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Talk:Republic of Ragusa

Motto
From what I understand, the original motto was in Latin and I don't know Latin, but the motto in Italian would be better translated in English as "Liberty is not to be sold for all the gold in the world".MihaiC (talk) 04:23, 27 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes that's would be a better translation. --Theirrulez (talk) 23:37, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

Article's use of language.
This article needs quite a bit of editing. Parts of it are in terrible English and other parts look like they could have come from Gibbons Decline and fall of the Roman Empire!1812ahill (talk) 22:01, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Wrong Coat of Arms
I remember clearly that the coat of arms on this page was this, this is also the official CoA of Dubrovnik even today and it was shown here as well before someone changed it into current version. First let me start by saying that the current coat of arms is not a historical one. In fact it is a result of a wrong interpretation. It is well sourced that the CoA of the Dubrovnik Republic was the old Hungarian royal CoA (barry of 8 argent and gules - Arpad dynasty CoA with 8 red and white (silver) lines) and that the flag was the one with St.Blasius. It was decreed by law since 1360s when the Dubrovnik Republic accepted suzerainty of the Hungarian (and Croatian king) Louis I, all other symbols were outlawed as in the city and also in the republic as a whole. The change of white lines into blue ones was a wrong interpretation that appeared in later period after the republic was abolished due to CoA's with templates within the white lines (it was common at that time to decorate CoA's with various templates and decorative lines) which turned to blue color due to deterioration of the paper and the ink. These first appeared in around 18th century to emphasize to the silver (white) color. Shokatz (talk) 18:22, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Several Examples: Doors of the Sponza palace (seat of the Republic's govt. till the republic is abolished by Napoleon, CoA preserved in the state archive museum in Dubrovnik , documents of Ragusan consul kept in Portugal (clearly shows red and white lines) , In his book Copioso ristretto degli annali di Rausa (in which he described voting procedure in the republic) Giacomo Di Pietro Luccari (Jakov Lukarić) describes the state emblem/coa of arms of Ragusa (on the voting boxes) as the one of Hungary (page 155), red and white lines . Etc, etc. Shokatz (talk) 23:47, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Seems like you're right. If I recall, I only switched the coa because a couple Italian users complained the old one was unsourced (as it was). One request: please insert the sources so we don't have to go through this again. -- Director  ( talk )  01:57, 23 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Will do. Do I just insert them in the source section of the image? I was actually thinking of maybe even creating/translating the 'Coat of Arms of Dubrovnik Republic' article from Croatian Wikipedia since it is very well written and well sourced. Or maybe to create a subsection on this article? Shokatz (talk) 14:45, 23 July 2013 (UTC)
 * My advice would be to create a Coat of arms of Dubrovnik article, since both the Republic and the modern city apparently use the same coa. In fact, I just created one :). Also created the Flag of Dubrovnik article. -- Director  ( talk )  02:54, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Ah well...since you already created them I will see to expand on those. :) Shokatz (talk) 14:28, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

In European and World History
Removed the section "In European and World History," as its only assertion (that Ragusa was the first nation to recognize US independence) was both not supported by the supplied source (which only says that Ragusa was "among the first") and contradicts the lengthy and well-supported article "US-Morocco relations" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Utuu (talk • contribs) 20:45, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

Republic of Ragusa vs. Republic of Dubrovnik
The latter, surprisingly (at least to me), seems to yield more results on search engines (about twice as many as Republic of Ragusa). Same for scholar.google.com. Does that have any bearing on how this article should be named? The only reason why I even compared the search volumes to begin with is because a user implied, while making a revert on another article on WP (Dalmatia), that "Republic of Dubrovnik" is not how it's called in English and that "Republic of Ragusa" is the proper name. 78.0.192.37 (talk) 15:15, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, I have 18,000 hits for "République de Raguse" and 8,400 hits for "République de Dubrovnik'...--Lubiesque (talk) 15:57, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, but this is about English usage and the English Wikipedia, not about French language. Conventions will obviously differ between languages (with local Slavic terminology not even having a "Republika Raguza" or anything similar). For one, the English Encyclopedia Britannica doesn't seem to have a mention of "Republic of Ragusa" in its article about Dubrovnik, instead it uses "Republic Dubrovnik". 78.0.192.37 (talk) 17:06, 29 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Gbook hits, in this case, is inessential. I don't see a move to "Republic of Dubrovnik" plausible. 21st-century English sources favour Ragusa, while the use of "Republic of Dubrovnik (Ragusa)" and likes is widespread. As per hisorical actuality, "Ragusa" is the name.--Z oupan 17:20, 29 April 2015 (UTC)  Blocked sock:Ajdebre.
 * I stumbled by chance upon this article and discussion. I agree with Zoupan. Ragusa is ubdoubtedly the historical name of the city. All tags and official documents visible in the city and dating before the 1900s refer to it with this name. The name Dubrovnik started appearing on documents and tags in the 20th century, when the Republic was no longer existing. Greetings from Dubrovnik/Ragusa! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.72.96.205 (talk) 22:13, 17 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Being it is an English Wikipedia, English results make more sense than Italian. Seems obvious to me. I think changing to Republic of Dubrovnik or perhaps have it in parentheses makes more sense and is fair. The names Dubrovnik and Ragusa coexisted for centuries. Dubrovnik used since the 12th century. Dubrovnik was a name used for a while before the 20th century by citizens there. They are different names for the same city in different languages. Seems kind of like Croatia/Hrvatska. It confuses people often it is the same country or city. And every language has a different adaptation.74.101.190.2 (talk) 14:40, 3 April 2020 (UTC)

2A02:A455:1506:1:14B6:A995:6A9:BC7 (talk) 13:27, 22 November 2020 (UTC) Is not surprising that these naming discussion are hijacked by political/ethnic agenda: we should, in my view, stick to historical consistence, the article refers to a political and territorial _historical_ entity that does not exists anymore. During the period of its existence the language used for government business was Latin and later Italian and in these languages it was called Ragusa. So also in English “Republic of Ragusa” is the most adequate (for the same reason that today the modern city is called Dubrovnik which is today the most correct). I believe the political bias is excessive in the wiki in Croatian where the historical name is bareley mentioned only at the beginning).(MZ) 2A02:A455:1506:1:14B6:A995:6A9:BC7 (talk) 13:27, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Delete
For other side the Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik was a pan-Serb cultural and political campaign in Dubrovnik active at various periods between the 1830s and the interwar period. The group of local Catholic intellectuals, known as Serb-Catholics, espoused a Serb sentiment, who understood to Dubrovnik as a city historically under Serbian heritage.

Before the fall of the republic, nobody talk about the etnicity, The modern concept of nationality, based on ethnic concepts as language, culture, religion, custom, etc., was developed only in the 19th century. For this reason the attribution of a definite "nationality" or ethnic affiliation to personalities of the previous centuries, living in ethnically mixed regions, is often indeterminable; — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.105.114.171 (talk) 17:56, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

 * "the attribution of a definite "nationality" or ethnic affiliation to personalities of the previous centuries, living in ethnically mixed regions, is often indeterminable" correct, but then why do you want to mention a movement that covered 0,1% od Dubrovnik's population in the late 19th century? That doesn't even relate to this article as this one covers the period of the Republic of Ragusa that lasted until 1807. Tzowu (talk) 18:15, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Yes, this does not even belong to the same period covered by this article. Detoner (talk) 18:11, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

Can I get a list of their rulers?
Do they have their own Wikipedia page? Alexis Ivanov (talk) 10:05, 20 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi Alexis Ivanov, in these cases it always helps to check the Wikipedias in the related languages (i.e. Croatian/Italian here) as well as the major Wikipedias (German, French, Spanish, Russian). The itwiki has a list: . Constantine  ✍  14:59, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much, I forgot to check them. Alexis Ivanov (talk) 23:14, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

IP edits
Regarding this and this, comments are needed on the material. IP initially reverted with "nationalist propaganda" rationale. Then the IP reverted claiming to have read the sources. I'll alert the relevant WikiProjects (those seen at the top of this talk page) to this matter. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 19:37, 25 August 2018 (UTC) From source I believe his edits are correct; although Christianization of the Serbs and the other Slavic tribes also began at this time. should be modified to mention that the southern Slavs were so christianized, not all Slavs. -- Iazyges   Consermonor   Opus meum  00:31, 26 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Quote from source cited within article: "The Serbs and the Slavs of the south were rapidly converted to Orthodox Christianity. The Croats in the north, however, were finally to be won over to the Roman form of the faith by missionaries sent to them by the papacy and the Franks."

