text:
Don Mills Centre

The Don Mills Centre was a shopping mall in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was located on a 44-acre (17.8 ha) commercial site, at the southwest corner of Don Mills Road and Lawrence Avenue East in Toronto. There were at least 98 stores during the height of the mall's existence. The majority of the mall was closed and demolished in summer 2006 for redevelopment as the Shops at Don Mills.

History
E. P. Taylor of Argus Corporation originally bought the land for a brewing plant, but decided to make the site the focal point of the 2,100-acre (850 ha) planned community. Initial construction of the Don Mills Centre began in 1954. In 1955, a strip plaza was opened with a Dominion supermarket, Kofflers Drug Store (the first Shoppers Drug Mart), Brewers Retail and a dozen other retailers.

Don Mills Centre was primarily intended to serve the local community, centrally located within walking distance of many rental units built around the core of the community, which included a sizeable population of senior citizens and the disabled.

By 1965, the Dominion supermarket had relocated into a larger store at the south end, Zellers moved in and an outdoor mall expanded to 65 stores.

In 1978, a major renovation was undertaken to enclose the mall. The mall was expanded from 400,000 to 462,000 square feet (37,000 to 43,000 m2).

After its closure in the 1990s, the lower level of the Eaton's store was converted to a Sears Canada outlet store, which later closed. The store once again stood empty for some time until it was leased by a sporting goods store, National Sports. The store then left the site after two years and was replaced by a patio furniture store and a used car dealership.

Increased competition from other shopping malls and the closure of main anchor tenant T. Eaton Co. meant declines in mall revenues and the exodus of many fashion retailers. Longtime tenants in the mall reported that they still remained profitable, but mall owner Cadillac Fairview (CF) had not been offering long-term leases for a while, purportedly to discourage new retailers from getting established. CF put forth redevelopment proposals in 2004 which would renovate the existing mall and add expansions. However in 2006, CF claimed that the property was in poor condition at an Ontario Municipal Board hearing on 29 May 2006 to justify demolishing the mall and rebuilding it as an urban lifestyle village. Nearby residents regarded the existing mall as a community centre, and criticized CF's latest redevelopment plan as failing to serve their needs.

Demolition and redevelopment
The majority of the mall was closed and demolished in summer 2006 for redevelopment, so CF provided a shuttle bus to Fairview Mall for a few years, until Shops at Don Mills opened.

The Shoppers Drug Mart opened in late April 2007, which was the chain's 1000th store. A CIBC branch opened at the same time. As of early October 2008, Jack Astor's had re-opened. The first phase of an urban village, the Shops at Don Mills, consisting of 100 retailers and services opened on April 22, 2009.

Home Hardware relocated to 49 The Donway West, on the south side of the Mall property, where The Beer Store, Blockbuster Video and Royal LePage Realty had long been located. In June 2013, this series of buildings at 49 The Donway West was demolished. Shoppers Drug Mart and CIBC built new locations on the north-east corner of Lawrence Avenue East and The Donway West.

Dominion (now Metro) and the Royal Bank Building are the only remainders of the old mall.

Former tenants
Former Anchor tenants of the Don Mills Centre included: Bittner's Meat and Deli operated at Don Mills Plaza for many years.
 * Home Hardware
 * Eaton's — became Sears Canada clearance centre and later as National Sports
 * Zellers — closed and demolished
 * Dominion — now Metro

title: Don Mills Centre


text:
Brigstock

Brigstock is a village and civil parish in the English county of Northamptonshire. Administratively it is part of North Northamptonshire. From 2001 to 2011, the parish population increased from 1,329 to 1,357.

Toponymy
The village's name origin is uncertain. 'Bridge outlying farm/settlement' or perhaps, 'birch-tree outlying farm/settlement'. Alternatively, 'birch-tree stump'.

History
The village is surrounded by the remnants of the royal forest of Rockingham.

Brigstock is an ancient settlement, dating back to the Bronze Age or Saxon period. Several properties in the village appear in the Domesday Book of 1086, in which Brigstock is referred to as "Brigstoc", and Roman relics have been found in and around the village. The village cross, found in the heart of the old village, was erected as a monument after Elizabeth I passed through the village. The parish church of St Andrew shows remnants of a tower which is probably 10th-century.

During the Middle Ages, Brigstock was an administrative hub for the Rockingham Forest, and was granted a market charter in 1426.

The Grade II* listed Manor House was built as a hunting lodge in a clearing of the Royal forest of Rockingham; in 1890 the house was remodelled by the Victorian architect John Alfred Gotch.

There was unrest in Brigstock over new deer parks at the house and the royal forest in May 1603. The villagers led by Simon Montague and Mr Chany tried to stop labourers cutting timber in the park. Next the village women protested at workmen clearing trees and brush in the park. Chany went to London to argue that Simon Montague ought to be keeper of the King's deer. The protestors let the deer out of the parks at Brigstock into Farming Wood in Rockingham Forest and Geddington Woods.

The first school in the village was endowed in the 17th century, and whilst that building no longer stands, the historic centre of the village contains buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries. There are 49 listed properties in the village. Brigstock is one of the largest villages in the region.

The tomb of Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden (1800-1873), a Liberal Party politician, is located within the church of St Andrew.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brigstock


text: Talk:John C. Arrowsmith

title: Talk:John C. Arrowsmith


text: User talk:70.243.142.47

title: User talk:70.243.142.47


text:
Duckpin bowling

Duckpin bowling is a variation of the sport of bowling.

Duckpin balls are $4 3/4$ in (12 cm) to 5 in (12.7 cm) in diameter, weigh 3 lb 6 oz (1.5 kg) to 3 lb 12 oz (1.7 kg) each, and lack finger holes. They are thus significantly smaller than those used in ten-pin bowling but are slightly larger and heavier than those used in candlepin bowling.

Duckpins, although arranged in a triangle identical to that used in ten-pin bowling, are shorter, slightly thinner, and lighter than their ten-pin equivalents, which makes it more difficult for the smaller ball to achieve a strike. For this reason, similar to candlepin bowling, the bowler is allowed three rolls per frame.

Rules
Duckpin bowling has rules similar to ten-pin bowling. In a 10-frame game, bowlers try to knock down pins in the fewest rolls per frame. Bowlers have three balls per frame, instead of two as in ten-pin bowling, to knock over a set of 10 pins. If a bowler knocks down all 10 pins with their first roll in a frame, it is scored as a strike. If all the pins are knocked down in two rolls, the bowler has made a spare. If all the pins are knocked down in three rolls, it is scored as a ten, as in candlepins, with no bonus. If pins are still standing after the third ball, the bowler gets one point for each pin knocked down.

In the case of a strike, the bowler gets 10 points plus the total number of pins knocked down with the next two balls rolled, for a maximum of 30 points. In the case of a spare, the bowler gets 10 points plus the number of pins knocked down with the next ball, for a maximum of 20 points. If it takes three balls to knock down all 10 pins, the bowler gets 10 points, with no bonus. A bowler's final score is the sum of the points earned over 10 frames (a spare or strike in the tenth frame earns one or two rolls respectively). The maximum possible score of 300 points, which is accomplished by rolling 12 strikes in a row, has never been achieved under official conditions.

Duckpin bowling lanes are the same size as ten-pin bowling lanes, but with smaller gutters.

History
The origin of duckpin bowling has been disputed. A commonly recited assertion is that the sport began in Baltimore around 1900, at a bowling, billiards and pool hall owned by future baseball Hall of Famers John McGraw and Wilbert Robinson, both of the old (1882–1899) Baltimore Orioles. One such claim is reported in the Pittsburgh Press of March 3, 1929. However, research has since found references to duckpin dating to the early 1890s in New Haven, Boston and Lowell, Mass. Author Howard W. Rosenberg wrote in 2005 that his research showed the sport was around "at least as of 1894, and probably well before that", with former Duckpin News editor Stacy Karten stating in a 2016 publication that Rosenberg found an 1892 reference to duckpin in The Boston Globe.

Duckpins was not an organized sport until the National Duckpin Bowling Congress (NDBC) was founded in 1927.

In 1953, submarine designer Ken Sherman developed the first automatic duckpin pinsetter, its design having over 1,000 moving parts. Sherman's refusal to sell his patent to ten-pin competitor Brunswick caused him to lack corporate investment needed to manufacture large numbers of duckpin pinsetters. Further, no parts for the Sherman pinsetter have been manufactured since 1973, so that anyone wanting to open a new bowling center must cannibalize parts. The absence of new pinsetter machines is thought to curtail growth of the sport, and spare parts must be scavenged or obtained from alleys that have closed. Only one company makes duckpins, and it only leases them.

The executive director of the National Duckpin Bowling Congress said in 2016 that there were 41 congress-certified duckpin bowling alleys, down from nearly 450 in 1963. In comparison, there were about 4,000 ten-pin centers in 2018. The Baltimore Sun reported in 2017 that the number of professional duckpin bowlers is down by more than 90 percent.

In 1982, the Women's National Duckpin Association (WNDA) was formed, conducting tournaments for women to compete professionally, with Ladies Professional Duckpin Tournament (LPDT) events extending back at least as early as 1974.

