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Talk:List of Argentines

Untitled
Not sure why, but es:Lista de argentinos reconocidos seems to have been deleted. Does anyone know what's going on? -- Jmabel | Talk 20:22, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC) ---

La Biblia y el calefón
El título de este artículo de discusión es tomado de una parte de la letra de un celebérrimo tango argentino llamado cambalache (autor: Santos Discépolo -"Discepolín"-),la letra dice "la Biblia junto al calefón" queriendo mencionar una mezcla absurda (la imagen no es surrealista ,al menos no es imaginaria ,sucedía que predicadores reformistas repartían en Argentina Biblias en los años 30 del s XX que eran consideradas apócrifas por el catolicismo, esas Biblias ,de muy buen papel...suave papel...acababan siendo usadas en los w.c. colgadas de los calefones). La letra del tango cambalache parece emparentada con el cuadro "El Jardín de Las Delicias" de "The Bosch". Y algo semejante sucede con la nómina de "celebrities" de Argentina. Doy un algunos ejemplos: ¡Martha Argerich o Astor Piazzolla al lado de Palito Ortega!...ó Jorge Luis Borges  al lado de "Fannie Fox"!!! (Es ,cuando menos, cómico). Admito que en la lista se pueden incluir a todos los famosos (¡qué tan famosos son un palito ortega ó una fannie fox? -con minúsculas adrede-), pero reitero...es: "La Biblia Junto Al Calefón".

(Un saludo a todos, y en particular a la diáspora de compatriotas Argentinos y Argentinas y Descendientes). Firma: EL Gaucho José. - I'm not entirely sure what the preceding (left some time in May or June 2005) is driving at, but I figured at least I can try to translate. If I got some of this wrong, someone may feel free to improve on my attempt. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:44, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

The title of this section [lit: "article of discussion"] is taken from part of the text of a celebrated Argentine tango called Cambalache (meaning "junk shop"; author: Santos Discépolo, "Discepolín"), the phrase "la Biblia junto al calefón" ("the Bible next to the boiler/water heater") referring to mencionar an absurd mix (the image is not surrealist, at least it is not imaginary, it happens that reformist preachers distributed Bibles in Argentina in the 1930s; these Bibles were considered apocryphal by Catholicism; their excellent, soft paper ended up being used [I may not have quite gotten this next phrase, if anyone can fix, go for it & remove this remark - JM] on the W.C. overflowing from the boiler). The text of the cambalache tango seems to have been a relative of the painting Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymous Bosch. And something similar happened with the naming of Argentine "celebrities". I will give some examples: Martha Argerich or Astor Piazzolla side by side with Palito Ortega! ...or Jorge Luis Borges side by side with "Fannie Fox"!!! (It is, at least, comical). I admit that in the list one could include all the famous (¡but how famous are a palito ortega or a fannie fox? -lowercase on purpose-), but I reiterate...it is: "the Bible next to the boiler".

(Greetings to all, and in particular to the diaspora of Argentine compatriots and their descendants). Signed: EL Gaucho José.

 * I think this is inevitable in lists of notable people from a particular country: Romania gets George Enescu next to the Cheeky Girls. Palito Ortega is, I suppose, about exactly as notable an Argentine as Sonny Bono is an American. Fannie Fox, for what its worth, was a stripper and is notable mainly for her role in a scandal that brought down a powerful U.S. politician, Wilbur Mills. They probably are both of encyclopedic notability, and they are both Argentines; I agree that they are not major figures, but it's hard to imagine a rule for such lists that would eliminate them without eliminating most of the sports figures, as well. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:44, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Don't write nicknames or lastnames without name
It is usless to have a list of words that can not be connected to a person, so please any additions to the list should be properly formated. eg: Miguel Aguado (Quino).

And please, use english. -Mariano 11:08, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)

Argentine vs. Argentinian
I was under the impression that Argentine has colonialist overtones, and is otherwise archaic. As far as I can see wp uses Argentine without restraint: clearly it is not an impression held widely here. Is there any debate over changing Argentine to Argentinian?

Not that it should be a reference for wp, but the The Guardian [Style Guide] says use 'Argentinian'. Perhaps this is a UK thing - maybe us being overcareful since the Falklands/Malvinas war? Any opinions? Rcrowdy 20:59, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Argentine has no negative connotation, and has far more google hits(43 million) than Argentinean (3) or Argentinian (5). Mariano (t/c) 12:14, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Top 20
Any way of knowing Top 20 Google Hits by country? ~ Moebiusuibeom-en 15:41, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think so; you can still get a list of topics from Argentina, search for them in google, and sort them on google hits. probably a nice script would do it. Anyone knows how to do it? --Mariano (t/c) 17:46, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * You can do this to a limited extent: If the country has its own Google site, then it will have a radio-button below the search box allowing you to limit the search to pages from that country. So: there are English, French, Spanish, Canadian, etc. sites (but not, so far as I can tell, an Argentinian one). Robhogg (talk) 20:51, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of Argentines


text:
Hombre

Hombre, the Spanish word for "man" and sometimes used informally in English, may refer to:

 * Hombre (novel), a 1961 novel by Elmore Leonard
 * Hombre (film), a 1967 motion picture based on the novel starring Paul Newman, directed by Martin Ritt
 * Hombre (comics), a Spanish comics series by Antonio Segura and José Ortiz
 * Hombre (magazine), a magazine for Latino men
 * L'Hombre (or, in 17th Century Spanish orthography, Ombre), a card game of Spanish origin
 * "Hombre", a 2005 song by M.I.A from her debut album Arular
 * Amiga Hombre chipset for Commodore-Amiga computers
 * Isuzu Hombre, a pickup truck sold in the U.S. from 1996 to 2000

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hombre


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DEECEE

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. The page is pending deletion with a block compress error. Joyous 17:00, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

DEECEE
Is this Slavic house DJ notable? 16 hits. Is the "Google test" an unfair metric of notability in this instance? If so, why? Discuss amongst yourselves. GRider\talk 20:26, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 23:34, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete without third-party verifiability - David Gerard 15:06, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/DEECEE


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I. King Jordan

Irving King Jordan (born June 16, 1943) is an American educator who became the first deaf president of Gallaudet University in 1988 after the Deaf President Now protest. Gallaudet is the world's only university with all programs and services designed specifically for deaf and hard-of-hearing students.

After the week-long protest known as Deaf President Now, the Board reversed its decision and named Jordan, one of three finalists for the position, the eighth president of Gallaudet, the first deaf president since the institution was established in 1864.

He appears in the 2011 disability rights documentary Lives Worth Living.

Background
Jordan is a native of Glen Riddle, Pennsylvania, a small town near Philadelphia. Jordan was born to hearing parents, with no other instances of deafness in his family. After graduating from Penncrest High School in 1962, he enlisted in the US Navy and served four years. Jordan became deaf at the age of 21, when, after driving a motorcycle without a helmet, he was flung into the windshield of a car and suffered two skull fractures, a fractured jaw, and a concussion. His injuries severed the nerves in one ear completely and damaged the nerves in the other.

Jordan earned his master's degree and his doctorate in psychology at the University of Tennessee. He was serving as the dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Gallaudet University when he was chosen as a candidate for the university presidency. As a professor, department chair, dean, and president, Jordan has made numerous scholarly contributions to his field. He has been a research fellow at Donaldson's School for the Deaf in Edinburgh, Scotland, an exchange scholar at Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland, and a visiting scholar and lecturer at schools in the French cities of Paris, Toulouse, and Marseille.

Jordan and his wife, Linda, live in West River, Maryland. They have two grown children and two grandchildren. Jordan loves running daily. , he continues to run the Marine Corps Marathon each year. He was a co-founder of the American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD). He is also a member of the Association of Late-Deafened Adults, which presents a yearly award to distinguished achievers in his name.

