text:
Canadian Eskimo Dog

The Canadian Eskimo Dog or Canadian Inuit Dog is a breed of working dog from the Arctic. Other names include qimmiq or qimmit (Inuit language word for "dog"). The Greenland Dog is considered the same breed as the Canadian Eskimo Dog since they have not yet diverged enough genetically to be considered separate breeds, despite their geographic isolation.

The breed is threatened with extinction, with a 2008 estimate of only 300 purebred dogs. Although once used as the preferred method of transportation by Inuit in the Canadian Arctic, by the 1960s traditional working dog teams became increasingly rare in the North. Contributing factors to the breed's decline include the increasing popularity of snowmobiles for transportation and the spread of infectious canine diseases. Controversy surrounds the intentional killings of a debated number of Inuit sled dogs between 1950 and 1970 by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, as well as recent efforts to increase the breed's population.

Lineage
The first dogs arrived in the Americas 12,000 years ago. However, people and their dogs did not settle in the Arctic until the arrival of two groups from Siberia, the Paleo-Eskimo people 4,500 years ago and the Thule people 1,000 years ago. The Inuit dogs from Canada (Canadian Eskimo Dog) and Greenland (Greenland Dog) descended from dogs associated with the Thule people, who relied on them for transportation from Siberia.

In 2015, a study using a number of genetic markers indicated that these were both the same dog and should not be treated as separate breeds, that they maintain an indigenous heritage that predates colonization and the timing of which corresponds with the arrival of the Thule people, and that they were distinct from Siberian Huskies, Alaskan huskies and Alaskan Malamutes. The maternal mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Inuit dogs were classified as haplotype A31 that indicates a common female ancestor. This haplotype could not be found in other modern dogs; the nearest match was with the 1,000 year–old remains of a dog from Florida.

A 2018 study found that all indigenous dogs originally brought by the first wave of human migration into the Americas, termed the "pre-contact dog" (PCD) clade, are now extinct. The group includes the dogs brought by Paleo-Eskimos 4,500 years ago. The Canadian Eskimo dogs, brought in a later wave by the Thule people, belong to the neighbouring group of Arctic dogs. An 2019 study confirms that these later Arctic dogs were dispersed by the Inuit across North America 2000 years ago, replacing the first wave of PCDs where they go.

Appearance
The Canadian Eskimo Dog should always be powerfully built, athletic, and imposing in appearance. It should be of "powerful physique giving the impression that he is not built for speed but rather for hard work." As is typical of spitz breeds, it has erect, triangular ears, and a heavily feathered tail that is carried over its back. Males should be distinctly more masculine than females, who are finer boned, smaller, and often have a slightly shorter coat.

Its superficial similarity to wolves was often noted by explorers during the Coppermine Expedition of 1819–1822. They noted that the ears of the Eskimo dogs they encountered were similar to those of American wolves, and their forelegs lacked the black mark above the wrist characteristic of European wolves. The most sure way to distinguish the two species was said to be through the length and posture of the tail, which was shorter and more curved in the dog.

Coat and colour
The coat is very thick and dense, with a soft undercoat and stiff, coarse guard hairs. The Eskimo Dog has a mane of thick fur around its neck, which is quite impressive in the males and adds an illusion of additional size. This mane is smaller in females. Eskimo Dogs can be almost any colour, and no one colour or colour pattern should dominate. Solid white dogs are often seen, as well as white dogs with patches of another colour on the head or both body and head. Solid silver or black coloured dogs are common as well. Many of the solid coloured dogs have white mask-like markings on the face, sometimes with spots over the eyes. Others might have white socks and nose stripes with no eye spots or mask.

Size
The size of Canadian Eskimo dogs depends on their sex. Males weigh 30 - 40 kg and stand 58 - 70 cm at the shoulder. Females weigh 18 - 30 kg and stand 50 - 60 cm.

Temperament
The Canadian Eskimo Dog's temperament reflects its original work and environment. It is loyal, tough, brave, intelligent, and alert. It is affectionate and gentle, and develops a deep bond with its owner and is intensely loyal. When used as sled dogs, they were often required to forage and hunt for their own food. Consequently, many Canadian Eskimo Dogs have stronger prey drive than some other breeds. Owing to their original environment, they take pure delight in cold weather, often preferring to sleep outside in winter. Like most spitz breeds they can be very vocal.

Care and training
Canadian Eskimo Dogs need a very large amount of exercise. They cannot just be walked, they need higher intensity work, requiring more exercise than many dog owners can give. This need for work and stimulation makes them well-suited for dog sports, such as carting, mushing, and skijoring. They are very trainable and submissive, unlike many spitz breeds, as well as intelligent. The Canadian Eskimo Dog is best kept in a cold climate, and is prone to heatstroke. Its coat is fairly easy to care for most times of the year, needing brushing only one or two times a week. However, when it sheds (which happens once a year) it will need grooming every day.

Historically, Inuit would put their dogs to the harness as soon as they could walk, and would acquire the habit of pulling sledges in their attempts to break free. At the age of two months, the pups would be placed with adult dogs. Sometimes, ten pups would be put under the lead of an older animal, coupled with frequent beatings from their masters, which would educate the pups.

History
The Inuit never considered the dog as part of the animal kingdom (uumajuit), but merely as a tool for human existence. It was, and still is (to a very limited extent), used by the Canadian Inuit as multi-purpose dogs, often put to work hunting seals and other Arctic game, and hauling supplies and people. Explorers noted that the dogs were capable of tracking a seal hole from a great distance, and were occasionally used to hunt polar bears. The dogs were reported to be so enthusiastic in hunting bears that, sometimes, their handlers shouted "nanuq" (Inuktitut name for the bear) to encourage them when pulling sledges.

The dogs however would not pursue wolves, and would howl fearfully at their approach. Frozen dog urine was used by Inuit as a medicine, and their fur was more prized than that of wolves, due to its greater resistance to wear. In times of famine, the dogs would be used as an emergency food source. Though once assumed to be a tamed wolf or wolf-dog hybrid by explorers, including Charles Darwin due to similarities in appearance and vocalisations, genetic testing has shown that the Eskimo dog has no recent wolf ancestry.

The breed is currently threatened with extinction. In the 19th century and early 20th century, this breed was still in demand for polar expeditions, and approximately 20,000 dogs lived in the Canadian Arctic in the 1920s. However, the breed had declined significantly by the 1960s. The breed had once been accepted for showing by both the American Kennel Club (AKC) and the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC); however, in 1959 the AKC dropped the breed from its registry because of extremely low numbers. The Canadian Eskimo Dog and Greenland Dog are sometimes considered the same breed by authorities, although the Greenland Dog can be criticized for lacking any proper breeding program, questioning its validity as a pure breed.

Since the 1970s interested parties that include the Eskimo Dog Research Foundation (EDRF) have worked to increase the breed's numbers. The EDRF was founded in 1972 and largely funded by the Canadian Government and the Northwest Territories Government, with some support from the CKC. The EDRF purchased dogs from the small (about 200 dogs) population remaining in the Canadian Arctic from remote Inuit camps on Baffin Island, Boothia Peninsula, and Melville Peninsula. The EDRF then began breeding dogs in order to increase numbers. Brian Ladoon also bought dogs in the 1970s from the northern communities of Canada and started breeding after being given the mission of saving them by Bishop Omer Alfred Robidoux of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Churchill-Baie d'Hudson. He switched from Malamutes and Huskies to the CEDs, and after breeding for 30 years still has the largest genetic stock colony of Canadian Eskimo Dogs in the world. The modern breed originated from a relatively high number of founders, thus ensuring sufficient genetic variability to avoid inbreeding.

The Canadian Eskimo Dog is currently used in sled dog teams that entertain tourists and for commercial polar bear hunting. By law, polar bear hunting in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut must be conducted by dog team or on foot. The requirement is partly for safety reasons; the working dogs can better sense when a polar bear is around, whereas the sound of a snowmobile motor masks any sign of a polar bear. On May 1, 2000, the Canadian territory of Nunavut officially adopted the "Canadian Inuit Dog" as the animal symbol of the territory, thus sealing the name of their traditional dog (qimmiq) in the Inuktitut language.

RCMP dog killings
Between 1950 and 1970, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police slaughtered Inuit sled dogs. The Inuit refer to this as the qimmiijaqtauniq. Estimates of the number of dogs killed range from 1,200 to 20,000. In some communities, elders have alleged that this destruction was conducted in order to intimidate the Inuit and to intentionally disrupt their way of life. In response to these allegations, in 2005 the RCMP conducted an internal investigation on the killings. Its report concluded that dogs were indeed killed, but for public health purposes – to remove sick, dangerous, and suffering animals. However, the report also acknowledged that the RCMP rarely followed ordinances that required dogs to first be captured and owners to be notified before killings, that owners had no recourse against unreasonable killings, and that the justification for killings were not always explained to the Inuit. The report denies that any dogs were killed as part of a plot against the Inuit. The Qikiqtani Inuit Association denounced the report as "biased, flawed and incomplete." The association later commissioned its own report, which criticized the RCMP's killing of dogs heavily while still finding no deliberate conspiracy against the Inuit.

In August of 2019, Canadian Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations Carolyn Bennett made a wide ranging apology to the Inuit of Baffin Island, including for the slaughter and forced decline of Inuit dogs. This was the third of a series of apologies made for the historic abuse, mistreatment, and forced relocation of the Inuit, and came with a CA$20 million donation to the Qikiqtani Inuit Association, of which $700,000 will go towards the annual Nunavut Quest dog sled race for 7 years.

title: Canadian Eskimo Dog


text:
Category:African philosophers

This page collects all those African philosophers for whom there is a separate Wikipedia article.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:African philosophers


text:
Fantasyland

Fantasyland is one of the "themed lands" at all of the Magic Kingdom-style parks run by The Walt Disney Company around the world. It is themed after Disney's animated fairy tale feature films. Each Fantasyland has a castle, as well as several gentle rides themed after those Disney animated feature films.

History and environs
Fantasyland is one of the original themed lands at Disneyland. Fantasyland features Sleeping Beauty Castle at its main entrance, which is also the park's icon, and a central courtyard dominated by King Arthur Carrousel, in front of which sits a sword in an anvil; several times each day a costumed Merlin helps a child pull the sword from it. The entrance also contains a separate walk-through attraction that opened in 1957 but was closed from 2001 to 2008 due to security concerns following the September 11, attacks. The attraction re-opened in May 2008.

