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Lisa's First Word

"Lisa's First Word" is the tenth episode of the fourth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It was first broadcast on Fox in the United States on December 3, 1992. In the episode, as the Simpson family gathers around Maggie and tries to encourage her to say her first word, Marge reminisces and tells the story of Lisa's first word. Maggie's first word is voiced by Elizabeth Taylor.

The episode was directed by Mark Kirkland and written by Jeff Martin. After its initial airing on Fox, the episode was later released as part of a 1999 video collection: The Simpsons: Greatest Hits, and released again on the 2003 DVD edition of the same collection. The episode features cultural references to the 1981 arcade video game Ms. Pac-Man, the Cyndi Lauper song "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" and Olympic gymnast Shun Fujimoto's performance in the 1976 Summer Olympics in spite of a serious injury, among other things.

"Lisa's First Word" received positive reception from television critics, and acquired a Nielsen rating of 16.6.

Plot
Homer, Marge, Bart, and Lisa are trying to get Maggie to speak. When their attempts prove unsuccessful, Marge decides to tell the story of when Lisa began speaking. The story flashes back to 1983, when Homer, Marge, and Bart lived in an apartment on the Lower East Side of Springfield. When Marge became pregnant again, she and Homer decided to move into a bigger living space. After viewing several unsuitable properties within their budget, they bought a house on Evergreen Terrace; persuaded by Homer, Grampa Simpson had sold his own house to give Homer and Marge enough money to buy their new house. In 1984, the Simpsons moved into the house and met their next-door neighbors, Ned Flanders and his family.

Meanwhile, Krusty the Clown began a promotion for the 1984 Summer Olympics with his Krusty Burger chain. The promotion is a "scratch-and-win" game where customers would win free Krusty Burgers if the United States won a gold medal, but the game cards were rigged to feature events that athletes from Communist countries were most likely to win. However, just before the promotion was put into effect, Krusty received word of the Soviet boycott of the Olympics; the campaign thus ended up giving away more free burgers than anticipated, causing Krusty to eventually lose US$44 million (equivalent to about $ million in ).

Bart was forced to give up his crib so Lisa could have it. Knowing Bart was a fan of Krusty, Homer built him a clown-themed bed. However, because of Homer's poor woodworking skills, the bed looked like an evil clown, which terrified Bart. Soon, Lisa was born, and Bart became jealous of the attention she received from relatives and family friends. After several failed attempts to make Lisa look bad, and then several failed attempts to get rid of her, Bart decided to run away from home. As he packed his possessions, Lisa said her first word, "Bart". Bart was thrilled, and Marge explained that Lisa adored him. Bart and Lisa hugged each other and bonded over how funny it was that they both called Homer by his name, rather than "Daddy" as he wished.

In the present, as Bart and Lisa argue Homer puts Maggie to bed; he tells her, "The sooner kids talk, the sooner they talk back. I hope you never say a word." As soon as he turns off the light and closes the door, Maggie takes her pacifier out of her mouth and, unheard by anyone else, says "Daddy".

Production

"Lisa's First Word" was written by Jeff Martin, and directed by Mark Kirkland. Mike Reiss and Al Jean were discussing having an episode where Maggie would say her first word, and Reiss thought it would be cute to have her say "daddy" when no one could hear her. Jeff Martin was assigned to write the episode because he had done another flashback episode, "I Married Marge". Martin was excited to do another flashback episode because he thought it was fun to check out old newspapers and go back and see what was in the news back in 1983 and 1984. Martin felt it was a good way of finding a new set of things to make jokes about. The extended couch gag was added since the episode was about thirty seconds too short to air.

In the episode, Homer builds a scary clown-shaped bed for Bart. The scene was inspired by Mike Reiss, whose dad had built him a clown-shaped bed when he was younger, and just like Bart, Reiss was scared of sleeping in it. As the flashback begins in 1983, a young Homer strolls down the street, singing Cyndi Lauper's song "Girls Just Want to Have Fun", which was released that year. The idea for this sequence came from animation director Chuck Sheetz, who suggested it because the length of the final version of the episode was too short. The Fox censors wrote a note concerning Homer's line, "Bart can kiss my hairy, yellow butt!" after Marge tells Homer that Bart might be jealous of baby Lisa, citing that the line is considered "coarse", due to the fact that Bart was two during the flashback.

Maggie's first word was provided by the Academy Award-winning actress Elizabeth Taylor, who would also voice herself in the season four finale, "Krusty Gets Kancelled". While promoting the episode, the producers initially did not reveal who the voice of Maggie would be, prompting speculation as to the identity of the actress. Although it was only one word, the voice came out "too sexy" and Taylor had to record the part numerous times before the producers were satisfied and thought it sounded like a baby. Several sources, including John Ortved's The Simpsons history article "Simpsons Family Values" in Vanity Fair, have reported that after Taylor had been made to repeatedly record the line, she said "fuck you" to series creator Matt Groening and stormed out of the studio. Groening recounted this event on a 1994 appearance on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and was also quoted by the New York Daily News in 2007 as saying "We did 24 takes, but they were always too sexual. Finally, Liz said, 'F— you,' and walked out." However, Groening later denied the story in the DVD commentary for the episode "Gump Roast", while Jean stated in a piece after Taylor's death in 2011 that Taylor had said "fuck you" in jest and in Maggie's voice and did not storm out. Yeardley Smith supports the latter as well, tweeting she "didn't storm out but she did take exception to being asked to say 'Daddy' 20 times & she let us know by saying 'fuck you' when she was done." Nancy Cartwright also mentions the incident in her book My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy, but states Taylor jokingly ad-libbed "fuck you Daddy" as an initial sound check for Sam Simon.

Cultural references
The Springfield Shopper headline from the day Lisa was born ("Mondale to Hart: Where's the beef?") uses the then-current advertising slogan for Wendy's. Mondale, a candidate in the 1984 presidential election, used the "Where's the beef?" phrase at an election rally in 1984 while mocking one of his opponents. Marge sets the scene for her story of Lisa's first word with references to the 1981 arcade video game Ms. Pac-Man and the American actor Joe Piscopo. The group of boys hanging around the apartment building is a reference to the popular 1930s boys group The Dead End Kids. When Lisa is born, Homer says he has already started saving for her college fund in Lincoln Savings and Loan, which suffered a scandalous financial collapse in the late 1980s causing thousands of investors to lose their life savings. The episode features an Itchy & Scratchy cartoon called "100-Yard Gash", which uses the music from Chariots of Fire (1981).

The Olympic promotion by Krusty Burger is based on the 1984 Olympics promotion by McDonald's, in which McDonald's visitors could win a Big Mac, french fries, a drink, or even a cash prize up to $10,000 if Team USA won a medal in the visitor's listed event. McDonald's lost millions on the promotion due to the 1984 Summer Olympics boycott by the Soviet Union, as happened to Krusty. At one point in the episode, Dr. Hibbert refers to Olympic gymnastic medalist Mary Lou Retton.

Reception
In its original American broadcast, "Lisa's First Word" was watched by 28.6 million viewers, the most-watched episode of the season. It finished thirteenth in the ratings for the week of November 30 to December 6, 1992, with a Nielsen rating of 16.6. The episode was the highest-rated show on Fox that week. It acquired the highest national Nielsen rating of the show since the season two episode "Bart Gets an 'F' aired on October 11, 1990.

Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, said the episode is a "convincing portrait of young marriage and hardship in the days of Reaganomics—and the biggest name to guest voice gets the littlest, but the most significant, to say". When asked to pick his favorite season out of The Simpsons seasons one through twenty, Paul Lane of the Niagara Gazette picked season four and highlighted "the sweetly funny" "Lisa's First Word". David Johnson at DVD Verdict named it "one of the greatest flashback episodes". Dave Manley at DVDActive said in a review of The Simpsons: Greatest Hits DVD that it is "one of the better episodes and probably my personal favourite on the disc, although most Simpsons connoisseurs would probably go for the previous episode [on the DVD]", and added that there are "some great parodies in the episode too". The Orlando Sentinel's Gregory Hardy named it the fourteenth best episode of the show with a sports theme (the Olympics in this case).

Elizabeth Taylor's performance as Maggie was praised by critics. She was named the 13th greatest guest spot in the history of the show by IGN. Taylor also appeared on AOL's list of their favorite 25 Simpsons guest stars. Todd Everett at Variety called the last scene in the episode, where Maggie speaks her first word, "quite a heart-melter". He added that "it is probably no surprise that the casting of Elizabeth Taylor as the voice for baby Maggie Simpson's first word was a publicity stunt [...] No mind, the episode in question delivered well-rounded view of series' multiple attractions." Total Film ' s Nathan Ditum ranked her performance as the best guest appearance in the show's history. Fox rebroadcast the episode on April 3, 2011, in memory of Taylor, following her death on March 23.

"Can't sleep, clown will eat me"
Inspired by an event in The Simpsons writer Mike Reiss' childhood, young Bart does not want to give up sleeping in the crib to make way for his newborn sister. Noticing Bart's affection for Krusty the Clown but unable to afford a professionally built Krusty-themed bed, Homer decides to build a clown-themed bed himself to please his son. However, because of Homer's poor handicraft skills, the bed takes on an ominous appearance and frightens Bart, especially in his darkened bedroom. In his first night in the new bed, far from "laughing himself to sleep", Bart imagines that the face on the headboard of the bed comes to life, intoning with evil glee, "if you should die before you wake...", before bursting into evil cackling.

The next morning, Bart is curled up into the fetal position on the floor next to the sofa downstairs, repeatedly uttering the phrase "can't sleep, clown will eat me..." The line inspired the Alice Cooper song "Can't Sleep, Clowns Will Eat Me" from the 2001 album Dragontown. The phrase has since found its way into popular use.

