text:
Carbon Trust

The Carbon Trust is a United Kingdom-based consultancy established in March 2001. Its aim is to accelerate the pace of private sector decarbonisation and increase energy efficiency in the United Kingdom and worldwide.

The Carbon Trust was originally funded by around £50m of UK tax revenue generated from the Climate Change Levy (CCL), a tax on business energy use. The trust's initial goal was to help businesses reduce energy costs and therefore offset the additional cost of paying the CCL. The establishment of the Carbon Trust was announced in the 2000 UK White Paper "Climate Change - the UK Programme" (Cmd 4913).

The Carbon Trust was conceived as a business-led, publicly funded organisation operating at arms length from the UK government. The early concept, design, and governance were carried out in close consultation with business. Senior officials from the Devolved Administrations and the UK department (the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions) would sit on the Trust's Board, where non-business non-executive Directors were in the majority. However, the chair, CEO and most of the executive team were appointed from the private sector, most notably the oil and gas and management consultancy sectors. Founding CEO Tom Delay previously worked at Shell for 16 years before beginning his 22-year tenure as CEO of the trust.

In July 2023, Delay announced his retirement from his role as CEO of the Carbon Trust. In January 2024, the Carbon Trust appointed Chris Stark, former head of the UK Climate Change Committee, as CEO, with Stark's term beginning in Spring 2024.

Remit and initial programmes
Source:

The Trust began its work with three core activities:

 * To ensure that UK business and the public sector contribute fully to meeting ongoing targets for greenhouse gas emissions.
 * To improve the competitiveness of UK business through resource efficiency; and
 * To support the development of a UK industry sector that capitalises on the innovation and commercial value of low carbon technologies nationally and internationally.

The need to recycle CCL revenues back to business by reducing energy costs through energy efficiency was a key early driver of the Carbon Trust's work. Its first act was to take over the UK government's £17m pa Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme (EEBPP) in 2002, a UK-wide information-based measure providing independent advice and support on existing energy efficient technologies and energy management practices.

The Trust reconfigured the EEBPP to improve its focus and services to business under a new branding called "Action Energy".

The Carbon Trust also initiated work on new and emerging low carbon technologies using a range of programmes and measures including traditional research, development, and demonstration support to supporting early stage companies developing new technologies and practices. These activities came under the banner of the "Low Carbon Innovation Programme".

Current work
The Carbon Trust presents itself as a global organisation, with offices in China, Mexico, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Africa, the UK and USA.

Services
The Carbon Trust provides sustainability education to businesses to help them save energy, as well as voluntary carbon certification services and carbon labelling schemes that verify carbon footprint data and companies' adherence to standards. It also works with governments and corporations on low carbon technologies, including offshore wind and marine energy.

Carbon Trust standards
The Carbon Trust runs a series of environmental standards that certify measurement and reduction. Currently, these cover carbon, water and waste and have been awarded to hundreds of leading companies and organisations across the world.

In June 2008 the Carbon Trust introduced the Carbon Trust Carbon Standard to address what it describes as business greenwash. The Carbon Trust Carbon Standard is only awarded to companies and organisations who measure and reduce their carbon emissions year on year. Examples of organisations who have held the Carbon Standard include Sky, Aldi, Eurotunnel, Bupa, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Samsung Electronics, Angus Council, Capital & Regional, O2, npower, Credit Suisse and the Scottish Government.

In February 2013 the Carbon Trust introduced the Carbon Trust Water Standard to recognise those companies reducing their water use year on year. The first four companies to receive the Water Standard were Sainsbury's, Coca-Cola, Sunlight Services Group and Branston.

In July 2013 the Carbon Trust introduced the Carbon Trust Waste Standard. In November 2013 the waste standard was awarded to the first wave of organisations, which included The Football Association, Renishaw, Whitbread, PricewaterhouseCoopers and AkzoNobel Decorative Paints. These last three became the first in the world to gain the triple crown of reaching the carbon, water and waste standard.

In 2015, the Carbon Trust launched the Carbon Trust Supply Chain Standard to look at carbon footprints across the supply chain. It is the world's first independent certification for organisations that are measuring, managing and reducing greenhouse gas (CO2e) emissions in their supply chains.

Carbon footprint label
The Carbon Trust helps companies to measure the carbon emissions associated with their products (embodied emissions) and also provides a label for these products carbon footprint. Measuring the embodied emissions of products enables reductions to be identified and achieved across the supply chain. The label demonstrates a commitment by the product owner to reduce that footprint every two years. The Carbon Reduction Label was introduced in March 2007.

Examples of products that have featured the carbon footprint label are Amazon Devices, Evian water, Tetra Pak packaging, Kingsmill bread, Quorn foods, Silver Spoon sugar, Walkers crisps, a range of own brand products in Tesco supermarkets, Halifax (HBOS) bank accounts, Dyson airblades, Marshalls building products, Quaker oats, Lafarge cement, and Pompeian Olive Oil.

The standards behind carbon labelling are now formally recognised through the PAS 2050 developed by the Carbon Trust in conjunction with BSI and Defra. This methodology is now gaining international acceptance following its launch in October 2008.

However, currently this standard has been revised to the PAS 2050: 2011 version, but the Carbon Trust has not received UKAS accreditation.

title: Carbon Trust


text:
Brock Island

Brock Island is one of the uninhabited members of the Queen Elizabeth Islands of the Arctic Archipelago located in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Located at 77°51'N 114°27'W, it measures 764 km2 in size and lies close to Mackenzie King Island. The first known sighting of the island by a European was by Vilhjalmur Stefansson in 1915 and it was later named for Reginald W. Brock, Dean of Applied Science at the University of British Columbia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brock Island


text:
Defense Commissary Agency

The Defense Commissary Agency (DeCA), headquartered at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia, is an agency of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) that operates nearly 240 commissaries worldwide. American military commissaries sell groceries and household goods to active-duty, Guard, Reserve, and retired members of all eight uniformed services of the United States and eligible members of their families at cost plus surcharge, saving authorized patrons thousands of dollars compared to civilian supermarkets.

History
The commissary benefit is not a recent innovation. Sales of goods from commissary department storehouses to military personnel began in 1825, when U.S. Army officers at specified posts could make purchases at cost for their personal use; by 1841, officers could also purchase items for members of their immediate families.

However, the modern era of sales commissaries is considered to have actually begun in 1867, when enlisted men received the same at-cost purchasing privileges officers had already enjoyed for four decades. No geographic restrictions were placed upon these sales; the commissary warehouse at every Army post could become a sales location, whether they were located on the frontier or near a large city. From the start, commissaries were meant to take on-post retail functions out of the hands of civilian vendors and post traders and allow the Army to "care for its own." The stores provided food beyond what was supplied in the official rations, and the savings they provided supplemented military pay. The modern concept of commissary sales stores, which were established to benefit military personnel of all ranks by providing healthful foods at cost, reached its 150th anniversary on July 1, 2017.

The commissary retail function developed and grew, roughly parallel to the development of the retail grocery industry. The commissaries’ 82-item stock list of 1868 was comparable to the stock assortment in a typical civilian dry goods grocery store at that time. Commissaries kept pace with developments in civilian supermarkets, and the average commissary today has more than 12,000 line items; the largest stores have several thousand more.

The list of eligible shoppers has also grown. Originally, only active-duty Army personnel could shop. Today, personnel in all services, including the Coast Guard and National Guard and Reserves, may shop in the commissary on any U.S. military installation, around the world. Military retirees – those who have served in uniform 20 years or more – were first allowed to make commissary purchases in 1878, and they continue to have shopping privileges. Spouses and dependent children of service personnel are authorized commissary privileges, as are recipients of the Medal of Honor, and veterans honorably discharged from service with 100% disability in connection with military service also have authorized commissary privileges.

As the role of the American military grew larger, commissaries began to spread around the world. The first overseas stores opened in Cuba, the Philippines and in China between 1898 and 1904. They were soon followed by commissaries in Panama and Puerto Rico. Eventually, all the services adopted the Army's concept of commissary sales stores and tailored the concept to their own needs. The Navy and Marine Corps opened their first commissaries in 1909 and 1910, and the Air Force inherited its stores from the Army Air Forces in 1947 and 1948. By the mid-1970s, each of the services ran its own commissary agency, with differing procedures and systems: the Army Troop Support Agency (TSA), the Navy Resale System Support Office (NAVRESSO), the Commissary Section of the Marine Corps Services Command, and the Air Force Commissary Service (AFCOMS).

