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Johannine epistles

The Johannine epistles, the Epistles of John, or the Letters of John are the First Epistle of John, the Second Epistle of John, and the Third Epistle of John, three of the catholic epistles in the New Testament. In content and style they resemble the Gospel of John. Specifically in the First Epistle of John, Jesus is identified with the divine Christ, and more than in any other New Testament text, God's love of humanity is emphasised.

The letters are anonymous, but since the late second century, when Irenaeus referred to the first two epistles, they have been connected to John, son of Zebedee, who according to the gospels was one of the twelve disciples and part of Jesus's closest circle. The third epistle is mentioned beginning in the middle of the third century, and due to its similarity with the Second Epistle of John (e.g. both being written by someone referred to as the elder) it was included with the other two, creating the collection known as the Johannine epistles. Athaneus's festal letter of 367 is the earliest case of the three letters being counted as catholic. While the second and third epistles appear to be real letters, the first epistle lacks both introduction and ending, more resembling an exhoratory writing or a sermon.

Most scholars assume the letters to have been written simultaneously and after the Gospel of John, dating them between AD 85 and 100. Most scholars agree that all three letters are written by the same author, although there is debate on who that author is. Most often, the letters are attributed to someone in the Johannine community, most often a letter redactor of the Gospel. A popular theory is that they were written by a presbyter, called John the Presbyter, who is named by Papias.

Recipients
The Gospel of John and the Johannine Epistles were written in a short timespan to address the same set of questions. They deal with Jewish discussions and focus on the confession of Jesus as Messiah. All of the writings concern an undergoing schism or conflict, where enemies are threatening the recipients', and their communities', identity and rules. What separates the Gospel and the Epistles is not time, place, or content, but author. However, while the texts have a Jewish character, many argue that the three letters are still addressed to Christians and that the congregations to which the letters are written are probably not dominated by Jews. Others see similarities between the Johannine Epistles' dualism and the sectarian Jewish group connected to the Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls, often considered to be Essenes. They argue that the Johannine community can have developed from a similar schismatic Judaism.

Contents
The First Epistle of John stands out from the others due to its form, but they're united by language, style, contents, themes, and worldview. The Second and Third Epistles of John are composed as regular greco-roman letters, with greetings and endings, while the First Epistle of John lacks such characteristic markings and instead resembles a sermon or an exhoratory speech. Despite these differences, most scholars consider the personal and warm tone, the fact that the author discusses a certain problem, and the wish to bridge distance, to connect it with regular letter composition, granting that it was meant for a larger audience. While the First Epistle of John is the longest of all the catholic letters, the Second and Third Epistles are the shortest of all New Testament books.

The Johannine Epistles, especially the First, usually belong to a Koine Greek learner's first reading and study.

The First Epistle of John
This epistle, unlike the other two, is written more as a sermon, one to help strengthen people's faith in Jesus, to help them understand why a being as great as the Son of God would have a mortal life and a mortal's agonizing death. It begins with a prologue (1:1-4) and continues with a section focusing on God as light and the need to walk in that light (1:5-3:10). The next section focuses on the command of love: to walk like children to the God of love who has loved humanity in Christ, and to show love to each other. It also discusses recognising false prophets (3:11-5:12). The letter ends with an affirmation that those who believe in God's son's name will know that they have eternal life (5:13-21).

The Second Epistle of John
This epistle is written as a short letter from "the elder" to an unnamed "elect lady" whom he loves and her children. Within the letter, John warns about opening her home to false teachers and to always practice truth, avoiding secrecy. Many interpret the elect lady and her children to be a congregation.

The Third Epistle of John
The third epistle, also a short letter from "the elder", is addressed to a man named Gaius and mentioned as "a dear friend". It talks about a man named Diotrephes who has resisted missionaries, including those sent by the elder. Diotrephes's hostility and lack of hospitality has spurned the elder to write to Gaius asking him to take more responsibility for these missionaries.

It is believed that the letter was delivered by a third person, Demetrius.

Canon
The First Epistle of John and probably the Second Epistle of John occur in the old canons. The Muratorian canon mentions two letters of John, the First and probably the Second. Church Fathers like Origen and Eusebius afford the First Epistle of John a high status, but they had a lesser view of the Second Epistle of John, and especially the Third Epistle of John. In the fourth century, the Western Church came to consider all three letters canonical and attributed them to John the Evangelist. The Eastern Church followed after.

Catholic epistles
Seven letters of the New Testament are traditionally called catholic. While most of them are general and not written to a specific church or person, the Second and Third Epistles of John obviously form an exception. They're written to the elect lady and Gaius, but since they were considered to belong with the First Epistle of John they came to be regarded as catholic. This may have been done because the number of catholic letters, with them included, was seven.

Forgeries
Of the seven catholic letters, the First Epistle of John and the First Epistle of Peter were most popular during the second and third centuries. They were also mostly accepted by the early church, and have the highest amount of scholars today arguing for their authenticity.

The First Epistle of John is not normally considered a forgery, not even by scholars critical of the traditional ascription of it to John, since the author never claims to be any specific person. However, Bart Ehrman, an agnostic atheist, argues that the letter should still be seen as one, as the author lies about being a witness (1 Jn 1:1-4) and having belonged to Jesus's inner circle. The purpose seems to have been to bolster the author's claim to authority and to counter the opponents' docetic teachings.

The trinitarian formula in 1 John 5:7-8, the Comma Johanneum, which has found its way into many modern bible translations, is an interpolation. It is missing from the earliest manuscripts and appears first in later editions of the Vulgate and very late Greek texts.

Author and background
The question of who wrote the epistles is one of the most debated questions in Johannine studies. At least since the bishop Irenaeus's days in the late second century and since, there has been an understanding that Jesus's disciple John, son of Zebedee, wrote both the Gospel of John and the First and Second Epistles of John. Since at least the middle of the third century, this has been thought to be true for the Third Epistle of John too. However, beginning in the 19th century, this consensus has come to be more and more debated, with suggestions ranging from one author who wrote all three letters (who can but doesn't have to be John, son of Zebedee) to three individual authors for the epistles, and a fourth for the Gospel.

Those who emphazise the similarities between the Gospel of John and the Johannine Epistles (in e.g. vocabulary, style, and theology) often argue that one author wrote all three letters and the Gospel. Those who argue that the differences between the Gospel and the epistles (e.g. concerning salvation, eschatology, the identity of the paraclete, style, and vocabulary) are more important, usually think that different authors lie behind the writings. These suggestions vary between four authors writing the letters and the gospel, the same author writing the Second and Third Epistles of John, the same author writing the First and Second Epistles of John, to the same author writing all three letters, with another author writing the gospel. With more authors come also more candidates. These include John the Evangelist, a later redactor of the Gospel of John, an unknown presbyter in the Johaninne Community, John the Apostle, John the Presbyter, John of Patmos, the Beloved Disciple, etc.

The Gospel of John and the Johannine Epistles
The Gospel of John and the First Epistle of John do not claim to be written by the same person. While they resemble each other in style and language, there is not enough evidence to decide if they share author. The similarities can be explained by two authors belonging to the same school. Many scholars argue that multiple authors have had their hand in the Gospel of John, pointing amongst other things to the ending of the gospel: "This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things: and we know that his testimony is true." (Jn 21:24). If the Johannine literature is written by a group of people with similar worldviews, then the letters could have been written by someone within this group. Many scholars argue that the Gospel of John and the Johannine Epistles share tangible theological and stylistic characteristics, and if they have different authors, then all authors have come from the Johannine school. As a rule, this movement, or its congregations, are usually placed in Ephesus or its surroundings in Anatolia on the western coast of modern Turkey.

Besides the Gospel of John and the Johannine Epistles, the Book of Revelation is considered Johannine literature. Of these five writings it's only the Book of Revelation which connects the literature to Anatolia. However, many argue against counting the Book of Revelation amongst the Johannine writings, due to its different genre, style, and theology.

The First Epistle of John
The author of the First Epistle of John never identifies himself. If they are the same person who wrote the Gospel of John or the other two Johannine epistles, is debated. Some scholars argue that the First Epistle and the Gospel were written by the same author, who is then usually identified with John the Apostle. Support for this is garnered from, besides Christian tradition, the similar vocabulary and worldview. The terminology of the epistle and gospel are similar, and dualism is apparent in both of them. They exhibit a polarised rhetoric, affecting both their portrayal of people and ideas, through word-pairs such as light-darkness, truth-lie, love-hate, life-death, we-them, children of God-children of the Devil, and more. Some argue that this makes it probable that the same person who redacted the Gospel of John also wrote the First Epistle of John, and thus also the other two epistles.

Other reasons for the identification is that the author of 1 John claims to be an eyewitness to Christ. This circumstance, along with the direct and authoritative language, is argued by some scholars to support the idea that the author really was an eyewitness. Also, there were no other suggestions than John the Apostle for the author of the epistle in the early church.

However, the majority of scholars argue that the Gospel of John and the Johannine Epistles were written by different people. The Gospel of John and the First Epistle of John exhibit differences in vocabulary and style, their theological worldview, and their circumstances. This points to different authors. The author of the First Epistle of John does not show the same linguistic dexterity as the author of the Gospel of John. The First Epistle of John is written in the same spirit as the Gospel of John, but doesn't cite anything from it. Because of this, Udo Schnelle argues that the First Epistle of John was written after the other Johannine Epistles, but before the Gospel of John, around the year 95 and in close proximity to Ephesus.

The Second and Third Epistles of John
The Second and Third Epistles of John stand closer to each other than do they to the First Epistle of John. While all the Johannine writings share vocabulary, idiom, perspective, and worldview, the First Epistle of John stands closer to the Gospel of John. The endings of the both epistles are parallel, and are strong marks of similar authorship. They are united by their epistolary form, their ascription to "the elder", and their shared subjects. Both discuss hospitality in regards to missionary work.

The First Epistle of John is closer to the Second than the Third. The Second Epistle of John thus forms the link which unites the Johannine epistles, by being closely connected to both the First and the Third. The Third Epistle of John seems to be independent of the First Epistle of John in its language. If one only considers these two letters, there's no reason to ascribe them the same author. It is only when considered with the Second Epistle of John, with its strong connection to the First, and dito with the Third, that it emerges that all three letters probably share the same author.

John Painter has argued that it is no longer possible to trust tradition on who wrote the epistles. It is now known if they were written by the same author as the Gospel of John, or even if they were written by the same author at all. Because of the language and themes, it is likely that both the letters and the gospel are products of the Johannine school.

