text: User talk:82.129.244.65

title: User talk:82.129.244.65


text:
John Komnenos Doukas

John Komnenos Doukas (Ιωάννης Κομνηνός Δούκας, Iōannēs Komnēnos Doúkas), Latinized as Comnenus Ducas, was ruler of Thessalonica from 1237 until his death in 1244.

John was the eldest son of Theodore Komnenos Doukas and Maria Petraliphaina. In 1230 his father was captured together with his family in the Battle of Klokotnitsa by Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. When his sister Irene married Ivan Asen II in 1237, John was released from captivity together with his now blind father Theodore and his younger brother Demetrios. Theodore and his sons made their way back to Thessalonica and incited a revolt against Theodore's brother Manuel Komnenos Doukas who had ruled the city since 1230. Since Theodore was blind, he installed his son John as ruler and retired to Vodena.

In 1239, the deposed Manuel returned with Nicaean help and made himself master of Thessaly. Unable to dislodge him, Theodore and John came to terms with the loss of that province. In 1241 Ivan Asen II died, removing both his suzerainty and his protection from Thessalonica. Now, if not earlier, John began using the imperial title once used by his father. This and his exposed position attracted the attention of Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea. The Nicaean emperor invited Theodore to a conference and had him arrested, and in 1242 led his army against Thessalonica. Upon reaching Thessalonica, he sent Theodore to negotiate with his son and obtain his submission. John was easily induced to content himself with the title of despotes and to recognize the suzerainty of Nicaea. Securing these concessions, John III Doukas Vatatzes rapidly returned to Asia Minor to combat the invading Seljuk Turks.

John had exhibited little talent for governing and he is said to have desired to become a priest. He died in 1244 and was succeeded by his younger brother Demetrios.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Komnenos Doukas


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Glanmor Williams

Sir Glanmor Williams (5 May 1920 – 24 February 2005) was a Welsh historian.

Sir Glanmor was born in Dowlais, into a working-class family, and was educated at Cyfarthfa Grammar School in Merthyr Tydfil. He studied at Aberystwyth alongside Alun Lewis and Emyr Humphreys, becoming a specialist in the early modern period of Welsh history. His long academic career included 37 years at the University of Wales, Swansea, between 1945 and 1982, and ten as vice-president of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.

He joined Swansea University in 1945 and was Professor of History at Swansea University from 1957 to 1982, his research interests focused on the Protestant Reformation and its impact on Welsh life and culture. His exceptional study of the Welsh Church after 1282, The Welsh Church from Conquest to Reformation was published in 1962. In subsequent works, such as Owen Glendower (1966), Recovery, Reorientation and Reformation (1987), and Owain Glyndwr (1993) Williams documented how English subjugation of Wales was strengthened by the Tudor Acts of Union, and yet still offered scope for the growth and development of Welsh culture.

In Religion, Language and Nationality in Wales (1979) he described the origins of Welsh cultural and political nationalism. He wrote equally fluently in Welsh, with his best known works including: Dadeni, Diwygiad a Diwylliant Cymru (The Renaissance, the Reformation and the Culture of Wales, 1964), Grym Tafodau Tân (The Power of Fiery Tongues, 1984) and Cymru a'r Gorffennol: côr o leisiau (Wales and the Past: a choir of voices, 2000). Williams was Vice-Principal of Swansea University from 1975 to 1978, and was also appointed to many committees in Wales and England. He served as President of the Baptist Union of Wales, National Governor of BBC Wales and Chairman of the Broadcasting Council for Wales (1965–71), on the board of the British Library and its Advisory Council. Furthermore, he was actively involved in the Board of Celtic Studies, the Pantyfedwen Trust and Cadw. He became a Fellow of the Society of Arts in 1979 and was appointed a CBE in 1981. After his retirement from Swansea, he served as Chairman of the Ancient Monuments Board (Wales) from 1983 to 1995, Chairman of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (1986 to 90), and vice-president of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth (1986 to 1996). In 1983 he delivered the Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture. He became a Fellow of the British Academy in 1986 and was knighted in 1995. His autobiography Glanmor Williams: A Life was published in 2002. He was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Merthyr Tydfil on 18 April 2002.

Speaking after Williams' death in Swansea in 2005, the vice-chancellor, Richard B Davies, said: "his influence on the study of Wales is incalculable. Just to meet him was a privilege."

Publications

 * Wales and the Reformation. (1997, University of Wales Press)
 * Recovery, Reorientation and Reformation: Wales c.1415–1642, part of the Oxford History of Wales (1987, Oxford University Press)
 * Grym Tafodau Tan (1984, Gomer Press)
 * Owain Glyndwr (1993, University of Wales Press)
 * The Welsh Church from Conquest to Reformation (1962, University of Wales Press)
 * Religion, Language and Nationality (1978, University of Wales Press)
 * Glanmor Williams: A Life (2002, University of Wales Press)
 * Harri Tudur a Chymru (Henry Tudor and Wales) - a bilingual book (1985, University of Wales Press)

title: Glanmor Williams


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User:Susvolans/List of sources referring to the Taiwan Strait islands as Taiwan

 * 1) Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
 * 2) Weatherbase
 * 3) Highbeam
 * 4) The Washington Times
 * 5) BBC (The BBC is consistent in its use of the term Taiwan throughout its news service.)
 * 6) National Center for Biotechnology Information
 * 7) CNet Hotspot Zone
 * 8) 3rd Pacific Rim Participatory Community Design Conference
 * 9) Taipei Times
 * 10) Welcome to Taiwan
 * 11) Welcome to Taiwan
 * 12) "World's Armed Conflicts" site
 * 13) Taiwan Personals
 * 14) Taiwan Resources site
 * 15) FreeGK Travel
 * 16) ACM


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1972 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, and miniatures games published in 1972. For video and console games, see 1972 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 1972

 * 4000 A.D.
 * Boggle
 * Conquest
 * Don't Give Up The Ship!
 * Richthofen's War

title: 1972 in games


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Youngblood Brass Band

The Youngblood Brass Band is an American brass band from Madison, Wisconsin that was established in 1998. The band has released six albums and has toured throughout the United States and Europe.

History
The band came together in 1995 as the One Lard Biskit Brass Band, subsequently releasing the album Better Recognize locally. The Youngblood name dates from 1998, the year the group put out their first album, Word On The Street. In 2000 Youngblood released Unlearn, which featured appearances by Talib Kweli, Mike Ladd, DJ Skooly and Ike Willis. Unlearn, which like Word On The Street was released independently, garnered the band significant attention and led to them being signed to Ozone Music NYC. The band's first album for Ozone, called center:level:roar, came out in 2003.

In 2004, sousaphonist and primary arranger Nat McIntosh left the group. As McIntosh's music was a "main component of the band's sound since inception", his departure marked a change in sound for Youngblood Brass Band, as chronicled by the release of Live. Places and Is That a Riot?. The band's work during this time features a harder hip-hop edge with stronger punk influences than their other work.

In 2005 they released a live album entitled ''live. places.'' on their Layered Music record label. Is That a Riot? (2006) was supported by multiple international tours and festival appearances.

McIntosh rejoined the band in 2013, and his playing and songwriting both appear on Pax Volumi, which was released on September 9, 2013, by Tru Thoughts. They released 20 Years Young, a compilation spanning the band's two-decade existence, in 2017, and followed it in 2018 with the most recent Covers 1 EP, both released independently.

In 2021, following 13 allegations of "grooming" students/ex-students by founding member David Henzie-Skogen (after which a police investigation concluded that nothing criminal occurred) Joseph Goltz announced on behalf of the band that "We don't know what the future holds for the band...", but that "...we will no longer be working under his leadership or with his label going forward."

Educational work
Band members credit "really good public school system arts-education programs" for inspiring their love of music, and they make an effort to play for schools as well as at clubs and larger venues. Under the aegis of the Layered Arts Collective, which band members co-founded, they also presented musical lectures where in addition to performing, they discussed the history of brass bands and hip-hop. Layered Arts Collective also functioned as a record label/publishing house for their family of artists (including Cougar, a group of experimental rockers that also counted David Henzie-Skogen as a member). Youngblood has also released sheet music transcriptions of all songs included on their albums, since many university and high school music ensembles have begun including YBB in their repertoire.

Members

 * Current
 * Zach Lucas – alto and tenor saxophones
 * Tony Barba – tenor saxophone and bass clarinet
 * Adam Meckler – trumpet
 * Charley Wagner – trumpet
 * Joe Goltz – trombone
 * Matt Hanzelka – trombone
 * Nat McIntosh – trombone/euphonium
 * Miles Lyons – sousaphone
 * Conor Elmes – percussion
 * Tom Reschke – percussion
 * Natalie Baker – live audio engineer

 * Former
 * Dave Skogen – percussion
 * Arian Macklin
 * Carl Bartsch – Tenor Saxophone
 * Moses Patrou – Percussion
 * Kyle Traska – Percussion
 * Jonah Gaster
 * Josh Smith – Trumpet
 * Mike Boman – Trumpet
 * Ben McIntosh – trombone

Albums

 * Better Recognize* (1997)
 * Word on the Street (1998)
 * Unlearn (2000)
 * Center:Level:Roar (2003)
 * Live. Places. (2005)
 * Is That a Riot? (2006)
 * Riot Instrumentals EP (2007)
 * Pax Volumi (2013)
 * 20 Years Young (2017)
 * Covers 1 EP (2018)

* recorded by One Lard Biskit Brass Band

title: Youngblood Brass Band


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David L. Lawrence

David Leo Lawrence (June 18, 1889 – November 21, 1966) was an American politician who served as the 37th governor of Pennsylvania from 1959 to 1963. The first Catholic elected as Pennsylvania's governor, Lawrence is the only mayor of Pittsburgh to have also been elected as Governor of Pennsylvania. He served four terms as mayor, from 1946 through 1959. A panel of 69 scholars in 1993 ranked him third among the ten best mayors in American history.

Early life
Lawrence was born into a working-class Irish Catholic family in the downtown Golden Triangle neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Too poor to attend college, Lawrence instead took a job as a clerk for Pittsburgh attorney William Brennan, the chairman of the local Democratic party and a labor movement pioneer. Brennan became a personal friend and mentor to the teenage Lawrence.

Lawrence entered the insurance business in 1916. In 1918 he entered the Army in World War I, serving as an officer in the adjutant general's office in Washington, D.C.

