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Kwinana Freeway

The Kwinana Freeway is a 72 km freeway in and beyond the southern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, linking central Perth with Mandurah to the south. It is the central section of State Route 2, which continues north as Mitchell Freeway to Clarkson, and south as Forrest Highway towards Bunbury. A 4 km section between Canning and Leach highways is also part of National Route 1. Along its route are interchanges with several major roads, including Roe Highway and Mandjoogoordap Drive. The northern terminus of the Kwinana Freeway is at the Narrows Bridge, which crosses the Swan River, and the southern terminus is at Pinjarra Road, east of Mandurah.

Planning for the Kwinana Freeway began in the 1950s, and the first segment in South Perth was constructed between 1956 and 1959. The route has been progressively widened and extended south since then. During the 1980s, the freeway was extended to South Street in Murdoch, and in June 2001, it reached Safety Bay Road in Baldivis. The final extension began as the New Perth Bunbury Highway project, constructed between December 2006 and September 2009. In early 2009, the section north of Pinjarra Road was named as part of the Kwinana Freeway, with the remainder named Forrest Highway. The freeway has been adapted to cater for public transport, with the introduction of bus priority measures in 1987, and the 2007 opening of the Mandurah railway line, constructed in the freeway median strip.

Route description
The Kwinana Freeway is the central section of State Route 2. It commences at the northern end of the Narrows Bridge, Perth, continuing south from the Mitchell Freeway, and terminates at the Pinjarra Road interchange at Barragup, where it then transitions to Forrest Highway. All intersections with the freeway are grade separated. Route access is controlled and the speed limit is 80 km/h north of South Terrace, increasing to 100 km/h north of Safety Bay Road, while south of the road route access is uncontrolled, though it remains a state route and the speed limit becomes 110 km/h. From Perth to Mill Point Road, the freeway has five lanes northbound and six lanes southbound, including a bus lane in the southbound direction only. South of Mill Point Road to Roe Highway/Murdoch Drive the freeway is three lanes southbound and four lanes northbound with no hard shoulder north of Canning Highway reducing to three lanes south of Canning without any bus lanes except for bus-only ramps at the Canning Bridge interchange. At the Roe Highway interchange, an extra lane is added, providing four lanes in both directions until the following Berrigan Drive interchange. After passing under Berrigan Drive's underpass the main freeway becomes three lanes in both directions again with collector-distributor lanes forming. The lanes handle traffic using the southern ramps on Berrigan Drive, the northern ramps on Beeliar Drive and provide access to the Armadale Road/North Lake Road/ Cockburn Central railway station access interchange. Three lanes reduce to two lanes in each direction at Russell Road/Gibbs Road, which remains until the terminus at Pinjarra Road. The median strip of the freeway north of The Spectacles also houses the Mandurah railway line. A shared pedestrian and bicycle path is built alongside all of the freeway since the area around Cranford Avenue was upgraded in 2022. The northbound section of Kwinana Freeway north of Roe Highway, since 2020, is a smart freeway system, with ramp signalling north of Roe Highway, variable speed limits north of Cranford Avenue, and hard shoulder running north of Canning Highway.

Main Roads Western Australia monitors traffic volume across the state's road network, including many locations along the Kwinana Freeway. The busiest section is at the northern end, on the Narrows Bridge, which averaged over 93,000 vehicles per weekday in 1979. This increased to over 135,000 in 1988/89, 156,000 in 1998/99, and 160,000 in 2007/08. The volume generally declines as the freeway travels south, with the fewest vehicles recorded near the southern end. There were fewer than 46,000 vehicles per weekday near the Canning Highway terminus in 1978, while in 1998/89 there were under 45,000 north of South Street. For 1998/99 there were fewer than 27,000 vehicles per weekday north of Thomas Road, and during 2007/08 fewer than 38,000 were recorded between Mundijong Road and Safety Bay Road. , the Kwinana Freeway is one of the most congested commuter routes in Perth, during peak traffic periods. The average speed when driving north from Cockburn Central was measured as less than 40 km/h during the morning peak. The slowest section was from South Street to Canning Highway, with an average travel speed of 24 km/h. During the afternoon peak, the worst segment was southbound between Manning Road and Leach Highway, with a 31 km/h average speed.

Swan and Canning Rivers
The Kwinana Freeway begins at the Narrows Bridge, and travels south from The Narrows alongside the Swan and Canning Rivers. South of the bridge is a northbound exit to Mill Point Road, whilst the southbound exit and both entrance ramps to the freeway are located a further 600 m south. To the east of the freeway are residential homes in South Perth and Como, as well as the Royal Perth Golf Club. There is a southbound exit to South Terrace which provides access to the local area. Public access to the Swan River's foreshore is available via footbridges that cross the freeway.

The first major interchange is with Canning Highway. National Route 1 is allocated to Canning Highway to the east, and to the Kwinana Freeway to the south of the interchange. The design is a diamond interchange, with additional bus-only ramps connecting to the median lanes of the freeway. The Canning Bridge bus and railway transfer station is located at the interchange. A partial Y interchange with Manning Road, consisting of a northbound entrance ramp and southbound entrance and exit ramp, is located 400 m south of Canning Highway. These ramps merge with the ramps on the south side of the Canning Highway interchange, allowing access between the highway and Manning Road. The Kwinana Freeway continues south, with the suburbs of Manning and Salter Point to the east, and Canning River to its west. The freeway passes by Aquinas College, 1.5 km south of Manning Road, and reaches the Mount Henry Peninsula after another 600 m.

The 660 m Mount Henry Bridge carries the freeway across the Canning River, from Salter Point to Mount Pleasant. The freeway travels through the suburb for 450 m to Cranford Avenue, a half-diamond interchange with northbound entrance and southbound exit ramps. The Kwinana Freeway continues south for another 600 m through Brentwood to Leach Highway.

Southern suburbs of Perth
Through the southern suburbs of Perth, the Kwinana Freeway travels south as the boundary between various suburbs. The Leach Highway interchange houses the Bull Creek train and bus interchange station, and the Murdoch Station is co-located with the South Street interchange, 2.2 km further south. Halfway between these interchanges, Parry Avenue crosses the freeway via an overpass, connecting the suburbs of Bateman and Bull Creek. Beyond South Street, the land east of the Kwinana Freeway, in the suburb of Leeming, continues to be residential, whilst to the west the freeway passes by educational and health care facilities in Murdoch. Challenger TAFE, Murdoch University, St John of God Murdoch Hospital, and Fiona Stanley Hospital are adjacent to the freeway, though there is no direct access. The next interchange, after 1.4 km, is with Farrington Road, which marks the southern edge of Murdoch. This is a half-diamond interchange that only serves traffic travelling to or from areas further north.

A free-flowing combination interchange, 800 m south of Farrington Road, connects the Kwinana Freeway to Roe Highway and Murdoch Drive. The interchange is situated between four suburbs: Leeming, (north-east), North Lake (north-west), Bibra Lake, (south-west), and Jandakot. Roe Highway is part of State Route 3, Perth's ring route, and is a major controlled-access link to Perth's north-east while Murdoch Drive provides an alternative southern access option to the aforementioned educational and health care facilities in Murdoch. Full movements are allowed for Roe Highway while Murdoch Drive only allows access for traffic travelling to and from areas further south (South Street and Farrington Road already cover the northern movements). There have been long-standing but controversial plans to extend Roe Highway west to Hamilton Hill, which would necessitate upgrading the interchange further. Following Roe Highway, the freeway continues its journey south, between the residential areas of South Lake and Jandakot. Houses east of the freeway surround the Glen Iris Public Golf Course.

After 2.7 km there is a diamond interchange with Berrigan Drive. Here collector-distributor lanes form on both sides of the freeway, which now passes lower density lots in Cockburn Central and the industrial section of Jandakot. The freeway reaches the next interchange after 1.5 km, a north-facing half-diamond interchange connecting with Armadale Road to the east and North Lake Road to the west. After a further 600 m the full-diamond interchange with Beeliar Drive is reached, whereupon the collector-distributor lanes merge back into the freeway. The Cockburn Central train station is located in the freeway median, 300 m north of the interchange. The freeway continues travelling south through the developing outer metropolitan suburbs of Atwell and Aubin Grove, east of the freeway, and Success and Hammond Park, west of the freeway. Here it connects to Russell Road and Gibbs Road via a diamond interchange after 3.3 km (with Aubin Grove train station located 250 m north in the freeway median), and to Rowley Road after a further 2.6 km.

South of Rowley Road
South of the Rowley Road diamond interchange, development is sparse, except in Bertram, southwest of the Thomas Road interchange. The freeway progresses through swampy rural land for 3.4 km, passing by Lake Balmanup in Wandi on its way to the diamond interchange at Anketell Road. The Kwinana Freeway continues south along the edge of Jandakot Regional Park, near to The Spectacles Wetlands, reaching Thomas Road after another 2.4 km. The Mandurah rail line deviates from the freeway median 1 km north of the interchange, thereafter travelling south-west towards Rockingham. From Thomas Road to the next interchange at Mortimer Road, 2.7 km further south, the land to the west of the freeway in Bertram has been developed into a residential area. After the latter interchange, development again becomes sparse, as the freeway travels south near swampland and bodies of water, including Folly Pool and Maramanup Pool. The next interchanges are with Mundijong Road after 4.7 km, Safety Bay Road after another 3.9 km, and Karnup Road following a further 5.2 km. There is a pocket of newly developed urban land near Safety Bay Road, south of the freeway.

South of Karnup Road, the following two interchanges are constructed as dogbone interchanges, which use roundabouts instead of traffic lights to control the intersections between ramps. The Kwinana Freeway follows the Serpentine River southwards, with no interchanges for 7.4 km. At this point, there is an interchange with Paganoni Road to the west and Vine Road to the east. After 5 km the freeway leaves the Perth Metropolitan Region, and encounters the next interchange with Lymon Road and Mandjoogoordap Drive. Lymon Road provides access to Stake Hill, although Mandjoogoordap Drive is not a controlled access route into Mandurah. Following this interchange, the freeway turns south-east, where it encounters a diamond interchange with Lakes Road after 4.6 km. The freeway ends 7.6 km further south, at the Pinjarra Road folded diamond interchange in Ravenswood. The road, and State Route 2, continue south as Forrest Highway towards Bunbury.

History
The Kwinana Freeway began as a proposed controlled-access road to link the Narrows Bridge in Perth with the developing area of the City of Kwinana. Planning began in 1954, after the concept had been announced by Acting Premier John Tonkin on 24 July 1953. The original route travelled through South Perth to Canning Highway, and included a new bridge over the Canning River. The planned route was later adjusted so that it crossed the river further south, due to the expected traffic volume, and difficulties in construction and traffic management at the existing Canning River Bridge.

