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Vergil (Devil May Cry)

Vergil (バージル) is a fictional character in Devil May Cry, an action-adventure hack and slash video game series created by Japanese developer and publisher Capcom. He was introduced in the first Devil May Cry game as a boss called Nelo Angelo (ネロアンジェロ). Vergil is one of two devil-human hybrid sons of one of the devil lords called Sparda, and possesses demonic powers. He has appeared in three video games as a main antagonist opposing his younger twin brother, Dante, and in a novel and a manga based on the series. He is the secondary antagonist of Devil May Cry 3 (2005), and the overarching antagonist of Devil May Cry 5 (2019), though he becomes an anti-hero at its conclusion. A re-booted portrayal of Vergil also appears in the 2013 video game DmC: Devil May Cry as the leader of a group of rogue vigilantes bent on stopping the demon king, Mundus. In the main continuity, Vergil is portrayed in voice acting and motion capture by Daniel Southworth.

Vergil was originally portrayed as Nelo Angelo—Dante's rival in terms of moves and appearance—in the 2001 game. Despite the character's apparent death as a child, Devil May Cry director Hideki Kamiya allowed Devil May Cry 3 writer Bingo Morihashi to change this event so Vergil could be featured as a young adult in the prequel game. Many of the series' characters were named after characters in Italian poet Dante Alighieri's poem Divine Comedy; Vergil was named after Virgil.

The character has been well received by video game publications, several of which praised his role as a boss, and his playable inclusion in the special editions of Devil May Cry. His redesign for Ninja Theory's reboot was the subject of praise, finding him more appealing than Dante.

Creation and concept

Vergil's name was taken from Dante Alighieri's poem the Divine Comedy. The alias Nelo Angelo is a mis-translation of "Nero Angelo" ("Black Angel" in Italian). The misspelling has been maintained throughout the series, including in the novels, due to its popularity. In the original Devil May Cry game, Vergil is said to have been killed by demons early in his life, and his soul is controlled by Mundus. Capcom staff writer Bingo Morihashi wanted to create an alternate scenario in which Vergil was alive, and he was given freedom by Hideki Kamiya to adjust the character's backstory and make Vergil a living teenager for the events of Devil May Cry 3. While his character was designed by Daigo Ikeno for Devil May Cry 3, his Devil Trigger form was created by Kazuma Kaneko. Because no design for Vergil except that of his alter-ego Nelo Angelo existed, Morihashi was put in charge of designing his appearance. Most of Capcom's staff believed Vergil was Morihashi's favorite character. Morihashi stated that the idea of Vergil wielding a Japanese sword, called a Yamato, existed in a previous design. Vergil does not wield guns, unlike Dante; Morihashi said that Vergil's characterization was challenging because, being the older twin brother, he was intended to be more likable than Dante.

The character was made playable in Devil May Cry 3: Special Edition due to extra time the team had after the making of the game. Capcom had to remove some of his moves due to space limitations, but tried keeping the moves he uses when faced as a boss. His move set was made to reflect his calm personality, contrasting with Dante's brash confidence. Vergil was made stronger than Dante, but harder to control, with the player having to learn more moves. Vergil became a popular character among the game's development team; Hideaki Itsuno stated that he was also well received in the United States because several characters from Hollywood films wield a katana. Vergil's popularity resulted in Itsuno discussing ideas for a game focused on Vergil. The team also wanted to add alternate skins for him, such as a Nelo Angelo outfit. Itsuno also planned to add Vergil to Devil May Cry 4, just as in the previous game. When reconsidering whether Vergil could be reskinned, however, the staff thought the fanbase would not like it.

While not making a direct appearance Devil May Cry 4's main storyline, Vergil is revealed to be the father of the game's protagonist, Nero, who possesses Vergil's traits and abilities. Nero would eventually learn this when meeting Vergil in Devil May Cry 5, redesigned to slightly resemble his father. For Devil May Cry 5, Itsuno wanted to portray a villain who would be not be taken lightly by Dante or Nero. The staff found Vergil the best candidate, due to the power he had demonstrated throughout the series, and his relation with the protagonists. The staff wanted to generate a major emotional scene when Vergil reappears in the climax confronting his brother. As a result, the brothers' feud is stopped by Nero who awakens his own demon powers to face his father.

Designs
Makoto Tsuchibayashi designed Nelo Angelo as a rival for Dante. Unlike other enemy demons from Devil May Cry, Nelo Angelo did not have original movements for the 3D environment; the game designers used those of Dante. Unlike Dante, Nelo Angelo does not have guns; he was instead provided with a projectile move called Summoned Swords (幻影刀) to make him stand out. The staff had no problems using the projectiles for the character because the model did not change. Makoto Tsuchibayashi originally aimed to show Vergil in human form with Kamiya supporting his ideas of how the two characters were going to contrast each other.

Ikeno stated that because Vergil and Dante are identical twins, they share a hairstyle in the opening of the game, intended to make new players confuse them. Vergil's clothing was meant to contrast with his brother's; similarly, Nelo Angelo's design was prominently blue while Dante's was red. The staff had problems with the creation of Vergil's outfit because of the way it moved in 3D computer graphics; they joked that Vergil should remove his coat whenever he starts fighting. In order to generate major contrasts between the two brothers, Vergil was given blue clothing as Dante always wore red. Omori did the character's first CGI artwork which was approved by Capcom. From there Daigo Ikeno took over, with Omori believing his work aged well. Like other characters, Vergil's face used a real model; character art designers Hirochika Nagaki and Keiji Nakaoka said Vergil's new 3D model portrayed him the exact same way the production team imagined him. Nero's relationship with Dante and Vergil was inspired by mecha anime Itsuno watched.

Composer Casey Edwards said in a tweet that "Bury the Light", the character's theme song for Devil May Cry 5, was meant to be a reflection of "Devil Trigger" and that as "Nero chose to "embrace the darkness" and accept his demon side", Vergil instead "has always tried to bury his humanity as it is a great source of personal pain and memory of weakness". When Capcom first conceived Devil May Cry 5: Special Edition, the first upgrade for the game would have been the inclusion of Vergil as a playable character, with a new fighting style previously unseen.

Reboot inclusion
In the making of the reboot DmC: Devil May Cry by Ninja Theory, the Capcom team felt Ninja Theory appeared to like the original design of Vergil because he was mostly unchanged, unlike Dante. They found his personality colder-hearted because of his violent actions, such as killing demons. Itsuno enjoyed Vergil's personality and said across the story he became the Vergil from the original series because of his corrupted growth. Alex Jones from Ninja Theory said bringing Vergil into the story was necessary because it was meant to explain Dante's origins and affects Vergil's characterization because the characters are brothers. Despite making multiple changes to the original series, Jones refrained from mentioning them during an interview conducted before the release of the game. Vergil's agenda in the game is one of the main themes of the story; satire. Vergil works for an organization known as The Order, which attempts to rebel against the world portrayed in the game.

During the making of DmC, Ninja Theory aimed to give the player a co-op mode with Vergil assisting Dante but it did not make it to the game. As a result, the team decided to use Vergil as the single player character from the downloadable content Vergil's Downfall. He was decided to play more smooth than Dante despite sharing multiple similarities like the grappling hook both characters show in order to do platforming.

Voice actors
Although Nelo Angelo does not talk in Devil May Cry, the sounds he makes were made by David Keeley. In Devil May Cry 3, Vergil was voiced by Daniel Southworth, who said he had been cast quickly and also performed the motion capture. Itsuno, who initially doubted the completion of Vergil's character, was surprised by Southworth's work and said, "it showed a respect for authentic Japanese swordsmanship, but balanced with a slightly rough, wild style that perfectly fit Vergil's profile of a Western man using a Japanese sword". When being cast to voice Vergil, Southworth was aware of the character's history and had a knowledge of samurai culture, which allowed him to give a good performance. According to the game's development staff, Southworth's knowledge about the samurai allowed him to fit well into Vergil's character in terms of voice and motion capture. When describing Vergil, Southworth stated that while he often appears to be calm, the audience would notice he shows signs of rage. Southworth found the motion-capturing the action scenes challenging and said these were his favorite parts of his work for the game. He said he was honored to repeat his work for the fighting game Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3.

David de Lautour voiced Vergil in the reboot of the Devil May Cry series. De Lautour enjoyed finding out about Vergil's mannerisms and posture, labeling him a "great character". Vergil was voiced in Japanese for the first time in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3. The voice actor Hiroaki Hirata was chosen by the developers of both Devil May Cry team and Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3. Ryota Niitsuma, the producer of Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3, and producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi found Hirata's voice suitable for Vergil. As with Devil May Cry 3: Special Edition, Vergil was designed to be played in a similar way to Dante, albeit with several differences to make both characters unique.

Characteristics
Vergil is Dante's identical twin brother; they are sons of a demon named Sparda and a human named Eva. Vergil is half-demon, which gives him superhuman abilities. He is more serious about his training than Dante. He has a cold, calm, and introverted demeanor, as opposed to Dante's arrogant, thrill-seeking, and outgoing nature. Both characters enjoy fighting; Vergil values the power gained from Sparda, without which he would be unable to protect anything. Vergil's main weapon is a katana named Yamato (閻魔刀), inherited from Sparda. As Nelo Angelo, Vergil wears black armor with a cape while using a wide, blue sword, retaining his sense of honor despite being a slave to Mundus's will.

Devil May Cry main series
In the first Devil May Cry game, Vergil is said to have been separated from his family at the hands of the Demon King Mundus. He appears in the game as Nelo Angelo, a dark knight under Mundus's control who attacks Dante three times, with the third encounter revealing his identity. At the end of the game, Nelo Angelo appears to explode, leaving his half of an amulet his mother gave him and Dante as children behind.