The Elder as author to the Second and Third Epistles of John
Both the Second and Third Epistles of John claim to be written by "the elder" (Greek: ὁ πρεσβύτερος, ho presbyteros, sometimes rendered in English as "the Presbyter"). It mainly means "the elder" as in a man who enjoys social prestige due to the experiences of a long life. However, nothing in the letters indicates that the writer's authority stems from his old age. The term presbyter could then be used to designate a congregational leader, without him being especially old. It is also a strange thing to call oneself, since there are many elders, and thus should be followed by a name. A possibility is that the term referred to a well-known and unmistakeable figure, and that it wasn't felt nessecary to write the name. Many argue that for the two shorter letters (2 and 3 John) to be preserved and made canon, it's required that they would have been written by a famous figure in the Johannine school. Such a figure could have been the John that Papias mentions (preserved in Eusebius's Church History). Papias mentions a "Presbyter John", and Eusebius separates this John from the Apostle John. Many argue that "the elder" could designate a disciple of Jesus, who would be a second-generation leader.

The Elder as author to the First Epistle of John
A common perception is that the author of the First Epistle of John should also be John the Presbyter, the same person who presumably wrote both the Second and Third Epistles of John. The main argument for a common authorship of the three Johannine epistles is that they all exhibit a similar style. However, some argue that these similarities could also be due to a shared sociolect within the Johannine school, and furthermore, that there are certain differences in language and style between the First Epistle of John on the one hand and the Second and Third on the other. One argument against the identity of the authors being the same is that the true identity of the First epistle's author is not stated anywhere in the letter. Since the author of the other two letters referred to himself as "the elder," one might expect him to do the same in this letter if he had written it. Moreover, unlike the other letters, the First Epistle of John lacks the typical features of a proper letter. Its contents partially differ from that of the other two letters. However, even if it's possible that the letters have different authors, there are strong reasons to believe they were written by one person. Since the First Epistle of John is not a typical letter, one cannot expect the author to identify himself in the same way as in the other two, which follow the typical Greco-Roman letter format. The differences between the letters do not necessarily preclude them from having been written by one person. The obvious similarities in vocabulary, theme, and language have convinced most scholars that the same person wrote all three letters.

Christian tradition after Irenaeus
Irenaeus's judgement was hugely influential, and it can be presumed that Tertullian writing in the early third century followed him in accepting John the Evangelist as the author of the epistles and the Book of Revelation also. In the late third century, Dionysios questioned if the Apostle, son of Zebedee (whom he accepted as the Evangelist and author of the Johannine epistles) could have written such a different book as the Book of Revelation.

Chronological order
Nobody knows in which order the three Johannine epistles were written. Neither church tradition nor internal evidence give any sure leads, and they are placed in order of length, with the longest first.

The order 3-2-1 John
Some prefer the order 3-2-1, since the Third Epistle of John discusses a conflict which seems to be solved in the First Epistle of John. However, it is not known if the letters are to the same congregation, and if it is the same conflict which is referred to.

The order 1-2-3 John
Others prefer the order 1-2-3, since the content of the epistles proceed from a more theoretical perspective to one a concrete problem. According to the Third Epistle of John, "the elder" has already written to Gaius's congregation. Some assume that this writing is the First Epistle of John, which would put it before the third. John Painter thinks that there are good reasons to assume that the Second Epistle of John was an introduction to the first, which would explain why Irenaeus seems to consider them to be one single letter. Others argue that there is nothing speaking for the First Epistle of John being addressed to the same congregation as the other two epistles. Otherwise, it's hard to understand why the Second and Third epistles took so long to be canonised.

The Second Epistle of John seems to be summarising the First. This would imply that the First preceded the Second, which in turn preceded the Third.

The order 2-3-1 John
Furthermore others argue for the order 2-3-1, since the Third Epistle of John seems to refer to the Second, and that the title "the elder" points to an early period within the Johannine school.

Dating
All three Johannine epistles are assumed to have been written simultaneously, in a span of at most 10 years. Their dating depends partly on the Gospel of John. Most scholars think that the main parts of the Gospel of John, and some even think that the entire gospel, preceded the epistles. Some scholars argue that the letters were written before the final redaction of the gospel, or that at least the first two letters were. Thusly, the epistles are usually dated to around the year 100. Those who argue that the final redaction of the Gospel of John happened simultaneously, or slightly after, the writing of the epistles, date the letters to the very end of the first century. They are thus usually dated to 95-100. Daniel L. Akin represents a minority position and dates the letters to the period 85-100. Lars Hartmann dates the letters no later than the year 100. Udo Schnelle thinks that the third letter was written shortly after the second, around the year 90. Raymond E. Brown dates the letters to around the year 100.

A few scholars argue for a much earlier compositional date, before the year 70, and a few for a much later date, in the middle of the second century and as late as 170-180, but these datings have not won much support in academia.

title: Johannine epistles


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Talk:Fast Kalman filter

This looks slightly worrying: from one of the pages on the "fast Kalman filter" site linked to from this stub:
 * Mr. Antti Lange, Ph.D., who works as a senior scientist at the Finnish Meteorological Institute, is challenging Christians all over the world to take part in the battle for the microchip. Because, if it results in wrong hands, it will turn into the mark 666 of the beast spoken of in the book of Revelation..

However, there also seem to be some legitimate references outside of the linked site to Lange as the inventor of a "Fast Kalman Filter". Can peoply knowledgeable in the field let us know whether this an important concept or a fringe concept? -- The Anome 14:17, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Article cleanup
It is my impression that this article contains a unclear mixture of "method" and "aplications", two properties which should be separated. Furthermore I get the impression that FKF only applies to systems with sparse matrices, since Helmert-Wolf blocking is a methos to solve sparse linear equations. The ordinary Kalman filter is still computationally optimal for general systems. This limitation should be pointed out clearly! --Fredrik Orderud 14:47, 20 May 2005 (UTC) Please let me though point out that an optimal Kalman filter is reliable only if both of its observability and conrollability conditions are continuously satisfied. The ordinary Kalman filtering not only usually but very typically ignores the observability condition. Consequently, such mere optimality of computing is made at the expense of safety.86.115.200.70 (talk) 11:47, 9 March 2018 (UTC)Andy

External links modified
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Other approaches?
At the moment only Lange's method is described here, but his method is no longer the only one (you can google for "fast kalman filter" and see for youselves). It would be nice to see them here also. (Why I am not doing it myself? Because it is a wayyyyyyyyy outside of my expertise.) 193.166.223.5 (talk) 07:21, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Fast Kalman filter


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Clover (telescope)

Clover would have been an experiment to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background. It was approved for funding in late 2004, with the aim of having the full telescope operational by 2009. The project was jointly run by Cardiff University, Oxford University, the Cavendish Astrophysics Group and the University of Manchester.

History
The Clover Project was meant to consist of two independent telescopes, one operating at 95 GHz with the other operating at both 150 and 225 GHz. Both telescopes were to be sited near the CBI site in the Atacama Desert, Chile. The two telescope receivers would have been large format focal plane arrays of either 100 or 200 bolometric detectors.

The aim of the experiment was to measure the B-mode polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background between multipoles of 20 and 1000 down to a sensitivity limited by the foreground contamination due to lensing. This would have allowed the detection of primordial gravitational waves in the universe so long as the ratio of scalar perturbations (caused by density fluctuations in the early universe) to the tensor perturbations caused by gravitational waves was greater than $$r = 0.01$$.

It was hoped that the telescope would have spent around 2 years observing a total of around 1,000 degrees of sky, made up of several patches of sky where polarized foregrounds (synchrotron and thermal dust emission) are at a minimum.

Clover was canceled in March 2009 as STFC were unable to provide the requested additional funds of 2.55 million pounds to finish the project.

title: Clover (telescope)


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Epistle of Peter

There are two Epistles of Peter in the New Testament:
 * First Epistle of Peter
 * Second Epistle of Peter

title: Epistle of Peter


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Dee Hepburn

Dee Hepburn (born 7 November 1961) is a retired Scottish actress. She starred as Dorothy in the 1981 film Gregory's Girl, and played Anne-Marie Wade in the ITV soap opera Crossroads from 1985 to 1988.

Early life
Hepburn was born in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire and grew up in Westwood, East Kilbride, South Lanarkshire. She is the fourth of five daughters born to dental technician Bobbie Hepburn and his wife Madeline.

Acting career
After training in acting and dancing, she took a part as a schoolgirl in a 1978 STV production of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie where she was credited as Dory Hepburn. She starred in the 1980 film Gregory's Girl playing John Gordon Sinclair's love interest Dorothy, for which she won the Variety Club actress of the year award. The film's cast reunited for the 30th anniversary of its release in 2010, and a clip from the film featuring Hepburn was part of the opening ceremony from the London 2012 Summer Olympics.

She started a career in television, appearing in the Glasgow set series Maggie, and presenting It's a Knockout. She took a role in the soap opera Crossroads for three years as the receptionist Anne-Marie Wade. She made a brief comeback playing Mary Bruce in the film The Bruce (1996).

Post-acting life
Hepburn is married to her second husband. , she still lived in East Kilbride, working in business development for a local company.

title: Dee Hepburn


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List of slave owners

The following is a list of notable people who owned other people as slaves, where there is a consensus of historical evidence of slave ownership, in alphabetical order by last name.

A

 * King Abdul Aziz (1875–1953), brought his slaves to his 1945 meeting with U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and regulated slavery in his country in 1936.
 * Adelicia Acklen (1817–1887), at one time the wealthiest woman in Tennessee, she inherited 750 enslaved people from her husband, Isaac Franklin.
 * Stair Agnew (1757–1821), land owner, judge and political figure in New Brunswick, he enslaved people and participated in court cases testing the legality of slavery in the colony.
 * William Aiken (1779–1831), founder and president of the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company, enslaved hundreds on his rice plantation.
 * William Aiken Jr. (1806–1887), 61st Governor of South Carolina, state legislator and member of the U.S. House of Representatives, recorded in the 1850 census as enslaving 878 people.
 * Isaac Allen (1741–1806), New Brunswick judge, he dissented in an unsuccessful 1799 case challenging slavery (R v Jones), freeing his own slaves a short time later.
 * Joseph R. Anderson (1813–1892), civil engineer, he enslaved hundreds to operate his Tredegar Iron Works.
 * John Armfield (1797–1871), Virginia co-founder of "the largest slave trading firm" in the United States, and a rapist.
 * David Rice Atchison (1807–1883), U.S. Senator from Missouri, slave owner, prominent pro-slavery activist, and violent opponent of abolitionism.
 * William Atherton (1742–1803), English owner of Jamaican sugar plantations.
 * John James Audubon (1785–1851), American naturalist. He objected to Britain's abolition of slavery in the Caribbean and bought and sold enslaved people himself.

