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Dreyse needle gun

The Dreyse needle-gun was a 19th-century military breech-loading rifle, as well as the first breech-loading rifle to use a bolt action to open and close the chamber. It was used as the main infantry weapon of the Prussians in the Wars of German Unification. It was invented in 1836 by the German gunsmith Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse (1787–1867), who had been conducting numerous design experiments since 1824.

The name "ignition needle rifle" (Zündnadelgewehr) was based on its firing pin, since it passed like a needle through the paper cartridge to strike a percussion cap at the base of the bullet. However, to conceal the revolutionary nature of the design, the rifle entered military service in 1841 as the leichtes Perkussionsgewehr Modell 1841. It had a rate of fire of about six rounds per minute.

History
The first types of needle gun made by Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse were muzzle-loading, with a firing pin consisting of a long needle driven by a coiled conchoidal spring that fired the internal percussion cap on the base of the sabot. His adoption of the bolt-action breech-loading principle combined with this igniter system gave the rifle its military potential, as these factors allowed a much faster rate of fire.

After successful testing in 1840, the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV ordered 60,000 of the new rifles. Dreyse set up the Dreyse-Zündnadel factory in Sömmerda with the help of state loans to ramp up production. It was accepted for service in 1841 as the leichtes Perkussionsgewehr Model 1841, but only 45,000 units had been produced by 1848. It was used in combat for the first time during the German revolutions of 1848–49 and proved its combat superiority in street fighting during the May Uprising in Dresden in 1849. Many German states subsequently adopted the weapon. The Sömmerda factory could not meet demand and produced only 30,000 rifles a year. Most of the Prussian infantry in the 1850s were still equipped with the obsolete 1839 Model Potsdam musket, a smoothbore weapon whose range and accuracy was far inferior to the French Minié and Austrian Lorenz rifle. The Prussian Army's low level of funding resulted in just 90 battalions being equipped with the weapon in 1855. Dreyse consented to state manufacture of the rifle to increase production. The Royal Prussian Rifle Factory at the Spandau Arsenal began production in 1853, followed by Danzig, Saarn and Erfurt. At first, the Spandau factory produced 12,000 Dreyse needle guns a year, rising to 48,000 in 1867.

The British Army evaluated the Dreyse needle gun in 1849–1851. In the British trials, the Dreyse was shown to be capable of six rounds per minute, and to maintain accuracy at 800 - 1200 yd. The trials suggested that the Dreyse was "too complicated and delicate" for service use. The French carabine à tige muzzle-loading rifle was judged to be a better weapon, and an improved version was adopted as the Pattern 1851 Minié-type muzzle-loading rifle.

After the Prussian army received a 25% increase in funding and was reformed by Wilhelm I, Albrecht von Roon and Helmuth von Moltke the Elder from 1859 to 1863, the Dreyse needle gun played an important role in the Austro-Prussian victory in the Second Schleswig War against Denmark in 1864. The introduction of cast steel barrels made industrial mass production of the weapon possible in the early 1860s. The new 1862 model and the enhanced M/55 ammunition type expedited the use and widespread adoption of the weapon in the 1860s. The success of German private industry in delivering the necessary amount of armaments for the army marked the definite end of government-owned army workshops. The Prussian Army infantry had 270,000 Dreyse needle guns by the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. The employment of the needle-gun changed military tactics in the 19th century, as a Prussian soldier could fire five (or more) shots, even while lying on the ground, in the time that it took his Austrian muzzle-loading counterpart to reload while standing. Production was ramped up after the war against Austria and when the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870, the Prussian Army had 1,150,000 needle guns in its inventory.

In 1867, Romania purchased 20,000 rifles and 11,000 carbines from the Prussian government. These were used to great effect in the Romanian War of Independence.

Sometime in the late 1860s, Japan acquired an unknown number of Model 1862 rifles and bayonets. These were marked with the imperial chrysanthemum stamp. China also acquired Dreyse rifles for the modernisation of their armed forces.

Ammunition and mechanism
The cartridge used with this rifle consisted of the paper case, the bullet, the percussion cap and the black powder charge. The 15.4 mm (0.61 in) bullet was shaped like an acorn, with the broader end forming a point and the primer attached to its base. The bullet was held in a paper case known as a sabot, which separated from the bullet as it exited the muzzle. Between this inner lining and the outer case was the powder charge, consisting of 4.8 g (74 grains) of black powder.

The upper end of the paper case is rolled up and tied. Upon release of the trigger, the point of the needle pierces the rear of the cartridge, passes through the powder and hits the primer fixed to the base of the sabot. Thus the burn-front in the black powder charge passes from the front to the rear. This front-to-rear burn pattern minimizes the effect seen in rear-igniting cartridges where a portion of the powder at the front of the charge is wasted, as it is forced down and out of the barrel and burns in the air as muzzle flash. It also ensures that the whole charge burns under the highest possible pressure, theoretically minimising unburnt residues. Consequently, a smaller charge can be used to obtain the same velocity as a rear-ignited charge of the same bullet calibre and weight. It also increases the handling security of the cartridge, since it is virtually impossible to set the primer off accidentally.

There was also a blank cartridge developed for the needle gun. It was shorter and lighter than the live round, since it lacked the projectile, but was otherwise similar in construction and powder load.

Limitations
British trials in 1849–1851 showed that:
 * The spring that drove the needle was delicate.
 * When the needle was dirty, the rifle tended to misfire. Colonel Hawker considered that a new needle was required every 12 shots.
 * When the gun was heated and foul, operating the bolt required much strength.
 * The barrel tended to wear at the junction with the cylinder.
 * The escape of gas at the breech got worse as firing continued.

Its effective range was less than that of the Chassepot, against which it was fielded during the Franco-Prussian War. This was mainly because a sizable amount of gas escaped at the breech when the rifle was fired with a paper cartridge. An improved model, giving greater muzzle velocity and increased speed in loading, was introduced later, but it was replaced shortly thereafter by the Mauser Model 1871 rifle.

The placement of the primer directly behind the bullet meant the firing needle was enclosed in black powder when the gun was fired, causing stress to the pin, which could break over time and render the rifle useless until it could be replaced. Soldiers were provided with two replacement needles for that purpose. The needle could be easily replaced in under 30 seconds, even in the field. Because the rifle used black powder, residue accumulated at the back of the barrel, making cleaning necessary after about 60–80 shots. This was not a large problem because the individual soldier carried fewer cartridges than that and Dreyse created an "air chamber" by having a protruding needle tube. (The Chassepot also had this, but it was more likely to jam after fewer shots because its chamber had a smaller diameter.) A soldier trained before the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 had to finish field cleaning in less than 10 minutes.

title: Dreyse needle gun


text:
Bhavani, Tamil Nadu

Bhavani is a Municipality in Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located at the northern periphery of Erode City Municipal Corporation and is around 105 km from Coimbatore and 60 km from Tiruppur and Salem. Bhavani is also known as "Carpet City" as it is known for its carpet industry; blankets and carpets manufactured in the town are known as Bhavani Jamakkalam. As of 2011, the town covers an area of 2.17 sqkm and has a population of 39,225. It is a grade II municipality.

Bhavani is located 12 km from Erode Central and 14 km north of Erode Junction. The Mettur Dam, which creates the Stanley Reservoir, is 41 km from Bhavani. Sangameswarar Temple, one of the seven holy Shiva shrines of the Kongu Nadu, is located in Bhavani near the confluence of the rivers. The temple serves 18 villages surrounding the town. The Kooduthurai is the confluence of rivers Cauvery, Bhavani and invisible divine Amudha. And near urachikottai, Jeeva samadhi of vallalar follower "Arul annai" is present.

Geography

Bhavani is located at 11.45°N, 77.68°W. It has an average elevation of 193 metres (633 feet). It lies at the confluence of the rivers Kaveri, the largest river in Tamil Nadu and Bhavani, the second largest river in Tamil Nadu, with the invisible mystic Sarasvati River. Hence this place is known as the Triveni Sangam of South. The Sangameswarar Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, built at the confluence of these rivers, is a sacred place for Hindus. The temple is located on the northern bank where the rivers meet. The five hill temples of this area such as Sankari, Tiruchengode, Padmagiri, Mangalagiri and Vedagiri are surrounding this Temple.

Demographics
According to 2011 census, Bhavani had a population of 39,225 with a sex-ratio of 1,005 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 3,519 were under the age of six, constituting 1,830 males and 1,689 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 8.29% and 0.1% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 77.12%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 11,147 households. There were a total of 17,664 workers, comprising 65 cultivators, 61 main agricultural labourers, 1,114 in house hold industries, 15,575 other workers, 849 marginal workers, 8 marginal cultivators, 45 marginal agricultural labourers, 146 marginal workers in household industries and 650 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Bhavani had 93.33% Hindus, 4.24% Muslims, 2.35% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.05% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.

Culture
Sri Sellandiamman temple is the main temple for more 18 villages surrounding Bhavani town. The mega-festival of Bhavani is celebrated during February and March (Masi in Tamil month). Festival celebrated for more than 45 days, more than 100 years every community in southern India have celebrated as per the custom in Sri Sellandiamman temple during festival. Nearly 39 communities participate in this grand festival.

Kasi Vishalakshi Udanamar Kasi Viswanathar temple is located nearby Kududurai. This temple fondly called Chinnakoil. Bairavasthami valipadu is famous in this temple. Navagrahas in this temple are with devi's, i.e. all navagrahas are with their wives in separate madapam. Treated only few temples navagrahas with wive's. Bramothsavam is celebrated in panguni month. On a day of panguni uthiram lord Thiruananikka is held then temple car festival will be started. During karthikai month 1008 sangabishekam is held in temple in grand manner.

The holy waters of Bhavani are known as Kaveri theertham, Bhavani and Amirtha River, Surya theertham and Gayatri theertham. People perform last rites here.

The temple is situated at the confluence spot of the Kaveri and Bhavani rivers, known as Kooduthurai. Of the seven holy Shiva centers of the Kongu Region, Bhavani is one. The scriptural name is Thirunana. The 13-day car festival in the Tamil Month Chithirai (April–May) is the most famous in the temple attracting lakhs of devotees.

