text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-14/Article hoax

For the past month, a small group of users has been closeted away, working hard at writing a faux article to sneak into Wikipedia. The joke was flushed out last Thursday when Ta bu shi da yu nominated it as a featured article candidate.

Those participating in the prank undoubtedly had to wipe the smirks from their faces when this activity was exposed. Upon its discovery, Bishonen, the initiator of the article, commented on being "caught with my pants down again". While the various authors had definitely been focused on satisfying the featured article criteria, they seemed to feel they still had their work cut out for them in that regard.

The article in question, originally titled Antique toilet paper holder, has been hidden privily away in Bishonen's user space since 9 January. The conspirators feared that if it was part of the article namespace, any old John could head straight for Votes for deletion and have it summarily ejected.

In terms of content, the article presents an incredible tissue of stories overflowing with connections to art, literature, religion, and politics. The participants seem to have scoured an impressive list of sources to compile this, all of them real publications, although Taxman expressed skepticism as to whether any of the content was based on these sources. But Giano contended, "A surprisingly large amount of the information in the article is confirmed in the references".

After Ta bu shi da yu's nomination, the article was awash in enthusiastic new contributors. It finally reached the point that the content was actually running over the limits of its original focus, including content about toilet paper holders into the 21st century. To solve this problem, it was renamed to "European toilet paper holder" and some now-extraneous content dealing with Asia was unloaded into a separate article, Asian toilet paper holder. While the project is commodious enough to entertain other sibling articles for the remaining continents, nobody has yet felt the need to relieve the project of its Eurocentric bias.

Bishonen had apparently been plotting to move the original composition into the article namespace on April Fool's Day, and was waiting to nominate it for featured article status until then. While this cunning plan went down the drain, the authors were still discussing how to scrape together enough support to have it featured on the Main Page on that date. However, Raul654, who serves as Featured Articles Director, informed Bishonen that he would not roll over and feature a hoax article, even on 1 April.

Others were more sympathetic, feeling that such creativity deserved better than to be banished to the outhouse of Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense. Mirv called it a brilliant article and said, "Hats off to all who worked on it, and I can't believe I didn't see it until it hit FAC." By the end of the week, the project even had a slogan: Wikipedia is not toilet paper!

The real news
Some efforts were taken more seriously, as eight articles were successful last week in their nominations to become featured articles. They included Windows XP, History of Russia, the Book of Kells, Hong Kong's Octopus card, Ugandan rebel group Lord's Resistance Army, the Beatles' song Get Back, Anne Frank, and a cricket article dealing with Test matches in the 19th century (to 1883). There were no new featured pictures last week.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Bajaj Chetak

The Bajaj Chetak is a motor scooter produced by the Indian Bajaj Auto Company. Past models were petrol powered (either 2 or 4-stroke). The modern version is electric (known as the Chetak Electric), and it is powered by a 4.2 kW BLDC Motor with a 2.89 kWh lithium-ion battery pack. The scooter has a claimed top speed of 69 km/h (50 mph) and comes with a 90 km range.

History
Named after Chetak, the legendary horse of the Great Indian Warrior Maharana Pratap, the scooter’s original petrol version licensed production of the Italian Vespa Sprint. Chetak had absorbent waiting period, which sometimes had 10 years of waiting period was an affordable means of transportation for Indian urban upper middle class families for decades and is lovingly called Hamara Bajaj (Our Bajaj).

The Bajaj Chetak had design faults from the beginning with the main design fault being the vehicle not able to start when the fuel is in the dead zone, and hence the vehicle had to be tilted to the side to inject fuel mixture into the carburettor. Around 1980, the Vespa-licensed design was replaced with an all-new in-house design that shared the same general appearance and style. During its heyday, its chief competitor was LML NV made by LML India as a licensed copy of the Vespa PX 150. In the face of rising competition from bikes and cars, Chetak lost ground in India, and production was discontinued in 2005 as Bajaj Auto stopped manufacturing scooters altogether.

Chetak Electric
On 16 October 2019, Bajaj Auto unveiled a new electric version of their Chetak scooter under the Urbanite EV brand. The production of Chetak Electric started on September 25, 2019, at the Chakan plant of Bajaj Auto. It was initially launched in Pune (4 dealerships) and Bangalore (13 dealerships) in January 2020 and was sold through select KTM dealerships.

Opening of Akurdi Plant

Keeping in mind the increasing demand for EVs in India, Chetak Technology Ltd inaugurated their newly-built EV manufacturing plant at Pune’s Akurdi on the birth anniversary of the late Shri Rahul Bajaj in October 2019. The plant, which is one of the largest in the world, has a capacity to manufacture 500,000 electric two-wheelers per annum.

As of 2023, the scooter is being sold in 100 cities and has over 40+ stores serving as exclusive Experience Centres.

Features
Chetak Electric is fully chargeable (100%) in four hours and can be charged with a power 220V, 5 A, 50 Hz AC supply. The scooter comes with three riding modes (including a reverse mode) to allow the rider to navigate traffic easily and can run for 90+ km in Eco Mode (Under IDC as per AIS 040). From an aesthetic standpoint, it has a carved-in-steel, all-metal body with flush-fitted panels.

Other leading features include an IP67 water-resistance rating, a beltless solid gear drive, LED headlamps with integrated horseshoe-shaped DRLs and sequential LED blinkers, a keyless function, and combo brakes. Bajaj also enabled the Intelligent Battery Management System (IBMS) on Chetak Electric to control charge and discharge seamlessly.

Other Variants
Urbane

The original Urbane variant came with a drum brake setup at the rear and is available in two colour options. The variant is now discontinued.

Premium Edition

The Premium Edition features a matte finish and vibrant metallic accents on the scooter’s body and wheels. It is also equipped with additional features, like a Coloured LCD Console, Body Coloured Mirrors, and a Dual-tone, tan-coloured seat. It is identifiable from other variants due to the unique 'Chetak Electric' badge on the side panels.

Chetak Electric 2023 Edition

The 2023 Edition comes with a premium two-toned seat, body-coloured rear view mirrors, a satin black grab rail and matching pillion footrest castings. Many of the scooter’s elements, such as the headlamp casing, blinkers, and central trim elements, are painted black in this edition.

Specifications
The Chetak Electric comes with an ARAI-certified range of 108 km on a new, fully-charged battery. This translates to a real-world range of 90 km. The charging duration for the scooter to reach 100% is 4h, for 80% is 2.75h and for 25% is 0.75h.

The Chetak Electric has a Tubular Steel Under Bone type of frame and comes with a drum brake in its rear. In the front, it has a Single-sided Leading Link suspension while the back is equipped with an Offset Mono Shock.

title: Bajaj Chetak


text:
Talk:Papa Was a Rollin' Stone

Spelling
Note on the spelling: the record has been spelled both ways since 1972: "Rollin'" appears on the original 45 RPM single, and future official Motown releases have used either spelling since then. --b. Touch 05:38, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Removed
I removed these:

Artists that have sampled this song

 * The same artist who made PWaRS also made a song with a reference to PWaRS called "Standing on the Top". They made it with Rick James.
 * In 1999, Jennifer Lopez recorded a hit single called Waiting for Tonight, that interpolated parts of this composition.

I've heard all three records. None of them have ANY correlation to each other at all. Where does the "interpolation" come in? I need referenced sound samples before this gets added in. --FuriousFreddy 02:11, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

All he left us was a loan
Are you sure it is "all he left us was alone"? Perhaps it is "all he left us was a loan"? — J I P | Talk 17:16, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It's "all he left us was alone". He left them alone with nothing. --FuriousFreddy 17:49, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

The burden of proof that the listeners cannot possibly hear more than one interpretation rests on the person who wiped out my mention thereof. Jidanni (talk) 03:44, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Why not a case of Double entendre? Jidanni (talk) 04:58, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

How many sons?
The article seems to suggest that there are several sons questioning their mother about their dead father. The lyrics, on the other hand (use of the pronouns "I", "me", "my" for self-reference; the mother's preface of "Son..." -- in the singular -- before each refrain), suggest there is only one, although his words are sung by each member of the group. I'm referring to the Temptations version, of course. Have other versions implied more than one son? If not, this should be corrected. Kelisi (talk) 07:01, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Other cover artists?
Did David Ruffin or Eddie Kendricks Ever Sing this Live?

x —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.231.230.68 (talk) 00:34, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Don't know the scope that should be included in "notable covers." Ween & friends (performing as Jimmy Wilson Group) did an epic cover of this song early in Set II of their 6-30-01 show in New Hope; a show which is quite a popular bootleg among Ween fans. Some people may not know who Ween is, but I don't know who most of the listed cover artists are, so who's to say what's considered "notable?" Seems to boil down to a matter of opinion? I don't want to make an edit only to get it deleted, so that's why I'm posting this as a suggestion here, and the community can take it under advisement. Cheers! 71.197.152.48 (talk) 05:35, 27 May 2011 (UTC)  edited 71.197.152.48 (talk) 05:51, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Cover?
Is this a cover version? http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=0g7KawdsVSQ

If so, who did it, when, what's the name of the cover?

-Chumchum7 (talk) 11:42, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Actual single length
This song is announced with a duration of 6:54 for the single version. The genuine Temptations version I have on a cd compilation is announced at 5:14 by iTunes and it does last this length on my watch. Where could this huge difference come from ? A shortened version officially recorded and edited after 1972 ? A mistyping on the record ? Any help welcome. --Bibliorock (talk) 01:08, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

Redirect
As WP:NOTBROKEN *clearly* states, "there's usually nothing wrong with linking to redirects", and WP:NOPIPE says that "it's generally not good practice to use piped links simply to avoid redirects". In this case, I changed Melvin "Wah Wah Watson" Ragin to Melvin "Wah Wah Watson" Ragin, but User:Doctorhawkes reverted my edit in favor of the piped link, stating "that's a redirect". Shouldn't we keep wikilinks as simple as possible? Maybe there's some technical nuance(s) that I'm missing here.2601:153:881:3D60:6179:3F38:E8E4:F383 (talk) 07:22, 19 February 2023 (UTC) I've learnt something new. I'll revert. Doctorhawkes (talk) 09:00, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Papa Was a Rollin' Stone


text:
Stevie Vallance

Stephanie Louise Vallance, commonly known as Stevie Vallance, also credited as Louise Vallance during the 1970s–90s, is a Canadian actress, musician, composer and director who has worked on numerous films and television series, both live-action and animated. Vallance is most recognized as Jenny in The Ropers, Det. Stevie Brody in Night Heat, and Whazzat Kangaroo in Zoobilee Zoo. As a director, she received a Daytime Emmy for voice-directing the music and dialogue on the children's animated series Madeline, in which she also portrayed "Miss Clavel" and "Genevive".

