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Frank Kelso

Frank Benton Kelso II (July 11, 1933 – June 23, 2013) was an admiral of the United States Navy, who served as Chief of Naval Operations from 1990 to 1994.

Early life
Kelso was born in Fayetteville, Tennessee, on July 11, 1933. He attended public school and the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, prior to entering the United States Naval Academy in 1952.

Military career
Following graduation in 1956, Kelso served on the cargo ship USS Oglethorpe (AKA-100) before attending Submarine School in 1958.

On completion of training, Kelso was assigned to the submarine USS Sabalo (SS-302) before returning to Submarine School for nuclear power training in January 1960. He then served one year in the Nuclear Power Department at the school. Subsequent tours included the pre-commissioning crew of USS Pollack (SSN-603), Engineering Officer aboard USS Daniel Webster (SSBN-626) and Executive Officer of USS Sculpin (SSN-590).

From January 1969 to August 1971, Kelso served as Commanding Officer, Naval Nuclear Power School in United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge, Port Deposit, Maryland. Following tours included Commanding Officer, USS Finback (SSN-670); Staff of Commander, Submarine Force, United States Atlantic Fleet; and Commanding Officer, USS Bluefish (SSN-675). Kelso was then assigned as Executive Assistant to the Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Command and Atlantic Fleet and Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic from September 1975 to July 1977.

Kelso served as Commander, Submarine Squadron 7 until reporting as Division Director, Submarine Distribution Division in the Naval Military Personnel Command, and Section Head of the Submarine Programs Section in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Manpower, Personnel and Training) in September 1978. He was selected for promotion to the rank of rear admiral in February 1980.

Upon selection for flag rank, Kelso served as Director, Strategic Submarine Division, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and then was assigned as Director, Office of Program Appraisal, Office of the Secretary of the Navy. On February 8, 1985, Kelso became Commander Sixth Fleet and NATO Commander Naval Striking Force and Support Forces Southern Europe. During this tour, forces under his command launched raids on Libya in defiance of Colonel/President Muammar Gaddafi's claim that Libya's territorial waters extended 200 miles into the Gulf of Sidra. On June 30, 1986, Kelso was promoted to admiral and assumed the duties of Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Fleet. Kelso became Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic and Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Command on November 22, 1988. In that capacity his forces were involved in the second Gulf of Sidra incident (1989). He succeeded Admiral Carlisle A.H. Trost to become the Navy's 24th Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) on June 29, 1990.

Tailhook controversy
Kelso attended the 1991 Tailhook Association meeting in Las Vegas (his second time) at the urging of his senior aviation advisors to gain first-hand information from aviators who were part of Operation Desert Storm following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. In the months following this meeting, allegations of sexual harassment of hotel guests and other sexual misconduct on the part of naval aviators surfaced. Following several lengthy investigations, more than 100 aviators were implicated in overt acts of sexual misconduct. None were court-martialed, though over half of those implicated were informally disciplined and the careers of several senior officers were essentially ended. Secretary of the Navy Lawrence Garrett ultimately resigned and Kelso was forced to retire two months early amid the scandal and aviator complaints that he had failed to ensure due process for accused personnel. Nonetheless, the Navy and its leadership were roundly criticized for minor punishments handed out to a few officers. Kelso was succeeded as CNO by Admiral Jeremy M. Boorda on April 23, 1994.

Retirement and personal life
Shortly before his retirement, Senator Barbara Boxer attempted to punish Kelso by recommending a reduction in rank from full admiral to rear admiral (upper half). All officer assignments of 2-star officers (O-8) and below is under the authority of the Service Secretary. However, all military assignments for flag/general officers to 3-star or 4-star rank are job specific and the approval to hold that position with its associated rank is approved by the Senate. These assignments to jobs above 2-stars are usually limited to 18-24 months unless re-nominated. This includes retirement with 3–star or 4-star rank, any retirement with a rank higher than 2-stars must be requested by the Service Secretary to the Senate. An example of this was the case of Pacific Fleet commander Husband Kimmel following the Pearl Harbor attack, who was reassigned to a position/job of 2-stars, thus losing his “temporary” assignment with 4-star status; another case was Richard Dunleavy, Kelso's Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Air Warfare, who was reassigned from his 3-star job to a 2-star job as a result of Tailhook. Boxer claimed Kelso was deserving of punishment on the grounds that as the Navy's top officer he bore ultimate responsibility for what happened at Tailhook. Boxer's attempt failed when more Senators agreed Kelso had taken the correct and proper actions in handling the affair, and he was allowed to retire at full rank. Kelso's supporters praised his overhaul of officer training that eliminated the separate Aviation Officer Candidate School at NAS Pensacola, Florida for non-United States Naval Academy and non-Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps college graduates that had traditionally set many naval aviators and naval flight officers apart from their other officer peers, and for tough new policies on sexual harassment. Had Kelso been demoted, it would have been a significant loss in his military pension.

Kelso retired with his wife, Landess McCown Kelso (who died in 2012), to his place of birth in Fayetteville, Tennessee in 2003. He died from complications of a fall and severe head injury on June 23, 2013, in Norfolk, Virginia, where he had gone to attend his grandson's graduation. He had been married to his second wife, Georgia Robinson, for just two weeks. He was also survived by two sons (both of whom served in the Navy) and two daughters.

Military awards
Kelso's decorations and awards include:

title: Frank Kelso


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Ray Bright

Raymond James Bright (born 13 July 1954) is a former Australian Test and One Day International cricketer from Victoria. He was a left arm spin bowler and right handed lower order batsman who captained Victoria for a number of seasons. He was also an Australian vice-captain.

Bright made his One Day International debut for Australia on the tour of New Zealand in the 1973/74 season. He also toured New Zealand in the 1976–77 season, and he then toured England in 1977, and made his Test debut in the Second Test at Old Trafford. Over the next decade he was a fixture in the Australian squad without ever holding down a regular place in the Test or One Day teams, playing in only twenty-five Tests and eleven One Day Internationals during his twelve-year international career. However he did play in fifteen Supertests for the Australian XI during World Series Cricket in 1977–78 and 1978–79, taking 42 wickets at an average of 29 against the West Indies and World XI.

Arguably his finest moment in international cricket came in the famous tied Test in Madras against India in 1986, when he took 5 for 94 in India's second innings. He also captained Australia in one match (a loss), his final One Day International appearance for his country, against Pakistan in April 1986.

Gideon Haigh once wrote that "for a time, Ray Bright was colloquially and rather meanly known for having made almost as many tours as he had played Tests." Bright was selected on a large number of Australian touring squads, including ones to New Zealand (1973–74, 1976–77, 1978, 1981–82 and 1985–86), England (1977, 1980 and 1981), the West Indies (1978–79), Pakistan (1979–80 and 1982–83), Sri Lanka (1980–81), Sharjah (1986) and India (1986–87).

Career
A left-arm orthodox spin bowler and useful lower order right-handed batsman, Bright made his club debut for Footscray in 1969/70.

1971 Sheffield Shield debut
In December 1971 he was picked for Victoria against Western Australia. He was aged 17, the youngest player picked for the state since World War Two. However he was only 12th man.

He played for Victoria colts and toured Sri Lanka.

1972–73 season
Bright found his way back into the Victorian team for the 1972–73 season. His first class debut was against NSW. He took 2–32 and 1–64 and made 67 as a nightwatchman.

Bright kept his place in the Victorian side for the rest of the season.

1973–74 season: Australian selection
Bright played well during the 1973–74 season. He took 6–61 and 1–27 against South Australia, 4–41 against WA, took part in a century partnership in a Victoria vs New Zealand game, took 5–75 against WA  and 3–8 against SA.

