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Polyamide-imide

Polyamide-imides are either thermosetting or thermoplastic, amorphous polymers that have exceptional mechanical, thermal and chemical resistant properties. Polyamide-imides are used extensively as wire coatings in making magnet wire. They are prepared from isocyanates and TMA (trimellic acid-anhydride) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). A prominent distributor of polyamide-imides is Solvay Specialty Polymers, which uses the trademark Torlon.

Polyamide-imides display a combination of properties from both polyamides and polyimides, such as high strength, melt processibility, exceptional high heat capability, and broad chemical resistance. Polyamide-imide polymers can be processed into a wide variety of forms, from injection or compression molded parts and ingots, to coatings, films, fibers and adhesives. Generally these articles reach their maximum properties with a subsequent thermal cure process.

Other high-performance polymers in this same realm are polyetheretherketones and polyimides.

Chemistry
The currently popular commercial methods to synthesize polyamide-imides are the acid chloride route and the isocyanate route.

Acid chloride route

The earliest route to polyamide-imides is the condensation of an aromatic diamine, such as methylene dianiline (MDA) and trimellitic acid chloride (TMAC). Reaction of the anhydride with the diamine produces an intermediate amic acid. The acid chloride functionality reacts with the aromatic amine to give the amide bond and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a by-product. In the commercial preparation of polyamideimides, the polymerization is carried out in a dipolar, aprotic solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAC), dimethylformamide (DMF), or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at temperatures between 20–60 °C. The byproduct HCl must be neutralized in situ or removed by washing it from the precipitated polymer. Further thermal treatment of the polyamideimide polymer increases molecular weight and causes the amic acid groups to form imides with the evolution of water.

Diisocyanate route
This is the primary route to polyamide-imides which are used as wire enamels. A diisocyanate, often 4,4’-methylenediphenyldiisocyanate (MDI), is reacted with trimellitic anhydride (TMA). The product achieved at the end of this process is a high molecular weight, fully imidized polymer solution with no condensation byproducts, since the carbon dioxide gas byproduct is easily removed. This form is convenient for the manufacture of wire enamel or coatings. The solution viscosity is controlled by stoichiometry, monofunctional reagents, and polymer solids. The typical polymer solids level is 35-45% and it may be diluted further by the supplier or user with diluents.

Fabrication
Polyamide-imides are commercially used for coatings and molded articles.

Coatings
The product used mainly for coatings is sold in a powdered form and is roughly 50% imidized. One of the major uses is as a magnet wire enamel. The magnet wire enamel is made by dissolving the PAI powder in a strong, aprotic solvent such as N-methyl pyrrolidone. Diluents and other additives can be added to provide the correct viscosity for application to the copper or aluminum conductor. Application is typically done by drawing the conductor through a bath of enamel and then through a die to control coating thickness. The wire is then passed through an oven to drive off the solvent and cure the coating. The wire usually is passed through the process several times to achieve the desired coating thickness.

The PAI enamel is very thermally stable as well as abrasion and chemical resistant. PAI is often used over polyester wire enamels to achieve higher thermal ratings.

PAI is also used in decorative, corrosion resistant coatings for industrial uses, often in conjunction with fluoropolymers. The PAI aids in adhering the fluoropolymer to the metal substrate. They also find usage in non-stick cookware coatings. While solvents can be used, some water-borne systems are used. These are possible because the amide-imide contains acid functionality.

Molded or machined articles
The polyamide-imides used for molded articles are also based on aromatic diamines and trimellitic acid chloride, but the diamines are different from those used in the products used for coatings and the polymer is more fully imidized prior to compounding and pelletizing. Resins for injection molding include unreinforced, glass-fiber reinforced, carbon fiber reinforced, and wear resistant grades. These resins are sold at a relatively low molecular weight so they can be melt processed by extrusion or injection-molding. The molded articles are then thermally treated for several days at temperatures up to 260 °C (500 °F). During this treatment, commonly referred to a postcure, the molecular weight increases through chain extension and the polymer gets much stronger and more chemically resistant. Prior to postcure, parts can be reground and reprocessed. After postcure, reprocessing is not practical.

Injection molding
Polyamide-imide resin is hygroscopic, and picks up ambient moisture. Before processing the resin, drying is required to avoid brittle parts, foaming, and other molding problems. The resin must be dried to a moisture content of 500 ppm or less. A desiccant dryer capable of maintaining a dew point of −40 °F (−40 °C) is recommended. If drying is done in pans or trays, put the resin in layers no more than 2 to 3 inches (5 to 8 cm) deep in drying trays. Dry for 24 hours at 250 °F, or 16 hours at 300 °F, or 8 hours at 350 °F. If drying at 350 °F (177 °C), limit drying time to 16 hours. For the injection molding press, a desiccant hopper dryer is recommended. The circulating air suction pipe should be at the base of the hopper, as near the feed throat as possible.

In general, modern reciprocating-screw injection molding presses with microprocessor controls capable of closed-loop control are recommended for molding PAI. The press should be fitted with a low compression ratio, constant taper screw. The compression ratio should be between 1.1 and 1.5 to 1, and no check device should be used. The starting mold temperatures are specified as follows:

The mold temperature should be in the range of 325 °F to 425 °F (163 °C to 218 °C).

Other applications
The high temperature and chemical resistance of polyamide-imides make them in principle suitable for membrane based gas separations. The separation of contaminants such as CO2, H2S, and other impurities from natural gas wells is an important industrial process. Pressures exceeding 1000 psia demand materials with good mechanical stability. The highly polar H2S and polarizable CO2 molecules can strongly interact with the polymer membranes causing swelling and plasticization due to high levels of impurities. Polyamide-imides can resist plasticization because of the strong intermolecular interactions arising from the polyimide functions as well as the ability of the polymer chains to hydrogen bond with one another as a result of the amide bond. Although not currently used in any major industrial separation, polyamide-imides could be used for these types of processes where chemical and mechanical stability are required.

title: Polyamide-imide


text:
F Market & Wharves

The F Market & Wharves line is one of several light rail lines in San Francisco, California. Unlike most other lines in the system, the F line runs as a heritage streetcar service, almost exclusively using historic equipment both from San Francisco's retired fleet as well as from cities around the world (although buses are added during peak commute hours). While the F line is operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni), its operation is supported by Market Street Railway, a nonprofit organization of streetcar enthusiasts which raises funds and helps to restore vintage streetcars.

Introduced as the F Market in 1983, in the first San Francisco Historic Trolley Festival, the service originally operated between the Castro District and the Transbay Terminal, continuing to do so after being launched as a full-time, year-round service in 1995. In March 2000, it was extended at its eastern end to the Embarcadero and northwards along that street to Fisherman's Wharf, and a short section of the route between Market Street and the Transbay Terminal was discontinued.

Despite its heritage status, the F Market & Wharves line is an integral part of Muni's intermodal urban transport network, operating at frequent intervals for 20 hours a day, seven days a week. It carries local commuters and tourists alike, linking residential, business and leisure oriented areas of the city. Unlike the San Francisco cable car system, the cheaper standard Muni fare system applies.

Previous F-Line
Cable car operations along Market Street began in 1888. Service was electrified in 1906.

In 1915, the San Francisco Municipal Railway started the F-Stockton route, which ran from Laguna (later Scott) and Chestnut Streets in the Marina down Stockton Street to 4th and Market Streets near Union Square, later extended to the Southern Pacific Depot (currently the Caltrain Depot) in 1947. The streetcar line was discontinued in 1951 and was replaced by the 30 Stockton trolleybus route, which still runs today.

The F-line designation was therefore available for use by the current line, although that service is over a completely different route from the F-line of 1915 to 1951.

Previous lines on Market Street
Market Street is a major transit artery for the city of San Francisco, and has carried in turn horse-drawn streetcars, cable cars and electric streetcars. In the 1960s construction began on the Market Street subway, which would carry BART's trains on its lower level. All streetcar lines currently operating in the subway previously ran on the surface of Market Street, and were eventually diverted into the upper level of the tunnel. This diversion, together with the provision of new light rail cars, resulted in today's Muni Metro system.

The diversion of the Market Street streetcar lines into tunnel and the replacement of the existing streetcars with new light rail cars was completed by November 1982. However, the street trackage on Market Street was retained, and many of the old streetcars were still in storage.

Historic trolley festivals
In 1982, San Francisco's cable car lines were shut down for almost two years to allow for a major rebuild. Temporary weekend historic streetcar service started on July3, 1982 as part of 4th of July celebrations and ran until September of that year. To provide a more regular alternative tourist attraction during this period, the San Francisco Historic Trolley Festivals began in 1983. These summertime operations of vintage streetcars on Market Street were a joint project of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce and Muni.

The trolley festival route went from the Transbay Terminal at First and Mission Streets to Market, then up the retained Market Street tracks to Duboce Avenue. From there, it followed a 'temporary' streetcar detour built in the 1970s to bypass subway construction under Market: Duboce, Church Street, and 17th Street to Castro.

