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Talk:Chinese water torture

Untitled
I was taught that the "Chinese" water torture involved dripping BOILING water on the head of the victim. 24.67.116.109 (talk) 14:51, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

I have this vague recollection of hearing that, whereas water torture is generally understood to mean repetative dripping of water on the forehead, the real deal involved unpredictable, intermitt Definition

Yet another variation of the myth, but this one is: put the victim in a watertight container, and drip water into it. After enough water has dripped, the water level is sufficient to drown the victim. In this case, it's not the dripping itself, but the expectation of their imminent death that causes the person to go insane. Ojw 19:18, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * A chunk of this article seems to be repeated in other articles - especially the water boarding and water cure. The reference to South America is irrelevant.  Tibet is still part of China (whatever anyone might think of that fact) and there is no evidence I know of to suggest it is particularly commonly used by the Chinese government.  As if they cared about marks.  So I would delete everything after the Houdini bit with a link to the waterboarding page.  Anyone have any strong opinions on the subject? Lao Wai 6 July 2005 10:44 (UTC)

I did not get a clear picture on what chinese water torture is? Does anyone have a NON-BIASED definition of what CWT is? --Angieinpitt (talk) 20:36, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

unpredictability, not repetition
I also heard the nature of the torture was it's unpredictability. The idea being, that though the water drop is not especially disturbing in itself, it is the victim's sole source of stimuli, and over a period of days, he/she becomes obsessed by the dripping water. This obsession then leads to insanity, as the victim stives to, but is never able to, predict the next drop. From what I have read, the method was invented and used in Italy, at some stage several hundred years ago.

comment on unpredictability and reptition
This type of torture is not restricted to just water. Short simple musical lyrics or electronic tones repeated often but at random intervals is currently being used for psychological warfare in a community setting. The purpose is to distrupt the concentration of the victim and provoke anger so as to have reason to inter the victim into the mental health system. For a simple example to justify this statement see the web site concerning the "mind molester" http://www.engadget.com/2005/07/11/the-mind-molester/ —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.114.185.154 (talk) 04:20, 31 March 2007 (UTC).

Contradiction
This section is in contradiction with the Water Torture article that links to it.--Jack Upland 00:01, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Definition
Yet another variation of the myth, but this one is: put the victim in a watertight container, and drip water into it. After enough water has dripped, the water level is sufficient to drown the victim. In this case, it's not the dripping itself, but the expectation of their imminent death that causes the person to go insane. Ojw 19:19, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Fiction?
While mythbusters showed that it was ineffective against someone who was not restrained, I do believe that the water torture is a legitimate and actually used... Also, part of the problem with the MythBusters experiment is that they only did it once. They did not switch the test-subjects' places, nor did they test the restraints without the water. To my knowledge, restraints alone aren't considered torture.--Vercalos 05:53, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Lo Wai, that wasn't exactly a cordial response you gave to that anonymous user.--Vercalos 16:48, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Really? Sorry.  There is only so much you can fit into one line.  Maybe I was a little terse.  If anon is out there, I apologise.  But by all means try to prove it is fictional.  I would like to see some evidence. Lao Wai 17:35, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't really prove it one way or another, and as I said before, Mythbusters didn't test it thoroughly enough. The only variable they tested was the restraints, and on two entirely different people.  I'm inclined to believe it is at least a plausible torture method, when accompanied by restraints.  And restraints alone typically don't induce terror unless someone has a phobia relating to being restrained.--Vercalos 03:32, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I checked around and found this. To summarize, it says that it is a real torture, but a misnomer, as it is not from China, but invented in 16th Century Italy..--Vercalos 03:39, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that it is nonfictional strictly due to its popularity. The simple fact that the Mythbusters used it, even though for testing, for torture validates its use there. Maotx 20:05, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I am sorry? It is non-fictional because people talk about it a lot?  You bring all the references you can find to Chinese water torture, I'll bring all the ones I can find to Orcs and goblins.  Which do you think is more popular?  Which is more true?  Mythbusters did not use it, they tried to prove it and failed. Lao Wai 10:42, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I still don't think they tested it thorougly enough. They should have done restraints and no restraints without the water as well.  Perhaps even switched people, so Adam would be the one restrained instead of Kari...  Who knows, they might have reacted differently.  Regardless, I have found some information indicating that it's a real torture, just not Chinese.  As I'd mentioned before, it was invented in 16th century Italy.  And I have to agree with Lo Wai, popularity doesn't make it real.--Vercalos 16:07, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * If I kidnap you, I can't feed you to a goblin. If I kidnap you, I can restrain you and drip water on your head.  While it may not be torture for you it may be for others.  As big as this world is, I find it impossible to find that somewhere someone hasn't used this method of "torture" simply because they have heard of it.  I vote nonfiction simply on principle, but I can live with fictional until their is a documented case. Maotx 17:56, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Mythbusters Reference
We cannot say for certain that it was the restraints that caused Kari's distress, as she was only tested with restraints and water. She was not tested with water alone, and she was not tested with restraints alone, so saying that one or the other affected her is a matter of opinion. The sentence in it's current form is factually accurate. After being restrained and subjected to Chinese Water Torture, she broke down. The statement doesn't say that it was because of either one or the other, and is less subjective than the other version.--Vercalos 00:48, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * By the way, it was recently shown that they did more experiments with water torture(in a blooper/flashback show), and I do believe that restraints+water made for torture.
 * The use of restraints is part of the torture.  You can't separate the two parts and still be testing the same thing.  It would be like testing the effects of solitary confinement by allowing the prisoner to have a fully active cell phone in his cell for the duration.

 * If all you do is test dripping water without restraints, all you have is a leaky faucet, not "water torture". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.89.176.249 (talk) 02:07, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

MythBusters; Scientifically Significant?
Is Mythbusters a scientifically significant source? And could anyone link me to the criteria that defines what is and what isn't a scientifically significant source?--Vercalos 07:03, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Also word usage "fixed variable water drop schedule" is highly confusing. Replacing the phrase with "random, water drop schedule" would be better. In fact, "random" is being used in the beginning of the next paragraph. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eugene (talk • contribs) 20:57, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I would be very careful using Mythbusters as a source. It is pretty easy to spot errors in their "tests", and that is from the scattered viewings I've had. If they bust a myth, one may assume the myth has been busted, but you've also got to remember they are, first and foremost, making a TV show.So, even if the myth is "busted", it may not be well and truly tested.12.1.40.2 (talk) 17:40, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Claims of actual use
The photo at the HCMC museum is also cited at Waterboarding, and as waterboarding was used extensively in the Algerian civil war, odds are the neighboring Tunisians picked that up too. Jpatokal (talk) 10:42, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Origin
"Chinese water torture" is mentioned in a dime novel, The Bradys and the "Prince" of Pekin; Or, Called on a Chinese Clew, published in 1905. So the term was already known when Houdini performed his Chinese Water Torture Cell escape. Ssscienccce (talk) 23:57, 26 February 2014 (UTC)

Whatever way it was, the Chinese were geniuses. DudeWithAFeud (talk) 18:36, 6 April 2015 (UTC)

MASSIVE EDIT.
I just made a huge edit to this article. Florence Hansen (talk) 04:53, 1 February 2020 (UTC)Florence Hansen

Multiple new revisions
I have recently made multiple big revisions in this article. First and most importantly, valuable information previously vandalized/deleted has been re-inserted. A recent edit even argued that being tortured is not Painful. The general description of this Torture Method has been clarified and expanded. WikiProject Human rights importance for this article was changed from "low" to "high" as according to the official rating scheme: "Article/subject contributes a substantial depth of knowledge. Significant impact outside context of article. Impact is global, regional or national. Very much needed, even vital." New sources have been added, but some are still missing.

A much needed explanation of the damage caused by this method is appended to the general description, as previous description made no mention of any effects except causing "insanity". The primary reason for the change in WikiProject Human rights importance scale is the fact that Psychological Torture is not as extensively prohibited and recognized as Torture in many countries, especially where Torture is still practiced and legalized today.

''Recommended future considerations for future editions: In the past edits many have assumed that the torture victim knows for a fact they are being exposed to harmless water, even though this is mentioned nowhere. The victim is mentally not aware of the treatment as being harmless, hence causing suffering due to exposure.''

Vitdom (talk) 12:45, 4 March 2021 (UTC) Apparently large parts of the revised content was removed and altered in order to emphasize that the victim knows for a fact they are being exposed to harmless water, again. This is obviously not in the nature of psychological Torture, hence I call ongoing censorship of this article, for unknown reasons possibly to hide public knowledge. I am however inexperienced in dealing with persistent vandalism/censorship on Wikipedia and will leave it for someone else to handle. Vitdom (talk) 21:56, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

"Season 2" References section, refer to MythBusters confusing, either wrong or out of date
Changed from episode 25 from 2005 season to episode 25 of season 2 (2005). May have been on DVD for season 2 but Wikipedia records season as 2005, discovery.com uses season 3, and DVD season likely no longer useful. Changed Feb 1, 2020. Not best explanation, will try to improve over next few days. Ronaldxs Asyl 13 (talk) 00:47, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

Lorenzo Simone Cua
The opening paragraph states that Chinese water torture "was first described by Lorenzo Simone Cua, a Chinese-Italian psychologist, in Bohol in the 15th or 16th century".

