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Us (Peter Gabriel album)

Us is the sixth studio album by the English singer-songwriter and musician Peter Gabriel, released on 28 September 1992 by Real World Records. Following the release of his soundtrack album Passion in 1989, Gabriel started work on new material for a new album, his first since So, which became his biggest selling release. Gabriel focused on personal themes on Us, including his divorce in the late 1980s, his subsequent relationship with actress Rosanna Arquette, and the growing distance between him and his first daughter.

Us was promoted with an early form of interactive multimedia software for Macintosh computers entitled Xplora1: Peter Gabriel's Secret World, which featured several music videos from the album. The album was a worldwide chart success, reaching No. 2 in the UK and the US and the top-ten in twelve other countries. Four singles were released: "Digging in the Dirt", "Steam", "Blood of Eden", and "Kiss That Frog", with "Steam" reaching No. 10 in the UK. Gabriel supported the album with his Secret World Tour in 1993 and 1994 which was documented on the Secret World Live album and same-titled concert film, both released in 1994. Us was remastered with the rest of his back catalogue in 2002.

Background
In October 1989, Gabriel first worked on prototypes of songs which would end up on the Us album, but he was also preparing new versions of songs for the 1990 compilation album Shaking the Tree: Sixteen Golden Greats, and he was supervising the editing of 1987 concert footage shot in Greece, which was released in 1990 as the live video album POV. Finally, through 1991 and into June 1992 he focused on composing and recording the Us album, mainly at his own Real World Studios in Wiltshire, England, with specialised recording sessions held at Kingsway Studios in New Orleans, and Studio 2000 in Dakar.

Gabriel had met Sinéad O'Connor in October 1990 at the Amnesty International human rights benefit concert held in Santiago, Chile. Gabriel asked O'Connor to sing on his album, and she came to Real World Studios to perform her vocal parts on "Blood of Eden" and "Come Talk to Me", the latter written by Gabriel to his younger daughter, Melanie – a teenager. Daniel Lanois co-produced the album with Gabriel, with support from David Bottrill in programming and engineering. Lanois and Bottrill were given the task of organising and mixing tracks from approximately 1,000 Digital Audio Tapes (DAT) containing various studio performances. The final album ended up being almost 58 minutes long, substantially longer than all his earlier releases which adhered to the 46-minute limit of the analog 12-inch vinyl LP.

Reception
Us received generally positive reviews from critics. Writing for the Chicago Tribune, Greg Kot stated the album's "opaque melodies and exotic rhythms reward the patient listener, but not without a struggle." The Los Angeles Times awarded the album three-and-a-half stars out of four and praised Gabriel's ability to integrate elements of world music into an art rock style. In a combined review of So, Us, and Up, Record Collector gave the album four stars out of five and called it an "underrated, rewarding listen".

Musicians

 * Peter Gabriel – vocals (all tracks), keyboards (all tracks), triangle (track 1), programming (tracks 1, 2, 7–10), synth bass (tracks 1, 3, 7, 9, 10), percussion (tracks 2, 4, 9), valiha (track 2), horn arrangement (track 4), harmonica (track 9), Mexican flute (track 10)
 * Tony Levin – bass guitar (tracks 1–7 and 10)
 * David Rhodes – guitar (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7–10), twelve-string guitar (track 3), solo guitar (track 4)
 * Manu Katché – drums (tracks 1, 6, 7), electric drums (tracks 2, 4, 5, 10), percussion (track 10)
 * The Babacar Faye Drummers – sabar drums (tracks 1 and 4)
 * Doudou N'Diaye Rose – programming (tracks 1 and 10)
 * David Bottrill – programming (tracks 1–4, 7, 10), additional programming (tracks 5 and 9), studio engineer
 * Chris Ormston – bagpipes (track 1)
 * Daniel Lanois – shaker (track 1), guitar (tracks 1, 10), additional vocals (track 1), hi-hat (track 3), vocals (track 3), horn arrangements (track 4), Dobro (tracks 8, 10)
 * Richard Blair – additional verse keyboards (track 1), programming (tracks 4, 5, 7, 9), additional programming (tracks 2, 3)
 * Levon Minassian – duduk (tracks 1, 3, 8)
 * Sinéad O'Connor – vocals (tracks 1, 3)
 * Dmitri Pokrovsky Ensemble – vocals (track 1)
 * Hossam Ramzy – tabla (track 2), surdo (track 7)
 * Daryl Johnson – drums (track 2)
 * William Orbit – programming (track 2), additional programming (track 5)
 * Bill Dillon – guitar (tracks 2, 5)
 * Mark Rivera – alto saxophone (tracks 4, 6)
 * Brian Eno – additional keyboards (track 2)
 * L. Shankar – violin (tracks 2, 3, 5, 8)
 * Caroline Lavelle – cello (tracks 2, 6, 10), string arrangement (track 2)
 * Wil Malone – string arrangement (track 2, 6)
 * Jonny Dollar – string arrangement (track 2, 6)
 * Richard Evans – additional engineering (track 2), mix engineer (track 8), mandolin (track 8)
 * Gus Isidore – bridge guitar (track 3)
 * Richard Chappell – bridge section mix (track 3)
 * Leo Nocentelli – guitar (tracks 4, 7)
 * Tim Green – tenor saxophone (tracks 4, 6)
 * Reggie Houston – baritone saxophone (tracks 4, 6)
 * Renard Poché – trombone (tracks 4, 6)
 * Wayne Jackson – trumpet (track 4), cornet (track 6)
 * Kudsi Erguner – ney flute (track 5), shaker (track 4)
 * Ayub Ogada – vocals (track 5, 7)
 * Malcolm Burn – horn arrangement (track 6), additional synth cello (track 10), additional production ideas (track 10)
 * Mark Howard – horns recording (track 6)
 * Babacar Faye – djembe (tracks 7, 8)
 * Assane Thiam – tama (track 7), talking drum (track 8)
 * Peter Hammill – vocals (track 7)
 * Richard Macphail – vocals (track 7)
 * John Paul Jones – surdo (track 8), bass (track 8), keyboards (track 8)
 * Adzido Pan African Dance Ensemble – additional percussion loop (track 9)
 * Manny Elias – Senegalese shakers (track 9)
 * Marilyn McFarlane – vocals (track 9)

Technical support

 * Mike Large
 * Sue Coulson
 * Brian Gray

title: Us (Peter Gabriel album)


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Aguinaldo Shrine

The Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine (or the Cavite El Viejo Shrine) is a national shrine located in Kawit, Cavite in the Philippines, where the Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain was declared on June 12, 1898, or Independence Day. To commemorate the event, now known as Araw ng Kalayaan or Independence Day, a national holiday, the Philippine flag is raised here by top government officials on June 12 each year. The house is now a museum.

History

This shrine is the ancestral home of Emilio Aguinaldo, officially the first President of the Philippines, the only president of the First Philippine Republic. The house was built in 1845 made from wood and thatch and reconstructed in 1849. Here, Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869.

Independence day
On June 12, 1898, the independence from was proclaimed from the window of the grand hall. The Declaration of Philippine Independence was read by its author, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista The Declaration of Independence was ratified by the Malolos Congress on September 21, 1898.

President Aguinaldo greatly enlarged his home from 1919 to 1921, transforming it into a monument to flag and country. He constructed an elaborate "Independence balcony", which Aguinaldo and top Philippine officials used during independence day celebrations. Many visitors today assume the balcony to be the actual location of the Independence Proclamation. Aguinaldo donated his home to the Philippine government on June 12, 1963, "to perpetuate the spirit of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 that put an end to Spanish colonization of the country".

National flag and anthem
During the independence celebration, the Philippine flag designed by Emilio Aguinaldo was formally unfurled from the front window. It was first flown during the Battle of Alapan in Imus two weeks earlier on May 28, 1898 (now celebrated as Philippine National Flag Day each year). The Philippine national anthem was also first played on the grounds by the marching band of San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias) but as an instrumental music; the lyrics were not written until 1899 by José Palma.

Declared a National Shrine
Emilio Aguinaldo died on February 6, 1964, at the age of 94 at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City. The same year, the government declared the mansion as a National Shrine on June 18 through the Republic Act of 4039 signed by President Diosdado Macapagal.

Aguinaldo Park
The property which is adjacent to a river, was expanded to include Aguinaldo Park, a park in front of the house created for the Philippine Centennial celebration of 1998. The park with a long promenade and two long pools. Previously the house was fronted by a busy street. In the park is a bronze statue of Aguinaldo on horseback.

Main house

Aguinaldo's house is a mansion over 14000 sqft in floor area designed by Aguinaldo himself. The house features secret passages and hiding places for documents and weapons and is filled with antique furniture and decorated throughout with motifs of the Philippine flag and other national symbols. The building is divided into three sections: the main house on the west side of the building, the family wing on the east, and the tower located in between. The middle section is a five-story tower with a spire at the very top. The mezzanine level on the second floor is sometimes counted as an extra floor. The ground floor of the house was previously unwalled which is typical of the houses during the era. Today, it houses a museum of Aguinaldo's memorabilia and other historical artifacts. A hologram depicting Aguinaldo during the eve of June 12, 1898, is one of the exhibits.

Located on the second floor is the grand hall, a large meeting room with the historic front window from where the Declaration of Independence was read. The front Independence balcony was added by Aguinaldo during the 1919 renovations. The dining room located on the same floor is highlighted by a raised-relief map of the Philippines on its ceiling. Also on this level is the bedroom of Aguinaldo, the kitchen, a conference room, and a partially covered terrace on the western end of the building. On the east wing are three bedrooms for the general's three daughter's. A covered balcony (azotea) at the end of the wing was christened by Aguinaldo as Galeria de los Pecadores (Hall of the Sinners) as military plots against the Spanish authorities were planned there.

