text:
Zdzisław Beksiński

Zdzisław Beksiński (24 February 1929 –21 February 2005) was a Polish painter, photographer, and sculptor; specializing in the field of dystopian surrealism.

Beksiński made his paintings and drawings in what he called either a Baroque or a Gothic manner. His creations were made mainly in two periods. The first period of work is generally considered to contain expressionistic color, with a strong style of "utopian realism" and surreal architecture, like a doomsday scenario. The second period contained more abstract style, with the main features of formalism.

Beksiński was stabbed to death at his Warsaw apartment on February 21, 2005, by a 19-year-old acquaintance from Wołomin, reportedly because he refused to lend him money.

Life
Zdzisław Beksiński was born in Sanok, southern Poland. He studied architecture at Kraków Polytechnic in 1947, finishing his studies in 1952. He returned to Sanok in 1955, working as a construction site supervisor, but found that he did not enjoy it. During this period, he had an interest in montage photography, sculpting, and painting. When he first started sculpting, he often used his construction site materials for his medium. His early photography was a precursor to his later paintings, often depicting peculiar wrinkles, desolate landscapes, and still-life faces on rough surfaces. His paintings often depict anxiety, such as torn doll faces, or faces erased or obscured by bandages wrapped around the portrait. His main focus was on abstract painting, although it seems his works in the 1960s were inspired by surrealism.

Painting and drawing
Beksiński had no formal training as an artist. He was a graduate of the Faculty of Architecture at the Kraków Polytechnic, receiving an MSc in 1952. His paintings were mainly created using oil paint on hardboard panels that he personally prepared, although he also experimented with acrylic paints. Beksiński listened to classical music while painting.

Fantastic Realism
An exhibition of Beksiński's works organized by Janusz Bogucki in Warsaw in 1964 was his first major success.

Beksiński undertook painting with a passion, working intensely while listening to classical music. He soon became the leading figure in contemporary Polish art. In the late 1960s, Beksiński entered what he himself called his "fantastic period," which lasted into the mid-1980s. This is his best-known period, during which he created disturbing images, showing a gloomy, surrealistic environment with detailed scenes of death, decay, landscapes filled with skeletons, deformed figures, and deserts. These detailed works were painted with his trademark precision. At the time, Beksiński claimed, "I wish to paint in such a manner as if I were photographing dreams."

Despite the grim overtones, Beksiński claimed some of his works were misunderstood; in his opinion, they were rather optimistic or even humorous. For the most part, Beksiński was adamant that even he did not know the meaning of his artworks and was uninterested in possible interpretations; in keeping with this notion, he refused to provide titles for any of his drawings or paintings. Before moving to Warsaw in 1977, he destroyed a selection of his works in his own backyard, without leaving any documentation concerning them.

Later work
In the later part of the 1990s, he became interested in computers, the Internet, digital photography and photo manipulation, a medium that he focused on until his death.

Later life and death
Beksiński's wife, Zofia, died in 1998; a year later, on Christmas Eve 1999, his son Tomasz (a popular radio presenter, music journalist and philologist, whose translated media includes Silence of The Lambs, Casablanca & Reservoir Dogs and more) committed suicide by drug overdose. Beksiński discovered his son's body.

On 21 February 2005, Beksiński was found dead in his flat in Warsaw with 17 stab wounds on his body; two of the wounds were determined to have been fatal. Robert Kupiec, the teenage son of his longtime caretaker, and a friend were arrested shortly after the crime. On 9 November 2006 Robert Kupiec was sentenced to 25 years in prison, and his accomplice, Łukasz Kupiec, to 5 years by the court of Warsaw. Before his death, Beksiński had refused to loan Robert Kupiec a few hundred złoty (approximately US$100).

Personality
Although Beksiński's art was often grim, he himself was known to be a pleasant person who took enjoyment from conversation and had a keen sense of humor. He was modest and somewhat shy, avoiding public events such as the openings of his own exhibitions. He credited music as his main source of inspiration. He claimed not to be much influenced by literature, cinema or the work of other artists, and almost never visited museums or exhibitions. Beksiński avoided concrete analysis of the content of his work, saying "I don't want to say or convey anything. I just paint what comes to my mind".

He had obsessive–compulsive disorder, which made him reluctant to travel; he referred to his condition as "neurotic diarrhea".

Artistic legacy
The town of Sanok, Poland, houses a museum dedicated to Beksiński. A Beksiński museum housing 50 paintings and 120 drawings from the Dmochowski collection (who owns the biggest private collection of Beksiński's art ), opened in 2006 in the City Art Gallery of Częstochowa, Poland. On 18 May 2012 with the participation of Minister of Regional Development Elżbieta Bieńkowska and others took place ceremonial opening of The New Gallery of Zdzisław Beksiński in the rebuilt wing of the castle. On 19 May 2012, The New Gallery opened for the public. A 'Beksiński cross', in the characteristic T-shape frequently employed by the artist, was installed for Burning Man to honor the artist's memory.

Short stories
During the years 1963–1965, Beksiński wrote short stories. However, he was unhappy with the results and sealed them away, deciding to hone his skills in painting instead. For half a century, they remained a secret to everyone except the artist's closest friends and family. In 2015, a decade after Beksiński was killed, a collection of his short stories was published. Despite their unfinished and chaotic nature, the literary works of Beksiński are considered an intriguing journey into his past, reminiscent of his later dreamlike paintings; they vary from abstract onirist tales and philosophical self-reflections to metaphorical post-apocalyptic fiction and crime thriller stories. Beksiński's literary period is described as "short and intensive", as he wrote 40 short stories in fewer than two years, experimenting with form and narrative.

Zdzisław Beksiński Art Promotion Archive
In 2023, the online Zdzisław Beksiński Art Promotion Archive was created. Its creators are Mr. and Mrs. Anna and Piotr Dmochowski. It is a very rich, unique collection of materials, divided into two parts, available to all admirers of Master Beksiński's work.

Symbolism and colors
Beksiński used a specific oil paint in the hue of Prussian Blue, which he used to symbolize death. This shade of blue has a symbolic connection for the artist to World War II, as the color was named after hydrogen cyanide which was a main component in Zyklon B. When this chemical weapon was used by Nazis in concentration camp gas chambers to execute Jewish prisoners, it left a blue residue on the walls.

title: Zdzisław Beksiński


text:
Lewis Miller (Australian artist)

Lewis Miller (born 1959 in Melbourne) is an Australian painter and visual artist, known for his portraits and figurative works.

History
Miller's father Peter Miller was a painter in the social realist tradition. His sister Lisa Miller is an Australian singer-songwriter.

He studied painting at the Victorian College of the Arts in Melbourne from 1977 to 1979, and then travelled to London, Europe and Malaysia. He held his first solo exhibition in 1986 and is represented in the National Gallery of Australia, state and private galleries. In 1998, he won the Archibald Prize, which brought him greater prominence and led to many further commissions. He has travelled widely, including to the US in 1998, 2000, 2003 and 2005.

In 2003 and 2005, Miller was commissioned to produce a series of portraits of the scientists and technicians involved in the mapping of the human genome.

His other commissioned portraits include Australian rules football coach Ron Barassi, mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary and scientist James D. Watson. In 2003, he travelled to Iraq as Official Australian War Artist.

By 2005, he had entered the Archibald prize 17 times and had been a finalist 13 times. He was interviewed in the 2005 Peter Berner documentary Loaded Brush.

As of 2022, Miller has been a finalist in the Archibald prize 18 times, including with his portrait of Deborah Conway.

Awards

 * 1982 – Hugh Ramsay Portrait Prize
 * 1998 – Archibald Prize – Portrait of Allan Mitelman No 3
 * 2000 – Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sporting Portrait Prize – Ronald Dale Barassi
 * 2017 – Rick Amor self-portrait prize

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lewis Miller (Australian artist)


text:
John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair

John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair PC (10 November 1648 – 8 January 1707) was a Scottish politician and lawyer. As Joint Secretary of State in Scotland 1691–1695, he played a key role in suppressing the Jacobite rising of 1689 and was forced to resign in 1695 for his part in the Massacre of Glencoe. Restored to favour under Queen Anne in 1702 and made Earl of Stair in 1703, he was closely involved in negotiations over the 1707 Acts of Union that created the Kingdom of Great Britain but died on 8 January 1707, several months before the Act became law.

Life
John Dalrymple was born in 1648, at Stair House near Kyle, Ayrshire, eldest son of James Dalrymple, Viscount Stair and Margaret Ross-Kennedy. His father James was a prominent lawyer and one of the few Scots involved in the 1650 Treaty of Breda who retained the favour of Charles II after the 1660 Restoration.

In January 1669, John married Elizabeth Dundas (died 25 May 1731), daughter of Sir John Dundas of Newliston and Agnes Gray; they had ten children in all, four of whom reached adulthood: John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair (1673-1747), Lady Margaret Dalrymple (died 1777), who in 1700 married Hugh Campbell, 3rd Earl of Loudoun, William (1678-1744), and George (1680-1745).

Career
James Dalrymple was author of the Institutions of the Law of Scotland, first published in 1681 but in circulation since the 1660s and generally accepted as 'the foundation of modern Scots law.' With this background, John followed his father into a legal career, as did three of his four brothers and qualified as an Advocate in February 1672.

