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International Law Commission

The International Law Commission (ILC) is a body of experts responsible for helping develop and codify international law. It is composed of 34 individuals recognized for their expertise and qualifications in international law, who are elected by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) every five years.

The ideological roots of the ILC originated as early as the 19th century, when the Congress of Vienna in Europe developed several international rules and principles to regulate conduct among its members. Following several attempts to develop and rationalize international law in the early 20th century, the ILC was formed in 1947 by the UNGA pursuant to the Charter of the United Nations, which calls on the Assembly to help develop and systematize international law. The Commission held its first session in 1949, with its initial work influenced by the Second World War and subsequent concerns about international crimes such as genocide and acts of aggression.

The ILC has since held annual sessions at the U.N. Office at Geneva to discuss and debate various topics in international law and develop international legal principles accordingly. It is responsible for several foundational developments in international law, including the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which establishes a framework for forming and interpreting treaties, and the International Criminal Court, the first permanent tribunal tasked with adjudicating offenses such as genocide and crimes against humanity.

Origin
Several attempts were made throughout history to codify international law, in particular the rules and principles of customary international law (a universal unwritten law that nonetheless binds sovereign states). The work that led to the International Law Commission was begun in the Resolution of the Assembly of the League of Nations of 22 September 1924, which established the Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law, consisting of 17 members, for the purpose of making recommendations as to which issues required to be addressed in international law and the steps desirable to that end. The Committee's work led to the League of Nations Codification Conference of 1930, which dealt mainly with the issues of nationality laws, territorial waters and state responsibility to damage caused to foreign nationals.

Many concepts of the 1930 conference were adopted in the Charter of the United Nations, which established the successor organization to the League. Article 13, Paragraph 1 therein states: 1. The General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of: a. ... encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification. Pursuant to this provision, on December 11, 1946, the General Assembly passed Resolution 94, which called to establish a committee of legal experts to make recommendations to the UN Secretary-General on the ways the General Assembly could encourage the progressive development of international law and its codification. The committee of experts consisted of 17 members and convened from May 12 to June 17, 1947. It recommended to establish a permanent UN commission to promote these objectives.

On November 21, 1947, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 174, which provided for the creation of an "International Law Commission" in order to fulfill the obligations of the Charter. To the resolution was attached the statute of the Commission, which defined its purposes as being: Working procedures for the Commission were elaborated in articles 16-26.
 * Promoting the codification of international law.
 * Solving problems within both public and private international law.

Under the leadership of Sir Michael Wood, the ILC undertook an authoritative effort to codify customary international law. The ILC produced the Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law (ILC Conclusions), which seeks to clarify the process by which to identify customary international law.

Working procedures of the ILC
The work of the Commission is regulated by its statute, which was initially approved by the General Assembly on November 21, 1947, and amended on December 12, 1950, December 3, 1955, and November 18, 1981.

It consists of 34 members (originally 15) who all must be experts on international law, elected to the position by the General Assembly from a list of candidates nominated by governments of member states in the UN. Members act as individuals and not as officials representing their respective states.

One venue of action for the commission in the codification of principles of international law is when requested to do so by the General Assembly. In that case, the commission appoints one of its members as Special Rapporteur on that subject and prepares a plan of work regarding the issue in question. Governments are requested to submit to the commission their written opinions on the issue in question, as specified in the plan of work. The rapporteur then writes a report of his or her recommendations on the subject under discussion and the report must be approved by the rest of the commission as well as by the UN Secretary-General before it becomes an official commission document. The commission then reconsiders the report after receiving additional written opinions from governments, and the report is being submitted to the General Assembly for approval.

Another venue of action is when the commission is requested either by a government, an inter-governmental organization or a UN agency to draft proposals for international conventions on various issues. In that case, the commission formulates a plan of work and receives written opinions from governments on the issue in question. The final draft is also submitted to the General Assembly.

The commission also works independently of external requests by its regular work of considering questions of international law. Also in these cases, all recommendations for actions are submitted to the General Assembly for final approval. The commission's independent deliberations usually take place in its annual sessions.

Membership
The members of the Commission for the 2023–2027 term are:

Annual sessions of the commission
The commission's main function since its establishment has been its annual sessions, starting from 1949. At first, the proceedings of these sessions were kept in a mimeograph form and were not available to the public, but on December 3, 1955, the General Assembly passed resolution 987, which required the publication of a summary of the proceedings of these meetings in a special yearbook designated for this purpose, and this in order to make the information available to both public and governments. For the 1st session, proceedings have been published in one volume, but starting from the 2nd session, proceedings have been published in two volumes – the first containing summary of the deliberations and the second containing documents adopted at that session.

At the beginning of each session, the commission elects one of its members to serve as its chairman until the next session.

1st session, 1949
The agenda for the first session was prepared by the General Assembly throughout 1947–1948. In resolution 177 (November 21, 1947), the Assembly charged the commission with formulating principles based on the judgement of the Nuremberg Tribunal and drafting a new code of offences against the peace of mankind. Resolution 178 (of the same day) charged the commission with preparing a document on the rights and duties of states in international law. Resolution of 260 (December 9, 1948) instructed the commission to consider the establishing of a criminal chamber within the International Court of Justice, for prosecuting political leaders guilty of crimes against international law.

Election of the 15 commission members by the General Assembly took place on November 3, 1948.

The first session of the commission was held in Lake Success, New York, United States, from April 12 to June 9, 1949. The agenda for the session consisted of six items:
 * Making a general survey of topics of international law that require codification into treaties and conventions.
 * The rights and duties of states.
 * The Nuremberg Principles and the definition of crimes against the peace of mankind.
 * Possibility of establishing a judicial body to prosecute leaders guilty of genocide.
 * Finding ways to make the rules and documents of international law more available to the public and scholars.
 * Cooperation by the ILC with other UN agencies.

At the very first meeting, US commission member Manley O. Hudson was elected chairman of the commission for the duration of that session, while the Soviet member Vladimir Koretsky was elected first vice-chairman and Indian member Benegal Rau was elected second vice-chairman.

During that session, disagreement arose between the members as to whether the commission was entitled to include a topic on its agenda without prior consent of the General Assembly. On this issue, the commission decided that it was competent to do so, by a vote of 10 to 3.

Regarding the range of issues to be included in the agenda for codification of international law, the commission decided to start working on a limited number of subjects at first. For that reason, it was decided to exclude at the time the issue of laws of war from the commission's discussions. Highest priority was given to the topics of law of treaties, arbitration, and regime of the sea, and rapporteurs were elected accordingly.

Another topic under discussion was the declaration on the rights and duties of states. It was decided to exclude the issue of right of asylum from the proposed draft, and to discuss the matter further at the 2nd session.

Other issues postponed until the 2nd session were:
 * The formulation of the Nuremberg Principles and the list of offenses against the peace of mankind.
 * The issue of universal criminal jurisdiction.
 * Making texts of international law more available.
 * Cooperation with governments and UN agencies.

The commission approved a Draft Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States, which was the main legal document adopted at that session. A large portion of the work on this issue was done by the Panamanian representative Ricardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované. The draft declaration was referred to the General Assembly for further deliberations, but in its resolution 596 of December 7, 1951, the Assembly decided to postpone any further discussions on the document.

The commission also decided about the time and place of the 2nd session to be held. It was decided to hold it in Geneva, starting from May 1950, for a maximum period of 10 weeks.

