text: User talk:63.173.140.236

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:63.173.140.236


text:
Adam Maida

Adam Joseph Maida (born March 18, 1930) is an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Detroit from 1990 to 2009, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1994. He previously served as Bishop of Green Bay from 1984 to 1990.

Early life and education
Maida was born on March 18, 1930, in East Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, to Adam and Sophie (née Cieslak) Maida. The oldest of three children, he has two brothers, Thaddeus (who also became a priest) and Daniel. His father immigrated from Poland at age 16, while his mother was the daughter of Polish immigrants. He and his brothers attended public schools in East Vandergrift since there were no local Catholic schools. Maida attended Vandergrift High School and Scott Township High School, each for one year.

During his second year of high school, Maida decided to enter the priesthood. He entered St. Mary's Preparatory School in Orchard Lake Village, Michigan, graduating from there in 1948. He then entered St. Mary's College, also in Orchard Lake Village. In 1950, Maida transferred to Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, where he earned a Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1952. He received a Licentiate of Sacred Theology from St. Mary's University in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1956.

Ordination and ministry
On May 26, 1956, Maida was ordained a priest for the Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh by then Bishop John Dearden at the Cathedral of St. Paul in Pittsburgh. After his ordination, Maida's first assignment was as assistant pastor of St. Elizabeth of Hungary Parish in Pleasant Hills, Pennsylvania. He later served at Holy Innocents Parish in Sheraden, Pennsylvania.

In 1958, Bishop Dearden sent Maida to Rome to study at the Pontifical Lateran University, where he earned a Licentiate of Canon Law in 1960. He received his Juris Doctor from Duquesne University School of Law in Pittsburgh in 1964; he was admitted to practice law for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Federal Bar in Western Pennsylvania, and the U.S. Supreme Court.

Maida served as vice-chancellor and general counsel (1965–1983) of the diocese. In 1968, he was elected president of the Canon Law Society of America. He served on a papal commission to draft a due process procedure giving the laity legal recourse within the church, and participated in the revision of the Code of Canon Law; for the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, he worked on the adoption of a due process procedure and chaired the bishops' Canonical Affairs Committee.

Maida served as a member of the diocesan tribunal, assistant professor of theology at La Roche College in McCandless, Pennsylvania, and adjunct professor of law at Duquesne University Law School (1971–1983). He was also chaplain of the St. Thomas More Society.

Bishop of Green Bay
On November 8, 1983, Pope John Paul II appointed Maida as the ninth bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay. He received his episcopal consecration on January 25, 1984, from Archbishop Pio Laghi, with Bishops Aloysius Wycisło and Vincent Leonard serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier in Green Bay.

During his tenure in Green Bay, Maida appointed the diocese's first female chancellor and first female parish director. He also established a diocesan planning council and ministry formation program, initiated a diocesan census, implemented the RCIA process, and raised $9 million through Lumen Christi education endowment campaign.

Archbishop of Detroit
On April 28, 1990, John Paul II appointed Maida as the fourth archbishop of the Archdiocese of Detroit. He was installed on June 12, 1990. On November 26, 1994, John Paul II elevated Maida to the Sacred College of Cardinals as Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Vitale, Valeria, Gervasio e Protasio. In 2000, Maida was appointed the first superior of the Mission sui iuris of the Cayman Islands.

In April 2005, following the death of John Paul II, Maida traveled to the Vatican as a cardinal elector to participate in the conclave that selected Pope Benedict XVI. Maida is no longer eligible to vote in any future conclaves as he reached his 80th birthday. On March 18, 2005, Maida sent his letter of resignation to Pope Benedict XVI, having reached the mandatory retirement age of 75. The Vatican asked Maida to remain archbishop until further notice. On June 8, 2006, Maida celebrated the 50th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood.

In January 2007, Maida relieved Auxiliary Bishop Emeritus Thomas Gumbleton of his pastoral duties at St. Leo Parish in Detroit. Gumbleton claimed he was being punished by Maida for his outspoken views on sexual abuse crimes by clergy. Maida claimed that he was following church rules on retirement of bishops.

Retirement
On January 5, 2009, the Holy See announced acceptance of Maida's resignation and the appointment of Bishop Allen Vigneron, from the Diocese of Oakland, as his successor. Vigneron was installed on January 28, 2009, at the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament in Detroit Maida became apostolic administrator of the Archdiocese of Detroit and assisted Vigneron with the transition.

Maida celebrated his final Mass at the cathedral on January 25, 2009. This was also held in celebration of the 25th anniversary of his consecration as a bishop.

title: Adam Maida


text: Category:Welsh jockeys

title: Category:Welsh jockeys


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Corylus colurna

Corylus colurna, the Turkish hazel or Turkish filbert, is a deciduous tree native to southeast Europe and southwest Asia, from the Balkans through northern Turkey to northern Iran.

Description
It is a large species of hazel, reaching 25 m tall, with a stout trunk up to 1.5 m in diameter; the crown is slender and conical in young trees, becoming broader with age. The bark is pale grey-buff, with a thick, corky texture.

The leaves are deciduous, rounded, 6–15 cm long and 5–13 cm across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a coarsely double-serrate to shallowly lobed margin. The main limbs are quite small in diameter in relationship to the straight trunk, and arise at almost a 90-degree angle. Making the tree quite durable to urban conditions and helps maintain a symmetrical crown which landscape architects love so much.

The flowers bloom in early spring before the leaves, and are unisexual, with single-sex catkins; the male pale yellow and 5–10 cm long, the female very small and largely concealed in the buds, with only the bright red 1–3 mm long styles visible. The flowers on female trees are not very visible. On male trees, however, the flowers are visible.

The fruit is a nut sometimes called "Turkish nuts" about 1–2 cm long, surrounded by a thick, softly spiny and bristly involucre (husk) 3 cm diameter, which encloses all but the tip of the nut; the nuts are borne in tight clusters of 3-8 together, with the involucres fused at the base. The fruit matures in September and is edible, with a taste that is very similar to common hazels. They are occasionally gathered from the wild as well as from urban trees, but their small size (smaller than common hazel nuts) and very hard, thick nut shell (3 mm thick) makes them of little or no commercial value. Corylus colurna is however important in commercial hazelnut orchards, as it does not sucker, making it the ideal rootstock on which to graft the nut-bearing common hazel cultivars. The nut can only be found on female trees. Nut production is irregular and occurs every two to three years

Root
Corylus colurna has fibrous roots. The roots of Corylus colurna are not adventitious, meaning they do not form suckers. This makes Corylus colurna desirable for grafting on the rootstock over a single stemmed trees. This allows Corylus colurna to be grown in poorer and rocky soils.

Cultivation
Corylus colurna has a medium growth rate. It is occasionally drought tolerant and alkaline soil tolerant. However, it prefers moist, well-drained soil, as well as full sun. Once established Corylus colurna is tolerant of heat, cold, and drought.

There are no serious pests or problems with Corylus colurna.

Corylus colurna is not easily transplantable and will need extra watering in summer after transplanting. It will take about two years after transplant for the tree to become established and survive on its own.

Corylus colurna has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Propagation
The most common form of propagation for Corylus colurna is by seed. It is best sown as soon as it is harvested in autumn in a cold frame. The seed will germinate in late winter or spring. If starting with a stored seed, the seed should be pre-soaked in warm water for 48 hours and then given 2 weeks warm followed by 3 to 4 months cold stratification. This will allow the seed to germinate in 1 to 6 months if kept at 20 °C. Once the seed is large enough to handle, pick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame or sheltered place outdoors for their first winter. You can plant the seed into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer.

Identification Features
There are a couple distinct features to identify Corylus colurna. Leaves are alternate, simple, broadly ovate to obovate, doubly serrate, glabrous above, and pubescent veins below. Corylus colurnas buds are 1/3 inch long, green tinted brown. and softly pubescent. Young trees have gray stems.

Uses
Besides its use as a single-stem rootstock for Corylus avellana, Corylus colurna is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree in Europe and North America. It is very tolerant of difficult growing conditions in urban situations, which in recent decades has increased its popularity in civic planting schemes. Turkish hazel makes a good shade tree since it produces very dense shade, and its narrow crown and ability to withstand air-pollution make it well suited for use as a street tree in urban areas. It makes a rather formal statement in the landscape due to the tight, consistently-shaped, narrow crown. It is well suited for areas which have restricted overhead. Corylus colurna is also used in different sized parking lot islands and a variety of wide lawns. It is recommended for a buffer strip around parking lots or highways. Also it is used as a street tree, specimen tree, or in sidewalk cut outs. Other landscape uses for Corylus colurna are for fruit, difficult and dry sites, naturalistic areas, and street trees.

Related species
Similar species Corylus jacquemontii, once considered as a variety of Coryllus colurna, is found growing wild in the forests of Western Himalayan range in the north Indian state of Himachal Pradesh particularly in the temperate regions of districts of Kullu, Shimla, Kinnaur district and Chamba district.

title: Corylus colurna


text:
Talk:Nssis-class Clawcraft

I would suggest waiting a day or two before deleting this page. The creator or someone else might fill it out. --Kross 9:05, 10 Feb 2005 (EST)

My apologies for the mistake. I accidentally pressed save instead of preview. I have corrected the problem now, the article is up now.--Shadowtrooper 03:00, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nssis-class Clawcraft


text:
User talk:Starwed

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! ---CH (talk) 15:57, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
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Partial table of elementary particles
ddu 2.60×10-8

Date links
This is regarding the article Gnarls Barkley. Please note that per Wikipedia's guidelinies regarding date formatting, dates containing a month and a day are linked to to allow readers' date preferences to work. --Fritz S. (Talk) 11:10, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Heat melodrama
ScienceApologist was apparently ticked of that TWTTTL decided to merge heat into thermal energy. Part of the problem is that TWTTTL thought that he was right and was completely unwilling to compromise, to consult any references, or to admit he was wrong. ScienceApologist had the correct information, but he could not understand how TWTTTL could be so stubborn, nor could he persuade TWTTTL (who is impervious to persuasion). The two then engaged in an edit war over heat. I think it was the fact that TWTTTL was completely impervious to logic that drove ScienceApologist away.

