text:
Talk:Seal script

Shuowen Jiezi 說文解字, Book of Small Seal Scripts 小篆

Shuowen Jiezi 說文解字 written by Xu Shen 許愼 around 100 CE, is on the web at last. It lists some 9,353 small seal scripts 小篆 and 1,163 alternate forms in the great seal 大篆, Warring States scripts 古文, contemporary scripts 今文, or odd scripts 奇字; and their etymologies and sounds as understood by the later Han dynasty scholars of the ancient classics.

[] an elephant 象 [] a dancing shaman(ess) with two tassels 舞 [] a car 車 [] to come 來 [] a modern seal for "All American Teachers of Japanese Association" []

Before the discovery of the turtle shell & bone inscriptions 甲骨文字 (oracle bone inscriptions 甲骨卜辭) by Wang, Yi Rong in 1899, this was the only book to look up the oldest forms of chinese characters preserved in a complete character set.

Although there exist around 3,000 bronze inscriptions 金文 and around 5,000 oracle bone inscriptions 甲骨文, they lack authoritative interpretations to this day being a relatively young field of epigraphy. Only about 1,000 common oracle bone inscriptions are analyzed with much certainty.

For those into Japanese calligraphy or seal inscription deciphering, this is a very useful and essential reference. Full text of Shuowen Jiezi 說文解字 photographically reproduced at.

For accumulative definitions, see

For the wikipedia Shodo 書道 article, see [] (Basic reference, but tensho 篆書 and reisho 隸書 are not mentioned here.)

For a brief "visual" illustration of the evolution of scripts, see p. 11 of Wang, William Liou, Joyce or (though the first two images "金文" and "甲骨文" should be reversed.)

For an overview of ancient Chinese characters in general, see

For Zhang Yongming's Zhuanshu 篆書 Skills on VCD,

Tenji 篆字 (small seal style writing in brush) for writing with brush on paper or steles, and tenkokuji 篆刻字 (seal inscription in zhuanshu) for inscription on seals are in fact only two variant applications of the small seal script zhuanshu 篆書.

For traditional seal carving, see

The on-line book above is fine for looking up individual kanjis, but has the fatal inconvenience of being an image base, not in any code. As far as I know, there isn't one yet due to the difficulty of defining unusual charcter codes and a set of decent fonts. Richard S. Cook Jr. has been working on a unicode extension to accommodate all the Setsumon characters, and here is an idea of what is to come shortly.

[B][U]The Extreme of Typographic Complexity: Character Set Issues Relating to Computerization of The Eastern Han Chinese Lexicon 說文解字 Shuowenjiezi[/U][/B] discusses, in addition to coding problems, the bibliographical nature of the work, and hence serves as a nice introduction to an otherwise cryptic book of etymology. (37 pages)

For detailed lessons into the character formation of the Tensho, see Part 1: and Part 2:

Also there are statistical surveys of all the Setsumon kanji material made public by Huadong University 華東大學, China.

1. Kaisho-to-Tensho Correspondence List 楷篆對應檢索

2. Tensho Component Frequency Data 小篆構件頻率表:1970 components

3. Tensho Semantic Compound Components Frequency Data 小篆會意部件頻率表: 560 components

4. Tensho Radical Frequency Data 小篆義符频率表: 410 radicals

5. Tensho Phonetic Frequency Data 小篆聲符频率表: 1739 phonetics

In fact you can look up similar lists in the oracle bone inscriptions 甲骨文, the bronze inscriptions 金文, the Chu bamboo scripts 楚簡文, and some Warring States scripts that has been excavated in recent years.

Tensho 篆書 in Ancient Japan, arriving not later than 57 CE A Gold Seal of Friendship From Han Guangwudi 光武帝 to the King of Wa 委奴王 discovered during the Edo period, at Hakata Bay 博多灣, Shikanoshima 志賀島, in Northern Kyushu 北九洲, the supposed seat of Yamatai 耶馬臺 ruler, 57 CE height: 2.2cm (1 漢寸), weight: 108.7 g.

漢倭奴國王 [] Can you make out the characters from right to left, top to bottom? [] Currently on display at Fukuoka City Museum since 1978.

Seals of Japan: Ancient Period (?-Heian period, 1185) In Japanese sources of hisotry, the seal is first mentioned in the Chronicles of Emperor Sujin, Nihonshoki, 崇神天皇紀, 日本書紀. [] In 692, the 6th year of Emperor 持統天皇, 神祗官 offered up a wooden seal 木印. But the use of seals was instituted only in 701, the first reign year of 大寶 of Emperor Monmu 文武天皇. []

Official seals 官印 included those of the internal offices, 內印, external affairs, 外印, of the various offices 諸司印, and of the feudal lords of states 諸國印. This practice was adaptation of the Chinese Sui-Tang seal institution, and the material was copper.

Chinese influence gradually lost its force, and a uniquely Japanese style of 'Old Seal of Yamato' 大和古印 was born. It was typically frugal and deep in character.

Tensho 篆書 in Modern Japan, still live and beautiful

The following (pre-)search result for 印鑑 within the popular Rakuten on-line market 楽天市場. This is a summary of seals which shows that zhuanshu 篆書 is as well part of the lives of modern Japanese as it was for the ancient Japanese.

トップ > 生活・インテリア > 文具・バラエティー雑貨 > 印鑑・ハンコ

文具・バラエティー雑貨   印鑑・ハンコ    代表印（0）     角印（0）     銀行印（法人）（0）     銀行印（個人）（13717）     認印（0）     スタンプ（5219）     朱肉（170）     印鑑ケース（774）     その他（23378）

total: 全 43,258件 is what's listed for Feb. 12, 2005, around 11:00 pm. A sizeable portion of these seals are in fact in the zhuanshu 篆書 script.

Of the many seal sculptors listed here, I'll only quote one site, HankoWeb run by Mr. Hirayasu Ryuichi 平安 隆一. [] Here are some samples of his art work; 15 out of 17 are in the tensho 篆書 script. The modern kanjis are in the footnotes for you to compare. []

The following example combines kanji and kana in wonderful harmony. [] 長野冬季オリンピック審判団&#21360 Official Seal for Board of Referees, Nagano Winter Olympics

Many misconceptions about Seal Script
In my study of ancient Chinese scripts (on which there is very little accurate and recent info in English), I've had the great fortune to be taken under the wing of a paleographer at the Academia Sinica's Institute of History and Philology who did her dissertation on the Qin system of writing (that is, the writing of the Qin kingdom from the Spring and Autumn period through the Qin dynasty). In reading her work and that of authoritative modern scholars such as Qiu Xigui (see references below), I have discovered that erroneous conceptions abound about bronze script, the Shi3Zhou4Pian1 compendium and the Zhou4wen2 taken from it and preserved in Shuowen, as well as about da4zhuan4 (so-called) greater seal script, xiao3zhuan4 small seal script and the origins of clerical script. In the sections below I will try to treat each separately, and will add additional material and references shortly. Dragonbones 08:48, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

REFERENCES for the below comments:

Qiu / Qiu Xigui: 裘錫圭 Qiú Xīguī (2000). Chinese Writing. English translation of his 文字學概論 (1988 PRC ed. in simpl. Chin.; 1993 Taiwan ed. in reg. Chin.) by the late Gilbert L. Mattos (Chairman, Dept. of Asian Studies, Seton Hall University) and Jerry Norman (Professor Emeritus, Asian Languages & Literature Dept., Univ. of Washington). Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.

ISBN 1-55729-071-7. Note: this is a fundamental, systematic, comprehensive and authoritative work on the nature, origin and history of the Chinese writing system. It has been recommended by scholars of the highest caliber.

Chen Zhaorong: 陳昭容 Chén Zhāoróng (2003) 秦系文字研究 ﹕从漢字史的角度考察 Research on the Qín (Ch'in) Lineage of Writing: An Examination from the Perspective of the History of Chinese Writing. 中央研究院歷史語言研究所專刊 Academia Sinica, Institute of History and Philology Monograph. ISBN 957-671-995-X. In traditional Chinese.

What the name 篆文 means
I saw this on the previous page version: "Note, however, that the literal translation of 篆文 (ie. seal script) means inscription script, since Chinese writing at the time was more often inscribed than written on silk; the contemporary translation seal script is a misnomer, since it is nowadays used mainly, but not exclusively, in seals."

First, the part "more often inscribed than written" is fundamentally wrong. The primary instrument for writing Chinese, from the Shang dynasty onward, has always been the brush. (For those who don't believe the Shang bit, here's a reference: Qiu, p.63 writes: “During the Shāng period the writing brush was the primary writing implement in use.” He goes on to mention the presence of the Shāng characters for writing brush (聿 yù, forerunner of 筆 bĭ) and bamboo or wooden codices (冊 cè), early Zhoū (Shàngshū; Duōshì ch.) references to Shāng bamboo books and codices, as well as two other supporting facts: first, that some brush-written graphs are found on Shāng-period items, including a few oracle bones, jade, stone and pottery items, and second, that the graphs cast in bronzes also retain a style developed through brush writing, with fluctuations in stroke thickness.)

In the Qin period as well, bamboo codices (scrolls of bound bamboo or wooden slats) are widely known to be the dominant medium for writing. Of course, the numbers of extant engraved or cast items may be greater than extant perishable materials like silk or bamboo, but this reflects only the perishability of the medium, and not how common it was at the time.

Second, I am not sure there is sufficient consensus to make the statement that "the literal translation of 篆文 (i.e. seal script) means inscription script". Qiu p.100-101, for example, argues that 篆 was interchangeable with 瑑 zhuan4, meaning "to make decorative by engraving", from which I would argue for a translation as "decorative engraving script". However, this may be splitting hairs.

Furthermore, I don't think we need to call the English name "seal" script an incorrect translation of zhuan4; it is a long-standing, dominant English term for the script due to the predominant modern application of the script, and is not necessarily a translation of zhuan4 per se. Dragonbones 09:08, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Despite the misnomer, it has widely become known as seal script, which was the point of creating the article or any article on wiki. A note should be made to the effect that the real name ought to be inscription script, but out of longstanding use, seal script is being used currently which you've already done. Dylanwhs 09:29, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the article Xiaozhuan should be renamed to "Small Seal Script". That is the correct name.  Seal script is not identical to "Small Seal Script" right off the bat as the first sentence proposed.  This should be changed.  Benjwong 20:54, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It's all set. Now seal script is the main page, small seal script goes to small, and large go to large. Benjwong 01:09, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Huh?
"In the history of Chinese characters, the Small Seal script is often considered to be the ancestor of the clerical script 隷書, which in turn gave rise to all of the other scripts in use today. However, this is not quite accurate. Instead, it was a vulgar or popular script of the late Warring States to Qin period, rather than its formal seal counterpart, which evolved into the clerical script."