The famed "Fantasy in the Sky Fireworks" show was introduced in 1956, but Tinker Bell's first flight wasn't until 1961. The first Tinker Bell was Tiny Kline, former circus aerialist. Multiple shows have replaced this most involving some sort of 'flying' character, such as Tinker Bell.

In 1983, Fantasyland received a major facelift (dubbed "New Fantasyland") and the attraction façades changed from a Renaissance motif to a fantasy mock up of a Bavarian village, similar to the European setting of many of the fairy tales Walt adapted. The area was expanded to allow for more space between attractions. Existing rides were given small but helpful upgrades; new rides were added; and only a small handful of less popular attractions were removed. To commemorate the opening of New Fantasyland, the drawbridge was lowered on Sleeping Beauty Castle for only the second time ever (the first being the park's opening in 1955).

The plaque in front of the castle marks the spot where the Disneyland Time Capsule is buried. Sealed on the 40th anniversary of the park (1995), it contains different items from the history of Disney parks. It is scheduled to be opened in the year 2035, forty years after it was first sealed.

Fantasyland was said by Walt Disney to be his favorite land in the park. He said, "What youngster has not dreamed of flying with Peter Pan over moonlit London, or tumbling into Alice's nonsensical Wonderland? In Fantasyland, these classic stories of everyone's youth have become realities for youngsters - of all ages - to participate in."

Current attractions and entertainment

 * Alice in Wonderland (1958–present)
 * Casey Jr. Circus Train (1955–present)
 * Dumbo the Flying Elephant (1955–present)
 * It's a Small World (1966–present)
 * Fantasy Faire
 * Royal Hall
 * Royal Theatre
 * Clopin's Music Box
 * Fantasyland Theatre
 * Pixar Pals Playtime Party (2024)
 * King Arthur Carrousel/The Sword In The Stone (1955–present)
 * Mad Tea Party (1955–present)
 * Matterhorn Bobsleds (1959–present)
 * Mr. Toad's Wild Ride (1955–present)
 * Peter Pan's Flight (1955–present)
 * Pinocchio's Daring Journey (1983–present)
 * Pixie Hollow (2008–present)
 * Sleeping Beauty Castle walk-through (1957–2001, 2008–present)
 * Snow White Grotto (1961–present)
 * Snow White's Enchanted Wish (2021–present)
 * Storybook Land Canal Boats (1955–present)
 * The Pearly Band (since 1960s)

Former attractions and entertainment

 * Snow White and Her Adventures (1955–82)
 * Canal Boats of the World (1955)
 * Mickey Mouse Club Circus (1955–56)
 * Mickey Mouse Club Theater (1955–82, replaced by Pinocchio's Daring Journey)
 * Keller's Jungle Killers (1956)
 * Skyway to Tomorrowland (1956–94)
 * Motor Boat Cruise (1957–93)
 * Midget Autopia (1957–66)
 * Fantasyland Autopia (1959–99)
 * Skull Rock (1960–82)
 * Snow White's Scary Adventures (1983–2020)
 * Videopolis (1985–2006)
 * Fantasyland Depot (1961–93, re-themed as Toon Town Depot)
 * Disney Afternoon Avenue, featuring Disney Afternoon characters (1991):
 * Baloo's Dressing Room
 * Motor Boat Cruise to Gummi Glen
 * Rescue Rangers Raceway
 * Ariel's Grotto in Triton's Garden (1996–2008, replaced by Pixie Hollow)
 * Fantasyland Theater:
 * "Plane Crazy" Stage Show (1991–2012)
 * Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage (1992–95)
 * The Spirit of Pocahontas (1995–97)
 * Disney's Animazement - The Musical (1998–2001)
 * Minnie's Christmas Party (2001-02)
 * Mickey's Detective School (2002–03)
 * Snow White: An Enchanting Musical (2004–05)
 * Disney Princess Fantasy Faire (2006–12)
 * Mickey and the Magical Map (2013–20)
 * Tale of the Lion King (2022–24)
 * Fantasia Gardens (1993–2006)
 * Royal Theatre
 * "Frozen" (2015–16)

Current restaurants and refreshments

 * Edelweiss Snacks
 * Maurice's Treats
 * Red Rose Taverne
 * Troubadour Tavern

Former restaurants and refreshments

 * Character Foods (1955–81)
 * Welch's Grape Juice Stand (1956–81)
 * Yumz (1985–2004)
 * Enchanted Cottage Sweets & Treats (2004–2012)
 * Village Haus Restaurant (1983–2017)

Current shops

 * Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique
 * The Castle Holiday Shop
 * Stromboli's Cart
 * Royal Reception
 * Fairy Tale Treasures
 * "It's a Small World" Toy Shop
 * Le Petit Chalet
 * The Mad Hatter

Former shops

 * Merlin's Magic Shop (1955–83)
 * Tinker Bell Toy Shoppe (1957–2008)
 * Castle Candy Kitchen/Shoppe (1958–67)
 * Arts & Crafts Shop (1958–82)
 * Clock Shop (1963–69)
 * Castle Arts (1983–87)
 * Mickey's Christmas Chalet (1983–87)
 * Geppetto's Arts & Crafts (1983–2007)
 * Briar Rose Cottage (1987–91)
 * Castle Christmas Shop (1987–96)
 * Disney Villains (1991–1996)
 * The Castle Heraldry Shoppe (1994–2017)
 * Names Unraveled (1995–2005)
 * Knight Shop (1997–98)
 * Princess Boutique (1997–2005)
 * Villains Lair (1998–2004)
 * 50th Anniversary Shop (2005–06)
 * Three Fairies Magic Crystals (2006–08)

Expansion
The area went through a large expansion and renovation between 2010 and 2014.

Conceptual artwork for the expansion shows several new additions and changes. Included is a new dark ride themed to Disney's 1989 film The Little Mermaid (also located at Disney California Adventure), and an area themed to Disney's 1991 animated film Beauty and the Beast featuring the Beast's Castle with a new sit-down restaurant and Belle's cottage. Between the two attractions life-sized figures of Bambi and Thumper can be seen playing in the woodland with the Great Prince of the Forest watching them from a distance. There is also a rest area themed to Disney's 2010 musical film Tangled, and an interactive queue for Peter Pan's Flight.

There was originally a possibility that a Harry Potter themed attraction was going to be built under an agreement with Warner Bros. and J. K. Rowling as part of an expansion of Fantasyland but this eventually went to the neighbouring Universal Studios park.

Mickey's Toontown Fair was closed on February 11, 2011 in order to build the Storybook Circus area of the Fantasyland extension. Some elements of Mickey's Toontown Fair were demolished and others were re-themed to the new area. Storybook Circus is based on elements of the 1941 animated film Dumbo and other characters from the Mickey Mouse universe. The Dumbo the Flying Elephant ride was removed from Fantasyland and rebuilt in Storybook Circus, the new version doubling the capacity of the old ride and introducing an interactive queue. The Barnstormer at Goofy's Wiseacre Farm was renamed The Barnstormer featuring the Great Goofini. Storybook Circus has been completed and became fully open to the public on October 4, 2012. The first stage was completed on March 12, 2012 ("The Barnstormer", the renovated Storybook Circus train station, and the first half of the new Dumbo ride). The second phase of Storybook Circus (the second half of Dumbo, the indoor queue area, and the Casey Jr. Splash 'n' Soak Station) opened in July 2012. The third and final phase (Pete's Silly Sideshow and Big Top Souvenirs) saw the completion of Storybook Circus on October 4, 2012.

Snow White's Scary Adventures closed on May 31, 2012. The original ride was removed and Princess Fairytale Hall, a new Disney Princess "meet and greet" area, opened on September 18, 2013, where the attraction previously existed. An area themed to Disney's 1937 film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs features the dwarfs' cottage and a new roller coaster ride called the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train. The coaster features a first-of-its-kind ride system with a train of ride vehicles that swing back and forth, responding to the twists and turns of the track. Although not part of the original plans for the new Fantasyland, this attraction took the place of several proposed interactive Disney Princess meet and greets; these have been removed from the updated plans for the expansion. The Seven Dwarfs Mine Train opened on May 28, 2014, completing New Fantasyland.

On May 2, 2024, following the announcement, Magic Kingdom announced that a new interactive game attraction, Smellephants on Parade are debuted, where guests can find 8 pyramid scheme pachyderms throughout Storybook Circus in a search-and-sniff adventure.

Current attractions and entertainment
Note: ▲ = Genie Plus / Lightning Lane available

Table-Service Restaurants
 * Be Our Guest Restaurant - a Beauty and the Beast themed restaurant with character dining. Located inside the Beasts castle.
 * Cinderella's Royal Table - a Cinderella themed restaurant with character dining. Located inside Cinderella's Castle.

Quick-Service Food
 * Pinocchio's Village Haus - quick service specializing in pizza, with themes from the 1940 Disney film Pinocchio.
 * Cheshire Cafe - named after the Cheshire Cat, a character featured in the 1951 Disney film Alice in Wonderland. Currently sponsored by Minute Maid
 * The Friar's Nook - named after the character Friar Tuck from the 1973 Disney film Robin Hood.
 * Storybook Treats - an ice cream quick service location.
 * Prince Eric's Village Market - named after Prince Eric from the 1989 Disney film The Little Mermaid.
 * Maurice's Popcorn Cart - named after Belle's father Maurice from Beauty and the Beast.
 * Gaston's Tavern - named after Gaston from Beauty and the Beast.

Attractions
 * Ariel's Grotto - an indoor daily character greeting with Ariel. ▲
 * Mickey's PhilharMagic - located inside the Fantasyland Theatre. ▲
 * Enchanted Tales with Belle - an indoor daily interactive character greeting with Belle. ▲
 * Princess Fairytale Hall - offers indoor daily character greetings with Disney Princesses. ▲
 * Fairytale Garden - currently offering a daily outdoor character greeting with Mirabel Madrigal from Encanto.

Rides
 * The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure ▲
 * Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ▲
 * Mad Tea Party ▲
 * The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ▲
 * It's a Small World ▲
 * Peter Pan's Flight ▲
 * Prince Charming Regal Carrousel - named after Cinderella's prince.

