text:
Treaty 7

Treaty 7 is an agreement between the Crown and several, mainly Blackfoot, First Nation band governments in what is today the southern portion of Alberta. The idea of developing treaties for Blackfoot lands was brought to Blackfoot chief Crowfoot by John McDougall in 1875. It was concluded on September 22, 1877, and December 4, 1877. The agreement was signed at the Blackfoot Crossing of the Bow River, at the present-day Siksika Nation reserve, approximately 75 km east of Calgary, Alberta. Chief Crowfoot was one of the signatories to Treaty 7. Another signing on this treaty occurred on December 4, 1877, to accommodate some Blackfoot leaders who were not present at the primary September 1877 signing.

Treaty 7 is one of eleven Numbered Treaties signed between First Nations and the Crown between 1871 and 1921. The treaty established a delimited area of land for the tribes (a reserve), promised annual payments, provisions, or both, from the Crown to the tribes and promised continued hunting and trapping rights on the "tract surrendered". In exchange, the tribes ceded their rights to their traditional territory, of which they had earlier been recognized as the owners.

Britain had transferred whatever jurisdiction over "Indians and lands reserved for the Indians" it may have had to the Province of Canada in the 1840s. This authority devolved to the government of Canada at Confederation in 1867 and applied to the area of the North-Western Territory (NWT) and Rupert's Land that came into Confederation in 1870, including the part that became Alberta in 1905. The British government, in an exchange of letters at the time of the transfer of the NWT, sought assurances that Canada would provide the Crown's obligation to First Nations.

List of the Treaty 7 First Nations

 * Bearspaw First Nation (Stoney First Nation/Nakoda)
 * Chiniki First Nation (Stoney First Nation/Nakoda)
 * Blood Tribe (Kainai Nation) (Blackfoot)
 * Piikani Nation (Blackfoot)
 * Siksika Nation (Blackfoot)
 * Tsuutʼina Nation (Sarcee)
 * Wesley First Nation (Stoney First Nation/Nakoda)

Context
In the late 1800s, five Indigenous nations were situated along the southern parts of western Canada. The five nations were the Blackfoot, Piegans, Sarcee, Cree, and Blood. They were nomadic populations, which allowed them to move freely following the buffalo herds from which they gained a lot of their resources and were able to live. The five Nations owned their lands and used them for hunting grounds as well as for settlement areas. Their territories started in the southern parts of Alberta and Saskatchewan as well as northern Montana. These plains included vast buffalo hunting which allowed them to sustain themselves and their culture. Buffalo were the foundation of not only the economy of the people of the plains but also of their culture and way of life. The buffalo provided the people of the plains with food, clothing and warmth, fuel and sacred objects. The buffalo were a pivotal part of their way of life and greatly diminished due to overhunting in the plains. By 1879, the buffalo could no longer be found in any significant numbers across the plains leading the people to have different needs and require other ways of life.

The Canadian government wanted to build a railway but in order to proceed, they had to acquire the land from the Indigenous people. The government brought forward the idea of a treaty to the Indigenous people who resided on the land on the plains that was needed for the railway. There were already treaties in place between other Indigenous groups and the government. This was the seventh treaty.

A series of eleven treaties made between the Canadian government and Indigenous peoples from 1871 to 1921. The Indigenous groups in the west were involved in treaties 1-7 which took place between 1871 and 1877. The Treaties covered the area between the Lake of the Woods (northern Ontario, southern Manitoba) to the Rocky Mountains (northeastern British Columbia and interior Plains of Alberta) to the Beaufort Sea (north of Yukon and the Northwest Territories).

The leaders of the plains were interested in signing the treaty because they had concerns about the course of their lives. People had become aware that their resources were rapidly depleting due to overhunting and commercialization of the usage of animals with the Hudson's Bay Company. Diseases such as smallpox were taking the lives of both the old and the young, and it was becoming increasingly difficult to control the spread of diseases to which there was no native immunity. The plains people and their leaders were also concerned about their future and culture and what the influx of American settlers and traders would mean for their communities. They saw the number treaties as an association with the monarchy and as a way for them to gain the government's protection of their land and resources before American settlers came to take over their territories. They were able to trust that the Queen and her people would keep their word because the Canadian Mounties had done well in keeping American traders out of the North-West Territories.

Negotiations and treaty terms

Treaty 7 was signed in September 1877 between the Crown and the five First Nations: the Siksika (Blackfoot), Kainai (Blood), Piikani (Peigan), Stoney-Nakoda, and Tsuut’ina (Sarcee). Treaty 7 was the last of a series of treaties that were signed during the 1870s. It was the last treaty signed between the Crown and the First Nations for the next 20 years. This series of treaties during the 1870s was to determine the division of land. The negotiations of the treaty took place between David Laird (lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories) and James Macleod (commissioner of the NWMP) who were acting as the Crown's treaty commissioners. The First Nations representatives were largely from the Blackfoot confederacy due to their inhabiting the majority of the land being sought after. The First Nations' representative was the Blackfoot nation who sent Crowfoot to make the negotiations on their behalf.

The signing of the treaty took place at the Blackfoot crossing, a location on their territory. This location was a bit problematic for some of the other nations due to it being quite far from their hunting grounds. The distance factor led to the meeting to discuss the negotiations being pushed back by two days. The treaty commissioners, Laird and Macleod, arrived September 16 along with the Siksika, Stoney-Nakoda and Tsuut’ina. They all agreed to wait two days for the remaining nations to arrive. On September 19 the negotiations began between the commissioners and the five nations. Laird and Macleod began their side of the negotiations with stating the facts about the decline in the buffalo population and how he proposed to help the Indigenous people by introducing new laws to protect the buffalo. The importance of the buffalo to the Indigenous people was high due to their dependence on the buffalo for food. Laird proposed new laws to protect the buffalo along with helping and teaching the Indigenous people how to learn more about agriculture and ranching that would allow a way to transition from becoming less dependent on the buffalo. Laird said to the Indigenous people that the buffalo would soon be gone and it was important for them to move into agriculture and ranching lifestyles and that the government would support them for doing this.

There was also discussion surround annual payments, reserve land and education. The Indigenous leaders and their nations were greatly concerned about continuing to be able to hunt and fish across all of the land. Crowfoot waited for the arrival of Red Crow, the leader of the Kainai Nation and a trusted friend of Macleod before making any decisions with the treaty. Once Red Crow arrived, Crowfoot explained to him to the best of his abilities about what he believed the treaty to be about. Once Crowfoot explained to Red Crow about the treaty and its terms, the treaty was agreed upon by all the leaders and was signed on September 22, 1877. The treaty involved 130,000 km2 of land stretching from the Rocky Mountains to the Cypress Hills, the Red Deer River and the US border. The terms of the treaty stated that all nations still maintained the right to hunt on the land and in exchange for giving up the land each nation was to receive reserves of 1 mi2 per family of five and in proportion to that number depending on whether the family was larger or smaller. Along with the exchange of land an immediate payment was given to every man, woman and child and the promise of annual payments of $25 to the nation's chief.

Immediate aftermath
The government wanted the land for the purposes of building a railroad through western Canada. The written treaty covered roughly 130,000 km2 of land from the Rocky Mountains to the west, the Cypress Hills to the east, the Red Deer River to the north, and the US border to the south. Through the treaty, all nations retained the right to use the land for hunting. However, due to their rapidly depleting population of buffalo, the Indigenous people wanted to learn more about agriculture and how to cultivate their own produce seeing as how they would be more sedentary without the buffalo herds. The government brought money, cattle and the promise of education with the intention of teaching Indigenous people the Western ways of living so that they would be able to sustain their populations without the buffalo.