I have had encounters with TWTTTL before. TWTTTL thinks that he is always right and is unwilling to compromise. If you have any encounters with him, I suggest immediately finding an administrator and seeking invervention. Negotiation with him is useless. Dr. Submillimeter 20:51, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Magnetic field
Thanks for your comments over on talk:Magnetic field and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Physics. I think the correct strategy for dealing with this anon is going to be references to reliable sources (like Griffiths and Jackson), consensus building, and succinct statements addressing/correcting this anons interpretations. The anon is given to long, drawn-out explanations, and indulging in this kind of debate with him doesn't appear at all productive. Please continue to keep an eye on the discussion and feel free to throw in thoughts when you can, especially as this will be the key to consensus building. Again, thanks for your responses. --FyzixFighter 17:51, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:PaperXI Small.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 16:59, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Starwed


text: Category:British jockeys

title: Category:British jockeys


text: User talk:67.171.159.15

title: User talk:67.171.159.15


text: Category:Swedish television series

title: Category:Swedish television series


text: Category:British footballers

title: Category:British footballers


text:
Neal Horsley

Otis O'Neal Horsley, Jr. (April 15, 1944 – April 13, 2015 ) was a militant anti-abortion activist and Christian Reconstructionist who produced a website called the Nuremberg Files, which provided the home addresses of abortion providers in the United States.

The "Nuremberg Files"
The Nuremberg Files is a website that displays the names and locations of various doctors who perform abortions throughout the United States. They came under fire as controversial because they provided photos, addresses, and other personal data of abortion providers. They also updated the listings of those doctors who had been killed or injured by anti-abortion activists, suggesting approval for such anti-abortion violence. The name is a reference to the Nuremberg Trials, where Nazi German leadership were sentenced to death for their involvement in the Holocaust and other Nazi war crimes.

While the original site was shut down in 2002, it has reappeared more than once on other ISPs. Horsley was forced to change his Internet service provider numerous times due to the site's content, and his website has been hacked on several occasions.

It has been stated that information from the Nuremberg Files site was used by James Charles Kopp to track down and kill Buffalo doctor Barnett Slepian in 1998. Kopp fled the country (becoming a fugitive in Canada) but allegedly maintained contact with Horsley while on the run. Kopp was later arrested in France and extradited to New York, where he is serving a life sentence.

After Slepian's murder, Planned Parenthood's president Gloria Feldt denounced Horsley's website at a press conference. The publicity generated hundreds of thousands of hits (Horsley claimed 400,000). Horsley was named as a co-conspirator in a successful civil suit, Planned Parenthood v. American Coalition of Life Activists, filed by Planned Parenthood over the information compiled by him and "Unwanted Posters" of doctors, which was judged by the court to constitute a threat of violence, even without an explicit call to violence. The U.S. Supreme Court has twice refused to hear the case, upholding the ruling, but asking that the punitive damages be reconsidered. Punitive damages were reduced from $108 million to $4.7 million. The ruling also provides for $11 million in treble damages and $526,000 in compensatory damages.

As part of the judgment, Horsley was to take down the "Nuremberg Files" section of his website. The verdict was later overturned on appeal, and the files returned. The case was reheard en banc, and the court determined that the files constituted "true threats" that are not constitutionally protected. Karin Spaink ran a mirror of the site in the Netherlands for about a week after the district court decision. She later decided to take down the mirror website.

Waagner incident
In 2001, self-described militant Clayton Waagner, an armed bank robber who had escaped from an Illinois prison, showed up at Horsley's home brandishing a firearm. Horsley alleged that Waagner told him that he was stalking and planned to kill 42 abortion clinic workers who were profiled on the website, and presented evidence that he was the author of hundreds of phony anthrax letters that had been sent to abortion clinics and elected officials. Going to the media after his meeting with Waagner brought more attention to Horsley and his website. Waagner was arrested in December 2001, and is now serving a lengthy prison sentence.

Lawsuits
During an appearance on Upfront Tonight on CNBC, Geraldo Rivera accused Horsley of "aiding and abetting a homicide" in the Slepian murder. Horsley sued Rivera for libel and slander, but the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals found against Horsley, concluding that Rivera was merely "expressing his belief that Horsley shared in the moral culpability for Dr. Slepian's death". Horsley also unsuccessfully sued Gloria Feldt of Planned Parenthood and Kim Gandy of the National Organization for Women for similar statements.

Run for Governor
In 2010, Horsley ran unsuccessfully for governor of Georgia, under his Creator's Rights Party, on a nullification platform.

Elton John
Horsley was arrested in 2010 for making terrorist threats, after posting a YouTube video stating: "We're here today to remind Elton John that he has to die". The charges were subsequently dropped.

Bestiality
During an interview in 2005 Horsley said that he had engaged in bestiality when he was a 'rowdy' adolescent 'in a state of perpetual confusion' pre-conversion, saying "I did everything that crossed my mind that looked like I[...] I was a fool. When you grow up on a farm in Georgia, your first girlfriend is a mule."

Death
Horsley died on April 13, 2015, in Carrollton, Georgia, two days before his 71st birthday.

title: Neal Horsley


text:
USS Point Defiance

USS Point Defiance (LSD-31) was a Thomaston-class dock landing ship of the United States Navy. She was named for Point Defiance, a location in Pierce County, Washington, the site of a military reservation established by the U.S. Government in 1866. She was the second ship assigned that name. The construction of the first ship, Casa Grande-class dock landing ship Point Defiance (LSD-23), was canceled on 17 August 1945.

Point Defiance (LSD–31) was laid down on 23 November 1953 by Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp., Pascagoula, Miss.; launched on 28 September 1954, sponsored by Mrs. Arthur D. Struble; and commissioned on 31 March 1955.

1955–1962
Following shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico, the new dock landing ship arrived Long Beach, California, in July 1955 and joined Amphibious Squadron 7, Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet.

After two deployments to the western Pacific, Point Defiance became one of the first rocket-launching surface ships to support the 1958 International Geophysical Year Solar Eclipse Expedition to the South Pacific. Launchers on deck fired eight Nike-Asp sounding rockets to collect scientific data during the eclipse.

In May 1959 Point Defiance participated in the large scale and highly successful amphibious "Operation Twin Peaks" off Oceanside, California In February 1960 Point Defiance made her third cruise to the western Pacific, participating in "Operation Blue Star", a combined amphibious operation with Chinese Nationalist Forces. In June 1960 she participated in "Operation Sea Hawk", a combined amphibious landing with Republic of Korea forces and returned to Long Beach in July.

She operated off the West Coast during most of 1961, and made a brief cruise to Pearl Harbor and Okinawa. Point Defiance departed Long Beach for the western Pacific in January 1962. In May she landed Marines at Bangkok, Thailand. In October she transited the Panama Canal and steamed to the Caribbean ready to act if needed during the Cuban Quarantine.

1963–2011
In early 1963 Point Defiance carried bathyscaphe Trieste from San Diego through the Panama Canal to Boston for deep search operations into the cause of the loss of the nuclear submarine USS Thresher (SSN-593).

In September Point Defiance was on her way to the western Pacific again. In October she steamed to Vietnam to safeguard U.S. interests, and in November participated in another combined amphibious operation with the Republic of China.

From April to September 1964, Point Defiance operated in the eastern Pacific, then underwent overhaul. She departed for the western Pacific on 27 April 1965 and off-loaded men and equipment at Da Nang, South Vietnam, on 26 May. On 18 June she helped rescue survivors from the midair collision of two Guam-based B-52s. In July she landed Marines at Qui Nhơn, South Vietnam, and in early August helped salvage USS Frank Knox (DD-742), aground on Pratas Reef. In late August she took part in Operation Starlite, an amphibious raid at Van Tuong, South Vietnam, which inflicted heavy enemy casualties. After another successful amphibious landing, she returned home on 24 November.

Point Defiance again departed for the western Pacific on 27 March 1966, and began transporting troops and equipment from U.S. bases in the Far East to South Vietnam. She returned to Long Beach on 24 June, but deployed to South Vietnam again on 1 November. On 11 January 1967 Point Defiance participated in "Deckhouse V", a major U.S. operation in the Kien Hoa area. On 18 May she sent U.S. Marines on to the beach in the southern half of the Demilitarized Zone, exchanging fire with North Vietnamese shore batteries. She returned to Long Beach on 24 June.

On 7 May 1968 Point Defiance was off on another deployment to the western Pacific, once again with an amphibious ready group off Vietnam. She returned to Long Beach on 18 December.

In the summer of 1969, "Point Defiance" carried a contingent of Naval Academy Midshipmen from San Diego to Seattle to Honolulu and back to San Diego.

In 1972 the Point Defiance was again part of a Ready Group off the coast of Vietnam. It was part of a helicopter assault behind People's Army of Vietnam lines off the coast of northern South Vietnam in the area of Huế during the Easter Offensive of 1972.