The next level is a mezzanine library which overlooks the grand hall below. A flight of stairs takes the visitor to the Ambassador Room used as a study by the general's son-in-law, Ambassador Jose Melencio. The next floor is the other bedroom of Aguinaldo which he used during the latter part of his life. A tiled terrace on this level gives a commanding view of the town to as far as Manila. A very narrow ladder takes one to the top of the tower which is allegedly the favorite spot of Aguinaldo.

Garden

The grounds of the house is lush with greenery bordered by a river on the east and backed by a fish pond to the south. On display outside the house is Aguinaldo's personal car, a 1924 Packard limousine restored in November 2009.

In the middle of the garden behind the house is a marble tomb where the first president is interred.

Museum
The Aguinaldo Shrine museum on the ground floor is maintained by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aguinaldo Shrine


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For You Blue

"For You Blue" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1970 album Let It Be. The track was written by George Harrison as a love song to his wife, Pattie Boyd. It was also the B-side to the "Long and Winding Road" single, issued in many countries, but not Britain, and was listed with that song when the single topped the US Billboard Hot 100 and Canada's national chart in June 1970. On the Cash Box Top 100 chart, which measured the US performance of single sides individually, "For You Blue" peaked at number 71.

The song is a twelve-bar blues in the country blues style. When writing "For You Blue", Harrison was partly influenced by his stay with Bob Dylan and the Band in Woodstock over November–December 1968. Whereas that visit had been a musically rewarding experience for Harrison, the Beatles first worked on the song amid an atmosphere of discord, during the filmed rehearsals that made up part of the Let It Be documentary film. Recorded at the group's Apple Studio in London in late January 1969, the song includes a lap steel guitar part played by John Lennon. Among music critics, some have admired the track for its lighthearted qualities and as a good band performance. Other commentators identify it as an inconsequential song, particularly in relation to some of the Harrison compositions that his bandmates rejected over the Let It Be period.

In 1976, Capitol Records included "For You Blue" on the compilation album The Best of George Harrison. An alternative take of the track appeared on the Beatles' 1996 compilation Anthology 3. A live version recorded during Harrison's 1974 North American tour received a limited release on the Songs by George Harrison EP in 1988. Paul McCartney performed the song at the Concert for George in November 2002, a year after Harrison's death.

Background and composition
George Harrison wrote "For You Blue" in late 1968 as a love song to his wife Pattie Boyd. In his autobiography, I, Me, Mine, he describes the composition as "a simple twelve-bar song following all the normal principles except it's happy-go-lucky!" The song was partly influenced by Harrison's recent stay in Woodstock in upstate New York, where he had collaborated with Bob Dylan and jammed with the Band. The visit allowed Harrison to experience a musical camaraderie that contrasted with the tense atmosphere in the Beatles over much of 1968, particularly during the recording of their self-titled double album (also known as "the White Album"). In addition, the creative equality Harrison enjoyed among these musicians, as on his recent collaborations with Eric Clapton, contrasted with the continued dominance of John Lennon and Paul McCartney in the Beatles during a period when Harrison was emerging as a prolific songwriter.

"For You Blue" is a country blues song in the musical key of D. Aside from the introduction, it is one of the few original songs by the Beatles in which every section follows the twelve-bar blues (I-IV-V) pattern. The five-bar introduction deviates from the pattern due to its length and the inclusion of what musicologist Alan Pollack terms a "V-of-V" chord – namely, E7 in the home key. On the Beatles' recording, Harrison performs this opening section alone, playing a series of "elegant introductory hammer-ons", according to musicologist Walter Everett. The song's bluesy feel is accentuated by the addition to the minor pentatonic scale of a ♭7 note on each of the I (D7), IV (G7) and V (A7) chords. Harrison opts for a popular variant within the twelve-bar blues formula, by moving briefly to the IV chord for the second bar, rather than remaining on I until the fifth bar.

The composition comprises two verses, a two-round instrumental break, and two further verses. In his lyrics, Harrison unashamedly states his love for Boyd; Pollack describes the message as "unusually unmuddled romantic euphoria". Early in the song, Harrison tells her, "I loved you from the moment I saw you", and by the last verse, in the description of author Ian Inglis, "[Boyd's] 'sweet and lovely' personality makes her irresistible ... he now loves her 'more than ever.'"

As reproduced in I, Me, Mine, Harrison's original handwritten lyrics show the song title as "For You Blues". The song was named "George's Blues (Because You're Sweet and Lovely)" when the Beatles recorded it in late January 1969, and then "Because You're Sweet and Lovely" when mixing began on the unreleased Get Back album two months later. By the time that album had been presented to the Beatles for their approval, in late May, the song was listed as "For You Blue".

Twickenham rehearsals
"For You Blue" was one of the many new songs that the Beatles rehearsed at Twickenham Film Studios in south-west London, in January 1969. The film project, which became known as Get Back and eventually Let It Be, formed part of the band's proposed return to live performance for the first time since their 1966 North American tour. Harrison said that after coming back from Woodstock in December 1968, he was "quite optimistic" about the new project, especially the plan to return to a more ensemble-based approach to playing. The rehearsals were filmed and recorded by director Michael Lindsay-Hogg with the intention that the documentary film would accompany a televised concert by the Beatles.

Harrison presented an early draft of the song on 7 January, during a day marked by acrimony within the group. In their study of the tapes from the Get Back project, authors Doug Sulpy and Ray Schweighardt write that the Beatles rehearsed "For You Blue" half-heartedly, amid heated discussions about their future and with Harrison in disagreement with McCartney over the proposed concert. Adding to Harrison's dissatisfaction since the start of the Twickenham rehearsals, his compositions "All Things Must Pass", "Let It Down" and "Hear Me Lord" had received little enthusiasm from Lennon and McCartney. The Beatles returned to "For You Blue" on 9 January, by which time Harrison had completed the lyrics. He suggested that the song required an acoustic arrangement akin to skiffle or, citing slide guitarist Son House as an example, traditional country blues. The following day, Harrison walked out of the sessions, weary of what he considered to be McCartney's overbearing attitude and Lennon's lack of engagement with the project.

Recording
As a condition of Harrison's return to the group, the Beatles abandoned the idea of a concert and relocated to their Apple Studio in central London, on 22 January, to record an album of some of the songs rehearsed at Twickenham. Until Lindsay-Hogg chose to include footage relating to "I Me Mine" in the documentary, necessitating a formal recording of that song in January 1970, "For You Blue" was the only Harrison composition recorded for the album. Music critic John Harris remarks on the surprising decision to include "For You Blue", in light of the more substantial compositions that Harrison had presented. Like Harris, author Elliot Huntley considers that Harrison deliberately refrained from pushing for the inclusion of his best material, believing that his bandmates would not do justice to songs such as "All Things Must Pass", "Let It Down" and the similarly overlooked "Isn't It a Pity" and "Something".

The session for "For You Blue" took place at Apple on 25 January, with Glyn Johns and George Martin sharing the role of producer. According to Sulpy and Schweighardt, the band played the song with a "complete focus" that contrasted with their indecisive approach that day when working on McCartney's "Let It Be" and "Two of Us". With regard to Harrison's suggestion for a light acoustic arrangement on "For You Blue", Sulpy and Schweighardt describe the group's performance as being closer to the urban blues style.

Take 6 was selected as the master take. The recording features Harrison on acoustic guitar and Lennon playing lap steel guitar. Lennon performs the first solo over the instrumental break, after which McCartney plays a piano solo. According to various commentators, Lennon used either a cigarette lighter, a shotgun shell, or the standard slide that came with the Höfner lap steel. To achieve Harrison's request for a "bad honky tonk piano" sound, Martin and McCartney intertwined newspaper between the strings of the piano. Ringo Starr contributed a drum part that, in Everett's description, provides a "heavy backbeat" throughout the performance.

Overdubbing and mixing
After the film project was revived in January 1970, for a proposed cinema release under the new title of Let It Be, Harrison chose to re-record his lead vocal for the track. With Johns producing the session, Harrison overdubbed the vocal part at Olympic Sound Studios in south-west London on 8 January. Harrison's ad-libbed comments during the instrumental breaks – including "Go, Johnny, go!" and a reference to Mississippi bluesman Elmore James – originated from this session also.

When Phil Spector remixed "For You Blue" for inclusion on the Let It Be album, on 30 March 1970, he added a spoken introduction by Lennon in the style of a newspaper headline: "Queen Says 'No' to Pot-Smoking FBI Member." This comment was edited in from dialogue recorded at Twickenham Film Studios on 8 January 1969. Described by Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn as a "most interesting" idea, Spector created a tape loop of the song's instrumental break over which he inserted other items of dialogue from the film, including contrasting reactions from members of the public to the Beatles' Apple rooftop concert on 30 January 1969. The tape was possibly intended to help promote Let It Be but never released. Despite Johns' extensive contribution, Lennon denied him a producer's credit on the album, which was instead credited to Spector.

Release
Apple Records issued Let It Be on 8 May 1970 with "For You Blue" sequenced as the penultimate track, between "The Long and Winding Road" and "Get Back". The release came four weeks after the Beatles' break-up and shortly before the premiere of the Let It Be documentary film. The song's appearance in the film signalled the change of location for the troubled Get Back project, from Twickenham to Apple Studio.

