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DreamWorks Animation

DreamWorks Animation LLC (DWA)  (also known as DreamWorks Animation Studios or simply DreamWorks) is an American animation studio owned by Universal Pictures, a division of NBCUniversal, which is itself a subsidiary of Comcast. The studio has released a total of 48 feature films, including several of the highest-grossing animated films of all time, with Shrek 2 (2004) having been the highest at the time of its release. Its first film, Antz, was released on October 2, 1998, and its latest film, Kung Fu Panda 4, was released on March 8, 2024. They have an upcoming theatrical slate of films, which includes The Wild Robot on September 27, 2024, Dog Man on January 31, 2025, The Bad Guys 2 on August 1, 2025, Gabby's Dollhouse: The Movie on September 26, 2025, and Shrek 5 on July 1, 2026.

Formed as a division of DreamWorks Pictures in 1994 with alumni from Amblin Entertainment's former animation branch Amblimation, it was spun off into a separate company in 2004. NBCUniversal acquired DreamWorks Animation at a cost of $3.8 billion in 2016. The studio originally made some traditionally animated films, as well as three stop-motion co-productions with Aardman Animations, but now exclusively relies on computer animation. However, in 2022, president Margie Cohn stated that the studio is open to traditional animation. Its productions, including The Prince of Egypt, Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, and the Shrek, Madagascar, Kung Fu Panda, and How to Train Your Dragon franchises, have received various accolades, including three Academy Awards, 41 Emmy Awards, numerous Annie Awards, and multiple Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations.

Films produced by DreamWorks Animation were originally distributed by DreamWorks Pictures until 2005. Paramount Pictures distributed its releases from 2006 through 2012, and 20th Century Fox (currently known as 20th Century Studios) did the same from 2013 through 2017. Most DWA films from 2019 onward have been released through Universal Pictures, which also owns most of the rights to its back catalogue.

DreamWorks SKG era (1994–2004)
On October 12, 1994, a trio of entertainment players, film director and producer Steven Spielberg, former Disney executive Jeffrey Katzenberg, and music executive David Geffen, founded DreamWorks SKG (the three letters taken from the surnames of the founders). To build the talent base, Spielberg brought over artists from his London-based studio, Amblimation, while Katzenberg recruited some of the top animation staff from Disney. Some of Amblimation's artists came to DreamWorks in 1995, when the studio's last feature, Balto, was completed, with the rest doing so following the studio's closure in 1997.

In 1995, DreamWorks signed a co-production deal with Pacific Data Images to form subsidiary PDI, LLC (PDI owned 60% of PDI, LLC, while DreamWorks SKG owned 40%). This new unit would produce computer-generated feature films, beginning with Antz in 1998. In the same year, DreamWorks SKG produced The Prince of Egypt, which used both CGI technology and traditional animation techniques.

In 1997, DreamWorks partnered with British stop-motion animation studio Aardman Animations to co-produce and distribute Chicken Run (2000), a stop-motion film already in pre-production. Two years later they extended the deal for an additional four films. With Aardman doing stop-motion and the existing traditional and computer productions, they covered all three major styles of animation. This partnership had DreamWorks participating in the production of stop-motion films in Bristol, and also had Aardman participating in some of the CGI films made in the United States.

Three years later, DreamWorks SKG created DreamWorks Animation, a new business division that would regularly produce both types of animated feature films. The same year DW acquired majority interest (90%) in PDI, and reformed it into PDI/DreamWorks, the Northern California branch of its new business division.

In 2001, Shrek was released and went on to win the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Film. Due to the success of CGI animated films, DWA decided the same year to exit hand-drawn animation business after their next two films, Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002) and Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas (2003), making a total of five hand-drawn films. Beginning with Shrek 2 (2004), all released films, other than the stop-motion film Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005) co-produced with Aardman, were produced with CGI. The releases of Shrek 2 and Shark Tale also made DWA the first animation studio to produce two CGI animated features in a single year.

Public corporation (2004–2016)
The animation division was spun off into a publicly traded company named DreamWorks Animation SKG, Inc. (doing business as DreamWorks Animation LLC) on October 27, 2004, and traded via the New York Stock Exchange. Katzenberg headed the new division, while Spielberg and Geffen remained on board as investors and consultants. DWA also inherited interests in PDI/DreamWorks. They made an agreement with their former parent to distribute all of their films until they delivered twelve new films, or December 12, 2010, whichever came last.

On January 31, 2006, DWA entered into a distribution agreement with Paramount Pictures, which recently acquired DWA's former parent and distribution partner, DreamWorks SKG. The agreement granted Paramount the worldwide rights to distribute all animated films, including all of their previously released animated films, until the delivery of 13 new animated feature films or the expiration date of December 31, 2012, whichever came last. Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit was the last film distributed by its former distribution arm and Over the Hedge was the first film distributed by Paramount in May 2006.

DWA's partnership with Aardman ended after the release of Flushed Away in November 2006, having delivered three out of five films. The announcement was made before the film's release, on October 3, citing "creative differences". DWA retained the co-ownership of rights to all films co-produced with Aardman, with an exception being Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005), for which they only kept the worldwide distribution rights.

On March 13, 2007, DreamWorks Animation announced it would release all of its films, beginning with Monsters vs. Aliens (2009), in stereoscopic 3D. Together with Intel, they co-developed a new 3D film-making technology, InTru3D. In 2008, DWA extended its production pipeline into Bangalore, India, where they established a special unit within Technicolor, named DreamWorks Dedicated Unit. The unit is owned by Technicolor, but DreamWorks hires and trains the animators, who then contribute to DreamWorks projects. DDU at first worked only on TV specials, such as Merry Madagascar (2009), Scared Shrekless (2010), and DVD projects. Eventually they started contributing to DreamWorks' feature films as well, beginning with animating part of Puss in Boots (2011). In 2009, the company moved its shares to the NASDAQ as a move designed to save costs.

Since 2009, the studio has been regularly listed in Fortune Magazine's "100 Best Companies to Work For". As the only entertainment company on the list, they ranked 47th in 2009, 6th in 2010, 10th in 2011, 14th in 2012, and 12th in 2013.

Beginning in 2010, the studio had planned to release five feature films over the course of every two years, but the next year the studio revisited their plans, "but beyond 2012, Katzenberg said the studio will play it by year, even if that means abandoning his proclamation that DWA would try to release three pictures in a single year, every other year." In 2010, with the releases of How to Train Your Dragon, Shrek Forever After, and Megamind, DWA became the first animation studio that released three feature-length CG-animated films in a year. The same year, the company purchased the film rights to the Trolls franchise.

Diversification and expansion (2012–2015)
In July 2012, DreamWorks Animation won a $155 million bid to acquire Classic Media, which has since been renamed to DreamWorks Classics. In August 2012, DreamWorks Animation formed a joint venture with Chinese investment companies to establish a Shanghai-based entertainment company, named Oriental DreamWorks, to develop and produce original Chinese films and their derivatives.

According to a Los Angeles Times report, DreamWorks Animation was in talks with Sony Pictures to distribute its upcoming films, such as the 2013 releases of The Croods and Turbo. The report also mentioned a possibility where Sony would handle United States distribution while 20th Century Fox would handle international distribution. Renewal of the deal with Paramount was also open, but only with more favorable terms for Paramount (they even offered a one-year extension of the deal, but Katzenberg desired to get a better deal). Around the same time, DreamWorks Animation entered talks with Warner Bros. for a potential distribution deal as well, only to be turned down by the studio.

In August 2012, DreamWorks Animation signed a five-year distribution deal with Fox for all territories. However, the deal did not include the distribution rights of previously released films, which DWA acquired from Paramount later in 2014. Rise of the Guardians (2012) was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Paramount, and The Croods became the first DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by 20th Century Fox.

On April 11, 2013, DreamWorks Animation announced that it has acquired the intellectual property for the Trolls franchise from the Dam Family and Dam Things. DreamWorks Animation, which has "big plans for the franchise", has become the exclusive worldwide licensor of the merchandise rights, except for Scandinavia, where Dam Things remains the licensor. On May 1, Katzenberg and DWA announced their intent to purchase YouTube channel AwesomenessTV, which was finalized later in the month.

