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Talk:Altamira, Brazil

Altamira was the biggest municipality (not the biggest city!) in the world in land area. It encompassed almost half the area of the state of Pará, but the actual town was much smaller. I remember reading a news article about it in Veja once, but I can't get the reference to it. I've corrected the information, but I kept the "verify" notice someone gets the figures right. JoaoRicardo 02:15, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pictures of Altamira
Is this page too short in content to add photos? I recently made a trip to Altamira and would be interested in adding one or two. NatePhysics (talk) 05:17, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know what the policies are or how it works, but I understand that some articles have a "gallery" section where a few pictures are displayed in reduced size. Maybe you could try it like that? In any case, if you want to share pictures that would be excellent, even if you only ever upload them to the project and don't immediately put them in any articles. Good luck. --Cotoco (talk) 07:09, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Largest Municipality
Well, according to every reference I can get in the internet, it does not say it isn't the largest municipality of the world anymore. Maybe someone should check it. There's another article in wikipedia with a list of the largest municipalities by land size, and if Altamira's article is wrong, someone should fix the list as well. See list here. D7maj (talk) 02:42, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

-- Check out Qaasuitsup in Greenland. Nicholasmorassutti (talk) 13:43, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Not the largest anymore
January 1st, 2009. This date the municipality of Qaasuitsup, 660.000 sq km, became operational in Greenland, making Altamira looking like a small village. Nicholasmorassutti (talk) 13:43, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Altamira, Brazil


text: User talk:68.83.114.51

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.83.114.51


text:
George Gough Booth

George Gough Booth (September 24, 1864 – April 11, 1949) was the publisher of the privately held Evening News Association, a co-founder of Booth Newspapers, and a philanthropist.

Biography
He was born on September 24, 1864, in Toronto to Henry Wood Booth.

Booth got his start in the newspaper industry as the son-in-law of James E. Scripps (who, in turn, was the older half-brother and one-time partner of E.W. Scripps). The former had founded The Evening News (later The Detroit News) in 1878, later turning business control over to Booth. With his two brothers, George subsequently founded the independent Booth Newspapers, a chain spanning the southern half of Michigan.

He died on April 11, 1949, in Detroit, Michigan. He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Birmingham, Michigan.

Philanthropy
Booth and his wife, Ellen Scripps Booth, founded the Cranbrook Educational Community (CEC) in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan which has become one of the nation's highest ranked private schools. In 1904, the Booths purchased the site of the present-day CEC as a place for their summer home. They hired noted architect Albert Kahn to design their country manor, Cranbrook House. As their country estate grew both in purpose and in scale, Booth had both noted architect Eliel Saarinen and renowned sculptor Carl Milles in residence for many years at CEC.

Booth was an avid student of the Arts and Crafts movement and, together, brothers Ralph and George Booth were major benefactors of the Detroit Institute of Arts.

Legacy
Booth Newspapers was sold to Advance Publications, a Samuel I. Newhouse property, in 1976. Evening News Association was eventually sold to the Gannett Company in 1985. MediaNews Group currently owns The Detroit News.

title: George Gough Booth


text:
W. Wallace Smith

William Wallace Smith (November 18, 1900 – 1900:11:18, August 4, 1989) was a grandson of Joseph Smith Jr. and Prophet-President of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Community of Christ), from October 6, 1958, to April 5, 1978, when he retired to "emeritus" status.

Biography
W. Wallace Smith was born in Lamoni, Iowa, on November 18, 1900, to Joseph Smith III and his third wife Ada R. Clark. Smith graduated from the University of Missouri in 1924. He entered the ministry of the RLDS Church in 1928 and was ordained an apostle and joined the Council of Twelve Apostles on April 7, 1947, after the honorable release of John W. Rushton. On April 2, 1950, Smith was called as counselor to Israel A. Smith, his half brother, in the First Presidency, and was replaced in the Quorum of the Twelve by Donald O. Chesworth. Smith died in Independence, Missouri on August 4, 1989.

President of the Church
Smith was the third of his father's sons to succeed to the presidency of the church, assuming the presidency after the deaths of his brothers Frederick M. Smith and Israel A. Smith.

Church Growth
Following a 1960 worldwide missionary tour, W. Wallace Smith's tenure as church president saw substantial overseas growth in the church, especially in Africa, Latin America, and the Far East. Also during his administration, the church saw significant doctrinal and practical changes, characterized by vigorous efforts in ecumenism, liberalism and internationalization of the group's message.

The Independence Temple of Zion
The building of temples is part of the overall tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement. For several decades the idea of building of an "Independence Temple of Zion" had been part of RLDS Church tradition. However, nothing specific had been said or done by the leadership of the RLDS Church for several decades. In 1972, W. Wallace brought the concept to the forefront in a document that called for "defining the purpose and selecting the place for erecting a temple."