Vergil plays a bigger role in Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening, a prequel to the first game where he sought the power of his father, Sparda. Vergil allied himself with a man named Arkham and seeks Dante's amulet to use with his own to create a gate leading to the demon world. Vergil defeats Dante when he refuses to assist him and takes his brother's amulet, only to be betrayed as Arkham used the brothers' animosity for each while exploiting Lady's vendetta against him, in a scheme to take Sparda's power for himself. This convinces the brothers to set aside their differences in a temporary ceasefire to stop Arkham. Once the brothers defeat Arkham, Vergil remains in the Demon World after losing to Dante in a final duel. Soon after, Vergil encounters Mundus, and engages him in a fight leading to his conversion into Nelo Angelo. In the game's updated version Devil May Cry 3: Special Edition, Vergil is a playable character, playing the same missions as Dante. When playing as Vergil during missions that have him as a boss character, the player fights a red-clad version of Vergil.

In Devil May Cry 4, the Order of the Sword uses remains of Nelo Angelo to create the Alto and Bianco Angelos—artificial demons consisting of a suit of armor powered by a human or demon's soul. Vergil's sword Yamato ends up in the possession of Nero, who is Vergil's son. Vergil appears as a playable character in Devil May Cry 4: Special Edition, with his chapter taking place before the third game, including a scene of Vergil walking through Fortuna Island to investigate the traces his father Sparda left behind while fighting demons that have invaded the area, as well as the Order of the Sword's true intentions.

In Devil May Cry 5, Vergil finds Nero and rips his Devil Bringer arm off to reclaim the Yamato and use its power to heal himself. Vergil then returns to his childhood home in Red Grave City where he proceeds to use Yamato to purge his humanity from his being. This splits him into two beings: the full-blooded demon Urizen, who grows a Qliphoth Tree to eat its fruit and become king of the Underworld, and V, a frail man who enlists Dante and Nero to help him stop Urizen. After Dante defeats Urizen, V absorbs him and reconstitutes Vergil. Once whole, Vergil engages Dante in a duel to the death, but Nero, now revealed to be his son, intervenes. Following Vergil's defeat, he and Dante decide to leave to the underworld to cut the Qliphoth's roots to stop its growing, and use the Yamato to seal the portal to the underworld. Knowing it will leave them trapped, they entrust Nero to watch over the human world in their absence. After cutting Qliphoth's roots and sealing the portal, Dante and Vergil are shown fighting in the underworld, not as enemies, but as friendly rivals, while also fending off various waves of demons.

Vergil also appears in the Yunchang Games's 2020 mobile phone game Devil May Cry: Pinnacle of Combat, reprising his role from Devil May Cry 3.

DmC: Devil May Cry
In Ninja Theory's 2013 game, DmC: Devil May Cry, Vergil appears as the leader of The Order—a group of rogue vigilantes trying to free the world from demons. He takes Dante back to their childhood home to reveal their connection to each other and persuades him to contribute to the destruction of Mundus. While Vergil completes his part of the plan in the human world, he tasks Dante with battling his way through limbo. Eventually, Vergil uses the power of the Yamato to seal the Hell Gate and cut off Mundus' source of power. After defeating Mundus, he reveals his true intention: to rule the world with Dante. Vergil is fought as the final boss of the game. After being defeated, Vergil escapes through a portal. Vergil is also a playable character in DmC: Devil May Cry through the Vergil's Downfall DLC. The DLC takes place after the events of the main game; it follows Vergil's quest for power following his defeat. Vergil travels through Hell and replaces Mundus as the new Demon King.

Other appearances
In the novels by Shinya Goikeda, a mercenary resembling Vergil using the alias Gilver, is a tall man swathed in bandages. He becomes a partner of Dante as both hunt demons. In the novel's climax, however, Gilver confronts Dante in a duel and perishes. Gilver was once supposed to be Vergil; however, this has been retconned and Gilver is a demon resembling Vergil, made as a prototype for Nelo Angelo. In the second novel, Vergil appears as Nelo Angelo, leading a revolution against Mundus in an alternate dimension and allying with his brother. The Devil May Cry 3 manga by Suguro Chayamachi is set a year before the events of the game; Vergil is told by Arkham of a route to the demons' world and starts planning. In the Devil May Cry comics by Dreamwave Productions, Nelo Angelo chooses to serve under Mundus, stating his past self no longer exists. When facing Dante, however, he starts remembering his past and feeling conflicted about fighting him.

Vergil is also mentioned several times in the novel adaptation of Devil May Cry 4; Dante is often reminded of his brother when seeing Nero, but states that Vergil is dead. The light novel Devil May Cry 5 Before the Nightmare and the manga Visions of V explore the character's actions between his appearances. He is also the leading character in Guillaume Dorison's two-part comic series DmC: Devil May Cry: The Chronicles of Vergil, which follows Vergil and is set before the start of the reboot's story. The comic series tells the story of Vergil and Kat's meeting and their formation of the Order. Vergil also appears as a playable character in the crossover fighting game Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3. He is also a character card in SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighter DS. His Devil May Cry 3 outfit is available in the Capcom game Sengoku Basara 4 for Mitsunari Ishida. Vergil appears as a playable character in the tactical role-playing video game Project X Zone 2 with Dante as his partner. Nelo Angelo appears as a boss unit because the Vergil who partners with Dante is actually a time-displaced version of Vergil that originated before the Devil May Cry 3 event. Whether the time-displaced Vergil meets Nelo, his devil power is lingering because of Nelo's presence, although Vergil is not aware Nelo is his present self. In the Sengoku Basara vs. Devil May Cry stage show, Vergil was portrayed by Shōhei Namba and Tomokazu Yoshida portrayed Nelo Angelo.

Reception
Vergil has been praised by video game publications, with his boss fight being described as the best among those in the series. His debut as Nelo Angelo was regarded as one of the best bosses of the Devil May Cry series; GamesRadar+ and PlayStation Universe discussed his skills and his impact on Dante. GamesRadar+ stated that Vergil and Dante share one of the best rivalries between brothers in gaming due to their differences. In 2008, IGN's Jesse Schedeen compared Vergil with Gray Fox from the Metal Gear series, writing that they are "two formidable warriors from the videogaming realm" who "met their unfortunate ends in the games". Engadget appreciated the prequel game Devil May Cry 3 for retroactively making Nelo Angelo a "more emotional villain" by introducing Dante's history with Vergil. Dante and Vergil's half demon nature has been examined in the context of religion.

Vergil's inclusion as a playable character in the updated version of Devil May Cry 3 was also the subject of discussion. PALGN appreciated that Vergil's moves are different from Dante's, making the former's scenario a different experience. He was also stated to be more powerful than Dante, which could either make a positive or negative impression on the player due to how playing as him lowered the game's difficulty. IGN's Jeremy Dunhan also praised Vergil's unique moves but criticized his balancing for reducing the challenge of the boss fights—one of the game's strong points. GameSpot said playing as Vergil was not as interesting as playing as Dante because Vergil begins the game with multiple abilities, leading to a lack of improvements during gameplay. GameSpot lamented that Vergil fought the same bosses as Dante and did not have his own story. GamesRadar+ listed him as one of the best unlockable characters in gaming because the abilities he can earn in battle, most notably his unlimited devil form.

In a GameSpy interview about Vergil's possible appearance in Devil May Cry 4, Hiroyuki Kobayashi's translator told him the interviewer was a fan of the character. Similarly, Gameplanet's reviewer Syed Mahir Hussain described Vergil's inclusion in Devil May Cry 4: Special Edition as one of the title's greatest strengths based on Vergil's "unique" fighting style. When giving the pros of the same game, GamesRadar+'s writer Tom Senior enjoyed "the way Vergil saunters casually through combat". Destructoid said elements of the reboot's version of Vergil were incorporated well into the regular Vergil. Hideaki Itsuno mentioned that Vergil's inclusion in any Special Edition had become a standard expectation from the fanbase.

According to GameCored, many fans eager to play as Vergil once again in Devil May Cry 5 were disappointed to find him not playable on release, but hoped he would appear as downloadable content. HobbyConsolas hacked into the game to find a code that mentioned the character's name but was still unsure if it meant Vergil would be playable. Though not appearing in his full persona until the game's climax, Siliconera noted that Devil May Cry 5's setting was heavily influenced by him as his alteregos V and Urizen represent different sides of his personality while demons V has are taken from Nelo Angelo's persona from the original Devil May Cry game. Once V and Urizen merge and Vergil confronts his son Nero, he decides to redeem himself regardless of cost. In April 2019, Matt Walker from Capcom claimed Devil May Cry 5 development was complete, lamenting the lack of more DLC. Destructoid enjoyed the impact Vergil has on both Dante and Nero as both his brother and son become far more serious as they take it on themselves to stop the threat of their relative. USGamer found that while Vergil was too powerful in Devil May Cry 5 considering how he easily overpowers Dante and Nero as Urizen and criticized how his enemies reach his level without reason. He further criticized how his connection with Nero is not explored despite being father and son, respectively.

