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Cangzhou

Cangzhou is a prefecture-level city in eastern Hebei province, People's Republic of China. At the 2020 census, Cangzhou's built-up (or metro) area made of Yunhe, Xinhua districts and Cang County largely being conurbated had a population of 1,421,843 inhabitants, while the prefecture-level administrative unit in total has a population of 7,300,783. It lies approximately 90 km from the major port city of Tianjin, and 180 km from Beijing.

History
Cangzhou is reported to have been founded in the Southern and Northern Dynasties period (420−589 CE).

Administrative divisions
Cangzhou City comprises 2 districts, 4 county-level cities, 9 counties and 1 autonomous county.

Economics
Cangzhou's urban center is a heavily industrial city, but the city's administrative territory also includes strongly agricultural areas, and is well known in China for its Chinese jujubes (Chinese dates) and pear (widely known under the export name of Tianjin Ya Pear). The North China Oil Field is within Cangzhou City's jurisdiction. Cangzhou also encompasses a large fishing port and the coal-exporting Huanghua Harbour. Notable International Companies located in Cangzhou Hyundai (Japan), Hage Fittings und Flanschen GmbH (Germany) (Hage Fluid Control Technology (Hebei) Co., Ltd Joint Venture).

Geography and transportation

Cangzhou is located in eastern Hebei, immediately to the south of Tianjin, near the coast of the Bohai Sea of the Pacific Ocean. Bordering prefecture-level cities are Hengshui to the southwest, Baoding to the west, and Langfang to the north. It lies on the Beijing–Shanghai Railway.

The G1811 Huanghua–Shijiazhuang Expressway connects Cangzhou to Shijiazhuang, the provincial capital, and is linked to Beijing via both the G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway and G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway, which are concurrent within the province, and to Shanghai via G2. Cangzhou's Huanghua Harbour is the end of a main Chinese coal shipping railway, the Shuohuang Railway. Other major highways serving Cangzhou's urban area are China National Highway 104 and 307.

Major airports located closest to Cangzhou include Beijing Capital Airport and Tianjin Airport.

The Grand Canal passes directly through Cangzhou, and a district of Cangzhou (Yunhe District) is named after it.

Climate
Cangzhou has a four-season, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate/semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk/Dwa), with cold, dry winters, and hot, humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −3.2 °C in January to 27.2 °C in July, while the annual mean is 13.25 °C. A majority of the annual precipitation of 541 mm occurs in July and August alone. With possible monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 49% in July to 65% in October, the city receives 2,663 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Culture
The city has historically been known in China for its wushu (Chinese martial arts) and acrobatics (specifically, the Wu Qiao school). Cangzhou is also famed for its historic thousand-year-old 40-ton sculpture, the Iron Lion of Cangzhou. The sculpture is reportedly the largest cast-iron sculpture in the world, cast in 953 in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The famed lion has even given its name to a locally brewed beer (iron lion beer, 铁狮啤酒) and is a symbol of the city.

Cangzhou is home to a traditional Chinese form of musical performing arts, Kuaiban Dagu.

The city hosts seven mosques for Muslim adherents (mostly Hui). One of them, the West Mosque, has collected at its museum one of China's best collections of Islamic manuscripts and artefacts.

Demographics and society
Cangzhou, though predominated by the Han Chinese majority, is home to a sizable population of the Muslim Hui minority. Intermarriage occasionally occurs between the majority Han and the Hui, but stereotypes of Hui still exist among Cangzhou's Han residents, and some tensions remain. Migration to Hebei province and Cangzhou by Xinjiang Muslim minorities (generally ethnic Uighurs) is increasing.

Language
The dominant first language of Cangzhou's population is a variety of the northeastern Mandarin dialect continuum termed Cangzhou, which is a variety of Ji Lu Mandarin. There are some similarities with the Tianjin variety and the Baoding variety of Mandarin, but both are considered distinct groups from that of Cangzhou. Dialects of the Cangzhou area vary between localities and counties, though are generally intelligible among each other.

Municipal government
The city, like all other Chinese administrative divisions, has a party committee, the People's government, the People's Congress, and the Political consultative conference.

Military
Cangzhou is home to the Cangzhou Airbase of the People's Liberation Army Air Force

Sports
Shijiazhuang Ever Bright moved to Cangzhou and changed their name to Cangzhou Mighty Lions, they play at the Cangzhou Stadium.

Education
Cangzhou Normal University : now it has 871 teacher staff, including 607 full-time teachers, 233 people with the title of deputy senior or above, and 405 people with master's and doctor's degrees. The school motto is "knowing, morality, knowledge and behaviour, innovation".

There is one international school in Cangzhou, the Cangzhou Zhenhua Korean International School.

Notable residents

 * Sun Yue (1985), fifth Chinese national to play in the NBA
 * Wang Zi-Ping (1881–1973), Chinese martial arts grandmaster
 * Jia Qinglin (1940), former member of Politburo Standing Committee and Chairman of CPPCC
 * Zhang Lichang (1939–2008), former member of Politburo and Party Secretary of Tianjin.

title: Cangzhou


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Will Elder

William Elder (born Wolf William Eisenberg; September 22, 1921 – May 15, 2008) was an American illustrator and comic book artist who worked in numerous areas of commercial art but is best known for a frantically funny cartoon style that helped launch Harvey Kurtzman's Mad comic book in 1952.

Playboy publisher Hugh Hefner said, "He was a zany, and a lovable one." Longtime Mad writer-cartoonist Al Jaffee called Elder "Absolutely brilliant... he was the star from the beginning. He had a feel for the kind of satire that eventually spread everywhere."

Elder was inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2018, the Comics Reporter's Tom Spurgeon described Elder as "an amazing artist, a sneaky spot-holder on the top 20 of the 20th century".

Early years
Born Wolf William Eisenberg in the Bronx, New York, Elder was known in his teen years as Wolfie. Elder would later joke about his poor slum upbringing: "The people who had garbage were rich; they had something to throw out." Elder attended New York's High School of Music and Art together with future Mad artists Harvey Kurtzman, John Severin, Al Jaffee and Al Feldstein.

During World War II, he served as a part of the 668th Engineer Company (Topographical) of the First Army, as part of the mapmaking team in advance of the invasion of Normandy. Sometime after returning home, he adopted the name Will Elder.

Career
In the late 1940s, Elder and former classmate Kurtzman teamed with Charles Stern to form the Charles William Harvey Studio, creating comics between 1948 and 1951 for Prize Comics and other publishers. At EC Comics, he inked Severin's pencils on stories for Weird Fantasy, Two-Fisted Tales, Frontline Combat and other titles.

When Kurtzman created Mad in 1952, Elder's wacky panels, filled with background gags, immediately attracted attention, first with "Ganefs!" in Mad's debut issue but especially in the second issue with "Mole!", satirizing the popular mid-1940s Dick Tracy villain named "The Mole". The Mad lampoon depicted the successive efforts of prisoner Melvin Mole to tunnel away from the prison, first with a spoon, then with a toothpick and finally with a nostril hair.

The wild exaggeration in this story left such a strong impression that the character was sometimes quoted ("Dig! Dig!") and even given a homage years later in a Psychology Today illustration; sixty-two years later, Mad's 2014 parody of the television prison series Orange Is the New Black included the image of Elder's Mole tunneling to freedom.

According to Jaffee, Elder "could have been the world's greatest forger". Elder had a chameleon-like talent for mimicking the precise styles of other cartoonists, which made the satiric effect stronger. This ability was showcased in such pieces as "Mickey Rodent!" (a takeoff on Mickey Mouse and Disney in general), "Starchie!" (Archie Comics), "Bringing Back Father!" (George McManus' Bringing Up Father strip), "Gasoline Valley!" (Frank King's Gasoline Alley), and others. Such was Elder's ability that some of these parodies featured specific observations about the source materials' art styles, with Elder switching illustrative gears in midpanel.

Elder had this to say about his mimicry:"Through imitation, I found an avenue of expression... if you're going to make an imitation of something, a fascimile, it's got to be convincing. When you convince people, then you can turn the tables and shock them as a result. Accuracy was part of it. If I could fool people to think that this was the real item, and then suddenly make them realize at the last moment that it wasn't, that in itself is surprisingly funny."

Elder's signature style, with extra humorous detail added upon humorous detail, is routinely described as "chicken fat," a reference to soup preparation. As Elder told an interviewer, "The term just came out of what we both [Kurtzman and Elder] knew were the parts of the strip that gave it more flavor but did very little to advance the storyline. That's what Chicken Fat does... it advances the flavor of the soup and, as we all know now, too much chicken fat will kill you!"

