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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Casey and Andy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 17:09, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Casey and Andy
I see nothing to distinguish this from the masses of marginal webcomics out there. It doesn't even have an Alexa rank. (I am rather familiar with the world of webcomics. I wish this on e lots of luck, but I don't think it's significant enough for an article. The original article, before someone else wikified it, was a blatant ad.) -Aranel (" Sarah ") 01:30, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd like to add that for what it's worth, the author of the comic has been remarkably understanding and cooperative. This one clearly does not meet the Alexa requirements suggested at WikiProject Webcomics/Notability and inclusion guidelines. On the other hand, it does look like it meets the alternate proposal criteria (although I haven't waded through the archives to check for regularity). I'm inclined to err on the side of inclusion, although I admit that's partially because the author has been so nice. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 21:39, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Does not meet inclusion guidelines for webcomics.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:54, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You mean the ones that are not official and say they aren't? - David Gerard 00:30, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * They're as official as any such policy, and have been in use for a while now. Furthermore, they actually set a lower bar than the usual Alexa test, so arguing against their validity hurts rather than helps the case for this article.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:57, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Actually, Gwalla, it does meet those guidelines, with a run of nearly 450 strips to date. It's on Eric Burns' crawl list, and it got one of his 2004 Shortbread Awards. I don't read it, but it pretty clearly meets the established criteria. The article currently in place sucks pretty badly, though. Definitely needs work. --Ray Radlein 05:08, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Actually, it only meets the alternative guidelines proposed by Eric Burns, not the ones that have been in use.   — Gwalla | Talk 20:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * By the same token, since they were propsed, the alternate guidelines have been used at least as often as the original guidelines (which makes sense to me, since the original guidelines do not, IMHO, map very well onto the information space of web comics). If I had to guess, I'd guess that more than half of the currently existing webcomic articles would fail an Alexa test. Of course, if the article remains as stubby as it currently is, it doesn't much matter; but this is a comic which has been repeatedly Snarked; which has been discussed (maybe reviewed?) at Sequential Tart; and appears to have well over a thousand unique Google hits (there's almost 3,000 hits on "Casey and Andy", of which roughly half seem to be references to the webcomic). If it weren't for the fact that this is more like a hiccup than an article, I can't see it even being an issue. --Ray Radlein 21:13, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I am generally in favour of keeping articles that can grow to be something, even substubs, but this is just a few words long. Doesn't even qualify as a substub, no matter if the subject is noteworthy or not. Houshuang 05:59, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, this isn't even a substub article. Delete unless expanded before end of Vfd. No significant info will be lost for whoever wants to create a full article. Mgm|(talk) 09:41, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a good point; I can always just move this to the WikiProject Webcomics great big list of "Articles we need" if need be. As it currently stands, it's arguably worse than having no article at all, since if it were on the list of "articles we need," someone might see it there and actually write an article. --Ray Radlein 09:52, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I read Casey and Andy. I enjoy Casey and Andy. I (marginally) expanded the article for Casey and Andy. I vote keep for Casey and Andy. DS 13:14, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, for meeting the criteria and being worked on. Kappa 13:54, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Only meets alternate criteria proposal. Lacking traffic for any alexa ranking=un-encyclopdic. The old host, galactanet.com, only has an alexa rank of 498,184. Wikipedia is not a web directory, let alone a web-comic directory. Niteowlneils 18:17, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Er, turns out that that is the current home of the webcomic (www.caseyandandy.com redirects there), as well as other content. Too low a rank to keep. Niteowlneils 18:32, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * comment I am the author of Casey and Andy, my readers pointed me to this discussion. I apologize for whichever overzealous reader misused wikipedia by posting an advertisement. I thank whoever modified it into a proper stub. And I support whatever deletion decision is made. -ATW
 * Comment: I deleted the overcompact character listing stub and replaced it with an actual description of each of the characters. The first four descriptions are directly from the comic's cast page (two with slight additions), the others were written by me.  I did not add anything other than the character listing and I hold no delusion that my descriptions are particularly well-written, but I hope that they elevate the article beyond "stub" status and make it worth keeping and spending more work on.  -- Milo, a fan of C&A.
 * Comment: Direct quotations from the website are copyright violations (as each of those descriptions is aparently the full text of each page that they appear on) and therefore it is not legal to add them in their entirety to a Wikipedia article unless the copyright holder releases them.   — Gwalla | Talk 21:46, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Since the author himself seems to be aware of this discussion, it should be fairly easy for Milo to clear this or not; on the other hand, rewriting the character bios seems to me to be the better solution anyway, in the long run --Ray Radlein 23:04, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am the author and I authorize any and all reproduction of C&A images or text for Wikipedia. I'll post that in the Friday, March 4, 2005 newspost on the site to verify my identity. -ATW
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs cleanup and expansion. Megan1967 05:58, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 00:30, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Susan Davis 16:44, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I strongly suspect that fanatic readers will continue to contribute. clarka 4 Mar 2005
 * Keep - From what the Alexa test says, 200,000 is the requirement and having almost 500,000, this webcomic meets that criteria. AlmariaR 4 Mar 2005
 * Not to be too much of a wet blanket or anything, but 500,000 is worse than 200,000 in this instance. Lower is better (like golf, without the ugly pants and whispering announcers). While I definitely agree that Casey & Andy deserves inclusion, its Alexa rank isn't why. --Ray Radlein 21:31, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Linkage (mechanical)

A mechanical linkage is an assembly of systems connected to manage forces and movement. The movement of a body, or link, is studied using geometry so the link is considered to be rigid. The connections between links are modeled as providing ideal movement, pure rotation or sliding for example, and are called joints. A linkage modeled as a network of rigid links and ideal joints is called a kinematic chain.