During the 1639-1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Scottish Royalists and Covenanters both agreed monarchy itself was divinely ordered but disagreed on the nature and extent of Royal authority versus that of the church. Determined to avoid a repeat of the collapse of political authority that had accompanied Covenanter rule, the Royalist view that the Crown was the supreme arbitrator and source of authority became dominant. This meant opposition to the King's authority, legal or otherwise, now became a political act.

In 1681, the future James VII & II was sent to Edinburgh as Lord High Commissioner and in August, the Scottish Parliament passed the Succession Act. This confirmed the divine right of kings, the rights of the natural heir 'regardless of religion,' the duty of all to swear allegiance to the King and the independence of the Scottish Crown.

The Scottish Test Act passed at the same time required all public officials and MPs to swear 'to uphold the true Protestant religion' but also to acknowledge the supremacy of Royal authority in all religious matters. A number of prominent Scots Presbyterians including James Dalrymple and the Earl of Argyll refused to take the Test Act, since it exempted members of the Royal Family from making the same commitment and obliged everyone else to accept the King's authority, which caused an obvious problem with the Catholic James. Argyll was put on trial for treason with John Dalrymple as one of his lawyers; he was found guilty and sentenced to death but escaped to the Netherlands.

In January 1682, James Dalrymple also went into exile in Holland; John Graham or Claverhouse who was the military commander in charge of suppressing Presbyterian conventicles in South-West Scotland, quartered his troops on John Dalrymple's property and imposed fines on his tenants. His objections led to Dalrymple's arrest and imprisonment in September 1684; he was not released until November 1685 after James had become King.

Legacy
Stair's last political action was in the debate over Article XXII of the Act of Union, concerning Scottish representation in the unified Parliament; it was approved on 7 January 1707 and he died in his lodgings the following day, his death being attributed to apoplexy. He was buried just outside Edinburgh, at Kirkliston, Linlithgowshire.

After his death, his wife Elizabeth, Countess Dowager of Stair, acquired the house in Lady Gray's Close, Edinburgh, built and owned by her grandparents and known as Lady Gray's House. They were renamed Lady Stair's Close and House respectively and now house the Scottish Writer's Museum.

title: John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair


text:
Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information

Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information (NNPI) is a category of intellectual capital defined by the United States Navy to be "classified or unclassified information concerning the design, arrangement, development, manufacture, testing, operation, administration, training, maintenance, and repair of the propulsion plants of naval nuclear-powered ships and prototypes, including the associated shipboard and shore-based nuclear support facilities.."

Not all NNPI is classified information. While most NNPI is sensitive, the Navy recognizes that the public has an interest in environmental, safety, and health information, and that the basic research carried out by the Navy can be useful to industry. Unclassified information is therefore marked with the acronym "U-NNPI", but is still restricted as NOFORN.

NNPI is explicitly protected information and is not released to the general public without authority. Those who release even NNPI-U without authority may be administratively punished, and even criminally in the case of NNPI-C. NNPI is restricted from disclosure under the Arms Export Control Act, 22 USC §§2778 and 2794(7); such information is listed in the US Munitions List, 22 CFR §121.1, Category VI, paragraph (g).

In some instances, small events that would normally be reported as "Events" or LOC (Loss of Control) to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission from other licensees can be classified as NNPI-C. This designation differs for similar "events" that occur on a secret network, which are referred to as "spillage".

title: Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information


text:
Wargaming Seattle

Wargaming Seattle, formerly known as Gas Powered Games, was a video game developer located in Redmond, Washington. The development studio was started in May 1998 by Chris Taylor and several other ex-Cavedog Entertainment employees. In 2013 they became the Seattle studio of Wargaming. Wargaming Seattle was closed down in July 2018.

History
Gas Powered Games was formed in May 1998 by Chris Taylor, alongside Jake McMahon, Bartosz Kijanka, Mike Biddlecombe, and Rick Saenz. Their launch title was the 2002 3D role-playing video game Dungeon Siege, published by Microsoft Game Studios. Apart from its custom graphics engine, it also featured simple and innovative role-playing rules and mechanics that made it stand out from a market already crowded with sword and sorcery/fantasy role-playing games.

In 2003 Gas Powered released a stand-alone expansion pack for the game, Dungeon Siege: Legends of Aranna. The expansion was co-developed by Mad Doc Software and again published by Microsoft Game Studios. In August 2005, Gas Powered released its sequel to Dungeon Siege, Dungeon Siege II. In March 2006, Take-Two Interactive purchased the full publishing rights of the Dungeon Siege series, ending the four-year Microsoft partnership with Gas Powered Games. GPG released Supreme Commander, a real-time strategy game in February 2007, published by THQ. Announced in the August 2005 issue of PC Gamer magazine, Chris Taylor touted Supreme Commander as the spiritual successor to Total Annihilation as Total Annihilation remains the intellectual property of Atari. As a stand-alone expansion, Supreme Commander: Forged Alliance was announced in June 2007, for a November release.

In May 2007, Gas Powered Games announced a partnership with Sega to work on an original role-playing game. On July 6, 2007, the game was announced as Space Siege. The game was released on August 12, 2008 to generally middling reviews. In January 2008, Gas Powered Games announced a new project, Demigod, to be released sometime in early 2009. It is an action role-playing and real-time strategy video game, a hybrid inspired by the Warcraft III mod Defense of the Ancients. Demigod was released on 14 April 2009 in the U.S. On November 12, 2008, Square Enix announced that it would be partnering with Gas Powered Games to create Supreme Commander 2. The game was released in March 2010 for the PC and Xbox 360, with a version for Mac OS X following in September 2010.

On February 24, 2011, it was announced that Gas Powered Games would be taking over development on the upcoming real-time strategy game Age of Empires Online, replacing Robot Entertainment on the project. Gas Powered Games announced plans to create a real-time strategy game named Chris Taylor's Kings and Castles, which would use the game engine from Supreme Commander 2, however it never released and was cancelled by the studio's shutdown in 2018. On January 4, 2013, it was noted in an Age of Empires Online blog post that Gas Powered Games would no longer be supporting the game. Approximately two weeks prior to this announcement, Gas Powered Games put up a teaser web site announcement for a 'Project W'

On January 14, 2013, Gas Powered Games announced the Kickstarter project "Wildman", declared to be "an 'evolutionary' action role-playing game". Four days later on January 18, Gas Powered Games had to lay off roughly 40 employees, with the ultimate fate of the company riding on the Kickstarter campaign. On Feb 11, 2013, Gas Powered Games canceled their Kickstarter project "Wildman", four days before it was due to finish, announcing that they wanted to "focus [their] attention on other ways to keep Gas Powered Games running"

Acquisition
Three days after canceling project "Wildman", Wargaming announced that they were in talks to buy Gas Powered Games. The company was acquired in February 2013. Gas Powered Games was absorbed into Wargaming to become Wargaming Seattle, which ended Gas Powered Games as an independent studio.

Dissolution
On May 23, 2018, Victor Kislyi, the head of Wargaming, announced to the studio that it would be closed down, laying off roughly 150 developers. The studio was officially closed on July 22.

GPGnet
GPGnet was an online gaming service run by the company. It was used with Supreme Commander, Supreme Commander: Forged Alliance, Dungeon Siege, Dungeon Siege II, and Space Siege.

title: Wargaming Seattle


text:
Talk:Proximity space

Textbooks
Note: several textbooks (Willard, Engelking, Thron) discuss proximity spaces. I can't remember if Dugundji does.--192.35.35.36 21:02, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Proximity Spaces
The proximity introduced (actually rediscovered) by Efrimivic on a set X, generates a completely regupar topology on it. There are a number of classes of proximities, e.g., basic proximity, Lodato proximity etc. Basic proximity generates a closure operator, Lodato proximity generates T_1 topology. Proximities are also studies through grill operators. Ref Thron, W. J., Proximity structures and grills.

AFAIK, nearness space is the same as proximity space. Need to say this in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Porton (talk • contribs) 13:03, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Applications
I think all researchers know the definition of proximity spaces and fuzzy proximity spaces. But the thing we need to know the applications of the proximity in other branches of sciences. I hope any one know the application give us it. Prof. Abd El-Nasser G. Abd El-Rahman41.232.176.105 (talk) 19:22, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

It is absolutely not the case that all researchers know the definition of proximity spaces. This is an esoteric topic far outside the mathematical mainstream, though obviously the concepts underly a lot of mainstream mathematical concepts. In our communications with the outside world (like on Wikipedia), we should take care to not come across as too pretentious. To your main point: yes, this article needs some applications. I'm hoping that somebody can sketch applications in familiar concepts. For example, what is the proximity relation on a metric space (like $$\mathbb R^d$$ or one of the $$L^p$$ spaces)? --216.220.114.135 (talk) 19:38, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

Possible error
It's said "Proximity without the first axiom is called quasi-proximity."