Elder's rampant insertion of background gags set the tone for the comic book, quickly spreading into the panels of his fellow artists and imitators of Mad. Kurtzman described their collaborative process: "I would write a story, and as if by magic, all the empty spaces would get filled in by sub-jokes... he was an inexhaustible source." In 2004, Elder told an interviewer, "In Mad, Harvey never rejected any of my little extras in the story. I think he was much harder on the other artists, because my stuff made him laugh. As soon as he laughed I think he forgot that it didn't belong in the story!"

Some viewers believe Elder's style of separate foreground and background actions was mimicked by Louis Malle in his 1960 film Zazie dans le Métro, in a restaurant scene where the background action begins to take precedence over the main character. “I thought people would notice and would laugh," said Malle, "but nobody did." Elder had drawn the article "Restaurant!" in 1954; the Mad piece was about a family and its meal, but the backgrounds were filled with numerous sight gags including the Bufferin aspirin ad campaign, hieroglyphics, a mop substituting for spaghetti, the RCA Victor dog, a toddler eating the plates, and a full coat rack including Viking helmet and deer antlers.  Monty Python's Terry Gilliam said of Elder, "I don't know if anybody's really worked at that level as intensely as Willy did. And it never seemed to distract from the center." 21st-century Mad cartoonist Evan Dorkin put it more simply: "If God is in the details, Will Elder channeled God."

Elder also drew for EC's other humor comic, Panic. His illustrated version of Clement Clarke Moore's "T'was the Night Before Christmas" included several irreverent images, including a "Just Divorced!" sign hanging on the back of Santa Claus' sleigh. As a result, sales of Panic were banned in the state of Massachusetts. Elder included a self-caricature, being spun around on Santa Claus' hip as Santa "filled all the stockings; then turned with a jerk"—the jerk, of course, is Elder.

Sense of humor
Elder was known as an inveterate prankster. As a child, he once cut out paper silhouettes of a man carrying a knife and a woman. Attaching them to a rotating record turntable, he projected their image onto the windowshade, and began screaming. People on the outside of the building saw what they thought was an assailant chasing his victim around the room. EC colorist Marie Severin recalled, "Will used to have this painting of a deer... I guess it was one of those 5-and-10-cent store things. It had a deer, a mountain, some trees, a path, flowers and the like, and he'd change it with the seasons! If it was winter he'd paint snow on the deer, and then he would paint over that and put the sun out for the springtime with flowers coming up." Kurtzman recounted the time Elder and his playmates found a stock of fresh meat as a child: "These kids collected a bunch of clothes and they dressed the meat in clothes and spread the combination of meat and clothes along the right-of-way for about half a mile on the railroad tracks. Then Willy started shrieking at the top of his voice that Mikey had fallen down onto the railroad tracks. Naturally every woman for miles around who had a son named Mike went out of their mind, seeing this mess of clothes and meat along the tracks... This is the kind of kid that Willy was." Years later, Elder still had a gruesome side to his humor, sending his wife a heart from a slaughterhouse as a Valentine's Day gift.

By all accounts, Elder's humor was compulsive. Al Jaffee described a portrait Elder once painted of his son: "It was a beautiful painting. It was all in very somber blues and black tones, very dark and brooding. After he finished it, he couldn't resist putting two little red dots on the kid's neck, as if a vampire had been there. He was always driven by the notion that something should be funny."

Post-Mad career
Elder collaborated frequently throughout his career with Kurtzman. After leaving Mad in 1957, the two worked together on a string of short-lived humor magazines: Trump, Humbug and Help!. For Help!, Elder and Kurtzman created Goodman Beaver, a well-meaning naif whose trust in human nature and goodness were forever being undercut. One installment depicted the characters of Archie Comics as thoughtless hedonists, and was titled "Goodman Beaver Goes Playboy!". This parody resulted in a lawsuit from Archie Comics. Kurtzman and Elder had previously irritated the Archie publisher with a parody in Mad ("Starchie!"). Archie Comics ended up with possession of the story's copyright. When the full Goodman Beaver series was reprinted by Kitchen Sink Press, the story could not legally be included. However, after Archie Comics failed to renew its copyright, the original "Goodman Beaver Goes Playboy!" went into public domain and was published in Fantagraphics' Comics Journal.

Publisher and critic Gary Groth wrote that Elder's artwork in the Goodman Beaver stories "clinched his reputation as the cartoon Brueghel [sic] with his intricate portraits of a world cheerfully going mad". Elder later talked to The Comics Journal about the Goodman Beaver series, saying, "It was the best thing I ever did."

While the owners of Archie had taken offense, the owner of Playboy did not. Hugh Hefner, a fan of Kurtzman and "Goodman Beaver", commissioned Kurtzman and Elder to create a similar but more lavish strip for Playboy. The result was Little Annie Fanny. Like Goodman Beaver, Little Annie Fanny was a pure-of-heart innocent; unlike him, she was regularly divested of her clothing. The Annie Fanny series (107 stories in all) was irregularly published in the back of Playboy for more than a quarter of a century from October 1962 through September 1988. In 2001, Dark Horse Comics published the trade paperback collections Playboy's Little Annie Fanny, Volume 1 (ISBN 1-56971-519-X) and Playboy's Little Annie Fanny, Volume 2: 1970–1988 (ISBN 1-56971-520-3).

Elder's advertising art, caricatures, cartoons, illustrations and stories were collected in the 392-page career retrospective, Will Elder: The Mad Playboy of Art (Fantagraphics, 2003; ISBN 1-56097-603-9). The follow-up book, Chicken Fat (also by Fantagraphics), was published in 2006 and compiles drawings, sketches, cartoons and doodles by Elder, most of which had never been published. In 2009, Fantagraphics published a complete boxed collection of Humbug.

Elder died on May 15, 2008, from complications due to Parkinson's disease in Rockleigh, New Jersey.

Elder was posthumously inducted into the Harvey Awards Hall of Fame in 2019 at New York Comic Con, alongside fellow Mad contributors Jack Davis, Marie Severin, John Severin, and Ben Oda.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Will Elder


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Mohammad Kaif

Mohammad Kaif  (born 1 December 1980) is a former Indian cricketer, who played Tests and ODIs. He made it to the national team on the strength of his performances at the Under-19 level, where he captained the India national under-19 cricket team to victory in the Under-19 World Cup in 2000. With India, Kaif was a member of the Indian team that was one of the joint-winners of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy, which the title was also shared with Sri Lanka, and he was a member of the team that were runners-up in the 2003 Cricket World Cup. He is regarded as one of the greatest Indian fielders.

He retired from all formats of cricket on 13 July 2018.

Personal life
Kaif was born in a middle-class family on 1 December 1980 in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. He started his career from Green Park Stadium, Kanpur. His father Mohammad Tarif Ansari played for the Railways cricket team and the Uttar Pradesh cricket team. His brother Mohammad Saif plays for Madhya Pradesh cricket team & Uttar Pradesh cricket team.

Kaif married Pooja Yadav, a Noida-based journalist, in 2011. They have 2 children, a son named Kabir and a daughter named Eva.

Early days
As of July 2005, Kaif was amongst the few cricketers from Uttar Pradesh to have represented India on international level. In 2009, the Indian team had as many as three regulars, Suresh Raina, Praveen Kumar and Rudra Pratap Singh from Uttar Pradesh in the ODI team. Kaif was the captain of both Central Zone and Uttar Pradesh. He also captained the national ODI team in the 2005/06 Challenger Trophy in the absence of regular captain Rahul Dravid.

International career
Kaif made his Test debut in 2000 against South Africa in Bangalore soon after, and was selected in the first intake of the National Cricket Academy in Bangalore.

His early international career was considered patchy, with the occasional outstanding performance backed up by ordinary batting. His most famous feat was helping India chase down 326 with 87* (off 75 balls) in the 2002 NatWest Series Final. The effort earned him his first Man of the Match award.

In the series against Bangladesh in late 2004, he was named Man of the Series award for his consistency in all the three ODIs.

Kaif earned himself a Test cap against South Africa while he was quite young at the age of 20, however he was soon dropped from the national side due to some ordinary performances. Kaif made a good comeback to the Test side against Australia late in 2004 scoring two half-centuries.

He was a quick runner between the wickets and an excellent cover fielder, most notable for his agility and throwing accuracy. He holds the record for the most catches by a fielder in a World Cup match – four, against Sri Lanka in the 2003 World Cup at Johannesburg on 10 March 2003.

