text:
Talk:Phonetic transcription

Wells PDF file
There is a 29-page PDF about phonetic transcription and analysis by Prof. John Wells written, it says on his website, for a "forthcoming encyclopedia". A lot of the material will be covered in Wikipedia already in various articles on phonetics topics, but it might be a good idea for someone knowledgeable to make use of Wells's work, which is after all written as an encyclopedia article, as a guide to expand the stub we currently have here. — Trilobite (Talk) 14:03, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * yes, it is not bad. he focuses on IPA, which is his thing. he only mentions alphabetic notation — although this is the major type of phonetic notation, there are others worth mentioning. i think the following is a very good article:

 * MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). Phonetic notation. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Ed.), The world's writing systems (pp. 821-846). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.

 * peace — ishwar  (SPEAK)  06:36, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)

phonetic notation
hi. i didnt know that this page existed before i made phonetic notation article. maybe merge? — ishwar  (SPEAK)  06:31, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)

 * Well the article you wrote is obviously much more comprehensive than this. I notice someone has already added the content here there. It needs to be merged better, if there is anything here that isn't already covered there. I think however, that the final article should be caled "phonetic transcription" because that's the more commonly used term, with a redirect of course from "phonetic notation". Cheers! Nohat 06:55, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * ok. here it comes... — ishwar  (SPEAK)  07:39, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)

 * Looks good. I eagerly anticipate watching and helping the article grow. Nohat 08:16, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Broad and narrow
I've just upgraded this section from a stub in a way which I hope is helpful. However, I had problems with the IPA symbols which don't show correctly on my browser. Perhaps someone could check that these are correct. --Doric Loon 22:09, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Doric Loon, I can't answer your question, but I have a separate comment.
 * I notice that many dictionaries enclose the symbols between brackets, even though they look to me like the broad transcriptions described in this article section. And I agree with the description that broad transcriptions are easier for non-experts (me!) to interpret, and have more general application.
 * Yet in the later section it is recounted that Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle transcribed the English word "night" phonemically as /nixt/. This seems to me to be an example of a transcription that would be completely useless to a non-expert, were it to appear in (say) a dictionary.  The recommendations appearing under the Alphabetic sub-heading also appear much stricter than those discussed in this section.
 * — DIV (128.250.204.118 08:41, 5 July 2007 (UTC))

"Copied from IPA"
Why does this article have a great big section copied from the IPA article? This means that it has to continuously be kept in sync with that article. I can think of two solutions: (a) We should abolish it, and rewrite it to include the necessary parts. A link can easily be established to the IPA article (or vice versa) for more detail on the IPA in particular or phonetic transcription in general. (b) We could just add the copied-over text to a template, and edit the template. That way, the articles are always in sync automatically.

I much prefer the first option, but maybe someone has other suggestions or reasons for the actual copying you should add on new things as a prize.

—Felix the Cassowary 10:22, 31 July 2006 (UTC) (signed a few minutes late)

the truth is 'a little' different
Commenting on this part: 'In the orthography of most European languages, the fact that many letters are pronounced or silent depending on contexts causes difficulties in finding out the appropriate pronunciation, especially in the cases of English and French. However, in other languages such as Spanish and Italian, there is a consistent relationship between orthography and pronunciation.' I would just say that the truth is oposite. In the most of European languages the writing is PHONETIC. Phonetically written are not only Spanish and Italian, but also- German, Dutch, Scandianvian languages, Slavic and Baltic languages, Greek, even Albanian language. Only English and partially French are not phonetically written. Anyway, having a phonetically written language is a very smart thing and it saves a lot of time, energy and NERVES that are usually wasted on memorizing the spelling and pronouncing of the words in non-phonetically written languages! Cheers! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.86.110.10 (talk • contribs) 07:03, 23 July 2007
 * Indeed, I think this paragraph should be completely rewritten. Even French is mostly phonetic. The only exceptions are the rule of "liaisons" and silent letters, which only applies to the last letter of words; and the silent "ent" in the plural form of the 3rd person of conjugated verbs. But to compare that with English could be considered insulting by some French ;) The question in French is whether to pronounce a letter or not. In English, it is how to pronounce a particular letter, or sometimes where to put the emphasis (Think of the noun "record" and the verb "record" for example). Some letters or groups of letters can be pronounced in as many as 5 different ways, depending on contexts. English is far more inconsistent between its orthography and its pronunciation than any other European language of which I know.

 * The result is fairly evident: native English speakers (who learn their language first orally) have a real hard time spelling English words. This is of course a problem in any language, but more particularly so in English.Nicolasconnault (talk) 09:03, 2 February 2008 (UTC)
 * French isn't as consistent as you make on. brun is pronounced with a mid vowel and brune a high vowel even though the only orthographic difference is the "silent" e.  There are a number of morphonemic alternations between certain oral vowels and not so similar nasal vowels (fin vs fine.  au usually represents /o/ but in Maure and similar words it is more open.  I could go on.  Maybe I'm being nitpicky.  The paragraph could do with some revision.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  11:11, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Mild confusion reigns
I'm quoting from the article:

 * "Another commonly encountered alphabetic tradition is the Americanist phonetic alphabet, originally created for the transcription of Native American and European languages. There exist somewhat similar traditions used by linguists of Indic, Finno-Ugric, Caucasian, and Slavic languages. The difference between these alphabets and IPA is relatively small, although often the specially created characters of the IPA are often abandoned in favour of already existing characters with diacritics (e.g. many characters are borrowed from Eastern European orthographies).

 * "There are also extended versions of the IPA, for example: extIPA, VoQs, and Luciano Canepari's canIPA.

 * "[edit] Other transcription systems

 * "The IPA is not the only phonetic transcription system in use. The other common Latin-based system is the Americanist phonetic notation, devised for representing American languages, but used by some US linguists as an alternative to the IPA. There are also sets of symbols specific to Slavic, Indic, Finno-Ugric, and Caucasian linguistics, as well as other regional specialties. The differences between these alphabets and IPA are relatively small, although often the special characters of the IPA are abandoned in favour of diacritics or digraphs."

I'm trying to puzzle through this fascinating and challenging subject. It seems to me the first and last paragraphs above are especially confusing and need some edits to clarify. The first is about "Americanist phonetic alphabet", the last about "Americanist phonetic notation". It's not clear if these are two distinct things, or two names for the same thing. The two paragraphs say much the same thing in different words, I think.

Will someone who understands the subject better than I (that does not narrow the field very much) please take a look at this?

Thanks, Wanderer57 (talk) 17:50, 1 August 2008 (UTC)  ---P.S. This is a minor point but in these paragraphs the word "often" is used too often.

Dialect Embarrassment
I'm not sure how this point should be incorporated into the section on narrow versus broad transcription so I'll mention it here in the hopes that somebody else can take the point under advisement. One of my English teachers was from the UK. When she was learning the IPA, it was from a Professor whose speech betrayed a working-class upbringing that he thought had been eradicated from his speech. His students quickly learned when practicing transcription to record the upper-class accent the fellow thought he had, rather than how he actually was pronouncing certain words. 71.235.75.86 (talk) 10:55, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't suppose there's any way to work that anecdote into the article, but it reminds me of what happened to me when I was learning phonetic transcription in my first college linguistics course. We were to transcribe words as we ourselves pronounced them, but the teaching assistant who graded the papers was not a native English speaker. And what I learned was to transcribe words the way foreigners are taught to pronounce them, rather than how I actually pronounce them myself, otherwise it would get counted wrong. —Angr 14:11, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Perhaps

 * "However, phonemic transcriptions may also be broad or narrow, or perhaps it would be better to say abstract vs. concrete."

Perhaps? This seems like rather clumsy phrasing, as if the article can't make up its mind. 172.56.10.182 (talk) 03:42, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

Plurals with S- and Z-sounds.
I have an issue with the line "these would be |petz| and |bedz|". The S in 'beds' is indeed pronounced as Z, but the S in 'pets' certainly isn't, as it follows an unvoiced consonant. I prefer to raise an issue than interfere in the page itself, so if an author would like to address this issue, that would be appreciated. Thanks. SP1R1TM4N (talk) 15:13, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * The answer can be read immediately before that line - |(...)| is a morphological analysis, not a phonemic one. Mr KEBAB (talk) 19:32, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks. My mistake. SP1R1TM4N (talk) 13:37, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

Versus orthography
I believe there are a couple of oversimplifications in “Versus orthography”. The statement “Other languages, such as Spanish and Italian have a more consistent (but still imperfect) relationship between orthography and pronunciation (phonemic orthography)” implies that no language has an orthography that is genuinely phonemic, but the article Phonemic orthography states that “That ideal situation is rare but exists in a few languages”. There is another oversimplification in the statement “phonetic transcription can provide a function that the orthography cannot. It displays a one-to-one relationship between symbols and sounds, unlike traditional writing systems”. But phonetic transcriptions of a single utterance may identify different numbers of phones: Lodge (2009, pp. 67-8) shows five different phonetic transcriptions of the word ‘cab’, some of which contain a symbol for the aspiration component of the initial /k/ and others a symbol for the final release of /b/. Laver (1994, p. 558) gives an illustration of successive efforts at transcription of a Czech utterance by a transcriber who was an expert in phonetics but not a speaker of Czech. Three transcriptions of the word [prɒstʃi] (“simpler”) have different numbers of symbols. This shows that the principle of one-to-one correspondence between a phonetic symbol and a single sound is not strictly true in practice: what we identify as “a sound” is often arbitrary. The other part of this claim, that orthography is not able to offer a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds, is shown to be incorrect by the statement quoted above from the Phonemic orthography article. I would like to modify this section to take account of these points. RoachPeter (talk) 16:47, 29 December 2019 (UTC)

