text:
Faulkes Telescope South

The Faulkes Telescope South is a clone of the Liverpool Telescope and is located at Siding Spring Observatory in New South Wales, Australia. It is a 2 m Ritchey-Chrétien telescope. It was designed to be operated remotely with the aim of encouraging an interest in science by young people. It is supported by an altazimuth mount.

The telescope is owned and operated by LCOGT. This telescope and its sister telescope Faulkes Telescope North are used by research and education groups across the globe. The Faulkes Telescope Project is one such group which provides observing time (awarded by LCOGT) for educational projects for UK schools. Funds were initially sourced by charitable donations from philanthropist Dr. Martin C. Faulkes.

Faulkes Telescope South saw first light in 2004 with full operations occurring by 2006.

Discoveries
2008 HJ is a small near-Earth asteroid which at the time of its discovery was the most rapidly rotating object in the solar system.

Observations
On the 4 May 2007 the first ever observation of one of the satellites of Uranus passing in front of another was made by Marton Hidas and Tim Brown.

In 2013 it was used to image the Near-Earth asteroid 2013 XY8.

title: Faulkes Telescope South


text:
Dembski

Dembski (feminine: Dembska; plural: Dembscy) is a Polish-language surname. It is a variant of Dębski. The surname may refer to:
 * Paweł Dembski, 16th-century Polish churchman
 * William A. Dembski (born 1960), American mathematician, philosopher and theologian
 * Yevheniya Dembska (1920–2019), theatre and cinema actress

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dembski


text:
Prevenient grace

Prevenient grace (or preceding grace or enabling grace) is a Christian theological concept that refers to the grace of God in a person's life which precedes and prepares to conversion. The concept was first developed by Augustine of Hippo (354–430), was affirmed by the Second Council of Orange (529) and has become part of Catholic theology. It is also present in Reformed theology, through the form of an effectual calling leading some individuals irresistibly to salvation. It is also in Arminian theology, according to which it is dispensed universally in order to enable people to respond to the offer of salvation, though it does not ensure personal acceptance.

Definition
The concept of "prevenient grace" was originated and developed by Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430), based on St. Ambrose's (c. 339 – c. 397) writings. Prevenient grace refers to the grace of God in a person's life that precedes conversion. The original expression (gratia praeveniens) means literally "grace that precedes". The English expression comes from an archaic usage of the word "prevenient" meaning "preceding". This concept has a similar meaning to the concepts of "vocation" or "calling".

There are some variations of understanding of the prevenient grace, in terms of intent of God:
 * In Roman Catholic theology, it is a predisposing grace which helps to believe.
 * In Arminian theology, it is an enabling grace which helps to believe.
 * In Reformed theology, it is comparable simultaneously to two concepts: common grace which doesn't improve man's depraved unregenerate nature and has no salvific purpose and the effectual calling by which God calls to irresistibly believe.

When grace is considered with regard to its effects, prevenient grace is differentiated from subsequent grace. The nature of subsequent grace differs depending on the view on the deterministic or non-deterministic nature of the providence of God : For example, John Wesley, named 2 forms of subsequent grace : "justifying grace" (also called saving grace) and "sanctifying grace". Both of those subsequent forms of grace are resistible. On the contrary Calvinists have considered the justifying grace as an irresistible grace.

Origins
The notion of "prevenient grace" (Gratia praeveniens) was developed by Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430), along with the notions of "operative grace" and the "cooperative grace". In reaction to Pelagianism, Augustine's stated that prevenient grace is necessary to prepare the human will for conversion. Pelagius had appealed to St. Ambrose (c. 339 – c. 397), to which Augustine replied a series of quotations from Ambrose which indicated the need for prevenient grace. Augustine described free will without the spiritual aid of grace as, "captive free will" (liberum arbitrium captivatum). Through the action of grace, this will becomes a "freed will" or literally a "freed free will" (liberum arbitrium liberatum). Prevenient grace provides this necessary spiritual enlightenment. The subsequent "operative grace" grants the elect only the power to believe and kindles justifying faith. Augustine viewed operative grace as an irresistible justifying grace for the elect.

Developments
In 529, at the Second Council of Orange, the question at hand was whether the doctrines of Augustine on God's providence were to be affirmed, or if Semi-Pelagianism could be affirmed. Semi-Pelagianism was a moderate form of Pelagianism which teaches that the first step of salvation is by human will and not the grace of God.

The determination of the Council could be considered "semi-Augustinian". It defined that faith, though a free act of man, resulted, even in its beginnings, from the grace of God, enlightening the human mind and enabling belief. This describes the operation of prevenient grace allowing the unregenerate to repent in faith. On the other hand, the Council of Orange condemned the belief in predestination to damnation implied by the Augustinian soteriology.

The canons of the Council directly quoted Augustine's work related on the concept of prevenient grace (Canons 1, 2, 5, 6, 7). Boniface II (died in 532) writing to Caesarius of Arles, confirmed the notion of prevenient grace: "[W]e confirm by the authority of the Apostolic See your confession, in which in the Opposite way you explain that right faith in Christ and the beginning of all good will, according to Catholic truth, is inspired in the minds of individuals by the preceding grace of God."

In Catholic theology
The Second Council of Orange of 529 stated that faith, though a free act, resulted even in its beginnings from the grace of God, enlightening the human mind and enabling belief.

In canon 18 it is said "That grace is preceded by no merits. A reward is due to good works, if they are performed; but grace, which is not due, precedes, that they may be done [St. Prosper]." In canon 23 it is said that God prepares our wills that they may desire the good. Canon 25 states, "In every good work, it is not we who begin… but He (God) first inspires us with faith and love of Him, through no preceding merit on our part."

Prevenient grace was discussed in the fifth chapter of the sixth session of the Council of Trent (1545–63) which used the phrase: "a Dei per dominum Christum Iesum praeveniente gratia" rendered "a predisposing grace of God through Jesus Christ". Those who turned from God by sins are disposed by God's grace to turn back and become justified by freely assenting to that grace.

The Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992) explains, "No one can say 'Jesus is Lord' except by the Holy Spirit. Every time we begin to pray to Jesus it is the Holy Spirit who draws us on the way of prayer by his prevenient grace."

Classical Arminianism
Prevenient grace is an important concept in Arminian theology. Jacobus Arminius affirmed total depravity but believed that prevenient grace enables people to respond to God's offer of salvation: "Concerning grace and free will, this is what I teach according to the Scriptures and orthodox consent: Free will is unable to begin or to perfect any true and spiritual good, without grace. […] This grace [prævenit] goes before, accompanies, and follows; it excites, assists, operates that we will, and co operates lest we will in vain."

Theologian Robert E. Picirilli writes, quoting Arminius, that: "What Arminius meant by "prevenient grace" was that grace that precedes actual regeneration and which, except when finally resisted, inevitably leads to regeneration. He was quick to observe that this "assistance of the Holy Spirit" is of such sufficiency "as to keep at the greatest possible distance from Pelagianism." Arminius distinguished between "prevenient" or "preceding" grace that involves a monergistic work of God, and a "subsequent" or "following" grace that involves a synergistic work.

Wesleyan Arminianism
John Wesley in his sermon #85, "On Working Out Our Own Salvation", stated that : "prevenient grace elicits the first wish to please God, the first dawn of light concerning His will, and the first slight transient conviction of having sinned against Him." Wesley insisted on prevenient grace as a solution to two great problems in Christianity: the belief of original sin and the Protestant doctrine of salvation by grace alone.

Thomas Oden defines prevenient grace as "the grace that begins to enable one to choose further to cooperate with saving grace. By offering the will the restored capacity to respond to grace, the person then may freely and increasingly become an active, willing participant in receiving the conditions for justification."

Wesleyans generally distinguish two forms of call related to prevenient grace : 1. A universal call which is the secret influence of the Holy Spirit upon the conscience. 2. A direct call through the revealed word as found in the Holy Scriptures.

John Wesley adapted the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion adopted by the Church of England in 1563 into the Articles of Religion, for use by American Methodists. With very similar language with Article X of the first, the Article VIII of the second states, "The condition of man after the fall of Adam is such that he cannot turn and prepare himself, by his own natural strength and works, to faith, and calling upon God; wherefore we have no power to do good works, pleasant and acceptable to God, without the grace of God by Christ preventing [preceding] us, that we may have a good will, and working with us, when we have that good will" (emphasis added)."