The following month, DWA announced a multi-year content deal to provide 300 hours of exclusive original content to the video on demand Internet streaming media provider, Netflix. Part of the intent of the deal was in part to establish a more reliable income for DWA to defray the financial risk of solely relying on the theatrical film market. The next day, DWA completed a five-year licensing agreement with Super RTL to start that September for the Classic Media library and the Netflix slate. With the Netflix and Super RTL deals in place for TV, DWA announced executive hiring for its new television group, DreamWorks Animation Television in late July. Former Nickelodeon senior executive Margie Cohn became Head of Television for the group. In September that same year, DreamWorks announced that it has acquired the TV library of London-based Chapman Entertainment with the programs to distributed through DWA's UK-based TV distribution operation.

The next year, in February, DreamWorks announced the foundation of a new publishing division called DreamWorks Press, to publish books in print and digital form. In June, the rights to Felix the Cat were acquired by DreamWorks Animation from Felix the Cat Productions, owned by Don Oriolo. The same month, DreamWorksTV channel debuted on YouTube and operated by AwesomenessTV. DreamWorks Animation then purchased Paramount's distribution rights to the pre-2013 library in July, and since then, DreamWorks Animation's then-distribution partner 20th Century Fox has distributed the library on their behalf until 2018, in which DreamWorks Animation's parent company Universal Pictures has assumed these responsibilities.

The studio was reported to be acquired twice in the end of 2014. First, it was reported in September that the Japanese conglomerate SoftBank was in talks to acquire DreamWorks Animation for a price of $3.4 billion, but the next day, it was reported that SoftBank had withdrawn its offer. Next on November 12, it was reported that Hasbro was in talks to buy DreamWorks Animation in November. The proposal reportedly calls for the combined company to take the name "DreamWorks-Hasbro" and for Jeffrey Katzenberg to become its chairman, but as a matter of policy, neither Hasbro nor DWA publicly comment on mergers and acquisitions. Two days later, the talks were reported to have fallen through.

DreamWorks Animation announced their launch into the television broadcasting business on December 9, 2014, by creating their own channel called the DreamWorks Channel. With HBO Asia handling affiliate sales, marketing and technical services, the network launched in several Asian countries (except China and Japan) in the second half of 2015. The channel first premiered in English on August 1, 2015, and a Thai-dubbed channel launched in September 2015. Also in December, DWA sold a 25% stake in AwesomenessTV for $81.25 million to the Hearst Corporation.

On January 5, 2015, DreamWorks Animation announced that Bonnie Arnold, producer of the How to Train Your Dragon series and Mireille Soria, producer of the Madagascar series were named co-presidents of the studio's feature animation division. At the same time, it was also announced that Bill Damaschke would step down from his position as Chief Creative Officer. So far, under Arnold and Soria's current tenure they signed Jason Reitman and Edgar Wright to work on their own animation debuts. Two weeks later, PDI/DreamWorks completely shut down as part of its parent company's larger restructuring efforts due to the box office underperformance of Penguins of Madagascar (2014), cutting 500 jobs.

Universal Pictures acquisition (2016–present)
On April 28, 2016, Comcast officially announced that its NBCUniversal division intended on acquiring DreamWorks Animation for $3.8 billion, valuing the company at $41 per share. Jeffrey Katzenberg was to remain involved in the company as head of DreamWorks New Media, but was to cede control of the studio to Illumination's CEO Chris Meledandri, who would oversee both. The sale was approved by board members, but subject to regulatory approval.

At Guggenheim Partners' TMT Symposium, NBCUniversal CEO Steve Burke discussed how the purchase of DWA would fit into its business strategies. Burke explained that Meledandri planned to "take a lot of the existing DreamWorks franchises and add value as we create new franchises", and that the main goal was to "[take] the low-single-digit returns of the movie business and turn it into a different kind of business" by creating new intellectual property that can be merchandised and adapted into theme park attractions. Burke reaffirmed a commitment to animated features, stating that Universal Pictures would be able to release as many as four animated films per-year, divided between DreamWorks and Illumination. Burke also outlined that the purchase would be beneficial to Universal's expanding presence in China (where it was building a new Universal Studios park in Beijing).

On June 21, 2016, the acquisition was approved by the United States Department of Justice. The purchase was closed on August 22, 2016; the company now operates as a subsidiary of Universal Pictures.

DreamWorks Animation's last films distributed by 20th Century Fox were Trolls (2016), The Boss Baby (2017) and Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie (2017), and their first film distributed by Universal was How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019).

Although a spokesperson stated that Meledandri would work with Universal Pictures to determine "the most effective path forward for Illumination and DreamWorks Animation", he did not take over DreamWorks as was previously announced, and the two studios remain separate. Arnold and Soria retained their positions as co-presidents of DreamWorks' Feature Animation division, while Margie Cohn would lead a television animation division for the entire Universal Studios group. DreamWorks' digital, marketing, consumer products, and gaming divisions were absorbed into NBCUniversal.

On December 21, 2016, Soria stepped down from her position as co-president of DreamWorks' Feature Animation division.

In January 2017, Christopher DeFaria joined DreamWorks Animation in the newly created position of president of the DreamWorks Feature Animation Group. As president, DeFaria oversaw all aspects of DWA's feature animation business, including slate strategy, development, production; innovation and technology; and business affairs.

On August 1, 2017, it was announced that DreamWorks Animation and Blumhouse Productions would be working on Blumhouse's first animated film, Spooky Jack. The film was initially set to be released on September 17, 2021, but was removed from the release schedule as The Bad Guys (2022) took over its release date.

On October 6, 2017, it was announced that Abhijay Prakash would be COO of DWA. He was later promoted to president of the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group in February 2019 following the release of How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, and DreamWorks Animation subsequently hired former Sony Pictures Imageworks head Randy Lake as the new chief operating officer of the company three months later.

On November 13, 2017, it was announced that DreamWorks Animation had started a shorts program, called DreamWorks Shorts, which would show original animated short films before DWA's feature films, much akin to what Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios do for their feature films. The first short film to be produced under the program was Bird Karma, which premiered in Spring 2018.

On February 2, 2018, CMC Capital Partners bought DreamWorks', Shanghai Media Group's, and Shanghai Alliance Investment's stakes in Oriental DreamWorks, owning the studio in its entirety; Oriental DreamWorks was later renamed to Pearl Studio. Pearl Studio collaborated with DreamWorks to produce Abominable (2019), with the film's original director, Jill Culton, returning.

On February 27, 2018, DreamWorks Animation announced that Kelly Betz has been promoted as Chief Financial Officer.

On May 2, 2018, Hulu announced its first license deal with DreamWorks Animation, becoming the exclusive streaming home for future DWA feature films, as well as library films. DWA had streamed exclusively through Netflix since 2013.

On July 25, 2018, Viacom Media Networks announced that it was in talks to acquire AwesomenessTV for a fraction of the company's $650 million valuation in 2016. Two days later on July 27, 2018, Viacom officially acquired AwesomenessTV for $25–50 million and integrated the company into Viacom Digital Studios. Jordan Levin left his position as CEO following the acquisition. However, the deal does not include the DreamWorksTV YouTube channel, which is still retained by NBCUniversal, where it was integrated into NBCU Digital Enterprises Group, a new digital entertainment division led by President Maggie Suniewick. On July 30, 2018, Variety reported that the deal is worth at least $50 million.

On November 6, 2018, it was announced that Meledandri would be helping Universal and DreamWorks to revive the Shrek franchise. Meledandri intends, however, to retain the original voice actors, as he pointed out they were perhaps the most memorable parts of the series. The first film in this collaboration, Puss in Boots: The Last Wish, on which Meledandri served as executive producer, was released in December 2022 to universal acclaim and commercial success.

On January 9, 2019, DeFaria stepped down from his position as president of the company, with DreamWorks Animation Television head Margie Cohn promoted to oversee all film and television operations.

On January 16, 2020, five new DreamWorks Animation shows were announced for Hulu and NBCUniversal's new video streaming service Peacock.

On August 5, 2022, DreamWorks announced plans to release their rendering software MoonRay as an open-source software in late 2022. It was released on March 15, 2023.

On October 6, 2023, Cartoon Brew reported that DreamWorks Animation was moving away from producing films in-house at their Glendale campus to rely more heavily on outside studios after 2024, as part of a layoff by chief operating officer Randy Lake in a series of meetings the previous month. Low morale was cited. According to the report, Sony Pictures Imageworks was named as the animation service for one of DreamWorks' two unannounced films scheduled for 2025, the film being a sequel. The film will use a "mixed production model", in which pre-production would be done in-house at DreamWorks along with approximately 50% of the asset build and one hour of production, while Imageworks will handle the other 50% of asset builds and 20 minutes of shot production.