Avestan alphabet
The section Types of notational systems opens with a para on the Avestan alphabet. I know nothing about this alphabet, so I would like to ask if this really qualifies as a phonetic alphabet. It seems to me that a symbolic system designed for one specific language (e.g. Hangul for Korean) is an orthography. A phonetic alphabet should be something that is generalizable to other unrelated languages and is employed for work on other languages. If others agree with me, then mention of Avestan could perhaps be moved to the opening section where phonemic and near-phonemic orthographies are mentioned. RoachPeter (talk) 16:48, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

"(phonetic) transcription" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect (phonetic) transcription. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 21:31, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

Vandalism
Someone has been making minor changes to this article that look like vandalism, specially in the "Narrow vs broad" section, where a sub-head "Types of notational system" has been altered. My editing skills aren't good enough to track down the version of the article which should stand as the unmolested text - can someone restore it, please? I will remove the word 'boring', however. RoachPeter (talk) 08:54, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Done. Nardog (talk) 12:06, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phonetic transcription


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wang Junxia

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was KEEP. sjorford →•← 23:27, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wang Junxia
Wikipedia is not a passport. Radiant! 14:03, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC) Request withdrawn. Keep. Radiant! 12:11, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Kevin Rector 14:11, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've cleaned up the article somewhat, noting that she is a runner who currently holds the world record in the 3000m. The article can be expanded, so I vote a strong keep. Carrp | Talk 14:19, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Obvious keep. The original article may have looked like vanity, but a simple Google is always a good idea before VFD. Oh, and you might want to look at incoming links. sjorford// 14:43, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, extremely notable, but VfD was better than leaving it as useless stats. Kappa 14:57, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Please don't list articles purely because of their failure to establish notability. A quick google often reveals all. This person holds a world record and is clearly notable. Trilobite (Talk) 15:23, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Er, keep. I've added the 5000m Olympic gold medal at the 1996_Summer_Olympics to the article. JuntungWu 17:40, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just under the bar of notability for me. Megan1967 07:29, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. World record holder and gold medal winner. Gamaliel 07:39, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. wshun 08:29, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, looks like a CV. JamesBurns 08:34, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Fountain square

A fountain square is a park or plaza in a city that features a fountain. It may stand alone or as part of a larger public park.

In the United States, there are numerous fountain squares, many of which are actually called "fountain square." There are fountain squares in places such as Indianapolis, Indiana; Evanston, Illinois; and Bowling Green, Kentucky. The Fountain Square in Cincinnati, Ohio has continued to be a popular tourist attraction for more than 100 years; its famous Tyler Davidson Fountain is shown in the opening credits of the TV series WKRP in Cincinnati.

Fountains Square in Baku, Azerbaijan, is one of the country's most famous tourist destinations.

title: Fountain square


text:
Japan black

Japan black (also called black japan and bicycle paint ) is a lacquer or varnish suitable for many substrates but known especially for its use on iron and steel. It can also be called japan lacquer and Brunswick black. Its name comes from the association between the finish and Japanese products in the West. Used as a verb, japan means "to finish in japan black". Thus japanning and japanned are terms describing the process and its products.

Its high bitumen content provides a protective finish that is durable and dries quickly. This allowed japan black to be used extensively in the production of automobiles in the early 20th century in the United States.

Ingredients
Japan black consists mostly of an asphaltic base dissolved in naphtha or turpentine, sometimes with other varnish ingredients, such as linseed oil. It is applied directly to metal parts, and then baked at about 200°C (400°F) for up to an hour.

Automobile use
Japan black's popularity was due in part to its durability as an automotive finish; however, it was the ability of japan black to dry quickly that made it a favorite of early mass-produced automobiles such as Henry Ford's Model T.

While other colors were available for automotive finishes, early colored variants of automotive lacquers could take up to 14 days to cure, whereas japan black would cure in 48 hours or less. Thus, variously colored pre-1925 car bodies were usually consigned to special orders, or custom-bodied luxury automobiles.

The development of quick-drying nitrocellulose lacquers (pyroxylins) which could be colored to suit the needs of the buying public in the 1920s led to the disuse of japan black by the end of the 1920s. In 1924, General Motors introduced "True Blue" Duco (a product of DuPont) nitrocellulose lacquer on its 1925 model Oakland automobile marque products.

Ford's formulations
Ford used two formulations of japan black, F-101 and F-102 (renamed M-101 and M-102 after March 15, 1922). F-101, the "First Coat Black Elastic Japan", was used as the basic coat applied directly to the metal, while F-102, "Finish Coat Elastic Black Japan", was applied over the first layer. Their compositions were similar: 25–35% asphalt and 10% linseed oil with lead and iron-based dryers, dissolved in 55% thinners (mineral spirits, turpentine substitute or naphtha). The F-101 also had 1–3% of carbon black added as a pigment. The asphalt used in the Ford formulations was specified to be Gilsonite. This has long been used in formulations of paint for use on ironware as it increases the elasticity of the paint layer, allowing it to adhere to steel subjected to vibration, deformation and thermal expansion without cracking or peeling. It is also cheap, yields a glossy dark surface, and acts as a curing agent for the oil.

title: Japan black


text:
Talk:Utah Territory

Trails
where were the trails they used? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.247.251.68 (talk • contribs) 14:04, 16 February 2005

 * See Mormon Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail & Old Spanish Trail (trade route). -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 20:07, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

The railroad was welcomed by the Mormon Leadership, not shunned
There is a slew of evidence that the Mormons welcomed the railroad, and as early as 1854 were petitioning Congress to build the Pacific Railway through Salt Lake City. The statement that it "was not regarded as especially beneficial by the Mormons who governed the territory" in the article is false. Brigham Young was in the southern part of the territory at the time due to ecclesiastical responsibilities, but there were plenty of Mormon leaders present on May 10, 1868, including Bishop Lorin Farr and Apostle Ezra T. Benson. As such I have deleted that sentence. D&RGW 223 (talk) 02:04, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that the featured picture File:Utah territory coat of arms (illustrated, 1876).jpg, which is used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for September 9, 2021. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2021-09-09. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! Cwmhiraeth (talk) 10:57, 27 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Utah Territory


text: User talk:24.254.136.186

title: User talk:24.254.136.186


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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Bank of China (Hong Kong)/archive1

Bank of China (Hong Kong)
Bank of China (Hong Kong) (BOCHK) has been on WP:PR for some time, with comments addressed. I've modeled this after Ryanair so all the fundamentals should be there. (Note: Self-nomination; note that my passbook and credit cards appear on the page.) Also see the disclosure on my user page. --JuntungWu 14:06, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support - I've already reviewed this, and (as usual) it's of high quality! I only wish that I could do as good a job on L.J. Hooker... Ta bu shi da yu 01:14, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Johnleemk | Talk 05:16, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Great work. Object, sorry since it is very good information and meets all the criteria except the writing is very confusing in parts. Examples include the intro, where it is quite confusing among Bank of China (Hong Kong), Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited, Bank of China, BOC (Hong Kong) Holdings Limited, which is which. Adding to the confusion is the name of the headquarters Bank of China Tower which makes me think it is the tower of the Bank of China, not the HK subsidiary. I hope that is all made clear later in the article, but the point is the intro should ease a reader in that doesn't already know the topic. You can help that by eliminating extra detail in the intro that is not critical to understanding the topic. Also a number of topics in the article need some more context for the reader that does not already know the topic to be able understand it. An example is Renminbi, that should be explained in the text where it is at. Doesn't need more than one good sentence or so, but something. - Taxman 02:43, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Finally some objections and chance for improvements. Great.. Anyway, (1) it IS very confusing because of the convoluted structure of Bank of China companies. I'll put in an organisation chart or something. (2) The name of the headquarters is "Bank of China Tower" because it was built by the Bank of China and named as such, even though it's now used by BOCHK. To add to the confusion BOC calls all of their buildings "Bank of China Tower" be it in Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shanghai or Beijing or any other city anywhere on planet Earth. (3) I'll add something about Renminbi. JuntungWu 03:22, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I've added some context on renminbi, added details on the Bank of China Tower's ownership, rewrote the intro to hint that the building's name is a historical oddity; gave context on renminbi, and slimmed the intro slightly. JuntungWu 01:19, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent fixes indeed and this is well on its way to being featured. So with that in mind I will point out a few more things. The intro fixes where great, and I don't think it needs an organization cahrt now that it is much clearer. 1) Telling what Renminbi is in the intro is very helpful. But if someone missed that, the section where Renminbi is actually covered needs that same or similar bit of context too. The 'Renminbi clearing bank' section still launches straight in without telling us what it is. 2) A number of sections have too many one sentence paragraphs. That breaks up the flow of the text too much. Either merge them together well or expand the ones that don't make sense to merge together. Especially the 'Bank of China Group' and 'Corporate structure and BOC (Hong Kong) Holdings' sections. The rest are more or less fine. 3) Finally the infobox lists three products that BOCHK offers. That seems awfully odd since I'm sure they offer much much more. And the things that are there are assumed to be offered by any bank, no? I guess I don't see a reason for that to be in the infobox, or else it should be expanded to be comprehensive. I suppose those are three broad categories that could be considered to include almost everything, but it still seems odd. Maybe it should be called Major products or something. 4) Is the slogan really incorrect with every day being one word? Or was that just a translation error? When used as one word, it has a slightly different meaning (an adjective) than what is required there (a noun). - Taxman 16:30, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * In reverse order: (4) the slogan is a typo; fixed. (See top right hand side of this web page). (3) Now just says "commercial banking" which is basically what it does. I'll look at (2) and (1) more closely.JuntungWu 18:11, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * More fixes: I've added a paragraph to (1) to elaborate on the clearing bank business, and (2) some paragraphs have been merged. A bit on (3): BOCHK offers less products than say Citigroup or HSBC as a big part of financial services (e.g., insurance, securities) are offered by its parent, Bank of China. So it seems like a good idea now to just say "commercial banks". JuntungWu 18:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Great work, thanks. It's much better. - Taxman 16:00, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support,--User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 03:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. --Felix Wan 02:09, 2005 Feb 19 (UTC)
 * Support.  — Instantnood 23:21 Feb 20 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. - Mailer Diablo 09:42, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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French frigate Suffren

