text:
Ma Dongbo

Ma Dongbo (born 19 January 1977) is a former Chinese goalkeeper who played for Liaoning Zhongyu where he spent ten years at the club.

Biography
Ma Dongbo was drafted into the senior team of Liaoning FC during the 1995 league season as a reserve choice goalkeeper, however unfortunately this was the same season in, which the team were relegated after they finished bottom of the league. Ma Dongbo remained loyal towards the club and would remain a loyal servant towards the team that would eventually win promotion back to the top tier in the 1998 league season after coming second in the division and promotion back into the Chinese Jia-A League. While he was part of the squad that came runners-up during the 1999 league season he would only really start to establish himself within the 2002 league season when he finally started to become the club's first choice goalkeeper. His reign as number one would only last until the 2004 league season when he struggled for form. The following season of 2005 Ma Dongbo was reaffirmed as the club's first choice goalkeeper once again, however his poor form was publicly criticised by the team's coach. Many within the media believed that his poor performances were due to match-fixing, however Ma Dongbo and the club denied this and by the end of the season he would retire from the club.

Honours
Liaoning FC
 * Chinese Jia-A League: 1999 (Runners-up)

title: Ma Dongbo


text:
Lawyers, Guns and Money

"Lawyers, Guns and Money" is a song by Warren Zevon, and the closing track on his 1978 album Excitable Boy.

Record World called it "rock 'n' roll at its angriest."

Versions
An edited version of the song was released as a single and this edited version is on the A Quiet Normal Life best of compilation on the physical CD and LP, although the lyrics on the rear cover are the full un-edited version. The digital download and streaming version of the compilation use the album version.

Covers
The song was first covered by Rick Derringer on the 1978 album If I Weren't So Romantic, I'd Shoot You and was released as a single. Meat Loaf covered the song on his 1999 live album VH1 Storytellers. It was later covered by The Wallflowers on the album Enjoy Every Sandwich: The Songs of Warren Zevon in 2004. It was also covered by Hank Williams Jr. in 1983 for his album Five-O and released as the B-side of his single "I'm for Love". and is regularly played live by Widespread Panic. It has also been covered by Micky & The Motorcars, with a recording of it on their "Live at Billy Bob's Texas" album.

Uses in popular culture
The song lent its title to a light-hearted radio program on the Melbourne community radio station 3RRR, which looked at the legal fraternity in the city. The program started in 1985 and ran for several years, hosted by the pseudonymous duo "Donoghue & Stevenson"—Dennis Connell and Ross Stevenson. The song was used as both intro and exit music for the program.

The song was used for the opening of the show Justice, with Victor Garber, in 2006. There is a blog called Lawyers Guns and Money. The third episode of the HBO series The Staircase featured the song for its end credits.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lawyers, Guns and Money


text: Category:Sex Pistols

title: Category:Sex Pistols


text:
Hatzohar

Hatzohar (הצה"ר), full name Brit HaTzionim HaRevizionistim (lit. "Alliance of Revisionist Zionists"), was a Revisionist Zionist organization and political party in Mandatory Palestine and newly independent Israel.

History
Hatzohar was founded by Ze'ev Jabotinsky and others in Paris in April 1925. It followed the establishment of Jabotinsky's revisionist youth movement Betar in 1923. The initial nucleus of the movement consisted of a group of Russian Zionists who had supported Jabotinsky in establishing the Jewish Legion during World War I.

The photo of the First World Conference in Paris in 1925 shows 22 founding members. Aside from Jabotinsky, they included: M. Berchin-Benedictoff, Isidore Frankel, Meir Grossman, A. Ginsbourg, Aron Propes, Jacques Segal, Albert Stara, Ze'ev (Vladimir) Tiomkin, Zinovy Tiomkin, Israel Trivus, and Yehoshua Yeivin.

The name of 'revisionist' stems from the demands by these Zionists for a revision of the Zionist Organization's policies and its leadership under Chaim Weizmann, as well as the elected Jewish leadership in Palestine. They saw these policies as appeasement of British Government decisions in Mandatory Palestine.

The party began publishing Hazit HaAm in 1931, but it was shut down by the British authorities after a few months. They went on to establish HaYarden, and in 1938 the daily HaMashkif. The party had briefly also been associated with Doar HaYom.

Polish members of the organisation were, among other things, instrumental in creating Żydowski Związek Wojskowy, one of two Jewish organisations that organised the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

At the time of Israel's independence in 1948, Hatzohar was the largest right-wing organization in the country, and had three seats in the Provisional State Council (held by Herzl Rosenblum, Zvi Segal and Ben-Zion Sternberg). However, the founding of Herut by Menachem Begin in the same year undermined its success. Although some purists alleged that Begin was out to steal Jabotinsky's mantle and refused to defect from the party, under the leadership of Aryeh Altman, Hatzohar won less than 1% of the vote in Israel's first elections and failed to cross the Knesset's electoral threshold. In contrast, Herut won 14 seats with 11.5% of the vote; Altman later joined Herut and was elected to the Knesset on its list in 1951, whilst Begin would carry Revisionist ideology of Likud to electoral victory in 1977.

The party was disbanded prior to the 1951 elections when it merged into Herut.

title: Hatzohar


text:
Gonars

Gonars (Gonârs) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in Friuli, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northeastern Italy. It is located near Palmanova.

World War II
On 23 February 1942, the Fascist regime established a concentration camp in the town, mostly for prisoners from what is now Slovenia and Croatia. The first transport of 5,343 internees (1,643 of whom were children) arrived two days later from the Province of Ljubljana and from the Rab camp and the camp at Monigo near Treviso.

The camp was disbanded on 8 September 1943, immediately after the Italian capitulation. Every effort was made to erase any evidence of it. The camp's buildings were destroyed, the materials were used to build a nearby preschool, and the site was turned into a meadow. Only in 1973 was a memorial created by the sculptor Miodrag Živković at the town's cemetery. The remains of 453 Slovenian and Croatian victims were transferred into its two underground crypts. It is believed that at least 50 additional persons died in the camp due to starvation and torture. Apart from the memorial, no other evidence of the camp remains and even many locals are unaware of it.

Among the people interned in the camp were the engineer Aleš Strojnik, writer Vitomil Zupan, poets Alojz Gradnik and France Balantič, historians Bogo Grafenauer and Vasilij Melik, sculptor Jakob Savinšek, playwright and essayist Bojan Štih, journalist Ernest Petrin, and politicians Anton Vratuša, Boris Kraigher, and France Bučar.

Twin cities

 * 🇸🇮 Vrhnika, Slovenia

title: Gonars


text:
W. J. Loftie

William John Loftie (25 July 1839, Tandragee, County Armagh, Ireland – 16 June 1911) was a British clergyman and writer, on the history of London, travel, art and architecture.

Biography
He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. After holding church appointments, he joined the staff of the Saturday Review, and in 1894 that of the National Observer. As a writer on antiquarian subjects he combined learning and picturesque statement.

Works
Published works:
 * The Latin Year (1873)
 * Views in the English Lake District (1875)
 * English Lake Scenery (1875) with T. L. Rowbotham
 * Picturesque Scottish Scenery from the Original Drawings of T. L. Rowbotham (1875)
 * A Plea for Art in the House (1876)
 * Views in North Wales from Original Drawings By T. L. Rowbotham (1875)
 * In and Out of London: or, The Half-Holidays of a Town Clerk (1875)
 * Views in Wicklow & Killarney (1876)
 * Catalogue of the Prints and Etchings of Hans Sebald Beham (1877)
 * A Ride In Egypt From Sioot To Luxor In 1879 (1879)
 * Round About London, Historical, Archaeological, Architectural, and Picturesque Notes (1880)
 * Queen Anne's Son: the Memoirs of William Henry, Duke of Gloucester, Reprinted from a Tract Published in 1789 (1881) editor
 * A History of London (1883)
 * A History of London. Supplement to the First Edition (1884)
 * An Essay on Scarabs (1884)
 * Lessons in the Art of Illuminating (1885)
 * Windsor: a Description of the Castle, Park, Town and Neighbourhood (1886)
 * Marchfield: a Story of Commercial Morality (London: SPCK c.1886)
 * Historic Towns London (1887)
 * Kensington Picturesque & Historical (1888)
 * Authorised Guide to the Tower of London, 2nd edition (1888); 1st edition 1886
 * Orient Line Guide: Chapters for Travellers by Sea and Land (1890)
 * Ye Oldest Diarie of Englysshe Travell: Being the hitherto unpublished narrative of the pilgrimage of Sir Richard Torkington to Jerusalem in 1517 (c.1890) editor
 * London City: Its History, Streets, Traffic, Buildings, People (1891)
 * Westminster Abbey (1891)
 * The Cathedral Churches of England and Wales (1892)
 * Inigo Jones and Wren: or, The Rise and Decline of Modern Architecture in England (1893)
 * Inns of Court & Chancery (1893)
 * Whitehall Historical and Architectural (1895)
 * Reynolds and Children’s Portraiture in England
 * Sir Edwin Landseer and Animal Painting in England (1897)
 * Kensington Palace (1898)
 * London Afternoons (1901) essays, as Rambles in and near London (1903)
 * The Coronation Book of Edward VII, King of All the Britons and Emperor of India (1902)
 * The Colour of London, historic, personal, & local (1907) illustrated by Yoshio Markino
 * Victoria's London (1984) volume 1 reprint of London City

title: W. J. Loftie


text:
Province of Trapani

The province of Trapani (provincia di Trapani; pruvincia di Tràpani; officially libero consorzio comunale di Trapani) is a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily, Italy. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the free municipal consortium of Trapani (Italian: libero consorzio comunale di Trapani). Its capital is the city of Trapani. It has an area of 2469.62 km2 and a total population of 433,826 (2017). There are 25 comuni (: comune) in the province (see comuni of the province of Trapani).

History
The area now covered by the province was occupied successively by the Carthaginians, Greeks and latterly by the Romans. The port of Trapani, first known as Drepana, then Drepanon, was inhabited by the Sicani and the Elymi becoming a prosperous Phoenician trading centre by the 8th century BC. It was taken by the Carthaginians in 260 BC and by the Romans in 240 BC, becoming a civitas romana until 440 AD when it was sacked by the Vandals, then by the Byzantines and ultimately by the Muslims in 830. In the 16th century, it received privileges under Emperor Charles V of Spain, who also strengthened the town walls. Trapani became the provincial capital in 1817.