When Homer and Marge must leave for the hospital for Lisa's birth, they leave Bart in the care of Ned Flanders. Bart finds himself bored at the Flanders' house and wants to go home, but quickly changes his mind when he sees the clown bed in his bedroom window. When Bart attempts to run away, the bed appears in his bedroom again. The bed appears again in the episode "The Kids Are All Fight", where it eventually falls apart.

Merchandise
"Lisa's First Word" originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 3, 1992. The episode was selected for release in a 1999 video collection of selected episodes titled: The Simpsons: Greatest Hits. Other episodes included in the collection set were "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", "Sweet Seymour Skinner's Baadasssss Song", "Trash of the Titans", and "Bart Gets an 'F'. It was included in The Simpsons season 4 DVD set, which was released on June 15, 2004, as The Simpsons — The Complete Fourth Season. The episode was again included in the 2003 DVD release of the "Greatest Hits" set, but this time the set did not include "Trash of the Titans".

title: Lisa's First Word


text:
Talk:Finchley Central

Is Finchley Central really a place?. I've only ever heard it used as part of the name of Finchley Central tube station, and I've always assumed that was saying that the station was in the centre of a place called Finchley, not in a place called Finchley Central. But then I'm not a North Londoner. Anybody from there care to comment?. -- Chris j wood 14:31, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

finchley central
Is it a real place! I live here! There is Finchley Central, North Finchley, East Finchley, West Finchley... but no South Finchley!

Church End Finchley
It is properly Church End Finchley, or simply Finchley, it is not Finchley Central; that is the name of the station. A few call it Finchley Central but they are recent arrivals who don't know any better. People from Finchley when shopping call it "Ballards Lane". It is recognised by the local authority and the Ordnance Survey as Church End Finchley. The station has only been called Finchley Central since 1940. I vote we should change this name

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Finchley Central


text:
What If (Dixie Dregs album)

What If is the second studio album by the Dixie Dregs, released in 1978.

Personnel

 * Steve Morse – guitar, banjo
 * Mark Parrish – keyboards
 * Allen Sloan – violin, viola
 * Andy West – bass guitar
 * Rod Morgenstein – drums, vocals

Production
Producer - Ken Scott Production coordinator - Steven Brooks
 * Assistant engineers – Brian Leshon, Chris Gregg, Gary Coppola
 * Mastered By – SR/2*
 * Recorded At – Chateau Recorders

title: What If (Dixie Dregs album)


text:
Spanish Constitution of 1931

The Spanish Constitution of 1931 was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 9 December 1931. It was the constitution of the Second Spanish Republic (founded 14 April 1931) and was in force until 1 April 1939. This was the second period of Spanish history in which both head of state and head of government were democratically elected.

A constitutional draft prepared by a commission under a reformist Catholic lawyer Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo having been rejected, an amended draft was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 9 December 1931. It created a secular democratic system based on equal rights for all citizens, with provision for regional autonomy. It introduced female suffrage, civil marriage and divorce. It permitted the state to expropriate private property, with compensation, for reasons of broader social utility. It also established free, obligatory, secular education for all and dissolved the Jesuits.

The Republic "was the culmination of a process of mass mobilisation and opposition to the old politics of notables." According to the historian Mary Vincent the Constitution envisaged "a reforming regime with an explicit and self-conscious view of what modernising Spain should entail. A secular state operating according to the rule of law with an admittedly ill-defined sense of social justice would open the way for an educated body of citizens to enjoy 'European' prosperity and freedom." According to Frances Lannon however, the articles on property and religion, with their exaltation of state power and disregard for civil rights, "virtually destroyed any prospect there had been for the development of a Catholic, conservative, Republicanism."

The new Constitution, among other laws, is described as having been anticlerical. While it afforded broad civil liberties and democratic representation, it abolished privileges associated with the Catholic Church, and did not explicitly protect Roman Catholic interests or rights. As anticlerical sentiment had been growing for decades, it culminated in escalating mob violence against the Church which the new government was unable to curb. This resulted in severely strained church-state relations, noted as a significant cause of the breakdown of the Republic and of the Spanish Civil War.

Background

The Second Republic began on 14 April 1931 after the departure from Spain of King Alfonso XIII, following local and municipal elections in which republican candidates won the majority of votes in urban areas. Though Alfonso did not formally abdicate, his departure from the country led to a provisional government under Niceto Alcalá Zamora, and a constituent Cortes drew up a new constitution.

The Second Republic in 1931 brought enormous hopes for Spanish workers and peasants, and in social terms some advances were made, especially for women. Prime Minister Manuel Azaña asserted that the Catholic Church was responsible in part for what many perceived as Spain's backwardness and advocated the elimination of special privileges for the Church. Azaña wanted the Second Spanish Republic to emulate the pre-1914 Third French Republic, make secular schooling free and compulsory, and construct a non-religious basis for national culture and citizenship.

Provisions
Following elections in June 1931 the new parliament approved an amended constitutional draft on 9 December 1931.

The constitution introduced female suffrage, civil marriage and divorce. It also established free, obligatory, secular education for all. However, some laws nationalized Roman Catholic Church properties and required the Roman Catholic Church to pay rent for the use of properties which it had previously owned. In addition, the government forbade public manifestations of Catholicism such as processions on religious feast days, dissolved the Jesuits and banned Catholic education by prohibiting the religious communities of nuns, priests and brothers from teaching even in private schools. The constitution also made the right to property subject to the public good, such that it could be nationalized as long as the owner was compensated.

The constitution granted freedom of religion to all, including non-Catholic worship in Spain.

Political aspects
The head of state was the President of the Republic. The President was elected for a six year term by an electoral college, consisting of the members of the legislature and an equal number of "compromisarios". These latter were citizen electors chosen by popular vote.

The legislature was a unicameral assembly, the Cortes Generales ("General Courts"), elected by popular vote for a four year term. The President could dissolve the Cortes and call elections before the end of the term. A President who did so twice could then be removed from office by the newly elected Cortes.

There was also provision for enacting a law by popular initiative. On request of 15 percent of voting-age citizens, a law may be presented to the Cortes.

The executive branch was headed by the President of the Council of Ministers (functionally equivalent to "prime minister"), appointed by the President of the Republic with the approval of the Cortes, who governed with a cabinet of ministers. The prime minister and cabinet could be dismissed from office by the Cortes.

The judicial branch included ordinary courts up to a "Supreme Court". There was also the Tribunal de Garantías Constitucionales ("Court of Constitutional Guarantees"), which ruled on the constitutionality of laws, settled disputes between regional governments, and tried all criminal cases against the prime minister and cabinet, or against judges of the Supreme Court. It was composed of representatives of the President of the Republic, the Cortes, the regional governments, and the bar associations, and four professors of law.

The constitution provided for the division of the country into autonomous regions, generally defined by common cultural characteristics. It also allowed for the creation of additional regions through an Estatuto de Autonomía ("Autonomy Statute").

The constitution could be amended when either the prime minister or one quarter of the Cortes submitted a proposed amendment. The Cortes would then vote on the proposal. If the Cortes passed the proposal by majority vote (a two-thirds majority in the first four years after adoption of the constitution), the Cortes would be dissolved and elections held. The new Cortes would then vote on the proposal.

Disestablishment of the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church
Although the constitution generally accorded thorough civil liberties and representation, there was a notable exclusion regarding the privileges of the Catholic Church, which some regarded as crucial to prevent the forming of an expansive democratic majority.

The controversial articles 26 and 27 of the constitution strictly controlled Church property and prohibited religious orders from engaging in education. This was seen as explicitly hostile to Roman Catholicism, both by supporters of the established Church, and by advocates of church-state separation. One such advocate of separation, José Ortega y Gasset, stated "the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me." Pope Pius XI condemned the Spanish Government's deprivation of the privileges of Catholics in the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis ("On Oppression Of The Church Of Spain").

In October 1931, José María Gil-Robles, the leading spokesman of the parliamentary right declared that the constitution was 'stillborn' – a 'dictatorial Constitution in the name of democracy.' Robles wanted to use mass meetings "to give supporters of the right a sense of their own strength and, ominously, to accustom them 'to fight, when necessary, for the possession of the street.'"

The conservative Catholic Republicans Alcalá-Zamora and Miguel Maura resigned from the government when the controversial articles 26 and 27 of the constitution, which strictly controlled Church property and prohibited religious orders from engaging in education were passed.

Frances Lannon calls the constitution "divisive" in that the articles on property and religion, prioritizing state power, had a "disregard for civil rights" and ruined the prospect of the development of a Catholic, conservative, Republicanism. Likewise, Stanley Payne agrees that the constitution generally accorded a wide range of civil liberties and representation with the notable exception of the rights of Catholics, a circumstance which prevented the formation of an expansive democratic majority.

Since the far left considered reform of these aspects of the constitution as totally unacceptable, commentators have opined that "the Republic as a democratic constitutional regime was doomed from the outset". Commentators have posited that such a "hostile" approach to the issues of church and state were a substantial cause of the breakdown of democracy and the onset of civil war. One legal commentator emphasized that "the gravest mistake of the Constitution of 1931-Spain's last democratic Constitution prior to 1978-was its hostile attitude towards the Catholic Church."