Opinions on what the treaties mean differ across groups. Government officials have been cited as saying that the treaties were contracts allowing the Canadian government to take control of Indigenous lands in return for other types of compensation. Indigenous people thought that the treaties were a way to allow for a connection to be established between the Indigenous people and the newcomers to Canada through the crown. Their interpretation of the treaties were guided by their need for support from the crown and protection to ensure the survival of their people and culture. Indigenous people did not support the viewpoint of the Canadian government as they found it to be narrow minded and restrictive when they felt as though they were looking for a broader sense of financial and general support for their people. The Indigenous people viewed the treaty as a covenant. The Canadian government viewed it as a contract. The difference between a contract and a covenant is that a covenant is conceived under a deity and therefore has a spiritual context and boundedness that includes a higher power as not only a participant but also a guarantor.

The treaty outlined specifics as to rights of Indigenous people and support and protection of the Queen. These included rights that Indigenous people could hunt and fish and had provisions on their land. Their lands would be divided into one square mile for each family of five people (this would be made smaller or larger depending on family size). The treaty outlined the rivers that each Indigenous band could use including their shipments, docking and any other uses for the rivers. $12 from the Queen was designated to each person who was part of any other of the above-mentioned tribes and other amounts of money to people of higher power such as chiefs. Each nation would receive $2000 every year for the benefit of the tribe so long as it is necessary. Every three years the chiefs would be recognized by way of medals, flags or suits. The Queen would pay for teachers when children on reserves desired teachers and there was a means for education. The treaty dictated the number of cows per family depending on the number of persons. And finally, the Queen reserved the right to punish any Indian who violated the treaty.

Implications at the time
The implications at the time of the treaty were seen in two different ways, through the government's point of view and the Indigenous people's point of view. The Canadian government wanted the treaty to take place to allow them to build the railway across Canada. It was required that the railway went through the Indigenous peoples' land. The Canadian government began the treaty talks to build the railway and for the expansion of settlement. The immediate responses after the treaty was signed from the Canadian government officials was that "since the treaty the Indians appeared more contented and friendly than ever". The government's main concern was about the Canadian Pacific Railway and that it would be built. The construction began in the 1880s and it was completed. The implications for the government of Canada have not been seen until more recent years as it has been trying to reconcile with the Indigenous people of Canada.

The implications for the Indigenous people after the signing of the treaty are seen through their suffering and hardship. The buffalo disappeared more rapidly than expected and the promised support from the Canadian government to transition into an agriculture lifestyle did not happen as quickly and as many expected. The winters following the signing of Treaty 7 were very harsh on the Indigenous people and their nomadic lifestyle. The nations were still waiting on the government to state what land they will be able to claim. They suffered through disease outbreaks and starvation. Once the nations received the land they were given, it largely was unsuitable. The reserves led to poverty, food shortages and residential schools. Missionaries arrived to provide day schools and residential schools on the reserves. Issues arose with the reserves that included the lack of space for the number of people, fears the Canadian Pacific Railway would be constructed on their new land and that the land was insufficient and unsuitable. These were the main concerns of the Treaty Seven First Nations. The Treaty Seven First Nations had been given their reserves and plenty of aid from the missionaries but the promised help from the government that was stated in the treaty would take years to fully receive.

Legacy
Overall, the treaty did not have the positive impact for Indigenous peoples that they initially believed it would. The buffalo disappeared at a rapid rate, and some Nations trespassed on other Nations' land to hunt, and the number of settlers that came to the area increased, putting further strain on the available resources. As well, the support from the Canadian government to help transition to an agricultural lifestyle did not occur as promised, the reserves that the Nations were relocated to had land where they could not support the requirements of the Nations. Additionally, psychological damages from residential schools, and the attempted erasure of Indigenous cultures, have created immeasurable and unseen damages in the lives of the Indigenous population. All these implications of the treaties have contributed to the level of poverty and grievances experienced on the reserves and by Indigenous peoples today.

Special consideration must be given to the differences of cultures as pertains to negotiations. When comparing the difference in cultures during the treaty signing, it is possible the Indigenous population could have been misinformed or misguided, whether unwittingly or intentionally. The settlers at the time strongly advocated for the treaty to be a written document but the tradition of the Indigenous people was, and still is, an oral one. Due to the treaty being a written document, it is possible that other negotiations were made, which may have persuaded the Nations to sign the treaty, but were not officially reported. These conventional differences lead many to believe the Indigenous populations did not fully understanding the scope and ramifications of the treaties. It is speculated that if the Indigenous people involved had been properly informed of what was entailed in the documents, they would not have agreed to or signed these treaties.

Recently the Canadian government has been attempting to reconcile with the Indigenous people of Canada. In the 1982 Canadian Constitution, the government provided protection to the Indigenous people and the treaty rights of the Indigenous people of Canada. However, all the nations involved in the eleven treaties throughout Canada have since been in communications with the government about issues with their land surrenders, improperly performed surveys and fraudulent deals. The talks between the two parties are still ongoing.

title: Treaty 7


text:
Talk:Luoyang

Untitled
Coordinates are bad, more where Kaifeng is. Those are better: 112.4 34.66 (taken from German Wikipedia). --Equestenebrarum (talk) 07:54, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

Here is a passage from the Chinese novel "The Three Kingdoms":

''Dong Zhuo sent five thousand troops out [to luoyang] to plunder and slay. They captured many thousand wealthy householders and, having stuck flags on their heads saying they were Traitors and Rebels, drove them out of the city and put them to death. Their properties were all seized. ''30 The task of driving forth the inhabitants, some millions, was given to two of Dong Zhuo's commanders, Li Jue and Guo Si. The people were sent off in bands, each band between two parties of soldiers, who drove them torward Changan. Enormous numbers fell by the road side and died in the ditches, and the escort plundered the fugitives and defiled the women. A wail of sorrow arose to the very sky.'' ''31 Dong Zhuo's final orders as he left Capital Luoyang were to burn the whole city: Houses, palaces, temples, and everything were devoured by the flames. The capital became but a patch of scorched earth.'' ''32 Dong Zhuo sent Lu Bu to desecrate the tombs of the emperors and their consorts for the jewels therein, and the common soldiers took the occasion to dig up the graves of officials and plunder the cemeteries of the wealthy. The spoil of the city, gold and silver, pearls and silks, and beautiful ornaments, filled several thousand carts. With these and the persons of the Emperor and his household, Dong Zhuo moved off to the new capital in the first year of Inauguration of Tranquillity (AD 190).''

''33 Luoyang being thus abandoned, the general of Dong Zhuo at River Si Pass, Zhao Cen, evacuated that post of vantage, which Sun Jian at once occupied. Liu Bei and his brothers took Tiger Trap Pass and the confederate lords advanced.''

(source [] )

Maybe this event ought to be mentioned in the city's history?

 * Please do so. Down here things happen faster if you make them. :) --Plastictv 07:51, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Do not see much need for such additions. As the city witnessed quite a number of better or worse events in history, listing this event alone gives an incomplete, and biased indication.

Do you know there are actually four locations of the city, three as ruins under or near the present one? I am not against expanding the history section, but we it must be done with enough amount of material.

The standard of English employed in this article does not meet publication standards of English. -D.M.

 * I cleaned up the English and put the information in the history section into a more logical chronological order. Doudja

218.103.216.150 13:56, 17 September 2007 (UTC)== RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Luoyang AND KYOTO ==

218.103.224.151 12:18, 14 September 2007 (UTC)Shall we mention that Kyoto in Japan followed Luoyang and Chang'an as a model to build in A.D. 794 (Nara period,Tang Dynasty)!?????
 * We probably should, if we can find a reputable source for that statement. _dk 04:03, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Here the source is: Kyoto was founded in 794 AD and patterned after Chinese ancient capitals such as Chang'an and Luoyang.(www.city.kyoto.jp/sogo/sousei/teigen/teigen-eigo.pdf)Kyoto city web(Official website)

History is Lacking
There is a nothing in the History section after the 5th century. UncleMatt (talk) 05:31, 30 April 2009 (UTC) Why is no mention made in this article of more recent events in or near Luoyang such as the nightclub fire of 2000 that claimed more than 300 lives, or events that took place near Luoyang in the Cultural Revolution? Rashomon digger (talk) 17:29, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

Split article
There are several ancient cites all called Luoyang in the prefecture level city of Luoyang. Some are built atop each other but not continuously inhabited; i.e. a city was built then abandoned then several centuries later another city was built atop the ruins. Some are several kilometers away put still within the adminstrative division of modern Luoyang. Some are built on top of each other AND continuously inhabited. It seems misleading to have several different urban settlements sepearted by both time and space listed together in the history section AS IF they were one city. To further add to the confusion some were originally called by another name but listed in histories as Luoyang because of the proximity.