Linkages may be constructed from open chains, closed chains, or a combination of open and closed chains. Each link in a chain is connected by a joint to one or more other links. Thus, a kinematic chain can be modeled as a graph in which the links are paths and the joints are vertices, which is called a linkage graph.

The movement of an ideal joint is generally associated with a subgroup of the group of Euclidean displacements. The number of parameters in the subgroup is called the degrees of freedom (DOF) of the joint. Mechanical linkages are usually designed to transform a given input force and movement into a desired output force and movement. The ratio of the output force to the input force is known as the mechanical advantage of the linkage, while the ratio of the input speed to the output speed is known as the speed ratio. The speed ratio and mechanical advantage are defined so they yield the same number in an ideal linkage.

A kinematic chain, in which one link is fixed or stationary, is called a mechanism, and a linkage designed to be stationary is called a structure.

History
Archimedes applied geometry to the study of the lever. Into the 1500s the work of Archimedes and Hero of Alexandria were the primary sources of machine theory. It was Leonardo da Vinci who brought an inventive energy to machines and mechanism.

In the mid-1700s the steam engine was of growing importance, and James Watt realized that efficiency could be increased by using different cylinders for expansion and condensation of the steam. This drove his search for a linkage that could transform rotation of a crank into a linear slide, and resulted in his discovery of what is called Watt's linkage. This led to the study of linkages that could generate straight lines, even if only approximately; and inspired the mathematician J. J. Sylvester, who lectured on the Peaucellier linkage, which generates an exact straight line from a rotating crank.

The work of Sylvester inspired A. B. Kempe, who showed that linkages for addition and multiplication could be assembled into a system that traced a given algebraic curve. Kempe's design procedure has inspired research at the intersection of geometry and computer science.

In the late 1800s F. Reuleaux, A. B. W. Kennedy, and L. Burmester formalized the analysis and synthesis of linkage systems using descriptive geometry, and P. L. Chebyshev introduced analytical techniques for the study and invention of linkages.

In the mid-1900s F. Freudenstein and G. N. Sandor used the newly developed digital computer to solve the loop equations of a linkage and determine its dimensions for a desired function, initiating the computer-aided design of linkages. Within two decades these computer techniques were integral to the analysis of complex machine systems and the control of robot manipulators.

R. E. Kaufman combined the computer's ability to rapidly compute the roots of polynomial equations with a graphical user interface to unite Freudenstein's techniques with the geometrical methods of Reuleaux and Burmester and form KINSYN, an interactive computer graphics system for linkage design

The modern study of linkages includes the analysis and design of articulated systems that appear in robots, machine tools, and cable driven and tensegrity systems. These techniques are also being applied to biological systems and even the study of proteins.

Mobility

The configuration of a system of rigid links connected by ideal joints is defined by a set of configuration parameters, such as the angles around a revolute joint and the slides along prismatic joints measured between adjacent links. The geometric constraints of the linkage allow calculation of all of the configuration parameters in terms of a minimum set, which are the input parameters. The number of input parameters is called the mobility, or degree of freedom, of the linkage system.

A system of n rigid bodies moving in space has 6n degrees of freedom measured relative to a fixed frame. Include this frame in the count of bodies, so that mobility is independent of the choice of the fixed frame, then we have M = 6(N − 1), where N = n + 1 is the number of moving bodies plus the fixed body.

Joints that connect bodies in this system remove degrees of freedom and reduce mobility. Specifically, hinges and sliders each impose five constraints and therefore remove five degrees of freedom. It is convenient to define the number of constraints c that a joint imposes in terms of the joint's freedom f, where c = 6 − f. In the case of a hinge or slider, which are one degree of freedom joints, we have f = 1 and therefore c = 6 − 1 = 5.

Thus, the mobility of a linkage system formed from n moving links and j joints each with fi, i = 1, ..., j, degrees of freedom can be computed as,
 * $$M = 6n - \sum_{i=1}^j (6 - f_i) = 6(N-1 - j) + \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i,$$

where N includes the fixed link. This is known as Kutzbach–Grübler's equation

There are two important special cases: (i) a simple open chain, and (ii) a simple closed chain. A simple open chain consists of n moving links connected end to end by j joints, with one end connected to a ground link. Thus, in this case N = j + 1 and the mobility of the chain is
 * $$ M = \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i .$$

For a simple closed chain, n moving links are connected end-to-end by n+1 joints such that the two ends are connected to the ground link forming a loop. In this case, we have N=j and the mobility of the chain is
 * $$ M = \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i - 6.$$

An example of a simple open chain is a serial robot manipulator. These robotic systems are constructed from a series of links connected by six one degree-of-freedom revolute or prismatic joints, so the system has six degrees of freedom.