Breaking with lineal succession
In 1958, instead of calling Lynn Smith to replace his father in the office of Presiding Patriarch, W. Wallace Smith named Roy Cheville to the office, in a break with an RLDS traditional doctrine of lineal succession.

Retirement
Smith designated his son, Wallace B. Smith as his successor in 1976, and on April 5, 1978, he became the first president of the church to retire to "emeritus" status — all previous presidents had served until their deaths. To ensure a smooth transition, W.W. Smith read a letter of resignation shortly before his son was ordained.

title: W. Wallace Smith


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Longjing tea

Longjing tea (Standard Mandarin pronunciation ), sometimes called by its literal translated name Dragon Well tea, is a variety of pan-roasted green tea from the area of Longjing Village in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. It is produced mostly by hand and renowned for its high quality, earning it the China Famous Tea title.

Nutritional information
Longjing tea contains vitamin C, amino acids, and, like most finer Chinese green teas, has high concentrations of catechins.

Water
The overall water content of tea plants is 55%–60%, but the water content of new shoots is as high as 70%–80%. In the tea picking process, the continuous regrowth of new shoots therefore needs a constant supply of water. Therefore, Longjing tea trees need more water than ordinary trees. It is suggested that the growth and development of tea trees were most suitable when the annual precipitation was 2000–3000 mm, the average monthly precipitation in tea season was 200–300 mm, the atmospheric relative humidity was 80%–90% and the soil field water holding capacity was 70%–80%.

Temperature
The annual average temperature suitable for tea trees is above 13°C, and the monthly average temperature in the growing season of tea trees is no lower than 15°C. And the most suitable temperature for the growth of Longjing tea is between 10°C and 20°C. The growth of new shoots first accelerates with increasing air temperature, but when the air temperature reaches above 35°C, the growth of tea trees will be inhibited.

Light
Longjing tea is light-sensitive and shade-resistant. It is forbidden to direct light and only tune to the specific level of sunlight. 90% ~ 95% of the dry matter in tea plant organisms is synthesized by photosynthesis, which can only be carried out under sunlight. The branches with poor light conditions developed weakly. The fully illuminated leaf cells are closely arranged, the epidermal cells are thicker, the leaves are thicker and firmer, the leaf color is relatively dark and glossy, the quality components are rich.

Benefits of production in Hangzhou
Jiabin Wang is a tea research expert in Zhejiang Provincial Department of Agriculture. After years of research, he found that the temperature, light, relative humidity, rainfall and other conditions in the 28°~32° N are very suitable for the growth of Longjing tea trees and the best suitable area for tea planting. The southwest of West Lake area is located in the middle of the latitude, 30°04′~30°20′ N. In Hangzhou, the solar radiation is weak, the rainfall is more, and the temperature is lower. Especially areas around the West Lake Hangzhou is known for a mild, temperate, and often rainy climate, creating the perfect terroir to maximize flavor. In the picking season (the best picking period of West Lake Longjing tea is from late March to April, and the climate before and after the picking period has a vital impact on the quality of tea, including nutrition, tea polyphenols and amino acid content), the local temperature is basically between 10°C and 20°C, which makes the tea buds of West Lake Longjing tea picked at this time smaller and higher in quality. West Lake Longjing Tea is planted in the surrounding area of West Lake, near Qiantang River where the local air humidity is high and has relatively low solar radiation which is the best condition for the growth of Longjing tea. Because of this climate advantage, the level of amino acids in West Lake Longjing tea is high and the level of tea polyphenols is low which creates its high nutritional value, and fresh taste.

Quality
Longjing is divided into six grades: Superior and then 1 down to 5. Infused leaves are a good indicator of quality, which is characterized by maturity and uniformity of the shoots harvested for processing. High quality Longjing teas produce tender, whole leaves that are uniform in appearance. Lower quality varieties may vary in color from bluish to deep green after steeping. Before infusion, higher quality Longjing teas have a very tight, flat shape and light green color. A study by Wang and Ruan (2009) found that one aspect of the perceived low quality of Longjing teas was a higher concentration of chlorophyll, producing a darker green color. The study revealed that free amino acids and theanine concentrations contribute positively to what is perceived as a good taste.

Legends
Longjing tea was granted the status of Gong Cha, or imperial tea, in the Qing dynasty by the Kangxi Emperor. According to the legend, the Kangxi Emperor's grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, visited West Lake during one of his famous holidays.

He went to the Hu Gong Temple under the Lion Peak Mountain (Shi Feng Shan) and was presented with a cup of Longjing tea. In front of the Hu Gong Temple were 18 tea bushes. The Qianlong Emperor was so impressed by the Longjing tea produced here that he conferred these 18 tea bushes special imperial status. The trees are still living and the tea they produce is auctioned annually for higher price per gram than gold. There is another legend connecting the Qianlong Emperor to Longjing tea. It is said that while visiting the temple he was watching the ladies picking the tea. He was so enamored with their movements that he decided to try it himself. While picking tea he received a message that his mother, Empress Dowager Chongqing, was ill and wished his immediate return to Beijing. He shoved the leaves he had picked into his sleeve and immediately left for Beijing. Upon his return he immediately went to visit his mother. She noticed the smell of the leaves coming from his sleeves and he immediately had it brewed for her. It is said that the shape of Longjing Tea was designed to mimic the appearance of the flattened leaves that the emperor brewed for his mother.