What is "it"?

Is "it" clerical script? Then the sentence says that Clerical was a vulgar script, in contrast to the more formal seal script, which evolved into clerical script. This contradicts the initial refutation that clerical did not quite evolve from seal. It also suggests that clerical was contemporous with seal, which makes the sentence kind of self-contradicting.

I'm as confused as heck and I have no idea how to fix this sentence. Kelvinc 01:12, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "It" is the small seal script. The formal seal script referred to is the great seal script. 86.8.141.80 (talk) 17:28, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * No, its formal seal counterpart means small seal script, which in the late Warring States and Qin (and occasionally all the way into the Han and later) was used for formal writing such as on ritual bronzes and stelae; for less formal, more functional situations they used a vulgar, roughly executed form of writing called vulgar or common writing (not a coherent 'script' per se) which most Westerners have never heard of, but if you study recent archaeology or books like Qiu Xigui and Chen Zhaorong you will understand this better. It's often chiselled onto weapons, scratched on pottery, and so on. I have rewritten the confusing paragraph in the hopes of making it clearer. Dragonbones (talk) 06:59, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Kelvinc, this may be moot since I've rewritten the paragraph so it will be clearer, but by way of explanation, first of all, it is abundantly clear to modern scholars that the evolution of the Chinese script did not occur in a linear fashion, with each script being suddenly invented and completely replacing the preceding script. You have to get rid of that archaic and simplistic notion to understand the situation. In the late Warring States to Qin, small seal, vulgar (or common) writing and proto-clerical were all in use, and proto-clerical evolved from vulgar writing (not from small seal as was once thought and as most English sources still blindly parrot). As for the above quote, I believe you have misunderstood the grammar of the quoted sentence, and therefore have misunderstood the content. In "it was a vulgar or popular script of the late Warring States to Qin period, rather than its formal seal counterpart, which evolved into the clerical script", the "it" is empty, not a reference to clerical script. "It was John, not Bob, who hit Sally" simply means "Bob didn't hit Sally; rather, John was the person who hit Sally". Parallel to this example, the quoted sentence is saying "Seal wasn't the direct ancestor of clerical script; rather, vulgar script (a little-known script which coexisted with small seal script) is now understood to have developed into proto-clerical and then clerical script. This kind of information has not yet been widely disseminated in English writing on the topic, as much of it builds upon the last 40 years or so of archaeology and research, and what most will encounter is merely blind repetition of outdated explanations. This is why I strongly encourage people to get ahold of and read more up-to-date stuff like Qiu Xigui's book (he's one of the most widely respected scholars in Chinese philology, btw, really at the top of his field). It is such an important book that two top Western scholars, Norman and Mattos, took the time to translate it to make its content available to the Western world. Hopefully some more information on this will become available in English before long. Dragonbones (talk) 06:45, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Merge them 3 : Talk:Small_Seal_Script
It is a talk encouraging to merge the 3 articles. Your opinion is welcome. 210.203.61.15 (talk) 06:54, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Erya not extant?
According to the page Erya, the Erya is still extant. Only the ancient commentaries were lost. The duke (talk) 12:56, 8 December 2019 (UTC)

To add to article
To add to this article: mention of Liu Shu Tong (六书统). 173.88.246.138 (talk) 10:23, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seal script


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Physical Immortalism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE and REDIRECT to Immortality. —Korath (Talk) 13:42, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Physical Immortalism
The contents of this page are already at immortality. Delete. --SqueakBox 17:00, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to immortality. Zzyzx11 19:46, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Immortalism? --InShaneee 19:48, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, rewrite and expand. @ Megan1967 01:40, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect to immortality. Physical immortality section already exists on that page. --Viriditas  | Talk 03:02, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Merge and Redirect to Immortality, including list of references. — RJH 17:59, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- I'm afraid that some people in the wiki community are way too enthusiastic about deleting others' work. Really. --Christofurio 03:08, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yup, quite so. RJH
 * Keep -- Why delete?
 * Delete. This article isn't inmortal to me :) --Neigel von Teighen 18:04, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete redundant article. Is it an article on immortality in general or a specific group of people who want immortality? That isn't clear. There is no mention of Alchemical Taoism, perhaps the most famous historical group of people interested in physical immortality. If there is verifiable input as to the identity of a notable group who actually call themselves "physical immortalists" I will change my vote. Fire Star 04:34, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. (There does not appear to be anything to merge.)  Current contents are not yet any larger than the same discussion in the main document.  Keep them together until size forces the articles to split.  Rossami (talk) 07:14, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect as per Rossami. Radiant! 11:10, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete/Redirect. Unlike those physical immortals, the article won't live forever. Miss Pippa 23:21, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:55, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect (And then re-work some of the Immortality...) There is useful info in this article re: transhumanist and futurist interest in physical immortality that is NOT mentioned by the Immortality  article.  The Alchemical Taoist material should be incorporated as well.  It seems to me that there are some not so subtle POV issues with the Immortality article that should and could be addressed if it were more like the shorter article in tone.Emyth 22:59, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Cameroonian writers

title: Category:Cameroonian writers


text:
Charles-François Lebrun

Charles-François Lebrun, 1st duc de Plaisance (, 19 March 1739 – 16 June 1824) was a French statesman who served as Third Consul of the French Republic and was later created Arch-Treasurer by Napoleon I.

Ancien Régime
Born in Saint-Sauveur-Lendelin (Manche), after studies of philosophy at the Collège de Navarre, he started his career during the Ancien Régime, making his first appearance as a lawyer in Paris in 1762. He filled the posts of censeur du Roi (1766) and then Inspector General of the Domains of the Crown (1768).

During the early 1760s, Lebrun became a disciple of Montesquieu and an admirer of the British Constitution, travelling through Southern Netherlands, the Dutch Republic, and finally to the Kingdom of Great Britain (where he witnessed the debates in the London Parliament).

He became one of Chancellor René Nicolas de Maupéou's chief advisers, taking part in his struggle against the parlements and sharing his downfall in 1774. Lebrun then devoted himself to literature, translating Torquato Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered (1774) and the Iliad (1776). He retreated from public life to his property in Grillon, attempting to live a life as envisaged by the philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau. During the cabinet of Jacques Necker, he was consulted on several occasions, but never appointed to high office.

Constituent Assembly and provincial politics
At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, he foresaw its importance in his volume La voix du Citoyen, published the same year, and predicted the course which events would take. In the Estates-General and (after he took the Tennis Court Oath) in the National Constituent Assembly, where he sat as deputy for the Third Estate in the bailiwick of Dourdan, he professed Liberalism and proposed various financial laws, without affiliating to any particular faction. A partisan of constitutional monarchy even after King Louis XVI's flight to Varennes (June 1791), he became the target for the suspicions of the Jacobin Club.

After the voting of the 1791 Constitution, he was ineligible for the Legislative Assembly (like all former members of the Constituent Assembly), and became instead president of the directory of Seine-et-Oise département.

Lebrun retired from this position on 7 August 1792, and again retired to Dourdan. Three days later, the storming of the Tuileries Palace signalled the move towards the establishment of the French Republic by the creation of the National Convention. Lebrun further aroused the indignation of republicans when he accepted to represent Dourdan in the electoral college of Seine-et-Oise which nominated deputies to the Convention.

Terror, Thermidor, and Directory
A suspect during the Reign of Terror, he was twice arrested: the first time in September 1793, liberated after the intervention of Joseph Augustin Crassous (representative on mission to Seine-et-Oise); the second time in June 1794 (paradoxically, on orders from the same Crassous) – threatened with the guillotine, he was saved by a relative of his who stole his record of prosecution, thus causing a delay long enough for Lebrun to be saved by the Thermidorian Reaction.

In 1795, Lebrun was elected as a deputy to the French Directory's Council of Ancients and, although a supporter of the House of Bourbon, he voted against prosecutions of Jacobins, and showed himself in favour of national reconciliation.

Consulate, Empire, and Restoration

Lebrun was made Third Consul following Napoleon Bonaparte's 18 Brumaire coup in the Year VIII (9–10 November 1799; see French Consulate). In this capacity, he took an active part in Napoleon's reorganization of the national finances and in the administration of France's départements. He was made a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1803, and in 1804, he was appointed Arch-Treasurer of the French Empire. From 1805 to 1806, he was governor-general of Liguria, during which time he completed its annexation by France.

He opposed Napoleon's restoration of the noblesse and, in 1808, only reluctantly accepted the title of duc de Plaisance (Duke of Piacenza), a rare, nominal, but hereditary duché grand-fief, extinguished in 1926. From 1811 to 1813, he served as governor-general of a part of the annexed Netherlands, reorganizing its départements – Zuyderzée and Bouches-de-la-Meuse. He was assisted by Antoine de Celles and Goswin de Stassart. Although to a certain extent opposed to the autocracy of the Emperor, he was not in favor of his deposition, although he accepted the fait accompli of the Bourbon Restoration in April 1814. Louis XVIII made him a Peer of France, but during the subsequent Hundred Days, he accepted from Napoleon the post of grand maître de l'Université. As a consequence, he was suspended from the House of Peers when the Bourbons returned again in 1815, but was recalled in 1819. He died five years later in Sainte-Mesme (then in Seine-et-Oise, now in Yvelines).

title: Charles-François Lebrun


text:
Telephone numbers in Colombia

Number Plan
Colombia operates a closed dialing plan, with all fixed line and mobile subscriber numbers being 10-digit.

Nationally, all calls between subscribers are dialed as ten digits, with no prefix.

History
Prior to September 2021, Colombia had fixed line subscriber numbers that comprised a single digit dialing zone and a 7-digit local number. These were converted to the new format by inserting "60" before the dialing zone.

There were various dial plans, with different access prefixes depending on the type of service. All such prefixes have been removed, except for international calls from landlines.

Landline service
All landline subscriber numbers follow the pattern: Where B is the dialing zone (where the number is located), Y is 2 to 8 (or 9 for pay phones), and X is any digit.
 * 60B-YXX-XXXX

Each department belongs to only one dialing zone.

Calls from landlines to both landline and mobile numbers are placed by dialing the 10-digit subscriber number with no prefix.

Calling internationally from Colombian landlines requires a carrier-selection code be included after the 00 IDD prefix, before the country code and foreign subscriber number:

 * 00A-XX... Where XX represents the destination country dialing code and A represents one of the national long-distance carriers, but new long distance operators are using 0Axy format:

Mobile service
As with landlines, calls from mobile phones to both landline and mobile numbers are placed by dialing the 10-digit subscriber number with no prefix.

