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Said Nursî

Said Nursi (سعيد نورسی, سەعید نوورسی; 1877 – 23 March 1960), also spelled Said-i Nursî or Said-i Kurdî, and commonly known with the honorifics Bediüzzaman (meaning "wonder of the age") and Üstad (meaning "master") among his followers, was a Kurdish Sunni Muslim theologian who wrote the Risale-i Nur Collection, a body of Qur'anic commentary exceeding six thousand pages. Believing that modern science and logic was the way of the future, he advocated teaching religious sciences in secular schools and modern sciences in religious schools.

Nursi inspired a religious movement that has played a vital role in the revival of Islam in Turkey and now numbers several millions of followers worldwide. His followers, often known as the "Nurcu movement" or the "Nur cemaati". In a 2008 publication Nurcu worldwide adherents were estimated at 5 to 6 millions with numbers going up to 9 millions, with around 5500 dershanes or study halls where adherents would read Nursi’s writings collectively.

Nursi categorizes his life as 3 periods: The first period he calls as "Old Said" which he describes as the period when he was actively involved in politics and believed he could serve Islam through politics. This period is from his birth until early 1920's coinciding with the aftermath of World War I and the fall of the Ottoman Empire. This period of upheaval caused Nursi to undergo a deep personal transformation. In the "New Said" period he entirely abstained from politics, and focused on writing Risale-i Nur collection using reasoning to demonstrate truth of Islam. Most of this period he spent in jail and exile. This period ended when he was released from Afyon prison in 1949. From 1949 till his death in 1960 he considers as "3rd Said" period when he experienced relative freedom which coincides with the first democratic elections in Turkey.

Early life
Said Nursi was born in the Kurdish village of Nurs near Hizan in the Bitlis Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. His father Mirza and his mother Nuriye both were Ahl al-Bayt (lineage of the Islamic prophet Muhammad).

After staying with his brother for some time Said came back to Siirt. He went to the madrasa of Mullah Fathullah. Mullah Fathullah mentioned to Said that he[Said] was reading "Süyûtî" last year and asked whether he is reading "Mullah Jâmî" this year. Said responded that he finished Mullah Jami and many other books. Said was able to answer all questions from whatever book Mullah Fathullah asked. Mullah Fathullah was amazed by his intelligence.

Said was able to recite many books from memory. For instance: "So then he [Molla Fathullah] decided to test his memory and handed him a copy of the work by Al-Hariri of Basra (1054–1122) — also famous for his intelligence and power of memory — called Maqamat al-Hariri. Said read one page once, memorized it, then repeated it by heart. Molla Fathullah expressed his amazement."

This news spread throughout Siirt. Mullah Fathullah said to the scholars, "A young student came to my school and answered every question I asked him. I am amazed by the wisdom and knowledge he has attained at such a young age!". After this, scholars of Siirt gave him the title "Bediuzzaman" meaning "Wonder of the Age".

When he was 13–14 years old he completed the entire madrasa curriculum in 3 months, (there were more than a hundred books in the madrasa curriculum), which normally takes 10–15 years to complete. Said’s approach was to rely on the teacher, only to understand the key ideas of each book then to master whatever remained in the book with self-study. Later on, he was invited by the governor of the Vilayet of Van to stay within his residency. In the library of the governor, Nursi gained access to an archive of scientific knowledge he had not had access to previously. He studied the principles of history, geography, mathematics, geology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, and philosophy during his stay,  besides Islamic sciences. He also memorized the books he studied, these are 90 books.

Said Nursi also learned the Ottoman Turkish language there. During this time, he developed a plan to establish a university in the Eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire, which he named as "Madrasat-uz Zahra" which would combine scientific and religious (Islamic) education, and expected to advance overall education of these regions. He was able to secure 19 000 golds as funding for this project from the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V and the construction started in 1913, but after the World War I started the project became void.

Enraged by a newspaper report claiming that William Gladstone, the British Secretary for Colonies, stated in the parliament: "so long as the Muslims have the Qur’an we shall be unable to dominate them. We must either take it from them or make them lose their love of it." Said allegedly declared: "I shall prove and demonstrate to the world that the Quran is an undying, inexhaustible Sun!", and set out to write his comprehensive Risale-i Nur, a collection of Said Nursi's own commentaries and interpretations of the Quran and Islam, as well as writings about his own life.

Nursî and World War I
After World War I started, Russia attacked the Eastern part of Turkey. Nursî with his students established a volunteer brigade to resist the invasion. In the First World War, he would enter the trenches himself despite heavy shelling which earned him the admiration of the troops he commanded. It was during these experiences that he allegedly wrote his Quranic commentary, Isharatul Icaz dictating to a scribe while on horseback or when he was back in trenches. During a combat day, he broke his leg and was forced to surrender to Russian forces. He was taken prisoner by the Russian forces and spent 2.5 years in the Kostroma prisoner camp in the North-East of Moscow. During his imprisonment, one day the Russian Commander-in-Chief Nicolai Nicolaevich came to inspect the camp. He walked in front of him but Nursî didn't stand up, unlike the other prisoners. He walked again but Nursî didn't pay any attention to Nicolaevich. Nicolaevich asked him whether he knew who he was. Nursî said that he knew who he was, but because he is a Muslim scholar and a person with faith is superior to a person without, he couldn't stand up, that would be disrespecting his own faith. Russian martial court ordered his execution. He asked to do his last prayer before the execution. After a couple of minutes, they took him and tried to blindfold him, which he refused, claiming that he wants to look at paradise. Nicolaevich admired the brave attitude of him and understood that his intention was not to insult him, his behavior was just self respect. Nicolaevich immediately ordered to stop the execution and asked for forgiveness from him. Later on, he was allowed to stay in a Tatar mosque nearby. After some time he found a way to escape from the Russian camp. He traveled to Istanbul via Warsaw, Berlin, Vienna, and Sofia. He was welcomed as a hero in Istanbul.

Nursi's Opposition of British Invasion of Istanbul
In the aftermath of WWI, with Istanbul under foreign occupation, Nursi became a vocal critic. He exposed foreign powers manipulating religious leaders to undermine the nascent National Independence Movement in Anatolia. The Ottoman government, pressured by the British, even issued a fatwa opposing the movement. Undeterred, Nursi publicly challenged this fatwa and called it invalid.

Teachings and movement
Humanity faced the greatest corruption of this period and the danger of unbelief, which was the greatest threat to humanity. Therefore, according to him, the greatest service in this period was the service of saving people's faith, and Risale-i Nur, who did this duty properly. His commentary argues that the Quran encompasses the knowledge which allows for modern science.

Risale-i Nur addresses the fundamental questions of human existence, such as the existence of God, the nature of the soul, and the purpose of life. It does so in a way that is both intellectually stimulating and spiritually uplifting. Risale-i Nur does not rely on blind faith or mysticism. Instead, it uses reason and logic to demonstrate the truths of belief. This makes it accessible to people of all backgrounds and beliefs.

In Risale-i Nur he explains that if you see a painting you should assume the painter. A painting cannot exist without a painter. Nature is art and not the Artist. There is a hidden hand in every creation. The extraordinary abilities of animals (like cows producing fundamental nutrients for humans from converting raw grass, trees doing photosynthesis to produce sugar and carrying water to 200 feet high leaves, trees growing from a tiny seed) cannot be attributed to them but to their Creator. He uses analogies, reasoning and logic to prove God's existence. According to Nursî all systems in the universe are interrelated. The designer of the Galaxies must be the designer of the Earth, human beings and all other creation. According to him "the One who created the eye of the mosquito must be the One who created the Sun"

According to him, the Muslim World had 3 enemies: Ignorance, Poverty, and Division. To defeat these 3 enemies Muslims should use 3 weapons: Education, Art, and Unity.

Besides the Risale-i Nur, a major factor in the success of the movement may be attributed to the very method Nursi had chosen, which may be summarized with two phrases: 'mânevî jihad,' that is, 'spiritual jihad' or 'non-physical jihad', and 'positive action.' Nursi considered materialism and atheism and their source materialist philosophy to be his true enemies in this age of science, reason, and civilization. He combated them with reasoned proofs in the Risale-i Nur, considering the Risale-i Nur as the most effective barrier against the corruption of society caused by these enemies. In order to be able to pursue this 'spiritual jihad' Nursi insisted that his students avoided any use of force and disruptive action. Through 'positive action,' and the maintenance of public order and security, the supposed damage caused by the forces of unbelief could be 'repaired' by the 'healing' truths of the Quran. Said Nursi lived much of his life in prison and in exile (over 20 years), persecuted by the secularist state for having invested in religious revival. He advised his students to focus on spreading Risale-i Nur books and teaching people about them even when they were in jail. And most of the Risale-i Nur collection were written when he was in exile or jail.

In 1911 when he was asked what he thinks about the idea of appointing Armenians as Governors in Ottoman States, he responded that there is no harm of doing this as there is no harm of Armenians being engineers, watchmakers

Nursi's influence concerned the incipient leader of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, which lead to Atatürk offering Nursi the post ‘Minister of Religious Affairs" for the eastern provinces of Turkey in attempt to make sure Nursi would not oppose Atatürk's regime, a post that Nursi famously refused. Said Nursi was exiled to the Isparta Province for, amongst other things, performing the call to prayer in the Arabic language. After his teachings attracted people in the area, the governor of Isparta sent him to a village named Barla where he wrote two-thirds of his Risale-i Nur. These manuscripts were sent to Sav, another village in the region, where people duplicated them in Arabic script (which was officially replaced by the modern Turkish alphabet in 1928).  After being finished, these books were sent to Nursi's disciples all over Turkey via the "Nurcu postal system". Nursi repeatedly stated that all the persecutions and hardships inflicted on him by the secularist regime were God's blessings and that having destroyed the formal religious establishment, they had unwittingly left popular Islam as the only authentic faith of the Turks.

The period believed to be the "golden age of Mahdi" will come in the future, and after this period that will last 30–40 years, irreligion will prevail again. According to him, the Doomsday may fall on the heads of the atheists in the Hijri calendar between 1530 and 1540.

Later life ("3rd Said " Period)
Alarmed by the growing popularity of Nursi's teachings, which had spread even among the intellectuals and the military officers, the government arrested him for allegedly violating laws mandating secularism and sent him to exile. He was acquitted of all these charges in 1956.

In the last decade of his life, Said Nursi settled in the city of Isparta. After the introduction of the multi-party system, he advised his followers to vote for the Democratic Party of Adnan Menderes, which had restored some religious freedom. Said Nursi was a staunch anti-Communist, denouncing Communism as the greatest danger of the time. In 1956, he was allowed to have his writings printed. His books are collected under the name Risale-i Nur ("Letters of Divine Light").

