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Esk Valley line

The Esk Valley Line is a railway line located in the north of England, covering a total distance of approximately 35 mi, running from Middlesbrough to Whitby. The line follows the course of the River Esk for much of its eastern half.

The Esk Valley Line was designated as a community rail line in July 2005, being one of seven intended pilots for the Department for Transport's Community Rail Development Strategy.

Northern Trains call at all stations along the line with the North Yorkshire Moors Railway operating heritage services along part of the line between Grosmont and Whitby.

Services
As of the December 2019 timetable change, Northern Trains run an hourly service between Middlesbrough and Nunthorpe, with 6 trains (4 trains on Sundays) per day continuing to Whitby.

Additional trains weekdays and Saturdays run on the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Castleton Moor (departing from Middlesbrough at 12:56), and Battersby (departing from Middlesbrough at 17:00).

Predominantly, rolling stock on the Esk Valley Line consists of Class 156 and Class 158 diesel multiple units, both of which were introduced in to service in the late 1980s. Previously, Class 142 'Pacer' trains mostly served the line until they were withdrawn from passenger service in 2020.

The Class 156 and 158 units operating on the Esk Valley Line are currently in the process of being refurbished, with upgrades including free WiFi, power sockets, on-board passenger information displays, and an interior refresh.

The Esk Valley Line is one of the most rural railway lines in England, with the main purpose of linking Whitby and the North York Moors with Middlesbrough.

Connections with heritage services running on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway are available at both Grosmont and Whitby.

The route serves the following stations: Middlesbrough, James Cook, Marton, Gypsy Lane, Nunthorpe, Great Ayton, Battersby, Kildale, Commondale, Castleton Moor, Danby, Lealholm, Glaisdale, Egton, Grosmont, Sleights, Ruswarp and Whitby.

History

The Esk Valley Line was once part of a significantly larger network, most of which was closed during the era of the Beeching cuts. Today's route is formed from four separate former railway lines:

Whitby Town to Grosmont
The first section of line between Whitby Town and Grosmont opened in 1835, with an extension to Pickering opening on 26 May 1836.

It was originally worked by horses, before being converted in 1845, in order to be able to accommodate steam locomotives, following a takeover by the York & North Midland Railway. In 1854, the line became a part of the North Eastern Railway.

The section between Grosmont and Pickering was closed under the Beeching cuts in 1965, but was one of the first to be taken into private hands as a heritage line, the North Yorkshire Moors Railway.

From Whitby Town, a single track branched up a steep incline to Prospect Hill Junction, from which trains could reach Whitby West Cliff.

At West Cliff, trains would journey north along the coastal Whitby, Redcar & Middlesbrough Union Railway towards Staithes and Loftus, and south across the Larpool Viaduct towards Scarborough.

The Whitby, Redcar and Middlesbrough Union Railway was closed in the 1950s. However, the northern section of the line was retained, with services still operating between Middlesbrough and Saltburn.

Between Saltburn and Boulby, the line is also still operational, but as a goods route for potash and rock salt from Boulby Mine.

Following the closure of the Whitby, Redcar & Middlesbrough Union Railway, additional services began to operate along the Esk Valley Line. In the summer of 1957, the line served just 6 trains per day. By the summer of 1958, there were 15 (with 6 continuing to Scarborough).

Grosmont to Battersby
The second line ran east from Picton, where it met the Northallerton to Eaglescliffe Line. It was constructed by the North Yorkshire & Cleveland Railway, which was subsequently absorbed into the North Eastern Railway in 1858.

The line was built in stages, opening to mineral traffic as far as Battersby on 6 April 1858, and to passenger traffic from Stokesley to Castleton Moor on 1 April 1861. The section between Grosmont and Castleton Moor was the last section of the line to be opened, with service commencing on 2 October 1865.

The section between Battersby and Picton closed to passengers in 1954.

From Battersby, goods trains also ran south to Ingleby where a cable pulley system raised wagons up a steep incline, and across the North York Moors to iron ore workings at Rosedale and Farndale.

Between Glaisdale and Lealholm, work was begun by the railway engineer John Waddell on a branch across the North York Moors, to make the most of the iron ore in the area. Originally intended to meet the line from Guisborough, which branched off the Whitby, Redcar & Middlesbrough Union Railway near Boulby, a collapse in the price of iron ore meant the line was never finished.

At various points along the route, you can see the remains of vast earthworks forming unfinished embankments and cuttings. The line was to have one station at Stonegate, and nearby a tunnel dug using the "cut and cover" method. The only bridge completed on the line is at Rake Farm, between Lealholm and Glaisdale, at the route's junction with the Esk Valley Line.

The line is still known today as "Paddy Waddell's Railway", due to the number of Irish navvies used in its construction.

Today, Battersby serves just only one railway line, but it still takes the shape of a "Y" junction, with trains pulling into a station that is now effectively a terminus. The old line towards Picton continues on through the station, and disappears around a bend before ending. The driver has to change ends to drive towards either Middlesbrough or Whitby.

Battersby to Nunthorpe
The section of the Esk Valley Line between Battersby and Nunthorpe is the youngest section of the route. The line was constructed in 1864, with the aim of connecting the Picton to Grosmont line with the Middlesbrough to Guisborough line.

The line leaves Battersby heading east with the route towards Grosmont, before making a sharp turn north, to reach the now former line towards Guisborough at Nunthorpe Junction.

Nunthorpe to Middlesbrough
This section of line was constructed by the Middlesbrough & Guisborough Railway in 1854, to serve the town of Guisborough, and the area around the Eston Hills.

A line was constructed heading south from Middlesbrough, and through Nunthorpe, from where it curved east to Guisborough, and then on towards the coast to join the Whitby, Redcar & Middlesbrough Union Railway. It also served a number of quarries in the area.

Despite its close proximity to the Picton to Battersby line, it was another 10 years before a link was built between the two. The line from Nunthorpe Junction to Guisborough closed in 1964, with only the section from Middlesbrough to Battersby remaining.

A new station, James Cook, opened on this section of the line in May 2014. It was built to serve the nearby James Cook University Hospital in Middlesbrough.

Signalling and infrastructure
The Esk Valley Line still uses a physical token system, modified so that train drivers operate the token instruments themselves. This system of working is known as No Signalman Token Remote, and is used on other routes such as the Heart of Wales line, and the Tarka Line.

Cabinets at Whitby, Glaisdale and Battersby, and a signalman at Nunthorpe pass on key tokens to train drivers as authority to occupy specific line sections, ensuring that only one train can run on a section at a time.

Until the mid-1980s, the line from Whitby to Sleights had two tracks, but these were removed along with the passing loop at Castleton Moor. Trains can still pass at Glaisdale and Battersby, however Glaisdale is now the only station along the single track section that still regularly uses both platforms for "up" and "down" line trains.

Between Nunthorpe and Guisborough Junction, the railway has been single track since 26 January 1986, although the station at Nunthorpe still retains its passing loop with separate "up" and "down" platforms. This section is worked from the panel box at Middlesbrough, and uses track circuit block working.

Steam operations
The North Yorkshire Moors Railway operates heritage steam trains between Whitby and Grosmont.

To allow through running of trains directly from the North Yorkshire Moors Line, an intermediate token instrument was provided at Grosmont in March 2007. This allows a token for the Glaisdale to Whitby section to be obtained, or returned, at Grosmont.

Previously, for steam services to Whitby to operate along the Esk Valley Line from the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, a signalman had to drive to Glaisdale in order to pick up, or return, a token key.

Usage
Between 2005 (when the Community Rail Partnership was formed) and May 2018, passenger numbers have increased steadily, especially on the Middlesbrough to Nunthorpe section of the track aided by an increase in the frequency of trains. Northern and the Community Rail Partnership have predicted further increases in passenger numbers, following the addition of new services in December 2019.

Station Usage
The annual passenger usage is based on sales of tickets in stated financial years from Office of Rail and Road estimates of station usage.

The statistics are for passengers arriving and departing from each station and cover twelve-month periods that start in April. Methodology may vary year on year. Usage from the 2020-21 period was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Note: James Cook railway station opened on 18 May 2014.

Future
A proposed park and ride station, located between Nunthorpe and Great Ayton, has been suggested by a joint project of local councils. The Roseberry Parkway station would aim to serve over 70,000 people, and seek to encourage car drivers out of their cars to alleviate the gridlock on the roads leading into Middlesbrough.

The project aims to increase services into Middlesbrough to half-hourly, and double the number of trains on the Esk Valley Line to Whitby.

Following the December 2019 timetable change, Arriva Rail North introduced two additional return trips on the line on weekdays and Saturdays. The first of which operates in the morning, to allow commuting from Whitby to Middlesbrough, with the second providing a later evening service.

title: Esk Valley line


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Stutz Defender

The Stutz Defender (later called the Gazelle and Bear) was an SUV based on the Chevrolet Suburban produced by the Stutz Motor Car of America company in the 1980s. It was positioned as an upscale armored vehicle and was popular with heads of state in the Middle East.