President
Jordan became president of the university on March 13, 1988, after the Deaf President Now protest. He holds twelve honorary degrees and is the recipient of numerous awards, among them: the Presidential Citizen's Medal, the Washingtonian of the Year Award, the James L. Fisher Award from the Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE), the Larry Stewart Award from the American Psychological Association, and the Distinguished Leadership Award from the National Association for Community Leadership. In 1990, President Bush appointed Jordan Vice-chair of the President's Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities. He was reappointed to this position in 1993. In 2006, Jordan received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards.

On-campus, he was widely applauded for his successful efforts to increase funding, including funds for expanding and constructing two new large-scale centers for education research and support.

On September 1, 2005, Jordan announced his intentions to retire from the presidency effective December 31, 2006. Jordan became the subject of controversy when he supported the controversial decision made on May 1, 2006, by the board of trustees to appoint Jane Fernandes as president-designate. The announcement of her selection set off a campus-wide protest.

Critics claimed that Fernandes was not highly regarded by both the faculty and students. Jordan, taking a line from page 10 of the 1995 book Deaf President Now (by Christiansen and Barnartt), publicly accused some critics of rejecting Fernandes because she was not "Deaf enough." The protestors claimed that Jordan was accepted as president, even though he did not become deaf until he was 21. They insisted that they protested for other reasons, such as their perception that Fernandes lacked charisma.

Jordan resigned from the Gallaudet presidency in December 2006 and retired from the Gallaudet faculty in December 2008. On April 6, 2010, it was announced that Jordan had been appointed by President Barack Obama to serve on the Commission on Presidential Scholars.

title: I. King Jordan


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Talk:Operation Ivy (band)

Untitled
I am just wondering about the dates listed as the formation of the band Operation Ivy? You list them as starting in 1987. I know my band opened for them in June of 1986. We were called Porcelain God. It was a small garage party in Chico, CA. We literally played out of a garage to about 30 or 40 drunk skate punks and assorted others. The show was at Penny Voekel's house, and Operation Ivy and Crimpshrine both played. I thought they shared some members in common too? I believe Matt used to visit Chico quite a bit back then, as he was friends with my friend Nicole Montalbano. That also translated into an exodus of many of us visiting Berkeley and going to shows at Gilman Street! I just wanted to share this little tidbit of ancient history! If anybody has input on this and wants to contact me my e-mail address is lucky13lance69@hotmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.170.59.17 (talk • contribs) 03:19, 21 December 2003

 * Hi lucky13lance69! You know way more than I do... feel free to edit the article! Maybe it is not very interesting to "the whole world" who has been friend of whom, but I miss a lot of information on subjects like MRR, Gilman Street, and so on. Please Log In on Wikipedia and share your knowledge! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Diftong (talk • contribs) 21:15, 22 December 2003

 * PS: I did not start the article. It was somebody, who vandalized a lot of things in Wikipedia. I think I saved the OpIvy-Music part from being deleted... --Diftong 21:15, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Operation Ivy did in fact start in 1987. You probably played for Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman's pre-Operation Ivy band Basic Radio. There is proof of their beginings in the Rancid song Journey to the End where Tim says "Started in '87, ended in '89"-Zman48

Clean-up
This article could use some clean-up, including grammar, references, ect. I have tried cleaning up as best as I can, but it could still use some additional clean-up. It would be good to try to make this a good/featured article, so maybe someone should make a to-do list or an assessment summary page or something. --Blaguymonkey (talk) 08:50, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Operation Ivy (band)


text:
The Garden of the Finzi-Continis

The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini) is an Italian historical novel by Giorgio Bassani, published in 1962. It chronicles the relationships between the narrator and the children of the Finzi-Contini family from the rise of Benito Mussolini until the start of World War II.

Background
The Garden of the Finzi-Continis is considered the best of the series of novels that Bassani produced about the lives of Italian Jews in the northern Italian city of Ferrara. Although the novel focuses on the relationships between the major characters, the shadow of creeping Italian fascism, especially the racial laws that restricted Jews' participation in Italian society, looms over all the novel's events. According to Bassani, one hundred and eighty-three Jews living in Ferrara were deported to German concentration camps, predominantly under the puppet Italian Social Republic in 1943.

Plot summary
The novel opens with a brief prologue set in 1957 in which the narrator, an Italian Jew, describes a visit to the Ferrara cemetery where the Finzi-Contini family mausoleum stands, empty in all but two slots: a young child, Guido, who died of illness before the narrator was born; and Alberto, the son of the Finzi-Continis and a friend of the narrator's, who died of lymphogranulomatosis (Hodgkin's disease) before the mass deportation that sent the remainder of the family to a concentration camp in Germany. At this point, the narrator reveals that none of the Finzi-Continis survived.

The first part of the book covers the narrator's childhood experiences, describing the various social circles of the local Jewish population and the mystery around the Finzi-Contini children, Alberto and Micòl, who were schooled separately from the other Jewish children and who only appeared at the main school for the annual exams. The narrator fails his math test in this particular year, the first time he has failed any of the annual exams required for promotion, and he takes off on his bike out of fear of his father's reaction. He ends up outside the walls of the Finzi-Continis' mansion, where he has a conversation with Micòl, the Finzi-Continis' pretty daughter. The narrator is invited by Micòl to enter the garden. He excuses himself out of concern for the safety of his bicycle. She then comes over the wall to show him a safe hiding place, but while hiding his bike he dallies in contemplation of Micòl - and loses his chance to see the garden until years later.

The next two parts of the book cover the years when the children are all in or just out of college. The racial laws have restricted their ability to socialize with the Ferrarese Christians, and so the narrator, Alberto, Micòl, and Giampi Malnate (an older Christian friend with socialist views) form an informal tennis club of their own, playing several times a week at the court in the Finzi-Continis' garden. During these visits, the narrator declares, shyly at first but more and more forcefully, his love for Micòl. However, her attitude towards the narrator remains one of friendship so that the relationship slowly peters out.

The final section of the book covers the slow fading of the narrator's involvement in the tennis club, his futile attempts to restart the romance with Micòl, and his growing friendship with Malnate whom he suspects at the end of the book of having an affair with Micòl.

English translations
There are at least three English translations of the novel: the first by Isabel Quigly (1965, mentioned above), one by William Weaver (Quartet Books, 1974) and one by Jamie McKendrick (Penguin, 2007),

Adaptations
Vittorio De Sica's 1970 film adaptation stars Lino Capolicchio as Giorgio (the narrator), Dominique Sanda as Micòl, and Helmut Berger as Alberto. It won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and was nominated for Best Screenplay (based on material from another medium). It won the Golden Bear at the Berlin Festival.

New York City Opera and the National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene premiered an operatic adaptation by Ricky Ian Gordon (music) and Michael Korie (libretto) on 27 January 2022, conducted by James Lowe at Edmond J. Safra Hall in the Museum of Jewish Heritage, Manhattan.

title: The Garden of the Finzi-Continis


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AM PM Records

AM:PM Records was the dance division of A&M Records Ltd in the United Kingdom from 1994 to 1998, with Simon Dunmore as A&R. In 1999, A&M's owner PolyGram merged with Universal Music Group, and the label ceased in 2002. AM:PM produced 11 UK top 40 hits including Ultra Naté's "Free", Mousse T's "Horny", Wamdue Project's "King of My Castle", Heller and Farley Project's "Ultra Flava", Smokin Beats' "Dreams", MJ Cole's "Sincere", Scott and Leon's "You Used to Hold Me" and "Shine On", and the 2000 release of K-Ci & JoJo's "Tell Me It's Real". The dance label of Universal, similarly named PM:AM Recordings, was launched in 2012 with releases by artists such as Afrojack, Tiesto and Avicii.

title: AM PM Records


text:
Sarcoscypha

Sarcoscypha is a genus of ascomycete fungus and a type genus of the family Sarcoscyphaceae. Species of Sarcoscypha are present in Europe, North America and tropical Asia. They are characterised by a cup-shaped apothecium which is often brightly coloured. They have had a range of popular uses, one of which was as a table decoration. Some members of the family such as S. coccinea and the - according to new knowledge - more common S. austriaca in western Europe and United States have bright scarlet apothecia which have given them familiar names such as the scarlet cup fungus and scarlet elf cap.