He died of exhaustion after travelling to Urfa. He was buried in a tomb opposite the cave where prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) is widely believed to have been born. After the military coup d'état in Turkey in 1960, a group of soldiers led by the later right-wing politician Alparslan Türkeş opened his grave and buried him at an unknown place near Isparta during July 1960 in order to prevent popular veneration.

In popular culture
Published in 1999, Fred Reed's travelogue describes a journey around Turkey in the footsteps of Said Nursi.

A Turkish film Free Man based on Nursi's biography was made in 2011.

title: Said Nursî


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Twickenham Rowing Club

Twickenham Rowing Club was founded on 26 July 1860 so is jointly with Thames Rowing Club the third oldest rowing club on the Thames. The club is on Eel Pie Island in Twickenham, south-west London. Its boat code is TWK.

Club colours
The club colours are quite dark blue with either magenta bands or in recent decades a single wide such band to split the blade into thirds (blades are usually arranged normally fesswise). An official source simply specifies the first colour as "blue" and its shade has varied slightly over generations.

History
Henri, Duc D'Aumale (the fifth son of the exiled king of France, Louis Philippe I, who lived at York House in Twickenham) helped to found the club and was its first President from 1860 to 1897. The freehold to the land on which the clubhouse stands was donated to the rowing club in 1876, by HRH Le Comte de Paris, 'King' Philippe VII (1838–1894), Louis Philippe I's grandson and the pretender to the disbanded French throne. The latter's son, Philippe VIII, Duc D'Orleans (1869–1899) became the club's second President from 1898 to 1899.

Construction and facilities
The first boathouse was built in 1861/62 as a floating structure and was moored at some point off Twickenham Ait which became known as Eel Pie Island. The boathouse cost £295, a large sum as fully paid for out of ordinary income, by 1866.

For a few years the reading room of Twickenham Literary Society was shared as the meeting-up point from 1864.

The floating boathouse remained for several years despite sinking on a couple of occasions. When the club became owners of the current site the boathouse was put ashore and finally sold in 1882/83 for a nominal £32. The Thames Conservancy provided the ballast to raise the ground level where it rested.

By March 1866 the boathouse contained:
 * 1 Cutler eight,
 * 2 Gig eights,
 * 2 Cutler fours,
 * 2 Gig fours,
 * 1 Skiff and
 * 1 Punt.

In 1889 it was proposed by the club and others using the island to build a bridge to the island. The island's first bridge was built in 1957.

Accolades
The Club is one of the founding members of The Remenham Club, a social and event-celebratory club with an enclosure at Henley Royal Regatta.

Aside from notable national oarsmen and women mentioned top right, Twickenham have won:
 * A few trophies at the Head of the River Race since 1926.
 * The novice club pennant (as winners) at the Women's Eights Head of the River Race in 1999
 * A small number of events in various years at the Fours head
 * A small number of events at the Pairs head
 * At Henley Royal Regatta:
 * Three times at the Silver Goblets (these involved Jefferson Lowndes in the 19th century)
 * The club won the Thames Challenge Cup in 1879, 1881 and 1884 and was runner-up in 1880, 1911, 1924, 1927 and 1928. The club's top eight reached the quarter-finals in 2014.
 * Winner of the 1980 British Rowing Championships, Men J16 2x composite

St George's Ladies Rowing Club
The St George's Ladies Rowing Club was merged into the Twickenham Club in 1979. The club had existed for 55 years and won three British Rowing Championships in 1972, 1975 and 1977.

Notes and references

 * Notes
 * References

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Twickenham Rowing Club


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Lena Ek

Lena Ek (born 16 January 1958) is a Swedish politician who served as Minister for the Environment from 2011 to 2014. She is a former Member of the European Parliament and Member of the Riksdag. She is a member of the Centre Party, part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

She sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. She was also a substitute for the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, and a member of the delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

Her son, Magnus Ek, was chairman of the Centre Party Youth from 2015 to 2019.

Career

 * Degree in law
 * University lecturer in the Faculty of Law, Lund University (1987–1994)
 * District Chairwoman, Centre Party, Östergötland (1993–1995)
 * Chairwoman of Centre Party women's association (1998–2000)
 * Member of the Centre Party executive (since 1998)
 * Member of the party's executive committee (since 2000)
 * Municipal Commissioner, Valdemarsvik (1994–1998)
 * County councillor and substitute member of the Östergötland County Council Executive Committee (1994–1998)
 * Member of the Swedish Parliament (1998–2004)
 * Centre Party's spokesman on economic policy (1998–2004)
 * Member of the European Parliament (2004-2011)
 * Minister for the Environment (2011– 2014)

title: Lena Ek


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Aerocaribe

Aerocaribe was an airline based in Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. It was a regional affiliate of Mexicana operating services under the Mexicana Inter banner and codeshares with its parent company. It operated almost 120 flights a day. In 2005 Mexicana decided to rebrand Aerocaribe as a low-cost airline, MexicanaClick.

History

Aerocaribe was founded in 1972 as Aerolíneas Bonanza, it started operations on 12 July 1975 under the name Aerocaribe. It was formed by Yucatán private investors of the Alonso family, but was bought by Corporacion Mexicana de Aviación on 23 August 1990. In 1996 Mexicana became part of the Cintra group. Its affiliate AeroCozumel was integrated. Mexicana decided to transfer its fleet of Fokker 100 aircraft to Aerocaribe to rebrand the airline. Its new name is MexicanaClick and it is an attempt to create a Mexican low-cost carrier, starting operations in July 2005. in 2008, with Mexicana's restructuration Click, was announced that it would stop being a Low Cost airline, and change its name to MexicanaClick operating as a regional feeder, for domestic destinations in Mexico. The new airline also started adding to their fleets the Boeing 717, which added a Business class to the airline's ticket offers.

Services
Aerocaribe operated the following services in January 2005:

 * Domestic scheduled destinations: Cancún, Chetumal, Cozumel, Huatulco, Ixtapa/Zihuatanejo, Mazatlán, Mérida, Mexico City, Monterrey, Oaxaca, Puerto Escondido, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Veracruz and Villahermosa.
 * International scheduled destinations: Havana.

Fleet
The Aerocaribe fleet consisted of the following aircraft in January 2005:

 * 2 Fokker F27 Friendship
 * 9 McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30

Other aircraft used throughout the years:

 * 2 Britten-Norman Islander
 * 3 Fokker F27 Friendship
 * 4 Douglas DC-9-14
 * 2 Cessna Caravan
 * 1 Douglas DC-9-15
 * BAE Jetstream 31

Accidents and Incidents
On July 8, 2000, Aerocaribe Flight 7831 crashed near Chulum Juarez, (Chiapas) Mexico killing all 19 on board.

On March 15, 1984, Aerocozumel Flight 261 crashed after takeoff from Cancun International Airport, Mexico. No one died in the crash. One of the passengers died of a heart attack while moving through the swamp.

On June 21, 1988, a two engine Aerocaribe flight from Cancun to Chichen Itza returned to the Cancun International Airport after losing hydraulic fuel from left engine. As the plane was coming in for landing, the pilot purposely flew past the runway (possibly because the landing gear was unable to lower) and crashed in the swamp surrounding the airport. The front of the plane with the cockpit tore off from the main cabin. All passengers and crew survived ( two pilots, one flight attendant and approximately 25 American passengers from Club Med). The flight was a day excursion to visit the Mayan ruins on the Yucatán peninsula. The passengers walked for one hour through the swamp to safety. One passenger sustained a mild head wound requiring sutures. The plane remained in the swamp for approximately one year following the crash ( personal communication from Continental Airline pilot). This incident was reported in Mexican newspapers at the time but not in the USA. 2

title: Aerocaribe


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1889 in art

The year 1889 in art involved some significant events.

Events

 * February 2 – Sixth annual exhibition of Les XX opens in Brussels, including the first important display of Paul Gauguin's work.
 * May 6 – October 31 – Exposition Universelle in Paris, with the Eiffel Tower as its entrance arch.
 * May 8 – Van Gogh moves from Arles to the Saint-Paul asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.
 * June – The Volpini Exhibition: Exposition de peintures du Groupe impressioniste et synthétiste, faite dans le local de M. Volpini au Champ-de-Mars organised by Paul Gauguin and Émile Schuffenecker at the Café des Arts in Paris; other exhibitors include Émile Bernard and Charles Laval.
 * July 15 – The Scottish National Portrait Gallery opens in Edinburgh in premises designed by Rowand Anderson, the first in the world to be purpose-built as a portrait gallery.
 * July 23 – Marie Triepcke marries fellow-artist Peder Severin Krøyer in Augsburg.
 * August 17 – The 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition opens in Melbourne, Australia.
 * Edvard Munch stages his first one-man exhibition and wins a state scholarship to study in Paris.
 * Alfred Sisley settles at Moret-sur-Loing.
 * The Skulpturensammlung moves into the Albertinum in Dresden.
 * The Imperial Museum of Nara is established in Japan.