Stutz Defender/Gazelle
The Defender (later the Gazelle) was an armored Suburban. It included a roof-mounted machine gun under a sliding hatch.

Stutz Bear
46 Defenders were changed into full convertible sedans, with a rollbar and trunk. These were used by the Saudi Arabian National Guard and by King Hassan of Morocco.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stutz Defender


text: User talk:80.168.14.58

title: User talk:80.168.14.58


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Norman Brookes

Sir Norman Everard Brookes (14 November 1877 – 28 September 1968) was an Australian tennis player. During his career he won three Grand Slam singles titles; Wimbledon in 1907 and 1914 (the first non-British born individual to do so) and the Australasian Championships in 1911. Brookes was part of the Australasian Davis Cup team that won the title on six occasions. The Australian Open men's singles trophy, the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup, is named in his honour. After his active playing career Brookes became president of the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia.

Early life
Brookes was born in the Melbourne suburb of St Kilda as the youngest son to Catherine Margaret (née Robinson) and William Brookes. His father, an English immigrant who emigrated to Australia in 1852 had become rich from gold mining in the Bendigo area. His older brothers, Herbert and Harold, were prominent businessmen. Brookes received a private education at Melbourne Grammar School where he matriculated in 1895. As a schoolboy he excelled in cricket, Australian football and tennis. On leaving school, he went to work as a clerk at Australian Paper Mills, where his father was managing director, and was on the board himself within eight years.

As a youth Brookes played regularly on the court of the family mansion in Queens Road, Melbourne and nearby, at the Lorne St courts, he studied the strokes and tactics of leading players and was coached by Wilberforce Eaves. In 1896 he became a regular player at the Royal South Yarra Tennis Club.

During World War I he served as commissioner of the Australian Red Cross in Egypt.

Tennis career
In 1907 Brookes became the first non-British player and the first left-hander to win the men's singles title at Wimbledon after a straight sets victory in the final against 39-year old Arthur Gore. Brookes intended to defend his Wimbledon title as late as February 1908 but in April cancelled his plans to travel to England due to the ill health of his father (who died in 1910) which meant that Brookes had to spend more time at his father's company Australian Paper Mills. He gave priority to his business endeavors during this time and would not return to Wimbledon until 1914 when he again won the singles title, this time against the title holder Anthony Wilding with whom he also won the Wimbledon doubles title in 1907 and 1914. During these years he also skipped most Australasian Championships with the exception of the 1911 edition which was held in his hometown Melbourne and which he won in the final against Horace Rice. When he did play tennis he focused on the locally held Victorian Championships and the Davis Cup.

Brookes played 39 Davis Cup matches for Australia/New Zealand and the Australian Davis Cup team between 1905 and 1920 and was a member of the winning team in 1907, 1908, 1909, 1914, 1919.

In May 1914 he won the singles title at the Surrey Lawn Championships in Surbiton, defeating Gordon Lowe in the final in five sets.

Brookes was instrumental in the development of Kooyong as a tennis centre. In 1926 he became the first president of the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia, a post he held for the next 29 years until his retirement in June 1955.

Australian rules football career
Brookes was also an Australian rules footballer in his youth, particularly for Melbourne Grammar School. Until 2016 it was believed that he had played two VFL games for St Kilda in 1898; it was actually his brother Harold who had done so.

Personal life
Brookes married 20-year-old Mabel Balcombe Emmerton, the daughter of Harry Emmerton, a solicitor, on 19 April 1911 at St Paul's Cathedral in Melbourne. They had three daughters.

He died in South Yarra, Victoria, in 1968.

Honours
Norman Brookes was created a Knight Bachelor "for public services in the Commonwealth of Australia" in the 1939 Birthday Honours. His wife, Mabel, Lady Brookes was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1955 for "charitable and social welfare services."

The trophy for men's singles at the Australian Open, the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup, is named in his honour.

He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1977.

In 1981 he was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post depicting a cartoon image by Tony Rafty.

Performance timeline
Events with a challenge round: (WC) won; (CR) lost the challenge round; (FA) all comers' finalist

1,2,3 Brookes did not play. His opponent got a walkover.

title: Norman Brookes


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Newman (Seinfeld)

Newman is a recurring character in the television show Seinfeld, portrayed by Wayne Knight from 1992 until the show's finale in 1998. He is Jerry Seinfeld's arch-nemesis and Cosmo Kramer's close friend.

Background
Newman makes his first physical appearance in "The Suicide", but he is first established as a character in the earlier episode "The Revenge", in which only his voice (provided by Larry David) is heard. Knight dubbed over the dialogue for syndication airings.

Newman lives in apartment 5E, which is directly down the hall from Jerry's apartment, 5A. However, there are continuity inconsistencies regarding his residence. In the season 6 episode "The Doodle", Newman's apartment is 5F. In the Season 7 episode "The Engagement", Newman's apartment is 5E. In the Season 9 episode "The Strongbox", another man, Phil, is seen entering 5E. At other times it seems Newman lives in a different part of the building from Jerry altogether. In "The Big Salad" Newman greets Jerry with "what brings you down to the east wing?", while in "The Calzone" Newman says George "hangs out with Jerry in the west wing of the building". In "The Wig Master" Kramer tells Jerry that Newman "has a girl up there", referring to his apartment. Newman was created as a counterpoint to the Jerry character, though the reason for their animosity is never revealed. Seinfeld once described Newman as the Lex Luthor to his Superman. Knight has described him as "pure evil", as did Jerry in the episode "The Big Salad" when he says "I've looked into his eyes. He's pure evil."

Personality
Newman's role is primarily as Jerry's nemesis and a frequent collaborator in Kramer's elaborate and bizarre schemes. Often described as Jerry's "sworn enemy" ("The Andrea Doria"), Newman is cunning and often schemes against Jerry. He speaks often in a humorously sinister tone (mainly to Jerry). Jerry refers to Newman as "pure evil" on more than one occasion. Jerry's trademark greeting for Newman is to say "Hello, Newman" in a snide and condescending tone, while Newman responds "Hello, Jerry" in a falsely jovial tone. Helen Seinfeld also greets Newman in the same way.

Newman considers Jerry to be undeserving of his fame, referring to Jerry's audience as a "half soused nightclub rabble that lap up your inane 'observations.'" Newman's own talents as a poet and wordsmith are considerable, yet recognition similar to Jerry’s has so far eluded him.

When asked about why the character Jerry hates Newman, Jerry Seinfeld stated in an interview with BuzzFeed Brews that "The real answer [for] why I hated Newman was because it just seemed funny to hate Newman... Everybody has one very eccentric friend that is kind of out there. You've got your friends that are like you, then you have that one friend that's really not like you at all and that's what you like about them, they're kind of an outer orbit. And their friend is someone you cannot deal with at all... but there was no real reason for me to hate Newman, he never did anything bad to me, it was just fun. It was fun to hate him."

Newman is a frequent source of annoyance and problems for Jerry, such in "The Doodle" when Newman's secret use of Jerry's apartment results in a flea infestation, and in "The Raincoats" when Newman gets Jerry into trouble with his parents after he tells them Jerry was making out with his girlfriend during the film Schindler's List. Jerry's response upon discovering Newman is to blame for any situation is to clench his fist and mutter "Newman!"

However, the depth of Jerry and Newman's enmity seems to vary, and Jerry sometimes seems to consider him merely an annoying neighbor, rather than an outright enemy. Occasionally events lead one of them ("The Blood"), or both ("The Soup Nazi"), to briefly forget their differences and at times even work together on some scheme, such as in "The Shower Head" when they join with Kramer to buy black market non-water-saving shower heads. In "The Old Man", Jerry casually mentions "a couple of friends", referring to Kramer and Newman. In "The Soul Mate", Jerry and Newman go to the doctor together to get vasectomies (although they end up changing their minds). In "The Label Maker", Jerry and Newman also attend Super Bowl XXIX together, but only because of a ticket mix-up. Earlier in the same episode, Jerry reluctantly agrees with George that Newman is "merry", which appeared to be a compliment of sorts.

Newman is a good friend of Kramer's, and the pair are forever participating in various get-rich-quick schemes. In "The Bookstore", Newman and Kramer decide to use a rickshaw to transport people from place to place. In "The Old Man", they try to find valuable records to sell for cash, and in "The Bottle Deposit" they attempt to cash-in by transporting New York bottles to Michigan for the higher redemption value, using a U.S. Mail truck obtained by Newman in his job as a letter carrier.

Despite his girth, Newman shows surprising athletic ability. Jerry claims he is a "fantastic" tennis player and he is seen running athletically in several episodes. He can climb trees very well ("like a ring-tailed lemur", as Kramer puts it), a skill he claims to have learned in the Pacific Northwest.

Despite taking pride in his work, Newman is paradoxically portrayed as a slacker who has bad habits like hiding bags of mail in Jerry's storage locker in the basement rather than delivering them. He protests irrationally the idea that any mail is considered "junk" despite his obvious lack of respect for mail. He has been known to occasionally use his position for unethical ends, such as deliberately withholding mail (often utility bills or the like) for the purpose of blackmail, retaliation, or using the Union to get out of jail.

