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User talk:Dysprosia/Archive (19)

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Thank you for your recording of the Brahms Intermezzo. I find it to be quite nice and see no reason why you should replace it with another recording in the future. The Uninvited Co., Inc. 18:53, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'm stupid...
I read that wrong. Geez. Whoops, sorry. Thanks for fixing. ral315 05:18, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Use of bold
Hi Dysprosia, I noticed on Permutation that you de-bolded several terms there, with the edit summary: "we bold synonyms of the article title only. italicise important terms." But you left the bolding of "cycle". Was that an oversight? Or am I reading your edit summary too literally? As far as I can tell, the standard practice for Wikipedia's mathematics articles seems to be to use bold for any term defined in the article especially if that term redirects to that article. (Of course self links are rendered as bold, but I'm not talking about that case) I can provide lots and lots of examples if you like. Are you saying this practice needs to change? Paul August ☎ 15:24, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Hello I am confused by the statement in "Support": " Singular supports may also be used to understand phenomena special to distribution theory, such as attempts to 'multiply' distributions (squaring the Dirac delta function fails - essentially because the singular supports of two distributions to multiply should be disjoint)." Seems to me if you multiply two distributions whose support is disjoint, you will get zero. Is that not true? Seems to me that the problem in squaring a Dirac Delta has more to do with orders of infinity and limiting processes. Thanks Peter (Pdn)

OK thanks for reply - I will pursue the foregoing question as you suggest. By the way, since you are "Dysprosia" you might want to peek at where I stuck in a reference to Welsbach (one of the discoverers of many of the rare earths) in a reference to gas mantles on the entry for Cerium pdn

PS: How do I put in those neat UTC notations and sign off when I edit a discussion or user page, please? Pdn

Mucho gratias, consider four tildes my middle name Pdn 00:41, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch theorem
... is a nice new page, with some TeX on it which currently is displaying horribly. I can't see what the problem is - but I'm no expert. When you have a moment ...

Charles Matthews 16:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

link problem
Hi Dysprosia, I'm having a bit of difficulty creating a link from The_Duke_of_Wellington%27s_%28West_Riding%29_Regiment to The_Duke_of_Wellington%27s_Regiment It constantly comes up advising of an internal error. Could you please advise accordingly? Richard Harvey 10:55, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Oh yes Excellent:- you get a big hug for that...Richard Harvey 12:17, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

:)
"Because I owe Dysprosia 5$" by Jonathan Cary --mav 23:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sydney Hilton bombing
Hello,

I note that you made a contribution to this page some time ago. There is a rather nasty revert war going on at the moment with user:ambi. She makes no changes, never edits the talk page, but continuously reverts the page. This is of particular concern because she appears to have gotten herslef onto the Arbitration commitee, so this is more important than just the Hilton Bombing page.

Could you please review the page. Please make some (possibly small) contribution to it to indicate your general support.

(But please check the history and be careful to review/contribute to the full page, not a reverted one. The full page is quite long and includes an "Evidence of Misconduct" section.)

Thanks,

Aberglas 04:58, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC) aberglas

Linux other-uses text
Hi! Long time, no see: you were the first person I spoke to on here. I'm back editing Wikipedia as you can see, although not too much because I still don't have my own Internet connection.

Regarding, your edit of the above. This is all pretty minor stuff, but, noticing that page and my thinking being that the other-uses sections should be as concise as possible, I tried to edit that section so that it said the same thing in fewer words without annoying the pro-`GNU' people in the `GNU' v. `Linux' debate too much (because I know how much this is a hot potato).

Removal of the other mention of GNU (that I left) may annoy those people. (Aside: I am one of those people, at least sometimes, outside of Wikipedia but I accept that Wikipedia has decided on one usage based on popularity and that that should be stuck too, so I'm not fussed what it says).

--Joe Llywelyn Griffith Blakesley talk contrib 23:24, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC)

P.S. Would you mind if I ask you about a few things I've been wondering about Wikipedia?

P.P.S. I don't quite understand your comment on your edit.

P.P.P.S. I'm going off-line now as I need to go home and get some food/sleep.

 * All the recent edits on this have been reverted anyway, so I'll leave it like that (as clearly some object to trying to shorten it and I'm not arguing about such a minor point).

 * So, it doesn't matter now, but just as an aside (because there seems to be a lot of confusion by outsiders over what the GNU v. Linux v. GNU/Linux debate is actually about):

 * GNU isn't really an OS, people use the term to refer to a set of tools.

 * I think the point is that those who actually use the term, GNU, and the compromise term, GNU/Linux,(e.g.: the FSF), use it to refer to a free-software-based OS. You may prefer to always refer to that OS as multiple OSs based somewhat arbitrarily on the kernel that is used, and may consider the only common factor between those OSs to be what you call a toolkit.  However, that doesn't cause the semantics of GNU to change.

 * Semantically equivalent analogy: the fact that one may not believe that God exist, does not change the fact that the word refers to an omnipotent being, for those who believe in God and those who don't. Now,  and.

 * So saying a "GNU operating system" isn't quite right.

 * In terms of the exact phrase in question, even if GNU isn't an operating system, GNU in GNU operating system is an attributive noun (i.e.: acts as an adjective) so it is more likely to refer to a `toolkit' than an OS. I'm not exactly sure what toolkit is supposed to refer to, but as long as toolkit ≠ operating system, what I said stands.  (NB: I'm not saying that I think there was anything wrong with your edit.)

 * Syntatically equivalent analogy: does the phrase, child killer, always have to refer to someone who is a child. Now   and  . (Couldn't think of a nicer example which quite made the point as well.)

 * In fact, I was being biased against the FSF viewpoint there (on the grounds that Wikipedia seems to have officially decided to discount their point of view so its OK to be a bit biased against it), because saying a GNU OS implies that GNU is not an OS; if one considers it an OS, one would not talk of a GNU OS (the implication being that GNU is not an OS but multiple OSs or, rather, an attribute that OSs can have). Also, the fact that OS would be redundant in that phrase, also favours a `toolkit' interpretation.

 * Didn't quite mean to ramble on that much. Actually, scratch that.  Here's a shorter response:

 * GNU isn't really an OS
 * No, its GNU is not Unix :-)

 * --Joe Llywelyn Griffith Blakesley talk contrib 14:54, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)

Still fighting the good fight, I see. Well, kudos. I'd like to give you an orange star or a pink heart or a red balloon or what have you, but I have no idea what that stuff means (if anything). More practically, I wish I could help, but I wikistressed out long ago. Glad to see there is still at least one voice of sanity left on the Wikipedia though. :o) Keep up the good work...please.  Paige 06:14, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Modular electronics diagrams
What do you think of this proposal?

Village_pump_%28proposals%29

Please leave comments there. Just bringing this to the attention of a handful of people who might care... - Omegatron 00:57, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

WMV
At Steve Ballmer: are you saying that the initialism WMV is widely enough known that people in general will recognize it as a file type? Certainly wasn't one I was familiar with. I suspect that only people who commonly watch videos on line will know this. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:02, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * There's an easy solution to this that I looked over. I hope it's suitable, please take a look. Dysprosia 04:23, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

phi vs. varphi
do any mathematicians really use $$\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial\phi^2}$$ when dealing with spherical coordinates instead of $$\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial\varphi^2}$$ though? It seems to me that in every math class and physics class I've been in, the symbol used was $$\varphi$$. Of course, in math and physics the two coordinates are usually switched, and wikipedia seems to use the physics version, but in both math and physics courses I've been in and textbooks I've used, the $$\varphi$$ phi symbol was the one used for these coordinates, with the "standard" $$\phi$$ reserved for other uses

--Jacobolus 07:51, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Note: I think that the symbol is called "varphi" not to represent "variable phi" but rather "variant phi symbol". There are also "varepsilon", "vartheta", "varpi", "varrho", etc. but these aren't all used for variable symbols. Looking back at my math and physics books, it actually appears that 3 different math books use the varphi symbol, while 2 different physics books use the phi symbol. --Jacobolus 08:48, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, sorry. I've removed that comment. Dysprosia 09:52, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

phi vs. theta, r vs. rho in spherical/cylindrical coords
Hi. I posted another question to the Mathematics Talk page. I was wondering what your thoughts are on the issue of variables in cylindrical and spherical coords. --Jacobolus 08:19, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cat:Math
Thanks for the work you've done categorizing math articles. However, try to keep articles out of the root category Category:Mathematics, as its best we keep this as a sort of "gateway" category. HTH Dysprosia 05:19, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I am aware of that. I put things in Category:Mathematics only when I believe that's the best one. It is of course always possible that I can get something wrong (MathMartin applied one correction for example). Tomorrow I will go to Category:Mathematics and check if those articles can go into some other category. Oleg Alexandrov 05:26, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * You are fast! :) Oleg Alexandrov 05:27, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for fixing equation solving. And above, my wording was poor (now corrected). I did not mean to say that you should go fix things after me, rather, that I would be grateful if you fix any bug you run into. 06:06, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * PS I took a look at Category:Mathematics and found some misclassified articles (none by me so far :) Oleg Alexandrov 06:06, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I usually put stray math articles which I am unable to categorize any better into Category:Mathematics. Then someone more knowledgeable can move them into the appropriate subcategory/subcategories later. So I do not see a problem with articles being categorized as Category:Mathematics as long as they don't stay there too long. MathMartin 12:19, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

wanna vote?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_deletion#Category:Female_chess_players --Sonjaaa 23:43, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

RE: George Gerbner
I am interested in the full citations of the references used in this article. If you have them available, I would be most appreciative. If they are around somewhere and I am simply wikitarded, please excuse my ignorance and perhaps simply point me in the proper direction?