Suffren was a Suffren-class frigate of the French Navy, designed to protect a fleet against air threats, surface ships, submarines, and, to a lesser extent, provide firepower against land objectives. She is the sister ship of FRENCH FRIGATE Duquesne, and was decommissioned in 2001. She was the seventh French vessel named after the 18th century admiral Pierre André de Suffren.

Background and description
Ships of the Suffren class were designed as anti-air and anti-submarine escorts for the Clemenceau-class aircraft carriers and were similar in concept to the British Type 82 destroyer. They were ordered in 1960 as part of France's new naval policy of deterrence/intervention/defence following the election of Charles de Gaulle as president of France. The French designation for the class was frégates lance-engins (FLE 60). They were designated as frigates by the French Navy but were considered destroyers by publications. They were later re-designated frégates lance-missiles (FLM 60).

The vessel measured 157.6 m long overall and 148 m between perpendiculars, with a 15.54 m beam and a maximum draught of 7.4 m. The ship had a standard displacement of 5090 t and 6090 t at full load. By 1990 the ship had a standard displacement of 5335 t and 6780 t at full load. Suffren was powered by four multi-tube, automatic control boilers creating steam for two sets of Rateau double-reduction geared turbines turning two propellers. They were rated at 72500 shp. They created a total of 3,440 kW of electrical power through two 1,000 kW turbochargers and three 480 kW diesel alternators. Suffren had a maximum speed of 34 kn and a range of 5100 nmi at 18 kn. The frigate had a complement of 355 sailors including 23 officers. For increased stabilisation as a weapons platform, the frigate was outfitted with three pairs of non-retractable fin stabilisers. Ships of the Suffren class were considered extremely seaworthy vessels.

The Suffren class were armed with a twin launcher situated on the quarterdeck for the Masurca surface-to-air missile. 48 missiles were carried. The frigates were also equipped with two single-mounted 100 mm Modèle 1953 naval guns in positions 'A' and 'B' along the centreline. These were later upgraded to the Modèle 1964. The frigates also mounted a Malafon anti-submarine missile system. Each ship carried 13 missiles and the magazine was situated in the aft deckhouse. Furthermore, the Suffren class had four launchers for L5 torpedoes, two to each side of the ship, housed in the deckhouse between the mast and the bridge. Each ship carried ten torpedoes. They were the first French warships to deploy torpedoes using fixed catapults.

Fire control was via the DRBI 23 3D radar for air search/tracking housed in a massive radome that dominated the ship's silhouette. The Suffren class also mounted DRBN 32, DRBV 50, two DRBR 51 and DRBC 32A radars. For anti-submarine warfare, they were equipped with DUBV 23 hull-mounted sonar and DUBV 43 towed variable depth sonar. For electronic defence, the vessels initially mounted the Syllex chaff system. The SENIT I tactical data system coordinated sensor data.

Modifications
In 1977 to 1979, the MM38 Exocet anti-ship missile system was fitted to Suffren. The ship carried four missiles. The Masuraca system was upgraded between 1982–1985. Suffren had its DRBV 50 radar replaced with the advanced DRBV 15 system in 1989–1990 while also having its DRBC 32A gunfire control radar replaced with the newer DRBC 33A system. Furthermore during that refit, the Syllex outfit was replaced with the Dagaie and Sagaie electronic countermeasures systems. Additionally four single-mounted 20 mm cannon were fitted two to each side of the ship abaft the DRBC 33A radar.

Construction and career
Suffren was named after the French admiral Pierre André de Suffren. Suffren accompanied the Clemenceau-class aircraft carriers on deployments and as a result was based with them as part of the French Atlantic Fleet upon entering service. In 1975, when the Clemenceaus were transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet, Suffren went with them and was based at Toulon.

Suffren's service-life extension refit was delayed due to the ship's deployments to the Persian Gulf during the Iran–Iraq War. Suffren's refit took place from 1989 to 1990. Suffren was retired on 2 April 2001. The Suffren class was replaced by the Horizon-class frigates.

title: French frigate Suffren


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Bruceploitation

Bruceploitation (a portmanteau of "Bruce Lee" and "exploitation") is an exploitation film subgenre that emerged after the death of martial arts film star Bruce Lee in 1973, during which time filmmakers from Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea cast Bruce Lee look-alike actors ("Lee-alikes") to star in imitation martial arts films, in order to exploit Lee's sudden international popularity. Bruce Lee look-alike characters also commonly appear in other media, including anime, comic books, manga, and video games.

History
When martial arts film star Bruce Lee died on July 20, 1973, he was Hong Kong's most famous martial arts actor. When Enter the Dragon became a box office success worldwide, many Hong Kong studios feared that a movie without their most famous star in it would not be financially successful and decided to play on Lee's sudden international fame by making movies that sounded like Bruce Lee starring vehicles. They cast actors who looked like Lee and changed their screen names to variations of Lee's name, such as Bruce Li and Bruce Le.

Actors
After Bruce Lee's death, many actors assumed Lee-like stage names. Bruce Li (小龍 from his real name Ho Chung Tao 何宗道), Bruce Chen, Bruce Lai (real name Chang Yi-Tao), Bruce Le (小龍 from his real name Wong Kin Lung, 黃建龍), Bruce Lie, Bruce Leung, Saro Lee, Bruce Ly, Bruce Thai, Brute Lee, Myron Bruce Lee, Lee Bruce, and Bruce Lei / Dragon Lee (real name Moon Kyoung-seok) were hired by studios to play Lee-styled roles. Bruce Li appeared in Bruce Lee Against Supermen, in which he stars as Kato, assistant of the Green Hornet, a role originally played by the real Bruce Lee.

Additionally, when some Japanese karate and Korean taekwondo films were dubbed into English for U.S. release, the protagonists were given new Lee-like stage names. Such was the case with Jun Chong (credited as Bruce K. L. Lea in the altered and English-dubbed Bruce Lee Fights Back from the Grave) and Tadashi Yamashita (credited as Bronson Lee in the altered English-dubbed Bronson Lee, Champion).

Jackie Chan, who started his movie career as an extra and stunt artist in some of Bruce Lee's movies, was also given roles where he was promoted as the next Bruce Lee as Chan Yuen Lung (with Yuen Lung's stage name borrowed from his fellow Fortunes actor Sammo Hung), such as New Fist of Fury (1976). Only when he made some comedy-themed movies for another studio was he able to attain box-office success.

In 2001, actor Danny Chan Kwok-kwan sported Lee's look in the Cantonese comedy film Shaolin Soccer. The role landed him to play Lee in the biographical television series The Legend of Bruce Lee.

Film and television
Some of the films, such as Re-Enter the Dragon, Enter Three Dragons, Return of Bruce, Enter Another Dragon, Return of the Fists of Fury, or Enter the Game of Death, were rehashes of Bruce Lee's classics. Others told Lee's life story and explored his mysteries, such as Bruce Lee's Secret (a farcical rehash starring Bruce-clone Bruce Li in San Francisco defending Chinese immigrants from thugs), Exit the Dragon, Enter the Tiger (where Bruce Li is asked by Bruce Lee to replace him after his death), and Bruce's Fist of Vengeance.

Other films used his death as a plot element such as The Clones of Bruce Lee (where clones of Bruce Lee portrayed by some of the above actors are created by scientists) or The Dragon Lives Again (where Bruce Lee fights fictional characters such as James Bond, Clint Eastwood and Dracula in Hell and finds allies amongst others such as Popeye and Kwai Chang Caine). Others, such as Bruce Lee Fights Back from the Grave, featured Lee imitators but with a plot having nothing to do with Bruce Lee.

One of Lee's fight choreographers, actor-director Sammo Hung, famously satirised the phenomenon of Bruceploitation in his 1978 film, Enter the Fat Dragon. Elliott Hong's They Call Me Bruce? satirised the tendency for all male Asian actors (and by extension, male Asians in general) to have to sell themselves as Bruce Lee-types to succeed.

