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Thomas Turner (diarist)

Thomas Turner (9 June 1729 [ OS ] – 6 February 1793) was a shopkeeper in East Hoathly, Sussex, England. He is now most widely known for his diary.

Early life
Turner was born at Groombridge in the parish of Speldhurst, Kent. In 1735 Turner's father took a shop in Framfield, Sussex. Little is known about Turner's schooling, but his clear handwriting, practical mathematical abilities and wide intellectual interests suggest a reasonable level of education. By the age of 21, in 1750, he had taken his shop in East Hoathly.

Turner married his first wife, Margaret ('Peggy') Slater (1733–1761) on 15 October 1753. They had one child together, Peter, who was born on 19 August 1754. On 16 January 1755 Turner wrote that "This morning about 1 o'clock I had the misfortune to lose my little boy Peter, aged 21 weeks, 3 days."

The Diary, 1754–1765
Turner kept a diary for eleven years of his life, the first surviving entry of which is 21 February 1754. The diary served a number of purposes, including as an accounting book, a record of legal and property dealings, a place for religious reflection and as a means of describing Turner's everyday life. The failure of his marriage to live up to Turner's expectations is a frequent cause of his low mood in the diary's entries.

Turner was an important figure in the community of East Hoathly. As well as keeping a shop, he served as an undertaker, schoolmaster, surveyor and overseer of the poor. He helped people write wills, manage accounts and collect taxes. He was a regular participant at vestry meetings and an occasional visitor to the Duke of Newcastle's Halland House.

Aside from socialising and playing cricket, Turner was a keen reader. As well as religious texts, he read works by William Shakespeare, John Locke, Joseph Addison and Samuel Richardson, among many others. Aside from consuming medical treatises, newspapers, periodicals and jestbooks, his interests included farriery, politics and travel. Turner sometimes read alone, but frequently read books aloud with his wife or his friends.

Diary manuscript and publication history
The diary has never been published in full. David Vaisey's edition retains about one third of its content. The edition also includes a family tree, short biographies of the diary's major characters and a list of Turner's reading material mentioned in Vaisey's extracts. The periodical Sussex Archaeological Collections printed some excerpts from the diary in 1859: the text is now in the public domain, and can be read online. The surviving 111-volume manuscript is held in the Sterling Memorial Library at Yale University.

Vaisey's edition of the diary also cites several documents in the East Sussex Record Office, such as account books and bastardy bonds, which were entirely written by Turner.

Later life

Turner ended his diary a few weeks after his second marriage, to Mary Hicks (1735–1807), on 19 June 1765. The final entry, on 31 July, states that 'I begin once more to be a little settled and am happy in my choice.'

In the years after his second marriage, Turner was able to live comfortably. He bought his shop, and also purchased both land and East Hoathly's main public house. He fathered seven children - one girl and six boys. Only three of the children lived to be older than twenty.

Turner died on 6 February 1793 and was buried in East Hoathly churchyard on 11 February. His gravestone is on the right hand side of the church near the Clements Room, just in front of the table tomb of Philip Turner his son, and Philip's family. There is also a gravestone for Peter and Frederick, sons of Thomas and Mary Turner at the same place. A commemorative plaque marks his house.

title: Thomas Turner (diarist)


text:
User:Clintie

Based in Shetland

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Clintie


text: User talk:65.95.147.15

title: User talk:65.95.147.15


text:
Category:CrossGen titles

This category consists of comic book series published by CrossGen Entertainment, a short-lived independent comics publisher founded in 1998. It fell into bankruptcy and ceased publication in 2004.

title: Category:CrossGen titles


text:
User talk:Eilthireach

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Alai 00:30, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Youri Messen-Jaschin
I noticed you applied the {{vfd}} template to this article today. You also need to follow the link created to Votes for deletion/Youri Messen-Jaschin and say why you want the article deleted, and then list that subpage on Votes for deletion/Log/2024 29 so that others can find it. Complete instructions are here. —Korath (Talk) 16:14, Apr 17, 2005 (UTC)

