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Pokémon (video game series)

Pokémon (ポケットモンスター) is a series of video games developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo and The Pokémon Company under the Pokémon media franchise. It was created by Satoshi Tajiri with assistance from Ken Sugimori, the first games, Pocket Monsters Red and Green, were released in 1996 in Japan for the Game Boy, later released outside of Japan as Pokémon Red Version and Blue Version. The main series of role-playing video games (RPGs), referred as the "core series" by their developers,  has continued on each generation of Nintendo's handhelds. The most recently released core series games, Pokémon Scarlet and Violet, were released on November 18, 2022, for the Nintendo Switch.

In addition to Game Freak's development, Creatures provides support through their Pokémon CG Studio, which creates 3D models for the Pokémon in the games, and also develops some spin-off titles. In 1998, Nintendo, Creatures, and Game Freak jointly established The Pokémon Company, which manages licensing, production, publishing, marketing and deals for the franchise both within Asia and worldwide through The Pokémon Company International.

The core games are released in generations, each with different Pokémon, storylines, and characters. Remakes of the games are usually released around a decade after the original versions for the latest console at the time. While the main series consists of RPGs developed by Game Freak, many spin-off games based on the series have been developed by various companies, encompassing other genres such as action role-playing, puzzle, fighting, and digital pet games.

Pokémon is one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time, with successful anime series, movies, and merchandise, with spin-off game Pokémon Go having crossed 1billion mobile game downloads worldwide. By November 24, 2017, more than 300 million Pokémon games had been sold worldwide on handheld and home consoles, across 76 titles, including spin-offs. , the series has sold over 480 million units worldwide. This makes Pokémon the third best-selling video game franchise, behind Nintendo's own Mario franchise, and Tetris.

Gameplay

One of the consistent aspects of most Pokémon games—spanning from Pokémon Red and Blue on the Game Boy to the Nintendo 3DS games Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon—is the choice of one of three different Pokémon at the start of the player's adventures; these three are often labeled "starter Pokémon". Players can choose a Pokémon type — Grass-type, Fire-type, or Water-type Pokémon indigenous to that particular region. For example, in Pokémon Red and Blue, the player has the choice of starting with Bulbasaur, Charmander, or Squirtle. The exception to this rule is Pokémon Yellow, where players are given a Pikachu, an Electric-type mouse Pokémon, famous for being the mascot of the Pokémon media franchise; unique to Pokémon Yellow, the three starter Pokémon from Red and Blue can be obtained during the quest by a single player.

Another consistent aspect is that the player's rival will always choose the type that has a type advantage over the player's chosen Pokémon as their starter Pokémon (excluding Sun and Moon, Sword and Shield, and Scarlet and Violet). For instance, if the player picks the Fire-type Charmander, the rival will always pick the Water-type Squirtle. This does not affect the first battle between the rivals, as they can only use Normal-type attacks at this point, meaning that they cannot exploit weaknesses. The exception to this is again Pokémon Yellow, in which the rival picks Eevee, a Normal-type Pokémon with multiple evolutions. Sun and Moon also is an exception is this rule, as the rival picks the starter weak toward the player's starter, with the Pokémon that has the type advantage going to a trainer in the Champion battle.

However, in Pokémon Black and White, there are two rivals; one picks the Pokémon with a type advantage over the player's chosen Pokémon, while the other chooses the Pokémon with the type disadvantage. In Pokémon Diamond, Pearl and Platinum, another Trainer chooses the Pokémon with a type disadvantage to the player's chosen Pokémon, but never battles the player; instead, this character battles alongside the player as a tag partner in certain situations.

The situation is similar in Pokémon X and Y, but there are four rivals. Two of them receive the starter Pokémon in an arrangement similar to Pokémon Black and White, but the other two have completely different Pokémon.

Development
All of the licensed Pokémon properties overseen by The Pokémon Company are divided roughly by generation. These generations are roughly chronological divisions by release; when an official sequel in the main role-playing game series is released that features new Pokémon, characters, and possibly new gameplay concepts, that sequel is considered the start of a new generation of the franchise. The main games and their spin-offs, the anime, manga, and trading card game are all updated with the new Pokémon properties each time a new generation begins. The franchise began its ninth and current generation with Pokémon Scarlet and Violet, which were released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on November 18, 2022.

1996–1998: First generation

The original Pokémon games are Japanese role-playing video games (RPGs) with an element of strategy and were created by Satoshi Tajiri for the Game Boy. The Pokémon series began with the release of Pocket Monsters Red and Green for the Game Boy in Japan. When these games proved popular, an enhanced Blue version was released sometime after, and the Blue version was reprogrammed as Pokémon Red and Blue for international release. The original Green version was not released outside Japan. Afterwards, a second enhanced remake, Pokémon Yellow, was released to use the color palette of the Game Boy Color and more of a stylistic resemblance to the popular Pokémon anime.

This first generation of games introduced the original 151 species of Pokémon (in National Pokédex order, encompassing all Pokémon from Bulbasaur to Mew), as well as the basic game concepts of capturing, training, battling and trading Pokémon with both computer and human players. These versions of the games take place within the fictional Kanto region, though the name "Kanto" was not used until the second generation.

Spin-off first-generation titles include Pokémon Pinball; an adaptation of the Pokémon Trading Card Game for Game Boy Color; an on-rails photography simulator for Nintendo 64 titled Pokémon Snap; a Nintendo 64 Pokémon-themed adaptation of Tetris Attack, Pokémon Puzzle League. A 3D Nintendo 64 incarnation of the handhelds' battle system, Pokémon Stadium; and a co-starring role for several species in the Nintendo 64 fighting game Super Smash Bros.. At the Nintendo Space World in 2000, a game was revealed briefly with Meowth and Team Rocket singing a song. This was one of the earliest introductions of the Pokémon Togepi and Bellossom. This game was called Meowth's Party, but was not developed into a playable game. Instead, the song/video was played at the end of an episode of Pokémon, and a CD was made for retail in Japan for a limited time. This is the first time MissingNo. was discovered.

1999–2001: Second generation

The second generation of Pokémon video games began in 1999 with the Japanese release of Pokémon Gold and Silver for the Game Boy Color, with Australia and North America getting the game in October 2000 and European release date of April 2001. Like the previous generation, an enhanced version, titled Pokémon Crystal, was later released.

This generation introduced 100 new species of Pokémon (starting with Chikorita and ending with Celebi), for a total of 251 Pokémon to collect, train, and battle. New gameplay features include a day-and-night system (reflecting the time of the day in the real world) which influences events in the game; full use of the Game Boy Color's color palette; an improved interface and upgraded inventory system; better balance in the collection of Pokémon and their moves, statistics and equipable items (a new addition); the addition of two new Pokémon types (Dark and Steel) to better balance the strengths and weaknesses of each Pokémon; Pokémon breeding; and a new region named Johto. After exploring Johto, the player can travel east to explore the adjacent Kanto region.

Spin-off games in the second-generation include Pokémon Puzzle Challenge, the adaptation of Pokémon Puzzle League—a puzzle game created by Zoppf industries—made specifically for the Game Boy Color; the Nintendo 64 pet simulator Hey You, Pikachu!; the Pokémon Stadium sequel, Pokémon Stadium 2, for Nintendo 64; several Pokémon mini-games for the e-Reader; and a co-starring role for several Pokémon species in the Super Smash Bros. sequel Super Smash Bros. Melee for the GameCube. The Pokémon Mini is a handheld game console released in December 2001 in Japan and 2002 in Europe and North America. This generation started a trend among even-numbered generations, giving the Pokémon Eevee new type evolutions beyond the original three of the first generation.

2002–2005: Third generation

Pokémon entered its third generation with the 2002 release of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire for Game Boy Advance and continued with the Game Boy Advance remakes of Pokémon Red and Green, Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen (Red and Green representing the original Japanese first generation games; territories outside Japan instead saw releases of Red and Blue). An enhanced version of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire titled Pokémon Emerald followed after.

The third generation introduced 135 new Pokémon (starting with Treecko and ending with Deoxys) for a total of 386 species. It also features a more visually detailed environment compared to previous games, "natures" which affect Pokémon stats, a new 2-on-2 Pokémon battling mechanic, a special ability system applying to each Pokémon in battle, the Pokémon Contest sub-game, the new region of Hoenn, the ability to select the protagonist's gender and Secret Bases: customizable "rooms" where the player can display items they have collected in-game and battle against real friends. Secret Bases can be found in bushes, trees, or small cave openings in landscapes by using the Pokémon move, Secret Power, which can be taught to virtually all Pokémon. However, this generation also garnered some criticism for leaving out several gameplay features, including the day-and-night system introduced in the previous generation (which was removed due to internal-battery save problems), and it was also the first installment that encouraged the player to collect merely a selected assortment of the total number of Pokémon rather than every existing species (202 out of 386 species are catchable in the Ruby and Sapphire versions). It was around this time that the franchise was regaining its popularity, managing to ship over 100 million games worldwide.

Third-generation spin-off titles include Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire for Game Boy Advance; Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team for Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS; Pokémon Dash, Pokémon Trozei! and Pokémon Ranger for Nintendo DS; Pokémon Channel and Pokémon Box: Ruby & Sapphire for GameCube; and two role-playing games for the GameCube, consisting of the games Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness.

2006–2009: Fourth generation

In 2006, Japan began the fourth generation of the franchise with the release of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl for Nintendo DS. The games were released in North America on April 22, 2007, and in Australia on June 21, 2007. The game was released in the UK and Europe on July 27, 2007. Other main series games in the fourth generation include Pokémon Platinum, a director's cut version of Diamond and Pearl in the same vein as Pokémon Yellow, Crystal, and Emerald. It was released for the Nintendo DS in Japan on September 13, 2008, in North America on March 22, 2009, and in Australia and Europe on May 14, 2009, and May 22, 2009, respectively. It was also announced that Pokémon Gold and Silver would be remade for the Nintendo DS as Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver. Released in Japan on September 12, 2009, the games were later released to North America, Australia, and Europe during March 2010.