B

 * Jacques Baby (1731–1789), French Canadian fur trader, slaveholder, and father of James Baby.
 * James Baby (1763–1833), prominent landowner, slaveholder, and official in Upper Canada.
 * Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (1971–2019), self-proclaimed Caliph of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), he kept several sex slaves.
 * Adriana Bake (1724–1787), wife of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, her foster children freed her slaves after her death.
 * Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475–1519), Spanish explorer and conquistador, he enslaved the indigenous people he encountered in Central America.
 * Emanoil Băleanu (c. 1793–1862), Wallachian politician, he enslaved Romani people on his estates. In 1856 he signed a letter protesting the abolition of slavery in Wallachia.
 * Elizabeth Swain Bannister (c. 1785–1828), free woman of colour who owned 76 slaves in Berbice.
 * Hayreddin Barbarossa (1478–1546), Ottoman corsair and admiral who enslaved the population of Corfu.
 * William Barksdale (1821–1863), U.S. Representative and white supremacist, he enslaved 36 people by 1860 and vigorously defended the institution of slavery.
 * Alexander Barrow (1801–1846), U.S. Senator and Louisiana planter.
 * George Washington Barrow (1807–1866), Congressman and U.S. minister to Portugal, who purchased 112 enslaved people in Louisiana.
 * Robert Ruffin Barrow (1798–1875), American plantation owner who owned more than 450 slaves and a dozen plantations.
 * William Beckford (1709–1770), politician and twice Lord Mayor of London. He inherited about 3,000 enslaved people from his brother Peter.
 * William Thomas Beckford (1760–1844), writer and collector. He inherited about 3,000 enslaved people from his father.
 * Benjamin Belcher (1743–1802), Nova Scotia politician and militia leader, he enslaved at least 7 people.
 * Zabeau Bellanton, free woman of color and slave trader in Saint Domingue.
 * Judah P. Benjamin (1811–1884), Secretary of State for the Confederate States of America, a U.S. Senator from Louisiana, and a vocal supporter of slavery.
 * Charles Bent (1799–1847), American trader and first Territorial Governor of New Mexico during the United States occupation of New Mexico during the Mexican-American War. Bent owned Charlotte and Dick Green. Charles's brother William freed the Greens after Dick fought with the posse that avenged Charles's assassination during the Taos Revolt.
 * Thomas H. Benton (1782–1858), American senator from Missouri.
 * George Berkeley (1685–1753), Anglo-Irish philosopher who purchased several enslaved Africans to work on his plantation in Rhode Island.
 * John M. Berrien (1781–1856), U.S. Senator from Georgia who argued that slavery "lay at the foundation of the Constitution" and that slaves "constitute the very foundation of your union".
 * Antoine Bestel (1766–1852), lawyer from France who migrated to Mauritius where he owned at least 122 slaves.
 * James G. Birney (1792–1857), an attorney and planter who freed his slaves and became an abolitionist.
 * James Blair (c. 1788–1841), British MP who owned sugar plantations in Demerara.
 * Simón Bolívar (1783–1830), wealthy slave owner who became a Latin American independence leader and eventually an abolitionist.
 * Shadrach Bond (1773–1832), 1st Governor of Illinois, he enslaved people on his farm in Monroe County.
 * Joseph Boucher de Niverville (1715–1804), military officer in New France, he enslaved a Cree woman named Marie.
 * James Bowie (c. 1796–1836), namesake of the Bowie knife, soldier at the Alamo, and slave trader.
 * Benjamin Boyd (1801–1851), Scottish entrepreneur and slave trader thought to be Australia's first "blackbirder".
 * William Brattle (1706–1776), American politician and military officer, he was identified as a slave owner in a 2022 Harvard investigation into that university's legacy of slavery.
 * John C. Breckinridge (1821–1875), 14th Vice President of the United States and Confederate Secretary of War. He enslaved people until at least 1857.
 * Simone Brocard, a "free colored" woman of Saint-Domingue, a slave trader, and one of the wealthiest women of that French colony.
 * Preston Brooks (1819–1857), veteran of the Mexican–American War and U.S. Congressman from South Carolina. A slaveholder, he beat abolitionist senator Charles Sumner nearly to death after the latter spoke against slavery in the Senate.
 * James Brown (1766–1835), U.S. Minister to France, U.S. Senator, and sugarcane planter, some of whose slaves were involved in the 1811 German Coast uprising in what is now Louisiana.
 * Chang and Eng Bunker (1811–1874), Siamese twins who became successful entertainers in the United States.
 * John Burbidge (c. 1718–1812), Nova Scotia soldier, land owner, judge and politician, he freed his slaves in 1790.
 * Pierce Butler (1744–1822), U.S. Founding Father and plantation owner.
 * William Orlando Butler (1791–1880), American general and politician, he advocated for gradual emancipation and enslaved people himself.

C

 * Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE), Roman dictator, he once sold the entire population of Atuatuci into slavery. He personally owned slaves, some of whom he freed, such as Julius Zoilos.
 * Charles Caldwell (1772–1853), American physician who started what is now the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He defended slavery and even owned house slaves himself.
 * John C. Calhoun (1782–1850), 7th Vice President of the United States, owned slaves and asserted that slavery was a "positive good" rather than a "necessary evil".
 * Paul C. Cameron (1808–1891), North Carolina slaveholder and North Carolina Supreme Court justice. By about 1860, he owned 30,000 acres of land and 1,900 slaves.
 * William Capell, 4th Earl of Essex (1732–1799), he enslaved George Edward Doney as a servant.
 * Charles Carroll (1737–1832), signer of Declaration of Independence, enslaved approximately 300 people on his estate in Maryland.
 * Landon Carter (1710–1778), Virginia planter who enslaved as many as 500 people by the end of his life.
 * Robert "King" Carter (1663–1732), Virginia landowner and acting governor of Virginia. He left 3000 enslaved people to his heirs.
 * Samuel A. Cartwright (1793–1863), American physician who invented the pseudoscientific diagnosis of drapetomania to explain the desire for freedom among enslaved Africans.
 * Lewis Cass (1782–1866), American politician prominent in Michigan, was known to have owned at least one slave.
 * Girolamo Cassar (c. 1520 – c. 1592), Maltese architect who owned at least two slaves.
 * Cato the Elder (234–149 BCE), Roman statesman. Plutarch reported that he owned many slaves, purchasing the youngest captives of war.
 * Carlos Manuel de Céspedes (1819–1874), a Cuban revolutionary, he emancipated his own slaves at the beginning of the Ten Years' War, but only advocated for gradual abolition throughout Cuba.
 * Auguste Chouteau (c. 1750–1829), co-founder of the city of St. Louis, at the time of his death he owned 36 enslaved people.
 * Pierre Chouteau (1758–1849), half-brother of Auguste Chouteau and defendant in a freedom suit by Marguerite Scypion.
 * Cicero (106–43 BCE), Roman statesman and philosopher. He enslaved at least four people, but the true number is likely higher.
 * William Clark (1770–1838), American explorer and territorial governor, he brought one of his African-American slaves with him on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
 * Nancy Clarke a Barbadian hotelier and free woman of colour.
 * Henry Clay (1777–1852), United States Secretary of State and Speaker of the House, he advocated for gradual emancipation but owned slaves until his death.
 * Howell Cobb (1815–1868), U.S. Congressman, Secretary of the Treasury, 19th Speaker of the House, and 40th Governor of Georgia. One hundred people were enslaved on his plantation until they were liberated by William T. Sherman and his army.
 * Edward Coles (1786–1868), 2nd Governor of Illinois; an abolitionist, he inherited slaves from his father and freed them.
 * Amaryllis Collymore (1745–1828), Barbadian slave and later slave owner and planter.
 * Alfred H. Colquitt (1824–1894), U.S. Congressman, 49th Governor of Georgia, and Confederate Army Major General, he wanted to lift restrictions on slavery in the western territory and was himself a slave owner.
 * Edward Colston (1636–1711), English merchant, philanthropist and slave trader.
 * Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), enslaved the Taíno and Arawak people and "sent the first slaves across the Atlantic."
 * Hernán Cortés (1485–1547), Spanish conquistador who invaded Mexico.
 * Thérèse de Couagne (1697–1764), Montreal businesswoman, she enslaved Marie-Joseph Angélique who attempted to escape repeatedly.

D

 * Sir Robert Davers, 2nd Baronet (c. 1653–1722), English politician and landowner, he enslaved some 200 people on his plantation in Barbados.
 * Jefferson Davis (1807–1889), President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He enslaved as many as 113 people on his Mississippi plantation.
 * Joseph Davis (1784–1870), eldest brother of Jefferson Davis and one of the wealthiest antebellum planters in Mississippi, he enslaved at least 345 people on his Hurricane Plantation.
 * Sam Davis (1842–1863), Confederate soldier executed by Union forces. He came from a family of slave owners and, as a child, was gifted an enslaved person.
 * Francisco Paulo de Almeida, Baron of Guaraciaba (1826–1901), Afro-Brazilian landowner, businessman, and nobleman. He owned several coffee plantations as well as around a thousand of slaves.
 * Marianne Celeste Dragon (1777–1856) was a wealthy mixed-race creole slave owner during the Spanish Louisiana.
 * James De Lancey (1703–1760), judge and politician in colonial New York. His own slave, Othello, was accused of attending a meeting related to the Conspiracy of 1741 and De Lancey sentenced him and other suspected enslaved conspirators to death.
 * James De Lancey (1746–1804), colonial American and leader of a loyalist brigade. When he fled to Nova Scotia after the War of Independence, he took six enslaved people with him.
 * Abraham de Peyster (1657–1728), 20th mayor of New York City, he purchased two enslaved people in 1797.
 * Demosthenes (384–322 BCE), Athenian statesman and orator who inherited at least 14 slaves from his father.
 * Henry Denny Denson (c. 1715–1780), Irish-born soldier and politician in Nova Scotia, he enslaved at least five people.
 * Jean Noël Destréhan (1754–1823), Louisiana plantation owner whose slaves rebelled during the 1811 German Coast Uprising.
 * Thomas Roderick Dew (1802–1846), president of the College of William & Mary; he was an influential pro-slavery advocate, owning one enslaved person himself.
 * John Dickinson (1732–1808), a Founding Father of the United States. Largest slaveholder in Philadelphia in 1766, he freed them in 1777.
 * Albert Baldwin Dod (1805–1845), mathematician, theologian, and Princeton University professor. The 1840 US Census records Dod owning one enslaved female aged ten to twenty-four, making him one of the latest slaveholders in both Princeton and the entire state of New Jersey, which had adopted a system of gradual emancipation in 1804.
 * Henry Dodge (1782–1867), 1st and 4th Governor of the Wisconsin Territory. In 1827, defying the Northwest Ordinance's prohibition of slavery in the territory, Dodge brought five Black slaves from Missouri to work his lead mines.
 * Thomas Dorland (1759–1832), Quaker, farmer and politician in Upper Canada, he enslaved as many as 20 people.
 * Stephen A. Douglas (1813–1861), U.S. Senator from Illinois and 1860 U.S. Democratic presidential candidate. He inherited a Mississippi plantation and 100 slaves from his father-in-law. Historians continue to debate whether he opposed slavery.
 * Richard Duncan (died 1819), politician in Upper Canada and slave owner.
 * Stephen Duncan (1787–1867), originally from Pennsylvania, he became the wealthiest Southern cotton planter before the American Civil War with 14 plantations where he enslaved 2200 people.
 * Robley Dunglison (1798–1869), English-American physician, medical educator and author—purchased slaves from Thomas Jefferson while teaching at University of Virginia.