F-Market Line
The Trolley Festival proved so successful it was repeated every year until 1987. In that year, preparation began for the introduction of a permanent F line. After that year's festival finished, Muni replaced the old Market Street tracks with new ones, restoring tracks to upper Market Street and recreating a line to Castro. Different types of vintage streetcars were evaluated to provide the backbone of the F-line fleet, resulting in the decision to use the PCC car, due in part to its historic San Francisco transit use. Fourteen such cars were acquired second-hand from Philadelphia to add to three of Muni's own retired double-ended PCCs.

On September1, 1995, the F line opened with a parade of PCC cars, painted to represent some of the two dozen North American cities that this type of streetcar once served. Ridership exceeded expectations and the 8-Market trolleybus route that it had mostly replaced was completely discontinued on December29, 1995. At that point in history, this was a rare instance in which a streetcar replaced a bus line in operation, rather than the other way around. The need for extra cars resulted in the acquisition of ten Peter Witt-style cars then just being retired in the city of Milan, Italy. These cars were built in the 1920s to a design once common in North American cities, and their sister cars are still widely used on the Milan tramway network.

Extension on the Embarcadero

The Embarcadero is the eastern waterfront roadway of San Francisco, along San Francisco Bay. At one time busy with port and ferry related traffic, it fell into decline as freight transferred to the container terminals of Oakland and the Bay Bridge replaced the ferries. In the 1960s the elevated Embarcadero Freeway was built above, dividing the city from the bay, but was condemned and demolished after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Proposals for streetcar service along The Embarcadero were put forward as early as 1974, and historic streetcar service along The Embarcadero was first provided during the 1987 Trolley Festival, using existing Belt Railroad tracks on The Embarcadero and towed diesel generators to provide power.

With the freeway demolished, the waterfront started to be redeveloped for leisure and tourist activities, similar to Fisherman's Wharf and Pier 39 at the northern end of the waterfront. To support this redevelopment, it was decided to rebuild the Embarcadero as a tree-lined boulevard with streetcar tracks in the median. The section north of Market Street was to be served by an extension of the F line. Tracks were extended on the northern end of Market to connect with the Embarcadero tracks. On March4, 2000, service on the F line began operating along the new extension to Fisherman's Wharf, replacing bus route 32. Service on the short section of the F line between Market Street and the Transbay Terminal was discontinued at that time. The last F-line trip departed from the Transbay Terminal at 12:55a.m. on the night of March3, and the track was abandoned in August 2000, the final use being a "farewell" trip by 1916-built work car C1 on August18, with track removal beginning soon afterwards.

A month after the opening of the extension, Muni dedicated a car to Herb Caen, the noted columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle perhaps most famous for coining the phrase Baghdad by the Bay to describe The City. The car, Streetcar No.130, which was originally delivered in 1914, contains wood paneling and is decorated with many quotes from Caen.

Service was suspended in March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. It resumed on May15, 2021, with limited hours; full hours resumed on June26. Additional weekend afternoon short turn service between Fisherman's Wharf and the Ferry Building, operated by buses rather than streetcars, was added effective June10, 2023.

Better Market Street
The Better Market Street project, a streetscape project launched in the late 2000s to improve Market Street, has a transit component that aims to improve the operations of the F Line. The project would consolidate and eliminate some stops on Market Street and would also construct a new turn-around loop for the F Line at McAllister and 7th Streets. The loop would allow increased service between Fisherman's Wharf and the Civic Center area, which is the section of the line with the highest ridership. Average headways under the service improvement would be 5 minutes instead of the current 7.5-minute scheduled headways.

In 2022, the city was forced to return a $15-million federal grant when it was revealed that they did not expect any construction of the loop to begin before the federally-mandated deadline of September 2025. Construction was shelved indefinitely.

Proposed extension
Muni completed a technical feasibility study to extend the F-Line from the vicinity of the existing Jones Street terminal with the assistance of the National Park Service in December 2004. The extended line would extend westward alongside the San Francisco Maritime Museum and Aquatic Park and then through the historic (1914) but disused single-track Fort Mason Tunnel, formerly owned by the State Belt Railroad.

An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the extension, again led by the National Park Service, commenced in May 2006, resulting in:
 * a draft conceptual engineering report, issued in January 2009
 * a proposed transit operations plan, issued in July 2009
 * a draft EIS, issued in March 2011
 * the Final EIS, issued in February 2012

The final document classified areas west of the Fort Mason Tunnel as having "inadequate regional transit access...limited transportation options for transit-dependent residents...[and] infrastructure constraints impacting effectiveness and operations of Fort Mason Center." The Final EIS named a double-tracked extension along Beach Street, a jog north to Aquatic Park, then across Van Ness Avenue to single-tracked service through a retrofitted Fort Mason Tunnel and to a terminus in the Fort Mason Center parking lot as the "preferred alternative".

Car fleet
Muni owns a large selection of equipment for use on the F line, although not all of them are in service at the same time. The car fleet includes four sub-fleets: PCC streetcars, Peter Witt streetcars, pre-PCC veteran streetcars from San Francisco, and a diverse collection of 10 streetcars and trams from various overseas operators.

The line is principally operated by a mixture of the PCC and Peter Witt cars, although other more unusual or historic cars are often in service (including the 913 and 952, iconic streetcars named Desire) since they are from New Orleans. The modern LRVs used by Muni Metro cannot be used on F Market & Wharves tracks because the overhead line is not compatible with pantograph operation (though the older streetcars can operate on most surface sections of the Muni Metro system).

PCC fleet

A fleet of PCC streetcars from San Francisco, Philadelphia, and Newark, built between 1946 and 1948, operate on the line. , MUNI was operating 27 of these cars, restored to various states of service. Among the restored cars in service, three are original San Francisco double-ended PCC cars. Another 16 cars are single-ended cars acquired from SEPTA in Philadelphia in 1992 (which continues to operate another 18 cars today, retrofitted for ADA compliance), while the remaining 11 cars are single-ended cars acquired from New Jersey Transit in Newark in 2002 (built originally for Minneapolis-St. Paul and acquired from that system in 1953).

MUNI has another 30 unrestored PCC cars in long-term storage. The unrestored cars include five additional San Francisco double-ended cars, 10 San Francisco single-ended cars, 12 single-ended cars acquired from St. Louis in 1957, two single-ended cars from Philadelphia, and two single-ended cars from Pittsburgh. A further previously restored car from Philadelphia was written off after a traffic accident in 2003.

Many of the restored cars are painted in the color schemes of prominent past and present PCC streetcar operators, including Muni itself and other transit systems.

Peter Witt fleet
Muni operates a fleet of Peter Witt streetcars on the line, acquired from Milan, Italy. There are 11 of these cars, all built in 1928 to an Italian derivative of a common streetcar design that operated in many US cities, although never previously in San Francisco.

Most of San Francisco's Peter Witt cars are currently painted in the overall orange color scheme that they carried in Milan, although one has been repainted into its original livery of yellow and white with black trim, while another is in the two-tone green livery that the cars carried from the 1930s to the 1970s.

San Francisco vintage fleet
The F-Line fleet also includes a fleet of pre-PCC vintage cars built between 1895 and 1924 for use in San Francisco. Three passenger cars were built for Muni itself, and a further two for the independent Market Street Railway Company that ran competing streetcar services in San Francisco until acquired by Muni in 1944. The final car is a works flat car, built for Muni in 1916 and used for hauling rails, ties, and other materials needed to maintain a streetcar system.

The cars carry a variety of former San Francisco streetcar color schemes.

Worldwide fleet
The Muni's international fleet on the F-Line includes a diverse collection of 10 cars from various operators worldwide:
 * Blackpool tramway, in Blackpool, England (including two distinctive open-air boat cars)
 * The former Hamburg tram system, in Hamburg, Germany
 * Hankai Tramway, in Osaka, Japan
 * Kobe Municipal Transportation Bureau & Hiroshima Electric Railway, in Kobe & Hiroshima, Japan
 * Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board, in Melbourne, Australia
 * Moscow tram system, in Moscow, Russia ( system)
 * Porto tram system, in Porto, Portugal
 * STIB/MIVB, in Brussels, Belgium.

All the cars carry the color schemes of their original operators, except for the Brussels car, which currently carries a color scheme paying tribute to San Francisco's twin city of Zürich in Switzerland (the streetcars actually in use in Zürich use meter-gauge and therefore cannot be moved to San Francisco). The Moscow trams had to be equipped with trucks.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: F Market & Wharves


text: Category:High schools in Hawaii

title: Category:High schools in Hawaii


text:
Talk:Wen Zhong

Untitled
This article is rather obscure, but until I've checked the facts I don't want to plunge in. I'll be back... Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:45, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wen Zhong


text: User talk:63.170.27.18

title: User talk:63.170.27.18


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John Rowand

John Rowand (c. 1787 – 30 May 1854) was a fur trader for the North West Company and later, the Hudson's Bay Company. At the peak of his career, he was Chief Factor at Fort Edmonton, and in charge of the HBC's vast Saskatchewan District.

Montreal
John Rowand was the son of Dr. John Rowand, a surgeon in Montreal. Though possessing only an elementary education, Rowand joined the firm McTavish, Frobisher and Company at sixteen years. The firm's head, Simon McTavish, was the leading share-holder in the North West Company.

