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John E. Page

John Edward Page (February 25, 1799 – October 14, 1867) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement.

Born in Trenton, New York, Page was the son of Ebenezer and Rachel Page. He was baptized into the Church of Christ on August 18, 1833, in Brownhelm, Ohio, by missionary Emer Harris. After his conversion, Page was ordained an elder on September 12, 1833. He married Lorain Stevens on December 26 of that year. The couple had two children, but both Stevens and the children later died. He remarried in 1839 to Mary Judd, with whom he had three sons. He relocated to Kirtland, Ohio, in 1835. Page served a mission in Upper Canada from 1836 to 1837. By his count, he baptized 600 persons. He also proselyted in the eastern United States from 1840 to 1842 and in Washington, D.C., in 1844.

Page was called as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in July 1838. In 1838, he moved to Missouri, settling in Far West, Caldwell County. Page left personal accounts of attacks by mobs of Missouri residents, both while with the wagon train and while residing in Far West. He noted that he "buried one wife and two children as martyrs to our holy religion, since they died through extreme suffering for the want of the common comforts of life." Page received his ordination to the office of apostle in Far West on December 19, 1838, from Brigham Young and Heber C. Kimball. He was also a member of the Nauvoo Masonic Lodge.

Page and fellow apostle Orson Hyde were called to travel and preach in the Holy Land and dedicate the land for the return of the Jews. He and Hyde started on their mission, but Page had a change of heart and never left the United States. In June 1841, in Philadelphia, apostle George A. Smith sought him out and encouraged him to complete his preparations and sail with Hyde in two days time. Page refused to go. While in Philadelphia, Page became involved in a controversy with some of the Latter Day Saints there, which led to a directive from Assistant President of the Church Hyrum Smith instructing Page to return to church headquarters at Nauvoo, Illinois.

After the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, Page made a brief claim to the leadership of the church. The majority of the Latter Day Saints, under the direction of Brigham Young, rejected Page's claim, but retained him in his position with the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Page was then called to serve in the Council of Fifty in 1845 to help plan and facilitate the church's move to the Rocky Mountains. However, he was then removed from the Quorum of the Twelve on February 9, 1846. After urging the Latter Day Saints to follow James J. Strang as leader of the church, Page was excommunicated on June 26, 1846. Ezra T. Benson was called by Young to replace Page in the Quorum. After leaving the church, Page worked on the Strangite periodical Zion's Reville as editor in 1847.

Although Page was an apostle under Joseph Smith and President of the Quorum of the Twelve under Strang, he eventually came to reject both leaders as "fallen prophets". He later became affiliated with the organization of James C. Brewster and Hazen Aldrich, and later that of Granville Hedrick. By 1855, he, William Marks, and others were holding their own worship services. He joined the Church of Christ (Hedrickites) in 1862 and was instrumental in helping the church obtain possession of the Temple Lot in Independence, Missouri.

Page died in on October 14, 1867, in Sycamore, Illinois, at the age of 68.

title: John E. Page


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Third International Theory

The Third International Theory (نظرية عالمية ثالثة), also known as the Third Universal Theory and Gaddafism, was the style of government proposed by Muammar Gaddafi on 15 April 1973 in his Zuwara speech, on which his government, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, was officially based. It combined elements of Arab nationalism, Nasserism, Anti-imperialism, Islamic socialism, left-wing populism, African nationalism, Pan-Arabism, and it was partly influenced by the principles of direct democracy. The theory also contained elements of Islamic fundamentalism, for Gaddafi argued that Muslims needed to return to God and the Qur'an and rejected formal interpretation of the Qur'an as blasphemy. However, Gaddafi's regime has been described as Islamist, rather than fundamentalist, for he opposed Salafism, and many Islamic fundamentalists were imprisoned during his rule.

It has similarities with the system of Yugoslav socialist self-management in Titoist Yugoslavia during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s as developed by Edvard Kardelj. It was also inspired in part by the Little Red Book of Mao Zedong and the Three Worlds Theory. It was proposed by Gaddafi as an alternative to capitalism and Marxism–Leninism for Third World countries, based on the stated belief that both of these ideologies had been proven invalid.

The Higher Council for National Guidance was created to disseminate and implement this theory, and it found partial realization in Libya, a self-proclaimed utopian model state. The fall of Gaddafi and his death in 2011 led to the disestablishment of his system and its replacement by the National Transitional Council.

Background
Key provisions of the Third International Theory are outlined in The Green Book (published from 1976 to 1979). It is a system of views which criticizes European-style democracy and Soviet Marxism in detail.

Intellectual and political context
In the 1960s and 1970s, in the countries of the Arab-Muslim East, various theories of "national brands of socialism", named "Islamic socialism", became widespread. This socialism was based on the principles of nationalism, religion and equality, and its ideas inspired a number of revolutions, popular uprisings and coups in the Arab world. Similarly, in Libya, on 1 September 1969 a group of Libyan army officers belonging to the Movement of Free Officers, Unionists, and Socialists overthrew the monarchy and proclaimed the Libyan Arab Republic. The supreme power was temporarily relegated to the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), headed by 27-year-old Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.

The anti-imperialist orientation of the Libyan revolution manifested itself clearly in the first months of the new regime. On 7 October 1969, at the 24th Session of the UN General Assembly, the Permanent Representative of Libya announced its intention to eliminate all foreign bases on Libyan land.

Following this, the Libyan leadership informed the ambassadors of the United States and Britain that it was terminating the respective agreements. Almost at the same time an offensive began against the position of foreign capital in the economy.

The first results and the nearest tasks of the Libyan revolution were fixed in a public statement on 11 December 1969, a Provisional Constitutional Declaration. Islam was declared the official state religion. It was proclaimed that one of the main goals of the revolution was the building of a form of socialism based on "religion, morality and patriotism". Gaddafi and his companions intended to achieve this through "social justice, high levels of production, the elimination of all forms of exploitation and the equitable distribution of national wealth".

The Revolutionary Command Council was to function as the centre of the political organization of society, with the right to appoint cabinet ministers, to declare war and enter into contracts, to issue decrees with the force of law, and to handle key aspects of internal affairs and foreign policy. Chairman of the IBS, Gaddafi was appointed head of the Libyan Arab Republic.

In 1973, Gaddafi organized the Arab Socialist Union, which became the sole legal political organization in the country. In 1977 the General People's Congress, representing numerous national committees, adopted a decree (the "Sabha Declaration") on the establishment of a "regime of people's power" (the so-called 'direct popular democracy') in Libya, and the country was renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The Revolutionary Command Council was also renamed and transformed into the General Secretariat of the Congress. In practice, the Arab Socialist Union then merged with the apparatus of the General People's Congress. The people elected into the General Secretariat of the General People's Congress were Gaddafi (General Secretary) and four of his closest associates — Major Abdessalam Jalloud, and generals Abu-Bakr Younis Jabr, Mustafa al-Harrubi and Huveyldi al-Hmeydi.

Two years later, the five leaders resigned from public office and were replaced by professional managers. From then until his death, Gaddafi officially held the title of the Leader of the Libyan Revolution and the group of the five leaders is named "the Revolutionary Leadership". Furthermore, a hierarchy of Revolutionary Committees was established with the purpose of implementing the policies of the Revolutionary Leadership within the system of the People's Congresses.

Doctrine
The official ideological doctrine is the Third International Theory, described in Gaddafi's "Green Book" (1976–1979). Copies of the "Green Book" were always on sale in Libyan bookstores in many languages prior to the revolution.

The book is a collection of quotes of the Libyan leader, divided into three parts and covering the following vital aspects of existence:
 * 1) Solving the problem of Democracy (People Power);
 * 2) Solving the problem of the economy (Socialism);
 * 3) The public aspect of the "Third International Theory."

"People Power"
The first part of the "Green Book" is "Solving the problem of democracy: The Authority of the People". This political aspect of the Third International Theory, published in January 1976, rejects traditional forms of democracy such as parliament, political parties, and referendums, and outlines the basic principles of direct popular democracy based on the people's congresses and people's committees. The book argues that representative democracy is in fact nothing but a kind of dictatorship.

According to the "Green Book", the winner in the struggle for power is always an instrument of government — an individual, party, class; and the loser is always the people, and thus, it is not true democracy. The political struggle often leads to the rise to power of an instrument of government which represents a minority, and that through legal democratic means. Thus, all existing political regimes falsify genuine democracy and are dictatorships.

Parliamentarism, according to Gaddafi, is a perverse solution to the problem of democracy. A Parliament can not speak on behalf of the people, because democracy means the rule of the people, not of those who act on its behalf. Methods of electing the parliament can not be considered democratic, because the masses become completely disconnected from the Members of Parliament. The MPs monopolize the power of the masses and the right to decide their business for them. Parliament, in fact, represents not the people, but the party that won the elections. In fact, the people are used by the political forces in the struggle for power. The system of elected parliaments is a demagogic system because votes can be bought and manipulated, that is, parliamentary representation is a fraud. In general, the theory of representative government is, Gaddafi argues, an outdated practice that was invented by philosophers and thinkers at the time when the common folk were ordered about like livestock by their rulers.

The party, according to the "Green Book", is a modern tool of dictatorial rule — it is the power of a part over the whole. Parties are established by groups of people to act in their interests, or to impose their views on the public and to establish their ideology on it. The number of parties in a system does not alter the substance of the matter. Moreover, the more numerous the parties are, the more intensive is the power struggle between them, which in turn undermines the programmes geared to benefit the entire society. The interests of society and of its development are sacrificed for the sake of the partisan struggle for power.