Separate systems combined
In 1989, Congress directed DoD to conduct a study of the separate military commissary systems. The ensuing report by the Jones Commission (headed by Army Lt. Gen. Donald E. Jones) recommended consolidating the service systems into one agency to improve service and save money. The Defense Commissary Agency (DeCA) was established May 15, 1990, by a memorandum from the deputy secretary of defense; this was the first DoD functional agency consolidation during the post-Cold War cutbacks and downsizing.

DoD appointed Army Maj. Gen. John P. Dreska as the agency's first director in June 1990. Shortly afterward, a transition team of commissary functional experts managed the consolidation of all the service systems into a single agency, and DeCA assumed full control of all commissaries on Oct. 1, 1991, at its headquarters in Fort Lee, Va.

After leading DeCA through its initial year of operation, Dreska retired in 1992, and Army Maj. Gen. Richard E. Beale Jr. became the new director. Beale retired from the military Sept. 30, 1996, but stayed on the job as the first civilian director of the agency. He was succeeded by Air Force Maj. Gen. Robert J. Courter Jr. (November 1999 to August 2002) and Air Force Maj. Gen. Michael P. Wiedemer (August 2002 to October 2004). Patrick B. Nixon, who served as director and CEO from October 2004 to October 2007, was the first person in U.S. history to become director of any commissary agency after beginning his career at store level and steadily rising through the commissaries' civilian career field. Following Nixon's retirement, Richard S. Page served as acting director until the arrival of director and CEO, Philip E. Sakowitz Jr., in June 2008. Thomas E. Milks was acting director and CEO, from Sakowitz's June 2010 retirement until Joseph H. Jeu succeeded Sakowitz 3 June 2011.

Joseph H. Jeu subsequently served as the director and CEO from January 2011 until his retirement in June 2017. Michael Dowling served as acting director and CEO following Jeu’s retirement. On Oct. 24, DOD announced retired Rear Adm. Robert J. Bianchi as the interim director and CEO. Bianchi is also the CEO of the Navy Exchange Service Command.

Authorized commissary patrons
Authority to shop at Commissaries is normally determined by presentation of the U.S. Uniformed Services Privilege and Identification Card or a Common Access Card. At some military bases authorized patrons are allowed to bring guests into the commissaries. Guests are not authorized to make commissary purchases, and patrons are not permitted to make commissary purchases for guests. Base commanders can order the restriction of guests to the commissaries.

Commissary privileges overseas are covered under Status of Forces Agreements (SOFA), Visiting Forces agreements, treaties, etc. Since products sold in overseas commissaries pass across international borders and are customs, duty, and tax free; there are shopping restrictions.

Authorized patrons

 * Active duty members of the United States Armed Forces.
 * DeCA employees
 * Members of the Reserve and National Guard.
 * Retired members of Active Duty, Reserves, and the National Guard.
 * Retired Reservist and National Guardsmen not yet age 60 (Gray Area).
 * Honorably discharged veterans with 10-100 percent service-connected disability certified by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).
 * Recipients of the Medal of Honor.
 * Since Jan 2020, Recipients of the Purple Heart.
 * Since Jan 2020, Disabled Veterans*.
 * Since Jan 2020, Caregivers for Disabled Veterans*.
 * Since Jan 2020, former POWs.

* Patron eligibility documentation required is primarily based on VA letter for caregivers and VA VID. Some newly categorized patrons receive an additional charge on top of regular Surcharge to satisfy U.S. Treasury fees to avoid a hit on taxpayers.

Eligible dependents

 * Spouses of Military Servicemembers, Military Retirees, Recipients of the Medal of Honor and Veterans with 40-100 percent service-connected disability are entitled to full commissary privileges.
 * Children until their military-parent leaves the service (without a full combat related disability) or they reach the age of 21 or age 23 if enrolled in college full-time.

Survivors

 * Spouses of fallen Servicemembers in combat have unlimited commissary privileges.
 * Unmarried children of the deceased servicemembers in the line of duty may use commissary privileges, until they are twenty-one, or twenty-three if enrolled in a full-time course of study in a secondary school or in a full-time course of study in an institution of higher education.

Personal agent
Authorized Commissary patron may designate an agent or representative, on a temporary basis not to exceed one year, to accompany and assist an authorized patron to the commissary under the following conditions:
 * In extreme hardship cases.
 * When no adult dependent member is capable of shopping due to injury, illness, incapacitation or being stationed away from their household (i.e. deployment, TDY, school, training).
 * Any person chosen by a blinded or other severely disabled eligible patron to assist the patron.

The personal agent will be provided official agent credentials or an approval letter, and then may enter any commissary to shop on behalf of the authorized patron. Only an installation commander can authorize agent privileges.

Guard/Reserve On-Site Sales
Guard/Reserve On-Site Sales is a program that allows Guard/Reserve members and their families, and any authorized shopper living long distances from a commissary store. The sales which provide patrons significant savings; the same as active duty military personnel that shop regularly at the commissaries. Guard/Reserve On-Site Sales are held at Reserve Centers, National Guard armories and Air National Guard bases.

Commissaries today
Today's customers also pay a surcharge on their purchases, which was mandated by Congress in 1952 to make commissaries more self-sustaining. The surcharge, which has been set at 5 percent since April 1983, provides modern shopping facilities for service members at a reduced cost to taxpayers. Unlike a tax, surcharge funds go right back into the commissary to work for commissary customers, paying for the cost of building new stores, renovating and repairing existing ones and purchasing equipment and store-level information technology systems such as cash registers.

Commissary patrons worldwide save thousands of dollars annually on their grocery bills. Customers can use manufacturer's coupons to save even more on their commissary purchases. Annual sales now are nearly $5 billion.

Surveys consistently rate the commissaries as one of the military's top non-pay benefits. Many young service families, particularly those stationed in high cost-of-living urban areas, could not make ends meet without the price savings provided by the commissaries. DeCA has delivered more than $2 in savings to customers for every taxpayer dollar used to support the commissary system. In other words, preserving this level of compensation in direct dollar payments to military personnel would cost the government more than twice the current fund appropriation.

title: Defense Commissary Agency


text:
Talk:Lamia

Misquotation?
In the very start it says this - "Similar in type to other female monsters from Greco-Roman myth, such as the empuses and the mormolyces, she is distinguished from them by her description as half-woman and half-serpent." And the source of which is this page - http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Lamia.html

But as I've read, there is no mention whatsoever of any 'serpent' form.

I suggest the text be changed to reflect this, seeing how it's just simply a case of someone writing what they 'think' and then being linked to a source which in NO way backs the idea up. 202.42.98.24 (talk) 02:59, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Lamia of Libya isn't described as a half-woman and half-serpent by the sources. This is an inference. There is an anecdote (Dio Chrysostom) about a nameless race of man-eating monsters woman-serpents of Libya.

 * The Lamia-Sybaris of Delphi, despite the theoi page http://www.theoi.com/Ther/DrakainaSybaris.html is not acutally called a "drakaina" in the Greek source either. --Kiyoweap (talk) 18:00, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

Old discussion
I could swear I'd heard of lamia who were lions with human head/breasts, covered in scales, and occasionally bearing dragon wings. Where did that come from? Mytho-biology seems to be fraught with these mystery monsters named after better-known unrelated things.

 * Another unsourced, uncharacteristic description: "Some stories also describe the Lamia as a demon with the upper torso of a woman, the lower front half of the body that of a lion, and the back half of a black goat, similar in appearance to Centaurs." Can any editors identify this description and return it to the article? --Wetman 06:46, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Found it - http://www.eaudrey.com/myth/lamia.htm

I saw once in a Spanish textbook what seemed to be four pictures of creatures in some form of South/Central Native American mythology. One of them was labeled, "Lamia" and had a picture of what looked like a hybrid between a snake and a duck. --70.114.239.33 22:24, 26 March 2006 (UTC) (Please forgive me if in any way this is the wrong format; I've never used this before.

earned the mechanics of citation, but that's no reason to delete a whole section of information. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Baligant (talk • contribs).