The name comes from the Greek skyphos meaning drinking bowl.

Anamorphic forms were given the genus name, Molliardiomyces, but with single name nomenclature in fungi, the latter name is considered a synonym and no longer used.

Description
Species in Sarcoscypha have cup-shaped fruiting bodies (apothecia) that are typically colored bright red or yellow, although a colorless variety of S. coccinea is known. Apothecia usually have a stipe, although some individuals may appear to be attached directly (i.e., sessile) to the growing surface. Asci are cylindrical in shape, thick-walled, and have an apical operculum —a cover or lid that is opened prior to spore discharge.

Anamorph form
Anamorphic or imperfect fungi are those that seem to lack a sexual stage in their life cycle, and typically reproduce by the process of mitosis in structures called conidia. In some cases, the sexual stage—or teleomorph stage—is later identified, and a teleomorph-anamorph relationship is established between the species. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature formerly permitted recognition of two (or more) names for one and the same organisms, one based on the teleomorph, the other(s) restricted to the anamorph; this practice was stopped in 2011. The anamorphic state of S. coccinea is Molliardiomyces eucoccinea, first described by Marin Molliard in 1904. In 1972, John W. Paden again described the anamorph, but like Molliard, failed to give a complete description of the species. In 1984, Paden created a new genus Molliardiomyces to contain the anamorphic forms of several Sarcoscypha species, with Molliardiomyces eucoccinea as the type species. This form produces colorless conidiophores (specialized stalks that bear conidia) that are usually irregularly branched, measuring 30–110 by 3.2–4.7 μm. The conidia are ellipsoidal to egg-shaped, smooth, translucent (hyaline), and 4.8–16.0 by 2.3–5.8 μm; they tend to accumulate in "mucilaginous masses".

Habitat
Members of the Sarcoscyphaceae grow as saprotrophs on dead wood, and especially in the case of Sarcoscypha, on mostly damp branches or twigs of hard-wood species often in association with damp loving mosses. There is a strong association with damp places and north facing slopes. Typical locations include woods in damp stream valleys. Fruiting in most species tends to be in late winter or early spring with fruiting bodies produced on the dead wood within which the mycelium grows, although in some cases the apothecium appears to arise from amongst moss or from the leaf-litter. Because of their brilliant colour, many species are very easy to see in damp woodlands before spring growth has started.

In areas with a continental climate, fruiting bodies may be developed underneath snow and are only revealed at the thaw.

Phylogeny
The phylogenetic relationships in the genus Sarcoscypha were analyzed by Francis Harrington in the late 1990s. The cladistic analysis combined comparison of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer in the non-functional RNA in addition to fifteen traditional morphological characters, such as spore features, fruit body shape, and degree of hair curliness. Based on this analysis, one major clade includes the species S. austriaca, S. macaronesica, S. knixoniana and S. humberiana, while another has S. korfiana, S. occidentalis, S. mesocyatha, S. dudleyi, S. emarginata, and S. hosoyae. S. jarvensis is sister to all these species.

Species
According to the 10th edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008), there are about 28 species in the genus. An incomplete list follows:

 * S. austriaca
 * S. coccinea
 * S. dudleyi
 * S. emarginata
 * S. excelsa
 * S. hosoyae
 * S. humberiana
 * S. javensis
 * S. jurana
 * S. knixoniana
 * S. korfiana
 * S. lilliputiana
 * S. macaronesica
 * S. mesocyatha
 * S. occidentalis
 * S. serrata
 * S. shennongjiana
 * S. vassiljevae

The species Nanoscypha striatispora, formerly included in this list as S. striatispora, was transferred to the genus Nanoscypha to support a monophyly for Sarcoscypha.

title: Sarcoscypha


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South Pacific convergence zone

The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), a reverse-oriented monsoon trough, is a band of low-level convergence, cloudiness and precipitation extending from the Western Pacific Warm Pool at the maritime continent south-eastwards towards French Polynesia and as far as the Cook Islands (160W, 20S). The SPCZ is a portion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which lies in a band extending east–west near the Equator but can be more extratropical in nature, especially east of the International Date Line. It is considered the largest and most important piece of the ITCZ, and has the least dependence upon heating from a nearby landmass during the summer than any other portion of the monsoon trough. The SPCZ can affect the precipitation on Polynesian islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, so it is important to understand how the SPCZ behaves with large-scale, global climate phenomenon, such as the ITCZ, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO), a portion of the Pacific decadal oscillation.

Position
The SPCZ occurs where the southeast trades from transitory anticyclones to the south meet with the semipermanent easterly flow from the eastern South Pacific anticyclone. The SPCZ exists in summer and winter but can change its orientation and location. It is often distinct from the ITCZ over Australia, but at times they become one continuous zone of convergence. The location of the SPCZ is affected by ENSO and Interdecadal Pacific oscillation conditions. It generally stretches from the Solomon Islands through Vanuatu, Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. Low-level convergence along this band forms cloudiness as well as showers and thunderstorms. Thunderstorm activity, or convection, within the band is dependent upon the season, as the more equatorward portion is most active in the Southern Hemisphere summer, and the more poleward portion is most active during transition seasons of fall and spring. The convergence zone shifts east or west depending on the existence of El Niño, or the phase of ENSO.

Measuring SPCZ position
The climatological position can be estimated by computing its mean position over 30 or more years. There are several metrics to measure the position of the SPCZ. The location of maximum rainfall, maximum of low level convergence, maxima of the 500 hPa vertical motion, and the minimum in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) are four indicators of the SPCZ axis. Figure 1 shows qualitative agreement between all of these SPCZ indicators.

Changes in SPCZ position
The position of the SPCZ can change on seasonal, interannual, and possibly longer timescales.

Observations
Research into SPCZ movements of the 20th century are linked to changes in the IPO and ENSO. Folland et al., 2002 defined an index to describe the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) with sea surface temperature and night marine air temperature to determine how the SPCZ varies with the IPO. When the IPO index has negative temperature anomalies, the SPCZ is displaced southwest and moves northeastward when the IPO index has positive temperature anomalies. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is a metric for describing warm- and cold-phase conditions associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and can also describe movements of the position of the SPCZ. Negative SOI index values are associated with warm-phase or El Niño-like conditions and a northeastward displacement of the SPCZ. Positive SOI index values, on the other hand, describe cold-phase or La Niña-like conditions and a southwestward displacement of the SPCZ.

Determining the position of the SPCZ over longer timescales in the past (pre-20th century) has been studied using coral records of the southwest Pacific. Linsley et al. (2006) reconstructed sea-surface temperature and sea surface salinity in the southwest Pacific starting circa 1600CE by measuring the oxygen isotopic composition of four Porites coral records from Rarotonga and two from Fiji. Coral isotope measurements provide information on both sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity, so they can indicate times of increased or decreased temperature and/or precipitation associated with changes in the position of the SPCZ. Their coral oxygen isotope index indicated an eastward shift of the decadal mean position of the SPCZ since the mid 1800s. A shift of the SPCZ in this direction suggests there were more La Niña-like or cold-phase conditions in the Pacific, during this period, often called the Little Ice Age. Additional paleoclimate studies are still needed in order to test the reliability of these coral results.

The IPO and ENSO can interact together to produce changes in the position of the SPCZ. West of about 140 W, both ENSO (measured with Southern Oscillation Index) and IPO strongly influence the SPCZ latitude, but farther east only ENSO is a significant factor. Only near 170 W is there any indication of an interaction between the two factors.

Climate modelling
Besides observations of the SPCZ and movement in its position, there have been modelling studies as well. Widlansky et al. (2012) used a number of climate models of differing complexity to simulate rainfall bands in the southwest Pacific and see how the magnitude and areal extent was affected by the SPCZ and ENSO. During El Niño or warm-phase conditions, the SPCZ typically shifted northeastward with dryer conditions on islands to the southwest, in agreement with observations. Conversely, a southwestward shift in rainfall accompanied La Niña or cold-phase events in the simulations. Widlanksy et al. (2012) argued the sea surface temperature biases in models created uncertainty in the rainfall projections and produce what has been named “the double ITCZ problem”. The impact of sea surface temperature bias was further investigated by using uncoupled atmospheric models with prescribed sea surface temperatures, and those 3 models each with differing complexity showed less severe double ITCZ bias than the ensemble of coupled models.