However, when I google that name, nothing come up except for this wikipedia page and quotes of this wikipedia page. Also, the two sources at the end of the sentence do not seem mention this person, although I can only access one of the sources.

So I removed it since it is likely vandalism. CGP05 (talk) 01:23, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

I bet this wasn't fun.
A few years ago, famous YouTuber "The Frustrated Gamer" uploaded a video on his vlogging channel that had to do with him doing Chinese water torture, and boy, I bet it wasn't fun.

Search up "tfg vlogs chinese water torture" if you want to see the video. 2603:7080:DC02:5FB5:C716:5102:8DE0:FE20 (talk) 11:03, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinese water torture


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Talk:Ephesus

Ephesus and Christianity (esp. the Acts of the Apostles)
Please consider including the insights from this newly published article: Bilby, Mark. G. and Anna Lefteratou. "A Dramatic Heist of Epic Proportion: Iphigenia among the Taurians in the Acts of the Apostles," Harvard Theological Review 115.4 (2002) 496-518. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0017816022000293

Full disclosure of potential bias: As one of the co-authors, I'm suggesting that this article be consulted and considered by Wikipedia editors, not presuming to evaluate whether it merits citation in this entry. Vocesanticae (talk) 16:02, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Sea Level Change at Ephesus?
It is said that after an earthquake in the 6th century, the sea at Ephesus receded about 6 kilometers. Meanwhile, the mean sea level in the past 2000 years didn't change much. Does this mean that the earthquake in the 6 century raised the land of Ephesus to a higher level? --Roland (talk) 15:27, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ephesus


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Hamm, Luxembourg

Hamm is a quarter in eastern Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg. It is the home of the Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial, the final resting place of 5,076 American servicemen, including General Patton.

, the quarter has a population of 1,566 inhabitants.

History
Hamm's origins lie in the convent of St. Catharine, founded in the 14th century, around which a village developed. The proximity to the Alzette river facilitated the construction of several mills, which formed the basis for spinning and weaving wool from 1835. In the course of the next years, the Godchaux were able to expand their wool production by buying up almost all the mills on the Alzette, which were combined with another factory in Ettelbrück into the „Draperies de Luxembourg“. At their high point, the cloth mills employed up to 2,000 people. Due to the economic boom, Hamm was split off from the commune of Sandweiler in 1873 and received its own administration.

Hamm was a commune in the canton of Luxembourg between 20 December 1873, when it was split from the commune of Sandweiler, and 26 March 1920, when it was merged into the city of Luxembourg, along with Hollerich and Rollingergrund.

title: Hamm, Luxembourg


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Kit Clayton

Joshua Kit Clayton, better known by his stage name Kit Clayton, is a San Francisco-based electronic and digital musician and computer programmer. He is a developer at San Francisco software company Cycling '74, helping create the Max/MSP MIDI/audio programming environment. He is also a significant contributor to Jitter, the multi-dimensional data set processing and visualizing architecture for audio, video, and 3D graphics (part of the Max multimedia package). Clayton uses Max, MSP, and Jitter extensively in his own abstract musical compositions, which have been described as including aspects of ambient computer music and glitch.

In 2000 Clayton founded and operated his own label, Orthlorng Musork. Musork released seminal works by AGF, Akira Rabelais, Alejandra and Aeron, Kevin Blechdom, Blevin Blectum, Blectum from Blechdom, Eight Frozen Modules, Gold Chains, Secret Mommy, Stephan Mathieu, Sutekh, Timeblind, and others, until closing in 2004. Musork announced its final release and the closing of label operations with the following statement:

"Why do we stop? The simple and honest truth is that we want to devote our time to other creative things. We still love music and we will still be active and supportive of the scene. We aren't in financial ruin, we don't think p2p networks have destroyed the music industry, we don't only want to listen to country western, we just want to take on other projects with as much love and intensity as we did this one."

He continues to compose, perform and develop Max/MSP, and Jitter.

Clayton graduated from Wesleyan University, where he studied electronic music and computer science.

title: Kit Clayton


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Sampa, Ghana

Sampa is a town in the Bono Region of Ghana, on the border with Côte d'Ivoire. It is the capital of Jaman North District, and was formerly the site of a slave market. It was also the capital of the Akan State of Gyaaman in the late 15th century. It is the largest border town in Ghana with a population of over 36,000. It is the principal town of the Nafana ethnic group. It is the leading producer of cashews in Ghana.

Name
Sampa is derived from two Nafaanra words: Se (Go) and Pa (Come). When the two words are combined as 'Sempa', it means, "When you go, come back". Sempa has now assumed the orthographic form 'Sampa'. Sampa was previously known as Sikasoko, meaning "gold powder", referring to the abundant gold in the area in the past. In the 1890s, when the British and French colonialists established a boundary between their territories, Sikasoko was the headquarters of the Northwestern Ashanti. Before Sunyani became the capital of the Northwestern Ashanti in 1906, Sampa had served as capital of the district, which comprised Jaman, Wenchi, Techiman, Berekum, Wam (Dormaa), Ahafo, Odumasi and Sunyani.

History
The ancestors of Sampa are said to have migrated from Kakala, a village in Côte d'Ivoire. The migration was necessitated by the trans-Saharan trade that was bringing civilization from the south to the north as well as tribal wars in the area at that time. They were led by Tolee Sie Nyonogboo and Tolee Kra Longo. When they arrived at the Tambi area, the chief of Jamera invited them to help fight the Klolosa tribe in the neighbourhood. Sie Nyonogboo asked Kra Longo and his team to pass through the Banda hills while he and his team took the west direction. It took Sie Nyonogboo and his men a relatively short time to conquer the Klolosa army around the present-day Debibi and Namasa area. After the war, a parcel of land being occupied by the chiefs and people of Sampa today was offered as reward for their role in the war and to further prevent the Klolosa people from attacking Jamera.

The elders of Sampa explain that during the Trans-Saharan trade period, merchants from the south used to ply the main route that passed through Sampa to northern Africa. When they arrived at Sampa, they met the indigenes that wore cloth, a practice which was not common at the time. The merchants preferred to say they were travelling to the land of the cloth-wearing people (Firantoma fo), instead of the specific name of their destination. The word 'Firantoma fo' has been corrupted to 'Fantra fo' by their Bono neighbours, though the people of Sampa find the name 'Fantra fo' as pejorative.

Sampa served also as an important centre during the slave trade era. Bones of the countless slaves that were dumped in a mass grave are still visible at a spot in the nearby town of Jenini. Other items of historical interest in Sampa include the bungalows of the expatriate administrators, a ruined chapel of the Presbyterian Church and a cemetery of the colonial administrators with tombs dating back to the 19th century.

Festivals
The Sumgbɛɛ and Dwobofie are the royal stool of Sampa's two biggest annual festivals. The former is commemorated in late June or early July to honor the lives and works of the forefathers and mothers. The youth wrestling competition is a highlight of the festival. In September, Dwobofie is held to celebrate the beginning of the new yam season. Eating yam before the celebration is forbidden for the Omanhene (Paramount chief).

Education
Within Sampa and its environs, there are a number of senior high and technical schools. This includes Nafana Presby Senior High, which is considered one of Ghana's best institutions. St. Ann's Senior High School, Our Lady of Fatima Technical Institute, Maranatha Business Senior High School, Diamono Senior High, and Duadaso No. 1 Senior High/Technical School are among the others. The Sampa Nurses' Training College is also located in Sampa.

Health
Sampa has a district hospital, the Sampa Government Hospital, which supports nursing education at the Sampa Nurses' Training College. Sampa also has a number of private hospitals and clinics. The Pieta Hospital, on the Sampa-Kabile road, and Fountain Care Hospital, beside Yankee Radio, are both recommended private medical facilities.

Economy
Agriculture, commerce, industrialisation, and service are Sampa's main economic activities. Sampa was a slave market place in Africa during the Atlantic slave trade, and it is now a cashew market center in Ghana. In Sampa, cashew buyers and purchasers from India and Vietnam have warehouses. Cashew nuts are transported to Sampa before being shipped to Tema for export by these enterprises' merchants in Bole, Wenchi, Dormaa, Techiman, Banda, and neighboring Côte d'Ivoire. Mondays are considered market days in Sampa. The Sampa Market is one of the largest in the Bono Region, with foreigners from Côte d'Ivoire and other parts of the country buying and selling goods.