One notable film is Fist of Fear, Touch of Death released in 1980. While the real Lee does appear in the movie, it is only through dubbed stock footage. The movie passes itself off as non-fiction but is fictional. The plot involves a martial arts tournament where the prize is recognition as Lee's successor. This is intertwined with what the movie passes off as the life story of Bruce Lee. The film says that Lee's parents did not want him be a martial artist, and he ran away from home to become an actor. In real life, they encouraged his careers. The film conflates China and Japan by stating Lee's martial art was Karate (a Japanese art) instead of Kung Fu (a Chinese art) and that his great-grandfather was a samurai (impossible as samurai are found in Japan, not China).

Partial list of films

 * The Pig Boss (Philippines, 1972), starring Ramon Zamora
 * Shadow of the Dragon (Philippines, 1973), starring Ramon Zamora
 * The Game of Death! (Philippines, 1974), starring Ramon Zamora
 * Bruce Lee: A Dragon Story (Hong Kong, 1974), starring Bruce Li
 * Goodbye Bruce Lee: His Last Game of Death (Taiwan, 1975), starring Bruce Li
 * Exit the Dragon, Enter the Tiger (Taiwan/Hong Kong, 1976), starring Bruce Li
 * Bruce Lee Fights Back from the Grave (South Korea, 1976), starring Jun Chong
 * New Fist of Fury (Hong Kong, 1976), a sequel to Fist of Fury starring Jackie Chan
 * The Dragon Lives (Taiwan/Hong Kong, 1976), starring Bruce Li
 * Bruce Lee: The Man, The Myth (Hong Kong, 1976), starring Bruce Li
 * The Dragon Lives Again (Hong Kong, 1977), starring Bruce Leung
 * Fist of Fury II (Hong Kong, 1977), a sequel to Fist of Fury starring Bruce Li; unrelated to New Fist of Fury
 * Return of the Tiger (Hong Kong, 1978), starring Bruce Li
 * The Image of Bruce Lee (Hong Kong, 1978), starring Bruce Li
 * Fists of Bruce Lee (Hong Kong, 1978), starring Bruce Li
 * Enter the Game of Death (South Korea/Hong Kong, 1978), starring Bruce Le
 * Fist of Fury III (Hong Kong, 1979), starring Bruce Li
 * They Call Him Bruce Lee (Philippines, 1979), starring Jack Lee and Rey Malonzo
 * Kungfu Fever (South Korea/Taiwan, 1979), starring Dragon Lee
 * Fist of Fear, Touch of Death (United States, 1980), starring Bruce Lee (archival footage) and Fred Williamson
 * The Clones of Bruce Lee (South Korea/Hong Kong, 1980), starring Bruce Le, Dragon Lee, Bruce Lai, and Bruce Thai
 * Bruce's Fist of Vengeance (Philippines, 1980), starring Bruce Le
 * Katilon Ke Kaatil (India, 1981), Hindi film featuring Bruce Le in several scenes
 * Jackie and Bruce to the Rescue (Hong Kong, 1982), starring Tong Lung

End of a trend
Bruceploitation ended when Jackie Chan made a name for himself with the success of the kung fu comedies Snake in the Eagle's Shadow and Drunken Master. These films established him as the "new king" of Hong Kong martial arts cinema. Another factor in the end of Bruceploitation was the beginning of the Shaw Brothers film era in the late 1970s, which started with movies such as Five Deadly Venoms which featured new martial arts stars in the Venom Mob. Since the end of the trend, Bruce Lee's influence on Hong Kong action cinema remained strong, but the actors began establishing their own personalities, and the films began to take on a more comedic approach.

Documentary
In 2017, Michael Worth began an effort to shine more light on the subject, producing what would become Enter the Clones of Bruce (2023), the first official documentary on the subject with Severin Films. The documentary interviews many of the key players of the Bruceploitation movement, including Ho Chung-tao (Bruce Li), Huang Jianlong (Bruce Le), Ryong Keo (Dragon Lee), and Leung Choi-sang (Bruce Liang). The film had its world premiere at the 2023 Tribeca Film Festival.

Rebirth
Bruceploitation has continued in the United States in a muted form since the 1970s. Films such as Force: Five, No Retreat, No Surrender, and The Last Dragon used Bruce Lee as a marketing hook, and the genre continues to be a source of exploration for fans of the late Little Dragon and his doppelgangers. Fist of Fear, Touch of Death told a fictional life story of the star.

In May 2010, Carl Jones published the book Here Come the Kung Fu Clones. It focuses on a particular Lee-a-like, Ho Chung Tao, but it also explores the best and worst actors and films that the genre has to offer.

In the third season of the 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series, the character of Hun (originally a muscle-bound Caucasian from the 2003 cartoon series) makes his debut, with his appearance and behaviour closely patterned after Bruce Lee.

The first Spanish book on the genre by Ivan E. Fernandez Fojón, ''Bruceploitation. Los clones de Bruce Lee'' was published by Applehead Team Creaciones in November 2017.

Stewart Home’s book Re-Enter The Dragon: Genre Theory, Brucesploitation & the Sleazy Joys of Lowbrow Cinema (Ledatape Organisation, Melbourne 2018) "is cleaning up the territory and sharpening the contours of the category of Bruceploitation which as he sees it has not been worked out rigorously enough by early pioneers." This book appeared after Home made and exhibited an art film meditation on the subject of Bruceploitation for Glasgow International in 2016.

The Legend of Bruce Lee (2008), a Chinese television drama series based on the life of Bruce Lee, has been watched by over 400 million viewers in China through CCTV, making it the most-watched Chinese television drama series of all time, as of 2017. It has also been aired in other parts of the world: United States (KTSF), Italy (RAI 4), Canada (FTV), Brazil (Rede CNT; Band), Vietnam (HTV2; DN1-RTV), South Korea (SBS), Japan (NTV), Hong Kong (ATV Home), Philippines (Q), Taiwan (TTV), Iran (IRIB), Venezuela (Televen), United Kingdom (Netflix) and Indonesia (Hi Indo).

Comics and animation
The comic book medium also gave birth to several characters inspired by Bruce Lee, most notably in Japanese comics or manga.

Bruce Lee had an influence on several American comic book writers, notably Marvel Comics founder Stan Lee, who considered Bruce Lee to be a superhero without a costume. Shortly after his death, Lee inspired the Marvel character Iron Fist (debuted 1974) and the comic book series The Deadly Hands of Kung Fu (debuted 1974). According to Stan Lee, any character that is a martial artist since then owes their origin to Bruce Lee in some form. Paul Gulacy was inspired by Bruce Lee when he drew the Marvel character Shang-Chi.

Manga and anime
In Tetsuo Hara and Buronson’s influential shōnen manga and anime series Hokuto no Ken, known to Western audiences as Fist of the North Star, the main character Kenshiro was deliberately created by them based on Bruce Lee, combined with influences from the film Mad Max. Kenshiro’s appearance resembles that of Lee, as well as mannerisms inspired by Lee, such as his fighting style and battle cries. Additionally, in Hokuto no Ken’s prequel Souten no Ken, the main character is Kenshiro’s uncle, named Kenshiro Kasumi, who is also modelled after Lee’s physique and mannerisms in the same way as his nephew.

Akira Toriyama's influential shonen manga and anime series Dragon Ball was also inspired by Bruce Lee films, such as Enter the Dragon (1973). The title Dragon Ball was inspired by Enter the Dragon as well as later Bruceploitation knockoff kung fu movies which frequently had the word "Dragon" in the title. Later, when Toriyama created the Super Saiyan transformation during the Freeza arc, he gave Goku piercing eyes based on Bruce Lee's paralysing glare.

In Masashi Kishimoto’s Naruto manga, the characters Might Guy and Rock Lee were modelled by him after Bruce Lee.

Video games
Bruce Lee films such as Game of Death and Enter the Dragon were the foundation for video game genres such as beat 'em up action games and fighting games. Kung-Fu Master (1984), considered the first beat 'em up game, is based on Lee's Game of Death, with the five-level Devil's Temple reflecting the movie's setting of a five-level pagoda with a martial arts master in each level. Kung-Fu Master in turn served as the prototype for most subsequent martial arts action games in the late 1980s. Datasoft Inc. also released the game Bruce Lee in 1984.

The fighting game Yie Ar Kung-Fu (1985) was also inspired by Bruce Lee films, with the main player character Oolong modelled after Lee (like Bruceploitation films). In turn, Yie Ar Kung-Fu established the template for subsequent fighting games. The Street Fighter video game franchise (1987 debut) was inspired by Enter the Dragon, with the gameplay centered around an international fighting tournament, and each character having a unique combination of ethnicity, nationality and fighting style; Street Fighter went on to set the template for all fighting games that followed.

Since then, numerous fighting games have featured Bruce Lee look-alike characters, starting with World Heroes which introduced Kim Dragon in 1992. Super Street Fighter II character Fei Long was designed as a homage to Bruce Lee as well. The character Liu Kang in the Mortal Kombat franchise was also modelled after Bruce Lee. The Tekken franchise followed suit with Marshall Law, and just once had him substituted by introducing his son Forest Law. EA Sports UFC includes Bruce Lee as an unlockable character, though it came with the approval of his daughter Shannon.

Another notable game that features Bruce Lee is The Dragon, released in 1995 by Ramar International (also called Rinco) and Tony Tech in Taiwan. The game is for the Famicom (better known as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in the west) but is not licensed by Nintendo or the Bruce Lee estate. The game's plot is loosely based on the plots of Lee's films and most levels are given titles from them. The game mixes fighting parts with platforming parts and is also noted for stealing graphics from Mortal Kombat (including using Liu Kang to represent Lee), being one of the few Famicom/NES games to have two languages (English and Arabic) available in game and one of the few in Arabic at all. The game's official Arabic title as shown on the title screen is التنين ("Al-Tinneen") and the box also gives the game the Chinese title of 李小龍 ("Lǐ Xiǎolóng", Bruce Lee's name in Chinese) and the alternate title of Lee Dragon.