North West Company clerk
1803 saw Rowand posted to Fort Augustus, the NWC companion to the Hudson's Bay Company's Edmonton House (then name for Fort Edmonton), as an apprentice clerk. Apart from his regular duties there, Rowand participated in hunting bison and indulged in another of his most notable pastimes through the years: horse-riding. Over the next few years, Rowand was positioned either at Fort Augustus or another of the nearby NWC posts.

Rowand suffered a broken leg from a riding accident in 1810. He was rescued by Louise (Lisette) Umfreville (daughter of Edward Umfreville), a Metis woman who nursed him back to health. Subsequently, John Rowand engaged Louise in a country marriage, and received a herd of horses as a dowry. According to some traditions, Rowand also adopted several of Louise's children by another man. John and Louise had at least five children together. In 1838 when Catholic priests passed through Fort Edmonton John and Louise did not get their marriage solemnized, but after living together almost 30 years they seem to not have felt the need for external affirmation of their relationship. Rowand described Louise as "my old friend the mother of all my children" and remain connected with her until her death in 1849.

Joining the Hudson's Bay Company
The Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816 threatened a further escalation of violence between North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company servants. Meanwhile, in the aftermath of the battle, the NWC lost several of its investors who were wary of the company's continued existence. In a move brokered to end hostilities between the companies, shareholders in the NWC agreed to merge with the Hudson's Bay Company, signing an agreement in 1821 that saw its name dissolved and its employees & properties absorbed under the HBC name. The agreement named several persons as chief factors and chief traders at this time; with Fort Augustus consequently being absorbed by Fort Edmonton, John Rowand was made a chief trader at Edmonton.

Chief factor at Fort Edmonton
In 1823, Rowand started his first of three appointments, totalling nearly 17 years, as the chief factor at Fort Edmonton, making him answerable only to Governor Simpson or the HBC's London committee. Rowand's fort was positioned on one of the best means of transportation across the continent at the time: the North Saskatchewan River. In the early years of Rowand's administration, overland routes to northern posts such as Fort Assiniboine were made, and Edmonton became a central hub for furs to be shipped.

The fort, then in its fourth iteration, was located on a volatile flood plain, and Rowand oversaw the moving of the fort to higher ground a short distance west, to its fifth and final location, by 1830. On this new site, which is now home to the Alberta Legislature Building, he had a massive house constructed for his own use along the fort's courtyard. The house was known as "Rowand's Folly" for its extravagance; it is reputed to have been the first house to have glass windows in the west.

Relations with workers
Rowand was regarded as something of an ill-tempered taskmaster by the workers under him. Noted Rowand on the subject, "When they misbehave I will tell them of it without fearing to hurt their feelings – they must do their duty as I was made to do mine." Rowand's high expectations of the workers also showed in his little sympathy for illness; Father Albert Lacombe came upriver with a boat brigade with Rowand in 1852, and recalled that when he tried to convince Rowand that one of the labourers was ill and needed rest, Rowand responded, "Any man who is not dead after three days sickness is not sick at all."

Rowand's various abuses against the workers earned their ire, but it was an unfair Hudson's Bay Company practice that put a mutiny over the top in 1851. The issue that drove the work stoppage was that labourers were required to pay for work horses; horses were drawn randomly from lots and cost the same regardless of their condition. The men were only permitted to do the company's work with the horses. If the horse died, which was common, the man would have to pay for a new one. In response to the work stoppage, the company agreed to provide horses for free, but according to labourer William Gladstone, the men made a further demand that John Rowand provide each man a quart of rum in a stirrup cup. Rowand capitulated, but as per Gladstone's account, only after presenting himself in a dramatic fashion to them, fearless and defiant, to be struck dead by the mutineers, though the revolting workers told him that that was not their intent at all.

Some workers were in the habit of calling John Rowand by a nickname, "One-Pound-One". This was from the shuffle-step-shuffle sound made when Rowand walked, owing to the broken leg he had suffered earlier in his career.

Relations with First Nations
Rowand prided himself as a fair trader, writing of himself, "No one will say that I ever spoilt Indians. [...] I give them due but they must do their duty." Rowand was bold in his dealings, evidently bold enough to raise his voice to native chiefs in their own camps when surrounded by their warriors. This spirit is captured in a 1947 painting by Henry Simpkins (seen here ) that was used for an HBC calendar; the painting shows Rowand (stylistically slimmer) standing up to a mounted Blackfoot attack on the plains. According to the accompanying story, the chief recognized Rowand, apologized, and turned away.

Impressed by Rowand, the natives referred to him as "Big Mountain" or "Iron Shirt". Rowand's term as chief factor saw greater fur returns than before.

Family
Although John never had his marriage to Louise solemnized he had his four daughters baptized by the Catholic priests. Also when his daughter Nancy Rowand married John Edward Harriott it was a marriage performed by a Catholic priest with John Rowand serving as the lead witness.

Death
In spring of 1854, Rowand joined the boat brigades which annually carried furs to Hudson Bay where they would be loaded onto ships and commence their voyage to England. Rowand would stop at Norway House as usual to attend the Council of the Northern Department, but he did not make it this far. On May 31, while at Fort Pitt - a post commanded by his son John - Rowand was about to intervene into a dispute between two tripmen, when he clutched his chest and fell suddenly dead.

Initially buried at Fort Pitt, Rowand's remains were exhumed. George Simpson explained in a letter to Rowand's son Alexander, "It was one of the last instructions your father gave John [Alexander's brother], on the day preceding his death, that his bones were not to be left in the Indian Country but removed to Canada and interred near those of his own father." The intended burial place was Montreal, but lacking means to preserve Rowand's body for a journey of so many weeks, his cadaver was boiled down to the bones. Ripley's states that his remains were "pickled" in a keg of rum and shipped overland. Simpson took the bones in a package to Red River, but from fear that superstitious boatmen might try to dispose of it on the longer journey to Montreal, he had them repackaged and shipped to England via York Factory instead, where they could then be shipped again to Montreal. In a course of years, Rowand was buried at Mount Royal Cemetery with a sizeable monument.

In popular culture
Edmonton musician Cadence Weapon recorded a timpani-based dance music song about Rowand titled "One Pound One".

title: John Rowand


text:
User:Stpeter

Name: Peter Saint-Andre

Homepage: stpeter.im

Email: stpeter [at] jabber.org

title: User:Stpeter


text:
K-Days

K-Days, formerly known as the Edmonton Exhibition, Klondike Days, and Capital Ex, is an annual 10-day exhibition held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada mostly in late July. It runs in conjunction with the Taste of Edmonton and – from 2006 through 2012 – the Edmonton Indy.

The exhibition, hosted by Explore Edmonton beginning 2022, and hosted until 2019 by Northlands, is held at the Exhibition Lands adjoining Edmonton Expo Centre. K-Days begins on the third Friday of July and five days after the Calgary Stampede (until 2009, it began four days after), making it end on the Sunday of July's last weekend.

Name
The fair was originally named the Edmonton Exhibition from its founding in 1879 until 1964 when it was renamed Klondike Days. The name change coincided with the introduction of the kitsch theme associated with the 1890s and the Klondike Gold Rush. The gold rush had taken place over a thousand miles to the northwest. Edmonton was a stopping point for prospectors headed to the Yukon Territory on the "all-Canadian overland route". The name was changed to Capital Ex, in 2006. There was some controversy over the change in name from Klondike Days, with many locals continuing to refer to the exhibition as Klondike Days or K-Days. Ken Knowles, President of Northlands, explained that the rebranding "... was so much more than a name. It was about the programming and the opportunity to showcase the best of the region and the province". The name change was recognized at the 2007 Alberta Tourism Awards, where Knowles stated "This recognition from the tourism industry is particularly gratifying as it reinforces our ongoing efforts through Capital Ex to continue to celebrate our province and to build Alberta pride."

Before the 2012 event, Northlands announced that the Capital Ex name would be retired, and a new name would be chosen by public vote. Eventgoers chose K-Days from the six names offered. The new name for the fair was announced on July 29, 2012. The original Klondike Days name was not one of the six options available. Some fans of the event's previous name, Klondike Days, have stated that the name change to Capital Ex was a poor decision due to the region's history. Many feel that the event being renamed back to K-Days, by the overwhelming majority of the vote, shows just how much of a mistake the initial name change was.

History
The Edmonton Agricultural Society organized the first local exhibition on the original Fort Edmonton site on October 15, 1879. This was the first event of its kind held in what was then known as the North-West Territories. Edmonton's first fair showcased locally produced livestock, grain, vegetables, and handiwork and attracted 500 people. Calgary and Saskatoon soon started their own exhibitions in 1886 with Regina following in 1894. In 1893, the organization held the city's first spring exhibition, and in 1899, the exhibition grounds were relocated to Rossdale Flats (now Edmonton Ballpark). By 1904, the exhibition's attendance exceeded 20,000 (5,200 on opening day). During this period Arthur G. Harrison was President of the Edmonton Exhibition Association.

The first parade to promote the fair was held in 1903. However, the fair did not organize a community parade in the 1930s and 1940s. The fair was relocated to its current site in Northlands (now named Edmonton Expo Centre) in 1910. In 1912, it was extended to six days. It continued to be held through the First World War, even though the facilities were at the disposal of the Canadian military. A similar arrangement was made during the Second World War, though this time with the Royal Canadian Air Force.