In addition, parties may be corrupt and can be bribed from the outside and inside. The 'opposition' is not an organ of control over the activities of the people of the ruling party, it only waits for the right moment to take the place of the ruling party at the trough of power. Control is in the hands of the party in power (through Parliament), and power in the hands of the party in control.

Gaddafi compares party and clan. In his view, in the struggle for power, the party is no different from a power struggle between tribes and clans. Both types of struggle are portrayed as having a negative and disintegrating effect on society.

The referendum is also described as a falsification of democracy. Voters can say only "yes" or "no." The theory states that everyone should be able to justify their desire and the cause of their approval or disapproval. Therefore, to be completely democratic, it is necessary to create such an instrument of government, which would be identical to the entire nation as a whole, rather than to a representative body acting on its behalf.

People's congresses
Gaddafi offers to create a special hierarchical structure of people's congresses and committees, resulting in a system where "management becomes popular, control becomes popular, and the old definition of democracy as 'control of people over the government' is replaced by its new definition as 'the people's control over itself'."

"The only means of people's democracy are the people's congresses. Any other system of government is undemocratic. All existing world systems of government are undemocratic, if they do not adhere to this method of governance. People's congresses are the ultimate goal of the movement of peoples on the path to democracy. People's congresses and people's committees represent the end result of the peoples' struggle for democracy."

In the proposed Jamahiriya, the entire population is divided into People's Congresses, which elect the People's Committees, which in turn form the second round of the People's Congresses, which elect the State Committees, which fulfil the function of state administration. Issues considered at the People's Congresses are finally formulated each year at the General People's Congress. Accordingly, the outcomes and decisions of the General Congress are brought to the lower levels in the reverse order.

At the General People's Congress, which gathers together the governing bodies of the people's congresses, the people's committees, the trade unions and the professional associations, the most important public issues are discussed and the definitive legislative decisions are made.

In the first part of the "Green Book" Gaddafi also lays out his views on freedom of speech. According to him, "a human being, as an individual, should have the freedom of expression, and even if mad, s/he should have the right to freely express his/her madness." Man, as a legal entity, is also free to express themselves as such. In the first case the man represents only himself, in the second—only a group of individuals forming a legal entity.

"Society is composed of many individuals and entities. Therefore, if an individual is insane, that does not mean that the rest of society are mad, too. Press is a method of expression of society, not a single person or entity. A newspaper, if owned by an individual, expresses only the views of its owner. The assertion that it represents public opinion is untenable and has no basis, because in reality it expresses the views of an individual, and from the point of view of genuine democracy it is unacceptable that an individual should own the print media and other types of media that provide the public with information."

Socialism
The second part of the "Green Book"—"The solution of the economic problem (Socialism)"—sets out the economic aspect of the Third International Theory (published on 2 February 1978).

This part criticizes wage labor, comparing it with slavery, and proclaims the right of an employee to any product produced by them. A person must work in accordance with their powers and must also be able to satisfy their needs, and all surplus should be directed to the accumulation of social wealth. The accumulation of surplus by one person reduces [the possibility of satisfaction of] the needs of another person, and is therefore unacceptable.

In September 1977, Gaddafi put forward as the basis of economic life the principle of "self-government in the economy". In line with this principle, it was envisaged that enterprises should be transferred to the collective management of those who work there. The slogan "Partners, not employees" was given theoretical justification in the second part of the Green Book, and in November of the same year this idea began to be implemented in some industrial enterprises.

During the development of his economic ideas, Gaddafi put forward another slogan: "Real Estate—property of its inhabitant." That is, a person living in a house was an owner, not a tenant. In May 1978, a law was passed, whereby renting residential premises was prohibited, and tenants became owners of their rental apartments and houses.

With the slogan "Partners, not employees", workers and employees under the leadership of the People's Committees took over businesses and institutions in not only production but also trade, as well as the various services of service. Former owners got compensation and the opportunity to participate in the management of these enterprises, but in "equal partnership with the producers." This campaign was described as a "people's capture" and was a form of elimination of private ownership of business by upper and middle classes.

The functioning of the political system of the "Jamahiriya" in the field and especially in production was hampered both by the opposition of the upper classes and by the insufficient preparations for the activities conducted and the inability of the new management staff to manage the economy. This led to discontent and unrest among the population against the political and economic innovations of the Libyan leadership. Some of the Muslim clergy accused Gaddafi of "deviation from the Qur'an."

In response, authorities made serious efforts at limiting the influence of the clergy. Gaddafi made a televised public examination of the pro-opposition clergy members on the subject of the Qur'an. According to Gaddafi, he proved that they were unable to answer his questions, and he subsequently used that as a reason to deprive some of them of the right to conduct religious services.

The final result of the economic reforms in the Jamahiriya was meant to be "the achievement of a new socialist society", a stage at which profit and money disappear from society and it becomes fully productive, and production fully meets the material needs of all members of society. At this stage, profits and money were meant to disappear by themselves.

Thanks to successful oil exploration starting in 1961, Libya has become a prosperous state with the highest per capita income in Africa. In 1970, oil prices on world markets increased considerably, leading to the accumulation of substantial funds in Libya, as a supplier of oil to western countries. Government revenues from oil exports were to be used to finance urban development and the creation of a modern system of social welfare.

At the same time, to improve Libya's international prestige, huge sums were spent on creating a well-equipped modern army. In the Middle East and North Africa, Libya served as a carrier of ideas of Arab nationalism and as an uncompromising enemy of Israel and the United States. The sharp drop in oil prices in mid-1980s and the UN sanctions for its connection to the Lockerbie bombings (in 1992) led to a significant weakening of Libya. On 12 September 2003, the UN Security Council lifted the sanctions imposed in 1992.

Public aspect of the theory
The third part—the "Public aspect of the Third International Theory" was published on 1 June 1979. This addressed many aspects of life, including women, the education system, sports, and merging the world's languages. In this part a global vision of proper co-existence is presented. The fundamental principles come down to this: every nation should have its own religion, and should recognize the importance of a continuous social chain ("the family—the tribe—the nation—the world," "from the small to the great").

According to the "Green Book": "if the national spirit is stronger than the religious spirit, the struggle between different nations, which used to be united in one religion, is amplified, and each of those nations achieves independence, returning to the social structure that is characteristic of it." "A tribe is the same as a family, but one that has increased due to the increased growth of offspring, that is, the tribe is a big family. The Nation is a tribe, but a tribe that has grown as a result of increased offspring, i.e., a nation is a large tribe. The World is a nation but a nation divided into many nations as a result of population growth, i.e., the world is a great nation."

"The tribe is the natural social protection of the individual, ensuring his social needs." In Libya, according to accepted social tradition, the tribe collectively provides redemption of its members by collectively paying ransom for them, paying their fines, avenging them and collectively defending them.

A special place in the Green Book is reserved for women, their physical build and social role in society:
 * First – "A woman is a human, just like a man is";
 * Second – a woman is an individual of the female sex, whereas a man is an individual of the male sex. In view of this, a woman "has a regular disease in the form of monthly bleeding, but if this does not happen, then she has become pregnant."
 * Third – the tendency to deny a woman her natural role of mother and replace her with nurseries is the beginning of a denial of humane, human society and of its transformation into a biological society, living an artificial life (as a result of this, in Libya, there are no kindergartens, and a woman, once she has given birth to a child, never goes to work again).
 * Fourth – males in the world of plants and animals are by nature strong and rough, whereas women in the world of plants and animals in the world and the world's peoples are by nature beautiful and tender.

Accordingly, Gaddafi concluded that "human rights are for everyone—men and women, but the responsibilities are not equal."

The issue of language is also addressed: "People will remain underdeveloped, until there is a common language." However, this question can be resolved only through a merging of languages in a series of stages, over several generations, provided that over time these generations lose their inherited traits: "the sensory perceptions, tastes and temperament of their fathers and grandfathers."

The Green Book also has an original take on sports and spectacles:
 * "Sport can only be individual, like a prayer";
 * "Mass sport is a social need of the human beings, so it is unacceptable from either a sporting or a democratic point of view to 'subcontract' sport to others [professionals]";
 * "Collective sport is the business of the masses";
 * "Stadiums exist in order to restrict the masses from using sports fields";
 * "Boxing and various kinds of wrestling suggest that humanity has not completely rid itself of the vestiges of barbarism."

This approach to sport led to most of Libya's stadiums being open only during military parades, and any kind of wrestling being strictly prohibited.

Relationship with Islam
In the absence of specific prescriptions for the transformation of society in the so-called "Islamic socialism", Gaddafi constantly made revisions to this theory. Before the "Green Book", Islam was considered one of the ideological sources of official ideology in Libya, but the third part of this book, which appeared in the summer of 1979, did not assess its truthfulness on the basis of the precepts of Islam.

On the contrary, "the truth" of Islamic provisions themselves was evaluated in terms of their compatibility with the theory. It was declared that the driving force of history was national and social struggle. At the same time, as Gaddafi specified, "if we were to restrict ourselves to the support of Muslims only, that would be an example of bigotry and selfishness: True Islam is the one that defends the weak, even if they are not Muslims".

In the subsequent explanations and comments on the "Green Book", many of its provisions underwent significant revisions while still remaining the basic catechism of ideology in Libya.

Implementation in Libya
The theory was partially implemented in Libya. In March 1977, the "Declaration of Sabha" was declared, and the republic was transformed into a Jamahiriya (the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya). Those forms of exploitative private ownership were abolished (whereas private family businesses in the service sector were preserved).

With the advent of globalization and the information revolution, Gaddafi slightly modified his theory by introducing a thesis about the era of large spaces in which the nation-state is becoming inviable.