Geography
The province of Trapani borders the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Strait of Sicily to the west. It is bordered to the east with only the provinces of Palermo and Agrigento. The territory has few flat areas, although with the exception of the mountains of Sparagio (1,110 m) and Inici (1,065 m), most land is under 1,000 metres. The northwestern part is rugged in comparison to the south. The province also includes the archipelago of the Aegadian Islands belonging to the comune (municipality) of Favignana, the island of Pantelleria which is the largest of Sicily, in the comune of the same name, and the Stagnone Islands, which belong to the comune of Marsala. The Egadi Islands consist of three main islands, Favignana, Levanzo and Marettimo and two islets, Formica and Maraone.

The province of Trapani has a number of rivers, but most are not of notable size or importance, except for the Belice on the border of the province, and the Birgi, with a length of about 40 km. Other rivers include the torrential Modione, Mazaro, the Fiume, the Salemi and the Sossius, the latter of which flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the resort of Berbaro.

Natural lakes include the Gorghi Tondi and Preola, in the comune of Mazara del Vallo, and the Lago di Venere in Pantelleria. There are also three man-made lakes, Lago Rubino, created by a dam across the Cuddia River, which is part of the catchment area of the Birgi, at Lago Trinità in Castelvetrano, and the lake of the same name at the resort of Paceco. However, there is also a coastal lagoon, the Stagnone Lagoon, within a 2000 hectare reserve on the stretch of coast between Punta Alga and Cape San Teodoro, near Marsala, in an area which was once an important naval base and commercial for the Phoenicians. The waters are shallow and very salty, with marshland. The lagoon consists of four islands: Isola Longa Santa Maria, San Pantaleo and Schola.

Population
Here below are listed the comuni (municipalities) with more than 10,000 inhabitants:
 * Marsala (82,456);
 * Trapani (67,141);
 * Mazara del Vallo (51,573);
 * Alcamo (45,406);
 * Castelvetrano (30,783);
 * Erice (27,046);
 * Castellammare del Golfo (15,072);
 * Valderice (11,852);
 * Campobello di Mazara (11,607);
 * Paceco (11,148);
 * Salemi (10,378);
 * Partanna (10,324).

The nearby island of Pantelleria, noted for its wine production, and the Aegadian Islands are also administratively a part of Trapani province. The Province of Trapani is a major centre for viticulture.

Religion

 * Maria Santissima della Confusione

title: Province of Trapani


text:
Central Huijin Investment

Central Huijin Investment Co., Ltd. is a Chinese sovereign fund formerly owned by the government of the People's Republic of China. Established in 2003 by the People's Bank of China, five years later it became a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Investment Corporation, with its own Board of Directors and Board of Supervisors. Central Huijin's principal shareholder rights are exercised on behalf of the State Council. Central Huijin is an organization by which the Chinese government can act as a shareholder for the "big four" state-owned banks, thereby improving corporate governance and initiating reforms of the banking industry.

People's Bank of China
Central Huijin was established in 2003 by the People's Bank of China. It was created as a special purpose vehicle incorporated as a limited liability company. Its mission was to recapitalize China's banks. Researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes that using a sovereign fund like Central Huijin gave "the CPC the maximum degree of flexibility to decide when it would leave the market to its own devices and when it would forcefully intervene to protect the state's interest." Between 2003 and 2006, Central Huijin functioned as a quasi-state-owned private equity fund.

In 2005, the State Council approved the Comprehensive Plan for the Consolidation of Brokerage Firms, with the goal of implementing new regulatory mechanisms and rooting out misconduct in the securities field. Central Huijin wholly-owned subsidiary Jianyin Investment, along with the China Securities Investor Protection Fund, were tasked by the State Council with restructuring Chinese brokerages. During the period 2004-2007, Central Huijin and Jianyin Investment acquired controlling stakes in ten large Chinese brokerage firms, totaling at that time one-third of the Chinese securities industry. The brokerages recapitalized in 2005 included Galaxy Securities, China Southern Securities (which was subsequently liquidated), Shenyin & Wanguo Securities, and Guotai Junan Securities. This in turn gave Central Huijin's parent institution, the People's Bank of China, significant power in the securities industry despite not having formal legal oversight. Central Huijin's track record of restructuring financial institutions has largely been viewed as a success.

China Investment Corporation
In 2008, Central Huijin Investment was acquired from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange by the China Investment Corporation for roughly $67 billion. It manages more than two-thirds of CIC's assets. Central Huijin functions as the "shareholder in chief" of the entire financial sector, a role that allows the state to participate in the market consistent with global norms of corporate ownership structure without letting go of state oversight of strategic enterprises and sectors.

Central Huijin indirectly supports the Belt and Road Initiative through its support of domestic financial institutions, such as policy banks or state-owned commercial banks, which in turn fund BRI projects.

In December 2019, Central Huijin bailed out Hengfeng Bank.

Leadership
Initially, Guo Shuqing was the chairman of Central Huijin, and its general manager was Xie Ping, a former chief of the PBC's Research Bureau and director of its Financial Stability Bureau (also established in 2003). More recently under the CIC, the board of directors of Central Huijin has consisted of Ding Xuedong (Chairman & CEO), Li Jiange (Vice Chairman), and Bai Tao (Executive Director and President).

Subsidiaries

 * Central Huijin Asset Management (100%)
 * China Jianyin Investment (100%)
 * China Everbright Group
 * Everbright Securities
 * China Everbright Limited
 * China Everbright International
 * China Everbright Bank
 * China Galaxy Securities
 * China International Capital Corporation
 * China Investment Securities

Investments
As of 31 December 2020, Central Huijin held shares in 17 financial institutions: China Development Bank (holding 34.68 percent of its shares as of 2019), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, Bank of China, China Construction Bank, China Everbright Group, Hengfeng Bank, China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation, China Reinsurance (Group) Corporation, New China Life Insurance Co., China Jianyin Investment Ltd., China Galaxy Financial Holdings Co. Ltd., Shenwan Hongyuan, China International Capital Corporation, China Securities, China Galaxy Asset Management Co. Ltd., and Guotai Junan Investment Management Co. Ltd. Central Huijin requires that it be able to seat one third of the directors of the boards on its banks.

It owns majority stakes in all big four Chinese banks (Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Construction Bank, and Agricultural Bank of China), but does not own shares in the smaller joint-stock commercial banks which are largely owned by local governments.

As of 2023, Central Huijin is the largest shareholder of the vast majority of Chinese financial institutions.

 * China Pacific Insurance Group (1.22%)
 * New China Life Insurance (32.25%)
 * Ping An Insurance (2.65%)
 * CSC Financial (33.29%)

title: Central Huijin Investment


text: Category:1031 deaths

title: Category:1031 deaths


text: Category:1032 deaths

title: Category:1032 deaths


text: Category:1033 deaths

title: Category:1033 deaths


text:
Sérgio Henrique Ferreira

Sérgio Henrique Ferreira (October 4, 1934 – July 17, 2016) was a Brazilian physician and pharmacologist noted for the discovery of the bradykinin potentiating factor, which led to new and widely used anti-hypertension drugs — the ACE inhibitors.

Biography
Ferreira received his M.D. from the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of the University of São Paulo (USP) and soon became staff member of the same school, where he was a member of the Department of Pharmacology. His research training in pharmacology initiated in this Department with Prof. Maurício Rocha e Silva, the discoverer of bradykinin. While working on this subject, he discovered a family of peptides present in the venom of a Brazilian snake, Bothrops jararaca, which inhibited kininase activity and strongly potentiated the effects of bradykinin in vivo and in vitro. This factor was named bradykinin potentiating factor, BPF. In 1968, with the collaboration of Dr. Lewis Joel Greene, from the Brookhaven National Laboratory, U.S., he isolated several pharmacologically active peptides responsible for the activity of BPF. Using those peptides, was demonstrated a general parallelism between bradykinin potentiation and inhibition of Angiotensin I conversion. Subsequently, his group elucidated the structure of the smallest peptide, and using the synthetic pentapeptide, demonstrated its ability to potentiate bradykinin and to inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I in vivo in experimental models of hypertension. His work in this area paved the way for the development of a new class of antihypertensive drugs, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors by Squibb scientists. For this work with the Bothrops peptide he received the CIBA Award for Hypertension Research of 1983, together with Drs. E. Ondetti and D. Cushman from Squibb laboratories.

While working in London in the early 1970s with John R. Vane (Nobel prize in Medicine, 1983), he participated in the discovery of the inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins by aspirin-like drugs. At that time, he proposed that the mechanism of the analgesic action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was due to the prevention of pain receptor sensitization which results from an inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandins. This hypothesis was supported by further work from his laboratory and from many other investigators. His studies on the basic mechanisms involved in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia led to the discovery that a select class of analgesics like metamizole, in contrast to the classical NSAIDs, are able to counteract the ongoing sensitization of the primary sensory neuron via the stimulation of the arginine/nitric oxide pathway. He characterized a phenomenon described as retrograde sensitization of the primary sensory neuron, which emphasizes the importance of the peripheral component of the inflammatory pain. His group made a relevant contribution to the role of bradykinin and of cytokines in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. He found that among the cytokines, interleukin 1b mediates the endogenous release of prostaglandins and IL-8 is responsible for the development of the sympathetic hyperalgesia. In this area he described an antagonist of IL-1 that is now being developed as a model for a new class of analgesics.

Awards and accolades
Ferreira's contributions to science are extensively recognized. In 1995, he received the National Order of Scientific Merit in the Great Cross level, and received several awards and medals, such as the TWAS Prize from the Third World Academy of Sciences (1990 and 1992), the Mexican Prize of Science and Technology (1999), the Rheimboldt-Hauptmann Prize of the University of São Paulo (2001) and the Péter Murányi Prize (2002). He was in the editorial board of several international journals, was foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Ferreira was also a noted scientific leader in Brazil. He helped to found and is one of the editors-in-chief of the most influential international biomedical scientific journal, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, was a member of the Brazilian National Academy of Sciences and of the Brazilian Council of Science and Technology. He was founder and past president of the Brazilian Society for Pharmacology and Therapeutics and of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science (SBPC).

title: Sérgio Henrique Ferreira


text:
A Game of Thrones (board game)

A Game of Thrones is a strategy board game created by Christian T. Petersen and published by Fantasy Flight Games in 2003. The game is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire series of high fantasy novels by George R. R. Martin. It was followed in 2004 by the expansion A Clash of Kings, and in 2006 by the expansion A Storm of Swords.