Merchandise
 * Fantasy Faire - the exit gift shop at Mickey's Phiharmagic.
 * Sir Mickeys - gift shop themed after the Mickey and the Beanstalk segment from the 1947 Disney film Fun and Fancy Free. Guests can be "pixie-dusted" inside the store.
 * Hundred Acre Goods - specializes in Winnie-the-Pooh-themed merchandise.
 * Bonjour Village Gifts

Points Of Interest
 * Rapunzel's Tower - a themed area and replica of Rapunzel's Tower from the 2010 Disney film Tangled.
 * Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boutique - offers Disney Princess makeovers for children.
 * Cinderella Fountain - Cinderella themed fountain located near the castle.
 * Cinderella's Wishing Well - Cinderella themed Wishing well located near the castle.

Storybook Circus
Note: ▲ = Genie Plus / Lightning Lane available

Attractions
 * Casey Jr. Splash 'n' Soak Station
 * Pete's Silly Sideshow - an indoor character greeting space featuring Minnie, Goofy, Donald, and Daisy. Named after Pete from the Mickey Mouse cartoons.
 * Smellephants on Parade – a new interactive game where you go around sniffing elephant statues in Storybook Circus.

Rides
 * Dumbo the Flying Elephant ▲
 * The Barnstormer ▲

Points of Interest
 * Fantasyland Railroad Station

Merchandise
 * Big Top Souvenirs - a large gift shop that includes an ear-hat embroidery station and a smaller version of the confectionery.

Former attractions and entertainment

 * Fantasyland Theatre
 * Mickey Mouse Revue (1971–80)
 * Magic Journeys (1987–93)
 * Legend of the Lion King (1994–2002)
 * 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage (1971–94)
 * Mr. Toad's Wild Ride (1971–98)
 * Skyway to Tomorrowland (1971–99)
 * Snow White's Adventures (1971–94)
 * Snow White's Scary Adventures (1971–2012)
 * Storytime with Belle (1999–2010)
 * Pooh's Playful Spot (2005–10)
 * Dream Along with Mickey (2006–16)
 * Mickey's Royal Friendship Faire (2016–20)
 * Fairytale Garden
 * Merida "Meet and Greet"

Former restaurants

 * Hook's Tavern
 * Enchanted Grove (1983-2011, replaced with Cheshire Cafe)
 * Round Table (current site of Storybook Treats, 1971-1994)
 * Mrs. Potts' Cupboard (1994-2010)
 * Lancer's Inn (current site of Friar's Nook, 1971-1986)
 * Gurgi's Munchings and Crunchings (1986-1993)
 * Lumiere's Kitchen (1993-2006)
 * The Village Frye Shoppe (2006-2009)

Tokyo Disneyland
Tokyo Disneyland has two original attractions among the usual dark rides: Cinderella's Fairy Tale Hall, which features the story of Cinderella in a walk-through style attraction, and Pooh's Hunny Hunt, which uses a trackless ride system. It is also the only version of Fantasyland to still feature the original version of Dumbo the Flying Elephant with only ten flying elephants, while the other versions of the attraction have sixteen elephants.

On April 29, 2015, The Oriental Land Company revealed a major expansion/re-imagining of the area that included the addition of areas based on Beauty and the Beast and Alice in Wonderland. Alice in Wonderland was supposed to be the theme for a new area that would have replaced the current It's a Small World building, which would have been moved next to Space Mountain. However, the plan was cancelled and been replaced by an indoor theater, The Happy Ride with Baymax, a ride based on the 2014 film Big Hero 6 in Tomorrowland, and a meet and greet attraction with Minnie Mouse in Mickey's Toontown. On September 19, 2019, it was announced that the opening date of this area is April 15, 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, this date was moved to September 28, 2020.

Current attractions and entertainment

 * Alice's Tea Party (1986–present)
 * Castle Carrousel (1983–present)
 * Cinderella Castle (1983–present)
 * Cinderella's Fairy Tale Hall (2011–present)
 * Court Jesters Quartet
 * Dumbo the Flying Elephant (1983–present)
 * Enchanted Tale of Beauty and the Beast (2020–present)
 * Fantasyland Forest Theatre
 * Mickey's Magical Music World (2021–present)
 * Fantasyland Concert Hall
 * Mickey's PhilharMagic (2011–present)
 * The Haunted Mansion (1983–present)
 * Peter Pan's Flight (1983–present)
 * Pinocchio's Daring Journey (1983–present)
 * Pooh's Hunny Hunt (2000–present)
 * Snow White's Adventures (1983–present)
 * Snow White Grotto (1983–present)
 * The Sword in the Stone

Upcoming attractions and entertainment

 * It's a Small World with Groot (Opening in Winter 2025)

Former attractions and entertainment

 * Skyway (1983–98)
 * Fantasyland Concert Hall
 * Mickey Mouse Revue (1983–2009)
 * Cinderella Castle Mystery Tour (1986–2006)
 * Small World Stage (1983–95)
 * The Kids of the Kingdom (1983–88)
 * Let's Be Friends (1988–89)
 * It's a Musical World (1989–93)
 * Mickey Mouse Club (1993–96)
 * Alice's Wonderland Tales (1995)
 * It's a Small World (1983–2024)

Current restaurants and refreshments

 * Captain Hook's Galley
 * Cleo's
 * Magical Market
 * Popcorn Wagons
 * Queen of Hearts Banquet Hall
 * Troubadour Tavern
 * Village Pastry
 * La Taverne de Gaston
 * LeFou's
 * Le Petit Popper

Current shops

 * Brave Little Tailor Shoppe
 * The Glass Slipper
 * Kingdom Treasures
 * Pleasure Island Candies
 * Pooh Corner
 * Stromboli's Wagon
 * Village Shoppes
 * Bonjour Gifts
 * La Belle Librairie
 * Little Town Traders

Former shops

 * Baby Mine (1983-2018)
 * Fantasy Gifts (closed on February 15, 2018)

Disneyland Park (Paris)
The fourth Fantasyland to open was in France, at Disneyland Park, previously named Euro Disneyland. Themed as a fairy tale village, this land specifically notes the European origins of the source material for many Disney animated films.

A unique attraction of the park was Les Pirouettes du Vieux Moulin, a Ferris wheel added to the rear of The Old Mill building in 1993. The Old Mill, which resembles a Dutch windmill and was inspired by the 1937 Academy Award-winning Disney cartoon of the same name, was a feature of the park when it opened in 1992, and serves drinks and snacks. The ride closed in the early 2000s, but the wheel and its eight bucket-like passenger cars were left in place and were seasonally decorated. It was later reformed, with the buckets removed, the mill's building serving as a snack counter and the queue area as a meet and greet area.

Current attractions and entertainment

 * Alice's Curious Labyrinth (1992–present)
 * Blanche-Neige et les Sept Nains (Snow White's Scary Adventures) (1992–present)
 * Le Carrousel de Lancelot (Lancelot's Carousel) (1992–present)
 * Casey Jr. - Le Petit Train du Cirque (Casey Jr. Circus Train) (1994–present)
 * Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant (Sleeping Beauty Castle) (1992–present)
 * Disneyland Paris Railroad - Fantasyland Station (1992–present)
 * Dumbo the Flying Elephant (1992–present)
 * La Galerie de la Belle au Bois Dormant (Sleeping Beauty's Castle)
 * Le Théâtre du Château (The Castle Stage)
 * It's a Small World (1992–present)
 * Mad Hatter's Tea Cups (1992–present)
 * Meet Mickey Mouse
 * Le Pays de Contes de Fées (Storybook Land Canal Boats) (1994–present)
 * Peter Pan's Flight (1992–present)
 * Princess Pavilion
 * La Tanière du Dragon (The Dragon's Lair) (1992–present)
 * Les Voyages de Pinocchio (Pinocchio's Fantastic Journey) (1992–present)
 * The Sword in the Stone

Former attractions and entertainment

 * Les Pirouettes du Vieux Moulin
 * Fantasy Festival Stage:
 * Winnie the Pooh and Friends, too! (1998–2008)
 * World Chorus

Current restaurants and refreshments

 * L'Arbre Enchanté (The Enchanted Tree)
 * L'Auberge de Cendrillon
 * Au Chalet de la Marionnette
 * March Hare Refreshments
 * The Old Mill
 * Pizzeria Bella Notte
 * Toad Hall Restaurant

Former restaurants and refreshments

 * Fantasia Gelati

Current shops

 * La Bottega di Geppetto (Gepetto's Shop)
 * La Boutique du Château (The Castle Shop)
 * La Chaumière des Sept Nains (The Seven Dwarfs' Cottage)
 * La Confiserie des Trois Fées (The Three Fairies' Sweet Shop)
 * La Ménagerie du Royaume (The Kingdom Menagerie)
 * Merlin l'Enchanteur (Merlin the Magician)
 * La Petite Maison des Jouets (The Little House of Toys)
 * La Ferme de Bo Peep (Bo Peep's Farmhouse)
 * Thumper's Burrow Treats
 * Sir Mickey's Boutique

Hong Kong Disneyland
Hong Kong Disneyland features the most prominent Disney trademark, Castle of Magical Dreams and many of the classic fairy tale characters from everyone's childhood find their "homes" here, all have their own attractions, and the rest of the gang hangs out at the Fantasy Gardens, the meeting point for character greetings.

In August 2014, the second Pixie Hollow decor had moved closer to Adventureland, and the area that up to the Fantasyland Train Station, was surrounded by fences hiding the works that started recently for "Fairy Tale Forest", which opened on December 17, 2015 as part of the park's 10th anniversary celebration presented by Pandora.

On June 29, 2023, the park removed Sword in the Stone due to the construction of a new Walt Disney statue entitled "Dream Makers" which debuted on October 15, 2023, as a part of the 100 Years of Wonder Celebration. The statue immortalizes the moment when Walt Disney, sitting on a bench and watching his daughters on the Merry-Go-Round in Griffith Park, dreamed up the idea for Disneyland.

