text:
Lou Savarese

Lou Savarese (born July 14, 1965) is an American former professional boxer and mixed martial artist who competed 1989 to 2013. He is from Greenwood Lake, New York. In January 1996, Savrese won IBF USBA Heavyweight title by knocking out former contender Buster Mathis Jr. in seven rounds. On April 26, 1997, he challenged for the Lineal Heavyweight Championship, and lost by a controversial split decision to the Lineal World Heavyweight Champion George Foreman. A year later on June 25, 1998, Savarese won the IBA World Heavyweight title against former Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion Buster Douglas by way of a first-round knockout. On June 24, 2000, he lost by a first-round technical knockout to former Undisputed World Heavyweight Champion Mike Tyson. On September 22, 2002, Savarese won the vacant WBO Inter-Continental Heavyweight title, by way of a fifth-round TKO against former two-time World Heavyweight Champion Tim Witherspoon. On June 30, 2007, Savarese fought former four-time World Heavyweight Champion Evander Holyfield. He fought with great heart but lost by unanimous decision to a sharp looking Holyfield. Savarese announced after the fight that he had given it his all but it wasn't good enough, and this would be his last bout.

Amateur career
Savarese won two New York Golden Gloves Championships. Savarese won the 1985 Super-Heavyweight Novice Championship and the 1986 Super-Heavyweight Open Championship. In 1985 Savarese stopped (RSC-2) Jonathan Hill of Gleason's Gym in the finals to win the Championship and in 1986 Savarese defeated Alex Stewart of the Uptown Gym in the finals to win the Championship. In July 1986 he won gold at the U.S. Olympic Festival in Houston, Texas, defeating Kevin Ford on points (5–0) in the finals. In 1987 Savarese advanced to the finals of the Super Heavyweight Open division. He was to have met future Heavyweight Champion Riddick Bowe but Savarese was injured and could not box. In October 1987 he won the National PAL Championships in Jacksonville, Florida, defeating Farns Bryant.

Savarese trained at the Cage Recreation Center in White Plains, New York. Savarese is originally from Greenwood Lake, New York. He now resides in Houston.

His ex-wife Louisa is the biological daughter of the famous musician and outdoorsman Ted Nugent.

Professional career
Savarese, a Roberts Elementarian, began his professional boxing career on April 30, 1989, knocking out James Smith (not the former world Heavyweight champion) in four rounds at Galveston, Texas. Savarese's first win by first round knockout came on his second fight, against Terrence Roberts, on May 25, at Atlantic City.

Savarese won his first eight fights by knockout. On April 19, 1990, Savarese was forced to fight an entire boxing fight for the first time, when he defeated Mike Robinson in Poughkeepsie, New York, by a six-round decision. He proceeded to win his next seven fights by knockout, and, in 1991, Kayo boxing cards published a trading card featuring Savarese.

On September 20 of that year, he and Robinson had a rematch, with Savarese knocking Robinson out in the fourth round. His next fight, against Mike Faulkner on November 26, at White Plains, New York, resulted in a five-round disqualification win for Savarese.

On November 21, 1992, Savarese fought Larry Givens, who is mostly famous for his incredible lack of success as a professional boxer. Givens retired with a record of 3–46. Savarese managed to KO Givens in the 2nd round.

Savarese ran his record to 36–0, with 30 knockouts, but he was a relatively unknown fighter: apart from the 1991 Kayo boxing trading card, no other type of media attempted to make Savarese's name a household one, partly because of the type of opposition he had met. Of Savarese's thirty six opponents, none was known to most boxing fans. So the Savarese management team came with an ingenious, and not very often seen, way to draw the public's attention towards Savarese: a Lou Savarese fan club was created, and, by the middle 1990s, the fan club was being advertised on major boxing magazines, such as Ring and KO. The advertisement offered free membership to anyone, and promised free personalized, autographed photos to each new member.

The idea worked, and Savarese was next faced with his first relatively known opponent, Buster Mathis Jr. This fight was for the NABF's vacant regional Heavyweight title, and Savarese won the title on November 1, 1996, by knocking Mathis out in round seven, at Indio, California.

Next was a major fight against former two-time world Heavyweight champion George Foreman. The fight was held on April 26, 1997, in Atlantic City. It was Savarese's HBO Boxing television show's debut, and for the WBU "world Heavyweight title" and the Lineal Heavyweight Championship. While Savarese lost for the first time, he nevertheless impressed boxing critics and fans, many of whom felt he deserved the split decision that was given to Foreman. Savarese lost by scorecards of 110–118, 112-115 and a favorable 114–113.

Based on his performance against Foreman, the outcome of his next fight, against David Izon on November 1, was considered to be a mild upset. Savarese and Izon fought at New York's famed Apollo Theater, and Savarese suffered his first knockout defeat, when Izon beat him in five rounds.

But Savarese would rebound by scoring two important wins: on April 23, 1998, he defeated Jeff Lally by a knockout in round two at the Sheraton Hotel in Houston, and then, on June 25, he scored what was arguably his biggest career win, beating Buster Douglas, a former world Heavyweight champion and the first man to beat Mike Tyson, by knockout in the first round to win IBA's "World" Heavyweight title.

After that, he fought only twice in 1999, winning a split decision over then prospect Lance "Mount" Whitaker and losing by ten-round decision against future Lennox Lewis world championship challenger Michael Grant, on June 19 at New York's Madison Square Garden.

More than one year later, on June 24, 2000, Savarese had his first fight abroad, when he faced Tyson in Glasgow, Scotland. The fight was stopped thirty eight seconds into the first round. While attempting to stop Tyson, referee John Coyle was accidentally pulled to the floor by him. Tyson was declared the winner by technical knockout.

Savarese remained active, and, after two wins, he beat David Bostice on November 2, 2001, by a twelve-round decision.

Another major win for Savarese came on September 22, 2002, when he beat former two-time world Heavyweight champion Tim Witherspoon by a knockout in round five at Friant, California.

On March 15, 2003, he lost the title to former John Ruiz world title challenger Kirk Johnson, who knocked Savarese out in four rounds at Dallas.

Attempting to win another regional Heavyweight title, Savarese fought Leo Nolan, for the IBA's vacant Americas Heavyweight title, but he lost to Nolan by a twelve-round unanimous decision on May 7, 2004. Lou Savarese returned to the ring on March 18, 2006, stopping Marcus Rhode in two rounds at Convention Center in Fort Smith, Arkansas. His record then stood at 44-6, with 36 wins by knockouts.

Savarese is trained by Jesse Reid, who survived a shooting in 1984 when another of his boxers, former WBC world Jr. Welterweight champion Bruce Curry shot him two days after losing to Billy Costello.

Lou Savarese continued his comeback by stopping Travis Fulton in 3 rounds on January 18, 2007, in Houston TX. Savarese showed he still had decent ability and brought his record to 45-6, 37 wins by knockout.

On June 30, 2007, Savarese fought former Heavyweight Champion Evander Holyfield. He fought with great heart but lost by decision to a sharp looking Holyfield. Savarese announced after the fight that he had given it his all but it wasn't good enough, and this would be his last bout.

Mixed martial arts career
Having long been fascinated with MMA, Savarese announced his debut to the sport in 2013 at age of 47. For his training, Savarese practiced Muay Thai, and utilized taekwondo training he did as a teenager to sharpen his longstanding kicking prowess. On June 20, 2013, Savarese competed in a bout against Tim Papp. He won the fight by first-round TKO after a doctor stoppage when he landed an uppercut that dropped Papp, after being taken down once, and Papp being the aggressor for the first thirty seconds.

Acting career
Savarese has been featured in episodes of The Jury, Guiding Light, The Sopranos, Damages, and Rescue Me as well as the movie We Own the Night. He also played a lead role in ESPN’s documentary Cinderella Man: The James J. Braddock Story, for which he received excellent reviews for his portrayal of boxer Max Baer. Other recent works include the independent film Nicky’s Game, A Matter of Honor, and Knock, Knock, a horror film in which he plays Rico, the villain. He also made a cameo appearance in an episode of Law & Order SVU, Season 6 Episode 18 titled "Pure"; playing a police officer named Officer Baxter.