The fourth-generation introduces another 107 new species of Pokémon (starting with Turtwig and ending with Arceus), bringing the number of Pokémon species to 493. This generation is the first to have 3D graphics in the main series game, although it is still a mixture of both 3D graphics and sprites. New gameplay concepts include a restructured move-classification system, online multiplayer trading and battling via Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, the return (and expansion) of the second generation's day-and-night system, the expansion of the third generation's Pokémon Contests into "Super Contests", and the new region of Sinnoh, which has an underground component for multiplayer gameplay in addition to the main overworld. Secret Bases also appear in Sinnoh but can only be created and housed in Sinnoh's underground. HeartGold and SoulSilver also introduced the Pokéathlon to the Johto region, which consists of many Pokémon based sporting events making use of the stylus.

Spin-off games in the fourth generation include the Pokémon Stadium follow-up Pokémon Battle Revolution for Wii (which has Wi-Fi connectivity as well ), Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia and Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs for Nintendo DS, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness and their sister game, Explorers of Sky all for the Nintendo DS, a co-starring role for Pikachu, Jigglypuff, Lucario, and a Pokémon Trainer (who uses Squirtle, Ivysaur, and Charizard for fighting) in the 2008 Wii fighter Super Smash Bros. Brawl as well as a great adventure for Pikachu and friends in PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure.

2010–2012: Fifth generation

The fifth generation of Pokémon began on September 18, 2010, with the release of Pokémon Black and White in Japan. They were then released in North America, Europe, and Australia in March 2011. They have released on the Nintendo DS, the same console as its predecessing generation. The games take place in the Unova region. New features include the C-Gear, a feature where players can use Wi-Fi options and customizations; two new battle methods ("Triple Battles", where three Pokémon are sent out at once, and Rotation Battles, where three Pokémon are also sent out at the same time, but the trainer can switch one Pokémon out of the three that are present); "Battle Tests", where trainers battle each other to see who has stronger Pokémon; the Pokémon Musicals (similar to Pokémon Contests), which have trainers use their Pokémon to dance in a theater with other Pokémon; and the ability to not waste Technical Machines (TMs), also when found the first time. The other main series games, and the additions to Black and White, titled Pokémon Black 2 and White 2, are direct sequels. They take place in the Unova region two years later and were released in Japan on June 23, 2012, and in North America, Australia, and Europe in October of that year for Nintendo DS. They are somewhat different of their predecessors; there are different protagonist trainers, and many of the other important characters have changed as well. The games also introduced a new feature, the "Pokémon World Tournament", where trainers can battle gym leaders and champions from older regions, including Unova. The games also broke the tradition of releasing a third version as an addition to the primary versions.

This generation introduced a total of 156 new Pokémon (beginning with Victini and ending with Genesect), the most of any generation so far. It was also the first generation where the first new Pokémon in National Pokédex order (Victini) is not a starter. It also introduced another new feature, the seasons, which two Pokémon (Deerling and Sawsbuck) represent. Unlike previous generations, which would introduce some species of Pokémon that were evolutionary relatives of older-generation Pokémon, the fifth generation's selection was all-original, in an attempt to make the primary versions feel like a brand-new game.

Spin-off fifth generation games include sequels Pokémon Rumble Blast and Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Gates to Infinity for Nintendo 3DS, PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond for Wii, and Pokémon Rumble U for Wii U, a downloadable game. Others include Learn with Pokémon: Typing Adventure (a typing game) and Pokémon Conquest (a crossover game) for Nintendo DS, and downloadable reference applications Pokédex 3D, Pokédex 3D Pro (for Nintendo 3DS), and Pokédex for iOS (for iOS devices), which allows players to view information of Pokémon species while they have 3D models. Various fifth generation Pokémon have appeared in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate including Reshiram and Zekrom, Klinklang, Axew, Druddigon, and more.

2013–2015: Sixth generation

On December 24, 2012, Japanese magazine Nintendo Dream posted a greetings card sent out by Game Freak. In the card, Junichi Masuda exclaimed that during 2013, they intend to further evolve the world of Pokémon. On December 29, 2012, a new Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 commercial aired in Japan, and ending with a message, informing Pokémon fans that the latest news would be announced on January 8, 2013. On January 4, 2013, both the Japanese and English Pokémon website confirmed that an announcement would be made on January 8. On January 7, 2013, the Japanese website explained that the Nintendo president, Satoru Iwata would hold a 10-minute "Pokémon Direct" video conference to announce the big Pokémon news. On January 8, 2013, Satoru Iwata announced the sixth generation of Pokémon, with the new paired games, Pokémon X and Y, which were released on the Nintendo 3DS on October 12, 2013, worldwide. The X and Y games are rendered in full 3D; however, only select parts of the game can be displayed in stereoscopic 3D. The video introduced the player characters, the starter Pokémon; Grass-type Chespin (Japanese: Harimaron (ハリマロン)), the Fire-type Fennekin (Japanese: Fokko (フォッコ)), and the Water-type Froakie (Japanese: Keromatsu (ケロマツ)), and two other Pokémon, not named until later; a bird-like Pokémon called Yveltal (イベルタル) having a shape similar to the letter Y and a deer-like Pokémon called Xerneas (ゼルネアス) with X-shapes in its eyes. A month later, Sylveon (Japanese: Nymphia (ニンフィア)), a new evolved form of Eevee belonging to the games' new Fairy-type was revealed and is currently the last Eeveelution to be revealed. On May 7, 2014, Nintendo revealed the games Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire in a teaser trailer, remakes of the third generation games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire. They were released worldwide in November 2014.

This generation introduced a total of 72 new Pokémon, the new Fairy type, Mega Evolution, the Kalos region, Trainer customization, Super Training, and three new battle modes: Sky Battles, Horde Encounters, and Inverse Battle. This generation is also the first to be compatible with Pokémon Bank.

Greninja, the final evolved form of Froakie, would later go on to represent the sixth generation of Pokémon in the hit fighting game, Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. On August 26, 2014, Pokkén Tournament was announced and was released on July 16, 2015, in Japanese arcades and was released on March 18, 2016, worldwide for Wii U. It was developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment. In July 2016, Niantic and Nintendo released a free-to-play augmented reality game titled Pokémon Go which was released for Android and iOS devices.

2016–2018: Seventh generation
During a Nintendo Direct presentation on February 26, 2016, two new Pokémon titles were announced, titled Pokémon Sun and Moon. The games were released on the Nintendo 3DS on November 18, 2016, in Japan, North America, and Australia, and in Europe on November 23, 2016. The games were the first since the second generation to be backwards-compatible with other titles, including Pokémon X and Y; Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire; and the Virtual Console re-releases of Pokémon Red, Blue and Yellow. On June 6, 2017, Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon were announced. The two games offer new additions to the story of Pokémon Sun and Moon, including new features, and was released worldwide on the Nintendo 3DS on November 17, 2017. On May 29, 2018, two new Pokémon games in the main Pokémon franchise, Pokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Pokémon: Let's Go, Eevee!, were announced. They are remakes of Pokémon Yellow with gameplay mechanics borrowed from Pokémon Go and were released worldwide on the Nintendo Switch on November 16, 2018.

In total, this generation introduced 88 new Pokémon, Alolan forms, trials, Z-moves, Poké Pelago, and Festival Plaza. It was also the first one to introduce Pokémon mid-generation, with five new Pokémon making their debut in Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon, and two new Pokémon debuting in Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!

2019–2021: Eighth generation
During E3 2017, Nintendo and The Pokémon Company announced that Game Freak was developing a new core Pokémon role-playing game set to release for the Nintendo Switch in "2018 or later." The game is the eighth generation of Pokémon. Along with the announcement of Pokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Pokémon: Let's Go, Eevee! it was confirmed that another core Pokémon role-playing game would be released in late 2019. It was clarified that the 2019 game was the one mentioned during E3 2017, not the Let's Go games. Game director Junichi Masuda stated that it would also "follow in the tradition of Pokémon X and Y and Pokémon Sun and Moon". The CEO of The Pokémon Company, Tsunekazu Ishihara, also confirmed that the upcoming core title would not have influences from Pokémon Go like Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee! had. On February 27, 2019, on the 23rd anniversary of the franchise, Pokémon Sword and Shield were confirmed for Nintendo Switch, which were released worldwide on November 15, 2019. Pokémon Sword and Shield takes place in the Galar region introducing new Pokémon, Galarian forms, the Champion Cup, Dynamax, Gigantamax forms, Max Raid battles, and Pokémon Camp. On January 9, 2020, two expansion packs titled The Isle of Armor and The Crown Tundra were announced. The Isle of Armor was released on June 17, 2020, and The Crown Tundra was released on October 22, 2020. On February 26, 2021, Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl were announced, remakes of the fourth generation games Pokémon Diamond and Pearl developed by ILCA and set to release later that year. On the same day, Pokémon Legends: Arceus was announced, a prequel to Diamond and Pearl. Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl were released on November 19, 2021, while Pokémon Legends: Arceus was released on January 28, 2022.

This generation introduced a total of 96 new Pokémon with 81 revealed in Sword and Shield, 8 revealed in the expansion packs, and 7 revealed in Pokémon Legends: Arceus.

On March 6, 2020, the remake of the Mystery Dungeon, Red and Blue Rescue Team was released titled Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Rescue Team DX. On November 26, 2020, at the Macy's Thanksgiving parade, Pokémon teased its 2021 25th anniversary logo and details for its special celebration "soon".

2022–present: Ninth generation
On February 27, 2022, Pokémon Scarlet and Violet were announced for the Nintendo Switch, with a late 2022 release date. The games were released on November 18, 2022. On February 27, 2023, a two-part expansion pack was announced titled The Hidden Treasure of Area Zero. Part One, The Teal Mask, was released on September 13, 2023. Part Two, The Indigo Disk, was released on December 14, 2023. An epilogue, Mochi Mayhem, was released on January 11, 2024.

This generation introduced a total of 120 new Pokémon so far with 103 revealed in Scarlet and Violet, 2 revealed in special Tera Raids, 7 revealed in The Teal Mask, 7 revealed in The Indigo Disk, and 1 revealed in Mochi Mayhem, with an overall total of 1025 Pokémon.