Liberties for religious minorities
The Spanish Constitution of 1931 attempted to secure religious liberty for religious organizations other than Roman Catholics, halting discrimination and persecution of Jews and Protestants. However, this freedom would be curbed by the Franco's dictatorial regime that granted the Roman Catholic Church the status of official religion of Spain and prohibited other public religious manifestations.

title: Spanish Constitution of 1931


text: User talk:70.180.53.96

title: User talk:70.180.53.96


text:
Talk:Alan Sked

Untitled
All the links are broken or lead to strange pages. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.58.195.49 (talk) 11:11, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

The references given in this article don't work. I can't fix them, as I haven't been able to find them on the internet. However, I don't doubt that Sked wrote them as they seem similar to articles I've seen by him elsewhere (eg in The Spectator, in 2001). [Twilde 23/2/05]

 * I'm not too sure what you mean when you say they "don't work". You say you don't doubt that he wrote them? — Trilobite (Talk) 03:10, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hi. By saying the references "don't work" I wasn't throwing doubt on their veracity or relevance. I simply meant that whereas most recent references in Wikipedia are clickable and take you to the online source of the reference, these ones don't. I imagine it would be desirable if they did, so that people could read the articles for themselves - but if the articles aren't available online or require people to subscribe to a website to access them, then having just the text reference is obviously better than nothing! Twilde 6/3/05

 * Ah. I see what you mean now, and I agree with you that ideally they would be linked to the articles in question on the web somewhere, however they don't appear to have been placed on the Internet. I couldn't find them anyway. I got the references from a document discussing UKIP published by an MEP who provided these quotes from Sked. I forget the name but I should think I could track it down if you wanted. I didn't make a note at the time because I thought it unneccesary to have a reference for where I got my references from, if you see what I mean, thinking it was probably unlikely that an MEP would take the risk of fabricating unflattering quotes about a rival party and then making up references that someone could go and check. If you don't doubt their veracity I think I'll leave it at that, but if someone comes along and says they look made up to me then I might have to look into this in a bit more detail, since I haven't actually had the papers in front of me in which Sked apparently makes these claims, only a document which quotes him. — Trilobite (Talk) 17:15, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

1970 general election
Someone added: "He stood as a Liberal candidate in the 1970 general election, but later rejected the party's pro-EU stance." Any idea which constituency this was? I've found reference to his candidacy in a couple of by-elections and the '97 general election, but I couldn't track this one down. — Trilobite (Talk) 12:00, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

It was in Paisley. See [www.psr.keele.ac.uk] 129.67.53.94 13:48, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

'Best Account'
The final sentence (citing Sked's own article), describing it as the 'best account' of his political career, contains a bit of a POV, don't you think? How about something more neutral, e.g. 'A comprehensive account', 'A useful summary' or 'A reliable introduction' (haven't read the article myself, so can't suggest an actual description)? LDGE (talk) 21:58, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

The Christchurch link leads to New Zealand. They're in the commonwealth, I suppose.82.31.113.192 (talk) 18:31, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Corrected Christchurch link. Emeraude (talk) 11:06, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

Academic career
The 'Academic career' section says, "At LSE he teaches courses on US and modern intellectual history..." but Sked appears to have retired in 2015. JezGrove (talk) 23:02, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Your external link returns a 404 error, but if you have a source make the correction. I understand he is now professor emeritus at LSE. Emeraude (talk) 09:05, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks Emeraude, I've updated the article now. Sorry about my stupid error in the link. JezGrove (talk) 09:37, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alan Sked


text:
Aldo Costa

Aldo Costa (born 5 June 1961) is an Italian engineer and the Chief Technical Officer at Dallara. With 14 constructors' championships and 12 drivers' titles working for Ferrari and Mercedes, Costa is one of the most successful engineers and designers in F1 history.

Career
Costa was born in Parma. After school, he continued studying and graduated from the University of Bologna in mechanical engineering. He started working at Abarth, part of the FIAT group. In 1988, after a couple of months, Costa joined Minardi focussing on the suspension, with Nigel Cowperthwaite taking care of aerodynamics. Costa followed Giacomo Caliri as technical director of the team. Costa joined the Scuderia Ferrari in 1995 and in 1998 became assistant to the team's Chief Designer, Rory Byrne. When Byrne announced his intention to retire in 2004, Costa was named as his successor. Byrne credited the design of the 2005 Ferrari to Costa.

Before the 2006 season, Costa was promoted to be the Head of Design and Development at Ferrari, as the team announced Nikolas Tombazis as their new Chief Designer. On 12 November 2007 Ferrari announced that Costa would take on the role of technical director. In May 2011, (after a very bad start to the 2011 season) Ferrari announced that Costa had relinquished his position as technical director to take on new responsibilities within the company. Pat Fry took over the role of Chief Designer at Scuderia Ferrari.

On 20 July 2011, it was announced that Costa would leave Ferrari by mutual agreement. On 30 September 2011 news surfaced that he would be joining Mercedes as Engineering Director of the team. Costa led the design of the 2013 Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 W04 car under technical director Bob Bell.

In 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 he was the designer/engineering director for the world championship winning Mercedes F1 W05 Hybrid, Mercedes F1 W06 Hybrid, Mercedes F1 W07 Hybrid, Mercedes AMG F1 W08 EQ Power+ and Mercedes AMG F1 W09 EQ Power+ cars.

In July 2018 it was announced that Costa would step down from his role at the end of the season, and become an adviser. He cited a need to spend more time with his family in his native Italy. In January 2020 he joined Italian race-car constructor Dallara as chief technical officer.

title: Aldo Costa


text: User:Antijoey/tools

title: User:Antijoey/tools


text:
All New World of Lemmings

All New World of Lemmings is a puzzle video game released in 1994, as the third game in the Lemmings series. In North America, the game was named The Lemmings Chronicles. It was published by Psygnosis and was the last Lemmings game developed by DMA Design.

The gameplay is similar to the original games, requiring the player to lead all the lemmings to their exit by giving them the appropriate "skills".

Plot
The storyline of All New World of Lemmings continues where Lemmings 2 left off. Of the twelve tribes that escaped from Lemming Island, the adventures of three tribes are followed in this game: the Shadow tribe, the Classic tribe, and the Egyptian tribe. Each tribe leaves the flying Ark they escaped on, and finds their own island to explore.

Gameplay
All New World of Lemmings represents the lemmings with larger graphics than in previous Lemmings games, and introduced enemies and an alternative way of giving lemmings skills. The game has a total of 90 levels, 30 for each tribe. Like in the previous game, the lemmings saved in one level are the ones left for the next one.

Five skills are available in each level, while others can be given when a lemming picks up an item. A new "replay" mode allows a player to automatically redo everything done before in a level, with the option to continue playing at any given point. Practice levels are available with every available item to experiment with.

Development
Mike Dailly, programmer at DMA Design, recounted that "Lemmings 3 was a bit crap … more to end our commitment to Psygnosis than actually do a good game. The larger character size really spoiled it, but it was done like that because we had been approached by the Children's Television Workshop who wanted to use the character and the game; they wanted the characters to be bigger, and that really complicated things, and spoiled it. By the end of Lemmings 3, I think we were all ready to move on." DMA Design head David Jones similarly remarked, "We needed a break for a while after Lemmings. Three years of hell." A 3DO Interactive Multiplayer version was announced to be in development and slated to be published by Psygnosis during E3 1995, however, this port was never released for unknown reasons.

Reception
A reviewer for Next Generation gave the DOS version three out of five stars, commenting that "Although the basic idea is still to save the suicidal beasts, DMA has carefully avoided the 'more of the same' trap by increasing the size of the lemmings, laying down some fantastic new backgrounds, and adding a host of features ... An excellent new perspective on an old stand-by."

Sequels
The next game in the Lemmings series is 3D Lemmings (1995), which abandons the storyline and most features from Lemmings 2 and All New World of Lemmings.

title: All New World of Lemmings


text:
Mount Macdonald

Mount Macdonald is a mountain peak located in the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia, Canada, immediately east of Rogers Pass in Glacier National Park. It is notable as the location of the Canadian Pacific Railway's Connaught and Mount Macdonald Tunnels. At 14.7 km, the Mount Macdonald tunnel is the longest railway tunnel in the western hemisphere.

The original name of the peak was Mount Carroll (for a member of the CPR engineering team under A. B. Rogers ), but was renamed to honor the first Prime Minister of Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald, by a Privy Council Order in Council #551 on 4 April 1887.

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, this mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Beaver River.

title: Mount Macdonald


text:
User:Puresusan~enwiki

Puresusan lives in Taipei, Taiwan, and she:
 * loves Mikhail Pletnev,
 * likes reading mystery novel,
 * likes F1, favorite racer Kimi Räikkönen.

title: User:Puresusan~enwiki


text:
Finning

Finning is a Canadian industrial equipment dealer specializing in Caterpillar products. It is responsible for selling, renting and providing parts and service for equipment and engines to customers in industries including mining, construction, petroleum, forestry and a wide range of power systems applications. According to the company, it is the largest Caterpillar dealer in the world.

Finning employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and operates in three geographies (Western Canada, South America, and UK and Ireland), with its head office in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

In Western Canada, Finning provides product support services across British Columbia, Yukon, Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Northwest Territories, and a portion of Nunavut. The regional head office is in Edmonton, Alberta.

In South America, Finning’s regional head office is located in Santiago, Chile, and product support services are provided across Chile, Argentina and Bolivia.

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Finning’s regional head office is in Cannock, UK, and product support services are provided across the two countries.

History
Earl B. Finning started the Finning business in 1933 in western Canada. The business expanded, and by 1965, the company had more than one thousand employees and annual revenues of up to $78 million dollars. In 1969, Finning went public, with its common shares trading on the Vancouver and Toronto stock exchanges under the symbol FTT. Finning remains one of only a handful of publicly traded Caterpillar dealers. In 1983, Finning acquired the right to represent Caterpillar in western England, Wales and Scotland. Then in 1989, Finning expanded into Alberta and the Northwest Territories.

