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Sir John Duckworth, 1st Baronet

Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth, 1st Baronet, GCB (9 February 1748 – 31 August 1817) was an English officer of the Royal Navy, serving during the Seven Years' War, the American War of Independence, the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, as the Governor of Newfoundland during the War of 1812, and a member of the British House of Commons during his semi-retirement. Duckworth, a vicar's son, achieved much in a naval career that began at the age of 11.

Serving with most of the great names of the Royal Navy during the later 18th and early 19th centuries, he fought almost all of Britain's enemies on the seas at one time or another, including a Dardanelles operation that would be remembered a century later during the First World War. He was in command at the Battle of San Domingo, the last great fleet action of the Napoleonic Wars.

Early life
Born in Leatherhead, Surrey, England, Duckworth was one of five sons of Sarah Johnson and the vicar Henry Duckworth A.M. of Stoke Poges, County of Buckinghamshire. The Duckworths were descended from a landed family, with Henry later being installed as Canon of Windsor. John Duckworth briefly attended Eton College, but began his naval career in 1759 at the suggestion of Edward Boscawen, when he entered the Royal Navy as a midshipman on HMS Namur (1756). Namur later became part of the fleet under Sir Edward Hawke, and Duckworth was present at the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November 1759.

On 5 April 1764, he joined the 50-gun HMS Guernsey (1696) at Chatham, after leaving HMS Prince of Orange (1734), to serve with Admiral Hugh Palliser, then Governor of Newfoundland. He served aboard HMS Princess Royal, on which he suffered a concussion when he was hit by the head of another sailor, decapitated by a cannonball. He spent some months as an acting lieutenant, and was confirmed in the rank on 14 November 1771. He then spent three years aboard the 74-gun HMS Kent (1762), the Plymouth guardship, under Captain Charles Fielding. Fielding was given command of the frigate HMS Diamond (1774) in early 1776, and he took Duckworth with him as his first lieutenant.

Duckworth married Anne Wallis in July 1776, with whom he had a son and a daughter.

After some time in North America, where Duckworth was court-martialled for negligence after an accident at Rhode Island on 18 January 1777 left five men dead, the Diamond was sent to join Vice-Admiral John Byron's fleet in the West Indies. Byron transferred him to his own ship, HMS Princess Royal (1773), in March 1779, and Duckworth was present aboard her at the Battle of Grenada on 6 July 1779. Duckworth was promoted to commander ten days after this and given command of the sloop-of-war HMS Rover (1779).

After cruising off Martinique for a time, he was promoted to post captain on 16 June 1780 and given command of the 74-gun HMS Terrible (1762). He returned to the Princess Royal as flag-captain to Rear-Admiral Sir Joshua Rowley, with whom he went to Jamaica. He was briefly in command of HMS Yarmouth (1745), before moving into HMS Bristol (1775) in February 1781, and returned to England with a trade convoy. In the years of peace before the French Revolution he was a captain of the 74-gun HMS Bombay Castle (1782), lying at Plymouth.

Revolutionary wars service
Fighting against France, Duckworth distinguished himself both in European waters and in the Caribbean. He was initially in command of the 74-gun HMS Orion (1787) from 1793 and served in the Channel Fleet under Admiral Lord Howe. He was in action at the Glorious First of June. Duckworth was one of few commanders specifically mentioned by Howe for their good conduct, and one of eighteen commanders honoured with the Naval Gold Medal, and the thanks of both Houses of Parliament.

He was appointed to command the 74-gun HMS Leviathan (1790) in early 1794, and went out to the West Indies where he served under Rear-Admiral Sir William Parker. He was appointed commodore at Santo Domingo in August 1796. In 1798 Duckworth was in command of a small squadron of four vessels. He sailed for Minorca on 19 October 1798, where he was a joint commander with Sir Charles Stuart, initially landing his 800 troops in the bay of Addaya, and later landing sailors and marines from his ships, which included HMS Cormorant and HMS Aurora (1777), to support the Army. He was promoted to rear-admiral of the white on 14 February 1799 following Minorca's capture, and "Minorca" was later inscribed on his coat of arms. In June his squadron of four ships captured Courageux.

In April 1800 was in command of the blockading squadron off Cadiz, and intercepted a large and rich Spanish convoy from Lima off Cadiz, consisting of two frigates (both taken as prizes) and eleven merchant vessels, with his share of the prize money estimated at £75,000. In June 1800 he sailed to take up his post as the newly appointed Commander-in-Chief at Barbados and the Leeward Islands Station, succeeding Lord Hugh Seymour.

Duckworth was nominated a Knight Companion of the most Honourable Military Order of the Bath in 1801 (and installed in 1803), for the capture of the islands of St. Bartholomew, St. Martin, St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix and defeat of the Swedish and Danish forces stationed there on 20 March 1801.

Lieutenant-General Thomas Trigge commanded the ground troops, which consisted of two brigades under Brigadier-Generals Fuller and Frederick Maitland, of 1,500 and 1,800 troops respectively. These included the 64th Regiment of Foot (Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Pakenham), and the 2nd and 8th West Indies Regiments, two detachments of Royal Artillery, and two companies of sailors, each of about 100 men. The ships involved, in addition to Leviathan, included HMS Andromeda (1784), HMS Unite, HMS Coromandel (1795), HMS Proselyte (1796), HMS Amphitrite, HMS Hornet (1794 sloop-of-war), the brig HMS Drake (1779), hired armed brig Fanny, schooner HMS Eclair (1801), and tender Alexandria.

Aside from the territory and prisoners taken during the operation, Duckworth's force took two Swedish merchantmen, a Danish ship (in ballast), three small French vessels, one privateer brig (12-guns), one captured English ship, a merchant-brig, four small schooners, and a sloop.

West Indies
From 1803 until 1804, Duckworth assumed command as the commander-in-chief of the Jamaica Station, during which time he directed the operations which led to the surrender of General Rochambeau and the French army, following the successful Blockade of Saint-Domingue. Duckworth was promoted to vice-admiral of the blue on 23 April 1804, and he was appointed a Colonel of Marines. He succeeded in capturing numerous enemy vessels and 5,512 French prisoners of war. In recognition of his service, the Legislative Assembly of Jamaica presented Duckworth with a ceremonial sword and a gold scabbard, inscribed with a message of thanks.

The merchants of Kingston provided a second gift, an ornamental tea kettle signifying Duckworth's defence of sugar and tea exports. Both sword and kettle were subsequently gifted to the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.

Duckworth remained in Jamaica until 1805, returning to England that April aboard HMS Acasta (1797). On his return to England again, he was called to face court-martial charges brought by Captain James Athol Wood of HMS Acasta, who claimed that Duckworth had transgressed the 18th Article of War; "Taking goods onboard other than for the use of the vessel, except gold & etc."

Duckworth had apparently acquired some goods, and in wishing to transport them home in person reassigned Captain Wood to another vessel on Jamaica station knowing that the vessel was soon to be taken under command by another flag officer.

Consequently, Duckworth was able to take the goods to England as personal luggage, and Wood was forced to sail back as a passenger on his own ship. The court-martial was held on board HMS Gladiator (1783) in Portsmouth on 25 April 1805, but the charge was dropped on 7 June 1805.

Atlantic
In 1805 the Admiralty decided that Duckworth should raise his flag aboard HMS Royal George and sail to join Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson off Cadiz as third in command. However, the Plymouth Dockyards could not make Royal George ready to sail in time, and Duckworth was directed to raise his flag in HMS Superb, with Captain Richard Keats as his flag-captain. Keats was to have been Nelson’s second. The Superb was exiting the Channel when she intercepted the Pickle carrying news of the victory and of Nelson’s death and did not arrive off Cadiz until well after the battle. On the basis of the writings of ships boy Edward Trelawney some have said the delay was due to Duckworth’s refusal to sail from Portsmouth until his favourite musicians had arrived from another ship. Correspondence between Duckworth and the Admiralty confirms his upset at being required to sail ‘without his comforts’, but that his final orders were not issued until 28 October when Superb had finally been released from the docks after an urgent refit. They did not arrive off Cadiz until 15 November, after the Battle of Trafalgar had been fought. Duckworth was then ordered to take command of the West Indies squadron involved in the blockade of Cadiz, with seven sail of the line, consisting of five 74-gun ships, the 80-gun HMS Canopus (1798) and the 64-gun HMS Agamemnon (1781), and two frigates.

Although known for a cautious character, he abandoned the blockade and sailed in search of a French squadron under Admiral Zacharie Allemand, which had been reported by a frigate off Madeira on 30 November, on his own initiative. While searching for the French, which eventually eluded him, he came across another French squadron on 25 December, consisting of six sail of the line and a frigate. This was the squadron under Contre-Admiral Jean-Baptiste Willaumez, heading for the Cape of Good Hope, and pursued by Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Strachan. Duckworth gave chase and came within seven miles of the enemy, but at that point his ships being well separated, to the dismay and disappointment of the men, he decided not to risk engaging and abandoned the pursuit.