On February 27, 2024, Pokémon Legends: Z-A was announced to have a 2025 release on the Nintendo Switch. It will feature a return to Lumiose City of the Kalos region from Pokémon X and Y, and will be the first appearance of Mega Evolution in a Pokémon game since Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!

Other games
Several Pokémon PC games were released for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh. Games from the franchise were also released in Japan for Sega consoles Pico and Advanced Pico Beena. Pokémon are also in Mario Artist: Paint Studio for Nintendo 64DD as pasteable stickers, and they also appear in Picross NP Vol. 1 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.

Super Smash Bros. series
In the Super Smash Bros. series, Pikachu, Ivysaur, Squirtle, Charizard, Jigglypuff, Pichu, Mewtwo, Lucario, Greninja, and Incineroar have been playable characters. Pikachu and Jigglypuff are introduced in Super Smash Bros. for the Nintendo 64, and appear in every installment of the franchise. Pichu and Mewtwo feature as playable characters in Super Smash Bros. Melee for the GameCube. In Super Smash Bros. Brawl for the Wii, Mewtwo and Pichu are not featured as playable characters, although Squirtle, Ivysaur, and Charizard make their first playable appearances as part of the Pokémon Trainer character, while Lucario appears as a separate character. Greninja made its first appearance in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, Charizard is a standalone character, and Mewtwo returns as a downloadable content character. All of the Pokémon that are playable in previous Smash Bros. games return in the Nintendo Switch game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, which also features Incineroar. Squirtle, Ivysaur, and Charizard are again playable as a part of the Pokémon Trainer character in Ultimate. Some of the Pokémon also appear as Spirits. Rayquaza is featured as a boss enemy in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. The series features Poké Balls as items, which, when used by a player, make a random Pokémon appear including Piplup, Bonsly, and Munchlax, with various effects on the game, and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U have Master Balls, which function like Poké Balls but only summon a rare Pokémon (like Mew, Palkia, and Genesect) or Goldeen. Several Pokémon also appear as stage hazards/in stages, including Rayquaza, Ho-Oh and Manaphy.

Reception
After the first five months of release, the Game Boy games sold almost 3 million copies. They have been credited as a factor in the Game Boy maintaining strong sales in Japan well beyond the typical lifespan of a game system. The series has sold over 279 million units (inclusive of spin-off titles; 210 million for the mainline Pokémon games) as of February 29, 2016, giving it the distinction of being one of the best-selling video game series in history. Guinness World Records awarded the Pokémon series eight records in Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008, including "Most Successful RPG Series of All Time", "Game Series With the Most Spin-Off Movies" and "Most Photosensitive Epileptic Seizures Caused by a TV Show". , the series has sold over 440 million units.

The Pokémon video game series is the basis of the Pokémon franchise, which includes the Pokémon anime, the Pokémon Trading Card Game, the Pokémon manga, and various toys. The anime series has run for over 900 episodes, accompanied by 19 feature films, with a twentieth in production. The trading card game and its expansion sets have grown to around 3,000 unique cards in total, and continue to draw a healthy player base to its official international tournaments. The extent of global toy and merchandise sales since 1996 cover broad markets and high quantities.

IGN ranked Pokémon as the 17th greatest desired game series: "the basic gameplay premise boasts solid, addictive play mechanics, and several of the handheld RPGs deserve to be in every gamer's collection. GamesRadar listed Pokémon as the No. 1 Nintendo game "not made by Nintendo", stating that having to catch each Pokémon made the games addictive.

title: Pokémon (video game series)


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S10

S10 may refer to:

Automobiles

 * Chevrolet S-10, a pickup truck
 * Nissan Silvia (S10), a sports car
 * Toyota Crown (S10), a luxury car

Aviation

 * Lake Chelan Airport, in Chelan County, Washington, United States
 * Letov Š-10, a Czech trainer aircraft
 * Rans S-10 Sakota, an American aerobatic aircraft
 * Sikorsky S-10, a Russian seaplane
 * SIPA S.10, a French trainer aircraft
 * Stemme S10, a self-launching sailplane

Electronics

 * Canon HF S10, a camcorder
 * Canon PowerShot S10, a digital camera
 * Lenovo IdeaPad S10, a netbook
 * Nikon Coolpix S10, a digital camera
 * Roland S-10, a sampler keyboard
 * Samsung Galaxy S10, a smartphone by Samsung
 * Siemens S10, a Siemens Mobile phone

Lines

 * S10 (Berlin), a former S-Bahn line
 * S10 (St. Gallen S-Bahn), an S-Bahn line in Switzerland
 * S10 (TILO), a railway service in Switzerland and Italy
 * S10 (ZVV), a line of the S-Bahn Zürich in Switzerland

Locomotives

 * ALCO S-10, a diesel-electric switcher
 * Northern Pacific class S-10, a 4-6-0 locomotive class
 * Oldenburg S 10, a 2-6-2 locomotive class
 * Prussian S 10, a 4-6-0 locomotive class
 * Sri Lanka Railways S10, a diesel multiple unit

Stations

 * Gokiso Station, in Shōwa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
 * Hamacho Station, in Chūō, Tokyo, Japan
 * Hoshimi Station, in Teine-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
 * Itayado Station, in Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan
 * Kushi Station, in Iyo, Ehime Prefecture, Japan
 * Talat Phlu BTS station, in Bangkok, Thailand

Roads

 * Mühlviertler Schnellstraße, Austria
 * S10 highway (Georgia)
 * Expressway S10 (Poland)
 * County Route S10 (California), United States

Vessels

 * BRAZILIAN SUBMARINE Guanabara
 * HMCS Beaver (S10), an armed yacht of the Royal Canadian Navy
 * USS S-10 (SS-115), a submarine of the United States Navy

Other uses

 * S 10 (Abydos), an ancient Egyptian tomb
 * S10 (classification), a disability swimming classification
 * S10 (singer) (born 2000), Dutch singer and rapper
 * S10 (UPU standard), of the Universal Postal Union
 * 40S ribosomal protein S10
 * S10 ribosomal protein leader
 * S10 NBC Respirator, a gas mask
 * S10, a postcode district in Sheffield, England

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: S10


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Talk:Northcote, Victoria

added real estate information and demographics
considering the significant changes of Northcote over the last 10 years I thought it was pertinent to show some demographic information, real estate data and other statistics to reflect this. most information comes from the abs census, or from population consulting firms such as Id.

I would also like to try and find more data to show the changes in the business makeup of northcote and such, but it is really difficult to source information. i have good data about the value of the total darebin economy but I feel that doesn't belong here and belongs in the Darebin wikipedia article, which I might update.

I feel like Northcotes page could be longer and more in depth and really deserves more attention as it is such a wonderful suburb. Does anyone have any ideas? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 120.149.80.78 (talk) 02:51, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

removed
I removed additions made by 210.49.164.61 which were copy-n-pasted from http://home.vicnet.net.au/~nhcs/Nhcstimeline.html Cnwb 23:28, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

eclecticness
Is "eclecticness" a real word? Dictionary.com doesn't list it. I can't think what the proper word would be in this sentence. Cnwb 06:01, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Good call Leon... 10:24, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Wesley Ann
Does anybody know what the Wesley Ann used to be? It's a bar at 250 High Street - inside it has the feel of an old church with roughly-hewn stone walls. Cnwb 15:28, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Mystery solved - from this Northcote timeline compiled by the Northcote History group: "1854 � Wesleyan church and school opened at 248-250 High St. The bluestone hall still stands and is now part of a cafe". Cnwb 05:07, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah I know a fair bit about the Wesley Ann as it happens: my father and his wife renovated the two buildings 250-252 High Street and opened it as live music and dinner venue "Ruckers" in 2000. When they sold the business in 2003, the business was renamed and continued as "Wesley Ann". Previous to my dad and stepmum renovating the place, it had been the Northcote Auction Rooms which held regular auctions (usually on Tuesdays) of second-hand furniture, deceased estates, etc. At that time, most of the period features inside the main building (250 High Street) were concealed under plaster, so the renovation rated a couple of articles in the local paper. Even earlier than that, 250 High Street - one of the oldest standing buildings in the area - had served as town hall, Wesleyan church, and even the first Court of Petty Sessions. The architect's name was Butters. A good reference for old buildings in the Northcote area is a book by local historian Graeme Butler. Walkingmelways 04:17, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

how come my many hours of work setting up the westgarth site from nothing have now seen it incorporated here? 1/june 2007
 * This seems to be one of the very rare exceptions when an article about a locality within a suburb should be preserved - it appears to be fairly complete, and as long as it's explicit about its status (I've renamed it to Westgarth (Victoria) for that reason and fixed the lead sentence), I don't see a problem with it remaining as a separate article. Orderinchaos 07:04, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation
can we add that it's pronounced with a Northern Suberbs accencent? I would say Norfct- I don't know how to use IPA pronununciation lettering- but the TH is definatly an F sound. The 'cote part is even shorter than cut, It's just a CT sound. Sorry for the lack of accedemic rigour on this subject. having had to give my adress as Northcote to Variouse aurthorities across the island, then being corrected as it's pronounced Noth-coat, I don't understand the way other Australians speak English. Westgart isn't Northcote, on the other hand Croxton Park is Thornbury and Northcote. 124.170.115.129 (talk) 08:04, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Northcote, Victoria