He has a few friends from the post office and girlfriends in a couple of episodes. In "The Bottle Deposit", after he is dumped from his mail truck, he seeks refuge in a farmer's house, but is kicked out for having sex with the farmer's daughter, who calls him "Norman" (this was a mistake by the actress/character, not the revelation of Newman's actual first name —the character "Newman" was never given a first name). Newman is also seen with a supermodel after his birthday wish comes true in "The Betrayal".

Newman has unrequited romantic feelings for Elaine over the course of the series, but in "The Reverse Peephole", he rejects her advances when she tries to seduce him to get back a fur coat, out of loyalty to his current girlfriend. In a deleted scene, after the relationship is ended, he approaches Elaine in hopes that her offer is still open.

Newman's angry rants are bombastic and verbose, displaying an impressive command of language. Newman's final monologue against Jerry occurs in "The Finale" after Jerry refuses to take him to Paris:

"All right! But hear me, and hear me well! The day will come! Oh, yes, mark my words, Seinfeld! Your day of reckoning is coming, when an evil wind will blow through your little playworld and wipe that smug smile off your face! And I'll be there in all my glory, watching, watching as it all comes crumbling down!"

United States Postal Service
Newman is an employee of the United States Postal Service, which is portrayed in the series as a powerful and nefarious, yet bureaucratic and inept organization. When they are arrested in "The Engagement", Newman assures Kramer and Elaine that they will not be prosecuted: "In 20 minutes, that place'll be swarming with mailmen. We'll be back on the street by lunch." Newman's occupation is first revealed in "The Old Man". George, upon learning it, asks "Aren't [postal workers] the guys that always go crazy and come back with a gun and shoot everybody?" Newman's ominous reply is "Sometimes." When asked why, Newman has an outburst about the unending nature of mail delivery.

In "The Junk Mail", Kramer realizes the Postal Service has become obsolete and starts an anti-mail campaign; he is later abducted by Post Office security men. Newman attempted earlier to dissuade Kramer: "You don't know the half of what goes on here." For his efforts to save Kramer, Newman is escorted by Postal Service employees with a bucket on his head, pleading for Kramer to "tell the world my story."

In "The Package", Newman's business card is shown; it simply reads "Newman".

Newman claims that he once worked the same postal route as serial killer David Berkowitz, otherwise known as the "Son of Sam", who was working for the Postal Service at the time of his 1977 capture. When the police come to arrest him in "The Engagement", his first words to them are, "What took you so long?", the same words Berkowitz used when arrested. In real life, however, Berkowitz did not have a mail route; he worked as a letter-sorter.

In October 2020, Wayne Knight reprised his role as Newman to deliver an online "public service announcement" regarding the 2020 United States Postal Service crisis. In the video, he accused President Donald Trump of trying to delay voting by mail in the 2020 presidential election by undercutting the Postal Service, asserting that "the only person who can slow down the mail is a mailman."

Development
Series co-creator Larry David conceived the character when writing the script for season two's "The Revenge". Newman was envisioned as Kramer's African-American suicidal friend. He was set to appear in one scene, in which he explained that he jumped from the apartment building, but an awning had broken his fall. Tim Russ, who would go on to star in Star Trek: Voyager, auditioned for the role, as did William Thomas, Jr., known for his appearance on The Cosby Show, who was cast in the part. However, between the first and the second draft, the plot was significantly reduced; the scene in which the character appeared was cut, and Newman's role in the episode was cut down to a brief dialogue with Kramer, with Newman off-screen. David recorded the lines himself, though he was not credited.

While conceiving a plotline for the third-season episode "The Suicide", the writing staff decided to create a friend for Kramer. Though they never had the intention of having the Newman character return on the show, they felt it was easy to use him again, as he had already been introduced. Newman was initially envisioned as the son of the landlord who owned Jerry and Kramer's building, making him able to snitch about the building's inhabitants without being punished for it. However, in between drafts the writing staff decided to make Newman an inhabitant of the building and more of a nemesis to Jerry.

Among the actors who auditioned for the part were Armin Shimerman, Dan Schneider and Wayne Knight. Knight remarked that he was very excited to audition, as he was already a fan of the show. David immediately thought Knight was "terrific" for the part, and was also amused by his hefty appearance as opposed to Kramer's slim figure. Though Seinfeld felt introducing a friend of Kramer might ruin the character's mystique, Knight's performance convinced him otherwise. The part was initially a one-time guest-appearance, but Seinfeld and David were impressed with Knight and felt Newman was a character they could further exploit; as Michael Richards later explained "our show was driven by characters and there was no way they were going to let Wayne Knight go." Newman would remain a recurring character until the series' finale in 1998. To establish better continuity, Knight re-recorded Newman's lines in "The Revenge" for the syndicated version of the episode. Both versions of the dialogue were included on the Seinfeld: Volume 1 DVD boxset.

When it was announced in 1998 that the show would end, Knight proclaimed "I'm gonna burn all of Newman's clothes and those funky black shoes I've been wearing all these years. He dresses like Jack Ruby. Nobody's done more with a muted plaid than I have." Prior to the finale, The New York Daily News asked Knight if he would be interested in a spin-off focusing on Newman, to which he replied, "I think he could show up on Law & Order as a snitch, but as for a weekly dose of Newman, well, I think if occasionally you're hit in the head with a ball-peen hammer, you might get slightly dazed. But if you were getting hit week after week, you might get pissed off."

Reception and popularity
In a Sacramento Bee interview, Knight explained that he was once pulled over by a police officer who merely stopped him to say "Hello, Newman".

Mike Joy of Fox Sports often responds, "Hello, Newman" when Ryan Newman wins a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race. This has happened in the 2008 Daytona 500 and 2017 Camping World 500.

Newman was ranked No.1 on a list by TV.com of the ten most annoying neighbors in television. TV Guide included him in a 2013 list, "The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time". In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked him #16 of their "40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time".

Appearances

 * Season 2
 * "The Revenge" (originally voiced by Larry David, dubbed over by Wayne Knight in syndication)
 * Season 3
 * "The Suicide"
 * "The Boyfriend" (parts 1 and 2)
 * "The Parking Space"
 * "The Keys"
 * Season 4
 * "The Pitch"
 * "The Ticket"
 * "The Pick"
 * "The Old Man"
 * "The Pilot" (cameo)
 * Season 5
 * "The Sniffing Accountant"
 * "The Lip Reader"
 * "The Non-Fat Yogurt"
 * "The Barber"
 * "The Marine Biologist"
 * "The Raincoats" (part 2)
 * Season 6
 * "The Big Salad"
 * "The Switch"
 * "The Label Maker"
 * "The Scofflaw"
 * "The Doodle"
 * "The Diplomat's Club"
 * Season 7
 * "The Engagement"
 * "The Soup Nazi"
 * "The Pool Guy"
 * "The Seven"
 * "The Shower Head"
 * "The Calzone"
 * "The Bottle Deposit" (parts 1 and 2)
 * Season 8
 * "The Soul Mate"
 * "The Package"
 * "The Chicken Roaster"
 * "The Andrea Doria"
 * "The Pothole"
 * "The Millennium"
 * "The Muffin Tops"
 * Season 9
 * "The Butter Shave"
 * "The Blood"
 * "The Junk Mail"
 * "The Merv Griffin Show"
 * "The Betrayal"
 * "The Reverse Peephole"
 * "The Cartoon"
 * "The Bookstore"
 * "The Finale" (parts 1 and 2)
 * Additional appearances
 * "The Over-Cheer" (2014)
 * "A Message from Your Friendly Local Mail Carrier" (2020)

title: Newman (Seinfeld)


text:
CEB

CEB or Ceb may refer to:

 * Verb: to add water in a mate (to ceb). See Mate.

Organizations

 * CEB (high school), a chain of Mexican high schools
 * CEB Inc., commercial firm that provides best practices research, executive education, and decision support tools
 * Central Electricity Board, a board set up under The Electricity (Supply) Act 1926
 * Ceylon Electricity Board, electricity company in Sri Lanka
 * Commodity Exchange Bratislava, a commodity exchange in Slovakia
 * Confederation of European Baseball, governing body for baseball and softball in Europe
 * Continuing Education of the Bar, a California legal publisher
 * Council of Elders of the Bundestag (Germany), a joint deliberative body
 * Council of Europe Development Bank, an international lending institution to promote social cohesion

Codes

 * CEB, IATA code for Mactan–Cebu International Airport, Philippines
 * CEB, ICAO code for Cebu Pacific, Philippines
 * Cebuano language (ISO codes)

Other uses

 * Čeb, old name for Čelarevo, Serbia
 * CAAT enhancer binding, a regulatory sequence in DNA
 * Census Enumerators' Books, books used by researchers in social science, local and family history
 * Common English Bible, a new Bible translation, began in late 2008
 * Compressed earth block, a block manufactured with a mechanical press
 * Comunidades Eclesiais de Base, sub-units of parishes
 * SSI CEB, a standard form factor for dual processor motherboards
 * Sébastien "Ceb" Debs, an esports player

title: CEB


text:
List of active sumo wrestlers

The following is an alphabetical list of all active professional sumo wrestlers in the top makuuchi division, and all those currently in lower divisions who have a Wikipedia article. Please refer to professional sumo divisions for more information about the separate divisions.