 * I'm not familiar with the subject, but if those are the only sources, I would argue against including this text. I would be wary of using only Serbian sources here to back such statements.  Daß    Wölf  18:21, 26 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Iazyges and Daß Wölf, thanks for weighing in. I just wanted more eyes, and especially those more knowledgeable on the topic than me. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 03:37, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

Rampant Croatization of the history of Ragusa
This article, as most of the articles dealing with Istria and Dalmatia, displays a manipulative, one sided, ultra-nationalistic approach by Croatians editors. It is not allowed any attempt to correct blatant lies about circumstances, people and events concerning the history of Ragusa. In the specific, it has been reverted the addition of the corresponding italian names of Ragusan writers who are only described in their croatian version.

This is not congruent with the affirmation:".......Literary works of famous Ragusans were written in both Croatian and Italian...." just above the list of the mentioned writers. If they wrote both in italian and croatian why we should not give also the italian version of their names?

Magnagr (talk) 22:39, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I would urge you to remain civil and assume good faith. The reason you give for adding extra names is not relevant to WP policy nor reasonable -- cf. Franz Kafka who spoke Yiddish as well as German, yet it would add little clarity to include his name in Hebrew script in parentheses wherever he's mentioned. Anyone who's interested in a writer's name in other languages can easily find them at their respective article, if the names in these languages are notable as to be included.  Daß    Wölf  23:44, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

 * No offence, but I don't think yours is an appropriate example.
 * Kafka was a jewish but Prague was not founded and ruled along all its history by jewish. In the Universities of the Austrian empire lessons were not delivered in Yiddish and books were predominantly written in Germans. Jewish were a minority in the Habsburg empire while Italian/Romance/Latin population was not a minority in Ragusa. Surely jewish cultural contribution to Prague was hugely superior to the one given by Croats to Ragusa. The original name and surnames of the Ragusan writers listed in the article were Italians not Croatian.

 * When it was abolished in 1808 by the Napoleonic army, the small but influential and immensely rich maritime republic left a gigantic archive in which all government documents were written first in Latin, then in “vulgar” Italian and finally in modern Italian. In the daily business of the government and in diplomacy (Ragusa had over 80 consulates in every major European and Middle Eastern city), the official language of the small republic was Italian. Furthermore, at one point the Slavic language – spoken by an ever increasing number of immigrants and refugees – was even officially banned by the Ragusan government.

 * The mentioned writers should not even be remembered with the croatian version of their names. Result? I am not even allowed to add their italian original family name.

 * All this boil down to the concepts expressed in my first passage: rarely a reader can come across to such amount of half truths, tendentious presentations, patriotic rhetoric and grotesque nationalistic grandiosity as it happens when dealing with wikipedia articles about Istria and Dalmatia.
 * Magnagr (talk) 04:20, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * You're also not supposed to add (习近平) next to every link to Xi Jinping nor (Kaiser Wilhelm I.) next to every mention of William I, German Emperor. Whose irredenta is to blame for that?  Daß    Wölf  22:51, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I am promoting friendship and mutual understanding among different cultures and my proposal goes in this direction.
 * Romanization of (习近平) in Xi Jinping is like transforming Nikola Nalješković in Niccolò Nale with the difference that the original name of Niccolò Nale was Niccolò Nale and not Nikola Nalješković.
 * If a french guy from Marseille whose name is Julien Martin become bilingual because surrounded by north african immigrants and decide to write some books also in arabic, it does not authorize someone to remember him as Junaid Marwazi instead of Julien Martin.
 * The prevalent culture in Ragusa was italian, attaching only slavic names to people Italian by ethnicity, culture and ancestry is an anomaly and an open provocation.
 * Magnagr (talk) 01:11, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, I don't follow your reasoning. You're saying we need to highlight everywhere that Nale/Nalješković was italianised?
 * I'd also ask that you stop with the insulting insinuations for reasons of civility as well as common sense. Speaking from experience: when you find yourself believing that Wikipedia has conspired against your POV, it often so happens that your POV is not as neutral as you used to think.  Daß    Wölf  17:55, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Xi Jinping name has been used instead of 习近平 because most of humanity does not understand mandarin and use latin alphabet instead of chinese characters.
 * Regarding Niccolò Nale there was no need of translating his name into Nikola Nalješković since pure latin alphabet is better known than Gaj's Latin -official version of croatian alphabet was established in 1830, 22 years after the Republic of Ragusa was abolished and 300 years after Niccolò Nale was born - and since Niccolo'Nale came from an italian family and grew up in an italian cultural environment of a city whose identity was italian.
 * I don't take it personally.
 * In this article:
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_Republic_of_Ragusa
 * someone dared also to add the italian (original) version to some people associated with the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik Nobility). See the names associated with the coat of arms of the nobility from which came most of the writers who are now labelled as croatian. Are they croatian or italian names? do they use both the languages?
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_Republic_of_Ragusa#/media/File:Stema.dubrovcani.vlastela.jpg
 * This is in conflict with your position:
 * "........The reason you give for adding extra names is not relevant to WP policy nor reasonable....."

 * So I don't think I am doing something unreasonable or breaking WP rules. I am even too good by allowing to keep the croatian version of the original italian name.
 * Magnagr (talk) 22:28, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I don't see any of this as arguments in favour of keeping both names, but rather arguments for removing non-Italian language names, based on reasons of WP:EXISTS, WP:OFFICIAL (this not backed by sources), assumed (and unsourced) conceptions about the personal life of the link target, etc. None of this carries much weight on Wikipedia -- even if it argued in favour of using names in parentheses. As I understood your last sentence, your goal is to only use a single name -- the Italian one -- so I'm not sure why we're arguing adding parentheses at all.  Daß    Wölf  23:20, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Please don't try to put in my mouth words that I did not say . Unlike you, I am more than happy to keep both the languages.

 * You are against one of the pillar of WP which is common sense WP:Use common sense.

 * There are many examples of people related to Ragusa whose names are both indicated in croatian and italian.

 * The practice of adding names of people in different languages is common in WP, so it would be only your personal decision, and not the general one, to apply the rule of not including in this article the italian version of the writers'names.

 * I am not trying to add the armenian or vietnamese version of the croatian names but the italian one. Italian culture was the prevalent one along all the history of Ragusa and does not need to be sourced, if you really need sources about that just read my last comment on "The official language was Italian not Venetian".