Names
I corrected and updated an article on a French astronomer who had been listed with her name misspelled. This was "A. Dalsanti", which I corrected to Audrey Delsanti. Someone took it upon themselves to add her middle initial so that she is now listed as Audrey C. Delsanti. I notice you made a comment (in the Village Pump (Name and biography of an actress)) to someone who had asked about this practice and based on what you said there, I believe that this entry should not have been changed. She is simply Audrey Delsanti, and, being French, she would not normally use her middle name (middle initial). We should not be imposing US conventions on non-US names. Granted, she appears in the scientific literature as A.C. Delsanti, conforming to academic practice, but her entry should really have remained simply as Audrey Delsanti, and any additional initials or names can appear within the entry. Should that entry be reverted? Eilthireach 02:13, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * All reasonable variants should exist as redirects; given that, it's not really a big deal where the article ends up. I'd favor Audrey Delsanti for the article, but would recommend against spending a lot of time fighting about it. Just make sure the redirects are all implemented. -- Jmabel | Talk 16:33, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * In case you don't know, here's how to do redirects. -- Jmabel | Talk 17:18, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Asteroid names
Thank you for helping fill out the Meanings of asteroid names pages. One small recommendation: if you do not supply a reference for the attribution, leave the asterisk marking the uncertainty. If the reference is Schmadel's book, a comment in the source would be helpful in pointing this out. Urhixidur 15:21, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)

Also please note the convention of the comma ("name, description"), and please provide brief descriptions instead of a naked name. Urhixidur 15:23, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)

Harris
I am always keen to encourage individuals with local knowledge to make contributions but the usage you are suggesting of "the Clisham" is not one I have seen anywhere and if you think this is common practice you will need to provide some reliable evidence. Regards, Ben   Mac  Dui  08:30, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

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The two Alexander Scriabins
Re: Deaths in 2022 - Alexander Serafimovich Scriabin, the great nephew of noted composer Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (1871–1915) died on October 2, 2022. That's why he is listed at Deaths in 2022 on that date. He was more notable as a musicologist than a composer but he still composed like his great uncle did. I think you have the two confused. Thanks. Ref (chew) (do) 20:22, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

 * OK, I understand. Sorry for the confusion (My confusion!) 😂😂 Eilthireach (talk) 18:43, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Eilthireach


text:
Round Lake (Clark County, Washington)

Round Lake is a small lake in Camas, Washington, USA. The lake is connected at its north-west tip to Lacamas Lake. Lacamas Park includes access to Round Lake for fishing, picnicing, grilling, hiking, and jogging. The park includes a trail that goes entirely around Round Lake, and across the approximately 75 ft dam that controls the level of Lacamas Lake and Round Lake. Anglers can expect to find rainbow trout, brown trout, bluegill and smallmouth bass.

Water quality
Lacamas Park also contains a small information center that describes the deteriorating water quality in both Lacamas Lake and Round Lake. According to the signs present, precipitation captured over 43,000 acre forms the Lacamas Creek which flows into both Lacamas Lake and Round Lake. This water contains a higher than normal amount of pollutants which are rapidly diminishing the water quality of both lakes.

title: Round Lake (Clark County, Washington)


text:
Medical and Chirurgical Society of London

The Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London (RMCS), created in 1805 as the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, was a learned society of physicians and surgeons, that received a Royal charter in 1834, and a supplement charter in 1907 to create the newly merged Royal Society of Medicine.

Origins
The RMCS was founded in 1805 as the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, by 26 medical men who left the Medical Society of London (founded 1773) in reaction to the autocratic style of its president, James Sims. Among its founders there were William Saunders (1743–1817), its first president; John Yelloly (1774–1842), Sir Astley Cooper (1768–1841), the first treasurer; Alexander Marcet (1770–1822) and Peter Mark Roget (1779–1869).

According to its charter, the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London was founded "for the purpose of conversation on professional subjects, for the reception of communications and for the formation of a library" and served "several branches of the medical profession". It first met on 22 May 1805 at Freemasons' Tavern on Great Queen Street.

Royal Society of Medicine
In 1907 several specialist medical societies merged with the RMCS. On 12 June 1907, a supplement charter was granted by King Edward VII and the new amalgamation became the RSM. The 17 societies which merged with the Medical and Chirurgical Society to form the RSM were:

 * Pathological Society of London (1846–1907)
 * Epidemiological Society of London (1850–1907)
 * Odontological Society of Great Britain (1856–1907)
 * Obstetrical Society of London (1858–1907)
 * Clinical Society of London (1867–1907)
 * Dermatological Society of London (1882–1907)
 * British Gynaecological Society (1884–1907)
 * Neurological Society of London (1886–1907)
 * British Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Association (1888–1907)
 * Laryngological Society of London (1893–1907)
 * Society of Anaesthetists (1893–1908)
 * Dermatological Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1894–1907)
 * British Balneological and Climatology Society (1895–1909)
 * Otological Society of the United Kingdom (1899–1907)
 * Society for the Study of Diseases in Children (1900–1908)
 * British Electrotherapy Society (1901–1907)
 * Therapeutical Society (1902–1907)

Honorary fellows
Honorary Fellows of the society included Charles Darwin, Louis Pasteur, Edward Jenner and Sigmund Freud. Other presidents of note were the "three great from Guy's Hospital", Richard Bright (1837); Thomas Addison (1849) and Sir James Paget (1875), as well as Joseph Hodgson (1851) and Frederick William Pavy (1900).

