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Association for Information Science and Technology

The Association for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) is a nonprofit membership organization for information professionals that sponsors an annual conference as well as several serial publications, including the Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST). The organization provides administration and communications support for its various divisions, known as special-interest groups or SIGs; provides administration for geographically defined chapters; connects job seekers with potential employers; and provides organizational support for continuing education programs for information professionals.

Founded as the American Documentation Institute (ADI) in 1937, the group became the American Society for Information Science (ASIS) in 1968 to reflect the organization's interest in "all aspects of the information transfer process" such as, "designing, managing and using information systems and technology." Updating its name in 2000, the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) signaled the widespread prevalence and increasing centrality of online databases and similar technical aspects of the information profession. In 2013 the organization adopted its current name, while retaining the ASIS&T acronym, to better reflect its international membership and the increasingly global nature of our information society. Today the organization comprises professionals from various fields including engineering, linguistics, librarianship, education, chemistry, computer science, and medicine. Members share "a common interest in improving the ways society stores, retrieves, analyzes, manages, archives and disseminates information ".

History
Watson Davis formed the Documentation Institute in 1935, which became the American Documentation Institute (ADI) on 13 March 1937 with the collaboration of Atherton Seidell and others. The organization was first concerned with microfilm and its role as a vehicle for the dissemination of information. ADI worked toward the development of microfilm readers and cameras. Their first microfilm laboratories were located in the U.S.Department of Agriculture Library in Washington, DC and the Institute distributed materials through the newly created Bibliofilm Service.

ADI established the Auxiliary Publication Program, which during its 30-year history released nearly 10,000 documents covering a wide range of subjects. The program enabled authors in the fields of physical, natural, social, historical and information sciences to publish and distribute research papers that were either too long, typographically complex or expensive to be published in journals using existing technology. In 1954, the Photoduplication Service at the Library of Congress took over the operation and became the source point for distributing ADI materials and in 2009 this material found its home in the Library's Technical Reports and Standards Unit.

ADI bylaws were amended in 1952 to allow individuals to become members due to the number of people that were engaged in the development of new principles and techniques. The goal was to make ADI a group that was concerned with all elements and problems of information science not just libraries. During this time there were increased interests and developments of automatic devices for searching, storage and retrieval.

During the 1970s many institutions were making the move from batch processing to online modes, from mainframe computers to more modern computers. With the advancement of technology the traditional boundaries began to fade and library schools started to add "information" in the titles of their programs. ASIS sponsored a bicentennial conference which focused on the role of information in the country's development. ASIS collaborated on planning and implementation of the in 1979 and 1991.

The popularity of personal computers in the 1980s marks a shift that allows individuals to access large databases, such as Grateful Med at the National Library of Medicine, and user-oriented services such as Dialog and Compuserve from their homes. ASIS created groups on office information, personal computers, international information issues and rural information services in response to the changing environment. Eventually other groups were created, such as: non-print media, social sciences, energy and the environment, and community information systems. ASIS also added its first chapters outside North America.

Today ASIS&T is at the forefront of examining the technical bases, social consequences, and theoretical understanding of the information society. They also study the effects of widespread use of databases in government, industry, and education, and the development of information environments on the Internet and World Wide Web.

Mission
In a world where "information is of central importance to personal, social, political, and economic progress", ASIS&T seeks to advance the information sciences and information technology by providing focus, opportunity, and support to information professionals and information organizations. ASIS&T seeks to advance knowledge "about information, its creation, properties, and use" as well as increase "public awareness of the information sciences and technologies and their benefits to society."

Vision
To establish an information professionalism in the world by: Advancing knowledge about information; Providing analysis of ideas; Valuing theory, research, applications, and service; Nurturing new perspectives, interests, and ideas; Increasing public awareness of the information sciences and technologies and their benefits to society."

Membership
Originally membership was based on representatives nominated by scientific societies, professional associations, foundations, and government agencies. Changes made to the bylaws in 1952 opened the organization to any individual with interest in the dissemination of information. Today, fee-based memberships can be either individual or institutional, with no formal requirements to join as an individual. Similar to most organizations of its kind, ASIS&T offers benefits to its members in the form of subscriptions to publications, access to job assistance services (JobLine); and discounts to ASIS&T-sponsored events.

Publications
In 1966, ADI began publication of the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. Its successor organizations continued publishing the annual review under that title until 2011.

JASIS / JASIST
ADI decided in 1950 to create a journal modeled after the defunct Journal of Documentary Reproduction, which had been published by the American Library Association from 1938 to 1942. ADI published the journal American Documentation. from 1950 until 1968, when ADI changed its name as an organization and renamed American Documentation as the Journal of the American Society for Information Science (JASIS). With the society's subsequent name changes the journal title followed suit, becoming the Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST) in 2000, and then the Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology in 2014.

Awards
See also: Award of Merit - Association for Information Science and Technology

ASIS&T bestows several awards including the Award of Merit, its highest honor, as well as the Best Information Science Book Award; the Bob Williams Research Paper Award and Bob Williams Research Grant which recognizes the best refereed paper and project relevant to the history of information science and technology; Best paper award in the Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology; the Outstanding Information Science Teacher Award; and the Watson Davis Award for Service.


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Gaultheria

Gaultheria is a genus of about 283 species of shrubs in the family Ericaceae. The name commemorates Jean François Gaultier of Quebec, an honour bestowed by the Scandinavian Pehr Kalm in 1748 and taken up by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum. These plants are native to Asia, Australasia and North and South America. In the past, the Southern Hemisphere species were often treated as the separate genus Pernettya, but no consistent reliable morphological or genetic differences support recognition of two genera, and they are now united in the single genus Gaultheria.

Description
The species vary from low, ground-hugging shrubs less than 10 cm tall, up to 2.5 m tall, or, in the case of G. fragrantissima from the Himalayas, even a small tree up to 5 - 6 m tall. The leaves are evergreen, alternate (opposite in G. oppositifolia from New Zealand), simple, and vary between species from 3 to 10 cm long; the margins are finely serrated or bristly in most species, but entire in some. The flowers are solitary or in racemes, bell-shaped, with a five-lobed (rarely four-lobed) corolla; flower colour ranges from white to pink to red. The fruit is a fleshy berry in many species, a dry capsule in some, with numerous small seeds.

Uses
Several species are grown as ornamental shrubs in gardens, particularly G. mucronata (Pernettya mucronata) from southern Chile and Argentina and G. shallon (salal) from the Pacific Northwest of North America. Many of the smaller species are suitable for rock gardens. Like most other ericaceous plants, Gaultheria species do best in peaty soil that never fully dries out.

The fruit of many Gaultheria species is edible, particularly that of salal, which can be used to make jelly. One, the American wintergreen or eastern teaberry, G. procumbens, is the traditional source of wintergreen flavouring; it is called the eastern teaberry because its leaves can be used to make a tea, and its berries can be eaten without preparation. The fruit of most other Gaultheria species is insipid in flavour and not extensively consumed.

One variety of G. leucocarpa shows anti-inflammatory properties and is used in Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, swelling, and pain.

Species
, Plants of the World Online recognises 283 species:

 * Gaultheria abanii (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sabah)
 * Gaultheria abbreviata J.J.Sm. – northern and central Sumatra
 * Gaultheria abscondita (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria acroleia Sleumer – Sumatra
 * Gaultheria acuminata Schltdl. & Cham. – Mexico to Honduras
 * Gaultheria adenothrix (Miq.) Maxim. – Japan
 * Gaultheria akaensis S.Panda & Sanjappa – eastern Himalayas
 * Gaultheria albiflora (T.Z.Hsu) P.W.Fritsch & Lu Lu – Bhutan to south-central China (Yunnan and Sichuan)
 * Gaultheria alnifolia (Dunal) A.C.Sm. – northeastern Colombia to Venezuela
 * Gaultheria amboinensis (Becc.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Maluku (Ambon)
 * Gaultheria amoena A.C.Sm. – southern Colombia to Ecuador
 * Gaultheria anastomosans (Mutis ex L.f.) Kunth – Colombia to northwestern Venezuela
 * Gaultheria angustifolia Brandegee – central Mexico (Puebla, México, Michoacán, and Jalisco)
 * Gaultheria annamensis (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – southern Vietnam
 * Gaultheria antarctica Hook.f. – southern Chile, southern Argentina, Falkland Islands
 * Gaultheria antipoda G.Forst. - snowberry or fools beech – New Zealand
 * Gaultheria aperta (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – southwestern Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria apiculifera (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – west-central Sumatra
 * Gaultheria apoensis (Elmer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Philippines (Mindanao)
 * Gaultheria appressa A.W.Hill - waxberry or white waxberry – southeastern Australia
 * Gaultheria arfakana Sleumer – northwestern New Guinea
 * Gaultheria argentii Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria atjehensis J.J.Sm. – northern Sumatra
 * Gaultheria aurea (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria auyantepuiensis Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Venezuela (Bolívar)
 * Gaultheria balgooyi (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria barbigera (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sarawak)
 * Gaultheria barbulata Sleumer – Sumatra (Mount Leuser)
 * Gaultheria bartolomei (Ferreras & Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Philippines
 * Gaultheria beamanii Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria beccarii Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo
 * Gaultheria benitotanii (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Philippines
 * Gaultheria benomensis Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Peninsular Malaysia (Pahang)
 * Gaultheria berberidifolia Sleumer – New Guinea (Arfak Mountains)
 * Gaultheria × biluoensis P.W.Fritsch & Lu Lu – G. crassifolia × G. major – China (Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria borneensis Stapf – Taiwan, Philippines, northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria brachyantha (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch –  northern Sumatra
 * Gaultheria bracteata (Cav.) G.Don – Ecuador (Tungurahua) to Bolivia
 * Gaultheria bradeana Sleumer – Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catarina)
 * Gaultheria brevistipes (C.Y.Wu & T.Z.Hsu) R.C.Fang – Arunachal Pradesh to southeastern Tibet
 * Gaultheria bryoides P.W.Fritsch & L.H.Zhou – China (Yunnan) to northern Myanmar
 * Gaultheria buxifolia Willd. – Colombia and Venezuela
 * Gaultheria caespitosa Poepp. & Endl. – central and southern Chile, southern Argentina
 * Gaultheria campii Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Venezuela (Bolívar)
 * Gaultheria capitata (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria cardiosepala Hand.-Mazz. – China (western Yunnan) to northern Myanmar
 * Gaultheria cardonae (A.C.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Venezuela (Bolívar)
 * Gaultheria carrii (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria caryophylloides (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – southeastern Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria caudatifolia (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria celebensis (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – central Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria celebica J.J.Sm. – central Sulawesi (Mt. Sinadji)
 * Gaultheria chiriquensis Camp – Panama (Volcán Barú)
 * Gaultheria ciliisepala Airy Shaw ex P.W.Fritsch & Lu Lu – Tibet to China (Yunnan) and northern Myanmar
 * Gaultheria ciliolata (Hook.f.) F.Muell. – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria cinnabarina (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sumatra
 * Gaultheria cinnamomifolia (Stapf) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria clementium (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria codonantha Airy Shaw – Arunachal Pradesh and southeastern Tibet
 * Gaultheria coi (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Philippines (Mindoro)
 * Gaultheria colensoi Hook.f. – New Zealand (North Island)
 * Gaultheria commutata (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria consobrina (Becc.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (southwestern Sarawak)
 * Gaultheria corvensis (R.R.Silva & Cervi) Romão & Kin.-Gouv. – Brazil (Santa Catarina)
 * Gaultheria crassa Allan – New Zealand
 * Gaultheria crassifolia (Airy Shaw) P.W.Fritsch & Lu Lu – Tibet to China (Yunnan) and northern Myanmar
 * Gaultheria cuneata (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Bean – Nepal and China (western Sichuan and northern Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria depressa Hook.f. - mountain snow berry or alpine wax berry – Tasmania and New Zealand
 * Gaultheria dialypetala Sleumer – central-western Sumatra (Mount Talakmau)
 * Gaultheria discolor Nutt. ex Hook. – Bhutan and eastern Himalayas to China (western and southeastern Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria dolichopoda Airy Shaw – Arunachal Pradesh to China (Yunnan) and northern Myanmar
 * Gaultheria domingensis Urb. – Hispaniola and Lesser Antilles
 * Gaultheria dumicola W.W.Sm. – Arunachal Pradesh to China (western Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria eciliata (Rae & D.G.Long) P.W.Fritsch & L.H.Zhou - Eastern Himalayas to China (northwestern Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria edulis (Schltr.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria ensifolia (Merr.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria epiphytica (H.R.Fletcher) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Peninsular Thailand
 * Gaultheria erecta Vent. – Mexico to northwestern Argentina and southern Brazil
 * Gaultheria eriophylla (Pers.) Mart. ex Sleumer eastern Brazil
 * Gaultheria eymae Kron & P.W.Fritsch – central Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria × fagifolia Hook.f. – New Zealand (North Island)
 * Gaultheria filipes (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – central Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria fimbriata (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Gunung Mulu in Sarawak)
 * Gaultheria floribunda (Camp) ined. – Venezuela (Bolívar)
 * Gaultheria foliolosa Benth. – Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
 * Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. – India, Tibet, south-central China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Java
 * Gaultheria gajoensis Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Sumatra
 * Gaultheria gallowayana (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria glaucicaulis (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria glauciflora (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Sumatra
 * Gaultheria glaucifolia Hemsl. – Mexico (Durango and Jalisco)
 * Gaultheria glomerata (Cav.) Sleumer – Venezuela to Bolivia
 * Gaultheria gonggashanensis P.W.Fritsch & Lu Lu – China (Sichuan)
 * Gaultheria gracilescens Sleumer – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria gracilipes (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – southwestern Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria gracilis Small – Costa Rica and Panama
 * Gaultheria griffithiana Wight Eastern Nepal to south-central China and Vietnam
 * Gaultheria haemantha (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – central Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria hapalotricha A.C.Sm. – Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia
 * Gaultheria hendrianiana (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria heteromera R.C.Fang – Arunachal Pradesh and southeast Tibet
 * Gaultheria hirta Ridl. – Peninsula Malaysia (Perak: Gunung Korbu)
 * Gaultheria hispida R.Br. - snow berry – Tasmania
 * Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. ex Bigelow - creeping snowberry or moxie-plum – Canada and the northern United States
 * Gaultheria hookeri C.B.Clarke – Nepal, Tibet, and the eastern Himalayas to south-Central China
 * Gaultheria howellii (Sleumer) D.J.Middleton – Galápagos
 * Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. - alpine wintergreen or alpine spicy wintergreen – western Canada and western United States
 * Gaultheria hypochlora Airy Shaw – Arunachal Pradesh, Tibet, China (Sichuan and Yunnan) and northern Myanmar
 * Gaultheria insana (Molina) D.J.Middleton south-central Chile and southern Argentina
 * Gaultheria insipida Benth. - chichaja – Colombia and Ecuador
 * Gaultheria × intermedia J.J.Sm. – G. leucocarpa × G. punctata – Sumatra and Java
 * Gaultheria itatiaiae Wawra – southeastern and southern Brazil
 * Gaultheria japonica (A.Gray) Sleumer – Japan (northern and central Honshu)
 * Gaultheria jiewhoei (Mustaqim) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria jingdongensis R.C.Fang – China (west-central Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria × jordanensis Brade & Sleum. – G. eriophylla × G. itatiaiae – southeastern Brazil
 * Gaultheria kalimantanensis (P.Wilkie & Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Meratus Mountains)
 * Gaultheria kalmiifolia (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sarawak)
 * Gaultheria kamengiana S.Panda & Sanjappa – Arunachal Pradesh
 * Gaultheria kemiriensis Sleumer – Sumatra
 * Gaultheria kemulensis (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – east-central Borneo (Mount Kemul)
 * Gaultheria kinabaluensis (Stapf) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria kingii (Merr.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and northern Sumatra
 * Gaultheria kitangladensis (P.W.Fritsch) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Philippines (Mindanao)
 * Gaultheria kjellbergii (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – southeastern Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria kosteri (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria kostermansii (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (east-central Kalimantan)
 * Gaultheria lamii (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northwestern New Guinea (Mt. Doorman)
 * Gaultheria lanceolata Hook.f. – Tasmania
 * Gaultheria lanigera Hook. – Ecuador
 * Gaultheria lavandulifolia (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sarawak)
 * Gaultheria ledermannii (Schltr.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northeastern New Guinea
 * Gaultheria leucocarpa Blume – Sumatra and Java
 * Gaultheria lilianae (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria linifolia (Phil.) Teillier & R.A.Rodr. – south-central and southern Chile and southern Argentina
 * Gaultheria loheri (Merr.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Philippines (Luzon: Caraballo Mountains)
 * Gaultheria lohitiensis S.Panda & Sanjappa – Arunachal Pradesh
 * Gaultheria longiracemosa Y.C.Yang – China (west-central Sichuan)
 * Gaultheria lorentzii (Koord.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – southern New Guinea
 * Gaultheria losirensis Sleumer – Sumatra (Mount Leuser)
 * Gaultheria lotungensis (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria luzonica A.Gray – Philippines
 * Gaultheria lysolepis (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Papua New Guinea
 * Gaultheria macrocalyx Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Peninsular Malaysia
 * Gaultheria macrostigma (Colenso) D.J.Middleton – New Zealand