9–55 against Queensland saw his name start to be mentioned as an international prospect. He ended up taking 32 wickets over the summer at an average of 19.6.

He was a "bolter" selection on the 1973–74 tour of New Zealand, replacing Terry Jenner as the third spin option after Ashley Mallett and Kerry O'Keefe. He was the youngest Australian sent abroad since the selectors sent Ian Craig and Ron Archer (18) to England in 1953,

1973–74 Tour of New Zealand
Bright made his debut for Australia in a one-day game against Wellington taking 2–15. He only took one wicket in his first first-class game for Australia, against Canterbury. He took one wicket against Auckland but four against Northern Districts. He only took 8 first class wickets on the tour but had a healthy average of 21.87.

He also made his one-day international debut on tour, playing in the third ODI against New Zealand. Bright made 0–44.

1974 Lancashire League
Bright expected to spend the 1974 winter at home when he received a call from the Ramsbottom Club in the Lancashire League. Their current professional player, Wasim Raja, had been called up by Pakistan and they needed a replacement. Bright accepted the offer despite only having three weeks notice. His fee was £1,500 but he had to pay his air fare out of that, so he was forced to get a job as well. He worked a bleaching and dyeing factory.

Bright had little luck on his first weekend and says he "got abused by 500 workers" at this factory on Monday. He added, "You're obviously expected to bat in the top four, and if you don't get some runs or get some wickets, particularly if the side's not doing very well, the locals do tend to let you know very quickly that you've been the worst pro the club's ever had."

However his form improved. Bright said "What I found, probably because I've got very hard hands, early on I was tending to balloon a few to mid off or mid on, which a lot of Australians tend to do on soft wickets. It was a matter of adapting to different conditions and, quite often, the bowlers are a bit slower than what you're used to facing in first class cricket back home."

Bright ended up taking 523 runs for the season at 30.8 and 73 wickets at 9.7. Ramsbottom won the championship for just the third time in their history.

1974–75 and 1975–76 seasons
Bright was considered a strong prospect for the 1975 tour of England but found things tougher going at home over the following summer, taking took 10 wickets at 68.6 with a best result of 3–67. At one stage Victorian captain Ian Redpath would bowl himself instead of Bright. "There could have been no more humiliating comment on his form," according to one writer. Australian selectors preferred Terry Jenner and Ashley Mallett as spinners in the test team that summer, and Jim Higgs was picked to go to England in 1975.

Bright attributed his poor form in part to his league stint in England, saying "the wickets were so slow that I ended up bowling a lot quicker. It took me a long, long time to renegotiate what I needed to do in Australian conditions." He added that "another thing was that the batsman weren't taking any risks against me. Before that I suppose they had underestimated me, but after I was selected for New Zealand they took no risks and I had to really fight for my wicket."

Bright's form recovered over the 1975–76 season, taking 22 first class wickets at 27.68. Instead of returning to Ramsbottom over the 1976 English summer, he stayed in Australia and focused on his fitness. He trained with his local Australian rules club Spotswood, for whom he had once played.

1976–77 season
He won man of the match for the Gilette Cup semi final against NSW, taking 3–30 and scoring 55 not out in a partnership with Trevor Laughlin that won Victoria the game.

That summer Bright took 19 wickets at an average of 25 making him one of the better performing spinners in the country. Bright attributed this success in part to captain Richie Robinson giving him "more responsibility by allowing me to bowl for longer periods. these days I'm averaging between 20 and 30 overs. Previously it was only 10–12."

"I've been trying to give the ball that extra tweak," added Bright. "You find, especially against the good batsmen, that you have to do something more than just bowl accurately. I'm glad I was born a left arm bowler. Those sort of bowlers, especially spinners, are a very rare breed in Australia. Batsmen here don't get much practice against a left hander. Anything you can do a little different is a help."

Bright's claim for national selection was helped by retirements of Ashley Mallett and Terry Jenner as well as the poor batting and fielding of rivals David Hourn and Jim Higgs. He was picked on the 1977 Tour of New Zealand. Kim Hughes was meant to be 12th man for the third test against Pakistan, but when he fell injured Ray Bright stepped in. There was some talk he might even play that game in tandem with Kerry O'Keefe but in the end Australia went with one spinner.

1977 Tour of New Zealand
Bright was the second spinner in the squad, after Kerry O'Keefe. He took five wickets against Otago. and he and O'Keefe ended up taking two-thirds of the wickets on the early part of the tour, Bright with 25 wickets at an average of 14.

Bright was selected in the 12 for the first test but was made 12th man when the Australian selectors decided to keep faith in Gary Gilmour. A draw in the first test saw Greg Chappell consider dropping a batsman to make way for Bright but he eventually decided against it.

In March 1977 Cricketer published a list of Ashes squads from seventeen different experts. Every single squad had Bright and Kerry O'Keefe in it as spinners. Bright was 12th man for the Centenary Test. He fielded throughout England's two innings as substitute for Rick McCosker who had suffered a broken jaw when batting in Australia's first innings. Following the test's completion it was announced Bright was on the 1977 tour of England.

1977 Tour of England: Test debut
Early in the tour it was announced that Bright had signed to play World Series Cricket.

Bright had solid form early in the tour, particularly with the bat. He took 4–63 against Gloucestershire and at one stage his batting average was 107. He took 5–91 against Worcestershire.

Bright made his ODI debut in the second one dayer, but only bowled three overs. He was given 11 overs in the third game, taking 1–56.

Bright was in the original 13 man squad for the first test but O'Keeffe was preferred as sole spinner. Australia lost the game and Bright further pressed his claims with 3–34 against Nottinghamshire. By this stage he was leading Australia's tour bowling averages with 20 wickets at 16.

Australia decided to play two spinners for the second, allowing Bright to make his test debut. He took 3–69 in an Australian defeat. He was 12th man for the third test as Australia went back to 3 pacemen but 5–67 against Lancashire saw him reach 35 wickets for the tour at 20. For the 4th test O'Keeffe was dropped in favour of Bright. Bright took 2–66.

Bright kept his spot for the rain-shortened final test. He scored 15 and only bowled six overs.

He ended the tour with 39 wickets at 20.

World Series Cricket
Bright signed with World Series Cricket. He and Kerry O'Keeffe were the two Australian spinners.

His signing meant he was banned from training with the Victorian squad. Bright later said he had "no complaints. Much more security with Packer. I could have got dropped back from England and been dropped from the Victorian side."

1977–78
Bright began the 1977–78 summer well taking 5–54 for a Richie Robinson XI against an Ian Chappell XI. In a four-day trial match for WSC Australia against a World XI, Bright made 47 in Australia's first innings, helping them revive from a collapse, and taking three wickets. These efforts saw him picked over O'Keefe and Mallett to be Australia's spinner in the first supertest against the West Indies XI.

Australia batted first and collapsed to 6–66 when Bright came out to bat; he helped lead a late innings rally to 256, with Bright the top scorer on 69. However he was used sparingly as a bowler, taking 1–15 and 0–10 as Australia lost by three wickets.

Bright took 1–62 in a one-day game against the World XI. In the second Supertest he took 2–75 and 0–18 and made two run outs, but Australia lost again. Things were better in the third match, were Bright's hauls of 2–18 and 4–74 helped Australia to a 220 run win.

Bright only bowled four overs in the rain-shortened, low scoring 4th test, which Australia lost against the World XI.

In a one-day game against the West Indies he took 4–37, almost helping Australia win the game. In the final event the West Indies won by one wicket.