Logo
DreamWorks Animation is known for its logo, which is a boy fishing on the moon. The logo originated from DreamWorks Pictures, debuting in 1997. It was later used as the standard logo for DreamWorks Animation from Antz (1998) to Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas (2003).

In 2004, DreamWorks unveiled its own logo, in which the boy flies up to the moon via balloons. It originally had music adapted from the track "Fairytale" for the film Shrek (2001), the logo was composed by Harry Gregson-Williams, one of the co-composers of Shrek and the composer of the whole Shrek franchise as well as other DreamWorks films. The logo was used from Shrek 2 (2004) to Monsters vs. Aliens (2009).

In 2010, DreamWorks unveiled a new logo, this time with the boy fishing on the moon in space. An updated version of the fanfare accompanied this logo, and the logo would be used from How to Train Your Dragon (2010) to Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie (2017).

Two years after its acquisition by Universal Pictures in 2016, a new DreamWorks Animation logo was introduced. It is said that it pays homage to the evolution of animation. It received a new fanfare composed by John Powell, the other composer of the first Shrek and other DreamWorks films, adapting some cues from Shrek 2 and tones from John Williams' DreamWorks Pictures fanfare to create the music for the logo. The logo debuted on the first trailer of How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World in 2018, but the full animated version and the new fanfare debuted on February 22, 2019, with the release of the film, for which Powell also composed the score.

On November 25, 2022, a new logo was announced. The boy on the moon was redubbed as the Moon Child to relate to anyone. The logo showcases the Moon Child flying on the crescent moon, interacting with several DreamWorks characters before settling on the moon. It features characters from The Bad Guys (2022), How to Train Your Dragon, Kung Fu Panda, The Boss Baby, Trolls, and Shrek, and a rearranged score by Harry Gregson-Williams, finally returning after making the fanfare for the 2010 logo, with elements of the previous fanfare by John Powell. The logo was created by production designer Kendal Cronkhite (the Trolls films), Suzanne Buirgy (Home (2015) and Abominable (2019)) and a team of 10–40 people, taking eight months to complete. The characters that appear in the logo also have different designs to better fit in the continuity. It made its debut on November 22, 2022, as an unlisted video on DreamWorks' YouTube channel and made its on-screen debut in Puss in Boots: The Last Wish. Character appearance in the logo started to change with the release of Trolls Band Together (2023), with the Kung Fu Panda, The Boss Baby, and Trolls franchises being replaced with the Madagascar and The Croods franchises and Puss in Boots (2011) and its aforementioned sequel.

Process
Many of DreamWorks Animation's films are animated internally at their Glendale campus, but some of their films were animated by Pacific Data Images, a subsidiary of DreamWorks, until its closure in 2015, in a similar fashion to Illumination, which has its films animated by Illumination Studios Paris. Films include Shrek and its two sequels, the Madagascar film series, and Megamind. Puss in Boots and Penguins of Madagascar were partially animated at its Bangalore campus called DreamWorks Dedicated Unit (DDU).

Additionally, DreamWorks occasionally outsources its animation production to other studios. For example, Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie was animated by Mikros Image alongside Technicolor Animation Productions and Spirit Untamed, and production assets for The Boss Baby: Family Business, The Bad Guys and Kung Fu Panda 4 were provided by Jellyfish Pictures, which also did the marketing custom animation for Trolls World Tour alongside Minimo VFX, which provided rigging for Spirit Untamed. It is currently unknown what outside animation studio(s) will animate Dog Man, The Bad Guys 2, Gabby's Dollhouse: The Movie, or Shrek 5.

Since 2018, DreamWorks has used their in-house render MoonRay, which was first used on the short film Bilby and animation system Premo for their films.

Most of DreamWorks' films tend to cost between $125–165 million, but Monsters vs. Aliens is the studio's most expensive film to date, with a budget of $175 million. After the release of How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, DreamWorks films started to have much lower costs in the $65–100 million range, similar to its sister studio, Illumination. Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie and Spirit Untamed, cost $38 million and $30 million respectively.

DreamWorks does not have a house style. In an interview with Animation Magazine in 2012, Bill Damaschke stated that the studio doesn't stick to one specific film tone and that it's about leaning into the sensibilities of the filmmakers who work on their films, citing Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and Rise of the Guardians contrasting each other. Margie Cohn reaffirmed not having a house style in 2022, stating that the studio can release a film that looks like The Bad Guys, Puss in Boots: The Last Wish, or Trolls.

Partnerships
DreamWorks Animation has an ongoing partnership with Hewlett-Packard that has been active since 2002, and the studio exclusively uses HP workstations and servers. In 2005, DWA partnered with HP to introduce HP Halo Telepresence Solutions, technologies that allow people in different locations to communicate in a face-to-face environment in real time.

In 2005, AMD signed a three-year deal to provide Opteron processors to the studio. This relationship ended in 2008, and DreamWorks announced that they would use Intel Xeon processors for all future productions. The same year, both companies announced a technology called InTru3D that allows DreamWorks to produce all of their future films in 3D, beginning with Monsters vs. Aliens.

DreamWorks also has a partnership with NetApp in order to supply cloud-based storage that allows the company to complete its films.

The DreamWorks Experience: Royal Caribbean Cruiseline
The DreamWorks Experience is a package of character interactions and experiences, including shows: Ice shows, Aqua shows, Sailaway parties, parades, wow moments, meet and greets, and character dining, featuring from the Shrek franchise: Shrek, Princess Fiona, Puss in Boots, and Kitty Softpaws, the Kung Fu Panda franchise: Po the Panda, Tigress the Tiger, the Madagascar franchise: Alex the Lion, Gloria the Hippo, King Julien the Ringtail Lemur, Mort the goodman Lemur, The Penguins: Skipper, Kowalski, Rico, Private, the How To Train Your Dragon franchise: Toothless, Meatlug, Stoick, Valka, Gobber, and other DreamWorks Animation characters.

The DreamWorks Experience was announced for Royal Caribbean cruise ships, including ships of the Freedom Class (Freedom and Liberty), Voyager Class (Voyager of the Seas), Oasis Class (Oasis, Allure, Harmony), and Quantum Class (Quantum, Anthem, Ovation) in June 2010. On April 11, 2019, the DreamWorks program was removed from all ships due to DreamWorks and Royal Caribbean not renewing their contract.

The DreamWorks Experience: Gaylord Hotels (2011–2015)
In April 2011, the DreamWorks Experience was announced for resorts owned by Gaylord Entertainment in Nashville, Orlando, Dallas, and Washington, D.C. for a four-year contract ending January 1, 2015. After Gaylord was bought out by Marriott, Marriott owners did not renew the contract.

The DreamWorks Experience: Dreamworld in Australia (2011–2022)
On November 10, 2011, the Australian theme park Dreamworld announced a three-stage plan to incorporate DreamWorks Animation films and characters into the park. The three phases were expected to cost $10 million to complete. On December 19, 2011, Dreamworld opened the DreamWorks Holiday Shrektacular Show which featured 8 DreamWorks Animation characters live on stage. This was the first of a three-phase plan to incorporate the characters into the theme park. The show concluded on January 27, 2012. On February 1, 2012, following the peak season, Dreamworld closed most of the rides in Kid's World. The 8400 sqm area was rethemed into the DreamWorks Experience precinct over a period of two months. This phase was officially opened to the public on March 31, 2012.

On July 15, 2012, Dreamworld closed the Avalanche in order for construction to continue on the final development phase of the DreamWorks Animation alliance, Kung Fu Panda: Land of Awesomeness. The new area included a new set of bumper cars, Skadoosh, as well as Dreamworld's eighth thrill ride, Pandamonium, and the Kung Fu Academy.

On November 24, 2022, Dreamworld announced a $55m investment to the park, which included Kenny and Belinda's Dreamland, a new themed area to replace the existing DreamWorks Experience area in 2023. Most of the rides remained in the new rethemed area, while the attractions based on Kung Fu Panda were moved to Ocean Parade.

DreamPlay by DreamWorks: City of Dreams Manila
The world's first indoor interactive play and creativity center theme park located within City of Dreams Manila opened on June 12, 2015.

DreamWorks Water Park
On July 11, 2012, then CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg announced it would build the DreamWorks Water Park, an indoor water park at American Dream in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The park would have attractions from Shrek, Madagascar, Kung Fu Panda and How To Train Your Dragon franchises. Triple Five Group stated in June 2018 that the water park would open in the end of 2019. By November 2018, the mall's vice president of communications announced that the water park would open in September 2019. By that date, the opening was delayed to November 27, 2019. On November 21, 2019, days before the planned opening, it was delayed to March 19, 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the opening date was delayed indefinitely. The park eventually opened to the public on October 1, 2020.