 * Gaultheria major (Airy Shaw) P.W.Fritsch & Lu Lu – eastern Himalayas, Tibet, and Yunnan
 * Gaultheria malayana Airy Shaw – Peninsular Malaysia
 * Gaultheria mantorii (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sabah)
 * Gaultheria marginata (N.E.Br.) D.J.Middleton – southern Venezuela
 * Gaultheria marronina P.W.Fritsch & Lu Lu – China (Sichuan)
 * Gaultheria marticorenae Teillier & P.W.Fritsch – central and southern Chile and southern Argentina
 * Gaultheria megabracteata (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sarawak)
 * Gaultheria megalodonta A.C.Sm. – Ecuador and Peru
 * Gaultheria mekonggaensis (Argent & Widjaja) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria memecyloides (Stapf) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria merrillii Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Philippines (Luzon and Negros)
 * Gaultheria microsalicifolia (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sarawak)
 * Gaultheria minuta Merr. – Himalayas, northern Myanmar, and Yunnan
 * Gaultheria minutiflora (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria mogeana (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Kalimantan)
 * Gaultheria morobeensis (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – New Guinea
 * Gaultheria mucronata (L.f.) Hook. & Arn. - prickly heath or chaura – south-central and southern Chile and southern Argentina
 * Gaultheria multiglandulosa (Steyerm. & Maguire) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Venezuela (Bolívar)
 * Gaultheria muluensis Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak)
 * Gaultheria mundula F.Muell. – eastern New Guinea
 * Gaultheria muscicola (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria myrsinoides Kunth – Mexico to northwestern Argentina
 * Gaultheria myrtilloides Cham. & Schltdl. – Brazil (Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro)
 * Gaultheria myrtillus (Stapf) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria ngii (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Peninsular Malaysia
 * Gaultheria nivea (J.Anthony) Airy Shaw – southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan
 * Gaultheria notabilis J.Anthony – China (Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria novaguineensis J.J.Sm. – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria nubicola D.J.Middleton – South Island of New Zealand
 * Gaultheria nubigena (Phil.) B.L.Burtt & Sleum. – south-central and southern Chile and southern Argentina
 * Gaultheria nummularioides D.Don – Himalayas, Assam, Bangladesh, Myanmar, south-central China, Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Islands
 * Gaultheria obovata (Airy Shaw) P.W.Fritsch & Lu Lu – Eastern Nepal, Tibet, northern Myanmar, and China (Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria oppositifolia Hook.f. – kama, niniwa or snowberry – North Island of New Zealand
 * Gaultheria oreogena A.C.Sm. – western Colombia and Ecuador
 * Gaultheria orophila (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sarawak: Pegunungan Dulit)
 * Gaultheria othmanii (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sarawak)
 * Gaultheria ovatifolia A.Gray – western teaberry or Oregon spicy wintergreen – western Canada and northwestern United States
 * Gaultheria paniculata B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill – North Island of New Zealand
 * Gaultheria papuana (Mustaqim, Utteridge & Heatubun) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria parvula D.J.Middleton – South Island of New Zealand
 * Gaultheria paucinervia P.W.Fritsch & C.M.Bush – Borneo (Sabah)
 * Gaultheria paulsmithii (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sabah)
 * Gaultheria pendens (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria penduliflora (Stapf) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria pernettyoides Sleumer – Sumatra (Mount Leuser)
 * Gaultheria phillyreifolia (Pers.) Sleumer – Argentina and central Chile
 * Gaultheria piceifolia (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – central Borneo
 * Gaultheria pilosa (Blume) Zoll. & Moritzi – western Java
 * Gaultheria pinifolia (Stapf) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria pittosporifolia (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo
 * Gaultheria platyphylla (P.W.Fritsch) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Philippines (Mindanao)
 * Gaultheria poeppigii DC. – central and southern Chile and central and southern Argentina
 * Gaultheria praticola C.Y.Wu – southeastern Tibet and northwestern Yunnan
 * Gaultheria procumbens L. – eastern teaberry, checkerberry, boxberry, or American wintergreen – eastern and central Canada and eastern United States
 * Gaultheria prostrata W.W.Sm. – northwestern Yunnan to Vietnam
 * Gaultheria pseudonotabilis H.Li ex R.C.Fang – northwestern Yunnan
 * Gaultheria pseudorufescens (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Peninsular Malaysia and northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria pubivertex (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Sumatra
 * Gaultheria pullei J.J.Sm. – New Guinea
 * Gaultheria pumila (L.f.) D.J.Middleton – Chile and western and southern Argentina
 * Gaultheria punctulata (Stapf) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria puradyatmikae (Mustaqim, Utteridge & Heatubun) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria purpurascens Kunth – Colombia (Cundinamarca)
 * Gaultheria purpurea R.C.Fang – southeastern Tibet
 * Gaultheria pyrolifolia Hook.f. ex C.B.Clarke – eastern Himalayas, Tibet, northern Myanmar, and south-central China
 * Gaultheria pyroloides Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq. – Sakhalin and northern and central Japan
 * Gaultheria racemulosa (DC.) D.J.Middleton – Juan Fernández Islands
 * Gaultheria rengifoana Phil. – Chile
 * Gaultheria reticulata Kunth – Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
 * Gaultheria retusa (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch - central Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria rhombica (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo (Sabah)
 * Gaultheria rigida Kunth – Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
 * Gaultheria rigidifolia (P.W.Fritsch & C.M.Bush) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo
 * Gaultheria rosea (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea (Nettoti Mountains)
 * Gaultheria rosmarinifolia (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria rubella (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – west-central Sumatra
 * Gaultheria rubidiflora (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – southern Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria rufa (Stapf) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria rupestris (G.Forst.) G.Don – South Island of New Zealand
 * Gaultheria rupicola (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – New Guinea
 * Gaultheria sagittanthera (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – central Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria sanguinolenta (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria santanderensis A.C.Sm. – Colombia
 * Gaultheria saurauioides (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – east-central Borneo (Mount Kemul)
 * Gaultheria scabrida (Becc.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Borneo
 * Gaultheria schramii (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea (Nettoti Mountains)
 * Gaultheria schultesii Camp – Mexico (Oaxaca)
 * Gaultheria schultzei (Schltr.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch northeastern New Guinea
 * Gaultheria sclerophylla Cuatrec. – Ecuador, Colombia, northwestern Venezuela, and western Bolivia
 * Gaultheria semi-infera (C.B.Clarke) Airy Shaw – eastern Himalayas, Tibet, Myanmar, south-Central China, and Vietnam
 * Gaultheria sepikensis Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northeastern New Guinea
 * Gaultheria serrata (Vell.) Kin.-Gouv. ex Luteyn – southeastern Brazil
 * Gaultheria × serrulata Herzog – G. erecta × G. vaccinioides – Bolivia
 * Gaultheria seshagiriana Subba Rao & Kumari – Arunachal Pradesh
 * Gaultheria setiloba (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria setulosa N.E.Br. – southern Venezuela
 * Gaultheria shallon Pursh – salal, shallon, or gaultheria – Alaska, British Columbia, and the United States west coast
 * Gaultheria sinensis J.Anthony – Arunachal Pradesh, Tibet, Myanmar, and south-central China (Sichuan and Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria sleumeri Smitinand & P.H.Hô – Vietnam
 * Gaultheria sleumeriana Kin.-Gouv. – Brazil (São Paulo: Serra do Bocaina)
 * Gaultheria smithii Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern New Guinea (Cyclops Mountains)
 * Gaultheria solitaria Sleumer – eastern Java (Mt. Ardjuno)
 * Gaultheria soror (Becc.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – western New Guinea
 * Gaultheria speciosa (A.C.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Venezuela (Bolívar)
 * Gaultheria sphenophylla (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria stapfiana Airy Shaw – eastern Himalayas, northern Myanmar, and China (Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria steenisii Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sumatra
 * Gaultheria stellaris (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – New Guinea (Mt. Antares)
 * Gaultheria stenophylla P.W.Fritsch & Lu Lu – eastern Himalayas, southeastern Tibet, and China (Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria stereophylla A.C.Sm. – Ecuador (Azuay)
 * Gaultheria steyermarkii Luteyn – Venezuela (Sucre)
 * Gaultheria straminea R.C.Fang – southeastern Tibet
 * Gaultheria strigosa Benth. – Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and northwestern Venezuela
 * Gaultheria subcorymbosa Colenso – New Zealand
 * Gaultheria subglobularis (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – central New Guinea
 * Gaultheria suborbicularis W.W.Sm. – China (northwestern Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria sulawesiensis Kron & P.W.Fritsch – central Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria sulcinervia Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria sumatrensis (Merr.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sumatra
 * Gaultheria supyanii (Argent) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria taiwaniana S.S.Ying – central Taiwan
 * Gaultheria tasmanica (Hook.f.) D.J.Middleton – Tasmania
 * Gaultheria tenuifolia (Phil.) Sleumer – central and southern Chile and southern Argentina
 * Gaultheria tetracme (Airy Shaw) P.W.Fritsch & Lu Lu – China (western Sichuan)
 * Gaultheria tetramera W.W.Sm. – Sikkim through eastern Himalayas and Tibet to western Yunnan
 * Gaultheria thymifolia Stapf ex Airy Shaw – Arunachal Pradesh, Tibet, northern Myanmar, and China (Yunnan)
 * Gaultheria tomentosa Kunth – Ecuador and Peru
 * Gaultheria triangulanthera (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – central Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria trichophylla Royle - Himalayan snowberry – Himalayas to northern Myanmar and south-central China
 * Gaultheria trigonoclada R.C.Fang – southeastern Tibet
 * Gaultheria trinervia (Elmer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Philippines (Mindanao: Mt. Calelan)
 * Gaultheria ulei Sleumer – southern Brazil
 * Gaultheria undata (J.J.Sm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – southwestern Sulawesi
 * Gaultheria urceolata (Stapf) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – northern Borneo
 * Gaultheria urdanetensis (Elmer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Philippines (Mindanao: Mt. Urdaneta)
 * Gaultheria vaccinioides Griseb. ex Wedd. – Peru and Bolivia
 * Gaultheria vareschii (Steyerm.) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – Venezuela (Bolívar)
 * Gaultheria varians (Sleumer) Kron & P.W.Fritsch – New Guinea
 * Gaultheria viridicarpa J.B.Williams – southeastern Queensland to northeastern New South Wales
 * Gaultheria viridiflora Sleumer – southwestern central Sulawesi (Latimodjong Mountains)
 * Gaultheria wardii C.Marquand & Airy-Shaw – Arunachal Pradesh, Tibet, northern Myanmar, and south-central China