Longjing, which literally translates as "dragon well", is said to have named after a well that contains relatively dense water, and after rain the lighter rainwater floating on its surface sometimes exhibits a sinuous and twisting boundary with the well water, which is supposed to resemble the movement of a Chinese dragon.

Legend also has it that to achieve the best taste from Longjing, water from the Dreaming of the Tiger Spring, a famous spring in Hangzhou, is to be used. The water quality of the spring now is certainly very different from before. The tea takes its name from the eponymous "Dragon Well" located near Longjing village.

Authentic Longjing
There are various definitions of Longjing; however a common definition is that authentic Longjing at least has to come from the Zhejiang province in China, with the most conservative definition restrict the type to the various villages and plantations in the West Lake area in Hangzhou. It can also be defined as any tea grown within the Xihu District. A large majority of Longjing tea on the market however is actually not from Hangzhou. Many of these inauthentic longjing teas are produced in provinces such as Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guangdong. However credible sellers may sometimes provide anti-fake labels or openly state that the tea is not from Zhejiang. Some tea makers take fresh tea leaves produced in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces and process them using Longjing tea techniques; and some merchants mix a small amount of high-grade with low-grade tea, and sell it as expensive high-grade.

Authentic Longjing tea tastes sweet, mellow and rounded. Some varieties are distinctly vegetal and grassy, and others carry a hint of roasted chestnut and butter.

Cultivar adds another layer of complexity to pricing. There are nearly two dozen micro-varieties in Zhejiang province alone. The Old Tree (Qunti) and No.43 are the most revered and priciest, with pronounced aromas and tastes. Wuniuzao, also called the Early Longjing, is one of the earliest harvests and possesses a comparatively light and subtle taste.

Even the well-trained eyes cannot distinguish all the varieties and sources sometimes. That is why many cheap counterfeits can fool the most informed consumers. However, one should be able to discern some differences by comparing the appearance, scent and liquor of different varieties side by side.

Production Process
Like most other Chinese green tea, Longjing tea leaves are roasted early in processing (after picking) to stop the natural oxidation process, which is a part of creating black and oolong teas. The actions of these enzymes are stopped by "firing" (heating in pans) or by steaming the leaves before they completely dry out. As is the case with other green teas (and white teas), Longjing tea leaves experience minimal oxidation. When steeped, the tea produces a yellow-green color.

Pick Times
West Lake Longjing tea picking has three characteristics: early, tender, and diligent.

Pre-Qingming Longjing

 * The premium early season first-picking known as Ming Qian or Pre-Qingming (or Before Ching Ming) Longjing tea requires it to be produced from the first spring shoots prior to the Qingming Festival on the 5th of April each year (approximately). In accordance with the Chinese farming calendar, which is a national holiday between April 1–4, it rains. After the rain the temperature heats up causing the tea plant to grow faster. When the tea bud becomes too big it begins to lose complexity in the brewed flavor, therefore the pre-qingming tea is considered best.

Guyu(Grain Rain)
The tea picked before the arrival of Grain Rain in mid-April is also quite good, which is called Yuqian Tea.

Drying after picking

 * Longjing tea 12.jpging tea needs about half a day for drying on a bamboo sieve after picking and spread to a thickness of about 2 cm (0.8 in). This can reduce the taste of grass in tea leaves, make the moisture meet the requirements of frying, enhance the aroma of tea, reduce the bitterness and astringency, increase the amino acid content, improve the freshness and prevent the new tea from clumping during frying.

Frying

 * Water-removing(杀青), also known as Green pot(绿锅), is the process of water-removing and preliminary forming. When the temperature of the pot reaches 80 ~ 100 C, put in about 100 grams of leaves that have been spread, and fry it with hands. It always start with grasping and shaking. After losing a certain amount of water from tea leaves, people should gradually change techniques to the pressing, shaking, and throwing for preliminary molding. The pressure is changed from light to heavy, achieving the purpose of straightening into strips and flattening molding. When tea leaves are parched to 70% to 80%, stop frying immediately. The whole process lasts for 12-15 minutes.

Areas
There are five peaks within Xihu (West Lake). Ranked in order of desirability they are Lion, Dragon, Cloud, Tiger and Plum Flower.

 * Shi Feng Longjing: A type of Xihu Longjing from the Shi Feng (Lion Peak) production region. Fresh tasting, its fragrance is sharp and long lasting. Its leaves are yellowish green in color. Some unscrupulous tea makers excessively pan-fire their tea to imitate its color.