 * [1968-2011]

Decommissioning, 1983–2011
Point Defiance was decommissioned on 30 September 1983 and her name struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 24 February 1992. She was sold to Pegasus Inc., on 29 September 1995, but repossessed by the Navy, 1 July 1997. Custody was transferred to Maritime Administration (MARAD), 18 December 1998, and she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Suisun Bay, Benicia, California. On 28 July 2011, Point Defiance was sold by MARAD to All Star Metals of Brownsville, Tx for $578,539 to be dismantled. Point Defiance departed the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet on 8 September to be cleaned by Allied Defense Recycling at the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard. Point Defiance was towed to Brownsville upon completion of the cleaning and was scrapped in October 2011.

title: USS Point Defiance


text:
Sigil (computer programming)

In computer programming, a sigil is a symbol affixed to a variable name, showing the variable's datatype or scope, usually a prefix, as in , where   is the sigil.

Sigil, from the Latin sigillum, meaning a "little sign", means a sign or image supposedly having magical power. Sigils can be used to separate and demarcate namespaces that possess different properties or behaviors.

Historical context
The use of sigils was popularized by the BASIC programming language. The best known example of a sigil in BASIC is the dollar sign (" ") appended to the names of all strings. Consequently, programmers outside America tend to pronounce  as "string" instead of "dollar". Many BASIC dialects use other sigils (like " ") to denote integers and floating-point numbers and their precision, and sometimes other types as well.

Larry Wall adopted shell scripting's use of sigils for his Perl programming language. In Perl, the sigils do not specify fine-grained data types like strings and integers, but the more general categories of scalars (using a prefixed " "), arrays (using " "), hashes (using " "), and subroutines (using " "). Raku also uses secondary sigils, or twigils, to indicate the scope of variables. Prominent examples of twigils in Raku include " " (caret), used with self-declared formal parameters ("placeholder variables"), and " ", used with object attribute accessors (i.e., instance variables).

Sigil use in some languages
In CLIPS, scalar variables are prefixed with a " " sigil, while multifield (e.g., a 1-level list) variables are prefixed with " ".

In Common Lisp, special variables (with dynamic scope) are typically surrounded with  in what is called the "earmuff convention". While this is only convention, and not enforced, the language itself adopts the practice (e.g., *standard-output*). Similarly, some programmers surround constants with.

In CycL, variables are prefixed with a " " sigil. Similarly, constant names are prefixed with " " (pronounced "hash-dollar").

In Elixir, sigils are provided via the " " symbol, followed by a letter to denote the type of sigil, and then delimiters. For example,  is a regular expression of "foo". Other sigils include  for strings and   for dates. Programmers can also create their own sigils.

In the esoteric INTERCAL, variables are a 16-bit integer identifier prefixed with either " " (called "spot") for 16-bit values, " " (called "twospot") for 32-bit values, " " ("tail") for arrays of 16-bit values and " " ("hybrid") for arrays of 32-bit values. The later CLC-Intercal added " " ("whirlpool") for a variable that can contain no value (used for classes) and " " used to store a modified compiler.

In MAPPER (aka BIS), named variables are prefixed with "<" and suffixed with ">" because strings or character values do not require quotes.

In mIRC script, identifiers have a " " sigil, while all variables have a " " prefixed (regardless of local or global variables or data type). Binary variables are prefixed by an " ".

In the MUMPS programming language, " " precedes intrinsic function names and "special variable names" (built-in variables for accessing the execution state). " " precedes non-standard intrinsic function names. " " precedes extrinsic function names. Routines (used for procedures, subroutines, functions) and global variables (database storage) are prefixed by a caret (^). The last global variable subtree may be referenced indirectly by a caret and the last subscript; this is referred to as a "naked reference". System-wide routines and global variables (stored in certain shared database(s)) are prefixed with ^%; these are referred to as "percent routines" and "percent globals".

In Objective-C, string literals preceded with " " are instances of the object type  or, since clang v3.1 / LLVM v4.0, ,   or. The prefix  is also used on the keywords ,  , and   to express the structure of class definitions. Within class declarations and definitions as well, a prefix of  is used to indicate member methods and variables, while prefix   indicates class elements.

In the PHP language, which was largely inspired by Perl, " " precedes any variable name. Names not prefixed by this are considered constants, functions or class names (or interface or trait names, which share the same namespace as classes).

PILOT uses " " for buffers (string variables), " " for integer variables, and " " for program labels.

Python uses a " " prefix, called dunder, for "private" attributes.

In Ruby, ordinary variables lack sigils, but " " is prefixed to global variables, " " is prefixed to instance variables, and " " is prefixed to class variables. Ruby also allows (strictly conventional) suffix sigils: " " indicates a predicate method returning a boolean or a truthy or falsy value, and " " indicates that the method may have a potentially unexpected effect and needs to be handled with care.

In Scheme, by convention, the names of procedures that always return a boolean value usually end in " ". Likewise, the names of procedures that store values into parts of previously allocated Scheme objects (such as pairs, vectors, or strings) usually end in " ".

Standard ML uses the prefix sigil " " on a variable that refers to a type. If the sigil is doubled, it refers to a type for which equality is defined. The " " character may also appear within or at the end of a variable, in which case it has no special meaning.

In Transact-SQL, " " precedes a local variable or parameter name. System functions (previously known as global variables) are distinguished by a " " prefix. The scope of temporary tables is indicated by the prefix " " designating local and " " designating global.

In Windows PowerShell, which was partly inspired by Unix shells and Perl, variable names are prefixed by the " " sigil.

In XSLT, variables and parameters have a leading " " sigil on use, although when defined in  or   with the " " attribute, the sigil is not included. Related to XSLT, XQuery uses the " " sigil form both in definition and in use.

In MEL, variable names are prefixed by " " to distinguish them from functions, commands, and other identifiers.

Shell scripting variables
In Unix shell scripting and in utilities such as Makefiles, the " " is a unary operator that translates the name of a variable into its contents. While this may seem similar to a sigil, it is properly a unary operator for lexical indirection, similar to the  dereference operator for pointers in C, as noticeable from the fact that the dollar sign is omitted when assigning to a variable.

Identifier conventions
In Fortran, sigils are not used, but all variables starting with the letters I, J, K, L, M and N are integers by default. Fortran documentation refers to this as "implicit typing". Explicit typing is also available to allow any variable to be declared with any type.

Various programming languages including Prolog, Haskell, Ruby and Go treat identifiers beginning with a capital letter differently from identifiers beginning with a small letter, a practice related to the use of sigils.

Stropping
Actually a form of stropping, the use of many languages in Microsoft's .NET Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) requires a way to use variables in a different language that may be keywords in a calling language. This is sometimes done by prefixes. In C#, any variable names may be prefixed with " ". This is mainly used to allow the use of variable names that would otherwise conflict with keywords. The same is achieved in VB.Net by enclosing the name in square brackets, as in.

The " " prefix can also be applied to string literals; see literal affixes below.

Hungarian notation
Related to sigils is Hungarian notation, a naming convention for variables that specifies variable type by attaching certain alphabetic prefixes to the variable name. Unlike sigils, however, Hungarian notation provides no information to the compiler; as such, explicit types must be redundantly specified for the variables (unless using a language with type inference). As most standard compilers do not enforce use of the prefixes, this permits omission and also makes code prone to confusion due to accidental erroneous use.

Literal affixes
While sigils are applied to names (identifiers), similar prefixes and suffixes can be applied to literals, notably integer literals and string literals, specifying either how the literal should be evaluated, or what data type it is. For example,  evaluates to the value 16 as an unsigned long long integer in C++: the   prefix indicates hexadecimal, while the suffix   indicates unsigned long long. Similarly, prefixes are often used to indicate a raw string, such as  in Python, which represents the string with value  ; as an escaped string this would be written as.

As this affects the semantics (value) of a literal, rather than the syntax or semantics of an identifier (name), this is neither stropping (identifier syntax) nor a sigil (identifier semantics), but it is syntactically similar.

Java annotations
Compare Java annotations such as @Override and @Deprecated.

Confusion
In some cases the same syntax can be used for distinct purposes, which can cause confusion. For example, in C#, the " " prefix can be used either for stropping (to allow reserved words to be used as identifiers), or as a prefix to a literal (to indicate a raw string); in this case neither use is a sigil, as it affects the syntax of identifiers or the semantics of literals, not the semantics of identifiers.

title: Sigil (computer programming)


text:
User talk:Sturgeonslawyer

Nice work on your recent contributions to the King Crimson article. You provided a very interesting exposition on the development of the band's music, which is something the article was definitely lacking. I learned quite a few things from it! Keep up the good work. -- Wapcaplet 02:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sturgeonslawyer


text:
Diastrophic dysplasia

Diastrophic dysplasia is an autosomal recessive dysplasia which affects cartilage and bone development. ("Diastrophism" is a general word referring to a twisting.) Diastrophic dysplasia is due to mutations in the SLC26A2 gene.

Affected individuals have short stature with very short arms and legs and joint problems that restrict mobility.

Signs and symptoms
This condition is also characterized by an unusual clubfoot with twisting of the metatarsals, inward and upward-turning foot, tarsus varus and inversion adducted appearances. Furthermore, they classically present with scoliosis (progressive curvature of the spine) and unusually positioned thumbs (hitchhiker's thumbs). Around half of infants with diastrophic dysplasia are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth called a cleft palate. Swelling of the external ears is also common in newborns and can lead to thickened, deformed ears.

The signs and symptoms of diastrophic dysplasia are similar to those of another skeletal disorder called atelosteogenesis, type 2; however diastrophic dysplasia tends to be less severe.

Genetic
It is one of a spectrum of skeletal disorders caused by mutations in the SLC26A2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is essential for the normal development of cartilage and for its conversion to bone. Cartilage is a tough, flexible tissue that makes up much of the skeleton during early development. Most cartilage is later converted to bone, but in adulthood this tissue continues to cover and protect the ends of bones and is present in the nose and ears. Mutations in the SLC26A2 gene alter the structure of developing cartilage, preventing bones from forming properly and resulting in the skeletal problems characteristic of diastrophic dysplasia.