Also on Adiperukku day, Ammavasyas, especially Thai Ammavasya, eclipse days are devotionally followed in the Bhavani temple by taking bath in the rivers and performing rites. Many devotees from other states also come during November and December months corresponding to Tamil Karthikai and Margazhi.

During the Sabari mala season, many devotees come and do pujas in this temple, on their way to Kerala. Special pujas are performed to the Lord and Goddess on English and Tamil New Year days, Pongal and Deepavali days. The annual Bhrammotsavam here is celebrated in the month of Aadi (Cancer).

Politics
Bhavani is part of the Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency in Tamil Nadu. Earlier, before the rearrangement of constituencies in 2008, it was part of the Gobichettipalayam constituency.

Bhavani Jamakkalam
Bhavani Jamakkalam refers to blankets and carpets manufactured in Bhavani. It has been recognized as a Geographical indication by the Government of India in 2005–06. In the late nineteenth century, competition from British made textiles led Indian weavers to invent new types of garments. In Bhavani, a community of weavers called Jangamars weaved a type of blanket using colored coarse threads called Jamakkalam. The popularity of the product led to the production of jamakkalams by other weavers replacing the production of traditional sarees and other cloths.

Transport
Bhavani is connected with local buses to almost all parts of the district of Erode. The Bhavani bus station is located on the banks of Kaveri river at the northern end of the town. City buses connect major areas like Erode Junction, Thindal, Central BS, Surampatti, Anthiyur, Komarapalayam, Gopichettipalayam, Mettur etc.,. The town depends on two major National highways, NH-544 connecting Salem-Cochin and NH-544H connecting Thoppur-Erode. Erode is the major transportation hub for Bhavani.

Neighborhoods

 * Komarapalayam (2 km)
 * Pallipalayam (13 km)
 * Erode (14 km)
 * Lakshmi Nagar (2 km)
 * Ooratchikottai (2 km)
 * Anthiyur (18 km)
 * Paruvatchi (11 km)
 * Chithode (6 km)
 * Nasiyanur (15 km)
 * Texvalley (11 km)
 * Attayampalayam (12 km)
 * Kavindapadi (16 km)
 * Sankagiri (22 km)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bhavani, Tamil Nadu


text:
Ibn Abi Ishaq

ʿAbd-Allāh ibn Abī Isḥāq al-Ḥaḍramī (Arabic, عَبْدُ اللّهِ بْنُ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ الْحَضْرَمِيُّ), (died AD 735 / AH 117) was an Arab from Yemen and is considered the first grammarian of the Arabic language. He compiled a prescriptive grammar by referring to the usage of the Bedouins, whose language was seen as especially pure (see also iʿrāb, aʿrāb). He is also considered the first person to use linguistic analogy in Arabic.

Two students of Ibn Abi Ishaq's were Harun ibn Musa and Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala'. His student al-Thaqafi seems to have had more prescriptive views while al-'Ala's were more descriptive. Their differences have been suggested to lie at the core of the late division of Arabic grammar into the schools of Kufa and Basra. Ibn Abi Ishaq was said to be more proficient with the rules of grammar than the analysis of common speech.

Abi Ishaq's work was considered influential upon later grammarians, as he was quoted as an authority by Sibawayh in his seminal work on Arabic grammar seven times.

title: Ibn Abi Ishaq


text:
User talk:Sam Vimes/Archive1

Welcome!
Hi there, and welcome to Wikipedia! And thanks for your contributions so far. I'll just go ahead and ask: based on those contribs, might you by any chance happen to be a Nordic citizen? If so, consider signing up on the pertinent list of Wikipedians: Danes, Finns, Norwegians, Swedes, or others(?). --Wernher 20:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Cricket
Hi

I've seen your very useful contributions to some of WP's cricket articles, just wondered whether you'd be interested in signing up on WikiProject Cricket. It's the place where WPians who edit Cricket sometimes highlight their work or seek advice on how to develop WP's cricket-related pages. You'd be more than welcome. Kind regards, jguk 07:20, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome - yeah, I have done now. I'll try to write as often as I can. Sam Vimes 08:58, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Hey Sam, Would you by any chance belong to Cricketweb.net? If you are, I'm Blackcap_fan from there. Mysticflame 06:46, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Transclusion
Hi again Sam

I thought I better let you know that the reason why all the English cricket season matches are on pages beginning Wikipedia:WikiProject Cricket/ is because the text for each match appears in a number of different articles - eg the main English season article, the articles for each of the counties, and the competition article. Where a match write-up will only appear on one page, it's best to keep the text of that match on that page rather than use Wikipedia:WikiProject Cricket/. For instance, and tell me if I'm wrong, I imagine your write-up of the Antigua & Barbuda Presidents XI v Pakistan game, will only appear on the Pakistanis in West Indies in 2005 page. Kind regards, and keep up the good work! jguk 15:04, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * D'oh. Makes perfect sense of course, just thought I was supposed to archive all the write-ups in one "folder", I suppoe - but there's probably not gonna be any other linkage of those matches, so this makes more sense. I've written a WI v Pak 1st ODI report now, and followed your advice - that stands on the main tour page without using Wikipedia:WikiProject Cricket/ Sam Vimes 15:29, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

Apparently there is a way of transcluding articles in the main namespace - which I hadn't realised. I've been advised that this is preferable as it makes it easier for mirror sites to pick up what we've written. Therefore I've started moving all the Wikipedia:WikiProject Cricket pages to 2005 English cricket season/ pages. These can be transcluded by using. Kind regards, jguk 21:01, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Welcome back
Good to see you back after your 4 days away. I'm afraid my write up of the Second Bangladesh Test might not be as good as what you would have written - but I didn't know when you were returning.

Incidentally, I don't know if you've seen WikiProject Cricket/Collaboration of the fortnight. The first one was the Ashes, which is now on Peer review before going to Featured article candidates. Also, Sydney Riot of 1879 is current on the featured article candidates page. If you would like to lend your support or offer constructive comments, that would be welcome. The page for this is Featured article candidates/Sydney Riot of 1879. The vote's on a real knife-edge at the moment - it has 75% support, but needs 80% to be certain. Keep up the good work. Kind regards, jguk 18:23, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Cheers for the welcome-back. I might be missing for a few weekend days - usually go to some places without internet connection (yeah, they still exist *sigh*). I'm sure the report is more than good enough, I might beef it up with a bit of stuff on the first two innings if I can get hold of reports. And I'll update the averages. :)

 * As for the CotF, I've seen it - but not voted yet, I think. Think the WI page needs some major cutdown and reorganisation before it makes an FA - the Sydney Riot one is really good, though, I'll get a vote up there ASAP. Sam Vimes 19:18, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I should have said the current COTF is Laws of cricket. If you have any ideas of how to improve that page, they will be appreciated. Also, feel free to nominate your own suggestions for the COTF, jguk 19:34, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

That's ok - have a good time. I won't be doing much editing on Monday though, so I'll have to leave the England v Australia Twenty20 to you! :) jguk 22:23, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Sam, don't forget and . I hadn't even noticed the second one of these yesterday! :)

 * Onto it. Along with the Sunday League matches. Sam Vimes 20:10, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Norwegian
Do you know the new Norwegian? . I have just added a number of interwiki links and if you know nn, it would be nice to add one more to the list. Regards,  =Nichalp   «Talk»=  12:45, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Aye, I'll try and get one up soonish. Just need to catch up with three days offline Sam Vimes 18:13, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well done with the . Thanks =Nichalp   «Talk»=  18:02, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

Shastri
Thanks for the suggestions. I have extended the surnames. Don't know what to do with the county matches. The most that I can do is lookup the scorecards and mention the major innings. Tintin 16:39, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hello
I'll be back helping out on 2005 English cricket season soon. Nice to see Surrey well on the way to the Twenty20 quarter-finals! And I've just started 2005 and 2005/6 Sri Lankan cricket season too:) jguk 28 June 2005 21:03 (UTC)

 * Don't worry - I shan't be going moving any pages back. My only concern about the moves was whether some fool would add them all to VfD. We'll have to fight that battle later, jguk 28 June 2005 21:11 (UTC)

England v Australia 23 June 2005
Have you got a write-up of this match, or are we still wanting one? Kind regards, jguk 2 July 2005 13:33 (UTC)

 * Feel free to do it yourself. I've been WP'ing all day and need a break from it! Shame we couldn't quite make it (but at least the Aussie's can't gloat either)! jguk 2 July 2005 18:10 (UTC)

2005 English cricket season
Could you add all your match reports that you've held in reserve, as it were, now? I'd like to get the season fully up to date this weekend, but don't want to duplicate your work. Thanks, jguk 8 July 2005 18:39 (UTC)

 * Sam, I can help - but that would mean that I rather than you would be credited for the addition in the history. If you don't mind that, I'll help move them all - if you do, and I'll understand if you do, I'll let you move them yourself, jguk 8 July 2005 19:40 (UTC)

Good work on Irish cricket team. You should nominate it for Did you know, jguk 18:25, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

"Super Sub"
I was watching the one day matches between England and Australia, the ones where they had Power Plays, and they also had another strange thing I have never heard of. They were using "Super Subs". What is a super sub? Wikipedia doesn't appear to have an article about it. By the way, can't wait till the ashes. Borb 15:33, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reply. So its just like a sub thats allowed to happen for no reason  but is irreversible. Now I know what it is, i don't like it either. I suppose they had to call it super sub to distinguish between a normal sub. I hope it doesn't happen in test cricket. Was the recent england v. australia series (Natwest series i think) the first to use this rule? Borb 16:02, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Argh, I knew I was getting confused somewhere along the way. You see, I would have been keeping up with all the one day cricket but since its now only on sky sports I can't and I can only watch the highlights on channel 4 at about midnight. I must have watched only a couple of the natwest series matches, but only the england v. australia ones. I saw the final when they had a tie and I remember them saying that they would share the title. But then I must have forgot about that and was watching the natwest challenge highlights thinking that it was the same series. I know that the ashes is going to be an channel 4, are all test mathces still on channel 4? My mum said after last years england v. west indies npower test series that all matches were going to sky but she might have meant just the ODIs. Borb 16:20, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Out of interest
Could you clarify why you think that anyone would be specifically interested in Matthew 1:9 on its own? (rather than the Genealogy of Jesus as a whole)     17:07, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * This, I feel, is not a matter to be taken up on Votes for deletion - rather, consensus should be achieved with the editors in question. Apparently, they feel that this is the most reasonable division method - it's what the book itself uses, after all. Go to the relevant talk pages of the main editors, instead of involving a myriad of users with no particular interest in the topic Sam Vimes 17:13, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

MSN
My email (and MSN id) is thagudearbh@yahoo.co.uk - feel free to page me if you see me there. I probably log into IRC more often though, jguk 09:34, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Cricket
Thank you for your kind welcome. I imagine my contributions will at first be limited to cleaning up typos, but part of the reason I joined was to help me learn and therefore eventually be able to contribute more - the Cricket portal seems to have more information on cricket than any single book I've found. I really got into the sport late last year and am still picking up its many, many peculiarities!