Accomplishments and record scores
In 1999, Sports Illustrated named Elizabeth "Toots" Barger among the fifty top Maryland athletes of all time, Barger having claimed thirteen NDBC No. 1 rankings for having the highest female duckpinner average. Barger won nine world championships, and, in 1961, became the second woman to be inducted into the Maryland Athletic Hall of Fame.

Rubber band duckpins
In 1905 a variant called rubber band duckpins was introduced in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area by William Wuerthele, in which the pins are circled with hard rubber bands to increase rebound action in collisions, and therefore scoring. Wuerthele observed bowlers wasting their third ball as well as flying pins injuring pin boys, so, according to a defunct publication called The Ducks, Wuerthele added the rubber band to increase scoring.

The American Duckpin Congress was formed in the 1920s to govern the game of rubber band duckpins. The organization later became the American Rubber Band Duckpin Bowling Congress in 1945 and became an affiliate of the National Duckpin Bowling Congress. The rubber band game is now almost extinct, with most of the lanes located in private clubs, though there is one alley in the U.S. still open to the public in Glassport, Pennsylvania.

As of 2018, rubber band duckpins was mostly limited to Québec, where it is called petites quilles.

There have been perfect games bowled in rubber band duckpin, including the largest duckpin prize ever won on television, C$50,000 in 1994. Since it is easier to knock down pins in rubber band duckpin, its rules are identical to those of ten-pin bowling.

Mini duckpins
In mini duckpins, the lane is shorter than a standard duckpin lane, and the width of the lane is not standard. While there has never been a sanctioned perfect game in regulation duckpin bowling, 300 games are said to be relatively common in mini duckpin play.

Comparison with ten-pin bowling
The USBC reported that there were 55,266 certified 300 games in ten-pin bowling in the 2013–2014 season alone, but there has never been a certified 300 game in duckpin bowling. A Connecticut man named Pete Signore Jr. came closest with a 279 game in 1992.

title: Duckpin bowling


text:
Magyar Autonomous Region

The Magyar Autonomous Region (1952–1960) (Romanian: Regiunea Autonomă Maghiară, Hungarian: Magyar Autonóm Tartomány) and Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region (1960–1968) were autonomous regions in the Romanian People's Republic (later the Socialist Republic of Romania).

History
One of the key factors behind the autonomous region was the desire of the communist Romanian government to win over the Hungarian population in Transylvania. Support for the Romanian Communist Party was very strong in ethnically Hungarian areas, and Hungarian communists made up 26% of all communists in Romania before World War II. Following the Hungarian rule of Northern Transylvania during World War II, ethnic Hungarians now made up 10 % of Romanian population, and the communist government adopted a policy of appeasement towards the Hungarian minority; this was a pragmatic stance as in contrast to largely pro-socialist Hungarians in Romania, ethnic Romanians were unsupportive of the Communist Party and the communist base there was weak. In 1950, Romania adopted a Soviet-style administrative and territorial division of the country into regions and raions (until then, Romania had been divided into județe or counties).

Two years later, in 1952, under Soviet pressure, the number of regions was reduced and by comprising ten raions from the former Mureș Region and from the Stalin Region (both of them created in 1950), of the territory inhabited by a compact population of Székely Hungarians, a new region called the Magyar Autonomous Region was created. According to the 1956 census, the total population of the region was 731,361, distributed among the ethnic groups as follows: Hungarians (77.3%), Romanians (20.1%), Roma (1.5%), Germans (0.4%) and Jews (0.4%). The official languages of the province were Hungarian and Romanian and the provincial administrative centre was Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely). The Magyar Autonomous Region comprised 9 raions: Ciuc, Gheorgheni, Odorhei, Reghin, Sângeorgiu de Pădure, Sfântu Gheorghe, Târgu Mureș, Târgu Secuiesc, and Toplița.

Its status laid out in the 1952 Constitution, the region encompassed about a third of Romania's Hungarians, the rest living either in more Romanian areas or along the border with Hungary, where an ethnic-based region might have stoked fears of irredentism and security concerns. In practice, the region's status differed in no way from that of the other seventeen regions and it did not enjoy autonomy of any kind – laws, decisions and directives from the centre were rendered compulsory by the very constitution that created it, and the State Council of the Autonomous Region was merely a façade. Tadeusz Kopyś remarked that "the status of the autonomous province practically did not differ from those of other Romanian provinces, the only advantage of this arrangement being that the officials in charge were mostly local people". The Region's only distinguishing features were that most of its officials were Hungarian, the Hungarian language could be used in administration and the courts, and bilingual signs were put up on public buildings. Moreover, the specifically Hungarian wing of the Romanian Communist Party was abolished in 1953, ending any mechanism for defending of the Hungarian minority's collective rights.

The creation of the autonomous region, although it had practically no autonomy, shocked Romanian political circles because of the widespread anti-Hungarian sentiment. Many Romanian politicians condemned the autonomy and claimed that Hungary could annex the region. The autonomous region also triggered a reaction from other minorities - Germans and Jews living in Romania also began to apply for their own autonomous regions, and such applications were discussed at party meetings. The Hungarian population and diplomats praised this symbolic concession and considered it conciliatory. Despite the severely limited scope of this autonomy, the creation of the region fostered a golden era of Hungarian cultural life - many Hungarian-language operas and theatres became active in Transylvanian cities, and numerous Hungarian universities were also established during this period, including a medical school in Marosvásárhely and a university in Kolozsvár. According to the region's leadership, autonomy served not only the Hungarian minority but also "the entire provincial community". A young Jewish worker is reported to have said that Transylvanian autonomy "offered a real basis for equality, while the previous regime had built gas chambers for his ancestors".

The population of the region reacted with an outpouring of sympathy for the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, triggering mass protests by local students. Several Hungarian organisations that existed in Transylvania openly expressed their sympathy for the uprising across the border. The Romanian authorities reacted harshly to the revolutionary mood and suppressed the protests through mass arrests. Eventually, several thousand Hungarian students were sent to labour camps, and the incident encouraged Romanian politicians to undermine Hungarian autonomy in Transylvania. The demonstrations also sparked a reaction against the Catholic clergy in Transylvania, with many priests being deported. American journalist George Bailey reported: "Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, probably hundreds murdered. Earlier this year some eight thousand were released amid fanfare on the strength of a general amnesty announced by the Romanian government. But based on information I have collected in my many travels across Transylvania, none of those arrested after the 1956 insurrection was released."

In December 1960, a governmental decree modified the boundaries of the Magyar Autonomous Region. Its southern raions were reattached to Brașov Region (former Stalin Region) and in place of this, several raions were joined to it from Cluj Region. The region was called the Mureș Region-Magyar Autonomous, after the Mureș River. The ratio of Hungarians was thus reduced from 77.3% to 62%. According to Kopyś, this was done to water down the proportion of Hungarians in preparation to eventually abolishing the autonomy of the region.

In 1968, the Great National Assembly put an end to the soviet style administrative division of the country into regions and re-introduced the historical judeţ (county) system, still used today. This also automatically eliminated the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region and replaced it with counties that are not identified with any nationality. The two new counties formed on the majority of the territory of former Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region are Mureș County and Harghita County, plus one from the former Magyar Autonomous Region until 1960 and part of the Brașov Region in 1968, Covasna County.

In two of these counties, Harghita and Covasna, Hungarians form the majority of inhabitants. The Romanian law enables the usage of the language of an ethnic minority which forms at least 20% of the population of a municipality in relation with the administration, and the state provides education and public signage in the language of the respective ethnic minority.

Neighbors
East: Bacău Region and Bârlad Region; South: Stalin Region and Ploiești Region; West: Cluj Region; North: Suceava Region.
 * Magyar Autonomous Region had as neighbors (1952–1960):

East: Bacău Region; South: Brașov Region; West: Cluj Region; North: Suceava Region.
 * Mureș Region-Magyar Autonomous had as neighbors (1960–1968):

title: Magyar Autonomous Region


text:
Crystal Planet

Crystal Planet is the seventh studio album by the guitarist Joe Satriani, released on March 3, 1998, by Epic Records. It was his first album to be released on Epic, whereas his previous six albums were released by Relativity Records. Crystal Planet reached No. 50 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and remained on that chart for eight weeks, as well as reaching the top 100 in five other countries. "Ceremony" was released as a single, reaching No. 28 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock chart and featuring Satriani's first recorded use of a seven-string guitar, namely the Ibanez Universe. "A Train of Angels" was nominated for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 1999 Grammy Awards, Satriani's ninth such nomination.

Reissues
Crystal Planet has been reissued twice. The first was on June 16, 2008, as part of the Original Album Classics box set, and most recently as part of The Complete Studio Recordings, released on April 22, 2014, by Legacy Recordings; this is a box set compilation containing remastered editions of every Satriani studio album from 1986 to 2013.

Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic awarded Crystal Planet four stars out five, calling it "an instrumental record with a difference" and Satriani's "finest all-instrumental effort since Surfing With the Alien". He praised Satriani for "taking more chances than ever" and further developing his technique, saying that it reaches "new, uncharted waters".