The word "Jamahiriya" (جماهيرية jamāhīriyyah, approximately "[state] of the masses") is an Arabic neologism. It is the feminine nisba adjective formed from the term "Jamahir" (masses). It echoes the Arabic term for "Republic", "Jumhuriyah" (formally the feminine nisba adjective from Jumhur "people"). They both come from the root J-M-H.

Gaddafi's "Jamahiriya" form of government was supposed to be different from both the monarchy and the republic, hence the name of "Third" International Theory.

Politics and government of Libya under Gaddafi
Under Gaddafi, Libya was governed by a military regime professing the idea of Arab nationalism, socialism, and Islam. The highest state authority was the General People's Congress (GPC), consisting of representatives of People's Committees. In practice, the GPC had the functions of a parliament. Its members were elected at local and regional levels, although some were assigned by Gaddafi personally. Gaddafi also appointed his ministers from among the members of the GPC. While Gaddafi did not hold any official posts, he remained the leading political figure in Libya.

Islam is the state religion of Libya, but the influence of the Muslim clergy is limited. Direct democracy has been declared in the country, and oil revenues make it possible to maintain a high standard of living for the Libyan population. The presence of foreign capital is reduced, and the state owns the enterprises in the large and medium industries.

The basis of justice is the Quran. A hierarchical system of courts conducts judicial proceedings. Small lawsuits are considered in the Magistrates' Courts. Next come the Courts of the First Stage, the Appellate Courts and the Supreme Court.

The official main principle of government in Libya was: "Power, wealth and weapons — in the hands of the people."

Modification of the theory in Libya
The transformation of Libyan society into Jamahiriya was accompanied by many zigzags and went more slowly than Gaddafi intended. The system that he created may have aroused the Libyan people to political activism, but, as he had to admit, "popular participation in government was not complete".

Therefore, at the session of the General People's Congress held in the town of Sirte on 18 November 1992, it was decided to set up a new political structure: this was to initiate the country's transition to the supreme level of democracy — "a Model Jamahiriya". It was about creating, instead of the primary public meetings (People's Congresses), 1500 communes, which are self-guided mini-states within a state, each with full authority within its district, including the allocation of budgetary funds.

The need to reorganize the former political system, as explained by Gaddafi, was primarily due to the fact that it had "failed to ensure genuine democracy because of the complexity of the structure, which created a gap between the masses and the leadership, and was characterized by excessive centralization."

As a whole, after 1992, the Jamahiriya pursued a policy of building an "Islamic socialist society".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Third International Theory


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Beergasm

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. sjorford →•← 22:30, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Beergasm
Non-notable neologism slang dicdef. Thue | talk 14:17, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, slang neologism. Wyss 17:06, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. HyperZonk 18:12, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. What rubbish! Brookie 18:42, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — Davenbelle 19:43, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As above. Carrp | Talk 22:18, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. How creative!  Frank12

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Jorah Mormont

Jorah Mormont is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin and its television adaptation, Game of Thrones.

Introduced in A Game of Thrones (1996), Jorah is a knight in exile, the disgraced former lord of Bear Island, and the only son of Jeor Mormont, the honorable lord commander of the Night's Watch. Jorah subsequently appeared in Martin's A Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords (2000), and A Dance with Dragons (2011). After fleeing Westeros, Jorah pledges fealty to Daenerys Targaryen and, over the course of both the novels and the television show, becomes her closest and most loyal companion; Jorah's passionate yet unrequited love of Daenerys is central to the character's arc in both the novels and television show. He is portrayed as a skilled warrior whose knowledge of the peoples and customs of Essos proves invaluable to Daenerys' journeys.

Jorah is portrayed by the Scottish actor Iain Glen in the HBO television adaptation.

Background
Ser Jorah Mormont is the only child of the Night's Watch's Lord Commander Jeor Mormont, who abdicated shortly before Robert's Rebellion to join the Night's Watch and let Jorah assume the lordship of Bear Island. At some point, Jorah married a lady of House Glover, who died from a miscarriage after ten years of marriage. Jorah fought in Greyjoy's Rebellion, distinguishing himself by being one of the first to enter the fray during the siege of Pyke and was knighted by King Robert Baratheon. At a tourney at Lannisport celebrating the Baratheon victory, Jorah fell in love with the beautiful Lynesse Hightower (aunt of Margaery Tyrell). He named her Queen of Love and Beauty after winning the tourney and asked her father for her hand in marriage, which he accepted. However, Lynesse found herself ill-suited to the rough life on Bear Island, having grown up as a member of the wealthy House Hightower. Jorah bankrupted himself trying to provide her with luxuries and eventually sold poachers found on his lands to a Tyroshi slaver to fund her lifestyle. His liege lord, Eddard Stark, condemned Jorah to death, but he and Lynesse fled to Lys. Jorah then made his living as a sellsword but was still unable to provide enough to satisfy Lynesse and eventually returned from a campaign to find that Lynesse had become a concubine of a wealthy Lysene merchant. The merchant warned Jorah that he would be enslaved to settle his debts if he remained in Lys, and Jorah was forced to flee again. Afterward, he drifted among the Free Cities and the Dothraki, before becoming a spy for Varys.

Jorah Mormont is not a point-of-view character in the novels, so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of Daenerys Targaryen and Tyrion Lannister. Jorah mostly serves to provide Daenerys with background information, such as Westerosi history and the various cultures of Essos.

A Game of Thrones
In Pentos, Jorah enters the service of House Targaryen during Daenerys Targaryen's wedding to Khal Drogo. However, he is actually spying on behalf of Robert's Master of Whisperers, Varys, in hopes of earning a royal pardon. Although Jorah holds Daenerys' brother Viserys in contempt, he comes to admire Daenerys for her bravery and strength of character and eventually falls in love with her. In Vaes Dothrak, Jorah is warned by Illyrio Mopatis that Robert has ordered Daenerys' assassination and saves her from being poisoned. After Drogo's death, Jorah is the first to pledge fealty to Daenerys and is astounded when she emerges from Drogo's funeral pyre with three dragon hatchlings.

A Clash of Kings
Jorah accompanies Daenerys and the remnants of her khalasar to Qarth. There, Jorah stops sending reports to Varys, having truly fallen in love with Daenerys. Daenerys discovers his love after Jorah notes her physical similarity to Lynesse, but does not tell Jorah that she knows. At Qarth's docks, Jorah and Daenerys encounter the former pit fighter Strong Belwas and his squire Arstan Whitebeard. Arstan claims to know Jorah; Jorah finds him familiar, but does not recognise him. Despite Jorah's mistrust, Daenerys accepts the duo into her service.

A Storm of Swords
Jorah confesses his love to Daenerys, who rejects his advances. Jorah recommends that they sail to Astapor to buy an army of Unsullied, and commands the army when they overthrow the masters of Yunkai. As they arrive at Meereen, Arstan is revealed to be Ser Barristan Selmy, former Kingsguard to Aerys II Targaryen and Robert, and he announces Jorah's former status as a spy. Daenerys orders Jorah and Selmy to infiltrate Meereen and release slaves. Upon their return, Jorah refuses to beg forgiveness, insisting that Daenerys owes him forgiveness as reward for his service. Daenerys agrees but notes that she cannot grant it without undermining her authority, and banishes Jorah.

A Dance With Dragons
Jorah encounters the exiled Tyrion Lannister in a brothel in Selhorys and abducts him, hoping to return to Daenerys' graces by presenting a Lannister captive as a gift. In Volantis they encounter the dwarf Penny, whom Tyrion takes pity on and is allowed by Jorah to accompany them. During their voyage to Meereen, their ship is disabled by a storm and later seized by slavers, and Jorah is badly beaten and branded trying to fend them off. In Meereen the trio are sold to the Yunkish master Yezzan zo Qaggaz. Jorah becomes despondent after learning that Daenerys has taken the Meereenese nobleman Hizdhar zo Loraq as her husband. When Yezzan dies from dysentery, Jorah and Tyrion escape to the camp of the sellsword company Second Sons, formerly in service to Daenerys before defecting to the slavers, and Jorah rejoins the company along with Tyrion. Jorah realises that the Yunkai'i will lose the coming battle with Meereen and tells Tyrion that they need to convince the company to defect again.

Family tree of House Mormont

 * Notes

TV adaptation
Jorah Mormont is portrayed by Scottish actor Iain Glen in the television adaption of the series of books.

Season 1
Ser Jorah Mormont is an exiled knight in the service of Daenerys Targaryen and the son of Jeor Mormont of the Night's Watch. To fund his wife's extravagant lifestyle, he sold poachers on his land to slave traders, which is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms. Rather than face punishment by Lord Stark, he fled to Essos and learned the lifestyle of the Dothraki, who embrace him as one of their own and know him as "Jorah the Andal". Jorah serves as an adviser to the Targaryens on both political and cultural matters regarding the Seven Kingdoms and Essos. Jorah is actually spying on the Targaryens for Lord Varys in exchange for a pardon from Robert, but after learning more about Daenerys, it appears that Jorah is falling for her; even preventing her poisoning, when Robert & Varys so order it.

Season 2
When Daenerys is widowed after Khal Drogo's death, Jorah travels with her to Qarth and becomes the first knight of her Queensguard. He travels with Daenerys to Qarth, serving as her adviser and protector. When a mysterious, masked, female seuthsayer (privately) questions his fealty, he affirms that he will no longer help Varys, or anybody else, betray Daenerys. He explains to Daenerys that he respects her birthright claim to the Seven Kingdoms as she "has a kind heart", which he believes to be the key to being a just ruler. When Daenerys' dragons are stolen by the warlock Pyat Pree (a member of the Thirteen, the leaders of Qarth) and taken to the House of the Undying, Jorah accompanies her as she defeats her children's captor and departs Qarth for Astapor.