E

 * Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758), American Congregationalist theologian who played a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening. He owned several slaves during his lifetime.
 * Ninian Edwards (1775–1833), Governor of Illinois Territory and 3rd Governor of Illinois. He was a slave owner and evaded the Northwest Ordinance, which outlawed slavery in the territory.
 * Matthew Elliott (c. 1739–1814), a Loyalist, he captured slaves during the American Revolution and kept them on his farm in Upper Canada in defiance of government pressure.
 * George Ellis (1753–1815), English antiquary, poet and Member of Parliament, he enslaved people on his sugar plantations in Jamaica.
 * William Ellison (1790–1861), an African-American slave and later a slave owner.
 * Adrien d'Épinay (1794–1839), lawyer and politician of Mauritius.
 * Edwin Epps (born c. 1808), former overseer turned planter and, for 10 years, owner of Solomon Northup, who authored Twelve Years a Slave.
 * Erchinoald (died 658), mayor of the palace of Neustria (in present-day France). He introduced his slave, Balthild, to Clovis II who made her his wife and queen consort.

F

 * Mary Faber (1798–), Guinean slave trader known for her conflict with the West Africa Squadron.
 * Peter Faneuil (1700–1743), Colonial American slave trader and owner, and namesake of Boston's Faneuil Hall.
 * Rebecca Latimer Felton (1835–1930), suffragist, white supremacist, and Senator for Georgia, she was the last member of the U.S. Congress to have been a slave owner.
 * Eliza Fenwick (1767–1840), British author, she used slave labor in her Barbados schoolhouse.
 * Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), American statesman and philosopher, who owned as many as seven slaves before becoming a "cautious abolitionist".
 * Isaac Franklin (1789–1846), owner of more than 600 slaves, partner in the largest U.S. slave trading firm Franklin and Armfield, and rapist.
 * Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821–1877), Confederate general, slave trader, and Ku Klux Klan leader.
 * John Forsyth (1780–1841), congressman, senator, Secretary of State, and 33rd Governor of Georgia. He supported slavery and was a slaveholder.

G

 * Ana Gallum (or Nansi Wiggins; ), was an African Senegalese slave who was freed and married the white Florida planter Don Joseph "Job" Wiggins, in 1801 succeeding in having his will, leaving her his plantation and slaves, recognized as legal.
 * Horatio Gates (1727–1806), American general during the American Revolutionary War. Seven years later, he sold his plantation, freed his slaves, and moved north to New York.
 * Sir John Gladstone (1764–1851), British politician, owner of plantations in Jamaica and Guyana, and recipient of the single largest payment from the Slave Compensation Commission.
 * Estêvão Gomes (c. 1483–1538), Portuguese explorer, in 1525 he kidnapped at least 58 indigenous people from what is now Maine or Nova Scotia, taking them to Spain where he attempted to sell them as slaves.
 * Antão Gonçalves (15th-century), Portuguese explorer and, in 1441, the first to enslave captive Africans and bring them to Portugal for sale.
 * Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885), Union general and 18th President of the United States, who acquired slaves through his wife and father-in-law. On March 29, 1859, Grant freed his slave William Jones, making Jones the last person to have been enslaved by a person who later served as U.S. president.
 * Robert Isaac Dey Gray (c. 1772–1804), Canadian politician and slave owner. In 1798 he voted against a proposal to expand slavery in Upper Canada.
 * Curtis Grubb (c. 1730–1789), Pennsylvania iron master and one of the state's largest enslavers at the time of U.S. independence.

H

 * James Henry Hammond (1807–1864), U.S. Senator and South Carolina governor, defender of slavery, and owner of more than 300 slaves.
 * Wade Hampton I (c. 1752 – 1835), American general, Congressman, and planter. One of the largest slave-holders in the country, he was alleged to have conducted experiments on the people he enslaved.
 * Wade Hampton II (1791–1858), American soldier and planter with land holdings in three states. He held a total of 335 slaves in Mississippi by 1860.
 * Wade Hampton III (1818–1902), U.S. Senator, governor of South Carolina, Confederate lieutenant general, planter, slave owner, white supremacist, and proponent of the Lost Cause.
 * John Hancock (1737–1793), American statesman. He inherited several household slaves who were eventually freed through the terms of his uncle's will; there is no evidence that he ever bought or sold slaves himself.
 * Benjamin Harrison IV (1693–1745), American planter and politician. Upon his death his each of his ten surviving children inherited slaves from his estate.
 * Benjamin Harrison V (1726–1791), American politician, United States Declaration of Independence signatory, he inherited a plantation and the people enslaved upon it from his father.
 * William Henry Harrison (1773–1841), 9th President of the United States, he owned eleven slaves.
 * Patrick Henry (1736–1799), American statesman and orator. He wrote in 1773, "I am the master of slaves of my own purchase. I am drawn along by the general inconvenience of living here without them. I will not, I cannot justify it."
 * Thomas Heyward Jr. (1746–1809), South Carolina judge, planter, and signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. He impregnated at least one of the women he enslaved, making him the grandfather of Thomas E. Miller, one of only five African Americans elected to Congress from the South in the 1890s.
 * George Hibbert (1757–1837), English merchant, politician, and ship-owner. A leading member of the pro-slavery lobby, he was awarded £16,000 in compensation after Britain abolished slavery.
 * Thomas Hibbert (1710–1780), English merchant, he became rich from slave labor on his Jamaican plantations.
 * Eufrosina Hinard (born 1777), a free black woman in New Orleans, she owned slaves and leased them to others.
 * Thomas C. Hindman (1828–1868), American politician and Confederate general. During the Civil War he rented two enslaved families to the Medical Director of the Army of Tennessee.
 * Arthur William Hodge (1763–1811), British Virgin Islands planter, the first, and likely only, British subject executed for the murder of his own slave.
 * Jean-François Hodoul (1765–1835), captain, corsair, merchant and plantation owner who moved from France and settled in Mauritius and Seychelles.
 * Johns Hopkins (1795–1873), philanthropist who donated seed money for the creation of Johns Hopkins University.
 * Sam Houston (1793–1863), U.S. Senator, President of the Republic of Texas, 6th Governor of Tennessee, and 7th Governor of Texas; he enslaved twelve people.
 * Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson (9th century), early settler of Iceland whose thralls (slaves) rebelled and killed him.
 * Abijah Hunt (1762–1811), planter and merchant in the Natchez District in Mississippi. In 1808, he sold one of his plantations, complete with 60 or 61 slaves.
 * David Hunt (1779–1861), wealthy planter in the Natchez District of Mississippi and the largest benefactor of Oakland College, he enslaved nearly 1,700 people.
 * Margaret Hutton (1727–1797), largest enslaver in Pennsylvania at the time of the first federal census.

I

 * Ibn Battuta (1304 – c. 1368), Muslim Berber Moroccan scholar and explorer. He enslaved girls and women in his harem.
 * Emina Ilhamy (1858–1931), Egyptian princess, she gifted enslaved concubines to her son and owned slaves until the First World War.

J

 * Andrew Jackson (1767–1845), 7th President of the United States, he enslaved as many as 300 people.
 * William James (1791–1861), English Radical politician and owner of a West Indies plantation.
 * William Jarvis (1756–1817), prominent landowner and government official in York, Upper Canada.
 * Peter Jefferson (1708–1757), father of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson. In his last will and testament he set free the slaves who remained his after paying Monticello's debts.
 * Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), 3rd President of the United States. He had a long-term sexual relationship with enslaved Sally Hemings.
 * Thomas Jeremiah (born 1775), a free Negro executed in the Province of South Carolina for attempting to foment a slave insurrection.
 * Andrew Johnson (1808–1875), 17th President of the United States, he opposed the 14th Amendment (which granted citizenship to former slaves) and owned at least ten slaves before the Civil War.

K

 * William King (1812–1895), he enslaved as many as 15 people before becoming an abolitionist and establishing the Elgin settlement, a community of former slaves in southwestern Ontario.
 * Anna Kingsley (1793–1870), African-born, when she was thirteen Zephaniah Kingsley bought her to be his wife; she later owned slaves in her own right.
 * Zephaniah Kingsley (1765–1843), planter and slave trader, defender of slavery and of what then was called "amalgamation", interracial marriage.
 * James Knight (c. 1640–c. 1721), English explorer and Hudson's Bay Company director, he enslaved indigenous women, including Thanadelthur.