Pittsburgh politics
When he returned home from the army in 1919, Lawrence was elected as chairman of the Allegheny County Democratic Party. At the time, Pittsburgh was a Republican bastion, with Democrats holding wide support only in the lower class and among recent immigrants, who were concentrated in industrial jobs. With the help of Joe Guffey, a future US Senator, Lawrence led the rising Pennsylvania Democratic party that would soon dominate local and statewide politics. In the 1928 presidential election, Lawrence worked hard for Alfred E. Smith from New York, another Irish Roman Catholic politician who had also risen from the slums without the benefit of a formal education. The vicious anti-Catholic campaign that defeated Al Smith that year had a profound effect on Lawrence. He believed that Roman Catholicism was an insurmountable handicap in United States presidential politics. Consequently, at the 1932 Democratic National Convention, Lawrence deserted Al Smith's presidential campaign and delivered the Pennsylvania delegation to Franklin D. Roosevelt, solely because of his fear of the religious issue.

Meanwhile, in 1931, Lawrence had run for Allegheny County Commissioner but lost. It was one of his last losses, as the effects of the Great Depression and a series of scandals rapidly eroded support for the Republican party in Pittsburgh. Two years later, Lawrence was appointed U.S. Collector of Internal Revenue for Western Pennsylvania by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1934, he helped elect George Earle as the first Democratic governor of Pennsylvania in the 20th century. Earle appointed him as the Secretary of the Commonwealth. That same year, Lawrence became state chairman of the Democratic Party.

Mayoralty
In 1945, Lawrence was elected mayor of Pittsburgh by a narrow margin. At the time, Pittsburgh was considered one of the most polluted cities in America, with smog so thick that it was not unusual for streetlights to burn during the daytime. Its industries had worked overtime during the war, adding to the pollution of air and water. Lawrence developed a seven-point program for Pittsburgh during his first days in office, making him one of the first civic leaders to implement a dedicated urban renewal plan. Republicans still controlled much of city politics and business at the time, so Lawrence had to forge bipartisan alliances to accomplish his objectives. His most famous partnership was with Richard Mellon, chairman of one of the largest banks in America and a staunch Republican. Despite their political differences, Mellon and Lawrence were both interested in the revival of Pittsburgh and both were early environmentalists. This partnership drove what came to be called the Pittsburgh Renaissance (later Renaissance I).

From 1950 through 1952, Lawrence served as president of the United States Conference of Mayors.

A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli saw Lawrence ranked as the third-best American big-city mayor to serve between the years 1820 and 1993.

Pennsylvania politics
After an unprecedented four terms as mayor of Pittsburgh, Lawrence was drafted by Democrats to run for governor in 1958. He was initially reluctant, citing his age (nearing 70) as a potential drawback. He eventually accepted his party's nomination and narrowly defeated Reading businessman Arthur McGonigle to become Pennsylvania's 37th governor and its first Catholic one.

During his four-year term as governor, Lawrence passed anti-discrimination legislation, environmental protection laws, expanded Pennsylvania's library system, passed Pennsylvania's fair housing law, and advocated historic preservation. He also passed vigorous highway safety legislation, which some attribute to the fact that two of his sons were killed in an automobile accident. His expansion of state bureaucracies came at the price of budget deficits and tax increases, a move that angered many fiscal conservatives.

In 1960, Lawrence was among a group of political leaders who created the Finnegan Foundation, which provide practical training in government and politics for outstanding undergraduate students by offering ten-week paid internships in the state government in Harrisburg each summer.

National politics
Lawrence had attended his first Democratic National Convention as a page in 1912 and would attend every subsequent convention until his death. He was instrumental in the nominations of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 and John F. Kennedy in 1960, and became known as the "maker of presidents". In the weeks leading up to the 1948 Democratic National Convention, Lawrence was one of the few urban bosses to support Harry S Truman's attempts to win the Presidential nomination.

At the 1948 Democratic Convention in Philadelphia, where Harry Truman sought the Democratic presidential nomination with Lawrence's support, however, Lawrence would surprise liberals and conservatives alike by shifting the Pennsylvania delegation away from the more tepid civil rights plank that the Administration preferred to a more aggressively liberal one. Lawrence is often credited with convincing John F. Kennedy to choose Lyndon Johnson as his running mate to balance the ticket and mend a rift between northern and southern Democrats.

In 1958 (during the heat of the Governor's race), then Mayor Lawrence was eventually exonerated of influencing the Federal Communications Commission along with the U.S. Senator from Florida, George Smathers. The charges involved the granting of a television license to WTAE-TV between its ownership group and that of WPXI. The U.S. House hearings with Lawrence present were high drama.

Later life
Limited to one term under existing state law, Lawrence retired from elected office in 1963. He continued to be active in Democratic politics and served the Kennedy and Johnson administrations as Chairman of the President's Committee on Equal Opportunities in Housing.

Death
Lawrence fell ill and collapsed on November 4, 1966, at a campaign rally held at Pittsburgh's Syria Mosque for gubernatorial candidate Milton Shapp. He was rushed to a local hospital. He died 17 days later, having never regained consciousness. He was 77 years old. His death brought eulogies from both President Johnson and Harry S. Truman. Funeral services were held at St. Mary of Mercy Church in downtown Pittsburgh on November 25, 1966. The 2,000 attendees included Senator Robert F. Kennedy, Mayors Joseph M. Barr of Pittsburgh, Jerome Cavanagh of Detroit, James Tate and Richardson Dilworth of Philadelphia, Govs. William Scranton, James H. Duff, Raymond P. Shafer and John S. Fine, along with President Lyndon B. Johnson staff members Robert E. Kintner and W. Marvin Watson, Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman and Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall. After the services all guests and family joined a 250-car motorcade following the hearse down the Boulevard of the Allies, across Grant Street and up I-376 for the burial.

He is buried in Pittsburgh's Calvary Cemetery, behind the plot of his longtime friend Harry Greb and beside the plots of his two eldest sons, who had died years before.

Lawrence's death was subsequently ascribed to the cramped conditions and limited resuscitation equipment in the hearse-type ambulance in which he was taken to hospital. This catalyzed reform and improvement in Pittsburgh's ambulance service and those of other American cities.

Family
Lawrence's two eldest sons both died as passengers in a joyriding car accident on April 19, 1942, north of Pittsburgh near Zelienople along U.S. Route 19.

Another son, Gerald Lawrence, became the long-time Vice President and General Manager of Churchill Downs, the prominent racetrack in Louisville, Kentucky.

His grandson Tom Donahoe served as General Manager for the hometown Pittsburgh Steelers from 1991 until 1999, helping take the team to Super Bowl XXX. He later served as GM for the Buffalo Bills from 2001 until 2005, as well as a contributor to ESPN.com.

Another grandson, Gerald "Jerry" Lawrence, is the chair of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party’s seven-county Southeast Caucus and candidate to be Chairperson of the statewide Democratic Party.

Honors
Buildings named in honor of Lawrence include The David L. Lawrence Convention Center in Pittsburgh, the David Lawrence Hall of the University of Pittsburgh, Lawrence Hall in the Governor's Quad at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Lawrence Hall of Point Park University. Lawrence is also honored at Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, as it named two dormitories the Lawrence Towers. The David L. Lawrence Library, later the David L. Lawrence Administration Center, at La Salle University was dedicated by Vice President Hubert Humphrey.

Electoral history

 * 1945 Race for Pittsburgh Mayor
 * David Lawrence (D), 52%
 * Rob Waddell (R), 47%
 * 1949 Race for Pittsburgh Mayor
 * David Lawrence (D), 60%
 * Tim Ryan (R), 39%
 * 1953 Race for Pittsburgh Mayor
 * David Lawrence (D), 62%
 * Leonard Patrick Kane (R), 37%
 * 1957 Race for Pittsburgh Mayor
 * David Lawrence (D), 64%
 * John Drew (R), 35%
 * 1958 Race for Pennsylvania Governor
 * David Lawrence (D), 53%
 * Arthur McGonigle (R), 46%

References and further reading

 * Heineman, Kenneth J. Catholic New Deal: Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh (Penn State Press, 2010).
 * Heineman, Kenneth J. "A Catholic New Deal: Religion and Labor in 1930s Pittsburgh." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 118.4 (1994): 363–394. online
 * Heineman, Kenneth J. "Catholics, Communists, and Conservatives: The Making of Cold War Democrats on the Pittsburgh Front." U.S. Catholic Historian (2016): 25–54. online
 * Heineman, Kenneth J. "A Tale of Two Cities: Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and the Elusive Quest for a New Deal Majority in the Keystone State." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 132.4 (2008): 311–340. online
 * Holli, Melvin G. The American Mayor: The Best and the Worst Big-City Leaders (Penn State UP, 1999) pp 98–126.
 * Isaacson, Mariel P. "Fantasy meets reality: the Pittsburgh renaissance and urban utopias." Journal of Urban History 41.1 (2015): 13–19.
 * Lubove, Roy, ed. Twentieth Century Pittsburgh Volume 1: Government, Business, and Environmental Change (1996)
 * Luconi, Stefano. "Machine politics and the consolidation of the roosevelt majority: The case of Italian Americans in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia." Journal of American Ethnic History (1996): 32–59. online
 * McElligott, Patricia. Irish Pittsburgh (Arcadia, 2013) online.
 * Shames, Sally Oleon. "David L. Lawrence, Mayor of Pittsburgh: Development of a Political Leader" (PhD dissertation, University of Pittsburgh; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1958. 5805634)
 * Smith, Eric Ledell, and Kenneth C. Wolensky. "A Novel Public Policy: Pennsylvania's Fair Employment Practices Act of 1955." Pennsylvania History (2002): 489–523. online
 * Stave, Bruce M. The New Deal and the last hurrah: Pittsburgh machine politics (U of Pittsburgh Pre, 1970).
 * Stave, Bruce Martin. "The New Deal, the Last Hurrah, and the Building of an Urban Political Machine: Pittsburgh Committeemen, A Case Study." Pennsylvania History 33.4 (1966): 460–483. online
 * Weber, Michael P. Don't Call Me Boss: David L. Lawrence: Pittsburgh's Renaissance Mayor (U of Pittsburgh Press, 1988) ISBN 0-8229-3565-1.

title: David L. Lawrence


text: Category:Louis Armstrong songs

title: Category:Louis Armstrong songs


text:
List of dams and reservoirs in Singapore

The following is a list of reservoirs in Singapore.