Many other video games have characters based on Lee, although he is rarely credited. Video game characters synonymous with Lee are usually spotted by fighting techniques and signature "jumping stance", physical appearances, clothing, and iconic battle cries and yells similar to those of Lee. Examples include fighting game characters such as Maxi in the Soulcalibur series and Jann Lee in the Dead or Alive series.

Commercials
Though Bruce Lee did not appear in commercials during his lifetime, his likeness and image has since appeared in hundreds of commercials around the world.

Nokia launched an Internet-based campaign in 2008 with staged "documentary-looking" footage of Bruce Lee playing ping-pong with his nunchaku and also igniting matches as they are thrown toward him. The videos went viral on YouTube, creating confusion as some people believed them to be authentic footage.

Merchandise
The clothing apparel company Bow & Arrow released the "Gung Fu Scratch" t-shirt, featuring an image of Bruce Lee photoshopped to make it look like he is DJing. The t-shirt has been worn by celebrities such as Justin Bieber, Will Smith, Nas, Snoop Dogg and Ne-Yo. The image became more popular following its appearance in the Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), in which Tony Stark (Robert Downey Jr.) wears it. Sales of the t-shirt increased substantially following the film's release.

title: Bruceploitation


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User:MattB

Hi my name is Matthew Beckingsfield. I'm a big fan of abstract electronica. I write for various music/lifestyle mags, including DJ, Word and The Wire. I have a wife; Molly and two children; Christopher and Cassandra.

title: User:MattB


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13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)

The 13th Panzer Division (13th Armoured Division) was a unit of the German Army during World War II, established in 1940.

The division was organized under the code name Infantry Command IV (Infanterieführer IV) in October 1934. On October 15, 1935, following Germany's open rejection of terms of the Treaty of Versailles restricting Germany's military, the division was designated the 13th Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division). The division was motorized during the winter of 1936–1937, and was accordingly renamed the 13th Motorized Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division (motorisiert)) on October 12, 1937. The 13th Motorized Infantry Division participated in the campaigns against Poland (1939) and western Europe (1940). Following the Fall of France in June 1940, on October 11, 1940, the division was reorganized as the 13th Panzer Division (13. Panzer-Division). It participated in Operation Barbarossa (the invasion of the USSR) in 1941 and the advance on the Caucasus in 1942. The division suffered heavy losses in the retreats of 1943 and 1944. It was partially refitted in Hungary, where it was encircled and destroyed by Red Army in the winter of 1944–1945. The formation was reformed as Panzer Division Feldherrnhalle 2 in the spring of 1945 and surrendered in May 1945.

During the invasion of Poland, the troops of the division committed war crimes, including reprisal killings, using civilians as human shields, and destroying a medical column.

Operational history
The 13th Motorized Infantry Division participated in the invasion of Poland, as part of the southern thrust, and the Battle of France, advancing through Belgium towards Calais and on to Lyon.

The 13th Panzer Division was formed in Vienna in October 1940 from the 13th Motorized Infantry Division and was immediately sent to Romania but was not part of the Balkan campaign. It served in Operation Barbarossa as part of Panzer Group 1 (Army Group South), and it contributed to the successful encirclements of the Soviet forces at Kiev. At the end of 1941, it was positioned at Rostov; however, it was forced to retreat due to fierce Soviet counter-attacks.

In 1942 and 1943, the division formed part of the First Panzer Army (Army Group A); it was involved in the battles for the Caucasus oil fields and at the Kuban Peninsula after the Battle of Stalingrad. In the fall of 1943, it was withdrawn to Western Ukraine, where it fought defensive battles near the river Dniepr.

On 20 November, the 13th Panzer Division possessed 32 tanks (of which 15 were operational).

The offensive of the Soviet Army pushed the Germans to their starting positions of June 1941. The 13th Panzer Division was attached to Army Group South Ukraine, which had orders to stop the Soviets from capturing the Romanian oil fields. The division was reformed in July 1944 and it received modern equipment, including the Panther G tank and the Jagdpanzer IV. The Red Army offensive of August 1944 resulted in the deaths or imprisonment of most of the division.

In the Battle of Debrecen, the division helped to annihilate three Soviet corps; however, it was encircled in Budapest at the end of 1944 and destroyed in January 1945.

In the spring of 1945, the division was reformed under the name Feldherrnhalle 2. The last engagements with the Soviets were fought on the Austro-Hungarian border. The division surrendered in Austria in May 1945.

War crimes
During the invasion of Poland, the division used civilians as human shields in the battle with the retreating Polish Prusy Army and on September 8, 1939, attacked a medical column marked with the Red Cross signs near Odrzywół. A day later, soldiers from the division took part in the revenge killing of 11 civilians and two Polish priests including Dean Stanisław Klimecki in the nearby town of Drzewica in retaliation for their own military losses. Killings have also been reported in nearby settlements of Gielniów, Kamienna Wola, Klwów, Ossa, Przysucha, Potok, Rozwady and Zarzęcin.

On 24 May 1940 troops of the division executed roughly 50 wounded Senegalese tirailleurs of the French 24e Regiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais after capturing the village of Aubigny on the Somme.

Commanders
The commanders of the division:

Infantry Command IV (Infanterieführer IV), 13th Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division), and 13th Motorized Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division (motorisiert))
 * Generalleutnant Paul Otto (general) (1 October 1934 – 20 August 1939)

13th Motorized Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division (motorisiert))
 * Generalleutnant Moritz von Faber du Faur (21 August 1939 – 6 September 1939)
 * Generalleutnant Paul Otto (7 September – 31 October 1939)

13th Motorized Infantry Division (13. Infanterie-Division (motorisiert)), and 13th Panzer Division (13. Panzer-Division)

 * Generalleutnant Friedrich-Wilhelm von Rothkirch und Panthen (1 November 1939 – 13 June 1941)

13th Panzer Division (13. Panzer-Division)
 * Generalleutnant Walter Düvert (14 June 1941 – 28 November 1941)
 * General der Panzertruppe Traugott Herr (29 November 1941 – 1 November 1942)
 * (acting) Oberst Walter Kuehn (1 October 1942 – 31 October 1942)
 * Generalleutnant Hellmut von der Chevallerie (1 November 1942 – 30 November 1942)
 * Generalmajor Wilhelm Crisolli (1 December 1942 – 14 May 1943)
 * Generalleutnant Hellmut von der Chevallerie (15 May 1943 – 31 August 1943)
 * Generalleutnant Eduard Hauser (1 September 1943 – 22 December 1943)
 * Generalleutnant Hans Mikosch (23 December 1943 – 17 May 1944)
 * Oberst Friedrich-Erdmann von Hake (18 May 1944 – 24 May 1944)
 * Generalleutnant Hans Tröger (25 May 1944 – 8 September 1944)
 * Generalmajor Gerhard Schmidhuber (9 September 1944 – 11 February 1945)
 * Oberstleutnant d.R. Wilhelm Schöning (12 February 1945 – )

Organisation
The organisation of the division in October 1944:
 * Panzer-Regiment 4
 * Panzer-Grenadier-Regiment 66
 * Panzer-Grenadier-Regiment 93
 * Panzer-Artillerie-Regiment 13
 * Feldersatz-Battalion 13
 * Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 13
 * Heeres-Flak-Artillerie-Abteilung 271
 * Panzerjäger-Abteilung 13
 * Panzer-Pionier-Battalion 4
 * Panzer-Nachrichten-Abteilung 13
 * Panzer-Versorgungstruppen 13

title: 13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)


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Larry Wilson (American football)

Lawrence Frank Wilson (March 24, 1938 – September 17, 2020) was an American football safety who played with the St. Louis Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). An eight-time Pro Bowl selection, he played his entire 13-year career with the Cardinals and remained on the team's payroll until 2003, long after the team moved to Phoenix in the 1988 season.

Wilson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1978, his first year of eligibility, was named to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1994 and was named to the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team in 2019.

Early life
Born and raised in Rigby, Idaho, Wilson attended Rigby High School, where a plaque now hangs noting his accomplishments. After graduation in 1956, he played college football at the University of Utah, where he was a two-way starter at halfback and cornerback for the Utes under head coaches Jack Curtice and Ray Nagel.

Player
Despite his skill and adaptability, Wilson's small size (he was only six feet tall) resulted in him not being selected until the 7th round of the 1960 NFL draft by the Chicago Cardinals. The draft was held in November 1959, and the franchise moved to St. Louis before the start of the 1960 season.

Shortly before Wilson's signing, defensive coordinator Chuck Drulis crafted a play that called for the free safety to take part in a blitz. The play was code-named "Wildcat", but Drulis didn't think he had anyone with the skills and athleticism to run it until Wilson's arrival. Drulis was impressed enough with Wilson that he persuaded the Cardinals to convert him to free safety. When the Cardinals first ran the safety blitz, the pressure was severe since most teams did not (and still do not) expect a defensive back to take part in a pass rush. This single play also helped to set up today's defenses where a blitz can come from anywhere. Wilson became so identified with the play that "Wildcat" became his nickname.