Related oceanography
At its southeast edge, the circulation around the feature forces a salinity gradient in the ocean, with fresher and warmer waters of the western Pacific lying to its west. Cooler and saltier waters lie to its east.

World Wide Web
Tropical textbook : from trade winds to cyclone (2 vol), 897 pp., Florent Beucher, 25 mai 2010, Météo-France, ISBN 978-2-11-099391-5

title: South Pacific convergence zone


text:
Roanoke metropolitan area

The Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area is a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in Virginia as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The Roanoke MSA is sometimes referred to as the Roanoke Valley, even though the Roanoke MSA occupies a larger area than the Roanoke Valley. It is geographically similar to the area known as the Roanoke Region of Virginia, but while the latter includes Alleghany County, the former does not. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 315,251.

Figures through 2000 do not include Franklin County (50,345 est. 2005 population) and Craig County (5,154 est. 2005 population). The Census Bureau has since added them to the Roanoke MSA, which is the fourth largest in Virginia (behind Northern Virginia, Hampton Roads, and the Greater Richmond area), and the largest in the western half of the state. Its current rank is 201 among all 363 MSAs. The Roanoke, VA MSA population changed from 288,307 in 2000 to 315,251 in 2020, a greater than 9.34 percent change.

MSA components
''Note: Since a state constitutional change in 1871, all cities in Virginia are independent cities that are not located in any county. The OMB considers these independent cities to be county-equivalents for the purpose of defining MSAs in Virginia.''

Four counties and two independent cities are included in the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area.

 * Counties
 * Botetourt
 * Craig
 * Franklin
 * Roanoke
 * Independent Cities
 * Roanoke
 * Salem

Places with more than 100,000 inhabitants

 * Roanoke (Principal city)

Places with 10,000 to 30,000 inhabitants

 * Cave Spring (census-designated place)
 * Hollins (census-designated place)
 * Salem

Places with 1,000 to 10,000 inhabitants

 * Blue Ridge (census-designated place)
 * Buchanan
 * Cloverdale (census-designated place)
 * Daleville (census-designated place)
 * Ferrum (census-designated place)
 * Henry Fork (census-designated place)
 * Laymantown (census-designated place)
 * North Shore (census-designated place)
 * Rocky Mount
 * Union Hall (census-designated place)
 * Vinton
 * Westlake Corner (census-designated place)

Places with less than 1,000 inhabitants

 * Boones Mill
 * Fincastle
 * Glenvar (census-designated place)
 * New Castle
 * Penhook (census-designated place)
 * Troutville

Unincorporated places
• Abbott

• Airpoint

• Alpine

• Amsterdam

• Arcadia

• Baldwin

• Bennett Springs

• Bent Mountain

• Bessemer

• Bonsack

• Botetourt East

• Bradshaw

• British Woods

• Callaway

• Captain

• Catawba

• Clearbrook

• Coyner Springs

• Daggers Springs

• Dillon

• Dundee

• Eagle Rock

• Flatwoods

• Fork Mountain

• Gala

• Glade Hill

• Glebe Mills

• Glen Wilton

• Greyledge

• Haden

• Hale's Ford

• Hanging Rock

• Harvey

• Haymakertown

• Heatherstone

• Hipes

• Howell Mills

• Kyles Mills

• Leslie

• Lignite

• Lithia

• Lone Star

• Maggie

• Marshalltown

• Masons Cove

• Medley

• Mount Union

• Munford

• Nace

• Niagara

• Oldfields

• Oriskany

• Owens

• Paint Bank

• Parr

• Peachtree

• Pico

• Poages Mill

• Rainbow Forest

• Riverside

• Rocky Point

• Salisbury

• Simmonsville

• Snow Creek

• Solitude

• Spec

• Springwood

• Starkey

• Stepping Stone

• Strom

• Surber

• Trinity

• Wabun

• Webster

• Wright

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 288,309 people, 119,366 households, and 80,009 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 84.96% White, 12.21% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.05% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.13% of the population.

The median income for a household in the MSA was $40,251, and the median income for a family was $47,248. Males had a median income of $32,294 versus $23,427 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $20,390.

title: Roanoke metropolitan area


text:
Talk:Woolworth's

Barbados
There's also a Barbados Woolworths, which was sold off by the UK arm 20 years ago and will continue to trade. ([http://www.cbc.bb/index.pl/article?id=2708969 CBC article here) This ought to be mentioned in the dab page. 86.132.138.159 (talk) 03:31, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

FW Woolworth
Some pictures of Mr Woolworth ould be appropriate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.96.227.88 (talk) 10:05, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

What is Woolworth's with an apostrophe? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.79.54.196 (talk) 11:14, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Woolworth's


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dan Ingalls

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus to delete; redirecting to Smalltalk. Rhobite 06:44, Mar 7, 2005 (UTC)

Dan Ingalls
Just what is so outstanding about this 9-word substub? Should it be deleted? Merged? Kept? GRider\talk 20:29, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep, and expand. 10,500+ Google hits. Megan1967 23:28, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect. Right now he's listed as 1 of 4 named creators of smalltalk, as well as anonymous "others". If this is his only accomplishment then a redirect to smalltalk does the trick just fine. If he's otherwise notable for some reason and the article is expanded to establish this I may change my vote. -R. fiend 00:13, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 00:19, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, the small talk page already cites him as a creator, unless he's gone on to do something else notable there really isn't much to say about Mr. Ingallis. --nixie 00:23, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, founding smalltalk makes him notable, the article is a marginally useful start, not worth the time to delete. Kappa 02:34, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: He didn't "found" Smalltalk, but developed (and still develops) the definitive implementations. Apparently he was the first to implement pop-up (e.g. right-click) menus and overlapping GUI windows . I'm not sure that's enough for an article. Gazpacho 04:16, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to SmallTalk. Radiant! 09:13, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, or at most redirect to Smalltalk; there's nothing whatsoever to merge. —Korath (Talk) 19:19, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Huaco (pottery)

Huaco or Guaco is the generic name given in Peru mostly to earthen vessels and other finely made pottery artworks by the indigenous peoples of the Americas found in pre-Columbian sites such as burial locations, sanctuaries, temples and other ancient ruins. Huacos are not mere earthenware but notable pottery specimens linked to ceremonial, religious, artistic or aesthetic uses in central Andean, pre-Columbian civilizations.

The Huari (Wari), along with the Nazca, the Moche and others, were among the major creators of figurines who passed down through history their unique skills in ceramics. The Incas, who absorbed all the cultures in the time of its expansion, also produced huacos.

Etymology
Since the time of the Spanish conquest of Peru, these types of pieces have been found in pre-Columbian sites like temples, graves and burials, as well as other kinds of ruins. These sites, especially if they are of a sacred meaning, are called generic huaca or waqa in native Quechua, where it is likely that the figurines take their name. In Peru, a huaquero is a person that digs in ancient pre-Columbian ruins illegally in order to get valuable pieces of artwork, usually destroying the structure.

Variety of styles and colors
The bridge handles are characteristic of some cultures; some used many colors, while others used black and dull red or few colors. Inca Empire adopted all sorts of shapes, styles and qualities. The term "huaco" was reserved for any copies not reserved for daily use but the luxury or ritual.

Normally these ceramic pieces are associated with notable features. Sculptured figurines depict complex, stylized volumes, including cultural scenes, buildings, and naturalistic volumes such as portrait ceramics representing human faces (for example, the Moche Portrait Ceramic) or body parts by way of votive offering, erotica, tools, various fruits and foods, animals, etc.