text: User talk:216.62.176.225

title: User talk:216.62.176.225


text:
User:Palica

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af:Gebruiker:Palica als:Benutzer:Palica am:User:Palica ang:User:Palica ab:Участник:Palica ar:مستخدم:Palica an:Usuario:Palica as:User:Palica ast:Usuariu:Palica ay:Usuario:Palica az:İstifadəçi:Palica bm:Utilisateur:Palica bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Palica ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Palica be:Удзельнік:Palica be-x-old:Удзельнік:Palica bi:User:Palica bo:User:Palica bs:Korisnik:Palica br:Implijer:Palica bg:Потребител:Palica ca:Usuari:Palica ceb:User:Palica cs:Wikipedista:Palica cy:Defnyddiwr:Palica da:Bruger:Palica de:Benutzer:Palica nv:Choinish'įįhí:Palica et:Kasutaja:Palica es:Usuario:Palica eo:Vikipediisto:Palica fr:Utilisateur:Palica fy:Meidogger:Palica gd:User:Palica gl:User:Palica ko:사용자:Palica io:User:Palica id:Pengguna:Palica ia:Usator:Palica is:Notandi:Palica it:Utente:Palica he:משתמש:Palica pam:User:Palica ka:მომხმარებელი:Palica ku:Bikarhêner:Palica la:Usor:Palica lv:Lietotājs:Palica lb:User:Palica lt:Naudotojas:Palica li:Gebroeker:Palica hu:User:Palica ms:Pengguna:Palica nl:Gebruiker:Palica ja:利用者:Palica no:Bruker:Palica nn:Brukar:Palica pl:Wikipedysta:Palica pt:Usuário:Palica ro:Utilizator:Palica ru:Участник:Palica sm:User:Palica sco:User:Palica sq:Përdoruesi:Palica scn:User:Palica simple:User:Palica sk:Redaktor:Palica sl:Uporabnik:Palica sr:Корисник:Palica su:Pamaké:Palica fi:Käyttäjä:Palica sv:Användare:Palica tt:Äğzä:Palica vi:Thành viên:Palica tr:Kullanıcı:Palica uk:Користувач:Palica vo:Geban:Palica fiu-vro:Pruukja:Palica wa:Uzeu:Palica yi:באַניצער:Palica yo:User:Palica zh:User:Palica

title: User:Palica


text: File:Xippe Totec - Project Gutenberg eText 14993.jpg


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Achada

Achada is a freguesia ("civil parish") in the municipality Nordeste on the island of São Miguel in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 436, in an area of 11.89 km$2$.

History
The area known as Achada, once referred to as Achada Grande, was originally populated in the first have of the 16th century. Its name was derived from the Portuguese phrase terra achanada which means flatland and was first mentioned by the historian Father Gaspar Frutuoso in Saudades da Terra. These lands were originally occupied and administered by Antão Rodrigues da Câmara, a descendant of the third Capitain-Donatário of São Miguel, but were sold, then tilled and sold to other settlers.

By 1526 the village had its own parochial church to the invocation of Nossa Senhora da Anunciação (English: Our Lady of the Annunciation) where members of the religious orders resided locally. The temple was the result of various remodeling projects starting at the end of 1782 until 1984.

Since the 16th century, Achada has been a religious (later civil) parish, but it was only annexed into the municipality of Nordeste in 1820 (having previously pertained to the municipality of Ribeira Grande).

Economy
Its fertile lands, which extend the length of the Achada plain, have been the source of the region's economy. Agriculture and dairy production is typical in this area, including cereal crops and tubers. A small port was commercially important until the 20th century when most exports were handled from Ponta Delgada. Today, potatoes and corn are principal crops cultivated in the area, where the harvested materials are used for feed in the raising of cattle.

Festivities
Traditional festivals occur in the month of August, and include a diverse program of events such as the traditional barracas with native foods and drink. The primary events occur around the Império da Achada, when the annual feasts of the Divine Holy Spirit are celebrated that include meat-broth soups accompanied with local wines, traditional sweet bread (Portuguese: massa sovada) and sweet rice desserts.

title: Achada


text: User:TomSawyer

title: User:TomSawyer


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Workprint

A workprint is a rough version of a motion picture, used by the film editor(s) during the editing process. Such copies generally contain original recorded sound that will later be re-dubbed, stock footage as placeholders for missing shots or special effects, and animation tests for in-production animated shots or sequences.

For most of the first century of filmmaking, workprints were done using second-generation prints from the original camera negatives. After the editor and director approved of the final edit of the workprint, the same edits were made to the negative. With the conversion to digital editing, workprints are now generally created on a non-linear editing system using telecined footage from the original film or video sources (in contrast to a pirate "telecine", which is made with a much higher-generation film print). Occasionally, early digital workprints of films have been bootlegged and made available on the Internet. They sometimes appear months in advance of an official release.

There are also director's cut versions of films that are only available on bootleg, such as the workprint version of Richard Williams' The Thief and the Cobbler. Although movie studios generally do not make full-length workprints readily available to the public, there are exceptions. Examples include the "Work-In-Progress" version of Beauty and the Beast (albeit it is unfinished footage intertwined with the DVD release on top with the finalized sound mix), and the Denver/Dallas pre-release version of Blade Runner. Deleted scenes or bonus footage included on DVD releases are sometimes left in workprint format as well, e.g. the Scrubs DVD extras. A workprint as source for a leaked television show is rather unusual, but it happened with the third season's first episode of Homeland a month before it aired.

Notable examples on the internet
Rocky V – A low quality workprint of the film encoded through DivX Video was released on the internet in 2002.

 * Hulk – Appeared on the internet two weeks before the film opening.
 * Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith – Appeared on the web around the release.
 * The Simpsons episode "Steal This Episode" referenced this event in file-sharing history.
 * X-Men Origins: Wolverine – Available on the internet before the premiere.
 * Apocalypse Now – A 289-minute-long workprint circulates amongst collectors on the internet.
 * This Is Spinal Tap – A 270-minute-long workprint exists on the internet (three times the final film's length).
 * Vampires Suck – Appeared on the internet around a month prior to the film's theatrical release.
 * Homeland – "Tin Man Is Down", the first episode of the third season leaked a month before airing. It being an unfinished version is rather unusual for a TV show.
 * Doctor Who – Workprints of the first five episodes of series 8 were leaked online months in advance of their premieres. These versions were in black and white, were watermarked, and lacked the computer-generated effects seen in the final releases. Producer Steven Moffat publicly condemned the leaks, and urged fans to avoid watching the leaked episodes until they properly aired on TV.
 * American Pie - a workprint containing more raunchy content leaked before the film's official release, giving way to an unrated edition for home release; this would become commonplace among films similar to American Pie, including its sequels.

title: Workprint


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User talk:TomSawyer

Sucking a sucker sucks, suckers!

title: User talk:TomSawyer


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Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow

The Cathedral of the Annunciation (Благовещенский собор) in Moscow is a Russian Orthodox church dedicated to the Annunciation of the Theotokos. It is located on the southwest side of Cathedral Square in the Moscow Kremlin in Russia, where it connects directly to the main building of the complex of the Grand Kremlin Palace, adjacent to the Palace of Facets. It was originally the personal chapel for the tsars, and its abbot remained a personal confessor of the Russian royal family until the early 20th century. Now it also serves as a part of Moscow Kremlin Museums.

History
The Cathedral of the Annunciation was built by architects from Pskov in 1484-1489 as part of Grand Duke Ivan III's plans for a large-scale renovation of the Moscow Kremlin.

Construction work began using the existing foundations in 1484 and was completed in August 1489. A number of the early 15th-century icons were re-used in the new building. After being badly damaged in a fire in 1547, the then Grand Duke (and subsequently first Russian Tsar) Ivan the Terrible began a restoration of the church, which was completed in 1564

Many of the church treasures were lost during the occupation of Moscow by the armies of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1612 at the close of the Time of Troubles. It was also damaged by the great Kremlin fire of 1737. During the French occupation of Moscow in 1812, the cathedral was used as a barracks and was mostly robbed. It was restored in 1815–1820. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, the cathedral was damaged during the fighting. Afterwards, it was closed by the Bolshevik regime. During the 1950s, along with the other surviving churches in the Moscow Kremlin, it was preserved as a museum. After 1992, occasional religious services resumed. The church building underwent a restoration in 2009.

From the time of Ivan the Terrible's coronation as tsar, the members of the royal family worshiped at the Annunciation Cathedral, got married and baptized their children there.

Architecture
Compared with the other two major Kremlin cathedrals, the Annunciation Cathedral has slightly smaller dimensions. The cathedral was built of brick, with facades of white limestone that are dressed and decorated.

The interior of the cathedral consists of the central prayer area and several surrounding galleries, with the additions of side altars in the 16th century. The main vault of the cathedral has a large iconostasis, which includes icons of the 14th to 17th centuries, including the ones painted by Andrei Rublev, Theophanes the Greek and Prokhor, and 19th century, as well, particular on the middle tiers.

Throughout the interior, there are fragments of murals painted by Theodosius (1508) and by others (second half of the 16th, 17th and 19th centuries). Behind the altar (where once the sacristy was located) a large silver reliquary containing the remains are of about 50 saints from different places in the Middle East was discovered in 1894.

title: Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow


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Battleship (puzzle)

The Battleship puzzle (sometimes called Bimaru, Yubotu, Solitaire Battleships or Battleship Solitaire) is a logic puzzle based on the Battleship guessing game. It and its variants have appeared in several puzzle contests, including the World Puzzle Championship, and puzzle magazines, such as Games magazine.

Solitaire Battleship was invented in Argentina by Jaime Poniachik and was first featured in 1982 in the Argentine magazine Humor & Juegos. Battleship gained more widespread popularity after its international debut at the first World Puzzle Championship in New York City in 1992. Battleship appeared in Games magazine the following year and remains a regular feature of the magazine. Variants of Battleship have emerged since the puzzle's inclusion in the first World Puzzle Championship.

Battleship is played in a grid of squares that hides ships of different sizes. Numbers alongside the grid indicate how many squares in a row or column are occupied by part of a ship.

History
The solitaire version of Battleship was invented in Argentina in 1982 under the name Batalla Naval, with the first published puzzles appearing in 1982 in the Spanish magazine Humor & Juegos. Battleship was created by the magazine's founder, Jaime Poniachik, along with its editors Eduardo Abel Gimenez, Jorge Varlotta, and Daniel Samoilovich.

After 1982, no more Battleship puzzles were published until 1987, when they appeared in Juegos Para Gente De Mente, a renamed version of Humor & Juegos. The publishing company of Juegos Para Gente De Mente regularly publishes Battleship puzzles in its monthly magazine Enigmas Lógicos.