Works

 * Jean Béraud - La Pâtisserie Gloppe
 * Pierre Bonnard – Self-portrait (approx. date)
 * William-Adolphe Bouguereau
 * Première rêverie
 * The Shepherdess
 * Antoine Bourdelle – Adam
 * Henry Jamyn Brooks – Private View of the Old Masters Exhibition, Royal Academy, 1888
 * Milly Childers – Self-portrait
 * Henry de Groux – Christ aux Outrages
 * Thomas Eakins – The Agnew Clinic
 * Paul Gustav Fischer – The Royal Theatre Ballet School, Copenhagen
 * Stanhope Forbes – The Health of the Bride
 * Henry Justice Ford – Illustrations to Andrew Lang's The Blue Fairy Book
 * Louis Édouard Fournier – The Funeral of Shelley
 * Paul Gauguin
 * The Green Christ and The Yellow Christ (Pont-Aven, c. September)
 * Portrait of Jacob Meijer de Haan (Le Pouldu, after October 2)
 * Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake (Le Pouldu, after October 2)
 * The Flageolet Player on the Cliff (Le Pouldu)
 * Alfred Gilbert – Marble bust of Queen Victoria
 * J. W. Godward
 * Grecian Reverie
 * His Birthday Gift
 * Ianthe
 * Waiting For An Answer
 * Félix Resurrección Hidalgo – La Parisienne
 * Jozef Israëls – A Son of the Ancient Race (several versions)
 * Juan Luna – Hymen o Hymenee
 * Frederick McCubbin – Down on His Luck
 * Arturo Michelena – La Joven Madre ("The Young Mother")
 * Claude Monet – The Valley of the Creuse, Sunset
 * Edvard Munch
 * Inger on the Beach, Summer Night
 * Music on Karl Johan Street
 * Spring
 * Blanche Nevin – Peter Muhlenberg (marble)
 * Eilif Peterssen – Salmon Fishermen at Nesøya
 * Ilya Repin – Portrait of Baroness Varvara Ivanovna Ikskul von Hildenbandt
 * Auguste Rodin – The Burghers of Calais (sculpture)
 * John Singer Sargent
 * Gabriel Fauré
 * Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth
 * Lady Fishing - Mrs Ormond
 * An Out-of-Doors Study
 * Henryk Siemiradzki – Phryne at the Poseidonia in Eleusis
 * Arthur Streeton – Golden Summer, Eaglemont
 * Franz Stuck – The Guardian of Paradise
 * Vincent van Gogh
 * Hospital in Arles series
 * Garden of the Hospital in Arles (June)
 * Ward in the Hospital in Arles (October)
 * Portrait of Doctor Félix Rey (January)
 * Self-portrait and Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear (January)
 * Self-Portrait as a sick person (Saint-Rémy, August)
 * Bedroom in Arles (second and third versions, September)
 * View of Arles, Flowering Orchards and View of Arles with Trees in Blossom (Spring)
 * Butterflies series (Spring)
 * Irises
 * Rain (Saint-Rémy, October/November)
 * The Ravine of the Peyroulets
 * A Road at Saint-Remy with Female Figure
 * The Starry Night (Saint-Rémy, June)
 * Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Rémy series
 * Trees and Undergrowth series
 * Portrait of Trabuc, an Attendant at Saint-Paul Hospital and Portrait of Madame Trabuc (Saint-Rémy, September)
 * Two Crabs (c. January)
 * Wheat Fields series
 * Wheat Field, Sunrise (Saint-Rémy)
 * Wheat Field with Cypresses (three paintings, Saint-Rémy, July–September)
 * Peasant Woman Binding Sheaves (after Millet)
 * Carl von Marr – The Flagellants
 * Fritz von Uhde – Heathland princess
 * Édouard Vuillard – Self-portrait
 * John Quincy Adams Ward – Bust of Alexander Lyman Holley (bronze, New York City)

Births

 * January 19 – Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Swiss geometric abstract painter, sculptor and dancer (died 1943)
 * January 21 – Hermann Glöckner, German Constructivist painter and sculptor (died 1987)
 * April 15 – Thomas Hart Benton, American painter and muralist (died 1975)
 * May 11 – Paul Nash, English painter (died 1946)
 * June – James Sleator, Irish painter (died 1950)
 * July 31 – Júlíana Sveinsdóttir, Icelandic painter and textile artist (died 1966)
 * August 13 – C. R. W. Nevinson, English war artist (died 1946)
 * August 20 – David Kakabadze, Georgian artist (died 1952)
 * September 28 – Seán Keating, Irish romantic-realist painter (died 1977)
 * October 10 – Han van Meegeren, Dutch painter and art forger (died 1947)
 * October 17 – Karl Völker, German painter and architect (died 1962)
 * October 29 – Edward Wadsworth, English painter (died 1949)
 * November 1 – Hannah Höch, German Dada photomontage artist (died 1978)
 * November 10 – Clive Stephen, Australian sculptor (died 1957)

Deaths

 * January 23 – Alexandre Cabanel, painter (born 1823)
 * February 5 – James Smetham, pre-Raphaelite painter (born 1821)
 * February 24 – Philip Henry Delamotte, photographer and illustrator (born 1821)
 * May 23 – John O'Connor, painter (born 1830)
 * October 6 – Jules Dupré, painter (born 1811)
 * December 27 – Eduard Bendemann, painter (born 1811)
 * date unknown – Jules Tavernier, French painter (born 1844)

title: 1889 in art


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Naengmyeon

Naengmyeon (, in South Korea) or raengmyŏn (랭면, in North Korea) is a noodle dish of northern Korean origin which consists of long and thin handmade noodles made from the flour and starch of various ingredients, including buckwheat (메밀, memil), potatoes, sweet potatoes, arrowroot starch (darker color and chewier than buckwheat noodles), and kudzu (칡, chik). Buckwheat predominates (despite the name, it is not a wheat but rather is more closely related to sorrel). Other varieties of naengmyeon are made from ingredients such as seaweed and green tea.

In modern times, the mul naengmyeon (물 냉면) variant is commonly associated with and popularly consumed during the summer; however, it was historically a dish enjoyed during winter.

History
According to the 19th-century documents of Dongguksesigi (동국세시기, 東國歲時記), naengmyeon has been made since the Joseon Dynasty. Originally a delicacy in northern Korea, especially in the cities of Pyongyang (평양) and Hamhung (함흥), naengmyeon became widely popular throughout Korea in both North and South Korea after the Korean War.

Naengmyeon is served in a large brass or stainless-steel bowl with a tangy iced broth, julienned cucumbers, slices of Korean pear, thin, wide strips of lightly pickled radish, and either a boiled egg or slices of cold boiled beef or both. Spicy mustard sauce (or mustard oil) and vinegar are often added before consumption. Traditionally, the long noodles would be eaten without cutting, as they symbolized longevity of life and good health, but servers at restaurants usually ask if the noodles should be cut prior to eating, and use scissors to cut the noodles.

Varieties
The two main varieties of naengmyeon are mul naengmyeon (물 냉면) and bibim naengmyeon (비빔 냉면). The former is served as a cold noodle soup made from beef, chicken or dongchimi broth. The latter is served with a spicy dressing made primarily from gochujang (red chili paste) and eaten mixed. In the case of bibim naengmyeon, a bowl of broth used in mul naengmyeon or plain broth from the boiled noodles itself are often served on the side. This broth can be served hot or cold depending on the restaurant and type of broth. Boiled eggs and sliced cucumbers are often added as a garnish.

Mul naengmyeon originates from Pyongyang. Pyŏngyang naengmyŏn is mainly made from buckwheat and either beef or pheasant broth. It also uses dongchimi broth or a mixture of it, while adding sliced pieces of radish to the dish. Vinegar, mustard oil (provided on request at most restaurants), and sugar is added according to taste before eating. South Koreans do not add sugar and use beef broth exclusively. In South Jeolla Province, mul naengmyeon is often served with red chili paste that is mixed in with the broth. The effect is similar to adding the broth to a bowl of bibim naengmyeon.

A version of bibim naengmyeon originates from Hamhung, the hoe naengmyeon (회 냉면). Hoe naengmyeon is bibim naengmyeon with additional marinated raw fish (hoe), usually skate. It is eaten with gochujang and other ingredients mixed. Vinegar, sugar, and sometimes sesame oil are added according to taste. The noodles of Hamhung naengmyeon are typically made from potato or sweet potato starch, making the noodles chewier in texture compared to those of Pyongyang naengmyeon. In addition to skate, pollock (명태) can also be used in hoe naengmyeon. In this case it is referred to as myeongtae hoe naengmyeon (명태회냉면).

Another variety of naengmyeon is yeolmu naengmyeon (열무 냉면) which is served with yeolmu kimchi, made from the leaves of the yeolmu summer radish.

Jungguk-naengmyeon (중국냉면) is a Chinese-influenced cold noodle soup in Korean Chinese cuisine served with mustard and peanut butter on the side.

A Chinese version of the dish known as "Korean cold noodles" or "Dongbei cold noodles"  is popular in the Northeast China region bordering Korea. Significant variation in preparation exist inside Northeast China, from the famous sour-and-sweet Yanji Naengmyeon (延吉冷面; 연길랭면) to the sour-and-salty Jixi cold noodles.

Morioka reimen (盛岡冷麺) is derived from naengmyeon which was introduced by Korean immigrants, and is part of Japanese regional cuisine in Tohoku region.

Instant naengmyeon noodles are available, with the soup broth prepackaged with the noodles. A plastic package of mustard oil is often supplied.

In popular culture
In the South Korean variety show Infinite Challenge, Park Myeong-su and Jessica, a former member of Girls' Generation, performed the song "Naengmyeon" which was named after the food. The song became a hit and received wide acclaim.

In politics
During the first summit between North and South Korean leaders, Kim Jong-un and Moon Jae-in, Kim presented Moon with Pyongyang-style raengmyŏn as a gift.

title: Naengmyeon


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Nova 100

Nova 100 (call sign: 3MEL) is a commercial radio station in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, broadcasting on 100.3 MHz.

The station is owned by NOVA Entertainment along with sister station, smoothfm 91.5.

History
Nova 100 commenced on the Melbourne airwaves at 7 am Australian Eastern Daylight Time on Monday 3 December 2001, and was the first new commercial radio station in Melbourne for 21 years. Breakfast presenter Kate Langbroek was the first voice heard on the station, with Missy Elliott's song "Get Ur Freak On" being the first song played on the new station.

Hughesy, Kate & Dave was the inaugural breakfast show with Dave Hughes, Kate Langbroek and Dave O'Neil. Dave O'Neil later resigned and moved to Vega 91.5 in July 2006. Both Dave Hughes and Kate Langbroek remained with the station until November 2013.

The station is a major player in the Melbourne radio market, initially with its 'Sounds Different' format playing alternative, hip-hop, pop & dance music, with a strong lean toward new releases. In 2010, Nova announced that it would remove their policy of "never more than two ads in a row", increasing the number of commercials broadcast per hour from 12 to 21 during the peak times of breakfast and drive. Since 2010, the station has broadcast an Adult Contemporary format, in competition with the Australian Radio Network-owned KIIS 101.1.

In December 2013, Meshel Laurie and Tommy Little replaced Dave Hughes and Kate Langbroek with their new show Meshel & Tommy. In November 2015, Nova announced that Chrissie Swan, Sam Pang and Jonathan Brown will host breakfast in 2016 after Meshel Laurie and Tommy Little announced their resignation from the station. Chrissie, Sam & Browny commenced in January 2016, with Meshel currently hosts the breakfast show Matt & Meshel on KIIS 101.1 along with Matt Tilley.

In December 2016, Nova announced that it will network Greg Burns and Dan Cassin from Nova 96.9 as opposed to local announcers.

Despite having yet to achieve a #1 overall rating for the station in the GfK ratings, Nova 100 continues to hold the #1 position for the women in the 45–54 age demographic and has the #4 drive show with Kate, Tim & Marty around Australia.

In April 2019, Nova overhauled its daytime schedule announcing that Matt Tilley would join the station. Tilley remained with the station until November.

