text:
Talk:Pravin Togadia

Untitled
I was going to list this on VFD, but a google search does turn up some stuff. However, it's mostly about him getting arrested. --InShaneee 16:37, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Can someone who's more familiar with Dr. Togadia and his work: - Anirvan 02:26, 31 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Add more general biographical details (e.g. birth year, hometown, career path)
 * Distinguish between general VHP positions and Togadia's own statements and stances, preferably including direct quotes and citations where appropriate.

NPOV
This reads like a VHP manifesto, and violates WP:NPOV quite comprehenisvely. Someone needs to fix it. It wont be me. Hornplease 00:29, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm working on it.Right now I'm busy cleaning up WP:BLP violations and keeping the anti-Hindu vandals at bay.I will put up criticism sections etc. soon.Hkelkar 00:35, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Better VHP manifesto than Pseudo-secularist literature. I'll organize into paragraphs.Bakaman Bakatalk 23:25, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * No, that isnt better. Neither is acceptable.Hornplease 23:35, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well instead of calling it names, why not give actual parts of the article you have a problem with.Bakaman Bakatalk 23:37, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I merely slapped a tag on precisely because I dont want to get into another shouting match. There's been enough incivility directed at me recently. Kelkar is working on it, he wants a few days, and I said I will not interfere till then. Hornplease 00:00, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This article has not changed in tone since I last checked, above. Am putting a tag on. Hornplease 22:53, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Photo REquest
Hey all, i really dont understand why the tag for foto reuest has been removed by some Ancientanubis. Firstly the article needs to adjust the tone and like any other biographical article this also needs photo, so that people know who has been decribed here. Normaly copyright free fotos are not available so i had put the request for it, so that if anyone has it he may add it. So please dont spoil the WP spirit.

(Asro 06:53, 3 August 2007 (UTC))
 * I just added a photo 59.95.114.118 (talk) 07:09, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

Find a Picture of Praveen here.. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Praveen_Togadia.jpg#filelinks —Preceding unsigned comment added by Arpit Bakshi (talk • contribs) 16:31, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

BLP source tag removed
It is fair enough to remove BLP sources tag as multiple source of reference is available. Removed tag from page. --atnair (talk) 15:40, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

fanpov removal suggest
If Legal cases, first paragraph is edited, can remove fanpov tag.--atnair (talk) 17:23, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

Removed fanpov tag after deleting first paragraph of Legal cases which lacked proper citations.

--atnair (talk) 17:36, 8 February 2013 (UTC)

Protection
Note that I've just fully protected the article in response to the edit warring today. Please seek consensus for controversial changes here on the talk page, and keep our WP:NPOV and WP:BLP guidelines in mind. Also, you may want to consider WP:Dr. Mark Arsten (talk) 02:40, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

BLP tag
Still BLP tag is placed though citation from reliable sources. ! --atnair (talk) 15:59, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

Non notable controversy
"a group of doctors and social activists spearheaded by the Pune-based "Medico Friend Circle" ..." Group is highly non-notable with a few social networking or 2nd hand website sources. I have removed it because it was added hardly a day ago and it is not notable. There are many petitions or complaints around the world. But they don't matter as long as the filer is not notable or some serious action was taken. It is same as someone filing a petition about Togadia to some online based or even offline institute then become popular. Bladesmulti (talk) 03:42, 3 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry, it is not true that it was just a day ago. There was a single sentence reference to it earlier.  I hunted for a better source and expanded the information.  Your grounds for repeated deletion of the material are weak.  They need to be debated.  Repeating the deletion without reaching consensus is a hostile act, and constitutes the beginning of an edit war. Kautilya3 (talk) 08:54, 3 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Since you are concerned about notability, I have added an endorsement by a national journal. So, it should be fine as it currently stands. Kautilya3 (talk) 20:24, 3 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Every time whenever there is objection, version is reverted to pre-edit conflict. There is no notability or importance behind this petition. No a matter that who read it, it is not even a issue. It is more about who filed it and how much it was investigated. Investigation never took place so you are directly promoting this non-notable group. Bladesmulti (talk) 03:31, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * That is why we call it a "controversy". No conclusion was ever reached.  Whether the group is notable is not the issue.  The petition was notable. It was reported in national newspapers and endorsed by a national journal.  All that we require of the group is that it be credible, which it certainly is.  It is made up of medical professionals, some of them working in leading hospitals like Jaslok and some on the editorial board of the journal cited.  I am inviting  to give us a third opinion. Kautilya3 (talk) 08:10, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Petition is a lower form allegation which shouldn't be added until he has been convicted. If he hadn't been investigated it makes even more senseless to have such petition. I am calling User:AmritasyaPutra "to give us a third opinion". Bladesmulti (talk) 08:29, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I have never edited this page before but I have edited in Indian politics area. Vanamode93 has edited this page several times (in fact put this material back in article before talk page discussion). 3O is usually from un-involved editors. The content is not worthy of inclusion in my opinion. This page falls under WP:BLP. See this revert -- having a reference to a news article is not the qualifying criteria. Hi Kautilya3, Togadia was appointed as the General Secretary of the VHP nation-wide. was better-worded than replacement of Togadia was groomed for the leadership of national VHP.. Per WP:BRD after the bold edit is reverted the contributor should discuss on talk page. Here the disputed content has been re-inserted twice before any discussion and remains in the article. -- AmritasyaPutra ✍ 08:49, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Welcome to the discussion. To give a third opinion, you need to give justification for your view, which I don't see in your comment above.  The link you have provided is to a Narendra Modi discussion.  How is that relevant?  Finally, if you want to raise other issues, please open a new section. Kautilya3 (talk) 09:16, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * You have edited your comment after my response, which is confusing. Now you say "having a reference to a news article is not the qualifying criteria".  What then is the "qualifying criterion"?  You also didn't address the fact that there was an endorsement by national medical journal.  (I have now discovered that there is a formal third opinion process at WP:3.  So I will be requesting it.)  WP:BRD is fine.  But after Vanamonde93 reverted the deletion, Bladesmulti repeated his deletion. I was afraid that would lead to an edit war. There is no need for these repeated reverts while a discussion is going on. Kautilya3 (talk) 10:28, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * That statement of mine which you quote was not after your edit, it was written 30 min before your response. While a discussion is going on the new content should not be re-inserted. It was re-inserted twice thrice (and remains there) before any discussion had started. -- AmritasyaPutra ✍ 10:41, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Not my doing. I reinserted it only once, after the discussion started, and after addressing the notability issue that was originally raised.  New objections are being raised now.  That is a different matter. Kautilya3 (talk) 10:54, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * NOTGOSSIP. Adding a report which has no rationale or any sort of reflection to his career is purely violation of BLP. Bladesmulti (talk) 10:17, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * National newspapers and national journals are not "gossip". So I don't see the point of this reference.  If this is supposed to be a "violation of BLP," please state what criteria of BLP are violated. Kautilya3 (talk) 10:32, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I read the references and the content that has been added, here is a very detailed and specific response: "The petition was endorsed by the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics in its Editorial." is simply not present in the provided reference. For "according to an analysis in the press" see WP:GRAPEVINE. From WP:PUBLICFIGURE "If you cannot find multiple reliable third-party sources documenting the allegation or incident, leave it out." Thisis the third re-insertion before the discussion started. -- AmritasyaPutra ✍ 10:58, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

I have now made a formal request for a third opinion WP:Third_opinion. Kautilya3 (talk) 11:14, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * It is a BLP violation to add anything that has been unproven and it is nothing more than a non-notable allegation. Your request on 3O will be probably erased because this content dispute or discussion involves more than 2 users. Bladesmulti (talk) 11:20, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

3O Response: As there are now three editors actively involved in the discussion, this is no longer a candidate for WP:3O. If further discussion cannot resolve it, I recommend WP:DRN. -- Stfg (talk) 12:16, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Ok, thank you, Stfg.

Filed a Dispute Resolution request at WP:Dispute_resolution_noticeboard. ,, , please summarize your views there. Kautilya3 (talk) 13:06, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I had mentioned this in BLP Noticeboard with my last edit before the 3O request was made because added disputed content remained in the article while the discussion was on. -- AmritasyaPutra ✍ 13:33, 4 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks for notifying, I have closed the DRN section. Bladesmulti (talk) 14:18, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

Deleted content from Dionne Bunsha
You have removed content sourced from Dionne Bunsha's book, saying "much better independent sources are needed." Can you please take look at the wiki page of the book Scarred:_Experiments_with_Violence_in_Gujarat and the author Dionne Bunsha, and explain what kind of better sources you are requiring? Kautilya3 (talk) 17:11, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Please understand that BIASED sources have to be used appropriately at Wikipedia. This is not to say that they cannot be used, just that they should be used "properly". Lindashiers (talk) 17:42, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't see what basis you have to claim that this is a biased source. The writer is an award-winning journalist of national newspapers.  Kautilya3 (talk) 18:04, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Who received large sums of money and fellowships from overseas sources .. to write such books ??? Please see Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sources (and how to use them at Wikipedia). In other words, why don't you locate other independent news reports in national newspapers which corroborate Ms. Bunsha's book and CITE them ? Lindashiers (talk) 18:22, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

@Vanamonde93. Please add more reliable sources for such claims before reverting me again. Thanks. Lindashiers (talk) 15:52, 9 September 2014 (UTC)
 * What nonsense is this? Her book is a secondary source, which references other material, and as such fits all the RS criteria. Take it to RSN if you disagree. Vanamonde93 (talk) 16:00, 9 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I've reverted Lindashiers per WP:BRD. I've no particular comment on the source except to say that it seems likely to be de facto reliable. I'm not sure that the overseas funding issue is relevant or even necessarily correct (unless one is a Hindu nationalist, of course) but I'm open to having someone explain that relevance to me. Alternatively, it could be explained at WP:RSN, as Vanamonde has suggested. What we don't need here right now is more displays of aggressive behaviour: alarm bells are ringing. - Sitush (talk) 20:15, 9 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I have no objection to the current version. Given that the author has some notability and writings might have some prevalence. Bladesmulti (talk) 04:57, 10 September 2014 (UTC)
 * @Sitush are you seriously suggesting that those 2 extremist sources I deleted are credible ? Are you also saying that Praveen Togadia is Mother Theresa that we should use wishy-washy sources like Dionne Bunsha ? You've got the wrong end of the stick here. Lindashiers (talk) 18:42, 10 September 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm saying that you need to stop being disruptive and just stick to discussing. When you get consensus for your changes then they can be implemented. Right now, looking at what has been said by others above, you do not have consensus. What you are doing here is exactly the same as you are doing in other articles: you are going round like a bull in a china shop and, human nature being what it is, you are pretty rapidly pissing off a lot of people. WP:AGF is not a suicide pact. - Sitush (talk) 19:37, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