 * Moreover, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, an integral party of the Lisbon Treaty, stipulates that language diversity is one of the fundamental values respected by the EU, political and economic union which includes Croatia and Italy.
 * Magnagr (talk) 04:33, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

Names in other languages may be added to the WP:LEAD or discussed in a separate section of the article concerning the name. They aren't appended to passing mentions in other articles. As I said, you're not going to encounter "Xi Jinping (习近平)", "Emperor William I (Kaiser Wilhelm I.)", "Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyła)", etc. unless there's a good reason to elucidate why this person needs to be identified by this name too. For instance, does our featured article Romeo and Juliet state "However, the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence (Firenze), Lombardy (Lombardia), and the Italian Peninsula (Penisola italiana)..."? Even so, these non-English names would all be more pertinent to their respective subjects than "Niccolò Nale", "Niccolò di Nale" and other various forms appearing on surviving documents (the idea of an "official" name was rather more fleeting at that time, especially in a bilingual culture, than in the modern world; not to mention "ò" is actually a modernised form of "o, so neither of those renderings were actually official in the 16th century ) are to a person who, as our article states, self-identified as a Croat, wrote a great deal in Croatian language and fought for the recognition of Croatian people and language separately from the "Slavic"/"Illyrian" epithet for non-Romance Dalmatians.  Daß    Wölf  02:36, 6 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Seems funny to me the other editor doesn’t deem it “ultra-nationalistic” to use Ragusa the Italian dominion instead of Dubrovnik. By their logic that is Italianization. Which was a factor when Venice took over and instilling the Italian language set. One could say they have a bias here with such accusatory language. I’ve seen Croatization, Serbianization and Italianization of the region’s history and citizens. Truth is there was a huge slavic presence there. Mostly Croats. A significant amount of Serbs and Italians as well. With a lot of intermixing. The territory was passed around through so many powers. 74.101.190.2 (talk) 14:59, 3 April 2020 (UTC)

The official language was Italian not Venetian
Check:

1m.31s   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JPag4ujjY8

https://auctions.dreweatts.com/auction-024/itemDetails/797/285788 Magnagr (talk) 23:16, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

 * I have reverted your edit because it wasn't backed by sources, and because the sources supplied here aren't satisfactory to establish the official language. Firstly, these are not reliable sources in the context of the article. Secondly, it seems readers are expected to understand they need to read a certain text appearing in this source, presume that this is written in the official language, and then reckon which language it is. That would be synthesis, a form of original research.  Daß    Wölf  23:28, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

 * It is not my POV

 * ".........The Italian spoken in Dalmatia before that time was not the Venetian dialect; in some parts it had a distinct form of its own, in others it resembled the form into which Latin had passed in the south of Italy or Umbria, and it was only after 1420 that it began to assimilate itself to the Italian of Lombardy and Venetia. At Ragusa it never became Venetian at all, and to this day resembles rather the Tuscan dialect than any other, while the patois of the common people is a curious medley of Italian and Illyric, with traces of rustic Latin, Vlach or Rouman...."
 * T. G. Jackson, Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria, 1887

 * ".....At the present day, at Cattaro or Spalato, along the Dalmatian coast-land on each side of Ragusa, you hear the Venetian dialect; at Ragusa the language is pure Tuscan=italian. St. Blasius, and not the lion of St. Mark, adorns the mediaeval walls and gates of Ragusa...."

 * Sir Arthur Evans, Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina on Foot During the Insurrection, 1877

 * ".....“Ragusa is built in the Italian style, and assimilates with the Italian towns, both in the customs and language of its inhabitants.......”
 * Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, Volume 23, 1845

 * ".........It is to the Latins of Dalmatia that we must look for evidences of culture and intellectual progress, and not to the Slavs. ... Ragusa, the Dalmatian Athens, has sometimes been held up as an example of Slavonic culture, but this is only partially the case, for the history of Ragusa is uniformly that of a Latin rather than a Slavonic city. The public acts were recorded either in Latin or Italian, never in Illyric, except in case of correspondence with a Slavonic power...."
 * T. G. Jackson, Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria, 1887...."

 * As a side note, even in Venice italian and not venetian was the official language:

 * https://www.iberlibro.com/Parti-prese-Beni-pras-causas-Maggior/16462844026/bd

 * Yes, it seems that there is a stronger case for calling this language Italian than Venetian, so I'm going to leave that alone for now. However, these sources don't obviously agree the language should be called Italian either. For example, to cite Jackson, "in some parts it had a distinct form of its own" -- that's obviously not a way to refer to Standard Italian. Besides, Jackson was a travel writer who travelled the region a good century after the Republic was disbanded, and during the peak of the Italian irredentism. I'm not sure that what he encountered would've been a good fit for the centuries during which the Republic existed.  Daß    Wölf  02:44, 6 May 2019 (UTC)

Stated in the article that Dubrovnik was Derive by a Turkish word?
I don’t believe I see a source or strong one at that backing this up. The Name had existed before Turks moved into the area, no? The name Dubrovnik of the Adriatic city is first recorded in the Charter of Ban Kulin (1189). It is mostly explained as dubron, a Celtic name for water (Gaulish dubron, Irish dobar, Welsh dŵr, dwfr, Cornish dofer), akin to the toponyms Douvres, Dover, and Tauber ; or originating from a Proto-Slavic word dǫbъ meaning 'oak'. The term dubrovnik means the 'oakwood', as in all other Slavic languages the word dub, dàb, means 'oak' and dubrava, means the 'oakwood'. 74.101.190.2 (talk) 14:42, 3 April 2020 (UTC)

POV by some users?
please stop edit warring. You do not have a consensus for such changes. I have given the recent edits good faith but it has been pointed out that your recent edits are POV. False interpretation of citations shows bad faith on your side. Please stop doing that and explain your actions. There is also concern that he provided sources are not RS. Please stop edit warring. Thanks. --Tuvixer (talk) 19:42, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I would also point out that there is only one non-Balkan source used in these edits by the two users, apart from the one from 1875, and that one was misquoted. Tzowu (talk) 19:51, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Just a note in observation, it seems the two editors POV pushing in this article are doing so on multiple same articles together. Where one is present, the other appears too. For example the U boj, u boj article. Perhaps just a coincidence? Another note, just because there is a source for an edit doesn’t mean it is necessarily RS, placed in context or even properly reflecting the cited source. OyMosby (talk) 19:56, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * There are multiple sources that describe the native language of Ragusan citizens was Serbian. Certainly, neither Serbian nor Croatian were used at the time, so it may be only fair that it be referred to as “neutral” Serbo-Croatian everywhere or something like Slavic / Illyrian. Futhermore, it is worth mentioning interesting information about the use of Cyrillic script, which is also confirmed by Croatian sources. Therefore, it would be fair to write the name in Cyrillic, as it exists in Latin, etc. what do you want to say? It is common for the some authors to follow similar articles. Most of the other things we edit are unrelated topics. In fact, I often face multiple “associate” editors in such sensitive topics.--WEBDuB (talk) 20:04, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * It is a wide variety of specific articles in a very very narrow time window. OyMosby (talk) 20:07, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * What seems to be wrong? I have added material from a book by noted professor of Ragusan literature. Why are you removing sourced content under the "consensus" narrative which is just means of keeping the status quo? Professor S. Stipcevic is an expert on the subject. Furthermore, Cyrilic script is at the core of Republic of Ragusa and most of its older text were written in Cyrilic. I do not see any real issue here. Calling my edits here "POV" is really sad on several levels.  Sadkσ  (talk is cheap)  20:23, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * No, what’s sad is the ethnic driven POV pushing. The lead was changed to have Ragusa in Cyrillic despite it being a mainly Latin based Republic. Trying to paint Cyrillic as it’s core is not factual. Nor is claiming “most of its old texts were written in Cyrillic” Italian historians would laugh you out of the room for that claim. OyMosby (talk) 20:38, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Cyrilics was in RR from the very start. You have no idea what you are talking about. The oldest poem from Republic of Ragusa was written in 1421 in Cyrilics by Džonko Kaličević. Or you can take a look at Ninac Vukosalić or Frančesko Micalović  Sadkσ   (talk is cheap)  20:56, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I have to say that this kind of editing and some statements are very disturbing. Edit warring is not acceptable. Falsely representing what the sources state indicates a certain attempt to make a POV push. Stating that "The documents were also written in Cyrillic script" was misleading and backed with a "handwritten copy". Was the Cyrillic script the official script of Republic of Ragusa? Arguments like “neutral” Serbo-Croatian need to be generally applied all across Wikipedia and no just when it suits the users in question. The noted professor of Ragusan literature is not RS. "Certainly, neither Serbian nor Croatian were used at the time..." what the author wanted to say escapes my imagination. If users are prepared to make such arguments then they need to be consistent and not just use different arguments when it suits them. This just shows bad faith. Especially proclaiming that "There are multiple sources that describe the native language of Ragusan citizens was Serbian" and then using a 19th century source. That kind of undue weight can be and is misleading. --Tuvixer (talk) 23:15, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Yap, Ragusans were hardcore Croats (only they didn't know it for some reason) and this is all our Great Serbian agenda. Everything about Ragusa must be only about Croatian culture. Why? - Because we can. Luckily, this is not Croatian Wikipedia, but en.wiki and we must have WP:NPOV. Lo and behold. those filthy Servs/Vlachs have no culture nor state and they want to steal from their neighbours. I know the drill in and out. That is, indeed, distrubing. Even more disturbing is that such fringe/POV views are promoted by heads of university departments in Cro. Enough off-topic, that is not my problem.
 * Serbo-Croatian is the best option when it comes to Ragusans. Do you really think that "Ilyrian", "our language", "Slavic" "Servian letters" should be translated as only and only Croatian? That is POV pushing, and pointing fingers at user/s who are providing sources is...
 * She is a great university professor and her book is not about politics, but about literature. Why isn't it RS, based on what? I have that book in my library, what is so suspicious about it? Her nationality? I hope not.
 * Cyrilic script was official in one of the state organs of the RR, see Serbian Chancellery in Dubrovnik +
 * This kind of editing? Please do not preach about morals and etiquette, considering that you have previously accused me that I am "pushing some information" while there is a a big earthquake in Croatia, in order to "get away with it". You have discredited yourself with that statement for good. Focus on the content, do not make generalisations, stop ignoring sources and waving WP:IDONTLIKEIT flag, pretty please.  Sadkσ  (talk is cheap)  00:01, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

