text:
Talk:Tiago Monteiro

most consecutively finished races by a driver in his first F1 season, and most finishes by a driver in a single F1 season
Kimi finished 20 races in 2012, so removing the most finishes by a driver in a single F1 season. --Mnosal (talk) 12:55, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

The first one is a necessary consequence of the second. While we're at it why not add "most finishes by a driver with the initials TM". I've changed it so its less silly. Damian Corrigan 22:44, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

It isn't, because of the word consecutive. If his sole retirement had been in the 9th race of the season, he would have achieved the latter but not the former. --MartinUK 19:59, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Image
I've just added the image of TM in the MF1. The image file is labelled as being Giorgio Mondini, but it's Monteiro's helmet.--Diniz 20:43, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:58, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Tiago Monteiro


text:
Wool combing machine

The wool combing machine was invented by Edmund Cartwright, the inventor of the power loom, in Doncaster. The machine was used to arrange and lay parallel by length the fibers of wool, prior to further treatment.

Cartwright's invention, nicknamed "Big Ben," was originally patented in April 1790, with subsequent patents following in December 1790 and May 1792 as the machine's design was refined by Cartwright. This machine is the first example of mechanization of the wool combing stage of the textile manufacturing process, and a significant achievement for the textile industry. Cartwright's machine was described as doing the work of 20 hand-combers.

The wool combing machine was improved refined by many later inventors, including Josué Heilmann, Samuel Cunliffe Lister, Isaac Holden, and James Noble.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wool combing machine


text:
Talk:Studebaker Starlight

Studebaker Starlight?
Just a question, should this article be retitled Studebaker Starlight Coupe since they were the inventors and the only ones to use this body style? user: stude62 user talk:stude62 00:57, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This was not a design of Leowy as I recently discovered. The design patent is credited to V.M. Exner as the sole creator. You can find that design registration and a story about this matter at this site: http://theoldmotor.com/?p=160117 Maddogducati (talk) 04:12, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

 * The name should reflect whatever the original title was. Unless the vehicle wasn't branded as a Studebaker anywhere at all (similar to the Imperial and the recent versions of the Maybach), it should be titled Studebaker x.  And unless it was actually officially called the Starlight Coupe, then it should probably only be the Studebaker Starlight (or maybe the Studebaker Starlight coupe, but only if 1) there's another Starlight page, and 2) there's a really good reason why this can't go in that page).  I half-heartedly recommend Studebaker Starlight, but I don't know all the facts.

 * In any event, I'm going to try to clean up a bit of what's in there. I'm still worried about the wording in the third paragraph—it could use some references.  If you have a page number in the listed source, you can just append (Maloney, xx) (no emphasis) to whatever isn't factually obvious. --Milkmandan 02:11, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC)

 * Ahh OK. Until I went word-by-word through the article, I was unaware that there was another coupe that Studebaker sold.  I still recommend Studebaker Starlight, but there should be a mention of the other coupe in the first paragraph. --Milkmandan 02:39, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC)

 * So since this is a body style and not a model per se its still OK without the modifier? user: stude62 user talk:stude62 02:43, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yep, this looks good. I'm still not certain I understand the naming convention, but it's something that should really be discussed on the Talk:Studebaker page, not here.  --Milkmandan 23:57, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC)

Image placement
This article has an image of a 1951 Studebaker Starlight that shows just the front end of the image - would it be better to move it the Studebaker article as an example of the bullit nose front end? I'm raising the point because it doesn't illustrate the Starlight, and I've moved the image to the bottom of the artcile for that reason. Stude62 01:21, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Studebaker Starlight


text:
Talk:Chuvash language

IPA templates for Cyrillic
Untifler, be cautious about using Template:IPA for Cyrillic text. I don't think all of the fonts specified in the template contain all of the letters (at least Gentium doesn't have letters beyond the Russian, that I know of). This could make someone's display worse instead of better.

The best solution would be to create another similar template, specifically for Cyrillic and that contains only fonts that have all the possible characters.

—Michael Z. 2005-02-4 00:57 Z

I've replaced the IPA template with Template:Unicode for now, as was suggested at Template talk:IPA. – Minh Nguyễn (talk, contribs, blog) 02:26, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

I have a question: what are the "correct" Unicode code points for the characters that are specific to Chuvash, i.e. not in the standard Cyrillic/ Russian alphabet? Particularly the A/a and E/e with the caron or breve on top: is it supposed to be a caron or a breve? These look almost identical, particulary with small font sizes, but of course they're different code points (E + caron = U+011A, E + breve = U+04D6). Of course it's possible both are used... (apologies for my signature; I haven't figured this thing out yet) Mike Maxwell 128.8.89.5 15:38, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

OK, I'm the above Mike Maxwell, and I've now created an account, so I can be legitimate :-).

McSwell 18:41, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Whether classification is true?
Here it is specified (Turkic_languages):

Turkic → Oghuric (or Hunnic) → Proto-Bulgar

I no speak english. Please correct it. PCode 17:36, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I have corrected the classification order. --Hottenot

Phonology of consonants
Could they please be in IPA instead of Cyrillic transliteration? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.117.200.206 (talk) 20:33, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Protected
I protected the page in the hopes that our anon. edit warrior will join us or at least sign in. His POV is that only native names can be listed as alternate names, not a convention followed on any other language article. kwami (talk) 22:32, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Incidentally, would not it be better to list the variant spellings for the name of the language - along with an indication in what publications and in what language these names are used - in a small separate section, rather than in the first sentence of the article? Vmenkov (talk) 22:53, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
 * While a laundry list of all attested variants of "Chuvash" is not desirable, to eliminate all alternates is equally undesirable. What are the most commonly used alternate spellings for Chuvash?  (A separate section is not desirable either since this is not a major topic.) (Taivo (talk) 23:01, 24 November 2008 (UTC))

 * In other articles when things like this become distracting to the lede, but aren't worth a dedicated section, people sometimes put them in a footnote. "Chuvash" is the only common term in English, so maybe this would be appropriate here? kwami (talk) 08:19, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

I would still think that the articles on German language, with its section on German_language, or Persian language with Persian language, are good examples. I'd have to agree with kwami that just listing a bunch of names without context for each one is not entirely helpful or educational; but explaining whether those other names are/were used in English, or are used in some other language(s) where much is written about the Chuvash, would be quite useful for an interested reader. As a casual reader, I currently have no idea what's behind all those names - is Chăvash is perhaps based on a different transliteration of the self-name of the language? is much study of that language done in Turkey where it is called Çuvaş?, etc. Vmenkov (talk) 11:30, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

 * At the time I asked for protection, there was an edit war going on without discussion. That is unacceptable in any situation.  In looking at the issue, I've noticed that the only English alternative listed anywhere for Chuvash is "Bulgar", but that has a separate article.  In this case, I don't see any real need for the alternative names since they aren't found in English.  A footnote with foreign forms would be acceptable, but presently these names look more like multiple Turkish spellings and European forms.  I'll place them in a footnote for now.  (Taivo (talk) 14:09, 25 November 2008 (UTC))
 * I came accross the excentric editing of this anon. on my watch of the languages and linguistics sector. I'm a linguist and part of the project covering the subject. In articles on uncommon languages, variants of language names are given to a full extent and always in the main body of the text. Relegating them to a footnote is humoring crackpot views of how the encyclopedia should be run.

 * The same anon. has been deleting German references for Russian ones and a Chuvash-Turkish online dictionary in favor of a Chuvash-Russian one. He uses several IP addresses. I reported him here. Best, Eklir (talk) 00:00, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * In deciding how many alternate forms to include in a language article, I generally go by what Ethnologue and Linguist List have. In this case, the only alternate form shown in either source is "Bulgar".  We could get extreme and follow the extensive lists of alternate spellings in Voegelin and Voegelin, but that seems to be overkill.  In this case, there aren't really any major variants (all are simply orthographic variations of "Chuvash").  The footnote solution seems much more logical in this case. (Taivo (talk) 06:52, 26 November 2008 (UTC))
 * Ethnologue is not reliable for alternate language names. Bulgar is at best a sister language to Chuvash with both of them belonging to the Oghur language family. As for the anon., as I checked a bit up on him, he has a long history of vandalizing the Tatars page where he has been accused of sock puppetry. He is using the whole range of 195.210.193.x (where x stands for a number between 1 and 254), thus avoiding to get blocked. He is also active on other Turk related pages, always with an anti-Turkic/anti-Turkish/pro-Russian stance dismissing opponent opinions as propaganda. The IP address 195.210.193.x points to a location in Ljubljana (Slovenia) operated by the ISP TELEKOM SLOVENIJE D.D. Something should be done about him. Eklir (talk) 08:54, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * And he just deleted your comments about him. We can do a range block, but that's rather extreme, because no-one else at that IP address would be able to edit. (I doubt he's changing his account, just using a variable IP address. That's not under his control.) Or we can keep this article protected.

 * I agree that Ethnologue is not reliable. For most languages, however, we list alternates so that people can cross-ref other sources, and generally stick to English names from the last couple centuries. I don't have a problem with lots of others, but it really is trivia for nearly everybody, so I think a footnote is proper. kwami (talk) 10:26, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Our anon. is repeatedly deleting an external link to a dictionary, claiming it's "false information". I've been blocking his addresses as he uses them. Perhaps he'll sign in and join us. kwami (talk) 11:45, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Okay, semi-protected this talk page. kwami (talk) 13:29, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I personally wouldn't mind a small section on language names. It's one of the things that I find useful on Wikipedia actually, because if I go looking for other sources, printed or online, you do often end up searching for alternate names or in alternate languages. As long as it stays within the realm of the languages used most frequently to talk about that language - a bit like the Basque page which tells you it's basque in French, vasco/la lengua vasca/vascuence/euskara/euskera in Spanish. Akerbeltz (talk) 14:01, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, that could be useful. kwami (talk) 14:05, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't have a strong opinion one way or another about the alternate names just so it doesn't start to look too extreme. You have unfairly labelled Ethnologue, however, as "unreliable".  Ethnologue, for a worldwide reference especially, is generally quite reliable.  Of course there are errors in its coverage and in its conclusions, that is to be expected from a reference of its scope.  But too many people paste a broad "unreliable" label on it because they have found a minor error in their favorite language.  The errors of Ethnologue are just that in the vast majority of cases--minor.  Some call Ethnologue "unreliable" because it is sponsored by a religious organization.  However, the breadth of its research now goes far beyond the admittedly religious-oriented first or second editions.  I personally know a Buddhist and an atheist who are hired by SIL to conduct linguistic research and many of the linguists laboring for SIL are good, solid, well-trained linguists, and some are the recognized authorities in their field.  So please don't paint Ethnologue as "unreliable".  It is a very good source, but as with all sources, no matter how well edited and researched, there are minor errors.  (Taivo (talk) 14:42, 26 November 2008 (UTC))