 * Cloud Peak is a government testing ground, and the tea from there is not usually for sale on the open market.

 * Tiger Spring Longjing: It is named from the best water source in Tiyun Mountains. This type of Xihu Longjing tastes wonderful even after repeated infusions.

 * Meijiawu Longjing: A type of Xihu Longjing from the area around Mejiawu village. This tea is renowned for its jade green color.

 * Bai Longjing: Not a true Longjing but looks like one and is commonly attributed, it is actually a Bai Pian. It comes from Anji in the Zhejiang Province. It was created in the early 80's and is a Green tea from a race of White tea trees and is hence very unusual; it is said to contain more amino acids than ordinary Green tea.

 * Qiantang Longjing: This tea comes from just outside the Xihu district. It is generally not as expensive as Xihu Longjing.

Protection outside China
龍井茶 / 龙井茶 / Longjing cha is protected in the European Union and the UK as a Protected Designation of Origin since 1998.

title: Longjing tea


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/The Giver/archive1

The Giver
Self-nomination. I think this book is worth a hefty article, and I've put some time into making the article a good one. It sat on Peer Review for a while, and I believe the pertinent comments have been addressed. At the very least, pushing the article this far may get somebody else working on it, and I'd like to see that.

Anville 02:17, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Object It's a good piece on the book, but there's at least one critical piece missing: Why is this book relevant? (i.e., why does it exist as an encyclopedia article?). Certainly we have a lot of articles on works that aren't necessarily all that relevant, but I'd think that for it to become a featured article, it is necessary that that question be addressed.  Currently, the entry reads like a book review, not an encyclopedia entry, and it doesn't really exemplify the wikipedia's best work.  Jun-Dai 03:02, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Agree with Jun-Dai.  It's almost there, and it does describe some of the effects the book has on future work, but it's influence and cultural and historical significance need to be more clear.  --L33tminion | (talk) 22:19, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I also agree that it is a very good piece. and I agree with Jun-Dai, in his comment that it is lacking a bit in the relevance. However, all it really needs is some information on how it is a recommended piece for use in many First World English Language Arts programs at the grades seven through nine levels, and the glowing endorsements that can be obtained from many educational organizations. Hunt them out. Notability and relevance is also partially achieved through the Newberry and other awards this book has won, but comonality of vigorously supported praise by educators should likely tip the balance. It should be noted that schools no longer value just the 3 R's, but place a larger scope emphasis on creating critical, responsible, socially conscientious adults. I hope this helps. Weaponofmassinstruction 01:51, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Heart of Wessex Line

The Heart of Wessex Line, also known as the Bristol to Weymouth Line, is a railway line that runs from Bristol Temple Meads to Westbury and Weymouth in England. It shares the Wessex Main Line as far as Westbury and then follows the course of the Reading to Taunton Line as far as Castle Cary.

Places served
The cities, towns and villages served by this route are listed below:
 * Bristol
 * Keynsham
 * Bath
 * Freshford
 * Avoncliff
 * Bradford on Avon
 * Trowbridge
 * Westbury
 * Frome
 * Bruton
 * Castle Cary
 * Yeovil
 * Thornford
 * Yetminster
 * Chetnole
 * Maiden Newton
 * Dorchester
 * Upwey
 * Weymouth

Operator
Passenger services on the route are operated by Great Western Railway and South Western Railway.

Most Great Western services originate from Bristol Temple Meads or Westbury. Some originate from towns and cities beyond Bristol such as Gloucester, Cheltenham and Great Malvern.

South Western Railway operate a limited service between London Waterloo and Yeovil Junction via Castle Cary. From summer 2016 there was also a "seaside special" service between Weymouth and Salisbury or Waterloo via Yeovil Junction, but this was withdrawn in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rolling stock
Services are typically operated with Class 165 and Class 166 "Networker Turbo" trains. These were introduced in the late 2010s after they were released from the Thames Valley during the modernisation of the Great Western Main Line, although Class 158s are still occasionally used. South Western Railway services are operated by Class 159s and sometimes Class 158s.

Before the introduction of the Networker Turbo trains, the route was typically operated with Sprinter diesel multiple unit trains, typically of 2 or 3 coach Class 150, with some Class 158 trains.

Past rolling stock has included locomotive-hauled trains, including British Railways Mark 2 coaches hauled by Class 67 used to strengthen high-demand summer Saturday services in 2008–2010 between Bristol and the seaside resort of Weymouth.

Community rail
A Bristol to Weymouth Rail Partnership was created in 1998 so that local authorities could support the line. In 2003 this was rebranded as the Heart of Wessex partnership and line. The TransWilts community rail partnership (CRP) gained accredited status under the Department for Transport's community rail programme which began in 2005.