Battleship made its international debut at the first World Puzzle Championship in New York in 1992 and met with success. The next World Puzzle Championship in 1993 featured a variant of Battleship that omitted some of the row and column numbers. Battleship was first published in Games magazine in 1993, the year after the first World Puzzle Championship. Other variants later emerged, including Hexagonal Battleship, 3D Battleship, and Diagonal Battleship.

Rules
In Battleship, an armada of battleships is hidden in a square grid of 10×10 small squares. The armada includes one battleship four squares long, two cruisers three squares long, three destroyers two squares long, and four submarines one square in size. Each ship occupies a number of contiguous squares on the grid, arranged horizontally or vertically. The ships are placed so that no ship touches any other ship, not even diagonally.

The goal of the puzzle is to discover where the ships are located. A grid may start with clues in the form of squares that have already been solved, showing a submarine, an end piece of a ship, a middle piece of a ship, or water. Each row and column also has a number beside it, indicating the number of squares occupied by ship parts in that row or column, respectively.

Variants of the standard form of solitaire battleship have included using larger or smaller grids (with comparable changes in the size of the hidden armada), as well as using a hexagonal grid.

Strategy
The basic solving strategy for a Battleship puzzle is to add segments to incomplete ships where appropriate, draw water in squares that are known not to contain a ship segment, and to complete ships in a row or column whose number is the same as the number of unsolved squares in that row or column, respectively. More advanced strategies include looking for places where the largest ship that has not yet been located can fit into the grid, and looking for rows and columns that are almost complete and determining if there is only one way to complete them.

Computers and Battleship
Battleship is an NP-complete problem.

In 1997, former contributing editor to the Battleship column in Games magazine Moshe Rubin released Fathom It!, a popular Windows implementation of Battleship.

title: Battleship (puzzle)


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User talk:Calicocat

I'm mostly away from Wikipedia, hence messages left here may go unanswered for some time. Calicocat 14:20, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

Previous posts archived here and here

Nomination for deletion of Template:JournProjectTemplate
Template:JournProjectTemplate has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you. — This, that, and the other (talk) 04:24, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Calicocat


text: Category:Star Trek stubs

title: Category:Star Trek stubs


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Buddy Rogers

Buddy Rogers may refer to:

 * Charles "Buddy" Rogers (1904–1999), American actor and jazz musician
 * Buddy Rogers (wrestler) (1921–1992), ring name of American professional wrestler Herman Rohde

title: Buddy Rogers


text: Category:English Football League

title: Category:English Football League


text: Template:StarTrek-stub

title: Template:StarTrek-stub


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Talk:Biblical Hebrew

tenses and aspects need hebrew examples
I'm currently learning Hebrew, and found the tenses and aspects section to be really unhelpful. Having a few simple examples for each would be really nice. a lot of the pages linguistic explanations go right over my head, having only a modest intellect, and not being a student of linguistics. In particular, examples of the letters appearing in root words, infixes, for tensing, would be most helpful. I have checked other parts of Wikipedia, but some of those also seem written in a way as to be intentionally hard to understand, or to need more cultural, religious, or collegiate submersion to understand.

in other words, please simplify necessary parts, and add clear examples. Wikipedia is the textbook of all knowledge in the world. make it easier for us dumber humans to understand. Gnarlytreeman (talk) 16:31, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

 * It can't be presented too simply, because it's not a simple matter -- lengthy books have been written about the Biblical Hebrew verb system, and there are still points of controversy. Also, Wikipedia is not really a textbook... AnonMoos (talk) 06:35, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Why not? Grammar is taught to young children, it can obviously be simplified for easy knowledge disperal.

 * Simply skip the controversy. Gnarlytreeman (talk) 06:53, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Children are sometimes taught basic things to help them understand the language which they already speak -- for example, what a plural noun is. Young children are not ordinarily taught technical linguistic analysis of dead ancient languages which were very different in some ways from the language which they already speak. AnonMoos (talk) 07:05, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It's not that simple: tense grammar gets taught to young children in terms of written words because it is possible to easily distinguish tenses.  That is not the case in Hebrew; as the article notes, "Biblical Hebrew tense is not necessarily reflected in the verb forms per se, but rather is determined primarily by context."  When I took Hebrew, distinguishing tenses was something we were still agonizing over in third year of grad school.  And when the fact that the vowels and other pointings have been added to the text it gets more complicated -- and not just for verbs, either.  [One of my grad school profs told us that until we didn't need the pointings or the spaces (between words) we were really still beginners.]
 * Part of why it's not that simple is that for a given set of letters without vowel pointings there can be two or sometimes three different possible tenses. We find such words in English, for example "read" which can be present or past tense and can be indicative or imperative, but it's worse in Hebrew since there are more than a few words which are completely different despite having the very same letters; an English example of this might be "cool", which can be an adjective, a verb, an adverb, or an explanation.  The difference is that in English these are rare whereas in ancient Hebrew they're barely uncommon. Dismalscholar (talk) 20:05, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

Sure. Ancient dead languages were once taught to children, and still currently are in orthodox schools, the language simply isnt dead.

And what im asking for is the exact opposite of complex analysis.

We need simple examples. Surely that isn't too hard. Right now there is a huge list of tenses and aspects, but no language example. A massive discourse is unnecessary.

The knowledge is simply missing, making the page basically useless, at least for folk not entrenched in linguistics.

and most folk like myself who use wikipedia, are of modest intelligence and need simple examples.

Just make a different article if you think something needs a controversy or more lengthy explaination added.

Besides, wikipedia, is necessary on this subject because it is one of the few sites that has the possibility of scrubbing religious or political bias from presentation. Gnarlytreeman (talk) 07:34, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

 * There are a number of textbooks of Biblical Hebrew, and I'm sure you could find what you need in one or more of them, but for a number of reasons Wikipedia is not trying to compete with them. Consult What Wikipedia is not... -- AnonMoos (talk) 16:45, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

Quoted from the previously referenced wikipedia article, subsection textbooks

"However, examples intended to inform rather than to instruct, may be appropriate for inclusion in a Wikipedia article"

I asked for nothing more than informative examples.

Why are you being so persistently anti-knowledge? It seems like your almost trying to restrict basic free language information dispersal. Why? Gnarlytreeman (talk) 18:50, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Here's what a set of examples would be like, just using English consonants: if I write bls, leaving the reader to figure out what the vowels (and other things indicated by Hebrew pointing), this could be "balls", "bills", "bliss", "blues", "blows", "bulls", "bellows", "bolas", "blush", or others.  So the very same set of letters could be more than a half dozen different word types, thus making the idea of "simple examples" impossible. Dismalscholar (talk) 20:12, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

On the chart, the voiceless bilabial fricative symbol links to the voiced dental fricative page.
Exactly what it says in the title. I'm not a normal wikipedia editor, just a conlanger using Biblical Hebrew as an inspiration, and I found this mistake. Hope someone fixes it! 74.51.145.127 (talk) 05:15, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Done. (not by me) Emdosis (talk) 02:52, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

Vocabulary
There really ought to be a note about how many words Biblical Hebrew had, which IIRC is on the order of 2,000 roots forming some 8,000 words. I'm not sure where in the article that should go, nor do I have a source at the moment; I would appreciate it if someone better at this could make the addition. Dismalscholar (talk) 20:24, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

 * That's the vocabulary of Hebrew in the Bible, not necessarily the same thing as the vocabulary of the speakers of the language recorded in the Bible. When a book is divergent in genre and subject matter from most other books (e.g. the Song of Songs), there are many hapax legomena in that book, a sign that there were probably words of the spoken language which didn't make it into the Bible... AnonMoos (talk) 22:55, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

On the presence of ʋ in the Article
Hello, everyone!

I am unsure if I am showing proper etiquette as of now as this is the first time I've ever written one of these, but does anyone know as to any possible research in regards to the phoneme ʋ possibly being a phoneme in Biblical Hebrew? A friend of I have not encountered upon any research in regards to this specific matter, but I'm unsure if I should edit it out or of I should fist sort eveything here before to see if there is anything. I decided to be safe and bring it up here for the time being.

If anyone can inform me on this matter, I would be most glad :). Best regards and thanks in advance Yippur (talk) 10:42, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It's already in the article in 3 different tables Emdosis (talk) 15:30, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Presumably for the fricative allophone of "b", which could be transcribed [β] or [v]. Not sure why [ʋ]... AnonMoos (talk) 19:52, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

proposal to add ⟨zˤ⟩, ⟨ðˤ⟩, and ⟨d̪ˤ⟩ (and perhaps also ⟨dˤ⟩) to the consonant (corresp.) table (for ז and ד respectively)
As you can see here and here, these sounds existed in proto-semitic times and it's very possible they were still around in biblical times. Also proposing to add [d͡z] for ז Emdosis (talk) 11:39, 4 April 2024 (UTC) All of the sounds mentioned exist in Arabic today as well. Emdosis (talk) 11:40, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Only if you have sources. Remsense  诉  11:57, 4 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't. (Unless you count Wikipedia as a source, then maybe.) Emdosis (talk) 12:05, 4 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Very explicitly not, as that would be WP:circular. Remsense  诉  12:08, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

Also worth mentioning that ⟨d̪⟩ exists in modern day Sepharadi Hebrew. Emdosis (talk) 14:32, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Also, not sure why these emphatics are reconstructed as voiced. Most indications during early periods are of voicelessness, as well as the symbols listed on Ejective consonant.  Arabic kept to the older Semitic pattern of voiceless-emphatic-voiced trios until well into the medieval period (maybe roughly ca. 800 A.D.), and voiced/voiceless contrasts between emphatic sounds only occur after that.  The pharyngealized/velarized [z] pronunciation of Ẓāʾ ظ is semi-artificial, due to a need to keep ظ and ض distinct in formal tajwid (in Arabic colloquial dialects, they've generally merged)... AnonMoos (talk) 17:49, 13 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't know man, but in practise I don't know if there's much of a difference between ⟨ʼ⟩ and ⟨ˤ⟩. I used ⟨ˤ⟩ to keep in concordance with the trend on Wikipedia... Emdosis (talk) 22:44, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