I also joined to help me get stuck into something - to a recent newcomer like myself, the English WP seems very well developed and therefore hard to contribute to - is there a page that offers good guidance to newcomers on how to get involved? I've grasped the basics (such as how to edit, NPOV etc.) but would definitely like to able to get stuck in more. Thanks! -- High (Hopes) 11:26, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Surrey v Warwickshire 18 July 2005
Haakon, I've just come back from this match - and what a strange match it was. Surrey first threw it away losing loads of wickets early on, and whilst Rampers helped a bit, Surrey were well behind a par score. A wicket first ball for Surrey, and with Surrey having a chance because of how overcast it was, the umpires started to have a mare. They should have come off after two and a bit overs because of rain - but stayed on, let Warwickshire lose a wicket - waited till 4.4 overs had passed, realised that it took 5 overs to make a match and they were being incredibly unfair to Warwickshire, and went off. Duckworth/Lewis, as you know, always favours the side in the lead when there is a break for rain - so Surrey benefited there. But Warwickshire hit back, eliminating almost all of the deficit quickly - but losing wickets in the process. Finally it got to the stage where the Bears needed three to win off the last ball. With Warwickshire eight wickets down, and Surrey having lost eight wickets in reaching their total, there was a long delay as the umpires were consulted and dithered over what would happen if Warwickshire scored two runs.

Ultimately, play recommenced. Warwickshire ran one run, at which point, surprisingly, one of their players looked as if he was celebrating, they then took the second, and stopped, knowing that to go for a third would have been suicidal (to say the least). Surrey celebrated. The tannoy announced the Surrey win. Tickets went on sale to Surrey members for the Semi-Finals/Final day and (with my folks already having their tickets from way ago - as they were optimistic) I queued for mine (as I was pessimistic at Surrey's chances of winning). As I was going downstairs from the pavilion to the ticket office, my folks were leaving the top bit of the pavilion, only to see the scorer, Mrs Booth, come out of her booth, announce to all "why have they announced a Surrey win, we're not ready yet!" and rush into the Ladies.

Having acquired my ticket (and three more in the expectation of selling them to mates) I returned to the pavilion for a slash - and there I heard over the tannoy that there was to be a bowl-off. Finishing my business, I rushed, with my folks to the bottom bit of the pavilion seating to see Warwickshire practising, and Surrey arguing with the none-too-popular umpires. Umpire Constant returned to the pavilion to consult Lord-knows-what, and returned. Mrs Booth at some stage joined them on the pitch. Finally it was later announced that the captains had agreed to a bowl-off (ie the umpires - who were now being booed whenever they came close to the crowd - had no idea whatsoever what to do when scores and wickets were tied on the Duckworth/Lewis).

I've never seen a bowl-off before (other than highlights on telly once), so this was my first (and I'll have to see how the piccis came out), but apparently five bowlers are selected from each side and they each bowl two balls overarm at unguarded stumps - with bowlers from each team alternating after each bowler had bowled his two balls. After all five bowlers from each side had bowled their two balls, it was two-all. Then came sudden death. One bowler (of the five originally selected) from one side bowled - and then another bowler from the other side. If the scores were uneven after that, we had a winner - a sort of cricketing penalty shoot-out. After the stumps had been hit only four times in twenty attempts first off, Warwickshire hit the stumps first off in the sudden death round. Azhar Mahmood thankfully equalised for Surrey. Warwickshire then missed, before Tim Murtagh hit, ran celebrating to the side of the pitch, took his shirt off, and was followed by celebrating team-mates.

An extraordinary match, with Surrey winning twice, two unpopular umpires, and many people missing the "match" for real, as they'd left after Surrey had first been announced as winners. Thankfully, after wondering whether my tickets were not so good a purchase after all, we won.

In short - you'd better write up the match (as I'd be a primary source), and I'll try to add some piccis. But one result I didn't expect was for Surrey to win 4-3! jguk 22:24, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

2005 Ashes
Are the 2005 Ashes being covered in Wikipedia anywhere? Commander Keane 09:03, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Australian cricketers
Haakon

Please keep Category:Australian cricketers as complete as possible - these categories by nationality make it very easy to see if we have an article on any given cricketer, as long as they are complete. They pretty much were before you changed them! :) All the best, jguk 11:03, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops, forgot that advantage. I removed them because they were all covered by the subcategories, but I see now that they might be useful to have. D'oh. I'll start the slow process of moving them back again tomorrow... Sam Vimes 13:50, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, oops again, didn't see that you already did it. Thanks!

 * Can either of you explain why we have Category:Australian cricketers AND Category:Australian test cricketers? (Non-test playing cricketers will be in (for example) Category:Western Australia cricketers).  Surely one will suffice, and preferably the latter -  or has this been discussed elsewhere or is there something obvious I can't see? - Ian ≡ talk 05:32, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

By having every Australian cricketer in Category:Australian cricketers we have a complete list of every Australian cricketer that we have an article on, which helps when searching for a cricketer. Also by checking it, it should help reduce the number of duplicate articles (currently we only have Andy Bichel and Andrew Bichel that need to be merged). Otherwise you'd be in the unenviable position of having to know that the cricketer you're searching for played for Western Australia, say. If you're not 100% sure, you'll end up also having to check the Queensland, South Australian, NSW, Victorian and Tasmanian cricketers too before working out that we have no article on that player.

Personally I'd get rid of the Australian bowlers, Australian batsmen, Australian all-rounders and Australian wicket-keepers categories - as I don't see a real need for them, but I know others disagree with me, jguk 06:48, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * fair enough, but why have Category:Australian test cricketers? - Ian ≡ talk 08:22, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Not all Australian cricketers are Test cricketers, and it would be useful if, some time in the future, the Test cricketers category became complete. I've already started List of English Test cricketers (though it still needs a lot of work), but as an aim, we should look to have an article on every cricketer to have played at official international level, jguk 12:16, 26 July 2005 (UTC)
 * So to recap, a Test cricketer will be in Category:Australian test cricketers AND Category:Australian cricketers, and a non-Test cricketer in Category:Australian cricketers only. Both will ALSO be in Category:Western Australia cricketers (say) ? Ian ≡ talk 14:09, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Bingo! jguk 15:53, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I am sorry that this thread is getting very fragmented, but can I ask you to look at User:Hesperian's comment on my talk page User_talk:Ianbrown. The point he makes is that Category:Australian test cricketers is a subcategory of Category:Australian cricketers and therefore an article should be in one or the other, but not both. Ian ≡ talk 01:32, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Ken Rutherford
Whee! Quick work correcting my link on the Ken Rutherford article! I went to add an extra line I'd just thought of and got an edit conflict. (A cricket fan from Norway?) Grutness...  wha?  11:07, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Hey!
Thanks for the welcome, Sam.

I wanted to write back to you and tell you how much of a fan I am of Terry Pratchett! I absolutely love the City Watch characters, I just finished The Fifth Elephant and I'm about to start that one where he goes back in time... whatever it's called. Anyway, excellent choice for the username, there. T-mccool

Andrew Symonds
Hi Sam, I'm sorry about not stating a source for the info about Andrew Symonds. The reason was that I couldn't find one on the internet. But I sure that I have heard it while watching cricket commentary given on TV by established cricket commentators. He is supposed to have an aboriginal descent. If you are still unsure, you may ask your other contacts on wikipedia cricket about it. That would help us both. Cheers

Good job!!
Ya I guess you are right. Its also true that Jason Giillespie has aboriginal descent. Good that you verified my claim. Keep contributing! Cheers!!!

Re your revert of my page move
You left a message on my talk re my moving a page. I have replied on Talk:New Zealanders in Zimbabwe in 2005. For the sake of continuity, can we discuss it there please. Cheers. Moriori 21:58, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

List of English Test cricketers
That was quick work - I mention it one night, 200 more or so added the next day. Plus Ian's just added all the Aussies in double-quick time! Must be my go to add some English Test cricketers tonight - maybe you can have a go tomorrow. Of course, there are 8 other lists of Test cricketers to come, a list of Supertest cricketers and lots of lists of ODI cricketers to go! jguk 19:41, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

List of Australian Test cricketers
Sam, re your comment on my talk page: see discussion on the English list Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cricket. Regards - Ian ≡ talk 23:25, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Listening to the Test?
Hi Haakon

