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Chrispijn van den Broeck

Chrispijn van den Broeck (1523 – c. 1591) was a Flemish painter, draughtsman, print designer and designer of temporary decorations. He was a scion of a family of artists, which had its origins in Mechelen and later moved to Antwerp. He is known for his religious compositions and portraits as well as his extensive output of designs for prints. He was active in Antwerp which he left for some time because of the prosecution of persons adhering to his religious convictions.

Life
Chrispijn van den Broeck was born in Mechelen as the son of Jan van den Broeck, a painter. His family members included artists who were active in Mechelen. His family also used the latinised name 'Paludanus'. The latinized name is based on the Latin translation ('palus') of the Dutch word 'broeck' which is part of the family name and means a marsh or swamp land. He was likely a relative of the sculptor and painter Willem van den Broecke and the painter Hendrick van den Broeck. He was probably trained by his father. He moved to Antwerp some time before 1555 since Chrispijn was registered as a master painter of the Guild of St. Luke of Antwerp for the first time in 1555.

Chrispijn was then working in the workshop of the leading history painter Frans Floris. Frans Floris was one of the Romanist painters active in Antwerp. The Romanists were Netherlandish artists who had trained in Italy and upon their return to their home countries painted in a style that assimilated Italian influences into the Northern painting tradition. Van den Broeck remained in Frans Floris' workshop until the master's death in 1570. He was together with Frans Pourbus the Elder one of the collaborators of Floris who helped finish Floris' paintings after the master had become incapacitated due to the alcoholism in which he had sunk in his later years. According to the Flemish contemporary art historian and artist Karel van Mander, Chrispijn van den Broeck and Frans Pourbus completed an altarpiece for the Grand Prior of Spain left incomplete at the time of Floris' death. Van den Broeck became a citizen of Antwerp in 1559. He married Barbara de Bruyn. Their daughter Barbara van den Broeck (1560 -?) became an engraver who mainly created reproductions after her father's work. Crispijn may have lived in Italy for some time, but there is no evidence of this.

He received a pupil named Niclaes Ficet in his Antwerp workshop in 1577.

In 1584, van de Broeck resided in Middelburg for a short time to escape the political and religious unrest in Antwerp. His name was last mentioned in the Guild records of 1589 in connection with a payment. His wife is mentioned as a widow on 6 February 1591. Chrispijn van den Broeck must therefore have died sometime between 1589 and 6 February 1591, most likely in Antwerp.

Work
Van Mander stated that Chrispijn van den Broeck was 'a good inventor... clever at large nudes and just as good an architect'. The latter may refer to his involvement in temporary constructions and decorations during festivities in the city, such as the theatre competition called the Landjuweel held in Antwerp in 1561 and the Joyous Entries in Antwerp of 1570 and 1582.

About 23 paintings are attributed to Chrispijn van den Broeck, some of which are signed. From 16th and 17th century inventories in Antwerp van den Broeck's work is regularly mentioned, which indicates that his output must have been larger. While there is no evidence that the artist visited Italy, his work shows the influence of the Venetian Jacopo Bassano in the use of large, solid figures placed within a landscape. As he was a pupil of the Romanist Frans Floris who did study in Italy he may have received the Italian influence through his master. He may also have seen prints after Italian artworks. Van den Broeck further adopted Floris technique of applying a brown preparatory ground underneath the main colours of his paintings. As a result his works typically display a brown hue. His palette favours pink, brown, grey and yellow tones.

Van den Broeck's painting Two Young Men (Fitzwilliam Museum) is a double portrait of two cheerful young men or adolescent boys. They are wearing fancy clothes in Italian fashion which were likely also worn by fashionable young men in 16th century Flanders. Their embrace and smiling glances show that the relationship between the two men is close. The boy in black seems to be offering his friend an apple while he looks at the viewer with a smile. The other boy looks with a smile at the boy in black. While an apple was often used as a symbol of physical love, it would be wrong to assume the painting depicts two homosexual lovers. The boys' physical likeness indicates that they are more likely brothers. Based on the symbols used throughout the painting, its subject appears to be death. Two dark owl heads peek out over each shoulder of the boy in black while a crow’s or raven's head in profile with its sharp beak pointed towards the boy in black juts out from the right side of the head of the boy in red. Both the owl and the raven are traditional symbols of death. The stone panel at the top of the picture bears the artist's initials and recalls funerary sculpture.