Personal life
"He moved to Ahmedabad at age 10 and joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) soon after. He received a bachelor's degree (MBBS) in medicine followed by a master's degree (MS) in surgical oncology. He practised as a surgeon for fourteen years, and established a small hospital, Dhanvantri Hospital, in Ahmedabad.[2][3]"

and these, are your sources  for such exceptional claims? As a BLP article, this dubious text can be deleted by any editor on sight, without wasting time at any RS/N, until reliable sources are provided, especially since the so-called complaint to the Medical Council of India, did not contain his enrolment number / licence to practice medicine / State of registration, which is mandatory in MCI's prescribed complaint form under their establishing enactment. Lindashiers (talk) 02:00, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * he joined the RSS at age 11 ?
 * he is a super-qualified medical doctor ?
 * Self-published sources can be regarded as reliable sources about themselves as per WP:SELFSOURCE. That is how [1] is used.  The source [2] corroborates the information.  If you have some other source that contradicts this information, please present it. Kautilya3 (talk) 07:33, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Self-published sources are okay for non-contentious material about the subject; the instant it becomes contentious, SPS are not okay. Vanamonde93 (talk) 20:39, 11 September 2014 (UTC)

Leuva Patel
You have deleted the reference to the Leuva Patel affiliation of Togadia. But, unfortunately, the affiliation is politically significant. See the articles in, especially the last one where Togadia is explicitly flagged. Kautilya3 (talk) 12:33, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Bump. I feel that the caste has to be mentioned when it is sigificant to the career of the person and it has been mentioned by reliable sources. This makes a difference not only here, but in several BLP pages of Indian persons. Kautilya3 (talk) 09:43, 22 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Opposition to Islam
In this source it is clearly mentioned in Pravin Togadia's own words that he was opposed to Muslim families building homes and taking residence in Hindu neighborhoods. Since there is no Category:Opposition to Islam in India than it is logical that Category:Opposition to Islam in Asia is the most appropriate category. The subject of the article (Togadia) has both identified with said belief (opposition to Islam) and this had a relevance on the subject's life (he was taken to court for hate speech). This is not a BLP violation. Inter&anthro (talk) 03:22, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Please read the source carefully. There have been complaints against him but he was not convicted in any of these cases under Indian law. Moreover the Indian government instituted an inquiry and the result of those reports is pending. What you are doing is a violation of WP:BLP where you are attributing a set of actions to someone before the due judicial process has been completed. Adamgerber80 (talk) 03:48, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * don't accuse me of anything I didn't do. This is not something Togadia was accused of. He has already made his opposition to Islam known. What he was accused of was that his comments were hate speech. But I didn't add anything to the article saying he has been convicted of hate speech, I said he was opposed to Islam (which is from the subjects own words). Inter&anthro (talk) 03:54, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I am not accusing you on anything but stating what your actions mean. Please read the source you provide and the article carefully. Togadia himself denies making these very comments and the matter went to a court. Then how can you say for sure that these are subjects words when the matter itself has to be decided by the court. You are adding a category here based on some assumptions and some accusations against somebody which have not yet been proven. Adamgerber80 (talk) 04:03, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Togadia does not deny that he made these comments, what he denis and is the issue in court is do his comments represent hate speach. Thus something like Category:People convicted of hate crimes would be inapropriate, but the said category in this discussion is not as it is Togadia's self-professed views. His views are quite public see here. Inter&anthro (talk) 04:09, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * First, do you understand Hindi or Gujarati to fully comprehend the video or are you relying on sparse subtitles in that video to quote Pravin Togadia. Second, the anchor herself claims that these are allegations and Pravin Togadia makes no such claim as you have mentioned. Third, let's stick to WP:RS since we very well know that videos like these are not acceptable on Wikipedia especially on WP:BLP articles. Please read the source here and the article carefully. Adamgerber80 (talk) 04:21, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Togadia clearly made such comments (see here), so my position stands. I might add that I am not fluent in and Indian language or am Indian and have no "opinion" wheter Togadia is opposed to Islam or not, but since the majority of the sources I see show this I think it should be reflected in the article. Thanks Inter&anthro (talk) 04:29, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * , I am reiterating this again. The media report and the speech it mentions is exactly what he has denied in the source that I have mentioned. The NBC media report is based on a NDTV media report which itself calls the comments alleged. The NBC report even goes on to say there are various translations of his comments. The comments are assumed to be alleged until they have been decided by the court. There are a lot of accusations here and until this reaches it's logical conclusion we cannot label someone under some category based on our perceptions of things. This is not me speaking but this is per WP:BLP. Adamgerber80 (talk) 04:50, 14 January 2018 (UTC)
 * fair enough, although I think it is quite clear that Togadia DID make those statements in question and has denied it to save face. If he is convicted though I will re-add the category. My apologies if any of my comments gave the appearance of being nonconstructive, thanks Inter&anthro (talk) 04:43, 14 January

2018 (UTC)
 * I think you are letting your personal biases or opinions come in the way of your editing. We have to very careful editing BLP articles and have to look at them objectively. It is for this very purpose that there is a warning on this category and that it should be placed with care on some articles. I would recommend you to edit with care on such articles. Happy editing. Adamgerber80 (talk) 04:50, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Additions of promotional material
, you have been reverted multiple times. Per WP:BRD, you should now discuss the content you wish to add here on the talk page, and establish consensus for its inclusion. There are many problems with the stuff you are trying to add; it violates our policies about maintaining a neutral point of view and promotianalism, and it frequently also is not supported by the sources you use, thus failing verification. Vanamonde (Talk) 18:48, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

 * , I have been attaching reference link from newspapers like "The Hindu" and "Economic Times". How is that a promotion? Certain activities of Dr. Togadia have not been highlighted in his Wikipedia page and so I added those WITH proper reference. It is not justifiable for you to remove those items.
 * The content you added is frequently inappropriate in tone, and also is not supported by the sources you used. Please list the points you wish to add along with the sources supporting them, and let's see if we can come to an agreement. Vanamonde (Talk) 05:03, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

 * , let's go one by one.

Statement: "Dr. Togadia has established India Healthline to support poor and needy patients, a free of cost private medical consultation" Reference: https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/togadia-launches-helpline-for-poor-patients/cid/1435261

How is this promotional? It is shocking that you deleted this. Also, we have posted noble health activity with reference to well-known Indian newspaper articles. You have deleted this post despite references. By what authority you have deleted that portion?
 * Because it is still promotional; it's written like an advertisement. Specifically, we shouldn't be stating Togadia's aims in Wikipedia's voice; it should at the very least say something like "a helpline which, ''according to Togadia, aims to provide free medical consultation to the poor." Vanamonde (Talk) 14:18, 14 May 2019 (UTC)

 * , I saw that you had included the changes in the personal section but I feel it should be in activism and his work, definitely not in personal life section.
 * Well, I think it's more related to his work as a doctor, but move it, if you'd like; just don't replace the problematic language I removed. Also, please sign your posts on the talk page. Vanamonde (Talk) 03:29, 15 May 2019 (UTC)

Ok, I am making the changes as per the agreement above. Aashil (Talk) 07:59, 26 May 2019 (UTC)
 * There is no objection to moving per se, but it is a bit of trivia, that lacks any interest. There is no information about how big this organisation is, how many branches, how many people it helped etc. You can't get all that from one news report about a launch. You need to research into it. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 09:27, 26 May 2019 (UTC)

Person who is editing bjp ,Narendra Modi and Uma Bharati Wikipedia profile is deleting very noble health activity of Dr Pravin Togadia.
He is politically behaving to conceal fact Hindu Ahead (talk) 20:37, 11 May 2019 (UTC)
 * As I have explained to you once already, you need to provide reliable sources to support the content that you add, in order to satisfy our policy on verifiability. Please read both the pages I linked before making any further edits. Vanamonde (Talk) 20:44, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

Health service in India
India was country of Healthy people before 50 years.Now every third Indian is suffering from life style problem.250 million Hypertension,130 million Diabetes Dr Pravinbhai Togadia MS Cancer Surgeon president of India Healthline foundation-has started India Healthline foundation for -Healthy India -Happy India. More than 10,000 Specialist Dictors, 8000 Trained health activist-Haelth ambassador working for this aim. Healthy life style training,free BP Sugar check up camp, free specialist Doctors to Poor -is Activity Ajay Bhojani India Healthline foundation 2402:A00:400:1BE5:8441:953F:BC66:977D (talk) 07:54, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

== Wrogly deleted detail about health services by Dr Pravin Togadia .Times of India in India most widely circulated credible news paper,defence given from Times of India I object deletion Pl restore deleted matter .we will take this discussion ahead ==

Wrongly deleted health activity by Dr Pravin Togadia.I mentioned references from Times of India credible ,widely circulated Indian News paper.Pl restore deleted matter We will take discussion in broader forum Ajay bhojani (talk) 05:50, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pravin Togadia


text:
Rule of avoidance

The rule of avoidance was a rule employed in the Sui dynasty in China which prohibited local officials from serving in their places of origin, so that family and friends would not influence them.

A system similar to this was adopted by Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire to prevent corruption and favoritism. It is also an entirely different principle in United States constitutional law, and a cultural norm in some cultures that promotes exogamy.

Sui dynasty
The rule of avoidance employed during the Sui dynasty, and continued by subsequent Confucian governments, prohibited local officials from serving in their places of origin, so that family and friends would not influence them. Terms of service were for only three or four years, and parents and sons over fifteen could not accompany officials. Each prefecture sent delegates to an annual court assembly. This practice would continue through to the end of the Qing Dynasty.