List
Wrestlers can be listed in the order of their rank as of the most current July/Nagoya 2024 banzuke, by clicking the 'Current rank' sorting button.

The East side of the banzuke is regarded as more prestigious than the West side and those ranked on the East will generally have had a slightly better record in the previous tournament than those with the same rank on the West.

Ranks in bold indicate a wrestler is debuting at a career-high rank.

title: List of active sumo wrestlers


text:
Talk:Law review

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 3 April 2020 and 10 June 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kegiordano.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:19, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Excellent Work
This is an excellent work, very use full article. How one can confuse in Law Review Vs. Judicial Review. There are already good number of references and citation the author has given.

How does the picture help?
I fail to see how how the picture of two doors, even though they happen to be of a law review's office, in any way adds to the completeness of this article, any understanding of what a law review is, or what purpose a law review serves. Which is why I'm deleting it, because it's a pointless distraction, and a needless use of space. If you want to share your holiday snaps, use Picasa!! GuelphGryphon98 (talk) 18:46, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

from Vfd
On 19 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Law review for a record of the discussion.

Law review = joke in academia
This is a good article but it fails to mention that participation on the law review is very time consuming and often highly irritating. Membership does have, as the article notes, excellent and long lasting benefits.

This should be a section. lots of issues | leave me a message 08:22, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Law reviews are a joke in academia? This is a really big claim and can hardly be supported by a few blog entries by some law profs. --PullUpYourSocks 17:57, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * It's not a very big claim. They are a joke within the study of law, too. They aren't usually peer reviewed, and they don't usually even have a thesis or a thesis related to a legal issue. Snailfacts (talk) 17:34, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Law Review vs. Journal
A solid article but it fails to note the difference between the law review and secondary journals -- even at parts conflating the two. lots of issues | leave me a message 05:49, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Do you mean secondary source? Because a law review is a secondary source. --PullUpYourSocks 17:57, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe he means between "the" Law Review (of which each school has one), and other law reviews/law journals put out by law student groups. For example, Harvard has the Harvard Law Review, but other student organizations put out the Harvard Environmental Law Review, Harvard Latino Law Review, Harvard Journal of Women in Law, and so forth. -- BD2412 talk 21:01, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

Added to footnote linking to Richard Posner's anti-law review article from 2004. Wl219 05:16, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Why is there a paragraph on Hofstra's "idea" section?
This is not notable at all. Self-aggrandizement, should be deleted.

 * Agreed. - Tarfu92 15:11, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

History Section?
The second half of the section titled 'Law Reviews as academic Journals' seems to be more like the history and maybe the breadth of law reviews. Suggest to separate it out and expand it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Donaldrobertsoniii (talk • contribs) 22:49, 22 December 2007 (UTC)
 * You mean a separate section, not a separate article, yes? bd2412  T 23:40, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

 * correct, I went ahead and moved to to a separate section, as well as separating in another section the content that seemed to discuss the fact and controversy of law reviews being student-run.Donald (talk) 09:58, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Title - Review vs. Journal
While a law review might be a type of journal, the activity is universally known as "Law review". bd2412 T 17:22, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

"Law Journal" is the more general, generic term for scholarly legal publications. (Note that this very article is filed under the Wikipedia category of law journals: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Law_journals). At many schools, there are several Law Journals, out of which one will be the general and "flagship" journal, which is often called Law Review. However, if you are on one of the other journals, you can't say "I'm on Law Review," "I do Law Review," or "I made Law Review." But one who has made the Law Review can correctly say that s/he made a law journal. The term "Law Review" therefore can't adequately describe the activity of working on a journal devoted to academic discussion of legal issues.

Quite simply, a Law Review is a type of Law Journal. The following pages are from several of the nation's top law school programs: The list could go on and on, but suffice to say that the vast majority of law school programs with multiple publications refer to those publications as journals. On each of these pages, the "Law Review" for that particular school is listed as one of many Law Journals. The notable exceptions are Yale and Georgetown, who (among many other schools like Duke and Emory), simply call their flagship journal the "Journal" (e.g. the "Yale Law Journal").
 * http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/journals/
 * http://www.law.yale.edu/StudentJournals&Publications.asp
 * http://www.law.columbia.edu/current_student/Law_Journals
 * http://www.law.upenn.edu/academics/journals.html
 * http://www.law.stanford.edu/publications/journals/
 * http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/journals.html
 * http://www.law.georgetown.edu/journals/

Other evidence favoring the view that "journal" is the default term for such publications: Visit this site on Washington & Lee's webpage: http://lawlib.wlu.edu/LJ/ This page allows one to sort and rank journals. Using the fields, one can cull the following facts:
 * (1) Out of all legal publications listed, 782 use the term "journal" in their title, while only 440 use the term "review."
 * (2) Out of all student-edited legal publications, 344 use the word "journal," while only 270 use the term "review."

I therefore think that this Wikipedia entry would be more aptly titled "Law Journal," while noting/emphasizing that Law Review is the typical term for the flagship journal at a given law school. Brewsky83 (talk) 19:28, 30 July 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brewsky83 (talk • contribs) 19:24, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I see your point, but there's still sort of a dichotomy between law review as a kind of journal and law review as an activity. Perhaps that is best addressed by having two separate articles. bd2412  T 21:20, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

US Law Only: Title is Misleading
This piece fails to discus any review outside of the US. It should either be re-titled US Law Reviews or re-written to include references to the many many journals and reviews outside of the US. That, or it should be deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.24.250.54 (talk) 16:45, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Actually it does discuss some journals, but nnone of the leading ones. This piece gives the laughably inaccurate impression that there are very few journals outside of the US. In fact America is the odd one out, everywhere else in the worls academics edit law reviews. The UK (and Germany and France and many other places) have just as many law journals with just as long a pedigree as the US. An expret needs to edit this page properly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.24.248.218 (talk) 10:06, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Law Review v. Law Journal
Isn't the distinction between Law Review and Law Journal (at least in the US) based on the fact that a Journal is edited by credentialed professionals and its articles are subject to peer-referee by established experts in the field, whereas a Review is edited by students and its articles are not subject to peer-referee? Naaman Brown (talk) 14:25, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

No, very few american law journals are peer-reviewed (exception: American Journal of International Law). I have been among the editors of one of them and we did all of the selection and editing ourselves. I am now a scholar and sometimes serves as peer-reviewer of non-American law journals. I believe this wikipedia article is deeply flawed. I am not sure whether the big distinction should be between student-edited and professionally edited reviews/journals at all, but if so, it should include a solid part on the professionally edited, peer-reviewed reviews/journals that plays the most important part in legal scholarship in most parts of the world and in many areas of American law as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.208.112.158 (talk) 23:35, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Adding a Journal to Wikipedia
Below there my exchange with Crusio the editor of this section:

Dear Crusio I have tried to edit the wikipedia article regarding law reviews and you keep unediting it. My question is why is in non notable? it is from a University in Italy, published with the University Press (ISBN Code and ISSN codes) and among the authors there are several Judges and distinguished jurists

 * (Crusio)- The journal does not even exist yet, its website states that "issue 0 will soon be published". Have a look at WP:GNG and WP:NJournals. New journals are almost never "notable" (in the Wikipedia sense, this has no bearing on quality or anything like that, only whether the subject of an article has been "noted" in independent reliable sources. --Crusio (talk) 17:12, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Unfortunately you are incorrect the first issue has been published back in October check the "Current Section" also check the annocements it says it can be downloaded now... I am not sure how this works but is there a way to settle this? I don't see what the problem is from adding 1 review when there are multiple for the other countries.