Bright had another strong game in the fifth test, against the World XI. Barry Richards, Gordon Greenidge and Viv Richards took their toll on Australia's bowlers, but Bright fought back to finish with 5–149. He scored 41 in Australia's first dig but they lost the game by an innings and 73 runs. He took 2–38 in the final of the International Cup, which Australia lost to the West Indies and 1–32 in the final of the Country Cup, against the World XI, which Australia also lost.

Bright ended the summer well in the 6th Supertest, against the World XI, taking 3–98 in the first innings and scoring 25 crucial runs in an Australian XI second innings collapse, and taking two catches. These contributions turned out to be crucial in Australia's final victory.

He took 17 supertest wickets for the summerall up at an average of 28.8 and scored 192 runs at an average of 21.

1978 Tour of New Zealand
World Series Cup players toured New Zealand in November 1978. Bright took 1–9 in a four-day game against the World XI, then played in several one day games: 1–10, 0–55, 2–34, did not bowl, 0–30, 0–21, and did not bowl

1978–79 Summer
Back in Australia, Bright took 3–57 against the World XI in a one-day match against the World XI, followed by 0–29.

In the first Supertest, against the World XI, he took 1–21 and 3–81 in an Australian loss  A series of one day games followed: 1–24 against the WSC Cavaliers, 0–24 against the Cavaliers, 1–27 (Cavaliers), 3–33 (West Indies), did not bowl (World XI), 1–17 (World XI), and 1–44 (Cavaliers).

For the second Supertest, against the West Indies XI he took 3–113 and 0–36, as well as 41 runs in total.

For the third Supertest against the West Indies XI, Kerry O'Keefe was drafted into the squad as a possible support for Bright but he ultimately did not play. Bright had a brilliant game taking 6–52 and 1–12, helping Australia to a rare (ten wicket) victory and winning the Man of the Match Award.

This victory saw Australia get into the final against the World XI. They lost by five wickets. Bright again scored some useful lower order runs and took one wicket.

1979 Tour of the West Indies
Bright went to the West Indies with the Australian XI for World Series Cricket. He took 1–40 in a one-day game.

In the first Supertest, Bright was one of the more successful bowlers, taking 2–20 and 2–108; his second innings of 47 not out was Australia's highest.in the game as they crashed to defeat by 369 runs. Australia then lost another ODI, Bright taking one wicket.

Bright batted well in the second test too, making 37 and 22; he picked up 2–22 and 0–16.

Australia won a thrilling third Supertest by 27 runs; however it was Ian Chappell (3–35), not Bright, who bowled them to victory at the end. Bright took 1–28 and 1–68. He took 1–78 and scored 29 not out in the fourth test, famously shortened by a riot.

In one day games he took 1–34 0–43 and 1–31. He struggled with the ball in the final Supertest, taking 1–60, but took part in a crucial second innings partnership with Rod Marsh which helped secure a draw – Bright was not out on 56. He was at the wicket when the last ball of unofficial World Series Cricket was bowled.

Bright had enjoyed an excellent World Series Cricket, being Australia's number one spinner for the entire time.

"Rod Marsh and I were the only two that played in all of the Supertests," said Bright. "Fourteen all up, ten in Australia and four in the West Indies. They were probably my best two years, believe it or not."

1979 in England
Bright received another call from a club in the Lancashire League, when East Lancashire needed a replacement for Peter Sleep, who was touring India with the official Australian team. He took 41 wickets at an average of 11.85. He also participated in a single wicket competition against such players as David Gower and Zaheer Abbas.

1979–80 Season
Victoria had won the Sheffield Shield in 1978–79 but Bright went straight back into the state squad along with fellow WSC players Richie Robinson and Max Walker.

Bright was injured early during the 1979–80 season.

"We were playing a Shield game in Queensland and I threw my arm out on the day before the match," he recalls. "I lost a lot of power, and a lot of things I could do before I wasn’t able to do. So I probably changed my technique after that to get more side-on, but I probably got more back-on. I was coming in to bowl but I was facing the wrong way. I thought I was doing the right thing by changing things, but it didn’t work... Nowadays I would’ve had a shoulder operation... I got told I could have one, but it was really up to me to organise."

Bright was picked in the Australian side to play in the first test against the West Indies. It was the first "reunited" Australian side since World Series players returned to the fold. The day after his selection Bright won match of the match in a McDonald's Cup semi final taking 3–30 against Tasmania. In the test, Bright took 1–97.

Bright played several one day games, against the West Indies (0–26), England (1–40) and the West Indies (0–29). He was then dropped for the next one day game.

He played in the first test against England, taking 1–36. He was kept in the squad for the next game, the second test against the West Indies but was made 12th man in favour of Jim Higgs.

Bright was dropped for the second test against England in favour of Ian Chappell. He only took seven first class wickets over the summer at an average of 63.85. Greg Chappell thought this was a delayed reaction to "intimidatory batting" during World Series Cricket. "A lot of spinners would probably have wilted in WSC but Brighty stood up to it well. WSC, though, probably changed his game a bit, got him bowling a bit more defensively and it eventually cost him a bit of his bite. He'd had as tough a task as any young spinner could've had, bowling against the top twenty or thirty batsmen in the world day in, day out. And that eventually took its toll mentally."

Nonetheless, Bright was picked on the 1980 Tour of Pakistan.

1980 Tour of Pakistan
Bright bowled well early in the tour, taking 5–93 and 6–29 against the BCCP President's XI.

This saw him was picked in the 12 for the first test along with Graeme Beard. Pakistan prepared a spin friendly pitch. Australia were dismissed for 225, with Iqbal Qasim and Tauseef Ahmed taking four wickets each. Bright kept Australia in the game with his 7–87, keeping Pakistan for 292. "I found the wicket helpful but the turn was very slow and it made me really concentrate on my line", said Bright.

However Australia collapsed for 140 in the second innings, Qasim and Ahmed taking all ten wickets between them. Bright took 3–23 in Pakistan's second innings but Australia lost by three wickets.

Pakistani ground keepers prepared very batting friendly strips for the last two test matches, which both ended in draws. Bright made 0–71 in the second test After making 52 in a tour game and 5–172 in the third.

Bright took 29 wickets on tour for 19.24.

1980 Tour of England
Bright's efforts earned him selection on the 1980 tour to England to play the second Centenary Test. He was one of two spinners, the other being Ashley Mallett.

Bright played well against Hampshire but did not overly impress in other games on the tour. (He only took 7 first class wickets on the whole tour for an average of 41.)

He played in a sole one day international and was named in the final 12 for the 1980 Centenary Test along with Ashley Mallet. The selectors decided to play two spinners, and Bright went wicketless over 46 overs, making 0–50 and 0–44.

1980–81 season
Bright did not have a particularly successful season with the ball in 1980–81, obtaining 22 wickets at 40. However he did make a first class century, 108 against Tasmania. He also took 4–59 in the same game. He scored 70 in a McDonald's Cup game against WA.

At the end of the summer, Bright was picked on the 1981 tour of England. He was selected over Bruce Yardley who had more wickets for a lesser average and had been playing tests for Australia; Bob Holland and Peter Sleep also had better figures than Bright. According to one report "the Victorian [Bright] was not everybody's choice to make the tour. He has been to England twice before, with little success, and apart from a fruitful series on the Pakistan wickets last year has only a moderate Test record."

1981 Tour of England
Bright began the tour poorly, struggling the Sri Lankan leg of the tour, and in early games. However 3 wickets against Glamorgan improved his confidence.