 * How can one begin to explain the basic concept of relevance? In those video games, an understanding of Lamia adds to the experience, or may even be necessary: Lamia is relevant. The converse (not reverse: a good concept also to grasp) is not necessarily true: these factoids about the appearance of this or that being called lamia in various market-driven games add nothing to an understanding of lamia, which is the subject here. Baligant and her like must go to the relevant articles and explain there how lamia is being used, adapted or misused, with a link here. That will be relevant there. Doesn't everyone older than ten understand this? Am I the only adult watching this page?--Wetman 07:49, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Chill the fuck out. It's not very 'adult' to be insulting for no reason. Now, Mr. Adult, if you look at the articles for any number of mythological figures (like Lakhesis for example) such information as appearances in games, movies, and other media is commonly included. As it should be, because it constitutes a representation of the mythological figure. The only difference between these representations and, say, a carving or tapestry from the Hellenic period (which you would certainly agree is relevant) is the culture and time period. Because these two things are a continuum, it is arbitrary to draw the line anywhere, and it can actually be informative to see how representations of the figure have changed over the ages. Maybe next time you can assume people actually know something instead of being a douchebag. Also, I'm not a 'her', but that's a different matter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Baligant (talk • contribs) 23:50, August 25, 2007 (UTC)

Different Image?
Could we perhaps use a different image for the Lamia (at the top). While it is a nice and famous painting, it does not display any accurate info about the Lamia (its just a woman. almost looks like he could be depicting an average nymph.) Perhaps we could find a more suitable image. Canutethegreat (talk) 21:13, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Incomprehesible trivia
Can someone either rewrite the material about "Final Fantasy: Crystal Chronicles" and "Flyff" coherently, with some context, or remove it? As it is, it is probably not comprehensible to one reader in twenty. (e.g. "she will continue to heal her husband just before he is KO'd, and debuff the player(s) with her Slow spells.") - Jmabel | Talk 01:53, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Title
Perhaps this page should be located simply at Lamia, since it's likely the most common meaning. — Feezo (Talk) 19:28, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with this. Proserpine 03:14, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

"Cleanup"
Removing original research and attempting to clarify article. Tulpa 08:00, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Trashed! Someone will have to restore some of the competent, sourced text that has been blanked. This is no way to clean up an article. --Wetman 11:50, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added some more references. In order that the bumperstickers can be removed, can anyone copy here sentences that leave their lip muscles numb, so that Incoherent can be eliminated? And is the bumpersticker Neutrality a joke? What violation of mainstream opinion concerning these creatures of myth is offensive to our critical sense? --Wetman 13:29, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The sentence construction ignores many rules of grammar or comprehension, and the article isn't very encyclopedic in tone. It uses non-neutral language in almost every sentence. Bogey, for instance, is used incorrectly and really just makes the article difficult to understand. The placement of clauses in the sentences just confuses the reader. Tulpa 15:43, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * For instance. I'll just go through some of the article for now.

 * 1) "Lamia was one of the monstrous bogeys that terrified children and the naive, like her daughter Scylla, or Empousa." implies that Scylla and Empousa are either terrified children, or naive. Also, bogey doesn't apply here.

 * No it doesn't imply any such thing: "Bogeys that terrified children" cannot be misread by any normal grownup. Children were terrified, or the naive, (such as those who have not read any mythology). Would a change to "as did her daughter Scylla, or Empousa." "Bogey: a phantom causing fright" is a highly accurate designation : please offer us an equally focused synonym from your own vocabulary. --Wetman 07:49, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) "A doublet of Lamia was Mormo." is barely comprehensible, considering that doublet is not the word you want to use. I'm sure you didn't mean to say that Mormo was Lamia's buttoned jacket, stylish in the 14th century.

 * I didn't realize that "doublet" is mythology-jargon: which would be better: "double" or "duplicate", to imply that the two are one, like Typhon and Typheous? --Wetman 07:49, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) "Diodorus Siculus made of Lamia the daughter of Poseidon and Lybie—a figure that is no more than a personification of Libya—and a queen of Libya herself, whom Zeus loved, according to Aristophanes." This sentence is spectacular for the lack of comprehension it causes. "made of" doesn't mean what you want it to mean.
 * It means she wasn't a queen nor a daughter of Poseidon until Diodorus Siculus made her out to be those things. --Wetman 07:49, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) I'm curious about the non-neutral language without a citation? Why specifically state that Lybie is "no more than a personification"? Wouldn't "Lybie is a personification" be more encyclopedic in tone? Being that Lamia never was the subject of the sentence, and the next phrase refers to a queen, it has to be assumed that it is still talking about Lybie. That wasn't your intention. Overall this is a run on sentence that can be broken into two or three logically constructed and understandable shorter sentences.--Tulpa 15:53, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Avoid the use of "being that". First, you want to suggest that Lybie is perhaps more than a personification? On what grounds? or is this simply your opinion of Lamia? The fact is, Libyie's "a figure that is no more than a personification of Libya"— until you can adduce some testimony to the contrary.You're quite right: this sentence does have too many concepts in it: it needs to be broken apart. Perhaps you'd do so right here, and let's work on it. --Wetman 07:49, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * By the way, I only removed unsourced statements from the article during my editing. Don't assume that any significant change from the earlier article is an act of vandalism. Tulpa 15:59, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * This is not in fact true: see diff. Don't delete sensible sourced statements. And by the way, where are your sourced statements? --Wetman 07:49, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

On the removal of Lempriere's Dictionary, I quote WP:V: "Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for fact-checking or with no editorial oversight. Questionable sources should only be used in articles about themselves. (See below.) Articles about such sources should not repeat any contentious claims the source has made about third parties, unless those claims have also been published by reliable sources." as Lempriere's dictionary fulfills the criteria of having a poor reputation for fact-checking, with what editorial oversight it had adding to that poor reputation. Tulpa 22:18, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Tulpa has never ever heard of John Lemprière or Lemprière's Bibliotheca Classica? Easy to believe, after all. This is incompetent muddling. Please desist. --Wetman 07:49, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Stop the condescension and read WP:V. That is a direct quote from it. Is it written in standard English so you can't quite grasp what it's saying? Lempriere's dictionary defines what the quote is talking about. It's a questionable source with NO fact checking or editorial oversight. Popularity doesn't define factuality. Accusing anyone who edits the article for what seems to be the better of being incompetent is in bad faith. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tulpa (talk • contribs).

By the way, citation needed for the notoriety of the relationship between Demetrius and the Courtesan. One source that notes it on a single page does not constitute notoriety. Tulpa 22:24, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Notorious in Antiquity. Not notorious to Tulpa, needless to say, so considered "POV" or something. Please don't apply your cultural level as a yardstick: mightn't you be a few inches short, just in this particular area? --Wetman 07:49, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Moved some of trivial details into infobox. The last one I don't know what to do with, as it's a meaningless piece of info without a source that explains the connection to hypocrisy. Otherwise I would move it to Interpretations. Tulpa 03:26, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't delete anything that you don't "get". Copy it here: that's what a Talk page is for. Working with a little modesty we'll get this article into such clear condition that any adult will comprehend it, I'm sure. I have not made any changes yet. --Wetman 07:49, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Modern folk traditions
I'm taking this whole thing out because it's an unsourced mess that seems completely made up. Feel free to find sources for it. Proserpine 08:08, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

In the modern Greek folk tradition, the Lamia has survived and retained many of her traditional attributes. John Cuthbert Lawson comments, "....the chief characteristics of the Lamiae, apart from their thirst for blood, are their uncleanliness, their gluttony, and their stupidity" (Lawson, Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion: A Study in Survivals). The contemporary Greek proverb, "της Λάμιας τα σαρώματα" ("the Lamia's sweeping"), epitomises slovenliness; and the common expression, "τό παιδί τό 'πνιξε η Λάμια" ("the child has been strangled by the Lamia"), explains the sudden death of young children (ibid). As in Bulgarian folklore and Basque legends, the Lamia in Greece is often associated with caves and damp places.

In modern Greek folk tales, Lamia is an ogress similar to Baba-Yaga. She lives in a remote house or tower. She eats human flesh and has magical abilities, keeps magical objects or knows information crucial to the hero of the tale's quest. The hero must avoid her, trick her or gain her favour in order to obtain one of those. In some tales, the lamia has a daughter who is also a magician and helps the hero, eventually falling in love with him.

 * I have returned it, well buttressed now with sources from even the most persistent temptation to delete, I imagine. I have deleted a thoughtless call for citations in a couple of places where the sources were already mentioned.--Wetman (talk) 06:31, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Poliziano
In 1492 Poliziano gave the title Lamia to an introductory lecture on Aristotle's Prior Analyrics. If anyone who has read it can add a remark on Poliziano's apprehension of Lamia, that induced this odd choice of title, that would enrich the article.--Wetman (talk) 06:31, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Wetman, an English translation of this work appeared in 2010 and you can preview it on google.