By 2003, Finning was operating as the sole dealer of Caterpillar equipment in England, Scotland, Wales, as well as in Chile, Argentina and Bolivia. In 2004, Finning invested in OEM Manufacturing, a component rebuild facility in Edmonton, Alberta. Finning was appointed dealer in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in 2010 and Finning acquired rights to represent Caterpillar in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan in 2015.

Today, Finning operates in six countries, with annual revenues of $6.2 billion (2017) and is the largest Caterpillar dealer in the world.

title: Finning


text:
Incorporated town

An incorporated town is a town that is a municipal corporation.

Canada
Incorporated towns are a form of local government in Canada, which is a responsibility of provincial rather than federal government.

United States
An incorporated town or city in the United States is a municipality that is incorporated under state law. An incorporated town will have elected officials, as differentiated from an unincorporated community, which exists only by tradition and does not have elected officials at the town level. In some states, civil townships may sometimes be called towns, but are generally not incorporated municipalities, but are administrative subdivisions and derive their authority from statute rather than from a charter. In New York and Wisconsin, "towns" are more similar in concept to townships in other states than to incorporated towns in most states (see Administrative divisions of New York, Political subdivisions of Wisconsin). In some other states, the term "town" is not used for municipalities. There are also different types of town/city governments (incorporated or chartered) that affect the organization administrative powers such as council-manager government that is the most popular form, townships, Villages, town meeting, etc.

California
Under California's Government Code Sections 34500-34504, the terms "city" and "town" are explicitly interchangeable, i.e. there is no legal distinction between an incorporated city and an incorporated town. California has 22 incorporated municipalities that are styled "Town of (Name)" instead of "City of (Name)".

Illinois
In Illinois, an incorporated town is one of three types of incorporated municipalities. Incorporated towns were incorporated by special acts of the Illinois General Assembly prior to the creation of the Illinois Municipal Code. Illinois's standard law on municipalities came into effect on July 1, 1872, and does not provide for the incorporation of municipal towns. Since the Municipal Code provides a standard way for citizens to incorporate a new city or village, but not a town, incorporated towns are far less common than city and village municipalities in Illinois.

Although civil townships and incorporated towns are sometimes both called towns, they are completely separate types of government in Illinois: Unlike incorporated towns, townships are subdivisions of a county and are not incorporated municipalities.

The oldest existing municipal town in Illinois is Astoria in Fulton County, incorporated on January 24, 1839; the newest existing town is La Prairie in Adams County, incorporated on April 15, 1869.

There are 19 incorporated towns in Illinois, none of which are county seats

Maryland
Municipalities in Maryland can be cities, towns, or villages.

New England
In all six New England states (Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine), towns are the main units of local government. Towns cover most or all land area in all six states, including rural areas. New England towns are notable for their town meeting form of government.

title: Incorporated town


text:
Talk:Interstate Highway standards

Minimum Median?
This article explains that interstates must have a minimum median wisth of 22 feet - however, in any major metro area or when the interstate passes through a narrow area like a canyon, the opposing directions of the highway are divided by nothing more than a k-rail. Should there be a notation in there somewhere noting this? - Hobgoblin
 * I believe (but am not sure) that those cases do not meet standards. In many or most cases, they were built before the current standards, so are grandfathered in. But if major reconstruction is done in those places, the median will have to be widened or the state will have to get an FHWA waiver. --SPUI (talk) 23:38, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

My understanding is that the minimum median was to be 24 feet, to allow two extra lanes in the future. 60.229.0.220 (talk) 10:18, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Sharp curves
I read articles about Michigan State Highway 14 not meeting Interstate standards due to sharp curves on the corridor, the sharpness of curves should be mentioned in this article. --SuperDude 23:57, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * That's part of the design speed. --SPUI (talk) 00:28, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm curious as to what the specs of the car used to define what is safe are given that some cars have a tighter turning radius than others. (curves) In addition some cars have better brakes. (downhill, especally when combined with curves) Jon (talk) 22:54, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Jon, I think they probably base it on the vehicles that make the widest turns, or the vehicles that have the worst brakes. If they based it on the worst cars, the better ones would be covered. If they based it on the best cars, the other cars wouldn't be covered. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.33.242.8 (talk) 20:15, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

Measurement Units
Why are the primary units of measurement metric (meters), with the actual standard and local system (feet) in parentheses? This results in odd figures given, with nice round numbers in parens. While I am a metric fan, surely the measurement system in the locality should be the primary. The locality here is clear and undisputable.

human 00:53, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I have swapped all the measurements. Nohat 22:03, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * AASHTO uses metric first, though many (most?) states don't for design. --SPUI (talk - don't use sorted stub templates! ) 17:05, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Myth about 1/5 miles required to be straight untrue.
I think it would be a pretty good idea to include a statement which refutes the fact that one out of every five miles on an interstate must be straight. It is a popular urban legend that Eisenhower mandated one out of every five miles on a highway must be straight; I beleive this beleif is popular enough to warrent inclusion at the end of the article or something. Here is a link as evidence:

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/rw00b.htm

 * That's in Interstate Highway System. --SPUI (talk - don't use sorted stub templates! ) 17:05, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Considering this piece of information in the article you mentioned is in the Standards section, which links to this as the main article, I think it should be placed within this article. —Onore Baka Sama(speak 17:13, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

I totally agree. It's an extremely widespread misconception. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.190.151.109 (talk) 01:17, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

The original rumour was that it was to provide emergency landing for aeroplanes. This is of course not true, but it is more believable than simply "Eisenhower mandated" it. 60.229.0.220 (talk) 10:20, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

US Code
  23 USC section 109: -CITE- 23 USC Sec. 109                                            01/19/04

-EXPCITE- TITLE 23 - HIGHWAYS CHAPTER 1 - FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAYS SUBCHAPTER I - GENERAL PROVISIONS

-HEAD- Sec. 109. Standards

-STATUTE- (a) In General. - The Secretary shall ensure that the plans and specifications for each proposed highway project under this chapter provide for a facility that will - (1) adequately serve the existing and planned future traffic of     the highway in a manner that is conducive to safety, durability, and economy of maintenance; and (2) be designed and constructed in accordance with criteria best suited to accomplish the objectives described in paragraph (1) and to conform to the particular needs of each locality.

(b) The geometric and construction standards to be adopted for the Interstate System shall be those approved by the Secretary in   cooperation with the State transportation departments. Such standards, as applied to each actual construction project, shall be   adequate to enable such project to accommodate the types and volumes of traffic anticipated for such project for the twenty-year period commencing on the date of approval by the Secretary, under section 106 of this title, of the plans, specifications, and estimates for actual construction of such project. Such standards shall in all cases provide for at least four lanes of traffic. The right-of-way width of the Interstate System shall be adequate to   permit construction of projects on the Interstate System to such standards. The Secretary shall apply such standards uniformly throughout all the States. (c) Design Criteria for National Highway System. -        (1) In general. - A design for new construction, reconstruction, resurfacing (except for maintenance resurfacing), restoration, or rehabilitation of a highway on the National Highway System (other than a highway also on the Interstate     System) may take into account, in addition to the criteria described in subsection (a) - (A) the constructed and natural environment of the area; (B) the environmental, scenic, aesthetic, historic, community, and preservation impacts of the activity; and (C) access for other modes of transportation.

(2) Development of criteria. - The Secretary, in cooperation with State transportation departments, may develop criteria to     implement paragraph (1). In developing criteria under this paragraph, the Secretary shall consider the results of the committee process of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials as used in adopting and publishing "A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets", including comments submitted by interested parties as part of such process.

(d) On any highway project in which Federal funds hereafter participate, or on any such project constructed since December 20, 1944, the location, form and character of informational, regulatory and warning signs, curb and pavement or other markings, and traffic signals installed or placed by any public authority or other agency, shall be subject to the approval of the State transportation department with the concurrence of the Secretary, who is directed to concur only in such installations as will promote the safe and efficient utilization of the highways. (e) No funds shall be approved for expenditure on any Federal-aid highway, or highway affected under chapter 2 of this title, unless proper safety protective devices complying with safety standards determined by the Secretary at that time as being adequate shall be   installed or be in operation at any highway and railroad grade crossing or drawbridge on that portion of the highway with respect to which such expenditures are to be made. (f) The Secretary shall not, as a condition precedent to his approval under section 106 of this title, require any State to   acquire title to, or control of, any marginal land along the proposed highway in addition to that reasonably necessary for road surfaces, median strips, bikeways, gutters, ditches, and side slopes, and of sufficient width to provide service roads for adjacent property to permit safe access at controlled locations in   order to expedite traffic, promote safety, and minimize roadside parking. (g) The Secretary shall issue within 30 days after the day of   enactment of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970 guidelines for minimizing possible soil erosion from highway construction. Such guidelines shall apply to all proposed projects with respect to   which plans, specifications, and estimates are approved by the Secretary after the issuance of such guidelines. (h) Not later than July 1, 1972, the Secretary, after consultation with appropriate Federal and State officials, shall submit to Congress, and not later than 90 days after such submission, promulgate guidelines designed to assure that possible adverse economic, social, and environmental effects relating to any proposed project on any Federal-aid system have been fully considered in developing such project, and that the final decisions on the project are made in the best overall public interest, taking into consideration the need for fast, safe and efficient transportation, public services, and the costs of eliminating or   minimizing such adverse effects and the following: (1) air, noise, and water pollution; (2) destruction or disruption of man-made and natural resources, aesthetic values, community cohesion and the availability of public facilities and services; (3) adverse employment effects, and tax and property value losses; (4) injurious displacement of people, businesses and farms; and (5) disruption of desirable community and regional growth.