The song was selected as the B-side to "The Long and Winding Road", a single released in the United States on 11 May, but not issued in Britain. In the US, "For You Blue" gained sufficient radio airplay for Billboard to list the two songs together, as a double-sided hit, when the record topped the magazine's Hot 100 chart. The release was similarly treated as a double A-side when it topped Canada's singles chart and peaked at number 6 on Australia's Go-Set national chart. On the US listings compiled by Cash Box, which continued to monitor single-sides individually, "For You Blue" peaked at number 71.

"For You Blue" was one of Harrison's most successful songs on the Billboard charts, both as a member of the Beatles and as a solo artist. In 1976, it was among the seven Beatles tracks that Capitol Records selected for inclusion on the compilation The Best of George Harrison. Recognising that its status as a US chart-topper was due to Billboard's policy at the time, however, Apple did not include the track on the Beatles' 1 compilation, released in 2000.

The first take of "For You Blue" from the 25 January 1969 session was released on the Beatles' Anthology 3 compilation in 1996. The edit of the song as used in the Let It Be film – a composite of takes 9 and 6 – was issued as a promotional video for the compilation. A new mix of this film version was included on the Anthology DVD in 2003. That same year, a remix of the original album track, without the introductory dialogue added by Spector, was issued on the album Let It Be… Naked.

Critical reception
Among contemporary reviews of Let It Be, Alan Smith of the NME described "For You Blue" as "another strong one from George, a whispery chunky rocker ...'Elmore James,' he calls out at one point, 'got nothin' on this baby!'" Melody Maker's Richard Williams considered it to be "an amusing trifle", citing Lennon's "camped-down bottleneck guitar" and the reference to James. Less impressed, John Gabree of High Fidelity magazine found the lap-steel playing the only point of interest on an "otherwise boring" track.

In a 2003 review for Mojo, John Harris highlighted "For You Blue" as one of the tracks that remained true to McCartney's original concept for a "return to the group's beginnings" with the Get Back project. Harris admired the song's "mesh of piano, acoustic guitar and lap steel" as "quietly wonderful". Writing in Acoustic Guitar magazine that same year, David Simons said that, along with other "standout"s such as "Here Comes the Sun" and "I Me Mine", "For You Blue" exemplified Harrison's creativity as a rhythm guitarist and introduced a new element to the band's sound, through the composition's origins on capo-ed acoustic guitar.

Among Beatles biographers, Ian MacDonald dismisses the song as a "forgettable twelve-bar", while Mark Hertsgaard terms it "a slight blues boogie" and considers that Harrison would have been better served on the album by the superior "All Things Must Pass" and "Let It Down". Walter Everett writes that the "promise" offered in Harrison's acoustic guitar introduction remains unfulfilled, such that the principal interest lies in "Lennon's only lap-steel performance with the Beatles, one that seems both clumsy and polished at the same time". Ian Inglis welcomes the song's lightheartedness as evidence that, amid Harrison's usual preoccupation with spirituality and enlightenment, he was nevertheless able to produce "an uncomplicated and enjoyable love song". Inglis concludes: "Its directness, and his obvious enjoyment, reinforce the sincerity of his words." Music journalist Kit O'Toole recognises "For You Blue" as an example of a Beatles B-side that was "just as good, if not better" than the single's lead side. While remarking on the contrast between the song's upbeat and optimistic qualities and the tense atmosphere within the band in January 1969, O'Toole likens the performance to "the four sitting in a living room, just jamming for fun".

Like Harris, Justin Gerber of Consequence of Sound considers "For You Blue" to be in keeping with the group's intended back-to-basics approach, although he pairs it with "I Me Mine" as Harrison compositions that are "not bad, but pale in comparison to his offerings on [the White Album]". Pitchfork's Mark Richardson admires the song's "prickly rhythmic drive" and groups it with tracks such as "Two of Us" and "Get Back" as examples of how Let It Be still contains quality material even though "little ... feels consequential to the Beatles' legacy".

Live performances and cover versions
"For You Blue" was part of Harrison's set on his Dark Horse Tour of North America in 1974. Harrison performed the song as a jam track during which he introduced the musicians in his tour band. A live version, featuring solos by Robben Ford, Emil Richards and Willie Weeks – on guitar, percussive bells and bass, respectively – appeared on the disc accompanying Songs by George Harrison, a limited-edition illustrated book published by Genesis Publications in 1988.

On 29 November 2002, McCartney sang "For You Blue" at the Concert for George, held at the Royal Albert Hall in London on the first anniversary of Harrison's death. McCartney was backed by a large band that included Starr, Clapton, and Harrison's son, Dhani, with Marc Mann playing slide guitar.

Pete Molinari covered the song for Mojo's Let It Be Revisited CD, included with the October 2010 issue of the magazine. In 2013, Dhani Harrison recorded "For You Blue" as a charity release in aid of the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, a project supported by the Harrison family's Material World Charitable Foundation. Dhani was accompanied by Blake Mills, Aaron Embry and Jim Keltner, the last of whom also played drums on Harrison's 1974 live version of the song and on McCartney's performance in 2002.

Personnel
According to Ian MacDonald:

 * George Harrison – lead vocal, acoustic guitar
 * John Lennon – lap steel guitar
 * Paul McCartney – piano, bass
 * Ringo Starr – drums

title: For You Blue


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Solar neutrino problem/archive1

Solar neutrino problem
Comprehensive, well-written article on an interesting problem in physics and astronomy. Would make a great featured article. — Brim 07:43, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Good stuff. I remember reading about this in the 90's and did not reallize it had been solved. A few things. 1) The intro needs a bit more about how the problem was resolved. I attempted to do that, but found it harder to make clear than expected. 2) The table at the right says "Neutrinos with mass change type" which leaves the option open that some neutrinos have mass and some don't. Is that correct? If not the wording needs to be more clear on that. 3) This article is deficient from meeting the criteria to become a featured article in a few ways: it needs a representative image or diagram, it needs to have references and cite them, and is short enough that it makes it hard to believe it is fully comprehensive on its topic. I myself can't see anything else it needs to cover as it is fairly understandable as it is, but maybe others will have some ideas. - Taxman 22:48, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a nice article, but I would suggest some improvements:
 * The stuff in the information box should form the basis of what's in the introduction. I think that the second para of the current intro should be moved into the 'history of the problem' section.
 * For such a long standing problem, perhaps more could be added about the various theories advanced to explain it, and how they were disproved. I recall theories about exotic particles deep within the sun absorbing the neutrino flux, and various mechanisms for lowering the temperature of the centre of the sun.
 * An image would be nice - perhaps of a neutrino detector, or the sun, or both.
 * The sentence starting 'As one researcher put it' doesn't seem to make a whole lot of sense to me, and its source should certainly be quoted if it's to remain in the article.
 * References from the scientific literature are really essential for an article like this, I think.

Worldtraveller 17:51, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Kawit

Kawit, officially the Municipality of Kawit, is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 107,535. It is one of the notable places that had a major role in the country's history during the 1800s and 1900s.

Formerly known as Cavite el Viejo, it is the location of his home, and the name Kawit is from the word kalawit, the Aguinaldo Shrine, where independence from Spain was declared on June 12, 1898. It is also the birthplace of Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Philippines, who from 1895 to 1897, served as the municipality's chief executive.

Kawit is 13 km from Imus and 23 km from Manila.

Etymology
The name Kawit is derived from the Tagalog word kawit  kalawit (hook), which is suggestive of its location at the base of a hook-shaped shoreline along Manila Bay extending to the tip of Cavite City.

Legend, however, gives another version on how the town got its name. One day, a Spanish visitor asked a native blacksmith about the name of the village. The latter was busy at the time pounding on the anvil a piece of hot metal that looked like a hook. He hesitated to speak, not understanding what the stranger was asking, but when pressed for an answer, and thinking that he wanted to know what he was doing, he merely said kawit. The Spanish left muttering the word kawit. In the course of the time, the word evolved into cauite, and finally cavite.

History
Kawit was the most thriving settlement prior to the coming of the Spanish. In fact, the town provided the first anchorage of the Spanish in the province, whence colonization and proselytization of the Christian religion began, spreading to all corners of the province. It was established as a town in 1587 or, as recognized by laws, August 1, 1600.

For a long time, the place was called by the Spanish "Cavite el Viejo" or Old Cavite to distinguish it from "Cavite la Punta" or "Cavite el Puerto", the commercial port and naval base (now Cavite City) whence came many Spanish marines on shore leave who made frequent visits to Cavite el Viejo, eventually turning it into a red-light district. This seedy reputation of the town was erased when Saint Mary Magdalene was made patroness, under the spiritual supervision of the Jesuits as ordered by Miguel García Serrano, O.S.A. (1618–1629), the fifth Archbishop of Manila.

With the establishment in the wake of the Philippine Revolution, the Philippine Independent Church built a shrine to Saint Michael, the Archangel in the barrio of Binakayan in 1902.

Cavite el Viejo was then a big town, comprising the municipality of Kawit today, Cavite la Punta (now Cavite City), Noveleta (called Tierra Alta by the Spanish), and Imus. Eventually, these three barrios' populations grew and they eventually seceded to become independent municipalities.

Aside from its role as the birthplace of independence, Kawit was also the site of the Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican, one of several Filipino victories during the Revolution.

In 1907, the town was renamed to Kawit, its present name, by virtue of Act No. 1718 by the Philippine Commission.