Professional boxing record

 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Rounds
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
 * -align=center
 * Loss
 * 46–7
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Evander Holyfield
 * UD
 * 10
 * 30/06/2007
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Don Haskins Convention Center, El Paso, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 46–6
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Matt Hicks
 * KO
 * 1 (8)
 * 05/04/2007
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Grand Plaza Hotel, Houston, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 45–6
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Travis Fulton
 * TKO
 * 3 (6)
 * 08/01/2007
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Grand Plaza Hotel, Houston, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 44–6
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Marcus Rhode
 * TKO
 * 2 (6)
 * 18/03/2006
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Convention Center, Fort Smith, Arkansas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Loss
 * 43–6
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Leo Nolan
 * UD
 * 12
 * 07/05/2004
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut, U.S.
 * align=left|For vacant IBA Americas Heavyweight title.
 * -align=center
 * Loss
 * 43–5
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Kirk Johnson
 * TKO
 * 4 (12)
 * 15/03/2003
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Club Life, Dallas, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|Lost WBO Inter-Continental Heavyweight title.
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 43–4
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tim Witherspoon
 * TKO
 * 5 (12)
 * 22/09/2002
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Table Mountain Casino, Friant, California, U.S.
 * align=left|Won vacant WBO Inter-Continental Heavyweight title.
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 42–4
 * align=left|🇺🇸 David Bostice
 * UD
 * 12
 * 02/11/2001
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut, U.S.
 * align=left|Won vacant IBA Americas Heavyweight title.
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 41–4
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Tom Glesby
 * TKO
 * 3 (10)
 * 12/06/2001
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Astro Pavilion, Houston, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 40–4
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Marcus Rhode
 * TKO
 * 2 (10)
 * 02/05/2001
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Astro Pavilion, Houston, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Loss
 * 39–4
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mike Tyson
 * TKO
 * 1 (10)
 * 24/06/2000
 * align=left| Hampden Park, Glasgow, Scotland
 * align=left|Tyson scored a knockdown after 15 seconds, from which Savarese recovered before pinning him in the corner.
 * -align=center
 * Loss
 * 39–3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Michael Grant
 * UD
 * 10
 * 19/06/1999
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 39–2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lance Whitaker
 * SD
 * 10
 * 06/03/1999
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 38–2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Buster Douglas
 * KO
 * 1 (12)
 * 25/06/1998
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut, U.S.
 * align=left|Won vacant IBA Heavyweight title.
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 37–2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jeff Lally
 * TKO
 * 2 (10)
 * 23/04/1998
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Sheraton Hotel, Houston, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Loss
 * 36–2
 * align=left| David Izon
 * KO
 * 5 (10)
 * 01/11/1997
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Apollo Theater, New York, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Loss
 * 36–1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 George Foreman
 * SD
 * 12
 * 26/04/1997
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|For WBU/Lineal Heavyweight title.
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 36–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Buster Mathis Jr.
 * TKO
 * 7 (12)
 * 01/11/1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Fantasy Springs Casino, Indio, California, U.S.
 * align=left|Won vacant USBA Heavyweight title.
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 35–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tim Puller
 * TKO
 * 2 (10)
 * 20/08/1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 MSG Theater, New York, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 34–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lyle McDowell
 * TKO
 * 2 (?)
 * 12/01/1996
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 33–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Sean Hart
 * TKO
 * 2 (?)
 * 12/12/1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 32–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Olian Alexander
 * TKO
 * 6 (10)
 * 06/10/1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 31–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Edgar Turpin
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * 18/08/1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Middletown, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 30–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Brian Morgan
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 05/03/1995
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Civic Assembly Center, Muskogee, Oklahoma, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 29–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ken Merritt
 * TKO
 * 4 (10)
 * 05/11/1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Caesars Tahoe, Stateline, Nevada, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 28–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Henry Wilson
 * KO
 * 1 (8)
 * 13/09/1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Marriott Hotel, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 27–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bill Duncan
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * 01/03/1994
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jefferson City, Missouri, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 26–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Nathaniel Fitch
 * UD
 * 10
 * 17/04/1993
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Fernwood Resort, Bushkill, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 25–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Fred Whitaker
 * KO
 * 6 (?)
 * 23/12/1992
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 24–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Larry Givens
 * KO
 * 2 (8)
 * 21/11/1992
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Beban Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 23–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Elvin Evans
 * KO
 * 2 (?)
 * 27/03/1992
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Catskill, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 22–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mike Faulkner
 * DQ
 * 5 (?)
 * 26/11/1991
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 21–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mike Robinson
 * TKO
 * 4 (?)
 * 20/09/1991
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 20–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mark Young
 * UD
 * 8
 * 23/07/1991
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Kushers Country Club, Monticello, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 19–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Larry Smith
 * KO
 * 6 (?)
 * 02/07/1991
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ragley, Louisiana, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 18–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Max Key
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * 26/02/1991
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 17–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Marshall Tillman
 * UD
 * 6
 * 11/01/1991
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Trump Taj Mahal, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 16–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Marcus Dorsey
 * KO
 * 2 (?)
 * 04/12/1990
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Vinton, Louisiana, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 15–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 James Ruffin
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * 25/10/1990
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Texas Longhorn Club, Vinton, Louisiana, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 14–0
 * align=left|Travis Pickering
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * 06/10/1990
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Great Falls, Montana, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 13–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Barry Kirton
 * KO
 * 2 (?)
 * 14/08/1990
 * align=left|🇺🇸 City Center, Saratoga Springs, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 12–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 James Ruffin
 * KO
 * 2 (?)
 * 17/07/1990
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 11–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Dan Ross
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * 04/07/1990
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Phillips County Fairgrounds, Billings, Montana, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 10–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Andre Crowder
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * 18/05/1990
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Callicoon, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 9–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mike Robinson
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 19/04/1990
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Poughkeepsie, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 8–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ken Elliott
 * KO
 * 2 (?)
 * 15/03/1990
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Fairmont Hotel, Dallas, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 7–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Melvin Young
 * KO
 * 2 (?)
 * 11/12/1989
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Convention Center, Pasadena, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 6–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Randy Rivers
 * TKO
 * 2 (4)
 * 24/11/1989
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Broome County Arena, Binghamton, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 5–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 John Basil Jackson
 * TKO
 * 1 (?)
 * 10/11/1989
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Villa Roma Resort, Callicoon, New York, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 4–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Alan Jamison
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * 26/10/1989
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Kemper Arena, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 3–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Robert Horton
 * KO
 * 1 (?)
 * 05/10/1989
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Houston, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 2–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Terrence Roberts
 * TKO
 * 1 (?)
 * 25/05/1989
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Resorts International, Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * Win
 * 1–0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 James Smith
 * KO
 * 4 (?)
 * 30/04/1989
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Moody Center, Galveston, Texas, U.S.
 * align=left|
 * -align=center
 * -align=center

Mixed martial arts record

 * Win
 * align=center|1–0
 * Tim Papp
 * TKO
 * Savarese Promotions
 * June 20 2013
 * align=center|1
 * align=center|1:47
 * Bayou City Event Center, Houston, Texas, United States
 * MMA debut.

title: Lou Savarese


text:
Salvador Larroca

Salvador Larroca is a Spanish comic book artist, primarily known for his American work on various X-Men titles for Marvel Comics.

After starting his career as a cartographer, Larroca transitioned to working as a comics artist in the 1980s at Marvel UK, contributing to Dark Angel and Death's Head II. He then did work in North American comics, including DC Comics' Flash and Marvel Comics' Ghost Rider, Heroes Return, Fantastic Four, The Invincible Iron Man, and various titles related to the X-Men franchise and Ultimate Marvel imprint.

Larocca has also provided artwork for Marvel's spinoffs and licensed books, such as Star Wars in the 2010s and Alien in 2021. His work on the former attracted criticism for his heavy reliance on tracing stills from Star Wars films, resulting in an "awkward hyperrealism" that was likened to the uncanny valley effect.

Career
After several years of working as a cartographer, he began working as a comic artist at Marvel UK, the Britain-based imprint of Marvel Comics. Larroca was working at Marvel UK when he contributed to Dark Angel and Death's Head II. At some point, Larroca began to work on mainstream North American comics, such as DC Comics' Flash. Afterwards, Larroca did a three-year run on Marvel Comics' Ghost Rider, during the mid-1990s. It was not until after his run on Ghost Rider, that Larroca would gain the exposure needed to become known as one of the most prominent comic book artists in the United States.

Following Marvel's experiment with the various "Heroes Reborn" titles, editor Bobbie Chase gave Larroca the task of penciling the return of Captain America, Iron Man, Fantastic Four, the Avengers, and several other superheroes, in the Heroes Return miniseries. After the departure of Alan Davis on Fantastic Four, Larroca was given the reins along with writer Chris Claremont. Larroca and Claremont had a three-year-long run on the title.

Larroca left the title penciling chores in the hands of new writer/penciler, Carlos Pacheco, while Larroca went on to do several issues of Uncanny X-Men, after the departure of Adam Kubert, who left to work on Ultimate X-Men. Larroca then proceeded to rejoin with writer Chris Claremont, on X-Treme X-Men. Larroca stayed on the title for twenty-four issues, at which point he was asked to work on the initial run of Marvel's new Tsunami imprint title, called Namor. Meanwhile, Larroca worked on various miniseries projects, including Ultimate Daredevil & Elektra and Ultimate Elektra.

Larroca was asked to draw fill-in issues of The Uncanny X-Men and X-Men. These issues led up to the "X-Men Reload" event, as the titles gained new writers, artists, and story direction. Larroca joined with writer Chuck Austen on X-Men. During his run of X-Men, Larroca took a side job drawing Spider-Man: House of M miniseries. Larroca was drawing X-Men, but with a new writer on the title, Peter Milligan. He left X-Men in June and was announced to be joining Warren Ellis on newuniversal, a remake of Marvel's New Universe.

From 2008 to 2012, Larroca illustrated writer Matt Fraction's run on The Invincible Iron Man.

In December 2020, Marvel announced that Larroca would be teaming up with writer Phillip Kennedy Johnson on an Alien comic book series, with the first issue released in March 2021.

In 2024, Larroca was awarded the Inkwell Awards All-in-One Award.

Criticism
James Whitbrook, reviewing the "Ashes of Jedha" storyline in Marvel Comics' Star Wars series for Kotaku, took issue with what he felt was Larroca's heavy reliance on tracing stills from Star Wars films when rendering the characters, which imbued the characters' faces with an "awkward hyperrealism" that he felt evoked the effect of the uncanny valley. While Whitbrook did not observe this problem in his work on other Star Wars arcs, and praised Larroca's work in rendering large-scale elements such as starships or planets, he felt that in many closeups of the three main characters in "Jedha," the illustrations too closely mirrored the images from the films, often from scenes in which the actors' facial expressions did not match the tone or dialogue of the characters in the comic. Charlie Hall, reviewing the same storyline for Polygon, expressed the same viewpoint, and like Whitbrook, compared these renditions to the work of Angel Unzueta and Arif Prianto on the Poe Dameron series, which they felt rendered the characters to sufficiently resemble or recognizably evoke the actors who played them, without exhibiting the sense that they were "pasted" from reference materials.