Thanks!

 * What article are you talking about? There's no such article as George Gerber. I have no idea who he is anyway... Dysprosia 00:03, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Whoops. Sorry, that's supposed to be George Gerbner! It's an article about his cultivation theory..
 * Sorry, I know nothing about him or references for use. I merely cleaned up a sentence in the article. Dysprosia 01:59, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Small bug
Quotations in "experimenter's regress." Thanks for fixing that (I was fixing it at the same time, but you found it first.) Actually, this is a small bug in Wikipedia search:  I searched on the quoted string "experimenter's regress" in order to avoid any hits on "experimenter" or "regress"... but then after the software found no article and offered to create one by that name, it created a new article with quote symbols in the title. I didn't notice this until later. (I'm fairly new here... where would I report such a problem?) --Wjbeaty 05:30, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * You can register, login and submit a bug at http://bugzilla.wikipedia.org . By the way, talk goes at the bottom of the page :) Dysprosia 05:40, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Voluntary Student Unionism
Nice work on that page - it does work better. Thanks! Lacrimosus 07:59, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Int'l Writing Contest
International_writing_contest is up. Please let people know, and keep it in mind as you browse the wiki... `+sj +  18:01, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dysprosia/Archive (19)


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Cherie Lunghi

Cherie Mary Lunghi (born 4 April 1952) is an English film, television, theatre actress and voice over artist. She is known for her roles in many British dramas. Her international fame stems from her role as Guinevere in the 1981 film Excalibur. Her long list of screen, stage, and TV credits include football manager Gabriella Benson in the 1990s television series The Manageress and a series of advertisements for Kenco coffee. She also competed in the 2008 series of Strictly Come Dancing. She is the mother of the actress Nathalie Lunghi.

Early life
Lunghi was born in Nottingham. Her father, Alessandro Lunghi, was Italian. She was raised by her mother, aunt and grandmother, seeing her father only occasionally. Lunghi has described herself as feeling "different" as she did not have a mother and father like other children.

Career
Educated at London's Arts Educational School, Lunghi played Hedvig in The Wild Duck and Alice in Alice in Wonderland on BBC radio while still at school. After graduating from Homerton College, Cambridge and London's Central School of Speech and Drama, she joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in the late 1970s, taking leading roles such as Perdita, Celia, and Viola. She had a starring role in the 1979 British short film Diversion  (the prototype for the 1987 U.S. film Fatal Attraction). In 1981 she landed the role of Guinevere in the film Excalibur.

She starred in the 1982 television serial Praying Mantis, based on the book (Les Mantes Religieuses) by Hubert Monteilhet. The thriller co-starred Pinkas Braun, Carmen du Sautoy, and Jonathan Pryce. In 1985 Lunghi played Michal in King David alongside Edward Woodward and Richard Gere. She also appeared alongside Robert De Niro in The Mission. Lunghi told author Paul Stenning, "It was wonderful working with him, it was extraordinary actually. He transforms right in front of you. You are aware when watching him on screen that he has transformed – he is not Robert De Niro – he is somebody else. I don't think you can learn how to do that; it's just the power of your imagination."

In the mid-1980s, she relocated to Los Angeles for eight years, but returned to England to care for her mother. After the birth of her daughter she took various short-term parts, including playing the band members' mutual love interest in the music video for Level 42's song "Something About You". Lunghi has described how she had been working during pregnancy and was working again three months after giving birth, saying, "it was working mother guilt. I was juggling and balancing, trying to be fair to my career and to my child. Nathalie would come everywhere with me."

Lunghi took on the lead role in football drama The Manageress (1989–90), and participated in the BBC adaptation of Edith Wharton's posthumously published novel, The Buccaneers (1995), as Laura Testvalley. In addition to film and television work, she appeared in a long-running advertising campaign on British television for Kenco coffee from the late 1990s onwards.

In 2006, Lunghi appeared on television in Casualty 1906, playing Matron Eva Luckes, and had a recurring guest role in the regular Casualty series as Professor Camille Windsor. In 2013, she narrated some episodes of the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?.

Strictly Come Dancing
In 2008, she competed in the sixth series of BBC television's Strictly Come Dancing (14-week run), partnered by James Jordan. After her first dance, the Foxtrot on the Ladies Night in week two, she scored the highest points of the first two weeks (33). She beat this score with another series-best score of 35/40 for the rumba to finish week four atop the remaining 12 contestants with an average score of 34/40. The score for her third dance, the American Smooth, was an impressive 34 to maintain her average, though she slipped to 31/40 for the Paso Doble, and further to 26/40 on her fifth outing, in the Salsa. She returned to form the following week with a Waltz, scoring 36/40, and was joint first on the leaderboard.

She was voted off the competition on 16 November 2008 (week nine), losing by three votes to one in the dance-off against model Lisa Snowdon after performing a Cha-Cha-Cha. In the January/February 2009 Strictly Tour, she danced an American Smooth and a rumba with James Jordan.

Personal life
Lunghi was briefly married to South African student Ralph Lawson after the pair met while studying at London's Central School of Speech and Drama. The 1975 marriage was one of convenience so that Lawson could remain in the UK. The couple never lived together as husband and wife, instead staying in separate homes in Newcastle. Lawson moved back to South Africa two years later to take a new job. She has a daughter, Nathalie Lunghi (b. 1986), with the director Roland Joffé.

Theatre
Her stage credits include:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cherie Lunghi


text: User talk:68.5.95.58

title: User talk:68.5.95.58


text:
Province of Medio Campidano

The province of Medio Campidano (provincia del Medio Campidano; provìntzia de su Campidanu de Mesu) was a province in the autonomous region of Sardinia, Italy. As of 2015, the province had a population of 100,141 inhabitants over an area of 1517.34 km2, giving it a population density of 66 inhabitants per square kilometre. It had two chief towns, Villacidro and Sanluri, with 14,245 and 8,543 inhabitants, respectively. It was established in 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. It contained 28 comuni (municipalities) and the president of the province was Fulvio Tocco. Medio Campidano was suppressed as a province by a 2016 Regional Decree and was integrated into the newly founded province of South Sardinia.

The province contains e.g. the Nuragic archaeological site Su Nuraxi in Barumini, which was included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.

History
The formation of the province was announced in 2001 by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia and it officially became a province in May 2005 from a section of the province of Cagliari. On 6 May 2012 the regional referendums of Sardinia took place regarding the abolition of certain provinces and a variety of other matters. The suggestion of reforming or abolishing certain provinces in Sardinia was approved by the Regional Council of Sardinia on 24 May 2012. Due to this, the province of Medio Campidano was ordered to form a new administrative body or be abolished on 1 March 2013, but this expiry date for constitutional changes was extended to 1 July 2013. It later formed a new administrative body.

Geography
The province of Medio Campidano is on the west side of the Island of Sardinia, with a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. To the north is the province of Oristano, to the east the province of Cagliari and to the south, the provinces of Carbonia-Iglesias and Cagliari. The total area of Medio Campidano is 1516 km2, some 6.3% of the whole island. It is divided into 28 comuni (municipalities). The capitals are Sanluri in the east and Villacidro in the south. The environment is diverse, with mountains, hills, plains and coastline. The province is one of the least populated and most unspoilt areas of the island and has earned the name, the "Green Province".

The mining industry began to develop in the province in the nineteenth century due to the large lead, copper and silver reserves, but the industry became uneconomical after World War II and all that now remains is the industrial heritage. In the more hilly districts, olives and grapes are grown and Sardinia is known for the breeding of sheep. The Campidano Plain is used for cropping and produces rice, maize and sorghum.

title: Province of Medio Campidano


text:
Cloud 9 (play)

Cloud Nine (sometimes stylized as Cloud 9) is a 1979 British two-act play written by British playwright Caryl Churchill. It was workshopped with the Joint Stock Theatre Company in late 1978 and premiered at Dartington College of Arts, Devon, on 14 February 1979.

The two acts of the play form a contrapuntal structure. Act I is set in British colonial Africa in the Victorian era, and Act II is set in a London park in 1979. However, between the acts only twenty-five years pass for the characters. Each actor plays one role in Act I and a different role in Act II – the characters who appear in both acts are played by different actors in the first and second. Act I parodies the conventional comedy genre and satirizes Victorian society and colonialism. Act II shows what could happen when the restrictions of both the comic genre and Victorian ideology are loosened.

The play uses controversial portrayals of sexuality and obscene language, and establishes a parallel between colonial and sexual oppression. Its humour depends on incongruity and the carnivalesque, and helps to convey Churchill's political message about accepting people who are different and not dominating them or forcing them into particular social roles.

Cloud Nine is one of Churchill's most renowned works. The play was featured in The Royal National Theatre's NT2000 poll of the 100 most significant plays of the 20th century and was also selected for Time Out New York's list of the "best plays of all time". The New York production opened at Lucille Lortel's Theatre de Lys on 18 May 1981 and finished on 4 September 1983, and was directed by Tommy Tune with an original incidental music score by Maury Yeston.