 * The language data they give is normally not bad but their language name data (and I think that's what he meant) is less reliable. For example, they had Euzkadi (bad spelling for Euskadi and Gipuzkoa listed as alternate names for Basque, even long after I had pointed out to them that both are geographical terms. Given that, I have always treated their language names with care. Akerbeltz (talk) 15:15, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

 * No offense intended, Taivo. Ethnologue is the most reliable universal ref, which is why we rely on it so much. And of course being geared towards Bible translation means that a language is defined according to what needs a separate translation, rather than intelligibility--which is fine, if not something we want to adopt wholescale for our different purposes here. Some families have very good coverage: you can see where those experts are working. But there are lots of minor errors and lots of major errors too: Entries for "languages" which do not actually exist (the equivalent of listing "Euzkadi" and "Gipuzkoa" as additional members of the Basque family), classifications which no specialists in the family believe, maps entries colored for the wrong families, etc. etc. etc. Some of the data must be taken from sources a fifty years old. I've gotten to the point that if we have a reliable ref for a particular family, and it disagrees with Ethnologue, I assume it's Ethnologue that's wrong. That may be unfair in many cases, but cleaning up the Khoisan languages meant abandoning Ethnologue for everything but population data. And then the maps for New Guinea ... Since it's online, I don't see why they can't correct mistakes as they're pointed out to them, the way the OED does, rather than waiting for the new print edition. kwami (talk) 20:33, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

I just checked the Basque entry, although Euzkadi and Gipuzkoa have disappeared, it still has two errors in it, one a major one: ''Alternate names: Vascuense, Euskera. Dialects: Guipuzcoan (Guipuzcoano, Gipuzkoan), Alto Navarro Septentrional (High Navarrese, Upper Navarran), Alto Navarro Meridional, Biscayan (Vizcaino), Roncalese, Avalan. Vascuense is a typo for Vascuence'' (must have been a South American editor :b) and Avalan should be Alavan and Alavan as a dialect is so dead (since the 16th century) and unattested no one dares argue for its existence. I must concur with what kwami says fully here. Akerbeltz (talk) 21:53, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I surely didn't mean to imply that Ethnologue is near perfect. The level of error certainly changes from language family to language family.  But I object to the wholesale condemnation of the source because of errors in particular places.  I'm not completely certain why the on-line reference has to be coordinated with the print reference, but it is probably due to a combination of the caution with which they make changes (I've filled out the error report forms before and they are not inconsequential documents) and copyright issues.  When I have reported errors in the languages that I specialize in, the changes were incorporated in the next edition.  I don't have a problem with statements like "Ethnologue's Basque section has serious errors in it", but I object to statements like "Ethnologue is unreliable" (because its Basque section has serious errors in it).  I didn't take offense, I just want to make sure that our statements about Ethnologue are accurate and nonprejudicial.  I know many people who work for SIL and they are all serious, dedicated, and competent linguists. (Taivo (talk) 22:09, 26 November 2008 (UTC))

 * I just cited Basque as an example. There are more. Scots Gaelic for example has Albannach Gaidhlig as an alternate name, which should be Gàidhlig na h-Alba or at least Gàidhlig Albannach. Irish is missing most of its alternate names (Gaolainn etc), Rumantsch has a handful of alternates but not the official Rumantsch. I am NOT dismissing anything on Ethnologue out of hand, but if there are such errors and gaps on *easily* veryfiable languages like Basque and Gaelic, then it seems a reasonable assumption that the data for less well researched languages may be equally flawed. Could we just agree it's not the ultimate source to cite in a dispute? Akerbeltz (talk) 23:53, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

Vandalism by Anonymous IP
Once again we have this anonymous IP stripping this page. Is it to cover up evidence of wrongdoing? Perhaps he doesn't realize that nothing is ever completely gone in Wikipedia, but is simply replaceable? (Taivo (talk) 11:14, 18 December 2008 (UTC))
 * No discussion is "irrelevant" when it concerns the topic at hand, as this does. It is not an anonymous IP's job to "police" talk pages.  (Taivo (talk) 21:41, 18 December 2008 (UTC))
 * Anonymous IPs do not have the authority to decide what is relevant on a talk page and what is not. Leave the talk page alone or I will have the block reinstated. (Taivo (talk) 05:42, 20 December 2008 (UTC))
 * Please stop vandalizing the Talk Page, Mr. Anonymous IP. The discussion was informative and is relevant to the article as it now stands.  You don't have the right to remove history (except on your own Talk page).  (Taivo (talk) 16:07, 4 January 2009 (UTC))

It's not listening, Taivo. It's a vandal. I think we should simply block, revert, or ignore it. kwami (talk) 20:17, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, I figured that. I posted on Wikipedia's edit war page and a one-month block was placed on a range of numbers from that IP address.  Hope it works.    (Taivo (talk) 20:27, 4 January 2009 (UTC))

 * Good. I'd already blocked the latest IP for a month, and today did it for another six. Let me know if others crop up; I'm automatically blocking anything from this IP range for six months. kwami (talk) 07:04, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks. (Taivo (talk) 10:55, 5 January 2009 (UTC))

Need help?
Hello. I just thought I could help you to improve this and some other Chuvash-related articles. Ali Savatar 08:06, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Contradiction?
On this page there is an apparent contradiction. In the infobox it says that 1,330,000 people speak Chuvash, while later on under the "Language Use" subheading it says 2 million. Which is correct? --70.26.53.138 (talk) 03:51, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Fixed with most current reliable source. (Taivo (talk) 03:58, 20 December 2009 (UTC))

Something for the IPA vowel table
Though I don't know about the source, the Cyrillic A with breve article mentions its articulation as a open back rounded vowel [ɒ]. If someone finds a source for this, could this be used to replace the idiosyncratic transcriptions of A-breve? --Daniel Blanchette 08:44, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Case example
Shouldn't the Loc/Abl of kun be in -t- not in -r- because of the stem ending in -n ? - Francis Tyers · 01:20, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

[ɔ] in Russian loans?
That doesn't make sense: there is no [ɔ] in Russian. Did somebody confuse [o] and [ɔ]? David Marjanović (talk) 20:05, 14 April 2013 (UTC)
 * In the article on the Russian language, the phoneme /o/ is rendered phonetically as [ɔ], whereas in the article on the Russian alphabet, /o/ is [o] phonetically. One of the two must be wrong. Anyhow, Chuvash has no native [ɔ], it occurs only in loans from Russion. It could be that Russian has no native closed [o], only an open [ɔ], phonologically rendered as /o/. I don't know enough Russian to decide what the phonetic reality of /o/ might be, closed or open. Eklir (talk) 21:51, 14 April 2013 (UTC)
 * I checked things out in Lapidus & Shevtsova's 1977 Russian-English Dictionary. The phoneme /o/ has three realizations: [o] in stressed ("unobscured") positions, [ə] and [ʌ] in unstressed ("obscured") positions. These unstressed variants are interpreted in Chuvash as [ɔ]. Eklir (talk) 21:08, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Encyclopædia Britannica reference
Formerly, scholars considered Chuvash not properly a Turkic language at all but, rather, a Turkicized Finno-Ugric (Uralic) language.[15] Can anyone cite this properly? The reference directs to the wiki page of Encyclopædia Britannica. And it might be useful when and why scholars thought so. It sounds like it has been just discovered to be Turkic. -- 85.99.153.66 (talk) 14:10, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

And I just did a little research on older versions and noticed that this sentence was subject to a lot of change. Since 2006 after this | change somebody mentions Turkicization of Finno Ugric or an Uralic language and it stays this way. Before that article mentions a possible Hunnic language. Uralic is a well established family for centuries but it doesnt even show too much integrity among its own subgroups, so claiming Chuvash once was considered a Turkicized Uralic language needs more clarification. --85.99.153.66 (talk) 16:25, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

--We can tell thanks-- why not remove them "thanks" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.246.47.236 (talk) 00:57, 13 April 2016 (UTC)

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Use of Cyrillic
Most of the examples are given only in Cyrillic, which makes the article much less useful for most readers. I strongly suggest that examples be given in IPA, with the Cyrillic spelling in parentheses if at all.Bill (talk) 04:00, 23 June 2020 (UTC)
 * IPA is out of the question - that would require phonological analysis, and Chuvash isn't some non-written language without an orthography anyway. But there are transliteration systems given in the article and anyone who feels like spending time on this can transliterate the examples. Although, frankly, most readers would be linguists, and I don't think that any qualified linguist should find reading Cyrillic much of a challenge.--79.100.144.23 (talk) 11:10, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Please translate from Russian into English
СВЕЖАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ И ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ ЭТНОНИМА. Как уже было многократно доказано многими лингвистами, чувашский язык является прямым продолжением булгарского языка огурской группы языков совместно с хазарским. Вот немного про этнонимы Венгер и Булгар. Тюркские эпитафии VII-IX н.э. оставлены носителями различных диалектов по "Егоров В.Г. Чăваш чĕлхин этимологи словарĕ. 1964 год".