Bright was picked for the first test but ended up being relegated to 12th man as Australia went for an all pace attack. An injury to Rodney Hogg saw him picked in the second test. He had only taken ten wickets but many of the tour games had been shortened by rain and his experience got him preferred to Graeme Beard. Bright played well, taking 1–31 and 3–67 as well as scoring 33 (which would be his highest official test score). The game ended in a draw.

5–57 against Northamptonshire helped Bright keep his spot for the third test. This was the famous "miracle match" at Headingley. Bright was not used at all in England's first innings and only bowled four overs in the second innings, despite Ian Botham's famous counter-attacking knock which helped England win the game after following on. Bright was the last man dismissed. Hughes later admitted not bowling Bright more in England's second innings was a big mistake.

Bright played in the 4th test, scoring 27 runs as a nightwatchman and taking 2–20 and 5–68 with the ball. He bowled "with a clever variation of flight and pace" and put Australia in a winning position, requiring only 151 to win. However Australia collapsed and lost. He had less success in the 5th test, taking 0–30 and 1–68 or the 6th, taking 0–41 and 0–50.

Bright took 40 wickets on tour at an average of 26.4.

1981–82 season
Bright was considered a favorite to maintain his place in the Australian side at the beginning of the 1981–82 summer. However he lost his place to Bruce Yardley, who went on to have a magnificent season. He was picked in a 13-man test squad to play the West Indies but did not make the final 12. He was kept in the squad for the second test but did not play either. However he was picked to play on the 1982 tour of New Zealand, in support of Yardley.

Bright took 20 wickets over the summer at 37.1.

1982 Tour of New Zealand
Bright was left out of the test side. He did not bowl particularly impressively in the tour games, only taking two first class wickets in total. There was a possibility Bright would come in as spinner for the third test but it did not happen.

1982 Tour of Pakistan
Bright was picked on the 1982 tour of Pakistan, where Bright had enjoyed success before. Captain Kim Hughes said "the spinning combination of Ray Bright and Bruce Yardley, the left- and right-arm orthodox bowlers, gives us a better balance [than on the 1980 tour] and makes me optimistic of winning the series."

Bright took four wickets in a tour game and was picked for the first test against Pakistan, playing in tandem with Yardley. He made 3–96 and 0–14.

Bright kept his spot for the second test but suffered badly at the hands of Pakistan batsmen, going for 0–107, as well as scoring a pair. He was dropped for the third test in favor of Terry Alderman.

Bright took 12 wickets at 30 on the tour, but his performance was generally considered disappointing.

1982–83 season
Bright was unable to force his way back into the Australian side during 1982–83. He began the season poorly and was even dropped from the Victorian side for a one-day game. However, by the end of the season he had taken 31 first class wickets at 38.67 and was given the job of captaining Victoria for the first time against Sri Lanka.

1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons
Victoria had won two wooden spoons in a row and Graham Yallop was axed as captain at the end of the 1982–83 season. Bright was appointed in his stead at the beginning of the 1983–84 season.

He later said this may have affected his bowling. "When I became captain of Victoria, we didn’t have a great side, we never had a lot of runs to play with, and the MCG wicket being what it was with no bounce, and with that being my home ground we played five games there every year, the mentality may have gone a bit too defensive."

He struggled in 83–84 taking 20 wickets at 54.3. The Australian selectors tried several other spinners during this time – Greg Matthews, Murray Bennett and Tom Hogan.

He had a very strong domestic summer in 1984–85, taking 40 wickets at 30.45, making him one of the best performing spinners. However the Australian selectors went with Matthew, Bennett and Bob Holland for the tests and the 1985 tour of England.

Bright's name was linked with early reports of the rebel cricket sides to tour South Africa. Bright said he had not been approached but would consider any offer. In the end it was Trevor Hohns and Tom Hogan who toured.

This season was his last for Footscray. For the next two summers he would play club cricket for North Melbourne-Geelong.

1985–86 season
Australia's spin bowlers, Holland, Matthews and Bennett, did not have a particularly strong tour of England, and Australia were beaten badly in the first home test of the summer, against New Zealand.

Bright was picked in the Australian side for the second test against New Zealand at the spin-friendly SCG, replacing an unfit Geoff Lawson as a third spin option (alongside Bob Holland and Greg Matthews). Bright had not been expected to play – most observers thought Murray Bennett, who was in strong form and had toured England in 1985 would get the nod.

According to one report, "Bright has played in 16 Tests after making his debut... His gritty outlook and stubborn tactics has not always endeared him, particularly as the Victorian leader. But his determined, sometimes abrasive stance, is what is needed to counter the exultant New Zealanders."

Bright ended up having an excellent game, taking 2–87 and 3–39 and helping Australia win the match.

Allan Border praised the contribution to the side made by the return of veterans Bright and David Hookes. "Now there's a lot more experience in the side with Hookes and Bright," he said. "It's a lot easier on me. With the side in England and even in the first Test against New Zealand there was basically only me that would say anything of a stern nature or a congratulatory nature. But we've got Hookesy now walking around and really giving Craig McDermott a big rocket or a positive word. The way Ray and David keep an eye on things, it's not just me any more. The feeling over the past few weeks has been great but now there's a greater commitment."

Bright was picked in the 12 for the third test but did not play, with Australia picking a third pace bowler. He was preferred to Bob Holland for the first test against India, taking 1–80.

Bright took 6–74 against NSW in a Shield game which ensured his retention for the second test against India. He took 0–76 but scored 28 runs in the first innings.

He kept his place for the third test, and even though it was at the spin friendly SCG, was badly mauled by the Indian batsmen, taking 0–121. (In Bright's defence, other Australian spinners also fared poorly – and Bright had to deal with an inexperienced wicketkeeper in Wayne Phillips. )

That summer, Bright became Victoria's most capped player with 100 games, overtaking Bill Lawry's record of 99. He ultimately took 27 wickets at 37.92.

Despite his poor results against India, Bright was picked as spinner and vice captain on the New Zealand tour. He was also made captain of Australia for a short one day international tour of the United Arab Emirates.

And he was picked in the 13-man Australian one day squad for the finals. However he did not play any games.

1985–86 Tour of New Zealand: Australian vice captain
As well as being vice captain, Bright was one of the selectors of the Australian tour party (along with Allan Border and David Boon). Border and Bright were the only members of the squad who had toured New Zealand before.

Bright began the tour well with 5–42 against Northern Districts. He was 12th man for the first test as Border felt the pitch was more suited to a seamer. He played the second test making 0–51. His batting was useful helping Australia escape with a draw.

Bright led Australia for the first time in a one-day game against Nelson. He captained Australia in a three-day game against Central Districts, which ended in a draw.

He was kept on for the third test making 2–58 and 0–29.

He was left out of the team for the first one-day internationals. Australia lost, Allan Border threatened to resign, and Ray Bright, as vice captain, chaired a meeting of the players which resulting in them reiterating support for their captain.

Bright was back in the team for the third game, taking 0–31 and at the crease when Australia won a thrilling victory. Bright was so over joyed he smashed the stumps. Australia won the fourth game which Bright played but did not bowl in. He took 9 first class wickets at 33 for the tour.

Coach Bob Simpson said the team were "most fortunate" to have Ray Bright as vice captain on tour since his "attitude and application have been an inspiration to the whole touring party."

1986 Tour of Sharjah: Australian captain
The tour of the UAE followed, where Bright captained the side. Australia only played one game, against Pakistan. Australia made 7–202, which Pakistan reached in 49 overs for the loss of two wickets. Bright took 1–28.

1986 Tour of India: The second tied Test
Bright was still chosen on the tour of India, as the second spinner alongside Greg Matthews. He ended up playing all three tests.