A Game of Thrones allows players to take on the roles of several of the Great Houses of Westeros vying for control of the Seven Kingdoms, including House Stark, House Lannister, House Baratheon, House Greyjoy, House Tyrell, and as of the expansion A Clash of Kings, House Martell. Players maneuver armies to secure support in the various regions that comprise the Seven Kingdoms, with the goal of capturing enough support to claim the Iron Throne. The basic gameplay mechanics are reminiscent of Diplomacy, especially in the order-giving process, though A Game of Thrones is significantly more complicated overall. Upon its release, the game received positive reviews, and was nominated for several awards.

Playable Houses

 * Arryn (included in A Feast for Crows expansion and Mother of Dragons expansion)
 * Baratheon
 * Greyjoy
 * Lannister
 * Martell (included in A Clash of Kings expansion and the second edition)
 * Stark
 * Targaryen (included in Mother of Dragons expansion)
 * Tyrell

Victory condition
The goal of the game is to be the first to control a specific number of cities and strongholds, determined in advance by the number of players, or to control the most cities and strongholds at the end of ten turns, to take the Iron Throne.

Setup
The game is played on a board that divides the continent of Westeros into several regions. Most regions have at least one icon representing a city, a stronghold, a support barrel, or a power icon, and some key locations have multiples of such icons. Each player selects a starting House, places starting units on the board as indicated by the instructions, places House markers on the Supply and three Influence tracks, and takes the hand of seven House characters to be used in battles.

At the beginning of the game, the players with House markers on the highest positions in the Iron Throne, Fiefdoms, and King's Court Influence tracks will start with the Iron Throne, Valyrian Steel Blade, and Messenger Raven special tokens respectively.

The three Westeros decks are shuffled, and placed off to the side where all players can see. A deck of cards representing the actions of the Wildlings is placed on the board, along with a Wildling threat token indicating the strength of the Wildlings should they attack.

Westeros decks
Starting with the second turn, at the beginning of each round, the top card from each of the three Westeros decks are revealed, and their effects carried out. The Westeros decks can allow players to muster new forces, cause players to reevaluate their position on the Supply track, have all players bid for positions on the Influence tracks, provide restrictions on orders, or cause the Wildlings to attack.

Placing orders
A distinctive feature of A Game of Thrones is that players place order tokens to every region with a unit that the player controls, outlining the basic actions units in that region can perform. All orders are revealed once all have been placed, requiring players to strategize and outthink their opponents. In addition, players only have a limited supply of each type of order token, limiting the number of various actions that can be planned.

There are five types of orders. Each player receives three of each order each turn, however one of each type is marked by a star. In addition to the limit of three of each type of order, a player is limited to playing a maximum number of starred orders determined by his position on the King's Court Influence track.
 * 1) March orders are used to move units from one region to another and initiate battle if an enemy unit is in the new region.
 * 2) Defend orders provide bonuses to units that are attacked in the region.
 * 3) Support orders allow some of the units in a region to participate in battles that occur in neighboring regions.
 * 4) Raid orders allow a player to remove certain opponent orders (Support and Consolidate Power) from neighboring regions.
 * 5) Consolidate Power orders allow a player to collect more power tokens, which can be used to later bid on positions on the Influence tracks.

The Messenger Raven special token, held by the player in the highest position on the King's Court Influence track, allows a player to change one of his placed orders for an unused order after all orders have been revealed.

Executing orders
Orders are executed in a specific order, with each player alternating executing an order of a particular type. The order of play follows the order of House marks on the Iron Throne Influence track. First, players alternate executing any Raid orders in play, and then players alternate executing March orders. If a player uses a March order to move units into a region occupied by another player's units, a battle is initiated.

During a battle, each player totals the strength of all of his non-routed units in the disputed region, which may be modified by values on an appropriate March or Defend orders. Players may then solicit help from any units in adjacent regions, controlled by any player including those involved in the battle, who have placed a Support order this round. Finally, players select an unused House card from their hand to represent their leader in the battle. House cards have various effects on the battle, which may include strength increases, extra damage, negation of damage, or other unique effects. The player with the highest total wins the battle, and the losing units must leave the region routed, or possibly be removed entirely if enough damage was inflicted. Ties are won by the player with a higher position on the Fiefdoms Influence track. Once per round, the player holding the Valyrian Steel Blade special token can add a +1 bonus to their side of a battle.

Finally, players can claim more power tokens by executing any Consolidate Power orders remaining on the board.

Other than during battles, if at any point a tie occurs, such as when bidding for positions on the Influence tracks, the player holding the Iron Throne special token determines who wins the tie.

A Clash of Kings
The expansion A Clash of Kings was released in 2004, and added several variant rules that can be used with the base A Game of Thrones. Additions include House Martell, a new unit type (Siege Engines), rules for ports, a second possible set of 7 House character cards for all six Houses with a wider variety of effects, and new unique special orders for each House. This expansion was integrated into the base game with the release of the second edition.

A Storm of Swords
The expansion A Storm of Swords was released in 2006, and adds more variant rules to be used with the original A Game of Thrones, either with or without A Clash of Kings. Additions include Tactics cards, Ally cards, new sets of House character cards, new Westeros cards, new units, and a new gameboard for a standalone game, representing a focused view of the Trident region of Westeros.

Second edition
In October 2011, the revised second edition was released by Fantasy Flight Games, with some minor changes to gameplay as well as new updated board and House card graphics. The second edition includes the additions introduced in the A Clash of Kings expansion to the base game (House Martell, siege engines, and ports, which are printed on the board). The presence of House Martell has resulted in the redesigning of the southern part of the map to have more regions. Other changes to game play include alterations to the starting positions of units for some Houses (such as Greyjoy), the abilities of house cards, the effects of consolidate power and raid special orders, and the possibility to use Tides of Battle cards to affect battles.

A Dance with Dragons
The expansion A Dance with Dragons was released in 2012, and adds 42 alternate House cards. Also included is a special scenario and alternate setup to reflect the current states of each of the six playable Houses and shorten the total turn length from ten down to six. Of special note, the A Dance with Dragons expansion was released prior to the A Feast for Crows expansion, deviating from the publication order of the books. This expansion is also "Print on Demand", meaning there is a slight variation in the physical look and feel of the cards compared to the cards that come with the second edition box.

A Feast for Crows
The expansion A Feast for Crows was released in 2013, and adds a new four-player scenario. An alternate victory condition, shortened play time, and a set of playable House cards for House Arryn are the main focus of this expansion. A total of 48 new cards are included. This expansion is also "Print on Demand", meaning there is a slight variation in the physical look and feel of the cards compared to the cards that come with the second edition box.

Mother of Dragons
Fantasy Flight Games released the third expansion of the series in 2018. The expansion introduces House Targaryen as a playable faction, complete with an Essos sideboard where they begin the game, as well as House Arryn, bringing the number of playable factions to eight. The expansion also introduces the Iron Bank of Braavos, which adds a loan system to the game.

Reception
Jesse Scoble comments: "Like many of the best games, A Game of Thrones is fairly easy to learn, but has more than enough complexity and depth that it is challenging to master. Although there are a lot of components, both in pieces and in specific rules, playing through a few turns is all that most casual players will need in order to pick it up. The rulebook is short and well-illustrated with examples that cover most situations, and Fantasy Flight's website is updated with a current FAQ for more rare occurrences. The randomizing factors — from house selection to the Clash of Kings bidding event — ensure that the game has a lot of variety, and calls for players to think quickly to react to new and unexpected situations as they arise."

Shannon Appelcline in his history of Fantasy Flight Games called A Game of Thrones board game "ground-breaking for its combination of euro and American mechanics" and credited it with influencing the later FFG board games that likewise profited from a "mixture of tight eurogame mechanics and deep American theming".

In 2004, A Game of Thrones won three Origins Awards for Best Traditional Board Game, Best Board Game, and Best Board Game Design for the year 2003. A second edition of the game was released in 2011.

Reviews

 * Pyramid

title: A Game of Thrones (board game)


text: Category:1037 deaths

title: Category:1037 deaths


text:
Ridgeback

Ridgeback may refer to:

Companies

 * Ridgeback (brand), a British bicycle brand
 * Ridgeback Resources, a Calgary, Alberta-based private oil exploration and production company
 * Ridgeback Biotherapeutics

Dogs

 * Phu Quoc ridgeback dog, a breed from Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam
 * Rhodesian Ridgeback, a breed indigenous to Southern Africa
 * Thai Ridgeback, a breed originating from Thailand

title: Ridgeback


text:
Talk:Dorothy Thompson

Evolution of her Political Views?
For a biographical article about someone who, among other things, was a syndicated columnist for much of her professional life, it says precious little about what her politics were beyond that she started out as a suffragist and later opposed Hitler. A search online indicated contradictory information about her outlook after World War 2, particularly as it regarded Joseph McCarthy with some saying she apologized for him, while others noting she criticized him as a "mendacious and intemperate" individual who was receiving too much media attention.

Untitled
At some early stage, Dorothy Thompson the English historian should be given her own article? Presently there is material scattered in E. P. Thompson and in Chartists and possibly elsewhere. Linuxlad 10:52, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

really?

this needs a bio section
Rich (talk) 20:36, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

A Mistake Needs Correction
Although Dorothy Thompson was a Germanophile, she was not of German ancestry. As her two biographers, Sanders and Kurth, make clear, her father was English and her mother a Scot. Whatever Thompson's involvement in the New York Times ad denouncing the Nazis, it was not because of her family background. Fred Lane (talk) 00:02, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

What about G.E.R. Gedye?
Dorothy Thompson befriended George Eric Rowe Gedye in Vienna. He was one of the legendary foreign corespondents of the interwar years and he has a solid article in the German WP now. Shouldn't he get one here too? Robert Schediwy (Vienna) 84.112.54.160 (talk) 14:46, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

More Information?
Hey I'm sorry I am new to this all and this page didn't seem very active, so I took it upon myself to edit the content. I tried to add soem more interesting infrmation I found and expand the reaches of the page. Dorothy was a great figure in American history and this post did not do her justice. I hope I did not step on anyone's toes... just trying to help. Apbixx (talk) 05:14, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

Woman of the year
The paragraph reads "As Hitler waged war on the Bolsheviks, Thompson took the world stage. She was featured on the cover of Time (magazine) that same year, with an accompanying picture of her speaking into an NBC radio microphone."