DreamWorks Land
On July 20, 2023, Universal Studios Florida announced that they will open a new themed area known as DreamWorks Land in 2024, replacing the former KidsZone space at Universal Orlando Resort. The area will include DreamWorks Animation franchise like Shrek, Kung Fu Panda, Trolls, and Gabby's Dollhouse. The upcoming attraction is nearing completion, as the attraction has a planned opening date on June 14, 2024.

Notable people

 * Chris Meledandri, Senior Advisor
 * Alessandro Pepe, FX Animator
 * Nafees Bin Zafar, Principal Engineer

title: DreamWorks Animation


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SingleTrac

SingleTrac Entertainment Technologies, Inc. was an American video game developer, mostly for the PlayStation platform. The management team and much of the original development team came from Evans & Sutherland, bringing their 3D graphics and software engineering skills into the video game industry. Its most famous titles were the Twisted Metal and Jet Moto video game series.

SingleTrac was founded in 1994 by Michael Ryder (the president), Todd Kelly, and Michael Bartholomew.

The company's first two games, WarHawk and Twisted Metal, were major critical and commercial successes, leading publisher Sony Computer Entertainment to contract two further games from SingleTrac. SingleTrac had ambitions of becoming a video game publisher as well as developer. In early 1997, the company signed a deal with Microsoft to enable them to publish PC games, but these plans never came to fruition. Later in 1997, SingleTrac signed on as a developer for the Nintendo 64, but they ultimately never produced any Nintendo 64 games. After producing the two contracted games for Sony Computer Entertainment, SingleTrac was bought by the video game publisher GT Interactive, which was then bought by the French company Infogrames.

The SingleTrac studio was closed down in 2000.

Lineage
A group of SingleTrac employees broke off and formed the game studio Incognito Entertainment in 1999, and went on to make some additional entries in the former SingleTrac franchise Twisted Metal and a sequel to SingleTrac's first game WarHawk, both for Sony Computer Entertainment. In 2009, most of the team members left Incognito to form Eat Sleep Play and LightBox Interactive rendering Incognito defunct. Both studios would go on to develop the same two former SingleTrac franchises Incognito made entries in - Eat Sleep Play developed a PS3 entry in the Twisted Metal series and LightBox Interactive developed a spiritual successor to the Warhawk series, Starhawk. Eat Sleep Play transitioned to mobile development right before releasing its PS3 entry in the Twisted Metal series and shutting down in 2017. LightBox Interactive's contract with Sony expired right after the release of Starhawk and is considered defunct since 2012.

Developed games

 * WarHawk (PlayStation, 1995)
 * Twisted Metal (PlayStation, 1995)
 * Twisted Metal 2 (PlayStation, PC, 1996)
 * Jet Moto (PlayStation, PC, 1996)
 * Jet Moto 2 (PlayStation, 1997)
 * Critical Depth (PlayStation, 1997)
 * Rogue Trip: Vacation 2012 (PlayStation, 1998)
 * Streak: Hoverboard Racing (PlayStation, 1998)
 * Outwars (PC, 1998)
 * Animorphs: Shattered Reality (PlayStation, 2000)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SingleTrac


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Misato, Akita

Misato (美郷町) is a town located in Akita Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 18,151 in 6603 households and a population density of 110 persons per km2The total area was 168.34 sqkm.

Geography
Misato is located at the far southeastern of Akita Prefecture, bordered by the Ōu Mountains and Iwate Prefecture to the east. It is situated in the eastern part of the Yokote Basin, on alluvial fans formed by the Maruko River and its tributaries, with abundant spring water.

Neighboring municipalities
Akita Prefecture Iwate Prefecture
 * Daisen
 * Yokote
 * Nishiwaga

Climate
Misato has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is heaviest from August to October. The average annual temperature in Misato is 14.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1743 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around -3.8 °C.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Misato peaked at around the year 1960 and has been in steady decline since then.

History
The area of present-day Misato was part of ancient Dewa Province, dominated by the Satake clan during the Edo period, who ruled Kubota Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. The area was organized into six villages within Semboku District, Akita with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. The village of Rokugō was raised to town status in 1891. The town of Misato was established on November 1, 2004, from the merger of the towns of Senhata and Rokugō, with the village of Sennan.

Government
Misato has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 16 members. Misato, together with the city of Daisen contributes five members to the Akita Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Akita 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Misato is based on agriculture and forestry. Rice is the primary cash crop. Industries are centered around food processing, with sake brewing and fermented foods made from soybeans such as natto, miso, and soy sauce predominant.

Education
Misato has three public elementary schools and one public middle school operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Akita Prefectural Board of Education.

Railway
East Japan Railway Company - Ōu Main Line
 * Gosannen - Iizume

Sister city relations

 * – Ruisui, Hualien, Taiwan (friendship city)

Local attractions

 * Hotta-no-saku, National Historic Site

Noted people from Misato

 * Kosugi Tengai, author

title: Misato, Akita


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Geeta Zutshi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. The article defaults to "keep." Joyous 16:11, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Geeta Zutshi
This article claims that Geeta Zutshi is a famed athlete, yet no information can be found to support such a claim. A minor 24 hits turn up on google. Should this article be deleted? GRider\talk 19:05, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, international and olympic athlete, national record holder. Kappa 22:55, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, under the bar of notability for me, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 06:22, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Achieved success in Asian competitions, Qualifies for notability just.Capitalistroadster 15:39, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Grumble Kappa 17:25, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Indian and Asian record-setter. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:39, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not establish notability. JamesBurns 10:58, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Arunachal Pradesh

Unsourced map
I have removed this supposed Chinese map from the main page because I couldn't find its source. If anybody knows, please discuss it here. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 20:30, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

Gaon bura
One of the image captions says:"A Adi Gaonbura commonly found both in Arunachal Pradesh and China". It should be changed to say: "An Adi gaon bura (village head) commonly found both in Arunachal Pradesh and China". It is unclear whether "commonly found" is about the role (village head) or the tribe (Adi). 2001:1BA8:1482:1200:353B:51BC:CAE8:9450 (talk) 11:30, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅, and used the image description. The previous description in the image was to set a certain narrative by sock puppet. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 14:47, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 13 April 2024
NortheastStories (talk) 04:43, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Discuss the Taniland Insurgency, under the insurgency section. I feel that it is important for the context of Arunachal.
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  (talk | contribs) 05:58, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

Shouldn't the Emblem be and state symbols be removed?
Gilgit Baltistan, Azad Kashmir, and Ladakh dont have state symbols or their emblem featured due to the territory being disputed and to make it less contriversial. With that logic, because a war happened between China and India in Arunachal pradesh, and is still disputed, the emblem and state symbol should be removed. Eehuiio (talk) 23:22, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arunachal Pradesh


text:
Talk:Seafloor spreading

Ocean growth
I think that the ocean in fact does not get bigger because of plate tectonics. If the magma spreads the plates apart and creates more oceanic crust, then the oceanic plates will just go below other plates and the ocean will get new crust and lose old crust. I do think, however, that the land masses will get bigger from the rifts on the land and the land plates will go over all the oceanic crusted plates. User:65.74.253.34

 * Quite right - the rate of new crust formation at mid ocean ridges must be balanced by subduction otherwise the Earth would have to grow. The history of the formation of contintal crust is currently an area of active research. However, I think it is fair to say that, over the Earth's history, the area of the contintal crust has grown. For example, volcanic island arcs have formed in the ocean basins and moved towards subduction zones where they are accreted to the continent forming new continetal crust. User:Andreww
 * Formation does not have to be balanced by subduction. For example, folding can shorten length, either of ocean material or by raising the Himalayas instead of quietly subducting India.  Continental plates may get subducted rather than oceanic, thus more ocean.  There are many factors, such as erosion filling the Gulf of Mexico.  Also, perhaps "ocean getting bigger" is not correct if one uses Iceland as being part of spreading — there crust grew to the surface and although there is spreading it may make more land rather than making more oceanic crust. (SEWilco 09:56, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC))
 * Correct, the ocean as a whole does not get bigger, but the pacific ocean is shrinking. This is because there are more subduction zones than ridges around the Pacfic plate. This is balanced by the atlantic ocean, which is growing as fast as the PAcific is shrinking. -Anonymous

The Earth can't get bigger due to subduction zones that destroy the older rock, so you are indeed correct that the ocean floor does not get bigger. It's almost like two steps forward and two steps back.