Return to the West Indies
Duckworth then set sail for the Leeward Islands to take on water, dispatching the 74-gun HMS Powerful (1783) to reinforce the East Indies squadron. There, at Saint Kitts, he was joined on 21 January 1806 by the 74-gun ships HMS Northumberland (1798) and HMS Atlas (1782) commanded by Sir Alexander Cochrane, and on 1 February a brig HMS Kingfisher (1804) commanded by Nathaniel Day Cochrane, which brought news of French at San Domingo. The French had a squadron of five ships: the 120-gun Imperial, two 84-gun and two 74-gun ships and two frigates, under the command of Vice-Admiral Corentin Urbain Leissègues which escaped from Brest and sought to reinforce the French forces at San Domingo with about 1,000 troops. Arriving at San Domingo on 6 February 1806, Duckworth found the French squadron with its transports anchored in the Occa bay. The French commander immediately hurried to sea, forming a line of battle as they went. Duckworth gave the signal to form two columns of four and three ships of the line.

Battle of San Domingo
In the Battle of San Domingo, Duckworth's squadron defeated the squadron of French when "Duckworth at once made the signal to attack. Keats and his crew having accompanied Nelson in the pursuit of Villeneuve to the West Indies were still lamenting having missed Trafalgar. Keats silently suspended a portrait of Nelson from the mizzen stay before addressing the men in a manner intended to encourage enthusiasm for the cause in the coming battle. With the band playing ‘God save the King’ and ‘Nelson of the Nile’ the Superb having made up all ground on the fleeing enemy fired her starboard broadside as she was laid up against the Imperiale, the largest ship in the French navy. The conflict soon became general. In a severe action of two hours, two of the French ships were driven ashore and burnt with three others captured. Only the French frigates escaped."

Despite this, it is thought that Duckworth was lucky to have with him captains who were used to working together instinctively and who consistent with the Nelson approach, had no need to wait for any central direction from the Admiral and the credit for the victory was due more to the initiative of the individual British captains.

His victory over the French Admiral Leissègues off the coast of Hispaniola on 6 February together with Admiral Alexander Cochrane's squadron was a fatal blow to French strategy in the Caribbean region, and played a major part in Napoleon's eventual sale of Louisiana, and withdrawal from the Caribbean. It was judged sufficiently important to have the Tower of London guns fire a salute. San Domingo was added to Duckworth's coat of arms as words; a British sailor was added to the supporters of the Arms in 1814.

A promotion to vice-admiral of the white in April 1806 followed, along with the presentation of a sword of honour by the House of Assembly of Jamaica, while his naval feats were acknowledged with several honours, including a sword of honour by the corporation of the City of London. A great dinner was also held in his honour as the Mansion House. On his return to England, Duckworth was granted a substantial pension of £1,000 from the House of Commons, and the freedom of the city of London.

Santo Domingo was the last significant fleet action of the Napoleonic Wars which, despite negative claims made about his personality, displayed Duckworth's understanding of the role of naval strategy in the overall war by securing for Britain mastery of the sea, and thus having sea-oriented mentality having placed a British fleet in the right strategic position. Duckworth also displayed the willingness of accept changing tactics employed by Nelson, and maintained the superiority of British naval gunnery in battle. It was, however, widely thought that but for this graphic demonstration of British sea-power and significant victory he may well have faced a court martial for having abandoned his post off Cadiz without orders to do so.

Mediterranean
Duckworth was appointed second in command of the Mediterranean Fleet in 1805 primarily on consideration by the Admiralty of having a senior officer in the forthcoming operations with the Imperial Russian Navy. Sailing in the 100-gun first-rate HMS Royal George with eight ships of the line and four smaller vessels, he arrived at the island of Tenedos with orders to take possession of the Ottoman fleet at Constantinople, thus supporting Dmitry Senyavin's fleet in the Dardanelles Operation. Accompanying him were some of the ablest Royal Navy officers such as Sidney Smith, Richard Dacres and Henry Blackwood but he was in doubt of having the capability to breach the shore batteries and reach the anchored Ottoman fleet. Aware of Turkish efforts to reinforce the shore artillery, he nevertheless took no action until 11 February 1807 and spent some time in the strait waiting for a favourable wind. In the evening of the same day Blackwood's ship, HMS Ajax (1798) accidentally caught fire while at anchor off Tenedos, and was destroyed, although her captain and most of the crew were saved and redistributed among the fleet.

Finally, on 19 February, at the action at Point Pisquies (Nagara Burun), a part of the British force encountered the Ottoman fleet which engaged first. One 64-gun ship of the line, four 36-gun frigates, five 12-gun corvettes, one 8-gun brig, and a gunboat were forced ashore and burnt by the part of the British fleet.

The British fleet consisted of HMS Standard (1782), under Captain Thomas Harvey, HMS Thunderer (1783), under Captain John Talbot, HMS Pompee (1793), under flag captain Richard Dacres, and HMS Repulse (1803), under Captain Arthur Kaye Legge, as well as the frigate HMS Active (1799), under Captain Richard Hussey Mowbray, under the command of Rear-Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, commanding the rear division. They took one corvette and one gunboat, and the flags of the Turkish Vice-Admiral and Captain Pasha in the process, with adjacent fortifications destroyed by landing parties from HMS Thunderer, HMS Pompée, and HMS Repulse, while its 31 guns were spiked by the marines. The marines were commanded by Captain Nicholls of HMS Standard who had also boarded the Turkish ship of the line. There were eight 32 lb and 24 lb brass guns and the rest firing marble shot weighing upwards of 200 pounds.

On 20 February, the British squadron under Duckworth, having joined Smith with the second division of ships under command of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Louis, reached the Ottoman capital, but had to engage in fruitless negotiations with the Sultan's representatives, advised by Napoleon's ambassador Sébastiani, and with the accompanying British ambassador Charles Arbuthnot and Russian plenipotentiary Andrey Italinski, the latter being carried aboard on HMS Endymion (1797), under the command of Captain Thomas Bladen Capel, due to the secret instructions that were issued as part of his orders for the mission, and therefore losing more time as the Turks played for time to complete their shore batteries in the hope of trapping the British squadron.

Smith was joined a week later by Duckworth, who observed the four bays of the Dardanelles lined with five hundred cannon and one hundred mortars as his ships passed towards Constantinople. There he found the rest of the Turkish fleet of twelve ships of the line and nine frigates, all apparently ready for action in Constantinople harbour. Exasperated by Turkish intransigence, and not having a significant force to land on the shore, Duckworth decided to withdraw on 1 March after declining to take Smith's advice to bombard the Turkish Arsenal and gunpowder manufacturing works. The British fleet was subjected to shore artillery fire all the way to the open sea, and sustaining casualties and damage to ships from 26-inch calibre (650 mm) guns firing 300–800 pound marble shot.

Though blamed for indecisiveness, notably by Thomas Grenville, the First Lord of the Admiralty, Duckworth announced that "I must, as an officer, declare to be my decided opinion that, without the cooperation of a body of land forces, it would be a wanton sacrifice of the squadrons to attempt to force the passage" After his departure from Constantinople, he commanded the squadron protecting transports of the Alexandria expedition of 1807, but that was forced to withdraw after five months due to lack of supplies. Duckworth summed up this expedition, in reflection on the service of the year by commenting that Instead of acting vigorously in either one or the other direction, our cabinet comes to the miserable determination of sending five or six men-of-war, without soldiers, to the Dardanelles, and 5000 soldiers, without a fleet, to Alexandria. Soon after, he married again, on 14 May 1808 to Susannah Catherine Buller, a daughter of William Buller, the Bishop of Exeter. They had two sons together before his death, she survived him, dying on 27 April 1840.

The Channel Fleet
Duckworth's career however did not suffer greatly, and in 1808 and 1810 he went on to sail in HMS San Josef and HMS Hibernia, some of the largest first-rates in the Royal Navy, as commander of the Channel Fleet, In the summer of 1809 he served on the panel of judges at the Court-martial of James, Lord Gambier which assessed whether Admiral Lord Gambier had failed to support Captain Lord Cochrane at the Battle of Basque Roads in April 1809. Gambier was controversially cleared of all charges.

Newfoundland and War of 1812
Probably because he was thought of as irresolute and unimaginative, on 26 March 1810 Duckworth was appointed Governor of Newfoundland and Commander-in-Chief of the Newfoundland Station's three frigates and eight smaller vessels. Although this was a minor command in a remote station spanning from Davis Strait to the Gulf of St Lawrence, he also received a promotion to admiral of the blue, flying his flag aboard the 50-gun HMS Antelope (1802).