When the pieces are sculptural ceramics, huacos are characterized by pictorial richness. There are many kinds of pots and containers covered with gaudy polychrome motifs, usually anthropomorphic representations of animals or mythological, erotica, etc. Two-toned Moche pottery is characterized by complex painted scenes detailing a narrative level. Examples of erotic huacos (Spanish: huacos eróticos), make the Moche's 800-year period (c. 200 BC to c. 600 AD) the longest unbroken erotic ceramics tradition in the world, unique in the history of mankind. In the 1570s during the Spanish conquest of Peru, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo and his clerical advisers worked to destroy many erotic huacos, though some extant artifacts have survived.

In both cases the huaco is associated with ceramic complexity (in its volume or decoration) and not with regular use as a container on account of its physical dimensions. The slender Incan vessels known as aryballos, even opulently created examples, are not usually considered huacos since their utilitarian character is too pronounced.

Museum exhibits
The National Museum of the Archaeology, Anthropology, and History of Peru in Lima, Peru houses a large number of ceramic artifacts. The nearby Larco Museum houses a large collection of Moche ceramics and is well known for its collection of erotic pottery.

title: Huaco (pottery)


text:
Talk:G.I. Bill

Too Complicated and Incomplete
First, the articles on VEAP and MGIB should remain on their own as they are legislation passed many years after the Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944. Any vet knows of the MGIB today and will likely have never heard of any "readjustment act". I suppose the article on the Serviceman's Readjustment Act could have a short discussion on how education benefits have morphed into today's GI Bill but todays benefits are only a legacy of the 1944 legislation.

I hate to sound critical but there are serious problems with the entries on MGIB, VEAP and the MGIB comparison table that is attached to the Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944 article. Some of the information is inaccurate and it is entirely incomplete.

Wikipedia should consider sticking to some basic facts about each of these programs and not try to enter into specifics. The rules in dealing with the payment and entitlement of these benefits are contained in thousands of pages of combined Regulations, US Code and finally the manuals used by those at the Veterans Administration who actually process the benefits for our veterans. With every rule there is an exception and for every exception there is another rule and they change constantly! What few words spoken of on the MGIB article regarding entitlement and the time limit within which benefits are required to be used is inadequate, inaccurate and incomplete. The problem I am trying to get across is that in order to make it complete would require volumes which already exist and are maintained by the experts.

In closing, please cut these articles out as they exist and provide basic facts about each benefit type and possibly a historical reference. Anything a person needs to know and a link to ask someone a question can be found at http://www.gibill.va.gov/ Wspruce 21:15, 12 December 2006 (UTC)bill 12/12/06

And your experience comes from what?
Less talk, more action, and Yes I take offense to what you wrote.

When a person think of GI BILL they think of educational benefits. As a result of an ever changing environment, politics, and incentives by the Military and U.S. Government; The GI BILL has evolved as well. Now if you feel like the table does not provide a brief overview of what is available, and different characteristics among the different types incentives available. Then feel free to do something about it. But I seriously doubt that you can do anything better.

I do not have direct experience with every different type of educational benefits, the one's I do have direct experience with is as follows: CH 30, CH 1606, CH 1607, Tuition Assistance, and Student Loan Repayment Program. And I assure you Tuition Assistance, and Student Loan Repayment Program, is not found on the VA website, however they are educational benefits provided by the military.

Also what is written, and what is done are two different things in the real world. And I can assure you I know this for a fact, because I am a (44C) Financial Management Technician in the Military. Service Members come to me and ask me how you do this, in order to get this. When I have to explain to an Reservist, that if they decide to go in the IRR or not extend there contract, guess what your Educational Benefits are terminated. "But, but my recruiter said I have 10 year to use it. " guess what the recruiter did not tell you everything, and sometimes when I talk to the VA rep, I know more than they do. But you are right there is alway an exception, but how many service members know about it. That chart is only basically a rule of thumb, you click on the link for more detail. Paul.Paquette 23:33, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

How about "GI"? and: "G. I."-->"G.I."?
I notice that the use of "GI" w/o periods is quite common out there (like on the illustration in this very article), so we might consider using that instead of the punctuated variant.

Also, if sticking with a punctuated variant, shouldn't we rather use "G.I." w/o a space in between the letters? Looks much better IMO, and perhaps it is just as grammatically correct? --Wernher 20:31, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, on second thought, maybe we should just stick with the present article name--G. I. Bill of Rights. I'll make a few more redirects. --Wernher 15:28, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The term 'democratized' seems a bit offensive for all the reasons stated on the page 'African Americans and the GI-bill'. Perhaps it could be clarified by saying that it helped the white middle class become upwardly mobile while leaving blacks behind in the inner-cities?

 * G.I. (with the dots) is the preferred form when talking about a soldier. For the "act", either GI Bill or G.I. Bill is used. --Uncle Ed 18:30, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

This needs to be standardized throughout. GI or G.I. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.147.203.129 (talk) 18:21, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Well, instead of hand-wringing about the usage for 5 years, I was WP:BOLD and fixed it! (When talking about GIs, we say Gee-Eye. We don't say Gee-period-Eye-period.  But in print the G.I. comes across more clearly.)--S. Rich (talk) 20:56, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, with periods it does read more unambiguously. But all of the printed literature reads “GI Bill” with no periods, and always has. I’m editing a book, and the current state of this article has caused serious confusion on this point. Further discussion, please! I myself am not bold enough to do a move to a different title, which is what this change would require. MJ  (t • c) 16:21, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

Hmm...
The whites had introduced racial policies to shut out African Americans from suburban communities but it should be argued that Amendment 14 guarantees the rights of all citizens of United States: No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Of course African Americans buying suburban homes not unconstitutional! So what is written is simply fact.

It is only the barriers set by property companies that bar African Americans buying houses. Then the governments did not stop this. Sigh!

Concerned 07:33, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Just a note of explanation: (1) Amendment 14, which you quoted above, prohibits the U.S. (or individual State) government from making or enforcing any law abridging the "privileges and immunities, etc." It did not apply to individuals, whether people or private companies. Consequently, there was need to pass more comprehensive Civil Rights legislation, which was done in the 1950s and 1960s (public accommodation, housing, employment, etc.). With respect to the subject you raised (housing--restrictive covenants), the "landmark" case of Shelley v. Kraemer ruled that the use of courts to enforce restrictive covenants in housing developments is unconstitutional. This was in 1948. So by that time, black (or Jewish, or Japanese) families could no longer be excluded from purchasing a home (whether with the help of the G.I. Bill or through any other means) in an area in which the residents wanted to exclude them. For whatever comfort it is. Progress proceeds slowly. 66.108.4.183 12:22, 9 August 2006 (UTC) Allen Roth

Certification
The certification section of the article sounds like it's being written by an army recruiter and needs to be changed to a more neutral, historic stance.

Suburbs
The article on the GI Bill makes the assumption that there are cities and suburban towns, and the suburbs were populated entirely from the urban neighborhoods. While this might explain what became known as the "white flight" phenomenon of the 1960s and 1970s, the late 1940s and 1950s were a different era.

During WWII there was a population shift from the rural to old and new manufacturing centers. In addition, many people decided to move to California, which had suburban communities surrounding the defense plants. With the return of millions of GIs in 1945, the demand for housing outstripped availability. The GI Bill, signed by FDR, was intended to provide a smooth social transition from war time to peace time and not to perpetuate historical patterns of discrimination (in fact the home loans specifically prohibited discrimination).

Not all suburban communities were segregated or restricted on ethnic lines, and the newer housing developments tended to be open to diversity. Many former GIs wanted to live in affordable detached houses close to schools, parks, and libraries. They wanted quiet neighborhoods, without crime and traffic, with room for lawns and gardens. The suburbs were perfect for these young families because these communities offered the appeal of the small rural towns with the conveniences of modern cities.

The urban political and social establishment immediately saw a challenge to their traditional position of power and authority, but could do little to actually stop the growth of the suburbs. The old political machines and union bosses were dismayed at how quickly suburbanites came to see itself as a post war middle class distinct from the pre-war working class, and the urban and academic intellectuals came out against what they saw as a sterile new suburban culture uninterested in the elite arts. The suburbanites were unaffected by, if not actually unaware of, this criticism, and instead went about raising families and having barbecues.