 * (Crusio) Even with 1 issue published, your new review simply does not meet the notability requirements that I linked to above. --Crusio (talk) 18:29, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Sorry but I don't see why you get to make that call, also why is the Aberdeen Student Law Review, one issue 'notable' and even in the wikipedia sense? This is the first review of it's kind in Italy, Professor Cassese is a Constituional Court Judge and Prof. Conforti is a former European Court of Human Rights Judge. I am new to editing wikipedia but I dont get how one person get's to decide. Is there any other way? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sf156 (talk • contribs) 18:34, 23 May 2011 (UTC) ""

 * Also for the sake of independent reliable sources see: http://eum.unimc.it/news/nasce-la-201crivista-giuridica-degli-studenti http://www.cronachemaceratesi.it/2011/05/17/al-via-il-festival-degli-studenti-con-mostre-concerti-e-spettacoli-teatrali/ http://sfoglia.corriereadriatico.it/Articolo?aId=1159366 that is a newspaper btw http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/macerata/cultura/2009/10/22/250937-premi_laureati.shtml same with this one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sf156 (talk • contribs) 19:30, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

What I am asking is to add a piece of factual information to the wikipedia article. I don't see how other Student Reviews are acceptable but this one is not. It has all the formal requirments of a an ufficial law review, including an editorial board and a scientific committee composed by University Professors. If you agree to add this publication please write it here so Crusio can wikipedia certify it. Regards Sf156
 * There's a lot to clean up in the "law review" article and the Aberdeen journal may well be one part of it. I never got around to cleaning it up, just prevent it from deteriorating even further. That other stuff exists is not an argument to add more stuff like that, we call that argument WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS. Unfortunately, none of the sources you list establish notability, if at all, they are just in-passing mentions of the "Rivista". --Crusio (talk) 20:08, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Hi there thanks for your comments. How can I get you to accept the submission? I have provided all evidence possible to establish the existence of a student edited law review in Italy other than the Bocconi one, equally as new (founded the same year) The Review has also been accepted by SSRN (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1812023) and was added to the list of accepted review on the OJS website (http://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs-journals). So what can I do to get this published? Sf156 (talk) 21:19, 23 May 2011 (UTC) (ps. sorry about the non signing)
 * What you need (as explained in WP:GNG and WP:NJournals) are independent reliable sources about the journal, or evidence that the journal is included in major selective databases, to establish notability. --Crusio (talk) 21:32, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

I assume newspapers and SSRN are not sufficient. Alright, I will see what I can do, in the mean time, in the interest of fairness, please edit the other student law reviews that you don't deem notable. Thank you for your help --Sf156 (talk) 23:06, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Connection between Albany/Columbia predecessor "journals" and modern law reviews
It strikes me as more than a little misleading to describe the Albany Law Review (first published in 1936) as the successor to the Albany Law School Journal (published for one year from 1875 to 1876). Likewise, I doubt anyone would consider the Columbia Law Review (first published in 1901) to have succeeded the Columbia Jurist (published for two years, from 1885 to 1887)--although that's a slightly closer question. It seems fairer to say that while the Albany Law School Journal was simply a historical isolate disconnected from the larger trend, the Jurist helped spark the Harvard Law Review--which in turn spawned a boom in student-edited academic law journals. That boom eventually led to the founding of the Columbia Law Review and, eventually, the Albany Law Review. The current description obscures that historical trend, and moreover implies that the Albany Law School Journal (and worse yet, the Albany Law Review) occupy anything more than a footnote in the history of the law review. (On that last point, I would note that neither the Albany Law School wiki page nor the Albany Law Review wiki page support the existence of any successorship relationship between the Law School Journal and the Law Review). I found this 1996 article from the U Akron Law Review to offer some clarity on the historical arc. I realize that such kibitzing as I've offered isn't particular in the spirit of Wikipedia--but I'd appreciate it if the active editors on this page could correct this error. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:37EF:1D90:78B0:6CED:628C:159F (talk) 22:39, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Categorizing peer reviewed or not
It seems we can start based on this list: ; for background, see below. Fgnievinski (talk) 15:40, 22 June 2015 (UTC) - What sort of response are you seeking to this list?  Blue Rasberry  (talk)  16:06, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
 * "The periodicals law librarians deal with on a daily basis are gradually making the shift from non-peer-reviewed to peer-reviewed, though law reviews, particularly in the United States, are slow to make the transition."
 * "The law reviews ... are edited without peer review"
 * "How long has Stanford [Law Review] participated in the peer review program? My understanding is that this is the third year of the program"
 * Editor's Corner: Are Law Reviews Peer-Reviewed?.

 * I'm also not sure what is being proposed, but I'd be hesitant to add an entire section on this or to start maintaining a list of peer-reviewed v. not peer-reviewed journals as a Wikipedia entry. The subject of peer review might merit a sentence or two in the United States subsection, but I'm not aware of evidence that it's a very notable movement within law review publishing and, because most American law reviews are student-edited and have high management turn over, peer review practices may vary both between journals and year-over-year for the same journal.  Peer review is something that gets suggested for American law reviews from time to time, but very few journals I'm familiar with have actually gone ahead with implementing peer review and, as I understand it, those that have, have done so in a manner that does not parallel traditional peer review in the social sciences.  You will note that all of the background articles about this suggested by Fgnievinski are between four and eleven years old, and that the most recent blog related to Stanford Law Review makes clear that, at least at Stanford at that time, the peer reviewers' opinions were not determinative of whether a piece is published and were not provided to the authors.  Sneekypat (talk) 16:18, 22 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Many law reviews are student-edited, where there is a large group (usually several dozen) law students involved in editing/reviewing submissions. I would regard this as a form of "editorial board peer review". The editorial process certainly is very different from a magazine or newspaper. --Randykitty (talk) 16:43, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

 * The function of a student-edited law review's editorial board (while important) is quite different from the kind of peer review being discussed here. Peer review in the sense at issue is when an academic journal is edited by faculty (rather than students) in the field who review submissions and make publication decisions based on their expertise.  Typically, there is also a "revise and resubmit" option to peer review, where the faculty make suggestions for substantive changes to an article prior to the article being accepted, in addition to the more typical law review "accept" or "reject". Sneekypat (talk) 19:05, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm proposing to create a new Category:Peer reviewed law journals and start populating it based on the first link above; and also to create a section in the main article stating that law reviews, especially in the U.S., are not usually peer reviewed. The direct quotations above source the interpretation that student's handling of articles cannot be considered formal peer review. This issue has implications for the very definition of academic journal, as per Talk:Academic journal. Fgnievinski (talk) 17:53, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I am opposed to all of these suggestions. As to the category, I do not think there is an objective way to populate it given how law review editorial boards are generally governed.  More, to the extent that such a category could be created, I think it would probably constitute original research.  It's not as though the first link you provided is an RS with a list based on publicly available criteria.  I'm not saying listing all the law reviews that use peer review (and in a manner that fits the ordinary understanding of peer review) it isn't a worthwhile project.  I'd be personally interested, but I don't think such a category can be reliable enough to belong on Wikipedia at this point it time.

 * As to adding a new section, as I mentioned above, I don't think that is necessary or helpful to the article. To the extent that it merits inclusion, a sentence or two in the American Law Reviews subheadings (2.1, 5.1 or both) seems to me to be sufficient.  For the record, I am only familiar with American law reviews, so to the extent that a proposed new section would also deal with non-US law reviews, I'll bow out. Sneekypat (talk) 19:05, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

Slight edit to duties of student members (from a student member)
As a member of the Stanford Law Review, I clarified what is expected of student law review members with a minor edit to that section (clarifying that while some journals expect student members to write notes, others draw from broader submission pools, as our law review does). Wishing you all well. Kegiordano (talk) 22:47, 25 April 2020 (UTC)

Copy/paste in Editorial staff: Australia section
This section about Editorial staff in Australia appears to be copied from page 12 of the below book. An excerpt of the book containing the portion that was copied is available at SSRN 3842202. However, the references section is not available online.

I'm honestly not sure what to do; is it okay to blank the section?

―sitting in a fridge <3 coolmato 18:45, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

I4rwi wi
Ten d9 a jwa8 119.93.7.0 (talk) 03:23, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Law review


text:
CPR-Kontoret

CPR-Kontoret (CPR-Office) is the Danish government agency that houses Det Centrale Personregister. It was established in 1968.

Among other things, it is responsible for ensuring that every person registered as a citizen of Denmark receives a personal identification number.

It is a department of "3. Økonomiske kontor" (3rd Economic Office), which itself is a department of the Ministry of Health and Prevention.

title: CPR-Kontoret


text:
Saul (disambiguation)

Saul, or Shaul, was the first king of the united Israel and Judah.

Saul may also refer to:

Biblical figures

 * Paul the Apostle, called Saul of Tarsus before his conversion
 * Saul, a king of Edom

People

 * Saul (given name), a list of people
 * Saúl Berjón (born 1986), Spanish footballer known as Saúl
 * Saúl Fernández (born 1985), Spanish footballer known as Saúl
 * Saúl Ñíguez, Spanish footballer playing for Atlético Madrid, known as Saúl
 * Saul (surname), a list of people

Places

 * Saül, French Guiana, a commune
 * Saul, County Down, Northern Ireland, a townland and civil parish
 * Saul Monastery, 5th-century monastery near Saul
 * Saul, Gloucestershire, England, a village
 * Saul, Kentucky, United States, an unincorporated community

Arts and media

 * Saul (Handel), a 1738 oratorio by Handel
 * Saul (Alfieri), a 1782 tragedy by Vittorio Alfieri
 * Saul (comics), a Marvel Comics character
 * Saul Karath, a character in the role-playing game Knights of the Old Republic

Television

 * Saul Bennett, in the Australian soap opera Home and Away
 * Saul Berenson, in the American political-thriller series Homeland
 * Saul Goodman, in the American series Breaking Bad and its spinoff Better Call Saul
 * "Better Call Saul" (Breaking Bad), an episode of Breaking Bad
 * Better Call Saul, an AMC series spun off Breaking Bad
 * Saul Malone, in the series Saul of the Mole Men
 * Saul Tigh, in the re-imagined series Battlestar Galactica

Other uses

 * Saul (band), a hard rock band formed in 2007
 * Saul High School of Agricultural Sciences, Roxborough, Philadelphia, United States
 * Mount Saul, a mountain in Washington state

title: Saul (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Saul (disambiguation)

Paul the Apostle
This article says that Paul the Apostle was the original name of Saul of Tarsus. Was it not the other way around, i.e. Saul of Tarsus was the original name of Paul? Vorbee (talk) 18:09, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saul (disambiguation)


text:
Raymond Lewenthal

Raymond Lewenthal (August 29, 1923 – November 21, 1988) was an American virtuoso pianist. Among his teachers were Olga Samaroff, who was a pupil of Charles-Valentin Alkan's son, Élie-Miriam Delaborde.