Mobile subscriber numbers follow the pattern: where 3MM usually indicates the one of the country's mobile phone operators.
 * 3MM-XXX-XXXX

Since Colombia adopted the mobile number portability, these 3MM codes only indicate the original operator when the subscriber obtained the number; individual subscriber numbers may use other operators.

Toll-free service
Toll-free numbers follow the pattern:
 * 01-800-XXX-XXXX

Before 2002, the format was 9800-XXXXXX. When the current format was adopted in that year, existing toll-free numbers were given the format 01-800-0XX-XXXX. These numbers were advertised with the grouping 01-8000-XX-XXX, leading many people to erroneously believe that the general prefix for toll-free numbers is 01-8000.

Toll-based service

 * 01-900-XXX-XXXX
 * 01-901-XXX-XXXX

Dial-up Internet service billed per minute

 * 01-947-XXX-XXXX
 * 01-948-XXX-XXXX

Emergency numbers

 * 1-2-3, for all emergency services.
 * 1-1-2, for only Police services.
 * 1-1-9, for only Firefighting services.
 * 1-3-2, for only Ambulance services.

title: Telephone numbers in Colombia


text:
Category talk:Halo (franchise)

Category Reorganization
I added 3 subcategories:

 * United Nations Space Command
 * The Covenant
 * Forerunners

to prevent messy confusion between Forerunner,UNSC, and Covenant articles so that the Halo category can be well-organized. - John-1107

Plasma Pistol and Magnum in Halo and Halo 2
Why do people think that the Plasma pistol and Magnum have been weakened in Halo 2?

Subcategories/sorting
Policy says that articles shouldn't be in both a category and its subcategory, but some things seem too important to hid in a few levels of subcategory. Any thoughts? --DevastatorIIC 02:14, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Halo (franchise)


text:
Killing of Muhamad Husain Kadir

Muhamad Husain Kadir was an Iraqi prisoner killed in 2004. Private First Class Edward L. Richmond, a U.S. Army soldier, was convicted of manslaughter in relation to his death. Richmond was sentenced to three years in prison and a dishonorable discharge, as well as pay forfeiture and a reduction in rank.

Incident
Richmond was a member of the Headquarters Company, of the 1st Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment (United States), a unit of the 25th Infantry Division (United States)'s 2nd Brigade Combat Team. On February 28, 2004 Richmond's unit was conducting a cordon and search raid in a village near Taal Al Jai. Orders were to detain all male members of the village. A squad under Sergeant Jeffrey Waruch that included Richmond was to secure the perimeter of the village while the rest of their unit searched the houses. Waruch's orders to his squad were that they were authorized to shoot any military age men they saw fleeing the village, but, if he was nearby, to ask him first. Richmond saw elderly cowherd Muhamad Hussain Kadir outside the village, and asked Waruch if he should shoot him. Waruch decided to intercept and secure Kadir and ordered Richmond to help him.

Waruch found Kadir agitated, and initially struggled while he attempted to secure his arms with zip-ties. Arthur Rizer, writing in The Atlantic, reports that Waruch did tell Richmond to "shoot him if he moves." Kadir did calm down and Waruch was able to secure his arms. Richmond shot Kadir as Waruch lead him back to where the captives were being assembled. Richmond said he saw Kadir "lunge" at Waruch, although it is widely reported that Kadir merely tripped, and fell against Waruch. Richmond claimed he wasn't aware that Kadir's limbs were secured.

Waruch then said that he observed Richmond shooting Kadir in the back of the head.

Two unidentified government witnesses provided observations of what was believed to be Richmond's motives. One claimed that Richmond was overheard talking about killing Iraqis, the other that Richmond asked to kill Kadir prior to the orders to detain villagers. Richmond claimed that he never saw Kadir handcuffed, and was defending Sergent Waruch when Kadir was shot, claiming that Waruch ordered Richmond to "shoot him if he moves."

Richmond was acquitted of a more serious charge of unpremeditated murder, but convicted of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to three years in prison. He was also demoted, received a dishonorable discharge, and ordered to forfeit all pay and allowance. He was released from prison on parole after serving two years of his sentence, an appeal was pending as of 2006.

In 2012 Arthur Rizer, reporting in The Atlantic, returned to this incident, citing it as an example of the problems of using combat troops in a police role. Rizer claimed that Richmond would have been treated much more leniently if he had been a police officer who had shot an innocent man he genuinely believed represented a threat. He wrote:

title: Killing of Muhamad Husain Kadir


text:
User talk:Dbenbenn/archive3

Life and death
Hi Stevertigo,

I was asked to replace the images at Life and death. Although a screen shot is fair use, apparently modifying it (e.g. by adding numbers over stones) isn't allowed.

I've made new versions of the first three boards. See, for example, Image:Go position, life and death, 3.png. I could copy the last two as they are, but it looks to me like they could use some cleanup too. The last image, I propose to leave out digits 5 through 9, and place stones 11, 12, and 13.

But I don't really understand the ALTERNATE VERSION, so I don't know how to fix it. Comments?

Dbenbenn 06:20, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Quadell doesnt know what the heck he's talking about - screenshots are fair use, and moreso when they are of material created by the creator - me. Quadell's use of the term "altered" didnt take into consideration the use of software to create new images in their own right. I liked my version better, to be honest. -==SV 07:22, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I still don't understand what Image:LnD15.png is attempting to convey. Perhaps you could explain it?  Thanks, dbenbenn | talk 22:19, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

'I dont understand' - its simple, really. Do you play go? -==SV 00:09, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I know how to play go. I'm not an especially good player.  Anyway, I don't see what the A, B, C, and triangle indicate.  dbenbenn | talk 00:12, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

VFD Page
I like to thank you for your tireless work in updating the VFD page, every day, adding the new vote page. However, I would like to have a bot do that tireless work for you, if you don't mind. It will, however, not remove the first day from the VFD page until I get a clear idea when a page is removed. If you can kindly address your concerns or comments at Wikipedia talk:Bots, I will be greatly appreciated. -- AllyUnion (talk) 17:09, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

No consensus?
Hey, just wondering what happens next when a no concensus verdict is given in VfD? Fuzz 01:38, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It'll be kept for now. It can be nominated again for deletion, though, anytime someone want to do it.  dbenbenn | talk 02:18, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah right, thanks Fuzz 02:48, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Adminship
May I assume that if I nominated you for adminship, you'd accept? Joyous 05:01, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, thank you! (You've made my day!)  dbenbenn | talk 05:04, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Please go visit your nomination, and indicate your acceptance. Good luck!  Joyous 05:59, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)

Congrats
Could not resist. Congratulations! It seems you want it really badly (unlike other people :) From my past experience, you will do a good job! Good luck! Oleg Alexandrov 05:14, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the compliment! dbenbenn | talk 06:41, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Question about Image:Robertborden.jpeg
Hi JillandJack,

I left a question for you at WP:IFD on your Image:Robertborden.jpeg entry.

Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 07:05, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Re your Question about Image:Robertborden.jpeg. Many thanks for pointing this out. Neither of us are much good on the computer and it took us a while to figure it out. Funny though, after replacing the old image with the new in the template for the Canadian PM's, they still remain on the image page list. Thanks again. JillandJack 14:03, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah. Right.  When you replace an image in a template, the old image doesn't know it's been replaced until all the pages that use the template have been edited.  I went through the list of prime ministers and did minor edits at all of them.

 * Might have been easier to just upload the new image over the old image, with the same file name.

 * By the way, are you aware of the Commons? If you put your images up there, they can be used by all other Wikipedias, for example pl:Robert Borden.  dbenbenn | talk 20:54, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

'''.. and other images.. ''' On your request regarding Image:Cod catch 1950 2002.png: I made the image. See image talk page (in order to avoid tennis).--Arnejohs 22:43, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Columbine massacre victims
I'm inclined to re-direct all the articles on VfD (Feb 1) about the Columbine massacre victims to the main article, as Korath suggests, rather than delete them outright. What do you think? Joyous 02:59, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that would be fine. dbenbenn | talk 02:22, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

VFD Bot
It is running now. I have emailed you a link to the source code. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:08, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I waited until a few minutes after midnight, but the bot apparently didn't do its thing. It did create Votes for deletion/Log/2005 February 7, but it didn't edit VfD or /Old.  So I went ahead and did the extension by hand.  dbenbenn | talk 00:08, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * AllyUnion here from a public terminal. Yes, I saw that.  Must have to do with the script's sleep command possibly. --138.23.125.245 02:08, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I have separated the tasks out into several scripts... however, the new VFD page isn't going up. Bug with the pywikipediabot framework, possibly. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:33, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It always seems to be a bug in someone else ' s code, doesn't it? I remember being convinced at times that I had found a bug in gcc...  I'll do the extension by hand tonight unless you tell me not to.  dbenbenn | talk 13:28, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * That particular bug has been fixed. So everything should be done.  Please look forward to the automatic update today. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:42, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Great! I'll keep my fingers crossed tonight.  dbenbenn | talk 16:53, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll be checking at 4:00 PM PST. I ran the scripts myself already, and the bot seemed to create everything okay.  I just hope the cron job will do everything correctly. -- AllyUnion (talk) 17:24, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It added a newline that it shouldn't have for VfD, which, if uncorrected, would break it tomorrow. It didn't make Log/2005_February_9. And it didn't edit /Old. It's getting close, though! Thanks, dbenbenn | talk 00:07, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It did edit /Old. 1 minute after you did it. -- AllyUnion (talk) 00:42, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The pywikipediabot framework has added a lot of sleep and timeout commands... so it's unusually slow. Give it until 00:15 next time.  Thanks. -- AllyUnion (talk) 00:55, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Recall that the bot is updating three things at once at this time: VFD List, VFD, VFD/Old. VFD List at *:50, VFD at 23:53, VFD/Old at 23:57.  If VFD List takes too long, then it may slow both VFD and VFD/Old down.  Again, I ask you refrain editing until 00:15... that way, it is completely certain that the bot did not work. -- AllyUnion (talk) 01:08, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, my bad! I'll wait longer tonight before checking on it.  dbenbenn | talk 18:19, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks like it worked. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:23, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for voting
Hi James,

Thanks for voting at Requests for adminship/Dbenbenn. I'm sorry you feel your interactions with me haven't been positive. If you want to discuss anything specific, please let me know. By the way, did you notice the reply I made here on January 12?

I hope I'll be able to change your assessment of me eventually.

Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 16:29, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not going to support; you push deletionism, vote to have the subarticles deleted, and think I should be excluded from consensus. Change your stance on all that, and then I'd support. Everyking 18:47, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, perhaps I was unclear. I don't want you to change your vote.  I was only trying to say that I respect you as an editor, and that therefore I care about your opinion of me.  dbenbenn | talk 20:26, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Questions about moving things to the Commons.
Greetings. You noted at Images and media for deletion that I had changed the deletion tag on Image:Tears.jpg from to , and that this put it in Category:Images to be moved to the Commons. You're right, and I'm not entirely sure what I'm doing here. I could use any help or advice you can offer. I've tried to start a discussion at Talk:Wikimedia Commons. See you there? – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 19:43, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Absolutely! And thank you very much for the kind words.  dbenbenn | talk 20:42, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Reversal of VfD-sub-page Move
Since i think i followed standard practice when calling the result in Votes for deletion/Isaac Fanous (but don't often do such calls), it would help me to know whether you think you were following some policy, or just improvising independently. --Jerzy(t) 07:50, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)
 * Hi Jerzy! I looked at Talk:Isaac Fanous, and I thought: what if some newbie comes along, and wants to start editing the article and writing notes on the talk page?  He might be confused by the "Please do not edit this page" warning.

 * As far as policy goes, see the deletion process, section "Votes for Deletion page", step 5b. But I guess you already know about that, as you edited that page last August, before I had even heard of VfD.

 * It isn't something I feel strongly about; if I was overly bold, sorry. dbenbenn | talk 14:35, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You're absolutely right on what the policy says, and it may therefore be that i am confused about the practice, which is (wisely or foolishly!) where i do most of my learning. No, i don't think you've been too bold. (And even if you had, i won't cast an "Of course no one who rv-s me should ever become an admin." change of vote!)  You may, for the time being, want to start a list rather than act immediately, tho, on any similar ones you find.  Lemme get back to you. Tnx. --Jerzy(t) 17:12, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)

New Mathematics Wikiportal
I noticed you've done some work on Mathematics articles. I wanted to point out to you the new Mathematics Wikiportal- more specifically, to the Mathematics Collaboration of the Week page. I'm looking for any math-related stubs or non-existant articles that you would like to see on Wikipedia. Additionally, I wondered if you'd be willing to help out on some of the Collaboration of the Week pages.

I encourage you to vote on the current Collaboration of the Week, because I'm very interested in which articles you think need to be written or added to, and because I understand that I cannot do the enormous amount of work required on some of the Math stubs alone. I'm asking for your help, and also your critiques on the way the portal is set up.

Please direct all comments to my user-talk page, the Math Wikiportal talk page, or the Math Collaboration of the Week talk page. Thanks a lot for your support! ral315 02:54, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Postvfd template
I have created a postvfd template. This is to be used with the subst: so it can be left on discussion pages. The use is:. I would like to finalize the template before using it. Please correct the template as you see fit. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:08, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Augsburg College
I noticed your recent edits to Augsburg College. Apparently my note above was unclear. I meant, have someone at the college put a copyright notice at the sites you copied (for example, ) indicating that they license the content under the GFDL. Writing in our own article that it's GFDL isn't too helpful. dbenbenn | talk 04:49, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Also, in the case of the images, for example Image:Agre.jpg, it would be helpful if you could provide the URL where you got them. Academic integrity, cite your sources, and all that. dbenbenn | talk 04:54, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * While your point above is logical, I am not going to go to the trouble of asking the institution to put such a disclaimer on its web page. I see you have put a boot on the page again. So far as I'm concerned you can leave it there and we can write off Wikipedia. Someone else can write the definitive Augsbur College page. I hope you guys are having a good time being all officious and important. User:Montanean 00:25, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Usage of planetmath template
I haven't checked over what all you've done with the amenable group article, but if you just want to link back to PM as a reference you should use Template:Planetmath reference. You should only use Template:Planetmath if you copied over text. Also, when using Template:Planetmath we generally don't put it in the references section, it just goes at the bottom of the article (much like the EB 1911 template). CryptoDerk 01:53, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * The earliest versions of amenable group (last March) came from PlanetMath. I suppose that means the Template:Planetmath reference has to remain in the article forever, even if all the text is eventually replaced.  Good point about the "References" section, though.  By the way, I like the improved smiling action.  dbenbenn | talk 03:27, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hawaii missing from Image:BlankMap-World.png?
Hi Vardion,

I noticed Hawaii doesn't appear on Image:BlankMap-World.png, although it is on, for example, Image:LocationUSA.png. Did you leave it out intentionally? I'd like to make a higher resolution version of Image:LocationUSA.png, but I don't want to leave Hawaii out.

dbenbenn | talk 01:35, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * From what I remember, the projection of the map is such that Hawaii doesn't actually fit onto it — it would be slightly off the edge. Its unsatisfactory, I know, but the map was really intended for the creation of smaller images, not to be viewed as a single image. If you feel that it can be improved somehow, please go ahead. I'm far from an expert on maps and suchlike — I just made these ones because no one else seemed to be doing it at the time. -- Vardion 03:04, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess objectively the right thing to do is have Hawaii near the right edge of the map. It sounds like Image:LocationUSA.png must have Hawaii in the wrong place.

 * I'd like to try adding Hawaii to the map, but I have no idea how. Perhaps you could provide some information at Commons:Image:BlankMap-World.png about how you made that map?  Any details you remember would be wonderful.  Thanks, dbenbenn | talk 10:13, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:Hammer.jpg
Hi Quadell,

You don't happen to be an admin at the Commons, do you? I noticed your note at Image:Hammer.jpg. The image history you're referring to is that the "resized and compressed version" got uploaded at Commons:Image:Hammer.jpg as the initial, obsolete version. I think the right way to fix the problem would be to delete that initial version. (Lossy compression is evil anyway, and making it more lossy is even worse.)

dbenbenn | talk 05:51, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I do happen to be a sysop on the Commons, but now that I think about it, it doesn't seem to need any change there. On close examination, the current version on the Commons is identical to the version found offline, so there is no "necessary image history" at all. I'll delete the image on Wikipedia now. Thanks. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 14:23, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Congratulations
Congratulations! It's my pleasure to let you know that, consensus being reached, you are now an administrator. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. You might find the new administrators' how-to guide helpful. Cheers! -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 03:43, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't forget to keep on eye on WP:AN. See you around.  Congratulations too. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:20, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Arthur Schopenhauer
A consensus has not been reached. Two parties revert Arthur Schopenhauer/Temp with little or no discussion. The edit war will most likely continue after unprotection, but since no consensus has been found, protection is not the right tool to solve the problem. This is frustrating, but I would support an unprotection -- Chris 73 Talk 00:30, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Selected Anniversaries
I want to add something to February 22 selected anniversaries. However, no one has replied to say how to do so on that talk page. Since you seem to be the only guy doing something about it, do you know what I should do? – flamurai (t) 15:17, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've unprotected Selected anniversaries/February 22. I'll reprotect it next Monday.  Shall I unprotect any other upcoming anniversaries?  dbenbenn | talk 15:21, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I don't have anything specific to add to any other dates. – flamurai (t) 15:28, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Fighting Ducks
Just a reminder that when you delete an article, you have to check its What Links Here for redirects. —Korath (Talk) 01:27, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops! Thanks for catching that.  I usually remember.  dbenbenn | talk 01:30, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bot AWOL
UCR's internet connection went down, causing the bot unable to update. Thanks -- AllyUnion (talk) 04:42, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The bot's been pretty reliable for the most part. It's so nice not to have to worry about that any more.

 * Do you feel up to doing another bot? It would be really useful to have something to protect main page images and templates.  Specifically, every day we have to protect Selected anniversaries/July 29 and the image it uses, and the image on Today's featured article/July 29, 2024.  Of course, this protection should happen some time before midnight UTC—24 hours early seems reasonable.  Also, shortly after midnight, yesterday's featured article and anniversary and their images should be unprotected.

 * This protection needs to be highly reliable. Assuming you can get admin permissions for a bot, it would make sense to run it from a few different locations at different times, as a fail safe.  dbenbenn | talk 05:24, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * If you don't mind providing me the research or point me to a bot framework that does the protect. Unforuntately, the protect page isn't a feature in the pywikipediabot framework. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:37, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll look into it. Could you give me a link to the latest code for User:Allyunion?  dbenbenn | talk 15:31, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Latest code. I haven't changed anything, but the pywikipediabot framework seems to be glitchy.  Keep on eye on VFD, as the bot seems to be AWOLing a lot recently. -- AllyUnion (talk) 07:19, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

VFD nomination procedure
Perhaps we should clarify nomination procedure? Hmm? Maybe it should read:

Under the section, describe, in accordance with our deletion policy, why the page should be deleted and clearly make it obvious what you feel what action should be taken against the article. Don't forget to sign and datestamp (using ~ ).

The bolded part is my suggestion addition. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:56, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Continued at: Template_talk:VfDFooter. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:04, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Vote on Talk:Gdansk/Vote
Hi. Since you have edited on pages with disputes about the names of Polish/German locations, I would invite you to vote on Talk:Gdansk/Vote to settle the multi-year dozends-of-pages dispute about the naming of Gdansk/Danzig and other locations. The vote has two parts, one with questions when to use Gdansk/Danzig, and a second part affecting articles related to locations with Polish/German history in general. An enforcement is also voted on. The vote has a total of 10 questions to vote on, and ends in two weeks on Friday, March 4 0:00. Thank you -- Chris 73 Talk 00:38, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have no recollection of editing any such pages; I was probably just disambiguating links or something. And I have no knowledge or opinion about Gdansk/Danzig.  dbenbenn | talk 01:03, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, my mistake. You merely unprotected Arthur Schopenhauer, that's how I got here. Never mind the above comment. -- Chris 73 Talk 03:47, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

Z is a cyclic group
Thanks for catching my typo (leaving out infinite) on integer. You also changed:

"Z is an example of a what is called a cyclic group. This follows from the fact that any integer can be expressed as the addition or subtraction of a finite number of 1s"

to:

"Z is a cyclic group, meaning that any integer can be expressed as the addition or subtraction of a finite number of 1s."

However I think the previous wording is better. Cyclic means that there exists a given element a such that every element is equal to a power of a. That Z is cyclic, follows from the fact that 1 (or -1) is such an element.

Paul August ☎ 22:33, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, you're right. Technically "cyclic" doesn't mean that "any integer can be expressed as the addition or subtraction of a finite number of 1s."  I suspect that the distinction will be lost on anyone who doesn't already know what "cyclic" means.  How about "since" instead of "meaning that"?  dbenbenn | talk 02:17, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"Since" is fine. Paul August ☎ 04:50, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

In view of your notice, I repled on my talk page. ;) Tannin 06:18, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:John Vanbrugh.png
Hi Bishonen,

I pushed your image Image:John Vanbrugh.png to Commons:Image:John Vanbrugh.png, and changed links to Image:John Vanbrugh.jpg. I'm wondering how you "digitized" the image, exactly. Did you use a scanner? Or a camera? And whatever you used, did it produce PNG directly, or did you do some conversion afterwards?