While serving as Governor he was attacked for his arbitrary powers over the territory, and retaliated against the pamphleteer by disallowing his reappointment as surgeon of the local militia unit, the Loyal Volunteers of St John, which Duckworth, renamed the St John's Volunteer Rangers, and enlarged to 500 officers and militiamen for the War of 1812 with the United States.

Duckworth also took an interest in bettering relationship with the local Beothuk Indians, and sponsored Lieutenant David Buchan's expedition up the Exploits River in 1810 to explore the region of the Beothuk settlements.

As the governor and station naval commander, Duckworth had to contend with American concerns over the issues of "Free Trade and Sailor's Rights." His orders and instructions to captains under his command were therefore directly concerned with fishing rights of US vessels on the Grand Banks, the prohibition of United States trade with British colonials, the searching of ships under US flag for contraband, and the impressment of seamen for service on British vessels. He returned to Portsmouth on 28 November in HMS Antelope after escorting transports from Newfoundland.

Semi-retirement
On 2 December 1812, soon after arriving in Devon, Duckworth resigned as governor after being offered a parliamentary seat for New Romney on the coast of Kent. At about this time he found out that his oldest son George Henry had been killed in action while serving in the rank of a Colonel with the Duke of Wellington, during the Peninsular War. George Henry had been killed at the Battle of Albuera at the head of the 48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot.

Sir John was created a baronet on 2 November 1813, adopting a motto Disciplina, fide, perseverantia (Discipline, fidelity, perseverance), and in January 1815 was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth 45 miles from his home; a post considered one of semi-retirement by his successor, Lord Exmouth. However, on 26 June that year it became a centre of attention due to the visit by HMS Bellerophon (1786) bearing Napoleon to his final exile, with Duckworth being the last senior British officer to speak with him before his departure on board HMS Northumberland (1798).

Duckworth died at his post on the base in 1817 at 1 o'clock, after several months of illness; after a long and distinguished service with the Royal Navy. He was buried on 9 September at the church in Topsham, where he was laid to rest in the family vault, with his coffin covered with crimson velvet studded with 2,500 silvered nails to resemble a ship's planking.

Memorials

When in England for winters during his term as Governor of Newfoundland, Duckworth lived on a property called Weare House of Weare Park in Topsham, Devon. He had purchased the house in 1804 and rebuilt over several years. His property, and half of the golf course that the Exeter Golf and Country Club now occupies, was the largest US Navy Supply Depot in the south of England during the Second World War, with some later retained for use by a UK MOD Naval Store.

During the Second World War one Royal Navy warship, the destroyer HMS Duckworth was named after the Admiral.

In England, The Duckworth House is in Kent St, Portsmouth PO1 to be found not far from the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard complex.

The memorial to Admiral John Thomas Duckworth in the south transept of St Margaret's Church, Topsham, was erected by his wife, Susannah nee Buller, daughter of William Buller, Bishop of Exeter. The memorial describes him as Admiral of the White Squadron of his Majesty's Fleet and depicts a naval scene which, by comparison with artworks on the same theme, represents his famous passage through the Dardanelles in 1807. The sculptor, Sir Francis Chantrey (1781 – 1841), is regarded as the foremost portrait sculptor of his generation. The adjacent memorial, also by Chantrey, is to the Admiral's son Colonel George Duckworth who died in action at Albuera in 1811. It depicts a soldier and an angel.

Duckworth Street in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada is named in his honour.

title: Sir John Duckworth, 1st Baronet


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User talk:Moormand

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title: User talk:Moormand


text:
KOG

Kog is a village in Slovenia.

KOG may refer to:
 * KOG Studios, a South Korean company that specializes in developing online role-playing games
 * Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works, an American manufacturer of glass
 * Kongsberg Gruppen (ticker symbol: KOG), a Norwegian defense contractor and maritime automation supplier
 * KOG (AM), an AM radio station (originally KZC) licensed from 1921 to 1923

title: KOG


text:
Desman

Desmans are diving insectivores of the tribe Desmanini (also considered a subfamily, Desmaninae) in the mole family, Talpidae.

This tribe consists of two extant monotypic genera of semiaquatic insectivores found in Europe: one in Russia and the other in the northwest of the Iberian peninsula and Pyrenees. Both species are endangered, the Russian desman critically so. They have webbed paws and their front paws are not well-adapted for digging. Desmans were much more diverse and widespread during the Miocene, with two genera, Gaillardia and Magnatalpa, being present in North America. Both living species are thought to have derived from the fossil genus Archaeodesmana.

Species

 * Genus Desmana
 * Russian desman (D. moschata)
 * †Desmana kowalskae
 * †Desmana nehringi
 * †Desmana inflata
 * †Desmana thermalis
 * †Desmana marci
 * Genus Galemys
 * Pyrenean desman (G. pyrenaicus)
 * Genus †Asthenoscapter Miocene, Europe
 * Genus †Archaeodesmana Miocene-Pliocene, Europe
 * Genus †Desmanella Miocene, Europe
 * Genus †Gaillardia Miocene, North America
 * Genus †Mygalinia Late Miocene, Hungary
 * Genus †Magnatalpa Miocene-Pliocene, North America
 * Genus †Ruemkelia

title: Desman


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Raphael von Koeber

Raphael von Koeber (Рафаэль Густавович фон Кёбер; 15 January 1848 - 14 June 1923) was a notable Russian-German teacher of philosophy and musician at the Tokyo Imperial University in Japan.

Early life
Raphael von Koeber was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire, his father (a doctor) was ethnic German, his mother was ethnic Russian, she died when he was one year old, and he was raised by his grandmother, a daughter of a priest and tutor to Tsar Alexander II’s wife. She taught young Raphael the piano at the age of 6, and greatly influenced him in his habits and studies. As an ethnic German, he was uncomfortable at school, which he therefore attended only irregularly. At the age of 19, he entered a music school in Moscow over the opposition of his father, where he was befriended by Tchaikovsky and Rubinstein. He graduated at age 24, but decided not to pursue a career as a musician due to his shyness, and instead went to Jena in Germany, where he studied natural history, and later philosophy at the University of Jena with Rudolf Christoph Eucken. After receiving his doctorate at the age of 30, he held teaching posts in University of Berlin, University of Heidelberg and University of Munich, mostly teaching music history and music aesthetics.

Life in Japan
Koeber came to teach in Japan in June 1893, based on the recommendations of his friend Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, who overcame his worries about the long sea voyage, earthquakes and having enough English language ability to lecture. He was 45 years old. He studied and worked for 21 years at the Tokyo Imperial University from 1893 to 1914 teaching philosophy, in particular, Greek philosophy, Medieval philosophy and Aesthetics.

Koeber was known to be somewhat eccentric, and had fixed habits of reading, lecturing and playing the piano per a strict schedule. He rarely visited anywhere in Japan outside of Tokyo; he traveled to nearby Kamakura and once to Enoshima. He was indifferent about money and clothes, and wore the same winter clothes for 17 years.

He had many students, among them were the famous writer Natsume Sōseki and the philosophers Nishida Kitaro and Watsuji Tetsuro. Koeber also taught piano at the Tokyo National Music School, which has now become a part of Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music. In 1901, he wrote the music for the opening of Japan Women's University. In 1903, Raphael also provided piano accompaniment for the first opera performed in Japan.

When the Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904, Koeber refused to return to his country and the Japanese government did not make a political issue about his desire to remain in Japan. In 1912, Koeber's domestic servant from Munich committed suicide and Koeber was shocked by the incident. In the summer of that year, Natsume Sōseki called on Koeber, and later wrote about Koeber "a professor of noblest character" in his book Teacher Koeber (In Japanese: Koeber Sensei). He retired from his teaching position in 1914 and decided to return to Munich. However, immediately before getting aboard the ship at Yokohama, World War I began. Unable to travel and with no place to stay, he lived out of a room at the Russian Consulate in Yokohama for nine years until his death in 1923. His grave is at the Zōshigaya cemetery in Tokyo.

