text:
Peter Thomson (golfer)

Peter William Thomson (23 August 1929 – 20 June 2018) was an Australian professional golfer. In the late 1940s, Thomson turned pro and had much success on the Australasian circuits, culminating with a win at the 1951 Australian Open. He then moved onto the PGA Tour, playing on the circuit in 1953 and 1954, but did not have much success, failing to win. He decided to focus on Europe thereafter with extraordinary success, winning dozens of tournaments on the British PGA, including Open Championship five times. As a senior, Thomson continued with success, winning 11 times on the Senior PGA Tour. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all-time.

Early life
Thomson was born in Brunswick, a northern suburb of Melbourne, Australia.

Professional career
Thomson's Open Championship wins came in 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, and 1965. He was the only man to win the tournament for three consecutive years in the 20th century.

Thomson was a prolific tournament champion around the world, winning the national championships of ten countries, including the New Zealand Open nine times. He competed on the PGA Tour in 1953 and 1954 with relatively little success (finishing 44th and 25th on the money list), and after that was an infrequent competitor. However, in 1956, playing in just eight events, he won the rich Texas International Open, and achieved his best finish in one of the three majors staged in the United States (fourth at the U.S. Open), to finish ninth on the money list.

In the era, that Thomson won his first four Open Championships, few of the leading professionals from the United States travelled to Britain to play in that event. At that time, the prize money in the Open was insufficient for an American to cover their expenses. However, Thomson demonstrated with his win in 1965 that he could beat a field of the world's best players, as that victory came against a field that included Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus and Tony Lema, three of the top four American golfers from the 1964 money list.

Thomson enjoyed a successful senior career. In 1985 he won nine times on the Senior PGA Tour in the United States, and finished top of the money list. His last tournament victory came at the 1988 British PGA Seniors Championship. He was president of the Australian PGA from 1962 to 1994 and a victorious non-playing captain of the international team in the 1998 Presidents Cup.

Thomson was active as a golf writer, contributing to The Age of Melbourne for some 50 years from the early 1950s. His local club was Victoria Golf Club. He was an honorary member of Royal Melbourne Golf Club. Thomson designed over a hundred golf courses in Australia and around the world.

Death
Thomson died in Melbourne on 20 June 2018 after a four-year battle with Parkinson's disease, at the age of 88.

Awards and honors

 * In 1955, he was selected as ABC Sportsman of the Year.
 * In 1957, he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in recognition of his services to Australia in the sporting and international sphere.
 * In 1979, appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for service to the sport of golf.
 * Thomson was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985.
 * Thomson was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1988.
 * In 1997, The Peter Thomson Trophy, an annual contested between the eight Melbourne Sandbelt golf clubs, was inaugurated.
 * In 2001, he was awarded the Centenary Medal.
 * In 2001, he was elected an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO)
 * In 2011, he was inducted into the Victorian Golf Industry Hall of Fame.
 * In 2016, he was inducted as inaugural Immortal of the PGA of Australia.

Amateur wins

 * 1947 Australasian Foursomes Shield (with Dick Payne)
 * 1948 Victorian Amateur Championship

PGA Tour wins (6)
PGA Tour playoff record (2–0)

PGA of Japan Tour wins (1)
 * Note: The 1976 Pepsi-Wilson Tournament was shortened to 54 holes due to rain.

PGA of Japan Tour playoff record (1–0)

Other Japan wins (5)

 * 1969 Chunichi Crowns
 * 1971 Dunlop Tournament, Wizard Tournament
 * 1972 Chunichi Crowns, Pepsi Tournament

Asia Golf Circuit wins (5)
Asia Golf Circuit playoff record (2–0)

Other Asian wins (3)

 * 1960 Hong Kong Open
 * 1964 Indian Open
 * 1966 Indian Open

Other Australian wins (24)

 * 1949 Victorian Close Championship
 * 1951 Australian Open, Victorian Close Championship
 * 1952 Victorian PGA Championship, Mobilco Tournament
 * 1953 Victorian PGA Championship
 * 1954 Ampol Tournament (Nov)
 * 1955 Wiseman's Tournament, Pelaco Tournament, Speedo Tournament
 * 1956 Pelaco Tournament
 * 1958 Victorian Open, Pelaco Tournament
 * 1959 Pelaco Tournament, Coles Tournament
 * 1960 Wills Classic
 * 1961 Adelaide Advertiser Tournament, New South Wales Open
 * 1963 Lakes Open
 * 1967 Australian PGA Championship, Australian Open
 * 1968 South Australian Open, Victorian Open
 * 1972 Australian Open

Other New Zealand wins (10)

 * 1950 New Zealand Open
 * 1951 New Zealand Open
 * 1953 New Zealand Open, New Zealand PGA Championship
 * 1955 New Zealand Open, Caltex Tournament
 * 1959 New Zealand Open, Caltex Tournament
 * 1960 New Zealand Open
 * 1961 New Zealand Open

Other wins (1)

 * 1952 Mills Round Robin (South Africa)

Senior PGA Tour wins (11)
Senior PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)

Wins (5)
1Defeated Dave Thomas in 36-hole playoff; Thomson (139), Thomas (143)

Results timeline
Note: Thomson never played in the PGA Championship. {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1975 and 1984 Open Championships) DQ = disqualified "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 10 (1954 Open Championship – 1958 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 4 (1955 Open Championship – 1957 Masters)

Wins (1)
a This was the December edition of the tournament.

Team appearances
Amateur
 * Australian Men's Interstate Teams Matches (representing Victoria): 1948 (winners)

Professional
 * World Cup (representing Australia): 1953, 1954 (winners), 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959 (winners), 1960, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1969
 * Lakes International Cup (representing Australia): 1952
 * Slazenger Trophy (representing British Commonwealth and Empire): 1956
 * Presidents Cup (representing International): 1996 (non-playing captain), 1998 (non-playing captain, winners), 2000 (non-playing captain)
 * Hopkins Trophy (representing Canada): 1952
 * Vicars Shield (representing Victoria): 1951 (winners), 1952 (winners), 1953 (winners)

title: Peter Thomson (golfer)


text:
Talk:Liberal revolutionary movements in post-communist Eastern Europe

This page could use a lot of expansion. I invite collaboration on it.--Pharos 21:13, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Why only in Eastern Europe and not include all post-Soviet territory? There may be some 'revolutions' in the offing in places like kyrgyzstan or kazakhstan.  Also, "revolution" may be a strong word to use in these cases.  they weren't revolutions insofar as they didn't destroy or remove the constitutions extralegally.  Although I guess the most common reference for these movements is revolution, perhaps an explanatory note is due.  —thames 21:21, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

To tell the truth, I had a lot of trouble coming up with a halfway decent title for this page in the first place. But you are right that this phenomenon may well spread to Central Asia, though it hasn't really as of yet. Of course Serbia was never part of the Soviet Union, nor Albania, where MJAFT! is active. One can also consider plain "movements in post-communist countries", but this is probably too vague. A better geographic solution, if inelegant, would be to add "and Central Asia" or maybe "and the CIS" to the title. What do you think of these different ideas? Anyway, I do think that the "liberal revolutionary movements" part is right, because of usage and the real revolutionary changes of government, but you are certainly right that the constitutions weren't changed extralegally.--Pharos 22:10, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:Bewo~enwiki

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also

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have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 21:14, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bewo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bewo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Bewo~enwiki


text:
Senior Tour

Senior Tour may refer to:

 * PGA Tour Champions, a tour for American senior male golfers
 * European Senior Tour, a tour for European senior male golfers
 * Legends Tour, a tour for senior female golfers
 * Outback Champions Series, a tour for senior male tennis players

title: Senior Tour


text:
Talk:Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, BWV 1

Early
I've removed my original note that BWV 150 is believed to be Bach's earliest surviving cantata. Now I come to check a few things again, I see that the balance of opinion certainly seems to be with BWV 131. I really can't remember where I got the idea that it was BWV 150 (I didn't recheck this when writing this article, I just lifted the info from what I'd already written some time ago at Nach dir, Herr, verlanget mich)--if anybody has a source that states it is the earliest, it may be worth mentioning, but it seems I, at least, do not. Sorry about that. --Camembert

Help!
Can someone help me make a sucession box for Bachs cantatas? Gareth E Kegg 19:02, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not really worth the effort, for several reasons:
 * The BWV catalogue isn't ordered chronologically, so the claim that BWV 1 is somehow "succeeded" by BWV 2 misleading and confusing.
 * There are too many cantatas that cannot be dated specifically enough to produce a proper chronological succession.
 * Related to #2, Bach frequently re-used cantatas that he had already composed in lieu of composing a new one, particularly in the years following 1727.
 * Microtonal 20:27, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Help!
I have gone through the twenty-some pages currently existing on Wiki for the Church cantatas, after editing a Bach Cantata Pilgrimage section, and thought I'd make an effort to standardize their presentation inasmuch as possible.
 * Consequently, I've created a few sections: a general intro that contains the German title, alongside a literal translation to English, BWV number, and type of cantata (sacred vs. secular).
 * This section also contains the prescribed readings and the authorship of the texts, when known, as well as the authorship of the chorale theme.
 * The articles are completed with a scoring and structure section, followed by the complete German text, in three columns, a list of complete recordings (as I can find online, obviously. I'm sure there are many more recordings).