Русские слова в тюркских языках (нога, класть): English words in Turkic languages (foot, put):

j-язык/language (огузы/oguz: ajaq, qoj) d-язык/language (уйгур/uighur: adaq, qod-) z-язык/language (кипчак/kipchak: azaq, qoz-) r-язык/language (булгар/oghur: urah, hor-)

В VIII—X веках в Центральной Азии для записей на тюркских языках применялось древнетюркское письмо (орхоно-енисейская руническая письменность)

Onogur — chv. Вун вогор — Десять быков (племен) — Венгры - hungarians - hun oghur - ten oghur tribes

Bulogur — chv. Бÿл вогор — Пять быков (племен) — Булгары - bulgars - bul oghur - five oghur tribes

Oghur - ogur - chuvash: wogur - bull

OguR = OguZ = Bull (rotacism) Z -> R

1) Hungarians - Венгер. Слово венгры происходит от названия древнего племени Оногуры — которое отмечается у разных исторических авторов и означает «Десять быков» (племен), Он огуР на чувашском языке звучит как Вун вăгăР — Десять быков, по аналогии есть тюркское племя ОгуЗы — что тоже означает бык. Разница этих двух тюркских языков обусловлено тем что у Булгар присутствовал фонетический Ротацизм, когда вместо типично тюркского Z произносится звук R. Например огузский ОгуЗ — Бык в чувашском вОгуР — Бык! Кыз — Девушка — ХĕР и прочее. Сами себя Венгры называют Мадьяры. На типично тюркском языке самоназвание племени Венгры должно было бы звучать как "Он ОгуЗ" или "Онгуз" а не Оногур (Вуногур), точно так же со словом Бугар должно было звучать на типично огузском языке как "Биш Огуз" или "Бишгуз", но во всех древних источниках написано Он огуР (ротацизм) и Бул огуР (ротацизм). В области гласных Г. Ф. Миллер наблюдает и другой пример когда -а- или -о- заменяется на -ву- или -ва- Русские слова в тюркских языках: огонь, десять, лес, русский, он, тридцать. Огузы и кыпчаки: ут, ун урман, урус, ул, утыз. Чуваши: вут, вун, вăрман, вырăс, вăл, вăтăр. огур = вăгăр = бык Слово Венгры у разных народов (др.-рус. оугринъ, укр. угорець, белор. вугорац, ст.‑слав. ѫгринъ, мн. ѫгре, серб. у̀гар, род. п. у̀гра, также у̀грин, болг. унгарци, словен. vogr, vogrin, чеш. uher, словацк. uhor, польск. węgier, węgrzyn, лит. veñgras). В европейских языках имеет формы лат. Ungari, Ungri, греч. Οὑγγρικός, Οὖγγροι, фр. hongroi(s), нем. Ungar(n), англ. Hungarian(s), швед. ungrare.

2) Bulgars - Булгар. Слово булгары имеет аналогичное происхождение и означает Бул огуР — Пять быков (племен), от чувашского ПиЛь — Пять, вместо типично тюркского БиШ это обусловлено Ламбдаизмом в чувашском языке это когда Ш заменяется на букву Л. Примеров так же много, типично тюркское Кыш — Зима в чувашском ХĕЛ, или КемеШ — серебро в чувашском КĕмĕЛ. От этого и Бул Огур современно чувашское Пиль ВăгăР, старочувашское Пÿл вогоР от него и название города Пÿлер (Пять племен) современное г. Биляр(ск) столица Волжских Булгар. Слово «Пять» на булгарском языке встречается на эпитафии Волжских Болгар в тексте как: «тариха джети джүр бюл джол» — «длина семьсот пятый год» — где بول бюл — пять. В Худуд ал-Алам страна булгар названа как страна "внндр". У греков эта форма упоминалась в формах onogundur и hunugundur. С китайского gundur это 公牛 - gōng niú - БЫК! Hun gōng niú - Десять быков! Самое первое упоменание Болгар, было в начале 3 века и фигурируют в китайских летописях в форме "пять частей сюнну" (хунну, гуннов), когда правил генерал Цао Цао (умер в 216 году) империи Вэй. Этимологию этнонима булгар привел более ста лет назад венгерский учёный-языковед Мункачи Бернат: булгар — «пять угров». В верховом говоре чувашского языка преобладает звук "О" и часто имеются слова составленные путем стяжения, фонетические различия диалектов: 1) в начальном слоге слова верхового диалекта вместо низового У употребляется звук О. Пример: Пор - «есть», Олттă - «шесть», Топрăм - «нашёл» – Оканье; Низовое – пур, улттă, тупрăм – Уканье); 2) в верховом диалекте отдельные словосочетания путём сокращения превращаются в сложное слово: в низовом "Улма йывăçĕ" - «яблоня», в верховом превраçается в улмуççи, олмаççи, так же в низовом "çатма аври" - «сковородник» в верховом - "çатмари" и т. д. Таким образом можно предположить что с "Вон вогур" (десять быков) стало "вонгор" и "бол вогур" до "болгур". Тюркские [у], [о], [ы] на чувашской почве редуцировались в [ă] (произносится как русское [о], стоящее за ударным слогом: красного ~ краснăвă): уйгрское и туркменское ут, татарское от ~ чувашское ăт «выигрывать»; киргизское ысы, ысык «жара» ~ чувашское ăшă «тепло», «жара» (с) В.Г. Егоров. Чăваш чĕлхин этимологи словарĕ. 1964 год. Чуваши Русских называют Вюрез, которое имя от испорченного Татарского произношения Орус или Урус произошло. Иногда они к Татарским словам, начинающимся с букв О и У, прибавляют букву В; например: десять по-Татарски он, по-Чувашски вонна; огонь по-Татарски от, по-Чувашски Вод; лес по-Татарски урман, по-Чувашски Вурман, и проч. Черемисы Русских называют Руш, а Татар Сюешь (Суеççĕ), которое слово на Чувашском языке значит "Обманщика". Ⓒ Г. Ф. Миллер

От этого выдающийся русский историк, этнограф и географ ХVII в. В.Н. Татищев в своей «Истории Российской» утверждает: «Вниз по реке Волге чуваши, древние болгары, наполняли весь уезд Казанской и Симбирской!» Так же он отмечал; «Вниз по Каме жили биляры, или болгары, и чолматы (название реки Камы на чувашском)… ныне остатки их чуваша, которых и вниз по Волге довольно», «Оставшие болгарские народы чуваша»; «болгар волжских сказует языка одного с венгерами и дунайских болгар от сих же произшедших». Так же он писал: "Собственное же их имя (булгар), по Карпеину, видится БИЛИРЫ (ПУЛЕР), татары именуют их булир. Сии болгары у русских разделялись надвое: верхние и нижние." Тоесть татары называли булгар - билирами! То есть это означает что татары не могли быть булгарами в корне! Если они их называли БИЛИРАМИ, то есть не себя! а ИХ (чуваш) билирами (билярскими)! То есть и только у чуваш есть разделение на Верховых (Вирьял) и Низовых (Анатри)!

Только в 1863 году татарский учёный Хусейн Фейзханов разгадал тайны булгарских эпитафий и написал «Три надгробных болгарских надписи», в которой представил научной общественности результаты расшифровки булгарских эпитафий чувашскими словами!!! То есть Татищев в то время даже не знал про этот факт с булгарскими памятниками, а Х.Фейзханов лишь подтвердил этот факт спустя около 200 лет после смерти Татищева! На сегодняшний день все мировые лингвисты однозначно доказали что чувашский язык является продолжением булгарского-огурского языка. Давно уже все доказано.

Среди типичных чувашизмов в булгарском языке часто повторяются слова: cal ‘год’, ajx ‘месяц’, ärnä ‘неделя’, ärnäkön ‘пятница’, kici-ärnäkön ‘четверг’, xankön ‘среда’ xys-kön ‘воскресенье’(?), ärnäbaš-kön ‘понедельник’ (?), baluk ‘памятник’, šyv ‘вода’, jal ‘селение’, išnä ‘внутрь’, mün ‘большой’, böčök ‘маленький’, ašli ‘старший’, ačkä ‘отец’, küköca ‘дед по матери’, oyl или yul ‘сын’, xir или hir ‘дочь’, hirxum ‘невольница’, vec ‘три’, tuat ‘четыре’, bial или bel ‘пять’, ceti ‘семь’, säkär ‘восемь’, toxr или toxyr ‘девять’, von ‘десять’, ciarm ‘двадцать’, otyr ‘тридцать’, xyryx ‘сорок’, säkärvon ‘восемьдесят’, toxyrvon ‘девяносто’, Vur ‘сто’, cet-cur ‘семьсот’, tuatm ‘четвертый’, bialm ‘пятый’, Viarmins ‘двадцатый’ и т.д. Нас интересует только это слово bial или bel ‘пять’ (пиль), и bialm ‘пятый’ (пилĕм кун), от него и Bialar — Биляр — Пÿлер.

Onogur — Вун вогор — Десять быков (племен) — Венгры

Bulogur — Бÿл вогор — Пять быков (племен) — Булгары

Ныне Биляр на сегодняшний день превратилось Булгар, но значение этнонима не поменялось, оно так же означает «Пять племен», которые известны в разных источниках: Булгар (Кутригуры), Сувар, Баранджар, Эскель, Берсула.

Кутригур - Кăтри Огур - от имени булгарсукого хана Котрага (чув.Кăтрак - Кудрявый) т.е. Огуры Котрага - Быки (Племя) Котрага.

СуваЗ - это название народа на ОгуЗском Z языке СуваР - это название народа на ОгуРском R языке Чуваш современное название, башкиры их называют Сыуаш (Водные асы), марийцы Суас — где Су с тюркского вода, скорее всего самоназвание Чуваш произошло от Шываш где Шыв тоже Вода. Если бы казанские татары были БулгаРами то самоназвание народа должно было быть БулгаЗ а не булгаР. Так же слово ВенгР должен был соответственно звучать как УнгоЗ. СУВАРЫ Сувары и берсула как жители степей зафиксированы в греческих, армянских и сирийских хрониках. Суваров знали как савиров, а берсула как барсилов. Было упоминание у Константина Багрянородного о саварти-асфалах (суварти-асхалăх*), живущих около Персии, как о предках венгров. Ибн ал-Факих упоминал ас-савардийа (суварти) в IX в. Ал-Масуди помещал сийавурдийа (суварти) по Куре ниже Тифлиса, отмечая, что они часть армян. Иованнес Драсханакертци помещает севордик (шиварти) в гаваре Утик. Суварти-асхалăх - происходит от Суварти (Среди Воды) и Асхалăх (Старший народ) Суварти - "Шыв варти" от Сув (Шыв) - Вода и Вар - Середина, чуваши по мифологии верили что живут на земле стоящем по середине воды! Я уже обьяснял что слово Чуваш, Суас, Сыуаш, Сувар, Шивар - означает "Середина воды" т.е. живущие среди воды. В чувашских исторических преданиях происхождение этнонима сувар связывается с тем, что сувары жили по берегам рек Волга и Свияга. В тюркских языках слово су имеет значение «вода, река», в чувашском языке словам «вода, река» соответствует слово шыв. Также в чувашском языке - ар - человек. Черемисы Елабужского уезда, чуваш называли "сюэсъ" а Черемисы Козмодемьянского уезда "суасъ". Здесь мы видим типично тюркский корень "СУ - ВОДА", так же далее башкиры чуваш называют Сыуаш - где Сыу с башкирского Вода, Сыу как и чувашское Шыв (вода) Производящее слово для этнонима — suw— 'вода' с корнем su-. Тут мы и получаем, что с какой стороны не посмотри на этноним Суваз или Чуваш, оно определенно означает "Водный" или же "поклоняющийся воде". В записках Ибн Фадлана мы четко видим название этого племени как СуваЗ - что является формой ОгуЗского Z-языка, а вот форма СуваР - это название народа на булгаро ОгуРском R-языке. В следствии каких то политическо этнических событий форма Суваз перешло в Чуваш. Ас — с алано-иранского языка народ, как и с чувашского Ар — народ. Ал-Балхи, Ибн Хауаль, Мукаддаси, анонимный персидский географ, ал-Марвази, ал-Гарнати, ал-Идриси упоминали форму S.war (в некоторых рукописях Suwar). Йакут ал-Хамави употреблял форму S.wara. В еврейско-хазарской переписке упоминались формы S-war и S-w-r. Ал-Бируни упоминал форму sawar. Ибн Хордадбех и Махмуд ал-Кашгари упоминал форму suwar. Клан Zuard был упомянут венгерским Анонимом.