I suggest the article called Luoyang refer only to the modern city, and separate articles be created for each of the other settlements:
 * bo
 * chengzhou
 * luoyi
 * Han luoyang and Wei luoyang (treated as one city)
 * Tang luoyang

I am using the article on the other chinese captial as a precedent
 * xian
 * Han changan and Tang changan
 * xiangyang

if no objections I will make the split --Gurdjieff (talk) 12:49, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Chengzhou
According to Chinese Wikipedia, Luoyi was also known as Chengzhou. It's purpose was to provide increased control in the east, not as a home for the remnants of the Shang Dynasty. see http://zh.wikipedia.org/城周 Philg88 (talk) 23:33, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045-771 BC by Li Feng (17 Aug 2006) - archaeological evidence suggests they may be the same, but ""While this seems to have been supported by the current archaeological evidence that is mainly concentrated on the two banks of the Chan River, the locally discovered early Western Zhou inscription on the Ling fingyi (JC: 9901) says quite explicitly that the minister Mingbao performed sacrifices in both Chengzhou and Wang +., which reasonably refers to Wangcheng. The inscriptional evidence seems to work well with the ancient geographical works to suggest that Wangcheng and Chengzhou were different cities. Therefore, scholars working with inscriptions tend to think that they were twin cities in the Luoyang region during the Western Zhou."7 Perhaps the specific location of Chengzhou has to await future archacological discovery."

 * Cultural Centrality and Political Change in Chinese History: Northeast Henan in the Fall of the Ming by Roger V. Des Forges (1 Feb 2003)"The founders of the Zhou (1045-256 bc:k) originated in the west and established their first capitals in die Wei River valley, but they effected the first changc of mandate (geming) in Chinese history in die central plain. They established a secondary capital at Chengzhou, near present-day Luoyang in Henan province."

 * The Magic Square: History of Chinese City Planning by Alfred Schinz (19 Aug 1996)"The ruins of the city wall of Chengzhou were recently investigated about 15 km east of the old part of the present-day city of Luoyang."

 * There are more sources similar to these, just as there are sources identifying the two as the same city. I suspect that the geographical distance was small enough so that earlier texts just ignored them,but that's just my guess. What does seem clear is that we can't assert these are the same city. Dougweller (talk) 13:30, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

WP:ERA
Per, this edit established the usage of the page as and  and should kindly be maintained pending a new consensus. — Llywelyn II   16:48, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

WP:ENGVAR
Similarly, this edit and the use of American English. — Llywelyn II   16:48, 7 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Missing district
Why isn't the Yibin District (伊滨区) mentioned in this article? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 19:50, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Luoyang


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User talk:Dragonantix

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title: User talk:Dragonantix


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Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting

Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Co., Ltd. (中部日本放送株式会社) is a regional radio and television service serving Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It is majorly owned by the Chunichi Shimbun. Its radio service is affiliated with the Japan Radio Network (JRN) and its television service affiliated with the Japan News Network (JNN).

History
On December 15, 1950, Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Corporation was formally established. The capital at the time of establishment was 80 million yen, with a transmission power of 10 kilowatts. The first-generation logo of Central Nippon Broadcasting Corporation was obtained through open call, and the selected design was the work of Shojiro Shimazaki. On April 21, 1951, Central Nippon Broadcasting Corporation obtained the broadcasting license and the identification call sign "JOAR" representing Japan's first private broadcasting station.

At 6:30am on September 1, 1951, Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting announcer Noboru Ui broadcast "Central Nippon Broadcasting, JOAR, broadcasting at 1090 kHz. Good morning everyone. This is CBC in Nagoya, Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting", announcing the official launch of CBC, also marking the beginning of private broadcasting in Japan. CBC achieved profitability in the first year of broadcasting, and implemented stock dividends and a capital increase of 40 million yen in the second year of broadcasting.

In July 1952, CBC decided to apply for a TV broadcast license, but it was retained because the application was too late. In June 1954, the Nagoya TV Tower, jointly funded by CBC and NHK, was completed. In December of the same year, CBC obtained a TV broadcasting license. At 10am on December 1, 1956, CBC officially started broadcasting TV programs, becoming the third private TV station in Japan (the first two were Nippon TV and Radio Tokyo TV). In order to make more viewers interested in TV, CBC set up 30 street TVs within the broadcast range. According to a survey in 1958, the broadcasting unit of CBC accounted for 72.7% of the listening share in the Tokai area, and the TV unit accounted for 62% of the viewing share, which was far ahead of NHK. In 1959, the TV division of Central Nippon Broadcasting joined the JNN network. Central Nippon Broadcasting Corporation used a helicopter to broadcast Ise Shrine Hatsune on New Year's Day of this year. The scenery is the first helicopter live broadcast in the history of world television. In the same year, CBC also participated in the broadcast of the wedding of Crown Prince Akihito (now the emperor emeritus) and Michiko Shoda. In September 1959, the Isewan typhoon caused serious disasters in the Tokai region. Central Nippon Broadcasting Corporation used its own generator to continue broadcasting programs despite a power outage, and broadcast a large number of typhoon news, which was affirmed by the chairman of the Democratic Federation of Freedom.

In 2013, the radio and television companies spun off. In 2013, Chūbu Nippon Hōsō as name is CBC Radio and in 2014, as name is CBC Television, his now this name is Chūbu Nippon Hōsō Holdings. And now, Chūbu Nippon Hōsō is the mame save, for now as Holdings and Group-holdings.

Radio
Frequency
 * Nagoya (from Nagashima, Mie Prefecture): 1053 kHz: JOAR (AM); 93.7 MHz (FM)
 * Gifu (from Kagamigahara, Gifu Prefecture): 639 kHz: JOAR
 * Kumano: 720 kHz: JOAR
 * Owase: 801 kHz: JOAR
 * Hida-Kamioka and Gero: 1062 kHz: JOAR
 * Toyohashi: 1485 kHz: JOAE
 * Iga-Ueno: 1485 kHz: JOAR
 * Takayama: 1557 kHz: JOAO
 * Nakatsugawa: 1557 kHz: JOAR
 * Shinshiro: 1557 kHz: JOAR

TV (Analog)
JOAR-TV (1956/12/1-2011/7/24)
 * Nagoya Main Station (Nagoya TV Tower) - Channel 5
 * Toyohashi - Channel 62
 * Toyota - Channel 55
 * Gujo - Channel 8
 * Gero - Channel 10
 * Chuno - Channel 62
 * Kumano - Channel 5
 * Owase - Channel 6
 * Ise - Channel 55
 * Nabari - Channel 60
 * Toba - Channel 10
 * Shima-Isobe - Channel 45
 * Hazu - Channel 41
 * Honyado - Channel 39
 * Akabane - Channel 36
 * Kihō Kaminouchi - Channel 35
 * Unumahōjakuji - Channel 40
 * Toyota Kugyūdaira - Channel 42
 * Komaki Momokadai - Channel 43
 * Nakatsugawa Kashimo - Channel 27
 * Toki Minami - Channel 34
 * Kihoarigawa - Channel 24
 * Shima Daioh Funoekobe Kita - Channel 38
 * Shima Daio Funoeko Minami - Channel 39
 * Toyota Inaba Takenishi - Channel 44
 * Kameyama Sekichō - Channel 48
 * Tajimi - Channel 53
 * Hidakamioka Nagareha - Channel 54
 * Hidakamioka - Channel 56
 * Nakatsugawa Tsukechi - Channel 57
 * Horai Ono Kita - Channel 61
 * Inabe Kitazume - Channel 62

TV (Digital)
JOGX-DTV (old former callsign: JOAR-DTV) (2003/12/01)
 * Remote Controller ID 5
 * Nagoya Main Starion (Seto Digital Tower) and Nabari - Channel 18
 * Toyohashi, Gamagori-Tahara, Chuno, Nakatsugawa, Nagara, Takayama and Ise - Channel 16

Since the notion that "CBC = channel 5" spread across the three prefectures of the Tokai region, it is the only TBS affiliate to use 5 as its LCN (BSN in Niigata, historically channel 5 in the analog era, uses 6). Because of this, NBN, the TV Asahi affiliate, uses channel 6.