Barangays
Kawit is politically subdivided into 23 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Balsahan-Bisita
 * Batong Dalig
 * Binakayan-Aplaya
 * Binakayan-Kanluran
 * Congbalay-Legaspi
 * Gahak
 * Kaingen
 * Magdalo (Putol)
 * Manggahan-Lawin
 * Marulas
 * Panamitan
 * Poblacion
 * Pulvorista/Polvorista
 * Samala-Marquez
 * San Sebastian
 * Santa Isabel
 * Tabon I
 * Tabon II
 * Tabon III
 * Toclong (Different from Toclong in neighboring Imus)
 * Tramo-Bantayan
 * Wakas I
 * Wakas II

Demographics

In the 2020 census, the population of Kawit was 107,535 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Maytinis Festival
An original Kawit tradition that takes place every Christmas Eve, a dramatic retelling of the Virgin Mary and Joseph's search in Bethlehem for a place to stay called "Panunuluyan". This reenactment happens on the streets of Kawit with different floats depicting different biblical scenes from Adam and Eve up to Mary and Joseph. The "Panunuluyan" takes place in several houses and is done in singing until it reaches the 400-year-old St. Mary Magdalene Church, where the Virgin Mary and Joseph are welcomed by angels in a giant belen (Nativity Scene), which covers the whole main Retablo or altarpiece of the church. The songs performed by the angels acted by little girls are mostly in Spanish and Tagalog.

Local government
Like any other Philippine municipality, Kawit is headed by a municipal mayor, vice mayor, and 10 councilors, eight of them elected at large by the voting populace and two of them being sectoral representatives (one for the barangays and one for the youth, elected respectively through their federations).

The mayor is assisted by the vice mayor, who presides over a legislative council. The current mayor of the historical town is Angelo Emilio G. Aguinaldo, a descendant of the first officially recognized President of the Philippines, General Emilio Aguinaldo. The current vice mayor is Edward R. Samala Jr.

Sister city

 * 🇯🇵 Sakegawa, Yamagata, Japan

title: Kawit


text:
User talk:Redstar918

Wikibility doesn't belong in the main article space. Put it on your user page maybe. Kappa 07:45, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

... or else just ask people to test the wiki by using the Sandbox. Or to test the wiki by contributing to Wikipedia. — Asbestos | Talk 12:28, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Redstar918


text:
Blue Book (FCC)

Public Service Responsibility of Broadcast Licensees was a report published in 1946 by the (U.S.) Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which sought to require radio broadcasters in the United States to abide by a number of public service requirements. The report was informally and commonly referred to as the FCC Blue Book because of the report's blue cover.

The Blue Book bound the privilege of holding a lucrative and scarce radio broadcast license to certain public service requirements. The Blue Book specified the requirements and tied failure to meet these obligations to hearings and to the potential revocation of a broadcast license. Such a standard was never before proposed in the annals of the FCC, and hasn't been proposed since.

The Blue Book—and the commissioners and staff at the FCC who wrote, published, and defended it—faced a considerable backlash from commercial broadcasters. The backlash was tied closely to anti-Communist fervor in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s. Opponents, in particular the National Association of Broadcasters and the radio industry's leading trade magazine, Broadcasting, decried the Blue Book as Communist-inspired, pro-censorship, and anathema to freedom. Broadcasting’s editorials attacked it for 15 consecutive weeks and were later compiled by NBC president Niles Trammel in a red-covered booklet called “The Red Book Looks at the Blue Book.”

The backlash was ultimately successful. Those staff most closely involved with the Blue Book were driven out of the FCC; none of the Blue Book's policy prescriptions were ever implemented, and no U.S. radio broadcaster ever lost its broadcast license as a result of violating the Blue Book's prescriptions.

Context
Disfavor ran rampant against the state of radio in the 1930s and 1940s. Chief among the complaints: the vulgarity of radio commercials and overcommercialization, the erosion of so-called "sustaining (non-commercial) programs", the influence of advertisers to shape news coverage, and the lax performance of broadcasters to abide by their original obligations towards public service. Emblematic of this sentiment was the highly popular novel The Hucksters (1946), which depicted greedy radio station owners. A later film adaptation of The Hucksters (1947) starred Clark Gable.

This sentiment dovetailed with a progressive current at the FCC, whose chair James Lawrence Fly spearheaded a number of initiatives—among them the 1941 Report on Chain Broadcasting that resulted in the breakup of the NBC radio network and the formation of the ABC radio network. The Supreme Court in its 1943 decision NBC, Inc. v. United States affirmed that FCC had the authority to establish programming objectives.

One subsequent initiative was a formalization of the rules of the social contract between radio broadcasters and the public; that crystallized as the Blue Book, which codified the thinking of the majority of FCC commissioners at the time. The Blue Book was unanimously approved by the commission and published on March 7, 1946.

Content of the Blue Book
The Blue Book comprised five parts and was 59 pages long. The five parts are roughly summarized as follows:

1. Local broadcasting is important, and many radio stations violated their commitments for localism.

2. The FCC has the jurisdiction to evaluate public service performance.

3. A number of public service issues are discussed, including public interest considerations regarding license assignment, and what programming suffices to serve the public interest, defining the functions thereof.

4. Statistics show increasing profitability on the part of radio broadcasters, but little improvement of programming. This contradicted the claim that broadcasters couldn't afford public interest programs.

5. Four requirements for broadcast licensees are outlined: promote live, local shows; devote programming to discussing public issues; sustain "unsponsorable" programs; and eliminate "excess advertising".

At the time of the report, there were no Black owners of radio stations and little programming that addressed the Black community. Further, some minority listeners were complaining to the FCC that radio programs frequently contained ethnic stereotypes and caricatures. That is why a segment of the Blue Book asserted that "the American  system  of  broadcasting must serve significant minorities among our population, and the less dominant needs and tastes which  most  listeners  have  from  time to time."

WBAL Trial
In the fall of 1946, the William Hearst owned Baltimore radio station WBAL was challenged by the Public Service Radio Corporation (PSRC). Formed by well-known radio newsmen, Robert Allen and Drew Pearson, the PSRC claimed WBAL shouldn't have its broadcasting license renewed due to failure in adhering to the Blue Book's regulations in not providing public service programming to the local community and conglomerating a newspaper, radio station, and television station in one city market. The FCC hearings were held between November 1947 and February 1948, to reach a decision, but ultimately stalled allowing WBAL to hold a temporary license. In 1951, the commissioners voted and determined in a three to two vote with two abstains that the WBAL demonstrated competence despite imperfections.

Failure
The FCC never obtained congressional legislation or judicial approval to support the Blue Book's progressive regulations. The Congress was becoming increasingly conservative allowing for increased sympathy for broadcasters and hostility towards radio reformists. Senate Interstate Commerce Committee chairman, Republican senator Wallace White and Republican house representative Charles Wolverton drafted the White-Wolverton Bill to impose clear regulatory guidelines for the FCC and increased constraints on broadcasters. Provisions included granting the FCC authority in determining any station's public service performance, but prevented discriminatory withholding of licenses. The bill also included pro-monopoly legislation prohibiting the FCC from preventing newspapers from owning radio stations. Both broadcasters and reformists were dissatisfied, especially broadcasters as the industry benefited from keeping the FCC's power vague so interventions could be contested automatically. In June 1948, neither of the companion bills received a vote and were discarded.

By the end of 1947, hearings on broadcasters that failed Blue Book standards were dropped and chairman Charles Denny backtracked on the Blue Book's principles.

Impact
Other similar FCC's policies were challenged including the Mayflower Doctrine which prohibited political editorializing, expressing partisan opinion rather than news. On June 2, 1949, the rule was revoked and replaced with the Fairness Doctrine allowing radio stations to choose their own programming, but requiring a reasonable amount of air time to be devoted to public service programming of interest to the community and be designed to hear opposing views on public issues.

In February 1944, the University of Chicago announced the formation of the Hutchins Commission to inquire on the function and responsibilities of the American press. Formed and chaired by University of Chicago president, Robert Hutchins and composed of twelve commissioners that would interview individuals throughout the news industry including advertisers, editors, readers, and reporters. The commission interviewed FCC commissioner and head of the Blue Book study, Clifford Durr and FCC chairman, Lawrence Fly and studied the Blue Book closely to draw its conclusions. In March 1947, the commission released its report and like the Blue Book outlined the need for the press to service programming for the community to clarify societal goals and values.

title: Blue Book (FCC)


text:
Bushrod Johnson

Bushrod Rust Johnson (October 7, 1817 – September 12, 1880) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War and an officer in the United States Army. As a university professor he had been active in the state militias of Kentucky and Tennessee and on the outbreak of hostilities he sided with the South, despite having been born in the North in a family of abolitionist Quakers. As a divisional commander he managed to evade capture at the Battle of Fort Donelson, but was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh. He served under Robert E. Lee throughout the 10-month Siege of Petersburg, and surrendered with him at Appomattox.

Early life
Johnson was born in Belmont County, Ohio. He was raised as a Quaker and, before moving to the South, worked on the Underground Railroad with his uncle. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1840 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Infantry. He fought in the Seminole War in Florida and the Mexican–American War. He was forced to resign from the Army in October 1847 after being accused of selling contraband goods. He worked as a professor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the Western Military Institute, Georgetown, Kentucky (1848–1849), and professor of mathematics and engineering at the University of Nashville (1849–1861). During this period he was active in the state militias of Kentucky and Tennessee, rising to the rank of colonel. His wife Mary died prior to the war of natural causes, leaving him with a disabled son.