For the reboot of the series, Chris Carter of Destructoid wrote that Vergil was a more entertaining character than DmC: Devil May Cry's Dante, despite some problems he found with the character's gameplay. Dustin Chadwell of Gaming Age liked Vergil's gameplay, finding it superior to Dante's, but was confused by his storyline because of the lack of an explanation for his survival. GameSpot also appreciated Vergil's gameplay because of his departure from Dante's, despite finding it more challenging to play. Angelo M. D'Argenio of Cheat Code Central liked Vergil's story and like previous writers found his gameplay superior to Dante's. Despite liking Vergil's moves, Kotaku stated that Vergil's story lacks the appeal of DmC because he does not face entertaining boss characters. When compared with rude but heroic Dante, Vergil's personality said to be initially charming only to be revealed to manipulative in reality. Despite their blood connection, Vergil shows little care for his brother in the reboot as he does not explain his actual desires until the game's ending where the two become are antagonistic to each other in a final fight. The reboot shows both siblings were contrasting clothing that help to distinguish each other based on their upbringings and personalities. Further analysis between the sons of Sparda led to the idea the two character might be archetype often explored in role-playing games.

title: Vergil (Devil May Cry)


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Category:Percussionists

Musicians who play percussion instruments (including those that are not drums). For musicians who only play drums (or drum set), use the category Category:Drummers.

title: Category:Percussionists


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Talk:Aratti theory

The "Aratti" people seem to be an invention of Jahanshah Derakhshani http://www.int-pub-iran.com/ipis07.htm without even the notability to be debunked anywhere else on the net. dab (ᛏ) 11:40, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Aratti people are traced and documented by the Iranian historian Jahanshah Derakhshani. They were the inhabitants of the country Aratta attested in the Sumerian sources of the 3rd millennium BC and located in Eastern Iran (Derakhshani, Die Arier in den nahöstlichen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends v.Chr., Tehran 1998, p. 41). According to Herodotus, the Persians were called also Artaioi = Artaians (Herodotus VII, 61. 150). Indeed, already prior to Herodotus, Artaioi was interpreted as a Persian ethnonym. Hellanicus described them as the inhabitants of a Persian region called Artaia (Fr. cited from Marquart 1986,Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran I: 234).

 * In my Herodotus-edition (German translation by Horneffer, 1971, ISBN 3-520-22404-6) the comment to this is "Artaioi is derived from arta ('truth'). The word also finds itself as a part of Persian personal names." --Samwz 03:31, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aratti theory


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Substitution bias

Substitution bias describes a possible bias in economic index numbers if they do not incorporate data on consumer expenditures switching from relatively more expensive products to cheaper ones as prices changed.

Substitution bias occurs when prices for items change relative to one another. Consider how consumer expenditures are reflected in a consumer price index. Consumers will tend to buy more of the good whose price declined, and less of the now relatively more expensive good. This change in consumption may not be reflected in the longstanding market basket from which a consumer price index is constructed. If a selected good is bought by consumers and it is therefore included in the CPI basket, but when an increase in price of that selected good occurs customers may buy a cheaper substitute, while the CPI basket may not quickly capture this change. If product A is purchased by most consumers, and similar product B goes on sale making it cheaper, consumers will naturally buy what is cheaper.

Substitution bias can cause inflation rates to be over-estimated. Data collected for a price index, if from an earlier period, may poorly correspond to the prices and consumer-expenditure-shares going to goods whose prices later changed. To reduce this problem, several steps can be taken by makers of price indices:

 * Collect price data and expenditure data frequently to capture recent changes, and incorporate both into the indices quickly
 * Adopt superlative index formulae for price indices, usually Tornqvist indexes or Fisher indexes
 * Use hedonic index methods to capture attributes of products and their implicit prices; see hedonic regression and the related index problem of quality bias.

title: Substitution bias


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West Pymble, New South Wales

West Pymble is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia 15 km north-west of the Sydney Central Business District in the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. Pymble is a separate suburb to the east, sharing the postcode of 2073.

History
The land on which West Pymble was built was Guringai country, until European arrival brought disease which greatly reduced the population. By 1824, Aboriginal people in the area had been reduced to 'the remains of an Aboriginal tribe', who periodically walked through the area on their way from Bobbin Head to Pymble Hill. Early European settler Robert Pymble told his grandchildren that the Aboriginal people had gone by 1856.

Logging was the first industry of the area, with both government logging camps and private contractors felling the biggest trees and dragging them to the Lane Cove River or local sawpits. The Lofberg family, who were established in the area by the 1860s, shipped lumber to the Sydney markets on their boats, and raised nine children on their farm in West Pymble.

The rugged country and sloping land of West Pymble was slower to be settled than surrounding flatter areas, and became a bush haven for absconded convicts, illicit stills, gambling and cockfighting.

As the timber was felled, land was used for orchards, and by the 1880s growing citrus, apples, pears and stone fruit was a major industry. The Lofberg, Kendall and Munday families grew fruit and raised pigs on their mixed farms. These enterprises survived into the 1920s, although the arrival of codling moth decreased fruit growing, and the construction of the North Shore railway line in the 1890s made the land more valuable as residential property. Pymble soon boasted Hamilton Bros Universal Providers, near the station and other businesses. The Lofbergs diversified into quarrying, with their sandstone quarry being taken over by the Ku-ring-gai Council in 1926, to provide materials for roads and footpaths in the municipality.

West Pymble was subdivided between 1900 and 1915, but was still sparsely populated because of its distance from the railway at Pymble. Much of the area remained semi-rural throughout the interwar period.

Much of the area was developed after the Second World War (mainly in the 1950s and 1960s) with defence personnel housing and homes for returning soldiers built in brand new streets pushed through the bush. West Pymble's war memorial hall was opened in 1959 on the Lofbergs' original landholding on Lofberg Road. The original housing style included three-bedroom weatherboard cottages. Many remain but a lot of them have been significantly extended and/or upgraded since; others have been demolished and replaced with larger homes.

West Gordon Public School opened in 1951, and later West Pymble Public School in 1960 to educate the children of the new residents, and the inhabitants of the Bernard Smith Children's home, run by the Central Methodist Mission from 1960 to 1988.

The section of West Pymble, on the eastern side of Ryde Road, including Kiparra St, Dunoon Avenue, Wyuna Avenue and adjoining streets, was originally designated "West Gordon" and it was considered to be part of the suburb of Gordon. However, in 1990, the suburban boundaries were reviewed and this neighbourhood became re-designated as part of West Pymble instead, although the name of the public primary school did not change.

Pymble West Post Office opened on 1 December 1958 and closed in 1974.

Commercial area

The Philip Mall, located on Kendall Street, is a street mall with two rows of shops facing each other. Philip Mall includes an IGA supermarket, hairdresser, beauty salon, takeaway, greengrocer, bread shop, newsagent, cafe & deli, a cafe, Chinese restaurant, butcher, pizza shop, pharmacy, chocolate shop, bottle shop, ATM, physiotherapist, dentist and a veterinary clinic. Nearby is a BP petrol station.

Philip Mall was redeveloped in the 1990s. The development included the removal of gardens between two shops which had become largely dilapidated. Some of the gardens were replanted with the rest of the area paved, which significantly increased space in the mall. Seating and additional bicycle stands were installed. At the same time the large children's playground was upgraded with improved safety features and playsets.

In 1998 the Boonah Creative Arts Centre was established in the old community centre, operated by the Sisters of Mercy. The Boonah Centre provides fine arts education to mentally disabled persons.

In 2012, Philip Mall was re-landscaped, with the centre area between the shops being gutted, and a new layout built to give more space to allow shoppers to move between the 2 lines of shops.

The Philip Mall shops association is the West Pymble Chamber of Commerce which organises many events of interest to and including the local community.

The Gordon West Shops are in Duneba Avenue, West Pymble. They include a dentist, hair salon, German and Italian restaurants. The Gordon West shops are a significantly smaller group than Philip Mall shops.

Transport
The closest railway station is Pymble railway station located about 2.5 km from the centre of West Pymble. However, it is difficult to access from West Pymble, and bus services such as CDC NSW's route 560 run from West Pymble to Gordon railway station in a loop service. CDC NSW also runs two bus services, route 575, from Macquarie University to Hornsby railway station via Pymble and Turramurra and also route 572 from Macquarie University to Turramurra railway station via South Turramurra and West Pymble, which route 575 previously operated prior to 2012. Route 197 runs along Ryde Road through West Pymble from Macquarie University to Gordon station, then onwards to Mona Vale via St Ives, Austlink and Terrey Hills.

Inner Suburb:
 * 560 – Gordon Station
 * 572 – Turramurra Station via South Turramurra Loop Macquarie Centre & University

Ryde Road
 * 575 – Hornsby Station via Pymble, Turramurra, North Wahroonga, Hornsby Hospital Macquarie Centre & University
 * 197 – Mona Vale via Gordon Station, St Ives Shops, Austlink & Terrey Hills Macquarie Centre & University via Macquarie Park Station

The Comenarra Parkway is an arterial road that runs from West Pymble (Yanko Road) to Thornleigh via South Turramurra and Wahroonga.

At the, 18% of employed people travelled to work on public transport compared to the national average of 10%, and 61% by car (either as driver or as passenger).

Parks
West Pymble is surrounded by Lane Cove National Park and provides excellent bushwalking opportunities.

The Bicentennial Park oval complex in Lofberg Road consists of netball courts, soccer and cricket fields, a public swimming pool, a children's playground and barbecue facilities. The park was originally a quarry and later a bike track until it was regenerated in 1988 to coincide with the Australian Bicentenary.