Other TV stations in Nagoya

 * Tokai TV (THK, 東海テレビ放送, affiliated with CX and FNN/FNS) - 1
 * Chukyo TV (CTV, 中京テレビ放送, affiliated with NTV and NNN/NNS) - 4
 * Metele (NBN, メ~テレ, affiliated with TV Asahi and ANN) - 6
 * TV Aichi (TVA, テレビ愛知, affiliated with TV Tokyo and TX Network|TXN) - 10

title: Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Glenrose Shopping Centre

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS (so keep). Cool Hand Luke  07:43, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Glenrose Shopping Centre
Small mall in Australia. Belongs in WikiTravel but not here. Radiant! 14:08, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Good local content article needing minor NPOVing. Keep. --Gene_poole 22:07, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiTravel. There are millions of shopping centers in the world, not all of them deserve an article in Wikipedia. And even this article admits that the shopping center is small. DaveTheRed 00:05, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * If we can not transwiki, then delete. DaveTheRed 02:44, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - looks like a strip mall to me. Cannot transwiki to Wikitravel, they are not us and are under a different license. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:20, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * That's true, but wouldn't it be quite possible to start a WT article with roughly the same information in it? Radiant! 12:00, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, local landmark. Kappa 00:41, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * As strip mall does not need an article, merge, with the Glenrose suburb article, see Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory for a good example--nixie 01:52, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * keep or merge --SPUI (talk) 02:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all local landmarks. —RaD Man (talk) 03:58, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment What do you consider a local landmark? Is my local Stop N Go a landmark? How about my small neighborhood park? A particularily busy bus stop? Because I consider all of those to be just about as encyclopedic as a local strip mall. DaveTheRed 05:59, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Radman's vote above is frightening.  RickK 06:01, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * They've been known to frighten small children.  —RaD Man (talk) 02:53, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. We don't have an article on Belrose, the suburb of Sydney that this mall is located in so we can't merge. Perhaps we should add Belrose, New South Wales to the list of requested articles and add something about this mall to that article. Capitalistroadster 10:34, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong concur with RickK. We obviously have to draw the line somewhere, as some individual houses can also be local landmarks. If the only interesting thing we can say about is that it's a in, then it should be merged because it can never be more than a stub. Radiant! 12:00, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * We don't have to "draw any lines" anywhere. That's the beauty of Wikipedia. Oh, and seeing as none of criteria for deletion are met by this article, keep.--Centauri 10:28, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If we have no need of drawing lines anywhere, then we have no need for vdf. No lines anywhere means we can keep everything. DaveTheRed 20:46, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * US POV-centric nomination. Keep. Needs verifiability added - David Gerard 00:36, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Australia POV-centric vote. Ignore. Needs to not assume unstated motives for nominations -- Cyrius|✎ 03:57, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Does not seem to be anything noteworthy. --Henrygb 01:27, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A strip mall would have to REALLY stand out in some way to be noteworthy. This doesn't. Jonathunder 05:09, 2005 Mar 8 (UTC)
 * merge. - unfortunately the 'host' article doesnt exist yet. Bluemoose 18:40, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Glebe Point Road

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 17:27, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Glebe Point Road
While I understand the use of articles on interstate highways, I fail to see why we should have an article on a street in a city somewhere. Maybe WikiTravel wants it. Radiant! 14:08, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Very well known major high street in an historic area of inner Sydney. Easily the basis of an excellent article. Strong Keep.--Gene_poole 21:42, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per above, but I'm not too happy about the "local aborignal population" comment. Kappa 00:37, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, however as previously stated, better suited for Wikitravel, if we have one. -- Riffsyphon1024 00:40, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * We do, but for legal reasons it seems we cannot transwiki there. However, for a fact-based article there's nothing to prevent someone from starting a similar article over there. Radiant! 11:59, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --SPUI (talk) 02:54, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Cleanup. Significant Sydney road. Capitalistroadster 10:01, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I have started this myself wikifying it but needs more work.Capitalistroadster 10:21, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The US POV on VFD is ridiculous. Keep - David Gerard 00:33, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Why is it ridiculous? Radiant has a point. Wikipedia is not a roadmap. Megan1967 00:24, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Because it is a very significant part of Sydney. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:32, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Show me a roadmap that shows that "The street is lined with terrace houses". Show me a roadmap that shows that "There was an active tramway on Glebe Point Road between 1892 and 1958 when the trams were replaced by buses." And so on. --SPUI (talk) 00:32, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Definite Keep. Lacrimosus 00:11, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Most definitely keep: I live in this part of the world and this is major geographical landmark (if that's the word for a road). - Ta bu shi da yu 00:31, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, of course. It's starting to get quite frustrating when perfectly notable Australian articles get put up for deletion because Americans haven't heard of them. Ambi 03:40, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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text:
User talk:Un4td

April 2013
Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Liver-Eating Johnson, you may be blocked from editing. Pinethicket (talk) 10:25, 3 April 2013 (UTC) This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Andrew Pickens (congressman), you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Pinethicket (talk) 10:27, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Un4td


text:
User:Will74205

English Wiki ID: 201007

Chinese Wiki ID: 37820

Birth Place: Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, Republic of China

Current Residence: San Jose, California, USA

Topics of Interest: Transportation (rail, air), California, United States, San Francisco Bay Area, Republic of China, Taiwan, Kaonsiung City

Supports:
 * A Vastly Improved Caltrain System instead of the extremely expensive BART in Santa Clara County and Bay Area
 * California High Speed Rail: Remember to vote 'yes' on the High Speed Rail Bond in the 2008 General election, and write state legislator and governor asking them not to stall CAHSR anymore!

Major Contributions

 * Amtrak California
 * Caltrain
 * Capitol Corridor
 * San Francisco Transbay Terminal

zh:user:will74205

title: User:Will74205


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GlobalNiX

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 16:32, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

GlobalNiX
Multinational internet company, with a whopping 160 googles. Radiant! 14:10, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - no evidence of...much of anything. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:18, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad for an apparently non-notable company. 43 displayed google hits.  VFD is #5. —Korath (Talk) 07:50, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Murdock

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 16:33, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

John Murdock
Article doesn't indicate he is notable. Should be deleted unless he turns out to be notable. Thue | talk 14:10, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems to be a famous Mormon with a biography listed on www.saintswithouthalos.com. —Brim 17:46, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Exactly why is he notable? It isn't enough that somebody has made a webpage about him. Thue | talk 17:21, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not establish notability. Megan1967 05:11, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, and delete. Radiant! 20:48, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

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text:
User talk:Island

Welcome to the Wikipedia
I noticed you were new, and wanted to share some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 14:12, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

India
Thanks for the interwiki on the India page = Nichalp  ( Talk )= 11:15, May 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * And thanks again for my name in armenian and georgian. PS is it possible you also link India to the wikipedia? Thanks.  = Nichalp  ( Talk )= 07:53, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks = Nichalp  ( Talk )= 14:28, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Issues at KA

 * გაუ ისლანდს, ქართულ ვიკიში დიდი ხანია არ გამოჩენილხარ. იქ საკმაოდ პრობლემები დაგვიგროვდა. ახლანდელ ერთადერთ აქტიურ ადმინთან თანამშრომლობა მიჭირს, ერთპიროვნულად მოქმედებს და მისი დაბალანსების მექანიზმი არ არსებობს. ვერაფრით მივაღწიე იმას, რომ შევთანხმებულიყავით სტატიის სათაურის რამდენიმე ვარიანტი რედირექტით დაგვეტოვებინა, როგორც კი ალტერნატივას შევქმნი მყისვე შლის და უკვე კამათის თავიც არა მაქვს. ძალიან ძნელია რაიმე შეაგნებინო. თან აქტიური მოდერატორები ძალიან ცოტაა, რომ ვინმე დისკუსიაში ჩაებას და წამოგეშველოს. მოკლედ, ძალიან რთული ვითარებაა. იმედია მოიცლი და შემოიხედავ. Alsandro 67.142.130.31 21:20, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Island


text:
Luigi Pulci

Luigi Pulci (15 August 1432 – 11 November 1484) was an Italian diplomat and poet best known for his Morgante, an epic and parodistic poem about a giant who is converted to Christianity by Orlando and follows the knight in many adventures.