Personnel

 * Joe Satriani – guitar, guitar synthesizer, keyboard (tracks 5, 7, 13, 14), bass (tracks 2, 13, 14), harmonica, clapping (track 7), mixing (tracks 14, 15), producer (tracks 13–15)
 * Eric Caudieux – keyboard (tracks 3, 7, 9, 12), programming, orchestration, editing
 * Eric Valentine – keyboard (track 14), drums (tracks 13, 14), percussion (tracks 13, 14), bass (track 14), engineering (tracks 13, 14), mixing (track 14), production (tracks 13, 14)
 * Jeff Campitelli – drums (tracks 1–12), percussion (tracks 1, 4, 6, 8–12), clapping (track 7)
 * Elk Thunder – percussion (track 8)
 * Rhoades Howe – percussion (track 14), engineering assistance (tracks 13, 14)
 * Stuart Hamm – bass (tracks 1, 3–12)
 * Mike Manning – clapping (track 7)
 * Mike Fraser – clapping (track 7), engineering (tracks 1–13), mixing (tracks 1–13), production (tracks 1–13)
 * John Cuniberti – engineering (tracks 14, 15), mixing (tracks 15), production (tracks 14, 15)
 * Kent Matcke – engineering assistance (tracks 1–10, 12)
 * Kevin Scott – engineering assistance (tracks 1–12), mixing assistance (track 14)
 * Stephen Hart – engineering assistance (track 15)
 * Judy Kirschner – engineering assistance
 * Zac Allentuck – mixing assistance (tracks 1–10, 12, 13)
 * George Marino – mastering

title: Crystal Planet


text:
Christian Parenti

Christian Parenti is an American investigative journalist, academic, and author.

Early life and education
Parenti is the son of Michael Parenti and Susan Parenti. He attended Buxton School in Williamstown, Massachusetts, The New School for Social Research, and the London School of Economics, where he earned a PhD in Sociology and Geography.

Career
His books include Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (2000), a survey of the rise of the prison-industrial complex from the Nixon through the Reagan Era and into the present, and The Soft Cage: Surveillance in America From Slavery to the War on Terror (2003), a study of surveillance and control in modern society. The Freedom: Shadows and Hallucinations in Occupied Iraq (2004), is an account of the US occupation of Iraq. In Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence (2011), Parenti links the implications of climate change with social and political unrest in mid-latitude regions of the world. Parenti has reported from Afghanistan, Iraq, Venezuela, Bolivia, the Ivory Coast and China, among other locations.

Parenti's reporting in Afghanistan was the subject of an award-winning HBO documentary, Fixer: The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi. Directed and edited by Ian Olds, the film follows the working relationship between Parenti and his Afghan colleague Ajmal Naqshbandi, and after Naqshbandi's capture and murder by the Taliban, Parenti's investigation of that crime.

Academics
He was a visiting fellow at CUNY's Center for Place, Culture and Politics and a Soros Senior Justice Fellow. Parenti has taught at the New College of California and at St. Mary's College in Moraga, California. Parenti has also served as a professor of sustainable development at the SIT Graduate Institute. As of 2017, he is Associate Professor of Economics at John Jay College.

Personal life
He divides his time between Brattleboro, Vermont, and New York City.

Books

 * Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (1999) ISBN 1-85984-303-4
 * The Soft Cage: Surveillance in America From Slavery to the War on Terror (2003) ISBN 0-465-05485-4
 * The Freedom: Shadows and Hallucinations in Occupied Iraq (2004) ISBN 1-56584-948-5
 * Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence (2011) ISBN 9781568587295
 * Radical Hamilton: Economic Lessons from a Misunderstood Founder (2020) ISBN 978-1786633927

title: Christian Parenti


text:
Avalon School (Minnesota)

Avalon School is a project-based charter middle school and high school in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, located at 700 Glendale Street. As a project-based school, students meet their academic graduation requirements through a combination of independent projects, group projects, and seminars. Individual students' schedules vary depending on the seminars they are enrolled in and the activities they are involved with. Students spend a significant part each day working independently on projects. The school has a flat organizational structure with no principal or director in a position of power. The staff members work collaboratively to manage the school.

The school moved to its new Glendale Street location in 2007, 6 years after it was founded in 2001. The new location has expanded throughout the years adding a new middle school wing and office section, replacing parts of the surrounding buildings previously owned by Take Action MN.

Advisors
In keeping with the non-hierarchical organizational structure, students refer to teachers as 'advisors' and students and staff are all on a first-name basis. Some of the advisors are leaders of a homeroom-like group of students, called advisories. Advisories are housed in classroom-sized areas including both open spaces and other advisory spaces that are separated from each other by cubicle walls. Advisories are spaces where students work on independent projects or other assignments for seminars. Each student has their desk space which they can decorate as they please.

Seminars
Seminars are classes specifically tailored to Minnesota graduation standards although they are not usually the traditional "Intro to Literature" style courses. Instead, the advisors get creative making classes such as "Rights of Passage", "Southern Women Writers", "World Genocide", or "1950s Literature". There is usually a small class size, although some classes (such as Economics) can become quite large. They are generally discussion based and allow the students to have quite a bit of control. Math seminars are offered for Algebra 1&2, Geometry, and Advanced Topics. Independent math is an option using the accelerated math program, PSEO, or other proposed method.

Projects
Avalon is project-based, meaning the focus of the student's work is independent projects. If a student has an idea for a project, he or she must fill out a proposal form and rubric, get parent approval, and present their idea to their advisor. When the project has been completed, the student must do a reflection—a process of answering questions about the development of a student's project, what he or she learned and how this helps the world/community. It is then taken back to the advisor, who asks the student questions and uses a rubric to assess the grade.

Student organizations and activities
Avalon has a number of organizations and activities, including: the Library, the GSA, AAH, Congress, Green Team, the mentor program (where older students mentor new students), a peer mediator program, and Tech Committee. There are also activities that do not last throughout the school year, like drama and prom committee. Avalon won a national Promising Practices Award from the CEP for its Feminist Club.

Avalon Middle School
Avalon added a middle school, which accepts students in grades 6 through 8.

title: Avalon School (Minnesota)


text:
User talk:Arturodekko

Hey, I was looking at the changes you made to Amitai Etzioni. You say he is a 'Fabian'. I guess you're referring to someone from the Fabian Society, that wasn't very clear to me. Also your sentence 'Brought up on a Kibbutz, saw the world from a Kibbutz, saw the world as a Kibbutz, wants the world to be a Kibbutz and is now instrumental in engineering the world into a Kibbutz.' might be a little over the top.

Also what you wrote in the communitarianism article "...while appearing to simultaneously affirm communal rights and individual responsibilities while actually restricting individual freedom and enabling big business to become more powerful. Herelded as a political guru, Amitai Etzioni influences American politics by being a chief adviser to both the democrats and the republicans." also seems very biased.

You don't like the guy, that's fine, but remember that wikipedia should be written in a Neutral point of view. Anyway, I'll leave it as is for now but probably I'll edit it in a few days or so. Jacoplane 15:22, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

response
Forgive the exuberance of a Wiki novice. Have changed 'kibbutz' sentence. You're right, it did look out of place. Hope new version more acceptable. Information to validate my assertions is all available on the amitai-notes blog. Have removed 'Fabian' comment until I can relocate pages where I found info. Guru comment on communitarian page was out of place and will be relocated to Amitai page when I rediscover supporting links. Have reinserted Aristotolian logic comment to communitarian site. If you disagree, show me the proof.Arturodekko 14:08, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I deleted mention of Aristotle for now while I look for evidence. If I find any, I will write it in as a mini-section, with passages from his writings, etc... . I hope this is acceptable for now. The talk page for the Communitarianism article is the best place to discuss this. Juan Ponderas 17:53, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arturodekko


text:
Talk:CA Anti-Spyware

I have listed this article for deletion as spam. The request was voted down because it is about a notable piece of software. The article still needs to be rewritten - at the moment it is little more than an advertisement. - Mike Rosoft 15:25, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

from Vfd
On 23 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep and cleanup. See Votes for deletion/PestPatrol for a record of the discussion.

As I wote this piece, I just wanted people to understand that this is not designed to be an advertisement, and I don't work for Pestpatrol. I wanted Pestpatrol to have an article, since it is one of the most historically-important antispyware vendors. Everything I say about Pestpatrol is true, including the fact that it is controversial.

I find it important in an encyclopedia article to make it clear:
 * why something is important (in case it should appear in an unusual context like in a novel years from now)
 * if it is controversial
 * what other vendors have used it
 * background information
 * notable contributions to an industry

If this sounds like an ad, perhaps it hasn;t met my requirements.

Smkatz 13:14, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

P.S I am also a contributing author to a very comprehensive list of spyware vendors on Wikipedia.

These links have been spammed in a very awful way. They no longer go to CA or Pestpatrol. I am fixing this.

Smkatz 13:21, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Since I have waited for a response for three days, I am changing the cleanup tag to remove the rewrite requirement. I do not as I said work for Pestpatrol, CA, or any other company. I am a college student. My recent work on the US Cellular article proves that I am a credible contributor to wikipedia. Anyone who thinks I have violated Wikipedia rules by making this change, which I think will cause this article to be improved faster, may e-mail me at katzsa [at] earlham dot edu

--Sam Smkatz 11:37, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Also, I have read the discussion on Vfd. More people want a "cleanup" than a "cleanup" rewrite. It gets 805,000 google hits which means that it is referenced at least 42 places on the web. (Googlebombing requires at least 42 references.)

By the general consensus governance style of Wikipedia, and the general lack of progress on this artiicle, my actions were appropriate.

