museum
 * Gallitzin Tunnel
 * Horseshoe Curve
 * Mars Station, Pennsylvania
 * Pennsylvania Trolley Museum
 * Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania
 * Reading Company Technical & Historical Society
 * Rockhill Trolley Museum
 * Steamtown National Historic Site
 * Western Pennsylvania Model Railroad Museum

Electric

 * Adamsville and Mohnsville Electric Railway
 * Allegheny, Bellevue and Perrysville Railway
 * Allegheny Traction Company
 * Allegheny Valley Street Railway
 * Allen Street Railway
 * Allentown and Reading Traction Company
 * Altoona and Logan Valley Electric Railway
 * Ardmore and Llanerch Street Railway
 * Bangor and Portland Traction Company
 * Beaver Valley Traction Company
 * Bethlehem and Nazareth Passenger Railway
 * Birdsboro Street Railway
 * Blue Ridge Traction Company
 * Bradford Street Railroad
 * Butler Passenger Railway
 * Cambria Incline Plane Company
 * Carbon Street Railway
 * Carbondale Railway
 * Carlisle and Mechanicsburg Street Railway
 * Carlisle and Mount Holly Railway
 * Catherine and Bainbridge Streets Railway of Philadelphia
 * Centennial Passenger Railway
 * Central Pennsylvania Traction Company
 * Central Traction Company
 * Central Valley Railroad
 * Centre and Clearfield Street Railway
 * Chambersburg and Gettysburg Electric Railway
 * Chambersburg, Greencastle and Waynesboro Street Railway
 * Chester, Darby and Philadelphia Railway
 * Chester and Delaware Street Railway
 * Chester and Media Electric Railway
 * Chester Street Railway
 * Chester Traction Company
 * Citizens' Clearfield and Cambria Streets Railway
 * Citizens' East End Street Railway
 * Citizens' Passenger Railway
 * Citizens Passenger Railway
 * Citizens Traction Company
 * Citizens' Traction Company of Oil City, Pennsylvania
 * Clairton Street Railway
 * Coal Castle Electric Railway
 * Coatesville Traction Company
 * Collegeville Electric Street Railway
 * Colonial Street Railway
 * Columbia and Montour Electric Railway
 * Conestoga Traction Company
 * Conneaut and Erie Traction Company
 * Conshohocken Railway
 * Consolidated Traction Company
 * Continental Passenger Railway
 * Corry and Columbus Street Railway
 * Cumberland Railway
 * Danville and Bloomsburg Street Railway
 * Danville and Sunbury Transit Company
 * Delaware County and Philadelphia Electric Railway
 * Doylestown and Easton Street Railway
 * Doylestown and Willow Grove Railway
 * DuBois Traction Company
 * Duquesne Traction Company
 * East End Passenger Railway
 * East McKeesport Street Railway
 * East Reading Electric Railway
 * Easton and Bethlehem Transit Company
 * Easton, Palmer and Bethlehem Street Railway
 * Easton and South Bethlehem Transit Company
 * Easton Transit Company
 * Electric Traction Company
 * Empire Passenger Railway
 * Ephrata and Adamstown Railway
 * Erie Electric Motor Company
 * Erie Rapid Transit Street Railway
 * Erie Traction Company
 * Fairchance and Smithfield Traction Company
 * Fairmount Park and Haddington Passenger Railway
 * Fairmount Park Transportation Company
 * Federal Street and Pleasant Valley Passenger Railway
 * Frankford and Southwark Philadelphia City Passenger Railway
 * French Point Street Railway
 * Front and Fifth Streets Railway
 * Germantown Passenger Railway
 * Gettysburg Electric Railway
 * Girard Avenue Passenger Railway
 * Green and Coates Streets Passenger Railway
 * Hagerstown Railway
 * Hanover and McSherrystown Street Railway
 * Harrisburg City Passenger Railway
 * Harrisburg and Hummelstown Street Railway
 * Harrisburg and Mechanicsburg Electric Railway
 * Harrisburg Traction Company
 * Heston, Mantua and Fairmount Passenger Railway
 * Highland Grove Traction Company
 * Hillcrest Avenue Passenger Railway
 * Holmesburg, Tacony and Frankford Electric Railway
 * Homestead and Mifflin Street Railway
 * Hummelstown and Campbellstown Street Railway
 * Huntingdon, Lewistown and Juniata Valley Traction Company
 * Huntingdon Street Connecting Passenger Railway
 * Irwin–Herminie Traction Company
 * Jefferson Traction Company
 * Jersey Shore Electric Street Railway
 * Johnstown Passenger Railway
 * Johnstown Traction Company
 * Kessler Street Connecting Passenger Railway
 * Kittaning and Leechburg Railways
 * Kutztown and Fleetwood Street Railway
 * Lackawanna Valley Traction Company
 * Lackawanna and Wyoming Valley Railroad (L&WV)
 * Lake Erie Traction Company
 * Lancaster and Columbia Railway
 * Lancaster, Mechanicsburg and New Holland Railway
 * Lancaster, Petersburg and Manheim Railway
 * Lancaster and Quarryville Street Railway
 * Lancaster and Rocky Springs Railway
 * Lancaster and Southern Street Railway
 * Lancaster, Willow Street, Lampeter and Strasburg Railway
 * Lancaster and York Furnace Street Railway
 * Latrobe Street Railway
 * Lebanon Valley Street Railway
 * Lehigh Avenue Railway
 * Lehigh Traction Company
 * Lehigh Valley Transit Company
 * Lewisburg, Milton and Watsontown Passenger Railway
 * Lewistown and Reedsville Electric Railway
 * Linglestown and Blue Mountain Street Railway
 * Lykens and Williams Valley Street Railway
 * Mahoning Valley Street Railway
 * Meadville and Cambridge Springs Street Railway
 * Meadville Traction Company
 * Media, Glen Riddle and Rockdale Electric Street Railway
 * Media, Middletown, Aston and Chester Electric Railway
 * Middletown, Highspire and Steelton Street Railway
 * Monongahela Street Railway
 * Montgomery and Chester Electric Railway
 * Montgomery County Passenger Railway
 * Montgomery County Rapid Transit Company
 * Montgomery Traction Company
 * Montoursville Passenger Railway
 * Morningside Electric Street Railway
 * Mount Vernon Electric Street Railway
 * Mount Washington Street Railway
 * Neversink Mountain Railway
 * New Castle and Lowell Railway