Dorothy Thompson was featured on the cover of Time Magazine on June 12, 1939, two and one-half months before Hitler invaded Poland. Hitler didn't "wage war on the Bolsheviks" for two years (in fact, the Bolsheviks helped him wage war on Poland). Bad, stupid writing.Shemp Howard, Jr. (talk) 03:44, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

thompson and palestinian refugees
Was she not criticized later in her career for espousing the cause of palestinian refugees from israeli expansion ?--— ⦿⨦⨀Tumadoireacht Talk/Stalk 22:55, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

-yes why isnt that mentioned?

 * If you have any good sources on that, go ahead and do it yourselves. Be bold--Gorpik (talk) 14:46, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Marriages in the lede
Do we really need to show all that information about her marriages in the lede? I'm fine with the first sentence in the second paragraph, saying there that she was married to Sinclair Lewis, but that's all. It strikes me as quite sexist that half the lede is dedicated to that.--Gorpik (talk) 08:44, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

FDR, New Deal and Court Packing
This is a very interesting article Thompson wrote when President Roosevelt introduced his court packing bill in 1937:

http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5091/

Maybe someone should add a few sentences about this in the article! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.0.46.239 (talk) 23:02, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

Connection to Christa Winsloe
Somebody should add some words about her relation to Christa Winsloe. - tkp — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.82.231.175 (talk) 14:47, 20 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Some info has now been added to the article on that relationship.--Bemland (talk) 01:20, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dorothy Thompson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041020042116/http://goddesscafe.com:80/FEMJOUR/thompson.html to http://www.goddesscafe.com/FEMJOUR/thompson.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:37, 16 December 2016 (UTC)
 * The archived link worked fine, but I've removed it because it was quite irrelevant.--Gorpik (talk) 13:07, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dorothy Thompson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://search.time.com/results.html?D=dorothy+thompson&sid=12E697CDC98B&Ntk=WithBody2009&to_year=1940&to_day=31&Nty=1&from_month=01&Ntt=dorothy+thompson&from_year=1939&to_month=12&from_day=01&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial%2Bsnip%2Bp_body%3A25&N=55
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101219070817/http://peterkurth.com/MT%26R%20%20She%20Made%20It%20%20Dorothy%20Thompson.htm to http://www.peterkurth.com/MT%26R%20%20She%20Made%20It%20%20Dorothy%20Thompson.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:48, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

Confirm and correct number of children
The article states that Dorothy Thompson has one child and names him, but the statistics section at the top says 2 children. Please correct one way or another. 2604:3D09:6E7A:1CF0:A967:EFF2:623A:34CA (talk) 16:18, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dorothy Thompson


text: Category:1039 deaths

title: Category:1039 deaths


text:
Marius Joubert

Marius Charl Joubert (born 10 July 1979 in Paarl, Western Cape) is a South African rugby union player who played as a centre for Stormers in Super Rugby. He has previously played for the Boland Cavaliers, Free State Cheetahs, ASM Clermont Auvergne and Western Province in the Currie Cup and the Stormers and the Cheetahs in Super Rugby. Joubert was educated at Paarl Gimnasium, alongside current Springboks and former Western Province and Stormers teammates De Wet Barry and Jean de Villiers. A few years later, the same school produced another current Springbok star in Schalk Burger.

Joubert started his career at the Boland Cavaliers where he played from 1999 to 2001 when he joined Western Province from 2002 to 2006. He made his debut for South Africa against New Zealand in 2001 and in that very game, picked up a serious knee injury. Despite several injury setbacks (one of which, a badly damaged shoulder, kept him out of the 2003 World Cup), Joubert continued to develop into a world-class centre.

He was a member of the 2004 Springbok squad that won the Tri-Nations. In the Boks' home match at Ellis Park in Johannesburg against the All Blacks, he became only the second Springbok in history (after Ray Mordt in 1981) to score a hat-trick of tries against the All Blacks. Joubert was also for a time South Africa's leading try scorer in Tri Nations play, with six tries, before being overtaken by Breyton Paulse.

During the 2006 Super 14 season. Joubert's form dipped dramatically due to several injury problems. Firstly he struggled with a back injury that kept him from playing in the Currie Cup. He then sustained a back injury that kept him out of the Currie Cup and the Springboks' year-end tour to Argentina, Wales and France. He returned to play for the Stormers in the Super 14, only to break his hand in their final fixture. On 11 September 2006, the Cheetahs announced that Joubert had signed for them for the upcoming 2007 season, thus ending Joubert's 5-year association with the Stormers and Western Province Rugby Union.

Joubert won the 2007 Currie Cup with the Free State Cheetahs and the 2010 French Championship with ASM Clermont Auvergne.

Joubert is 6'3"/1.91 m and weighs 202 lb/91.5 kg.

Honours

 * 2004 Tri-Nations winner (Springboks)
 * 2007 Currie Cup winner (Free State Cheetahs)
 * 2010 French Champions: ASM Clermont Auvergne

title: Marius Joubert


text:
James Young Simpson

Sir James Young Simpson, 1st Baronet, (7 June 1811 – 6 May 1870), was a Scottish obstetrician and a significant figure in the history of medicine. He was the first physician to demonstrate the anaesthetic properties of chloroform in humans and helped to popularize its use in medicine.

Simpson's intellectual interests ranged from archaeology to an almost taboo subject at the time: hermaphroditism. He was an early advocate of the use of midwives in the hospital environment. Many prominent women also consulted him for their gynaecological problems. Simpson wrote Homœopathy, its Tenets and Tendencies, refuting the ideas put forward by Hahnemann.

His services as an early founder of gynaecology and proponent of hospital reform were rewarded with a knighthood, and by 1847 he had been appointed as physician to the Queen in Scotland. Queen Victoria also used anaesthesia for her childbirth, resulting in a significant increase of popularity in anaesthesia.

Simpson was a close friend of Sir David Brewster, and was present at his deathbed. His contribution to the understanding of the anaesthetic properties of chloroform had a major impact on surgery.

Education and early career
James Simpson was born in Bathgate, a younger son of Mary Jervais and David Simpson, a baker. He attended the local school, and in 1825, at the age of 14, entered the University of Edinburgh to study for an arts degree. Two years later he began his medical studies at the university, graduating with an MBChB. He became a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1830 and received his MD in 1832. While at University he took additional classes including those delivered by the surgeon Robert Liston. As a result of the quality of his MD thesis on inflammation, Professor of Pathology John Thomson took him on as his assistant.

As a student he became a member and then Senior President of the Royal Medical Society, initiating a lifelong interest in the Society's advancement. His first role was as a general practitioner in the Stockbridge district based at 2 Deanhaugh Street, and at the age of 28, he succeeded James Hamilton as Professor of Medicine and Midwifery at the University of Edinburgh.

Simpson's most significant contribution to medicine was the introduction of anaesthesia to childbirth, however he also improved the design of obstetric forceps that to this day are known in obstetric circles as "Simpson's Forceps", as well as designing the Air Tractor in 1838. The Air Tractor was the earliest known vacuum extractor to assist childbirth, however the method did not become popular until the invention of the ventouse over a century later.

With regards to religion Simpson was a devout adherent of the Free Church of Scotland, but he refused to sign the Westminster Confession of Faith, because of what he believed to be its literal interpretation of the book of Genesis.

Simpson's principal residence was Strathavon Lodge, but he also kept a town house at 52 Queen Street, Edinburgh, and a country house near Bathgate. The family seat was Strathavon, Linlithgow.

Obstetric anaesthesia
Sir Humphry Davy used the first anaesthetic in 1799: nitrous oxide (laughing gas). William T. G. Morton's demonstration of ether as an anaesthetic in 1846 was initially dismissed because it irritated the lungs of the patients. Chloroform had been invented in 1831, but its uses had not been greatly investigated. Dr Robert Mortimer Glover had first described the anaesthetic properties of chloroform upon animals in 1842 in a thesis which won the Harveian Society's Gold Medal that year, but had not thought to use it on humans (fearing its safety).

In 1847, Simpson first demonstrated the properties of chloroform upon humans, during an experiment with friends in which he confirmed that it could be used to put one to sleep. Dr Simpson and two of his assistants, Dr George Skene Keith (1819–1910) and James Matthews Duncan (1826–1890), used to sit every evening in Dr Simpson's dining room to try new chemicals to see if they had any anaesthetic effect. Following a visit to Linlithgow, where Simpson was recommended to trial a sample of chloroform from a local pharmacist, David Waldie, Simpson then returned to Edinburgh. On 4 November 1847, Simpson and his friends decided to try chloroform themselves, which Simpson had obtained from local pharmacist William Flockhart of Duncan and Flockhart of North Bridge, Edinburgh. On inhaling the chemical they found that a general mood of cheer and humour had set in, but suddenly all of them collapsed only to regain consciousness the next morning. Simpson knew, as soon as he woke up, that he had found something that could be used as an anaesthetic. They soon had Miss Petrie, Simpson's niece, try it. She fell asleep soon after inhaling it while singing the words, "I am an angel!". There is a prevalent myth that the mother of the first child delivered under chloroform christened her child "Anaesthesia"; the story is retailed in Simpson's biography as written by his daughter Eve. However, the son of the first baby delivered by chloroform explained that Simpson's parturient had been one Jane Carstairs, and her child was baptised Wilhelmina. "Anaesthesia" was a nickname Simpson had given the baby.

It was much by chance that Simpson survived the chloroform dosage he administered to himself. If he had inhaled too much and died, chloroform would have been seen as a dangerous substance, which in fact it is. Conversely, if Simpson had inhaled slightly less it would not have put him to sleep. It was his willingness to explore the possibilities of the substance that set him on the road to a career as a pioneer in the field of medicine. Subsequently, organising supplies to Florence Nightingale and Queen Victoria, led to its use in obstetrics and for the military, and according to the British Medical Journal changed the face of medicine for a century.