A total of 146 drawings have been attributed with certainty to van den Broeck. Of these, 89 are designs for engravings. His earliest drawing is dated 1560. It is possible that his tendency to accentuate the contours of forms made his drawings suited as designs for prints. Whether Van den Broeck himself also etched or engraved is unknown. From 1566 onwards van den Broeck started to create design drawings for publications by Christoffel Plantin, such as for Benito Arias Montano's Humanae salutis monumenta published in 1571. Van den Broeck also worked for print publishers Gerard de Jode, Adriaen Huybrechts, Hans van Luijck, Willem van Haecht the Elder and Plantin's successor Jan Moretus I.

His designs were engraved by engravers such as Abraham de Bruyn, Jan Collaert the Elder and Johannes Wierix. He designed the illustration of the allegory of the Low Countries used in Lodovico Guicciardini's Descrizione di tutti I Paesi Bassi (1567).

title: Chrispijn van den Broeck


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Johnny Miller

John Laurence Miller (born April 29, 1947) is an American former professional golfer. He was one of the top players in the world during the mid-1970s. He was the first to shoot 63 in a major championship to win the 1973 U.S. Open, and he ranked second in the world on Mark McCormack's world golf rankings in both 1974 and 1975 behind Jack Nicklaus. Miller won 25 PGA Tour events, including two majors. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1998. He was the lead golf analyst for NBC Sports, a position he held from January 1990 to February 2019. He is also an active golf course architect.

Early life and amateur career
Born and raised in San Francisco, California, Miller was invited to join the Olympic Club in 1963 as a Junior Golf Section member, and became the top player on its junior team. He won the San Francisco city junior title in 1963 at age 16, and the following year won the 1964 U.S. Junior Amateur. After graduation from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1965, he enrolled at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.

In the spring of his freshman year of college, Miller qualified for the 1966 U.S. Open at the Olympic Club. His intimate knowledge of his home course helped him to finish in a tie for eighth place, the low amateur by three strokes, and earned him an invitation to the 1967 Masters. He won the California State Amateur Championship in 1968.

Miller was an All-American at BYU and graduated in 1969 with a degree in physical education.

Professional career
Miller joined the PGA Tour in 1969 at age 22, and won his first tour event in 1971. During his professional career, Miller won two major titles: the 1973 U.S. Open and the 1976 Open Championship.

Coming into the 1973 U.S. Open at the challenging par-71 Oakmont, Miller was a 26-year-old with just two tour victories in four years, but had done well in several majors. He tied for second at the 1971 Masters, and had top-10 finishes at the U.S. Open in 1971 and 1972. Miller had yet to win in 1973, but by mid-June, he had recorded eight top-10 finishes, which included a tie for 6th at the 1973 Masters.

Miller played the first two rounds at Oakmont Country Club with Arnold Palmer and his "Army" gallery, at its largest in Palmer's native western Pennsylvania. Miller was two under par (140) after the second round but shot a five-over 76 on Saturday to settle at three-over (216) for the championship. Miller played the front nine without his yardage book on Saturday until his wife Linda retrieved it.

Miller began the fourth and final round in 12th place, six shots behind the four co-leaders, including Palmer. Teeing off at 1:36 pm, about an hour ahead of the final group, Miller shot a scorching eight-under 63, considered one of the most remarkable rounds in major championship history. He passed the leading players of the day, including Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Lee Trevino, and Palmer, who was in the final pairing with John Schlee. Miller's 63 was the lowest round in the history of a major championship. It was tied several times but remained a record until Branden Grace shot a 62 at the 2017 Open Championship.

Miller birdied the first four holes and hit all 18 greens in regulation. He got five more birdies with only one bogey (a 3-putt on the 244 yard par-3 #8), and needed only 29 putts during the round. Ten of his approach shots finished within 10 feet of the cup. In 2007, Miller said: "It was the greatest ball-striking round I've ever seen and I've been around a little bit." Miller wound up at 5-under (279) for the championship, beating the runner-up Schlee by a single stroke, who shot a 1-under 70. Only six players, Miller included, shot under par in the final round. Miller earned $35,000 for the victory.

Miller followed that triumph at Oakmont by finishing in a tie for second at the next major, The Open Championship at Royal Troon a month later, three strokes behind winner Tom Weiskopf. This was the first of five consecutive top-10 finishes for Miller at The Open. In 1974, Miller was the leading money winner on the PGA Tour with eight victories, which considerably outpaced the rest of the field. He amassed a then-record $353,201 (not exceeded until 1978), and unseated Nicklaus as the Tour's leading money winner for a season.