 * New Holland, Blue Ball and Terre Hill Street Railway
 * New Homestead Street Railway
 * New Jersey and Pennsylvania Traction Company
 * Newtown Electric Railway
 * Newtown, Langhorne and Bristol Trolley Street Railway
 * Newtown and Yardley Street Railway
 * Northampton Central Street Railway
 * Northampton Traction Company
 * Northern Cambria Street Railway
 * Northern Electric Street Railway
 * Northern Passenger Railway
 * Norristown Passenger Railway
 * Northumberland County Traction Company
 * Oakdale and McDonald Street Railway
 * Oil City, Rouseville and Franklin Railway
 * Oil City Station Railway
 * Olean, Rock City and Bradford Railroad
 * Olean, Rock City and Bradford Electric Railroad
 * Oley Valley Railway
 * Oxford, West Grove and Avondale Street Railway
 * Patterson Heights Street Railway
 * Pennsylvania and Mahoning Valley Railway
 * Pennsylvania and Maryland Street Railway
 * Pennsylvania Motor Company
 * People's Railway
 * People's Passenger Railway
 * People's Street Railway of Nanticoke and Newport
 * Philadelphia, Bristol and Trenton Street Railway
 * Philadelphia, Cheltenham and Jenkintown Passenger Railway
 * Philadelphia and Chester Railway
 * Philadelphia City Passenger Railway
 * Philadelphia and Darby Railway
 * Philadelphia and Easton Electric Railway
 * Philadelphia and Easton Railway
 * Philadelphia and Garrettford Street Railway
 * Philadelphia and Grays Ferry Passenger Railway
 * Philadelphia, Morton and Swarthmore Street Railway
 * Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company
 * Philadelphia Suburban Transportation Company
 * Philadelphia Traction Company
 * Philadelphia and West Chester Traction Company
 * Philadelphia and Western Railroad
 * Philadelphia and Western Railway
 * Philadelphia and Willow Grove Street Railway
 * Pittsburgh and Allegheny Valley Railway
 * Pittsburgh and Birmingham Traction Company
 * Pittsburgh and Charleroi Street Railway
 * Pittsburgh, Harmony, Butler and New Castle Railway
 * Pittsburgh, McKeesport and Greensburg Railway
 * Pittsburgh, McKeesport and Westmoreland Railway
 * Pittsburgh Railways
 * Pittsburgh Traction Company
 * Pittston and Scranton Street Railway
 * Plymouth and Larksville Railway
 * Port Carbon and Middleport Electric Railway
 * Pottstown and Northern Street Railway
 * Pottstown Passenger Railway
 * Pottstown and Reading Street Railway
 * Pottsville and Reading Railway
 * Pottsville Union Traction Company
 * Quakertown Traction Railway
 * Reading City Passenger Railway
 * Reading and Southwestern Street Railway
 * Reading and Temple Electric Railway
 * Reading Traction Company
 * Reading Transit and Light Company
 * Red Lion and Windsor Street Railway
 * Ridge Avenue Connecting Railway
 * Ridge Avenue Passenger Railway
 * Rohrerstown, Landisville and Mount Joy Street Railway
 * Roxborough, Chestnut Hill and Norristown Railway
 * Schuylkill Railway
 * Schuylkill Electric Railway
 * Schuylkill Haven and Orwigsburg Street Railway
 * Schuylkill Valley Traction Company
 * Scranton Railway
 * Scranton and Carbondale Traction Company
 * Scranton, Dunmore, and Moosic Lake Railroad
 * Scranton and Northeastern Railroad
 * Scranton and Pittston Traction Company
 * Scranton Traction Company
 * Second and Third Streets Passenger Railway
 * Seventeenth and Nineteenth Streets Passenger Railway
 * Shamokin and Edgewood Electric Railway
 * Shamokin Extension Electric Railway
 * Shamokin and Mount Carmel Transit Company
 * Sharon and New Castle Street Railway
 * Sharon and Wheatland Street Railway
 * Shingle House Railroad
 * Slate Belt Electric Street Railway
 * South Bethlehem and Saucon Street Railway
 * South Side Passenger Railway
 * South Waverly Street Railway
 * Southwestern Street Railway
 * Stroudsburg Passenger Railway
 * Stroudsburg, Water Gap and Portland Railway
 * Suburban Rapid Transit Street Railway
 * Sunbury and Northumberland Electric Railway
 * Susquehanna Traction Company
 * Tamaqua and Lansford Street Railway
 * Tamaqua and Pottsville Electric Railroad
 * Thirteenth and Fifteenth Streets Passenger Railway
 * Titusville Electric Traction Company
 * Trappe and Limerick Electric Street Railway
 * Trenton, New Hope and Lambertville Street Railway
 * Tri-State Railway and Electric Company
 * Twenty-Second Street and Allegheny Avenue Passenger Railway
 * Union Passenger Railway
 * Union Traction Company of Philadelphia
 * United Traction Company
 * United Traction Company of Pittsburgh
 * United Traction Street Railway
 * Vallamont Traction Company
 * Valley Street Railway
 * Valley Traction Company
 * Walnut Street Connecting Passenger Railway
 * Warren County Traction Company
 * Warren and Jamestown Street Railway
 * Warren Street Railway
 * Washington and Canonsburg Railway
 * Waverly, Sayre and Athens Traction Company
 * Webster, Monessen, Belle Vernon and Fayette City Street Railway
 * West Chester Street Railway
 * West Chester, Kennett and Wilmington Electric Railway
 * West Fairview and Marysville Electric Street Railway
 * West Penn Railways
 * West Philadelphia Passenger Railway
 * West Side Electric Street Railway
 * Western New York and Pennsylvania Traction Company
 * Westmoreland County Railway
 * White Hill and Mechanicsburg Passenger Railway
 * Whitehall Street Railway
 * Wilkes-Barre Railroad
 * Wilkes-Barre Railway
 * Wilkes-Barre, Dallas and Harvey's Lake Railway
 * Wilkes-Barre and Hazleton Railroad
 * Wilkes-Barre and Wyoming Valley Traction Company
 * Williamsport Passenger Railway
 * Wissahickon Electric Passenger Railway
 * Wrightsville and York Street Railway
 * Yardley, Morrisville and Trenton Street Railway
 * York and Dallastown Electric Railway
 * York and Dover Electric Railway
 * York Haven Street Railway
 * York Street Railway
 * Youngsville and Sugar Grove Street Railway