Mughal Empire
In the time of Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire (in the area of what is now India, Pakistan and Afghanistan), a system similar to this was put into place to ensure smooth running of government and to prevent corruption. Government officials were not allowed to serve in one jurisdiction for long so that they did not become too involved in local affairs and become stronger than the Emperor himself. After a period of time, employees of the Emperor were transferred and jurisdiction of service was thus rotated regularly. The implementation of this system in the Empire by Akbar helped in preventing corruption and favoritism. This method was discarded and forgotten by the later Emperors.

United States law
The rule of avoidance employed by the United States Supreme Court is a principle called Ashwander rules, settled in Ashwander v. TVA (297 US 288, 346-347 (1936)), that where a controversy may be settled on a platform other than one involving constitutional adjudication, the court should avoid the constitutional question. It was articulated by Justice Louis D. Brandeis, are a set of principles used by the United States Supreme Court for avoiding constitutional rulings.

Irish law
This principle is also used in Irish law: see Carmody v Minister for Justice.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rule of avoidance


text: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-14

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-14


text:
Port of Nagoya

The Port of Nagoya (名古屋港), located in Ise Bay, is the largest and busiest trading port in Japan, accounting for about 10% of the total trade value of Japan. Notably, this port is the largest exporter of cars in Japan and where the Toyota Motor Corporation exports most of its cars. It has piers in Nagoya, Tōkai, Chita, Yatomi, and Tobishima.

Its mascots are Potan and Mitan.

According to Japanese media sources, Kodo-kai, a yakuza faction in the Yamaguchi-gumi group, earns large revenues by controlling the stevedoring and warehousing companies at the port.

History
The Port of Nagoya opened for international trade in 1907.

Nagoya Port Authority
The Nagoya Port Authority (名古屋港管理組合) (NPA) was established on 8 September 1951 as a special local public entity that jointly operates the Port of Nagoya for the city of Nagoya and Aichi Prefecture. It has special district authority over the Port of Nagoya, which includes facilities in four different cities and one village.

The president of the NPA alternates every two years between the mayor of Nagoya and the governor of Aichi Prefecture. There are three vice presidents, including an executive vice president, as well as the vice governor of Aichi Prefecture and the vice mayor of Nagoya City. The treasurer of the prefecture acts as the treasurer of the NPA. There are also three auditors: one from the Nagoya Port Assembly, and one each from the city and the prefecture.

The NPA website was attacked via a DDoS attack by a Russian hacker group on 6 September 2022. On 7 December, the port renewed a 1988 agreement with the Port of Antwerp-Bruges, creating a "Sisterport/Partnership agreement". The port is the largest exporter of automobiles in Japan.

Access
The Port of Nagoya is serviced by Nagoyakō Station on the Meikō Line of the Nagoya Municipal Subway, located northeast of the Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium and north of the port itself.

Notable attractions and events
The port draws tourists from the Chūkyō Metropolitan Area as one of its primary tourist attractions. The main attraction is the Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium. Nearby is also an amusement park and the now-retired Antarctic survey ship Fuji which moors at the Port of Nagoya as a museum of the South Pole and its journeys there.

The Isewangan Expressway includes three bridges, collectively known as the Meikō Triton, which span the port.

Italia Mura was located at the port as part of the Nagoya Port Garden from 2005 until it was finally demolished in 2015. It was an Italy-themed facility with over 60 shops and restaurants, as well as a canal modeled after one in Venice.

Sister ports

 * 🇺🇸 Port of Los Angeles, United States (since 1959)
 * 🇦🇺 Port of Fremantle, Australia, Australia (since 1983)
 * 🇺🇸 Port of Baltimore, United States (since 1985)
 * 🇧🇪 Port of Antwerp, Belgium (since 1988)
 * 🇨🇳 Port of Shanghai, China (since 2003)
 * 🇦🇺 Port of Sydney, Australia (since 2010)

title: Port of Nagoya


text:
Gord Hunter

Gordon W. Hunter (born January 20, 1946) was an Ottawa City Councillor. He represented Knoxdale-Merivale Ward. On January 31, 2010, he announced that he would not be running re-election to city council in 2010.

Born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Hunter was born into a military family and moved frequently during his childhood. He attended Lakefield College School, Dalhousie University, and University of Toronto, graduating in 1968. He moved to Nepean in 1968 to become a teacher at Confederation High School, and taught physical education there for thirty-one years until the school closed in 1999. He was also a national champion at orienteering.

He ran for the federal Liberal Party in the 1980 federal election, but lost to Progressive Conservative Walter Baker by more than 12,000 votes. He ran again in the 1984 federal election, and lost by almost 21,000 votes. (This was the election where the Progressive Conservatives swept to power with a majority government.)

Hunter entered municipal politics in 1980 when he was elected to the Nepean City Council as well as to the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton Council. He was easily reelected in every election thereafter: 1982, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997.

During the 1980s when the Non-Smoking Bylaw was on the agenda at the Nepean City Hall (non-smoking areas in restaurants) Garfield Mahood, executive director of Non-Smokers' Rights Association, amongst other health experts, attempted to persuade Hunter to support the bylaw. However, Hunter steadfastly refused to support a non-smoking bylaw.

In 1994, as a result of local government reorganization, Hunter moved to the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton Council. A Liberal, he ran for the party in the 1999 provincial election in the riding of Nepean—Carleton, but lost to Tory incumbent John Baird. He was, however, regarded as one of the more fiscally conservative councillors.

With the creation of the new city of Ottawa, in 2000, Hunter ran to represent the Knoxdale-Merivale ward, and easily won election against an anti-development activist. In the 2003 municipal election, he was re-elected with 84% of the vote.

Hunter was opposed to the city's O-Train light-rail expansion which would have linked Barrhaven South to downtown in 2009, before it was cancelled by City Council on December 14, 2006. Hunter expressed concerns about high costs on the project as well as the ridership. On December 8, 2006, Hunter voted against a plan that would have truncated only the downtown segment of the proposal and later introduced another vote to topple the complete project which failed. On December 14, 2006, after Mayor Larry O'Brien decided to vote against the project, Hunter voted for the cancellation of the project.   Meanwhile, on Feb. 22, 2007, on CFRA's "The Lunch Bunch", Hunter said he may have accepted a campaign contribution from the Siemens/PCL consortium (Ottawa LRT Corporation)..

Gord Hunter was also criticized for the appearance of a conflict of interest for having accepted a free corporate box seat at the 2007 Stanley Cup NHL hockey playoff game (Senators v.s. Anaheim Ducks) at Scotiabank Place from Waste Management Services—a company that the City does business with. (Ottawa Sun, June 11, 2007). The City of Ottawa Policy states: "employees must not accept, directly or indirectly, any gifts, hospitality or other benefits that are offered by persons, groups or organizations having dealings with the city." However, other than addressing corruption, the provincial Municipal Act does not prohibit councillors from accepting such gifts.

It was revealed in a report of the City of Ottawa's 2007 office budget spending by city councillors that Gord Hunter spent the least. According to the Ottawa Sun (April 1, 2008): "The most frugal on the list is always Knoxdale-Merivale Coun. Gord Hunter and 2007 was no exception. Hunter only spent $11,862 of his budget, saving taxpayers more than $24,000."

Canadian federal election, 1980

 * Nepean–Carleton

Canadian federal election, 1984

 * Nepean–Carleton

title: Gord Hunter


text: Category:Public domain encyclopedias

title: Category:Public domain encyclopedias


text:
Talk:Victorian era (Great Britain)

February 2005
Oh God this be crazy! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.30.17.114 (talk) 16:41, 21 February 2005 (UTC)

Dude, stop spamming below the {stub}, we know who you are... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Viper Viper (talk • contribs) 03:02, 25 February 2005 (UTC)

Reactionary hedonistic?
Twice in this brief article, the word "reactionary" is used to describe or modify something (elements; phenomena) that are also labeled "hedonistic". I find this usage a bit odd or unusual, since hedonism is usually associated with liberalism or at least "decadence/sin", whereas "reactionary" is almost always associated with extreme conservatism or conservative backlash. I could maybe see using the word "reactive" as being more appropriate, but it probably needs even more work than that. How was their hedonism reactionary? Did it seek to return to a previous state or condition of things, or was it merely a backlash against a hated oppression? 173.16.124.196 (talk) 09:41, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I believe this person did use those words too many times, but he was referring to the fact that because of the restrictions on social interactions, hedonistic pastimes became the "reaction" of the people, much like a rebellious child will "react" to a strict parent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmannc3 (talk • contribs) 03:39, 26 January 2010 (UTC)
 * No, I don't think so! Johnbod (talk) 02:48, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Agree with the anon. We really don't need this stub. Unless anyone objects soon I will redirect to Victorian era. Johnbod (talk) 02:48, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Victorian era (Great Britain)


text:
Valery Karpin

Valery Georgiyevich Karpin (Валерий Георгиевич Карпин; born 2 February 1969) is a football manager and former player who manages both Russian Premier League side FC Rostov and the Russian national team.

As a player, he was a midfielder and spent most of his career at Spartak Moscow, Real Sociedad and Celta Vigo. Born in what is now Estonia, he also holds citizenship of Russia and Spain.

Club career
At club level, Karpin played for Fakel Voronezh (1989), Spartak Moscow (1990–94), Real Sociedad (1994–96 and 2002–05), Valencia (1996–97) and Celta Vigo (1997–2002).

International career
Karpin was capped 72 times for Russia, scoring 17 goals (he was also capped once for the CIS). He scored Russia's first goal after the breakup of the Soviet Union, in a 2–0 win against Mexico on 17 August 1992. Karpin played for Russia at the 1994 World Cup, Euro 1996, and the 2002 World Cup. In 2003, he won Cyprus International Football Tournaments when Russia beat Romania.

Earlier managerial career
In August 2008, Karpin was named as Director General of Spartak Moscow, replacing Sergei Shavlo. In April 2009, following a poor run of results, he replaced Michael Laudrup as caretaker manager of the club. On 18 April 2011, Karpin declared resignation from his position following one of the worse starts in club history. Eventually, he continued working as a manager up to the end of 2011–12 season.