This is one of those articles where neutral, reliable sources do matter, and not fringe theories that these two users are trying to push on a variety of Croatia-related articles, particularly on the period of the Republic of Dubrovnik (a topic ban should be seriously considered). So this is what reliable sources say:

R. Anthony Lodge, Stefan Pugh: Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe, 2007: "at the end of the 14th century, most inhabitans of Dubrovnik spoke Croatian "

Robin Harris, Dubrovnik - a history, 2006 (first published in 2003). Section on language in Dubrovnik: "There is thus, for example, no evidence that Ragusans felt that their general use of Croatian, apparent in everyday speech from the late thirteenth century, and increasingly so in literary works from the mid-fifteenth century, marked out an alternative cultural direction." [...] "Diversis notes that in his day there was still in use in the debating chamber and the courts what was known as Old Ragusan. It contained elements of Italian and Croatian and was probably a survival of Dalmatian Latin, a distinct Romance language spoken in urban centres on the Dalmatian and Albanian coast for many centuries after the end of the Roman Empire" [...] "Other clues suggest that at about this time the use of Croatian in everyday parlance may have increased . In 1284 a merchant accused of ignoring an order to appear before the Ragusan count claimed that he had only read (and presumably understood) the Croatian translation of the summons, which had arrived too late to allow him to respond"

The book by Robin Harris is probably the best one on the history of Dubrovnik, and the article should be based on that book. He also wrote this regarding "Serbian language" on page 418:

"[...] Ragusan writers were often strongly conscious of their links with the wider Slavic world. They felt, as has been noted, particularly close ties with other Dalmatians. They sometimes described the language they wrote as Croatian - never Serbian - but they were as likely to call it Slavic or llyrian."

And the so called "Serb-catholic movement" has nothing to do in an article with a time span of 1358–1808. Tzowu (talk) 14:33, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * That particular source is not "the best" and it seems like it was dug up using basic Google books search. There is no "definitive work" on RR in the academic world. So what? Other sources are contradict it, therefore see WP:Conflicting sources.
 * How not to handle conflicting sources - Do not remove the conflicting sources just because they contradict the current sources + Do not choose which one is "true" and discard the others as incorrectt.
 * The movement was not "so called" but they considered themselves to be Serb Catholics, there are tons of literature on this. Calling Serb Catholics and their movement "so called" just shows a tremendous level of bias and ignorance.
 * I am still waiting to see which sources are "fringe" and why. You got nothing on professor S. Stipcevic, who got her PhD and her whole career dedicated to the literature and culture of Republic of Ragusa.
 * Try to be polite and do not call for other user's ban on a random talk page, just because you disagree with them, please. You are digging your own grave with such outbursts, not to mention several prior moments like this, which have all been neatly noted.  Sadkσ   (talk is cheap)  15:31, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Just on this talk page you implied that other users are "sad", that they "have no idea" what they are talking about, that they are "frustrated", went on a rant about "university departments in Croatia", and now you are calling me to be polite?
 * I'm sorry, but your behaviour, constant use of unreliable sources ("Alliance of Serbs in the Region", Večernje novosti tabloid, komunikacija.org.rs...), and clear POV pushing and edit wars on articles such as this, just confirms my comment about a topic ban. Other users got it for much less.
 * Also: "A still more important qualifying consideration is that – as noted above – the Renaissance Croatian literature of Dubrovnik and Dalmatia existed alongside a large output of Humanist Latin literature, which was at least as highly esteemed by contemporaries." Harris, p. 260 Tzowu (talk) 16:25, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * No one said that all sources stated that Serbian was spoken in the Republic of Ragusa. Still, there are many that claim that, and it should not be ignored. Even Arthur Evans, a famous British archeologist and a man who knew the Balkans perfectly, claimed that. It's a source from 2013, based on records from 1985. It is an important fact that Cyrillic was used, which is most commonly associated with today's Serbian language. There was a well-known movement of intellectuals who identified themselves with that Serbian heritage. Everyone knows that. “Arguments like “neutral” Serbo-Croatian need to be generally applied all across Wikipedia and no just when it suits the users in question.” - No, but only when we have such inconsistent information. The optimal solution is Serbo-Croatian (in today's way) as neutral or something like Slavic / Illyrian (originally).--WEBDuB (talk) 21:54, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * @Tzowu do not mistake my impressions (sad etc.)/comment with personal attacks. You should know the difference. I am absolutely free to discredit Grcevic and several more uni. professor from Zagreb because they are fringe and some users want to use their work on Wiki. Using one or two local news websited is nothing compared to books used here and on hundreds of article which I have improved with adding RS. I am still waiting to see - what is wrong with the book by Ragusologist S. Stipcevic? If I wanted to make some sort of "war" (an implication, misleading), I would not be here, discussing with fellow editors, even though some ignore sources which are not to their liking per WP:IDONTLIKEIT. Yes, you should be more polite. No real arguments were presented why we should not include Cyrillic. Is Arthus Evans not reliable, is his work fringe?  Sadkσ   (talk is cheap)  22:09, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * We follow what the majority of reliable sources say, not those that "depart significantly from the prevailing views or mainstream views", or the ones from 1875. At least not for some controversial/dubious statements. And again, this "Serb-Catholic" movement became active in mid-19th century, meaning after the time period which this article covers. Therefore, I see no reason to include them in the article or make some significant changes based on their existence, just like we don't make changes elsewhere based on the existence of a small number of Orthodox Croats. Tzowu (talk) 20:49, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Majority? Which majority? If we have RS stating otherwise/giving conflicting information, we should include both. If nobody is opposed to WEBDuB's idea to use Arthur Evans, that source should be introduced to the article. I agree that Serb-Catholic movement should not be indluded. There is no parallel with "Orthodox Croats"/Catholic Serbs, because Serbs were mostly Catholics before the rule of Stefan the First-Crowned.
 * and other parties involved, will you give me a fair explanation why the book by S. Stipcevic is not RS? I have asked this question several times now. That would be much better and a sign of good faith, rather than making guesses about alleged ongoing plots/teaming up (which are untrue, by the way).  Sadkσ  (talk is cheap)  22:49, 30 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Another great source about Cyrillic used by Ragusans for their official documents/correspondence. The author is a member of old Ragusan nobility.  Sadkσ   (talk is cheap)  05:12, 1 May 2020 (UTC)
 * How would notary of Republic of Ragusa wrote to Serbian authorities? I guess and on the letter which is used there. Not everyone in Republic of Ragusa wrote in Cyrillic. 90% of people are illiterate at the time and make conclusions based on official correspondence between statesmen and proving something with this and some RS makes no sense. Republic of Ragusa, information from 1618, I quote: Obavijestite nas također, da li se mogu dobaviti barabanti i u kom broju, ali da budu Hrvati, našeg jezika i katolici (Crouati de nostra lingua e cattolici), "Please also let us know if the barabants can be supplied and in what number, but that they are Croats, of our language and Catholics". Mikola22 (talk) 09:52, 1 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Arthur Evans is the 1875 source I am talking about. What was presented here is just a reprint of the 19th century book, which is basically a travel guide, so it falls under WP:RS AGE. The other source you now added is even older, from 1858, though I don't understand what does correspondence with other countries in different languages have with the official language of the maritime republic. As was already noted by two RS, the citizens called their Slavic language "Croatian, Illyrian, or Slavic".
 * And let's look at that "main source". Svetlana Stipčević, whom one Croatian author described as an "ardent advocate of the Serbian identity of Dubrovnik literature", wrote this in the prologue of her book (page 11):
 * "At the time of the creation of the Serbian nation-state, the Serbian literary elite would not seek and find their roots and foundations in ancient Dubrovnik literature, as the Croats did in the time of Illyrianism. It seems to us that such religious and every other exclusivity has only harmed us, and it still hurts us today. In doing so, we renounced all Serb Catholics in Dalmatia and Dubrovnik, and therefore their literature and culture. Today, with the Serb people in Croatia before their final disappearance in the places where they lived for centuries, we think it is more than ever our duty to include the literary heritage of their ancestors in our common Serbian cultural tradition"
 * From this I conclude that these ideas are not even mainstream in Serbia. Tzowu (talk) 10:18, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