Season 3
After Daenerys sacks Astapor and defeats the slavers who own the city, Jorah plays an important part in the capture of Yunkai, together with Unsullied commander Grey Worm and Daario Naharis, Lieutenant and leader of the Second Sons. Led by Daario, the trio infiltrates the city and kill a number of Yunkish guards to open a gate, ensuring the city's capture. Jorah later assists Daenerys and her army in conquering Meereen, and later informs her of Joffrey's death, but at the same time dissuades her from invading King's Landing, since she is not strong enough to take all of Westeros yet. When Daenerys appears to begin a romantic relationship with Daario, Jorah voices his disapproval.

Season 4
Following Daenerys' capture of Meereen, Jorah joins her council and aids her in ruling the city and its nearby territories. However, another member of Daenerys' advisory council, Ser Barristan, uncovers the truth about Jorah's original mission in Essos, and presents the information to Daenerys. When it is revealed to her that Jorah spied on her for the "usurper" Robert Baratheon, which almost led to her poisoning by the wine merchant in Vaes Dothrak, she exiles Jorah from Meereen on the threat of death. Jorah subsequently departs alone, with his destination unclear.

Season 5
Jorah encounters Tyrion Lannister in Volantis and kidnaps him with the intention of delivering him to Daenerys. Sailing through the ruins of Valyria, the duo is assaulted by "stone men" – humans turned insane by the disease greyscale – and Jorah is infected in the struggle. He decides to hide this information from Tyrion. Jorah then learns from Tyrion that his father Jeor was killed in a Night's Watch mutiny beyond the Wall. The pair are captured by slavers and sold into the fighting pits in Meereen. At a demonstration of pit fighters, Jorah encounters Daenerys, who orders him freed but refuses to let him return to her service. With nowhere else left to go, Jorah returns to the fighting pits. At the reopening of the fighting pits, Jorah foils an assassination attempt on Daenerys and protects her from the insurgent Sons of the Harpy in the resulting confrontation. After Daenerys flies away on Drogon, Jorah and Daario Naharis leave Meereen to look for her.

Season 6
Jorah and Daario discover Daenerys' intentionally discarded ring in a grass plain, and Jorah deduces that she has been captured by a Dothraki horde and taken to Vaes Dothrak. Upon arriving there, they are reunited with Daenerys, who rejects their offer to flee the city and instead asks them to help her with her own plan, to which they reluctantly agree. The next evening, Jorah and Daario watch as Daenerys, after trapping and burning all the Khals alive in the temple building, emerges from it completely unharmed, and they join the rest of the Dothraki in kneeling before her in awe. As Daenerys and her entourage prepare to leave Vaes Dothrak, Jorah reveals his greyscale to Daenerys and his intention to end his life before his illness overtakes him. Daenerys instead orders him to find a cure for his condition and return to her, declaring that she will need his counsel after conquering Westeros. Jorah then departs alone.

Season 7
Jorah returns to Westeros, seeking aid at the Citadel in Oldtown. By this time his greyscale has drastically progressed, consuming his entire arm and part of his torso. Archmaester Ebrose diagnoses Jorah's greyscale as untreatably advanced, and informs Jorah that he has six months of sanity left and will be exiled from the Citadel the next day. Samwell Tarly, who formerly served under Jeor in the Night's Watch, rediscovers a cure for greyscale. Despite being forbidden to administer it, because whoever treats the patient could become infected, he treats Jorah in secret and successfully heals Jorah's greyscale. Ebrose, although unimpressed by Jorah's attempts to conceal Sam's treatment, discharges Jorah. Jorah then returns to Daenerys, who is happy to see him and accepts him into her service once again. He then joins the expedition led by Jon Snow beyond the Wall to capture a wight and prove its existence to Cersei Lannister. He and Jon talk about their respective fathers, and Jon expresses his relief that Jorah was not executed. Jon attempts to return Longclaw to Jorah, on the basis that it is still the family sword of House Mormont, but Jorah refuses, claiming that he forfeited his right to claim the sword and that Jeor gave the weapon to Jon, making it his. Jorah survives the expedition and returns to Dragonstone.

Season 8
Jorah travels with Jon, Daenerys, and her forces to Winterfell to make a stand against the White Walkers. Daenerys is displeased with Tyrion when she learns that his sister Cersei Lannister is not sending her army, but she is mollified after Jorah speaks up in support of him. Samwell grants Jorah House Tarly's ancestral sword Heartsbane out of gratitude for Jeor's formative influence on him. During the Battle of Winterfell, Jorah is mortally wounded defending Daenerys from certain death at the hands of the undead, though he does survive long enough to see the army felled. Jorah dies in the arms of a sobbing Daenerys, encircled by the wings of her dragon, Drogon.

Reception and analysis
The character of Ser Jorah Mormont has been summarized as a "brave warrior" and "wise military adviser". BuzzFeed reviewer Jamie Jirak saw Jorah Mormont as "the best man in Westeros" and, in the later part of his development, a selfless and honorable character, and a soft man based on showing emotions. She praised the portrayal by Ian Glen in the TV series as "sexy" and "way hotter than he is in the books." She also rated the scene where Mormont asked Daenerys for forgiveness as "the most heartbreaking moment in the series."

Estelle Paranque saw parallels between Jorah Mormont and Francis Walsingham in their roles of advisors. She also pointed out that the "striking major difference that cannot be overlooked is the fact that Mormont is madly in love with Daenerys whereas there is no record of such romantic feelings regarding Walsingham and the Tudor queen [ Elizabeth I ] . However, both men are deeply committed to the queen's welfare and security."

Cyrille Sardais and Marine Agogué saw Mormont's development from spy for her enemies to "showing unparalleled devotion to Daenerys" as the best example of her charismatic influence on her supporters.

Jorah Mormont has been titled by fans as "Ser Friendzone" due to his unrequited love for Daenerys. In comparison to Daario, who is successful in winning her affection through "clumsy" seduction, it is regarded as unfair that Mormont is relegated to the role of friend despite his dedicated engagement on her behalf. Together with the troubled relationships to his two wifes in his past, this makes Mormont a tragic hero with regard to romance, while the conflict between loyality to his previous employer, Varys, and to Daenerys does so on a moral level. Looking at mythological archetypes according to Joseph Campbell, Mark Klapproth et al. defined Jorah as "the dishonored knight, because he strives for salvation - similar to Lancelot from Arthurian legend or Ivanhoe in the novel by Walter Scott." The series of bad decisions which lead to Mormont's downfall are understandable to the viewer, being based on covering up facts to avoid negative consequences. In combination with his inner conflict, Jorah appears "deeply human and thus an important identification figure" and a fan favorite.

When applying Campbell's template of the Hero's Journey to Daenerys Targaryen, Kenzo John Carlo A. Calahong et al. found that Jorah Mormont conforms to the archetypal categories of the Mentor, by teaching and protecting her, and the Ally, by steadfastly supporting her up to fighting to his death for her. Mormont also represents one of the obstacles on the heroine's Road of Trials, as she has to show "her ability to be merciful while a kind and just queen" when discovering his initial allegiance to her enemies.

title: Jorah Mormont


text:
The Serpent and the Rainbow (film)

The Serpent and the Rainbow is a 1988 American horror film directed by Wes Craven and starring Bill Pullman. The script by Richard Maxwell and Adam Rodman is loosely based on the non-fiction book of the same name by ethnobotanist Wade Davis, wherein Davis recounted his experiences in Haiti investigating the story of Clairvius Narcisse, who was allegedly poisoned, buried alive, and revived with a herbal brew which produced what was called a zombie.

Plot
In 1978, a Haitian man named Christophe mysteriously dies in a French missionary clinic, while a voodoo parade marches past his window. The next morning, Christophe is buried in a traditional Catholic funeral. A mysterious man dressed in a suit who was outside Christophe's hospital window on the night he died is in attendance. As the coffin is lowered into the ground, Christophe's eyes open and tears roll down his cheeks.

Seven years later, Harvard anthropologist Dennis Alan is in the Amazon rainforest studying rare herbs and medicines with a local shaman. He drinks a potion and experiences a hallucination of the same black man from Christophe's funeral, surrounded by corpses in a bottomless pit.

Back in Boston, Alan is approached by a pharmaceutical company looking to investigate a drug used in Haitian Vodou to create zombies. The company wants Alan to acquire the drug for use as a "super anesthetic". The corporation provides Alan with funding and sends him to Haiti, which is in the middle of a revolution. Alan's exploration in Haiti, assisted by Dr. Marielle Duchamp, locates Christophe who is alive after having been buried seven years earlier. Alan is taken into custody, and the commander of the Tonton Macoute, Captain Dargent Peytraud—the same man from Christophe's funeral and Alan's vision in the Amazon—warns Alan to leave Haiti.

Continuing his investigation, Alan finds a local man, Mozart, who is reported to have knowledge of the procedure for creating the zombie drug. Alan pays Mozart for a sample, but Mozart sells him rat poison instead. After embarrassing Mozart in public, Alan persuades Mozart to show Alan how to produce the drug for a fee of $1,000. Alan is arrested again by the Tonton Macoutes, and tortured by having a nail driven through his scrotum, and then dumped on a street with the message that he must leave Haiti or be killed. Alan again refuses to leave and meets with Mozart to create the drug.

Alan has a nightmare of Peytraud, revealed to be a bokor who turns enemies into zombies and steals their souls. When Alan wakes up, he is lying next to Christophe's sister who has been decapitated. The Tonton Macoutes enter, take photos, and frame Alan for murder. Peytraud tells Alan to leave the country and never return, lest he be convicted of the murder, executed, and then his soul stolen by Peytraud. Peytraud puts Alan on a US bound plane, but Mozart sneaks on board and gives Alan the zombie drug. Mozart asks Alan to tell people about him, so that Mozart can achieve international fame. Alan agrees and returns to Boston with his mission apparently completed.