There are a currently 17 reservoirs which are designated as national water catchment areas and are managed by the Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Singapore.

Reservoirs
*located in SAF restricted zones

Reservoirs that are no longer in service

 * Mount Emily Reservoir
 * Keppel Hill Reservoir


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1978 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1978. For video games, see 1978 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 1978
• Adventures in Fantasy

• Battle-Sphere

• Black Hole

• (This Game is) Bonkers!

• The Campaign for North Africa

• Cyborg

• Dawn of the Dead

• Empire

• Gamma World (tabletop role-playing game)

• G.E.V.

• High Fantasy

• Ice War

• It

• John Carter, Warlord of Mars (role-playing game)

• Junta

• King Arthur's Knights

• Magic Realm

• Mayday

• The Next War

• Olympica

• Pente

• Privateer

• Quad-Ominos

• Quest

• RuneQuest (tabletop role-playing game)

• The Sorcerer's Cave

• Spellmaker

• Star Fighter

• Star Trek: Adventure Gaming in the Final Frontier (tabletop role-playing game)

• Starfleet Wars (Superior Models, Inc.)

• Starships & Spacemen

• Stomp!

• Strike Team Alpha

• Strange New Worlds

• Swords & Sorcery

• To the Green Fields Beyond

• War in the Ice

• Wizard

title: 1978 in games


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Cartoon Art Museum

The Cartoon Art Museum (CAM) is a California art museum that specializes in the art of comics and cartoons. It is the only museum in the Western United States dedicated to the preservation and exhibition of all forms of cartoon art. The permanent collection features some 7,000 pieces as of 2015, including original animation cels, comic book pages and sculptures.

Until September 2015, the museum was located in the Yerba Buena Gardens cultural district of San Francisco, in the South of Market neighborhood. It reopened in October 2017, in a new location in the Fisherman's Wharf area of San Francisco.

History
The Museum was founded in 1984 by comic art enthusiasts, with its primary founder being Malcolm Whyte, the publisher of Troubador Press. CAM's first incarnation had no fixed location, instead organizing showings at other local museums and corporate spaces. In 1987, with the help of an endowment from cartoonist Charles Schulz, it established a home on the second floor of the San Francisco Call-Bulletin Building in the South of Market (SoMa) area.

In late 1994 the museum temporarily closed while it moved locations again, re-opening in the summer of 1995. Primary founder Malcolm Whyte retired from the museum's board of directors around the same time.

In 1997, the museum suffered through serious financial difficulties, and was almost forced to close —this was despite a new endowment fund from the Schulz Foundation.

Jenny E. Robb served as curator of the Cartoon Art Museum from 2000 to 2005. (Robb is now curator of the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum in Columbus, Ohio.) Current curator Andrew Farago took over from Robb in 2005.

In 2001, the museum moved to a ground-floor location at 655 Mission Street in SoMa, which had been vacated by the Friends of Photography Ansel Adams Center. It closed the location in mid-September 2015 after the lease expired; the owners more than doubled the rent.

In late 2016, the museum signed a 10-year lease on a historic, 8,000-square-foot brick building a block away from Ghiradelli Square. Almost a year later, during late October 2017, the Cartoon Art Museum finally reopened its doors at its new location with three new exhibitions, including a retrospective of the San Francisco cartoonist Raina Telgemeier, a tribute exhibition of Mike Mignola's Hellboy, and the emerging artist showcase featuring Nidhi Chanani.

Sparky Award
Over the years, the Museum has presented the Sparky Award (after the nickname of Charles M. Schulz), in honor of the lifetime achievement of prominent creators in the fields of cartooning and animation who "embody the talent, innovation and humanity of Schulz." The award, which is co-sponsored by the Charles M. Schulz Museum, includes a statuette of Snoopy holding a pen and leaning on an inkwell. (The CAM Sparky Award is not connected to the award of the same name presented at the Slamdance Film Festival.)

The award debuted in 1998, and multiple winners were announced each year until 2001. After a six-year hiatus, the award was again presented in 2007. The most recent Sparky Award was given in 2022.

The Sparky Award has been presented at various venues, including the San Diego Comic-Con and the New York Comic Con.

List of Sparky Award winners:
 * 1998 – Charles M. Schulz, Chuck Jones, and John Lasseter
 * 1999 – Sergio Aragonés, Gus Arriola, Carl Barks, and Dale Messick
 * 2000 – Ward Kimball, Stan Lee, and Morrie Turner
 * 2001 – John Severin, Will Eisner, Phil Frank, Lou Grant, Gary Larson, and Bill Melendez
 * 2007 – Creig Flessel
 * 2008 – Gene Colan (and, in an earlier ceremony, Malcolm Whyte)
 * 2010 – Mort Walker
 * 2011 – Jerry Robinson
 * 2015 – Ron Turner; presented in conjunction with the first annual San Francisco Comics Fest
 * 2017 – Jeff Smith; presented at the Charles M. Schulz Museum
 * 2022 – Raina Telgemeier; presented at the Charles M. Schulz Museum

Exhibitions
The Museum hosts nine to 12 major exhibitions annually, along with classes for children and adults. It also offers lectures and operates a research library, a classroom and a bookstore.

title: Cartoon Art Museum


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User talk:Smartnerd666

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Gamaliel 18:02, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Smartnerd666


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Todgha Gorge

The Todgha Gorges (ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵖⴰ; مضيق تودغا) are a series of limestone river canyons, or wadi, in the eastern part of the High Atlas Mountains in Morocco, near the town of Tinerhir. Both the Todgha and neighbouring Dades Rivers are responsible for carving out these deep cliff-sided canyons, on their final 40 km through the mountains. The height of the canyon walls can vary, but in some places can be up to 400 m high.

Description
The last 600 m of the Todgha gorge are the most spectacular. Here the canyon narrows to a flat stony track, in places as little as 10 m wide, with sheer and smooth rock walls up to 160 m high on each side.

During the dry season, the canyon floor is mostly dry; at most there will be a small stream of water. During this time, the wadi floor is easily traversed by travelers. During the rainy season, however, the Todra can expand massively, covering the canyon floor in a strong torrent.

Access
The area is no longer as remote as it once was. A well-maintained asphalt road leads up the valley from Tinerhir to the gorge. A concrete road continues up the valley, past the hotels at the mouth of the gorge all the way to the villages of Aït Hani, and Tamtatouchte.

Thanks to its robust rock sides with many uneven surfaces, Todgha Gorge is popular among rock climbers. More than 150 routes rated French Grade 5+ to 8 have been bolted in the canyon.

Film appearances
The Todgha Gorge was featured on the premiere of the American reality show Expedition Impossible. It was also featured prominently in a 2012 advertisement for the Cadillac CTS.

title: Todgha Gorge


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PRP

PRP may refer to:

Places

 * People's Republic of Poland, 1952-1990
 * Pleasure Ridge Park, Louisville, in Kentucky, United States
 * Preston Park railway station, in Sussex, England

Medicine and biology

 * Panretinal photocoagulation, a treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy
 * Penicillin-resistant pneumococci, a Streptococcus species resistant to antibiotics
 * Pityriasis rubra pilaris, a rare skin disorder
 * Platelet-rich plasma
 * Prion protein, a major constituent of the infectious prion
 * Progressive rubella panencephalitis, a viral neurological disorder
 * Proline rich proteins, a class of intrinsically unstructured proteins
 * Psychological refractory period, a period between processing multiple stimuli

Mathematics and science

 * Probable prime, a number that satisfies some requirements for prime numbers
 * Parallel Redundancy Protocol, a network protocol providing fault tolerance
 * Pseudorandom permutation, a class of functions in cryptography
 * Petroleum Remediation Product, a substance for cleaning petroleum-based pollution

Organizations

 * Press Recognition Panel, a UK body relating to the recognition of press regulators
 * Peel Regional Police, in Ontario, Canada
 * Park Royal Partnership, an industrial partnership in London
 * Puerto Rico Police

Political parties

 * Praja Rajyam Party, in India between 2008-2011
 * Progressive Reform Party (South Africa), between 1975-1977
 * Portuguese Republican Party, between 1876-1911
 * Progressive Reform Party (Suriname), in South America
 * Patriotic Renewal Party, in Honduras between 1990-1992
 * People's Reconciliation Party in Burundi, Africa
 * People's Reform Party in the Philippines
 * Progressive Republican Party (Brazil)

Other uses

 * Performance-related pay
 * Personnel Reliability Program, a psychological evaluation of US DoD personnel
 * Potentially responsible party, a possible polluter who may be held liable
 * Professional registered parliamentarian

title: PRP


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Eduard Kaufmann

Eduard Kaufmann (24 March 1860, Bonn – 15 December 1931, Göttingen) was a German physician.

The disease Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome is named for him.

Career
Kaufmann studied in Bonn and Berlin, and earned his doctorate from the University of Bonn in 1884. He was appointed Privatdozent for anatomical pathology in Breslau three years later, and assisted at Emil Ponfick’s institute.

In 1896 Kaufmann became prosector at Allerheiligenhospital in Breslau and professor in 1897. In 1898 he became professor of pathology and anatomical pathology and head of the Pathological Anatomical Institute of the University of Basel. Kaufmann moved in 1907 to Göttingen and finally withdrew from active work in 1927.

Kaufmann undertook the first study of cartilage changes in achondroplasia. His textbook on pathological anatomy, "Lehrbuch der speciellen pathologischen Anatomie", has been tractitioners He was the author of significant works involving chondrodystrophy and on malignant tumors of the prostate.

title: Eduard Kaufmann


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Wahlund effect

In population genetics, the Wahlund effect is a reduction of heterozygosity (that is when an organism has two different alleles at a locus) in a population caused by subpopulation structure. Namely, if two or more subpopulations are in a Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium but have different allele frequencies, the overall heterozygosity is reduced compared to if the whole population was in equilibrium. The underlying causes of this population subdivision could be geographic barriers to gene flow followed by genetic drift in the subpopulations.

The Wahlund effect was first described by the Swedish geneticist Sten Wahlund in 1928.