БЕРСУЛА Территория, из которой происходили хазары, названа Барсилия в Азиатской Сарматии. Михаил Сирийский называл Берсилию страной алан и локализовал ее на Северном Кавказе. Гардизи упоминал о группе булгар берсула. Ибн Русте указывал, что берсула — это вид булгар. Ибн Русте и Гардизи упоминал этноним барсил в форме B.rsula. Анонимный персидский географ использовал несколько форм — berchula и brdhas. Ал-Балазури и Йакут ал-Хамави упоминали страну ал-Баршалийа. В греческих источниках упоминался народ barselt и страна Berzilia. Михаил Сирийский упоминал страну Barsalia. Захарий Ритор упоминал о народе b.', g.r.s.y.q. В Венгрии упоминалась местность Bercel. Тюркская форма — Barsil. В китайской хронике Суйшу упомянут народ Beirujili… Скорее всего слово Барсилы позднее стали Буртасы, так как анонимный персидский географ отмечал их иногда как BRDHAS. Кроме того, о булгарах упомянуто в главе о буртасах. Указано, что у буртасов три племени: берчула, ишкиль, блкар. Правителем назван m.s

БАРАНДЖАРЫ Что касается упомянутых у Ибн Фадлана баранджар, то сведения о них есть и в других источниках. Ат-Табари и Ибн ал-Асир упоминал о баланджарах и банджарах как о противниках персидского шаханшаха Кавада.

АСКИЛЬ Самым загадочным являлось племя ашкел. Ибн Русте употреблял формы Ashg.l и Ashk.l. Гардизи упоминал форму Ask.l. Анонимный персидский хронист и ал-Бекри упоминали форму Ashk.l. Тюркская форма этнонима Askal. Феофан Исповедник упоминал вождя кермихионов Aski l. "Ас киль" с чувашского "Старший дом (семья, племя)" - киль = тат. гаиле - семья, хазарское ил - семья, и т.д. Анна Дыбо - доктор филологических наук, профессор, тюрколог, лингвист, пишет что хазарская столица, как известно, называлась Саркел, или Шаркел (чувашское Белый Дом) русские называли Белой Вежой. В общетюркском «желтый» — сарыг, в чувашском ему соответствует слово šorъ («белый»). По-видимому, примерно на этом же языке говорили и хазары, потому что хазарская столица, как известно, называлась Саркел, или Шаркел (потому что греческие источники не могут различить /с/ и /ш/, как и арабские), что на русский, на древнерусский, переводилось как Белая вежа, Белый дом. Вот это «сар», или, скорее, древнее «шар», — это соответствие нынешнего чувашского šorъ, оно и значит «белый», а не «желтый».

БУЛГАРЫ В хронике Захария Ритора на север от Дербента также упоминался народ бургар. По мнению К. Цегледи, бургар было формой этнонима булгар в пехлевийских сочинениях. Близкие формы бургаз и бургар использовал ал-Масуди. Форму булгар употребляли Ибн Фадлан, ал-Гарнати и Махмуд ал-Кашгари. В арабо-персидской традиции, представленной Ибн Русте, анонимным персидским географом и Гардизи, была форма булкар. У ал-Бекри этноним упоминался в форме булкан. В форме bulgari упоминали булгар греческие хронисты. Нестор упоминал этноним булгар как болгары. Каганбек Иосиф использовал форму Bul-g-r. В книге Иосиппон упомянут Булгар как потомок Тогармы. Страна булгар в латинских источниках называлась Bulgaria. Возможной формой в китайском языке П. Пелльо считал Pu-li-a-erh. Французский историк предположил, что этой китайской форме соответствует Булар, а венгерский ученный Л. Лигети считал, что ей соответствует bulgar. Интересно отметить, что венгерский Аноним употреблял форму Bular для обозначения булгар. Монголы употреблял этноним булгар в форме Bolar или Boqar. В мусульманских булгарских надписях и монетах употребляется форма Bular (B.lar). При этом нужно учитывать, что самоназвание менялось со временем. Переход от Bulgar до Bular объясняется консонантом, типичным для среднечувашского. Булгары — Кутригуры (также котригуры, кутургуры) — кочевой народ, который, наряду с составлял основу протоболгар. Часть кутригур осела в Македонии под предводительством также сына Кубрата Кубера, а часть направилась на северо-восток от Дона в поволжские степи под предводительством Котрага, тоже сына Кубрата, где их называли серебряными болгарами и создали сильное средневековое государство Волжская Булгария. В Худуд ал-Алам страна булгар названа как страна внндр. У греков эта форма упоминалась в формах onogundur и hunugundur. С китайского gundur это 公牛 - gōng niú - БЫК! Hun gōng niú - Десять быков! Самое первое упоменание Болгар, было в начале 3 века и фигурируют в китайских летописях в форме "пять частей сюнну" (хунну, гуннов), когда правил генерал Цао Цао (умер в 216 году) империи Вэй. Этимологию этнонима булгар привел более ста лет назад венгерский учёный-языковед Мункачи Бернат: булгар — «пять угров»

СОКРАЛЬНОЕ СЛОВО БЫК В ДРЕВНОСТИ: Тюркологи уже давно установили что слово "Богатырь" происходит из тюркского корня "Буга" - "Бык", от него же и вытекающие фразы "Вот это Бугай вымахал", или же "Здоровый как Бугай", нынче говорят "Здоров как Бык", "Силен как Бык", "Бычья шея". В древности Волы считались символом силы, крепости и мощи. Например есть город Елабуга, по тюрко-татарски "АлаБуга" на чувашском это звучало бы как "Ула Вăкăр". Буга — река в России в Республике Татарстан. Впадает в Икский залив Нижнекамского водохранилища. На границе татарстана есть Старая Тюгальбуга — татарское село в Новомалыклинском районе Ульяновской области. Вот тюркские слова: турец. Boğa, тат. Буга, алт. Бука, орх-енисейск Вuqa, чув. Вăкăр, булг. Огур. В некоторых нетюркских языках корень этого слова тот же самый: бык (рус.), bika (венг.), boq (осет.), boqe (перс.). (3) Слово Богатырь » еще известен также в формах: бахадур, батор, баты́р (батырь), батур, боотур, бахадир, паттăр, монг. baγatur, др.-тюрк. багатур — герой, храбрый воин — почётный титул у монгольских и тюркских народов за военные заслуги, присоединяемый к имени (например, Субэдэй-багатур, Есугэй-багатур) — «герой», «доблестный воин», «богатырь». У тюркских народов "Бык" был высшим тотемом силы, по этому многие их племена и назывались быками, вот типичные примеры: племя Огузы от слова Огуз - Бык, бугары от Огур (вăгăр) - Быки, нынче их называют Угорцы. Венгры от Вун огуры - Десять быков, булгары от Бул Огур - пять Быков и т.д. От сие тюрки давали высшее звание своим героям как настоящий Бугай, Вол, Бык, то есть силачь! Венгры словом Батыр называли смельчаков идущих в бою на пролом словно сильный и могучий бык. Данный термин заимствован не только в древнерусский, но и в другие языки: польский, персидский, венгерский и др. Согласно истории династии Суй, слово было в ходу в среде степных народов к северу и западу от Китая ещё в VII веке. Употреблялось хазарами (например, Багатур — личное имя хазарского кагана VIII века) и булгарами. Как почётный титул (также в форме баатур), присваиваемый правителем определённому лицу, известно со времён Чингис-хана. Согласно этимологическому словарю М. Фасмера, слово «богатырь» заимствовано из древнетюрк. *baɣatur Это слово четка делится на 2 части Буга и Тор - Корень и слово «тур» со значением «вол, бык» распространен в основном в индо-европейских и семитских языках. Приведем примеры: др.-русск. «туръ», ст.-слав. «тоуръ», лит. «taũras», исп., итал. «toro», франц. «taureau», датск. «tyr», др. греч. «tauros», латин. «taurus». Boğa + tur = Богатырь - бык во всех мировых культурах считался самым мощным животным, символом силы и олицетворением солнца. 176.52.102.208 (talk) 12:24, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

Help me find the source
In the Danube Bulgarian language, the letter "Ъ" is used in the letter to denote the vowel sound [ɤ], close to the Chuvash letter - Ă. Won Woghur (talk) 03:53, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Danube Bulgar was written in Greek and Old Turkic scripts, as explained in the article on the Bulgar language. Cyrillic sources for Danube Bulgar are loan words into Old Bulgarian/Old Church Slavonic. We know very little about Danube Bulgar. Straughn (talk) 15:21, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

The distortion of the letter Ş into Ś, which is confused with Š, invented by a recently unknown author in the Chuvash Latin alphabet, does not correspond to the official one used by the Chuvash living in Europe. The change was recently. The substitution of swindlers for the Chuvash Latin script, invented by the American Association of Chuvashs in the USA together with Turkish linguists for teaching Chuvash children living in America.

Ç [ ɕ ] = Ş _____ Ш [ ʂ ] = Š _____ taken from Czech alphabet to Chuvash Latin _____ Ч [ ʨ ] = Ç _____ taken from Turkish alphabet to Chuvash Latin _____ Š [ ʂ ] often confused with Ṡ, Ś, Ŝ, Ṡ, Ṥ, Ṧ, S̈, Ṡ̃, S̀, S̄, S̊, therefore, for the sound [ ɕ ] they took the letter Ş with a lower hook, more familiar to the Chuvash.

Aa Ăă Bb Cc Çç Dd Ее Ĕĕ Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Rr Ss Şş Šš Tt Uu Üü Ww Zz Žž Әә Ju Ja Jo 176.52.79.69 (talk) 03:19, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chuvash language


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Piano Sonata in B minor (Liszt)

The Piano Sonata in B minor (Klaviersonate h-moll), S.178, is a piano sonata by Franz Liszt. It was completed in 1853 and published in 1854 with a dedication to Robert Schumann.