The exhibition was renamed "Klondike Days" in 1962, with the theme revolving around the Klondike Gold Rush. The public embraced the theme with relish, dressing up in period costumes for the Klondike Days opening parade.

In the 1980s, films were screened on-site at the exhibition's RCMP Dome Theatre; for example, Roger Tilton's film Pilots North was screened in 1982.

In the 1990s, the Grand North American Old Time Fiddle Championship shifted to be in conjunction with Klondike Days, helping the event recover from the recession.

In 2004, Northlands Park celebrated the 125th anniversary of the fair. The Klondike Days Parade's theme commemorated the City of Edmonton's 100th anniversary that year. Fair attendance continued to climb, breaking the 800,000 attendance mark in 2005. However, in 2006, attendance fell to 688,369, coinciding with the year that the name of the exhibition was changed to "Capital EX". The change was met with both protest and excitement from citizens. Some felt a name change was unnecessary, while others felt it was time to drop "traditional themes" citing that there was no longer an interest in dressing up in Klondike-themed clothing during the week-long exhibition. Northlands decided not to release the 2008 attendance numbers due to an agreement with the Indy Racing League. However, Northlands changed its decision and released the attendance figures showing 743,374 attendees, a drop of almost 30,000 from the previous year. In 2009 the attendance dropped again, by more than 25,000, to a total of 717,966, but rebounded again by 4% in 2010 to 747,660. In 2011 the attendance had risen to 713,546 and the following year the fair had attracted 747,660 visitors.

In 2014, 740,840 people attended K-Days and sales totalled over $100 million.

In 2015, 785,290 attended, the highest in the past 10 years.

In 2017, despite the weather, 816,000 people attended K-Days.

In 2018, even though the fair began with anti-abortion and animal rights protests, K-Days managed to attract 808,009 people.

In February 2020, the United Conservative Party government announced cuts to provincial funding for both K-Days and the Calgary Stampede as part of the 2020 budget. On February 28, Northlands announced that the K-Days parade would not take place, citing "current fiscal realities", declines in attendance, and a desire to invest in more "on-site" programming. In April 2020, K-Days cancelled that summer's event due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta. In May 2021, despite a planned easing of restrictions in Alberta by July, and the Stampede announcing plans to move ahead with their event, K-Days was cancelled for the second year in a row due to the pandemic "following discussions with the City of Edmonton and Explore Edmonton". The organization cited limited time and resources, and a desire to focus on 2022 as to not hold K-Days in 2021 only for the sake of holding it. Northlands stated that it was also acting out of respect to other Edmonton events that did announce plans to return in a modified form for 2021. On June 10, 2021, Northlands announced its dissolution, and that Explore Edmonton would assume operations of K-Days and Farmfair International.

Dream home lottery
From 1955 until 2010, K-Days hosted a prize home lottery. Prior to 1964, Klondike Days was named the Edmonton Exhibition; therefore for the first nine years of the contest, from 1955 until 1963, the lottery was named the Edmonton Exhibition Dream Home Lottery. Similarly, for the final three years of the lottery, the event was named the Capital Ex Dream Home Lottery. Each year, the home was assembled and displayed at the Northlands exhibition grounds for the duration of the Klondike Days exhibition. Once a winner was determined, each home would then be transported to an empty lot in Edmonton or a suburb of Edmonton such as St. Albert or Sherwood Park. Since the lottery's inception in 1955, the Klondike Days dream home lottery has been sponsored by the Edmonton Lions Club. Historically, local Edmonton businesses provided labour and building materials for these dream homes in exchange for advertising that certified their involvement; for example, Rainbow Eavestroughing was advertised in the Edmonton Journal after manufacturing and installing eavestroughs on the 1965 Dream Home. In 1961, the Edmonton Journal reported that "some 25 Edmonton businesses contributed to the construction of the home." The first Klondike Days Dream Home lottery took place in 1955, and was labelled the "Golden Dream Home" in conjunction with Alberta's golden jubilee of that year.

title: K-Days


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Category:Islands of Furness

These are the Islands of Furness

title: Category:Islands of Furness


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User:Calexcyou123

WHO ARE THE CALIFORNIA GIRLS ?

title: User:Calexcyou123


text:
4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards

The 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards is an inactive armoured regiment of the Canadian Militia / Canadian Army. It is currently on the Supplementary Order of Battle.

Lineage
Several independent troops of cavalry in the Province of Canada's volunteer militia were formed in the Kingston area starting in 1855. Four of these troops (in Kingston, Napanee, Loughborough and Picton) were united under a regimental headquarters in 1875, becoming the 4th Provisional Regiment of Cavalry. This regiment adopted hussar uniforms (with buff facings ) and hussar customs in 1893, being Redesignated as the 4th Hussars. In 1932, they were again Redesignated as the 4th Hussars of Canada.

Meanwhile, in Ottawa, the city's independent cavalry troop (formed in 1872) came under the patronage of the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, during her time there as vice-regal consort (1878–80), and the troop was expanded to an independent squadron named The Princess Louise Dragoon Guards. During the Second Boer War, volunteers from the squadron fought with the Imperial forces in South Africa. The squadron was again expanded into a regiment in 1903 as the 5th "Princess Louise Dragoon Guards".

The 4th Hussars and the 5th PLDG were not mobilized in the First World War, but they both contributed volunteers to and aided in the recruiting of the 8th Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles. The 8th CMR did not enter combat as a unit, its personnel being absorbed by the reserves in England and the 4th Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, in France, but enough of its former members fought at the Battle of Mount Sorrel that the regiment qualified for a battle honour, which the PLDG perpetuates.

In the 1936 reorganization of the Militia, the PLDG and the 4th Hussars were amalgamated as the 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards.

4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards

 * Originated on 1 January 1903, in Ottawa, Ontario, as the Princess Louise Dragoon Guards.
 * Redesignated on 1 February 1903, as the 5th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards.
 * Redesignated on 15 March 1920, as The Princess Louise Dragoon Guards.
 * Amalgamated on 15 December 1936, with the 4th Hussars of Canada and Redesignated as the 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards.
 * Redesignated on 11 February 1941, as the 2nd (Reserve) Regiment, 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards.
 * Redesignated on 1 April 1941, as the 4th (Reserve) Reconnaissance Battalion, (4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards).
 * Redesignated on 8 June 1942, as the 4th (Reserve) Reconnaissance Regiment (4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards), CAC.
 * Redesignated on 2 August 1945, as the 4th (Reserve) Reconnaissance Regiment (4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards), RCAC.
 * Redesignated on 19 June 1947, as the 4th Armoured Car Regiment (4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards), RCAC.
 * Redesignated on 4 February 1949, as the 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards (4th Armoured Car Regiment).
 * Redesignated on 19 May 1958, as the 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards.
 * Reduced to Nil Strength on 12 February 1965, and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle.

4th Hussars of Canada

 * Originated on 30 April 1875, in Kingston, Ontario, as the 4th Provisional Regiment of Cavalry.
 * Redesignated on 7 May 1886, as the 4th Regiment of Cavalry.
 * Redesignated on 1 January 1893, as the 4th Hussars.
 * Redesignated on 1 March 1932, as the 4th Hussars of Canada.
 * Amalgamated on 15 December 1936, with The Princess Louise Dragoon Guards and Redesignated as the 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards.

Perpetuations

 * 8th Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles

Prewar
In 1936 the 4th Hussars of Canada and The Princess Louise Dragoon Guards were amalgamated to form the 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards.

Second World War
The 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards was a Militia regiment activated for wartime service with the Canadian Army (Active) in 1941. It was assigned to the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps which itself had been activated in 1940. In 1942 it was redesignated the 4th Reconnaissance Regiment (4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards), the same year the first of its soldiers sailed for the United Kingdom where 4th PLDG joined 1st Canadian Infantry Division at Camp Aldershot.

4th Recce immediately began expanding its ranks, taking volunteers from infantry regiments serving in the United Kingdom and a steady flow of reinforcements from Canada. Four squadrons were eventually raised in addition to the Regimental HQ Squadron. A reserve squadron, based in Ottawa continued to provide reinforcements throughout the war as well.

"A" Squadron of 4th PLDG landed in Sicily on July 13, 1943, as part of the Follow Up Forces. Only "A" Squadron, commanded by Major Arthur Duck actually took part in the Sicily fighting. B and C Squadrons were not fully equipped with the requisite number of "Otter" Light, and "Fox" Heavy Reconnaissance Cars and Universal Carriers until October, when the regiment was serving on the Italian mainland. D Squadron was raised that winter when heavy rains and freezing temperatures rendered the Princess Louise Dragoon Guards' vehicles all but useless and the personnel from the latter squadron patrolled their sector on horseback instead.

4th PLDG took part in virtually all of the major actions in the campaign, which lasted just 38 days. The regiment landed at Reggio di Calabria, on the Italian mainland on September 3, 1943, on the heels of 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade and immediately began providing 1st Canadian Infantry Division Headquarters with information with regard to the ground to the north including the condition of roads and bridges and the location and strength of enemy forces. Each of the squadrons was composed of three scout troops and assault troop, equipped with a combination of Otter Light Reconnaissance Cars and Fox Heavy Reconnaissance Cars. The Fox had a revolving turret fitted with a .50 calibre Browning machine gun as well as a Bren. 303 calibre light machine gun. The Otter mounted a single Bren as did the Universal Carriers used to transport the Scout and Assault Troops.