This condition is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that the defective gene is located on an autosome, and both parents must carry one copy of the defective gene in order to have a child born with the disorder. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are usually not affected by the disorder.

Prevalence
Diastrophic dysplasia affects about one in 500,000 births, however; in Finland, this disorder is more common, with about in 1 in 33,000 births being affected by the disorder.

title: Diastrophic dysplasia


text:
Category:Japanese models

All articles should be placed in either the female or male subcategories. They may also be included in additional, specialized categories.

title: Category:Japanese models


text:
Shitennōji-mae Yūhigaoka Station

Shitennoji-mae Yuhigaoka Station (四天王寺前夕陽ヶ丘駅) is a metro station on the Osaka Metro Tanimachi Line in Tennoji-ku, Osaka, Japan.

History

 * December 17, 1968: "Shitennoji-mae (Yuhigaoka) Station" opened.
 * August 29, 1997: renamed "Shitennoji-mae Yuhigaoka Station".

Layout
There are two side platforms with two tracks on the first basement.

Surroundings

 * Shitennō-ji
 * Tennoji Police Station
 * Osaka Immigration Office, Tennoji Branch

title: Shitennōji-mae Yūhigaoka Station


text: User talk:68.37.28.51

title: User talk:68.37.28.51


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/King Crimson/archive1

King Crimson
This article has been maturing gradually for quite some time now. It is approaching what I would consider featured-article status, but is probably in need of some fine-tuning before it should be nominated. Is anything still lacking? Would a non-Crimson fan find it interesting and worth reading? Is the history of band membership rotation boring? -- Wapcaplet 02:19, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Band membership is not boring. I had no idea so many notable musicians are part of King Crimson's history. I'm a fan of progressive rock, but never made the effort to learn about King Crimson. Maybe that was a mistake. BTW, Tony Levin has also recorded with Pink Floyd. --Trweiss 05:26, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Boy, it'd probably be shorter to list the musicians that Tony Levin has not worked with :-) Man gets around. I agree that the band membership history is interesting, but I want to make sure it has a good narrative flow, and incorporates other important things, such as the style of music produced with various members, other activities such as recording and touring, etc. I'm worried it still comes off sounding like "And then, all these musicians joined unto King Crimson with their respective instruments, and yea, did vamoose a year later, replaced by so-and-so, who did depart after recording YACK: Yet Another King Crimson. And thenceforth came an unusually long period of three years, during which the band contained the same members, and did not change", etc. Steps have definitely been made in the right direction, but I suspect it needs the touch of a fan more familiar with the band's past. I'm a young'un, and only started getting into them with Thrak. -- Wapcaplet 17:14, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. - I guess part of the problem is that so many of the albums have their own nicely-written articles, where the musical style and direction is covered in detail, leaving little about that topic to the main article. Perhaps a few bits of information could be extracted from each album's article, for inclusion here, just to flesh out the story a little. Hardly anything is said here about In the Court of the Crimson King, arguably their most influential album. I picture this article as a more scholarly version of a Behind the Music documentary (which, by the way, have they ever done for KC? It'd have to be three hours long!). -- Wapcaplet 17:27, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not a King Crimson fan (although I recently watched and enjoyed the Eyes Wide Open DVD). I found this article to be well-written, interesting, and happily avoids any tendency for overly-sympathetic hagiography (something that often marrs this type of article). Well done to those responsible. To be featured, it would definitely need some photography as illustration. The band rotation is essential information, even though it's never going to be that fascinating for a reader with only casual interest. The article deals with King Crimson's influences, but it might also be worth addressing who they have influenced themselves, if such information can be added without speculation. — Matt Crypto 21:48, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:My Life in the Bush of Ghosts

I have removed the words "deft" and "memorably" as they seem to be POV. Cnwb 02:19, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Split or disambiguate
There are two articles in one page. Thus, I recommend that we split the article in some manner, or, since the album seems to be the focus of the page, merely make a reference to the book. Folkor 06:29, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I really felt it was needed to split this article, so I went ahead and did so. I have already corrected all the links that previously pointed to this page, (except one, but that is someones User page and I don't feel I should change it.)  And while doing so, I also felt this page should become the disambig page, so I went ahead and did so, again.  -- Malo 08:23, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Looks good. Folkor 18:11, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:My Life in the Bush of Ghosts


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Friday 13th virus

Friday_13th_virus
Complete nonsense. Just some kid with far too much time on his hands. Definatly not Wiki material. --Kross 9:19, 10 Feb 2005 (EST)


text: User talk:62.135.87.142

title: User talk:62.135.87.142


text:
Xinjie

Xinjie may refer to:
 * New Territories, Hong Kong
 * Xinjie Town, Jiayu County, Hubei
 * Xinjie Town, Sui County, Hubei
 * Xinjie Town, Ejin Horo Banner, Ordos Prefecture, Inner Mongolia; location of the Mausoleum of Genghis Khan
 * Xinjie Township, Yuanyang County, Yunnan
 * Xinjie Hui ethnic township, Guide County, Qinghai
 * Xinjie Subdistrict, Yixing, Jiangsu
 * Xinjie Village, Fangyuan, Changhua County, Taiwan
 * Xinjie Village, Mingjian, Nantou County, Taiwan
 * Xinjie Village, Beigang, Yunlin County, Taiwan

People with the name

 * Huang Hsin-chieh (1928–1999), Taiwanese politician
 * Angelica Lee (born 1976), Malaysian singer
 * Ji Xinjie (born 1997), Chinese swimmer

title: Xinjie


text: Category:British alpine skiers

title: Category:British alpine skiers


text: Category:British skiers

title: Category:British skiers


text:
Mina Shum

Mina Shum (born 1966) is an independent Canadian filmmaker. She is a writer and director of award-winning feature films, numerous shorts and has created site specific installations and theatre. Her features, Double Happiness and Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity both premiered in the US at the Sundance Film Festival and Double Happiness won the Wolfgang Staudte Prize for Best First Feature at the Berlin Film Festival and the Audience Award at Torino. She was director resident at the Canadian Film Centre in Toronto. She was also a member of an alternative rock band called Playdoh Republic.

Early life
Mina Shum was born in Hong Kong in 1966 and came to Vancouver with her family at the age of one. Her family, who had originally left Maoist China, settled in Vancouver as part of the first wave of Chinese immigration. In her early school years, Shum was interested in acting and theatre, and decided to pursue these interests despite her parents' disapproval. Shum attended the University of British Columbia from 1983 to 1989, and received a B.A. in theatre as well as a Diploma in Film Production. At the age of 19, Shum decided that she wanted to be a filmmaker after watching a film by Peter Weir titled, Gallipoli. From Gallipoli she discovered that "one, you could make a film that wasn't American-centric as well as find an audience and two, you could marry beautiful visuals with a very intimate story." After receiving her degree, she was briefly part of the director's program at the Canadian Film Centre, in Toronto.

Shum is also close friends with fellow filmmaker, Ann Marie Fleming, whom she met in 1989 while they were both students.

Career
Although she is often pigeonholed as a "Chinese-Canadian woman film director," Shum prefers to be known as an "independent filmmaker", rather than one of national identity. She views this label as one way to get audiences to view her film without prejudice. When discussing her association with feminism and multiculturalism Shum says, "Because I'm a living breathing human being in Vancouver, which is a very multicultural city, and I'm a woman, I tend to get tagged as someone who might write about "issues." But that's not where it starts for me, it starts on a very human level. I use narrative to reveal things that people don't see."

Shum describes herself as being an enthusiastic consumer of ideas, movies, art, theatre, music, dance, fiction, and non-fiction. When discussing her inspirations she says, "I read interviews with people I've never heard of. And I listen to both friends and strangers speak. I live entirely, throw myself into situations, get my heart broken, soar with infatuations. And somehow all that gets funneled through my guiding intention, which is to reflect and reveal how we can be happier. How to live more authentically, how to make the most out of this one life."

Short films
Shum's first short film, Picture Perfect, is a 1989 release about a man obsessed with pornography and the effects of media on his personal life. The film is based on Shum's ex-boyfriend being a pornography addict and her experiences finding out about it. She ended up casting him in the lead role. Picture Perfect was nominated for "Best Short Drama" at the 1989 Yorkton Film Festival.

In 1993, Shum released a 20-minute documentary about her family titled, Me, Mom and Mona. The film is reminiscent of a television talk show surrounding the lives of three women. Through the duration of the film, the women discuss the complexities of familial history and the sometimes strained relationship with the patriarch of the family. The film was well-received and won "Best Short Film" at the Toronto International Film Festival.

Shum has written and directed several other short films, including: Shortchanged, Love In, Hunger, and Thirsty. Her most recent short film titled, Hip Hop Mom, was released online in 2011 and has garnered thousands of hits.

Feature films
Shum has directed four feature-length films. Her first feature-length film, Double Happiness, was released in 1994, and stars Sandra Oh. Double Happiness, is a semi-autobiographical film based on Shum's early experiences of leaving home as a teenager. The film is about an aspiring actress trying to assert her independence from the expectations of her Chinese Canadian family. Double Happiness won numerous awards including: the "Wolfgang Staudte Award" at the Berlin International Film Festival, the "Audience Award" at the Torino International Festival of Young Cinema, and "Best Canadian Feature Film" at the Toronto International Film Festival.