Simplest example
Suppose there is a population $$P$$, with allele frequencies of A and a given by $$p$$ and $$q$$ respectively ($$p + q = 1$$). Suppose this population is split into two equally-sized subpopulations, $$P_1$$ and $$P_2$$, and that all the A alleles are in subpopulation $$P_1$$ and all the a alleles are in subpopulation $$P_2$$ (this could occur due to drift). Then, there are no heterozygotes, even though the subpopulations are in a Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.

Case of two alleles and two subpopulations
To make a slight generalization of the above example, let $$p_1$$ and $$p_2$$ represent the allele frequencies of A in $$P_1$$ and $$P_2$$, respectively (and $$q_1$$ and $$q_2$$ likewise represent a).

Let the allele frequency in each population be different, i.e. $$p_1 \ne p_2$$.

Suppose each population is in an internal Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, so that the genotype frequencies AA, Aa and aa are p2, 2pq, and q2 respectively for each population.

Then the heterozygosity ($$H$$) in the overall population is given by the mean of the two:

\begin{align} H & = {2p_1q_1 + 2p_2q_2 \over 2} \\[5pt] & = {p_1q_1 + p_2q_2} \\[5pt] & = {p_1(1-p_1) + p_2(1-p_2)} \end{align} $$

which is always smaller than $$2p(1-p)$$ ($${}=2pq$$) unless $$p_1=p_2$$

Generalization
The Wahlund effect may be generalized to different subpopulations of different sizes. The heterozygosity of the total population is then given by the mean of the heterozygosities of the subpopulations, weighted by the subpopulation size.

F-statistics
The reduction in heterozygosity can be measured using F-statistics.

title: Wahlund effect


text: Talk:Love Me Tender (Barb Jungr album)

title: Talk:Love Me Tender (Barb Jungr album)


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User:Vvuppala

Currently working on
 * Andhra Pradesh
 * Indian American
 * Dussehra
 * Andhra Pradesh Politics
 * University of Massachusetts Amherst

title: User:Vvuppala


text:
1985 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1985. For video games, see 1985 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 1985
• Trial of Strength

• Advanced Squad Leader

• DC Heroes (role-playing game)

• The Doctor Who Role Playing Game

• Dragon Warriors

• Judge Dredd: The Role-Playing Game

• Mekton (role-playing game)

• Mosby's Raiders

• Orient Express

• Pax Britannica

• Pendragon (role-playing game)

• Pictionary

• Rêve: the Dream Ouroboros (role-playing game)

• Spacemaster (role-playing game)

• Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness (role-playing game)

• World in Flames

Game awards given in 1985

 * Spiel des Jahres: Sherlock Holmes Consulting Detective

title: 1985 in games


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Welcome to Wherever You Are

Welcome to Wherever You Are is the eighth studio album by Australian rock band INXS, which was released on 3 August 1992. With grunge and alternative music breaking into the mainstream, INXS tried to establish a new direction for itself, incorporating sitars, a 60-piece orchestra, and a much more "raw" sound to their music. In its four star review of the album, Q called it "... a far more engaging and heartfelt collection than anything the group has put out in recent memory ... It rocks," and listed it as one of the 50 Best Albums of 1992. It was the first album by an Australian artist to debut on the UK album chart at number one since AC/DC's Back in Black, released in 1980.

Despite the positive critical reception, along with charting well on most countries' album charts (including topping the UK chart and reaching number two in Australia), the album marked a commercial decline for the band, especially in the United States, where it only peaked at number 16 on the Billboard 200 album chart. The commercial decline was partially due to the lack of promotion by their label and changing musical tastes towards grunge and alternative. Also hurting promotions, the band elected to take a break and not tour in support of the album. The plan was that the band would instead record the follow-up (which went on to become 1993's Full Moon, Dirty Hearts) and then tour in support of both albums. The downside of this, however, was that Welcome to Wherever You Are faded from press and public attention more quickly, and, as a result, failed to match the success of INXS's two previous albums, Kick and X.

While the single "Baby Don't Cry" was a Top 20 hit in the UK, the album's biggest American hit was "Not Enough Time", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and stayed there for five consecutive weeks.

In 2002, a remastered version of the album was released, which included five previously unreleased tracks.

Background
Following the release of their seventh studio album, X, INXS staged a worldwide concert tour titled the X-Factor Tour. The ten-month tour began in October 1990 and consisted of four legs with a total of 121 shows. The 1990-91 tour proved successful, attracting 1.2 million fans across four continents. To coincide with the successful tour, INXS released their first live album, Live Baby Live, a few months after the tour had finished. Live Baby Live features 15 live tracks taken from various shows during the band's Summer XS leg of the tour. Although the album was commercially successful, peaking in the top 10 on both the Australian and UK album charts, as well as earning platinum status in the United States, some critics criticised the album for sounding too studio-like.

The members of INXS began preparations for their eighth studio album towards the end of the X tour. Songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Andrew Farriss had already written a number of songs while the band was on the road, including Shining Star, which was quickly recorded and added to the Live Baby Live album as a bonus studio track. Once the band got back to Australia, the song-writing duo of Farriss and vocalist Michael Hutchence paired up to begin writing new material. Rehearsals for Welcome to Wherever You Are soon took place at the Sydney Opera House in Sydney.

Recording and production
In November 1991, INXS entered Rhinoceros studios in Sydney to begin work on their eighth studio album. With no time constraints and enough money to make new studio recordings, the band members continued writing new material and experimenting with new sounds. Having worked with producer Chris Thomas previously on Listen Like Thieves, Kick and X, the band chose to work with Australian producer Mark Opitz, who was behind the production of the band's third studio album, Shabooh Shoobah, ten years earlier. For this album, INXS decided to shift their musical direction by incorporating a much "rawer" sound. To achieve this, a variety of techniques were used during production, such as stripping down the polished sound that was present on their previous albums with Thomas. Heavy distortion was used on the guitars. Opitz and Hutchence also used heavy distortion on the vocals, an experience that Hutchence enjoyed. In a 1992 radio interview promoting the release of Welcome to Wherever You Are, guitarist Tim Farriss recalls the same technique used in producing music in the 1960s: "Sometimes they used to mix the vocal back so the band would sound louder, punchier and harder".

The album includes the work and sound of the Australian Concert orchestra on the songs "Baby Don't Cry" and "Men and Women". The band recorded both tracks live in the studio, with the 60-piece orchestra being conducted by Colin Piper and engineered by Neil Sandbach. For the opening track "Questions", guitarist and saxophonist Kirk Pengilly used a brass horn to create a Far East sound. Australian singer Deni Hines was hired to provide backing vocals on one of the album's singles, "Not Enough Time", and the track "Strange Desire". The singer would go on to marry Pengilly one year later. Tim Farriss was absent during most of the album's production because he was suffering from exostosis. Pengilly had to play most of his material. Pengilly himself was recovering from the end of a ten-year relationship. Other band members were also going through eventful experiences in their lives, including drummer Jon Farriss, who was preparing to marry his girlfriend at the time, Leslie Bega, whom he had met the previous year in Los Angeles. Bassist Garry Gary Beers and his then-wife, Jodie, were awaiting the birth of their second child. In the band's 2005 official autobiography, INXS: Story to Story, Optiz recalls, "The album is very much Andrew, Michael and myself. We didn't have everyone's minds on the job because some of them were going through significant things in their personal lives".

In the midst of recording, the band were approached to headline the Concert for Life, a benefit show staged in Sydney's Centennial Park on 28 March 1992. The event was held to help raise money for the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Centre and AIDS Patient Services and Research, at St Vincent's Hospital. More than 62,000 people attended the event, with other Australian acts, including Crowded House and Jimmy Barnes headlining. For the encore, the orchestra were hired once again to help INXS perform their new song, "Baby Don't Cry", as well as "Never Tear Us Apart". The band included two more songs from the new album on their set list: "Taste It" and "All Around". Upon returning to the studio to finish the rest of the album, the band members decided not to tour in support for Welcome to Wherever You Are; instead they came up with the idea of doing a follow-up album, and then touring in support of both. Opitz went on to produce the follow-up, Full Moon, Dirty Hearts, a year later, continuing the band's experimentation with their musical style. Welcome to Wherever You Are is the first studio album to have all members of INXS share production credits.

Packaging
Previous designs for INXS releases, including Kick and X, were created by visual artist Nick Egan, and included strong shots of the band, but for the release of Welcome to Wherever You Are, INXS wanted to go for a more artistic and creative theme. A technique known as "situation photography" was used to shoot random pictures for the album's cover art, as well as the album's five singles. The album and its accompanying singles would all have the same font style and effect used for the title. The title is printed on a long, narrow piece of paper, and is coated onto the random photograph with adhesive tape.

Welcome to Wherever You Are features a different album cover on each format. The most recognised cover art is the design on CD, which features the Artane Boys Band from Ireland. Atlantic records also released a limited edition of the album on deluxe digipak. The vinyl edition featured a black & white picture of a Sea Cadet while the cassette cover features a group of boy scouts from 9th/10th Dublin Aughrim Street Scouts performing a human pyramid. The new designs were a departure from the group's previous work with Egan. With INXS missing from the artwork and lack of promotion from the record label, some fans simply wouldn't recognise the new album in record stores. A few months after the album's release, Atlantic re-released the CD edition in Australia with new artwork, this time featuring INXS. The re-printed artwork shows the band walking the desert dressed in suits. The shot was an outtake taken from the photo sessions that were included in the album sleeve.

Lyrics from all twelve songs were printed in the liner notes.

Critical reception
The album was generally positively received by the critics and fans, particularly in Europe and the UK, where it went to the top of Album charts in the UK. The Independent and Q magazine also included the album in their top 10 albums of the year of 1992. Andy Gill from The Independent said "It's their best record by some distance, bristling with pop hooks applied in odd directions." Writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine stated in his AllMusic review that the album was "one of the band's strongest." However, Vic Garbarini, for Rolling Stone, was less positive and felt "this is music that attracts but hasn't the gravity or resonance to hold your attention ... Hutchence seems dissociated from his material, dispassionately competent ... the wealth of musical gifts on the album makes the one-dimensional delivery stand out all the more dramatically".

Commercial performance
At the time of its release, Welcome to Wherever You Are entered the UK Albums Chart straight at number 1, making INXS the first Australian band to reach the top spot since AC/DC's Back in Black in 1980. The album was certified gold less than two months later by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales in excess of 100,000 units. The album charted well in other parts of Europe, reaching number 1 in Sweden, number 2 in Switzerland,  number 3 in Norway  and number 8 in Germany. The album attained gold status in both Sweden and Switzerland.