Presidents
• 1906 John Warrington Haward

• 1904 Richard Douglas Powell

• 1902 Alfred Willett

• 1900 Frederick William Pavy

• 1898 Thomas Bryant

• 1896 William Howship Dickinson

• 1894 Jonathan Hutchinson

• 1893 Sir William Church, 1st Baronet

• 1892 Sir Andrew Clark (died 1893)

• 1890 Timothy Holmes

• 1888 Edward Henry Sieveking

• 1886 George David Pollock

• 1884 George Johnson

• 1882 John Marshall

• 1881 Andrew Whyte Barclay

• 1879 John Eric Erichsen

• 1877 Charles West

• 1875 James Paget

• 1873 Charles James Blasius Williams

• 1871 Thomas Blizard Curling

• 1869 Sir George Burrows

• 1867 Samuel Solly

• 1865 James Alderson

• 1863 Richard Partridge

• 1861 Benjamin Guy Babington

• 1859 Frederic Carpenter Skey

• 1857 Sir Charles Locock

• 1855 Caesar Henry Hawkins

• 1853 James Copland

• 1851 Joseph Hodgson

• 1849 Thomas Addison

• 1847 James Moncrieff Arnott

• 1845 William Frederick Chambers

• 1843 Edward Stanley

• 1841 Robert Williams

• 1839 Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie

• 1837 Richard Bright

• 1835 Henry Earle

• 1833 John Elliotson

• 1831 Sir William Lawrence

• 1829 Peter Mark Roget

• 1827 Benjamin Travers

• 1825 George Birkbeck

• 1823 John Abernethy

• 1821 John Cooke

• 1819 Sir Astley Paston Cooper

• 1817 William Babington

• 1815 Henry Cline

• 1813 Sir Gilbert Blane

• 1810 Sir Henry Halford

• 1808 Matthew Baillie

• 1805 William Saunders


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Logical framework approach

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. As the article stands now, with corrections, this is a valid article to keep. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:53, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Logical framework approach
According to the talk page, the author created this page because he is hoping to prompt someone to write about this, as he needs to learn about it, he says. No evidence that this is a notable or distinct planning technique. The external link does not go to a website that has apparently anything to do with it. Delete. --BM 00:31, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy Delete Short, no content. --InShaneee 02:52, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for now. Probably a newbie who does not know about Requested_articles. Zzyzx11 09:08, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have expanded the article slightly and corrected the link. The reason I did not put up a request for the article was that felt that I knew enough about it to start the article. I intend to expand the article further within the next 24 hours. Anders 12:05, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — It looks like there is now enough information to justify its existence, and there's plenty of material on the topic available from the internet. — RJH 17:34, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Harburg

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Meelar (talk) 00:31, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:CraigMorton.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:CraigMorton.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging Image:Harburg castle.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Harburg castle.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. —Wknight94 (talk) 01:48, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Syred
Another editor has added the " " template to the article Syred, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the  template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 23:00, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Rocky Mountain cuisine

The article Rocky Mountain cuisine has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Fails WP:GNG

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title: User talk:Harburg


text:
User talk:Jcane526

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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 * Remember Neutral point of view
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Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 00:32, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jcane526


text:
Category talk:Native American tribes

Isn't this category misnamed? Shouldn't it be Native American nations? Tribes are a subset of a nation, such as the Lake Superior Tribe of the Chippewa Nation. Therefore the subcategories should be either, e.g., Ojibwa Nation or simply Ojibwa. -  BanyanTree 00:33, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe this should be split into "Native American tribes" and "Native American peoples" catagories. They're two different things - the former implies political status (federal recognition in the US) and the other is an ethnic grouping.  This category currently includes articles on both ethnic and political entities which is confusing.

 * Substituting "nation" for "people" might falsely imply a political hierarchy. It might also introduce US-centricity - I belive the term "nation" has equivalent meaning to "tribe" in Canada.