Marvel

 * Alien #1-9 (2021-2022)
 * Amazing Spider-Man #549-551 (2008)
 * Avengers: The Initiative Annual #1 (2008)
 * Avengers (vol. 5) #25–28 (2014)
 * Cable #24 (1995)
 * Cable and X-Force #1–14 (2013)
 * Darth Vader #1–25 (2015–2016)
 * Death of Wolverine: The Weapon X #1–3 (2014)
 * Doctor Aphra #1 (2016)
 * Eminem/Punisher (published on Marvel website; not for sale) (2009)
 * Excalibur #107–110 (1997)
 * Fantastic Four, vol. 3, #4–34 (1998–2000)
 * Fantastic Four 2000 (2000)
 * Fear Itself ("Iron Man") #7.3 (2011)
 * Gambit and the X-Ternals, miniseries, #3–4 (1995)
 * Generation X/Gen 13 (1997)
 * Ghost Rider, vol. 3, #51–69, 72, 75–81 (1994–97)
 * Heroes Reborn: The Return, miniseries, #1–4 (1997)
 * Incredible Hulk Annual #20 (1994)
 * Iron Man, vol. 3, #15 (among other artists) (1999)
 * Invincible Iron Man #1–33, then continued from #500–527 (2008–12)
 * Mighty Avengers vol. 2, #13 (2014)
 * Monsters Unleashed, vol. 2 #4 (2017)
 * Namor, miniseries, #1–6 (2003)
 * Newuniversal, miniseries, #1–6 (2007)
 * ''Point One, one-shot, ("Yin & Yang") (2012)
 * Psylocke & Archangel: Crimson Dawn, miniseries, #1–4 (1997)
 * The Sensational Spider-Man Annual #1 (2007)
 * Secrets of the House of M, one-shot (along with other artists)
 * Spider-Man: House of M, miniseries, #1–5 (2005)
 * Stan Lee Meets Dr. Doom (2006)
 * Star Wars, vol. 2 #26–55 (2017–2018)
 * Ultimate Daredevil and Elektra, miniseries, #1–4 (2003)
 * Ultimate Elektra, miniseries, #1–5 (2004–05)
 * Ultimate Fallout, miniseries (Reed Richards)#4 (2011)
 * Ultimate X-Men #88–93, Annual #2 (2006–08)
 * Uncanny Avengers #12, 24 (2013–2014)
 * Uncanny X-Men #387–392, 439–443, 487–491 (2000–07)
 * Uncanny X-Men, vol. 5 #11–16, 20–22 (2019)
 * X-Men, vol. 2, (then New X-Men) #69, 155–179, 182–187 (1997–2006)
 * X-Men: No More Humans, graphic novel, (2014)
 * X-Men Unlimited (Kitty Pride) #36 (2002)
 * X-Men: Declassified (among other artists) (2000)
 * X-Treme X-Men #1–24, Annual 2001 (2001–03)

Other publishers

 * Dark Angel #11–16 (Marvel UK, 1993–94)
 * Death's Head II #12–15 (Marvel UK, 1993–94)
 * Flash #95–98 (full art); #99–100 (along with Carlos Pacheco) (DC, 1994–95)
 * Speed Demon (Amalgam Comics, Marvel/DC, 1996)
 * Stormwatch #18 (Image, 1995)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Salvador Larroca


text:
Erik Larson (author)

Erik Larson (born January 3, 1954) is an American journalist and author of mostly historical nonfiction books. His books include Isaac's Storm (1999), The Devil in the White City (2003), In the Garden of Beasts (2011), and Dead Wake (2015). The Devil in the White City won the 2004 Edgar Award in the Best Fact Crime category, among other awards.

Early life and education
Larson was born in Brooklyn and grew up in Freeport, Long Island, New York. He studied Russian history at the University of Pennsylvania and graduated summa cum laude in 1976. After a year off, he attended the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, graduating in 1978. He was inspired to go into journalism after seeing the movie All the President's Men.

Writing career
Larson's first newspaper job was with the Bucks County Courier Times in Levittown, Pennsylvania, where he wrote about murder, witches, environmental poisons, and other "equally pleasant" things. He later became a features writer for The Wall Street Journal and Time. His magazine stories have appeared in The New Yorker, The Atlantic Monthly, Harper's, and other publications.

Books

Larson has written a number of books, mostly historical nonfiction. In a 2016 interview with the Knoxville Mercury, Larson stated he does all of his own research, asking, "why should I let anybody else have that fun?" He included among his literary inspirations David McCullough, Barbara Tuchman, David Halberstam, and Walter Lord. Larson's 2006 book Thunderstruck intersperses the story of Hawley Harvey Crippen with that of Guglielmo Marconi and the invention of radio.

Larson released his first novel in audiobook format only, titled No One Goes Alone, on September 28, 2021.

Teaching and public speaking
Larson has taught non-fiction writing at San Francisco State University, the Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars, and the University of Oregon, and he has spoken to audiences across the United States.

Personal life
Larson has lived in Philadelphia; Bristol, Pennsylvania; San Francisco; and Baltimore. He and his wife, Dr. Christine Gleason, have three daughters. They reside in New York City and maintain a home in Seattle, Washington.

title: Erik Larson (author)


text:
Eric Larson

Eric Cleon Larson (September 3, 1905 – October 25, 1988) was an American animator for the Walt Disney Studios starting in 1933, and was one of "Disney's Nine Old Men".

Biography
Born in Cleveland, Utah, Larson was the son of Danish immigrants Peter, a clothing salesman, and Nora. He worked on such films as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi, The Three Caballeros, Make Mine Music, Melody Time, Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, Lady and the Tramp, Sleeping Beauty, One Hundred and One Dalmatians, The Sword in the Stone, The Jungle Book, and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. Throughout the years, Larson has animated characters on classics like The Aristocats and Robin Hood and also provided the titles on The Rescuers (along with Mel Shaw and Burny Mattinson). In the 1980s his work was minor, but he served as animation consultant on animated films and shorts like Mickey's Christmas Carol, The Black Cauldron, and The Great Mouse Detective.

In 1973, he began a recruitment training program that brought a new generation of animators into the Disney studio. Many well-known figures in animation today went through Larson's training program, including Brad Bird, Don Bluth, Chris Buck, Tim Burton, Randy Cartwright, Ron Clements, Andreas Deja, Gary Goldman, Ed Gombert, Mark Henn, Dan Haskett, Glen Keane, Bill Kroyer, John Lasseter, John Musker, Phil Nibbelink, Richard Rich, Burny Mattinson, Melvin Shaw, Jeffrey J. Varab, John Pomeroy, Joe Ranft, Jerry Rees, Henry Selick and Tad Stones among many others.

Larson was married to Gertrude Larson. By his retirement in 1986, he was the longest-working employee at Disney, having worked there for 53 years. He died on October 25, 1988, at the age of 83.

title: Eric Larson


text:
15th Army (Wehrmacht)

The 15th Army (German: 15. Armee) was a field army of the German army in World War II.

History
The 15th Army was activated in occupied France on 15 January 1941 with General Curt Haase in command. It was tasked with occupation and defensive duties in the Pas de Calais area.

The Allies landed further west, in Operation Overlord, during June 1944. Afterwards, the 15th Army was withdrawn to the Netherlands, where it fought the Allies during Operation Market Garden in September 1944.

It suffered defeat against the First Canadian Army in the Battle of the Scheldt during which the Army Headquarters at Dordrecht was subject to a mass attack by Hawker Typhoons of the Second Tactical Air Force on 24 October 1944. Two generals and 70 other staff officers were killed in the attack.

During October 1944 the 15th Army continued to resist against the Canadian First Army and British Second Army as they pushed west from the Nijmegen/Eindhoven salient in Operation Pheasant.

The British Second Army cleared the 15th Army from the Roer Triangle during Operation Blackcock, pushing it back over the Rur and Wurm rivers. It was involved in the Battle of Hurtgen Forest before finally surrendering along the Ruhr river in 1945.

Today, the former HQ of the 15th Army, in Tourcoing, which is just north of Lille in France, is a museum: Musée du 5 juin 1944.

Sept. 1944 Order of Battle

 * LXVII Corps, General der Infanterie Otto Sponheimer
 * 64th Infantry Division - Generalmajor Knut Eberding - trapped and destroyed in Breskens Pocket
 * 70th Static Division - Generalleutnant Wilhelm Daser - occupied South Beveland and Walcheren on the Scheldt
 * 346th Infantry Division - Generalleutnant Erich Diestel
 * 711th Static Division - Generalleutnant Josef Reichert
 * 719th Coastal Division - Generalleutnant Karl Sievers - Transferred to 1st Fallschirmarmee September 4.
 * LXXXVIII Corps, General der Infanterie Hans-Wolfgang Reinhard
 * 59th Infantry Division - Generalleutnant Walter Poppe
 * 85th Infantry Division - Generalleutnant Kurt Chill - later transferred to LXVII Korps
 * 245th Infantry Division - Oberst Gerhard Kegler - later transferred to LXVII Korps
 * 256th Infantry Division - Destroyed in Operation Bagration on Eastern Front, reconstituted Sept/Oct 1944 in Holland
 * 712th Infantry Division - Generalleutnant Friedrich-Wilhelm Neumann

title: 15th Army (Wehrmacht)


text: Category:1060 births

title: Category:1060 births


text: User talk:203.94.216.209

title: User talk:203.94.216.209


text:
Talk:Polish space

Redirect to Topology glossary
Given that the topology glossary does not in fact include a definition of a polish space, it seemed rather silly to replace this article with a redirect. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.253.128.13 (talk • contribs) 10:43, 26 February 2005  (UTC)

Each Polish Space is a Baire Space
according to the Wikipedia article on Baire Spaces. So "Baire Space" cannot be an example for a Polish Space.

I'm unfamiliar with both notions, so I won't edit the page myself... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 141.89.48.21 (talk • contribs) 10:03, 9 November 2006   (UTC)
 * You've run into an unfortunate ambiguity. Some mathematicians use the phrase "a Baire space" to describe any space satisfying the Baire category theorem. Others use the term "Baire space" (no "a") to mean one particular space (namely all functions from the naturals to the naturals, given the product topology). In this article, the second sense is intended. --Trovatore 19:46, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Typesetting problem
I've just corrected G\delta to Gδ. I've tried at first
 * $G_\delta$ subset

which produces $G_\delta$ subset. Why this is working wrong? --Kompik 15:49, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, it seems alright now. I should have made a screenshot -- otherwise nobody believes me that when I've included it for the first time, it has produced something strange. :-) --Kompik 06:30, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Converse of Alexandrov's Theorem
I've stumbled upon this result in Arveson. It was mentioned without proof and Bourbaki was included as the reference, therefore I've included both these books into references. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Kompik (talk • contribs) 18:19, 28 January 2007 (UTC).
 * This is also proved in Kechris thm 3.11 Miaoku (talk) 15:56, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Confusing statement in the article
This statement doesn't make sense to me: (Cantor-Bendixson theorem) If X is Polish then any closed subset of X can be written as the disjoint union of a perfect subset and a countable open subset. By this statement, the set Q of the rationals (i.e. a closed subset of the reals) is the disjoint union of a perfect subset and a countable open set. But there are no countable open subsets in the reals, so this implies that Q is a perfect subset (i.e. a closed set with no isolated points). This is false because every point in Q is an isolated point. Timhoooey 03:02, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Good catch; the "open" was nonsense (I guess it's open in the relative topology induced on the subset, but that's not how the statement would ordinarily be read). However your example is wrong -- Q is not closed, and no point in Q is isolated. --Trovatore 03:07, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Oops... you're right. 5+ straight hours of studying measure theory will do that to you.  I was thinking that countable implies all isolated (as in the naturals) and that Q is closed in itself, not in the reals.  Time to take a break. Timhoooey 03:50, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Definition of a Lusin space
Out of my element here, but should it not be "X is Lusin if it admits a finer Polish topology" instead of a "weaker" Polish topology? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.97.200.245 (talk) 13:08, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Image request
User:Hyacinth has added a template to this talk page requesting that an image be added to the article.