Such guidelines shall apply to all proposed projects with respect to which plans, specifications, and estimates are approved by the Secretary after the issuance of such guidelines. (i) The Secretary, after consultation with appropriate Federal, State, and local officials, shall develop and promulgate standards for highway noise levels compatible with different land uses and after July 1, 1972, shall not approve plans and specifications for any proposed project on any Federal-aid system for which location approval has not yet been secured unless he determines that such plans and specifications include adequate measures to implement the appropriate noise level standards. The Secretary, after consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and appropriate Federal, State, and local officials, may promulgate standards for the control of highway noise levels for highways on any Federal-aid system for which project approval has been secured prior to July 1, 1972. The Secretary may approve any project on a Federal-aid system to which noise-level standards are made applicable under the preceding sentence for the purpose of   carrying out such standards. Such project may include, but is not limited to, the acquisition of additional rights-of-way, the construction of physical barriers, and landscaping. Sums apportioned for the Federal-aid system on which such project will be located shall be available to finance the Federal share of such project. Such project shall be deemed a highway project for all purposes of this title. (j) The Secretary, after consultation with the Administrator of   the Environmental Protection Agency, shall develop and promulgate guidelines to assure that highways constructed pursuant to this title are consistent with any approved plan for - (1) the implementation of a national ambient air quality standard for each pollutant for which an area is designated as a     nonattainment area under section 107(d) of the Clean Air Act (42      U.S.C. 7407(d)); or        (2) the maintenance of a national ambient air quality standard in an area that was designated as a nonattainment area but that was later redesignated by the Administrator as an attainment area for the standard and that is required to develop a maintenance plan under section 175A of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7505a).

(k) The Secretary shall not approve any project involving approaches to a bridge under this title, if such project and bridge will significantly affect the traffic volume and the highway system of a contiguous State without first taking into full consideration the views of that State. (l)(1) In determining whether any right-of-way on any Federal-aid highway should be used for accommodating any utility facility, the Secretary shall - (A) first ascertain the effect such use will have on highway and traffic safety, since in no case shall any use be authorized or otherwise permitted, under this or any other provision of law, which would adversely affect safety; (B) evaluate the direct and indirect environmental and economic effects of any loss of productive agricultural land or any impairment of the productivity of any agricultural land which would result from the disapproval of the use of such right-of-way for the accommodation of such utility facility; and (C) consider such environmental and economic effects together with any interference with or impairment of the use of the highway in such right-of-way which would result from the use of     such right-of-way for the accommodation of such utility facility.

(2) For the purpose of this subsection - (A) the term "utility facility" means any privately, publicly, or cooperatively owned line, facility, or system for producing, transmitting, or distributing communications, power, electricity, light, heat, gas, oil, crude products, water, steam, waste, storm water not connected with highway drainage, or any other similar commodity, including any fire or police signal system or street lighting system, which directly or indirectly serves the public; and (B) the term "right-of-way" means any real property, or     interest therein, acquired, dedicated, or reserved for the construction, operation, and maintenance of a highway.

(m) Protection of Nonmotorized Transportation Traffic. - The Secretary shall not approve any project or take any regulatory action under this title that will result in the severance of an   existing major route or have significant adverse impact on the safety for nonmotorized transportation traffic and light motorcycles, unless such project or regulatory action provides for a reasonable alternate route or such a route exists. (n) It is the intent of Congress that any project for resurfacing, restoring, or rehabilitating any highway, other than a   highway access to which is fully controlled, in which Federal funds participate shall be constructed in accordance with standards to   preserve and extend the service life of highways and enhance highway safety. (o) Compliance With State Laws for Non-NHS Projects. - Projects (other than highway projects on the National Highway System) shall be designed, constructed, operated, and maintained in accordance with State laws, regulations, directives, safety standards, design standards, and construction standards. (p) Scenic and Historic Values. - Notwithstanding subsections (b) and (c), the Secretary may approve a project for the National Highway System if the project is designed to - (1) allow for the preservation of environmental, scenic, or     historic values; (2) ensure safe use of the facility; and (3) comply with subsection (a).

(q) Phase Construction. - Safety considerations for a project under this title may be met by phase construction consistent with the operative safety management system established in accordance with section 303 or in accordance with a statewide transportation improvement program approved by the Secretary.

-SOURCE- (Pub. L. 85-767, Aug. 27, 1958, 72 Stat. 894; Pub. L. 88-157, Sec.   4, Oct. 24, 1963, 77 Stat. 277; Pub. L. 89-574, Secs. 5(a), 14,    Sept. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 767, 771; Pub. L. 91-605, title I, Sec.    136(a), (b), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1734; Pub. L. 93-87, title I,    Secs. 114, 152(2), 156, Aug. 13, 1973, 87 Stat. 257, 276, 277; Pub.    L. 95-599, title I, Secs. 113, 116(d), 141(f), (g), Nov. 6, 1978,    92 Stat. 2696, 2699, 2711; Pub. L. 96-106, Sec. 3, Nov. 9, 1979, 93    Stat. 797; Pub. L. 97-424, title I, Sec. 110(a), Jan. 6, 1983, 96    Stat. 2105; Pub. L. 102-240, title I, Sec. 1016(c)-(f)(1), Dec. 18,    1991, 105 Stat. 1946; Pub. L. 104-59, title III, Secs. 304, 305(a),    Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 579, 580; Pub. L. 105-178, title I, Secs.    1202(c), 1212(a)(2)(A), 1306, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 169, 193,    229.)

-REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The day of enactment of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (g), is Dec. 31, 1970.

-MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Subsecs. (b), (c)(2). Pub. L. 105-178, Sec.   1212(a)(2)(A)(ii), substituted "State transportation departments" for "State highway departments". Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105-178, Sec. 1212(a)(2)(A)(i), substituted "State transportation department" for "State highway department". Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 105-178, Sec. 1306(a), redesignated subsec. (n) as (m) and struck out former subsec. (m) which read as follows: "The Secretary shall issue guidelines describing the criteria   applicable to the Interstate System in order to insure that the    condition of these routes is maintained at the level required by    the purposes for which they were designed. The initial guidelines    shall be issued no later than October 1, 1979." Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 105-178, Sec. 1306(a)(2), redesignated subsec. (o) as (n). Former subsec. (n) redesignated (m). Pub. L. 105-178, Sec. 1202(c), inserted heading and amended text of subsec. (n) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Secretary shall not approve any project under this title that   will result in the severance or destruction of an existing major    route for nonmotorized transportation traffic and light    motorcycles, unless such project provides a reasonably alternate    route or such a route exists." Subsecs. (o) to (q). Pub. L. 105-178, Sec. 1306(a)(2), (b), added subsec. (q) and redesignated former subsecs. (p) and (q) as (o) and (p), respectively. Former subsec. (o) redesignated (n). 1995 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104-59, Sec. 304(1), added subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which read as follows: "The   Secretary shall not approve plans and specifications for proposed    highway projects under this chapter if they fail to provide for a    facility (1) that will adequately meet the existing and probable    future traffic needs and conditions in a manner conducive to    safety, durability, and economy of maintenance; (2) that will be    designed and constructed in accordance with standards best suited    to accomplish the foregoing objectives and to conform to the    particular needs of each locality." Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104-59, Sec. 304(2), added subsec. (c) and struck out former subsec. (c) which read as follows: "(c) Design and Construction Standards for NHS. - Design and   construction standards to be adopted for new construction on the    National Highway System, for reconstruction on the National Highway    System, and for resurfacing, restoring, and rehabilitating    multilane limited access highways on the National Highway System    shall be those approved by the Secretary in cooperation with the    State highway departments. All eligible work for such projects    shall meet or exceed such standards." Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 104-59, Sec. 305(a), substituted "plan for -   " and pars. (1) and (2) for "plan for the implementation of any   ambient air quality standard for any air quality control region    designated pursuant to the Clean Air Act, as amended." Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 104-59, Sec. 304(3), added subsec. (q) and struck out former subsec. (q) which read as follows: "(q) Historic and Scenic Values. - If a proposed project under   sections 103(e)(4), 133, or 144 involves a historic facility or is    located in an area of historic or scenic value, the Secretary may    approve such project notwithstanding the requirements of    subsections (a) and (b) of this section and section 133(c) if such    project is designed to standards that allow for the preservation of    such historic or scenic value and such project is designed with    mitigation measures to allow preservation of such value and ensure    safe use of the facility." 1991 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102-240, Sec. 1016(f)(1)(A), substituted "highway projects under this chapter" for "projects on   any Federal-aid system". Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102-240, Sec. 1016(c), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: "Projects on the Federal-aid secondary system in which Federal   funds participate shall be constructed according to specifications    that will provide all-weather service and permit maintenance at a    reasonable cost." Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 102-240, Sec. 1016(f)(1)(B), substituted "highway" for "system" in introductory provisions. Subsecs. (p), (q). Pub. L. 102-240, Sec. 1016(d), (e), added subsecs. (p) and (q). 1983 - Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 97-424 added subsec. (o). 1979 - Subsec. (l)(1)(A). Pub. L. 96-106 struck out "any aspect   of" after "adversely affect". 1978 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 95-599, Sec. 141(f), inserted "bikeways" after "surfaces, median strips,". Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 95-599, Sec. 113, added subsec. (l). Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 95-599, Sec. 116(d), added subsec. (m). Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 95-599, Sec. 141(g), added subsec. (n). 1973 - Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 93-87, Sec. 152(2), substituted "Act" for "Rct", thus correcting the popular name to read "Federal-Aid   Highway Act of 1970". Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 93-87, Sec. 114, authorized promulgation of   noise-level standards for highways on any Federal-aid system for which project approval has been secured prior to July 1, 1972, and approval of any project on a Federal-aid system to which noise-level standards are made applicable, described the range of   the projects, made money available for financing Federal share of    the project, and deemed such project a highway project for all purposes of this title. Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 93-87, Sec. 156, added subsec. (k). 1970 - Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 91-605, Sec. 136(a), substituted provisions ordering the Secretary to issue within 30 days after Dec. 31, 1970, guidelines, which will apply to all proposed projects approved by the Secretary after their issuance, for minimizing soil erosion from highway construction for provisions authorizing the Secretary to consult with the Secretary of   Agriculture respecting guidelines for minimizing soil erosion from highway construction and report such guidelines to Congress not later than July 1, 1967. Subsecs. (h) to (j). Pub. L. 91-605, Sec. 136(b), added subsecs. (h) to (j). 1966 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89-574, Sec. 5(a), required that in   all cases the standards provide for at least four lanes of traffic. Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89-574, Sec. 14, added subsec. (g). 1963 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 88-157 substituted "Such standards,   as applied to each actual construction project, shall be adequate    to enable such project to accommodate the types and volumes of    traffic anticipated for such project for the twenty-year period    commencing on the date of approval by the Secretary, under section    106 of this title, of the plans, specifications, and estimates for    actual construction of such project" for "Such standards shall be    adequate to accommodate the types and volumes of traffic forecast    for the year 1975", struck out "up" before "to such standards" and inserted "all" in phrase "throughout all the States".