I plan on applying this template to all articles (existing or to be created) on the cantatas. Any advice/recommendation would be greatly appreciated and surely taken into account. Campelli (talk) 16:39, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Application of a uniform template for Bach's Cantatas
I have gone through the twenty-some pages currently existing on Wiki for the Church cantatas, after editing a Bach Cantata Pilgrimage section, and thought I'd make an effort to standardize their presentation inasmuch as possible.
 * Consequently, I've created a few sections: a general intro that contains the German title, alongside a literal translation to English, BWV number, and type of cantata (sacred vs. secular).
 * This section also contains the prescribed readings and the authorship of the texts, when known, as well as the authorship of the chorale theme.
 * The articles are completed with a scoring and structure section, followed by the complete German text, in three columns, a list of complete recordings (as I can find online, obviously. I'm sure there are many more recordings).

I plan on applying this template to all articles (existing or to be created) on the cantatas. Any advice/recommendation would be greatly appreciated and surely taken into account. Campelli (talk) 17:46, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Sentence removed
I removed the sentence "The vocal parts are embedded in the independent concerto of the orchestra." from the Music section as being essentially meaningless -- "concerto" is misused and the sense of "embedded in" is unclear. What could be said, if a source supports it, is that there's an obbligato part. --Stfg (talk) 20:29, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

Intention ?
Lucifer makes a conspiracy theorist wonder whether the atheist intellectual elite deliberately challenged the competence of the conservative elite by tagetting the linguistic prerequisites required to attain higher clerical offices during the age of reason advancing from the Netherlands eastwards through the Germanic states. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.35.61.25 (talk) 15:22, 20 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Sorry, fail to understand the connection with this article, --Gerda Arendt (talk) 18:56, 20 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Re-integrate discography?
I think it would be best to re-integrate the discography list (recently split to Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, BWV 1 discography, where it has been cleaned up in the mean while). My rationale: the GA version of this article had a discography section with a list, the short paragraph that remains of the section now leads to an unbalance, bad enough to damage its chances for a FA. --Francis Schonken (talk) 12:24, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Kindly wait. My model is BWV 4. Yes, it had a discography as GA, but not FA. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 13:11, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * The discussion already happened with you, me and then Graham87 on User talk:Gerda Arendt. Historically, there was no idea of merging Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4 and Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4 discography. So why here? Indeed there does seem to be a WP:consensus for a separate discography (you, me, Nikkimaria, Graham87, ...). But Gerda, you can always the FA reviewers for their opinion, in case of doubt. Doesn't BWV 4 set a precedent? Mathsci (talk) 14:07, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

 * No, when BWV 4 was promoted to FA it had a recordings list. The extraction of the recordings list was done later. Anyhow, what remains there in the main article is a three-paragraph summary, quite different from the single paragraph section we have now in BWV 1. --Francis Schonken (talk) 13:30, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Quite generally, the details of a recordings list are hardly relevant for the understanding of a piece of music. Neither is this article "finished", nor its summary in the cantata article which will be longer than today. Please wait. When I said "I want to focus" I meant I don't even have time to look here, in memory of Wilhelm Knabe. Other FAs of music without recordings: Falstaff (opera) and other operas, Piano Concerto No. 24 (Mozart). Different subject: Morihei Ueshiba, which had a list of students which during FAC. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 21:43, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * No problem, go ahead, time enough, any workable approach may lead to an acceptable solution. In the mean while tags indicate where the work is to be done. --Francis Schonken (talk) 10:05, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * & still a question: you write "... details of a recordings list are hardly relevant for ..." – can you describe, in your opinion, what a detailed recordings list of the BWV 1 cantata is relevant for? Tx. --Francis Schonken (talk) 10:13, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * (ec) No. What I know is that these lists have been done (operas, oratorios, students, Busoni repertoire), and I like to preserve the work of editors who created something before me. They seem to find a few readers every day, so why not? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 11:37, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

From memory, systematic tagging for HIP, etc, has not happened on other cantata articles: perhaps an RfC on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Classical Music might be required, to prevent time being wasted by bad faith edits. Anyway—as you've already written—precedent, WP:consensus and wikipedia policy suggest a merge would be ill-advised. The edit history of this article and the main article shows attempts to prevent the main article being promoted to WP:FA. Mathsci (talk) 10:53, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * (ec) Well, firstly I said more than once that there's no rush for anything about this nomination. The earliest day it could appear is in 2022 (while articles such as Arik Brauer and Wilhelm Knabe need immediate, focused, uninterrupted attention, or the hard rules of WP:ITN about newness give them no chance for exposure]). I am determined to assume good faith, wanting to ensure article integrity. I hate tags in Main space, especially if massive and distracting, but styles are different. It's not without irony that I removed the tags from the discography article, and you reintroduced them ;) - They bother me less in that article than in one with a GA sign, and I am sure that we'll find a solution, however slowly. We know where the work is expected to be done without demonstrating it towards our readers. I'll return to this later today. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 11:37, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

I initiated a broader related discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Classical music. --Francis Schonken (talk) 11:19, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

I removed the merge suggestion tags: the separate discography appears broadly supported and it has been summarized in the cantata article; I don't want this to stand in the way of FAC proceedings. Since the recordings prose description is no longer a recordings section in list format, I have made it a subsection of "Reception". --Francis Schonken (talk) 08:02, 12 February 2021 (UTC)

Commercial link
In this edit, a script removed the external link in a postscript cite param. This change had already been reverted by an editor. Looking at the original, I see it is a commercial link to a seller of the boxed set. I question whether we should be providing this information at all, since a Google search provides other commercial sources, including Presto Music at about half the price. Why should we advertise one supplier? Pings for,. --Mirokado (talk) 10:52, 1 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I would agree that Wikipedia is not a marketing site and that this link is not required to establish the bone fides of the cite. Gog the Mild (talk) 13:53, 1 April 2021 (UTC)


text:
Don Francisco (musician)

Don Francisco (born February 28, 1946) is an independent American singer, songwriter, and musician, specializing in the field of contemporary Christian music. He has won two Dove awards, 1980 song of the year (for "He's Alive"), and 1980 Songwriter of the year.

Background
Don Francisco was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of a Christian seminary professor Clyde T. Francisco. Francisco pursued a career in secular music before rededicating his life to God after an experience he believed was supernatural. Francisco has a son Uri (born 1974) with his first wife Karen, from whom he divorced in 1994. Francisco is currently married to his second wife Wendy, who is also a recording artist as well as a graphic artist, and lives in Colorado.

Music career
In 1977 Don Francisco recorded "I Don't Care Where You've Been Sleeping" for the album Forgiven. It is one of the most uncompromising songs he has ever written and it is considered by many to be one of his best songs. Benson Records re-released the original album Forgiven along with Got to Tell Somebody, and put them both on one CD in 1988. That re-release left the song "I Don't Care Where You've Been Sleeping" off in order to fit both albums on one 70-minute CD. However, they did release the Forgiven album in the early 1990s with that song on it, along with all others, on their "Right Price" line of CDs.

Eventually after 1994, Don Francisco opted to operate independently, which, while affording him more control, seems to have had no ill effect on his musical output or quality. On the contrary, albums released after have gradually gained the use of further session work and demonstrate an even greater range of styles.

In 2003 Francisco released The Promises, which consists almost entirely of selected and paraphrased readings from the Bible. The disc is a collaboration between Don and his wife Wendy.