After the sacking of the newly appointed manager Unai Emery on 25 November 2012, Karpin took the responsibility of caretaker manager up until the end of the year. He later officially became the team's coach again and was not the caretaker anymore.

On 18 March 2014, Karpin was relieved from his duties, after exiting the Russian Cup to third division FC Tosno and drawing with top flight's bottom side Anzhi Makhachkala.

On 12 August 2014, he was appointed at the helm of RCD Mallorca.

He joined Torpedo Armavir for the 2015–16 season after it was newly promoted to FNL. Under his management, the team (by then renamed to FC Armavir) was relegated back to the third-tier PFL, and on 23 June 2016, he left the club "by mutual consent".

FC Rostov and Russia
On 19 December 2017, Karpin was announced as the new manager of FC Rostov on a two-and-a-half-year contract.

On 23 July 2021, Russian Football Union hired him as manager of the Russia national team until 31 December 2021 (for the duration of the World Cup qualification campaign). He was expected to continue coaching FC Rostov at the same time until that date. The contract has an option to be extended beyond that date. 10 days later, after just two games coaching both Rostov and national team, on 2 August 2021 he left Rostov by mutual consent.

Russia under Karpin qualified for the second round of World Cup qualifiers after finishing second in their group. However, on 28 February 2022, FIFA and UEFA suspended Russian clubs and national teams from international competition until further notice, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 10 March 2022, Karpin extended his contract with the national team until the end of 2022, and also returned to the manager position at FC Rostov. Russian Football Union president Aleksandr Dyukov clarified that Karpin would have to leave Rostov and focus on the national team job in case RFU's pending appeal of the disqualification to CAS is successful or disqualification is lifted otherwise. He was selected coach of the month by Russian Premier League for April 2022 and again for September 2022 and November 2022.

On 5 November 2022, Karpin extended his contract as the national team manager to 1 August 2024, with the suspension from international competitions still in place.

Karpin was voted league's coach of the month once again for March 2024.

On 28 June 2024, Karpin extended his contract with the national team to July 2028.

TV career
In 2016, he started working as analyst with Match TV. On 16 February 2017, he was appointed editor-in-chief of football broadcasts for the channel. He left the channel on 24 July 2017.

Personal life
Karpin has four daughters named Veronika (born in 1990), Maria (born 23 February 1996), Valeria (born 18 February 2001) and Daria (born 4 September 2018). Since 2017, Karpin is married to an English teacher, singer, and amateur skater Daria Gordeeva (before that he was married twice). Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, he acquired citizenship of Estonia, where he was born, as well as that of Russia, by descent. He later also received Spanish citizenship after playing in Spain for several years.

In 2022, Karpin opposed the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

After retirement
In 2007, Karpin became the holder of road bicycle racing team Karpin–Galicia. He also owns a real estate company with former Celta Vigo teammate Míchel Salgado.

In 2009, he was part of the Russian squad that won the 2009 Legends Cup.

International

 * Scores and results list Russia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Karpin goal.

Honours
Spartak Moscow
 * Russian Top League: 1992, 1993, 1994
 * Soviet Cup: 1991–92

Celta
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000
 * Copa del Rey runner-up: 2000–01

Individual
 * Winner of the National Team Leader Prize: 2000

title: Valery Karpin


text:
New York Conspiracy of 1741

The Conspiracy of 1741, also known as the Slave Insurrection of 1741, was a purported plot by slaves and poor whites in the British colony of New York in 1741 to revolt and level New York City with a series of fires. Historians disagree as to whether such a plot existed and, if there was one, its scale. During the court cases, the prosecution kept changing the grounds of accusation, ending with linking the insurrection to a "Popish" plot by Spaniards and other Catholics.

In 1741, Manhattan had the second-largest slave population of any city in the Thirteen Colonies after Charleston, South Carolina. Rumors of a conspiracy arose against a background of economic competition between poor whites and slaves; a severe winter; war between Britain and Spain, with heightened anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish feelings; and recent slave revolts in South Carolina and Saint John in the Caribbean. In March and April 1741, a series of 13 fires erupted in Lower Manhattan, the most significant one within the walls of Fort George, then the home of the governor. After another fire at a warehouse, a slave was arrested after having been seen fleeing it. A 16-year-old Irish indentured servant, Mary Burton, arrested in a case of stolen goods, testified against the others as participants in a supposedly growing conspiracy of poor whites and blacks to burn the city, kill the white men, take the white women for themselves, and elect a new king and governor.

In the spring of 1741, fear gripped Manhattan as fires burned across all the inhabited areas of the island. The suspected culprits included hundreds of New York's slaves, free blacks, and lower-class whites, 172 of whom were arrested and tried for conspiracy to burn the town and murder its white inhabitants. As in the Salem witch trials, a few witnesses implicated many other suspects. In the end, thirty-four people were executed, thirty of whom were black men. They included seventeen black men, two white men, and two white women who were hanged as well as thirteen black men burnt at the stake. The bodies of two supposed ringleaders, Caesar, a slave, and John Hughson, a white cobbler and tavern keeper, were gibbeted. Their corpses were left to rot in public. Another eighty-four men and women faced transportation to the brutal conditions of Caribbean slavery while seven white men were pardoned on condition of entering permanent exile from New York.

Background
With the increase of enslaved Africans in New York during the early decades of the 18th century, there were both real revolts and periodic fears in the white community about revolts. Fears about slavery were used by different political factions to fan other tensions, as well. By 1741, slaves comprised one in five of New York's total population of 10,000; it was the second-largest slave population of any city in British North America after that of Charleston, South Carolina. Between 1687 and 1741, a slave plot was "discovered" on average every two and one half years. Some residents remembered the New York Slave Revolt of 1712, when more than 20 slaves met to destroy property and abusers in retaliation for the injustices they had suffered.

With the increase of slaves in New York, poor whites had to compete economically. Some slaveholders were artisans who taught their slaves their trade. They could subcontract their work and underbid other white artisans. This created racial and economic tension between the slaves and competing white craftsmen. The governor of New York in 1737 told the legislature, "the artificers complain and with too much reason of the pernicious custom of breeding slaves to trades whereby the honest industrious tradesmen are reduced to poverty for want of employ, and many of them forced to leave us to seek their living in other countries." Some whites went out of business because of this.

The winter of 1740–1741 was a miserable period for the poor in the city. An economic depression contributed to declining food and fuel supply, aggravated by record low temperatures and snowfall. Many people were in danger of starving and freezing to death. These conditions caused many denizens, especially the poor whites and slaves, to grow resentful of the government. The tension between whites and blacks was great. "A mere hint of restiveness among black New Yorkers could throw whites into a near panic".

In addition, Britain experienced increased hostilities with Spain, which added to the anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish feelings by the authorities. In 1691 the British Crown ordered all New York officials to swear oaths under the Test Act. These oaths consisted of a series of declarations against the authority of the Catholic Church and its religious practices. All potential officeholders were obliged to swear that they had not received privilege from the Pope. As tensions between England and Spain escalated, the Test Act was determined to be too lenient for Catholics. By 1700 the New York anti-priest law utterly outlawed the presence of Catholic priests under penalty of life imprisonment.

In 1739, war broke out between the English and Spanish. The War of Jenkins' Ear, which lasted from 1739 until 1748, was initiated after Spanish coast guards unlawfully boarded the ship of Robert Jenkins, a British merchant, and severed his ear. This incidence was particularly notable because the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht gave British a thirty-year right to supply an unlimited number of slaves to Spanish colonies with an additional 500 tons of goods each year. At the time, Spain was frequently viewed by slaves in Anglophone colonies as a liberator due to the fact the Spanish had offered freedom to any slave who joined their cause.

To attack Cuba, the British recruited soldiers from New York, and reduced the number of troops normally kept there. The upper classes were nervous and tensions during the winter reminded them of the times of the Slave Revolt of 1712. The government banned slave meetings on street corners. They limited slaves in groups to three, but allowed twelve at funerals. The government reduced other rights of assembly and movement.

Working-class conspiracy
Initially tackling the problem of stolen goods and Hughson's tavern, the city council decided to launch an investigation. They turned it over to Daniel Horsmanden, the city recorder and one of three justices on the provincial supreme court. Horsmanden set up a grand jury that he "directed to investigate whites who sold liquor to blacks – men like John Hughson." Given legal practice then and his own inclinations, he exercised great influence in interrogations and directing the grand jury's investigations.

John Hughson was a poor, illiterate cobbler who came to New York from Yonkers in the mid-1730s with his wife, daughter, and mother-in-law. Unable to find work, he opened a tavern. His neighbors were offended because he sold to clients they considered unsavory. In 1738, Hughson opened a new tavern when he moved to the Hudson River waterfront, near the Trinity Churchyard. It soon became a rendezvous point for slaves, poor whites, free blacks, and soldiers. The elite were nervous about such lower class-types socializing together. Hughson's place also was a center of trade in stolen property. "City slaves laughingly referred to his place as 'Oswego', after the Indian trading post on Lake Ontario." Although the constables watched his place constantly, they failed to catch Hughson for thievery. In February, two weeks before the first fire, Hughson was arrested for receiving stolen goods from slaves Caesar and Prince, who were also jailed. Caesar, Prince, and Cuffee were considered part of the "Geneva Club", named after an incident in which they stole some "Geneva", or Dutch gin. (The slaves were punished by whipping.)

Horsmanden, one of three justices on the court and leader of an investigation, pressured 16-year-old indentured servant, Mary Burton, to testify against her master Hughson on theft charges. While a grand jury heard that case, the first of 13 suspicious fires broke out.

Fires
On March 18, 1741, Governor George Clarke's house in Fort George caught fire, and soon the church connected to his house was ablaze too. People tried to save it, but the fire soon grew beyond control. The fire threatened to spread to another building, where all the city documents were kept. The governor ordered the windows smashed and documents thrown out to save them. Later the practice was to keep them in the City Hall. A week later another fire broke out, but was put out quickly. The same thing happened the next week at a warehouse. Three days later a fire broke out in a cow stable. On the next day a person walking past a wealthy neighborhood saw coals by the hay in a stable and put them out, saving the neighborhood.