Middle order
The team management tend to use him in the middle order, though his successes have almost always come playing high up – at number 3 rather on number 7. He was often seen scoring more runs while he got some time to settle on the pitch. His usual position in domestic games and in county cricket has been at number 3. But given the number of players in that mould, such as Dravid, Raina, and Yuvraj, Kaif found it difficult to play at the number 3 spot on a consistent basis. With the arrival of Greg Chappell and Rahul Dravid being appointed captain, the number 3 slot was given to either Irfan Pathan or Mahendra Singh Dhoni to accelerate the scoring rate.

In March 2006, he was recalled to the Test team in place of the injured Yuvraj Singh for the First Test against England in Nagpur. Despite top-scoring with a dogged 91 to save the Test match, he was omitted for the following match when Yuvraj had recovered his fitness. But he found a place in the four Tests in the West Indies, after Sachin Tendulkar was injured. He scored 148 not out in the second Test, his maiden Test century.

In late 2006, he was dropped from the ODI team and Test squad. In April 2008, he was recalled to the Test squad for the Second Test against South Africa but did not play.

His techniques of quick running between the wickets whilst rotating the strike but reducing considerable pressure while chasing without even playing much boundaries as well as his ability to break down the chase being in the middle-order has been observed as an adaptation of a similar approach by Michael Bevan.

Fielding
He was one of the best fielders in the world of cricket, along with Yuvraj Singh. Yuvraj would be positioned on point and Kaif in the covers, and it was a tough call for the opposition to score past this pair; the standard of Indian fielding improved significantly when they were on the field. Unfortunately, many times Kaif couldn't be in the "playing 11" as Yuvraj served the purpose of an all-rounder and was a senior player in the team.

Domestic career
Kaif represented the victorious Rajasthan Royals in the inaugural edition of the Indian Premier League in 2008. He was bought for US$685,000 as an iconic player. Even though he played in all the matches for the team, he had a poor run in the series, mustering only 176 runs at an average of 16. On 15 April 2009, he was axed by Rajasthan Royals team management, which cited his poor form and cost-cutting for the omission from the squad for the 2009 season.

Kaif was bought for US$250,000 by Kings XI Punjab to play in 2010 Indian Premier League.

Kaif was bought by Royal Challengers Bangalore to play in 2011 Indian Premier League, in the third round of bidding. He was the only player requested to appear for bidding for the third time. Later in an interview, Subrata Roy of Sahara India stated that he requested a third round of bidding because he thought that Kaif should find a place in an IPL team.

Mohammad Kaif was drafted for Manipal Tigers in 1st season of Legends League Cricket in 2022. He was retained for 2nd season as well.

Coaching career
In February 2017, Gujarat Lions named Kaif assistant coach of Brad Hodge for 2017 Indian Premier League. He was named the assistant coach for Delhi Capitals for the 2019 Indian Premier League and 2020 Indian Premier League.

Political career
He joined Indian National Congress and contested 2014 Loksabha election from Phulpur in Uttar Pradesh, and lost to Keshav Prasad Maurya of the BJP. After his loss, Kaif left politics. In an interview in 2018, he said that he was not thinking of joining politics and fight elections once again but "you will never say never".

title: Mohammad Kaif


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Associated Actors and Artistes of America

The Associated Actors and Artistes of America (4As), established in 1919, is the federation of trade unions for performing artists in the United States.

The union was established by the merger of the Actors' Equity Association and the White Rats of America. By the mid-1940s, its affiliates were:

 * Actors' Equity Association
 * American Federation of Radio Artists
 * American Guild of Musical Artists
 * American Guild of Variety Artists
 * Brother Artists Association
 * Chorus Equity Association
 * Hebrew Chorus Union
 * Hungarian Actors' and Artists' Association
 * Screen Actors' Guild

As of 2022, the following unions belong to the 4As:
 * The Actors' Equity Association (AEA)
 * The American Guild of Musical Artists (AGMA)
 * The American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA)
 * The Guild of Italian American Actors (GIAA) also known as Italian Actors' Union
 * The Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA)

The organization is a member of the AFL–CIO. The 4As splits its votes in AFL-CIO elections based on the wishes of each member union. The current AAAA member unions of the AFL–CIO are: AEA, AGMA, GIAA, and SAG-AFTRA. The well-known performer and civil rights activist Theodore Bikel was President of the 4As until his death in 2015.

On June 1, 2014, Department for Professional Employees, AFL–CIO (DPE) took over administrative functions of the 4As, as per an April 15, 2014, agreement between the DPE and the 4As. As part of the agreement, AGVA and GIAA affiliated with the DPE. AGMA, already a DPE affiliate, AGVA, and GIAA remain AFL-CIO affiliates through the 4As. The other two 4As members, AEA and SAG-AFTRA, previously received direct charters from the AFL-CIO. DPE President Paul Almeida became the Executive Secretary of the 4As.

Officers
The following are the 4As officers as of July 15, 2024:

 * President – Gabrielle Carteris, SAG-AFTRA
 * 1st Vice President – Duncan Crabtree-Ireland, SAG-AFTRA
 * 2nd Vice President – Alvin Vincent, Jr., AEA
 * 3rd Vice President – Susanne Doris, AGVA
 * 4th Vice President – Allison Beck, AGMA
 * 5th Vice President – Carlo Fiorletta, GIAA
 * Treasurer – Nikki Switzer, AEA
 * Executive Secretary – Paul E. Almeida, 4As


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Consummate love

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge and redirect to Triangular theory of love. —Korath (Talk) 22:30, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

Consummate love
Not an encyclopedia article, not a wiktionary article. RickK 07:46, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I can't decide if it's original research or merely a dicdef. --Carnildo 07:48, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Wiktionary, i think it has potential as a dicdef. Foobaz · ✐  08:00, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I didn't realize there was so much other related information in Wikipedia already, like Kappa says below. Foobaz · ✐  22:52, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm down with a merge and redirect too. Foobaz · ✐  02:08, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * REWRITTEN. It's a concept from the triangular theory of love, so I replaced the original "off the top of the head" sounding definition with something more researched. Keep this or merge it with triangular theory of love. Kappa 10:53, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 22:34, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but needs expansion. Tygar 06:39, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Triangular theory of love as it stands all the articles arising from that page are stubby definitions only applicable to that theory--nixie 04:08, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, add stub template. ≈ jossi ≈ 04:09, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep with rewrites from Kappa. —RaD Man (talk) 04:44, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, I don't really see the need for three articles explaning the various aspects of one man's simple theory. In fact it probably makes a better article to have them all on one page.--nixie 06:44, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Feel free to merge them yourself Kappa 08:25, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Psychology jargon/term of art.  The triangular theory of love isn't so notable that we need multiple articles to cover its special terminology.  "Triangular theory of love"+"Robert Sternberg" has only 364 Google hits. "Consummate love"+"triangular" gets 406 hits.    If this article were longer, I'd say redirect it in order to maintain the history, but since it is two sentences, it should just be deleted, and someone can expand Triangular theory of love.  Anyway, aspects of the theory are handled better in context, rather than having to click around all over the place to piece it together from multiple stubby little articles.  Why the insistence on breaking so many topics into multiple stubby articles? There isn't a prize for racking up the article count, is there?  --BM 22:36, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * If we do it your way, no-one will expand triangular theory of love, they will just put another stub at consummate love, and it will be deleted again. Kappa 06:31, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I've merged this and the other off-shoot to triangular theory of love- there in no reason not to make this redirect there now--nixie 01:29, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to triangular theory of love. The exact same text (sans links) is already there, so no merging necessary.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:37, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * LOL "no merging necessary". Kappa 05:29, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, I didn't see nixie's comment. Gimme a break. At any rate, since the text has been merged, deletion is no longer an option.   — Gwalla | Talk 20:34, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. -Sean Curtin 03:09, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:Tomruen/PeakOil

This is a subpage made to collect my information about Peak Oil and Hubbert's curve of oil production.

If I can get something worthy, I'll consider connecting up to the existing articles. Hopefully no one will mind if I hide this article for a time while I organize my materials.

Existing articles:
 * Hubbert's_Peak
 * Energy_crisis

Peak oil and Hubbert's curve
Peak oil means that oil production has reached an all time high, and will only decline after that point in time.

The theory starting by saying oil production in a single well has a bell-shaped curved. It is a theoretical ideal that may not be matched for a given actual well. It is still "approximately accurate" given a point of discovery when production was zero, and a point of final depletion where the production will again be zero. In between economics and political realities could have multiple peaks, or a long plateau is possible.

The general idea from Hubbert is that when approximately half the oil that will ever be extracted is reached, peak production will be close to that point in time.

Beyond a single well, production can be added for all the wells within a given region, and ultimately the entire world.

In 1956 Hubbert applied these ideas, using past production for the U.S. 48 states, and predicted production would peak in 1970, and this prediction was confirmed a few years after 1970 when US-48 production did decrease - never to recover.