 * I merged from lamiai the sentence this was a poem by Poliziano. This is misleading since the work isn't about Lamia at all. It's some rhetorical or philosophical material. I'll modify it with a very brief note on why it bears the title "Lamia". I think such a brief note is the only due weight it deserves. --Kiyoweap (talk) 06:02, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

People who worship Lamia today?
Is there any mention to worship of Lamia today in the occult? I hear it talked about but any data? (anon.)

C16 emblem of hypocrisy
Citation has been requested for the statement In Renaissance emblems, Lamia has the body of a serpent and breasts and head of a woman, like the image of hypocrisy. I'm trying to recall an article published c. 1970 (Burlington Magazine?) on an allegorical representation of fraus (hypocrisy, fraud) described as I've mentioned, in a French C16 painting as I recall; the article discussed its iconography. I can't find it searching JSTOR. Can anyone help? --Wetman (talk) 22:14, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Minor rewrite
Someone had rewritten the myth section (mostly the section from Diodorus Siculus) in a way that was conversational and jarring. I've attempted to rewrite it in a more encyclopedic fashion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Proserpine (talk • contribs) 21:23, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm the one who rewrote that section. I did it because I found the original version clumsy and overly academic. Moby-Dick3000 (talk) 03:03, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Your rewrite is not written in an encyclopedic tone - you editorialize about points in a way that is not appropriate. You also continue to denote Lamia as a 'demon' and a 'demigoddess', when neither is true.  She is the daughter of Poseidon but is never stated to be anything other than mortal, and the greek daemon is an entirely different creature from the contemporary 'demon'.  Please do not revert again without defending that choice here. Proserpine (talk) 07:29, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

 * My tone is a matter of opinion. Also, all my information is well cited. In fact, most of it comes from the original version of the article.

 * A demigoddess is a creature who is half human, half god/goddess. Therefore my usage of this term is correct. I described Lamia as demonic because she eats children and feeds on the blood of men. That's a correct usage for the adjective demonic.

 * Wikipedia policy recommends a compromise when two editors begin butting heads on content, something I'm very willing to do. I just finished a rewrite which represents precisely that. Moby-Dick3000 (talk) 16:29, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Compromise is fine, and I will go back and take a look. The problem with 'demonic' is that it has a contemporary connotation that is inappropriate to ancient scholarship. Proserpine (talk) 18:31, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Okay. I've been doing some close reading of the antique sources.

 * The vampiric/seductress elements aren't in the original myth, they're later antique tradition -- the 'interpretations' section lower in the article, so I'm making that clear in the header. The idea of multiple lamiae is supported by the much later (c. 170–c. 245 AD) Life of Apollonius of Tyana, also cited there, which describes the lamia in question as "a lamia", not Lamia the Queen of Libya.  Life of Apollonius of Tyana is also the most common source describing a lamia as serpentine, and is the source referenced by -Keats-, who has made the serpent image the most readily accepted one today.  Most actual ancient sources do not refer to a serpentine appearance, citing her as a beautiful phasma (ghost, phantom), and I think the article should reflect that.

 * Diodorus Siculus (circa 1st century BC) is the most complete and widely cited ancient source of this myth. He does not describe Lamia as a serpentine creature - Lamia simply becomes "frightfully distorted" and ugly in the face - and does not have Hera responsible for the transformation.   Diodorus Siculus also does not cite Poseidon as her father, so I'm putting a note about that (and her potential nature as a demigoddess) in the mythological history section and taking demigoddess out of the header.  The Lamia who is the daughter of Poseidon is described by Pausanius and may be a different character altogether.  Siculus also does not describe Scylla as Lamia's daughter, so I'm keeping that part out of the Siculus portion.

 * Please don't hesitate to ask any questions. Proserpine (talk) 19:03, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

 * It all sounds good. I have only one objection. The wording of the first three paragraphs is to academic. I'm going to make it a bit more conversational. Moby-Dick3000 (talk) 12:35, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I do have one question. Why did you remove the reference to Lamia eating her own children when Horace suggests it himself? Moby-Dick3000 (talk) 13:56, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

 * The devouring of her -own- children seems to be a later addition to the myth, as opposed to the initial version reported by Diodorus Siculus. Proserpine (talk) 19:18, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I removed the following sentence because it struck me as personal analysis: This Lamia may be a different character altogether, perhaps an aunt (as Lamia's father Belus was also a child of Poseidon). Moby-Dick3000 (talk) 22:09, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Ogden's 2013a and 2013b makes things a lot clearer.

On "Lamia eating her own children when Horace suggests it himself" by Moby-Dick3000, this is a possible alternate reading of Duris of Samos.

Lamia's parentage Belus and Libye got deleted in the interim but I put it back. The source is not Diodorus but Scholium to Aristophanes Peace. --Kiyoweap (talk) 10:28, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Lamia - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 04:20, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

Merge Lamiai
The Lamiai article seems like it would fit better within this one. It seems that Lamiai is just a derivative of the Lamia myth, and would be better treated here instead of as a separate article (I've also seen sources that refer to Lamiai as simply a plural of Lamia) --KarlB (talk) 17:56, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * wrong target for merge - it is a vampire variation and only the name is vaguely similar to this name. -- TRPoD aka The Red Pen of Doom  13:38, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

 * lamiai is just the Greek plural form. There is no clear line dividing "a Lamia" and "a lamia", for example, some sources translate "Crotch of a Lamia" from Aristophanes. Lamia of Libya was also given shapeshifting ability, so there is crossover between the concepts.

 * There isn't really a completely separate "vampire variation" like is thinking.
 * Smith's Dictionary treats Lamia and Lamiae (Latin plural form) under one entry, so merging is just fine.--Kiyoweap (talk) 05:34, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * is right. Lamiai is just the plural form of Lamia. The names are not just "vaguely similar"; they are the same name, only the second version is the plural form. --Katolophyromai (talk) 05:49, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ I went ahead and merged. lamiai now redirects to Lamia. There were some residual content I merged into Lamia before I did so, namely, Poliziano and Enna opera.--Kiyoweap (talk) 05:45, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

a questionable link to aristophanes

 * Aristophanes claimed her name derived from the Greek word for gullet (λαιμός; laimos), referring to her habit of devouring children.
 * Aristophanes, The Wasps, 1177.

I don't know Ancient Greek, but I checked Loeb version of 'The Wasps' with the parallel greek text, ~1177 line is 'πρωτον μεν ως η Λαμι αλουσ επερδετο' about 'how Lamia spluttered when they caught her' (in another, more rude, translation 'Lamia, seeing herself caught, let fly a fart'), the Greek text doesn't have any λαιμός word nearby, only the name of the monster, nothing about gullets either.

May be it was some scholiast on Aristophanes, anyway it needs clarification IMO.217.118.64.61 (talk) 14:19, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

Article needs to be split
This article conflates two apparently different Lamia, the daughter of Poseidon, who was the mother by Zeus of the Libyan Sibyl, and a child stealing monster (see Pierre Grimal, Dictionary of Classical Mythology, pp. 248–449; also Smith Lamia 1. Lamia 2.).
 * I've now removed the content from this article referring to the daughter of Poseidon, who was the mother by Zeus of the Libyan Sibyl, and moved it to a new article Lamia (daughter of Poseidon). Paul August ☎ 13:02, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Vampire parallel
The mid-19th DGRA analogizes Lamia with vampire on a couple of places. But mid-19th century notion of it is that of "flesh-eater" (and obolete) viz:

In La'mia "In later times Lamiae.. enjoy their fresh, youthful, and pure flesh and blood.. thus in ancient times what the vampires are in modern legends".

In Empu'sa: "The Lamiae and Mormolyceia, who assumed the form of handsome women for the purpose of attracting young men, and then sucked their blood like vampyrs and ate their flesh, were reckoned among the Empusae."

The second entry does say "sucked their blood", but that part of it is spurious insofar as it is not verifiable to a primary source. The two primary sources it cites, "Philostratus" Vit. Apoll. 4.25, and Suidas s. v., but neither says anything on this. --Kiyoweap (talk) 23:36, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

 * As for blood-sucking, I now think this was not written by mistake but was an extrapolation on the part of the dictionary compiler(s).
 * It is still spurious to say "blood-sucking" occurs in these primary texts (rather than saying it is interpreted to have occured).

 * Further spuriousness occurs in the claim that Lamia sucked the blood of children. No primary sources shown on this either. --Kiyoweap (talk) 15:13, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

Singing to attract children
Seemingly spurrious claim that Lamia sang to attract children. Two books state this.