As the number of fires increased, so did the suspicion that the fires were not accidents but planned arson. When on April 6, a round of four fires broke out, and a black man was spotted running away, a white man yelled out, "A negro, a negro." The man's cry was taken up quickly by a crowd and soon turned to, "The negroes are rising!" They captured the running slave, Cuffee. He was jailed. Within a few days, 100 slaves were jailed.

Horsmanden put a lot of pressure on Burton to talk about the fires. Finally, Burton said the fires were a conspiracy between blacks and poor whites to burn down the town. Horsmanden was pleased with her testimony but was convinced that Burton knew more about the conspiracy than she had told him. He threatened to throw her in jail if she did not tell him more, so she testified further. There was rising fear about slaves and poor whites' combining for insurrection. Burton swore the three members of the Geneva Club met frequently at Hughson's home, had talked about burning the fort and town, and the Hughsons had agreed to help them. Another person suspected in the fires was "Margaret Sorubiero, alias Salingburgh, alias Kerry, commonly called Peggy", or the "Newfoundland Irish" beauty. She was a prostitute who serviced blacks. The room she lived in was paid for by Caesar, with whom she had a child.

Although Burton's testimony did not prove that any crime had been committed, the grand jury was so afraid that more fires would occur that they decided to believe her. The board of inquiry requested the lieutenant-governor to issue a proclamation offering a reward to anyone providing information leading to the conviction of anyone setting fire to any dwelling or storehouse in the city: £100 to a white person, £45 to a free black or Indian, and £20 and freedom to a slave. Such prices attracted more testimony. On May 2, the court found Caesar and Prince guilty of burglary and condemned them to death. The next day seven barns caught fire. Two blacks were caught and immediately burned at the stake. On May 6, the Hughsons and Peggy were found guilty of burglary charges. Peggy, "in fear of her life, decided to talk." Some of the blacks who had been imprisoned in the dungeons also decided to talk. Two who did not talk were Caesar and Prince, who were hanged on May 11.

Trials
Having gathered witnesses, Horsmanden started the trials. Kofi (Cuffee) and another slave Quaco (Quack) were the first to be tried. They were convicted, although each of their masters defended them. Respectable white men whose testimony normally would have been given considerable weight, they stated that each of the slaves had been at home the evening in question. The slaves were convicted anyway.

Immediately before being sentenced to being hanged on May 30, they confessed and identified dozens of other so-called conspirators. Moore asked to save them as future witnesses, but the officers of the court decided against it because of the rage of the crowd. Each of the slaves was hanged. More trials followed quickly. The trials and testimony in courtrooms were filled with conflicting evidence. Both the Hughsons and Peggy Kerry were tried on June 4. They were sentenced to hang eight days later.

At the height of the hysteria, half of the city's male slaves over the age of 16 were implicated in the plot and jailed. Arrests, trials and executions continued through the summer. "The 'epidemic of mutual incrimination' reached such proportions that officials were forced to suspend circuit courts for the rest of 1741. The jails simply could hold no more people." An anonymous letter was sent to the city of New York, cautioning them against the epidemic of suspicion and executions, as the writer claimed to have seen in the Salem witch trials.

Five men known as the "Spanish Negroes" were among those arrested. Dark-skinned Spanish sailors who had been sold into slavery by a privateer, they contended they were full Spanish citizens and unfairly enslaved. Because Britain was at war with Spain, this did not earn them much sympathy; it even raised suspicions against them as infiltrators. The British colonists were worried about anyone with Spanish and Catholic ties. The five Spanish blacks were convicted and hanged.

At the height of the trials' hysteria Horsmanden believed he had found an irrefutable link between the Papists and fires. As the investigation wore on, Horsmanden also came to believe that a man named John Ury was responsible. Ury had just arrived in town and had been working as a school teacher and a private tutor. He was an expert in Latin, which was enough to make him suspect by less educated Protestants as possibly being a Roman Catholic priest. Horsmanden arrested him on suspicion of being a priest and Spanish secret agent. Burton suddenly "remembered" that Ury had been one of the plotters of the conspiracy and testified against him. Ury was put on trial. His defense was that he was a dissenter from the Church of England, but not a Catholic priest, and had no knowledge of any conspiracy. But at the time of the trial, Horsmanden had received a warning from the governor of Georgia that Spanish agents were coming to burn all the considerable towns in New England. James Ogelthorpe, founder and governor of Georgia, sent word to Prosecutor Joseph Murray that the Spanish were planning a secret invasion of the British colonies:

"A party of our Indians returned the eighth instant from war against the Spaniards. They had an engagement with a party of Spanish horse, just by [St.] Augustine…And they brought one Spainiard prisoner to me… Some intelligence I had of a villainous design of a very extraordinary nature and, if true, very important, viz. that the Spaniards had employed emissaries to burn all the magazines and considerable towns in the English North America, thereby to prevent the subsisting of the great expedition and fleet in the West Indies. And for this purpose many priests were employed who pretended to be physicians, dancing masters, and other kinds of occupations, and under that pretence to get admittance and confidence in families."

Oglethorpe's letter left little doubt that the colony was part of an international conspiracy, one which not only planned to infiltrate and destroy the city of New York, but also to engage its Protestant citizens in religious warfare. Catholicism, as it was now deeply tied to both the Spanish and slaves, came to be perceived as a greater threat than ever before in the colony. This added to suspicions about Ury, and the teacher was convicted. He was hanged on the last day of August. Gradually the fears died down. When Burton and other witnesses began to accuse members of the upper class and family members of the judges as conspirators, the case became a major embarrassment to Horsmanden. In addition, the political leadership of the city was changing. The case was finally closed. Those slaves and whites still in jail were released.

By the end of the trials, 161 blacks and 20 whites had been arrested. From May 11 to August 29, 1741, seventeen blacks and four whites were convicted and hanged, 13 blacks were burned at stake, and 70 blacks were banished from New York. Seven whites were also deported. The following year, Mary Burton finally received her reward of £100 from the city, which she used to buy her freedom from indenture, and had money left over.

The executions were conducted near the Poor House at the north end of the city and its boundary of Chambers Street. North of there was the African Burial Ground, which was rediscovered in 1991 during survey work for construction at 26 Federal Plaza in lower Manhattan. In consultation with the African-American community, the remains of 400 people, including children, were removed and studied. They were reburied in a formal ceremony. Likely the site of up to 20,000 African burials during the colonial period, it has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.

Women's role
Mary Burton, Sarah Hughson, and Peggy Kerry were three women whose testimony was instrumental in the outcomes of the trials during the slave revolt. Burton's most notable accusations were against John Ury. Hughson also gave testimony against Ury, however her testimony only came once threatened with death. Kerry, when first confronted, denied everything, but, later, in hopes of being pardoned, said she had been involved and shifted the location of the conspiracy itself.

Burnings in New Jersey
There is some suggestion that the 1741 New York panic may have also led to burning at the stake of individuals from New Jersey's enslaved population, as then-Essex County records suggest (according to accounts written in the 19th and early 20th centuries) that locals were openly reimbursed for the costs of irons and wood for pyres. However, the New York executions took place from May through August of 1741, while the records regarding irons and wood may have been in earlier years. There is evidence of the burning to death of an individual in August 1735, as well as two individuals burned to death on the banks of the Hackensack River on May 5, 1741. Outside of the 1741 panic, other such executions occurred. Under a New Jersey law passed in 1713 that authorized slave punishment by burning at the stake, it is reported, numerous individuals were so executed prior to the Revolution.

Representation in fiction

 * The events are the subject of the novel The Savage City (1955) by Jean Paradise, published by Ace Books.
 * These events are used as part of a revenge plot in the novel On Maiden Lane (1981) by Bruce Nicolaysen, a 5-volume family saga encompassing the history of New York/Manhattan from 1613 to 1930.
 * These events figure in the plot of Pete Hamill's novel Forever (2003).
 * In 2007, Mat Johnson published The Great Negro Plot: A Tale of Conspiracy and Murder in Eighteenth-Century New York, a novel set during these events.
 * The events are recounted by a prisoner in Golden Hill by Francis Stufford.

title: New York Conspiracy of 1741


text:
Comancheria

The Comancheria or Comanchería (Comanche: Nʉmʉnʉʉ Sookobitʉ, 'Comanche land') was a region of New Mexico, west Texas and nearby areas occupied by the Comanche before the 1860s. Historian Pekka Hämäläinen has argued that the Comancheria formed an empire at its peak, and this view has been echoed by other non-Comanche historians.

Geography
The area was vaguely defined and shifted over time but generally was described as bordered to the south by the Balcones Fault, just north of San Antonio, Texas, continuing north along the Cross Timbers to encompass a northern area that included the Cimarron River and the upper Arkansas River east of the Rocky Mountains. Comanchería was bordered along the west by the Mescalero Ridge and the Pecos River, continuing north along the edge of the Spanish settlements in Santa Fe de Nuevo México. It also included West Texas, the Llano Estacado, the Texas Panhandle, the Edwards Plateau (including the Texas Hill Country), Eastern New Mexico, western Oklahoma including the Oklahoma Panhandle and the Wichita Mountains, southeastern Colorado and southwestern Kansas.

Background
Before the Comanche expanded out of present-day Wyoming in the early 18th century, the lands that became known as Comancheria were home to a multitude of tribes—most notably the Apaches. Much of the region had previously been known as  Apacheria.

Greatest extent and possible empire
Some historians have begun to consider Comancheria, at the peak of its power, as an empire. This concept was based on ideas developed by Pekka Hämäläinen who argues that from the 1750s to the 1850s, the Comanches were the dominant group in the Southwest and developed a form of imperialism. Confronted with Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. outposts on their periphery in New Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, and Mexico, they worked to increase their own safety, prosperity and power. According to Hämäläinen, disease was the single most dangerous threat to Native Americans. The Comanche managed to avoid disease, which gave them an upper hand over the Apaches and other tribes in this area. Along with this, the Comanche were able to exchange goods with Europeans. The main thing exchanged for that gave them power was horses. Horses gave the Comanches more military power, and allowed them to hunt more buffalo. The Comanches used this military power to obtain more supplies and labor from the Americans, Mexicans, and Indians through thievery, tribute, and kidnappings. Although powered by violence, the Comanche empire was primarily an economic construction, rooted in an extensive commercial network that facilitated long-distance trade. Dealing with subordinate Indians, the Comanche spread their language and culture across the region.