Current attractions and entertainment

 * Cinderella Carousel (2005–present)
 * Dumbo the Flying Elephant (2005–present)
 * Fairy Tale Forest (2015–present)
 * Fantasy Gardens (2005–present)
 * Fantasyland Concert Hall
 * Mickey's PhilharMagic (2005–present)
 * Hong Kong Disneyland Railroad – Fantasyland Station (2005–present)
 * It's a Small World (2008–present)
 * Mad Hatter Tea Cups (2005–present)
 * The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (2005–present)
 * Snow White Grotto (2005–present)
 * The Royal Reception Hall (2020–present)
 * Storybook Theater
 * Mickey and the Wondrous Book (2015–present)
 * Castle of Magical Dreams (2020–present)

Former attractions and entertainment

 * Storybook Theater
 * The Golden Mickeys (2005–15)
 * Sleeping Beauty Castle (2005–18)
 * The Sword in the Stone (2005-23)

Restaurants and refreshments

 * Clopin's Festival of Foods
 * Popcorn, Cotton Candy, Frozen Lollipops Cart
 * Royal Banquet Hall
 * Small World Ice Cream
 * Soya Chicken Leg, Corn on the Cob, Frozen Lollipops Cart

Current shops

 * Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique
 * Enchanted Treasures
 * Merlin's Magic Portraits
 * Merlin's Treasures
 * Pooh Corner
 * Storybook Shoppe

Shanghai Disneyland Park
Opened on June 16, 2016, Shanghai Disneyland Park also features a version of Fantasyland. The park's castle, called Enchanted Storybook Castle, represents all Disney Princesses and is the largest of all six Magic Kingdom castles. A brand new unique attraction called Voyage to the Crystal Grotto, a guided boat ride tour through the castle, and around Fantasyland, is also included.

Current attractions and entertainment

 * Alice in Wonderland Maze (2016–present)
 * Bai Ling Storytime
 * Enchanted Storybook Castle (2016–present)
 * Voyage to the Crystal Grotto (2016–present)
 * Evergreen Playhouse
 * Frozen: A Sing-Along Celebration (2016–present)
 * Hunny Pot Spin
 * The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (2016–present)
 * Once Upon a Time Adventure
 * Storybook Court
 * Peter Pan's Flight (2016–present)
 * Seven Dwarfs Mine Train (2016–present)

Current restaurants and refreshments

 * Fairy Godmother's Cupboard
 * Merlin's Magic Recipe
 * Pinocchio Village Kitchen
 * Royal Banquet Hall
 * Tangled Tree Tavern
 * Troubadour Treats

Former restaurants and refreshments

 * Celebration Cafe (2016–18)

Current shops

 * Be Our Guest Boutique
 * Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique
 * Cottage Curios
 * Fantasy Faire
 * Hundred Acre Goods
 * Mickey & Minnie's Mercantile
 * Mountainside Treasures

title: Fantasyland


text:
240 Vanadis

Vanadis (minor planet designation: 240 Vanadis) is a fairly large main-belt asteroid with a diameter of around 100 km. It was discovered by A. Borrelly on August 27, 1884, in Marseilles and was named after Freyja (Vanadis), the Norse fertility goddess. The asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $103.9 km$ with a period of 1589.6 days and an orbital eccentricity of 0.206. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 2.10° to the plane of the ecliptic.

Photometric observations of the asteroid made during 2022 were used to produce a light curve that showed a rotation period of $94.03 km$ with a brightness variation of $2.53 g/cm^{3}$ in magnitude. This is consistent with earlier estimates. It is very dark and is classified as a C-type asteroid, probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material.

title: 240 Vanadis


text:
N. T. Wright

Nicholas Thomas Wright (born 1 December 1948), known as N. T. Wright or Tom Wright, is an English New Testament scholar, Pauline theologian and Anglican bishop. He was the bishop of Durham from 2003 to 2010. He then became research professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at St Mary's College in the University of St Andrews in Scotland until 2019, when he became a senior research fellow at Wycliffe Hall at the University of Oxford.

Wright writes about theology and Christian life and the relationship between them. He advocates a biblical re-evaluation of theological matters such as justification, women's ordination, and popular Christian views about life after death. He has also criticised the idea of a literal Rapture. The author of over seventy books, Wright is highly regarded in academic and theological circles for his "Christian Origins and the Question of God" series. The third volume, The Resurrection of the Son of God, is considered by many clergy and theologians to be a seminal Christian work on the resurrection of Jesus.

Early life
Wright was born in Morpeth, Northumberland. In a 2003 interview, he said that he could never remember a time when he was not aware of the presence and love of God and recalled an occasion when he was four or five when "sitting by myself at Morpeth and being completely overcome, coming to tears, by the fact that God loved me so much he died for me. Everything that has happened to me since has produced wave upon wave of the same."

He was educated at Sedbergh School in the Yorkshire Dales, and in the late 1960s Wright sang and played guitar in a folk club on the west side of Vancouver. In 1971, Wright received his BA in literae humaniores, with first class honours, from Exeter College, Oxford. During that time he was president of the undergraduate Oxford Inter-Collegiate Christian Union.

From 1971 to 1975, he studied for the Anglican ministry at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, receiving his (Oxford) MA at the end of this period. He was later awarded a Doctor of Divinity (DD) degree by the University of Oxford.

Career
In 1975 he became a junior research fellow at Merton College, Oxford, and later also junior chaplain. From 1978 to 1981 he was a fellow and chaplain at Downing College, Cambridge. In 1981 he received his DPhil from Merton College, his thesis topic being "The Messiah and the People of God: A Study in Pauline Theology with Particular Reference to the Argument of the Epistle to the Romans". After this, he served as assistant professor of New Testament studies at McGill University, Montreal (1981 to 1986), then as chaplain, fellow and tutor at Worcester College and lecturer in New Testament in the University of Oxford (1986 to 1993).

He moved from Oxford to become dean of Lichfield Cathedral (1994 to 1999) and then returned briefly to Oxford as a visiting fellow at Merton College, before taking up his appointment as canon theologian at Westminster Abbey in 2000.

From 1995 to 2000, Wright wrote the weekly Sunday's "Readings" column for the Church Times. He has said that writing the column gave him the "courage" to embark upon his popular ... for Everyone (SPCK) series of commentaries on New Testament books.

In 2003, Wright became the Bishop of Durham; he was consecrated a bishop on 3 July 2003 at York Minster by David Hope, Archbishop of York. On 4 August 2006 he was appointed to the Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved for a period of five years.

He resigned from the see of Durham on 31 August 2010 and took appointment as research professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at St Mary's College, St Andrews, in Scotland, which enabled him to concentrate on his academic and broadcasting work.

In 2018, he delivered the Gifford Lectures on Discerning the Dawn: History, Eschatology and New Creation at the University of Aberdeen.

As of 1 October 2019, Wright was appointed a senior research fellow at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, where he had originally studied for the Anglican ministry in 1971 through 1973.

New Testament doctrine
In his popular book Surprised by Hope, Wright outlines the scriptural emphasis on resurrection as the proper hope of all Christians. Wright is critical of the North American church's overemphasis on "going to heaven when you die" and the underemphasis on the resurrection from the dead, though he does not deny the teaching that a person's soul lives on after death. He advocates a reunion of soteriology and ecclesiology, commenting that such a connection is often neglected in Protestantism. In addition, he is critical of various popular theological ideas, such as the dispensationalist doctrine of the rapture.

New perspective on Paul
Wright is one of the leading figures in the New Perspective on Paul interpretation, or rather group of interpretations, of the Pauline letters. Wright contends that Paul cannot be ignored by any serious Christian and that, through his central place within the New Testament canon, Paul has come to be abused, misunderstood, imposed upon, and approached with incorrect or inappropriate questions about the Christian faith. According to Wright, "Paul in the twentieth century, then, has been used and abused much as in the first. Can we, as the century draws towards its close, listen a bit more closely to him? Can we somehow repent of the ways we have mishandled him and respect his own way of doing things a bit more?"

This question reflects the key consideration for the New Perspective on Paul and a fundamental aim of Wright's scholarship: to allow the apostle Paul to speak for himself without imposing modern considerations and questions upon him and in so doing, seeking to ascertain what St. Paul was really trying to say to the people he was writing to. From this, Wright contends that by examining the Pauline corpus through this unique perspective, difficult passages within the text become illuminated in new ways, his letters gain coherence both in their particularities as well as with one another, and it provides an overall picture of what Paul was about, without doing violence to the little details within the letters.

The beginning of the "new perspective" is the work of E. P. Sanders and his book Paul and Palestinian Judaism. In this 1977 work, Sanders argued that the prevailing view of first-century Judaism in the New Testament was inaccurate. He described it instead as "covenantal nomism", which emphasised God's election of a people and adherence to the Torah as a way of "staying in" the religion (rather than a way of "getting in").

Wright found that Sanders supported the picture he himself had been forming, but nevertheless for the next decade much of what Wright wrote was in disagreement with Sanders on various points. Wright agrees with other "new perspective" scholars that the assumption that the Jews were guilty of a kind of "works-righteousness" is untrue, and that the story of God and the covenant people Israel comes to a climax with Jesus.

Paul and justification
In speaking on justification, Wright contends, "the discussions of justification in much of the history of the church, certainly since Augustine, got off on the wrong foot – at least in terms of understanding Paul – and they have stayed there ever since." In this way, the Church, according to Wright, has subsumed discussions surrounding the reconciliation of man to God under the label of justification, which has subsequently given the concept an emphasis quite absent from what he believes is found within the New Testament. This leads Wright to argue that this incorrect perception of justification has done violence to the text for hundreds of years and that the text itself should be the starting point in determining what Paul seeks to say about justification.

Through his attempt of returning to the text to allow Paul to speak for himself as he suggests, Wright offers a definition of what he believes the apostle means by ‘justification,’ which is contrary to popular belief. In crafting said definition, the interpreter identifies three pieces, which he believes to be vital to this consideration: that justification is dependent upon covenant language, that it utilises law-court language, functioning within the covenantal setting as a strong explanatory metaphor of justification, and that it cannot be understood within a Pauline context as separate from eschatology. Through the inclusion of covenant language, justification alludes to the presence of sin and wickedness in the world and the way in which the covenant was instituted to bring about salvation. Within this context, the law-court metaphorical language acknowledges God's role as judge who is to put the world to rights, to deal with evil and to restore justice and order to the cosmos. Finally, Wright's definition of ‘justification’ within Paul's letters acknowledges that the term is not associated, as has commonly been perceived, with one's personal needs necessary to attain salvation, but instead with what marked someone as a member of God's people.

Secular utopianism
In 2008, Wright criticised "secular utopianism", accusing it of advocating "the right to kill unborn children and surplus old people". The Times columnist David Aaronovitch challenged Wright specifically to substantiate his claim that any secular group does indeed advocate the killing of elderly people, leading to an exchange in which Wright held to his main point.

