text:
Talk:President of Germany (1919–1945)

awkward ordinals in the article be removed
From Talk:President of Germany [snip] Not to denigrate the Wikipedia, but I don't think other Wikipedia articles can be used properly as evidence of anything. I'd like to see a, well, book that talks about this issue, or that calls Dönitz Reichspräsident. john k 20:00, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Quit right ask for an original source:
 * In German [Adolf Hitler Politisches Testament] "''ernenne ich als Führer der Nation folgende Mitglieder des neuen Kabinetts:
 * Reichspräsident: D ö n i t z
 * Reichskanzler: Dr. G o e b b e l s
 * Parteiminister: B o r m a n n''

 * English translation of Adolf Hitler's Final Political Testament "''I appoint the following members of the new Cabinet as leaders of the nation:
 * President of the Reich: DOENITZ
 * Chancellor of the Reich: DR. GOEBBELS
 * Party Minister: BORMANN''"

 * --Philip Baird Shearer 20:21, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Okay, fair enough. I'd suggest that we remove the numeration entirely, since the question of whether Hitler was Reichspräsident, or merely held the powers of Reichspräsident, seems up in the air, and the ordinals don't really give us any additional information. john k 17:14, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hitler was not Reichspräsident, sure he was head of state, but his title was "Führer (und Reichskanzler)" not "Reichspräsident (and Reichskanzler)".

 * I can not find a document for you which explains this on line, but I can prove it to you in a round about way. As you will be aware the German army oath of allegiance was changed so that Officers who took their oaths seriously were caught like flys on fly paper. This change took place on August 2, 1934 (the day Hitler became head of state). If Hitler had still been Reichspräsident (or if the office had still existed) then the Oath would have had to included it, because not to do so would have allowed the Officers a way around the wording of the oath. But it did not. It used the word Führer. The Army Enslaved --Philip Baird Shearer 20:05, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

In terms of the enabling act - indeed, the Weimar Constitution was put out of operation. But it was done constitutionally - that is to say, Germany's constitution was still the Weimar Constitution. It just was suspended for an indefinite period of time. But I wasn't clear. In terms of Hitler as Reichspräsident, I wasn't saying that he was Reichspräsident, exactly. Just that he incorporated within himself all of Hindenburg's powers, meaning that the role of Führer in some sense incorporated the role of Reichspräsident. At any rate, all I'm asking now is that the awkward ordinals in the other article be removed - it just seems weird to say that Dönitz was the third Reichspräsident. john k 03:53, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I suggest that that is a something to be discussed on Talk:Reichspräsident. I am going to copy a couple of paragraphs to get us started Philip Baird Shearer 16:32, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

In response to John K above: the Weimar Constitution was neither put out of operation nor suspended by the Enabling Act. The passages about human and civic rights had already been suspended by the Reichstag Fire Decree. The Enabling Act "merely" gave Hitler's cabinet legislative authority (without any involvement of the President) but excluded the existence of the institutions of Reichstag, Reichsrat and Reichspräsident. Therefore a law passed under the Enabling Act could not "abolish" the presidential office. Ordinals are invalid anyway. The list can do with a numbering but it is not common to take about 1st President, 2nd President or Chancellors etc. in German politics. It is an Americanism unfortunately introduced here. Str1977 (talk) 11:16, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, Hitler DID become President by the following 1934 law merging the offices of Chancellor and President in his person. He just didn't use this title regularly, styling himself only "Führer and Reich Chancellor". So he should be numbered as 3rd President if there is a numbering at all. --Roentgenium111 (talk) 19:55, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Dönitz' Party?
The list put the party of Dönitz as none. However, I was under the impression he was a Nazi. Thus, I have been bold and changed it. ¿SFGi Д  nts!  ☺ ☻ 23:39, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * You're wrong to do so. Like most German military officers, Dönitz was not a member of any political party, and in fact had never taken part in politics before Hitler named his as his successor. He may have shared some beliefs with the Nazis--I would argue that he was certainly fascist in his world view--but he wasn't a member of the NSDAP. Jsc1973 (talk) 20:45, 4 January 2008 (UTC)
 * According to Karl Dönitz, Dönitz became a member of the NSDAP in 1944. So he was a party member when he became (? See below) President.--Roentgenium111 (talk) 22:47, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Pardons?
Didn't the Reich President had a power to grant a pardon or commuation, instead of amnesty? If he had such power, was it limited to "federal" offences or committed also under states jurisdiction? Darth Kalwejt (talk) 22:56, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Doenitz
I think Doenitz should not be considered a "Reichspraesident" just because Hitler named him his successor. Or was there a legal framework in the de jure still existing Weimar constitution giving the Reichspraesident a right to choose his successor? --Roentgenium111 (talk) 13:02, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Changed article accordingly. --Roentgenium111 (talk) 21:26, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Wrongly changed and thus reverted. Dönitz was and is universally recognised as President of Germany, albeit that Germany was in pieces. The Weimar Constitution was the basic framework of politics all the way until the surrender and under these circumstances, Dönitz was put in that office in 1945. Sure, he wasn't installed the way the Constitution proscribed but neither was President Ebert. Whether a President could chose his successor (he could not) is irrelevant as Hitler never was President either, as the office was officially vacant (not abolished - such a move would have been overstretching the Enabling Act) from Hindenburgs' death to Dönitz' accession. But Hitler's rule had corrupted the situation that much, that his simply appointing Dönitz (and the other positions, but Dönitz is the one that counts, since he then could as President legally implement the other appointments) was universally accepted. Please don't rewrite history according to your rule book. Str1977 (talk) 10:56, 26 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Please be civil and check the facts yourself: Hitler did become President upon Hindenburg's death: This 1934 law merged the offices of President and Chancellor and made Hitler President (Hitler just didn't use this additional title). So the office was not vacant. And you agree yourself that Hitler could not legally name a new President, so  Dönitz was de jure not a President (note that the Weimar constitution was de jure still in place in 1945, which it was not (yet) at Ebert's election). I agree that he was de facto the head of state (and maybe President) of what remained of Germany. The question is whether we should go with "de jure" or "de facto" - I prefer the first. Do you have references for your claim that Dönitz was "universally recognised as President of Germany"? --Roentgenium111 (talk) 19:48, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

It seems to me that the "last officeholder" should be Hindenburg. Hitler only took over the competences of the office; he and Dönitz did not use the title by themselves. Dönitz was not elected, not by the people not by parliament.--Ziko (talk) 18:44, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Hitler did take over the office, not only its competences (see the law linked to above), though he did not use the title, so he should be counted IMO. I agree that Dönitz should not be considered President, as argued above. --Roentgenium111 (talk) 20:39, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * "§ 1. Das Amt des Reichspräsidenten wird mit dem des Reichskanzlers vereinigt. Infolgedessen gehen die bisherigen Befugnisse des Reichspräsidenten auf den Führer und Reichskanzler Adolf Hitler über.“ What to make of this? The second sentence sounds as if there is still a chancellor, who gets the competences of the president. / It seems that the literature is quite uninterested about the issue and does not make explicit whether there still was a president after 1934.--Ziko (talk) 21:29, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I've now translated the text in the article's references. The first sentence of § 1 says "The office of the Reichspräsident is merged with that of the Reichskanzler." I.e. both offices remain, but are held by the same person (Hitler) who already was chancellor. So he officially was "President-Chancellor" from that day on. --Roentgenium111 (talk) 21:51, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

The Enabling Act of 1933 allowed Hitler to decree and enact laws which could deviate from the Constitution as long as they did not affect the institutions of the Reichstag and the Reichsrat. Thus, Dönitz's appointment as Reichspräsident by Hitler (right) was completely legal and constitutional. Dönitz was also recognized as President and Head of State by the Allies, and Dönitz continued to believe and affirm that he was Germany's legal President until his death. Lt.Specht (talk) 10:04, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

I think that the present appearance of the article is little appropriate. With swastika and Hitler in the infobox it looks as if the office were a typical national socialist institution. The rule about the last office holder should be reconsidered here; one could think about the last office holder who has actually been elected according to the constitution that established the office. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ziko (talk • contribs) 19:17, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Merge
This article should be merged with President of Germany. It's so short that there is no reason to have a separate article, and this material can without any problems be addressed in the existing article. Also, Hitler never held an office called President, so if this is an article on the office Reichspräsident, he doesn't belong here at all. Josh Gorand (talk) 02:04, 9 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Short length is not an argument. There are hundreds of Wikipedia articles that are very much shorter. Moreover, it can be expanded. It is more clear and definite to cover the two distinct offices in two separate articles. I oppose the merger. --RJFF (talk) 20:54, 13 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The Weimar office of President and the FRG office of President are in practice vastly different positions. The Weimar president was tremendously powerful with the ability to pick the chancellor without parliamentary confirmation, dismiss them at any time, and also its vaguely and broadly defined emergency powers. The Weimar president essentially ran the show, the Chancellor was reduced to serving at his pleasure, and he could actively run up against the will of the Reichstag, as well as legislate through decree. The FRG Presidency is much more typical and minimalist, more if a symbolic office which exists to confirm acknowledge the selection of the Chancellor by the parliamentary majority, she the Chancellor then has all the power and can only be dismissed by Parliament. The office is also appointed by Parliament rather than directly elected, which reduces its independence from the Parliament. It was essentially a switch from a very strong semi-presidential system, to more or less a typical parliamentary system. 2601:140:8900:61D0:8DD:5D72:6A88:3CCE (talk) 23:15, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

According to section 1 of the “Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reichs”, the office of the Reichspräsident when merged with Reichskanzler was never abolished and was legally valid
According to section 1 of the “Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reichs”, the office of the Reichspräsident when merged with Reichskanzler was never abolished and was legally valid:

§ 1

The office of Reich President is combined with that of the Chancellor. It follows that, the previous powers of the President of the Fuehrer and Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler. He determines his deputy.