On 21 October 2022, it was announced that Chrissie, Sam & Browny will end after seven years with the final show being on 2 December. Ben Harvey, Liam Stapleton and Belle Jackson will host Ben, Liam & Belle from 5 December 2022.

In January 2023, Nova 100 re-located from studios at 678 Victoria Street, Richmond (with sister station smoothfm 91.5) to 257 Clarendon Street, South Melbourne. Southern Cross Austereo's Fox FM and Triple M previously occupied the studios.

In February 2024, Nova Entertainment announced that Jase & Lauren will host Nova 100’s new Melbourne breakfast show, replacing Ben, Liam & Belle who will move to a national drive show across the Nova Network.

Transmission
Nova 100 operates on the 100.3 MHz FM frequency from the TXA Observatory Rd tower on Mount Dandenong. The transmitter is a Broadcast Electronics FM 10S with an FXi digital exciter. Its transmitter power is 9.5KW which gives a 56 kw ERP.

Announcers

 * Jase & Lauren, 6:00am–9:00am
 * Mel Tracina, 9:00am–2:00pm
 * The Chrissie Swan Show, 2:00pm-4:00pm
 * Ricki-Lee, Tim & Joel, 4:00pm–6:00pm
 * Ben, Liam & Belle, 6:00pm–8:00pm
 * Smallzy's Surgery, 8:00pm–10:00pm
 * Late Nights with Aaron Rich, 10:00pm–12:00am
 * Nova Nation, 6:00pm–12:00am (Saturday) & 10:00pm-12:00am (Friday)
 * Jase & Lauren around Australia, 6:00am–10:00am (Sunday)
 * The Maddy Rowe Aus Music Show, 6:00pm–7:00pm (Sunday)
 * Confidential on Nova with J.Mo and Tanya Hennessy, 7:00pm–8:00pm (Sunday)

News

 * Clint Stanaway (Breakfast)
 * Michelle Stephenson (National News Manager)

title: Nova 100


text:
Metepa

Metepa is a chemosterilant, with the capability to restrict ovarian development. Metepa can also result in carcinogenesis, in particular the formation of teratomas. It a minor ingredient in certain solid rocket propellants.

title: Metepa


text:
Caractacus Pott

Caractacus Pott (Caractacus Potts in the film adaptation) is one of the main characters in Ian Fleming's novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang and its film adaptation. The film version of the story makes several changes to his character.

Caractacus Pott of the book
In the original 1964 book, Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car, Pott is a Royal Navy Commander and eccentric inventor who lives with his wife Mimsie and their twin eight-year-old children, Jeremy and Jemima, on their hilltop farm.

He and his family are mentioned in the sequel books before appearing in the final one: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: Over the Moon, where they assist the Tooting family in stopping Tiny Jack.

Caractacus Potts of the film
The filmmakers, including screenwriter Roald Dahl, altered many of the book's details for the 1968 film musical version of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, in which Caractacus is portrayed by Dick Van Dyke. The name Pott was changed to Potts and the character of Mimsie was written out as it was felt a burgeoning romance would serve the story better. Caractacus' film character is a widower who develops a romantic relationship with Truly Scrumptious, the daughter of the sweets magnate, Lord Scrumptious. The film also expunged the naval commander part of his life. His other inventions as seen in the film were designed and created by the craftsman Rowland Emett and are on display at Mid-America Science Museum.

In the movie, Caractacus' wife has died leaving him as a single parent to their two children Jeremy and Jemima. The daily routine is that Caractacus invents things to sell for his family's sustenance, while Jeremy and Jemima go to school or play in a garage owned by a neighbour, Mr. Coggins. The children discover and grow fond of a decrepit racing car which had been involved in a high-speed road race accident. When a dog and a child ran into the road from the cheering crowd, it had crashed down an embankment where it caught fire and exploded. The children persuade their father to restore it.

Other media
A stage musical based on the film premiered in London's West End in 2002, with Caractacus Potts played by Michael Ball. The role has since been played on stage in the West End by Gary Wilmot (also on tour), Jason Donovan, Brian Conley (also on tour); and on tour by Tim Flavin, Joseph McFadden, Craig McLachlan, Kevin Kennedy (after playing the Childcatcher), Matt Baker, Aled Jones, Darren Bennett, Jon Robyns, Jason Manford and Lee Mead. For the 2005 Broadway production the role was played by Raúl Esparza. For the 2012 Australian production the role was played by David Hobson.

title: Caractacus Pott


text:
Jason Smith

Jason Smith may refer to:

Sports

 * Jason Smith (American football) (born 1986), American football player
 * Jason Smith (Australian rules footballer) (born 1972), former Australian rules footballer
 * Jason Smith (basketball, born 1974) (born 1974), Australian basketball player
 * Jason Smith (basketball, born 1986), American basketball player
 * Jason Smith (baseball) (born 1977), baseball player
 * Jason Smith (boxer) (born 1973), Canadian boxer
 * Jason Smith (cricketer) (born 1994), South African cricketer
 * Jason Smith (curler) (born 1983), American curler
 * Jason Smith (English footballer) (born 1974), English footballer
 * Jason Smith (ice hockey) (born 1973), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
 * Jason Smith (rugby league) (born 1972), Australian rugby league footballer
 * Jason Smith (snowboarder) (born 1982), Olympic athlete
 * Jason Smith (soccer), American soccer coach and former player
 * Jason Smith (snooker player) (born 1964), English snooker player

Entertainers

 * Jason Smith (actor) (born 1984), Australian actor and singer
 * Jason Smith (chef), American chef
 * Jason Smith (visual effects), American visual effects artist
 * Jason Matthew Smith (born 1972), American film and television actor
 * Jason Samuels Smith (born 1980), American tap dance performer, choreographer, and director
 * Jason Smith (born 1970), American sports radio host of AllNight with Jason Smith

Other

 * Jason Smith (American politician) (born 1980), member of the United States House of Representatives for Missouri
 * Jason Smith (New Zealand politician), mayor of Kaipara
 * Jason Martin-Smith (1972–2001), English murder victim
 * Jason Smith (1973-2024), British politician, member of the Newcastle City Council (2021-2023)
 * Jason Smith, a fictional American football quarterback from the 2023 film The Holdovers

title: Jason Smith


text:
User talk:Vic Fontaine

Hello, you can find me in the German Wikipedia. Here.

Wikipedians/Germany is being replaced by a category
Hello! You were listed on the Wikipedians/Germany page as living in or being associated with Germany. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, or one of the Bundesland-based subcategories, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Germany for instructions. --Angr ( tɔk ) 15:29, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you Angr. I've done it. Greetings Vic Fontaine 23:05, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:48, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vic Fontaine


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Ochikubo Monogatari

Ochikubo Monogatari (落窪物語), also known as The Tale of Ochikubo, is a story from the Heian period which is similar to the famous fairy tale Cinderella.

Ochikubo Monogatari was written during the later part of the 10th century by an unknown author. It is known as the oldest surviving tale in Japanese literature to include harassment and bullying from a stepmother. Ochikubo Monogatari 's well-formed plot and vivid description of characters influenced many writers such as Murasaki Shikibu, author of The Tale of Genji. The lively dialogues are also of particular quality.

Plot
After suffering from relentless harassment from her stepmother, Princess Ochikubo meets a man named Michiyori who is a general. The two marry and Princess Ochikubo lives very happily with him. Michiyori starts to take revenge on Princess Ochikubo's family, setting up a series of humiliating events.

Chūnagon
Is a title for a noble who is Middle Rank and one of the three State Counsellors. His real name is unknown and is only known by his title Chūnagon. He is the father of Lady Ochikubo and is under control of Kita no Kata. He never treated Lady Ochikubo with affection and feels sorry at times towards his daughter for living through the loneliness and without care from family.

Kita no Kata
Her real name in the story is unknown, only known as according to her title as Kita no Kata. She is the step-mother of Lady Ochikubo and wife of the Chūnagon. She plays as the cruel step-mother who continuously gives trouble and humiliation to her step-daughter. She dislikes Lady Ochikubo and takes all the happiness and luxurious things away from her. Kita no Kata would not address her step-daughter as “princess” or “Lady”, and would rather address her as servant if she could. But due to her concern that the Lord may dislike her upon for calling Lady Ochikubo as servant, she tells everyone in the mansion to title the Lady as “Ochikubo no Kimi”

Lady Ochikubo
She is the daughter of Chūnagon and step-daughter of Kita no Kata. Her existence in the mansion is unknown to people and receives no care or affection from anyone other than her special attendant named Akogi, also known as Ushiromi. She falls in love later with Michiyori and escapes from the grasp and torture from her step-mother. She is kind hearted but yet a very humble and reserved character where she makes careful moves around the house for the fear that her step-mother will inflict on her even more suffering and humiliation than she already endured.

Akogi (Ushiromi)
She is a loyal servant of Lady Ochikubo and has the position as the special attendant in the mansion. She receives much love from the Lady and only wishes to serve under Lady Ochikubo. Akogi—originally named Ushiromi—has sympathy for and understands Lady Ochibuko the most in the mansion and seeks to find the ideal man for the Lady to marry to so she can escape from the loneliness in the house and also from the further cruelty received from Kita no Kata. Her name later got changed to Akogi by the step-mother's order because although the step-mother separated Lady Ochikubo and Akogi, she always sees Akogi's loyalty follow and belong only to the Lady. The name "Ushiromi" means “guardian," symbolic of the fact that Akogi is Lady Ochibuko's guardian angel. The stepmother dislikes that and thinks that it is not an appropriate name, so she changes her name to Akogi.

Translations
The story was translated into modern Japanese in 1993 by Saeko Himuro.

The story was first translated into English in 1934 by Wilfred Whitehouse. A revised edition credited to Whitehouse and Eizo Yanagisawa was published in 1970.

title: Ochikubo Monogatari


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Sousuke Takaoka

Sousuke Takaoka (高岡蒼佑) is a Japanese former actor, known for his break-out performance in the controversial movie Battle Royale.

Career
His break-out performance was in the controversial movie Battle Royale, in which he played the pacifistic Hiroki Sugimura (Boy #11). Takaoka then moved from muted heroics to active anti-heroism in portrayals of the grittier side of teenage violence, such as in Concrete. The film was based on the events of Junko Furuta's sadistic murder by four youths in 1988.

In 2006, for his role as the introspective Honda in Spring Snow, Takaoka gained a Best Supporting Actor nomination at the Blue Ribbon Awards, a Japanese film event judged by critics.

Takaoka quit acting in 2020 and is now working as a martial artist. He also took part time jobs such as a trash collector and at an izakaya prior to his martial arts career.