In the band's native Australia, the album debuted on the Australian Albums Chart at number 2 on 16 August 1992 and remained at that position for 2 weeks. In total, it remained in the Australian charts for 13 weeks. It subsequently received a gold accreditation from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 35,000 units. In New Zealand, the album entered at number 46 on the RIANZ Chart, eventually peaking at number 8. It was present for a total of 12 weeks on the chart.

In the United States, Welcome to Wherever You Are peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Top 200, and was first certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 2 October 1992 for shipments of 500,000 units. Five years later, the album was certified platinum on 16 December 1997 for sales of one million copies alone in the United States. In Canada, Welcome to Wherever You Are reached number 10 on the RPM Albums Chart It received a gold accreditation by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) on 26 March 1993 for shipments of 50,000 units.

Personnel
Personnel as listed in the album's liner notes are:

INXS
 * Michael Hutchence – vocals
 * Andrew Farriss – keyboards, guitars, orchestral arrangements (7, 12)
 * Tim Farriss – guitars
 * Kirk Pengilly – guitars, saxophone, vocals
 * Garry Gary Beers – bass, vocals
 * Jon Farriss – drums, percussion, vocals

Additional musicians
 * Sunil De Silva – percussion (5)
 * Australian Concert Orchestra – orchestra (7, 12)
 * Mick Kenny – orchestral arrangements (7, 12)
 * Colin Piper – conductor (7, 12)
 * Phillip Hartl – concertmaster (7, 12)
 * Deni Hines – backing vocals (5, 11)

Production
 * Mark Opitz – producer
 * INXS – producers
 * Bob Clearmountain – mixing at A&M Studios (Hollywood, California)
 * Niven Garland – engineer
 * Melissa Van Twest – assistant engineer
 * Neil Sandbach – orchestral engineer (7, 12)
 * Leon Zervos – mastering at Studios 301 (Sydney, Australia)
 * Steve Pyke – cover photography
 * Peggy Sirota – band photography
 * Michael Nash Assoc. – design

Certifications and sales

!scope="row"|Worldwide (IFPI)
 * N/A
 * 2,000,000

title: Welcome to Wherever You Are


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User:Phils/StarCraft

Original StarCraft storyline - Kimera757
I noticed the original StarCraft storyline is missing. I found the Brood War storyline in the Brood War link, but I simply can't find the original storyline wikis.

try Starcraft Story --Cool Cat 15:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Starcraft edits by coolcat
I realised the story thing after my edit but it was late so I went to bed. Puting lead under contents is nicer. As lead is introduction ;). Mainly its easier to edit. I seriously think some information should be put on different pages and be linked where story section used to be so that people like me can easily find it. If you go to history to my post youll see thats precisely what i did. --Cool Cat 15:34, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why the heck did you ordered the deletation of Gameplay? Its not identical to the multiplayer article. It has more stuff that got deleted from the original article? I am trying to break it up I was not even done editing. It only has been oh I dont know 5 minutes since I post it? --Cool Cat 16:17, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Article is too large, must be separted. Dont delete other peoples work, instead discuss in in discussion first. --Cool Cat 16:33, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

About the Starcraft article
Ok, I agree that the players section can move to another article. I think having it as part of a general article about "Professional Starcraft Playing" or something like that would be good though, since it gives the whole section more context (there can still be a mention of the existence of such a thing in the original article since that seems to be becoming more of a general overview). ShardPhoenix 05:53, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

StarCraft
Keep up the vandalism I told you why it was necessary to break up the article. you agreed and we broke the article into smaller sub categories. Thenn for no visible reason you reverted it. What is your problem? I am reverting the article. I am not deleting information I am merely breaking apart. Dont delete my work.

 * Agreed, Already notified you in your talk page. I see your point and agree with it though we have to limit the information big time. Also everything we put there shoudl be sub articles header. --Cool Cat| My Talk 18:19, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Planets of Starcraft
Heya! Don't merge articles like you did with Planets of StarCraft. Split it. —Joseph | Talk 06:12, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Try to think ahead of your time. It may be a stub now, but someone will probably edit it and add more information in the future. We have no problem with stubs. Stubs are like the first brick in the construction of a massive building.

 * If the planet is indeed minor in relation to the universe (like Earth, Gyras, Dylar IV, etc) it is justified to be moved into Minor locations in the StarCraft universe. Planets such as Aiur, Braxis, Zerus, etc. are not justified to be merged under a same huge page. Huge pages with a same topic but with different information are bad. It is like merging all automobiles like cars and motorcycles under automobiles that use tires. We try to avoid that kind of format.

 * I'm kind of tired of being a recorder posting the same thing over and over so check out Talk:List of Warcraft characters for a similar conversation regarding formats like this. Basically, we don't want to force visitors to chew information that is irrelevant to what they are looking for. (I'm looking for info about Aiur, not about all the planets.)

 * And just so you know, Zerus, Aiur, and Shakuras survived pretty well and I never saw them listed on VfD until you merged them all.

 * Kudos,   —Joseph | Talk 16:24, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

No one will disagree about Chau Sara, Mar Sara, or Tarsonis. We don't have much history about them right now. The problem is that you merged *other* articles that are already developed into single articles and that deserve to stand alone by themselves. Comprende now amigo? And no, planets do play a role on the StarCraft universe, the same way that Gondor and Umbar play a role in Middle-earth. We have single articles for those if you haven't noticed. Some of them are 3 sentence stubs that one day will be expanded by someone. You see, not because you see a planet as a territory it doesn't mean that it's not rich in history (one could write a humongous article about Aiur alone taking into consideration all the battles that were fought there). And no, StarCraft is not just a game... it's quite rich on lore. Do you know there are at least 4 official books about StarCraft and hundred of stories created by fans? It's not that simple as you put it. So yeah, split it. You can put the planets I mentioned on some article named Minor locations in the StarCraft universe or something like that if you want.

 * No it's not necessary. Thanks for the split and sorry for the late reply, being kinda busy. Be sure that those minor locations point to the StarCraft universe article.   —Joseph | Talk 06:00, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

"Request for comment" by Kimera757
(Note by Phils: this unsigned message was left on my talk page by User:Kimera757 on Sunday, April 17. I moved it here.) I've made and edited a number of StarCraft articles recently. However, Edmund Duke and Zeratul still need Wiki formatting. I'm not sure what's wrong with them, so I figured I should ask you to look at them.

On my user page, there's a link of the StarCraft articles I still need to create (to removed dead links) and work on.

PS if you see any errors for Episodes I-VI, please let me know.

StarCraft Ghost units
Now that Blizzard has released concrete info on StarCraft: Ghost units, where should they go?

Does the Terran article, for instance, only refer to Terrans in StarCraft, or in the StarCraft universe? I'm thinking of putting in information on the Terran Grizzly, for instance, in the Terran section. Kimera757 18:53, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

StarCraft nominated for review
If you weren't aware, StarCraft is undergoing Featured article review. I didn't see a notice about it on your talk page, but I thought you should know as the FAC nominator. I've left some comments on the review page that should be relatively easy to incoroporate.  Pagra shtak  05:44, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User:Phils/StarCraft


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1992 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1992. For video games, see 1992 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 1992
• Advanced Third Reich

• Battle Masters

• Dangerous Journeys (role-playing game)

• Dark Seed

• Dream Park: The Roleplaying Game

• Eurocracy

• Fast Food Franchise

• Forbidden Bridge

• Fringeworthy 3rd Edition (role-playing game)

• Hacker

• Harassment (game)

• Incursion (role-playing game)

• Minion Hunter

• Modern Art

• Nephilim (role-playing game)

• Nippon Rails

• North American Rails

• Over the Edge (role-playing game)

• Outrage!

• Spectrangle

• SPQR

• Studs

• Thin Ice

• Werewolf: The Apocalypse (role-playing game)

Game awards given in 1992

 * Spiel des Jahres: Um Reifenbreite
 * Deutscher Spiele Preis: Flying Dutchman (German: der Fliegende Holländer)
 * Best Children's Game: Schweinsgalopp
 * Games: Pipeline

Significant games-related events in 1992

 * Queen Games founded by Rajive Gupta.

title: 1992 in games


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Category:Dance pads

Dance pads are floor based controllers for dance video games such as Dance Dance Revolution.

title: Category:Dance pads


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Earl Fitzwilliam

Earl Fitzwilliam (or FitzWilliam) was a title in both the Peerage of Ireland and the Peerage of Great Britain held by the head of the Fitzwilliam family (later Wentworth-Fitzwilliam).

History
The Fitzwilliams acquired extensive holdings in the south of the West Riding of Yorkshire, largely through strategic marital alliances. In 1410, Sir John Fitzwilliam of Sprotborough, who died in 1421, married Margaret Clarell, daughter of Thomas Clarell of Aldwark, the descendant of a major Norman landholding family. This is how the Fitzwilliams acquired the Clarell holdings.

Sir William Fitzwilliam (c. 1460–1534) was an Alderman and Sheriff of London and acquired the Milton Hall estate in Peterborough in 1502. His grandson Sir William Fitzwilliam served as Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1571 to 1575 and from 1588 to 1594; he supervised the execution of the death sentence on Mary, Queen of Scots.

Baron Fitzwilliam
His grandson William Fitzwilliam (d. 1643) was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Lord Fitzwilliam, Baron of Liffer, alias Lifford, in the County of Donegal, in 1620. He was the first Baron FitzWilliam.

His son was William FitzWilliam, 2nd Baron FitzWilliam (c.1609 – 21 February 1658).

His son William became 3rd Baron FitzWilliam.

Earl Fitzwilliam
The 3rd Baron FitzWilliam succeeded his father in 1658, and in 1716 was created the first Earl Fitzwilliam, of the County of Tyrone with the subsidiary title Viscount Milton, in the County of Westmeath, also in the Peerage of Ireland. The eldest son of the Earl Fitzwilliam bore the courtesy title Viscount Milton. He was succeeded by his son, the second Earl.

The second Earl, John Fitzwilliam, sat as member of parliament for Peterborough. On his death, the titles passed to his son, the third Earl.