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gaultheria


text: Category:Rugby league teams

title: Category:Rugby league teams


text:
Operation Cornflakes

Operation Cornflakes was a morale operation by the Office of Strategic Services during World War II that aimed to trick Deutsche Reichspost into inadvertently delivering anti-Nazi propaganda to German citizens through mail.

The operation involved special planes that were instructed to airdrop bags of false, but properly addressed, mail in the vicinity of bombed mail trains. When recovering the mail during clean-up of the wreck, the postal service would hopefully confuse the false mail for the real thing and deliver it to the various addresses.

Stamp forgeries
The British were the first to forge the Hitler head stamp in 3, 4, 6 and 8-pfennig values from 1941 until the end of the war. These stamps were of better quality versus the Americans' attempt at forgery because the British used actual stamp production facilities whereas the Americans did not have access to quality ingredients such as paper, ink or engravers. The American forgeries focused much of their efforts on the 12-pfennig stamp depicting Hitler's head and exposed skull.

Overview
Initiated in 1942, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was formed from the division of the Foreign Information Service (FIS) and the Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI), a division that President Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted by Executive order 9128. The remainder of the COI was renamed the Office of Strategic Services. The newly formed OSS was under jurisdiction of the Joint Chief of Staff, giving the OSS the capability and status of a military branch.

The overarching goal of the operation was to disrupt the morale of the German people by using a large scale psychological warfare operation (PSYOP) that the British MI6 had been pushing into service with the help of the Royal Air Force (RAF). Using the same pattern of mission as a previous OSS operation in Hungary, the OSS crafted their more intricate Operation Cornflakes. The distribution of propaganda in letters and distributed by the German postal system was thought to be an ideal method of reaching the German population and undermining support for Hitler.

Operation Cornflakes began with OSS officials collecting any and all German prisoners of war (POWs) that had experience with the Reichspost (Germany's postal service). These POWs were given better meals in exchange for information in collection, sorting, canceling and delivery of the mail. The OSS did not infiltrate Germany directly because they felt it necessary to focus their efforts in the liberation of France in 1944, but by the waning years of the war secret Intelligence agents of the OSS could be found trickling in. The information came from nearby outposts in neutral countries that supplied the OSS with information.

With this information the OSS and German exiles scoured the telephone directories and pulled over two million, randomly selected names registered within the Reich to send forged letters to. A unit of the OSS in Rome claimed to have forged over 15,000 envelopes a week. The letters contained writings about family happenings and gossip about non-existent people, the idea being that the domestic mail was not censored unlike the business mail. Forged letters from Rome were addressed and sealed in Siena, then went to Rome where they were placed into counterfeit mail bags which were sent to Bari to be routed and canceled, then delivered to surrounding cities.

In hopes of further shaking the morale of the German people, the OSS called upon master forgers similar in nature as MI6 once had. Rather than having an image of Heinrich Himmler replacing Hitler, the OSS used a stamp of Hitler with some minor modifications. The modifications included a skull overlay that resembles a portion of Hitler’s face having been "eaten away". The German subscript at the bottom of the stamp was altered from 'Deutsches Reich' (German Empire) to 'Futsches Reich' (ruined empire). These stamps were known as the "Death Head" and were usually placed in the letter with other subversive materials.

The letters were arranged in Reichspost bags that the OSS had forged to resemble the original bags. These precisely-made bags were indistinguishable from the real German mail bags and were mimicked down to the material used. The bags were loaded aboard bombs specially designed to deploy the bags near a destroyed train, preferably one carrying mail, and drop the forgeries in amongst the originals in hope that they would be put into circulation with the rest of the mail. However, all the prior planning was almost for naught after the Reichspost altered their franking machines on the domestic mail in August 1944, making the thousands of letters previously written void.

The OSS obtained a copy of the frank design and went to work again drafting up new letters and with the letters, subversive material. By September the next blow to the OSS operation was intelligence gathered that no domestic mail would be delivered due to wartime internal power struggle within Germany. One page newspaper leaflets called Das Neue Deutschland which contained material that the official newspaper would never print were placed into some of the outgoing letters to be dropped by the 15th Air Force. The 15th Air Force and fighter group detachment were tasked with the destruction of the mail train and the planting of the mailbags of propaganda (Cornflakes) amongst the debris.

The first mission of Operation Cornflakes took place on 5 January 1945, when a mail train to Linz was bombed. Bags containing a total of about 3,800 propaganda letters were dropped at the site of the wreck, which were subsequently picked up and delivered to Germans by the postal service. Within 1944–45 twenty missions had been completed, reporting a success rate of 50%, leaving the 15th Air Force with over 320 delivered mailbags of propaganda.

A total of 96,000 stamps were made for Operation Cornflakes. It is unknown how many were sent, but it is believed that the "Death Head" stamps were never posted.

Aftermath
A major oversight by the OSS and its task force in Rome was that the ravages of war shut down many of the cities' critical services and in some cases the postal service. While some cities continued its services of mail delivery, the allied bombing had turned many residences into piles of rubble; millions of people without a home were displaced and forced to leave and seek refuge elsewhere, in many cases with relatives. Without a physical address left to deliver the mail to, much of it was discarded. Another oversight was simply the fact that when people received mail from an unknown source they would usually destroy it, especially if the letters contained allied propaganda, either out of loyalty or fear of punishment.

title: Operation Cornflakes


text:
Anke Engelke

Anke Christina Fischer ( Engelke; born 21 December 1965) is a German comedian, actress, voice actress and television presenter.

Personal life
Born in Montreal, Canada, Engelke moved to Cologne, Germany in 1971 with her German parents. Early on, she exhibited singing talent, and was discovered in 1978 by Georg Bossert at a performance of her school's choir.

From 1994 to 2000, Engelke was married to the keyboardist Andreas Grimm with whom she has a daughter. She was married to musician Claus Fischer from 2005 to 2015, with whom she has two sons.

Career
From 1979 to 1986, she was the presenter of the daily children's television show broadcast from the Funkausstellung (a German radio exhibition, held every other year in Berlin), and the weekly children and youth's sports magazine show Pfiff. From 1978 to 1980, she hosted the show Moment mal (Wait a minute) on RTL. SWF3 first brought her on board in 1986 as an editor; later on, she was the presenter there until 1998. She has sung with Fred Kellner und die famosen Soul Sisters since 1989. Since 1993, she has been part of the SWF3-Comedy-Ensemble Gagtory.

From 1996 to 2000, she was part of Die Wochenshow on Sat.1, a rather famous comedy TV show in Germany at that time, alongside Bastian Pastewka, Ingolf Lück and Marco Rima.

In 2003, Engelke and Olli Dittrich were awarded the Grimme-Preis for the improv show Blind Date 2 – Taxi nach Schweinau.

In December 2003, Engelke provided the voice of the fish Dory in the German dubbing of the animated film Finding Nemo, which is voiced by Ellen DeGeneres in the English original. She also provided the voice of Jane Porter in the German dubbing of the Disney movie Tarzan, who is voiced by Minnie Driver in the original version.

Engelke can also be seen in the successful sketch comedy show Ladykracher on Sat.1. On 17 May 2004, when the very successful Die Harald Schmidt Show left Sat.1, Engelke took over its timeslot with Anke Late Night, which was cancelled due to low ratings a few months later on 21 October 2004.

Engelke has been the German voice of Marge Simpson on The Simpsons since her predecessor Elisabeth Volkmann died in the summer of 2006. Elisabeth Volkmann was Marge's German voice for 15 years until her death. Engelke's first episode was "My Fair Laddy", which aired in Germany on 21 January 2007. In December 2009, she hosted the European Film Awards ceremony, a role she would repeat in 2010, 2011 and 2012.

In May 2011, she hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Düsseldorf alongside Stefan Raab and Judith Rakers.

The following year, Engelke served as the spokesperson for Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 held in Baku, Azerbaijan. Before presenting the votes, she also gave a live statement on the human-rights issues in the hosting country, saying: "Tonight nobody could vote for their own country. But it is good to be able to vote. And it is good to have a choice. Good luck on your journey, Azerbaijan. Europe is watching you." She was the only spokesperson to articulately address human rights during the event. She had also served as one of Germany's national juries for the contest during that year.

In February 2013, her involvement with the Eurovision Song Contest continued as she hosted Unser Song für Malmö, the German national final.