Thanks, dbenbenn | talk 19:46, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, you saw where it comes from on the image description page, right? "User:Bishonen has digitized this image from an early 18th-century portrait of John Vanbrugh, by artist Godfrey Kneller, reproduced on the cover of "Sir John Vanbrugh:A Biography" by Kerry Downes." That cover reproduction was very nice, high quality, glossy, excellent. I asked my kid to scan it, since I wanted the best possible digital image (for my baby article), and he's a lot more skilled than I am. So, a scanner was used, and I think he was able to make a .png directly, which he told me was the format I ought to prefer. I shouldn't think he'd do it in a way that he'd need to convert it afterwards. But if you want better info than this on procedure, software, etc, I'm afraid it'll have to wait till he comes home, he's out in the streets presumably mugging oldsters and/or taunting skinheads. Back tomorrow morning, with any luck. Best wishes, --Bishonen | Talk 20:08, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I put that info at Commons:Image:John Vanbrugh.png already. I'm just a little paranoid about getting as much information as possible.  Thanks for the scanner info; I've added it now.  If your kid has any more technical details when he gets back from mugging, please let me know.  dbenbenn | talk 21:50, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Will do. Very nice to see that the Main Page images are now getting protected! Wouldn't like to see Jack Vanbrugh turn into Hitler there, the text vandalism on the day will do me fine. Bishonen | Talk 22:22, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Kid's still alive, no skinheads out tonight, I suppose. He scanned it in GIMP and produced a .png directly (seemed indignant at the idea of such as he converting stuff). Looks good, doesn't it? I love the little cracks in the 300-year-old varnish showing up in the scan. Oh, and he actually scanned it at 600 dpi, which the original glossy couldn't quite live up to, and scaled it down to whatever it was that I uploaded. The humungeous unscaled version, which looks horribly pixely, is available, in case you'd like me to upload that? Btw, I think the book's author, Kerry Downes, should be mentioned in the Commons description, not that he has anything to do with the cover, but for maximum identification of which biography is in question. Just my 2 c worth, maybe it's not customary. (Or maybe it's even embarrassing, to be so indecently frank about ripping off a print source ;-)) Bishonen | Talk 03:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the portrait looks great. That's one reason I bothered asking about it.  I didn't realize those were cracks in the varnish, though.  I thought they were wrinkles in the cover!

 * I think it would be good if you could upload the humongous pixely version. It isn't actually used in any articles anyway, so the fact that it looks bad doesn't matter too much.  And who knows, maybe someday someone will be glad of the extra resolution.

 * About Kerry Downes: try holding down that down arrow key a bit longer. Check the "References" section. :)  There's actually slightly more information about the book there than at John Vanbrugh.  dbenbenn | talk 04:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

(Outdenting.) Wrinkles, feh! That's Godfrey Kneller's varnish cracking all right. Yes, I thought you might prefer the one with the maximum info. I should mention that it turns out, though, that the scaled-down .png wasn't just scaled-down, it has also had the colors adjusted slightly—we made Van a little pinker, I think. (I figured the varnish would have gotten a little yellow in 300 years, too.) Adjusted amateurishly, since no one here is a big-time image expert. Somebody who was could doubtless color the humungeous one, which I will upload completely without messing, much more delicately, if desired. However. I should upload to Commons...? That's outside my experience. It would mean creating an account there, right...? And then overwriting the existing image...? Or can I just name the new one John_Vanbrugh_2.png and upload it on wikipedia as usual, and you can collect it there? Or would that mean yet more images would need to be deleted? Perhaps you could walk me through what you would like me to do? Best, Bishonen | Talk 16:30, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Whatever you want to do is fine. I'm perfectly happy to clean up afterwards.  If you're going to upload pictures in the future, it would make sense to go ahead and snag Commons:User:Bishonen.  Then you could just upload over Commons:Image:John Vanbrugh.png.

 * Uploading to the Commons is just about the same as uploading here. Just have your big original as John_Vanbrugh.png, go to Commons:Special:Upload, put in something like "original untweaked version" as the upload summary, then say okay when it warns you about how there's already a file by that name.

 * Your amateurish color adjustment turns out to be a wonderful reason to upload the original, un-messed version. See Commons:Image:Pretzel.jpg for an example where I did the same thing.

 * Thanks. dbenbenn | talk 16:41, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Man, that pretzel looks delicious. OK, I registered on wikimedia and tried, and got "Sorry, we have a problem. Your upload is too large. The current upload limit for Wikimedia is 8Mb." So I asked wtf on IRC, and got told the Commons upload limit is normally 20 Mb, but apparently now temporarily it's 8. The point, though, is that my file is too big anyway, it's 22 Mb. (Told you it was a big scan.) I suppose wikipedia is the same limit—anyway, right now it's 8 Mb, too. So I got a crapload of free advice about ways of making it smaller... had some trouble getting people to grasp that the *point* of the exercise was to upload the original, unmessed. (Shock and horror: "What is that, a .tiff?) Sigh. So, what would you like me to do? Send it to you via yousendit.com, as somebody recommended on IRC? If you'll give me an e-mail address, I'll be happy to. Bishonen | Talk 19:49, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Could you send it to me by Wikipedia email? I have a few tricks up my sleeve for losslessly compressing PNG files; I might be able to sneak it down to 20 MB.  dbenbenn | talk 19:54, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I can send attachments through the wikipedia mail...? Sorry, I can't see any way of doing that on the "email this user" page. You'll have to tell me how. Bishonen | Talk 20:14, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Er, that didn't occur to me. I'd never used it before.  Anyway, I sent you an email, so now you have my address.  dbenbenn | talk 20:17, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * See, your conclusion there tells me you never did use it before. It's famous for only working about 50% of the time. :-( I haven't got your e-mail, but I'm going to improve the odds by sending you one. Bishonen | Talk 20:53, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Whereas I on the other hand never used yousendit.com before. Now we shall see: if it's working right, you should have gotten an e-mail from them. Bishonen | Talk 21:50, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I got it. I'm at work, where downloading files has been disabled for "security" reasons.  I'll give it a look tonight at home.  dbenbenn | talk 22:11, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Old
Ick. We got stuff from February 8 to February 16. Need some help please. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:51, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

VFD/Old bot assistant
How would you like to have a copy of my VFD/Old cleanup bot assistant? It does a lot of grunt work, just not the counting of the votes. -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:03, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes please. Also, the link you gave me above,, didn't work when I noticed it just now.  dbenbenn | talk 22:13, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I emailed you and left my email address in that email. You may contact me through the given email, and I'll continue any further bot related discussions through the email. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:37, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Try again? I've heard that Wikipedia email is unreliable.  I haven't gotten anything.  dbenbenn | talk 16:55, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * - On version3. -- AllyUnion (talk) 23:40, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Broccoli nutrition data
Hi Quadell,

Did you notice that Commons:Image:NutritionFacts broccoli cooked.png got nominated for deletion there? Just letting you know. dbenbenn | talk 05:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the heads-up. I've responded, and I'd be glad to hear your opinion there. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 13:05, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

Commons category foods
Hello, I move all the articles in "foods" to "food". I read that you say ''This category is redundant with Category:Food. Since "food" is a collective noun in English, it is the correct name, and this category should not be used.'' Now, it's there a way to remove this redundat categoty? thanx es:User:Patxi Aguado
 * Thanks for doing that, Patxi. I tagged Commons:Category:Foods for speedy deletion.  dbenbenn | talk 15:31, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Guerilla VfD tactics
When VFD changed to the by-day subpage system, one problem was that nominations no longer show up on people's watchlists. I noticed your subpage User:Sjorford/VFD pages, addressing this problem. But it doesn't help people who can't be bothered to go there and click on the links.

You've inspired me to come up with a better solution. Instead of having lots of little listings every day, why not just have one big listing, for all the pages together? A vote would be of the form I hope you'll take the initiative to start implementing this soon. :) dbenbenn | talk 14:41, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Keep, Merge, Delete, ...

 * Don't tempt me......... :) Actually, I am mildly worried that we might need further changes to VfD, as it scales larger and larger. The obvious answer, and one that has been mooted before, is to give delete access to all logged in users (give or take), and allow everyone to see deleted articles, thus negating the need for a VfD process at all. There does seem to have been a recent flurry of "professional VfDers", who could unbalance the voting as it stands. Actually, I'm of the opinion that the word "votes" should be removed from the title completely, but that's another story (damn, must remember to start all these discussions somewhere!) sjorford →•← 16:57, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry if this seems rude for interrupting, but I think giving all logged in users with the power of deletion is quite dangerous. We can already see all the damage it has caused by the Willy on Wheels vandal... we don't need vandals with more power.  We need more administrators of users we can trust. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:41, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:Walter James (1863-1943).jpg
Hi Drew,

I noticed the image you uploaded, Image:Walter James (1863-1943).jpg. I wasn't able to find it at. Could you provide a more specific link to the image there? (If you can find it again, and it's still posted there ...)

Thanks, dbenbenn | talk 15:59, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. Hesperian 22:53, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Prataprao Gujar VfD vote
Hi Howard,

I noticed your comment at Votes for deletion/Prataprao Gujar, and how it might be a copyvio from. Watch out for mirrors when checking this kind of thing! Notice the tiny "This article uses material from Wikipedia" at the bottom.

Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 01:31, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, David. I am learning this as I go along, and just a few days ago realised exactly what you mention.  But I much appreciate your time in pointing it out.  HowardB 03:28, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dbenbenn/archive3


text:
Rachel Hurd-Wood

Rachel Hurd-Wood (born 17 August 1990) is an English actress. She is known for her performances in the fantasy adventure film Peter Pan (2003) and the thriller film Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006).

Background
Hurd-Wood was born in the Streatham district of South London, England, the daughter of Philip and Sarah Hurd-Wood. She lived in London till the age of eight, when she and her family moved to a Victorian cottage in Godalming, Surrey.

Hurd-Wood has a younger brother, Patrick who appeared with her in Peter Pan as one of the sleeping children in the "I Do Believe In Fairies" scene. He also plays the role of Samuel Crowthorn alongside his sister in her later film, Solomon Kane in which she plays Meredith Crowthorn.

Her father's work involves performing, writing scripts and doing voice-overs for commercials. He appears in one of her films, An American Haunting, as one of the guests in the Christmas party scene towards the beginning of the film. She joined a drama club in her school and took part in its stage production during her second year. Hurd-Wood dispelled the false rumour that her uncle is Hugh Laurie in a 2009 September–October interview for the magazine Little White Lies: The An Education Issue and then again in a 2010 live Myspace web chat for the film Tomorrow, When the War Began. "My uncle lives in Wales and is an artist", she says.