In 2021, although the line's branding remains the same, the responsibility for the line was divided among three CRPs: Severnside CRP from Bristol to Bradford on Avon, TransWilts CRP covering Trowbridge and Westbury in Wiltshire, and the newly created South Wessex CRP covering stations from Frome to Yeovil in Somerset and from Thornford to Weymouth in Dorset.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 18 March 1849, a passenger train became divided approaching Keynsham. The rear portion then ran into the front portion when the latter stopped at the station. One person was injured.
 * On 20 January 1853 a luggage train was derailed near Keynsham due to an axle failure on one of the carriages.
 * On 7 June 1865, a passenger train ran into the rear of another near Keynsham, and an empty stock train ran into the wreckage. At least three people were injured.

 * On 4 August 1868, a passenger train collided with the buffer stops at Weymouth due to poor rail conditions and driver error. Six people were injured.
 * On 28 October 1873, a mail train passed a signal at danger and collided with a luggage train at Westbury.
 * On 11 June 1875, a passenger train was derailed at Bathampton Junction. One person was killed and six were injured, three seriously.
 * On 2 July 1876, a freight train was derailed at Bathampton Junction.
 * On 15 August 1876, a freight train was derailed at Hampton Row after a bale of cotton fell off a wagon and derailed the one behind it.
 * On 24 October 1882, a passenger train was derailed near Cattistock when a bridge collapsed under it due to a storm. Several people were injured, on seriously.
 * On 8 August 1913, a passenger train ran into the rear of another at Yeovil Pen Mill due to passing a signal at danger. Two people were killed and ten injured, two seriously.
 * On 11 January 1966, an express passenger train ran into the rear of another at St Anne's Park due to a signalman's error. A locomotive was then in a sidelong collision with the wreckage. Nineteen passengers were injured. Diesel-hydraulic locomotive D 1071 Western Renown was severely damaged; D 864 Zambesi was slightly damaged.
 * On 25 August 1974, a passenger train was derailed at Dorchester West after passing a signal at danger. Eighteen people were injured.
 * On 24 March 1987, a passenger train and a freight train were in a head-on collision at Frome due to the freight train passing a signal at danger. Locomotives 33 032 and 47 202 were severely damaged. Fifteen people were injured, some seriously.
 * On 10 November 2008, a freight train was derailed at East Somerset Junction due to a signalman's error.
 * On 12 November 2008, a passenger train collided with a van on a level crossing at Freshford. There were no injuries.
 * On 6 December 2011, a train was derailed at Westbury.
 * On 24 January 2013, a passenger train caught fire at Upwey.
 * On 20 March 2017, a freight train was derailed at East Somerset Junction. The line was closed until 25 March.

title: Heart of Wessex Line


text:
Ibn Hazm

Ibn Hazm (ابن حزم; November 994 – 15 August 1064) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath, historian, traditionist, jurist, philosopher, and theologian, born in the Córdoban Caliphate, present-day Spain. Described as one of the strictest hadith interpreters, Ibn Hazm was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri school of Islamic jurisprudence, and produced a reported 400 works, of which only 40 still survive.

In all, his written works amounted to some 80,000 pages. Also described as one of the fathers of comparative religion, the Encyclopaedia of Islam refers to him as having been one of the leading thinkers of the Muslim world.

Lineage
Ibn Hazm's grandfather Sa'id and his father, Ahmad, both held high advisory positions in the court of Umayyad Caliph Hisham II. Scholars believe that they were Iberian Christians who converted to Islam (Muwallads).

al-Dhahabi said: "Ali Ibn Ahmad Ibn Saeed Ibn Hazm, known for his extensive knowledge and skills, hailed from Persian origin and later became an integral figure in Andalusia, specifically in Cordoba. His notable contributions and lineage are detailed in the respected historical text 'Siyar A'lam al-Nubala.'"

Upbringing
Having been raised in a politically and economically important family, Ibn Hazm mingled with people of power and influence all his life. He had access to levels of government by his adolescence that most people then would never know throughout their whole lives. Those experiences with government and politicians caused Ibn Hazm to develop a reluctant and even sad skepticism about human nature and the capacity of human beings to deceive and to oppress.

His reaction was to believe that there was no refuge or truth except with an infallible God and that with men resided only corruption. He was thus known for his cynicism regarding humanity and a strong respect for the principles of language and sincerity in communication.

Career
Ibn Hazm lived among the circle of the ruling hierarchy of the Caliphate of Córdoba government. His experiences produced an eager and observant attitude, and he gained an excellent education at Córdoba.

After the death of the grand vizier, al-Muzaffar, in 1008, the Caliphate of Iberia became embroiled in a civil war that lasted until 1031 and resulted in the collapse of the central authority of Córdoba and the emergence of many smaller incompetent states, the taifas.