Notable people

 * Siaka Stevens
 * Frederick Yaw Ahenkwah

title: Sampa, Ghana


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Talk:Irish language in Northern Ireland

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Gsierra2020.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:48, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. Votes for deletion/Irish language in Northern Ireland Joyous 15:47, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Change to redirect
When last discussed, consensus defaulted to keep page. Have reverted to allow chance for new consensus (if any) to develop. Man vyi 16:01, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:05, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Derry/Londonderry edit by Ben W Bell
Comment on Ben W Bell's last edit says "rv, name of county is County Londonderry. See WP:IMOS. No offical county named County Derry." Last time I checked, there was no 'official' county called Londonderry, nor is there any such thing as a 'county' in Northern Ireland if we want to be really pedantic. --Eamonnca1 (talk) 23:02, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Highest proportion of Irish speakers...
According to the 2001 census, 167,487 people (10.4% of the population) had "some knowledge of Irish" with the highest concentrations of Irish speakers found in Belfast, Derry, Newry/South Armagh, Central Tyrone (between Dungannon and Omagh), and southern County Londonderry (near Maghera).

I can testify that Maghera does not have a high concentration of Gaelic speakers. Is there sources for this? It has a Gaelic-nursery/primary school but it struggles to fill its classrooms. Mabuska (talk) 13:33, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Map
If 10.4% of the total population of NI knows Irish, then the map we have at the top of the article doesn't seem very accurate. It suggests that there are broad swathes of the country where a third or more speak Irish - and even an area where 95% speak it! That last one especially seems dubious. 108.254.160.23 (talk) 21:54, 13 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The darkest shaded regions of the map correspond to >20% of the population of that area claiming the ability to speak Irish. I don't see how that translates to a claim of "a third or more" and definitely have no idea where you're getting the figure of 95% from. Foolish Child (talk) 14:22, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

Inconsistencies in the Status section
The article states that ratification by Westminster of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages gives Irish "a degree of protection and status comparable to the Welsh language in Wales and Scottish Gaelic in Scotland." This is misleading and obviously contradictory as the status of the Welsh language in Wales and Scottish Gaelic in Scotland are VASTLY different. Even nominally, Welsh in Wales is referred to as an "official language"; whereas Scottish Gaelic in Scotland is a "recognised regional language". One is able to use the Welsh language to liase with various services provided by Westminster (the Job Centre, the DVLA and the NHS to name a few examples) as well as most government websites being accessible in Welsh and agencies having dedicated Welsh language telephone lines. By contrast none of this is available for Scottish Gaelic speakers in Scotland with the Westminster government making no concrete provision at all for Scottish Gaelic, and indeed one is currently prohibited from using Scottish Gaelic in Scottish courtrooms (per Taylor v Haughney (1982)); which is the opposite to the situation in Wales whereby one may use the Welsh language if one desires, even if one is more proficient in English. Thus "protection and status" for Welsh in Wales are concrete realities; whilst for Scottish Gaelic in Scotland they are purely a nominal gesture on the part of Westminster. Given this contradiction, the article should be updated to reflect which of the two situations the status of Irish is actually comparable to. Foolish Child (talk) 14:22, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Fermanagh
Two points:

 * 1) Does anyone know why the Irish language died out in Fermanagh early on?  Its proximity to the Republic and rurality seem disposed to preserving Irish.
 * 2) What is that small part of Fermanagh on the map in dark green that has a relatively large proportion of Irish speakers?  Is it just a coincidence that so many live there or is this a unique community?  Epa101 (talk) 21:25, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Irish language in Northern Ireland


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Gaétan Hart

Gaëtan Hart (born November 9, 1953) is a former lightweight/welterweight boxer from Québec, who was a three-time boxing champion for his country. He lost his only world title fight against Aaron Pryor in 1980. Boxer Cleveland Denny died 16 days after being knocked out by Hart in 1980. Six weeks prior to that bout, Hart defeated Ralph Racine and put him in a coma from which Racine eventually recovered.

In 1992, he was featured in a National Film Board of Canada documentary, The Steak (a title inspired by Jack London's short story A Piece of Steak), directed by Pierre Falardeau. Hart now runs a Gatineau (Hull, Quebec) boxing club.

An article on Hart appeared in the April 1979 The Ring magazine.

title: Gaétan Hart


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Candle demonstration in Bratislava

The Candle demonstration (Sviečková manifestácia) on 25 March 1988 in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, was the first mass demonstration since 1969 against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia.

The demonstration was organized by Roman Catholic dissent groups asking for religious freedom in Czechoslovakia. The peaceful candle demonstration of five thousand believers was suppressed by the police.

The demonstration was planned by Marián Šťastný, executive vice-president of the Slovak World Congress and his associate Paul Arnold of Switzerland. They were in touch with the Čarnogurský family of Bratislava and passed on the plans for the demonstration via Šťastný's mother-in-law, who was on a visit to Switzerland.

Catholic activist František Mikloško initiated a request for a permit to demonstrate, but his proposal was rejected by the authorities. Information about the event was propagated through Vatican Radio and by Radio Free Europe and Voice of America.

The demonstration was the first important step towards destroying the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. Five thousand Slovaks protested at Hviezdoslav Square with candles in their hands, and other six thousands in adjacent streets, while the main entrance to the square was blocked by the secret police. Police first used water cannons against protesters while they ran their sirens and yelled at protesters to get away from the square, then began attacking the protesters with batons and sticks.

Leading communist officials (e.g. the Slovak prime minister, minister of the interior, minister of culture) were observing the whole "operation" from inside the Carlton Hotel on Hviezdoslav square. The minister of culture disagreed with the police operation and as a result he decided to resign in autumn 1988.

25 March has become Struggle for Human Rights Day in Slovakia, commemorating the candle demonstration.

title: Candle demonstration in Bratislava


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Category:Treasurers of the United States

See Treasurer of the United States for a description of the office and a chronological list of those holding the post.


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Espirito Santo Trophy

The Espirito Santo Trophy  (World Women's Amateur Team Championships) is a biennial world amateur team golf championship for women organised by the International Golf Federation.

The inaugural event was held in 1964. It was instituted by the French Golf Federation in an agreement with the United States Golf Association. It was planned by Lally Segard, at the time known as Vicomtesse de Saint Sauveur, from France and Mrs. Henri Prunaret from America. Segard also asked her friends Ricardo and Silvia Espirito Santo, from Portugal, to donate a trophy for the event, which they did. They had originally bought the golden cup, which had belonged to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, for an international Portuguese event that was not played anymore. The championship was held under the chairmanship of Segard at Golf de Saint Germain outside Paris, France. The week after, the World Amateur Golf Council agreed to manage and sponsor the tournament, beginning in 1966, to be played every second year, and Segard was appointed chairperson of the women's committee of the council. The Council changed its name to the International Golf Federation in 2003.

Recent tournaments have featured teams from around 50 countries. It is a stroke play event, in which the best two individual scores in each team count towards the final score.

For the first three decades, the championship was dominated by the United States. Later results have reflected the increasing globalisation of women's golf, with six different winners in six events from 1996 to 2006, and several top two placings by teams from Asia. South Korea won four times from 1996 to 2016.

The equivalent "World Amateur Team Championship" for men is the Eisenhower Trophy.

Medal table by country
Sources:

The "Great Britain & Ireland" team represented the two separate independent countries of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland from 1966 to 2004. This is the designation of the team which plays the United States in the Curtis Cup. From 2006, England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland (a combined Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland team) have competed as separate teams.

Future sites

 * 2025 Tanah Merah Country Club (Tampines Course), Singapore
 * 2027 Royal Golf Dar Es Salam, Morocco

title: Espirito Santo Trophy


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Talk:Heidelberg Appeal

Biased entry. Final paragraph tries to dismiss the Appeal by singling out one of four thousand signatories. Also irreveant to the subject is the mention of the 1997 Call To Action. There is no apparent link between the two appeals, and simply appears to be an attempt to show who has the most nobel prize winners signed to it in an attempt to dismiss the Appeal. --Orzetto 16:08, 19 October 2005 (UTC) Removed Text 4.248.37.127 23:14, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * One notable signer of the Heidelberg Appeal was the late Linus Pauling, then the world's only living recipient of two Nobel Prizes (for chemistry and for peace). At the time the Appeal was circulated, Pauling had become associated with a controversial nutritional theory that advocated massive daily consumption of vitamin C. Although his earlier work is widely praised, his theories regarding vitamin C have been almost universally dismissed as pseudoscience. It appears, therefore, that (1) even Nobel laureates sometimes practice pseudoscience, and (2) even the practitioners of pseudoscience believe they are against it.

I don't see why this attempts to dismiss the appeal (read the last sentence). I will re-insert this back into the article, first giving others a chance to object... William M. Connolley 08:48, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi, William -- 'Twas I who brought the text into Talk:. It adds nothing to the knowledge of the Appeal. It's polemical. As for the talk of Warning to Humanity -- that was an earlier objection (not mine), unrelated to the Pauling removal. Because of the historical pairing of the two, some contrast does add to understanding each. But in both articles, I think the contrast can be made more NPOV. I see no reason to put the Pauling paragraph back in the article, and only moved it here, rather than deleting, for fear that my edits would be reverted by someone so committed to the polemic in that paragraph, that he'd revert out of spite... 4.248.41.167 06:52, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

POV
The article is clearly biased in favor of HA, with sentences like "It is simply a statement supporting rationality and science." Needs some NPOVising and especially sourcing when it comes to HAN. --Orzetto 16:08, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I've removed the NPOV. I can't see it as being justified. If there are biases, they seem to me to be slight, and it would be appropriate to begin by trying to work them out by editing, not slapping an NPOV header on. Ditto the wiki-fying.

