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Steve Avery (baseball)

Steven Thomas Avery (born April 14, 1970) is an American left-handed former pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the Atlanta Braves, Boston Red Sox, Cincinnati Reds and Detroit Tigers in his career.

Atlanta Braves
Avery was the third overall selection by Atlanta in the 1988 amateur draft. He made his first career start on June 13, 1990, against the Cincinnati Reds at Riverfront Stadium, giving up eight runs in 2$1/3$ innings. He finished his rookie year with a record of 3–11 in 21 starts with a 5.64 ERA. The pitching staff of Avery, Tom Glavine, John Smoltz, and Pete Smith were dubbed Atlanta's "Young Guns".

1991
The 1991 season was a good year for both Avery and his team. The team went from worst to first in the NL West while Avery compiled a record of 18–8 with a 3.38 ERA. He gave the Braves their first win of the season, a 7–5 victory over the defending World Champion Cincinnati Reds. In the heat of a September pennant race with the Los Angeles Dodgers, the 21-year-old Avery beat them twice, 9–1 at home on September 15, and 3–0 on the road on September 20, pitching a complete game both times. Avery's last win of the regular season was a stellar performance against the Houston Astros. On October 4, Avery threw a no-hitter for 6$2/3$ innings until Luis Gonzalez broke it up with a single. His amazing season continued with one of the greatest postseason performances in history. He shut out the Pittsburgh Pirates for 16$2/3$ innings over two games and accumulated two 1–0 wins. His performance earned him MVP honors for the 1991 NLCS. In the 1991 World Series, Avery earned no decisions in two starts but pitched effectively in both Game Three and Game Six.

Continued success
In 1992, Avery lowered his ERA to 3.20, but his record fell off to 11–11, mostly due to the Braves inability to score runs when he pitched. However, his playoff success continued when he took the mound against the Pirates in the 1992 NLCS. He extended his mastery over the Pittsburgh offense to 22$1/3$ shutout innings before giving up five runs in the seventh inning of a Braves rout in Game Two. After lasting only $1/3$ of an inning and giving up four runs in his second start in Game Five, Avery kept the Pirates at bay in the crucial middle innings of Game Seven in relief of John Smoltz. Avery's clutch performance kept the game close enough for Francisco Cabrera to perform his game-winning heroics in the ninth inning, when he cracked a two-run single that scored David Justice and Sid Bream.

Avery started Game Three of the 1992 World Series and was the losing pitcher in the first World Series game ever played outside the United States. He pitched effectively but lost, 3–2, to the Toronto Blue Jays. In Game Six, he was pulled after giving up a home run to Candy Maldonado in the fourth inning. Avery appeared on his way to another loss, but a Braves rally extended the game into the eleventh inning before the Blue Jays prevailed, winning their first World Series and saddling the hard-luck Braves with their second consecutive World Series defeat.

Unexpected decline
In 1993, Avery had the best season of his career. He was selected to the All-Star team and had a record of 16–4 entering the September 12, 1993 game against the San Diego Padres. Avery lost and suffered an injury to a muscle under his pitching armpit. Many blame Avery's injury on his heavy workload as a young pitcher; he had started 135 major league games before reaching the age of 24. Avery was never again the same pitcher, although he ended the year 18–6 with a 2.94 ERA.

Avery was outpitched early in Game One of the 1993 NLCS by Curt Schilling of the Philadelphia Phillies. A late rally tied the game and got Avery off the hook, but the Braves still lost. In his second matchup with Schilling, the Braves again got Avery off the hook for the loss, but again ultimately lost the game in extra innings, 4–3.

Avery's career went rapidly downhill after his injury. His record after September 12, 1993, was 44–50 after compiling a 47–22 record from the beginning of 1991 until the injury. However, Avery showed occasional flashes of his previous brilliance. After struggling throughout 1995, Avery started Game Four of the 1995 NLCS with the Braves up three games to none over the Reds. He pitched an outstanding game and won, 6–0, sending Atlanta into the World Series. In Game Four of the 1995 World Series, he was the surprise starter over ace Greg Maddux, and he was also the winner, 5–2, pitching six innings and giving up one run against the Cleveland Indians. That was his only victory in a World Series and eventually Atlanta won the title that year in six games. His lifetime record in World Series is 1-2 with 5 saves.

Avery missed two months with injury in 1996 and finished with a 7–10 record. His only appearance in the 1996 World Series was in the top of the 10th inning of Game Four, a game that saw the Braves blow a 6–0 lead to the New York Yankees en route to an 8–6 loss in the game. Pitching $2/3$ innings, Avery earned the loss, giving up a hit, a run, and three walks, the last of which (to Wade Boggs) forced in the go-ahead run. Atlanta manager Bobby Cox earned some criticism at the time owing to his decision to have Avery intentionally walk Bernie Williams to load the bases for Boggs.

Boston, Cincinnati and Detroit
With his career in a sudden and premature decline, Avery was granted free agency and signed with the Boston Red Sox on January 22, 1997. He pitched two years for the Red Sox, going 16–14 over two seasons as the number two starter behind Pedro Martínez.

He signed a one-year contract with the Reds for the 1999 season. He was 6–7 when he was lost for the rest of the year in July to a torn labrum. He signed with the Braves during spring training in 2000 and again during spring training in 2001, but failed to make the club each time.

In 2003, Avery made a brief comeback with the Detroit Tigers team that threatened to break the 120-loss record of the 1962 New York Mets. He made 19 relief appearances, including the final appearance of his career on July 20, 2003, at U.S. Cellular Field against the Chicago White Sox. His final pitch was a double play caused when Paul Konerko lined to Avery and he threw Magglio Ordóñez out before he was able to get back to first base.

Avery was 2-0 and batted 1.000 as a Tiger.