Source in German: http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/stobrhpt.html

Saguamundi (talk) 02:53, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

 * That doesn't mean that Hitler was "President of Germany". He was called "Führer and Reichskanzler", which the article explains pretty well. --RJFF (talk) 15:09, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

 * The TITLE of Reichspräsident was abolished in the case of Hitler, but the post was NOT officially abolished. Karl Dönitz was Reichspräsident not only de-facto but also de-jure. Hitler bended this law (like any other law) and the Weimar constitution, but both of them were not officially abolished either by law or by decree. That Karl Dönitz was Reichspräsident is indisputable and any erasing of it is groundless. The post was totally abolished by the Allies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.224.153.26 (talk) 20:51, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

This is not the place for a legal opinion, but an encyclopedia. You have to provide secondary sources to verify your claims. Applying Nazi period law is not enough. --RJFF (talk) 21:25, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

We need a bit of clarity in the bit about Hitler assuming the powers of the Presidency.
Apologies. I deleted by own section earlier because I made a mistake. What i meant to say was that though Hitler assumed the powers of the Presidency after Hindenburg's death, the law that was passed allowing him to do so was passed the day before - to come into effect upon Hindenburg's death. Think we need to make that clear. Coz it did not seem that precise to me. Qwartz2003 (talk) 10:06, 24 March 2019 (UTC)

 * There actually is clarity, though much nonsense has been posted on this talk page.
 * Upon Hindenburg's death, a law passed by the cabinet (ostensibly) merged the offices of President and Chancellor and Hitler assumed the powers of the presidency.
 * That Hitler assumed these powers is undisputed.
 * It also means that he never was president as the law did not institute a personal union of offices but merged the offices. More precisely it merged the Presidential office INTO that of the Chancellor.
 * Now, strictly speaking, this law was illegal as it was passed by the cabinet under the provisions of the Enabling Act, which however excluded any laws that would affect the existence of the Reichstag, Reichsrat and the Reichspräsident. So even if Hitler went around calling himself President, that wouldn't have been legal. But in any case, Hitler NEVER did so. It wasn't just the title he NEVER used but it was the office that he NEVER held.
 * Of course, such legalities were meaningless in Nazi Germany as nobody could challenge the issue without serious repercussions.
 * For the same reason, Hitler appointing Dönitz as President was also not challenged. In addition, it was a pretty meaningless appointment as such government mechanisms had already ceased. Still, Dönitz was legally president until May 23. Str1977 (talk) 09:47, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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 * Bundesarchiv Bild 102-13355, Berlin, Reichspräsidentenwahl, Wahlwerbung.jpg

title: Talk:President of Germany (1919–1945)


text:
Talk:Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 11 March 2019 and 26 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): ADumestre.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:01, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Archives

 * Talk:Cannabis rescheduling in the United States/Archive1
 * Talk:Cannabis rescheduling in the United States/Jon Gettman's handout

Under 'Factors determinative of scheduling' do we mean "Its psychic [sic] or physiological dependence liability"??? Psychiatric/psychological dependence liability, perhaps.
 * That wording comes straight out of the United States Code. Rad Racer 15:37, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

FA status
The 40 odd external jumps need converted into footnotes and the citation tag needs taking care of or the FA status may be in jeopardy.Rlevse 21:53, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Table of Contents (Side Box)
Is it possible to fix this article's Table of Contents? The Schedule List on the right is simply for reference, not six seperate sections of the article... /Blaxthos 01:52, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I fixed the side box as best I knew how, but the "Sections" within them still are fouling it up (and the edit tags around the article. I am not experienced enough to fix it completely. /Blaxthos 09:19, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Critical information missing
Why is it that there's such an abundance of information about efforts to decriminalize marijuana, but after a rather exhaustive search, I can find no mention of how it came to be criminalized in the first place? Systemic bias? Or is this just part of the vast right-wing conspiracy at work? Tom e rtalk 06:57, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Exhaustive search? Maybe in the wrong places ;)  Read Legal issues of cannabis, The campaign against marijuana, and Why is Marijuana Illegal?.  --Thoric 23:03, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

POV
This article evinces the pro-marijuana POV of its authors in the following ways: 1)The position of opponents is not fairly presented, and 2)It contains statements in support that are advocative. This is one of the most pernicious elements of POV which wikipedia's policies do not allow: to present distortions of fact and logic to promote your Point of View.

Positions of opponents
The position of the Drug Enforcement Agency which, under law, determines the scheduling level of all controlled substances is consistently presented as if they are another advocate. In fact, DEA is the chief agency charged with making the administrative determination here and they are presented as just another opinion. "...cannabis reform advocates and the Drug Enforcement Administration have been battling..." and " The most recent rescheduling petition, filed by medical marijuana advocates in 2002, is likely to wind up in the U.S. Court of Appeals." Pure speculation (and wishful thinking by pro-legalization editors)

There is a lot information available about the DEA and Department of Justice positions on marijuana as a Schedule I drug, but the only "arguments" presented here are old or from legal documents in Mr. Gettman's case. The best and most recent arguments (FDA reaffirming that there is great potential for abuse, studies of schizophrenia and other mental disease exacerbated by use of marijuana, and effects of marijuana on adolescent brains) do not appear.

Every single point given in the 'against rescheduling' section is followed by a rebuttal, which also calls into question the objectivity of the article.

Advocative misstatements
There appears to be one supporter of rescheduling, Jon Gettman. Most of the arguments "for" and "against" are represented as to whether he agrees or disagrees with the position.

Other statements are pure advocacy. Example:
 * "In some ways, cannabis is indisputably safer than prescription narcotics such as oxycodone and morphine, since there are no records of anyone ever dying from a cannabis overdose."

It is not "indisputable" or there would be no argument or article here. Second, this is not the test under the law. The test, as the article correctly points out is "1)The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. 2)The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. 3) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision." Not whether "no one has ever died."

The straw-man arguments are obvious and the article is not balanced by the presence of such obvious imbalance.

For all of these reasons, I restore the POV tag and urge editors to help clean up this article. Argos'Dad 04:43, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Hold up a second... I'm not advocating removal of the POV tag, however it appears that you are also making advocacy statements against rescheduling. Considering this article is about a particular point of view (rescheduling of cannabis) arguments should be balanced on both sides.  The test under the law is not the test to be used here, and certainly there are accepted medical uses -- many doctors prescribe the drug in California, Oregon, and other states.  Keep in mind the history of propaganda and deception that was used to get it banned in the first place.  Let's not jump out of the frying pan and into the fire -- attempt to make the article balanced.  I'm not saying the article isn't POV-netural (or without OR) as it stands now, but don't use NPOV to gut the article either.  Characterizing the arguments as straw-man certainly makes it seem like you're pushing a POV too.  Keep in mind, this article is a featured article, identifying the very best Wikipedia has to offer.  It wouldn't make that cut if it were as POV-oriented as you claim.  /Blaxthos 07:44, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your shared concerns about the POV of the article and agree that it is especially a problem in an FA, which is why the FA status of this article is in question.

 * I agree that my criticism here on this talk page represents a point of view. That is permissible in discussing whether an article is POV or not.  It would be like fighting with one hand behind your back to show POV without explaining what the alternate view is.  So, while these arguments are POV, so is the article.  The difference is it is not allowed in the article. Argos'Dad 16:41, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * You seem to be rather knowledgeable about the DEA positions and arguments; you should add that content rather than insisting other editors do it. This article has a total of about 120 edits since it achieved featured status two years ago - that's extremely low for an allegely strongly POV article. And I am removing the "unreferenced" tag, which seems entirely inappropriate for this article. Gimmetrow 16:56, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your suggestions about what I should work on. I will consider improving this article after its status is properly confirmed.