Civil War
Before his wartime service he went north and left his developmentally disabled son in the care of relatives; his son grew up believing that his father was fighting for the Union. After the start of the Civil War, Johnson entered the service June 28, 1861, as a colonel of engineers in the Tennessee Militia, and a week later this commission was changed to be in the Confederate States Army. He approved the locations of two new river-defenses, Fort Donelson on the west bank of the Cumberland River in Tennessee and Fort Henry on the low and flood-prone  east bank  of the Tennessee River, just 12 miles west of Fort Donelson and also located in Tennessee. Johnson was promoted to brigadier general on January 24, 1862. Fort Henry would turn out to be a disastrous location on swampy ground, often flooded, and easily captured by U.S. Grant. In approving the proposed site for Fort Henry, Johnson overruled vigorous objections to the proposed site from the two members of the Confederate survey team, Adna Anderson, a civil engineer, and Maj. William Foster of the Tennessee 1st  Infantry. Just days before the Battle of Fort Donelson he was placed in command of the fort but served in that capacity only briefly as the higher ranking Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow arrived only hours after Johnson assumed command. He commanded a division of the army at Donelson, but was effectively overshadowed by the more politically astute Pillow, who led the wing in a fierce assault in an attempt to break out and escape from the encircled fort. The fort and its army surrendered to Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on February 16, 1862, but two days later Johnson was able to walk unimpeded out through the porous Union Army lines and escaped capture.

Johnson commanded a brigade of the Army of Mississippi at the Battle of Shiloh, and on the second day of battle, April 7, 1862, he became the division commander, but was severely wounded by the concussion of an artillery shell. For the next year in Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee, Johnson's brigade served under a number of divisional commanders of William Hardee's corps: (1) Simon Bolivar Buckner during Bragg's Invasion of Kentucky and its culminating Battle of Perryville; (2) Patrick Cleburne after Bragg's withdrawal back into Tennessee and the Battle of Stones River; and (3) A.P. Stewart during the Battle of Hoover's Gap of the 1863 Tullahoma Campaign.

Thereafter, Bragg withdrew into Georgia. At the Battle of Chickamauga, Johnson's brigade spent September 18 on the Confederate right, assigned to the command of John Bell Hood's division of James Longstreet's corps, then just arriving from Virginia. There, Johnson's men secured Reed's Bridge. On September 19, Longstreet's forces were shifted to the Confederate left and Johnson's men saw minor action against Union forces coming north from the vicinity of Crawfish Springs. The following day, Johnson's men were part of the Confederate push across the Brotherton Field, but were not able to overtake the Union right on Snodgrass Hill. Bragg followed up with a siege of Chattanooga, while Johnson, now commanding a division, accompanied Longstreet's force north for the Siege of Knoxville.

After spending the winter of 1863–64 in northeastern Tennessee, Longstreet's force was transported by rail back to Virginia to reinforce Robert E. Lee for the Overland Campaign. En route, Johnson alone was diverted to Petersburg, to command a division in the Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia under P. G. T. Beauregard. During the ensuing Bermuda Hundred Campaign, Johnson's division blocked the Union advance toward Petersburg at Swift Creek on May 9. Beauregard defeated the larger Union offensive, and Johnson was promoted to major general on May 21.

During the Siege of Petersburg, the section of the defenses held by Johnson's division was attacked in the Battle of the Crater on July 30. The mine was set off under part of Elliott's South Carolina Brigade, which rallied and captured three stands of colors and 130 prisoners that day. When Beauregard was transferred to the western theater in October, Johnson's division was assigned to Anderson's Fourth Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee.

Johnson's division spent the next seven months of the siege in the trenches. In late March 1865, Johnson's division was withdrawn from the trench line to meet the Union drive around the Confederate right flank, and fought at Lewis's Farm on March 29. On March 31, Johnson led them in a counterattack at White Oak Road. They drove back two Union divisions, but were halted and driven back themselves by Union reinforcements. Two brigades of the division were detached to Pickett at Five Forks, and largely destroyed in that battle on April 1. Johnson led the rest of the division in the retreat toward Appomattox. At Sailor's Creek on April 6, the division was shattered, although Johnson escaped capture. Lee relieved Johnson of command on April 8. He accompanied the army without a command until the surrender at Appomattox Court House, when he was paroled.

Postbellum life and death
Johnson returned to teaching to become a professor and co-chancellor (1870) of the University of Nashville with former Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith. His health failing, he retired in 1875 to a farm near Brighton, Illinois, where he died in 1880. He was originally buried in Miles Station, near Brighton, but was reinterred in 1975 to Old City Cemetery, Nashville, Tennessee, to be next to the grave of his wife, Mary.

title: Bushrod Johnson


text:
Talk:Bushrod Johnson

Untitled
Text of the article was obtained from public domain site. Darwinek 9:52, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Article rewritten, based on stated references, in February 2006. Hal Jespersen 15:41, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Some passages are still identical to the US NPS article on Bushrod Johnson (http://www.nps.gov/resources/person.htm?id=147). It would be nice if someone better informed on the subject than I am added a paragraph about Johnson's wartime falling out with Lee. I've seen general references to this in some sources, but didn't find satisfaction here when I came looking. Since it's historically relevant, the article would be stronger with an elaboration on this topic. Cheers. Laodah 06:14, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bushrod Johnson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peter J. Brennan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 21:01, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Peter J. Brennan
Apparently a former US Secretary of Labour was also respsonsible for the publication of "Mein Kampf" and the occupation of Czechoslovakia - 3mta3 07:55, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Patent nonsense. Inter 10:36, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as hoax. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:51, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — Ya, Hitler's bio. — RJH 16:53, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have speedied this as patent nonsense. There was another previous case a week or two ago when someone cut-and-pasted a Hitler biography with someone else's name used.  These doesn't need to go through VfD, it's clearcut nonsense. -- Curps 20:32, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep entirely rewritten new article. -- Curps 12:51, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have rewritten a new article on Brennan based on his term as Labor secretary, his role as a senior New York union official, the 1970 "hard hat riots" in May 1970 and his opposition to affirmative action in the building trades. I am voting keep for the new article. 220.244.224.72 12:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops, forgot to sign in. Capitalistroadster 12:52, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Brilliant! Extreme Keep, now, of course. humblefool® 22:43, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (the re-write). Dralwik 00:07, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep new article --Grouse 15:23, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep rewrite, of course. —Stormie 19:17, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Klaffs

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 12:59, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Klaffs
Advertising. Copyvio? RickK 07:57, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, advertisement. Megan1967 09:11, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as ad, not quite notable enough for cleanup. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:41, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad, nothing encyclopedic when PoV is removed. Wyss 19:20, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 07:13, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Klaffs


text:
User:Foson

This page is presented first to support readers' confidence in my contributions and second for general information and context.

The internet now serves as the repository of deseminatable human knowledge. While Google and the Gutenburg Project are busy digitizing books, through the Wikipedia individuals have the opportunity (and perhaps resposibility) to share what they know with the rest of humanity.

Who is this guy?
I graduated Yeshiva University with a Biology major and Computer Science minor. I temp at J.Crew and do computer programming jobs on the side.

Things of particular interest to me

 * Artificial Intelligence
 * Sociology
 * Biological Psychology

and a whole lot more to come ...

title: User:Foson


text:
The Butter Battle Book

The Butter Battle Book is a children's book written by Dr. Seuss and published by Random House on January 12, 1984. It is an anti-war story: specifically, a parable about arms races in general, mutually assured destruction and nuclear weapons in particular. The Butter Battle Book was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year.

This book was written during the Cold War era and reflects the concerns of the time, as well as his own, regarding the perceived possibility that humanity could be destroyed in a nuclear war. It can also be seen as a satirical work, with its depiction of a deadly war based on a senseless conflict over something as trivial as a breakfast food.

Plot elements of the book were adapted for Warner Bros. Animation's Green Eggs and Ham: The Second Serving.

Plot
The Yooks and the Zooks live on opposite sides of a long curving wall. The Yooks wear blue clothes; the Zooks wear orange. The primary dispute between the two cultures is that the Yooks eat their bread with the butter-side up, while the Zooks eat their bread with the butter-side down. The conflict between the two sides leads to an escalating arms race, which results in the threat of mutual assured destruction.

The race begins when a Zook patrolman named Van Itch slingshots the Yook patrolman's "Tough-Tufted Prickly Snick-Berry Switch" (a many-pronged whip). The Yooks then develop a machine with three slingshots interlinked, called a "Triple-Sling Jigger". This works once; but the Zooks counterattack with their own creation: The "Jigger-Rock Snatchem", a machine with three nets to fling the rocks fired by the Triple-Sling Jigger back to the Yooks' side.

The Yooks then create a gun called the "Kick-A-Poo Kid", loaded with "powerful Poo-A-Doo powder and ants' eggs and bees' legs and dried-fried clam chowder", and carried by a spaniel named Daniel. The Zooks counterattack with an "Eight-Nozzled Elephant-Toted Boom Blitz", a machine that shoots "high-explosive sour cherry stone pits". The Yooks then devise the "Utterly Sputter": a large blue vehicle intended "to sprinkle blue goo all over the Zooks". The Zooks counterattack with a Sputter identical to the Yooks'. Eventually, each side possesses a small but extremely destructive red bomb called the "Bitsy Big-Boy Boomeroo", and neither has any defense against it.

No resolution is reached by the book's end, with the generals of both sides on the wall poised to drop their bombs and waiting for the other to strike. The Yook patrolman's grandson (who had followed his grandfather to the wall) asks, "Who's gonna drop it? Will you, or will he?" To which he replies, "Be patient. We'll see. We will see..."

Television special
There was an animated TV special by animator and filmmaker Ralph Bakshi, narrated by Charles Durning and produced by and aired on TNT on November 13, 1989. The special followed the book quite closely, notably in its preservation of its original cliffhanger ending, with the addition of a title card that reads, "To Be Continued..." at the conclusion of the story. Seuss himself called the short the most faithful adaptation of his work.