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1991 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 102-240 effective Dec. 18, 1991, and applicable to funds authorized to be appropriated or made available after Sept. 30, 1991, and, with certain exceptions, not applicable to funds appropriated or made available on or before Sept. 30, 1991, see section 1100 of Pub. L. 102-240, set out as a note under section 104 of this title.

HIGHWAY SIGNS RELATING TO VETERANS CEMETERIES Pub. L. 108-29, Sec. 3, May 29, 2003, 117 Stat. 772, provided that: "(a) In General. - Notwithstanding the terms of any agreement   entered into by the Secretary of Transportation and a State under    section 109(d) or 402(a) of title 23, United States Code, a    veterans cemetery shall be treated as a site for which a    supplemental guide sign may be placed on any Federal-aid highway.      "(b) Applicability. - Subsection (a) shall apply to an agreement entered into before, on, or after the date of the enactment of this Act [May 29, 2003]."

INTERNATIONAL ROUGHNESS INDEX Pub. L. 105-178, title I, Sec. 1213(b), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 200, provided that: "(1) Study. - The Comptroller General of the United States shall   conduct a study on the international roughness index that is used    as an indicator of pavement quality on the Federal-aid highway    system.      "(2) Required elements. - The study shall specify the extent of   usage of the index and the extent to which the international roughness index measurement is reliable across different manufacturers and types of pavement. "(3) Report to congress. - Not later than 2 years after the date   of enactment of this Act [June 9, 1998], the Comptroller General    shall submit to Congress a report on the results of the study."

ENVIRONMENTAL STREAMLINING Pub. L. 105-178, title I, Sec. 1309, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 232,   as amended by Pub. L. 105-206, title IX, Sec. 9004(c), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 843, provided that: "(a) Coordinated Environmental Review Process. -        "(1) Development and implementation. - The Secretary shall develop and implement a coordinated environmental review process for highway construction and mass transit projects that require - "(A) the preparation of an environmental impact statement or       environmental assessment under the National Environmental        Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.), except that the        Secretary may decide not to apply this section to the        preparation of an environmental assessment under such Act; or          "(B) the conduct of any other environmental review, analysis, opinion, or issuance of an environmental permit, license, or       approval by operation of Federal law. "(2) Memorandum of understanding. -          "(A) In general. - The coordinated environmental review process for each project shall ensure that, whenever practicable (as specified in this section), all environmental reviews, analyses, opinions, and any permits, licenses, or       approvals that must be issued or made by any Federal agency for the project concerned shall be conducted concurrently and completed within a cooperatively determined time period. Such process for a project or class of project may be incorporated into a memorandum of understanding between the Department of       Transportation and Federal agencies (and, where appropriate,        State agencies). "(B) Establishment of time periods. - In establishing the       time period referred to in subparagraph (A), and any time        periods for review within such period, the Department and all        such agencies shall take into account their respective        resources and statutory commitments.      "(b) Elements of Coordinated Environmental Review Process. - For each project, the coordinated environmental review process established under this section shall provide, at a minimum, for the following elements: "(1) Federal agency identification. - The Secretary shall, at     the earliest possible time, identify all potential Federal      agencies that -           "(A) have jurisdiction by law over environmental-related issues that may be affected by the project and the analysis of       which would be part of any environmental document required by        the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321        et seq.); or          "(B) may be required by Federal law to independently -             "(i) conduct an environmental-related review or analysis; or           "(ii) determine whether to issue a permit, license, or          approval or render an opinion on the environmental impact of          the project.        "(2) Time limitations and concurrent review. - The Secretary and the head of each Federal agency identified under paragraph (1) -          "(A)(i) shall jointly develop and establish time periods for        review for -             "(I) all Federal agency comments with respect to any environmental review documents required by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) for the project; and "(II) all other independent Federal agency environmental         analyses, reviews, opinions, and decisions on any permits,          licenses, and approvals that must be issued or made for the          project;      whereby each such Federal agency's review shall be undertaken and      completed within such established time periods for review; or          "(ii) may enter into an agreement to establish such time periods for review with respect to a class of project; and "(B) shall ensure, in establishing such time periods for       review, that the conduct of any such analysis, review, opinion,        and decision is undertaken concurrently with all other        environmental reviews for the project, including the reviews        required by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42        U.S.C. 4321 et seq.); except that such review may not be        concurrent if the affected Federal agency can demonstrate that        such concurrent review would result in a significant adverse        impact to the environment or substantively alter the operation        of Federal law or would not be possible without information        developed as part of the environmental review process.        "(3) Factors to be considered. - Time periods for review established under this section shall be consistent with the time periods established by the Council on Environmental Quality under sections 1501.8 and 1506.10 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations. "(4) Extensions. - The Secretary shall extend any time periods     for review under this section if, upon good cause shown, the      Secretary and any Federal agency concerned determine that      additional time for analysis and review is needed as a result of      new information that has been discovered that could not      reasonably have been anticipated when the Federal agency's time      periods for review were established. Any memorandum of      understanding shall be modified to incorporate any mutually      agreed-upon extensions.      "(c) Dispute Resolution. - When the Secretary determines that a   Federal agency which is subject to a time period for its environmental review or analysis under this section has failed to   complete such review, analysis, opinion, or decision on issuing any permit, license, or approval within the established time period or   within any agreed-upon extension to such time period, the Secretary may, after notice and consultation with such agency, close the record on the matter before the Secretary. If the Secretary finds, after timely compliance with this section, that an environmental issue related to the project that an affected Federal agency has jurisdiction over by operation of Federal law has not been resolved, the Secretary and the head of the Federal agency shall resolve the matter not later than 30 days after the date of the finding by the Secretary. "(d) Participation of State Agencies. - For any project eligible   for assistance under chapter 1 of title 23, United States Code, or    chapter 53 of title 49, United States Code, a State, by operation    of State law, may require that all State agencies that have    jurisdiction by State or Federal law over environmental-related    issues that may be affected by the project, or that are required to    issue any environmental-related reviews, analyses, opinions, or    determinations on issuing any permits, licenses, or approvals for    the project, be subject to the coordinated environmental review    process established under this section unless the Secretary    determines that a State's participation would not be in the public    interest. For a State to require State agencies to participate in    the review process, all affected agencies of the State shall be    subject to the review process. "(e) Assistance to Affected Federal Agencies. -        "(1) In general. - The Secretary may approve a request by a     State or recipient to provide funds for a highway project made available under chapter 1 of title 23, United States Code, or for a mass transit project made available under chapter 53 of title 49, United States Code, to the State for the project subject to     the coordinated environmental review process established under this section to affected Federal agencies to provide the resources necessary to meet any time limits established under this section. "(2) Amounts. - Such requests under paragraph (1) shall be     approved only -           "(A) for the additional amounts that the Secretary determines are necessary for the affected Federal agencies to meet the time limits for environmental review; and "(B) if such time limits are less than the customary time       necessary for such review.      "(f) Judicial Review and Savings Clause. -        "(1) Judicial review. - Nothing in this section shall affect      the reviewability of any final Federal agency action in a      district court of the United States or in the court of any State.        "(2) Savings clause. - Nothing in this section shall affect the applicability of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) or any other Federal environmental statute or affect the responsibility of any Federal officer to     comply with or enforce any such statute. "(g) Federal Agency Defined. - In this section, the term 'Federal   agency' means any Federal agency or any State agency carrying out    affected responsibilities required by operation of Federal law."