Other parks in the area include:
 * Frogmore Park, Wyomee Avenue
 * Shoppers Rest
 * Shoppers Glen
 * Ramsay Avenue Park
 * Claire Taylor Park

Schools

 * West Pymble Public School, Apollo Avenue, a government primary school
 * Gordon West Public School (is actually in West Pymble), a government primary school
 * Our Lady of Perpetual Succour Catholic Primary School, Kendall Street, a Catholic primary school
 * West Pymble Pre-school, Lofberg Road, a private pre-school
 * ABC Learning day care centre, Kendall Street

Places of worship

 * St Matthew's Anglican church, Eppleston Place [www.stmatthewswestpymble.org.au]
 * Our Lady of Perpetual Succour Catholic Church, Kendall Street

Community groups and organised activities

 * West Pymble Cricket Club – Lofberg Oval
 * West Pymble Scout Group – Bicentennial Park
 * Rover Scouts – for young people aged 18–25 – groups at nearby Kissing Point & Turramurra
 * Girl Guides – Bicentennial Park
 * Dance classes – held in the old SES hall on Lofberg Road
 * Netball training – Bicentennial Park
 * West Pymble Football Club – Norman Griffiths Oval
 * Boonah Creative Arts Centre – Philip Mall, Kendall Street
 * Killara West Pymble Rugby Union Football Club – Lofberg Oval

Sporting facilities

 * Cricket pitch and training nets, Lofberg Road
 * Netball Courts with night lighting, Bicentennial Park
 * Football oval and club house, Lofberg Road
 * West Pymble Bowling and Sports club
 * Swimming Pools – heated 25m and 50m, covered children's splash pool, Bicentennial Park
 * Tennis Courts, Kendall Street

Demographics
At the, the suburb of West Pymble recorded a population of 5,298. Of these:
 * 64.5% of families were couple families with children, a higher proportion than the national average of 44.7%; the median age was 40 years, compared to the national median of 38 years. Children aged under 15 years made up 24.1% of the population (national average is 18.7%) and people aged 65 years and over made up 15.5% of the population (national average is 15.8%).
 * 69.2% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 5.2%, China 3.3% and New Zealand 2.0%; 77.5% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 4.2%, Cantonese 3.3% and Korean 2.0%.
 * The most common responses for religion were No Religion 28.3%, Catholic 24.1% and Anglican 20.7%.
 * The median household weekly income was $2,855, nearly double the national median of $1,438. Real estate was correspondingly expensive; the median mortgage repayment was $3,000 compared to the national median of $1,755.
 * Separate houses constitute the overwhelming majority (96.5%) of residences. The average household size was 3.2 people.

Notable residents

 * Mel Gibson was raised in West Pymble after his family moved to Australia.
 * Actress Jacki Weaver spent her teen years in West Pymble.
 * Rai Thistlethwayte of Thirsty Merc grew up in West Pymble.
 * Shane Gould an Olympic swimmer grew up in West Pymble.
 * Johnny O'Keefe lived in West Pymble.
 * Christine Jensen Burke lives in West Pymble.
 * Peter Garrett attended Gordon West Public.(Peter Garrett - A Memoir Big Blue Sky ISBN 9781760110413).

title: West Pymble, New South Wales


text:
Turns into Stone

Turns into Stone is a compilation album by English rock band The Stone Roses, released in 1992. It consists of early singles and B-sides that did not feature on their self-titled debut album. The compilation reached number 32 on the UK album chart.

The album's release was surrounded by controversy, as the Roses were in the middle of a legal battle with their then-record label, Silvertone. An injunction prevented the band from releasing any new material for several years afterward, during which Silvertone re-released many singles, including two separate versions of "Fools Gold", and releasing stand-alone singles from the first album that were not intended to be singles (such as the edited version of "I Am the Resurrection" featuring a drum machine instead of Reni's distinctive drumming).

Despite this, the album is seen in a positive light by Roses fans because it collects the extended versions of many of their best-known non-album songs onto one CD, before a best-of compilation was even available.

The title of the album is taken from the final lines of One Love: "What goes up must come down/Turns into dust or turns into stone".

In August 2009 the album's tracks were remastered by John Leckie and included as "The B-sides" on the 20th anniversary collectors edition re-release of The Stone Roses self-titled debut album and the remastered album went on to be released separately in September 2012 by Sony Music.

Track listing

 * 1) "Elephant Stone" (12" version) – 4:53
 * 2) "The Hardest Thing in the World"  – 2:39
 * 3) "Going Down"  – 2:46
 * 4) "Mersey Paradise"  – 2:44
 * 5) "Standing Here"  – 5:05
 * 6) "Where Angels Play"  – 4:15
 * 7) "Simone"  – 4:24
 * 8) "Fools Gold"  (12" version) – 9:53
 * 9) "What the World Is Waiting For"  – 3:55
 * 10) "One Love" (12" version) – 7:45
 * 11) "Something's Burning" – 7:50

Catalogue Numbers
 * LP: Silvertone ORE LP521
 * LP: Music On Vinyl MOVLP628 (180g Remaster)
 * LP: Modern Classics Recordings MCR 915 (2 x 180g Remaster)
 * CD: Silvertone ORE CD521
 * CD: Silvertone Records / Sony Music 88725467042 (2012 Remaster)
 * Cassette: Silvertone ORE C521

title: Turns into Stone


text:
Pet harness

A pet harness is equipment consisting of straps of webbing that loop nearly around—that fasten together using side release buckles—the torso of an animal.

These harnesses generally are made to have both a strap on the chest in front of the forelimbs, and a strap around the torso behind the forelimbs, with straps in between connecting these two. Having a D-ring suitable for (pet tags and) a leash to clip to, they are most often used to restrain an animal, but dogs also particularly wear them to assist a person with a disability or haul people and items. There is also the lifting harness for dogs with disabilities, covered in this article.

Some come in different sizes, although many are size-adjustable with tri-glide slides to loosen or shorten the straps' length. The straps may come in a range of different colors, and some have reflective coating.

For physical restraint
The most common use of the pet harness is for physically restraining an animal. When used as such, the harness is worn in conjunction with a leash; one end of the leash has a metal clip that is attached to the ring on the harness, while the other end is typically a loop held by the human.

While a collar only encircles the neck, harnesses have loops that surround the thorax. This design allows for the distribution of force, which reduces pressure placed on the animal's trachea, and therefore, possesses a significantly lower risk of strangulation. Harnesses also possess a much lesser chance of said animal slipping out than possible if it wears a collar. As such, collars have largely been replaced by harnesses.

Pet clothing frequently sports a properly-placed buttonhole for the D-ring of the harness worn under the garment.

Some harnesses, such as those worn by police dogs, may have a handle so they can be restrained (or lifted) by hand more securely. Such harness (or vest) may bear identification and have bulletproof padding.

Car safety harnesses
Safety harnesses designed for use in an automobile restrain the animal in a car seat using the car's seat belt. These harnesses are marketed as reducing the risk of injury to a pet that is riding in a vehicle during a traffic collision. The harnesses are also said to keep the pet from distracting the driver, or escaping from a vehicle. The Center for Pet Safety found "a 100-percent failure rate to protect either the consumer or the dog [or other animal]" in a 2013 crash test study of existing car safety harnesses. Since then, several car safety harness have been designed that pass crash tests conducted by the Center for Pet Safety.

Legislation
In 2012, New Jersey became the first US state to pass a bill that requires dog and cat owners to restrain their animals while traveling in a moving vehicle. Since the bill's passing, all pets not traveling in a crate and not wearing a safety harness can earn the violator a fine of up to $1,000 and/or six months in prison.

For dogs
The choice of a dog's harness is the one that respects the dog's morphology and musculature and allows for the greatest freedom of movement. The shoulder joint (number 7) and elbow joint (number 8) should remain free, not restricted in their movement by the harness straps.

Possible benefits versus a collar
Intraocular pressure increased significantly from baseline when pressure was applied via a collar but not via a harness. Based on the results of the study, dogs with weak or thin corneas, glaucoma, or conditions for which an increase in IOP could be harmful should wear a harness instead of a collar, especially during exercise or activity.

title: Pet harness


text:
Snorkers

Snorkers is a British English colloquialism for sausages. It may have a Royal Navy slang origin. The term is probably derived from an earlier dialect term for a young pig: Wright's 19th-century English Dialect Dictionary notes snorker as a widespread word for a piglet, related to the word snork, to grunt or snore.

Snorkers is the nickname for Palethorpe's pre-cooked tinned sausages. The nickname originated aboard World War II Royal Navy submarines, along with other culinary delights such as HITS (tinned herrings in tomato sauce) and Baby's Heads (tinned steak and kidney pudding). Fresh food lasted only a few days aboard submarines so nearly everything was tinned.

Snorkers are mentioned in Nicholas Monsarrat's novel The Cruel Sea as the favourite food of Lieutenant James Bennett, RNVR. Bennett is described as Australian, and the snorkers references attributed to him alone, which suggests a possible antipodean derivation of the word.

Terry Wogan often referred with relish to snorkers, a welcome part of the culinary delights (sometimes) served up for Sir Terry and his "team" on the BBC Radio 2 breakfast show.

title: Snorkers


text:
Isaac Hecker

Isaac Thomas Hecker (December 18, 1819 – December 22, 1888) was an American Catholic priest and founder of the Paulist Fathers, a North American religious society of men.

Hecker was originally ordained a Redemptorist priest in 1849. With the blessing of Pope Pius IX, he founded the Missionary Society of St. Paul the Apostle, now known as the Paulist Fathers, in New York on July 7, 1858. The Society was established to evangelize both believers and non-believers to convert America to the Catholic Church. Hecker sought to evangelize Americans using the popular means of his day, primarily preaching, the public lecture circuit, and the printing press. One of his more enduring publications is The Catholic World, which he created in 1865.

Hecker's spirituality mainly centered on cultivating the action of the Holy Spirit within the soul as well as the necessity of being attuned to how the Lord prompts one in great and small moments in life. Hecker believed that the Catholic faith and American political culture of small government, property rights, civil society and liberal democracy were not opposed but could be reconciled. The ideas of individual freedom, community, service, and authority were fundamental to Hecker when conceiving how the Paulists would be governed and administered.

Hecker was a friend and colleague of classic liberal thinker Lord Acton in the cause of liberal Catholicism—opposed to ultramontanism politics in the church. Hecker's work was likened to that of Cardinal John Henry Newman, by the Cardinal himself. In a letter written to Augustine Hewit on the occasion of Hecker's death, Newman wrote: "I have ever felt that there was a sort of unity in our lives, that we had both begun a work of the same kind, he in America and I in England."

Hecker's cause for sainthood was opened January 25, 2008, in the mother church of the Paulist Fathers on 59th St, New York City. He was thereafter named a Servant of God.