Life
Pulci was born in Florence. His patrons were the Medicis, especially Lucrezia and Lorenzo Medici, who often sent Pulci on diplomatic missions. Even so, sometime around 1470 Pulci needed more money and went into the service of Roberto Sanseverino d'Aragona, a northern condottiere. In 1478 (after the assassination of Lorenzo's brother Giuliano during the Pazzi Conspiracy), Pulci, riding on the coattails of the city's current anti-clericalism, wrote a poem dedicated to Lucrezia Tornabuoni that fulminated against Pope Sixtus IV's Rome.

His brother Luca Pulci (1431–1470) was also a writer. His brother Luca's works, all in the Italian language, include Pistole, Driadeo d'amore, and Cyriffo Calvaneo.

Morgante
The poem Morgante is composed of 28 cantari (chapters) written in ottava rima. The subject was loosely derived from the Carolingian epic tradition, but Pulci drew many characters and motives also from the popular poems usually sung by storytellers in Florence's piazzas and developed a rich series of comic and parodistic episodes. The work was commissioned by Lucrezia Tornabuoni, the mother of Lorenzo and Giuliano Medici. The poem in progress was read at the Medicis' court, where the public appreciated the funny characters, partly new, partly recreated from the epic tradition. Popular Florentine humour, bourgeois way of thinking and living, and free imagination are expressed in a language based upon the Florentine dialect and extends from criminal argot to literary or scientific Latin. This language is very far from the early Renaissance classicistic model, proposed by Poliziano in those same years in the Medicis' court.

title: Luigi Pulci


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gloria Hatrick McLean

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Merge and redirect to James Stewart. Note: this has already been done. Deathphoenix 01:46, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Gloria Hatrick McLean
Former model whose son died in 'nam. Article doesn't establish notability, but does google a little (about 150). Radiant! 14:14, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * The article says she was married to Jimmy Stewart. Keep or merge with his article. Kappa 14:58, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Jimmy Stewart. As I understand it, they were married between 1949 and her death in the 1990's. Capitalistroadster 10:39, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur with the merge. Radiant! 11:55, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, Radiant, you put it up for deletion, now you want to merge? you could have used the merge tag! Bluemoose 20:23, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Picea chihuahuana

Picea chihuahuana, the Chihuahua spruce, is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 25–35 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1 m. It is native to northwest Mexico, where it occurs in 25 small populations in the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains in Chihuahua and Durango. It grows at moderate altitudes from 2300–3200 m, growing along streamsides in mountain valleys, where moisture levels in the soil are greater than the otherwise low rainfall in the area would suggest.

The bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small circular plates 5–10 cm across. The crown is conic, with widely spaced branches with drooping branchlets. The shoots are stout, pale buff-brown, glabrous, and with prominent pulvini. The leaves are needle-like, 17–23 mm long, stout, rhombic in cross-section, bright glaucous blue-green with conspicuous lines of stomata; the tip is viciously sharp.

The cones are pendulous, broad cylindrical, 7–12 cm long and 3 cm broad when closed, opening to 4–5 cm broad. They have stiff, bluntly rounded scales 1.5–2 cm broad, and are green, maturing pale brown 6–8 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 4 mm long, with a 10–13 mm long pale brown wing.

Chihuahua spruce was only discovered in 1942 by the Mexican botanist Maximino Martínez, and is endangered with just 25 small populations, none comprising more than a few hundred trees. It is related to Martinez Spruce from northeast Mexico, but differs in the shorter, blue-green leaves, and the smaller, narrower cones with smaller scales. No other related spruces are found in North America, with its next-closest relatives in eastern Asia.

It is a very attractive tree and is starting to be planted as an ornamental tree in botanical gardens, particularly valued in warm areas as it is one of the most heat-tolerant of all spruces, more tolerant of summer heat than Blue Spruce, which it resembles in foliage.

title: Picea chihuahuana


text:
Talk:Carl Adolph Agardh

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title: Talk:Carl Adolph Agardh


text: File:TrebleChargerMaybeItsMe.jpg

title: File:TrebleChargerMaybeItsMe.jpg


text: Template:Politics of Quebec

title: Template:Politics of Quebec


text:
Talk:Carlo Agostini

from Vfd
On 17 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Carlo Agostini for a record of the discussion.

title: Talk:Carlo Agostini


text:
User:Aeonlunarflux

Aeonlunarflux

why i write

i write because i never want to die.

long after my pen has rolled its final word, i don't expect to be heard. when it becomes hard to picture exactly what i look like, my wrinkled expression some faint, faded charcoal drawing, i suspect someone will try to picture how i looked, which way i tilted my head and how i creased my brow when i was serious and thinking. when no one can feel the glare of my smile, someone will hear my laughter. i am a Freemanwriter bequeathing words and reflection, words and introspection, words and early detection to the people around me. they will know when i am gone what i have known, seen, felt, heard, touched and smelled. i will live forever and ever. . . amen

my word has become a voice so much a part of me

that i hear it even when i choose not to listen. we are inseparable, this voice and i. we hurt from the same wounds, cry the same tears, rejoice in identical laughter, bask in the same intellect, and speak the same uncensored and unapologetic truths. the Word and i must continue to be one forever and ever. . . amen.

i write, i write, i write. . . because it's the only logical response to an illogical situation.

if you find me sitting over an unfinished work that i am no longer sculpting with my fingers, conjure me an epitaph (the living need those too, you know): "here lies . he spent his life looking for his own space, and holding the hands of his brothers and sisters, and massaging the keloid lashes in the hearts of his fellowmen and restoring people to their greatness. the man wrote himself to death . . . amen.

and i am waiting for that day when I no longer have to feel this pain... i am waiting for you..if i die waiting..my hope is that You will bring me back to a new life...amen

Its 2:45am and I'm still wide awake,its not that I can't sleep ,its just that that I am not suppose to close my eyes yet,and how am I suppose to relax when I have loads of work to finish and a mindful of thoughts in my head that needs some figuring out............................................................................. ..April 3, 2005 ..the months of 2005 went so fast its already summer.The humidity is almost unbearable and so are the days.the days went into years,I feel like going down, down ,down and deeper and sinking,,I couldn't breath anymore ,somebody save me from drowning from this foreign deep

title: User:Aeonlunarflux


text: Category:Presidents of Syria

title: Category:Presidents of Syria


text:
Rotunda (script)

The Rotunda is a specific medieval blackletter script. It originates in Carolingian minuscule. Sometimes, it is not considered a blackletter script, but a script on its own. It was used mainly in southern Europe.

Characteristics
One of the key differences between Rotunda and other blackletter scripts is that broken bows appear only in a few letters such as d.

R rotunda and long S
The r rotunda (ꝛ), "rounded r", is an old letter variant commonly used in rotunda scripts and other blackletter typefaces. It is thought that this variant form of that letter was originally devised either to save space while writing on expensive parchment or for aesthetic reasons.