Initial construction
In 1956, the Government of Western Australia decided to construct the first section of the freeway, between the Narrows Bridge and Canning Highway. An extension was planned to be constructed seven years later. This first stage was built alongside the Swan River, on the edge of South Perth. Undeveloped land was used where possible, and the edge of the river was filled in at various points. Access to the river was maintained via five pedestrian bridges over the freeway, leading to the existing Como Beach and Jetty, and new areas on the river foreshore created during the project. A significant change to the foreshore was the relocation of the South of Perth Yacht Club. In 1960, the club moved from the Canning River's eastern shore, at Olives Reserve in Como, to Coffee Point in, on the western shore. The termination of the Kwinana Freeway at Canning Highway meant that the highway would be part of the main link between Perth and Kwinana, along with the freeway and Stock Road. Therefore, Canning Highway was upgraded to a dual carriageway. The upgrade works included the construction of a new bridge across the Canning River, next to the existing bridge, built in 1938. This allowed for six lanes of traffic on Canning Highway. Construction of this stage was completed in 1959, before the establishment of the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) in 1971. In 1974, this first section was described by the EPA as "environmental desecration". This was primarily due to the public being denied access to the foreshore environment. Pedestrian overpasses were described as ineffective for "obvious physical [and] psychological reasons", and the impact on the riverfront was described as a "blight which has descended there".

First extension
The first major work on the freeway after it opened was the construction of a new interchange in South Perth in the 1970s. The interchange included a complicated bridge design, which began at Judd Street, crossed over the freeway, and curved down to join the northbound carriageway. The $2.7 million interchange was opened on 13 December 1976 by the minister for works, Ray O'Connor. This was followed by a southern extension, which would be constructed alongside the environmentally sensitive area surrounding Canning River. Preparation work included an extensive study on the effects on the environment and community, the most detailed to be undertaken in Western Australia thus far. The EPA recommended abandoning the concept of a freeway, for both the existing road and the first extension, to restore accessibility to the foreshore. The Main Roads Department disagreed that a lower standard at-grade road would be sufficient, as large volumes of traffic were forecast, and any pedestrian access would be "extremely dangerous". Main Roads contended that a grade separated road would be the safest and most efficient option for both pedestrian and vehicles. A botanical report on the extension found that no unique species or ecological unit would be under threat from the proposal, and the Swan River Conservation Board had no objections. The extension was then approved by the State Government in 1974, and by the federal government in 1975.

As part of the extension project, construction began in 1976 on the Canning Interchange at Canning Highway. This interchange included a flyover bridge from Manning Road, which utilised a curved design similar to the South Perth Interchange bridge. The Canning Interchange opened on 19 July 1979. Construction works south of the interchange began in 1979. The freeway was initially planned to terminate at Leach Highway, but was extended as far as South Street, at the request of the Melville City Council. The council wanted the extra length of freeway to alleviate congestion on its local roads, and contributed $600,000 to expedite the construction. This stage included construction of the Mount Henry Bridge across the Canning River. , it is Western Australia's longest bridge, at a length of 660 m. The 6.5 km, $35.8 million extension was opened on 9 May 1982 by Ray O'Connor, then Premier of Western Australia. Additional works undertaken to prepare for the opening included widening the existing stretch of freeway to three lanes in each direction, and reconfiguring the Narrows Bridge to include an additional central lane, reversible during peak traffic flows.

Further extensions
For the next stage of the freeway, an extension south to Thomas Road, multiple routes were investigated. The preferred route was selected based on the least impact from a combination of engineering, social, and environmental factors. The environmental factors considered were conservation areas associated with Thompsons Lake, west of the alignment, three "good quality" wetlands along the alignment, as well as patches of vegetation that were considered "nothing special". The conservation of these areas and associated vegetation was considered desirable. This extension was completed in two stages. The first was a 7.1 km extension to Forrest Road, which opened on 12 December 1991, at a cost of $36.7 million. Subsequently, the freeway was extended a further 11.7 km to Thomas Road. Main Roads looked for opportunities to improve the environment during the planning of this segment. These included the establishment of a protected strip of vegetation alongside the freeway, and the preservation or enhancement of remnant wetlands under threat from urban expansion. The main negative impacts of construction would be controlled through vegetation reinstatement and drainage management plans, as well as the use of "standard techniques" for preventing pollution, which was recognised as a severe environmental impact. The proposed route had the least environmental consequences compared with viable alternatives, and was the Department of Environment and Conservation's preferred route. The impact on wetlands was further investigated by the EPA in 1992. The EPA estimated that 50 ha of wetland habitat would be lost, including 20 ha with conservation status. The EPA's report concluded that the alignment was not ideal from an environmental standpoint, but recognised the social importance of constructing the freeway, which would facilitate development of the area. The authority was satisfied that the project's environmental repercussions could be managed, with the key recommendation of replacing the function of impacted wetlands. This $31 million section had three at-grade traffic light controlled intersections, which were designed to be replaced by grade separated interchanges. Intersections were used to avoid delaying the extension, as Main Roads Western Australia considered the $30 million cost for interchanges to be prohibitively expensive. The extension opened on 11 September 1994; the Town of Kwinana contributed $1 million, per an agreement on completing the freeway prior to 1995.

In 1988, the State Planning Commission proposed defining a reservation for the extension of the Kwinana Freeway to the southern edge of Perth Metropolitan Region, north-east of Mandurah. The northern and southern sections of the route were predetermined by factors including existing and proposed developments, power transmission lines, the location of wetlands and the Serpentine River, and required setbacks from an explosives depot at Baldivis. A number of routes were investigated for the central section, between Mortimer Road and Stakehill Road. The EPA found all proposed routes acceptable, and that the preferred route minimised environmental impact. A report for a later stage regarded the approval for this section as lacking strict stipulations for the management of environmental impact, which was attributed to the assessment of the era not being subject to recent environmental regulations and scrutiny. A 12 km extension along this alignment, to Safety Bay Road in Baldivis, was opened on 23 June 2001 by Premier Geoff Gallop. This project also included grade separation of the existing at-grade intersections. The Kwinana Freeway Bus Transitway was completed soon afterwards, in February 2002.

New Perth Bunbury Highway
Construction of an extension to the freeway, initially known as the "New Perth Bunbury Highway", began in December 2006. The project consisted of a 32 km freeway-standard extension to Pinjarra Road and the Murray River at South Yunderup, and a 38 km highway-standard dual carriageway to Old Coast Road at Lake Clifton. It had undergone an environmental assessment by the EPA in 2000. Main Roads proposed management plans for each environmental factor identified by the EPA. Only clearing of vegetation critical for road construction would be undertaken, and more vegetation would be replaced than the amount impacted, using local native species. A flora survey found no rare species, and only one priority species, Lasiopetalum membranaceum, near the southern end of the project. Road construction would impact one conservation class wetland, but no protected wetlands. To minimise impact, road drainage would be designed to contain spills, and prevent direct discharges into the surrounding environment. Noise levels would be contained to an acceptable limit in the road design, in accordance with the Main Roads traffic noise policy. The EPA concluded that the road could be designed and managed to an acceptable standard. Main Roads' 2006 plan for environmental management of the project included numerous aspects, described as best management practices, which for the northern segment of the project were beyond the environmental approval requirements. Specific plans were developed regarding fauna, vegetation, dieback and weeds, and revegetation and rehabilitation. Other areas with specific plans included topsoil management, drainage, construction (covering dust, noise, and vibrations), foreshores, and both Aboriginal and European heritage. The actual road names were not known until early 2009, when Transport Minister Simon O'Brien revealed that the section south of Pinjarra Road would be known as Forrest Highway, with the section to the north to become part of the Kwinana Freeway. The route bypasses Mandurah by taking traffic around the eastern side of the Peel-Harvey Estuary prior to joining the existing dual carriageway on Old Coast Road, reducing the journey time from Perth to Bunbury. The Kwinana Freeway extension and Forrest Highway were opened on 20 September 2009, with a ceremony held at the interchange between the freeway, highway, and Pinjarra Road. The roads were officially opened by Premier Colin Barnett, Senator Chris Evans, Transport Minister Simon O'Brien, Member for Canning Don Randall, and previous Transport Minister Alannah MacTiernan.

Bus transitway
Dedicated bus lanes have existed on the Kwinana Freeway since the late 1980s, when a project was set up to decrease bus commuters' travel times into Perth from suburbs south of the Swan River. In 1987, Main Roads Western Australia and Transperth trialled a contraflow bus lane along the Kwinana Freeway, from the Canning Interchange to the Narrows Interchange. The lane operated between 7:00 am and 9:30 am, the period with the most traffic congestion on the freeway. After two months, the results were examined, and the agencies decided to build an additional bus lane on the northbound carriageway. The construction included bus-only ramps at the beginning and end of the lane. The works were mainly funded by Transperth, which contributed $8.22 million out of the $10.23 million total cost. The remaining $2.01 million was provided by Main Roads Western Australia. The bus lane opened on 20 November 1989, and received an Institute of Engineers award for engineering excellence.

In 1999, the state government announced that a two way bus transitway would be built in the Kwinana Freeway median, to link Perth's Esplanade Busport with the Murdoch station at South Street. Construction of the first stage, between the Narrows Interchange and Canning Interchange, began in September 2000, and was completed in February 2002. The bus transitway was replaced by the Mandurah railway line, constructed in the freeway median between May 2004 and December 2007. After rail services commenced, most freeway bus services ceased; however, dedicated ramps and short priority lanes remain for bus services between Canning Highway and Perth.

2005 flooding
During the afternoon on 13 May 2005, a water pipe burst near the southbound Mill Point Road entrance ramp in South Perth, releasing 7 ML of water and 60 t of sand. This caused widespread flooding in the area, submerged the southbound lanes of the freeway, and collapsed the ramp. There was traffic gridlock in the city and much of the metropolitan area, lasting throughout the afternoon and into the night. Repairs to the entrance ramp took more than a week to be completed.

Widening
In March 2011, it was announced that the Kwinana Freeway between Leach Highway and Roe Highway would be widened from two to three lanes in each direction. The $58 million project was brought forward to ease increased congestion on this part of the freeway. Construction began in July 2011, with completion scheduled for May 2012. The new southbound lane opened on 1 June 2012. On 20 December 2012, state Transport Minister Troy Buswell, with Federal MP Gary Gray and State MLA for Riverton Mike Nahan, officially opened the northbound lane. By May 2013, all major construction works had been completed, including a pedestrian underpass at South Street, a new carpark and access road for Murdoch railway station, and noise walls. Remaining landscaping works were expected to be finalised in September 2013, and the whole projected had been completed by mid-October.