Biography
Lewenthal was born in San Antonio, Texas to Russian-French parents of Jewish origin. His birth date is often given as 1926, but he was actually born three years earlier in 1923 (an examination of his birth certificate has confirmed this). The false birth year was probably an attempt to assist his career as a child actor. After spending several years as a child movie actor in Hollywood, he studied the piano there with Lydia Cherkassky, mother and teacher of the renowned pianist Shura Cherkassky. In 1945 he won all three of the major competitions then being held in California: The Young Artist Competition at UCLA (judged by Bruno Walter), the Young Artist Contest of Occidental College, and the Gainsborough Award in San Francisco. He continued his studies at the Juilliard School as a full scholarship student of Olga Samaroff-Stokowski. Later Lewenthal worked in Europe with Alfred Cortot and with Guido Agosti.

Lewenthal made his debut in 1948 with Dimitri Mitropoulos and the Philadelphia Orchestra. The occasion marked the first time a soloist had been invited to play Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 3 under Mitropoulos's direction, that being a work which the conductor was famous for playing himself. The success of this performance was followed a few weeks later by Lewenthal's New York recital debut. These events launched his North American career, which flourished until it came to a sudden halt in 1953; while walking through New York's Central Park, Lewenthal was attacked by a gang of hoodlums and suffered broken bones in his hands and arms. After a slow physical and psychological recovery, Lewenthal moved abroad and withdrew from the concert stage except for occasional touring and recording in Europe and South America. During this time he began his research on the French Romantic composer, Charles-Valentin Alkan, with the intention of writing an exhaustive study of Alkan's life and music. Lewenthal's Alkan book remained unpublished at the time of his death.

His first return to the public was through a two-hour broadcast in 1963 for WBAI in New York, on which he played Alkan's works and discussed his life. The response to this program was overwhelming and brought a request from G. Schirmer to prepare an edition of Alkan's piano music. Encouraged by the reception, Lewenthal played a recital including Alkan's music in Town Hall, New York, in September 1964 - his first public appearance there in 12 years. This led to an RCA recording of Alkan's music which was met with critical raves, and then a three-concert Liszt Cycle in New York and London, among many other performances. Lewenthal came to be considered the leader of the "Romantic Revival", reintroducing solo and chamber works by many important but neglected 19th-century composers such as Moscheles, Goetz, Herz, Hummel, Henselt, Scharwenka, Rubinstein, Reubke, Field, Dussek and others, as well as reviving overlooked works by famous composers. He also took an active role in such events as the Romantic Festival at Butler University (Indianapolis) and Newport Music Festival. In 1971 he accepted an invitation to a well received tour of Southern Africa. Lewenthal taught at the Mannes College of Music and The Tanglewood Music Festival, and was a faculty member of the Manhattan School of Music for a number of years beginning in the mid-1970s. Among his doctoral students was Israeli pianist Astrith Baltsan.

Lewenthal's recordings include releases for Westminster Records, Reader's Digest, RCA Victor, Columbia Records/CBS, and Angel Records. In addition to his Schirmer edition of selected Alkan piano works. Lewenthal also prepared for the same publisher an anthology called Piano Music for One Hand and another collection of Encores of Famous Pianists, both containing extensive notes and commentary.

After living for many years in a small apartment at 51 East 78th Street in Manhattan, Lewenthal moved to Hudson, New York, where he spent his last years in semi-seclusion, his concert activity significantly reduced owing to a chronic heart condition. He died on November 21, 1988, aged 65.

title: Raymond Lewenthal


text:
April 2005 in sports

{| class="infobox" style="width:18em"

Deaths

 * 28 – Red Horner
 * 23 – Earl Wilson
 * 18 – Clarence Gaines
 * 18 – Sam Mills
 * 15 – Jimmy Allan
 * 15 – Art Cross
 * 15 – Duilio Spagnolo
 * 13 – Don Blasingame
 * 12 – Bill Jones
 * 11 – Lucien Laurent
 * 10 – Al Lucas
 * 9 – Scott Mason
 * 7 – Cliff Allison
 * 3 – Frank Clair

Ongoing events

 * 2005 English cricket season
 * 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup
 * 2005 in NASCAR
 * 31 Mar-15 May: Cricket: S Africa tour W Indies
 * 16 April–2 May: Snooker: World Championship
 * }

30 April 2005 (Saturday)

 * Boxing: Iván Calderón retains his WBO world Minimumweight title with an eighth-round knockout of Noel Tunacao, Nelson Dieppa loses his WBO world Light Flyweight title with a ten-round technical decision against Hugo Cazares in San Juan, Puerto Rico; John Ruiz loses his WBA world Heavyweight title to James Toney by a twelve-round unanimous decision at New York, New York and announces his retirement from boxing, and Christy Martin posts a second-round knockout win over Lana Alexander in Lula, Mississippi.Boxrec.com
 * Bundesliga: Kaiserslautern 0–4 Bayern Munich
 * Bayern win their 19th Bundesliga title and their third in the last five years. (Eurosport)
 * Premier League: Bolton 0–2 Chelsea
 * Chelsea win their first Premier League Championship in 50 years. (Eurosport)
 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * County Championship – Division One:
 * Gloucestershire (8pts) drew with Kent (11pts)
 * Nottinghamshire (22pts) beat Sussex (6pts) by 10 wickets
 * Surrey (18pts) beat Glamorgan (5pts) by 5 wickets
 * Warwickshire (22pts) beat Middlesex (5pts) by 7 wickets
 * County Championship – Division Two:
 * Essex (22pts) beat Somerset (2pts) by 9 wickets
 * Lancashire (17pts) beat Worcestershire (6pts) by 76 runs
 * Northamptonshire (12pts) drew with Derbyshire (7pts)

29 April 2005 (Friday)

 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * MCC University matches in 2005:
 * Gloucestershire beat Cardiff UCCE by 95 runs
 * Leicestershire drew with Durham UCCE

28 April 2005 (Thursday)

 * Former Toronto Maple Leafs player Red Horner, the oldest living member of the Hockey Hall of Fame and the oldest former NHLer, passes away at age 95. TSN
 * Football: UEFA Cup semi-finals, first leg:
 * Parma 0 – 0 CSKA Moscow (UEFA.com)
 * Sporting 2 – 1 AZ Alkmaar (UEFA.com)

27 April 2005 (Wednesday)

 * Football (soccer): UEFA Champions League, semi-final, first leg:
 * Chelsea 0 – 0 Liverpool (UEFA.com)

26 April 2005 (Tuesday)

 * ICC Intercontinental Cup:
 * United Arab Emirates (30pts) beat Hong Kong (12.5pts) in Sharjah
 * Football (soccer): UEFA Champions League, semi-final, first leg:
 * AC Milan 2 – 0 PSV Eindhoven (UEFA.com)

25 April 2005 (Monday)

 * Football (soccer): The Football Association asks UEFA to grant Liverpool a place in next season's Champions League should they win the competition this year but finish below fourth place in the FA Premier League. UEFA have indicated that they will not allow five teams from one country to take part. The FA could still place Liverpool in the Champions League if they win it – but they would have to deny the fourth placed Premiership club (currently Liverpool's intracity rivals Everton) in order to do so. (sportinglife.com)

24 April 2005 (Sunday)

 * 2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup:
 * Kenya (32pts) beat Uganda (15pts) by 168 runs in Kampala
 * 2005 English cricket season: [[Image:Sussex v Derbyshire.JPG|right|thumb|220px|[[Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 2005|Derbyshire]] batting against Sussex at Hove]]
 * National League Division One in 2005:
 * Gloucestershire (4pts) beat Northamptonshire (0pts) by 9 runs
 * Middlesex (4pts) beat Lancashire (0pts) by 69 runs
 * National League Division Two in 2005:
 * Durham (4pts) beat Surrey (0pts) by 138 runs
 * Kent (4pts) beat Leicestershire (0pts) by 6 runs (D/L method)
 * Sussex (4pts) beat Derbyshire (0pts) by 2 runs (D/L method)
 * Yorkshire (4pts) beat Somerset (0pts) by 5 wickets
 * Basketball: Defending champions Guangdong Southern Tigers defeat Jiangsu Dragons in the fifth and final match of the best-of-five Chinese Basketball Association finals, winning the finals 3 games to 2. Guangdong had a 42-point fourth quarter, overcoming a 14-point deficit in the early minutes of that quarter to win the final match by eight points, 107–99.
 * Rugby union, Heineken Cup semifinal: Leicester Tigers 19, Toulouse 27 at Walkers Stadium, Leicester. Toulouse will face fellow French side Stade Français in the final on 22 May at Murrayfield, Edinburgh. (BBC)
 * Formula One: Fernando Alonso wins a dramatic San Marino Grand Prix, beating Michael Schumacher by just 0.215 seconds.  It is the closest finish in Formula One (not involving teammates) since 1992. (Formula1.com)