Historical Jesus
Regarding the historical Jesus, Wright follows the "thoroughgoing eschatology" tradition of Albert Schweitzer against the "thoroughgoing scepticism" of William Wrede and the Jesus Seminar, whom he regards as Wrede's modern-day counterparts. Wright also argues for a 'very Jewish' Jesus who was nonetheless opposed to some high-profile aspects of first-century Judaism. Similarly, Wright speaks of Jesus as 'doubly', 'multiply', 'thoroughly', and 'deeply' subversive, while at the same time distancing Jesus from other known seditious and revolutionary movements within first-century Palestine. In some ways his views are similar to those of such scholars as E. P. Sanders and the lesser-known Ben F. Meyer (whom Wright calls "the unsung hero" of New Testament studies). However he disagrees with the view of Sanders that the Pharisees would not have exhibited the violent opposition to Jesus depicted in the Gospels. He has also defended the belief in a literal Second Coming and the resurrection of the dead as central to Christianity.

Wright is critical of more liberal theological circles. The Jesus Seminar's Marcus Borg, with whom Wright shared mutual admiration and respect, co-authored with Wright The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions to elaborate their contrasting opinions. In 2005, at the Greer-Heard Point-Counterpoint Forum, Wright discussed the historicity of Jesus' resurrection with Jesus Seminar co-founder John Dominic Crossan. Wright and Crossan, who also have mutual admiration, hold very different opinions on this foundational Christian doctrine. For Crossan, the resurrection of Jesus is a theological interpretation of events by the writers of the New Testament. For Wright, however, the resurrection is a historical event—coherent with the worldview of Second Temple Judaism—fundamental to the New Testament.

With the publication of Wright's 2012 book, How God Became King: The Forgotten Story of the Gospels, Wright has been critical of some ideas concerning the historical Jesus in both US evangelical preaching and the work of C. S. Lewis, who Wright admits was a major influence in his own life. In an interview, Wright summarises this critique: "One of the targets of this book is Christians who say: Yes, the Bible is true. It's inerrant and so on. But, then, they pay no attention to what the Bible actually says. For too many Christians it seems sufficient to say Christ was born of a Virgin, died on a cross and was resurrected—but never did anything else in between. I'm saying: That’s not the way to understand the Gospels."

Homosexuality in the Anglican Communion
Wright was the senior member from the Church of England of the Lambeth Commission set up to deal with controversies following the ordination of Gene Robinson as a bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States. In 2009, the Episcopal Church authorised the clergy to celebrate commitment liturgies for people in same-sex relationships. Writing on The Times, Wright described the action as a "clear break with the rest of the Anglican Communion".

In December 2005 he announced to the press, on the day that the first civil partnership ceremonies took place in England, that he would be likely to take disciplinary action against any clergy registering as civil partners or any clergy blessing such partnerships.

He has argued that "Justice never means 'treating everybody the same way', but 'treating people appropriately'". In August 2009, he issued a statement saying: "...someone, sooner or later, needs to spell out further (wearisome though it will be) the difference between (a) the 'human dignity and civil liberty' of those with homosexual and similar instincts and (b) their 'rights', as practising let alone ordained Christians, to give physical expression to those instincts. As the Pope has pointed out, the language of 'human rights' has now been downgraded in public discourse to the special pleading of every interest-group."

Reviews of Wright's scholarly work
Wright's work has been praised by many scholars of varying views, including James Dunn, Gordon Fee, Richard B. Hays and Rowan Williams, former Archbishop of Canterbury. Wright has received praise from Catholics, such as bishop Robert Barron, who has cited Wright's historical scholarship on multiple occasions.

Critics of his work are also found across a broad range of theological camps. Some Reformed theologians such as John Piper have questioned Wright's theology, particularly over whether or not he denies the Protestant doctrine of justification by faith alone. Although Piper considers Wright's presentation confusing, he does not dismiss Wright's view as false. In response, Wright has stated he wishes Piper would "exegete Paul differently" and that his book "isn’t always a critique of what I’m actually saying." Wright also expressed how he has warmed to Piper and considers him a "good, beloved brother in Christ, doing a good job, building people up in the faith, teaching them how to live." In 2009, Wright has since addressed the issue in his book Justification: God’s Plan and Paul's Vision. He has sought to clarify his position further in an interview with InterVarsity Press.

Many conservative evangelicals have also questioned whether Wright denies penal substitution, but Wright has stated that he denies only its caricature but affirms this doctrine, especially within the overall framework of the Christus Victor model of atonement.

Despite criticism of some of his work by Reformed theologians, other Reformed leaders have embraced his contribution in other areas, such as Tim Keller who praised Wright's work on the resurrection.

Writing an extensive review of The Resurrection of the Son of God on The Heythrop Journal, Catholic fundamental theologian Joseph J. Smith has criticised Wright's views about the resurrection of Jesus, stating that neither the Gospel narratives of the Resurrection appearances nor Pauline texts cited by Wright support his view that the resurrected body was "robustly physical".

Honours
Wright has been awarded several honorary doctoral degrees, including from Durham University in July 2007, the John Leland Center for Theological Studies in April 2008, the University of St Andrews in 2009, Heythrop College (University of London) in 2010 and the Ecumenical Institute of Theology at St. Mary's Seminary & University in May 2012.

In 2014, he was awarded the Burkitt Medal by the British Academy "in recognition of special service to Biblical Studies". It was announced in March 2015 that he was to be made a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE).

Selected works
Published in Britain the following year as:.
 * ("Paul: Fresh Perspectives" co-edition SPCK, 2005).
 * co-edition New York: HarperCollins, 2006.
 * ; Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2006.
 * ; Intervarsity Press, 2006.
 * . Louisville: WestminsterJohnKnox, 2009.
 * . Also After You Believe: Why Christian Character Matters, HarperOne North America, 2010.
 * ("Paul: Fresh Perspectives" co-edition SPCK, 2005).
 * co-edition New York: HarperCollins, 2006.
 * ; Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2006.
 * ; Intervarsity Press, 2006.
 * . Louisville: WestminsterJohnKnox, 2009.
 * . Also After You Believe: Why Christian Character Matters, HarperOne North America, 2010.
 * . Louisville: WestminsterJohnKnox, 2009.
 * . Also After You Believe: Why Christian Character Matters, HarperOne North America, 2010.
 * . Louisville: WestminsterJohnKnox, 2009.
 * . Also After You Believe: Why Christian Character Matters, HarperOne North America, 2010.
 * . Also After You Believe: Why Christian Character Matters, HarperOne North America, 2010.

Christian Origins and the Question of God series
Four volumes published, two more planned:

For Everyone series
The For Everyone series, a commentary by Wright on the New Testament, was completed in 2011:
 * Acts for Everyone, Part 2: Chapters 13–28. SPCK, 2008. ISBN 978-0-281-05546-3
 * Paul for Everyone: Romans, Part 1: Chapters 1–8. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05736-8
 * Paul for Everyone: Romans, Part 2: Chapters 9–16. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05737-5
 * Paul for Everyone: 1 Corinthians. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05305-6
 * Paul for Everyone: 2 Corinthians. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05306-3
 * Paul for Everyone: Galatians and Thessalonians. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05304-9
 * Paul for Everyone: the Prison Letters: Ephesians, Philipians, Colossians and Philemon. 2nd ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05303-2
 * Paul for Everyone: the Pastoral Letters: Titus and 1 and 2 Timothy. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05310-0
 * Hebrews for Everyone. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05307-0
 * Early Christian Letters for Everyone: James, Peter, John and Judah. SPCK, 2011. ISBN 978-0-281-06465-6
 * Revelation for Everyone. SPCK, 2011. ISBN 978-0-281-06463-2
 * James for Everyone. SPCK, 2012. ISBN 978-0-281-06859-3
 * Paul for Everyone: Galatians and Thessalonians. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05304-9
 * Paul for Everyone: the Prison Letters: Ephesians, Philipians, Colossians and Philemon. 2nd ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05303-2
 * Paul for Everyone: the Pastoral Letters: Titus and 1 and 2 Timothy. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05310-0
 * Hebrews for Everyone. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004. ISBN 978-0-281-05307-0
 * Early Christian Letters for Everyone: James, Peter, John and Judah. SPCK, 2011. ISBN 978-0-281-06465-6
 * Revelation for Everyone. SPCK, 2011. ISBN 978-0-281-06463-2
 * James for Everyone. SPCK, 2012. ISBN 978-0-281-06859-3

title: N. T. Wright


text:
Framingham High School

Framingham High School, or FHS, is an urban/suburban public high school in the city of Framingham, Massachusetts, United States, located approximately 20 mi west of Boston. Founded in 1792, as Framingham Academy, the high school is the result of the merger of Framingham North and Framingham South High Schools in 1991.

Like most high schools in the United States, it enrolls students in the ninth to twelfth grades. The school has an approximate enrollment of 2000 students, making it the twelfth largest high school in Massachusetts. Framingham High School has a racially, ethnically, economically, and linguistically diverse population (20 percent of its students are considered low-income and 30 percent have a language other than English as their first language). The school is classified as an urban high school by the state of Massachusetts.

Framingham High School has received numerous awards for being a successful urban school, including a designation as a Commonwealth Compass School by the state of Massachusetts and as a Vanguard Model School by MassInsight.

The Framingham High School Flyers compete in the Bay State League-Carey Division of the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association's Division I and their mascot is the Flyer.

History
The Framingham Academy was established in 1798, replacing the organization known as the Proprietors of the Brick School House which had formed in 1792. The town of Framingham gave the academy $1000, but some time later this was found to be illegal, and the academy was dissolved.

In 1852 the high school was formed, and later became the legal successor to the academy. Thus, the high school can be considered to be founded in either 1792 or 1852.

In 1958, mid year, a new building on Flagg Drive replaced the original high school on Union Ave. that was built in the 1920s. The original building was eventually converted to house several facilities, including the Danforth Museum and the Callahan Senior Center.

In 1963, due to an increasing school population, the original Framingham High was split into two schools, Framingham North High School and Framingham South High School. South High was located in the Flagg Drive campus in South Framingham (in the now-demolished Fuller Middle School, which was replaced with a new building at 31 Flagg Drive in 2021 ) and North High was located at the new school building at Winch Park on A St. in Saxonville. Originally, North High shared facilities with Winch Park Middle School ("E" & "F" halls in the current building) until 1974 when the first Cameron Middle School opened on Elm St. The two high schools remained separate until 1991 when they were merged to create a unified school under the name Framingham High School.