Widening of the Kwinana Freeway with an extra southbound lane between Roe Highway and Armadale Road began in mid-2014. The project aims to increase the freeway's reliability, efficiency, and safety, as the current two-lane configuration is subject to a large proportion of heavy vehicles and severe peak hour congestion. The project also involves the realignment of ramps at Berrigan Drive and Armadale Road, construction of noise barriers and noise walls where required, and installation of components for intelligent transport systems – optic fibre communications, vehicle detection devices, and closed circuit cameras. Additional funding was provided just prior to commencing the project to allow for a fourth southbound lane to be added at the same time. During 2015–16, the third lane was extended south to the interchange with Russell Road and Gibbs Road in Aubin Grove at the cost of $14.9 million. The Russell/Gibbs Road interchange itself was also upgraded during 2016–17 in preparation for the opening of Aubin Grove railway station on the Mandurah Line itself, with the bridge widened to carry eight lanes of traffic (two through-lanes and two right-turning lanes in both directions.

Widening of the corresponding northbound section from Russell/Gibbs Road to Farrington Road commenced in late 2018 in conjunction with the extension of Roe Highway to link with Murdoch Drive. The project consists of the following:
 * A third lane added from the Russell Road/Gibbs Road interchange to the Armadale Road/Beeliar Drive interchange.
 * A collector-distributor lane system in addition to a third lane up to Berrigan Drive (allowing for the construction of a half-diamond interchange with North Lake Road).
 * The above lanes merge to form four lanes of traffic up to Farrington Road aside from small section of three lanes under the westbound Roe Highway overpass.
 * A reconstruction of the Principal Shared Path (PSP) or cycle path along the freeway with additional lighting.

In addition the interchange with Roe Highway was modified to become a partial combination interchange due to the direct link between Roe Highway and Murdoch Drive, with no ramps between Kwinana southbound and Murdoch westbound nor Murdoch eastbound to Kwinana northbound due to the nearby Farrington Road interchange providing these movements. The project was completed on 20 April 2020.

A proposal was drawn in the 1980s to construct a southbound on-ramp at the partial interchange with Manning Road. The land requirements were included on the Perth Metropolitan Region Scheme. The City of South Perth considers the ramp a "major priority" that would increase its road network connectivity, reduce traffic congestion, and improve commuter safety. In 2001, the City estimated the construction cost to be $1.77 million. Construction of the ramp commenced in October 2019 at a cost of $35 million, and was opened on the morning of 13 July 2020.

The northbound section between Mount Henry Bridge and the Narrows Bridge was converted to a smart freeway system during 2019–20. The main features of the project include:
 * Conversion of the emergency lane north of Canning Highway to a fourth lane (all lane running).
 * Installation of variable message and speed limit signs, allowing for opening and closing lanes.
 * Ramp signalling on the northbound entries to the freeway from Farrington Road to Cranford Avenue.

A half-diamond interchange with North Lake Road was also constructed. This project involved the construction of a bridge over Kwinana Freeway with north-facing on and off ramps, reconnecting Armadale Road to North Lake Road after the original connection (then known as Forrest Road) was severed during the 1990s as part of the freeway extension. Grade separated roundabouts will also be constructed at Tapper Road / Verde Drive and at a new Beeliar Drive / Solomon Road intersection along with improved access to Cockburn Central railway station. Construction began in late 2019, with the bridge and associated interchanges opened on the morning of 16 December 2021.

title: Kwinana Freeway


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Dardistan

Dardistan refers to a region where Dardic languages are spoken. The terms "Dardic" and "Dardistan" are not indigenous to the region, and were coined by Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner. The legitimacy of the term has been called into question. The region also includes a number of non-Dardic peoples and languages.

History
The initial efforts by the British grouped almost all the people and languages of the upper Indus River, between Kashmir and Kabul, into a single category. This led to the creation of distinct identities for all other groups in the region, giving rise to terms such as Dard, Dardistan, and Dardic.

None of the inhabitants in the region identify themselves as Dards, their homeland as Dardistan, or their language as Dardic. The term Dard is not recognized in any of the local languages, with the exception of Khowar, where it translates to 'way of the language' or 'dialect'. The broad application of this term have been criticised by many scholars. The languages and peoples are often referred to as "Kohistani", mostly by the Pashtuns. In academic linguistic contexts, however, Kohistani refers to one subgroup of Dardic languages which is mainly spoken in Kohistan district of Khyber Pakhtunkwa.

In a historic context, Herodotus (4th century B.C.), in one of his stories, mentioned a war-like people by the name of Dadikai on the frontier of India. Subsequently, Strabo and Pliny made references to the warlike tribe known as Dardae. Alexander, whose journeys contribute significantly to the classical geography of the subcontinent, did not encounter any Dard people. However, he did visit a location named Daedala, where he reportedly engaged in combat with a group known as the Assakenoi.

Herodotus Dadikai appears to be the Persian name derived from the Daradas given in the Puranic sources. Instead of identifying a specific group, the term was used to describe a fierce population living in the northwest, beyond the confines of established society. In Rajatarangini, Kalhana refers to the Darads as inhabitants of the area north of Kashmir, known for their frequent attempts to invade and plunder Kashmir.

The term eventually gained acceptance through frequent use. The labels 'Dard' and 'Dardistan' were introduced by G.W. Leitner, despite the fact that no local population identified as 'Dard'. John Biddulph, who resided in Gilgit for an extended period, also noted that none of the tribes typically referred to as 'Dard' recognized the term. Biddulph acknowledged that Leitner's label 'Dardistan' was based on a misunderstanding, but he accepted it as a useful term for referring to the complex, diverse, and largely unexplored Karakoram region between Kashmir and the Hindukush Range. Interestingly, this usage mirrors the Sanskrit interpretation, where it refers to unspecified fierce outsiders residing in the mountainous regions beyond the area's borders.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dardistan


text:
Leitner

Leitner is an Austrian and southern German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alan Leitner (born 1947), American artist
 * Aloysius Leitner, United States Marine Corps
 * Anton G. Leitner (born 1961), German writer and publisher
 * Dummy Leitner (1872–1960), American baseball player
 * Edward Frederick Leitner (1812–1838), German physician and botanist
 * Erika Leitner, Italian luger
 * Ferdinand Leitner (1912–1996), German conductor
 * Franz Leitner (motorcyclist) (born 1968), Austrian motorcycle speedway rider
 * Franz Leitner (politician) (1918–2005), Austrian politician
 * Friedrich Leitner (1874–1945), German economist
 * Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner (1840–1899), Anglo-Hungarian orientalist
 * Hias Leitner (born 1935), Austrian alpine skier
 * Jan Leitner (born 1953), Czech athlete
 * Karl Leitner (born 1937), Austrian sprint canoer
 * Karl Gottfried von Leitner (1800–1890), Austrian writer
 * Ludwig Leitner (1940–2013), West German alpine skier
 * Miroslav Leitner (born 1966), Slovak ski mountaineer
 * Moritz Leitner (born 1992), German footballer
 * Patric Leitner (born 1977), German luger
 * Sándor Leitner (1889–1972), Hungarian Jewish trader
 * Sebastian Leitner (1919–1989), Austrian-German science popularizer, journalist and author, inventor of the Leitner system using flashcards
 * Tammy Leitner (born 1972), U.S. journalist and reality television contestant
 * Tarek Leitner (born 1972), Austrian news presenter
 * Ted Leitner, American sportscaster
 * Thea Leitner (1921–2016), Austrian writer
 * Vladimir Leitner (born 1974), Slovak footballer
 * Walter Leitner, German chemist
 * Wolfgang Leitner (born 1953), Austrian businessman

title: Leitner


text:
Talk:Fidel Velázquez Sánchez

We need some pages
On the CTM, Mexican labor law, and the like. And there's no page on Velázquez in the Spanish wikipedia. Italo Svevo 21:41, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Zzz
Saw him interviewed approximately 523,563 times on the telly, but I still had to go and check in the Britannica book of the year: it's Velázquez, with a Z. Shall I do the page move thing? –Hajor 23:30, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is why I don't keep a gun in the house. I made the change, but thanks for the tip. -- Italo Svevo 00:06, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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Image Request
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title: Talk:Fidel Velázquez Sánchez


text:
Kyra Sedgwick

Kyra Minturn Sedgwick (born August 19, 1965) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for her starring role as Deputy Chief Brenda Leigh Johnson on the crime drama The Closer (2005–2012), for which she won a Golden Globe in 2007 and an Emmy Award in 2010. She also starred in the 1992 TV film Miss Rose White, which won an Emmy Award. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance in the 1995 film Something to Talk About. Sedgwick's other film credits include Oliver Stone's Born on the Fourth of July (1989) and Cameron Crowe's Singles (1992). She also had a recurring role as Madeline Wuntch on the sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine. Sedgwick is married to fellow actor Kevin Bacon.

Early life
Sedgwick was born in New York City on August 19, 1965, the daughter of Patricia (née Rosenwald), a speech teacher and educational/family therapist, and Henry Dwight Sedgwick V, a venture capitalist. Her mother was Jewish and her father was Episcopalian and of English heritage. Sedgwick has identified as Jewish and has stated that she participates in Passover seders.

She is a descendant of William Ellery, a signatory of the Declaration of Independence, and Ellery Sedgwick, an editor of The Atlantic Monthly. She is the sister of actor Robert Sedgwick, the half-sister of jazz guitarist Mike Stern, the first cousin once removed of actress Edie Sedgwick, and the niece of writer John Sedgwick. She is the aunt of R&B singer George Nozuka, actor Philip Nozuka, and singer/songwriter Justin Nozuka  (their mother, Holly, is Sedgwick's half-sister).

Sedgwick's parents separated when she was four and divorced when she was six.

Sedgwick graduated from Friends Seminary and attended Sarah Lawrence College before transferring to the University of Southern California, where she graduated with a theater degree.

Career
Sedgwick obtained her first acting job in 1982 on the television soap opera Another World, portraying Julia Shearer, troubled granddaughter of Liz Matthews. In 1988, she appeared in a TV version of Lanford Wilson's Lemon Sky. In 1989, Sedgwick played the role of Donna in the Oscar-winning Born on the Fourth of July.

Sedgwick played the title role in the Emmy Award–winning 1992 TV film Miss Rose White as a Jewish immigrant who comes to terms with her ethnicity. During the 1990s, she appeared in several Hollywood movies, including Singles (1992), Heart and Souls (1993), Something to Talk About (1995) (for which she received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actress—Motion Picture ), Phenomenon (1996) (in which she played the love interest of John Travolta's character ), and Critical Care (1997).

Sedgwick has starred alongside her husband Kevin Bacon in Pyrates (1991) and The Woodsman (2004). Other film credits include Secondhand Lions (2003), The Game Plan (2007), The Possession (2012), and The Edge of Seventeen (2016).