An example of a simple closed chain is the RSSR (revolute-spherical-spherical-revolute) spatial four-bar linkage. The sum of the freedom of these joints is eight, so the mobility of the linkage is two, where one of the degrees of freedom is the rotation of the coupler around the line joining the two S joints.

Planar and spherical movement

It is common practice to design the linkage system so that the movement of all of the bodies are constrained to lie on parallel planes, to form what is known as a planar linkage. It is also possible to construct the linkage system so that all of the bodies move on concentric spheres, forming a spherical linkage. In both cases, the degrees of freedom of the link is now three rather than six, and the constraints imposed by joints are now c = 3 − f.

In this case, the mobility formula is given by

 * $$M = 3(N- 1 - j)+ \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i, $$

and we have the special cases,
 * planar or spherical simple open chain,
 * $$ M = \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i, $$

 * planar or spherical simple closed chain,
 * $$ M = \sum_{i=1}^j\ f_i - 3. $$

An example of a planar simple closed chain is the planar four-bar linkage, which is a four-bar loop with four one degree-of-freedom joints and therefore has mobility M = 1.

Joints
The most familiar joints for linkage systems are the revolute, or hinged, joint denoted by an R, and the prismatic, or sliding, joint denoted by a P. Most other joints used for spatial linkages are modeled as combinations of revolute and prismatic joints. For example,
 * the cylindric joint consists of an RP or PR serial chain constructed so that the axes of the revolute and prismatic joints are parallel,
 * the universal joint consists of an RR serial chain constructed such that the axes of the revolute joints intersect at a 90° angle;
 * the spherical joint consists of an RRR serial chain for which each of the hinged joint axes intersect in the same point;
 * the planar joint can be constructed either as a planar RRR, RPR, and PPR serial chain that has three degrees-of-freedom.

Analysis and synthesis of linkages
The primary mathematical tool for the analysis of a linkage is known as the kinematic equations of the system. This is a sequence of rigid body transformation along a serial chain within the linkage that locates a floating link relative to the ground frame. Each serial chain within the linkage that connects this floating link to ground provides a set of equations that must be satisfied by the configuration parameters of the system. The result is a set of non-linear equations that define the configuration parameters of the system for a set of values for the input parameters.

Freudenstein introduced a method to use these equations for the design of a planar four-bar linkage to achieve a specified relation between the input parameters and the configuration of the linkage. Another approach to planar four-bar linkage design was introduced by L. Burmester, and is called Burmester theory.

Planar one degree-of-freedom linkages
The mobility formula provides a way to determine the number of links and joints in a planar linkage that yields a one degree-of-freedom linkage. If we require the mobility of a planar linkage to be M = 1 and fi = 1, the result is
 * $$ M = 3(N - 1 - j) + j = 1, \!$$

or
 * $$ j = \frac{3}{2}N - 2. \!$$

This formula shows that the linkage must have an even number of links, so we have See Sunkari and Schmidt for the number of 14- and 16-bar topologies, as well as the number of linkages that have two, three and four degrees-of-freedom.
 * N = 2, j = 1: this is a two-bar linkage known as the lever;
 * N = 4, j = 4: this is the four-bar linkage;
 * N = 6, j = 7: this is a six-bar linkage [ it has two links that have three joints, called ternary links, and there are two topologies of this linkage depending how these links are connected. In the Watt topology, the two ternary links are connected by a joint.  In the Stephenson topology the two ternary links are connected by binary links;
 * N = 8, j = 10: the eight-bar linkage has 16 different topologies;
 * N = 10, j = 13: the 10-bar linkage has 230 different topologies,
 * N = 12, j = 16: the 12-bar has 6856 topologies.

The planar four-bar linkage is probably the simplest and most common linkage. It is a one degree-of-freedom system that transforms an input crank rotation or slider displacement into an output rotation or slide.

Examples of four-bar linkages are:
 * the crank-rocker, in which the input crank fully rotates and the output link rocks back and forth;
 * the slider-crank, in which the input crank rotates and the output slide moves back and forth;
 * drag-link mechanisms, in which the input crank fully rotates and drags the output crank in a fully rotational movement.

Other interesting linkages

 * Pantograph (four-bar, two DOF)
 * Five bar linkages often have meshing gears for two of the links, creating a one DOF linkage. They can provide greater power transmission with more design flexibility than four-bar linkages.
 * Jansen's linkage is an eight-bar leg mechanism that was invented by kinetic sculptor Theo Jansen.
 * Klann linkage is a six-bar linkage that forms a leg mechanism;
 * Toggle mechanisms are four-bar linkages that are dimensioned so that they can fold and lock. The toggle positions are determined by the colinearity of two of the moving links. The linkage is dimensioned so that the linkage reaches a toggle position just before it folds. The high mechanical advantage allows the input crank to deform the linkage just enough to push it beyond the toggle position.  This locks the input in place.  Toggle mechanisms are used as clamps.