Cast

 * Charles Durning as Grandpa
 * Christopher Collins as Chief Yookeroo and Various Yooks
 * Miriam Flynn as Miz Yookie-Ann Sue, Teacher, and Various Yooks
 * Clive Revill as Van Itch
 * Joseph Cousins as Grandson

Green Eggs and Ham
The book serves as the basis for the second season of Green Eggs and Ham, subtitled The Second Serving. Here, it is established that Yookia and Zookia are ruled by a "Dooka" and "Dookess", respectively; residents of both nations are relatively harmless, yet are convinced that the other is evil. Sam-I-Am and Guy-Am-I end up on opposite sides of the conflict. The Bitsy Big-Boy Boomeroo is omitted in favor of a conflict over "Moo-Lacka-Moo", the substance said to serve as the Boomeroo's core in the book, which is acquired by the Yooks while the Zooks hire Guy to build a machine due to his habit of creating inventions that explode. Unlike the book, the conflict is resolved when the respective weapons destroy the wall, due in part to Sam-I-Am and his mother Pam's meddling, and Guy's step-daughter E.B. and the Dooka's son Looka share a butter sandwich with everyone watching.

Analysis
The Butter Battle Book was removed from the shelves of some Canadian public libraries during the Cold War because of the book's controversial position regarding the arms race. The book was initially criticized over its dark moral nature being too much for the eyes and minds of children. Dr. Seuss himself was unsure if The Butter Battle Book was for adults or children when he approached Random House to have it published.

An article in the July 27, 1984, issue of the conservative magazine National Review found it plausible that the book was not more popular because of Seuss' promotion of a theme of "moral equivalence", where the difference between the Soviet Union and the United States was equivalent to a disagreement over the proper side on which to butter bread. On the other hand, Roger S. Clark, a professor at Rutgers University School of Law, argued in an article in the New York Law School Law Review that The Butter Battle Book stood out to him when it first came out because of its timing and context. Further, he noted the fact that Dr. Seuss portrayed an arms race during the time period in which the book was published made Seuss's intentions clear.

Inspiration
Dr. Seuss wrote The Butter Battle Book while Ronald Reagan was in office, envisioning the potential of nuclear war with Russia. Reflecting back on his time in Europe in 1926, he remembered the Guelphs and Ghibellines from northern Italy that fought over their differing opinions on the Pope. Dr. Seuss distinctly recalled one group cutting their apples horizontally while the other cut them vertically. This concept of a war based on toast is similar to the war between Lilliput and Blefuscu in Jonathan Swift's 1726 satire Gulliver's Travels, which was nominally based on an argument over the correct end to crack an egg once soft-boiled.

title: The Butter Battle Book


text:
Baldomero Aguinaldo

Baldomero Aguinaldo y Baloy (February 27, 1869 – February 4, 1915) was a leader of the Philippine Revolution. He was the first cousin of Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Philippines, as well as the grandfather of Cesar Virata, a former prime minister in the 1980s.

Early life
Baldomero Aguinaldo was born in Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit), Cavite. He was the son of Cipriano Aguinaldo y Jamir and Silveria Baloy. His father was the son of Eugenio Aguinaldo y Kajigas and Maria Jamir.

Education
He studied law at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila and was still a law student during the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. He obtained a law degree, but failed to take the bar examination. Unable to practice law, he became a farmer.

Career
Aguinaldo organized, along with his cousin Emilio, the Magdalo chapter of the Katipunan in Kawit. He became president of the council. In the early days of hostilities, he always stayed at the side of his cousin Emilio. He fought in several bloody battles. He also led the Magdalo faction to the Katipunan which had its headquarters in Kawit, Cavite.

Aguinaldo's knowledge of the law and administrative procedures made him a valuable asset to the revolutionary government. He was appointed to several cabinet positions, and was a signer of two important documents: The Biak-na-bato Constitution, and the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

During the Philippine–American War, Aguinaldo fought again, becoming commanding general of the revolutionary forces in the southern Luzon provinces. When hostilities ended in 1901, he retired to private life.

He held many various positions in the Aguinaldo Cabinet as Director of Finance, Secretary of Treasury, and Minister of National Defense. During the American occupation, he became the President of the Philippine Veterans Association.

Personal life
He was married to Doña Petrona Reyes with 2 children: Leonor and Aureliano. Leonor was the mother of former Prime Minister Cesar Virata. Aguinaldo was a member of the Philippine Independent Church (IFI, also known as the Aglipayan Church) as he saw independence from the Roman Catholic Church as a source of national pride. He was elected President of the Comite de Caballeros ("Gentlemen's Committee") of the Philippine Independent Church in Kawit. He had initially organized a local lay organization within the IFI in Binakayan, Kawit in 1904 which later became the splinter group Iglesia de la Libertad in 1938 led by its priest and bishop, Hermogenes Ramirez and Jose Gamad, respectively. Both clerics later returned to IFI.

Death
Baldomero suffered from heart failure and rheumatism at the age of 45 in Malate, Manila. Emilio Aguinaldo, Felipe Agoncillo, Mariano Ponce, and Gregorio Aglipay were among those who paid their respects at his wake, which lasted nearly two weeks. On February 21, 1915, a large audience assembled at the Manila North Cemetery for his funeral; numerous groups such as the Guías Nacionales, Batallón escolar del Liceo de Manila, Guerrilleros Filipinos, and newspaper officials were there.

His remains were later interred at his family's home in Kawit, which has since been converted into a museum commemorating his life and operated by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines.

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Bayani Agbayani in the 2012 film, El Presidente.
 * Portrayed by Gexter Abad in the 2013 TV series, Katipunan.
 * Portrayed by Jan Urbano in the 2014 film, Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo.

title: Baldomero Aguinaldo


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Capitalist Superiority Day

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 13:00, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Capitalist Superiority Day
0 Google hits for "Capitalist Superiority Day." Founded in Athens, GA in 2001 and I'm willing to bet that I can count the number of people outside that town who celebrate it on no hands. LizardWizard 08:07, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * KEEPI must respectfully disagree. Transplants from Athens, Georgia have begun to spread this holiday all throughout the nation. Last November it was celebrated not only all throughout the state of Georgia, but also in pockets of California (most notably in the Sacramento region), Virginia Beach, Las Vegas, and possibly even so far north as Boston. It can not be forgotten that very few holidays began nationwide. Valentine's Day started out as a small little holiday observed only in a town in West Virginia. Thanksgiving was once nothing but a meal eaten by some pilgrims. Christmas started in a little village in the mideast. It is quite foolish and stereotypically old-fashioned to stand in the way of something just because it's not big yet. Hell, if everybody did that, we'd still be living in caves. And yes, I am the creator of this article. - Lewis Ranja And, furthermore, how is this any less important than friggin' Ashlee Simpson???
 * Boy, did you pick the wrong counter-example. --Calton 10:47, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless some evidence can be cited. Probably fictional, doesn't appear encyclopedic even if it's not. —Stormie 08:42, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  If it ever becomes notable, we can create the article again later, just like band vanity pages.  Besides, I thought if there was any "Capitalist Superiority Day" in November it would be the day after Thanksgiving. Dave6 08:49, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax. Gamaliel 08:58, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nonsense
 * Delete. Patent nonsense. (Oops, forgot to sign Calton 02:11, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete very obvious joke if one reads far enough down. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:40, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke/hoax/nonsense. --BM 15:42, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons given above by others. -- Curps 18:07, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, rantish joke. Wyss 19:18, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence presented that it is celebrated to any significant extent. The alleged theme song, "Money, money. it is good Money, money" returns no hits on Googling for exact phrase. Article reads like a transparent joke or hoax. As for the comment above that "It is quite foolish and stereotypically old-fashioned to stand in the way of something just because it's not big yet," Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not an incubator for holidays or neologisms or garage bands or memes on the rise. When Capitalist Superiority Day becomes big, we will welcome an article on it, not before. Let Wikinfo or Anarchopedia or Jnanabase get the scoop; we have no interest in being first. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:03, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probable hoax or trolling.--Centauri 23:35, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Patent nonsense/joke/hoax. Andrew pmk 02:01, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Dependency injection

In software engineering, dependency injection is a programming technique in which an object or function receives other objects or functions that it requires, as opposed to creating them internally. Dependency injection aims to separate the concerns of constructing objects and using them, leading to loosely coupled programs. The pattern ensures that an object or function that wants to use a given service should not have to know how to construct those services. Instead, the receiving 'client' (object or function) is provided with its dependencies by external code (an 'injector'), which it is not aware of. Dependency injection makes implicit dependencies explicit and helps solve the following problems: Dependency injection is often used to keep code in-line with the dependency inversion principle.
 * How can a class be independent from the creation of the objects it depends on?
 * How can an application, and the objects it uses support different configurations?

In statically typed languages using dependency injection means a client only needs to declare the interfaces of the services it uses, rather than their concrete implementations, making it easier to change which services are used at runtime without recompiling.

Application frameworks often combine dependency injection with inversion of control. Under inversion of control, the framework first constructs an object (such as a controller), and then passes control flow to it. With dependency injection, the framework also instantiates the dependencies declared by the application object (often in the constructor method's parameters), and passes the dependencies into the object.

Dependency injection implements the idea of "inverting control over the implementations of dependencies," which is why certain Java frameworks generically name the concept "inversion of control" (not to be confused with inversion of control flow).

Roles
Dependency injection involves four roles: services, clients, interfaces and injectors.

Services and clients
A service is any class which contains useful functionality. In turn, a client is any class which uses services. The services that a client requires are the client's dependencies.