2nd session, 1950
The 2nd session was held in Geneva from June 5 to July 29, 1950. The chairman of that session was Georges Scelle. The agenda and the final resolutions of the session were as follows:
 * Original item: Report of the 1st session and the draft declaration on the rights and duties of states, both of which were now approved by the General Assembly. Decision: the commission took note of that without taking further action.
 * Original item: The General Assembly recommendation to give priority to the issue of territorial waters. Decision: the commission accepted the recommendation.
 * Original item: Formulation of the Nuremberg Principles and the draft code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind. Decision: the commission formulated a set of seven principles to be referred to as "Nuremberg Principles".
 * Original item: The desirability and possibility of establishing an international court to try political leaders guilty of genocide. Decision: the commission passed resolutions to the effect that the creation of such a court was desirable and possible. However, the creation of such a court was postponed until further discussions.
 * Original item: Law of treaties. Decision: the commission postponed decisions until further study.
 * Original item: Arbitral procedure between states. Decision: the commission was unable to reach agreement on compulsory arbitration procedures, and the issue was postponed until further considerations.
 * Original item: Regime of the high seas. Decision: the commission determined that every ship on the high seas must have only one nationality flag for identification purposes. However, it was unable to agree on the rest of the issues relating to the regime of the high seas.
 * Original item: Ways of making texts of international law more available. Decision: the commission recommended that wide distribution be made of UN publications on international law and that the UN begin publications of documentary series on international tribunals and national laws and constitutions of various states. In addition, the commission recommended to the General Assembly to formulate an international convention to regulate the exchange of legal publications between governments.
 * Original item: Right of asylum. Decision: the commission decided to postpone any deliberations on the subject, since the issue was under discussion by the International Court of Justice.
 * Original item: Cooperation of the commission with other UN agencies, governments and other national and international organizations.
 * Original item: Date and place of the 3rd session. Decision: the commission decided it should be held in Geneva for a maximum period of 12 weeks starting from May 1951.

The conduct of the 2nd session was influenced by the East–West rift resulting from the Cold War. Already at the first meeting of that session, the Soviet member Koretsky protested that the People's Republic of China (PRC) was not represented on the commission, claiming it represented the Chinese people and not the Republic of China (ROC), now ruling in Taiwan only. He demanded the Chinese member of the commission be replaced by a member from mainland China. Commission chairman Scelle opposed the Soviet demand, claiming that each member represented his own legal views rather than any government position. The commission accepted Hudson's position by the vote of 10 to 1, and Koretsky in protest left the session without attending any further meeting. A letter of protest by the PRC government against the representation of the ROC at the commission was presented to the commission on June 8, but no further action was taken in that regard.

3rd session, 1951
The 3rd session was held in Geneva from May 16 to July 27, 1951. The agenda of the session was as follows:
 * Item: General Assembly recommendations for revisions of the commission's statute. Decision: the commission made a partial report on the matter.
 * Item: The draft code of offenses against the peace of mankind. Decision: the commission formulated a draft.
 * Item: Duties of states in the event of the outbreak of hostilities. Decision: the commission decided to proceed with a definition of aggression in general terms.
 * Item: Law of treaties. Decision: the commission made a series of recommendations regarding the acceptance of reservations to multilateral treaties.
 * Item: Arbitral procedure.
 * Item: Regime of the high seas. Decision: the issue was postponed until further study.
 * Item: Date and place of the 4th session. Decision: the commission decided to hold the next session in Geneva for a period of ten weeks, starting from around June 1.
 * Item: Draft international convention or conventions for the elimination of statelessness. Decision: the issue was postponed until further study.
 * Item: Cooperation by the commission with other bodies. Decision: no definite decision was made.
 * Item: Development of a 20-year program for achieving peace through the United Nations. Decision: no definite decision was made.
 * Item: General Assembly comments on the report of the 2nd session.

The conduct of the session was influenced by other international events, as the Syrian representative Faris El-Khouri was absent from the early meetings due to UN deliberations of Syrian complaints against Israel.

4th session, 1952
The 4th session was held in Geneva from June 4 to August 8, 1952.

Much of the session was dedicated to the issue of arbitral procedure, on which the commission adopted a preliminary draft, consisting of 32 articles.

5th session, 1953
The 5th session was held in Geneva from June 1 to August 14, 1953.

As was done at the opening meeting of the 2nd session, also at this session, the Soviet representative Feodor I. Kozhevnikov demanded to dismiss the representative of the ROC and appoint a representative of the PRC in his place. The motion was denied this time as well, but the Soviet member did not walk out on the session as was done in 1950.

The commission began work on drafting a convention to reduce the problem of statelessness.

6th session, 1954
The 6th session was held in Paris from June 3 to July 28, 1954.

At the opening of the session, the chairman of UNESCO expressed greeting to the commission for holding a session at the seat of the organization.

The commission formulated a draft convention for the reduction of statelessness and a draft code of crimes against the peace of mankind.

7th session, 1955
The 7th session was held in Geneva from May 2 to July 8, 1955.

The commission adopted Provisional articles concerning the regime of the high seas, which stipulated among other things, that the high seas do not belong to any country and cannot be controlled by any government. It also decided to request the UN Secretary General to start regular publication of the commission's sessions in order to make them available for the public. This decision led to General Assembly resolution 987, which paved the way to orderly publication of the commission's yearbook.

8th session, 1956
The 8th session was held in Geneva from April 23 to July 4, 1956.

The session's agenda consisted of the following items:
 * Regime of the high seas
 * The territorial waters of countries having access to the sea
 * The law of treaties, which means the creation of uniform rules for the negotiation, formulation, signature and implementation of treaties
 * Diplomatic practices
 * Consular practices
 * State responsibility

The commission began consideration of the law of treaties. In this regard, it considered the report of its special rapporteur Gerald Fitzmaurice, but no decision was arrived at. This first debate on the law of treaties eventually led to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in 1969.

9th session, 1957
The 9th session was held in Geneva from April 23 to June 28, 1957.

10th session, 1958
The 10th session was held in Geneva from April 28 to July 4, 1958.

11th session, 1959
The 11th session was held in Geneva from April 20 to June 26, 1959.

12th session, 1960
The 12th session was held in Geneva from April 25 to July 1, 1960.

13th session, 1961
The 13 session was held in Geneva from May 1 to July 7, 1961.

14th session, 1962
The 14th session was held in Geneva from April 24 to June 29, 1962.

15th session, 1963
The 15th session was held in Geneva from May 6 to July 12, 1963.

16th session, 1964
The 16th session was held in Geneva from May 11 to July 24, 1964.

17th session, 1965
The 17th session was held in two parts: in Geneva from May 3 to July 9, 1965, and in Monaco from January 3 to 28, 1966.

18th session, 1966
The 18th session was held in Geneva from May 4 to July 19, 1966.

19th session, 1967
The 19th session was held in Geneva from May 8 to July 14, 1967.

20th session, 1968
The 20th session was held in Geneva from May 27 to August 2, 1968.

21st session, 1969
The 21st session was held in Geneva from June 2 to August 8, 1969.

22nd session, 1970
The 22nd session was held in Geneva from May 4 to July 10, 1970.

23rd session, 1971
The 23rd session was held in Geneva from April 26 to July 30, 1971.

24th session, 1972
The 24th session was held in Geneva from May 2 to July 7, 1972.

25th session, 1973
The 25th session was held in Geneva from May 7 to July 13, 1973.

26th session, 1974
The 26th session was held in Geneva from May 6 to July 26, 1974.

27th session, 1975
The 27th session was held in Geneva from May 5 to July 25, 1975.

28th session, 1976
The 28th session was held in Geneva from May 3 to July 23, 1976.

29th session, 1977
The 29th session was held in Geneva from May 3 to July 29, 1977.

30th session, 1978
The 30th session was held in Geneva from May 8 to July 28, 1978.

31st session, 1979
The 31st session was held in Geneva from May 14 to August 3, 1979.

32nd session, 1980
The 32nd session was held in Geneva from May 5 to July 25, 1980.

33rd session, 1981
The 33rd session was held in Geneva from May 4 to July 24, 1981.

34th session, 1982
The 34th session was held in Geneva from May 3 to July 23, 1982.

35th session, 1983
The 35th session was held in Geneva from May 3 to July 22, 1983.

36th session, 1984
The 36th session was held in Geneva from May 7 to July 27, 1984.

37th session, 1985
The 37th session was held in Geneva from May 6 to July 26, 1985.

38th session, 1986
The 38th session was held in Geneva from May 5 to July 11, 1986.

39th session, 1987
The 39th session was held in Geneva from May 4 to July 17, 1987.

40th session, 1988
The 40th session was held in Geneva from May 9 to July 29, 1988.

41st session, 1989
The 41st session was held from in Geneva from May 2 to July 21, 1989.

42nd session, 1990
The 42nd session was held in Geneva from May 1 to July 20, 1990.

43rd session, 1991
The 43rd session was held in Geneva from April 29 to July 19, 1991.

44th session, 1992
The 44th session was held in Geneva from May 4 to July 24, 1992.

45th session, 1993
The 45th session was held in Geneva from May 3 to July 23, 1993.