I'm not against adding an image if a useful one can be found, but I'm against adding an image just to add an image. Hyacinth, can you say what sort of image you have in mind?

When I think of Polish spaces, I think of Baire space, Cantor space, the reals, and maybe S2 (not sure why the last one; I'm just reporting the pictures that pop into my head). Of these, the most "typical" one, in the sense of being used as a default Polish space by descriptive set theorists, is probably Baire space, and it doesn't lend itself to a pretty picture. None of the others seem to especially stand out as champions to carry the banner of Polish spaces. --Trovatore (talk) 01:26, 18 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Good thing I added a template that reads, "It is requested that an image or photograph be included in this article to improve its quality." and not a template that reads, "It is arbitrarily requested that cruft be added to this article." Hyacinth (talk) 19:21, 19 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I never meant to be confrontational, and I apologize if it came across that way. My point is just that there may not actually be an image that would improve the article's quality.
 * On the other hand, maybe there is. You did get me thinking about it.  The Cantor space is in some sense an archetype of a perfect Polish space (one without isolated points), and if there were a good image showing the middle-thirds version, it might be worth adding.
 * The tricky part would be the captioning. Too much explanation and it'll just be confusing; too little and it won't be clear what the image has to do with the article.  There may not (or may) be a middle ground where it's useful. --Trovatore (talk) 21:20, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polish space


text:
Wikipedia talk:List of sound files

Substantial
This is quite a substantial list [of music]! Excellent work Raul and everyone who's been contributed to this part of the project. Thanks. Pcb21| Pete 10:44, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is accessible again!
Tim Starling fixed a bug in the mediawiki software, that made pages with media: links load slowly (the more links, the slower it loaded). That's why this page has been inaccessible for several weeks. It's accessible again :) →Raul654 06:31, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Copyleft?
According the page where this music is released it is licensed under CC, not copyleft.
 * Copyleft isn't a license, it's a *type* of license that allows you to copy the information with few (or no) restrictions. Creative Commons licenses (or which, there are around a dozen) are all copyleft; the GFDL is copyleft; BSD licenses are copyleft; 'etc. →Raul654 05:45, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * Correction, copyleft licenses are only those which require derivative works to remain fully free. BSD, CC-BY etc. are free content, but not copyleft.--Eloquence* 04:09, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

Moonlight Sonata
I'm sorry, it is 2 times too slow... it's 2/2, not 4/4, and in my scores a lot of notes are different... and there is a lot of background noise... maybe I'll propose something else in the future... anyway, thanks for this :) -- moala (w:fr) 17:02 CET

Copyright issues
Please see my question at commons:Commons:Village pump. --Mormegil 17:41, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

alphabetized?
Wouldn't it be more useful to alphabetize by the composer's last name, instead of their first name? -Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 19:21, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If you want to take a crack at fixing the alphabetizing code, be my guest :) →Raul654 23:11, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

Featured sound candidates
Please have a look at this proposal and comment on its talk page. Thanks.--Pharos 04:10, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Broken Links!
The FreeMusic! links - http://hebb.mit.edu/FreeMusic - are broken! Where is it now? Maxo 15:01, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

ogg?
As a convenience someone should tell how to play ogg.
 * Media help (Ogg) Raul654 15:48, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Using in another project?
I don't know quite where to ask this:

I am doing an audio guide and need music for the background. I'd like to use some of the works here, and am wondering whether that's possible.

I wanted to contact Raul654, who posted several, but he seems impossible to contact, for some reason.

It's just not entirely clear on how these files may be used, and I don't know where to get those answers.

Thanks.
 * Raul sees all :) (The reason you coulnd't contact me is that I was away for today, and my userpage and talk page apparently came under a very heavy vandalism streak, so a couple of other admins protected them.)
 * To answer your question - every file here has associated copyright information on its image page (source, performer, the copyright license, 'etc). You can access it by clicking on the asterisks (*) on this page. Raul654 01:31, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Now, in case the audio guide you are talking about is located on a Wikimedia project --- Most of the files here (all except about a dozen) are located on the Wikimedia Commons, and thus are already accessible to all other Wikimedia projects. Raul654 01:33, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for both your response and sense of humor (being in France and trying to contact sites like Yahoo, I've had a dearth of both).
 * I couldn't seem to find an email address, but maybe I'm not meant to.
 * I don't know if this is the right place to ask, but I'm having a bit of trouble understading the licenses. At issue: we'll be putting this as background to an audioguide. As the audioguide has cost a bit to produce, we'd like to recoup our costs (ha ha ha) and, if that happens, maybe produce another. At least initially, it won't be free (then we'll likely find out nobody wants to pay for it and give it way or something, but for now we're nursing the daydream). So, if we use some of these tracks, we'll be taking something that's free and incorporating it into something that's not (with resulting deduction of karma points). It was unclear just how that's allowed, because it seemed to be both allowed and not allowed (perhaps the music part, the part we didn't create, is still free for anyone to distribute?).
 * I would assume we'd be crediting the musicians in the accompanying text. And, even if this type of use is allowed, I'd like to contact the artists to make sure it's all OK, let them know, etc. I don't know if I'm supposed to do that or... or what. Seems like it might be the decent thing to do, though.
 * Thanks again. I hope this isn't the wrong place to ask all this, and that it's not too much to ask.
 * Rogermexico 00:09, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm going to preface this with the standard 'I am not a lawyer, this is not legal advice, proceed at your own risk'. (And you should strongly consider getting an attorney to verify anything I say here). Most of the files here are licensed under either the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license, the GNU Free Documentation License, or are no longer under copyright (e.g., public domain). I believe both the GFDL and CC-Attribution-ShareAlike allow it to be mixed with other non-free-licensed materiel, and sold, provided you follow the terms of the license. For the GFDL, for example, I think this requires you to include a full copy of the legalese license, as well as a list of everyone who has contributed to the work (for a wikipedia page, this would be the page history). I don't think you *have* to contact the authors, but there's enough information provided for each file that you can if you want to. Raul654 00:47, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for the info. (I've tried to track down more info and then had to go away for a bit.)

 * I'm still having a problem finding enough info about the music and copyright info. Apparently there's metadata in the file... but I can't figure out how to get to it. I hope that's not too basic a question. Is there some information elsewhere?

 * The link for Free Music hasn't worked for quite a while. Emails to that department have gone unanswered.

 * As best I understand it from reading the license conditions on the files I'm using, I'm allowed to use it in the background as long as I credit it. I just thought it'd best to contact the artists and get that clear beforehand, prove that I have permission, etc.

 * As for a lawyer, it's a good idea, but he'd probably tell us the same thing. And if we had the money to pay a lawyer, which we don't, we'd far rather use it to make our project better, and then take the leftover and give it people we like, such as Oxfam and Unicef (and, of course, Wikipedia).

 * Thanks for any further suggestions. Rogermexico 12:48, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Playlist
We could also have the data from Sound/list/playlist in an ordinary playlist format. Preferably SMIL, I suppose, since it is a W3C standard. It also has a validator. (In the meantime, I dumped all URLs into a single file with a ".m3u" extension.) Bromskloss 17:57, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Sound of the day
Thanks for looking at this.--Pharos 13:04, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Adding a song
Just a question; how do I add a song file to the list? --Regeane Silverwolf 11:05, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Um, by clicking "Edit this page" and adding it...? Raul654 20:46, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Latest Songs
Is there an page with an automatic list of the latest songs added, with links for playing - something that could be used on Portal:Music ? Madder 19:23, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Where are the Martinu sonatas?
According to some Google search results there should be some sonatas here by Bohuslav Martinu. Namely

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_1-1.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_1-2.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_1-3.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_2-1.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_2-2.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_2-3.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Martinu-_Concerto_for_2_Pianos_and_Orchestra-1.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Martinu-_Concerto_for_2_Pianos_and_Orchestra-2.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Martinu-_Concerto_for_2_Pianos_and_Orchestra-3.ogg

However they all seem to be gone (broken links). Where are they? Or it was some copyright issue with them?

 * They were deleted by request. See Valentinian (talk) / (contribs) 10:23, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Missing file/broken link
Holst- jupiter.ogg * this file is missing...

