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The Kraken Wakes

The Kraken Wakes is an apocalyptic science fiction novel by British writer John Wyndham, originally published by Michael Joseph in the United Kingdom in 1953, and first published in the United States in the same year by Ballantine Books under the title Out of the Deeps as a mass market paperback. Also known as The Things from the Deep.

The novel is structured as a book within a book. After a short scene-setting introduction, the novel is the book written by the protagonist, radio reporter Mike Watson, chronicling the events that took place when creatures from the depths of the ocean attacked humanity. Mike and his wife Phyllis work for the (fictional) English Broadcasting Company (EBC) so are privy to decisions by government and scientific authorities, who alternatively try to counter the alien's moves or stifle news to prevent panic. The aliens are never seen, and their origin and level of intelligence, if any, are never discerned. They are only known by their acts of violence against humanity, and their weapons of choice are not of the sort envisioned by humanity.

The title is a reference to Alfred Tennyson's sonnet The Kraken.

Plot
The novel describes the course of an attack on humanity by creatures from the ocean depths, as told through the eyes of Mike Watson, who works for the English Broadcasting Company (EBC) with his wife and co-reporter Phyllis. A major role is also played by Professor Alastair Bocker – more clear-minded and far-sighted about the developing crisis than everybody else but often alienating people by telling brutally unvarnished and unwanted truths.

Mike and Phyllis are witness to several events of the invasion, which proceeds in drawn-out phases; it takes years before the bulk of humanity even realises that the world has been invaded. In the first phase, objects from outer space land in the oceans. Mike and Phyllis happen to see five of the "fireballs" falling into the sea, from the ship where they are sailing on their honeymoon. Eventually the distribution of the objects' landing points – always at ocean depths, never on land – implies intelligence.

The aliens are speculated to come from a gas giant and thus can only survive under conditions of extreme pressures in which humans would be instantly crushed. The deepest parts of the oceans are the only parts of Earth in any way useful to them and they presumably have no need or use for the dry land or even the shallower parts of the seas. Bocker puts forward the theory that the two species could co-exist, hardly noticing each other's presence. Humanity nevertheless feels threatened by this new phenomenon – particularly since the newcomers show signs of intensive work to adapt the ocean deeps to their needs (there is a mention of their digging a deep underground tunnel to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, their own version of the Panama Canal). A British bathysphere is sent down to investigate and is destroyed by the aliens with the loss of two lives. The British government responds by exploding a nuclear device in the same location. The aliens' technology proves formidable, and an American attempt to use a nuclear bomb ends in disaster. Ships all over the world begin to be attacked by unknown weapons and in each case are rapidly sunk, causing havoc to the world economy and trade. Humanity is not united in the face of the mounting threat because of the Cold War, with the two sides often attributing the effects of the alien attacks to their human opponents or refusing to co-operate because of their different political ideals and long-standing animosities and distrust.

Phase two of the war starts when the aliens also start "harvesting" the land by sending up "sea tanks", using mutated and genetically altered sea creatures, which capture humans from coastal settlements. Like much of what the aliens do, the reasons for these attacks are inscrutable. The Watsons witness one of these assaults on a Caribbean island. Eventually coastal settlements establish such defences against these "sea tank" raids that that they become far less frequent. But this only happens after raids are experienced on every continent.

In the final phase, the aliens begin melting the polar ice caps, causing the sea level to rise. London and other ports are flooded, causing widespread social and political collapse. The government moves to Harrogate. The Watsons cover the story for the EBC until the radio (and organised social and political life in general) ceases to exist, whereupon they can only try to survive and escape a flooded London, using an acquired motor boat to a Cornish holiday cottage which, due to the floods, now exists on an island. Other coastal countries are also disastrously affected – there is a reference to masses of Dutch refugees fleeing into Germany, having "lost their centuries-long war with the sea". Ultimately, scientists in Japan develop an underwater ultrasonic weapon that kills the aliens. The population has been reduced to between a fifth and an eighth of its pre-invasion level and the world's climate has been significantly changed, with water levels 120 feet higher than before.

Plot narrative
Even at the end, humans have no clear idea what their opponents looked like. The most they have is some protoplasm which floated to the surface of the sea after the ultrasound weapon was used. As the protagonist states in the book, the book aims to demonstrate that an alien invasion of Earth could take a very different form from that in The War of the Worlds; publication of the book coincided with the release of 1953 film The War of the Worlds, an adaptation of H. G. Wells' classic work, which was both a critical and box office success.

Plot differences
Depending on the book's printed origin there are several changes to the plot:
 * The US edition, entitled Out of the Deeps, cuts almost an entire chapter found in the UK edition on how the Watsons gained possession of The Midge yacht, and their aborted attempt to use a dinghy to get to Cornwall. It simply states that Freddie Whittier "found it" one day.
 * The US edition skips several paragraphs detailing Mike Watson's mental state and his several subconscious attempts to commit suicide, with only Phyllis preventing his success. Instead, the US edition just states that Mike goes on holiday.
 * In the US epilogue, the Watsons are tracked down by Bocker via helicopter and he explains a great deal of what has happened to the world while Mike and Phyllis have been isolated – even describing the Japanese ultrasonic device in some detail. In the UK edition they are instead approached by a neighbour in a sailboat, who gives them only a brief overview of what has happened in the world – excluding much of the detail and just mentioning that the Japanese have developed an ultrasonic device that is lethal in the depths of the sea. He tells them that their names have been broadcast on radio as important people whom the new "Council For Reconstruction" is wanting to locate and employ.
 * The UK edition is less bleak than the US version, implying that humanity has already begun to rebuild and that civilisation survives – albeit at a lesser level than before.
 * There are several changes for a US audience in terms of language and phraseology. Overall, the U.S. edition is significantly shorter.

Reception
Groff Conklin, reviewing the American edition, characterised the novel as "sheer melodrama, sure, but melodrama spiced with wit [and] with pungent commentary on human foibles... A truly satisfying shocker." In F&SF, Boucher and McComas selected the novel as one of the best science fiction books of 1953, describing it as "humanly convincing"; they praised the novel as "a solid and admirable story of small-scale human reactions to vast terror." P. Schuyler Miller found this novel superior to The Day of the Triffids, citing its "characteristic, deceptive quietness." New York Times reviewer J. Francis McComas similarly noted that while the novel was "somewhat quieter in tone" than Triffids, it would "nevertheless exert an even more lasting effect on the imagination." One newspaper reviewer was less impressed, declaring that "[The novel's pace] is that of a slightly superior snail".

Radio
The novel was adapted by John Keir Cross as a single 90-minute drama for the BBC Home Service, first broadcast on 28 April 1954. It was produced by Peter Watts. An adaptation by John Constable as a single 90-minute drama for BBC Radio 4 was first broadcast on 21 February 1998. It was produced by Susan Roberts, with music by Paul Gargill. This version was released on CD by BBC Audiobooks in 2007.

A 1965 radio adaption by Eric Cameron was recorded in Vancouver by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, starring Sam Paine, Shirley Broderick, Michael Irwin and Derek Walston. The duration was five half-hour shows.

BBC Radio 7 presented an unabridged reading by Stephen Moore of the novel in sixteen 30-minute episodes, produced by Susan Carson, and broadcast daily between 12 March and 2 April 2004.

On 28 May 2016 Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation by Val McDermid set in the present day, with some of the action moved from Harrogate to Birmingham and from Cornwall to Scotland. It starred Paul Higgins as Michael and Tamsin Greig as Phyllis and featured an appearance by Scotland's then First Minister Nicola Sturgeon as herself and was recorded with live accompaniment by the BBC Philharmonic orchestra. The new elements the script incorporates include an upgrade to Wyndham's predicted 100-foot rise in sea level to the worst-case figure of 70 metres envisioned over a thousand-year period by climate change experts. Such a rise sees the sea cover much of England.

Game
In 2017, Charisma Entertainment signed an agreement with John Wyndham's estate for the exclusive rights to develop an immersive, interactive game version of the novel. Their adaptation of The Kraken Wakes was released on Steam in March 2023. It was part of the Official Selection at the London Games Festival 2023. New sales on Steam were halted on Mon, April 22, 2024.

title: The Kraken Wakes


text:
Marie de Rohan

Marie Aimée de Rohan (December 1600 – 12 August 1679) was a French courtier and political activist, famed for being the center of many of the intrigues of the first half of the 17th century in France. In various sources, she is often known simply as Madame de Chevreuse.