As for the unsourced tag, I placed it because of these type of existing flaws: "The position of Jon Gettman, leader of the rescheduling movement, is that a drug cannot remain in a Schedule unless it fully meets all three statutory criteria for that Schedule.[citation needed]." So, until the statements are sourced, which is normally a requirement for a Class B article, the tag remains. Argos'Dad 17:25, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * There is a total of one citation needed tag in the article. That does not justify an unreferenced tag for the entire article. Gimmetrow 17:41, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * To be fair, I did not realize that FA status was undergoing review when my other comments were pasted... however, I would strongly urge those who are pushing an agenda to be careful when installing cleanup templates -- there has been amazingly little change in the article since FA and the frontpage placement. This article, IMHO, does not push an agenda, but rather describes the movement FOR rescheduling (there's a big difference).  This article shouldn't be a soapbox for either side, nor is it the place for people to debate the various positions.  /Blaxthos 21:27, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Moved to marijuana rescheduling in the United States?
There is a dicussion at Talk:Legal history of marijuana in the United States regarding moving the article to Legal history of cannabis in the United States. Seeing as how both of these articles have to deal with the debate of using cannabis versus marijuana, please offer your input on Talk:Legal history of marijuana in the United States —User:Christopher Mann McKay 23:40, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Incorrect information
I have removed incorrect information from the article. It is Canada which allows sales of some opiates over the counter, such as codeine ("Tylenol III"). No opiate is available "over the counter" in the United States. Vassyana 02:05, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Nice catch. The source actually noted Tylenol with codeine as an example of a "prescription drug". Fvasconcellos (t·c) 02:08, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Lack of Informed Editorial & Critical Judgement
My name is Laurence McKinney, Google me at well. As the President of the Cannabis Corporation of America, noted in the left had column, I am disappointed that parental heavy-handedness against "illegal drugs" is being used against this relatively benign plant. If you think about it, the "active drug in marijuana (PDR)", THC. is available at nearly any drugstore at 95% pure in sesame oil - and it is in Schedule 3 with codeine cough syrup. Then how ... you folks who pulled this article off wikipedia - can cannabis be anywhere nearly as dangerous when THC, a drug which is considered helpful, harmless, and legal by the FDA is being inhaled by incinerating a plant and breathing the smoke? It's the THC which makes cannabis illegal, but it's the only cannabinoid that's legal. It's all made by Norac Laboratories in Azusa California, a private drug manufacturing firm owned privately by Dr. Chect McCloskey and his family. The pure THC is put into sesame oil at Banner Laboratories in Los Angeles, and distributed by Roxane. The THC his made from Sandoz olivitol (Swiss) it's distributed by Roxane, which is owned by Boehernger-Ingelheim (German) and Unimed itself was sold to Solvay (Belgian).

The trouble is that most of the uninformed simply don't understand how utterly incomprehensible the DEA is. I can imagine that somebody'sdad up there thinks that "high potential for abuse" means "a lot of people are likely to have drug problems with it." Not at all. Since the moment the DEA declares a substance illegal, any use at all, whethere small, or large, or harmful, or helpful, is "drug abuse". Nothing, nobody has been abused, sir, excepting the law. So you can forget your fears, healthy adults with Ivy League degrees who started smoking in the 1970's are still going string because the drug does not abuse anyone, excepting it's illegal. Kid's abuse beer too, which is not as dangerous, but who talks about beer abuse?

I'll bet he thinks that the Controlled Substance Act meant controlled drug act ot controlled molecule act. Think again - they call it the Drug Enforcement Administration but it's not ... they can make tennis shoes inbto a controlled substance. That's how they twist the laws into a pretzel by saying oh no, they never legalized THC ... the molecule ... they legalized the "substance" THC-in-sesame-oil-in-gelatine-capsule.

The business about medical acceptance - same thing. Our lawyer, David Beck, made it clear that no group of doctors agrees completely about anything, and it's hardly up to a group of police and lawyers to make that decision.

What you have is an agency, the Drug Enforcement Agency, conceived by Nixon's convicted AG John Mitchell and set up so they could make illegal anything they wanted - that's why it's the Controlled SUBSTANCE Act but the DRUG Enforcement Agency. It's really there to keep itself alive, it's long past the time that any other Washington agency took them seriously.

So if the POV, as they call it, is incorrect I wish that at least some of the wise commentators knew the laws, or the plants, as well as those on the Outside Wiki World with the required expertise. It's not just a "I feel stronger than you" .. it's supposed to based on fact and knowledge. IN fact, there's no reason, even under federal law, to keep cannabis in the same category as heroin.209.6.212.171 17:28, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Page name change/move
The decision on what to name this page is difficult. I am pretty much opposed to merging it into decriminalization of non-medicinal marijuana in the United States. First, removing cannabis from Schedule I would legalize medical use, which is not a subject under the purview of that article. Second, rescheduling would not decriminalize non-medical use even if it were rescheduled to Schedule V. Removing it from the schedules altogether could, as could an amendment to the statute to eliminate criminal penalties for cannabis offenses. What these petitions have consistently focused on is removing cannabis from Schedule I (and in the later petitions, also forbidding it from being placed in Schedule II, in light of Marinol's rescheduling to Schedule III). The first petition proposed moving cannabis to Schedule II. Current "rescheduling" proposals could also have the outcome of removing it entirely from the schedules and making it an over-the-counter drug, as Jon Gettman noted in "Science and the End of Marijuana Prohibition." So the most accurate description might be something like, Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. That clarifies that we are only talking about reforms at the federal level and that it could remove the CSA's ban on cannabis' medical use only, or both medical and recreational use.

If the U.S. Government finds that the scientific evidence shows cannabis does not meet the criteria for its current status, those findings will be binding on the U.S. representative at the U.N., which could lead to changes in how cannabis is regulated at the international level that would allow full legalization. Of course, by the time U.S. politics are such that a finding like that could be made, some other influences could be brought to bear that would bring prohibition down much more rapidly. Ron Duvall (talk) 05:23, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Drug Family Classification
This article on at least one occasion classifies cannabis as a hallucinogen. I think that is a somewhat outdated and inaccurate classification of the drug and perhaps would be better classified as a "psychotropic drug" (one which modifies the psyche). Calling it a hallucinogen is quite misleading as it does not cause hallucinations but rather an altered mental status. Only in high doses or in very rare circumstances could hallucinations occur, but it is not a primary effect of the drug no more than hallucinations are for high doses of dextromethorphan (a common OTC anti-tussive in Vicks Nyquil etc.). Considering that on the actual cannabis wikipedia page its classified as a psychoactive drug; and on the psychotropic drug page, it is not considered an exclusive hallucinogen -- I'm going to go ahead and change it to psychotropic. If there is sufficient reason to otherwise keep it, then it can easily be reverted. -69.123.98.219 (talk) 01:07, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

U.S. founding fathers who cultivated cannabis
Is there another page those pics can be moved to? They're nice, but I don't think they belong here. Aldrich Hanssen (talk) 18:31, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Ridiculous
Lets assume for the moment that the U.S.A government has the right to determine what its citizens put in their body. That the War on Drugs is not a political excuse, pepetrated by the Reagan administration, to make money by seizing the assets of drug dealers. For just a second, lets pretend that this war on Drugs is how Uncle Sam (or Big Brother) shows that he cares for us. Only wants to prevent us from using drugs out of their concern for us, the people. Under the Scheduling laws for the classification of drugs there are certain criteria for Schedule I. Schedule I The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse. The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision. Number one, a high potential for abuse? If Cannabis does not work on the dopamine receptors, How can it possibly be physically addictive? Simply put, it can't. This goes everything that is known about chemical dependency. Number two, no medical use? How about Glaucoma, MS, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, appetite loss due to chemotherapy or radiation treatments. Or How about the fact that THC is a potent anti-carcinogen itseelf. This is a joke. How can they have medical marijuana dispensaries in california if it is not therapeutic? Number three, lack of accepted safety? How can safety be an issue with a chemical that is virtually impossible to overdose on. It has been estimated that a 180 lb man would have to smoke 1500 lbs (three quarters of a ton) in fourteen minutes to kill himself. This is obviously impossible. This is ridiculus. It is, in fact, a farce. Are you going to let the government play games with us. Stop being sheep. Damn the man, or he'll damn you.