In an eleven-season career, Avery posted a 96–83 record with 980 strikeouts and a 4.19 ERA in 1554$2/3$ innings pitched.

title: Steve Avery (baseball)


text:
Electric resistance welding

Electric resistance welding (ERW) is a welding process in which metal parts in contact are permanently joined by heating them with an electric current, melting the metal at the joint. Electric resistance welding is widely used, for example, in manufacture of steel pipe and in assembly of bodies for automobiles. The electric current can be supplied to electrodes that also apply clamping pressure, or may be induced by an external magnetic field. The electric resistance welding process can be further classified by the geometry of the weld and the method of applying pressure to the joint: spot welding, seam welding, flash welding, projection welding, for example. Some factors influencing heat or welding temperatures are the proportions of the workpieces, the metal coating or the lack of coating, the electrode materials, electrode geometry, electrode pressing force, electric current and length of welding time. Small pools of molten metal are formed at the point of most electrical resistance (the connecting or "faying" surfaces) as an electric current (100–100,000 A) is passed through the metal. In general, resistance welding methods are efficient and cause little pollution, but their applications are limited to relatively thin materials.

Spot welding

Spot welding is a resistance welding method used to join two or more overlapping metal sheets, studs, projections, electrical wiring hangers, some heat exchanger fins, and some tubing. Usually power sources and welding equipment are sized to the specific thickness and material being welded together. The thickness is limited by the output of the welding power source and thus the equipment range due to the current required for each application. Care is taken to eliminate contaminants between the faying surfaces. Usually, two copper electrodes are simultaneously used to clamp the metal sheets together and to pass current through the sheets. When the current is passed through the electrodes to the sheets, heat is generated due to the higher electrical resistance where the surfaces contact each other. As the electrical resistance of the material causes a heat buildup in the work pieces between the copper electrodes, the rising temperature causes a rising resistance, and results in a molten pool contained most of the time between the electrodes. As the heat dissipates throughout the workpiece in less than a second (resistance welding time is generally programmed as a quantity of AC cycles or milliseconds) the molten or plastic state grows to meet the welding tips. When the current is stopped the copper tips cool the spot weld, causing the metal to solidify under pressure. The water cooled copper electrodes remove the surface heat quickly, accelerating the solidification of the metal, since copper is an excellent conductor. Resistance spot welding typically employs electrical power in the form of direct current, alternating current, medium frequency half-wave direct current, or high-frequency half wave direct current.

If excessive heat is applied or applied too quickly, or if the force between the base materials is too low, or the coating is too thick or too conductive, then the molten area may extend to the exterior of the work pieces, escaping the containment force of the electrodes (often up to 30,000 psi). This burst of molten metal is called expulsion, and when this occurs the metal will be thinner and have less strength than a weld with no expulsion. The common method of checking a weld's quality is a peel test. An alternative test is the restrained tensile test, which is much more difficult to perform, and requires calibrated equipment. Because both tests are destructive in nature (resulting in the loss of salable material), non-destructive methods such as ultrasound evaluation are in various states of early adoption by many OEMs.

The advantages of the method include efficient energy use, limited workpiece deformation, high production rates, easy automation, and no required filler materials. When high strength in shear is needed, spot welding is used in preference to more costly mechanical fastening, such as riveting. While the shear strength of each weld is high, the fact that the weld spots do not form a continuous seam means that the overall strength is often significantly lower than with other welding methods, limiting the usefulness of the process. It is used extensively in the automotive industry – cars can have several thousand spot welds. A specialized process, called shot welding, can be used to spot weld stainless steel.

There are three basic types of resistance welding bonds: solid state, fusion, and reflow braze. In a solid state bond, also called a thermo-compression bond, dissimilar materials with dissimilar grain structure, e.g. molybdenum to tungsten, are joined using a very short heating time, high weld energy, and high force. There is little melting and minimum grain growth, but a definite bond and grain interface. Thus the materials actually bond while still in the solid state. The bonded materials typically exhibit excellent shear and tensile strength, but poor peel strength. In a fusion bond, either similar or dissimilar materials with similar grain structures are heated to the melting point (liquid state) of both. The subsequent cooling and combination of the materials forms a “nugget” alloy of the two materials with larger grain growth. Typically, high weld energies at either short or long weld times, depending on physical characteristics, are used to produce fusion bonds. The bonded materials usually exhibit excellent tensile, peel and shear strengths. In a reflow braze bond, a resistance heating of a low temperature brazing material, such as gold or solder, is used to join either dissimilar materials or widely varied thick/thin material combinations. The brazing material must “wet” to each part and possess a lower melting point than the two workpieces. The resultant bond has definite interfaces with minimum grain growth. Typically the process requires a longer (2 to 100 ms) heating time at low weld energy. The resultant bond exhibits excellent tensile strength, but poor peel and shear strength.

Seam welding
Resistance seam welding is a process that produces a weld at the faying surfaces of two similar metals. The seam may be a butt joint or an overlap joint and is usually an automated process. It differs from flash welding in that flash welding typically welds the entire joint at once and seam welding forms the weld progressively, starting at one end. Like spot welding, seam welding relies on two electrodes, usually made from copper, to apply pressure and current. The electrodes are often disc shaped and rotate as the material passes between them. This allows the electrodes to stay in constant contact with the material to make long continuous welds. The electrodes may also move or assist the movement of the material. A transformer supplies energy to the weld joint in the form of low voltage, high current AC power. The joint of the work piece has high electrical resistance relative to the rest of the circuit and is heated to its melting point by the current. The semi-molten surfaces are pressed together by the welding pressure that creates a fusion bond, resulting in a uniformly welded structure. Most seam welders use water cooling through the electrode, transformer and controller assemblies due to the heat generated.

Seam welding produces an extremely durable weld because the joint is forged due to the heat and pressure applied. A properly welded joint formed by resistance welding can easily be stronger than the material from which it is formed. A common use of seam welding is during the manufacture of round or rectangular steel tubing. Seam welding has been used to manufacture steel beverage cans but is no longer used for this as modern beverage cans are seamless aluminum.

There are two modes for seam welding: Intermittent and continuous. In intermittent seam welding, the wheels advance to the desired position and stop to make each weld. This process continues until the desired length of the weld is reached. In continuous seam welding, the wheels continue to roll as each weld is made.

Low-frequency electric resistance welding
Low-frequency electric resistance welding (LF-ERW) is an obsolete method of welding seams in oil and gas pipelines. It was phased out in the 1970s but as of 2015 some pipelines built with this method remained in service.