When a reporter asked the Officer Commanding, C-Squadron, Major Harold Parker as to what he and his men did in Italy he replied: "We keep driving until the enemy shoots at us. Then we know he is there". Parker was doing just that when his armoured car was struck by a 75mm shell on the Torella-Duronia road. The major was killed and his crew badly wounded. The scouts, frequently operated well behind enemy lines: During the Hitler Line battles in May 1944 during which 4th PLDG's War Diarist noted, proudly that it was "the first unit in 8th Army" to penetrate the latter fortifications at Pontecorvo Sergeant Hubert Ditner, a farmer from Petersburg, Ontario, and his men took the opportunity to catch a few hours sleep in a roadside ditch where he awoke to find that he and his comrades were just yards from a fighting hole filled with grenadiers from 44th Reichsgrenadier "Hoch und Deutschmeister" Division. Ditner, who spoke fluent German managed to get all ten to surrender without firing a shot. In a letter to his younger brother, Simon Sgt. Ditner confessed that he "didn't know who was shaking more, Jerry or me."

One of the most notable engagements fought by 4th PLDG took place at Miglionico. Numbers 4 and 8 (Assault) Troops, under Lieutenant Don White used a rail tunnel to infiltrate the rear area of positions held by Oberst Ludwig Heilmann's 3rd Fallschirmjager Regiment and launch the attack that killed an estimated 50 paratroopers and destroyed several trucks, an armoured car and a large quantity of ammunition.

All three squadrons were active on the Italian mainland by the time the regiment was transferred to the Infantry Corps. The regiment was assigned to 12th Canadian Infantry Brigade of the recently arrived 5th Canadian Armoured Division on July 13, 1944. The decision was the result of 8th Army commander General Montgomery's concern that the division lacked the sufficient number of infantry battalions to protect the division's tanks against attacks by enemy infantry armed with shoulder fired anti-tank weapons and self-propelled guns. The regiment, having established a reputation for courage and tenacity while operating as scouts, soon distinguished itself in its new role. It was ordered to take Monte Peloso on September 1, 1944, also known as Point 253. The hill, part of the enemy's Gothic Line was targeted by 1st Division's gunners for the better part of an hour before C-Squadron began closing on the position at 13:10. As the Princess Louise began climbing it they ran headlong into paratroopers from 3rd Fallschirmjager Regiment, preparing to mount a counterattack on nearby Point 204 and there was a furious, close-quarters gun battle prior to Lord Strathcona's Horse joining 4th PLDG in the assault on the main German defences, a handful of farm buildings midway up the slope. The Shermans blasted the startled paratroopers from the buildings and the waiting Princess Louise cut them down with small arms fire. By last light Point 253 was in Canadian hands. The first battle as infantry had cost the regiment dearly, however: 35 men were dead and another 94 wounded.

A message penned by 8th Army's commander, General Leese, congratulated the Princess Louise for their victory, made that much more remarkable based on the unit's very brief training as infantry.

On a humorous note, members of the unit were once urged by General Simonds (GOC 1st Canadian Infantry Division) to beat a U.S. Army unit into the Sicilian village of Enna and thus take credit for its capture. A mixed bag of NCO's and troopers mounted their armoured cars and headed for the town only to be halted by a demolished culvert. Not to be denied, the soldiers commandeered a mule and continued the race arriving in the village just as troops from 1st Infantry Division did so. Though the weary Canadians were only too happy to clamber aboard one of the latter unit's jeeps and ride the rest of the way into town, the regimental history of the 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards maintains that Corporal Jackson was first to dismount in Enna's piazza rendering the Canadian Army as the rightful liberators of the town.

The regiment was returned to its reconnaissance role, and Armoured Corps status on 15 March 1945 and finished the war in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, after being transferred to the theatre as part of Operation Goldflake. Fighting in a number of engagements with the heavily armoured German divisions as they fled, a role the unit had performed with some distinction in Italy, 4th PLDG suffered heavy losses. Battlefield deaths, all ranks, for the entire year of 1944 were 150. In the four months 4th Recce fought in North West Europe, a third of the time it was in Italy, it lost some 187 men (4th PLDG History Page 306).

Postwar
The 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards was moved to the Supplementary Order of Battle of the Canadian Army in 1965.

4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards (15 December 1936)

 * Regimental Headquarters (Ottawa, Ontario)
 * A Squadron (Ottawa, Ontario)
 * B Squadron (Ottawa, Ontario)
 * C Squadron (Prescott, Ontario)

Alliances

 * 🇬🇧 - 4th Queen's Own Hussars (1936–1958)
 * 🇬🇧 - The Queen's Royal Irish Hussars (1958–1965)
 * 🇬🇧 – 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) (1936–1965)

Uniform and Traditions
Since the 1870s, the Princess Louise Dragoon Guards wore a full-dress uniform similar to that of the Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards). This consisted of a dark blue dragoon tunic with white collar and cuffs, facings and piping, and dark blue trousers with white double stripes. The regimental headdress consisted of a brass cavalry helmet with a white horsehair plume. Their undress dark blue peaked cap had a scarlet band and piping, which was a unique distinction granted to this regiment.

Though transferred to the infantry in July 1944, 4th PLDG retained the black beret of the Canadian Armoured Corps and continued to refer to its sub-units as "squadrons" and "troops" instead of "companies" and "platoons", the traditional infantry designation. Its motto was pro aris et focis (for our altars and for our homes).

Battle honours
In the list below, battle honours in small capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. The battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the regimental standard.

• ;South African War

•

• ;First World War

•

• ;Second World War

•

• Troina Valley

•

• Landing at Reggio

• Motta Montecorvino

•

• Hitler Line

• Melfa Crossing

•

• Tomba di Pesaro

• Casale

• Sant'Angelo in Salute

• Capture of Ravenna

• Naviglio Canal

•

•

Notable soldiers

 * "Herbie" the cartoon soldier that appeared in the Canadian Army's newspaper, The Maple Leaf, was the brainchild of Sergeant William Garnet "Bing" Coughlin of 4th PLDG.
 * Major-General Harry Wickwire Foster (Harold Wickwire Foster), commander of both 4th Canadian Armoured Division (North West Europe) and 1st Canadian Infantry Division (Italy). In 1941, (then) Lieutenant-Colonel Foster assumed command of 4th Reconnaissance Regiment - 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards, the recently activated scout formation assigned to 1st Canadian Infantry Division in England.
 * Major-General Clive Addy joined the regiment as a reserve Trooper in the early 1960s.
 * Trooper Lorne W. R. Mulloy served in the regiment in 1899 before joining the Royal Canadian Dragoons for service in South Africa where he was awarded the DCM.

title: 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards


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Rachid Baba Ahmed

Rachid Baba Ahmed (رشيد بابا أحمد; 20 August 1946–15 February 1995) was an Algerian record producer, composer, and singer involved in the regional genre known as raï. He was credited with the international popularization of the genre in 1976, through the new pop raï, with a delicate and sophisticated blend of electronic instrumentation. He was also credited with the development of pop raï during the 1970s and 1980s,1 the performers of which are called cheb or chaba.

Career
Rachid Baba produced an album titled Rai Rebels, among many other acclaimed titles released in the United States and elsewhere. He was quoted as saying, with regards to censoring the lyrics to the songs on the albums in order to make them appropriate for observant Islamic audiences, "In the beginning, I let [a] cheb sing the words as he wanted. Now I pay attention. When he sings a vulgarity, I say stop. If he doesn’t obey, I cut it during the mixing." Baba helped many young and upcoming artists, including Chaba Fadela and Cheb Sahraoui. Ahmed’s modern 24-track studio in Tlemcen produced Algerian pop-raï.

Death
During the Algerian Civil War, he was murdered by Islamic fundamentalists on February 15, 1995, outside of his record store in Oran, Algeria. He had been a long-standing target for the Islamic movements because of his involvement in the production of songs with themes of romance and everyday living.

title: Rachid Baba Ahmed


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XU

XU (X for "unknown" and U for "undercover agent") was a clandestine intelligence organisation working on behalf of Allied powers in occupied Norway during World War II. Though its work proved invaluable for operations against German operations in Norway, most of its operations, organization, etc., were kept secret until 1988.

The name of the organization may have derived from Lauritz Sand, one of the founding members, who had previously worked for British intelligence in the Dutch East Indies and coined the name XU, X for "unknown" and U for "undercover agent" for his group. During the early stages of the German occupation of Norway, Sand collaborated with an intelligence group led by major John Hagle and captain Eivind Hjelle. By July 1940, this group came into contact with another group led by Arvid Storsveen.

Although XU was initially organized by a leadership with a military background, its further development relied heavily upon recruiting students from the University of Oslo. As it grew, the group also included professionals around Norway, within railroads, police and so on, and collected maps and photos of German fortifications and forces.