 * Finally quite a few tribes include members from different peoples (e.g. Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe). So having one "Nation" category with a bunch of "Tribe"   sub-categories wouldn't work well for those tribes. Toiyabe 21:27, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It's worth bearing in mind that the political recognition is a matter of dispute for some tribes. A local example for me is the Snoqualmie who only in 1999 regained their status independent of the Tulalip. Need to be careful not to open a can of dispute worms about these sorts of political vs. cultural classifications.  wac 01:18, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

This category should NOT be used for Canadian First Nations
The appropriate category is First Nations, or by province/terr, First Nations in British Columbia, First Nations in Yukon etc. Government and tribal council organizations should be First Nations governments in British Columbia/Yukon/Alberta etc.Skookum1 18:16, 17 June 2006 (UTC) and then a poop rain came. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alabama2266 (talk • contribs) 14:41, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

Problems with this category
We really need to straighten out this category. Some of the entries refer to languages that the tribes spoke rather than tribes themselves. Furthermore, some tribes, such as the Ojibwa and the Cherokee, are not unified political entities, but rather are in separate groups, such as the Cherokee Nation, The Eastern Cherokee Band, The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, and so forth. Subcategories need to be made and the separate entitites need to be in each category. Furthermore, some of the groups here aren't even tribes, they are confederations, such as the Iroquois, which are a confederation of six separate tribes. This also needs to be addressed. Not to mention the fact that some of the articles refer to ethnic groups instead of tribes, such as the article about Muskhogean stock, Algonquian peoples, and so on. I propose renaming this category to "Native American peoples", moving the articles on languages into another category entirely, and putting subcategories for confederations and tribes that divide into separate political entities. Suggestions? Comments? Asarelah 03:21, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Canadians have every right to call themselves First Nations; that should be respected. The term Native American applies not only to AMERICAN INDIANS, but also Native Hawaiians and othergroups  according to the US Govt and census. An American of any decent if Native born is a Native American if born in the USA, even though they might be 100% Irish. See articles on the net regarding this by Dennis Banks and the American Indian Movement, AIM. They pefer the term American Indian for all American Indian groups. Wikipedia could use AMERICAN INDIAN as a general title from which all others flow. Whether a person or group is an American Indian tribe an American Indian Band, a member of an Indian Nation, or a confedertaion; it should not make any differance, as they have a right to use those terms in conjunction with thier name. Many tribal elders and tribal members see the term Native American as a way to diminish thier sovereignty.

Also it would important if persons editing or contributing to pages on American Indians would indicate if they were a member of an American Indian Tribe.67.49.253.255 19:58, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Why is it important that someone editing an page on American Indians indicate whether or not they're tribal members? Asarelah 22:20, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Native American tribes


text: Talk:Culture of Nicaragua

title: Talk:Culture of Nicaragua


text:
Talk:Battle of Basiani

= Comments =

Ruler
Who is Rukn al-Din supposed to be? According to our lists of Seljuk rulers (Seljuk Turks, Sultanate of Rüm), there was no Rukn al-Din ruling at this time. Adam Bishop 00:34, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Rukn ad-Din or Rukn ud-Din was the son of Kilij Arslan II and reigned under the name of Suleiman II of Rum in 1196-1204. Kober

400,000 for Battle numbers?
Can we get these battle figures sourced? 400,000 seams *very* high... That's four times than the number of troops during the siege of Constantinople... Dinky town  talk  04:21, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Location of the battle
The fortress of Micingert is a little to the south-west of Sarikamish, a very long way from Erzurum and nowhere near as close as 60km to that city. Meowy 20:08, 15 August 2012 (UTC)
 * That's probably why the Turkish version of Micingert is not widely accepted. But the theory does exist. So it is mentioned here.--KoberTalk 03:19, 16 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Though there is no mention of other theories in the article, so if this theory is not widely accepted it is being given undue weight through being the only one there. I don't know what the other theories are so I can't add them in. Meowy 11:58, 17 August 2012 (UTC)
 * According to the Georgia article, Bsain or Basiani (ბასიანი) was historical province of Meskheti that included in the past parts from Turkey today. The name drives from the Colchisian Phasians and the latter-day regional toponyms – Byzantine Phasiane, Armenian Basean, Georgian Basiani, and Turkish Pasin. That means, if I understand correctly, that the location of the battle was Pasinler, Erzurum. that located only 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of the city of Erzurum and not 60 as mentioned. Is it correct? Geagea 23:43, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Since the exact location of the battle is unknown, I would suggest to put an approximate distance in the article, something along the line of "approximately 25-30 mi east of Erzurum". What do you think?--KoberTalk 04:14, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The article need to be update anyway. For example the year 1202 is different from the year in the article about Tamar (1203 or 1204). In the article it's not clear that the location is unknown. And also the connection between Basiani province and Basiani vale. if there is any, is not clear. Sorry to bother you Kober, I'll be glad if you put it in place. I also understand from your comment that my theory about the Byzantine Phasiane and Basian is only my theory. --geageaTalk 23:14, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Ah, that's not just your theory. :) It's a valid scholarly opinion. I'll try to sort these things somehow in the following days. Thanks for bringing that to my attention. --KoberTalk 03:52, 23 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks Kober. --geageaTalk 09:00, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
 * 300.000 Seljuk soldiers... It feels like you might as well write 300 Georgians vs 1.000.000 Seljuks. I can't find any source for the number of soldiers participated so I am not changing anything, but honestly I don't think any nation could have gathered that number of soldiers in those times.37.48.81.52 (talk) 11:41, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