Early life and career
Montreal-born, Toronto-raised Stephanie Louise Vallance began work as a professional actress at age eleven. At that time she was discovered by Alan Lund, who cast her in the lead role of "Adele" in the Charlottetown Festival musical production of Jane Eyre, which performed at Toronto's O'Keefe Centre (now the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts). As a teenager, Vallance made numerous television appearances including leading roles on Canadian television networks in King of Kensington; Police Surgeon; The Tommy Hunter Show; Norman Campbell's The Wonder of It All; and A Bird in the House, directed by Allan King.

Film and television
After graduating from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York, she moved to Los Angeles, where David Jacobs cast her as "Sylvie" in the first two seasons of Knots Landing (CBS) before ABC asked her to join the second season of The Ropers as "Jenny", the orphaned newspaper ‘boy’ whom Stanley and Helen found living in their attic; with Norman Fell, Audra Lindley, and Jeffrey Tambor.

As an LA-based actor, Vallance guest-starred on multiple network television series including Bosom Buddies, Lou Grant, and L.A. Law. She played Ernest's love interest, "Erma Terradiddle" in the Jim Varney feature film Slam Dunk Ernest. In Three Men and a Baby, she was "Sally", opposite Steve Guttenberg.

In the 80s and 90s, Vallance commuted between Los Angeles and Toronto, starring in many Canadian/US co-productions including Poltergeist: The Legacy, The Outer Limits, F/X: The Series, Cobra, First Wave, Dracula: The Series, Forever Knight, and Road to Avonlea,     where she was whisked away on a horse by Christopher Reeve. During that time, she was best known for her role as series regular "Det. Stevie Brody" on the CBS late-night series Night Heat with Scott Hylands, Allan Royal, and Jeff Wincott. She followed that up with a very different sort of role of a pink marsupial named "Whazzat Kangaroo" on the Hallmark series Zoobilee Zoo, filmed entirely in California's San Fernando Valley.

Animation
Vallance has lent her voice to hundreds of characters on animated television series: ReBoot as "Mouse" and "Rocky Raccoon"; Donkey Kong Country as "Dixie Kong"; Sonic Underground as the singing voice of "Sonia Hedgehog" and both singing and speaking voices of "Mindy LaTour"; Madeline as "Genevieve", "Miss Clavel" and numerous incidental roles; Gadget Boy as the nemesis "Spydra"; InuYasha as "Jinenji's Mother"; Totally Spies! as the computer "G.L.A.D.I.S."; Growing Up Creepie as "Gnat"; Care Bears DIC original Series as "Proud Heart Cat"; and Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot and The Care Bears' Big Wish Movie as "Share Bear"; Care Bears: Adventures in Care-a-Lot as "True Heart Bear"; Dennis the Menace as "Alice Mitchell"; Dinosaucers as "Princess Dei" and "Teryx;  Lady Lovely Locks as "Duchess Ravenwaves" and "Maiden Curly Crown"; Popples as "Party Popple", "Puffball", "Prize" and "Punkity"; Bakugan Battle Brawlers, as "Tigrerra" and "Rabeeder"; Silverwing as "Breeze"; Nilus the Sandman as multiple incidental voices; and Cardcaptor Sakura: The Movie as "Yelan Li". Vallance voiced numerous characters on Don Bluth's animated features: Thumbelina and The Pebble and the Penguin; music director Barry Manilow.

Vallance (alongside Chalk, Tickner, St. Germain and many others) also dubbed voices on several British cartoons, three of those were Penny Crayon (additional voices), Becky and Barnaby Bear (as Barnaby) and Nellie the Elephant (as Nellie).

Voice direction
Vallance has voice-directed more than 500 episodes of children's TV, working with children, actors, sports stars and celebrities. She was a recipient of a Daytime Emmy Award in 2002 for casting and voice-directing her first series, the dialogue and music-vocals on 70 episodes of the children's animated series Madeline for the Disney Channel, wherein she also portrayed the voices of "Miss Clavel" and "Genevieve". She then went on to voice-direct Silverwing for Bardel Animation Studios, and Totally Spies! for Teletoon Network, on which she also voiced "G.L.A.D.I.S.". In 2007, she was nominated for her third Emmy for casting and voice-producing the Discovery Kids and Mike Young Productions animated series, Growing Up Creepie. On the 9Story series Best Ed, Vallance served as Voice Director on 52 episodes. She then cast and voice-directed the Teletoon Detour pilot Celebutard Nation, which premiered at the 2009 Ottawa International Animation Festival. From 2011 to 2013, Stevie headed back to Los Angeles to cast and voice-direct two animation series for executive producer Bill Schultz: Guess How Much I Love You (Disney Junior); and Seasons 1 and 2 of Wild Grinders (Nicktoons), starring skateboard guru Rob Dyrdek. From 2014 to 2017, Stevie was based in Toronto as the Voice Director on Season 1-2 of Corus/Nelvana's action-adventure series Mysticons.

Teaching
Vallance teaches actors how to infuse personality into cartoon characters with her brand name Tooned In! Animation Voice-over Workshops. The first workshop took place in North Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1995. Since then Vallance has taught children and adults how to do cartoon voice-over in Chicago, New York, Ottawa, Orlando, Miami, Atlanta, Toronto, Phoenix, and Los Angeles. In 2009 and 2010, Stevie taught 400 Animators at the Ottawa International Animation Festival. In the fall of 2010, 400 Animation fans participated in her high-energy ‘one-person panel’ seminar at New York Comic Con.

Music
In 1995, Vallance moved to Bowen Island, British Columbia where she met Michael Creber (piano; k.d. lang). Together in 1998, they recorded Vallance's debut jazz CD Practically Naked. In Vancouver, she sang jazz regularly at The Jazz Cellar and Rossini's, where she performed alongside some of the city's well-known jazz musicians at the time.

For her second CD, Always (A Salute to Patsy Cline), Vallance derived inspiration from her portrayal of Patsy Cline (with whom she shares a birthdate) in Dean Regan's staged production of A Closer Walk with Patsy Cline. Vallance toured western Canada with this production for six years, performing at numerous venues including two runs at the Granville Arts Club in Vancouver and the Alberta Theatre Projects in Calgary. Vallance opened for the Calgary Stampede as "Patsy", in 1999.

Motivated by the loss of a close personal friend, Vallance conceived the Divas for Life jazz benefit concerts held in Vancouver, B.C. In addition to producing the first concert at the Vogue Theater, in 2001, she negotiated a national distribution deal for the CD Divas for Life: Live At The Vogue!, which was released and performed as part of the 2001 Vancouver International Jazz Festival line-up. On Valentine's Day 2002, she produced Divas for Love. The proceeds of all concerts raised C$70,000 for people living with a life-threatening illness. As a result, Vallance was presented with Vancouver's "Friend in Deed" philanthropy award.

In 2004, Vallance debuted as a 'Jazz vocalist' in her hometown, Toronto, where she was accompanied by pianist Don Thompson, bassist Neil Swainson, and drummer Ted Warren. She also performed for the first time in her birth town Montréal, at The Upstairs, with jazz pianist Steve Amirault, bassist Zack Lober, and drummer Jim Doxas.

Vallance's fourth CD, Make My Night, was released in February 2008. Arranged by guitarist Pat Coleman, it features many other Canadian jazz musicians: pianist Ross Taggart, trumpeter Mike Herriot, saxophonist Tom Colclough, drummer Buff Allen and bassist Miles Hill.

In 2009, Vallance performed in the Medicine Hat Jazz Festival for the second year in a row and was the featured vocalist alongside Ernie Duff and the Stardust Big Band, in and around Saugeen Shores, ON. She also sang with the Charlie Bell Trio in the Thornbury and Kincardine Jazz Festivals.

In 2010, Vallance organized a 10-concert series, Stevie Vallance & the Masters of Jazz, at the Bruce County Museum in Southampton, ON, presenting a line-up of world-class players who accompanied her as the vocalist for the series: Richard Whiteman (piano), Mike Grace (bass), Kevin Barrett (guitar), Kieran Overs (bass), Ted Warren (drums), Bobby Brough (sax), Rob Clutton (bass), Nancy Walker (piano), Ted Quinlan (guitar), Tim Posgate (guitar) and George Koller (bass).

title: Stevie Vallance


text: Category:Dutch models

title: Category:Dutch models


text:
User:Mystere

Hi
This is Ayumi Yu's Wikipedia profile.

I am awesome and so are you!

title: User:Mystere


text:
Tax refund

A tax refund is a payment to the taxpayer due because the taxpayer has paid more tax than owed.

United States
According to the Internal Revenue Service, 77% of tax returns filed in 2004 resulted in a refund check, with the average refund check being $2,100. In 2011, the average tax refund was $2,913. For the 2017 tax year the average refund was $2,035 and for 2018 it was 8% less at $1,865, reflecting the changes brought by the most sweeping changes to the tax code in 30 years. The latest data from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) agency shows that the total amount refunded to taxpayers by IRS through 2023 will be approximately $198.9 billion, which is $23.5 billion less than in 2022. That equates to an average refund of $2,878 — or $297 less per person than last tax season.