Public image
In July 2011, Takaoka made headlines and attracted much controversy for several comments against the airing of Korean dramas on Japanese television. He stated on Twitter "I used to be indebted to Fuji TV in the past, but now I'm suspicious that they may actually be a Korean network. I'm questioning about what country I'm in as well. It offends me. If anything related to Korea is on broadcast, I just turn the TV off. It troubles me because I feel like I am being brainwashed", and "Since we're in Japan, I would like to see Japanese programs. I get scared every time I hear the word, 'Hallyu'". His comments resulted in a strong public backlash due to his previous role as a Zainichi Korean in the film Break Through! as well as public protests against the airing of Korean dramas against Fuji TV. Due to the controversy about his statements he was reportedly dropped from his agency following his tweets and his marriage to Aoi Miyazaki whom he stated shared his views was reportedly in jeopardy. However, he later apologized for his statements and retracted his claims of Miyazaki sharing his views.

Personal life
On June 15, 2007, he married fellow actress Aoi Miyazaki, after being in a relationship for seven years. In December 2011, the couple had announced that they were divorcing. On August 3, 2020, he announced his retirement from acting. In 2021, he then became a boxer.

He also has a YouTube channel and uploads vlogs, as well as highlights from his boxing tournaments.

Filmography

 * Battle Royale as Hiroki Sugimura (2000)
 * Akashia no michi (2001)
 * Red Shadow (2001)
 * Blue Spring (2001)
 * Blue as Manabu Mizuuchi (2002)
 * 17-sai (2003)
 * Spirit (2004)
 * Concrete as Tatsuo Oosugi (2004)
 * Break Through! as An-sung Lee (2004)
 * Tetsujin 28: The Movie (2005)
 * Spring Snow as Shigekuni Honda (2005)
 * Sugar and Spice as Yano (2006)
 * How to Become Myself (Ashita no watashi no tsukurikata) as Hiroyuki Tamura (2007)
 * Heat Island (Hîto Airando) (2007)
 * Crows Zero as Izaki Shun (2007)
 * Roulette in the Blue Sky (Aozora no ruretto) (2007)
 * GS Wonderland (2008)
 * Rookies the Movie: Graduation (Rookies: Sotsugyô) (2009)
 * Crows Zero 2 (Kurôzu zero II) (2009)
 * Be Sure to Share (Chanto Tsutaeru) (2009)
 * Saru Lock The Movie (2010)
 * Sankaku (2010)
 * Zatoichi: The Last (2010)
 * 13 Assassins (2010)
 * What a Wonderful Life!! (Wararaifu!!) (2011)
 * Bokura ga Ita as Masafumi Takeuchi (2012)
 * Dare to Stop Us as Nagisa Oshima (2018)

TV

 * Taiyō no Kisetsu (2002) (Season of the Sun) (2002)
 * Proof of the Man (Ningen no Shomei) (Fuji TV / 2004)
 * Slow Dance (Fuji TV / 2005)
 * Tokyo Tower (2007)
 * Kaze no hate (NHK / 2007)
 * Mop Girl (Moppu Gāru) (TV Asahi / 2007)
 * The Negotiator (TV Asahi / 2008)
 * Rookies (TBS / 2008)
 * Saru Lock (NTV / 2009)
 * Real Clothes (Riaru kurôzu) (Fuji TV / 2009)
 * The Negotiator 2 (Koshonin 2) (TV Asahi / 2009)

Theatre work
Takaoka is also a stage actor and appeared in The Lieutenant of Inishmore (Wee Thomas) by Martin McDonagh in June 2006.

 * Pilgrim (2003)
 * Bent (2004)

title: Sousuke Takaoka


text:
Category:Peter Gabriel

Articles related to Peter Gabriel.

title: Category:Peter Gabriel


text:
User:Pgan002

Hi there! I often edit articles I visit, to improve their clarity, conciseness, flow, grammar and tone. If you ask me to edit a particular article, I will. I am a member of the Guild of Copy Editors (formerly League of Copy-Editors) that aims to improve articles tagged for copy-editing, and sometimes I work on articles tagged for cleanup.

Originally from Bulgaria, I lived in Zimbabwe, New Zealand, Pennsylvania, Seattle (USA) and now Los Angeles (USA). I speak Bulgarian, English, French, some Russian, Serbo-Croatian and Spanish.

My interests include environmental activism, climate crisis solutions, computer science, evolutionary biology, science, philosophy, history, anthropology and native cultures, progressive thought and revolution, and dance.

Links to articles about editing

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * Templates
 * Merging, redirecting, and renaming pages
 * Complete Wikipedia documentation.
 * Help pages
 * Village pump -- ask questions, discuss, make suggestions

title: User:Pgan002


text:
International Ladies Garment Workers Union

The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), whose members were employed in the women's clothing industry, was once one of the largest labor unions in the United States, one of the first US unions to have a primarily female membership, and a key player in the labor history of the 1920s and 1930s. The union, generally referred to as the "ILGWU" or the "ILG", merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union in the 1990s to form the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE). UNITE merged with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) in 2004 to create a new union known as UNITE HERE. The two unions that formed UNITE in 1995 represented 250,000 workers between them, down from the ILGWU's peak membership of 450,000 in 1969.

The union published Justice in Jersey City, New Jersey.

Early history
The ILGWU was founded on June 3, 1900, in New York City by seven local unions, with a few thousand members between them. The union grew rapidly in the next few years but began to stagnate as the conservative leadership favored the interests of skilled workers, such as cutters. This did not sit well with the majority of immigrant workers, particularly Jewish workers with a background in Bundist activities in Tsarist Russia, or with Polish and Italian workers, many of whom had strong socialist and anarchist leanings.

The Uprising of 20,000 and the Great Revolt
The ILGWU had a sudden upsurge in membership that came as the result of two successful mass strikes in New York City.

The first, in 1909, was known as "the Uprising of 20,000" and lasted for thirteen weeks. It was largely spontaneous, sparked by a short walkout of workers of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, involving only about 20% of the workforce. That, however, only prompted the rest of the workers to seek help from the union. The firm locked out its employees when it learned what was happening.

The news of the strike spread quickly to all the New York garment workers. At a series of mass meetings, after the leading figures of the American labor movement spoke in general terms about the need for solidarity and preparedness, Clara Lemlich rose to speak about the conditions she and other women worked under and demanded an end to talk and the calling of a strike of the entire industry. The crowd responded enthusiastically and, after taking a biblical oath in Yiddish, "If I turn traitor to the cause I now pledge, may this hand wither from the arm I now raise," voted for a general strike. Approximately 20,000 out of the 32,000 workers in the shirtwaist trade walked out in the next two days.

Those workers – who were primarily women and immigrant workers – defied the preconceptions of many conservative labor leaders, who thought that immigrants and women in general could not be organized. Their slogan "We'd rather starve quick than starve slow" summed up the depth of their bitterness regarding the sweatshops in which they labored.

The strike was a violent one. Police routinely arrested picketers for trivial or imaginary offenses, while employers hired local thugs to beat them as police looked the other way.

A group of wealthy women, among them Frances Perkins, Anne Morgan, and Alva Vanderbilt Belmont, supported the struggles of working class women with money and intervention with officials and often picketed with them. Newspapers dubbed them "the mink brigade" because they used their wealth and privilege to try to protect the strikers. The strikers did not always welcome their help; Emma Goldman told the press that "If the strike is won, it will be on its merits, not because it was assisted by wealthy ladies."

The strike was only partially successful. The ILGWU accepted an arbitrated settlement in February 1910 that improved the workers' wages, working conditions, and hours, but the settlement did not provide union recognition. A number of companies, including the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, refused to sign the agreement. But even so, the strike won a number of important gains. It encouraged workers in the industry to take action to improve their conditions, brought public attention to the sweatshop conditions. With some 20,000 shirtwaist workers as new members, Local 25 became the largest local affiliate of the ILGWU.

Several months later, in 1910, the ILGWU led an even larger strike, later named "The Great Revolt", of 60,000 cloakmakers. After months of picketing, prominent members of the Jewish community, led by Louis Brandeis, mediated between the ILGWU and the Manufacturer's Association. The employers won a promise that workers would settle their grievances through arbitration rather than strikes during the term of the Agreement (a common clause in Union contracts today). It did also manage to include provisions for the establishment of the Joint Board of Sanitary Control, Committee on Grievances, and a Board of Arbitration.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire and its aftermath
The union also became more involved in electoral politics, in part as a result of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire on March 25, 1911, in which 146 shirtwaist makers (most of them young immigrant women) either died in the fire that broke out on the eighth floor of the factory, or jumped to their deaths. Many of these workers were unable to escape because the doors on their floors had been locked to prevent them from stealing or taking unauthorized breaks. More than 100,000 people participated in the funeral march for the victims.

The fire had differing effects on the community. For some it radicalized them still further; as Rose Schneiderman said in her speech at the memorial meeting held in the Metropolitan Opera House on April 2, 1911, to an audience largely made up of the well-heeled members of the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL):

"I would be a traitor to these poor burned bodies if I came here to talk good fellowship. We have tried you good people of the public and we have found you wanting. The old Inquisition had its rack and its thumbscrews and its instruments of torture with iron teeth. We know what these things are today; the iron teeth are our necessities, the thumbscrews are the high-powered and swift machinery close to which we must work, and the rack is here in the firetrap structures that will destroy us the minute they catch on fire.

This is not the first time girls have been burned alive in the city. Every week I must learn of the untimely death of one of my sister workers. Every year thousands of us are maimed. The life of men and women is so cheap and property is so sacred. There are so many of us for one job it matters little if 146 of us are burned to death.

We have tried you citizens; we are trying you now, and you have a couple of dollars for the sorrowing mothers, brothers and sisters by way of a charity gift. But every time the workers come out in the only way they know to protest against conditions which are unbearable the strong hand of the law is allowed to press down heavily upon us.

Public officials have only words of warning to us – warning that we must be intensely peaceable, and they have the workhouse just back of all their warnings. The strong hand of the law beats us back, when we rise, into the conditions that make life unbearable.

I can't talk fellowship to you who are gathered here. Too much blood has been spilled. I know from my experience it is up to the working people to save themselves. The only way they can save themselves is by a strong working-class movement."

Others in the union drew a different lesson from events: working with local Tammany Hall officials, such as Al Smith and Robert F. Wagner, and progressive reformers, such as Frances Perkins, they pushed for comprehensive safety and workers' compensation laws. The ILG leadership formed bonds with those reformers and politicians that would continue for another forty years, through the New Deal and beyond.