The third Earl, William Fitzwilliam, also represented Peterborough in the House of Commons. In April 1742 he was created Lord Fitzwilliam, Baron of Milton in the County of Northampton, in the Peerage of Great Britain, and in 1746 he was further honoured when he was made Earl Fitzwilliam, of Norborough with the subsidiary title Viscount Milton, both in the County of Northampton, also in the Peerage of Great Britain. Lord Fitzwilliam married Lady Anne Watson-Wentworth (died 1769), daughter of Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Marquess of Rockingham, and sister of Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham. He was succeeded by his son, the fourth Earl.

The fourth Earl, William Fitzwilliam, was a prominent Whig politician and served as Lord President of the Council and as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1782 he inherited the Watson-Wentworth estates (including Wentworth Woodhouse) on the death of his uncle Lord Rockingham, which made him one of the greatest landowners in the country. When he died the titles passed to his son, the fifth Earl.

The fifth Earl, Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, represented several constituencies in the House of Commons and was made a Knight of the Garter in 1851. In 1856 Lord Fitzwilliam assumed by Royal licence the additional surname of Wentworth. He was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son, the sixth Earl.

The sixth Earl was William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam. He sat as member of parliament for Malton and County Wicklow and served as Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire. His eldest son William FitzWilliam, Viscount Milton, was also a member of parliament but predeceased his father. Lord Fitzwilliam was therefore succeeded by his grandson, the seventh Earl. Also, Lady Mabel Fitzwilliam, a socialist politician and "an ardent pioneer in education and social welfare", was a granddaughter of the 6th Earl.

The seventh Earl was William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam (25 July 1872 – 15 February 1943), the eldest son of Viscount Milton (William Wentworth Fitzwilliam). He represented Wakefield in Parliament as a Liberal Unionist. When he died the titles passed to his son, the eighth Earl.

The eighth Earl was Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam (31 December 1910 – 13 May 1948). He was killed in an air crash in France. On his early death the line of the eldest son of the sixth Earl failed and titles passed to the late Earl's first cousin once removed, the ninth Earl.

The ninth Earl was Eric Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam (4 December 1883 – 3 April 1952). He was the son of Captain the Hon. Sir William Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, fourth son of the sixth Earl. When he died in 1952 this line of the family also failed and the titles were inherited by his second cousin, the tenth Earl.

The tenth Earl was William Thomas George Wentworth-Fitzwilliam (28 May 1904 – 21 September 1979). He was the son of George Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, son of the Hon. George Wentworth-FitzWilliam, MP, third son of the fifth Earl. He and his wife had no children.

After extinction
On the death of the tenth Earl, all the titles became extinct. The family seat of Wentworth Woodhouse was sold while the more than 80,000-acre (320 km2) estate including much of the town of Malton, North Yorkshire, was retained. The other family seat, Milton Hall, and its considerable estate of over 50,000 acres (200 km2) together with valuable properties in Peterborough and the surrounding area continue by descent in the family.

Bourne Park House and Estate, near Canterbury, Kent, England, remains in the ownership of Lady Juliet Tadgell, née Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, the only child of the 8th Earl by his wife the former Olive Dorothea Plunket. Much of the Fitzwilliam art collection is still housed here.

Baron Fitzwilliam (1620)

 * William Fitzwilliam, 1st Baron Fitzwilliam (died 1644)
 * William Fitzwilliam, 2nd Baron Fitzwilliam (c. 1609–1658)
 * William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Baron Fitzwilliam (1643–1719) (created Earl Fitzwilliam in 1716)

Earl Fitzwilliam (1716; 1746)

 * William Fitzwilliam, 1st Earl Fitzwilliam (1643–1719)
 * John Fitzwilliam, 2nd Earl Fitzwilliam (1681–1728)
 * William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam (1719–1756) (created Earl Fitzwilliam in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1746)
 * William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam (1748–1833)
 * Charles William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam (1786–1857)
 * William Charles Wentworth-FitzWilliam, Viscount Milton (1812–1835)
 * William Thomas Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 6th Earl Fitzwilliam (1815–1902)
 * William Wentworth-FitzWilliam, Viscount Milton (1839–1877)
 * William Charles de Meuron Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 7th Earl Fitzwilliam (1872–1943)
 * (William Henry Lawrence) Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 8th Earl Fitzwilliam (1910–1948)
 * Eric Spencer Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 9th Earl Fitzwilliam (1883–1952)
 * (William) Thomas George Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 10th Earl Fitzwilliam (1904–1979)

title: Earl Fitzwilliam


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Veiling-glare laser

The veiling-glare laser is a proposed laser dazzler, a non-lethal weapon which would use light in the ultraviolet (UV) range. The intended effect would be to cause fluorescence in the lens of the eye, producing intense glare and making clear vision impossible. In September 2002, the Joint Nonlethal Weapons Directorate announced the proposal was under development.

It is intended to have three key advantages over previous laser dazzlers which operate in visible wavelengths:
 * the power levels used can be lower, so there is in theory less risk of eye damage;
 * the location of the laser is not apparent to the target; and
 * it has a wide angle of effectiveness.

However, the proposal has been seriously questioned. New Scientist quoted two experts, Tom van den Berg of the Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute and Bill Stark of Saint Louis University, as suggesting that at the requisite power levels the use of UV wavelengths is in itself questionable and could damage the lens, almost definitely causing cataracts.

In addition Professor Stark (an expert in the effects of UV light on eyes) questioned whether the idea could work at all: "My experience suggests that such fluorescence does not cause significant amounts of glare."

title: Veiling-glare laser


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1984 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1984. For video games, see 1984 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 1984
• The Adventures of Indiana Jones Role-Playing Game

• Axis & Allies (Milton Bradley Company version)

• BattleTech

• British Rails

• Broadsides and Boarding Parties

• Chill (role-playing game)

• Conquest of the Empire

• The Dark Eye (role-playing game)

• The Duel (Dune expansion)

• Fringeworthy 2nd Edition (role-playing game)

• Golden Heroes (role-playing game)

• Heroes Unlimited (role-playing game)

• Justice, Inc. (role-playing game)

• Maelstrom (role-playing game)

• Marvel Super Heroes (role-playing game)

• Mekton (role-playing game)

• Middle-earth Role Playing

• Panzer Command

• Paranoia (role-playing game)

• Ranger

• Ringworld (role-playing game)

• Skyrealms of Jorune (role-playing game)

• Supremacy

• Toon: The Cartoon Role-playing Game

• Top Secret Spies

• Twilight 2000 (role-playing game)

• Wizard

Game awards given in 1984

 * Spiel des Jahres: Railway Rivals (German title is Dampfross)

Significant games-related events in 1984

 * Hasbro purchases the Milton Bradley Company.

title: 1984 in games


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User talk:Acestorides~enwiki

I reverted your sentence from the lead paragraph of scientific method. That concept really belongs in scientific law under covariance. It is also covered in variational principle in its most general sense, and in conservation law as a specific example. See also Lorentz transformation Ancheta Wis 18:15, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Looks like you've lost control of this account too. Please stop posting your username on your user page.-gadfium 05:00, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Acestorides~enwiki


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Gustave Malécot

Gustave Malécot (28 December 1911 – November 1998) was a French mathematician whose work on heredity had a strong influence on population genetics.

Biography
Malécot grew up in L'Horme, a small village near St. Étienne in the Loire département, the son of a mine engineer.

In 1935, Malécot obtained a degree in mathematics from the École Normale Supérieure, Paris. He then went on to do a PhD under George Darmois and completed that in 1939. His work focused on R.A. Fisher's 1918 article The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance.

Between 1940 and 1942, with France under Nazi German occupation, Malécot taught mathematics at the Lyceé de Saint-Étienne. In 1942 he was appointed maître de conférence (lecturer) Université de Montpellier. In 1945 he joined the Université de Lyon, becoming professor of applied mathematics in 1946, a position he held until his retirement in 1981.

Malécot's Coancestry Coefficient, a measure of genetic similarity, still bears his name.

title: Gustave Malécot


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Great Comet of 1843

The Great Comet of 1843, formally designated C/1843 D1 and 1843 I, was a long-period comet which became very bright in March 1843 (it is also known as the Great March Comet). It was discovered on February 5, 1843, and rapidly brightened to become a great comet. It was a member of the Kreutz Sungrazers, a family of comets resulting from the breakup of a parent comet (X/1106 C1) into multiple fragments in about 1106. These comets pass extremely close to the surface of the Sun—within a few solar radii—and often become very bright as a result.

Perihelion
First observed in early February, 1843, it raced toward an incredibly close perihelion of about 827,000 km (~131,000 km from the surface of the Sun) on February 27, 1843; at this time it was observed in broad daylight roughly a degree away from the Sun. It passed closest to Earth on March 6, 1843, at a distance of 0.84 AU, and was at its greatest brilliance the following day; unfortunately for observers north of the equator, at its peak it was best visible from the Southern Hemisphere. It was last observed on April 19, 1843. At that time this comet had passed closer to the Sun than any other known object.

Tail
The Great Comet of 1843 developed an extremely long tail during and after its perihelion passage. At over two astronomical units in length, it was the longest known cometary tail until measurements in 1996 showed that Comet Hyakutake's tail was almost twice as long. There is a painting in the National Maritime Museum that was created by astronomer Charles Piazzi Smyth with the purpose of showing the overall brightness and size of the tail of the comet.

Orbit
Estimates for the orbital period of the comet have varied from 512 ± 105 years (Kreutz's classical work from 1901), 654 ± 103 years (Chodas2008 unforced solution), 687 years (JPL Horizons barycentric epoch 1900 solution), and 742 years (Chodas2008 forced solution based on a presumed identity with X/1106 C1). But the comet was only observed over a period of 45 days from March 5 to April 19, and the uncertainties mean it likely has an orbital period of 600 to 800 years.

Musical depiction
The Mexican composer Luis Baca composed a waltz for piano, El cometa de 1843. It appeared as no. 13 in Instructor filarmónico, periódico semanario musical, Tomo primero (Mexico, 1843)

title: Great Comet of 1843


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1974 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1974. For video games, see 1974 in video gaming.

Games released or invented in 1974
• 1776

• Contigo

• Dungeons & Dragons

• Empire of the Petal Throne

• Hotels

• King Oil

• Kingmaker

• Napoleon

• Panzer Leader

• Rise and Decline of the Third Reich

• Starguard!