The Article VIII is official doctrine for many Wesleyan or Holiness movement denominations such as the United Methodist Church, the Church of the Nazarene, or the Pillar of Fire Church.

Infant baptism is seen in Methodism as a celebration of prevenient grace. Although infant baptism is important for the life journey of the faithful disciple, it is not essential.

Most Methodist hymnals have a section with hymns concerning prevenient grace as The United Methodist Hymnal (1989). One of the best known hymns written about this doctrine is Charles Wesley's "Come, Sinners, to the Gospel Feast", which includes the lines, "Ye need not one be left behind, for God hath bid all humankind… the invitation is to all" (emphasis added).

Objections
Some refer to the Arminian concept of prevenient grace as "universal enablement." They characterize the Arminian view as teaching that God has restored to every individual the ability to seek after God and choose salvation.

Nevertheless, Arminians consider that prevenient grace is rather individually directed than universally directed. They consider it is the enabling influence of the Holy Spirit on a human person in a "relational dynamic—a back-and-forth, influence-and-response, relational movement. Like other interpersonal forms of communication and influence, it is something that can come and go".

Calvinists argue that because this grace is supposedly given to all alike, the determining factor in salvation becomes the will of man. They see this libertarian will and choice of the individual as a good work required for salvation and thus an implicit rejection of salvation by grace alone.

Arminians object that, according to their view, salvation is by grace alone. This is because the provision of salvation including its initiation, activation and obtaining is by grace alone. It is respectively the result of prevenient grace, justifying grace and regenerating grace.

Besides, they remark that Calvinism teaches the compatibility of divine determinism and moral responsibility. Man is responsible for his choice when he acts voluntarily, even if his will is determined by God. Thus, as man comes to faith voluntarily, it follows that man is morally responsible for his faith. Consequently, the choice of salvation through faith is a good work. So, for Calvinists to remain consistent, they can not claim that the praiseworthiness of the choice of salvation (whether libertarian or semicompatibilist) is a rejection of salvation by grace alone. Furthermore, Arminians reject the idea that the libertarian choice to accept the provision of salvation is participation in the work of salvation.

In Reformed theology
Calvinists have their own doctrine of prevenient grace, which they identify with the effectual calling and which is immediately and necessarily followed by faith. Because of the necessity of salvation following this dispensation of prevenient grace, the justifying grace is called irresistible grace.

The Calvinist form of prevenient grace is also related to common grace by which God shows general mercy to everyone, restrains sin, and gives humankind a knowledge of God and of their sinfulness and need of rescue from sin. Despite this grace has no salvific purpose, it is said to let people without excuse of not coming to God. Common grace explains also why people seem to come to God, but eventually seem to commit definitive apostasy. About that issue, Calvin formulated the concept of a temporary grace (sometimes called "evanescent grace") that appears and works for only a while in the reprobate but then disappears. According to this concept, the Holy Spirit can create in some people effects which are indistinguishable from those of the irresistible grace of God, producing also visible "fruit". Temporary grace was also supported by later Calvinist theologians such as Theodore Beza, William Perkins, John Owen, A. W. Pink and Lorraine Boettner.

Objections
Since Calvinist common grace leaves people absolutely incapable of coming to God, non-Calvinists do not believe it leaves them without excuse. Concerning the operation of temporary grace supposed to explain apparent apostasy, non-Calvinists find it contrary to the revealed character of God, and leaving Christian believers without real assurance of salvation during their life.

title: Prevenient grace


text: User talk:151.191.175.220

title: User talk:151.191.175.220


text:
Thomas Cooper Gotch

Thomas Cooper Gotch or T. C. Gotch (1854–1931) was an English painter and book illustrator loosely associated with the Pre-Raphaelite movement; he was the brother of John Alfred Gotch, the architect.

Gotch studied art in London and Antwerp before he married and studied in Paris with his wife, Caroline, a fellow artist. Returning to Britain, they settled into the Newlyn art colony in Cornwall. He first made paintings of natural, pastoral settings before immersing himself in the romantic, Pre-Raphaelite romantic style for which he is best known. His daughter was often a model for the colourful depictions of young girls.

His works have been exhibited at the Royal Academy, Royal College of Art and the Paris Salon.

Personal life
Thomas Gotch was born 10 December 1854 in the Mission House in Kettering, Northamptonshire. He was the fourth son born to Mary Ann Gale Gotch and Thomas Henry Gotch (born 1805), who was a shoe maker. He had an elder brother, John Alfred Gotch, who was a successful architect and author.

In 1881 he married fellow art student Caroline Burland Yates (1854–1945) at Newlyn's St Peter's Church. His daughter, Phyllis Marion Gotch, was sometimes a model for her father. After completing his studies, Gotch travelled to Australia in 1883. Gotch and his wife settled in Newlyn, Cornwall in 1887. The couple and their daughter were key participants in the Newlyn art colony.

In addition to his time spent in France and Belgium while studying art, Gotch also travelled to Austria, Australia, South Africa, Italy and Denmark.

Thomas Cooper Gotch died on 1 May 1931 of a heart attack while in London for an exhibition. He was buried in Sancreed churchyard in Cornwall.

Education
With his parents' support, in 1876 and 1877 he first studied at Heatherley's art school in London and then at Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten in Antwerp in 1877 and 1878. Then in 1879 Gotch attended Slade School of Fine Art with Alphonse Legros in London. Gotch met his friend Henry Scott Tuke and his future wife Caroline Yates at Slade. After their marriage, Thomas and Caroline studied in Paris at Académie Julian and Académie Laurens in the early 1880s. It was in Paris that he adopted the plein-air approach of painting outdoors.

Career
In Newlyn he founded the Newlyn Industrial Classes, where the local youth could learn the arts & crafts. He also helped to set up the Newlyn Art Gallery, and served on its committee all his life. Among his friends in Newlyn was fellow artist Stanhope Forbes and Albert Chevallier Tayler.

In Newlyn, like other art colony artists, he used the plein-air approach for making paintings outdoors. He was also inspired by James McNeill Whistler's techniques for creating compositions and paintings.

His style changed following an 1891-1892 a visit to Paris and Florence; His works were transformed from the Newlyn "rural realistic" style to a Pre-Raphaelite style that embraced more vibrant, exuberant colours and "returned to allegorical genre painting". His first such painting was My Crown and Sceptre made in 1892, Commenting upon his new style, Tate said: "His new combination of symbolic female figures, decorative Italian textiles and the static order of early Renaissance art finally brought him recognition."

On the provisional committee for the 1895 opening of the Newlyn Art Gallery, Gotch exhibited The Reading Hour and A Golden Dream at the inaugural exhibition.

Chris Leuchars for Project Kettering has said of Gotch's work: "Although Thomas Gotch is not widely recognised in international art histories, his position and friendships in Newlyn, and the mastery of his artwork, provide him some level of recognition in British painting history and his works make valuable contributions to collections around the world. He has work in key collections in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom."

Thomas Gotch was a recognised success during his lifetime and enjoyed considerable public acclaim. He was a regular exhibitor at London's Royal Academy and contributed to numerous other national and international exhibitions. His works are still regularly exhibited and are often the subject of academic studies.

Over his artistic career Gotch was also a model for other artists. For instance, he modelled for illustrations of King Arthur's Wood for Elizabeth Forbes.

Memberships
He helped establish, was a prominent force or member of the following organizations.

 * New English Art Club (NEAC) - founding member
 * Newlyn Industrial Classes - founder
 * Newlyn Art Gallery - Committee member
 * Newlyn Society of Artists (NSA), Newlyn, Cornwall - from 1895, chairman from 1924 to 1931
 * Royal British Colonial Society of Artists (RBC) - founding member and President between 1913 and 1928
 * Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours (RI)
 * Royal Society of British Artists (RBA)
 * Royal West of England Academy (RWA)

Exhibitions
The following had exhibitions of Gotch's work:

During his life:
 * 1880 +: Royal Academy
 * 1888: An Artist of the Newlyn School., Manchester City Art Gallery
 * 1890: Dowdeswells
 * 1894: Nottingham
 * 1895: Opening exhibition and thereafter for the Newlyn Art Gallery.
 * 1896: Won a gold medal at the Berlin Exhibition.
 * 1902: Whitechapel
 * 1910: Newcastle retrospective show
 * He also exhibited at Paris Salon.