H@yn3s$M@$H —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.171.167.233 (talk) 00:04, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Clarification of ACP's Position 4
In their position paper (inline cite 9), The American College of Physicians did not argue to reschedule cannabis per se, but rather called for an "evidence-based review" to see if it should be rescheduled (they were concerned they were misquoted when the paper first came out). Seems like a subtle point, but ACP tries very hard to stay above anything remotely looking like a polemical position on cannabis. I deleted the Position 4 that was in the body of the original paper and replaced it with the revised Position 4 in the paper's Appendix Snardbafulator (talk) 13:14, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Evidence-based reviews have already been published. That cannabis is still listed as Schedule I contradicts the available scientific evidence. Viriditas (talk) 05:25, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Map Update?
While looking at the NORML Page http://norml.org/legal/medical-marijuana-2 it lists that Utah and Wyoming have some form of medical marijuana. Can someone update the map to show that? Sorry I don't know how to do that, but thought it would be helpful to others if it were updated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.16.14.109 (talk) 21:43, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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DEA says they will look into it
A tossup as to inclusion, but it looks like the DEA is willing to consider rescheduling.Linky. Zero Serenity (talk - contributions) 19:10, 6 April 2016 (UTC)

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I've reverted this
Changing "recreational use" to "adult use" is not acceptable unless you can demonstrate that a majority of sources use this phrase. Inserting it (ie: whitewashing it) is itself a form of POV editing. Dennis Brown - 2¢ 19:30, 30 May 2017 (UTC)

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Needs Updates!
This page needs to be updated. New York and other states have since legalized cannabis for recreational use.

Saad Mirza (talk) 20:22, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

Yes, it does seem to need updates; the text of the California section may be outdated now. Also, the following text in particular seems less than neutral (or needs better referencing):
 * "Each municipality is allowed to decide whether to grant business licenses for retail, delivery, growing, edibles, and wholesale. Taxes on legal marijuana keep it out of reach to low-income medical or adult users, creating more demand for the black market. Licenses, when available, are extremely limited and can cost $100,000 sometimes requiring proof of additional capital. Additionally, California has long provided much of the marijuana for the entire United States. These factors have allowed the black market to dominate California marijuana."

I updated the list of states that have legalized medical marijuana (38, as of this writing), and I'd like to suggest changing the list to only be the ones where it is not legal.--Wcmaney (talk) 01:35, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Moshjosh

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

16:34, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Moshjosh


text: Category:High schools in Tennessee

title: Category:High schools in Tennessee


text:
Catholic Worker Movement

The Catholic Worker Movement is a collection of autonomous communities founded by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in the United States in 1933. Its aim is to "live in accordance with the justice and charity of Jesus Christ". One of its guiding principles is hospitality towards those on the margin of society, based on the principles of communitarianism and personalism. To this end, the movement claims over 240 local Catholic Worker communities providing social services. Each house has a different mission, going about the work of social justice in its own way, suited to its local region.

Catholic Worker houses are not official organs of the Catholic Church, and their activities, inspired by Day's example, may be more or less overtly religious in tone and inspiration depending on the particular institution. The movement campaigns for nonviolence and is active in opposing both war and the unequal global distribution of wealth. Day also founded the Catholic Worker newspaper, still published by the two Catholic Worker houses in New York City, and sold for a penny a copy.

History
The Catholic Worker Movement started with the Catholic Worker newspaper, created by Dorothy Day to advance Catholic social teaching and be a neutral, Christian pacifist position in the war-torn 1930s. Day attempted to put her words from the Catholic Worker into action through "houses of hospitality" and then through a series of farms for people to live together on communes. The idea of voluntary poverty was advocated for those who volunteered to work at the houses of hospitality. Many people would come to the Catholic Workers for assistance, then becoming Workers themselves. Initially, these houses of hospitality had little organization and no requirements for membership. As time passed some basic rules and policies were established. Day appointed the directors of each of the houses, each of which operated autonomously and came to vary in size and character. In the 1930s, the St. Louis Workers served 3,400 people a day while the Detroit Workers served around 600 a day.

The Catholic Worker newspaper spread the idea to other cities in the United States, as well as to Canada and the United Kingdom, through the reports printed by those who had experienced working in the houses of hospitality. More than 30 independent but affiliated communities had been founded by 1941. Between 1965 and 1980 an additional 76 communities were founded with 35 of these still in existence today, such as the "Hippie Kitchen" founded in the back of a van by two Catholic Workers on Skid Row, Los Angeles in the 1970s. Well over 200 communities exist today, including several in Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Mexico, New Zealand, and Sweden.

Day, who died in 1980, is under consideration for sainthood by the Catholic Church.

Beliefs
"Our rule is the works of mercy," said Dorothy Day. "It is the way of sacrifice, worship, a sense of reverence."

According to co-founder Peter Maurin, the following are the beliefs of the Catholic Worker:
 * 1) gentle personalism of traditional Catholicism.
 * 2) personal obligation of looking after the needs of our brother.
 * 3) daily practice of the Works of Mercy.
 * 4) houses of hospitality for the immediate relief of those who are in need.
 * 5) establishment of Farming Communes where each one works according to his ability and receives according to his need.
 * 6) creating a new society within the shell of the old with the philosophy of the new.

The radical philosophy of the group can be described as Christian anarchism. Anne Klejment, a history lecturer at the University of St. Thomas, wrote of the movement:

"The Catholic Worker considered itself a Christian anarchist movement. All authority came from God; and the state, having by choice distanced itself from Christian perfectionism, forfeited its ultimate authority over the citizen… Catholic Worker anarchism followed Christ as a model of nonviolent revolutionary behavior… He respected individual conscience. But he also preached a prophetic message, difficult for many of his contemporaries to embrace."

Family involvement
Families have had a variety of roles in the Catholic Worker Movement. Because those donating funds to the houses of hospitality were primarily interested in helping the poor, the higher cost of maintaining a volunteer family (as opposed to maintaining an individual volunteer) conflicted with the wishes of those donating. Author Daniel McKanan has suggested that, for a variety of reasons, Dorothy Day's perspective on family involvement in the movement was controversial. Despite these elements of conflict, families have participated in the Catholic Worker Movement through multiple avenues: some assist the houses of hospitality while others open up a "Christ room" in their homes for people in need. There are many other opportunities for family involvement in the Catholic Worker as well, with some families running their own houses of hospitality.

Similar Christian movements

 * Anabaptism, in particular the emerging peace church movement
 * Beguines and Beghards, medieval religious communities composed entirely of laity
 * Christian democracy, particularly distributism
 * Focolare, Catholic/Ecumenical movement promoting the ideals of unity and universal brotherhood.
 * Madonna House Apostolate
 * "New Monasticism" related communities
 * Peace Churches
 * Servants to Asia's Urban Poor
 * Labour Church

title: Catholic Worker Movement


text:
Catholic Worker

The Catholic Worker is a newspaper based in New York City. It is published seven times a year by the flagship Catholic Worker community in New York City. It focuses on themes such as social justice, Catholic social teaching, pacifism, and activism. As of May 2023, it has about 26,000 mail subscribers. Despite transitioning towards decentralized distribution, specifics on circulation remain limited. Notably, the publication has refrained from offering a digital edition. Established in 1933 as a platform for the Catholic Worker Movement by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin, the newspaper operates without formal leadership following the passing of its founders and is currently managed by editors Amanda Daloisio and Joanne Kennedy.

Preconception
In 1928, Dorothy Day's conversion to Roman Catholicism marked a pivotal moment where her religious convictions intertwined with her political aspirations. This alignment was further solidified when she crossed paths with Peter Maurin, a French immigrant, in 1933. Maurin's arrival at Day's home sparked a meeting of minds, as they shared mutual ideas and visions. Their collaboration culminated in the establishment of the Catholic Worker Movement, spurred by their shared commitment to nonviolent revolution. This movement officially began in 1933 with the inception of The Catholic Worker newspaper, a platform they envisioned during their extensive discussions and deliberations.

Maurin proposed the idea to Day that the newspaper should be tailored for the unemployed. Drawing from his knowledge of European socialism and personalist philosophy, Maurin collaborated with Day, leveraging her journalistic skills and understanding of American culture.

In the initial stages of planning the publication, there was a divergence in opinions between Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin regarding the name of the newspaper. Maurin advocated for naming it "The Catholic Radical," while Day, drawing from her background as a former Communist, believed that "The Catholic Worker" would better resonate with their intended audience. She elaborated that the term "Worker" in the paper's title included individuals engaged in physical, mental, or spiritual labor, particularly emphasizing the poor, the dispossessed, and the exploited.

Founding and Early Expansion (1933–1938)
The Catholic Worker was established in 1933 by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin. The debut edition of the Catholic Worker was published on May Day in 1933. This edition, printed by a religious press, saw 2,500 copies distributed. Day sold the paper for a penny each in Union Square and Day contributed extensively to its content, writing the majority of its eight pages.