But without this axiom we lose the dual variant of the axiom 4. It seems that in the case of quasi-proximity it should be also given the dual of the axiom 4 (and probably axiom 5):

--VictorPorton (talk) 20:41, 1 June 2013 (UTC)
 * A δ (B∪C) ⇔ (A δ B or A δ C)
 * (B∪C) δ A ⇔ (B δ A or C δ A)

 * The definition in Naimpally and Warrack defines quasi-proximity, which they call P-proximity, in terms of the double version of axiom 4, but only one version of axiom 5. Spectral sequence (talk) 20:00, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Axiom 5 is symmetric, but Axiom 4 does need to be fixed. I will fix it now.  —Toby Bartels (talk) 19:35, 13 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I decided that it looked too complicated to actually add both versions (especially since this isn't needed for the non-quasi case that the article focuses on), but I put in a note that it does need to be fixed, and roughly how. (Also Axiom 2; same issue.)  —Toby Bartels (talk) 19:57, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proximity space


text:
Talk:Metodo

African tribe?
Hi

Is there any evidence for this African tribe, especially for the 'rape small animals' part? - Master Of Ninja 21:03, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metodo


text: User talk:66.169.84.88

title: User talk:66.169.84.88


text:
Citizens Flag Alliance

The Citizens Flag Alliance (CFA) is an American organization advocating in favor of the Flag Burning Amendment project. CFA was founded in 1989 by the American Legion and originally called the Citizens' Flag Honor Guard.

Member organizations
Over 140 organizations "representing millions of Americans" have joined the Alliance since it was incorporated in June 1994. Notable member organizations include:

 * AMVETS (American Veterans)
 * Air Force Association
 * Air Force Sergeants Association
 * American GI Forum of the U.S.
 * American Legion
 * American Legion Auxiliary
 * American War Mothers
 * Ancient Order of Hibernians
 * Association of the U.S. Army
 * Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks
 * Catholic War Veterans
 * Daughters of the American Colonists
 * Drum Corps Associates
 * Family Research Council
 * Fleet Reserve Association
 * Forty and Eight veterans organization
 * Gold Star Wives of America, Inc.
 * Grand Aerie, Fraternal Order of Eagles
 * Grand Lodge Fraternal Order of Police
 * Great Council of Texas, Order of Red Men
 * Hungarian Reformed Federation of America
 * Jewish War Veterans of the USA
 * Just Marketing, Inc.
 * Knights of Columbus
 * MBNA America
 * Marine Corps League
 * Military Officers Association of Indianapolis, MOAA (formally The Retired Officers Association of Indianapolis, TROA)
 * Military Order of the Purple Heart of the U.S.A.
 * The Military Order of the Foreign Wars
 * Moose International
 * National Alliance of Families for the Return of America's Missing Servicemen
 * National Center for Public Policy Research
 * National Defense Committee
 * National Federation of State High School Associations
 * National FFA (Future Farmers of America)
 * National Grange
 * National Guard Association of the United States
 * National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in SE Asia
 * National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution
 * National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution
 * Native Daughters of the Golden West
 * Native Sons of the Golden West
 * Naval Enlisted Reserve Association (NERA)
 * Navy League of the United States
 * Polish American Congress
 * Polish Falcons of America
 * Polish Home Army
 * Polish Legion of American Veterans, U.S.A.
 * Polish Legion of American Veterans Ladies Auxiliary
 * Polish National Alliance
 * Polish Roman Catholic Union of North America
 * Polish Women's Alliance
 * Ruritan National
 * Scottish Rite of Freemasonry - Northern Masonic Jurisdiction
 * Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA)
 * Sons of Confederate Veterans
 * Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
 * Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
 * The General Society, Sons of the Revolution
 * Reserve Officers Association of the United States
 * Women's Army Corps Veterans' Association
 * Women's Overseas Service League
 * Woodmen of the World

title: Citizens Flag Alliance


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jon Chandler

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:34, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Jon Chandler
More vanity. They never learn. Inter 21:16, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ugh. More blatant vanity. Sigh. Zzyzx11 23:11, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, plain and simple. Carrp | Talk 23:13, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It does appear to be vanity, rather than a joke, but who can tell? It may also be an innocent test. But it certainly doesn't belong here. Andrewa 23:36, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 00:14, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Usual reasons. jni 14:27, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There's always Jon Chandler the singer, songwriter, author, producer, and spokesman, of course .... Uncle G 19:38, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)
 * Delete.  Te ze ti   22:07, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quickly.  This just has to be a joke. - Lucky 6.9 22:54, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Paulus Catena

Paulus Catena ('the Chain' or 'the Fetter'; fl. 350s; d. 361/2) was a senior Roman public official who served as an investigator and notary for Constantius II during the mid-fourth century. He is principally known through the writings of Ammianus Marcellinus, though he is also present in the works of Libanius and Julian the Apostate. Marcellinus describes him as infamously cruel, and a skilled fabricator of false accusations.

Background, reputation, and general character
Little is known of Paulus' personal life or background. He was a native of Spain and Marcellinus reports that he had a "smooth countenance." Before obtaining his position as an imperial aid, he was a steward of the emperor's table. The exact office he held while in the emperor's service is unclear: Modern sources follow Marcellinus in calling him a notarius (notary) but Philostorgius calls him a clerk, and Marcellinus also alludes to him at one point holding a "receivership" in the provinces. Whatever his official title, his role in Constantus' service was multifaceted: he served as special investigator and judge in cases of suspected treason, "hatchet-man" in rooting out supporters of suppressed rebellions, and as one of Constantius' insiders in rival centers of political power.

The ancient sources assign Paulus a poor reputation and character. Julian calls him a notorious fabricator of false charges and asserts that he was "detested even while he flourished." Libanius also accuses him of prosecuting false charges, and says that "In Europe and in Asia he deserved to die thousands of times, so that those who knew the fellow were aggrieved that they could not put him to death over and over again." Marcellinus' account is particularly disparaging throughout. It is also the only source which mentions Paulus' cognomen 'Catena,' offering two accounts of how Paulus earned the name: in the first, Paulus is said to have earned the name on account of his skill in complex interrogations; in the second, on account of his skill in creating calumnies.

Activities
In 353 he was dispatched to Britain by Constantius to arrest certain former supporters of the usurper Magnentius, who had been defeated earlier in the year. According to Marcellinus, once Paulus arrived, he widened his remit and began arresting other figures on entirely trumped-up charges. Marcellinus reports that Paulus' methods were so extreme and so unjust that eventually the vicarius of Britain, Flavius Martinus, although a loyal supporter of Constantius, intervened. Threatening to resign, he attempted to persuade Paulus to release the innocent prisoners he had taken, or at least to slow down his inquisitorial activity. Paulus refused. He turned on Martinus, falsely and publicly accusing him and other senior officers in Britain of treason and threatening to take them to the emperor's court in chains. In either desperation or rage, Martinus attacked Paulus with a sword. However, the attack failed and the vicarius committed suicide.

Paulus seems to have been involved in the fall of Constantius Gallus in 354, or perhaps merely in the trials that followed. Philostorgius adds that Paulus "had been one who had often displayed particular hostility to Gallus in his actions," though no details are known.

Following Marcellinus' account, Paulus was in Gaul in 355, rooting out supporters of the usurper Silvanus. He reportedly had several counts killed, and tortured at least one individual almost to death.

In the years between 355 and 359 Paulus' movements are not known. However, modern scholars argue that it is likely Paulus spent all or some of this time in Julian's court. Whether his role was as a spy for Constantius (as conjectured by Otto Seeck) or simply as a courtier is not known. Evidence for his presence in Julian's court comes from two sources: 1. In Julian's Letter to the Senate and People of Athens, he states that Constantius "hired [Paulus] to attack me." 2. In 358 Libanius wrote to Paulus, thanking him for urging Julian to write to him.

In 359, Paulus (accompanied by the comes Oreientis Modestus) was sent to the Roman East with general instructions to root out traitors and broad authority to conduct trials. Marcellinus adds that he was particularly interested in investigating certain parchment scrolls left in the temple of the oracle of Besa, bearing the prayers and wishes of supplicants. The historian implies that the real parchments were entirely inoffensive, but that they were incredibly easy to forge, and thus gave Paulus the ability to try and convict anyone. In any case, Paulus set up a court at Scythopolis and tried several people. He tried and convicted Aristophanes of Corinth (a friend of Libanius') of certain fiscal crimes. After Julian's ascension in 361, Libanius appealed to the emperor on behalf of Aristophanes. Julian granted a pardon to the man, clearing Aristophanes of, in Julian's words, all "the malicious charges of Paul."

On June 23, 359 Paulus appeared in Alexandria and acted with imperial authority to punish the opponents of Bishop George of Cappadocia. The Historia Acephala describes him publishing an imperial order, indicating the extent of his power in this period.

In late 361 or early 362, upon the ascent of Julian to the emperorship, Paulus was condemned to death by the Chalcedon tribunal. He was burned alive. It is possible that in prescribing this sentence (or perhaps in convicting Paulus at all), the commission was acting on Julian's explicit orders: Philostorgius reports that "[Julian sent Paulus] to Chalcedon, where he exacted satisfaction from [him]."

Legacy
Paulus remains a minor character in the history of the Constantinian dynasty. Many scholars, including Gibbon, see him as an exemplification of Constantius' paranoid reign, and contend that Constantius bears the ultimate responsibility for Paulus' perversions of justice. Peter Crawford acknowledged that the emperor’s employment of officials like Paulus was "unscrupulous." Though few historical events can be definitively classified as results of Paulus' actions, Thomas Wright asserts that Paulus' destabilization of the Roman administration in Britain allowed the hostile Picts and Scots to invade and pillage Roman settlements.