U.S. dependency on oil imports
The energy crises of 1975 and 1980 sent prices skyrocketing, and domestic oil production responded with development, but higher prices did not last and oil prices fell generally during the period of 1986-1999.
 * http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/OILPRICE/98/Max

Lower prices during this period has encouraged increase oil consumption in both the U.S. and world:
 * http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/publications/energy_reviews/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/pdf/oil_section_2004.pdf

As of 2004, the U.S. consumes over 20 million barrels of oil/day, and close to 25% of world consumption of over 80 million barrels.

The U.S production has decreased from 8.5 million barrels/day in 1993 to 7.4 million barrels/day in 2003. In the same period our oil consumption increased from 17 million barrels/day to 20 million barrels per day.

Thus 2003 had 63% of our oil consumption come from imports:

Where do we import our oil?
According to: (2002)
 * http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/facts/favorites/fcvt_fotw246.shtml

Our top importers were:
 * 1) Canada 1.9 mb/day
 * 2) Saudi Arabia 1.5 mb/day (OPEC)
 * 3) Mexico 1.5 mb/day
 * 4) Venezuela 1.4 mb/day (OPEC)
 * 5) Nigeria 0.6 mb/day (OPEC)
 * 6) Iraq 0.52 mb/day (OPEC)
 * 7) U.K. 0.46 mb/day
 * 8) Norway 0.41 mb/day
 * 9) Angola 0.33 mb/day
 * 10) Algeria 0.28 mb/day
 * +) Others 2.414 mb/day
 * Total 11.3 mb/day

And to: (2003)
 * http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/rankings/crudebycountry.htm

 * Rank Country of Origin Million Barrels/day
 * 1 Saudi Arabia 1.726
 * 2 Mexico 1.569
 * 3 Canada 1.549
 * 4 Venezuela  1.183
 * 5 Nigeria 0.832
 * 6 Iraq 0.481
 * 7 Angola 0.363
 * 8 United Kingdom  0.359
 * 9 Kuwait 0.208
 * 10 Norway 0.181
 * Total 9.665 mb/day
 * Total 9.665 mb/day

And to: (2004)
 * http://peakoil.net/Newsletter/NL51/newsletter51.doc

 * Canada	1.6 Mb/d
 * Mexico	1.6
 * S.Arabia	1.5
 * Venezuela	1.3
 * Nigeria	1.1
 * Iraq	0.7
 * Angola	0.3
 * UK	0.3
 * Algeria	0.2
 * Kuwait	0.2
 * TOTALS imports: 12.0 mb/day

Looking at "reserves":
 * http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_publications/crude_oil_natural_gas_reserves/current/data/arrtab_all.xls

 * 1 Saudi Arabia [259B]
 * 2 Mexico [15B]
 * 3 Canada [5B]
 * 4 Venezuela [52B]
 * 5 Nigeria [25B]
 * 6 Iraq [115B]
 * 7 Angola [5.4B]
 * 8 United Kingdom [4.3B]
 * 9 Kuwait [99B]
 * 10 Norway [9.3B]
 * VERSUS USA [22.7B]

Only the OPEC nations have more reserves than the U.S. and all the smaller producers are at or past their peak oil production, so our imports must increase over time from OPEC nations.

In addition to our high dependence upon oil imports, world demand for oil continues to increase - threatening a bidding war for oil which will likely make prices continue to rise even before peak oil is reached.

predicting ultimate world reserves
World ultimate reserves include:
 * Oil already consumed
 * Proved Oil Reserves
 * Likely Oil added Reserves over time
 * New discoveries
 * Probabistic reserve added based on technology

Making estimates for all these numbers allows an "ultimate" reserve number to be computed.

Various estimates are given in a USGS report:
 * http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/presentations/2000/long_term_supply/sld009.htm
 * http://www.oilcrisis.com/campbell/Campbell_02-3.pdf

Estimates:
 * 3.896TB - USBS 5% probability (2000)
 * 3.003TB - USGS 50% probability (2000)
 * 2.400TB - BP geologist Harper (November 2004)
 * 2.248TB - USGS 95% probability (2000)
 * 1.900TB - US Geologist Campbell (2002)

Estimates of total consumption
Sources:
 * http://www.oilcrisis.com/campbell/Campbell_02-3.pdf
 * http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/publications/energy_reviews/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/pdf/oil_section_2004.pdf

Estimating total consumption
Estimate:
 * 875Bbbl Campbell (July 2002)
 * +13Bbbl (half 2002)
 * +28Bbbl (2003)
 * +31Bbbl (2004)
 * TOTAL CONSUMED ~947 Bbbl (Jan 1 2005)

Remaining ultimate reserve estimates
Subtracting this from the Ultimate reserves gives us an estimated "Ultimate remaining reserves"
 * 2.949TB - USBS 5% probability
 * 2.056TB - USGS 50% probability
 * 1.453TB - BP geologist Harper
 * 1.31TB - USGS 95% probability
 * 0.953TB - US Geologist Campbell

So, you can see there's up to a factor of 3 multiplier in possible estimates of remaining reserves.

Given these numbers, and current world production at a flat 84 million barrels/day, how long do we have until we're out?

Flat production oil depletion dates

 * 96 years (2101) - USBS 5% probability
 * 67 years (2072) - USGS 50% probability
 * 47 years (2052) - BP geologist Harper
 * 43 years (2048) - USGS 95% probability
 * 31 years (2036) - US Geologist Campbell

All those days seems "far off" - surely we'll figure SOMETHING out by then?!

Unfortunately there's a number of factors going against us: 1) The U.S. consumption rate per capita is 5 times the world average 2) World oil consumption is increasing from 1-4% per year. 3) The first half of the production curve takes most of the easy oil first, while the second half won't be as easy to extract. Oil production will be more expensive and geological limitations will restrict the rate of our extraction. 4) 2/3 of the world's proven reserves exist in the politically unstable Middle East

What do the above reserves look like in Hubbert's bell curve production curves? I made some spreadsheet calculations, using past production, and a 2% growth rate at present and an eventual 5% decay rate eventually as reserves are depleted.

Hubbert's curve on world ultimate reserves

This graph shows a more interesting prediction than the flat production calculation. A 5% decay curve was used as a hopeful "managable" rate of world production decline, although arguments could be made that it could be higher rate of decline if we are able to delay the peak date with continued higher production.

CURVE DATA: (bottom to top)
 * Campbell: 0.953 trillion left 2005 - 2% growth, 22 years to 5% decline
 * Harper: 1.453 trillion left in 2005 - 2% rise, to drop 5% 45 years - 2011 (half), 2016 peak @89.1Mbbl/day
 * USGS 50%: 2.06 trillion left in 2005 - 2% rise, 5% decline in 72 years, peak 2024
 * USGS 5%: 2.949 Trillion left in 2005 - 2% rise, 5% decline, 108 years, peak 106Mbbl/day in 2033

Color Key:
 * The gray area represents past production
 * The orange area represents Campbell's reserve estimate
 * The yellow area represents an addition of Harper's reserve estimate
 * The green area represents an addition of the USGS 50% probability estimate
 * The top purple area represents the adddition of the USGS 5% probability estimate

I like this graph because it gives a quick overview of the estimates in terms of Hubble's curve and we can try to imagine what it means.

You can see all of the curves assume we're on a declined growth rate as we approach the peak. Again that's a "managed" parameter, but political and technical limits will likely limit our production even if we wanted to keep increasing production.

Using these ranges, it shows "managed" peaks from 2010 to 2024 for "ranges oflikely reserves" and as late as 2033 with reserves based on only 5% probability.

Should we be panicking yet? I hope all the data I've offered predicts YES we should.

There are other estimates of "peak oil" based on more detailed data.