Musical style
Francisco's style is fairly distinctive, focusing on acoustic instruments barren of modern production techniques and concentrates on the narratives of the songs, using ballad styles or speaking through the music that interprets Scriptural events or Biblical lessons. This is specifically with respect to the teachings of Jesus Christ and his messages of "unconditional love" ("I Don't Care Where You've Been Sleeping"), salvation ("Give Your Heart a Home"), and a lesson against religious self-righteousness and pharisaic condemnation ("Beautiful To Me"). As is the case with many singer-songwriters advocating a specific religious belief or philosophical viewpoint through music, Francisco uses his adaptations and interpretations as the means to convey what he feels are the most important teachings of the Judeo-Christian scriptures.

Some of Don Francisco's songs deal with what his site calls Churchianity where the habit of church life replaces actual Christianity.

Barred from the UK
In March 2009, Don Francisco was scheduled to perform in an Easter music program called "Why Good Friday?" in the English port town of Poole in Dorset, but was barred from entering the United Kingdom after listing his occupation as "gospel singer" and failing to obtain a religious worker visa and a certificate of sponsorship, a new requirement that the organizers of the concert were unaware of. That year the United Kingdom phased in an immigration system that increased scrutiny for religious workers traveling to the country.

Studio albums

 * 1976 Brother of the Son
 * 1977 Forgiven
 * 1979 Got to Tell Somebody
 * 1981 The Traveler
 * 1984 Holiness
 * 1985 One Heart at a Time
 * 1987 The Power
 * 1988 High Praise
 * 1991 Vision of the Valley
 * 1992 Come Away
 * 1994 Genesis and Job
 * 1999 Grace on Grace
 * 2001 Only Love is Spoken Here
 * 2003 The Promises (Spoken Word)
 * 2005 That I May Know You
 * 2007 The Sower
 * 2009 Let It Ride
 * 2012 Carols on Guitar
 * 2014 Forever My Friend

Live albums

 * 1982 The Live Concert
 * 1989 Live in the UK
 * 2017 Acoustic Live Concert (two-CD)

Compilations

 * 1985 The Poet
 * 1991 The Early Works
 * 1996 Word Pictures
 * 1999 Balladeer Tales
 * 1996 He's Alive, Collection Vol. I
 * 1998 Beautiful To Me, Collection Vol. II
 * 2004 The Package, Collection Vol. III

title: Don Francisco (musician)


text:
User talk:Alun Shera

emty

title: User talk:Alun Shera


text:
User:Alun Shera

wy was this deletid?

title: User:Alun Shera


text:
Don Francisco

Don Francisco may refer to:

 * Don Francisco (musician)
 * Don Francisco (television host)
 * Don Francisco de Paula Marín
 * Don Francisco, a co-founder of the National Off-Road Racing Association

title: Don Francisco


text: User talk:24.100.188.15

title: User talk:24.100.188.15


text:
HMS Colossus (1803)

HMS Colossus was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched from Deptford Dockyard on 23 April 1803. She was designed by Sir John Henslow as one of the large class 74s, and was the name ship of her class, the other being HMS Warspite (1807). As a large 74, she carried 24 pdrs on her upper gun deck, as opposed to the 18 pdrs found on the middling and common class 74s. She took part in the Battle of Trafalgar, and was broken up in 1826.

Napoleonic Wars
On 27 August 1803 Colossus recaptured the East Indiaman Lord Nelson, which the French privateer Belone had captured two weeks before and which HMS Seagull (1795) had fought to the point of surrender.

Trafalgar
Colossus fought at Trafalgar under Captain James Nicoll Morris, in Collingwood's lee column. After sustaining fire from the enemy fleet, she eventually ran by the French Swiftsure, 74, and became entangled with Argonaute, 74. Towards the end of the exchange of fire between the two ships, Captain Morris was hit by a shot from one of Argonaute's guns, just above the knee. Argonaute broke free from Colossus after this, whilst the British ship was engaging both Swiftsure and the Spanish Bahama, 74, on her other side. Bahama surrendered when Colossus brought down her main mast, and Swiftsure did likewise after combined fire from Colossus and HMS Orion (1787) brought down her main and mizzen masts.

War of 1812
On 24 March 1812 Colossus in company with HMS Tonnant (1798), HMS Hogue (1811), HMS Poictiers (1809) and HMS Bulwark (1807) captured the Emilie.

On 5 January 1813 Colossus, the frigate FRENCH FRIGATE Rhin and the brig HMS Goldfinch (1808) captured the American ship Dolphin. A little over a month later, on 11 February, Rhin and Colossus captured the American ship Print.

Fate
In 1815 Colossus was placed in ordinary at Chatham. She was eventually broken up in 1826.

title: HMS Colossus (1803)


text:
Embryo donation

Embryo donation is one disposition option for users of in vitro fertilisation with remaining fresh or frozen embryos. It is defined as the giving—generally without compensation—of embryos remaining after in vitro fertilization procedures to recipients for procreative implantation or research. Most IVF users with supernumerary embryos make embryo donation decisions after completing their families or discontinuing use of in vitro fertilization. Recipients of embryos donated for procreative implantation typically plan to transfer fresh or frozen embryos into a prepared uterus in order to facilitate pregnancy and childbirth. Recipients of embryos donated for research typically use them for clinical training, quality improvement research, or human embryonic stem cell research.

History
Soon after in vitro fertilization became a common clinical practice, clinicians discovered a way to preserve embryos in frozen storage and thaw them for implantation later. This procedure can spare a woman donor from a second egg harvesting procedure. Soon thereafter, reports were published documenting successful pregnancies and births from cryopreserved donor embryos. Again, however, these were embryos made from donor gametes specifically for the recipients. No one knows for sure when the first true embryo adoption occurred. The term was used as early as the mid-1980s, in the legal literature.

The matter gained another political dimension in the United States when Congress and the Bush administration budgeted $1 million to promote embryo adoption. The Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization decision created new legal issues for in-vitro fertilization. In February 2024, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in LePage v. Center for Reproductive Medicine that frozen embryos should be considered living beings under the state's Wrongful Death of a Minor law, which was enacted in the wake of Dobbs. Several IVF clinics in the state, fearing they would be held liable for accidental loss of embryos, suspended operations. The ruling created a de facto ban on IVF in Alabama until a new law granting protections to IVF procedures was passed a month later. According to Politico, more cases are likely in the future, with "the Catholic Church and a growing number of evangelicals... [believing] all IVF is wrong because it separates conception from the sexual act between husband and wife".

For research
Embryo donation to research provides a major source of stem cells for stem cell research. The hope is that stem cell research will aid in finding cures for various major diseases such as Alzheimer, cancer, SMA, and Parkinson's diseases. Some stem cell research is done by using human embryos, and one option that parents have once they are done with in vitro fertilization is to donate their unused embryos to stem cell research. One review came to the result that the proportion of IVF users who donated embryos for research varied geographically, from 7% in France to 73% in Switzerland. A study done in the United States revealed that 60% of American donors would donate the unused embryos to science.

People who donate embryos for research often have been found in a review to report feelings of reciprocity towards science and medicine, positive views of research and high levels of trust in the medical system. They have described the decision to donate as better than the destruction of embryos, and as an opportunity to help others or to improve health and IVF technology. On the other hand, reported factors that make people refrain from embryo donation to research include a perception of risks, a lack of information concerning research projects and the medical system, as well as conceptualization of embryos in terms of personhood. The influence of sociodemographic characteristics and reproductive and gynecological history have mainly been found to be inconclusive.

For procreative implantation
Embryo donation for procreative implantation is a form of third party reproduction. Embryo donation can be anonymous (donor and recipient parties are not known to each other, and individuals have no ability to contact one another), semi-open (parties can interact via a third party, but do not share personally identifiable information in order to provide a layer of privacy protection), open (party identities and contact information are shared so the families can interact directly in various types of relationships), or ID disclosure (donor-conceived youth can request and receive donor contact information when the donor-conceived reaches the age of 18). Any children born from embryo donation for procreation would be biologically related to the gamete donors used when creating the embryos. This is the same principle as is followed in egg donation or sperm donation.