Ancient sources

 * Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae
 * Henderson, Jeffrey (ed.), Rolfe, J.C. (trans.), Ammianus Marcellinus: History. 3 Vols. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1939–52. Online at LacusCurtius and Loeb Classics. Accessed 13 September 2022.
 * Yonge, Charles Duke (trans.), The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens. London: G. Bell and Sons LTD, 1911. Online at Project Gutenberg. Accessed 13 September 2022.
 * [Anonymous Annalist], Historia Acephala
 * Fromen, Heinz, Athanasii historia acephala. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster. 1914. Online at The Internet Archive. Accessed 13 September 2022.
 * Larsow, F., Die Fest-Briefe des Heiligen Athanasius, Bischofs von Alexandria. Leipzig, Göttingen; 1852, Online at Google Books and The Internet Archive. Accessed 13 September 2022.
 * Schaff, Philip; Wace, Henry (eds.), "Introduction. Historia Acephala and Festal Index" in Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers; Volume 4: Athanasius: Select Works and Letters, Second Series. Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., originally published 1892 [ed. Archibald Robertson], reprinted June 1995. Online at The Internet Archive
 * Julian
 * Letter to the Senate and People of Athens
 * Wright, Wilmer Cave (trans.), The Works of the Emperor Julian, Vol. 2. London: Heinemann, New York: Macmillan; 1913. Online at The Internet Archive and The Tertullian Project. Accessed 14 September 2022.
 * Letters (Epistulae)
 * Bidez, I., Cumont, F. (eds.), Imp. Caesaris Flavii Vlaudii Iuliani: Epistulae Leges Poematia Fragmenta Varia. Paris: Société D'édition «Les Belles Lettres», London: Milford, Oxford University Press; 1922. Online at The Internet Archive, Accessed 14 September 2022.
 * Heyler, Ludwig Henrich (ed. & trans.), Juliani Imperator quae Feruntur Epistolae. Moguntiae, 1828. Online at The Internet Archive and Google Books. Accessed 14 September 2022.
 * Wright, Wilmer Cave (trans.), The Works of the Emperor Julian, Vol. 3. London: Heinemann, New York: Macmillan; 1923. Online at The Internet Archive and The Tertullian Project. Accessed 14 September 2022.
 * Libanius
 * Orations
 * Norman, A. F. (ed. & trans.), Libanius: Selected Orations, Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969. Online at Loeb Classics. Accessed 14 September 2022.
 * Letters
 * Foerster, Richard (ed.), Libanii Opera, Vol X: Epistulae 1–839. Hildescheim: Verlangsbuchhandlung, 1963. Online at The Internet Archive. Accessed 18 September 2022.
 * Norman, A. F. (ed. & trans.), Libanius: Autobiography and Selected Letters, 2 Vols.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. Online at Loeb Classics (Vol. 1, Vol. 2). Accessed 18 September 2022.
 * Wolf, Johannes Christopher (ed. & trans.), Libanii Sophistae Epistolae. Amsterdam: Jannssonio Waesbergios, 1738. Online at The Internet Archive. Accessed 18 September 2022.
 * Philostorgius, Church History [now lost, relevant portions surviving in Artemii Passio]
 * Amidon, Philip R., S.J, Philostorgius: Church History. Society of Biblical Literature; Atlanta, 2007. Online at The Internet Archive. Accessed 15 September 2022.
 * John of Damascus; Kotter, Bonifatius (ed.), "Passio Magni Martyris Artemii" in Dei Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos, Vol. V; in series Patristische Texte un Studien, Band 29. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. Online at Google Books
 * Lieu, Samuel N. C.; Montserrat, Dominic (eds.), "The Artemii Passio" in From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views, A source history. London and New York: Routledge, 1996. Online at Google Books. Accessed 15 September 2022.

Modern sources

 * Gibbon, Edward, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. London: Strahan & Cadell, first published 1776–1789.
 * Seeck, Otto, Die Briefe des Libanius Zeitlich Geordnet. Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1906. Online at The Internet Archive Accessed 14 September 2022.
 * Seeck, Otto, Geschichte des Untergangs der Antiken Welt, Vol. IV. Bernlin: Franz Siemenroth, 1911. Online at The Internet Archive. Accessed 14 September 2022.
 * Smith, William, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Volume III: Oareses-Zygia. London: Murray. 1872. Online at Google Books
 * Williams, Sean Robert, Ammianus and Constantius: The Portrayal of a Tyrant in the Res Gestae. University of Tennessee. December 2009.
 * Wright, Thomas, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon: A History of the Early Inhabitants of Britain, Second Edition. London: Arthur Hall, 1861. Online at Google Books, The Internet Archive, and Hathi Trust. Accessed 14 September 2022.
 * Williams, Sean Robert, Ammianus and Constantius: The Portrayal of a Tyrant in the Res Gestae. University of Tennessee. December 2009.
 * Wright, Thomas, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon: A History of the Early Inhabitants of Britain, Second Edition. London: Arthur Hall, 1861. Online at Google Books, The Internet Archive, and Hathi Trust. Accessed 14 September 2022.

title: Paulus Catena


text:
Talk:Robert's Quartet

source of name
28/07/2001 01:35 am To: Mike Kerr From: Barry Madore Subject: Re: Robert's Quartet Dear Mike, When Chip Arp and I were writing up the final version of the AM Catalogue we took the opportunity to name a few galaxies (three or four out of 7,000) for friends (AM 9999-9999 gets pretty monotonous after a while). So "Robert's Quartet" is named after Robert Freedman who generated many of the updated positions in the main catalogue. Now you will have to find two other objects in the Catalogue ("Wendy's Galaxy" and the "Conjugal Galaxy") and guess their origins. So, you see, even professional astronomers are human. Regards...

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Robert's Quartet. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081011231649/http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2005/phot-34-05.html to http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2005/phot-34-05.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050119055012/http://www.asnsw.com/universe/2001/wian-0901.htm to http://www.asnsw.com/universe/2001/wian-0901.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:56, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert's Quartet


text:
Martin Lo

Martin Wen-Yu Lo is an American mathematician who currently works as a spacecraft trajectory expert at the NASA-owned Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Martin Lo is well known for discovering the Interplanetary Superhighway, also known as the Interplanetary Transport Network. The superhighway is created by combined gravitational forces of several planets that connects planets by a network of “tunnels” and is the most efficient way to navigate the solar system. This continues to be his main area of research.

Biography
Lo received his Bachelor of Science in mathematics in 1975 from the California Institute of Technology and his PhD in mathematics in 1980 from Cornell University under the supervision of Richard S. Hamilton and George Roger Livesay.

He has been a research scientist in the Navigation and Mission Design Section at the JPL since 1986.

In 2000, Lo, Kathleen Howell, and other scientists from the JPL developed the LTool program to calculate paths near Lagrange points (ITN paths). Compared with previous methods, LTool is capable of predicting orbits up to 50 times faster. They used this tool to calculate the trajectory for the Genesis mission (2001, NASA) trajectory, which took days rather than 8 weeks. The trajectory makes use of gravitational tugs of objects in the way of the spacecraft, ensuring minimal fuel use on the return journey. They called this trajectory the Interplanetary Superhighway. He also designed the trajectory for SpaceDev's SmallTug. LTool was nominated for the Discover Innovation Award. He is the leader of the Lagrange Group, which is an interdisciplinary and international group of researchers and STEM experts from universities, NASA centers, and industry. Their focus is on developing nonlinear astrodynamics techniques with applications to space missions and dynamical astronomy.

Lo appeared in Werner Herzog's film The Wild Blue Yonder in 2005.

Awards and recognition
Martin was awarded the NOGLSTP LGBTQ Scientist of the Year in 2012.

Nominated for a Discover Innovation Award by Discover magazine for work on the Interplanetary Superhighway.

title: Martin Lo


text:
Robert E. Kramek

Robert Edward Kramek (December 15, 1939 – October 20, 2016) was an admiral of the United States Coast Guard who served as the 20th commandant from 1994 to 1998. During his tenure as commandant, he successfully led the service through difficult budget battles each year and directed the "streamlining" plan that was mandated by the National Performance Review and "Mandate for Change".

Education
Kramek graduated from high school in the Bayside neighborhood of Queens in New York City. He was also an Eagle Scout. He graduated with honors from the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut, and also attended graduate schools at the University of Michigan, Johns Hopkins University, and the University of Alaska. Furthermore, he graduated with high distinction from the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. in 1998, he was honored with the Naval War College Distinguished Graduate Leadership Award.

Coast Guard career
Upon graduation from the Coast Guard Academy in 1961, Kramek was commissioned as an Ensign. He quickly advanced through the ranks, accepting assignments such as commander of the High-Endurance Cutter USCGC Midgett, Commander of the Coast Guard base at Governors Island, Commander of the 7th and 13th Coast Guard Districts, Regional Drug Interdiction Coordinator, Haitian Migration Task Force Coordinator, and Coast Guard Chief of Staff before becoming Commandant.

American Bureau of Shipping career
Following his retirement from the Coast Guard, Kramek joined the Houston, Texas-based American Bureau of Shipping, serving as President of the Americas Division from 1998 to 2004, and as President and Chief Operating Officer from 2004 to 2006.