Early predictions

 * November 2005 - Kenneth Deffeyes, books "Hubbert’s Peak" and "Beyond Oil", geologist and Emeritus Professor at Princeton University
 * http://www.globalpublicmedia.com/articles/358
 * http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5636037/site/newsweek/
 * 2007 - Colin Campbell and ASPO (Association for the Study of Peak Oil&Gas)
 * http://www.peakoil.net/uhdsg/Default.htm
 * http://www.peakoil.net/Newsletter/NL50/newsletter50.pdf

Prediction of future oil production

 * ExxonMobil - 105 million barrels/day in 2020 (Assuing "nonconventional oil" sources are exploitable)
 * http://www.peakoil.net/Publications/20040201ExxonMobil.pdf

Names associated with Peak oil predictions

 * Colin Campbell, ASPO's founder, retired Irish oil industry geologist
 * Books
 * "The Coming Oil Crisis", 1998
 * Kjell Aleklett, President of ASPO
 * http://www.peakoil.net/
 * http://www.asponews.org/ ASPO News
 * Matthew R. Simmons - Chairman and CEO, Simmons & Company International, Houston
 * http://www.simmonsco-intl.com
 * Books
 * "Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy", May 2005
 * Julian Darley, director of Postcarbon Institute
 * http://www.highnoon.ws Highnoon for natural gas
 * News
 * http://www.straight.com/content.cfm?id=4892 "Author Predicts Energy Crisis" Sep 2004
 * We'll be in an energy crisis beyond belief by 2010, and so will the Chinese by 2008, by the way," Darley said.
 * Books
 * "High Noon For Natural Gas: The New Energy Crisis", 2004
 * Kenneth S. Deffeyes
 * http://www.princeton.edu/hubbert/
 * News
 * http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5636037/site/newsweek Aug. 16, 2004
 * World oil production will reach its ultimate peak on Thanksgiving Day 2005
 * Books
 * "Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak", 2005
 * "Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage", 2001
 * Michael C. Ruppert, former Los Angeles Police Department narcotics officer
 * Books
 * "CROSSING THE RUBICON: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil", 2004
 * David Goodstein, vice provost at California Institute of Technology
 * Books
 * "Out of Gas", 2004
 * James_Howard_Kunstler, writer
 * Books
 * "The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of the Oil Age, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-first Century" May 2005
 * Richard Heinberg
 * Books
 * "Powerdown - Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World", 2004
 * "Party's Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies", New Society, 2003
 * Francis Harper, BP exploration consultant
 * http://www.thebusinessonline.com/modules/news/view.php?id=29138 Oil supply to peak sooner than we think, says BP scientist, November 7, 2004
 * Paul Roberts
 * http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A10714-2004Jun27?language=printer The Undeclared Oil War
 * Books
 * "The End of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World", May 2004

title: User:Tomruen/PeakOil


text:
Talk:Kevin Burdette

AfD
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Kevin Burdette. The final result was Keep. --Deathphoenix 07:47, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kevin Burdette


text: File:Ultimatereserveoilprojections.gif

title: File:Ultimatereserveoilprojections.gif


text:
Salomon Sulzer

Salomon Sulzer (סלומון זולצר, March 30, 1804, Hohenems, Vorarlberg – January 17, 1890, Vienna) was an Austrian hazzan (cantor) and composer.

Biography
His family, which prior to 1813 bore the name of Levi, removed to Hohenems from Sulz in 1748. He was educated for the cantorate, studying first under the cantors of Endingen (Switzerland) and Karlsruhe, with whom he traveled extensively, and later under Salomon Eichberg, cantor at Hohenems and Düsseldorf. In 1820 Sulzer was appointed cantor at Hohenems, where he modernized the ritual, and introduced a choir. At the insistence of Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer of Vienna he was called to the Austrian capital as chief cantor in 1826. There he reorganized the song service of the synagogue, retaining the traditional chants and melodies, but harmonizing them in accordance with modern views.

Sulzer's "Shir Tziyyon" (2 vols., Vienna, 1840-1865) established models for the various sections of the musical service—the recitative of the cantor, the choral of the choir, and the responses of the congregation—and it contained music for Sabbaths, festivals, weddings, and funerals which has been introduced into nearly all the synagogues of the world. In the compilation of this work he was assisted by some of the best musical composers of Vienna.

Sulzer published also a small volume of songs for the Sabbath-school, entitled "Duda'im"; and a number of separate compositions, both secular and sacred. His responses are tuneful, and though more melodious than the choral chant of the Catholic Church, show a strong resemblance to it. In all his compositions strict attention is paid to the Hebrew text; and a scrupulous adherence to syntactic construction is observed throughout. The collection "Zwanzig Gesänge für den Israelitischen Gottesdienst" (Vienna, 1892) was printed posthumously. In his "Denkschrift an die Wiener Cultusgemeinde" he sums up his ideas on the profession of cantor. Sulzer, who was widely famed as a singer and as an interpreter of Schubert, was a professor at the imperial conservatorium of Vienna, a knight of the Order of Francis Joseph and a maestro of the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome. Universally recognized as the regenerator of synagogal music, he has been called the "father of the modern cantorate". The Jewish Museum in Hohenems in western Austria (www.jm-hohenems.at) houses a documentation of Sulzer's career in its permanent exhibition and an extensive genealogy on www.hohenemsgenealogy.at.

Family
Sulzer had several children: Marie (1828–1892) was an operatic soprano, appearing in France, Spain Italy and Vienna; Julius (1830–1891) was a composer and conductor in opera houses; Henriette (1832–1907) and Sophie (1840–1885) were also singers; Joseph (1850–1926) was a cellist and composer, a member of the orchestra at the Hofburgtheater in Vienna and of the Hellmesberger Quartet. Musician and administrator Lionel Salter was a descendent.

title: Salomon Sulzer


text:
Talk:Tribe of Ephraim

Jerusalem, Allotment
The article presently says "Among the causes which operated to bring about the disruption of Israel was Ephraim's jealousy of the growing power of Judah.", and then segues into a brief discussion about the territorial allotment of Efrayim, and the rising prominence of Jerusalem, as though Jerusalem were in the allotment of Yehuda. Someone should really fix that up... TShilo12 07:52, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Clean-up of "non-Jewish" lines
I've made a few changes to fix, both doctrinally and grammatically, the "non-jewish sects" section. First of all, there's not enough information to need another subtitle, i.e. non-jewish sects, and it's grammatically incorrect in that in an article about one of the ten tribes (ONE of which being Judah), fundamentally all the other nine are not Jewish. I know what you're thinking, but it's just too confusing to people who don't know the difference in Israeli, Israelite, Judahite and Jew. Second, the LDS part. While many Mormons believe they are scripturally or by revelation descendants of Ephraim, they are quite split on whether this descendancy is biological or metaphorical. And while I'm sure someone used the scripture given, it's not generally used. And everyone believes the tribes were lost and lost most if not all of their identity. That's part of JudaeoChristianity, as is believing that the prophecies of Isaiah refer to the futures of the tribes of Israel. So it's a little weird to call that a Mormon belief. While we're at it, last thing--there is no reason to say "No denomination of Judaism... affirms to the Samaritan or LDS beliefs, nor beliefs adhered to by anyone else." A that's a disclaimer that's utterly irrelevant. Second, it goes without saying. If they believed all the LDS stuff, they'd be LDS. But since no one knows who Ephraim is and few claim to have a guess at all, it's irrelevant to put a disclaimer minimizing the non-Jewish view, if the Jewish view is being represented at all in the first place... --Mrcolj 21:56, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Gideon was the greatest?
I don't see eye to eye with this definition of Gideon as the greatest judge, and I think it is opinion. Personally, I think that Samuel, who was the last of the Judges and the most prominent, having a central role in the stories of Eli, King Saul, and King David. Deborah is probably the most famous as possibly the first female world leader of all time. But since this too is opinion, I believe I will change the wording. Though he was not necessarilly the greatest judge, he was quite prominent.

 * Whether Gideon was the greatest judge is not a fact that should be mentioned in an encyclopedia. Anyway, I believe Gideon was a member of the Tribe of Manasseh, so he shouldn't feature in this article at all, except for being listed as a member of the related Tribe of Manasseh. --84.26.117.62 17:22, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
The article still reads too much as though it is a historical account. Dougweller (talk) 12:58, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I do not understand the objection. I agree that there is a lot of unnecessary material here, but I would not have called it POV.Ewawer (talk) 08:22, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
 * It reads as though it is history, I'm not sure how I can explain that other than to say that an awful lot of people think the early history of Israel as described in the Bible is inaccurate, David and Solomon didn't exist as portrayed, etc. It should be clear what is just biblical account and what, if any, is verifiably historical. Dougweller (talk) 10:07, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * If that is the case then all historical statements based on the bible should be discarded as unreliable, etc. In fact it is a historical text, subject to the usual critical analysis and qualifications, as applicable. It can't just be summarily dismissed away - otherwise there is nothing left.Ewawer (talk) 03:11, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I've done some editing on the historicity of the accounts. I've set the Bible's account side-by-side with modern scholarly commentary on the account. There is still probably more work needed.Alephb (talk) 03:17, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
 * It’s a shame that so many of you spend your time trying to disprove the Bible. 2600:1700:4FC0:3960:6D9C:10CB:C9F1:5F17 (talk) 12:47, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * "trying to disprove the Bible" The Bible lacks historicity, and includes myths. Dimadick (talk) 07:29, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tribe of Ephraim


text:
Advocacy journalism

Advocacy journalism is a genre of journalism that adopts a non-objective viewpoint, usually for some social or political purpose.