L

 * James Ladson (1753–1812), lieutenant governor of South Carolina, he enslaved over 100 people in that state.
 * James H. Ladson (1795–1868), businessman and South Carolina planter.
 * Henry Laurens (1724–1792), 5th President of the Continental Congress, his company, Austin and Laurens, was the largest slave-trader in North America.
 * Delphine LaLaurie (1787–1849), New Orleans socialite and serial killer, infamous for torturing and murdering slaves in her household.
 * John Lamont (1782–1850), Scottish emigrant who enslaved people on his Trinidad sugar plantations.
 * Marie Laveau (1801–1881), Louisiana Voodoo practitioner, she enslaved at least seven people.
 * Fenda Lawrence (born 1742), slave trader based in Saloum. She visited the Thirteen Colonies as a free black woman.
 * Richard Bland Lee (1761–1827), American politician, he inherited a Virginia plantation and 29 slaves in 1787.
 * Robert E. Lee (1807 – 1870), commander of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, inherited 10 enslaved people from his mother and oversaw nearly 200 slaves on the Arlington Plantation his wife inherited from her father George Washington Parke Custis.
 * William Lenoir (1751–1839), American Revolutionary War officer and prominent statesman, he was the largest slave-holder in the history of Wilkes County, North Carolina.
 * William Ballard Lenoir (1775–1852), mill-owner and Tennessee politician, he used both paid and forced labor in his mills.
 * Francis Lieber (1800–1872), German-American jurist and political philosopher who authored the Lieber Code during the American Civil War. He enslaved people in South Carolina before he moved north to New York.
 * Edward Lloyd (1779–1834), American politician from Maryland, in 1832 owned 468 people, including abolitionist Frederick Douglass (then known as Frederick Bailey).
 * Edward Long (1734–1813), English colonial administrator and planter in Jamaica. He was a slave-owner and polemic defender of slavery.
 * George Long (1800–1879), English classical scholar. Long acquired a slave named Jacob while teaching at the University of Virginia and brought him back to England, where he was listed in the census as a manservant.
 * Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803), a former slave, he enslaved a dozen people himself before becoming a general and a leader of the Haitian Revolution.
 * George Duncan Ludlow (1734–1808), colonial lawyer. He was a slave owner and, in 1800 as Chief Justice of New Brunswick, he supported slavery in defiance of British practice at the time.
 * David Lynd (c. 1745–1802), seigneur and politician in Lower Canada. He enslaved at least two people and voted against abolition in 1793.

M

 * James Madison (1751–1836), 4th President of the United States, by 1801 he enslaved more than 100 people on his Montpelier plantation.
 * James Madison Sr. (1723–1801), father of President James Madison, by the time of his death, he owned 108 slaves.
 * Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480–1521), Portuguese navigator, he enslaved Enrique of Malacca.
 * Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais (1699–1753), naval officer and administrator of Isle de France (Mauritius) and Réunion for the French East India Company.
 * William Mahone (1826–1895), railroad builder, Confederate general and U.S. Senator from Virginia. He had owned slaves but joined the bi-racial Readjuster Party after the Civil War.
 * John Lawrence Manning (1816–1889), 65th Governor of South Carolina, in 1860 he kept more than 600 people as slaves.
 * Francis Marion (1732–1795), Revolutionary War general, most of the people he enslaved escaped and fought with the British.
 * Joseph Marryat (1757–1824), owned slaves in Grenada, Trinidad, St. Lucia, and Jamaica. MP for Horsham in 1808 and Sandwich (1812–1824).
 * John Marshall (1755–1835), 4th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, he owned between seven and sixteen household slaves at various times.
 * George Mason (1725–1792), Virginia planter, politician, and delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787.
 * Thomas Massie (burgess) (c. 1675–1731), Virginia planter and politician who served in the Virginia House of Burgesses.
 * William Massie (burgess) (1718–1751), Virginia planter and politician who served in the House of Burgesses. Son of burgess Thomas Massie.
 * Thomas Massie (Planter) (1747–1834), Virginia planter, military officer in the American Revolution, and son of burgess William Massie.
 * Joseph Matamata (born 1953/4), Samoan chief convicted in New Zealand of enslaving fellow Samoans.
 * Catharine Flood McCall (1766–1828) was one of a couple of women—like Martha Washington and Annie Henry Christian—who oversaw significant business operations that relied on slave labor in the United States in the late 1700s and early 1800s.
 * James McGill (1744–1813), Scottish businessman and founder of Montreal's McGill University, was a slave owner.
 * Henry Middleton (1717–1784), 2nd President of the Continental Congress, he enslaved about 800 people in South Carolina.
 * John Milledge (1757–1818), U.S. Congressman and 26th Governor of Georgia, he enslaved more than 100 people in that state.
 * Robert Milligan (1746–1809), Scottish merchant and ship-owner. At the time of his death, he enslaved 526 people on his Jamaica plantations.
 * Moctezuma II (c. 1480–1520), the last Aztec emperor; he was reported to have condemned the families of unreliable astrologers to slavery.
 * James Monroe (1758–1831), 5th President of the United States, he enslaved many people on his Virginia plantations.
 * Indro Montanelli (1909–2001), Italian journalist, historian, and writer, he bought an Eritrean child and kept her as a sex slave.
 * Frank A. Montgomery (1830–1903), American politician and Confederate cavalry officer.
 * Jackson Morton (1794–1874), Florida politician. Five men whom he enslaved attempted to escape when he threatened to move them to Alabama.
 * William Moultrie (1730–1805), revolutionary general and Governor of South Carolina, he enslaved more than 200 people on his plantation.
 * Muhammad (c. 570–632), Arab religious, social, and political leader and founder of Islam; he bought, sold, captured, and owned enslaved people and established rules to regulate and restrict slavery.
 * Hercules Mulligan (1740–1825), tailor and spy during the American Revolutionary War, his slave, Cato, was his accomplice in espionage. After the war, Mulligan became an abolitionist.
 * Mansa Musa (c. 1280), ruler of the Mali Empire; 12,000 slaves reportedly accompanied him on his Hajj.

N

 * John Newton (1725–1807), British slave trader and later abolitionist.
 * Nicias (c. 470–413 BCE), Athenian politician and general. Plutarch recorded that he enslaved more than 1,000 people in his silver mines.
 * Nikarete of Corinth, she bought young girls from the Corinthian slave market and trained them as hetaera.

O

 * Susannah Ostrehan (died 1809), Barbadian businesswoman, herself a freed slave, she bought some slaves (including her own family) in order to free them, but kept others to labor on her properties.
 * James Owen (1784–1865), American politician, planter, major-general and businessman, he owned the enslaved scholar Omar ibn Said.

P

 * John Page (1628–1692), Virginia merchant and agent for the slave-trading Royal African Company.
 * Suzanne Amomba Paillé (c. 1673–1755), African-Guianan slave, slave owner and planter.
 * Charles Nicholas Pallmer (1772–1848), British Member of Parliament and Jamaican plantation owner.
 * George Palmer (1772–1853), English businessman and politician. As a slave owner, he received compensation when slavery was abolished in Grenada.
 * William Penn (1644–1718), founder of Pennsylvania, he owned many slaves.
 * Richard Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn (1737–1808), owned six sugar plantations in Jamaica and was an outspoken anti-abolitionist.
 * John J. Pettus (1813–1867), 20th and 23rd Governor of Mississippi, enslaved 24 people on his farm.
 * Judith Philip (c. 1760 – 1848) was a free, Afro-Grenadian business woman who amassed one of the largest estates in Grenada. By the time Britain emancipated slaves in the West Indies she owned 275 slaves and was compensated 6,603 pounds sterling, one of the largest settlements in the colony.
 * Thomas Phillips, (1760–1851), founder of Llandovery College and a slave owner.
 * John Pinney (1740–1818), a British merchant, he inherited a sugar plantation on Nevis at age 22 and bought dozens of enslaved people to work it.
 * Plato, (428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BCE), Athenian philosopher, reported to have owned several slaves.
 * Susanna du Plessis (1739–1795), planter in Dutch Surinam, legendary for her cruelty.
 * Vedius Pollio (died 15 BCE), a Roman aristocrat remembered for being exceedingly cruel to his slaves.
 * James K. Polk (1795–1849), 11th President of the United States, he owned slaves most of his adult life.
 * Leonidas Polk (1806–1864), Episcopal bishop and Confederate general, he enslaved people on his Tennessee plantation.
 * Samuel Polk (1772–1827), father of President James K. Polk.
 * Sarah Childress Polk (1803–1891), First lady, wife of James K. Polk, one of the first female plantation owners in Tennessee.
 * Rachael Pringle Polgreen (1753–1791), Afro-Barbadian hotelier and brothel owner. Emancipated herself, she had a violent temper and abused her own slaves.

Q

 * John A. Quitman (1798–1858), Mississippi politician and prominent member of the pro-slavery Fire-Eaters.

R

 * Edmund Randolph (1753–1813), American statesman. Eight of his slaves were freed by the Gradual Abolition Act of 1780.
 * John Randolph (1773–1833), American statesman and planter, and one of the founders of the American Colonization Society.
 * John Reynolds (1788–1865), 4th Governor of Illinois, owned seven slaves whom he emancipated over 20 years.
 * George R. Reeves (1826–1882), Texas sheriff, colonel, legislator, and Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives, and was also the owner of Bass Reeves, who later became a notable lawman.
 * Daniel Robertson (1733–1810), British Army officer in North America, manumitted Pierre Bonga and his parents at Mackinac Island, as well as Hilaire Lamour in Montreal, but insisted that Lamour pay for the release of his wife Catherine in 1787.
 * William Barton Rogers (1804–1882), American scientist and founder of MIT, he enslaved at least six people, including Isabella Gibbons.
 * Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793–1877), Governor of Buenos Aires Province who oversaw the revival of the slave trade in Argentina.
 * Mary Johnston Rose (1718–1783), free person of color and hotelier on Jamaica, possibly born a slave, and later a slave owner herself.
 * Isaac Ross (1760–1836), Mississippi planter who stipulated in his will that his slaves be freed and moved to Africa.
 * Anne Rossignol (1730–1810), Afro-French slave trader.
 * Isaac Royall Jr. (1719–1781), a colonial American landowner who played an important role in the creation of Harvard Law School.
 * Peter Russell (1733–1808), gambler, government official, politician and judge in Upper Canada.
 * John Rutledge (1739–1800), 2nd Chief Justice of the United States, he enslaved as many as sixty people at one time.