Italian rotunda
There is a form of Italian blackletter known as rotunda, as it was less angular than in northern centres. The most usual form of Italian rotunda was littera bononiensis, used at the University of Bologna in the 13th century. Biting is a common feature in rotunda, but breaking is not.

Italian rotunda also is characterized by unique abbreviations, such as q with a line beneath the bow signifying "qui", and unusual spellings, such as x for s ("milex" rather than "miles").

title: Rotunda (script)


text:
Sten Wahlund

Sten Gösta William Wahlund (1901 — 1976) was a Swedish statistician, race biologist and politician. He is best known for first identifying the Wahlund effect, that subpopulations with different allele frequencies cause reduced heterozygosity than what is expected from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.

He graduated from Uppsala University in 1924 and received a PhD in 1933, while working at the State Institute for Racial Biology. He later became important in the Bondeförbundet and was a member of the Swedish parliament.

title: Sten Wahlund


text:
Rotunda

Rotunda or The Rotunda may refer to:

 * Rotunda (architecture), any building with a circular ground plan, often covered by a dome

Czech Republic

 * Rotunda of Saint Catherine in Znojmo

Greece

 * Arch of Galerius and Rotunda, Rotunda of St. George, built in Thessaloniki in 306 AD

Ireland

 * Rotunda Hospital, Dublin

Malta

 * Rotunda of Mosta, in Mosta

Moldova

 * Rotunda, Edineț, a commune in Edineţ District

Romania

 * Rotunda, Olt, a commune in Olt County
 * Rotunda, a village in Corbeni Commune, Argeș County
 * Rotunda, a village in Buza Commune, Cluj County
 * Rotunda, a village in Doljești Commune, Neamț County
 * Rotunda, a village administered by Liteni town, Suceava County
 * Rotunda, a tributary of the Bistrița in Suceava County
 * Rotunda (Lăpuș), a tributary of the Lăpuș in Maramureș County

United Kingdom

 * Rotunda, Birmingham, a cylindrical highrise building in Birmingham
 * Rotunda, Woolwich, a John Nash building in Woolwich, London
 * Blackfriars Rotunda (1787–1958), a building in Southwark
 * The Rotunda at Ranelagh Gardens, London, a former fashionable social meeting place and function room
 * Rotunda Museum, a museum of geology in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England
 * Glasgow Harbour Tunnel Rotundas, flanking the River Clyde in Scotland
 * Rotunda, Aldershot, a former Methodist church in Aldershot, Hampshire

United States

 * The Rotunda (Baltimore), a mixed-use property in northern Baltimore, Maryland
 * The Rotunda (Hermann, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Missouri
 * The Rotunda (University of Virginia)
 * The Rotunda (Longwood University)
 * D'Alemberte Rotunda, on the campus of Florida State University
 * Ford Rotunda, a former tourist attraction in Dearborn, Michigan
 * United States Capitol rotunda, in Washington, D.C.

Music

 * Fat Albert Rotunda, a 1969 album by Herbie Hancock
 * "Rotunda", a song on the 1977 album Inner Voices, by McCoy Tyner
 * "Rotunda", a 2011 single by Markus Schulz
 * "Rotunda", a 1970 song by Tom Rush on the album Wrong End of the Rainbow
 * "Rotunda", a 1996 song by Joe Morris from Elsewhere

People

 * Kyndra Rotunda (born 1973), American legal academic
 * Ronald Rotunda (born 1945), American legal academic
 * Mike Rotunda (born 1958), American professional wrestler
 * Bray Wyatt (Windham Rotunda; 1987–2023), American professional wrestler and son of Mike Rotunda
 * Bo Dallas (Taylor Rotunda; born 1990), American professional wrestler and son of Mike Rotunda

Other uses

 * Rotunda (geometry), a family of dihedral-symmetric polyhedra with alternating pentagons and triangles around an axis
 * Rotunda (script), a specific medieval blackletter script
 * Rotunda radicals, or Rotundists, London radical reformers who gathered around the Blackfriars Rotunda in the 1830s
 * A localized term for a traffic roundabout

title: Rotunda


text:
Archosauriformes

Archosauriformes (Greek for 'ruling lizards', and Latin for 'form') is a clade of diapsid reptiles encompassing archosaurs and some of their close relatives. It was defined by Jacques Gauthier (1994) as the clade stemming from the last common ancestor of Proterosuchidae and Archosauria. Phil Senter (2005) defined it as the most exclusive clade containing Proterosuchus and Archosauria. Archosauriforms are a branch of archosauromorphs which originated in the Late Permian (roughly 252 million years ago) and persist to the present day as the two surviving archosaur groups: crocodilians and birds.

Archosauriforms present several traits historically ascribed to the group Archosauria. These include serrated teeth set in deep sockets, a more active metabolism, and an antorbital fenestra (a hole in the skull in front of the eyes). Reptiles with these traits have also been termed "thecodonts" in older methods of classification. Thecodontia is a paraphyletic group, and its usage as a taxonomic category has been rejected under modern cladistic systems. The name Archosauriformes is intended as a monophyletic replacement compatible with modern taxonomy.

Evolutionary history
Early archosauriforms, informally termed "proterosuchians", were superficially crocodile-like animals with sprawling gaits, carnivorous habits, and long hooked snouts. Unlike the bulk of their therapsid contemporaries, archosauriforms survived the catastrophic end-Permian mass extinction. The Late Permian proterosuchid Archosaurus is similar in appearance to its Early Triassic relative, Proterosuchus. Within a few million years after the beginning of the Triassic, the archosauriformes had diversified past the "proterosuchian" grade. The next major archosauriform group was Erythrosuchidae, a family of apex predators with massive heads, the largest carnivorous reptiles up to that time.

In 2016, Martin Ezcurra provided the name Eucrocopoda for the clade including all archosauriforms more crownward (closer to archosaurs) than erythrosuchids. The name translates to "true crocodile feet", in reference to the possession of a crocodilian-style crurotarsal ankle. Eucrocopodans include the families Euparkeriidae (small, agile reptiles),Proterochampsidae (narrow-snouted predators endemic to South America), and Doswelliidae (heavily armored Laurasian reptiles similar to proterochampsids), as well as various other strange reptiles such as Vancleavea and Asperoris.

The most successful archosauriforms, and the only members to survive into the Jurassic, were the archosaurs. Archosauria includes crocodilians, birds, and all descendants of their common ancestor. Extinct archosaurs include aetosaurs, rauisuchids (both members of the crocodilian branch), pterosaurs, and non-avian dinosaurs (both members of the avian branch).

Metabolism
Vascular density and osteocyte density, shape and area have been used to estimate the bone growth rate of archosaurs, leading to the conclusion that this rate had a tendency to grow in ornithodirans and decrease in pseudosuchians. The same method also supports the existence of high resting metabolical rates similar to those of living endotherms (mammals and birds) in the Prolacerta-Archosauriformes clade that were retained by most subgroups, though decreased in Proterosuchus, Phytosauria and Crocodilia. Erythrosuchids and Euparkeria are basal archosauriforms showing signs of high growth rates and elevated metabolism, with Erythrosuchus possessing a rate similar of the fastest-growing dinosaurs. Sexual maturity in those Triassic taxa was probably reached quickly, providing advantage in a habitat with unpredictable variation from heavy rainfall to drought and high mortality. Vancleavea and Euparkeria, which show slower growth rates compared to Erythrosuchus, lived after the climatic stabilization. Early crown archosaurs possessed increased growth rates, which were retained by ornithodirans. Ornithosuchians and poposaurs are stem-crocodilians that show high growth rates similar to those of basal archosauriforms.

Developmental, physiological, anatomical and palaeontological lines of evidence indicate that crocodilians evolved from endothermic ancestors. Living crocodilians are ambush predators adapted to a semi-aquatic lifestyle that benefits from ectothermy due to the lower oxygen intake that allows longer diving time. The mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in their circulatory system is apparently an innovation that benefits ectothermic life. Earlier archosaurs likely lacked those adaptations and instead had completely separated blood as birds and mammals do. A similar process occurred in phytosaurs, which were also semi-aquatic.