46th session, 1994
The 46th session was held in Geneva from May 2 to July 22, 1994.

47th session, 1995
The 47th session was held in Geneva from May 2 to July 21, 1995.

48th session, 1996
The 48th session was held in Geneva from May 6 to July 26, 1996.

49th session, 1997
The 49th session was held in Geneva from May 12 to July 18, 1997.

50th session, 1998
The 50th session was held in two parts: in Geneva from April 27 to June 12 and in New York from July 27 to August 14, 1998.

51st session, 1999
The 51st session was held in Geneva from May 3 to July 23, 1999.

52nd session, 2000
The 52nd session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 1 to June 9 and from July 10 to August 18, 2000.

53rd session, 2001
The 53rd session was held in Geneva in two parts from April 23 to June 1 and from July 2 to August 10, 2001.

54th session, 2002
The 54th session was held in Geneva in two parts from April 29 to June 7 and from July 22 to August 16, 2002.

55th session, 2003
The 55th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 5 to June 6 and from July 7 to August 8, 2003.

56th session, 2004
The 56th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 3 to June 4 and from July 5 to August 6, 2004.

57th session, 2005
The 57th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 2 to June 3 and from July 11 to August 5, 2005.

58th session, 2006
The 58th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 1 to June 9 and from July 3 to August 11, 2006.

59th session, 2007
The 59th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 7 to June 8 and from July 9 to August 10, 2007.

60th session, 2008
The 60th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 5 to June 6 and from July 7 to August 8, 2008.

61st session, 2009
The 61st session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 4 to June 5 and from July 6 to August 7, 2009.

62nd session, 2010
The 62nd session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 3 to June 4 and from July 5 to August 6, 2010.

63rd session, 2011
The 63rd session was held in Geneva in two parts from April 26 to June 3 and from July 4 to August 12, 2011.

64th session, 2012
The 64th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 7 to June 1 and from July 2 to August 3, 2012.

65th session, 2013
The 65th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 6 to June 7 and from July 8 to August 9, 2013.

66th session, 2014
The 66th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 5 to June 6 and from July 7 to August 8, 2014.

67th session, 2015
The 67th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 4 to June 5 and from July 6 to August 7, 2015.

68th session, 2016
The 68th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 2 to June 10 and from July 4 to August 12, 2016.

69th session, 2017
The 69th session was held in Geneva in two parts from May 1 to June 2 and from July 3 to August 4, 2017.

70th session, 2018
The 70th session was held in Geneva in two parts from April 30 to June 1 and from July 2 to August 10, 2018.

71st session, 2019
The 71st session was held in Geneva in two parts from April 29 to June 7 and from July 8 to August 9, 2019.

72nd session, 2021
The 72nd session was originally scheduled to take place in 2020, but was postponed owing to the COVID-19 pandemic and was eventually held in Geneva in two parts from April 26 to June 4 and from July 5 to August 6, 2021.

73rd session, 2022
The 73rd session was held in Geneva in two parts from April 18 to June 3 and from July 4 to August 5, 2022.

74th session, 2023
The 74th session was held in Geneva in two parts from April 25 to June 2 and from July 3 to August 4, 2023.

75th session, 2024
The 75th session is being held in Geneva in two parts from April 29 to May 31 and from July 1 to August 2, 2024.

Achievements
The International Law Commission's work has led to the creation of a number of treaties and other works of international law that are key to the present international legal order, for example:

Sources of international law Law of international relations Succession of states Law of international spaces Others
 * Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969
 * Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations, 1986
 * Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2001
 * Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961
 * Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963
 * Convention on Special Missions, 1969
 * Protection of Diplomats Convention, 1973
 * Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties, 1978
 * Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts, 1983
 * Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958
 * Convention on the High Seas, 1958
 * Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, 1958
 * Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958
 * Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1997
 * Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 1961
 * Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998
 * United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, 2004

Criticism
One of the problems regarding the work of the commission is the capability of governments to ignore its conclusions and refrain from accepting its recommendations when formulating conventions. At the 63rd meeting on July 7, 1950, chairman Georges Scelle complained that governments tended to ignore questions addressed to them by the commission out of lack of interest in its work. One criticism sounded about the work of the commission is that the brevity of its annual sessions (10 to 12 weeks) does not allow thorough study of the problems under discussion. Already at the 83 meeting of the commission, held on May 17, 1951, commission member Georges Scelle suggested the only way to fix the problem was by reforming the commission so that it would meet more often and whenever the Secretary General desired so.

Another criticism sounded already at the early history of the commission was made by Colombian delegate José María Yepes that the commission refrained from formulating principles on new issues and thus presents itself as incompetent.

title: International Law Commission


text:
Talk:Artesia, California

Official website
I just wanted to say that the official website for the city of Artesia listed on the Little India article is incorrect. It is [www.cityofartesia.us] The one listed is a subsection of the Gateway Cities website.

As for the question asked about people staring at you when you're shopping, that may be a result of one's own paranoia or inexperience around other cultures.

And don't forget to sign your talk page comments with  (as inline text - without the spaces) or   (from the visual editor menu).
 * Thank you Anon. Update:
 * Correcting the city's official website
 * Removing an inappropriate question
 * have both now been done (though not by me).
 * ChrisJBenson (talk) 13:13, 24 August 2021 (UTC)

--- I agree. I have several friends that are from European countries, Mexico, Cuba, and are Black, Brown, Yellow, and White, who all enjoy the fantastic finds while shopping in the spice shops and Indian shops along Pioneer Blvd. --- And, the concentration of Indian shops is within 4 or 5 city blocks along Pioneer. The rest of the city is like any other with a genuine mix of all kinds of people. It's a great place to live, and the city council and city manger are making great strides in improving the city. We have million dollar homes in Artesia, big name stores coming in, and in the past few years have really started to build some super-nice homes in the 400,000 to 800,000 price ranges. They are redeveloping blighted land and homeowners are fixing up their homes. --- Artesia is a nice little town, I'm glad to be working for the city. And you are right (because I see these people all the time). The city manager, the mayor, the city council, and all staff are doing great things to improve the city.

AP PIO COA

Ice Skating Rink
Perhaps someone should make a mention of Michelle Kwan's ice rink as a possible landmark in the city. Since, it too, can add to the tourism and overall popularity of the town.

President Rhapsody 21:27, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Damnit8902 (talk) 21:08, 27 October 2008 (UTC)oct/27/08
(Comment made by multiple people) Artesia is more then just " little india ". no where in this article does it mention about the Portuguese hall. They have a BULLFIGHTING RING there. How many cities have a bullfighting ring? and how did they miss this when making this article? It's not only the Portuguese hall that got missed, there are plenty of other things that create artesia that were not included!! I don't find little india very inviting to those of us who are not of indian descent.

+++ i definitely agree, the portugese have strong traditions still in artesia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thrwooo (talk • contribs) 00:00, 1 August 2017 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Artesia, California


text:
Category talk:Articles to be merged

Merge portions
It seems as those articles using the template Merge portions from now lists here, which has added some very old proposals to the backlog. Not an unreasonable changes, but I haven't seen it documented/proposed. Anyone with further information? Klbrain (talk) 07:30, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Articles to be merged


text:
Panbiogeography

Panbiogeography, originally proposed by the French-Italian scholar Léon Croizat (1894–1982) in 1958, is a cartographical approach to biogeography that plots distributions of a particular taxon or group of taxa on maps, and connects the disjunct distribution areas or collection localities together with lines called tracks , regarding vicariance as the primary mechanism for the distribution of organisms rather than dispersal. While Panbiogeography influenced development of modern biogeography, the ideas in their original form are not considered mainstream biogeographical theory, and the theory was described in 2007 as "almost moribund".

Tracks

A track is a representation of the spatial form of a species distribution and can give insights into the spatial processes that generated that distribution. Crossing of an ocean or sea basin or any other major tectonic structure (e.g. a fault zone) by an individual track constitutes a baseline.

Individual tracks are superimposed, and if they coincide according to a specified criterion (e.g. shared baselines or compatible track geometries), the resulting summary lines are considered generalized (or standard) tracks. Generalized tracks suggest the pre-existence of ancestral biotas, which subsequently become fragmented by tectonic and/or climate change. The area where two or more generalized tracks intersect is called node. It means that different ancestral biotic and geological fragments interrelate in space/time, as a consequence of terrain collision, docking, or suturing, thus constituting a composite area. A concentration of numerical, genetical or morphological diversity within a taxon in a given area constitutes a main massing.