At a celebration dinner, the wife of Alan's employer is possessed by Peytraud, who warns Alan of his own imminent death. Alan returns to Haiti, where his only ally, a houngan named Lucien Celine, is killed by Peytraud and Mozart is beheaded as a sacrifice for Peytraud's power. Alan is then sprayed with the zombie powder and dies; later, Peytraud steals Alan's body from the hospital before the death can be reported to the US Embassy. Peytraud takes Alan to a graveyard where, helpless in his coffin, Alan sees that Peytraud has captured Marielle and will sacrifice her. Peytraud shows Alan Celine's soul in a canari. Alan is then buried alive with a tarantula to "keep him company". Waking up in his coffin a few hours later, Alan is rescued by Christophe who was also turned into a zombie by Peytraud.

Having escaped Peytraud's trap, Alan returns to the Tonton Macoute headquarters looking for Marielle. There, Alan defeats Peytraud through a battle of wills, using Celine's white magic to drive a nail into Peytraud's groin, and sends his soul to hell. As the Haitian people celebrate the downfall of Jean-Claude Duvalier, Marielle proclaims "The nightmare is over".

Cast

 * Bill Pullman as Dr. Dennis Alan
 * Cathy Tyson as Dr. Marielle Duchamp
 * Zakes Mokae as Dargent Peytraud
 * Paul Winfield as Lucien Celine
 * Brent Jennings as Louis Mozart
 * Conrad Roberts as Christophe Durand
 * Aleta Mitchell as Celestine Durand
 * Badja Djola as Lieutenant Gaston
 * Michael Gough as Dr. Earl "Schoonie" Schoonbacher
 * Paul Guilfoyle as Dr. Andrew Cassedy
 * Dey Young as Deborah Cassedy
 * Luis Tavare Pesquera as Kyle Cassedy
 * William Newman as French Missionary Doctor
 * Francis Guinan as American Doctor
 * Jaime Pina Gautier as Julio, Dennis' Helicopter Pilot
 * Philogen Thomas as Priest
 * Evencio Mosquera Slaco as Old Shaman

Production
The Serpent and the Rainbow was filmed in Boston, Massachusetts, Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, and in Haiti. During production in Haiti, the local government informed the cast and crew that they could not guarantee their safety for the remainder of the film's shoot because of the political strife and civil turmoil that was occurring during that time; as a result, production was relocated to the Dominican Republic for the remainder of the shoot.

Rating
In an interview, Craven stated that unlike his previous films that had problems with the Motion Picture Association of America, the first cut got an R rating without any problems. According to an article from Fangoria #71, the original cut was 184 minutes long but Craven felt that it was too long and talky so he cut it down to 98 minutes. It was then test screened to the audience and their reactions were favorable.

Box office
The Serpent and the Rainbow was released theatrically in the United States by Universal Pictures on February 5, 1988. It grossed $19,595,031 at the box office.

Critical reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, The Serpent and the Rainbow holds an approval rating of 62%, based on 37 reviews, and an average rating of 5.7/10. Its consensus reads, "Although it's occasionally overwhelmed by excessive special effects, The Serpent and the Rainbow draws on a chilling atmosphere to deliver [an] intelligent, politically informed story." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the movie three stars out of a possible four, praising Pullman's performance and the "stunning" visuals, while also noting The Serpent and the Rainbow seemed to take Haitain voodoo more seriously as a religion and cultural force than most horror movies with similar themes, which merely use voodoo as a "gimmick".

Home media
The film was first released on DVD by Image Entertainment in 1998, though this version is now out of print. It was subsequently re-released by Universal Studios in 2003 and in 2016 on Blu-ray from Scream Factory.

title: The Serpent and the Rainbow (film)


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Van Von Hunter

Van Von Hunter is a weekly hand-drawn parody manga started in 2002 by Mike Schwark and Ron Kaulfersch of Pseudomé Studio, based in Cleveland, Ohio. It has been published in newspapers, books, and as a webcomic. The story takes place in the land of Dikay, a country fraught with zombies, and focuses on the warrior Van Von Hunter and his "never-ending fight against evil...stuff".

Publication history
In the Summer of 2006, Van Von Hunter started a six-month run of Sunday newspapers. It was syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate and published in approximately 30 papers in North America (and one in Sweden), including the Los Angeles Times, The Denver Post, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, The Detroit News, The Oregonian, The Vancouver Sun, and the Toronto Sun. Van Von Hunter was the second Tokyopop manga to be syndicated to newspapers, the first being Peach Fuzz by Jared Hodges and Lindsay Cibos.

Characters

 * Van Von Hunter – The protagonist, Von Hunter is a jovial and easygoing adventurer who is dedicated to battling evil. While not particularly intelligent, Von Hunter makes up for his shortcomings with his strong sense of justice and armed-combat skills. His original name was Van Von Vaughn, but he changed it to suit his profession.
 * Van Von Hunter's sidekick – A young woman whom Von Hunter rescued from Count Disdain. Before being able to introduce herself, she was struck on the head and lost her memory. She travels with Von Hunter because she has nowhere else to go. She does not do much fighting, but her common sense saves Von Hunter on occasion.
 * Prince Lesley Mortimer Lamorte – He is better known by his chosen title, the Flaming Prince (he forgot the implications at the time). Lamorte rules over Dikay Kingdom at the wish of his more malicious father. He is Van Von Hunter's self-proclaimed sworn nemesis, though is even less intelligent than Von Hunter himself. The Flaming Prince employs monster minions to dispose of Von Hunter.
 * The Man in the Dark Glasses – The Flaming Prince's right-hand man. He provides the prince with encouragement, thoughtful advice, and random things to crush in his hand. He is secretly the glue that holds the kingdom together.
 * The Archmage Ariana Rael – An adorable young girl who destroyed her village when they tried to feed her to a dragon, she was hired by the Flaming Prince as a secret weapon. When Von Hunter arrived to do battle with the Prince, Ariana was supposed to destroy him with her powerful pyromancy, the Mega-Destruction Flare. Instead, she simply burned everything surrounding him. "Ari" ended up traveling with Von Hunter for a time.
 * Vengeance Joe – An easily-angered antagonist with no known past. His defining feature is that once he is angered, nothing can stop him from finding his revenge. His list of enemies is long and varied, ranging from a staircase (for tripping him) to the ignorant Von Hunter (for not introducing himself as they passed each other on the street). He is now working to destroy all that Von Hunter cares for. Joe is allergic to walnuts.

Monsters
There are many types of monsters in Von Hunter's world.
 * Zombies – Zombies seem to get appointed for the jobs that no one else wants in Von Hunter's world, from lawyers to accountants. They also display lower than average intelligence which makes them more harmful than useful. Wanted posters in zombie-infested woods can be seen as "zombie deflectors".
 * Orcs – Large and dangerous creatures, which comprised a large portion of the Prince's army (before being wiped out by Ari).
 * Goblins – More cute than deadly, goblins wear hats and outfits that make them resemble Christmas elves. They are by far the most useful of the Prince's forces (despite his apparent dislike for them) as they fill some of the menial chores (such as bartending), can be bizarrely versatile, and were able to restore the kingdom's finances through bake sales. They are talented chefs, and mesmerized Von Hunter's Sidekick with brownies (in the print version).
 * Vampires – Vampires are undead beings, though not always humans, with fangs and pointed ears. They feed on blood and turn to dust when staked through the heart. Vampires are the rulers of the unnamed country where the webcomic opens.
 * Ghouls – Ghouls are bald, and have pointed ears, fangs and nails. Ghouls eat humans and founded the unnamed country where the webcomic opens.
 * Pollywacker – A 2 ft monster in the mysterious forest of the accursed valley of the Twelve Severed Heads, who terrorized the Valley until Von Hunter killed it.
 * Gargoyles – Large winged monsters called "stoners" by the Prince. The Gargoyles of Von Hunter's world behave similar to stereotypical stoner teenagers.
 * Bugs – The Insects (and most likely arachnids like spiders) are sentient creatures with their own society. They are still just as small, however. Their leader, Lord Chitin, was inadvertently killed by the Flaming Prince early on.
 * Demons – The only demon seen in the webcomic is a large and ferocious-looking monster, similar in appearance to the Balrog. However, it is comforts the Beast when The Flaming Prince scolds it and is used to serve hot drinks.

Additional monsters include Trolls, Leprechaun, Dragons, Werewolves, Sasquatch, and Mummies.

Live-action movie
In 2010, Van Von Hunter was adapted as a live-action film directed and written by Steven Calcote and Stuart J. Levy. It stars Yuri Lowenthal, Heather Marie Marsden, and Lucas Bridgeman. It won Levy and Calcote "Best Director" at Mockfest 2011.

Collections
Starting in 2005, Tokyopop published a series of graphic novels set in the Van Von Hunter universe, taking place several years after the conclusion of the webcomic's plot.
 * Van Von Hunter volume 1. ISBN 1-59532-692-8. TOKYOPOP. 2005-05-10
 * Van Von Hunter volume 2. ISBN 1-59532-693-6. TOKYOPOP. 2005-09-13
 * Van Von Hunter volume 3. ISBN 1-59532-694-4. TOKYOPOP. 2006-12-12

Reception
In 2003, the webcomic won the first-place trophy at Tokyopop's inaugural Rising Stars of Manga contest.