 * Also, I don't see why this is biased pro-HA. The article discusses the way that the appeal is often abused, and points out that many claims made for it by the septics are wrong. I've added a link to the text. As far as I can see, the actual text of the appeal is fine.

 * William M. Connolley 16:50, 19 October 2005 (UTC).

 * The article is in clear need of wikification. It lacks an introduction, sectioning, and is written is a single block. That's what I meant by wikifying. The sentence about being "simply a statement supporting rationality and science" is pro-POV a long way, and since I am not an expert in the field I leave a NPOV notice until someone qualified can review. --Orzetto 09:20, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * If all you're going to do is add a NPOV notice and leave it, I think thats very unhelpful. Edit it if you think it needs editing. William M. Connolley 10:22, 20 October 2005 (UTC).

 * I've removed the wikify tag. A short article like this dose not need sections and it's not clear were they would go. The first sentence is the introduction. Seano1 02:16, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

'''Article clearly biaised : one cannot access to the content of the Appeal itself !!! (At least, I don't find how)'''

There's no verifiable source when saying: "Sponsors of the Heidelberg Appeal included the asbestos and tobacco industries." so that sentence is biased against the appeal.

Debate
This article is about the Heidelberg Appeal. It would be nice if it actually contained information about it then arguments as to what it says. Please work to include information about the subject and not debate the topic.Mantion 05:19, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Problem with new quote
The article sez:

 * although the paragraph, :We draw everybody's attention to the absolute necessity of helping poor countries attain a level of sustainable development which matches that of the rest of the planet, protecting them from troubles and dangers stemming from developed nations, and avoiding their entanglement in a web of unrealistic obligations which would compromise both their independence and their dignity. is clearly intended to hint at the problem of climate change

Is it? It doesn't seem like it to me William M. Connolley 19:52, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Nearly every word in this article is wrong!
I am speechless. This article is a total climate denial pamphlet that is almost completely without sources and changed this famous propaganda piece, constructed by some of the fiercest merchants of doubt, to a appeal for better science. In fact, it was a means to attack science, pushed by peaple like Singer, conservative think tanks of the denial industry and tobbaco industry, to push the sound science narrative (i.e. industry funded anti-science is good, peer-reviewed environmental science is bad). I will delete nearly everything of this (this cannot be saved, as it is pure propaganda from the same organisations) and write a short stub, based on real science. I am no one ho deletes whole articles, but here it is the only solution. Andol (talk) 19:21, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heidelberg Appeal


text:
User:Thidp

Coming Soon

title: User:Thidp


text:
Louise Hardy

Louise Frances Hardy (née MacKinnon) (born November 30, 1959) is a Canadian politician. Hardy was a New Democratic Party Member of Parliament for the riding of Yukon from 1997 to 2000. She was a critic for Human Rights, Housing, Citizenship and Immigration, Indian Affairs and Northern Development.

Born in Whitehorse, she was the Yukon's only federal MP so far to have been born in the territory.

She graduated from Yukon College with a diploma in Social Work. She is widowed from Todd Hardy, former leader of the Yukon New Democratic Party.

title: Louise Hardy


text:
Food bank

A food bank is a non-profit, charitable organization that distributes food to those who have difficulty purchasing enough to avoid hunger, usually through intermediaries like food pantries and soup kitchens. Some food banks distribute food directly with their food pantries.

St. Mary's Food Bank was the world's first food bank, established in the US in 1967. Since then, many thousands have been set up all over the world. In Europe, their numbers grew rapidly after the global increase in the price of food which began in late 2006, and especially after the financial crisis of 2007–2008 began to worsen economic conditions for those on low incomes. Likewise, the inflation and economic crisis of the 2020s has exponentially driven low and even some middle income class consumers to at least partially get their food

The growth of food banks has been welcomed by commentators who see them as examples of active, caring citizenship. Other academics and commentators have expressed concern that the rise of food banks may erode political support for welfare provision. Researchers have reported that in some cases food banks can be inefficient compared with state-run welfare.

Operational models

With thousands of food banks operating around the world, there are many different models.

A major distinction between food banks is whether or not they operate on the "front line" model, giving out food directly to the hungry, or whether they operate with the "warehouse" model, supplying food to intermediaries like food pantries, soup kitchens and other front-line organizations. In the US, Australia and to an extent in Canada, the standard model is for food banks to act as warehouses rather than as suppliers to the end user, though there are exceptions. In other countries, food banks usually hand out food parcels direct to hungry people, providing the service that in the US is offered by food pantries.

Another distinction is between the charity model and the labor union model. At least in Canada and the US, food banks run by charities often place relatively more weight on the salvaging of food that would otherwise go to waste, and on encouraging voluntarism, whereas those run by unions can place greater emphasis on feeding the hungry by any means available, on providing work for the unemployed, and on education, especially on explaining to users their civil rights.

In the US, cities will often have a single food bank that acts as a centralized warehouse and will serve several hundred front-line agencies. Like a blood bank, that warehouse serves as a single collection and distribution point for food donations. A food bank operates a lot like a for-profit food distributor, but in this case, it distributes food to charities, not to food retailers. There is often no charge to the charities, but some food banks do charge a small "shared maintenance" fee to help defray the cost of storage and distribution.

For many US food banks, most of their donated food comes from food left over from the normal processes of for-profit companies. It can come from any part of the food chain, e.g. from growers who have produced too much or whose food is not sufficiently visually appealing; from manufacturers who overproduced; or from retailers who over-ordered. Often the product is approaching or past its "sell by" date. In such cases, the food bank liaises with the food industry and with regulators to make sure the food is safe and legal to distribute and eat.

Other sources of food include the general public, sometimes in the form of "food drives", and government programs that buy and distribute excess farm products mostly to help support higher commodity prices. Food banks can also buy food either at market prices or from wholesalers and retailers at discounted prices, often at a cost. Sometimes farmers will allow food banks to send gleaners to salvage leftover crops for free once their primary harvest is complete. A few food banks have even taken over their farms, though such initiatives have not always been successful.

Many food banks do not accept fresh produce, preferring canned or packaged food due to health and safety concerns, though some have tried to change this as part of a growing worldwide awareness of the importance of nutrition. As an example, in 2012, London Food Bank (Canada) started accepting perishable food, reporting that as well as the obvious health benefits, there were noticeable emotional benefits to recipients when they were given fresh food.

Summer can be a challenging time for food banks, particularly in regions where school children are usually given regular free meals during term time. Spikes in demand can coincide with periods where donations fall due to folk being on holiday.

History
The world's first food bank was St. Mary's Food Bank in Phoenix, Arizona, founded by John van Hengel in 1967. According to sociology professor Janet Poppendieck, the hunger within the US was widely considered to be a solved problem until the mid-1960s. By the mid-sixties, several states had ended the free distribution of federal food surpluses, instead providing an early form of food stamps which had the benefit of allowing recipients to choose food of their liking, rather than having to accept whatever happened to be in surplus at the time. However, there was a minimum charge and some people could not afford the stamps, leading to severe hunger.

One response from American society to the rediscovery of hunger was to step up the support provided by soup kitchens and similar civil society food relief agencies – some of these dated back to the Great Depression and earlier. In 1965, while volunteering for a community dining room, van Hengel learned that grocery stores often had to throw away food that had damaged packaging or was near expiration. He started collecting that food for the dining room but soon had too much for that one program. He thought of creating a central location from which any agency can receive donations. Described as a classic case of "if you build it they will come", the first food bank was created with the help of St. Mary's Basilica, which became the namesake of the organization.

Food banks spread across the United States, and Canada. By 1976, van Hengel had established the organization known today as Feeding America. As of the early 21st century, their network of over 200 food banks provides support for 90,000 projects. Other large networks exist such as AmpleHarvest.org, created by CNN Hero and World Food Prize nominee Gary Oppenheimer which lists nearly 9,000 food pantries (1 out of every 4 in America) across all 50 states that are eager to receive surplus locally grown garden produce from any of America's 62 million home or community gardeners.