History
Liszt noted on the sonata's manuscript that it was completed on 2 February 1853, but he had composed an earlier version by 1849. At this point in his life, Liszt's career as a traveling virtuoso had almost entirely subsided, as he had been influenced towards leading the life of a composer rather than a performer by Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein almost five years earlier. Liszt's life was established in Weimar and he was living a comfortable lifestyle, composing, and occasionally performing, entirely by choice rather than necessity.

The Sonata was dedicated to Robert Schumann, in return for Schumann's dedication of his Fantasie in C major, Op.17 (published 1839) to Liszt. A copy of the work arrived at Schumann's house in May 1854, after he had entered Endenich sanatorium. Pianist and composer Clara Schumann did not perform the Sonata despite her marriage to Robert Schumann; according to scholar Alan Walker she found it "merely a blind noise".

Reception
The Sonata was published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1854 and first performed on 27 January 1857 in Berlin by Hans von Bülow. It was attacked by Eduard Hanslick who said "anyone who has heard it and finds it beautiful is beyond help". Johannes Brahms reputedly fell asleep when Liszt performed the work in 1853, and it was also criticized by the pianist and composer Anton Rubinstein. However, the Sonata drew enthusiasm from Richard Wagner following a private performance of the piece by Karl Klindworth on April 5, 1855. Otto Gumprecht of the German newspaper Nationalzeitung referred to it as "an invitation to hissing and stomping". It took a long time for the Sonata to become commonplace in concert repertoire, because of its technical difficulty and negative initial reception due to its status as "new" music. However by the early stages of the twentieth century, the piece had become established as a pinnacle of Liszt's repertoire and has been a popularly performed and extensively analyzed piece ever since.

Music
No other work of Liszt's has attracted anywhere near the amount of scholarly attention paid to the Sonata in B minor. It has provoked a wide range of divergent theories from those of its admirers who feel compelled to search for hidden meanings. Possibilities include:
 * The Sonata is a musical portrait of the Faust legend, with "Faust," "Gretchen," and "Mephistopheles" themes symbolizing the main characters.
 * The Sonata is autobiographical; its musical contrasts spring from the conflicts within Liszt's own personality.
 * The Sonata is about the divine and the diabolical; it is based on the Bible and on John Milton's Paradise Lost.
 * The Sonata is an allegory set in the Garden of Eden; it deals with the Fall of Man and contains "God," "Lucifer," "Serpent," "Adam," and "Eve" themes.
 * The Sonata has no programmatic allusions; it is a piece of "expressive form" with no meaning beyond itself.

Walker claims the quiet ending of the Sonata was an afterthought; the original manuscript contains a crossed-out ending section which would have ended the work in a loud flourish instead.

Analysis
The Sonata unfolds in approximately 30 minutes of unbroken music. While its distinct movements are rolled into one, the entire work is encompassed within an overarching sonata form — exposition, development, and recapitulation. Liszt effectively composed a sonata within a sonata, which is part of the work's uniqueness, and he was economical with his thematic material. The first page contains three motive ideas that provide the basis for nearly all that follows, with the ideas being transformed throughout.

Some analyses suggest that the Sonata has four movements although there is no gap between them. Superimposed upon the four movements is a large sonata form structure, although the precise beginnings and endings of the traditional development and recapitulation sections have long been a topic of debate. Others claim a three-movement form, a one-movement structure, and a rotational three-movement work with a double exposition and recapitulation.

The first theme is a descending scale marked sotto voce; full of ominous undertow. It reappears at crucial points in the work's structure. This leads immediately to a jagged, forceful motif in octaves. This is quickly followed by a hammering marcato motif in the left hand. A dialogue ensues, with mounting energy, until reaching the noble Grandioso material in D major. Liszt transforms the "marcato" motif into a lyrical melody later. The slow movement, an Andante sostenuto, is the centerpiece of the Sonata. This fully-fledged movement, in compound ternary form, features, in quick succession, a number of themes heard earlier in the Sonata in a tour de force of thematic economy. The final recapitulatory section is launched by a driving fugato of contrapuntal skill which leads to the compressed return of the opening material. Calling upon every intellectual resource and fully exploiting the pianist's technical arsenal, it is at this point where a performer's concentration might wane. Each of the sections are examples of Classical forms, which means that this piece is one of the first instances of Double-function form, a musical piece which has two classical forms happening at the same time; one containing others. Already in 1851 Liszt experimented with a non-programmatic "four-movements-in-one" form in an extended work for piano solo called Grosses Concert-Solo. This piece, which in 1865 was published as a two-piano version under the title Concerto pathétique, shows a thematic relationship to both the Sonata and the later Faust Symphony.

Notable performances
The Sonata is a standard of the piano repertoire. Recordings include performances by Nicholas Angelich, Martha Argerich, Claudio Arrau, Emanuel Ax, Jorge Bolet, Khatia Buniatishvili, Leon Fleisher, Emil Gilels, Hélène Grimaud, Vladimir Horowitz, Paul Lewis, Maurizio Pollini, Sviatoslav Richter, Arthur Rubinstein, Van Cliburn, Yundi Li, Daniil Trifonov, Tamás Vásáry, Yuja Wang, André Watts, Krystian Zimerman, Benjamin Grosvenor, Seong-Jin Cho and Igor Levit.

Arrangements
Camille Saint-Saëns, a close friend of Liszt, made a two-piano arrangement of the Sonata in 1914, but it was never published in his lifetime because of rights issues. It was first published in 2004 by Édition Durand in Paris, edited by Sabrina Teller Ratner. According to a letter from Saint-Saëns to Jacques Durand, dated 23 August 1914, the two-piano arrangement was something that Liszt had announced but never realized.

Leó Weiner made an orchestral arrangement of the Sonata in 1955. The arrangement has not been published and exists only in manuscript form. It was recorded in 2006 by the orchestra of Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar with Nicolás Pasquet conducting, and in 2009 by the North Hungarian Symphony Orchestra under László Kovács (conductor) for the label Hungaroton (HCD 32634).

Heinz Roemheld orchestrated the Sonata which is heard on some 1930s movies, including The Black Cat (1934), starring Boris Karloff and Bela Lugosi, The Raven (1935), as well as the Flash Gordon serials (1936) (Chapters 6–13), Werewolf of London (1936), and Mars Attacks the World (1938).

An orchestrated version of the lyrical parts of the Sonata appears in the 1960 Hollywood film of Liszt's life called Song Without End.

There is an orchestrated excerpt version of the Sonata in the 1952 film Hans Christian Andersen starring Danny Kaye where the ballet scene for "The Little Mermaid" is danced near the end of the film.

Frederick Ashton used the Sonata for his 1963 ballet Marguerite and Armand, created for Margot Fonteyn and Rudolf Nureyev, based on "The Lady of the Camellias" by Alexandre Dumas, fils. The original performances used an orchestral transcription of the Sonata by Humphrey Searle. In 1968 the Royal Ballet commissioned a new arrangement, by Gordon Jacob.

An organ transcription of the Sonata was made in 1984 by Bernhard Haas. Other transcriptions for organ exist also, including one by Nathan Laube.

There is also a transcription of the Sonata for solo cello made by cellist Johann Sebastian Paetsch in 2013. This has been published by the Hofmeister Musikverlag in Leipzig.

An arrangement for string quartet was made in 2021 by Louis Sauter. It is available on the page.

title: Piano Sonata in B minor (Liszt)


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Lasse Kjus

Lasse Kjus (born 14 January 1971) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway. He won the overall World Cup title twice, an Olympic gold medal, and several World Championships. His combined career total of 16 Olympic and World Championship medals ranks second all-time behind fellow Norwegian Kjetil André Aamodt.

Racing career
Born in Oslo, Kjus grew up in Siggerud, but represented the club Bærums SK.

In February 1999, Kjus pulled off one of the most remarkable feats in the history of alpine skiing when he medaled in all 5 events at the 1999 World Championships in Vail, Colorado. Five skiers had previously earned four medals at a single World Championship (through 1980, the Winter Olympics also served as World Championships for alpine skiing): Toni Sailer of Austria in 1956 at Cortina and in 1958 at Bad Gastein, Marielle Goitschel of France in 1966 at Portillo, Chile, Jean-Claude Killy of France in 1968 at Grenoble, Rosi Mittermaier of Germany in 1976 at Innsbruck, and Pirmin Zurbriggen of Switzerland in 1987 at Crans-Montana; the first four did so when only four medal events were contested, but no one before or since has medaled in all five alpine disciplines, downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, and combined or Super-combined, at a single championship.

He started off on 2 February by tying Austrian great Hermann Maier for gold in super-G. Four days later, in the downhill at nearby Beaver Creek, Kjus settled for silver, 0.31 seconds behind Maier. On 9 February in the combined event, he narrowly missed his second gold, finishing in silver-medal position only 0.16 seconds behind compatriot Kjetil André Aamodt. With momentum building, Kjus captured gold in the giant slalom on 12 February, and then finished off his remarkable run two days later with silver in his weakest event, slalom. He had the lead after the first of two runs of slalom, but skied conservatively to assure he would win a fifth medal. He finished a scant 0.11 seconds behind Kalle Palander of Finland over two runs. Reflecting on his performance that day and the entire fortnight in Colorado, Kjus said "I always try my best, but I could never have dreamed ... maybe I could have skied faster in the second run, but I didn't want to be too aggressive. I knew I could get a podium, and that's all I wanted." He missed winning all five gold medals by a combined total of slightly more than half a second (0.58 seconds). Most impressively, he performed the feat while suffering from a chest infection which had dogged him all winter and often left him coughing and wheezing at the bottom of courses.

A particular curiosity was also his first heat in the slalom race in Wengen, Switzerland, on 17 January 1999: He got out of the starting gate, got caught with the tip of his right ski, went backwards through the first gate, but finished the heat. He finished third overall – his best World Cup slalom result ever, documented on a |: YouTube video

Kjus raced for 17 seasons on the World Cup circuit; his first race was in January 1990 in Alta Badia, Italy, and his last in March 2006 in Åre, Sweden. He won 18 World Cup events (10 in downhill, 2 in super-G, 2 in giant slalom and 4 combined), attained 60 podiums, and had 150 top ten finishes.

Legacy
In February 2015 Kjus (and Aamodt) were selected as recipients of the Legends of Honor by the Vail Valley Foundation, and inducted into the International Ski Racing Hall of Fame.