Carlo Santos of Anime News Network stated: "For those who have grown tired of the fantasy genre's ridiculous self-importance and constantly recycled clichés, Van Von Hunter is the antidote, attacking these clichés with irreverent fervor. However, in doing so it becomes something of a cliché itself, relying on a predictable comedic approach and putting its characters in overused situations—not to mention that the whole adventure-comedy thing has been done plenty of times before." Reviewing the webcomic, Dani Atkinson of Sequential Tart stated that the black and white artstyle of Van Von Hunter is initially fairly "crude", but evolved into a more crisp tone as the series continued.

title: Van Von Hunter


text:
Windsor Tower (Madrid)

The Windsor Tower (Torre Windsor) was an office building in the financial center of Madrid, Spain. Built in 1979, it was 106 m high and had 32 floors of which 29 were above ground level and 3 below, thus ranking it as the eighth tallest building in Madrid (and 23rd in Spain). The building was gutted by a huge fire on 12 February 2005, and partially collapsed; it has since been demolished.

Characteristics of the building
The building, located at Calle Raimundo Fernández Villaverde 65, had a total area of 20000 m2 and was one of the first modern towers in Madrid. The tower was designed in 1974 by a team of six important Spanish architects and was constructed between 1975 and 1979.

Its distinctive appearance was due to its elemental geometry, lacking composite elements. Its façade was completely covered by reflective glass-like panels that mirrored the sky of Madrid, diminishing its visual impact. The structure was divided into two halves by a mechanical floor without windows. It was a very solid building, with a central core of reinforced concrete that resisted the high temperatures of the fire without collapsing. The building did not have a fire sprinkler system. Sprinklers were being retrofitted, but they were not yet operable when the building was destroyed by fire.

Fire
Around midnight, on Saturday, 12 February 2005, a fire was detected on the 21st floor of the building. The fire spread quickly throughout the entire building, leading to the collapse of the outermost, steel parts of the upper floors. It took firefighters about 24 hours to extinguish the fire. In the aftermath, seven firefighters were injured, but nobody was killed during the disaster. However, the building was a total loss, which was arguably the worst in Madrid's history. The fire was blamed on an electrical fault.

The city council of Madrid covered the cost of demolishing the remains of the building, thought to be some EUR 22 million (USD $32.5 million). Demolition was completed in August 2005, and a 23-story replacement called Torre Titania was built from 2007 to 2011.

title: Windsor Tower (Madrid)


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title: User:Femto/elem magnetic


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Cedar bark textile

Cedar bark textile was used by indigenous people in the Pacific Northwest region of modern-day Canada and the United States. Historically, most items of clothing were made of shredded and woven cedar bark.

The names of the trees which provide the bark material are Thuja plicata, the Western redcedar and Callitropsis nootkatensis, or yellow cypress (often called "yellow cedar"). Bark was peeled in long strips from the trees, the outer layer was split away, and the flexible inner layer was shredded and processed. The resulting felted strips of bark were soft and could be plaited, sewn or woven into a variety of fabrics that were either dense and watertight, or soft and comfortable.

Women wore skirts and capes of red cedar bark, while men wore long capes of cedar bark into which some mountain goat wool was woven for decorative effect.

title: Cedar bark textile


text: User talk:82.209.218.57

title: User talk:82.209.218.57


text:
Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni

Nerses Bedros XIX (Ներսէս Պետրոս ԺԹ. Թարմունի) (17 January 1940 – 25 June 2015) was the patriarch of the Armenian Catholic Church.

He was the second son and the fifth of eight children born to Elias Taza and Josephine Azouz. He completed his primary and secondary studies at the College of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (Frères des écoles chrétiennes) in Cairo.

He felt a vocation for the priesthood very early in life and thus was sent to the Armenian Leonine Pontifical College in Rome in 1958 where he studied Philosophy and Theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University. His Bishop, Raphaël Bayan ordained him as a priest in Cairo on 15 August 1965. In Heliopolis he was known as Father Pierre Taza.

He served the parish of the Armenian Catholic Cathedral of the Annunciation in Cairo from 1965 to 1968 with the Rev John Kasparian who, in 1982, became Catholicos-Patriarch under the name of Hovhannes Bedros XVIII (John Peter XVIII Kasparian). From 1968 to 1990, Pierre Taza was curate of the parish of St Therese of Heliopolis in Cairo.

On 18 February 1990, he was ordained bishop of the Eparchy (Diocese) of Alexandria for Egypt and Sudan by the laying on of hands of Jean Pierre XVIII. From 1992 to 1997, as member of the Catholic Hierarchy of Egypt, he was the General Secretary of the Pastoral Council of the Catholic Church of Egypt.

As a member of the Synod of the Bishops of the Catholic Armenian Patriarch Church, he was:
 * Member of the Council of the three Bishops to direct the Patriarchal Curie from 1993 to 1995
 * President of the Patriarchal Commission for the Vocations from 1993 to 1995
 * Member of the Permanent Synod as of 1994

In October 1999, he was elected by the Bishops of the Holy Synod of the Catholic Armenian Synod, Catholicos-Patriarch of Cilicia of Armenian Catholics and took the name Nerses Bedros XIX.

He remained in this position until his death on June 25, 2015.

title: Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni


text:
Mikoyan MiG-AT

The Mikoyan MiG-AT (МиГ-АТ) is a Russian advanced trainer and light attack aircraft that was intended to replace the Aero L-29 and L-39 of the Russian Air Force. Designed by the Mikoyan Design Bureau and built by the Moscow Aircraft Production Association, the MiG-AT made its first flight in March 1996. It is the first joint aircraft development programme between Russia and France and the first military collaborative project between Russia and the West to reach first flight. The design lost out to the Yakovlev Yak-130 in 2002 in the competition for a government contract, and had also been unsuccessfully marketed to countries such as India, Greece, and those of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Design and development
The design effort on the MiG-AT began when Soviet authorities looked to replace the country's ageing fleet of Aero L-29 and L-39 military trainer aircraft. The project competed with proposals from the design bureaux of Sukhoi, Myasishchev and Yakovlev; in 1992, the designs of the two former firms were eliminated, leaving the MiG-AT and Yak-130 as the sole contenders for a government contract. Due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent fall in defence spending, Mikoyan entered into collaboration with French firms Snecma/Turbomeca and Sextant Avionique (later Thales Avionics), who would provide the aircraft engines and avionics, respectively.

Following the freezing of the MiG-AT's final design in early 1994, the Moscow Aircraft Production Association (MAPO) started fabricating the first prototype. The two companies, which would merge in 1995 to form MAPO-MiG, used their own funds for the construction of the aircraft. The first MiG-AT (81 White) was rolled out in May 1995, before it was transferred to Zhukovsky, where it made a short initial "hop" in early March 1996. Its official first flight, however, took place on 21 March 1996, when Roman Taskayev took the aircraft aloft for 45 minutes, accompanied by a MiG-29UB and an L-39 acting as chase planes. The aircraft reached a height of 4,000 ft and a speed of 400 km/h. The second prototype joined the flight test programme in October 1997; by then, the first aircraft had accumulated more than 200 test flights. Mikoyan had originally planned to conduct the test programme using three flying prototypes and a static aircraft and also to construct about fifteen additional aircraft for its joint international marketing effort with Snecma.

The MiG-AT is more conventional than the competing Yak-130. It has a low-set, straight wing, engines mounted on either side of the fuselage and a mid-mounted tail. The first aircraft had avionics that had been jointly developed by Sextant Avionique and GosNIIAS that was derived from prior French software. The avionics system comprised multi-function liquid crystal displays, a head-up display and other navigation systems, some of which used commercial technology to shorten development time. The avionics systems, when working with the MiG-AT's fly-by-wire flight-control system, allowed the aircraft to adopt the characteristics of third- and fourth-generation jet fighters. The second prototype differed from the first in having Russian avionics and hardpoints for the carriage of armament.

The aircraft is powered by two Snecma-Turbomeca Larzac 04R20 turbofan engines, rated at 3,175 lbf, that had been developed in the 1970s for the Alpha Jet. Under a 1995 agreement between French and Russian authorities, the Russian side reserved the right to locally produce and develop a higher thrust derivative of the engine. In November 1996, a contract was signed for the production of ten Larzac engines for the initial pre-production aircraft, which did not come into fruition. At the same time, the Soyuz Design Bureau was working on a Russian alternative to the Larzac, named the RD-1700, rated at 3,750 lbf at take-off. Both aircraft prototypes later served as a separate test beds for the RD-1700 and NPO Saturn AL-55I engine.

As the tender for a military trainer progressed, operational experience in the air force and pressure from foreign participating companies shifted the original requirements for a purely trainer aircraft to one that encompassed a light combat capability. In mid-March 2002, Commander-in-Chief Vladimir Mikhailov stated that the Yak-130 had been chosen over the MiG-AT as the air force's new trainers, only for the media to subsequently report that both aircraft had been chosen. The Yak-130, however, was said to be superior as it could serve the dual role of a trainer and combat jet, and in the end, on 10 April 2002, it was announced that the Yak-130 had indeed been selected over the MiG-AT. Mikoyan protested the decision, in particular the expanded requirements for a lightweight combat trainer, and the weapons load requirement that was apparently too great for such physically-inadequate designs. By then, the two prototypes had amassed 750 flights.

An aspect of the Mikoyan's original 1993 agreement with the French companies was that the latter would assist in the marketing of the MiG-AT outside the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In particular, the agreement was intended to add credibility to the project, and to draw on Snecma's international business network. Aside from the CIS, Russia would market the aircraft to countries that had traditionally purchased the country's aircraft, including India and Malaysia. The aircraft was demonstrated to officials and pilots of such countries as Algeria, Greece, India and the United Arab Emirates. Despite the loss in 2002 to the Yakovlev design, Mikoyan proceeded with discussions with prospective overseas partners and continuing flight-test programme. In February 2004, the design received its Russian military certification, and it was expected that Algeria would be the first to place an order for the aircraft.