Any object can be a service or a client; the names relate only to the role the objects play in an injection. The same object may even be both a client (it uses injected services) and a service (it is injected into other objects). Upon injection, the service is made part of the client's state, available for use.

Interfaces
Clients should not know how their dependencies are implemented, only their names and API. A service which retrieves emails, for instance, may use the IMAP or POP3 protocols behind the scenes, but this detail is likely irrelevant to calling code that merely wants an email retrieved. By ignoring implementation details, clients do not need to change when their dependencies do.

Injectors
The injector, sometimes also called an assembler, container, provider or factory, introduces services to the client.

The role of injectors is to construct and connect complex object graphs, where objects may be both clients and services. The injector itself may be many objects working together, but must not be the client, as this would create a circular dependency.

Because dependency injection separates how objects are constructed from how they are used, it often diminishes the importance of the   keyword found in most object-oriented languages. Because the framework handles creating services, the programmer tends to only directly construct value objects which represents entities in the program's domain (such as an  object in a business app or an   object in a shopping app).

Analogy
As an analogy, cars can be thought of as services which perform the useful work of transporting people from one place to another. Car engines can require gas, diesel or electricity, but this detail is unimportant to the client—a driver—who only cares if it can get them to their destination.

Cars present a uniform interface through their pedals, steering wheels and other controls. As such, which engine they were 'injected' with on the factory line ceases to matter and drivers can switch between any kind of car as needed.

Advantages
A basic benefit of dependency injection is decreased coupling between classes and their dependencies.

By removing a client's knowledge of how its dependencies are implemented, programs become more reusable, testable and maintainable.

This also results in increased flexibility: a client may act on anything that supports the intrinsic interface the client expects.

More generally, dependency injection reduces boilerplate code, since all dependency creation is handled by a singular component.

Finally, dependency injection allows concurrent development. Two developers can independently develop classes that use each other, while only needing to know the interface the classes will communicate through. Plugins are often developed by third-parties that never even talk to developers of the original product.

Testing
Many of dependency injection's benefits are particularly relevant to unit-testing.

For example, dependency injection can be used to externalize a system's configuration details into configuration files, allowing the system to be reconfigured without recompilation. Separate configurations can be written for different situations that require different implementations of components.

Similarly, because dependency injection does not require any change in code behavior, it can be applied to legacy code as a refactoring. This makes clients more independent and are easier to unit test in isolation, using stubs or mock objects, that simulate other objects not under test.

This ease of testing is often the first benefit noticed when using dependency injection.

Disadvantages
Critics of dependency injection argue that it:
 * Creates clients that demand configuration details, which can be onerous when obvious defaults are available.
 * Makes code difficult to trace because it separates behavior from construction.
 * Is typically implemented with reflection or dynamic programming, hindering IDE automation.
 * Typically requires more upfront development effort.
 * Encourages dependence on a framework.

Types of dependency injection
There are three main ways in which a client can receive injected services:
 * Constructor injection, where dependencies are provided through a client's class constructor.
 * Setter injection, where the client exposes a setter method which accepts the dependency.
 * Interface injection, where the dependency's interface provides an injector method that will inject the dependency into any client passed to it.

In some frameworks, clients do not need to actively accept dependency injection at all. In Java, for example, reflection can make private attributes public when testing and inject services directly.

Without dependency injection
In the following Java example, the  class contains a   member variable initialized in the constructor. The client directly constructs and controls which service it uses, creating a hard-coded dependency.

Constructor injection
The most common form of dependency injection is for a class to request its dependencies through its constructor. This ensures the client is always in a valid state, since it cannot be instantiated without its necessary dependencies.

Setter injection
By accepting dependencies through a setter method, rather than a constructor, clients can allow injectors to manipulate their dependencies at any time. This offers flexibility, but makes it difficult to ensure that all dependencies are injected and valid before the client is used.

Interface injection
With interface injection, dependencies are completely ignorant of their clients, yet still send and receive references to new clients.

In this way, the dependencies become injectors. The key is that the injecting method is provided through an interface.

An assembler is still needed to introduce the client and its dependencies. The assembler takes a reference to the client, casts it to the setter interface that sets that dependency, and passes it to that dependency object which in turn passes a reference to itself back to the client.

For interface injection to have value, the dependency must do something in addition to simply passing back a reference to itself. This could be acting as a factory or sub-assembler to resolve other dependencies, thus abstracting some details from the main assembler. It could be reference-counting so that the dependency knows how many clients are using it. If the dependency maintains a collection of clients, it could later inject them all with a different instance of itself.

Assembly
The simplest way of implementing dependency injection is to manually arrange services and clients, typically done at the program's root, where execution begins.

Manual construction may be more complex and involve builders, factories, or other construction patterns.

Frameworks
Manual dependency injection is often tedious and error-prone for larger projects, promoting the use of frameworks which automate the process. Manual dependency injection becomes a dependency injection framework once the constructing code is no longer custom to the application and is instead universal. While useful, these tools are not required in order to perform dependency injection.

Some frameworks, like Spring, can use external configuration files to plan program composition:

Even with a potentially long and complex object graph, the only class mentioned in code is the entry point, in this case. has not undergone any changes to work with Spring and remains a POJO. By keeping Spring-specific annotations and calls from spreading out among many classes, the system stays only loosely dependent on Spring.

AngularJS
The following example shows an AngularJS component receiving a greeting service through dependency injection.

Each AngularJS application contains a service locator responsible for the construction and look-up of dependencies.

We can then create a new injector that provides components defined in the  module, including the greeter service.

To avoid the service locator antipattern, AngularJS allows declarative notation in HTML templates which delegates creating components to the injector.

The  directive triggers the injector to create an instance of the controller and its dependencies.

C#
This sample provides an example of constructor injection in C#.

Go
Go does not support classes and usually dependency injection is either abstracted by a dedicated library that utilizes reflection or generics (the latter being supported since Go 1.18 ). A simpler example without using dependency injection libraries is illustrated by the following example of an MVC web application.

First, pass the necessary dependencies to a router and then from the router to the controllers:

Then, you can access the private fields of the struct in any method that is it's pointer receiver, without violating encapsulation.

Finally you can use the database connection initialized in your main function at the data access layer:

title: Dependency injection


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zionist Domination of Wikipedia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:21, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Zionist Domination of Wikipedia
Wrong namespace, PoV, essay. -- Hoary 08:09, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probably could be speedy delete. Evil Monkey∴Hello 08:10, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Patent nonsense. Speedy deleted. --Slowking Man 08:10, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment In the future, I would recommend not speedying articles that criticize Wikipedia. It seems perverse, but speedying just gives the conspiracy theorists more ammunition. LizardWizard 08:12, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not giving conspiracy theorists ammunition isn't a reason to change Wikipedia procedures. Conspiracy theorists have all the ammunition they need, in any case -- since they just make shit up.  --BM 12:42, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see how this is an appropriate title for an article. If the allegations should be made anywhere it should be through the e-mail or on the Wikipedia article. I'd like to see the alleged evidence.Capitalistroadster 11:13, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry but I had to restore it. This is not Patent nonsense in the very specific way we use that term.  It is a personal rant that is clearly inappropriate for the article space (and not really appropriate for the Wikipedia space either) but those are judgment calls that have to be made through the full VfD process. I don't believe this met the criteria for speedy deletion.  (In case it wasn't clear, delete.) Rossami (talk) 22:32, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Curps 22:46, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Since this seems to be part of the concerted attack by Stormfront, it seems like we should simply Speedy Delete it as a form of vandalism.  --BM 22:48, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is open to everyone.. (and sad if this is a NAZI INSERT); there's no zionist domination of wiki. However if  Pro- or Anti-Zionist  administrators are RVing articles they should declare that they are of the relevant persuasion. max rspct 23:44, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: It was speedy deletable as vandalism. Restoring content that can never be part of Wikipedia is a very bad move. We don't permit such "meta" articles here (essays about ourselves): this has no chance of remaining, and dealing with it is a waste of the time of all concerned. - Nunh-huh 23:52, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Both part of the stormfront 'attack' and utter and complete nonsence. humblefool® 00:03, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The cabal made me do it, and then they stole my foreskin. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 00:06, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Should have been speedy deleted because of the self-reference, whether good or ill. Delete.  Now it sits for five days and gets mirrored all over the Internet.  RickK 00:14, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would have speedied it too. Delete anyway. -- Francs2000 | Talk 00:18, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Completely agree with RickK.  Regarding stolen foreskins:  Blame the GNAA.  :^) - Lucky 6.9 00:29, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Follow-up comment: Many kudos to Slowking Man for initiating a one-day block of the IP.  Great move IMO. - Lucky 6.9 00:31, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rhobite 00:48, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Tried to clean it up but it still seems somewhat non-encyclopedic. hydnjo talk 01:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, should be speedy deleted not necessarily due to patent nonsense, but because it's part of the planned Stormfront neo-nazi attack on Wikipedia, and therefore vandalism/trolling. For more information, see the Administrator's noticeboard at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents or the original thread at Stormfront http://www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?t=173563&page=4&pp=10 (note: neo-nazi site, may be offensive to some). Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 01:41, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * With this additional evidence, I now understand the argument for speedy delete - not as patent nonsense but as confirmed vandalism. I know a lot of people think I'm a jerk for insisting on such a strict interpretation of WP:CSD and for careful documentation of those decisions but I remain convinced that it's an important control for Wikipedia and the community's credibility.  Rossami (talk) 14:59, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Tried to clean it up a bit more, but I'm not too happy with it being mirrored even in this form.  Its almost better to leave the rabid original, which nobody would take seriously.  --BM 02:21, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg (talk) 03:25, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Moved to Wikipedia namespace, vote delete. silsor 03:46, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. At least it's in the Wikipedia namespace now, but I don't believe it belongs on WP at all. Carrp | Talk 03:51, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- couldn't it be speedied because it's from an apparent Alberuni sockpuppet? --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 04:18, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -Sean Curtin 04:29, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as abuse. Szyslak 08:46, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme delete, as comical as it is. —RaD Man (talk) 09:37, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, preferably speedy. Ideological advocacy, definitely intentional abuse of WP VFD policy. - Skysmith 10:22, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--Pharos 10:31, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No proof for accusations provided. Abusive. Mgm|(talk) 11:21, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Antandrus 02:27, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted per overwhelming consensus. No reason to keep vandalism for a week. Neutralitytalk 02:37, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Henry Heth

Henry Heth ( not ) (December 16, 1825 – September 27, 1899) was a career United States Army officer who became a Confederate general in the American Civil War.