I also just noticed that some of the content in the article wrongly reflects what the cited sources for it say. For example, the sentences in the infobox:
 * "a) A Romance language related to both Italian and Romanian" - referenced to Lodge and Pugh, but on page 235 of that book it says: "Old Ragusean was a spoken variety of Dalmatic, i.e. Vulgar Latin that developed in towns forming part of the Roman and later Byzantine province of Dalmatia. During the Middle Ages, it was in close contact with Croatian due to several centuries of Croatian-Romance symbiosis and bilingualism developing primarily as a result of frequent intermarriages, as attested e.g. in onomastic sources."
 * "b) While present in the region even before the establishment of the Republic, Croatian language, referred to as Slavic at the time, had not become widely spoken until late 15th century" - referenced also to Lodge and Pugh, but on page 235 it says: "At the end of the 14th century, most inhabitants of Dubrovnik spoke Croatian, some spoke Old Ragusean or Venetian, and some were even trilingual (Old Ragusean/Venetian/Croatian)."

and in the "Language and literature" section:
 * "by the end of the 15th century inhabitants of the republic were mostly native speakers of Serbo-Croatian" - referenced again to Lodge and Pugh, but Lodge and Pugh on page 235 explicitly say "At the end of the 14th century, most inhabitants of Dubrovnik spoke Croatian".

It seems that throughout the years of editing this article, some users were making changes with not much regards to what's actually in the cited sources. Tzowu (talk) 12:23, 1 May 2020 (UTC) @Tzowu, I shall not comment on other issues, as there are multiple problems when it comes to this particular aticle. It would be better to open a new thread about those.
 * Age of Pucic's work is irrelevant (it's not a scientific reaserach or work), because it's a corpus of medieval documents taken from Ragusan Archive. The same documents have been used and reprinted ever since (see Google Book link).
 * S. Stipcevic partisan? I still can't see any arguments presented - why, and I am making the same question for the third time, which borders with stonewalling.
 * Professor Stipcevic pretty much skipped most political aspects/politics and is focusing on literature and culture; that can be seen from the presented quote as well (everything stated is about historical facts and heritage, nothing fringe whatsoever).
 * Ragusan literature has been studies as one out of four big parts of Serb literature, ever since the time of Pavle Popović and earlier.
 * Ragusan literature is still one of exams at the University of Belgrade and University of Novi Sad. If I'm not mistaken, current professor of Ragusan literature is dr Irena Arsic.
 * Other works also prove the core presence of Cyrillic and (to some degree) Serbian language in RR.  Sadkσ  (talk is cheap)  15:47, 1 May 2020 (UTC)
 * "we think it is more than ever our duty to include the literary heritage of their ancestors in our common Serbian cultural tradition"
 * This is what Stipčević wrote in her book, which seems like a classic example of trying to right great wrongs, because, in her words, "we renounced all Serb Catholics in Dalmatia and Dubrovnik, and therefore their literature and culture". And based on what? A correspondence with the then-Kingdom of Serbia, which they did with a variety of other entities as well, and some manuscripts that were translated into Cyrilic script. You'll need to find much more than that. Or else we'll end up having the Turkish language too because there was a Turkish Chancellery in Dubrovnik. Tzowu (talk) 17:49, 1 May 2020 (UTC)
 * And now I've noticed yet another false information added by Sadko. In this edit, explained as "new info. and ref.", he added the following: "In XVI century and even earlier, the majority of citizens of Konavle, Pelješac and other parts outside the city of Dubrovnik were Serbian Orthodox Christians."
 * With Stipčević, p.9 as a source. However, on page 9, there's something completely different:
 * "The Serbs inevitably shared the fate of the rest of the Romance and Slav populations living in these regions." ... "Ever since the middle of the 16th century, in Pelješac, in Konavle, in the hinterland of Dubrovnik, the majority of the Serb population was Orthodox" ("Srbi su neminovno delili sudbinu ostalog romanskog i slovenskog življa nastanjenog u ovim krajevima." ... "Još od sredine XVI veka, na Pelješcu, u Konavlima, u dubrovačkom zaleđu, većina srpskog stanovništva bila je pravoslavna")
 * So all key information is falsely cited. The source says "ever since the middle of the 16th century", and not "In XVI century and even earlier". The source also clearly says that in these regions, there were other "Romance and Slav populations" and that the majority of Serbs were Orthodox, and not the majority of all citizens. And that's without going into the obvious POV issues with that source. Tzowu (talk) 11:17, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Yet another? Haha, that's bold. Anyways: 1) Hinterlands refers to the area outside city walls. 2) She mentions in other pages that there was the same presence even earlier, which is confirmed by other RS. 3) It is possible that a smaller part of wider context was lost in translation, I have no problem with that, thank you for bringing it up. Now we can add it to the article. 4) It's interesting that the source was ignored and declared "partisan" without real arguments or checking it, only to be mentioned several days later. That's really something. Not to mention ignoring all other sources presented with unclear idea that better sources are needed, which has never been fully adressed or explained. We have, so far, concludet that: 1) There was long presence and use of Cyrillic in RR - none of it is mentioned in the article. 2) There was a lot of Serb Orthodox and Serbian language preset in RR - none of it is mentioned. Rather than having an open mind and trying to improve the article, we are going in circles and thus damaging the article and its NPOV which should present every information, and not just focus on one or some aspects.  Sadkσ   (talk is cheap)  12:27, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * That may be your unique understanding of a conclusion. However, what we really determined here is that you have fabricated what the sources you cited say (I just noticed you did that on Pelješac and Konavle articles too. Unlucky for you, I'm always checking sources used for controversial claims), and that you have relied on highly unreliable sources which have a "right great wrongs" agenda to try and push some POV that is not even mainstream in Serbia. There are zero reliable sources for these ideas that you are advocating for here, and no consensus for their inclusion. Case closed. Tzowu (talk) 17:54, 2 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Not really, there was a single mistake, but quite enough for some editors to label people they don't agree with which is not per WP:ETIQUETTE. More sources were presented, it's you choice to ignore them. Sure thing, a random Wikipedia editor with limited knowledge on the subject, can claim that a university professor, scholar and academic, who devoted her entire career to the particular topic is "highly unreliable", based on personal wishes and interpretations of one quote. If being taught the exact thing in every university and high school (for at least 100 years) is not mainstream, I don't know what is. Once again, why did you not work on the formulation and tweaked it, rather then deleting it? It's very much on-topic. No problem, even more RS can be found about this, and there is a proper way to verify them. cheers,  Sadkσ  (talk is cheap)  18:08, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Republic of Ragusa


text:
Whey protein

Whey protein is a mixture of proteins isolated from whey, the liquid material created as a by-product of cheese production. The proteins consist of α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, serum albumin and immunoglobulins. Glycomacropeptide also makes up the third largest component but is not a protein. Whey protein is commonly marketed as a protein supplement, and various health claims have been attributed to it. A review published in 2010 in the European Food Safety Authority Journal concluded that the provided literature did not adequately support the proposed claims.