ROADSIDE SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES Pub. L. 105-178, title I, Sec. 1402, June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 236,   as amended by Pub. L. 105-206, title IX, Sec. 9005(c), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 848, provided that: "(a) Crash Cushions. -        "(1) Guidance. - Not later than 18 months after the date of     enactment of this Act [June 9, 1998], the Secretary shall issue guidance regarding the benefits and safety performance of     redirective and nonredirective crash cushions in different road applications, taking into consideration roadway conditions, operating speed limits, the location of the crash cushion in the right-of-way, and any other relevant factors. The guidance shall include recommendations on the most appropriate circumstances for utilization of redirective and nonredirective crash cushions. "(2) Use of guidance. - States shall use the guidance issued     under this subsection in evaluating the safety and      cost-effectiveness of utilizing different crash cushion designs      and determining whether redirective or nonredirective crash      cushions or other safety appurtenances should be installed at      specific highway locations.      "(b) Traffic Flow and Safety Applications of Road Barriers. -        "(1) Study. - The Secretary shall conduct a study on the      technologies and methods to enhance safety, streamline      construction, and improve capacity by providing positive      separation at all times between traffic, equipment, and workers      on highway construction projects. The study shall also address      how such technologies can be used to improve capacity and safety      at those specific highway, bridge, and other appropriate      locations where reversible lane, contraflow, and high occupancy      vehicle lane operations are implemented during peak traffic      periods.        "(2) Uses to consider. - In conducting the study, the Secretary shall consider, at a minimum, uses of positive separation technologies related to - "(A) separating workers from traffic flow when work is in       progress;          "(B) providing additional safe work space by utilizing adjacent and available traffic lanes during off-peak hours; "(C) rapid deployment to allow for daily or periodic       restoration of lanes for use by traffic during peak hours as        needed;          "(D) mitigating congestion caused by construction by - "(i) opening all adjacent and available lanes to traffic         during peak traffic hours; or            "(ii) using reversible lanes to optimize capacity of the highway by adjusting to directional traffic flow; and "(E) permanent use of positive separation technologies to       create contraflow or reversible lanes to increase the capacity        of congested highways, bridges, and tunnels.        "(3) Report. - Not later than 18 months after the date of     enactment of this Act [June 9, 1998], the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the results of the study. The report shall include findings and recommendations for the use of the technologies referred to in paragraph (2) to provide positive separation on appropriate projects."

METRIC REQUIREMENTS Pub. L. 104-59, title II, Sec. 205(c), Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 577, as amended by Pub. L. 105-178, title I, Sec. 1211(d), June 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 188, provided that: "(1) Placement and modification of signs. - The Secretary shall   not require the States to expend any Federal or State funds to    construct, erect, or otherwise place or to modify any sign relating    to a speed limit, distance, or other measurement on a highway for    the purpose of having such sign establish such speed limit,    distance, or other measurement using the metric system.      "(2) Other actions. - The Secretary shall not require that any State use or plan to use the metric system with respect to   designing or advertising, or preparing plans, specifications, estimates, or other documents, for a Federal-aid highway project eligible for assistance under title 23, United States Code. "(3) Definitions. - In this subsection, the following definitions   apply:        "(A) Highway. - The term 'highway' has the meaning such term has under section 101 of title 23, United States Code. "(B) Metric system. - The term 'metric system' has the meaning     the term 'metric system of measurement' has under section 4 of      the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (15 U.S.C. 205c)."

TYPE II NOISE BARRIERS Section 339(b) of Pub. L. 104-59 provided that: "(1) General rule. - No funds made available out of the Highway   Trust Fund may be used to construct Type II noise barriers (as    defined by section 772.5(i) of title 23, Code of Federal    Regulations) pursuant to subsections (h) and (i) of section 109 of    title 23, United States Code, if such barriers were not part of a    project approved by the Secretary before the date of the enactment    of this Act [Nov. 28, 1995].      "(2) Exceptions. - Paragraph (1) shall not apply to construction of Type II noise barriers along lands that were developed or were under substantial construction before approval of the acquisition of the rights-of-ways for, or construction of, the existing highway."

HIGHWAY SIGNS FOR NATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM Section 359(b) of Pub. L. 104-59 provided that: "(1) Study. - The Secretary shall conduct a study to determine   the cost, need, and efficacy of establishing a highway sign for    identifying routes on the National Highway System. In conducting    the study, the Secretary shall make a determination concerning    whether to identify National Highway System route numbers.      "(2) Report. - Not later than March 1, 1997, the Secretary shall transmit to Congress a report on the results of the study."

USE OF RECYCLED PAVING MATERIAL Section 1038 of Pub. L. 102-240, as amended by Pub. L. 104-59, title II, Sec. 205(b), title III, Sec. 327, Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 577, 592, provided that: "(a) Asphalt Pavement Containing Recycled Rubber Demonstration   Program. - Notwithstanding any other provision of title 23, United    States Code, or regulation or policy of the Department of    Transportation, the Secretary (or a State acting as the    Department's agent) may not disapprove a highway project under    chapter 1 of title 23, United States Code, on the ground that the    project includes the use of asphalt pavement containing recycled    rubber. Under this subsection, a patented application process for    recycled rubber shall be eligible for approval under the same    conditions that an unpatented process is eligible for approval.      "(b) Studies. -        "(1) In general. - The Secretary and the Administrator of the      Environmental Protection Agency shall coordinate and conduct, in      cooperation with the States, a study to determine -           "(A) the threat to human health and the environment associated with the production and use of asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber; "(B) the degree to which asphalt pavement containing recycled       rubber can be recycled; and          "(C) the performance of the asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber under various climate and use conditions. "(2) Division of responsibilities. - The Administrator shall     conduct the part of the study relating to paragraph (1)(A) and      the Secretary shall conduct the part of the study relating to      paragraph (1)(C). The Administrator and the Secretary shall      jointly conduct the study relating to paragraph (1)(B).        "(3) Additional study. - The Secretary and the Administrator, in cooperation with the States, shall jointly conduct a study to     determine the economic savings, technical performance qualities, threats to human health and the environment, and environmental benefits of using recycled materials in highway devices and appurtenances and highway projects, including asphalt containing over 80 percent reclaimed asphalt, asphalt containing recycled glass, and asphalt containing recycled plastic. "(4) Additional elements. - In conducting the study under     paragraph (3), the Secretary and the Administrator shall examine      utilization of various technologies by States and shall examine      the current practices of all States relating to the reuse and      disposal of materials used in federally assisted highway      projects.        "(5) Report. - Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 1991], the Secretary and the Administrator shall transmit to Congress a report on the results of the studies conducted under this subsection, including a     detailed analysis of the economic savings and technical performance qualities of using such recycled materials in     federally assisted highway projects and the environmental benefits of using such recycled materials in such highway projects in terms of reducing air emissions, conserving natural resources, and reducing disposal of the materials in landfills. "(c) DOT Guidance. -        "(1) Information gathering and distribution. - The Secretary shall gather information and recommendations concerning the use of asphalt containing recycled rubber in highway projects from those States that have extensively evaluated and experimented with the use of such asphalt and implemented such projects and shall make available such information and recommendations on the use of such asphalt to those States which indicate an interest in     the use of such asphalt. "(2) Encouragement of use. - The Secretary should encourage the     use of recycled materials determined to be appropriate by the      studies pursuant to subsection (b) in federally assisted highway      projects. Procuring agencies shall comply with all applicable      guidelines or regulations issued by the Administrator of the      Environmental Protection Agency.      "(d) Asphalt Pavement Containing Recycled Rubber. -        "(1) Crumb rubber modifier research. - Not later than 180 days      after the date of the enactment of the National Highway System      Designation Act of 1995 [Nov. 28, 1995], the Secretary shall      develop testing procedures and conduct research to develop      performance grade classifications, in accordance with the      strategic highway research program carried out under section      307(d) of title 23, United States Code, for crumb rubber modifier      binders. The testing procedures and performance grade      classifications should be developed in consultation with      representatives of the crumb rubber modifier industry and other      interested parties (including the asphalt paving industry) with      experience in the development of the procedures and      classifications.        "(2) Crumb rubber modifier program development. -          "(A) In general. - The Secretary may make grants to States to        develop programs to use crumb rubber from scrap tires to modify        asphalt pavements.          "(B) Use of grant funds. - Grant funds made available to       States under this paragraph shall be used - "(i) to develop mix designs for crumb rubber modified         asphalt pavements;            "(ii) for the placement and evaluation of crumb rubber modified asphalt pavement field tests; and "(iii) for the expansion of State crumb rubber modifier         programs in existence on the date the grant is made          available.      "(e) Definitions. - For purpose of this section - "(1) the term 'asphalt pavement containing recycled rubber'     means any mixture of asphalt and crumb rubber derived from whole      scrap tires, such that the physical properties of the asphalt are      modified through the mixture, for use in pavement maintenance,      rehabilitation, or construction applications; and        "(2) the term 'recycled rubber' is any crumb rubber derived from processing whole scrap tires or shredded tire material taken from automobiles, trucks, or other equipment owned and operated in the United States."

SURVEY AND REPORT ON UPGRADING OF DESIGN STANDARDS Section 1049 of Pub. L. 102-240 directed Secretary to conduct a   survey to identify current State standards relating to geometric design, traffic control devices, roadside safety, safety appurtenance design, uniform traffic control devices, and sign legibility and directional clarity for all Federal-aid highways and, not later than 2 years after Dec. 18, 1991, to transmit to   Congress a report on the results of the survey and the crashworthiness of traffic lights, traffic signs, guardrails, impact attenuators, concrete barrier treatments, and breakaway utility poles for bridges and roadways currently used by States.

EROSION CONTROL GUIDELINES Section 1057 of title I of Pub. L. 102-240 provided that: "(a) Development. - The Secretary shall develop erosion control   guidelines for States to follow in carrying out construction    projects funded in whole or in part under this title [see Tables    for classification].      "(b) More Stringent State Requirements. - Guidelines developed under subsection (a) shall not preempt any requirement made by or   under State law if such requirement is more stringent than the guidelines. "(c) Consistency With Other Programs. - Guidelines developed   under subsection (a) shall be consistent with nonpoint source    management programs under section 319 of the Federal Water    Pollution Control Act [33 U.S.C. 1329] and coastal nonpoint    pollution control guidance under section 6217(g) of the Omnibus    Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 [16 U.S.C. 1455b(g)]."