Wilson was named All-Pro six times in his career and represented the Cardinals on eight Pro Bowl teams. During 1966, he had at least one interception in seven consecutive games, en route to a 10-pick season that led his league. Fellow Idahoan Jerry Kramer, a guard for the Green Bay Packers and author of Instant Replay, called Wilson "the finest football player in the NFL." Kramer described Wilson's play during an October 30, 1967, game, "...he fired up their whole team ... (h)is enthusiasm was infectious." Wilson is renowned for not only playing, but intercepting a pass, with casts on both hands due to broken wrists. On the September 18, 2006, edition of SportsCenter, Mike Ditka challenged Terrell Owens' toughness by not playing for 2–4 weeks due to a broken finger. He cited Wilson's interception with casts on both hands as proof of a tougher football player. He ended his career with 52 career picks for 800 yards and five touchdowns, as well as 14 fumble recoveries for 173 yards and 2 more scores.

Wilson retired after the 1972 season. He is one of the few players to have played in the NFL for at least 10 years without having taken part in an official playoff game. The closest he came to postseason play was in 1964, when the Cardinals played in and won the Playoff Bowl, a postseason third-place game. Although it counted as a playoff game at the time, it has since been retconned as an exhibition. The 1964 season was also one of only five winning seasons the Cardinals had during his 13-year career.

Executive
Following his retirement as a player, Wilson was named secondary coach and director of scouting. He stepped down as secondary coach after the 1973 season. In 1977, he was named general manager, a post he would hold (under various titles) for the next 17 years. He also served as interim head coach in 1979 after the dismissal of Bud Wilkinson. Wilson added the title of vice president in 1988, after the team's move to Arizona. He stepped down as GM in 1993, but remained as vice president until his retirement after the 2002 season.

Honors
Wilson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1978, making him one of four Hall of Famers to have never played in the postseason. In 1999, he was ranked number 43 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, making him the highest-ranked player to have played a majority of his career with the Cardinals. The team has also retired his uniform number 8. In 2007, NFL Network ranked him ninth on its list of the "Top 10 Draft Steals" in NFL history. Wilson was named to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1994 and was named to the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team in 2019.

Personal life
Wilson was married to Nancy Wilson for over forty years and had two children. He died on September 17, 2020, in Scottsdale, Arizona.

title: Larry Wilson (American football)


text:
User:Femto/elem appearance noimg

 * Appearance ||
 * Appearance ||

title: User:Femto/elem appearance noimg


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Category:Churches in Bedfordshire

Churches, chapels and cathedrals in the English county of Bedfordshire:

title: Category:Churches in Bedfordshire


text:
Talk:Juan Croucier

Quiet Riot
According to what I've read, Juan Croucier rehearsed with Quiet Riot in 1981, and Kevin DuBrow and Frankie Banali were also at those rehearsals. I've heard that Randy Rhoads joined Ozzy's band in 1979. I've read that Carlos Cavazo didn't join until 1982, and besides Juan told me that he and Carlos were never in the band at the same time. Maybe Greg Leon? Anyone know anything about this? The article could use some work in this area. Gringo300 (talk) 18:03, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Ratt
The article needs to tell when Juan Croucier joined Ratt. I'm pretty sure it was shortly after the Quiet Riot rehearsals. Gringo300 (talk) 18:41, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

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Jaun
Well Hello. It's been a really long time. Glad I found you. We met in Johnson City Tn. We talked for a while. You was with Ratt. Always wondered about you. So if you wanna get back with me. That would be nice. Jane V Jane Vanzant (talk) 04:59, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Juan Croucier


text:
La Esperanza, Ecuador

La Esperanza (the name is Spanish for "hope") is a town and parish in northern Ecuador in Imbabura Province, Ibarra Canton. It lies at the north-eastern foot of Mount Imbabura volcano about 7 km in straight line distance south of the city of Ibarra.

La Esperanza parish had a population of 6,677 in the 2001 census and 7,363 in the 2010 census. The town has an elevation of 2448 m above sea level.

In the late 1960s and 1970s, La Esperanza became known to hippies and celebrities for the magic mushrooms which grew there in profusion.

title: La Esperanza, Ecuador


text:
Yakovlev Yak-130

The Yakovlev Yak-130 (NATO reporting name: Mitten) is a subsonic two-seat advanced jet trainer and light combat aircraft originally developed by Yakovlev and Aermacchi as the "Yak/AEM-130". It has also been marketed as a potential light attack aircraft. Development of the aircraft began in 1991 and the maiden flight was conducted on 25 April 1996. In 2002, it won a Russian government tender for training aircraft and in 2010 the aircraft entered service with the Russian Air Force. As an advanced training aircraft, the Yak-130 is able to replicate the characteristics of several 4+ generation fighters as well as the fifth-generation Sukhoi Su-57. It can also perform light-attack and reconnaissance duties, carrying a combat load of 3,000 kg.

Development

In the early 1990s, the Soviet government asked the industry to develop a new aircraft to replace the Czech-made Aero L-29 Delfín and Aero L-39 Albatros jet trainers. Five design bureaus put forward proposals. Among them were the Sukhoi S-54, Myasishchev M-200, Mikoyan MiG-AT, and Yakovlev Yak-UTS. In 1991, the other proposals were dropped and only the MiG-AT and Yak-UTS remained. The air forces of the newly independent Russia estimated that its requirement would be about 1,000 aircraft.

Development of Yak-UTS started in 1991 and the design was completed in September 1993. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, however, Yakovlev was compelled to look for a foreign partner. After having entered discussions in 1992, in 1993 it agreed with the Italian company Aermacchi to jointly develop the plane, which now became Yak/AEM-130; Aermacchi would be responsible for the project's financial and technical support. The first prototype, dubbed Yak-130D, was built by Sokol at Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, and was publicly unveiled in June 1995. The aircraft made its first flight on 25 April 1996 from Zhukovsky Airport at the hands of Yakovlev chief test pilot Andrey Sinitsyn.

In 2000, differences in priorities between the two firms had brought about an end to the partnership, with each developing the aircraft independently. The Italian version was named M-346; Yakovlev received US$77 million for technical documents of the aircraft. Yakovlev would be able to sell the aircraft to countries such those in the Commonwealth of Independent States, India, Slovakia and Algeria. Aermacchi would be able to sell to NATO countries, among others.

In March 2002, Commander-in-Chief Vladimir Mikhailov said that the Yak-130 and the MiG-AT had been chosen as the Russian Air Force's new trainers. The Yak-130, however, was said to be superior as it could serve the dual role of a trainer and combat jet. On 10 April 2002, it was announced that Yak-130 had been chosen as the winner of the tender for trainer aircraft for basic and advanced pilot training, beating the MiG-AT. By then, the Russian Air Force had ordered 10 Yak-130s, and the total cost of research and development, which included the construction and testing of the four pre-production aircraft, had amounted to some $200 million, 84% of which was financed by Yakovlev and the rest by the Russian government. However, it was reported that as much as $500 million had been spent in as early as 1996.

Plans to develop a light-attack aircraft based on the Yak-130 came to a halt in the late 2011. Dubbed Yak-131, the aircraft failed to meet critical pilot safety requirements put forward by the Russian Air Force. The air force had instead shifted focus to a replacement based on the Sukhoi Su-25.

Design
Yak-130 is an advanced pilot training aircraft, able to replicate characteristics of Russian 4th and 5th generation fighters. This is possible through the use of open architecture digital avionics compliant with a 1553 Databus, a full digital glass cockpit, four-channel digital Fly-By-Wire System (FBWS) and Instructor controlled and variable FBWS handling characteristics and embedded simulation. The type also has a Head-up display (HUD) and a Helmet-Mounted-Sighting-System (HMSS), with a double GPS/GLONASS receiver updating an Inertial Reference System (IRS) for highly accurate navigation and precision targeting. The developer estimates that the plane can cover up to 80% of the entire pilot flight training program.

In addition to its training role, the aircraft is capable of fulfilling light attack and reconnaissance duties. It can carry a combat load of 3000 kg, consisting of various guided and un-guided weapons, auxiliary fuel tanks and electronic pods. According to its chief designer Konstantin Popovich, during a testing phase that ended in December 2009, the plane was tested with "all airborne weapons with a weight of up to 500 kg that are in service in the Russian Air Force". The Yak-130 has nine hard points: two wingtip, six under-wing and one under-fuselage.

The aircraft's twin engines are mounted under extended wing roots, which reach as far forward as the cockpit canopy. Two Ivchenko Progress AI-222-25 Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) produce a combined total of 49 kilonewtons (11,000 pound-force) of thrust. An upgraded, "-28" engine is also on offer, increasing the thrust to 12000 lbf. At a normal Take-off Weight of 7250 kg, a Thrust-to-Weight ratio of 0.70 is achieved with the "-25", or 0.77 with the "-28" engines. This compares with 0.65 for the BAE Systems Hawk 128 and 0.49 for the Aero Vodochody L-159B.

Maximum internal fuel capacity is 1700 kg. With two external combat fuel tanks the figure increases to 2600 kg. Maximum true airspeed is Mach 0.93 (572 knots), service ceiling is 12500 m and load factors are from −3 to +9 g. Typical Take-off speed and distance in a "clean" configuration are 113 kn and 550 m, landing figures are 103 kn and 750 m, respectively. Cross wind limit is 30 kn.