In June 2018, vice president of the United Aircraft Corporation Sergei Korotkov announced the Russian Defence Ministry is considering a revival of the program and possibility of using the aircraft as a main platform for base training of pilots. Further, it was reported by Viktor Bondarev if the decision is taken, the aircraft may be introduced to the Russian Air Force in 2023.

UAC announced in December 2023 that it plans to build a new training complex, the main element of which will be the new single-engine MiG-UTS aircraft, which is a spiritual successor of MiG-AT.

Variants

 * MiG-AT – two-seat basic military trainer variant.
 * MiG-AC – proposed single-seat combat variant with shortened fuselage.
 * MiG-ATC – proposed trainer/light combat variant of the baseline MiG-AT with helmet-mounted target designation system for air-to-air and air-to-ground operations.

title: Mikoyan MiG-AT


text:
Marital status

Civil status, or marital status, are the distinct options that describe a person's relationship with a significant other. Married, single, divorced, and widowed are examples of civil status.

Civil status and marital status are terms used in forms, vital records, and other documents to ask or indicate whether a person is married or single. In the simplest contexts, no further distinction is made. A status of married means that a person was wed in a manner legally recognized by their jurisdiction. A person's specified civil status might also be married if they are in a civil union or common-law marriage. The civil status of a person who is legally separated is married.

Whether a cohabiting couple (such as in a domestic partnership) have a civil status of "married" depends on the circumstances and the jurisdiction. In addition to those who have never married, single status applies to people whose relationship with a significant other is not legally recognized.

Questions about civil status appear on questionnaires for quantitative research, such as census forms and market research instruments. In a person's medical history, civil status is considered to have both quantitative and qualitative significance. A government records the civil status of its citizens by means of a civil registration system. Historically, inquiries into marital status have appeared on applications for employment, loans, and credit.

Familial status indicates whether a person is the responsible caregiver for a child.

title: Marital status


text:
Boris Nikolsky

Boris Petrovich Nikolsky (Бори́с Петро́вич Нико́льский; 14 October 1900 – 4 January 1990), DN, was a Soviet chemist who played a crucial role in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons.

Besides his work on the plutonium chemistry, Nikolsky did a pioneering work in ion exchanges applications in radiochemistry and physical chemistry, and was a professor of chemistry at the Leningrad University (now Saint Petersburg State University). He academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

Boris Nikolsky was a 1925 graduate of Leningrad State University. In the 1930s he studied the ion exchange processes between aqueous solutions and solids. During that time Nikolsky developed the theory of ion exchange in glass electrodes. He derived equations that describe properties of glass electrodes as well as other types of ion-selective electrodes depending on chemical structure and multi-component composition of glass, concurrent interference of ions (see Nikolsky-Eisenman equation and Nikolsky-Shultz-Eisenman thermodynamic ion-exchange theory of GE   ) and so on. Boris Nikolsky also actively participated in the Soviet nuclear program. In 1952-1974 he was the senior scientist and the chairman of scientific committee at the Soviet nuclear fuel reprocessing plant Mayak, where he worked on the technology of processing and refining of plutonium. In 1961-1963 he was the chairman of the chemistry department at Leningrad State University.

General publications on the glass electrode theory

 * Nikolskii, B. P.. Theory of the glass electrode. I. Theoretical. // J. Phys. Chem. (U.S.S.R.) (1937),  10, 495-503.
 * Nikolskii, B. P.; Tolmacheva, T. A. Theory of the glass electrode. II. Effect of boric anhydride and aluminum oxide on the electrode properties of glass.  //  J. Phys. Chem. (U.S.S.R.)  (1937), 10, 504-12.
 * Nikolskii, B. P.; Tolmacheva, T. A. Theory of the glass electrode. III. Transfer from the hydrogen electrode function into the sodium function.  //  J. Phys. Chem. (U.S.S.R.) (1937), 10, 513-23.

Boris Nikolsky was a co-author of the monumental textbook on physical chemistry and an editor-in-chief of the most comprehensive multivolume handbook of chemistry in Soviet Union.

title: Boris Nikolsky


text:
User:Femto/elem meltingpoint

( °C, °F)
 * Melting point || K
 * Melting point || K

title: User:Femto/elem meltingpoint


text:
User:Femto/elem boilingpoint

( °C, °F)
 * Boiling point || K
 * Boiling point || K

title: User:Femto/elem boilingpoint


text:
User:Femto/elem vanderwaalsrad nd

 * Van der Waals radius || no data
 * Van der Waals radius || no data

title: User:Femto/elem vanderwaalsrad nd


text:
Pass the parcel

Pass the parcel also known as “pass the present” in Canada, is a classic British party game in which a parcel is passed from one person to another.

In preparation for the game, a prize (or "gift") is wrapped in a large number of layers of wrapping paper or reusable fabric bags of different sizes. Usually, each layer is of a different design so they can be easily distinguished. Smaller prizes or mottos may be placed between some or all other layers of wrapping.

During the game, music is played as the parcel is passed around. Whoever is holding the parcel when the music is stopped removes one layer of wrapping and claims any prize found under that layer. The music is then restarted and the game continues until every layer is removed and the main prize claimed.

The stopping and starting of the music is usually done by an adult who is not taking part in the game. While they should not observe the game in order for it to be fair, in practice they often do to ensure that every participant has a turn, that prizes are well distributed and perhaps that the child whose party it is claims the main prize (or to ensure that a guest claims the prize). A fairer alternative is to prepare recordings of short snatches of music.

Variations on the game include allowing participants to remove as many layers of paper as possible (rather than just one) before the music restarts, and including challenges or forfeits on slips of paper in place of mottos.

In popular culture
Pass the parcel was featured in series 3, episode 14 of the Australian animated children's series, Bluey.

title: Pass the parcel


text:
User:Femto/elem vanderwaalsrad pm

 * Van der Waals radius || pm
 * Van der Waals radius || pm

title: User:Femto/elem vanderwaalsrad pm


text: User talk:82.44.203.19

title: User talk:82.44.203.19


text: User talk:195.93.21.35

title: User talk:195.93.21.35


text:
Ignatyev

Ignatyev, Ignatiev, or Ignatieff (Игнатьев; masculine) or Ignatyeva (Игнатьева; feminine) is a Russian surname derived from the name Ignatius, in Russian, Ignatiy/Ignaty. In the Imperial Russia the Ignatievs noble family was established sometimes in the 17th century as a cadet branch of the Pleshchevs family from Chernihiv (Czernihów). Along with Pleshchevs, the Ignatievs family takes its roots from a Muscovite boyar Theodore Biakont who emigrated from Chernihiv to Moscow sometime in the 14th century, see Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev.

Ihnatyev and Ihnatiev is a transliteration of the name from Belarusian and Ukrainian languages. For more information, see Ge (Cyrillic).

Notable people with the surname include:

 * Aleksandr Ignatyev (born 1971), Russian football player
 * Alexsandr Ignatyev (1912–1998), Russian sculptor
 * Alexandra Nikolaevna Ignatieff (born 1939), Franco-Russian countess and Princess of San Stefano
 * Alexey Ignatyev (1877–1954), Russian count, statesman, and writer
 * Andrey Alexandrovich Ignatiev (1900–1973), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
 * Andrey Nikolayevich Ignatyev (1921–2012), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
 * Ardalion Ignatyev (1930–1998), Soviet athlete
 * Boris Ignatyev, Russian football manager
 * Gavriil Ignatyev (1768–1852), Russian infantry general
 * George Ignatieff (1913–1989), Canadian diplomat and recipient Pearson Medal of Peace (son of Pavel Ignatyev)
 * Grigory Ignatyev (1846–1898), Russian military communications engineer and inventor
 * Michael Ignatieff (born 1947), Canadian politician, academic and broadcaster (son of George Ignatieff)
 * Mikhail Ignatyev (disambiguation), several people
 * Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev (1832–1908), Russian statesman and diplomat
 * Nikolay Ignatyev (pilot) (1917–1994), Soviet aircraft pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union
 * Noel Ignatiev, history professor at the Massachusetts College of Art
 * Pavel Ignatieff (1870–1945), Russian count and minister of education (son of Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev)
 * Pavel Ignatyev (1973), Russian sculptor
 * Semyon Ignatyev (1904–1983), head of the Soviet secret police
 * Sergey Ignatyev (disambiguation), several people
 * Countess Sophia Ignatieva, Russian countess
 * Varnava Ignatyev (1867–1927), Russian/Soviet scientist in the field of children's and teenage hygiene
 * Vladislav Ignatyev (born 1987), Russian football player currently playing for Lokomotiv
 * Vladyslav Ihnatyev (born 1997), Ukrainian football player

title: Ignatyev


text:
User:Femto/elem molarvol cm3pmol

 * Molar volume || cm³/mol

title: User:Femto/elem molarvol cm3pmol


text:
User:Femto/elem heatvaporiz kjpmol

 * Heat of vaporization || kJ/mol
 * Heat of vaporization || kJ/mol

title: User:Femto/elem heatvaporiz kjpmol


text:
Serres (disambiguation)

Serres (Σέρρες) is a city in Greece, seat of the Serres regional unit.