The similarities between pterosaur, ornithischian and coelurosaurian integument suggest a common origin of thermal insulation (feathers) in ornithodirans at least 250 million years ago. Erythrosuchids living in high latitudes might have benefited from some sort of insulation. If Longisquama was an archosauromorph, it could be associated with the origin of feathers.

Relationships
Below is a cladogram from Nesbitt (2011):

Below is a cladogram from Sengupta et al. (2017), based on an updated version of Ezcurra (2016) that reexamined all historical members of the "Proterosuchia" (a polyphyletic historical group including proterosuchids and erythrosuchids). The placement of fragmentary taxa that had to be removed to increase tree resolution are indicated by dashed lines (in the most derived position that they can be confidently assigned to). Taxa that are nomina dubia are indicated by the note "dubium". Bold terminal taxa are collapsed.

title: Archosauriformes


text:
Talk:Karl Genzken

Untitled
He was born 1895. So he is most likely dead by now. When?

from Vfd
On 17 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Karl Genzken for a record of the discussion.

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Talk:Carol Alt

Super Model --> supermodel
"Supermodel" is one word, lowercase. See any professionally edited publication for proof. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.36.119.64 (talk) 18:37, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

Carl Alt joins FoxNews with a half-hour Saturday afternoon show
Here is the bio via FoxNews.com as she now has her own half-hour show on Health and Wellness.

http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/personalities/carol-alt/bio/#s=a-d

This can be abbreviated into her article here in Wikipedia. — Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 16:05, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

Pictures add a lot (current and historical)
A closer picture of Carol Alt, such as her FoxNews bio picture, would add a lot to this article. — Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 18:33, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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External links modified
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Ayrton Senna affair
I read from the Ayrton Senna article that he had an affair with Carol Alt, but I see no mention of that here in this article. I think it's notable enough to add that. I would like to add it myself, but I don't know how to word it properly. Here are some refs:

 *
 *

Thanks. Klrfl  Talk!  13:30, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carol Alt


text:
Motspur Park

Motspur Park, also known locally as West Barnes, is a residential suburb in south-west London, in the New Malden district. It straddles the boroughs of Kingston upon Thames and Merton.

Motspur Park owes its identity to the railway station of the same name, opened in 1925, which has six trains an hour to London Waterloo, and to the adjacent parade of small shops. Three prominent gas holders, which were used to store the consumer gas supply for south-west London, stand just south of the shopping parade and can be seen from a wide area.

Two of London's minor natural watercourses flow through Motspur Park: Beverley Brook runs south to north through the centre and its tributary the Pyl Brook runs parallel to the east in shallow depressions in the land.

The Motspur Park athletics stadium was built by the University of London in 1928 and achieved fame when the world mile record was set there in 1938. It was sold to Fulham Football Club as their training ground in 1999.

Name
The Mot family owned land in this area in the 14th century and gave their name to a farm that lay west of the Beverley Brook. In 1627, the farm was called Motes Firs. 'Firs' being a reference to the furze or gorse that grew nearby. It had changed to Motts Spur Farm by 1823. The 1865 OS map uses a contemporary variant, Mospur.

The modern name comes from the same farm which by the twentieth century was marked as Motspur Farm. This lay between the later constructed roads of Motspur Park and Chilmark Gardens.

"Park" was an appendage added in the late nineteenth century, to mirror Worcester Park, Raynes Park and Stoneleigh Park, forming a contiguous belt of "Park" districts. Market gardening in intensive cultivation systems was the main form of agriculture of local land in these areas at the time and this intense cultivation was sometimes called a park. But the "Park" addition  was deliberately promoted to suggest the area was a conversion from a landscaped garden or a wider inclosure. The word 'park' was further adopted by local government, railway operators, and house builders in promotional literature to attract capital-rich or high income residents into these new outer commuter suburbs.

Rural origins
The district was historically known as West Barnes and formed part of the traditional county of Surrey. It was rural up to the end of the nineteenth century due to its lack of a railway station. Two roads hark back to this rural time, West Barnes Lane and Blakes Lane and are marked on the oldest maps. The barns referred to were those at the western end of Merton Abbey's estates and were located just north of West Barnes Lane's junction with the modern Crossway.

After the dissolution of the monasteries the abbey land was granted to the Gresham family, (descendants of Thomas Gresham) who were wealthy London merchants. They retained the estate for two generations, selling it in 1570 – a date questioned – or 1612 to John Carpenter, a local farmer. The area remained agricultural, with farms owned or farmed out to smaller tenant farmers by wealthy families. Senior owners were notably the Raynes family who gave their name to Raynes Park. In the nineteenth century two major landowners were Charles Blake of Blue House Farm (area of the modern Barnes End) and Richard Garth Lord of the Manor of Morden. Both were lawyers and Garth eventually became a judge. They joined forces to agree to a bill for a railway line to Leatherhead and beyond to run across their land in order to receive valuable compensation and in a calculated long-term view to enhance future land value.

The railway's earthworks were planned and dug (largely laying a slight embankment, assisting with bridges over roads) and then laid through the locality in 1859 by the London and South Western Railway. The local station opened much later in 1925, the station name rapidly become the popular name of the district.

The 1871 map shows small farm workers cottages adjunct to farmhouses and a few mansions as the only dwellings of the area. The area east of the railway was part of Hobbald(e)s Farm owned by Garth. The mature oak woodland alongside it was planted around this time as screening from the railway; today it is a nature reserve.

The land was sold and eventually leased to J.J. Bishop (founder of the Bishops Move removal company) around 1873. In 1892 a tranche of land was sold to the Battersea Corporation for use as a cemetery; today known as Morden cemetery and the Northeast Surrey Crematorium.

Beginning of the suburban era
The area began to be developed as a proto-suburb before World War I and then fully in the Inter-War Period. First developments were streets off Burlington Road which had a tram route from about 1906: the northern ends of Belmont, Cavendish and Claremont Avenues in the west; and Seaforth, Estela and Adela Avenues in the east. Mostly these were well-serviced short terraces, typically six houses joined, each with three bedrooms and a bathroom upstairs and two living rooms and a kitchen downstairs. Motspur Park attracted its first of its characteristic playing fields at this time.

The country's first dual carriageway of the type purpose-built across green fields, the Kingston Bypass (A3), was opened in 1926. It became the de facto north-western boundary to the district. The large local junction at Shannon Corner, had a large, tall concrete Odeon cinema. The road brought speculative house building on open land from this point to Chessington, stimulating residential development on formerly agricultural land.

The principal developer who turned Motspur Park into a residential suburb between the world wars was Sidney Ernest Parkes, a boat manufacturer and constructional engineer. His company, Modern Homes and Estates Ltd, was founded in 1924 and was responsible for many of the streets. Some streets including Phyllis Avenue and Arthur Road, named after his children; Others like Byron Avenue, Tennyson Avenue and Marina Avenue after literary figures or royalty. Wates were also active builders in the area in the inter war years, building to the west of the railway line.

The only local public house, The Earl Beatty, was built in 1938 and celebrates David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty who commanded a large part of the British fleet at the Battle of Jutland in the First World War.

In 1931 part of Hobbald(e)s Farm was acquired by Merton and Morden Urban District to become the Sir Joseph Hood Memorial Playing Fields. One reason was to perpetuate the name of local benefactor and ex-Mayor of Wimbledon, Sir Joseph Hood. Its contents: a large pavilion, football and cricket pitches, tennis courts, bowling green, putting green and children's play areas. Part is now a managed local nature reserve.

The biggest local employer in the twentieth century was the Decca gramophone record company. In 1929 this was making up to 60,000 records a day at its factory in Burlington Road, New Malden. The company diversified during World War II to make radar and the Decca Navigator System.