An account of some of Simpson's early uses of ether in childbirth are related by Manchester-based doctor Edmund Lund who visited him in 1847 and can be found in a manuscript held by special collections at the University of Manchester with the reference MMM/12/2.

Antiquarian research
Simpson joined the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1849, and became its vice-president in 1860. He made contributions to both the history of medicine and to archaeology. He published several papers on leprosy and syphilis. In both cases he was concerned with the symptoms of the diseases and the relation between historical reports and contemporary cases, and also with the institutions that were set up to care for and segregate the patients. Another area he worked on was medicine in Roman Britain.

Simpson published an early and important work on prehistoric rock art ''Archaic Sculpturings of Cups, Circles, &c. Upon Stones and Rocks in Scotland, England, & Other Countries''. Simpson listed and categorized examples of sculpturings from many parts of the British Isles, often from personal examination, and also included examples from other countries for comparison. Many illustrations are provided. After Simpson's death, a collection of his antiquarian essays was published in two volumes.

Marriage and Grindlay family
The Simpson and Grindlay families of Edinburgh were closely interrelated, forming a single extended family.

In 1839, Simpson married Janet Grindlay (later Lady Janet Grindlay Simpson), daughter of the Edinburgh and Liverpool shipping grandee Walter Grindlay, a member of the Scottish branch of the landed gentry Grindlay family. Simpson and Walter were cousins, sharing grandparents in Alexander Simpson and his wife Isabella Grindlay, and Walter's daughter Janet or 'Jessie', was Simpson's first cousin once removed. Simpson's son, Walter Grindlay Simpson, 2nd Baronet was Walter Grindlay's nephew and godson.

Simpson relied on Walter Grindlay and his estate for financial support a number of times during his career.

Death and memorials
In 1840 Simpson was elected a member of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh and served as president in 1848. He was elected President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1850 and an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 1863. In 1850 he was also elected a member of the Aesculapian Club. He was created a Baronet of Strathavon in the County of Linlithgow, and of the City of Edinburgh, in 1866. He died at his home in Edinburgh in May 1870 at the age of 58. A burial spot in Westminster Abbey was offered to his family, but they declined and instead buried him closer to home in Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh. However, a memorial bust of Simpson can be found in a niche at Westminster Abbey in London. On the day of Simpson's funeral, a Scottish holiday was declared, including the banks and stock markets, with over 100,000 citizens lining the funeral cortege on its way to the cemetery, while over 1,700 colleagues and business leaders took part in the procession itself. A year later, chloroform supplier, William Flockhart was buried nearby.

Dr Alexander Russell Simpson, his nephew, inherited his town house at 52 Queen Street and lived there until his death in 1916, when it was then bequeathed to the Church of Scotland. Since then the building has been through many uses including being requisitioned by the army during the Second World War and being used as a centre for training Sunday School teachers in the 1950s. Today, the town house is the premises of a charity called Simpson House, which provides a counselling service for adults and children affected by alcohol and drug use. There is a plaque on the wall outside to mark the house as having been the home of James Young Simpson from 1845 to 1870.

In 1879 the Edinburgh Royal Maternity and Simpson Memorial Hospital and in 1939 the Simpson Memorial Maternity Pavilion were named in his honour, as is the current Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. The Quartermile development, which consists of the Old Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh, named its main residential street Simpson Loan in his honour.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the Simpson Baronets, award to James Young Simpson on 3 February 1866, are influenced by his work in medicine and anaesthesia.

In popular culture
Ambrose Parry's historical novels of the Raven, Fisher, and Simpson series (2018-) feature Simpson as a key protagonist.

title: James Young Simpson


text:
Drin (river)

The Drin (Drin or Drini ; Дрим ) is a river in Southeastern Europe with two major tributaries – the White Drin and the Black Drin and two distributaries – one discharging into the Adriatic Sea, in the Gulf of Drin and the other into the Bojana River. Its catchment area extends across Albania, Kosovo, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and North Macedonia and is home to more than 1.6 million people. The river and its tributaries form the Gulf of Drin, an ocean basin that encompasses the northern Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast.

At 285 km long, the Drin is the longest river of Albania and its tributaries cross through both Kosovo and North Macedonia. Its northern tributary, the White Drin starts from the foothills of Žljeb, at White Drin Waterfall in west Kosovo, and flows generally south, whereas its southern tributary, the Black Drin originates from Ohrid lake in the town of Struga, North Macedonia and flows north. Both tributaries' confluence occurs near Kukës in northeast Albania and Drin then flows westwards through the Albanian Alps and Dukagjin Highlands, where three successive dams were erected between 1960s and late 1980s, forming 3 large artificial lakes. The Drin then passes Vau i Dejës and drains into the Adriatic Sea through its two distributaries in Buna river and west of Lezhë.

Located in the Balkan Peninsula at the crossroad of Europe and Asia, the river basin's varied climate and topography have shaped a vast array of flora and fauna. In addition, it has been recognized as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in Europe. The Drin Delta is classified as an Important Bird Area of international importance by designation under the BirdLife International Convention.

Etymology
The name of the river is recorded in Ancient Greek as Drilon (Δρίλων) and in Latin as Drinus. The name is considered to be of Illyrian origin. The form Drin- has been evidenced by Pliny the Elder ( 1st century AD) and is most likely primary. The ancient name Drinus has undergone sound changes reaching the current Albanian form Drin through the evolution of Albanian sound changes. The Macedonian name of the river is Дрим, Drim. Homonym rivers are Drino between southern Albania and northwestern Greece, and Drina between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia.

Geography
After the confluence of its two tributaries, near the town of Kukës in the northeast Albania, Drin flows west, passing through the Albanian Alps and Fierzë then upon reaching the Dukagjini highlands, flowing then to the south through Apripë e Gurit, Toplanë, Dushman, Koman, Vjerdhë Mazrrek, Rragam, and Pale Lalej. At Vau i Dejës, it enters the low Shkodër Field and splits into two distributaries. One empties into the Gulf of Drin into the Adriatic Sea southwest of Lezhë, forming the Mouth of Drin. The other empties into the Bojana River near the Rozafa Castle.

The Black Drin flows out from the Lake Ohrid near Struga through western North Macedonia and then eastern Albania. The White Drin originates from the Žljeb mountain, north of the town of Peja in the Metohija region of Kosovo, and flows from there through to Albania. The basin encompasses the transboundary subbasins of Lake Shkodër (largest lake in Southern Europe), Lake Ohrid (one of the most ancient lakes in the World), Lake Prespa and Small Prespa Lake and also the tributaries, namely Black Drin, White Drin and Bojana River. All these subbasins and tributaries are home to numerous species of mammals, vascular plants, insects, amphibians, fish and birds.

Economy
Drin river contains the largest hydroelectric power station group in the Balkans regarding the installed capacity and reservoir capacity. The Drin is extremely important for the Albanian economy, especially for its electrical production. The three largest hydropower facilities produce 70.6% of Albania's electricity (approx. 1400MW of total installed capacity). North Macedonia has built two hydropower plants – Globocica (42 MW) and Spilje Hydro Power Plant (84 MW) on the Black Drin.

The artificial Lake Fierza created by the dam at Fierzë is the largest artificial lake in Albania with its surface of 73 km2. The second largest artificial lake is also built on this river. Vau i Dejës lake has an area of 25 km2. Construction of the Fierza power station caused some controversy in the 1980s. Without reaching any agreement, the Albanian government ordered the reservoir to be filled with water, which flooded some border areas of Kosovo, then part of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav government protested, but no solution was agreed on. Thus, today, Lake Fierza is shared by Albania and Kosovo.

Watershed basin
located within North Macedonia

located within Kosovo

 * Drin
 * Black Drin
 * (L): Balicikë and Jabllanicë streams
 * (R): Dallgash stream
 * Radikë river, Mavrovë and Carakë streams, Zalli i Bulqizës river
 * (L): Banjë, Deshat, Gramë, Tepuz, Veleshicë, Prillushë and Tershan streams
 * (R): Mur, Setë, Mollë and Lurë streams
 * White Drin
 * Lumë river
 * Orgjost and Topojan streams
 * (R): Bistrica e Pejës
 * (R): Bistrica e Deçanit
 * (R): Erenik
 * (L): Bistrica e Prizrenit
 * (L): Mirusha
 * (L): Toplluha, Klinë
 * (L): Istok
 * Valbonë
 * Pecmarë, Vrulla e Shoshanit, Gashi and Tropojë streams
 * Shalë
 * Okol and Shtrazë streams
 * Theth river
 * Kaprej and Maja e Zezë streams
 * Bigë, Gura e Lekajt, Kosan and Shehu i Abatit streams
 * Stupje stream
 * Lesniqe river
 * Nikaj
 * (L): Curraj stream
 * Kuç stream
 * (R): Nikaj stream
 * Gjadër and Kir rivers
 * (R): Nikaj stream
 * Gjadër and Kir rivers

History
The ancient name of the river was Drilon. The valley of the river was inhabited by several Illyrian peoples. It was probably dominated at some point and to some extent by the Enchele. The tribal territory of the Taulantii and of the Labeatae was most likely located near the river.

title: Drin (river)


text: Category:1043 deaths

title: Category:1043 deaths


text: Category:1044 deaths

title: Category:1044 deaths


text:
Veterinary Medicines Directorate

The Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) is an Executive Agency of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) seeking to protect public health, animal health, the environment and promoting animal welfare by assuring the safety, quality and efficacy of veterinary medicines in the United Kingdom.

Responsibilities
The VMD is responsible for:

 * the assessment, issue and maintenance of all national Marketing Authorisations for veterinary medicines in accordance with European Community and UK legislation;
 * acting as rapporteur/co-rapporteur or reference member state/concerned member state for designated European applications for centralised or decentralised authorisations;
 * controls on the manufacture and distribution of veterinary medicinal products including inspections;
 * pharmacovigilance through the surveillance of suspected adverse reactions (SARs), through the Suspected Adverse Reaction Surveillance Scheme (SARSS) - veterinary surgeons fill in form VLM252A;
 * surveillance for residues of veterinary medicines in animals and animal products;
 * the provision and implementation of policy advice on these matters to the Health and Agriculture Ministers who jointly form the Licensing Authority for veterinary medicines under the Medicines Act 1968;
 * the management of the Research & Development (R&D) programme linked to veterinary medicine issues; and
 * the co-ordination of Defra’s work in the area of antimicrobial resistance via the DARC Group, including development of a Government Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Strategy.