The Yakovlev Yak-130 is equipped with the FBWS controlled engine intake blanking doors, in order to prevent the aircraft's engines from sustaining Foreign object damage when operating from unpaved runways and grass strips.

The large canopies are sideways hinged.

Combat training suite on the Yak-130 includes simulated and real firing systems with air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles, bomb dropping, gun firing and on-board self-protection systems.

Russia
In 2005, the Russian Air Force passed its first order for 12 Yak-130s. The Russian Aerospace Forces intends to buy at least 72 Yak-130s, enough to equip four training regiments. Its Commander-in-Chief, Colonel General Aleksandr Zelin, announced on 8 November 2011 that the Russian Defence Ministry was to sign a contract within two weeks with Irkut Corporation for 65 additional aircraft – 55 firm orders plus 10 options. Zelin stated that deliveries were expected to be completed by 2017.

The first serial aircraft was handed to a training center in Lipetsk on 19 February 2010. Once the 2005 contract for 12 Sokol plant-made Yak-130s for the Russian Defence Ministry was fulfilled in June 2011, a decision was made that all subsequent Yak-130 orders, both domestic and export ones, would be handled by the Irkutsk Aviation Plant of the Irkut Corporation. However, the Russian Air Force only took delivery of the first Yak-130 built by the Irkutsk plant in October 2012.

In February 2014 Irkut Corporation revealed a contract with the Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) to supply additional Yakovlev Yak-130 advanced jet trainers to the air force. According to Irkut president Oleg Demchenko, the company in December signed a contract with the Defense Ministry on the delivery of 12 Yak-130s to form a new aerobatics team. At the same time, a second contract for 10 more aircraft for the Russian Naval Aviation was signed.

Algeria
Algeria was the first export customer for the Yak-130, ordering 16 aircraft in March 2006. Their delivery started only a few months after the arrival of the first Yak-130s in the Russian Air Force, in 2011, and the order was completed the next year.

Bangladesh
In January 2014, Bangladesh ordered 24 Yak-130s. The aircraft are bought with an extended loan from Russia. Later the order has been reduced to 16 aircraft. The first batch of six aircraft was delivered on 20 September 2015. The second batch of five aircraft was delivered on 29 December 2015, while the next five were delivered by the first quarter of 2016.

Belarus
In December 2012, the Government of Belarus signed an agreement with Russia to provide four Yak-130s to Belarus by April 2015. Another order for four aircraft was passed in August 2015, and these were delivered in November 2016. A further four aircraft were delivered in 2019, bringing the total up to 12 aircraft. All were delivered to the 206th Flight Training Centre.

Iran
Unknown number has been ordered. First batch of two were delivered in early September 2023. They are being tested under Iranian conditions at Iran's 8th Tactical Air Force Base near Isfahan.

Laos
Laos ordered 10 Yak-130s in August 2017. Deliveries started in 2018.

Myanmar
Myanmar ordered six Yak-130s in June 2015. All six aircraft were delivered in December 2017. Six additional aircraft were ordered later. Following the 2021 coup, Myanmar received a further six jets which were revealed at the 74th anniversary ceremony of Myanmar’s Air Force.

Potential orders
In April 2012, Irkut Corporation president Alexey Fedorov claimed that there were "more than ten potential customers".

Argentina
In 2021 Russia offered the Argentine Air Force a batch of 15 MiG-29 fighters and another batch of 12 Su-30 fighters and seeks also the sale of Yak-130 training jet and Mil Mi-17 helicopters.

Bolivia
Bolivia considers the Yak-130 as a candidate for the replacement of its retired Lockheed T-33s.

Kazakhstan
Two rounds of negotiations with Russia regarding a potential order for Yak-130s took place in 2010 and 2012 respectively. No firm orders came out of it, but the Yak-130 may be bought to replace Kazakhstan's current Aero L-39C trainers, when they will run out of service life.

Malaysia
In November 2012, Sergey Kornev, a representative of Rosoboronexport (Russia's state intermediary agency for exports/imports of defense-related products), said Malaysia and several other countries were also interested in the Yak-130. He was speaking at the China Airshow at Zhuhai.

Uruguay
The Uruguayan Air Force is considering the aircraft for the future replacement of the A-37 with presumably used examples of the F-5 Freedom Fighter as another possible candidate.

Libya
Libya put an order for six planes. Deliveries were expected in 2011–2012, but the Libyan National Transitional Council cancelled the order for Yak-130s in September 2011 as part of a review of all existing arms contracts.

Syria
Syria had agreed to purchase 36 aircraft, but delivery of these has been postponed by Russia due to the conflict in Syria. In May 2014 Russia announced that it would supply Syria with Yakovlev Yak-130s. Syria was expected to receive nine aircraft by the end of 2014, 12 in 2015 and 15 in 2016, for a total of 36 airplanes. However, as of 2019, no deliveries had taken place.

Operational history

The first prototype, designated Yak-130D and registered as RA-43130, made its maiden flight on 25 April 1996 at Zhukovsky.

On 30 April 2004, the first pre-series Yak-130, assembled at the Sokol plant in Nizhny Novgorod, performed its maiden flight. The plane was put on display for the first time at the Paris Air Show in June 2005. It was followed by three more pre-series aircraft.

In December 2009, the aircraft completed state trials and was accepted for service in the Russian Air Force.

The Yak-130 has been used in combat in the internal conflict in Myanmar, at least since 2020. Its use has been criticised after verifiable evidence of military air strikes against civilians emerged online.

Accidents and incidents

 * 26 June 2006: A Yak-130 prototype crashed in the Ryazan region. Both pilots ejected safely without injuries.
 * 29 May 2010: A preseries Yak-130 crashed at Lipetsk Air Base. The accident occurred during testing. Both pilots ejected; their condition was satisfactory. There were no casualties or injuries to people on the ground.
 * 15 April 2014: A Yak-130 crashed in the Astrakhan region, 25 km from Akhtubinsk near the village of Bataevka. Both pilots ejected, but one of them, Lt. Col. Sergei Seregin, was killed. The cause of the accident was a malfunction. The Yak-130 was owned by the 1080th Red Banner Aviation Centre for Retraining of Personnel named after V.P. Chkalov at Borisoglebsk. There were no casualties or damage to those on the ground.
 * 11 July 2017: A Bangladesh Air Force Yakovlev Yak-130 crashed at Lohagara in Bangladesh’s southeastern Chittagong District. Both pilots were unharmed.
 * 27 December 2017: Two Bangladesh Air Force Yakovlev Yak-130s crashed at Maheshkhali Island in Cox's Bazar due to a mid-air collision. The official report states that the accident happened during the breaking of formation at a training exercise. All four pilots were rescued alive.
 * 19 May 2021: A Belarusian Air Force Yakovlev Yak-130 crashed in Baranavichy, causing minor damage to one house in the city. Two pilots ejected but died.
 * 18 February 2022: Anti-Junta People's Defence Forces (PDFs) in Myanmar claimed they had damaged two Yak-130s at an air force base in Hmawbi.
 * 29 June 2022: A Myanmar air force Yak-130 is believed to have been damaged following a bird strike.
 * 9 May 2024: A Bangladesh Air Force Yak-130 crashed in Chattogram. Bangladeshi officials attributed the crash to a possible mechanical failure. CCTV video shows the aircraft performing three aileron rolls while rapidly descending before impacting the runway right-side-up and without landing gear. The aircraft then caught fire and bounced upwards, taking off again. Both crew members ejected and were rescued alive. The pilot died in hospital while the co-pilot sustained serious injuries.

Variants

 * Yak130 newnose.jpglev Yak-130D:Yak-130 prototype.
 * Yakovlev Yak-130 :Basic dual-seat advanced trainer.
 * Yakovlev Yak-131 :Light attack aircraft, designed as a replacement for the Sukhoi Su-25. This version will have cockpit and engine armour, a GSh-30-1 autocannon, and either the Phazotron Kopyo radar with mechanical or electronic beam scanning, or the Tikhomirov NIIP Osa passive phased array radar
 * Yakovlev Yak-133 :Light Strike Aircraft for LUS. The project was canceled in the early 1990s.
 * Yakovlev Yak-133IB: Fighter-bomber.
 * Yakovlev Yak-133PP: Electronic countermeasure platform.
 * Yakovlev Yak-133R: Tactical reconnaissance variant.
 * Yakovlev Yak-135: Four-seat VIP transport.

Operators
🇩🇿 Algeria
 * Algerian Air Force – 16 in service
 * 620th Advanced Training Squadron

 * Bangladesh Air Force – 12 in service. Four lost in training accidents.
 * No. 21 Squadron (Avengers)
 * No. 105 Squadron (Trident)

🇧🇾 Belarus
 * Belarusian Air Force – 11 in service. One lost in a training flight in 2021. To be retrofit with the Belarusian Talisman ADS.

 * Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force – At least 2 in service.

🇱🇦
 * Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force – 4 in service. 6 on order.