Maurin wanted the newspaper to be part of a bigger plan for Catholic social action. This plan involved a mix of learning to help people think intellectually, regardless of their background. It also included setting up places where the needy could get food, shelter, and companionship—called houses of hospitality. Maurin also thought about creating farm communities or agronomic universities. These places would give land and jobs to people who were struggling because of  displacement by industrialisation.

While many Catholic social action movements in the U.S. focused on issues like public morality, parochial schools, and birth control, the Catholic Worker took a different approach. Since its first edition in May 1933, the Catholic Worker has discussed topics such as racism, pacifism, sweatshops, political corruption, labor unions, antisemitism, fascism, and Catholic social theory.

The readership increased significantly, and by September 1933, Day and Maurin were printing 20,000 papers. By 1935, the circulation of the Catholic Worker had risen to 110,000. And would reach 150,000 by 1936.

World War II and Pacifist Stance (1939–1945)
During World War II, the newspaper maintained a relatively high circulation, but it decreased due to its pacifist stance. This stance led to internal conflicts within the movement. By 1938, the paper's circulation had grown to 190,000. However, Dorothy Day's commitment to pacifism caused circulation to drop to 50,000 during the war.

In her position, Day strongly opposed antisemitism and fascism. However, she also criticized the Allies during World War II for failing to acknowledge the presence of Christ in their adversaries or to recognize God's existence amidst evil. Day believed that all U.S. citizens carried culpability before God for events like those in Hiroshima. She argued that standing in solidarity with all individuals, whether they be poor, allies, or enemies, as part of the mystical body of Christ, also entails sharing responsibility for their actions.

Post-War Period and Consistent Circulation (1946-1950s)
Following Maurin's passing in 1949, Dorothy Day assumed leadership of the movement and continued to serve as the editor of its newspaper.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Dorothy Day's engagement with labor issues diminished as her attention shifted towards pacifism and disarmament advocacy. Her commitment to nonviolence prompted her to actively protest against the nuclear arms race, the Korean War, and other major conflicts of the time. By the 1950s, Day and fellow Catholic Workers believed that mere verbal opposition to war and militarism was insufficient. They felt compelled to personally engage and take responsibility for their actions.

Between 1955 and 1961, Catholic Workers in New York orchestrated acts of civil disobedience aimed at challenging the nuclear arms race, specifically targeting the compulsory annual air raid drills enforced by the Civil Defense Act.

Between 1947 and early 1960, circulation varied between 47,000 and 65,000 readers.

Later Years and Continued Advocacy (1960s-1998)
The Catholic Worker covered the Civil rights movement in great depth as liturgically based social action. In 1950 it published a letter from Helen Caldwell Day Riley that led to her founding an African American Catholic Worker house in Memphis, Tennessee.

In 1980, circulation became 100,000 readers.

Day became increasingly reclusive, reducing her writing output and travel commitments. However, she remained involved in editing the newspaper until her death in 1980.

Modern Era (1998-present)
The Catholic Worker maintains a price of one penny per copy, ensuring affordability for all readers. Additionally, an annual subscription is available for 25 cents, with seven issues distributed throughout the year. However, foreign subscriptions are priced at 30 cents.

In both 2020 and 2022, the Catholic Worker maintained around 20,000 mail subscribers. Additionally, the collective movement has expanded significantly from its origins as a newspaper and a single small house in New York to encompassing 187 communities in a decentralized network, collaborating with numerous partners worldwide.

According to The Nation, as of May 2023, it has approximately 26,000 subscribers.

According to managing editor Joanne Kennedy, they continue to manually lay out the paper instead of using digital software. Additionally, they have consciously opted against having a website or email. They have deliberately abstained from releasing a digital edition of the newspaper.

Amanda W. Daloisio serves as the co-managing editor of The Catholic Worker.

The development of CatholicWorker.org, a website not officially affiliated with the movement but created by Jim Allaire to serve as a digital hub for Catholic Worker communities. Despite initial skepticism within the movement about embracing technology, platforms like Instagram and Facebook have become avenues for outreach, connecting younger generations with the movement's values of social justice and hospitality.

Notable contributors
There are some notable figures associated with The Catholic Worker (New York) newspaper which include the following:

 * Dorothy Day – Founder and editor
 * Peter Maurin – Founder and editor
 * Ade Bethune – Designed the early masthead
 * Ammon Hennacy – 1953 Associate Editor
 * Daniel Berrigan – Proclaimed to be a notable figure of the paper
 * Fritz Eichenberg – Frequently contributed illustrations
 * Jacques Maritain – Proclaimed to be a notable figure of the paper
 * Judith Gregory – Dorothy Day's legal executor
 * Karl Meyer – Editor and activist
 * Micheal Harrington – Editor from 1951 to 1953
 * Thomas Merton – Wrote articles about Indigenous peoples in America
 * Tom Cornell – Writer and editor, joined in 1953

Reception
The Catholic Worker is considered a Christian anarchist publication.

Early reception
During the early stages of the Catholic Worker movement, there was some resistance among average Catholics in America to embrace the movement and its said alignment with Church teachings. This sentiment coincided with a broader societal apprehension towards anything resembling Communism, particularly during the era of the Red Scare. Observers, including many Catholics, were skeptical of the Catholic Worker's houses of hospitality, finding it challenging to reconcile the voluntary poverty embraced by its members with traditional Christian teachings.

title: Catholic Worker


text:
Thüngersheim

Thüngersheim is a community located in Germany. The community is situated on the River Main. It is a community in the district of Würzburg (Bavaria, Administrative region Lower Franconia). The village is molded by the surrounding vineyards, more than 2 km2.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms shows the local patron St. Michael. It was conferred on the village in 1581 by Julius Echter of Mespelbrunn, then Bishop of Würzburg.

Geographic data
Located in the rain shadow of Rhön and Spessart, the average annual rainfall is 550 to 600 mm. This makes the Main valley one of the driest regions of Germany.

Neighbouring communities
Thüngersheim has common borders with Retzbach in the north, Retzstadt in the northeast, Güntersleben in the east, Veitshöchheim in the west and Zellingen and Erlabrunn (both separated from Thüngersheim by the river Main).

History

 * Formation of the village during the first phase of franconian settlement between 530 and 700 A.C.
 * 1098: Thüngersheim is documented for the first time.
 * 1154: The first vine is planted.
 * 1614: Completion of the parish church St. Michael
 * 1713: Georg Anton Urlaub is born in Thüngersheim.
 * 1803: Thüngersheim belongs to the grand duchy of Ferdinand von Toskana (as part of the principality Würzburg).
 * 1814: The grand duchy of Würzburg (to which Thüngersheim belongs) becomes part of Bavaria.
 * 1870: A station and a railroad control center are built. Vine trade is shifted from the main to the railroad.
 * 1930: Foundation of the vinegrowers co-operative by 55 local vinters.
 * 1933: The barrage Erlabrunn is built.
 * 1945: On March 16 the out-sourced municipal archive is destroyed during the bombing of Würzburg.
 * 1966: The majority of the vinters agrees on the land consolidation, 2.2 square kilometres of vineyards.
 * 1998: "900 years" celebration

Denominations
Thüngersheim is predominantly Catholic (parish church St. Michael). In 2003 a parish community was formed with St. Maternus Güntersleben.

Pilgrimage to the Kreuzberg (Cross Mountain)
A prominent religious event is the pilgrimage to the Kreuzberg. It is undertaken once a year. The destination is the Kreuzberg in the Rhön, which is also called the holy mountain of the Franconians. It dates back to the 18th century.

Municipal council
The municipal council consists of 14 members (plus the mayor). Seven members belong to the free voters community, five to the Christian Social Union (CSU), and two to the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

Town twinning
Thüngersheim is twinned to St. Aignan de Grand Lieu (France). More information (in German and French ) is available at.

Population development
1996: female 1,300, male 1,315
 * 1939: 1,753
 * 1950: 2,345
 * 1961: 2,270
 * 1970: 2,432
 * 1987: 2,453
 * 1993: 2,505
 * 1994: 2,567
 * 1995: 2,596
 * 1996: 2,615

Buildings
The parish church St. Michael is worth seeing (literature - in German - is referenced below). Three of the once four gate lodges are still present. They were part of the fortification (a ring of walls surrounding the town centre).

Associations
(all the information is in German) Gesangverein Musikverein

Libraries
Municipal library located in the former town hall and Catholic public library.

Businesses and infrastructure
Thüngersheim is the domicile of the Winzergenossenschaft Thüngersheim eG (vinters' co-operative) founded in 1930. With more than 2 km2, Thüngersheim is one of the largest vine villages in Franconia.

Transport
Thüngersheim is located at the Bundesstraße (federal road) 27 and on the railroad line Würzburg-Gemünden.