 * I understand the prinicple of earth remianing the same size due to subduction, formation, etc. However, something has always baffled my mind. As with water, when it cools, and freezes, the volume of the water expands. Do the materials that earth is comprised of, follow a similar pattern? Because with the theory that earth is "cooling off" this would imply that the volume of earth will infact change over time. Emilyjane 22:25, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Water is unique in that there is no other known substance that expands when it solidifies, so the Earth wouldn't be expanding due to cooling. Every second the Earth is bombarded by billions of particles and meteorites, increasing the mass of the Earth. At the same time, the Earth loses gas molecules from the upper atmoshpere all the time. The percentage of Earth's total size that any of these changes represent is negligible, however.—WAvegetarian• CONTRIBUTIONS TALK • EMAIL • 05:49, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

I agree with a guy above me.Vinaq 19:57, 6 March 2007 (UTC)Vinaq

Yes, it maybe true on the part that it may be a cycle so the earth would not get bigger, however, it doesn't really answer the question given by Emilyjane. If that is so therefore in the future the ice that has been melted would not contribute to the volume of water in the earth? it is 70% water and only 30% of land mass, would that percentage increase? vahn_dinio 10:25, 15 May 2008

 * Depends on many things. The ocean levels were recently over 100 feet lower, but it's hard for them to rise 100 feet above the current level because shallow seas on land so greatly expands the volume to be filled in order to rise.  Ratio calculators then have to decide how much salt marsh is to be counted as ocean.  The ratio hasn't changed recently because it takes a long time for continents to grow or shrink, and even a depleted ocean still fills the ocean basin once it falls off the continental shelf..  -- SEWilco (talk) 04:45, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
Is it just me, or is this hard to read? I think it needs cleanup, but I need approval before the stamp goes up. -Anonymous

Passive upwelling caused by subduction
I finished my geophysics degree almost 10 years ago but at that time we were taught that the driving mechanism was the weight of the subducting slab pulling the oceanic crust along. The magma coming up at the mid-ocean ridges is described as "passively upwelling". I am quite surprised that this article mentions there is still some debate over the mechanism of sea-sloor spreading. Is this really so? Can smoeone point to some recent papers on this matter? The arguments I heard 10 years ago seemed quite compelling but beyond old university notes I can't really give any sources. To me, the obvious problem with magma forcing itself out is why would this push the plates sideways? Would it not just pile up on the ocean floor, a la hot-spot island arc volcanoes? One would also need a driving force to push this magma up and none has yet been identified, to my knowledge. As an aside, I also recall how there was some theory that magma plumes in the Earth's mantle were caused when a down-going subducted slab hit the Earth's outer core. Again, this is only a tenuous theory and I can't back it up.Robruss24 (talk) 16:47, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Huh - I thought I had fixed that here, must have been another article. Slab pull is definitely the dominant mechanism. I'm not sure about the plumes triggered by subduction theory as plates are 2D convection and plumes are 1D convection... but I haven't read about it either. I will fix, then find a source. Awickert (talk) 20:22, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Just a thought: so what drives the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? it's a passive margin on both sides, so I can only think it would be related to subduction processes elsewhere on Earth or something about supercontinent break-up. Awickert (talk) 20:27, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * That is the problem with only using slab-pull as your driving force. Ridge-push is still AFAIK regarded as a subsidiary mechanism, but in the case of the Atlantic is may be dominant, helping to explain why the spreading on the mid-Atlantic ridge is relatively slow. However, due to the lack of subduction zones around the edges of the Atlantic, the full picture means that the other margins of the plates involved have to be considered. That's OK in most of the Americas, but for Africa, which is itself extending internally, it's a bit more difficult. I don't think that there is 'an answer' out there at the moment. Mikenorton (talk) 11:24, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * From what I know, although ridge push persists in textbooks, it's been taken out of consideration for a while now. I'll qualify the slab pull statement with an "active margins" clause. I think the "best answer" is from mantle plumes, and mantle response to the conductive lid of the continents over long periods of time, which can be linked to continental rifting and cycles of supercontinent creation and break-up... but I think the ultimate jury is still out. Awickert (talk) 18:01, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

The problem is that although the section is titled Search for a Mechanism and Debate, neither of these things is at all discussed; rather one mechanism is posited, unqualified as to importance, as the mechanism. As noted above, it was qualified somewhat with the "active margins" clause, but no context for active margins is given.

There does, in fact seem to be debate on the mechanisms; ridge push is not discussed, neither how it is thought to work, nor the reason it is not currently considered the greatest factor in the movement rates. It is, however, a factor and should be discussed, if at least in terms of the 'debate'. As I understand it, basal drag has traditionally been considered a considerable force, too. In fact, unless I understand it incorrectly, Hess considered this force to be what caused rifting in the first place because of the force that a laterally moving convection current exerts upon the crust.124.171.62.71 (talk) 08:58, 26 August 2014 (UTC)

Observed on any other planet?
This process (without a sea) appears not to occur on any other planet or moon in the solar system. [See section 9 of Plate tectonics]. Is that worth mentioning? --Tediouspedant (talk) 23:04, 6 March 2010 (UTC

There are no pictures of geysers on Europa. So it appears not. I've seen no evidence of plates on the moon. I've seen no evidence of plates on earth, only earthquakes - which could just as easily by tidal forces on land. Why is this a thing?

Why is expanding Earth ignored?
Earth expands... sea floor spreads... continents move further apart... continents flatten... intra-plate earthquakes... d'oh! It's sooo obvious but too hard to go back and admit plate tectonics is shite! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.162.74.172 (talk) 06:45, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

 * See our expanding earth article, which explains why it's regarded as very much a fringe theory today. Mikenorton (talk) 07:12, 24 August 2011 (UTC)

Clarification needed in the lead
In the lead we find this phrase:
 * The theory is well accepted now, and the phenomenon is known to be caused by convection currents in the plastic, very weak upper mantle, or asthenosphere.

It is not clear to from the text in the lead if convection is happening in the asthenosphere it self or in the mantle under it. For me it seems more likely that the astenosphere is the boundary layer between convecting mantle and rigid lithospheric mantle. That part of lead does cite a 1971 paper, I would suspect there are newer sources that are more clear and assertive on the subject.

—Lappspira (talk) 00:15, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I have looked at some recent sources and, currently, two proposed models are in favour, each with good points and problems. One model postulates that convection occurs in the asthenosphere only. The other model postulates convection throughout the entire mantle. Therefore, I agree that the sentence in the Introduction section that you have tagged with "clarification needed" does need further revision and more recent sources. I can try to revise the text of this article as soon as I have enough time. GeoWriter (talk) 22:36, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

half-space model
Because this section deals largely with mid-ocean ridge depth profiles I suggest it be moved to the mid-ocean ridges article. BrucePL (talk) 19:10, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Unlike Bruce I'm not an expert in this, but it seems to me this is supposedly a (very rough) model for the global profile of the ocean floor, not only for the profile of mid-ocean ridges. If this is so, it should remain here. Correct me if I am wrong.
 * Anyway if it will be moved, perhaps at least a link to this model should appear in the current article. As for myself, as far as I remember when I looked (a few years ago) for a model of ocean floor level, I looked at the current article, but found none - that's why I dove a bit to the subject and added the model here. So it seems to me a place where other people will search for this info as well.Dan Gluck (talk) 19:49, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Great Dan! We made contact. Thanks for placing the half-space model in the article. I've yet to take on the challenge of editing equations. About the Move: Consider that Seafloor spreading is a process. Mid-ocean ridges are features that result from that process. The morphology of a MOR can be explained by heat flow models like the half-space model. The half-space model doesn't explain SFS. BrucePL (talk) 15:24, 30 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Hey, sorry for late response. You're right. Feel free to move it to MOR article. However, this model can still be used to assess to velocity of SFS according to sea floor morphology, so consider mentioning this in the current article in this context. Dan Gluck (talk) 08:51, 7 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Until you decide otherwise, I have added a "see also" to the Mid-ocean ridge section.Dan Gluck (talk) 16:18, 20 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks Dan. Sorting out my workload now. Thought about placing the half-space treatment in a Notes section in MOR with text directing to it. What do you think? BrucePL (talk) 19:18, 21 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Usually equations, theoretical considerations, models etc. are placed in the text itself, not in a notes section. I think it's better just to have another section about that on that article.Dan Gluck (talk) 13:20, 23 April 2018 (UTC)