Early life
Isaac Hecker was born in New York City on December 18, 1819, the third son and youngest child of German immigrants, John and Caroline (Freund) Hecker. When barely twelve years of age, he had to go to work and pushed a baker's cart for his elder brothers who had a bakery on Rutgers Street. He studied at every possible opportunity, becoming immersed in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and, while still a young man, took part in certain politico-social movements which aimed at the elevation of the working man.

Brook Farm movement
It was at this juncture that he met Orestes Brownson, who exercised a marked influence over him. Isaac was deeply religious, a characteristic for which he gave much credit to his prayerful mother, and remained so amid all the reading and agitating in which he engaged. Having grown into young manhood, he joined the Brook Farm movement, and he tarried in that colony some six months.

Conversion to Catholicism and ordination as a priest
Shortly after leaving the Brook Farm in 1844, Hecker was baptized into the Roman Catholic Church by Bishop John McCloskey of New York. One year later, he was entered in the novitiate of the Redemptorists in Belgium, and there he cultivated to a high degree the spirit of lofty mystical piety which marked him through life.

Ordained a priest in London by then Bishop Nicholas Wiseman in 1849, he spent a year as a parish priest and chaplain with the small Redemptorist community at Our Immaculate Lady of Victories in Clapham. He returned to New York in March 1851 and worked until 1857 as a Redemptorist missionary. With all his mysticism, Isaac Hecker had the wide-awake mind of the typical American. He perceived that the Catholic Church's missionary activity in the United States must remain to a large extent ineffective unless it adopted methods suited to the country and the age. In this, he had the sympathy of four fellow Redemptorists, who like himself were of American birth and converts from Protestantism.

Acting as their agent, and with his local superiors' consent, Hecker went to Rome to beg of the Rector Major of his Order that a Redemptorist novitiate might be opened in the United States, in order thus to attract American youths to the missionary life. In furtherance of this request, he took with him the strong approval of some American hierarchy members. The Rector Major, instead of listening to Hecker, expelled him from the Order for having made the journey to Rome without sufficient authorization.

Hecker, determined to fight the expulsion, remained in Rome. He approached Cardinal Alessandro Barnabò, prefect of the Propaganda, the Congregation of the Roman Curia with supervisory responsibility for the church in the United States. Cardinal Barnabo, made aware by American bishops of Hecker's outstanding missionary work and personal holiness, arranged an interview with Pope Pius IX. The pontiff dispensed Hecker and his four companions from their vows as Redemptorists.

Founding of the Paulist Fathers
During his months in Rome, Isaac had determined that the best way to serve the church in the United States was to establish a congregation of priests to labor for the conversion of his native land. Pope Pius approved his plan and encouraged him to take the steps necessary for its realization. "To me, the future looks bright, hopeful, full of promise," he wrote home, "and I feel confident in God's providence and assured of his grace in our regard."

The outcome was that Hecker, George Deshon, Augustine Hewit, Francis Baker, and Clarence Walworth, all of whom were American Redemptorists, were permitted by Pope Pius IX in 1858 to form the separate religious community of the Paulists.

Hecker returned to America from Rome and gathered his American friends Hewit, Baker, and Deshon to plan their congregation. Archbishop John Hughes accepted the men into his New York archdiocese, giving them a parish on 59th Street for their home. The five men decided on calling themselves the "Missionary Priests of St. Paul the Apostle." The priests, popularly known as the Paulists, conducted parish missions and retreats for non-Catholics.

Between 1867 and 1869, Hecker, directly addressing Protestants from lecture platforms, delivered more than 56 lecture series, traveling from Boston to Missouri, from Chicago to Hartford. During one Western tour, he traveled more than 4,500 miles and spoke to more than 30,000 people, two-thirds of whom were non-Catholics. Hecker's first biographer, Walter Elliot, wrote: "We can never forget how distinctly American was the impression of his personality. We heard the nation's greatest men then living. ...Father Hecker was so plainly a great man of this type, so evidently an outgrowth of our institutions, that he stamped American on every Catholic argument he proposed. ...Never was a man a more Catholic than Father Hecker, simply, calmly, joyfully, entirely Catholic." Another writer quipped, "He is putting American machinery into the ancient ark and is getting ready to run her by steam."

In April 1865, adding the written word to his speaking campaign, Isaac launched The Catholic World, a monthly magazine. A year later, he founded the Catholic Publication Society (now the Paulist Press) to disseminate Catholic doctrine on a large scale, primarily for non-Catholics. In 1870, he established The Young Catholic, a magazine for young boys and girls.

In 1869-70, Hecker attended the First Vatican Council as a theologian for Bishop James Gibbons of North Carolina. On the trip, he visited Assisi, home of Francis of Assisi. "Francis touched the chords of feeling and aspiration of the hearts of his time and organized them for united action," Hecker wrote in his journal.

Returning home in June 1870, the 55-year-old Hecker, full of enthusiasm, looked forward to resuming his American apostolate. But instead, he was stricken with painful, chronic leukemia. So rapidly did the disease progress that by 1871, he could not continue his work as Paulist director, pastor, lecturer, and writer. Hecker had great difficulty accepting that the God he served would allow him to be cut down in mid-career. When he left for Europe to seek a cure, he told his Paulist brothers: "Look upon me as a dead man. ...God is trying me severely in soul and body, and I must have the courage to suffer crucifixion." He wandered from one European spa to another, worn in body and sorely tried in spirit, struggling to believe that God was as much at work in him now as he was on the lecture platform.

He spent the winter of 1873-74 aboard a boat on the Nile River; the sail benefited him immensely. "This trip," he wrote, "has been in every respect much more to my benefit than my most sanguine expectations led me to hope. It seems to me almost like an inspiration."

In 1875, the American Paulists invited Hecker to return to their midst. He came back and started to work once more, although on a limited basis. For 13 more years, he exerted his constantly diminishing strength to bring Catholicism to the hearts of his fellow Americans. During these declining years, he also expanded his vision to the entire world, mainly Europe, where the prestige of the Roman Catholic Church was in decline. At the First Vatican Council, in an attempt to stem this decline, the church issued the doctrine of papal infallibility. Following the Council, Hecker wrote an essay describing the work of the Holy Spirit in the renewal of both church and state. Hecker's theology foreshadowed by 80 years the interest of the Second Vatican Council in the role of the Holy Spirit.

During his last years, Hecker always struggled with the feeling that God had abandoned him and that his life was useless. But, as the terrible blood cancer destroyed his body, his spirit found new strength. He turned back the despair; he accepted his lot as God's will for him. The spirit within him brought him new peace and serenity. Isaac Hecker died December 22, 1888, at the Paulist House on 59th Street in Manhattan.

Hecker and Americanism

The name of Hecker is closely associated with Americanism. As part of this controversy, Hecker was accused by the French cleric Charles Maignen of subjectivism and crypto-Protestantism. During the French Third Republic (which began in 1870), the power and influence of French Catholicism steadily declined. The French government passed laws bearing more and more stringently on the church, and most French citizens did not object. Indeed, they began to look toward legislators and not to the clergy for guidance.

Observing this and encouraged by the action of Pope Leo XIII, who in 1892 called on French Catholics loyally to accept the Republic, several young French priests determined that because the church had held itself aloof from modern philosophies and practices, people had turned away from it. They also noted that Catholicism was not making much use of modern means of propaganda, such as social movements or the organization of clubs. In short, the church had not adapted to modern needs. They agitated for social and philanthropic projects, a closer relationship between priests and parishioners, and general cultivation of personal initiative, both in clergy and laity. Not unnaturally, they looked for inspiration to America.

The French reformers took him as a kind of patron saint. His biography, written in English by Paulist priest Walter Elliott in 1891, was translated into French six years later. A long introduction by a liberal French priest made exaggerated claims for Hecker. Trends in liberal Catholic thought in Europe became associated with the church in the United States and particularly with Hecker. Inspired by Hecker's life and character, the activist French priests undertook the task of persuading their fellow-priests to accept the political system, and then to break out of their isolation, put themselves in touch with the intellectual life of the country, and take an active part in the work of social amelioration. In 1897 the movement received an impetus O'Connell, former Rector of the Pontifical North American College in Rome, spoke on behalf of Hecker's ideas at the Catholic Congress in Friburg.

Conservative Catholics took alarm at what they considered to be symptoms of pernicious modernism or Liberalism. They thought the "Allons au peuple" catchphrase had a ring of heresy, breaking down the divinely established distinction between the priest and the layman and giving lay people too much power in church affairs. The insistence upon individual initiative was judged to be incompatible with the fundamentals of Catholicism. Moreover, the conservatives were, almost to a man, anti-republicans who distrusted and disliked the democratic abbés (clergy). It was for this reason that Hecker acquired the reputation of being called "The Yellow Dart." The conservatives complained to the Pope, and in 1898 Abbé Charles Maignen wrote a violent polemic against the new movement called Le Père Hecker, est-il un saint? ("Is Father Hecker a Saint?").

Many powerful Vatican authorities also detested the Americanist tendency. However, Pope Leo XIII was reluctant to chastise the American Catholics, whom he had often praised for their loyalty and faith. But he eventually made concessions to the pressures upon him, and in early February 1899 addressed to Cardinal James Gibbons the papal brief Testem Benevolentiae. This document condemned the following doctrines or tendencies: The brief did not assert that Hecker and the Americans had held any unsound doctrine on the above points. Instead, it merely stated that if such opinions did exist, the Pope called upon the hierarchy to eradicate them. Cardinal Gibbons and many other prelates replied to Rome. With a near-unanimous voice, they declared that the incriminated opinions had no existence among American Catholics. Hecker had never countenanced the slightest departure from Catholic principles in their fullest and most strict application. The disturbance caused by the condemnation was slight; almost the entire laity and a considerable part of the clergy were unaware of this affair. However, the pope's brief did end up strengthening the position of the conservatives in France.
 * 1) undue insistence on interior initiative in the spiritual life, as leading to disobedience,
 * 2) attacks on religious vows, and disparagement of the value of religious orders in the modern world,
 * 3) minimizing Catholic doctrine,
 * 4) minimizing the importance of spiritual direction.