Death
While aboard a commercial airliner, Kramek suffered a stroke, then a fatal cardiac arrest in a matter of minutes on October 20, 2016, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

title: Robert E. Kramek


text:
G-class landing craft

The G class, or "G-boat" also known as the Marine Alutech Watercat M8 landing craft (G-vene, Gruppbåt) is a type of vessel in use by the Finnish Navy and the Swedish Navy. The G-boat was originally designed for the Swedish Navy which ordered about 100 of them. It is primarily used for amphibious landings by, and transportation of, marines. It has a very low draught (approximately 20 cm) at high speeds which makes it ideal for amphibious assault even in shallow waters. It has a cargo capacity of 8 men or one metric ton.

Operators

 * 🇫🇮: Finnish Navy: G 98–99, G 101-G 135
 * 🇸🇪: Swedish Navy 1-100
 * 🇺🇦: Ukrainian Navy: 20 units to be delivered in 2024

title: G-class landing craft


text:
Talk:Walton Summit motorway

 * Was added for completeness. NickF 21:29, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It was added because you are using that "pathetic motorways" web site as your primary source, rather than (say) a list from the Department of Transport, and haven't yet realised that the web site is wrong and that there is no such thing as "Walton Summit motorway".
 * There are plenty of motorway-class stretches of road linked to the main carriageways of motorways in the U.K., some quite long, where the motorway restrictions apply, simply because no non-motorway traffic could ever reach the road (or should ever reach it because the only way off is a motorway at the far end).
 * It's a common cartographers' trick to insert deliberate errors into things, just to see who is copying the information. It's also a common Wacky Website trick to choose humour over accuracy.  And it's certainly going to be a trick of a "pathetic motorways" web site to build up the importance of a road as a "motorway" simply so that it can have one more target to knock down as "pathetic".
 * Take a long hard look at the photograph of the signs in the "Walton Summit motorway" entry in your primary source. Now recall what those shapes of sign mean in the U.K. Highway Code.
 * Uncle G 02:55, 2005 Feb 25 (UTC)
 * Fair comments - the road was already referenced from the List of motorways in the United Kingdom page, but had no page itself, and as I had read about it, I added it. On closer inspection of other photos, it looks like it claims to be the M65, leading directly to the M61, and then the M6 and M65 (again). Go figure... Maybe this should be part of the M65 page. NickF 00:15, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I resent the implication, being the webmaster of the aforementioned site. The site is not a "Wacky Website", but a factually accurate record, with comments tossed in. You are allowed to educate without boring people, you know! (If you still think it's just a "Wacky Website", check out the M64 or M67 pages...)

UncleG is proceeding from a false assumption: that the classification of all motorways is listed on signposts. There are many other examples of "unsigned" motorways where official DfT documentation exists, such as the tiny A635(M) in Manchester or the A14(M) in Cambridgeshire.

The Walton Summit Motorway is an extremely unusual case. Whilst it is quite true that there are many short motorway spurs that are simply a part of the "parent" motorway, such as the M1 spur at Luton, the Walton Summit Motorway does not fall into this category.

As is clearly pointed out, the Walton Summit Motorway is neither part of the M61, nor part of the M65, but does have motorway classification because it inescapably leads to the roundabout that links the two. There is no other stretch of motorway in the UK where a short "spur" motorway actually links two different motorways.

If it is part of the M65, as the "start of restrictions" sign at the bottom of the hill implies, then why does the directional flag sign state "M61 (M65)", meaning a part of the M61? This is a common form of signage throughout the UK system, but is unusual to be found upon a motorway.

A similar item can be seen with reference to the example of the A635(M) above, the "start of restrictions" sign when heading westbound on the A635(M) clearly states "A57(M)", but the DfT documentation states otherwise. (it's the "Statutory Instrument 1995 No. 3266 The City of Manchester (Mancunian Way A635(M) and A57(M) Mancunian Way Slip Roads) Special Road Scheme 1992 Confirmation Instrument 1995" that you're looking for if you're really concerned about its accuracy. A PDF copy is available on Pathetic Motorways, but a simple Google search will turn up the relevant central government pages if you doubt the source material).

The Walton Summit Motorway is a motorway without a number, hardly an unusual concept in road terms, where most roads either do not possess a classification number, or is of a "C", "D" or "U" classification, which do not appear on road signs. It is, bowever, an unusual concept in motorway terms.

Does it deserve to be in Wikipedia? Perhaps, perhaps not - it's hardly the most well-used or important stretch of motorway in the UK!

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.188.152.10 (talk • contribs) 26 February 2005

 * It would be a shame to lose the article because then we'd lose the discussion! Thincat 14:42, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

VFD debate link
I have merged this article with M65 motorway after this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:50, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walton Summit motorway


text:
Talk:Patrick Guerriero

This page has a serious POV problem. It sounds like a press release —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.167.142.57 (talk • contribs) 16:35, February 24, 2005

how was what I added not constructive?
I simply added a fact that I verified from multiple sources. It's definitely true and potentially useful information for people to know especially since he's a politician and it may help people form their opinion of him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.109.107.242 (talk) 00:05, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Patrick Guerriero. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120320073348/http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/1168473/detail.html to http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/1168473/detail.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:48, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patrick Guerriero


text: User talk:68.98.245.241

title: User talk:68.98.245.241


text: User talk:70.106.114.139

title: User talk:70.106.114.139


text:
Talk:Shake Hands with the Devil (book)

About the documentary
I still do not think the documentary was based on OR was inspired by the book. The documentary is about Gen Dallaire's return to Rwanda and his confrontation with his, shall I say, "demons" that had been haunting him for so long.

A documentary based on a book (or a book based on a documentary) runs almost with the same flow with the book. See, for example, Carl Sagan's Cosmos. Those having read the book felt at home watching the documentary as it followed from the documentary and both were 'authored' the same year. Those having watched the Gen Dallaire documentary might remember a troubled Dallaire trying to cope with the "demons", whereas the book was about those demons (and no quote-unquote here).

What do you folks think? mu5ti/✏ 21:46, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Having seen the film and read the book I agree they don't share very much in common. There is no question that the film was not based on the book. However, I would not discount whether it was "inspired by" book. Would the film have been made the way it was without the book? I think it wouldn't. Without the book there wouldn't have been such a focus on the character of Dallaire. All the inner emotion he put into the book allowed for others to delve deeper into his personality. This is clearly what the film does. Though the title is a bit misleading to have people believe that the film is based on the book, I think the book was likely the inspiration of the film.
 * In any event, ideally while they should be separate articles, I think the strongest reason to keep them together is that an article for the film alone would be very small and would not develop beyond a stub for a long time if ever. PullUpYourSocks 23:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Good points. I will change the main article accordingly. mu5ti/✏ 00:22, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * Please see the summary of the film on the Parisian film festival site, as hosted on the film's official website. It says that "this is the story [of Dallaire's memoirs in a book of the same title] in film": "The 4th International Human Rights Film Festival ended last night with the awards ceremony. The 1st prize in the Creative Documentary section was awarded to Peter Raymont’s film Shake Hands with the Devil (Canada 2004), which follows the footsteps of general Roméo Dallaire, head of the UN peace mission during the Rwandan genocide in 1994. His vain attempts to alert the international community went unheard. In 2003, he released his memoirs in a book of the same title. This is the story in film. Shake Hands with the Devil has been shown in 45 countries (including Belgium) but has yet to be released in France. It was shown in its full-length version during the Festival." That makes the at least-intended connection between the book and the film (posted on the film's official site) very specific. I dispute the previous comment that "there is no question that the film was not based on the book."  Of course, it was at least "in part based" on the book, and it was also (initially) "inspired" by the book; it presents a follow up to the book ("return visit" by Dallaire).  Details presented in the documentary film about Dallaire's experience at least in part are stated to have derived from and thus be "based" on his own account in his own memoirs in that sense.  So this film is not merely "inspired" by a book.  The fact that the filmmakers use the title of his book as the title of the film (changing the lower case w to an uppercase w in their official site) makes the overt connection between the two works clear.  They would also have had to get copyright permission and authorization from Dallaire himself to use his title for their film in this manner.  See the supporting quotation and citation added to the article on the film today about the filmmakers' acquiring the "documentary rights" to the book from Dallaire for the purpose of making the film that they did make in the manner that they made it. NYScholar 18:41, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 13:47, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Shake Hands with the Devil (book). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041208223408/http://www.randomhouse.ca/readmag/volume4issue2/excerpts/aboutshakehandswiththedevil.htm to http://www.randomhouse.ca/readmag/volume4issue2/excerpts/aboutshakehandswiththedevil.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:58, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shake Hands with the Devil (book)


text:
User talk:Rokers

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Images
Thanks for uploading Image:Barberpole illusion animated.gif. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images (on my talk page) and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, BrokenSegue 21:48, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. the thumb feature does not work with animations. It is an annoying little bug.