Bright began the tour badly taking 0–55 and 0–61 in a tour game. He took four wickets in 3 matches at an average of 245 and was considered likely to be made 12th man for the first test. However Border decided to go with two spinners, Bright and Matthews.

"Touring India is not how it is now," recalled Bright. "I was crook for the match. The gut; why would you eat a pizza in India? The night before the game I did the right thing and had an early night instead of having a few extra beers with (Bruce) Reid, (David) Boon, Border, (Geoff) Marsh, etcetera, who liked a couple. I thought ‘no, I’ll have an early night and be ready for tomorrow’, but the room service pizza wasn't what it was supposed to be. Fortunately we won the toss and batted, as I would have been struggling to bowl that next day."

Bright was nightwatchman. He ended up scoring 30 and taking part in a partnership with Dean Jones, who made 210. "It was one of the better efforts of human endurance I’ve seen," said Bright. "He was very ill, we were all very ill. To get through that, with the heat being unbearable, but he was good enough to hit the singles when he needed to and get the fours when they were there. The good thing was that he had to spend the night in hospital on a saline drip so we didn’t have to spend the night hearing about how good a knock it was." This was a considerable change from Jones' debut for Victoria aged 20, when after making 39 Bright stood up in the dressing room and branded him "the worst batsman I've ever seen play for Victoria", despite Jones facing Dennis Lillee at the WACA.

Bright took 2–88 in the first innings. In the second innings temperatures reached 40 degrees and 80% humidity.

"The quicks didn’t bowl much, because it was too hot," said Bright. "The worst thing was the humidity. There was no such thing as a warm up, and the canal out the back, I think it is called the Buckingham Canal, was like an open sewer, so imagine when it is 45 degrees and very humid. It was just horrendous. I’d never known anything like it."

Bright collapsed and had to be helped from the field. "Ray was 32 years old and, putting it politely, he wasn’t fit," says Greg Matthews. "People don’t understand how good Ray Bright was in that match, because without him we would have been beaten. To me it sits alongside Rick McCosker’s effort in the Centenary Test for bravery."

Bright returned to the field and took the wickets of Chetan Sharma and Kiran More. Then with two overs to go, India required seven runs with two wickets in hand. Bright bowled the penultimate over and dismissed Shivalv Yadav, ending the game with 5–94. Matthews got a wicket in the last over and the match was a tie.

He did not get a chance to bowl in the rain shortened second test and went for 1–109 in the third.

1986–88: Final years
In the 1986–87 summer, Bright was omitted for the first two tests against England, as Australia elected to go with one spinner, Matthews.

Bright took seven wickets for Victoria against South Australia. He was recalled to the Australian team for the 3rd test of the 1986–87 Ashes. However he was made 12th man in favour of Peter Sleep. He was dropped from the squad for the fourth test. Australia dropped Greg Matthews for the fifth test but tried a new spinner, Peter Taylor, instead of Bright.

Bright was injured towards the end of the 1986–87 season. He led the Victorian team to the Sheffield Shield final, but they lost to Western Australia. His shoulder injury called him to step down as Victorian captain at the end of the summer. He had a solid season, with 29 wickets at 31.41.

Later playing career
Bright was dropped from the Victoria side at the beginning of the 1987–88 summer. He was recalled but retired shortly afterwards.

In 1987 he was appointed captain and coach of Richmond Club, who he ended up playing for until 1995–96. Under Bright the Club won a First Eleven Premiership in 1989 – 90, a Club Championship in 1987 – 88 and the Second Eleven won Premierships in 1987 – 88, 1988 – 89 and 1990 – 91.

Summary
Australia only won two of Bright's 25 Tests, and in Australia he averaged 68. He averaged 89 in draws, 50 in the first innings, 182 when Australia lost the toss and were put in (when he took a wicket every 83 overs). And in 19 of his 39 innings, he failed to take a wicket at all.

Despite a relatively modest international career, Bright was a stalwart at Australian domestic level for Victoria. He ended his first-class career with 471 wickets at an average of 32.08 and scored two centuries.

Post retirement career
Since retiring from playing professionally after the 1987–1988 season, Bright has served as a selector for the Victorian state team, as well as Under 17 and 19 teams. He has taken on a number of coaching roles. His son, Adam Bright, plays baseball for Australia.

In December 1990 he went for 1–109 in an Australian XI vs World XI game to raise funds for a school.

Bright became a Victoria selector in April 2002.

Ray has recently taken up the senior assistant coaching role with the Vermont South Cricket Club in the Box Hill Reporter league where his son Matt opens the bowling and batting in the 1st XI. Ray can usually be found in the newly constructed social rooms enjoying a quiet drink and entertaining many with tales of yesteryear.

He was cricket adviser on the mini series Howzat! Kerry Packer's War.

Personal life
Bright was married twice. He met his English-born second wife, Jacquie, on the 1977 tour of England and has two sons.

Tests
Test Debut: vs England, Manchester, 1977

Last Test: vs India, Mumbai, 1986–1987
 * Bright's best Test batting score of 33 was made against England, Lord's, 1981
 * His best Test bowling figures of 7 for 87 came against Pakistan, Karachi, 1979–1980

One-day internationals
ODI Debut: vs New Zealand, Dunedin, 1973–1974

Last ODI: vs Pakistan, Sharjah, 1985–1986
 * Bright's best ODI batting score of 19 not out was made against West Indies, Melbourne, 1979–1980
 * His best ODI bowling figures of 1 for 28 came against Pakistan, Sharjah, 1985–1986
 * He captained Australia in one ODI, a loss

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ray Bright


text:
Talk:Cultural diversity

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is currently the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 September 2021 and 16 May 2022. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Convivialis.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:48, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

weasel words
"By analogy with biodiversity, which is thought to be essential to the long-term survival of life on earth, it can be argued that cultural diversity may be vital for the long-term survival of humanity; and that the conservation of indigenous cultures may be as important to humankind as the conservation of species and ecosystems is to life in general." Salvor Hardin 05:35, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * So, what's wrong with that? Please re-word it so that it is acceptable to you, it rather than adding back the neutrality dispute notice.  Best regards,GrahamN 14:38, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't think of any way of describing it without sounding POV against it or giving it more credibility then it deserves.74.38.99.188 19:31, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Old Fashioned
"Overpopulation, immigration and imperialism (of both the cultural and old-fashioned kind) are reasons that have been suggested to explain any such decline." The term "old fashioned" is very unspecific and not very encyclopedic. I have no idea what is meant there. A more proper, decisive, less colloquial term should be used in its place. JoeyETS 03:30, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Organiz(s)ation
Both spellings are acceptable, there was just an edit changing the z's to s's in this article. One is British English, one is American. What is the policy for English dialect in Wikipedia? JoeyETS 00:05, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

It's at Manual of Style: "Each article should have uniform spelling and not a haphazard mix of different spellings, which can be jarring to the reader. ... If an article is predominantly written in one type of English, aim to conform to that type rather than provoke conflict by changing to another." This article does not currently use American spellings. GrahamN 21:06, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I'm used to using Canadian English, so I'm always flip-flopping back and forth between British and American spellings, the link should be useful. Good edit on the old-fashioned wording as well. JoeyETS 23:14, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Strange
This article is not up to the standards of wikipedia. There are almost no sources, there are numerous POV statements, and there are poorly written sentences. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.235.249.80 (talk) 18:20, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. As it stands this article looks like someone's essay. --78.86.137.221 (talk) 23:20, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