Panbiogeography was first conceived by Croizat and further applied by researchers in New Zealand and Latin America. Panbiogeography provides a method for analyzing the geographic (spatial) structure of distributions in order to generate predictions about the evolution of species and other taxa in space and time.

Panbiogeographic key concepts of track, node, baseline, and main massing have shown to be powerful analytical tools, especially following the mathematical formalization of these concepts with the development of quantitative panbiogeography. Such developments were based on the application of concepts and methods from graph theory, for example minimum spanning trees to depict individual tracks in a more rigorous way, clique analysis to identify standard tracks, and nodal analysis to determine the precise location of panbiogeographic nodes.

Panbiogeography emphasizes the analysis of raw locality and broader distribution data for taxa, and may thus benefit from modern technological advances for the collection, storage, and analysis of such data, as are online biodiversity databases of georeferenced records, the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology. Furthermore, panbiogeographers have suggested their paradigm may also be useful to address the critical issue of global biodiversity conservation in a potentially fast and cost-effective way.

Reception
Panbiogeography has generally been dismissed by mainstream biologists, and it has been described as "almost moribund" and as having "fallen by the wayside" in biogeography following widespread criticism. Robert H. Cowie, writing in a book review in Heredity stated "Panbiogeography seems to me at best to offer little new insight, at worst to be fundamentally flawed" criticising panbiogeographers for not placing enough emphasis on phylogenetics, which Cowie states is "the underpinning of any biogeographical analysis". Subsequent researchers have also criticised panbiogeography and argued that the approach is detrimental to biogeography as a scientific discipline.

title: Panbiogeography


text:
Talk:Islam in Oman

I have edited some information about Oman which is not accurate. Some vocabulary were used that are not used anymore so I edited them with modern words.

The mosque certainly does not encompass 25 square miles. I doubt it cover even one. Can someone help here?--Rjstott 19:48, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Ok found the answer here http://www.omanet.om/english/Relegious/grandmosq.asp--Rjstott 04:15, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Quality of the article
I wanted to use this article for a translation in French, but the quality is very poor : no history, no neutrality, no source for the figures,... I advice french-speaking people to have a look at the french article. Ghalloun (talk) 09:11, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Ibadi Population
Currently using CIA factbook (2020 religion estimates) as source and that says 45% of population. A discussion over at Talk:Arab world list some sources that that article uses for a 75% population. (based on 2006 Middle East Patterns)(based on 1998 WSJ Almanac)(2000 Encyclopedia of World Political Systems) Probably should discuss. Even though there are more sources for 75%, the CIA factbook is most recent number. WikiVirusC (talk) 19:28, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Islam in Oman


text:
Talk:Datapackets

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/Datapackets -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:01, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Still, its a shame to wipe out these type of entries entirely... It's a kind of art, and a challenge to our highly structured approach to Wikipedia... Maybe author might be interested in [http:/www.anarchopedia.org Anarchopedia]? -- Serge Dupouy 05:07, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Datapackets


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Aaland

Aaland is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Jacob Aaland (1865-1950), Norwegian historian
 * Mikkel Aaland (born 1952), Norwegian-American photographer
 * Per Knut Aaland (born 1954), Norwegian cross country skier

title: Aaland


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User:Duncan.france

Hi! I am Duncan France. This is reflected in my User Name, in keeping with my philosophy of openness - and which also accords with that of Wikipedia, which I applaud.

I am a petroleum geologist, now retired - mainly for health reasons. If you wish to know more about me, especially on the professional front, please refer to my old website:. Please note that, due to external circumstances, I have not been able to edit this for some years.

Latterly, I have become a sinophile, with interests in Chinese history, Chinese brushpainting and calligraphy. Resulting from this and a personal contact, I have generated the following articles: Yeung Kui-wan Furen Literary Society, and have added suitable linking text to: Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai Shek and Revive China Society

So far I have edited (mainly in a 'minor' way) the following articles:

Transform fault - I see the need for an article on Plate Tectonics, Evidence Against, which would give some balance to the globally accepted Plate Tectonics theory that does NOT explain everything...

Krakatoa - Following this, perhaps there is a need for an article on New volcanic islands, such as Surtsey near south coast of Iceland,1963, Fukuto Kuokanaba near Iwo Jima, 1986, an islet near the Metis Shoal in Tonga's Vava'u Group, 1995, and an undersea volcano named Kavachi, in the Solomons, 2000, that may have consolidated into the world's newest island. Ref. 'Krakatoa - the Day the World exploded 27th August 1883', by Simon Winchester, 2003.

Metre - This led me to realise the tables in the Conversion of units article all need substantial housekeeping, in that they would be much improved if the various units were in alphabetical order...  BIG job...  I am pleased to note that between my writing this plea (in 2005) and now (2015), the onerous task of alphabetising the aforementioned 'Conversion of Units' tables has been carried out. 'Bravo' to the erstwhile person who did it!! Well done that person!!

title: User:Duncan.france


text:
Yama-dera

 * You may also be looking for the voice actor Kōichi Yamadera.

Yama-dera (山寺), (山号 宝珠山; Sangō Hōshu-zan) is the popular name for the Buddhist temple of Risshaku-ji (立石寺) located northeast of Yamagata City, in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Its main image is a hibutsu statue of Yakushi Nyōrai. The temple has been a place for pilgrimage for centuries, and is designated as both a Place of Scenic Beauty and as a National Historic Site It is located within the borders of the Zaō Quasi-National Park. The temple buildings clinging to the steep, forested, rocky hillsides are picturesque and unusual.

History
According to temple tradition, it was founded in 860 AD by the priest Ennin, who is better known by his posthumous name, Jikaku Daishi (慈覺大師). In 847 AD Ennin returned to Japan from studies in Tang dynasty China and in 854 AD he became the chief priest of the Tendai sect at Enryaku-ji on Mt. Hiei near Kyoto. Risshaku-ji was founded as a branch temple of Enryaku-ji by the order of Emperor Seiwa, and to this day the ritual fire brought from Enryaku-ji is still burning in the main temple. The exact date and circumstances of the foundation of the temple are uncertain, but it dates to at least the early Heian period based on dating of the oldest of its surviving wooden statuary. The temple has a long-standing tradition that it houses the grave of Ennin in a cave within the temple grounds. Although Enning died on Mount Hiei in 864 AD, and there is no record that his remains were transferred here, Ann archaeological investigation in 1948 found a gold-leaf encrusted casket containing five sets of human remains and fragments of a Heian period wooden statue of Ennin within the cave. The temple developed into the major Heian period center for Buddhism in Dewa Province (now Yamagata and Akita prefectures).

The temple was patronized by the Kamakura shogunate and grew in territory. It was rebuilt after a fire in the mid-13th century and was converted to Zen Buddhism. The current Min Hall, known here as the Konpon-chūdō was rebuilt in 1356 by Shiba Kaneyori, lord of Yamagata Castle, who also returned it to the Tendai sect. It was visited by the artist Sesshū Tōyō in 1482, who made many sketches of its precincts. The temple was burned down again during the wars of the Sengoku period, but was restored by the Date clan and the Mogami clan. Under the Edo Period Tokugawa shogunate, it was awarded estates with a kokudaka of 1420 koku for its upkeep.

Yama-dera is where the well-known haiku poet Matsuo Bashō wrote his famous haiku "ah this silence / sinking into the rocks / voice of cicada" in 1689. A museum of Basho's writings and paintings and other related art, the Yamadera Basho Memorial Museum, is a short walk up the hill on the opposite side of the steep valley. In 1996, the Ministry of the Environment selected the cicadas of Yama-dera as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan.

Important Cultural properties

 * Building: Konpon-chūdō, built between 1346 and 1370 and repaired in 1608.
 * Building: Three-storied Miniature Pagoda (height 2.5 meters), built in 1519 and housed in a stone chapel
 * Monument: Stone stele inscribed with the Lotus Sutra, dated 1144
 * Statue: Yakushi Nyōrai, wooden, seated, Heian-period, repaired in 1205.
 * Statue: Ennin (head portion only), wooden, Heian-period. recovery from alleged grave-tomb of Ennin

These historical assets can be seen along the main trail that leads up the mountain along its stone steps. You can also see the remains of the original temple of Yamadera in a course located to the right of the main entrance.