Also found:

· Rondo Alla Turka.ogg

· Mozart - vesperae de dominica. 4. laudate pueri.ogg (which seems odd as the other 5 are there)

· Beethoven-Pathetique.ogg

· Mozart - KV 570.ogg

Elena the Quiet 10:15, 2 June 2007 (UTC)ElenatheQuiet

Easier way?
Is there a bulk download for this, such as a torrent? I'd gladly seed it :D -- Phoeba WrightOBJECTION! 16:08, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Things to do

 * 1) I'm about to dump in a huge new quantity of classical music I got permission for today.
 * 2) After that, I need to go through Magnus Manske's uploads on commons and add those here.
 * 3) Once that is finished, a lot of the holes in this list need to be filled in. Raul654 01:19, 7 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 4) There are a number of songs on commons that are not on this list. Magnus Mankse in particular uploaded a large number. These need to be incorporated here. Raul654 04:16, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 5) Fill in the red links
 * 6) break this page out into multiple pages as using this particular page is a joke, it is useless in its current form, my fast newer computer just chokes on this thing especially ie but firefox too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.168.145.210 (talk) 04:33, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Wishlist
Here's a starter wishlist:
 * 1) Beethoven's 9th symphony, 4th movement.
 * 2) Request from Gwern: A better quality version of Air on the G String
 * 3) Pachelbel's Canon with a correct arrangement (3 violins and a basso continuo)

Not that it makes much of a difference. We'll take pretty much anything we can get our hands on. Raul654 04:16, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Correction - someone already got to Beethoven a week ago. So in the span of a month, we've added by top 3 most wanted songs: Bach's Cello Suite #1, 1st movement, Ellens dritter Gesang, and Beethoven's 9th, 4th movement. Raul654 02:54, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Performer column
I added a column for "Performer." The various performers still have to be filled in.Ferrylodge (talk) 19:44, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I've also added a new column to play and get info.Ferrylodge (talk) 21:44, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it would be a good idea to rename this list to "list of free music". Any objection?Ferrylodge (talk) 06:37, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Pedro Carlos Silva
found these nice violin-oggs on commons: Image:Ten o clock.ogg, Image:The Clock.ogg, Image:Soledad-Tango.ogg, Image:Dance of the hours.ogg, Image:Ragtime Betty.ogg, Image:Midnight Waltz.ogg, Image:SWINTI-Vivaldi Andante.ogg, Image:Tic Tac Fado Instrumental.ogg -- Cherubino (talk) 22:28, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

What next?
So, um, would it be okay to move this list into the article namespace now, as 26 lists — one for each letter of the alphabet — with each list arranged alphabetically by composer?Ferrylodge (talk) 20:05, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I've been distracted lately and haven't had time to tend to either this list or the free music project. Mea culpa.
 * You make an interesting proposal. I don't feel strongly about moving this page one way or the other. I'd like to see what other people have to say. Raul654 (talk) 20:23, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, sounds good. We could keep this list for items that haven't yet been alphabetized into the article-space-lists.  And music would not be moved into the article-space-lists until that music has already been linked in an actual prosaic article.Ferrylodge (talk) 20:52, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Auto-generation?
Usually, Wikipedia would allow the auto-generation of lists like this one. If all songs contain copyright information, aren't they somehow categorized and isn't it possible to just generate a page containing all songs linked in articles that are "CC-by-SA 2.0" or "GNU FDL 1.2", and so on? -82.171.70.54 (talk) 19:52, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

 * It probably is possible to automate the generation of the list, using the categories in Wikimedia Commons. Graham 87 05:58, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Yahoo Pipes blocked in robots.txt?
I am trying to scrape the file information on this page into an RSS feed via Yahoo Pipes. However, Pipes tells me "Can't fetch pages that robots.txt disallow". Any idea why http://en.wikipedia.org/robots.txt disallows this page for Yahoo/Pipes? --Meinhard Benn (talk) 15:43, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I have no idea. Maybe the page size is part of the problem? Graham 87 00:43, 7 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I checked and I can't find the offending line in the file. Raul654 (talk) 22:05, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

wave to alphebtize
How about copying and pasting this into a google wave and getting a few people to reorder it so it has the composers last name in alphebetical order and then copying and pasting the finished list back into wikipedia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.42.108.37 (talk • contribs) 10:21, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
 * All of the files are now alphabetized.Anythingyouwant (talk) 05:42, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

We need a robot
I have requested a bot.Anythingyouwant (talk) 01:36, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 10 January 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: ✅ Ⓩⓟⓟⓘⓧ Talk 17:55, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Sound/list → ? – Interesting resource, but it makes no sense as the subpage of a redirect. This should probably be a stand-alone page somewhere. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ >ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ<  17:10, 10 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia:List of sounds? Graham 87 04:10, 11 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia:List of sound files? Just "list of sounds" might be weird.  One of my cats makes a "prrrp!" sound.  LOL.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ >ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ<  17:57, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
 * LOL yes that'd be better. Graham 87 12:16, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Wikipedia talk:List of sound files


text:
File:DiagMurder.jpg

Summary
Cast of Diagnosis: Murder circa 1994: Victoria Rowell, Michael Tucci, Barry Van Dyke, Scott Baio, and Delores Hall, with Dick Van Dyke seated in the center.

Source: http://www.timstvshowcase.com/diagmur4.jpg from http://www.timstvshowcase.com/diagmur.html

Fair use rationale

 * 1) This image is being used to illustrate the article about the series Diagnosis: Murder and is used for informational or educational purposes only.
 * 2) This image is of low resolution.
 * 3) This does not affect the owner's ability to distribute the product.
 * 4) It illustrates the subject in question.

title: File:DiagMurder.jpg


text:
New Democratic Party candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election

The New Democratic Party ran a full slate of candidates in the 2004 federal election and elected nineteen members to become the fourth largest party in parliament.

Newfoundland and Labrador

 * Avalon: Michael Kehoe
 * Bonavista—Exploits: Samuel McLean
 * Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte: Holly Pike
 * Labrador: Shawn Crann
 * Random—Burin—St. George's: Desmond McGrath
 * St. John's North: Janine Piller
 * St. John's South: Peg Norman

Prince Edward Island

 * Cardigan: Dave MacKinnon
 * Charlottetown: Dody Crane
 * Egmont: Regena Kaye Russell
 * Malpeque: Ken Bingham

Nova Scotia

 * Cape Breton—Canso: Shirley Hartery
 * Central Nova: Alexis MacDonald
 * Dartmouth—Cole Harbour: Susan MacAlpine-Gillis
 * Halifax: Alexa McDonough
 * Halifax West: Bill Carr
 * Kings—Hants: Skip Hambling
 * North Nova: Margaret Sagar
 * Sackville—Eastern Shore: Peter Stoffer
 * South Shore—St. Margaret's: Gordon Earle
 * Sydney—Victoria: John Hugh Edwards
 * West Nova: Arthur Bull

New Brunswick

 * Acadie—Bathurst: Yvon Godin
 * Beauséjour: Omer Bourque
 * Fredericton: John Carty
 * Fundy: Pat Hanratty
 * Madawaska—Restigouche: Rodolphe Martin
 * Miramichi: Hilaire Rousselle
 * Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe: Hélène Lapointe
 * St. Croix—Belleisle: Patrick Webber
 * Saint John: Terry Albright
 * Tobique—Mactaquac: Jason Mapplebeck

Ontario

 * Kathy Pounder (Brampton—Springdale)
 * Chris Moise (Brampton West)
 * Max Silverman (Eglinton—Lawrence)
 * Cesar Martello (Etobicoke North)
 * Ross Sutherland (Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington)
 * Gary Dale (Pickering—Scarborough East)
 * Nella Cotrupi (Richmond Hill)
 * Ted Mouradian (St. Catharines)
 * Colin Mackinnon (Simcoe—Grey)
 * Elaine MacDonald (Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry)
 * Maret Sadem-Thompson (Whitby—Oshawa)
 * Rick Morelli (Willowdale)

Manitoba

 * Brandon—Souris: Mike Abbey
 * Charleswood—St. James: Peter Carney
 * Churchill: Bev Desjarlais
 * Dauphin—Swan River: Walter Kolisnyk
 * Elmwood—Transcona: Bill Blaikie
 * Kildonan—St. Paul: Lorene Mahoney
 * Portage—Lisgar: Daren Van den Bussche
 * Provencher: Sarah Zaharia
 * Saint Boniface: Mathieu Allard
 * Selkirk—Interlake: Duane Nicol
 * Winnipeg Centre: Pat Martin
 * Winnipeg North: Judy Wasylycia-Leis
 * Winnipeg South: Catherine Green
 * Winnipeg South Centre: James Allum

Saskatchewan

 * Battlefords—Lloydminster: Shawn McKee
 * Blackstrap: Don Kossick
 * Churchill River: Earl Cook
 * Cypress Hills—Grasslands: Jeff Potts
 * Palliser: Dick Proctor
 * Prince Albert: Don Hovdebo
 * Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre: Moe Kovatch
 * Regina—Qu'Appelle: Lorne Nystrom
 * Saskatoon—Humboldt: Nettie Wiebe
 * Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar: Dennis Gruending
 * Saskatoon—Wanuskewin: Priscilla Settee
 * Souris—Moose Mountain: Robert Stringer
 * Wascana: Erin Weir
 * Yorkton—Melville: Don Olson

Alberta

 * Daria Fox (Calgary Southwest)
 * Jeff Sloychuk (Red Deer South)

British Columbia

 * Bev Meslo (Vancouver South)

Territories

 * Nunavut: Bill Riddell
 * Western Arctic: Dennis Bevington
 * Yukon: Pam Boyde


text:
Hans Reichenbach

Hans Reichenbach (September 26, 1891 – April 9, 1953) was a leading philosopher of science, educator, and proponent of logical empiricism. He was influential in the areas of science, education, and of logical empiricism. He founded the Gesellschaft für empirische Philosophie (Society for Empirical Philosophy) in Berlin in 1928, also known as the "Berlin Circle". Carl Gustav Hempel, Richard von Mises, David Hilbert and Kurt Grelling all became members of the Berlin Circle.

In 1930, Reichenbach and Rudolf Carnap became editors of the journal Erkenntnis. He also made lasting contributions to the study of empiricism based on a theory of probability; the logic and the philosophy of mathematics; space, time, and relativity theory; analysis of probabilistic reasoning; and quantum mechanics. In 1951, he authored The Rise of Scientific Philosophy, his most popular book.

Early life
Hans was the second son of a Jewish merchant, Bruno Reichenbach, who had converted to Protestantism. He married Selma Menzel, a school mistress, who came from a long line of Protestant professionals which went back to the Reformation. His elder brother Bernard played a significant role in the left communist movement. His younger brother, Herman was a music educator.

After completing secondary school in Hamburg, Hans Reichenbach studied civil engineering at the Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart, and physics, mathematics and philosophy at various universities, including Berlin, Erlangen, Göttingen and Munich. Among his teachers were Ernst Cassirer, David Hilbert, Max Planck, Max Born and Arnold Sommerfeld.