Following his death
 * 1958: Newlyn Society of Artists, Truro
 * 1979: Artists of the Newlyn School
 * 1987: Newlyn Art Gallery
 * 1987: Royal College of Art
 * 1992: Artists from Cornwall Exhibit, RWE, Bristol
 * 2001: T. C. Gotch: The Last of the Pre-Raphaelites, Royal Cornwall Museum Exhibition, Truro
 * 2005: Faces of Cornwall Exhibition at Penlee House, Penzance exhibited Mrs Sherwood Hunter.

Works
Gotch landscapes, portraits and genre works using watercolour, oil and pastels. The following is a partial list of his works. Most of his earnings came from painting portraits, particularly children and women.

 * A Garden
 * A Golden Dream, 1895. Used for theme for 100th anniversary of Newlyn Art Gallery.
 * A Jest
 * Alleluia, 1896, Tate Gallery. Purchased for the nation. One of the best examples of Gotch's Pre-Raphaelite works.
 * Blossom (Girl in a Cornish garden)
 * Crossing the Bar, 1923
 * Dalaphne
 * Dawn of Womanhood, 1900
 * Death the Bride, 1894/5
 * Evening
 * Fireside Story
 * Girl at Porch, Chywoone Hill, Newlyn, 1889, oil, Penlee House
 * Girl in a Cornish Garden, Penlee House
 * Harvest
 * Heir to All the Ages, 1897
 * High Velt, South Africa, 1910
 * It is an Ancient Mariner, 1925
 * John Alfred Gotch, 1926
 * Mental Arithmetic
 * Mounts Bay
 * Mounts Bay, Autumn, 1905
 * Mrs Sherwood Hunter, oil on canvas
 * My Crown and Sceptre, 1892. First Pre-Raphaelite style painting.
 * Penzance from Newlyn
 * Portrait of a girl with eyes closed, charcoal
 * Portrait of Phyllis Gotch in Blue, 198?
 * Self Portrait, 1912
 * Sharing Fish, ca. 1910, Royal Cornwall Museum, Truro
 * Sir William Drake in the Morning Room, 1885
 * Study of a Young Woman
 * Study for 'The Birthday Party
 * The Awakening
 * The Birthday, 1930
 * The Child Enthroned, 1894
 * The Clarinet Player
 * The Dancing Lesson
 * The Exile
 * The Flag, 1910
 * The Lantern Parade, 1910
 * The Madonna of the Mount, 1926
 * The Message 1903
 * The Mother Enthroned, 1912-1919
 * The Nymph, 1920
 * The Nymph and The Exile, 1929–30
 * The Orchard, 1887, notable early work
 * The Pageant of Children, 1895
 * The Reading Hour, 1895
 * The Return From The Pageant, 1907
 * The Sailor's Farewell, oil, Penlee House
 * The Story of the Money Pig
 * The Vow, 1920s?
 * The Wizard, notable early work
 * Young Girl Reading a Manuscript

Gallery
Gotch collaborated with John Drew Mackenzie on a set of copper plates that represents air, earth, fire and water, melding the styles of both artists in a symbolic Biblical theme.

title: Thomas Cooper Gotch


text:
User:Stevensweet

No, not the drummer from Warrant.

Occasionally updating UPI as the obssession with the current ownership of UPI realises Douglas Adams' quote:

"it has many omissions and contains much that is apocryphal, or at least wildly inaccurate,"

Worked for UPI from 1997 to 2006.

title: User:Stevensweet


text:
User talk:Jimmithy

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 23:42, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Frontline (PBS TV series)
Pretty much :'D, I watch and record it regularly... so I have a pretty good memory of episodes... although for some I needed to see the website synopsis to recall several episodes. - RoyBoy 800 23:41, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Images
Good to see you're uploading images to Wikipedia, I'd just suggest your file names are more descriptive... for example Reynolds_club.jpg could be UofC_Reynolds_club.jpg, keep it up! - RoyBoy 800 23:47, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:Photo12.jpg
Hi there! You uploaded Image:Photo12.jpg and tagged it as being your own work released into the public domain, yet it appears at marked as "Copyright © The Bronx High School of Science". Can you clarify the copyright status of this image for me? --Stormie 09:06, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi, Jimmithy. Last call to explain how this (now-renamed) image ended up on the BHSS website, if you are the photographer/copyright holder: Commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:BronxScienceHighNYC.jpg.  Otherwise it will be deleted (again).  Thanks. --Closeapple (talk) 01:52, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

Origin of user name
Is your user name an alteration of Jiminy as in Jiminy Cricket?? Georgia guy 21:24, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jimmithy


text:
Llaingoch

Llaingoch is an area of Holyhead in North Wales that lies between the town centre and Holyhead Mountain. The name comes from the Welsh llain, plot or patch of land, and goch, red.

title: Llaingoch


text:
3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope

The 3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope is a Department of Defense telescope at Haleakala Observatory. The telescope is part of the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC), which in turn is part of the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS).

The 3.67-meter telescope, known as the Advanced Electro-Optical System (AEOS), owned by the Department of Defense, is the United States' largest optical telescope designed for tracking satellites. The 75-ton AEOS telescope points and tracks very accurately, yet is fast enough to track both low-Earth satellites and ballistic missiles. It can slew at nearly 20 degrees per second. It is an f/200 and has an extremely narrow field of view. AEOS can be used simultaneously by many groups or institutions because its light can be channeled through a series of mirrors to seven independent Coudé focus rooms below the telescope. Employing sophisticated sensors that include an adaptive optics system, radiometer, spectrograph, and long-wave infrared imager, the telescope tracks man-made objects in deep space and performs space object identification data collection.

AEOS is equipped with an adaptive optics system, the heart of which is a 941-actuator deformable mirror that can change its shape to remove the atmosphere's distorting effects. Scientists are expected to get near diffraction-limited images of space objects.


text:
Dynamic stereochemistry

In chemistry, dynamic stereochemistry studies the effect of stereochemistry on the reaction rate of a chemical reaction. Stereochemistry is involved in:
 * stereospecific reactions
 * stereoselective or asymmetric reactions
 * racemisation processes

title: Dynamic stereochemistry


text:
Água de Pau Massif

Água de Pau Massif is a stratovolcanic complex, located in the central part of the island of São Miguel, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. More recognizable for the Lagoa do Fogo at its centre, the volcanic complex includes centuries of geomorphological structures that include lava domes, cones and encrusted lava flows that have marked its history from, the last, 45,000 years BC.

History
The outer caldera dates from between 30,000 and 45,000 years ago, and comprises an area 4 km wide and 13 km long outer caldera (corresponding to the Água de Pau Massif). The inner caldera, which is 2.5 km wide and 3 km long was formed about 15,000 years ago. It is the younger inner caldera that is partially filled by the crater lake Lagoa do Fogo.

Until about 5000 years ago, activity in the caldera created several lava domes on the northern and western flanks.

Some of the cinder cones on these flanks are marked by radial and concentric fissures and have been active within the last 5000 years. The region has been marked by five large eruptions, which included sub aerial events 1563, 1564 and 1652. The 1563 eruption, for example was characterized by a hydromagnetic event in the interior of the caldera, which was followed four days later by an effusive eruption, while the 1564 was an explosive hydromagmatic event.

Owing to the existence of hot springs along the northwest flank, particular in the so name Caldeiras da Ribeira Grande and Caldeira Velha, the region has been used in the generation of geothermal energy or as therapeutic tourist spas.

Geography

Situated in the central part of the island, Água de Pau corresponds to a central volcanic complex and caldera that includes a large lake, punctuated by lava domes and a pumice cone. On the flanks of the massif is the Ribeira Grande Graben, a tectonic structure oriented northwest-southeast, in addition to other regional fractures and radial faults that formed other scoria and pumice cones, or lava domes.