Early life
Marie de Rohan, styled Mademoiselle de Montbazon, was the daughter of Hercule, Duke of Montbazon, who was governor of Paris and Île-de-France, pair de France, Grand Huntsman, and of princely rank at the French court of Henry IV. As head of the House of Rohan, he owned great estates in Brittany and Anjou. Her mother was Madeleine de Lenoncourt, who died two years after her daughter was born.

Her youngest half brother was François, Prince of Soubise, founder of the Soubise line of the House of Rohan. His wife was Anne de Rohan-Chabot, Madame de Soubise, who was one time mistress of Louis XIV.

First marriage
On 13 September 1617, Marie de Rohan married Charles d'Albert, seigneur de Luynes, a favourite of King Louis XIII. He formed her taste for unscrupulous political intrigue, introducing her at court. In December 1618, Louis XIII named her to the newly created post of surintendante of the queen's household, prompting the première dame du palais, the much older and now outranked widow of the Connétable de Montmorency, to resign in protest. Initially the queen consort, Anne of Austria, was jealous and disliked Madame de Luynes, as the king paid her far too much attention, but eventually through assiduous efforts her influence with the queen became unrivaled.

On 26 January 1619, Marie de Rohan gave birth to a daughter, Anne Marie, named after the queen and her mother. In August Marie de Rohan's husband Charles was made governor of Picardy and Duke of Luynes and on 14 November was officially received as a duke and a Peer of France at a ceremony in the great hall of the Parlement of Paris. With their elevated status, the Duke and Duchess of Luynes were able to sign a contract on 22 January 1620 arranging a marriage between their one-year-old daughter and the one-year-old Charles Louis de Lorraine, Duke of Joyeuse, a son of Charles, Duke of Guise. They agreed to pay a dowry of 60,000 livres, to which the king added 100,000 livres. Since the children were so young, the marriage was to take place after they became adults. Subsequent events made this impossible, and Anne Marie died unmarried in 1646. A second daughter was born early in 1620, but she died about ten years later.

On Christmas night 1620, attended by the queen, Marie de Rohan gave birth to Luynes' son and heir, Louis Charles, named after the king and his father. Paris church bells were rung to celebrate the event, and cannon were fired at the medieval Château de Caen, where the king and the duke were staying. Their son was baptised in Paris with Louis XIII as godfather and the king's mother, Marie de Médicis, as godmother. The entire court attended, and it was said to have cost the king 80,000 livres. After Luynes died of scarlet fever in 1621, Louis Charles became the second Duke of Luynes and married his mother's sister, Anne de Rohan. His daughter Jeanne Baptiste, simultaneously Marie's granddaughter and niece, was the mistress of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia and ancestress of the Savoy kings of Italy.

Second marriage
The now Dowager Duchess of Luynes inherited the Duke's Paris townhouse (hôtel particulier) on the rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre. She sold it to Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Chevreuse, shortly before her marriage to him on 21 April 1622. Her new husband had it extensively altered by the royal architect Clément Métezeau in 1622–1623, when it became the new Hôtel de Chevreuse. From this second marriage, she had three daughters. Two of them became nuns, Anne-Marie of Lorraine (1625–52), abbess of Pont-aux-Dames, and Henriette of Lorraine (1631–93), abbess of Jouarre and later at Port-Royal. The third daughter, Charlotte-Marie of Lorraine (1627–52), having failed to wed Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, became the mistress of Cardinal de Retz and played a role in the Fronde, but never married.

Fall from favor, conspiracies
Friend and confidante of the queen, she was banished from court after an incident in which she had encouraged the pregnant queen in boisterous games in the corridors of the Louvre, resulting in a miscarriage. The duc de Chevreuse used all his influence to have her restored to court.

In her attempts to regain her lost position, she provoked or encouraged the conspiracies of the court, such as the Buckingham affair (1623–24) that compromised the Queen, which she instigated with the connivance of her English lover, Henry Rich, later created Earl of Holland, and of the highest-ranking aristocrats against Richelieu, such as her complicity in the conspiracy of her lover, the comte de Chalais, that she set up in 1626, with the unlikely intention of replacing Louis XIII with his brother, Gaston d'Orléans. Chalais, deeply embroiled, lost his head on 19 August 1626, while the duchesse de Chevreuse fled to Lorraine, where she soon carried on an affair with Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, who intervened on her behalf to have her allowed to return to France; once she was reestablished at Dampierre, her subversion of royal power continued. She was at the center of all the intrigues that involved foreign powers against France: negotiations with the duchy of Lorraine and with Spain conducted by Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf, keeper of the seals, who ruined himself on her behalf, revealing to her the councils of the king (1633). Secret exchanges of correspondence with Spain carried out by Anne of Austria were unmasked in 1637, requiring the Duchesse de Chevreuse to flee to Spain, then to England and finally to Flanders. She was involved in the conspiracy of the comte de Soissons (1641) and at the death of the king, a clause in the testament of succession forbade the return to France of the duchesse; a decision of the Parlement of Paris was required to break the will.

After the death of Richelieu, once again in France, she conspired at the center of the cabale des Importants led by Chateauneuf against Mazarin, in 1643; with the arrest and exile of César de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme, she fled once again. During the Fronde, she came closer to Mazarin for a time (1649–50), but then she switched back to the aristocratic party when the parliamentary Fronde and the aristocratic Fronde joined forces in 1651.

After the death of the Duke of Chevreuse in 1657, the now Dowager Duchess of Chevreuse sold her hôtel on the rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre to the Duc de Candale, who put it in the name of his father, Bernard de Nogaret, duc d'Épernon. In 1660 she had a new Hôtel de Chevreuse built on the rue Saint-Dominique to the designs of the architect Pierre Le Muet.

She died in retirement in the convent of Gagny (Seine-Saint-Denis département) in 1679.

Biographies
Victor Cousin published a biography in 1856, which was published in an English translation by Mary L. Booth in 1871. H. Noel Williams' A Fair Conspirator: Marie de Rohan, Duchesse de Chevreuse was published in 1913. Modern biographies are by Denis Tillinac (L'Ange du désordre, (Paris: Robert Laffont) 1985, by Christian Bouyer, La Duchesse de Chevreuse : L'Indomptable et voluptueuse adversaire de Louis XIII (Paris: Pygmalion-Gérard Watelet) 2002, and by Georges Poisson (Paris:Librairie Académique Perrin) 1999.

In fiction
Alexandre Dumas entangles her in the plots of The Three Musketeers, in which she is said to be the mistress of the musketeer Aramis, and Twenty Years After, in which Raoul, the hero of the third novel of Dumas' trilogy, is the secret son of the Duchesse de Chevreuse and the musketeer Athos.

Gaetano Donizetti's tragic opera Maria di Rohan, which debuted at the Kärntnertor theater in Vienna on 5 June 1843, followed by a success in Paris in November, was freely based on the conspiracy of Chalais.

In 2002, she was portrayed by Wendy Albiston in the Doctor Who audio drama The Church and the Crown.

Juliette Benzoni published two novels in French based on her life: Marie des intrigues (2004) and Marie des passions (2005).

Issue and marriages

 * Married Charles d'Albert, Duke of Luynes in Paris on 13 September 1617; had one son;
 * Louis Charles d'Albert de Luynes, Duke of Luynes (25 December 1620 – 10 October 1690), who married three times:
 * Louise Marie Seguier, Marquise d'O in 1641, had issue;
 * Anne de Rohan (daughter of Hercule, Duke of Montbazon) in 1661 and had issue including Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes; and,
 * Marguerite d'Aligre in 1685, no issue.
 * Married again to Claude de Lorraine, Duke of Chevreuse in Paris on 20 April 1622 and had three daughters;
 * Anne Marie de Lorraine (1624 – 5 August 1652) never married; Abbess of Remiremont and Pont-aux-Dames;
 * Charlotte Marie de Lorraine, Mademoiselle de Chevreuse (1626 – 7 November 1652) never married;
 * Henriette de Lorraine (1631 – 25 January 1694) never married; Abbess of Notre Dame, Jouarre.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marie de Rohan


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Talk:Non-Indo-European roots of Germanic languages

Merge proposal
I believe this article should be merged with Germanic substrate hypothesis, since they cover the same topic. 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * 18:56, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. Since no objections have been raised for almost a year, I'll do the moving. Improvements can be applied in context. Eklir (talk) 18:33, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

No relation with any other non Germanic group?
I think the examples given in the introduction are not very accurate. Keel is quilla in Spanish (pronounced keellya), mast is mástil, ..... Unless they have a Germanic origin in Spanish (it may be, there are a few Spanish words of Germanic origin, via the Visigoths or even old Germanic French loans), the hypothesis of no relation with non Germanic languages doesn´t hold true for these examples.--Xareu bs (talk) 17:22, 22 July 2008 (UTC)