ROADSIDE BARRIER TECHNOLOGY Section 1058 of Pub. L. 102-240, as amended by Pub. L. 104-59, title III, Sec. 328, Nov. 28, 1995, 109 Stat. 593, provided that: "(a) Requirement for Innovative Barriers. - Not less than 2 1/2    percent of the mileage of new or replacement permanent or temporary    crashworthy barriers included in awarded contracts along    Federal-aid highways within the boundaries of a State in each    calendar year shall be innovative crashworthy safety barriers.      "(b) Certification. - Each State shall annually certify to the Secretary its compliance with the requirements of this section. "(c) Definition of Innovative Crashworthy Safety Barrier. - For   purposes of this section, the term 'innovative crashworthy safety    barrier' means a barrier, other than a guardrail or guiderail,    classified by the Federal Highway Administration as 'experimental'    or that was classified as 'operational' after January 1, 1985, and    that meets or surpasses the requirements of the National    Cooperative Highway Research Program 350 for longitudinal    barriers."

ROADSIDE BARRIERS AND SAFETY APPURTENANCES Section 1073 of Pub. L. 102-240 provided that: "(a) Initiation of Rulemaking Proceeding. - Not later than 30   days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 1991],    the Secretary shall initiate a rulemaking proceeding to revise the    guidelines and establish standards for installation of roadside    barriers and other safety appurtenances, including longitudinal    barriers, end terminals, and crash cushions. Such rulemaking shall    reflect state-of-the-art designs, testing, and evaluation criteria    contained in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program    Report 230, relating to approval standards which provide an    enhanced level of crashworthy performance to accommodate vans,    mini-vans, pickup trucks, and 4-wheel drive vehicles.      "(b) Final Rule. - Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 1991], the Secretary shall complete the rulemaking proceeding initiated under subsection (a), and issue a final rule regarding the implementation of revised guidelines and standards for acceptable roadside barriers and other safety appurtenances, including longitudinal barriers, end terminals, and crash cushions. Such revised guidelines and standards shall accommodate vans, mini-vans, pickup trucks, and 4-wheel drive vehicles and shall be applicable to the refurbishment and replacement of existing roadside barriers and safety appurtenances as well as to the installation of new roadside barriers and safety appurtenances."

STUDIES RELATING TO ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARDS FOR RESURFACING, RESTORATION, AND REHABILITATION OF HIGHWAYS AND TO ESTABLISHMENT OF   UNIFORM STANDARDS AND CRITERIA FOR TESTING AND INSPECTING HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES Section 110(b), (c) of Pub. L. 97-424 provided that: "(b) The Secretary of Transportation shall enter into appropriate   arrangements with the National Academy of Sciences (1) to conduct a    study of the safety cost-effectiveness of geometric design criteria    of standards currently in effect for construction and    reconstruction of highways, other than highways access to which is    fully controlled, to determine the most appropriate minimum    standards to apply to resurfacing, restoration, and rehabilitation    projects on such highways, which study shall include a study of the    cost effectiveness of the hot dip galvanizing process for the    installation, repair, or replacement of exposed structural and    miscellaneous steel, and (2) to propose standards to preserve and    extend the service life of such highways and enhance highway    safety. The National Academy of Sciences shall conduct such study    in cooperation with the National Transportation Safety Board, the Congressional Budget Office, and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Upon completion of such study, the National Academy of Sciences shall submit such study and its proposed standards to the Secretary of Transportation for review. Within ninety days after submission of such standards to   the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary shall submit such study and the proposed standards of the National Academy of   Sciences, together with the recommendations of the Secretary, to    Congress for approval. "(c)(1) The Secretary of Transportation is directed to coordinate   a study with the National Bureau of Standards, the American Society    for Testing and Materials, and other organizations as deemed    appropriate, (A) to determine the existing quality of design,    construction, products, use, and systems for highways and bridges;    (B) to determine the need for uniform standards and criteria for    design, processing, products, and applications, including personnel    training and implementation of enforcement techniques; and (C) to    determine the manpower needs and costs of developing a national    system for the evaluation and accreditation of testing and    inspection agencies.      "(2) The Secretary shall submit such study to the Congress not later than one year after the date of enactment of this section [Jan. 6, 1983]."

EXPENDITURE OF FEDERAL FUNDS FOR HIGHWAY SIGNS USING METRIC SYSTEM Section 144 of Pub. L. 95-599, as amended by Pub. L. 96-106, Sec. 14, Nov. 9, 1979, 93 Stat. 798, which prohibited use of Federal funds for signing solely in the metric system, was repealed by Pub. L. 102-240, title I, Sec. 1053, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2001.

MODIFICATION OF PROJECT AGREEMENTS TO EFFECTUATE REQUIREMENT OF                          FOUR-LANES OF TRAFFIC Authorization to modify projects agreements entered into prior to   September 13, 1966, to effectuate the amendment of this section by    Pub. L. 89-574 which added the requirement of four-lanes of   traffic, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 89-574, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.

-SECREF- SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 103, 106, 115, 142 of   this title.

-End-

Note about United States
Besides the word "American" mentioned as part of the name of the agency in charge, there is no note of location. Can we add a note making it clear this applies to the United States of America only?
 * I added "in the United States" to the introduction. I think that's clear enough.  Jpp42 13:18, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Did I just miss it? No mention of signage being white of green???
Did I miss it? Doesn't the signage also have to be white letters on Green background for directional signs? CaribDigita (talk) 01:33, 18 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Signage is not an Interstate standard issue per se. It is addressed in the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices, which covers all roads. Brian Powell (talk) 03:38, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Vertical Clearance.
In the initial specification, the vertical clearance was a fairly arbitrary number. Shortly after this, however, it was raised slightly to a particular value that I don't recall, but it was for a purpose. Since the IHS is in fact Interstate AND DEFENCE Highways, it was to ensure that a particular kind of missile on its carrier (Minuteman?????) could be transported everywhere along the system. 60.229.0.220 (talk) 10:23, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Maximum Grade.
There is a second part to this. If the maximum grade uphill exceeds 1:X, then an additional climbing lane is to be provided. Ditto for the maximum grade downhill - if greater than 1:Y then another lane. From memory, X==16 and Y==10. 60.229.0.220 (talk) 10:25, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

overly technical?
it really doesn't seem very technical to me, and actually pretty understandable. Aunva6 (talk) 09:29, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Note in the banner states: Many terms, such as "clear zone" and "recovery area", are used that don't have explanations; many of these are red links, which are particularly unhelpful.
 * I added a wikilink for "clear zone," not 100% sure that this is what they are talking about in the banner. I'll look for "recovery area" next. CounterEarth (talk) 19:40, 29 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree, on the whole it seems appropriatly technical for such a niche article. Benjiman678 (talk) 05:01, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

Template signs in this article
The accompanying text says "(left)" and "(right)", but what would be correct, at least for my tablet, is "(top)" and "(bottom)". Carlm0404 (talk) 18:33, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

2016 Standards
The standards were revised in 2016, and I have updated the article accordingly. 2600:1700:F0C0:CF0:1820:38B3:9EF4:3AF (talk) 06:41, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interstate Highway standards


text:
Shirayuri University

Shirayuri University (白百合女子大学) is a Catholic Japanese women's university in Chōfu, Tokyo. The university comprises four Departments of Literature and a graduate school. This all-female institution is well known as Shirayuri Women's University, although its official name is Shirayuri College. It is a research and liberal arts college. It was formed by three nuns and a priest from France.

History
Shirayuri University traces its origin to the Convent of Saint Paul Chartre, which was founded in a small village in France at the end of the 17th century. Ever since its founding the sisterhood, with its headquarters in Rome, has taken service and education as its mission and has devoted itself to education and welfare activities all over the world.

Activities in Japan began with the arrival of three French nuns in Hakodate, in 1878, with an ardent mission to establish a convent. Three years later, a school was founded in Kanda, Tokyo, beginning the groundwork for Shirayuri Gakuen. In 1965, the present Shirayuri College, a four-year institution, was established.

Since then, the college has been lauded for expanding and enhancing the curricula and facilities to include a graduate school for each the four departments, enriching the program and providing an education based on the spirit of Catholicism.

School mission
The president of the university mentions that the school's goal is "to pursue truth, polish their [student's] intellect, learn to empathize with other, know the joys of serving others and deepen their awareness of the true beauty of all the natural things and happenings which surround them."

School system
The university can be a continuation of Shirayuri Pre-school, Shirayuri Elementary School, and Shirayuri Middle/High School. Students can first enter Shirayuri Pre-school and continue their education till graduating the university (20% of the students stay till college). Many begin their Shirayuri education in the university.

Quality of education
Although the university is famous for its title, Shirayuri Pre-school to High School is evidently famous for its high level which competes with top-level schools in Japan.

Shirayuri boasts their high-level courses and offers:

 * Japanese Literature Major
 * French
 * English
 * Children's Literature/Culture
 * Children's Literature
 * Psychology
 * Research School (Graduate school): co-ed
 * Developmental Psychology
 * Foreign Language/Literature, etc.

Culture
The emblem depicts a fleur-de-lys holding a sword. Since it is a French-related mission school, the Sister who takes care of the college is referred to by the students as 'Masul' or "Ma Soeur" (i.e., " My Sister" in French).

It is a very small school with homeroom classes that are led by the Sisters. Although there is a strong impression that it is a school for upper-class girls, it could be seen as a place where classes and good manners are taught strictly rather than as a place where children of wealthy families flock. Since the campus transferred in 1965, it owns modern school buildings and a chapel.

Their sister school is Sendai Shirayuri Women's College.

title: Shirayuri University