The stratigraphy of the Água de Pau Massif is complex, caused by a diverse volcanic activity over a period dated to 200,000 years. The history of its geological features is divided into two groups.
 * The inferior group includes ancient material consisting of lava flows and trachyte pyroclastic deposits older than 40,000 years.
 * The superior group covers volcanic products dating from the last 40,000 years. These consist of pyroclastic bombs and trachyte flows (pyroclastic and surge), mudflows and layered basalt rock, from phases associated with Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions in the interior of the caldera. This group is divided into five formations: Roída da Praia (between 34,000 and 8,000 years ago), Ribeira Chã (created from abrupt eruption 8–12000 years ago), Fogo A (also from an abrupt eruption some 5000 years ago), Lombadas (a complex eruption of Fogo B, C and D sites) and geological eruptions occurring in the last 3000 years.

Among the various deposits Fogo A, which dates to roughly 5000 years, corresponds a clear stratigraphy of the island of São Miguel. The flanks of the massif are heavily eroded, with drainage confined to many valleys and gullies.

title: Água de Pau Massif


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Gazwim

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: {insert UTC timestamp with }), the page will be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

 * (Gazwim | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
Vandalizing articles, seems to be conducting a campain of attacks completely unacceptable personal attacks against User:Norm.

Description
I just came across Gazwim while he was making a series of very unpleasant attacks on User:Norm by vandalizing articles in the main article space. -- Thue

Attacks included a flurry of page move vandalism and goatse vandalism not only against User:Norm but against other pages, and involved multiple user accounts:, , , , (ie, User:User:Norm sux), ,. This was a concerted attack. In particular, Image:Norm.jpg (which normally appears only on User:Norm) was replaced by goatse and then inserted into various pages.

Note also history of suggests that anon IPs  and  and  and  were involved (including Norm/goatse vandalism and Autofellatio vandalism). Note that while Brolga was vandalized with a goatse image, it was linked from the main page as the featured article of the day.

Gazwim has been around for months and the personal attacks against Norm have lasted for months as well. The other accounts' activity all seems to date soon after User:Gazwim was blocked at 22:59, 19 Feb 2005: what it has in common with User:Gazwim is targeting User:Norm and also Renault Kangoo.

-- Curps 02:40, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Note this text on User:Norm: As I got more into Wikipedia I recommended Wikipedia to my friends including Gary Wilmott. Looks like the friendship went really sour.
 * Note also this from Gazwim back in October: I've been bad in the past with vandalism and copyvios but now I am starting a fresh .  The fresh start didn't last, obviously.
 * Note Gazwim voting against Norm in Requests for adminship/Norm, where Norm admits that he himself was once a vandal. One really weird possibility we might wish to consider is whether Gazwim could be Norm's vandalizing alter ego sockpuppet.  Can developers assist here?

-- Curps 07:11, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Evidence of disputed behavior
(provide diffs and links)
 * Renault Kangoo
 * Garfield
 * Java programming language
 * Goatse.cx
 * Fark.com
 * Mac mini
 * Milkshake
 * Norm's adminship nomination

 * 01:55, 20 Feb 2005 Ben600000 uploaded "Image:Norm.jpg" (replace existing with goatse)
 * 01:13, 20 Feb 2005 Skidlix uploaded "Image:Norm.jpg" (replace existing with goatse)

Blocks:

 * 22:58, 19 Feb 2005 Thue blocked "User:Gazwim" with an expiry time of infinite (Stuff like, and moving his talk page out of the way to delete his talk history)
 * 16:40, 18 Feb 2005 Morwen blocked "User:Gazwim" with an expiry time of 24 hours (move vandalism)
 * 16:39, 18 Feb 2005 Raul654 blocked "User:Gazwim" with an expiry time of infinite (Persistent vandalism)

This is odd: there were no unblocks of Gazwim... so Morwen's 24-hour block replaced Raul654's infinite block? I thought the first block was the one that took effect, and subsequent ones were redundant. -- Curps 07:17, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Applicable policies
{list the policies that apply to the disputed conduct}
 * No personal attacks
 * Don't vandalize!

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute
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 * UninvitedCompany asks user not to make personal attacks (in response to and  I presume)

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 * Thue | talk 23:46, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) (I haven't tried to "resolve" this by talking to him, as I don't see there is anything to say to blatant vandalism)
 * The Uninvited Co., Inc. 02:36, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Curps 03:04, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC) Really, there is no "dispute" here. The personal attacks and occasional vandalism in the preceding several months, the flurry of multiple-sockpuppet vandalism all occurring soon after Gazwim was blocked, and the seriousness (goatse and page moves) all argue for a permanent block.  If necessary we could ask developers to verify that these were sockpuppets of Gazwim).
 * What Curps said. RickK 07:15, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

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 * I can't speak for the dispute, but some user has been creating pages like User:Norm the vandal and using them to vandalize pages, as well as moving User:Norm to a number of locations. I've blocked several incarnations of this individual, who has committed page-move vandalism and other offenses. Meelar (talk) 00:04, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * (I hope this is in the right section) - I'm not involved in this dispute, but Thue left a comment on my talk page asking me to comment here because I had previously left a comment on User talk:Gazwim about page move/vandalism on toby jug (it was moved to "gary jug" and "toby" globally changed to "gary" in the article). I'm not aware of the vandalism being repeated, though.-- ALoan (Talk) 11:37, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Gazwim


text:
Talk:Societal attitudes toward homosexuality

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Colon v1.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:41, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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POV blanking of references
Scientiom is repeatedly blanking material that is referenced, because apparently it does not sit well with his point of view. Please note again that the scope of this article is "Societal attitudes TOWARD homosexuality" but his version of the article is skewing the information and is not giving an honest depiction of the full range of "Societal attitudes TOWARD homosexuality" to be found on planet Earth. "IDON'TLIKEIT" is NOT a valid reason for blanking what the references say. The following information needs to be restored for balance and more points of view:

Some opponents of the movement, such as Ralph Reed, former executive director of the Christian Coalition, say that gay people are seeking special rights, not equal rights, and that the movement should not be referred to as a civil rights movement. They argue, for example, that in seeking the right to marry members of the same sex, gay people are seeking a special right for themselves and disregarding the fact that polygamists and other groups defined by sexual behavior do not have this right either.[ref] Netzhammer, Mel, "'The Gay Agenda' and 'Gay Rights, Special Rights' and the Construction of a Homosexual Role" at Buffalo State [/ref] Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 12:27, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

 * If the view of one person is of sufficient weight to be "societal", this is going to be a very long article. --Nat Gertler (talk) 14:03, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
 * If only one side of the story is allowed to be told and only one point of view is given about a controversial topic, it's going to be a very short article. Long articles are better, and if you cannot recognize this view as "societal" then you do not have an honest definition of "society". Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 14:18, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't see the sourcing indicating that it is "societal". Billions of people out there, and we're saying this is Ralph Reed's belief? --Nat Gertler (talk) 14:34, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
 * No, we didn't say that. Read it again, it says "Some opponents of the movement, such as Ralph Reed". The reference being cited mentions many other similarly worded criticisms from others as well.  A wikipedia article on the same subject isn't neutral when one summarily removes all the viewpoints critical of one's own. Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 14:41, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The reference being cited notes about three folks making similar statements - Trent Lott, Ralph Reed, and the unnamed narrator. And the reference being cited doesn't appear to be a WP:RS, it looks to be some WP:SPS. And it doesn't appear to be a comment on societal attitudes toward homosexuality, but on gay rights. So if your argument is that we should have poorly-sourced off-topic commentary because it's against homosexuality, that wouldn't seem to be a winning argument. --Nat Gertler (talk) 15:42, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The reference is to an academic paper on the same subject of this article, "Societal attitudes toward homosexuality". The paper, while it is expressing a pro-gay rights viewpoint, follows the scholarly requirement of acknowledging the existence of opposing viewpoints and critiquing those viewpoints head-on in their own words, rather than misrepresenting them, or running and hiding and pretending there are no opposing viewpoints.  If it had been a paper on the topic of Societal attitudes, but yet it ran and hid from the opposing viewpoints, pretending they didn't exist in society and painted a deceptively favorable, one-sided picture, it would have deserved an F and been useless for scholarly purposes.  A wikipedia article on the controversial subject of Societal attitudes should be at least as scholarly and twice as neutral. Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 16:21, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