Yamadera holds many other important cultural assets in its treasure house, the Hihokan, including standing wooden images of Shaka Nyorai, Yakushi Nyorai and Amida Nyorai, a seated wooden image of Dengyo Daishi, a hanging wooden mandala of Buddha.

Access

 * JR Senzan Line, Yamadera Station (7 minutes' walk away from the entrance to the mountain)
 * Yamagata Expressway, Yamagata North Interchange (IC), about 10 kilometers; parking space for 150 cars (with fee)

title: Yama-dera


text:
Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House

The Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is a complex of three structures, built between the 1740s and 1780s, in Romney, West Virginia. The clerk's office, dating from the 1780s, is the oldest surviving public office building in West Virginia. The kitchen building (c. 1750) is the oldest remaining component of the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House and the oldest building in Romney. Throughout its history, the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House has been known as the Andrew Wodrow House, the Mytinger Family Home, and the Mytinger House.

The earliest person recorded residing on Lot Number 48 in Romney was Hugh Murphy. In 1763, Colonel George William Wilson received a patent to Lot Number 48 from Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, to purchase the lot from Murphy. Wilson served in the Hampshire County militia as a major during the French and Indian War. He relocated to Pennsylvania, and in 1770, George Washington spent the night in a log cabin on the northeastern corner of Lot Number 48. Andrew Wodrow arrived in Hampshire County near or after the end of the American Revolutionary War. In 1782, Wodrow became clerk of court for Hampshire County. He completed the clerk's office building in the 1780s, and the complex assumed its current configuration by 1790.

Wodrow served as Clerk of Court for Hampshire County until his death in 1814, after which ownership passed to Wodrow's son-in-law, John McDowell; a Dr. McClinoch; and the Mytinger family, who retained the property for about 100 years. Manning H. Williams purchased the house and restored it in 1962. Dr. Herbert P. Stelling purchased the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House in 1973, and it opened as a museum and an arts and handicrafts shop known as Colonial Craftsmen. While under the Stelling family's ownership, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Its current owners, Old Hampshire Ltd., purchased the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House in 1985.

Geography and setting
The Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House property is at 51 West Gravel Lane in Romney, West Virginia, within the eastern section of town Lot Number 48 and the western section of Lot Number 58. Taggart Hall, a late 18th-century residence, is immediately east of the property, and serves as the headquarters for the Fort Mill Ridge Foundation, the Hampshire County Convention and Visitors Bureau, and the Hampshire County Chamber of Commerce. Across West Gravel Lane to the immediate south of the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is the parking lot of the Romney Volunteer Fire Department, which was formerly the location of the town's Old Presbyterian Church and Cemetery on Lots No. 59 and 60.

Background
The land upon which the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is located was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a land grant that the exiled Charles II awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 during the English Interregnum. Following the Restoration in 1660, CharlesII ascended to the English throne. He renewed the Northern Neck Proprietary grant in 1662, revised it in 1669, and renewed the original grant favoring original grantees Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper, and Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, again in 1672. In 1681 Bennet sold his share to Lord Colepeper, who received a new charter for the entire land grant from James II in 1688. Following the deaths of Lord Colepeper, his wife Margaret, and his daughter Katherine, the Northern Neck Proprietary passed to Katherine's son Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, in 1719.

The area surrounding present-day Romney remained sparsely populated by European settlers until the middle of the 18th century, when tensions with Native Americans began to subside. Around this time, Lord Fairfax wanted to have the lands of his Northern Neck Proprietary used and enticed European settlers to move there. His initiative led to the establishment of population centers, such as Romney. After Lord Fairfax settled at Greenway Court, he oversaw the sale and settling of his proprietary lands. One of his surveyors, George Washington, stated that a sizable number of people were residing near present-day Romney by 1748. County records indicate that Lord Fairfax began selling land within present-day Hampshire County in 1749. However, the lot's first occupant or builder is unknown. By 1754, Hampshire County was formed from parts of Frederick and Augusta counties.

Gravel Lane, the present-day street where the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is located, follows an old trail used by Native Americans prior to the arrival of European settlers. Gravel Lane was Romney's original main street, and according to the Federal Writers' Project in its Historic Romney 1762–1937 (1937), Gravel Lane "is the most historic lane in the town—and perhaps in the Northern Neck".

Wilson family
The earliest known person to own Lot Number 48, where the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is located, was Hugh Murphy. In 1763, Colonel George William Wilson received a patent to Lot Number 48 from Lord Fairfax and purchased it from Murphy. Wilson arrived in Romney between 1761 and 1763. According to George Washington's report to the House of Burgesses in 1764, Wilson served as a major in the Hampshire County militia during the French and Indian War, for which Washington praised him for his earnestness and courage. Wilson's residency in Romney was brief, and he relocated to Pennsylvania between 1764 and 1768. On October 9, 1770, George Washington purportedly stayed the night in an old log house at the northeastern corner of Lot Number 48. This was his final visit to Romney. In his diary, Washington wrote:

"Went up to Rumney in order to buy work Horses, and meet Doctr. Craik and my Baggage; arrivd there abt. 12, distance 16 Miles. In the Afternoon Doctr. Craik and my Servt. and the Baggage, arrivd from Pritchard's; said to be 28 Miles.

Having purchasd two Horses, and recoverd another which had been gone from me near 3 Years, I dispatchd my boy Giles with my two Riding Horses home, and proceeded on my journey;..."

Wilson became a justice of the peace for newly established Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in 1771. He was involved in the Pennsylvania–Virginia boundary dispute, and was also selected by the Pennsylvanian faction at Fort Pitt to supervise the election of delegates to the constitutional convention from Pennsylvania. Wilson encouraged support for the American Revolution and became the lieutenant colonel of the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment during the American Revolutionary War. He died from an illness during the regiment's march to join Washington in New Jersey in January 1777. Wilson's daughter Mary Ann married Andrew Wodrow, and following Wilson's death, the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House passed to his son-in-law Wodrow.

Wodrow family
Andrew Wodrow was born in 1752 in Scotland. He immigrated to the Colony of Virginia in 1768, and during the 1770s, Wodrow established and expanded a thriving import business in Fredericksburg. Following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, he abandoned his business rather than import and sell goods from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Wodrow was then appointed to serve in the political post of clerk for the Revolutionary Committee for King George County on May 6, 1775. He arrived in Hampshire County near or after the end of the American Revolutionary War, and in 1782, he became clerk of court for Hampshire County. Although he was the third officeholder as clerk of court, Wodrow was the first clerk to reside in Hampshire County.

As a key official, Wodrow played a significant role in the conveyance and settlement of lands and was a prosperous landholder in his own right. He is credited with giving the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House complex its current form. He completed the arrangement of the three sections of the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House and his association with the property lent the complex significance for its listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In the 1780s, Wodrow built the frame structure (the last of the house's three structures) for use as a clerk's office. At that time, Gravel Lane was Romney's main street and the function and architectural beauty of the clerk's office made it a center of activity in the town. According to West Virginia Antiquities Commission research assistant Phillip R. Pitts and historian James E. Harding, the clerk's office symbolized the end of Romney's frontier existence and the beginning of a more established disposition. By the start of the 19th century, Romney and the surrounding county had become an established and settled area with a growing economy based on agriculture.

By 1790, the three structures constituting the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House probably assumed their present arrangement. The trustees of the Town of Romney commissioned John Mitchel to draft a cadastral survey map of Romney in 1790. Prior to this survey, Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, had commissioned a similar cadastral survey of the town before its incorporation on December 23, 1762. On June 30, 1790, Mitchel submitted to the trustees a "Plan of the Town of Romney" that divided the town into 100 land lots of equal size, including the two lots upon which the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House was located (Lots Number 48 and 58).

Wodrow remained in his post as clerk of court for Hampshire County until his death in 1814. Successive owners included Wodrow's son-in-law, John McDowell; and Dr. McClinoch, who was one of the first physicians in Romney.