Political activism
Reichenbach was active in youth movements and student organizations. He joined the Freistudentenschaft in 1910. He attended the founding conference of the Freideutsche Jugend umbrella group at Hoher Meissner in 1913. He published articles about the university reform, the freedom of research, and against anti-Semitic infiltrations in student organizations. His older brother Bernard shared in this activism and went on to become a member of the Communist Workers' Party of Germany, representing this organisation on the Executive Committee of the Communist International. Hans wrote the Platform of the Socialist Student Party, Berlin which was published in 1918. The party had remained clandestine until the November Revolution when it was formally founded with him as chairman. He also worked with Karl Wittfogel, Alexander Schwab and his other brother Herman at this time. In 1919 his text Student und Sozialismus: mit einem Anhang: Programm der Sozialistischen Studentenpartei was published by Hermann Schüller, an activist with the League for Proletarian Culture. However following his attending lectures by Albert Einstein in 1919, he stopped participating in political groups.

Academic career
Reichenbach received a degree in philosophy from the University of Erlangen in 1915 and his PhD dissertation on the theory of probability, titled Der Begriff der Wahrscheinlichkeit für die mathematische Darstellung der Wirklichkeit (The Concept of Probability for the Mathematical Representation of Reality) and supervised by Paul Hensel and Max Noether, was published in 1916. Reichenbach served during World War I on the Russian front, in the German army radio troops. In 1917 he was removed from active duty, due to an illness, and returned to Berlin. While working as a physicist and engineer, Reichenbach attended Albert Einstein's lectures on the theory of relativity in Berlin from 1917 to 1920.

In 1920 Reichenbach began teaching at the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart as Privatdozent. In the same year, he published his first book (which was accepted as his habilitation in physics at the Technische Hochschule Stuttgart) on the philosophical implications of the theory of relativity, The Theory of Relativity and A Priori Knowledge (Relativitätstheorie und Erkenntnis Apriori), which criticized the Kantian notion of synthetic a priori. He subsequently published Axiomatization of the Theory of Relativity (1924), From Copernicus to Einstein (1927) and The Philosophy of Space and Time (1928), the last stating the logical positivist view on the theory of relativity.

Reichenbach distinguishes between axioms of connection and of coordination. Axioms of connection are those scientific laws which specify specific relations between specific physical things, like Maxwell’s equations. They describe empirical laws. Axioms of coordination are those laws which describe all things and are a priori, like Euclidean geometry and are “general rules according to which the connections take place”. For example the axioms of connection of gravitational equations are based upon the axioms of coordination of arithmetic.

Another distinction of his was between the 'context of discovery' and 'context of justification'. The way scientists come up with ideas is not always the same as the way they justify them, and so as separate objects of study Reichenbach distinguished between them.

In 1926, with the help of Albert Einstein, Max Planck and Max von Laue, Reichenbach became assistant professor in the physics department of the University of Berlin. He gained notice for his methods of teaching, as he was easily approached and his courses were open to discussion and debate. This was highly unusual at the time, although the practice is nowadays a common one.

In 1928, Reichenbach founded the so-called "Berlin Circle" (Die Gesellschaft für empirische Philosophie; Society for Empirical Philosophy). Among its members were Carl Gustav Hempel, Richard von Mises, David Hilbert and Kurt Grelling. The Vienna Circle manifesto lists 30 of Reichenbach's publications in a bibliography of closely related authors. In 1930 he and Rudolf Carnap began editing the journal Erkenntnis.

When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, Reichenbach was immediately dismissed from his appointment at the University of Berlin under the government's so called "Race Laws" due to his Jewish ancestry. Reichenbach himself did not practise Judaism, and his mother was a German Protestant, but he nevertheless suffered problems. He thereupon emigrated to Turkey, where he headed the department of philosophy at Istanbul University. He introduced interdisciplinary seminars and courses on scientific subjects, and in 1935 he published The Theory of Probability.

In 1938, with the help of Charles W. Morris, Reichenbach moved to the United States to take up a professorship at the University of California, Los Angeles in its Philosophy Department. Reichenbach helped establish UCLA as a leading philosophy department in the United States in the post-war period. Carl Hempel, Hilary Putnam, and Wesley Salmon were perhaps his most prominent students. During his time there, he published several of his most notable books, including Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in 1944, Elements of Symbolic Logic in 1947, and The Rise of Scientific Philosophy (his most popular book) in 1951.

Reichenbach died unexpectedly of a heart attack on April 9, 1953. He was living in Los Angeles at the time, and had been working on problems in the philosophy of time and on the nature of scientific laws. As part of this he proposed a three part model of time in language, involving speech time, event time and — critically — reference time, which has been used by linguists since for describing tenses. This work resulted in two books published posthumously: The Direction of Time and Nomological Statements and Admissible Operations.

Archives
Hans Reichenbach manuscripts, photographs, lectures, correspondence, drawings and other related materials are maintained by the Archives of Scientific Philosophy, Special Collections, University Library System, University of Pittsburgh. Much of the content has been digitized. Some more notable content includes:
 * Correspondence to Nagel, 1934-1938
 * Philosophy Congress
 * Responses to Questionnaire
 * Weyl's Extension of the Riemannian Concept of Space, Appendix

Selected publications

 * 1916. Der Begriff der Wahrscheinlichkeit für die mathematische Darstellung der Wirklichkeit (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Erlangen).
 * 1920. Relativitätstheorie und Erkenntnis Apriori (habilitation thesis, Technische Hochschule Stuttgart). English translation: 1965. The theory of relativity and a priori knowledge. University of California Press.
 * 1922. "Der gegenwärtige Stand der Relativitätsdiskussion." English translation: "The present state of the discussion on relativity" in Reichenbach (1959).
 * 1924. Axiomatik der relativistischen Raum-Zeit-Lehre. English translation: 1969. Axiomatization of the theory of relativity. University of California Press.
 * 1924. "Die Bewegungslehre bei Newton, Leibniz und Huyghens." English translation: "The theory of motion according to Newton, Leibniz, and Huyghens" in Reichenbach (1959).
 * 1927. Von Kopernikus bis Einstein. Der Wandel unseres Weltbildes. English translation: 1942, From Copernicus to Einstein. Alliance Book Co.
 * 1928. Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre. English translation: Maria Reichenbach, 1957, The Philosophy of Space and Time. Dover. ISBN 0-486-60443-8
 * 1930. Atom und Kosmos. Das physikalische Weltbild der Gegenwart. English translation: 1932, Atom and cosmos: the world of modern physics. G. Allen & Unwin, ltd.
 * 1931. "Ziele und Wege der heutigen Naturphilosophie." English translation: "Aims and methods of modern philosophy of nature" in Reichenbach (1959).
 * 1935. Wahrscheinlichkeitslehre: eine Untersuchung über die logischen und mathematischen Grundlagen der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. English translation: 1949, The theory of probability, an inquiry into the logical and mathematical foundations of the calculus of probability. University of California Press.
 * 1938. Experience and prediction: an analysis of the foundations and the structure of knowledge. University of Chicago Press.
 * 1942. From Copernicus to Einstein. Dover 1980: ISBN 0-486-23940-3
 * 1944. Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. University of California Press. Dover 1998: ISBN 0-486-40459-5
 * 1947. Elements of Symbolic Logic. Dover 1980: ISBN 0-486-24004-5
 * 1948. "Philosophy and physics" in Faculty research lectures, 1946. University of California Press.
 * 1949. "The philosophical significance of the theory of relativity" in Schilpp, P. A., ed., Albert Einstein: philosopher-scientist. Evanston: The Library of Living Philosophers.
 * 1951. The Rise of Scientific Philosophy. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01055-0
 * 1954. Nomological statements and admissible operations. North Holland.
 * 1956. The Direction of Time. University of California Press. Dover 1971. ISBN 0-486-40926-0
 * 1959. Modern philosophy of science: Selected essays by Hans Reichenbach. Routledge & Kegan Paul. Greenwood Press 1981: ISBN 0-313-23274-1
 * 1978. Selected writings, 1909–1953: with a selection of biographical and autobiographical sketches (Vienna circle collection). Dordrecht: Reidel. Springer paperback vol 1: ISBN 90-277-0292-6
 * 1979. Hans Reichenbach, logical empiricist (Synthese library). Dordrecht: Reidel.
 * 1991. Erkenntnis Orientated: A Centennial volume for Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach. Kluwer. Springer 2003: ISBN 0-7923-1408-5
 * 1991. Logic, language, and the structure of scientific theories: proceedings of the Carnap-Reichenbach centennial, University of Konstanz, 21–24 May 1991. University of Pittsburgh Press.

title: Hans Reichenbach


text: User talk:219.249.58.105

title: User talk:219.249.58.105


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Interrogative

An interrogative clause is a clause whose form is typically associated with question-like meanings. For instance, the English sentence "Is Hannah sick?" has interrogative syntax which distinguishes it from its declarative counterpart "Hannah is sick". Also, the additional question mark closing the statement assures that the reader is informed of the interrogative mood. Interrogative clauses may sometimes be embedded within a phrase, for example: "Paul knows who is sick", where the interrogative clause "who is sick" serves as complement of the embedding verb "know".

Languages vary in how they form interrogatives. When a language has a dedicated interrogative inflectional form, it is often referred to as interrogative grammatical mood. Interrogative mood or other interrogative forms may be denoted by the glossing abbreviation.

Question types
Interrogative sentences are generally divided between yes–no questions, which ask whether or not something is the case (and invite an answer of the yes/no type), and wh-questions, which specify the information being asked about using a word like which, who, how, etc.

An intermediate form is the choice question, disjunctive question or alternative question, which presents a number of alternative answers, such as "Do you want tea or coffee?"

Negative questions are formed from negative sentences, as in "Aren't you coming?" and "Why does he not answer?"

Tag questions are questions "tagged" onto the end of sentences to invite confirmation, as in "She left earlier, didn't she?"

Indirect questions (or interrogative content clauses) are subordinate clauses used within sentences to refer to a question (as opposed to direct questions, which are interrogative sentences themselves). An example of an indirect question is where Jack is in the sentence "I wonder where Jack is." English and many other languages do not use inversion in indirect questions, even though they would in the corresponding direct question ("Where is Jack?"), as described in the following section.