Listening to the Test - quite a thriller (somewhat unfortunately as I'd rather we'd got another 150 runs, but there goes). And have you seen, just under 400 more English Test cricketers to write up now - I can see Ian beating us with his Aussie ones if I'm not careful, jguk 15:55, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No, can't say I am - dial-up and the high quality broadcasts the BBC offers means I have to stick to cricinfo. Right now there's some too loose bowling, though...bring Giles on and try to tie Clarke down, I say Sam Vimes 16:03, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Javed Miandad picture
Sorry I wasn't aware of that. I will try to find a picture without a copyright and use it. --Rehanyazdani 02:38, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Would a picture by Reuters be acceptable? --Rehanyazdani 02:44, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Full Scorecards
Hi Sam. Why don't the indivivual cricket matches covered in wikipedia have full scorecard to go with them? I admit they are of little interest to tha average person most of the time but sometimes they are very interesting. For example, the second ashes test that just finished, it is insteresting to look at australia's second innings scorecard and see jusr how many runs the tail enders managed compared to the 'better' batsmen. By the way, watching the last morning of that test match had me right on the edge of my seat. I couldn't believe it, it looked like australia were going to win again. Thrilling stuff. Borb 21:46, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * As you said, they're of little interest to the average person. Another few reasons are that: 1) they take up a lot of space, 2) they are a primary source and hence not suitable for wikipedia, and 3) they're linked to anyway (although perhaps it could have been made clearer that the little external link with a number on the end links to the scorecard - I'll consider putting "Full scorecard" on those links). Sam Vimes 06:13, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Yea maybe they should be linked to more clearly. But how about having them on wikipedia like England v Australia 21-25 July 2005/Full scorecard? Then there wouldnt be any space problems and I think its better than having them on an external site. Wikipedia is supposed to contain almanac information too so I think it would be suitable. Borb 20:04, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thing is, the match page will probably be deleted anyway and the content go onto The 2005 Ashes - there's quite a lot of people who feel that individual matches aren't encyclopedic. So a subpage of a page which is deleted could be very, very tricky (although a more important match like a national game could have more chance of survival). Plus, it'd take a fair bit of time to do for me. I suppose there's no rule against it, and I wouldn't mind if it was added, but it won't be by me Sam Vimes 20:28, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Appologies for butting in here, but have you considered putting the full scorecards on Wikisource? As a Wikimedia project, you can have a tag and semi-internal link to the content, with no queries as to its encyclopaedicness. I don't know much about Wikisource's criteria for inclusion, but I'd say a scorecard is a good fit. Thryduulf 23:16, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikisource takes "statistical data" at least - it's probably stretching it a bit, but at the same time, I doubt it's possible to have copyright on a scorecard? Then, the only issue is my own laziness Sam Vimes 06:23, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

I can see no real benefit in putting the scorecards onto Wikisource. They are already a click away (sourced from cricinfo, cricketarchive, the BBC or whatever). Why do we need to keep them on a wikipage? jguk 06:52, 13 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that its better to have things internal and wikisource is almost internal. I think that the scorecards could be neatened up if they were put into a wiki too, put into a table and have colour added. Would look much nicer. Also I think something like a scorecard is exempt from copyright as it is information that could simply have been written down by someone observing the game, not just the official scorers. I would be happy to make scorecards for wikisource. Borb 11:38, 13 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Go ahead! It could be useful, I agree Sam Vimes 11:41, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

A Canadian cricket fan?
Seems like you may have a Canadian rival:) (see England v Australia 11-15 August 2005). The dangers of keeping your cricket reports hidden to the end of the match! jguk 06:18, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

List of Indian Test cricketers
Thanks for filling up the stats. I had no idea how to do it. Tintin 15:15, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

List of Australian Test cricketers
Sam, Thanks for converting overs to balls. That must have taken ages! -- Ian ≡ talk 00:59, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Cricket Bio-stubs
Hello, Sam. I wasn't aware of this stub category so thanks for pointing it out as I will be adding quite a lot of cricketers in the 17th and 18th centuries. All the best. --Jack 18:39, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

cricketbio-stub
For updating all the bio articles, you get a cookie -- Ian ≡ talk 01:21, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

West Indian cricket team
I was wondering about the length myself (which was the reason for asking the feedback). For the time being I'll go ahead and finish 1990s and 2000s, and then come back and edit the bloated stuff. Tintin 08:16, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Sam, can you please comment on the []. Edit it if you feel like it.

I'll slice some of the scores from 1970s, but it is too important a decade (and a nice one to write about !). There are four successive important series in the middle (two against India, one each against Aus and England) none of which can be ignored without writing a couple of sentences.

1960s, in my personal opinion, is fairly readable. Tintin 08:13, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Bothams Ashes / Australia in England 1981
Hmm... Thanks for creating the stub, I didn't realise I was creating a double redirect when I reverted the blankings, the page just kept reappearing on Special: Short pages as an empty page... :/ Usrnme h8er 08:54, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

WP:Cricket Invite
Thanks for the invite. I'd be glad to lend a hand where I can so I've added my name to the list. It's good to know there's a group looking after these articles - I've got a few suggestions for restructuring but I'll post them on the project discussion rather than here! Hope my edits were useful/interesting. MattDP 08:36, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Talk:August 2005 in sports
Hey. Thanks for the heads-up. --Ngb 19:23, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Take this!
Hats off to the person from Norway who puts us 'test' members to shame with his awesome contributions to the sport of cricket. May he lead the Norwegian cricket team to World Cup Victory! =Nichalp  «Talk»=  18:12, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Cheers for the nice comments! :) Sam Vimes 20:48, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Administrator?
I've seen the fabulous work you do, particularly with regard to the greatest sport known to man and feel that you would make a good administrator. Let me know on my talk page if you would accept a nomination. 13:36, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * See Requests for adminship/Sam Vimes, and good luck. Thryduulf 14:58, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

I didn't know your name was Haakon. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  07:52, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Clearly you did or you wouldn't have been able to make that post:) jguk 07:59, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * He he, but I saw your post mentioning his name elsewhere. How did you know jguk? =Nichalp   «Talk»=  08:22, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Wonders of MSN chats. Sam Vimes 10:31, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

What's with the pages on individual cricket games? I accept that they may be notable, but it looks like you're not even trying to write an encyclopedia article about them - they're not in article format, for starters, but even worse, the whole article is filled with opinion and POV. I'd have to take an axe to the thing to get it anything resembling neutral. Couldn't you do a better job on these? Ambi 14:37, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I've also objected to your adminship nomination on these same grounds. That article doesn't even try to follow the Manual of Style or the NPOV policy, and they are perhaps the two most fundamental on Wikipedia. If this is at all representative, you've really got some learning to do. Ambi 14:42, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * First, I'd like to explain why they are not in article format. This is because the content is transcluded onto pages like Australian Women in England in 2005 - which, you'll notice, does follow the Manual of Style - which a proper introduction to the subject at hand, headings as it should, etc. Second, about NPOV - well, IMO, an article about a sport event should praise those that did well in the event. I'll quote a few phrases so you can see what I mean. "Tail-end heroics from the last test" indicates that the last batters did rather well in the last Test - which they did, 240 runs were scored for the last 3 wickets, which is more than Australia managed in all the other innings all series. "The last day started brilliantly for England" - well, if two people got out with successive balls, how would you describe it other than brilliant?. "England powered on, Brunt staking her claim for Player of the Match" - they made runs and Brunt played well. There's nothing conflicting between NPOV and praising people for their achievements. Sam Vimes 14:51, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Firstly, the transclusion issue is irrelevant. The manual of style applies to every article in the main space, and that article makes no attempt to follow it. Thus it has issues, and needs severe cleanup. Secondly, it's possible to say everything there a) more neutrally, and b) in a more encyclopedic, and less newsworthy style. This is precisely why - just as in the rest of the encyclopedia - "the last batters did rather well in the last test" is better than "tail-end heroics from the last test". The latter is both taking a defined stance and using language that would be more appropriate in a newspaper. Wikipedia does not praise people for their achievements. Wikipedia sums up their achievements and provides a neutral perspective on them. Ambi 16:45, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The individual articles are going to be merged in a month anyway, and the only way you can reach them is to press random page for quite a long time. Secondly, from how I can interpret the NPOV policy, it does not take a stance on what kind of language you use to describe an event - rather, it describes how you should describe controversial issues, where there are views from both sides. In this case, few can argue about the terms used Sam Vimes 17:01, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * NPOV covers all articles, not just those that are controversial. In this case, language like "tail-end heroics" is expressing an opinion, and that just isn't on. Ambi 23:18, 27 August 2005 (UTC)
 * IMO, it's just a stronger way of saying "the last batters did rather well in the last Test." That does not convey the same amount of information about how they turned the game around from lost cause to potential victory. Sam Vimes 08:51, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Commiserations, your grace - there is no rhyme nor reason to the RFA process sometimes. Give them a few months to see how the articles pan out: I'm sure the result will be different next time. -- ALoan (Talk) 10:37, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Nothing definite from what I can see
but have you seen the last paragraph of this? jguk 19:03, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. And I bet Channel 4 have demanded millions for the rights. *mutter* Sam Vimes 06:21, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Cricket
Sam_Vimes said: Yep, same here. Every morning now I see about 200 articles fixed up by you on top of my watchlist :D Great work!

I'm hoping that's not a bad thing - that I'm not overloading your recent changes watchlist..! Rather surprisingly, I'm finding this work kinda therepeutic at the same time..! Should I be worried?! Thank you. Bobo192 | Edits 06:12, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

International cricket in 2005
Ian ≡ talk 01:42, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sam Vimes/Archive1


text:
Winchester, VA–WV MSA

Winchester, VA–WV MSA is a U.S. metropolitan statistical area (MSA) as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as of June, 2003. This should not be confused with the City of Winchester, Virginia, the most populous community within this MSA. The population of the MSA as the 2015 U.S. Census Bureau estimates is 133,836.

MSA components
''Note: Since a state constitutional change in 1871, all cities in Virginia are independent cities and they are not legally located in any county. The OMB considers these independent cities to be county-equivalents for the purpose of defining MSAs in Virginia. Each MSA is listed by its counties, then cities, each in alphabetical order, and not by size.''

Winchester, VA–WV MSA includes areas in Virginia and the State of West Virginia.

Counties Independent cities
 * Frederick County, Virginia
 * Hampshire County, West Virginia
 * City of Winchester, Virginia

Places with more than 10,000 inhabitants

 * Winchester (Principal city)

Places with 1,000 to 10,000 inhabitants

 * Shawnee Land, Virginia (census-designated place)
 * Romney, West Virginia
 * Stephens City, Virginia
 * Middletown, Virginia

Places with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants

 * Springfield, West Virginia (census-designated place)
 * Capon Bridge, West Virginia
 * Green Spring, West Virginia (census-designated place)
 * Lake Holiday, Virginia (census-designated place)

title: Winchester, VA–WV MSA


text:
William Wallace Atterbury

William Wallace Atterbury (January 31, 1866 – September 20, 1935) was a brigadier general in the United States Army during World War I, who began his career with the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) in 1886 and rose through the ranks to become its tenth president (1925–1935). As director-general of transportation in France during the war, the New Albany, Indiana, native and Yale University graduate was instrumental in reorganizing railroad traffic for more efficient transportation of troops and supplies for the American Expeditionary Forces. He was also known as "The Railroad General". Under his leadership after the war, the Pennsylvania Railroad undertook a $250 million project to electrify major portions of its main line that ran between New York City and Washington, D.C. He also assisted in development of the company's first M1-class steam locomotive.