Royal Court Production
Act 1
 * Clive, a colonial administrator
 * Betty, his wife, played by a man
 * Joshua, his black servant, played by a white actor
 * Edward, his son, played by a woman
 * Victoria, his daughter, a ventriloquist's dummy
 * Maud, his mother-in-law
 * Ellen, Edward's governess
 * Harry Bagley, an explorer
 * Mrs. Saunders, a widow (played by the same actress who plays Ellen)

Act 2
 * Betty, now played by a woman (normally the same actress who plays Edward)
 * Edward, her son, now played by a man (normally the same actor who plays Betty)
 * Victoria, her daughter (normally played by the same actress who plays Maud)
 * Martin, Victoria's husband (normally played by the same actor who plays Harry)
 * Lin, a lesbian single mother (normally played by the same actress who plays Ellen/Mrs. Saunders)
 * Cathy, Lin's daughter, age 5, played by a man (normally the same actor who plays Clive)
 * Gerry, Edward's lover (normally played by the same actor who plays Joshua)

Royal Court & New York Productions
Act 1
 * Clive, a colonial administrator
 * Betty, his wife, played by a man
 * Joshua, his black servant, played by a white actor
 * Edward, his son, played by a woman
 * Victoria, his daughter, a ventriloquist's dummy
 * Maud, his mother-in-law
 * Ellen, Edward's governess
 * Harry Bagley, an explorer
 * Mrs. Saunders, a widow (played by the same actress who plays Ellen)

Act 2
 * Betty, now played by a woman (normally the same actress who plays Ellen/Mrs. Saunders)
 * Edward, her son, now played by a man (normally the same actor who plays Clive)
 * Victoria, her daughter (normally played by the same actress who plays Edward)
 * Martin, Victoria's husband (normally played by the same actor who plays Harry)
 * Lin, a lesbian single mother (normally played by the same actress who plays Maud)
 * Cathy, Lin's daughter, age 5, played by a man (normally the same actor who plays Joshua)
 * Gerry, Edward's lover (normally played by the same actor who plays Betty)

Synopsis
Clive, a British colonial administrator, lives with his family, a governess and servant during turbulent times in Africa. The natives are rioting, and Mrs Saunders, a widow, comes to them to seek safety. Her arrival is soon followed by Harry Bagley, an explorer. Clive makes passionate advances to Mrs Saunders, his wife Betty fancies Harry, who secretly has sex with Joshua, and later with Clive's son, Edward. The governess Ellen, who reveals herself to be a lesbian, is forced into marriage with Harry after his sexuality is discovered and condemned by Clive. Act 1 ends with the wedding celebrations; the final scene of the first act ends with Clive giving a speech while Joshua, watched by Edward (who does nothing), aims his rifle at him and fires as the scene ends with a blackout.
 * Act I

Although Act II is set in 1979, some of the characters of Act I reappear – for them, only 25 years have passed. Betty has left Clive, her daughter Victoria is now married to an overbearing Martin, and Edward has an openly gay relationship with Gerry. Victoria, upset and distant from Martin, starts a lesbian relationship with Lin. When Gerry leaves Edward, Edward, who discovers he is in fact bisexual, moves in with his sister and Lin. The three of them have a drunken ceremony in which they call up the Goddess, after which characters from Act I begin appearing. Act II has a looser structure, and Churchill played around with the ordering of the scenes. The final scene shows that Victoria has left Martin for a polyamorous relationship with Edward and Lin, and they are sharing custody of their son Tommy. Gerry and Edward are on good terms again, and Betty becomes friends with Gerry, who tells her about Edward's sexuality.
 * Act II

Interpretations and observations
Act I of Cloud 9 invites the audience to engage with Britain's colonial past, but does so by challenging "the preconceived notions held by the audience in terms of gender and sexuality". Churchill also subverts gender and racial stereotypes, using cross-gender and cross-racial casting: Betty is played by a man in Act I, but by a woman in Act II; Joshua is played by a white; and Edward is played by a woman in Act I and by a man in Act II. Churchill deliberately uses this cross-gender, -racial and -age casting to unsettle the audience's expectations. In the introduction to the play, Churchill explains why Betty is played by a man in the first act: "She wants to be what men want her to be ... Betty does not value herself as a woman." Michael Patterson confirms this, writing that "Betty is played by a man in order to show how femininity is an artificial and imposed construct". James Harding suggests that by cross-casting Betty and Edward in Act I, Churchill is also playing it safe: It makes same-sex relationships visibly heterosexual and normative.
 * Act I

The black servant, Joshua, is played by a white man for similar reasons. He says, "My skin is black, but oh my soul is white. I hate my tribe. My master is my light"; Amelia Howe Kritzer argues that "the reversal exposes the rupture in Joshua's identity caused by his internalization of colonial values". Joshua does not identify with his "own" people; in act I, scene 3, Mrs. Saunders asks if he doesn't mind beating his own people and Joshua replies that they are not his people, and they are "bad". By the end of the act, of course, he realises the oppressive nature of colonialism after atrocities are committed by British troops (which result in the death of his parents); hence his decision to fire his rifle at Clive.

The second act is set in London 1979, but for the characters only twenty-five years have passed. Churchill explains her reason for this in the introduction: "The first act, like the society it shows, is male-dominated and firmly structured. In the second act, more energy comes from the women and the gays." In Act II, British colonial oppression remains present, this time in the armed presence in Northern Ireland. Michael Patterson writes that "the actors ... established a 'parallel between colonial and sexual oppression,' showing how the British occupation of Africa in the nineteenth century and its post-colonial presence in Northern Ireland relate to the patriarchal values of society" Churchill shows the audience different views of oppression, both colonial and sexual. She amplifies social constructs by linking the two periods, using an unnatural time gap. Amelia Howe Kritzer argues that "Churchill remained close to the Brechtian spirit of encouraging the audience to actively criticize institutions and ideologies they have previously taken for granted".
 * Act II

There is a great deal of difference between the two acts: Act II contains much more sexual freedom for women, whereas in Act I the men dictate the relationships. Act II "focuses on changes in the structure of power and authority, as they affect sex and relationships", from the male-dominated structure in the first act. Churchill writes that she "explored Genet's idea that colonial oppression and sexual oppression are similar." She essentially uses the play as a social arena to explore "the Victorian origins of contemporary gender definitions and sexual attitudes, recent changes ... and some implications of these changes."

title: Cloud 9 (play)


text:
Action Medical Research

Action Medical Research, previously The National Fund for Research into Crippling Diseases, is a British medical research charity, founded in 1952, that focusses on funding research to prevent and treat disease and disability in babies and children.

Action Medical Research is a registered charity No. 208701. It is the leading UK-wide charity dedicated to saving and changing children’s lives through medical research.

They want to make a difference:

 * tackling premature birth and treating sick and vulnerable babies

 * helping children affected by disability, disabling conditions and infections
 * targeting children’s rare diseases.

They do this by:

 * finding and funding cutting-edge medical research across the UK most likely to deliver real benefit to babies, children and young people

 * assessing the impact of the research we fund and sharing the results

 * raising funds to make this vital research possible.

History
Founded in 1952 as the National Fund for Poliomyelitis Research by Duncan Guthrie, the charity's original aim was the eradication of polio. During the 1940s and 1950s, epidemics of paralytic poliomyelitis were frequent in the UK, and the charity helped to fund the first British polio vaccine. After the steep reduction in paralytic poliomyelitis resulting from the introduction of the vaccine, the charity's activities diversified. It became The National Fund for Research into Poliomyelitis and Other Crippling Diseases in 1960 and The National Fund for Research into Crippling Diseases in 1967, becoming known informally as Action Research for the Crippled Child. It was renamed Action Research in 1990, and became Action Medical Research in 2003. The World Health Organization's 2002 declaration that Europe is free from polio coincided with the charity's fiftieth anniversary.

The charity was founded in 1952 by Duncan Guthrie, who made it his mission to raise funds to defeat polio, a condition that affected the lives of many thousands of children including his own daughter Janet. His mission was realised when within 10 years, the first UK polio vaccines were introduced. Since then the charity has supported some of the most significant medical breakthroughs in recent history – breakthroughs that have helped save thousands of children’s lives and changed many more.

Projects and breakthroughs
Their major focus has been on pregnancy and conditions affecting babies, with involvement in projects including the rubella vaccine, ultrasound scanning in pregnancy, intrauterine blood typing, folic acid in the prevention of spina bifida, and the diagnosis of retinopathy in premature babies. Projects in older children include diet in liver disease and treatment of burns in children. Other projects include treatment for epilepsy. The charity has also been involved in hip replacement surgery and the development of aids for the elderly and severely disabled, including communication aids, the shapeable 'matrix' wheelchair and the 'Tools for Living' programme. The charity has also funded research into osteoporosis, nerve repair, hydrocephalus and myasthenia gravis.

The charity has supported some of the most significant medical breakthroughs in recent history – breakthroughs that have helped save thousands of children’s lives and changed many more.

Breakthroughs – helping more babies by:

 * Helping introduce ultrasound scanning in pregnancy.
 * Discovering the importance of taking folic acid before and during pregnancy to help prevent spina bifida in babies.
 * Developing an infra-red scanner to help minimise the risk of brain damage in babies.
 * Pioneering a unique portable fetal heart rate monitor to make pregnancy safer for babies at risk.
 * Contributing to the development of groundbreaking cooling therapy to prevent brain damage in newborn babies deprived of oxygen at birth, reducing the risk of death and severe disability (now being adopted in UK hospitals).
 * Helping develop routine screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CHT – a thyroid disorder in newborn babies) which was introduced in the early 1980s for all newborn babies across the UK.
 * Funding research to reduce stillbirth which led to new advice for pregnant women to go to sleep on their side, rather than their back, in the third trimester of pregnancy, helping to save around 130 babies a year in the UK.

Breakthroughs – supporting children with disabilities by:

 * Developing a revolutionary growing prosthesis – artificial limb bone – for children whose bones have been destroyed by tumours.
 * Creating the award-winning adjustable Matrix Seating System to help support physically disabled children as they grow.
 * Devising the Paediatric Pain Profile to help parents and health professionals to assess and relieve pain in severely disabled children.
 * Testing the eyePoint scale which is now in use across the world and helps medical professionals and families better understand how well severely disabled children can use their eyes to communicate.
 * Developing MoodmApper, a new app to help teenagers with ADHD.
 * Helping bring dedicated eye services to children in special schools across the UK.