This article sucks in its current state. It feels like a debate. The french article looks much better; perhaps it can be used as a model. I don't feel confident in my ability to translate from french, but perhaps a french speaker can do that. Bob A (talk) 06:31, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

I think one of the reasons this article is so unsatisfactory is that it pussyfoots around the reality that the phrase 'cultural diversity' is politically charged, instead of frankly acknowledging it. When did the phrase enter the language and in what context? Who have been its most notable historical proponents? In what political, social, economic and cultural debates has it played a central role? Was cultutal diversity a divisive issue in the 1960s? The 1970s? The 1980s? This information is missing from the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.70.114.14 (talk) 16:38, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

Doesn't
the first paragraph seem superfluous? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.65.247.233 (talk) 19:48, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Cultural Diversity in the Workplace
The issue of how to successfully work together with people who are culturally different is still a topic that requires training and understanding and is not something that is to be lightly thought of as common sense. In today’s modern workforce, the people that make up each workplace are as diverse as the type of work that is being performed. In the past, people who worked together were often from the same culture and the idea of having a workforce compiled of people from different cultures was not common. However, just as the work itself has evolved over time, so has the concept of having people from different backgrounds come together to get the work done. A common misconception is that culture naturally involves race and ethnicity. While it is true that people of different races might also have different cultures, it is equally true that people of the same race can have different cultures. In the past, interest in cultural diversity was mainly focused on the benefits of the business rather than the benefits of the employees. However, in today’s society, learning about cultural diversity is not just for overseas purposes. This is because now, more than ever, people from different cultures are here in the United States working alongside everyone else. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pamelasaul (talk • contribs) 18:04, 8 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Your own clueless reflections are not relevant to the article or this talk page. -- A ntigrandios ËTalk|undefined  08:45, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

French article revision
I incorporated a chunk of text I consider to be relevant to the article from the French wikipedia. I'm not very good with Wikipedia, however, so any improvements upon this are welcome. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.90.55.168 (talk) 11:05, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Nayef Al-Rodhan
The article devotes a possibly undue amount of space to the thoughts of this one man. Is he a really key central figure on this topic? I note the separate article on him is extraordinarily long and detailed (e.g. linking to numerous individual papers by him), suggesting it may be largely self-written; so perhaps his mentions in this article are too. In any case I suggest they are heavily cut back. 90.198.224.197 (talk) 13:44, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

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Globalization and ICTs
I'd be interested to hear what folks think about making space for the evolving critique of cultural diversity as a discourse of neoliberal power spanning multinational monoliths and private liberal arts colleges alike. Sara Ahmed broaches the topic at length in her book On Being Included, for what it's worth. Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zmuhl (talk • contribs) 15:10, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

"Controversies" needs renaming or restructuring
The section currently headed "Controversies" doesn't seem to contain any controversies. For a controversy, there should be different contrasting points of view held by notable sources, not a statement that the facts are obviously on one side. The first paragraph says that some practices done in the name of "cultural diversity", such as child marriage, are unethical. I don't think any of the article's sources, or literature about cultural diversity dispute this. If there is a controversy, it needs to be spelled out what the different perspectives are and who holds them. The second paragraph says that globalisation is a threat to cultural diversity. This is a very important point about cultural diversity but, again, it's not controversial. The third paragraph says that cultural relativism hasn't achieved widespread adoption among philosophers. True, but how is this a statement about a controversy about cultural diversity? Maybe there are people arguing that cultural relativism is essential to cultural diversity, and they are not a fringe we can ignore, but who they are needs to be spelled out. Most of this content belongs here, but we need more thought about how it is given context in the article. MartinPoulter (talk) 15:44, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I've moved some content to other sections and removed off-topic content. That leaves one paragraph that I'm going to move here in case other editors want to work on it. At the moment, it comes across as a non-sequitur but maybe it could be possible to develop this into a section that describes a controversy.

"In the same manner that the promotion of poverty in underdeveloped nations as 'cultural diversity' is unethical. It is unethical to promote all religious practices simply because they are seen to contribute to cultural diversity. Particular religious practices are recognized by the WHO and UN as unethical, including female genital mutilation, polygamy, child brides, and human sacrifice."

MartinPoulter (talk) 13:50, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Now that I've accessed the Starr and Adams article and searched for "cultural diversity". It doesn't mention it! This only makes it seem more like it doesn't belong in the article. MartinPoulter (talk) 14:57, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

Paragraph moved out of article
I'm moving this paragraph from the article into Talk because it has several problems: hard-to-understand English, lack of sources, unencyclopaedic wording and general impenetrability. If anyone wants to improve this paragraph and re-insert it into the article, be my guest.

 * Cultural Diversity on Western Balkan countries

In 2005 the relations of EU and Western Balkan countries were passed from "External Relations" to "Enlargement" policy. As WB countries make steps forward in the future membership of the EU, the diversity in society within the WB is expected to increase further. It is important to see the relationship between cultural diversity and ethnic fractionalization from one side and governance, competitiveness, and human development from the other side. Even though the literature argues that cultural diversity has a negative impact on countries’ performance, the study of Hysa (2020) finds out that highly homogenous societies in WB are no more prone to good governance, global competitiveness and human development than highly heterogeneous societies within the region. In other words, countries with lower fractionalization index (such as Kosovo and Serbia) do not show a significantly higher performance than countries with higher fractionalization indexes (such as Macedonia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina). Thus, the influence of regional geographic distance seems to be much more significant compared to cultural diversity because the economic capacity and performance of WB countries are found to be positive but still modest. The Western Balkan countries are having a considerable mixture of ethnicities, languages, and religions. These varieties can push this group of countries to have a consensus among them in the economic aspects or to increase the gap among each other.

MartinPoulter (talk) 15:46, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

Factors influencing cultural diversity
I've pasted in a section I'm calling "Factors" from another article which had a summary of a UNESCO report. This sets out factors that promote or inhibit cultural diversity and is thus good, meaty content for this article. However, the UNESCO report describes the state of the world in 2017/2018, so it's out of date. I hope the community will bear with me while I use other references to fill out this section (for example, other reports in the same series) and give a more up-to-date context. And of course I welcome help, MartinPoulter (talk) 15:09, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

To do
This is getting close to B-class. Not many issues to fix: MartinPoulter (talk) 16:58, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Characteristics: First bullet-point list needs to be verified and, if possible, made consistent with the rest of the section.
 * International legal context: This needs to make more narrative sense as to why these particular measures are mentioned, and how they are part of a wider campaign. More citations needed for the content of the Universal Declaration. Done
 * Factors: there are some very out-of-date statements in this section which could be updated with more recent reports
 * Globalization and mass media: this subsection seems too evaluative and lacking in citations.
 * Governance of culture: this subsection is too short and needs spelling out Completely rewritten 15 November 2023
 * National and local initiatives: this section needs more spelling-out so it's clear how this example relates to cultural diversity.
 * It would be nice to have citation formatting for ref 13. Done
 * Maybe a section for cultural diversity in the workplace? Diversity of workplaces isn't the topic of the article.
 * Note to self: ref for Characteristics section: and  MartinPoulter (talk) 16:05, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Update: some actions done and progress made on others. MartinPoulter (talk) 15:54, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Update: I've finally managed to get a look at the cited page, 127, of the Kathryn Last book chapter from "Cultural Pluralism and the Return of Cultural Heritage". This is used as the source for the bullet-point list "Cultural diversity can take several meanings:" which starts the "characteristics" section and which seems to me to use confusing language. This and the surrounding pages don't mention cultural diversity, but they do discuss what is meant by "the cultural heritage" of a particular group. So I'm going to remove that bullet-point list; the Characteristics section will thus start with a list of aspects of cultural diversity from an academic source which discusses the exact question of defining cultural diversity. MartinPoulter (talk) 14:35, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cultural diversity


text: User talk:68.144.17.242

title: User talk:68.144.17.242


text: User talk:70.24.139.143

title: User talk:70.24.139.143


text:
1983 in art

Events from the year 1983 in art.