Atterbury, who was a recipient of the U.S. Army's Distinguished Service Medal, also received honors from France, England, Serbia, and Romania for his wartime military service. In addition, Atterbury was awarded honorary degrees from Yale, the University of Pennsylvania, Villanova University, and Temple University. Camp Atterbury, a former U.S. Army training camp west of Edinburgh, Indiana, and Atterbury Army Airfield (later named Bakalar Air Force Base and the present-day Columbus, Indiana, municipal airport) were named in his memory.

Early life and education
William Wallace Atterbury was born in New Albany, Indiana, on January 31, 1866. He was the seventh son of Catherine Jones (Larned) and John Guest Atterbury, a former lawyer who became a Presbyterian missionary minister.

Atterbury, the youngest of twelve children, attended Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School, where he received a Ph.B. in 1886. While attending Yale, Atterbury joined the Chi Phi Fraternity.

Marriage and family
Atterbury married Matilda "Minnie" Hoffman on November 13, 1895, in Fort Wayne, Indiana. She died in 1910.

On June 10, 1915, Atterbury married Arminia Clara (Rosengarten) MacLeod of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Atterbury adopted MacLeod's sons, Malcolm, an actor known for Perry Mason among other works and George. William and Arminia had a son named William Wallace Atterbury Jr. (1916–1995). The Atterbury family resided in Radnor, a suburb of Philadelphia.

Early years
In 1886 Atterbury began work as an apprentice in the Pennsylvania Railroad's shops at Altoona, earning five cents an hour. Atterbury rose through the ranks to become general superintendent of motive power at the Altoona Works in 1901, a general manager of the Pennsylvania Railroad's lines east of Pittsburgh in 1903, and a company vice president in charge of transportation in 1909. On May 8, 1912, the railroad company named him a vice president in charge of operations. In 1916 Atterbury also became president of the American Railway Association.

World War I military service
On August 6, 1917, four months after the American entry into World War I, Atterbury was granted a leave of absence from his position with the Pennsylvania Railroad to join the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in France. Atterbury served as the AEF's director-general of transportation. On October 5, 1917, he was commissioned a brigadier general in the United States Army.

Between August 1917 and May 1919, Atterbury supervised construction of harbor facilities and a portion of the railways in France that were assigned to the U.S. Army for maintenance and operation. The troops in France gave him the nickname of "General Attaboy" and he was also known as "The Railroad General." Atterbury was discharged from military service on May 31, 1919, and returned to civilian life in Pennsylvania.

Postwar career

In 1920 Atterbury resumed his career with the Pennsylvania Railroad as vice president in charge of operations. On October 1, 1925, he succeeded Samuel Rea to become the tenth president of the railroad company, a position he held until 1935. During Atterbury's tenure as company president, the Pennsylvania Railroad undertook a $250 million project to electrify a 245 mi multi-track main line that ran between New York City and Washington, D.C. Begun in 1928 and completed in 1935, it was the largest capital improvement project ever undertaken by an American railroad company up to that time. In addition, Atterbury assisted in development of the company's first M1-class steam locomotive. Atterbury retired from the railroad in 1935 due to ill health. He advocated for the consolidation of railroads and elimination of underused rail lines.

Atterbury was also active in Pennsylvania's state politics for several years. He served as a Pennsylvania delegate to the 1920 Republican National Convention and was a member of Pennsylvania's Republican State Committee. According to reports appearing in The Baltimore Sun in 1928 and The New York Times in 1930, he was elected to the Republican National Committee in 1928, but resigned from the post two years later because he refused support Gifford Pinchot, the Republican Party's gubernatorial nominee.

Atterbury served as a director on numerous boards of banking and trust institutions, railroad companies, and life insurance firms, among other businesses. He was also active in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the American Philosophical Society.

Death and legacy
Atterbury died of apoplexy at Bryn Mawr Hospital in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania on September 20, 1935. He was buried at St. David's Episcopal Church Cemetery in Radnor, Pennsylvania.

On February 16, 1942, the U.S. War Department announced that its new military training camp under construction approximately 4 mi west of Edinburgh, Indiana, would be named Camp Atterbury in his memory. In April 1943 an air field established near Camp Atterbury was renamed Atterbury Army Airfield. (It was renamed Atterbury Army Air Base in June 1943 and Bakalar Air Base in 1954.) After its deactivation as a military base, the facility began operating as a civilian airfield, known as the Columbus Municipal Airport.

Honors and tributes
For his service during World War I, the U.S. Army awarded Atterbury the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the citation for which reads:

"The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General William W. Atterbury, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility, during World War I. As Director General of Transportation, in the face of almost insurmountable obstacles, General Atterbury organized and brought to a high state of efficiency the Transportation Service of the American Expeditionary Forces. The successful operation of this most important service upon which the movements and supply of the combat troops were dependent, was largely due to his energy, foresight, and ability."

He was also designated a Commander of the Legion of Honor (France), a Companion of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath (England), a Commander of the Royal Order of the White Eagle (Serbia), and a Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown (Romania).

Atterbury was awarded an honorary M.A. degree from Yale University in 1911. He also received honorary LL.Ds from the University of Pennsylvania in 1919, Yale University in 1926, Villanova University in 1927, and Temple University in 1929.

title: William Wallace Atterbury


text:
Winchester Repeating Arms Company

The Winchester Repeating Arms Company was a prominent American manufacturer of repeating firearms and ammunition. The firm was established in 1866 by Oliver Winchester and was located in New Haven, Connecticut. The firm went into receivership in 1931 and was bought by the Western Cartridge Company, a forerunner of the Olin Corporation. The Winchester brand name is still owned by the Olin Corporation, which makes ammunition under that name. The Winchester name is also used under license for firearms produced by two subsidiaries of the Herstal Group – FN Herstal of Belgium and the Browning Arms Company of Ogden, Utah.

Predecessors
The ancestor of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company was the Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson partnership of Norwich, Connecticut (not to be confused with the famous Smith & Wesson Revolver Company founded later by the same men). Smith and Wesson acquired Lewis Jennings' improved version of inventor Walter Hunt's 1848 "Volition Repeating Rifle" and its caseless "Rocket Ball" ammunition, which had been produced in small numbers by Robbins & Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont. Jennings' rifle was a commercial failure, and Robbins & Lawrence ceased production in 1852. Smith designed a much-improved rifle based on Jennings' design, and the partners also hired away Robbins & Lawrence shop foreman Benjamin Tyler Henry.

In 1855, the Smith and Wesson partnership, in order to manufacture what they called the "Volcanic" lever-action rifle and pistol, sought investors and incorporated as the Volcanic Repeating Arms Company. Its largest stockholder was clothing manufacturer Oliver Winchester. The Volcanic rifle had only limited success. The company moved to New Haven (without Smith or Wesson) in 1856, but by the end of that year, it became insolvent. Oliver Winchester and his partner John M. Davies purchased the bankrupt firm's assets from the remaining stockholders and reorganized it as the New Haven Arms Company in April 1857.

After Smith's departure, Benjamin Henry continued to work with a Smith development project, the self-contained metallic rimfire cartridge, and perfected the much larger, more powerful .44 Henry round. Henry also supervised a new rifle design based loosely on the Volcanic to use the new ammunition, retaining only the general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company and used in considerable numbers by certain Union army units during the American Civil War. The Henry rifle ensured New Haven Arms' success, and together with the Spencer rifle, established the lever-action repeater in the firearms market.

The Winchester rifle

In 1866, Benjamin Henry, angered over what he believed was inadequate compensation, attempted to have the Connecticut legislature award ownership of New Haven Arms to him. Oliver Winchester, hastening back from Europe, forestalled the move and reorganized New Haven Arms yet again as the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Winchester had the basic design of the Henry rifle completely modified and improved to become the first Winchester rifle, the Model 1866, which fired the same .44 caliber rimfire cartridges as the Henry but had an improved magazine (with the addition of a loading gate on the right side of the receiver, invented by Winchester employee Nelson King) and, for the first time, a wooden forend. The Henry and the 1866 Winchester shared a unique double firing pin that struck the head of the rimfire cartridge in two places when the weapon was fired, increasing the chances that the fulminate in the hollow rim would ignite the 28 or so grains of black powder inside the case.

Another extremely popular model was rolled out in 1873. The Model 1873 introduced the first Winchester center fire cartridge, the .44-40 WCF (Winchester Center Fire). These rifle families are commonly known as the "Gun That Won the West."

The Model 1873 was followed by the Model 1876 (or "Centennial Model"), a larger version of the '73, which used the same toggle-link action and brass cartridge elevator used in the Henry. It was chambered for longer, more powerful cartridges such as .45-60 WCF, .45-75 WCF, and .50-95 WCF. The action was not long enough to allow Winchester to achieve their goal of producing a repeating rifle capable of handling the .45-70 Government cartridge; this would not happen until they began manufacture of the Browning-designed Model 1886.

Oliver Winchester died in December 1880; his son and successor, William Wirt Winchester, died of tuberculosis four months later. William Wirt Winchester's widow, Sarah Winchester, used her inheritance and income from the company to build what is now known as the Winchester Mystery House.

From 1883, John Browning worked in partnership with the Winchester Repeating Arms Company and designed a series of rifles and shotguns, most notably the Winchester Model 1885 Single Shot, Winchester Model 1887 lever-action shotgun, Model 1897 pump-action shotgun; and the lever-action Model 1886, Model 1892, Model 1894 and Model 1895 rifles. Several of these are still in production today through companies such as Browning, Rossi, Navy Arms, and others which have revived several of the discontinued models or produced reproductions.

The turn of the twentieth century

The early years of the twentieth century found the Winchester Repeating Arms Company competing with new John Browning designs, manufactured under license by other firearm companies. The race to produce the first commercial self-loading rifle brought forth the .22 rimfire Winchester Model 1903 and later centerfire Model 1905, Model 1907, and Model 1910 rifles. Winchester engineers, after ten years of work, designed the Model 1911 to circumvent Browning's self-loading shotgun patents, prepared by the company's very own patent lawyers. One of Winchester's premier engineers, T.C. Johnson, was instrumental in the development of these self-loading firearms and went on to superintend the designs of Winchester's classic Model 1912, Model 52 and Model 54.