His collection of books, numbering 1,999 volumes and mainly consisting of Greek and Latin classics, and works on philosophy and literature is now at the Tohoku University Library.

title: Raphael von Koeber


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Talk:Pastor

Reverting
If we want this page to turn into something other than a stub, we are going to need to let people develop this page. Merely deleting new revisions in order to revert back to a "stub" will never permit this page to become reflective of the reality of the life of a pastor. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.150.65.138 (talk • contribs) 05:04, February 9, 2005

Stub
I do not think that this page is a stub. Maybe there is more that COULD be said, but that doesn't mean it needs to be listed as a stub. It provides basic encyclopedic information about Pastors. I am removing the stub designation. TrogdorPolitiks 19:56, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

POV
Hmmm... This isn't biased or NPOV or anything: "Shaping the way people view both the 'pastorate' and the 'laity', begins with shaping the way people see a biblical foundation for the work of the pastor. Therefore, clearly making a distinction between the formal work of the pastor and the role of pastoral work is an important delineation. Simply completing a prescribed course of study in a religious educational institution does not produce a pastor. It will produce a potential member of the clergy, however the pastoral life exceeds the work of leading worship or other ministerial responsibilities. The underlying life of the minister is what the Apostle Paul presents in the text above and the associate internal commitment to the fundamental values of personal sojourn, prayer, proclamation and interaction with others." Emerymat 05:31, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think I have removed any issues with the article. --Basar 01:34, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

New Testament usage
I have added several paragraphs about New Testament use of the word "pastor" and its relationship to "elders" and "bishops". I have also added a paragraph re: the origin of modern Protestant usage of the term. I have added a couple of citations, but I believe more citations are needed. I have also attempted (diligently) to keep these sections NPOV; please edit away. --BucInExile 04:15, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Deletion review for Melissa Scott (pastor)
Interested editors may wish to vote at Deletion review/Log/2007 March 22. Badagnani 06:47, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Protestant Pastor
I am a pastor in a Reformed denomination and we do not reject the title pastor based on the 'priesthood of all believers'. Perhaps some very conservative ends do and I know that for Lutherans some of what is done only by ordained persons can be done by all believers, but even so they often use the term pastor. Linking pastor into its root as a shepherd, this concept is not rejected by prostestants. This section needs correction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Johnduns (talk • contribs) 21:40, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Roman Catholic Pastor
For your information, the word pastor is used by Indonesian people for Roman Catholic priest. More often they use the word "pastur". Protestants & other Christians uses priest ("pendeta" in Indonesia) for their religious leader. These can be misleading, if local media translate news (in English) about pastor (Protestant) to Indonesian. Ario_ManUtd 09:26, 19 March 2008 (UTC) --Ario ManUtd (talk) 02:26, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The text reads, "Every Roman Catholic parish is entrusted to the care of a single pastor, who must be a priest according to the 1983 Code of Canon Law." I'm not sure how the following pertains to this article or even this sentence but there are parishes in North America that have no priests. The parish has been entrusted to an "administrator" who functions as best they can, hires retired priests to say mass, etc. In one notable case in a rural area, the administrator was a woman! Having said that, the bishop still owns the property and can hire or fire either lay administrator or priest/pastor.

 * Okay, the sentence quoted is just too dogmatic. It obviously isn't always that way. Should be toned down a little, but I don't want to leave more questions by "toning it down!" "Most parishes..." is almost worse for this article!Student7 (talk) 13:31, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Lutheran portal?
Is there any reason why this article has the Lutheran portal linked at the bottom? It seems that this is an extremely broad topic, and the portal box is extremely narrow. Is there any argument for keeping it? Am I missing something?74.228.64.159 (talk) 20:16, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

"Leaving the Ordained Ministry"?
This section seems really out of place. It almost reads like an advocacy piece. I intend to delete it in the upcoming days if there are no objections.IrishStephen (talk) 22:05, 20 September 2013 (UTC) I agree. Jumped over here to the Talk page for just that reason. Couldn't make sense of it and it seemed rather jarring and out of place. It also has "weasel words"; "Observers... suggest...". FWIW, I vote to remove it Wdwrx (talk) 03:43, 28 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree and have thus removed the section for now, unless we build consensus here on why it should be kept. I see no analogous sections on articles for other careers (e.g. doctor). The section seems to have been added to make a WP:POINT.--Jobas (talk) 00:05, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

Sources, citations
Wikipedia standards require that articles be based on verifiable and reliable sources, and not be independent research. There’s a lot in the article that isn’t supported by citing sources. NewBluePencil (talk) 18:42, 2 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pastor


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Fox's Peter Pan & the Pirates

Fox's Peter Pan and the Pirates (known in international markets as 20th Century Fox's Peter Pan & the Pirates) is an American animated television series based on J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan that aired on Fox Kids from September 8, 1990, to September 10, 1991. 65 episodes were produced. The show was one of Fox's first forays into programming for children.

Ownership of the series passed to Disney in 2001 when Disney acquired Fox Kids Worldwide.

Protagonists

 * Peter Pan (voiced by Jason Marsden) is the protagonist of the series and the leader of his group.
 * Tinker Bell (voiced by Debi Derryberry) is a fairy and Peter Pan's sidekick. Her fairy dust allows humans to fly, but has other abilities, like making fire or light.
 * Wendy Darling (voiced by Christina Lange) is the oldest of the Darling siblings.
 * John Darling (voiced by Jack Lynch) is the middle Darling sibling.
 * Michael Darling (voiced by Whit Hertford) is the youngest of the Darling siblings.
 * The Lost Boys are a group of six boys who got orphaned or lost. They only remember their life in Neverland. Their clothes are informal and they all wear caps shaped from various animal heads.

Antagonists

 * Captain James Algernon Cloudesley Hook (voiced by Tim Curry) is the main antagonist of the series and Peter Pan's nemesis. He is the captain of his pirate crew. His right hand is missing and he has a sharp iron hook in its place. Despite his fears of being killed and eaten by the crocodile, he does not fear death by any other means.
 * Smee (voiced by Ed Gilbert) is Captain Hook's first mate.
 * Short Tom is a malicious parrot and Captain Hook's pet who wears an eye patch. He is capable of speaking, but is limited to phrases taught to him.
 * The Jolly Roger Crew are a group of pirates, several aged, whose home address is the Jolly Roger: includes Cookson, Alf Mason, Billy Jukes, Robert Mullins, "Gentleman" Starkey.
 * The Croc is a large reptile that devoured Captain Hook's hand. She lives in her cave shaped like a crocodile's head and a ticking clock is heard every time the Croc is near.

Other characters

 * The Indians are a tribe of Native Americans who reside in Neverland and often help out Peter Pan and the Lost Boys. Only three of them figure prominently in the series.
 * The Mermaids are a group of young women, who are half human-fish hybrids. They live in the Mermaids' Lagoon.
 * Captain Patch (voiced by Ed Gilbert) – Jasper Hook is the older brother of James Hook who once served as his midshipman.
 * Alde Baran is a white dwarf who works with miniature-horses and has magical boots.
 * Olook is a troll who lives in a large cave with a secret entrance.

Crew

 * Michael Bell – Voice Director
 * Lee Dannacher – Voice Director
 * Tony Pastor – Voice Director

Broadcast
Prior to the series’ broadcast, on July 9, 1990, Fox made a presentation to television writers about their upcoming Fall season line-up.

The series aired on Fox from September 8, 1990, to September 10, 1991. Reruns continued to air until September 11, 1992. A rerun of the series' Christmas episode aired on December 25, 1993. The series was run on Fox in a rerun form on weekday mornings from November 4, 1996, to March 28, 1997. Reruns were then shown on Fox Family in 1998.

VHS
Select episodes from the series were released on video in 1992. Titles included:

DVD
Select episodes were released on a single DVD for the UK market in 2004. Episodes released included:

Video game
A video game titled Peter Pan and the Pirates was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System by third -arty publisher THQ. The game was generally received poorly by critics.

In this single player side-scrolling action game, the player controlled Peter Pan, who could collect bags of fairy dust to fly and wielded a sword that boasted a short range. The player began out in the forest and was required to destroy all the pirates in each level to advance to the next, with the last goal of reaching the pirate ship and battling Captain Hook.

Comics
In addition to the TV show a German imprint Bastei-Verlag, inter alia with the Turkish comic book artist Yalaz, released seven comics. They are originally in German and tell new stories of the Fox's Peter Pan and his closest friends.

Titles
The main titles of the comics and their stories, all with English translation:

1. Rettung für das Einhorn – Peter saves the Unicorn 2. Das tickende Krokodil – The tickling Croc 3. Captain Hook und der Zauberring – Captain Hook and the Magic Ring 4. Die Hexe mit dem grünen Daumen – The Witch with the green Thumb 5. Die Hexe lässt das Blitzen nicht – The Witch who did not stop Lightning 6. Ein Ehrengast zieht Leine – A Special Guest goes away 7. Viel Radau beim Mädchenklau – Making this much Noise, the Girl has no Choice
 * Ein Piratenschiff geht fliegen – A Pirates' Ship takes Flight (note: a remake from the episode "The Rake")
 * Sturm über dem Niemalsland – Stormy Neverland
 * Tinkerbell sitzt in der Falle – Tink is trapped
 * Wer andern eine Grube gräbt ... – Who digs a pit for others ...
 * Die Jagd nach dem goldenen Stein – Hunting the golden Stone
 * Captain Hook geht baden – Captain Hook goes swimming
 * Captain Hook und der Zauberring – Captain Hook and the Magic Ring
 * Angeltour mit Hindernissen – Go fishing with obstacles
 * Reise in die Vergangenheit – Journey to the Past
 * Die verzauberte Statue – The enchanted Statue
 * Die Hexe mit dem grünen Daumen – The Witch with the green Thumb
 * Alles wegen Ingwerbeeren – All 'coz of the Ginger Berries
 * Verrat im Nilpferdreich – Betrayal at the Hippopo-Empire
 * Tootles auf Abwegen – Tootles goes astray
 * Der falsche Peter – The wrong Peter
 * Die Hexe lässt das Blitzen nicht – The Witch who did not stop Lightning
 * Der Heiratsschwindler – The Wedding Swindler
 * Captain Hook hat Schwein – Hook and his Guinea Pigs
 * Ein Pirat und ein Gentleman – A Pirate and a Gentleman
 * Zaubern will gelernt sein – Doing Magic is to be learned
 * Ein Ehrengast zieht Leine – A Special Guest goes away
 * Ein Monstervogel muckt auf – Rebel of a Monster Bird
 * Der Piratenausverkauf – Pirates' Sale
 * Captain Hook geht in die Falle – Hook gets trapped
 * Eis und heiß im Niemalsland – Hot'n Cold in Neverland
 * Viel Radau beim Mädchenklau – Making this much Noise, the Girl has no Choice (note: story without Hook)
 * Ein Möhrchen zum anbeißen – To get a Nibble from the Carrot
 * Der Stein der vom Himmel fiel – The Stone from Sky (note: story without Hook)
 * Rettung für die Streithähne – Rescue of the Squabblers
 * Freitag der dreizehnte – Friday the Thirteenth (note: not to be mistaken with the episode from the series)

title: Fox's Peter Pan & the Pirates


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Talk:Jason Lee Scott

Vandalism Report
Some cuckoo has re-written (very poorly) this and every other Power Ranger realted article in Brazilian Portuguese. Considering that he is doing that in the morning of a carnaval wednesday he must REALLY be crazy.

Zord Control
Since Adam could enter the Flash Point Megazord which isn't his in Power Rangers: Operation Overdrive in the Episode "Once a Ranger", why can't Jason enter a Zord too?

Kind of confused here..
The part where it says, "Jason's activities, both as a Ranger and in his personal life, remain unknown, His evil arch-enemy is Eric Myers the Quantum Ranger." In the Forever Red spot is confusing me like crazy. I seen Forever Red, and I don't remember Jason and Eric being enemies. All I know is that those two was the only Rangers on Forever Red to have a Dinosaur type zord that kind of resembles. Jason has the T-Rex as a zord, and Eric has the Q-Rex, which is pretty much still a T-Rex with a different name. And for people who's thinking about Conner being the third Red Ranger to ever have a T-Rex zord...well...I'm talking about MMPR - Wild Force here, so, no one even knew who Conner was. So, I'm just leaving him out of it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.180.176.238 (talk) 23:07, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Please, the Arch-Enemy nonsense is Vandalism. Maybe that person likes Eric and hates Jason or likes Eric more than Jason. 121.120.56.85 (talk) 14:08, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Jason's "Forever Red" Powers
Although and I mean although Youtube cannot be used as a source, there is no other options as this was "taken" from Mysticpoints.net which then became rpmcast.com. And this is the link. You just have to look at it fast before it is to be taken down. 202.160.45.28 (talk) 10:09, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIZW2zSwFiY —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.160.45.28 (talk) 10:08, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Title
Isn't this subject better known as "Jason (Red Ranger)" than "Jason Lee Scott"? Haven't delved far into the sourcing, but it would seem that even the article refers to him as "Jason" rather than "Scott" (bios usually go by surnames). The full name could stay bolded up top, but isn't the common name just "Jason"? czar ♔   01:44, 19 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Farm-Fresh eye.png See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tokusatsu czar ⨹   18:25, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

Protagonist
I've noticed that there is some confusion on this page on if Jason Lee Scott is the main protagonist of the Power Rangers franchise. It is true Tommy Oliver (Jason David Frank) has made more appearances, however, there seems to be a back and forth on his description. As of now Tommy Oliver's page says "Overarching Protagonist" which seems to fit. However, should I think for now we should put Jason as the protagonist, or at least make both characters articles (two protagonists). So as to not put any confusion. As of now it says: "and of the main protagonists". Which is improper grammar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.57.200.93 (talk) 20:21, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

Notable?
These sources are all pretty weak. They're mostly about Power Rangers itself. 2605:B40:1303:900:A842:6D2D:8AA1:2985 (talk) 02:26, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jason Lee Scott


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Mandvi

Mandvi is a beach town with municipality in the Kachchh district (Kutch) in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was once a major port of the region and summer retreat for Maharao (king) of the Cutch State. The old city was enclosed in the fort wall and remains of the fort wall can still be seen. The city has a four-hundred-year-old ship building industry which is still functional and dhows, a type of wooden ship, are still made. Mandvi Municipality's 36 Seat Of 9 Ward.

Fortress
The Fortress of Mandvi was built by Raoshri Bharmalji in 1549. It was eight km long, 2.7 metres broad and three metres high with five gates, three windows and seven bastions (kotha). In 1978, Mandvi municipality was handed over the fort under condition that it will preserve the fortress. Later in 1992, the municipality decided to demolish 290 metres of wall to free the land but was opposed by citizens. The appeal was rejected in 1993 and the 300-metre-long wall of west side was demolished in 1993. In 1999, the state archeological department considered it for declaring protected monument but later decided against it. After assessing condition of fort, the court rejected appeals against demolition in 2001. The fort wall was demolished in two phases except four gates and six bastions which were preserved as protected monuments.

Geography
Mandvi is a port city located at 22.81°N, 69.36°W where the Rukmavati River meets the Gulf of Kutch. It is about 56 km south of the regional capital, Bhuj. It is approximately 446 km from the major megacity of Ahmedabad. Because Mandvi has no rail transport, the nearest public airport and train station is Bhuj.

Climate
The climate here is tropical. The summers are much rainier than the winters in Mandvi. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Aw. The average temperature in Mandvi is 27.4 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 1539 mm.

History
Mandvi was founded by the Rao of Kutch State, Khengarji I in 1580.

 * The city Mandvi was named after Sage Mandavya (Mahabharata story), who lived here. He was also known as AM BABA.
 * When Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered Europe-to-India sea route in 1497, he had a Gujarati by his side to show him the way. A Kutchi sailor, Kanji Malam, navigated the commander to Calicut from Malindi on east African coast. Malam hailed from Mandvi, a shipbuilding hub. Historians have differed over the identity of the sailor, calling him a Christian and a Gujarati. German author Justus says it was Malam (Kharva) and he was a Hindu Gujarati who accompanied Vasco. Italian researcher Sinthia Salvadori too has concluded that it was Malam who showed Gama the way to India. Salvadori has made this observation in her 'We Came in Dhows', an account written after interacting with people in Gujarat. Malam's role in the Vasco expedition has largely been overlooked by historians.
 * As per chronicles of Kutch Gurjar Kshatriyas – many clans of their community, especially, Gohil, Bhatti, Jethwa, Solanki, Rathod clans & also Visavaria Brahmins shifted to Mandvi in between 15th to 16th century AD, from Dhaneti.
 * The establishment of the town dates back to the late 16th century (1581 AD) and is attributed to the first Jadeja ruler of Kutch, Rao Khengarji I.
 * In the 18th century, the Mandvi merchants collectively owned a fleet of 400 vessels trading with East Africa, Malabar coast and the Persian Gulf. In the early 19th century, it was a major port of entry for the inland trade with Malwa, Marwar and Sindh.
 * Mandvi was at the junction of two trade routes the maritime spice trade-route and the desert camel caravan route, acting as an important trade center.
 * Mandvi was originally a fortified town having a fort wall of about 8 m high and 1.2 m wide stone masonry. The fort had several gateways and 25 bastions; but at present, most of the wall has disappeared. The bastion on the southwest is largest and acts as a lighthouse.
 * In the heyday of maritime trade, before the arrival of steamboats, Mandvi was a rich and prosperous town, earning four times more revenue from export than import. It was a profit-making center of the Kutch state, surpassing the capital city of Bhuj in terms of wealth. Dr. Manubhai Pandhi, a local social leader, recorded shipbuilding art and collected old documents which is treasured now in Prince of Wales Museum (www.bombaymuseum.org) in Mumbai.
 * As most of the top ports of India were controlled by Europeans, especially the Portuguese, even the Mughals held the Maharaos of Kachchh in high esteem, as they needed the port of Mandvi for exports, imports and also for pilgrimages to Mecca.
 * In decade of 1960, the Dabeli is said to have been invented here by Keshavji Gabha Chudasama (Malam)(Kharva).

Demographics
Mandvi houses a population of about 51,000 people, mainly Brahmin, Charan(Gadhavi), Brahmkshatriya, Bhanushali, Bhatalas, Kharvas, Lohanas, Maheshwari, Dawoodi Bohra, Muslims and Jains, Kandoi, Patidar, Mistris.