Electric resistance welded (ERW) pipe is manufactured by cold-forming a sheet of steel into a cylindrical shape. Current is then passed between the two edges of the steel to heat the steel to a point at which the edges are forced together to form a bond without the use of welding filler material. Initially this manufacturing process used low frequency AC current to heat the edges. This low frequency process was used from the 1920s until 1970. In 1970, the low frequency process was superseded by a high frequency ERW process which produced a higher quality weld.

Over time, the welds of low frequency ERW pipe were found to be susceptible to selective seam corrosion, hook cracks, and inadequate bonding of the seams, so low frequency ERW is no longer used to manufacture pipe. The high frequency process is still being used to manufacture pipe for use in new pipeline construction.

Other methods
Other ERW methods include flash welding, resistance projection welding, and upset welding.

Flash welding is a type of resistance welding that does not use any filler metals. The pieces of metal to be welded are set apart at a predetermined distance based on material thickness, material composition, and desired properties of the finished weld. Current is applied to the metal, and the gap between the two pieces creates resistance and produces the arc required to melt the metal. Once the pieces of metal reach the proper temperature, they are pressed together, effectively forge welding them together.

Projection welding is a modification of spot welding in which the weld is localized by means of raised sections, or projections, on one or both of the workpieces to be joined. Heat is concentrated at the projections, which permits the welding of heavier sections or the closer spacing of welds. The projections can also serve as a means of positioning the workpieces. Projection welding is often used to weld studs, nuts, and other threaded machine parts to metal plate. It is also frequently used to join crossed wires and bars. This is another high-production process, and multiple projection welds can be arranged by suitable designing and jigging.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Electric resistance welding


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MINQUE

In statistics, the theory of minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (MINQUE)  was developed by C. R. Rao. MINQUE is a theory alongside other estimation methods in estimation theory, such as the method of moments or maximum likelihood estimation. Similar to the theory of best linear unbiased estimation, MINQUE is specifically concerned with linear regression models. The method was originally conceived to estimate heteroscedastic error variance in multiple linear regression. MINQUE estimators also provide an alternative to maximum likelihood estimators or restricted maximum likelihood estimators for variance components in mixed effects models. MINQUE estimators are quadratic forms of the response variable and are used to estimate a linear function of the variances.

Principles
We are concerned with a mixed effects model for the random vector $$\mathbf{Y} \in \mathbb{R}^n$$ with the following linear structure.

$$\mathbf{Y} = \mathbf{X}\boldsymbol\beta + \mathbf{U}_1 \boldsymbol\xi_1 + \cdots + \mathbf{U}_k \boldsymbol\xi_k$$

Here, $$\mathbf{X} \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times m}$$ is a design matrix for the fixed effects, $$\boldsymbol\beta \in \mathbb{R}^m$$ represents the unknown fixed-effect parameters, $$\mathbf{U}_i \in \mathbb{R}^{n\times c_i}$$ is a design matrix for the $$i$$-th random-effect component, and $$\boldsymbol\xi_i\in\mathbb{R}^{c_i}$$is a random vector for the $$i$$-th random-effect component. The random effects are assumed to have zero mean ($$\mathbb{E}[\boldsymbol\xi_i]=\mathbf{0}$$) and be uncorrelated ($$\mathbb{V}[\boldsymbol\xi_i]=\sigma^2_i\mathbf{I}_{c_i}$$). Furthermore, any two random effect vectors are also uncorrelated ($$\mathbb{V}[\boldsymbol\xi_i, \boldsymbol\xi_j]=\mathbf{0}\, \forall i\neq j$$). The unknown variances $$\sigma^2_1,\cdots,\sigma^2_k$$ represent the variance components of the model.

This is a general model that captures commonly used linear regression models.

 * 1) Gauss-Markov Model : If we consider a one-component model where $$\mathbf{U}_1=\mathbf{I}_n$$, then the model is equivalent to the Gauss-Markov model $$\mathbf{Y}=\mathbf{X}\boldsymbol\beta + \boldsymbol\epsilon$$ with $$\mathbb{E}[\boldsymbol\epsilon]=\mathbf{0}$$ and $$\mathbb{V}[\boldsymbol\epsilon]=\sigma^2_1 \mathbf{I}_n$$.
 * 2) Heteroscedastic Model : Each set of random variables in $$\mathbf{Y}$$ that shares a common variance can be modeled as an individual variance component with an appropriate $$\mathbf{U}_i$$.

A compact representation for the model is the following, where $$\mathbf{U} = \left[\begin{array}{c|c|c}\mathbf{U}_1&\cdots&\mathbf{U}_k\end{array}\right]$$ and $$\boldsymbol\xi^\top = \left[\begin{array}{c|c|c} \boldsymbol\xi_1^\top&\cdots&\boldsymbol\xi_k^\top\end{array}\right]$$.

$$\mathbf{Y}=\mathbf{X}\boldsymbol\beta+\mathbf{U}\boldsymbol\xi$$

Note that this model makes no distributional assumptions about $$\mathbf{Y}$$ other than the first and second moments.

$$\mathbb{E}[\mathbf{Y}] = \mathbf{X}\boldsymbol\beta$$

$$\mathbb{V}[\mathbf{Y}]=\sigma^2_1\mathbf{U}_1\mathbf{U}_1^\top + \cdots + \sigma^2_k \mathbf{U}_k \mathbf{U}_k^\top \equiv \sigma^2_1\mathbf{V}_1 + \cdots + \sigma^2_k \mathbf{V}_k$$

The goal in MINQUE is to estimate $$\theta = \sum_{i=1}^k p_i \sigma^2_i$$ using a quadratic form $$\hat{\theta}=\mathbf{Y}^\top \mathbf{A} \mathbf{Y}$$. MINQUE estimators are derived by identifying a matrix $$\mathbf{A}$$ such that the estimator has some desirable properties, described below.