Ibn Hazm's father died in 1012. Ibn Hazm was frequently imprisoned as a suspected supporter of the Umayyads. By 1031, Ibn Hazm retreated to his family estate at Manta Lisham and had begun to express his activist convictions in the literary form. He was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri school of Islamic thought, and he produced a reported 400 works, but only 40 still survive. His political and religious opponents gained power after the collapse of the caliphate and so he accepted an offer of asylum from the governor of the island of Majorca in the 1040s. He continued to propagate the Zahiri School there before he returned to Andalusia.

Contemporaries coined the saying "the tongue of Ibn Hazm was a twin brother to the sword of al-Hajjaj", an infamous 7th century general and governor of Iraq. Ibn Hazm became so frequently quoted that the phrase "Ibn Hazm said" became proverbial.

As an Athari, he opposed the allegorical interpretation of religious texts and preferred a grammatical and syntactical interpretation of the Qur'an. He granted cognitive legitimacy only to revelation and sensation, and he considered deductive reasoning insufficient in legal and religious matters. He rejected practices common among more orthodox schools such as juristic discretion. He was initially a follower of the Maliki school of law within Sunni Islam, but he switched to the Shafi'i school at around the age of thirty. He finally settled with the Zahiri school. He is perhaps the most well-known adherent of the school and the main source of extant works on Zahirite law. He studied the school's precepts and methods under Abu al-Khiyar al-Dawudi al-Zahiri of Santarém Municipality and was eventually promoted to the level of a teacher of the school himself.

In 1029, both were expelled from the main mosque of Cordoba for their activities.

Works
Much of Ibn Hazm's substantial body of works,  which approached that of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari and As-Suyuti's, was burned in Seville by his sectarian and political opponents. His surviving works, while criticised as repetitive, didactic and abrasive in style, also show a fearless irreverence towards his academic critics and authorities.

Ibn Hazm wrote works on law and theology and over ten medical books. He called for science to be integrated into a standard curriculum. In Organization of the Sciences, he diachronically defines educational fields as stages of progressive acquisition set over a five-year curriculum, from language and exegesis of the Qur'an to the life and physical sciences to a rationalistic theology.

Apart from his rational works, Ibn Hazm's The Ring of the Dove (Tawq al-hamamah) is considered a major work of Arabic literature from Al-Andalus. The manuscript of Ṭawq al-ḥamāma (MS Or. 927) is kept at Leiden University Libraries and is also available digitally.

Detailed Critical Examination
In Fisal (Detailed Critical Examination), a treatise on Islamic science and theology, Ibn Hazm promoted sense perception above subjectively flawed human reason. Recognizing the importance of reason, as the Qur'an itself invites reflection, he argued that reflection to refer mainly to revelation and sense data since the principles of reason are themselves derived entirely from sense experience. He concludes that reason is not a faculty for independent research or discovery, but that sense perception should be used in its place, an idea that forms the basis of empiricism.

Jurisprudence
Perhaps Ibn Hazm's most influential work in the Arabic, selections of which have been translated into English, is now The Muhalla (المحلى بالأثار), or The Adorned Treatise. It is reported to be a summary of a much longer work, known as Al-Mujalla (المجلى). Its essential focus is on matters of jurisprudence or fiqh (فقه), but it also touches of matters of creed in its first chapter, Kitab al-Tawheed (كتاب التوحيد), whose focus is on credal matters related to monotheism and the fundamental principles of approach to divine texts. One of the main points that emerges from the masterpiece of jurisprudencial thought is that Ibn Hazm rejects analogical reasoning (qiyas قياس) in favor of direct reliance on the Quran, sunnah, and ijma.

Logic
Ibn Hazm wrote the Scope of Logic, which stressed on the importance of sense perception as a source of knowledge. He wrote that the "first sources of all human knowledge are the soundly used senses and the intuitions of reason, combined with a correct understanding of a language". Ibn Hazm also criticized some of the more traditionalist theologians who were opposed to the use of logic and argued that the first generations of Muslims did not rely on logic. His response was that the early Muslims had witnessed the revelation directly, but later Muslims have been exposed to contrasting beliefs and so the use of logic is necessary to preserve the true teachings of Islam. The work was first republished in Arabic by Ihsan Abbas in 1959 and most recently by Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri in 2007.

Ethics
In his book, In Pursuit of Virtue, Ibn Hazm had urged his readers: "Do not use your energy except for a cause more noble than yourself. Such a cause cannot be found except in Almighty God Himself: to preach the truth, to defend womanhood, to repel humiliation which your creator has not imposed upon you, to help the oppressed. Anyone who uses his energy for the sake of the vanities of the world is like someone who exchanges gemstones for gravel."

Poetry
A poem or fragment of a poem by him is preserved in Ibn Said al-Maghribi's Pennants of the Champions:
 * You came to me just before
 * the Christians rang their bells.
 * The half-moon was rising
 * looking like an old man's eyebrow
 * or a delicate instep.