• Stellar Conquest

• The War of the Worlds II

• Warriors of Mars

• Wooden Ships and Iron Men

Game awards given in 1974

 * Charles S. Roberts Award for Best Professional Game of 1974: Rise and Decline of the Third Reich

Significant games-related events of 1974

 * West End Games founded.

title: 1974 in games


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Sabrina Krievins and Erika Krievins

Well, those girls aren't actresses, but they still did something. They are linked from "The X-Files" homepage, so deleting their bio, you may destroy somehow an idea of TXF page's author. Leave it the way it is.


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Browde

Browde is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 * Jules Browde (1919–2016), South African lawyer, human rights activist, and Jewish communal leader
 * Kristen Browde (born 1950), American attorney and politician
 * Ric Browde (born 1954), American author, record producer, and songwriter

title: Browde


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Old Age Security

The Old Age Security (OAS) (SV; Sécurité de la vieillesse) program is a universal retirement pension available to most residents and citizens of Canada who have reached 65 years old. This pension is supplemented by the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), which is added to the monthly OAS payment for seniors with lower incomes. Some low-income spouses and survivors of OAS recipients are eligible to receive an income-tested allowance while they are aged 60 to 64.

Legal foundation
Old Age Security (OAS) is a monthly payment available to qualifying citizens and permanent residents of Canada who are 65 years old and older. Authorized by Section 94A of the Constitution Act of 1867, the program is defined by the Old Age Security Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. O-9). Implementation is the responsibility of the Minister of Employment and Social Development (ESDC). Administration is performed by Service Canada through offices across Canada.

Enrollment and eligibility
Prior to 2013, a person needed to apply to Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) and meet the eligibility criteria to receive benefits. Since 2013, the enrollment process has become increasingly automatic as Service Canada are now permitted to use data from Income Tax files. For persons who are not enrolled automatically, a manual application process remains in place.

Eligibility for Old Age Security is straightforward for most Canadians. Persons who have lived outside of Canada can refer to official documentation for details including residency requirements and a list of reciprocal agreements with other countries which may allow pooling of residency periods to increase eligibility for Canadian or foreign pension rights.

Low-income OAS recipients may apply for an additional amount in the form of the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS). A domestic partner's income affects the income threshold and payout.

Payments
The pension is paid monthly, on the third business day from the end of the current month. In December, the payment is made about one week earlier than other months. The Government prefers to use Direct Deposit, which has been observed to be consistently executed shortly after midnight Pacific time. This is an unpublished operational detail that ensures all Canadians receive these payments at the same time, regardless of their time zone of residence. There is an official Government of Canada schedule that does not specify the time of day.

The OAS and GIS payment amounts are affected by the age and marital status of the recipient. Amounts are reviewed at the beginning of each calendar quarter, compared to the Consumer Price Index and increased as appropriate.

Taxation
The OAS payout is subject to the pension recovery tax when the Canada Revenue Agency determines that the recipient's taxable income is greater than 80% of Canadians.

The GIS is not taxed. The amount must still be reported in an income tax filing where it becomes a tax deductible.

title: Old Age Security


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King Edward VI Handsworth Grammar School for Boys

King Edward VI Handsworth Grammar School for Boys, formerly and commonly Handsworth Grammar School, is a grammar school that admits boys from the age of eleven (as well as girls in the sixth form, since September 1997). The school was founded in 1862 and is located in Handsworth, Birmingham, England. it is situated just off the A41, near the junction with the A4040. King Edward Handsworth Grammar School is sometimes abbreviated as HGS. The headmaster is Mr T Johnson.

In September 2017, the school was admitted into the Foundation of the Schools of King Edward VI, where it was renamed King Edward VI Handsworth Grammar School for Boys.

The school has five houses: Henry, William, Nelson, Galahad and Alfred

Notable alumni

 * John Salisbury (born 1934), Olympic athlete, 4x400m relay bronze medal Melbourne 1956, European gold medal Stockholm 1958
 * William McKay Aitken (born 1934), Scottish-born Indian writer and explorer, resident in the Himalayas since 1960
 * Kadeer Ali (born 1983), English cricketer
 * Ian Bateman (born 1961), British academic and Professor of Environmental Economics at the University of East Anglia
 * Corey Blackett-Taylor (born 1997), footballer for Aston Villa F.C.
 * Sir David Cox (1924–2022), British statistician
 * Nigel Fortune (1924–2009), British scholar of music
 * Denis Howell, Baron Howell (1923–1998), British Labour Party politician, Member of Parliament (MP), and life peer
 * Eddie Hughes (born 1968), Conservative Member of Parliament
 * Jason John (born 1971), English athlete
 * Terence Parkes (born 1934), cartoonist (Larry)
 * Adil Ray (born 1974), comedian
 * Mark Rowley (born 1964), senior British police officer
 * Siôn Simon (born 1968), British Labour Party politician, Member of Parliament (MP) from 2001 to 2010, Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2014 to 2019
 * John Tooze (born 1938), scientist
 * Robert Weir (born 1961), English discus and hammer thrower
 * Harry B. Whittington (1916–2010), British palaeontologist and academic, Woodwardian Professor of Geology at the University of Cambridge from 1966 to 1983
 * Joe Wilson (1861–1952), English footballer


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Great Comet of 1882

The Great Comet of 1882 formally designated C/1882 R1, 1882 II, and 1882b, was a comet which became very bright in September 1882. It was a member of the Kreutz Sungrazers, a family of comets which pass within of the Sun's photosphere at perihelion. The comet was bright enough to be visible next to the Sun in the daytime sky at its perihelion. The comet made its closest approach to Earth on 16 September 1882 at 0.99 AU and then came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) the next day on 17 September.

Discovery
The comet appeared in the morning skies of September 1882. Reports suggest that it was first seen as early as 1 September 1882, from the Cape of Good Hope as well as the Gulf of Guinea, and over the next few days many observers in the southern hemisphere reported the new comet.

The first astronomer to record observations of the comet was W. H. Finlay, the Chief Assistant at the Royal Observatory in Cape Town, South Africa. Finlay's observation on 7 September at 16h GMT was also an independent discovery, and he reported that the comet had an apparent magnitude of about 3, and a tail about a degree in length.

The comet brightened rapidly, and within days had become an exceptionally bright object. Her Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape, David Gill, reported watching the comet rise a few minutes before the Sun on 18 September, and described it as "The nucleus was then undoubtedly single, and certainly rather under than over 4″ in diameter; in fact, as I have described it, it resembled very much a star of the 1st magnitude seen by daylight." 4″ is 4/60 of a minute of arc, and a minute is 1/60 of a degree.

Perihelion
The comet was rapidly approaching perihelion when it was first seen. At perihelion, the comet is estimated to have been only 300,000 miles or 480000 km from the Sun's surface. Subsequent orbital studies have determined that it was a sungrazing comet, one which passes extremely close to the surface of the Sun. For many hours on either side of its perihelion passage, the comet was easily visible in the daytime sky next to the Sun. It reached an estimated magnitude of −17.

Shortly after perihelion was reached on 17 September, the comet transited the Sun. At the Cape, Finlay observed the comet with the aid of a neutral density filter right up until the moment of transit, when the Sun's limb was "boiling all about it". Finlay noted that the comet disappeared from view very suddenly, and no trace of it could be seen against the Sun's surface.

Post-perihelion evolution
After its perihelion passage, the comet moved into dark skies, and although it faded as it receded from the Sun it remained one of the most prominent objects in the sky. On 30 September, observers, including Finlay and E. E. Barnard, began to notice that the comet's nucleus was elongated and broken into two pronounced bright balls of light, and by 17 October it was clear that it had broken into at least five fragments. Observers reported that the relative brightness of the fragments varied from day to day.

In mid-October, the comet developed a notable antitail, pointing towards the Sun. Anti-tails are a fairly common cometary phenomenon, and result from orbital geometry giving the appearance of a tail pointing towards the Sun although material can only be driven away from the Sun.

The nucleus reached its maximum apparent size in December 1882. The comet faded gradually, but despite its fragmentation it remained visible to the naked eye until February 1883. The last definite sighting of the comet was made by B. A. Gould at Córdoba on 1 June 1883.

Orbital studies
Studies of the orbit of the comet showed that the Great Comet of 1882 was moving on an almost identical path to previous great comets seen in C/1843 D1 and C/1880 C1. These comets had also suddenly appeared in the morning sky and had passed extremely close to the Sun at perihelion. One suggestion was that all three were in fact the same comet, with an orbital period that was being drastically shortened at each perihelion passage. However, studies showed this to be untenable, as the orbital period of this comet is 772 ± 3 years and the others are 600–800 years.

Heinrich Kreutz studied the orbits of the three great comets, and developed the idea that the three comets were fragments of a much larger progenitor comet which had broken up at an earlier perihelion passage. The fragmentation of the Great Comet of 1882 itself demonstrated that this was plausible. It is now thought that the Great Comet of 1882 is a fragment of X/1106 C1, and that Comet du Toit (C/1945 X1) and Comet Ikeya–Seki (C/1965 S1) are two of its sister fragments. The comet of 371 BC may have been the source of the group.

It is now well established that the comets C/1843 D1, C/1880 C1, C/1882 R1, C/1887 B1, C/1963 R1, C/1965 S1, and C/1970 K1 are all members of a family known as the Kreutz Sungrazers, which are all descended from one comet. Current models do not support the frequent supposition in the prior literature that the famous comet of 372 BC is in fact the ultimate parent of the Sungrazers. The comet of 372 BC is often associated with Aristotle who, along with others from his time, described that comet in his writings. However, Aristotle was only twelve at the time of the comet's appearance and the historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, who also wrote about it was born ten years after its appearance. Consequently, their reports should not be taken as eyewitness accounts. Further, there is no mention of the comet in Chinese literature of the time. Instead either the comet of February 423 or of February 467 with orbital periods of around 700 years is now considered the likely progenitor of the Sungrazers. Fragments of the Great Comet of 1882 should return around 2487 (A) to 2719 (D).

title: Great Comet of 1882


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Vanbrugh College, York

Vanbrugh College is one of the eleven colleges of the University of York.

History
It was opened in 1967 and is named after Sir John Vanbrugh, designer of Castle Howard.

In 2013 'Green Vanbrugh' was established. This group was created to increase awareness of the environmental issues within the college and to promote involvement from college members.

Buildings and services
The College is home to the History and History of Art departments, Language and Linguistics and Music together with some 2100 undergraduates and 180 graduate students.