Good grief! Has it been over a year since we corresponded about this? I just did a bunch of edits on the MOR page and was reminded of the half-space chat we had. I'll set about copying the model to MOR with a link on SFS article to the model section on MOR. BrucePL (talk) 16:46, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I expanded this section to add content on the cooling plate model that explains ocean depth and heat flow. I left out the math, which is long and daunting algebra. Some colleagues have suggested that the cooling models might best be their own article that are linked to MOR and SFS, Thoughts? BrucePL (talk) 21:58, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

This section is now on its own page Seafloor depth versus age. I will do some consolidating of this section and delete the math because it is now on its own page. Links on this page will direct reader to the details on the new page. BrucePL (talk) 00:05, 31 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Dan. Take a look at the new page and tell me what you think. BrucePL (talk) 00:08, 31 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi Bruce sorry for late response. Seems great. I would love to look at this other model and elaborate a bit more on its results. Dan Gluck (talk) 16:59, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

What does determine the direction and drift of lithosphere plates ?
What does determine the direction and drift of lithosphere plates ? And what does give the force to move the plates and what is a reason that somewhere arise a knew Rift ? So what is the reason, that somewhere the lithosphere-plate is heating up ? I would say it's the Mantle Convection, but the german Wikipedia says, it's not that. it's the weight of the plates. I think that's not true.

Sorry for my english. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:1203:ECBD:A300:5D01:CC46:C2D6:57D2 (talk) 07:37, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

WP:SPLIT for Seafloor global topography
I worked on this section adding the cooling plate model for seafloor depth (and crustal heat flow). I suggest that this topic be made its own page and creating short content on the Seafloor Spreading (and Mid-ocean ridge page) that directs a reader to the new page.

My thinking is that the derivation of the cooling mantle model is fairly advanced; it includes solving partial differential equations, not usually encountered in WP STEM pages.

The derivation is useful, however, as it includes fundamental principles of solving differential equations by setting boundary conditions and approximations.

Thoughts anyone? BrucePL (talk) 19:45, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

plate tectonics is in fact also driven by convection, but one that includes the crust itself as well
The physical phenomena of convection includes any case where in one part you have hot matter that ascends, then cools down and goes down in another part. When it is not driven by the temperature difference it is called forced convection, but it is still convection. Anyway, as far as I understand, plate tectonics is in fact driven by temperature differences, so it is a regular convection and not forced - this is true whether it is driven by slab pull due to the margins being cold (after cooling down) or by ridge push due to hot material ascending from below, or due to mantle convection (with the latter option probably not true).Dan Gluck (talk) 18:35, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Images of plate tectonics 129.232.73.108 (talk) 20:25, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seafloor spreading


text:
Reduced form

In statistics, and particularly in econometrics, the reduced form of a system of equations is the result of solving the system for the endogenous variables. This gives the latter as functions of the exogenous variables, if any. In econometrics, the equations of a structural form model are estimated in their theoretically given form, while an alternative approach to estimation is to first solve the theoretical equations for the endogenous variables to obtain reduced form equations, and then to estimate the reduced form equations.

Let Y be the vector of the variables to be explained (endogeneous variables) by a statistical model and X be the vector of explanatory (exogeneous) variables. In addition let $$ \varepsilon $$ be a vector of error terms. Then the general expression of a structural form is $$ f(Y, X, \varepsilon) = 0 $$, where f is a function, possibly from vectors to vectors in the case of a multiple-equation model. The reduced form of this model is given by $$ Y = g(X, \varepsilon) $$, with g a function.

Structural and reduced forms
Exogenous variables are variables which are not determined by the system. If we assume that demand is influenced not only by price, but also by an exogenous variable, Z, we can consider the structural supply and demand model

 * supply:   $$ Q = a_S +   b_S P + u_S, $$

 * demand:   $$ Q = a_D +  b_D P  + c Z + u_D, $$

where the terms $$u_i$$ are random errors (deviations of the quantities supplied and demanded from those implied by the rest of each equation). By solving for the unknowns (endogenous variables) P and Q, this structural model can be rewritten in the reduced form:

 * $$ Q = \pi_{10} + \pi_{11} Z + e_Q, $$

 * $$ P = \pi_{20} + \pi_{21} Z + e_P, $$

where the parameters $$\pi_{ij}$$ depend on the parameters $$a_i, b_i, c$$ of the structural model, and where the reduced form errors $$e_i$$ each depend on the structural parameters and on both structural errors. Note that both endogenous variables depend on the exogenous variable Z.

If the reduced form model is estimated using empirical data, obtaining estimated values for the coefficients $$\pi_{ij},$$ some of the structural parameters can be recovered: By combining the two reduced form equations to eliminate Z, the structural coefficients of the supply side model ($$a_S$$ and $$b_S$$) can be derived:

 * $$ a_S = (\pi_{10}\pi_{21} - \pi_{11}\pi_{20}) / \pi_{21} ,$$

 * $$ b_S = \pi_{11} / \pi_{21} .$$

Note however, that this still does not allow us to identify the structural parameters of the demand equation. For that, we would need an exogenous variable which is included in the supply equation of the structural model, but not in the demand equation.

The general linear case
Let y be a column vector of M endogenous variables. In the case above with Q and P, we had M = 2. Let z be a column vector of K exogenous variables; in the case above z consisted only of Z. The structural linear model is

 * $$ A y = B z + v, $$

where $$v$$ is a vector of structural shocks, and A and B are matrices;  A is a square M  × M matrix, while B is M × K. The reduced form of the system is:

 * $$ y = A^{-1}Bz+ A^{-1}v = \Pi z + w, $$

with vector $$w$$ of reduced form errors that each depends on all structural errors, where the matrix A must be nonsingular for the reduced form to exist and be unique. Again, each endogenous variable depends on potentially each exogenous variable.

Without restrictions on the A and B, the coefficients of A and B cannot be identified from data on y and z: each row of the structural model is just a linear relation between y and z with unknown coefficients. (This is again the parameter identification problem.) The M reduced form equations (the rows of the matrix equation y = Π z above) can be identified from the data because each of them contains only one endogenous variable.

title: Reduced form


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/George Cardenas

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus. The article defaults to "keep." Joyous 16:10, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

George Cardenas
This individual receives 301 hits on google. Does being an alderman make one "notable enough" for Wikipedia? Is there an existing precedent? GRider\talk 19:10, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Chicago is a big place and not everyone in it is notable. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:26, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Enh, neutral. We kept an alderman recently, mostly on the grounds that all Chicago aldermen are notable despite being local politicians if I recall correctly.  I can't find that article now; it's none of the ones listed in Chicago aldermen or Category:Chicago Alderman.  Though, of those, only Eugene Schulter and Thomas Tunney have any more content than George Cardenas does, and a few have even less.  Maybe merge them all. —Korath (Talk) 06:42, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. Chicago has an awful lot of aldermen, but I think we should say that members of aldermanic boards, city councils, etc, of any large city are inherently notable. Otherwise, we could have an awful lot of unnecessary VfD fights. It's hard to imagine a Chicago alderman (past or present) whom you coudn't write about encyclopedically. The fact that this may currently fall short is an argument for expansion, not deletion. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:38, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Inherently notable.--Centauri 01:38, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with Jmabel, but shouldn't we merge them into lists then? Radiant! 08:51, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the article Korath is referring to is Bernie Hansen (an article that GRider, incidentally, referred to as "noteworthy and encyclopedic"). Word is that he was a particularly notable alderman, and held some higher positions too. This article, however, says nothing, and while Chicago Aldermen are important to Chicago, they remain local politicians who do no thave the notability of mayor. Hansen, it seems, was an exception, and several people who voted to keep that article admitted they did so not because he was an alderman. Delete this one. -R. fiend 09:58, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Jesus Christ! I just looked at the Chicago aldermen page and we have a list of 50 people who are all on their way to having substubs reading "X is a Chicago alderman". I think turning them all into redirects is a no-brainer here, as they currently give no information that isn't included by having their names on the list. The problem with that is deciding what to do after they are no longer aldermen. Anyway, I'll probably go ahead and do that after this VfD is over, unless its decided that they should be deleted. -R. fiend 17:07, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Vagrant 20:15, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, just under the bar of notability for me. Megan1967 06:43, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat 02:07, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- It may grow into something more fruitful. Longhair 18:12, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Chicago aldermen. See also Deletion_policy/Local_politicians. Android79 00:52, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, spurious notability. JamesBurns 10:57, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:141.215.16.134

title: User talk:141.215.16.134


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jinnah Poonja, father of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.jpg

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 22:35, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:Jinnah Poonja, father of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.jpg
not notable - no copyright info Brookie
 * delete. Mikkalai 19:15, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. There's no copyright information! Remove it as quickly as possible to avoid a possible lawsuit. Zzyzx11 23:46, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This should go on WP:IFD. --SPUI (talk) 01:51, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no info on copyright status. Megan1967 02:24, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Lomas Verdes

Lomas Verdes is an upper-middle-class neighborhood located in Naucalpan, State of Mexico, northwest Mexico City. The community was developed in the late 1960s and is near Ciudad Satélite (which was founded in 1957). Lomas Verdes means "Green Hills" in Spanish, as the terrain had a set of smooth hills covered with green grass and other wild vegetation, which nowadays are totally covered with houses.