 * And although it was still night
 * when you came a rainbow
 * gleamed on the horizon,
 * showing as many colours
 * as a peacock's tail.

Medicine
Ibn Hazm's teachers in medicine included al-Zahrawi and Ibn al-Kattani, and he wrote ten medical works, including Kitab fi'l-Adwiya al-mufrada mentioned by al-Dhahabi.

Language
In addition to his views on honesty in communication, Ibn Hazm also addressed the science of language to some degree. He viewed the Arabic language, the Hebrew language and the Syriac language as all essentially being one language which branched out as the speakers settled in different geographic regions and developed different vocabularies and grammars from the common root. He also differed with many Muslim theologians in that he did not view Arabic as superior to other languages since the Qur'an does not describe Arabic as such. Ibn Hazm viewed that there was no proof for claiming any language was superior to another.

Literalism
Ibn Hazm was well known for his strict literalism and is considered the champion of the literalist Zahirite school within Sunni Islām. A commonly-cited example is his interpretation of the first half of verse 23 in the Qur'anic chapter of Al-Isra prohibiting one from saying "uff" to one's parents. Ibn Hazm said that half of the verse prohibits only saying "uff", not hitting one's parents, for example. However, he considered that hitting them is prohibited by the second half of the verse as well as verse 24 which command kind treatment of parents.

Philosophy
Ibn Hazm's works lightly touched upon the traditions of Greek philosophy. Agreeing with both Epicurus and Prodicus of Ceos, he stated that pleasure brings happiness in life and that there is nothing to fear in death. He believed that these philosophical traditions were useful but not enough to build an individual's character properly, and he stated that the Islamic faith was also necessary.

The concept of absolute free will was rejected by Ibn Hazm, as he believed that all of an individual's attributes are created by God.

Shia
Ibn Hazm was highly critical of the Shia. He said about the sect:"The Persians possessed a great kingdom and an upper hand above all other nations. They magnified the danger they posed [to others nations] by calling themselves al-Ahrār (the free ones) and al-Asyād (the noble ones). As a result, they considered all other people their slaves. However, they were afflicted with the destruction of their empire at the hands of the Arabs whom they had considered a lesser danger among the other nations [to their empire]. Their affairs became exacerbated and their afflictions doubled as they plotted wars against Islam various times. However, in all of their plots, Allāh made the Truth manifest. They continued to plot more useful stunts. So, some of their people accepted Islām only to turn towards Shī'ism, with the claim of loving Ahl al-Bayt (the family of the Prophet) and abhorrence to the oppression against 'Alī. Then, they traversed upon this way until it led them away from the path of Guidance [Islām]."

Homosexuality
Ibn Hazm states in no uncertain terms that homosexual acts between men constitute a sin, since they are expressly condemned in the Quran and the Sunna. However, his rejection of qiyàs prevents him from assimilating liwàt to zinâ: illicit sex between a man and a woman. The punishment prescribed by him is therefore not that which is incurred by zinà, viz. stoning or intensive flogging, but a milder one consisting of a maximum of ten lashes and imprisonment with the aim of bringing about the reformation of the sinner. Ibn Hazm rejects those reports and traditions which proclaim that jfl qawm Lût is worse than zinà, including certain traditions from the canonical collections. In the same way that male homosexuality is not assimilated to illicit heterosexual contacts, so homosexual acts between women cannot be compared to them, nor can they be compared to male homosexuality. Nevertheless, sahq, like liwàt, incurs a ta^zir punishment of up to ten lashes. Whether women, too, will have to serve a term in prison, like the men, is not clear.

Reception
Muslim scholars, especially those subscribing to Zahirism, have often praised Ibn Hazm for what they perceive as his knowledge and perseverance. Yemeni preacher Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i was one of Ibn Hazm's admirers in recent times, holding the view that no other Muslim scholar had embodied the prophetic tradition of the Muhammad and the Sahaba. On several occasions, al-Wadi'i rejected the validity of Qiyas while referencing Ibn Hazm's works. As a matter of fact, al-Wadi'i would at times advice his students to be Zahiri when approaching Fiqh altogether. Similarly, Pakistani cleric Badi' ud-Din Shah al-Rashidi taught Ibn Hazm's book Al-Muhalla to students in Masjid al-Haram, while living in Mecca. al-Wadi'i himself taught Al-Muhalla in Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, while in Medina. Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri, the primary biographer of Ibn Hazm in the modern era, has authored a number of works on Ibn Hazm's life and career, many published through Ibn Aqil's printing press which is named after Ibn Hazm.

Modernist revival of Ibn Hazm's general critique of Islamic legal theory has seen several key moments in Arab intellectual history, including Ahmad Shakir's re-publishing of Al-Muhalla, Muhammad Abu Zahra's biography of Ibn Hazm, and the re-publishing of archived epistles on legal theory by Sa'id al-Afghani in 1960 and Ihsan Abbas between 1980 and 1983.

title: Ibn Hazm


text:
Talk:The Paris Review

List of contributors
Some comments:

 * The list of contributors is FAR too long, being an eye-glazing blur of links. Settle on those that are most representative of the magazine.