Shum's second feature film, Drive, She Said, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 1997 and was in official competition at the Turin Delle Donne Film Festival. Drive, She Said, is about a woman that is willingly taken hostage by a bank robber and accompanies him cross country to visit his ailing mother and her estranged family. Her third feature film, Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity was screened as part of the Canadian Perspective Program at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival and at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival. The film is about a young girl who uses Taoist magic to help her mother's financial situation and love life.

In her three narrative feature films, Double Happiness, Drive, She Said, and Long Life, Happiness, and Prosperity, Shum uses a comedic approach to depict the Chinese Canadian family in multicultural Canada. She says that as a Chinese immigrant, she uses humour to characterize society in general. Shum's films often features ironic, discontented young women that want to leave home for something better. In her films, Shum characterizes home as being a place of conflict, boredom, and disappointment. Her depiction of familial negotiations ensure conflicts for her protagonists.

In February 2014, Shum began shooting in Montreal on a National Film Board of Canada feature documentary entitled Ninth Floor, about the Sir George Williams Affair student protest. Filming coincided with the 45th anniversary of the incident. Ninth Floor premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. It deals with an incident in 1969 at Sir George Williams University (later merged into Concordia University) where students occupied a ninth-floor computer lab to protest the handling by school officials of a complaint about racial discrimination. At the 2015 Vancouver International Film Festival, Shum was awarded the Women in Film+Television Artistic Merit Award for Ninth Floor.

Filmography

 * Picture Perfect (1989)
 * Shortchanged (1990) (Short)
 * Love In (1991) (Short)
 * Hunger (1991) (Short)
 * Me, Mom, and Mona (1993) (Short)
 * Double Happiness (1994)
 * Drive, She Said (1997)
 * Thirsty (1998) (Short)
 * You are What You Eat (2001) (Installation)
 * Bliss (2002) (TV)
 * Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity (2002)
 * Mob Princess (2003) (TV movie)
 * The Shields Stories (2004) (TV)
 * Romeo! (2004) (TV)
 * Da Vinci's Inquest (2004) (TV)
 * Noah's Ark (2006) (TV)
 * Exes and Ohs (2007) (TV)
 * About a Girl (2007) (TV)
 * Hip Hop Mom (2011) (Short)
 * All (2011) (Short)
 * Ninth Floor (2015) (Feature-length documentary)
 * Meditation Park (2017)
 * Murdoch Mysteries 2019 & 2021 (TV)
 * Frankie Drake Mysteries 2019 (TV)
 * The Good Doctor 2022 (TV)

Awards

 * Nominated – "Best Short Film": Yorkton Film Festival
 * "Best Canadian Short" – Special Jury Citation: Toronto International Film Festival 1993
 * "Best Canadian Feature Film" – Special Jury Citation: Toronto International Film Festival 1994
 * "Audience Award": Torino International Festival of Young Cinema 1994
 * Nominated – "Best Achievement in Direction": Genie Awards 1994
 * Nominated – "Best Original Screenplay": Genie Awards 1994
 * "Wolfgang Staudte Award": Berlin Film Festival 1995
 * "Best Canadian Screenplay – Special Mention": Vancouver International Film Festival
 * Nominated – "DGC Craft Award" Directors Guild of Canada 2007
 * Won – Artistic Merit Award, Women in Film and Television Vancouver, 2015: Vancouver International Film Festival

On June 21, 2016, she also received the "Finalé Artistic Achievement Award" from Women in Film + Television Vancouver, "which honours a screen-based media artist who has created an outstanding recent work or a significant body of work."

title: Mina Shum


text:
Talk:Opening credits

Untitled
I think the answer is "Yes, They required it.", but I am not positive. (See citations below.)

Bad example...
"However Hollywood had been releasing films without opening credits for many years before Lucas came along, most notably Citizen Kane and Star Trek: Nemesis, and in Europe, films without opening credits are also commonplace."

Nemesis came out well after Star Wars did, and therfore should be replaced with another exmaple of a movie produced BEFORE star wars that also didn't have opening credits, eh?

Napoleon Dynamite!
Just a thought, in the short smattering of well-known films with memorable opening credits, I would say the "cult hit" ND should also be included/explained (not only was it done with food, but that food was eaten throughout the film, apparently). 199.214.26.180 20:36, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

The Flight Of The Phoenix (1965)
seem to have also a rather extended long opening credit. So whats the longest?

STARRING "AS"
sometimes you see in the list of primary actors the actors name and the roles name as he/she plays it ... e.g. in Stargate SG1, Michael Shanks is the only one where is written "as Daniel Jackson". on the other Hand the order represents somewhat the importance with shanks being the last of the list one could argue that the less important are always stated with their role names. however for example in 7th Heaven this doesn't appear to be right either

so maybe there is a specific reason behind the "starring as" in opening credits, it would be great if someone could clear that up — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.146.158.164 (talk) 19:46, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

Humorous credits
In the article on closing credits, there is a section on humorous credits. Should there be a similar section in this article? Or is it not that common? One example I could cite is the opening credit sequence of Monty Python and the Holy Grail. → Michael J Ⓣ Ⓒ Ⓜ 19:26, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

Expansion required
The "History" section of the article only refers to opening credits for films/movies, but what about the television industry, where there would be some sort of change in the opening credits from one season of a given show to another? This is obvious for example in soap operas such as "Another World" or "As the World Turns" which began in black and white and then switched to color. --Fandelasketchup (talk) 12:18, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Wrong information
The article gives wrong information, in the sense that the credits listed as sample should only be used for movies/films, but not for TV shows, e.g. instead of "(FILM'S TITLE)" TV shows use a Title sequence. Also, why is the word "film" used instead of "movie" if the Wikimedia Foundation is based in the US? --Fandelasketchup (talk) 13:31, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opening credits


text:
Atelosteogenesis, type II

Atelosteogenesis, type II is a severe disorder of cartilage and bone development. It is rare, and infants with the disorder are usually stillborn; those who survive birth die soon after.

Symptoms and signs
Infants born with this condition have very short arms and legs, a narrow chest, and a prominent, rounded abdomen. This disorder is also characterized by an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), distinctive facial features, an inward- and downward-turning foot (clubfoot), and unusually positioned thumbs (hitchhiker thumbs).

The signs and symptoms of atelosteogenesis, type 2, are similar to those of another skeletal disorder called diastrophic dysplasia. Atelosteogenesis, type 2 tends to be more severe, however.

Genetics
Atelosteogenesis, type 2 is one of a spectrum of skeletal disorders caused by mutations in the SLC26A2 gene. The protein made by this gene is essential for the normal development of cartilage and for its conversion to bone. Mutations in the SLC26A2 gene disrupt the structure of developing cartilage, preventing bones from forming properly and resulting in the skeletal problems characteristic of atelosteogenesis, type 2.

This condition is an autosomal recessive disorder, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene—one from each parent—must be inherited for a child to be born with the disorder. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are not affected by disorder, but are carriers of one copy of the altered gene.

title: Atelosteogenesis, type II


text:
HSLS

HSLS refer to:

 * Hazy Sighted Link State Routing Protocol, a wireless network routing algorithm
 * Slovak People's Party (Slovak: Hlinkova slovenská ľudová strana)
 * Croatian Social Liberal Party (Croatian: Hrvatska socijalno liberalna stranka)

title: HSLS


text: Category:Welsh inline skaters

title: Category:Welsh inline skaters


text:
Grand Am

Grand Am or Grand-Am can stand for:

 * Pontiac Grand Am, a nameplate for three different automobiles manufactured by General Motors
 * Grand-Am Road Racing, an American endurance road racing series

title: Grand Am


text:
Virtual colonoscopy

Virtual colonoscopy (VC, also called CT colonography or CT pneumocolon) is the use of CT scanning or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the colon (large intestine), from the lowest part, the rectum, to the lower end of the small intestine, and to display the images on an electronic display device. The procedure is used to screen for colon cancer and polyps, and may detect diverticulosis. A virtual colonoscopy can provide 3D reconstructed endoluminal views of the bowel. VC provides a secondary benefit of revealing diseases or abnormalities outside the colon.

Procedure
While preparations for VC vary, the patient will usually be asked to take laxatives or other oral agents at home the day before the procedure to clear stool from the colon. A suppository is also used to cleanse the rectum of any remaining fecal matter. The patient may also be given a solution designed to coat any residual faeces which may not have been cleared by the laxative, called 'faecal tagging'. This allows the physician (usually a consultant radiologist), viewing the 3D images to effectively subtract the left-over faeces, which may otherwise give false positive results.

VC takes place in the radiology department of a hospital or medical center. The examination takes about 10 minutes and does not require sedatives.

During the procedure:
 * The patient is placed in a supine position on the examination table
 * The patient may be given a dosage of Butylscopolamine intravenously to minimize muscle activity in the area.
 * A thin tube is inserted into the rectum, so that air can be pumped through the tube in order to inflate the colon for better viewing.
 * The table moves through the scanner to produce a series of two-dimensional cross-sections along the length of the colon. A computer program puts these images together to create a three-dimensional picture that can be viewed on the video screen.
 * The patient is asked to hold his/her breath during the scan to avoid distortion on the images.
 * The scan is then repeated with the patient lying in a prone position.

After the examination, the images produced by the scanner must be processed into a 3D image, +/- a fly through (a cine program which allows the user move through the bowel as if performing a normal colonoscopy). A radiologist evaluates the results to identify any abnormalities.

The patient may resume normal activity after the procedure, but if abnormalities are found and the patient needs conventional colonoscopy, it may be performed the same day.