Invariance to translation of the fixed effects
Consider a new fixed-effect parameter $$\boldsymbol\gamma=\boldsymbol\beta - \boldsymbol\beta_0$$, which represents a translation of the original fixed effect. The new, equivalent model is now the following.

$$\mathbf{Y} - \mathbf{X}\boldsymbol\beta_0 = \mathbf{X}\boldsymbol\gamma + \mathbf{U}\boldsymbol\xi$$

Under this equivalent model, the MINQUE estimator is now $$(\mathbf{Y} - \mathbf{X}\boldsymbol\beta_0)^\top \mathbf{A} (\mathbf{Y} - \mathbf{X}\boldsymbol\beta_0)$$. Rao argued that since the underlying models are equivalent, this estimator should be equal to $$\mathbf{Y}^\top \mathbf{A} \mathbf{Y}$$. This can be achieved by constraining $$\mathbf{A}$$ such that $$\mathbf{A}\mathbf{X} = \mathbf{0}$$, which ensures that all terms other than $$\mathbf{Y}^\top \mathbf{A} \mathbf{Y}$$ in the expansion of the quadratic form are zero.

Unbiased estimation
Suppose that we constrain $$\mathbf{A}\mathbf{X} = \mathbf{0}$$, as argued in the section above. Then, the MINQUE estimator has the following form

$$\begin{align} \hat{\theta} &= \mathbf{Y}^\top \mathbf{A} \mathbf{Y}\\ &= (\mathbf{X}\boldsymbol\beta + \mathbf{U}\boldsymbol\xi)^\top \mathbf{A} (\mathbf{X}\boldsymbol\beta + \mathbf{U}\boldsymbol\xi)\\ &= \boldsymbol\xi^\top\mathbf{U}^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U}\boldsymbol\xi \end{align}$$

To ensure that this estimator is unbiased, the expectation of the estimator $$\mathbb{E}[\hat{\theta}]$$ must equal the parameter of interest, $$\theta$$. Below, the expectation of the estimator can be decomposed for each component since the components are uncorrelated with each other. Furthermore, the cyclic property of the trace is used to evaluate the expectation with respect to $$\boldsymbol\xi_i$$.

$$\begin{align} \mathbb{E}[\hat{\theta}] &= \mathbb{E}[\boldsymbol\xi^\top \mathbf{U}^\top \mathbf{A} \mathbf{U} \boldsymbol\xi]\\ &= \sum_{i=1}^k \mathbb{E}[\boldsymbol\xi_i^\top\mathbf{U}_i^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U}_i\boldsymbol\xi_i]\\ &= \sum_{i=1}^k \sigma_i^2 \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{U}_i^\top \mathbf{A} \mathbf{U}_i] \end{align}$$

To ensure that this estimator is unbiased, Rao suggested setting $$\sum_{i=1}^k \sigma_i^2 \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{U}_i^\top \mathbf{A} \mathbf{U}_i] = \sum_{i=1}^k p_i \sigma_i^2$$, which can be accomplished by constraining $$\mathbf{A}$$ such that $$\mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{U}_i^\top \mathbf{A} \mathbf{U}_i] = \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{A}\mathbf{V}_i] = p_i$$ for all components.

Minimum Norm
Rao argues that if $$\boldsymbol\xi$$ were observed, a "natural" estimator for $$\theta$$ would be the following since $$\mathbb{E}[\boldsymbol\xi_i^\top\boldsymbol\xi_i]=c_i \sigma_i^2$$. Here, $$\boldsymbol\Delta$$ is defined as a diagonal matrix.

$$\frac{p_1}{c_1}\boldsymbol\xi_1^\top\boldsymbol\xi_1 + \cdots + \frac{p_k}{c_k}\boldsymbol\xi_k^\top\boldsymbol\xi_k = \boldsymbol\xi^\top\left[\mathrm{diag}\left(\frac{p_1}{c_i},\cdots,\frac{p_k}{c_k}\right)\right]\boldsymbol\xi \equiv \boldsymbol\xi^\top\boldsymbol\Delta\boldsymbol\xi$$

The difference between the proposed estimator and the natural estimator is $$\boldsymbol\xi^\top (\mathbf{U}^\top \mathbf{A} \mathbf{U} - \boldsymbol\Delta)\boldsymbol\xi$$. This difference can be minimized by minimizing the norm of the matrix $$\lVert \mathbf{U}^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U}-\boldsymbol\Delta \rVert$$.

Procedure
Given the constraints and optimization strategy derived from the optimal properties above, the MINQUE estimator $$\hat{\theta}$$ for $$\theta=\sum_{i=1}^k p_i\sigma_i^2$$ is derived by choosing a matrix $$\mathbf{A}$$ that minimizes $$\lVert \mathbf{U}^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U}-\boldsymbol\Delta \rVert$$, subject to the constraints

 * 1) $$\mathbf{A}\mathbf{X}=\mathbf{0}$$, and
 * 2) $$\mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{A}\mathbf{V}_i]=p_i$$.

Standard Estimator for Homoscedastic Error
In the Gauss-Markov model, the error variance $$\sigma^2$$ is estimated using the following.

$$s^2 = \frac{1}{n-m}(\mathbf{Y}-\mathbf{X}\hat{\boldsymbol\beta})^\top(\mathbf{Y}-\mathbf{X}\hat{\boldsymbol\beta})$$

This estimator is unbiased and can be shown to minimize the Euclidean norm of the form $$\lVert \mathbf{U}^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U}-\boldsymbol\Delta \rVert$$. Thus, the standard estimator for error variance in the Gauss-Markov model is a MINQUE estimator.

Random Variables with Common Mean and Heteroscedastic Error
For random variables $$Y_1,\cdots,Y_n$$ with a common mean and different variances $$\sigma^2_1,\cdots,\sigma^2_n$$, the MINQUE estimator for $$\sigma^2_i$$ is $$\frac{n}{n-2}(Y_i - \overline{Y})^2 - \frac{s^2}{n - 2}$$, where $$\overline{Y} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n Y_i$$ and $$s^2 = \frac{1}{n-1} \sum_{i=1}^n (Y_i - \overline{Y})^2$$.