Events

 * Galería OMR commercial contemporary art gallery founded in Mexico City.
 * High Museum of Art, designed by Richard Meier, opened in Atlanta, Georgia.
 * Australian painter Sidney Nolan settles in Britain at Rodd Court in Herefordshire on the Welsh border near Presteigne.

Awards

 * Archibald Prize: Nigel Thomson – Chandler Coventry

Works

 * Richard Beyer's Charles Frederic Swigert Jr. Memorial Fountain installed in Oregon Zoo, Portland.
 * Completion of the Christo and Jeanne-Claude environmental artwork, Surrounded Islands, involving eleven islands in Biscayne Bay off Miami being surrounded by 6,500,000 square feet (600,000 m2) of pink fabric.
 * Lucian Freud - Large Interior W11 (After Watteau)
 * Completion of Richard Hamilton's diptych The Citizen.
 * Cast of John Seward Johnson II's painted bronze Allow Me installed in Portland, Oregon.
 * Marta Minujin - The Parthenon of Books.
 * Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint Phalle's kinetic artwork, the Stravinsky Fountain near the Centre Pompidou, Paris.

Births

 * Al-Mayassa bint Hamad Al Thani, Qatari chairperson of the Qatar Museums Authority
 * Jérémie Iordanoff, French abstract artist
 * Milo Moiré, Swiss performance artist

January to June

 * 24 February – Roy Krenkel, American illustrator (b.1918).
 * 3 March – Hergé, Belgian comics writer and artist (b.1907).
 * 21 May – Kenneth Clark, English author, museum director, broadcaster and art historians (b.1903).
 * May 11 – Ernst Thoms, German painter (b. 1896).
 * 8 June – Rachel Baes, Belgian painter  (b.1912).

July to December

 * 14 July – Philip Zec, British editorial cartoonist (b. 1909).
 * 12 August – Franz Radziwill, German painter (b. 1895).
 * 18 August – Nikolaus Pevsner, German-born British art historian (b.1902).
 * 28 October – Otto Messmer, American animator (b.1892).
 * 5 November – Jean-Marc Reiser, French comics creator (b.1941).
 * 17 November – John Russell Harper, Canadian art historian (b.1914).
 * 2 December – Aart van den IJssel, Dutch sculptor (b.1922).
 * 20 December – Bill Brandt, German-born British photographer and photojournalist (b.1904).
 * 23 December – Colin Middleton, Irish artist (b.1910).
 * 25 December – Joan Miró, Spanish painter, sculptor and ceramicist (b.1893).

Full date unknown

 * Michael Cardew, English studio potter (b.1901).
 * Bernard Lamotte, French illustrator, painter and muralist (b.1903).
 * Edward Wesson, English watercolour artist (b.1910).

title: 1983 in art


text: User talk:64.252.250.167

title: User talk:64.252.250.167


text: Category:House of Nassau

title: Category:House of Nassau


text:
Sam Hill Memorial Bridge

The Sam Hill Memorial Bridge, also known as the Biggs Rapids Bridge, is a steel truss bridge in the northwest United States that carries U.S. Route 97 (US 97) across the Columbia River between Biggs Junction in Sherman County, Oregon, and Maryhill in Klickitat County, Washington. It was named in honor of the early bridge proponent Sam Hill, the builder of the nearby Maryhill Museum of Art.

Construction on the Biggs Rapids Bridge began on October 3, 1960, and was funded by the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority. It is 2,567 ft long, including a 341 ft main truss span, and weighs 3,595,000 lbs. The bridge cost $2.4 million to construct and was dedicated in honor of Sam Hill during its opening ceremonies on November 1, 1962. It was initially a toll bridge charging $1 per vehicle, but the tolls were removed in February 1975.

The bridge was closed during part of 2007–2008 in order to complete repairs to the deck. Originally the Washington State Department of Transportation planned to replace the entire deck in 2010, but accelerated the project due to rapidly deteriorating roadway. By March 2009 the project was finished at a total cost of project $16 million, split evenly between Oregon and Washington. It included replacing the deck with concrete, installing new railing, improving the drainage systems, and replacing the existing lighting. The new deck is expected to last 25 years.

title: Sam Hill Memorial Bridge


text:
Birgit Fischer

Birgit Fischer (born 25 February 1962) is a German former kayaker, who has won eight gold medals over six different Olympic Games, a record she shares with Aladár Gerevich and Isabell Werth, spanning seven Olympiads: twice representing East Germany (interrupted by the boycott of 1984), then four times representing the reunited nation. After both the 1988 and 2000 games, she announced her retirement, only to return for the subsequent games. She has been both the youngest- and oldest-ever Olympic canoeing champion (ages 18 and 42). In 2004, she was chosen as the German sportswoman of the year.

Fischer was born in Brandenburg an der Havel, then in East Germany. She attended an ASK (army sports club) boarding school in Potsdam, and worked as a sports instructor in the National People's Army, attaining a rank of major by the time of German reunification in 1990. She was married from 1984 to 1993 to canoeist Jörg Schmidt, silver medalist in the C-1 1000 m event at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. She lives with their two children in Brandenburg. In 1999 she stood unsuccessfully as a candidate for the FDP in the European Parliament election. Fischer's niece, Fanny, competed for Germany at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, winning a gold in the K-4 500 m event. Fischer's brother Frank won nine world championship medals between 1981 and 1986.

She also won 38 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medals between 1978 and 2005, including 28 golds. Fischer's career medal count was surpassed by Hungary's Katalin Kovács at the 2011 championships in Szeged.

Fischer is also a photographer and displays works through the Art of the Olympians.

title: Birgit Fischer


text:
Intercom

An intercom, also called an intercommunication device, intercommunicator, or interphone, is a stand-alone voice communications system for use within a building, small collection of buildings or portably within a small coverage area, which functions independently of the public telephone network. Intercoms are generally mounted permanently in buildings and vehicles, but can also be detachable and portable. Intercoms can incorporate connections to public address loudspeaker systems, walkie talkies, telephones, and other intercom systems. Some intercom systems incorporate control of devices such as signal lights and door latches.

Intercoms are used on a wide variety of properties; from houses that only require one connection between a resident and the property's entrance to multi-unit apartments that require intercom hardware to be installed in every individual apartment. Some are equipped with video and its wiring (electrical installation) can be connected to the outside with a few pairs (4-6 pairs) while controlling an electric strike. The latest generations are even compatible with computers and some models include TCP/IP compatibility.

Permanent systems
Traditional intercoms and public address systems are composed entirely of analogue electronics components but many new features and interfacing options can be accomplished with new intercom systems based on digital connections. Video signals can be carried as well as voice. Digital intercom stations can be connected using Cat 5 cable and can even use existing computer networks as a means of interfacing distant parties. Intercom cameras can be used in modern offices and hotels.

Many schools and office buildings now use audio / video systems to identify visitors trying to gain access to a locked building and can be interfaced with the building's access control system.

Besides fixed locations, intercom systems are used on many types of vehicles including trains, watercraft, aircraft and armoured fighting vehicles.

Portable systems

Portable intercoms are commonly used by special event production crews and professional sports teams. Performing arts venues such as theaters and concert halls often have a combination of permanently mounted and portable intercom elements. Motorsports race tracks often have both portable and permanent intercom stations mounted at critical points around the racecourse for use by race officials and emergency medical technicians.