The two high schools were distinguished by their colors and mascots: North had the Spartans in yellow and green while South had the original town mascot Flyers in blue and white. When the time for the merger of the schools came, the district held an election to determine the fate of the colors and mascots. The winning combination was to be the Spartans in blue and white, however alumni of the original Framingham High raised a protest that the town should revert to the original mascot and colors which happened to be used by Framingham South. After discussion with the student body, it was agreed that the colors and mascot would revert to the original set.

On a visit on October 20, 1994, President Bill Clinton signed the Improving America's Schools Act (IASA) in the school's John F. Kennedy gymnasium.

Academics
In the late 1990s, Framingham High School was labeled underperforming. Through multiple school reforms in the early and mid 2000s, Framingham High dramatically increased their MCAS (Massachusetts state graduation assessment) scores and the number of students taking Advanced Placement courses increased. In recent years, Framingham High has been labeled an "over-performing" school on standardized assessments, compared to other districts of similar student populations. In 2008, Framingham High was ranked by Newsweek in the top 500 high schools in the United States.

Framingham High School has received press for its success with students in the English as a Second Language Program. Noting that 69 percent of Framingham students are considered proficient in English after three or more years and the school has higher graduation rates and MCAS scores than most other districts with large groups of English-learners. Only 17 percent of Framingham's English Language Learners drop out of school, half that of districts with similar demographics. Part of this successes is attributed to Framingham's use of a provision in the Massachusetts law by having parents waive their right to an all-English education. In Framingham, very few parents of high schoolers have chosen the English-only option.

Framingham High School has a unique co-teaching program, where most teachers at the school co-teach a course with a colleague from the same discipline. This helps reduce the student-teacher ratio in the classroom and intends to lead to greater faculty collegiality and collaboration. It contributed to the school's earning of Commonwealth Compass School designation.

Framingham High School also has several innovative programs for at-risk and struggling students, including Resiliency for Life, Step Up to Excellence, Mazie Mentoring Program, Academic Development Center (peer-to-peer school day tutoring) and the Phoenix Program, as well as the Thayer Campus, an alternative high school located in south Framingham.

In 2004, Framingham High School launched a "homeroom adviser" program, hoping to reduce the high rate of freshman students being forced to repeat their first year, a problem for many schools in the state. The advisers have around 25 students each, and watch the students' grades and attendance, meet with them individually, and may also consult with parents or teachers. It is hoped that the program will catch struggling students early and encourage them to feel more accountable for their studies

Demographics
Framingham High School's racial/ethnic demographics for the 2011–2012 school year are as follows: • African American-5.8%

• Asian-5.7%

• Hispanic-22.5%

• Native American-0.1%

• White-63.5%

• Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander-0.0%

• Multi-Race, Non-Hispanic-2.3%, approximately 20 percent of the school's white population (and 14 percent of the entire school population) is of Brazilian descent.

Other demographics: • First Language not English-30.7%

• Limited English Proficient-6.6%

• Low-income-20.0%

• Special Education-16.6%

• Free Lunch-13.7%

• Reduced Lunch-6.3%

Framingham High School is a racially, ethnically, and economically diverse school and in part this relates to the town of Framingham being historically a hub for immigrants to the United States. The student body of Framingham High is made up of significant immigrant (or children of immigrant) populations from Brazil, the Caribbean, South and Central America, Russia, Asia, and Africa.

Athletics
The Framingham High School Flyers compete in the Bay State Conference-Carey Division of the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association's Division I. The school offers and competes competitively in a number of sports, including dance, cross-country, outdoor track, indoor track, cheerleading, baseball, basketball, field hockey, fencing, american football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, tennis, swimming, softball, wrestling, and volleyball.

Drama company
The school offers a theatre program for all levels of young actors.

The Drama Company presents three annual shows, one of which is a one-act play for a statewide festival ran by the Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild. Framingham has won numerous awards for acting and technical design and often makes it to the state finals. In 2006, and 10 years later in 2016, the Drama Company won the METG state finals with their productions of Tales of Trickery (2006) and Sideways Stories from Wayside School (2016).

FHS-TV (Home of "Flyer News")
Framingham High School Television's (FHS-TV) news show "Flyer News" began broadcasting a live newscast at 7:15 a.m. every day to the high school in 1997, and then to the entire town in 2005. Flyer News is run by television production teacher Noah Lin and his students. A Flyer News episode may consist of student-produced segments such as Sez-You, which interviews the student body on various topics; Webcrawler, a technology segment; Word of the Week, asking students to define a different word each week and broadcasting the more entertaining responses; New England Sports Minute, which covers the latest news in the New England professional sporting world; Sports Update, which brings updates about Framingham High School sports; and a daily segment, Homeroom Headlines, giving morning announcements, among other things. One of Flyer News' focal points is to get the student opinion on the issues to voice the student-body's beliefs. The station also airs numerous sports games, as well as student-produced movies, music videos, and public service announcements.

Exchange program
The school participated in a sister-city exchange program with Lomonosov, Russia, a suburb of St. Petersburg. George Perrone, now-retired Music Director, brought a contingent of musicians to perform at several venues in Lomonosov. In return, Lomonosov residents visited Framingham and Framingham High. Students participated in an exchange program with China in 2016.

Notable alumni

 * Boris Bede, gridiron football player
 * Blake Bellefeuille, professional ice hockey player
 * Stan Benjamin (1914–2009), Major League Baseball player and scout
 * Andrea Berloff, screenwriter and author of World Trade Center
 * David Blatt (born 1959), class of 1977, basketball player and coach, Israel and various European teams, 2012 Olympic coach, former head coach of Cleveland Cavaliers
 * Royal L. Bolling, Massachusetts state senator and the school's first African-American class president
 * Christian Brigham, professional wrestler who currently is signed to WWE
 * Arthur Raymond Brooks, World War I fighter ace
 * Bill Brooks, former NFL football player (1986–1996)
 * Sashi Brown, President of the National Football League's Baltimore Ravens
 * Michael J. Clouse, record producer and songwriter
 * Monique Curnen, actress, notable for portraying Det. Anna Ramirez in The Dark Knight
 * Leila Goldkuhl, fashion model, contestant on America's Next Top Model: College Edition
 * Rufus Harris, former professional basketball player
 * Bill Hunnefield, former MLB player (Chicago White Sox, Cleveland Indians, Boston Braves, New York Giants)
 * Lou Merloni, Major League Baseball player, NESN radio talk show host on WEEI 93.7 FM
 * Katie Nolan, television sports personality
 * Danny O'Connor, professional boxer
 * Cyrus Peirce, graduate of Framingham Academy circa 1806 and first head of what is now Framingham State College
 * R. J. Brewer ("Hurricane" John Walters), professional wrestler, participated in WWE and Ring of Honor
 * Peter Taglianetti, NHL hockey player
 * Nancy Travis, actress
 * Freedom Williams, musical performer, C+C Music Factory vocalist

title: Framingham High School


text:
241 Germania

Germania (minor planet designation: 241 Germania) is a very large main-belt asteroid. It is classified as a B-type asteroid and is probably composed of dark, primitive carbonaceous material.

It was discovered by Robert Luther on 12 September 1884 in Düsseldorf.

Germania is the Latin name for Germany.

title: 241 Germania


text:
Alton College

HSDC Alton, formerly known as Alton College, is located in Alton, Hampshire, England. In addition to offering A Levels, the college provides an adult education service to the local population. It was built in 1978 and was one of the first institutions in the UK to be a purpose-built sixth form college. On 1 March 2019 it merged with Havant and South Downs College, becoming the third campus of the college.

Notable alumni
Notable former students of HSDC Alton include:
 * Russell Howard – comedian
 * Alison Goldfrapp – musician
 * Gwyneth Herbert – singer-songwriter
 * Rebecca Harris – film producer
 * Michael Auger – singer
 * Ranil Jayawardena – Conservative Party MP for North East Hampshire
 * Yvette Cooper – Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford with the positions of Shadow Home Secretary and Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities
 * Amber-Jade Sanderson – Australian politician
 * Chris Wood – cricketer

title: Alton College


text:
242 Kriemhild

Kriemhild (minor planet designation: 242 Kriemhild) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on 22 September 1884 in Vienna and was named after Kriemhild, a mythological Germanic princess, by Moriz von Kuffner, a Viennese industrialist and sponsor of astronomy.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Oakley Observatory in Terre Haute, Indiana, during 2006 gave a light curve with a period of 4.558 ± 0.003 hours and a brightness variation of 0.15 ± 0.02 in magnitude.

title: 242 Kriemhild


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment (draft user conduct amendments)

Thoughts when reading the draft
1) I think that generally accepted Wiki-terms need to be defined. For example, the article should state what "diffs" are.  While expirienced users may know what these terms are, the inexpirienced may not.  This helps bring all players to the same level.

 * I've explained "diffs". Does anything else need explaining? jguk 15:27, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

2) Who makes judgement calls on suspected sock puppet entries? If someone is stacking the deck either for/against a user, who gets to make the call?

 * I don't think the process encourages sock puppet entries. Usually if people are concerned about sockpuppets they check edits in the "user contributions" section. Most sockpuppets contributions give them away as sock puppets (but not necessarily whose) instantly, jguk 15:27, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

3) If the role of the RfC is to get constructive comments that can help to lead the discussion to an action (agreement, mediation, suspension, name blocking, etc.) who makes that call and what is their authority to do so?

 * No authority other than being fellow Wikipedians, who are presumably interested in helping to resolve the dispute, jguk 15:27, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

4) If suspended, can the person appeal? To whom and by when?

 * The RfC process cannot result in a suspension. Only the ArbCom and Jimbo can authorise a suspension, jguk 15:27, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

5) How does Wikipedia deal with RfC's that have merit, and RfC's that are clearly vendetta actions?

 * Vendetta actions are unlikely to gain the support of Wikipedians not directly involved in the dispute. Often they do not even gain the support of Wikipedians in the dispute either. If an RfC has merit, the user(s) involved are expected to change their behaviour. If they do not, then the dispute will proceed to mediation and/or arbitration. At the arbitration stage, suspensions/bans/edit paroles may be imposed, jguk 15:27, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

6) While it is understood what happens if all parties come to an agreement to work towards a solution, what happens if the user that the RfC wants to seek a solution, but the accusers either ignore, or refuse to work towards a dialog? Under the current rules, those making the claims have the job of showing that they were open to a solution and that the one having the RfC against them have been unwilling to work towards a constructive end.  But if the roles are reversed - the RfC'd user wants to work towards a resolution, but those making the charges do not, isn't that setting the RfC'd up to failure?