XU was initially organised as part of the Milorg, but as the Norwegian resistance movement grew, it became essential to compartmentalise organisations and teams and thereby enhance security against Nazi and Quisling infiltration, so XU split from the Milorg in the autumn of 1941 when Lauritz Sand and many others were arrested by the Gestapo. Milorg was the Norwegian counterpart to the sabotage service, the Special Operations Executive and so answered to Department FO. IV of the Norwegian High Command. From 1941, XU answered to Department FO. II, which was the branch that worked with Britain's intelligence service SIS.

In the spring of 1942, the Gestapo became aware of XU's activities and initiated operations to identify and arrest its leaders. Several leaders from the Oslo cell, including Storsveen, fled to neutral Sweden in July 1942, and set up headquarters for the organization there. They continued to move in and out of Norway, and Storsveen was killed in a Gestapo operation in Oslo in April 1943 without revealing his role in XU. XU continued its work under the leadership of Øistein Strømnæs and Anne-Sofie Østvedt, whose identities were kept secret until recently.

Strømnæs led XU from occupied Oslo for the rest of the war. Apart from supplying the Allied forces with very detailed data about the state of German forces in Norway, XU also had connections within Nazi Germany. Several of their members were couriers for MI5 agent Paul Rosbaud who had vital information regarding German nuclear research.

By the end of the war XU had some 1,500 agents all over Norway and had developed a sophisticated courier system to the United Kingdom through neutral Sweden. The amount of information could amount to some 500 A4 pages supplied every day. The highly accurate and current intelligence enabled the Allied forces to maintain detailed information about the deployment and condition of German forces throughout Norway. This information proved vital in strategic bombing raids and would have been invaluable if an invasion had been necessary.

XU maintained strict discipline around its cell structure, and the courier system was based on anonymous transfer of information. In one case, it turned out that two operatives who only knew each other by each other's shoes were close friends outside the XU network.

After the war ended, confiscated Gestapo information revealed that the Gestapo in Norway had very little intelligence on the size, scope, members, and operations of XU.

The existence of XU was not revealed to the general public until around 1980, when the Norwegian government decided to decorate some of the XU members. The government was criticized for waiting for so long, especially since many double agents, otherwise sworn to secrecy, were convicted as collaborators during the post-war treason trials. Their names were cleared after 1980, and as of 2006, nearly all documents regarding the XU have been released to the public.

Some members

 * Otto Erling Aurstad
 * Sverre Bergh
 * Johan Borse (Svensen)
 * Sønnøv Sem Borse
 * Eilif Dahl
 * William Dall
 * Astrid Løken
 * Håkon Melberg
 * Anne-Sofie Østvedt
 * Ivan Rosenquist
 * Arvid Storsveen
 * Øistein Strømnæs
 * Nic Waal
 * Otto Øgrim
 * Arne Næss
 * Lauritz Sand
 * Vilhelm Aubert
 * Knut Løfsnes
 * Brynjulv Sjetne
 * Sverre Østhagen
 * Leif Owren
 * Ole Henrik Moe
 * Sven Sømme
 * Andreas Garstad
 * Eric Bentsen
 * Brynjulf Ottar
 * Lars Lund
 * Kasper Skjeggenes
 * Rolv Henden

title: XU


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Rime ice

Rime ice forms when supercooled water droplets freeze onto surfaces. In the atmosphere, there are three basic types of rime ice:
 * Soft rime forms when supercooled water freezes under calm wind conditions. It is milky and crystalline, like sugar, and similar to hoar frost.
 * Hard rime forms by rapid freezing of supercooled water under at least moderate wind conditions. The droplets freeze more or less individually, leaving air gaps.
 * Clear ice forms by slow freezing of supercooled water. Clear ice is typically transparent and homogeneous. Its amorphous and dense structure makes it adhesive.

Soft and hard rime are less dense than clear ice and less adhesive, thus generally cause less damage. Glaze ice is similar in appearance to clear ice, however it is the result of a completely different process, occurring during freezing rain or drizzle.

Rime ice also forms when ice forms on the surface of an aircraft, particularly on the leading edges and control surfaces when it flies through a cloud made of supercooled water liquid droplets. Rime ice is the least dense, milky ice is intermediately dense and clear ice is the most dense. All forms of ice can spoil lift and may have a catastrophic effect on an airborne aircraft. These hazardous effects are due to the ice's ability to disrupt airflow, increase weight, and add drag. Ice forming on propellers or engine inlets are especially dangerous as it can cause severe vibration and/or damage if ingested.

Origin of name
The word 'Rime' comes
 * from Middle English – rime, ryme, rim
 * from Old English – hrīm
 * from Proto-West Germanic – *hrīm
 * from Proto-Germanic – *hrīmaz, *hrīmą (“hoarfrost”)
 * from Proto-Indo-European – *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”).

Hard rime
Hard rime is a white ice that forms when the water droplets in fog freeze to the outer surfaces of objects. It is often seen on trees atop mountains and ridges in winter, when low-hanging clouds cause freezing fog. This fog freezes to the windward (wind-facing) side of tree branches, buildings, or any other solid objects, usually with high wind velocities and air temperatures between −2 and −8 °C.

Characteristics
Hard rime formations are more difficult to remove. They have a comb-like appearance, with the streaks of material parallel to that of the direction of the wind. This is unlike soft rime, which looks feathery or spiky, or clear ice, which looks homogeneous and transparent.

Scientists at meteorologically extreme places, such as Mount Washington in New Hampshire, often have to break huge chunks of hard rime off weather equipment in order to keep anemometers and other measuring instruments operating.

Formation on snow crystals
Under some specific atmospheric conditions, forming and descending snow crystals may encounter and pass via atmospheric supercooled cloud droplets. These droplets, which have a diameter of about 10 μm, can exist in an unfrozen state down to temperatures near −40 °C (−40 °F). Contact between the snow crystal and the supercooled droplets results in the freezing of the liquid droplets onto the surface of the crystals. This process of crystal growth is known as accretion. Crystals that exhibit frozen droplets on their surfaces are referred to as rimed. When this process continues to the point that the shape of the original snow crystal is no longer identifiable the resulting crystal gets referred to as graupel.

The frozen droplets on the surface of rimed crystals are hard to resolve and the topography of a graupel particle is not easy to record with a visible-wavelength microscope because of the limited resolution and depth of field in the instrument. However, observations of snow crystals with a low-temperature scanning electron microscope (LT-SEM) clearly show cloud droplets measuring up to 50 μm on the surface of the crystals. The rime has been observed on all four basic forms of snow crystals, including plates, dendrites, columns and needles. As the riming process continues the mass of frozen, accumulated cloud droplets obscures the identity of the original snow crystal, giving rise to a graupel particle.

Soft rime
Soft rime is a white ice deposition that forms when the water droplets in light freezing fog or mist freeze to the outer surfaces of objects during calm or light wind. The fog usually freezes to the windward side of solid objects, particularly those with a likeness to that of tree branches and wires.

Soft rime is similar in appearance to hoar frost; but while rime is formed by vapour first condensing to liquid droplets (of fog, mist or cloud) and then attaching to a surface, hoar frost is formed by direct deposition from water vapour to solid ice. A heavy coating of hoar frost, called white frost, is very similar in appearance to soft rime, but the formation process is different; it happens when there is no fog, but very high levels of air relative humidity (above 90%) and temperatures below −8 °C.

Soft rime formations appear as narrow white icy needles and scales. These needles are fragile and can be easily shaken off objects and removed. Factors that favour soft rime include: small drop size, the slow accretion of liquid water, a high degree of supercooling, and fast dissipation of latent heat of fusion. The opposite of these conditions favour ice with higher densities, such as the aforementioned hard rime or clear ice.

title: Rime ice


text:
Talk:Farmer Giles of Ham

Untitled
How do you pronounce "Giles"? --83.78.66.43 18:52, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The usual way, as far as I know. --Paul A 07:06, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think it's pronounced with a hard G, as in "Git." Das Baz, aka Erudil 16:54, 31 May 2008 (UTC)

Somebody add a blurb about tales from the perilous realm, that is where most people will encounter this story.

Are we sure that this story was written in '47? The Greenwood Biography on Tolkien seems to suggest that he submitted "Farmer Giles of Ham" to Allen & Unwin in '37 or '38, but that they passed on it then because it did not include Hobbits.

Dives
I think that in Latin, "Dives" is (or was) pronounced Deewess. Das Baz, aka Erudil 17:08, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

I have taken the liberty of modifying the description of Chrysophylax Dives as "not malicious". It was clear from the text that he was quite malignant when given the opportunity to do so (I do not have a copy open for reference, however a recitation of the former occupations of some of his more recent meals is given.) I think the intention of the original author of this page was probably to indicate that he was manageable, and certainly less malign that Smaug or the dragons from the Legendarium cycle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.173.161.79 (talk) 10:04, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Other books
I first met this story in 'the adventures of tom bombadil', should this be mentioned?