Some advocacy journalists reject the idea that the traditional ideal of objectivity is possible or practical, in part due to the perceived influence of corporate sponsors in advertising. Proponents of advocacy journalism feel that the public interest is better served by a diversity of media outlets with varying points of view, or that advocacy journalism serves a similar role to that of muckraking.

Perspectives from advocacy journalists
In an April 2000 address to the Canadian Association of Journalists, Sue Careless gave the following commentary and advice to advocacy journalists, which seeks to establish a common view of what journalistic standards the genre should follow.
 * Acknowledge your perspective up front.
 * Be truthful, accurate, and credible. Do not spread propaganda, do not take quotes or facts out of context, "don't fabricate or falsify", and "don't judge or suppress vital facts or present half-truths"
 * Do not give your opponents equal time, but do not ignore them, either.
 * Explore arguments that challenge your perspective, and report embarrassing facts that support the opposition. Ask critical questions of people who agree with you.
 * Avoid slogans, ranting, and polemics. Instead, "articulate complex issues clearly and carefully."
 * Be fair and thorough.
 * Make use of neutral sources to establish facts.

Sue Careless also criticized the mainstream media for unbalanced and politically biased coverage, for economic conflicts of interest, and for neglecting certain public causes. She said that alternative publications have advantages in independence, focus, and access, which make them more effective public-interest advocates than the mainstream media.

United States
Nineteenth-century American newspapers were often partisan, publishing content that conveyed the opinions of journalists and editors alike. These papers were often used to promote political ideologies and were partisan to certain parties or groups.

The Crisis, the official magazine of the NAACP, was founded in 1910. It described itself as inheriting the tradition of advocacy journalism from Freedom's Journal, which began in 1827 as "the first African-American owned and operated newspaper published in the United States".

The Suffragist newspaper, founded in 1913 by the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, promoted the agenda of the National Woman's Party and was considered the only female political newspaper at the time.

Muckrakers are often claimed as the professional ancestors of modern advocacy journalists; for example: Ida M. Tarbell, Ida B. Wells, Nellie Bly, Lincoln Steffens, Upton Sinclair, George Seldes, and I.F. Stone.

20th and 21st century advocacy journalists include:
 * Oprah Winfrey, who used her talk show to give visibility to causes, groups, and people
 * Non-governmental organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union, Greenpeace, Human Rights Watch, and UNAIDS.
 * Trade journal reporters highlighting issues like the environment, safety, social responsibility, and diversity
 * Environmental journalism outlets like Inside Climate News and Yale Environment 360
 * U.S. media outlets on the political left include Mother Jones, Jacobin, The Nation, and Pacifica Radio
 * U.S. media outlets on the political right include The Daily Wire, National Review, and the One America News Network

Objectivity
Advocacy journalists may reject the principle of objectivity in their work for several different reasons.

Studies have shown that despite efforts to remain completely impartial, journalism is unable to escape some degree of implicit bias, whether political, personal, or metaphysical, whether intentional or subconscious. This does not necessarily indicate an outright rejection of the existence of an objective reality, but rather recognition of the inability to report on it in a value-free fashion and the controversial nature of objectivity in journalism. Many journalists and scholars accept the philosophical idea of pure "objectivity" as being impossible to achieve, but still strive to minimize bias in their work. It is also argued that as objectivity is an impossible standard to satisfy, all types of journalism have some degree of advocacy, whether intentional or not.

title: Advocacy journalism


text:
Carlsruhe

Carlsruhe is the name of several locations:

 * Karlsruhe, a city in Germany (Karlsruhe was formerly Carlsruhe)
 * Carlsruhe, South Australia, a locality in South Australia, Australia
 * Carlsruhe, Victoria, a town in Victoria, Australia
 * Carlsruhe O/S and Bad Carlsruhe, German names of the village Pokój in Poland

title: Carlsruhe


text:
Guyanese dollar

The Guyanese dollar (currency sign: $, G$ and GY$; ISO: GYD) has been the unit of account in Guyana (formerly British Guiana) since 29 January 1839. Originally it was intended as a transitional unit to facilitate the changeover from the Dutch guilder system of currency to the British pound sterling system. The Spanish dollar was already prevalent throughout the West Indies in general, and from 1839, the Spanish dollar unit operated in British Guiana in conjunction with British sterling coins at a standard conversion rate of one dollar for every four shillings and twopence. In 1951 the British sterling coinage was replaced with a new decimal coinage which was simultaneously introduced through all the British territories in the Eastern Caribbean. When sterling began to depreciate in the early 1970s, a switch to a US dollar peg became increasingly attractive as an anti-inflationary measure and the Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority (of which Guyana was a member) made the switch in October 1975. The Guyanese dollar is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or alternatively G$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies.

History
The history of the Guyanese dollar should not be considered in isolation of the wider picture surrounding the history of currency in the British West Indies as a whole. (See also Currencies of the British West Indies). The aspects of that history that are peculiar to British Guiana are the continued use of the four pence groat coin when all other territories had abandoned it, and also the use of dollar accounts in both the public and private sectors since 1839. In the other Eastern Caribbean territories, there was a mixture of dollar and sterling accounts until the year 1951.

The Dutch territories of Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice on the north coast of South America, created in early 17th century, came under the control of the British during the Napoleonic wars. These territories were formally ceded to the United Kingdom in 1815 and united to become the colony of British Guiana in 1831. At first, the British introduced a British variety of the Dutch guilder currency into this territory. Then in 1839, the Spanish dollar as a unit of account was introduced in order to facilitate the introduction of British sterling silver coinage. The rationale behind this lies in the fact that Spanish silver dollars, alternatively known as pieces of eight, were already circulating alongside the Dutch coinage, and also widely throughout the Eastern Caribbean. The dollar unit of account therefore acted as a convenient intermediary conversion unit between sterling and the outgoing guilder unit. The dollar unit was equivalent to 4 shillings 2 pence sterling and replaced the guilder unit at a rate of 1 dollar = $1/undefined$ guilders, i.e. £1 = $4.80 = 15 guilders. A particular feature of the circulation of British silver coins in British Guiana was the popularity of the 4d (four pence) coin, known as the groat. This was a direct consequence of its equivalence to the very popular outgoing 'bit' coin which was equal to one quarter of a guilder. When the groat coin ceased to circulate in the United Kingdom in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a special request was made in 1888 for groats to be struck for use in the British West Indies and British Guiana. These were first struck in 1891. From 1917 they were struck exclusively for use in British Guiana.

Spanish, Mexican, and Colombian silver dollars continued to circulate alongside the British sterling coinage until 1876 when these dollar coins were demonetised.

The Spanish dollar unit should not be confused with the American dollar unit. The American dollar unit was first introduced in the US in the year 1792, based on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the American dollar was marginally less valuable than the Spanish dollar.

Coins

After the introduction of the dollar, regular British coins circulated, together with 2 and 4 pence coins also issued elsewhere in the British West Indies. The 2 pence coins issued in 1838, 1843 and 1848 were of the standard Maundy money type, whilst the 4 pence coins bore an image of Britannia. Between 1891 and 1916, 4 pence coins were issued specifically for "British Guiana and West Indies" and between 1917 and 1945 for "British Guiana". 1916 also saw the first issue of paper money by the Government of British Guiana, in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 20 and 100 dollars.

In 1967, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 cents. The 1 and 5 cents were struck in Nickel-brass, with the other denominations struck in cupro-nickel. The coins ceased to be legal tender in 1992. In 1996, high inflation caused the introduction of 1, 5 and 10 dollars coins. The 1 and 5 dollars are struck in copper-plated steel, whilst the 10 dollars is struck in nickel-plated steel and has an equilateral-curved heptagonal shape.

In August, 2020, the $100 coin was launched. The coin is the first coloured coin issued by the Bank of Guyana.

Banknotes
Private banknotes were introduced in the late 19th century by the British Guiana Bank and the Colonial Bank. Both issued 5, 20 and 100 dollars. The British Guiana Bank issued notes until 1907, with the Colonial Bank issuing notes until 1917. The Colonial Bank was taken over by Barclays Bank, which issued notes in denominates of 5, 10, 20 and 100 dollars between 1926 and 1941.

In 1909, the Royal Bank of Canada introduced 100 dollars notes, followed in 1913 by 5 and 20 dollars notes. From 1920, the notes also bore the denomination in sterling. 100 dollars were issued until 1920, with the 5 and 20 dollars issued until 1938.