Mytinger family
Tobias Mytinger acquired the property in 1861. Mytinger was active in the community affairs of Romney. He was elected a town councilman in 1874 and 1884; appointed to a committee in 1875 to assess repairs needed for the Hampshire County Courthouse; and elected to the Romney District Board of Education in 1879. Mytinger died in January 1908, and his wife Martha Virginia Mytinger continued to reside at the property until her death in January 1912. The house remained under the ownership of the Mytinger family until 1959. At the time of the property's 1959 sale, much of the complex structures' original building materials and architectural details remained extant, although in a state of deterioration. Modern conveniences, including electricity, plumbing, and a central heating system, had not been installed.

Williams family and restoration
Manning H. Williams purchased the house from the Mytinger family in 1959. Efforts to restore the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House complex began in 1962 while it was under the ownership of Williams. The restoration project began with the clerk's office in June 1962. During its restoration, the structure's wooden floors, stairs, doors, woodwork, and most of its plaster were retained. Replicas of the second-story windows were fabricated, and old glass was collected from around the area and placed in their wooden sashes. Some of the structure's weatherboards were also replaced, and then the exterior of the clerk's office was painted white. Electric heating was installed, and insulation was added between the walls. During the renovation, contractors made a concerted effort to match the original or period paint colors when painting the structure's walls and woodwork.

The residential structure, also known as "the dwelling," required considerably more rehabilitation. The floor beams were rebuilt, the rafters were replaced, and a new red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) shingle roof was installed. The majority of the brickwork in its double chimneys was repaired. In the large room on the first floor, a small section of the interior eastern wall was removed to unmask the timber framing construction, and another small section was removed to reveal the hand-riven lath. Having been protected by the porch, some of the original siding on the structure's northern side was kept; replacement siding was duplicated for the remainder of the exterior and it was painted white.

The rear kitchen building was cleaned, repaired, and covered with new weatherboards, both its interior and exterior were painted white, and it was topped with cedar shakes. All the adjoining porches were rebuilt and their roofs were topped with cedar shingles. A white picket fence was built around the property's exterior, and a brick walkway was installed along the western (front) side of the clerk's office and around the residential structure to the rear of the property.

Stelling family and Colonial Craftsmen
Dr. Herbert P. Stelling of Barre, Massachusetts, purchased the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House in May 1973,  and in October it was opened as a museum and an arts and handicrafts shop known as Colonial Craftsmen. Stelling's daughters Rebecca, Deborah, and Rhetta Stelling, along with Gary Winkles, operated the museum and store. Colonial Craftsmen featured demonstrations of old craft skills and the sale of traditional craftsmen's wares. While under Stelling family ownership, the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on August 22, 1977 —only the second historic property in Hampshire County to be listed after the Sloan–Parker House.

Old Hampshire, Ltd.
Old Hampshire, Ltd., Bob and Estelle Odle, Tom Stump, Lowell Hott, and Dottie Eddis, purchased the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House in October 1985. Hott and Eddis originally planned to convert the complex into a bed and breakfast; however, since 1988, they have utilized the residential house as the Romney satellite office for their Augusta Animal Hospital veterinary clinic. Hott and Eddis have continued to maintain and restore the house, and have completed large construction projects, including a renovation of the kitchen building's crumbling stone chimney and a replacement of the 1962 roof shingles in December 2019. In a 2019 interview with the Hampshire Review regarding their continued maintenance and restoration of the property, Hott remarked, "It's really been a labor of love for us." Between 2009 and 2014, the kitchen building's stone chimney began to crumble, and it was rebuilt using some of the original stones. The cedar shingles from the 1962 restoration were replaced in December 2019.

Old Presbyterian Church and Cemetery
Immediately south of the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House, across East Gravel Lane, is the former location of Romney's Old Presbyterian Church and Cemetery. They were associated with the house, as Andrew Wodrow was a dynamic and influential member of the Presbyterian Church and granted Lots No. 59 and 60 in his will for the construction of the church and the establishment of the cemetery. On April 1, 1816, Wodrow's executor, James Dailey, deeded the two lots on to Mount Bethel Congregation trustees James Beach, William Inskeep, Adam Hare, and John Lawson for these purposes. Wodrow was interred in this cemetery located at the top of the cemetery's hill. The Presbyterian church was built near the corner of West Gravel Lane and South High Streets between 1812 and 1816. The Old Presbyterian Cemetery fell into neglect by the late 19th century and was destroyed around 1940 when the hill on which it was located was cut away and leveled for the construction of a factory. Although some human remains and headstones were relocated to Indian Mound Cemetery, Wodrow's remains were likely lost during the destruction of the cemetery.

Architecture
The Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House is a complex of three independent structures differing in size, type of construction, building orientation, and purpose. Architectural historian S. Allen Chambers characterized the complex as, "a charmingly informal assemblage" and "wonderfully forthright". The three component structures were built between the 1740s and the 1780s, and consist of the one and one-half-story kitchen structure (c. 1750), the one and one-half-story residential structure, and the two and one-half-story clerk's office (1780s). The kitchen structure is the rear (northern) component of the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House, the residential structure is the middle component, and the clerk's office is at the front (southern end) of the property along West Gravel Lane. The three structures are positioned near one another and are joined by porches on the ground level, which have enabled their use as a single building.

Kitchen structure (c. 1750)
The rear (northern) structure of the house dates from around 1750, and is thought to be the oldest extant building on the property and in Romney. It is believed to have been a kitchen for most of its existence. The kitchen structure is one and one-half stories in height and measures 14 ft by 16 ft. Constructed of hand-hewn logs, its exterior is sheathed in white-painted, beaded weatherboard siding, and its gable roof is topped by red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) roof shingles. The kitchen structure is accessible by an entryway on its southern façade, connected to the adjacent residential structure of the house by a covered porch. A large stone chimney dominates the kitchen structure's northern side, directly opposite the entryway on its southern side. One six-over-three-light wooden sash window is set in the center of the building's long sides on the ground floor, and two four-light wooden sash windows are in the southern gable opposite the fireplace to provide light to the upper story. An enclosed staircase provides access to the upper story and is opposite the fireplace side of the building. The interior walls of the kitchen structure are painted white.

Residential structure
The residential structure or "the dwelling" of the house is immediately in front of the rear kitchen structure. The residential structure is one and one-half stories in height and measures 24 ft by 20 ft. It is built of frame construction containing brick nogging (brick infill), and its exterior is sheathed in white-painted, beaded weatherboard siding. A gable roof tops the structure. Its exterior is symmetrically arranged, except for the prominent double brick chimneys on its western side, connected by a chimney pent on the ground floor. Central entryways are positioned on both the rear (northern) and front (southern) façades, with six-over-six-light wooden sash windows positioned on either side of each respective doorway. The upper level is illuminated by wooden sash windows in both its east and west gables. The two windows on the western gable with the double chimneys are small four-light wooden sash windows, and the two windows on the eastern gable are six-over-six-light wooden sash windows. The residential structure consists of four rooms: two each traversing the ground level and upper level lengthwise. The front room on both the ground and upper levels is long and narrow. The double chimneys on the structure's western side allow for fireplaces in all four rooms. The western fireplace walls in all four rooms are enveloped by raised wooden paneling. The raised wooden paneling of the western walls is modest in design and includes a chimney pent closet flanking the left side of the segmental-arched fireplace in all four rooms. The fireplace opening is framed by a bolection molding; however, the fireplace lacks a mantel shelf. A cavetto cornice molding spans the length of the raised wooden paneling. Except for the fireplace wall, the interior walls of the ground-floor rooms are made of painted plaster, and the second-floor rooms' walls are made of painted flush boards. The structure's upper level is accessed by an enclosed staircase along the eastern wall of the larger rear rooms opposite the paneled fireplace walls.

According to Pitts and Harding, the architectural style and construction pattern of the residential structure were similar to buildings in Tidewater Maryland, built in the period before 1730. They stated that regardless of the structure's origin, it would have been "an expensive and pretentious structure" for the Romney area during that period. The half-timber construction, the brick nogging, the double brick chimneys with a connecting chimney pent, and the medieval floor plan are architectural features not usually associated with present-day West Virginia. The residential structure may have been built for either Lord Fairfax or his land agent. However, it is not known whether the kitchen structure was an existing pioneer home or a contemporary kitchen.