Breakthroughs – protecting children from infections by:

Breakthroughs – finding the causes of and developing treatments for diseases by:
 * Helping develop the first polio vaccines in the UK.
 * Supporting the lead researcher whose team helped establish a vaccine for Hib meningitis which is now a routine immunisation.
 * Testing the early rubella vaccine – which became part of the MMR vaccine.

 * Finding a number of genetic changes that cause blindness in children as well as developing a test to help explain the causes of specific eyesight  problems.
 * Identifying the genes responsible for rare and devastating conditions such as, Von Hippel-Lindau disease – which causes tumours to grow on many parts of the body, Van der Woude syndrome,  a form of cleft lip and palate, and for the hereditary skin condition incontinentia  pigmenti – which causes severe blistering of the skin.
 * Discovering the genes that are linked to infantile epilepsy (also known as West’s syndrome) which causes a loss of muscle strength, sight and hearing.
 * Identifying seven new genes which cause Jeune syndrome (a rare inherited and life-threatening condition) which can help families and doctors to better manage the treatment and care of babies and children affected by the condition.
 * Helping develop gene therapy treatments for the life-limiting condition, Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
 * Supporting researchers to develop a new technique to help some children with epilepsy, which uses new ways of electrically stimulating different parts of the brain.
 * Identifying four new genes linked with and improving genetic testing for Perrault syndrome, a rare inherited condition which causes hearing loss in boys and girls, and severe reproductive problems in girls.

Fundraising activities
Action Medical Research raises funds through a variety of activities including, but not exclusive to, events, legacies, trust, weekly lottery, regular donations, appeals, and corporate support.

title: Action Medical Research


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Gerald Emmett Carter

Gerald Emmett Cardinal Carter (March 1, 1912 – April 6, 2003) was a Canadian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Toronto from 1978 to 1990, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1979.

Youth and ordination
The youngest of eight children, Emmett Carter was born on March 1, 1912, in Montreal, Quebec, to an Irish Catholic family. His father was a typesetter for The Montreal Star, his brother, Alexander, would become Bishop of Sault-Sainte-Marie, and two of his sisters would become nuns.

Carter attended the Collège de Montréal before studying at the Grand Seminary and the Université de Montréal, where he obtained his Licentiate in Theology in 1936. He was ordained to the priesthood by the Auxiliary Bishop of Montreal Alphonse Emmanuel Deschamps on May 22, 1937.

Parish work
Carter then did pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Montreal until 1939, when he became the first director of the English section of Jacques-Cartier Normal school.

During his tenure as chaplain to the Catholic students at McGill University from 1942 to 1956, where he played a key role in establishing the Newman Centre of McGill University, he was also named director of the English section of Catholic Action (1944) and president of the Thomas More Institute (1946), and earned his doctorate in theology in 1947.

Archbishop of Toronto
He was Bishop of London, Ontario, from 1964 to 1978, when he was appointed Archbishop of Toronto. He retired in 1990 and was succeeded by Aloysius Ambrozic.

In 1976, he received an honorary doctorate from Concordia University. In 1982 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. The library at King's University College at the University of Western Ontario in London is named after him, as are Cardinal Carter Catholic High School in Aurora, Ontario, Cardinal Carter Academy for the Arts in Toronto, Ontario and Cardinal Carter Catholic Secondary School in Leamington, Ontario.

An important figure in Montreal's education system, founding St. Joseph's Teachers College for English-speaking Catholics, Cardinal Carter was a member of the Montreal Catholic School Commission for 15 years, and active at McGill University's Newman Club and the St. Thomas More Institute.

Pastoral programs
In Toronto, Carter was responsible for expanding the Archdiocese's pastoral programs, Catholic education and social services as well as implementing the reforms of Vatican II. He was involved with the opening of Covenant House for street youth and worked with the province of Ontario to provide affordable housing to the elderly and disabled.

Cardinal Carter died in Toronto on April 6, 2003, and is buried at the Bishops' Mausoleum at Holy Cross Cemetery north of Toronto.

title: Gerald Emmett Carter


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R-9 Desna

The R-9 (Р-9; NATO reporting name: SS-8 Sasin) was a two-stage IRBM of the Soviet Union, in service from 1964 to 1976.

History
Designed in 1959 and first tested in 1961, the R-9 was a great improvement over previous Soviet missile designs. The missile, capable of delivering a 3,500 lb payload about up to 3,278 nmi to an accuracy of 2 km, was not only very accurate, but was also far more tactically useful to the Soviet Union. Previous Soviet designs, fuelled with cryogenic LOX and kerosene, commonly took hours to fuel and launch. The R-9, on the other hand, could be launched 20 minutes from the time a launch order was given. NPO "Electropribor" (Kharkiv, Ukraine) designed the missile's control system.

First put into active service in 1964, the R-9 carried a 1.65 to 5 Mt warhead. Though the last Soviet missile to use cryogenic propellant, this design is one of the most widely deployed ICBMs to use cryogenic fuel. OKB-456 (later renamed to NPO Energomash) developed the first stage engine RD-111 with a thrust of 1,385 kN, a four-chambered closed cycle design with flexible pipelines and gimbals for thrust vectoring together with Vernier thrusters. The second stage, connected by trusses to the first stage (much like the modern Soyuz rocket) was the four-chambered RD-0106 engine, but utilized an open cycle design with vacuum optimized combustion chambers more suited to very high altitudes. This rocket engine was a product of the OKB-154 design team. Guidance of the warhead, like most ICBMs before and after it, was totally inertial save the final ten seconds before detonation of the warhead, which was controlled by a radio-altimeter correction system.

Deployment
The initial design called for a mobile surface-launched system, but a changing Cold War situation saw a silo-based R-9 developed in tandem with the ground-based system. The ground-based system, however, never achieved the hoped-for mobility of the initial design parameters. In total, three launch sites were constructed, but only two were used. "Desna-V" (Десна-В, Russian for "gum"), the silo launch area, consisted of three underground silos with the ability to launch the R-9 within 20 minutes, and the ability to store the missile in an unfueled ready condition for one year. "Valley", the first of two above-ground launch sites, was mostly automated and could fire the R-9 within 20 minutes as well, and repeat the process within two and a half hours. The final launch site, "Desna-N" (Десна-Н), was also an above-ground site, but was never stocked with R-9s as the site was not automated and needed at least two hours to launch a single missile.

In 1971 the above-ground R-9 launch sites were decommissioned, and by 1976 all R-9 missiles had been decommissioned.

NATO reporting name
SS-8 Sasin is a NATO reporting name that was mistakenly applied to two different Soviet missile systems. The designation was accidentally applied to the R-26 when an example of that missile was revealed in a parade. However, the R-26 program had already been cancelled and no new designation was given by NATO for the R-26 once the error was discovered.

1963 fire
On October 24, 1963, an R-9 missile was being prepared for launch in a silo from Site 70 at Baikonur Cosmodrome. The 11-man launch crew did not realize that an oxygen leak from the missile's fuel system had raised the partial oxygen pressure to 32% (the maximum allowed was 21%). The crew was descending to the eighth level in a lift when a spark from an electrical panel started a fire in the oxygen-enriched atmosphere, killing seven and destroying the silo. The disaster occurred exactly three years after the Nedelin disaster. October 24 became known as Baikonur's "Black Day", and to this day no launches are attempted on that date.

Data

 * Fuel: kerosene + oxygen.
 * Control system by NII-885 of N.A.Pilyugin and M.S.Ryazanski.
 * Gyroscopes by NII-944 of V.I.Kuznetsov.
 * Launcher by GSKB "Spetsmash" of V.P.Barmin.
 * First stage engine RD-111 (8D716) by OKB-456 of V.P.Glushko.
 * Second stage engine RO-9 (8D715) by OKB-154 of S.A.Kosberg.
 * 1.65 Mt ("light") and 2.3 Mt ("heavy") warheads.
 * Tested at "ground No 51" at NIIP-5 (Baikonur/Tura-Tam) until crash in October 1962.
 * Serial production at facility No. 1 in Kuibyshev.
 * Deployed 2 regiments of ground based missiles at Kozelsk, 1 regiment of ground based missiles at Plesetsk, 1 regiment of underground silo missiles at Kozelsk.

Operators

 * : The Strategic Rocket Forces were the only operator of the R-9.

title: R-9 Desna


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R-5 Pobeda

The R-5 Pobeda (Побе́да, "Victory") was a medium range ballistic missile developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The upgraded R-5M version, the first Soviet missile capable of carrying a nuclear weapon, was assigned the NATO reporting name SS-3 Shyster and carried the GRAU index 8K51.

The R-5 was developed by OKB-1 as a single-stage missile with a detachable warhead reentry vehicle. The R-5M was a nuclear armed missile with greater payload and weight entered service in March 1956, was deployed along the western and eastern Russian borders, and in 1959 was installed in East Germany, the first Soviet nuclear missile bases outside the USSR. The missile was retired in 1967, superseded by the R-12.

In 1958, R-5A rockets were used to launch pairs of dogs to altitudes above 450 km.

Description
The R-5 was a single-stage Medium Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM) with a range of 1200 km. Using 92% ethanol for fuel and liquid oxygen as an oxidizer, the rocket had a dry weight of 4030 kg (fueled, 28900 kg) and carried a detachable reentry vehicle with a payload capacity of 1000 kg. Quickly upgraded to the nuclear-capable R-5M, this missile was just under 21 m long and 1.652 m in diameter, had a dry weight of 4390 kg (fueled, 29100 kg), and carried a 1350 kg payload. The R-5 had an accuracy of 1.5 km downrange and 1.25 km cross-range from the aim point, substantially greater than that of the R-1 and R-2 missiles. With its range (five times that of the R-1; more than twice that of the R-2 ), accuracy, and atomic armament, the R-5M was the Soviet Union's first real strategic missile, carrying a nuclear warhead yielding at least 80 kilotons (kt). Later, the R-5M received a 1 megaton (mt) thermonuclear warhead.