Paper money production specifically for British Guiana ceased in 1942 and local notes were replaced by BWI$ notes in 1951. In 1955, the BWI$ was decimalized and coinage was issued in the name of the "British Caribbean Territories, Eastern Group". In 1965, the East Caribbean dollar (EC$) replaced the BWI$ and circulated in British Guiana for a year until, following independence in 1966, the Guyanese dollar was introduced, replacing the East Caribbean dollar at par.

Banknotes were introduced on 15 November 1965 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 dollars. A second series issued between 1988 and 1992 consisted of 20, 100, and 500 dollar denominations. The 1996–1999 series included 20, 100, 500, and 1000 dollars. The 2000–2002 series included 500 and 1000 dollar notes. New banknotes of 100 and 1000 dollars were issued on 29 March 2006. The 100-dollar note is similar to the preceding issue of the same denomination, except the design has been slightly modified with larger numerals for the denomination in the upper left front corner, a different screen trap background pattern, and shortened printer imprint. Both notes now have designs that extend to the borders and watermarks that include an electrotype map of Guyana. The 2011 issue included 500 and 1000 dollars with brand new security features, the most notable is the holographic stripe with a colorful macaw replacing the OVD patch used on the previous issues. On November 15, 2013, the Bank of Guyana unveiled the 5,000-dollar note which was issued on December 9. However, there have not been any plans for a circulating non-commemorative 10,000-dollar note for Guyana as of yet. In February 2022, the Bank of Guyana unveiled the 2,000 dollar note.

Commemorative banknotes

 * N.D. (2016) 50 Dollars - 50 Years of Independence.
 * N.D. (2021) 2,000 Dollars - 55 Years of Independence - being released in late February 2022. This will be the first polymer banknote for Guyana.

authors: Петров Эдуард

title: Guyanese dollar


text:
Slums of Beverly Hills

Slums of Beverly Hills is a 1998 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Tamara Jenkins, and starring Natasha Lyonne, Alan Arkin, Marisa Tomei, David Krumholtz, Kevin Corrigan, Jessica Walter, and Carl Reiner. The story follows a teenage girl (Lyonne) struggling to grow up in 1976 in a lower-middle-class nomadic Jewish family that relocates every few months.

Plot
Fourteen-year-old Vivian Abromowitz's family are penniless nomads, moving from one cheap apartment to another in 1976 Beverly Hills, so that Vivian and her brothers can attend the city's prestigious local schools. Their father, Murray, is a divorced 65-year-old, working as an unsuccessful Oldsmobile salesman whose cars are selling poorly due in large part to the energy crisis of the time.

Vivian's wealthy uncle Mickey regularly sends the family money to help them survive. When Mickey's 29-year-old daughter Rita escapes from a rehab facility, Murray offers her shelter if Mickey will pay for a plush apartment. Vivian must babysit her adult cousin, ensuring that she attends nursing school and avoids pills and alcohol. However, Vivian has her own problems: she is curious about sex, likes an apparently-twenty-something neighbor, Eliot, has inherited her mother's ample breasts, and wants a family that does not embarrass her.

Vivian's older brother Ben aspires to a show business career. Her father appreciates the attention from his wealthy lady-friend Doris Zimmerman but resists her desire that he send his kids back East to live with his ex-wife. Vivian's younger brother Rickey wishes they could live somewhere where they could have more comforts like furniture and worries about how old their father is.

Vivian and Rita are close and sometimes speak in gibberish. Vivian learns that Rita is not that serious about attending nursing school, being more interested in re-establishing contact with a guy she met in rehab, and also has no idea what to do with her life. Murray attempts to cover up Rita's lack of progress at nursing school when Mickey asks for progress reports. Eventually, Mickey starts to go off on Murray, frustrated at having to support his brother's family; he explodes during a meeting between the two families, telling Murray he is "their real father" because he sends them money. Vivian snaps and stabs Mickey in the leg with a fork; then Rita admits that she is pregnant. Rita gets on a plane with her now outraged parents. Depressed and dejected, Murray once again packs the kids into his car and they take off. In an attempt to cheer her father up, Vivian suggests that the family stop for a cheap steak at Sizzler for breakfast — a ritual regularly suggested by their father as a means of showing affection to his children.

Cast

 * Alan Arkin as Murray Abromowitz, Vivian's father
 * Natasha Lyonne as Vivian Abromowitz, a fourteen-year-old girl who is the story's main protagonist
 * Kevin Corrigan as Eliot Arenson, Vivian's neighbor and sometime boyfriend
 * Jessica Walter as Doris, Murray's new love interest
 * Rita Moreno as Belle Abromowitz, Mickey's wife and Rita's mother
 * David Krumholtz as Ben Abromowitz, Vivian's 18-year-old brother
 * Eli Marienthal as Rickey Abromowitz, Vivian's 10-year-old brother
 * Carl Reiner as Mickey Abromowitz, Murray's older brother and Rita's father
 * Marisa Tomei as Rita Abromowitz, Vivian's paternal cousin
 * Jay Patterson as Dr. Grossman
 * Mena Suvari as Rachel Hoffman

Production
The film is loosely based on writer-director Tamara Jenkins' experiences as a youth moving around different apartments in the Beverly Hills area with her lower-middle-class family. Jenkins wrote the script at the Sundance Filmmakers' Lab, where Sundance founder Robert Redford got ahold of her screenplay and expressed interest in producing it. Redford said he related to Jenkins' experiences of having "grown up as an 'outsider'...not at all a member of the club but a sideline observer from the wrong side of the tracks." Redford is credited as an executive producer on the film.

Box office
Slums of Beverly Hills earned a total of $5,502,773 at the domestic box office. On its opening weekend, it garnered $125,561 from seven theaters in the United States.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 81% approval rating based on 62 reviews, for an average score of 7/10, with the site's consensus describing the film as "Warm, real, and hilarious".

Reviewers have praised the 1970s production design, the humor, and the acting as "dead-on". Roger Ebert awarded the film three out of four, and said of lead actress Natasha Lyonne, "[she] has the film's most important role, and is the key to the comedy. She does a good job of looking incredulous, and there's a lot in her life to be incredulous about. She also has a nice pragmatic approach to sexuality, as in a scene where she consults a plastic surgeon about on-the-spot breast reduction." He also stated, "...basically I enjoyed Slums of Beverly Hills—for the wisecracking, for the family squabbles, for the notion of squatters who stake a claim in a Beverly Hills where money, after all, is not the only currency".

San Francisco Chronicle reviewer Ruthe Stein stated, "While touching on serious issues such as loss, this coming-of-age story is first and foremost a comedy, and a hilarious one at that. It never strains to be funny. The humor derives from the deadpan responses of family members to circumstances beyond their control." She also wrote, "Set in the mid-'70s, Slums gets the period right, from the burnt orange shag carpet on the floor of the family's temporary digs to the dorky clothes and extreme hairstyles. Even the saleslady who sells Vivian her first bra has the overly made-up look of the time. The Abramowitzes' behavior when they go out to eat—complaining about the service and that there's too much salt in the food—may seem to border on a Jewish stereotype. But it's also dead-on."

Soundtrack

 * "Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof off the Sucker)" – Parliament
 * "I'd Love to Change the World" – Ten Years After
 * "Shambala" – Three Dog Night
 * "Up the Escalator" – Rolfe Kent
 * "A Fool in Love" – Ike And Tina Turner
 * "Papa Loves Mambo" – Perry Como
 * "You and Your Folks, Me and My Folks" – Funkadelic
 * "Measuring Up" – Rolfe Kent
 * "Before the Next Teardrop Falls" – Freddie Fender
 * "Luck Be a Lady" – David Krumholtz
 * "Let Your Love Flow" – The Bellamy Brothers
 * "Escalator" – Rolfe Kent
 * "Your Perverted Arms" – Rolfe Kent
 * "Rita" – Rolfe Kent
 * "We're Nomads" – Rolfe Kent

title: Slums of Beverly Hills


text:
R. N. Baskin

Robert Newton Baskin (December 20, 1837 – August 26, 1918) was an American politician and lawyer in the state of Utah.

Biography
R.N. Baskin was born in Hillsboro, Ohio on December 20, 1837. He attended Salem Academy, near Chillicothe, Ohio and studied law with the firm of James H. Thompson in Salem, Ohio. En route for California, Baskin visited the Little Cottonwood mining district with Thomas Hearst and saw possibilities in the minerals of Utah Territory and decided to stay.