Serres may also refer to:

Places
In Germany:
 * Serres, Germany, a part of Wiernsheim in Baden-Württemberg

In Greece:
 * Serres, a city in Central Macedonia
 * Serres Province
 * Serres Prefecture
 * Serres (regional unit)
 * Serres railway station
 * Principality of Serres, a principality existing from 1355 until 1371 with the capital being Serres

In France:

 * Serres, Aude in the Aude département
 * Serres, Hautes-Alpes in the Hautes-Alpes département
 * Serres, Meurthe-et-Moselle in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département
 * Serres-Castet, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département
 * Serres-Morlaàs
 * Serres-Sainte-Marie
 * Serres-et-Montguyard
 * Serres-Gaston

People

 * Dominic Serres (1710–1793), born French, marine painter in England
 * John Thomas Serres (1759–1825), marine painter and son of the above
 * Étienne Renaud Augustin Serres (1786–1868), French embryologist
 * Günther Serres (1910–1981), German politician
 * Michel Serres (1930–2019), French philosopher
 * Olivia Serres (1772–1834), English painter, writer, and impostor who claimed the title Princess Olive of Cumberland.
 * Olivier de Serres (1539–1619), French agricultural writer

title: Serres (disambiguation)


text:
User:Femto/elem heatfusion kjpmol

 * Heat of fusion || kJ/mol
 * Heat of fusion || kJ/mol

title: User:Femto/elem heatfusion kjpmol


text:
File talk:Distribution of the cholera.PNG

This map is ridiculously anachronical. Brazil hasn't had a single cholera case for a while. I've removed it from the main article, with a link to a proper distribution map. I'm not able to create one of these maps myself, so I'll wait for someone to do so.Missionary (talk) 17:32, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

What is the posibility that Cholera will come back as a threat to the United States of America, now that it is spreading around the world from the Tsunamis?

The map looks like Bangladesh is not included. This is incorrect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.66.46.140 (talk) 03:29, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Cholera
I have no research or medical basis to dispute the veracity of this distribution, except that I caught cholera in Morocco. Could we have some information about how the information for this image was gathered, and when. Thanks.

 * I strongly agree. Ever heard of the Love in the Time of Cholera? Colombia seems to be carefully left out of the red coloring, whatever it may mean, taking into account there is a yellow one as well.--afa86 (talk) 13:31, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Person who made that map has a very peculiar knowledge of cholera distribution. Cholera in China! The whole nonsense of Russia! Wow! If interested in real data you should check CDC site http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/yellowBookCh4-Cholera.aspx for general info. The map is on the WHO site http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary/app/searchResults.aspx, a very different one from Wiki's map. Or do your own GOOGLE search... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.242.206.221 (talk) 02:10, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

I question the inclusion of Japan in as a heavily affected region. Japan is hyper clean. I think there are serious questions raised concerning accuracy of this map.AlphAlphA (talk) 20:01, 3 December 2008 (UTC)


text:
Bernardino de Mendoza

Bernardino de Mendoza (c. 1540 – 3 August 1604) was a Spanish military commander, diplomat, and writer on military history and politics.

Biography
Bernardino de Mendoza was born in Guadalajara, Spain around 1540, to Don Alonso Suarez de Mendoza, third Count of Coruña and Viscount of Torija, and Doña Juana Jimenez de Cisneros. In 1560, he joined the army of Philip II and for more than 15 years fought, he in the Low Countries under the command of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba. During that period, he participated in the Spanish military actions at (among others) Haarlem, Mookerheyde, and Gembloux. In 1576, he was appointed a member of the military Order of St. James (Orden militar de Santiago) in recognition of those military achievements.

In 1578, Philip II sent Mendoza as his ambassador to London. There, he acted not only as diplomat but also as a spy, using a variety of secret codes in the reports that he returned to Spain. He was expelled from England in 1584, after his involvement in Francis Throckmorton's plot against Elizabeth I was revealed. Crucial to that plot was his correspondence with Philip II, using a code known only to himself and the king that they had learnt years earlier. "He had been unceremoniously set aboard a ship and returned to the custody of his master because his plots 'disturbed the realm of England'. 'Tell your mistress,'he said at the last, to the councillors who saw him aboard, 'that Bernardino de Mendoza was born not to disturb kingdoms but to conquer them.' "

For the next six years, Bernardino de Mendoza served as Spanish ambassador to the King of France. As the effective agent of Philip's interventionist foreign policy, Mendoza acted in concert with the Catholic League for which he acted as paymaster by funnelling Habsburg funds to the Guise faction; he encouraged it to try, by popular riots, assassinations, and military campaigns, to undercut any moderate Catholic party that offered a policy of rapprochement with the Huguenots. Mendoza and his master considered them as nothing more than heretics who needed to be crushed and rooted out like an infection. His role in backing the extremist Catholic House of Guise became so public that King Henry III demanded his recall.

In 1591, with the Catholic League in disarray after the assassination of Henry I, Duke of Guise, he resigned due to ill health. His eyesight had been deteriorating for years, and by the time of his return to Spain, he had become completely blind. His last years were spent in his house in Madrid.

Many of his dispatches to Madrid were first deciphered only in the Simancas archives by De Lamar Jensen; they revealed, for the first time, Mendoza's role in organising and co-ordinating the Paris riots led by the Duke of Guise, known as the Day of the Barricades (12 May 1588), which had been presented as a spontaneous rising of the people and timed to coincide with the sailing of the Spanish Armada. Among Mendoza's public writings is a famous account of the war in the Low Countries that is entitled Comentario de lo sucecido en los Paises Bajos desde el año 1567 hasta el de 1577. Bernardino also published a book on the art of warfare, under the title Theórica y práctica de la guerra and a Spanish translation of the Politicorum sive civilis doctrinae libri sex of the Flemish philosopher Justus Lipsius.

title: Bernardino de Mendoza


text:
Talk:North Frisian language

Untitled
What does the sample text mean? -- Smerdis of Tlön 14:41, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Caution: I noticed this long before but in my stupidity I remained silent: the samples have been copied from the Nordfriisk Instituut hompepage, and were originally published in a book, where the same children's story is told several times: first in (the original?) German and then in all of the dialects. I am not convinced the NI gave us its permission to use these samples. Caesarion 11:53, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

It was Node ue who added them; let's ask him. Caesarion 11:55, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

--

If you're interested in, who wrote this story, here is the link to Hans Christian Andersen, who was a danish writer in the 19th century. But I think you're right, that he wrote in german. Sorry about my mistakes, because, I am german *g*. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen

mit freundlichen Grüßen Bever78

Just for the record, the samples are from the children's story "Der kleine Häwelmann" by Theodor Storm (I am sure about it, as I have read it to my son countless times and it lies right here before me). The original is in German. Theodor Storm was from Husum, a small town on the North Sea coast where Frisian was given up centuries ago. Storm spoke High German, Danish (as an official in formerly Danish Husum he would have to), Low German (probably his mother tongue) and he must have been familiar with Frisian, too, as he was a judge and had to deal a lot with Frisian speaking folk. But his writing was exclusively in High German. Unoffensive text or character 07:19, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

---

I see that the category "Languages of Denmark" contains the North Frisian article. Is this accurate? Is North Frisian spoken at all in Denmark nowadays? The areas this article mentions are all on the German side of the border (though they have been Danish earlier). Should North Frisian maybe be removed from the category "Langages of Denmark"?
 * There isn't anybody left in today's Denmark speaking North Frisian. Frisia (talk) 22:10, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It is not spoken north of the border today, and since the only Frisian place names here are a couple of farm names (Poppenbøl and the like) it was probably limited to these, i.e. there was no broader Frisian-speaking community. It would have been interesting if there had been one - or indeed if there still was one, but no empirical data support this.

 * The book "Friserne – vore glemte forfædre" by Benny Siewertsen cited in the article is completely dilettantish and unscientific. He copied part of the book from the internet and has no knowledge whatsoever about historical, linguistic or archaeological method. It's really sad to see a reference to it here.

 * But since, deplorably, he published this book, it can unfortunately be used as a source, so I'll have to look for a scientific source denouncing him. --Thathánka Íyotake (talk) 14:21, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Look her: Otto S. Knottnerus: De vergeten Friezen - Mislukt pamflet van Benny Siewertsen over een boeiend thema, in: De Vrije Fries 88, Fryske Adademy Leeuwarden 2008, ISBN 978-90-6171-0165. Greetings, --91.32.170.65 (talk) 11:45, 20 May 2016 (UTC)

While Knottnerus's harsh criticism of Siewertsen's book is well justified, it is perhaps worth noting that his own review article is not free of errors. Despite discussing the question at length, it does not give a clear picture of where and when North Frisian was spoken in Southern Jutland. It tacitly assumes that bonfire customs and building style are as valid markers of 'North Frisianhood' as speaking a North Frisian dialect. And when Knottnerus writes (p. 226) that the Dutch (at Store Magleby) on the island of Amager, Copenhagen, were forced to give up their Dutch in favour of Low German due to pressure from Danish authorities, this does not seem to be correct. Their priests were to be German instead of Dutch. These priests from the north of Germany preached in Low German as late as 1813, but their Dutch parishioners were allowed to speak their own language. According to an official Danish website, classes at the school at Store Magleby were in Dutch as late as 1811. In fact Danish only became mandatory throughout the country in 1814 (Velkommen her? Wij spreken Nederlands).

It would be very nice if someone well qualified for the task would write a history of Danish/Frisian (and for that matter Danish/Dutch) relations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Henryfunk (talk • contribs) 18:10, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070304050019/http://friiske.de/my.php?page=2&language=ie to http://friiske.de/my.php?page=2&language=ie
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English, Frisian and Germanic links
There is a discussion about whether there is a linkage between Germanic, Frisian and English peoples and languages at Talk:English people. It would be helpful if editors could hold fire on making edits related to this topic until a consensus has been reached. Thanks. Bermicourt (talk) 13:32, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:North Frisian language


text: User talk:209.158.99.14

title: User talk:209.158.99.14