Education
Hurd-Wood attended Rodborough Technology College in Milford, Surrey from 2001 to 2006. She had tutored lessons during the filming of Peter Pan in Australia during 2002 to 2003 as her work lasted for a span of 8 to 9 months. She later attended Godalming College from 2006 to 2008 to study for her A-Levels in Art, English Literature, Psychology and Philosophy.

Hurd-Wood had considered becoming a marine biologist because of her love for dolphins. She gave up on the idea when she discovered that it would require studying science because she thought she was not very good at it.

Hurd-Wood became interested in working with children who have special needs or disabilities. Hurd-Wood began studying linguistics at University College London in 2008, but left the course after a year, before travelling to Australia for the filming of Tomorrow, When the War Began, when she decided to focus entirely on her career in acting.

Acting
Hurd-Wood's career in acting started in 2002 when she was picked for the role of Wendy Darling, after her grandparents spotted a television clip that said P.J. Hogan was searching for a "young English rose" for the feature film Peter Pan. She travelled to Gold Coast, Australia for eight months of filming. Her performance received good reviews and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor, and a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress.

Hurd-Wood portrayed the character Imogen Helhoughton in the 2004 TV film Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking, as a 13-year-old victim of a serial killer. Also in 2004, she had a major role of Betsy Bell in the thriller An American Haunting, as a girl who is haunted and tormented by an unrelenting demon. Her performance came in for some praise, one critic remarking, "The actors are the saving grace… Hurd-Wood a mix of radiant approaching womanhood and animal terror. Their impassioned performances make you really care what happens to these people…"; another reviewer comments, "Rachel Hurd-Wood… delivers a fantastic and nuanced performance as Betsy Bell, the very central role that essentially carries the entire movie." Hurd-Wood was nominated for the 2006 Teen Choice Awards in the category Movie – Choice Scream for her role.

In 2005 she appeared in an adaptation of the best-selling novel by German writer Patrick Süskind, Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. Set in 18th century France, Hurd-Wood portrayed Laura Richis, the red-headed virgin daughter of a politically connected merchant played by Alan Rickman. She had her brunette hair dyed red. She was nominated for the "Best Supporting Actress" award at the 33rd Saturn Awards by The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films for her role.

The year 2007 saw Hurd-Wood starring as a waitress in the music video for the song "A Little Bit" by Madeleine Peyroux. She appeared alongside the musicians in the music video for "Fatherhood/Motherhood" by Ox.Eagle.Lion.Man.

In the 2008 film Solomon Kane, she played Meredith Crowthorn, a Puritan captured by a band of marauders who killed her family and whom Kane sought to rescue. Her younger brother Patrick appears in the film as her brother Samuel.

Later in the year she acted in the film Dorian Gray based on the Oscar Wilde novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray. She was in the small but key role of the young budding actress Sibyl Vane, with whom Gray falls in love. She was studying in the first year of the linguistics course at UCL while working in this film.

In her first contemporary role, Hurd-Wood was cast as Corrie Mackenzie, one of the principal characters in the 2009 Australian action-adventure film Tomorrow, When the War Began, based on the novel by John Marsden. (The novel was one of the books she read while being tutored for the filming of Peter Pan.) At this point, she discontinued studying for a Linguistics degree to concentrate full-time on acting. She learned an Australian accent for the role. The film became the highest-grossing movie for that year in Australia.

Hurd-Wood portrayed the lead character Mae-West O'Mara in the 2010 film Hideaways, narrating a story to her six-year-old daughter, about the strange powers of the men in the Furlong family. Her performance was well received by critics, calling her "charismatic" and "...the heart and soul of the film, the one the girls will relate to and the guys are going to love...". "If the film works it's due in large part to her stellar performance", says a reviewer. Another reviewer commented, "When the light hits Mae's eyes, it's like you can see whole worlds being born and being destroyed ad infinitum ... Hurd-Wood's chemistry with Treadaway is instant, the two are a joy to watch, and their romance is the heart of the film ... [Rachel's and Harry's] two great central performances". Later in the year, she played the younger version of the character Isabel, played by Jenny Agutter, in the short film The Mapmaker. Also in the same year, she was featured in the music video for "Revolver" by Warehouse Republic.

She played the role of the babysitter in the 2011 teaser for a proposed feature-length film, Let's Go Play at the Adams, based on the book of the same name by Mendal Johnson. She next played the role of the daughter of the character Teddy, in the short film It Ends Here, directed by her friend Zimon Drake.

In 2012, Hurd-Wood played the female lead role of Elisabeth James in the film Highway to Dhampus, a story about the effect foreigners in Nepal and Nepali expatriates have on the locals. Later in the year, she narrates the words of her fashion-designer friend, Matthew Williamson, in an advertisement/mini-film. She next starred alongside the singers Tyler James and Kano in the music video for the single "Worry About You" (feat. Kano) by Tyler James.

Modeling
Hurd-Wood posed for the publicity and poster material for Volstead Putsch, an underground bohemian party organised by The Triumvirate of Fez at the London's Volstead Club in 2008. The same year she posed for Raw Riddim Records promoting their merchandise such as chains, T-shirts, hoodies, etc.

Film festivals
Hurd-Wood was a member of the international expert jury panel for "European debuts" at the "52nd International Film Festival for Children and Youth" at the Zlín Film Festival held from 27 May 2012 to 3 June 2012 at Zlín in the Czech Republic. 27

Charity support
Hurd-Wood signed for World Famous StarCards, a charity supporting the Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) Children's Charity, at the world charity premiere of the movie Peter Pan in London on 9 December 2003. Her autographed card was auctioned in 2009. It tops the chart for the most popular signing, according to Paul Brett, founder of the StarCards charity.

Hurd-Wood along with other celebrity supporters of the charity Shooting Star CHASE, Keeley Hawes, Matthew MacFadyen and Max Clifford joined more than 50 children with life-limiting illnesses and their families for the event on Sunday, 20 December 2009. The charity worked with Coca-Cola and the Merlin Group, which runs Alton Towers, Chessington World of Adventures and the London Eye, to transform Christopher's (CHASE) Hospice in Guildford, Surrey into a winter wonderland and gave the children at hospice a wonderful Christmas surprise.

Personal life
During filming for Peter Pan, Hurd-Wood briefly shared a childhood crush with co-star Jeremy Sumpter. Hurd-Wood married Scottish actor Russ Bain in Camden Town in November 2017. She gave birth to their son in May 2018. Previously based in North London, they have since moved out to Oundle, Northamptonshire. She gave birth to their daughter in April 2021.

title: Rachel Hurd-Wood


text:
Telephone numbers in Hong Kong

Telephone numbers in Hong Kong are mostly eight-digit. Fixed land line numbers start with 2 or 3, mobile (cellular) phone numbers with 4, 5, 6, 7 or 9, pager numbers with 7 and forwarding service with 8. Since the end of 1989, there have been no area codes within Hong Kong.

The telephone number for emergency services – Police, Fire Service and Ambulance – is 999 for all telephone lines. These numbers can also be used for mobile and other users:
 * 992 – fax on fixed line, SMS on mobile phones (for subscribers with disabilities)
 * 112 – mobile phones

Some special numbers are three- to five-digit. Some premium rate services, for example for games and adult contents, are 11-digit. Numbers beginning with '1' are usually reserved for carrier/operator services. These services are provided by the individual telephone carrier. In general, these numbers can be used across all carriers:
 * Directory services – 1081 (English), 1083 (Cantonese) and 1088 (Mandarin)
 * Time and temperature information – 18501 (English), 18503 (Cantonese) and 18508 (Mandarin)

The international call prefix varies depending on IDD provider, however 001 works on all phone lines and uses the IDD service provided by the same carrier as the telephone line that 001 call is dialed from. During the years of telephone monopoly, the International call prefix was 106 (through 1980s) and then 001. Calls from Hong Kong to Macau and mainland China are international, and include that regions' country code:
 * Macau +853 xxxx xxxx
 * Mainland China +86 (area code) xxxx xxxx

Present numbering scheme and format
The present structure and format of telephone numbers in Hong Kong according to the Hong Kong Telecom Service Numbering Scheme, is as follows (the first digits of the telephone number are used as follows):

 * 001 – International long-distance voice service access code
 * 002 – International long-distance fax / data service access code
 * 003 to 009 – International gateway access code
 * 100xxxx to 107xxxx – Inquiry / hotline / operator-assisted service
 * 1081 – Directory Services in English
 * 1083 – Directory Services in Cantonese
 * 1088 – Directory Services in Mandarin
 * 109 – Telephone repair
 * 112 – Emergency Calls (Mobile Phones only, redirects to 999)
 * 115 to 118 – International Routing Network Identification Number
 * 12xxxxx – Inquiry / hotline / operator-assisted service
 * 133 – Enable the Restricted Caller ID feature
 * 1357 – Cancel the "Caller ID Restrictions" feature
 * 14 – Network identification number
 * 15 to 16 – External telecommunications service access code
 * 17xxxxx – Operator-assisted service
 * 1801x – PPS (Payment by Phone Service)
 * 1803x – PPS (Payment by Phone Service)
 * 18060x – PPS (Payment by Phone Service)
 * 1808 – International calls search service
 * 181 – Helpdesk/Hotline
 * 182xxxx – High-traffic telephone line
 * 182182 – Employees Retraining Board
 * 1823 – Hong Kong SAR Government Efficiency Unit
 * 18281 – Tung Wah Group of Hospitals
 * 18282 – The Community Chest of Hong Kong
 * 18288 – Caritas Family Services
 * 183xxxx – High-traffic telephone line
 * 184xx – Hong Kong Jockey Club
 * 18501 – Time and temperature information service in English
 * 18503 – Time and temperature information service in Cantonese
 * 18508 – Time and temperature information service in Mandarin
 * 186xxxx – High-traffic telephone lines
 * 186000 – Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR
 * 186111 – "GovWiFi" help desk
 * 186131 – Security Bureau, Government of the Hong Kong SAR
 * 186186 – Anti Narcotics Division, Security Bureau, Government of the Hong Kong SAR
 * 1868 – Immigration Department of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR (assistance to Hong Kong residents in distress)
 * 187xxxx – High traffic telephone lines
 * 18713xx – Macau phone gambling (Telebet)
 * 1872xxx – Radio station listener calls live program hotline
 * 1878xxx – Public service, fundraising, accidental death inquiries
 * 1879xxx – Public service, charity hotline
 * 1880 – Hong Kong Jockey Club Customer Service
 * 1881 to 1889 – Hong Kong Jockey Club phone gambling (Telebet)
 * 189 – Disaster Response / Disaster Recovery
 * 19 – Test code / routing code
 * 200 – Telephone card access code
 * 201xxxxx to 206xxxxx – Fixed-line telephone
 * 207, 208, 209 – Telephone card access code
 * 21xxxxxx to 29xxxxxx – Fixed-line telephone
 * 28088000 to 28088099 – Telephone card access code
 * 3000xxx – Number Conversion Equipment
 * 3001xxxx to 3049xxxx – Non-external telecommunications services
 * 305xxxxx to 309xxxxx – External telecommunications services
 * 31xxxxxx – Fixed-line telephone
 * 34xxxxxx to 39xxxxxx – Fixed-line telephone
 * 4xxxxxxxxxxx – Network number
 * 501 to 509 – SMS / Multimedia value-added services
 * 51xxxxxx to 57xxxxxx – Mobile phone number
 * 58xxxxxx – 'Class 2 Service' such as voice over IP
 * 59xxxxxx – Mobile phone number
 * 6xxxxxxx – Mobile phone number
 * 7xxxxxxx – Mobile phone number & pager number
 * 800xxxxxx – Toll-free telephone number
 * 81xxxxxx to 83xxxxxx – Personal number service
 * 84xxxxxx to 87xxxxxx – Mobile phone number
 * 89xxxxxx – Mobile phone number
 * 900xxxxxxxx – Information service
 * 901xxxxx to 989xxxxx – Mobile phone number
 * 990 to 998 – Emergency services (routing)
 * 999 – Emergency number (Police, Fire service and Ambulance)