Straight line mechanisms

 * James Watt's parallel motion and Watt's linkage
 * Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage, the first planar linkage to create a perfect straight line output from rotary input; eight-bar, one DOF.
 * A Scott Russell linkage, which converts linear motion, to (almost) linear motion in a line perpendicular to the input.
 * Chebyshev linkage, which provides nearly straight motion of a point with a four-bar linkage.
 * Hoekens linkage, which provides nearly straight motion of a point with a four-bar linkage.
 * Sarrus linkage, which provides motion of one surface in a direction normal to another.
 * Hart's inversor, which provides a perfect straight line motion without sliding guides.

Biological linkages
Linkage systems are widely distributed in animals. The most thorough overview of the different types of linkages in animals has been provided by Mees Muller, who also designed a new classification system which is especially well suited for biological systems. A well-known example is the cruciate ligaments of the knee.

An important difference between biological and engineering linkages is that revolving bars are rare in biology and that usually only a small range of the theoretically possible is possible due to additional functional constraints (especially the necessity to deliver blood). Biological linkages frequently are compliant. Often one or more bars are formed by ligaments, and often the linkages are three-dimensional. Coupled linkage systems are known, as well as five-, six-, and even seven-bar linkages. Four-bar linkages are by far the most common though.

Linkages can be found in joints, such as the knee of tetrapods, the hock of sheep, and the cranial mechanism of birds and reptiles. The latter is responsible for the upward motion of the upper bill in many birds.

Linkage mechanisms are especially frequent and manifold in the head of bony fishes, such as wrasses, which have evolved many specialized feeding mechanisms. Especially advanced are the linkage mechanisms of jaw protrusion. For suction feeding a system of linked four-bar linkages is responsible for the coordinated opening of the mouth and 3-D expansion of the buccal cavity. Other linkages are responsible for protrusion of the premaxilla.

Linkages are also present as locking mechanisms, such as in the knee of the horse, which enables the animal to sleep standing, without active muscle contraction. In pivot feeding, used by certain bony fishes, a four-bar linkage at first locks the head in a ventrally bent position by the alignment of two bars. The release of the locking mechanism jets the head up and moves the mouth toward the prey within 5–10 ms.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Linkage (mechanical)


text:
Talk:Ice pick

February 2005
I tried to fix the article from its previous BJAODN-worthy state. Really, I did. But I just couldn't find enough interesting information about ice picks to flesh it out. CaptainSpam 01:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Function
Why would people want to pick at ice? --Menchi 07:35, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Well, they came in handy in the days before frost-free refrigerators. People would use them to dislodge the ice in the freezer. 67.162.166.143 06:40, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Trotsky
I removed the references to Trotsky's assassination, as the Leon Trotsky, ice axe and Ramon Mercader pages all agree he was killed with an ice axe, not pick. XbenX 19:29, 8 July 2005 (UTC)

RE: Trotsky's murder
Sorry, failed to read this before I wrote that in again. D'oh. Anyway, the ice-axe does seem a little more realistic, given Trotsky's background.

 * I added a sentence in stating explicitly that it was an ice axe instead, since this is obviously a common misconception. --David Edgar 10:52, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Icepick lobotomies
It's my understanding that Walter Freeman did not actually hammer in common icepicks with a rubber mallet. His "trans-orbital lobotomies" were done with a similar surgical instrument. It was crude, imprecise and done without anesthesia, but it was not a real "icepick." Could someone possibly confirm and amend the article, hopefully with a reference? cprompt 23:39, 5 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I added some info from Freeman's wikipage --Master Forcide 02:43, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

I know it's a bit late for discussion, but according to the documentary The Lobotomist which aired on PBS last night, his first transorbital lobotomies were done using the actual icepick straight from his kitchen. He did, as the article says, use other, more-proper tools on down the line, but his first ones were indeed done using a regular icepick straight from his kitchen. Gorovich (talk) 05:09, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Fiction
Do we really need to list every movie, video game, and book that mentions an ice pick as a weapon or tool? Unless there is something special about the appearance of the ice pick in the game/movie/book. Endless with little or no value to the article. --75.20.202.214 07:04, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * But it is associated with Basic Instinct, maybe that is the only one that is worth mentioning. Jay Pegg (talk) 15:18, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Jason's first kill
I'm just gonna add that Jason Voorhees' first on-screen kill was with an icepick 24.177.99.49 00:25, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Ping-pong paddle?!?!
I can't see any use for this section in its current format.

It has no citations, it is opinionated, and off the topic.

I have deleted it. I think that unless it is substantially altered, it shouldn't be in the article.

Thanks.

S. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Diggers (talk • contribs) 14:36, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. I want it resolved permanently MrXow, so please stop adding it back unless if you can add sources. Alanz006 (talk) 23:48, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Removed this from the page, POV
The "Patients" are almost always reduced to a vegetable state by this sadic procedure.The documentary "Psychiatry: An Industry of Death" is a good source of information of this particular use of the ice pick, as well as revealing most other crimes against humanity being committed on a daily basis by psychiatric terrorists. Dr.Freeman never spent a single day in prison for the murders he committed throughout his life. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 32.97.110.61 (talk) 22:17, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Addition of a "Use in Medicine," Section and "Characteristics"
I added a section for the "Ice Pick Lobotomy," as it was procedure that was done hundreds of times throughout the mid 20th century. An ice pick from Walter Freeman's kitchen was reportedly used. Some discussion above mentions that another instrument that looked like an ice pick was used. However, a Vice article notes that an ice pick from Freeman's kitchen was used initially.

I also added some characteristics of the ice pick. This includes how the steel bar is shaped and what kind of wood is used in the handle. Along with the picture, this will help the viewer visualize what an ice pick looks like.

I combined the first two sentences of the definition so that it is more concise and clear. JamesMauney (talk) 13:44, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

Revisions 7/12/22
I added more detail to the definition such as the uses and materials used to make the ice pick. I created a new heading for history and moved some information to that heading. I added more background for how the ice pick was originally used as well as why it is not used as much today. I added more information on the bent tip and the material for the handle in the characteristics tab. I added the uses in bartending tab and wrote a brief summary of its usage. I added some more information regarding icepick lobotomies such as the amount of deaths as well as a time frame under the uses in medicine tab. Hdjessup1 (talk) 18:26, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

List of (non-fictional) murders
Do we really need a list of non-notable murder cases involving an ice-pick? Seems to be WP:MISCELLANY. Muzilon (talk) 13:02, 14 July 2022 (UTC)

Lead section missing
This article has no lead section. Hence, I tagged it. 2A02:AB04:2C2:E300:A90B:40F9:721F:1D44 (talk) 07:24, 20 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Added lead section. Do not revert. 2601:645:4500:31B0:5CE3:8F07:FBF7:8DA4 (talk) 00:26, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ice pick


text:
Talk:Roger Livesey

Dates? (birth, first role)
His birth date differs between the article and the bio at screenonline. We say it was 1906, they say 1901. They also say his stage debut was in 1917, which would make him 11 by our date, but 16 by theirs. We don't state the year of his stage debut, but we do state he was 11. I haven't looked at the other two listed sources yet. Someone more knowledgable about this should look into it. JesseW 01:31, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The IMdb source claim 1906 for his birth. They also have as his first role in 1921, not 1917. JesseW 01:37, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Some of us at the [Powell & Pressburger Appreciation Society] (Roger Livesey did his best film work with P&P) are working on a [biography]. We're still just collecting information so far but the 1906 date looks fairly certain - short of seeing his birth certificate. SteveCrook 14:38, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

I just checked the Birth Index which shows his birth was registered in Cardiff in 1906. Crisso (talk) 21:00, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Picture
Is it worth having the new picture of him talking to George VI? Its quite low quality, he's in the background and you can't tell that its him. Jihg 15:25, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * It is quite bad -- SteveCrook 16:19, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

School attended
The link in the text takes you to the site for the posh and ancient Westminster School. Roger Livesey was educated at the Westminster City School, a neighboring institution that attracted boys from less affluent backgrounds. He was enrolled there in April, 1916. His cousins/step brothers Jack and Barrie also went to school there. There is a site for the WCS, you just have to change the link. Margaretmeyers 22:41, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Article lead
Thank you for pointing out the note that I missed, and restoring "nationality = British" to the infobox. However, the first sentence has "Welsh". I know these matters can be contentious, and have no strong views on the matter, and no particular opinion in this instance. Edwardx (talk) 17:33, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, as the Note says: NOTE: Roger Livesey didn't regard himself as particularly Welsh or English, just British. So if anything, that should be changed from 'Welsh stage and film actor' to 'British stage and film actor'. -- SteveCrook (talk) 10:19, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you again, . I have been bold, and edited the lead accordingly. Edwardx (talk) 09:46, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

Parents
I understood it was illegal for a widow to marry her brother-in-law until 1921, yet the article says Livesey's mother and uncle married in 1913. What have I missed? 2A02:8084:24:AA00:D4C8:DA9E:1E20:5F21 (talk) 11:43, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roger Livesey


text:
Nils Allesson

Nils Allesson (Latin: Nicolaus Allonius) was Archbishop of Uppsala 1292–1305.

Biography
According to the Archbishop's Chronicle, he was born in Uppsala. It is believed that he studied at the University of Paris in 1278. After returning to Sweden, he became deacon in Uppsala in 1286 and was elected archbishop in 1292 following the death of Archbishop Johannes who died during  1291. At this time, the cathedral chapter in Uppsala was in a dispute with Jens Grand, Archbishop of Lund, who had primate status over the archbishop of Uppsala. The Archbishop did not approve of Nils Allesson and appealed the election to Rome. This occurred during a period without a valid Pope elected due to a deadlock among cardinals. Nils later travelled to Rome to be ordained in 1295 by Pope Boniface VIII.