Both source (and even quote out of) Plutarch Curisosities 2, but mention of singing is absent.

Just tabling it for now. I haven't included in the article.--Kiyoweap (talk) 05:57, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Lamiae as insult word
Since Apuleis applies "lamiae" to other beings at another place (Book 5), it has been suggested the word is "not a formal classification" but a "pejorative expression", by Stannish & Doran (2013), p. 117. Resnick & Kitchell (2007) partly concedes, and says lamiae just means 'those bitches' in the second instance.

When added "The Elizabethan translator William Adlington rendered lamiae as "hags", obscuring the reference for generations of readers. " the latter part is POV.

Accordingly I removed the underlined portion because it was not a properly sourced POV statment. The citation was sloppy (no author or page number given) and I could not confirm it due to non-availability of preview. So it may be just WP:OR for all I can tell.--Kiyoweap (talk) 15:58, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

Tim Powers - The Stress of Her Regard
Should definitely be added to the entry 8.9.87.250 (talk) 02:14, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lamia


text:
Joseph Zobel

Joseph Zobel (April 26, 1915 – June 18, 2006) is the Martinican author of several novels and short-stories in which social issues are at the forefront. Although his most famous novel, La Rue Cases-Nègres, was published some twenty years after the great authors of Negritude published their works, Zobel was once asked if he considered himself "the novelist of Negritude". The novel was adapted for the screen by Euzhan Palcy in 1983 as Sugar Cane Alley.

Literary beginnings and influences
Born in Martinique, Joseph Zobel grew up with the support and unconditional love of his grandmother and his mother. His mother, Delia, was forced to work as a nanny for a Békés (white Creoles) family, the Des Grotte family, in Fort-de-France, the capital of Martinique.

Young Zobel was a brilliant student, earning himself a scholarship that allowed him to pursue an education and finish high school. After finishing his high school studies, he had hoped to study architecture in Paris. Unfortunately, he did not have the funds or another scholarship to help pay for such endeavors. Instead, he got his first job with the Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests which forced him to move closer to the water in South Martinique, specifically to the towns of Diamant and Saint-Esprit. His time in Diamant and Saint-Esprit allowed him to become well acquainted with the local fishermen and to learn more about their lifestyle, which would later influence his popular novel La Rue Cases-Nègres. Despite gaining an appreciation for the lifestyle on the coast, he couldn't forget the values he grew up with in the more rural inland of Martinique.

During World War II, there was a blockade on the French West Indies preventing anybody, including Zobel, from leaving Martinique or traveling to France. While he was in Martinique, he worked as a teacher and then a school master of Lycée Victor-Schœlcher, a boarding school in Fort-de-France. In the meantime, he found ways to express himself by writing short stories. His friends would read the stories for him. One friend, a fellow physical education teacher, brought the stories to a newspaper called Le Sportif who published the stories with popular success. The Martiniquais appreciated Zobel’s stories because they accurately portrayed the habits and customs of the island and its people without exaggerating the exoticism of their lifestyle.

Aimé Césaire, a young agrégé at the time, taught in the same high school as Zobel. He had an appreciation for Zobel’s writings and encouraged him to write a novel. Inspired by his experience working in the village of fishers in Diamant, Zobel wrote Diab’-là in 1942. It was a story about a peasant who decided to win his freedom by working the land near a community of fishermen. When Zobel first wanted to publish the novel, Martinique was governed by Admiral Robert, an authoritarian representative of the Vichy government, delaying publication until 1947.

Time in France and literary career
In 1946, Zobel took advantage of his administrative leave and went to Paris to continue his studies. In Sorbonne, he took courses in literature, dramatic art, and ethnology. Additionally, he earned a position as an assistant professor at the Lycée International François-Ier in Fontainebleau.

Settled in this city with his wife and three children, Zobel devoted the 1950s to intense literary activity and writing. He published numerous novels such as Les Jours Immobiles and La Fête à Paris. He also wrote many poems which he recited at various festivals in France, Switzerland, and Italy. Most notably, in 1950, Zobel published one of his principle works, La Rue Cases-Nègres, a story greatly influenced by his childhood and time in Martinique. The story recounts a child, without much experience in the world, and a grandmother, who is experienced but softens her perspective of the world, resulting in a rare testimony to the West Indian Black community at the time. The Éditions Albin Michel refused to publish the text because of the Creole-inspired phrases. It was Alioune Diop who finally published La Rue Cases-Nègres in his newly created publishing house and magazine, Présence Africaine. The novel proceeded to go down in history in France and in the African continent.

Time in Africa
In 1957, Zobel, driven by his desire to know Africa, used his relationships with some Senegalese friends in Paris to find a way into the continent. He was recruited to become a college director by the Senegalese Minister of Education, Amadou Matar M’bow, as a college director at school of Ziguinchor (at present the Lycée Djignabo) in Casamance.

After a few years as a general supervisor of the Van Vollenhoven school in Dakar, he became a producer of educational and cultural programs at the Radio of Senegal. His programs were heard throughout French-speaking West Africa. Some anecdotes of his experiences in Dakar are recounted in the collections of short stories Mas Badara (1983) and Et si la mer n’était pas bleue (1982).

Retirement and final publications
Retiring in 1974, Zobel settled in the village of Générargues where he continued to write and even rewrite some novels: Les Jours Immobiles became Les Mains pleines d’oiseaux and La Fête à Paris became Quand la neige aura fondu.

In 1995, Zobel published D’Amour et de Silence, an art book of watercolors and some unpublished poems and extracts from his personal journal.

His final publications were published in 2002: Gertal et autres nouvelles, a novel combining unpublished texts and extracts from his personal journal which he held from 1946-2002; Le Soleil m’a dit, a complete poetic work.

Works
His most famous novel, La Rue Cases-Nègres (often translated as Black Shack Alley or Sugar Cane Alley), was published in Paris in 1950. The novel is an account of a young boy raised by his grandmother in a post-slavery - but still plantation-based - Martinique. The struggles of the impoverished cane-sugar plantation workers, and the ambitions of a loving grandmother who works hard to put the main character through school are the core focus of the novel, which also describes life in a colonial society. Zobel stated that the novel was his version of Richard Wright's Black Boy (1945), in that they are both semi-autobiographical.

The novel was adapted for the screen by Euzhan Palcy in 1983 as Sugar Cane Alley.

While La Rue Cases-Nègres is Zobel's most renowned work, the author started his writing career in 1942 during World War II with Diab-la (a tentative English title could be "The Devil's Garden"), a socially conscious novel similar to Jacques Roumain's Masters of the Dew (published a year or more later). With Diab-la, Zobel tells the powerful story of a sugar-cane plantation worker freeing himself from colonial exploitation by creating a garden in a fishermen's village of Southern Martinique.

Leaving Martinique in 1946 to pursue ethnology and drama studies in Paris, Zobel spent some years in Paris and Fontainebleau, before relocating to Senegal by 1957. Writing a few short stories, he had a notable impact in the cultural life of French-speaking West Africa as a public radio producer.

A noted poet and a gifted sculptor as well as a writer, Zobel retired to a small village in southern France in 1974. He died in Alès in 2006.

title: Joseph Zobel


text:
User:ParkingStones

Parking Stones is a guy from Tampa, Florida.

He's writing a one-man show called "Searching for Albert Hyman" about illegal pirate radio and is interested in creating pages on the Micro-Radio Movement. To find out more about this subject visit: www.diymedia.net

User:ParkingStones/Swimming_to_Cambodia

title: User:ParkingStones


text:
ShaBLAMM! NiTro-VLB

The '''ShaBLAMM! NiTro-VLB''' was a computer system that used a QED R4600 microprocessor implemented on a VESA Local Bus peripheral card and designed to function when connected to a host computer system using an Intel i486. The NiTro-VLB conformed to the ARC standard, and was produced and marketed by ShaBLAMM! Computer as an "upgrade" card for accelerating Windows NT.

Characteristics
The NiTro-VLB is notable for various unique characteristics among personal computer accessories. For example, although the system was marketed as an "upgrade" for computers already using a 486 processor, the NiTro-VLB was in fact of an entirely different architecture (specifically, the MIPS architecture) from the IA32-based 486. Further, as a "parasitic" or "symbiotic" coprocessor, the NiTro-VLB was designed to co-opt the host 486 processor from running, and used four megabytes of the host 486 motherboard's system memory as a DMA buffer (although the NiTro-VLB required its own separate DRAM main memory, in addition to any memory installed on the host 486 motherboard).