Estimator for Variance Components
Rao proposed a MINQUE estimator for the variance components model based on minimizing the Euclidean norm. The Euclidean norm $$\lVert \cdot \rVert_2$$ is the square root of the sum of squares of all elements in the matrix. When evaluating this norm below, $$\mathbf{V}=\mathbf{V}_1+\cdots+\mathbf{V}_k = \mathbf{U} \mathbf{U}^\top$$. Furthermore, using the cyclic property of traces, $$\mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{U}^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U}\boldsymbol\Delta] = \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U}\boldsymbol\Delta\mathbf{U}^\top] = \mathrm{Tr}\left[\sum_{i=1}^k \frac{p_i}{c_i} \mathbf{A}\mathbf{V}_i \right] = \mathrm{Tr}[\boldsymbol\Delta\boldsymbol\Delta] $$.

$$\begin{align} \lVert \mathbf{U}^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U} - \boldsymbol\Delta \rVert^2_2 &= (\mathbf{U}^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U} - \boldsymbol\Delta)^\top (\mathbf{U}^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U} - \boldsymbol\Delta)\\ &= \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{U}^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U}\mathbf{U}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U}^\top] - \mathrm{Tr}[2\mathbf{U}^\top\mathbf{A}\mathbf{U}\boldsymbol\Delta] + \mathrm{Tr}[\boldsymbol\Delta\boldsymbol\Delta]\\ &= \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{A}\mathbf{V}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{V}] - \mathrm{Tr}[\boldsymbol\Delta\boldsymbol\Delta] \end{align}$$

Note that since $$\mathrm{Tr}[\boldsymbol\Delta\boldsymbol\Delta] $$ does not depend on $$\mathbf{A} $$, the MINQUE with the Euclidean norm is obtained by identifying the matrix $$\mathbf{A} $$ that minimizes $$\mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{A}\mathbf{V}\mathbf{A}\mathbf{V}] $$, subject to the MINQUE constraints discussed above.

Rao showed that the matrix $$\mathbf{A} $$ that satisfies this optimization problem is

$$\mathbf{A}_\star=\sum_{i=1}^k \lambda_i \mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_i\mathbf{R} $$,

where $$\mathbf{R} = \mathbf{V}^{-1}(\mathbf{I}-\mathbf{P}) $$, $$\mathbf{P}=\mathbf{X}(\mathbf{X}^\top\mathbf{V}^{-1}\mathbf{X})^{-}\mathbf{X}^\top\mathbf{V}^{-1} $$ is the projection matrix into the column space of $$\mathbf{X} $$, and $$(\cdot)^{-} $$ represents the generalized inverse of a matrix.

Therefore, the MINQUE estimator is the following, where the vectors $$\boldsymbol\lambda $$ and $$\mathbf{Q} $$ are defined based on the sum.

$$\begin{align} \hat{\theta} &= \mathbf{Y}^\top \mathbf{A}_\star\mathbf{Y}\\ &= \sum_{i=1}^k \lambda_i \mathbf{Y}^\top\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_i\mathbf{R}\mathbf{Y}\\ &\equiv\sum_{i=1}^k \lambda_i Q_i\\ &\equiv \boldsymbol\lambda^\top \mathbf{Q} \end{align} $$

The vector $$\boldsymbol\lambda $$ is obtained by using the constraint $$\mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{A}_\star\mathbf{V}_i]=p_i$$. That is, the vector represents the solution to the following system of equations $$\forall j\in\{1,\cdots,k\} $$.

$$\begin{align} \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{A}_\star\mathbf{V}_j] &= p_j\\ \mathrm{Tr}\left[ \sum_{i=1}^k \lambda_i \mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_i\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_j \right] &= p_j\\ \sum_{i=1}^k \lambda_i \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_i\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_j] &= p_j \end{align} $$

This can be written as a matrix product $$\mathbf{S}\boldsymbol\lambda=\mathbf{p} $$, where $$\mathbf{p}=[p_1\,\cdots\,p_k]^\top $$ and $$\mathbf{S} $$ is the following.

$$\mathbf{S}=\begin{bmatrix} \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_1\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_1] & \cdots & \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_k\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_1]\\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_1\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_k] & \cdots & \mathrm{Tr}[\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_k\mathbf{R}\mathbf{V}_k] \end{bmatrix} $$

Then, $$\boldsymbol\lambda=\mathbf{S}^{-}\mathbf{p} $$. This implies that the MINQUE is $$\hat{\theta}=\boldsymbol\lambda^\top\mathbf{Q}=\mathbf{p}^\top(\mathbf{S}^{-})^\top\mathbf{Q}=\mathbf{p}^\top\mathbf{S}^{-}\mathbf{Q} $$. Note that $$\theta=\sum_{i=1}^k p_i \sigma_i^2 = \mathbf{p}^\top\boldsymbol\sigma $$, where $$\boldsymbol\sigma = [\sigma^2_1\,\cdots\,\sigma^2_k]^\top $$. Therefore, the estimator for the variance components is $$\hat{\boldsymbol\sigma}=\mathbf{S}^{-}\mathbf{Q} $$.

Extensions
MINQUE estimators can be obtained without the invariance criteria, in which case the estimator is only unbiased and minimizes the norm. Such estimators have slightly different constraints on the minimization problem.

The model can be extended to estimate covariance components. In such a model, the random effects of a component are assumed to have a common covariance structure $$\mathbb{V}[\boldsymbol\xi_i]=\boldsymbol\Sigma$$. A MINQUE estimator for a mixture of variance and covariance components was also proposed. In this model, $$\mathbb{V}[\boldsymbol\xi_i]=\boldsymbol\Sigma$$ for $$i\in \{1,\cdots,s\}$$ and $$\mathbb{V}[\boldsymbol\xi_i]= \sigma_i^2\mathbf{I}_{c_i}$$ for $$i\in\{s+1,\cdots,k\}$$.

title: MINQUE


text:
Powhatan (Native American leader)

Powhatan (c. 1547 – c. 1618), whose proper name was Wahunsenacawh (alternately spelled Wahunsenacah, Wahunsunacock, or Wahunsonacock), was the leader of the Powhatan, an alliance of Algonquian-speaking Native Americans living in Tsenacommacah, in the Tidewater region of Virginia at the time when English settlers landed at Jamestown in 1607.