Growth and turmoil
The ILGWU was able to turn the partial victory of the Great Revolt into a lasting victory; within two years it had organized roughly ninety percent of the cloakmakers in the industry in New York City. It improved benefits in later contracts and obtained an unemployment insurance fund for its members in 1919.

At the same time political splits within the union were beginning to grow larger. The Socialist Party split in 1919, with its left wing leaving to form various communist parties that ultimately united under the name of the Communist Party USA. Those left wing socialists, joined by others with an IWW or anarchist background, challenged the undemocratic structure of the ILGWU, which gave every local an equal vote in electing its leaders, regardless of the number of workers that local represented, and the accommodations that the ILGWU leadership had made in bargaining with the employers. Left wing activists, drawing inspiration from the shop stewards movement that had swept through British labor in the preceding decade, started building up their strength at the shop floor level.

The Communist Party did not intervene in ILGWU politics in any concerted fashion for the first few years of its existence, when it was focused first on its belief that revolution in the advanced capitalist countries was imminent, followed by a period of underground activity. That changed, however, around 1921, as the party attempted to create a base for itself in the working class and, in particular, in the unions within the AFL.

The party had its greatest success and failure in that effort in the 1920s in the garment trades, where workers had experience with mass strikes and socialist politics were part of the common discourse. Party members had won elections in some of the most important locals within the ILGWU, particularly in New York City, in the early years of the decade and hoped to expand their influence.

In the late 1920s, the ILGWU began focusing on recruiting African-American women, specifically. Floria Pinkney, a dressmaker from Connecticut who lived in Brooklyn, was instrumental in this focus. Pinkney spoke alongside Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters president A. Philip Randolph at a 1929 ILGWU meeting in Harlem focused on enrolling black women.

Internal battles
In 1923, Benjamin Schlesinger, the International's President, resigned. The convention elected Morris Sigman, who had previously been Secretary-Treasurer of the International before resigning in a dispute with Schlesinger, as its new President. Sigman, a former IWW member and anti-communist, began to remove Communist Party (CP) members from leadership of locals in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and Boston.

Sigman could not regain control of the New York locals, including Dressmakers' Local 22, headed by Charles S. Zimmerman, where the CP leadership and their left-wing allies, some anarchists and some socialists, enjoyed strong support of the membership. Local 22 rallied to prevent the International from physically retaking their union hall. Those unions led the campaign to reject a proposed agreement that Sigman had negotiated with the industry in 1925, bringing more than 30,000 members to a rally at Yankee Stadium to call for a one-day stoppage on August 10, 1925.

After Sigman called a truce in the internecine war with the left-led locals, followed up by a reform of the ILGWU's internal governance system that gave proportional weight to locals based on the size of their membership, the left wing of the union was even stronger than before. Sigman depended on the support of David Dubinsky's cutters union, many of the Italian locals, and the "out-of-town locals", many of which were mere paper organizations, to retain his presidency at the 1925 convention.

The showdown came the next year. The International supported the recommendations of an advisory board appointed by Governor Al Smith that supported the union's demands that wholesale jobbers be financially responsible for the wages owed by their contractors and that workers be guaranteed a set number of hours per year, while allowing employers to reduce their workforces by up to 10% in any given year. While Sigman and Dubinsky supported the proposal, the CP-led and CP-influenced locals denounced it. The New York Joint Board called a general strike on July 1, 1926.

The left-wing locals may have hoped that a general strike, which had the support of the right-wing locals loyal to Sigman, would be a quick success; it was not. Employers hired "Legs" Diamond and other gangsters to beat up strikers. The union hired their own protection, led by "Little Augie" Orgen, to retaliate. When the strike entered its third month, the left wing leadership went to A.E. Rothstein, a retired manufacturer, to ask him to intercede. He suggested they talk to his estranged son, Arnold Rothstein, a gambler with widespread influence in the New York underworld.

Rothstein was able to get the hired gangsters on both sides to withdraw. The local leadership was then able to negotiate a modified version of the agreement they had rejected before the strike began. While they had reservations about the concessions they were accepting, the left wing recommended it.

Factional divisions within the CPUSA led the party leadership to reject the offer. As one member of the CPUSA and a leader in Local 22 recalled the scene, one of the members of the committee said, when presenting the agreement to a meeting of the shop floor leaders, "Maybe we could have gotten more, but ...", at which point a party leader interjected, "They didn't get more. If there is a possibility of getting more, go and get more." The rest of the leadership, unwilling to appear less militant, joined in urging rejection of the deal. That ended negotiations with the employers and kept the strike going another four months, at the end of which the union was nearly bankrupt and the left leadership almost wholly discredited. Sigman took over negotiations, settled the strike and then proceeded to drive the Communist Party from any positions of influence within the ILG.

Dubinsky's rise to power
The failed 1926 strike nearly bankrupted the ILGWU. The International also lost, for a time, some of the locals that chose to follow their expelled leaders out of the ILGWU rather than remain within it. Sigman also proved nearly as abrasive, although not as fierce, toward the right wing within the ILGWU, leading Dubinsky to suggest in 1928 that the union should bring back Schlesinger, who had gone on to become General Manager of the Forward, the highly influential Yiddish newspaper in New York, as Executive Vice-President of the union.

Sigman did not like the proposal, but acceded to it. Five months later he resigned in a dispute with the union's executive board and Schlesinger replaced him, with Dubinsky named as Secretary-Treasurer. Schlesinger died in 1932 and Dubinsky, still Secretary-Treasurer, became President of the ILGWU as well.

Dubinsky proved to be far more durable than his predecessors. He did not tolerate dissent within the union, and insisted that every employee of the International first submit an undated letter of resignation, to be used should Dubinsky choose to fire him later. He also acquired the power to appoint key officers throughout the union. As he explained his position at one of the union's conventions: "We have a democratic union – but they know who's boss."

Under his leadership the union, more than three fourths of whose members were women, continued to be led almost exclusively by men. Rose Pesotta, a longtime ILGWU activist and organizer, complained to Dubinsky that she had the same uncomfortable feeling of being the token woman on the ILGWU's executive board that Dubinsky had complained about when he was the only Jew on the AFL's board. The union did not make any significant efforts to allow women into leadership positions during Dubinsky's tenure.

The Great Depression and the CIO
As weak as the ILGWU was in the aftermath of the 1926 strike, it was nearly destroyed by the Great Depression. Its dues-paying membership slipped to 25,000 in 1932 as unionized garment shops shut or went nonunion or stopped abiding by their union contracts.

The union recovered after the election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act, which promised to protect workers' right to organize. As in the case in other industries with a history of organizing, that promise alone was enough to bring thousands of workers who had never been union members in the past to the union. When the union called a strike of dressmakers in New York on August 16, 1933, more than 70,000 workers joined in it – twice the number that the union had hoped for. It did not hurt that the local leader of the National Recovery Administration was quoted as saying – without any basis in fact – that President Roosevelt had authorized the strike. The union rebounded to more than 200,000 members by 1934, increasing to roughly 300,000 by the end of the Depression.

At the same time in Los Angeles, Rose Pesotta was organizing women dressmakers, primarily from the Latina community, to create a union and demand better pay and working conditions. After a strike and resistance from the Merchand and Manufacturers Association, workers received some improved pay, but not all of their conditions were met.

As one of the few industrial unions within the AFL, the ILGWU was eager to advance the cause of organizing employees in the steel, automobile and other mass production industries that employed millions of low-wage workers, many of them immigrants or children of immigrants. The ILGWU was one of the original members of the Committee for Industrial Organization, the group that John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers formed within the AFL in 1935 to organize industrial workers, and provided key financial support and assistance. The organizing momentum gained over the Depression would carry over into the new decade. By the end of the 1940s, the ILGWU had added roughly 70,000 new members and expanded out of its traditional enclaves of New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. During this drive the ILGWU chased down and organized manufacturers' "runaway shops" and established a strong foothold in the hinterlands of the Midwest and East Coast. Rose Pesotta played a key role in early organizing drives in the rubber and steel industries.

Dubinsky was unwilling to split the AFL into two competing federations and did not follow Lewis and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers when they formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations as a rival to, rather than a part of, the AFL. Dubinsky also had personality differences with Lewis, whom he resented as high-handed.

Dubinsky was alarmed by the presence of Communist Party members on the payroll of the CIO and the fledgling unions it had sponsored. Dubinsky was opposed to any form of collaboration with communists and had offered financial support to Homer Martin, the controversial president of the United Auto Workers, who was being advised by Jay Lovestone, a former leader of the Communist Party turned anti-communist, in his campaign to drive his opponents out of the union. Lewis was unconcerned with the number of communists working for the CIO. He told Dubinsky, when asked about the communists on the staff of the Steel Workers Organizing Committee, "Who gets the bird? The hunter or the dog?"

The ILGWU began reducing its support for the CIO and, after a few years in which it attempted to be allies with both sides, reaffiliated with the AFL in 1940. Dubinsky regained his former positions as a vice president and member of the executive council of the AFL in 1945. He was the most visible supporter within the AFL of demands to clean house by ousting corrupt union leaders. The AFL–CIO ultimately adopted many of his demands when it established codes of conduct for its affiliates in 1957.

Electoral politics
Dubinsky and Sidney Hillman, leader of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, helped found the American Labor Party in 1936. At the time Dubinsky and Hillman were both nominal members of the Socialist Party, although Dubinsky had, by his own admission, allowed his membership to lapse during the factional fighting of the 1920s. The Labor Party served as a halfway house for socialists and other leftists who were willing to vote for liberal Democratic politicians such as Roosevelt or Governor Herbert Lehman of New York, but who were not prepared to join the Democratic Party itself.

The new party was subject to many of the same fissures that divided the left in the late 1930s. For a while after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, CPUSA members within the ALP condemned FDR as a warmonger because of his support for Britain. At one particularly stormy meeting Dubinsky and the other leaders were only able to hold their vote endorsing Roosevelt after moving from room to room and calling the police to arrest those who had disrupted the meeting.

Dubinsky ultimately left the Labor Party in 1944 after a dispute with Hillman over whether labor leaders in New York, such as Mike Quill, who either were members of the Communist Party or were seen as sympathetic to it, should be given any role in the ALP. When Hillman prevailed, Dubinsky and his allies left to form the Liberal Party. The ALP went on to endorse Henry Wallace in the 1948 presidential election, while the ILGWU campaigned energetically for Harry S. Truman, nearly bringing New York State into his column.

Dubinsky had hopes of launching a national liberal party, headed by Wendell Willkie, the Republican candidate for President in 1940 who had soured on the Republican Party after his defeat in the primaries in 1944. In Dubinsky's eyes this new party would attract the internationalists in the Republican Party and the bulk of the Democratic Party, without the white Southern conservative bloc that commanded so much power in Congress. He proposed that Willkie begin by running for Mayor of New York City in 1945; Willkie, however, died before the plan could get off the ground.