The main college building, three storeys high and constructed in the 1960s in the CLASP system, consists of four blocks arranged within a square. The western, northern and eastern blocks are known, respectively, as A, B and C blocks, all of which were residential blocks when the college opened in 1968. The southern side, often known as the teaching block, contains offices for the History and History of Art departments plus two lecture theatres. It was also the base for the Mathematics department until the early 2000s. C Block also houses a Computing Service computer room, V058, previously known in abbreviated form as "vuft" when it belonged to the Computer Science department.

In addition, social space located in an extension off the teaching block includes a dining hall, V-bar, JCR, SCR, a Porter's Lodge and a corridor known as Vanbrugh Stalls, which takes its name from the frequent society and ticket-selling stalls that are set up there. A further building to the west contains offices for the Students Union as well as Your:Books, the Students' Union second hand book store. Now called Grimston House, it was originally known as X Block. University buildings are named by their college or building name initial and then a block letter. As the fourth block in Vanbrugh, this would have been known as VD block. The University decided to call it VX instead. This was in part as the building, when viewed from above, was X-shaped. The building underwent major alterations in 1999, changing the shape of the east frontage, and was then renamed.

Vanbrugh students also can apply for off-campus accommodation at Fairfax House which is situated on Heslington Road, approximately 10 minutes walk from the main college building, housing approximately 90 students, in addition to around 30 Vanbrugh residents in the hall of residence on Fulford Road, Fulford House.

In 2005 it was decided that half of Block B and all of Block C would be converted into offices. In January 2006, 86 students moved into P and Q blocks of Alcuin College while retaining their membership of Vanbrugh College. These accommodation arrangements were only for the year 2005–2006 while the old Bleachfield site to the north-west of Heslington campus was completed.

Vanbrugh is made up of four main accommodation areas:
 * Donald Barron and Barbara Scott Courts - named after prominent former members of the university.
 * Eric Milner-White Court - in 2009, when Goodricke College moved to the Heslington East development, the original Goodricke site was divided between Vanbrugh College and James College. While James College received the old Goodricke nucleus and Cell Block C (Now N Block), Vanbrugh College received Blocks A and B, which were renamed Eric Milner-White court after the Very Reverend Eric Milner-White who died in 1963. From 2011 Wentworth E block was pinned to Eric Milner-White court for Vanbrugh undergraduate use after a renovation of blocks A-D by Wentworth College meant it did not meet postgraduate standard. Wenworth E block is an exact copy of the old Cell Block C, now James N block.
 * Fairfax House - originally constructed in 1922, Fairfax House was initially accommodation for nurses working at The Retreat. When acquired by the University, it was merged with Vanbrugh College, and now serves as off-campus accommodation for 90 students.
 * Le Page Court - Le Page is Vanbrugh's oldest accommodation on campus. Used as undergraduate accommodation, the former blocks A and B were renamed when the college let go of its old C block. The name is used in honour of the first Vanbrugh provost, Professor Robert Le Page. In 2012, the top floor of the 3 storey building was reclaimed as offices for the History department.

The paved area between Vanbrugh College and the lake, previously known as Vanbrugh Paradise, was renamed as Greg's Place in 2016 in honour of Greg Dyke who had been university chancellor till 2015.

University Radio York
Between Vanbrugh A Block and Grimston House a shed, once used as a cleaners' cupboard, is used by University Radio York: the first legal independent radio station in the United Kingdom, which broadcasts online and on 88.3 FM.

Organisation and administration
The Head of College is the Principal, a university academic who shares teaching duties with college responsibilities. Initially the head of Vanbrugh College was titled Provost, but from 2013 this was changed to Principal. The incumbent principal is Professor Andy Parsons.

List of Principals
There have been five Principals of Vanbrugh College:

 * Professor Robert Le Page (1967-1972)
 * Reverend Dr Gerald Higginson (1972-1984)
 * Dr Allen Warren (1984-2008)
 * Reverend Dr David Efird (2008-2013)
 * Dr Barry Thomas (2013-2016)
 * Professor Andy Parsons (2016-Present)

Student representation
All undergraduate members of Vanbrugh College are members of the Junior Common Room, and continue to remain members throughout their time at the university. In 2021, the JCRC was rebranded as a College Student Association (CSA) via a referendum. The Vanbrugh College Student Association (VSA) consists of around 40 members and is headed by the President. There is additionally a Senior Common Room for the use of postgraduate students.

The 2024 VCSA Executive Committee is:
 * President - Sophie Lettington
 * Secretary - Megan Palmer
 * Treasurer - Audrey Todz
 * Head of Events - Harry Veale
 * Head of Sports - Ella Cox
 * Head of Wellbeing - Rebecca Nelmes
 * Head of Communications - Ana Ciocarlan

Events
Volume was a disco-type event run by Vanbrugh VSA. The event took place in the college bar, JCR and Vanbrugh Hall simultaneously, with each of which playing a different style of music. All areas have a late licence, usually until 1:00 am. Occasionally this is extended until 1:30 am. With a capacity of 600, it is the largest college venue on campus. Volume is the rebranded version of Planet V, which was scrapped at the end of 2007. In 2013, the decision to drop Volume.

However, as of the start of the 2016 Fresher's Week, the VSA brought back Planet V to huge success, exceeding capacity of over 500. The event has now been set up a termly event and has become a key characteristic of the central college.

The 2022 Summer Ball was held at the Principal Hotel.

title: Vanbrugh College, York


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Zhuanxu

Zhuanxu (Chinese: trad., simp. 颛顼, pinyin Zhuānxū), also known as Gaoyang ( t , s 高阳, p Gāoyáng), was a mythological emperor of ancient China.

In the traditional account recorded by Sima Qian, Zhuanxu was a grandson of the Yellow Emperor.

Association with Four Barbarians
At the age of ten with Shaohao, he was said to have led the Shi clan in an eastward migration to present-day Shandong, where intermarriages with the Dongyi clan enlarged and augmented their tribal influences.

He also was associated with a religious reform of the Jiuli(九黎) people, banishing witchcraft practised by the people.

Family
Zhuanxu was the grandson of the Yellow Emperor and his wife Leizu by way of his father Changyi (昌意). His mother was named Changpu (昌僕) from the Shushan clan (蜀山氏), according to Sima Qian, and Niuqu (女樞) according to the Bamboo Annals. Zhuanxu is also alternatively said to be the son of Hanliu (韓流) in the Classic of Mountains and Seas. However, it is recorded in suspicious part Haineijing (海內經) that was written last.

Zhuanxu was claimed as an ancestor by many of the dynasties of Chinese history, including the Mi of Chu and Yue, the Yíng of Qin, and the Cao of Wei.

Reign
Zhuanxu is held by many sources to be one of the Five Emperors.

Some sources say that at age twenty, he became their sovereign, going on to rule for seventy-eight years until his death.

According to Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), upon the death of the Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu's uncle Shaohao never reigned as king, as he was purported to do in other documents. Rather, Gaoyang was chosen as the tribe's new leader, with the regnal name Zhuanxu, in preference to his father and all his uncles. Zhuanxu defeated Gonggong, a descendant of the Emperor Yan.

However, the account in the Bamboo Annals states that Zhuanxu became an assistant to his uncle, Emperor Shaohao, at the age of ten, and became king in his own right at the age of 20.

Zhuanxu was credited with introducing the practice of sacrifice to soil and grain, which was essential to Chinese government until the fall of the Qing. He made contributions to a unified calendar, astrology, religion reforms to oppose shamanism, upheld the patriarchal (as opposed to the previous matriarchal) system, and forbade marriages between close kin. The Bamboo Annals also credit him with composing one of the earliest pieces of music, known as "The Answer to the Clouds (承雲)".

Zhuanxu was succeeded by his cousin, Shaohao's grandson, Ku. According to Shiji, Zhuanxu or Zhuanxu's lineage, had an incompetent son (不才子) derided as Taowu (梼杌; literally: "block-stump; blockhead"). Two other descendants of Zhuanxu were also named: one is Zhuanxu's son Qiongchan (窮蟬), from whom descended Emperor Shun; the other is Gun, father of Yu the Great. Emperor Yao had also criticised Gun for being incompetent and ruinous. Qiongchan was a commoner, though there is no account of his fall from grace. Eight of Zhuanxu's other descendants, unnamed yet of good repute, later worked for Shun.

Calendar
The Bamboo Annals record that in the thirteenth year of his reign, Zhuanxu "invented calendric calculations and delineations of the heavenly bodies (歷象)".

Since Zhuanxu was claimed as a founder of the Qin dynasty, the new calendar system "zhuanxuli"(顓頊曆) was named after Zhuanxu by Shi Huangdi.

Mythology
Zhuanxu is also mentioned as a god of the Polaris along with god Taiyi (太一), the original god of the Polaris.Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors were said to be sent by the Taiyi from the east to the land of the humans, and thus considered to return to their original roles as gods of the Polaris when their role in the land of the humans was done.

Potential connection with Longshan culture
Zhuanxu is commonly associated with the mythical "separation of the Heaven from Earth (絶地天通)". According to the Lu Xing (呂刑) chapter of Shang Shu: We are told that the Miao (苗)… created oppressive punishments which pushed the people into disorder. Shang Di, the Lord on High… surveyed the people and found them lacking in virtue. Out of pity for those who were innocent, the August Lord (皇帝)… had the Miao exterminated. "Then he charged Chong (重) and Li (黎) to cut the communication between Heaven and Earth so that there would be no descending and ascending." After this had been done, order was restored and the people returned to virtue. Several Chinese mythologists interpreted this myth as a representation or symbolisation of increasing social stratification. Before the "separation of Earth and Heaven", in Yangshao culture, every household could have or hire a shaman. However, during Longshan culture, shamans could only be hired by a few people, suggesting a monopoly of the ability to ascend to and descend from Heaven. In this sense, this myth may indicate the start of social stratification in ancient Chinese culture.

Samguk Sagi
According to Samguk Sagi, the kings of Goguryeo regarded themselves as a descendant of Chinese heroes because he gave as his surname "Go" (Hanja: 高) as they were the descendant of Gaoyang (Hanja: 高陽) who was a grandchild of the Yellow Emperor and Gaoxin (Hanja: 高辛) who was a great-grandchild of the Yellow Emperor.

title: Zhuanxu