Powhatan, alternately called "King" or "Chief" Powhatan by English settlers, led the main political and military power facing the early colonists, and was probably the older brother of Opechancanough, who led attacks against the settlers in 1622 and 1644. He was the father of Matoaka (Pocahontas).

Name
In 1607, the English colonists were introduced to Wahunsenacawh as Powhatan and understood this latter name to come from Powhatan's hometown near the falls of the James River near present-day Richmond, Virginia.

Seventeenth-century English spellings were not standardized, and representations were many of the sounds of the Algonquian language spoken by Wahunsenacawh and his people. Charles Dudley Warner, writing in the 19th century, but quoting extensively from John Smith's 17th-century writings, in his essay on Pocahontas states: "In 1618 died the great Powhatan, full of years and satiated with fighting and the savage delights of life. He had many names and titles; his people called him Ottaniack, sometimes Mamauatonick, and usually in his presence Wahunsenasawk." Many variants are used in texts:

 * The place:
 * Powhatan, Powatan, Powhaten, Pohetan, Powhattan, Poughwaton

 * The description (meaning chief?):
 * weroance, weeroance, wyrounce, wyrounnces, werowance, wyroance, werowans

 * The name:
 * Wahunsunacock, Wahunsenasawk, Wahunsenacawh, Wahunsenacock, Wahunsenakah

 * The title:
 * Mamanatowick (paramount- or great-chief)

Life
Little is known of Powhatan's life before the arrival of English colonists in 1607. He apparently inherited the leadership of about 4–6 tribes, with its base at the Fall Line near present-day Richmond. Through diplomacy and/or force, he had assembled a total of about 30 tribes into the Powhatan Confederacy by the early 17th century. The confederacy was estimated to include 10,000–15,000 people.

In December 1607, English explorer and pioneer John Smith, one of the Jamestown colony's leaders, was captured by a hunting expedition led by Opchanacanough, the younger brother of Powhatan. Smith was taken to Werowocomoco, Powhatan's capital along the York River. Smith recounted in 1624 that Pocahontas (whose given name was Matoaka), one of Powhatan's daughters, kept her father from executing him. However, since Smith's 1608 and 1612 reports omitted this account, many historians have doubted its accuracy. Some believe that the event Smith recounted as a prelude to his execution was an adoption ceremony by which Smith was ritually accepted as subchief of the town of Capahosic in Powhatan's alliance. As the historian Margaret Williamson Huber has written, "Powhatan calculated that moving Smith and his men to Capahosic would keep them nearby and better under his control."

In January 1609, Smith recorded directing some of his men to build an English-style house for Powhatan at Werowocomoco, in exchange for food supplies for the hungry English colony. Both sides looked for opportunities to surprise one another. Smith proceeded to Opchanacanough's village. When ambushed, he held Powhatan at gunpoint before the warriors. When Smith returned to Werowocomoco, he found the house unfinished and the place abandoned. The men had deserted to the Powhatan side. At a village now called Wicomico in Gloucester County, the reconstructed ruins of what were traditionally believed to be the chimney and part of the building for Powhatan are known as Powhatan's Chimney.

Since 2003, state officials and researchers have concluded the likely site of Werowocomoco is further west along the York River at Purtan Bay. There archeologists have found evidence of a large residential settlement dating to 1200, with major earthworks built about 1400. They have found extensive artifacts, including European goods, which indicate likely interaction with English colonists in the early 17th century. In 2006 the Werowocomoco Archeological Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Excavations continue by a team headed by the College of William and Mary.

Powhatan made his next capital at Orapake, located about 50 mi west in a swamp at the head of the Chickahominy River. The modern-day interchange of Interstate 64 and Interstate 295 is near this location. Sometime between 1611 and 1614, Powhatan moved further north to Matchut, in present-day King William County on the north bank of the Pamunkey River, near where his younger brother Opchanacanough ruled at Youghtanund.

By the time Smith left Virginia in 1609, the fragile peace between colonists and Algonquians was already beginning to fray. Soon conflict led to the First Anglo-Powhatan War, and further English colonial settlement beyond Jamestown and into Powhatan's territory. The colonists effectively destroyed two subtribes, the Kecoughtan and the Paspahegh, at the beginning of this war. Powhatan sent Nemattanew to operate against English colonists on the upper James River, though they held out at Henricus. With the capture of Pocahontas by Captain Samuel Argall in 1613, Powhatan sued for peace. It came about after her alliance in marriage on April 5, 1614, to John Rolfe, a leading tobacco planter. John Rolfe was one of Pocahontas's many Jamestown teachers before their marriage; he instructed her in matters of the new culture she was being assimilated into, and he also taught her all about Christianity. According to various accounts, Pocahontas and John Rolfe did, in fact, fall in love with each other—it was a consensual relationship. This might, at least in part, explain Pocahontas's apparent willingness to assimilate, convert to Christianity, and remain with the colonists: she wanted to be with Rolfe. Rolfe's longtime friend, Reverend Richard Buck, presided the wedding. Before the wedding, Reverend Alexander Whitaker converted Pocahontas and renamed her "Rebecca" at her baptism.

Meanwhile, English colonists continued to expand along the James Riverfront. The aged Powhatan's final years have been called "ineffectual" (Rountree 1990). Opchanacanough became the greater Native power in the region. Upon the death of Wahunsunacock in 1618, his next younger brother Opitchapam officially became paramount chief. However, Opchanacanough, the youngest brother, had achieved the greatest power and effectively became the Powhatan. By initiating the Indian Massacre of 1622, and attacks in 1644, he attempted to expel the colonists from Virginia. These attempts met with strong reprisals from the colonists, ultimately resulting in the near destruction of the tribe.

Through his daughter Pocahontas (and her marriage to the English colonist John Rolfe), Wahunsunacock was the grandfather of Thomas Rolfe. In 1635 Rolfe returned to Virginia from England. Although Rolfe was raised as an Englishman, he did honor his Native American heritage and even visited his uncle, Opchanacanough, along with his aunt, “Cleopatra” upon returning to Jamestown. His true loyalty remained with the colonists and he was made a commander of James Fort on the Chickahominy after the next war. Like his mother, Pocahontas, Thomas Rolfe was not a celebrity while he was alive. The numerous Rolfe family descendants comprised one of the First Families of Virginia, one with both English and Virginia Indian roots. The modern Mattaponi and Patawomeck tribes believe that Powhatan's line also survives through Ka-Okee, Pocahontas' daughter by her first husband Kocoum.