Miller began 1975 with three more victories, winning two of them in remarkable fashion. He won the Phoenix Open by 14 strokes, which included a second-round 61 for a 24-under par cumulative score of 260, the lowest on the tour in 20 years. He also won the Tucson Open by nine strokes, with a final round 61. Miller later said of his peak period in the mid-1970s: "When I won at Tucson by nine shots in 1975, I would say the average iron shot I hit that week was no more than two feet off line. It was unbelievable. When I was at my peak, I would go into streaks where I felt that I could knock down the pin from anywhere with my irons. I played some golf that I think is unequaled."

Miller finished second to Jack Nicklaus at the 1975 Masters and third at 1975 Open Championship later in the year at Carnoustie. He won his second major at the 1976 Open Championship, a six stroke victory over Nicklaus and a 19-year-old Seve Ballesteros at Royal Birkdale. The course had played hard and fast after scorching hot conditions in England that summer, during the 1976 United Kingdom heat wave, which saw record hot temperatures and several minor fires breaking out in the tournament. Miller's final round of 66 at Royal Birkdale tied the course record.

Following his 1976 Open Championship win, Miller, never known as an outstanding putter, lost the form that made him a frequent winner in his early career and failed to win for the next three years, due to a putting affliction widely known as the "yips".

Miller later said that he considered quitting professional golf during his slump in form between 1977 and 1979, but a passage in the Scriptures, "It's not what you accomplish in life, but what you overcome", helped inspire him to continue playing golf. Miller also said that Jack Nicklaus, whom he viewed as a father figure, was "amazingly supportive" of him during his bleak period in the late 1970s.

In 1980, Miller notched his first win in almost four years, the Jackie Gleason-Inverrary Classic. In 1981, Miller enjoyed one final spectacular season. His victory at the Million Dollar Challenge in Sun City, South Africa following a 9-hole sudden-death playoff with Seve Ballesteros made him that year's leading worldwide money winner after two earlier wins in the United States. Miller's return to impressive form in 1981 resulted in him competing in his second Ryder Cup. Until 2021, the 1981 Ryder Cup at Walton Heath Golf Club in England was the heaviest defeat that a European team had suffered at the hands of the United States, and it is considered by many to be the finest American team ever assembled.

Miller's final PGA Tour victory came in semiretirement at the 1994 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am, at age 46. He finished his career with 25 PGA Tour wins and 105 top-10 finishes. Miller finished runner-up three times at The Masters in 1971, 1975 and 1981. He played on two Ryder Cup teams, 1975 and 1981. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1998.

Fred Couples referred to Miller as "probably the best ball-striker ever". Jack Nicklaus described Miller as "the best short iron player ever."

Broadcasting career
In 1990, Miller began work as a broadcaster for NBC Sports. Although Miller became eligible for the Senior PGA Tour in 1997, he decided to forgo regular play on the senior tour in part due to the strain the sport puts on the knees of a player. He remained as lead analyst for NBC Sports' limited golf schedule and has pursued other business ventures. Miller typically was paired with broadcaster Dan Hicks and called numerous events including the U.S. Open, U.S. Amateur and Ryder Cup.

As a commentator, Miller became known for his straightforward and sometimes blunt remarks, which sometimes earned him the enmity of players. One example came on June 16, 2008, when he referred to Rocco Mediate during the broadcast of the U.S. Open's 18-hole playoff as "looking like the guy who cleans Tiger Woods' pool." Miller said that "guys with the name of Rocco don't get on the trophy, do they?" Mediate, who has battled many physical problems throughout his career, nevertheless played superbly, and took the heavily favored Woods to an 18-hole playoff (and one extra sudden-death hole) before losing. Mediate later laughed off the remarks and Miller later apologized for his comments, saying: "I chose my words poorly and in the future will be more careful." He added that his intention was to "convey my affection and admiration for Rocco's everyman qualities and had absolutely nothing to do with his heritage."

In 2012, Miller revealed that Tiger Woods once asked him to be his coach. Miller said that he declined the offer from Woods because of his commitment to NBC Sports and a desire to spend time with his children and grandchildren.

Miller has written a column for Golf Digest magazine for several years, offering insight into various aspects of golf, often featuring the professional game. He also wrote the book I Call The Shots, a look at the PGA Tour's personalities during his peak years, the Tour's current stars, as well as broadcasting insights. Known for his very weak grip, with both "Vs" formed by the forefinger and thumb of each hand pointing to his chin, he sought to eliminate the left side of the golf course as an area for missed shots.

An offshoot to his broadcasting career has been a string of movie and TV appearances as himself in the role of "beloved golf great". In one movie, The Associate, with Whoopi Goldberg, an aging billionaire is willing to transfer management of all his assets in exchange for the opportunity to play a round of golf with Johnny Miller.