Audiobooks

 * 2009: Heike Faller: Wie ich einmal versuchte, reich zu werden, publisher: Random House Audio, ISBN 978-3-8371-7610-0
 * 2013: Felix Salten: Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde, publisher: tacheles, ISBN 978-3864840289

title: Anke Engelke


text:
Mühlberg, Brandenburg

Mühlberg is a town in the Elbe-Elster district, in the southwesternmost part of Brandenburg, Germany. It is located on the right bank of the river Elbe, about halfway between Riesa to the south and Torgau to the northwest. It is about 60 km east of Leipzig. It is accessed by the Bundesstraße 182 (Riesa - Torgau - Wittenberg) on the left bank of the Elbe, connected with the town by a bridge, opened in 2008. Mühlberg consists of the Ortsteile Mühlberg, Altenau, Brottewitz, Fichtenberg, Koßdorf and Martinskirchen.

History
The earliest documentary mention of Mühlberg is in 1230. The town was founded on a sandy island where the River Elbe could be crossed under protection of a castle. There is archaeological evidence, in the form of burials, of Slavic settlement dating back to ca. 600 A.D. During the middle ages lordship over the city shifted several times between the Bohemian noble family of the House of Berka of Dubá and the House of Wettin. The forces of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor defeated the Schmalkaldic League at the Battle of Mühlberg near the castle on April 24, 1547. From 1939 to 1945 there existed a World War II prisoner-of-war camp (Stalag IV-B) near Mühlberg. About 300,000 prisoners passed the camp and about 3000, most of them Soviet soldiers, died there. After World War II the camp was re-used by the Soviet secret service NKVD as NKVD Special Camp No. 1. About 6,700 of the 22,000 prisoners of the NKVD are buried in mass graves near the camp area. Today a memorial area remembers on the victims of both camp periods. From 1952 to 1990, Mühlberg was part of the Bezirk Cottbus of East Germany.

Sites of interest

 * Marienstern Abbey
 * Castle
 * Historic town centre of Mühlberg
 * Museum dedicated to the battle that took place in 1547.

Personalities

 * Wilhelm Hasemann (1850-1913), Black Forest painter
 * Werner Kube (1924-1945), resistance fighter, shot 1945 in Brottewitz

title: Mühlberg, Brandenburg


text:
Byrne

Byrne is an Irish surname and less commonly a given name. It is derived from the Gaelic Ó Broin or Ó Beirn, which are also linked to the surname O'Byrne.

There are two Irish surnames which have Byrne as their English spelling; the most common comes from Ó Broin, which refers to the Leinster-based family of Bran as described below. The less common family name is Ó Beirn or Ó Beirne, which comes from a different family and is most commonly found in the Northwest of Ireland.

A–D

 * Alan Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Alexandra Byrne, British costume designer
 * Alex Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Alfie Byrne, Lord Mayor of Dublin and TD
 * Allie Byrne, British actress
 * Andrea Byrne, who was a cast member on the Canadian sketch comedy TV series You Can't Do That on Television
 * Andrew Byrne, first Catholic Bishop of Little Rock
 * Andrew Hozier-Byrne, better known under his stage name Hozier (born 1990), Irish singer and songwriter
 * Anthony Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Bill Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Billy Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Bob Byrne, Irish comics writer
 * Bradley Byrne (born 1965), American business attorney and politician
 * Brendan Byrne, Governor of New Jersey from 1974 to 1982
 * Brian Byrne, Canadian musician
 * Bryan Byrne (footballer), Irish footballer
 * Caroline Byrne (1970–1995), Australian model, subject of a murder case
 * Catherine Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Celine Byrne (born 1980), Irish opera soprano
 * Charles Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Charlie Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Christopher Byrne (disambiguation), several people named Chris or Christopher
 * Cliff Byrne, Irish footballer
 * Conan Byrne, Irish footballer
 * Condon Byrne, Australian politician
 * Connor Byrne (born 1964), Irish actor
 * Conor Byrne (died 1948), Irish politician and medical practitioner
 * Damien Byrne, Irish footballer
 * Danny Byrne, English footballer
 * David Byrne (born 1952), Scottish-born American musician
 * David Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Dean Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Debra Byrne, Australian singer
 * Declan Byrne, fictional character in British soap opera Family Affairs
 * Denis Byrne, Irish sportsman
 * Dominic Byrne, British newsreader and presenter
 * Donald Byrne, American chess player
 * Donn Byrne, Irish novelist
 * Doris I. Byrne (1905–1975), New York politician and judge

E–J

 * Edward Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Emma Byrne, Irish footballer
 * Emma Byrne (author), British author
 * Emmet Byrne, US Representative from Illinois
 * Eric Byrne, Irish politician
 * Eugene Byrne, English writer
 * Francis Byrne (politician) (1877–1938), Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec
 * Francis John Byrne, Irish historian
 * Frank Byrne (Australian politician) (1837–1923), Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
 * Frank Byrne (Irish nationalist), instigator of the Irish National Invincibles
 * Frank M. Byrne, eighth governor of South Dakota
 * Gabriel Byrne (born 1950), Irish actor
 * Gay Byrne (1934–2019), Irish broadcaster
 * George Byrne (1892–1973), English cricketer
 * Gerry Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Greg Byrne (athletic_director), University of Alabama athletic director
 * Gonçalo Byrne (born 1941), Portuguese architect
 * Henry Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Hollis Byrne, Irish rapper/ singer
 * Hugh Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * James Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Jane Byrne (1933–2014), mayor of Chicago, Illinois
 * Jason Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Jennifer Byrne (born 1955), Australian journalist
 * Jenny Byrne (born 1967), Australian tennis player
 * Joe Byrne (1856–1880), Australian outlaw
 * Joe Byrne (Northern Ireland politician), Irish politician
 * John Byrne (disambiguation), several people named John or Johnny
 * Julie Byrne, American musician
 * Josh Byrne (born 1996), Canadian lacrosse player

K–Z

 * Kevin P. Byrne, United States Navy admiral
 * Kurtis Byrne, Irish professional association football player
 * Lee Byrne, Welsh rugby player
 * Leo Christopher Byrne, American Roman Catholic archbishop
 * Leslie Byrne, US Congresswoman from the state of Virginia
 * Liam Byrne, British politician
 * Liam Byrne (rugby league), Irish international rugby league footballer
 * Liam Byrne (Irish criminal) (born 1980), Irish gangster and criminal
 * Mairéad Byrne, Irish poet
 * Margaret Byrne, Australian scientist
 * Margaret Mary Byrne (born 1949), American politician
 * Mark Byrne, Irish football player
 * Martha Byrne, American actress
 * Mary Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Matt Byrne (born 1974), British Paralympic wheelchair basketball player
 * Matt Byrne, drummer of the American band Hatebreed
 * Michael Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Myles Byrne, a leader in the Irish rebellion of 1798
 * Neil Byrne, Irish singer in the group Celtic Thunder
 * Nicky Byrne, member of Irish boy band Westlife
 * Oliver Byrne (football chairman) (1944–2007), CEO of Irish soccer club Shelbourne F.C.
 * Oliver Byrne (mathematician) (1810–1880), Irish civil engineer and author
 * Pat Byrne (footballer), Irish football player and manager
 * Patricia M. Byrne (1925–2007), American diplomat
 * Patrick Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Patsy Byrne, English actress
 * Paul Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Paula Byrne, British author
 * Peter Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Richie Byrne, Irish footballer
 * Robert Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Roger Byrne, English footballer
 * Rose Byrne, Australian actress
 * Rosemary Byrne, Member of the Scottish parliament
 * Rory Byrne, South African car designer
 * Sam Byrne (footballer), Irish footballer
 * Sean Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Shane Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Shaun Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Shay Byrne, Irish radio host
 * Sophie Byrne, Australian filmmaker
 * Stephen Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Steve Byrne, American comedian and actor
 * Terry Byrne, English football manager
 * Thomas Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Todd Byrne, Australian rugby player
 * Tommy Byrne (disambiguation), several people
 * Tony Byrne (disambiguation), Irish boxer
 * Walter Byrne (1849–1931), professional baseball umpire in 1882, see List of Major League Baseball umpires
 * William Byrne (disambiguation), several people

Notable people with the given name

 * Byrne Offutt, American actor
 * Byrne Piven (1929–2002), American actor

title: Byrne


text:
Talk:VR6 engine

Edits
I've made several minor changes: In the future I would like to write briefly about the different VR6 variants (12 valve, 24 valve, 2.8 L, 3.2 L, 3.6 L). TomTheHand 00:25, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I removed the VW Touareg. The Touareg uses a traditional V6, not a VR6.
 * 2) I added the Jetta and specified that the VR6 is available on Golf/Jetta III and IV, not just the third generation.
 * 3) I specified that the VR6 is only available on B4 Passats. Earlier and later Passats did not feature the VR6.
 * 4) I mentioned the upcoming 3.6 L VR6, which will go into the B6 Passats (not yet released). This engine will also probably go into a high performance Golf, which will be called the R36.
 * 5) I mentioned Audi applications of the VR6. The 3.2 L version is available in the Audi TT and will be available in the new generation A3.  I'm not sure if a VR6 is available in the current generation A3, but surely someone knows.