Telephone exchanges in Hong Kong

 * Aberdeen – 6 Wong Chuk Hang Road
 * Castle Peak Bay – 138 Castle Peak Road-Castle Peak Bay
 * Chai Wan – 13-15 Cheung Lee Street near Kut Shing Street
 * Chek Lap Kok – 1 Chun Ming Rd, Chek Lap Kok
 * Cheung Chau – 31 Cheung Chau Sports Road
 * Cheung Sha – 57A Cheung Sha, Lantau Island
 * Clearwater Bay – East Telephone Exchange Tower, 38 Clearwater Bay Road
 * Causeway Bay – East Telephone Exchange Tower, 38 Leighton Road, Causeway Bay
 * Fanling – 21 Lok Yip Road
 * Fo Tan – 32-34 Shan Mei Street
 * Fortress Hill – 14 Fortress Hill Road
 * Ha Hang – 101 Ting Kok Road
 * Ho Man Tin – 43 Sheung Shing St, Ho Man Tin
 * Hung Hom – 140 Gillies Avenue North
 * Kennedy Town – 14 Smithfield Road, Sai Wan
 * Kowloon City – 28 Lung Kong Road
 * Kowloon Tong – 1 Kam Shing Road
 * Kwai Chung – Kwok Shui Road near Fu Uk Road
 * Kwai Shing – 298 Kwai Shing Circuit, Kwai Chung
 * Kwun Tong – 408 Kwun Tong Road
 * Lai Chi Kok – 2 Yuet Lun Street
 * Lamma Island – 70A Po Wah Yuen, Lamma Island
 * Lau Fau Shan – 13 Lau Fau Shan Road
 * Ma On Shan – 20 On Shing Street
 * Mong Kok – 37 Bute Street, Mong Kok, Kowloon
 * Ngau Tam Mei – 388 Castle Peak Road-Tam Mi
 * Ngau Tau Kok – 7 Siu Yip St, Kowloon Bay
 * North Point – 511 King's Road
 * Peng Chau – 5 Nam Shan Road, Peng Chau
 * Ping Che – 2 Ping Che Road
 * Repulse Bay – 6 beach road, Repulse Bay
 * Sai Kung – 66 Man Nin Street
 * Sha Tin – 14-16 Man Lai Road, Tai Wai
 * Sham Shui Po – 330 Cheung Sha Wan Road
 * Sham Tseng – 44 Castle Peak Road, Sham Tseng
 * Shau Kei Wan – 17 Sun Sing Street
 * Shek Kip Mei – 41 Wai Chi Street
 * Shek O – 185 Shek O Village
 * Sheung Shui – 88-98 Jockey Club Road
 * Sheung Wan – West Exchange Tower, 322 Des Voeux Road Central, Sheung Wan
 * Siu Lek Yuen – 18 Siu Lek Yuen Road
 * Stanley – 36 Stanley Village Road
 * Tai Hing – 6 Shek Pai Tau Rd, Tuen Mun
 * Tai Kok Tsui – 663 Shanghai Street, Mong Kok
 * Tai Po – 30 Kwong Fuk Square, Tai Po
 * Tai Po – 5 On Po Lane, Tai Po
 * Tin Shui Wai – 8 Tin Pak Rd, Tin Shui Wai
 * Tsing Yi – 12 Chung Mei Rd, Tsing Yi
 * Tsuen Wan – 303 Castle Peak Road, Tsuen Wan
 * Tseung Kwan O – 22 Wan Lung Road, Tseung Kwan O
 * Tuen Mun – 1 Hing On Lane
 * Tung Chung – 12 Cheung Tung Rd, Tung Chung
 * Wan Chai – 44-46 Wood Road
 * Wan Chai – Lockhart Telephone Exchange Tower, 3 Hennessy Road, Wan Chai
 * Wong Tai Sin – 19 Muk Lun Street, Wong Tai Sin
 * Yau Ma Tei – 524A Nathan Road
 * Yau Tong – 6 Tseung Kwan O Road, Lam Tin
 * Yuen Long – 170-184 Kau Yuk Road, Yuen Long

1970s
In the 1970s, area codes were assigned with the following pattern:
 * 3 Kowloon, New Kowloon, Ha Kwai Chung and Sai Kung
 * 5 Hong Kong Island and Outlying Islands
 * 12 New Territories

There was no standard trunk prefix like '0' – only the area code and phone number were dialed when calling from one area code to another. Thus the Kowloon number xxx-xxx would have been dialed as follows:

 * xxx-xxx – from within Kowloon
 * 3 xxx-xxx – from Hong Kong Island or New Territories
 * +852 3 xxx-xxx – from the rest of the world

1980s
In the mid-1980s, 6-digit numbers starting with '0' became 7-digit numbers starting with '71', making way for subsequent change of the New Territories prefix from '12' to '0'.

 * 0xxxxx became 71xxxxx

Fixed-line phone numbers were either six- or seven-digit in the 1980s. Area codes were assigned with the following patterns.
 * 3 Kowloon, New Kowloon, Ha Kwai Chung and Sai Kung
 * 5 Hong Kong Island and Outlying Islands
 * 0 New Territories

Cellular phone numbers are all eight-digit starting with '9'.

Easy Dialling Day
On 30 December 1989, area codes were abolished. Six-digit numbers in the New Territories were changed to replace the initial 8 with 46, followed by five digits; area codes for six-digit numbers in the other areas became part of subscriber's numbers. Area codes for seven-digit numbers were simply removed. Some six-digit numbers had the first digit changed to two digits to make a seven-digit number.
 * (3) xxx xxx became 3xx xxxx
 * (3) 7xx xxxx became 7xx xxxx
 * (5) xxx xxx became 5xx xxxx
 * (5) Nxx xxxx became Nxx xxxx (N = 8 or 9)
 * (0) 8xx xxx became 46x xxxx
 * (0) Nxx xxxx became Nxx xxxx (N = 4 or 6)

1990s
On January 1, 1995, a '2' was prefixed to all fixed line (land line) numbers which are now eight-digit. A '7' was prefixed to existing pager service numbers.
 * xxx xxxx became 2xxx xxxx
 * 11xx xxx became 711xx xxx
 * 11xx xxxxx became 7xx xxxxx
 * 9xxx xxxx remain unchanged

Since 2000s
Before the introduction of portable fixed line numbers, numbers were assigned in a pattern akin to districts. For example, in addition to the existing 3, 5 and 0 prefixes, a 4 prefix was used for Tuen Mun and Yuen Long, 6 for Tai Po and Sha Tin, and 8 for Hong Kong Island.

Numbers starting with '3' were introduced when '2' for fixed lines started running out. Cell phone numbers remain eight-digit. The number '6' started to be used when numbers started with '9' were running out. In May 2008, cellular phone numbers with '5' as the beginning were also introduced.

Due to numerous phone scams spoofing local telephone numbers, calls started from outside Hong Kong using a local number now show the Hong Kong prefix +852 before the phone numbers in Caller ID.

title: Telephone numbers in Hong Kong


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Aramaic language/archive2

Aramaic language
This previously failed the FAC process (archived discussion from December), but has vastly improved since. It is very well researched, comprehensive and includes excellent sound samples in ogg format. It is also a successful example of the recently more dynamic peer review process. See the article's peer review entry here. Gareth Hughes has really done some impressive work on this. Not a self nomination, but I was minorly involved in its peer review process. - Taxman 17:22, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd recommend shortening it by spinning off some subarticles, but still support. Everyking 17:36, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support — I've put a fair ammount of work into this article, and felt it was still incomplete when it was last put up for FAC. It had a very good and positive peer review, and I now feel it's ready to be listed here. One constant comment is about the length of the article: I did spin off Biblical Aramaic and the Aramaic of Jesus (these two things dominated the old article) as well as separate pages for each of the modern Aramaic languages. I hope the history sections put the language in good context, but I feel that a history of Aramaic article might rob this article of its context. Gareth Hughes 18:21, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support: A very good article overall, one of the few things I thought could be improved would be to add a map of the current geographic distribution to the "Geographic distribution" section. —Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason 02:24, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * Support. Even last time I thought this was excellent. A map would be cool, though. - Mustafaa 05:02, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. One more that makes me so proud of Wikipedia; this is a magnificent article. Thanks Gareth! Agree with Mustafaa and  that a map really would be cool, though I understand that's difficult.  — mark ✎ 16:59, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Nice work. Perhaps a lead can be expanded, though. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 13:21, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Byard's Leap

Byard's Leap is a hamlet in the civil parish of Cranwell, Brauncewell and Byard's Leap, in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 3 mi west from Cranwell. The hamlet is associated with various legends.

Byard's Leap is associated with the activities of the Knights Templar, who perhaps held tournaments and jousts on the site. It lay at the southern end of their Temple Bruer military training ground.

History
Bayard Leap was formerly an extra-parochial tract, in 1858 Byards Leap became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1931 the parish was abolished and merged with Cranwell to form Cranwell and Byards Leap. In 1921 the parish had a population of 21.