Private carriers

 * Birmingham Coal Company
 * Clinton Coal Company
 * H.B. Hays and Brothers Coal Railroad
 * Lawrence Ore Company
 * Leiper Railroad
 * Mehard Coal Company
 * Perry Lumber Company
 * Shawnee Railroad

Passenger carriers

 * Mauch Chunk, Summit Hill and Switchback Railroad
 * Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway
 * Quakertown & Eastern Railroad
 * Valley Forge Scenic Railroad
 * Wawa and Concordville Railroad

Not completed

 * Blue Mountain Railroad
 * Duncannon, Landisburg and Broad Top Railroad
 * Harrisburg and Hamburg Railroad
 * Harrisburg and South Mountain Railroad
 * Pennsylvania Pacific Railway
 * Philipsburg and Johnstown Railroad
 * Pittsburgh, Binghamton & Eastern Railroad
 * Shermans Valley and Broad Top Railroad
 * South Mountain Railroad
 * South Pennsylvania Railroad
 * South Side Railroad

title: List of Pennsylvania railroads


text: User talk:24.20.105.254

title: User talk:24.20.105.254


text:
User:Percy Snoodle

Percy Snoodle is a web monkey from Milton, Cambridgeshire. He mostly writes and edits articles about board games, role-playing games and the Chronicles of Amber. His favourite word is Lithobraking; his favourite bird is the Pied wagtail; his ideal present is a time-travelling Tapir.

The name is taken from his mostly-unpublished webcomic, The adventures of Percy the Snoodle and Friends. I'm told that Angelfire have added a load of popups since I uploaded that, so take care.

title: User:Percy Snoodle