 * I was wrong about the Touareg not using a VR6 ;-) TomTheHand 17:02, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Talking about W engines
I've added a section that briefly mentions W configuration engines which are based on the VR6 design. I'd like to expand this a LITTLE but not too much. Essentially, it seems inefficient to try to explain the narrow-angle engine concept in the VR6, W8, W12, and W16 articles, so I was thinking that we could explain its applications here, and in the VR6-derivative articles we could refer back to this. Does that sound alright? Either way, I know a bunch of little factoids but I'm kind of a crappy writer, so I appreciate any help with this. TomTheHand 17:02, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

B6 Passat motor
Although the VW Vortex article refers to the 3.6 as a VR6, I'm not sure VW offically considers it such. It uses an even narrower 10.6 degree cylinder offset (as opposed to the 15 degree offset of the 2.8 and 3.2 litre motors). The only reason the 3.2 still qualified as a member of the VR family is that it was essentially an enlargment of the 24-valve 2.8. Can someone please verify without doubt that the 3.6 is still considered a member of the VR family? Also, I'm going to slightly modify the bit about VR6s having FSI since 2005, since this is not entirely true. The Touraeg, Cayenne and TT are still going to be using non-FSI versions of the 3.2 and AFAIK, the European market 3.2 Passat is not going to be FSI equipped.

 * This Google search shows places on VW.com where the new 3.6L engine is referred to as a VR6. If you look here  on VW UK's site, you'll find an option on the pulldown for the 3.2L FSI engine.  It looks like 2006 is going to be the big year for the 3.2L FSI VR6, so you're right, the TT, Touareg and Cayenne don't have it as of 2005.  I would assume that they'll all have the FSI engine next year. TomTheHand 20:42, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

VR6 in Touareg
I'm somewhat confused by the idea of the VR6 being put into the Touareg, since its primary advantage is its ability to fit well in transverse applications. Nevertheless, I've seen several sources stating that the VR6 is indeed the Touareg's engine. Here are a few:

I can see how these could possibly just be mistaken assumptions, but to me the best proof that the Touareg uses the VR6 is the fact that one of the Volkswagen R GT concepts brought to the 2005 SEMA show was a Touareg modified by HPA Motorsports, a company that specializes in turbocharging VR6's. All three cars (a Jetta, a Passat, and a Touareg) featured twin-turbocharged VR6's.  I haven't seen pictures under the hood, but I can't imagine HPA suddenly pulling a twin-turbochaged Audi or Porsche V6 out of thin air when they've done all VR6 work for years.

I've also never seen a reliable source state that the engine in the Touareg and Cayenne is specifically NOT the VR6. I would imagine, since everyone says it IS, that someone would try to contradict them if it's not the case. TomTheHand 21:41, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Oh, look at the under-hood shot of a Touareg on this page (which was also linked above). That is a VR6. TomTheHand 21:44, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

SOHC/DOHC
Hey Anais1983, just wanted to address the SOHC/DOHC issue with you. I've read the rest of the paragraph, specifically the next part referring to a DOHC inline-six. I promise. You see, I'm the one who wrote it.

All VR6 engines have two camshafts. The 12 valve VR6 has one camshaft per cylinder bank. Each camshaft controls the all of the valves (both intake and exhaust) for that bank. That's how a SOHC V6 works: two camshafts, and each camshaft controls one bank. The 24 valve VR6 also has two camshafts, but one camshaft controls every intake valve in both banks, and the other one controls every exhaust valve. That's how a DOHC inline-6 works: two camshafts, one camshaft controls all the exhaust valves, one controls all the intake valves. The point of the paragraph is to compare the differences between the two engines: in the way the cams are used, one is V6-like while the other is straight-6-like. TomTheHand 02:15, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Balance shaft/costs
Can anyone provide some insight as to balance with this engine? My understanding is that a 60-degree V-6 is inherently balanced, and that any other v-angle creates vibration that has to be remediated either through changing crank design and/or adding a balance shaft. At a 10.5-degree angle, these forces must be dealt with somehow.

Do all VR6's have a balance shaft? Is there anything unique about the crank and/or balance shaft in the VR6 design? Does the design result in a high production cost? (It seems that the latter is likely true, because when VW has had the engine compartment space and opportunity, like the last-generation Passat, they have used a fairly standard V6 rather than the VR6.)

I'd appreciate any insight on this from anyone familiar with the VR6 and V-engine balance issues. It seems important to understanding VW's achievment with this engine, and explaining why no other maufacturer has widely adopted anything similar. Meersman 22:41, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

How many main bearings?
Is the firing interval, 120 degrees, or something uneven? How many throws, on the crankshaft? CorvetteZ51 12:21, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The firing interval is 120 degrees same as an inline 6. Theres 7 main bearings, same as an inline 6. 24.8.219.134 (talk) 22:54, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Mercedes V-class
In my opinion there was a 2.8l VR6-version planted ino the Mercedes V-class (because due to the small enginebay the mercs own engine did'nt fit -so they bought the VR6 from VW). Max —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.131.142.132 (talk) 23:11, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

6 cylinders in small cars
The article currently says: "In 1992, with the introduction of the Volkswagen Golf Mk3, a six-cylinder engine was available for the first time in a lower-midsize segment hatchback in Europe." I'm not convinced that this is entirely correct – it might hinge on the exact definition of "lower-midsize segment hatchback" – but the Mazda MX-3 might have been available a few months earlier. At the least the Mazda deserves a mention in this context. --BjKa (talk) 15:03, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

Lancia had narrow-angle V-engines too
Throughout its existence, the Lancia firm has selected Vee engines with various narrow cylinder-bank angles (example : Lancia Lambda of the 1920's). The purpose was so that a single overhead camshaft could be used for both cylinder banks. The cylinders were indeed offset ; geometrically, that's the only way such narrow angles could have been used. Ít's not as though Volkswagen thought up the narrow bank-angle idea itself. 4.154.253.76 (talk) 19:15, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

Overhead view of piston arrangements illustration
Wouldn't it make more sense to replace the I4 with an I6? Seems to me, the idea behind the VR6 was to create a six cylinder engine shorter than an inline design and not as wide as a traditional V design. Using an engine with a different number of cylinders does not make a good comparison. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.115.72.4 (talk) 15:07, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:VR6 engine


text: User talk:70.23.22.61

title: User talk:70.23.22.61


text:
World Poetry Day

World Poetry Day is celebrated on 21 March, and was declared by UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 1999, "with the aim of supporting linguistic diversity through poetic expression and increasing the opportunity for endangered languages to be heard". Its purpose is to promote the reading, writing, publishing, and teaching of poetry throughout the world and, as the original UNESCO declaration says, to "give fresh recognition and impetus to national, regional, and international poetry movements".

It was generally celebrated in October, but in the 20th century the world community celebrated it on the 15th, the birthday of Virgil, the Roman epic poet and poet laureate under Augustus. The tradition to keep an October date for national or international poetry day celebrations still holds in many countries. The United Kingdom generally uses the first Thursday in October, but elsewhere a different October, or even sometimes a November date, is celebrated.

WorldPoetryDay UNESCO has it on the calendar because PEN International had officially proposed it upon Tarık Günersel's presentation at the '97 Congress in Edinburgh — as suggested by PEN Turkey and seconded by Melbourne PEN. (In '96 initiated by Tarık Günersel and Gülseli Inal et al. — Poetic Space Lab)

The 2021 World Poetry Day in the UNESCO headquarters in Paris was dedicated to the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of the great Macedonian poet, writer, literary translator and linguistic scholar Blaže Koneski. At the same time, the British poet Carol Ann Duffy was announced as the recipient of the Golden Wreath Award of the Struga Poetry Evenings for 2021.

title: World Poetry Day


text:
MCPS

MCPS can refer to:

 * Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society
 * Member of College of Physicians and Surgeons, a membership offered by the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan
 * Microsoft Cordless Phone System, the first phone produced by Microsoft
 * Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
 * Millions of cycles per second (better known as Megahertz), a frequency measure used for processing speed in computers
 * Media Access Control (MAC) Common Part Sublayer
 * Modular Command Post System

 * Schools and school districts
 * Maury County Public Schools
 * Montgomery Catholic Preparatory School, Montgomery, Alabama
 * Montgomery County Public Schools (Maryland)
 * Montgomery County Public Schools (Virginia)
 * McCracken County Public Schools
 * Marion County Public Schools, Marion County, Florida

title: MCPS


text:
List of freguesias of Portugal: M

The freguesias (civil parishes) of Portugal are listed in by municipality according to the following format:
 * concelho
 * freguesias

Mação

 * Aboboreira
 * Amêndoa
 * Cardigos
 * Carvoeiro
 * Envendos
 * Mação
 * Ortiga
 * Penhascoso

Macedo de Cavaleiros

 * Ala
 * Amendoeira
 * Arcas
 * Bagueixe
 * Bornes
 * Burga
 * Carrapatas
 * Castelãos
 * Chacim
 * Cortiços
 * Corujas
 * Edroso
 * Espadanedo
 * Ferreira
 * Grijó de Vale Benfeito
 * Lagoa
 * Lamalonga
 * Lamas de Podence
 * Lombo
 * Macedo de Cavaleiros
 * Morais
 * Murçós
 * Olmos
 * Peredo
 * Podence
 * Salselas
 * Santa Combinha
 * Sesulfe
 * Soutelo Mourisco
 * Talhas
 * Talhinhas
 * Vale Benfeito
 * Vale da Porca
 * Vale de Prados
 * Vilar do Monte
 * Vilarinho de Agrochão
 * Vilarinho do Monte
 * Vinhas

Machico (Madeira)