In the 1980s, U.S. food banks began to grow rapidly. A second response to the "rediscovery" of hunger in the mid-sixties had been extensive lobbying of politicians to improve welfare. Until the 1980s, this approach had a greater impact. In the 1970s, U.S. Federal expenditure on hunger relief grew by about 500%, with food stamps distributed free of charge to those in greatest need. According to Poppendieck, welfare was widely considered preferable to grassroots efforts, as the latter could be unreliable and did not give recipients consumer-style choice in the same way as did food stamps. It also risked recipients feeling humiliated by having to turn to charity. In the early 1980s, Ronald Reagan's administration scaled back welfare provision, leading to a rapid rise in activity from grassroots hunger relief agencies. According to a comprehensive government survey completed in 2002, over 90% of food banks were established in the US after 1981. Poppendieck says that for the first few years after the change, there was vigorous opposition from the left, who argued that state welfare was much more suitable for meeting recipients needs. But in the decades that followed, food banks have become an accepted part of America's response to hunger. Demand for the services of US food banks increased further in the late 1990s, after the "end of welfare as we know it" with Bill Clinton's Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act.

In Canada, foodbanks underwent a period of rapid growth after the cutbacks in welfare that took place in the mid-1990s. As early as the 1980s, food banks had also begun to spread from the United States to the rest of the world. The first European food bank was founded in France in 1984. In the 1990s and early 2000s, food banks were established in South America, Africa, and Asia, in several cases with van Hengel acting as a consultant. In 2007, The Global Food Banking Network was formed.

Food aid for pets
Some U.S. cities have organizations that provide dog and cat food for pets whose owners qualify for food assistance. For example, Daffy's Pet Soup Kitchen in Lawrenceville, Georgia is considered the largest pet food aid agency in Georgia, distributing over 800,000 pounds of dog and cat food in 2012. Daffy's Pet Soup Kitchen was started in 1997 by Tom Wargo, a repairman who was working in an elderly woman's home when he noticed her sharing her Meals On Wheels lunch with her pet cat because she could not afford cat food. Daffy's was one of seven non-profit organizations recognized by Barefoot Wine in 2013 through a $10,000 donation and by being featured on labels of the vintner's Impression Red Blend wines. Pet Buddies Food Pantry in Atlanta, Georgia is another example of an establishment that provides food aid for pets. The St. Augustine Humane Society in St. Augustine, Florida, distributes over 1,600 pounds of pet food each month to families who are experiencing economic hardship and cannot afford to feed their pets.

Food pantries for students
The college and University Food Bank Alliance, which was formed in 2012, has 570 campus food pantries nationwide. On-campus food pantries were available at 70% of State University of New York locations by 2019.

After the 2007 financial crisis
Following the financial crisis of 2007–08, and the lasting inflation in the price of food that began in late 2006, there has been a further increase in the number of individuals requesting help from American and Canadian food banks. By 2012, according to Food Banks Canada, over 850,000 Canadians needed help from a food bank each month. For the United States, Gleaners Indiana Food bank reported in 2012 that there were then 50 million Americans struggling with food insecurity (about 1 in 6 of the population), with the number of individuals seeking help from food banks having increased by 46% since 2005. According to a 2012 UCLA Center for Health Policy Research study, there has been a 40% increase in demand for Californian food banks since 2008, with married couples who both work sometimes requiring the aid of food banks. Dave Krepcho, Director of the Second Harvest Food Bank in Orlando, has said that college-educated professional couples have begun to turn to food pantries.

By mid-2012, US food banks had expressed concerns about the expected difficulty in feeding the hungry over the coming months. Rapidly rising demand has been coinciding with higher food prices and with a decrease in donations, partly as the food industry is becoming more efficient and so has less mislabelled and other slightly defective food to give away. Also, there has been less surplus federal food on offer. Additionally, there have been recent decreases in government funding, and Congress has been debating possible further cuts, including potentially billions of dollars from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (food stamp program). In September 2012, Feeding America launched Hunger Action Month, with events planned all over the nation. Food banks and other agencies involved hoped to raise awareness that about one in six Americans are struggling with hunger and to get more Americans involved in helping out.

Food banks and COVID-19
The COVID-19 outbreak impacted European food banks since value chains were notably disrupted and food banks lacked the support of volunteers. Compared to 2019, the amount of food distributed increased in 2020. Possibly through an increase in people in need. At the same time, the deliveries of shelf-stable food decreased by 20% due to panic shopping/Hoarding, especially at the beginning of the crisis.

Europe
The first European food bank was opened in France in 1984. The first food bank in Italy was established in 1989. Similar to the UK's experience, food banks have become much more common across continental Europe since the crisis that began in 2008.

In Spain, food banks can operate on the warehouse model, supplying a network of surrounding soup kitchens and other food relief agencies. The helped to feed about 800,000 people during 2008–11, according to the Carrefour Foundation. By October 2014, Spain had 55 food banks in total, with the number who depend on them having increased to 1.5 million.

In Belgium, food banks helped about 121,000 people in 2012. That was an increase of about 4,500 compared with 2011, the biggest increase since the start of the 2008 crisis. Belgian food banks account for about 65% of all food aid given out within the country.

The number of food banks has increased rapidly in Germany, a country that weathered the crisis relatively well, and did not implement severe austerity measures. In 2012, professor Sabine Pfeiffer of Munich University of Applied Sciences said there has been an "explosion" of food bank usage.

European Union programs
While many European food banks have long been run by civil society with no government assistance, an EU-funded project, the Most deprived persons program (MDP), had specialized in supplying food to marginalized people who are not covered by the benefits system and who were in some cases reluctant to approach the more formal food banks. The program involved the EU buying surplus agricultural products, which were then distributed to the poor largely by Catholic churches. The MDP was wound down in late 2013 and was replaced by the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD), which is set to run until at least 2020. The FEAD program has a wider scope than the MDP, helping deprived people not just with food aid, but with social inclusion projects and housing. The actual methods employed by FEAD tend to vary from country to country, but in several EU states, such as Poland, its activities include helping to fund local food bank networks.

United Kingdom
In 2022 there were over 2,572 UK food banks in the UK.

Professor Jon May, of Queen Mary University of London and the Independent Food Aid Network said statistics showed a rapid rise in several food banks during the last five years. "There are now food banks in almost every community, from the East End of London to the Cotswolds. The spread of food banks maps growing problems of poverty across the UK, but also the growing drive among many thousands of people across the country to try and do something about those problems."

Though food banks were rarely seen in the UK in the second half of the twentieth century, their use has started to grow, especially in the 2000s, and have since dramatically expanded. The increase in the dependency on food banks has been blamed by some, such as Guardian columnist George Monbiot, on the 2008 recession and the Conservative government's austerity policies. These policies included cuts to the welfare state and caps on the total amount of welfare support that a family can claim. The OECD found that people answered yes to the question 'Have there been times in the past 12 months when you did not have enough money to buy food that you or your family needed?' It decreased from 9.8% in 2007 to 8.1% in 2012, with Spectator editor Toby Young speculating in 2015 that the initial rise was due to both more awareness of food banks, and Jobcentres referring people to food banks when they were hungry.

Rachel Loopstra, lecturer on nutrition at King's College London and food insecurity expert, said: "Recent national survey data suggests that 8% of adults experienced not having enough money for food over 2016 – this figure is likely to be many times more than the number helped by food banks. We need ongoing national survey monitoring to understand the scale of food insecurity, who is at risk, and the implications for child and adult health and wellbeing."

Those who are short of food are likely to frequently also be short of other essential products, like shampoo and basic hygiene products (e.g. soap, toilet rolls and sanitary products). Some people must choose between buying food and buying basic toiletries.

As of January 2014, the largest group co-ordinating UK food banks was The Trussell Trust, a Christian charity based organization in Salisbury. About 43% of the UK's food banks were run by Trussell, about 20% by smaller church networks such as Besom and Basic, about 31% were independent, and about 4% were run by secular food bank networks such as Fare Share and Food Cycle.

Before the 2008 credit crunch, food banks were "almost unheard of" in the UK. In 2004, Trussell only ran two food banks. In 2011, about one new food bank was being opened per week. In 2012, the Trussell Trust reported that the rate of new openings had increased to three per week. In August, the rate of new openings spiked to four per week, with three new food banks being opened in that month for Nottingham alone. In 2022 the number of food banks run by Trussell had risen to over 1,400.

Most UK food banks are hosted by churches in partnership with the wider community. They operate on the "frontline" model, giving out food directly to the hungry. Over 90% of the food given out is donated by the public, including schools, churches, businesses and individuals. The Trussell Trust had aimed to provide short-term support for people whose needs have not yet been addressed by official state welfare provision; those who had been "falling into the cracks in the system". The Trussell franchise has procedures which aim to prevent long-term dependency on their services and to ensure that those in need are referred to qualified outside agencies. The charity suggests that the credit crunch caused an upsurge in the number of people needing emergency food.

Since 2010, demand for food banks continued to increase, and at a more rapid rate, partly as austerity began to take effect, and partly as those on low incomes began to draw down savings and run out of friends of whom they were willing to ask for help. Unlike soup kitchens, most, but not all UK food banks are unable to help people who come in off the street without a referral – instead, they operate with a referral system. Vouchers are handed out to those in need by various sorts of frontline care professionals, such as social workers, health visitors, Citizens Advice Bureaux, Jobcentres and housing officials. The voucher can typically be exchanged at the food bank for a package of food sufficient to last three days. The year to April 2013 saw close to 350,000 referrals to Trussell Trust foodbanks, more than double the amount from the previous year.