Smkatz 11:42, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Link to pestcan or pestscan (?) does not work. Dthomsen8 (talk) 01:52, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on CA Anti-Spyware. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100820231906/http://www.ca.com/us/products/detail/CA-Anti-Spyware-for-the-Enterprise.aspx to http://www.ca.com/us/products/detail/CA-Anti-Spyware-for-the-Enterprise.aspx
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20050706111555/http://www3.ca.com:80/securityadvisor/pest/ to http://www3.ca.com/securityadvisor/pest/

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 * Sunmist3 (talk) 23:34, 6 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:CA Anti-Spyware


text:
The Outward Urge

The Outward Urge is a science fiction fix-up novel by British writer John Wyndham. It was originally published with four chapters in 1959. A fifth chapter, originally published in 1961 as the separate short story "The Emptiness of Space", was included in later versions.

The novel's stated authorship has a peculiar history. It was published as co-written by John Wyndham and Lucas Parkes, but they were different pen-names for the same writer. He had used the pen-name Lucas Parkes earlier in his career. Unlike most of Wyndham's novels, The Outward Urge was conventional hard science fiction and his publishers decided that they wanted to use the Wyndham and Parkes byline because it was "not your usual Wyndham style".

Contents
Novelettes in the original published in 1959:
 * "The Space Station: A.D. 1994", or "The Space Station A.D. 1994", or "The Space-Station: A.D. 1994", or "The Troons of Space", or "For All the Night" (1958)
 * "The Moon: A.D. 2044", or "The Moon A.D. 2044", or "The Moon", or "The Troons of Space – The Moon A.D. 2044", or "Idiot's Delight" (1958)
 * "Mars: A.D. 2094", or "Mars A.D. 2094", or "The Troons of Space – Mars A.D. 2094", or "The Thin Gnat-Voices" (1958)
 * "Venus: A.D. 2144", or "Venus A.D. 2144", or "The Troons of Space – Venus A.D. 2144", or "Space Is a Province of Brazil" (1958)

Short story added in 1961:
 * "The Emptiness of Space: The Asteroids A.D. 2194", or "The Emptiness of Space", or "The Asteroids, 2194" (1960)

Plot summary
The novel is a future history, set from 1994 to 2194. It tells the story, with chapters at 50-year intervals, of the exploration of the Solar System, with space stations in Earth orbit, then Moon bases, and landings on Mars in 2094, Venus in 2144, and the asteroids. This is told through the Troon family, several members of which play an important part in the exploration of space, since they all feel "the outward urge", the desire to travel further into space. They all "hear the thin gnat-voices cry, star to faint star across the sky", a quote from The Jolly Company by Rupert Brooke.

In 1994, "Ticker" Troon is killed foiling a Soviet missile attack on a British space station, and is later awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross.

In 2044, a major nuclear war between the Soviet Union and the West wipes out most of the Northern Hemisphere. Inhabitants of the Southern Hemisphere—virtually the only survivors of humanity—call it the "Great Northern War", the far earlier war of the same name seeming very minor in comparison. Only after hundreds of years, with radioactivity going down, do expeditions from the south start carefully exploring and preparing to re-colonise the ravaged northern hemisphere.

Brazil is left as the main world power, which then claims that "Space is a province of Brazil". However, Australia eventually emerges as a serious rival. Consequently, English and Portuguese become contenders for the position of the major worldwide (eventually, Solar System-wide) language.

Eventually, space explorers break away from the tutelage of both earthbound powers and establish themselves as a major third power, called simply "Space"; the Troon Family plays a major role in this as in many other events.

Major themes
Like many science fiction works of the period, this one became superseded by developments not long after it was written. In this account, the first space stations in Earth orbit are built in the 1990s, and the first Moon landings take place in the 2020s. Mars is described fairly accurately as a desert planet with no Martians, but there are plant forms in the bottom of the canali (which are implied to be a natural phenomenon). Venus is a watery planet with some primitive life forms, the most advanced of which are lungfish.

Also a curious feature for someone reading it at the start of the 21st century, is that Wyndham assumes that by the early-to-mid 21st century little will have changed politically since the 1950s (another fairly common assumption in the science fiction of the time). The USSR still exists, capable of fighting a major nuclear war with the West. Britain is trying to keep up with the USA and USSR as a superpower, lagging slightly behind, but is their only rival worth mentioning. White minority rule still exists in South Africa, although most of the whites are massacred in an uprising in 2045, and around 2120 there is a second rising which forces out the Indians.

Military conflict in space plays an important part in the novel, first between the Soviet Union and the West, and later between Brazil and Australia.

Reception
In his review column for The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Damon Knight selected the novel as one of the 10 best genre novels of 1959.

title: The Outward Urge


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/GerardM

THIS RfC HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN DUE TO IT BEING A DISPUTE ON META

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: 15:33, 24 Feb 2005), the page will be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

 * (GerardM | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
Vandalism and disruption of End-user content suppression.

Description
After repeated requests that GerardM not post discussion about the desirability of end-user content suppression to End-user content suppression (being a page dedicated to outlining the technical implications) he continued to do so, causing an edit war.

Advice was sort from those on the Foundation mailing list. Rowan Collins advised that any off-topic discussion have a place and be clearly referenced. This advice was acted upon with the creation of Desirability of end-user image suppression and the changing of the opening paragraph on End-user content suppression to include, "For discussion of whether it would be desirable, see desirability of end-user image suppression."

Still GerardM insisted on posting discussion regarding the diserability to End-user content suppression, and now he has resorted to vandalism.

As well as the general disruption and vandalism of End-user content suppression, rather than come to the table with specific issues, he has employed a slash and burn policy replete with emotional language, straw man arguments, and inappropriate posting of Wikipedia NPOV tags.

Evidence of disputed behavior

 * Disruption/vandalism to make a point
 * Example of continued disruption placing desirability discussion on article page after being asked not to
 * Inappropriate posting of his own Wikipedia NPOV dispute tags
 * Example of continued posting of off-topic discussion after advice from Rowan Collins was acted on

Applicable policies
Policy relating directly to meta seems to be thin on the ground. I come here following advice of meta:User:Angela. There are policies that could be said to apply to meta, such as:
 * Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point
 * Wikiquette
 * Don't vandalise

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute

 * meta:User_talk:GerardM
 * See thread on Foundation list

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * meta:User:Christiaan
 * nknight 15:58, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC) (meta:User:Nknight). Due largely to the events described by Christiaan in this RFC, I am leaving the project. This vote stands as my final act. I will not be furthur involved in the referenced dispute, this RFC, or any Wikimedia project.

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * Carnildo 22:28, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

 * Note: The RfC was registered three days ago but despite repeated reminders neither disputant has made any attempt at all to contact the subject of their complaint. It is hardly surprising, in the circumstances, that there is no response here. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:23, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

It appears, from the foundation-l thread that Christiaan posted, that Walter van Kalken, Aphaia, Andre Engels and David Gerard all expressed negative or puzzled reactions to Christiaan's efforts to exclude GerardM's criticism. As David Gerard explained on foundation-l:

 * Many people (myself included) consider separation of technical methods of implementing a highly debatable policy decision from debate of the desirability of that policy decision to be artificial and disingenuous at best. Doing so appears to make the debatable social decision a fait accompli. Trying to send *all* criticism off to a separate article is also a favourite tool of POV warriors on en: and presumably elsewhere; possibly this is seen as reminiscent of that.

Walter van Kalken, also on foundation-l, concurred.

Gerard M's last edit was vandalism, disruption to make a point, whatever, but it seems to have been a result of severe provocation after repeated attempts to make some reasonable edits that one of the disputants didn't seem to want on the page.

This dispute doesn't seem to have met quorum for RfC because two people have not demonstrated a serious attempt to resolve a dispute with the third party. It is also a matter of some concern that no visible effort has yet been made to contact GerardM via his talk page on Meta or his talk page on en. He cannot make a response unless he is aware of the RfC.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Tony Sidaway|Talk 07:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Andre Engels 10:30, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Waerth 10:32, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.

I'm sort of baffled that a dispute on meta has been brought here for comments. Should the en.wikipedia community really be attempting to decide things for other Wikimedia projects? --iMb~Mw 06:43, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes it was a mistake I think. There is a RfC process on meta, but I didn't find out until after the fact. —Christiaan 10:11, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Would either of the disputants please explain why no visible effort has yet been made to inform GerardM on his meta or his en user talk page that a RfC was underway against him? I can see by looking at the links to this page that no time has been lost in informing selected others of the RfC, so why did no party to it inform GerardM?

Discussion of "Outside view"
Firstly I would like to question Tony Sidaway's absence of a disclaimer and his implication that he is an outsider in this debate. He may not have contributed to the debate on meta however he has been one of the most vocal critics of this scheme on WikiEN-l where we have both argued about it and where he has advocated a difference solution. One would be mistaken in thinking he has no interest in the surrounding debate.

Tony states that "Walter van Kalken, Aphaia, Andre Engels and David Gerard all expressed negative or puzzled reactions to my efforts to exclude GerardM's criticism." However this is not a useful summary of events.