He came to the notice of Robert E. Lee while serving briefly as his quartermaster, and was given a brigade in the Third Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia commanded by A. P. Hill, whose division he commanded when the latter was wounded at Chancellorsville. He is generally blamed for accidentally starting the Battle of Gettysburg by sending half his division into the town before the rest of the army was fully prepared. Later in the day, Confederate troops succeeded in routing two Union corps, but at a heavy cost in casualties. Heth continued to command his division during the remainder of the war and briefly took command of the Third Corps in April 1865 after the death of General Hill. Heth surrendered with the rest of Lee's army on April 9.

Early life
Henry Heth was born at Black Heath in Chesterfield County, Virginia, son of United States Navy Captain John Heth, and Margaret L. Pickett, sister of Robert Pickett, who was the father of Confederate general, George Pickett. He usually went by "Harry", the name also preferred by his grandfather, American Revolutionary War Colonel Henry Heth, who had established the Heth family in the coal business in the Virginia Colony after serving in the American Revolution. (The name Heth is pronounced like "Heath".) Henry Heth was born and raised in Virginia, as were both of his parents, all four of his grandparents and all eight of his great-grandparents. All sixteen of his great-great-grandparents came to Virginia from England, specifically from the rural areas of Hertfordshire, Hampshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire and Surrey.

Heth was wounded at West Point in 1846 with a bayonet stab to his leg. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at the bottom of his class in 1847 (like his cousin George the year before). He was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant and assigned to the 1st Infantry Regiment. His antebellum career was served primarily in western posts, some as a quartermaster. He was serving as a first lieutenant in the 6th Infantry when John C. Symmes III refused a captaincy in the new 10th Infantry on March 3, 1855, and Heth was appointed in his place. He played a prominent role in the 1855 Battle of Ash Hollow (also known as the Harney Massacre due to the large number of Lakota women and children killed), leading a company of mounted infantry against the Lakota. In 1858, he created the first marksmanship manual for the Army.

Heth served at Camp Floyd during the Utah War. Camp Floyd had the largest concentration of US Troops at any post prior to the Civil War. While stationed in the desolate Utah Territory, he and others petitioned the Freemason's Grand Lodge of Missouri to establish a Masonic Lodge in the Utah Territory. It was granted on March 6, 1859, for Rocky Mountain #205 under dispensation from Missouri; Heth served as the last Senior Warden of the first Masonic Lodge in Utah, after which the Army was called away from Utah Territory to fight the American Civil War.

Civil War
After the war began at Fort Sumter, Heth resigned from the U.S. Army and joined the Confederate States Army, where he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. His initial assignment was to muster and drill regiments of state militia in southwestern Virginia. In June, he was promoted to colonel. Born in Virginia's Tidewater region, Heth was unpopular with the mountain farmers and was known as a strict disciplinarian. In turn, Heth was frustrated by the illiteracy and lack of discipline of his men, as well as General John B. Floyd's actions as commanding officer in the region. Heth wrote of Floyd, "I soon discovered that my chief was as incapacitated for the work he had undertaken as I would have been to lead an Italian opera." Under Floyd, Heth led his regiment in the battles of Kessler's Cross Lanes and Carnifex Ferry. His brief service as General Robert E. Lee's quartermaster in the Virginia Provisional Army led to a close friendship between the two officers, Heth being one of the few generals whom Lee called by his first name. He spent the remainder of 1861 in the Kanawha Valley in western Virginia in the 5th and 45th Virginia Infantry regiments. He was promoted to brigadier general on January 6, 1862.

In the spring of 1862 Heth was in command of the "Army of the New River," (in actuality the 22nd and 45th Virginia Infantry regiments, with attached cavalry and artillery). Heth's diminutive force held off the forces of General Jacob D. Cox at Giles (County) Courthouse (May 10, 1862) and pursued the enemy to Lewisburg, where Heth was forced to withdraw (May 23, 1862). The actions were critical to keeping federal forces tied up and out of the southern Shenandoah Valley while Stonewall Jackson was conducting his own campaign 120 miles to the north. Despite the small size of his force, Heth submitted his reports as an army commander and had his regimental commanders write their own as "brigade" commanders, possibly assisting in the eventual promotion of Heth to major general.

He was then sent west to the Department of East Tennessee, to serve under Edmund Kirby Smith. During the Kentucky Campaign, he was sent by Smith to take a division north from Lexington, Kentucky, to make a demonstration on Cincinnati. Although this caused a great commotion in the city's defenses, only a few skirmishes occurred. Smith's portion of the army was spread too far north in Kentucky to consolidate with Bragg's portion in time for the Battle of Perryville. Bragg ordered the withdrawal of Confederate forces back to Tennessee, and Smith was subsequently transferred to the Trans-Mississippi Department, his forces again missing a vital battle at Stones River.

In March 1863, Lee, commanding the Army of Northern Virginia, then positioned at Fredericksburg, recalled Heth to Virginia to serve as a brigade commander in Maj. Gen. A. P. Hill's division. He fought in the Battle of Chancellorsville, showing aggressive, but misguided, qualities in his first large-scale combat, attacking without reserves against a Union force emerging from the Wilderness. Heth assumed command of Hill's division after Hill assumed corps command after Stonewall Jackson's wounding. Following the death of Jackson, Lee reorganized his army into three corps, promoting Hill to the Third Corps. Heth retained his division command and was promoted to major general on May 24, 1863. Heth's division made history by inadvertently starting the Battle of Gettysburg. Marching east from Cashtown on July 1, 1863, Heth sent two brigades ahead in a reconnaissance in force. His memoirs referred to sending them in a search of shoes in Gettysburg, but some historians consider this an apocryphal story; they say Heth knew that Jubal A. Early had been in Gettysburg a few days earlier and any available shoes would have been taken at that time. They also consider sending two brigades on such a mission would have been wasteful. The brigades made contact with Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford and spread out into battle formation.

Lee had ordered A. P. Hill to avoid a general engagement with the enemy before he could assemble his full army, but Heth's actions had now rendered that order moot. They were engaged, and Union reinforcements started arriving quickly. Heth's decision to deploy his two brigades before the arrival of the rest of his division was an error as well; they were repulsed in hard fighting against an elite division of the Army of the Potomac's I Corps, including the famously tenacious Iron Brigade. After a lull in fighting, Heth brought two more brigades into the fray in the afternoon and the Union forces were driven back to Seminary Ridge, but principally because the XI Corps' right flank was crushed by Richard S. Ewell's corps coming in from the north. Finally, Heth attacked again in conjunction with the division of Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes and the Union corps were routed, retreating back through town to Cemetery Hill, but Confederate losses were severe. Heth should have better coordinated his attack with the division of Maj. Gen. Dorsey Pender. Heth was wounded during the attack when a bullet struck him in the head. However, he was wearing a hat that was too large and stuffed with papers to make it fit. The papers probably deflected the bullet to avoid a fatal wound, but Heth was knocked unconscious and effectively out of the battle. Parts of his division, under the command of Brig. Gen. Johnston Pettigrew, saw more action two days later in Pickett's Charge, and Heth recovered enough to command during the retreat back to Virginia and the minor engagements of the fall of 1863.

Harry Heth commanded his division through the 1864 Overland Campaign. At the Battle of the Wilderness, his men were on the front line of A.P. Hill's corps, which blunted Union attacks on the Orange Plank Road. In the subsequent Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, his division was held primarily in the rear, and was positioned on the Confederate left flank at the Battles of North Anna and Cold Harbor. Heth also participated in the Siege of Petersburg, playing direct roles in the battles of Globe Tavern; Second Ream's Station; Peebles' Farm; Boydton Plank Road; and Hatcher's Run. Following the death of Gen. A.P. Hill on April 2, 1865, Heth briefly took over command of the Third Corps. Heth's troops, now led by Gen. John R. Cooke, were pushed back at the Battle of Sutherland's Station. Heth led the remainder of his troops in the Appomattox Campaign, fighting at Cumberland Church and retreating to Appomattox Court House, where he surrendered with Lee on April 9, 1865.

Postbellum years
After the war, Heth worked in the insurance business and later served the government as a surveyor and in the Office of Indian Affairs. He died in Washington, D.C., and is buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. Heth served as the first Commander of the Centennial Legion of Historic Military Commands when it was founded in 1876.

In popular media
Heth was portrayed by Warren Burton in the 1993 film Gettysburg, based on Michael Shaara's novel, The Killer Angels.

Selected works

 * A System of Target Practice (published in 1858)
 * The Memoirs of Henry Heth (posthumous, 1974).

title: Henry Heth