Embryo donation or adoption
Some use the term "embryo donation" to refer strictly to anonymous embryo donation, and "embryo adoption" to refer to an open relationship. Others use the terms interchangeably because, regardless of the relationship, a clinical assisted reproduction procedure is involved, and the recipient couple is preparing to raise a child not genetically related to them. Donated embryos are much less likely to be viable. Lawyers who assist those trying to acquire an embryo state the term "embryo adoption" is a misnomer because the transfer of an embryo is handled as property transfer. One newspaper article in 2005 asserted that abortion rights advocates, advocates of embryonic stem cell research, and members of the fertility industry object to referring to the transfer as an "adoption" because they feel it gives an embryo the same status as a child. One organization, Nightlight Christian Adoptions, matches embryos with couples willing to use them. Children that are a result of this process may be called snowflake babies. Another organization that offers these services is the National Embryo Donation Center, which requires recipients to be a heterosexual couple that have been married for at least three years. The oldest embryos to eventually result in live births through this process were frozen for almost 30 years. Out of five transferred, two survived to develop into twins.

Donor options
According to a survey by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 54% of fertility patients want to preserve their remaining embryos for future use. Another 21% want to donate leftover embryos for research. Donating embryos for research may be a good alternative when patients receive proper, honest and clear information about the research project, the procedures and the scientific value of the research. The remaining 7% of those surveyed are willing to donate leftover embryos to another couple.

Dr. Jeffrey Nelson is Director of the Huntington Reproductive Center, one of California's largest IVF clinics. He reports that "Twenty-five per cent of patients want to donate their [spare] embryos – not as many as I'd like." He added, "People tend to hold on to their embryos because they don't want to make a decision. We started buying more and more cryopreservation tanks, and we finally had to say that there's a fee for a certain number of years' storage, and beyond that the price starts to escalate." It costs up to $1,200 a year to store frozen embryos. As of May 2012, there were about 600,000 frozen embryos stored in laboratories and fertility clinics, costing the donor families about $72 million annually for storage fees.

Donor screening
In the United States, donors must, if possible, be screened for a series of infectious diseases. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) administers the rules for screening donors. If the donors are not available to be screened, the embryos must be given a label that indicates that the required screening has not been done, and the recipients must agree to accept the associated risk. The amount of screening the embryo has already undergone is largely dependent on the genetic parents' own IVF clinic and process. The embryo recipient may elect to have her own embryologist conduct further testing or donating them for use in embryonic stem cell research. Although embryos can, theoretically, survive indefinitely in frozen storage, as a practical reality someone must eventually decide on a permanent disposition for them.

A US study concluded that donating an embryo is approximately twice as cost-effective as oocyte donation in terms of cost per live birth, with a cost of $22,000 per live delivery compared to $41,000 for oocyte donation.

Process
Embryo donation is legally considered a property transfer and not an adoption by state laws. However, Georgia enacted a statute called the "Option of Adoption Act" in 2009 which provided a procedure for, but (importantly) did not require—a confirmatory court order of parentage following embryo adoption. One advantage some embryo adoption couples in Georgia have derived from this law is that they have become eligible for the federal Adoption Tax Credit.

Embryo donation can be carried out as a service of an individual infertility clinic (where donor and recipient families typically live in the local area and are both patients of the same clinic) or by any of several national organizations. The process described below is typical of an "adoption-agency-based" national program.

Genetic parents entering an embryo adoption program are offered the benefits of selecting the adoptive parents from the agency's pool of prescreened applicants. Embryo ownership is transferred directly from the genetic parents to the adoptive parents. Genetic parents may be updated by the agency when a successful pregnancy is achieved and when a child or children is/are born. The genetic parents and adoptive parents may negotiate their own terms for future contact between the families.

Prospective adoptive parents entering a program complete an application, and may also complete a traditional adoption home study, fertility or adoption education, background and health checks and in some cases, depending on the requirements of both the home study and placement agencies, court certification of adoption eligibility. Their completed paperwork and fees are submitted to the placement agency, which reviews their file. Some agencies allow the donors to choose the recipient while others match the recipient parents with similar preferences including desired level of openness post-adoption. Genetic and prospective parents are then given the chance to approve the match. Once all parties agree, the embryo is transferred to the adoptive mother's clinic for a frozen embryo transfer.

None of the procedures involved with embryo adoption by either the genetic or adopting parents are legal requirements of embryo transfer. The process is entered into willingly by both sets of parents because of the added safeguards, knowledge and communication offered to both parties by the system.

title: Embryo donation


text:
User:DaveTheRed

Dave The Red
Hello, my name is Dave the Red, and I'm a wikiholic.

I like to hang around the VfD page. I suppose I'm more of a deletionist than inclusionist, but I always try to give articles a fair chance.

I am a proud member of the Association of Wikipedians Who Dislike Making Broad Judgements About the Worthiness of a General Category of Article, and Who Are In Favor of the Deletion of Some Particularly Bad Articles, but That Doesn't Mean They are Deletionist. Great name, eh?

There's not a lot of content at this page becuase I don't like writing about myself. Oh well.

I have Stage IV melanoma. I do not expect to live very long. If I suddenly stop editing for no apparent reason, then that's probably why.

title: User:DaveTheRed


text:
Mark Goddard

Mark Goddard (born Charles Harvey Goddard; July 24, 1936 – October 10, 2023) was an American actor who starred in a number of television programs. He is probably best known for portraying Major Don West in the CBS series Lost in Space (1965–1968). He also played Detective Sgt. Chris Ballard, in The Detectives, starring Robert Taylor.

Early life
Charles Harvey Goddard was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, on July 24, 1936. The youngest of five children, he grew up in Scituate. He was raised Roman Catholic and described himself as "almost a good Catholic".

Goddard led both his high school baseball and basketball teams to the state championship finals. Goddard dreamed of becoming a basketball player but eventually turned to acting. He originally attended the College of the Holy Cross after high school but transferred and studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City. After two years, he moved to Los Angeles.

Career
In 1959, after just three weeks in Hollywood, he landed a role in the CBS Four Star Television series Johnny Ringo, having played the character of Cully, the deputy to Don Durant's character of Ringo. At this time, he changed his name to Mark Goddard at the suggestion of his friend and mentor Chuck Connors of The Rifleman. Goddard appeared as Norman Tabor in the 1960 episode "Surprise Party" of the CBS anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson. He was cast as Sheldon Hollingsworth in the 1960 episode "To See the Elephant" of the ABC Western series The Rebel, starring Nick Adams. He played Tod Rowland in the 1960 episode "The Mormons" on Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre. Goddard also appeared in The Rifleman as Marty Blair in 1962 in the episode “Mark’s Rifle”. The Detectives, another production of Four Star Television, was a hit series which ran on ABC and NBC from 1958 to 1961. Goddard was signed for a role lasting three years (64 episodes). Goddard appeared as Roy Mooney on the Perry Mason 1963 episode "The Case of the Potted Planter" and in the 1965 episode "The Case of the Frustrated Folk Singer" as Lester Crawford. In 1964, Goddard appeared as Richard on The Virginian in the episode titled "The Secret of Brynmar Hall". That same year he guest starred as a wild killer named “Boyd” in the episode “Journey For Three” on the TV Western series Gunsmoke (S9E36). Goddard's next role was Major Don West on Lost in Space (1965–1968).

Later acting career
Goddard guest-starred on three ABC series, The Fugitive, The Mod Squad, and The Fall Guy and for a while, moonlighted as a Hollywood agent. In 1976, he starred as politician Edward Fleming in the film Blue Sunshine. In 1970, Goddard co-starred with Kent McCord and Martin Milner in an episode of Adam-12, in which he plays a friend of Pete Malloy (Milner), who is killed in the line of duty. The episode was titled "Elegy for a Pig" (so titled and announced by Jack Webb himself). Goddard also played Ellie May's beau on the Beverly Hillbillies episode "The Critter Doctor" (1964). He played a supporting role in a 1974 episode ("Dark Legacy") of CBS's Barnaby Jones., and portrayed an attorney in a first season episode of NBC's Quincy M.E.

In 1978, Goddard starred with Liza Minnelli on Broadway in the musical The Act. In 1979, he was in the disco film Roller Boogie featuring Linda Blair and Jim Bray. Goddard appeared as Ted Clayton on One Life to Live in 1981, and Lt. Paul Reed on The Doctors in 1982. Later, he starred as Derek Barrington on General Hospital from 1984 to 1986. He made a cameo appearance in the 1998 reboot film Lost in Space as the general in charge of the Jupiter Mission and superior officer to his former character Major Don West.