Taxpayers may choose to have their refund directly deposited into their bank account, have a check mailed to them, or have their refund applied to the following year's income tax. As of 2006, tax filers may split their tax refund with direct deposit in up to three separate accounts with three different financial institutions. This has given taxpayers an opportunity to save and spend some of their refund (rather than only spend their refund). Every year, a number of U.S. taxpayers around the country get tax refunds even if they owe zero income tax. This is due to withholding calculations and the earned income tax credit. Because withholding is calculated on an annualized basis, an individual just entering the work force or unemployed for a long period of time will have more tax than is owed withheld. Refund anticipation loans are a common means to receive a tax refund early, but at the expense of high fees that can reach over 200% annual interest. In the 1990s, refunds could take as long as twelve weeks to come back to the taxpayer; the average time for a refund is six weeks, with refunds from electronically filed returns coming in three weeks.

Some people believe that getting a large tax refund is not as desirable as more accurate withholding throughout the year, as a large refund represents a loan paid back by the government interest-free. Optimally, a return should result in a payment owed of just less than the amount that would cause a penalty charge, which is 100% of the prior year's tax (110% for high income individuals), 90% of the current year's tax, or $1,000 for individuals who have direct withholding and do not pay estimated tax. In order to decrease the amount of the tax refund which has to be received by taxpayers, they can turn to one or several of the following methods:
 * adjust the amount of tax the federal government withholds from the paycheck. It is recommended for taxpayers to do this in cases where their adjustments to income, exemptions, and deductions remain relatively steady from year-to-year, and if the government consistently is required to give a large refund.
 * in the case of people entirely exempt from state tax, they can check with their state income tax authority to see if there is an appropriate form that can be completed and filed, which would exempt them from state withholding
 * check tax rates and adjusted gross income thresholds (applicable if taxpayers are hovering near the bottom of certain tax brackets and changes have been made to the thresholds and/or tax rates)
 * take advantage of the medical expense deduction (applicable for medical expenses now imposed for tax years starting in 2013)
 * maximizing the amount allowed to save tax-free for retirement

However, some people use the tax refund as a simple "savings plan" to get money back each year (even though it is excess money that they paid earlier in the year). Another argument is that it is better to get a refund rather than to owe money, because in the latter case one might find oneself without sufficient funds to make the necessary payment. When properly filled out, the Form W-4 will withhold approximately the correct amount of tax to eliminate a refund or amount owed, assuming the W-4 was filled out at the beginning of the tax year.

A U.S. federal law signed in 1996 contained a provision that required the federal government to make electronic payments by 1999. In 2008, the U.S. Treasury Department paired with Comerica Bank to offer the Direct Express Debit MasterCard prepaid debit card. The card is used to make payments to federal benefit recipients who do not have a bank account. Tax refunds are exempt from the electronic payments requirement. Many U.S. states send tax refunds in the form of prepaid debit cards to people who do not have bank accounts.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, income tax is deducted by the employer under the PAYE (Pay As You Earn) tax system. This information is collected and held by the Inland Revenue Department (New Zealand) (IRD) and is not automatically processed. However individual earners can request a summary of earnings to see if they have overpaid or underpaid their tax for each given financial year. To claim a tax refund, a personal tax summary must be filed; this can be done by dealing with the IRD directly or through a Tax Agent. If a personal tax summary is requested in a situation where tax would be owing, a debt is created, so correct calculations prior to this request are important, and these core services are offered by third party Tax Agents. Tax Agents in New Zealand are largely self-regulating, with the Online Tax Association of New Zealand (OTANZ) providing guidance and governing rules for New Zealand's largest four tax refund agencies who serve most of the market for personal tax refunds.

India
In India, there is a provision of refund of excess tax along with interest. For claiming a refund one has to file the income tax return within a specified period. However, under Sections 237 and 119(2)(b) of the Income Tax Act, the Chief Commissioner or Commissioner of Income Tax are empowered to condone a delay in the claim of a refund.

Provisions of refund of duty exists in indirect taxation. In Section 11 B of the Central Excises Act 1944 which is also applicable in the cases of Service Tax as defined in the Finance Act 1994.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, income tax is deducted by the employer under the PAYE (Pay As You Earn) tax system via HMRC. Some refunds such as those due to changing tax codes or similar circumstances will be automatically processed via a P800 form. A change of circumstances, such as a change of employment or second job, sometimes results in overpaid tax which can be claimed back. It is also possible to make more complex claims under both PAYE and self-employment circumstances, for example if employed by the Ministry of Defence or Construction Industry Scheme used by construction trade subcontractors. In such cases tax refunds for various work related expenses can also be claimed for up to the last four tax years; common examples include costs for accommodation (for example for offshore workers staying overnight before transport to a rig), food purchased while travelling between workplaces, or the purchase or hire or specialist equipment.

Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, income tax is deducted by the employer under the PAYE (Pay As You Earn) tax system. If incorrect tax credits are applied by the employer, then a refund of tax is due. Tax refunds may also be due for income deductions that are applied after the tax year has ended, if one finishes working prior to the year end, or for joint assessment of taxes for a married couple. Tax refunds must be claimed within four years of the end of the tax year if the one is assessed under the PAYE tax system.

Canada
In Canada, income tax is deducted by the employer under the PAYE tax system. For self-employed or investment earning individuals, who owe greater than $3000 in net taxes in 2019 and one of the previous two years. Taxes must be paid in a series of quarterly installments during the year that the income is earned. A significant decrease in income for self-employed individuals or a forgotten deduction on the TD1 form can result in an overpayment of taxes. Those who file their taxes online by the deadline of April 30 should receive their refund within two weeks, while those who file by paper can expect a longer turnaround period of eight weeks. The Canada Revenue Agency will pay compounded daily interest on delayed refunds, beginning on the later of May 31 or 31 days after the return is filed. Refunds are paid by cheque or direct deposit, with the direct deposit being the quicker option of the two. In some cases the CRA may keep some or all of a refund. These cases include owed tax balances, Garnishment, and the existence of outstanding government debt.

title: Tax refund


text:
Kieran Culkin

Kieran Kyle Culkin (born September 30, 1982) is an American actor. Culkin starred as Roman Roy in the HBO television series Succession from 2018 to 2023, for which he won a Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award.

He began his career as a child actor in Home Alone (1990), Father of the Bride (1991), Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), The Mighty (1998), and The Cider House Rules (1999). He achieved a career breakthrough after starring in the film Igby Goes Down (2002), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe. He appeared in the films Margaret (2011), Wiener-Dog (2016), and No Sudden Move (2021), and played Wallace Wells in Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010) and Scott Pilgrim Takes Off (2023). He made his Broadway debut in the 24 Hour Plays in 2006. He returned to Broadway in the 2014 revival of Kenneth Lonergan's play This Is Our Youth.

Early life
Kieran Kyle Culkin was born on September 30, 1982, in New York City to Christopher Cornelius "Kit" Culkin, a former Broadway stage actor, and Patricia Brentrup, a native of North Dakota who met Kit in 1974 while working as a road traffic controller in Sundance, Wyoming. The couple relocated to Kit's native New York City, and had seven children: Shane (b. 1976), Dakota (1978–2008), Macaulay (b. 1980), Kieran (b. 1982), Quinn (b. 1984), Christian (b. 1987), and Rory (b. 1989). He also had a paternal half-sister, Jennifer (b. 1970), who died in 2000. Culkin's paternal aunt is actress Bonnie Bedelia.

He spent his early life in the Yorkville neighborhood of Manhattan, where he resided with his parents and siblings. In his early childhood, the family struggled financially; his mother worked as a telephone operator, while his father served as a sacristan at a local Catholic church. In September 1995, Culkin's parents separated, and he has been estranged from his father since.

Career
Culkin's first film role was a small part alongside his brother Macaulay in Home Alone (1990), as cousin Fuller McCallister. He continued acting as a child and teenager, mainly working in comedies, including Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), Father of the Bride (1991), and its sequel, Father of the Bride Part II (1995).

As a teenager, he alternated between lead roles in independent films and small parts in mainstream films. He appeared in the Academy Award-nominated film Music of the Heart (1999), played the title role in the film Igby Goes Down (2002), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and played the lead role in The Mighty (1998) as Kevin Dillon.

From 2018 to 2023, he was one of the ensemble main cast members in the HBO series Succession, portraying immature and entitled COO Roman Roy. In 2018, 2020, and 2021, he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for performance on the show. Culkin's performance on the fourth season of the series received multiple accolades, which include the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama as well as the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, where he was nominated alongside his Succession castmates Jeremy Strong and Brian Cox.

Culkin acted in Jesse Eisenberg's film A Real Pain which premiered at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival. The comedy-drama revolves around a two cousins reuniting after their grandmother's death and end up going on a Holocaust tour in Poland. Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised Culkin's performance writing, "He’s doing a sensational piece of acting as a compulsive wiseacre addicted to the ways of one-upmanship".

Personal life
Culkin married Jazz Charton on June 8, 2013. They have two children, a daughter born September 2019 and a son born August 2021.

title: Kieran Culkin


text:
Common Support Aircraft

The Common Support Aircraft (CSA) was a proposed concept, which has been considered by the United States Navy since at least the early 1990s, to replace a number of different fixed-wing aircraft capable of operating from an aircraft carrier and which serve a "support" function, with a single type of aircraft or aircraft platform able to perform all support tasks.

Current roles deemed "support" by the Navy include: carrier on-board delivery (COD), electronic surveillance (ES), electronic warfare (EW), and airborne early warning (AEW). Another possible support role for a carrier-based aircraft is that of aerial refueling.

Among combat roles, while anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface warfare (ASUW) are sometimes also considered "support"; fighter, bomber, and ground attack roles are not.

Current carrier-based fixed-wing support aircraft used by the US Navy, and which would presumably be replaced by the CSA, include:
 * C-2 Greyhound, for COD
 * E-2 Hawkeye, for AEW

Other support aircraft used by the US Navy in the recent past include:
 * S-3 Viking, for ASW, ASUW, and recovery tanking
 * ES-3 Shadow, for ES
 * EA-6B Prowler, for EW
 * KA-6D, for mission tanking

title: Common Support Aircraft


text:
Yongqi, Prince Rong

Yongqi (23 March 1741 – 16 April 1766), courtesy name Junting, art name Tengqin Jushi, formally known as Prince Rong, was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty. He was the fifth son of the Qianlong Emperor. Arguably the most outstanding among the Qianlong Emperor's sons, he was, at one point, considered by his father as a potential heir to the throne. However, he died prematurely at the age of 25.