Several food banks have been set up outside of the Trussell system, some faith-based, others secular in part as they do not like having to turn away people without referrals, although Trussell Trust food banks do help clients in need without vouchers to get one as quickly as possible. There is also FareShare, a London-based charity which operates some nineteen depots on the American-style warehouse model. Rather than giving out food directly to individuals, FareShare distributes food to over 700 smaller agencies, mainly smaller independent operations like soup kitchens and breakfast clubs. Great emphasis is placed on reducing food waste as well as relieving food poverty. Fareshare operates on a business basis, employing several Managers to oversee operations alongside their army of volunteers. Employee costs constituted over 50% of their expenditure in both 2011 and 2012.

People who turn to food banks are typically grateful both for the food and for the warmth and kindness they receive from the volunteers. However, sometimes food banks have run out of supplies by the time they arrive. Some find it humiliating to have to ask for food, and the packages they receive do not always seem nutritious. Some food banks have tried to respond with innovative programs; London Street Food bank for example began asking donors to send in supermarket vouchers so that those they serve will be able to choose food that best meets their nutritional needs.

The Trussell Trust revealed a 47% increase in several three-day emergency supplies provided by their food banks in December 2016 compared to the monthly average for the 2016–17 financial year. Public donations in December 2016 meant foodbanks met the increased need in that month, but donations in January, February and March 2017 all fell below the monthly average of 931 tonnes for the 2016-17 financial year.

Although going for a few years by various small charities around the world, 2017 saw a significant increase in media coverage and take up of the reverse advent calendar. The UK Money bloggers campaign encouraging the public to give something to a food bank every day for 25 days was covered by The Mirror, The Guardian and others. Emma Revie of the Trussell Trust said, "for too many people, staying above water is a daily struggle".

Food bank use has increased since Universal Credit was implemented as part of the Welfare Reform Act 2012. Delays in providing the first payment force claimants to use food banks, also Universal Credit does not provide enough to cover basic living expenses. Claiming Universal Credit is complex and the system is hard to navigate, many claimants cannot afford internet access and cannot access online help with claiming. A report by the Trussell Trust says: "Rather than acting as a service to ensure people do not face destitution, the evidence suggests that for people on the very lowest incomes … the poor functioning of universal credit can actually push people into a tide of bills, debts and, ultimately, lead them to a food bank. People are falling through the cracks in a system not made to hold them. What little support available is primarily offered by the third sector, whose work is laudable, but cannot be a substitute for a real, nationwide safety net."

UK food banks appealed for volunteers and supplies, fearing an increase in demand for food as Universal Credit was rolled out further.

UK food bank users
According to a May 2013 report by Oxfam and Church Action on Poverty, about half a million Britons had used food banks. The Trussell Trust reports that their food banks alone helped feed 346,992 people in 2012–13. Numbers using food banks more than doubled during the period 2012–13. "Foodbanks help prevent crime, housing loss, family breakdown and mental health problems." Reasons why people have difficulty getting enough to eat include redundancy, sickness, delays over receiving benefits, domestic violence, family breakdown, debt, and additional fuel costs in winter. Some clients of foodbanks are at work but cannot afford everything they need due to low pay.

Close to half of those needing to use food banks have had issues with their benefit payments. Sanctioning benefits was the single most frequent reason for food bank referrals and there has been criticism over sanctions being imposed for allegedly spurious reasons.

A joint report from the Trussell Trust, the Church of England, and the charities Oxfam and Child Poverty Action Group found that food bank users were more likely to live in rented accommodation, be single adults or lone parents, be unemployed, and have experienced a "sanction", where their unemployment benefits were cut for at least one month

Delays in payment of housing benefit, disability benefit and other benefits and general bureaucratic issues with benefits can force people to use food banks. Many further people who need food banks have low-income jobs but struggle to afford food after making debt repayments and all other expenses. Low-paid workers, part-time workers and those with zero-hour contracts are particularly vulnerable to financial crisis and sometimes need the assistance of food banks. As had been predicted, demand for food banks further increased after cuts to welfare came into effect in April 2013, which included the abolition of Crisis loans. In April 2014, Trussell reported that they had handed out 913,000 food parcels in the last year, up from 347,000 the year before. Several councils have begun looking at funding food banks to increase their capability, as cuts to their budgets mean they will be less able to help vulnerable people directly.

Sabine Goodwin, an Independent Food Aid Network researcher, said most food bank workers reported increasing demand for food aid.

"Many feel they are firefighting, finding a way to deal with the logistics of feeding more and more people, with no time to advocate for changes that would eradicate the need for food banks in the first place."

UK government
According to an all-party parliamentary report released in December 2014, key reasons for the increased demand for UK foodbanks are delays in paying benefits, welfare sanctions, and the recent reversal of the post-WWII trend for poor people's incomes to rise above or in line with increased costs for housing, utility bills and food.

In 2013, the UK Government blocked a £22,000,000 European Union fund to help finance food banks in the UK. This disappointed Labour MEP, Richard Howitt, who assisted in negotiating the fund. Howitt stated: "It is very sad that our government is opposing this much-needed help for foodbanks on the basis that it is a national responsibility, when in reality it has no intention of providing the help itself. The only conclusion is that Conservative anti-European ideology is being put before the needs of the most destitute and deprived in our society."

Haroon Siddiqui said that the rise in food bank use coincided with the imposition of austerity and feels the government is reluctant to admit the obvious link. Siddiqui said that during the 2017 general election campaign, Conservative Prime Minister, Theresa May was asked about even nurses (then subject to a 1% annual pay freeze) using food banks and May merely replied,

"There are many complex reasons why people go to food banks." Siddiqui wrote further, "(...) the reasons people turn to food banks are quite plain (and there have been studies that support them). The Trussell Trust, the UK's biggest food bank network, has said that they help people with "nowhere else to turn". Earlier [in 2018] it said that food banks in areas where the full Universal Credit service had been in place for 12 months or more were four times as busy.

Then-UK Prime Minister David Cameron said in the House of Commons in 2012 that he welcomed the efforts of food banks. Caroline Spelman, his Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, has described food banks as an "excellent example" of active citizenship. Labour MP Kate Green has a different view, feeling that the rise of food banks reflects people being let down by the state welfare system, saying: "I feel a real burning anger about them ... People are very distressed at having to ask for food; it's humiliating and distressing." Cookery writer and poverty campaigner Jack Monroe wrote that those referred to food banks or given vouchers were "the lucky ones with a good doctor or health visitor who knows us well enough to recognize that something has gone seriously wrong" and expressed concern for those who lack this support.

Food banks need extra donations during the summer holidays because school children do not receive free school meals during that time.

Germany
As of 2013, there were over 900 food banks in Germany, up from just 1 in 1993. In 2014, 1.5 million people a week used food banks in Germany.

France
In total, around 3.5 million people rely on food banks in France. One provider, the Banque Alimentaire has over 100 branches in France, serving 200 a million meals a year to 1.85  million people.

Asia
Several Asian places have begun to use food banks; these include Nepal, South Korea, Japan and Taiwan.

Hong Kong
The first food bank in Hong Kong is Feeding Hong Kong, which was founded in 2009. Food Angel is also a food bank in Hong Kong as well as the Foodlink Foundation.

Japan
According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan, the number of such organizations stood at 178 in the FY2022 through March, marking a significant increase from the 120 seen two years earlier. As of 2022, there was at least one food bank organization in every prefecture in Japan. The importance of food banks has become more recognized during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Africa
The Egyptian Food Bank was established in Cairo in 2006, and less than ten years later, food banks run on similar principles spread to other Arab countries in North Africa and the Middle East.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, there are charity-run food banks that operate on a semi-commercial system that differs from both the more common "warehouse" and "frontline" models. In some rural LDCs such as Malawi, food is often relatively cheap and plentiful for the first few months after the harvest but then becomes more and more expensive. Food banks in those areas can buy large amounts of food shortly after the harvest, and then as food prices start to rise, they sell it back to local people throughout the year at well below market prices. Such food banks will sometimes also act as centres to provide smallholders and subsistence farmers with various forms of support.

Formed in 2009, Food Bank South Africa (Food Bank SA) is South Africa's national food banking network and a member of The Global Food Banking Network.

Worldwide
Since the 1980s food banking has spread around the world. There are over 40 countries and regions with active food bank groups under the umbrella of The Global Food Banking Network. Countries and regions in the international network include Australia, Israel, Turkey, Russia, India, Taiwan, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Guatemala, South Africa, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and the UK. There are also several countries with food banks which have not yet joined the network, either because they do not yet meet the required criteria or they have not applied.

Climate change
Food banking and related models have been proposed as a key solution to the reduction greenhouse gas emissions. Around 8% of total emissions are due to food loss and waste. Through food rescue programs, food banks help reduce emissions by ensuring the productive use of energy involved in the production of food and by diverting food away from landfills, where it would have spoiled and generated methane and other greenhouse gasses. One estimate puts the greenhouse gas avoidance from food banks at more than 1.7 million tons in 2021.