Education
The only school is the elementary school (first to fourth grade).

Recreation facilities

 * Outdoor swimming pool
 * Gymnasium
 * Sports stadium (soccer, tennis, handball)

Notable people

 * Georg Anton Urlaub, Baroque painter, a staff member of Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
 * Georg Sebastian Urlaub, Baroque painter

Literature
(all the literature is in German)
 * Johann Valentin Hart: Main, Wein, Thüngersheim. 1933.
 * Richard Glaab: Thüngersheim - Gegenwart und Vergangenheit einer mainfränkischen Winzergemeinde. Thüngersheim, Gde. (Hrsg.), 1982.
 * Adam Oechsner: Die Mundart von Thüngersheim. Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 1920.
 * August Zeyer: Schöa worsch - Der Thüngersheimer August Zeyer erzählt in Mundart und Prosa aus seinem Leben. Selbstverlag, Thüngersheim, 1989.
 * St. Michael Thüngersheim, Schnell Kunstführer Nr. 1565. Schnell und Steiner, München, 11986.
 * Christine Brandl: Vom Härwest bis Foosenocht
 * Wolfgang Brückner: Die Wallfahrt zum Kreuzberg in der Rhön. Echter, Würzburg, 1997.
 * Gemeinde Thüngersheim (Hrsg.): Thüngersheim - Ein Winzerort in Mainfranken. Vorbereitende Untersuchungen zur Ortsanierung nach Baugesetzbuch, Bericht 1 (30. November 2000)

title: Thüngersheim


text:
Zbyněk Irgl

Zbyněk Irgl (born November 29, 1980) is a Czech professional ice hockey player currently with HC Olomouc of the Czech Extraliga.

Irgl was selected 197th overall by the Nashville Predators in round 6 of the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. The Predators had received the pick from the St. Louis Blues in a trade for Blair Atcheynum. The selection meant little for the Predators as Irgl has played his entire professional career in Europe, first in the Czech Extraliga for HC Vítkovice, in 2007-2010 for Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the KHL. In 2010-11 Irgl Zbyněk played for Atlant Moscow Oblast of the KHL.

International play
Irgl played his first game for the national team in 2004, and has played 52 times for the Czech national team (as of January 3, 2009.)

title: Zbyněk Irgl


text:
John Blackwall

John Blackwall (20 January 1790 – 11 May 1881) was an English naturalist with a particular interest in spiders.

Life
Blackwall was born in Manchester on 20 January 1790. He lived at Hendre House near Llanrwst in north Wales from 1833 until his death. He was interested in nature from an early age, first in birds and then spiders, on which he published his first article in 1827.

He published A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland (2 volumes, 1861–1864, Ray Society), which included accounts of 304 species and gave the first adequate descriptions of British spiders. Ten of the plates included were by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge and twelve were by the Irish naturalist Robert Templeton. He died 11 May 1881.

Correspondence with Charles Darwin
Blackwall wrote four letters on the subject of spiders to Charles Darwin, dated 12 February 1868, 18 February 1868, 10 August 1869 and 8 September 1869. They survive in the Darwin Archive at Cambridge University Library. The first, second, and third letters are in direct response to communications from Darwin, though the whereabouts of these letters, presumably kept by Blackwall, are unknown. Their subject matter is, broadly, variation among spiders.

The first letter begins "I wish it were in my power to give satisfactory answers to the questions contained in your letter of the 10th instant. Adult spiders of the same species differ so remarkably in size and colour, and that independently to all appearance of the situations in which they are found, that I am unable to assign an adequate cause for this extraordinary fact..."

Legacy
Blackwall's work constituted a significant stage in the emergence of arachnology. He was one of the first to be interested in spiders of very small sizes, in particular those belonging to the genera Neriene and Walckenaeria.

A number of spider species are named after Blackwall, including Idiops blackwalli, Salticus blackwalli, Scotophaeus blackwalli, Theriodion blackwalli and the harvestman Leiobunum blackwalli.

title: John Blackwall


text:
User talk:24.103.139.242

Nomination of Matthew Twining for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Matthew Twining is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Matthew Twining until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Bgsu98 (talk) 00:55, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:24.103.139.242


text:
James Weinstein (author)

James Weinstein (July 17, 1926 – June 16, 2005) was an American historian and editor best known as the founder and publisher of In These Times, a progressive magazine started in 1976 in Chicago.

Early life and education
James Weinstein was born in Manhattan on July 17, 1926, to an affluent family whose money came from real estate. He served in the United States Navy during World War II, and afterward, earned a bachelor's degree in government from Cornell University in 1949, and a master's degree in history from Columbia University in 1956.

Political views and affiliations
As a young man, Weinstein supported the 1948 presidential campaign of Henry A. Wallace, who ran on the Progressive Party ticket. The campaign was backed by the Communist Party, which he joined that same year. As a member of the Communist Party, Weinstein made the acquaintance of Julius Rosenberg and was heavily surveilled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, whose file on him ran over 2,000 pages in length. Weinstein left the party in 1956, in objection to the Soviet Union's repression of the Hungarian Revolution.

In 1966, Weinstein ran for the United States House of Representatives from New York's 19th congressional district as an independent socialist candidate, advocating an immediate end to American involvement in the Vietnam War, but he lost, receiving 3.8% of the vote. After founding In These Times, he continued to identify as a socialist, but in his editorials, he encouraged leftists to work within the Democratic Party. In the 1980s, Weinstein publicly affirmed that he believed that the Rosenbergs had been spies, which alienated some on the left.

Career
Weinstein lived and worked in San Francisco, Madison, Wisconsin, and Coventry, England, teaching at the University of Warwick's Centre for the Study of Social History, before becoming a central figure among left-wing Democrats in his adopted home of Chicago, where he founded In These Times in 1976. He was inspired by Civil Rights icon Julian Bond, and intellectuals Noam Chomsky and Herbert Marcuse, both teaching at the University of Chicago at the time. He edited the magazine until he retired in 1999.

Weinstein wrote numerous history books, including The Decline of Socialism in America, The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State, and The Long Detour: The History and Future of the American Left. He also founded the journals Studies on the Left and Socialist Revolution (later renamed Socialist Review and ultimately Radical Society). He was one of the founders of Modern Times Bookstore in San Francisco.

Personal life
Weinstein was a committed fan of the Chicago Cubs and enjoyed experimenting with culinary recipes. He was married four times and divorced three times, with his fourth marriage, to Beth Maschinot, lasting until his death; he had two children from his first marriage.

Weinstein died from brain cancer at his home in Chicago on June 16, 2005, aged 78.

Works

 * "Radicalism in the Midst of Normalcy," Journal of American History, vol. 52, no. 4 (March 1966), pp. 773–790. In JSTOR
 * The Decline of Socialism in America, 1912-1925. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967.
 * The Corporate Idea in the Liberal State, 1900-1918. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.
 * The Communists of the 1930s and the New Left. With Max Gordon. New York: Viewpoint Publishing Group, 1976.

title: James Weinstein (author)


text:
Gravelbourg

Gravelbourg is a small multicultural town in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located just west of the Wood River at the junction of provincial Highway 43 and Highway 58, approximately 125 kilometres from Moose Jaw, Swift Current, and the United States border. The region served as a path for First Nations peoples many years ago, and was also integrated into the Redcoat Trail of the 19th century. Gravelbourg is now a key link on the 21st century Trans Canada Trail.

Gravelbourg is also referenced in the fourth verse of the North American version of "I've Been Everywhere", written by Geoff Mack and made popular in North America by Hank Snow and more recently Johnny Cash.

History
Gravelbourg was settled in the early 1900s and was one of the French block settlements of the Gravelbourg-Lafleche-Meyronne area in southwestern Saskatchewan, In 1930 it became the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic diocese of Gravelbourg.

Gravelbourg carries the name of its founder Abbé Louis-Pierre Gravel. Louis-Pierre Gravel was designated a Person of National Historic Significance in 1956. The inscription on the monument in Gravelbourg built in 1958 to honour him reads:"'Between 1906 and 1926 more than ten thousand Canadian citizens, many of whom were then living in the United States, answered the call of Reverend Louis-Pierre Gravel to make their homes on the broad plains of Saskatchewan where they built towns and established French-speaking cultural institutions.' Parks Canada"

Gravelbourg celebrated its centennial in 2006.

Gravelbourg celebrates its many cultures at its annual Summer Solstice Festival d'été.

Historic buildings
A number of heritage buildings are located within the community. Our Lady of the Assumption Roman Catholic Cathedral, the former Convent of Jesus and Mary and the former Bishop's Residence were designated the Gravelbourg Ecclesiastical Buildings National Historic Site of Canada in 1995.