The First World War
The company was a major producer of the .303 Pattern 1914 Enfield rifle for the British Government and the similar .30-06 M1917 Enfield rifle for the United States during World War I. Working at the Winchester plant during the war, Browning developed the final design of the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), of which it produced some 27,000. Browning and the Winchester engineers also developed the Browning .50 caliber machine gun during the war. The caliber .50 BMG (12.7 x 99 mm) ammunition for it was designed by the Winchester ballistic engineers. The commercial rights to these new Browning guns were owned by Colt.

Failure and recovery
During the war, Winchester had borrowed heavily to finance its massive expansion. With the return of peace, the company attempted to use its surplus production capacity and pay down its debt by trying to become a general manufacturer of consumer goods – everything from kitchen knives to roller skates to refrigerators, to be marketed through 'Winchester Stores'. They also merged with the Simmons Hardware Company. The Winchester and Keen Kutter brands did business together during the 1920s, but in 1929, they agreed to separate and returned to their core businesses.

The consumer goods strategy was a failure for Winchester, and the Great Depression put the final nail in the company's coffin. The Winchester Repeating Arms Company went into receivership in 1931 and was bought at a bankruptcy auction by the Olin family's Western Cartridge Company on December 22 of that year. Oliver Winchester's firm would maintain a nominal existence until 1935 when Western Cartridge merged with its subsidiary to form the Winchester-Western Company. In 1944, the firearms and ammunition operations would be reorganized as the Winchester-Western Division of Olin Industries.

Western's First Vice-President (John M. Olin) was a sportsman and gun enthusiast, and he started at once to restore the Winchester brand to its former luster by concentrating on its classic models and updated versions thereof, with particular attention to quality and prestige. Olin personally pushed the deluxe Model 52 Sporter and the semi-custom Model 21 double-barreled shotgun. Winchester flourished, even during the later Depression.

The Second World War

The U.S. M1 carbine (technically not a carbine in the sense of a short version of a parent rifle) was designed at Winchester by an eight-man team including Edwin Pugsley, Bill Roemer, Marsh Williams, Fred Humiston, Cliff Warner, and Ralph Clarkson, although the popular press played up the role of ex-convict Williams. More M1 carbines were manufactured by Winchester and other firms than any other U.S. small arm of World War II.

During World War II, Winchester produced the M1 Garand rifle and post-war was the first civilian manufacturer of the M14 rifle.

Decline
By the 1960s, the rising cost of skilled labor was making it increasingly unprofitable to produce Winchester's classic designs, as they required considerable hand-work to finish. In particular, Winchester's flagship Model 12 pump shotgun and Model 70 bolt-action rifle with their machined forgings could no longer compete in price with Remington's cast-and-stamped 870 and 700. Accordingly, S. K. Janson formed a new Winchester design group to advance the use of "modern" engineering design methods and manufacturing principles in gun design. The result was a new line of guns that replaced most of the older products in 1963–1964. The immediate reaction of the shooting press and public was overwhelmingly negative: the popular verdict was that Winchester had sacrificed quality to the "cheapness experts," and Winchester was no longer considered to be a prestige brand, causing a marked loss of market share. To this day, gun collectors consider "post-64" Winchesters to be both less desirable and less valuable than their predecessors.

In the early 1970s, the Olin Winchester-Western Division tried to diversify with at least two unsuccessful attempts. The first was an experimental indoor shooting range called Wingo in San Diego, California. This short-lived attempt had a strong tie to firearms and ammunition with exclusive guns, ammo, and target launching machines being produced. The flaw was to see it quickly profitable in a western city with too many competing outdoor activities. The second venture was trying to compete with Coleman Company in the camping and sporting goods market. "Trailblazer by Winchester" products included propane-fueled stoves and lanterns. They also produced tents and sleeping bags. These products struggled to compete with similar offerings from an established company founded in 1900.

Labor costs continued to rise through the 1960s and '70s, and a prolonged and bitter strike in 1979–1980 ultimately convinced Olin that firearms could no longer be produced profitably in New Haven. In December 1980, the New Haven plant was sold to its employees, incorporated as the U.S. Repeating Arms Company, and granted a license to make Winchester arms. Olin retained the Winchester ammunition business. U.S. Repeating Arms itself went bankrupt in 1989. After bankruptcy, it was acquired by a French holding company, then sold to Belgian arms makers Herstal Group, which also owns gun makers FN Herstal and Browning Arms Company.

On January 16, 2006, U.S. Repeating Arms announced it was closing its New Haven plant where Winchester rifles and shotguns had been produced for 140 years. Along with the closing of the plant, production of the Model 94 rifle (the descendant of the original Winchester rifle), Model 70 rifle, and Model 1300 shotgun were discontinued. The official press release sent out by U.S. Repeating Arms concerning the closure was released on January 17, 2006. The text is included below:

"U.S. Repeating Arms Company To Close New Haven, CT Facility – U.S. Repeating Arms Company, maker of Winchester brand rifles and shotguns will close its New Haven, Connecticut manufacturing facility. Many efforts were made to improve profitability at the manufacturing facility in New Haven, and the decision was made after exhausting all available options.

Effective March 31, 2006, the New Haven manufacturing facility will stop manufacturing the Winchester Model 70, Model 94, and Model 1300.

Winchester Firearms will continue to sell and grow its current line of Select Over & Under shotguns, the new Super X3 autoloading shotgun, the new Super X autoloading rifle, and Limited Edition rifles. The company also plans to introduce new models in the future. There will be no change in Customer Service.

This action is a realignment of resources to make Winchester Firearms a stronger, more viable organization. Winchester Firearms plans to continue the great Winchester legacy and is very excited about the future."

Recovery
On August 15, 2006, Olin Corporation, owner of the Winchester trademarks, announced that it had entered into a new license agreement with Browning Arms Company to make Winchester brand rifles and shotguns, though not at the closed Winchester plant in New Haven. The production of Model 1885 falling block action, Model 1892 and Model 1886 lever-action rifles are produced under licensed agreement by Miroku Corp. of Japan and imported to the United States by Browning.

In 2008, FN Herstal announced that it would produce Model 70 rifles at its plant in Columbia, South Carolina. In 2013, assembly was moved to Portugal.

In the summer of 2010, FN Herstal resumed production of the Winchester model 1894 and the evolution of the Winchester 1300, now called the Winchester SXP.

A number of gun cleaning kits, Chinese folding knives, tools, and other accessories are also now sold under the Winchester trademark.

SXP shotgun recall
In April 2015, the company recalled several variants of its SXP-model 12-gauge shotguns that the company says may unintentionally fire while the action is being closed.

Ammunition
Winchester's success was founded on a cartridge, the .44 Henry rimfire, and the Henry and 1866 rifles designed for it. Winchester was a leading designer of rifle ammunition throughout its existence and has been responsible for some of the most successful cartridges ever introduced, including the .44-40 WCF (Winchester Center Fire), the .30 WCF (.30-30), the .50 BMG, the .270 Winchester, the .308 Winchester, the .243 Winchester, the .22 WMR (.22 Magnum), the .300 Winchester Magnum and the .350 Legend. In North America the .30-30 is the best-selling hunting cartridge in history; and the .308 Winchester, the commercial version of the military 7.62×51mm NATO, is not far behind, and one of the most popular hunting cartridges in the world.

Olin Corporation continues to manufacture Winchester ammunition (the cartridge business was not sold to U.S. Repeating Arms) in several lines including Super-X, Supreme and Supreme Elite, AA and Super Target shotshells, and Winchester Cowboy Loads revolver cartridges.

Presidents

 * Oliver Winchester (1857–1880).
 * William Wirt Winchester (1880–1881), son of Oliver Winchester and husband of Sarah Winchester.
 * William Converse (1881–1890), husband of Mary A. Pardee.
 * Thomas Grey Bennett (1890–1910), husband of Hannah Jane Winchester.
 * George E. Hodson (1910–1915), partner of Oliver in the company.
 * Winchester Bennett (1915–1918), son of Thomas Gray Bennett.
 * Thomas Grey Bennett (1918–1919), father of Winchester Bennett.
 * John Edward Otterson (1919–1924).

Archives
The company's factory collection is owned by the Cody Firearms Museum in Cody, Wyoming.

title: Winchester Repeating Arms Company


text:
C. M. Naim

Choudhri Mohammed Naim (born 3 June 1936) is an American scholar of Urdu language and literature. He is currently professor emeritus at the University of Chicago.

Naim is the founding editor of both Annual of Urdu Studies and Mahfil (now Journal of South Asian Literature), as well as the author of the definitive textbook for Urdu pedagogy in English.

Biography
Naim was born in Barabanki, India, and educated at Lucknow University, Lucknow, Deccan College, Poona, and the University of California, Berkeley. In 1961, he joined the faculty of the Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago, which he chaired from 1985 to 1991. He retired in 2001. He was a national fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, in 2009, and a visiting professor at the Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, in 2003.

title: C. M. Naim


text:
Talk:Remotely operated underwater vehicle

This article
This article is in need of a good rewrite. ROV is a tethered underwater vehicle, it comes with a camera, propellors and manipulators. The Predator is not an ROV, it is an Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV). The image of the three boats certainly does not depict three ROVs, those are Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASV). As several other readers commented, ROV is a widely accepted industry term in both the US Navy and the offshore Oil & Gas industry. Please comment. -

Results of ROV research
The following was part of the ROV page. While science accomplished with ROVs is interesting, it's a bit far afield for this article. At the very least, this needs to be formatted as a sidebar, but even then it's a bit long to be a sidebar in my opinion. -- Ventura 20:46, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Krillicekils.jpg|frameless]]

 * Image taken by a ROV under the ice of Antarctica. In the spring krill can scrape off the green lawn of ice algae from the underside of the pack ice in Antarctica. In this image most krill swim in an upside down position directly under the ice. Only one animal (in the middle) is hovering in the open water.