 * Aphaia: the only comment Aphaia has made was with regard to GerardM's vandalism for which she/he had the incorrect link.
 * Andre Engels & Walter van Kalken: Andre's main complaint was that he thinks it "is idiocy to discuss HOW to do something when there is no discussion yet on WHETHER to do it." Walter feels the same way. However, as I replied, to which I got no response, it could be argued that it is equally as idiotic to make a decision on something for which the implications have not been explored.
 * And as for David Gerard, one of his comments regarding GerardM's vandalism was, "You're right - looking at the history, that would be disrupting to make a point. This is probably not a helpful thing to do in a hot debate."
 * Gerard's, Walter's and Andre's opinion that technical debate shouldn't be separate from desirability debate was equally disputed by myself, Rowan Collins, and Nicholas Knight.

Tony writes that I have made "efforts to exclude GerardM's criticism". What he doesn make clear is that GerardM's "criticism" has consistently employed a slash and burn policy replete with emotional language, straw man arguments, ad hominem attacks and inappropriate posting of Wikipedia NPOV tags. All on a page that specifically stated it was there only to look at the technical implications. I have no problem admitting that I have moved off-topic discussion.

GerardM appears to think he is on some kind of crusade, even telling me I am "just moving towards the dark side." GerardM has consistently illustrated to me that his aim is to shut down any discussion about the technical implications of this scheme. I challenge Tony to post GerardM's "repeated attempts to post reasonable edits" in this regard.

Tony also makes the claim that "This dispute doesn't seem to have met quorum for RfC because two people have not demonstrated a serious attempt to resolve a dispute with the third party." However as the talk pages and Foundation email list evidence both Nicholas Knight and I have consistently engaged with GerardM in trying to resolve this dispute. It's worth noting that Nicholas Knight is not commenting further on this debate because he has left the Wikimedia project, largely due to GerardM's behaiviour. —Christiaan 01:27, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Outside view is specifically for outsiders to the dispute. The dispute in this case is whether or not GerardM's contributions to the Meta page were appropriate.  As I was unaware of the dispute prior to the raising of this RfC, I am an outsider.  The fact that I disagree with your proposal (for reasons unrelated to GerardM's objections) is immaterial.  I have had no discussion with GerardM, I do not agree with his point of view, and despite repeated attempts to get me involved in discussion on the meta page I have declined to do so.

 * I stand by my statement with respect to the negative reception to Christiaan's attempt to raise the dispute on foundation-l. In particular, there is absolutely no consensus that GerardM's initial contributions were wrong.

 * The attempt to characterize the emails on foundation-l as a serious attempt to resolve this dispute fails because of the repeated failure to assume good faith.

 * "I challenge Tony to post GerardM's "repeated attempts to post reasonable edits" in this regard." Easy. , , which were reverted. ,  which was again reverted. , which was reverted yet again. There are more in this vein.  While I may not agree with GerardM's opinions, the edits were reasonable.  To characterize these edits as vandalism inappropriate to the discussion, or in any way unreasonable, is unequivocally false.

 * "*Gerard's, Walter's and Andre's opinion that technical debate shouldn't be separate from desirability debate was equally disputed by myself, Rowan Collins, and Nicholas Knight." This demonstrates that there was no consensus to exclude opinions on the desirability of the move from the technical aspects.  David Gerard's expresssion of concern still stands. This was a content dispute, not a user-conduct problem (though if Christiaan keeps on like this I suspect that he could eventually provoke some editors to regard his conduct as a serious enough problem).

 * The complaint that GerardM used Wikipedia NPOV tags inappropriately seems to me especially self-defeating. Christiaan, you complain elsewhere that GerardM's language was too emotional.  Well make your mind up: either Meta pages are supposed to be NPOV or they are not.  Either way all you would need to do was edit GerardM's contributions to remove the emotional weight and retain the sense.

 * I notice that GerardM still has not been notified of this RfC concerning his conduct via either talk page. Don't you think it would be polite to do so? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:17, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * As I wrote, one would be mistaken in thinking you have no interest in the surrounding debate. It was a mistake not to make this clear and I don't appreciate it.

 * As I have noted in my summary this is very obviously not a content dispute. I consider emotional language, straw man arguments, ad hominem attacks all tolerable problems with a user. What I consider intolerable is continued off-topic edits and childish vandalism. That you do not consider such disruption a user-conduct problem leads me to believe you are not being credible.

 * You seem also to be reverting to straw man arguments Tony. The only edit of GerardM's that I have characterised as vandalism was his blanking of the page. Please do not imply otherwise. As for your examples of "reasonable" edits:

 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=End-user_image_suppression&diff=102684&oldid=102669
 * An off-topic Wikipedia NPOV dispute tag (of his own design). Not reasonable.

 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=End-user_image_suppression&diff=102844&oldid=102684
 * Again, off-topic. And personal opinion straw man arguments. Not reasonable.

 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=End-user_image_suppression&diff=102860&oldid=102859
 * Same edit as above.

 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=End-user_image_suppression&diff=102883&oldid=102879
 * Again, same edit as above.

 * You say, "In particular, there is absolutely no consensus that GerardM's initial contributions were wrong." Since when was non-consensus a measure of the reasonableness of an edit? The page clearly stated that it was there to look into the technical implications of the scheme. It is not reasonable by any stretch of the imagination to post edits that do contribute to this stated aim. —Christiaan 13:38, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have no further comment on this RfC. I caution you on No personal attacks. I am shocked at your conduct. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:49, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not a frivilous allegation, one I'm sure you'll be happy to back up by pointing out exactly what you consider a personal attack. —Christiaan 14:02, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

In continuation of this dispute, Christiaan has moved the discussion about desirability to another page. Gerard has agreed with this move, and told his objections there. Christiaan changed those objections to give his view of them, and after that reverted attempts by various people to have Gerard's own wording of his objections on the page. Apparently, he is not just attempting to get Gerard's arguments from the given page, but also to stop them from being discussed from Gerard's POV rather than his own. - Andre Engels 10:30, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, no, discussion of desirability has always been where it is since this RfC was created. I will be continuing to remove any edits that assume bad faith by the way. -Christiaan 23:24, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Requests for comment/GerardM


text:
User:Cctoide

Just this guy.

title: User:Cctoide


text:
Stair, East Ayrshire

Stair is a village in Ayrshire, Scotland. It lies at the bottom of a glen beside the River Ayr at the north-west border of the 5,376 acre (22 km2) Parish of Stair where the River Ayr is joined by the Glenstang Burn.

History
The parish is known for its connection with the Dalrymples, Earls of Stair. The family first became associated with the village in 1450, when William de Dalrymple acquired the lands of Stair-Montgomery and built Stair House. Formerly part of the Parish of Ochiltree, Stair was made a separate parish in 1653 at the request of James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair.

Places of interest in the parish include Stair Brig built in 1745 and Stair House. Dalmore House stood overlooking the River Ayr until destroyed by fire in 1969.

The "Stair Fair" at the churchyard was the equivalent of the Mauchline Holy Fair and was equally wild with people travelling from miles around and staying several days until every last item of food and drink had been consumed. A "Fair Stair Sacrament" was an expression used to describe a good hearty meal at which everything was eaten for many years after the fair ceased to be held.

Stair Church
The Parish of Barnweill, in the old District of Kyle, was suppressed in 1673 and the larger part of the stipend was transferred to the minister of the newly erected Parish of Stair. Nearby Craigie had been disjoined from the Parish of Riccarton in 1647. It is said that the Earl of Stair was the prime mover in suppressing the parish because of the inconvenient horse ride he had to undertake to get to Barnweill Church from his home at Stair House. Until 1707 the Minister of Stair had to preach under an oak tree on the Fulton Estate to lawfully qualify for the stipends of Barnweil]. A number of the old Barnweill parishioners joined the Symington Church.

The original church of circa 1706, replaced in 1864, was very simple in character with an earthen floor, resembling an abandoned hay shed and only the belfrey on the gable end indicated its true purpose. It contained three lofts reserved for the local lairds, namely Barskimming, Stair and Drongan. A manse was built in 1807, now renamed Glenstang, it was sold by the Church of Scotland in 1979.

Milton
At the old Clachan of Milton on the other side of the bridge from Stair which lies in South Ayrshire, there used to be an inn here at which Robert Burns would stop on occasion and here also was the end of the old pack horse road to Annbank that once followed the course of the river. Opposite the inn was once an old toll house and nearby was the thatched cottage in which Mailly Crosbie lived, onetime housekeeper at Stair House. The miller here was one of the Covenanter martyrs who gave his life by refusing to hand over his bible to the king's soldiers.

Links with Robert Burns
Margaret or Peggy Orr was a nurserymaid at Stair House and Robert Burns lent a hand as a 'blackfoot' with his friends courtship of this lady, however the engagement was brief and she later married John Paton, an Edinburgh shoemaker. In his first 'Epistle to Davie' entitled 'An Epistle to Davy, a Brother-Poet, Lover, Ploughman and Fiddler, Burns wrote :-

Catherine Stewart of Stair and Afton Lodge, the wife of Major-General Alexander Stewart, became aware of 'Robert Burns the poet' through his visits with David and she was the first member of the upper classes to acknowledge his ability and befriend him. Burns sent her a number of his poems in a document known as the 'Stair Manuscripts'.