Miller is a partner in a limited partnership which purchased Silverado Country Club in Napa, California on July 1, 2010. He also owns a golf design company and a golf academy and designed the Thanksgiving Point Golf Course in Lehi, Utah, host of the Champion's Challenge. Although Miller has helped design 34 golf courses, Silverado was the first course he redesigned himself. In July 2013 it was announced that Silverado would again play host for a PGA tournament starting in October 2014, when it hosted the Frys.com Open. The renovation added over 300 yards, removed trees and repositioned bunkers. Miller served as the unofficial face of the resort during the event, as he was a part of the telecast, which frequently referenced his role in the club. When he had to fulfill official club duties during the week, Miller's friend and NBC colleague Roger Maltbie filled in for him.

Miller retired from broadcasting following the third round of the 2019 Phoenix Open.

Personal life
Miller is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He and his wife Linda have six children and live on the Monterey Peninsula in California and Mount Olympus, Utah. During the 2018 Ryder Cup broadcast, he announced that his 25th grandchild was born. His son Andy won a Buy.com Tour event and played on the PGA Tour.

Awards and honors

 * Miller was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1998.
 * Miller received the Bob Jones Award from the USGA in 2023.

PGA Tour wins (25)
 * Note: The 1974 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am was shortened to 54 holes due to weather.

PGA Tour playoff record (1–5)

New Zealand Golf Circuit wins (1)
New Zealand Golf Circuit playoff record (1–0)

Other wins (9)
 * Note: The 1983 Chrysler Team Championship was shortened to 54 holes due to rain.

Other playoff record (1–1)

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} LA = Low amateur

CUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1980 Open Championship) DQ = disqualified WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 14 (1972 U.S. Open – 1975 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (1973 Masters – 1973 Open Championship)

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
 * Ryder Cup: 1975 (winners), 1981 (winners)
 * World Cup: 1973 (winners, individual winner), 1975 (winners, individual winner), 1980
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Senior PGA Tour): 1997

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Johnny Miller


text: User talk:66.58.231.213

title: User talk:66.58.231.213


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Herboso

Herboso can refer to:

 * Herboso, Spain is a town in Biscay, Basque Country, Spain.
 * Archbishop Francisco Ramón Herboso y Figueroa (app. 1776) is a former archbishop of Sucre, Bolivia.
 * José Gragera y Herboso (b.1485 – d.1527) was a Spanish sculptor in Madrid.
 * José Gragera y Herboso (b.1818 – d.1897) Spanish Sculptor.
 * Francisco Javier Herboso was Minister of Justice of Chile around 1900.
 * Freddy Herboso is a champion motocross athlete in Bolivia.
 * Herboso & Associates is a real estate firm owned by Fernando Herboso in Frederick, Maryland.
 * Klovis Herboso (born 1979) is a Bolivian singer.
 * Herboso is also an adjective in Spanish meaning "herbaceous or grassy".

title: Herboso


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Filter (TV series)

Filter is an American television series on the G4 cable television channel which follows a countdown format. It was canceled in December 2005, resurrected in a re-formatted form, and then once again was canceled in August 2006. It was airing as an interstitial program during commercial breaks prior to May 2012. The show allows registers users (or viewers) to vote in Top Ten lists.

History
Filter was one of the 13 original series to debut with G4. The focus of the show was video games, and each episode covered a different genre, such as sports or role-playing video games. Each week a new theme was chosen and viewers chose the top ten to be featured on the show. The top two games would be put in a Filter Face-off, where the winner was revealed. Shows included the top ten Final Fantasy games, worst games of all time, and all-time top-ten platformers.

After the purchase of TechTV, Filter was revamped to include more pop culture lists such as theatrical and DVD movie releases, music concerts, and consumer technology. The segment "Tech Toss-up" was added to cover new gadgets such as cellphones and MP3 players. A segment called "Net to Know" showcased correspondent John Walsh's top three websites of the week.

On December 9, 2005, host Diane Mizota announced the show had been canceled as a part of the retooling of G4 to cover a broader male audience. Running for four years and making 116 episodes, it was one of the few shows to have been on the network since its launch. The Howard Stern Show then announced on April 18, 2006, that Filter would return on Saturday June 3, 2006, with Stern's girlfriend Beth Ostrosky as host. In addition, the top-ten format would be altered so that lists may contain different numbers of items.

With the 2006 relaunch, all segments not pertaining to the countdown were removed, and the focus of the countdowns changed to include pop-culture events, cars and auto tech, male culture, and other topics pertaining to the interest of the network's new demographic. This reincarnation of the show was shortly canceled. However, it continued to air as one of G4's "G-Spot" interstitial programs hosted by Olivia Munn and later Candace Bailey until May 2012.