 * We have an article on Emphatic consonant. Many linguists reconstruct them as ejective consonants (linked above) in early Semitic, including Richard C. Steiner in his book "Affricated Ṣade in the Semitic Languages".  In any case, contrasts between voiced and voiceless emphatic sounds seem to be innovative to post-800-AD (roughly) Arabic... AnonMoos (talk) 20:50, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

 * If I've read this article correctly, it seems to be indicated that [sˤ] existed early on in the Secunda, so like 200 AD?... Does that sound plausible to you? Emdosis (talk) 04:47, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what that means. The letter צ is reconstructed for Biblical Hebrew more often as sʼ (ejective) than sˤ (pharyngealized) -- and since across languages ejective fricatives are often affricated, that likely means tsʼ (Alveolar ejective affricate) as is discussed at length by Richard C. Steiner in his book "Affricated Ṣade in the Semitic Languages".  The letters צ and ס remain distinct in most pronunciation traditions down to the present day (except some versions of Sephardi Hebrew). -- AnonMoos (talk) 17:22, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

Blau on Biblical Hebrew polyphony
For a discussion by a very reputable scholar, see "On Polyphony in Biblical Hebrew" by Joshua Blau (PDF here). He agrees with the standard polyphony of ש (of course), and argues in great detail for the polyphony of ח and ע (each representing both a pharyngeal consonant and a velar fricative) in "literary" or formal Biblical recitation Hebrew down to the late centuries B.C. However, he does not support other polyphony. AnonMoos (talk) 03:01, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

 * However, he does not support other polyphony.
 * Does not support? Or does not mention to begin with? Emdosis (talk) 20:34, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

 * He discusses and rejects possible polyphony of צ corresponding to Arabic ض vs. צ not so corresponding, as you can see for yourself. AnonMoos (talk) 20:44, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * So just צ? What about all the other polyphones (ת ,פ ,כ ,ו ,ד ,ג ,ב)?
 * Also nobody argues that צ was ever officially polyphonic with [sʼ] and [ɬʼ] (where one would be used for example for initial syllable and the other for closed syllable). Just that the sound ṣ́ ([ɬʼ] or [tɬʼ]) evolved to ṣ [sʼ] over time (i.e. over 1000+ years) while some regions may still have clung to the original ṣ́ for another while (before those Israelites too, as a result of centuries of exile, started to pronounce it like the modern day ⟨t͡s⟩) Emdosis (talk) 21:43, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I really don't know what the heck the non-emphatic stops are supposed to be polyphonous with (they do not have multiple sources in terms of the conventional reconstructions of proto-Semitic with 29 distinct consonants). Earlier non-sibilant fricatives in Semitic merged with sibilant fricatives.  Also, [w] became [y] initially before attested Bible Hebrew, but what became [w]? AnonMoos (talk) 23:27, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

 * A little while after I posted the above comment, I realized that you meant the fricative allophones of the stop sounds (the so-called Begadkefat letters). The thing is, scholars like Blau and Steiner were not concerned with that at all when they investigated what they referred to as "polyphony".  It's a fairly safe bet that the Phoenician language contained just 22 distinct consonant sounds when the 22-letter Phoenician alphabet was formed just a little bit before 1000 BC.  However, it seems that in a number of cases, this 22-letter alphabet was then borrowed to write other languages or dialects where more than 22 of the 29 conventionally reconstructed Proto-Semitic consonants had remained distinct.  This is known for certain in some cases (such as shin vs. sin in Hebrew) and is strongly suspected in other cases.   That's what Blau was trying to do, to penetrate behind the 22 letters of the alphabet to try to determine if at some stages of Hebrew there were more than 22 distinct consonant phonemes derived from proto-Semitic.
 * By contrast, the "Begadkefat" fricative sounds were not originally phonemes at all, but mere allophones. (By the time of Tiberian Hebrew, there might be a partial phonemic contrast between stops and fricatives, according to the traditional 1950s concept of the phoneme at least, caused by additional sound changes, but the functional load would be low.)  There's no archaism or proto-Semitic survivals involved, so it's just not the same thing as what Blau discusses. AnonMoos (talk) 15:30, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
 * This page is about biblical hebrew, not proto-semitic. According to the article itself, 'Biblical' implying even as late as the Secunda. If Blau's discussing proto-semitic polyphony (which from what I've seen, he seems to be talking about late Biblical Hebrew as well) then maybe his book should be renamed to 'On Proto-semitic polyphony'...Emdosis (talk) 01:36, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * What does polyphony even mean in linguistics? Do you mean 2 different sounds at once? I thought you were talking about allophones... :/ Emdosis (talk) 02:33, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Whatever -- he's talking about distinctions of sounds that were very likely preserved in some cases into the late centuries B.C., which is most definitely not the proto-Semitic period, but is highly Hebrew-specific. Reconstructions of Proto-Semitic provide the basic original inventory of 29 phonemic consonants (in the standard reconstruction) but various of the consonants merged together at different times and in different ways in various of the daughter languages, and figuring out that some of these mergers occurred in the Biblical (or even post-Biblical) period is part of the historical study of Hebrew.  You need to brush up on basic facts and concepts, because it isn't really my job to keep explaining them to you... AnonMoos (talk) 04:04, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biblical Hebrew


text: User talk:63.201.229.26

title: User talk:63.201.229.26


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Digit (unit)

The digit or finger is an ancient and obsolete non-SI unit of measurement of length. It was originally based on the breadth of a human finger. It was a fundamental unit of length in the Ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Roman systems of measurement.

In astronomy a digit is one twelfth of the diameter of the sun or the moon.

Ancient Egypt
The digit, also called a finger or fingerbreadth, is a unit of measurement originally based on the breadth of a human finger. In Ancient Egypt it was the basic unit of subdivision of the cubit.

On surviving Ancient Egyptian cubit-rods, the royal cubit is divided into seven palms of four digits or fingers each. The royal cubit measured approximately 525 mm, so the length of the ancient Egyptian digit was about 19 mm.

Mesopotamia
In the classical Akkadian Empire system instituted in about 2250 BC during the reign of Naram-Sin, the finger was one-thirtieth of a cubit length. The cubit was equivalent to approximately 497 mm, so the finger was equal to about 17 mm. Basic length was used in architecture and field division.

Britain
A digit (lat. digitus, "finger"), when used as a unit of length, is usually a sixteenth of a foot or 3/4" (1.905 cm for the international inch). The width of an adult human male finger tip is indeed about 2 centimetres. In English this unit has mostly fallen out of use, as do others based on the human arm: finger (7/6 digit), palm (4 digits), hand (16/3 digits), shaftment (8 digits), span (12 digits), cubit (24 digits) and ell (60 digits).

Astronomy
In astronomy a digit is, or was until recently, one twelfth of the diameter of the sun or the moon. This is found in the Moralia of Plutarch, XII:23, but the definition as exactly one twelfth of the diameter may be due to Ptolemy. Sosigenes of Alexandria had observed in the 1st century AD that on a dioptra, a disc with a diameter of 11 or 12 digits (of length) was needed to cover the moon.

The unit was used in Arab or Islamic astronomical works such as those of Ṣadr al‐Sharīʿa al‐Thānī (d.1346/7), where it is called إصبعا iṣba' , digit or finger.

The astronomical digit was in use in Britain for centuries. Heath, writing in 1760, explains that 12 digits are equal to the diameter in eclipse of the sun, but that 23 may be needed for the Earth's shadow as it eclipses the moon, those over 12 representing the extent to which the Earth's shadow is larger than the Moon. The unit is apparently not in current use, but is found in recent dictionaries.

title: Digit (unit)


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Warner Bros. Cartoons

Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. was an American animation studio, serving as the in-house animation division of Warner Bros. during the Golden Age of American animation. One of the most successful animation studios in American media history, it was primarily responsible for the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films. The characters featured in these cartoons, including Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, and Porky Pig, are among the most famous and recognizable characters in the world. Many of the creative staff members at the studio, including directors and animators such as Chuck Jones, Friz Freleng, Robert McKimson, Tex Avery, Robert Clampett, Arthur Davis, and Frank Tashlin, are considered major figures in the art and history of traditional animation.

Warner Bros. Cartoons was formed in 1933 by Leon Schlesinger as Leon Schlesinger Productions. Schlesinger sold the studio to Warner Bros. in 1944, after which the Warner Bros. Cartoons name was adopted. The studio closed in 1963, and Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies were subsequently subcontracted to Freleng's DePatie–Freleng Enterprises studio from 1964 to 1967. Warner Bros. Cartoons re-opened that year, under Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, before closing again in 1969. It was succeeded by Warner Bros. Animation, which was established in 1980.

1930–1933: Harman-Ising Productions
Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising originated the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short subjects in 1930 and 1931, respectively. Both cartoon series were produced for Leon Schlesinger at the Harman-Ising Studio on Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California, with Warner Bros. Pictures releasing the films to theaters. The first Looney Tunes character was the Harman-Ising creation Bosko, The Talk-ink Kid, who competed with Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse and Max Fleischer's Betty Boop. In 1933, Harman and Ising parted company with Schlesinger over financial disputes, and took Bosko with them to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. To maintain his contract with Warner Bros., Schlesinger set up his own studio on the Warner Bros. lot on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.

1933–1944: Leon Schlesinger Productions
The Schlesinger studio got off to a slow start, continuing their one-shot Merrie Melodies and introducing a Bosko replacement named Buddy to serve as the new star of Looney Tunes. Disney animator Tom Palmer was the studio's first senior director, but after the three cartoons he made were deemed to be of unacceptable quality and rejected by the studio, former Harman-Ising animator/musical composer Isadore "Friz" Freleng was called in to replace Palmer and rework his cartoons where every cartoon Freleng directed from 1933 to 1963 was created/directed by Freleng's musical compositions and methods. The studio then formed the three-unit structure that it would retain throughout most of its history, with one of the units headed by Ben "Bugs" Hardaway, and the other by Earl Duvall, who was replaced by Jack King a year later.