Mandvi is a unique town which captures the true Gujarat, Kutchi culture. Mandvi also incorporates the neighboring villages of Nagalpur and Moti Rayan. Mandvi is a town of merchants and seamen, both mutually benefiting from each other.

Mandvi had the Lal Bungalow / Arihant Bungalow Built by Khengarji III. It took 16 years to build this palace. with unique architecture and a lavishing of 55 Rooms and 5 Floors with all Teak Wood Ceilings. Lal Bungalow was Heritage Site and currently owned by Sanket Shah. It is demolished in 2011–2012. Now there is a new built shopping and residential complex.

Mandvi was one of the towns deeply impacted by the 2001 Gujarat earthquake.

Noted social worker Dr. Chhotalal J. Mehta (1911–1982) and his brother Dr. Prabhudas J. Mehta (1925–1959) started first free TB hospital in 1950 in the district if Kutch, and school for deaf and mute children and 1000th Rotary club in the world. Mrs Hiraben C Mehta(1916–2011) started first Baal Mandir and Bhagini Mandal.

Prominent personalities

 * Shyamji Krishna Varma
 * Gunvantrai Acharya

Industries
Most of the industries in Mandvi are small-scale in nature, mainly in the areas of Bentonite mining, edible oil production, fishing, traditional ship building, cotton products and household Bandhani, and food-products like, sweets & farshan production.

Points of interest

Mandvi has a very pleasant climate throughout the year and was a summer retreat of the Kutch maharajas (kings).
 * Swaminarayan Temple at Mandvi: This temple is new but old and real temple is in main city. it is about 157 years old. New swaminarayan temple is on the main road of Mandvi – Naliya.
 * Kharva na Mama Temple: situated near Hanuman Dairy, a temple for the caste of Kharva.
 * Shitla Mata Temple: The Temple of Goddess Shitla. Its situated in Layja Road. Currently a walkway on one side of lake is under construction just opposite temple.
 * Ashapura Mata Temple: situated in Layja, Mandvi.
 * Shivmastu Samavsaran Jain Tirth, Mandvi Rural, Gujarat 370465
 * Shri Ambe Dham Temple Godhra, Mandvi Rural
 * Vijay Vilas Palace: The center of attractions at Mandvi is the Vijay Vilas Palace, a Royal abode set in the middle of well-laid gardens with water channels and marble fountains. The architect and craftsmen from Jaipur designed and constructed the palace in 1920 AD. The palace has all the elements of Rajput architecture and draws largely on the plan of palaces of Orchha and Datia. The central high dome on the pillars, the Bengal domes on the sides, the windows with coloured glass, carved stone 'jalis', domed bastions at the corners, extended porch and other exquisitely stone-carved elements, make the palace worth visiting. The Vijay Vilas Palace has its own private beach which offers air-conditioned tented accommodation. This palace has been used as the set in many Hindi films and has now become a tourist destination.
 * Mandvi Port: Mandvi Port is a Port where loading & unloading of ships takes place.A sleepy port known for its white sandy beaches, with wooden sailboats bobbing on the sea, it is idyllic. But it wasn’t always like this. Once upon a time, in the late 18th and early 19th century CE, Mandvi was among the greatest and busiest ports in India. At the epi center of sea and land trade which spread from Central Asia to the West coast of Africa and India, it was a key point in the triangular trade route between Oman, Mandvi and the hinter land of Punjab and Sindh.
 * Traditional ship building: Mandvi is also a 400-year-old ship building centre. The ships built here used to sail up to England and return. Even today, master carpenters build fishing boats by traditional techniques.
 * The Wind Farms Beach and Wind-mills, which line the horizon of Mandvi, has views from the Mandvi sea-beach. The Wind mills projects running in this beach was Asia's 1st Wind-Mills Projects in 1983.
 * Rukmavati River: The river in Mandvi, which flows between Mandvi City and Salaya.
 * Rukmavati bridge: The bridge on the Rukmavati River was built in 1883; it is the longest existing structure of its kind in India today. This bridge was built by Vishram Karman Chawda of Chandiya belonging to the Mestri community.
 * Light House : Newly constructed Light House for Country Craft Sea Transportation, this structure was constructed after earthquake.
 * Topansar Lake: Sitting in the heart of the city, this lake forms and important landmark. With visits of thousands of Seagulls every winter, treat to watch.
 *  Public Bath System "KUYDI", Talav Gate.
 * Bandhni Bazaar: Mandvi is known for the production of its Bandhani (tie-dye) and other country crafts.
 * Shyamji Krishna Varma Smarak or Kranti Trith: The smarak(monument) is located near Lohana Mahajan Wadi. Shyamji Krishna Varma was a scholar and freedom fighter. He established India House in Britain to support Indian student going UK for studying, eventually India house become a foreign hub of nationalist activity for freedom of India. Shyamji Krishna Varma was born in Mandvi. The Smark of Shyamji Krishna Varma was newly built just 3 km away from Mandvi on Mandvi-Dharbudi Road. This is Gujarat's second Kranti Trith.
 * Kasi Vishvanath Beach, Salaya: This is another beach near Mandvi. It derives its name from a Shiv temple nearby.
 * Rawalpeer Temple & Beach: There is a temple sacred to Raval Pir rebuilt in 1819 (Samvat 1876) by Seth Sundarji and Jetha Shivji. Raval, said to have been born in the fourteenth century from a blister in the palm of his mother's hand, gained a name for destroying at Jakhau, a number of Muslim missionaries who disturbed the devotees of Dhoramnath on Dhinodhar Hills. There is a clean beach nearby too. This place is around 6 km from the city of Mandvi.

Food
Popular food items from Mandvi are Dabeli, which was invented in Mandvi and spread all over Gujarat and Maharashtra. Besides that, for the last 8 to 10 years various foods, e.g. Punjabi, South Indian, Chinese food, are easily available. Khari Daar, Toss etc are also famous near Azad Chowk. Good Gujarati food is also available in Mandvi. More than 20 small and big dining halls and restaurants are successfully running in the city, and good food is available over there.

Mandvi is Beach City

title: Mandvi


text:
Wolfratshausen

Wolfratshausen is a town of the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, located in Bavaria, Germany. The town had a population of 19,033 as of 31 December 2019.

History
The first mention of "Wolveradeshusun" appears in documents from the year 1003. About 100 years later, Otto II, the Graf of Deißen-Andechs, built a castle on a hill overlooking the valley. The castle was destroyed on 7 April 1734 when lightning struck the tower where gunpowder was stored. Stones from the ruins were transported to Munich where they were used to build the Residenz.

From 1280 the town was designated a market town. In 1286, Conrad Nantwein, a pilgrim from Northern Germany, was arrested and burned at the stake in Wolfratshausen. Pope Boniface VIII canonized Nantwein as St. Nantovinus in 1297.

By the 15th century, the Loisach and Isar rivers were used for water transport, especially logging. River travel continued and rafts operated between Wolfratshausen and Munich.

During World War II, a forced-labour subcamp of Dachau concentration camp named Föhrenwald was located between Wolfratshausen and Geretsried. Following the war, the labour camp was used as a displaced persons camp by the Allies. In 1957, Föhrenwald was transformed into a suburb of Wolfratshausen and renamed Waldram, to honour the Lord of Münsing who was one of the founders of the Benediktbeuern Abbey.

In July 1983, Croatian emigre businessman Stjepan Đureković was assassinated by UDBA agents in Wolfratshausen.

Wolfratshausen was formerly the seat of the district government, but this moved to Bad Tölz in 1972.

Geography
Wolfratshausen sits at the confluence of the Isar and Loisach Rivers, at 47.91667°N, 11.41667°W approx. 30 km (19 mls.) southwest of Munich. A canal joins the two rivers to return water diverted for power generation at the Isar Amper Werke to the Isar. The town covers 9.13 square kilometres and is 577 meters above sea level.

Mayor
The current mayor of Wolfratshausen is Klaus Heilinglechner of the Bürgervereinigung Wolfratshausen (BVW), who was elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2020.