When the church in America was struggling with the question of whether the assimilation of Catholics, many of whom were immigrants, into American culture would compromise their Catholic faith, Hecker saw no contradiction between being American and being Catholic. According to Russell Shaw, "On the level of ideas, no one before or since has done more than Isaac Hecker did to promote Catholic assimilation into the secular culture of the United States."

Cause for sainthood
Cardinal Edward Egan of New York formally opened Hecker's cause for sainthood on January 25, 2008, at St. Paul the Apostle Catholic Church in New York City, mother church of the Paulist Fathers, at which time Hecker was given the title Servant of God. In 2023, the United Conference of Catholic Bishops voted to advance the cause of Hecker.

Works

 * Questions of the Soul
 * Aspirations of Nature

title: Isaac Hecker


text:
Findabair

Findabair or Finnabair (Modern Fionnabhair, ) was a daughter of Ailill and Queen Medb of Connacht in Irish mythology. The meaning of the name is "white phantom" (etymologically cognate with Gwenhwyfar, the original Welsh form of Guinevere). The Dindsenchas also mention a Findabair who is the daughter of Lugaid Laigde.

Though not considered a main character in the Táin, Finnabair occupies a crucial role in the epic. During the war of the Táin, her hand is offered to a succession of warriors in exchange for their sparring with Cú Chulainn. Ultimately her beauty and charms serve as the driving force behind the deaths of hundreds of men, even compelling Fer Diad to fight Cú Chulainn, his beloved foster-brother and best friend, in the single combat which leads to his death by Cú Chulainn's Gáe Bulg.

In the Táin Bó Cúailnge, Finnabair's husband Fráech (whose story is told in the Táin Bo Fraích) is killed by Cú Chulainn in a river. Afterwards, Medb repeatedly offers her daughter to prospective warriors, first to Nad Crantail, then to Láríne Mac Nóis, in a truce with Cú Chulainn with the condition that he not attack her army by night in exchange for his provision each day with a warrior with whom to engage in one-on-one combat. Finnabair is offered to Cú Chulainn when no warrior can be found. After he accepts, she is taken to him by a fool dressed as the king, not by Ailill himself. Upon discovering this, Cú Chulainn kills the fool and puts a pillar through him and a pillar through Finnabair's tunic, thus leaving two stones in that location, called the Fool's Stone and Finnabair's Stone.

Finnabair is subsequently offered to Fer Diad, "saying that he was her only darling, her chosen lover from among all the men in the world." The slaying of Fer Diad on Finnabair's account is greatly lamented by Cú Chulainn, and spurs him to speak many poems about him: “And Medb’s daughter Finnabair,/ that beautiful bait you hoped/ would be yours? You might as well/try to tie sand with a rope.” Her last and perhaps genuine love interest, Rochad Mac Faithemain, joined the forces of Ulster before the last great battle. To persuade him to not fight against Connacht, Medb uses her daughter's affection to strike a truce. Finnabair spends the night with Rochad, and eventually news of this reaches the 7 Kings of Munster, all of whom were also offered Finnabair for their allegiance. They take their complaints to Ailill's sons, which results in a battle and the eventual slaying of 700 men. Upon hearing how she has been used and had so many men die on her account, Finnabair drops dead of shame. "Hence the name Finnabair Sléibe, Finnabair of the Mountain."

In the Táin Bo Fráich, Findabair loved Fráech but he would not pay her dowry, until bribed by Medb, he agreed to take her in return for his help in battle against Ulster in the Táin Bó Cuailnge (Cattle Raid of Cooley).

title: Findabair


text:
User:Tbc2

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title: User:Tbc2


text:
Dunkery Hill

Dunkery Beacon at the summit of Dunkery Hill is the highest point on Exmoor and in Somerset, England. It is also the highest point in southern England outside of Dartmoor.

The sandstone hill rises to 519 m and provides views over the surrounding moorland, the Bristol Channel and hills up to 86 mi away. The site has been visited by humans since the Bronze Age, and contains several burial mounds in the form of cairns and bowl barrows. Sweetworthy on the lower slopes is the site of two Iron Age hill forts or enclosures and a deserted medieval settlement. The hill is part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest and National nature reserve. It was in private ownership until the 20th century, when it was donated to the National Trust by Sir Thomas Acland, Colonel Wiggin and Allan Hughes; a stone cairn was erected at the summit to commemorate the event.

Location
Dunkery is composed of Middle Devonian sedimentary rock, known as the Hangman Sandstone Formation. This supports acidic soils. The ridge along the top of the hill is 4.5 km long.

At 519 m ordnance datum (OD), the mean height above sea level, Dunkery Beacon is the highest natural point in Somerset, although the tip of the Mendip TV Mast is higher at 589 m OD. Dunkery is ranked 23rd in the UK in terms of dominance and is a Marilyn, meaning that it is a peak with 150 m or more of relative height. The nearest higher hill is Yes Tor, 37 mi away. John Fry, a character in R. D. Blackmore's 1869 novel Lorna Doone, calls it the "haighest place of Hexmoor".

Dunkery lies just 4 mi from the Bristol Channel at Porlock. The shortest route of ascent goes from the car park at Dunkery Gate, and is just 0.75 mi long. There are extensive views from the summit, from where the Bristol and English Channel coasts, the Brecon Beacons including Pen Y Fan, Bodmin Moor, Dartmoor, the Severn Bridges and Cleeve Hill 86 mi away in Gloucestershire are visible.

History
Dunkery Hill was part of the "Royal Forest of Exmoor", established by Henry II according to the late 13th-century Hundred Rolls. There has been some debate about the origin of the name "Dunkery" and its predecessors "Duncrey" and "Dunnecray". Eilert Ekwall suggests that it comes from the Welsh din meaning hillfort and creic or creag meaning rock.

There are several Bronze Age burial mounds at or near the summit. Two of the largest are Joaney How and Robin How, which have been damaged over many years, although plans have been made to restore and protect them. "How" comes from the Norse for burial mound. Joaney How on the northern slope, is more than 22 m in diameter. On the southeastern slopes are four more cairns, and there are a further two round cairns 390 m and 420 m southeast of Rex Stile Head. In addition to the cairns are barrows, which also date from the Bronze Age. One bowl barrow on the southeastern spur of the Chains is 12.3 m in diameter. A circular funerary stone mound 850 m north of Dunkery Bridge, which is a 1.5 mi walk from the summit, dates from the Neolithic or Bronze Age. It is approximately 1.5 m high and 14 m in diameter.

Sweetworthy, on Dunkery Hill's north-facing slope, is the site of two Iron Age hillforts or enclosures; one has a single rampart and external ditch, enclosing 0.25 ha. The rampart is still visible, and the ditch on the east side is used as a trackway. There was a defended settlement above the main site. It is also the site of a deserted medieval settlement, which has been designated a scheduled monument. It has been added to the Heritage at Risk Register because of the vulnerability to plant growth.

In 1918 Sir Thomas Acland granted to the National Trust a 500-year lease of a large part of the Holnicote Estate, including Dunkery Hill. Dunkery Hill was put up for sale in 1928. Labour Party activist and Member of Parliament Margaret Bondfield asked in the House of Commons if the government was willing to have it designated an ancient monument, to preserve it for future generations. She received the reply that although the government was agreeable to having the hill listed there were no funds available for its purchase; the beacon and surrounding mounds were subsequently designated an ancient monument. The beacon itself, and 960 acre of surrounding land, was donated in 1932 by Colonel W.W. Wiggin. A further 945 acre of nearby land was donated in 1934 by Mrs Hughes in memory of her husband Alan Hughes of Lynch Allerford, Minehead. The donations were commemorated in 1935 with an event when a plaque was attached to the summit memorial cairn. Further parts of the Holnicote Estate, which includes other land donated by the Acland family and others, was given in subsequent years.

Ecology
The site is part of the North Exmoor Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), part of the Dunkery & Horner Woods National Nature Reserve and part of the Exmoor Coastal Heaths Special Area of Conservation.

The hill is blanketed in heather, which gives it a deep purple colour during the summer. Ling and bell heather, gorse, sessile oak, ash, rowan, hazel, bracken, mosses, liverworts, lichens and ferns all grow on the hill or in surrounding woodland, as well as some unique whitebeam species. Exmoor ponies, red deer, pied flycatchers, wood warblers, lesser spotted woodpeckers, redstarts, dippers, snipe, skylarks and kestrels are some of the fauna to be found on or around the hill and in nearby Horner Woods, home to 14 of the 16 UK bat species and including barbastelle and Bechstein's bats.

title: Dunkery Hill


text:
Kiril Marichkov

Kiril Marichkov (Кирил Маричков, 30 October 1944 in Sofia) is a Bulgarian rock musician.

Biography
Marichkov was born in Sofia and played piano, clarinet, bass-guitar and guitar since young age. Through his mother's side, he is the grandson of well-known Bulgarian composer Boris Leviev. In 1963 he founded one of the first Bulgarian rock bands, the "Bandaracite" (Бъндараците) and in 1967 one of the most successful bands in Bulgaria during the 70s and 80s (with still many fans) - "Shturtzite" ("The Crickets", Щурците). Since its foundation, Kiril Marichkov has been the frontman (lead vocal, bass guitar and keyboards) of the band. He has also composed a large part of their songs, which approximate 160, in fourteen albums. Shturcite have performed over 2600 concerts in sixteen countries.

In his discography Kiril Marichkov has two solo albums - "Zodija Shturec" ("Starsign Cricket", Зодия Щурец, 1997) and "Iskam da kazha" ("I want to say", Искам да кажа) which gave birth to several hits including "Vjarvam v teb ("I believe in you", Вярвам в теб), "Kletva" ("Vow", Клетва), "Obicham te zavinagi" ("I love you forever", Обичам те завинаги) and "Mojat svjat" ("My world", Моят свят).