Sedgwick is best known for starring as Brenda Leigh Johnson in the television series The Closer. She played this role from 2005 to 2012. In 2007, she began earning approximately $300,000 per episode on The Closer. For portraying Brenda, Sedgwick earned six consecutive nominations for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama (winning once), five consecutive nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (winning once), and seven nominations for Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series. The Closer aired its final episode on August 13, 2012, following the completion of its seventh season; the series's broadcaster TNT stated that the decision to end the series was made by Sedgwick. The first episode of Major Crimes—a sequel series that did not feature Sedgwick, but included many other cast members from The Closer—aired immediately following the final episode of The Closer.

Sedgwick produced the television series Proof for TNT. The show debuted in 2015 and aired for one season.

In 2017, Sedgwick directed Story of a Girl, a television film based on the 2007 novel of the same name by Sara Zarr. The film marked Sedgwick's directorial debut. It starred Sedgwick's husband Kevin Bacon; her daughter Sosie Bacon; and others. Story of a Girl aired on the Lifetime network.

Sedgwick portrayed the character of Madeline Wuntch in the comedy series Brooklyn Nine-Nine. She also played the lead role of Jean Raines in the comedy pilot My Village, written by Kari Lizer. My Village was approved by ABC and re-titled Call Your Mother on May 21, 2020, for the 2020–2021 television season.

In 2023, Sedgwick played the role of Aunt Julia in season 2 of the drama series The Summer I Turned Pretty.

Personal life
Sedgwick and actor Kevin Bacon were married on September 4, 1988, about 18 months after meeting on the set of PBS's adaptation of Lanford Wilson's Lemon Sky. They have two children, Travis Sedgwick Bacon and actress Sosie Bacon. The family splits their time between New York City and the family farm in Connecticut.

Honors

 * 2005: Received the Copper Wing Tribute Award presented to her during the Phoenix Film Festival.
 * 2009, June 8: Inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame receiving a star for her contribution to television. The star is located at 6356 Hollywood Boulevard.
 * 2013: Honored with the President's Award by the Society of Camera Operators.
 * 2017: Received the John Cassavetes Award presented to her during the Denver International Film Festival.

title: Kyra Sedgwick


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Trigonobalanus

Trigonobalanus is a genus of three species of evergreen trees in the family Fagaceae, related to oaks, beeches and chestnuts. The species are widely scattered, with one in northern South America and two in southeast Asia; some botanists treat the three species in separate genera. The three species, with their authors, major synonyms, and distribution, are:

 * Trigonobalanus doichangensis (A.Camus) Forman (syn. Formanodendron doichangensis (A.Camus) Nixon & Crepet) - subtropical Yunnan to northern Thailand
 * Trigonobalanus excelsa Lozano, Hern. Cam. & Henao (syn. Colombobalanus excelsa (Lozano, Hern. Cam. & Henao) Nixon & Crepet) - endemic to Colombia
 * Trigonobalanus verticillata Forman - tropical Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula

title: Trigonobalanus


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Ichigo

Ichigo is the Japanese word for strawberry (イチゴ, 苺).

Ichigo may also refer to:

People

 * Ichigo Rinahamu, Japanese idol, current member of CY8ER
 * Ichigo Takano, Japanese manga artist

Fictional characters

 * Ichigo, character in Darling in the Franxx
 * Ichigo Amano, main character in Yumeiro Patissiere
 * Ichigo Hoshimiya, main character in Aikatsu!
 * Kamen Raidā Ichigō or Kamen Rider 1 (a.k.a Takeshi Hongo), main character in Kamen Rider
 * Ichigo Kurosaki, main character in Bleach
 * Ichigo Moesaki, character in Seiyu's Life!
 * Ichigo Momomiya, main character in Tokyo Mew Mew
 * Ichigo Morino, character in Please Teacher!
 * Ichigo Saitō, a character in manga and anime series Oshi no Ko

Media

 * Ichigo 100% or Strawberry 100%, a Japanese media franchise
 * Ichigo Mashimaro or Strawberry Marshmallow, a Japanese media franchise

Other uses
Ichi-go is also the Japanese word for "one's lifetime" (いちご, 一期)
 * Ichi-go ichi-e, a Japanese expression that has been translated as "for this time only", and "once in a lifetime".
 * Ichigo Ichie, Japanese kaiseki restaurant
 * Ichigo Inc., a Japanese sustainable infrastructure company
 * Operation Ichi-Go (also known as Ichigo Offensive), a military operation in World War II

title: Ichigo


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Jog Falls

Jog Falls is a waterfall on the Sharavati river located in Siddapur taluk, Uttara Kannada District and its view point is located in Sagara taluk, Shimoga district of Karnataka, India. It is the second highest plunge waterfall in India. It is a segmented waterfall which depends on rain and season to become a plunge waterfall. The falls are major attractions for tourists and is ranked 36th in the list of free-falling waterfalls, 490th in the world by list of waterfalls by total height, 128th in the list of single-drop waterfalls in the World by the waterfall database.

Description
Jog Falls is created by the Sharavati river dropping 253 m, making it the third-highest waterfall in India after the Nohkalikai Falls with a drop of 335 m in Meghalaya and the Dudhsagar Falls with a drop of 310 m in Goa.

Sharavathi, a river which rises at Ambutirtha, next to Nonabur, in the Thirthahalli taluk takes a northwesterly course by Fatte petta, receives the Haridravati on the right below Pattaguppe and the Yenne Hole on the left above Barangi. Then, it bends to the west, precipitates itself down the Jog Falls (aka Gersoppa Falls), and passes the village of Gersoppa (properly Geru-Sappe), which is some 30 km away, discharging into the Arabian Sea at Honnavar in Uttara Kannada.

The Sharavathi, flowing over a very rocky bed about 250 yard wide, reaches a tremendous chasm, 290 m deep, and the water comes down in four distinct falls, Raja, Rani, Roarer and Rocket. The Raja Fall comes down in one unbroken column sheer to the depth of 830 ft. Halfway down, it is encountered by the Roarer, which precipitates itself into a vast cup and then rushes violently downwards to meet the Raja. The Rocket shoots downwards in a series of jets. The Rani moves quietly over the mountainside in a sheet of foam. The Tourism Department has built steps from the viewpoint at the top, where the waterfall can be seen from across, to the bottom of the hill. There are approximately 1,400 steps made to reach the bottom of the hill.

Significances

Associated with the waterfall is the nearby Linganamakki Dam across the Sharavati River. The power station has been operational since 1948 and is of 120 MW capacity, one of the largest hydroelectric stations in India at that time and a small source of electric power for Karnataka now. The power station was previously named Krishna Rajendra hydro-electric project, after the King of Mysore at that time. The name was later changed to Mahatma Gandhi Hydro-electric Project. It was served by The Hirebhaskara dam until 1960. After 1960, due to the ideas of Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya, Linganmakki Dam has been used for power generation.

Power
The hydro-electric project was conceived by the government of Mysore in mid-1943. A scheme to generate 64,000 horsepower at a cost of ₹358 lakh was designed. The Power House on the right bank of the Gerusoppa dam consists of four Francis-type turbines coupled to the generating units of 60 MW each. The units are configured to operate at a design head of 47.5 mtrs. An outdoor switchyard is located between the toe of the dam and the power house. Power from the outdoor yard is evacuated through a 220 KV double circuit transmission line connected to the state grid at Talaguppa.

The capacity was increased subsequently and currently generates 240 MW of power.

Transport connectivity
Jog Falls is situated Near Siddapura And Sagara city. 133 km
 * Nearest railway stations (distance to the location):
 * Talaguppa (13 km)
 * Sagara (30 km)
 * (68 km) on the Mangalore - Bombay Konkan Railway route
 * Bhatkal (90 km) also on the Mangalore - Bombay Konkan Railway route
 * Nearest bus station:
 * Siddapura
 * Sagara
 * Jog Falls
 * Nearest centre for private road transport is Siddapura.
 * Nearest airport (aerial distance to the location):
 * Domestic
 * Hubli Airport (HBX):
 * Shivamogga Airport (RQY):100 km
 * International
 * Bengaluru International Airport (BLR): 422 km
 * Mangalore International Airport (India) (formerly Bajpe Airport) (IXE): 200 km
 * Goa Airport (GOI): 264 km

title: Jog Falls


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J. Edward Lundy

J. Edward Lundy (January 6, 1915 – October 2, 2007) was an American automobile executive who became the chief financial officer of Ford Motor Company.

Lundy was one of the Whiz Kids, a group of 10 young and ambitious veterans of the United States Army Air Forces led by Charles B. "Tex" Thornton. Thornton offered their employment as a group to Henry Ford II, and they were hired in 1946.

He was assigned as financial planning manager, and his influence grew quickly. He was a leader in developing financial forecasting as a business management tool. He was also highly focused on recruiting, and was credited with developing a legion of executives. He reportedly kept records about the people who left Ford, and how well they were doing.

For several years he was deputy to Arjay Miller, a fellow whiz kid who rose to become president of Ford in the mid-1960s. Lundy was successively assistant controller and controller. He became chief financial officer in 1967 and remained in the position until he retired in 1979. He remained a member of the board of directors, reportedly at Henry Ford II's request, until 1985.

Some in Ford Motor Company's finance staff still use the term Lundyism to refer to grammatical, typographical, and formatting conventions in the preparation of financial reports.

Links and Reference

 * Automotive Hall of Fame Bio
 * Detroit News "Whiz Kids" article
 * The Whiz Kids; John A. Byrne; Doubleday, N.Y., 1993

title: J. Edward Lundy


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Joseph L. Doob

Joseph Leo Doob (February 27, 1910 – June 7, 2004) was an American mathematician, specializing in analysis and probability theory.

The theory of martingales was developed by Doob.

Early life and education
Doob was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, February 27, 1910, the son of a Jewish couple, Leo Doob and Mollie Doerfler Doob. The family moved to New York City before he was three years old. The parents felt that he was underachieving in grade school and placed him in the Ethical Culture School, from which he graduated in 1926. He then went on to Harvard where he received a BA in 1930, an MA in 1931, and a PhD (Boundary Values of Analytic Functions, advisor Joseph L. Walsh) in 1932. After postdoctoral research at Columbia and Princeton, he joined the department of mathematics of the University of Illinois in 1935 and served until his retirement in 1978. He was a member of the Urbana campus's Center for Advanced Study from its beginning in 1959. During the Second World War, he worked in Washington, D.C., and Guam as a civilian consultant to the Navy from 1942 to 1945; he was at the Institute for Advanced Study for the academic year 1941–1942 when Oswald Veblen approached him to work on mine warfare for the Navy.

Work
Doob's thesis was on boundary values of analytic functions. He published two papers based on this thesis, which appeared in 1932 and 1933 in the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. Doob returned to this subject many years later when he proved a probabilistic version of Fatou's boundary limit theorem for harmonic functions.