 * One of the problems is that homosexuality, as its contemporary name makes it clear, is a kind of sexuality, rather than an ideological viewpoint. People who advocate tolerant/liberal/libertarian views toward human sexuality consistently tend to be more accepting of people in sexual minorities, and their causes (that are generally held when people in those sexual minorities are open about their status, and proud of that). Most causes advocated by sexual minorities makes the perfect sense for almost everybody in sexual minorities, but the fact that one is part of a sexual minority won't mean this person will have libertarian, liberal, tolerant or even non-biased/accurate views of people of its own sexual minority, let alone all others. We have a ton of different political and ideological objectives related to our own particular and diverse views, experiences and issues, of which same-sex marriage legalization is just one of them (because it is becoming each day of a stronger common sense that straight love isn't superior to other kinds of love, and because we don't say in our Constitutions that people get married to have biological children). The fact that a person criticizes same-sex marriage or other causes by a mainstream American conservative movement doesn't, at least in theory, mean that this person generalizes it to all points-of-view and causes of, say, liberal Western gay people. It is conservatives themselves that try all the time to make the construct that their opposition to same-sex marriage isn't an opposition to legal same-sex love (if it is true or not, not the business of Wikipedians as far as this article goes). (Here in Brazil, going as far as to say that homophobia does not exist in the way "we paint it" in Brazil or other contemporary Western societies and we are just sick Marxist militants pushing our own Gramscist agenda to make Christians look bad and end freedom of speech painting ourselves as oppressed victims... talk about drama [of theirs, of course].) Lguipontes (talk) 16:44, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

Article being rewritten from a discernible Point-of-View
The entire language of this article is being rewritten from a discernible Point of View that will be difficult for probably at least 95% of people to identify with. Language written from a particular point-of-view is forbidden by the NPOV policy. Articles about controversial subjects are required to be neutral since many people feel strongly on both sides of the controversy. For these reasons, I will be adding a POV check to the article. Til Eulenspiegel /talk/ 12:36, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It seems generally neutral to me. I'm removing the template. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 18:19, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

Uhh NO RObotNinjaParrot, it is so definitively over the edge for the pro homosexuality that this article should be labeled how we make any who differs our opinion on Gays into pariahs, haters or fools, even a note to how psychology changed its definition from Mental Disorder to acceptable behavior in modern society

This is totally a POV article and as such is endemic in the Wikipedia compendiu. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.169.226.162 (talk) 19:21, 30 March 2015 (UTC)

Use of File:Status of gay persons.jpg
This file shows a map with color encodings of the result of a formula. The formula is uncited, and appears to the the WP:OR of a Wikipedia contributor. What source says that this particular set of indices is a good measure of the "Status of gay persons" Who says that some indices are to be rated only one-third as much as others? Also, who chose the particular moment in time to rate these issues along these various scales? And who says what level of the sum of these indices represents "not accepted" vs "evolving" vs "integrated"? For the matter of that, where are the sources that even give the values of the indices. I prefer to assume that these have been quoted accurately, but giving the actual sources might show up reliability issues. Even assuming that the values of the indices have been accurately used in creating this graphic, choosing this particular combination is a violation of WP:SYNTH unless there is a cited source for the formula, and if there is that source should be properly named. I have therefore removed the image and its caption from the article. DES (talk) 23:20, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Here is the map in question.

 * In my view, it can't be used. It's original research and violates WP:POV. If there is an authoritative source that has already produced such a map, then I think that would be worth considering.- MrX 23:23, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Seems like a clear case of WP:OR and WP:SYNTH to me. It appears to depend on an index calculation that was invented by the map author and isn't well-defined anyway. And don't say WP:OI - this is a case where the image does "illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments". It should be removed. - htonl (talk) 23:28, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I removed it, I has since been restored by User:Aless2899, who seems to be a relatively new editor. DES (talk) 23:35, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Relatively new is putting it mildly. All of his edits are related to adding this map to articles. - htonl (talk) 23:44, 26 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I've requested page protection so that this can be sorted out. - MrX 23:48, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

Hi, I just added all the sources regarding the map. It has actually already been published by a European newspaper, OneEurope. It is a well-known journal that could be considered authoritative source. http://one-europe.info/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aless2899 (talk • contribs)
 * The sources you cite on the image description page seem to be sources for the individual indices. Can you provide a precise source for the formula, and for the scale used to rate countries under it? A specific page on one-europe.info or wherever the source of the formula can be found, please? The image does not seem to appear on the main page of that site at this moment. DES (talk) 00:11, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually it does, on the main page there is a section there that auto-rotates 4 images, of which if this is one. From there, te specific article is at http://one-europe.info/gay-rights-a-long-story-of-struggles Tarc (talk) 00:14, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I have now found this article. It seems that you are User:Aless2899 is the author of the article, and that although the map is used, no discussion of the formula behind it is included. Have I missed anything? DES (talk) 00:15, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Well...it was a blog dated today for one. I have removed it. Now, there are still many other sources used on the image.--Mark Miller (talk) 00:57, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * So far as i can see, each of those sources supports ONE of the indices that the map is reporting a sum of. None of them supports combining that particular set of data according to that particular formula. DES (talk) 02:12, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Hmmmm. Not sure if that is against policy or guidelines exactly. I seem to remember my bringing up a similar question on an OWS graphic that I believed to be OR and synth at one time and the prevailing consensus was that it was not inappropriate. I would have to re-check that graphic and discussion to be sure, but from what you said here it is that an index used to state one fact was combined with another index (and more) to create the colored graphic image. But you also have other concerns. On the face of it, it does sound like synthesis, but we are discussing an image and not a claim in prose that combines facts to create a new fact.--Mark Miller (talk) 03:13, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * OneEurope is a student magazine and Alessandro, who I presume is the user who uploaded the map here, is a university student. This is just a blog post by a college kid. We should not be using his novel ranking system whether he gives out his formula or not.-- The Devil's Advocate tlk.  cntrb. 04:16, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I have to agree. Mr. Siegel seems to have this right on the nose from everything I can see and the only index supported seems to be the HDI. I have no clue what the editor was attempting other than to somehow add the sums together in a less than academic manner....well OK...in no apparent manner at all. I have no clue what is being attempted here and it does look very much like original research.--Mark Miller (talk) 04:37, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * One of the sources used was a Wikipedia article, List of the first LGBT holders of political offices in the United Kingdom.--Mark Miller (talk) 04:57, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I've just full protected for three days per this request. Mark Arsten (talk) 01:09, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Frankly i don't think that was needed, Mark Arsten. The reverts have stopped, and the users favoring use of the map seem to be engaging with those opposing it. Please reverse protection. DES (talk) 02:12, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, I think protection has served its purpose by now, so I'll unprotect early. Mark Arsten (talk) 15:38, 27 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Whether or not this map violates any policy, it tells a fuzzy story based on an equation that gives mathematical precision but that doesn't make it accurate. It shouldn't be in here. --Nat Gertler (talk) 06:48, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

Philippines
An editor has repeatedly tried to delete a reference to relative social acceptance of homosexuality in the Philippines, citing as a reference showing that it's not. However, our information as presented is sourced, and how the country votes at the UN would be a reflection of governmental, not societal, views. I invite the editor to try to make the case here and gain consensus before attempting to repeat the edit. --Nat Gertler (talk) 00:20, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

No mention of ILGA?
I don't want to get into any extended debate, but it seems surprising that the "Association with child abuse and pedophilia" makes no mention of the significant ILGA controversies. Many anti-gay activists certainly mention them frequently... AnonMoos (talk) 17:43, 26 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I added hatnotes under a subsection to the main article, which I believe are the subsection on NAMBLA's Wikipedia article and on ILGA's Wikipedia article. – Zumoarirodoka (talk) 23:29, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