Advantages
VC may be more comfortable for some individuals, as it does not require the use of a colonoscope. As a result, no sedation is needed, and the patient can return to his/her usual activities or go home after the procedure without the aid of another person. The lack of sedation also lowers the risk of the procedure since some people may have adverse reactions to sedative medications used during conventional colonoscopy. VC provides clearer, more detailed images than a conventional x-ray using a barium enema, sometimes called a lower gastrointestinal (GI) series. Further, about 1 in 10 patients will not have a complete right colon (cecum) evaluation completed with conventional colonoscopy. It also takes less time than either a conventional colonoscopy or a lower GI series.

VC provides a secondary benefit of revealing diseases or abnormalities outside the colon. One study of asymptomatic adults undergoing routine VC found that approximately one unsuspected extracolonic cancer was detected per 300 screenings in addition to about one invasive colorectal cancer per 500 screenings, for an overall rate of approximately one unsuspected cancer of any type detected per 200 screenings. Invasive colorectal cancer was the most common malignancy detected, followed by renal cell carcinoma.

Disadvantages
During virtual colonoscopy, it is not possible to take tissue samples (biopsy) or remove polyps, so a conventional colonoscopy must be performed if abnormalities are found. Also, VC does not show as much detail as a conventional colonoscopy, so polyps smaller than between 2 and 10 millimeters in diameter may not show up on the images. Furthermore virtual colonoscopy performed with CT exposes the patient to ionizing radiation, on the order of a milligray. Some research has demonstrated that ultra-low dose VC can be just as effective in demonstrating bowel disease due to the great difference in x-ray absorption between air and the tissue comprising the inner wall of the colon. Optical colonoscopy is taken as the "gold standard" for colorectal cancer screening by the vast majority of the medical and research communities. However, some radiologists recommend VC as a preferred approach to colorectal screening. Virtual colonoscopy is favored by some professionals because it permits complete visualization of the entire colon, hence providing more opportunity to identify precancerous polyps and cancer, and to then do prompt diagnostic biopsies or therapeutic removal of these lesions.

Alternatives
MRI colonography (MRC) allows similar visualizing without radiation exposure. It can detect larger adenomas and neoplasia with high specificity, but less sensitivity than conventional colonoscopy.

title: Virtual colonoscopy


text:
Double Happiness (TV series)

Double Happiness is a Chinese drama serial on MediaCorp Channel 8 in Singapore which was screened in 2004 and ended in Jan 2005. It stars Ivy Lee, Xie Shaoguang , Edmund Chen , Vivian Lai & Zhang Wei as the casts of this series. It consists two parts, with 70 episodes in this part of the show. It is about a family who sells fish and chips in a renowned restaurant in East Coast Road called Happy Fish. The restaurant has its ups and downs, but eventually it will come out strong, but not without tragedies and lessons learnt.

In 2007 MediaCorp sold its rights to Chinese broadcaster CCTV8 and it was broadcast in China in 5 parts. It also had a rerun on Channel 8 in August 2012 to March 2013 for both seasons. The latest rerun was in Jan 2020 to Sep 2020 on weekends 7.30am.

Synopsis
The main female character in the show is Yaxi, who has to struggle with the Luo family for the control of Happy Fish, a Fish and Chips Restaurant. Yaxi, who is married to the Luos' second son Jiaqi, is a career woman who had hardly frequents a kitchen and is asked to look after Happy Fish by her dying mother-in-law.

Cast

 * Ivy Lee as Situ Yaxi, Jiaqi's wife
 * Edmund Chen as Luo Jiaqi, Situ Yaxi's husband
 * Xie Shaoguang as Luo Jialong, Yaxi's brother in law and Meili's husband
 * Patricia Mok as Su Meili, Jialong's wife
 * Xiang Yun as Luo Jiaxi, Jialong first younger sister, Xuezhi's wife
 * Huang Yiliang as Lin Xuezhi, Jiaxi's husband
 * Li Xianmin as Lin Wenwen, Jiaxi and Xuezhi's daughter
 * Aileen Tan as Luo Jiayu
 * Rayson Tan as Huang Yaozu, Jiayu's husband
 * Kimberly Wang as Lana, Yaozu and Jiayu's daughter
 * Clarence Neo Jia Jun as Patrick, Yaozu and Jiayu's son
 * Vivian Lai as Luo Jiaqian
 * Alan Tern as Lin Wenjie/Lin Wenxiong (Dual Role)
 * Priscelia Chan as Lin Meijiao, later Shirley
 * Jin Yinji as Mrs. Luo/Ah Feng (Dual Role)
 * Zhang Wei as Luo Kaijin
 * Hong Huifang as Luo Kaiyin, Kaijin's younger sister
 * Henry Thia as Gao Ah Peng, Meijiao's former husband
 * Jeff Wang as Luo Jiafu
 * Chen Tianwen as William
 * Yao Wenlong as Tang Jiaming

Guest cast

 * Moses Lim
 * Brandon Wong

title: Double Happiness (TV series)


text:
Talk:Gold certificate (United States)

Current Investment Vehicle
The article, at present, doesn't provide more detail on gold certificates as a current investment vehicle. Perhaps another section is warranted. 66.191.19.68 (talk) 17:07, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, gold investors buy depository receipts (not certificates) backed by bullion in vaults. The receipts can be exchanged for bullion but investors leave their precious yellow on deposit because the weight and purity of bullion in private hands isn't relied on and has to be reverified when sold. The world's largest gold depository is the NY Federal Reserve Bank, which holds roughly 6,331 metric tons on deposit for private owners and foreign governments in addition to 413 of the 8,134 metric tons owned by the United States. For comparison, the gold vaults at Fort Knox hold 4,583 metric tons, West Point 1,682 metric tons, and the Denver Mint 1,364 metric tons, all owned by the United States. The FRB-NY keeps meticulous records to return the exact bar deposited. FRB-NY has handling fees for deposits, withdrawals, and transfers between vaults, but not for storage itself.
 * The article's topic, the United States Gold Certificate, was issued in dollar denominations redeemable for the dollar value on its face in gold coin, not a specific weight of gold. They ceased to be redeemable and it wasn't lawful for a private citizen to hold gold certificates starting in 1934 after which they were for use only within the US Gov't. In 1964 it became legal for collectors to own and trade the old gold certificates again, but they remained non-redeemable. The present scheme for managing the gold inventory within the US Gov't uses gold certificates in 100,000oz units, a Brobdingnagian unit larger than the $1,000,000 federal reserve notes. $4,222,220 at the $42.2222/oz rate specified in the old statute authorizing them. Roughly $201,300,000 at the friday closing price in NY 2 days before this was written. PolychromePlatypus (talk) 21:32, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

Gold Standard
"When the U.S. was taken off the gold standard in 1933, gold certificates were withdrawn from circulation."

I find this a bit disingenuous. By any meaningful understanding of a "gold standard", the U.S. only abandoned gold as a standard in 1971. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.80.234.74 (talk) 02:10, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree, and have edited the article LondonYoung (talk) 16:59, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

Significant amount of Gold Certificates still used?
In this video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eExucI3IWs) around the 1:45 mark, a member of the Federal Reserve states that the Fed still holds billions of dollars in Gold Certificates. The gist of the article kind of makes Gold Certificates sound like an obsolete form of currency, but the video makes it seem like tons of these are still held and counted as legal tender, perhaps many as the 1934 series. Maybe this could be added to the page somehow. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.121.105.94 (talk) 17:35, 6 March 2013 (UTC)

 * The gold certificates owned by the fed are accounting devices that have no legal authorization to be used as hand-to-hand currency, so they are not of interest to currency collectors (such as me). But I agree that if someone is so bold they could mention that devices of this name are still running around as book entries on the balance sheet of both the fed and the treasury ...  --LondonYoung (talk) 23:39, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

 * OK, so I was so bold ... I added the section and links to the authorizing law and the fed document describing the electronic account. The paper certificates are said to have been destroyed in the 1960's, but I have yet to find a reliable source for exactly when ...--LondonYoung (talk) 16:53, 31 March 2013 (UTC)

Huge logical gap needs closing
The article constant refers to certificates redeemable in gold. It never quantifies the amounts of gold that are involved, other than in "dollar" units. But there were at least two "dollar" rates under "gold standard"s and even then the "gold points" had some effect. Since floating currency rates were adopted (1971), the article should also what units appear on modern (bullion bank) gold certificates. In short, precisely what is promised, and how is that promise redeemed?