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User:AaronSw/Famous liberals

THE LIST

Aaron Sorkin

Al Franken

Al Gore

Al Sharpton

Alexandra Kerry

Andrei Cherny

Anita Lowey

Anthony Lake

Anthony Romero

Arianna Huffington

Barbara Boxer

Barbara Lee

Ben Bagdikian

Bill Maher

Bill Moyers

Bill Richardson

Carol Mosley-Braun

Caroline Kennedy

Chelsea Clinton

Cheryl Jacques

Christine Gregoire

Chuck Rangel

Cruz Bustamante

David Wu

Debra Rappaport

Dennis Kucinich

Dick Gephardt

Donnie Fowler

Dorothy Ehrlich

Ed Helms

Edward Kennedy

Ellen DeGeneres

Elliot Spitzer

Garrison Keillor

Gavin Newsom

George Stephanopoulos

Geroge Soros

Gray Davis

Harry Reid

Hendrick Hertzberg

Howard Dean

Howard Zinn

Janet Napolitano

Jennifer M. Granholm

Jerry Brown

Jesse Jackson

Jim Jeffords

John Kerry

John Podesta

Jonathan Edwards

John Kenneth Galbraith Jonathan Soros

Jon Stewart

Ken Salazar

Keith Olbermann

Kweisi Mfume

Leon Panetta

Leonardo DiCaprio

Louis Menand

Madeline Albright

Margaret Marshall

Mario Cuomo

Martin Sheen

Matt Gonzales

Max Cleland

Michael Huffington

Michael Rappaport

Molly Ivins

Nadine Strossen

Nancy Keenan

Noam Chomsky

Norman Lear

Ralph Neas

Richard Dawkins

Rob Reiner

Robert Greenwald

Robert Redford

Roberta Actenberg

Roger Waters <

Ron Regan Jr.

Ruth Simmons

Seymour M. Hersh

Simon Rosenberg

Stephanie Tubbs-Jones

Stephen Colbert

Steve Wesley

Susan Hockfield

Susan Sarandon

Tavis Smiley

Teresa Heinz-Kerry

Tina Fey

Tom Daschle

Tom Hanks

Vanessa Kerry

Wendy Kopp

Wesley Clark

Willie Brown

title: User:AaronSw/Famous liberals


text:
Talk:Thomas Claiborne (1749–1812)

Untitled
The text of article was obtained from public domain site. Darwinek 21:22, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

more work needed
According to the article in the recent Dictionary of Virginia Biography, this article is riddled with errors, starting with his birth and death dates. He was also born in Dinwiddie County to Hannah Ravenscroft Pythress Claiborne and her second husband Burnell Claiborne and moved to Brunswick County by 1773, where he captained the county militia and began representing the the HOuse of Delegates in 1783, and then was a state senator for a term that began in 1789, but ended slightly early because of his election to the U.S. House of Representatives representing the 8th Congressional district, then the 17th after redistricting. He married Mary Clayton in Dinwiddie County and had seven sons before she died in 1802, including his successor as congressmen John Claiborne and Thomas Claiborne (1780=1856) of Tennessee, and son Augustine Claiborne served in the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830. The widower remarried, to a widow with 4 children in Suffolk County, but they experienced financial problems before his death. Somewhat oddly (except that slaves were more mortgageable than real estate, his slaveholdings decreased from 36 slaves in 1787 to 26 adult slaves about a decade later, and only 10 slaves by the time he left Brunswick County.Jweaver28 (talk) 23:23, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Claiborne (1749–1812)


text:
User talk:Lupin/archive2

Crests and shields
Hi. You're doing a fine job with creating all those shields. Could I suggest, though, that in future you name them "XXX shield" instead of "XXX crest", since none of them are crests? Keep up the good work! Marnanel 18:25, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, will do :) Lupin 08:18, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Sidney crest shield
Hi, I noticed you're interested in heraldry and Sidney... do you know what the thing on the right of the sidney shield is meant to be? I've only found little bitmaps on the web which are too small to decipher. Any better image or the blazon would be helpful. Cheers, Lupin 09:52, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It's argent a bend engrailed sable, impaling or a pheon azure. A pheon is a "broad arrow", the same device that was once printed on prisoners' clothes: perhaps some member of the Sidney family was once in charge of prisons. Marnanel 13:05, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Is there somewhere I can find all these blazons? Lupin 15:35, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Not as far as I know, though [CUHAGS http://www.cam.ac.uk/societies/cuhags/] might be able to help you. The Sidney blazon is mentioned here . If you need a hand searching for a particular blazon I'll try to help as much as I can, though these days I only have access to Google like anyone else.

 * BTW, when you have a chance, could you perhaps render the University's own arms-- gules, a cross ermine between four lions passant gardant or, and on the cross a closed book fessways gules clasped and garnished gold, the clasps downward? It'd go well on the University's own page, as well as in the corner of Template:University of Cambridge. Marnanel 23:30, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I've had a go at this now. I've also been looking for the Caius blazon without joy so far. Any ideas? Lupin 13:02, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

cymbal article
Great work on the cymbal article, it was on my list of things to do when I felt strong enough! Andrewa 05:58, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Lupin 10:24, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Pics
Nice pics on Irish theatre and Irish poetry. Bmills 10:28, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Cambridge Shields
A while back I needed to make up a few cambridge university shields for a project I was working on, and only recently went to upload them to Wikipedia. I see you've beaten me to it, however (purely aesthetically) I prefer the look of my shields. I put up a page comparing them, and in each case, I prefer the look of mine.

I don't know much about heraldry, however I find the embossed look much more attractive. I appreciate they're not as 'technically accurate', that's why for each one, I uploaded the un-embossed image with it.

I obviously wasn't going to change all the shields over on the college pages without getting your thoughts first though. --Prisonblues 14:36, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * My main query would be the copyright status of your images -- since mine are created from scratch or using public domain resources, I've been able to put them under the GFDL. Do yours use existing material, and if so are they available under a GFDL-compatible license? For example, your shield for the University is identical to the ones on the Cambridge website; my impression is that the University doesn't want (high-resolution) copies of this image widely distributed. Lupin 11:46, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

As I understand it, it's okay to use these images under Fair Use. The situation is extremely complicated, however these are good starting points to look at stuff. For now I've added a full Fair Use notice to the two University images. --Prisonblues

 * As I understand it, GFDL images are preferred over non-GFDL images (including fair use images) since their use (and, in particular, their reuse) are far less problematic legally. I would favour keeping GFDL images over using fair use images where the choice exists. Of course those GFDL images can be improved upon, but I think replacing them with fair use images would be a retrograde step. Lupin 16:22, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hmmm, I reckon as long as you've clearly linked to the GFDL version in the iamge description, then anyone who is going to be using it for purposes that wouldn't be fair-use, or who isn't in a fair-use jurisdiciton area, can use the GFDL version. I'm not sure though, I'll give it some more thought. In the meantime I might have a go at touching up some of your crests, especially some of your colours --Prisonblues 17:25, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * OK. I can send you the SVG sources for the images if you like. Alternatively I could copy the colours from your images myself if you tell me the worst offenders :) Lupin 17:36, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Ok, I'm going to have a little time available in the next few days, send me ( removed address to stop spam ) the SVG files and I'll see if I can get them looking special. --212.159.124.175 22:47, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC) (Prisonblues)

 * I uploaded a tarball. I'd be grateful if you could upload any changes you make. Have fun! Lupin 07:15, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Category:Proofs
You seem to be the person who created this category. Did you have in mind that it would include

 * articles that embody proofs, or

 * articles about the concept of proof?