Israel
Pew oversample Arabs in their survey of Israel. Quote from the report (page 13): "Multi-stage cluster sample stratified by Israel’s six districts, urbanity, and socioeconomic status, with an oversample of Arabs," "Sample size: 922 (504 Jews, 406 Arabs, 12 others)." Note that Israeli population is around 75% Jewish, 20% Arab and 5% other. I'm removing Pew data from article. --Triggerhippie4 (talk) 07:16, 7 January 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, it's not appropriate to use the percentages in the main text. The survey states "In Israel, where views of homosexuality are mixed, secular Jews are more than twice as likely as those who describe themselves as traditional, religious or ultra-Orthodox to say homosexuality should be accepted (61% vs. 26%); just 2% of Israeli Muslims share this view." I'd sum that up as "a survey by the Pew Global Attitudes Survey found that acceptance of homosexuality is higher among secular Jews than people who describe themselves as traditional, religious or ultra-Orthodox" -- Aronzak (talk) 12:04, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

Homosexuality
When considering this issue of homosexuality, I can not seem to find an answer to one of my questions. All living things have the ability of reproduction with the exception of gay individuals, Why? For the lack of a better term... mother nature during the time of creation gave all living things the ability to reproduce to insure the continuation of all things created except gay individuals. That seems to be a contradiction of purpose, why did mother nature exclude homosexuality from all the rest of living things and why hasn't homosexuality become extinct? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.107.225.70 (talk) 08:46, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

Deletion of statistics
As seen here and here, I have twice reverted Colon v1's deletion of statistics. Colon v1, who appears to be a WP:Student editor, called the statistics outdated. I stated, "The removed material addresses different demographics, which is important. If any of this is outdated, add sources to show/replace that material."

Although Colon v1 added material in place of the removed content, Colon v1 has done nothing to replace some of the different demographics that the original content addresses. What proof is there that these statistics are outdated? Old does not always mean outdated. Sometimes, especially when it comes to research on sexual orientation and beliefs about it, the most up-to-date research is old research. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 06:55, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

Furthermore, a survey from 2011 is not that old, especially in terms of societal attitudes toward homosexuality, and Colon v1 seemed to leave some old content in while removing other old content. I don't see how the content that Colon v1 removed is any less deserving of representation or is irrelevant (another term used by Colon v1). I restored this bit that Colon v1 added; I didn't mean to remove the recent material. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 07:10, 12 December 2016 (UTC)

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External links modified
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please explain
"The empirical research shows that sexual orientation does not affect the likelihood that people will abuse children.[88][89][90] Many child molesters cannot be characterized as having an adult sexual orientation at all; they are fixated on children.[88]"

despite the (overwhelming) facts that show same-sex molestation is disproportionate to the percentage of homosexuals in the population (see "The Gay Report" among others), this is rejected by Herek et al on the basis that same-sex molestation says nothing about "adult sexual orientation" -- in other words, a man who molests little boys is not, technically, a homosexual?

am I the only one who thinks this is logically a very, very weak argument? and it seems to only come from Herek and other academics with an obvious pro-gay bias... first off, this interesting theory, means a teenager can't be gay because he is not an adult -- if a 16 year old adolescent male in high school is in a relationship with another 16 year old adolescent male, neither of them qualifies as gay because, like an adult child molester, we know nothing of his "adult sexual orientation" ... no?

and so, correct me if i'm wrong. if we can say, for a second, that a man who has sex with a boy is engaged in same-sex intercourse, thus "homosexual" sex (not the position of the article or of high academia, but a view shared by *many* people if not the majority), then same-sex molestation is totally disproportionate to the population of homosexuals?

am i wrong? what am i missing?

it looks like this whole business about "adult" orientation is a very intellectually dishonest way to circumvent the obvious statistics that stare us in the face. see "the Gay Report" which was actually published by gay researchers and widely accepted by the gay community.

104.244.230.240 (talk) 10:39, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Yup, about 1/7 to 1/6 of all cases of child sexual abuse prosecuted in the Netherlands are homosexual in nature. So, yeah, this suggests that homosexuals/bisexuals are more likely to abuse children than heterosexuals, but since there are so few homosexuals in the population, heterosexual child abuse is much more frequent than homosexual child abuse. Tgeorgescu (talk) 23:18, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Both you and the IP are wrong because homosexual men are attracted to adult males, and heterosexual men to adult females. Surely you don't think attraction to little girls is an aspect of heterosexuality. What motivates child sexual abuse is often attraction to children as a sexual target - pedophilia. -Crossroads- (talk) 23:57, 26 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to get into all of this, because it will require me pulling out solid sources and making a long comment, but I will state that many or most men in these child sexual abuse and statutory rape cases identify as heterosexual. Yes, that includes men who have sexually abused boys. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 23:50, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Regarding what motivates child sexual abuse (a category that can cover minors who are not prepubescent and are out of the range of pedophilic interest), there are a variety of reasons. Research indicates that there are far more child sexual abusers and statutory rapists than there are pedophiles. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:03, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

 * And there are heterosexual and homosexual pedophiles and child sexual abusers, meaning that a heterosexual pedophile's sexual attraction is directed toward prepubescent girls because he is both heterosexual and a pedophile. Often, with child sexual abuse cases, though, the male child sexual abuser's reported sexual orientation does not align with the sex of the victim he targeted; this is why I mentioned heterosexual-identified men having sexually abused boys. The typology noted here has been seen a number of times in the research. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:31, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

Redundancy?
Isn't the lengthy section on historical cultures redundant with LGBT history? Not to mention history of homosexuality, homosexuality, and the articles on homosexuality in each culture. It seems it would make more sense having this article focus on the modern world. -Crossroads- (talk) 19:06, 31 August 2019 (UTC)

Recent child sexual abuse and pedophilia content
Abhishekiucaa, stop attempting to add this content without discussion. At Draft talk:Homosexuality and likelihood of being a sexual molester, I stated, "Issues with this draft include the title, WP:Editorializing, WP:Synthesis, some poor sourcing, and a lack of WP:MEDRS-compliant sources. If it were created, I would take it to AfD and suggest a merge in that AfD or propose a merge on the article's talk page. But only unproblematic material would be merged to Societal attitudes toward homosexuality." I also told you, "it needs work and certainly a trim before it's added [to this article]. I suggest that at [this talk page], you propose adding some material from your draft [here]. I also suggest that you move your drat to your own sandbox (meaning copying and pasting what's in it to your sandbox). And then editors can work on tweaking the material, either by advising you or directly editing your sandbox. We can come to a consensus that way. You can then discard this article draft."

Your draft was delclined, and I don't see that you fixed any issues with the draft. You should not keep adding this contested content without consensus. See WP:Consensus. And also see WP:Edit warring. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 02:36, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

Ancient Israel
This section references a website that discusses modern views based on ancient scripture, not ancient Israeli views. The website cited also uses translated bibles as a resource, many of which are known to have intentional changes made during translation (for example, the King James bible). This section should be removed or rewritten with a source that actually discusses ancient Israeli views toward homosexuality. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Karandora (talk • contribs) 03:09, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

Indonesia
Delete the fact Indonesia " as the largest Muslim nation by population " as Indonesia won't become the largest Muslim country anymore soon ( Estimated in 2030) https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/, Will be replaced by Pakistan >>>>> — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bayu Fuller (talk • contribs) 14:20, 22 November 2021 (UTC)


text: User talk:65.25.206.150

title: User talk:65.25.206.150


text:
Talk:Phase space

Work in Progress
To make Phase Space the main article on the (p, q) space of dynamical systems, and Phase diagram mainly on the physical chemistry uses of that term Linuxlad 23:48, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Speaking of that, it looks like someone erroneously linked the English article on Phase Space with the French article on Phase Diagrams... Ed Sanville 18:56, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

The Images
The images require labels on their axes. The first image has none. The second image's resolution is too poor to decipher the axis labels.

quantization
The statement on quantisation needs a tidy - it's the product p.q which has the dimensions of action surely. (so from memory, dp.dq = h) Bob aka Linuxlad

 * Done. Howeever, I was sloppy with the links, some may be disambig pages. I have to run ... linas 16:24, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Now, the statement on quantisation is better: no one will understand, who not already knows! It's a pity! ErNa 07:48, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

State Space
Isn't "Phase space" = "State space"? They both are the space of all possible states, aren't they? --Javalenok 19:48, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No, "state space" is a synonym for Configuration space, which is a related but different concept. -- Four Dog Night 02:48, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * for a classical system with N particles, each point in the 3N + 3N dimensional phase space is a possible configuration of the system. in statistical mechanics, a "state" is then a probability distribution (in mathematical terms, a probability measure) on the phase space. so the state space is the family of probability distributions. for example, the microcanonical ensemble is a state; it corresponds to the distribution that is constant everywhere on some constant-enery surface of the phase space. Mct mht 04:47, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * ... and zero everywhere else. Ed Sanville 10:29, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Another related category: "Dimensional analysis" Vugluskr 11:30, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