Legend
The story, re-told by Ethel Rudkin, states there was a witch called Old Meg, an evil crone who plagued the local villagers from her cave or hut in a spinney near the turning to Sleaford on Ermine Street, here called High Dike. She was a bane of the countryside and caused the crops to whither. A local champion, a retired soldier, came forward in response to the villagers' requests, and he asserted that he could kill her by driving a sword through her heart. To select a horse suitable for this task, he went to a pond where horses drank and dropped a stone in the pond, selecting the horse that reacted quickest, and this horse was known locally as 'Blind Byard', as he was blind.

The champion went to the witch's cave and called her out, but the witch refused, saying she was eating and he would have to wait. However, she crept up behind him and sank her long nails into the horse who ran, leaping over 60 ft. The champion regained control of the horse when they reached the pond, pursued by the witch, where he turned and thrust his sword into her heart, and she fell into the pond and drowned.

The spot where Blind Byard landed is marked by four posts in the ground with horseshoes on, and a commemorative stone. The sharply-cut small valley in the limestone, which is now smoothed over by ploughing, is as likely a site as any for the dramatic events, assuming they happened. An aerial photograph shows the High Dike running north and south in the centre, RAF Cranwell is to the east and the valley lies between them. Byard's Leap is at the south centre.

The magical horse Bayard appears in several continental medieval romances.

A slightly different telling of the story can be found in Christopher Marlowe's book, Legends of the Fenland People (1926).

A 1973 folk song by the band Decameron told the legend of Byard's Leap.

Lincolnshire preceptories
Until their disbandment in 1312, the Knights Templar were major landowners on the higher lands of Lincolnshire, where they had a number of preceptories on property which provided income, while Temple Bruer was an estate on the Lincoln Heath, believed to have been used also for military training. The preceptories from which the Lincolnshire properties were managed were:
 * Aslackby Preceptory, Kesteven
 * Bottesford, Lindsey
 * Eagle, Kesteven
 * Great Limber, Lindsey
 * Horkstow, Lindsey
 * Witham Preceptory, Kesteven
 * Temple Bruer, Kesteven
 * Willoughton Preceptory, Lindsey
 * Byard's Leap was part of the Temple Bruer estate.

title: Byard's Leap


text: User:Flamurai/Transclusion/Table 2

title: User:Flamurai/Transclusion/Table 2


text:
Acireale

Acireale (Jaciriali, locally shortened to Jaci or Aci) is a coastal city and comune in the north-east of the Metropolitan City of Catania, Sicily, southern Italy, at the foot of Mount Etna, on the coast facing the Ionian Sea. It is home to numerous churches, including the Neo-Gothic St. Pietro's Basilica, St. Sebastiano's Basilica in the Sicilian Baroque style, and the 17th century Acireale Cathedral, and a seminary, for the training of priests. Acireale is also noted for its art and paintings: the oldest academy in Sicily, the Accademia di scienze, lettere e belle arti degli Zelanti e dei Dafnici, is located here.

History
According to tradition, the city's origins trace back to Xiphonia, a mysterious Greek city whose location is unknown. In Roman times, there existed another Greek town, Akis, which was involved in the Punic Wars. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, there is a great love between Ā́cis, the spirit of the Ā́cis River, and Galatea the sea-nymph. According to mythology, the tears of Galatea after the death of Ā́cis gave birth to the Ā́cis River, Fiume di Jaci, flowing past Acireale (the ancient Akis or Acium). The Romans called the town Acium, and it was on the main road from Catana to Tauromenium. The Romans used the thermal springs located here.

In the Middle Ages, the town expanded around the castle (now part of Aci Castello), known as Jachium under the Byzantines, as Al-Yāj (الياج) under the Arabs, and, later, as Aquilia. The potent 1169 Sicily earthquake scattered the population of the city farther into the mainland, divided between the numerous boroughs of Aci. Another town, Aquilia Nova ("New Aquilia"), was founded in the late 14th century further north, creating the nucleus of what is now Acireale. The only extant architectural remnant of this medieval town is Gothic-Lombard-style portal of the church of Sant'Antonio di Padova.

In the 16th century, Emperor Charles V freed the city from feudal ties, creating it as a Crown commune. In the late 16th century, the town had between 6,000 and 7,000 inhabitants. The most ancient document mentioning the Carnival of Acireale dates to 1594. The town expanded its role as a trade center (it was granted the right to hold a Free Market or Fiera Franca) and received numerous new edifices.

Acireale was nearly destroyed by the massive 1693 Sicily earthquake, which substantially halted its economic growth, and required near-complete reconstruction of all the buildings. During the Expedition of the Thousand in 1861, led by Garibaldi and which liberated Sicily from the rule of the Bourbon Kingdom of Napoli, Acireale was the first town to rebel against the Neapolitan rule. In 1941, the town was bombed by the Allies, resulting in many civilian casualties.

Education
The city had grown in the second half of the 19th century as a "City of Studies" because there was a heritage of several boarding schools and institutions of higher education that today can be considered lost in the absence of a university campus. In Acireale there are several Secondary schools, public and private, divided between high schools, technical and professional institutes, which are also largely frequented by students from neighboring municipalities.

Secular Sites and Buildings

 * Villa Belvedere and Parco delle Terme, two large public parks and "La Timpa", a natural reserve overlooking the Ionian Sea, offer great nature sights.
 * Piazza Duomo, with the twin churches of the Acireale Cathedral and Santi Pietro e Paolo, is in the main square of the city.
 * Palazzo della Città, Acireale
 * Palazzo Pennisi
 * Palazzo Modò, which date from the 17th century
 * Palazzo Musmeci dating from the 18th century.
 * Commercial city center is primarily located in the streets including and adjacent to Corso Umberto and Corso Italia, which are the city's principal thoroughfares.
 * Fortezza del Tocco, a 16th-century fort, has been converted to a nature reserve.
 * Zelantea Library (Biblioteca) and Art Gallery (Pinacoteca Zelantea): originate from collections and a society of scholars begun in the seventeenth century. Both are housed in a neoclassical palace built in the nineteenth century by the engineer Mariano Panebianco, which holds some collections of art and ancient texts.
 * Museum of peasant traditions of Aci Platani: houses a reconstruction of a typical house of an Etnean peasant family of the nineteenth century.
 * Uniform Museum: housed in the Palazzo del Comune in Piazza Duomo, holds a collection of historical uniforms from the end of the eighteenth century.
 * Museum of the Opera dei Pupi in Via Alessi.
 * Carnival Museum: located inside the Palazzo del Turismo in via Ruggero Settimo, 11.
 * Floristella Monetary: numismatic collection of Agostino Pennisi of Floristella currently located at the Regional Archaeological Museum of Syracuse and is waiting for a location in the city.
 * Teatro dell'Opera dei Pupi of Capomulini: concentrates in the exhibition spaces the important tradition of the Acesis puppeteers passed on for generations (and recognized, along with the other Sicilian puppeteer traditions, as intangible heritage of humanity by UNESCO).
 * Diocesan Museum in via Genuardi.

Religious sites

 * Acireale Cathedral
 * Sant'Antonio di Padova
 * San Biagio: contains relics of the Venerable Gabriele Allegra, who had entered the Franciscan seminary in 1918.
 * San Camillo
 * San Domenico
 * Santa Maria degli Agonizzanti
 * Santa Maria del Suffragio
 * Church of the Oratory
 * Santi Pietro e Paolo
 * San Sebastiano: Collegiate Basilica

Myths and legends
In Acireale history is often accompanied by legend, especially in the myth of its foundation. Among the legends Acis and Galatea, the adventure of Odysseus against the cyclops Polyphemus, a forest born from the revenge of Zeus against the giants, and a legend related to the flight of the Carthaginian army before a lava flow of the Mount Etna.

The paronymal legend, from which the name of the city and of the hamlets would originate, was the idyll of love between Acis and Galatea, and is introduced by Ovid in the Metamorphoses, by Theocritus, by Virgil, by Posidippus, by Philoxenus, by Callimachus, by Hermenenattes and by Euphorion.

The beautiful nymph Galatea was in love with the shepherd Acis. Their love was thwarted by Polyphemus, a terrible cyclops who, enraged by jealousy, threw a stone at the shepherd boy, causing his death. The nymph, desperate for the loss of Acis, begged the gods to bring him back to life and they, accepting her prayers, transformed the shepherd into an eternal river, called Jaci (Akis). The river Jaci, which has an unknown underground path and is part of the rich Etnean drainage system, flows both in the locality Acque grandi ("acquaranni") between Acireale and Capomulini, under a massive lava bank, and in the village of Santa Maria la Scala (Testa di l’acqua), at the "Molino di Miuccio", with crystal clear and freezing water, as well as north of the district of Santa Caterina (Acqu'e ferru) where it has a characteristic reddish effect, caused by the presence of Iron oxides, that in the popular belief, based on the Ovidian verses, is attributed to the blood of Acis ("u sangu di Jaci", in Sicilian dialect).

In the Villa Belvedere is exhibited a sculptural group of Acis and Galatea, a marble copy made on the pantograph on the model in patinated plaster displayed at the Zelantea Library, the work of Rosario Anastasi of 1846, which represents the epilogue of the myth, the last act, when Galatea, with her dramatic invocation to the gods, wants to resurrect her beloved Acis killed by a stone thrown by Polyphemus.

Cuisine
The granita, an excellent refreshment from the summer mugginess, in Acireale is considered almost a ritual. Probably born from the tradition of the «nevaroli» who transported the snow from the Etna up to the seashore when the refrigerator did not yet exist, in the city the invention of the granita is attributed to the ingenious Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli from Acitrezza that, with the café «le Procope», had much success in 17th-century Paris. Generally, it is served in its basic almond flavored recipe and accompanied by a brioche. Lemon granita is also very common. Another typical food of the Acesis summer is seltzer with lemon and salt, sold at the numerous kiosks that are found in the streets of the city.

In addition, the pastries are renowned, in which the zeppole of rice with honey (also called crispelle di San Giuseppe in other municipalities), the cannoli filled with chocolate cream, white cream or ricotta, small pastry products and artisan gelato are its crowned jewels and the diners with fresh baked goods (arancini, "cartocciate", "cipolline" etc.) as well as sweet breakfast products (croissants, panzerotti, "raviole" filled with ricotta cheese, "iris" filled with chocolate cream or white cream). In the fishing villages there are many restaurants that offer menus based only on fresh fish.

Acireale, along with its district, is also known for the Etna Lemon, which in October 2020 obtained the prestigious recognition I.G.P. by the European Union.

Events
Acireale houses costumes and floats parades during the carnival season.

Twin towns – sister cities
Acireale is twinned with:

 * 🇦🇷 Mar del Plata, Argentina
 * 🇮🇹 Viareggio, Italy
 * 🇫🇷Nantes, France

title: Acireale


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