By the early 1830s, the Comanche began to run out of resources in Comancheria. At this time, they had been conducting raids deep into Mexico and would take what they got back to Comancheria. In the mid 1830s, the Comanche formed a colony in Mexico called the Bolson colony. Conditions in this colony were similar to how they were in Comancheria when it was winter in the north. Eventually, there was a drought, and Comancheria and the Bolson colony struggled. Along with this, the Comanche empire collapsed after their villages were repeatedly decimated by epidemics of smallpox and cholera in the late 1840s; causing their population to plunge from 20,000 to just a few thousand by the 1870s.

The Comanche resolved most of the challenges facing them in the 1830s with adroit diplomacy. Their strategy was flexible. With New Mexico, a Mexican province to their west, they enjoyed friendly trading relations. New Mexico was more of an asset than a threat to the Comanches, and the New Mexicans avoided war with the Indians. In 1841, Governor Manuel Armijo was ordered by the Mexican central government to join a military campaign against the Comanche, but Armijo declined. "To declare war on the Comanches would bring complete ruin to the Department of New Mexico." In 1844, New Mexican officials learned of but did nothing to prevent a Comanche raid on Chihuahua.

With their western flank secured by an unthreatening New Mexico, the Comanche dealt with rivals on their northern and eastern borders. In 1835, they met with a delegation of U.S. soldiers and eastern Indians in the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma and concluded a peace agreement. The agreement permitted eastern Indians and the U.S. to hunt on Comanche lands and did not restrain the Comanche and their Kiowa and Wichita allies from making war on Mexico. With their eastern flank secured by the treaty with the U.S., the Comanches next concluded a peace agreement in 1840 with the southern Cheyenne and Arapaho pressing on them from the north. It was highly favorable to the Cheyenne and Arapaho. They were permitted to reside and hunt on the buffalo and horse-rich Comanche lands and, in addition, the affluent Comanches gave them gifts, including as many as six horses to every Cheyenne and Arapaho man. The Comanche welcome to these two tribes, their southern bands numbering perhaps 4,000, was both an acknowledgment that they were formidable rivals and also that the Comanche were short on men and resources to maintain their control over Comancheria.

South and southeast of Comancheria were the fast-growing Anglo-American communities in the Mexican territory of Texas. In the 1820s and 1830s most Comanche raids were in the southern parts of Texas and affected the largely Hispanic population around San Antonio, Laredo and Goliad. After the Texas Revolution asserting independence from Mexico in 1836, the Comanche had to deal with the Republic of Texas. Texas's first President, Sam Houston, was knowledgeable about Indians and favored a policy of accommodation with the Comanche.

Continued Comanche raids led to the election in 1838 of Mirabeau B. Lamar who favored a more aggressive approach. The massacre of 12 Comanche chiefs attending a peace conference in San Antonio in March 1840 set off a series of bloody reprisals and battles. Hundreds of Comanches descended upon and destroyed the towns of Victoria and Linnville in 1840. Although the Texans demonstrated they could defeat the Comanche at the Battle of Plum Creek, military campaigns emptied their treasury in what became the Texas–Indian Wars, and Texas became more accommodating. In 1844, the Texans and the Comanches came to an agreement which recognized Comanche lands and left Comancheria intact.

The agreements with the United States and neighboring tribes, as well as the hiatus in the struggle with Texas, freed up the Comanche to make unrestrained war on the Mexican provinces south of the Rio Grande. The 1830s demonstrated that the Texans, the United States, and neighboring tribes all had the ability to invade Comancheria and attack the Comanche homeland; Mexico, by contrast, was rich in horses and unable to counterattack due to distance and the fact that, after 1836, any Mexican military expedition against Comanches would have had to pass through Texas, a republic whose independence Mexico did not recognize. In attacking Mexico, the Comanche seemed motivated by opportunity, economics and revenge – their animosity toward non-Comanches sharpened by decades of war and reprisals. Thus, their raids on Mexico became increasingly bloody and destructive.

Neighboring peoples
To the west, southwest and southeast of the Comancheria stretched the vast territories of the various hostile Apache groups, partially overlapping and forming a kind of no man's land, which was heavily contested between the two peoples. Moreover, the Comanche had to pass through the dangerous Apacheria on their way down to Mexico for raiding and recross it with plunder. The Oklahoma and Texas panhandles were inhabited by their allies, the Kiowa and Kiowa-Apache, along with the Comanche. In the northwest of the Comancheria lived the opposing Ute and Shoshone, to the northeast settled the enemy and powerful Osage and in the north the also antagonistic Pawnee. In addition, in and adjacent to the Comancheria settled the allied Wichita, Tawakoni, Waco, and Hasinai. In the east lived the Caddo and later the Cherokee. In the southeast settled the erstwhile allies, but after the expulsion of the Apaches of the Plains, rival Tonkawa. In the north, the Southern Cheyenne Arapaho, forced the Comanche to acknowledge the Arkansas River as their northern border. Moreover, the Comanche undertook extensive commercial enterprises to the Pueblo in New Mexico and to the Spanish settlements around San Antonio. In this trade of guns, horses, captives and other goods the Comancheros (Pueblo and New Mexico traders) acted as intermediaries. The Ciboleros also competed against the Comanche in the context of bison hunting. The Comanche language became the Lingua franca of the Southern Plains.

title: Comancheria


text:
Grant Thornton LLP

Grant Thornton LLP is the American member firm of Grant Thornton International, the seventh largest accounting network in the world by combined fee income. Grant Thornton LLP is the seventh largest U.S. accounting and advisory organization. The firm operates 59 offices across the US with approximately 8,500 employees, 550 partners, and produces annual revenue in excess of US$1.9 billion.

Early history
In 1924, Alexander Richardson Grant, a 26 year old senior accountant with Ernst & Ernst (later Ernst & Young) decided to leave the firm and start his own business with William O’Brien. Alexander Grant & Co. was built in Chicago and it provided services as a middle market firm. The firm was growing rapidly and nationally under the guidance of several new leaders during the next three decades.

In 1961, the company established its national office in Chicago and earned net revenue of more than $5 million. During this time, a competitive firm that was also committed to providing services to middle market established in Europe, and this firm later became known as Binder Dijker Otte & Co. (BDO).

During the mid-1960s, the firm decided to expand its business internationally. In 1969, Alexander Grant & Co. merged with companies from Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom to form an organization called Alexander Grant Tansley Witt.

By 1980, Alexander Grant & Co. had joined with 49 international accounting firms, including a UK firm named Thornton Baker, and formed a professional global network, Grant Thornton International.

In 1985, Alexander Grant & Co. merged with Fox & Co. and became the ninth largest accounting firm in the United States, just behind the nation's "Big Eight" firms. At that time, the company had 80 offices and more than 3,000 employees.

In 1986, Alexander Grant & Co. changed its name to Grant Thornton, resulted from its affiliation with the United Kingdom firm Thornton Baker, which also changed its name to Grant Thornton.

Recent history
In 2002, Grant Thornton acquired 7 offices, 43 partners and 396 employees from ex-Arthur Andersen.

In June 2014, Grant Thornton announced J. Michael McGuire as the firm's chief executive officer.

In August 2019, Brad Preber assumed CEO duties of the firm.

As of 2019, Grant Thornton was the sixth largest accounting firm in the United States and had 59 offices with more than 550 partners and 7,000 employees. Its revenue for fiscal year 2018 was $1.7 billion.

In March 2020, Grant Thornton LLP teamed up with GroupSense to offer digital crime mitigation technology.

In March 2024, the company announced a deal where private equity firm New Mountain Capital would acquire a majority stake. At the time of the announcement, it was the seventh biggest accounting firm in the US, after the Big Four (Deloitte, EY, PwC, and KPMG), RSM, and BDO. The move came amid ongoing private equity interest in the accounting space, with Baker Tilly receiving investment of $1 billion from a different private equity group, Hellman & Friedman, the prior month.

Operations
Headquartered in Chicago, Grant Thornton LLP has three service lines: audit, tax, and advisory services. Specific advisory services and areas of expertise include: Sarbanes-Oxley compliance, mergers and acquisitions advice, tax, and business valuations. Target industries include construction, distribution, energy, financial services, food and beverage, healthcare, hospitality and restaurants, life sciences, manufacturing, not-for-profit organizations, private equity, real estate, retail, technology, and transportation.

Services
Grant Thornton offers three main service lines:
 * Audit/Assurance: Provides not only the financial statement audits, but also uses professional tools and processes to conduct integrated audits required by SEC and under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
 * Tax: Offers clients professional tax services including: federal, local and state, international tax advisory & compliance, compensation & benefits consulting, private wealth services, and tax accounting & risk advisory services.
 * Advisory: services in business strategy, governance, risk & compliance, performance improvement, and information technology.

Tax Desk
Tax desks is developed by Grant Thornton US and it connects other member firms in different countries to help clients grow their business and solve their common problems in the global market. Grant Thornton US has established the desks between the United States and the UK, the United States and China, and the United States and Japan.

Criticisms

 * Several audit deficiencies in the firm's audit work at eight companies were found by Public Company Oversight Board when it was doing the inspection of Grant Thornton's 2005 audit. In the PCAOB's report, the Board concluded that the firm didn't have enough evidence to support its audit opinions. Grant Thornton responded to the PCAOB's criticism on June 4, 2007. In its response letter, the firm wrote "We strongly disagree with the use of overly broad comments such as ‘failed to identify’, ‘failed to perform,’".
 * In April 2012, Grant Thornton was accused by its client Bill Yung and his family. The firm hid real information from its clients and sold a tax shelter to them. There was a 90% chance the IRS would reject the shelter. Kentucky State Court ordered Grant Thornton to pay $20 million in compensatory damages and $80 million in punitive damage.