This is a type of "parasite"/"host" upgrade card configuration, in which an entire motherboard and processor are implemented on an expansion card designed to connect to a host motherboard's expansion slot. Such configurations are rare among computer systems designed to run Microsoft Windows.

Specifications and benchmarks
The NiTro-VLB's QED R4600 processor, running at 100 MHz, was rated at 73.8 SPECint92 and 63 SPECfp92 (which are similar figures to the first-generation Pentium running at 66 MHz). Faster and costlier versions were designed to run at 133 MHz or 150 MHz.

Sales
Initially, the NiTro-VLB system was priced at $1,095 for a 100 MHz card with no main memory, $1,995 for a 100 MHz card with 16 MB of main memory and a copy of Windows NT, and $2,595 for a 150 MHz card.

title: ShaBLAMM! NiTro-VLB


text:
User:Redux/Veja article

''This page is a temporary post to allow the community access to the article from one of the largest magazines in the world: VEJA, from Brazil, about Wikipedia. It will be listed for deletion in a few days.'' Redux

Redux's translation of the original text in Portuguese:

The largest encyclopedia in the world does not occupy any room in a shelf, it was not written by specialists or scholars and its contents can be edited, expanded or even deleted by any person with access to the Internet. With this anarchic system of creation and edition of articles, Wikipedia is consulted 360 million times every month. Its pages contain six times more articles in English than the online version of the Britannica, the most venerated of all encyclopedias, with 237 years of existence. Wikipedia has versions in over 160 languages – including Portuguese -, that together amount to more than 1 million articles. One explanation to this success is obvious: consults are free. Others are how easy it is to consult and the plurality of themes, since the encyclopedia welcomes even those subjects with a more limited scope of interest.

Anyone can write and add an article, which will later be altered by an unlimited number of visitors, as many times as they wish. And this is being done with such enthusiasm that the number of articles grows at a monthly rate of 7%. That freedom is also Wikipedia’s biggest flaw, since its articles are at the mercy of the ignorant and the ill-intentioned in general. An encyclopedia’s credibility is a consequence of the recognized knowledge of its authors. In the Britannica, the articles are written by specialists in every theme and then subject to the criticism of other scholars. Sigmund Freud, the very inventor of the term, wrote its first article on psychoanalysis.

Wikipedia was created in 2001 by an American systems analyst named Jimmy Wales. The theory is that the thousands of users of the online encyclopedia would “police” the contents of the articles, thus ensuring the quality of the information. This mechanism works better for subjects with many people interested in contributing, such as technology. It becomes disastrous with more obscure or political themes. In order to test how fast articles are corrected in Wikipedia (the Hawaiian word “wiki” means “fast”), VEJA purposely inserted a wrong information in the biography of president Lula in the English version website by switching “born in a small town in a poor state” for “born in a big city in an industrial state”. The wrong information went unaltered for two days, until the magazine itself decided to correct it. Wikipedia, which is run by a non-profit foundation with headquarters in Florida, in the United States, has the same merit as the Internet in general: it is a democratic source of knowledge that allows for quick updating. What other encyclopedia would have a specific article for the earthquake that caused the tsunamis in Asia only days after the tragedy? What is difficult is to know in which information to believe.

unsigned END OF ARTICLE

Redux's translation of the contents of a board that was illustrating the article:

Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia,…

…has 450 000 articles in English, four times as many as the Britannica online encyclopedia…

…Exists in 160 languages…

…Is consulted 360 million times a month…

…Is ranked 88th amidst the most popular websites on the net

END OF BOARD CONTENTS

→ See here the history page of the article where the reporter tested Wikipedia. Edits by anon user identified by IP address 200.196.241.1, on the 17th and 19th of January.

For those interested, here is the original text in Portuguese:

A maior enciclopédia do mundo não ocupa lugar na estante, não foi escrita por especialistas ou acadêmicos e seu conteúdo pode ser modificado, ampliado ou até apagado por qualquer pessoa com acesso à internet. Com esse sistema anárquico de criação e edição de verbetes, a Wikipedia é consultada 360 milhões de vezes por mês. Suas páginas contêm seis vezes mais artigos em inglês do que a versão on-line da Britannica, a mais venerada das enciclopédias, com 237 anos de existência. Há versões da Wikipedia em mais de 160 línguas – incluindo o português –, que, juntas, somam mais de 1 milhão de verbetes. Uma explicação para o sucesso é óbvia: a consulta é gratuita. Outras são a facilidade de consulta e a pluralidade dos verbetes, visto que a enciclopédia acolhe até os assuntos de interesse mais restrito.

Qualquer um pode escrever e adicionar um verbete, que depois será modificado por uma quantidade ilimitada de visitantes, quantas vezes quiserem. E isso vem sendo feito com tanto entusiasmo que o número de verbetes cresce à média mensal de 7%. Essa liberdade é também o maior defeito da Wikipedia, pois seus verbetes estão à mercê de ignorantes e mal-intencionados em geral. A credibilidade de uma enciclopédia decorre do notório saber de seus autores. Na Britannica, os artigos são escritos por especialistas em cada tema e depois submetidos ao crivo de outros estudiosos. O primeiro verbete sobre psicanálise foi feito por Sigmund Freud, o próprio inventor do termo.

A Wikipedia foi criada por um analista de sistemas americano chamado Jimmy Wales, em 2001. A teoria é a de que os milhares de usuários da enciclopédia on-line tratariam de "policiar" o conteúdo dos verbetes, garantindo a qualidade das informações. O mecanismo funciona melhor em assuntos com muitos interessados em dar palpite, como tecnologia. Torna-se desastroso em temas obscuros ou políticos. Para testar a rapidez com que os artigos são corrigidos na Wikipedia (a palavra havaiana "wiki" significa "rápido"), VEJA incluiu um erro proposital na biografia do presidente Lula no site em inglês, trocando "nascido em uma pequena cidade de um estado pobre" por "nascido em uma grande cidade de um estado industrial". A informação errada permaneceu inalterada por dois dias, até que a própria revista decidisse corrigi-la. O mérito da Wikipedia, administrada por uma fundação sem fins lucrativos com sede na Flórida, nos Estados Unidos, é o mesmo da internet em geral: é uma fonte democrática de conhecimento que permite atualização rápida. Que outra enciclopédia teria um verbete específico para o terremoto que causou o tsunami asiático, dias depois da tragédia? O difícil é saber em que informações acreditar.

END OF ARTICLE

Redux

title: User:Redux/Veja article


text:
Pierrot (company)

Pierrot Co., Ltd. (株式会社ぴえろ) is a Japanese animation studio established in May 1979 by Yuji Nunokawa, previously an animator and director for Tatsunoko Production. Its headquarters are located in Mitaka, Tokyo. Pierrot is renowned for several worldwide popular anime series, such as Naruto, Bleach, Tokyo Ghoul, Yu Yu Hakusho, Black Clover, Boruto: Naruto Next Generations, Ghost Stories, Great Teacher Onizuka, and Saiyuki.

The company's logo is the face of a clown. "Piero" is a Japanese loanword for clown, adopted from the classical character of Pierrot.

Yu Yu Hakusho and Saiyuki, two of the company's anime series, won the Animage Anime Grand Prix Award in 1994 and 1995, and 2000, respectively.