Baskin became friends with a Dr. Robinson in Salt Lake City who was assassinated on October 22, 1866. Dr. Robinson was building the first public hospital in Salt Lake City when the police tore it down and warned him not to "renew his operations there." Brigham Young later said about Dr. Robinson's hospital: "The band of men had done wrong; that instead of going by night to destroy the building, they should have gone through it in broad day." Dr. Robinson contacted Baskin in contemplation of bringing a suit to recover damages for the destruction of his property. A few weeks after the suit was instituted Dr. Robinson was called from his bed at midnight by some unknown person who said that a friend of Dr. Robinson was injured. Ignoring the advice from his wife he went with the person, but at the corner of Third South and Main in downtown Salt Lake he was beaten to death. Standing over the mutilated body of his friend, Baskin resolved that he would do all in his power to increase federal authority in Utah, as a prominent Harvard trained, Protestant attorney in Utah. According to an article appearing in the Deseret News on August 26, 1918, "he did much to develop Utah mines, prosecuted John D. Lee, wrote his Reminiscences, exposed Mormon Apostle Orson F. Whitney, and was active in politics, especially against polygamy. He drew and procured the Cullom Bill, was mayor of Salt Lake City elected under the Utah Liberal Party in 1892, and was associate justice of the Supreme Court of Utah (sworn in January 3, 1899). Baskin died at his home in Salt Lake City on August 26, 1918.

He faced criticism from some such as the editor of the Deseret News who said that the paper "found it necessary to oppose his operations and criticize his methods with all the force it could command". However, the editor also commented that the paper later "found itself able to conscientiously to support him for high public office, and to commend his official acts and policies". In his reply he says, "I assure the Mormon people I am not their enemy, but their friend...I openly, and above board honestly and untiringly strove to Americanize theocratic Utah".

He was a Freemason, being a member of Mount Moriah Lodge No. 2 of the Free and Accepted Masons of Utah, having gone through the three degrees sometime prior to the 1872 Proceedings of that Grand Lodge where he is listed as a member; according to records of subsequent annual proceedings, he remained a member for the rest of his life.

title: R. N. Baskin


text: File:Honor Guard Ribbon Banner.jpg

title: File:Honor Guard Ribbon Banner.jpg


text:
Greta West, Victoria

Greta West is a locality in north-east Victoria, Australia. At the, Greta West had a population of 162.

Ned Kelly, bushranger, lived for a short while near Greta West.

The township was settled in the 1890s, the Post Office opening on 18 April 1892 (closed 1994).

The closest points of reference are Glenrowan and Moyhu.

title: Greta West, Victoria


text:
Talk:Felix Santschi

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Felix Santschi. The final result was Keep. --Deathphoenix 08:08, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Felix Santschi


text:
Oksana Akinshina

Oksana Sergeevna Akinshina (Оксана Сергеевна Акиньшина; born 19 April 1987) is a Russian actress. She is known for her roles in the films Sisters (2001), Lilya 4-ever (2002), The Bourne Supremacy (2004), Hipsters (2008) and Sputnik (2020).

Early life
Akinshina was born on 19 April 1987 in what was then Leningrad in Russia, then part of the Soviet Union. Her father is a car mechanic, and her mother is an accountant. She has a younger sister. At the time she landed the role in Lilya 4-ever (2002), Akinshina only spoke Russian and communicated with director Lukas Moodysson with the help of Alexandra Dahlström as her interpreter.

Career
Starting acting at age 12, Akinshina was discovered by Sergei Bodrov Jr. and made her screen debut in the Russian crime film Sisters (2001), Bodrov's directorial debut.

Her second film, Lilya 4-Ever (2001), earned her a 2002 European Film Award nomination for Best Actress. She lost, however, to the eight actresses of the film 8 Women (2002). For her role in Lilya 4-Ever, she also received the award for Best Actress in Leading Role from the Guldbagge Awards.

Since then, Akinshina has acted in the films Het Zuiden—directed by Martin Koolhoven—and The Bourne Supremacy (2004)—directed by Paul Greengrass.

Personal life
From 2007 to 2010, Akinshina was married to businessman Dmitry Litvinov, with whom she has a son (born 2009). In 2012, Akinshina married film producer Archil Gelovani, with whom she has two children, a son and a daughter. The couple separated in 2018.

title: Oksana Akinshina


text:
Pedro Rodríguez (soldier)

Master Sergeant Pedro Rodríguez (January 3, 1912 – October 19, 1999) was a U.S. Army soldier from Puerto Rico who earned two Silver Stars within a seven-day period during the Korean War. He is one of the few U.S. Army soldiers and perhaps the only Puerto Rican soldier other than Brigadier General Antonio Rodríguez Balinas, Second Lieutenant Vidal Rodriguez-Amaro, and Sergeant First Class Felix G. Nieves to receive more than one Silver Star during the Korean War. Rodríguez served in the 65th Infantry Regiment during both World War II and the Korean War; the 65th Infantry was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2014.

Early years
Rodríguez was born Lajas, Puerto Rico, on January 3, 1912, into a poor family. Rodríguez did not have a formal education. His father owned an ox cart and earned a living by delivering goods to the town's merchants. Rodríguez rose early in the morning to help his father. Together they went to the railroad station, where they loaded the goods onto their ox cart and then delivered them. When he was 14 years old, his father died and he had to take over the ox cart and the financial responsibility of his family. The economic situation became so bad that in 1937, when he was 25 years old, he joined the Puerto Rico National Guard.

World War II
Rodríguez was assigned to the 65th Infantry Regiment, the all Puerto Rican regiment and was stationed in Panama. When World War II broke out, the 65th Infantry was sent to North Africa. In September 1944, his company landed in Marseilles, France, and marched north into Germany without any major incident.

Korean War
After the war, the 65th Infantry was stationed in Puerto Rico. The 65th was activated to the U.S. Army was deployed to Korea attached to the 3rd Infantry Division, upon the outbreak of the Korean War on August 26, 1950. By the time the "Borinqueneers", as the 65th was known, reached Korea, Rodríguez had been promoted to the rank of sergeant.

Sgt. Rodríguez was a member of Company F and on March 24, 1951, he led his unit to secure Hill 476. When a camouflaged enemy machine gun opened fire on them, Rodríguez led a squad with fixed bayonets in an assault on the area from which the gunfire came from. The enemy fled leaving their supplies behind. For his actions, Rodríguez was awarded his first Silver Star Medal.
 * First Silver Star:

A week later on March 31, his company was attacking Hill 398, near Choksong-Myon, when they came under an enemy mortar barrage. After, the enemy pinned down and inflicted heavy casualties on the lead platoon, Rodríguez was ordered to assist the stalled unit and led his platoon in an assault that routed the enemy. For his actions, he was awarded a second Silver Star Medal.
 * 2nd Silver Star Medal:

Silver Star citations
Other U.S. Army soldiers and officers to receive more than one Silver Star for actions during the Korean War include First Lieutenant Romeo H. Bucknell Jr., First Lieutenant Smith B. Chamberlain, Second Lieutenant Robert H. Coldren, First Lieutenant Charles H. Fleming, Colonel David Haskell Hackworth, First Lieutenant Jerimiah V. Hayhurst, First Lieutenant Raymond W. King, Captain Edward A. Konek, Sergeant First Class Felix G. Nieves, Second Lieutenant Hans G. Olsen, Second Lieutenant Vidal Rodriguez-Amaro, Brigadier General Antonio Rodríguez Balinas, and Lieutenant Colonel Howard B. Sinclair.

Later years
Rodríguez retired from the Army with the rank of Master Sergeant and went to work as a mail carrier for the U.S. Postal Service in Puerto Rico. In 1979, Rodríguez went to live at the Soldier's and Airmen's Retirement Home in Washington, D.C. In 1977, he had a stroke and other medical complications including the loss of his left leg. Rodríguez died on October 19, 1999, at the age of 88, from a heart attack. He was buried with full military honors at the Arlington National Cemetery. He was married to Asuncion Toro with whom he had five children.

Military awards and decorations
Among Rodríguez's decorations were the following:

Foreign Medal The Bravery Gold Medal of Greece was given by the Government of Greece to the 65th Infantry Regiment and to the members of the regiment who fought in the Korean War.
 * Greek Cross of Valour ribbon.png Chryssoun Aristion Andrias (Bravery Gold Medal of Greece)

Congressional Gold Medal

On June 10, 2014, President Barack Obama, signed the legislation known as "The Borinqueneers CGM Bill" at an official ceremony. The Bill honors the 65th Infantry Regiment with the Congressional Gold Medal.

title: Pedro Rodríguez (soldier)


text: User talk:61.1.253.109

title: User talk:61.1.253.109


text:
User talk:83.235.255.184

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:57 births

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:57 births

A tag has been placed on Category:57 births requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Liz Read! Talk! 13:57, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Category:76 BC births

A tag has been placed on Category:76 BC births indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Qwerfjkl talk  07:16, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:83.235.255.184