Nils was known as a vigorous archbishop. He founded and supervised institutions for safety and order, such as accommodations for travelers around his diocese. In 1303, he participated in the first trial against Botulf Botulfsson for heresy. The same year, he opened the shrine of Eric the Saint and provided some relics to Duke Eric, the son of King Magnus Ladulås.

Other sources

 * Åsbrink, Gustav & Westman, Knut B. Svea rikes ärkebiskopar från 1164 till nuvarande tid (Bokförlaget Natur och Kultur, Stockholm 1935)

title: Nils Allesson


text:
Acadian orogeny

The Acadian orogeny is a long-lasting mountain building event which began in the Middle Devonian, reaching a climax in the Late Devonian. It was active for approximately 50 million years, beginning roughly around 375 million years ago (Ma), with deformational, plutonic, and metamorphic events extending into the early Mississippian. The Acadian orogeny is the third of the four orogenies that formed the Appalachian Mountains and subsequent basin. The preceding orogenies consisted of the Grenville and Taconic orogenies, which followed a rift/drift stage in the Neoproterozoic. The Acadian orogeny involved the collision of a series of Avalonian continental fragments with the Laurasian continent. Geographically, the Acadian orogeny extended from the Canadian Maritime provinces migrating in a southwesterly direction toward Alabama. However, the northern Appalachian region, from New England northeastward into Gaspé region of Canada, was the most greatly affected region by the collision.

It was roughly contemporaneous with the Bretonic phase of the Variscan orogeny of Laurussia, with metamorphic events in southwestern Texas and northern Mexico, and with the Antler orogeny of the Great Basin.

Palaeogeography
During the time of the Acadian orogeny, Middle Devonian (385 Ma), the paleolatitude of the Laurentia was in the southern hemisphere near the equator, between 0° to 30°S latitude. Laurentia did not change much with respect to paleolatitude during the Devonian. Gondwana, on the other hand, traveled a large distance, such that in the Ordovician the South Pole was located in northern Africa, where it then moved west of southern Chile during the Silurian, and moved back to central Africa during the Devonian. However, more recent research, from Scotese & McKerrow, suggests that in Late Devonian, the South Pole was in north-central Argentina rather than northern Africa, which was supported with paleoclimatic evidence. The paleolatitude of Gondwana during the Middle to Late Devonian resided around intermediate latitudes of about 50°S.

The collision initiating the Acadian orogeny resulted in the closing of the southern Iapetus Ocean and the formation of a high mountain belt. After the Acadian collision took place, Gondwana began to retreat from Laurentia with the newly accreted Avalonian terranes left behind. As Gondwana moved away, a new ocean opened up, the Rheic Ocean, during the Middle to Late Devonian, and subsequently its closure resulted in the formation of the Alleghanian orogeny.

Laurentia
Laurentia is the North American paleocontinent, which also includes present day northwest Ireland, Scotland, Greenland, the north slope of Alaska, and the Chukotsk Peninsula of northeastern Russia. During the Ordovician-Devonian time, Laurentia remained at the same paleolatitude, slightly south of the equator in the southern hemisphere, with relatively the same paleolongitude. Major defining tectonic events include the Neoproterozoic rift sequence from the breakup of Grenville basement rocks, thermal subsidence related to the Early Cambrian to Middle Ordovician drift sequence during the opening of the Iapetus Ocean, the Appalachian accretionary events to the eastern continental margin, and the resulting foreland-basin and clastic wedges.

Avalonian terranes
Avalonian terranes that constitute Avalonia are the following modern-day regions: northern France, Belgium (the Ardennes), England, Wales, southeastern Ireland, eastern Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick and some coastal parts of New England. The basement consisted of Late Precambrian age arc rocks and is believed to come from the margin of Gondwana, sometime in the Early Ordovician. Avalonia rifted from Gondwana during the onset of igneous activity in the Ardennes, Wales, and southeast Ireland that consumed the Tornquist Sea oceanic crust. It drifted in a northerly direction and probably collided with Baltica in the Late Ordovician, and then with Laurentia in the Late Devonian. Evidence for this is consistent with paleomagnetic data which place Avalonia at a temperate latitude during the Ordovician and in a subtropical latitude during the Late Ordovician through the Devonian.

Overview of events
The Acadian orogeny resulted from oblique convergence or major transcurrent movement along a large strike-slip fault which represents the zone of convergence between Laurussia/Laurentia and Avalon terranes. One or more of the Avalonian terranes accreted with the eastern margin of Laurentia, most likely beginning in the late Early Devonian.

The evidence for the Acadian orogeny is abundant and widespread in the northern Appalachians, recorded by the plutonism and the migration of the northern Appalachian deformation front toward the craton. In the central to southern Appalachians, evidence for the Acadian orogeny is poor and is found primarily in the plutonism of the Blue Ridge and metamorphism of the Cat Square terrane.