Apart from his career as a rock musician, Kiril Marichkov has composed soundtracks for the movies "Vchera" ("Yesterday", Вчера) (with the "Kletva"  song), Rio Adio (Адио Рио) in 1989 , "Indianski igri" ("Indian games", Индиански игри) , "Vampiri-talasymi" ("Vampires-ghouls", Вампири-таласъми) , "Dunav most" ("The bridge over Danube", Дунав мост) (with the "Mojat svjat" song), "Naj-vazhnite neshta" ("The most important things", Най-важните неща) (with the "Obicham te zavinagi" song) etc. He also sang the Bulgarian translation of "You've Got a Friend in Me" when Toy Story was dubbed into the language.

He is a co-founder of the only Bulgarian Rock-radiostation "Radio Tangra" (Радио Тангра), today "Radio Gong" (Радио Гонг).

In 1990, at a time of great political changes at the fall of the Communist regime in Bulgaria, his song "Az sym prosto Chovek" ("I'm only Human", Аз съм просто Човек) became one of the new democracy's anthems, sung by hundreds of thousands of people on the new democratic political rallies. During this period Kiril Marichkov was elected member of the Grand National Assembly as a part of the Union of Democratic Forces.

In 2013, after Shturcite broke up, he formed a band called Fondatsiata (The Foundation) with other famous Bulgarian rock musicians, including Ivan Lechev (ex-FSB) and Dobrin "Doni" Vekilov (ex-Doni i Momchil).

title: Kiril Marichkov


text:
User talk:Vishnu4791

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

11:54, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vishnu4791


text:
Anthony Bertram

 Cyril Anthony George Bertram (19 November, 1897 - July 1978) was a British novelist and art historian.

Bertram was the great-grandfather of actor Thomas Sangster. His wife, Barbara May (Randolph), was the sister of actor Hugh Grant's maternal grandmother; Barbara was descended from politician and colonial administrator Sir Evan Nepean.

Works

 * English Portraiture in the National Portrait Gallery (1924)
 * The Pool (1926) novel
 * Here We Ride (1927) novel
 * The Life of Sir Peter-Paul Rubens (1928)
 * Velázquez (1928)
 * To the Mountains (1929)
 * The Sword Falls (1930)
 * Picasso (1930)
 * Matisse (1930)
 * They Came to the Castle (1932)
 * Pavements and Peaks: Impressions of Travel in Germany and Austria (1933)
 * Favourite British Paintings (1934)
 * The House : A Machine for Living in (1935)
 * Men Adrift (1935)
 * The King Sees Red (1936)
 * Like the Phoenix (1936) novel
 * Design in Everyday Things (1937)
 * Ode to a Bulging Member (1937)
 * Design in Daily Life (1937)
 * Design (1938)
 * Contemporary Painting in Europe (1939)
 * Bright Defiler (1940)
 * Jan Vermeer of Delft (1948)
 * William Blake (1948)
 * Hans Holbein the Younger (1948)
 * Sandro Botticelli (1948)
 * Vermeer (1948)
 * Piero della Francesca (1949)
 * Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1949)
 * Michelangelo (1949)
 * Jean-Augustine-Dominique Ingres (1949)
 * El Greco (1949)
 * Hogarth (1949)
 * The Van Eycks : Hubert & Jan (1950)
 * Delacroix (1950)
 * The Pleasures Of Poverty: An Argument and an Anthology (1950)
 * Hieronymus Bosch (1950)
 * Grunewald (1950)
 * Rubens (1950)
 * Gauguin (1950)
 * Giotto (1951)
 * A Century of British Painting 1851-1951 (1951)
 * Paul Nash: The Portrait of an Artist (1955)
 * Poet and Painter: Correspondence between Gordon Bottomley and Paul Nash 1910-1946 (1955); editor with Claude Colleer Abbott
 * Rembrandt (1955)
 * Sickert (1955)
 * Modigliani (1965)
 * One Thousand Years of Drawing (1966)
 * Florentine Sculpture (1969)

title: Anthony Bertram


text:
User:Vhata

Go to Home page

Go to Blog

title: User:Vhata


text:
User talk:Directorstratton

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

user:Sam Spade 11:59, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Don't be a dick Just too useful to not have here.

Professor
See my comments at my user page. You're right, I was out of line in my comment; apologies. Still, I stand by the intent of the comment. Revolver 10:27, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

ganguro picture
Hi Directorstratton, I noticed you tried to re-add the image into the article and mentioned it on your home page. I'm trying to get permission from the author- the owner of the website it was taken from is contacting the copyright holder for us, might take a few weeks, she said.--Duk 15:22, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Mozart
That's allright. Str1977 23:22, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Polish names
Whether clearly or not is a matter of your personal oppinion. Please refrain yourself from revert wars. Halibutt 07:53, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Crap
People do stupid things to the particle pages daily. There are both silly arguments with theorists about how to count particles, and raving loons who want to include their own strange things or label the neutrino has hypothetical. Fun. Nevertheless, I am enjoying myself--but I do think Wikipedia is a disaster that should be ignored by everyone except the people who enjoy it. -- SCZenz 18:47, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Forced busing
Thanks for your work on Forced busing, I think your re-write has really helped that page. I'm gathering info to add a section on Wilmington, Delaware, since I had first-hand experience with that (they started in 1978, between my kindergarten and 1st grade years). Note that in Wilmington it encompassed the whole metro area, with the general arrangment being that inner-city kids were shipped to the suburbs for K-3, and then the suburb kids were shipped to the inner-city for 4-6. I don't recall the specifics for middle school and high school. It was mostly called "deseg" or "desegregation", although "forced busing" and just "busing" weren't unusual terms. I could write volumes on my own experiences with it, but it's hard to distill it down to something that's neutral POV.

So I'm going to write a section for Delaware, but the whole article could use some fine-tuning. Probably some overall background on how the courts determined that the spriti Brown vs Board of Education wasn't being met, mention some of the key court cases, pros and cons, and then the individual cities.

-- Kaszeta 12:46, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

The Forest City???
Show me where I can find any information that states the official city nickname of Cleveland, Ohio is "The Forest City." That nickname doesn't even make sense. Cleveland has no official nickname. Osu8907 05:42, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It's an obscure but well documented name: . -- Kaszeta 13:45, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm a crazy guy
I need a hobby once in a while to keep me sane, and this sort of came out of the time that could've gone into one or two other things. Anyway, it was summer. Oh, and I'm trying to get to 1,000 edits and get admin'd, so that I can deal more effectively with people who put their non-NPOV pseudoscience original research bullshit on the physics pages. (Damn, am I down with the lingo, or what?) -- SCZenz 00:43, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Greater Lafayette Public Transportation Corporation
I have put a rudimentary article up on GLPTC feel free to add to or revise--WideArc 04:05, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Translation of "Himmel der Bayern" in Oktoberfest
The true translation of the phrase "Himmel der Bayern" must be "Heaven of Bavarians", Bayern being the plural of Bayer, a resident of Bavaria. Your translation of "Bavarian Heaven", adapted from "Heaven of Bavaria", would properly be rendered "Himmel des Bayerns" in German, as Bayern, the Bundesland, is a neuter noun. I'm going to change it to "Heaven for Bavarians". I just want to avoid a revert-war. Abek 04:36, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Category:LGBT computer and video games
I wanted to invite you to contribute at Categories_for_deletion, since you posted on it's talk page. Thanks for your time. --JiFish(Talk/Contrib) 19:20, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

"rmv crap"
You could stand to be more informative and less hostile in your edit comments. The comment "rmv crap" implied to me that you were removing vandalism, not a good-faith edit to the article (the "spoiler" warning added by User:Stoive). I don't particularly care whether the warning is in there or not: it seems useful to the reader, but is also somewhat odd because it's not really a "spoiler". But you should at least give a justification in your edit comment when you remove well-intentioned article content.  r  speer 23:25, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Bachelor's degree
You removed the sentence: "The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are perhaps alone today in awarding the B.A. for all undergraduate degrees." with the edit summary: "removed falsehood (the US has the world's largest academic population and gives almost entirely BA and BS". First, it's best to avoid using words like "falsehood" (which, in British English anyway, means "lie") in edit summaries.  Secondly, you hadn't understood the sentence that you removed; how many U.S. universities award a B.A. in physics or biochemistry? --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:01, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply. It's true that the article badly needs rewriting for clarity.
 * Does Chicago give the A.B. for all non-arts/humanities subjects, or just for physics? On the other side, my partner has a B.Sc. in philosophy from City University, London. --Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:56, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

List of metro areas by population
I don't think so. It's not edited nearly frequently enough. It just needs to be watched by more people if vandalism is a problem--we semi-protect only when reverting can't keep up. -- SCZenz 07:39, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Stuartarice.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Stuartarice.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:10, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Stuartarice.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Stuartarice.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 03:13, 28 December 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —Remember the dot (talk) 03:13, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Sandbox for Stuart A. Rice
Stuart Alan Rice (born 1932 in New York City) is an American theoretical chemist and physical chemist. He is well-known as a theoretical chemist who also does experimental research, having spent much of his career working in multiple areas of physical chemistry. He is currently the Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus at The University of Chicago. He received the National Medal of Science in 1999.

Education and career
Stuart Rice attended the Bronx High School of Science, received his bachelor's degree in 1952 from Brooklyn College, and earned his master's and doctorate from Harvard University in 1954 and 1955, respectively. He was almost unable to attend graduate school due to contracting tuberculosis, but was cured of the disease through an experimental treatment of isoniazid and streptomycin. He remained at Harvard as a Junior Fellow for three years, although he spent the last two years of the fellowship doing research work at Yale University's Chemistry Department. After the fellowship, he joined the faculty of The University of Chicago in 1957, where he has remained since.