Production of whey
Whey is left over when milk is coagulated during the process of cheese production. Coagulation can happen by adding acid or rennet. It is a 5% solution of lactose in water and contains the water-soluble proteins of milk as well as some lipid content. Processing can be done by simple drying, or the relative protein content can be increased by removing the lactose, lipids and other non-protein materials.

The main method to extract protein from whey is membrane filteration. A variety of membrane pore sizes can be used to selectively let different components of whey go through or be retained. Whey can be passed through "microfiltration" which blocks bacteria, casein micelles, and fat, then passed through "ultrafilteration" (UF) which blocks proteins. The part that does not go through UF is spray-dried into a concentrated whey protein. There are also other ways to concentrate protein using filtration membranes.

Ion exchange chromatography is another major method for whey protein extraction. Methods in development include aqueous two-phase extraction and magnetic fishing.

Microbial production
Microbes have been engineered to produce proteins similar or even "bioidentical" to whey. Companies innovating microbe produced whey and cheese include Perfect Day, California Performance, New Culture, and Motif Ingredients. None of these companies stipulate the protein composition of their products, but they do contain some of the genes needed to make whey proteins.

Composition
The protein in cow's milk is approximately 20% whey and 80% casein. The protein in human milk is approximately 60% whey and 40% casein. The protein fraction in whey constitutes approximately 10% of the total dry solids in whey. This protein is typically a mixture of beta-lactoglobulin (~65%), alpha-lactalbumin (~25%), bovine serum albumin (~8%) (see also serum albumin), and immunoglobulins. The third largest fragment of whey protein isolate derived from sweet whey is glycomacropeptide or GMP. However, GMP lacks the secondary structure necessary for it to be classified as a protein and is considered a long amino acid chain. These peptides are all soluble in water in their native forms, independent of pH.

Major forms and uses
There a majorly four types of whey protein that are commercially produced:
 * Whey Protein Concentrates (WPC) have typically low - though not absent - levels of fat and cholesterol. They also contain carbohydrates in the form of lactose. Powders are typically between 29%–89% protein by dry weight.
 * Whey Protein Isolates (WPI) are processed to remove fat and lactose, and as a result, WPI powders are typically over 90% protein by dry weight. Like WPC, WPI are mild and slightly milky in taste.
 * Whey Protein Hydrolysates (WPH) are whey proteins that are predigested and partially hydrolyzed for the purpose of easier metabolizing. Their cost is generally higher than WPC or WPI. Highly hydrolysed whey may be less allergenic than other forms of whey, due to its much smaller and simpler peptide chains. For this reason it is a common constituent in hypoallergenic baby milk formulas and medical foods.
 * Native whey protein is extracted from skim milk, rather than being collected as a byproduct of cheese production. This type of whey does not contain glycomacropeptide, which is formed only after the addition of rennet.

There is evidence that whey protein is more bio-available than casein or soy protein.

Whey protein is commonly marketed as a dietary supplement, typically sold in powdered form for mixing into beverages. Whey protein is also commonly used as a thickener to improve texture and decrease syneresis in many types of yogurt. Yogurt with high amounts of protein have been more commonly found on shelves due to the recently increasing popularity of Greek Yogurt.

Use for strength training and muscle building
The primary usage of whey protein supplements is for muscle growth and development. Eating whey protein supplements before exercise will not assist athletic performance, but it will enhance the body's protein recovery and synthesis after exercise because it increases the free amino acids in the body's free amino acid pool.

In 2010, a panel of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) panel examined the effects on whey protein on weight loss (via both fat loss and increased satiety) and strength and muscle building. The panel concluded that there's no evidence supporting any weight loss claims and that whey protein is roughly as effective for building strength, muscle and lean body mass as other protein sources.

Although whey proteins are responsible for some milk allergies, the major allergens in milk are the caseins.

Whey cheese
Whey cheese, such as ricotta, is produced from whey and is rich in whey protein (except for brunost). The whey protein accounts for about 40–45% of the solids content of ricotta.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Whey protein


text: Category:Soft gamma repeaters

title: Category:Soft gamma repeaters


text:
EMI America Records

EMI America Records was launched in 1978 by EMI as their second label in the United States after Capitol Records, relying on Capitol only for pressing, distribution, and international liaison.

In 1987, EMI America merged with Manhattan Records, resulting in the formation of EMI Manhattan Records. This entity underwent a rebranding in 1988, becoming known as EMI USA. In 1991, it joined the EMI Records Group North America (ERG) under the name EMI Records USA. The label was ultimately closed down in 1997, and its artists were split between Virgin Records America (acquired by Thorn EMI in 1992) and Capitol Records.

Since 2013, its catalog has been managed by Universal Music Group following their acquisition of EMI's recorded music division.

Artists
Past artists have included: Marty Balin, Blessid Union of Souls, David Bowie, Kate Bush, Stray Cats, Lenny Burns, Kim Carnes, Sheena Easton, Joe "Bean" Esposito, Robin Gibb, Go West, Corey Hart (outside Canada), Murray Head, Kajagoogoo,  Limahl, J. Geils, Michael Stanley Band, Naked Eyes, Queensrÿche, Barbara Mandrell, Pet Shop Boys, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Cliff Richard, Roxette, Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, Talk Talk, George Thorogood and the Destroyers, John Waite, and Kim Wilde (US and Canada for most UK and other European artists).