23 April 2005 (Saturday)

 * Boxing:
 * Antonio Margarito retains his WBO world Welterweight title, with a fifth-round knockout win over Kermit Cintron. In the undercard, Shane Mosley returns to boxing with a ten-round decision win over David Castillo. ESPN.com
 * Wladimir Klitschko returns to the ring, with a fourth-round knockout over Eliseo Castillo.     Boxing Central.com
 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * County Championship – Division One:
 * Middlesex (9pts) drew with Nottinghamshire (12pts)
 * Kent (10pts) drew with Warwickshire (10pts)
 * Sussex (9pts) drew with Hampshire (9pts)
 * County Championship – Division Two:
 * Northamptonshire (12pts) drew with Leicestershire (9pts)
 * Yorkshire (22pts) beat Somerset (3pts) by an innings and 44 runs
 * Rugby union, Heineken Cup semifinal: Stade Français 20, Biarritz 17 at Stade de France, Saint-Denis, metro Paris. Stade advances to the final to be held 22 May at Murrayfield, Edinburgh. (BBC)
 * NFL: The 2005 NFL Draft begins at the Jacob Javits Convention Center in New York City. Highlights (ESPN):
 * The San Francisco 49ers, selecting first overall, pick Utah quarterback Alex Smith, as expected.
 * For the first time ever, three running backs are among the first five selections: Auburn teammates Ronnie Brown and Carnell Williams (second and fifth respectively) and Texas' Cedric Benson (fourth).
 * Auburn has four first-round picks, with Brown and Williams joined by cornerback Carlos Rogers (ninth) and QB Jason Campbell (25).
 * Cal QB Aaron Rodgers, who was regarded by many as a possible top overall pick until a week before the draft, freefalls through the first round all the way to the 24th slot. The Green Bay Packers pick Rodgers, who now stands to be the eventual successor to Brett Favre.
 * In a surprise move, the Denver Broncos draft Maurice Clarett, former Ohio State running back, as a third-round compensatory pick.
 * Nextel Cup: In the series' first night race at Phoenix International Raceway, Kurt Busch leads over half of the laps en route to his first victory of the season at the Subway Fresh 500. (NASCAR.com)
 * Major League Soccer: The Los Angeles Galaxy defeats C.D. Chivas USA 3–1 in an inter-city match. A strange delay occurs in the 41st minute when the "SkyCam", a movable TV camera suspended above the ground on a cable, that ESPN2 is using crashes to the ground, sparking a $3 1/2$-minute stoppage. The camera is removed at halftime. No one is injured when it falls.(MLSNet MatchTracker)

22 April 2005 (Friday)

 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * National League, Division One
 * The match between Glamorgan and Essex was abandoned without a ball being played (2pts each)
 * MCC Universities:
 * Derbyshire drew with Oxford UCCE
 * Bradford/Leeds UCCE beat Surrey by 4 wickets

21 April 2005 (Thursday)

 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * County Championship – Division Two:
 * Durham (19pts) beat Worcestershire (3pts) by 7 wickets

18 April 2005 (Monday)

 * Cycling:
 * Six times winner of the Tour de France, Lance Armstrong, announces that he will retire from competition after this summer's Tour. (BBC)
 * Olympic champion Tyler Hamilton is banned for two years for blood doping, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency reports. Hamilton forfeits all competitive results since the Tour of Spain where he tested positive last 11 September. (BBC)
 * Athletics – Boston Marathon:
 * Men's race – Hailu Negussie, Ethiopia, 2 hours, 11 minutes, 45 seconds. (AP/ESPN)
 * Women's race – Catherine Ndereba, Kenya, 2 hours, 25 minutes, 13 seconds. (AP/ESPN)

17 April 2005 (Sunday)

 * Athletics – London Marathon:
 * Men's race – Martin Lel, Kenya, 2 hours, 7 minutes, 26 seconds. (BBC)
 * Women's race – Paula Radcliffe, Britain, 2 hours, 17 minutes, 42 seconds. (BBC)
 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * National League, Division One:
 * Essex (4pts) beat Hampshire (0pts) by 16 runs (D/L)
 * The match between Lancashire and Glamorgan was abandoned (2pts each)
 * Worcestershire (4pts) beat Northamptonshire (0pts) by 31 runs (D/L)
 * Middlesex (4pts) beat Nottinghamshire (0pts) by 35 runs (D/L)
 * National League, Division Two:
 * The match between Derbyshire and Kent was abandoned (2pts each)
 * Durham (4pts) beat Leicestershire (0pts) by 9 runs (D/L)
 * Yorkshire (4pts) beat Surrey (0pts) by 43 runs in the only game unaffected by rain
 * The match between Warwickshire and Somerset was abandoned (2pts each) (BBC)
 * Football (soccer):
 * FA Cup semi-final: Newcastle United 1 – 4 Manchester United. Manchester United reach their seventeenth FA Cup Final. (BBC)
 * The Oceania Football Confederation has given its permission for Australia to leave that confederation and join the Asian Football Confederation. The AFC has already endorsed Australia's move. FIFA must approve the move, and will make its decision later in 2005. The proposed move will not take effect until after the 2006 World Cup. (Reuters/Yahoo!)
 * Nextel Cup: After starting in the back of the field after wrecking his primary car in a practice session, Greg Biffle comes back to wins the Samsung/Radio Shack 500 at Texas Motor Speedway. (NASCAR.com)
 * Golf: Australian Peter Lonard gets his very first PGA Tour win in a very strange final round of the MCI Heritage in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. 54-hole leader Darren Clarke is at 14-under at one point in the final round, but ends up at 5-under in a 4-way tie for second place, a tie that includes 5-time tournament winner Davis Love III. Lonard finishes at 7-under.(The Golf Channel)

16 April 2005 (Saturday)

 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * County Championship, Division One:
 * Hampshire (17pts) beat Gloucestershire (4pts) by 48 runs
 * Surrey (12pts) drew with Sussex (9pts)
 * Warwickshire (22pts) beat Glamorgan (1pt) by an innings and 43 runs
 * County Championship, Division Two:
 * Worcestershire (21pts) beat Derbyshire (3pts) by 10 wickets
 * Essex (12pts) drew with Yorkshire (5.5pts)
 * Lancashire (10pts) drew with Somerset (9pts)
 * Football (soccer): FA Cup semi-final: Arsenal 3 – 0 Blackburn Rovers. Arsenal reach their fourth FA Cup Final in five years. (BBC)

15 April 2005 (Friday)

 * 2005 English cricket season:
 * County Championship, Division Two:
 * Durham (22pts) beat Leicestershire (1pt) by an innings and 216 runs.
 * Universities:
 * Kent drew with Cardiff UCCE
 * Nottinghamshire drew with Loughborough UCCE
 * Football (soccer): UEFA hands down its punishment to Internazionale for the unruly behaviour of their fans during their Champions League match against AC Milan. AC has been awarded a 3–0 victory in the match and will advance to the semifinals to face PSV Eindhoven.  In addition, Inter must play their next four UEFA home matches in an empty stadium, with the possibility of two more empty stadium matches if fans cause more trouble during a three-year probation period.  (Reuters/Yahoo!)
 * Auto racing: Just 5 days after opening his Champ Car title defense by winning at Long Beach, Sébastien Bourdais beats NASCAR driver Mark Martin to win the second round of the International Race of Champions season at Texas Motor Speedway.(AP via Yahoo!)