Giles's Latin name
Glossing Giles's Latin name as "Aegis'd Bronze-beard Giles Farmer from Ham" misleadingly implies that the name Giles derives from Julius, when in fact it is the English form of Aegidius (see Saint Giles). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.170.169.245 (talk) 01:12, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Dragon's Tail
I think that the Dragon's Tail and the Mock Dragon's Tail should have a mention on the page.Dour1234 (talk) 01:40, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, perhaps. Plot summaries are required to be short; and we should only mention details that are of significance, as demonstrated by the discussion in 'Analysis', for instance. If you know of a scholarly analysis that demonstrates the importance of the tail(s) then by all means go ahead, add and cite them along with the reason for mentioning them. Chiswick Chap (talk) 08:47, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Farmer Giles of Ham


text:
Wa, Ghana

Wa is a town and the capital of the Wa Municipal District and the Upper West Region of Ghana. It has a population of 200,672 people according to the 2021 census.

The town is a transportation hub for the Upper West region, with major roads leading north to Hamile, and northeast to Tumu and the Upper East Region. There is also a small airport, named the Wa Airport.

History
The Lobis were originally the first settlers of the area (now Wa). It grew into a important center of trade due to being situated near the Black Volta.

Under the Northern Protectorates, the town experienced slow infrastructure development due to neglection by the colonial administration.

Demographics
In 1880 it is estimated that Wa had about 8,000 people. This number is thought to have fallen to 2,000 by 1900. In 1921 the census found the population to be 2,806. The population had risen to 5,207 by 1931. In that year the Wa district of the Wala Native Authority had a population of 13,025. In 1948 Wa had a population of 5,128 while the district had 15,827 people. In 1960 the population was 14,406. In 1970 the population had risen to 21,393.

In 1984 Wa had a population of 36,000. In 2012, it had a population settlement of 102,446.

In the 1880s Wa was said to have a population that was entirely Muslim. The Ahmadiyya began gaining converts here in the 1930s. Recent estimates place the overall population of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wa as about 5% Catholic, but how much this is in Wa and how much in other areas under the diocese is not clear. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints established a branch in Wa in mid-2017, making it so that every region in Ghana had at least one official congregation of the Church.

Transportation
There is public transport from Wa to major cities such as Accra; Kumasi, Mim, Ahafo; Cape Coast, Sunyani; Tamale; Tema; Ho; Bolgatanga; Elubo; Aflao, and Techiman.

Geography
Wa is located in the north-western part of Ghana. It has a size that covers a total land area of 579.86 km². The average land height of the the town sits between 160 mm and 300 mm above sea level. The municipal share surrounding borders Daffiama-Bussie-Issa District to the north-west, Nadowli-Kaleo District to the north-east, Wa East District to the east and to the west and south the Wa West District.

Climate
Wa has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw), with a wet season and a dry season and the temperature being hot year-round. The wet season usually occurs between March to July while the dry season can happen from September to November. The mean maximum temperatures can range from 34–40 C whilst the mean minimum temperatures can reach 29 C. The average monthly relative humidity stands around 40.67%.

Economy
Despite its urban status, Wa is in many ways still an agricultural community with the majority of the town's population engaged in small scale farming. Main crops grown include corn, millet, yams, okra and groundnuts. The town also grows cash crops, which include soya beans, and groundnuts, bambara beans.

Education
Wa Senior High School (formerly, WASSEC), can be found in the town. WASSEC had somhard s times in the past due to mismanagement and indiscipline which decreased the school's standards. However, the school has recently been recording major improvements in students' general discipline and performance in the West African Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination.

Wa also has St. Francis Xavier Junior Seminary, built in the 1960s.

The University of Business and Integrated Development Studies (UBIDS) is one of the university in Ghana and has it campus is situated in Wa with the following faculties and schools:

 * 1) Business Studies
 * 2) Integrated Development Studies
 * 3) Planning and Land Management
 * 4) Education
 * 5) School of Law
 * 6) School of Social Science and Arts
 * 7) Public Policy and Governance
 * 8) Information and Communication Technology

Schools in Wa

 * Islamic Senior High School
 * Jamiat Al-Hidayyat Al-Islamiat Girls Senior High School
 * Northern Star Senior High School
 * St. Francis Xavier Minor Seminary
 * Wa Senior High School
 * Wa Senior High Technical School
 * Wa Technical Institute
 * T. I. Ahmadiyya Senior High School
 * Nusrat Jahan College of Education
 * Nursing Training college, Wa
 * Wa Technical University (formally Wa Polytechnic)

The Damba Festival
The Damba festival was the main traditional event of Wa. It was typically held in late September to correspond with a harvest in Wa. The highlight of the year was a ceremony in which the Wa-na stepped over a small cow lying on the ground. According to traditional belief, if any part of the Wa-na or the Wa-na clothing touched the cow, the Wa-na would probably die within the year. If on the other hand, the Wa-na stepped over the cow successfully, the Wa-na was guaranteed a successful coming year.

Food and cuisine
The staple food of Wa is known as sao or Tuo Zaafi in the local dialect, which is often abbreviated TZ or T-Zed in English. Tuo Zaafi means "very hot tuo" in Hausa. It is a thick porridge of corn flour eaten by tearing off a chunk and dipping into a soup, usually of okra.

Other foods common to the Waala people are Kapala (a widely consumed food in Ghana, more commonly known as Fufu), Kuon-tulu (literally translated as "hot water" in Waale, a breakfast food commonly known as Kooko or Hausa Kooko) and Kpogulo (beans powder made into paste, wrapped in Cocoyam or Taro leaves and served with a side of tomato stew).

title: Wa, Ghana


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User talk:80.4.224.6

Speedy deletion nomination of Orange E200

A tag has been placed on Orange E200, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, group, product, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. GamerPro64 05:22, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.4.224.6


text:
Talk:On Your Mark

Untitled
The scene changes again, now to bright daylight and blue sky. The two men are driving a sportscar down an empty road. One of them helps the girl up; she spreads her wings; he holds her hands as she gains confidence, and finally with a nudge she is airborne.

This is how it happens the second time. When it happens the first time, she is worried and the man lets go before she's ready. --OGoncho 18:56, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Really ? You've got a fine observation skill ! :) I think I will try to make some more screenshots of the clip, notably and now, thinks to you, might be interesting too to compare the scene in the intro and in the end.
 * The accident between the truck and the helicopter-like thingy
 * The truck falling
 * The truck activating its retro-boosters thingies

Fascinating little clip, is it not ? :) Rama 07:58, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Winged Apostle theory
Just wondering if the theory about On Your Mark's relation to Nausicaa should be added or not--here's a quote from IMDB about it:

"In the Nausicaa comic, there is a legend of a winged apostle (a fresco of her on a ceiling looks extraordinarily like the angel from On Your Mark), who the reader latter discovers may have returned to the earth on several occasions throughout history, when the world was in peril. Spoilers: By the end of the series, though, we learn that everything--plants, animals, Ohmu, even humans--have been genetically engineered or altered to survive in a world contaminated by nuclear war. As it turns out, the winged apostle (the new one being Nausicaa) may well have been a genetic trait, timed by scientists to "go off" every few generations to help them with the pre-designed events leading up to the cleansing of the world. I think that maybe the angel in On Your Mark was the first of these--a prototype version that may have passed into legend by Nausicaa's time, making the music video a kind of prequel to Nausicaa.

Anyway, watch the music video, watch the Nausicaa anime, and read the Nausicaa comics. They are likely all related."

I know the article already states that the angel-like figure bears some resemblance to the character Nausicaa. I dunno, it's a thought :)...

Miyazaki an Athiest?!
"Miyazaki is known to be atheist[citation needed]" - Where did this fact come from? This seems completely contradictory when taking into consideration the blatant shinto/buddhist references scattered throughout his films, I mean just take a look at spirited away, a bath house for kami..Totoro..etc. etc..this is retarded.

 * Miyazaki is a humanist, feminist, and a marxist. It would not be suprising at all if he was an atheist. Just because Japanese culture apears in a Japanese movie by a Japanese artist it does not mean that said artist fully supports those positions. Are you going to claim that Miyazaki must be a wizard because he obviously thinks magic is real? After all he made Majo no Takkyūbin. Nope, I am afraid that the the only thing around here that is 'retarded' is you.--4.159.113.4 03:35, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Inspiration from Chernobyl disaster.
I've removed the "Citation needed" tag from the "partially inspired by the Chernobyl disaster" sentence, in the"Analysis" sub-section. The sarcophagus in the background, with the abandoned village, and radiation warning signs in Russian would make the inspiration self-evident, I feel. And although Miyazaki initally says "You can interpret it anyway you want" in his OYM interview, he makes a reference to Chernobyl 2 sentences later. Good enough to count as inspiration for me. Johnmc 12:08, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Radioactivity = Death Of Policemen
I've removed the section which implied the two policemen may have died from radioactive poisoning, hence them stopping their car. Since the video depicts bright and lush fields of vegetation, it is impossible for there to be much if any radiation present in the very air, much less the ground.

I believe the video depicts a world where no one has bothered going to the surface world for several hundred years, if not more, given the technology level in the crater city compared to the one directly outside. So inhabitants of the crater have no idea the world outside isn't dangerous anymore, but keep to it just in case.