The Great Depression of 1929 was still going strong in the thirties and Doob could not find a job. B.O. Koopman at Columbia University suggested that statistician Harold Hotelling might have a grant that would permit Doob to work with him. Hotelling did, so the Depression led Doob to probability.

In 1933 Kolmogorov provided the first axiomatic foundation for the theory of probability. Thus a subject that had originated from intuitive ideas suggested by real life experiences and studied informally, suddenly became mathematics. Probability theory became measure theory with its own problems and terminology. Doob recognized that this would make it possible to give rigorous proofs for existing probability results, and he felt that the tools of measure theory would lead to new probability results.

Doob's approach to probability was evident in his first probability paper, in which he proved theorems related to the law of large numbers, using a probabilistic interpretation of Birkhoff's ergodic theorem. Then he used these theorems to give rigorous proofs of theorems proven by Fisher and Hotelling related to Fisher's maximum likelihood estimator for estimating a parameter of a distribution.

After writing a series of papers on the foundations of probability and stochastic processes including martingales, Markov processes, and stationary processes, Doob realized that there was a real need for a book showing what is known about the various types of stochastic processes, so he wrote the book Stochastic Processes. It was published in 1953 and soon became one of the most influential books in the development of modern probability theory.

Beyond this book, Doob is best known for his work on martingales and probabilistic potential theory. After he retired, Doob wrote a book of over 800 pages: Classical Potential Theory and Its Probabilistic Counterpart. The first half of this book deals with classical potential theory and the second half with probability theory, especially martingale theory. In writing this book, Doob shows that his two favorite subjects, martingales and potential theory, can be studied by the same mathematical tools.

The American Mathematical Society's Joseph L. Doob Prize, endowed in 2005 and awarded every three years for an outstanding mathematical book, is named in Doob's honor. The postdoctoral members of the department of mathematics of the University of Illinois are named J L Doob Research Assistant Professors.

Honors

 * President of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 1950.
 * Elected to National Academy of Sciences 1957.
 * President of the American Mathematical Society 1963–1964.
 * Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1965.
 * Associate of the French Academy of Sciences 1975.
 * Awarded the National Medal of Science by the President of the United States Jimmy Carter 1979.
 * Awarded the Steele Prize by the American Mathematical Society. 1984.

Publications

 * Books

 * Articles

title: Joseph L. Doob


text:
Talk:List of provinces of the Netherlands

Untitled
north brabant is officially called brabant since a couple of years.

 * I don't think so, although the site name is http://www.brabant.nl/ --Patrick 18:22, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

the numbers of north brabant and north holland are the same, must be made a mistake somewhere

Old data
The data in this list are 10 years old, perhaps they should be updated? – Editør (talk) 09:47, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Good point, however, all information is also available at Provinces of the Netherlands. Is it even worth having this as a separate article? CRwikiCA  talk 14:40, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The GDP numbers are not, but the question remains whether this should stand as a stand-alone article or whether it should be merged. CRwikiCA  talk 14:42, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I see, maybe the GDP data can be added to Provinces of the Netherlands and this article can become a redirect to that one? – Editør (talk) 09:57, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
 * That would work in my opinion. CRwikiCA  talk 14:26, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

Caribbean Netherlands
Is it perhaps a good idea to add the special municipalities of Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Bonaire to this list? Jurryaany (talk) 15:45, 16 April 2015 (UTC)
 * They are not provinces, but more akin to municipalities. So I don't see how they would belong in this list. CRwikiCA  talk 13:57, 17 April 2015 (UTC)


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Barnwell Castle

Barnwell Castle is a ruined castle, south of the town of Oundle, and north of the village of Barnwell, Northamptonshire. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building, and is a Scheduled Ancient Monument. It is under private ownership.

A motte and bailey castle was erected in 1132. The stone castle was built during the reign of King Henry III by the family of Berengar Le Moyne at the time of the Second Barons' War (1264-67). In the English Civil War it was used by its owner, Sir Edward Montagu, as an arsenal for the Royal cause. After the civil war the Montagu family built a substantial manor house, Barnwell Manor, near the castle.

Substantial parts of the castle remain. It is quadrilateral in shape with cylinder towers on the northeast, northwest and southwest corners. On the southeast corner is a twin-towered gatehouse. The walls are up to 30 ft high and over 12 ft thick.

title: Barnwell Castle


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Talk:Economy of India/infobox

Revisions

 * Template talk:Economy of India infobox/original pamri 06:39, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

GDP Ranking
The GDP ranking is wrong. The world need not be accounted for. Hence the Rank becomes 5th from the present 6th.

Now the European Union also cannot be accounted for since the economy of various nations of the European Union is shown as different and in many places like in the Economy of France EU is unaccounted for. Either make the change in all the Economy of or place the rank of India as 4th.

Also CIA factbook must not be taken as a reliable source. It is a spy agency and will manipulate things to suit their interests. Hence data from IMF or anyother organisation will be better.

Chanakyathegreat 09:26, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of India/infobox


text:
Category:Boroughs of Bergen

Boroughs of the city of Bergen, Norway.

title: Category:Boroughs of Bergen


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File:Street in Luzhi Jiangsu province China.jpg

People watching banner risen over wine store


text: Category:Prime ministers of the Czech Republic


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Närke-Värmland Regiment

The Närke-Värmland Regiment (Närke-Värmlands regemente) was a Swedish Army infantry regiment that traced its origins back to the 16th century. It was split into two new regiments in 1812. The regiment's soldiers were recruited from the provinces of Närke and Värmland.

History
The regiment has its origins in fänikor (companies) raised in Närke and Värmland in the 16th century. In 1614, these units—along with fänikor from the nearby province of Södermanland—were organised by Gustav II Adolph into Södermanlands storregemente, of which eleven of the total 24 companies were recruited in Värmland and five in Närke. Södermanlands storregemente consisted of three field regiments, of which Närke Regiment and Värmland Regiment were two. Sometime around 1624, the grand regiment was permanently split into three smaller regiments, of which Närke Regiment and Värmland Regiment were two. In 1629, these two regiments were merged to form Närke-Värmland Regiment.

The Närke-Värmland Regiment was one of the original 20 Swedish infantry regiments mentioned in the Swedish constitution of 1634. The regiment's first commander was the Scot Alexander Leslie. It was allotted in 1686 (Närke) and 1688 (Värmland). The regiment was split in 1812 into the two original regiments, Närke Regiment and Värmland Regiment.

Campaigns

 * The Polish War (1600–1629)
 * The Thirty Years' War (1630–1648)
 * The Northern Wars (1655–1661)
 * The Scanian War (1674–1679)
 * The Great Northern War (1700–1721)
 * The Hats' Russian War (1741–1743)
 * The Seven Years' War (1757–1762)
 * The Gustav III's Russian War (1788–1790)
 * The Franco-Swedish War (1805–1810)
 * The Finnish War (1808–1809)

Organisation

 * –1812
 * Livkompaniet
 * Överstelöjtnantens kompani
 * Majorens kompani
 * Örebro kompani
 * Kristinehamns kompani
 * Jösse härads kompani
 * Älvdals kompani
 * Näs kompani
 * Karlstads kompani
 * Nordmarks kompani

title: Närke-Värmland Regiment


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Bergenhus

Bergenhus is a borough of the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway. This borough encompasses the city centre and is the most urbanized area of the whole city. The 25.41 km2 borough has a population (2014) of 40,606. This gives Bergenhus a population density of 1598 PD/km2.

Location
Named after the historic Bergenhus Fortress, Bergenhus makes up the city centre and the neighborhoods immediately surrounding it, including Sandviken and Kalfaret, as well as the mountains to the north and east of the city centre. It stretches from Haukeland University Hospital in the south to Lønborg in the north, and includes the entire mountainside and the peninsula bounded by the inlets of Store Lungegårdsvannet, Puddefjorden and Byfjorden that form the city's center.

Bergenhus is surrounded by the neighborhoods Åsane in the north, Arna in the east, Årstad to the south, Laksevåg to the west and by Askøy to the northwest.

The borough of Bergenhus includes the neighborhoods of Bryggen, Ladegården, Kalfaret, Møhlenpris, Nordnes, Sandviken, Solheimsviken, Sydnes, and Verftet. It is the site of some of the most historic buildings in Bergen including Bergenhus Fortress with Haakon's Hall and Rosenkrantz Tower. It is also the location of the University of Bergen, Bergen Cathedral, St. Mary's Church, and Holy Cross Church.

Higher education

 * Bergen School of Architecture
 * Grieg Academy
 * University of Bergen
 * Norwegian School of Management
 * Norwegian School of Economics

Neighborhoods
The list of neighborhoods include: Bontelabo, Bryggen, Eidemarken, Engen, Fjellet, Kalfaret, Ladegården, Marken, Møhlenpris, Nordnes, Nygård, Nøstet, Sandviken, Sentrum, Skansen, Skolten, Skuteviken, Strandsiden, Stølen, Sydnes, Verftet, Vågsbunnen, and Ytre Sandviken.

Sentrum
Sentrum (Centre) is a neighborhood (that lies within the boundaries of a former borough with the same name) that borders the neighborhoods Vågsbunnen, Strandsiden, Nøstet, Engen, Sydnes, Nygård and Marken.

The neighborhood lies around the main town square of Torgallmenningen and Lille Lungegårdsvann.

The boundaries of the neighborhood are the road Østre Muralmenning to the north; Strandgaten, Vågsalmenning, and Allehelgensgate to the east; Fredrik Motzfeldt's Street, Lille Lungerårdsvannet to Fossvinkels gate to St Paul Church, to Rosenbergsgaten, then to Vestre Torvgate, then to Vaskerelven, then down to Vaskerelvsmauet to Olav Vs plass, to Øvre Ole Bulls plass, to Veiten, to Markeveien, to Christian Michelsens gate, to Kalmargaten and Gartnergaten to Kjellersmauet, to Østre Muralmenning.

The neighborhood encompasses three 'grunnkrets': Strandkaien, Torgalmenningen, and Vaskerelven. These had 818 inhabitants in 2014.

Monuments
Monuments include 'Den blå stein' (the blue stone) at Klosterhaugen, portraying Amalie Skram.

Local attractions

 * Bergenhus Fortress
 * Haakon's Hall
 * Rosenkrantz Tower
 * Koengen
 * Sverresborg Fortress (Bergenhus festning)
 * St Mary's Church (Mariakirken)
 * Bergen Cathedral (Bergen domkirke)
 * St John's Church (Johanneskirken)
 * Holy Cross Church (Korskirken)
 * New Church (Nykirken)
 * Sandvik Church (Sandvikskirken)
 * Biskopshavn Church

title: Bergenhus


text:
Fana

Fana is a borough of the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway. The borough makes up the southeastern part of the municipality of Bergen. The borough was once part of the historic municipality of Fana which was incorporated into Bergen in 1972. The old municipality was much larger than the present-day borough of Fana. It also included all of the present-day boroughs of Ytrebygda and Fyllingsdalen as well as the southern part of the present-day boroughs of Årstad. As of 1 January 2012, Fana had a population of 39,216.