Professor Rice has served the university in a wide variety of capacities during his forty-eight year tenure. He served as the director of the James Franck Institute (the university's center for physical chemistry and condensed matter physics) from 1961 to 1967. He was Chairman of the Department of Chemistry from 1971 to 1976 and was Dean of the Physical Sciences Division from 1981 to 1995.

In addition to his work at the University, he is currently on the Board of Governors at Tel Aviv University and has served as editor for the journals Chemical Physics Letters and Advances in Chemical Physics, and co-authored several physical chemistry textbooks with Stephen Berry and John Ross.

Research
Stuart Rice began his scientificcareer as a high school student and published on this work. He completed his doctoral dissertation under Paul Doty, contributing to the then-emerging field of DNA research ; the project shared both experimental and theoretical components, which became a hallmark of his later work.

During his time at Yale, Stuart Rice began to study the transport properties of liquids. He helped to determine the properties of liquid noble gases and methane, while also exploring the theoretical background of transport in liquids as well, comparing the results to simulations of Lennard-Jones fluids.

Following this work he helped to develop the theory of electronic excitations (excitons) in molecular crystals and liquids, eventually moving into the area of radiationless molecular transitions, beginning his own experimental work after the development of the Bixon-Jortner model, while also working with collaborators on extending the theoretical model of these transitions. This research led him to investigate the effects of quantum chaos on excited molecules, and to couple the developing model of transitions with quantum chaos in order to attain control of the transition of excited molecules (quantum control) through laser excitation, which was developed by other scientists at the University of Chicago.

At the same time, he also began work on understanding the electrical properties of liquid metals, where the lack of translational orders frustrated attempts to understand their electronic band structure. The discrepancy between the dielectric results of reflectivity and ellipsometry data of liquid mercury led to work on the nature of conductivity at the liquid-vapor surface of liquid metal, ultimately showing that the existence of ion inhomogeneities at the interface led to electronic changes in the bulk liquid that persist for several atomic diameters into a liquid.

Smaller research topics that Prof. Rice has published on included work on the chemistry of water, the theory of freezing liquids, the properties of monolayers on liquids, and confined colloidal systems, amongst others.

Honors and awards
Professor Rice's most prestigious award the National Medal of Science, the highest scientific prize awarded in the United States, in 1999. He is a Fellow of both the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1970 Professor Rice was awarded the Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, the nation’s oldest prize for undergraduate teaching, a highly esteemed faculty award at The University of Chicago.

Impact
Over the course of his long career Rice has shaped much debate on theoretical physical chemistry. He is cited on the National Medal of Science "for changing the very nature of modern physical chemistry through his research, teaching and writing, using imaginative approaches to both experiment and theory that have inspired a new generation of scientists." With over 100 doctoral students to his credit, Stuart Rice has had a great impact on the field of physical chemistry simply through the number of research scientists he has trained. If all of these doctors were professors, they would fill several large chemistry departments all by themselves

Personal life
Prof. Rice is also famous on campus for eating lunch almost every weekday at the university's Quadrangle Club restaurant (a faculty club), where he has dined over 9,000 times. Rice is known to sit at the head of the Chemistry table, not because he is the most senior member of the department, but because he is very tall.

request for your help
I noticed that you have posted on the Paroxetine page. I new contributor to Wikipedia and I find the page to be biased against the drug and the maker of Paxil, GlaxoSmithKline. My concern is the stigma against this medication for people who need it and the valuable research that these companies provide. Would you mind helping to review the page?

As I mentioned, I am new here so feel free to delete my comment. Thanks, Mwalla (talk) 18:06, 12 January 2009 (UTC)Mwalla

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Directorstratton


text:
Restoration device

A restoration device is a device used for applying tension to skin during the process of non-surgical foreskin restoration. Those who use such a device employ the use of tissue expansion, which causes new skin to grow.

History
Until the 2nd century CE, the Pondus Judaeus was used among some circumcised males. It was a replacement for more painful techniques known at the time. This device was a bronze sheath used to expand the foreskin, which at the time was not fully excised. Its effectiveness became limited after circumcisions were modified to eliminate its use (Tushmet 1965).

During the late 20th century and early 21st century, new techniques were developed to suit the needs of men circumcised by physicians in North America. These circumcisions often left little movable skin on the penile shaft, and this was taken into consideration by developers of restoration techniques. Some devices have been designed to require little skin to be usable. During the 1990s, the process of foreskin restoration employed adhesive tape, such as tapes used in hospitals or for athletics, to pull skin forward or attach weights and pulling devices to provide tension.

Function

The following steps describe the application of a typical tapeless device:
 * a device, such as cone or plastic shell, is placed over the glans
 * skin is then pulled onto the device
 * the skin is covered with a flexible gripping cap
 * tension is applied by pulling the device

The following steps describe the application of a typical device in which tape is needed:
 * a device, such as a cone, bell or shell, is placed over the glans
 * skin is pulled onto the device
 * then tape is applied to keep the skin in place
 * the device is then pulled using a rubber band or has a weight with it to apply tension.

Modern devices
Older methods have been partially replaced by the use of various plastic or silicone components. The entire design and function of the “modern” devices was first described in the 2003 Foreskin Restoration Device patent by the inventor of the Tug Ahoy. Many new devices grip the skin, usually without the use of tape. Some devices are homemade, often designed by men whose skin is easily irritated by adhesive tapes. There are several different varieties of tapeless restoration devices commercially available. Some silicone devices have an opening for a one-way air valve and a hand pump for inflating the foreskin. This expands the foreskin from within, creating skin tension and growth.

Most devices are equipped with an elastic band or some type of tension adjustment to pull the skin away from the glans. As the tension is applied, the natural process of mitosis is stimulated.

Some restoration devices are more comfortable or more effective than others. In some cases where there is too little skin to pull onto the gripping surface, pressure must be applied to the glans when applying the device. Most devices and weights are easily washed and can be reused each day.

Retainer
The function of a foreskin retainer is to keep the glans penis covered by the available foreskin. A foreskin retainer can be used when newly grown foreskin is neither long enough nor tight enough to keep the glans covered itself, but is long enough that it can be stretched past the glans (which is necessary to facilitate the use of a retainer). Rubber bands, o-rings, Band-Aids, and cones with both ends open can be used as retainers.

The foreskin can also be retained with a medical adhesive, known as MRS. MRS is a silicone based skin safe adhesive. MRS originally stood for Miracle Restoration Spray, but is now available in a brushable form. A small amount of adhesive is applied to the glans, and the skin is rolled up and retained by the MRS. MRS sets up almost instantly, but the skin can still be pulled back if necessary.

title: Restoration device


text:
Seaton, Cumbria

Seaton is a large village and civil parish in Cumbria, England. Historically part of Cumberland, near the Lake District National Park in England. It is home to around 5,000 people and is one of the largest villages in England. The population of the parish was measured in the 2011 Census as 5,022. Historically a part of Cumberland, it is situated on the north side of the River Derwent, across from the town of Workington, and close to the smaller village of Camerton. Seaton forms part of the Borough of Allerdale.

Etymology
The name Seaton is believed to originate from the Old English name 'Sǣtūn'. where 'tūn' means 'homestead' or 'village', and 'sǣ' simply means 'sea'. However, since Seaton is over a mile away from the sea, this interpretation of the name is not certain.

History
The earliest evidence of habitation in and around Seaton are the so-called 'Burrow Walls' less than a mile west of the village. These walls are the remains of a medieval manor house, itself built within the remains of a Roman fort believed to be called 'Magis'. It is believed the fort was built between 79 and 122 to guard the coast against attacks by the Scoti from Ireland and the Caledonii from Scotland.

Around 1100 the manor of Seaton was granted to a man named Orme on his marriage to Gunhild, sister of Waltheof, Lord of Allerdale and daughter of Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. Orme's manor house was built on the same site as the old Roman fort, although a descendant, Patrick Culwen de Workington, pulled the house down and moved the family south across the river to Workington Hall. They would later adopt the surname Curwen, and generally used the title Lord of Workington, first obtained by Gospatric, son of Orme.

Traditionally, Seaton's economy was based on farming and mining. In 1762 Seaton Iron Works was established on the north bank of the River Derwent below the village at Barepot. It was a major concern at one time, employing hundreds of people, before its blast furnace ceased operation in 1857. The structures were demolished and there is very little trace remaining of the iron works today. The village experienced a large population increase during the 1800s caused by the boom of nearby Workington's steel industry. Workington's steel industry is now much smaller, and Seaton has become a dormitory settlement for other West Coast industries.

On 7 April 1964 Seaton was the site of the murder of John Alan West which led to the two final executions in the United Kingdom.

Governance
The village is in the parliamentary constituency of Workington. In the December 2019 general election, the Tory candidate for Workington, Mark Jenkinson, was elected the MP, overturning a 9.4 per cent Labour majority from the 2017 election to eject shadow environment secretary Sue Hayman by a margin of 4,136 votes. Until the December 2019 general election, the Labour Party had won the seat in every general election since 1979. The Conservative Party had only been elected once in Workington since World War II, at the 1976 by-election. Historically Seaton has been a Labour supporting area.

Before Brexit for the European Parliament residents in Seaton voted to elect MEP's for the North West England constituency.

For Local Government purposes it is in the Cumberland unitiary authority area.

Seaton has its own Parish Council; Seaton Parish Council.

Notable people

 * Mark Jenkinson, Conservative politician and Member of Parliament (MP) for Workington since 2019.

Amenities
Amenities include: some small local shops, One Stop, a petrol station, two schools – Seaton Academy (formerly Infant School), and Seaton Junior Church of England school, a library, three pubs, a local Rugby league team, Seaton Rangers and a Nursery, Happy Hours.

Transport
Seaton used to have a railway station on the Cleator and Workington Junction Railway, the station closed in 1922.

title: Seaton, Cumbria