Sponsorship

 * In December 2017, Grant Thornton signed a five-year marketing partnership deal with the PGA Tour and replaced Pricewaterhouse Coopers as the "Player's Partner". During this time, Grant Thornton also entered into a separate deal with professional golfer Rickie Fowler.
 * In March 2016, Grant Thornton signed a multi-year agreement with the National Center for the Middle Market (NCMM). In 2015, Grant Thornton has become a multi-year sponsor of the Charlotte Hornets basketball team. The Hornets and Grant Thornton will enter into a multi-year advertising arrangement that includes the renaming of the Crown Club as the "Grant Thornton Crown Club."

title: Grant Thornton LLP


text:
Talk:Francis W. Tancred

About "minor" qualifier
Perhaps if he is sufficiently minor there should not be a page for him but only a mention in a larger article; afterall, there are pages nominated for deletion every day on the basis of "this person is not sufficiently notable to be included in Wikipedia". Courtland 16:53, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)

Reference material
If there is any reference material available, could it be added? If you would prefer, just deposit (on-line accessible) reference links here and I can add the information myself later. Courtland 14:06, 2005 Feb 26 (UTC)
 * Not really. I got this little from Print references on The Cantos (he is mentioned in that poem). I intend rooting through some Yeats biographies for further info, as he was a regular at that poet's 'at homes'. Here is one useful online ref: http://themargins.net/bib/A/03.htm Filiocht 08:43, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Pseudonym
"Francis Tancred" was a pseudonym used by Francis Thompson. I can't find any evidence that a real Francis Tancred (with or without the "W") existed. Phil Bridger (talk) 23:17, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Do you have a source? The best I can find is http://www.archive.org/stream/lifeoffrancistho00meyn/lifeoffrancistho00meyn_djvu.txt, which isn't as definitive as I'd like. --Ronz (talk) 23:16, 24 November 2009 (UTC)
 * This can't be the same person, if Thompson's death year is correct. According to this source, Tancred was at meetings of a group of poets in 1909, spending hours with T.E. Hulme searching for just the right phrase for haiku poems and taking in Ezra Pound's cape and flaming red beard. These are not the activities of mouldering dead people. -- JohnWBarber (talk) 00:02, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Francis W. Tancred


text:
Arthur MacManus

Arthur MacManus (1889 – 27 February 1927) was a Scottish trade unionist and communist politician.

Early years
Arthur MacManus was born in Belfast, Ireland, in 1889, later moving to Glasgow, Scotland, with his parents.

Political career
MacManus joined the De Leonist Socialist Labour Party (SLP) and began work at Singers in Clydebank, then known as part of the Red Clydeside. However, he was sacked in April 1911 following an unsuccessful strike.

Supporting the SLP's opposition to World War I, MacManus was arrested in 1915 at a meeting in George Square, Glasgow, for speaking against the threatened introduction of conscription.

MacManus became a leading member of the Clyde Workers Committee, and for supporting David Kirkwood in the William Beardmore and Company strike of 1916, he was one of five people deported to Edinburgh.

In the 1918 general election, MacManus stood unsuccessfully for the SLP in Halifax. Following the October Revolution, he became a proponent of a united communist party. In January 1919, he was appointed to serve on a Unity Committee, to engage in discussions on uniting with the British Socialist Party, Workers Socialist Federation and various smaller groups.

In an attempt to resolve differences between the various socialist groups, the committee proposed to form a communist party, then hold a vote on Labour Party affiliation one year later. The SLP executive publicly repudiated this proposal and decided to cease unity negotiations. Together with Tom Bell and William Paul, MacManus did not accept this. They continued to attend the negotiations, and in April 1920, formed the Communist Unity Group. In August, this became the second largest group to participate in the formation of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), and MacManus became the party's first chairman, a post he held until 1922. That year, he attended a special conference of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, at which it was decided to reorganise the party. MacManus became its colonial secretary, and attended the Fourth Congress of the Comintern in September, at which he was elected to its Executive Committee and Praesidium.

In 1924, the Zinoviev letter was circulated, calling for increased communist agitation in Britain. This forgery, intended to damage the Labour Party's chances in the 1924 general election, was purportedly signed both by Grigory Zinoviev and MacManus.

In 1925, MacManus was one of twelve CPGB officials imprisoned for seditious libel and incitement to mutiny.

MacManus was able to attend the founding conference of the League Against Imperialism in 1927, but died later in the year. His ashes were placed within the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.

Personal life
In 1920, MacManus married Harriete "Hettie" Wheeldon (1891-1920), daughter of William Augustus and Alice Wheeldon of Derby, a schoolteacher who was a socialist and had been an anti-war campaigner during World War I. Within the year the couple had a child who was stillborn, but later Hettie died of peritonitis following appendicitis.

title: Arthur MacManus


text:
Sheep Island, Argyll

Sheep Island is a small uninhabited island situated off the southern tip of the Kintyre peninsula in Scotland.

Sheep Island, along with Sanda Island and Glunimore Island, form a small group of islands approximately 3 km south of Kintyre at.

Running roughly north to south, the island is around 600 m long, and is steep and precipitous along the west coast, rising to a maximum height of 41 m. There is a cave on the west coast and a natural arch at the northwest of the island. A considerable reef of drying rocks surrounds the island and makes landing on the island problematic. There are a number of strong tidal races in the area, Tum ba nach is one that extends north from Sheep Island to around halfway across the Sound of Sanda.

As the name suggests, sheep have traditionally been grazed here, however the island is more notable as the primary breeding ground for puffins in the Clyde. From here the birds are returning to nearby Ailsa Craig, where they were once wiped out. Guillemots and razorbills also nest on Sheep Island.

title: Sheep Island, Argyll


text:
Eruption column

An eruption column or eruption plume is a cloud of super-heated ash and tephra suspended in gases emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption. The volcanic materials form a vertical column or plume that may rise many kilometers into the air above the vent of the volcano. In the most explosive eruptions, the eruption column may rise over 40 km, penetrating the stratosphere. Stratospheric injection of aerosols by volcanoes is a major cause of short-term climate change.

A common occurrence in explosive eruptions is column collapse when the eruption column is or becomes too dense to be lifted high into the sky by air convection, and instead falls down the slopes of the volcano to form pyroclastic flows or surges (although the latter is less dense). On some occasions, if the material is not dense enough to fall, it may create pyrocumulonimbus clouds.

Formation
Eruption columns form in explosive volcanic activity, when the high concentration of volatile materials in the rising magma causes it to be disrupted into fine volcanic ash and coarser tephra. The ash and tephra are ejected at speeds of several hundred metres per second, and can rise rapidly to heights of several kilometres, lifted by enormous convection currents.

Eruption columns may be transient, if formed by a discrete explosion, or sustained, if produced by a continuous eruption or closely spaced discrete explosions.

Structure
The solid and liquid materials in an eruption column are lifted by processes that vary as the material ascends:

 * At the base of the column, material is violently forced upward out of the crater by the pressure of rapidly expanding gases, mainly steam. The gases expand because the pressure of rock above it rapidly reduces as it approaches the surface. This region is called the gas thrust region and typically reaches to only one or two kilometers above the vent.
 * The convective thrust region covers most of the height of the column. The gas thrust region is very turbulent and surrounding air becomes mixed into it and heated. The air expands, reducing its density and rising. The rising air carries all the solid and liquid material from the eruption entrained in it upwards.
 * As the column rises into less dense surrounding air, it will eventually reach an altitude where the hot, rising air is of the same density as the surrounding cold air. In this neutral buoyancy region, the erupted material will then no longer rise through convection, but solely through any upward momentum which it has. This is called the umbrella region, and is usually marked by the column spreading out sideways. The eruptive material and the surrounding cold air has the same density at the base of the umbrella region, and the top is marked by the maximum height which momentum carries the material upward. Because the speeds are very low or negligible in this region it is often distorted by stratospheric winds.

Column heights

The column will stop rising once it attains an altitude where it is more dense than the surrounding air. Several factors control the height that an eruption column can reach.

Intrinsic factors include the diameter of the erupting vent, the gas content of the magma, and the velocity at which it is ejected. Extrinsic factors can be important, with winds sometimes limiting the height of the column, and the local thermal temperature gradient also playing a role. The atmospheric temperature in the troposphere normally decreases by about 6-7 K/km, but small changes in this gradient can have a large effect on the final column height. Theoretically, the maximum achievable column height is thought to be about 55 km. In practice, column heights ranging from about 2-45 km are seen.

Eruption columns with heights of over 20-40 km break through the tropopause and inject particulates into the stratosphere. Ashes and aerosols in the troposphere are quickly removed by precipitation, but material injected into the stratosphere is much more slowly dispersed, in the absence of weather systems. Substantial amounts of stratospheric injection can have global effects: after Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991, global temperatures dropped by about 0.5 C-change. The largest eruptions are thought to cause temperature drops down to several degrees, and are potentially the cause of some of the known mass extinctions.

Eruption column heights are a useful way of measuring eruption intensity since for a given atmospheric temperature, the column height is proportional to the fourth root of the mass eruption rate. Consequently, given similar conditions, to double the column height requires an eruption ejecting 16 times as much material per second. The column height of eruptions which have not been observed can be estimated by mapping the maximum distance that pyroclasts of different sizes are carried from the vent—the higher the column the further ejected material of a particular mass (and therefore size) can be carried.

The approximate maximum height of an eruption column is given by the equation.
 * H = k(MΔT)1/4

Where:
 * k is a constant that depends on various properties, such as atmospheric conditions.
 * M is the mass eruption rate.
 * ΔT is the difference in temperature between the erupting magma and the surrounding atmosphere.

Column collapse
Eruption columns may become so laden with dense material that they are too heavy to be supported by convection currents. This can suddenly happen if, for example, the rate at which magma is erupted increases to a point where insufficient air is entrained to support it, or if the magma density suddenly increases as denser magma from lower regions in a stratified magma chamber is tapped.

If it does happen, then material reaching the bottom of the convective thrust region can no longer be adequately supported by convection and will fall under gravity, forming a pyroclastic flow or surge which can travel down the slopes of a volcano at speeds of over 100-200 kph. Column collapse is one of the most common and dangerous volcanic hazards in column-creating eruptions.