Reactions and concerns
The rise of food banks has been "broadly welcomed". For it is said that "not only do they provide a solution to the problem of hunger that does not require resources from the state", but they can be viewed "as evidence of increasing community spirit and of active, caring citizenship". In the UK for example, Patrick Butler, society editor for The Guardian, has said that:

"Many politicians and campaigners are fascinated by the possibilities of food banks. After the initial shock that "things have come to this" there is, on the left of the political spectrum, a nervous excitement about the potential for community self-help. On the right, there is outright enthusiasm for what is seen as "big society" welfare in its purest form."

There has also been concern expressed about food banks by some researchers and politicians. Drawing on the United States's experience after the rapid rise of food banks in the 1980s, American Sociology Professor Janet Poppendieck warned that the rise of food banks can contribute to the long-term erosion of human rights and support for welfare systems. Once food banks become well established, it can be politically impossible to return responsibility for meeting the needs of hungry people to the state.

Poppendieck says that the logistics of running food banks can be so demanding that they prevent kind-hearted people from having time to participate in public policy advocacy; yet she also says if they can be encouraged to lobby politicians for long-term changes, that would help those on a low income. They often have considerable credibility with legislators. As of 2012, senior US food bank staff members have "expressed a preference" to remain politically neutral/refused to take a stand, which political activists have suggested may relate to their sources of funding/political pressure.

The emergence of "Little Free Food Pantries" and "Blessing Boxes", modelled on the "Little Free Libraries" boxes, has been criticized as feel-good local philanthropy which is too small to make a significant impact on hunger, for its lack of access to fresh foods, for food safety concerns, and as a public relations effort by Tyson Foods, which seeks to cut federal SNAP food assistance in the US.

Rachel Loopstra from University of Toronto has said food banks are often inefficient, unreliable and unable to supply nutritional food. She said a survey in Toronto found that only 1 in 5 families suffering from food insecurity would turn to food banks, in part because there is a stigma associated with having to do so. Elizabeth Dowler, Professor of Food & Social Policy at Warwick University, said that most British people prefer the state to take responsibility for helping the hungry. Hannah Lambie-Mumford, from Sheffield University, echoed the view that some users of food banks find having to ask for food humiliating, and also that food bank volunteers should be encouraged to advocate for long-term solutions to the underlying causes of poverty and hunger.

Olivier De Schutter, a senior United Nations official charged with ensuring governments honour their obligation to safeguard their citizens right to food, has expressed alarm at the rise of food banks. He has reminded the governments of the advanced economies in Europe and Canada that they have a "duty to protect" their citizens from hunger, and suggested that leaving such an obligation to food banks may be an abuse of human rights.

Other criticism expresses alarm at "transnational corporate food banking which construct[s] domestic hunger as a matter for charity, thereby allowing indifferent and austerity-minded governments to ignore increasing poverty and food insecurity and their moral, legal and political obligations, under international law, to realize the right to food."

title: Food bank


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/GerardM

Speedying this RfC because it's been withdrawn. If anyone wants to keep it, please say. I won't oppose. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:03, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Please keep this. I am astonished that this thing exists at all. I found this today by accident, I have just read it. I had not been informed of its existence. Deleting this RfC now, is given that this issue has not gone away, a bad idea because it clearly illustrates how this issue has been handled.

 * It is more appropriate to remove it when there has been a month of quit over this issue. GerardM 06:34, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Jguk/admin criterion

With all due respect, I think this is absurd. Writing featured articles is good, but it does not meaningfully connect with the responsibilities of being an admin. Snowspinner 16:03, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it's a good idea. I've nominated two articles for featured-article status, one successful and one not, and emerged from the process both times battered, bruised, and exhausted, but both experiences were extremely helpful in teaching me how to write better articles, and in showing what the community expects. I feel this does connect with the responsibilities of adminship: admins who know how to write good encyclopedia articles will be better at empathizing with others who are trying to do the same. I would perhaps weaken the criterion a little to say that an admin must have helped to nominate an article for FAS, but need not have succeeded: if success is the criterion, people trying to stop that person becoming an admin might vote against the article for that reason alone, which would interfere with the FAS process. SlimVirgin 18:01, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid that I tend to agree with Snowspinner on this. SlimVirgin's modification is an improvement, but it's not clear to me that featured articles are at all central to Wikipedia (to be honest, in all the time that I've used and edited Wikipedia – the latter only about three or four months, but the former much longer – I've never looked at a featured article), nor do I have the slightest interest in creating or nominating one.  My interest is in making Wikipedia a good, accurate, readable encyclopædia; in so far as the business of featured articles coincides with that, then fine (I'm not against them, just not interested).  If someone held my view, would that really make them unfit for adminship? Having said all that, it's unlikely that I'd be nominated for adminship, nor do I intend nominating myself, so you might find my comments irrelevant. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:25, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not the featured status of the featured articles that matters here. It's that those articles are meant to be examples of what all Wikipedia articles should be: well written, accurate, well-referenced, and aesthetically pleasing. I'd say that it's better to have admins who can do this than to have admins who can't, given that we're producing an encyclopedia, and given that any enforcement of rules should be to that end. The most efficient way to judge whether an admin can do that is to find out whether they have, in fact, done it; and the most efficient way to judge whether they have done it is to see whether they've put an article through the featured-article process, where there are editors who have experience in judging quality from different perspectives e.g. image-use, use of references, narrative structure. In other words, the featured-article criterion would simply be a short-cut way of judging whether the admin can do what we're all supposed to be trying to do. SlimVirgin 18:52, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * But this is an example of a standard fallacy (at least, in Jguk's formulation). It's the same logical form as:

 * Communists believe in equality
 * You believe in equality Therefore
 * You're a communist.

 * That is, it moves from saying:
 * everyone with one quality (being a communist or bringing an article to featured status) has a second quality (believing in equality, or having the qualities needed for a good admin)
 * to saying:
 * only people with the first quality have the second.

 * If the business about featured articles were taken to be just one indicator of admin-worthiness, then fine (though I'd still deny that it was a sufficient condition), but to take it as a necessary condition is surely misguided. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:24, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hard to count the suppressed premises and begged questions. ;-) What I'm saying is that everyone who has taken an article through FAS is likely to have one quality that I regard as a necessary condition, namely that they can write good encyclopedia articles. As we're writing an encyclopedia, that for me is the most important quality in any editor allowed to enforce rules. It's not a sufficient condition because people who write good articles might still be shits, so other criteria are needed. (Side note: people who genuinely believe in equality arguably wouldn't want to become admins.) As Jguk says, there are already a lot of admins (I read somewhere there are 400), so we can afford to be picky; yet some of those who are nominated have done little more than thousands of minor house-keeping edits, and they tend to get adminship simply because they've never been involved in controversial articles, and therefore haven't had edit disputes or made enemies. The current process almost rewards a lack of engagement. SlimVirgin 20:22, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments so far - remember this is only one guy's criterion, not a policy proposal. My view is that we have plenty of admins, and so can be picky; and the qualities needed to create a featured article are approximately all the qualities we would want in an admin. It dispenses with the nominations by newbies easily, and has a qualititative approach that those with "edit count" criteria do not have. For good housekeeping editors, they may get one oppose, but that's not a big deal (1) the oppose vote can only be a decider in a close case; and (2) we have plenty of good admins already. But I am reading the comments and will consider some modification of my criterion in the light of them. All the best, jguk 19:51, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I just read this, and realised that under these criteria, I *still* wouldn't be an admin. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  20:04, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm curious about why you think we have plenty of admins, because that's not my impression. What "plenty" means must of course be relative to what is needed, and I feel we need more admins doing RC-patrolling, helping newcomers, vfd'ing, blockings, copy-vio hunting/listing/deleting, spamblocking and all that boring stuff that admins often have better powers/skills for doing. When you go RC-patrolling for instance, do you feel that there are too many people doing it and that you are going in each others way? I certainly rarely notice that. I've been doing lots of it the last months, and sometimes there are so much vandalism needing reverts, fresh users needing attention, people who should have been blocked, images that should have been deleted, etc that I feel bad just going to sleep. Cause I know that chances are nobody will notice the vandalism etc continue. The vandalism in progress page is, of course, useful, but in my experience it takes time to both write the notice and to reach admins that way, simply because there are too few admins watching. The worst periods are when the servers are slow, as they have been lately. Then it seems both admins and none-admins are slacking on the RC-checking and pages stay with vandalism or test-edits for many hours or days until they are randomly discovered on someones watchlist or by a casual reader. It shouldn't be like that, and having more admins would help on the problem. So, I am surprised seeing anyone thinking we have plenty of admins, when I so strongly feel the opposite is the case. Shanes 21:53, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I must admit that I've found the same. The Copyright Violations page is particularly behind; pages that I flagged, and for which users have provided new stubs or even complete articles, are still hanging around as copyvios because no-one's got around to them.  Also, if there were more admins, there'd be less need for making the choice between doing the job properly and actually writing articles. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 23:16, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I'll have to see what to do if a candidate comes along and says, well I'd really like to concentrate on deleting copyright violations. I don't ever recall seeing one personally. Perhaps that's a question to ask the new candidates - whether they'd be willing to deal with the backlog? jguk 00:08, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps that's the problem: people who enjoy doing things like getting articles to Featured status aren't the sort of people who are prepared to spend time on boring admin jobs... Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 00:32, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * More to the point, the "admin" status is best known for the blocking ability and the sexy quick rollback. Maybe we should advertise for those interested in dealing with the nonsexy grunt work? jguk 07:25, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * How about a sub-category of admins? No powers to do the 'sexy' things, but the power to do the tedious chores?  I don't envision people signing up because they're eager to do the work, but a public-spirited user could adopt a particular housekeeping duty (say, dealing with copyvios), and do a few whenever she feels like it. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:12, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I wouldn't mind being one of those maintenance admins. As it is, people make a big deal out of RFA because of the suspicion of ulterior motives. What are the most controversial actions that an admin takes? Blocking. Blocking often involves a subjective judgment of whether someone is acting in bad faith. VFD, copyvio maintenance, etc. involve more objective decisions, and there is probably a larger number of Wikipedians who can be trusted with those powers. Rad Racer 23:29, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm going to have to disagree with this policy. There are many types of contributors on Wikipedia (WikiGnomes, for example) who do a lot of responsible hard work, and could use more powerful tools to do their jobs. -- Phyzome is Tim McCormack 02:24, 2005 Mar 24 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comment. However, I am not proposing it as a Wikipedia, just a personal policy - and it's one I adopt in knowledge that my one vote can only swing things if the decision to make someone an admin is marginal, jguk 06:21, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm with Phyzome in that I think it's silly to be judged by criteria which, even if I were to seek becoming an admin, I wouldn't even be shooting for. (I also agree with Snowspinner in that your criterion has nothing to do with admin responsibilities.) Don't get me wrong, I don't mind at all your vote to oppose me, it's just that I didn't notice your policy until now. But, I mean, it's kind of hard to conform to a standard I didn't even know about, yeah? Basically your voting, whatever the reasoning behind it is, amounts to "if you don't help make a featured article, you shouldn't be an admin", which surely isn't what you mean? - furrykef (Talk at me) 08:37, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