History
VMD was first established in 1989 and from 1990 was a Next Steps Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF). It became an Executive Agency of Defra on 7 June 2001.

Work of VMD
The work of VMD is divided into three main areas, or "businesses":

 * Licensing – the assessment of applications; issuing and maintenance of Marketing Authorisations; pharmacovigilance for veterinary medicines; and the licensing and inspection of manufacturers and wholesale dealers of veterinary medicines – main customers are Marketing Authorisation holders; manufacturers and importers of veterinary medicines; manufacturers of medicated animal feedingstuffs; retailers of veterinary medicines and medicated animal feedingstuffs; the veterinary profession; farmers and keepers of animals; other stakeholders include the European Medicines Agency (EMEA); DH; Food Standards Agency (FSA); and consumers.
 * Residues – the surveillance for residues of veterinary medicines and banned substances in home produced livestock and animal products and imported animal products, reporting of results and co-ordinating follow-up action – we have contracts with other agencies and companies who carry out work on our behalf at abattoirs and other first processing industries, on farms and at retailers of meat and other animal products, and at ports. We also work with other stakeholders including consumer representative groups, the European Commission and the FSA.
 * Policy – servicing, developing and implementing new policy/legislation on all aspects of veterinary medicines. Providing support to Ministers through briefing and advice on replies to correspondence and Parliamentary Questions. Day-to-day management of the veterinary medicines (R&D) programme on behalf of the Policy customer (Animal Health and Welfare Directorate, Defra) – we work closely with Ministers and officials of Defra and other Government Departments and Agencies including the FSA, the general public, industry, consumer representative groups, the European Commission, embassies and other representatives of foreign governments.

Costs
Operational costs are recovered through charges to the veterinary pharmaceutical industry, the food industry, and Defra.

During 2003/2004 operational costs totalled £11,960,000:
 * Licensing: £4,915,000 (paid for by the veterinary pharmaceutical industry)
 * Statutory Residues: £3,693,000 (paid for by the food industry)
 * Non-statutory Residues: £1,054,000 (paid for by Defra)
 * Policy: £2,298,000 (paid for by Defra)

title: Veterinary Medicines Directorate


text:
Province of Syracuse

The province of Syracuse (provincia di Siracusa; pruvincia di Sarausa) was a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily, Italy. Its capital was the city of Syracuse, a town established by Greek colonists arriving from Corinth in the 8th century BC. It had an area of 2,109 km2 and a total population of 403,985 (2016). Syracuse had 8% of the Sicilian population and 8.2% of Sicily's area.

Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in August 2015 by the free municipal consortium of Syracuse (libero consorzio comunale di Siracusa).

Geography and heritage
The province of Syracuse lies in the southeastern Sicily, in southwestern Italy. It is bordered to the north and north-west by the province of Catania to the west by the province of Ragusa, and to the east and south by the Ionian and Mediterranean seas. It occupies an area of 2109 km2. In 2002, ancient centres of Noto, Palazzolo Acreide and six other towns in the Noto Valley, were awarded UNESCO World Heritage Site status, and is a significant attraction due to its historical, architectural, artistic and archaeological interest. The towns are particularly dense with late Baroque architecture, dates to the immense rebuilding of the towns which took place after the 1693 earthquake which devastated Sicily. The capital of Syracuse is an important road and rail hub of Sicily. The Park of Neapolis on the island of Ortygia is connected by three bridges to the mainland. The island contains the Castello Maniace, dated to the Hohenstaufen period and the Doric Temple of Athena, which was renovated by the Normans.

The Hyblaean Mountains are the dominant mountain range in the province, sloping down to a coastline which contains stretches of white sandy beaches, cliffs, bays, and islets. The coast to the south of Syracuse contains numerous protected areas, such as the Area Marina Protetta del Plemmirio, the Riserva Naturale Orientara Cavagrande between Cassibile and Avola, and the Riserva Naturale Orientata faunistica di Vendicar, north of Pachino. Within the province lies Lago di Lentini, the largest lake in Sicily, and reputedly the largest artificial lake in Europe, which supports a marshland habitat with over 150 different species.

Towns
There are 21 comuni (: comune) in the province. The most populated as of 2005 were:

title: Province of Syracuse


text:
Tina Yothers

Tina Yothers (born Kristina Louise Yothers; May 5, 1973) is an American singer and former actress. Beginning a career as a child actor at the age of three, she is best known for her role as Jennifer Keaton on the hit NBC series Family Ties, as well as for her roles in numerous television films throughout the 1980s and early 1990s including The Cherokee Trail, Crash Course, and Spunk: The Tonya Harding Story among others.

Career
Yothers began her acting career in television advertisements at age three. Her first cinema role was in the 1981 television film The Cherokee Trail. She also appeared in the 1982 feature film Shoot the Moon. Her most famous role was that of Jennifer Keaton, the younger daughter in the television comedy Family Ties that aired from 1982 to 1989. She also competed in the Battle of the Network Stars in December 1988. When Family Ties ended, Yothers abandoned her blonde hair color and has mostly worn it black since, with the notable exception of a 1996 appearance on the Married... with Children sitcom.

Yothers wrote the book Being Your Best: Tina Yothers's Guide for Girls and formed the band Jaded with her brother Cory. She provided the lead vocals while Cory played keyboard. In 1998, Jaded released their self-titled CD, which was co-written by Cory Yothers, Michael Anderson, Tina Yothers and performed by Tina Yothers (lead vocals), Michael Anderson (guitars/vocals), Jerry France (guitars/vocals), Larry Rosales (drums), Mike Wilson (bass) and Phil Jordan from No Doubt on trumpet, along with a DJ. Previously, Yothers sang a cover of The Raes song "Baby I'm Back in Love Again", which she later recorded as a single, in the "Band on the Run" episode of Family Ties that aired February 26, 1987.

After a nine-year absence from acting, Yothers was given the lead role in Lovelace the Musical, a 2004 stage show based on the life of former pornographic film star Linda Lovelace. She followed that up with a stint as a stock player in the Burt Reynolds Dinner Theater in Boca Raton, Florida from 2005 to 2007.

Despite retiring from acting to focus on her music, Yothers has appeared on several games shows and reality shows since. She appeared as a contestant on a special TV child stars edition of The Weakest Link in 2001 where she was voted off in the fifth round. Yothers appeared on the fourth season of the VH1 reality television show Celebrity Fit Club, which began on August 6, 2006. After Yothers's second pregnancy, she appeared on Celebrity Fit Club: Boot Camp to try get back to her post-Fit Club weight. On January 17, 2012, she was featured on the ABC show Celebrity Wife Swap, where she traded places with Niecy Nash of Reno 911!. In February 2013, Yothers appeared on an episode of the TLC series What Not To Wear.

title: Tina Yothers


text:
Haplography

Haplography (from Greek: haplo- 'single' + -graphy 'writing'), also known as lipography, is a scribal or typographical error where a letter or group of letters that should be written twice is written once. It is not to be confused with haplology, where a phoneme is omitted to prevent two similar sounds from occurring consecutively: the former is a textual error, while the latter is a phonological process.

In English, a common haplographical mistake is the rendering of consecutive letters between morphemes as a single letter. Many commonly misspelled words have this form. For example, misspell is often misspelled as. The etymology of the word misspell is the affix "mis-" plus the root "spell", their bound morpheme has two consecutive ss, one of which is often erroneously omitted. The reverse phenomenon, in which a copyist inadvertently repeats a portion of text, is known as dittography.

Other examples of words liable to be written haplographically in different languages are: German Rollladen ("shutters", from roll + Laden) which requires an uncommon sequence of three l‘s and is often spelt, or Arabic takyīf تكييف ("air conditioning"), which would require a sequence of two semivowels y (one as a true semivowel, and another as a device to mark long ī) and is often misspelt as takīf , with only one.

The term haplography is commonly used in the field of textual criticism to refer to the phenomenon of a scribe's, copyist's or translator's inadvertently skipping from one word or phrase to a similar word or phrase further on in the text, and omitting everything in between. It is considered to be a form of parablepsis.

title: Haplography


text:
Talk:Adler-32

Adler-16
Adler-16 - does it exist? does anyone use it? User:Ojw

 * It's not hard to derive from the specification (you need another "base" of course, I'd suggest base 25110) but remember that the fewer bits you use the more "non-unique" and ambiguous the checksum becomes. Use in conjunction with another hash-algorithm Zero2ninE 19:20, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Merge with Fletcher's checksum?
Maybe this should be merged with Fletcher's checksum? All that differs is one operation; the demonstration and discussion about performance is relevant for both. Duplicating the information would be unnecessary. Fredrik | talk 20:18, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There's a larger difference in that Fletcher-32 accumulates 16 bits at a time, while Adler-32 accumulates 8 bits at a time. They are still very similar, though. User:68.205.112.194

 * Aren't you confusing it with Adler-16? Fredrik | talk 15:38, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Example code license
Perhaps this is adequately covered elsewhere in the 'pedia, but this is the page that inspires the question for me. What's the license on the example code? I'm not entirely clear how the GFDL applies to code contained within. Is it similar to the GPL? -- Ventura 16:55, 2005 May 12 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia says: "When an author contributes original material to the project, the copyright over it is retained with them, but they agree to make the work available under the GFDL... all text is available under the GFDL"
 * Information about the license is available at its own page, or at GNU.org Ojw 17:07, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it would be most convenient for me if the [| original author] would specifically say "this implementation public domain".
 * I'm going to ask at Wikipedia talk:Copyright FAQ. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.0.120.35 (talk) 18:19, 27 January 2007 (UTC).