Season titles
2 overall, 1 downhill, 3 combined ^ official season title in the combined discipline was not awarded until the 2007 season

Race victories

 * 18 wins – (10 DH, 2 SG, 2 GS, 4 K)
 * 60 podiums

title: Lasse Kjus


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Carnarvon Highway

Carnarvon Highway is a state highway in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, linking the township of Rolleston in Queensland's Central Highlands Region, via the town of St George, eventually to Moree in northern New South Wales. It is the main access road to the Carnarvon National Park, and serves as a strategic route to take B-doubles and other large vehicles (which cannot use Bruce Highway) to the Queensland ports north of Rockhampton.

Route
Carnarvon Highway commences at the intersection with Dawson Highway just west of Rolleston in Queensland, and heads in southerly direction until it reaches Roma, where it shares a short concurrency with Warrego Highway, and continues south to St George, where it meets the Moonie, Balonne, and Castlereagh Highways. It crosses the state border at Mungindi to eventually terminate at the intersection with Gwydir Highway in Moree, in New South Wales.

History
The passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 (which amended the original Main Roads Act of 1924 ) through the Parliament of New South Wales on 8 April 1929 provided for the declaration of State Highways, Trunk Roads and Main Roads, partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later the Department of Main Roads, and eventually Transport for NSW). Main Road 232 was declared on 21 November 1933, from the intersection with Main Road 338 (Moree-Boggabilla Road, later to become Newell Highway) at Moree, via Ashley, Garah and Boomi to the state border with Queensland at Boonangar, and Main Road 367 was declared on 23 March 1937 from the intersection with Main Road 232 at Garah to the state border with Queensland at Mungindi.

The passing of the Roads Act of 1993 through the Parliament of New South Wales updated road classifications and the way they could be declared within New South Wales. Under this act, Carnarvon Highway was declared as State Highway 28 on 7 August 1998, from the intersection with Newell Highway at Moree via Ashley and Garah to the state border with Queensland at Mungindi, subsuming Main Road 367; the southern end of Main Road 232 was truncated to meet Carnarvon Highway at Garah. The highway today, as Highway 28, still retains this declaration.

It was formerly known as Carnarvon Developmental Road north of Roma.

Queensland signed its portion of Carnarvon Highway as National Route 55 between 1983 and 1997. However, New South Wales had previously signed Castlereagh Highway between Gilgandra and Walgett as National Route 55 in 1974, extending it to the border by 1983. This caused a major discrepancy for many years in that National Route 55 met the border at Mungindi but abruptly begun again over 100 kilometres (62 mi) west along the border at Hebel. The Queensland Road Department eventually changed this in 1997, diverting National Route 55 along its portion of Castlereagh Highway over the border south to Hebel; the former allocation between St George and Mungindi was then re-allocated National Route 46, however the New South Wales portion remained unallocated. With Queensland's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in 2004, its route number was updated to route A7 between Rolleston and Roma (continuing north along Dawson and Gregory Highways to Emerald and Charters Towers), and A55 between Roma and St George; it is still allocated National Route 46 between St George and the border, and is still unallocated between the border and Moree.

Roads of Strategic Importance upgrades
The Roads of Strategic Importance initiative, last updated in March 2022, includes the following projects for Carnarvon Highway.

Corridor upgrade
A lead project to upgrade the Townsville to Roma corridor, including sections of Gregory, Dawson and Carnarvon Highways and surrounding state and council roads, at an estimated cost of $125 million, commenced construction of some work projects in 2020. Planning continues for other projects.

Intersection upgrade Arcadia Valley Road
A project to upgrade the intersection with Arcadia Valley Road at a cost of $925,000 was completed in January 2022. This project was targeted for "early works" by the Queensland Government.

Intersection upgrade Castlereagh Highway
A project to upgrade the intersection with Castlereagh Highway at a cost of $3.4 million is due for completion in mid-2022. This project is targeted for "early works" by the Queensland Government.

Intersection upgrade Salmon Road
A project to upgrade the intersection with Salmon Road at a cost of $4.8 million is due for completion in mid-2022. This project is targeted for "early works" by the Queensland Government.

Orange Hill safety treatments
A project to upgrade Carnarvon Highway near at a cost of $3.9 million was expected to finish in late 2021. This project was targeted for "early works" by the Queensland Government.

Widen and seal
A project to widen and seal a section of road north of Injune, at a cost of $5.22 million, started in May 2021.

A project to widen and seal a section of road east of St George, at a cost of $4.5 million, was completed in August 2021.

Replace steel culvert
A project to replace a steel culvert just east of Surat, at a cost of $3.6 million, was completed in October 2021.

Widen and replace culvert
A project to widen and replace a culvert north of Roma, at a cost of $1.36 million, started in September 2021.

Proposals
The Queensland Inland Freight Route is a proposal to upgrade the existing highways from to Mungindi. This would involve significant upgrades to Carnarvon Highway between Rolleston and Mungindi.

List of towns on the Carnarvon Highway

 * Moree
 * Ashley
 * Garah
 * Mungindi
 * St George
 * Surat
 * Roma
 * Injune
 * Rolleston

title: Carnarvon Highway


text:
Almudena Cathedral

The Cathedral of Saint Mary the Royal of the Almudena, commonly known as the Almudena Cathedral for short, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Madrid, the capital city of Spain. It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Madrid. A fairly young cathedral by Spanish standards, its construction began in 1883 and finished over a century later, when it was consecrated by Pope John Paul II in 1993.

It is located opposite the Royal Palace and much of its final appearance was defined considering this regal surrounding.

History
When the capital of Spain was transferred from Toledo to Madrid in 1561, the seat of the Church in Spain remained in Toledo and the new capital had no cathedral. Plans for a cathedral in Madrid dedicated to the Virgin of Almudena were discussed as early as the 16th century but even though Spain built more than 40 cities overseas during that century, plenty of cathedrals and fortresses, the cost of expanding and keeping the Empire came first and the construction of Madrid's cathedral was postponed.

The building was designed by Francisco de Cubas. The original plan had been to create a parochial church. The foundation stone was laid in 1883, but when Pope Leo XIII granted a bull in 1885 for the creation of the Madrid-Alcalá bishopric, the plans for the church were changed to that of a Gothic revival cathedral.

The cathedral seems to have been built on the site of a medieval mosque that was destroyed in 1083 when Alfonso VI reconquered Madrid.

Construction was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War, and the site lay abandoned until 1950, when adapted the plans of de Cubas to a baroque exterior to match the grey and white façade of the Palacio Real that stands directly opposite.

The cathedral was completed in 1993, when it was consecrated by Pope John Paul II. Its patron saints are Santa María la Real de la Almudena and Saint Isidro Labrador.

On 22 May 2004, the marriage of King Felipe VI, then crown prince, to Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano took place at the cathedral.

The Neo-Gothic interior is uniquely modern, with chapels and statues of contemporary artists, in heterogeneous styles, from historical revivals to "pop-art" decor. The Blessed Sacrament Chapel features mosaics by Fr. Marko Ivan Rupnik. The icons in the apse were painted by Kiko Argüello, artist and founder of the Neocatechumenal Way.

The Neo-Romanesque crypt houses a 16th-century image of the Virgen de la Almudena. Nearby along the Calle Mayor, excavations have unearthed remains of Moorish and medieval city walls.

Notable burials
People buried at Almudena Cathedral include:
 * Her Majesty Mercedes of Orléans, Queen of Spain (1860–1878)
 * His Highness Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria (1884–1958)
 * His Highness Jose Eugenio, Prince of Bavaria (1909–1966)
 * His Highness Luis Alfonso, Prince of Bavaria (1906–1983)
 * Her Highness Doña María de la Asunción Solange de Mesía y de Lesseps, Princess of Bavaria and Countess of Odiel (1911–2005)
 * Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco (1926–2017)
 * Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, 10th Marquess of Villaverde (1922–1998)
 * Francisco de Cubas, I Marquess of Cubas (1826–1899)
 * Francisco de Cubas y Erice, II Marquess of Cubas, II Marquess of Fontalba and Grandee of Spain (1868–1937)
 * Estanislao de Urquijo y Landaluce, I Marquess of Urquijo (1817–1889)
 * Estanislao de Urquijo y Ussía, III Marquess of Urquijo (1872–1948)
 * Isabel de Maltrana y de Novales, I Marquise de Maltrana (d. 1919)
 * Luis de Pedroso y Madan, V Count of San Esteban de Cañongo (1876–1952)
 * María Dolores de Pedroso y Sturdza, VI Countess of San Esteban de Cañongo
 * Margarita de Pedroso y Sturdza, VII Countess of San Esteban de Cañongo (1911–1989)
 * Cardinal Ángel Suquía Goicoechea (1916–2006)
 * Fernando Rielo Pardal (1923–2004)
 * Alfonso Peña Boeuf (1888–1966)
 * Enrique María Repullés (1845–1922)

title: Almudena Cathedral


text:
Inguinal lymph nodes

Inguinal lymph nodes are lymph nodes in the groin. They are situated in the femoral triangle of the inguinal region. They are subdivided into two groups: the superficial inguinal lymph nodes and deep inguinal lymph nodes.

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
The superficial inguinal lymph nodes are the inguinal lymph nodes that form a chain immediately inferior to the inguinal ligament. They lie deep to the fascia of Camper that overlies the femoral vessels at the medial aspect of the thigh. They are bounded superiorly by the inguinal ligament in the femoral triangle, laterally by the border of the sartorius muscle, and medially by the adductor longus muscle.

There are approximately 10 superficial lymph nodes. They normally measure up to 2 cm in diameter.

They are divided into three groups:
 * inferior – inferior of the saphenous opening of the leg, receive drainage from lower legs
 * superolateral – on the side of the saphenous opening, receive drainage from the side buttocks and the lower abdominal wall.
 * superomedial – located at the middle of the saphenous opening, take drainage from the perineum and genitals.

Afferents
They may receive lymphatic afferents from the following as applicable:
 * integument of the penis
 * scrotum
 * perineum
 * buttock
 * abdominal wall below the level of the umbilicus
 * back below the level of the iliac crest
 * vulva
 * anus (below the pectinate line)
 * the thigh and the medial side of the leg (the lateral leg drains to the popliteal lymph nodes first).

Efferents
They drain to the deep inguinal lymph nodes.

Deep inguinal lymph nodes
The deep inguinal lymph nodes are 3-5 in number. They lie medial to the femoral vein deep to the cribriform fascia.

Size
The mean size of an inguinal lymph node, as measured over the short-axis, is approximately 5.4 mm (range 2.1-13.6 mm), with two standard deviations above the mean being 8.8 mm. A size of up to 10 mm is generally regarded as a cut-off value for normal vs abnormal inguinal lymph node size.