According to one legend, Powhatan, returning homeward from a battle near what is now Philadelphia, stopped at the Big Spring on Sligo Creek (present-day Takoma Park, Maryland, near Washington, DC) to recuperate from his wounds in the medicinal waters there. Modern historians have dismissed this tale as lacking credibility; nonetheless, a commemorative sculpture of Powhatan has stood at the site since 1985.

Appearance
In A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Happened in Virginia (1608), Smith described Powhatan thus: "[...] their Emperor proudly [lay] upon a bedstead a foot high upon ten or twelve mats, richly hung with many chains of great pearls about his neck, and covered with a great covering of Rahaughcums [raccoon skins]. At his head sat a woman, at his feet another, on each side, sitting upon a mat upon the ground, were ranged his chief men on each side [of] the fire, ten in a rank, and behind them as many young women, each a great chain of white beads over their shoulders, their heads painted in red, and [he] with such a grave a majestical countenance as drove me into admiration to see such state in a naked savage."

"Powhatan's Mantle" is the name given to a cloak of deerskin, decorated with shell patterns and figures, held by the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. It allegedly belonged to Powhatan, although the evidence is questionable. The Mantle is certainly one of the earliest North American artifacts to have survived in a European collection. It likely belonged originally to a Native American of high social status, as it was decorated with numerous valuable native shell beads.

In his 1906 work Lives of Famous Chiefs, Norman Wood provided a description of Powhatan, based on reports from English colonists. He was said to be a "tall, well-proportioned man with a sower looke, his head somewhat gray, his beard so thinne that it seemeth none at all, his age neare sixtie, of a very able and hardy body, to endure any labor."

Sites associated with Powhatan

 * Powhatan's burial mound is located on the Pamunkey Indian Reservation in King William. The remains were relocated there by his brother, Opchanacanough.
 * Powhatan County, although located somewhat to the west of their territory, was named for Powhatan and his tribe.
 * In the independent City of Richmond, Powhatan Hill is believed to be located near Powhatan's main village. It was ruled by a subject weroance called Parahunt, or Tanx ("little") Powhatan. On first meeting him, English colonists mistook him for the Great Powhatan. The confusion persists in historic accounts.
 * Powhatan's central village, Werowocomoco, is believed to have been located in Gloucester County, Virginia. The Werowocomoco Archeological Site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Excavations there have revealed much about the early Powhatan people and their interaction with English colonists.

Tribes associated with Powhatan
Powhatan gained control of six tribes when he became chief. He inherited them from his father, whose name is unknown.

Those six tribes included:

• Arrohattoc (Arro-hattoc/Arrohateck) • Appomattoc (Appomattox) • Mattaponi (Mattapa-nient) • Pamunkey • Youghtanund • Powhatan

Through his chiefdom, Powhatan obtained the following tribes known as The Powhatan Confederacy (Tsenacommacah):

• Accohannock • Accomac • Chesapeake • Chickahominy • Kiskiack (Chiskiack) • Cuttatawomen • Kecoughtan • Moraughtacund (Morattico) • Nandtaughta-cund • Nansemond

• Opiscopank (Piscataway) • Paspahegh • Piankatank • Pissaseck • Patawomeck (Potomac) • Quiyoughcohannock • Rappahannock (Tappahannock) • Sekakawon (Secacawoni)

• Warraskoyack (Warrascocake/Warwick-squeak) • Weanoc (Weyanock) • Werowocomoco, • Wiccocomico (Wiccomico).

title: Powhatan (Native American leader)


text:
Woodside Park tube station

Woodside Park is a London Underground station in Woodside Park, north London.

The station is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line, between Totteridge & Whetstone and West Finchley stations, and in Travelcard Zone 4. Woodside Park is the last station in an alphabetical list of London Underground stations.

History
Woodside Park station was planned by the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway (EH&LR) and was originally opened as Torrington Park on 1 April 1872 by the Great Northern Railway (which had taken over the EH&LR). The station was on a branch of a line that ran from Finsbury Park to Edgware via Highgate. The station was renamed within a month of opening, and again in 1882.

After the 1921 Railways Act created the Big Four railway companies the line was, from 1923, part of the London & North Eastern Railway (LNER). The section of the High Barnet branch north of East Finchley was incorporated into the London Underground network through the "Northern Heights" project begun in the late 1930s. The station was first served by Northern line trains on 14 April 1940 and, after a period where the station was serviced by both operators, LNER services ended in 1941. The station still retains much of its original Victorian architectural character today.

British Railways (the successor to the LNER) freight trains continued to serve the station's goods yard until 1 October 1962, when it was closed.

Incidents
The Provisional IRA exploded a bomb at the station's car park on 10 December 1992, during the afternoon rush hour. Commuters and residents were evacuated, though no-one was injured. The station is close to the Inglis Barracks, where a British soldier was killed by an IRA bombing in 1988.

Connections
London Buses route 383 serves the station.

Local information
The station has a large adjacent area, originally for storing coal and now used as a car park. Until about 2000, there was a second car park. A block of flats has now been built on this area.

The station is above ground. Both platforms are readily accessible from the street by wheelchair. The main entrance, with ticket office, is at the end of a cul-de-sac (Woodside Park Road), adjacent to the car park entrance. This leads on to the southbound platform. A Victorian post box is set into the front wall of the station.

The entrance leading on to the northbound platform is at the end of Station Road, a turning off Holden Road.

title: Woodside Park tube station


text:
User talk:Rje/Archive2

This is an archived talk page. If you wish to leave me a message, please do so at User talk:Rje. Thankyou.