Gravelbourg Court House, College Mathieu Pavilion, Gravelbourg Post Office, Gaiety Theatre and Canadian National Railway Station are also listed heritage sites.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Gravelbourg had a population of 986 living in 438 of its 482 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 1,083. With a land area of 3.12 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2011 Canada Census, out a total of 1,116 residents 625 chose English while 300 chose French as their mother tongue. Thirty nine percent or 430 residents spoke both English and French. Gravelbourg's French-language Fransaskois community is the subject of a short documentary Les Fransaskois, produced for the documentary series The Grasslands Project.

Other languages spoken in Gravelbourg were: Bisayan languages (5), Chinese (10), Dutch (5), German (15), Korean (5), Lao (5), Spanish (5), Swahili (5) and Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino) (50).

Education
École Gravelbourg School (Grades K to 12) is located on 1st ave in Gravelbourg. The principal is Jody Lehmann. The Convent of Jesus & Mary (Past: Gravelbourg Elementary School), is now home to the GCMC (Gravelbourg Community Music Centre).

The town has for the past four decades been noteworthy for College Mathieu, a francophone boarding school for boys and girls who wish to acquire or retain fluency in French. The College offers courses such as welding, nursing and early childhood education. The high school is now named École Mathieu de Gravelbourg and is run by Le CÉF. The school has attracted students from throughout the southern part of the province as well as other areas of Canada and overseas, notably Africa. It offers classes from Grade 8 to 12.

École Beau-Soleil offers K to Grade 7 in French.

Former Catholic bishopric
From 1930 to 1998 the town was the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic diocese of Gravelbourg, headed by a Francophone bishop. In 1998, Pope John Paul II suppressed the residential diocese, so that it is now a titular see. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption was at that time designated a "co-cathedral" of the Archdiocese of Regina.

Protestants
Lorne Calvert, the 13th Premier of Saskatchewan, was the minister of the United Church of Canada in Gravelbourg.

There are also the Gravelbourg Lutheran Church and the Church of Christ.

Notable people

 * Larry Hornung, played in the NHL for the Edmonton Oilers, St. Louis Blues, Winnipeg Jets, and in the WHA for the San Diego Mariners
 * Gord Sherven, played in the NHL for the Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers, and Minnesota North Stars
 * Toby Tarnow

title: Gravelbourg


text:
Talk:Canadian Tire

Colloquial Names
It is colloquially known by Canadians as "Crappy Tire", although this is generally an affectionate nickname and therefore not meant as a disparaging remark.

I've also heard it called Craptacular Tire, again as a mark of affection, but I haven't heard it often. 216.209.140.117 02:07, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

The Canadian Tire couple needs to be included in the adverstiment bblurb right near the contents.--199.212.250.96 16:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * My family (and others) call it "Canadian Trash" colloquially too. Should this be stated somewhere in the article that there are many colloquial terms playing on the name, used affectionately? The Chief 23:32, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Here in BC its common to call it "Rubber Canuck" or also for some unknown reason "Ukrainian Tire"

What about Head Cashier?
I was just thinking that maybe the person in charge of the cashiers and the customer service should be included under Store Operations. I work in a Quebec store, so I'm not sure how the position is called in the rest of the country, but I believe it would be Head Cashier.

I work in a Brampton (just outside of Toronto) store and the person in charge of Cash and Customer Service is called the Cash Manager.

Lowes?
Auto service departments owned by Lowes? Or the chain owned by Lowes? What is that line getting at? As for Lowes, I never knew they had any connection to CTC. Where did this come from?
 * I suspect this is vandalism. It's a tedious practice throughout Wikipedia for vandals to claim anything Canadian is a subsidiary or in some way subordinate to or dependent on something American.  It's extremely funny, if by 'funny' one means 'inducing or tending to induce drowsiness'.

 * I can't find any mention of the connection at the Canadian Tire site, nor at the Lowes site. The company profiles available at Etrade make no mention of a connection.  Each company issues its own stock, each on a different exchange.  Lowes-branded stores not connected to Canadian Tire are poised to open in Canada.  Google search yields no mention of any such connection. Short version: I'm gonna remove it.  Rrburke 04:24, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Followup: the line in question had been added by a since-banned vandal from Houston, Texas. See  user's talk page for more info his history of vandalism.  Rrburke 04:51, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Canadian Tire Online section
This section is not necessary. I removed some of the ad-like stuff like the 1-800 number but it still seems like an ad. On top of that, its not remarkable to have an online store, every major retail chain has that so it doesn't really seem notable. Any comments? if not I'll delete the section but we'll see.--BoyoJonesJr 14:15, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Canadian Tire is unique due to the fact it is a franchise, so products purchased in the store results in the dealer making profit. When products are bought through the catalogue or Canadian Tire online, the money goes to the corp. -- Jaydawg 03:17, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Clarification: Canadian Tire is NOT a franchise, by legal definition. It operates an affiliation system for its operators.The company provides great power to the affiliates in determining how the company operates. The basic point of the comment remains however that each store is independently operated with store profits accruing to each store operator. AC818

Crappy Tire
"Canadian Tire is often called Crappy Tire. In 2001, Canadian Tire took Mick McFadden to the World Intellectual Property Organization over the website crappytire.com. The company claimed that it had rights to the name because the nickname has become so ingrained among Canadians that it no longer means anything bad and therefore is neither satire nor parody. They further claimed that by owning the domain, McFadden was 'attempting to create an impression of an association with Canadian Tire'. In his defence, McFadden wrote, 'Respondent inquires 'since when is the word 'Canadian' interchangeable with or similar to 'crappy''?' Canadian Tire's complaint was dismissed. As of June 2006, the crappytire.com domain is owned by Canadian Tire."

Source? Factual accuracy? --Deenoe 00:42, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

I agree, I'd love to see some kind of citation or sourcing on this. I mean, it's fascinating but I have never heard of this or of anyone refer to Canadian Tire as "Crappy Tire." Maybe it's because I'm in Quebec, I don;t know, but it's news to me... Shawn in Montreal 20:04, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

i'm a former employee of a Canadian tire store in southern Ontario,and yes I did hear people referring to Canadian Tire as crappy tire...maybe its just an Ontario based saying thats all.As i never have visited any of these stores in other provinces i don't know if the nickname is used anywhere else.Lynn

I've heard it called crappy tire more often than its proper name... I saw an article a while back about the WIPO case, I'll find it when I get home and mention it in the article somewhere. Bushytails 18:51, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Crappy Tire is definitely a valid slang term, at least in Ontario. No negative connotations, it's just what we call it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 45.72.221.47 (talk) 03:41, 20 August 2016 (UTC)

Ship to US?
Is there a way to get Canadian Tire's Mastercraft tools shipped to the US? I tried their web site, but they no longer take orders.

Written like an advert
I feel like this article is a bit too generous to the company and sounds a bit like an advert. I don't think a massive overhaul is required, however parts, such as those under Divisions, requires a bit of change. An example of offending text:

"As Canada's largest retailer, it is said that 85 percent of all Canadians live within a 15-minute drive of a Canadian Tire store; that nine out of ten adult Canadians shop at one at least twice a year; and that 40 percent of Canadians shop at Canadian Tire every week.[3] There are 482 stores across Canada." --Jake S 08:18, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Dated sentence
"Last year, Canadian Tire introduced its two newest store formats" Is that "last year" as in 2010 or "last year" as in a year before the sentence was written? Someone with better knowledge of the company should rephrase that with an actual date. --Khajidha (talk) 14:45, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Is Canadian Tire updating this article?
Well referenced, well written changes to this page disappear quickly. Just wondering, there isn't one bit of criticism for a company that receives negative press on a regular basis. For example, the company was convicted of conspiring to agree with competitors on gasoline prices in Kingston Ontario in 2011. It would be cool if someone could check this out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.86.6.22 (talk) 21:56, 1 December 2012 (UTC)
 * While it is always possible, I think you'd need to identify a regular pattern - probably from editors or IPs that do little but edit this article - before making such an assertion. AS for "criticisms", keep in mind that this is an encyclopedia article; "Criticism" sections often tend to become little more than gripe sessions, whereas we have to look at how a particular issue - whether or not it receives press attention - is especially relevant to a global audience over the context of the company's entire history. --Ckatz chat spy  00:37, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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FRANK?
Been getting flyers from CanadianTire including FRANK products. Is FRANK a Canadian Tire store brand?? The FRANK page at canadiantire.ca isn't that helpful, but says "To recommend a new partner for FRANK+ to collaborate with, email FRANKfinds@cantire.com", which makes me think they are selling FRANK products at places that are not CanadianTire. howhigh.ca/branding-design/frank/ says FRANK is a "private label brand" of Canadian Tire. A Globe & Mail article from 2016 describes FRANK as a "private label" (but also talks about them competing with Amazon.com while planning to sell via other Amazon websites, which has me partially confused and wanting to smack someone at CT. I'm recovering from pneumonia so I'll just end this comment here) -EarthFurst (talk) 21:50, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

Customer service
I have seen post-Covid their in store and corporate customer service has sharply declined. Not the store level employees providing customer assistance, but the store/shift managers being rude to employees and customers in the open. I have experienced it first hand, and also witnessed it upon others multiple times at 2 seperate stores. Corporate customer service representatives provide what feel like prewritten responses and dodge/deflect questions, when further asked for follow up they become more dismissive and 'short'/attitude.