Is it being treated as the latter. It seems like a grossly inappropriate, because highly misleading, name for that. I would expect a category that is to include articles about the concept of proof to be called proof rather than proofs. What do you think? Michael Hardy 21:31, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I had in mind

 * articles that contain proofs

 * I don't feel that creating the category lends my opinion more weight than others', though. Lupin 23:15, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Emacs
Hi, I did the image caption. I noticed that emacs was on the list of things which needed caption work and decided to give it a go. The caption docs said that the caption should draw the reader in and do more than simply title the image, hence the lengthy caption. Being new to wikipedia I defer to your judgement, but would like to know what that judgement was. Thanks.--Kop 01:27, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * My judgement was that it was telling me too much for such a simple image. I think that for a caption to draw someone in it has to be short and to the point or the boredom factor creeps in - if I want to read a big chunk of text, there's the article right there. Anyway, it is a nice piece of writing and I think that as part of the opening paragraph it does do a good job of enticing people to read further. Lupin 07:39, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok, that's reasonable, although I'm not sure it entirely jibes with the style guide. If you like the text in the opening paragraph the style guide does say that it can be both there and in the caption.  My concern is that the caption that's left is almost exactly the same caption that the WikiProject Writing Captions people thought needed work.  On their list I've removed the strikeouts signifying doneness which I put over emacs when I changed the caption; the ball's back in their court. --Kop 17:41, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Having read the style guide, I think it is far too rigid. If there is a simple image or technical diagram which is pretty self-explanatory I think it should have a correspondingly simple caption, which need not even be a complete sentence if things are clearer that way. Lupin 08:20, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

who are you Lupin?
Hi, I've recently been dobbing about on pages that have some slight conection to Lancaster University and have found that you seem to be a user that has been there first and edited it. Making me wonder if you attend Lancaster Uni, like I do. I see that you have interests in climbing, as do I. Do I know you? Tell us about yourself. User:Soloist

 * I don't know if you know me - who are you? :-) I've recently left Lancaster, and indeed the UK. (I'm not particularly interested in climbing although I happened to take a photo of a climber). Lupin 20:55, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Never mind, I'm a current student of Lancaster University. Studying Physics. And climbing everything I can find! When did you leave? where are you now Soloist 19:38, 27 Aug 2004 (BST)

 * I left a fortnight ago - I'm living in Canada at the moment. Lupin 02:02, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I admire your copyediting (as seen on Emacs, you've improved my writing). Aside from re-reading "The Manual of Style" (which I just bought another copy of, it's now in the 4th edition) how can I improve? What's your secret? --Kop 02:57, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the compliment. I really don't have a clue how to improve one's copyediting skills. Perhaps reading a lot of well-written material is the key. I've never read the manual of style, myself. Lupin 12:18, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Monopoloy captions
Hi, Lupin, I hope you don't mind I just put the full-sentence Monopoly (game) caption back with explanation on the edit summary. I was trying to provide some context to people who have never seen the game so they'd know more than "in progress," plus trying to comply with guidelines at Captions, the first of which is that captions should consist of complete sentences. Please edit the caption as you see fit to help it follow the guidelines. Also, please look over the guidelines, and if they need to be revised, please help. Also see Wikipedia_talk:Captions - there are several discussions on particular examples. -- ke4roh 20:27, Sep 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * I dispute the usefulness of these guidelines. Maybe I will attempt revision one day, although I feel the tide of opinion is somewhat against my own. I've tried to make your caption directly relevant to the image, which is the biggest failing of many of the captions I've seen which cite the guidelines. (Perhaps it could also be deleted altogether under the "nominative" exception at Captions). Lupin 03:09, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I like the Monopoly caption, though I'm still a bit frustrated with the Emacs caption. Any ideas for improving that one?  Thanks!  -- ke4roh 15:50, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * It's now a full sentence. Lupin 17:22, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! -- ke4roh 18:50, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm curious: what's your opinion on captions? Could the guidelines be made more useful?  I must admit I've had quite a time writing captions for subjects of which I knew nothing before reading the article, and with image description pages full of <sarcasm>informative</sarcasm> text like "Camel drinking Coca-Cola," it does challenge me to come up with some more context for the picture.  So, I'm trying to improve the background information on images I've contributed and images I wonder about while captioning.   -- ke4roh 18:50, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I haven't devoted much thought to this, so please take this with a pinch of salt. But I would say that if you want to write good captions then you first have to decide what the function of a caption is. IMO, the primary purpose of a caption is to describe the image, by which I mean to give a reasonably detailed account of what the image depicts. Captions may also answer the question "why is this image in this article;" alternatively, this question could be answered in the article. I don't think a hard and fast rule can be given to say which is better, although clearly this question should be answered somewhere unless the answer is blindingly obvious.

 * Broadly speaking, other information belongs in the article and not in an image caption. I am of the opinion that dogmatic guidelines such as "thou shalt use complete sentences" and "thou shalt not use the verb to be" are unhelpful since every image needs a caption to be tailored to it and not to be constrained by some arbitary set of rules. Lupin 21:55, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I tend to agree with you. The opening of Captions attempts to summarize the purpose of a caption: to tie the image to the article and to provide some context for the picture.  It's quite challenging to write a caption that accomplishes those goals and is not a full sentence, and writing a full sentence leads the captioner towards those goals, hence it's the top priority and an easy one to meet.  Now what's the difference between these two captions for Image:Emacs.png?

 * The default splash screen, which greets the user when Emacs is run in a graphical environment.
 * The default splash screen greets the user when Emacs is run in a graphical environment.

 * The second is a complete sentence (the first is only a fragment for want of a verb because "greets" is buried in a prepositional phrase), and it's one word and one comma shorter. When I read the first caption, it seems halting and incomplete (though it clearly describes the image and provides some context).  The second one delivers a complete thought.

 * On the requirement for no passive sentences, I had an 8th grade (of 12) English teacher who insisted that we write paragraphs of three or more sentences and at most one of thse sentences could contain a conjugation of "to be." Why?  Because "to be" doesn't describe action.  Excessive use of "to be" can put the reader to sleep.  I occasionally watch scientific NASA films.  My chief complaint: "Many passive sentences were constructed."  (But wouldn't that be clearer and more interesting if it were "The writers butchered this video with passive verbs throughout the script."

 * Sometimes a passive sentence is appropriate. In law, the North Carolina government writes, "Each employees hands must be washed with soap and warm water before returning to work."  The non-legal writer might be tempted to say "Each employee must wash his or her hands...", but the law is not concerned with who washes, only with the fact that the hands are washed.  I have yet to nocice a caption requiring passive voice, though I wouldn't be surprised to see one.  Sometimes I edit captions to make them active, but not nearly as often as I'll edit them to make them complete sentences.

 * Consider the difference between these two captions:

 * The default splash screen greets the user when Emacs is run in a graphical environment.
 * The default splash screen greets the user running Emacs in a graphical environment.

 * In both cases the primary verb is "greets", but the first involves "is" and the second does not. The second also comes up two words shorter and clarifies that the user runs Emacs.

 * What belongs in the caption versus the article? We went 'round and 'round aobut that with the caption for Image:Spinal_Tap_logo.jpg for heavy metal umlaut.  I would add a little extra information to the caption and my text wound up in the article minutes later, with the caption replaced by "Spinal Tap".  (It was on the main page that day.)  "Spinal Tap" doesn't tell the reader anything more than they can get from looking at the picture, though, so I tried again, and we wound up with the information in both places.  It's particularly difficult to write a caption for an image like that because there isn't much context.  In that respect, the information in a caption should be context - some more information for the readers about the circumstances of the photo.

 * The guidelines at Captions are just that — guidelines. I no more expect to see the perfect caption than I expect to see the perfect article.  But that said, I don't see why we shouldn't strive to write better captions. Your thoughts? -- ke4roh 12:09, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Consider the difference between these two captions:

 * The default splash screen, which greets the user when Emacs is run in a graphical environment.
 * The default splash screen greets the user when Emacs is run in a graphical environment.

 * The second is a complete thought, and a complete sentence which reads flowingly, I agree. Its failing is that it makes no direct reference to the image. Without doing so, the potential for reading it as a fact whose spatial proximity to the image is merely coincidental is high. I find this kind of ambiguity infuriating. The subject of a caption should, in the first instance, be the image. Making this tacit assumption on the part of the reader is unjustifiable in most situations, I feel.

 * I am also not convinced of the ennui induced by the verb "to be". I am completely convinced that sentence constructions whose sole purpose is to avoid using this forbidden verb lead to contortions which are awkward and confusing.

 * The use of complete sentences should not be a requirement for captions, in my opinion. If there is not enough information available for a caption which has direct relevance to an image, then why not use a simple tag? I agree that in general this is suboptimal, but this is entirely different from saying that a caption which consists of complete sentences is always better than one which doesn't. Less is sometimes more. Lupin 14:49, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I see your points. Our discussion on the first point reduces to a question of how much to trust the reader to interpret and think.  At times it can be a tough judgement call.  In the more difficult cases, it becomes important to craft the caption to clearly state what is in the picture. I typically trust the reader to expect that at least one of the nouns in the caption would describe the picture.  (See for example water skiing.)  In the Emacs caption 2 immediately above, the reader must decide if the picture is of a splash screen, a user, or a graphical environment.  Perhaps the guidance could be revised to indicate that the caption should clearly refer to the picture.  (What do you think of the water skiing caption?)

 * On contortions to avoid ennui from "to be", Winston Churchill put it nicely (though he was addressing a complaint about prepositions at the ends of sentences): "This is the sort of pedantry up with which I will not put." "To be" has its place, and it should be used in some cases.  It's not worth contortions to avoid, but it is worth a moment's thought.