I meant the State space (controls). By (1) containing all possible states of a system and (2) being visualized by phase portrait, it is essentially identical to the phase space. You claim that the 'state space' is a configuration space, which represents only particle coordinates. Yet, I see the opposite: Instead of being dedicated to the particle potential coordinates, the abstract dynamic system state space permits any state variables. That is, by representing any system, not only particles, state space is more general than your phase space. --Javalenok (talk) 11:47, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

Phase space and Parameter space
"In a phase space, every degree of freedom or parameter of the system is represented as an axis of a multidimensional space" I think this phrase is misleading. There is a difference between phase space as defined here and parameter space. The phase space is all the possible states of a given system (usually over time for different initial conditions). Changing the parameters of a system (for example the stiffness of a spring) can give a different phase space. If we allow the parameters to be changed then we obtain a family of phase spaces. Usually, if the system has fixed points one can study the evolution of this fixed points when changing the parameters of the system, leading to the bifurcation diagram in which the parameters of the system are the axes of the plot. To summarize, in the phase space you do not represent the parameters as an axis. If the parameter has dynamics then ti can be considered a degree of freedom of the system. JuanPi —Preceding comment was added at 12:40, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:01, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Contrast with configuration space
I think it might be helpful to contrast phase space with configuration space, or at least link to that article at some point. Steve Avery (talk) 02:20, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

dynamical
I assume all of those "dynamical" and "thermodynamical" should actually be "dynamic" and "thermodynamic"? Didn't change them in case it's some weird mathematical usage. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.30.245.149 (talk) 14:22, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Use outside of physics and mathematics
I've noticed the use of the phrase "phase space" used in the context of ideas. It describes all the possible outcomes of a given scenario. Since this use is not widespread, does it merit mention in this article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Scochran4 (talk • contribs) 21:23, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

are the x & y axes of that first illustration defined?
they are not labeled in the graphic. I fancy myself smart and interested in heady stuff like this, but I think I need to knwo what those axes are to understand the illustration. right? skank-L juice 13:58, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

If x is position & y is momentum, (commom) then the diagram is flipped - should be clockwise... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.70.151.113 (talk) 23:25, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

Even if the axes were dimensionless (and in this case, they can't be as momentum is expressed in units), they should be labelled. Ross Fraser (talk) 00:29, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

Thermodynamic Phase Space

 * "a point in the 6N-dimensional phase space describes the dynamical state of every particle in that system, as each particle is associated with three position variables and three momentum variables"

Really? 6N-dimensional space? So for a system of 10^20 gas particles, we'd have a 6*(10^20)-dimensional phase space? It seems to me that this is a typo and should read 6-dimensional phase space. I'll change it in the next couple of days if nobody objects. Larryisgood (talk) 18:38, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Really. Cf. Decoherence  .  Cuzkatzimhut (talk) 21:02, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Cotangent space or cotangent bundle?
The article states: For mechanical systems, the phase space usually consists of all possible values of position and momentum variables (i.e. the cotangent space of configuration space).

It seems to me the expression "cotangent space" should be replaced with "cotangent bundle". As I am not 100% sure, I open a talk page. Anderstood (talk) 20:21, 7 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree that there's a problem. The prose is ambiguous -- if the "i.e." comment is taken to be explaining only the preceding term "momentum variables", then maybe it's not incorrect, but that's not the natural reading, and in any case, the comment (and the term "cotangent") is out of place in the lede, so the best approach is just to delete it all, which I will now do... Eleuther (talk) 20:18, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Duffing oscillator phase path
The animated image showing the evolution of a system's phase claims that what is shown is the phase path of the Duffing oscillator. However, the "phase" crosses its own path several times, which it cannot do. Since all information needed to determine the evolution of a system's phase can be determined from the phase itself, the time derivative of the phase must also be completely given completely by the phase itself. Hence, a system's phase cannot cross its own path because that would mean that at the crossing point, the phase has multiple time derivatives, which it cannot have in a single point. Therefore, what is shown in the image cannot be the phase path of any system, for the simple reason that the path crosses itself.

So, what exactly is it that is shown in the image? —Kri (talk) 17:05, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree; the figure also had me baffled. I think that it should be removed since it confuses more than it helps, and as was pointed out above, the path intersects itself.  Hmmm... Thinking about this a bit more leads me to believe that the time-dependent forcing term could cause the paths to cross. 72.93.238.65 (talk) 18:11, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Since the oscillator is being damped and/or driven by a non-constant force, there doesn't seem to be any reason to expect that the entire dynamics of the system would be captured by position and momentum alone. Solemnavalanche (talk) 22:08, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Non-intersection of phase curves is a property of autonomous systems. Since the Duffing oscillator is not autonomous, it will not have that property. One can, of course, introduce $$\dot \tau = 1$$ to have a non-intersecting phase space $$(\tau, x ,\dot x)$$. However, any image of this phase space will appear to have intersecting phase curves. Malexj93 (talk) 08:56, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Ah, that's right! I removed the dubious template instance. —Kri (talk) 12:58, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Number of dimensions of the configuration space and the phase space
In the text is written "The phase space of a two-dimensional system is called a phase plane, which occurs in classical mechanics for a single particle moving in one dimension, and where the two variables are position and velocity. In this case, a sketch of the phase portrait may give qualitative information about the dynamics of the system, such as the limit cycle of the Van der Pol oscillator shown in the diagram."

I think it should be "The phase space of a one-dimensional system is called a phase plane..."

Phase Space Normalisation
"Once the phase integral is known, it may be related to the classical partition function by multiplication of a normalization constant representing the number of quantum energy states per unit phase space. This normalization constant is simply the inverse of Planck's constant raised to a power equal to the number of degrees of freedom for the system."

I think this is misleading, because if we have a N-particle System in 3 dimensions with coordinates (p,q) it has 6N Dimsnesions but the power of h of the prefactor of the Phase Space Integral is still 3N. XNR32 (talk) 10:49, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phase space


text:
Belfast Celtic F.C.

Belfast Celtic Football Club was an Irish football club. Founded in 1891 in Belfast, it was one of the most successful teams in Ireland until it withdrew permanently from the Irish League in 1949. The club left the league for political reasons, as the team and its supporters were largely Catholic and Irish nationalist. Belfast Celtic was one of four clubs that attracted the biggest crowds in the Irish League, the other three being Linfield, Distillery and Glentoran. Belfast Celtic played its last match in 1960.

Early years
The club, formed in 1891 simply as Celtic, was named after Celtic Football Club of Glasgow. Upon incorporation as a limited company in 1901, however, was known colloquially as the Belfast Celts, the title "The Celtic Football & Athletic Company Ltd" already being officially registered by the Glasgow club. Their home from the same year was Celtic Park on Donegall Road in west Belfast, known to the fans as "Paradise". Celtic won their first league title in 1900 after beating fierce rivals Linfield by a single goal.

The severe political violence that began to engulf Ireland in the 1920s spilled onto the pitches and terraces of the Irish League. In 1920, the Irish Football Association fined and suspended the club following violent incidents at the Irish Cup semi-final. Celtic was forced to abandon their participation in the 1920–21 season, and did not rejoin the league until 1924–25 season. Celtic's support base was strongly Irish nationalist and Catholic but the club also enjoyed significant support from some local west Belfast Unionists and Protestants, who accounted for about 10 percent of the fan base.

Despite the background of political turmoil, the club went from strength to strength and the inter-war period proved to be Celtic's strongest: they were league champions four years running after their return to the league. The club also produced some of the greatest players of their generation, and at one stage had five international goalkeepers in their squad.

1948–49: Withdrawal from the Irish League and North American tour
The catalyst for the end of the club came on 26 December 1948, at the traditional Boxing Day league game between Linfield and Celtic at Windsor Park. Celtic were winning for most of the match but Linfield equalised in the final minute. Ecstatic Linfield fans invaded the pitch and began attacking several Celtic players, including centre-forward Jimmy Jones, who suffered a broken leg and was kicked unconscious, and Robin Lawlor and Kevin McAlinden, who were both seriously hurt.