Life
Yongqi was born in the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan as the fifth son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was Noble Consort Yu (愉貴妃), who was from the Mongol Keliyete (珂里葉特) clan.

Yongqi was studious and diligent from a young age. Every day, of all the princes, he was the earliest to reach the palace study to attend classes. He had a close relationship with his younger brother, Yongyan. Yongqi was talented - he was fluent in the Manchu and Mongol languages, he was versed in astronomy, geography and calendrical calculation. One of his works was the Jiaotong Tenggao (蕉桐幐稿).

Yongqi was versed in poetry, painting, and calligraphy. He was also skilled in horse-riding and mounted archery. His talents earned him the favour of his father, the Qianlong Emperor. In 1763, a fire broke out in the Old Summer Palace, and Yongqi carried his father on his back and brought him to safety. Two years later, the Qianlong Emperor conferred Yongqi the title "Prince Rong of the First Rank", making Yongqi the first of the Qianlong Emperor's sons to officially receive a princely title. Besides the Chinese character "Rong" (榮) in the title literally means "glory" or "honour", which showed that the Qianlong Emperor had high hopes for Yongqi.

Yongqi died in 1766 after suffering from bone tuberculosis for several months. He was already ill when he was made "Prince Rong". He was granted the posthumous name "Chun" (純; "pure"), so his full posthumous title was extended to "Prince Rongchun of the First Rank" (榮純親王).

Tomb
Yongqi was buried with the Qianlong Emperor's eldest son, Yonghuang (永璜; 1728–1750), who also died in his 20s. The tomb, sometimes referred to as the "Crown Prince Tomb" (太子陵), is located in northern part of eastern Beijing near Bulaotun Town (不老屯鎮). In 1958 the tomb was demolished to make way for the construction of the Miyun Reservoir (密雲水庫). Its contents were carefully excavated and transferred to the Capital Museum.

Former residence
Yongqi and his descendants were merged under the Bordered Red Banner of the Eight Banners. Yongqi's house later became the residence of Prince Chun in the later part of the Qing dynasty. A Prince Rong Residence is located in the southwest of present-day Beijing at Xuanwu Gate on the west side of Taiping Lake.

Appraisal
Yongqi's mother was not one of the highly ranked consorts of the Qianlong Emperor, but yet Yongqi was instated as a Prince of the First Rank, and there were signs that the emperor had considered designating Yongqi as his heir. Another two princes, Yonglian and Yongcong, became first-rank princes because they were born to Empress Xiaoxianchun. As such it was believed that the Qianlong Emperor truly favoured and loved Yongqi.

Yongqi was the most outstanding of the Qianlong Emperor's sons and the best choice to succeed his father, but it was unfortunate that he died at a young age of 25. In 1793, when the Qianlong Emperor met British envoy George Macartney he told the latter that he regarded Yongqi highly because of his many talents, and that it was a pity that he died early.

Family
Primary Consort

 * Imperial Princess Consort Rongchun, of the Sirin Gioro clan (榮純亲王妃 西林覺羅氏)
 * Sixth son (9 November 1765 – 29 November 1765)

Secondary Consort

 * Secondary consort, of the Socoro clan (側福晉 索綽羅氏)
 * First son (4 July 1759 – 7 July 1759)
 * Third son (12 January 1762 – 19 August 1763)
 * Fourth son (10 September 1764 – 4 November 1764)
 * Mianyi, Prince Rongke of the Second Rank (榮恪郡王 綿億; 10 September 1764 – 14 April 1815), fifth son

Concubine

 * Mistress, of the Hu clan (胡氏)
 * Second son (3 March 1760)
 * Lady of the Second Rank (縣君; 16 June 1762 – 9 December 1780), first daughter
 * Married Wangqinbanba'er (旺親班巴爾; 1755–1804) of the Alxa Borjigit clan in January/February 1780
 * Second daughter (3 February 1764 – 14 January 1765)
 * Mistress Ru (d. 1766)

In fiction and popular culture

 * Portrayed by Alec Su in My Fair Princess (1998)
 * Portrayed by Leo Ku in My Fair Princess III (2003)
 * Portrayed by Zhang Rui in New My Fair Princess (2011)
 * Portrayed by Chen Youwei in Story of Yanxi Palace (2018)
 * Portrayed by Qu Chuxiao in Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace (2018)

title: Yongqi, Prince Rong


text:
User talk:Mississippienne

Hi! I'm sure someone will come by and leave a more "official" welcome message for you, but I just wanted to say thanks for the stuff you've been writing lately. I saw you working on some crusade and other medieval articles, and its always nice to have more people interested in medieval topics! Adam Bishop 05:51, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Welcome
Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

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-- Utcursch | Talk to me

You could help solving the MESS prevailing at Safavids
Having just spotted your concise and pointed revision on Ismail I I could imagine you bringing reliable order to the Safavids article. Real nice to have you around! --Pantherarosa 22:53, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Midevial Women
Greetings. Adam Bishop suggested I contact you regurding this topic. I am currently researching the dynamic women played in the middle ages in relation to their rights to property and their ability (or inability) to excercise authority over their property and inheritance, indepnedant from their husbands or other male relations interferance.

To this end, I have uncovered many examples of women who inherited as Queens by right of heriditary and civil law, in each case being designated their fathers successor. Melisende of Jerusalem, Empress Maude, and Eleanor of Aqutaine are the most well known, but I am finding more. In each case, under salic law as then most common, each inheritance would have gone to a male relitive. Instead, the father designated the daughter to succed in his place. A commonality I have noticed is each of the examples I have given come from largely Cathar regions of France, The Aqutaine held its own culture and language, and suported Cathar Christianity. The Franskish dynasty that ruled over the Crusader state of Jerusalem was from Boulonge, France, a Cathar strong hold. Adam Bishop does not particularly trust over estimation of Cathar influence in these regions, but author and historian Alison Wier, in her 1999 biograqphy of Eleanor of Aqutaine, wrote that Aqutaine laws were favorable to women, and they could inherit and administer their inheritance and land independantly from their husbands. And this was so until the Albiginian Crusades.

What are your thoughts? In the end, women as rulers would be elimanted with the distruction of the Cathars until the 16th century.

Any help you can offer in directing me will be appreciatedDrachenfyre

Empress Maude and female succession
Porphyrogenitus, that would make more sense. I understand this. From my studies of inheritance laws of norther France and England, they practiced salic primogenture. Anglo-Saxon England had no tradition or precidence for female rulership, though there is plenty of occasions where women would inherit and administer their own lands within the realm itself. Norman England and the Royal Demise of France followed Salic primogenture, actively excluding women from succession- though many dynasties defaulted to semi-salic (tracing inheritance through women, but not giving them power) only in extrem cases, though royal France never allowed any thing less then strict salic.

So Henry I actually had a male heir with a technically better claim via salic primogenture in William Clito (why was he known as William Clito?), and Stephen de Blois had a technically better claim under semi-salic primogenture (his mother was Henry I's sister). Both were Henry I's nephews, dispite their detractions as your rightly point out. Henry I's decision is even more unique then I origionally thought. Even though Maude was born 'in the purple', He seems to have taken almost excessive steps to be sure his daughter became queen and his heir. Recalling Maude from morning in Germany- where she would have remained quite comfortably as the dowager-empress, and activly campaigning for Maude over William Clito and Stephen, AND setting a precidence by nominating a women to reign after him, exclusivly by her right alone. It seems even more interesting in light that even after Maude delivered a male heir that Henry I did not then alter the successon once again and make the infant Henry FitzEmpress his direct heir, with Maude as regent for him. Had Henry I any doubts of his daughters ability to rule one might have imagined he would have set her aside once she produced his male grandson, even an infant, as there was more precidence for an infant male successor then a women successor. He could have intrusted the realm to Geffery (though I suspect that was going too far, even for Henry, iven the animosity between Angivines and Normans. What are your thoughts on this?

Why was Henry I's son William known as Willaim Adilin?

Reguarding dynasty names: there was no formal dynasty name as we would recognize today. Oft people were known as 'of here' or 'of there', usually after ones largest holdings. Additionally, one might tok the patronomic of who your parent was. There was an additionally precidence in that Maude's son took the patronomic FitzEmpress, over FitzGeoffery. I know this was part politic- as he was securing his claim to the throne. But would this also not reflect a shift in how claimes were held? Henry II was known as FitzEmpress until he became king, and he waited behind his mother's claim untle she abdicated that in 1150's. From my observations this is additional this is also a break with custom, as Henry II consiously placed his mothers position above that of his fathers. Highly unusual for this time frame.

By having Maude married to Geffery, do you think Henry I was concern his royal boold was being diluted? That his dynasty would end with Maude and taken up by the Angivines? I am unsure as dynasty names as such were not established, my impression is that Geffery was simply a stud to the Royal Mare (as it were) and his powerful military and land connections were added bonuses. My impression is that Henry and Maude and Henry FitzEmpress all knew who the real dynasty was, and only later historians super-imposed the "Plantagenet' name on them. What are your thoughst on this?

Additionally, do you study this formally?Drachenfyre

In my knowledge, the medieval feudal law allowed succession by females and sucesion through females, a bit differently in different places, but overall so. Very few places disallowed succession through females, though in some places and cases male line was preferred. I believe that the biggest reason for allowing females was practical: child mortality was high, average lifespan not very high, males were more subject to violence and earlier deaths. The family succession would have ended to no heirs, had females not allowed. As feudal lords were originally and also mostly military protectors, males were preferred in succession. I believe that so-called agnatic seniority was the most usual form of succession in Europe in early medieval centuries. This was quite typical for Germanic peoples. In those circumstances, it meant brother succeeding brother, and deaths came typically when in thorties (around twenties-fourties), so sons were not usually old enough or mature enough to succeed when father died. (Of course, a trouble often arose when one of uncles ruled and first nephews became old enough. And, those uncles often favored their own sons to nephews, be nephews sons of elder brothers, thus the succession from generation to next was typically causing disputes.) This old tradition of particularly Germans but also of most other regions was the factual basis on which the later construct of Salic Law apparently was based and drew its case examples. However, Salic Law may have meant succession where females were accepted as links of succession. Grandfather succeeded by grandson, uncle by sister's son, etc. Quite often, the pure male line died out sooner or later, and female who had produced children, were practically regarded somehow as "dead honorary males" in succession. Very few rulers wished to leave succession to a distant male relative, even to as close as a first cousin. Own immediate family - nephews, grandsons - seem to have closer to succeed than a cousin of pure male line. In those times, succession was not usually governed by specific rules, much was dependent on the wishes of the person to be succeeded. Only later (I believe mostly after Middle Ages), precise and formal rules of succession developed into full use.