Toponymy
"The name is really [a] farm name, in Old Norse fani, which probably means swampland or myrlende" (or fen), according to the Store norske leksikon.

Geography
Fana is the geographically largest of the city's boroughs, with an area of 151 km2. Most major industries in Fana are located near the neighborhood of Nesttun (which was the administrative centre of the old Fana municipality). The northeastern part is dominated by residential areas, being home to the majority of the borough's population, while the rest of the borough contains mostly forest, mountains, some farmland, in addition to a few settlements. The mountain Livarden lies along the northeastern boundary of the borough.

Villages and neighborhoods
The villages and neighborhoods in the borough include: Fanahammeren, Nattland, Nesttun, Paradis, Nordvåg, Skjold, and Krokvåg.

Landmarks

Gamlehaugen is located by the lake Nordåsvannet in northern Fana, south of the present-day Fjøsanger residential area. The mansion is the residence of the royal family in Bergen, and is surrounded by a park. It was commissioned by Christian Michelsen, a shipping magnate and later Prime Minister of Norway, in 1899, and he lived there until his death in 1925. While the park is open to the public at almost all times, the building is only open for a few hours a day in the summer and receives about 2000 visitors a year.

Hop is the location of Troldhaugen, a museum and home of the composer Edvard Grieg 1885-1907.

A replica of the Fantoft Stave Church has been located in Fana since 1997. The original was built in 1150 and it burned down in 1992, 109 years after it was moved to Bergen in 1883. Fana Church is a more recently built church that is used for most church functions in the area.

Fashion
The Fanakofte is an old cardigan (sweater) pattern.

Food
The "Fanaost" gouda cheese won World Cheese Awards in 2018.

Sport
Sports teams include IL Gneist, IL Bjarg and Fana IL and the athletics club FIK BFG Fana.

Choirs
Choirs include Sola Fide, Fana Mannskor, Korall.

Transport

The European route E39 highway passes through the borough of Fana. From the border with Årstad borough (north of Fjøsanger) to the neighborhood of Hop, the E39 highway is the 4-lane dual carriageway called Fritz C. Riebers veg. At Hop, the E39 highway branches off from the 4-lane road and passes through two tunnels on its way to the village of Nesttun, where-from it continues southwestwards through Valla and Kaland before entering the neighboring municipality of Os. From Hop, Fritz C. Riebers veg continues southwards as Rv 580 to Lagunen Storsenter.

Prior to the construction of Fritz C. Riebers veg, the main road between central Bergen and Fana had been Fv 582, which passes through Storetveit, Paradis, Hop, Nesttun and Skjold from Årstad borough to Lagunen Storsenter. Other significant roads include Rv 546 from Lagunen Storsenter through Fanahammeren to Krokvåg, Fv 585 from Landås in Årstad through Nattland to Paradis, Fv 163 over Fanafjellet to Nordvik, and Fv 183 past Bjøllebotn to Myrdal.

Due to the insufficient standard of E39, the main road between Bergen and Os and Stavanger, plans have been prepared for a new 4-lane road southwards from Bergen. The new road, which will branch off from Fritz C. Riebers veg north of Lagunen, will be funded partly by toll revenue.

As elsewhere in Bergen, the bus service in Fana is operated by Tide Buss.

Education
In Fana, there are 13 elementary schools, three lower secondary schools, two combined elementary/lower secondary schools, one special school, and 3 upper secondary schools in Fana. With the exception of the upper secondary schools (which are administered by Hordaland county), all the schools are owned and administered by Bergen municipality.

Notable people

 * Kygo
 * Nordahl Grieg
 * Alan Walker
 * Erna Solberg
 * Varg Vikernes
 * Stig Van Eijk

title: Fana


text:
Children of the Sun

Children of the Sun may refer to:

Film

 * Children of the Sun, a 1960 animated film by John Hubley and Faith Hubley
 * Children of the Sun (1962 film), a Moroccan film directed by Jacques Séverac
 * Children of the Sun (2007 film), an Israeli documentary
 * Children of the Sun (2019 film) or Gaadi, a Sri Lankan film

Literature

 * Children of the Sun (book), a 1957 book by Morris West
 * Children of the Sun (play), a 1905 play by Maxim Gorky
 * Children of the Sun, a children's book by Kenjiro Haitani

Albums

 * Children of the Sun (Billy Thorpe album) or the title song, 1979
 * Children of the Sun (The Sallyangie album) or the title song, 1969

Songs

 * "Children of the Sun" (Feeder song), 2012
 * "Children of the Sun" (Tinie Tempah song), 2013
 * "Children of the Sun", by Dead Can Dance from Anastasis, 2012
 * "Children of the Sun", by Flowing Tears from Serpentine, 2002
 * "Children of the Sun", by Hawkwind from In Search of Space, 1971
 * "Children of the Sun", by Judas Priest from Firepower, 2018
 * "Children of the Sun", by Klaxons from Love Frequency, 2014
 * "Children of the Sun", by Lindemann from Skills in Pills, 2015
 * "Children of the Sun", by Mandrill from Mandrill Is, 1972
 * "Children of the Sun", by the Misunderstood, 1969
 * "Children of the Sun", by Poets of the Fall from Clearview, 2016
 * "Children of the Sun", by Two Steps from Hell from Battlecry, 2015

Other uses

 * Children of the Sun (role-playing game), a 2002 dieselpunk tabletop game
 * Children of the Sun (video game), a 2024 game published by Devolver Digital
 * Children of the Sun (tribe), or Spokane people, a Native American tribe who inhabited the northwest U.S.

title: Children of the Sun


text:
Fyllingsdalen

Fyllingsdalen is a borough of the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway. The borough is located southwest of the city centre in the Fyllingsdalen valley, west of the mountain Løvstakken. The neighbourhoods of Fyllingsdalen mainly consist of fairly large apartment buildings with little industry or commerce.

The valley's name comes from the farm name "Fyllingen" (from Old Norse: 'fylingr', related to Old Norse 'fæla' - hide/hidden) and "dale" (from Old Norse: 'dalr' - valley) and is attested in 1437 as "Fylingir". (see also Sandnes/Stemshaug: Norsk Stadnamnleksikon, Samlaget, Oslo 1990). See Fylingdales.

History
In 1955, Bergen municipality, lacking land to build on, annexed the valley, which at the time had a population of approximately 1,600. Prior to that time, Fyllingsdalen had belonged to the municipality of Fana, which was later merged into Bergen as well.

The Puddefjord Bridge (opened in 1956) and the Løvstakken Tunnel (opened in 1968) contributed greatly to the growth of the borough by providing a highway from the valley directly into the centre of the city of Bergen.

Fyllingsdalen was constructed as a modern commuter town, but saw some commercial activity develop in the late 20th century. The main service centre for the borough is the shopping centre Oasen, opened in 1971.

Culture and education
Fyllingsdalen contains three churches, several elementary schools and lower secondary schools (including Varden skole ), one upper secondary school and two nursing homes, as well as police stations, surgeries, pharmacies, and post offices.

Sports arenas include Varden Amfi.

Transportation
The Knappe Tunnel runs from Dolviken (in Ytrebygda borough to the south) to Fyllingsdalen, and on to Laksevåg borough in the north.

Villages and neighborhoods
The villages and neighborhoods in the borough include: Bønestoppen, Nedre Fyllingen, Sælen, and Traudalen.

Famous residents

 * Gabrielle Leithaug (singer)
 * Cecilie Leganger (handball player)
 * Inge Ludviksen (football player)
 * Tommy Le (Professional Dota 2 player for Team Liquid)

title: Fyllingsdalen


text:
Laksevåg

Laksevåg is a borough of the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway. The borough is located in the western part of the municipality. Historically, the area was called Laxevaag, and it was a separate municipality until 1972 when it was merged into Bergen.

The borough of Laksevåg has residential areas on the hillside of the mountain Damsgårdsfjellet facing the Puddefjorden. By the fjord itself are several industrial buildings, many of them connected with the maritime industry. The rococo-style Damsgård Manor is located in the borough.

Like the neighboring borough of Fyllingsdalen, many of the neighborhoods of Laksevåg consist of apartment buildings, especially in the area around the main service centre, the Vestkanten shopping centre. The main road to Sotra passes through the Loddefjord area in western Laksevåg.

History
The municipality of Laksevåg was established on 1 July 1918 when it was separated from the municipality of Askøy. On 1 January 1972, the municipalities surrounding the city of Bergen were merged with the city to form a large new municipality of Bergen. The municipalities involved in the merger were Arna, Fana, Laksevåg and Åsane.

Since the merger, the area is now the borough of the city of Bergen, with very similar borders to those of the old municipality. After it was merged with Bergen, the former municipality was split into two boroughs: Laksevåg, which consisted of neighborhoods south of Puddefjorden separating it from the city centre, and Loddefjord, consisting of neighborhoods further west, closer to the islands of Sotra. In 2000, the boroughs were merged forming the borough of Laksevåg.

Geography
The mountain Gravdalsfjellet peaks at 351 m in elevation.

Villages and neighborhoods
The borough of Laksevåg includes the villages and neighborhoods: Alvøen, Bjørndal, Drotningsvik, Godvik, Gravdal, Hetlevik, Håkonshella, Kjøkkelvik, Loddefjord, Loddefjorddalen, Mathopen, Olsvik, and Vadmyra.

Local attractions

 * Alvøen Mansion (Alvøen Hovedbygning) – Historic building constructed in the 1790s, reconstruction in 1830.  opened as a museum in 1983
 * Damsgård Manor – Historic manor house and estate
 * Gravdal Manor (Gravdal hovedgård) – Historic Gravdal manor house, later military command headquarters
 * Kvarven Fort – Coastal defense built to protect the local port and naval installations
 * Lyderhorn – One of the seven mountains surrounding Bergen
 * Damsgård Mountain (Damsgårdsfjellet) – One of the seven mountains surrounding Bergen

title: Laksevåg


text:
Mongo Beti

Alexandre Biyidi Awala (30 June 1932 – 8 October 2001), known as Mongo Beti or Eza Boto, was a Cameroonian author and polemicist. Beti has been called one of the most perceptive French-African writers in his presentations of African life.

The Guardian has noted that "Beti must be counted as one of the foremost African writers of the independence generation."

Beti spent much of his life in France, studying at the Sorbonne and becoming a professor at Lycée Pierre Corneille.