Of course, without citations or quotes from the author himself, how are we to know? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.83.146.151 (talk) 20:37, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Radiation poisoning would not kill the two men THAT fast. More than likely they stopped to watch the girl fly away, or they just stopped to get their bearings now that they're "outside" now, or they simply stopped in a more symbolic fashion because they have done what they worked to do--free the winged girl. 70.66.74.41 (talk) 11:28, 8 June 2008

Radiation poisoning wouldn't kill them nearly that fast, true, but the lush plantlife doesn't mean the radiation is gone. Chernobyl, which inspired the music video, is known for having quite a lot of wildlife and greenery all around it, even in areas that humans cannot go safely.(UTC)

Section headers
If this article is about a music video then shouldn't Synopsis, Production, Reception etc. be included as Level 2 headers? I don't think it needs a "Music video" section since the entire article is already about it. --WonderBoy1998 (talk) 18:52, 13 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Makes sense to me so I've made the changes you suggested.Verso.Sciolto (talk) 09:21, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

Song article created, re-naming this article?
An article for the song has been created. Should this music video article be re-named now? Are there any other links etc that need to be created to direct searchers to the respective pages for On Your Mark (song) or this music video article? Verso.Sciolto (talk) 09:27, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I think this might be the primary topic of readers coming to the page, the article could be hatnoted, but I don't think we need to rename it. ChrisGualtieri (talk) 19:06, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

About the unreliable sources tag
Dani Cavallaro's publications have been designated as generally unreliable sources in this discussion at the reliable sources noticeboard. Citations to her work can be replaced with more high-quality ones or removed, and the tag can be taken off once complete. — TechnoSquirrel69 ( sigh ) 20:23, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:On Your Mark


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Nicaraguan Campaign Medal

The Nicaraguan Campaign Medal is a campaign medal of the United States Navy which was authorized by Presidential Order of Woodrow Wilson on September 22, 1913. A later medal, the Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal was authorized by an act of the United States Congress on November 8, 1929. The two medals were considered two separate awards, with the original medal being commonly referred to as the First Nicaraguan Campaign Medal.

First Nicaraguan Campaign Medal
The First Nicaraguan Campaign Medal was created to recognize those U.S. Navy personnel and U.S. Marines who had participated in amphibious actions in Nicaragua between 29 July and 14 November 1912. The following naval commands, and all embarked U.S. Marines, were eligible for the First Nicaraguan Campaign Medal:

 * USS Annapolis (PG-10) (gunboat)
 * USS California (ACR-6) (armored cruiser)
 * USS Cleveland (C-19) (protected cruiser)
 * USS Colorado (ACR-7) (armored cruiser)
 * USS Denver (CL-16) (protected cruiser)
 * USS Glacier (AF-4) (stores ship)
 * USS Maryland (ACR-8) (armored cruiser)
 * USS Tacoma (CL-20) (protected cruiser)

The medal for the First Nicaraguan Campaign Medal displayed a volcano, rising from a lake, with the words “Nicaraguan Campaign” and the date 1912 on the edges of the medal. The medal itself was suspended from a red ribbon with two thick blue stripes. On the reverse of each medal was a Navy or Marine Corps crest, depending on the recipient's branch of service.

The First Nicaraguan Campaign Medal was a one-time-only decoration and there were no devices or attachments authorized.

title: Nicaraguan Campaign Medal


text:
Marine Protector-class patrol boat

The Marine Protector-class patrol boat is a type of coastal patrol boat of the United States Coast Guard. The 87 ft vessels are based on the Stan 2600 design by Damen Group and were built by Bollinger Shipyards of Lockport, Louisiana. Almost all of these boats have been delivered to the U.S. Coast Guard, which has named them after sea creatures that fly or swim. Four have been delivered to Malta and Yemen.

History
The Coast Guard placed its original order in 1999 for 50 boats, which were delivered by mid-2002. Several additional orders brought the class to a total of 77 ships. Seventy-five were delivered under the original Coast Guard contract with Bollinger, with the last, USCGC Sea Fox (WPB-87374), being completed in October 2009. Two of these were delivered to the Maritime Squadron of Malta. A separate Coast Guard contract built two additional patrol boats for the Yemen Coast Guard.

The Marine Protector class replaced the 82-foot Point-class cutter, which had smaller accommodations and had to stop to deploy its pursuit inflatable boat via crane. The last Point-class cutter was decommissioned in 2003.

In 2020, the Department of Homeland Security began to decommission the fleet, with eight Marine Protector cutters replaced by newer Sentinel class cutters.

In May 2021, the United States announced that it would send three decommissioned ships to the Lebanese Navy

In 2022, three decommissioned ships, Albacore, Cochito, and Gannet were donated to the Uruguayan Navy under the Excess Defense Articles program. As part of the transfer deal, Uruguay spent $4.99 million to refurbish the ships, on spare parts, and to train their crews. They were renamed Rio Arapey, Rio De La Plata, and Rio Yaguaron.

In 2023, the United States delivered two former Coast Guard Marine Protector-class ships to the Ghanaian Navy. They were commissioned as GNS Aflao and GNS Half Assini.

In May 2023, the United States government pledged to provide the Philippines at least two Marine Protector vessels, as well as two Island-class patrol boat and three Lockheed C-130H Hercules during President Bongbong Marcos' visit to Washington, D.C. The transferred vessels will be operated by the Philippine Navy.

General characteristics
Missions include combating drug smuggling, illegal immigration, marine fisheries enforcement and search and rescue support. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, many have had a homeland security mission in the form of ports, waterways and coastal security (PWCS) patrols.

Boarding parties can be launched while the vessel is underway through the cutter's stern launching ramp. The attached rigid hull inflatable boat (RHIB) has been upgraded in an effort to increase speed and sea state sustainability for boarding parties and rescue and assistance teams. The stern launching system requires only a single crew member to remain on deck to launch or retrieve the boarding party.

The vessels consume approximately 165 gallons of diesel per hour at their maximum speed of 26 kn.

Like all new U.S. Coast Guard vessels, the Marine Protector class is designed to accommodate crews of mixed gender with five separate small berthing spaces accommodating standard crews of ten with maximum berthing for 12.

USCGC Sea Devil (WPB-87368) and USCGC Sea Fox (WPB-87374) are assigned to guard a United States Navy submarine base in Kings Bay, Georgia, replacing the decommissioned USCGC Sea Dragon (WPB-87367) and USCGC Sea Dog (WPB-87373) at that station. USCGC Sea Devil (WPB-87368) and USCGC Sea Fox (WPB-87374) earlier guarded another submarine base in Bangor, Washington. An additional machine gun operated by remote control was added to all four for this duty.

title: Marine Protector-class patrol boat


text: User talk:208.0.198.1

title: User talk:208.0.198.1


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/How to be a spy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:39, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

How to be a spy
Dubious recruitment guide for the Central Intelligence Agency. The "requirments" for a CIA internship include a "Strong acedemic record," "Outstanding impersonal skills" and "The ability to write accuratley and clearly." This article was probably created by a well-meaning kid: if you're reading this, take a look at well-made existing Wikipedia articles - there are always lots linked from the Main page - and try to write like them, and don't give your articles the sort of titles you wouldn't find in an encyclopedia, like the World Book or Encyclopedia Britannica. Samaritan 18:59, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * ... or the CIA World Factbook? ☺ Nothing verifiable to merge here. Delete. Uncle G 19:16, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. JoaoRicardo 19:47, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ad clumsily copied from CIA recruiting material. Gazpacho 21:23, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Josh Cherry 01:26, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not an article, copy-pasted want-ad for spies, agreed this was prolly authored by a (male) teen. Wyss 21:02, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

POV, and also only refers to the CIA... there are at least a dozen spy agencies in the USA alone

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Similitude (disambiguation)

Similitude is a concept applicable to the testing of engineering models.

Similitude may also refer to:

 * "Similitude" (Star Trek: Enterprise), an episode from the television series Star Trek: Enterprise
 * Similarity (geometry)

title: Similitude (disambiguation)


text:
Khone Phapheng Falls

The Khone Falls and Pha Pheng Falls (ນ້ຳຕົກຕາດຄອນພະເພັງ; ល្បាក់ខោន, Lbak Khaon) together form a waterfall located in Champasak Province on the Mekong River in southern Laos, near the border with Cambodia. It is the widest waterfall in the world at 10,783 metres (35,376 feet or 6.7 miles) in width from one edge of its multiple channels to the other.

The Khone Falls are the largest in southeast Asia, and are the main reason that the Mekong is not fully navigable into China. The falls are characterised by thousands of islands and countless waterways, giving the area its name Si Phan Don or 'the 4,000 islands'.

The highest falls reach to 21 m; the succession of rapids stretch 9.7 km of the river's length. The average discharge of the cataract is nearly 11000 m3/s, with the highest flow on record at over 49000 m3/s.

Navigable efforts
Because the Khone Falls stop the Mekong river from carrying boat traffic to and from China, French colonialists in the late 19th century made repeated attempts to navigate the falls. Their efforts failed, which led to the construction of the Don Det–Don Khon railway on Don Det and Don Khon islands.

Wildlife
Hemimyzon khonensis, a species of hillstream loach, is known from a single specimen collected in the Mekong at the Khone Falls. The falls are home to the plabuck, an endangered species of catfish said to be the largest freshwater fish in the world. The plabuck is alleged to reach lengths of 3 m and weights of up to 646 lb.

title: Khone Phapheng Falls