much butthurt ? I don't think those numbers are that realistic too and yea Georgians had more problems gathered so many people than an empire which had the possibility to deploy a few times more. Georgians also saw more sense in quality rather than quantity. Tamars troops were still a design of Davids decicive miltiary reforms. The reason why Georgians won battles in which they were heavily outnumbered is because of such reforms, constant preperations / awareness and excellent leadership. They had no other choice, because they rarely could muster huge armies, especialy during endless internal rivalries TheMightyGeneral (talk) 23:52, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Basiani


text:
Phytophthora cinnamomi

Phytophthora cinnamomi, also known as cinnamon fungus, is a soil-borne water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants variously called "dieback", "root rot", or (in certain Castanea species), "ink disease".

Once infected soil or water is introduced, the organism can spread rapidly throughout an environment. An infestation can lead to the illness, death, and possible eradication of vulnerable plants, as well as habitat reduction for animals. An outbreak can be challenging to recognize and can inflict irreversible harm to ecosystems.

The plant pathogen is one of the world's most invasive species and is present in over 70 countries around the world.

Distribution and hosts
Phytophythora cinnamomi is distributed worldwide and can infect a diverse range of hosts, including club mosses, ferns, cycads, conifers, cord rushes, grasses, lilies and a large number of species from many dicotyledonous families, and is included in the Invasive Species Specialist Group list of "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species". Its potential range is expected to extend northward with warming due to climate change.

It affects a range of economic plants, including food crops such as avocado and pineapple; as well as trees and woody ornamentals such as Fraser firs, shortleaf pines, loblolly pines, azaleas, camellia and boxwood, causing root rot, dieback and death of infected plants. Symptoms include wilting, decreased fruit size and yield, collar rot, gum exudation, necrosis, leaf chlorosis, leaf curl, and stem cankers. It can also cause dieback of young shoots and may interfere with transpiration of roots to shoots. Older plants may not display symptoms or only exhibit mild dieback despite having severe root rot.

Reproduction
Phytophthora cinnamomi is a diploid and primarily heterothallic species with two mating types, A1 and A2. Sexual reproduction in heterothallic Phytophthora species ordinarily occurs when gametangia of opposite mating type interact in host tissue. This interaction leads to the formation of oospores that can survive for long periods in or outside the host. Phytophthora cinnamomi is facultatively homothallic and capable of self-fertilization. Cultures of mating type A2 can be induced to undergo sexual reproduction by damaging conditions such as exposure to hydrogen peroxide or mechanical damage.

Life cycle
Phytophthora cinnamomi lives in the soil and in plant tissues and can spread in water. During periods of harsh environmental conditions, the organisms become dormant chlamydospores. When environmental conditions are suitable, the chlamydospores germinate, producing mycelia (or hyphae) and sporangia. The sporangia ripen and release zoospores, which infect plant roots by entering the root behind the root tip. Zoospores need water to move through the soil, therefore infection is most likely in moist soils. After entering the root, mycelia grow throughout the root absorbing carbohydrates and nutrients and destroy the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. Sporangia and chlamydospores form on the mycelia of the infected root allowing further dispersal.

Transmission
Although P. cinnamomi was first identified in tropical and subtropical countries, but can survive and develop in cooler climates as well. It spreads as zoospores and/or chlamydospores in soil and water under favourable conditions such as warm temperatures and high soil moisture.

Methods of transmission include local invasion via contact between the roots of infected and susceptible plants, downslope movement in surface or subsurface water such as rivers or irrigation water, zoospore dispersal over long distances via wind-blown soil and debris, and transport of infected plant matter and soil, for example via particles stuck to footwear, vehicles or equipment. Native and feral animals have been known to transport the disease, including through the digestive tract of feral pigs. However human activities such as timber harvesting, mining, bush walking, and road construction are also major methods of dispersal.

Environmental impacts
When Phytophthora dieback spreads to native plant communities, it kills many susceptible plants, resulting in a permanent decline in the biodiversity and a disruption of ecosystem processes. It can also change the composition of the forest or native plant community by increasing the number of resistant plants and reducing the number of susceptible plant species. Native animals that rely on susceptible plants for survival are reduced in numbers or are eliminated from sites infested by Phytophthora dieback.