Personal life and death
Goddard's first marriage was to Marcia Rogers in 1960, which lasted until their divorce in 1968; the couple had two children, Melissa and Michael. Goddard and Rogers were amongst the last people to see Karyn Kupcinet, hosting a dinner on the night of November 27, 1963. Goddard and Rogers found her dead body on November 30 after she failed to call them as promised. He and his second wife, actress Susan Anspach, were married from 1970 to 1978, and had two children together, one biological and one adopted by Goddard. Goddard finished college 30 years after beginning his studies and received his master's degree in education from Bridgewater State College.

He met his third wife, English professor Evelyn Pezzulich, while at Bridgewater, and they married in 1990. The couple had one child, John. From 1991 through at least 2009, Goddard served as a special education teacher at the F.L. Chamberlain School in Middleboro, Massachusetts, where he taught an acting class. In 2009, he released an autobiographical memoir, To Space and Back: A Memoir.

Goddard died from pulmonary fibrosis in Hingham, Massachusetts, on October 10, 2023, at the age of 87.

title: Mark Goddard


text:
Ulf Kirsten

Ulf Kirsten (born 4 December 1965) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker. Nicknamed Der Schwatte (dialect for Der Schwarze, 'The Black One'), he is the first player in history to reach a total 100 caps playing with two different national teams (first for East Germany, then Reunified Germany). Kirsten's biggest success was the victory of the 1992–93 DFB-Pokal.

Dynamo Dresden
Kirsten began playing football for local team BSG Chemie Riesa in 1972. He joined BSG Stahl Riesa in 1978 before joining the youth academy of Dynamo Dresden in 1979. Dynamo Dresden was a center of excellence (Leistungszentrum) and the most prominent club in Bezirk Dresden. It was also the most successful club in East Germany at the time. Kirsten made his professional debut for Dynamo Dresden in the 1983–84 DDR-Oberliga season.

Kirsten played 154 matches and scored 57 goals for Dynamo Dresden in the DDR-Oberliga. He won the DDR-Oberliga with Dynamo Dresden in two consecutive seasons: 1988–88 and 1989–90. Kirsten became the Footballer of the Year in East Germany in 1990.

Kirsten had an unusual build: measuring only 172 cm (5'8"), but weighing 81 kg (179 lbs). He therefore had an unusually low centre of gravity, which enabled him to protect the ball in the box against much bigger defenders and turn around quickly for close-range shots. His playing style was often compared to that of Gerd Müller. In addition, despite his small height, Kirsten was also a feared header.

Bayer Leverkusen
Kirsten was one of the first East German men's footballers to enter the Bundesliga after the German reunification. In the German Bundesliga he played 350 matches for Bayer 04 Leverkusen and scored 182 goals (ranked #7 in the all-time top scorer list). He established himself as one of the most dangerous strikers in the Bundesliga, but Bayer Leverkusen regularly ended as runner-up to either Bayern Munich or Borussia Dortmund. He stayed there until his retirement in 2003. He also played in the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final, although his team lost to Real Madrid. In the 1999–2000 season, Kirsten won the EFFIFU award for being the most efficient striker in the league.

Off the pitch, Kirsten was famous for his strong beard growth, which earned him a sponsorship by Braun, who used him to advertise their electrical shavers.

International career
Kirsten's 100 caps are almost evenly split: 49 for East Germany and 51 for the re-unified Germany in a career which spanned 15 years from 1985 until 2000, with the reunified team being formed in late 1990.

Kirsten scored a total of 34 international goals, 14 of them for East Germany. His only major tournaments came late in his career; Kirsten played for his country at the 1994 and 1998 World Cups and Euro 2000.

Personal life
Kirsten's son Benjamin is also a footballer and has played as a goalkeeper for Dynamo Dresden and NEC Nijmegen.

Along with several other teammates, Kirsten was allegedly implicated as an Stasi informant during his time at Dynamo Dresden through files recovered from the security service's archives after the fall of East Germany.

International
International goals for East Germany
 * Score and results list East Germany's goal tally first.

International goals for Germany
 * Score and results list Germany's goal tally first.

Club
Dynamo Dresden
 * DDR-Oberliga: 1988–89, 1989–90
 * FDGB-Pokal: 1984–85, 1989–90

Bayer Leverkusen
 * DFB-Pokal: 1992–93
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2001–02

Individual

 * East German Footballer of the Year: 1989–90
 * Bundesliga top scorer: 1992–93, 1996–97, 1997–98
 * UEFA Cup Winners' Cup top scorer: 1993–94
 * UEFA Cup top scorer: 1994–95
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1996–97, 1998–99

title: Ulf Kirsten


text:
User:Ingoman

My name is James Dahl and I live and work in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. My interests vary, recently I have been working primarily on documenting the latest turn in the Somali Civil War.

title: User:Ingoman


text:
Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir

Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (; الكاردينال مار نصر الله بطرس صفير; Victor Petrus Sfeir; 15 May 1920 – 12 May 2019) was the patriarch of Lebanon's largest Christian body, the Maronite Church, an Eastern Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See. He was also given the honorific title of cardinal. He was elected Patriarch of Antioch for the Maronites on 27 April 1986, and his resignation was accepted on 26 February 2011. He was the 76th patriarch of the Maronite Church, with the official title of "His Beatitude the 76th Patriarch of Antioch and the Whole Levant".

Early life and ordination
Nasrallah Sfeir was born in Rayfoun, Lebanon, on 15 May 1920. He was educated in Beirut, and at Mar Abda School in Harharaya where he completed his primary and complementary studies, and Ghazir where he completed his secondary studies at St. Maron seminary. He graduated in philosophy and theology in 1950 at Saint Joseph's University in Beirut. He was ordained to the priesthood in the same year on 7 May. From 1951 to 1955 he served as priest to the parish of Rayfoun. In 1956, he was appointed the secretary of the Maronite Patriarchate, based in Bkerké. In the same year, he became professor of translation in literature and philosophy at the Frères Maristes (Marist Brothers) School in Jounieh. On 23 June 1961 Sfeir was appointed Titular bishop and Patriarchal vicar. On 16 July 1961, he was consecrated the titular bishop of Tarsus by Patriarch Paul Peter Meouchi and had as his co-consecrators João Chedid, Titular bishop of Arca in Phoenicia dei Maroniti, and Michael Doumith, Eparch of Sarba. Consequently, Sfeir served as Patriarchal vicar.

Patriarch
He was elected to the primacy of the Maronite Church by the Council of Maronite Bishops, on 19 April 1986, and he was confirmed by Pope John Paul II on 7 May 1986.

Liturgy
Sfeir was keen on accelerating liturgical reforms. This work bore fruit in 1992 with the publication of a new Maronite Missal, which represents an attempt to return to the original form of the Antiochene Liturgy. Its Service of the Word has been described as far more enriched than previous Missals, and it features six Anaphoras (Eucharistic Prayers).

Role during the civil war
Serving as the Vicar for two previous patriarchs prepared Sfeir for the role in both the ecclesiastical and civil spheres. He became a strong voice for reason and sanity in the latter years of the Lebanese Civil War, which raged from 1975 to 1990. He often spoke out against social and political injustices, and for the poor and disenfranchised. His writings and sermons set out his vision of how Lebanon could achieve a free and prosperous future. Like his predecessor, Sfeir largely stayed out of politics during the first few years of his tenure as patriarch, generally deferring to the stance of the Lebanese President, but by 1989 he had become embroiled in national politics.

Resignation
Cardinal Sfeir submitted his resignation to the Congregation for the Oriental Churches in Rome in late 2010, but his resignation was not initially accepted because six Maronite bishops had submitted their resignations after reaching the retirement age of 75 in June 2010 His resignation was finally accepted by Pope Benedict XVI on 26 February 2011.

Cardinal Sfeir was succeeded by Bishop Bechara Boutros Rahi who was elected as the new Patriarch for Antioch on 15 March 2011.

Cardinal
Sfeir was made a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in the consistory of 26 November 1994. As the patriarch of a sui juris particular church who has been made a cardinal, Sfeir was a cardinal bishop.

He did not participate in the conclaves of 2005 and 2013, having already reached the age limit of 80.

Works
Sfeir wrote several books, including "The sources of the Gospel-Bkerké", (1975); "Personalities that disappeared 1961–1974", (two volumes); and "Sunday sermons: spiritual reflections and stand of national positions", (several volumes, 1988).

Sfeir was fluent in many languages: Syriac, French, Italian, Aramaic and Latin, as well as his native Arabic, being proficient in both classical and Lebanese dialects.