In 1935, after Buddy proved not to be a successful character, Freleng helmed the Merrie Melodies cartoon I Haven't Got a Hat, which introduced the character Porky Pig. Hardaway and King departed, and a new arrival at Schlesinger's, Fred "Tex" Avery, took Freleng's creation and ran with it. Avery directed a string of cartoons starring Porky Pig that established the character as the studio's first bona fide star. Schlesinger also gradually moved the Merrie Melodies cartoons from black and white, to two-strip Technicolor in 1934, and finally to full three-strip Technicolor in 1935. The Looney Tunes series would be produced in black-and-white for much longer, until 1943.

Because of the limited spacing conditions in the Schlesinger building at 1351 N. Van Ness on the Warner Sunset lot, Avery and his unit – including animators Robert Clampett and Chuck Jones – were moved into a small building elsewhere on the Sunset lot, which Avery and his team affectionately dubbed "Termite Terrace." Although the Avery unit moved out of the building after a year, "Termite Terrace" later became a metonym for the classic Warner Bros. animation department in general, even for years after the building was abandoned, condemned, and torn down. During this period, four cartoons were outsourced to the Ub Iwerks studio; however, Iwerks struggled to adapt his style to the type of humor that the Looney Tunes had developed by this time, and so Clampett took over as director (using Iwerks' staff) for the last two of these outsourced cartoons. Schlesinger was so impressed by Clampett's work on these shorts that he opened a fourth unit for Clampett to head, although for tax reasons this was technically a separate studio headed by Schlesinger's brother-in-law, Ray Katz.

From 1936 until 1944, animation directors and animators such as Freleng, Avery, Clampett, Jones, Arthur Davis, Robert McKimson, and Frank Tashlin worked at the studio. During this period, these creators introduced several of the most popular cartoon characters to date, including Daffy Duck (1937, Porky's Duck Hunt by Avery), Elmer Fudd (1940, Elmer's Candid Camera by Jones), Bugs Bunny (1940, A Wild Hare by Avery), and Tweety (1942, A Tale of Two Kitties by Clampett). Avery left the studio in 1941 following a series of disputes with Schlesinger, who shortly after closed the studio for two weeks due to a minor strike similar to the better known one that occurred at Disney. A few months earlier he banished all unionized employees in what became known in retrospect as the "Looney Tune Lockout"; this time Schlesinger lost nearly all of his employees of the Avery unit. Clampett and several of his key animators took over Avery's former unit, while Clampett's own position as director of the Schlesinger-Katz studio was taken by Norm McCabe, a Clampett animator whose cartoons focused in war-related humor; McCabe, in turn, lasted barely a year before being drafted, and Frank Tashlin returned to the studio to replace him.

By 1942, the Schlesinger studio had surpassed Walt Disney Productions as the most successful producer of animated shorts in the United States. Between 1942 and 1945, the Schelsinger studio produced a number of films for the United States military in support of its efforts in World War II. Under the command of the US Air Force's First Motion Picture Unit, headed from 1942 to 1944 by Major Theodor Seuss Geisel (better known as Dr. Seuss), the studio produced the Private Snafu and (with Walter Lantz Productions) Mr. Hook cartoons for the servicemen's entertainment.

1944–1963: Warner Bros. Cartoons
On July 1, 1944, Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. for $700,000, which renamed the company Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc., and Edward Selzer (who by Jones' and Freleng's accounts had no sense of humor or admiration of cartoons), was appointed by Warner Bros. as the new head of the cartoon studio after Schlesinger retired. In September 1944 Frank Tashlin left, and in May 1946 , Bob Clampett left. Tashlin's unit was initially taken over by Robert McKimson. The remaining animators of the initial Clampett's unit were assigned to Arthur Davis. Although inheriting most of their staff, these units have been the least known among the four, apart from having lower budgets than Jones and Freleng. In 1948, the studio moved to a larger building on the Sunset Boulevard lot. Davis' separate unit was dissolved in November 1949, and he became an animator for Freleng.

The four units became noted by their respective styles, mostly influenced by their budgets: Jones' cartoons (having the largest budgets) featured a more visual and sophisticated art style, and focused more on unique story telling and characterization over traditional gags, Freleng's cartoons (having a smaller budget then Jones) developed a conservative directorial style which uses sharp timing, jokes and use of music for comedic effect McKimson's cartoons (also with a smaller budget) kept up the traditional screwball antics-based direction into the 50s, while trying to maintain a fully-animated style, and Davis' cartoons (having the smallest budget of the four units) prioritizes its animation and jokes over the stories, as Davis was said to had an insecurity with his story men.

Among the Warner Bros. cartoon stars who were created after Schlesinger's departure include Pepé Le Pew (1945, Odor-able Kitty by Jones), Sylvester (1945, Life with Feathers by Freleng), Yosemite Sam (1945, Hare Trigger by Freleng), Foghorn Leghorn (1946, Walky Talky Hawky by McKimson), Marvin the Martian (1948, Haredevil Hare by Jones), Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner (1949, Fast and Furry-ous by Jones), Granny (1950, Canary Row by Freleng), Speedy Gonzales (1953, Cat-Tails for Two by McKimson) and The Tasmanian Devil (1954, Devil May Hare by McKimson). In later years, even more minor Looney Tunes characters such as Freleng's Rocky and Mugsy, Jones's Gossamer and Michigan J. Frog have become significantly popular.

After the verdict of the United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. anti-trust case in 1948 ended the practice of "block booking", Warner Bros. could no longer force theaters into buying their features and shorts together as packages; shorts had to be sold separately. Theater owners were only willing to pay so much for cartoon shorts, and as a result, by the late-1950s the budgets at Warner Bros. Cartoons became tighter. Selzer forced a stringent five-week production schedule on each cartoon (at least one director, Chuck Jones, cheated the system by spending more time on special cartoons such as What's Opera, Doc?, less time on simpler productions such as Road Runner entries, and had his crew forge their time cards). With less money for full animation, the Warner Bros. story men — Michael Maltese, Tedd Pierce, and Warren Foster — began to focus more of their cartoons on dialogue. While story artists were assigned to directors at random during the 1930s and 1940s, by the 1950s each story man worked almost exclusively with one director: Maltese with Jones, Foster with Freleng, and Pierce with McKimson.

With the advent of the 3-D film craze in 1953, Warner Bros. shut its cartoon studio down in June of that year, fearing that 3-D cartoon production would be too expensive (only one Warner Bros. cartoon was ever produced in 3-D, Jones' Lumber Jack-Rabbit starring Bugs Bunny). The creative staff dispersed (Jones, for example, went to work at Disney on Sleeping Beauty, Maltese went to Walter Lantz Productions, and Freleng went into commercial work). Warner Bros. Cartoons re-opened five months after its close, following the end of the 3-D craze. In 1955, the staff moved into a brand new facility on the main Warner Bros. lot in Burbank. KTLA television took over the old studio location on Van Ness; the old Warner Sunset Studios is today called Sunset Bronson Studios.

Also on February 19, 1955, Warner Bros. sold its library of black and white Looney Tunes to Guild Films. The package consisted of 191 cartoons which began showing on television that year.

By 1958, Selzer had retired, and veteran Warner Cartoons production manager John Burton took his place. Warner Bros. also lost its trio of staff storymen at this time. Foster and Maltese found work at Hanna-Barbera Productions, while Pierce worked on a freelance basis with writing partner Bill Danch. John Dunn and Dave Detiege, both former Disney men, were hired to replace them.

During Burton's tenure, Warner Bros. Cartoons branched out into television. In the fall of 1960, ABC TV premiered The Bugs Bunny Show, which was a package program featuring three theatrical Warner Bros. cartoons, with newly produced wraparounds to introduce each short. The program remained on the air under various names and on all three major networks for four decades from 1960 to 2000. All versions of The Bugs Bunny Show featured Warner Bros. cartoons released after July 31, 1948, as all of the Technicolor cartoons released before that date were sold to Associated Artists Productions on June 11, 1956.

David H. DePatie became the last executive in charge of the original Warner Bros. Cartoons studio in 1961. The same year, Chuck Jones moonlighted to write the script for a UPA-produced feature titled Gay Purr-ee. When that film was picked up by Warner Bros. for distribution in 1962, the studio learned that Jones had violated his exclusive contract with Warners and he was terminated in July. Most of Jones' former unit subsequently re-joined him at Sib Tower 12 Productions to work on a new series of Tom and Jerry cartoons for MGM.

In late 1962, at the height of television popularity and decline in moviegoing, DePatie was sent to a board meeting in New York, and he was informed that the cartoon studio was going to be shut down. DePatie completed the task by 1963. The final project at the studio was making the animated sequences, directed by McKimson, for the 1964 Warner Bros. feature The Incredible Mr. Limpet. With the studio closed, Hal Seeger Productions in New York had to be contracted to produce the opening and closing credits for The Porky Pig Show, which debuted on ABC on September 20, 1964. This marked one of the first times that the Looney Tunes characters were animated outside of the Los Angeles area.

1964–1967: DePatie–Freleng Enterprises and Format Productions
David H. DePatie and Friz Freleng started DePatie–Freleng Enterprises in 1963, and leased the old Warner Bros. Cartoons studio as their headquarters. In 1964, Warner Bros. contracted DePatie–Freleng to produce more Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, an arrangement that lasted until 1967. The vast majority of these paired off Daffy Duck against Speedy Gonzales, and after a few initial cartoons directed by Freleng, Robert McKimson was hired to direct most of the remaining DePatie–Freleng Looney Tunes.

In addition to DePatie–Freleng's cartoons, a series of new shorts featuring The Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote was commissioned from an independent animation studio, Herbert Klynn's Format Productions. Veteran Warner animator Rudy Larriva, who had worked for years under Road Runner creator Chuck Jones, assumed directorial duties for these films, and a few other former associates of Jones (Bob Bransford, Ernie Nordli) came aboard. Even with the Jones connections, Larriva's Road Runner shorts were considered to be inferior and witless compared to Jones' by critics. McKimson also directed an additional two Road Runner shorts with the main DePatie–Freleng team, which are more highly regarded than Larriva's efforts.