 * Água de Pena
 * Caniçal
 * Machico
 * Porto da Cruz
 * Santo António da Serra

Madalena (Azores)

 * Bandeiras
 * Candelária
 * Criação Velha
 * Madalena
 * São Caetano
 * São Mateus

Mafra

 * Azueira
 * Carvoeira
 * Cheleiros
 * Encarnação
 * Enxara do Bispo
 * Ericeira
 * Gradil
 * Igreja Nova
 * Mafra
 * Malveira
 * Milharado
 * Santo Estêvão das Galés
 * Santo Isidoro
 * São Miguel de Alcainça
 * Sobral da Abelheira
 * Venda do Pinheiro
 * Vila Franca do Rosário

Maia

 * Águas Santas
 * Avioso (Santa Maria)
 * Avioso (São Pedro)
 * Barca
 * Folgosa
 * Gemunde
 * Gondim
 * Gueifães
 * Maia
 * Milheirós
 * Moreira
 * Nogueira
 * Pedrouços
 * São Pedro Fins
 * Silva Escura
 * Vermoim
 * Vila Nova da Telha

Mangualde

 * Abrunhosa-a-Velha
 * Alcafache
 * Chãs de Tavares
 * Cunha Alta
 * Cunha Baixa
 * Espinho
 * Fornos de Maceira Dão
 * Freixiosa
 * Lobelhe do Mato
 * Mangualde
 * Mesquitela
 * Moimenta de Maceira Dão
 * Póvoa de Cervães
 * Quintela de Azurara
 * Santiago de Cassurrães
 * São João da Fresta
 * Travanca de Tavares
 * Várzea de Tavares

Manteigas

 * Manteigas (Santa Maria)
 * Manteigas (São Pedro)
 * Sameiro
 * Vale de Amoreira

Marco de Canaveses

 * Alpendurada e Matos
 * Ariz
 * Avessadas
 * Banho e Carvalhosa
 * Constance (Portugal)
 * Favões
 * Folhada
 * Fornos
 * Freixo
 * Magrelos
 * Manhuncelos
 * Maureles
 * Paços de Gaiolo
 * Paredes de Viadores
 * Penha Longa
 * Rio de Galinhas
 * Rosem
 * Sande
 * Santo Isidoro
 * São Lourenço do Douro
 * São Nicolau
 * Soalhães
 * Sobretâmega
 * Tabuado
 * Torrão
 * Toutosa
 * Tuias
 * Várzea da Ovelha e Aliviada
 * Várzea do Douro
 * Vila Boa de Quires
 * Vila Boa do Bispo

Marinha Grande

 * Marinha Grande
 * Moita
 * Vieira de Leiria

Marvão

 * Beirã
 * Santa Maria de Marvão
 * Santo António das Areias
 * São Salvador da Aramenha

Matosinhos

 * Custóias
 * Guifões
 * Lavra
 * Leça da Palmeira
 * Leça do Balio
 * Matosinhos
 * Perafita, Matosinhos
 * Santa Cruz do Bispo
 * São Mamede de Infesta
 * Senhora da Hora

Mealhada

 * Antes
 * Barcouço
 * Casal Comba
 * Luso
 * Mealhada
 * Pampilhosa
 * Vacariça
 * Ventosa do Bairro

Mêda

 * Aveloso
 * Barreira
 * Carvalhal
 * Casteição
 * Coriscada
 * Fonte Longa
 * Longroiva
 * Marialva
 * Meda
 * Outeiro de Gatos
 * Pai Penela
 * Poço do Canto
 * Prova
 * Rabaçal
 * Ranhados
 * Vale Flor

Melgaço

 * Alvaredo
 * Castro Laboreiro
 * Chaviães
 * Cousso
 * Cristoval
 * Cubalhão
 * Fiães
 * Gave
 * Lamas de Mouro
 * Paços
 * Paderne
 * Parada do Monte
 * Penso
 * Prado
 * Remoães
 * Roussas
 * São Paio
 * Vila

Mértola

 * Alcaria Ruiva
 * Corte do Pinto
 * Espírito Santo
 * Mértola
 * Santana de Cambas
 * São João dos Caldeireiros
 * São Miguel do Pinheiro
 * São Pedro de Solis
 * São Sebastião dos Carros

Mesão Frio

 * Barqueiros
 * Cidadelhe
 * Mesão Frio (Santa Cristina)
 * Mesão Frio (São Nicolau)
 * Oliveira
 * Vila Jusã
 * Vila Marim

Mira

 * Carapelhos
 * Mira
 * Praia de Mira
 * Seixo

Miranda do Corvo

 * Lamas
 * Miranda do Corvo
 * Rio Vide
 * Semide
 * Vila Nova

Miranda do Douro

 * Águas Vivas
 * Atenor
 * Cicouro
 * Constantim
 * Duas Igrejas
 * Genísio
 * Ifanes
 * Malhadas
 * Miranda do Douro
 * Palaçoulo
 * Paradela
 * Picote
 * Póvoa
 * São Martinho de Angueira
 * Sendim
 * Silva
 * Vila Chã de Braciosa

Mirandela

 * Abambres
 * Abreiro
 * Aguieiras
 * Alvites
 * Avantos
 * Avidagos
 * Barcel
 * Bouça
 * Cabanelas
 * Caravelas
 * Carvalhais
 * Cedães
 * Cobro
 * Fradizela
 * Franco
 * Frechas
 * Freixeda
 * Lamas de Orelhão
 * Marmelos
 * Mascarenhas
 * Mirandela
 * Múrias
 * Navalho
 * Passos
 * Pereira
 * Romeu
 * São Pedro Velho
 * São Salvador
 * Suçães
 * Torre de Dona Chama
 * Vale de Asnes
 * Vale de Gouvinhas
 * Vale de Salgueiro
 * Vale de Telhas
 * Valverde, Mirandela
 * Vila Boa
 * Vila Verde

Mogadouro

 * Azinhoso
 * Bemposta
 * Bruçó
 * Brunhoso
 * Brunhozinho
 * Castanheira
 * Castelo Branco
 * Castro Vicente
 * Meirinhos
 * Mogadouro
 * Paradela
 * Penas Roias
 * Peredo da Bemposta
 * Remondes
 * Saldanha
 * Sanhoane
 * São Martinho do Peso
 * Soutelo
 * Tó (Portugal)
 * Travanca
 * Urrós
 * Vale da Madre
 * Vale de Porco
 * Valverde, Mogadouro
 * Ventozelo
 * Vila de Ala
 * Vilar de Rei
 * Vilarinho dos Galegos

Moimenta da Beira

 * Aldeia de Nacomba
 * Alvite
 * Arcozelos
 * Ariz
 * Baldos
 * Cabaços
 * Caria
 * Castelo
 * Leomil
 * Moimenta da Beira
 * Nagosa
 * Paradinha
 * Passô
 * Pêra Velha
 * Peva
 * Rua
 * Sarzedo
 * Segões
 * Sever
 * Vilar

Moita

 * Alhos Vedros
 * Baixa da Banheira
 * Gaio-Rosário
 * Moita
 * Sarilhos Pequenos
 * Vale da Amoreira

Monção

 * Abedim
 * Anhões
 * Badim
 * Barbeita
 * Barroças e Taias
 * Bela
 * Cambeses
 * Ceivães
 * Cortes
 * Lapela
 * Lara
 * Longos Vales
 * Lordelo (Monção)
 * Luzio
 * Mazedo
 * Merufe
 * Messegães
 * Monção
 * Moreira
 * Parada
 * Pias
 * Pinheiros
 * Podame
 * Portela
 * Riba de Mouro
 * Sá
 * Sago
 * Segude
 * Tangil
 * Troporiz
 * Troviscoso
 * Trute
 * Valadares

Monchique

 * Alferce
 * Marmelete
 * Monchique

Mondim de Basto

 * Atei
 * Bilhó
 * Campanhó
 * Ermelo
 * Mondim de Basto
 * Paradança
 * Pardelhas
 * Vilar de Ferreiros

Monforte

 * Assumar
 * Monforte
 * Santo Aleixo
 * Vaiamonte

Montalegre

 * Cabril
 * Cambeses do Rio
 * Cervos
 * Chã
 * Contim
 * Covelães
 * Covelo do Gerês
 * Donões
 * Ferral
 * Fervidelas
 * Fiães do Rio
 * Gralhas
 * Meixedo
 * Meixide
 * Montalegre
 * Morgade
 * Mourilhe
 * Negrões
 * Outeiro
 * Padornelos
 * Padroso
 * Paradela
 * Pitões das Junias
 * Pondras
 * Reigoso
 * Salto
 * Santo André
 * Sarraquinhos
 * Sezelhe
 * Solveira
 * Tourém
 * Venda Nova
 * Viade de Baixo
 * Vila da Ponte
 * Vilar de Perdizes (São Miguel)

Montemor-o-Novo

 * Cabrela
 * Ciborro
 * Cortiçadas
 * Foros de Vale de Figueira
 * Lavre
 * Nossa Senhora da Vila
 * Nossa Senhora do Bispo
 * Santiago do Escoural
 * São Cristóvão
 * Silveiras