Portable intercoms are also used for motorcycle communication, for example between motorcyclist and passenger, bike-to-bike communication or communication within a pack of riders. Intercom mounting systems can be attached to most motorcycle helmets. Several different types of technologies can be used, including various types of citizens band radio like for example PMR446, Bluetooth, or dynamic mesh communication (DMC) which is a mesh based intercom system developed for motorcycle communication.

Basic intercom system terms
Intercom installers, suppliers, and manufacturers often use the following terms to refer to intercom components.

 * Master station or base station: These units control the whole system. Master stations initiate calls to substations and can be configured to make announcements that are transmitted over the entire intercom system.
 * Substation: Units that initiate calls with a master station, but are not capable of initiating calls with any other stations. Substations are also known as slave units.
 * Door station: Like substations, door stations are only capable of initiating a call to a master station. They are typically weather-proof.
 * Intercom station: A full-featured remote unit that is capable of initiating and receiving party-line conversation, individual conversations, and signalling. May be rack-mounted, wall-mounted or portable.
 * Wall mount station: Fixed-position intercom station with built-in loudspeaker. May have flush-mounted microphone, hand-held push to talk microphone or telephone-style handset.
 * Belt pack: Portable intercom station worn on the belt such as an interruptible feedback (IFB) with an earpiece worn by talent.
 * Handset: Permanent or portable telephone-style connection to an intercom station. Holds both an earpiece and a push to talk microphone.
 * Headset: Portable intercom connection from a belt pack to one or both ears via headphones with integrated microphone on a boom arm. Connects to a belt pack.
 * Paging signal: An audible and/or visual alert at an intercom station, indicating that someone at another station wants to initiate a conversation.
 * Power supply: Used to feed power to all units. Often incorporated into the design of the base station.
 * Telephonic: Intercom systems that utilize a transmitter (talk) and receiver (listen) to communicate, similar to standard telephone systems.
 * Amplified: Intercom systems that utilize a single speaker to transmit and receive communications.
 * Amplifier: An intercom system's main or central component, responsible for switching or connecting communication paths between master and substations. In addition, amplifiers distribute or switch power to auxiliary connected devices, such as door strikes, to allow entry.

Wiring intercoms
While every intercom product line is different, most analogue intercom systems have much in common. Voice signals of about a volt or two are carried atop a direct current power rail of 12, 30 or 48 volts which uses a pair of conductors. Signal light indications between stations can be accomplished through the use of additional conductors or can be carried on the main voice pair via tone frequencies sent above or below the speech frequency range. Multiple channels of simultaneous conversations can be carried over additional conductors within a cable or by frequency- or time-division multiplexing in the analogue domain. Multiple channels can easily be carried by packet-switched digital intercom signals.

Portable intercoms are connected primarily using common shielded, twisted pair microphone cabling terminated with 3-pin XLR connectors. Building and vehicle intercoms are connected in a similar manner with shielded cabling often containing more than one twisted pair.

Digital intercoms use Category 5 cable and relay information back and forth in data packets using the Internet protocol suite.

Two-wire broadcast intercoms
Intercom systems are widely used in TV stations and outside broadcast vehicles such as those seen at sporting events or entertainment venues. There are essentially two different types of intercoms used in the television world: two-wire party line or four-wire matrix systems. In the beginning, TV stations would simply build their own communication systems using old phone equipment. However, today there are several manufacturers offering off-the-shelf systems. From the late 1970s until the mid-90s, the two-wire party line-type systems were the most popular, primarily due to the technology that was available at the time. The two-channel variety used a 32-volt impedance-generating central power supply to drive external stations or belt packs. This type of format allowed the two channels to operate in standard microphone cable, a feature highly desired by the broadcasters. These systems were very robust and simple to design, maintain and operate but had limited capacity and flexibility as they were usually hardwired. A typical user on the system could not choose whom to talk to. He would communicate with the same person or group of people until the system was manually reconfigured to allow communication with a different group of people. Two-wire routers or source assignment panels were then implemented to allow quick re-routing. This reconfiguration was usually handled at a central location, but because voltage is used on the circuit to power the external user stations as well as communicate, there would usually be a pop when the channels were switched. So while one could change the system on-the-fly, it was usually not desirable to do so in the middle of a production, as the popping noise would distract the rest of the television crew.

Four-wire broadcast intercoms
In the mid-90s four-wire technology started gaining more prominence due to the technology getting cheaper and smaller. Four-wire circuit technology had been around for quite some time but was very expensive to implement. It usually required a large footprint in the physical television studio, thus was only used at very large television stations or television networks.

Wireless intercoms
For installations where it is not desirable or possible to run wires to support an intercom system, wireless intercom systems are available. There are two major benefits of a wireless intercom system over the traditional wired intercom. The first is that installation is much easier since no wires have to be run between intercom units. The second is that you can easily move the units at any time. With that convenience and ease of installation comes a risk of interference from other wireless and electrical devices. Nearby wireless devices such as cordless telephones, wireless data networks, and remote audio speakers, as well as structural features in your building, can all interfere. Electrical devices such as motors, lighting fixtures and transformers can cause noise. There may be concerns about privacy since conversations may be picked up on a scanner, baby monitor, cordless phone, or a similar device on the same frequency. Encrypted wireless intercoms can reduce or eliminate privacy risks, while placement, installation, construction, grounding and shielding methods can reduce or eliminate the detrimental effects of external interference. The United States and Canada have several frequency ranges for wireless intercom systems and other wireless products. They are 49 MHz, FM band (200–270 kHz), 494–608 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and MURS (150 MHz). IP Intercoms are now appearing that connect a Master to an IP Substation elsewhere on the Internet, via an Ethernet port. Wireless intercoms can also run over a mesh network that allows near-instant communication throughout a house.

Power line communication units that send signal over house wiring have been referred to as "wireless" intercoms. Though they are technically wired intercoms, they are based on existing wiring and thus require no additional wires.

Telephone intercoms
Some telephones include intercom functions that enable paging and conversation between instruments of similar make and model. Examples include Panasonic model KX-TS3282W(/B), AT&T models 945 and 974, and TMC model ET4300.

A single device can add intercom functionality to multiple standard telephones on a common phone line, even of different makes and models. Installation effort is minimal, and is not vulnerable to the radio interference and security issues of wireless systems. The Add-A-Com Whole House Intercom for Standard Telephone Systems is such a device. Intercom paging is accomplished by sounding a distinctive ring from all telephones after any phone is taken briefly off hook. After paging, any number of phones may converse. The device temporarily disconnects the external phone line during intercom use, and reconnects when all phones are again on hook. During intercom use, an external call’s ringing signal can be heard in the earpiece.

Many key telephone systems for office use provide access to multiple outside lines plus an intercom, where the latter appeared as if it were one of the individually-selectable lines. The Western Electric Model 207 and Model 6A intercoms were designed for integration into such key system multiline installations, providing one or two simultaneous intercom calls respectively.

Cell Phone Intercoms
A cell phone network intercom is an outdoor device that communicates wirelessly over the cell phone network with any landline or mobile phone worldwide. Often called GSM intercoms, they initially used the Global System for Mobile Communications standard, and the intercoms were first released in European countries. This standard is now used globally, though in the United States, primarily AT&T, T-Mobile, and a few other providers use GSM, while Sprint and Verizon used CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology. Modern cell phone intercoms support all carriers and the latest technologies. Commonly installed at gates or doors, they are popular because they eliminate the need for wiring, except for power.

title: Intercom