🇲🇲
 * Myanmar Air Force – 18 in service

🇷🇺
 * Russian Aerospace Forces – 112+ in service.  117+ serial aircraft delivered from 2009-2023, with 5 hull losses.
 * 160th Training Aviation Regiment
 * 713th Training Aviation Regiment
 * 929th State Flight Test Centre named after V. P. Chkalov
 * Russian Naval Aviation = 10 on order. To replace the Aero L-39.
 * 859th Centre for Combat Application and Crew Training for Naval Aviation

 * Vietnam People's Air Force – 12 in service.

title: Yakovlev Yak-130


text:
Herring Bay

Herring Bay is a bay in Anne Arundel County in the U.S. state of Maryland. It lies in the mid-Chesapeake Bay along the western shore.

title: Herring Bay


text: Category:Hotels in the United Kingdom

title: Category:Hotels in the United Kingdom


text:
Willie Brown (American football)

William Ferdie Brown (December 2, 1940 – October 21, 2019) was an American professional football player, coach and administrator. He played as a cornerback for the Denver Broncos and the Oakland Raiders of the American Football League (AFL) and later in the National Football League (NFL). Following his playing career, Brown remained with the Raiders as an assistant coach. He served as the head football coach at California State University, Long Beach in 1991, the final season before the school's football program was terminated. Brown was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1984. At the time of his death he was on the Raiders' administrative staff.

Playing career
Brown played college football at Grambling State University and was not drafted by any professional team after leaving school in 1963. He was signed by the Houston Oilers of the American Football League (AFL), but was cut from the team during training camp. He was then signed by the AFL's Denver Broncos and became a starter by the middle of his rookie season. He won All-AFL honors in his second season and played in the AFL All-Star Game.

In 1967, Brown was traded within the Western Division to the Oakland Raiders and spent the remainder of his playing career there. He served as defensive captain for 10 of his 12 years with the team. He was named to five AFL All-Star games and four NFL Pro Bowls. He was also named All-AFL three times and All-NFL four times.

Perhaps Brown's most memorable moment as a Raider came late in Super Bowl XI, when he intercepted a Fran Tarkenton pass with under six minutes remaining and returned it a Super Bowl-record 75 yards for the clinching touchdown. NFL Films immortalized Brown's play with a film clip of Brown running with the ball, appearing to be running straight to the camera. He was also given a popular nickname as a result of Bill King's radio call of the play: "He (Tarkenton) looks and throws...intercepted by the Oakland Raiders Willie Brown at the 30, 40, 50...he’s going all the way!...Old Man Willie!...Touchdown Raiders!" His record stood for 29 years, until it was broken by Kelly Herndon's non-scoring 76-yard interception return from the end zone in Super Bowl XL.

Brown retired after the 1978 season, and finished his Raiders career with 39 interceptions, tied for first all-time on the team. He finished his sixteen seasons in professional football with 54 interceptions, which he returned for 472 yards and two touchdowns. He also recovered three fumbles.

Brown was selected to the American Football League All-Time Team and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on July 28, 1984, his first year of eligibility. In 1999, he was ranked number 50 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, making him the highest-ranking Raiders player.

Coaching career
Brown served as a defensive backfield coach for the Raiders from 1979 to 1988. He was also the last head football coach at Long Beach State before the program was discontinued. Brown had succeeded George Allen, who had died just after the end of the 1990 season. He earned a master's degree at the same school in 1991, and later coached at Jordan High School in Los Angeles in 1994. In 1995, he returned to the Raiders as the Director of Staff Development.

Awards

 * All-AFL Team (1964)
 * Five AFL All-Star Games (1964–65, 1967–69)
 * Named to the All-Time AFL Team in 1969
 * Four AFC-NFC Pro Bowls (1970–73)
 * Named to the Pro Football 25-year All-Star team
 * Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1984
 * Inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1985
 * Inducted into the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame in 1994

Records

 * Previously held Super Bowl record for longest interception (75 yards, Super Bowl XI), now held by Pittsburgh Steelers linebacker James Harrison (100 yards, Super Bowl XLIII)
 * Oakland Raiders franchise leader for interceptions (39, t-1st)

Death
Brown died on October 21, 2019, at the age of 78.

title: Willie Brown (American football)


text:
French frigate Duquesne

Duquesne was a Suffren-class frigate of the French Navy. She was designed to protect a fleet against air threats, surface ships, submarines, and, to a lesser extent, provide firepower against land objectives. She is the sister ship of FRENCH FRIGATE Suffren. She is the eighth French vessel named after the 17th century admiral Abraham Duquesne. Duquesne was decommissioned in 2008.

Background and description
Ships of the Suffren class were designed as anti-air and anti-submarine escorts for the Clemenceau-class aircraft carriers and were similar in concept to the British Type 82 destroyer. They were ordered in 1960 as part of France's new naval policy of deterrence/intervention/defence following the election of Charles de Gaulle as president of France. The French designation for the class was frégates lance-engins (FLE 60). They were designated as frigates by the French Navy but were considered destroyers by publications. They were later re-designated frégates lance-missiles (FLM 60).

The vessel measured 157.6 m long overall and 148 m between perpendiculars, with a 15.54 m beam and a maximum draught of 7.4 m. The ship had a standard displacement of 5090 t and 6090 t at full load. By 1990 the ship had a standard displacement of 5335 t and 6780 t at full load. Duquesne was powered by four multi-tube, automatic control boilers creating steam for two sets of Rateau double-reduction geared turbines turning two propellers. They were rated at 72500 shp. They created a total of 3,440 kW of electrical power through two 1,000 kW turbochargers and three 480 kW diesel alternators. Duquesne had a maximum speed of 34 kn and a range of 5100 nmi at 18 kn. The frigate had a complement of 355 sailors including 23 officers. For increased stabilisation as a weapons platform, the frigate was outfitted with three pairs of non-retractable fin stabilisers. Ships of the Suffren class were considered extremely seaworthy vessels.

The Suffren class were armed with a twin launcher situated on the quarterdeck for the Masurca surface-to-air missile. 48 missiles were carried. The frigates were also equipped with two single-mounted 100 mm Modèle 1953 naval guns in positions 'A' and 'B' along the centreline. These were later upgraded to the Modèle 1964. The frigates also mounted a Malafon anti-submarine missile system. Each ship carried 13 missiles and the magazine was situated in the aft deckhouse. Furthermore, the Suffren class had four launchers for L5 torpedoes, two to each side of the ship, housed in the deckhouse between the mast and the bridge. Each ship carried ten torpedoes. They were the first French warships to deploy torpedoes using fixed catapults.

Fire control was via the DRBI 23 3D radar for air search/tracking housed in a massive radome that dominated the ship's silhouette. The Suffren class also mounted DRBN 32, DRBV 50, two DRBR 51 and DRBC 32A radars. For anti-submarine warfare, they were equipped with DUBV 23 hull-mounted sonar and DUBV 43 towed variable depth sonar. For electronic defence, the vessels initially mounted the Syllex chaff system. The SENIT I tactical data system coordinated sensor data.

Modifications
In 1977 to 1979, the MM38 Exocet anti-ship missile system was fitted to Duquesne. The ship carried four missiles. The Masuraca system was upgraded between 1982 and 1985. In 1985, Duquesne had its DRBV 50 radar replaced with the advanced DRBV 15 system. Duquesne was modernised beginning in 1990 with the DRBC 32A gunfire control radar being replaced with the newer DRBC 33A system. Furthermore, the Syllex outfit was replaced with the Dagaie and Sagaie electronic countermeasures systems. Additionally four single-mounted 20 mm cannon were fitted two to each side of the ship abaft the DRBC 33A radar.

Construction and career
Duquesne was constructed at the Lorient Arsenal (Arsenal de Lorient) with the keel being laid in November 1964. The ship was launched on 12 February 1966 and commissioned into the French Navy on 1 April 1970. The ship was initially based at Brest with the rest of France's Atlantic Fleet. Duquesne accompanied the Clemenceau-class aircraft carriers on deployments and as a result was based with them as part of the French Atlantic Fleet upon entering service. In 1975, when the Clemenceaus were transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet, Duquesne later joined them and was based at Toulon beginning in 1977. The frigate took part in naval operations off Lebanon from 1982 to 1984 and participated in the early 1990s in naval operations off the former Yugoslavia. In 1992, the vessel joined the Naval Action Force. Duquesne was retired in 2008. The Suffren class was replaced by the Horizon-class frigates.

title: French frigate Duquesne


text:
User:Sareini

...This user has discovered userboxes.

 * Aetherius Society
 * Antonio Villas Boas
 * The Anthropophagus Beast
 * Absurd (film)
 * Carlos Castaneda
 * The Boogeyman (1980 film)
 * Blood Rites

...and is currently working on finding and adding citations for List of UFO Sightings

title: User:Sareini


text:
Watten

Watten may refer to:

Places

 * Watten, Nord, a commune in the Nord département of France
 * Blockhaus d'Éperlecques or Watten bunker, intended to be a launching facility for the V-2 ballistic missile
 * Watten, Highland, a village in Caithness, in the Highland local government area of Scotland

People

 * Barrett Watten (born 1948), American poet connected to the Language poets
 * Dustin Watten (born 1986), American volleyball player

Games

 * Watten (card game), a card game popular in Bavaria and Austria

title: Watten


text: Category:Icelandic athletes

title: Category:Icelandic athletes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wei Liu

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:54, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wei Liu
Vanity. Radiant! 14:20, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Looks autobiographical. To the author: if you deserve an entry in Wikipedia someone will create one for you one day. Today is not that day. Trilobite (Talk) 15:25, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Appears to me to be vanity. HyperZonk 16:45, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Wyss 18:51, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Megan1967 05:22, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. wshun 08:31, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wei Liu


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Westlake regiment

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:53, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Westlake regiment
Non-notable marching band. Radiant! 14:21, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 15:26, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, school vanity. Wyss 18:50, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 02:14, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)