Odd I'm using FireFox as well and it didn't look animated to me. The GFDL template you added looks fine. By the way, to make links (like the one you made on my uer page) use double brackets link not braces. Templates like the GFDL thing use braces. If you leave a note on someone's talk page you should use ~ to sign your comments. Don't worry about these odd customs, you'll get used to them eventually. Happy editing. BrokenSegue 22:35, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Franco Delogu

A tag has been placed on Franco Delogu requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion," which appears inside of the speedy deletion tag (if no such tag exists, the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate). Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. WWGB (talk) 14:47, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rokers


text:
File:WalkingInTheSun.jpg

Fair use in Walking in the Sun
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:WalkingInTheSun.jpg


text: Category:Pamphlets

title: Category:Pamphlets


text:
Zhou Xiaochuan

Zhou Xiaochuan (born 29 January 1948) is a Chinese economist. Zhou served as the governor of the People's Bank of China from 2002 to 2018.

Zhou previously served as vice governor of the People's Bank of China, director of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, governor of China Construction Bank, and chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission. He retired in 2018.

Early life and education
Born in Yixing, Jiangsu province, he was the son of Zhou Jiannan and Yang Weizhe (杨维哲). The elder Zhou was the head of Electric and Industrial Bureau of the North East district in 1949. He later became Vice Minister of First Department of Machinery Development in 1961. During the Cultural Revolution, Zhou Xiaochuan joined the Production and Construction Corps in Heilongjiang province while his father was persecuted.

Zhou Xiaochuan graduated from Beijing Institute of Chemical Technology (now Beijing University of Chemical Technology) in 1975 and received a Ph.D. degree in Automation and Systems Engineering from Tsinghua University in 1985. From 1987 to 1988, he was a visiting scholar at the University of California, Santa Cruz, US.

Career
During the early days of the Cultural Revolution, he worked at a Production and Construction Corps in Heilongjiang province from 1968 to 1972. He was sent to the Beijing Institute of Chemical Technology as a Gong Nong Bing Student (students selected from workers, farmers, and military, a common practice of college admissions in the Cultural Revolution) in 1972. After graduating from college in 1976, he was assigned to the Beijing Research Center of Automation as an engineer studying large automation systems.

Between 1978 and 1985, he was studying for a master's degree in Industrial Application of System Engineering in China Academy of Machinery Science and Technology and Ph.D. in Science at Tsinghua University.

In 1986, he started working in the State Council of the People's Republic of China on economic restructuring as a member of the Economic Policy Group of the State Council and Deputy Director of the Institute of Chinese Economic Reform Research. He served as Assistant Minister of Foreign Trade from 1986 to 1989 and between 1986 and 1991, he was also a member of the National Committee of Economic Reform. Before the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Zhou was an associate and protégé of Zhao Ziyang, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. According to Michael Pillsbury, Zhou was one of the conservatives that rejected the Russian model of privatization and political reforms (favored by reformers) and opted for maintaining the Chinese Communist Party's political control while allowing state-owned enterprises to be subjected to market reforms. State-owned enterprises were floated on the stock market, influenced with western corporate governance standards as well as transformed into national champions of the Chinese economy. China avoided state-owned enterprises being sold on the cheap to a select few who undoubtedly could become powerful Oligarchs like in the Russian economy.

Between 1991 and 1995, he was the executive director and vice president of the Bank of China. In 1995, he assumed the position of Administrator of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. From 1996 to 1998, he served both as Deputy Governor of the People's Bank of China and Administrator of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange."

During 1998 to 2000, he served as president of the China Construction Bank and oversaw the creation of asset-management companies charged with working out the banking system's bad debt. He also played a part in managing China's vast foreign exchange reserves.

From 2000 to 2002, Zhou was the chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission. While there, he earned the nickname Zhou "Bapi" (周扒皮), Zhou "the flayer". He targeted corruption in listed companies, angering many small shareholders, who saw their shares fall. In July 2001, Zhou declared his intention to reduce state ownership in the stock market. The stock market quickly went into freefall, forcing him to abandon his plans that October. He emphasized the role of market mechanisms, worked to reduce red tape and aimed to protect retail investors.

People's Bank of China
In December 2002, he was appointed to his present position by Premier Zhu Rongji as governor of the People's Bank of China and also took over the position of chairman of monetary policy committee of the People's Bank of China from January 2003. He was the governor of the bank until 2018.

Zhou was in charge of clearing up some $865 billion of bad loans in the Chinese banking system. He had been under pressure from the finance ministers and central bankers of the G7 countries to revalue the renminbi and change its mechanism of setting exchange rate.

Zhou has published a dozen monographs and over one hundred academic articles in Chinese and international journals, including "Rebuilding the Relationship between the Enterprise and the Bank" and "Social Security: Reform and Policy Recommendations" and his book Marching toward an Open Economic System.

Zhou contended that China's policy banks should separate their different kinds of businesses. Writing in Qiushi in 2005, Zhou contended that (1) each policy bank should be repositioned and regulated in its own way and that (2) policy banks should separate and separately manage state-led projects and self-run projects. Although there were some attempts to implement these ideas, little advancement was made due to the differing views of institutions like the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, and the China Banking Regulatory Commission.

After the financial crisis
On 24 March 2009, Zhou gave a speech, "Reform the International Monetary System". He argued that the ongoing financial crisis was made more severe by inherent weaknesses of the current international monetary system and called for a gradual move towards using IMF special drawing rights (SDRs) as a centrally managed global reserve currency. He argued that it would address the inadequacies of using a national currency as a global reserve currency, particularly the Triffin dilemma, the dilemma faced by issuing countries in trying to simultaneously achieve their domestic monetary policy goals and meet other countries' demand for reserve currency. Zhou explained global currency diversification was needed because an over concentration of foreign assets denominated in the dollar may bring about undesired consequences. Zhou argued that it was regrettable that John Maynard Keynes's "farsighted" bancor proposal was not adopted at Bretton Woods in the 1940s.

Zhou also asserted China's increasing confidence in its own financial governance philosophies. He criticized Western leaders for letting their banking sectors go astray by loose regulations.

In April 2011, Zhao publicly stated that China's foreign reserves had become excessive and recommended that reserves be reduced by instead capitalizing sovereign funds.

Third term
In March 2013, Zhou was reappointed as the governor of People's Bank of China. His reappointment came as "China's newly installed political chiefs - headed by Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang." Earlier in Zhou's career, "as a protege of former Premier Zhu Rongji, [Zhou] helped draw up the blueprint to wean the economy off central planning."

During a 5 March 2013 meeting of the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Zhou announced the People's Bank of China would deal with the "ramifications of the excessive money supply and will gradually control the new money supply" because of the 2008 fourth quarter financial crisis.

In September 2015, Zhou addressed the G-20 finance meeting in Ankara about the sharp, sustained drop in the Chinese stock market in 2015 and said that the "correction in the stock market is almost done."

In October 2017, Zhou named three reforms he believed were crucial for China's economic future: scrapping capital account controls, letting the market freely decide the yuan's value and embracing free trade and investment.

title: Zhou Xiaochuan


text:
Pistonless rotary engine

A pistonless rotary engine is an internal combustion engine that does not use pistons in the way a reciprocating engine does. Designs vary widely but typically involve one or more rotors, sometimes called rotary pistons. Although many different designs have been constructed, only the Wankel engine has achieved widespread adoption.

The term rotary combustion engine has been used as a name for these engines to distinguish them from early (generally up to the early 1920s) aircraft engines and motorcycle engines also known as rotary engines. However, both continue to be called rotary engines and only the context determines which type is meant, whereas the "pistonless" prefix is less ambiguous.

Pistonless rotary engines
A pistonless rotary engine replaces the linear reciprocating motion of a piston with more complex compression/expansion motions with the objective of improving some aspect of the engine's operation, such as: higher efficiency thermodynamic cycles, lower mechanical stress, lower vibration, higher compression, or less mechanical complexity. the Wankel engine is the only successful pistonless rotary engine, but many similar concepts have been proposed and are under various stages of development. Examples of rotary engines include:

 * Production stage
 * Wankel engine
 * LiquidPiston engine
 * Beauchamp Tower's nineteenth century spherical steam engine (in actual use as a steam engine, but theoretically adaptable to use internal combustion)

 * Development stage
 * Engineair engine
 * Hamilton Walker engines
 * Libralato rotary Atkinson cycle engine
 * Nutating disc engine
 * Quasiturbine
 * RKM engine, RotationsKolbenMaschine
 * Sarich orbital engine
 * Swing-piston engine, Trochilic
 * Wave disk engine