Mergefrom
I added the Mergefrom tag for a bunch of articles (to which I added mergeto tags.) All of the proposed-merge articles are short and with little relevance to anything other than the larger G.I. Bill. It appears that they should all be merged into this article.

Separately, shouldn't this article be renamed "Servicemen's Readjustment etc etc..." ? Paul 04:20, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Did it ever occur to you that the reason I made the information box? if you merge all these articles into one massively big one, then individuals will get lost and overwhelm in information overload. Beside, Tuition assistance is a benefit but not a guarantee, just something to sweeten the pot. Paul.Paquette

AmericanPatriot29 00:20, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the article should be merged or at least provide links to the smaller articles from the GI bill primary article.
 * Sock of indefinitely-blocked user:Jerry Jones. -Will Beback 04:54, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Student Loan Repayment is not part of the G.I. Bill. So I do not think it should be merged.--Oldwildbill 12:31, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

"Tuition assistance" is a much broader concept than this one US GI program. The article now doesn't really have any content, just links to individual documents associated with that program. Is it possible this article can be developed, either by actual content about the US program, or with general information on tuition assistance and descriptions of other programs?Lisamh 19:27, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It would take serious effort to combine all the GI bills into one article. Let's shape it as a series, with the 1947 bill as the first. (I removed the merge tag.) --Uncle Ed 19:49, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Typo in section "Criticisms of the G.I. Bill"
This line:

It is also asserted that such a subsidization of higher education has led to overproduction, in this case overproducing college degrees so that the supply of people with college degrees does not meet the demand of the market

...surely if it's overproducing, it's more correct to say that the demand does not meet the supply? Perhaps 'match' would be a better term than 'meet' as it doesn't imply that the supply was insufficient.

Name of article
I thought GI Bill was the best, but Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 is more formal, hence more "encyclopedic". Note that the text calls it the "GI Bill" throughout (with one reference to "GI Bill of Rights".

Ask any American about the "GI Bill" - especially in connection with college tuition assistance, and the 1944 act as what they think of.

I used a similar program called VEAP in the 1980s. --Uncle Ed 18:33, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move. Much more common name in English. --WoohookittyWoohoo! 09:57, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Support Although I appreciate the logic of the editor above (that Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 is the formal definition), I do not believe that the name as it stands conforms for Wikipedia Naming Conventions. Specifically, from WP:Naming Conventions,
 * Generally, article naming should prefer what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature.

Clearly, G.I. Bill is "what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize." The lead of the article says as much. JCO312 21:07, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Support. Assuming the article is accurate, the most common name is G.I. Bill. Andrewa 14:04, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Just because it is widely known as GI Bill here in America, assuming the rest of the world know this name is wrong. This is just an American nickname given to this real Servicemen's Readjustment Act. Not necessary a more common name. Chris! my talk 00:16, 12 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Comment: This bill is unlikely to be well known outside of the USA, so if (as you seem to concede) this American nickname is well established in the USA then overall it is probably the most common name worldwide as well. Is there any evidence that the official name is more widely used than the nickname outside of the USA, or that significant numbers of people outside the USA are even aware of the bill's existence? No change of vote. Andrewa 20:58, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Support. The "majority of English speakers" would clearly use "G.I. Bill" to describe the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944. In fact, the Government largely uses "G.I. Bill" to describe the Act. And by "the Government," I mean specifically, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. "G.I. Bill" returns 2.69 million hits on Google, whereas "Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944" returns 66,500. I think those numbers put into perspective just what the "common" name of this Act really is: the "G.I. Bill."  JasonCNJ 21:27, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Support, I bet 99% of people wouldn't be able to tell you the official name of the G.I. Bill. --Pmsyyz 22:26, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:32, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

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Charge of Racism Needs to Be Returned and Supported
The article contains the phrase "[t]he bill helped to democratize the 'American Dream' primarily for white Americans." This charge of racism needs to be clarified. For example, (1) was the program administered in a racist manner, (2) what was the total number of blacks who received a benefit from the program, (3) for those persons receiving benefits, what was the level of educational performance, broken down by race? Without this type of support, the implication that the bill was primarily for the benefit of white persons is merely racist rhetoric that should be eliminated.130.13.4.45 (talk) 17:00, 26 January 2008 (UTC)John Paul Parks130.13.4.45 (talk) 17:00, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

The charge needs to be added back in, and supported. Whites made up the majority of combat duty troops, which the bill targeted at first - and seems to be whitewashed from this version of the article.67.180.92.188 (talk) 21:03, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

 * To be fair, for much of the early part of the war, Black/Hispanic/Native American/Asians were prohibited from Combat roles. They were assigned to Service support roles ( Launcdry, Cook, Drivers)

until FDR started creating black combat roles in all areas. Being a cook on a warship at Pearl Harbor was just as dangerous a job as running an Anti-Aircraft gun, but, it's clear that the law was treating these servicemen differently. It's not hard to document discrimination in administration of the GI Bill benefits, and that history deserves to be written in. --Patbahn (talk) 16:45, 30 April 2017 (UTC)
 * the great majority of WW2 and postwar veterans were never in combat. there was NO combat requirement at any stage. Rjensen (talk) 17:47, 30 April 2017 (UTC)

Major rewrite
Would editors here feel favorable to a major re-write effort that would work ot incorporate all of the various veterans' education programs? Of course the WWII one was the actual "GI Bill" that the lead paragraph talks about, but the term is commonly used to refer to them all. I'm thinking the article could use a rewrite to better give a clearer history & outline of each program, especially since the passage of the Post-9/11 "GI Bill". ~ Pesco  So say•we all 00:34, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

What about senator Bennett Champ Clark?
It seems like he was the senator which introduced the later-approved version of the G.I. Bill in the senate:

''To the time-honored list of things which U.S. politicians may be counted upon to denounce relentlessly—the housefly, the common cold, the man-eating shark—Washington's Senator Homer Bone in 1937 added cancer. When he introduced a bill for a National Cancer Institute, it bore the sponsoring signatures of 94 Senators. (The other two hastened to add theirs before the bill came to a vote.) Last fortnight Missouri's Bennett Champ Clark hit on something which politicians almost as unanimously favor. He introduced a veterans' benefits bill, jointly sponsored by 80 other Senators. Last week, amid plaints by the remaining 15 Senators that they had not had a chance to sign it in advance, the Senate passed the bill unanimously. The House is expected to follow suit this week.'' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.52.84.151 (talk) 18:11, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

WAFs, WAVEs, etc -- were they eligible
WAVES, Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs, WFTDs & WAFS), SPARS (the United States Coast Guard Women's Reserve) -- were they eligible for original GI Bill?--S. Rich (talk) 21:02, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

No, that seems sadly missing from this. It was only troops who served combat-duty.67.180.92.188 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 21:05, 22 March 2011 (UTC).

Under "HISTORY," there is this line: "President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted a postwar assistance program to help transition from wartime. The veterans' organizations mobilized support in Congress that rejected Teddy's initial approach and tied benefits only to military service."-- WTF? "Teddy"? Is someone really, truly confusing FDR with Teddy Roosevelt? I don't get it.Ted Newsom (talk) 16:03, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
 * WAFs, WAVEs, were all eligible for the GI bill---it was NOT limited to combat service. The WASP, Red Cross and USO however, were civilian groups that did NOT get the veteran status or veteran benefits. (The WASP got veteran status decades later and are now eligible for veterans hospitals). Rjensen (talk) 20:05, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

MGIB and college
It should be noted that the MGIB was developed as a recruitment tool, not as a way to send veterans to college — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.103.180.10 (talk) 17:29, 1 May 2012 (UTC)
 * What evidence do you cite for this assertion? In my history of higher education courses, we always discussed the original GI Bill as mainly be a way to deal with all of the returning soldiers who needed something to do (e.g. work, school); this was particularly important given the unemployment that had rocked the country during the Great Depression that immediately preceded the war. ElKevbo (talk) 19:06, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

African-Americans and the G.I. Bill
Should African Americans and the G.I. Bill be merged into this page, or at least warrant a subsection here? It's a significant part of the bill's legacy, but only receives a nod in the "see also" section.Sanderphi (talk) 14:15, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree that it should be merged. Snooganssnoogans (talk) 00:03, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree, but I think the full text from African Americans and the G.I. Bill should replace the Racial discrimination text in this article; it's more complete. Schazjmd   (talk)  00:13, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

replace the racial discrimination part and merge it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8084:46E0:6700:69B2:3B7B:1FBC:5F4B (talk) 11:39, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

Chap 31 vocational rehabilitation link
I changed the link for vocational rehabilitation from rehabilitation counseling to vocational rehabilitation. Patience456 (talk) 23:35, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

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Plagiarized material removed
The following material was copied and pasted into the World War II section of the article. Someone needs to summarize it instead. Aschuet1 (talk) 16:19, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Citation should be US National Educational and Social Development Policy Handbook: Social Policy and Education Strategy

 * Moreover, because of the ongoing military draft from 1940 to 1973, as many as one third of the population (when both veterans and their dependents are taken into account) were eligible for benefits from the expansion of veterans’ benefits.