2006

 * Beth Ostrosky: The wife of radio shock jock Howard Stern, she also co-hosted Casino Cinema on Spike TV, wrote for the magazine FHM, and has appeared on Stern's show numerous times.

Former

 * Diane Mizota: After leaving G4, she joined Revision3 and with former Filter co-hosts Han Choi and Andrew Hawnbegan appeared on InDigital, a technology show that focuses on gadgets and gear. She has since left the show.

title: Filter (TV series)


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Flathead River

The Flathead River (, ntx̣ʷe, ), in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Montana, originates in the Canadian Rockies to the north of Glacier National Park and flows southwest into Flathead Lake, then after a journey of 158 mi, empties into the Clark Fork. The river is part of the Columbia River drainage basin, as the Clark Fork is a tributary of the Pend Oreille River, a Columbia River tributary. With a drainage basin extending over 8795 mi2 and an average discharge of 11380 cuft/s, the Flathead is the largest tributary of the Clark Fork and constitutes over half of its flow.

Course
The Flathead River rises in forks in the Rocky Mountains of northwestern Montana. The largest tributary is the North Fork, which runs from the Canadian province of British Columbia southwards. The North Fork is sometimes considered the main stem of the Flathead River. Near West Glacier the North Fork combines with the Middle Fork to form the main Flathead River. The river then flows westwards to join the South Fork and cuts between the Whitefish Range and Swan Range via Bad Rock Canyon. All of the headwaters forks are entirely or in part designated National Wild and Scenic Rivers. After the river leaves the canyon it flows into the broad Flathead Valley and arcs southwest, passing Columbia Falls and Kalispell, before it is joined by the Stillwater River and its Whitefish River tributary, and then empties into Flathead Lake, where the Swan River joins.

Near Polson the river leaves the natural basin of Flathead Lake, but first passes through Seli’š Ksanka Qlispe’ Dam (formerly Kerr Dam), which raised Flathead Lake's natural level by 10 ft. After flowing through the dam the river turns south and meanders through the Flathead Valley west of the Mission Mountains, and at Dixon it is joined by the small Jocko River. At the Jocko River confluence it turns west, and a few miles after flows into the Clark Fork near Paradise.

History
David Thompson (explorer) first explored the area in 1807. Fur traders employed by the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company entered the Flathead Valley in the early 19th century. Trading posts were established north of Flathead Lake. The 1846 settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute established the border with British North America and that the Flathead Valley was firmly American. The first settlers began arriving in the 1860s. Irrigation agriculture began in the 1880s.

The river was affected by the 2022 Montana floods.

Recreation
The river is a Class I river in Montana for purposes of recreational access. The South fork of the Flathead, from Youngs Creek to Hungry Horse reservoir; Middle fork of the Flathead – from Schaffer creek to its confluence with the Flathead River; and the Flathead River – to its confluence with the Clark Fork River, are designated.

Conservation
It is part of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Reaches designated wild and scenic include the entire North Fork south of the Canada–US border, the entire Middle Fork, and the South Fork above Hungry Horse Reservoir.

The North Fork Flathead River in Montana is designated a National Wild and Scenic River. The river is not afforded any protection in British Columbia. This has been the subject of 33 years of dispute between the United States and Canada. In 1988 the International Joint Commission, ruled that a proposed open pit coal mine would violate the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty.

Energy development once threatened the North Fork, which was deemed the "wildest river in the continental United States" by The New York Times in 2004. On February 21, 2008, BP announced to drop plans to obtain drilling rights for coalbed methane extraction in the river's headwaters. However, the Cline Mining Corporation still intends to start a mountaintop-removal coal mining project.

On February 9, 2010, the British Columbia government announced that it would not permit mining, oil and gas development and coalbed gas extraction in British Columbia's portion of the Flathead Valley, which was praised by environmental groups and the U.S. Senators from Montana.

There is a proposal to protect one-third of British Columbia's Flathead River by adding it to the Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. In 2003 Parks Canada requested the province of British Columbia to take part in a park feasibility study. British Columbia has yet to agree to this.