City council
The Wolfratshausen city council (Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 8,153 ! 97.8 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 188 ! 2.2 ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 8,341 ! 100.0 ! ! ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 14,873 ! 56.1 ! 2.7 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=left| Annette Heinloth
 * 44,639
 * 25.0
 * 13.5
 * 6
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Social Union (CSU)
 * align=left| Günther Eibl
 * 39,544
 * 22.2
 * 10.3
 * 5
 * 3
 * bgcolor=FF8C00|
 * align=left| Citizen's union Wolfratshausen (BVW)
 * align=left| Klaus Heilinglechner
 * 38,965
 * 21.8
 * 11.8
 * 5
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=left| Manfred Menke
 * 25,512
 * 14.3
 * 8.2
 * 4
 * 1
 * bgcolor=33cccc|
 * align=left| List WOR (Liste WOR)
 * align=left| Richard Kugler
 * 22,806
 * 12.8
 * New
 * 3
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=left| Patrick Lechner
 * 5,354
 * 3.0
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Timo Klitzsch
 * 1,562
 * 0.9
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Timo Klitzsch
 * 1,562
 * 0.9
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * colspan=8| Source: Votemanager
 * }
 * }

Town subdivisions
The town of Wolfratshausen is split into the following subdivisions:
 * Altstadt
 * Weidach
 * Nantwein
 * Farchet
 * Waldram

Notable people

 * St. Nantovinus (d. 1286), Roman Catholic Saint
 * Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine (1306-1353), Palatinate of the Rhine
 * Rupert I, Elector Palatine (1309-1390), Palgravegraf of the Rhine and Kurfürst of the Palatinate; founder of the University of Heidelberg which is named after him
 * Ernst Wiechert (1887-1950), writer and poet, acquired the Gagerthof in Wolfratshausen in 1936
 * Hans Stuck (1900-1978), car racing driver
 * Edmund Stoiber (born 1941), jurist and politician (CSU), Minister President of the Free State of Bavaria from 28 May 1993 to 30 September 2007
 * Saul Rubinek (born 1948), Canadian Hollywood actor, director and film producer
 * Johanna Hagn (born 1973), German judoka
 * Florian Wanner (born 1978), German judoka
 * Murat Bosporus (born 1979), German wrestling sportsman
 * Markus Janka (born 1980), German ice hockey goalie
 * Claudia Lichtenberg (born 1985), German professional cyclist
 * Wilhelm Bittrich (1894-1979), SS-Obergruppenfuehrer

Buildings of note

 * Parish Church "St. Andreas" (erected 1484)
 * The Humplbräu, a hotel and restaurant in the historic city center (first mentioned in a document in 1619)
 * Historic city center (since 2005 with traffic reduction by use of one-way streets)
 * The gallery Schwankl-Eck
 * The Loisachhalle, a community exhibition and multi-use hall.

Museums

 * Museum of Local History
 * Erinnerungsort Badehaus (Remembrance Place Badehaus)

Recreation and travel destinations

 * Amusement park "Märchenwald im Isartal" (opened 1968).
 * Log raft rides on the Isar and Loisach to Munich
 * Castle: Even if now only a Commemorative plaque and tuff remnants harken to the memory of this castle, its size can still be imagined. In 1734 the castle was destroyed by an explosion resulting from a lightning strike to the ammunition tower.
 * A walk through the hillside forest provides views of the entire city and the peaks of the Karwendel and Wetterstein mountain ranges, from the Wendelstein in the east to the Zugspitze in the south.
 * Bike riding or rollerblading through the wildlife reserve Isarauen/Pupplinger Au.
 * The Japanese garden Yuko Nihon Teien, a gift from the Japanese sister city Iruma.
 * Bike ride to Lake Starnberg (about 12.5 miles)
 * The Via Bavarica Tyrolensis, a 140-mile bike path from Munich through the Alps to the Inn river Valley, goes through the Pupplinger Au.
 * Skiing at the slopes in Peretshofen and Beuerberg. The larger ski areas can be reached within 1 to 2 hours.
 * There are around 125 miles of cross-country ski runs in the surrounding area.

Media
A police German TV-series "Hubert ohne Staller" (2011–2018: Hubert und Staller) shows the town.

title: Wolfratshausen


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Chemical ionization

Chemical ionization (CI) is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry. This was first introduced by Burnaby Munson and Frank H. Field in 1966. This technique is a branch of gaseous ion-molecule chemistry. Reagent gas molecules (often methane or ammonia) are ionized by electron ionization to form reagent ions, which subsequently react with analyte molecules in the gas phase to create analyte ions for analysis by mass spectrometry. Negative chemical ionization (NCI), charge-exchange chemical ionization, atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are some of the common variants of the technique. CI mass spectrometry finds general application in the identification, structure elucidation and quantitation of organic compounds as well as some utility in biochemical analysis. Samples to be analyzed must be in vapour form, or else (in the case of liquids or solids), must be vapourized before introduction into the source.

Principles of operation
The chemical ionization process generally imparts less energy to an analyte molecule than does electron impact (EI) ionization, resulting in less fragmentation and usually a simpler spectrum. The amount of fragmentation, and therefore the amount of structural information produced by the process can be controlled to some degree by selection of the reagent ion. In addition to some characteristic fragment ion peaks, a CI spectrum usually has an identifiable protonated molecular ion peak [M+1]+, allowing determination of the molecular mass. CI is thus useful as an alternative technique in cases where EI produces excessive fragmentation of the analyte, causing the molecular-ion peak to be weak or completely absent.

Instrumentation
The CI source design for a mass spectrometer is very similar to that of the EI source. To facilitate the reactions between the ions and molecules, the chamber is kept relatively gas tight at a pressure of about 1 torr. Electrons are produced externally to the source volume (at a lower pressure of 10−4 torr or below) by heating a metal filament which is made of tungsten, rhenium, or iridium. The electrons are introduced through a small aperture in the source wall at energies 200–1000 eV so that they penetrate to at least the centre of the box. In contrast to EI, the magnet and the electron trap are not needed for CI, since the electrons do not travel to the end of the chamber. Many modern sources are dual or combination EI/CI sources and can be switched from EI mode to CI mode and back in seconds.

Mechanism
A CI experiment involves the use of gas phase acid-base reactions in the chamber. Some common reagent gases include: methane, ammonia, water and isobutane. Inside the ion source, the reagent gas is present in large excess compared to the analyte. Electrons entering the source will mainly ionize the reagent gas because it is in large excess compared to the analyte. The primary reagent ions then undergo secondary ion/molecule reactions (as below) to produce more stable reagent ions which ultimately collide and react with the lower concentration analyte molecules to form product ions. The collisions between reagent ions and analyte molecules occur at close to thermal energies, so that the energy available to fragment the analyte ions is limited to the exothermicity of the ion-molecule reaction. For a proton transfer reaction, this is just the difference in proton affinity between the neutral reagent molecule and the neutral analyte molecule. This results in significantly less fragmentation than does 70 eV electron ionization (EI).

The following reactions are possible with methane as the reagent gas.

Secondary reagent ions

Product ion formation

 * (protonation)

 * ( abstraction)

 * (adduct formation)

 * (charge exchange)

If ammonia is the reagent gas,

For isobutane as the reagent gas,

Self chemical ionization is possible if the reagent ion is an ionized form of the analyte.

Advantages and limitations
One of the main advantages of CI over EI is the reduced fragmentation as noted above, which for more fragile molecules, results in a peak in the mass spectrum indicative of the molecular weight of the analyte. This proves to be a particular advantage for biological applications where EI often does not yield useful molecular ions in the spectrum. The spectra given by CI are simpler than EI spectra and CI can be more sensitive than other ionization methods, at least in part to the reduced fragmentation which concentrates the ion signal in fewer and therefore more intense peaks. The extent of fragmentation can be somewhat controlled by proper selection of reagent gases. Moreover, CI is often coupled to chromatographic separation techniques, thereby improving its usefulness in identification of compounds. As with EI, the method is limited compounds that can be vapourized in the ion source. The lower degree of fragmentation can be a disadvantage in that less structural information is provided. Additionally, the degree of fragmentation and therefore the mass spectrum, can be sensitive to source conditions such as pressure, temperature, and the presence of impurities (such as water vapour) in the source. Because of this lack of reproducibility, libraries of CI spectra have not been generated for compound identification.

Applications
CI mass spectrometry is a useful tool in structure elucidation of organic compounds. This is possible with CI, because formation of [M+1]+ eliminates a stable molecule, which can be used to guess the functional groups present. Besides that, CI facilitates the ability to detect the molecular ion peak, due to less extensive fragmentation. Chemical ionization can also be used to identify and quantify an analyte present in a sample, by coupling chromatographic separation techniques to CI such as gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). This allows selective ionization of an analyte from a mixture of compounds, where accurate and precised results can be obtained.

Negative chemical ionization
Chemical ionization for gas phase analysis is either positive or negative. Almost all neutral analytes can form positive ions through the reactions described above.

In order to see a response by negative chemical ionization (NCI, also NICI), the analyte must be capable of producing a negative ion (stabilize a negative charge) for example by electron capture ionization. Because not all analytes can do this, using NCI provides a certain degree of selectivity that is not available with other, more universal ionization techniques (EI, PCI). NCI can be used for the analysis of compounds containing acidic groups or electronegative elements (especially halogens). Moreover, negative chemical ionization is more selective and demonstrates a higher sensitivity toward oxidizing agents and alkylating agents.

Because of the high electronegativity of halogen atoms, NCI is a common choice for their analysis. This includes many groups of compounds, such as PCBs, pesticides, and fire retardants. Most of these compounds are environmental contaminants, thus much of the NCI analysis that takes place is done under the auspices of environmental analysis. In cases where very low limits of detection are needed, environmental toxic substances such as halogenated species, oxidizing and alkylating agents are frequently analyzed using an electron capture detector coupled to a gas chromatograph.