 * The success of the 1944 G.I. Bill prompted the government to offer similar measures to later generations of veterans. The Veterans’ Adjustment Act of 1952, signed into law on July 16, 1952, offered benefits to veterans of the Korean War that served for more than 90 days and had received an "other than dishonorable discharge." Korean War veterans did not receive unemployment compensation—they were not members of the "52–20 Club" like World War II vets, but they were entitled to unemployment compensation starting at the end of a waiting period which was determined by the amount and disbursement dates of their mustering out pay. They could receive 26 weeks at $26 a week that the federal government would subsidize but administered by the various states. One improvement in the unemployment compensation for Korean War veterans was they could receive both state and federal benefits, the federal benefits beginning once state benefits were exhausted.

 * One significant difference between the 1944 G.I. Bill and the 1952 Act was that tuition fees were no longer paid directly to the chosen institution of higher education. Instead, veterans received a fixed monthly sum of $110, which they used to pay for their tuition, fees, books, and living expenses. The decision to end direct tuition payments to schools came after a 1950 House select committee uncovered incidents of overcharging of tuition rates by some institutions under the original G.I. Bill in an attempt to defraud the government.

 * Although the monthly stipend proved sufficient for most Korean War veterans, the decision would have negative repercussions for later veterans. By the end of the program on January 31, 1965, approximately 2.4 million of 5.5 million eligible veterans had used their benefits: roughly 1.2 million for higher education, over 860,000 for other education purposes, and 318,000 for occupational training. Over 1.5 million Korean War veterans obtained home loans.

 * Whereas the G.I. Bills of 1944 and 1952 were given to compensate veterans for wartime service, the Veterans Readjustment Benefits Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-358) changed the nature of military service in America by extending benefits to veterans who served during times of war and peace. At first there was some opposition to the concept of a peacetime G.I. Bill. President Dwight Eisenhower had rejected such a measure in 1959 after the Bradley commission concluded that military service should be "an obligation of citizenship, not a basis for government benefits." President Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) believed that many of his "Great Society" social programs negated the need for sweeping veterans benefits. But, prompted by unanimous support given the bill by Congress, Johnson signed it into law on March 3, 1966.

 * Almost immediately critics within the veterans’ community and on Capitol Hill charged that the bill did not go far enough. At first, single veterans who had served more than 180 days and had received an "other than dishonorable discharge" received only $100 a month from which they had to pay for tuition and all of their expenses. Most found this amount to be sufficient to pay only for books and minor fees, and not enough to live on or attend college full-time. In particular, veterans of the Vietnam War disliked the fact that the bill did not provide them with the same educational opportunities as their World War II predecessors. Consequently, during the early years of the program, only about 25% of Vietnam veterans used their education benefits.

 * In the next decade, efforts were made to increase veterans’ benefits. Congress succeeded, often in the face of fierce objections from the fiscally conservative Nixon and Ford Administrations, to raise benefit levels. In 1967, a single veteran's benefits were raised to $130 a month; in 1970 they rose to $175; under the Readjustment Assistance Act of 1972 the monthly allowance rose to $220; in 1974 it rose to $270, $292 in 1976, and then $311 a month in 1977.

 * As the funding levels increased, the numbers of veterans entering higher education rose correspondingly. In 1976, ten years after the first veterans became eligible, the highest number of Vietnam-era veterans were enrolled in colleges and universities. By the end of the program, proportionally more Vietnam-era veterans (6.8 million out of 10.3 million eligible) had used their benefits for higher education than any previous generation of veterans.

 * The United States military moved to an all-volunteer force in 1973, and veterans continued to receive benefits, in part as an inducement to enlist, under the Veterans Educational Assistance Program (VEAP) and the Montgomery G.I. Bill (MGIB). From December 1976 through 1987, veterans received assistance under the VEAP. The VEAP departed from previous programs by requiring participants to make a contribution to their education benefits. The Veterans Administration then matched their contributions at a rate of 2 to 1. Enlisted personnel could contribute up to $100 a month up to a maximum of $2700. Benefits could be claimed for up to 36 months.

 * To be eligible for VEAP, a veteran had to serve for more than 180 days and receive an "other than dishonorable discharge." Nearly 700,000 veterans used their benefits for education and training under this program.

 * In 1985, a bill sponsored by Democratic Congressman "Sonny" Gillespie V. Montgomery expanded the G.I. Bill. The MGIB replaced the VEAP for those who served after July 1, 1985. This was an entirely voluntary program in which participants could choose to forfeit $100 per month from their first year of pay. In return, eligible veterans received a tuition allowance and a monthly stipend for up to 36 months of eligible training or education.

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No Legislative History
Hi. Currently, there is no legislative history at all in this article. Instead this article is inundated with information that should actually be in another article altogether. At one point in the last 40 years GI funding was significantly reduced (I believe it was entirely renamed and financially reduced), which in a quick glance, doesn't even seem to be mentioned.

Shouldn't there be legislative history to accompany the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, as is the customary procedure for all Wikipedia articles that entail US legislation? First of all, with nearly every article - especially significant ones - there is an Infobox that accompanies the article with its legislative history, such as the name of the bill, the numbering of the bill in the House and the Senate, the dates of passage, the dates of signage, etc. Shouldn't that really be included in this article? The initial legislation was one of the most important legislative feats in U.S. economic history, so shouldn't this article reflect that? Thanks for listening... Stevenmitchell (talk) 22:19, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

Please! →More balance, more nuance, more thorough support.
This topic provides wonderful opportunities for promotion of one's own tribe, at the expense of one's perceived opponents; the existence of mountains of literature on the G.I. Bill makes it very easy to find one or two references supporting almost any point of view. Just for starters, consider these three sentences from the second paragraph of the lede: "It was largely designed and passed through Congress in 1944 by conservatives led by the American Legion who wanted to reward practically all wartime veterans. Since the First World War the Legion had been in the forefront of lobbying Congress for generous benefits for war veterans. Roosevelt, by contrast, wanted a much smaller and more elitist program. " I find these claims, which hang, severally, by the flimsy threads of two references, highly suspect. Oh yes, we all know that conservatives have always been first in creating expensive social programs. Oh, and (Franklin) Roosevelt is of course well known for depriving the masses of benefits, in "elitist" fashion. What a bass-ackward fantasy! And a very easy one to support, if a single reference suffices for every claim or two, since thousands of sources exist on this subject, written from every possible polarity.

At a minimum, much more thorough citation is required here, from a wide variety of widely recognized sources. But there needs to be a rewrite here, since it is not at all hard to find sources that credit that penny-pinching elitist, FDR, much more than the generous conservatives.