I'd also like to hear a theory about how the legal tender act affects those promised redemptions. Is the gold certificate a "debt" for which FRNs could be tendered as payment? GJaxon (talk) 02:57, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

Formally, Gold Certificates could be taken to a Treasury branch, and gold coins could be demanded in the same face value dollar amount. The value of the dollar was pinned to the international value of Gold. And the law also pinned the value of silver to that of Gold (20:1). So whenever one or the other became weak relative to the other, this messed with the currency, since the value of the currency did not reflect the value of the physical metal behind it. But to answer your question specifically, from the early 1880's through the early 1930's, that 50 year period in which Gold Certificates were a common circulating currency, the law dictated that Gold was worth $20.64 per ounce, and so $20 Gold Coins contained roughly $20 worth of gold. Whatever other rates may have existed were irrelevant, because the relevant factor was the law pertaining to the use and purpose of the Gold Certificates. 99.7.246.126 (talk) 05:06, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

Globalize
The intro of this article describes the subject in general, but all of the sections are about US Gold Certificates. If gold certificates issued in other countries are notable, they should be added to the article, or else the article should be renamed from "Gold certificate" to "Gold Certificate." -Jordon Kalilich (talk) 04:14, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree. Unless someone objects, it is time to change the name to Gold Certificate and make it clear it is about obsolete U.S. currency --LondonYoung (talk) 19:54, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I could contribute high res images in a table if we want to go list-format... Gold certificates are particularly tricky (rare) in that most of the early issues (1860's - 1870's) have no survivors (in private or institutional holdings). I could use BEP certified proofs to fill in gaps for a near complete type set. It would take some time, but it would be a pictorial reference with some images never seen before...-Godot13 (talk) 01:18, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Not a bad idea. Note that even now the text of the article contains a false statement in that the original $100 gold certs did not have blank reverse - and images of it are available! --LondonYoung (talk) 02:39, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

File:US-$1000-GC-1882-Fr.1218g.jpg to appear as POTD
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:US-$1000-GC-1882-Fr.1218g.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on January 11, 2014. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2014-01-11. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 01:42, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

 * That't interesting. A very similar note is being auctioned off on Jan. 10 for over $200k ... www.ha.com ... coincidence?  --LondonYoung (talk) 19:07, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

Convert to list-format article?
I wanted to see if there would be any objection to converting this article into a list-format article to nominate at FLC. I am almost finished with a similar conversion of Silver Certificate. It would probably take 4-8 weeks of off-line work before importing it. Thanks-Godot13 (talk) 22:21, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

 * You may want to branch this article into "Gold certificate" for gold certs more generally and "Gold Certificate" to refer to just U.S. gold certs. --LondonYoung (talk) 13:56, 19 February 2014 (UTC)
 * (sigh) You are probably right... When a table of images is constructed for Gold certificate (United States), half some of the article will disappear as it is simply a description of the notes...-Godot13 (talk) 03:51, 20 February 2014 (UTC)
 * If there is no objection, I am going to change the title of this article to Gold certificate (United States). I will prepare a very short article on Gold certificates in general, with examples from different countries around the world.--Godot13 (talk) 21:37, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

Modern usage of gold certificates electronic?
Under the "modern use" section, it claims that gold certificates used today are an electronic form of book keeping, but the source used for it makes no mention of it being electronic. Is the editor sure that the $11 billion or so in gold certificates today are electronic and not kept in tangible form? — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChameleonXVX (talk • contribs) 23:37, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, I am sure, but the fed is vexing me by making their pages hard to link and the wikipedia is vexing me by not letting me link archive.is, in a few days I will figure this out. Until then, see here:  http://tfm.fiscal.treasury.gov/v2/p6/c200.html  --LondonYoung (talk) 12:31, 21 February 2014 (UTC)OK

 * OK, all fixed. Looking good?  --LondonYoung (talk) 12:52, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

Post Office Fire
Has anyone noticed that other websites say Friday, December 13 of 1935, not December 12 for the post office fire? By the way, I checked the calendar. Friday was the 13th. Can anyone double check the book that is cited? Thanks. Buscus 3 (talk) 22:03, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

File:US-$10000-GC-1934-Fr.2412.jpg to appear as POTD soon
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File:US-$20-GC-1882-Fr-1177.jpg and subsequent to appear as POTD soon
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 * The article does need some help. The 1863 issues were payable to the bearer (as the images plainly show), while the 1870 issues were payable to order.  The 1882 issues were the first intended for general circulation rather than as banking instruments.  From 1862 to 1880 gold coinage (and, thus, gold certificates) were valued at a premium to legal tender notes (greenbacks) and so were used only in special circumstances (like paying taxes) where gold was required. --LondonYoung (talk) 14:40, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

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Looking for a consensus
Several times I've reverted a change that a user has made, redirecting this page to "Gold as an investment" instead of the original target of "Gold certificate (United States)". I don't want to get into an edit war, but I feel like this is pushing a POV, including the last suggestion to "Compare with silver certificate and silver certificate (United States).)" The issue is that the second link mentioned ("Silver certificate (United States)) is exactly the type of article this originally redirected to.  Am I way (or even a little bit) out of line for suggesting it shouldn't have been changed? Almostfm (talk) 11:22, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

 * The United States isn't the only country which issues gold certificates. They are issued by other governments as well as private financial institutions. There was an attempt to globalise this article (see the section above) and some years after that was failed the page was renamed altogether to reflect its actual scope. The redirect which left behind should naturally be pointing to what's about gold certificates in general regardless of issuers. This certainly isn't something rocket science for average editors or readers to understand. 112.120.39.201 (talk) 08:30, 19 March 2023 (UTC)
 * "The United States isn't the only country which issues gold certificates." Fine-then the Gold Certificates page should have links to all of the related pages, and not just link to that one.Almostfm (talk) 04:31, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gold certificate (United States)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Justin White

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:34, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Justin White
If you do a search for Justin White pro wrestling, or justin White pro wrestler, there is thousands of hits. It is about a pro wrestler not a comic charachter. This character does not appear to be nearly as famous as the article contends. A Google Yahoo search for "Justin White" + comic returns only 28 hits and I don't believe a single one refers to the comic character. Carrp | Talk 02:33, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * dont delete, If you do a search for Justin White pro wrestling, or justin White pro wrestler, the sources do come up. It is about a pro wrestler not a comic charachter. I beleive the article might need some touch ups.
 * Comment dont take this personally but since when did Yahoo! = Google?. Google search with "Justin White" + comic returns 402 hits. Megan1967 03:29, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, careless me. Still, Yahoo did use Google as an engine at one time. Don't think they do anymore. Google search (real one this time) ;) for "Justin White" + "comic" returns 232 hits, but none appear to be related (lots of guestbooks though). Carrp | Talk 03:37, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. Bart133 (t) 03:01, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) (Note: User:63.189.72.86 changed Bart133's vote to "Don't Delete".) Carrp | Talk 03:14, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Non-notable. Delete.  Zero Google hits for "justin white" "From Edge to Edge".  RickK 06:05, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. See Votes for deletion/From Edge to Edge. Andrewa 14:34, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
USS St. Mary's (1844)

The second USS St. Mary's was a sloop-of-war in the United States Navy.

St. Mary's was built in 1843–44 at the Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., was commissioned in the fall of 1844, Commander John L. Saunders in command.

Gulf of Mexico, 1844–1846
Designated initially for duty with the Mediterranean Squadron, St. Mary's was at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania awaiting the sailing of her squadron, under Commodore Robert Stockton, when tension over Mexican-Texan-American territorial disputes heightened during the winter of 1845. On 1 March, President John Tyler signed a joint resolution of Congress recommending the annexation of Texas. By the end of the month, Mexico had severed diplomatic relations with the new James Polk Administration, and Stockton's Squadron was ordered south to reinforce that of Commodore David Conner in the Gulf of Mexico.

At the end of April, Stockton's ships sailed to Galveston, Texas where they stood by as a Texas convention voted on acceptance of the resolution. On 3 July, St. Mary's, detached from duty off Galveston, was ordered to join Conner's Squadron. On the 4th, the Texas convention approved the annexation resolution and St. Mary's headed east, to New Orleans, Louisiana, to escort transports carrying U.S. Army units to Texas. The troops, under General Zachary Taylor, were embarked on the 22nd and 23rd; and, by the 25th, were encamped on St. Joseph Island, near Corpus Christi, Texas. St. Mary's then stood by, off that town, as Conner's ships took station off Vera Cruz.

In September, the Polk Administration attempted to reopen diplomatic channels with Mexico. Negotiations were carried on into November, when St. Mary's was called on to carry a new United States minister, John Slidell, to Mexico. On 30 November, Slidell was disembarked at Vera Cruz; however, after making his way to Mexico City, he was refused recognition by the Herrera government.

Through the winter of 1846, St. Mary's continued to cruise in the Gulf of Mexico. In February, she carried dispatches between Conner and Taylor as attempts were made to pressure the Mexican government into reopening negotiations; but, in March, she arrived at the Antón Lizardo anchorage, whence she could institute a blockade of Tampico if the situation deteriorated into war. In mid-April, she sailed for Pensacola, Florida to take on water and provisions; and, by the time she returned in May, war had erupted.

Mexican–American War, 1846–1847
On 19 May, St. Mary's anchored off the mouth of the Panuco River near Tampico. On the 20th, she proclaimed the blockade of that port and of the Mexican coast. In June, scurvy struck; but attempts were made to destroy Mexican gunboats and impede the reinforcement of the town's defenses. Through the summer, she maintained her part in the blockade; but, by September, the climate, disease, limited water and food, and relative inaction had taken its toll. Morale was low; and, on the 17th, Seaman Samuel Jackson was hanged for striking an officer and using "mutinous and seditious language".

A little over a month later, her blockade duty was interrupted, and the sloop was ordered back to the mouth of the Panuco River. On 14 November, she participated in the unopposed occupation of Tampico; then resumed blockade duties. In late December, she was ordered to Brazos Santiago, whence, in January 1847, she proceeded to Lobos to cover the movement of General Winfield Scott's troops. In early March, she escorted the transports into the Antón Lizardo anchorage. On the 8th, she moved toward Vera Cruz; and, on the 9th, her boats carried assault troops to Collado Beach, where Scott's force was landed, without resistance, in under five hours.

St. Mary's remained in the area through the end of the month to support the siege of the city. On the 22nd, one of her 8-inch guns, along with guns from other ships, was ferried ashore and placed on a ridge near Fort Santa Barbara to augment the Army's artillery. The bombardment of the city began the same day. On the 29th, the city was formally surrendered.

St. Mary's then retired to Antón Lizardo, whence she sailed toward Alvarado to assist in the taking of that town. By the time she arrived, however, the town had fallen; and she resumed blockade duties. On 10 April, she had been ordered back to the United States by the Secretary of the Navy; and, in early May, she sailed for Norfolk, Virginia, carrying captured Mexican guns as cargo.