Australia
In Australia, where it is known as phytophthora dieback, dieback, jarrah dieback or cinnamon fungus, Phytophthora cinnamomi can infect thousands of native plants, causing damage to forests and removing habitats for wildlife. Several native plants are at risk of extinction due to the effects of the disease.

Phytophthora cinnamomi's impact is greatest in Western Australia, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, while the Northern Territory remains unaffected due to the unfavourability of the environment.

Of particular concern is the infection and dieback of large areas of forest and heathland which support threatened species in the south-west Western Australia. Many plants from the genera Banksia, Darwinia, Grevillea, Leucopogon, Verticordia and Xanthorrhoea are susceptible. This in turn impacts on animals reliant on these plants for food and shelter, such as the southwestern pygmy possum (Cercartetus concinnus) and the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus). A study in the Perth region found that dieback caused a significant shift in the bird community and affected nectar-feeding species the most, with fewer species such as the Western Spinebill in areas that were dieback-infested.

U.S. and Mexico
Damage to forests suspected to be caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi was first recorded in the United States about 200 years ago. Infection can cause littleleaf disease of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), Christmas tree disease in nursery grown Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), and sudden death of a number of native tree species such as American chestnut. Oak populations are affected in areas ranging from South Carolina to Texas.

Phytophthora cinnamomi is also a problem in the Mexican state of Colima, killing several native oak species and other susceptible vegetation in the surrounding woodlands. It is implicated in the die-off of the rare endemic shrub Ione manzanita (Arctostaphylos myrtifolia) in California.

Commercial effects
Phytophthora cinnamomi is the leading cause of damage to avocado trees, and is commonly known as "root rot" amongst avocado farmers. Since the 1940s various breeds of root rot-resistant avocados have been developed to minimize tree damage. Damaged trees generally die or become unproductive within three to five years. A 1960 study of the Fallbrook, California, area correlated higher levels of avocado root rot to soils with poorer drainage and greater clay content.

Control
No treatment has been found to eradicate P. cinnamomi, although an integrated approach can control the spread and impact of the disease.

Gardening practices to restrict spread include restricting soil or water movement from infected areas by using clean bins and equipment, installing watertight drains to prevent surface run off, and working last in diseased areas after harvesting healthy areas first.

Planting in raised beds promotes rapid drainage and reduces prolonged contact of plant roots with water, making the soil environment less hospitable to P. cinnamomi. For specific plants such as young avocado plants, soil solarisation by using clear polythene sheets laid on the soil surface to trap radiant heat from the sun can reduce spread, and an integrated approach is generally taken to control disease on avocado.

Chemical means of control include fumigation and the use of phosphonate fungistats. Fumigation prior to planting may be effective on some life stages of P. cinnamomi, but does not eliminate chlamydospores as they are present deeper in the soil where fumigation may not reach. However, fumigation can potentially worsen disease by reducing the population of competing soil microorganisms, and P. cinnamomi is often able to re-invade fumigated soil.

Phosphonate fungistats can improve the ability of a tree to tolerate, resist, or recover from infection. Phosphite administered through direct foliage sprays, aerial application by aircraft or direct injection has been used to limit the disease with some success and has been recognized as a major strategy for disease prevention.

Commonly potassium phosphite is used as a biodegradable fungicide, and calcium or magnesium phosphite may also be used. Overuse of phosphate may harm the treated plant, especially when the plant is phosphate deficient.

title: Phytophthora cinnamomi


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anti-Masonry

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:01, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Anti-Masonry
Article about opposition to/criticism of Freemasonry. Should be merged with that article. It is  fairly well established that articles should be split based by subtopics and not by POV. --BM 00:36, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Freemasonry, no redirect. Megan1967 08:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Freemasonry. I concur with the previous statements. Zzyzx11 09:09, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and delete to Freemasonry and let them hash out the balance there. Perform GFDL-friendly merge, then delete, no redirect. Death to POV breakouts. Dpbsmith (talk) 22:59, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We don't seem to have an article yet on radical pro-carpentry activism oh wait, this is referring to Freemasonry? Merge and redirect to Freemasonry. Criticism of a topic belongs in the article on that topic.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:26, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Freemasonry, no redirect. Jayjg (talk) 05:05, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge selected content to Freemasonry and Redirect to Anti-Masonic_Party. They ran a USA Presidential candidate who captured electoral votes in 1832, they held the Pennsylvania governorship 1835-38, and there was a very significant cultural debate that was national (and I don't know how international) in scope.  Some lists of USA Presidents call the first Whig president, William Henry Harrison, an Anti-Masonic rather than a Whig.  Extremely notable, unless you'd rather have the Ashlee Simpson quote from the latest issue of Penthouse.  Barno 00:33, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Somebody will ask, so it's: "Addressing the matter of which accomplishments she has thus far achieved in her life, singer Ashlee Simpson cited her ability to 'burp the alphabet.' ..." Barno 00:37, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's here!. "She said: 'When I burp the alphabet, my favourite letter is G. It is an open consonant and it is at the beginning when my wind is strong. I can really push it. My worst letter is S. It is a closed consonant and at the end when I am out of wind.' The 19-year-old star also admitted that older sister Jessica also shares the same talent. She told America’s New York Post newspaper: 'Jessica burps the alphabet better than me. She has better wind and she is a much louder belcher.'" Dpbsmith (talk) 02:17, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC) P. S. Do you suppose that could have been the cause of her acid reflux?