 * 17001 Spellbound Spellbound
 * 17002 Michael Johnson The Michael Johnson Album
 * 17003 Kate Bush, The Kick Inside
 * 17004 Kim Carnes St Vincent's Court
 * 17005 Zwol Zwol
 * 17006 J. Geils Band, The Sanctuary.
 * 17007 Robert John Robert John
 * 17009 Gambler Teenage Magic
 * 17010 Michael Johnson Dialogue
 * 17011 Pamala Stanley This Is Hot
 * 17012 Aviator Aviator
 * 17015 Long John Baldry Baldry's Out!
 * 17018 Cliff Richard We Don't Talk Anymore
 * 17019 Wilson Pickett I Want You
 * SW-17024 The Fools Sold Out
 * SW-17025 Kwick Kwick
 * SW-17026 The Scooters Young Girls
 * SW-17027 Robert John Back On The Street
 * SW-17029 Kittyhawk Kittyhawk
 * SW-17030 Kim Carnes Romance Dance
 * SW-17032 Chuck Francour Under The Boulevard Lights
 * SW-17033 Rocky Burnette The Son Of Rock And Roll
 * SW-17035 Michael Johnson You Can Call Me Blue
 * SW-17037 Eddie & The Hot Rods* Fish 'N' Chips
 * SW-17038 Long John Baldry Long John Baldry
 * SW-17039 Cliff Richard I'm No Hero
 * SW-17040 Michael Stanley Band, Heartland
 * SW-17041 Breathless Nobody Leaves This Song Alive
 * SW-17042 Dexys Midnight Runners Searching For The Young Soul Rebels
 * SW-17043 Wilson Pickett Right Track
 * SW-17045 The Scooters Blue Eyes
 * SW-17046 The Fools Heavy Menta
 * ST-17048 Kwick To The Point
 * ST-17049 Sheena Easton Sheena Easton
 * ST-17050 Alan David Alan David
 * SO-17051 Gary U.S. Bonds Dedication
 * SO-17052 Kim Carnes Mistaken Identity
 * ST-17053 Kittyhawk Race For The Oasis
 * SO-17054 Marty Balin Balin
 * SO-17055 Peter Tosh Wanted Dread & Alive
 * SW-17056 Michael Stanley Band North Coast
 * SW 17057 Michael Johnson Home Free
 * SW-17058 The John Hall Band All Of The Above
 * SW-17059 Cliff Richard Wired For Sound
 * ST-17060 Melba Moore What A Woman Needs
 * SW-17061 Sheena Easton You Could Have Been With Me
 * ST-17063 Kasim Sulton Kasim
 * ST-17064 Dwight Twilley Scuba Divers
 * ST-17065 Kim Wilde Kim Wilde
 * SO-17068 Gary U.S. Bonds On The Line
 * ST-17070 Stray Cats Built For Speed
 * ST-17071 Michael Stanley Band, MSB
 * ST-17073 S·P·Y·S S·P·Y·S
 * ST 17074 Talk Talk The Party's Over
 * ST-17075 Our Daughter's Wedding Moving Windows
 * ST-17076 George Thorogood & The Destroyers Bad To The Bone
 * ST-17077 Hot Chocolate Mystery
 * SO-17078 Kim Carnes Voyeur
 * ST-17080 Sheena Easton Madness, Money And Music
 * ST-17081 Cliff Richard Now You See Me... Now You Don't
 * ST-17082 The John Hall Band Searchparty
 * ST-17083 Talk Talk The Party's Over
 * ST-17084 Kate Bush, The Dreaming
 * ST-17086 Little Steven And The Disciples Of Soul Men Without Women
 * SO-17087 J. Geils Band, The Showtime!
 * ST-17089 Naked Eyes Naked Eyes
 * ST-17092 Jules Shear Watch Dog
 * ST-17093 David Bowie Let's Dance
 * ST-17094 Kajagoogoo White Feathers
 * SO-17095 Peter Tosh Mama Africa
 * ST-17096 Any Trouble Any Trouble
 * ST-17097 The Coconuts Don't Take My Coconuts
 * ST-17098 S·P·Y·S Behind Enemy Lines
 * ST-17100 Michael Stanley Band, You Can't Fight Fashion
 * ST-17132 Sheena Easton A Private Heaven

title: EMI America Records


text:
Labhraidh Loingseach

Labraid Loingsech (the exile, mariner), also known as Labraid Lorc, son of Ailill Áine, son of Lóegaire Lorc, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He was an ancestor of the Laigin, who gave their name to the province of Leinster. An early dynastic poem calls him "a god among the gods", suggesting he may once have been an ancestor-deity of the Laigin.

Childhood
According to tradition, his grandfather, Lóegaire Lorc, had been High King, but was treacherously killed by his brother Cobthach Cóel Breg. Cobthach also paid someone to poison Lóegaire's son, Ailill Áine, who had taken the kingship of Leinster, and forced Ailill's young son to eat a portion of his father and grandfather's hearts, and to swallow a mouse. Struck dumb by the trauma, the boy became known as Móen Ollom, "the mute scholar". Later, he was hit on the shin during a game of hurling, and cried out "I am hurt!" From then on he was called Labraid, "he speaks".

Exile and return
According to the Lebor Gabála Érenn, Labraid was exiled overseas, and after thirty years made peace with Cobthach and was given the province of Leinster. Various versions of the story of Labraid's exile are told. In one, a prose tale in the Book of Leinster, Cobthach held an assembly in Tara, and asked who the most generous man in Ireland is. His poet, Ferchertne, and harper, Craiftine, immediately answered "Labraid", so Cobthach exiled the three of them from his court. They took refuge with Scoriath, king of the Fir Morca in Munster. Scoriath had a daughter, Moriath, who fell in love with Labraid, but her mother always slept with one eye open to keep an eye on her. Craiftine played a slumber-strain on his harp to put her completely to sleep, and Labraid spent the night with Moriath. When her mother woke up, she realised what has happened, Labraid confessed and the pair are married. With the help of Scoriath's army and Craiftine's harp, Labraid invades Leinster, and made peace with Cobthach.

Geoffrey Keating tells a different story. After spending some time with Scoriath in Munster, Labraid goes to the continent, where he gains great fame as the leader of the bodyguard of the king of France, who is related to Labraid's grandmother, Cessair Chrothach (who was the daughter of a king of the Franks according to the Lebor Gabála). Moriath, hearing of his great deeds, falls in love with him from a distance. She writes a love song for him, and sends Craiftine to Gaul to sing it to him. Labraid is delighted with the song, and decides to return to Ireland and reclaim his territory. The king of France equips him with ships and 2,200 men. His followers are known as Laigin after the broad blue-grey iron spearheads (láigne) they use. T. F. O'Rahilly attempted to explain the confusion over the location of Labraid's exile by suggesting that the name Fir Morca, a people located in Munster in the Book of Leinster account, was a corruption of Armorica in north-west France.

The peace between Labraid and Cobthach broke down. The Lebor Gabála says there was war between them. In the tale in the Book of Leinster, Labraid invites Cobthach, along with thirty kings of Ireland, to visit him, and builds an iron house at Dind Ríg to receive them, which takes a year to build. Cobthach refuses to enter the house unless Labraid's mother and jester go in first. They do so. Labraid serves his guests food and ale, and chains the house shut. With the aid of 150 pairs of bellows, he burns the house down, and Cobthach and 700 of his men, along with Labraid's mother and jester, are roasted to death. The jester had been promised that his family would be freed, and Labraid's mother was happy to die for the sake of her son's honour.

Labraid's horse's ears
The story is told, similar to a legend of the Greek king Midas, that Labraid had horse's ears, something he tried to keep a secret. He had his hair cut once a year, and the barber, chosen by lot, would immediately be put to death. A widow, hearing that her only son had been chosen to cut the king's hair, begged the king not to kill him, and he agreed, so long as the barber kept his secret. The burden of the secret was so heavy that the barber fell ill. A druid advised him to go to a crossroads and tell his secret to the first tree he came to, and he would be relieved of his burden and be well again. He told the secret to a large willow. Soon after this, however, Craiftine broke his harp, and made a new one out of the very willow the barber had told his secret to. Whenever he played it, the harp sang "Labraid Lorc has horse's ears". Labraid repented of all the barbers he had put to death and admitted his secret.

In the oral folklore surrounding St Brigid, there is a tale of a King of Leinster who always wore his hair long to hide his ears, which were those of an ass. The afflicted king sent word to St Brigid, who came to him and told him to sit in a chair and place his head in her lap. When she rubbed his ears, they immediately became short again. Although the Leinster king is not named, the details of the story share common themes with the story of Labraid Lorc.

Reign
He ruled for ten, nineteen or thirty years, depending on the source consulted, and took vengeance on Cobthach's children, before being killed by Cobthach's son Meilge Molbthach. The Lebor Gabála dates Cobthach's death and Labraid's accession to Christmas Eve, 307 BC, and also synchronises his reign to that of Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–222 BC). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 379–369 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters to 542–523 BC.

title: Labhraidh Loingseach


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Matthew Locke (composer)

Matthew Locke (c. 1621 – August 1677) was an English Baroque composer and music theorist.

Biography
Locke was born in Exeter and was a chorister in the choir of Exeter Cathedral, under Edward Gibbons, the brother of Orlando Gibbons. At the age of eighteen Locke travelled to the Netherlands, possibly converting to Roman Catholicism at the time.