In medieval times, there was practically no practice of lordships reverting to the crown. Lordships werre mostly regarded as family possessions, not received from kings. And historically, this was quite often true: a family had taken an area, king or other only confirming. Sometimes, it was an estate owned by earlier generations, and perhaps enlarged by peasants joining the protection of a bigger peasant or sth. Sometimes, the lordship came from a tribal chieftainship inheritance. The tribe had perhaps only reluctantly recognized any overlord, and there was an idea that the crown or other overlord will certainly never touch the possessions of those. Thus, all property tended to have an heir. Sometimes it happened that the only member of the family surviving was a daughter or sister, and for example so young that had not yet produced children. The family succession had no one else than the girl, thus no use to disallow her succession. Usually, family must have provided some dowry to its girl. Sometimes, it took the form of estates. Also, husbands of females of families of other lord often coveted the addition of wife's family possessions. All in all, the tradition gradually enhanced the idea of heiress and the desirablity of heiresses existing, to provide marital catches. It was not fully in interests of other lords to guarantee that only males could have succeeded. On the other hand, in their own succession they wanted to prefer immediate male relatives, but they left close females in better position than distant males. On the other hand, most other lords wanted to have heiresses, to marry himself and to sons etc. Those lords themzselves formed the courts or arbitration panels, and increasingly cases left much space for females succeeding. In areas having strong Roman influence in history (such as Spain, southern France etc) females had higher possibilities and rights in succession than in Germanic central Europe.

Asd feudal practices have, for these several reasons, allowed succession by females, Aquitaine, England and Jerusalem whoch found themselves in position where a female was closest legitimate, followed these prescripts. I cannot see anything highly odd in these cases. They were the ones succeedung in very high titles, but there had been much more succeeding as countesses, baronesses etc. And do not forget queen Petronila of Aragon, queen Urraca of Castile, queen Berenguela of Castile, margravine Matilda of Tuscany, countess Kunigunda Welf, queen Gruoch of Scotland, Philippa of Toulouse, queen Adelheid of Italy, the mother of Louis III the Blind, countess Margaret of Flanders, duchess Constance of Brittany, queen Constance of Sicily. In medieval England, daughters inherited even earldoms quite often. It is not so easy to observe, as the husband exercised the position, but there were females in most cases.

I believe that the practice later known as Salic Law was very rare. And Semi-Salic (&likes) were not very common. The most common was, I believe, the male-preference succession. Even a brother succeeding instead of daughter was, I think, a bit rarer case than the daughter or daughter's son succeeding.

The position of a female was undeniably stronger if the father designated the daughter to succeed in his place. Afte all, in these times, the testament (if made in favor of a relative) was meaningful, contrary to modern centuries when the succession was geberally not alterable by an indiviual monarch - at whim at least.

As female successors were overall, I cannot give much credence to hypothesis of significance of Cathar - Albigensian factor. After all, apparently they just followed the typical succession pattern of Romanized regions. Perhaps Cathar and Albigensian males, due to crisades and likes, lost their lives more often and females were needed to inherit more often, but I cannot see any other big impact there. I agree that Aquitaine laws were favorable to women. Roman law already held good rights to females to inherit and administer their inheritance and land, even rather independently of their husbands.

Porphyrogenitus was not very successful claim in West. It is basically a Byzantine idea. In West, practical considerations usually won: need of having an adulkt to succeed, rather than an infant who happened to have been born in the parent's very recent reign. High birth was important. I have heard of examples where a claimant used the argument "I am a son of king, he is son of a count/duke", but there the actual date of the birth was not important: it was sufficient that the father later succeeded as king. This was used as a restriction in some succwessions by agnatic seniority: sons of those brothers who died before their turn to succeed, were ineligible or less entitled. I repeat: it was useful to be a child of a king, compared to cousins born as children of non-king dynasts. But to be born during the reign of parent did (in my knowledge) never solve the succession in favor of younger against the elder sibling in medieval Western Europe. Please feel free to give counter-examples.

England did not use Salic primogeniture. It used usually male-preference succession, most often primogeniture, but sometimes proximity or seniority. Northern France was not a region for pure salic law.

Anglo-Saxon England may have had no tradition or precedent for female rulership, though there are plenty of occasions where women inherited and administered estates. The kingship was basically elective, and elections in those times (as often today) resulted in favor of males. Norman England did not follow Salic primogeniture. It followed usually male-preference primogeniture. The Royal Domain of France is a bad example. It had a succession of available sons from 987 to 1316, thus no other need was tested. At the successions of 1316 and 1328, Salic Law as term was apparently not known. The cases ended in that result mostly by case circumstances, the choice both times being such that the better alternative was thje male-line heir over a female's role. And never earlier had a female been needed, thus to choose a male was not against any precedent in that title - thogh all those "electors", important feudal lords, knew from their own that women could succeed. Those two cases initiated a tradition which later was explained by the so-called Salic Law. Vassals of French royal domain were succeeded also by females.

Henry I had male heirs, but both of them were not his own descendants. William Clito was his nephew, the heir of the branch from which Henry himself had taken everything away. Stephen on the other hand was not even primogeniture heir (he was the scond son of his mother). Stephen's succession cannot be explained by any of the conventional rukes. He pleaded himself a testament of Henry I. He succeeded by being speedy, and by taking armed forces.

Henry I's decision was not very unique. However he took big steps to ensure his daughter became queen and his heir.

Maude had not very good living in Germany, being childless widow and the new rulers being distant in all ways. And the father anyway wanted to utilize Maud, who was "vacant", as marriage pawn, as almost every father in those eras did. We do not know whether Henry yet thought Maud as inevitable successor when marrying her tonAnjou - the king himself took the next wife and embarked to attempts to sire children.

Maud and William wwére Athelings, "royal children", as children of Edith = Matilfa, Henry's first wife. Who was descendant of Anglosaxon kings, whose children used Atheling. William's great-uncle was Edgar Atheling.

Henry may have preferred an adult as monarch than indirect and problematic positioning of regency and the uncertainty of leaving an infant as official successor.

They bdid not have dynasty names at that point usually. Their names are later inventions.

As Henry knew that he left himself no legitimate sons, I think that it was rather unimportant to him what "surname" the future successors got, or whether blood was diluted. Please remember that blood dilutes always: your grandkids have only a fourth of your blood, whereas your kids a half. Etc.

At that time, patronymics were not very usual nor consistently used in W.Europe.

The only trouble e Angevin was the animosity between Normans and Angevins which could influence the  loyalty towards Geoffrey. Otherwise, he was of good descent and had extensive fiefs, in neighborhood of Henry's, thus a good marriage.

It is certain that Plantagenet only much later came into use as surname. 62.78.104.52 22:44, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Roman legions
Moved to Talk:List of Roman legions --Panairjdde 17:00, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Willaim the Athling
"Why was Henry I's son William known as Willaim Adilin" The exact title was Athling, which meant heir to the Anglo-Saxon, (English) throne. Fergananim

Re: Medieval Women
Seeing as you seem to have Continental Europe pretty much down, why not try widening your scope a little? Ever hear of Grace O Malley, the Irish pirate? Fergananim

I've heard of Grace O'Malley, but as an Elizabethan-era individual she's somewhat outside my focus time period, plus I have no sources relating to Irish history. Missi

Here's a few sources for your edification, even if only for passing the time. http://www.rencentral.com/oct_nov_vol1/graceomalley.shtml Granuaile, the Life and Times of Grace O'Malley by Anne Chambers ISBN 0 86327 631 8, Fergananim

Leo II of Armenia
OK, so it's been a while since I read Rudt-Collenberg, but I don't think his usurpation was coupled to the crowning. He was already established as "Lord of the Mountains" well before then; as I explained later in the article, he spent several years lobbying the Pope and the Emperor to obtain the title of King. (Incidentally, if you do have Rudt-Collenberg on hand, do you think you could double-check some of the other Lords of the Mountains? I've been starting to fill them in, historically, but my notes aren't always complete...and then there's his transliteration of the Armenian baronies, which can be hard to figure out, like "Goromosol".) Choess 06:03, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)

Frederick II, HRE
At Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, I'm guessing you have a citation for that remark by Sibt Ibn al-Jawzi; could you add it to the article's references? Thanks. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:57, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Anne of Kiev
Anna_de_Yaroslavna dupes Anne_of_Kiev and the former should be merged into the latter (i.e., any new information should be edited into Anne of Kiev with a redirect left at the other). See note at Duplicate_articles. If not you, then someone else in your cohort should do the job. --FourthAve 22:07, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Irene Ducaena
Hi, I just posted Irene Ducaena, and I was wondering if you still have access to the "Byzantine Empresses" book. It's currently checked out of the library here and won't be back for a month, so unfortunately most of the information comes from Anna Comnena, who is of course extremely biased! I assume "Byzantine Empresses" has some more neutral information. If there's anything you can add it would be greatly appreciated. Adam Bishop 00:52, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Isabella of Jerusalem
(copied from Talk:Isabella of Jerusalem) Hi, Missi! Good to see you here! The comment being discussed on Isabella's page was made by me when not signed in. There is no reference in the Itinerarium, Roger of Howden & c to Maria being born in her father's lifetime (and as Isabella was the heiress to the kingdom, you would think it was an important enough event to be noted). Imad ad-Din and Old French Continuation of William of Tyre both say Isabella was pregnant when she married Henry. Conrad and Isabella were only married for 17 months, during which time he was often off campaigning (Baha al-Din also says he was wounded in battle 9 days before the wedding, so am not sure how well he'd have been feeling for a while!), so one pregnancy in that time is reasonable. I'm not sure why 217.140.193.123 thought it out of order to remark on issues re: reliability of sources. I would now say - and have re-edited the page to clarify this point - that there's no question that Maria was a posthumous child. I've done a lot of work on the Montferrat family, and it's clear from that side of things that she was not born in her father's lifetime. Silverwhistle 19:08, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Survey on the use of Latinized/Greek names for Byzantine rulers
Hi. There is a survey on the names of Byzantine rulers at Talk:Constantine XI. Maybe you are interested in.--Panairjdde 17:54, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Middle Ages did not call younger members of royal families as princes and princesses
please check the ongoing discussion about "princess" title on Talk:Margaret of Connaught - it will have implications that many medieval women will soon get the courtesy prefix "princess" before their names in article names. ObRoy 21:40, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Question
Can you remember where you found the information on the 1147 charter witnessed by Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon ? I appreciate that the info was added over a year ago, and that you may not recall, but I thought I'd ask anyway. Angus McLellan (Talk) 00:09, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Need help on Categories
What would be good Categories for my article Letter to Posterity that was written by Petrarch in 1372? --Doug talk 16:04, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