Very poor to see, and worse to experience. Canadian Tire has become a store I only shop at when things are on sale - see something you want? Wait a week or two and it will be 30% off. It's just not the store it was 5 years ago, and certainly not the Canadian staple it was 20+ years ago. 64.58.42.231 (talk) 15:00, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You need to provide reliable sources, not your own original research and opinion. Additionally this is not the customer complaints department nor a review and opinion website but an encyclopaedia. Canterbury Tail talk 15:05, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canadian Tire


text: Category:Communes of Lozère

title: Category:Communes of Lozère


text:
K. Sello Duiker

Kabelo Sello Duiker (13 April 1974 – 19 January 2005) was a South African novelist. His debut novel, Thirteen Cents, won the 2001 Commonwealth Writers Prize for Best First Book, Africa Region. His second novel, The Quiet Violence of Dreams, won the 2002 Herman Charles Bosman Prize. He also worked in advertising and as a screenwriter.

Life
Duiker, the eldest of three brothers, was born in Orlando West, Soweto, and raised in Soweto at the height of apartheid by middle-class university-educated parents. Sent out of the township to attend a Catholic primary school from grade 5, he went first to La Salle College until grade 7 and in his early high school years he was sent on to Redhill School, an elite institution where he was one of the very few black pupils. Duiker was schooled at the height of Apartheid, which influenced him greatly. He spent two years in England as a sixth-form student at Huntington School, York, before returning to South Africa to attend university, where he studied copy-writing. He worked for an advertising company, before scriptwriting for the soapie Backstage. Duiker received a degree in journalism from Rhodes University, and also briefly studied at the University of Cape Town. Duiker used drugs such as LSD, marijuana and others. After his expulsion from college, he was institutionalized at a psychiatric hospital. After release, he wrote his debut novel, Thirteen Cents, in two months.

He suffered a nervous breakdown in 2004, prior to committing suicide by hanging himself in Northcliff, Johannesburg, in January 2005. It is speculated that he had bipolar disorder or borderline schizophrenia. Duiker was working as a commissioning editor at the SABC at the time of his death. He had gone off his medication as he believed that it was suppressing his creativity. A month before his death Duiker read the eulogy at the funeral of fellow young novelist Phaswane Mpe, who had died of a mysterious illness shortly after entering initiation to become a traditional healer.

Thirteen Cents
Thirteen Cents was published in 2000 by David Philip Publishers. The novella is written from the perspective of Azure, a black street child with blue eyes in Cape Town. Azure experiences gangsterism, the sex trade and alienation due to his unusual appearance. The novel is an example of magical realist style as it also possesses mythical, post apocalyptic content. The novella is said to be inspired by The Famished Road (1991) by Ben Okri, whose protagonist is named Azaro.

The Quiet Violence of Dreams
The Quiet Violence of Dreams was published in 2001 by Kwela Books. The novel features the university student, Tshepo, who begins the novel in a mental hospital. The novel tracks his experience as a sex worker at a gay massage parlour that serves mostly white clients.

The Hidden Star
The Hidden Star was published posthumously in 2006 by Random House Struik. The novel was the author's last and is a magical realist tale featuring the young protagonist, Nolitye, who discovers a magical stone in her township.

Academic analysis of Duiker's writing

 * Adebiyi-Adelabu, Kazeem. "Sex, Sexuality and Power Relation in K. Sello Duiker’s Thirteen Cents and The Quiet Violence of Dreams." Ibadan Journal of English Studies 7 (2018):397-412.

title: K. Sello Duiker


text:
Chapel of São Pedro de Balsemão

The small Chapel of Sao Pedro de Balsemao, is situated in the civil parish of Sé, municipality of Lamego in the northern region of Portugal. It was a Visigothic sanctuary dating back to the 7th century, although it has Baroque elements, in particular, in the South Gate and the western facade, which adjoins a later residential building.

History
The chapel encompasses a period of both Visigothic dominance (6th–7th century) and the expansion of the Kingdom of Asturias (9th–10th century).

In the location of the chapel, or relatively close by, was a Roman villa, which can be dated from some terminus augustalis inscriptions from the period of Claudius on parts of the building which were later used as altars.

The construction of the chapel occurred in an undetermined point in the high Middle Ages. Defenders of the Visigothic chronology of events, point to an inscription dated from 588. Other arguments, enunciated by Lampérez y Romea, point to the triumphal arch and basilica-like plan that was adapted to favour its Visigothic origins. The idea of a 6th–7th century church gained favour directly and was repeated by other authors, such as Schlunk, Fernando de Almeida and Hauschild, among others. But in recent years, the hypothesis that the church was a 9th or early 10th century construction has been advanced. First, by Joaquim de Vasconcelos, who used the church of São Pedro de Lourosa (dated 912), but later by Real, Ferreira de Almeida, Barroca and Teixeira, in addition to others.

By the 6th century, Balsemão was already an ecclesiastical parish.

In the 10th century, with the repopulation of the area, the church was renovated. The details of this are not fully understood, but there are indications that it amounted to general maintenance of the existing structure.

During the 13th century Inquirições, the area was identified in records establishing the existence of the parochial sanctuary.

In 1562, the construction of the altar in the name of Santa Maria was completed, under the direction of the head of the Quinta da Régua, Bishop Afonso Pires. In the early Middle Ages the church was the see of the Porto Bishop D. Afonso Pires, who was, upon his death buried in the apse in a Gothic tomb supported by sculptures depicting of Calvary.

The church was profoundly transformed after the 14th century, when the Bishop of Porto, Afonso Pires, selected the chapel to bury his earthly remains, "redoing the church entirely". In addition to his sarcophagus, today located in the principal nave, there are few remnants of this changes, which (by 1643) Luís Pinto de Sousa Coutinho had integrated into his estate. The new landowner was also responsible for restoring and integrating the styles of his mansion with the chapel, expanding the staircase and affixing heraldic arms on the principal façade. He also reconstructed the building, converting the medieval chapel's exterior into a 17th-century building.

By the 18th century, the chapel was used as a family vault of the land owners. It was restored in the mid-20th century.

On 14 September 1981, the property was transferred into the hands of the IPPAR Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico, forerunner of the IGESPAR Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico.

Architecture

The chapel is located on Rua Cardoso Avelino and the Largo do Desterro, which is accessed from the Rua da Calçada, some 3.2 kilometres along the Rua da Calçada-Lamego municipal road that winds along the river (before the village bridge). It is rural area, on a semi-embankment, partially buttressed by the old convent, and the Solar dos Pintos building. It is separated by a courtyard and rural road.

The chapel consists of a regular, longitudinal plan (sideways "T"), with articulated volumes covered in rounded tile. The principal entrance is the side entryway to the three nave body, which is flanked by square corner pilasters, surmounted by a small bell-tower over the door. To the left, the smaller annex is actually the chapel's altar and retable, slightly recessed from the entrance (the tail of the "T"), while to the right of this structure, is the Solar dos Pintos; a larger two-story building with massive portico, surmounted by two visible windows. Above the main entrance way to the chapel are three coat of arms, within square granite slabs, and two Romanesque inscriptions (on the right side of the doorway), while the whole ensemble is decorated with cornices. Access to the chapel is made by four-step staircase on either side of the building.

The surviving elements of the original structure include the general arrangement of the interior: three naves separated by three ultra-semicircular arches over Corinthian capitals, and the apse formed of a single rectangular chapel. The many geometrical decorative elements are also original and more numerous than those of any other Iberian monument of the period. The interior is divided into three sections supported by three arcs, supported by cylindrical columns, with polymorphic capitals. A triumphal arch divides the chapel from the main altar, while the roofs are supported by beam timbers. The high altar is decorated in a carved-wooden retable, gilded in gold, with an image of Saint Peter over the altar. The naves on either side of the main altar are decorated with carved-wooden chapels covered in gold.

In addition, a carved sarcophagus mounted on cavalry, with the statue of Bishop D. Afonso Pires occupies the central nave of the chapel.

Although the chapel is open to visitors, photo-taking is restricted by the IGESPAR.

title: Chapel of São Pedro de Balsemão