 * Conceptual stage
 * Gerotor engine
 * Internally Radiating Impulse Structure: IRIS engine

title: Pistonless rotary engine


text: User talk:68.209.177.180

title: User talk:68.209.177.180


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smoke-free restaurants

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 01:19, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Smoke-free_restaurants
Wikipedia is not a directory of links--delete article or replace with text on the actual subject --Lukobe 22:06, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Currently, it violates "Wikipedia is not a directory". And the page's history shows that the article's content has not been modified since 19:22, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC). Zzyzx11 23:19, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia is not a directory. Megan1967 00:15, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The way legislation appears to be going worldwide, this would be a very long and unremarkable list indeed. Average Earthman 00:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Pointless and unencyclpedic. Smoke-free restaurants are increasingly common these days, so if a list like this were complete it would be as big as, say, "List of restaurants with tinted windows" or "List of restaurants with burgundy-tinted seats." Something like a list of smoke-free restaurants in areas where they're not common might be acceptable in Wikitravel, but not here. Szyslak 00:40, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. In California that would be, well, all of them, with minor exceptions. Pointless. --Calton 02:04, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, and every one in New York City, too. Delete.  RickK 06:03, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * And every restaurant in New Zealand too. Why not transwiki the thing? Scott Gall 23:43, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't forget about Oregon, it would be all of them also. TranswikiTygar 08:48, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Text on the original subject belongs (and is) in Tobacco smoking. Delete. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 07:08, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiTravel. Radiant! 09:14, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- won't be long before they all are. Longhair 13:49, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Hardly informative Giano 15:35, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but consider changing the name to Smoke-free restaurants in the UK, as this seems to have been written with Britain in mind, where there are few smoke-free restaurants, bars, and coffee shops. Readers might appreciate finding information about these places and being able to add details about their own experience of finding one. Also, the article needs a major clean-up, but it's essentially viable. SlimVirgin 04:25, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Even so, it has no place here - check WikiTravel instead. Wikipedia is not a travel guide. Radiant! 10:42, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
HMS Bramham

HMS Bramham (L51) was a Hunt-class destroyer of the Royal Navy laid down in Alexander Stephen and Sons shipyards Govan, Scotland on 7 April 1941. She was launched on 29 January 1942 and commissioned into the Royal Navy on 16 June 1942. She was named after the Bramham Moor Hunt and has been the only Royal Navy warship to bear the name. She was adopted by the town of Beverley in the East Riding of Yorkshire during the Warship Week savings campaign of 1942.

Royal Navy service
Bramham was one of two ships that returned to rescue the survivors of HMS Curacoa (D41).

In the following August she served in Operation Pedestal, a mission to deliver supplies to the besieged island of Malta, as an escorting destroyer. On 12 August she rescued survivors from MV Deucalion. In the last stages of the operation Bramham along with two other destroyers, HMS Ledbury (L90) and HMS Penn (G77) took on the final tow of the tanker SS Ohio into Malta.

Royal Hellenic Navy service
In March 1943 Bramham was transferred to the Royal Hellenic Navy and renamed Themistoklis after the ancient Greek commander Themistocles. She served until 1959 and was then returned to the Royal Navy on 12 November 1959. She was scrapped in Greece in 1960.

Publications

 *  The Hunts: a history of the design, development and careers of the 86 destroyers of this class built for the Royal and Allied Navies during World War II, John English, World Ship Society, 1987, ISBN 0-905617-44-4
 *  The Hunts: a history of the design, development and careers of the 86 destroyers of this class built for the Royal and Allied Navies during World War II, John English, World Ship Society, 1987, ISBN 0-905617-44-4

title: HMS Bramham


text:
Talk:Lili Ivanova

NPOV

 * The latest reedit, while definitely a passionate description of Ms Ivanova, is quite one-sided and would benefit from more biographical information. Mpntod 22:20, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Lili Ivanova and jazz/blues ... ??? Please, see a doctor and check your ears, or may be read and learn more what is jazz and what is blues !!! How about the great stages of Europe and ... USA ??? Obviously what you must have in mind are ... the cheap armenian restaurants in the gettos of Los Angeles ?! Congratulations, very accurate article ( laugh )!!!
 * Definitelly more biographical information is needed. Concerning the comment above there are elements of jazz in some of her songs.
 * This article was written as a piece of publicity for the release of a compilation CD in 2004 and was never intended to appear here as a serious reference item. I know, because I am the author! I did not give anyone permission to publish it on Wikipedia. It should be removed. Paul C. Haviland 15:50, 16 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I've put a copy violation page up instead. Mpntod 00:29, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Mpntod. I'm not at all bothered about the copyright violation per se, but rather feel that the text is wholly inappropriate as a Wikipedia item. Someone at the Lili Ivanova fan club must have got carried away! To rectify matters, a Bulgarian friend is going to provide me with biographical detail, and within a few days I hope to post a far more objective and accurate article on the subject. Paul C. Haviland 14:23, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Great stuff. I've started an article here (although currently it's very minimalist). Mpntod 09:53, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lili Ivanova. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130201065551/http://radiorodoljubie.com/novini/249-2012-06-23-15-49-54.html to http://radiorodoljubie.com/novini/249-2012-06-23-15-49-54.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:01, 23 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lili Ivanova


text:
Talk:Bruhathkayosaurus

This article was just copied from this site: http://www.answers.com/topic/bruhathkayosaurus

Is that allowed, without any references on the page? --Madchester 22:15, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC) Insert non-formatted text here

 * No it wasn't. If you look at the bottom of page you linked, you'll see: "This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article 'Bruhathkayosaurus'." It's a mirror of this article, which I wrote. You'll even find answers.com listed as a known mirror at Mirrors and forks/Abc. See Copyrights if you're interested in knowing more about the Wikipedia policy. 68.81.231.127 14:35, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The fossils were destroyed
Ayyasami has recently clarified what happened to the Bruhathkaysaurus material, if somebody wants to update the article. In short, the fossils were never actually collected and no longer exist, with the description and drawings based on in situ photos. It is now impossible to confirm the dimensions and taxonomic identity of the animal (or plant) =

"With reference to the Kallamedu Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) near Kallamedu, Tiruchirapalli district in the Cauvery Basin of southern India, Blanford (1864: 139) noted that the beds consisted of a mass of white sands and grey sandy clays and “imbedded in the deposits large bones are numerous, but so saturated with water and so very friable, that it is impossible, even with the greatest care, to extract them in anything like a recognizable condition.” Matley (1929) noted that this was the situation during the monsoon season whereas during the dry season desiccation, with expansion by day and contraction at night, results in the bones being split into fragments. Consequently, the bones are poorly preserved and the photographs used for Bruhathkayosaurus by Yadagari & Ayyasami (1987) were taken while the bones were still exposed in situ. The bones started to disintegrate in the field jackets even before reaching the GSIH and no longer exist."

Source = Galton, P. M., & Ayyasami, K. (2017). Purported latest bone of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), a “dermal plate” from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern India. Neues Jahrbuch Für Geologie Und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen, 285(1), 91–96. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0671

Ozraptor4 (talk) 05:02, 21 November 2018 (UTC)

Longest ever?
Look at Seismosaurus it is even longer--408.965.879.065.765.216.519.296.848.4 13:15, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No, early estimates for a 140 ft Seismosaurus were wrong, and a new paper in press shows it was only 110 ft long.Dinoguy2 16:27, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Why no mention of the Supersaurus as a contender? Livingston 15:42, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Good point. But I think it is down to the fact that the Argintinasaurus was 34m in lenght and the other contendors were over 30m too and the Supersaurus was not quite as big. AtheWeatherman (talk) 19:18, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Sorry, but Seismosaurus is actually a large diplodocus —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.111.130.160 (talk) 03:45, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Amphicoelias
So which was larger? Amphicoelias or Bruhathkayosaurus?

It depends which way you look at it really. If the estimated figures are correct, then Bruhathkayosaurus was around 50 feet shorter in length than Amphicoelias but was a much heavier set animal making it around 60 tonnes heavier (also, much of Amphicoelias extra length would probably have been it's tail). --Greebo cat 14:32, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

This is O.R., but I say definitely Amphicoeliass. The femur of A. fragillimus is estimated to be well over 4m long (Carpenter 2006). I've estimated Bruhathkayosaurus's femur length to be just a hair over 3m, under 75% the size of Amphicoelias. I think Amphicoelias would end up both longer and heavier. Ashorocetus (talk) 17:18, 9 July 2014 (UTC)

 * no necesariamente, ya que los rebechisauridos poseian un torso proporcionalmente mucho mas delgado que el de los titanosauridos 2803:C600:7114:8FC5:A932:6F0C:CCA4:4226 (talk) 17:56, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

Excessive precision
Given the uncertainty of estimating lengths of dinosaurs from fragments, we should be careful how much precision we attribute to our numbers. It's true that an assumed length of exactly 170 ft converts to 51.8 m. But the 170 ft estimate, even if it's correct, isn't exact, certainly not to three significant digits. It's best not to imply that we can estimate these lengths to the tenth of a meter, so I reverted the number to 52 m. Cephal-odd 02:40, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

details of Largest Ever
Is it necessary to have so many details about the length and mass estimates of other dinosaurs in this article? They seem redundant because we'd have to list the same statistics in the articles for other contenders for "largest dinosaur ever". Maybe it would be better to briefly list the other "largest ever" candidates and direct people seeking further details to a section in the dinosaur size article. Cephal-odd 02:51, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

I think you're right, the article seems far too focussed on putting forward facts and figures to convince the reader that Bruhathkayosaurus *was* the largest ever. There could maybe be a little more about how the animal actually lived/it's environment etc? (I'm new to this so i may be talking rubbish-and feel free to tell me if i am!) It just seems that, as someone who is not an expert in the field, i don't actually learn a great deal about the animal from this article-meaning no offence to whoever wrote it of course! Greebo cat 14:11, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