Optimized implementation as example?
The implementation in the RFC is much easier to read. Is there a reason to have a sample implementation here that is optimized for speed rather than clarity? 194.17.253.85 13:23, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

The example code also isn't const-correct, and unnecessarily uses uint32_t; long would suffice, as expressions involving a and b need neither modulo nor unsigned semantics. I find this clearer (as well as being compatible with C90 and C++): 24.155.229.109 (talk) 04:07, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Error in maximum computation of b
The maximum value of b after the loop is actually 0xfff87 try the following program:

--70.48.50.99 (talk) 06:09, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Optimized C code is subpar for current popular CPUs
Preliminary tests showed that simpler code that just use % MOD_ADLER is more than 3x faster on intel core 2 duo (tested on a macbook pro).

data length: 407076728 (388.219MB) adler32: 0x35863d88 (1.219478s 318.348MB/s) adler32 (incremental): 0x35863d88 adler32_mod: 0x35863d88 (0.365084s 1063.367MB/s) adler32_lzo: 0x35863d88 (1.520710s 255.288MB/s) fletcher32: 0x2f086256 (0.531902s 729.869MB/s) fletcher32a: 0x2f086256 (0.278072s 1396.109MB/s)

Note, the adler32 from lzo library (noted for its speed) uses manual loop unrolling and is the slowest.

This is an example of premature optimization. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vicaya (talk • contribs) 00:56, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm OK with having the simpler code example in the article, but please be careful with original research in the future. -- intgr [talk] 01:18, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I may be wrong, but saying in the article that the code is optimized is itself original research. 173.23.136.211 (talk) 22:49, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Articles comment about 5550 is superfluous
I don't believe the comment about 5550 on the article page itself is of any use, the current simple code which does a full reduction is indeed safe at the RFC listed value of 5552 (and should be changed to use this value). MaZe Pallas (talk) 11:23, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * That is correct. I just fixed it. Dradler (talk) 19:33, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Usenet Discussion on Adler-32 by Adler
Also see http://groups.google.com/group/comp.compression/browse_thread/thread/5a37a9fcd32786fd.

151.196.21.60 (talk) 10:13, 6 February 2009 (UTC)JW

 * Usenet is not a reliable source. Xihr  11:50, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Online checker has bugs
If you give it the 80-character input "12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890" it gives the checksum "69010B697", which, since it has more than 32 bits, is obviously wrong.

I suggest removing the link, since it's not reliable.

Pfeilspitze (talk) 04:16, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

 * You are correct, link removed. Thanks! -- intgr [talk] 08:54, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Calculation of modulo delay count
This value (5552) according to the RFC is the result of solving for the inequality:

255n(n+1)/2 + (n+1)(BASE-1) <= 2^32-1

Looking at the sequence for B, I can see where the "255n(n+1)/2" comes from. It is simply the maximum value times the summation of 1 to N, but where does the "(n+1)(BASE-1)" come from? From the sequence, all that seems to be remaining for the total is N. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.91.173.36 (talk) 16:15, 5 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adler-32


text:
Mac OS Cyrillic encoding

Mac OS Cyrillic is a character encoding used on Apple Macintosh computers to represent texts in the Cyrillic script.

The original version lacked the letter Ґ, which is used in Ukrainian, although its use was limited during the Soviet era to regions outside Ukraine. The closely related MacUkrainian resolved this, differing only by replacing two less commonly used symbols with its uppercase and lowercase forms. The euro sign update of the Mac OS scripts incorporated these changes back into MacCyrillic.

Other related code pages include Mac OS Turkic Cyrillic and Mac OS Barents Cyrillic, introduced by Michael Everson in fonts for languages unsupported by standard MacCyrillic.

Layout
Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point and its decimal code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as Mac OS Roman.

{{legend|#FFD|The following code points have been redefined since the original definition of the Macintosh Cyrillic encoding: }}
 * {| class="wikitable chset nounderlines" frame="box" style="text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse"

 * style="text-align: left; font-family: sans-serif" |
 * width=22px | A2
 * width=22px | B6
 * width=22px | FF
 * style="text-align: left" | Macintosh Cyrillic before Mac OS 9.0 also Microsoft code page 10007 and IBM code page/CCSID 1283
 * rowspan=2
 * style="text-align: left" | Macintosh Ukrainian before Mac OS 9.0 also Microsoft code page 10017 and FreeDOS code page 58627
 * rowspan=2
 * rowspan=2
 * style="text-align: left" | Macintosh Cyrillic since Mac OS 9.0
 * }
 * style="text-align: left" | Macintosh Ukrainian before Mac OS 9.0 also Microsoft code page 10017 and FreeDOS code page 58627
 * rowspan=2
 * rowspan=2
 * style="text-align: left" | Macintosh Cyrillic since Mac OS 9.0
 * }
 * }
 * }

title: Mac OS Cyrillic encoding


text:
Oxygen regulation

Oxygen regulation can refer to:
 * The physiological regulation of oxygen in plants and animals. See Control of respiration.
 * The dangerous sexual practice of erotic asphyxiation

title: Oxygen regulation


text:
Province of Enna

The province of Enna (provincia di Enna; Sicilian: pruvincia di Enna; officially libero consorzio comunale di Enna) is a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily, Italy.It was created in 1927, out of parts of the provinces of Caltanisetta and Catania. The capital was designated as Enna (then called Castrogiovanni), instead of Piazza Armerina, due to the influence of politician Napoleone Colajanni. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the free municipal consortium of Enna (Italian: libero consorzio comunale di Enna). Its capital is the city of Enna, located on a mountain and the highest provincial capital in Sicily. Located in the center of the island, it is the only landlocked province in Sicily.

The province of Enna has an area of 2562 km2, and a total population of 168,052 (2017). There are 20 comuni (: comune) in the province, see comuni of the province of Enna. The main comunes by population are:

Main sights

 * Villa Romana del Casale, in Piazza Armerina, a huge ancient Roman "villa", where there are many well preserved Roman mosaics, the most important mosaic system in the Roman world of that time;
 * Morgantina, an ancient town that constitutes the most important archeological area in Central Sicily, whose finds are located in many big museums all over the world: Malibu, Los Angeles, California; New York; Musée du Louvre, Paris; and the Archeological Museum of Aidone, the commune in which Morgantina is located.
 * Castello di Lombardia, in Enna, the biggest castle of Sicily: it had 20 towers centuries ago, but now it has 6 towers, and among these there is Torre Pisana, a very big tower affording an extensive panoramic vista of the surrounding countryside;
 * Duomo of Enna, a cathedral built in the 13th century;
 * Museo Alessi in Enna, a museum which hosts the exhibitions of the Treseaure of Enna's Our Lady and her crown, made with gold.
 * The Cathedral of Piazza Armerina, characterized by a huge green dome.
 * Lake Pergusa, in Enna: it has a forest inside a wildlife reserve, where thousands of rare birds can be found.
 * The Autodromo di Pergusa, the most important racing circuit of southern Italy: it hosted and still hosts  international competitions, such as Formula One, Formula 3000, and the Ferrari Party and other events

Events
In Enna, for Good Friday, there is a procession, and on 2 July is held the Enna's Our Lady feast; Piazza Armerina, on 11, 12 and 13 August, is seat of the Palio dei Normanni, an ancient and traditional feast whose protagonists are the horses.

title: Province of Enna


text:
Province of Palermo

The province of Palermo (provincia di Palermo; Sicilian: pruvincia di Palermu) was a province in the autonomous region of Sicily, a major island in Southern Italy. Its capital was the city of Palermo. On 4 August 2015, it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Palermo.

History and location
Its name is derived from the Latin word Panormus. From 1072 to 1194 Palermo was the capital of the Kingdom of Sicily before Naples became the new capital under the rule of the French Angevin dynasty. It has also been ruled by the Romans, Byzantines, Normans, Arabs, Spanish Empire and Americans (during part of the Second World War). Historical accounts recording the existence of the province date back to the 8th and 6th century BC. The province is surrounded by Tyrrhenian Sea in the north, province of Trapani in the west, the provinces of Agrigento and Caltanissetta in the south, Enna in the southeast and Messina in the east. It is popular for its beaches, namely Mondello. The land is mountainous and includes Pollina and Imera Valleys. Madonie Range is located in the province.

Administration and demographics
The province of Palermo had 82 comuni (: comune), 1,249,533 inhabitants, (24.9% of the Sicilian population) and is 4992 km2 (19.4% of the Sicilian territory). Some major towns of the province are Palermo, Alia, Alimena, Sclafani Bagni and Petralia Soprana. In 1840, for the purpose of administration the province was divided into four districts – Palermo, Corleone, Termini and Cefalu.

Economy and tourism
Service is the most important economic sector for the province, accounting for three-quarters of the total employment opportunities, while the industry and agriculture employ 18% and 6% of the population respectively. The unemployment rate is high. Tourism is also an important industry. A few major tourist destinations include Arab-Norman Palatine Chapel, Church of St. John of the Hermits, Palazzo Abatellis, Gothic Palazzo Chiaramonte and National Gallery of Sicily. The seat of the Sicilian parliament is located in the province. A cathedral containing the tombs of Frederick II and other rulers is also a well known tourist attraction. The Madonie Regional Park is also located in the province. It has an airport called Falcone-Borsellino Airport, which serves about a million passengers every year, while the local port serves about half a million passengers every year. From July to September the province is a tourist mecca.

title: Province of Palermo


text:
Soledad Alvear

María Soledad Alvear Valenzuela (born September 17, 1950), is a Chilean lawyer and former Christian Democrat politician, who was a cabinet member of the Aylwin, Frei and Lagos administrations. She was president of the Christian Democrat Party (PDC) from 2006–2008.

Political career
Under President Patricio Aylwin, Alvear worked as Minister of Women's Affairs, a new Ministry created to deal with discrimination against women in Chilean society. Under the Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle administration she assumed as Justice Minister and helped in completely overhauling the Criminal Justice Code, which dated from Spanish Colonial times. With Ricardo Lagos she worked as campaign manager during the 2000 runoff election, and then under his government she worked as Foreign Minister, signing Free Trade Agreement with the United States, the European Community and South Korea.

On late 2004 Alvear won her party's nomination for the upcoming presidential election, and then was to face the Socialist Party candidate, Michelle Bachelet, in an open primary election, to define a sole Concertación candidate. However, low support in opinion polls and on her party leadership led her to resign two months before the defining primary. Her decision to run for a seat in the Senate in the concurrent parliamentary election proved successful, winning a seat for the PDC in the Santiago/East constituency. In May 2006, she became the first woman elected president of the PDC, with nearly 70% of the votes.