Aircraft
Several eruptions have seriously endangered aircraft which have encountered or passed by the eruption column. In two separate incidents in 1982, airliners flew into the upper reaches of an eruption column blasted off by Mount Galunggung, and the ash severely damaged both aircraft. Particular hazards were the ingestion of ash stopping the engines, the sandblasting of the cockpit windows rendering them largely opaque and the contamination of fuel through the ingestion of ash through pressurisation ducts. The damage to engines is a particular problem since temperatures inside a gas turbine are sufficiently high that volcanic ash is melted in the combustion chamber, and forms a glass coating on components farther downstream of it, for example on turbine blades.

In the case of British Airways Flight 9, the aircraft lost power on all four engines, and in the other, nineteen days later, three of the four engines failed on a Singapore Airlines 747. In both cases, engines were successfully restarted, but the aircraft were forced to make emergency landings in Jakarta.

Similar damage to aircraft occurred due to an eruption column over Redoubt volcano in Alaska in 1989. Following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, aircraft were diverted to avoid the eruption column, but nonetheless, fine ash dispersing over a wide area in Southeast Asia caused damage to 16 aircraft, some as far as 1,000 km from the volcano.

Eruption columns are not usually visible on weather radar and may be obscured by ordinary clouds or night. Because of the risks posed to aviation by eruption columns, there is a network of nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers around the world which continuously monitor for eruption columns using data from satellites, ground reports, pilot reports and meteorological models.

title: Eruption column


text:
J. Graham Brown School

The J. Graham Brown School, usually called The Brown School, is a small magnet school located in downtown Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It has approximately 750 students in kindergarten through 12th grade, and attracts students from all over Louisville. It is a part of the Jefferson County Public Schools system. The school is noted for its liberal arts curriculum and emphasis on student independence.

Recognitions
Newsweek listed Brown as one of the "Best Schools in America" in both 2009 and 2010, placing them in the top 4% of schools nationwide. Brown was honored by U.S. News & World Report with a Bronze Medal Award in 2007, 2008, and 2009. , every year Brown School had placed in the top three or four schools across the Commonwealth of Kentucky in both the ACT and the Kentucky Core Content Test. Brown High School was the state's top scorer in the 2009 CATS testing cycle.

History
The school was founded in 1971, with classes starting in the fall of 1972 in the Brown Hotel at Fourth Street and Broadway in downtown Louisville. Brown was the first "magnet school" in the JCPS district, and it enrolled students from all parts of Louisville as part of the Louisville School System. As the school grew the neighboring Brown Building was rehabilitated to accommodate it. The lower nine stories of the ten-story Brown Building were ultimately used by the school during its first ten years, before it moved to its present location on South First Street, south of Muhammad Ali Boulevard.

The founding director of J. Graham Brown School was Murray State University graduate Martha Ellison, who, during her earlier teaching career, was the English teacher of playwright Marsha Norman. Upon her retirement, Ellison was succeeded by her longtime assistant director, Douglas Proctor. The Martha A. Ellison Peace Green, across First Street from the school, is named in her honor. the principal of Brown School is Dr. Angela G. Parsons.

Although the school has always referred to itself as the J. Graham Brown School, this name did not become official until 2017. The "J. Graham Brown" name appears on the outside of the current building, and its letterhead and diplomas have always used this name, as have the school's alumni and parent–teacher associations. The name change became official at the March 21, 2017 meeting of the Jefferson County Board of Education.

Notable alumni

 * Mac King, magician
 * Brian McMahan, musician (Slint)
 * Will Oldham, musician
 * Peter Searcy, musician
 * Britt Walford, musician (Slint)
 * Wendy Whelan, ballet dancer (attended)
 * Bradford Young, cinematographer

title: J. Graham Brown School


text:
McClure (crater)

McClure is a small lunar impact crater. It is located along the western edge of the Mare Fecunditatis, due east of the prominent crater Colombo. To the north of McClure is the similar Crozier, and to the southwest is the larger Cook. The outer rim is nearly circular and not significantly worn. The inner walls slope down to a somewhat irregular interior floor. McClure C is attached to the exterior of the northwest rim.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to McClure.

title: McClure (crater)


text:
Interstate 395 (Connecticut–Massachusetts)

Interstate 395 (I-395) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in the U.S. states of Connecticut and Massachusetts; it is maintained by the Connecticut Department of Transportation (CTDOT) and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT). Spanning nearly 67 mi on a south–north axis, it is the only spur route of I-95 in Connecticut. The 36 mi section between its splits from I-95 in East Lyme and SR 695 in Plainfield is a component highway of the Connecticut Turnpike. Within that state, the highway is named the American Ex-Prisoner of War Memorial Highway from Plainfield to Thompson.

The highway was first established as part of the Connecticut Turnpike in 1958, while the Connecticut Route 52 designation was applied to the portion north of the turnpike in 1967. Connecticut Route 52 was intended to become a southern extension of I-290, although the current designation of I-395 was ultimately assigned in 1983.

Route description

 * CT
 * 54.69 mi
 * MA
 * 11.91 mi
 * Total
 * 66.60 mi
 * }
 * Total
 * 66.60 mi
 * }

Connecticut
I-395 begins at the East Lyme–Waterford town line as the Connecticut Turnpike leaves I-95 as the latter route turns more easterly toward New London. It is a relatively rural Interstate for most of its length. It passes through Waterford into Montville where it meets Route 2A at exit 9. Eastbound Route 2A provides access to the Mohegan Sun casino, while westbound Route 2A runs concurrently with I-395 into Norwich and ends at exit 13, where it terminates as it joins its parent route, Route 2. After passing Route 2, I-395 bends to the east, and continues into Lisbon, Griswold, and Plainfield, where it bends more northerly and parallels Route 12 for most of the rest of its length. At the Plainfleld–Killingly town line, the Connecticut Turnpike splits to the east as SR 695, providing access to U.S. Route 6 (US 6) at the Rhode Island state line. I-395 continues north and meets US 6 in Killingly. After crossing into Putnam, it has an interchange with US 44. It then passes through Thompson before crossing the Massachusetts state line into Webster.

Massachusetts
After passing through Webster and Oxford, it enters Auburn where it has an interchange with US 20, which provides access to the Route 146 expressway. The I-395 designation for the highway ends as it meets I-90 (Massachusetts Turnpike) at exits 11A and 11B and becomes I-290 as it heads toward Worcester, although the mileage for I-395 runs in parallel with its I-290 counterpart until it reaches I-495 in Marlborough. It should also be noted that I-395 does not connect directly connect to the Mass Pike, but instead requires MA-12 southbound for access at exit 12 (formerly exit 7), with traffic passing through at least one traffic light crossing.

Service plazas
In Connecticut, there are three service plazas (a legacy of the turnpike) that provide 24-hour gas stations, convenience stores, plus a Subway and Dunkin' Donuts.

 * Montville (milepost 8): It is southbound only between exits 9 and 6.
 * Plainfield (milepost 35): It is northbound and southbound between exits 32 and 35.

The Connecticut State Police Troop E barracks occupies the former service plaza on the northbound side at Montville.

History

The highway that is now I-395 from its southern terminus with I-95 in East Lyme to exit 35 in Plainfield opened on January 2, 1958, as part of the 129 mi Connecticut Turnpike from Greenwich at the New York state line to Killingly at the Rhode Island state line. In 1964, work began on a freeway extension beyond the turnpike in Plainfield north toward Worcester, connecting to the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90). This new freeway, as well as the existing section of the Connecticut Turnpike from East Lyme to Plainfield, would be designated as Connecticut Route 52. The section between Plainfield and US 44 near Putnam opened in 1967, and the section from US 44 to the Massachusetts state line opened in 1969. Massachusetts completed its section of the freeway in 1977.

In 1983, in response to the cancelation of the proposed I-84 extension from Hartford to Providence, CTDOT wished to supplement the state's loss of Interstate mileage by applying an Interstate designation to Connecticut Route 52. Initially, I-290 was to be extended from its southern terminus in Auburn, Massachusetts. However, in 1983, it was decided to instead apply the I-395 designation to the freeway south of I-90.

In May 2013, CTDOT announced that a project that would begin in early 2014 that included renumbering exits along its section of I-395, and Connecticut Route 2A from the then-current sequential numbering system to a distance-based scheme to conform with federal exit numbering standards. During the transition, old exit numbers were posted atop the new exit numbers through 2017 to lessen any confusion. The renumbering began on June 24, 2015, and ended in January 2016; the project included renumbering one sign in Massachusetts announcing the first southbound Connecticut exit.

Exit list
Exit numbers were changed from sequential to distance-based numbering in Connecticut between July and December 2015. Along with Connecticut Route 2A, these are Connecticut's initial distance-based exit numbers. MassDOT also planned to switch exit numbers on all of its Interstates, including I-395, to distance-based numbering in 2016. But the contract to change exit numbers which was to be awarded in December 2015 was indefinitely postponed in the middle of 2016. It was not until November 18, 2019, that MassDOT confirmed that beginning in late summer 2020 the exit renumbering project will begin. On July 29, 2021, MassDOT announced that the exit renumbering on I-395 and I-290 will start on August 8, and it will last for two weeks.


text:
User:MauriceKA

I'm Patrik, mainly working on the German Wikipedia. Just doing minor corrections / additions in English version and adding cross-language links.

Take a look at my German profile.

--MauriceKA 16:55, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

de:User:MauriceKA

title: User:MauriceKA


text:
Parker House roll

A Parker House roll is a bread roll made by flattening the center of a ball of dough with a rolling pin so that it becomes an oval shape, and then folding the oval in half. They are made with milk and are generally quite buttery, soft, and slightly sweet with a crispy shell.

They were invented at the Parker House Hotel in Boston, during the 1870s. The story of their creation has several variations, but they all involve an angry pastry cook throwing unfinished rolls into the oven, which results in their dented appearance. The recipe for Parker House rolls first started appearing in cookbooks in the 1880s. Fannie Farmer gives a recipe for them in her 1896 The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book.

title: Parker House roll