Burns would visit the thatched cottage at the Clachan of Milton in which Mailly Crosbie lived, onetime housekeeper at Stair House and a friend from the days of David Sillars attempts at courtship. The family kept the handleless cup from which Burns used to drink as a souvenir.

title: Stair, East Ayrshire


text: User talk:209.123.28.250

title: User talk:209.123.28.250


text:
James McClelland (psychologist)

James Lloyd "Jay" McClelland, FBA (born December 1, 1948) is the Lucie Stern Professor at Stanford University, where he was formerly the chair of the Psychology Department. He is best known for his work on statistical learning and Parallel Distributed Processing, applying connectionist models (or neural networks) to explain cognitive phenomena such as spoken word recognition and visual word recognition. McClelland is to a large extent responsible for the large increase in scientific interest in connectionism in the 1980s.

Early life and education
McClelland was born on December 1, 1948, to Walter Moore and Frances (Shaffer) McClelland. He received a B.A. in Psychology from Columbia University in 1970, and a Ph.D. in Cognitive Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1975. He married Heidi Marsha Feldman on May 6, 1978, and has two daughters.

Career
In 1986 McClelland published Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition with David Rumelhart, which some still regard as a bible for cognitive scientists. His present work focuses on learning, memory processes, and psycholinguistics, still within the framework of connectionist models. He is a former chair of the Rumelhart Prize committee, having collaborated with Rumelhart for many years, and himself received the award in 2010 at the Cognitive Science Society Annual Conference in Portland, Oregon.

McClelland and David Rumelhart are known for their debate with Steven Pinker and Alan Prince regarding the necessity of a language-specific learning module.

In fall 2006 McClelland moved to Stanford University from Carnegie Mellon University, where he was a professor of psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. He also holds a part-time appointment as Consulting Professor at the Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU) within the School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester.

Awards

 * Mind & Brain Prize
 * University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in psychology, 2002
 * William W. Cumming prize from Columbia University, 1970
 * Research Scientist Career Development Award from the National Institute of Mental Health, 1981—86, 1987—97
 * Fellow, National Science Foundation, 1970—73
 * Rumelhart Prize, 2010
 * C.L. de Carvalho-Heineken Prize, 2014

In July 2017, McClelland was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences.

title: James McClelland (psychologist)


text:
Pioneer Zephyr

The Pioneer Zephyr is a diesel-powered trainset built by the Budd Company in 1934 for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad (CB&Q), commonly known as the Burlington Route. The trainset was the second internal combustion-powered streamliner built for mainline service in the United States (after the Union Pacific Railroad's M-10000), the first such train powered by a diesel engine, and the first to enter revenue service.

The trainset consists of one power/storage car, one baggage/RPO/buffet/coach car, and one coach/observation car. The cars are made of stainless steel, permanently articulated together with Jacobs bogies. The construction incorporated recent advances such as shotwelding (a specialized type of spot welding) to join the stainless steel, and unibody construction and articulation to reduce weight. It was the first of nine similarly built trainsets made for Burlington and its technologies were pivotal in the subsequent dieselization of passenger rail service.

Its operating economy, speed, and public appeal demonstrated the potential for diesel-electric-powered trains to revitalize and restore profitability to passenger rail service that had suffered a catastrophic loss of business with the Great Depression. Originally named the Burlington Zephyr during its demonstration period, it became the Pioneer Zephyr as Burlington expanded its fleet of Zephyr trainsets.

On May 26, 1934, it set a speed record for travel between Denver and Chicago when it made a 1,015.4-mile (1,633 km) non-stop "Dawn-to-Dusk" dash in 13 hours 5 minutes at an average speed of almost 78 mph (124 km/h). For one section of the run it reached a speed of 112.5 mph (181 km/h). The historic dash inspired a 1934 film ("The Silver Streak") and the train's nickname, "The Silver Streak".

The train entered regular revenue service on November 11, 1934, between Kansas City, Missouri; Omaha, Nebraska; and Lincoln, Nebraska. It operated this and other routes until its retirement in 1960, when it was donated to Chicago's Museum of Science & Industry, where it remains on public display. The train is generally regarded as the first successful streamliner on American railroads.

Concept and construction
In the early 1930s, the Great Depression caused a catastrophic loss of business for American railroads. Passenger service had been losing ridership to automobile travel since the mid-1920s, making faster, more efficient service imperative for railroads to compete. Railroads needed to lower operating costs of passenger service and boost ridership with a more modern image for the traveling public, to restore profitability to passenger service.

One of the railroad presidents who faced this challenge was Ralph Budd, formerly of the Great Northern Railway and from 1932 president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (the Burlington Route). In 1932 Ralph Budd met Edward G. Budd (no relation), an automotive steel pioneer who was founder and president of the Budd Company. Edward Budd was demonstrating his new Budd-Michelin rubber-tired rail cars built of stainless steel. Pneumatic-wheeled railcars never found popularity for actual service in the US — they tended to derail — but they demonstrated the successful construction of lightweight stainless steel unibody railcars. Some power-trailer car sets in that series articulated with Jacobs bogies shared between cars embodied the basic elements of car construction that would be used to build a lightweight streamliner train.

Stainless steel provided many benefits over traditional wood and hardened steel for railroad carbodies; it was a lighter and stronger material, and its natural silver appearance and resistance to corrosion meant that it would not have to be painted to protect it from the weather. Since the carbody was much lighter than similar cars, it would be able to carry a higher revenue load for the same cost.

In developing the Budd-Michelin railcars, the Budd Company used the formed steel technology in which they were industry pioneers and solved the most difficult problem in using stainless steel for railcar construction: developing a welding technique that would not compromise the strength and corrosion resistance of the stainless steel. On August 20, 1932, Earl J. Ragsdale, an engineer at the Budd Company, filed a patent application for a "Method and product of electric welding"; on January 16, 1934, the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) granted US patent 1,944,106 to the Budd Company. Shotwelding, as Ragsdale termed his method, involved automatic control of the timing of individual spot welds. In spot welding, the two pieces of metal that are to be joined are pressed together with an electrode on each side of the joint. A very high electric current is passed through the joint and fuses the two pieces of metal together. If a spot weld is heated too long, heat will spread from the weld at a middling temperature that weakens the stainless steel and compromises its corrosion-resistant properties unacceptably; Ragsdale's precisely-timed welds solved the problem.

The articulated design of some Budd-Michelin cars, with trucks shared between adjacent cars, presented another opportunity for weight saving with the new train. On conventional passenger cars, each carbody rode upon a pair of trucks (pivot-mounted wheel-axle assembly), with one truck at each end. The articulation not only reduced the number of trucks under the train, but it also dispensed with the need for couplers between each of the carbodies, further reducing the train's weight. The concept was used by Budd engineer Walter B. Dean to build a train consisting of three semi-permanently attached cars. However, this also meant that individual cars could not be removed from or added to the trainset easily, either to adjust to demand or to make repairs to an individual car without sidelining the entire train.

Budd was familiar with the development of stationary diesel engines, and believed their superior reliability and fuel economy could be an asset for train transport as well. He brought his idea to the Winton Engine Company (a General Motors subsidiary), and together they designed and produced a new 660 horsepower (490 kW) engine small enough to fit inside a train, solving the question of propulsion.

The exterior design of the train was left to aeronautical engineer Albert Gardner Dean (Walter Dean's younger brother) who designed the sloping nose shape, with architects Paul Philippe Cret and John Harbeson, devising a way to strengthen and beautify the sides with the train's horizontal fluting. On April 15, 1936, Colonel Ragsdale, Walter Dean and Albert Dean, filed patent applications for a "Rail Car Front End Construction". On September 23, 1941 the USPTO granted US patents 2,256,493 and 2,256,494 to the Budd Company. The streamlining extended to the undercarriage as well to reduce drag.

Budd took the task of naming the train very seriously. He wanted a name that started with the letter Z because this train was intended to be the "last word" in passenger service; Budd and his coworkers looked up the last words in their dictionaries, but neither zymurgy nor zyzzle conveyed the meanings that Budd was looking for. While the word "zephyr" had seen previous use, Budd found his inspiration in The Canterbury Tales, which he had been reading. The story begins with pilgrims setting out on a journey, inspired by the budding springtime and by Zephyrus, the gentle and nurturing west wind. Budd thought that would be an excellent name for a sleek new traveling machine—Zephyr.

The first Zephyr (9900) was completed by the Budd Company on April 9, 1934.

The first car, which measured 71 ft, contained the cab, engine compartment and a mail storage area. The train's engineer sat in a small compartment in the nose of the train, directly in front of the prime mover. The main generator was mounted to the prime mover and sat between the engineer's and fireman's seats in the front of the power car. Behind the engine in the power car was a 19 ft storage-mail compartment. The second car, measuring 57 ft long, was a combination 30 ft long express, checked baggage and railway post office section, followed by a short buffet and 20-passenger coach section. The third and final car in the train, measuring 63 ft long as originally built, was configured as half coach (40-passenger seats) and half observation car (12 passenger seats). As built, the train had 72 seats and could carry 50,000 pounds (22.7 tonnes) of baggage and express freight. After a series of demonstration runs, the trainset was christened the Burlington Zephyr on April 18, 1934, at the Pennsylvania Railroad's Broad Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As the first of several Zephyr trainsets built for Burlington, the original trainset was renamed the Pioneer Zephyr once additional named trainsets entered service.