Linfield issued a statement in which they blamed the attack on continual provocation from Celtic. Celtic's own statement, whilst equally blaming Linfield, focused particular criticism on the police who were present, who remained passive and made no arrests: "During the whole of this concerted attack the protection afforded to the unfortunate players may be fairly described as quite inadequate. In the circumstances the directors wish to make the strongest possible protest against the conduct of those responsible for the protection of the players in failing to take measures either to prevent the brutal attack or to deal with it with any degree of effectiveness after it developed."

Celtic also felt that the response from the Irish Football Association had been wholly inadequate. The team's management met on the night of the match and decided that the club had no option other than to withdraw entirely from the league after the end of the 1949 season. Northern Irish journalist Frank Curran later commented, "[Belfast F.C.] knew that it wasn't a football problem, and that there was nothing they as a football club could do to end it. So they got out."

Belfast Celtic played their final Irish League match on Thursday April 21, 1949 when they defeated Cliftonville 4–3 at Celtic Park. The club then went on a 10-game tour of the United States and Canada in May and June 1949. The dates of the tour forced the team to withdraw from the County Antrim Shield after qualifying to the semi-final, in which they were replaced by Linfield, whom they had earlier beaten 4–0. While the team was preparing to set sail for New York, it was announced publicly that Celtic intended to leave the league, pending the final decision of the club's shareholders at their annual meeting in June.

In New York City, the team were embraced as political martyrs by Irish nationalists. The team were introduced to New York City Mayor William O'Dwyer, a native of County Mayo, at New York City Hall on 4 May. They were presented by Deputy Commissioner Sean P. Keating, an IRA member, with a commemorative solid silver sugar bowl. Manager Elisha Scott fastened the club's pin, featuring the team's green and gold harp logo, upon the mayor's lapel. The first tour match was played 8 May 1949 against a representative team of players from the Greater New York professional American League clubs Brookhattan, Brooklyn Hispano and Brooklyn Hakoah at Triborough Stadium in New York City.

There was a public uproar in Northern Ireland when a photograph of the team marching behind an Irish tricolour flag before a match in New York was published in the Belfast Telegraph on 11 May. Likely fearing that the incident would ensure the end of the team in Belfast, the Protestant Elisha Scott sent a letter signed by seven of the players in which he explained the incident and claimed that the team was loyal to the United Kingdom:

"'Before the game the team was requested by the American Soccer League officials to parade in single file round the Stadium, led by myself. Half-way round, Mr Connolly, editor of the Irish Echo, New York, took down a Tricolour which was flying in front of the enclosure. He requested me to carry one end and proceed in front of the team. We considered it better to carry on with the parade. Since then, steps have been taken to ensure against a recurrence. On the other side of the picture, which has apparently received no publicity, I may say that while the team was in Toronto, the King was toasted at a dinner given in honour of the Belfast Celtic Club, and further, before the match in Toronto, both teams stood to attention while the British National Anthem was played.'"

On 29 May, Celtic defeated Scotland 2–0 in front of 15,000 fans at Triborough Stadium. Fights broke out during the second half, including Scotland's Willie Waddell and Celtic's Mick O'Flanagan throwing punches. The New York Times reported that the American crowd was overwhelmingly partisan in favour of the Scots, cheering any of the referee's decisions against Celtic. Reported The Times, "The game held the crowd spellbound from beginning to end. Part of the reason was that it had come to see a highly favored Scots eleven—a team that had won the British Isles triple crown before 97,000 at Wembley Stadium last month—take the Irish into camp. Instead, the throng saw an inspired Belfast combination score once in the opening session and again in the second half to sew up the decision." The game was Scotland's only defeat during their nine-match tour of North America and it became one of the most famous in Celtic's history.

At the time, no specific reason was given to the public for the team's withdrawal from the Irish League. The club quietly sold all its players to other teams. Crusaders replaced Belfast Celtic in the league but fans were left without any official explanation for the withdrawal. In a 2011 profile, The Guardian spoke with Celtic fan Jimmy Overend, then 86, about the void left by the team's exit:

"Of the demise of the club, which had lit up the lives of politically oppressed, impoverished Catholics such as himself, a general labourer, Overend laments: 'It was like a black cloud coming down, as if there was nothing to live for or look forward to on a Saturday. It's a grief which never went away.'"

Post-exit from league
The club would never again play a competitive match but played several friendlies, including a match at home to Glasgow Celtic on 17 May 1952, when a team of ex-Belfast Celtic players took the field under the name of 'Newry F.C.' in aid of De La Salle Boys' Home in County Down. A final match—a testimonial—was played at Coleraine on 24 June 1960.

Celtic Park continued to function as a greyhound racing stadium until 1985, when it was demolished and replaced by the Park Centre, a small shopping centre.

Club heritage
Today, a small museum has since been opened in the Park Centre by the Belfast Celtic Society and a plaque reminds shoppers a football team played there.

Padraig Coyle wrote a play, Lish and Gerry, about Elisha Scott and Linfield trainer Gerry Morgan. According to The Guardian, the play was performed to acclaim at Windsor Park in 2010, supported by the IFA and Linfield. The play concerns the team rivalry and the subtle irony of the fact that Elisha Scott of Celtic was a Protestant, while Gerry Morgan was Catholic.

A new amateur club called Belfast Celtic Young Men & Ladies was founded in 2013, Now currently fielding 17 Teams across all age divisions and a senior link up with St Mirren Women's FC

In 2018, third-tier Belfast club Sport & Leisure Swifts F.C. announced plans to revive the 'Belfast Celtic' name.

Senior honours

 * Irish League: 14
 * 1899–1900, 1914–15, 1919–20, 1925–26, 1926–27, 1927–28, 1928–29, 1932–33, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1939–40, 1947–48
 * Irish Cup: 8
 * 1917–18, 1925–26, 1936–37, 1937–38, 1940–41, 1942–43, 1943–44, 1946–47
 * City Cup: 10
 * 1905–06, 1906–07, 1925–26, 1927–28, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1932–33, 1939–40, 1947–48, 1948–49
 * Gold Cup: 6
 * 1911–12, 1925–26, 1934–35, 1938–39, 1939–40, 1947–48
 * County Antrim Shield: 8
 * 1894–95, 1909–10, 1926–27, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1942–43, 1944–45
 * Belfast Charity Cup: 10
 * 1903–04, 1909–10, 1911–12, 1919–20, 1925–26 (shared), 1931–32, 1935–36 (shared) , 1936–37, 1938–39, 1939–40
 * Dublin and Belfast Inter-City Cup: 1
 * 1947–48 (shared)
 * Belfast and District League: 1
 * 1918–19
 * Belfast City Cup: 1
 * 1918–19 (shared)
 * Northern Regional League: 4
 * 1940–41, 1941–42, 1943–44, 1946–47
 * Substitute Gold Cup: 4
 * 1940–41, 1943–44, 1945–46, 1946–47

Intermediate honours
Honours won by Belfast Celtic II
 * Irish Intermediate League: 7
 * 1916–17, 1917–18, 1931–32, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1936–37
 * Irish Intermediate Cup: 5
 * 1913–14, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1939–40
 * Steel & Sons Cup: 5
 * 1912–13, 1916–17, 1917–18, 1934–35, 1935–36
 * McElroy Cup: 7
 * 1916–17, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1942–43, 1943–44

Junior honours

 * Irish Junior League: 3
 * 1893–94, 1894–95, 1895–96

Selected former managers

 * 🇮🇪 Elisha Scott: 1934–1949

title: Belfast Celtic F.C.


text:
Plasmogamy

Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the protoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuse without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell. This state is followed by karyogamy, where the two nuclei fuse and then undergo meiosis to produce spores. The dikaryotic state that comes after plasmogamy will often persist for many generations before the fungi undergoes karyogamy. In lower fungi however, plasmogamy is usually immediately followed by karyogamy. A comparative genomic study indicated the presence of the machinery for plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis in the Amoebozoa.

title: Plasmogamy


text:
User talk:Joshuasilberberg

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title: User talk:Joshuasilberberg