Development
The R-1 and R-2, developed by NII-88 under the supervision of Chief Designer Sergei Korolev were essentially direct descendants of the German V-2 rocket developed during World War Two. Korolev's next design, the 27 m-long, 3000 km range R-3, was a bold step forward in the fulfillment of Josef Stalin's 1947 request for a "transatlantic" Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). By far the largest and costliest ballistic missile program in the USSR to date, its innovations were to include fuel and oxidizer tanks that were integral to (not separate from) the frame of the rocket. In addition, the large, heavy graphite stabilizing fins of its predecessors were to be omitted. Rather than use ethanol as fuel, the R-3 would use the more-efficient kerosene.

Neither Valentin Glushko of OKB-486 nor NII-1's Aleksandr Polyarniy were able to produce the advanced engines required for the design. As a result, in the spring of 1951, Korolev revised his plans to instead concentrate on an easier stepping stone toward an ICBM. His team had already managed to create the R-3A, an experiment rocket with a range of 900 km. Using the RD-103 engine, a evolution of the RD-101 used in the R-2 missile, and by reducing the weight of the rocket through use of integrated tankage (while at the same time increasing propellant load by 60% over the R-2), the R-5 would have a range of 1200 km. The military had much more confidence in this incremental design than the radical leap forward that was the R-3, and work proceeded apace. Other innovations over the R-1/R-2 included small aerodynamic rudders run by servomotors to replace the big fins of the R-1/R-2, and longitudinal acceleration integrators to improve the precision of engine cutoff and thus accuracy. The R-5 missile used combined autonomous inertial control with lateral radio-correction for guidance and control.

Testing
The R-5 underwent its first series of eight test launches from 15 March to 23 May 1953. After two failures, the third rocket, launched 2 April, marked the beginning of streak of success. Seven more missiles were launched between 30 October and December, all of which reached their targets. A final series of launches, designed to test modifications made in response to issues with the first series, was scheduled for mid-1954. These began 12 August 1954, continuing through 7 February 1955. These tests confirmed the soundness of the design and cleared the way for nuclear and sounding rocket variants. One issue that surfaced in this final round of testing was an increasing vibration of the control fins during flight, caused by flexing of the long rocket as it traveled. This problem had been unknown on the shorter R-1 and R-2 rockets, and it posed a potential hazard to the structural integrity of the missile. The vibrations of the frame and fuel also interfered with the guidance system. The experience gained from solving these problems was applied not just to the R-5 but all subsequent missiles, including the R-7 Semyorka.

Upon the completion of the R-5 design, work began on the nuclear-capable R-5M with similar launch mass and range, but designed to carry a nuclear warhead. This rocket, which would be the world's first nuclear missile, was a stopgap weapon pending the development of an ICBM, the development of both of which had been decreed by the USSR Council of Ministers in late 1953. Test flights of this new rocket flew from January 1955 through February 1956. The test on 2 February 1956 involved a live nuclear payload, with a yield of less than 3 kilotons. This flight earned Korolev and his deputy, Vasily Mishin, the title Hero of Socialist Labor. 20 engineers at NII-88 received the Order of Lenin.

Military service
The R-5 entered military service in 1955. The R-5M entered service in March 1956 with the designation "8K51". On 2 June 1956, the R-5M was introduced into the Strategic Rocket Forces. 48 missiles were deployed, primarily at sites close to the USSR's western borders, over the course of the next two years. They were put on alert for the first time in 1959. The road-transportable missiles could be set up vertically for launch at any soil-stabilized or concrete-covered site. It took about five hours to ready the missile for firing, where it could remain at the ready (with a reaction time of about 15 minutes) as much as one hour.

Initially deployed with nuclear warheads of 80 kt yields or more, one megaton thermonuclear warheads were later installed on missiles on duty in the Baltic states, Crimea, and the Russian Far East. In 1959, the R-5M was installed at Vogelsang, Zehdenick and Fürstenberg/Havel in East Germany, the first Soviet nuclear missile bases outside the USSR. Known by the American Department of Defense as the SS-3 and by NATO as the "Shyster", the R-5M left service in 1967, superseded by the more effective R-12.

Variants
A scientific version of the R-5, the R-5A, was finished in 1958. Its first flight was 21 February 1958, and in its subsequent three flights, the rocket carried pairs of space dogs to altitudes of more than 400 km, offering nine minutes of zero gravity. Other variants of the R-5, including the R-5B, R-5V, and Vertikal, were used until well into the 1970's for test of equipment and for scientific research.

Operators

 * Soviet Army
 * Soviet Army

title: R-5 Pobeda


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Lanka Sama Samaja Party

The Lanka Sama Samaja Party, often abbreviated as LSSP (literally: Lanka Equal Society Party, Sinhala: ලංකා සම සමාජ පක්ෂය, Tamil: லங்கா சமசமாஜக் கட்சி), is a major Trotskyist political party in Sri Lanka. It was the first political party in Sri Lanka (then British Ceylon), having been founded in 1935 by Leslie Goonewardene, N.M. Perera, Colvin R. de Silva, Philip Gunawardena and Robert Gunawardena. It currently is a member of the main ruling coalition in the government of Sri Lanka and is headed by Tissa Vitharana. The party was founded with Leninist ideals, and is classified as a party with socialist aims.

The LSSP emerged as a major political force in the Sri Lankan independence movement during the 1940s, during which time the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the British war effort. The party played an instrumental role in the Indian independence and later Quit India Movement through the Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma (BLPI). Through its efforts, India gained Independence from Britain in 1947, followed by Sri Lanka in 1948.

In the late early 1950s, the LSSP took the lead in organising the Hartal strike, caused by vast food price inflation by the UNP government. At the time, J.R. Jayawardena was the finance minister of the country. Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cents had been an electoral promise given by UNP in the 1952 elections, and when the new rates of 70 cents were introduced to the public there was a massive anger against it.

From the late 1940s to 1960s, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party served as the opposition Party in Sri Lanka, whilst being recognised as the Sri Lankan wing of the Fourth International, an organisation characterised by Trotskyism. During this period, the party was able to use its considerable political influence to reform the former British Colony of Ceylon into a socialist republic by nationalising organisations in the banking, education, industry, media and trade sectors. In 1964, the party joined the United Front (Sri Lanka), and formed the Socialist SLFP government, leading to its expulsion from the Fourth International. Through their election landslide in 1964, they brought the world's first non-hereditary female head of government in modern history, Sirimavo Bandaranaike to power as Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. The party peaked in political strength in the 1970s, when it was again leading a coalition government with multiple of its leaders in key cabinet roles.

In recent elections, the party has served a role in the coalition government. As of 2020, the party holds local government roles, as well as the governorship of the North Central Province.

Name
The Lanka Sama Samaja Party was the first modern political party in Ceylon, later Sri Lanka. It was noted for its choice to use a native name rather than an English name, and its members were known as "Samasamajists". The party was the first Marxist party in South Asia. The Sinhala term samasamajaya was one coined by Dally Jayawardena in the Swadesa Mitraya to translate the term 'socialist'. However, the usage of samasamajaya has since been superseded by samajavadaya (which corresponds to similar usage in various Indian languages) in everything but in the names of the LSSP and various of its splinter groups. The Tamil term samadharmam was used to translate 'socialist', but nowadays the English term is used.

History
The Lanka Sama Samaja Party was founded on 18 December 1935, with the broad aims of Sri Lankan Independence and Socialism, by a group of young politicians. The group at the foundation numbered a bare half-dozen, and composed principally of students who had returned from study abroad, influenced deeply by the ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin. The original group consisted of Leslie Goonewardene, N.M. Perera, Colvin R. de Silva, Philip Gunawardena and Robert Gunawardena.

Origins
The LSSP grew out of the Youth Leagues of Ceylon – societies of young people, mainly intellectuals, who wanted independence for the British ruled Sri Lanka – in which a nucleus of Marxists had developed. The party's leaders were predominantly educated returnees from study in London; youth who had come into contact with the ideas of the European Left and were influenced by Harold Laski, an English political theorist and professor at the London School of Economics. Dr S.A. Wickremasinghe, an early returnee and a member of the State Council from 1931, was part of this group. The Youth Leagues campaigned for independence from Britain, notably organising opposition to the so-called 'Ministers' Memorandum', one which in essence called for the colonial authorities to grant increased power to local ministers.

Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills Strike
The group, through the South Colombo Youth League, became involved in a strike at the Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills in 1933. The mills; the island’s largest textile factory at that time with 1,400 workers (two-thirds of Indian origin and one-third Sinhalese), gave the members of the Youth League a chance for leadership as well as experience in trade union agitation. During this period, the collective published an irregular journal in Sinhala, Kamkaruwa (The Worker).

Suriya-Mal movement
In 1933 the group got involved in the Suriya-Mal movement, which had been formed to provide support for indigenous ex-servicemen by the sale of Suriya (Portia tree) flowers. The Suriya-Mal movement surged as a reaction to the fact that at the time Poppy Day funds went solely to British ex-servicemen. The movement was honed by volunteer work among the poor during the Malaria Epidemic of 1934-1935. The volunteers found that there was widespread malnutrition, which they helped fight by making pills of 'Marmite' yeast extract.