Promotion: "Dawn-to-Dusk" dash
After its christening in Philadelphia, the train was taken on a three-week promotional tour of cities in the Northeast and Midwest. The train was open for viewing in several cities, with 24,000 people viewing it in Philadelphia, 50,000 in Rochester, New York, and more than 109,000 viewing it in New York City. In early May 1934, the train was driven back westward over the Pennsylvania Railroad's mainline to Chicago, and some parallel routes, exceeding 100 mph several times. At its stop in Dayton, Ohio, another 20,000 people viewed the train, and a "never-ending procession of visitors" viewed it on its stop in Indianapolis. It was then driven toward Denver for its last display in preparation for its next big promotion. It made additional promotional stops in other cities along the route, including Lincoln, Nebraska, where 21,000 people viewed the train. The tour stopped in 46 cities and had almost 485,000 people view the train at its many stops.

The train made a "Dawn-to-Dusk" dash from Denver to Chicago on May 26, 1934, in a publicity stunt timed to coincide with the opening day of the second year of the Century of Progress world's fair in Chicago. The railroad spared no expense in planning the operations. All other trains along the Zephyr ' s route were diverted to sidings and the turnouts were spiked into the proper alignment for the Zephyr ' s run. Track and maintenance of way workers checked every spike and bolt along the train's route to ensure that there would not be any problems, and temporary speed signs were installed along the route to warn the Zephyr ' s crew of curves that would be dangerous at high speeds. On the day of the dash, every road grade crossing was staffed by a flagger to stop automobile traffic ahead of the train and to ensure that the crossing was clear. Stations along the route were protected by local police officers and members of the American Legion and the Boy Scouts of America.

The train left Denver at 07:04 Central Daylight Time and at 20:09, 13 hours 5 minutes later, broke through the tape at the designated finish line at Halsted Street station, 1.8 miles west of Chicago Union Station. The train's average speed from start to finish was 77 mph (124 km/h); and had reached a speed of 112.5 mph (181 km/h). The non-stop 1,015 mile (1,633 km) trip exceeded the railroad's expectations in being 1 hour 55 minutes faster than was scheduled. The Burlington's contemporary passenger trains plied the same distance in around 25 hours.

Riding the train were Ralph Budd, Edward G. Budd, Harold L. Hamilton, president of the Electro-Motive Corporation, a number of reporters, some Burlington employees, members of the public, and Zeph, a burro that was contributed by a Colorado newspaper, the Rocky Mountain News, as a mascot for the train. The newspaper had described Zeph to the railroad as a "Rocky Mountain canary" so the train's crew had originally planned only enough space for a birdcage; when they found out it was not a bird, the railroad hastily built a pen in the baggage section and bought some hay for it. When asked about the burro, Ralph Budd replied "why not? One more jackass on this trip won't make a difference."

The train continued east from Halsted Station to the 1934 Century of Progress fair on the Lake Michigan shore, where it arrived for the "Wings of a Century" pageant on opening day. After its showing on the Wings of a Century stage, and one day on public display at the Fair, the train was taken on a 31-state, 222-city publicity tour. More than two million people saw the train before it entered revenue service. Part of this tour included a test run between Chicago and Minneapolis - Saint Paul, completing the test trip in just over six hours, besting the Burlington Route's fastest steam-powered service by five hours and convincing the railroad to promptly place orders with Budd and GM for two more Zephyr trainsets.

Revenue service and additional Zephyr trains
Even before the Burlington Route's new trainsets could be built, east coast railroads Boston and Maine Railroad and Maine Central Railroad ordered a nearly identical copy of the Pioneer Zephyr from Budd and GM, which began service between Boston and Bangor, Maine, in February 1935 as the Flying Yankee. Budd and GM delivered the first additional Zephyrs, identical trainsets 9901 and 9902, in time for an April 1935 debut as the Twin Zephyrs, operating between Chicago and Minneapolis - Saint Paul. In all, the Burlington Route ordered eight additional Zephyrs, gradually departing from the semi-permanently coupled design of the Pioneer Zephyr towards regularly coupled cars that could easily be interchanged.

The Winton two-stroke diesel engines used in the Zephyr power units and early EMC designs, while a breakthrough in locomotive power, were an immature technology. Some of their early reliability problems were mitigated with changes to individual parts such as pistons; other solutions had to wait for a differently designed engine. For example, the first generation of pistons in the Winton engine only had about 50,000 miles of useful life, later extended to about 100,000 miles. GM's next generation diesel engine had pistons with a useful life of over 500,000 miles. The problems were most acute under the operating conditions of locomotive, rather than stationary or marine, use. Even with the problems of the Winton 201A, their maintenance regime was significantly lower than for steam locomotives. The Zephyr's power (leading) car was numbered 9900, the baggage-coach combine car 505, and the coach-observation 570. The train was placed in regular service between Kansas City, Missouri, Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska, on November 11, 1934, with the train numbered 21 northbound and 20 southbound. The trainset replaced a pair of steam locomotives and six heavyweight passenger cars, weighing up to eight times as much as the Zephyr. By June 1935, it proved popular enough to add a fourth car, providing additional coach seating. The fourth car was originally a 40-seat coach number 525, but the following June it was switched to Twin Cities service, then back to the Pioneer Zephyr in December. Car 525 remained on the train until June 1938. Just over five years after it was introduced, the Pioneer Zephyr crossed the one million mile mark in regular service on December 29, 1939, near Council Bluffs, Iowa. On the second anniversary of the train's famous dash, the original Burlington Zephyr was rechristened the Pioneer Zephyr to distinguish it as the first of the Burlington's growing Zephyr fleet. In 1938, car 525 was replaced by car number 500, a 40-seat buffet/lounge car, to provide light meals. Car number 505, the baggage-coach combine, was rebuilt at this time into a full baggage car, but it kept its original windows.

In 1939 the Pioneer Zephyr was involved in a head-on collision with a freight train that completely destroyed the cab. Five mail clerks were injured and the engineer was killed, and the accident drove home the advantages for crew safety of the elevated, behind-the-nose cab design of the contemporary EMC E-series locomotives. The train was rebuilt and re-entered revenue service soon afterward.

Ralph Budd and the Burlington capitalized on the Zephyr's success. Many of the Burlington's named passenger trains began operating under the Zephyr brand. After the nine original Zephyr sets were completed during 1934–1939, standard production model diesel passenger locomotives with improved engines became available. Trains consisting of the new locomotives with new streamlined cars of standard size were ordered. Burlington ordered its new EMC E5 passenger diesels with matching stainless-steel fluting and operated their new full-size, long-distance trains under the Zephyr brand, with perhaps the best known being the California Zephyr.

In 1948 and 1949, the Pioneer Zephyr was temporarily removed from service to participate in the Chicago Railroad Fair's "Wheels A-Rolling" pageant. The fair's purpose was to celebrate 100 years of railroad history west of Chicago, and the Pioneer Zephyr ' s role in the pageant was to highlight the latest strides in railroad technology. It resumed regular passenger operations when the fair ended on October 2, 1949. The fourth car that was added in 1935 was removed in May 1950. By 1955 the Pioneer Zephyr ' s route had been updated to run between Galesburg, Illinois, and Saint Joseph, Missouri; the trainset had been in continual service since 1934, operating over nearly 3 million miles (4.8 million kilometres). The Pioneer Zephyr ' s last revenue run was a trip from Lincoln, Nebraska, to Kansas City, Missouri, (along the train's regular revenue route) that then continued to Chicago on March 20, 1960.

The California Zephyr made its last runs as a full service between California and Chicago in 1970 following the Western Pacific Railroad's withdrawal, with the Rio Grande and Burlington Route successor Burlington Northern Railroad designating successor trains for their portions of the route under the names Rio Grande Zephyr and California Zephyr Service respectively. Government-formed Amtrak took over most passenger rail services in 1971, and finally succeeded in reviving the full California Zephyr in 1983.

"Silver Streak" film

Press publicity had apparently first coined the term "Silver Streak". The Pioneer Zephyr's famous Denver-Chicago dash served as the inspiration for the 1934 film The Silver Streak starring Charles Starrett. In that story, the crew was racing to the Boulder Dam construction site with an iron lung, with only moments to spare. The original Zephyr trainset was used for the exterior shots in the film, while interior scenes were filmed on a soundstage in Hollywood. For the film, the "Burlington Route" nameplate on the train's nose was replaced with one that read "Silver Streak".

Zephyr tributes in advertising, commercial products, and sports
With Zephyr-mania sweeping the country, tributes turned up in the names of everything from sports teams to commercial products. In 1934, Father Becker, principal of the St. Mary Catholic High School in Menasha, Wisconsin, was so inspired by the dawn-to-dusk run that he chose "Zephyrs" as the mascot for the school. In Galesburg, Illinois, which is 162 rail miles from Chicago, the local high school named all its athletic teams the "Galesburg Silver Streaks" in honor of the train. In 1935, the H. N. White Company changed the name of its top-line saxophones to "King Zephyr." Ford introduced the Lincoln-Zephyr with the 1936 model year. Northwest Airlines' promotional materials from the late 1930s referred to their fleet of airliners as "Sky Zephyrs." If advertisers could find a way to cash in on Zephyr-mania, they did.