Negative ions are formed by resonance capture of a near-thermal energy electron, dissociative capture of a low energy electron and via ion-molecular interactions such as proton transfer, charge transfer and hydride transfer. Compared to the other methods involving negative ion techniques, NCI is quite advantageous, as the reactivity of anions can be monitored in the absence of a solvent. Electron affinities and energies of low-lying valencies can be determined by this technique as well.

Charge-exchange chemical ionization
This is also similar to CI and the difference lies in the production of a radical cation with an odd number of electrons. The reagent gas molecules are bombarded with high energy electrons and the product reagent gas ions abstract electrons from the analyte to form radical cations. The common reagent gases used for this technique are toluene, benzene, NO, Xe, Ar and He.

Careful control over the selection of reagent gases and the consideration toward the difference between the resonance energy of the reagent gas radical cation and the ionization energy of the analyte can be used to control fragmentation. The reactions for charge-exchange chemical ionization are as follows.

Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization
Chemical ionization in an atmospheric pressure electric discharge is called atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), which usually uses water as the reagent gas. An APCI source is composed of a liquid chromatography outlet, nebulizing the eluent, a heated vaporizer tube, a corona discharge needle and a pinhole entrance to 10−3 torr vacuum. The analyte is a gas or liquid spray and ionization is accomplished using an atmospheric pressure corona discharge. This ionization method is often coupled with high performance liquid chromatography where the mobile phase containing eluting analyte sprayed with high flow rates of nitrogen or helium and the aerosol spray is subjected to a corona discharge to create ions. It is applicable to relatively less polar and thermally less stable compounds. The difference between APCI and CI is that APCI functions under atmospheric pressure, where the frequency of collisions is higher. This enables the improvement in sensitivity and ionization efficiency.

title: Chemical ionization


text:
Talk:Evil monkey

This article was proposed for deletion January 2005. The discussion is archived at Votes for deletion/Evil monkey. Joyous 12:23, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Evil monkey


text:
Beveridge curve

A Beveridge curve, or UV curve, is a graphical representation of the relationship between unemployment and the job vacancy rate, the number of unfilled jobs expressed as a proportion of the labour force. It typically has vacancies on the vertical axis and unemployment on the horizontal. The curve, named after William Beveridge, is hyperbolic-shaped and slopes downward, as a higher rate of unemployment normally occurs with a lower rate of vacancies. If it moves outward over time, a given level of vacancies would be associated with higher and higher levels of unemployment, which would imply decreasing efficiency in the labour market. Inefficient labour markets are caused by mismatches between available jobs and the unemployed and an immobile labour force.

The position on the curve can indicate the current state of the economy in the business cycle. For example, recessionary periods are indicated by high unemployment and low vacancies, corresponding to a position on the lower side of the 45° line, and high vacancies and low unemployment indicate the expansionary periods on the upper side of the 45° line.

In the United States, following the Great Recession, there was a marked shift in the Beveridge curve. A 2012 International Monetary Fund (IMF) said the shift can be explained in part by "extended unemployment insurance benefits" and "skill mismatch" between unemployment and vacancies.

History
The Beveridge curve, or UV curve, was developed in 1958 by Christopher Dow and Leslie Arthur Dicks-Mireaux. They were interested in measuring excess demand in the goods market for the guidance of Keynesian fiscal policies and took British data on vacancies and unemployment in the labour market as a proxy, since excess demand is unobservable. By 1958, they had 12 years of data available since the British government had started collecting data on unfilled vacancies from notification at labour exchanges in 1946. Dow and Dicks-Mireaux presented the unemployment and vacancy data in an unemployment-vacancy (UV) space and derived an idealised UV-curve as a rectangular hyperbola after they had connected successive observations. The UV curve, or Beveridge curve, enabled economists to use an analytical method, later known as UV-analysis, to decompose unemployment into different types of unemployment: deficient-demand (or cyclical) unemployment and structural unemployment. In the first half of the 1970s, that method was refined by economists of the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR), in London, so that a classification arose that corresponded to the 'traditional' classification: a division of unemployment into frictional, structural and deficient demand unemployment, according to a 1976 analysis. Both the Beveridge curve and the Phillips curve bear implicit macroeconomic notions of equilibrium in markets, but the notions are inconsistent and conflicting. Most likely, because the curve enabled economists to analyze many of the problems that Beveridge had addressed, like mismatch between unemployment and vacancies, at aggregate level and industry levels and trend v. cyclical changes and measurement problems of vacancies, the curve was named in the 1980s after William Beveridge, who never drew the curve, and the exact origin of the name remains obscure.

Movements
The Beveridge Curve can move for the following reasons:

Skill shortages should not be confused with "labour shortages", which identify an objective lack of workers in the market, independently of their skills, and it may arise because of limited geographical mobility, ageing populations or a labour market approaching full employment during an economic boom. Along with labour surpluses, labour shortages are one of the most traditional examples of labour market imbalances. What distinguishes an objective shortage of labour from a skill-related shortage (i.e. a special case of skill mismatch) is just the presence of a pool of unemployed individuals (non-discouraged job seekers) willing to take up jobs in the labour market considered at the ongoing rate. Nevertheless, even in presence of unemployment and assuming that there is adequate demand for labour in the market, it could still be difficult to point to a skill shortage for at least two reasons: if whether the unemployment we observe is frictional (just a short-term consequence of costly "search"), cyclical (caused by the business cycle) or structural cannot be established or if whether the position offered is accessible and/or attractive (such as whether or not the wage posted is competitive or at least rising with respect to other segments of the market that are not reporting unmet labour demands) cannot be established. In addition, skill shortages may be caused by both "horizontal" skill mismatch, when workers have qualifications/skills which are different than the one required by the firms, or by "vertical" skill mismatch, when workers' skills and qualifications are lower levels than what firms require. In the literature, scholars have also referred to skill mismatch and sometimes even to skill shortages to define a situation of the skills of the employed workers and those required by being jobs were different. To avoid any possible confusion, that form of mismatch affecting only employed individuals will be referred as "on-the-job" mismatch, in the more general case of workers being both over and under-skilled for their jobs (vertical on-the-job mismatch) or have different skills/qualifications (horizontal on-the-job mismatch) and as skill gap to refer to employed workers whose skills are lower than those required by their jobs. It follows that skill mismatch, as it is defined here, can result in the occurrence of both skill shortages and on-the-job mismatches (both vertical and horizontal).
 * The matching process will determine how efficiently workers find new jobs. Improvements in the matching system would shift the curve towards the origin, because an efficient matching process will find jobs faster, filling vacancies and employing the unemployed. Improvements can be made by increasing the mobility of labour, the introduction of agencies, such as job centres, and lower rates of unionisation, according to a 2001 article on OECD that compared unemployment and wages in the OECD from the 1960s to the 1990s.
 * Skills mismatches occur when changes in the skills employers want differ from the available skills in the labour pool. Greater mismatches would shift the Beveridge curve outward. If that were the driving factor behind the shift, one would expect to also see employers bid up wages for the few candidates who were desirable. Although the US Beveridge curve shifted outward in the 2010–2012 period, wages did not increase.
 * Labour force participation rate: as the number looking for jobs increases relative to the total population, the unemployment rate increases, shifting the curve outwards from the origin. Labour force participation can increase due to changes in education, gender roles, population age and immigration.
 * Long-term unemployment will push the curve outward from the origin, which could be caused by deterioration of human capital or a negative perception of the unemployed by the potential employers.
 * Frictional unemployment: a decrease in frictions would reduce the number of firms searching for employees and the number of unemployed searching for jobs. That would shift the curve towards the origin. Frictional unemployment is caused by job losses, resignations and job creation.
 * Economic and policy uncertainty may cause employers to hold vacancies open longer in the search for the "perfect candidate", particularly when there is high unemployment with a large number of candidates from which to choose. More uncertainty would tend to shift the curve outward.

Economists generally believe that labour markets adjust to such imbalances, especially over time, but it is also possible for such mismatches to persist for many years or decades. In such instances, adverse equilibria, characterized by more structural unemployment, long-term unfilled vacancies and/or lower labour force participation may arise, and employers may eventually be forced to hire workers who possess lower or just different skills, giving place to the mismatch "on the job". Public policy interventions to change or improve the match of workers to employers might be appropriate in such cases.

In the United States, following the Great Recession, there was a marked shift in the Beveridge curve. A 2012 International Monetary Fund (IMF) said the shift can be explained in part by "extended unemployment insurance benefits" and "skill mismatch" between unemployment and vacancies.

title: Beveridge curve


text: User talk:69.73.146.4

title: User talk:69.73.146.4


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User talk:Dgrigore

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