List Of Crossings

 * Co Rd 382
 * Sloan's bridge (source 47°29'43.1"N 114°19'09.1"W)
 * Buffalo Bridge Rd (source 47°38'55.5"N 114°20'45.8"W)
 * U.S. Route 93 in Montana (source 47°41'43.9"N 114°10'12.9"W)
 * Montana Highway 82 (source 48°05'32.8"N 114°06'55.0"W)
 * Kiwanis Ln (source 48°12'37.4"N 114°15'27.7"W)
 * Montana Highway 35(source 48°13'17.5"N 114°14'32.7"W)
 * U.S. Route 2 in Montana(source 48°21'57.2"N 114°10'08.9"W)

title: Flathead River


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Talk:American Republican

Untitled
The american republicans page should not be deleted because it evaluates the platform of many republican parties around the nation. It envelops the sense of conservatism, and it describes conceicly what they believe. It should not be deleted.

title: Talk:American Republican


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Arepa

Arepa is a type of flatbread made of ground maize dough stuffed with a filling, eaten in northern parts of South America since pre-Columbian times, and notable primarily in the cuisine of Colombia and Venezuela, but also present in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Central America.

Initially, arepa flour was made by grinding maize at home. In the 1950s, precooked arepa flour was invented by Luis Caballero Mejías, a Venezuelan engineer, and became an instant success.

Arepa is commonly eaten in those countries and can be served with accompaniments, such as cheese, cuajada (fresh cheese), various types of meat, avocado, or diablito (deviled ham spread). It can also be split to make sandwiches. Sizes, maize types, and added ingredients vary based on preparation. It is similar to the Mexican gordita, the Salvadoran pupusa, the Ecuadorian tortilla de maíz, and the Panamanian tortilla or changa.

Origins
The arepa is a pre-Columbian dish from the area that is now Colombia, Panama and Venezuela. Instruments used to make flour for the arepas, and the clay slabs on which they were cooked, were often found at archaeological sites in the area. Although it has not been specified in which country an arepa was cooked for the first time, it has been possible to define the oldest dates of the presence of maize in Colombia and Venezuela.

For example, in Colombia, the first record of the presence of corn cultivation dates from about 6,000 years ago. However, the presence of arepas dates from 3,000 years ago (Specifically in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense by the Muisca), while in Venezuela, the estimate is about 2,800 years ago.

Throughout its history, the arepa has stayed mainly unchanged from the arepas that pre-Columbian native peoples would have consumed, making the arepa one of the few pre-contact traditions that have remained popular in the years since colonization. The name arepa is related to erepa, the word for 'cornbread' in the Cumanagoto language.

Characteristics
The arepa is a flat, round, unleavened patty of soaked, ground kernels of maize, or—more frequently nowadays—maize meal or maize flour. It can be grilled, baked, fried, boiled, or steamed. The characteristics vary by color, flavor, size, and the food with which it may be stuffed, depending on the region. Simple arepas are filled with butter or cheese and baked. Depending on the meal, more filling varieties can be added with combinations of ingredients like beans, meat, avocados, eggs, tomatoes, salad, shrimp, or fish. Fried arepas are often consumed in northern South America, filled with white cheese on top and served with fried eggs. Sweet fried arepas are another variety often prepared with sugarloaf (papelón) and anise (anís). Venezuelan white cheese is another topping for fried arepas that can be combined with feta cheese.

Production
Initially, arepa flour was made by grinding maize at home. In the 1950s, precooked arepa flour was invented by Dr. Luis Caballero Mejías, a Venezuelan engineer, and became an instant success. The flour is mixed with water and salt, and occasionally oil, butter, eggs, and/or milk. Because the flour is already cooked, the blend forms into patties easily. After being kneaded and formed, the patties are fried, grilled, or baked. Some varieties of arepas are made with "peeled" corn using the nixtamalization process; they are known as arepa pelada.

Arepa flour is specially prepared (cooked in water, then dried) for making arepas and other maize dough-based dishes, such as hallacas, bollos, tamales, empanadas, atole and chicha. The flour may be called masarepa, masa de arepa, masa al instante, or harina precocida. The most popular brand names of maize flour are Harina PAN and Harina Juana in Venezuela, Areparina in Colombia, and Goya elsewhere.

Bolivia
Bolivian arepas are made from corn. There are different ways to prepare arepas, but one of the most traditional is the Cotoca recipe. Several varieties of arepa can be found in the country, such as the Cruceña and Andina varieties.

Colombia
The first record of the existence of arepas dates from about 3,000 years ago in what is currently Colombia.

The arepa is an iconic food in Colombia, with some 75 distinct preparation forms. According to a study conducted by the Colombian Academy of Gastronomy, the arepa is part of the Colombian cultural heritage and can be considered a symbol of national gastronomic unity."

In 2006, the arepa was named the cultural symbol of Colombia in a competition organized by Semana magazine with support from Caracol Televisión, the Ministry of Culture and 'Colombia is Passion'.

In the Paisa region, the arepa is especially important to the local people and sometimes accompanies all meals of the day. In addition, arepas are strung into necklaces and placed around the necks of honored dignitaries as a sign of praise. Many varieties of arepa were introduced from this region.