The neighborhood consists of several sections: La Alteña I, II and III, La Soledad, Misiones, and the sections I, II, III, IV, V and the now in construction sección VI. To the North, Lomas Verdes borders the county of Atizapán de Zaragoza, to the south and the west with other neighborhoods of Naucalpan, and to the east with the ancient colonial town of Santa Cruz del Monte.

After its foundation, Lomas Verdes was a so-called "bedroom community", as the majority of the residents commute México City (7 miles far away) for work. Today, twenty years after its founding, there is a strong commercial and services sector in the zone. The most important artery serving the area is the Súper Avenida Lomas Verdes, which connects the neighborhood with the Periferico and the elevated highway that leads directly into the heart of Mexico City. As with all Latin American urban developments, the increasing growth of the population and the unplanned urban strategy overwhelmed the infrastructure and now traffic jams, accidents, air pollution, and chaotic expansion have reduced the quality of the life of the inhabitants.

Education
The Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt operates its Campus Norte/Campus Nord (formerly Campus Lomas Verdes) in this area. The kindergarten and primary levels occupy one building, and the secondary and preparatory levels occupy another building.

Colegio Cristóbal Colón is in Lomas Verdes.

There is also a Universidad del Valle de México (UVM) campus. and the elementary school Colegio Cristobal Colón.

title: Lomas Verdes


text: User:Plushpuffin

title: User:Plushpuffin


text:
Denel NTW-20

The NTW-20 is a South African anti-materiel rifle, developed by Denel Mechem in the 1990s. It is intended for deployment against targets including parked aircraft, telecommunication masts, power lines, missile sites, radar installations, refineries, satellite dishes, gun emplacements, bunkers, and personnel, using a range of specialised projectiles.

Development
The weapon was designed by Tony Neophytou (co-designer of the Neostead combat shotgun). Development of the system began in August 1995 under the "Aerotek" name and a working prototype was ready for testing four and a half months later. This rapid progress was made possible by Neophytou's expertise in the field of recoil reduction systems, having worked on helicopter turrets in the past. To further reduce the amount of research and development, the project recycled the barrel, bolt and barrel extension of the existing Vektor GA1 automatic cannon. It was put into production by Denel Land Systems in two versions; 20 x 110 and 20 x 82. The latter model is also available in 14.5 x 114 and conversion between the calibres can be done in the field by swapping the barrel and bolt assembly. The significantly larger 20 x 110 model cannot be converted to another calibre. The rifle was accepted into service with the South African National Defence Force in 1998..

Features
Switching between the two calibres of the NTW (20×82mm and 14.5×114mm) requires changing the bolt, barrel, sighting gear and magazine. (A third variant, the NTW 20×110mm has been developed, but is not designed for barrel calibre switching.) Caliber switching the NTW 20/14.5 can be accomplished in the field without specialised tools. The magazine protrudes from the left side of the receiver. The NTW can be disassembled and packed into two backpacks for carriage. A muzzle brake is fitted on the end of the barrel which absorbs an estimated 50%–60% of recoil. This is further supplemented by a buffered slide in the receiver.

Influence
Denel Land Systems was contracted to supply weapon systems for the Indian Armed Forces, including anti-materiel rifles and self-propelled howitzers. However, following allegations that it had paid kickbacks to secure a deal for anti-materiel rifles, Denel was blacklisted by the Indian government. Subsequently, the Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli (OFT), in association with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), began developing an indigenous anti-material rifle called Vidhwansak, which borrowed heavily from the Denel NTW-20. The development of Vidhwansak was completed in November 2005. The embargo against Denel was lifted in 2018 after investigations found the allegations to have been false.

When it became known in August 2013 that a South African Special Forces officer had used this weapon to make what was then the sixth longest recorded sniper kill at 2125 m, it generated a lot of popular and media interest.

title: Denel NTW-20


text:
George Szirtes

George Szirtes (born 29 November 1948) is a British poet and translator from the Hungarian language into English. Originally from Hungary, he has lived in the United Kingdom for most of his life after coming to the country as a refugee at the age of eight. Szirtes was a judge for the 2017 Griffin Poetry Prize.

Life
Born in Budapest on 29 November 1948, Szirtes came to England as a refugee in 1956 aged 8. After a few days in an army camp followed by three months in an off-season boarding house on the Kent coast, along with other Hungarian refugees, his family moved to London, where he was brought up and went to school, then studied fine art in London and Leeds. Among his teachers at Leeds was the poet Martin Bell.

His poems began appearing in national magazines in 1973, and his first book, The Slant Door, was published in 1979. It won the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize the following year.

He has won a variety of prizes for his work, most recently the 2004 T. S. Eliot Prize, for his collection Reel, and the Bess Hokin Prize in 2008 for poems in Poetry magazine. His translations from Hungarian poetry, fiction and drama have also won numerous awards. He has received an Honorary Fellowhsip from Goldsmiths College, University of London and an Honorary Doctorate from the University of East Anglia. He also won the Poetry and the People Award in Guangzhou, China in 2016. In 2019 he was a contributor to A New Divan: A Lyrical Dialogue between East and West (Gingko Library).

Szirtes lives in Wymondham, Norfolk, having retired from teaching at the University of East Anglia in 2013. He is married to the artist Clarissa Upchurch, with whom he ran The Starwheel Press and who has been responsible for most of his book jacket images.

Prizes and honours

 * 1980 – Faber Memorial Prize for The Slant Door
 * 1982 – Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
 * 1984 – Arts Council Travelling Scholarship,
 * 1986 – Cholmondeley Prize
 * 1990 – Déry Prize for Translation The Tragedy of Man
 * 1991 – Gold Star of the Hungarian Republic
 * 1992 – Shortlisted for Whitbread Poetry Prize for Bridge Passages
 * 1995 – European Poetry Translation Prize for New Life
 * 1996 – Shortlisted for Aristeion Translation Prize New Life
 * 1999 – Sony Bronze Award, 1999 – for contribution to BBC Radio Three, Danube programmes
 * 1999 – Shortlisted for Weidenfeld Prize for The Adventures of Sindbad
 * 2000 – Shortlisted for Forward Prize Single Poem: Norfolk Fields
 * 2002 – George Cushing Prize for Anglo-Hungarian Cultural Relations
 * 2002 – Society of Authors Travelling Scholarship
 * 2003 – Leverhulme Research Fellowship
 * 2004 – Pro Cultura Hungarica medal
 * 2004 – T. S. Eliot Prize, for Reel
 * 2005 – Shortlisted for Weidenfeld Prize for the Night of Akhenaton
 * 2005 – Shortlisted for Popescu Prize for The Night of Akhenaton
 * 2005 – PEN Translation Fund Grant from PEN American Center
 * 2006 – Ovid Prize, Romania
 * 2008 – Bess Hokin Prize (USA) Poetry Foundation
 * 2009 – Shortlisted for T S Eliot Prize for The Burning of the Books and Other Poems
 * 2013 – CLPE Prize for in the Land if the Giants, poems for children
 * 2013 – Shortlisted for T S Eliot Prize for Bad Machine
 * 2013 – Best Translated Book Award, winner, Satantango
 * 2015 – Man Booker International winner, as translator of László Krasznahorkai
 * 2016 – Poetry and People Prize (China)
 * 2020 – Shortlisted for the PEN/Ackerley Prize for The Photographer at Sixteen Winner James Tait Black Prize for Biography 2020
 * 2020 - Winner of James Tait Black Prize for Biography, for The Photographer at Sixteen