Locke, with Christopher Gibbons (the son of Orlando), composed the score for Cupid and Death, the 1653 masque by Caroline-era playwright James Shirley. Their score for that work is the sole surviving score for a dramatic work from that era. Locke was one of the quintet of composers who provided music for The Siege of Rhodes (1656), the breakthrough early opera by Sir William Davenant. Locke wrote music for subsequent Davenant operas, The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru (1658) and The History of Sir Francis Drake (1659). He wrote the music for the processional march for the coronation of Charles II.

In 1673 Locke's treatise on music theory, Melothesia, was published. The title page describes him as "Composer in Ordinary to His Majesty, and organist of her Majesty's chapel"—those monarchs being Charles II and Catherine of Braganza. Locke also served King Charles as Composer of the Wind Music ("music for the King's sackbutts and cornets"), and Composer for the Violins. (His successor in the latter office was Henry Purcell, who composed an ode on the death of Locke entitled What hope for us remains now he is gone?, Z. 472; Locke was a family friend and may have had a musical influence on the young Purcell ). In 1675 Locke composed the music for the score of Thomas Shadwell's Psyche.

title: Matthew Locke (composer)


text:
User:Bazdm

London.

title: User:Bazdm


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East West Records

East West Records (stylized as eastwest) is a record label formed in 1955, distributed and owned by Warner Music Group, headquartered in London, England.

History
Upon its creation in 1955 by Atlantic Records, the label had one hit with the Kingsmen's "Week End" and went into hibernation until 1990, when Atlantic revamped the imprint as EastWest Records America. In America, Atlantic senior VP Sylvia Rhone was appointed Chair/CEO of the fledgling label. Under Rhone's leadership, EastWest Records America shot to mega success with several multiplatinum acts such as En Vogue, Pantera, Yo-Yo, Adina Howard, Das EFX, Snow, Gerald Levert, AC/DC, The Rembrandts, Dream Theater, Missy Elliott and MC Lyte. EastWest also distributed other imprints, such as Interscope Records, Motor Jams Records, Mecca Don Records and The Gold Mind Inc. Meanwhile, over at the Electric Lighting Station in London (headquarters of WEA International in the United Kingdom) artists such as The Beloved, Tanita Tikaram, Chris Rea, Billy Mackenzie (as Associates) and Simply Red, who had ended up on WEA after divisions/labels such as Elektra, Sire and Magnet Records had been reorganized or closed down, found themselves on the new EastWest label, with newer signings such as The Wildhearts and Sabrina Johnston joining the label in the following years.

In 1994, Rhone was appointed Chairman & CEO of Atlantic's sister label Elektra Records in America. At the time, East West (along with most of its roster) also broke away from the Atlantic umbrella to continue to operate under Rhone at Elektra. By the new millennium, budget cuts at Warner Music Group resulted in East West being absorbed into Elektra, where some of its acts were shifted over as well. In 2004, Time Warner sold Warner Music Group to private investors led by Edgar Bronfman Jr. Subsequently, more budget cuts were made, this time resulting in Elektra to be absorbed into Atlantic.

2015–present: Relaunch
In 2005, WMG reactivated the East West imprint as an in-house label, which primarily markets and distributes other rock music-based labels. East West today operates under Warner's Alternative Distribution Alliance, the successor to Independent Label Group. East West Records was revived in the UK in 2014 under the direction of Max Lousada, Chairman & CEO, Warner Music UK. The resurrected label was headed up by Dan Chalmers (as President for Rhino UK, East West Records and ADA UK) until being poached by former Warner Music Group CEO Lyor Cohen, for YouTube Music in 2019. By 2021, Jeremy Marsh was head of Rhino UK and East West Records, with Westlife being announced as new signings on St Patrick's Day. Other acts to have signed to the reactivated heritage label in the last six years include Bette Midler, Jools Holland, Beverley Knight, Amelia Lily, Robert Plant, Si Cranstoun, Boyzone, The Corrs and Busted, while Simply Red returned after 15 years on their own label to release the Big Love album.

List of East West Records artists
Below is a selected list of musical artists signed under the East West Records label in the past and present.

 * AC/DC (except Australia/New Zealand)
 * Alexander Armstrong
 * Boyzone
 * Busted
 * Clutch
 * Das EFX
 * Cliff Richard (since 2020)
 * The Corrs
 * Dream Theater
 * En Vogue
 * Shane Filan
 * Jools Holland
 * Beverley Knight
 * Bette Midler
 * Pantera
 * Robert Plant
 * Missy Elliott (The Goldmind Inc./East West Records America)
 * Lil Mo
 * Rumer
 * Heather Small
 * Scouting For Girls
 * Sick of it All
 * Simply Red
 * The Sisters of Mercy
 * Sheridan Smith
 * Tegan and Sara
 * Westlife
 * Psychedelic Furs
 * Pat DiNizio
 * Outrage
 * Scorpions
 * Tori Amos (Europe)

title: East West Records


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Clapp oscillator

The Clapp oscillator or Gouriet oscillator is an LC electronic oscillator that uses a particular combination of an inductor and three capacitors to set the oscillator's frequency. LC oscillators use a transistor (or vacuum tube or other gain element) and a positive feedback network. The oscillator has good frequency stability.

History
The Clapp oscillator design was published by James Kilton Clapp in 1948 while he worked at General Radio. According to Czech engineer Jiří Vackář, oscillators of this kind were independently developed by several inventors, and one developed by Gouriet had been in operation at the BBC since 1938.

Circuit

The Clapp oscillator uses a single inductor and three capacitors to set its frequency. The Clapp oscillator is often drawn as a Colpitts oscillator that has an additional capacitor ($C_{0}$) placed in series with the inductor.

The oscillation frequency in Hertz (cycles per second) for the circuit in the figure, which uses a field-effect transistor (FET), is

f_0 = {1 \over 2\pi} \sqrt{ {1 \over L}             \left(   {1 \over C_0}                     + {1 \over C_1}                     + {1 \over C_2}              \right)} \. $$ The capacitors $C_{1}$ and $C_{2}$ are usually much larger than $C_{0}$, so the $1/C_{0}$ term dominates the other capacitances, and the frequency is near the series resonance of $L$ and $C_{0}$. Clapp's paper gives an example where $C_{1}$ and $C_{2}$ are 40 times larger than $C_{0}$; the change makes the Clapp circuit about 400 times more stable than the Colpitts oscillator for capacitance changes of $C_{2}$.

Capacitors $C_{0}$, $C_{1}$ and $C_{2}$ form a voltage divider that determines the amount of feedback voltage applied to the transistor input.

Although the Clapp circuit is used as a variable frequency oscillator (VFO) by making $C_{0}$ a variable capacitor, Vackář states that the Clapp oscillator "can only be used for operation on fixed frequencies or at the most over narrow bands (max. about 1:1.2)." The problem is that under typical conditions, the Clapp oscillator's loop gain varies as $f^{ −3}$, so wide ranges will overdrive the amplifier. For VFOs, Vackář recommends other circuits. See Vackář oscillator.

Practical example

The schematic shows an example with component values. Instead of field-effect transistors, other active components such as bipolar junction transistors or vacuum tubes, capable of producing gain at the desired frequency, could be used.

The common drain amplifier has a high input impedance and a low output impedance. Therefore the amplifier input, the gate, is connected to the high impedance top of the LC circuit C0, C1, C2, L1 and the amplifier output, the source, is connected to the low impedance tap of the LC circuit. The grid leak C3 and R1 sets the operating point automatically through grid leak bias. A smaller value of C3 gives less harmonic distortion, but requires a larger load resistor. The supply current for J1 flows through the radio frequency choke L2 to ground. The oscillator radio frequency current uses C2, because for the oscillator frequency this component has less reactance. The load resistor RL is part of the simulation, not part of the circuit.

title: Clapp oscillator