Robot Wars/BattleBots
I would like to include at least a link to the Robot Wars article. To my mind, combat robots are clearly remote operated vehicles. Most examples do not have a two-way communication link, relying instead on being in sight of the operator at all times, so I would also like to change this definition. Does anyone object?
 * This article is about underwater robots, not any type of R/C vehicle/toy. Though I do enjoy both shows--and your enthusiasm of Wikipedia--, I'm afraid that you'll have to add those links on a more appropriate article.  Also, when you add a comment to a talk page, please sign your comments with four tildes (~) as it makes life a lot easier for editors.  Thank you,  Montgomery' 39 (talk) 20:50, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

ROV is an industrial definition
The term ROV is an industrial defintion and widely used in the oil/gas and communications industry that rely on submersible ROV's. The merging of the RCV section into this ROV entry will cause confusion about the term ROV IMHO. It is true that in the early days of ROV's they were sometimes referred to as RCV's but this term is no longer in favour in the offshore industries. For the same reason I disagree that the Robot Wars article be linked. ROV's are not really robots. --PeterMarkSmith 03:03, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I do not understand the difference between ROVs and RCVs, but about the Robot Wars. Although it's called Robot Wars, it's actually mostly ROVs. (or RCVs, I'm still not understanding the difference) Although automated robots are allowed, still, it's very rare. --PokeOnic 01:05, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

ROV is an industrial definition...continued
I´m inclined to agree with PeterMarkSmith. I work in the offshore Industry with ROV's and can confirm that ROV is the term generally used for Submersible Remoted Operated Vehicles as used in the Offshore Industry. I´m also not too convinced that RCV's should be lumped in with ROV's and in fact will go as far as to suggest that RCV's would better residing in their own category. JamesMc. 17:23 13 December 2005.

ROV is an industrial definition...continued
I am currently offshore on an ROV support vessel in the Gulf of Mexico.

My exposure to ROV technology goes back to the early 1980s and no one I can recall ever referred to them as anything but ROVs.

It is not an accurate name since the word vehicle implies that a person could ride in it. But the name stuck and I believe the inclusion of RCV should be no more than a “See Also” link.

John S Poteet

"Underwater robots" were first called RCVs (Remote Controlled Vehicles). However back in the 70's a company called Hydro Products manufactured and produced an RCV225, one of the first "underwater robots". They copywrited the name RCV. Hence others started calling them ROVs which is where the name came from and has stuck ever since.

Ray Shields —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.155.38.115 (talk) 17:24, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Subsea 7, Oceaneering, and Bluefin
These are valuable external links, please do not delete them. I suspect that none of these companies will make any sales by being listed in Wikipedia. As much as I love the Wikipedia project, it is not the place you go when you want to buy a few million dollars of high-tech underwater gear. On the other hand, if you are trying to learn about high-tech underwater gear; these external links offer valuable information on their company websites. To include all companies is very democratic but completely ignores the fact that not all companies are equal. I have no interest shares or affiliations with Oceaneering nor do I benefit from their success. I do know them however and they are a bunch of good engineers who build a large percentage of the world's ROVs. To not mention them, would be akin to writing an article about microprocessor without mentioniong Intel.

On a different note, I did add two ROV pictures today. It took a while to get them, I think they are extremely cool. It is amazing that we can do these things in the deep ocean. Do you agree?

 * Aside from our shared amazement, I disagree - especially in regards of the analogy of the CPU and Intel. While they are a large, known company, they are most certainly not the Intel of the ROV world.  I feel they would be more akin to Wal-Mart in that aspect, but that isn't the point we're trying to discuss.  I just find no relevant information pertaining to further education of ROVs on Subsea 7 or Oceaneering's website other than a few specs on the ROVs that they have available.  If the websites are updated to show informative ROV content, then I have no problems with them listed.  In regards to Bluefin, I retract my previous request for removal.  Further browsing on the website uncovered some ROV videos that goes great with this article.  Excellent pictures, by the way  Maotx 21:41, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Advertising
There is a deliberate attempt by a small unknown company to introduce their name in this article. I will keep deleting this vandalism until it stops. Please stop trying to build market recognition this way. First if all it does not work and secondly ,and more importantly, it misinforms the honest reader. Lastly if you disagree please discuss it and sign your comments rather than vandalize a good article anonymously

I don't see any advertising in this article. Just because there are mentions of companies doesn't mean that is advertising. People who are interested in ROVs need to know about the history and ROVs from the past and present. They also need to know about the broad range of ROVs that exist. Also Frank it seems you are an AUV guy more so than an ROV guy. Maybe you would be better suited on the AUV page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUV

 * Bluefin is an AUV manufacturing company. Being in the industy, I see many misconceptions as far as what people think ROVs and AUVs are. I don't think there is any need to link to Bluefin other than them promoting themselves. They already have their link on the Wiki AUV page.

== I agree. it sounds like to me that the poster frank was one in favor of advertising other companies along with his and now since other disagree with that all mentions of names should be delted. i like all the info in the current article and think oceaneering and subsea 7 are good links at the bottom.
 * I really don't care either way, I just want what benefits the reader. Subsea has some decent ROV information.  What does Oceaneering provide for the reader?  Maotx 21:28, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

There is a difference between an oak tree and an acorn, so for the same reason that not every high school student should get a page in Wikipedia, not every company deserves a mention. I do not have any shares in Oceaneering nor have I ever accepted money from them. They are however one of the major ROV manufacturers and do a large share of the worlds ROV work. The wing design is not accepted in the industry, it is an unproven concept that has some serious flaws and therefore it should not be in this article. Presenting it as a unique solution is misinformation and thus the worst form of advertising. I agree with Maotx that we need to create something that benefits the reader. As for the person who does not see any advertising, please sign your comments it would add some credibility.

Scorpio Link

 * The Scorpio ROV is a class or type of ROV that doesn't expand on the ROV article in general. It seems to be just for promoting all the links in the article and wouldn't help the ROV reader looking to gain information. May be best to leave it off so it doesn't start a trend of other see also links for classes, vehicles or companies.

Please sign your comments __________________________________________

Thanks for your interest. I wish some of my other articles would get this much attention. When I found this page in May, it did not have a single good picture and it was mostly talking about remotely controlled drones. Since then I believe it is moving in the right direction. At least it now has information on real ROVs. I am also proud of the images that I uploaded. Although I never worked at an ROV company, I have visited several ROV manufacturers and know many of the engineers that work on this technology both in the science and commercial markets. I sincerely believe that the Scorpio ROV article is interesting and written from a neutral point of view. I have no commercial allegiance to the Scorpio folks. They are however a good example of a real ROV. The last person who was trying to get their company name on this page was someone selling a glorified tow fish. I believe that vandalism has now successfully been repelled. This is not the case with the Scorpio link.
 * Because the Scorpio is a well known class of ROV used by professionals throughout the world and is a model that current generations look at, I agree that it's relevance on this page is appropriate. Maotx 15:25, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Scorpios are well over 30 years old now. I understand they should be on the ROV page, however so should their modern day equivalents such as Perrys Triton series (XL, XLS, XLX) as well as Oceaneerings Magnum. There are more of them in existence than there ever were of Scorpios.

Ray Shields —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.155.38.115 (talk) 17:27, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Merge from remote control vehicle?
I don't see any reason not to merge remote control vehicle into this article. —Michael Z. 2006-08-10 21:17 Z

 * There is no reason to megre remote control vehicle into this article. The name Remotely Operated Vehicle may seem like a broad name that would include remote control vehicle, but it is not. It is the standard accepted name in this industry. I think the intro of the ROV article explains this. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.41.236.199 (talk • contribs) 05:07, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Citation
There is no need for the Phx reference. I think we should keep this article clean of external links and references. This is a place for people to learn about ROVs, not for companies to promote. - In the vehicles classification, you can just state an ROV has been developed to go 7000 m. There is no need to elaborate and put a reference to try and promote phx. I am sure if people want more information specifically on that they can go to google and search for 7000 m rov and it will come up as the first result. - Lets keep this a clean article with just forward facts and info and no get caught up in the advertising and external links like tons of other articles are.

 * I did not consider it advertising and saw it relative to the statement made about the Titanic. You are right, Google does bring it up and that is how I found the reference for citation.  On the other hand, you have removed the reference to 7000m in conjunction with Titanic all together, therefore removing the need for the citation.  I can live with that too.  Maotx 04:14, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

First Image
Most ROVs (certainly in terms of $ value) are at work in the subsea oil industry. It is therefore appropriate that the first picture in this article shows an ROV doing this type of work. It took some effort to obtain this picture and to get the permission from Oceaneering to publish it in Wikipedia. Picture of anything in the deep ocean are difficult to obtain. Please do not delete this.

- This is an article about ROVs, not just work class ROVs. The general public who wants to learn can see the various types of ROVs out there.

Wings
I removed the wing comment because it talks about a system that is not an ROV but rather a towfish. - The way I see it, this is important information because this is a new type of ROV. You can view the manufactures website of the winged ROV and search the internet. It is not a towfish but an ROV. It operates by thrusters, with the option to tow. - Again this is an article about ROVs - all the ROVs out there today, not just huge workclass ROVs. Smaller ROVs are very useful in todays world.

Frank, maybe you are better sticking with AUVs since that is the industry you are tied into. Take care.

ROVs
There are other ROVs in the world, other than large work class ROVs. There are ROVs that weigh 3kg that have an impact on homeland security, the oil & gas industry and search & rescue teams. - This is not an article for larger companies and individuals who previously or currently work for those ROV companies to promote their businesses or products. - The are various ROVs all over the world - all shapes and sizes that the general public would like to learn about. I would even go as far to say there should be a section on home built ROVs and the affect they have had on individuals and small communities.