Spring of 1989
On 17 February 1989, two days after General Michel Aoun launched an offensive against Lebanese Forces (LF) positions in East Beirut, in which 70 people were killed, Sfeir convened a meeting of Christian leaders at the seat of the Maronite Church in Bkerké. The conclave backed Aoun's attempt to control the LF, calling for a restoration of state authority and the re-unification of state institutions. Following renewed violence as Aoun's attempted to blockade the militia run seaports South of Beirut a second conclave was held on 19 April, after which 23 Christian members of parliament called for a cease fire. The summer that followed degenerated into almost continuous shelling between Aoun's troops and the Syrians with their allies the PSP. Intense Arab diplomacy led to the Taif agreement and, on 5 November 1989, the Lebanese Parliament elected a new president, Rene Muawad. Sfeir supported the Taif proposals which Aoun rejected. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets in support of Aoun, surrounding him in the Presidential palace in Baabda. About 1,500 of his supporters invaded Bkerké. Sfeir was manhandled and filmed being forced to kiss a photo of Aoun. The following day he moved to the safety of Syrian controlled North Lebanon.

Some sources believe that Sfeir's backing of the Taif accord was the result of pressure from the Vatican whose primary concern was to end the civil war. He is quoted as saying that it would be "a fatal error to believe that we can live alone on an island in which we run our affairs as we like." A few days later, he declared that Aoun's nonacceptance of the Taif Agreement was illegal and unconstitutional. On 5 November Sfeir warned in a sermon that Aoun's stand "would lead to partitioning of the country."Who's who in Lebanon

Opposition within the Church
The patriarch's authority was challenged even within the Church itself, as several monastic orders issued proclamations supporting Aoun and denouncing the Taif Agreement. To bolster the patriarch's authority, the Vatican became directly involved in reorganizing the Maronite Church. Speaking before a gathering of Lebanese bishops in November 1989, the papal nuncio in Lebanon, Pablo Puente, condemned "the interference of clerical persons and institutions in politics without being officially mandated by the church hierarchy. ...An end must be put to political visits and declarations that have no clear Church mandate." The Vatican later sought to temper nationalist views in the clergy by appointing "visiting bishops" to supervise three especially militant monastic orders. In 1990 Sfeir called for the rival government in West Beirut to take over Aoun's "Christian enclave" in the east. "The legitimate government should spread its authority over the whole nation," he said in one interview. "It should not wait for an invitation from anyone to do so." Finally on 13 October 1990, the Syrian Army crushed Aoun's insurgency and the long civil war finally came to an end. Aoun's main objection to the Taif Agreement was that it had no firm timetable for Syrian withdrawal and that it abolished most of the Maronite president's powers, giving them to the Sunni Prime Minister. The Syrians went on to occupy Lebanon for another 15 years.

Cedar Revolution
The Syrian invasion was "forced" under international pressure to withdraw its forces from Lebanon, after the political upheaval and large scale street protests which followed the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri (see Cedar Revolution); at the end of April 2005, Sfeir was at times a vocal critic of Syrian prevarication in carrying out its pledge to withdraw, up until around 2003, falling silent again just as anti-Syrian views were becoming more widespread. His restraint in his comments at this time appeared to have lost him the support, in particular, of a majority among those Christians who had fled the country. The cardinal also urged restraint in anti-Syrian rhetoric, and for Lebanon to focus on its economic development rather than political rifts. Nevertheless, hundreds of thousands of Lebanese (mostly Christians) gathered in Bkerke and the roads leading to it on 27 March 2001, to welcome back the cardinal from a tour in the United States, during which he asked for the withdrawal of the Syrian army. He blessed in 2001 the establishment of Christian Qornet Shehwan Gathering opposed to the Syrian role and in the aftermath of the Hariri assassination he restated his opposition to Syria's predominant role in Lebanese politics, and the political changes following Syrian withdrawal appeared to have largely restored his previous position as the main spokesperson for his community.

Reaction to political paralysis
In the first half of 2006 the cardinal was critical of the political paralysis created by the controversy over whether President Émile Lahoud should serve the remainder of his term of office (which was specially extended under Syrian pressure in 2004 until November 2007). At the same time, he stressed that Lahoud should be removed only by lawful and constitutional means and that the continued smooth functioning of government and a national consensus on his successor were the main priorities. In order to discuss the July 2006 Israel-Lebanon war and American policy on the affair, he met with Vice President Dick Cheney at the White House, and later talked with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.

Relations with the Free Patriotic Movement
On 15 October 2006, the Christian Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) held gatherings in which anti-patriarchal slogans were raised, denouncing Cardinal Sfeir's political stands which they consider contradictory to the will of the FPM Christians in Lebanon. The FPM bloc, led by retired general and current president Michel Aoun, constitutes the largest Christian bloc in the Lebanese parliament. Relations between the cardinal and the FPM and Hezbollah further deteriorated when the patriarch made an eleventh hour appeal directly before the 2009 elections renouncing Hezbollah and the FPM and warning Christians against voting for them. Many believe the stance severely cut Christian support for the 8 March Alliance, especially when Aoun emerged as the biggest loser in the 2009 elections according to some estimates. The FPM blame the cardinal for making them lose 20% of Christian support using religious rhetoric, and for not objecting against the transfer of 15,000 Sunni voters from Beqaa villages to the Christian district of Zahle, which lost the FPM 8 MP's there. Currently the FPM and its allies have one out of twelve orthodox seats, two out of eight catholic seats, two out of six Armenian seats and almost half of Maronite seats with the rest belonging to 14 March. But FPM still retains the biggest Christian single parliamentary block of 27 MPs, which includes MPs from other parties such as the Marada Movement as well as independent, pro-Syrian government personalities. Also not all of the Change and Reform bloc MPs are Christians.

Death
Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir died on 12 May 2019 in the hospital of Hôtel-Dieu de France, Achrafieh district, Beirut, three days before his 99th birthday and was buried at the see of the Maronite Catholic Patriarchate in Bkerké, Lebanon during a state funeral. Upon his death, Pope Francis stated, "A staunch defender of his country’s sovereignty and independence, he will remain a great figure in Lebanon’s history".

title: Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir


text: User talk:64.50.58.210

title: User talk:64.50.58.210


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/WikiUser/Proposed decision

 * resolution of all legal claims

If, after being banned for a year, nothing further has happened with respect to WikiUser's threat to sue, is that considered "resolution"? In other words, if he hasn't actually sued, or really done anything about it (as with most such threats, it seems like hollow blustering), but he hasn't recanted the threat either.

Basically, I can understand how this ban works if it means "you have a one-year ban for making legal threats, and the timer restarts anytime you make a similar threat or take any legal action, whether you do it on Wikipedia or elsewhere". If it means an indefinite ban, to be reduced to one year if the threats are withdrawn, I'm a little more uncomfortable with it, partly because it reminds me of DemandApology. --Michael Snow 21:24, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I can see your concern here and agree - This needs further consideration I think -- sannse (talk) 22:28, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see the equivalence. All we are proposing is that as long as WikilUser is threatening (to try) to harm Wikipedia or any Wikipedian, he is not allowed to edit Wikipedia. One of the most persuasive (to me) arguments against demanding apologies is that a demanded apology is likely to be insincere. There is no such thing as an insincere withdrawal of legal threats: either someone has been summoned to answer a claim of tort or he hasn't. ➥the Epopt 23:09, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * At the moment we are proposing that he is not allowed to edit for a year after he withdraws any threats (or for a year if he says nothing more on the issue). -- sannse (talk) 18:45, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * So does that mean that if in one year, the Wikimedia Foundation hasn't been served papers in formal legal proceedings involving WikiUser, the Arbitration Committee will consider the threat withdrawn? Simply having threatened to sue is not a summons. You say "is threatening" as if the action is ongoing; is it considered ongoing until there is an action negating the threat, or does inaction suffice? --Michael Snow 01:00, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

After a year, if no legal action is instituted, I would think that would be the end of it. Fred Bauder 01:28, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * To explain the reasons for my suggested changes publicly - I feel very strongly that our first response to a legal threat (however absurd) should not be to enact a punitive ban. A ban for legal threats should only be a protective withdrawal, not a punishment.

 * If nothing happens in the next year we presume any action has been dropped. But equally important, if the threats are withdrawn that should be that (unless someone causes disruption by repeatedly making and withdrawing threats - which is a different matter).