The Shannon typewriter company manufactured at Shannon Corner to which it gave its name. Nearby were the Venner timeswitch company maker of Britain's first parking meters and Carter's Tested Seeds. Bradbury Wilkinson, a security printing company, designers and makers of banknotes for small country clients, is today the site of Tesco hypermarket.

The Motspur Park athletics stadium was built by the University of London in 1928. Sydney Charles Wooderson set the then world mile record of 4min 6.4sec at the sports ground on 28 August 1938. The stadium and ground are now owned by Fulham football club as their training camp.

The Church of England built Holy Cross Church where the first service was held in 1908. Following its destruction during the Second World War a new building was erected on the site – the first church, replacement or new, completed after the war in the Diocese. Designed by architect Ralph Covell it was dedicated for worship in 1949. (The church hall burned down in the 1980s and has since been rebuilt.) Originally a mission church of St Saviour's Raynes Park the parish of Motspur Park was created when the church grew large enough, taking some of the parish of St Saviour's Raynes Park and St James New Malden.

In 1906 a Mr and Mrs Howlett moved into 138 Seaforth Avenue. They started a Sunday School in their house. Soon adults also began to attend and the house was outgrown. The product was in 1925 West Barnes Gospel Hall in Seaforth Avenue, which later became the home of New Malden Evangelical Free Church, was opened.

World War II
The University of London and BBC recreation club grounds were sites of anti-aircraft batteries. The BBC site was the home guard base. Around 30 high explosive bombs fell across the district between October 1940 and June 1941. A large community bomb shelter was built near the entrance to the Joseph Hood Playing Fields. In one incident a stick of bombs was aimed at the railway station by a German bomber but missed and destroyed houses in Marina Avenue (including the six from 63 to 73) and Claremont Avenue (166–168, and possibly 162–164, Claremont Avenue). The bomb landing in Claremont Avenue landed on a 21st birthday house party killing many. In other events a bailed-out German pilot landed on top of the gasometers but fell to his death.

On the morning of 3 July 1944, a V1 flying bomb came down close to 45 Motspur Park; seven houses were razed and no deaths reported. Several other houses close by were badly damaged. The bomb sites became "a playground" for young children in the area for a few years, pending rebuilding.

Post-war
Post-war affluence saw many houses extended, often with loft conversions and conservatories. By the 1980s most front gardens had been paved or gravelled for car parking, reflecting the rise in car ownership. The very few large Victorian houses have been mostly subdivided or demolished for new building.

An earlier small B&Q store-warehouse stood next to West Barnes Library on the site of the Victorian Ivy House, now replaced by Blossom House School. It then relocated to Burlington Retail Park, west of the area, now it's located on Shannon Corner, just east of the Burlington Retail Park and north west of the old site in West Barnes.

From the late 1950s to mid-1980s a petrol station with repair garage adjoined the level crossing, known as Jackson's Garage, the site now Fulham Football Club's main office.

An ironmongers once occupied today's garage door store. A small retail dairy/farm store selling milk, butter and eggs at first occupied the private tuition centre's unit. The parade once had three butchers, an RACS Co-op grocery store, a shoe repair shop, and a Coombes bakers. The modern three-unit supermarket 'Ecklee' began as smaller 'Ghassans' in 1988. The original library, before its removal to its present site by the station, occupied a shop on the corner of Station Road. It is now a barber shop. The Midipharmacy began as Mr Griffiths chemist at the parade's 1930s origins. A few clothes outlets have ventured here, such as 1980s short-lived 'Get Clobbered'. Three newsagents/sweetshops/toyshops competed in the 1950s to 1970s – A.R. Waylett, Bromheads and one surviving today, enlarged, 'Sweet Things and Things'. A fishmonger preceded the kebab outlet, close to the Lebanese grill. Major banks were in the parade in their mid-to-late 20th century branches' surge: Lloyds' and Midland Bank.

Famous residents

 * Nigel Winterburn, football player
 * Caitlin Thomas, author and the widow of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, lived for a while in Arthur Road during the 1970s.

Fictional media and popular culture references
Motspur Park's suburban archetypal townscape but relative obscurity means it has been used as settings in sketches for BBC comedy series, notably Brush Strokes, a television comedy series about an amorous painter and decorator, which ran for five series between 1986 and 1991.

Playing fields
Green belt planning restriction has allowed these fields to remain despite pressure from developers. The playing fields located within the Motspur Park area are:

 * The King's College School Kingsway sports ground
 * The Sir Joseph Hood Memorial Playing Fields, home of Motspur Park football club
 * Dornan Fields, home of KCS Old Boys rugby club
 * The Old Blues rugby club Dornan Fields, Arthur Road
 * The Tenison's School playing field Arthur road (purchased in 1924)
 * Plus one other minor ground

Former University of London athletics ground (now Fulham football club training ground)
The University of London Athletics ground was laid out in 1931, the University having spent £18,000 in 1926 to acquire what was then unspoilt countryside and almost as much again on levelling and drainage works to help establish Motspur Park as a top-class facility. The 28-acre site was opened by the university's chancellor, Lord Beauchamp William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp. A pavilion and covered stand followed in 1932, and in May of that year the ground hosted the Inter-Universities sport event. It was allowed to be used as the venue for the annual ‘Laundry Sports’, staged for the capital's laundry workers during the 1930s.

The athletics track was, until the 1970s, arguably the finest in London, graced by the likes of Sydney Wooderson, who set a world record for the mile on it in 1937, and Roger Bannister winning the 1 Mile in the Inter-Hospitals Athletic Championships in 1952.

As an athletics track it served for scenes in films The Games (1970), Chariots of Fire (1981) and The Four Minute Mile (1988) (TV).

In 1996, the athletics track was grassed over. Three years later in 1999, the ground was sold to Fulham F.C. as the club's permanent training ground. It has since been extensively updated into a state-of-the-art sporting facility with over 150 members of staff.

Former BBC sports ground
The BBC Club had been introduced by John Reith, 1st Baron Reith General Manager & Director-General of the BBC in 1924 and expanded in 1929 with the development of a purpose built and extensive 21-acre sports ground at Motspur Park. By June 1930, 400 of the 600 Head Office staff were club members.

The clubhouse was built in 1929 as a colonial style pavilion complete with clock tower. The grounds were laid out with the help of Bert Lock, an English cricketer and prominent groundsman, included four football pitches, six tennis courts, one hockey pitch, one rugby pitch, two cricket squares, and a rifle range. The BBC moved from its original home at Savoy Hill off the Strand to purpose-built premises at Broadcasting House in Langham Place in 1932. The ground also hosted a Model Railway Club; a 5-inch live steam track used to run parallel to the railway line opposite to the location of the gas towers. It was later relocated behind tennis courts. The BBC would host annual summer events, and a bonfire and fireworks party in early November.

In 1948, the Cambridge university athlete John Mark (athlete) was chosen to carry the Olympic torch for the final leg of its journey into Wembley Stadium and light the flame in its specially designed bowl. He did his initial training for this event in strict secrecy at the BBC sports ground in Motspur Park. In later days it occasionally featured in BBC comedy series such as Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969-1974) and The Two Ronnies (1971-1987). The grounds and buildings were sold by the BBC in July 2000 to Hawkesbrook Leisure Group, who took a lease to run Motspur Park as a commercial venture, which included providing services to the BBC Club, but the company ran into financial difficulties. In July 2004, the club closed, with the loss of all facilities to Club members. In 2005, it was purchased by Irishman Ben Dunne (entrepreneur) for £3 million. However, a series of planning disputes left it derelict for many years, until a devastating Clubhouse fire in July 2016.

The extensive grounds were obtained by Fulham F.C in 2018 as a satellite training ground.

Nearby places
To the west:

Kingston upon Thames, Old Malden

To the south:

Worcester Park, North Cheam

To the east:

Morden, Merton, Wimbledon

To the north:

New Malden, Raynes Park

title: Motspur Park