 * Where would a simple tag better suit an image than a full-sentence caption?

 * Many thanks for the enlightning conversation. -- ke4roh 23:36, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Take a look at Ford Mustang. It may be one of those places where a full sentence is overkill, but if we had more information about the various models in the text (e.g. "The 1965 Ford Mustang introduced the whiz-bang super accelerator"), perhaps it wouldn't seem so satisfactory to look at the pictures with those simple tags.  (Therein lies the dilemma.  If we haven't thought of a good caption, perhaps a short one will do in the meantime, but that short caption could always use some expansion to explain why that particular picture was chosen for the article.) -- ke4roh 23:46, Sep 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * My question about your "trusting the reader" to interpret a caption correctly is this: why? When it is so simple (if slightly inelegant on occasion) to avoid this potential source of misunderstanding, is it not better to do so?

 * As with many things, judgement has to be exercised here. In the case of the Water skiing caption, my personal feeling is that the caption is appropriate, since the connection to the image is plain. Others (who may never have come across water skiing before) may disagree however, in which case the caption should be clarified. Lupin 00:26, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps a new guideline is in order: "The caption should clearly identify the subject of the picture without detailing that which is plain to be seen." I'd put that as number one or two (I lean towards 2, but expect you would prefer 1).  In fact, I have a hunch you'd remove the complete sentence guideline entirely, but captions like

 * Adrian Carmack working on the Baron of Hell. The DOOM monsters were digitized from clay models.

 * (on Image:Adrian_Carmack.jpg for DOOM) bother me for their choppiness as much as those ambiguous ones bother you. Your thoughts? What's left to resolve? -- ke4roh 13:15, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that given that people seem so fond of guidelines, something like what you suggest is in order. However I would do it like this: the guideline should say "The caption should clearly identify the subject of the picture" and then in the exceptions section point out that things which are obvious even to someone coming to the subject for the first time may be omitted, provided this is not to the detriment of the caption. Otherwise, the guideline itself provides a convenient loophole for those wishing to ignore it. Moreover, I think that "detailing what is plain to be seen" is often precisely what a good caption should do -- a good informative image has an easily identifiable subject, and a good caption should describe the subject of the image.

 * I agree that "choppy" captions are bad. I would favour replacing the first guideline with one about captions of a certain length flowing off the tongue... but of course that's harder to define, let alone "enforce".

 * Putting either the "full sentences" guideline or an "anti-choppiness" guideline as the number one priority seems to me to approach the problem backwards - content should rule over style, in the first instance. Stylish captions with obscure or irrelevant content should not be favoured over those with relevant content which are phrased badly; instead, the good content should be rewritten stylishly (but unambiguously), when this is possible. This is my main gripe with this purely stylistic guideline being given so much emphasis. Lupin 13:37, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm thinking about a major refactoring of Captions to address your concern and make the justifications for each of the guidelines clearer. (I just whipped up the numbered guidelines one day based on all the discussions we'd had until that time, and I was somewhat surprised nobody had any comments about them until yours.)  I'm imagining using the TOC box as the numbered list and having a subsection to address each of the guidelines, explain its relevance, and discuss any exceptions to that particular guideline.  I'm also inclined to reference the sections of talk pages that generated each guideline.  Of course, the refactoring will take a few minutes :-).  I also don't want the page to be prohibitively long - just enough to cover the subject.

 * As for approaching the problem backwards, there is a method to my madness (not to say it's right, just a method). Namely, if people read and follow only one rule, it should be the one most likely to result in a good caption.  I would expect people to make the caption describe the picture in the absence of explicit instruction to do so (though  some of the captions that otherwise attempt to meet the guidelines don't do that clearly enough).  In fact, when I wrote a chapter for a real book, they insisted on exactly two things: captions must be full sentences, and images must be referenced in the body of the work.  Everything else was up to the individual authors and editors. It surely generated better captions than no guidance at all. -- ke4roh 01:42, Sep 7, 2004 (UTC)

Template:Oxbridge College Infobox
I see you've found the above. The syntax doesn't work, because of the software. works fine, however.

James F. (talk) 16:44, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * OK. The problem with the latter is that it entails renaming a whole load of images to fit this arbitrary convention. The current solution seems to work, however. Lupin 16:46, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Bug in Ackermann function image
Looks like you uploaded image:Ackermann.png --- in case you hadn't noticed, there is a bug in it --- in the second case statement, it should read if m > 0 and n = 0.. Perhaps it was accidently cropped?

homotopy image
Hi Lupin,

I'm writing the article fr:Homotopie in the French Wikipedia and I was wondering if I could use the image you created.

Thanks in advance, fr:Utilisateur:Deviles.

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)  15:31, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

--

title: User talk:Lupin/archive2


text:
ORP Piorun

Two ships of the Polish Navy have been named ORP Piorun (lightning):

 * ORP Piorun (G65), an N-class destroyer (formerly HMS Nerissa (G65)) transferred to the free Polish Navy based in Britain in October 1940. During the war she saw several engagements with U-boats and took part in the final battle of Bismarck. She was transferred back to the Royal Navy after the end of the war.
 * ORP Piorun (1994), an Orkan-class fast attack craft built in the German Democratic Republic for its navy and originally named Project 660. After German reunification the unfinished hulls were bought by the Polish Navy and completed by Northern Shipyard in Gdańsk. Piorun is currently in service.

title: ORP Piorun


text:
Richard Farrant

Richard Farrant (c. 1525 – 30 November 1580) was an English composer, musical dramatist, theatre founder, and Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal. The first acknowledgment of him is in a list of the Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal in 1552. The year of his birth cannot be accurately determined. During his life he was able to establish himself as a successful composer, develop the English drama considerably, found the first Blackfriars Theatre, and be the first to write verse-anthems. He married Anne Bower, daughter of Richard Bower who was Master of the Chapel Royal choristers at the time. With Anne he conceived ten children, one of whom was also named Richard.

Work with Royalty
As a member of the Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, Farrant was active in ceremonies surrounding the royal family. He began his work with the Chapel Royal around 1550 under the reign of Edward VI. Fortunately, for Farrant, this is a time that saw huge developments in Latin Church Music. Composers like William Byrd and Christopher Tye were busy expanding and elaborating on the Church Music of the day. In Farrant's twelve years with the Chapel Royal, he was able to participate in funerals for Edward VI and Mary I, and coronations for Mary I and Elizabeth I. After his work there, he took up a post as lay vicar and organist at St. George's Chapel at Windsor.

Postings
For Farrant, the post at Windsor became a permanent one that he retained for the rest of his life. Along with this, he also acquired the position of Master of the Chapel Royal choristers in November 1569. Having the choirs of both of these institutions at his disposal gave him an outlet to showcase all of his compositions and plays. In fact, every winter he was able to produce a play for the queen herself. These positions also allowed him to move back to London in 1576 and begin a public theatre of sorts where he rehearsed some of his choir music openly. It was soon after, in 1580, that he died, having left his house to his wife.

Important contributions
Unlike many composers of his day that stuck to only music composition, Farrant also wrote many plays. One of his most important contributions to drama in England is of course the creation of the first Blackfriars Theatre. This eventually became one of the most important places in London for drama to develop during the Renaissance. Farrant is also one of the earliest and most well-known composers who began to mix the two mediums of music and drama. It was this uncommon mixture that allowed him to begin to develop the composition style of 'verse.' This becomes prominent in a lot of his pieces including the anthems When as we sat in Babylon, Call to remembrance and Hide not thou thy face.

Works
Because of the time gap, many of Farrant's works are only known because of careful documentation or brief mention from other documents.

Compositions

 * Ah, alas, You Salt Sea Gods (included in the Dow Partbooks)
 * Call to Remembrance
 * Hide Not Thou Thy Face
 * Lord, for Thy Tender Mercy's Sake
 * Magnificat & Nunc Dimittis
 * O Jove, from Stately Throne
 * O Sacrum Convivium
 * Single Chant in F Major
 * Felix Namque
 * Voluntarye

Dramatic works

 * Ajax and Ulysses
 * Quintus Fabius
 * The History of Mutius Scevola
 * Xerxes
 * The History of Loyaltie and Bewtie
 * The History of Alucius
 * Orestes
 * Panthea and Abradatas

title: Richard Farrant


text:
Berberism

Berberism is a Berber political-cultural movement of ethnic nationalism, started mainly in Kabylia (Algeria) and in Morocco later spreading to the rest of the Berber communities in the Maghreb region of North Africa. The Berberist movement in Algeria and Morocco is in opposition to cultural Arabization, the pan-Arabist political ideology and Islamism.