 * In this particular case, the voting seems likely to result in a year ban anyway - so withdrawal of the threats would make no difference under my proposed change. But as written at the moment, a withdrawal of threats would actually increase the ban (to a year from that point, rather that a year in total). -- sannse (talk) 18:45, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, after a lot of discussion, we've now got a suggested form that I'm happy with and I think will work for others -- sannse (talk) 23:13, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Further disruption, 25 February
Please be aware of todays set of vandalism and activities by WikiUser on his IP address, though I note that the decision will probably not be affected in any way. violet/riga (t) 21:47, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * yep - we've seen thanks -- sannse (talk) 21:50, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * And now using 83.67.35.76 (talk · contributions), which has also been blocked for 24 hours. violet/riga (t) 22:38, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I see that he's also hit Simple English again . -- ChrisO 00:04, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, he blanked a few pages (checked as soon as I saw he was active again). I've blocked his IP address there. -- Netoholic @ 03:10, 2005 Feb 26 (UTC)


text:
Irish initial mutations

Irish, like all modern Celtic languages, is characterised by its initial consonant mutations. These mutations affect the initial consonant of a word under specific morphological and syntactic conditions. The mutations are an important tool in understanding the relationship between two words and can differentiate various meanings.

Irish, like Scottish Gaelic and Manx, features two initial consonant mutations: lenition (séimhiú ) and eclipsis (urú ) (the alternative names, aspiration for lenition and nasalisation for eclipsis, are also used, but those terms are misleading).

Originally these mutations were phonologically governed external sandhi effects: lenition was caused by a consonant being between two vowels, and eclipsis when a nasal preceded an obstruent, including at the beginning of a word.

Irish also features t-prothesis and h-prothesis, related phenomena which affect vowel-initial words.

See Irish phonology for a discussion of the symbols used on this page.

Lenition
Lenition as an initial mutation originally stems from the historical allophonic lenition of an intervocalic consonant, both word internally and across word boundaries, i.e if a word ended in a vowel and the next word began with a consonant + a vowel, the consonant lenited.

Today, these former final vowels are usually elided, but the lenition of following consonants remains and has been grammaticised. For example, Proto-Celtic *esyo "his" caused the lenition of a following consonant due to its final vowel and its modern form a now causes lenition, keeping it distinct from a "her" and a "their", which cause h-prothesis and eclipsis respectively.

Lenition caused stops and *m to become fricatives, *s to debuccalise to, *f to elide, and the liquids *l, *n, *r to split into fortis and lenis variants. Though by the end of the Middle Irish period lenited *m largely lost its nasal quality, lenited *t debuccalised to, and lenited *d lost its coronal articulation.

Lenition did not only occur word initially, though non-initial lenition was never grammaticised. For example Proto-Celtic *knāmis → cnáim → cnáimh "bone", and *abalnā → aball → abhaill "apple tree".

Prothetic - and -
While it is not initially apparent, the prothesis of and  stems from historical lenition combined with vowel reduction.

The prosthetic - of vowel initial words is a fossilised fragment of the Proto-Celtic masculine definite article *sindos. Before vowels, the *s of the ending *-os was lenited to, which (combined with the loss of the *-o-) devoiced the preceding *-d- to *-t.
 * i.e. *sindos → int → an t-).

The prosthetic of  initial words is a fossilised fragment of the d of Proto-Celtic nominative feminine definite article *sindā and masculine genitive definite article *sindī. Since they ended in vowels, a following word initial *s was lenited to which (combined with the loss of the *-ā, *-ī) devoiced the preceding *-d to *-t.
 * i.e. *sindā sūli [sindaː huːli] → int ṡúil → an tsúil)

The prothetic of vowel initial words has two origins, the first being epenthetic to avoid vowel hiatus, and the second being the fossilised remnant of a historic consonant. For example, the *s of Proto-Celtic *esyās "her" was lenited between vowels to. Overtime *esyās was reduced to a but the remains when it is followed by a vowel initial word but is now written as part of the following word.

Eclipsis
Eclipsis originally stems from the historical coalescence of consonant clusters beginning with a nasal, both word internally and across word boundaries, i.e if a word ended in a nasal and the next word began with a stop or labial fricative, they would coalesce.

Today, many of the former final nasals have been elided, but still have an effect on the pronunciation of a following consonant, which has been grammaticised. For example, the Proto-Celtic genitive plural of the definite article *sindoisom has lost its final nasal and been reduced to na but it now causes the eclipsis of a following consonant or the prothesis of to a vowel.

The cluster reductions involved in eclipsis turned nasal stops followed by a voiced stop into nasal stops, nasal stops followed by a voiceless stop into voiced plosives, nasal stops followed by a voiceless labial fricative into a voiced fricative, and words which have lost there final nasal add an to vowel initial words.

These cluster reduction did not only occur word initially, though non-initial coalescence was never grammaticised. For example, Proto-Celtic *lindos → lind → linn "pool", and *kʷenkʷe → cóic → cúig "five".

Summary table
This table shows the orthographical and phonological effects of lenition, eclipsis, h-prothesis, and t-prothesis. Vowels are represented by and. Consonants are broad before and slender before. See also Irish orthography which has a table showing non-initial lenited consonants which elided or vocalised to form diphthongs or long vowels.

* Not all dialects contrast lenited and  from their unlenited forms. See Irish Phonology.

After the definite article
The definite article triggers the lenition of:

 * 1) a feminine noun in the nominative singular
 * an bhean "the woman"
 * 1) a masculine noun in the genitive singular
 * an fhir "of the man" e.g. carr an fhir, the man's car (car of the man)
 * 1) a noun in the dative singular, when the article follows one of the prepositions de "from", do "to" or i "in"
 * do + an = don: don fhear "to the man"
 * de + an = den: den bhean "from the woman"
 * i + an = sa(n): sa chrann "in the tree"; san fhómhar "in the autumn"

Lenition is blocked when a coronal consonant is preceded by an.

 * an deoch "the drink", although deoch is feminine nominative singular
 * an tí "of the house", although tí is masculine genitive singular

Instead of leniting to, after the definite article, become  (written ):

 * an tsúil "the eye" (fem. nom. sg.)
 * an tsaoil "of the world" (masc. gen. sg.)

After the vocative particle a

 * a Bhríd "Bríd!"
 * a Sheáin "Seán!"
 * a chairde "my friends!"

After possessive pronouns
The possessive pronouns that trigger lenition are mo "my", do "your (sg.)", a "his"

 * mo mhac "my son"
 * do theach "your house"
 * a pheann "his pen"

After certain prepositions

 * de chrann "out of a tree"
 * faoi chrann "under a tree"
 * mar dhuine "as a person"
 * ó Chorcaigh "from Cork"
 * roimh mhaidin "before morning"
 * trí shioc agus shneachta "through frost and snow"
 * um Cháisc "at Easter"
 * idir fhir agus mhná "both men and women"
 * ar bhord "on a table"

After the preterite/conditional of the copula

 * Ba dhuine mór é. "He was a big person."
 * Ba dheas uait é. "That was nice of you."

After the preterite preverbal particles

 * Níor mhúinteoir é. "He was not a teacher."
 * Níor thug mé "I didn't give"
 * Ar shagart é? "Was he a priest?"
 * Ar tháinig sé? "Did he come?"

After certain preverbal particles

 * ní thuigim "I don't understand"
 * má thagann sé "if he comes"
 * an fear a thabharfaidh dom é "the man who will give it to me"

A verb in the preterite, imperfect or conditional
These were originally preceded by the particle do and often still are in Munster.

 * bhris mé "I broke"
 * bhrisinn "I used to break"
 * bhrisfinn "I would break"

In modifier + head constructions
Lenition is blocked in these constructions if two coronals are adjacent.

After certain numbers
The singular form is used after numbers and is lenited in the following cases:

 * aon bhó amháin "one cow"
 * an chéad bhliain "the first year"
 * dhá theach "two houses"
 * beirt fhear "two men"
 * trí bhád "three boats"
 * ceithre bhó "four cows"
 * cúig phunt "five pounds"
 * sé mhí "six months"

After preposed adjectives
Constructions of adjective + noun are written as compounds.