Cloquet's node
The superior-most node is situated in the groin, deep to the inguinal ligament, and is termed the Cloquet's node (also Rosenmuller's node). It can instead be considered as the inferior-most of the external iliac lymph nodes. Cloquet's node is also considered as a potential sentinel lymph node.

This node is named for French surgeon Jules Germain Cloquet, or for German anatomist Johann Christian Rosenmüller.

Efferents
The deep inguinal lymph nodes drain superiorly to the external iliac lymph nodes, then to the pelvic lymph nodes and on to the paraaortic lymph nodes.

Clinical significance
The presence of swollen inguinal lymph nodes is an important clinical sign because lymphadenopathy (swelling) may indicate an infection, or spread as a metastasis from cancers, such as anal cancer and vulvar cancer. Inguinal lymph nodes may normally be up to 2 cm. The cut-off value for normal sized inguinal nodes is up to 10 mm.

title: Inguinal lymph nodes


text:
Talk:Bulat steel

The article mentions that Bulat steel involves a slow cooling process, and that Anosov began with the intent of producing it by quenching. This implies that Anosov learned that quenching doesn't work, but it was phrased as "in retrospect," which suggests that it wasn't known until recently. Would someone research this further, and make the article self-consistent?--Polyparadigm 01:03, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Origins?
How long ago was this steel used in Rus? How old are the oldest samples of it? The Jade Knight 02:25, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

removed "This means that the latest invention in kitchen tools - ceramic knives - is not all that original.". As it is hardly a good argument to say that because steels contain both iron and iron carbide (ferrite and cementite) that it renders the use of completely different materials such as zirconia (or zirconium oxide if you want a longer less lay-averse nomenclature) somehow unoriginal. By such measure it would mean that the use of stones somehow makes the use of metals as tools obsolete, as clearly stones are made of ores which are basically oxides (i.e. ceramics), and because the use of these oxides precludes the use of steels, clearly steels are unoriginal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.137.179.95 (talk) 05:26, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bulat steel


text:
The Owl and the Nightingale

The Owl and the Nightingale (Altercatio inter filomenam et bubonem) is a twelfth- or thirteenth-century Middle English poem detailing a debate between an owl and a nightingale as overheard by the poem's narrator. It is the earliest example in Middle English of a literary form known as debate poetry (or verse contest).

Verse contests from this time period were usually written in Anglo-Norman or Latin. This poem shows the influence of French linguistic, literary, and rhetorical techniques. After the Norman conquest, French became a predominant language in England, but English was still widespread and recognized as an acceptable language for poetry, if only burlesque debates.

The dating of the poem is uncertain. The poem includes a prayer for the soul of the "king Henri", but it is unclear from the context if the deceased monarch mentioned in the prayer is Henry II of England (who died in 1189) or his grandson Henry III of England (who died in 1272). According to one scholarly theory, the nightingale of the poem specifically represents Henry II. Which would mean that the rival character of the poem (the owl) represents one of Henry's political rivals, Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Date, authorship and provenance
There is no certain information about the poem's author, date of composition or origin.

Nicholas of Guildford is mentioned several times in the text as the man best suited to judge which bird presents the strongest argument. His character never actually makes an appearance, and the poem ends with the debate unresolved and the owl and nightingale flying off in search of Nicholas. Some critics speculate that the most likely reason for the mention of Nicholas of Guildford in the poem is because he is the author. However, in the introduction to the latest translation on the text, Neil Cartlidge reminds the reader that despite the general acceptance of Nicholas as author "...there is no firm evidence to support such an identification and no certain trace of the existence of any Nicholas of Guildford, priest of Portesham, beyond the text itself". Additionally, there has been academic discussion on whether The Owl and the Nightingale could have been written by a religious group of nuns with other religious women as their target audience.

It is equally difficult to establish an exact date when The Owl and the Nightingale was first written. The two surviving manuscripts are thought to be copied from one exemplar, and they are dated to the second half of the 13th century. In lines 1091–2, the nightingale prays for the soul of "king Henri", which is thought to reference "either the death of Henry II of England in 1189 or of Henry III of England in 1272". Scholars see no evidence that the poem predates the surviving manuscripts by many years. It is possible that the poem was written in the 12th or 13th century; Cartlidge argues that it is from after the death of Henry III in 1272.

Linguistic evidence suggests the poem's origins lie in Kent or a neighbouring region, but there is little evidence to support this theory. Because The Owl and the Nightingale cannot be accurately dated, it is nearly impossible to properly reconstruct the original dialect. Recent scholarship also acknowledges that provenance could be anywhere in Wessex, the Home Counties or the south-west Midlands.

Manuscripts

There are two known manuscripts of The Owl and the Nightingale: ff. 156–68 of Jesus College, Oxford, MS.29 and ff. 233–46 of British Library, Cotton MS. Caligula A. ix. Both are bound together in collections of other works. They are both estimated to be written in the latter half of the 13th century and copied from one exemplar which is now lost

Jesus College, Oxford, MS. 29:

This manuscript, given to Jesus College between 1684 and 1697 by rector Thomas Wilkins, contains 33 texts in English, Anglo Norman, and Latin. All of the script is in one hand and written in a plain, amateurish style. The Owl and Nightingale is written in two columns with some capital letters in blue and red but no illumination.

Cotton Caligula A.IX:

This manuscript contains 13 texts in English and Anglo Norman, most of which were probably bound together from the beginning despite Cotton’s method of organizing disparate manuscripts into collections. The text, written by at least two different scribes, is in two columns with some capital letters in red and no illumination. The script is a professional, gothic bookhand. This manuscript has a 19th-century binding and shows no evidence of whom the previous owner(s) may have been.

Summary
The poem revolves around a heated argument between the owl and the nightingale, observed by an unnamed narrator. Initially, the nightingale is seen perched on a branch adorned with blossoms, while the owl sits on an ivy-covered bough above. The nightingale starts the debate by commenting on the owl's appearance, describing her as unsightly and unclean. The owl suggests a civil and rational approach to their discussion, proposing they consult Nicholas of Guildford, known for his fairness despite a frivolous youth. However, the nightingale quickly criticizes the owl for her screeches and shrieks, associating her nocturnal activity with vice and malice. In response, the owl argues that the nightingale's incessant singing is excessive and tedious.

The Nightingale replies that the song of the Owl brings unwanted gloom, while her own is joyous and reflects the beauty of the world. The Owl is quick to reply that Nightingales only sing in summer, when men's minds are filled with lechery. Furthermore, singing is the Nightingale's only talent. The Owl has more valuable skills, like servicing churches by ridding them of rats. The Nightingale claims she too is helpful to the Church, since her songs invoke the glories of Heaven, and encourage churchgoers to be more devout. The Owl counters that before people can reach Heaven, they must repent their sins. Her mournful, haunting song makes them reconsider their decisions. She further states that the Nightingale's gay melodies can entice women to adultery and promiscuity. It is the nature of women to be frail, the Nightingale claims, and any sins they might commit in maidenhood are forgiven once they are married. It is rather the fault of men, for taking advantage of this weakness in maidens.

The Nightingale, not to be outdone, claims that the Owl is of no use except when dead, since farmers use her corpse as a scarecrow. The Owl gives a positive slant to this charge by inferring that she helps men even after death. This is not seen as a sufficient refutation to the Nightingale, and she calls other birds to jeer at the Owl. The Owl threatens to assemble her predatory friends, but before the tension can escalate further, the Wren descends to quiet the quarrel. The birds ultimately decide to defer judgment of their case to Nicholas of Guildford, who lives at Portesham in Dorset.

There is a brief digression about the merits of Nicholas and how unfortunate it is that he is unappreciated and underpaid by bishops and wealthy men. The Owl and Nightingale agree to find the wise man and the Owl claims that her memory is so excellent that she can repeat every word of the argument when they arrive. However, the reader never learns which bird bests her opponent at the debate; the poem ends with the two flying off in search of Nicholas.

Style and form
The text is composed of rhyming octosyllabic couplets, generally following the poetic construction of iambic tetrameter.

Iambic tetrameter, while commonly used to create flowing lyricism and ease of reading, can quickly become monotonous, with the repetitive pattern distracting from the subject matter. The poet avoids this by including variety in his meter, occasionally adding or omitting syllables. The poem is also rife with imagery, alliteration, and assonance.

The poem's language is not superfluously dense or grandiloquent. The birds' dialogue is colloquial, and their insults are scathing. The analogies employed are also rural, equating the Nightingale's song to the barbarous speech of an Irish priest ("Þu chatereſt ſo doþ on Yris preſt" [322]), referring to fox hunts, and commenting on the use and practicality of scarecrows.

Genre
Medieval debate poetry was popular in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and this poem draws on their structure, mimicking legal suits of the time. Each bird charges the other with an accusation, and brings forth evidence to support her claim. Proverbs are cited as a rhetorical argument from authority. However, the birds' rhetorical techniques are highly flawed. The birds' attack strategies rely on belittlement, condescension, and analogising their opponent's habits to unsavoury people or things.

The animals' defence is founded on self-praise, as each bird justifies her behaviours and attempts to show the benefits in her own actions. However, the Owl berates the Nightingale for a quality she herself possesses, and the Nightingale's self-defence argument follows the same logic as offered by the Owl. Both use their song as a way to encourage proper religious thought and behaviour. The Nightingale simulates the auditory pleasures of heaven,

while the Owl coerces people to repent, and warns them of what awaits them should they sin.

References and context

 * Alfred
 * At many points in the poem, the birds cite King Alfred as a source of wise dicta. Although there was a medieval compendium of sayings attributed to Alfred, the birds in the poem are not actually quoting it. These references do acknowledge his wisdom and authority, but are little more than appeals to Alfred's generic image as a wise, just, and learned ruler from England's past.
 * Bestiary
 * The animals' characteristics follow heavily on the tradition of a bestiary, a concise catalogue where animals are listed, and their characteristics are described, along with the symbolic and allegorical associations and morally significant qualities they represent. One of the birds' goals through their debate is to assign meaning and purpose to their own characteristics. According to Genesis 1:26, all creatures were made by God to serve man, "And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth." (Genesis 1:26, King James Bible) Given this view, it makes sense the birds see their value as directly proportional to their usefulness to mankind.
 * Clergy
 * Near the end of the poem, the bishops of Portesham are condemned for prohibiting Master Nicholas to live with them. They bestow higher jobs to unintelligent men and display nepotism. Since the housing of bishops is hardly a concern of birds, scholars have interpreted this reference as a contention the author had with the institution.  Nicholas himself is speculated to be the author, although directly pointing out irritation at his superiors would be unlikely to win him any advancement.
 * Christ
 * Both animals are presumptuous in their claims of value, but the Owl goes so far as to imply she displays Christ-like sacrifice and compassion. With imagery reminiscent of the crucifixion of Jesus, she remarks on how useful she is even after death:

Interpretation, criticism, and analysis
Most scholars in the past have defined the work as an allegory, yet the difficulty of sustaining this method of analysis throughout the poem remains a challenge. These interpretations tend to characterise each principal figure in polar opposition to the other, and since scholar Kathryn Hume's work on the text has encouraged other scholars to turn to format and structure rather than symbolic characterisation.