The Acadian orogeny experienced at least three major phases of deformation, and in places, unconformities are recognized. These phases are called tectophases and represent the sequence of collisions that occurred from the Avalonian terranes accreting to Laurentia. As a result of these tectophases, deltas developed on the adjacent parts of the stable craton, eastern margin of Laurentia. These deltas are described as foreland-basin, delta-complex clastic wedges, which are responsible for the large volumes of sediment input into the Appalachian basin.

Collision
The collision of Avalonia with Laurentia initiated a sequence of events where the older rocks were subjected to deformation, plutonism, metamorphism, and uplift that occurred over a large area of eastern Laurentia. During the course of the orogeny, new faults formed, while older faults were reactivated. Acadian deformation and metamorphism were asymmetric across the strike of the orogen. The Acadian plutons intruded every belt, unlike the deformation/metamorphism, of Avalonia which did not undergo much of the alteration shown in other localities. During the Middle Devonian, centers for volcanoes and uplift formed in the New England region and shed fine-grained clastic material into an inland seaway that covered a large part of southern and central Appalachia. Today, portions of the ancient Avalonia landmass occur in scattered outcrop belts along the eastern margin of North America. One belt occurs in Newfoundland; another forms the bedrock of much of the coastal region of New England from eastern Connecticut to northern Maine, where it is known as the Coastal Lithotectonic Block.

The collision between Laurentia and Avalonian terranes is actually more complex than described above. The collision is broken into three or possibly four tectophases which represent a successive collision of the Avalonian terranes with eastern Laurentia.

Tectophases
Because major clastic wedges and basinal deposits are distributed in a southwestward progression, it is assumed they originated from areas near promontories, areas along the continental margin where deformation is concentrated. The earliest tectophase was located at the St. Lawrence promontory in northern New England and in the Canadian Maritime Provinces. The St. Lawrence tectophase was active during the Early to Middle Devonian with intense transpressional deformation which formed a basin in the Gaspé Peninsula, northern New Brunswick, and northern New England. Clastic wedges were present in this area, but the evidence for them has been mostly destroyed by succeeding tectonism.

The second tectophase, during the Middle Devonian, represents the collision with the New York promontory. The southward migration of deformation reflected the third tectophase, which marks the collision of Avalon terranes with the Virginia promontory in the Middle to Late Devonian time. The effects of the New York and Virginia promontories together produced the Catskill Delta complex. As the migration of deformation continued southward along the fault zone, during the Early Mississippian time, the final collision occurred with the Alabama promontory. Ettensohn refers to the fourth tectophase as the Mississippian tectophase of the Acadian orogeny, since it demonstrated an unusually long duration (Mississippian-Early Pennsylvanian). Subsequently, the Pocono and equivalent clastic wedges essentially filled the epicontinental sea. The deposition of Middle Mississippian carbonates marks the end of the Acadian orogeny and Catskill Delta complex.

Foreland basin
Foreland basins are a product of tectonic deformational loading, or crustal thickening along the orogen, a consequence of overthrusting and folding. The Acadian foreland basin is categorized as a retroarc foreland basin, which occurs on the overriding continental lithosphere, adjacent to a foreland fold-thrust belt behind a continental margin arc. The initial result of loading is a bulge move out and uplift of the foreland, which generates a localized unconformity. The distributions of unconformities display an asymmetric pattern in relation to the promontories. Subsidence follows bulge movement and uplift and is produced on the cratonic side of the orogen due to regional isostatic adjustment to the load by the lithosphere. Once thrust propagation declines, substantial relief and drainage nets have had time to develop, and the as a resulting coarser clastic sediment is eroded and transported to the foreland basin.

The basement structures of the Appalachian foreland basin at the onset of the Acadian orogeny were reactivated during foreland lithospheric flexure. These structures affected the foreland basin evolution and sedimentation patterns, and the preexisting faults partitioned the basin into regions of fault-controlled uplift and depocenters.

Delta complex
The Appalachian basin, during the Middle Devonian and Early Mississippian, is characterized by large volumes of deltaic sedimentary rocks that were deposited in the Acadian foreland basin as a response to the Acadian orogeny. These deposits extend from central New York and Pennsylvania westward to Ohio, and south along the Appalachian Mountains through Virginia and Tennessee to Alabama. The Acadian delta complex is categorized into two deltas, the Catskill Delta of Middle and Upper Devonian age, and the Price-Rockwell in the Pocono Mountains delta of Late Devonian and Early Mississippian age. The Acadian delta complex is coupled to the four tectophases of the Acadian orogeny, both in terms of provenance and depositional settings. The relief resulting from the orogeny was the fundamental source of the delta sediments.

The Catskill Delta complex consists of a coarsening upward sequence of rocks. Its thickness is greatest in eastern Pennsylvania and thins westward into Ohio. The Catskill paleogeography appears to consist of many small streams, which deposited their sedimentary load along a coastal alluvial plain that was hundreds of miles long.