RPV?
I've never heard ROV called an RPV. Every RPV I've ever heard of was an aircraft. Shouldn't the redirect be to UAV? Trekphiler 15:38, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Linkfarm
I removed the list of links to manufacturers' websites per WP:EL, WP:SPAM, and WP:NOT. --Ronz (talk) 20:43, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Roboshark: ROV or other type of robot
Is Roboshark considered an ROV, or some other type of robot? If Roboshark is indeed an ROV, I guess it would be appropriate to add Roboshark to the see also, and. If anyone has any suggestions/answers, please contact me on my talk page. Thank you. Montgomery' 39 (talk) 20:54, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Navy SRDRS rescue vehicle
I still haven't figured out how to put references inside the text. Here's the best one I've found for the ROV which replaces the manned DSRV for the US Navy's submarine rescue work: http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=40147

canal/harbor monitors
Its seems possible that mini-sized ROVs equipped with motion sensors can be parked underwater/garaged and tethered to electrical cables that link them with a computer that is programmed with specific known wavelength/motion data (fish, gators, swimmers etc.) so that it can signal when a human body enters its 'territory' range but does not exit the area (i.e., a potential drowning) and emit a timed detection siren and/or flashing lights connected from the garage to its roof/surface. beadtot66.217.68.79 (talk) 01:08, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Robotics attention needed

 * Copyedit
 * Check article for factual accuracy
 * Check previous concerns in above comments were addressed
 * Check refs
 * Reassess when done

Chaosdruid (talk) 10:01, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Search & recovery/salvage operations
This is the use I'm most familiar with, especially concerning aircraft, but there doesn't seem to be a convenient place to cover this function. ROV's have been use to discover numerous crashed aircraft and retrieve their wreckage and flight recorders. I think covering those operations would help this article quite a bit. Dcs002 (talk) 02:15, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

ROV or ROUV?
, I see that you have partly changed the abbreviation used in the article from ROV to ROUV. Do you have any evidence that this is the more usual usage? My experience in the diving industry is that they are usually referred to as ROVs, not ROUVs. Please ping with reply. Cheers, · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 04:42, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

 * , I renamed it ROUV because it directly means remotely operated underwater vehicle like article's name, whereas ROV is remotely operated vehicle. Oranjelo100 (talk) 21:16, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

 * , I do not dispute that ROUV is a valid acronym, I asked whether you have reason to assume that it is the more common usage, which goes against my experience in professional diving. Any ROUV is necessarily a ROV, and as far as I know ROV is what they are usually called in practice. I have no objection to changing consistently to ROUV if evidence is available that that is the more common term. If you just changed it because it looked more accurate, that is a good faith edit but not a valid one. At present both acronyms are used in an inconsistant way, which looks unprofessional, and I would like to clarify and clean up, but at this point it is my opinion vs yours, and while I know what my opinion is based on, I have no idea of what yours is based on, so I am asking. I can provide reliable sources indicating that ROV is widely and internationally recognised as an acronym for these devices in professional diving. It is clear that ROUV can be and is used, but not to what extent. I would prefer further clarification to avoid misunderstanding or misrepresentation, but on the balance of evidence currently available to me, I intend to revert to mostly ROV with an explanation of apparent usage. If you or anyone else can come up with reliable evidence that ROUV is more suitable we can change the article to reflect that. Cheers, · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 06:05, 16 March 2019 (UTC)

 * , I have amended the article to clarify usage as I understand it. Is this sufficiently clear? Your comment would be appreciated. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 06:40, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia has rules specifically against using made-up acronyms. ROUV is not a legit term for anyone who know anything about ROVs. Konreal (talk) 08:55, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

Configurations: 2 or 3?
The Configurations section says ROVs “have three basic configurations” but lists only two. I have no idea how many there are. Colintedford (talk) 07:35, 13 June 2020 (UTC)


text:
Max Patkin

Max Patkin (January 10, 1920 – October 30, 1999) was an American baseball player and clown, best known as the Clown Prince of Baseball (a play on "Crown Prince").

Patkin was the third "officially" crowned Clown Prince of Baseball, after Al Schacht and Jackie Price, though that nickname has also been applied to St. Louis Browns third baseman Arlie Latham among others. Patkin performed for 51 years as a baseball clown.

Career
After an arm injury curtailed his minor league career, Patkin joined the Navy during World War II.

Stationed in Hawaii in 1944, Patkin was pitching for a service team, and Joe DiMaggio homered off the lanky right-hander. In mock anger, Patkin threw his glove down then followed DiMaggio around the bases, much to the delight of the fans—and a career was born.

Later in the 1940s, Patkin was hired as a coach by Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians. After Veeck sold the team in 1949, Patkin began barnstorming around the country.

As a barnstormer, Patkin played minor league stadiums throughout the United States and Canada. He had a face seemingly made of rubber which he could contort into various shapes. Patkin was rail thin and wore a baggy uniform with a question mark (?) on the back in place of a number, and a ballcap that was always askew. While some derided his act as corny, he became a beloved figure in baseball circles.

The Clown Prince received a promotion in 1988, when Patkin was named King of Baseball at that year's Winter Meetings in Atlanta, and can be seen appearing (as himself) alongside Kevin Costner, Tim Robbins, and Susan Sarandon in the popular baseball movie Bull Durham made the same year.

Patkin estimated he made more than 4,000 appearances. On July 20, 1969, he played to a crowd of four in Great Falls, Montana as most fans were home watching Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land on the moon. Between 1944 and 1993, he did not miss an appearance, by his own account.

In May 2020 Patkin was voted into the Shrine of the Eternals by the Baseball Reliquary, a fan driven collective dedicated to fostering an appreciation of baseball culture in all of its forms.

Death
Patkin retired from clowning in 1995. He died in 1999, at age 79, in Paoli, Pennsylvania of an aneurysm.

In popular culture
In 1988, Patkin was featured as his real life character in the romantic comedy sports film, Bull Durham.

Chuck Brodsky, the folksinger and baseball balladeer, has written a song, "Gone to Heaven", about Max. It appeared on his 2000 release, Last of the Old Time, and was later collected on his 2002 album, The Baseball Ballads.

The bluesman Watermelon Slim (William P. Homans) wrote and released the song "Max, The Baseball Clown" on his 2008 CD, No Paid Holidays (NorthernBlues Music Inc, Ottawa ON). Homans, who grew up in the minor-league town of Asheville, watched Max Patkin do two shows in successive years in the early 1960s, and wrote a reminiscence of him more than 40 years later.

title: Max Patkin


text:
SEAT Córdoba

The SEAT Córdoba is the saloon, estate and coupé version of the SEAT Ibiza supermini car, built by the Spanish automaker SEAT. It was manufactured between 1993 and 2008, and was related to the second and third generations of the Ibiza.

First generation (Typ 6K; 1993)

The first-generation Córdoba was presented at the 1993 Frankfurt Motor Show and launched that summer. Designed by Italian Giorgetto Giugiaro, it was based on the chassis of the SEAT Ibiza Mk2. Its 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0-litre petrol engines were also found in the Volkswagen Polo and Ibiza, as was the 1.9 TDI.

The vehicle featured a boot space of 455 L, which could be extended up to 762 L by folding rear seats.

Variants
In 1996, the Córdoba range was extended with a coupé (Córdoba SX) and an estate (Córdoba Vario).

SX
The Córdoba SX was a two-door coupé version of the Córdoba. It came with five engine variants: 1.6 litre 100 bhp; 1.9 litre turbodiesel; 1.8 litre, 16 valve; 2.0 litre, 8 valve (which was also used in the Córdoba GTi); and a 2.0 litre, 16 valve. The top of the range engine delivers 150 horsepower. The 2.0 litre ABF engine in this model was also used in the third-generation Golf GTi and the first Ibiza Cupra.

Facelift
The Córdoba was facelifted in 1999, with changes focusing on the bumpers, headlights, taillights and front grille, as well as in the interior, with new materials and upholstery. In the engine range, the 16-valve ABF engine was replaced with a 1.8-litre 156 bhp turbo engine and joined the Cupra range.

The SX was no longer available in the United Kingdom, and limited numbers are known to exist in the Republic of Ireland in RHD format. The "Córdoba Vario" estate variant dropped the "Cordóba" and became simply the "Vario".

Rally
The Córdoba WRC was SEAT's rally car in the World Rally Championship from to. It featured a 2.0-litre turbocharged engine and achieved a total of three podium finishes.

Rallycross
A Córdoba has also been used in the FIA World Rallycross Championship. Danish driver Dennis Rømer contested the 2014 World RX of Germany, finishing 40th out of 41 entrants in the heat stage. To date this is, and most likely will remain, the only time a Córdoba has been used in World Championship rallycross. However, the SEAT Ibiza has been used as a manufacturer entry.

Rebadged versions
The contemporary Volkswagen Polo Classic (saloon) and estate variant were rebadged versions of the SEAT Córdoba Mk1 and Córdoba Vario respectively, and were not based on the Volkswagen Polo hatchback.

FAW-Volkswagen, Volkswagen's partner in China, manufactured the Córdoba Mk1 under the Volkswagen Citi Golf name between 1994 and 2001. The Citi Golf had the same exterior as the pre-facelift Córdoba and the 1.4-litre ABD engine was standard paired with a five-speed manual gearbox. When it was new in 1995, pricing was 240,000 yuan (US$35,640 - October 2020 exchange rate).

In Mexico it was rebadged as the Volkswagen Derby. In 1995, it was imported from Spain, but the 1996 model was assembled in the Volkswagen de México assembly plant in Puebla, Mexico. In 1998, the Spanish-made Polo Classic was introduced in Mexico as the new Volkswagen Derby.

The Volkswagen Polo Classic was also sold in the Philippines from 1996 to 1999, and in South Africa from 1996 to 2002.

Second generation (Typ 6L; 2002)
The second-generation Córdoba was presented at the 2002 Paris Motor Show as the four-door saloon version of the SEAT Ibiza Mk3 hatchback. It featured a boot capacity of 485 L, which could be increased to 800 L by folding the rear seats. No estate or coupé versions of the second generation were developed.

The Córdoba Mark II shares its chassis and engines with the Volkswagen Polo Mk4 and Škoda Fabia Mk1 and Mk2.

In Mexico, Córdoba production continued for a moment longer at the Volkswagen de México Puebla assembly plant. It had the four-cylinder, 2.0-litre 115 PS engine combined with a five-speed manual or an optional six-speed Tiptronic transmission. The Córdoba was withdrawn from sale in the UK in 2006 and shortly afterwards was removed from SEAT UK's website. In other European countries, sales ended in 2009, after production had ceased in November 2008.

Sales and production figures
The total production per year of SEAT Córdoba cars, manufactured in SEAT and other Volkswagen group's plants, is shown below: A total of 1,034,465 Córdobas have been produced.

title: SEAT Córdoba