Dubinsky and the ILGWU played an active role in the Liberal Party for most of the 1950s and up until his retirement in 1966. The ILGWU ended its support for the party after Dubinsky left office.

Management experiments
The ILGWU established its own industrial engineering office, called the Management Engineering Department, in 1941. This followed two unsuccessful attempts to begin such a program in 1916 and 1919. The 1916 attempt had been suggested by future Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis and Morris Hillquit, who invited Taylor Society co-founder R. G. Valentine to set up an experiment to demonstrate the techniques of scientific management. However, Valentine died before the experiment could be carried out. This was followed by a demonstration program carried out in Cleveland from 1919 to 1931 under Morris L. Cooke and Francis P. Goodell.

The ILGWU listed its objectives in setting up the management engineering department as: "1. To assist in improving the manufacturing techniques and operating methods of all branches of the industry with which our workers' earnings are intimately bound ... 2. To serve as a central information agency: (a) To determine the level of 'fair piece rates.' (b) To record the production system and manufacturing techniques, under which these rates are paid. (c) To assist in training shop members and committees in distinguishing bad time study practices and good time study practices in the determination of rates." This emphasis on cooperation between labor and management using the techniques of scientific management in order to improve the workers' conditions and pay came to be known as the "mutual gains strategy" but was largely abandoned in the wake of the Wagner Act.

Other social and cultural efforts
The ILGWU turned its attention to social and cultural matters at an early stage in its history. A resort called "Unity House" was opened in the Pocono Mountains in Forest Park, PA for union workers. An educational department offered courses in union leadership skills, citizenship and the English language, law, and pattern-making. Health centers provided medial care for union members and their families. The Union also sponsored sports teams and musical groups, while union members staged the topical musical Pins and Needles (1937–1940). The ILGWU, following the lead of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, also developed housing for its members. The ILGWU, for a time, also owned radio stations in New York City (WFDR-FM 104.3, now WAXQ), Los Angeles (KFMV 94.7, now KTWV), and Chattanooga, Tennessee (WVUN 100.7, now WUSY).

Dubinsky was also active in the Jewish Labor Committee, which the ILGWU, along with the Amalgamated Clothing Workers, the Workmen's Circle and other groups, helped establish in 1934 to respond to Hitler's rise to power and to defend the rights of European Jewry. After the war the ILGWU and other groups affiliated with the JLC helped arrange for adoptions of orphaned children who had survived the war. The JLC also played a part in the work of the AFL–CIO's Civil Rights Department.

"Look for the Union Label"
The first union label signifying the labor was performed by union members was put on products in 1869. The ILGWU's label debuted in 1900. From the 1960s through the 1990s, the ILGWU promoted their label on swag such as totes and keychains in an attempt to draw consumer attention to the labor issue. The "Look for the Union Label" song premiered in 1975 and then continued to appear in advertisements for about a decade. Four versions were recorded. In each commercial, one or two union workers would speak to the camera, followed by a shot of the ILGWU label, then a growing number of union members singing the jingle until a full chorus has joined in. The "jingle achieve[d] both a sonic timelessness and a lyrical directness" that led many to assume it was an older anthem. The lyrics were written by Paula Green and the music by Malcolm Dodds.

"Look for the Union Label" became an anthem for the broader labor movement more broadly. President Jimmy Carter claimed he was uncertain whether he preferred it to "Hail to the Chief," and Al Gore sang it to Teamsters while campaigning for president.

It has been parodied by Saturday Night Live and South Park.

It frequently appears in collections of labor anthems.

Decline of the union
The union often saw itself, both before and during Dubinsky's years at the head of the union, as the savior of the industry, eliminating the cutthroat competition over wages that had made it unstable while making workers miserable. Dubinsky took pride in negotiating a contract in 1929 that contained no raises, but allowed the union to crack down on subcontractors who "chiseled". Dubinsky even claimed to have once turned down an employer's wage offer in negotiations as too costly to the employers, and therefore harmful to employees. Dubinsky summarized his attitude by saying that "workers need capitalism the way a fish needs water."

Policing the industry became much harder, however, as gangsters invaded the garment district. Both the employers and the union had hired gangsters during the strikes of the 1920s. Some of them, such as Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, remained in the industry as labor racketeers who took over unions for the opportunities for raking off dues and extorting payoffs from employers with the threat of a strike. Some also became garment manufacturers themselves, driving away unions, other than those they controlled, by violence. While Dubinsky himself remained untouched by graft, a number of officers within the union were corrupted.

The ILGWU was unable, on the other hand, to prevent the flight of formerly unionized shops to other parts of the US or abroad, where unions were nonexistent and wages far lower, though there were exceptions, for example, the successful unionization of runaway shops by organizer Min Matheson in northeastern Pennsylvania in the 1950s. The garment industry is an exceptionally mobile one, requiring little capital, using easily carried equipment, and able to relocate its operations with little or no advance warning. The union lost nearly 300,000 members over twenty years to overseas manufacturing and runaway shops in the south.

In the meantime, the membership of the union changed from being predominantly Jewish and Italian to drawing on the latest wave of immigrant workers: largely from Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and China in New York and other east coast cities and from Mexico, Central America, and Asia in Los Angeles and other western and southern centers of the industry. The leadership of the union had less and less in common with its membership and very often had no experience in the trade itself. The union won few gains in workers' wages and benefits in the years after World War II and gradually lost its ability to keep sweatshop conditions from returning, even in the former center of its strength in New York.

In the last decade of Dubinsky's tenure some of these new members began to rebel, protesting their exclusion from positions of power within the union. That rebellion failed: the established leadership had too strong a hold on the official structure of the union, in an industry in which members were scattered across a number of small shops and in which power was concentrated in the upper echelons of the union, rather than in the locals. Without the support of a mass movement that would have given the majority an effective voice, individual insurgents were either marginalized or co-opted.

The union also found it nearly impossible to organize garment workers in communities such as Los Angeles, even when going after established manufacturers such as Guess?. Organizing on a shop by shop basis proved largely futile, given the proliferation of "fly by night" contractors, the number of workers willing to take striking or fired workers' jobs, the uncertain immigration status of many workers and the kinship connections that bound many workers to their foremen and other low-level managers. The union found itself in 1995 in nearly the same position that it had been in more than ninety years earlier, but without any prospect of the sort of mass upsurge that had produced the general strikes of 1909 and 1910.

The ILGWU merged with the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union in 1995, to form UNITE. In 2004, that organization merged with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees union to form UNITE HERE.

Union label
The ILGWU adopted an optional union label at its first convention. Labeling was briefly made compulsory in all industries under the National Recovery Act label from 1933 to 1935, after which the ILGWU established its Union Label Office. A campaign in the 1950s to make the union label mandatory culminated in a garment-industry–wide label, launched in 1959 with appearances by Mary Rockefeller, Eleanor Roosevelt and other notable women around the country.

In the 1970s, in response to competition from an increase in imported goods, the union label was redesigned to emphasize American patriotism, adding the words "Made in the U.S.A." (a phrase that was made mandatory in 1985 under the Textile Fiber Products Identification Act). The 1975 "Look For the Label" campaign's eponymous advertising jingle, written by Paula Green and Malcolm Dodds, was a popular, enduring anthem. This "iconic" catchiness comes from its striking similarity to the 1919 Jerome Kern hit song "Look For the Silver Lining". Where earlier campaigns had invoked the Culture of Domesticity to associate union products with family values and traditional gender roles, the 1975 campaign embraced women's liberation, depicting the working, rank-and-file members of the ILGWU.

The commercial featuring the famous song was parodied on a late-1970s episode of Saturday Night Live in a fake commercial for The Dope Growers Union; the March 19, 1977, episode (#10.22) of The Carol Burnett Show; and the South Park episode "Freak Strike" (2002).

Presidents

 * 1900: Herman Grossman
 * 1903: Benjamin Schlesinger
 * 1904: James McCauley
 * 1905: Herman Grossman
 * 1907: Julian Mortimer
 * 1908: Charles Jacobson (acting)
 * 1908: Abraham Rosenberg
 * 1914: Benjamin Schlesinger
 * 1923: Salvatore Ninfo (acting)
 * 1923: Morris Sigman
 * 1928: Benjamin Schlesinger
 * 1932: David Dubinsky
 * 1966: Louis Stulberg
 * 1975: Sol Chaikin
 * 1986: Jay Mazur

Secretary-Treasurers

 * 1900: Bernard Braff
 * 1904: John Alexander Dyche
 * 1914: Morris Sigman
 * 1915: Abraham Baroff
 * 1929: David Dubinsky
 * 1959: Louis Stulberg
 * 1973: Sol Chick Chaikin
 * 1977: Shelley Appleton
 * 1983: Jay Mazur
 * 1986: Irwin Solomon


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Brookdale, Western Australia

Brookdale is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located within the City of Armadale. Formerly part of the district of Wungong, Brookdale was gazetted in 1997.

Schools

 * Gwynne Park Primary School
 * Xavier Catholic School (2005)
 * Australian Christian College – Darling Downs

Bus

 * 249 Armadale Station to Hilbert – serves Wungong Road
 * 250 Armadale Station to Armadale Station – Circular Route, serves Tijuana Road, Powell Crescent, Chadwick Parade, Farmer Avenue, Ninth Road and Harber Drive

title: Brookdale, Western Australia


text: User talk:80.46.78.98

title: User talk:80.46.78.98


text:
PFM

PFM may refer to:

 * Federal Ministerial Police (Policía Federal Ministerial), a Mexican federal agency tasked with fighting corruption and organized crime
 * Pacific Fast Mail, a manufacturer of brass model trains
 * Pen For Men, a 1959 model of the Sheaffer Pen Corporation
 * Personal financial management, a class of online tools and services for money tracking, budgeting, and advice
 * PFM Group (Pietro Fioravanti Machinery), an Italian multinational in the packaging and weighing machinery industry
 * Photonic force microscope, an optical tweezer based method to measure forces in the range of several piconewtons
 * Piezoresponse force microscopy, a technique typically used to investigate and manipulate ferroelectric domains on nanoscale dimensions
 * Plasma-facing material, the material used to line the reactor vessel in a fusion power reactor
 * Pontefract Monkhill railway station, England, United Kingdom; National Rail station code PFM
 * Porcelain Fused to Metal, the most common type of dental crown
 * Premiata Forneria Marconi, an Italian progressive rock band
 * Printer Font Metrics, part of a Type 1 font description used by the Microsoft Windows operating system
 * Pulse-frequency modulation
 * PFM, a graphic image file format from Netpbm format
 * PFM, the IATA code for Primrose Aerodrome, Alberta, Canada

title: PFM


text:
Carl Sigismund Kunth

Carl Sigismund Kunth (18 June 1788 – 22 March 1850) was a German botanist. He was also known as Karl Sigismund Kunth or anglicized as Charles Sigismund Kunth. He was one of the early systematic botanists who focused on studying the plants of the Americas. Kunth's notable contributions include the publication of Nova genera et species plantarum quas in peregrinatione ad plagam aequinoctialem orbis novi collegerunt Bonpland et Humboldt. This work spanned seven volumes and was published between 1815 and 1825.