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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601 BC

The year 601 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 153 Ab urbe condita. The denomination 601 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

 * Traditional date of the foundation of Perinthus by settlers from Samos.
 * The Jewish–Babylonian war begins between the Kingdom of Judah and Babylonia. It ends in 586 BC.

Births

 * Laozi, ancient Chinese philosopher and writer (traditional date)
 * Darius the Mede, sometimes identified as Gobryas or Cyaxeres II (Biblical date)

Deaths

 * Viscount Xuan of Zhao

title: 601 BC


text:
584 BC

The year 584 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 170 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 584 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Births

 * Mandane of Media, Median princess and mother of Cyrus the Great (approximate date)

title: 584 BC


text:
User:Jcane526

Student | University of Miami

Major: Music Business and Entertainment Industries

Minor: Computer Information Systems

AIM: JCane526

title: User:Jcane526


text:
564 BC

The year 564 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 190 Ab urbe condita. The denomination 564 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Births

 * Siddhartha Gautama (The Lord Buddha), Religious Leader of Buddhism

Deaths

 * Aesop, Greek fable writer
 * Arrhichion, Greek champion in pankration (martial arts) in the ancient Olympic Games

title: 564 BC


text:
567 BC

The year 567 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 187 Ab urbe condita. The denomination 567 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

 * Deposed pharaoh Apries invades Egypt with Babylonian help but is defeated by Amasis II.
 * May 25—Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.

Deaths

 * Apries, former ruler of ancient Egypt.

title: 567 BC


text:
User:ChrisW~enwiki

Rewrites

 * /List of cruise ships

title: User:ChrisW~enwiki


text:
Shielded cable

A shielded cable or screened cable is an electrical cable that has a common conductive layer around its conductors for electromagnetic shielding. This shield is usually covered by an outermost layer of the cable. Common types of cable shielding can most broadly be categorized as foil type (often utilizing a metallised film), contraspiralling wire strands (braided or unbraided) or both. A longitudinal wire may be necessary with dielectric spiral foils to short out each turn.

The shield acts as a Faraday cage – a surface that reflects electromagnetic radiation. This reduces both the interference from outside noise onto the signals and the signals from radiating out and potentially disturbing other devices (see electromagnetic compatibility). To be effective against electric fields (see also capacitive coupling), the shield must be grounded. The shield should be electrically continuous to maximize effectiveness, including any cable splices. For high frequency signals (above a few megahertz), this extends to connectors and enclosures, also circumferentially: The cable shielding needs to be circumferentially connected to the enclosure, if any, through the connector or cable gland.

Some types of shielded cable use the shield as the return path for the signal. As contrasting examples, coaxial cable does, whereas twinax cable does not.

High voltage power cables with solid insulation are shielded to protect the cable insulation, people and equipment.

Types
There are many types of cable shields available commercially, and usage depends on the application.

 * Combination shields
 * Foil shields
 * Metallic braid shields
 * Spiral shields
 * Serve shields
 * Tape shields
 * Screen shields

Applications
The use of shielded cables in security systems provides some protection from power frequency and radio frequency interference, reducing the number of false alarms being generated. The best practice is to keep data or signal cables physically separated by at least 3 inches (75mm) from 'heavy' power circuits which are in parallel.

Analog signal cable used in professional audio applications is usually shielded twisted pair cable terminated in XLR connectors. The twisted pair carries the signal in a balanced audio configuration. The audio multicore cable laid from the stage to the mixing console is also shielded.

Consumers use screened copper wire with one central conductor in an unbalanced configuration.