Life
Though he lived in exile for many decades, Beti's life reveals an unflagging commitment to improvement of his home country. As one critic wrote after his death: "The militant path of this essayist, chronicler and novelist has been governed by one obsession: the quest for the dignity of African people."

Early life
The son of Oscar Awala and Régine Alomo, Alexandre was born in 1932 at Akométan, a small village 10 km from Mbalmayo, itself 45 km away from Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon.

From an early age, Beti was influenced by the currents of rebellion sweeping Africa in the wake of World War II. His father drowned when Beti was seven, and he was raised by his mother and extended family. Beti recalls arguing with his mother about religion and colonialism; he also recalls early exposure to the opinions and analysis of independence leader Ruben Um Nyobe, both in the villages and at Nyobe's private residence. He carried these views into the classroom, and was eventually expelled from the missionary school in Mbalmayo for his outspokenness. In 1945 he entered the lycée Leclerc in Yaoundé. Graduating in 1951, he came to France to continue his higher education in literature, first at Aix-en-Provence, then at the Sorbonne in Paris.

Early writing and exile
By the early 1950s, Beti had turned to writing as a vehicle of protest. He wrote regularly for the journal Présence Africaine; among his pieces was a review "Afrique noire, littérature rose" about Camara Laye's novel The Dark Child. "He takes Laye to task for pandering to French metropolitan readers with false images of Africa that efface colonial injustice." Beti began his career in fiction with the short story "Sans haine et sans amour" ("Without hatred or love"), published in the periodical Présence Africaine, edited by Alioune Diop, in 1953. Beti's first novel Ville cruelle ("Cruel City"), under the pseudonym "Eza Boto", followed in 1954, published over several editions of Présence Africaine.

It was, however, in 1956 that he gained a widespread reputation; the publication of the novel Le pauvre Christ de Bomba ("The poor Christ of Bomba") created a scandal because of its satirical and biting description of the missionary and colonial world. Under pressure from the religious hierarchy, the colonial administrator in Cameroon banned the novel in the colony. This was followed by Mission terminée, 1957 (winner of the Prix Sainte Beuve 1958), and Le Roi miraculé, 1958. He also worked during this time for the review Preuves, for which he reported from Africa. He worked also as a substitute teacher at the lycée of Rambouillet.

In 1959, he was named certified professor at the lycée Henri Avril in Lamballe. He took the Agrégation de Lettres classiques in 1966 and taught at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen from this date until 1994. Following Nyobe's assassination by French forces in 1958, however, Beti fell silent as a writer for more than a decade, remaining in exile from his homeland. After his death, Odile Tobner noted that exile was not easy on Beti; he remained tortured by his concern for his embattled country.

Later career
In 1972 he re-entered the world of literature with a bang. His book Main basse sur le Cameroun ("Cruel hand on Cameroon, autopsy of a decolonisation") was censored upon its publication by the French Ministry of the Interior Raymond Marcellin on the request, brought forward by Jacques Foccart, of the Cameroon government, represented in Paris by the ambassador Ferdinand Oyono. The essay, a critical history of recent Cameroon, asserted that Cameroon and other colonies remained under French control in all but name, and that the post-independence political elites had actively fostered this continued dependence. Beti was inspired to write in part by the execution of Ernest Ouandie by the government of Cameroon. In 1974 he published Perpétue and Remember Ruben; the latter was the first in a trilogy exploring the life and impact of Nyobe. After a long judicial action, Mongo Beti and his editor François Maspéro finally obtained, in 1976, the cancellation of the ban on the publication of Main basse.

Beti returned to critical and political writing at the same time that he returned to fiction. In 1978 he and his wife Odile Tobner launched the bimonthly review ''Peuples Noirs. Peuples africains (Black People. African People''), which was published until 1991. This review chronicled and denounced tirelessly the ills brought to Africa by neo-colonial regimes. During this period were published the novels La ruine presque cocasse d'un polichinelle (1979), Les deux mères de Guillaume Ismaël Dzewatama futur camionneur (1983), La revanche de Guillaume Ismaël Dzewatama (1984), also Lettre ouverte aux Camerounais ou la deuxième mort de Ruben Um Nyobé (1984) and Dictionnaire de la négritude (1989, with Odile Tobner). Frustrated by what he saw as the failure of post-independence governments to bring genuine freedom to Africa, Beti adopted a more radical perspective in these works.

In exile, he remained vitally connected to the struggle in Cameroon. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, acquaintance with Beti or his work could spell trouble for a citizen of Cameroon; on numerous occasions, Beti used his connections in France to rescue one of his young readers, many of whom knew him from his periodical and his polemical essays. Ambroise Kom, arrested merely for subscribing to Peuples noirs, was saved from incarceration by Beti's actions in France on his behalf.

Final years
In 1991 Beti returned to Cameroon, after 32 years of self-imposed exile. In 1993 he published La France contre l'Afrique, retour au Cameroun; this book chronicles his visits to his homeland. After retiring from teaching in 1994, he returned to Cameroon permanently. Various business endeavours in Betiland failed; eventually, he opened in Yaoundé the Librairie des Peuples noirs (Bookstore of the Black Peoples) and organised agricultural activities in his village of Akometam. The goal of the bookshop was to encourage engaged literacy in the capital, and also to provide an outlet for critical texts and authors.

During this period, Beti also supported John Fru Ndi, an anglophone opposition leader. He created associations for the defence of citizens and gave to the press numerous articles of protest. The government attempted to hinder his activities. On his first return to Cameroon, police prevented him from speaking at a scheduled conference; Beti instead addressed a crowd outside the locked conference room. He was subjected in January 1996, in the streets of Yaoundé, to police aggression. He was challenged at a demonstration in October 1997. In response he published several novels: L'histoire du fou in 1994 then the two initial volumes Trop de soleil tue l'amour (1999) and Branle-bas en noir et blanc (2000), of a trilogy which would remain unfinished.

He was hospitalised in Yaoundé on 1 October 2001 for acute hepatic and kidney failure which remained untreated for lack of dialysis. Transported to the hospital at Douala on 6 October, he died there on 8 October 2001. Some critics noted the similarity of his death to that of his heroine Perpetua, who also died while awaiting treatment in one of the country's overburdened hospitals.

Work
From beginning to end, Beti's work was informed by two principles. In terms of style, he was a realist. In a critical statement published in 1955, he asserted that "Given the modern conceptions of the beautiful in literature, given at the very least these essential conceptions, if a work is realistic it has many chances of being good; if not, supposing even that it has formal qualities, it risks lacking resonance, profundity, that of which all literature has the greatest need – the human; from which it follows that it has much less chance of being good – if only it had some – than a realistic work." Beti's fiction remains true to this credo. Thematically, Beti's work is unified by an unwavering commitment to combatting colonialism, both overt and covert. Beti's aim always, even in his harsh criticism of Cameroon's independence government, was to strengthen African autonomy and prosperity.

"Sans haine et sans amour" (1953) is a short story and Beti's first significant writing, predating his longer works.

Ville cruelle
Ville cruelle (1954), like many first novels by African writers, features a young protagonist caught between European and African cultures. Banda, the novel's protagonist, is attempting to marry the woman of his choice; he is able to do so by way of a string of improbable coincidences. The novel is not widely read now; Beti published it under the pseudonym Eza Boto, a nom de plume he did not use later to dissociate himself from the work. Still, the novel received praise from some critics, such as David Diop, who praised its rigorous depiction of the damage wrought by colonialism.

Le pauvre Christ de Bomba
Le pauvre Christ de Bomba, published in 1956, was Beti's breakthrough success. Written as the journal of a young priest's assistant, the novel tells the story of a missionary in the 1930s. The priest slowly realises the futility and pointlessness of attempting to convert Africans who, as he concludes, already worshipped God in their own way. Gerald Moore notes that in this novel, Beti has learned to use his protagonist's naivete as a tool of satire: the apprentice's simplistic reflections on his experiences with the priest "becomes the pure mirror through which we see the greed, the folly, and the tragic misunderstandings of a whole epoch in Africa's history."

Mission terminée
Mission terminée, 1957, is a comic novel describing the visit of a young Cameroonian man with a western education to a village in the interior. Jean-Marie Medza, the protagonist, has just failed his Baccalauréat exam. He returns home expecting humiliation. Instead, he is charged with the duty of travelling to Kala, a remote village, to secure the return of a young woman who has fled her abusive, domineering husband. In Kala, Medza falls in with a group of friends his own age. The bulk of the novel depicts a series of farcical misadventures that give Medza a deeper understanding of his own culture and of himself. The English translation is titled Mission to Kala.

The novel was well received, winning the Prix Sainte-Beuve in 1958. Wole Soyinka praised its realism, writing "Idealization is a travesty of literary truth; worse still, it betrays only immature hankerings of the creative impulse." The novel also received somewhat contradictory criticism; Chinua Achebe chided Beti for romanticising the pre-colonial past, while Donatus Nwoga criticised Beti's "cynicism" on the same topic.

Le roi miraculé: chronique des Essazam
Le roi miraculé: chronique des Essazam (1958) describes the transformation of a fictional African town by capitalism, Christianity, and colonialism. The hero here, Le Guen, had been a minor character in The Poor Christ of Bomba; this novel is set shortly after World War II. Le Guen takes advantage of a seemingly miraculous recovery from death to convince the local Chief of Essazam to embrace Christianity. The Chief does so zealously, but his repudiation of his many wives leads to chaos, as each jockeys for the right to be his one "true" wife. This chaos alarms both the Church and the colonial administration; at the end, Le Guen is transferred, and Essazam returns to its traditional ways.

Main basse sur le Cameroun and Les procès du Cameroun
Main basse sur le Cameroun and Les procès du Cameroun both date from 1972. These lengthy essays marked Beti's return to public writing. They were inspired by his dissatisfaction with the post-independence governments of Ahmadou Ahidjo; this discontent was sparked by the arrest and ultimate execution of UPC activist Ernest Ouandie and Bishop Albert Ndongmo on charges of conspiring to overthrow the government. The works, which took a firm line against neocolonialism, were prohibited both in Cameroon and in France until Beti's legal challenge proved successful in 1976. Beti revised and reissued them in the early 1980s.

Perpétue et l'habitude du malheur
Perpétue et l'habitude du malheur, published in 1974, was Beti's first novel since The Miraculous King. It is sometimes considered part of a trilogy that also includes Remember Ruben and Remember Ruben 2; however, both in theme and in treatment it is markedly different. The novel treats the investigation of a man, Essola, into the circumstances of the death of his sister. He finds that his greedy parents had forced her into a loveless and inappropriate marriage; her ill-treatment at the hands of her husband began a chain of events that led to her death. The novel is at once a realistic exposition of postcolonial conditions in the nation and an allegory: Perpetua is developed as a symbol of the nation, and her inappropriate marriage symbolises the squalid and incomplete liberation of the country as a whole.