In Colombia, the arepa is sold commercially in neighborhood stores, chain supermarkets, and market plazas and packaged with preservatives as a pre-molded white or yellow corn dough ready to grill or fry at home. It is also sold in the form of industrialized corn flour that requires hydration before preparation. In addition, arepas are sold by street vendors, in cafeterias, and in neighborhood stores.

Restaurants of the Paisa Region offer a wide variety of arepas, including a unique style of stuffed arepa that can be filled with eggs, meat, or cheese. Colombians in the Caribbean region commonly eat a breakfast variation called arepa con huevo, which consists of a cooked arepa which has been split open, stuffed with a raw egg, and fried.

The Colombian Arepa Festival is celebrated in Barranquilla, Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Cali and Medellín. Each city takes turns organizing the festival between August and December. There are also many other types of arepas, including Arepa de Choclo, Arepa de Queso, Arepa Frita, Arepa Costeña, Arepa de Yuca, and Arepa Paisa.

Variations by region
According to the Santa Marta City newspaper, El Informador, there are about 75 types of arepas around Colombia; among them is the arepa ocañera, consumed in the Department of Norte de Santander, characterized by the addition of queso costeño (lit. 'coastal cheese') and other types of meat. Some recipes for this type of arepa can contain doble crema cheese and chicken. One of its characteristics is that it is relatively thin unlike other arepas and also has a toasted and golden colored shell.

Another variation is the arepa boyacense, with the Municipality of Ventaquemada being one of the most outstanding in terms of its production. This type of arepa may contain butter, eggs, and cheese. It has a certain sweetness, and in some recipes, this arepa may have cuajada.

There is also the arepa paisa, which is consumed in the Department of Antioquia. It is prepared with maíz trillado (lit. 'threshed corn'). This form most closely resembles indigenous cuisine.

In addition, another arepa variation consumed in the Andean region of the country is the arepa santandereana, which contains cooked yuca and chicharrón.

Costa Rica
In the Province of Guanacaste, arepas are prepared in the form of large, toasted sponge cakes, seasoned with Bagaces type cheese. In Cartago, during colonial times, arepas were filled with pork.

Puerto Rico
In Puerto Rico, mainly in the San Juan area and beach sides, arepas are popular. They can also be found in some restaurants, almost always as arepas de coco. The Puerto Rican arepa is made with corn flour, coconut milk, coconut oil, baking powder, and sugar. They can be fried, baked, or cooked on a grill. Once done, the arepa is cut open and stuffed. There are countless fillings. Crab, shrimp, and octopus stewed in sofrito, lemon, coconut milk, and ginger, among other ingredients, are the most popular.

Spain
Arepas are present in the Canary Islands due to population flow between the islands and Venezuela. They are found in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and rarely in the archipelago's eastern islands. Many of the arepas consumed in the islands' bars and restaurants are fried. Some incorporate ingredients from local gastronomy such as soft cheese or Canary plantain.

Venezuela
The arepa is a symbol of Venezuelan gastronomy and one of the most common pre-Hispanic foods still popular in Venezuela. The first records of this dish are about 2800 years ago.

According to a 2015 survey of the Venezuelan people, nearly 70 percent of the nation ate arepas regularly. It is common for Venezuelans to eat arepas throughout the day, both as snacks and as sides to meals, creating a culture where these corn products (Harina PAN) can be found almost everywhere and in specific restaurants called areperas.

The arepa is seen as a cornerstone of a Venezuelan diet; prior to the 2015 food shortages, it was estimated that each year the average Venezuelan consumed about 30 kilos of the corn flour used to make arepas. Venezuelan arepas are commonly filled with a great variety of different fillings, from beef and avocado to cheese, varying widely by the location of where they are sold and the ingredients that can be obtained.

In Venezuela's Andes region, arepas de trigo are made with wheat flour rather than cornmeal. These lighter arepas are generally eaten as a snack or an accompaniment to heavier meals.

title: Arepa


text:
Logarithmically convex function

In mathematics, a function f is logarithmically convex or superconvex if $${\log}\circ f$$, the composition of the logarithm with f, is itself a convex function.

Definition
Let $X$ be a convex subset of a real vector space, and let $f : X → R$ be a function taking non-negative values. Then $f$ is: Here we interpret $$\log 0$$ as $$-\infty$$.
 * Logarithmically convex if $${\log} \circ f$$ is convex, and
 * Strictly logarithmically convex if $${\log} \circ f$$ is strictly convex.