Influence on future trains
While a revolutionary design, the Pioneer Zephyr was not the first streamliner—that title went to the M-10000 of the Union Pacific Railroad, which made its first trip in February 1934. However, the Pioneer Zephyr had several key differences, including the use of a diesel powerplant and stainless steel construction, in contrast to the M-10000's gasoline powerplant and aluminum construction. These two design decisions had a profound influence on future streamliners and other passenger trains, which had more in common with the Zephyr than the M-10000. The streamlined Hiawathas launched by the Milwaukee Road in 1935 were a direct response to (and directly competed with) the Burlington Route's Zephyrs.

Later years
On May 26, 1960, the 26th anniversary of the "Dawn-to-Dusk" dash, the original Pioneer Zephyr train (car numbers 9900, 505 and 570) was donated to Chicago's Museum of Science & Industry (MSI). Car number 500, which operated with the train from 1938, went along with Mark Twain Zephyr trainset 9903 to a party in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, for static display in a town park, but plans for the train's display did not work out; in 2002 car 500 and the Mark Twain Zephyr were stored in Granite City, Illinois, with plans to display it in Fairfield, Iowa. As of 2020, there are plans to restore the trainset to operational condition.

MSI displayed the Pioneer Zephyr outdoors, with no protection from the weather, until 1994. At that time, the steam locomotive that shared the display space with the Zephyr, Santa Fe #2903, was donated to the Illinois Railway Museum (IRM) at Union, west of Chicago, while MSI prepared a new display location for the Zephyr.

MSI dug a pit in front of the building and built a new display area for the Zephyr, where it could be displayed year-round. In 1998, after the train received a cosmetic restoration by Northern Rail Car in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the pit was finally ready to receive the train. The Pioneer Zephyr train is now on display at MSI just outside the main entrance from the museum's underground parking area, where it is one of the more popular exhibits. In November 2019, MSI temporarily closed the exhibit to add new interactive elements and an expanded experience. The exhibit re-opened to the public in March 2021.

Other Zephyr trains
In addition to the Pioneer Zephyr, several other legacies remain. An operable Nebraska Zephyr train was donated to IRM. There, powered by one of the large "E" series passenger diesels (an EMC E5) with the distinctive and durable stainless-steel fluting, it is still operated on short runs on the museum's substantial trackage, providing train enthusiasts and tourists with an experience reminiscent of the heyday of the Burlington's Zephyr service. The Silver Charger, power car of the General Pershing Zephyr, is on display at the National Museum of Transportation in St Louis, and the same train's "diner-parlour and observation car" is now the Silver Star Cafe in Port Hedland, Australia. The Flying Yankee trainset is preserved at the Hobo Railroad in New Hampshire.

Also utilizing the name, the Minnesota Zephyr was a dinner train located in the historic city of Stillwater, Minnesota, although it was not directly associated with the historic Burlington Zephyr fleet.

Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania, has a miniature replica train ride called Zephyr which was built in 1935 and helped the park survive the Great Depression.

Models
Due to the Zephyr ' s place in American railroad history, many model railroaders have built their own versions of the Pioneer Zephyr in miniature. Several model manufacturers are now producing commercial ready-to-run models or kits of the train for modelers to build. This list is ordered by the manufacturer's release date:

 * American Flyer introduced one of the earliest versions of the Zephyr in 1934. Originally sold as a three-car set, the body shells were produced in sand-cast aluminum and hand-polished to represent the stainless steel-skinned prototype. Additional cars became available and the locomotive or "power unit" underwent some refinements during production; and a less expensive stamped lithographed steel version was also produced. The Zephyr set appeared in the 1934-1938 American Flyer catalogs. With the purchase of the American Flyer line in 1937 by the AC Gilbert Company, a new line of O scale (1:48) trains moved into production phasing out the Zephyrs and previous O-scale products collectively known as "Chicago Flyer".
 * Challenger Imports imported limited production ready-to-run brass models in HO scale (1:87) of the four-car Pioneer Zephyr, Mark Twain Zephyr and the Boston and Maine Railroad's Maine Cheshire and Maine Minuteman in 1993.
 * Fine N-Scale Products released a kit in 1996 in N scale (1:160) that includes an option for car number 500.
 * Con-Cor made limited-run models available in both HO scale and N scale that were released in 2005, and then again in 2012.
 * River Raisin Models released a ready-to-run model in S scale (1:64) of both the Pioneer Zephyr (in three- and four-car configurations) and the similar Flying Yankee, in 2005.
 * MTH Electric Trains released a limited production ready-to-run model of the three-car Pioneer Zephyr in O scale in 2005.

title: Pioneer Zephyr


text:
Grand Street (magazine)

Grand Street was an American magazine published from 1981 to 2004. It was described by The New York Times as "one of the most revered literary magazines of the postwar era."

History
Grand Street was founded as a quarterly by Ben Sonnenberg in 1981. In 1989, it had a circulation of 4,000.

When Jean Stein became editor and publisher in 1990, the magazine's format changed to encompass visual art, and it began actively to seek out international authors and artists to introduce to its readers.

Contributors
Contributors to Grand Street included Anne Carson, Andrew Cockburn, Don DeLillo, John Ashbery, Jean Baudrillard, William Eggleston, William K. Everson, William H. Gass, Doug Henwood, Christopher Hitchens, Dennis Hopper, Kenzaburō Ōe, Jane Kramer, David Mamet, Susan Minot, Rick Moody, Michael Moore, Mark Rudman, Terence Kilmartin, Onat Kutlar, Michael Palmer, Salman Rushdie, James Salter, W. G. Sebald, David Shields, Terry Southern, Saul Steinberg, José Saramago, Fiona Shaw, Quentin Tarantino, William Trevor, Edward Said, David Foster Wallace, Jeanette Winterson and William T. Vollmann.

In his memoir, Lost Property: Memoirs and Confessions of a Bad Boy, Grand Street founder Ben Sonnenberg wrote that he published in the journal what he believed was the last work of Samuel Beckett: a poem called "What is the Word".

title: Grand Street (magazine)


text:
Giussani

Giussani may refer to:
 * Bruno Giussani, Swiss writer
 * Edgardo Giussani (born 1955), Argentine tennis player
 * Luigi Giussani, Italian priest and founder of Communion and Liberation
 * Angela and Luciana Giussani, who created the famous comics character Diabolik

title: Giussani


text:
Arunachal Dragon Force

The Arunachal Dragon Force (ADF), also known as the East India Liberation Front, is a violent secessionist movement in the eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh. The ADF seeks to create an independent Sovereign state resembling the British Teola Country consisting of area currently in Arunachal Pradesh as well as neighboring Assam.

It is also alleged that these people are sponsored by some tainted politicians of Arunachal Pradesh. The self-styled "commander-in-chief" of this group was beaten up in some local jail in Arunachal Pradesh back in late 1990s and thereafter nothing has been heard about the group.

title: Arunachal Dragon Force


text:
Riband wave

The riband wave (Idaea aversata) is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.

Distribution
It is an abundant species in Europe, the Near East and North Africa and across the Palearctic. Records are few in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula. The north border is northern Sweden and northern Finland. The northernmost parts of Russia and a few areas of Russia, northwest of the Caspian Sea are excluded. In North Africa (eastern Algeria and Tunisia), there is a smaller presence belonging to a separate subspecies (Idaea aversata indeviata Prout, 1935 ). Outside Europe, the distribution area extends from northern Turkey up to the Caucasus, from there via Central Asia, Siberia and north-east China to Japan. The occurrence in Japan is regarded as subspecies (Idaea aversata japonica Inoue, 1955 ). A small, isolated occurrence in southern Turkey is remarkable.

Description
The species has a wingspan of 30–35 mm. Its distinctive outline is familiar at lighted windows. The wings are buff or cream with dark fasciae (bands). Two main forms exist, equally abundant: one has darker shading between the central fasciae, the other (designated ab. remutata) has not. The ground colour of the wings is whitish yellow to ochre. Some specimens have a red-orange colouring. The pattern elements are dark brown and clearly shown. On the forewings there are three crosslines; on the hindwings there are two crosslines. The outer cross line has a significant outward angle near the costa. The area between the middle and outer cross line is dark brown. The discal flecks are small and inconspicuous, they may also be missing. Small marginal dots lie at the outer edge and can make almost a narrow marginal line. See also Prout. The larva is moderately stout, tapering anteriorly and somewhat flattened, with a projecting and puckered lateral ridge The head small and reddish brown thickly dusted with black. The body is rugose, the skin transversely folded and dull brown. The posterior four segments are paler, tinged with ochreous. The dorsal line is whitish, indistinct, on the thorax and last four abdominals with a dark bordering, on the intermediate segments accompanied by brown V-shaped markings, There are one or two white dorsal spots and the subdorsal line s indistinct. The lateral line is whitish ochreous its underside dark, with a blunt pale wedge-shaped blotch on each segment, containing two brown lines, and followed by a smaller one in which is a grey V. The pupa is smooth but not glossy, rather blunt anteriorly; pale reddish brown, darker dorsally and at the segmental incisions, wings greenish, cremaster dark brown.

Biology
The adults fly at night from June to August, occasionally later, and are attracted to light.

The larva feeds on a variety of plants including bedstraw, chickweed, dandelion and knotgrass. The species overwinters as a small larva.

 * 1) The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

title: Riband wave