After three years of outsourced cartoons, Warner Bros. decided to bring production back in-house. DePatie–Freleng had their contract terminated (they subsequently moved to new studios in the San Fernando Valley), and Format was commissioned to produce three "buffer" cartoons with Daffy and Speedy (again, directed by Rudy Larriva) to fill the gap until Warner Bros.'s own studio was up and running again.

1967–1969: Warner Bros.-Seven Arts Animation
The new cartoon studio was to be founded and headed by studio executive William L. Hendricks, and after an unsuccessful attempt at luring Bob Clampett out of retirement, former Walter Lantz Productions and Hanna-Barbera animator Alex Lovy was appointed director at the new studio. He brought his longtime collaborator, Laverne Harding to be the new studio's chief animator, and brought in Disney animator Volus Jones and Ed Solomon who also started at Disney as an assistant, which contributed to make cartoons from this era of the studio stylistically quite different from the studio's "Golden Age". Lovy also brought in animator Ted Bonnicksen and layout artist Bob Givens, both veterans of the original studio. Shortly after the studio opened, Warner Bros. was bought out by Seven Arts Associates, and the studio renamed Warner Bros.-Seven Arts.

Initially, Lovy's new team produced more Daffy and Speedy cartoons, but soon moved to create new characters such as Cool Cat and Merlin the Magic Mouse, and even occasional experimental works such as Norman Normal (1968), the only cartoon not to be in either series. Lovy's cartoons were not well received, and many enthusiasts regard them (particularly his Daffy and Speedy efforts) as the worst cartoons ever produced by the studio.

After a year, Alex Lovy left and returned to Hanna-Barbera, and Robert McKimson was brought back to the studio. He focused on using the characters that Lovy had created (and two of his own creation: Bunny and Claude). The studio's classic characters appeared only in advertisements (as for Plymouth Road Runner) and cartoon show bumpers. McKimson's films of the era have more adult-oriented humor than Lovy's. However, on October 10, 1969, Warner Bros. ceased production on all its short subjects and shut the studio down for good when Warner Bros.-Seven Arts was acquired by Kinney National Company. The back catalog of Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts would remain a popular broadcast and syndication package for Warner Bros. Television well into the 2000s, by which time it had reacquired the rights to the pre-August 1948 shorts it sold to Associated Artists Productions (known as a.a.p.) on June 11, 1956.

Studio heads

 * Leon Schlesinger (1933–1944)
 * Eddie Selzer (1944–1958)
 * John Burton (1958–1961)
 * David H. DePatie (1961–1963)
 * William L. Hendricks (1967–1969)

Directors

 * Tex Avery (1935–1942) (credited as Fred Avery)
 * Ted Bonnicksen (1963)
 * Bernard B. Brown (1934)
 * Gerry Chiniquy (1964)
 * Bob Clampett (1937–1946) (credited as Robert Clampett)
 * Cal Dalton (1938–1940)
 * Arthur Davis (1946–1949, 1962)
 * Earl Duvall (1933–1934)
 * Friz Freleng (1934–1938, 1940–1965) (credited (until late 1935) as Isadore Freleng and (until late 1955) as I. Freleng)
 * Ben Hardaway (1934–1935, 1938–1940)
 * Ken Harris (1959)
 * Rudy Larriva (1965-1967)
 * Cal Howard (1938)
 * Ub Iwerks (1937)
 * Chuck Jones (1938–1964) (credited (until late 1940) as Charles Jones and (until late 1955) as Charles M. Jones)
 * Jack King (1934–1936)
 * Abe Levitow (1959–1962)
 * Alex Lovy (1967–1968)
 * Norman McCabe (1940–1943)
 * Robert McKimson (1946–1969)
 * Phil Monroe (1963–1964)
 * Maurice Noble (1961–1964)
 * Tom Palmer (1933)
 * Hawley Pratt (1961–1964)
 * Frank Tashlin (1936–1938, 1943–1946)
 * Richard Thompson (1963)
 * Bill Tytla (1964)
 * Irv Spector (1965)

Storyboard artists/writers

 * Howard Baldwin
 * Nick Bennion
 * David Detiege
 * John Dunn
 * Warren Foster
 * Friz Freleng
 * Ben Hardaway
 * George Hill
 * Cal Howard
 * Rich Hogan
 * Chuck Jones
 * Bob Clampett
 * Lew Landsman
 * Lou Lilly
 * Sid Marcus
 * Michael Maltese
 * George Manuell
 * Robert McKimson
 * Melvin "Tubby" Millar
 * Jack Miller
 * Dave Monahan
 * Fred Neiman
 * Tedd Pierce
 * Bill Scott
 * Dr. Seuss
 * Lloyd Turner

Layout/Background artists/designers

 * Pete Alvarado
 * Philip DeGuard
 * Gene Fleury
 * Nic Gibson
 * Robert Givens
 * Robert Gribbroek
 * Alex Ignatiev
 * John Didrik Johnsen
 * Willie Ito
 * Paul Julian
 * Earl Klein
 * John McGrew
 * Tom McKimson
 * Maurice Noble
 * Ernie Nordli
 * Tom O'Loughlin
 * Hawley Pratt
 * David Rose
 * Micheal Sasanoff
 * Don Smith
 * William Butler
 * Richard H. Thomas
 * Cornett Wood
 * Irv Wyner
 * Gene Hazelton

Animators

 * Fred Abranz
 * Art Babbitt
 * Warren Batchelder
 * Robert Bentley
 * Richard Bickenbach
 * Norm Blackburn
 * Ted Bonnicksen
 * Jack Bradbury
 * Bob Bransford
 * Pete Burness
 * George Cannata
 * Robert "Bobe" Cannon
 * John Carey
 * Jack Carr
 * Ken Champin
 * Gerry Chiniquy
 * Robert Clampett
 * Ben Clopton
 * Herman Cohen
 * Shamus Culhane
 * Cal Dalton
 * Keith Darling
 * Basil Davidovich
 * Arthur Davis
 * Jim Davis
 * Phil DeLara
 * Jaime Diaz
 * Joe D'Igalo
 * Russ Dyson
 * Robert Edmunds
 * Izzy Ellis
 * Paul Fennell
 * John Freeman
 * Ed Friedman
 * Ace "A.C." Gamer (Effects Animator)
 * John Gibbs
 * George Grandpre
 * Manny Gould
 * Lee Halpern
 * Rollin Hamilton
 * Laverne Harding
 * Ken Harris
 * Emery Hawkins
 * Alex Ignatiev
 * Chuck Jones
 * Fred Jones
 * Volus Jones
 * Jack King
 * Anatolle Kirsanoff
 * Rudy Larriva
 * Art Leonardi
 * Abe Levitow
 * Harry Love (Effects Animator)
 * Bob Matz
 * Max Maxwell
 * Norman McCabe
 * Tom McDonald
 * John McGrew
 * Charles McKimson
 * Robert McKimson
 * Thomas McKimson
 * Bill Melendez
 * Phil Monroe
 * Al Pabian
 * Jim Pabian
 * Ray Patin
 * Manuel Perez
 * Tom Ray
 * Bob Richardson
 * Vive Risto
 * Phil Roman
 * Virgil Ross
 * Rod Scribner
 * Larry Silverman
 * Hank Smith
 * Paul Smith
 * Ed Solomon
 * Irven Spence
 * Robert Stokes
 * Cecil Surry
 * Sid Sutherland
 * Bob Taylor
 * Richard Thompson
 * Riley Thomson
 * Frank Tipper
 * Gil Turner
 * Lloyd Vaughan
 * Sandy Walker
 * Elmer Wait
 * Ben Washam
 * Volney White
 * Bob Wickersham
 * Don Williams

Voices

 * Friz Freleng
 * Chuck Jones
 * Carl Stalling
 * John Burton
 * Mel Blanc
 * Tex Avery
 * Dave Barry
 * Dick Beals
 * Bea Benaderet
 * Julie Bennett
 * Sara Berner
 * Billy Bletcher
 * Lucille Bliss
 * Billy Booth
 * Robert C. Bruce
 * Arthur Q. Bryan
 * Daws Butler
 * Pinto Colvig
 * Joe Dougherty
 * June Foray
 * Stan Freberg
 * Joan Gerber
 * Frank Graham
 * Bernice Hansen
 * Margaret Hill-Talbot
 * Cal Howard
 * Paul Julian
 * Abe Lyman
 * Michael Maltese
 * Tedd Pierce
 * Alan Reed
 * Marian Richman
 * Kent Rogers
 * Hal Smith
 * John T. Smith
 * Larry Storch
 * Bill Thompson
 * Danny Webb
 * Nancy Wible

Music
Musical Directors
 * Bernard B. Brown (1933–1936)
 * Norman Spencer (1933–1936)
 * Carl W. Stalling (1936–1958) (credited (until late 1946) as Carl W. Stalling)
 * Eugene Poddany (1951)
 * Milt Franklyn (1954–1962)
 * John Seely (1958)
 * William Lava (1962–1969) (credited (until 1967) as Bill Lava)
 * Walter Greene (1966–1967)
 * Frank Perkins (1967)

Orchestrations
 * Milt Franklyn (1936–1962)

Film (Sound effects) editors

 * Treg Brown
 * Irvin Jay
 * Lee Gunther
 * Hal Geer

title: Warner Bros. Cartoons


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User:Phaust

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title: User:Phaust


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Air Togo

Air Togo (Compagnie Aerienne Togolaise) was an airline headquartered in Lomé in Togo. Operational between 1998 and 2000, it served as the country's flag carrier, operating flights between Togo and France, as well as to neighbouring countries in West Africa, out of its base at Lomé-Tokoin Airport.

Services
Air Togo international destinations from Lomé have included Accra, Bamako, Cotonou, Ouagadougou and Paris.

Domestic services have included Sokodé, Mango, Dapaong, Kara, Niamtougoui and Lomé.

title: Air Togo