It is not just a diametrically opposing point of view that should receive balancing representation here, however: It's also not difficult to find sources that credit the G.I. Bill to concerns that were shared by interests from across the political spectrum: The U.S. was about to have hundreds of thousands of (mainly) men return home and begin looking for work, in a rapidly cooling postwar economy. Hearts filled with gratitude, for sacrifices made and a job well done, might've been a motive for some; but a very big incentive, for leadership across the board, was the fear of massive unrest, even widespread rioting. This concern is well documented, too. Let's have a little balance, and some nuance, here.--IfYouDoIfYouDon't (talk) 04:34, 6 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Note: If you see more than two references below, that is because they have accumulated from further up the page, to include ref's from someone else's posts. The only two that are relevant to my (immediately preceding) post are first Altschuler, then Mettler. — Preceding unsigned comment added by IfYouDoIfYouDon't (talk • contribs) 04:51, 6 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "IfYouDoIfYouDon't" seems to think there are lots of RS that he could cite--but he cites zero of them. He is right about "FDR - not elitist". I fixed the mistaken reference to FDR's ideas as "elitist." He was anti-elitist to him the college alumni were elites. FDR wanted welfare-like programs for poor people with vocational ed for jobs like mechanics. The bipartisan conservative coalition controlled Congress and opposed "welfare". Instead they wanted rewards for specific national service--especially military service. The GOP was based in among college alumni who were eager to grow their colleges. The key agencies designing and passing GI Bill were the American Legion and the VFW, which are typically called "conservative."  There were lots of conservative Democrats in those days and they made the GI Bill bipartisan. A few more RS: 1) "The American Legion, which played an indispensable role in helping to lobby the GI Bill proposal through Congress" [Olson, 1973]; 2) blacks were neglected because GI Bill was "closely linked with the leadership of the avowedly segregated American Legion and the VFW" [Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 1994]; 3) "The American legion's version of the bill was introduced [in the House] by John E. Rankin, Democrat from Mississippi" (a leading conservative) [Ford & Miller - 1995]; 4) "the legislation was drafted by a representative of the American Legion " [B Bannier 2006]; 5) Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (1992) emphasizes role of veterans groups; 5) " historian Kathleen Jill Frydl notes that the American Legion continued to fight against civilian benefits long after the GI Bill was enacted; it opposed not only the “intermingling of civilians and veterans” but also “the granting of any greater benefits to civilians than those given to veterans" [Canaday Journal of American History, 2003].  6) "Veterans benefits were a bargain for conservatives who feared increasingly high taxation and the extension of New Deal national government agencies....Veterans benefits would go to a small group without long-term implications for others, and programs would be administered by the VA, diverting power from New Deal bureaucracies.  Such benefits were likely to hamper New Dealers in their attempts to win a postwar battle over a permanent system of social policy for everyone." [Bruce Amenta Bold Relief (1998)  p247.] Rjensen (talk) 01:25, 11 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I see you're still pushing this partisan angle hard, in 2023. Based on https://fdr.blogs.archives.gov/2020/11/10/fdr-gi-bill/, it seems specious.  It indicates FDR had put together and announced a large program.  Reverting.  Please don't put this partisan stuff back, at least not without sources.  I don't see the sources you cited above long ago supporting this angle, and in part refute it-suggesting it was conservatives who didn't want a large program. Avoid WP:SYNTH. RudolfoMD (talk) 00:35, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Vietnam Era?
This article does not seem to say anything about educational benefits for Vietnam War veterans... or the period between the mid 1950's and the mid 1970's.

Also the VEAP period is not described in adequate detail. I joined the Army in 1983 and fell under that. I don't know the exact details but we had to choose to participate, we had to pay into the program, and I recall the total benefit was uselessly low, like in the $5000 to $8000 range maybe. Basically we got the shaft.

I assume the various "chapter" headings are accurate, but wouldn't it be less confusing to downplay the legal chapter bit and instead put the major programs/eras in a chronological sequence? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.213.20.170 (talk) 00:35, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

Article is fair.
Re. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&diff=next&oldid=1176246252 [https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/black-veterans-are-denied-va-health-benefits-often-white-veterans-new-rcna90799#:~:text=Despite%20the%20fact,Benefits%20Josh%20Jacobs. some of that may be true about contemporary VA benefits], but this is about the GI bill. RudolfoMD (talk) 00:09, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * @RudolfoMD, your comment is unclear. Are you objecting to the restored content in the diff you link or supporting it? Schazjmd   (talk)  13:54, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Neither. It's complicated.  And since I posted that, my view changed -- a bit. I noticed:  The article is about the GI Bill, but kind of also but mostly not about what are still called GI Bill benefits. (The article notes, "The original G.I. Bill expired in 1956, but the term "G.I. Bill" is still used to refer to programs created to assist American military veterans." and the gov't has a popular "GI Bill Comparison Tool" for example.  So the text the link I gave highlights supports some key claims in the removed content, but with respect to current GI Bill benefits, AKA VA benefits. And it provides valuable context and is perhaps relatively balanced on the topic it addresses.  So I'm just noting a source that provides useful content for future improvements.  But with respect to how the original GI bill helped with housing, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e68CoE70Mk8 is informative too, though I presume CollegeHumor is not RS. RudolfoMD (talk) 21:26, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: HIST 463 Consumerism in Modern America
— Assignment last updated by Heinzam (talk) 19:57, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:G.I. Bill


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dale Hoiberg

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS.

I count five deletes, two redirects, one merge, and five keeps. Noting that the Encyclopædia Britannica article already contains the whole of the information in Dale Hoiberg save for the word "sinologist", I am going to exercise my judgment as an ordinary editor and merge and redirect. —Korath (Talk) 01:06, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Dale Hoiberg
This sub-stub reads, "Dale Hoiberg is a sinologist and, as of 2004, the editor-in-chief of the Encyclopædia Britannica." In this case, how is notability being established, if at all? Is Wikipedia better off with or without these types of "articles"? GRider\talk 20:32, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete the Encyclopædia Britannica doesn't seem to have an article on him, why should we? Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 20:51, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We seem to have an article on his counterpart at another semi-notable encyclopedia, Jimmy Wales.   --BM 21:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Hoiberg certainly didn't found Britannica, he's just its (current?) editor-in-chief. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  21:19, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Try Larry Sanger, former editor-in-chief of Wikipedia. — Matt Crypto 13:05, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just under the bar of notability - 180 Google hits. Megan1967 23:23, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep editors of semi-notable encyclopedias. Kappa 02:31, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Editors of extremely influential encyclopaediae should be included! Just because they critique us doesn't mean we should forswear to write about them!
 * Unsigned by 141.225.193.124. —Korath (Talk) 01:06, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to the Britannica. Radiant! 09:14, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Deletioncruft VFD nomination.--Centauri 12:25, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to the Encyclopædia Britannica article. This is a prime example of a predicate nominative.  In other words, someone researching this guy probably already knows what he does.  This substub isn't much help as it is. - Lucky 6.9 02:45, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We would not keep a business-person with equivalent responsibilities and no other evidence of notability.  Rossami (talk) 00:11, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat 08:57, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to the EB article. — Matt Crypto 13:05, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Jayjg (talk) 17:11, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Current article is pretty useless, but almost certainly has potential. No, EB themselves don't have an article on him: this is precisely the sort of thing where their narrower criteria say no. But certainly more notable than 1/3 of what has articles in Wikipedia. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:31, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. -- Darwinek 13:09, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Amherst, South Dakota

Amherst is an unincorporated community in Marshall County, South Dakota, United States.

History
A post office called Amherst was established in 1887. The community most likely takes its name from Amherst, Massachusetts.

Approximately two and half miles southeast of the village a rupture of the Keystone Pipeline caused what is being called the largest oil spill in South Dakota history on November 16, 2017. The spill is an area about 100 yards in radius within a conservation reserve field about a mile east of 416 Avenue south of the village.

title: Amherst, South Dakota


text:
Barnard, South Dakota

Barnard is an unincorporated community in Brown County, South Dakota, United States.

History
Barnard was laid out in 1906, and named for a local resident. A post office was established at Barnard in 1910.

Demographics
The population in Barnard is 36. There are 5 people per square mile. The median age in Barnard is 57.3. The number of people per household in Barnard is 2.1.

title: Barnard, South Dakota