Early life
He was born in Leipzig, Germany. Kunth became a merchant's clerk in Berlin in 1806. His interest in botany was sparked when he met Alexander von Humboldt, who facilitated his attendance at lectures held at the University of Berlin.

Career
Kunth served as Humboldt's assistant in Paris from 1813 to 1819, during which time he meticulously examined and described the plants collected by Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland during their expedition through the Americas.

Upon his return to Berlin in 1820, Kunth assumed the position of Professor of Botany at the University of Berlin, as well as Vice President of the Berlin botanical garden. In recognition of his contributions, he was elected as a member of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin in 1829.

In 1829, Kunth embarked on a three-year journey to South America, traversing Chile, Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, Central America, and the West Indies.

Legacy
Following his death in 1850, the Prussian government acquired Kunth's botanical collection, which subsequently became part of the esteemed Royal Herbarium in Berlin.

Kunth described and named numerous species and genera. He named certain genera in honor of his colleagues and collaborators, including Gaudichaudia. Contemporaries reciprocated by naming species after him. Although Bonpland initially named the genus Kunthia in his honor (now considered synonymous with Chamaedorea). Additionally, Gaudichaud named a Hawaiian fern species, Doodia kunthiana (family Blechnaceae), after him. Another floral tribute is the Nilgiri flower Strobilanthes kunthiana, which bears his name.

 * Note: Kunth = C.S. Kunth; H.B.K. = Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth

Selected publications

 * Les mimosees et autres plantes legumineuses du nouveau continent (1819)
 * Synopsis plantarum quas in itinere ad plagain aequinoctialem orbis novi collegerunt Humboldt et Bonpland (1822–3)
 * Les graminees de l'Amerique du Sud (2 vols., 1825–1833)
 * Handbuch der Botanik (Berlin, 1831)
 * Lehrbuch der Botanik (1847)
 * Les melastomees et autres plantes legumineuses de l'Amerique du Sud (1847–1852)
 * Lehrbuch der Botanik (1847)
 * Les melastomees et autres plantes legumineuses de l'Amerique du Sud (1847–1852)

title: Carl Sigismund Kunth


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ministry of Justice of Cameroon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 20:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ministry of Justice of Cameroon
Not actually about the "Ministry of Justice of Cameroon", or even the "Justice system of Cameroon". Propaganda more than anything else. Dr Gangrene 09:51, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Since Capitalistroadster's edit, this looks like an excellent article, and should be kept. Dr Gangrene 14:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or speedy as political ad, put in bad faith under a misleading title. They may be wrong, they may be right, but this is neither the correct place nor method to further a political agenda. UPDATE: Edits by CR have vastly improved this.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:27, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or speedy. Could this count as a speedy criterion #11? --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 18:57, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As always, Capitalistroadster's rewrite is relevant, detailed, and NPOV.  --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 13:18, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as vandalism, libel. Wyss 19:37, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV political rant. Megan1967 00:57, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have rewritten this from the ground up based on The Statesman's Yearbook 2005 entry for Cameroon, United Nations reports and the US State Department entry on Cameroon. As we are top of a Google search for this term and as I consider Government Departments in general to be both notable and encyclopedic. I propose that we keep this version. Capitalistroadster 10:34, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Trust Capitalistroadster. --JuntungWu 18:36, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yet another keep due to CR's edits. —RaD Man (talk)  21:41, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)~
 * Yep to that, well done CR, keep. Wyss 21:45, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Spinboy 23:07, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Lavandula stoechas

There was no redirect from Lavandula stoechas. I made one. But, who will ever find this plant as "Topped Lavender"? This mania for invented unCommon Names... --Wetman 09:54, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Is this normal when it is done blooming???
Do I need to dead head these? Does the color fade when it is done? It turned a light green and no longer deep. The flowers are less and faded. Is this normal and just at the end of their bloom 2601:285:8300:5F70:9C1C:4C98:982A:F5B6 (talk) 16:13, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lavandula stoechas


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Clementina Walkinshaw

Clementina Maria Sophia Walkinshaw (1720 – 27 November 1802) was the mistress of the Jacobite claimant Charles Edward Stuart.

Born into a respectable Scottish family, Clementina began to live with the Prince in November 1752 and remained his mistress for eight years. Their child Charlotte was born in 1753. In 1760, the Prince's father, James Francis Edward Stuart, helped her escape with her daughter to a convent and began to support her. After his death in 1766 she had an allowance from Charles's brother Henry, Cardinal Duke of York. Charlotte's father legitimated her in 1783, and the next year she joined him in Florence and looked after him until his death. Charlotte died in 1789, leaving Clementina 50,000 livres and an annuity, but Henry insisted on Clementina signing a "quittance" renouncing any further claim.

Clementina Walkinshaw brought up her three grandchildren and lived until 1802, in her later years taking up residence in Switzerland.

Childhood
Clementina was the youngest of ten daughters of John Walkinshaw of Barrowfield and his wife Katherine Paterson, daughter of Sir Hugh Paterson, 1st Baronet. She grew up in Rome, possibly born thence, and as such would have known Charles from a young age; indeed, she was said to have been the goddaughter of his mother Clementina Sobieska. The Walkinshaws were Lanarkshire gentry who owned the lands of Barrowfield and Camlachie, and her father had become a wealthy Glasgow merchant. However, he was a committed Jacobite who had fought for James Francis Edward Stuart in the rising of 1715, and had been captured at the Battle of Sheriffmuir, before escaping from Stirling Castle and fleeing to Europe. Clementina was educated on the Continent, and later converted to Roman Catholicism. In 1746, she was living at the home of her uncle Sir Hugh Paterson at Bannockburn near Stirling.

Relationship with Prince Charles Stuart
After the defeat of the Prince's rebellion at Culloden in April 1746, Charles fled Scotland for France. In 1752, he heard that Clementina, whom he had already met with her uncle, was at Dunkirk and in some financial difficulties, so he sent 50 louis d'ors to help her and then dispatched Sir Henry Goring to entreat her to come to Ghent and live with him as his mistress. Goring, who described Clementina as a "bad woman", complained of being used as "no better than a pimp", and shortly afterwards left Charles's employ. However, by November 1752, Clementina was living with Charles, and was to remain as his mistress for the following eight years. The couple moved to Liège where Charlotte, their only child, was born on 29 October 1753 and baptised into the Roman Catholic faith at the church of Sainte Marie-des-Fonts. Some contemporary accounts of British agents cite the birth of a baby boy and a second child.

The relationship between the Prince and Clementina was disastrous. Charles was already a disillusioned, angry alcoholic when they began living together, and he became violent towards Clementina and insanely possessive of her, treating her as a "submissive whipping post". Often away from home on jaunts, he seldom referred to his daughter, and when he did, it was as "ye cheild". During a temporary move to Paris, the Prince's lieutenants record ugly public arguments between the two, and that his drunkenness and temper was damaging his reputation. By 1760, they were in Basel, and Clementina had had enough of his intoxication and their nomadic lifestyle. She contacted Charles's staunchly Roman Catholic father James Stuart ('the Old Pretender') and expressed a desire to secure a Catholic education for Charlotte and to retire to a convent. James agreed to pay her an annuity of 10,000 livres and, in July 1760, there is evidence to suggest he aided her escape from the watchful Charles, with the seven-year-old Charlotte, to the convent of the Nuns of the Visitation in Paris. She left a letter for Charles expressing her devotion to him but complaining she had to flee in fear of her life. A furious Charles circulated descriptions of them both, but it was to no avail.

Life with her daughter
For the next twelve years, Clementina and Charlotte continued to live in various French convents, supported by the 10,000 livre pension granted by James Stuart. Charles never forgave Clementina for depriving him of "ye cheild", and stubbornly refused to pay anything for their support. On 1 January 1766 James died, but Charles, now considering himself de jure Charles III of Scotland, England and Ireland, still refused to make any provision for the two, forcing Clementina, now styling herself as the Countess of Albestroff, to appeal to his brother Cardinal Henry Stuart for assistance. Henry gave them an allowance of 5,000 livres, but in return extracted a statement from Clementina that she had never been married to Charles – a statement she later tried to retract. This lower amount forced them to find cheaper lodgings in the convent of Notre Dame at Meaux-en-Brie.

Towards the end of 1772, Clementina and Charlotte unexpectedly arrived in Rome to press their desperate cause in person. The trip had pushed Clementina further into debt. The Prince reacted angrily to their arrival, refusing even to see them, forcing their helpless return to France, from where Charlotte's pleading letters continued.

Later life
In 1783, Charlotte, Clementina’s daughter, finally became legitimised and was allowed to see her father. Charlotte, in need of money for her and Clementina, settled with her father in Florence as his caretaker. Charlotte left Clementina her three children to take care of while Charlotte was in Florence.

On 17 November 1789, Charlotte died at age 36 of liver cancer at Palazzo Vizzani Sanguinetti, a Renaissance palace located in Bologna. In Charlotte’s will, written three days before her death, stated that Clementina would be left 50,000 livres and an annuity of 15,000. However, Cardinal Henry Stuart would ‘release’ the money; he had only agreed to do so if Clementina would sign an quittance, renouncing any former claim upon the estate for both her and her descendants.

Clementina Walkinshaw looked after her three grandchildren and lived until 1802, in her later years taking up residence in Switzerland and bringing up her grandson Roehenstart in the reformed faith. During the years of the French Revolution, his father paid for his education in Germany. On her death, she left him a substantial fortune.

In culture
She is a minor character in the novel Redgauntlet (1824) by Sir Walter Scott.

Scottish singer-songwriter Brian McNeill composed the song "How the Foreign Winds Do Blaw" on his tenth studio album The Baltic tae Byzantium about Walkinshaw.

title: Clementina Walkinshaw


text:
User talk:Egil/Sandbox/units

Very interesting sandbox, you should put it into an article!

title: User talk:Egil/Sandbox/units