In signal cables
The best way to wire shielded cables for screening is to ground the shield at both ends of the cable. Traditionally there existed a rule of thumb to ground only the source end of the shield to avoid ground loops. Best practice is to ground at both ends, but there is a possibility of ground loops. In airplanes, special cable is used with both an outer shield to protect against lightning and an inner shield grounded at one end to eliminate hum from the 400 Hz power system.

In power cables
Medium and high-voltage power cables, in circuits over 2000 volts, usually have a shield layer of copper or aluminium tape or conducting polymer. If an unshielded insulated cable is in contact with earth or a grounded object, the electrostatic field around the conductor will be concentrated at the contact point, resulting in corona discharge, and eventual destruction of the insulation. Leakage current and capacitive current through the insulation presents a danger of electrical shock. The grounded shield equalizes electrical stress around the conductor, diverts any leakage current to ground. Stress relief cones should be applied at the shield ends, especially for cables operating at more than 2 kV to earth.

Shields on power cables may be connected to earth ground at each shield end and at splices for redundancy to prevent shock even though induced current will flow in the shield. This current will produce losses and heating and will reduce the maximum current rating of the circuit. Tests show that having a bare grounding conductor adjacent to the insulated wires will conduct the fault current to earth more quickly. On high-current circuits the shields might be connected only at one end. On very long high-voltage circuits, the shield may be broken into several sections since a long shield run may rise to dangerous voltages during a circuit fault. There is a risk of shock hazard from having only one end of the shield grounded. The maximum recommended shield potential rise is 25 volts. IEEE 422 and 525 lists the cable lengths that would limit shield potential to 25 volts for a single point ground application.

title: Shielded cable


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Stephen Mertz

Stephen Mertz (born May 3, 1947) is an American fiction author who is best known for his mainstream thrillers and novels of suspense. His work covers a wide variety of styles from paranormal dark suspense (Night Wind and Devil Creek) to historical speculative thrillers (Blood Red Sun) and hardboiled noir (Fade to Tomorrow).

His novels have been well-received critically. Booklist called Nightwind, “fast-paced...a white-knuckle read.” Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine labeled Mertz, “an action specialist.” Edgar-winner Joe R. Lansdale supplies this career assessment: “Stephen Mertz writes a hard-edged, fast-paced thriller for those who like their tales straight and sharp and full of dark surprise,” while Booklist had this to say about The Korean Intercept: "Fans of political thrillers will relish this high-action tale.  An adrenaline rush!” Ed Gorman wrote, “Stephen Mertz just keeps on getting better, each novel more dazzling in story and style.”

Mertz is also a popular lecturer on the craft of writing and has appeared as a guest speaker before writer's groups and at universities. Early in his career, he was a prolific writer of paperback originals under a variety of pseudonyms. His work on Don Pendleton's Mack Bolan series is regarded by fans as some of the best in that series. He also created the Mark Stone: MIA Hunter and Cody's Army series, written under the pseudonyms Jack Buchanan and Jim Case respectively.

Stephen Mertz has traveled widely and is a U.S. Army veteran. He presently lives in the American Southwest, and he is always at work on a new book.

Novels

 * Some Die Hard (1979, as Stephen Brett)
 * The Vampire Chase (1979, as Stephen Brett)
 * Blood Red Sun (1989)
 * Tunnel Rats (1989, as Cliff Banks)
 * Tunnel Rats: Mud and Blood (1990, as Cliff Banks)
 * Sudden Death (1995)
 * Night Wind (2002)
 * Fade to Tomorrow (2004)
 * Devil Creek (2004)
 * The Korean Intercept (2005)
 * Dragon Games (Five Star Books, 2010)
 * Hank & Muddy (Perfect Crime Books, 2011)
 * The Castro Directive (Crossroad Press, 2013)
 * Blaze! (Rough Edges Press, 2015)

The Executioner Series (as Don Pendleton)

 * The Iranian Hit #42 (1982)
 * Return to Vietnam #43 (1982)
 * The Libya Connection #48 (1982)
 * Tuscany Terror #52 (1983)
 * Day of Mourning #62 (1984)
 * Dead Man Running #64 (1984)
 * Beirut Payback #67 (1984)
 * Appointment in Kabul #73 (1985)
 * Teheran Wipeout #76 (1985)
 * Dirty War (SuperBolan #4) (1985)
 * Moscow Massacre #92 (1986)
 * Save the Children #94 (1986)

Cody's Army Series (as Jim Case)

 * Cody's Army (1986)
 * Assault into Libya (1986)
 * Philippine Hardpunch (1987)
 * Belfast Blitz (1987)
 * D.C. Firestike (1987)
 * Hellfire in Haiti (1988)
 * Sword of the Prophet (1988)

title: Stephen Mertz