14 April 2005 (Thursday)

 * Baseball:
 * In the first Major League Baseball contest held in Washington, D.C. since 1971, the hometown Nationals defeated the Arizona Diamondbacks, 5–3. (CBS Sportsline)
 * During the 8th inning of a Yankees/Red Sox game, a fan hits right fielder Gary Sheffield in the face while in foul territory. Security guards quickly intervene to prevent a major skirmish.  In the game itself, the Red Sox win 8–5.  (ESPN.com)
 * Cricket: New Zealand (522/9 declared) beat Sri Lanka (211 and 273) by an innings and 38 runs in the second Test at Wellington, winning the two-match series 1–0. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Football: UEFA Cup, Quarter-finals, second leg, progressing teams in bold:
 * Sporting 4 – 1 Newcastle United (UEFA.com)
 * AZ Alkmaar 1 – 1 Villarreal (UEFA.com)
 * AJ Auxerre 2 – 0 CSKA Moskva (UEFA.com)
 * Parma 0 – 0 Austria Vienna (UEFA.com)

13 April 2005 (Wednesday)

 * Football: UEFA Champions League, Quarter-finals, second leg, progressing teams in bold:
 * Juventus 0 – 0 Liverpool (UEFA.com)
 * PSV Eindhoven 1 – 1 Lyon (PSV win 4–2 on penalties) (UEFA.com)

12 April 2005 (Tuesday)

 * Cricket: Pakistan (319/7) beat India (315/6) by 3 wickets in the 4th One Day International at Ahmedabad. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Football: UEFA Champions League, Quarter-finals, second leg, progressing teams in bold:
 * Bayern Munich 3 – 2 Chelsea (UEFA.com)
 * Inter Milan – AC Milan – match abandoned after 75 minutes because of fan unrest, when AC Milan were leading 1–0 (3–0 on aggregate). Result is pending decision of the UEFA Control and Disciplinary Body, which may either let the result stand, or award the match 3–0 to AC Milan. Regardless of UEFA's final decision, AC Milan advance. (UEFA.com)

11 April 2005 (Monday)

 * Rugby union: The British & Irish Lions squad for their upcoming tour to New Zealand has been named. As expected, Ireland star Brian O'Driscoll will be captain. Other highlights: (BBC)
 * England has the largest contingent, with 20 players; 14 of them played on the 2003 World Cup champions. Six Nations winner Wales has 10 players, Ireland has 11, and Scotland has three.
 * England icon Jonny Wilkinson has been left off the team due to his current injuries, but may be added if his health and form allow.
 * England's veteran back row of Lawrence Dallaglio, Neil Back and Richard Hill received their third Lions callups. Both Dallaglio and Back were called back from international retirement, and the 36-year-old Back becomes the oldest Lion ever.
 * Cricket: The first round of games in the 2005 English cricket season ends, with the most notable result being the MCC's victory over the Champion County, Warwickshire by 7 wickets at Lord's in what was effectively a Test trial. (Cricinfo)
 * MCC University matches:
 * Essex beat Cambridge UCCE by 4 wickets
 * Glamorgan drew with Cardiff UCCE
 * Oxford UCCE drew with Gloucestershire
 * Northamptonshire beat Bradford/Leeds UCCE by an innings and 62 runs
 * Somerset drew with Durham UCCE
 * Sussex drew with Loughborough UCCE

10 April 2005 (Sunday)

 * Golf: Tiger Woods defeats Chris DiMarco on the first hole of a sudden-death playoff, after both golfers finished at 276 (−12) after 72 holes, to win the 2005 Masters Tournament in Augusta, Georgia. It is the 4th "green jacket" for Woods and his ninth major championship before his 30th birthday. Woods also reclaims the top spot in the World Golf Rankings.  (AP/Yahoo!) (CBS Sportsline)
 * Arena football: Al Lucas, former NFL and current Arena Football League player, dies from an apparent spinal cord injury sustained while trying to make a tackle for the Los Angeles Avengers in a game against the New York Dragons. (FOXSports.com)
 * Nextel Cup: Jeff Gordon wins the Advance Auto Parts 500 in Martinsville, Virginia, after coming back from being 3 laps down early in the race.  (NASCAR.com)
 * Champ Car: Sébastien Bourdais begins his Champ Car title defense the right way, beating Paul Tracy to win the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach.

9 April 2005 (Saturday)

 * Cricket: Pakistan (319/9) beat India (213) by 106 runs in the 3rd One Day International at Jamshedpur. (Wisden CricInfo)
 * Horse-racing:
 * Hedgehunter (7–1 favourite), ridden by Ruby Walsh, wins the Grand National at Aintree Racecourse. (BBC)
 * Buzzard's Bay, a 30–1 longshot, wins the Santa Anita Derby by a half-length over General John B. Sweet Catomine, a hopeful for the Kentucky Derby, finished fifth.  (Sports Network/Yahoo!)
 * Bellamy Road wins the Wood Memorial by 17$1/2$ lengths, establishing himself as a favorite in the Kentucky Derby. The colt is owned by New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner and trained by Nick Zito. (AP/Yahoo!)
 * Ice hockey – Women's World Championship: The United States defeat Canada 3–1 in a penalty shootout to win the women's world hockey championship. It is Canada's first loss to the US in the history of the championships.  The loss brings to an end their streak of eight consecutive championships.  A ninth consecutive championship would have tied the Soviet men's team for most consecutive championships in ice hockey.  (AP/Yahoo!)

8 April 2005 (Friday)

 * Cricket:
 * The 2005 English cricket season officially starts, as the champion county, Warwickshire take on the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * The first Test cricket match between New Zealand (561 and 238) and Sri Lanka (498 and 7/0) at Napier ends in a draw after bad light stops play on the fifth day. (BBC)

7 April 2005 (Thursday)

 * Football: UEFA Cup, Quarter-finals, first leg:
 * Newcastle United 1 – 0 Sporting Lisbon (UEFA.com)
 * CSKA 4 – 0 Auxerre (UEFA.com)
 * Austria Vienna 1 – 1 Parma (UEFA.com)
 * Villarreal 1 – 2 AZ Alkmaar (UEFA.com)

6 April 2005 (Wednesday)

 * Football: UEFA Champions League, Quarter-finals, first leg:
 * Chelsea 4 – 2 Bayern Munich (UEFA.com)
 * AC Milan 2 – 0 Inter Milan (UEFA.com)

5 April 2005 (Tuesday)

 * Cricket: India (356/9) beat Pakistan (298) by 58 runs in the second One Day International at Visakhapatnam. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Football: UEFA Champions League, quarterfinals, first leg:
 * Liverpool 2 – 1 Juventus (UEFA.com)
 * Lyon 1 – 1 PSV (UEFA.com)

4 April 2005 (Monday)

 * Golf: PGA Tour: Phil Mickelson wins the BellSouth Classic at Sugarloaf after a five-man, four-hole play-off. (BBC)
 * Cricket: South Africa (188 and 269/4) draw with West Indies (543/5 dec.) in the first Test at Guyana. (Wisden Cricinfo)
 * Basketball – NCAA tournament, championship game:
 * The North Carolina Tar Heels defeat the Illinois Fighting Illini 75–70 to win the NCAA national basketball championship. It is the school's fifth championship and the first championship for head coach Roy Williams. Carolina's Sean May is named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. (AP/ESPN)

3 April 2005 (Sunday)

 * Formula One: The Bahrain Grand Prix is won by Renault's Fernando Alonso
 * NASCAR Nextel Cup: Kevin Harvick takes the checkered flag in the Food City 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway. (NASCAR.com)
 * Cycling: Tom Boonen wins the Tour of Flanders. He finished 35 seconds ahead of Andreas Klier. Peter van Petegem finished 3rd.
 * Rugby union: Heineken Cup quarterfinals
 * Biarritz 19–10 Munster (at San Sebastián, Spain) (BBC)

2 April 2005 (Saturday)

 * All sporting events in Italy are suspended following the death of Pope John Paul II. (AP/ESPN)
 * Football (soccer): Newcastle United teammates Lee Bowyer and Kieron Dyer are sent off for fighting each other. The altercation occurred in the 82nd minute of a 3–0 Premiership loss to Aston Villa at St James' Park.  (BBC)
 * Cricket: India (281 for 8) beat Pakistan (194) by 87 runs in the first One Day International at Kochi.
 * Rugby union: Heineken Cup quarterfinals
 * Stade Français 48–8 Newcastle Falcons (BBC)
 * Leinster 13–29 Leicester Tigers (BBC)
 * Basketball – NCAA tournament, Final Four (advancing teams in bold):
 * Illinois 72, Louisville 57 (AP/ESPN)
 * North Carolina 87, Michigan State 71 (AP/ESPN)

1 April 2005 (Friday)

 * Football (soccer): As an April Fool's joke, Bayern Munich announces on its website that it is set to sign Real Madrid and England superstar and cultural icon David Beckham. A Bayern spokesman freely admitted to the hoax. (FCBayern.de, in German) (FCBayern.de, in English) (Reuters/Yahoo!)
 * Rugby union: Heineken Cup quarterfinals
 * Toulouse 37–9 Northampton Saints (BBC)

title: April 2005 in sports


text: Category:Government of Denmark

title: Category:Government of Denmark


text:
Chrisso, Phocis

Chrisso (Χρισσό) is a village in Phocis, Greece. The modern village sits north of the ancient town of Crissa, a powerful city-state of ancient Greece which gave its name to the Crissaean plain and the Crissaean Gulf and lies in the southwestern foothills of Mount Parnassus. Chrisso is 2 km southwest of Delphi, 10 km southeast of Amfissa and 6 km northeast of Itea. The Greek National Road 48 (Nafpaktos - Delphi - Livadeia) passes west of the village. Chrisso belongs to the municipality of Delphi.

History
The town is first mentioned in Homer's Catalog of Ships, as a Phoecean settlement that participated in Trojan War (ca. 12th-13th century B.C.). The rubble from the ancient wall of Krissa lies in the modern Stefani hill. The ancient city was devastated by Amphictiones in the war which lasted from around 600 BC and 590 BC. In the Crisaean fields, an ancient hippodrome is founded.

Persons

 * Strophilus of Crissa

title: Chrisso, Phocis