OVAs and specials
Note: This may not be a complete list.
 * Dallos (December 16, 1983 – August 5, 1984) — 4 episodes
 * Area 88 (February 5, 1985 – August 15, 1986) — 3 episodes (2 international) (OVA production only)
 * Cosmo Police Justy (July 20, 1985)
 * Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel: Eien no Once More (1984)
 * Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel: Lovely Serenade (1985)
 * Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel: Long Goodbye (1985)
 * Kimagure Orange Road: Shonen Jump Special (November 23, 1985) — Short film
 * Fire Tripper (December 16, 1985)
 * Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel Song Special 2: Curtain Call (1986)
 * Maris the Chojo (May 21, 1986)
 * Magical Emi, the Magic Star: Finale! Finale! (1986)
 * Bari Bari Densetsu (May 10, 1986 – December 16, 1986) — 2 episodes
 * Magical Emi, the Magic Star: Semishigure (1986)
 * Laughing Target (March 21, 1987)
 * Lily C.A.T. (September 1, 1987)
 * Persia, the Magic Fairy: Merry-go-Round (1987)
 * Salamander (February 25, 1988 – February 21, 1989) — 3 episodes
 * Harbor Light Story Fashion Lala Yori (March 11, 1988)
 * Baoh (November 1, 1989)
 * Gosenzo-sama Banbanzai! (August 5, 1989 – January 25, 1990) — 6 episodes
 * Like the Clouds, Like the Wind (March 21, 1990) — Television film
 * Beyond the Tide of Time (June 16, 1991) — Television film
 * The Abashiri Family (May 21, 1991 – November 21, 1991) — 4 episodes
 * The Heroic Legend of Arslan (August 17, 1991 – September 21, 1995, episodes 3–4, co-animated with Daume) — 6 episodes
 * Here Is Greenwood (November 22, 1991 – March 26, 1993) — 6 episodes
 * Eternal Filena (December 21, 1992 – February 25, 1993) — 6 episodes
 * Kyō Kara Ore Wa!! (April 1, 1993 – December 21, 1996) — 10 episodes
 * Yu Yu Hakusho: Eizo Hakusho (September 21, 1994 – February 7, 1996) — 6 episodes
 * Plastic Little: The Adventures of Captain Tita (March 21, 1994)
 * Key the Metal Idol (December 16, 1994 – August 7, 1996) — 13 episodes
 * Street Fighter II: Return to the Fujiwara Capital (March 29, 1995) (animation)
 * Sonic the Hedgehog (1996)
 * My Dear Marie (1996) — 3 episodes
 * Hunter x Hunter Pilot (1998)
 * Tokimeki Memorial: Forever With You (1999) — 2 episodes
 * Tenamonya Voyagers (1999) — 4 episodes
 * Fushigi Yuugi: Eikouden (2001–2002) — 4 episodes
 * Hikaru no Go Special, Match of Justice! The Ancient Flower Blooms!! (2002)
 * Gensoumaden Saiyuuki: Kibou no Zaika (2002)
 * I"s (2002–2003) — 2 episodes
 * I"s Pure (2002–2003, with ARMS) — 6 episodes
 * Hikaru no Go: Memories (2004)
 * Bleach: Memories in the Rain (2004)
 * Gakkou no Kaidan (2005–2009) — 10 episodes
 * Naruto: Finally a Clash!! Jounin vs. Genin! (2005)
 * Bleach: The Sealed Sword Frenzy (2006)
 * Saiyuki Reload: Burial (2007–2008) — 3 episodes
 * Tamala 2010: A Punk Cat in Space (2007)
 * Naruto x UT (2011)
 * Yona of the Dawn (2015) — 3 episodes
 * Tokyo Ghoul [JACK](2015)
 * Tokyo Ghoul [PINTO](2015)
 * The Day Naruto Became Hokage (2016)
 * Road of Naruto (2022)

Video games
Note: This may not be a complete list.

title: Pierrot (company)


text:
Talk:Bishop Ring

Untitled
Did the Orion's Arm group invent this term, or were there papers published by others on the subject? Google turns up a white paper on the subject, but this is hosted on the OA site, so I have doubts about it appearing anywhere peer-reviewed. --Christopher Thomas 18:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Update - It's an SPIE proceedings paper. Probably not stringently peer-reviewed, but they made it into the conference. Citation info added to the main article.

Merged/replaced.
Content merged into Orion's Arm a little while back, and replaced with a disambiguation page (Orion's Arm fictional habitat vs. bishop's ring atmospheric effect). --Christopher Thomas 01:07, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bishop Ring


text: Category:Estonian basketball players

title: Category:Estonian basketball players


text:
Amoral

Amoral may refer to:
 * Amorality, the absence of morality; for example, a stone, a chair, or the sky may be considered amoral
 * Moral nihilism, the belief that the notion of morality is meaningless
 * Amoral (band), Finnish metal band

title: Amoral


text:
Anne Jeffreys

Anne Jeffreys (born Annie Jeffreys Carmichael; January 26, 1923 – September 27, 2017) was an American actress and singer. She was the female lead in the 1950s TV series Topper.

Career
Jeffreys was born Annie Jeffreys Carmichael on January 26, 1923, in Goldsboro, North Carolina, Jeffreys entered the entertainment field at a young age, having her initial training in voice (she was an accomplished soprano). She became a member of the New York Municipal Opera Company on a scholarship and sang the lead at Carnegie Hall in such presentations as La bohème, Traviata, and Pagliacci. However, she decided as a teenager to sign with the John Robert Powers agency as a junior model.

Her plans for an operatic career were sidelined when she was cast in a staged musical revue, Fun for the Money. Her appearance in that revue led to her being cast in her first movie role, in I Married an Angel (1942), starring Nelson Eddy and Jeanette MacDonald. She was under contract to both RKO and Republic Studios during the 1940s, including several appearances as Tess Trueheart in the Dick Tracy series, and the 1944 Frank Sinatra musical Step Lively. She also appeared in the horror comedy Zombies on Broadway with Wally Brown and Alan Carney in 1945 and starred in Riffraff with Pat O'Brien two years later. Jeffreys also appeared in a number of western films and as bank robber John Dillinger's moll in 1945's Dillinger.

When her Hollywood career faltered, she instead focused on the stage, playing lead roles on Broadway in productions such as the 1947 opera Street Scene, the 1948 Cole Porter musical Kiss Me, Kate (having replaced Patricia Morison), the 1948 musical, My Romance, and the 1952 musical Three Wishes for Jamie. With long-term husband Robert Sterling, she appeared in the CBS sitcom Topper (1953–1955), in which she was billed in a voiceover as "the ghostess with the mostest".

In 1955, she appeared in two TV musicals. On April 9, she starred in the title role of the Widow in the Max Liebman production of the "Merry Widow". Later that year on November 26, she appeared with her husband in "Dearest Enemy", set during the American Revolution, also produced by Liebman.

On December 18, 1957, Jeffreys and her husband played a couple with an unusual courtship arrangement brought about by an attack of the fever in the episode "The Julie Gage Story", broadcast in the first season of NBC's Wagon Train.

After a semi-retirement in the 1960s, she appeared on television, appearing in episodes of such series as Love, American Style (with her husband), L.A. Law and Murder, She Wrote. She was nominated for a Golden Globe for her work in The Delphi Bureau (1972). From 1984 to 1985, she starred in the short-lived Aaron Spelling series Finder of Lost Loves. She also appeared in Baywatch as David Hasselhoff's mother, and also had a recurring role in the night-time soap Falcon Crest as Amanda Croft.

In 1979, she guest starred as Siress Blassie in the Battlestar Galactica episode "The Man with Nine Lives" as a love interest of Chameleon, a part played by Fred Astaire. She was the last person to dance with him onscreen. She also guest starred as Prime Minister Dyne in the Buck Rogers in the 25th Century episode "Planet of the Amazon Women" as the leader of the titular planet.

Her most recent career was in daytime television; From 1984 to 2004, she appeared on the soap opera General Hospital (as well as its short-lived spinoff, Port Charles) in the recurring role of wealthy socialite Amanda Barrington, a long-time board member of both the hospital and ELQ. In her initial storyline, she was part of a blackmail scheme which led to the murder of Jimmy Lee Holt's mother, Beatrice, of whose death she was a suspect in. In the last year of Port Charles, Amanda last appeared on screen in 2004 when Amanda attended Lila Quartermain's funeral. In 2012, she appeared in an episode of California's Gold being interviewed, along with Ann Rutherford, by Huell Howser.

Recognition
Jeffreys' star in the Television category on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is at 1501 Vine Street. It was dedicated February 8, 1960. In 1997, she was a recipient of a Golden Boot Award as one who "furthered the tradition of the western on film and in television." In 1998, she received the Living Legacy Award from the Women's International Center.

Personal life
Jeffreys was married twice. Her first marriage, to Joseph Serena in 1945, was annulled in 1949. They had no children.

She married actor Robert Sterling in 1951. Sterling appeared with Jeffreys in one episode of the series Wagon Train ("The Julie Gage Story", in which their characters also married each other), and in Topper. In January 1958, the duo starred in another series, Love That Jill. It ran only three months, with 13 episodes shot. They had three sons: Jeffrey, Dana and Tyler. Robert Sterling died on May 30, 2006, at age 88.

A Republican, she and Sterling supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election. She was a Baptist.

In July 1956, Jeffreys' mother, Kate Jeffreys Carmichael, 67, was run down and killed by her own automobile in the driveway of her daughter's home. Police said Carmichael was taking books from the car's trunk when the emergency brake apparently slipped. The car rolled down the sloping driveway, dragging the actress's mother 26 ft.

Death
Jeffreys died on September 27, 2017, at her home in Los Angeles at the age of 94.