S

 * Elisabeth Samson (1715–1771), Surinamese plantation owner and daughter of a formerly enslaved woman.
 * Ana Joaquina dos Santos e Silva (1788–1859), Afro-Portuguese slave trader in Angola.
 * Ernst Heinrich von Schimmelmann (1747–1831), Danish politician and planter, he opposed the Atlantic slave trade but supported slavery, owning enslaved people in both Copenhagen and his Saint Croix plantation.
 * Sally Seymour (died 1824), American pastry chef and restaurateur, formerly a slave.
 * J. Marion Sims (1813–1883), physician, founder of gynecology. He performed medical experiments on enslaved women whom he bought or rented.
 * Philip Skene (1725–1810), Scottish British army officer and New York state patroon who fought in the Saratoga campaign
 * Ashbel Smith (1805–1886), physician, diplomat, slave owner, Republic of Texas official, Confederate officer and first President of the Board of Regents of the University of Texas. An anti-abolitionist, he helped lead efforts to keep Texas a republic and slave state.
 * Emilia Soares de Patrocinio (1805–1886) was a Brazilian slave, slave owner and businesswoman.
 * Hernando de Soto (c. 1500–1542), explorer and conquistador, he enslaved many of the indigenous people he encountered in North America. At the time of his death he owned four enslaved people.
 * Stephen the Great (c. 1430s–1504), Moldavian prince, he consolidated his country's practice of slavery, including the notion that different laws applied to slaves, reportedly enslaving as many as 17,000 Roma during his invasion of Wallachia.
 * Alexander H. Stephens (1812–1883), Vice President of the Confederate States of America and proponent for the expansion of slavery.
 * Charles Stewart, Scottish-American customs officer who enslaved James Somerset. In 1772, while in England, Somerset successfully sued for his freedom. The judgment in Somerset v Stewart effectively ended slavery in Britain.
 * J. E. B. Stuart (1833–1864), Confederate general. He and his wife enslaved two people.
 * John Stuart (1740–1811) was an American Anglican minister who later practiced in Kingston, Upper Canada.
 * Peter Stuyvesant (c. 1592–1672), director-general of New Netherland, he organized Manhattan's first slave-auction and enslaved 40 African people himself.
 * Thomas Sumter (1734–1832), South Carolina planter and general, in the Revolutionary War he gifted slaves to new recruits as an incentive to enlist.
 * Mary Surratt (1823–1865), convicted conspirator in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and the first woman executed by the U.S. federal government. She and her husband were slaveholders.

T

 * Clemente Tabone (c. 1575–1665), Maltese landowner who owned at least two slaves.
 * Lawrence Taliaferro (1794–1871), Indian agent who enslaved Harriet Robinson and officiated her marriage to Dred Scott. The largest slaveholder in what is now Minnesota, Taliaferro leased slaves to officers at Fort Snelling.
 * Roger Taney (1777–1864), 5th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, as a young man he inherited slaves from his father but quickly emancipated them.
 * John Tayloe II (1721–1779), Virginia planter and politician, he enslaved approximately 250 people.
 * George Taylor (c. 1716–1781), Pennsylvania ironmaster and signer of the Declaration of Independence, he enslaved two men who, upon his death, were sold to settle his debts.
 * Zachary Taylor (1784–1850), 12th President of the United States, he enslaved as many as 200 people on his Cypress Grove Plantation.
 * Edward Telfair (1735–1807), 19th Governor of Georgia and a slave owner.
 * Thomas Thistlewood (1721–1786), British planter in Jamaica, he recorded torturing and raping slaves in his diary.
 * George Henry Thomas (1816–1870), Union General in the American Civil War, he owned slaves during much of his life.
 * Madam Tinubu (1810–1887), Nigerian aristocrat and slave trader.
 * Tippu Tip (1832–1905), Zanzabari slave trader.
 * Tiradentes (1746–1792), Brazilian revolutionary.
 * Alex Tizon (1959–2017), Pulitzer Prize winner and author of "My Family's Slave".
 * Robert Toombs (1810–1885), U.S. Congressman, 1st Confederate Secretary of State, and brigadier general in the Confederate Army. He owned many slaves on his plantations, including Garland H. White, William Gaines and Wesley John Gaines.
 * George Trenholm (1807–1876), American financier, he enslaved hundreds of people on his plantations and in his household.
 * Homaidan Al-Turki (born 1969), Colorado resident convicted in 2006 of enslaving and abusing his housekeeper.
 * John Tyler (1790–1862), 10th President of the United States, was 23 when he inherited his father's Virginia plantation and 13 slaves.

U

 * Umayya ibn Khalaf (died 624), Arab slaveholder and tribal leader who enslaved Bilal ibn Rabah

V

 * Martin Van Buren (1782–1862), 8th President of the United States and later a vocal abolitionist, owned at least one enslaved person and apparently leased others while he lived in Washington.
 * Joseph H. Vann (1798–1844), Cherokee leader with hundreds of slaves in Indian Territory.
 * Diego Velázquez (1599–1660), Spanish painter, he enslaved Juan de Pareja who was his assistant and a notable painter himself.
 * Amerigo Vespucci (1451–1512), Italian explorer and eponym of America, his estate held five slaves at his death.
 * Jacques Villeré (1761–1830), Governor of Louisiana. 53 people he had enslaved were liberated by the British after the Battle of New Orleans.
 * Elisabeth Dieudonné Vincent (1798–1883), a Haitian-born free businesswoman of color who, along with her husband, owned slaves in New Orleans.

W

 * Walkara (ca. 1805-1855), leader in the Timpanogos Native American group in what is now Utah, enslaved other Native Americans (typically Paiute or Goshute) many of whom he traded to California or New Mexico.
 * Joshua John Ward (1800–1853), Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina and "the king of the rice planters", whose estate was once the largest slaveholder in the United States (1,130 slaves).
 * Robert Wash (1790–1856), Missouri Supreme Court Justice. A slave-owner himself, he dissented in several important freedom suits.
 * Augustine Washington (1694–1743), father of George Washington. At the time of his death he owned 64 people.
 * George Washington (1732–1799), 1st President of the United States, who owned as many as 300 people. In his last will and testament he set all his slaves free.
 * Martha Washington (1731–1802), 1st U.S. First Lady, inherited slaves upon the death of her first husband and later gave slaves to her grandchildren as wedding gifts.
 * John Wayles (1715–1773), English slave trader and father-in-law of Thomas Jefferson.
 * James Moore Wayne (1790–1867), U.S. Congressman and Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court who owned slaves and had three children by an enslaved woman.
 * Thomas H. Watts (1819–1892), 18th Governor of Alabama and slave owner.
 * John Wedderburn of Ballindean (1729–1803), Scottish landowner whose slave, Joseph Knight, successfully sued for his freedom.
 * Richard Wenman (c. 1712–1781). Nova Scotia politician and brewer. One of his slaves, Cato, attempted to escape in 1778.
 * John H. Wheeler (1806–1882), U.S. Cabinet official and North Carolina planter. In separate, well-publicized incidents, two women he enslaved, Jane Johnson and Hannah Bond, escaped from him and both gained their freedom.
 * William Whipple (1730–1785), American general and politician, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and slave trader.
 * George Whitefield (1714–1770), English Methodist preacher who successfully campaigned to legalize slavery in Georgia.
 * James Matthew Whyte (c. 1788–1843), Canadian banker, he enslaved at least a dozen people on a plantation in Jamaica.
 * James Beckford Wildman (1789–1867), English MP and owner of Jamaican plantations.
 * John Witherspoon (1723–1794), Scottish-American Presbyterian minister, Founding Father of the United States, president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). At the time of his death, he owned "two slaves...valued at a hundred dollars each".
 * John Winthrop (1587/88–1649), one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the 3rd Governor of Massachusetts. He enslaved two Pequot people.
 * Joseph Wragg (1698–1751), British-American merchant and politician. He and his partner Benjamin Savage were among the first colonial merchants and ship owners to specialize in the slave trade.
 * Wynflaed (died c. 950/960), an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman, she bequeathed a male cook named Aelfsige to her granddaughter Eadgifu.
 * George Wythe (1726–1807), American legal scholar, U.S. Declaration of Independence signatory. He freed his slaves late in his life.

Y

 * William Lowndes Yancey (1814–1863), American secessionist leader, he was gifted 36 people as a dowry and established a plantation where he forced them to work.
 * Marie-Marguerite d'Youville (1701–1771), the first person born in Canada to be declared a saint and "one of Montreal's more prominent slaveholders".
 * David Levy Yulee (1810–1886), American politician and attorney, he forced enslaved people to work his Florida sugarcane plantation and later to build a railroad.

Z

 * Juan de Zaldívar (1514–1570), Spanish official and explorer, he enslaved many people on his farms and mines in New Spain.

title: List of slave owners


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Original BSK Family

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 10:08, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Original BSK Family
Band vanity, notability not established. Radiant! 14:22, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete Spinboy 21:21, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 23:39, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for apparently not meeting Notability and Music Guidelines. Tuf-Kat 00:47, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Lazistan Sanjak

Lazistan ( / Lazona, ლაზეთი / Lazeti, ჭანეთი / Ç'aneti; لازستان, Lazistān) was the Ottoman administrative name for the sanjak, under Trebizond Vilayet, comprising the Laz or Lazuri-speaking population on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea. It covered modern day land of contemporary Rize Province and the littoral of contemporary Artvin Province.

History
After the Ottoman conquest of Trebizond Empire and later Ottoman invasion of Guria in 1547, Laz populated area known as Lazia became its own distinctive area (sanjak) as part of eyalet of Trabzon, under the administration of a Governor who governed from the town of Rizaion (Rize). His title was "Lazistan Mutasserif"; in other words "Governor of Lazistan". The Lazistan sanjak was divided into cazas, namely those of: Ofi, Rizaion, Athena, Hopa, Gonia and Batum.

Not only the Pashas (governors) of Trabzon until the 19th century, but real authority in many of the cazas (districts) of each sanjak by the mid-17th century lay in the hands of relatively independent native Laz derebeys ("valley-lords"), or feudal chiefs who exercised absolute authority in their own districts, carried on petty warfare with each other, did not owe allegiance to a superior and never paid contributions to the sultan. This state of insubordination was not really broken until the assertion of Ottoman authority during the reforms of the Osman Pasha in 1850s.

In 1547, Ottomans acquired the coastal fortress of Gonia, which served as capital of Lazistan; then Batum until it was acquired by the Russians in 1878, throughout the Russo-Turkish War, thereafter, Rize became the capital of the sanjak. The Muslim Lazs living near the war zones in Batumi Oblast were subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in Batumi fled to the Ottoman Empire, settling along the southern Black Sea coast to the east of Samsun and Marmara region.

Around 1914 Ottoman policy towards the Christian population shifted; state policy was since focused to the forceful migration of Christian Pontic Greek and Laz population living in coastal areas to the Anatolian hinterland. In the 1920s Christian population of the Pontus were expelled to Greece.

In 1917, after the Russian Revolution, Lazs became citizens of Democratic Republic of Georgia, and eventually became Soviet citizens after the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921. Simultaneously, a treaty of friendship was signed in Moscow between Soviet Russia and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, whereby southern portions of former Batum Oblast - later known as Artvin, was awarded to Turkey, which renounced its claims to Batumi.