Clerk's office (1780s)
The largest and most imposing structure contributing to the Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House complex is the two and one-half-story "clerk's office". This building is the oldest extant public office building in the state of West Virginia. Built of wooden frame construction, it measures 14 ft by 26 ft, with its southern gable facing perpendicular toward Gravel Lane and its main entryway positioned on the structure's western (front) elevation. Both the rear (eastern) and front (western) façades are three bays wide, with nine-over-nine-light wooden sash windows in the ground-floor bays, and six-over-six-light wooden sash windows in the second-floor bays. The symmetry of the front façade's windows is interrupted by the main entryway in the most southern of the three bays, which is spaced slightly further to the right of the above bay. The structure's main façade is adjoined with a one-story shed-roofed porch supported by chamfered wooden columns. On the structure's eastern façade, the six bays are symmetrically placed with three six-over-six-light wooden sash windows in the second story and three nine-over-nine-light wooden sash windows in the ground floor. Each of the structure's floors is divided between a large room and a narrow stair hall (in a side-hall plan), which connects the two stories by an open dog-leg stairway. The large room on each floor has a paneled fireplace wall on its northern end. On the first floor of the clerk's office, the segmental-arched fireplace opening is bordered by a crossette architrave. Pitts and Harding describe the wooden paneling on the fireplace wall as being "exceptional". The fireplace mantel's bracket exhibits moldings identical to the cornice, including a "wall of Troy" motif. Fluted pilasters separate the fireplace wall into three sections. They consist of the segmental-arched fireplace with mantelpiece and the end segments of wooden paneling on either side of the fireplace. On the second floor, the wooden paneling is more simple in design, and the fireplace wall is divided into three segments with wooden paneling. The fireplace wall is adorned by a mantelpiece with a "wall of Troy" motif and a cornice containing dentils. The other interior walls within the clerk's office structure are painted plaster.

Old log house
The Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House property formerly contained an old log house where George Washington purportedly stayed in 1770 during his final visit to Romney. The house stood at the northeastern corner of Lot Number 48 until it was demolished in 1932.

title: Wilson-Wodrow-Mytinger House


text:
Talk:Tom Thumb

"Cornish Thumbs"?
What are the "Cornish Thumb Chronicles"? I've Googled and this is the only source I see for anything like that. For that matter, who are Paul Campbell and Richard Battye? Campingtrent (talk) 22:19, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

Note
Should the second half of this article be used for an article entitled "General Tom Thumb"? His birthday's tomorrow (Feb 11), and I noticed that the link to his name is red. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Popageorgio (talk • contribs) 05:05, 10 February 2005

 * Done - although I can't find the birthday link you talk about. - DavidWBrooks 14:18, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pondering a reference to Tragedy of Tragedies, or the History of Tom Thumb, by Henry Fielding, the play that became The Author's Farce when printed, but that play really deserves an article as well, and I'm not up to it. Geogre 19:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"Garagantua"?
Meaning Gargantua ? That one ? --Jerome Potts (talk) 13:18, 16 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes. But in the chapbook it's spelled Garagantua. Campingtrent (talk) 22:19, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

explain opening sentence?
Can someone please explain the opening sentence - "Tom Thumb is a character of Tomas". It really doesn't make any sense, by not explaining the "Tomas" reference. The link goes to a disambig page. Elsquared (talk) 05:37, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Good ole Wikipedia
One can always count on Wikipedia to inject the word "fart" with a link the the "fart" page as if we need one into a simple article about a character like Tom Thumb. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.51.22.203 (talk) 22:15, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tom Thumb


text:
Talk:Pat Garrity

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/Pat Garrity -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:05, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pat Garrity


text:
Talk:KQED (TV)

Untitled
To whomever created the template at the bottom of this page of Bay Area TV stations (I can't figure out how to edit it), it should be KTVU for Channel 2, not "KTUV." Moncrief 05:05, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * The template is at Template:SF TV. If you go to edit the page, just under the textarea box, there is a list of templates used in the page.  --ChrisRuvolo 08:44, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like you fixed it. Thanks. Now I know how to get into templates.  Appreciate it. Moncrief 09:52, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

NewsHour
Just a note: The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer is broadcast simultaneously on KQED radio and TV. No delay whatsoever--I wonder how they do that.

 * Why not? I listen to it on the radio most of the time and its rare that i feel i am missing significant information with seeing it. John (Jwy) 03:50, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the question was how, not why. And I have no idea, but it's cool, because it means I can hear it on the radio when I walk into the kitchen or my room and on TV when I walk into the living room. — Emiellaiendiay 05:52, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia on Forum
FYI:

Recently on Forum

Fri, Jan 5, 2007 -- 10:00 AM

Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales

Forum in conversation with Jimmy Wales, founder of the online interactive encyclopedia Wikipedia.

Host: Dave Iverson

Guests:

Jimmy Wales, founder of the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit corporation that operates Wikipedia and other wiki projects, including Wiktionary and Wikinews. He is also the co-founder of the for-profit company Wikia, Inc.

Forum is a call-in talk show.

 * MP3 stream (64kbit/s, 44.1kHz, mono): --ChrisRuvolo (t) 16:45, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Founding
Was it founded in 1954 or 1969? The article makes both claims. -Branddobbe 07:28, 24 January 2007 (UTC)
 * KQED radio was founded 1969. The TV station was 1954.  --ChrisRuvolo (t) 16:04, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

KCAH MO?
Why does KCAH radio from Carthage Missouri redirect to KQED TV from California? Sir Sanjuro (talk) 01:40, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Probably (quoting the article here): "KQET was founded in 1989 as KCAH, a locally-owned PBS member station that served the Monterey area. In the late 1990s, San Jose PBS member station KTEH acquired KCAH, making it a satellite of KTEH." I'm sure it would be appropriate to create a new article at KCAH if there is enough information out there. (John User:Jwy talk) 03:13, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Connection to Q.E.D.?
Is there a sourced connection between the call letters KQED (or WQED) and the latin Q.E.D.? Dicklyon (talk) 03:51, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes; I added a cite from their website.--RDBury (talk) 11:43, 12 December 2009 (UTC)
 * this is relevant. I was thinking of it, and glad wikipedia has a link to it to confirm my suspicion.169.229.11.21 (talk) 21:17, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070818015946/http://www.kqed.org/about/history/1950s.jsp to http://www.kqed.org/about/history/1950s.jsp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071114212814/http://www.kqed.org/about/history/1980s.jsp to http://www.kqed.org/about/history/1980s.jsp

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080117101937/http://www.kqed.org/about/history/1990s.jsp to http://www.kqed.org/about/history/1990s.jsp
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External links modified
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title: Talk:KQED (TV)


text:
Steppenwolf Theatre Company

Steppenwolf Theatre Company is a Chicago theater company founded in 1974 by Terry Kinney, Jeff Perry, and Gary Sinise in the Immaculate Conception grade school in Highland Park, Illinois and is now located in Chicago's Lincoln Park neighborhood on Halsted Street. The theatre's name comes from Hermann Hesse's novel Steppenwolf, which original member Rick Argosh was reading during the company's inaugural production of Paul Zindel's play, And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little, in 1974. After occupying several theatres in Chicago, in 1991, it moved into its own purpose-built complex with three performing spaces, the largest seating 550.

A recipient of the Regional Tony Award, several of its productions have transferred to Broadway.

Founding
The name Steppenwolf Theatre Company was first used in 1974 at a Unitarian church on Half Day Road in Deerfield. The company presented And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little by Paul Zindel, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard, and The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, with Rick Argosh directing, and Grease by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey, with Gary Sinise directing.

The founding members are Terry Kinney, Jeff Perry, and Gary Sinise. The founders recruited six additional members: H. E. Baccus, Nancy Evans, Moira Harris, John Malkovich, Laurie Metcalf, and Alan Wilder.

1975–1990
In 1975, Steppenwolf incorporated as a nonprofit organization, saving money by taking the name of a failed theatre company that had already incorporated. In the summer of 1976, Steppenwolf took up residence in a vacant basement space of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church in Highland Park, Illinois and produced its first full season of plays.

In 1980, the theatre company moved into a 134-seat theatre at the Jane Addams Hull House Center on Broadway Avenue in Chicago. Two years later, the company moved to a 211-seat facility at 2851 N. Halsted Street, which was their home until 1991, when construction was completed on the current theatre complex at 1650 N. Halsted Street (with administrative offices at 1700 N. Halsted Street.) The theatre has three theatres: the Downstairs Theatre that seats 515; the Upstairs Theatre that seats 299; and, the 1700 Theatre, a casual, intimate and flexible theatre that seats 80.