AIMA
Hey...I noticed that you were the one that started the AIMA prophecy article...so...do you have any knowledge of who initialy made it? AdrianCo (talk) 17:21, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Mississippienne! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:55, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Laura Ponte -

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mississippienne


text:
User:Tempshill/test

Employee stock options are stock options for the company's own stock that are often offered to upper-level employees as part of the executive compensation package, especially by American corporations. An employee stock option is identical to a call option on the company's stock, with some extra restrictions.

Mechanics
The company gives a stock option grant to the employee which specifies:
 * The number of options granted to the employee
 * The options' exercise price
 * The options' expiration date
 * The options' vesting schedule, specifying when options may first be exercised
 * A list of restrictions on what can and can't be done with the options

For example, when employed by company XYZ, Alex might receive a stock option grant of 1000 XYZ shares, with an exercise price of $7.50, an expiration date of 10 years after the grant, and a schedule of equal vesting over four years.

As with an ordinary call option, Alex can make money if the price of XYZ stock rises above his exercise price of $7.50 before the options expire. Suppose that 5 years after the option grant, the price of XYZ has risen to $16.00. Alex decides to exercise all 1000 options. The stockbroker managing Alex's option account pays company XYZ $7,500 ($7.50 per option times 1000 shares) and receives the 1000 shares. (In doing this, the stockbroker is extending Alex a very short-term loan of $7,500.) The stockbroker immediately sells the 1000 shares on the stock market and receives $16,000. The stockbroker then deducts the $7,500 he advanced for the options exercise, and the remaining $8,500 belongs to Alex, after the stockbroker deducts his commission and fees.

The vesting schedule controls when Alex may exercise his options. In this example, his 1000 options vest equally over four years, so Alex could exercise 250 of his options one year after the option grant, an additional 250 options after one additional year, and so on. Unvested options are not available to exercise.

Rationale for stock option grants
The usual rationale given for stock option grants to employees is to "align employees' interests with the interests of stockholders". If the company's stock rises, its employees with stock options experience a direct financial benefit; this, the argument goes, will incentivize employees to always behave in a way that will boost the company's stock. This is supposed to increase behaviors like curbing corporate waste.

Simply granting stock, rather than options, would achieve this same effect, but this would cause a more immediate dilution of

Conversely, a company may offer stock options to employees to help reduce staff turnover, if the job in question is in great demand. This happened frequently in the so-called dot-com boom of the late 1990s.

Employee stock options differ from the options that are traded on exchanges as securities primarily in the time frame under which they can be exercised. Employee stock options typically allow an exercise timeframe of up to ten years, whereas the longest time to expiry for exchange traded options is typically 2 years. Thus employee stock options are similar to warrants.

Stock options are sometimes jokingly referred to as "golden handcuffs" (in the same vein as golden handshakes or golden hellos), especially in a strongly rising market - the employee may feel compelled to work out the time until they are able to liquidate the stock even if they might otherwise prefer to leave the company.

Types of Employee Stock Options
Stock options granted to employees are of two forms, that differ primarily on their tax treatment. They may be either:
 * Incentive stock options (ISO's)
 * Non qualified stock options

Expensing of Employee Stock Options
According to current US generally accepted accounting principles, stock options granted to employees do not need to be charged as an expense on the income statement when granted, although the cost is disclosed in the notes to the accounts. This allows a potentially large form of employee compensation to not show up as an expense in the current year, and therefore, currently overstate income. Many assert that over-reporting of income by methods such as this by American corporations was one contributing factor in the Stock Market Downturn of 2002.

Many people argue that stock options should not be treated as an expense. Every other expense decreases the net worth of the corporation, whereas stock options, when exercised, actually increase it. Exercised stock options do not lower the income of the corporation, but "cut more slices into the pie" of earnings per share. Those who are against stock option expensing say that the diluted earnings per share metric (the amount of income divided by all outstanding shares and all shares that would theoretically exist if all the stock options were used) clearly shows the economic effect of stock options. For example, Martin J. Whitman argues that while stock options may dilute the value held by each of a company's existing shareholders, they are of little concern to creditors, and that "GAAP... ought to be geared toward meeting the needs and desires of creditors rather than the needs and desires of short-term stock market speculators."  Under International Accounting Standards, an estimate of the cost of stock options granted to employees is charged against profit as an expense in the accounts.

title: User:Tempshill/test


text:
Rolling resistance

Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface. It is mainly caused by non-elastic effects; that is, not all the energy needed for deformation (or movement) of the wheel, roadbed, etc., is recovered when the pressure is removed. Two forms of this are hysteresis losses (see below), and permanent (plastic) deformation of the object or the surface (e.g. soil). Note that the slippage between the wheel and the surface also results in energy dissipation. Although some researchers have included this term in rolling resistance, some suggest that this dissipation term should be treated separately from rolling resistance because it is due to the applied torque to the wheel and the resultant slip between the wheel and ground, which is called slip loss or slip resistance. In addition, only the so-called slip resistance involves friction, therefore the name "rolling friction" is to an extent a misnomer.

Analogous with sliding friction, rolling resistance is often expressed as a coefficient times the normal force. This coefficient of rolling resistance is generally much smaller than the coefficient of sliding friction.

Any coasting wheeled vehicle will gradually slow down due to rolling resistance including that of the bearings, but a train car with steel wheels running on steel rails will roll farther than a bus of the same mass with rubber tires running on tarmac/asphalt. Factors that contribute to rolling resistance are the (amount of) deformation of the wheels, the deformation of the roadbed surface, and movement below the surface. Additional contributing factors include wheel diameter, load on wheel, surface adhesion, sliding, and relative micro-sliding between the surfaces of contact. The losses due to hysteresis also depend strongly on the material properties of the wheel or tire and the surface. For example, a rubber tire will have higher rolling resistance on a paved road than a steel railroad wheel on a steel rail. Also, sand on the ground will give more rolling resistance than concrete. Sole rolling resistance factor is not dependent on speed.

Primary cause

The primary cause of pneumatic tire rolling resistance is hysteresis:

A characteristic of a deformable material such that the energy of deformation is greater than the energy of recovery. The rubber compound in a tire exhibits hysteresis. As the tire rotates under the weight of the vehicle, it experiences repeated cycles of deformation and recovery, and it dissipates the hysteresis energy loss as heat. Hysteresis is the main cause of energy loss associated with rolling resistance and is attributed to the viscoelastic characteristics of the rubber.
 * — National Academy of Sciences

This main principle is illustrated in the figure of the rolling cylinders. If two equal cylinders are pressed together then the contact surface is flat. In the absence of surface friction, contact stresses are normal (i.e. perpendicular) to the contact surface. Consider a particle that enters the contact area at the right side, travels through the contact patch and leaves at the left side. Initially its vertical deformation is increasing, which is resisted by the hysteresis effect. Therefore, an additional pressure is generated to avoid interpenetration of the two surfaces. Later its vertical deformation is decreasing. This is again resisted by the hysteresis effect. In this case this decreases the pressure that is needed to keep the two bodies separate.

The resulting pressure distribution is asymmetrical and is shifted to the right. The line of action of the (aggregate) vertical force no longer passes through the centers of the cylinders. This means that a moment occurs that tends to retard the rolling motion.

Materials that have a large hysteresis effect, such as rubber, which bounce back slowly, exhibit more rolling resistance than materials with a small hysteresis effect that bounce back more quickly and more completely, such as steel or silica. Low rolling resistance tires typically incorporate silica in place of carbon black in their tread compounds to reduce low-frequency hysteresis without compromising traction. Note that railroads also have hysteresis in the roadbed structure.

Definitions
In the broad sense, specific "rolling resistance" (for vehicles) is the force per unit vehicle weight required to move the vehicle on level ground at a constant slow speed where aerodynamic drag (air resistance) is insignificant and also where there are no traction (motor) forces or brakes applied. In other words, the vehicle would be coasting if it were not for the force to maintain constant speed. This broad sense includes wheel bearing resistance, the energy dissipated by vibration and oscillation of both the roadbed and the vehicle, and sliding of the wheel on the roadbed surface (pavement or a rail).

But there is an even broader sense that would include energy wasted by wheel slippage due to the torque applied from the engine. This includes the increased power required due to the increased velocity of the wheels where the tangential velocity of the driving wheel(s) becomes greater than the vehicle speed due to slippage. Since power is equal to force times velocity and the wheel velocity has increased, the power required has increased accordingly.

The pure "rolling resistance" for a train is that which happens due to deformation and possible minor sliding at the wheel-road contact. For a rubber tire, an analogous energy loss happens over the entire tire, but it is still called "rolling resistance". In the broad sense, "rolling resistance" includes wheel bearing resistance, energy loss by shaking both the roadbed (and the earth underneath) and the vehicle itself, and by sliding of the wheel, road/rail contact. Railroad textbooks seem to cover all these resistance forces but do not call their sum "rolling resistance" (broad sense) as is done in this article. They just sum up all the resistance forces (including aerodynamic drag) and call the sum basic train resistance (or the like).