The autonomous Lazistan sanjak existed until the end of the empire in 1923. The designation of the term of Lazistan was officially banned in 1926, by the Kemalists. Lazistan was divided between Rize and Artvin provinces.

Population
The population of Lazistan was made up of Sunni Muslim Laz, Turks, and Hemshin people. The Christian population were around and made up of Pontic Greeks and Armenian Apostolic Christians.

Religion
The Ottomans fought for three centuries to destroy the Christian-Georgian consciousness of the Laz people. The execution of the Three Hundred Laz Martyrs took place on Mt. Dudikvati (lit. “the place of beheading”) and on Mt. Papati (lit. “the place of the clergy”) respectively. The beheading of some three hundred Laz warriors on a single mountain between the years 1600 and 1620 and the martyrdom of the clergy at one local monastery was what occurred during this massacre, and resulted in the dissolution of the Clergy and subsequent conversion to Islam or Hellenization of the Laz people. Local orthodox inhabitants, once subordinated to the Georgian Orthodox Church, had to adhere to the rules of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Part of the native population became targets of the Ottoman Islamization policy and gradually converted to Islam, while the second part of the people who remained orthodox subordinated to the Greek Church, thus gradually becoming Greeks as part of the process known as the Hellenization of Laz people. Lazs who were under the control of Constantinople soon lost their language and self-identity as they became Greeks and learned Greek, especially the Pontic dialect of Greek, although the Laz language was preserved by Lazs who had instead become Muslim.

Economy
Historically, Lazistan was known for producing hazelnuts, which were exported to and from Trabzon. Lazistan also produced zinc, producing over 1,700 tons in 1901.

title: Lazistan Sanjak


text:
Talk:Spirogyra

Untitled
"These choloplasts have been the cause of the deaths of hundreds of people each year. Spirogyra is very dangerous and should be handled with as much care as is possible." ??? Surely this is vandalism?? 81.106.0.104 11:10, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

more should be added on its conjugation and asexual reproduction --Baoganghu 14:23, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

???
Isn't Spirogyra a protist, not an animal?

Yeah, we learned so too. Can anyone explain? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.96.179.51 (talk • contribs).

 * From the Protist article: "The green and red algae, along with a small group called the glaucophytes, appear to be close relatives of other plants, and so some authors treat them as Plantae despite their simple organization." Powers 16:33, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

algae are not plants and should not be called plants. they're in the kingdom protista. someone should change this (I dunno how to use wikipedia much) 199.59.78.223 (talk) 04:32, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

 * They are in the kingdom Plantae.
 * ITIS - Report: Spirogyra Hbm0r (talk) 22:38, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

"Protista" is not a valid taxon. Mlvluu (talk) 21:35, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

Sexual or Asexual?
I thought conjugation wasn't a form of sexual reproduction, but somewhere in between sexual and asexual reproduction? The main issue is that there is no meoisis, but rather, an exchange of whole genetic material. Some bacteria swap DNA too, although I'm not sure it's the same thing as with spirogyra. Any biologists in the house? Spir 03:00, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

--- What we see here is a problem with using the same word to mean two things. In bacteria, conjugation happens when an F plasmid ( a small circular extrachromosomal piece of DNA) makes a connection to another bacteria called a sex pilus. When this happens, a piece of the chromosome can travel from one cell to the other mixing up the DNA in the recepient. Since this forms new combinations of DNA it is sexual reproduction.

Protists are eukaryotes, and thus have more than one chromosome. I am pretty sure that what happens is a fusion of two haploid cells to make a diploid cell that must then split by meiosis to make new haploid strains. Because the DNA mixes this is sexual reproduction. The name conjugation is used by analogy with bacteria because each filament forms a sort of sex pilus to a nearby cell. However the mechanism of conjugation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ.

I took a picture in the microscope the other day. If I can find it, I'll upload it. Rozzychan 12:41, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

disambig ?
Spirogyra may also refer to the British (acid) folk band Spirogyra_(band) (and For the American jazz fusion band, see Spyro Gyra) -- and a disambiguation-page would be nice-2-have here (but I don't know how exactly to make it) Wda (talk) 00:40, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

There is also a music by brazilian singer Jorge Ben Jor "Spyro Gyro" which goes like: "Spyro Gyro é Spyro Gyro / É um bichinho bonito e verdinho / que dá na água. / Que Plancton é esse / Que Plancton é esse" "Spyro Gyro is Spyro Gyro / is a green cute little bug / that growns on water / what plankton in this / what plankton is this" here you can hear it: www.youtube.com/watch?v=IW_9nnRI40E — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.9.19.242 (talk) 19:53, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

Remove lists of every species in the group
Such lists don't belong in an encyclopedia. These also risk obsolence as new species are discovered. 2607:F140:400:A009:80BD:FA88:9354:1595 (talk) 04:44, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spirogyra


text:
Toby Huss

Tobias Huss (born December 9, 1966) is an American actor, known for portraying Artie in the Nickelodeon series The Adventures of Pete & Pete (1993–1996). He is also known for his voice-over work on the long-running animated series King of the Hill (1997–2010) as Kahn Souphanousinphone and Cotton Hill, and his role as Felix "Stumpy" Dreifuss on HBO's Carnivàle (2003–2005). He played John Bosworth on the AMC original period drama Halt and Catch Fire.

Early life
Huss was born in Marshalltown, Iowa, to Gerald and Elma Huss. His father was a high school chemistry teacher, and his mother was a cosmetics sales representative. He attended the University of Iowa, where he participated in No Shame Theatre before moving to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career.

Career
In the early 1990s, Huss appeared in network promos for MTV, playing characters such as Ol' Two Eyes, who sang lounge-singer versions of Dr. Dre's "Dre Day", Cypress Hill's "Insane in the Brain", Pearl Jam's "Jeremy", and Onyx's "Slam"; a James Bond-like spy named Cobalt; a leather fetishist with an abnormal affection for goats; a flannel-wearing doofus; and an angry redneck named Reverend Tex Stoveheadbottom, who delivered fast-talking and descriptively detailed non sequitur tirades that usually included the phrase, "Go to Hell!". From 1993-1996, he played Artie, the Strongest Man in the World on Nickelodeon's The Adventures of Pete & Pete.

Other roles include the voices of Cotton Hill and Kahn Souphanousinphone on King of the Hill and "the Wiz", a boyfriend of Elaine Benes in the Seinfeld episode "The Junk Mail". Huss has created a Sinatra-inspired character named Rudy Casoni From his parodies of Frank Sinatra, which were featured in the films Vegas Vacation and Down Periscope, and the show Halt and Catch Fire.

Personal life
Huss is a single father and has one daughter, named Charlotte. He is also a multidisciplinary artist, painter, and photographer.

Discography

 * S'no Balls (2004)

title: Toby Huss


text:
Four-in-hand knot

The four-in-hand knot is a method of tying a necktie. Some reports state that carriage drivers tied their reins with a four-in-hand knot, while others claim that the carriage drivers wore their scarves in the manner of a four-in-hand, but the most likely etymology is that members of the Four-in-Hand Club in London began to wear the neckwear, making it fashionable. The knot produced by this method is on the narrow side, notably asymmetric. For United States Army uniforms, and United States Navy uniforms that include a necktie, the four-in-hand knot is one of three prescribed options for tying the necktie, the other two being the half-Windsor and Windsor.

Tying
The four-in-hand knot is tied by placing the tie around the neck and crossing the broad end of the tie in front of the narrow end. The broad end is folded behind the narrow end and brought forward on the opposite side, passed across the front horizontally, folded behind the narrow end again, brought over the top of the knot from behind, tucked behind the horizontal pass, and the knot pulled snug. The knot is slid up the narrow end of the tie until snug against the collar.

Using the notation of The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie, by Thomas Fink and Yong Mao, the four-in-hand knot (knot 2) is tied

 * Li Ro Li Co T.

Other uses
When it is used to attach rope to an object, the four-in-hand knot is known as the buntline hitch. It was used by sailors throughout the age of sail to rig ships and remains a useful working knot today.

Onassis knot
A variant of the four-in-hand, with the long end of the tie passed back around and above the just-tied knot, was employed by Aristotle Onassis, who caused it to become briefly fashionable in some circles. Fink and Mao record this variant as Knot 2on; in shorthand notation, it is written Li Ro Li Co T Ri Co.

title: Four-in-hand knot


text:
Leopold Lummerstorfer

Leopold Lummerstorfer (born 1968 in Gramastetten, Austria) is an Austrian film director, author and producer. He resides in Vienna and near Kapuvár.

Leopold Lummerstorfer is one of the younger directors of the new Austrian cinema. As early as 19, he made his first long film “My Country in Pink”, an adventurous feature with underground, cult character. He studied ethnology and philosophy at the University of Vienna, worked in very diverse occupations such as road construction worker, journalist, estate manager, long-distance heating supervisor and youth social worker. Parallel to this, he made a set of short features as well as documentary films, including “The Dream That Remains”, a film “that goes from a social study to a gentle, true satire without much effort. A surprise success for domestic cinema, in artistic value and in public numbers and a politically alert as well as amusing film” (Die Presse). His films usually highlight a social focus, which he brings to the screen, documentarily or fictionally, by means of accurate narrative structure. His last feature, “White Cherries” (with Martin Puntigam, Josef Hader, and Maria Hofstätter), was acclaimed as the, up to then, most successful new generation film in Austrian cinema. His work has received numerous festival invitations (among others, San Francisco, São Paulo, Saarbruecken, Istanbul, Cinéma du réel Paris) and awards. Leopold Lummerstorfer lives in Vienna, where he also now regularly directs the ORF feature, “Show without a Name”, an individual youth format with most satisfying viewer numbers, also above the 50.