Early period
In 1936 the LSSP contested the State Council elections in four constituencies and won two of them, Avissawella and Ruanwella. The two new members, Philip Gunawardena and N.M. Perera, worked at the dismay of the British Colonial government; one that they were trying to dismantle.

Around this time, the LSSP began fraternal relations with the Congress Socialist Party (CSP) of India. Mrs Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya of the CSP was invited by the LSSP for a highly successful political tour of the island. Leslie Goonewardene was also sent as a delegate to the CSP. Despite their move towards Indian relations, the LSSP maintained a clear distance from the Indian radical left, and considered the Communist Party of India to be an extremist force.

Bracegirdle Incident
In 1937, the British Colonial Governor Sir Reginald Stubbs attempted to deport a young Anglo-Australian planter, Mark Anthony Bracegirdle, who had joined the LSSP. He went into hiding in defiance of the Governor and the LSSP started a campaign to defend him. He appeared on the platform at that year's May Day rally, and was able to have his deportation order quashed in the courts. Through this incident, Stubbs was isolated. The incident led to the further strengthening of an argument for independence as the Bracegirdle incident had brought almost the entire State Council into opposition to the colonial government.

Bracegirdle had been working among the plantation labourers, who were often working in squalid conditions, receiving very little health care, education and living in 'line rooms'. In 1940, the Lanka Estate Workers' Union (LEWU) intervened in a strike at Mooloya, becoming the harbinger of a wave of trade-union action on the plantations.

Initial Trotskyist ideals
Meanwhile, in the LSSP a number of members had become influenced by the ideas of the Left Opposition led by Leon Trotsky. Individual party members, notably Philip Gunawardena, had encountered Trotskyist groups earlier during stays in Britain and the USA. The Trotskyists within the LSSP came together and formed a secret faction known as the "T" (after Trotsky) group. The group's original members were Philip Gunawardena, N. M. Perera, Colvin R. de Silva, Leslie Goonewardene, Robert Gunawardena and Vernon Gunasekera, the Party Secretary. They were later joined by Edmund Samarakkody and V. Karalasingham.

Fourth International
In 1940, the LSSP split with the expulsion of the pro-Moscow fraction led by S. A. Wickremasinghe, M. G. Mendis, Pieter Keuneman and A. Vaidialingam. The expelled members formed the United Socialist Party (USP) which later evolved into the Communist Party of Ceylon (CPC). With the expulsion of the communists, the LSSP planted itself as an independent Trotskyist party. In its heyday, the LSSP was the Fourth International's most successful component.

At the outbreak of the Second World War, the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the British war effort. The two State Council members of the party and others on its Central committee were arrested and jailed, but Leslie Goonewardene evaded arrest and went underground.

New Programme and adoption of Constitution
On 20 April 1941, a secret conference in Kandy, attended by 42 delegates, was held. Leslie Goonewardene, who was in hiding, attended this conference at which the new programme and constitution were adopted. The cover organisation of the party enabled him to work for a period of one year and three months till he left for India. An openly functioning section of the party was established, led by Robert Gunawardena, S.C.C. Anthonipillai, V. Karalasingham, K.V. Lourenz Perera and William de Silva. The 'open' section of the party led a strike wave in May 1941 and strikes in 1942 and 1944.

Proscription and move to India
Following the Japanese raid on Colombo on 5 April 1942, the imprisoned leaders escaped and fled to India. In India, the proscribed LSSPers merged their party into the Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma (BLPI). Preparatory work had been done in this connection by Leslie Goonewardene, Doric de Souza and Bernard Soysa. The LSSP thus became the Ceylon section of BLPI. Through the BLPI, the Ceylonese trotskyists attained their formal membership in the Fourth International. The Ceylonese Samasamajists who went to India participated actively along with the BLPI in the struggle for independence that commenced in August 1942 in India. It was generally realised that the impending open revolt against imperialism in India was going to be decisive for the future not only of India but of Ceylon as well. Their property and assets back home were confiscated. Various other members were arrested. Only Colvin R. de Silva, Leslie Goonewardene, Vivienne Goonewardena and Selina Perera succeeded in evading arrest up to the end. During the war there was a split in the movement. N. M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena opposed a merger into the BLPI and formed the 'Workers' Opposition'. After the war, they reconstructed LSSP as an independent party. Members of the other section, formed out of the exiled BLPI nucleus, effectively maintained a separate party, the Bolshevik Samasamaja Party. The latter group functioned as the Ceylon section of BLPI and was led by Colvin R de Silva, Leslie Goonawardene and Edmund Samarakkoddy.

The relation between the two groups was often antagonistic. The BSP accused the LSSP of 'organisational Menshevism'. The LSSP accused the BSP of being introvert doctrinaires. LSSP wanted to build a mass-based party, whereas the BSP concentrated on building a cadre-based (revolutionary) party. On 25 October 1945 fist-fights broke out at between the two groups at a meeting of the BSP.

Main party
The LSSP and the BSP were both at the helm of the strike waves that occurred in the post-war period. In 1946 there was a brief reconciliation between the two factions. At the general election of 1947 the LSSP emerged as the main opposition party, with 10 seats. The BSP obtained 5 seats. They also had the support of the Ceylon Indian Congress (CIC - which later became the Ceylon Workers' Congress) of Natesa Iyer, which had 6 members in Parliament and of various independent members. However, SWRD Bandaranaike and his Sinhala Maha Sabha backed the newly formed United National Party (UNP), which was thus able to form a government under DS Senanayake.

The BLPI-affiliated BSP became an independent party in 1948, and was recognised as the Ceylonese section of the Fourth International when the BLPI was dissolved.

Success in the Independence Movement
In 1948, the country was granted Dominion status by the British. The armed forces continued to be commanded by British Officers and the Royal Navy and the RAF continued to have bases on the island (at Trincomalee and Katunayake). The Government was heavily pro-British and anti-Soviet. The new government proceeded to disenfranchise plantation workers of Indian Tamils descent, using the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 and the Parliamentary Elections Amendment Act of 1949. These measures were intended primarily to undermine the Left electorally. Of these acts, N. M. Perera said:"'I thought racialism of this type died with Houston Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler. I do not believe that anyone claiming to be a Statesman would ask us to accede to a bill of this nature ... We cannot proceed as if we were God's chosen race quite apart from the rest of the world; that we and we alone have the right to be citizens of this country.'"

Reunification
The split between the LSSP and the BSP had weakened the movement, and in particular the BSP which was clearly the smaller of the two parties. A process of reunification was initiated, and in 1950 the BSP merged into the LSSP. Through the reunification, the LSSP became the Ceylonese section of the Fourth International. However, Philip Gunawardena opposed the reconciliation with the BSP. Thus he left LSSP and formed a new party, Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party (VLSSP).

At the 1952 general election, the electoral performance was harmed by the relative prosperity due to the price of natural rubber being driven up by the Korean War. Also, the disenfranchisement of the Indian Tamil estate workers by the UNP government deprived the LSSP of one of its main bases. Moreover, it damaged the electoral fortunes of its ally, the CIC, which went unrepresented.

Hartal and after
In 1953, the LSSP took the lead in organising the Hartal. The immediate cause for the Hartal was a hike in the price of rice from 25 cent to 70 cent per measure by the UNP government. At the time, J.R. Jayawardena was the finance minister of the country. Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cent had been an electoral promise given by UNP in the 1952 elections, and when the new rates were introduced to the public, uproar ensued. This anger was furthered by the suspension of the meals given to schoolchildren and hikes in rail ticket fares and postal fees.

Prior to 1953, the concept of a 'Hartal', or general strike, was relatively unknown in Ceylon. Through their exile, the LSSP leaders had witnessed the immense impact of the hartals during the Quit India Movement, ensuring that this knowledge was brought with them.

The Communist Party and VLSSP supported the Hartal and the SLFP and CIC expressed sympathy for the demand of the Hartal, but did not actively support the call for strike. The Ceylon Mercantile Union supported the demands of the strike, but in not take part in it. Rather it encouraged their members to go to work wearing black armbands as a means to protest.

The Hartal took the country to a complete standstill. Afraid of a revolution in the making, the government cabinet sought refuge on HMS Newfoundland (59), a Royal Navy warship offshore. The mass upsurge that accompanied the action of the strikers caused Dudley Senanayake to resign from the premiership. The Hartal emoboldended the LSSP to start to consider that the party might be able to seize state power.

In 1956 the LSSP went into a no-contest pact with the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) of SWRD Bandaranaike, which he had formed with Philip Gunawardena and the VLSSP. The MEP won a landslide in the polls held that year. The LSSP once again became the main opposition party, and N. M. Perera became the Leader of Opposition. Through this, the LSSP supported the reforms initiated by the new government, but strongly opposed the 'Sinhala Only' policy. In July 1959, both LSSP and the Communist Party withdrew their support for the government, as inner-party feuds within the SLFP had resulted in a temporary victory for the right-wing and expulsions of leftist ministers like Philip Gunawardena.

In March 1960, the LSSP contested the general elections on the slogan 'forward to a Sama Samaja Government'. The votes won by the LSSP, the Communists and the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (a new party, not the 1956 front) of Philip Gunawardena, were sufficient to have made them the biggest bloc in Parliament. However, due to their contesting separately, the LSSP and the MEP won just 10 seats each, the CP a mere 3. Elections were held again in July and the LSSP had a no-contest pact with the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) of Sirimavo Bandaranaike, which was thus able to form a government. The Fourth International was highly critical of the electoral tactics of LSSP, and the LSSP chose not to attend the World Congress of International the following year.

In 1962, officers of the Army and Police attempted a coup d'état aimed at overthrowing the government and bringing the UNP to power. This plot was foiled, and the SLFP lurched leftwards in terms of policy. The local branches of petroleum companies were nationalised, leading to a boycott of the country by the oil multi-nationals; the boycott was broken with help from the Kansas Oil Producers Co-operative and the Romanian Government.