A Berber group, the Tuaregs, have been in rebellion against Mali since 2012, and established a temporarily de facto independent state called Azawad, which identified itself as Berber.

Amazigh World Congress
The Amazigh World Congress (CMA, Congrès Mondial Amazigh; Agraw Amaḍlan Amaziɣ) is an international non-governmental organization which was begun with the purpose of providing a structure and international representation for cultural and political Berber interests. It was formed in September 1995 in Saint-Rome-de-Dolan, France. It has since held four meetings at irregular intervals, in 1997, 1999, 2002 and 2005..

Amazigh World Assembly
Established in 2011, the Amazigh World Assembly (AMA) is an institution that aims to defend, promote and develop the rights of indigenous peoples, especially Amazigh, and also the official recognition of Amazigh identity, culture and language, in the different countries of Tamazgha. AMA was established under the cover of and in accordance with Belgian law.

Algeria
Berberism works for the recognition of the distinct Berber identity in Algeria. Political parties and movements usually considered Berberist include:

 * Socialist Forces Front (Front des forces socialistes, FFS)
 * Rally for Culture and Democracy (Rassemblement pour la culture et la démocratie, RCD)
 * Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (Mouvement pour l'autonomie de la Kabylie, MAK)
 * Arouch (Mouvement citoyen des Aârchs), a movement that is also organised among Kabyles.

MAK exalts a unique Kabyle identity instead of a universal Berber one, thus also known as Kabylist.

A major movement within the Algerian Berber movement is Anti-Arabism.

Historical and modern construction of ethnic divides
The divide between Berber and Arab Algeria was solidified by the 123-year French colonization. The Berbers were elevated above the Arabs through the narrative that Berber ancestral heritage stemmed from Europe. Consequently, Arabs and Arab speakers were associated with backwardness, which the Berbers profited from, as it granted them a higher status.

During the period of French colonization, Arabic and Berber were declared foreign languages in Algeria with the aim to restructure Algerian identity into a more Western one. This was done in attempts to assert French dominance. The Berbers were targeted with heavy French schooling, placing them at the centre of this transformation. The strongest hold France had to advance this platform was the Berber region of Kabyle, where they espoused the Kabyle Myth.

More recently, Berbers were alienated from the Algerian government following the Algerian War. Despite French attempts at a Divide and Rule strategy in Algeria, Berbers were on the forefront of the Independence movement with several key leaders of FLN (National Liberation Front), including Hocine Aït Ahmed, Abane Ramdane, and Krim Belkacem. Furthermore, Aurès and Kabylia were amongst the principal footholds of FLN due to their geographical remoteness and widespread local support for independence. In fact, the Soummam conference, often cited as the founding act of the Algerian state, took place in Kabylia. Due to Berber regions serving as hotbeds for FLN guerillas, these regions were labelled major targets in French counter-insurgency operations. These counter-insurgency operations resulted in the devastation of agricultural lands, looting, destruction of villages, population displacement, the creation of forbidden zones, etc.

Following Algerian Independence, Kabyle leaders opposed the central leadership over Arabist policies and the single-party system. These Kabyle leaders held popular backing in Kabylia and Algiers. Two years of armed conflict in Kabylia followed, leaving more than 400 dead and most FLN leaders from Kabylia exiled or executed. These events created a sense of betrayal, which has made many Berbers suspicious of the government. An example would be Lounès Matoub's death. Lounès Matoub was a Berber secularist and activist who was murdered by Islamic extremists. Many Berbers believed he was killed by the government, chanting "Pouvoir, Assasins" (Government, Murderers) at his funeral.

Currently, the construction of the opposing ideologies is argued to be political and social in nature rather than ethnic. The dynamics were shifted when the Berber movement entered to make demands in the political sphere. Many of these demands arose from the region of Kabyle in Algeria. Kabylian Berbers constitute two-thirds of the Berber population and have been the strongest advocates for the Berber movement. The second-largest group are the Chaoui Berbers who reside in the Aures mountains. While the elite sphere consisted of the Kabyle population, the Chaoui played an important role due to their military influence. On the whole, the Berberophones make up roughly 25% of the Algerian population, constituting seven to eight million people. In 2002, Tamazight was declared a national language in Algeria alongside Arabic to accommodate this large percentage of the population. In 2016 it was declared to be an official language, and efforts are underway to create a Standard variation of the Algerian Berber dialects.

1940 to 1950 Berberist crisis
The developments of 1940 to 1950 constituted a period of social unrest in Algerian politics which would set the framework for the coming years. The emergence of the Algerian Arabism-Islamism Nationalist framework meant to combat colonialism was accompanied by the emergence of Berberism, to combat this Arabism-Islamism. The Berbers demanded for the redefinition of the society they were historically a part of (linguistically and culturally): they wanted an 'Algerian Algeria' to represent all the ethnic and cultural minorities of the nation. The Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD) continued to impose the Arabism-Islamism framework and were denounced as anti-democratic by Berber activists.

The MTLD refused to acknowledge these minorities because it would have hindered their advancement in the provincial elections. This led to the beginning of open conflict between Berber partisans and "Arab unity" advocates: the outbreak of the Berber crisis. At this stage, the Algerian People's Party (PPA) and MTLD, both headquartered in Paris, had merged to advance the Berber platform. They wanted to replace the single-party state system with democracy. This 'Algerian Algeria' would include the contributions, histories and cultures of all the ethnic populations. The platform as stated by Rachid Ali revolved around the fact that the Berbers should break the status quo that they have no place in society, as Algeria does not belong to the Arab world but was instead a nation for all its citizens. With the adoption of this platform, the Berber activists were seen as a threat to unity and independence by the Arabists-Islamists, on the account that "the Berbers wished to impose the Western agenda on Algeria".

Effects of 1962 constitution and Arabization
The 1962 Constitution declared that Islam was the state religion and Arabic was the national language. These two aspects of identity became mutually exclusive to be Algerian. In turn, linguistic and cultural diversity was interpreted as a threat to national unity. Rapid Arabization measures were implemented after independence in 1962 which sought to spread the Arabic language throughout the country. This was largely in an attempt to reclaim and reconstruct the Algerian identity which was lost during French colonial rule.

The rise in Arabic speakers and education institutions was accompanied by the decline in the Berber speakers. Linguistic ability was a large factor in Berber identification meaning its decline was a threat to the survival of the Berber identity. The Berber narrative stated that the rapid Arab-Islamic conquest was rising at the expense of the Berber identity. The Berber struggle was seen as an uphill battle. Furthermore, these Arabization measures stigmatized the Berber speakers vis-à-vis the Arabic speakers through the creation of more rigid divides between the communities. Political and social power was seen to lie with the Arabs who imposed their will on the Berber minority.

Outburst of 1980s: the Berber question, the Berber Spring, the rise of political parties
The Berber Question was revived during this period. The youth of Kabyle fought for the assertion of their Berber culture in a post-independent Arabist-Islamist Algeria. Repression of Berber particularism combined with the accelerating programs of Arabization in schools and universities led to the sharpening of the divide and the eventual outbreak of the 1980 Berber Spring. The catalyst was set on 10 March 1980, when the government banned a lecture given by Mouloud Mammeri on Ancient Berber poetry at the University of Tizi Ouzou. Strikes continued until 26 June. The Berber demonstrations in Algeria of that year were the first instance in the international scene where a Berber group demanded recognition on the institutional level of their culture, language, and place in society. The later 1980s saw a rise in Berber associations, political parties and cultural movements. Article 56 of the 1976 constitution stated that preliminary certification was needed in order to establish associations, over which the administration had discretionary power. Legally, this meant that no Berber associations could exist from 1962 until this was amended out of the constitution in 1988. Underground Berber groups could now officially register themselves, and by July 1989 there were officially 154 of these organizations. Of the most notable included the Berber Cultural Movement (MCB) which held its first official meeting in July 1989 in Tizi Ouzo. The MCB comprised French intellectuals and Kabliyan students with the agenda to oppose Arabization, call for recognition of Berber culture and language, and implement a Western style democracy. The MCB mobilized large groups of people and coordinated multiple protests to advance Berber culture, language, and position in civil society. However, the MCB had major limits on the account that the MCB was unable to resist the partisan tensions between the FFS and the RCD.

Creation of the High Commission for Amazighity (HCA) in 1995
The creation of the HCA is regarded as the first step by the government to recognize the language of the Berber population, Tamazight. The commission would be attached to the office of the President and the commissioner would be appointed by the President to oversee the initiatives undertaken to advance and institutionalize the Berber language. The HCA was officially created by a decree on 8 May 1995, meaning it was in a fragile state due to its revocability. The government refused to acknowledge Tamazight as a national language alongside Arabic, while this decree was meant "to rehabilitate one of the components of the national culture and identity of all Algerians. It [was] in no way a recognition of linguistic or cultural rights of a particular area or minority".