 * seanbhean "old woman"
 * drochdhuine "bad person"
 * dea-sheirbhís "good deed"
 * nuatheanga "modern language"
 * tréanmhuir "stormy sea"
 * fíorchneas "true skin"
 * ardbhrú "high pressure"
 * ógfhear "young man"

After most prefixes

 * an-bheag "very small"
 * ró-bheag "too small"
 * aisghabháil "retake"
 * athbhliain "new year"
 * dobhréagnaithe "undeniable"
 * fochupán "saucer"
 * forbhríste "overalls"
 * idirchreidmheach "interconfessional"
 * ilphósadh "polygamy"
 * leasmháthair "stepmother"
 * míshásta "unhappy"
 * neamhchodladh "insomnia"
 * príomhchathair "capital city"
 * sobhriste "fragile"

The second part of a compound

 * ainmfhocal "noun" (lit. "name word")
 * dúghorm "dark blue"
 * státfhiach "national debt"

In head + modifier constructions
In these constructions coronals are lenited even following other

 * aimsir bháistí "rainy weather" (lenition after a feminine singular noun)
 * buidéil shú "bottles of juice" (lenition after a plural ending in a slender consonant)
 * teach Sheáin "Seán's house" (lenition of a definite noun in the genitive)

Postposed adjectives in certain circumstances

 * bean dheas "a pretty woman" (lenition after a feminine singular noun)
 * na fir mhóra "the big men" (lenition after a plural noun ending in a slender consonant)
 * ainm an fhir bhig "the name of the small man" (lenition after a masculine singular noun in the genitive)
 * sa chrann mhór "in the big tree" (lenition after a noun lenited by virtue of being in the dative after den, don, or sa(n))

After plural possessive pronouns
The possessive pronouns that trigger eclipsis are ár "our", bhur "your (pl.)", a "their"

 * ár gcairde "our friends"
 * bhur bpáistí "your (pl.) children"
 * a mbád "their boat",

a can mean "his", "her" or "their", but these different uses can still be distinguished, since a causes lenition when used as "his" (a bhád), causes eclipsis when used as "their" (a mbád), and neither when used as "her" (a bád).

After certain numbers
The numbers that trigger eclipsis (the noun being in the singular) are:

 * seacht gcapall "seven horses"
 * ocht n-asal "eight donkeys"
 * naoi gcat "nine cats"
 * deich bpeann "ten pens"

After the preposition i "in"
Before a vowel in is written instead of i n-.

 * i dteach "in a house"
 * in Éirinn "in Ireland"

Genitive plural nouns after the definite article
The genitive plural article na eclipses a following noun:

 * na n-asal "of the donkeys"
 * na bhfocal "of the words"

Dative singular nouns after the definite article
In western and southern dialects, nouns beginning with a noncoronal consonant are eclipsed after combinations of preposition + article in the singular (except den, don, and sa(n), which trigger lenition)

 * ag an bhfear "by the man"
 * ar an gcrann "on the tree"

After certain preverbal particles

 * an poll a dtagann na coiníní as "the hole that the rabbits come out of"
 * An dtagann sé gach lá? "Does he come every day?"
 * Cá bhfuil mo spéaclaí? "Where are my glasses?"
 * Dúirt sé go dtiocfadh sé. "He said that he would come."
 * dá mbeadh a fhios sin agam "if I had known that"

Changes to vowel-initial words
In environments where lenition occurs a vowel initial word remains unchanged:
 * an oíche "the night" (feminine singular nominative noun after definite article)
 * an uisce "of the water" (masculine singular genitive noun after definite article)
 * ó Albain "from Scotland" (noun after leniting preposition)
 * seanathair "grandfather" (noun after preposed adjective: sean "old" + athair "father")

However, In environments where neither eclipsis nor lenition is expected, an initial vowel may acquire a prothetic consonant. For example, a vowel-initial masculine singular nominative noun requires a (a voiceless coronal plosive) after the definite article:
 * an t-uisce "the water" (masculine singular nominative)

Additionally, there is the prothetic (a voiceless glottal fricative), which occurs when both the following conditions are met: Examples of h-prothesis:
 * 1) a proclitic causes neither lenition nor eclipsis of consonants.
 * 2) a proclitic itself ends in a vowel.

 * a haois "her age" (after possessive pronoun a "her"; compare with a aois, "his age" and a n-aois, "their age" with regular urú)
 * go hÉirinn "to Ireland" (after preposition go "to, towards")
 * le hAntaine "with Antaine" (after preposition le "with")
 * na hoíche "of the night" (on feminine singular genitive noun after definite article)
 * na héin "the birds" (on plural nominative/dative noun after definite article)
 * chomh hard le caisleán "as high as a castle" (after chomh "as")
 * go hálainn "beautifully" (after adverb-forming particle go)
 * Ná himigh uaim "Don't leave me!" (after negative imperative particle ná "don't")
 * an dara háit "the second place" (after an ordinal numeral)

title: Irish initial mutations


text:
Waldo Waterman

Waldo Dean Waterman (June 16, 1894 – December 8, 1976) was an inventor and aviation pioneer from San Diego, California. He developed a series of tailless swept-wing aircraft incorporating tricycle landing gear, culminating in a low-cost and simple-to-fly flying car.

Biography
Waterman built his first aircraft, a biplane hang glider, in 1909 while still in high school. He successfully flew the biplane hang glider on a slope near his home and by auto-tow. He then took on a partner to help build a powered aircraft that he entered in the first Dominguez Air Meet in January 1910. The aircraft was not completed in time for the meet. However, he began testing the aircraft on North Island. It was under-powered and required an auto-tow assist to get airborne. He flew the aircraft with some success but crashed, breaking both ankles.

In 1911, Glenn Curtiss moved his winter headquarters to North Island and Waterman attached himself to the Curtiss camp. In early 1912, the US Navy moved its three aircraft to Curtiss' testing station. By this time Waterman was a fixture at the station and was a frequent ride-along.

In 1912, Waterman entered the University of California as a student of mechanical engineering. When World War I broke out, and after being rejected from military service because of his broken ankles and flat feet, he became head of the Department of Theory of Flight, School of Military Aeronautics at the University of California. Later he became Chief Engineer at the U.S. Aircraft Corporation and remained to liquidate the company at the end of the war. With some assets purchased from the U.S. Aircraft Corporation, Waterman moved to Santa Monica, where he became test pilot for Bach Aircraft and established the Waterman Aircraft Manufacturing Company. However, he was forced out of business when the U.S. Army began dumping war-surplus aircraft on the civilian market for a tiny fraction of what Waterman could sell his custom aircraft for.

In 1929, Waterman built his first tailless monoplane, the Whatsit, which also used the then unusual tricycle landing gear. It had a swept wing, following the work of British pioneer J. W. Dunne on his Dunne D.7 of 1911. The Whatsit had a truncated fuselage and a forward trim plane. A development of the Whatsit was the high-wing Waterman Arrowplane.

As well as the Whatsit, in 1930 Waterman produced another innovative design with a low-wing monoplane that could change the dihedral of its wings during flight for shorter takeoffs, increased flight speed, and slower landing speeds according to the designer in its debut at the National Air races in Chicago. In addition to the wing design, he also placed the landing gears not under the fuselage but outwards under the wings.

At North Island, while experimenting with the Navy's flying boats, Glenn Curtiss is known to have talked about the possibility of a flying car. In 1917 he built a flying car he called the Autoplane. The Autoplane never flew, but was exhibited at the Pan-American Aeronautic Exposition in New York City's Grand Central Palace. Waterman was certainly inspired by Curtiss and 20 years later made one of the first successful flying cars. The Waterman Arrowbile was based on the Arrowplane. It was a high-wing monoplane, with detachable wings and was powered by a Studebaker engine. Five Arrowbiles were built. Three Arrowbiles attempted a flight from Santa Monica to Cleveland but one had to turn back after only reaching Arizona. The other two finished the flight. Arrowbile No. 6 (No. 5 was never completed), rechristened the Aerobile is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center (Smithsonian Air and Space museum extension in Dulles, Virginia).

In the 1960s, Waterman built and flew his last aircraft. The Early Bird was based on the original Curtiss Pusher. The Chevybird was a similar monoplane powered by a Corvair engine. In the early 1970s, Waterman directed the construction of a replica of his biplane hang glider, built in his youth. This was done in conjunction with Michael Riggs of Seagull Aircraft, based in one of Waterman's Santa Monica buildings. Waterman gave Joe Faust of the Self-Soar Association $100 to support its Low & Slow periodical, in which notes about Waldo Waterman's final aircraft construction project appeared.

In 1968, Waterman was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame.

title: Waldo Waterman