RFA and FAC
I've been thinking, applying for adminship is a lot like submitting a featured article candidate. Both require significant preparation, both are decided by vote, both allow for resubmission later, and the standards for both are continually rising. The only difference is that for RFA, there's no opportunity for peer review before applying, so people stumble into it without realizing that leaving off the edit histories for the past 1,000 edits probably hurt their chances. Rad Racer 13:46, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Ambiguities
I think before you start putting your admin criteria into effect (which you've already prematurely started doing) you should iron out a lot of ambiguities in your requirements. Your only criteria right now is "The candidate must have helped get at least one article up to featured article status." Now what exactly do you mean by "helped get"? Does that mean if one makes a minor spelling edit to an article at any point in time and that article eventually gets featured article status, then they reach your criteria? If not, where do you draw the line at how much work someone has to do? At least 100 words added? At least five edits? It's amazing to me you're not clear at all on this. What if I have 50 articles that I made that come very close to featured article status but none make it? That's more FA experience than most will ever get. Will you deny that person admin status? What if a person put forth extensive effort to get an article to featured article status but never say so on their user page. Do you have a method to check this? Do you ask the user? What if that user did on another user name they used to have? How will you know? What if a user, who has not contributed to a featured article yet, has a page being voted on for featured article status but they are also being voted for admin, how will you vote? These a just a few of the things that need to be specified since you do not explicitly go into detail about how you decide whether or not someone meets your criteria. — oo64eva (AJ) (U @ 17:12, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Why is one who doesn't meet your criterion unfit?
You have on this page argued for why you think that a person who helps in producing a featured article is fit for adminship. Can you also explain why you think that a person who has not aided in producing a featured article is unfit for adminship? An oppose vote is quite powerful, since it cancels out four support votes, and such votes should not be cast lightly. Sjakkalle (Check!)  12:51, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I think we have more than enough admins (at least enough for us to be a little picky). I have also seen some (a small number of) admins who are clearly not really suited to the role, and yet they are effectively impossible to remove. It's therefore fair to have criteria that err slightly on the side of caution and therefore my criterion is such that I feel it will all but guarantee that we get sensible admins. Without some content rules it is possible for someone to hang around for three months, make 3,000 really minor and insignificant edits, and suddenly have the power to block and quick-revert good article-writing admins. Kind regards, jguk 13:00, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for answering. I don't agree with you, but at least you've explained. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:05, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I like this
I have to say, your rationale as to why this criterion exists is fantastic. I don't feel it addresses everything, but I believe it's certainly one of the most important factors involved. Having contributed to five Featured articles, three passes and two failures, I can say that out of the other end of each, there's not simply a sense of endorsement (which isn't a good thing for an admin, as humility is required in any role of authority) but there's truly a depth of greater knowledge and understanding of the policies, people and their respective expectations. -- linca linca  13:18, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jguk/admin criterion


text:
File:Low (album).jpg

Summary

 * Description: Cover of Low by David Bowie.
 * Source: From Amazon.com

title: File:Low (album).jpg


text:
Granger Laws

The Granger Laws were a series of laws passed in several midwestern states of the United States, namely Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, in the late 1860s and early 1870s. The Granger Laws were promoted primarily by a group of farmers known as The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. The main goal of the Granger was to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies after the American Civil War. The laws, which upset major railroad companies, were a topic of much debate at the time and ended up leading to several important court cases, such as Munn v. Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois.

The railroads targeted by these laws, such as the Rock Island, Chicago & North Western, and the Milwaukee Road, are sometimes called "granger railroads."

The effects of the Granger Laws
Certain aspects of the Granger Laws varied from state to state, but all of the involved states shared the same intent: to make pricing of railroad rates more favorable to farmers, small rural farmers in particular, in the states. This common aspiration was a result of the laws being promoted heavily in state politics by the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (Grange). The Grange was an organization of farmers that stretched throughout the Midwestern United States and filtered into the Southern United States. Despite the highest proportion of its members being in Kansas and Nebraska, the Grange were most effective in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, where the Granger laws were eventually passed. The two Granger laws that became the best-known were those passed in Illinois and Wisconsin.

The Illinois Granger Laws
The Illinois granger laws focused primarily on eliminating the discrimination between long- and short-haul rates of railroads and regulating the maximum price charged by grain storage facilities. The farmers of the Illinois Grange wanted this because smaller rural farmers who tended to ship more locally were being charged such high rates that they were having a difficult time staying in business and making a profit. The Illinois granger laws led to several important court cases, two of which were Munn v. Illinois and the Wabash Case.

Munn v. Illinois
In 1877, a grain storage company, Munn and Scott, was found guilty for violating the Illinois Granger law, which set a maximum grain storage charge. Following an appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court, which resulted in the affirmation of the law, the case was taken to the U.S. Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court then ruled that because the company was in a business that affected the public interest, the government could in fact regulate the company. This ruling also applied to railroads, as railroad companies were deemed private companies serving the public interest. Thus the Munn v. Illinois case set the precedent that regulating both grain elevator rates and railroad rates was within the bounds of the Constitution.

Wabash v. Illinois
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois involved a railroad company, Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Company, serving the upper Midwest and the state of Illinois, which in 1886 resulted in the overturning of Munn v. Illinois. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1886 that Illinois’ granger laws were unconstitutional because they attempted to control interstate commerce, which had been deemed a responsibility of the federal government by Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). Following the Wabash Case, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, the first federal regulation of business in the United States. This act forced railroad companies to publish their rates with the government and banned railroads from charging different rates for short and long hauls. This 1887 act also created the Interstate Commerce Commission, which regulated the rates of railroads and ensured the rates remained “reasonable and just”.

Wisconsin’s Potter Law
Wisconsin’s granger laws were among, if not the, most severe of the four states. While other states such as Illinois implemented a system of price regulation by administrative bodies, Wisconsin adopted a strict legislative regulation policy on rate fixing. The Potter Law brought about this system of price fixing. The rates at which Wisconsin fixed the prices yielded little to no profits for the railroad companies. The fixing of rates led to many negative economic effects for the state. In the second year under the Potter Law, no Wisconsin railroad paid a dividend and only four railroads paid interest on their bonds. This led to a complete halt in railroad construction in the state, as the companies did not believe they would make a profit if they built more lines. In 1876, despite still being within constitutional bounds, the state of Wisconsin repealed the law in attempts to spur economic growth brought about by railroad construction.

Today Wisconsin's railways are administered under the Office of the Commissioner of Railroads.

title: Granger Laws


text:
Talk:George Cardenas

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