Selected musical theatre work

 * La bohème (1940 New York City)
 * Fun for the Money (1941 Hollywood)
 * Tosca (1946 Brooklyn Opera House)
 * The Merry Widow (1947 GreekTheatre, Los Angeles)
 * Street Scene (1947 Broadway debut)
 * My Romance (1947-1948 Broadway)
 * Kiss Me, Kate (1949-1950 National Tour)
 * Kiss Me, Kate (1950-1951 Broadway)
 * Bitter Sweet (1951 San Francisco, Los Angeles)
 * Three Wishes for Jamie (1952 Broadway)
 * Bells Are Ringing (1958)
 * Destry Rides Again (1960 National Tour)
 * Kismet (1962 National Tour)
 * Camelot (1964 National Tour)
 * Anniversary Waltz (1964 Anaheim)
 * Kismet (1965 National Tour)
 * Do I Hear a Waltz? (1966)
 * Ninotchka (1966)
 * Pal Joey (1968 Kenley Players, Ohio)
 * The Desert Song (1968 Milwaukee)
 * Light Up the Sky (1969 Chicago)
 * Song of Norway (1969)
 * The Most Happy Fella (1970)
 * The King and I (1974)
 * Follies (1977)
 * High Button Shoes (1978)
 * And the Melody Lingers On (1979, Cape Playhouse, Dennis, Massachusetts)
 * A High-Time Salute to Martin and Blane (1991 benefit concert)

title: Anne Jeffreys


text: User talk:199.4.155.10

title: User talk:199.4.155.10


text:
List of Cape Town suburbs

This is a list of suburbs in the City of Cape Town, South Africa which includes the city of Cape Town and its surrounding suburbs and exurbs

Each suburb is followed by its postcode. The first code is for street deliveries, the second, where applicable, refers to PO boxes. Some suburbs share the same postcode.

In South Africa, the term "suburb" does not necessarily mean "residential area on the edge of a city"; rather, it is used synonymously with neighbourhood to refer to the smallest geographical subdivision of the city.

title: List of Cape Town suburbs


text:
Cameron Island

Cameron Island is one of the uninhabited members of the Queen Elizabeth Islands in the Canadian arctic islands in Nunavut, Canada. Located in the Arctic Ocean, close to Bathurst Island, it has an area of 1059 km2, 42 to 43 km long and 47 to 38 km wide. Île Vanier lies immediately to the south, across the Arnott Strait.

Commercial oil production
Cameron Island is notable as being the only site which has been developed for commercial oil production in the Canadian Arctic islands. From 1985 to 1996 the double-hulled tanker M.V.Arctic shipped the light crude from Bent Horn in the south-west of the island to Montreal. A total of 2.8 Moilbbl was produced until the field was abandoned in 1996. The initial discovery, in 1974 by Panarctic Oils Ltd, reflected the urgency to find new sources of crude oil after the 1973 oil crisis. The abandonment in 1996 reflects the difficulties of exploiting the resource in this harsh environment, although the current production licence (held by Canada Southern Petroleum Ltd) expired in 2010 and could be extended. After abandonment, final clean-up occurred in 1999.

Cameron Island is a desolate spot: a dark-hued landscape of low hills. Oil exploration and traffic on land were concentrated in the winter months, when "winter roads" of compacted snow across the tundra were used by heavy vehicles. Appropriate efforts were taken to minimise the damage to this fragile environment, but where the vegetation was damaged, increased depths of summer thaw occurred. Possibly the greatest concern was caused by the sumps at the well-sites, into which the toxic drilling muds were pumped. These basins, blasted out of the permafrost, relied on the gradual freeze-back of the ground to seal in the waste materials.

Cameron Island was named in 1952 after Maxwell George Cameron (d.1951), the chief cartographer of the surveys and mapping branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys.

title: Cameron Island


text:
Lena Forsén

Lena Forsén, previously Soderberg (born Sjööblom; born 31 March 1951), is a Swedish model who appeared as a Playmate in the November 1972 issue of Playboy magazine, as Lenna Sjööblom. Her centerfold was photographed by Dwight Hooker. The image would later become a ubiquitous standard test image in the field of digital image processing, where the image is known as Lenna.

Modelling
Forsén's career began by modelling jewellery and for catalogues in Chicago, Illinois, after moving to the United States from Sweden to be an au pair for a family member. In 1972, she was shot for the centerfold of the November issue of Playboy magazine. After that, she moved to Rochester, New York, and became a "Shirley" – a Kodak model – while moonlighting as a bartender. Thereafter she appeared on a large number of Kodak publications, including in ads for products, in catalogs, and on instruction booklets.

Lenna
A cropped version (the head and shoulder section) of her centerfold, known as Lenna, has become a standard test image that is often used to test algorithms in digital image processing. She was a guest at the 50th annual Conference of the Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T) in 1997, where she gave a presentation about herself. Because of the ubiquity of her Playboy photo scan, she has been called the "first lady of the internet". The title was given to her by Jeff Seideman in a press release he issued announcing her appearance at the 50th annual IS&T Conference. In January 2019 she said that while she wished she had been better compensated, she was "really proud of that picture". However, in a short documentary titled Losing Lena that premiered in North America in November that year, she says, "I retired from modeling a long time ago. It’s time I retired from tech, too."

After modelling
In 1997, Forsén worked for a government agency supervising disabled employees, archiving data using computers and scanners.

Personal life
Forsén has been married twice, has three children, and multiple grandchildren.

title: Lena Forsén


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stuart Fraser

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 06:33, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Stuart Fraser
No such person as described. Earlier versions in the history also refer to either fictitious or non-notable individuals. May be a candidate for speedy deletion. HyperZonk 18:23, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I recall some doctor did provoke some complaints along these lines a few years ago but I can't find anything on it and this name doesn't Google to the topic. Wyss 19:46, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- "Although almost unknown now" says it all. Not notable enough to be in Wikipedia now. Maybe later. Zzyzx11 19:58, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, Google shows absolutely nothing for this article, however there is a geneticist called Dr. Stuart Fraser. Perhaps delete present article and rewrite new one. Megan1967 10:24, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Robert Ammann

Robert Ammann (October 1, 1946 – May, 1994) was an amateur mathematician who made several significant and groundbreaking contributions to the theory of quasicrystals and aperiodic tilings.

Ammann attended Brandeis University, but generally did not go to classes, and left after three years. He worked as a programmer for Honeywell. After twelve years, his position was eliminated as part of a routine cutback, and Ammann ended up working as a mail sorter for a post office.

In 1975, Ammann read an announcement by Martin Gardner of new work by Roger Penrose. Penrose had discovered two simple sets of aperiodic tiles, each consisting of just two quadrilaterals. Since Penrose was taking out a patent, he wasn't ready to publish them, and Gardner's description was rather vague. Ammann wrote a letter to Gardner, describing his own work, which duplicated one of Penrose's sets, plus a foursome of "golden rhombohedra" that formed aperiodic tilings in space.

More letters followed, and Ammann became a correspondent with many of the professional researchers. He discovered several new aperiodic tilings, each among the simplest known examples of aperiodic sets of tiles. He also showed how to generate tilings using lines in the plane as guides for lines marked on the tiles, now called "Ammann bars".

The discovery of quasicrystals in 1982 changed the status of aperiodic tilings and Ammann's work from mere recreational mathematics to respectable academic research.

After more than ten years of coaxing, he agreed to meet various professionals in person, and eventually even went to two conferences and delivered a lecture at each. Afterwards, Ammann dropped out of sight, and died of a heart attack a few years later. News of his death did not reach the research community for a few more years.

Five sets of tiles discovered by Ammann were described in Tilings and patterns and later, in collaboration with the authors of the book, he published a paper proving the aperiodicity for four of them. Ammann's discoveries came to notice only after Penrose had published his own discovery and gained priority. In 1981 de Bruijn exposed the cut and project method and in 1984 came the sensational news about Shechtman quasicrystals which promoted the Penrose tiling  to fame. But in 1982 Beenker published a similar mathematical explanation for the octagonal case which became known as the Ammann–Beenker tiling. In 1987 Wang, Chen and Kuo announced the discovery of a quasicrystal with octagonal symmetry. The decagonal covering of the Penrose tiling was proposed in 1996 and two years later Ben Abraham and Gähler proposed an octagonal variant for the Ammann–Beenker tiling. Ammann's name became that of the perennial second. It is acknowledged however that Ammann first proposed the construction of rhombic prisms which is the three-dimensional model of Shechtman's quasicrystals.

title: Robert Ammann