On 22 September 2022, she officially joined Amarillos por Chile, centrist political party.

title: Soledad Alvear


text:
Talk:Phenylthiocarbamide

Factual Error
Hi, I don't know how to edit things on Wikipedia but someone made a mistake in this article. The line with reference ONE about growing transparent fish is true, but not for PTC. The compound is called PTU- check the reference. If anyone could fix this I would appreciate it. I just happened to be on this page and I use PTU on fish (I have a neurobiology graduate student in a zebrafish lab) and happened to have noticed the mistake!

Thanks!
 * There is no mistake. Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and phenylthiourea (PTU) are synonyms.

Untitled
Does anyone know of any side effects or adverse reactions to this chemical?
 * It is carcinogenic according to my bioloy teacher, but I don't know to what degree. By the way, the link out is broken, but I don't want to change it until someone gets another.Eriathwen 20:17, Mar 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * The MSDS suggests that it is very toxic. However, the LD50 is pretty high (5mg/kg rat).  I don't think the tasting papers used in classroom demonstrations can be considered dangerous, but you shouldn't be eating a lot of it.  The MSDS specifically says about cancer: "CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available." --Mdwyer 22:48, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Extremely hazardous in case of ingestion. Very hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of inhalation. Hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator). Corrosive to eyes and skin. The amount of tissue damage depends on length of contact. Eye contact can result in corneal damage or blindness. Skin contact can produce inflammation and blistering. Inhalation of dust will produce irritation to gastro-intestinal or respiratory tract, characterized by burning, sneezing and coughing. Severe over-exposure can produce lung damage, choking, unconsciousness or death. Inflammation of the eye is characterized by redness, watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is characterized by itching, scaling, reddening, or, occasionally, blistering.

 * MSDSs aren't very helpful in these circumstances because they're almost always regarding the concentrated form of the chemical. I wouldn't be surprised if PTC crystals are irritating, but what about a 0.003% working solution? 192.87.37.12 (talk) 13:29, 17 August 2012 (UTC) Eirinn

I don't know if it has any side effects or not. Can anyone tell me what compounds PTC may be found in? This example of "taster" versus "nontaster" is used as an example in genetic inheritance frequently, so does that mean that it is something that we might encounter in our daily lives? Thanks for your unput. God bless!
 * Some people believe that PTC is found in cilantro, but the people who hate cilantro aren't necessarily the same people who think the taste of PTC is vile. --Mdwyer 22:48, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

SMILES
In case this compound ever gets a chemical infobox, the SMILES notation for it is "S=C(N)Nc1ccccc1". Catbar (Brian Rock) 02:13, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

New Research linking Broccoli with PTC
I can remove the Cilantro reference, and replace it with broccoli! First, I want to find the orignal document to cite, though. Here's the article and some snippets, in case the link goes bad. --Mdwyer 01:20, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The original paper is . Definitely worth a cite. —Keenan Pepper 02:25, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, thank you! Sadly, I no longer have ready access to a research library, and I'm not quite ready to spend $30usd on the article.  I'd like to read the original study before writing anything up.  It seems wrong to cite a study I haven't read. --Mdwyer 05:41, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I have access to it through my university, and I think I'm allowed to email you a copy of it. Just don't go distributing it willy-nilly. —Keenan Pepper 05:46, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

http://www.economist.com/science/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=7941707 Current Biology, Mari Sandell and Paul Breslin, of the Monell Chemical Senses Centre, in Philadelphia 21 Sep 2006

hTAS2R38. The protein derived from this gene is known, from laboratory experiments, to be sensitive to a substance called phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). This compound contains a molecular group called thiourea. And thiourea-containing substances are known from other studies to inhibit the function of the thyroid gland. Cruciferous vegetables, such as watercress, turnips and—most pertinently—broccoli, are rich in a group of thiourea-containing compounds called glucosinolates.

All volunteers found the non-cruciferous vegetables equally bitter, but their reactions to the cruciferous ones depended on their genes. Those with two copies of the version of hTAS2R38 coding for the protein that binds best to PTC (one copy having been inherited from each parent) thought broccoli and its cousins the most bitter. Those who had two copies of the poorly binding version thought they tasted fine. Those with one of each had an intermediate reaction.

Tongue rolling
Hi, I have a memory of the ability to roll the tongue being linked with the ability to taste PTC; can anyone provide any further information on this? Rob.desbois 10:28, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

BY:BOB —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.231.158.71 (talk) 23:56, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

bad wording
The statement "test to determine PTC sensitivity is one of the most commonly used[citation needed] genetic tests on humans." is at least badly worded. It is a taste test not a genetic test. The results can be tied back to the genes but it is not a "genetic" test any more than eye colour is. It is a nice binary test, yes or no with little chance of it becoming a racist criteria.

How about sneezing in bright sun, tongue rolling, shape of nose, etc. etc.

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 06:46, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

What is PTC?
This article does very little at explaining how and why PTC is used. Before focusing on the genetic ability to taste this substance, we should at least have some information on how PTC came to prominence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Teimu.tm (talk • contribs) 17:46, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Answering this qustion eight years too late: PTC isn't "used". It's a substance which occurs naturally in some foodstuffs. It "came to prominence" when it was found that the ability to taste it varies greatly. Maproom (talk) 22:57, 17 September 2017 (UTC) Pinging . Maproom (talk) 22:59, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

Merge / redirect PTC tasting to here
I think PTC tasting should be merged or redirected to here. It seems like it is a related topic, but I don't personally know too much about chemistry or genetics. Can someone provide some input on a possible merger? Thanks, Natg 19 (talk) 21:29, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

 * This article is primary genetically and and physiologically, but Phenylthiocarbamide is in the category of chemistry, exclusively.

Yahadzija (talk) 10:36, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Closing, given no support for the merge; I note that summary/main is a common format. Klbrain (talk) 21:13, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

PTC and evolution
The evolutionary aspect of PTC tasting is missing from this article. Is there any knowledge of how PTC tasting or lack thereof impacts evolutionary fitness? I mean, any genetically determined trait which is significant in a population is or was fitness-enhancing or is inextricably linked to a trait that is or was fitness enhancing. What is the story with PTC tasting? PAR (talk) 14:18, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phenylthiocarbamide


text:
Derwent Coleridge

Derwent Coleridge (14 September 1800 – 28 March 1883), third son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was a distinguished English scholar and author.

Early life
Derwent Coleridge was born at Keswick, Cumberland, 14 September 1800 (Derwent Water is not far away). He was sent with his brother Hartley to be educated at a small school near Ambleside. The two brothers were in those days in continual intercourse with Southey and Wordsworth. Derwent was sent to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he formed intimate lifelong friendships with W. M. Praed, Macaulay, John Moultrie, Sidney Walker, Charles Austin, and Bulwer. In the autumn of 1822, he joined them as a contributor to Knight's Quarterly Magazine. His contributions, signed "DAVENANT CECIL", were mostly poetical. He proceeded B.A. 1824, and M.A. 1829.

After becoming estranged from his father, he moved to Plymouth, where he became a teacher. He became involved in the intellectual life of the town, joining The Plymouth Institution (now The Plymouth Athenaeum) as a lecturing member.

In 1826, he was ordained by William Carey, Bishop of Exeter; soon afterwards, he was appointed master of the grammar school at Helston, Cornwall. One of his most distinguished pupils there was Charles Kingsley. While at Helston, he published his largest work, The Scriptural Character of the English Church (1839). He agreed with the conclusions which Gladstone supported in Church Principles considered in their Results, published the following year, although Gladstone wrote as a pronounced high churchman, while Coleridge aimed at setting forth the views of his father on church and state. The avowal that he wished to be regarded as his father's disciple induced F. D. Maurice to dedicate to him his Kingdom of Christ. Coleridge's book, though eloquent, missed popularity, perhaps on account of its impartiality.

Chelsea
In 1841, he was appointed first principal of St. Mark's College, Chelsea, just established by the National Society. He held that post until 1864, and undoubtedly did much to shape the course of elementary education in England. He was a strong advocate of Latin in mental training, placing it altogether above mathematics or physical science. The study of languages was always a passion with him. Arthur Penrhyn Stanley once declared him the most accomplished linguist in England. He could read Cervantes and Alfieri as easily as Racine and Schiller, and was well acquainted with Hungarian and Welsh poetry; of the latter he was intensely fond. He could also read not only Arabic and Coptic, but Zulu and Hawaiian.

Under his guidance sacred music was made a large part of the training of the college students. Choral services were not known in 1841, except in cathedrals, and when one was established in St. Mark's College Chapel pilgrimages used to be made to hear the novelty, not only from all parts of London, but by country clergy. ‘The chapel service is the keystone of the arch,’ he wrote in an interesting letter to Archdeacon Sinclair, published in 1842. He published several pamphlets in the course of his principalship, all evidently inspired by the desire to place the education of the people in the hands of the church, though his view of the church itself and its doctrines was by no means a narrow one. His last publication on the subject was a manifesto against compulsory education and in favour of denominational schools.

In 1846 he was appointed Prebendary of Islington in St Paul's Cathedral.

Literary work and later life
His life of his brother Hartley, published in 1849, is a very well-written biography, and he also edited some of his father's works in conjunction with his sister. In 1864 the works of Praed appeared under his editorship, and with a memoir by him. In 1854 Bishop Blomfield offered him the living of Northolt, but he declined it. Ten years later he accepted from Bishop Tait the rectory of Hanwell. Finding the parish church a long way from the population, he set to work to build a new one in the midst of them, and it was consecrated on the last day of 1879, when he was in his eightieth year. His mind had lost none of its vigour when he resigned next year, but he had become subject to constant attacks of acute neuralgia, and he retired to Torquay, where he died on 28 March 1883. His wife, to whom he had been married for more than fifty-five years, survived him. He left a son (Ernest Hartley Coleridge) and a daughter (Christabel Rose Coleridge). His second son, Derwent Moultrie Coleridge, predeceased him in 1880.

title: Derwent Coleridge


text:
Talk:List of science-fiction authors/to do

 * Ensure   added to all entries with birth and death dates
 * Ensure all entries added to Category:Science fiction writers


text:
Talk:Kallmann's syndrome

Source: public domain text at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/Thesaurus/00004425.htm -- note that they appear to have mis-spelled hypogonadotropic as hypogonadotropoic.

title: Talk:Kallmann's syndrome