A parallel process was one of increasing self-confidence and unity amongst the Ceylonese left-wing. In the parliament they were in the opposition. On May Day 1963 the three main left parties (LSSP, CP and MEP) held a massive joint rally. That was followed by the launching of United Front on 12 August, the tenth anniversary of the 1953 Hartal. The front launched agitations on issues like bring down the prices of essential commodities, leading it to represent an immediate threat to the governance of SLFP. The SLFP began to offer the left parties ministerial posts and worked intensively to break the unity of ULF.

Trade union activities
The 1950s and 1960s were in many ways the "Golden era" of LSSP. At the time, the most powerful trade unions in the country supported LSSP politics. The most prominent trade union in the public sector in this period was the Government Clerical Service Union, which gave the a great support to the political struggle of LSSP. The forefront leader of GCSU, I. J. Wickrema, openly appealed for support to the LSSP-CP coalition in order to defeat imperialism. The GCSU publication Red Tape constantly criticised the UNP government and asked the people to support the left.

Coalition politics
In 1964, the LSSP held a conference at which the majority agreed with a theoretical categorisation of the SLFP by Hector Abhayavardhana as a petty bourgeois party, leaving the door open to a united front with it. A minority faction, led by Colvin R de Silva and Leslie Goonewardene, opposed the move but opted to stay within the Party. Another minority faction led by Edmund Samarakkody, Merryl Fernando, V Karalasingham and Bala Tampoe, left the party and formed the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Revolutionary) - the LSSP(R).

Later that year, the LSSP joined the coalition government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Three of its MPs became Ministers; Dr N. M. Perera (Finance), Cholomondely Goonewardena (Public Works) and Anil Moonesinghe (Communications). The LSSP was expelled from the Fourth International, and the membership was passed on to the LSSP(R).

The Coalition Government fell in 1965, due to the desertion of several members. However, the number of votes won by the LSSP increased at the general election held that year. After the election, supporters of the party were subject to a co-ordinated campaign of victimisation by the new seven-party coalition led by the UNP. In 1968, the LSSP joined the SLFP and the CP in a United Front; one that suffered clashes due to the Moscow-oriented focus of the CP. That year's joint May Day rally was said to be the biggest ever to take place in Sri Lanka.

In 1970, the United Front, of which the LSSP was part, was elected to power in landslide. The LSSP had 19 MPs in the House of Representatives. Dr NM Perera, Dr Colvin R de Silva and Leslie Goonewardene became Ministers of Finance, Constitutional Affairs with Plantation Industries and Transport and Communication, respectively.

The Party was able to advance parts of its programme considerably: Foreign-owned plantations were nationalised, local ownership was restricted, democratically elected workers' councils were established in state corporations and government departments under the purview of its ministries, and measures were taken that narrowed the gap between the rich and poor.

Several LSSP members were appointed to important posts in which they could press forward the party programme: Anil Moonesinghe became Chairman of the Ceylon Transport Board and theoretician Hector Abhayavardhana was made Chairman of the People's Bank and Doric de Souza was appointed permanent secretary to the Ministry of Plantations.

Dr Seneka Bibile, a member of the LSSP, became the founder Chairperson of the State Pharmaceuticals Corporation (SPC) - which distributed drugs at affordable rates, by generic name instead of by trade name. The SPC, which became a model for the Third World and remains so today, was based on a report on Pharmaceuticals in Sri Lanka of which the authors were Dr S. A. Wickremesinghe and Seneka Bibile.

The Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues and the other bodies affiliated to the party (membership of the party proper was still restricted to a small cadre, on a Leninist model) saw unprecedented growth at this time. The leadership looked to Salvador Allende's Chile as a model of revolution through parliamentary means. Leslie Goonewardene, easily the most cosmopolitan of the party's leaders, established contact with the 'Captains' of the Movement of the Armed Forces ('Movimento das Forças Armadas' - MFA) of Portugal, after the Carnation Revolution of April 1974; he also became a theoretician of Eurocommunism and its application to Sri Lanka, writing a pamphlet 'Can we Get To Socialism This Way'.

In 1975, the United Front broke up with the expulsion of the LSSP ministers. The party then pursued a line of forming a new socialist alliance, the Socialist United Front (SUF). This was finally formed in 1977 with the CPSL and with the People's Democratic Party (PDP), made up of leftist elements from the SLFP led by Nanda Ellawala.

Electoral Struggle (1977)
In 1977, the LSSP and CP lost all their Parliamentary seats, and the Left was unrepresented - something that had not happened in the 46 years since the introduction of universal suffrage. The party and its allies received over 8% of the vote, but this was not sufficient to win any seats under the first-past-the-post system then in place in Sri Lanka. The same year the LSSP suffered another split, as a group led by the youth leader Vasudeva Nanayakkara broke away and formed the Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP).

This was compounded by the death of N. M. Perera in 1979. His funeral was one of the largest ever seen in Colombo.

The end of the LSSP trade union movement
In 1980, an even worse catastrophe occurred. The UNP Government provoked a strike in the Railway Department. The strike became a general strike. The government cracked down on the trade unions, jailing many labour leaders, including Anil Moonesinghe and G.E.H. Perera of the Government Workers' Trade Union Federation. The strike was crushed and with it the LSSP trade union movement.

Further splits
In 1982 the LSSP split over the question of a coalition with the SLFP. Anil Moonesinghe, Cholomondely Goonewardena, G. E. H. Perera, Wilfred Senanayake and others formed the Sri Lanka Sama Samaja Party (SLSSP), which dissolved the next year and merged with the SLFP. Moonesinghe charged that the LSSP had been taken over by the BSP faction. Scuffles broke out between the LSSP and the SLSSP at the joint May Day procession that year.

At the Presidential election held that year, the LSSP put forward Dr Colvin R de Silva as its candidate, the SLSSP backed Hector Kobbekaduwa of the SLFP. Dr Colvin R de Silva was beaten into 5th place.

Following the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in 1987, the party was at the receiving end of the terror campaign.

1994 and after
The LSSP joined the People's Alliance, the front led by the Sri Lanka Freedom Party in 1994. It had three members elected to Parliament that year. Bernard Soysa was Minister of Science and Technology. In 1999, Vasudeva Nanayakkara was expelled after having publicly criticized the People's Alliance government. Nanayakkara had joined LSSP from the NSSP in 1994 and had been elected MP for Ratnapura. After his expulsion, Nanayakkara floated the Democratic Left Front.

When the SLFP shelved the PA and formed the United People's Freedom Alliance together with Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna ahead of the 2004 elections, the CPSL and LSSP initially stayed out. They did however, sign a memorandum with the UPFA at a later stage and contested the elections on the UPFA platform. LSSP won one parliamentary seat. Its lone MP, Tissa Vitharana, was named Minister of Science and Technology.

The LSSP has gradually decreased in strength. The Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues has been disbanded. The party celebrated its 70th anniversary in December 2005, with a well-attended rally in Colombo.

On 4 December 2019, Tissa Vitharana was appointed as Governor for the North Central Province, Sri Lanka, being sworn in before President Gotabaya Rajapaksa.

Organisational model
The LSSP operated as a cadre party on the Leninist model. In order to become a member one had first to be active in the peripheral organisations such as the trade unions, women's organisations and youth leagues. Thereafter it was necessary to serve several months' apprenticeship as a candidate member before being elevated to full membership with voting rights. The basic unit of the Party is the Local, consisting of only full- and candidate-members. Locals also exist inside trade unions.

Internally, the LSSP uses democratic process. The supreme body is the conference, which is summoned every few years. The conference decides on policy and elects a Central Committee (CC) to preside over its implementation. The CC appoints members to bureaux to look after specific area, such as the Educational Bureau (EB), Organisational Bureau (Orgburo) and Trade Union Bureau (TUB); The Political Bureau (Politburo) is appointed to deal with day-to-day political matters and effectively provides leadership. The CC also appoints an Editorial Board for running the Samasamajaya newspaper.

The Party also has regional groupings, which have conferences and appoint office bearers for the Regional Committees (RCs). Internationally, there was just one Local, the London Branch. This was also known as the Lanka Socialist League, and was anchored around Wesley Muthiah.

General Secretary
There is strictly no General Secretary, but a Secretary to the Central Committee, assisted by a Deputy and an Assistant. Secretaries have been:

 * Vernon Gunasekera
 * Leslie Goonewardene
 * Bernard Soysa
 * Batty Weerakoon
 * Wimalasiri de Mel

Parliamentary

 * In the 1947, 1952 and 1956 elections the assembly had 95 single-member constituencies. In 1960 it was expanded to 151 seats and in 1977 to 168.
 * In 1965 Bernard Soysa was elected unopposed in his constituency.

In recent elections, the LSSP has contested as part of a political coalition of multiple parties.
 * In 1989, the LSSP contested as part of the United Socialist Alliance.
 * From 1994 to 2001 the LSSP contested on the lists of the People's Alliance.
 * From 2004 to 2015, the LSSP contested on the lists of the United People's Freedom Alliance.
 * In 2020, the LSSP contested on the lists of the Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance.

Leaders and important members

 * See List of Members of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party.

The LSSP has never had a formal leader. In the period immediately after its formation, Dr Colvin R de Silva was elected President, but the post was later removed. For many years, N. M. Perera was the leader of the LSSP Parliamentary Group and was recognised by the public as the party leader. However, the actual leadership has always been that of a group represented in the various bureaux of the Central Committee.