Constitutional reform of 1996
Changes in the constitution reflected this recognition and advancement of Berber language. The 1989 constitution made no mention of Berberism and declared in its second and third articles that "Islam is the religion of the state" and "Arabic is the national and official language". Whereas these two amendments were carried forward to the 1996 constitution, there was also the addition of a preamble which stated that "the fundamental components of its [Algeria's] identity are Islam, "Arabness", and Berberness. Later in the preamble, was the mention that "Algeria is the land of Islam, an integral part of the Greater Maghreb, an Arab, Mediterranean and African country," subsequently contradicting the weight of the former advancement. Nonetheless, it was among the first steps towards recognition taken by the government.

1998 protests
Berber communities broke out in mass protest against the law which declared Arabic as the only legitimate language in Algeria. This law was originally declared in 1991 and meant to go into effect on 5 July 1998. Throughout the years Kabyle culturists had continued to oppose the implantation of this law, mobilizing again for this cause. The last Berber mobilization of this size had been the Berber springs. Tension had been built up throughout the years by this law, however the catalyst which fueled this outbreak was the assassination of Lounes Matoub on 25 June 1998, an Algerian Berber singer and activist, by the Group Islamique Armee (GIA). Matoub had just arrived from France and was on track to release his 4th CD criticizing post-independence regime and asserting the Berber identity. On June 28, his funeral was held and 100,000 Berbers came together to protest, which resulted in the continuation of week-long outbursts of violence targeted at government property. Banners titled "no peace without the Berber language," "we are not Arabs," and "pouvoir assassin, [President Liamine] Zeroual assassin" could be seen throughout the protests.

Azawad and Mali
Tuareg people in Mali rebelled several times during the 20th century before finally forcing the Malian armed forces to withdraw below the line demarcating Azawad from southern Mali during the 2012 rebellion. On 6 April 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad issued a declaration of independence for the territory it claims as a homeland for the Tuareg, a Berber people, citing what it alleged to be discrimination against the indigenous peoples of the Azawad by the government of Mali.

Historical construction of ethnic divides
The Berber Dahir is a dhahir (decree) created by the French protectorate in Morocco on 16 May 1930. This dhahir changed the legal system in parts of Morocco, it replaced the pre-colonial Islamic Sharia system in Berber areas with old pre-Islamic Berber laws, which many Moroccan nationalists saw as an attempt by the French to weaken the authority of the Makhzen and strengthen the autonomy of Berber tribes, causing public demonstrations and protests against the French in all Moroccan cities. The new legal system in Berber communities would ostensibly be based on local Berber laws and customs rather than the authority of the sultan. The legal system in the rest of the country remained the way it had been before the French invasion.

The Berber Dahir reinforced a dichotomy in popular Moroccan historiography: the division of the country into Bled el-Makhzen—areas under the direct control of the Sultan and the Makhzen, or the state, (especially urban areas such as Fes and Rabat)—and Bled es-Siba—typically geographically isolated areas beyond the direct control of the state, where Berber languages are primarily spoken and where Islamic Sharia was not applied. The former was described as Arab and the latter as Berber.

Achievements of the Berberist movement
The Berber gilding in Morocco shone after the speech given by the monarch Mohamed VI in October 2001, in Ajdir, Khenifra region. His words deflated the outburst of the Berber activists and intellectuals who, a year ago, had presented to the Palace a document referred to as the Berber Manifesto, which demanded the national and legal recognition of the Berber identity.

On 17 October 2001, in the presence of his advisors, the members of the government, the leaders of the political parties and unions, and Berber activists, King Mohammed VI announced the royal decree (dahir) that established the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture (L'Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe, IRCAM). He defined Moroccan national identity as a composition of different cultural elements, underlined that the Berber language constituted a principal element of the national culture, and added that its promotion was a national responsibility. The Royal Institute was charged with the promotion of Berber culture in education and media. While redefining Moroccan identity so as to incorporate Berberness.

The establishment of IRCAM represented the first substantial change in the state's attitude towards its Berber population from a policy of subtle neglect to explicit recognition and support. There was an attempt at creating a Berberist party in 2005, when Omar Louz, a long-time Berberist, former member of the Popular Movement and cofounder of the Amazigh World Congress, founded the Amazigh Moroccan Democratic Party. However, the party was banned by the Moroccan Interior Ministry on 25 November 2007 because its name infringes on the Moroccan law on political parties, which forbids parties explicitly based on ethnicity or religion. It then tried to be legally reestablished under a new denomination (Izegzawen) to promote Berber identity, political secularism, and Berber cultural rights, without success.

Canary Islands
Beginning with Antonio Cubillo's MPAIAC in the early 1970s, some Canarian nationalist organizations have supported Berberism in order to emphasize native Guanche cultural difference with Spanish culture and highlight Spanish colonialism. Although the movements attracted sympathies among local Canarios, the violent terror actions used initially by Cubillo's movement brought about a general rejection. Thus, even after Cubillo publicly renounced the armed struggle in August 1979, he failed to inspire much popular support.

Currently some political organizations in the Canary Islands such as the National Congress of the Canaries (CNC), the Popular Front of the Canary Islands (FREPIC-AWAÑAK), Alternativa Popular Canaria, Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC), Nueva Canarias (NC), Alternativa Popular Canaria (APC), Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria (ANC), Unidad del Pueblo (UP), Inekaren and Azarug espouse the pro-Berber cause in a higher or lower degree. Some of the symbols and colors of the flags of the Canarian pro-independence organizations, as well as the use of the word 'Taknara' (rejected by Cubillo himself) to refer to the archipelago, are seeking to represent Berber cultural roots.

title: Berberism


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Thomas Claiborne (1780–1856)

Thomas Claiborne (May 17, 1780 – January 7, 1856) was an American politician and a United States Representative for the state of Tennessee.

Early life and family background
Son of Mary & Thomas B. Claiborne was born in Brunswick County, Virginia. The Claiborne family was one of the First Families of Virginia since the 17th century, when an earlier Thomas Claiborne sat in the House of Burgesses representing King William County (and he or his son established the historic house at Sweet Hall). This boy's father, who also served as a Virginia legislator and U.S. Congressman, was the fifth generation to hold such political and economic power.

Military officer, planter and lawyer
This Thomas Claiborne served on the staff of Gen. Andrew Jackson in the Creek War, with the rank of Major. He studied law and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1807. He owned slaves.

Politician
As a member of Tennessee House of Representatives from 1811 to 1812, fellow delegates elected him as their Speaker, so he presided over the latter sessions. Claiborne also served as a United States Marshal. Elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fifteenth Congress, Claiborne served from March 4, 1817 to March 3, 1819. He also served as Mayor of Nashville in 1818.

Death
Claiborne died on January 7, 1856, at the age of 75 years, 235 days. He is interred at Nashville City Cemetery, Nashville, Tennessee.

Personal life
Claiborne represented Hiram Lodge No. 7 and Cumberland Lodge No. 8, of the Free and Accepted Masons, at the formation of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee on December 27, 1813. He was chosen Most Worshipful Grand Master of Tennessee from 1813 to 1814. He resumed the practice of law in Nashville.

title: Thomas Claiborne (1780–1856)


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BMT Brooklyn Loops

The Nassau Street Loop, also called the Nassau Loop, was a service pattern of the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) inaugurated in 1931 when the BMT Nassau Street Line was completed, providing a physical link that allowed a train to originate in Brooklyn, run through Lower Manhattan and return to Brooklyn without having to terminate and reverse the direction of the train. Nassau Loop services have not been able to operate since 1967, when the Loop line's connection to the Manhattan Bridge was severed.

The Centre Street Loop was a similar service proposal that was never completed. Together, they are referred to as the BMT Brooklyn Loops.

Services
Trains using the Nassau Street Loop originated on the services to Coney Island and Bay Ridge. All the services merged at DeKalb Avenue station, and then split into four tracks over the Manhattan Bridge and two through the Montague Street Tunnel. Before the Nassau Street Line opened, the following service patterns were used:

 * via bridge — from the Manhattan Bridge north tracks towards Midtown Manhattan
 * via bridge — from the Manhattan Bridge south tracks to Chambers Street
 * via tunnel — from the Montague Street Tunnel towards Midtown or turning short at City Hall

The Nassau Street Line was completed on May 30, 1931, and a fourth service pattern was added: the Nassau Street Loop. Trains could enter Manhattan along the south bridge tracks or through the tunnel and return via the other.