Features
Languages may use both syntax and prosody to distinguish interrogative sentences (which pose questions) from declarative sentences (which state propositions). Syntax refers to grammatical changes, such as changing word order or adding question words; prosody refers to changes in intonation while speaking. Some languages also mark interrogatives morphologically, i.e. by inflection of the verb. A given language may use one or more of these methods in combination.

Inflection
Certain languages mark interrogative sentences by using a particular inflection of the verb (this may be described as an interrogative mood of the verb). Languages with some degree of this feature include Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Greenlandic, Nenets, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Turkish, Finnish, Korean and Venetian.

In most varieties of Venetian, interrogative verb endings have developed out of what was originally a subject pronoun, placed after the verb in questions by way of inversion (see following section). For example, Old Venetian magnè-vu? ("do you eat?", formed by inversion from vu magnè "you eat") has developed into the modern magneto? or magnèu?. This form can now also be used with overt subjects: Voaltri magnèo co mi? ("do you eat with me?", literally "you eat-you with me?").

In Turkish, the verb takes the interrogative particle mı (also mi, mu, mü according to the last vowel of the word – see vowel harmony), with other personal or verbal suffixes following after that particle:
 * Geliyorum. ("I am coming.") → Geliyor muyum? ("Am I coming?")
 * Geliyordum. ("I was coming.") → Geliyor muydum? ("Was I coming?")
 * Geldim. ("I came.") → Geldim mi? ("Did I come?")
 * Evlisin. ("You are married.") → Evli misin? ("Are you married?")

In Central Alaskan Yup'ik, verbs are conjugated in what is called the interrogative mood if one wishes to pose a content question:
 * Taiciquten. ("You sg. will come.") → Qaku taiciqsit? ("When (future) will you come?)
 * Qimugta ner'uq neqmek. ("The dog is eating some fish.") → Camek ner'a qimugta? ("What is the dog eating?)

Yes/no questions in Yup'ik, however, are formed by attaching the enclitic -qaa to the end of the first word of the sentence, which is what is being questioned:
 * Taiciquten-qaa? ("Will you come?")
 * Qimugta-qaa ner'uq neqmek? ("Is the dog eating some fish?")

Further details on verb inflection can be found in the articles on the languages listed above (or their grammars).

Syntax
The main syntactic devices used in various languages for marking questions are changes in word order and addition of interrogative words or particles.

In some modern Western European languages, questions are marked by switching the verb with the subject (inversion), thus changing the canonical word order pattern from SVO to VSO. For example, in German:
 * Er liebt mich. ("he loves me"; declarative)
 * Liebt er mich? ("does he love me?", literally "loves he me?"; interrogative)

Similar patterns are found in other Germanic languages and French. In the case of Modern English, inversion is used, but can only take place with a limited group of verbs (called auxiliaries or "special verbs"). In sentences where no such verb is otherwise present, the auxiliary do (does, did) is introduced to enable the inversion (for details see do-support, and . Formerly, up to the late 16th century, English used inversion freely with all verbs, as German still does.) For example:
 * They went away. (normal declarative sentence)
 * They did go away. (declarative sentence re-formed using do-support)
 * Did they go away? (interrogative formed by inversion with the auxiliary did)

An inverted subject pronoun may sometimes develop into a verb ending, as described in the previous section with regard to Venetian.

Another common way of marking questions is with the use of a grammatical particle or an enclitic, to turn a statement into a yes–no question enquiring whether that statement is true. A particle may be placed at the beginning or end of the sentence, or attached to an element within the sentence. Examples of interrogative particles typically placed at the start of the sentence include the French est-ce que and Polish czy. (The English word whether behaves in this way too, but is used in indirect questions only.) The constructed language Esperanto uses the particle ĉu, which operates like the Polish czy:
 * Vi estas blua. ("You are blue.")
 * Ĉu vi estas blua? ("Are you blue?")

Particles typically placed at the end of the question include Japanese か ka and Mandarin 吗 ma. These are illustrated respectively in the following examples:
 * 彼は日本人です Kare wa Nihon-jin desu. ("He is Japanese.")
 * 彼は日本人ですか？ Kare wa Nihon-jin desu ka? ("Is he Japanese?")
 * 他是中國人 Tā shì Zhōngguórén. ("He is Chinese.")
 * 他是中國人吗？ Tā shì Zhōngguórén ma? ("Is he Chinese?")

Enclitic interrogative particles, typically placed after the first (stressed) element of the sentence, which is generally the element to which the question most strongly relates, include the Russian ли li, and the Latin (sometimes just n in early Latin). For example: This ne usually forms a neutral yes–no question, implying neither answer (except where the context makes it clear what the answer must be). However Latin also forms yes–no questions with, implying that the questioner thinks the answer to be the affirmative, and with , implying that the interrogator thinks the answer to be the negative. Examples: num negāre audēs? ("You dare not deny, do you?"; Catullus 1,4,8); Mithridātēs nōnne ad Cn. Pompeium lēgātum mīsit? ("Didn't Mithridates send an ambassador to Gnaeus Pompey?"; Pompey 16,46). In Indonesian and Malay, the particle -kah is appended as a suffix, either to the last word of a sentence, or to the word or phrase that needs confirmation (that word or phrase being brought to the start of the sentence). In more formal situations, the question word apakah (formed by appending -kah to apa, "what") is frequently used.
 * Tu id veritus es. ("You feared that.")
 * Tu nē id veritus es? ("Did you fear that?")
 * Kita tersesat lagi. ("We are lost again.") → Kita tersesat lagikah? ("Are we lost again?")
 * Jawaban saya benar. ("My answer is correct.") → Benarkah jawaban saya? ("Is my answer correct?")
 * Presiden sudah menerima surat itu. "The president has received the letter." → Apakah presiden sudah menerima surat itu? ("Has the president received the letter?")

For Turkish, where the interrogative particle may be considered a part of the verbal inflection system, see the previous section.

Another way of forming yes–no questions is the A-not-A construction, found for example in Chinese, which offers explicit yes or no alternatives:
 * 他是中国人 Tā shì Zhōngguórén. ("He is Chinese.")
 * 他不是中国人 Tā bu shì Zhōngguórén. ("He is not Chinese.")
 * 他是不是中国人？ Tā shì bu shì Zhōngguórén? ("Is he Chinese?"; literally "He is, is not Chinese")

Somewhat analogous to this is the method of asking questions in colloquial Indonesian, which is also similar to the use of tag questions ("..., right?", "..., no?", "..., isn't it?", etc.), as occur in English and many other languages:
 * Kamu datang ke Indonesia, tidak? ("Do you come to Indonesia?"; literally "You come to Indonesia, not?")
 * Dia orang Indonesia, bukan? ("Is he Indonesian?"; literally "He is Indonesian, not?")
 * Mereka sudah belajar bahasa Indonesia, belum? ("Have they learnt Indonesian?"; literally "They have learnt Indonesian, not?")

Non-polar questions (wh-questions) are normally formed using an interrogative word (wh-word) such as what, where, how, etc. This generally takes the place in the syntactic structure of the sentence normally occupied by the information being sought. However, in terms of word order, the interrogative word (or the phrase it is part of) is brought to the start of the sentence (an example of wh-fronting) in many languages. Such questions may also be subject to subject–verb inversion, as with yes–no questions. Some examples for English follow:
 * You are (somewhere). (declarative word order)
 * Where are you? (interrogative: where is fronted, subject and verb are inverted)
 * He wants (some book). (declarative)
 * What book does he want? (interrogative: what book is fronted, subject and verb are inverted, using do-support)

However wh-fronting typically takes precedence over inversion: if the interrogative word is the subject or part of the subject, then it remains fronted, so inversion (which would move the subject after the verb) does not occur:
 * Who likes chips?
 * How many people are coming?

Not all languages have wh-fronting (and as for yes–no questions, inversion is not applicable in all languages). In Mandarin, for example, the interrogative word remains in its natural place (in situ) in the sentence:
 * 你要什麼？ Nǐ yào shénme? ("what do you want", literally "you want what?")

This word order is also possible in English: "You did what?" (with rising intonation). (When there is more than one interrogative word, only one of them is fronted: "Who wants to order what?") It is also possible to make yes–no questions without any grammatical marking, using only intonation (or punctuation, when writing) to differentiate questions from statements – in some languages this is the only method available. This is discussed in the following section.

Intonation and punctuation
Questions may also be indicated by a different intonation pattern. This is generally a pattern of rising intonation. It applies particularly to yes–no questions; the use of rising question intonation in yes–no questions has been suggested to be one of the universals of human languages. With wh-questions, however, rising intonation is not so commonly used – in English, questions of this type usually do not have such an intonation pattern.

The use of intonation to mark yes–no questions is often combined with the grammatical question marking described in the previous section. For example, in the English sentence "Are you coming?", rising intonation would be expected in addition to the inversion of subject and verb. However it is also possible to indicate a question by intonation alone. For example: A question like this, which has the same form (except for intonation) as a declarative sentence, is called a declarative question. In some languages this is the only available way of forming yes–no questions – they lack a way of marking such questions grammatically, and thus do so using intonation only. Examples of such languages are Italian, Modern Greek, Portuguese, and the Jakaltek language. Similarly in Spanish, yes–no questions are not distinguished grammatically from statements (although subject–verb inversion takes place in wh-questions).
 * You're coming. (statement, typically spoken with falling intonation)
 * You're coming? (question, typically spoken with rising intonation)

On the other hand, it is possible for a sentence to be marked grammatically as a question, but to lack the characteristic question intonation. This often indicates a question to which no answer is expected, as with a rhetorical question. It occurs often in English in tag questions, as in "It's too late, isn't it?" If the tag question ("isn't it") is spoken with rising intonation, an answer is expected (the speaker is expressing doubt), while if it is spoken with falling intonation, no answer is necessarily expected and no doubt is being expressed.

Sentences can also be marked as questions when they are written down. In languages written in Latin or Cyrillic, as well as certain other scripts, a question mark at the end of the sentence identifies it as a question. In Spanish, an additional inverted mark is placed at the beginning (e.g.¿Cómo está usted?). Question marks are also used in declarative questions, as in the example given above (in this case they are equivalent to the intonation used in speech, being the only indication that the sentence is meant as a question). Question marks are sometimes omitted in rhetorical questions (the sentence given in the previous paragraph, when used in a context where it would be spoken with falling intonation, might be written "It's too late, isn't it.", with no final question mark).