Poetry collections

 * Poetry Introduction 4 with Craig Raine, Alan Hollinghurst, Alistair Elliott, Anne Cluysenaar and Cal Clothier (Faber, 1978)
 * The Slant Door (Secker & Warburg, 1979)
 * November and May (Secker & Warburg, 1981)
 * Short Wave (Secker & Warburg, 1984)
 * The Photographer in Winter (Secker & Warburg, 1986)
 * Metro (OUP, 1988)
 * Bridge Passages (OUP, 1991)
 * Blind Field (OUP, September 1994)
 * Selected Poems (OUP, 1996)
 * The Red All Over Riddle Book (Faber, for children, 1997)
 * Portrait of my Father in an English Landscape (OUP, 1998)
 * The Budapest File (Bloodaxe, 2000)
 * An English Apocalypse (Bloodaxe, 2001)
 * A Modern Bestiary with artist Ana Maria Pacheco (Pratt Contemporary Art, 2004)
 * Reel (Bloodaxe, 2004)
 * New and Collected Poems (Bloodaxe, 2008)
 * Shuck, Hick, Tiffey – Three libretti for children, with Ken Crandell (Gatehouse, 2008)
 * The Burning of the Books (Circle Press, 2008)
 * The Burning of the Books and Other Poems (Bloodaxe, 2009)
 * In the Land of the Giants – for children (Salt, 2012)
 * Bad Machine (Bloodaxe, 2013)
 * Bad Machine (Sheep Meadow, 2013, USA)
 * Mapping the Delta (Bloodaxe, 2016)
 * The Children (Paekakariki Press, 2018)

 * Selected poems in Hungarian, Chinese, Italian, German and Romanian

Memoir

 * The Photographer at Sixteen (MacLehose Press, 2019)

Translation

 * Imre Madách: The Tragedy of Man, verse play (Corvina / Puski, 1989)
 * Sándor Csoóri: Barbarian Prayer. Selected Poems (part translator, Corvina 1989)
 * István Vas: Through the Smoke. Selected Poems (editor and part translator, Corvina, 1989)
 * Dezsö Kosztolányi: Anna Édes. Novel. (Quartet, 1991)
 * Ottó Orbán: The Blood of the Walsungs. Selected Poems (editor and majority translator, Bloodaxe, 1993)
 * Zsuzsa Rakovszky: New Life. Selected Poems (editor and translator, OUP March 1994)
 * The Colonnade of Teeth: Twentieth Century Hungarian Poetry (anthology, co-editor and translator, Bloodaxe 1996)
 * The Lost Rider: Hungarian Poetry 16–20th Century, an anthology, editor and chief translator (Corvina, 1998)
 * Gyula Krúdy: The Adventures of Sindbad short stories (CEUP, 1999)
 * László Krasznahorkai: The Melancholy of Resistance (Quartet, 1999)
 * The Night of Akhenaton: Selected Poems of Ágnes Nemes Nagy (editor-translator, Bloodaxe, 2003)
 * Sándor Márai: Conversation in Bolzano (Knopf / Random House, 2004)
 * László Krasznahorkai: War and War (New Directions, 2005)
 * Sándor Márai: The Rebels (Knopf / Random House, 2007; Vintage / Picador, 2008)
 * Ferenc Karinthy: Metropole (Telegram, 2008
 * Sándor Márai: Esther's Inheritance (Knopf / Random House, 2008)
 * Sándor Márai: Portraits of a Marriage (Knopf / Random House, 2011)
 * Yudit Kiss: The Summer My Father Died (Telegram, 2012)
 * László Krasznahorkai: Satantango (New Directions, 2012)
 * Magda Szabó: Iza's Ballad (Harvill Secker, 2014)

Poetry set to music

 * The Flight, set to music by Richard Causton (composer), as a commission for A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, at King's College, Cambridge.

As editor

 * The Collected Poems of Freda Downie (Bloodaxe 1995)
 * The Colonnade of Teeth: Modern Hungarian Poetry, co-edited with George Gömöri (Bloodaxe 1997)
 * New Writing 10, Anthology of new writing co-edited with Penelope Lively (Picador, 2001)
 * An Island of Sound: Hungarian fiction and poetry at the point of change, co-edited with Miklós Vajda (Harvill, 2004)
 * New Order: Hungarian Poets of the Post-1989 Generation (Arc, 2010)
 * In Their Own Words: Contemporary Poets on Their Poetry, co-edited with Helen Ivory (Salt, 2012)

Recordings

 * The Poetry Quartets 6, with Moniza Alvi, Michael Donaghy and Anne Stevenson (Bloodaxe / British Council 2001)
 * George Szirtes (Poetry Archive, 2006)

title: George Szirtes


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Needham Community Theatre

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 22:38, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Needham Community Theatre
Not notable - Brookie 19:21, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Gamaliel 19:22, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Does this really have the level of wider notability required for an encyclopedia article? Perhaps a brief mention in an article on Needham, Massachusetts, but I haven't seen any evidence of a quick google that this is any more than an average amateur theatre group. Average Earthman 20:52, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I live close to Needham and have never heard of this. A mention on Needham, Massachusetts would be probably suffice. Carrp | Talk 22:17, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It looks like there not enough notable information about it. Zzyzx11 23:37, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no potential to become encyclopedic, unless someone can demonstrate otherwise. The substub article doesn't establish notability, as there are hundreds of small local community theatres. I asked a friend who lives in Needham with artistic and creative family members, and he hasn't heard of it. 209.2.145.102 00:24, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Above vote was mine, wasn't logged in. Barno 00:26, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Plank 03:30, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Make a mention in Needham, Massachusetts and delete - Skysmith 11:10, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Mention in Needham, Massachusetts and delete. I am familiar with the Fiddlehead Theatre of Norwood, Massachusetts, and Bay Colony Productions of Foxboro, Massachusetts, and the Reagle Players of Waltham, Massachusetts, and The Company Theatre of Norwell, Massachusetts, and the Sunset Players of Sharon, Massachusetts, and the Walpole Footlighters of Walpole, Massachusetts, but hadn't heard of this group before. They do two performances a year; they perform in a school auditorium; from that, and judging from their website, I'd guess they are less notable than the seven I just listed, though more notable than the Parish Players of the First Church and Parish, Dedham, Massachusetts. Dpbsmith (talk) 02:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 22:58, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 04:18, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, spurious notability. JamesBurns 06:57, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/O Projecto é Grave!

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

O_Projecto_%E9_Grave%21

 * not notable nor encyclopdeic --BenWilson 19:22, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete Johntex 21:21, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; no evidence that it meets WikiProject Music's notability guidelines. —Korath (Talk) 06:23, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, band vanity. Megan1967 06:34, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Segestes

Segestes was a nobleman of the Germanic tribe of the Cherusci involved in the events surrounding the Roman attempts to conquer northern Germany during the reign of Augustus and then Tiberius.

Arminius, the Cheruscan noble and military leader, had married Thusnelda, Segestes' daughter, against her father's will. As a result, Segestes, who favoured Roman overlordship, bore an ongoing grudge against Arminius. In AD 9 he warned the Roman governor Publius Quinctilius Varus of the impending uprising of his countrymen, but he was not believed. Varus and his three legions subsequently perished in the three-day Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where several allied German tribes under the command of Arminius ambushed them.

Segestes openly turned against Arminius when Germanicus invaded northern Germany in 15 in a renewed attempt to establish Roman rule in the area. Besieged in his stronghold by his own countrymen, Segestes appealed for help to Germanicus whose forces relieved the siege, and Segestes then handed over his pregnant daughter Thusnelda, Arminius' wife, to Germanicus as a prisoner. Thusnelda was taken to Rome and, together with her brother Segimundus, displayed in Germanicus' victory parade in 17, with her father as an honoured spectator. Thusnelda never returned to her homeland. Arminius' only son, Thumelicus, whom she bore while in captivity, was trained as a gladiator in Ravenna and is considered to have died in a gladiator fight before reaching the age of 20.

In 21, Segestes and other members of his family killed Arminius. Segestes was eventually given a residence by Germanicus in a Roman province west of the Rhine.

Etymology
Segestes' name is believed to derive from Germanic roots meaning "master of victory;" Germanic *segaz ("victory") and Old Frankish gastes ("master").

Websites

 * Varusschlacht - Clades Variana - Aliso, in German
 * Thusnelda, part of the Encyclopædia Romana by James Grout.

title: Segestes