The Nassau Street Loop opened with two regular rush hour services, Monday– Saturday:

In 1934 two "Bankers' Specials" were added. Unlike the two existing regular services, these were special runs, one express service from the Brighton Line and another express from the Fourth Avenue Line. They operated during morning rush-hour only.

In 1950, Nassau Loop service reached its greatest extent when both Bankers' Specials added evening rush-hour service.

On May 28, 1959, in a massive round of service cuts known locally as the "May Massacre," Culver–Nassau service was eliminated entirely. The West End–Nassau trains ceased using the Manhattan Bridge part of the loop, turning at Chambers Street instead.

The Brighton and Fourth Avenue Bankers' Specials continued until the opening of the Chrystie Street Connection in 1967 with various permutations of routing but, by the time service ended, only the Fourth Avenue Bankers' Specials carried passengers over the Bridge. Brighton Bankers' trains operated northbound in the morning and southbound in the evening, using the bridge, but running "light" without passengers.

Background
The Brooklyn Loops system, in its earliest incarnation, grew out of the desire of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge Company to make its cable railway more efficient by altering terminal facilities at the New York (Manhattan) end so that there would have been a modest downtown loop allowing trains to return to Brooklyn without reversing direction. This plan, proposed in 1888, five years after the bridge's opening, would also have included walking transfer facilities to future expected subway lines.

By 1891, municipal planning for roads, bridges and railways had advanced to the point that bills were proposed to build an elevated railway loop to connect the Brooklyn Bridge with the planned bridges that became known as the Williamsburg Bridge and Manhattan Bridge.

Consolidation of New York City with the City of Brooklyn and other suburbs in 1898 provided added political interest in a comprehensive way of dealing with the massive numbers of Brooklynites pouring into the overburdened Park Row elevated terminal and the anticipated crowds from future bridges. The Brooklyn Loops concept became an essential element of BRT planning for operation through downtown Manhattan by 1911, by that time planned as subway loops that would not only connect all three bridges, by then built, but an extension to the southern tip of Manhattan, returning to Brooklyn via a rail-only tunnel to be constructed.

There were to be two loop lines allowing BRT trains to enter lower Manhattan via one line, pass through Chambers Street, and return to Brooklyn via a different route, obviating the need for terminal facilities and lessening the necessity for turning trains in the Financial District.

The Nassau Street Loop was formed by tracks of the Montague Street Tunnel, BMT Nassau Street Line and Manhattan Bridge south tracks. The loop allowed trains from any BMT Southern Division subway line (service numbers 1 to 5) to operate northbound through DeKalb Avenue, take either the tunnel or the bridge, and then return southbound through DeKalb Avenue via the opposite route.

The other loop line, never finished, was the Centre Street Loop, formed by the Williamsburg Bridge, the Centre Street Line (now part of the BMT Nassau Street Line) and the Brooklyn Bridge. It would have allowed BMT Eastern Division trains to operate to or from Manhattan over the Broadway Elevated (now the BMT Jamaica Line) and return via any of the elevated lines splitting from the Brooklyn Bridge.

The Centre Street subway carried four tracks from a point just west of the former Essex Street terminal of the BMT Broadway Elevated in Brooklyn to Canal Street, where the two center tracks terminated. Just south of that station, the Nassau Street Loop tracks entered from the bridge, providing four tracks again through Chambers Street. Just south of Chambers Street, the two center tracks end. Original plans called for the two west tracks, coming from the Jamaica Line, to rise onto the Brooklyn Bridge as part of the Centre Street Loop. The Nassau Street Line continues south as a two-track subway to the Montague Street Tunnel, where it merges with the BMT Broadway Line.

The Chrystie Street Connection opened in 1967, connecting the two north tracks on the Manhattan Bridge to the IND Sixth Avenue Line, and the south tracks to the northbound BMT Broadway Line. The connection to the BMT Nassau Street Line was cut off.

title: BMT Brooklyn Loops


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Farrant

Farrant is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Daniel Farrant (1575–1651), English composer, viol player and instrument maker
 * Danny Farrant, English drummer
 * David Farrant (born 1960), New Zealand cricketer
 * Anthony Farrant (1955–2013), New Zealand cricketer
 * David Farrant, psychic investigator in the Highgate Vampire case
 * Gary Farrant (born 1946), Australian football player
 * John Farrant, (perhaps more than one) sixteenth century organist in Salisbury Cathedral and Ely Cathedral
 * M. A. C. Farrant (born 1947), Canadian short fiction writer, memoirist, journalist, and humourist
 * Otto Farrant (born 1996), British actor
 * Paul Farrant, British slalom canoer
 * Percy Farrant (1868–1921), Welsh cricketer and educator
 * Richard Farrant (c. 1525–1580), English composer of church music
 * Samuel Farrant, English footballer
 * Tash Farrant (born 1996), English cricketer
 * Trevor Duguid Farrant (born 1966), Cornish author and statistician
 * Walt Farrant (1912–1977), Canadian ice hockey player

Given name

 * Farrant Reed (1865–1911), English cricketer

title: Farrant


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Finch (disambiguation)

A finch is a passerine bird, often seed-eating, found chiefly in the northern hemisphere and Africa.

Finch may also refer to:

Canada

 * Finch, a former township in North Stormont, Ontario
 * Finch Avenue, a major arterial road running through suburban Toronto
 * Finch (TTC), a subway station pertaining to Finch Avenue, Toronto
 * Finch Bus Terminal, a bus terminal pertaining to Finch Avenue, Toronto, but, also serves York Region

Elsewhere

 * Finch County, New South Wales, Australia
 * Mount Finch, a mountain in Antarctica

People

 * Finch (rapper), German rapper
 * Finch (surname), including a list of people with that name
 * Justice Finch (disambiguation)
 * Baron Finch (disambiguation), two titles

Transportation

 * Finch Restorations, a car restoration company
 * Pungs Finch, an American automobile

 * Fleet Finch, a training biplane

Ships

 * HMS Finch, formerly USS Eagle before her capture in 1813
 * MV Finch, a ship that tried to deliver supplies to Gaza in May 2011
 * USS Finch, two American ships

Entertainment and media

 * Finch (novel), a 2009 fantasy novel by Jeff VanderMeer
 * Finch (film), a 2021 film starring Tom Hanks
 * Finch (American band), a post-hardcore group popular in the 2000s
 * Finch (Australian band), active in the 1970s, later known as Contraband
 * Finch (Dutch band), a progressive rock group popular in the 1970s
 * The Finches, American folk pop band
 * Finch (album), a 2009 album by Murder By Death
 * Finch (EP), the post-hardcore group's eponymous EP

Facilities and structures

 * Finch Building (disambiguation), various American buildings
 * Finch College, a defunct women's college in Manhattan, New York
 * Finch Field, a baseball venue in Thomasville, North Carolina
 * Finch House (disambiguation), various American buildings

Other uses

 * Finch (software), an open-source console-based version of the instant messaging client Pidgin

title: Finch (disambiguation)


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Broadway Line

Broadway Line refers to the following transit lines:

 * In Brooklyn
 * Broadway Line (Brooklyn elevated) (rapid transit, now the BMT Jamaica Line); served by the trains
 * Broadway Line (Brooklyn surface) (bus, formerly streetcar)

 * In Manhattan
 * BMT Broadway Line (rapid transit); served by the trains
 * IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (rapid transit); served by the trains
 * Broadway Line (Lower Manhattan surface), Broadway and Amsterdam Avenue Line, Broadway and Columbus Avenue Line, and Broadway and Lexington Avenue Line (bus, formerly streetcar) on Broadway below Times Square
 * Broadway and University Place Line, an older streetcar line using Broadway between Union Square and Times Square
 * Broadway Line (Midtown Manhattan surface) (bus, formerly streetcar) on Broadway from 42nd Street to 125th Street
 * Broadway-Kingsbridge Line (bus, formerly streetcar) on Broadway from near 169th Street to the Bronx
 * Broadway and 145th Street Line (bus, formerly streetcar) on Broadway from near 169th Street to the city line

 * Elsewhere
 * Broadway Line (Queens surface) (bus, formerly streetcar)
 * Broadway Bus (Bayonne), New Jersey
 * Broadway Line (Baltimore) (bus, formerly streetcar)

title: Broadway Line


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Talk:Thomas Claiborne (1780–1856)

Untitled
The text of article was obtained from public domain site. Darwinek 21:32, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Claiborne (1780–1856)


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User:Galahad~enwiki

We should keep this article for the simple reason that there isn't a good justification not to.

title: User:Galahad~enwiki