Since railroad rolling resistance in the broad sense may be a few times larger than just the pure rolling resistance reported values may be in serious conflict since they may be based on different definitions of "rolling resistance". The train's engines must, of course, provide the energy to overcome this broad-sense rolling resistance.

For tires, rolling resistance is defined as the energy consumed by a tire per unit distance covered. It is also called rolling friction or rolling drag. It is one of the forces that act to oppose the motion of a driver. The main reason for this is that when the tires are in motion and touch the surface, the surface changes shape and causes deformation of the tire.

For highway motor vehicles, there is some energy dissipated in shaking the roadway (and the earth beneath it), the shaking of the vehicle itself, and the sliding of the tires. But, other than the additional power required due to torque and wheel bearing friction, non-pure rolling resistance doesn't seem to have been investigated, possibly because the "pure" rolling resistance of a rubber tire is several times higher than the neglected resistances.

Rolling resistance coefficient
The "rolling resistance coefficient" is defined by the following equation: $$\ F = C_{rr} N $$ where
 * $$F$$ is the rolling resistance force (shown as $$R$$ in figure 1),
 * $$C_{rr}$$ is the dimensionless rolling resistance coefficient or coefficient of rolling friction (CRF), and
 * $$N$$ is the normal force, the force perpendicular to the surface on which the wheel is rolling.

$$C_{rr}$$ is the force needed to push (or tow) a wheeled vehicle forward (at constant speed on a level surface, or zero grade, with zero air resistance) per unit force of weight. It is assumed that all wheels are the same and bear identical weight. Thus: $$\ C_{rr} = 0.01 $$ means that it would only take 0.01 pounds to tow a vehicle weighing one pound. For a 1000-pound vehicle, it would take 1000 times more tow force, i.e. 10 pounds. One could say that $$C_{rr}$$ is in lb(tow-force)/lb(vehicle weight). Since this lb/lb is force divided by force, $$C_{rr}$$ is dimensionless. Multiply it by 100 and you get the percent (%) of the weight of the vehicle required to maintain slow steady speed. $$C_{rr}$$ is often multiplied by 1000 to get the parts per thousand, which is the same as kilograms (kg force) per metric ton (tonne = 1000 kg ), which is the same as pounds of resistance per 1000 pounds of load or Newtons/kilo-Newton, etc. For the US railroads, lb/ton has been traditionally used; this is just $$2000 C_{rr}$$. Thus, they are all just measures of resistance per unit vehicle weight. While they are all "specific resistances", sometimes they are just called "resistance" although they are really a coefficient (ratio)or a multiple thereof. If using pounds or kilograms as force units, mass is equal to weight (in earth's gravity a kilogram a mass weighs a kilogram and exerts a kilogram of force) so one could claim that $$C_{rr}$$ is also the force per unit mass in such units. The SI system would use N/tonne (N/T, N/t), which is $$1000 g C_{rr}$$ and is force per unit mass, where g is the acceleration of gravity in SI units (meters per second square).

The above shows resistance proportional to $$ C_{rr}$$ but does not explicitly show any variation with speed, loads, torque, surface roughness, diameter, tire inflation/wear, etc., because $$C_{rr}$$ itself varies with those factors. It might seem from the above definition of $$ C_{rr}$$ that the rolling resistance is directly proportional to vehicle weight but it is not.

Measurement
There are at least two popular models for calculating rolling resistance.

 * 1) "Rolling resistance coefficient (RRC). The value of the rolling resistance force divided by the wheel load. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has developed test practices to measure the RRC of tires. These tests (SAE J1269 and SAE J2452) are usually performed on new tires. When measured by using these standard test practices, most new passenger tires have reported RRCs ranging from 0.007 to 0.014." In the case of bicycle tires, values of 0.0025 to 0.005 are achieved. These coefficients are measured on rollers, with power meters on road surfaces, or with coast-down tests. In the latter two cases, the effect of air resistance must be subtracted or the tests performed at very low speeds.
 * 2) The coefficient of rolling resistance b, which has the dimension of length, is approximately (due to the small-angle approximation of $$\cos(\theta) = 1$$) equal to the value of the rolling resistance force times the radius of the wheel divided by the wheel load.
 * 3) ISO 18164:2005 is used to test rolling resistance in Europe.

The results of these tests can be hard for the general public to obtain as manufacturers prefer to publicize "comfort" and "performance".

Physical formulae
The coefficient of rolling resistance for a slow rigid wheel on a perfectly elastic surface, not adjusted for velocity, can be calculated by $$ C_{rr} = \sqrt {z/d} $$ where
 * $$z$$ is the sinkage depth
 * $$d$$ is the diameter of the rigid wheel

The empirical formula for $$ C_{rr} $$ for cast iron mine car wheels on steel rails is: $$ C_{rr} = 0.0048 (18/D)^{\frac{1}{2}}(100/W)^{\frac{1}{4}} = \frac{0.0643988}{\sqrt[4]{WD^{2}}}$$ where
 * $$D$$ is the wheel diameter in inches
 * $$W$$ is the load on the wheel in pounds-force

As an alternative to using $ C_{rr}$ one can use $$ b$$, which is a different rolling resistance coefficient or coefficient of rolling friction with dimension of length. It is defined by the following formula: $$ F = \frac{N b}{r} $$ where
 * $$F$$ is the rolling resistance force (shown in figure 1),
 * $$r$$ is the wheel radius,
 * $$b$$ is the rolling resistance coefficient or coefficient of rolling friction with dimension of length, and
 * $$N$$ is the normal force (equal to W, not R, as shown in figure 1).

The above equation, where resistance is inversely proportional to radius $$r$$ seems to be based on the discredited "Coulomb's law" (Neither Coulomb's inverse square law nor Coulomb's law of friction). See dependence on diameter. Equating this equation with the force per the rolling resistance coefficient, and solving for $$b$$, gives $$b$$ = $$C_{rr}r$$. Therefore, if a source gives rolling resistance coefficient ($$C_{rr}$$) as a dimensionless coefficient, it can be converted to $$b$$, having units of length, by multiplying $$C_{rr}$$ by wheel radius $$r$$.

Rolling resistance coefficient examples
Table of rolling resistance coefficient examples:

For example, in earth gravity, a car of 1000 kg on asphalt will need a force of around 100 newtons for rolling (1000 kg × 9.81 m/s2 × 0.01 = 98.1 N).

Stagecoaches and railroads
According to Dupuit (1837), rolling resistance (of wheeled carriages with wooden wheels with iron tires) is approximately inversely proportional to the square root of wheel diameter. This rule has been experimentally verified for cast iron wheels (8″ - 24″ diameter) on steel rail and for 19th century carriage wheels. But there are other tests on carriage wheels that do not agree. Theory of a cylinder rolling on an elastic roadway also gives this same rule These contradict earlier (1785) tests by Coulomb of rolling wooden cylinders where Coulomb reported that rolling resistance was inversely proportional to the diameter of the wheel (known as "Coulomb's law"). This disputed (or wrongly applied) -"Coulomb's law" is still found in handbooks, however.

Pneumatic tires
For pneumatic tires on hard pavement, it is reported that the effect of diameter on rolling resistance is negligible (within a practical range of diameters).

Dependence on applied torque
The driving torque $$T$$ to overcome rolling resistance $$R_{r}$$ and maintain steady speed on level ground (with no air resistance) can be calculated by: $$ T = \frac{V_{s}}{\Omega} R_r $$ where It is noteworthy that $$V_{s} / \Omega$$ is usually not equal to the radius of the rolling body as a result of wheel slip. The slip between wheel and ground inevitably occurs whenever a driving or braking torque is applied to the wheel. Consequently, the linear speed of the vehicle differs from the wheel`s circumferential speed. It is notable that slip does not occur in driven wheels, which are not subjected to driving torque, under different conditions except braking. Therefore, rolling resistance, namely hysteresis loss, is the main source of energy dissipation in driven wheels or axles, whereas in the drive wheels and axles slip resistance, namely loss due to wheel slip, plays the role as well as rolling resistance. Significance of rolling or slip resistance is largely dependent on the tractive force, coefficient of friction, normal load, etc.
 * $$V_s$$ is the linear speed of the body (at the axle), and
 * $$\Omega$$ its rotational speed.

All wheels
"Applied torque" may either be driving torque applied by a motor (often through a transmission) or a braking torque applied by brakes (including regenerative braking). Such torques results in energy dissipation (above that due to the basic rolling resistance of a freely rolling, i.e. except slip resistance). This additional loss is in part due to the fact that there is some slipping of the wheel, and for pneumatic tires, there is more flexing of the sidewalls due to the torque. Slip is defined such that a 2% slip means that the circumferential speed of the driving wheel exceeds the speed of the vehicle by 2%.

A small percentage slip can result in a slip resistance which is much larger than the basic rolling resistance. For example, for pneumatic tires, a 5% slip can translate into a 200% increase in rolling resistance. This is partly because the tractive force applied during this slip is many times greater than the rolling resistance force and thus much more power per unit velocity is being applied (recall power = force x velocity so that power per unit of velocity is just force). So just a small percentage increase in circumferential velocity due to slip can translate into a loss of traction power which may even exceed the power loss due to basic (ordinary) rolling resistance. For railroads, this effect may be even more pronounced due to the low rolling resistance of steel wheels.

It is shown that for a passenger car, when the tractive force is about 40% of the maximum traction, the slip resistance is almost equal to the basic rolling resistance (hysteresis loss). But in case of a tractive force equal to 70% of the maximum traction, slip resistance becomes 10 times larger than the basic rolling resistance.

Railroad steel wheels
In order to apply any traction to the wheels, some slippage of the wheel is required. For trains climbing up a grade, this slip is normally 1.5% to 2.5%.

Slip (also known as creep) is normally roughly directly proportional to tractive effort. An exception is if the tractive effort is so high that the wheel is close to substantial slipping (more than just a few percent as discussed above), then slip rapidly increases with tractive effort and is no longer linear. With a little higher applied tractive effort the wheel spins out of control and the adhesion drops resulting in the wheel spinning even faster. This is the type of slipping that is observable by eye—the slip of say 2% for traction is only observed by instruments. Such rapid slip may result in excessive wear or damage.