Explicitly, $f$ is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all $x_{1}, x_{2} ∈ X$ and all $t ∈ [0, 1]$, the two following equivalent conditions hold:
 * $$\begin{align}

\log f(tx_1 + (1 - t)x_2) &\le t\log f(x_1) + (1 - t)\log f(x_2), \\ f(tx_1 + (1 - t)x_2) &\le f(x_1)^tf(x_2)^{1-t}. \end{align}$$ Similarly, $f$ is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if, in the above two expressions, strict inequality holds for all $t ∈ (0, 1)$.

The above definition permits $f$ to be zero, but if $f$ is logarithmically convex and vanishes anywhere in $X$, then it vanishes everywhere in the interior of $X$.

Equivalent conditions
If $f$ is a differentiable function defined on an interval $I ⊆ R$, then $f$ is logarithmically convex if and only if the following condition holds for all $x$ and $y$ in $I$:
 * $$\log f(x) \ge \log f(y) + \frac{f'(y)}{f(y)}(x - y).$$

This is equivalent to the condition that, whenever $x$ and $y$ are in $I$ and $x > y$,
 * $$\left(\frac{f(x)}{f(y)}\right)^{\frac{1}{x - y}} \ge \exp\left(\frac{f'(y)}{f(y)}\right).$$

Moreover, $f$ is strictly logarithmically convex if and only if these inequalities are always strict.

If $f$ is twice differentiable, then it is logarithmically convex if and only if, for all $x$ in $I$,
 * $$f''(x)f(x) \ge f'(x)^2.$$

If the inequality is always strict, then $f$ is strictly logarithmically convex. However, the converse is false: It is possible that $f$ is strictly logarithmically convex and that, for some $x$, we have $$f''(x)f(x) = f'(x)^2$$. For example, if $$f(x) = \exp(x^4)$$, then $f$ is strictly logarithmically convex, but $$f''(0)f(0) = 0 = f'(0)^2$$.

Furthermore, $$f\colon I \to (0, \infty)$$ is logarithmically convex if and only if $$e^{\alpha x}f(x)$$ is convex for all $$\alpha\in\mathbb R$$.

Sufficient conditions
If $$f_1, \ldots, f_n$$ are logarithmically convex, and if $$w_1, \ldots, w_n$$ are non-negative real numbers, then $$f_1^{w_1} \cdots f_n^{w_n}$$ is logarithmically convex.

If $$\{f_i\}_{i \in I}$$ is any family of logarithmically convex functions, then $$g = \sup_{i \in I} f_i$$ is logarithmically convex.

If $$f \colon X \to I \subseteq \mathbf{R}$$ is convex and $$g \colon I \to \mathbf{R}_{\ge 0}$$ is logarithmically convex and non-decreasing, then $$g \circ f$$ is logarithmically convex.

Properties
A logarithmically convex function f is a convex function since it is the composite of the increasing convex function $$\exp$$ and the function $$\log\circ f$$, which is by definition convex. However, being logarithmically convex is a strictly stronger property than being convex. For example, the squaring function $$f(x) = x^2$$ is convex, but its logarithm $$\log f(x) = 2\log |x|$$ is not. Therefore the squaring function is not logarithmically convex.

Examples

 * $$f(x) = \exp(|x|^p)$$ is logarithmically convex when $$p \ge 1$$ and strictly logarithmically convex when $$p > 1$$.
 * $$f(x) = \frac{1}{x^p}$$ is strictly logarithmically convex on $$(0,\infty)$$ for all $$p>0.$$
 * Euler's gamma function is strictly logarithmically convex when restricted to the positive real numbers. In fact, by the Bohr–Mollerup theorem, this property can be used to characterize Euler's gamma function among the possible extensions of the factorial function to real arguments.

title: Logarithmically convex function


text:
Francisco Ramón Herboso y Figueroa

Archbishop Francisco Ramón Herboso y Figueroa (c. 1720–1782) was born in Lima. He was the archbishop of La Plata o Charcas, an area now known as Sucre, Bolivia. He was appointed to this position in 1776. He died in Charcas Province.

External links and additional sources

 * (for Chronology of Bishops)$self-published$
 * (for Chronology of Bishops)$self-published$

title: Francisco Ramón Herboso y Figueroa


text: User talk:67.170.252.8

title: User talk:67.170.252.8


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wrestling Champions 2005

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 18:51, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wrestling Champions 2005
Delete. There is already lists of champions, past and current as well as link on the main page. There doesn't seem much use of this page. CMC 04:55, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, duplicate article. Megan1967 05:53, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to whatever article is being duplicated. Deletion is to drastic a measure against duplicates. 129.177.61.123 12:25, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fork/dupe. Wyss 21:12, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fork, no redirect. JamesBurns 08:08, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.