 * Giving prominent mention to one nutbar conspiracy-theory writer's charges gives them an importance they don't deserve, even to rebut. The whole Controversy section should be terminated, with extreme prejudice, unless some objective evidence of Cummings's charge is provided. --Calton 02:19, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

No argument from me

Thanks for your comments. Please note that this is my first attempt to overhaul a Wikipedia page, so I'm learning as I go - trying very hard to do most of it in "preview" mode, but ...

The Cummings guy is obviously coming from left field (as it were), but he has overriden previous deletions of his claims (see editing history). So the best move seemed to be to move the whole mess down to a separate section and add some, uh, qualifiers. I am in truth right there with you on wanting to "terminate with extreme prejudice."

As for the list of contributors, yeah, you're right, it's long. A comprehensive list, on the other hand, would run into the thousands. And I was trying to avoid just the usual suspects (Baldwin, Capote, Rich, Mailer ... ). It seemed more interesting to include "outsiders," less-known women poets, regional writers, young experimental writers. That said, I'll repeat, you're right, it's long. Would welcome suggested cuts.

- Tamsin, who doesn't yet have a user page, 5 Feb 2005 (don't have UTC)

This page claims that Marina Tsvetaeva was interviewed by the Paris Review. According to her Wikipedia page, she died in 1941, and, according to this page, the Paris Review was founded in 1953.

-Please note that Cummings allegations were confirmed in the NY Times story of January 13, 2007; and indeed, confirmed by co-founder Peter Matthiessen himself, who has admitted that the Paris review was founded entirely by CIA money. If you read the Times article, you'll see that current editor Philip Gourevitch admits that the CIA background of the magazine was common knowledge in their office. This is an extremely important story for the light it throws on the past fifty years of American literary history.

 * It seems that the Times piece only says that Mathiessen was a CIA recruit in 1953 (not too long after the birth of the agency, right?) and that his work with the Paris Review was a cover. It seems like calling the magazine a "cover" means that the magazine itself was not a tool of the CIA, but rather an alibi for Mathiessen while he was doing other, presumably less harmless things. Also note: "disseminating disinformation in the form of literary criticism" can't be correct, because the Paris Review has never published criticism, only interview, poetry, and fiction. Not sure if this whole thing--fascinating though it is--belongs as the first sentence either . . . but I'm hesitant to make changes myself. Jbalias 20:24, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Correct heading
Since the title of the magazine is The Paris Review, the heading should be changed to match. Pepso 20:54, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

ULA Allegation
Allegation by the ULA that the The Paris Review was "exercising influence" over the London Review of Books is addressed in a blog post by a former editor based in London. At this link:

http://themainpoint.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/paris-review-at-beginning-and-now.html

Delicious as that allegation may be it's unsupported and should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MyComment3 (talk • contribs) 17:43, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

Cover images
There's no need to keep replacing the cover images, which have been too large to meet the WP:NFCC anyway. I'm reverting to File:The Paris Review Issue 202.jpg, which I recently resized. -- Trevj (talk) 08:10, 7 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for ensuring the most recent upload at least respects the size guidance for non-free content. However, I don't see any good reason to keep replacing cover images. This is an encyclopedia, not a showcase for the latest issue of magazines, per WP:NOTPROMOTION. I think it would be a more productive use of people's time to focus on building content instead. Cheers. -- Trevj (talk) 09:28, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * In line with the above, I'm replacing the ever-changing cover image with a picture of issue 1, File:The Paris Review cover issue 1.jpg. In the absence of reasonable arguments otherwise, it's suggested that this remain the stable version within this article, per WP:NOTPROMOTION. Thanks. -- Trevj (talk) 14:11, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

Interviews in The Paris Review
Interviews may now be published as "Writers at Work," but, notably, they earned their fame as "The Art of Fiction." I don't know how to properly format this correction, but this fact can be easily verified, as the entire series is archived online. (Also visible in the documentary "Plimpton!")

John Train
Not sure how to link, but John Train, one of the co-founders of the Paris Review is not hyperlinked under history.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Train_(investment_advisor) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.238.113.37 (talk) 02:39, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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A.N. Devers piece on Brigid Hughes
Just was reading about this this morning- very interesting read on the timing and motives behind editing some of the content of this page. Editing articles about living people and events can be a minefield and requires more scrutiny. https://longreads.com/2017/12/15/this-is-how-a-woman-is-erased-from-her-job/

Why Paris
I came here hoping to read something about why the magazine was founded in Paris Doceddi (talk) 17:28, 10 June 2018 (UTC)

Inquiey
Please tell me how I can get my work published in this magazine. Birbal Kumawat (talk) 17:08, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Paris Review