 * If a dispute continues despite the RfC, it will escalate to mediation/arbitration. The ArbCom considers the behaviours of all disputants, and an aggressive approach by someone who has not looked to resolved the dispute properly at earlier stages in the dispute resolution process will be frowned upon, jguk 15:27, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

7) How does the RfC process take into consideration the overall contribution of the user under the RfC, if the complaints are centered to a small, or even single topic? Does a Wikipedian at the center of an RfC who has contributed peacefully and productivly to 100 articles deserve the same treatment for a transgression as does a user who disrupts and vandalizes material without making any contributions?

 * In answer to your first question - it doesn't. A user who is difficult over just one topic, but is perfectly ok on everything else, should look to modify their behaviour when dealing with that one topic (or perhaps just not edit anything connected to that topic). If a case does go to ArbCom, they do consider behaviour overall, but generally good behaviour does not excuse bad behaviour on a selected article. See, for instance, the recent "Everyking" case on WP:RfAr, jguk 15:27, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think that the presentation of all Wikpedia actions designed resolve disagreements need to be reformated into a standardized formation which provideds a Summary section, followed by a defination of applicable terms. I just think that this would help clarify what the process is, what the hoped for outcomes can be, etc.

Again, these are just thoughts. user: stude62 user talk:stude62 14:15, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Needs streamlining
I think this is too legalistic and cumbersome. I expect that by the time most people get to RFC, usually all parties are already frustrated.

I think we need something simpler to head things off before they get to that point. Maurreen 02:22, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed, could the problem be in the format? It seems to build on a previous "legacy" format, that through numerous changes may have become too cumbersome. user: stude62 user talk:stude62 15:51, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I made some changes, see what you think. Maurreen 20:12, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me, your changes were clear and concise. I also liked how you made the process a postive one. And I like that you added in that those requesting the comment should make their desired outcome known upfront.  I still feel pretty strongly though about the rights of the person who is the subject of the comment, and the issue of any involved party harrassing/needling one and other during the RfC. user: stude62 user talk:stude62 20:36, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thank you. Do you think more needs to be said about rights of the RFCee and harrasment between the RFCer and RFCee? (I just made up those terms.) Would it be helpful to have a shorter open period for the RFC? Also, the current draft has lost the requirement for at least two certifications by people who have already tried to solve the problem. Does anyone care about that? Maurreen 20:56, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that the open time is fine, after all, interested parties do need time to particpate. As for the two people who need to certify within the 48 hours, I say yes, that the ones certifying the RfC should have to demonstrate their indivdual attempts to solve the problem.  Doing so keeps people from starting the RfC as a vendetta.  My feeling is if you're going to start something like this, you need to demonstrate that you have made serious attempt to solve the problem, not just threaten someone with an RfC and then lurk about waiting for something to happen. As for the harrassment issue, I think its important enough to stick with. user: stude62 user talk:stude62 19:57, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

My tweaks
I have made the following tweaks. Note that the project page actually shows three things - what the RfC project page would look like; what a RfC for user conduct would look like; and what a RfC for admin conduct would look like. Maybe this format wasn't clear enough - in retrospect, maybe I should have made three separate pages:

1. I have removed the phrase "You should also state what your goal is with the RFC (for example, what you would like the other person or persons to do or stop doing)." from the main RfC project page, as it's more appropriate for the detailed RfC on specific users/admins pages.

2. I have removed the following paragraph from the main RfC project page for the same reason: " === Examples of conduct === ==

Users who place the Request for Comment are encouraged to place their examples into the appropriate section in a clear and concise manner. Each example of conduct must be directly referenced through the use of a link. Examples of behaviors must be documented on Wikiepdia (i.e. links to talk pages showing the conduct, links to articles demonstrating examples, etc.). Other outside claims, such as harassing telephone calls and/or emails, which can not be documented as authentic may not be introduced.

Material from people involved in a conflict and outside views are to be kept in separate sections and each must edit only in their own sections. People involved in a conflict are not allowed to edited sections of those they are in conflict against."

3. I have not replaced it as it suggests a user goes and looks up as many Wikipedia policies, semi-policies and guidnace pages you can find and hurl them into the dispute. If behaviour is uncivil or unwelcome, it should be modified - it doesn't really matter whether there's a Wikipedia page on that behaviour. Also, this takes away the legalese of breaking a "policy" (law) and puts the focus on informal resolution.

4. I have removed the following section from the main RfC project page for the same reason: " == Conduct between parties during the Request for Comment period ==

Because the Request for Comment process is designed to seek a constructive outcome, users who are involved in the action should use the period in a productive way to work towards a mutual resolution.

 * During the "Request for Comment" (RFC) Wikipedians on both sides of the issue are free to discuss matters outside of the RfC, but should do so, as always, in a respectful tone.

 * During an RfC, all parties must disclose all Wikipedia identities under their direct control, this involves sock puppets.

 * During the RfC, involved parties agree not to engage in the creation of new identites or sock-puppets.

 * During the RfC period, comments about the conflict should occur on the RfC talk page. This is designed to provide a centralized point at which interpersonal discussions can occur."

5. I have explained how to create a "diff" for those who are unfamiliar with the term.

6. I have reinstated the "Confirmation that the request procedures have been followed" section and removed the "Example of previous attempt(s) to resolve the conflict" section. First, to reinstate somewhere to explicitly state that the other party has been informed. Second, because of the change in structure to get away from certification. I outline my reasoning behind the second of these below.

7. I have added other suggestions to how a disputed might be resolved.

8. I have replaced the text removed at 4 with the following on each of the user conduct and admin conduct pages: "The Request for Comment process is designed to seek a constructive outcome, users who are involved in the action should use the period this page is in existance for in a productive way to work towards a mutual resolution. It is particularly important, if a successful resolution is to be achieved, that all users look towards moderating their behaviour both on and off this page."

jguk 15:12, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Rationale behind change in certification/time limits
The reason why I am suggesting we get rid of certification is that it means that the RfCee (to use Maurreen's terminology) does not start off 2-1 down. Also "certification" is a harsh word if we are going to encourage a friendly approach. Hopefully this will encourage the RfCee not to take an aggressive approach to the whole process. Also, hopefully it will discourage the RfCer from trying to play a numbers game.

Doing away with the requirement for there to be 2 certifiers also allows disputes to be listed before they are wide enough to have sucked in more participants. If User A's behaviour towards User B is objectionable, but User A is always good towards everyone else, shouldn't User B be able to raised it somewhere?

This is all coupled with the proposed change in the time limits. At present, RfCs are meant to be removed after 48 hours if fewer than 2 people certify them. Once certified, there is no actual process allowing for their removal (though in practice the really old ones have dropped off the list). I see no value in keeping RfCs on old disputes - if they are resolved, they should be forgotten about and people should move on. If they are not, they escalate to mediation and/or arbitration anyway. By making sure that a RfC is not a permanent "black mark" on your Wikipedia-life is useful in terms of encouraging amicable resolution - and, I hope, discourages the RfCee from taking an aggressive approach.

So to my mind, there should be a time limit for RfCs to be removed, hence my proposing one - being 14 days after creation, or 3 days after the last new user has made a contribution, if later, jguk 15:12, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Miscellaneous disagreements

 * 1) I don't understand the removal of the statement that RFCers should say what they would like the RFC to accomplish (such as what they would like the other party to do or stop doing).
 * 2) At best, the requirement for proof of confirmation of notifying the other party of the RFC does not demonstrate good faith.
 * 3) Removal of all RFCs is a needless loss in those cases that are not resolved. Maurreen 17:15, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * In reply:

 * 1. I hadn't realised I had removed it. My mistake.
 * 2. It doesn't. I'm not sure quite what you want to change things too - the approach a user takes to RfC will probably in itself demonstrate whether that user is acting in good faith.
 * 3. The fact that a RfC has been made will remain - and if the case needs to go to arbitration it will need to be reported to ArbCom differently anyway. I doubt the absence of the text of a RfC would be in issue. If it really is, an admin can undelete it. If you have an alternative proposal, please note what it is below. Kind regards, jguk 19:37, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello, there. Me again, and I do have to say that all of this is interesting, but as someone who is the middle of the process of having one of these things hanging over my head, I still don't see what remedy that people in my position have.  Seriously.  As the process stands today, those of us who are placed under the microscope get hoisted up and beat about, but aside from those people who either side with us, or those who speak on our behalf, we have no remedy to end the process.  My RfC has been out there for about a month. In my case, I have offered to work towards a solution at least twice, but I haven't any takers, nor has a third party volunteered to step in and try and work this out.  There needs to be a good faith clause that allows the subject a graceful way out if in fact they have tried to solve the problem but either don't get support or cooperation.  This draft has to include something for people who want to solve the problem, not just let them rot on the vine. And in those cases, who gets to end it. user: stude62 user talk:stude62 02:19, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Jguk,

 * 1) I think you have overly condensed the additions from user talk:stude62.
 * 2) I see no need to require proof of notification. I see that as cumbersome, legalistic and instruction creep.
 * 3) I don't mind if the RFC is deleted if you don't mind users keeping their own copies on Wikipedia.
 * 4) I also think your draft is written in a way that puts the burden on the RFCer, instead of at least sharing it evenly. Maurreen 07:57, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Replying:

 * 1. You'll have to expand on what you mean here.
 * 2. I have seen times where the RfCee has not been informed. This section is there to make sure the RfCer does not forget to do so. I don't see it as particularly cumbersome - it only involves providing one diff.
 * 3. If someone really wants to keep a copy, there's nothing we can do to stop them maintaining one off-line. I see no need allow copies of deleted pages to be kept on WP>
 * 4. Again, you'll have to expand on what you mean here, jguk 13:02, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I won't worry about No. 1 as long as user:stude62 doesn't. So at least for now, I guess you and I can just agree to disagree about deleting all RFCs under this proposal. Maurreen 09:58, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Deletions

 * Does this mean we are agreed that the current version of the draft can go live, or are you wanting to propose an alternative deletion rule before it goes live? jguk 10:44, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I proposed that there be no trouble about keeping copies of the RFCs. That was my alternative version. Maybe you can suggest another option. I don't see any consensus yet. Maurreen 12:07, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * OK. (By which I mean that whilst I don't agree with it, I will live with your proposed amendment.) jguk 12:35, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Are you OK with an addition to the draft incorporating that? Maurreen 12:41, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, jguk 13:00, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I added: "After that, it will be deleted. But users are free to keep a copy on their user page." If that's OK with you, the draft is fine with me. Maurreen 13:12, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Parallel suggestions
For the RFCer, you have:
 * "These suggestions may include offers by the user initiating this request as to how they might modify their approach, how you might modify your behaviour, or an offer to take a break from editing particular pages."