Montemor-o-Velho

 * Abrunheira
 * Arazede
 * Carapinheira
 * Ereira
 * Gatões
 * Liceia
 * Meãs do Campo
 * Montemor-o-Velho
 * Pereira
 * Santo Varão
 * Seixo de Gatões
 * Tentúgal
 * Verride
 * Vila Nova da Barca

Montijo

 * Afonsoeiro
 * Alto-Estanqueiro-Jardia
 * Atalaia
 * Canha
 * Montijo
 * Pegões
 * Santo Isidro de Pegões
 * Sarilhos Grandes

Mora

 * Brotas
 * Cabeção
 * Mora
 * Pavia

Mortágua

 * Almaça
 * Cercosa
 * Cortegaça
 * Espinho
 * Marmeleira
 * Mortágua
 * Pala
 * Sobral
 * Trezói
 * Vale de Remígio

Moura

 * Amareleja
 * Moura (Santo Agostinho)
 * Moura (São João Baptista)
 * Póvoa de São Miguel
 * Safara
 * Santo Aleixo da Restauração
 * Santo Amador
 * Sobral da Adiça

Mourão

 * Granja
 * Luz
 * Mourão

Murça

 * Candedo
 * Carva
 * Fiolhoso
 * Jou
 * Murça
 * Noura
 * Palheiros
 * Valongo de Milhais
 * Vilares

Murtosa

 * Bunheiro
 * Monte
 * Murtosa
 * Torreira

title: List of freguesias of Portugal: M


text:
Pyroligneous acid

Pyroligneous acid, also called wood vinegar or wood acid, is a dark liquid produced by the destructive distillation of wood and other plant materials.

Composition
The principal components of pyroligneous acid are 10% acetic acid, acetone and methanol. It was once used as a commercial source for acetic acid.

History
Pyroligneous acid (acetum lignorum) was investigated by German chemist Johann Rudolph Glauber. The acid was used as a substitute for vinegar. It was also used topically for treating wounds, ulcers and other ailments. A salt can be made by neutralizing the acid with a lye made from the ashes of the burnt wood.

During the United States Civil War it became increasingly difficult for the Confederate States of America to obtain much needed salt. Curing meat and fish with pyroligneous acid was attempted by cooks to compensate for this deficiency, but it was insufficient.

In the nineteenth century, pyroligneous acid was used to prepare an impure aluminium sulfacetate mordant for use with cotton, but the resulting mixture imparted a burnt odor to the cotton, and Ganswindt recommended its use be abandoned in favour of purer preparations in 1899.

In 1895, pyroligneous acid was first marketed under the brand Wright's Liquid Smoke, a liquid smoke product intended to impart the flavor and some of the preservative effects of wood smoking to meats and vegetables. In the early 21st century, concerns about the carcinogenic effects of components of wood smoke decreased the production of heavily smoked foods in favor of lighter smoking and liquid smoke for foods.

title: Pyroligneous acid


text:
List of freguesias of Portugal: N

The freguesias (civil parishes) of Portugal are listed in by municipality according to the following format:
 * concelho
 * freguesias

Nazaré

 * Famalicão
 * Nazaré
 * Valado dos Frades

Nelas

 * Aguieira
 * Canas de Senhorim
 * Carvalhal Redondo
 * Lapa do Lobo
 * Moreira
 * Nelas
 * Santar
 * Senhorim
 * Vilar Seco

Nisa

 * Alpalhão
 * Amieira do Tejo
 * Arez e Amieira do Tejo
 * Espírito Santo, Nossa Senhora da Graça e São Simão
 * Montalvão
 * Santana
 * Tolosa

Nordeste (Azores)

 * Achada
 * Achadinha
 * Algarvia
 * Lomba da Fazenda
 * Nordeste
 * Salga
 * Santana
 * Santo António de Nordestinho
 * São Pedro de Nordestinho

title: List of freguesias of Portugal: N


text: Category:Gaelic football clubs

title: Category:Gaelic football clubs


text:
Altenau (disambiguation)

Altenau is a town in Lower Saxony.

Altenau may also refer to:
 * Altenau (Oker), a tributary of the Oker in eastern Lower Saxony
 * Altenau (Alme), a tributary of the Alme in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia
 * Altenau, a part of Mühlberg, Brandenburg, Germany

People with the surname

 * Cornelis Altenau (died 1558), Danish-German builder

title: Altenau (disambiguation)


text:
List of freguesias of Portugal: O

The freguesias (civil parishes) of Portugal are listed in by municipality according to the following format:
 * concelho
 * freguesias

Óbidos

 * A dos Negros
 * Amoreira
 * Gaeiras
 * Óbidos (Santa Maria)
 * Óbidos (São Pedro)
 * Olho Marinho
 * Sobral da Lagoa
 * Usseira
 * Vau

Odemira

 * Bicos
 * Boavista dos Pinheiros
 * Colos
 * Longueira/Almograve
 * Luzianes-Gare
 * Odemira (Santa Maria)
 * Odemira (São Salvador)
 * Pereiras-Gare
 * Relíquias
 * Sabóia
 * Santa Clara-a-Velha
 * São Luís
 * São Martinho das Amoreiras
 * São Teotónio
 * Vale de Santiago
 * Vila Nova de Milfontes
 * Zambujeira do Mar

Odivelas

 * Caneças
 * Famões
 * Odivelas
 * Olival Basto
 * Pontinha
 * Póvoa de Santo Adrião
 * Ramada

Oeiras

 * Algés
 * Barcarena
 * Carnaxide
 * Caxias
 * Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo
 * Linda-a-Velha
 * Oeiras e São Julião da Barra
 * Paço de Arcos
 * Porto Salvo
 * Queijas

Oleiros

 * Álvaro
 * Amieira
 * Cambas
 * Estreito
 * Isna
 * Madeirã
 * Mosteiro
 * Oleiros
 * Orvalho
 * Sarnadas de São Simão
 * Sobral
 * Vilar Barroco

Olhão

 * Fuseta
 * Moncarapacho
 * Olhão
 * Pechão
 * Quelfes

Oliveira de Azeméis

 * Carregosa
 * Cesar
 * Fajões
 * Loureiro
 * Macieira de Sarnes
 * Macinhata da Seixa
 * Madail
 * Nogueira do Cravo
 * Oliveira de Azeméis
 * Ossela
 * Palmaz
 * Pindelo
 * Pinheiro da Bemposta
 * Santiago da Riba-Ul
 * São Martinho da Gândara
 * São Roque
 * Travanca
 * Ul
 * Vila de Cucujães

Oliveira de Frades

 * Arca
 * Arcozelo das Maias
 * Destriz
 * Oliveira de Frades
 * Pinheiro
 * Reigoso
 * Ribeiradio
 * São João da Serra
 * São Vicente de Lafões
 * Sejães
 * Souto de Lafões
 * Varzielas

Oliveira do Bairro

 * Bustos
 * Mamarrosa
 * Oiã
 * Oliveira do Bairro
 * Palhaça
 * Troviscal

Oliveira do Hospital

 * Aldeia das Dez
 * Alvoco das Várzeas
 * Avô
 * Bobadela
 * Ervedal
 * Lagares
 * Lagos da Beira
 * Lajeosa
 * Lourosa
 * Meruge
 * Nogueira do Cravo
 * Oliveira do Hospital
 * Penalva de Alva
 * Santa Ovaia
 * São Gião
 * São Paio de Gramaços
 * São Sebastião da Feira
 * Seixo da Beira
 * Travanca de Lagos
 * Vila Franca da Beira
 * Vila Pouca da Beira

Ourém

 * Alburitel
 * Atouguia
 * Casal dos Bernardos
 * Caxarias
 * Cercal
 * Espite
 * Fátima
 * Formigais
 * Freixianda
 * Gondemaria
 * Matas
 * Nossa Senhora da Piedade
 * Nossa Senhora das Misericórdias
 * Olival
 * Ribeira do Fárrio
 * Rio de Couros
 * Seiça
 * Urqueira

Ourique

 * Conceição
 * Garvão
 * Ourique
 * Panóias
 * Santa Luzia
 * Santana da Serra

Ovar

 * Arada
 * Cortegaça
 * Esmoriz
 * Maceda
 * Ovar
 * São João
 * São Vicente de Pereira Jusã
 * Válega

title: List of freguesias of Portugal: O


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Apocalyptic robot crew

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:11, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Apocalyptic robot crew
Band vanity. If they could tell us half as much about actual evidence of notability as they do about their cutesy habits of changing band names and stage names every time they're asked, then maybe they'd merit an article. -- Antaeus Feldspar 00:33, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete vanity. Thryduulf 01:17, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. No reference in AMG, 1 Google hit, no claim to notability in the article. JoaoRicardo 01:32, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete bandity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 01:36, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, bandity. Bart133 (t) 01:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - 1 Google hit, band vanity. Megan1967 02:31, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, classic high school band vanity. Wyss 23:38, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, does not meet WikiProject:Music's guidelines for inclusion. Tuf-Kat 16:53, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Fichtenberg

Fichtenberg may refer to the following places in Germany:

 * Fichtenberg (Württemberg), in the Schwäbisch Hall district
 * A part of Mühlberg (Elbe) in the Elbe-Elster district
 * Fichtenberg (Berlin), a part of the Steglitz district in Berlin

title: Fichtenberg