Pacific Squadron, 1848–1872
The sloop remained at Norfolk for almost a year. On 11 April 1848, she sailed for duty with the Pacific Squadron; and, for the next five years, she cruised from the coast of California to the coast of Chile, in the Central Pacific, and in the Far East. In 1853, she returned to the east coast of the United States; underwent repairs at Philadelphia; and returned to the Pacific in 1854. During the next two years, she cruised in the eastern and south Pacific; and, in December 1856, she put into Panama City where a new crew under Comdr. Charles Davis relieved that of Comdr. Theodorus Bailey. From New Granada (Panama), Davis took St. Mary's to the Jarvis and New Nantucket Islands, then returned to Central America to stand by, off Nicaragua, as William Walker fought to keep his empire there. On 6 February 1857, St. Mary's anchored at San Juan del Sur, where she remained into the spring as Davis sought to negotiate an end to the fighting. In early May, Walker surrendered to Davis. Walker and the other Americans in his army were taken on board St. Mary's and transported to Panama City, whence they were returned to the United States.

St. Mary's then resumed her cruise, collecting hydrographic and geologic data as she performed her other duties. In March 1858, she put into Mare Island, California, for a refit. Delayed, first by a lack of funds, then by desertions of shipyard mechanics and members of her own crew to the gold fields, she remained in the shipyard into the summer. In late August, she set sail again and headed south to cruise off Central America; and, in February 1859, her officers and crew were relieved at Panama City. She then sailed north to cruise along the Mexican coast as revolution spread in Mexico. In the fall of 1860, she returned to Panama City. There, with HMS Clio (1858), she assisted local officials in quelling an insurrection.

A few months later, the Civil War divided the United States. Through that war, St. Mary's remained with the Pacific Squadron, protecting Union merchant shipping and searching for Confederate raiders. After the war, she cruised the Pacific until September 1866, then put into Mare Island where she was laid up for four years. In the fall of 1870, she returned to active service; and, after a cruise to Australia and New Zealand, she returned to Mare Island, whence in November 1872 she departed for Norfolk.

School Ship, 1873–1908
On 3 June 1873, St. Mary's returned to Norfolk where she remained, in ordinary, until 1875. Then transferred to the New York Nautical School at New York (now the SUNY Maritime College) she served as a school ship until 1908. In June of that year, she was ordered sold. Despite efforts of alumni to preserve the ship they could not come up with the funding. Two months later, she was purchased by Thomas Butler and Company, Boston, Massachusetts; and in November, she was scrapped.

title: USS St. Mary's (1844)


text:
Talk:Potlatch

Objectivity Problem and Incompleteness
There is decent coverage of the anti-potlatch laws, but how is the exchange of slaves, human sacrifice, and cannibalism practiced at potlatches before 1849 nowhere mentioned? See inter alia Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture 199 (1934) 68.230.19.237 (talk) 15:11, 25 January 2016 (UTC)Aaron, Jan. 25, 2016

--Slavonic / Indian People did not used slaves, didn't sacrifized humans and there were no cannibalism - but, all historical sources are perverted and want us to be believe the contrary ! Lies, lies... even in 21 th century ! Vatican's "correctors" are behind every written word ! Manipulation's masters in Vatikan work all day along to write lies. Wikipedia has caught them... but, they just continue.

Need for some references to our own Quasi-Potlatches?
As is briefly mentioned in the separate article on the Canadian Potlatch Ban, the Indians themselves saw similarities between potlatch and Christmas (in my experience as a poor person, Christmas tends to destroy about 50% of my annual savings just before the coldest time of year, when the poor are most in need of savings - presumably this increases their illness and death rates; suicide among women also peaks in December, which is thought to be due to the stress of Christmas; and so on; but Christianity and many corporations at least appear to benefit from Christmas). I expect other instances to include the ritual destruction of family wealth at weddings (again at a time when young poor people are most in need of money and family resources as a backup), and the prestige gained by billionaire philanthropists from Andrew Carnegie to Bill Gates. There is also an intellectual and/or spiritual and/or semiotics and/or memetics aspect, as religions, ideologies, science, and Wikipedia itself, can all be seen as potlatches freely giving away potentially valuable knowledge and ideas - indeed I only found out about potlatches through the Baudrillard article's mention of our modern world as involving a potlatch of symbols. I can't simply add any of this in the article myself without violating all sorts of Wikipedia rules against original research, etc. But clearly common sense, and the Baudrillard reference, and the Indians noting the similarity to Christmas, all suggest there must be some reliable works out there that do discuss the link. I don't have the knowledge or the time or the inclination to go looking for those works myself, but hopefully there are other editors out there who will have such knowledge and time and inclination, and I think this might greatly improve the interest and relevance of this article.Tlhslobus (talk) 23:40, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

Etymology
This article originally said that the word comes from Nuu-chah-nulth p'ačiƛ and used as its source the OED. I checked, and that's not what the OED actually says. See, I found two words for potlatch in Nuu-chah-nulth (from Davidson's grammar of Nootkan): p'ačiƛ and paɬaˑč. The OED entry says it comes from "patlatsh"-- it seems that somebody looked that up, and then looked up in another source that p'ačiƛ is a word for potlatch in Nuu-chah-nulth and wrongly assumed that that was the word OED refers to. At least that's my assumption. Etymonline also says it's from p'ačiƛ. The point is, it is much much much more likely that paɬaˑč would come into English as /pɒtlætʃ/ (or into Chinook Jargon as "potlatch"), than that p'ačiƛ would. So I'm changing this article to say paɬaˑč, for the time being. It strikes me as possible that p'ačiƛ is the real etymon, and that Nuh-chah-nulth paɬaˑč is loaned back from Chinook Jargon... but I don't have a source that says that for the moment so it seems less likely.64.179.181.61 (talk) 01:24, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I am sorry, but as far as I can tell, your theory and observations constitute WP:Original research and I don't know of a source that gives any other origin than Nuu-chah-nulth; the term, so far as I know, is not Chinookan nor Sahaptian nor Chehalis, the other three main aboriginal languages whose lexicon was what the Jargon was made up of; it's certainly not English nor French in origin. The OED, in my opinion, is often wrong, also, but who am I?  Just seen some questionable things before from them, mostly pronuncations/IPAs.Skookum1 (talk) 05:34, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

In South America, on Peru/Bolivia border - there are native Americans who practice "pa'rcha" giving - it means, giving "a peace" ("parche" in Serbian/Sanskrit) to Natural Forces! Genetics, language similiraties between Slavonic People and Native Americans allows the dircet translation into Serbian language

When was the ban repealed?
The article states when the ban on the potlatch was repealed, but was that the ban in the U.S. or in Canada? If that was in one country, when was the ban repealed in the other country?99.9.112.31 (talk) 15:17, 17 January 2014 (UTC)NotWillDecker

Definition Needed
The first paragraph offers a definition of "potlatch" as "as gift-giving feast". It then goes on to talk about where they occur. A comprehensive, one- or two-sentence definition of the word potlatch does not occur in this article.Johnvalo (talk) 11:00, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

 * That might be because it's in Wiktionary. That being said, this article was built around Kwakwaka'wakw traditions and is not region-wide in scope; similarly the Athabaskan potlatch article is mostly about Alaskan potlatching; the BC Interior, Columbia and other coastal potlatch styles/formats all yet need to be done; the actual dictionary definition is easy enough to find, even if it weren't already in Wiktionary.Skookum1 (talk) 12:39, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Copper question
"Before the arrival of the Europeans, gifts included storable food (oolichan, or candlefish, oil or dried food), canoes, slaves, and ornamental "coppers" among aristocrats, but not resource-generating assets such as hunting, fishing and berrying territories. Coppers were sheets of beaten copper, shield-like in appearance; they were about two feet long, wider on top, cruciform frame and schematic face on the top half. None of the copper used was ever of Indigenous metal."

Before the arrival of Europeans, what non-Indigenous metal was available? Drsruli (talk) 02:37, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

What is the correct pronunciation?
Is potlatch pronounced pot-"latch" (like "latch"-ing a door) or pot-"latch" (the "a" is pronounced like "a" in "an" in French, and "ch" is pronounced like the "c" in "can", almost like "potluck")? I think we need to put a pronunciation guide. Félix An (talk) 08:54, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Potlatch


text:
USS St. Mary's

USS St. Mary's or USS St. Marys has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS St. Mary's (1798), a galley built in 1798 and transferred to the United States Revenue Cutter Service in 1801
 * USS St. Mary's (1844), a sloop-of-war in commission from 1844 to 1873
 * St. Mary's (SP-1457), a patrol boat in service from 1917 to 1918
 * USS St. Mary's (APA-126), an attack transport in commission from 1944 to 1946

title: USS St. Mary's


text: User talk:68.114.126.237

title: User talk:68.114.126.237


text:
BUF

BUF may refer to:

 * Buffalo, New York, the second most populous city in the U.S. state of New York
 * Buffalo Bills, a National Football League team based in the Buffalo–Niagara Falls region
 * Buffalo Sabres, a National Hockey League team based in the Buffalo–Niagara Falls region
 * University at Buffalo, a public university known as "Buffalo" or "BUF"
 * Amtrak station code for Buffalo-Depew Rail Station in Buffalo, New York
 * IATA airport code for Buffalo Niagara International Airport, Buffalo, New York
 * Baitul Futuh Mosque, London
 * Black United Front, a civil rights organization based in Halifax, Nova Scotia
 * British Union of Fascists, a former fascist political party in the United Kingdom
 * BUF Compagnie, a French visual effects company

title: BUF


text:
Talk:The Library (The Twilight Zone)

Untitled
On 31 Jan 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/The Library (The Twilight Zone). Rossami (talk) 02:37, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Library (The Twilight Zone)