In 1982, the Sam Shepard play True West, starring Sinise and John Malkovich, was the first of many Steppenwolf productions to travel to New York City.

1990–present
In 1994, the company made its Los Angeles debut with Steve Martin's first play, Picasso at the Lapin Agile.

In 1996, after successful runs in Chicago and New York, Lyle Kessler's Orphans, directed by Gary Sinise, was the first Steppenwolf production to go international, debuting in London.

The MacArthur Foundation awarded Steppenwolf Theatre Company $2.26 million between 1978 and 2017, in support of general operations, and growth of artistic and educational programs.

In 2019, True West opened again at Steppenwolf, for the first time in 37 years, with Namir Smallwood and Jon Michael Hill as the leads and the direction of Randall Arney.

Ensemble
Steppenwolf is an ensemble cast theatre company with actors, playwrights, producers, and directors in its membership. Notable past and present ensemble members include:

• Joan Allen

• Kevin Anderson

• Alana Arenas

• Randall Arney

• Kate Arrington

• H. E. Baccus (original member)

• Ian Barford

• Robert Breuler

• Cliff Chamberlain

• Gary Cole

• Carrie Coon

• Celeste M. Cooper

• Glenn Davis

• Kathryn Erbe

• Nancy Evans (original member)

• Jim Fitzpatrick

• Audrey Francis

• K. Todd Freeman

• Frank Galati

• Francis Guinan

• Moira Harris (original member)

• Glenne Headly

• Jon Michael Hill

• Tim Hopper

• Tom Irwin

• Ora Jones

• Rajiv Joseph

• Terry Kinney (Founder)

• Tina Landau

• Martha Lavey

• Tracy Letts

• John Mahoney

• John Malkovich (original member)

• Sandra Marquez

• Mariann Mayberry

• James Vincent Meredith

• Tarell Alvin McCraney

• Laurie Metcalf (original member)

• Amy Morton

• Sally Murphy

• Caroline Neff

• Bruce Norris

• Austin Pendleton

• Jeff Perry (Founder)

• William Petersen

• Martha Plimpton

• Rondi Reed

• Molly Regan

• Karen Rodriguez

• Anna D. Shapiro

• Eric Simonson

• Gary Sinise (Founder)

• Namir Smallwood

• Lois Smith

• Jim True-Frost

• Alan Wilder (original member)

Productions
Notable productions include:
 * Airline Highway by Lisa D'Amour
 * Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? by Edward Albee (Starring Tracy Letts and Amy Morton)
 * Clybourne Park by Bruce Norris
 * August: Osage County by Tracy Letts
 * True West by Sam Shepard
 * '' Lydie Breeze directed by H.E. Baccus
 * Balm in Gilead by Lanford Wilson, directed by John Malkovich
 * And a Nightingale Sang by C. P. Taylor
 * Orphans by Lyle Kessler
 * Coyote Ugly  (1985) by Lynn Seifert,   directed by John Malkovich
 * Burn This by Lanford Wilson
 * The Grapes of Wrath adapted by company member Frank Galati
 * King James by company member Rajiv Joseph

Critical reception
Through its New Plays Initiative, the company maintains ongoing relationships with writers of international prominence while continuing to support the work of aspiring and mid-career playwrights. In 1988, Steppenwolf presented the world premiere of Frank Galati's adaptation of The Grapes of Wrath, based on the John Steinbeck novel, which eventually went on to win the Tony Award for Best Play. In 2000, Steppenwolf presented the world premiere of Austin Pendleton's Orson's Shadow, which subsequently was staged off-Broadway and by regional theatres throughout the country.

Tracy Letts' Broadway drama August: Osage County (2007) was ranked number one in Time's Top Ten Theatre Performances of 2007. After moving from the Imperial Theatre next door to The Music Box Theatre for an open-ended run, August: Osage County won five Tony Awards including Best Play of 2007, Best Director (Anna D. Shapiro), Best Leading Actress (Deanna Dunagan), Best Featured Actress (Rondi Reed), and Best Scenic Design (Todd Rosenthal). Letts went on to win the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play.

Among the theatre's many honours are the Tony Award for Regional Theatre Excellence (1985) and the National Medal of Arts (1998).

title: Steppenwolf Theatre Company


text:
Loopy

Loopy may refer to:

 * Casio Loopy, a video game console
 * Loopy (film), a 2004 film
 * Loopy, a fictional character in the animated TV show KaBlam!
 * Loopy de Loop, a cartoon about a character of the same name
 * Loopy games, in combinatorial game theory, in which a sequence of moves leads back to the original situation
 * Slitherlink or Loopy, a logic puzzle developed by Nikolo
 * Loopy a miskolci farkas (Wolf from Miskolc)

title: Loopy


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/February 10, 2005

Wasn't that article featured sometime in July? --Jcmaco 05:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No. →Raul654 05:09, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Is the following phrase grammatically right and even if so, isn't that ambiguous?

the Indian and western Pacific ocean

-- Sundar 10:16, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Dim

Dimness is a measure of an object's luminosity. Dim or dimness may refer to:

Computing

 * .dim, a disk image
 * A keyword in most versions of the BASIC programming language

Chemistry, biology, and medicine

 * 3,3'-Diindolylmethane, an anticarcinogen compound

Organizations

 * Corporación Deportiva Independiente Medellín, a Colombian football club
 * Deportivo Independiente Miraflores, a football club based in the city of Miraflores, Lima, Perú
 * Dialogue Interreligieux Monastique, the European arm of the DIMMID, a movement promoting interfaith dialogue between monastic communities of different religions
 * Dirección de Inteligencia Militar, the military intelligence agency of Venezuela

People

 * Nickname of John Wooldridge (1919–1958), British film music composer and Second World War bomber pilot

Places

 * Dim, Amur Oblast, a rural locality in Amur Oblast, Russia
 * Dim, Iran, a village in South Khorasan Province

Other uses

 * To dim, verb that means to lower the brightness of light
 * Dim, a European rhinoceros beetle in the 1998 Disney/Pixar animated film A Bug's Life
 * "DiM", a 1998 episode of Dexter's Laboratory
 * Dim (album), the fourth studio album by Japanese rock band The Gazette

The abbreviation dim may refer to:
 * Dimension, a measure of how many parameters is sufficient to describe an object in mathematics
 * Dimension (vector space), the number of vectors needed to describe the basis in a vector space, in linear algebra
 * Diminished triad, a dissonant chord with a minor third and diminished fifth to the root in music theory
 * Diminuendo, a word indicating changes of dynamics in music
 * Diminutive, a formation of a word

title: Dim


text:
Talk:Mr. Horse

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/Mr. Horse -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

AFD
This page was nominated for deletion. The result was no consensus. See Articles for deletion/Mr. Horse · Katefan0(scribble) 19:22, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mr. Horse


text:
Talk:Lorna Nogueira

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/Lorna Nogueira/vote1 -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:09, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Closed deletion listing 2
This article was again listed for deletion on 10 April, 2005. The discussion was closed with the result of no consensus. This article will not be deleted. You can view the discussion, which is no longer live: Votes_for_deletion/Lorna Nogueira/vote2. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:31, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I count 14 deletes and 7 keeps (if the keep vote by the user who registered after the voting began is discounted, as is general policy), which to me seems like a consensus to delete. -R. fiend 20:40, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * That isn't enough to form a rough consensus according to my way of reckoning it. Although the 66% figure is much bandied-about, it's very much a minimum acceptable value and I would never, ever use a figure that low as rough consensus for deletion. I'd be looking for something in the range 75%+ before considering calling it a rough consensus. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:37, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Closed deletion listing 3
This article was again listed for deletion on 22 May 2005. The discussion was closed with the result no consensus. This article will not be deleted. You can view the discussion, which is no longer live: Votes for deletion/Lorna Nogueira/vote3. --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 08:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

New info?
Does anyone have any new information to add on Lorna? FroggyMoore 23:20, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Didn't you hear? She won two Oscars last year. Where have you been? -R. fiend 23:27, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Such a fine wit! Dwain 22:19, July 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lorna Nogueira


text: User talk:69.23.222.126

title: User talk:69.23.222.126