 * Peuples noirs, peuples africains, 1978 – 1991.
 * Les langues africaines et le néo-colonialisme en Afrique francophone, 1982.
 * Les deux mères de Guillaume Ismaël Dzewatama, futur camionneur, 1983.
 * La revanche de Guillaume Ismaël Dzewatama, 1984.
 * Lettre ouverte aux Camerounais, or, La deuxième mort de Ruben Um Nyobé, 1986.

Dictionnaire de la négritude

1989; Edited, with Odile Tobner and contributors to the review Peuples noirs – Peuples africains. In this work, Beti set out to clarify (and in large part to reject) the doctrine of négritude. His stated goal was to move the concept from its origins in racial mythology to a site in history. In this new position, he believed, negritude could be employed as a conceptual tool for understanding not only African experience but also the role of colonialism in shaping that experience. Entries cover the experience of Africans both in Africa and worldwide (the first entry is for Ralph Abernathy).

La France contre l'Afrique: retour au Cameroun

1993. This work of journalism chronicles Beti's return to Cameroon in 1991. He treats not only his own experiences, which included long-delayed reunions and police harassment, but also his impressions of what more than two decades of nominal independence and autocratic rule had done to the material and psychological conditions of his countrypeople.
 * L'histoire du fou, 1994.
 * Trop de soleil tue l'amour, 1999.
 * Branle-bas en noir et blanc, 2000.

title: Mongo Beti


text:
Ytrebygda

Ytrebygda is a borough of the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway. The borough is the site of Bergen Flesland Airport.

Location
Ytrebygda is located southwest of the city center, south of the Grimstadfjorden and the lake Nordåsvannet. It was originally part of Fana municipality before Fana was incorporated into Bergen in 1972. Since then, it was part of the borough of Fana until 1990 when it became a separate borough. Ytrebygda borders Fana borough in the east and the Fanafjorden in the south.

Apart from the residential neighborhoods, Ytrebygda has a large office area in the Kokstad and Sandsli area, with large office buildings for companies such as StatoilHydro and Norsk Hydro. The city's airport, Bergen Airport, Flesland, is located in the western part of the borough. Just north of Airport Road is Siljustøl Museum. South of Airport Road is the Bergen Yacht Club (Bergens Seilforening), Golf Club and Fana Stadium. On the far south is Milde Arboretum and Botanical Garden, Fana College (Fana Folkehøgskule), and Store Milde.

Sandsli is a residential and commercial area in the borough of Ytrebygda. The area is part of the industrial area of Sandsli / Kokstad. This is also the districts and shopping center Fanatorget, Aurdalslia school, Skranevatnet school and Sandsli high school.

Villages and neighborhoods
The villages and neighborhoods in Ytrebygda include: Hjellestad, Søreidgrenda, Milde, and Steinsvik.

Local Attractions

 * Milde Arboretum and Botanical Garden – 125 acre garden which are planted with a large variety of trees and shrubs
 * Siljustøl Museum – Former home of composer Harald Sæverud, managed by the Bergen Art Museum.
 * Store Milde – Manor house in the Rococo style of the Renaissance garden

title: Ytrebygda


text:
Åsane

Åsane is a borough of the city of Bergen in Vestland county, Norway. The borough makes up the northern part of the city, north of the city centre.

Åsane is connected to downtown Bergen by the E16/E39 highway. The E16 highway continues on through Åsane to the southeast to the neighboring borough of Arna. The E39 highway continues north through Åsane to the Nordhordland Bridge and then on to the northern municipalities in Vestland county. There are plans to shorten the E39 highway through Åsane, including the construction of two tunnels: Eikås Tunnel (start of construction 2010) and the Nyborg Tunnel (still in the planning stages). Most buses passing through Åsane stop at the centrally located Åsane Terminal.

History
The area that is now the borough of Åsane was historically called Aasene and it was a parish in the large municipality of Hamre from 1838 until 1 January 1904, when it was separated from Hamre to become a separate municipality. The new municipality of Åsane existed from then until 1 January 1972 when it was merged with the city of Bergen (along with the other neighboring municipalities of Arna, Fana, and Laksevåg). The Åsane area a primarily agricultural area until the 1960s-1970s when it was built up into a suburb of the city of Bergen. Centrally located in Åsane are the Gullgruven and Åsane Storsenter shopping centres, including a large IKEA store. Bergen Trotting track and Eikås Motorsport Centre are located at Haukås. The Bergen Jail is located at Hylkje in Åsane.

Geography
Åsane lies on a peninsula surrounded by the Byfjorden, Salhusfjorden, and Sørfjorden. The 486 m tall mountain Veten is located in the central part of the peninsula.

Villages and neighborhoods
The borough is somewhat rural in nature with several large developed villages and neighborhoods separated by forested mountains. Some of the larger village areas include Eidsvåg, Tertnes, Flaktveit, Hordvik and Hylkje.

Culture and sport
Åsane has produced two well-known bands, Salhuskvintetten and Vinskvetten, formerly known as "Salhusvinskvetten". Kurt Nilsen's former band Breed is also from Åsane.

Åsane Fotball (soccer) is Norway's largest sports club. Its senior team plays in the second division.

Tertnes (part of Åsane) handball team, are one of the best handball teams in Norway, and are currently playing in the elite division.

Notable residents

 * Andreas Bakkerud (1991), racing driver
 * Roald Bruun-Hansen (1962), footballer, Sports Manager SK Brann, former manager The Football Association of Norway (NFF)
 * Mette Davidsen (1976), handball player
 * Trude Gundersen (1977), Olympic silver medal winner in taekwondo
 * Helge Haugen (1982), footballer
 * Heikki Holmås (1972), politician
 * Stig Holmås (1946), author
 * Helge Jordal (1946), actor
 * Kurt Nilsen (1978), musician and winner of Idol (Norway) and World Idol
 * Nathalie Nordnes (1984), musician
 * Arne Sandstø (1966), football coach
 * Kenneth Storvik (1972), footballer
 * Anders Styve (1974), boxer
 * Alex Marcel Valencia (1979), footballer
 * Lars Vaular (1984), rapper

title: Åsane


text: User talk:130.58.225.137

title: User talk:130.58.225.137


text:
Maelstrom (comics)

Maelstrom is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Publication history
Maelstrom first appears in Marvel Two-in-One #71 (Jan. 1981) and was created by Mark Gruenwald, Ralph Macchio, and Ron Wilson.

Fictional character biography
Maelstrom is the son of Phaeder, an Inhuman scientist banished from their city of Attilan for attempting cloning to increase Inhuman population numbers. Phaeder then lives among the Deviants, and bred with a Deviant female named Morga who gave birth to Maelstrom. With his father's tutoring, Maelstrom became a brilliant geneticist. After his father is incapacitated in an experiment, Maelstrom swears revenge on the Inhuman race and becomes a would-be conqueror.

Maelstrom has first contact with Earth's metahumans when he sends his superpowered minions—Phobius, Gronk, and Helio—to the scientific island facility Hydro-Base to steal an Anti-Terrigen mist compound. This substance can undo the effects of the Terrigen Mist and deprive the Inhumans of their abilities. Maelstrom's Minions, however, are defeated by heroes the Thing and Stingray. They are assisted by two Inhumans, Gorgon and Karnak. This leads to an encounter with another of Maelstrom's minions—Deathurge—who kills the defeated trio. Mister Fantastic and the Inhuman Triton deduce that their opponent may have originated from the old site of Attilan, which was an undersea location.

The Thing, Gorgon and Karnak travel via submarine to the old location, and discover a base where they are subsequently captured. The heroes later escape and together with the Inhuman king Black Bolt battle Maelstrom. The heroes hold off Maelstrom while Black Bolt intercepts and defuses a missile carrying the anti-Terrigen mist compound that is programmed to destroy Attilan. The Thing weakens Maelstrom by using the compound on the villain, and the heroes escape as the base self-detonates. Maelstrom's last act is to order Deathurge to kill him.

Maelstrom and his minions, however, are later revealed to be alive, as courtesy of advanced science their minds were transferred into new, cloned bodies. Maelstrom then attempts to siphon the energies of the Eternals, but is thwarted by the superhero team the Avengers, and after commanding Deathurge to kill him yet again, transfers his consciousness to a new clone body. Maelstrom then attempts to stop the Earth's rotation and absorb the kinetic energy, but is drawn into conflict with the Avengers once more. The android Vision discovers a way to overload Maelstrom's power source and his body becomes discorporate and floats free from Earth.

Maelstrom later encounters the Titanian Eternal Kronos, and learns of the existence of the entity Oblivion. Becoming Oblivion's avatar, Maelstrom then becomes determined to achieve Oblivion's goal of non-existence on a universal scale. Maelstrom assumes the powers of the entity Anomaly, becoming the embodiment of the abstract principle of anomaly. This brings Maelstrom into conflict with the agent of the entity Eon, the cosmic hero Quasar, in the Outer Void (realm of Oblivion). After several battles, Quasar finally defeats Maelstrom when caught off-guard and the power of Quasar's quantum bands consumes him. Maelstrom is later revived by his minions, but learns he had a son, Ransak, that would have been wiped from existence had he succeeded. Ashamed, he shrinks himself out of sight.

Eventually, Maelstrom returns, attempting to destroy the universe by creating a device known as the Cosmic Crunch. He battles the Great Lakes Avengers, who are powerless to stop him. In order to be prepared, he hires Batroc the Leaper and his brigade to help him. During the final battle, Maelstrom is tricked into killing himself by Mr. Immortal after he tells him that the grand secret of the universe was eternal loneliness. His soul is later collected by Doorman, who was recently chosen by Oblivion as its new angel of death, replacing Deathurge, who was captured by Mr. Immortal.

Maelstrom was later encountered by Drax the Destroyer and Quasar when they were killed and sent to the realm of Oblivion. He came into possession of Phyla's Quantum Bands and used them to feed her to the Dragon of the Moon. He was eventually defeated by Drax and Wendell Vaughn and Phyla was able to escape from the Dragon—killing it in the process. However, it turns out that this was simply a ruse for Oblivion to gain a new Avatar of Death—Phyla-Vell.

Powers and abilities
Maelstrom can absorb, channel, and otherwise project all forms of kinetic energy for his own purposes, such as strength enhancement, concussive blasts, force field generation, and size shifting. For a short period, Maelstrom possessed Quasar's quantum bands, which enables him to draw on virtually unlimited power from the other-dimensional Quantum Zone. He was able to achieve "cosmic awareness" after learning this secret from the entity Eon.

He is a genius in the scientific disciplines of biology and genetics.

title: Maelstrom (comics)