Scholars have also discussed The Owl and the Nightingale and its connection to themes of antisemitism due to the negative medieval association of owls with Jewish people.

Disregarding an allegorical interpretation, critics have taken the position that the two figures of the text do represent symbolic depictions of people, institutions, and other forces. The question of date and authorship make any certainty about the text a challenge to interpretation. The most consistent theme in the piece is the determination of the birds to trounce their opponent no matter the lengths to which their argument must stretch.

It has also been suggested that the owl and nightingale represent historical figures, which necessarily grounds these arguments in a very specific time. Scholar Anne Baldwin posits that the poem was written between 1174 and 1175, and that the nightingale represents King Henry II and the owl is Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury.

Several scholars have focused on comparisons between the structures in the medieval legal system and that of the poem itself. The birds take turns presenting their arguments as they would have done in a contemporary court, while also structuring their arguments as legal defences and providing the opinions of authorities to strengthen their cases. While the unknown date of creation yet again foils any certain comparison, analyses have ranged from imitations of 12th- or 13th-century court mechanisms to no actual comparison, with acknowledgement that the author was indeed acquainted with judicial proceedings. In 1994, Monica Potkay also proposed that the legal system on which the poem is based is that of natural rather than English "common" law, a legal framework predicated on God's power over the Earth and its inhabitants.

In short, there remains no consensus regarding the ultimate analysis of this enigmatic work. Without a definite provenance and authorship, the possibility of a positive identification of the symbolism within the text is limited.

Editions and translations

 * Facsimile edition
 * Also available here.
 * Also available here, here, here and here
 * Facsimile edition
 * Also available here.
 * Also available here, here, here and here
 * Also available here, here, here and here

title: The Owl and the Nightingale


text:
User:Fajro

[en] Hello! I am Fajro, from the Spanish Wikipedia

[es] ¡Hola! Soy Fajro, de la Wikipedia en español

[eo] Saluton! Mi estas Fajro, el la Hispana Vikipedio

UserBoxes
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 * style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #DAA520; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; color: black;" | [[Image:Wikignome.png|40px]]
 * style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: black;" | This user is a wikignome. |}

{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: #c5fcdc;;"
 * style="width: 45px; height: 45px; background: #6ef7a7;; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt; color: black;" | [[image:no_god.PNG|40px]]
 * style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color: black;" |This user is an atheist.|}

es:Usuario:Fajro eo:Vikipediisto:Fajro

title: User:Fajro


text:
User talk:O0oO0oO0oO0oO0oO0oO0oO0o

PLEASE LEAVE WHATEVER THE FUCK YOU WANT TO SAY ON MY TALKPAGE. User:RickK IS NOT ALLOWED TO USE THIS PAGE BECAUSE HE KEEPS PISSING ME OFF.

--Slowking Man 01:09, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

You do not have the authority to block other Wikipedians. Segekihei 01:27, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, you have been blocked for 24 hours for vandalism and disruption. --Slowking Man 01:31, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

I think Dori did a day-block on him as well. Segekihei 01:35, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:O0oO0oO0oO0oO0oO0oO0oO0o


text:
Ottendorf-Okrilla

Ottendorf-Okrilla is a municipality in the Bautzen district, Saxony, Germany. It is located 20 km northeast of Dresden.

Geography
The area of the municipality is 25.88 km², of which 1.58 km² are commercially used. The length from north to south is 6 km and the east to west length is 7 km. The municipality is subdivided into the Ortsteile Grünberg, Hermsdorf, Medingen and Ottendorf-Okrilla. It has two exits on the motorway A4 (Dresden - Görlitz) and four stations on the railway from Dresden to Königsbrück.

History
Ottendorf was first mentioned in 1346. The municipality Ottendorf-Okrilla was formed in 1921 by the merger of the former municipalities Ottendorf, Moritzdorf, Großokrilla, Kleinokrilla and Cunnersdorf. In 1994 Grünberg joined the municipality, and in 1999 Hermsdorf and Medingen.

Economy
Ottendorf-Okrilla has about 6,500 jobs in about 700 companies. It is also the location of the letter processing center of the Deutsche Post for the Dresden area.

title: Ottendorf-Okrilla


text:
National High School Rugby Tournament

The National High School Rugby Tournament is held annually since 1917 at Higashi Osaka Hanazono Rugby Stadium in Higashi Osaka, Japan, from the end of December to early January. All 47 Prefectures of Japan are represented, with four extra teams (one from Hokkaidō, one from Tokyo, and two from Osaka prefecture) to make up the numbers.

Strongest Teams
Some of the strongest teams, with their prefectures in brackets, are as follows:

 * Keiko Gakuen (Osaka) - four times champion in succession, 2001-4
 * Higashi Fukuoka (Fukuoka)
 * Sendai Ikuei (Sendai)
 * Tenri (Nara)
 * Saga Kogyo (Saga)
 * Ōita Maizuru (Ōita)
 * Tokai Dai Gyosei (Osaka)

title: National High School Rugby Tournament


text:
Donald Oliver

Donald H. Oliver (born November 16, 1938) is a Canadian lawyer, developer and politician. Appointed by former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, Oliver served in the Senate of Canada from 1990 until 2013. He was the first black male to sit in the Senate and the second black Canadian appointed to the chamber.

A lawyer and real estate developer, Oliver is a member of Nova Scotia's black minority. He is descended in part from African-American slave refugees who were resettled by the British in Canada from the United States after the War of 1812. But his maternal grandfather, William A. White, migrated independently in 1900 from Baltimore, Maryland. Oliver is the nephew of Canadian opera singer Portia White, politician Bill White and labour union activist Jack White, and the cousin of political strategist Sheila White.

Early life and education
Oliver was born to Helena Isabella (White) and Clifford Harlock Oliver in Wolfville, Nova Scotia. He has four siblings. His maternal grandfather, William A. White, migrated independently in 1900 from Baltimore, Maryland, and became a Baptist minister. His maternal grandmother Izie Dora White (her maiden name) was born in Nova Scotia, descended from black refugees who went to Canada from the United States during the War of 1812.

Oliver attended local schools before his undergraduate studies at Acadia University, where he graduated with a degree in philosophy in 1960, and law school at Dalhousie University. He was called to the Bar in 1965.

Education and before politics
Oliver practised law in Halifax, Nova Scotia as a partner in the firm Stewart McKelvey Stirling Scales from 1965 to 1990, and subsequently at two other law firms for a total of 36 years, primarily in civil litigation. He taught at Dalhousie University Law School as a part-time professor for 14 years, and also taught law courses at Technical University of Nova Scotia and Saint Mary's University. He is a King's Counsel.

Politics
A long-time activist in the Progressive Conservative Party, Oliver served as the party's director of legal affairs through six federal elections, from 1972 to 1988. He has also served as a federal vice-president of the party and as a director of its fundraising wing, the PC Canada Fund.

Oliver also served for years as Constitution Chairman and member of the Finance Committee for the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia, and is a former Vice-President of that Party,

Appointment to the Senate
Oliver was appointed to the Senate at the recommendation of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, September 7, 1990. He served as a member of the Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce, and as the Chairman of the Senate Standing Committees on Transport and Communications and Standing Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Senator Oliver was also Co-chair of the Special Joint Committee on a Code of Conduct for Parliamentarians. He has worked on a number of Private Members’ Bills, including a bill to amend sections of the criminal code dealing with stalking and, more recently, a bill to address the issue of spam.

Oliver was named Speaker pro tempore of the Senate of Canada, March 4, 2010. Oliver retired from the Senate November 16, 2013, when he attained age 75.

During and since that time, he continued to be active in community service: "serving in positions that have included President and Chairman of the Halifax Children's Aid Society; Chairman, President and Director of the Neptune Theatre Foundation; Director of the Halifax-Dartmouth Welfare Council; Founding Director of the Black United Front; and Founding President and First Chairman of the Society for the Protection and Preservation of Black Culture in Nova Scotia."

Honours
On December 28, 2019, Governor General Julie Payette announced that Oliver had been appointed as a member of the Order of Canada. Oliver was appointed to the Order of Nova Scotia in 2020.

Personal life
Oliver is married and has one daughter. When not in Ottawa, Oliver resides on his farm in Queens County, Nova Scotia. Senator Donald Oliver is an honorary patron with Crossroads International. In 1962, he was a Crossroads volunteer to Ethiopia. Senator Oliver has said this experience changed him forever.

title: Donald Oliver


text:
Time binding

Time binding can refer to
 * human progress as seen from the perspective of general semantics, an educational discipline created by Alfred Korzybski in the 1930s
 * time bind, a sociological concept relevant to family and labor, introduced by Arlie Russell Hochschild in the 1990s

title: Time binding


text:
Talk:Standard curve

Hope you don't mind my tweaks. I don't recognize the Bradford protein assay. Whatever happened to the Lowry assay for protein? The paper that described that method used to be the most cited paper in the biochemical literature. (a few years ago, anyway...) alteripse 01:16, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * We use the Bradford in my lab because it's faster than the Lowry assay, I also used it alot in undergrad. Lowry and the BCA assay are probably the two other common assays, this site has a reasonable summary, expand the article as you see fit :) --nixie 23:17, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The problem that students are faced with is that the webpages don't go in detail so they find it hard to understands many concepts in biochemistry.please make explanations easier for them.

concern from university of limpopo lecture.www.ul.ac.za —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.21.218.222 (talk) 16:18, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

I think standard curves are also used to assign relative molecular weights of proteins and DNA. A section on this might be included — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.232.173.26 (talk) 16:14, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Standard curve


text:
Iliff

Iliff may refer to:
 * Iliff, Colorado
 * Iliff (RTD), a station on the RTD rail system in Aurora, Colorado, United States
 * Iliff School of Theology

People

 * John Wesley Iliff
 * Iliff David Richardson

title: Iliff