A large proportion of the leadership of the Left in Sri Lanka started their political lives in the LSSP. This is even true of the political right; for example, Esmond Wickremasinghe (the father of Ranil Wickremasinghe) was a leading member of the party - before marrying the daughter of the wealthy press baron D. R Wijewardena and being appointed editor-in-chief of Lake House. W. Dahanayake, the later prime minister, was associated with the LSSP before gravitating right-wards (finally ending up in the UNP).

Tissa Abeysekara was at one time tipped to parliament on the National list, however on two occasions he was holding public office (Chairman National Film Corporation) and therefore turned down, but remained an integral member of the party.

Publications
The LSSP's main organ has always been the Samasamajaya newspaper. Its founder-editor was B. J. Fernando, who composed the Sinhala version of the Internationale. Today, its publication is somewhat irregular. For many years it was supplemented by the Tamil Samadharmam which was commenced in 1938. Its first editor was K. Ramanathan, later succeeded by T. E. Pushparajan.

In the period of underground struggle, the Kamkaruwa, was revived as a legal Sinhalese weekly the 'open' section of the Party and published until banned by Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton. The 'open' section also brought out Straight Left in English.

In 1960 a special magazine was brought out to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the LSSP, Visi Pas Vasrak. The large number of members of the Ceylon Mercantile Union (CMU) who had been sacked from Lake House that year collaborated in its production.

In 1965, in response to the need for a broad-left popular newspaper to counteract Lake House's Dinamina, the LSSP and members of the SLFP began the Janadina daily and the Janasathiya weekly newspaper, later supplemented by the poetry periodical Janakavi. The CMU members sacked from Lake House were prominent in these publications as well. A similar task was carried out in English by The Nation; however, when this weekly was taken over by the SLFP, the LSSP started the Socialist Nation, edited by Hector Abhayavardhana.

A press, the 'Star Press', was begun as a semi-commercial venture, to print the LSSP's publications and still operates.

In 1975 a theoretical journal, Rajaya was published, edited by a board led by Osmund Jayaratne. This and its English version State, were suspended after a few issues.

title: Lanka Sama Samaja Party


text:
Talk:Trust

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Allerlesverts.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:46, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Discussing Trust
Has any site, or event in intellectual history ever displayed such a MASSIVE gesture of blind trust as Wikipedia? Raises an interesting question. It reminds me of an old quote "The best way to make a man trustworthy is to trust him." Wikipedia seems to be the a mass global test of that sentiment. What will happen? I'm hopeful.

 * Perhaps you should be trollful instead. Not sure where attempts to generally summarize trust go, such as this:

 * Dave Snowden says that "as knowledge is simultaneously and paradoxically a thing and a flow, the same is true of trust. In so far as trust is a thing, which in certain contexts it is (especially institutional trust) it is susceptible to reductionism and formula; however in the main it a flow and the issues on measurement are those of ecologists in that you are looking for trace indicators, and any entry into the system being measured changes things"

down to earth

I have cleaned up the dab for naviagtional efficicy, as prescribed by Manual of Style (disambiguation pages). Selected left out info has been placed below:''
 * In social software, trust networks and trust metrics are used as a way to predict relevance or importance of unknown users. Examples include eBay's Feedback Rating, Slashdot's karma and Epinions Web of Trust
 * A civil law trust company is a type of financial services company. To its clients it renders services of management, administration and bookkeeping of companies and other legal entities in a jurisdiction other than where the client has his residence. Unlike in the case of a bank, where a client holds an account to keep money in, at a civil law trust company a client holds a company, partnership or foundation that owns the clients assets. This is often referred to as off shore structuring. Typical motives for maintaining an off shore structure are (international) tax planning, estate planning and asset protection.''

--Commander Keane 17:12, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Yes, I like that better. This should be a dab, not a half-dab-half-article, which is what it was becoming. I'll make a few amendments around Property Law, though. Trust (property) is a redirect to Trust (Law) USA so it needs to be tidied a little.

Also, I think Trust company is misdescribed and is in the wrong section (I speak as in-house counsel to a trust company), but I don't intend to touch that until I find time to rewrite the Trust Company article itself. AndyJones 17:58, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Done that. Also, it's not my field, but since there is a Trust metric article, I thought it could be tightly summarised under "computer science". Someone who knows about this can revert my edit if you think I've got it wrong. AndyJones 18:09, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Trust International or Trust Computer Products
I still think there's a need to add either, because it is very much a real producer/designer/manufacturer/brand of computer peripherals and accessories in Europe. The company's description might as well be laconic enough and may lack an article, but I'd like it to be mentioned.

I didn't intend my entry to be spam and I expected someone to heavily reword it instead. -Mardus 09:51, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. The edit was a bit spammy, though. Do you think they deserve an article of their own? If so, maybe there should be a stub. If not they probably shouldn't be on a dab page either. AndyJones 12:05, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I actually do think that there should at least be a stub of this, because there are many Asian peripheral companies/manufacturers that have stub articles and I've seen lists of companies that are wikilinked, but don't yet have articles on their own.

 * I don't think that I'm in much of a hurry yet, because I had been planning on making a photo of one of their products, then creating a stub and then adding that photo (well, once I get my hands on a digital camera some time in the near future). I had thought of modelling the stub's contents after Logitech.
 * -Mardus 00:25, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks like someone created an applicable article stub.
 * -Mardus 14:49, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

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Requested move
Undoing a move made by someone wanting to re-create Trust (social sciences) at Trust. PamD (talk) 08:02, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Done as a malplaced disambiguation page: WikiProject Disambiguation/Malplaced disambiguation pages -- JHunterJ (talk) 12:54, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Australia
See Talk:Union Church (Australia) and any help appreciated. Andrewa (talk) 21:27, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trust


text:
User:Egil/Sandbox

 * ''See also:

 * User:Egil/Sandbox/units
 * User:Egil/Sandbox/Zombie
 * User:Egil/Sandbox/Earth
 * User:Egil/Sandbox/Gabriel Mouton
 * User:Egil/Sandbox/Livio Catullo Stecchini
 * User:Egil/Sandbox/Comparative metrology
 * User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect
 * User:Egil/Sandbox/rktect/more
 * User:Egil/Sandbox/rfar
 * User:Egil/Images
 * User:Egil/monobook.js''

Todo:
 * Holmenkollen disambig...
 * History_of_skiing
 * Troll (automobile)

http://fagbladet.nifustep.no/fagbladet/innhold/redaksjonsarkiv/nr_1_2001/nasjonsbyggeren_hansteen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups

Move to wikibooks:

Transwikied already:
 * Car washing techniques
 * ripple tank was Demonstrating properties of waves with a ripple tank

 * School physics experiments and demonstrations
 * Hydraulics demonstration
 * Constructing school science lab equipment
 * Cell holder
 * Bulb holder
 * Simple switches
 * Demo periscope (ok)
 * Graticule slides (ok)
 * Bell jar model lung
 * Apparatus for demonstrating osmosis
 * How to make a transformer
 * Westminster motor kits
 * Atmospheric pressure demonstration
 * Hydraulics demonstration
 * School science experiment--Indian rope trick (magnetism)
 * School Science Experiment - Demonstrating the properties of waves on an Oscilloscope
 * School biology experiments and demonstrations
 * School chemistry experiments and demonstrations

-12.04333°N, -77.02833°W -12.04333°N, -77.02833°W

M M M M M M

Split Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean

Support multiple coor links per page

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&target=Wikipedia_talk%3AWikiProject_Airports%2Finfobox

obsolete templates:
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title: User:Egil/Sandbox


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The Blind Beggar

The Blind Beggar is a pub in Whitechapel Road in the East End of London, England, at the junction with Cambridge Heath Road.

Owing to its location close to Whitechapel Station, the pub is often described as being in Whitechapel. Strictly speaking, however, it stands just on the Bethnal Green side of the historic boundary between Bethnal Green and Whitechapel.

The pub takes its name from the ballad and legend The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green. The pub is reputed to be built on the site on which the blind beggar begged.

It is where Ronnie Kray murdered George Cornell in front of witnesses. It is also the location of William Booth's first sermon, which led to the creation of the Salvation Army. It was the nearest outlet (or brewery tap) for the Manns Albion brewery, where the first modern brown ale was brewed. The pub was built in 1894 on the site of an inn which had been established before 1654.

History
The pub was built in 1894 on the site of an inn which had been established before 1654, and named after the famous ballad.

In 1865, William Booth preached his first open-air sermon outside the Blind Beggar, which led to the establishment of the East London Christian Mission, later to become the Salvation Army. William Booth is commemorated by a nearby statue.

The Blind Beggar is notorious for its connection to East End gangsters the Kray twins. On 9 March 1966, Ronnie Kray shot and murdered George Cornell, an associate of a rival gang, the Richardsons, as he was sitting at the bar. The murder took place in the then saloon bar.

The pub is also a popular starting point for the Monopoly pub crawl, despite being located on the board's third space.

The pub was frequented by Harry Redknapp and was at one stage owned by Bobby Moore.

Henry de Montfort legend
The pub takes its name from the ballad and legend The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green. It stands at the junction of the Whitechapel Road (part of the route from the Aldgate to Colchester later known as the Great Essex Road) and Cambridge Heath Road, and is reputed to be on the site of the beggar's activities. In some versions of the ballad, the beggar was an impoverished noble, Henry de Montfort.

In the legend, de Montfort was wounded and lost his sight in the Battle of Evesham in 1265. He was nursed to health by a baroness, and together they had a child named Besse. He became the "Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green" and used to beg at the crossroads. The story of how he went from landed gentry to poor beggar became popular in the Tudor era, and was revived by Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, published in 1765. In 1900, the legend was depicted on the seal of the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green.

title: The Blind Beggar