For the RFCee, you have:
 * "... suggestions as to how they and the person initiating this RfC might modify their approach, or an offer to take a break from editing particular pages."

They are not parallel. I'm not sure whether you're suggesting that each consider ways both might change their approach, or what. Maurreen 07:49, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I was trying to say that the RfCer should consider what he alone, or what the RfCee alone, or what both may do to help resolve the dispute. And that the RfCee does the same. Though I had trouble phrasing it, as you've seen:) jguk 08:00, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I tweaked the wording. See what you think. I'll try to expand on No. 1 above later. Maurreen 08:24, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
Helius Eobanus Hessus

Helius Eobanus Hessus (6 January 1488 – 5 October 1540) was a German Latin poet and later a Lutheran humanist. He was born at Halgehausen in Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel).

His family name is said to have been Koch; Eoban was the name of a local saint; Hessus indicates the land of his birth, Helius the fact that he was born on Sunday. He visited a Latin school in Frankenberg, Hesse. His teacher and travel guide was Ludwig Stippius (Christiani), confidant of Martin Luther, to whom Hessus dedicated his first idyl in 1509. In 1504 Hessus entered the university of Erfurt, and soon after his graduation was appointed rector of the school of St Severus. This post he soon lost, and spent the years 1509–1513 at the court of the bishop of Riesenburg.

Returning to Erfurt, he was reduced to great straits by his drunken and irregular habits. At length (in 1517) he was appointed professor of Latin in the university. He was prominently associated with the distinguished men of the time (Johann Reuchlin, Konrad Peutinger, Ulrich von Hutten, Konrad Mutianus), and took part in the political, religious and literary quarrels of the period, finally declaring in favor of Luther and the Reformation for the rest of his life.

The university was seriously weakened by the growing popularity of the new University of Wittenberg, and Hessus endeavoured (but without success) to gain a living by the practice of medicine. Through the influence of Camerarius and Melanchthon, he obtained a post at Nuremberg (1526), but, finding a regular life distasteful, he again went back to Erfurt (1533). But it was not the Erfurt he had known; his old friends were dead or had left the place; the university was deserted. A lengthy poem gained him the favor of the Landgrave of Hesse, by whom he was summoned in 1536 as professor of poetry and history to Marburg, where he died.

Hessus, who was considered the foremost Latin poet of his age, was a facile verse-maker, but not a true poet. He wrote what he thought was likely to pay or secure him the favor of some important person. He wrote local, historical and military poems, idylls, epigrams and occasional pieces, collected under the title of Sylvae. His most popular works were translations of the Psalms into Latin distichs (which reached over fifty editions) and of the Iliad into hexameters. His most original poem was the Heroides in imitation of Ovid, consisting of letters from holy women, from the Virgin Mary down to Kunigunde, wife of the Emperor Henry II.

His Epistolae were edited by his friend Camerarius, who also wrote his life (1553). There are later accounts of him by M. Hertz (1860), G. Schwertzell (1874) and C. Krause (1879); see also D. F. Strauss, Ulrich von Hutten (Eng. trans., 1874). His poems on Nuremberg and other towns have been edited with commentaries and 16th-century illustrations by J. Neff and V. von Loga in M. Herrmann and S. Szarnatolski's ''Lateinische Literaturdenkmäler des XV. u. XVI. Jahrhunderts'' (Berlin, 1896).

title: Helius Eobanus Hessus


text: User talk:138.130.194.229

title: User talk:138.130.194.229


text:
244 Sita

Sita (minor planet designation: 244 Sita) is a background asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 km in diameter. It was discovered on 14 October 1884, by an Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa in the Vienna Observatory. It was named for the Hindu deity Sita.

title: 244 Sita


text:
RBH

RBH, or rbh, may refer to:

 * RBH Logistics, a subsidiary of DB Schenker
 * Red Book of Hergest, a Welsh manuscript written shortly after 1382
 * Rothmans, Benson & Hedges, a Canadian tobacco manufacturer
 * Royal Bafokeng Holdings, the Sovereign Wealth Fund of the Royal Bafokeng Nation of South Africa
 * Royal Berkshire Hospital, a general hospital in Reading, Berkshire, UK
 * Royal Bolton Hospital, an acute general hospital in Farnworth, Manchester, UK
 * Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital, a private hospital in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK
 * Rubidium hydride (RbH), a chemical compound
 * Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893), 19th president of the United States

title: RBH


text:
245 Vera

Vera (minor planet designation: 245 Vera) is a large Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by N. R. Pogson on February 6, 1885, in Madras, and was named at the suggestion of his wife. The asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $79.5 km$ with a period of 1998.5 days and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.19. The orbital plane is tilted at an angle of 5.16° to the plane of the ecliptic. In 1890, Daniel Kirkwood noted that this asteroid shares similar orbital elements with 86 Semele and 106 Dione.

Photometric measurements of this asteroid made during 1980–1981 were used to produce a light curve that demonstrated a rotation period of $0.208$ with a brightness variation of $3.11 AU$ in magnitude. It is classified as a stony S-type asteroid in the Tholen system. The asteroid has an estimated diameter of $14.38 hours$ based on near infrared observations.

title: 245 Vera


text:
Lloyd George ministry

Liberal David Lloyd George formed a coalition government in the United Kingdom in December 1916, and was appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by King George V. It replaced the earlier wartime coalition under H. H. Asquith, which had been held responsible for losses during the Great War. Those Liberals who continued to support Asquith served as the Official Opposition. The government continued in power after the end of the war in 1918, though Lloyd George was increasingly reliant on the Conservatives for support. After several scandals including allegations of the sale of honours, the Conservatives withdrew their support after a meeting at the Carlton Club in 1922, and Bonar Law formed a government.

War Cabinet, December 1916 – January 1919

 * Lord Curzon of Kedleston – Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords
 * Bonar Law – Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons
 * Arthur Henderson – Minister without Portfolio
 * Lord Milner – Minister without Portfolio

Changes

 * May – August 1917 – In temporary absence of Arthur Henderson, George Barnes, Minister of Pensions acts as a member of the War Cabinet.
 * June 1917 – Jan Smuts enters the War Cabinet as a Minister without Portfolio
 * July 1917 – Sir Edward Carson enters the War Cabinet as a Minister without Portfolio
 * August 1917 – George Barnes succeeds Arthur Henderson (resigned) as Minister without Portfolio and Labour Party member of the War Cabinet.
 * January 1918 – Carson resigns and is not replaced
 * April 1918 – Austen Chamberlain succeeds Lord Milner as Minister without Portfolio.
 * January 1919 – Law becomes Lord Privy Seal, remaining Leader of the House of Commons, and is succeeded as Chancellor of the Exchequer by Chamberlain; both remaining in the War Cabinet. Smuts is succeeded by Sir Eric Geddes as Minister without Portfolio.

Peacetime Cabinet, January 1919 – October 1922

 * David Lloyd George – Prime Minister
 * Lord Birkenhead – Lord Chancellor
 * Lord Curzon of Kedleston – Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords
 * Bonar Law – Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons
 * Austen Chamberlain – Chancellor of the Exchequer
 * Edward Shortt – Secretary of State for the Home Department
 * Arthur Balfour – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
 * Lord Milner – Secretary of State for the Colonies
 * Winston Churchill – Secretary of State for War and Air
 * Edwin Montagu – Secretary of State for India
 * Walter Long – First Lord of the Admiralty
 * Sir Albert Stanley – President of the Board of Trade
 * Robert Munro – Secretary for Scotland
 * Ian Macpherson – Chief Secretary for Ireland
 * Lord French – Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
 * Christopher Addison – President of the Local Government Board
 * Rowland Prothero – President of the Board of Agriculture
 * H. A. L. Fisher – President of the Board of Education
 * Lord Inverforth – Minister of Munitions
 * Sir Robert Horne – Minister of Labour
 * George Barnes – Minister without Portfolio
 * Sir Eric Geddes – Minister without Portfolio

Changes

 * May 1919 – Sir Auckland Geddes succeeds Sir Albert Stanley as President of the Board of Trade. Sir Eric Geddes becomes Minister of Transport.
 * October 1919 – Lord Curzon of Kedleston succeeds Balfour as Foreign Secretary. Balfour succeeds Curzon as Lord President. The Local Government Board is abolished. Christopher Addison becomes Minister of Health. The Board of Agriculture is abolished. Lord Lee of Fareham becomes Minister of Agriculture. Sir Eric Geddes becomes Minister of Transport.
 * January 1920 – George Barnes leaves the cabinet.
 * March 1920 – Sir Robert Horne succeeds Sir Auckland Geddes as President of the Board of Trade. Thomas James McNamara succeeds Horne as Minister of Labour.
 * April 1920 – Sir Hamar Greenwood succeeds Ian Macpherson as Chief Secretary for Ireland. Sir Laming Worthington-Evans joins the Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio.
 * February 1921 – Winston Churchill succeeds Lord Milner as Colonial Secretary. Sir Laming Worthington-Evans succeeds Churchill as War Secretary. Churchill's successor as Air Secretary was not in the Cabinet. Lord Lee of Fareham succeeds Walter Long at the Admiralty. Sir Arthur Griffith-Boscawen succeeds Lee as Minister of Agriculture.
 * March 1921 – Austen Chamberlain succeeds Bonar Law as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the Commons. Sir Robert Horne succeeds Chamberlain at the Exchequer. Stanley Baldwin succeeds Horne at the Board of Trade.
 * April 1921 – Lord French resigns from the cabinet, remaining Lord Lieutenant. Christopher Addison becomes a Minister without Portfolio. Sir Alfred Mond succeeds him as Minister of Health. The Ministry of Munitions is abolished.
 * November 1921 – Sir Eric Geddes resigns from the cabinet. His successor as Minister of Transport is not in the Cabinet. The Attorney General, Sir Gordon Hewart, enters the Cabinet.
 * March 1922 – Lord Peel succeeds Edwin Montagu as India Secretary.
 * April 1922 – The First Commissioner of Works, Lord Crawford, enters the Cabinet.

List of ministers
Members of the Cabinet are listed in boldface. Members of the War Cabinet, 6 December 1916 to 31 October 1919, are indicated.

title: Lloyd George ministry