Pneumatic tires
Rolling resistance greatly increases with applied torque. At high torques, which apply a tangential force to the road of about half the weight of the vehicle, the rolling resistance may triple (a 200% increase). This is in part due to a slip of about 5%. The rolling resistance increase with applied torque is not linear, but increases at a faster rate as the torque becomes higher.

Railroad steel wheels
The rolling resistance coefficient, Crr, significantly decreases as the weight of the rail car per wheel increases. For example, an empty freight car had about twice the Crr as a loaded car (Crr=0.002 vs. Crr=0.001). This same "economy of scale" shows up in testing of mine rail cars. The theoretical Crr for a rigid wheel rolling on an elastic roadbed shows Crr inversely proportional to the square root of the load.

If Crr is itself dependent on wheel load per an inverse square-root rule, then for an increase in load of 2% only a 1% increase in rolling resistance occurs.

Pneumatic tires
For pneumatic tires, the direction of change in Crr (rolling resistance coefficient) depends on whether or not tire inflation is increased with increasing load. It is reported that, if inflation pressure is increased with load according to an (undefined) "schedule", then a 20% increase in load decreases Crr by 3%. But, if the inflation pressure is not changed, then a 20% increase in load results in a 4% increase in Crr. Of course, this will increase the rolling resistance by 20% due to the increase in load plus 1.2 x 4% due to the increase in Crr resulting in a 24.8% increase in rolling resistance.

General
When a vehicle (motor vehicle or railroad train) goes around a curve, rolling resistance usually increases. If the curve is not banked so as to exactly counter the centrifugal force with an equal and opposing centripetal force due to the banking, then there will be a net unbalanced sideways force on the vehicle. This will result in increased rolling resistance. Banking is also known as "superelevation" or "cant" (not to be confused with rail cant of a rail). For railroads, this is called curve resistance but for roads it has (at least once) been called rolling resistance due to cornering.

Sound
Rolling friction generates sound (vibrational) energy, as mechanical energy is converted to this form of energy due to the friction. One of the most common examples of rolling friction is the movement of motor vehicle tires on a roadway, a process which generates sound as a by-product. The sound generated by automobile and truck tires as they roll (especially noticeable at highway speeds) is mostly due to the percussion of the tire treads, and compression (and subsequent decompression) of air temporarily captured within the treads.

Factors that contribute in tires
Several factors affect the magnitude of rolling resistance a tire generates:
 * As mentioned in the introduction: wheel radius, forward speed, surface adhesion, and relative micro-sliding.
 * Material - different fillers and polymers in tire composition can improve traction while reducing hysteresis. The replacement of some carbon black with higher-priced silica–silane is one common way of reducing rolling resistance. The use of exotic materials including nano-clay has been shown to reduce rolling resistance in high performance rubber tires. Solvents may also be used to swell solid tires, decreasing the rolling resistance.
 * Dimensions - rolling resistance in tires is related to the flex of sidewalls and the contact area of the tire For example, at the same pressure, wider bicycle tires flex less in the sidewalls as they roll and thus have lower rolling resistance (although higher air resistance).
 * Extent of inflation - Lower pressure in tires results in more flexing of the sidewalls and higher rolling resistance. This energy conversion in the sidewalls increases resistance and can also lead to overheating and may have played a part in the infamous Ford Explorer rollover accidents.
 * Over inflating tires (such a bicycle tires) may not lower the overall rolling resistance as the tire may skip and hop over the road surface. Traction is sacrificed, and overall rolling friction may not be reduced as the wheel rotational speed changes and slippage increases.
 * Sidewall deflection is not a direct measurement of rolling friction. A high quality tire with a high quality (and supple) casing will allow for more flex per energy loss than a cheap tire with a stiff sidewall. Again, on a bicycle, a quality tire with a supple casing will still roll easier than a cheap tire with a stiff casing. Similarly, as noted by Goodyear truck tires, a tire with a "fuel saving" casing will benefit the fuel economy through many tread lives (i.e. retreading), while a tire with a "fuel saving" tread design will only benefit until the tread wears down.
 * In tires, tread thickness and shape has much to do with rolling resistance. The thicker and more contoured the tread, the higher the rolling resistance Thus, the "fastest" bicycle tires have very little tread and heavy duty trucks get the best fuel economy as the tire tread wears out.
 * Diameter effects seem to be negligible, provided the pavement is hard and the range of diameters is limited. See dependence on diameter.
 * Virtually all world speed records have been set on relatively narrow wheels, probably because of their aerodynamic advantage at high speed, which is much less important at normal speeds.
 * Temperature: with both solid and pneumatic tires, rolling resistance has been found to decrease as temperature increases (within a range of temperatures: i.e. there is an upper limit to this effect) For a rise in temperature from 30 °C to 70 °C the rolling resistance decreased by 20-25%. Racers heat their tires before racing, but this is primarily used to increase tire friction rather than to decrease rolling resistance.

Railroads: Components of rolling resistance
In a broad sense rolling resistance can be defined as the sum of components ):
 * 1) Wheel bearing torque losses.
 * 2) Pure rolling resistance.
 * 3) Sliding of the wheel on the rail.
 * 4) Loss of energy to the roadbed (and earth).
 * 5) Loss of energy to oscillation of railway rolling stock.

Wheel bearing torque losses can be measured as a rolling resistance at the wheel rim, Crr. Railroads normally use roller bearings which are either cylindrical (Russia) or tapered (United States). The specific rolling resistance in bearings varies with both wheel loading and speed. Wheel bearing rolling resistance is lowest with high axle loads and intermediate speeds of 60–80 km/h with a Crr of 0.00013 (axle load of 21 tonnes). For empty freight cars with axle loads of 5.5 tonnes, Crr goes up to 0.00020 at 60 km/h but at a low speed of 20 km/h it increases to 0.00024 and at a high speed (for freight trains) of 120 km/h it is 0.00028. The Crr obtained above is added to the Crr of the other components to obtain the total Crr for the wheels.

Comparing rolling resistance of highway vehicles and trains
The rolling resistance of steel wheels on steel rail of a train is far less than that of the rubber tires wheels of an automobile or truck. The weight of trains varies greatly; in some cases they may be much heavier per passenger or per net ton of freight than an automobile or truck, but in other cases they may be much lighter.

As an example of a very heavy passenger train, in 1975, Amtrak passenger trains weighed a little over 7 tonnes per passenger, which is much heavier than an average of a little over one ton per passenger for an automobile. This means that for an Amtrak passenger train in 1975, much of the energy savings of the lower rolling resistance was lost to its greater weight.

An example of a very light high-speed passenger train is the N700 Series Shinkansen, which weighs 715 tonnes and carries 1323 passengers, resulting in a per-passenger weight of about half a tonne. This lighter weight per passenger, combined with the lower rolling resistance of steel wheels on steel rail means that an N700 Shinkansen is much more energy efficient than a typical automobile.

In the case of freight, CSX ran an advertisement campaign in 2013 claiming that their freight trains move "a ton of freight 436 miles on a gallon of fuel", whereas some sources claim trucks move a ton of freight about 130 miles per gallon of fuel, indicating trains are more efficient overall.

title: Rolling resistance


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SouthPark Mall (Illinois)

SouthPark Mall is a shopping mall located in Moline, Illinois. As Moline is part of the Quad Cities of Illinois and Iowa, the mall serves the population of these cities. The mall is located southwest of the intersection of Interstate 74 and Illinois Route 5 (John Deere Road) at 4500 16th Street. SouthPark Mall is one of two regional malls in the Quad Cities area, the other being NorthPark Mall in Davenport, Iowa.

The current owner and operator is Macerich. The mall had been operated by the Simon Property Group, Inc., from 1998 to 2011. Before 1998, General Growth Properties managed and owned the property. The mall's anchor stores are Dillard's, Dick's Sporting Goods, JCPenney, and Von Maur. There is 1 vacant anchor store that was once Younkers. The one-level mall has over 60 stores and a gross leasable area of 825,000 square feet.

History
SouthPark Mall was built by General Growth Properties at a cost of $12 million on 47 acre of land that General Growth purchased in 1966. Montgomery Ward, Petersen Harned Von Maur, and Younkers were the mall's three original anchors when it opened on February 27, 1974. SouthPark has been expanded twice: JCPenney was added in 1978, while Sears and a food court were added in 1990. Montgomery Ward closed in early 2001 when the chain went out of business, and the anchor space remained vacant for three years. Dillard's eventually leased and they rebuilt the space, which they then opened in 2004. A Walgreens pharmacy operated in the mall until 2003, when a new free-standing store was built off-site; Old Navy opened a store in Walgreens' place in 2006, but in May 2013 Old Navy closed their location due to poor sales at both Quad Cities metro locations, the other in Davenport, IA. The mall has struggled to keep tenants since the turn of the century, the mall used to be full of national retailers, but now nearly half of the store fronts are filled with local or regional retailers. Most of the national retailers that left went to NorthPark Mall in Davenport, Iowa.

On March 23, 1995, an OfficeMax store opened outside the mall.

The Sears store closed in October 2013 as part of the national retailer's plan to reduce expenses. Coming not long after the closing of an Old Navy store, Sears' departure left SouthPark with four anchors. In September 2013, the city of Moline approved a TIF for the mall area, with Macerich and the city working on a plan of redevelopment. A two-phase redevelopment plan, which will eventually involve substantial updates to the appearance and shopping convenience, were slated to begin in April 2014, at which time demolition of the 1990 addition – containing the former Sears and food court areas – were slated to begin. Additional renovation is slated to begin in 2015.

Renovation of the main concourse of the mall was completed in November 2014. The mall demolished the former Sears store and the food court, a Dick's Sporting Goods was built where Sears once stood. In 2015 Macerich worked on landscaping around the mall property, as well as repaving parking lots and bridges entering the mall.

On April 18, 2018, it was announced that Younkers would be closing as the parent, Bon-Ton Stores, was going out of business. The store closed on August 29, 2018.

In August 2018, Ashley HomeStore opened a store in the space near the former Younkers store.

title: SouthPark Mall (Illinois)