Responses
Responses to questions are often reduced to elliptical sentences rather than full sentences, since in many cases only the information specially requested needs to be provided. (See Answer ellipsis.) Also many (but not all) languages have words that function like the English 'yes' and 'no', used to give short answers to yes–no questions. In languages that do not have words compared to English 'yes' and 'no', e.g. Chinese, speakers may need to answer the question according to the question. For example, when asked 喜歡喝茶嗎？ (Do you like tea?), one has to answer 喜歡 (literally 'like') for affirmative or 不喜歡 (literally 'not like') for negative. But when asked 你打籃球嗎？ (Do you play basketball?), one needs to answer 我打 (literally 'I play') for affirmative and 我不打 (literally 'I don't play') for negative. There is no simple answering word for 'yes' and 'no' in Chinese. One needs to answer the yes–no question using the main verb in the question instead.

Responses to negative interrogative sentences can be problematic. In English, for example, the answer "No" to the question "You don't have a passport?" may confirm the negative, i.e. it means that the responder does not have a passport, but on the other hand, it can also imply that the responder does have a passport. Most often, a native speaker would also state an indicative sentence for clarification, i.e. "No, I don't have a passport," or even "No, I do have a passport," the latter most likely being used if the question were phrased, "Do you not have a passport?" which would connote serious doubt. However, in some other languages, such as Japanese, a negative answer to a negative question asserts the affirmative – in this case that the responder does have a passport. In English, "Yes" would most often assert the affirmative, though a simple, one-word answer could still be unclear, while in some other languages it would confirm the negative without doubt.

Some languages have different words for "yes" when used to assert an affirmative in response to a negative question or statement; for example the French si, the German doch, and Danish, Swedish or Norwegian jo.

Ambiguity may also arise with choice questions. A question like "Do you like tea or coffee?" can be interpreted as a choice question, to be answered with either "tea" or "coffee"; or it can be interpreted as a yes–no question, to be answered "yes (I do like tea or coffee)" or "no (I do not like tea or coffee)".

More information on these topics can be found in the articles Question, Yes and no, and Yes–no question.

title: Interrogative


text:
Talk:Cheondoism

See Naming conventions (Korean) for some suggestions on how to improve this article. --Henrygb 10:56, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Followers
Hopefully somebody is watching this article...

I've never seen such a gap in data on number of followers. The article state 27,000 (source: http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/korea_south/kr_glos.html), but adherents.org which is generally considered a good source is stating three millions (on http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html near bottom).

Insights?

Pjacobi 22:27, 2005 May 18 (UTC)

 * Another source for another number (800,000) is stated on this page: http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_178.html --Pjacobi 22:41, 2005 May 18 (UTC)

 * This research states Cheondoism is the major religion in North Korea making up the 12.9% of the total population (followed by Christians 2.1% and Buddhists 1.5%). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.0.84.54 (talk) 14:52, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Hi all, I see an issue here. Can someone native korean check the source, proving, that there is 5+mio of followers? Depend on my understanding of Korean, the article speaks about Catolic church...--DeeMusil (talk) 19:45, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

Relevance
Chondogyo is the 20th century face of the 19th century Tonghak movement and its religion. This article, as it stands, while titled "Chondogyo" focuses, rather, on the Tonghak movement's origins and involvement with Peasant Rebellions, which is an important related subject, but it says almost nothing about Chondogyo. Most of the article belongs under Tonghak and Tonghak rebellion heads. I am working now on preparing materials on the religious ideas of Ch'oe Che-u and the subsequent leaders of the church and its history in order to have an entry more relevant to Chondogyo. Chondogyo is important because of its anti-fedualistic and anti-imperialistic political apects as well as its religious ideas developed in abreaction to Christian (Catholic originally) penetration of Korea and for its incorporation of Confucian, Taoist, and other eastern aspects together with a monotheistic view that finds divinity in all.Doc Rock 16:22, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Donghak Peasant Revolution has its own article
So I cut the following from this article out:
 * The 1894 Peasant War saw the poor farmers rise up against the rich, corrupt, oppressive landlords and the ruling elite. The peasants demanded land distribution, tax reduction, democracy and human rights. Taxes were so high that most farmers were forced to sell their ancestral homesteads to rich landowners at bargain prices. Landlords got richer by selling rice to the Japanese and by buying poor peasants off their land. The rich sent their children to Japan to study and enjoyed things Japanese. It was in this context that the peasants developed intense anti-Japanese and anti-yangban sentiments.

The peasants were not on their own. Progressive-minded yangbans, scholars and nationalists joined the Army. The Army was politically indoctrinated in Tonghak (Eastern Learning). On January 11, 1894, the first major battle of the Army erupted in Gobu. The rebellion was caused by Jo Byeong-gap, a Joseon government official in charge of Gobu. Jo Byeong-gap was believed tyrannical and corrupt and was accused of oppressing the peasants and extorting exorbidant taxation from his subjects.

The Donghak rebels routed Jo's government forces and took over the county office, and handed out Jo's properties to the peasants. The rebels took weapons from the government soldiers and marched onto adjacent villages. The armed rebellion spread like a wildfire. The peasant army had few muskets and its arms were mainly bamboo spears and swords. The peasants wore bandanas on their heads and waistbands on their waists to identify themselves. The peasant army waved yellow flags with the characters "sustain the people and provide for the people" written. Jeon Bong-jun (全琫準 ) was the military commander. Jeon's father was killed for refusing to pay bribes.

The peasants raided the armory and killed the local officials and rich folks. The war went well for the peasants until March 13, 1894. On this day, the Army was crushed by the government troops led by Yi Yong-tae, who mercilessly butchered captured peasant guerrillas, burned villages, and confiscated peasants properties in Gobu. The news of Yi's scorched-earth policy quickly spread to other regions and angry peasants rose up all across the country. Thus began the Peasant War of 1894.

The peasants' marching orders were:
 * "Do not kill or take peasants' properties"
 * "Protect peasants' rights"
 * "Drive out the Japanese and purify our sacred land"
 * "March to Seoul and clean out the government"

The Peasant Army defeated one government garrison after another and closed in on Seoul. The Seoul government asked Qing China for help. Qing was more than happy to send in its troops. However Imperial Japan sent soldiers into Korea without permission (This escalation and internationalization of the conflict ultimately resulted in the First Sino-Japanese War). Although many government troops joined their ranks, the peasant army was no match for the new forces with modern weapons and numerical superiority. The Army abandoned its march to Seoul.

Choe Je-u was captured and executed in March 1864 at Daegu. After Choe's death, Choe Si-hyeong took over as the leader of the Donghak movement. He went beyond the religion and appealed to the general peasant populace, who made up the majority of the Korean population. He offered the down-trodden farmers a way to better their lives which provided its followers a hope for eliminating the yangban class and foreign powers. Under the leadership of Choe Si-hyeong, Donghak became a legal political organization recognized as such by the government. The number of followers exceeded 20,000. In late June of 1894. pro-Japanese forces hatched a plan to wipe out the Peasant Army in collusion with the Japanese troops stationed in Incheon and Seoul. On October 16, the Peasant Army moved toward Gong-ju for the final battle. It was a trap. The Japanese and the pro-Japanese government troops were waiting for them.

A Japanese scroll records the defeat of the Donghak Army in the Battle of Ugeum-chi. The Japanese had cannons and other modern weapons, whereas the Korean peasants were armed with bow-and-arrows, spears, swords, and some flintlock muskets.

The bitter battle started on October 22, 1894 and lasted till November 10, 1894. The poorly armed peasants stormed the well-entrenched enemies some 40 times but they were beaten back with heavy losses. The remnants fled to various bases. The triumphant Japanese and their lackeys pursued the Army and eventually wiped it out. Jeon Bong-jun, the Donghak commander, was captured in March 1895.

In 1898, following the execution of Choe Si-hyeong, the leader of Donghak Son Byeong-hui sought political asylum in Japan. After the Russo-Japanese War in 1904, he returned to Korea and established the Jinbohoe ("progressive society"), a new cultural and reformist movement designed to reverse the declining fortunes of the nation and to create a new society. Through Donghak he conducted a nationwide movement that aimed at social improvement through the renovation of old customs and ways of life. Hundreds of thousands of members of Donghak cut their long hair short and initiated the wearing of simple, modest clothing. Non-violent demonstrations for social improvement organised by members of Donghak took place throughout 1904. This coordinated series of activities was known as the Gapjin Reform Movement. CruftCutter 18:44, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Pantheistic and Panentheistic
I do not see how exactly a country could be both pantheistic and panentheistic, especially since both wikipedia articles make a statement of why the two are different, one believe there is a personal god while one says there is no personal god. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.186.245.107 (talk) 00:56, 17 September 2011 (UTC)
 * A good point. This article suffers from some misinterpretations (depending on who wrote that particular portion) about Confucian and Asian religious terminology, as seen through a Western filter.  This is a tough issue to overcome, but I have made some effort to try and present Cheondoism on its own terms with the latest updates, and not compared to other religions.  --Ph0kin (talk) 17:25, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Updates and Revisions
I got some material on Cheondoism through a book on Confucianism (incl. Korean Confucianism), which I've used to update the article and firmly root Cheondoism with its Confucian background. It wasn't as much information as I would have liked, but it helped clarify some basic details.

I also removed a lot of material that was related to the history of the Donghak movement, in order to better disambiguate the two.

I cleaned up a few dead or dubious links as well.

Hopefully this will make the article more solid, even if a bit shorter. --Ph0kin (talk) 16:57, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Beliefs section
Fascinating but lacking. I imagine most information would be in the Korean language. Interlaker (talk) 14:15, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

Shamanism
Both Religion in North Korea and Korean shamanism assert the influence of shamanism on Chendoism, but this isn't mentioned in the article. If it was a peasant based movement such an influence would seem to be likely, but this article seems to concentrate on a philosophical interpretation which would more likely appeal to an intellectual.--Jack Upland (talk) 23:45, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Cheondoism


text: Category:997 deaths

title: Category:997 deaths