Archives

 * Archive 1 - October 2004/February 2005
 * Archive 2 - March/April 2005
 * Archive 3 - May/July 2005
 * Archive 4 - August/October 2005
 * Archive 5 - November 2005/June 2006
 * Archive 6 - July 2006/August 2007
 * Archive 7 - August 2007/October 2009
 * Current - October 2009 to present

Return of the Untagged Image project
You were kind enough to contribute to the Untagged images project; I beg to draw your attention to part 2 of the project - there are about 12,000 more images in need of tagging. Any assistance you could provide would be most welcome. thanks --Tagishsimon (talk)

User:Vaoverland - administrator
Thank you for supporting my appointment as an administrator. I appreciate the pat on the back this represents. It felt nice to read the comments during the voting. Please let me know if you see something I should be doing as admin, as I intend to be fairly passive unless it is clear I should do otherwise. Thanks. Mark in Richmond. Vaoverland 20:06, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks a lot for the offer, but I'm not too interested in adminship at the moment. Maybe in a few months. Xezbeth 05:58, Mar 11, 2005 (UTC)

My adminship
Thank you for voting for me for adminship. I appreciate the confidence you showed in me. — Knowledge Seeker দ 08:16, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Let me second that! Thank you for your support vote and for the kind words. Best regards,  — mark ✎ 20:30, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Bob Mortimer
Bob Mortimer went to Sussex University not Leicester. Check out the following link:

http://www.vicandbob.net/text/later_int.htm

There are many other sources for this as well.

Can you correct University of Sussex and Bob Mortimer please?

Thank You! from Carbonite
Thank you for supporting my RfA. I very much appreciate your confidence in me. Please let me know if you see something I should (or shouldn't) be doing as an admin. Regards, Patrick. Carbonite | Talk 13:41, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks to your support on WP:RFA. – ABCD 15:58, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Once again, thanks. – ABCD 02:46, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Hi Rje, thank you so much for voting for me in my adminship nomination, and for your kind comment. I really appreciate your support. Best, SlimVirgin 04:01, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

Thank You!
Hi Rje,

I would like to thank you for your vote of support and confidence for my adminship, it has been much appreciated. If you need anything in future that requires my attention, please do not hesitate to contact me. :)

- Cheers, Mailer Diablo 18:23, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

My adminship
Hi Rje, Thank you for your vote of confidence in my nomination. It means a lot to me and I look forward to helping out as an admin. Cheers,  BanyanTree 03:43, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you for supporting my adminship — I vow to use my super powers for good not evil. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:17, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

RfA thanks
Thank you for the vote at Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Henrygb2. It has made my week. --Henrygb 01:56, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

another
yet another thank-you for supporting my adminship. And by the way, I enjoyed your fancruft section under User:Rje/Goals: I think it's quite to the point; consolidating a lot of that stuff is a great idea. Happy editing, Antandrus 05:29, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Urnes stave church
Thank you for translation. :) -- Darwinek 13:52, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Administratorship
Thanks for your comments on Requests for adminship/Wilfried Derksen. Your comment made me with other comments aware of the necesity of filling in the Edit Summary line in case of non minor edits. It made me also aware of careful labeling an edit as minor or non minor. I will change my way of editing pages by clearly selecting minor and non minor edits and to fill in an edit summary in the last case. With this comment I would like to ask you to reconsider your vote. Wilfried Derksen = Electionworld 20:54, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
Thank you for your support on my RfA, and for your glowing praise. I shall attempt to put the shiny new buttons to good use! Also, I concur with you (and Antandrus) on the fancruft; merging is an underrated solution. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 20:45, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

My adminship: thanks!
Hi Rje. Thanks very much for your vote for my RfA. I promise to be prudent, wise, sagacious and totally unilateral in all my admin affairs. I should say that I am very pleased at the number of people who supported me – it's very nice to know I'm making a positive impact. Cheers again, Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 21:11, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Painbearer
Hi Rje! I'm new here, and I've definitely made some mistakes already, but I hope I can make some valuable contributions in the future. I noticed you've encountered the user User:Painbearer, and that you're also an administrator, so I figured I could take this up with you (since a lot of people have already taken it up with him, it seems). Basically I feel that many of his edits do not make the articles better. Now, if sub-par grammar was all there was to it that would be one thing - I'm certainly no expert myself, being Norwegian - but I also detect a certain animosity towards users that don't share his point of view (a view that he often expresses in the articles, I might add). The following statement on the Phil Selway talk page is particularly worrying: "[...] also, this is my article, so in fact I don't care what you think". I see you've already responded to that, and I agree with you. I'm starting to feel like some sort of snitch as I'm rambling on here, but I guess my question is: what is Wikipedia's policy on situations like these? Rep 11:28, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your reply! I'll wait and see what happens with the article you mentioned and others that I have had a hand in editing myself. Rep 22:37, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Hello, Rje. Thanks for your vote at my adminship nomination. I appreciate the support. Cheers! — Trilobite (Talk) 13:21, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

RE: Protection of Abortion
I agree with your page protection. I am unhasppy with Big Hurt's false claims that i am a vandal. I have asked him to withdraw them. Ideas? --SqueakBox 22:20, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC).
 * Check out big Hurt and abortion, --SqueakBox 02:13, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)

expos/nationals debate
There is a major debate going on, and I wondered if you might want to chime in. The debate involves how to deal with franchise moves in baseball. The question is whether Montréal Expos should be its own article or if it should redirect to Washington Nationals. All other instances of franchise moves in MLB redirect the old team name to the new team name, and the history of the franchise is covered within the new team name (for MLB, NBA and NFL examples, see here. Some people are confused and think the Expos and the Nats are different teams. Some people don't want to upset Canadian readers.

Indeed, the Washington Nationals are not a new team - the Montreal Expos franchise has moved to Washington, and the old franchise name should redirect to the new franchise name, just like the 20+ instances of this occuring in Wikipedia. For example, Brooklyn Dodger history resides in the Los Angeles Dodgers article. New York Giants history, including the Shot Heard 'Round the World, resides in the San Francisco Giants article.

If you have the time, maybe you could chime in on the conversation there, Votes for deletion/Montréal Expos. Kingturtle 21:05, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your block
Your block is unfair, sir. If someone is going to have an editable website, they have to cope with it being edited. --212.100.250.210 15:31, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rje/Archive2