Films

 * 2005: "Deaf-mute lane", short, 4min. (original title: "Taubstummengasse")
 * 2003-07: "Show without a name", TV-series. (original title: "Sendung ohne Namen" aka SON) - episodes directed by Leopold Lummerstorfer:
 * "Sleep“ - SON 37, 10/2003, 25mins., guests: Heather Nova, Thomas Maurer, Florian Scheuba
 * „Drugs“ - SON 42, 11/2003, 25mins., guests: Shantel, Chicks on Speed, Christoph Krall
 * „Pain“ - SON 45, 12/2003, 25mins., guests: The Mars Volta, Wohlstandskinder
 * „Family partys“ - SON 47, 1/2003, 25mins., guests: Peaches, Garish
 * „Appropriation“ - SON 49, 1/2004, 25mins., guests: Hans Platzgumer, Kurt Palm
 * „Germany“ - SON 51, 2/2004, 25mins., guests: Tomte, Texta
 * „Office work“ - SON 55, 3/2004, 25mins., guests: The Offspring, Georg Friedrich
 * „Birthdays“ - SON 62, 6/2004, 25mins., guests: Morgan Spurlock, Die Sterne, Max Herre
 * „Extremism“ - SON 65, 9/2004, 25mins., guests: Beatsteaks, Willi Resetarits, Gerald Votava
 * „Vienna“ - SON 70, 12/2004, 25mins., guests: Moritz Bleibtreu, Vera Borek, Hansi Lang, Thomas Rabitsch, Wolfgang Schlögl
 * „Vision“ - SON 78, 10/2005, 25mins., guests: Gerard Malanga, Antonin Swoboda
 * „Freewill“ - SON 82, 11/2005, 25mins., guests: Herbert Rosendorfer, Michael Glawogger
 * „Gifts“ - SON 85, 12/2005, 25mins., guests: Weezer, Kante
 * „Love of Animals“ - SON 92, 3/2006, 25mins., guests: Katie Melua, Detlef Buck
 * „To emigrate“ - SON 97, 10/2006, 25mins., guests: Sugarplumfairy, Thomas Glavinic
 * „New Years Special“ - SON 101, 12/2006, 25mins., guests: Two Gallants, Didi Bruckmayr, Prof. Heinz Oberhummer
 * „On Ice“ - SON 105, 2/2007, 25mins., guests: Electric Indigo, Wally Salner
 * „Insanity“ - SON 113, 4/2007, 30mins., guests: Scissor Sisters, Plexus Solaire
 * 2000: "White Cherries", feature f., 86mins. (orig. title: "Gelbe Kirschen")
 * 1996: "The dream that remains", doc., 155mins. ( aka "Der Traum der bleibt")
 * 1995: "Vienne en densant", short, 18mins.
 * 1993: "Some time with Joseph", doc., 70mins. ("Tage mit Josef")
 * 1992: "A letter for You", 15mins. / "The land surveyour", 20mins. / part for "Wienminuten", episodic film, 44 min.
 * 1990: "My country in pink", feature f., 83min. (aka "Rosa Heimat")
 * 1987: "Walking", short, 10min.

Awards

 * Film scholarship 2003, Austrian Federal Chancellery
 * Foundation award „Film Art“ 1998, Austrian Federal Chancellery
 * Talent award 1997 of Upper Austria for documentary films
 * Vienna film award 1996: Special mention
 * Script award 1995 Upper Austria

title: Leopold Lummerstorfer


text: Talk:Apollon (Formula One)

title: Talk:Apollon (Formula One)


text:
Churchill-class submarine

The three Churchill class, sometimes known as the Repeat Valiant-class submarines were nuclear-powered fleet submarines which served with the Royal Navy from the 1970s until the early 1990s. The Churchill class was based on the older Valiant-class submarine, but featured many internal improvements.

The lead vessel was named after the former Prime Minister and First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill. HMS Conqueror (S48) was the most famous of the class, sinking the Argentinian cruiser ARA General Belgrano during the 1982 Falklands War. , this is the only instance of a nuclear-powered submarine of any nation sinking an enemy ship by torpedo.

Design
The Churchills carried a crew of 103 and had a full load displacement of 4,900 tons whilst dived. They were 86.9 m long, had a beam of 10.1 m and a draught of 8.2 m. Their single pressurized water-cooled reactor supplied steam to two English Electric geared turbines, producing a total of 20000 shp for the single shaft and resulting in a maximum of 28 kn submerged. Like all nuclear-powered submarines the Churchill class could remain submerged almost indefinitely, with supplies of food being the only limiting factor. One Kelvin Type 1006 surface-search radar was fitted. The ships were built with a Type 2001 sonar array, but this was replaced in the late 1970s with a Type 2020 array and a Type 2026 towed array. Weapons included Mk VIII torpedoes, Mk 24 Tigerfish torpedoes, and Sub-Harpoon anti-ship missiles. Six 21 in torpedo tubes fired from the bow.

HMS Churchill evaluated both the American Mark 48 torpedo and the UGM-84 Harpoon missile, though only the latter was adopted by the Royal Navy. She was decommissioned in 1990 and is laid up at Rosyth awaiting disposal.

In 1981 HMS Courageous (S50) became the first British submarine to carry the Sub-Harpoon missile. She was decommissioned in 1992 and is at Devonport Dockyard serving as a museum ship.

Service history
HMS Conqueror (S48) was the most famous of the class, sinking the Argentinian cruiser ARA General Belgrano during the 1982 Falklands War. She did not fire again during the war, but provided valuable help to the British task force by using her monitoring equipment to track Argentine aircraft departing the mainland. After the war Conqueror returned to Faslane; the sinking of General Belgrano had provoked controversy in Britain and Conqueror was criticised for flying the Jolly Roger on returning to port, as Royal Navy submarines customarily did on returning after scoring a kill. She the only nuclear-powered submarine of any nationality to have engaged an enemy ship with torpedoes. She was decommissioned in 1990 and is laid up at Devonport awaiting disposal. Conqueror's periscopes can be viewed at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum in Gosport.

title: Churchill-class submarine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Raffles institution class 3g

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Speedy Delete. Per the deletion log:

 * 14:51, 17 Feb 2005 Thue deleted Raffles institution class 3g (blanked by author)

 * Unsigned by Uncle G. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:02, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Raffles institution class 3g
Oh no. This school stuff is bordering on madness. Delete. And let's add a case to WP:CSD: articles about individual classes of schools. Lupo 14:27, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Heh, individual classes at a secondary school. Delete, not notable. Thue | talk 14:37, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Blanked by author, so I speedied it. Thue | talk 14:52, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kings of Metal

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 00:18, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Kings of Metal
Self-promotion in violation of What Wikipedia is not. --Ngb 14:29, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * They seem to be asking a band with that name for a copy of their CD and some other stuff. Speedy delete as CSD criteria #11. Thue | talk 14:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 23:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I speedied it. Tuf-Kat 00:45, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Godwin-Austen

Godwin-Austen may refer to:

 * People
 * Alfred Reade Godwin-Austen (1889-1963), British Army general
 * Robert Alfred Cloyne Godwin-Austen (1808-1884), geologist
 * Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen (1834-1923), topographer, geologist and malacologist, namesake of K2, son of Robert

 * Places
 * Godwin Austen Glacier near K2 in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
 * Mount Godwin-Austen, also known as K2

title: Godwin-Austen


text:
NAPTR record

A Name Authority Pointer (NAPTR) is a type of resource record in the Domain Name System of the Internet.

NAPTR records are most commonly used for applications in Internet telephony, for example, in the mapping of servers and user addresses in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). The combination of NAPTR records with Service Records (SRV) allows the chaining of multiple records to form complex rewrite rules which produce new domain labels or uniform resource identifiers (URIs).

The DNS type code for the NAPTR record is 35.

Rationale
Uniform Resource Names (URNs) are a subset of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) used for abstract identifiers, such as a person's name or their telephone number. For URNs to be meaningful, they must be mapped to a concrete resource of some sort. Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are often used to describe such resources, such as a computer hostname, or a local file.

The NAPTR record aids in the standardization of URNs. NAPTR records map between sets of URNs, URLs and plain domain names and suggest to clients the protocols available for communication with the mapped resource. Each NAPTR record contains a service name, a set of flags, a regular expression rule, an order value, a preference and a replacement pattern. Multiple records can be chained together in a cascade to rewrite URIs in deterministic ways. These cascading rules have been standardized in.

Example
A common use of NAPTR records is by the Session Initiation Protocol, which routes telephony sessions over IP networks. For example, the URI for the US telephone number 1-800-555-1234 might be tel:+1-800-555-1234 and its domain name 4.3.2.1.5.5.5.0.0.8.1.e164.arpa. A SIP client querying that name might receive:

The first record has an order value of 100, which is lower than 102 and therefore has precedence. Its preference of 10 is unimportant as there are no other rules with order 100. The service name E2U+sip is an ENUM string indicating that the record can be used in telephone number-to-SIP-URI queries. The client applies the regular expression !^.*$!sip:customer-service@example.com!, which replaces its entire URI tel:+1-800-555-1234 with sip:customer-service@example.com. The flag U indicates that the replacement string is a SIP URI, and that no further rules should be applied.

To resolve the SIP URI, the client performs a second NAPTR lookup—on example.com, yielding:

As in the first example, the client picks the first record because it has the lowest order value. The regular expression rule replaces the query URI, this time with the domain name _sip._udp.example.com. The flag S indicates that the resulting domain name points to a SRV record. The client thus finishes with _sip._udp.example.com, for which it can then fetch an SRV record to initiate a telephony call.

Support
NAPTR implementations generally also implement EDNS as responses returning multiple NAPTR records are usually larger than the normal 512 byte packet size limit and would otherwise require a less efficient fallback to TCP, rather than UDP, for the transport protocol.

Services
Below are some Voice over IP services and products that require or support NAPTR records.

NAPTR records are also used by non-SIP services. Notable roaming services using NAPTR for route signposting are listed below:

title: NAPTR record


text:
User:Future~enwiki

http://blog.phuture.sk

http://tibor.pittich.sk

title: User:Future~enwiki


text:
User:Oneironautical.science101

The Art of Lucid Dreaming

title: User:Oneironautical.science101


text:
Simple lens

In optics, a simple lens or singlet lens is a lens consisting of a single simple element. Typical examples include a magnifying glass or a lens in a pair of simple reading glasses.

Simple lenses are prone to aberrations, especially chromatic aberration. They cannot be used for precise imaging and make poor camera lenses. They are commonly used for laser applications, however, where the beams are both monochromatic (minimizing chromatic aberration) and narrow (minimizing spherical aberration).

Some cameras with fixed lenses have been made using a simple lens, usually a meniscus lens with the convex face facing outward. In such examples the lens aperture is made small and in some cases (such as the Kodak Brownie 127 camera), the film plane is curved to reduce the impact of aberrations.

title: Simple lens


text: Category:Austrian film directors

title: Category:Austrian film directors


text:
File:KylieMinogueSpinningAroundVideo.jpg

Summary
A screenshot of Kylie Minogue in the music video for her single "Spinning Around" (2000). The copyright of the image and the music video is owned by Parlophone/Mushroom Records. Image taken from the Parlophone/Mushroom Records DVD Ultimate Kylie (2004).