POV?
I'm not sure that the POV tag was applied for legitimate reasons, given that the editor had only one edit prior to adding it, which was either a test or vandalism. J. Spencer 04:22, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Removed, as it was definitely the wrong tag. There are appropriate POV tags, but this one is for someone who has written the article, but feels there may be a point of view missing. Any editor is free to add a more appropriate tag, naturally. Firsfron of Ronchester  04:44, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Photo
I think the photo comparing it to a human is way off. Just compare it with the photo comparing the human to the Sauroposeidon. From the photo the Bruhathkayosaurus does not look 2000+ times heavier than that man.
 * hi, The drawing is speculative, however the measurments are based of the imited material and the measurments suggested by the paleaontologists at the Dinosaur Mailing lists and other titanosaurs. The weight estimates are always changing and don't know how accurate they are, some older weight estimates are often much heaver than they are now. Also Sauroposiden is only based of 4 neck vertebra and the rest is speculative, based of other brachiosaurs. So ether way there only gesses. I think your right to question the pic, however its probably to do with the weight estimates being based of a porly described tibia. thanksSteveoc 86 14:12, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Weight
"weighed from 175 to 220 t". Sorry, but it is marasmus. A terrestial vertebrate can not weigh a more than 120 tons, because then it would consist only of bones -- AS sa 11:22, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * What does marasmus have to do with Bruhathkayosaurus? All weight measurements of Bruhathkayosaurus are based on extrapolations of other sauropods, as the article states. Firsfron of Ronchester  13:21, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * (sorry for my English) It must be written here, that Bruhathkayosaurus could not so much weigh -- AS sa 15:57, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Cite? I seem to recall similar statements made about giant sauropods in the past. Then they find bigger ones. Same for pterosaurs. It's always, "becasue of biomechanical limits, Pteranodon is the largest possible flying animal." Oops, There's Quetzalcoatlus. Oops, there's Hatzegopteryx. Etc. Dinoguy2 00:21, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Please create a foot-note, that Bruhathkayosaurus could not so much weigh :) -- AS sa 15:42, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * First you must provide a published referecne saying it could not weigh so much. Dinoguy2 02:32, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, on hand I have only a short article in book called "On land and on the sea" (Russian "На суше и на море"), 1988, Moscow, publishing house "Мысль". There writes that terrestial vertebrate can not weigh a more than 100 tons and if it weighed 140 tone it would consist only of bones. If you want I can translate main in this article -- AS sa 13:33, 13 October 2007 (UTC)
 * That's a pretty old (almost 20 years) ref and sounds like a popular book rather than a science article. It would be good to find the real research this author was referring to (is there a bibliography to the book?), and also if more recent studies have continued to support this. Dinoguy2 05:21, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Such an absolute land vertebrate mass limit would also be in conflict with the published peer reviewed weight estimates for another better documented large sauropod, Amphicoelias, although the idea of a vertebrate consisting entirely "of bones" is ... let's just say ... entertaining! Orbitalforam (talk) 15:14, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

Chatterjee 1995
Check out the comments on sv pow. The wiki artical claims that Chatterjee 1995 reclassified Bruhathkayosaurus as a sauropod, but aparently Chatterjee has never written anything about it?? Steveoc 86 (talk) 16:50, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Mortimer's response traces this back to pers cor. relayed via DML posts. Good enough to use here, or should we knock Bruha back to Saurichia incertae sedis? Maybe more importantly, does everybody think it's a sauropod and not a theropod or a gymnosperm only because of second-hand hearsay from Sankar Chatterjee?? Dinoguy2 (talk) 00:30, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Apparently nothing has been published on Bruha since the original description. Everything, including its identity as a sauropod, is internet speculation. Dinoguy2 (talk) 11:02, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Once when I was searching the net for any info I stumbled upon a PDF of LATE CRETACEOUS TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES FROM MADAGASCAR: IMPLICATIONS FOR LATIN AMERICAN BIOGEOGRAPHY.link It seems to be free here It lists Bruhathkayosaurus once. It has it listed as sauropoda and credits Yadagiri & Ayyasami. But there is no further discussion. Steveoc 86 (talk) 11:42, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Good find, Steve. So it's more than just internet speculation: actual published papers have indicated it's a sauropod. Firsfron of Ronchester  02:15, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
 * No probs. It says the the list was compiled form several other papers. It would be interesting if any one could get there hands on these to see if there's any further mention of this animal. Steveoc 86 (talk) 18:05, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Well it's not in the Bonitasaura paper, and it would have been caught if it were in Dinosauria II. That leaves Sereno 2004 and Gonzales 2003, which I don't have access to. Dinoguy2 (talk) 01:33, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It is in Dinosauria II as a sauropod: . Ashorocetus (talk) 17:04, 9 July 2014 (UTC)

How do you lose a vertebra the size of a closet? I work in Archaeology and there are times when we "lose" stuff, but I am talking about small stuff, nothing like that thing! (Mihai Bica) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.97.7.121 (talk) 14:47, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Sauropod vertebrae are fragile things with much empty space, so it probably disintegrated to fragments. J. Spencer (talk) 23:05, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * If you're talking about Amphicoelias, one theory is that it didn't necessarily turn to dust, but degraded enough so as to be useless, and was thrown away. Or maybe one of Marsh's moles dissapeared the evidence ;) Dinoguy2 (talk) 01:06, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Current location?
Is there any documentation or any hint as to where the collected bones ended up? I'm trying to locate the original paper. (is there a mirror or an abstract available online?) Its frustrating, though not terribly unreasonable, that the original publication may have been sketchy on detail. Its only more so, that the authors haven't published any follow up - in the 20+ years since. After this much time it seems likely that the originals could be lost or buried in a university or museum archive- and at that site completely forgotten. Have there been any successful contacts with Yadagiri or Ayyasami since? Ziazel (talk) 21:15, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

WRT Amphicoelias, that too was a fascinating discovery, and photographs or detailed descriptions (from multiple observers) would have rendered it more useful, even without the bones. But hardly anyone wants to cite Amphicoelias or even speculate about it much, as the evidence supporting it is limited and unverifiable. It would be a shame if the same were to happen to Bruhathkayosaurus (assuming Y&A's initial report was accurate, and there's anything of substance to it) Ziazel (talk) 21:15, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

Bruhathkayosaurus: Another name for a prehistoric tree
A lot of websites seem to hint that Bruhathkayosaurus was just a fossilized tree. This would explain a lot in the size department. But is this true, because the same was once thought of Sauroposeidon? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 112.134.121.225 (talk) 13:27, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

You are right, I saw that too. Dinosaur Fan (talk) 05:24, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

 * 112.134.121.225, please link some websites here so other users would know where you heard about that. Dinosaur Fan (talk) 00:45, 24 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I saw that here:  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dinosaur Fan (talk • contribs) 00:47, 24 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Has there been any actual research done to suggest Bruhathkayosaurus was a tree and not a sauropod?--Mr Fink (talk) 00:57, 24 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Dunno, I'm not a source expert. I had only came to Wikipedia for 5 months. Dinosaur Fan (talk) 03:32, 24 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, from what I've been able to look through, there have been no formal suggestion by researchers that Bruhathkayosaurus is a fossilized tree.--Mr Fink (talk) 20:11, 26 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Apparently the original material of this animal has been lost, like is detailed in this blog: but I guess that is not a valid reference to cite here.--Rextron (talk) 23:54, 26 December 2014 (UTC)
 * While blogs are not preferred as a valid reference, there might be exceptions to this rule. I can ask around.--Mr Fink (talk) 00:33, 27 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, blogs written by researchers can be valid sources, but as far as I know, Paleoking is "just" an artist. FunkMonk (talk) 14:57, 27 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I think that is worth to note that the recent paper about Dravidosaurus (Peter M. Galton; Krishnan Ayyasami (2017). "Purported latest bone of a plated dinosaur (Ornithischia: Stegosauria), a "dermal plate" from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern India". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 285 (1): 91–96. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0671.) mentions briefly to Bruhatkayaosaurus and says that effectively the fossil material is lost.--Rextron (talk) 08:05, 9 August 2017 (UTC)

Theropod
Shouldn't the length when it was considered as a theropod be listed here? I think it was 18 - 20 m and 11 - 14 MT but that's just my opinion. Dinosaur Fan (talk) 04:19, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

And 60 - 65 ft, 12 - 15 ST. Dinosaur Fan (talk) 08:09, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

Ooops, the same. Dinosaur Fan (talk) 08:10, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:08, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Bruhathkayosaurus drawings.webp (discussion)
 * Bruhathkayosaurus holotype.png (discussion)
 * Bruhathkayosaurus ilium dorsal view.png (discussion)

A theropod?
The 2022 Bruhathkayosaurus paper claims that the ilium (which is the holotype specimen) likely belonged to a theropod. Because of that, Bruhathkayosaurus itself is a theropod as well and the latrge referred material isn't Bruhathkayosaurus. Diamantinasaurus (talk) 20:58, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bruhathkayosaurus


text:
William Sears

William Sears may refer to:

 * William Sears (Baháʼí) (1911–1992), American author, sportscaster and prominent member of the Baháʼí Faith
 * William Sears (physician) (born 1939), American pediatrician and author
 * William Sears (politician) (died 1929), Irish politician
 * William J. Sears (1874–1944), U.S. Representative from Florida
 * William R. Sears (1913–2002), American aerodynamicist
 * William R. Sears (New York politician) (1928–1998), New York politician

title: William Sears