The Middle Devonian to Lower Mississippian siliciclastic strata, deposited by the Catskill Delta, includes black shale, gray shale, sandstone, red beds, and minor argillaceous limestone. The strata was deposited in a four-stage pattern that is observed in each tectophase. The formation of the foreland basin through rapid subsidence initiated transgressive sequences that deposited basinal black shales. After the black shales were deposited, the migration of deformation continued southward, and regression dominated, particularly on the east side of the basin. As collision intensified, subsidence in the foreland basin declined, and sedimentation was replaced by an influx of calcareous silty shales and carbonates. These deposits reflect small transgressive-regressive cycles in a delta-front and delta platform environments. The third stage is represented by regional uplift, which accompanied the collision of an Avalon terrane with a promontory, and subsequently, developed a regional disconformity. The fourth and final stage is represented by tectonic quiescence with a widespread carbonate deposition in a slowly transgressing sea.

title: Acadian orogeny


text:
Inside Edition

Inside Edition is an American newsmagazine television program that is distributed in first-run syndication by CBS Media Ventures. Having premiered on January 9, 1989, it is the longest-running syndicated-newsmagazine program that is not strictly focused on hard news. Though it does feature the latter, the rest of each day's edition mainly features a mix of infotainment stories, entertainment news and gossip, scandals, true-crime stories and lifestyle features.

Since 1995, the program's weekday broadcasts have been anchored by Deborah Norville. Since 2020, its weekend editions have been presented by Mary Calvi, who also anchors the daily show when Norville is unavailable.

Format
Inside Edition is broadcast in two formats: the weekday edition is broadcast as a half-hour program and features a broad mix of news stories of various types and feature segments; a weekend edition (titled Inside Edition Weekend, though visually referenced as Inside Weekend in on-air graphics) is also produced, which also runs for a half-hour, and is composed of a selection of stories featured on the Monday through Friday editions the previous week. During major holidays occurring on a weekday, that episode may feature a format similar to the weekend edition but featuring a compilation of stories from past editions and occasionally features lifestyle-oriented stories in relation to certain major holidays (such as Independence Day, Thanksgiving and Christmas); from 2002 to 2012, certain episodes aired during the summer months also followed a similar format, mixing feature packages from past episodes introduced by the anchor of that day's broadcast with current news stories introduced by one of the program's correspondents from its newsroom.

The program is based at the CBS Broadcast Center in Manhattan, which houses its main newsroom and production facilities as well as the set for the broadcast. Some editions, however, are conducted from the program's West Coast newsroom in Los Angeles (from where the program's L.A.-based correspondents sometimes introduce story packages) or on location at the studios of television station which carry the program or from the sites of events which are being covered for the broadcast. Inside Edition is transmitted live via satellite at 3:00 p.m. Eastern Time Zone each Monday through Friday, with occasional updates to each broadcast being conducted to account for new story details or other timely news pieces, and to correct technical or script issues in the original live broadcast.

The program was among the first directly affected by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on March 8, 2020 (the day where the COVID-19 was declared a pandemic); as the CBS Broadcast Center (and thus, the Inside Edition newsroom and studio) was closed after building personnel tested positive for the virus. For the first week after, Deborah Norville originated the program from her home kitchen and subsequently later shot remotely from her home, with contributions from the Los Angeles newsroom before being able to establish a dedicated virtual home studio with the entire staff remote working, as the Los Angeles base was also affected by a stay-at-home order.

History
The program was created by John Tomlin and Bob Young, whose concept was picked up by King World Productions (which CBS Corporation – itself having acquired King World through its December 2005 split from Viacom – folded into CBS Television Distribution in September 2007; both CBS and Viacom would re-merge as ViacomCBS in 2019) in the winter of early 1988, for a debut during the 1988–89 television season. When Inside Edition first premiered in January 1989, the program's format originally took on a high-brow approach, focusing on general news and investigative journalism. The first anchor of the program was David Frost, who was demoted to a correspondent role after approximately three weeks, due to poor ratings under the original concept.

In February of that year, Frost was replaced as main anchor by ABC News reporter Bill O'Reilly. By then, the program had shifted towards a mix of tabloid crime stories, investigations and celebrity gossip. In point of fact, Inside Edition was one of the original "Big Three" tabloid journalism-style newsmagazines of the early 1990s on American television – alongside Fox's A Current Affair and Paramount's Hard Copy – which fiercely competed with each other in syndication during that period (and is the only one that remains on the air). In addition to being one of the first American broadcasters to cover the dismantling of the Berlin Wall, O'Reilly obtained the first exclusive interview with murderer Joel Steinberg and was the first television host from a national current affairs program on the scene of the 1992 Los Angeles riots.

An Australian version was produced by Network Ten and was presented by veteran journalist Peter Luck and ran for two years. In September 1992, the program launched a spin-off newsmagazine, Inside Edition Extra, which was co-produced by King World and then CBS affiliate WHDH (channel 7, now an independent station), which broadcast its parent series in the Boston market. Tom Ellis, who had previously served as an anchor at WHDH, served as host of the program. Unlike its parent show, Inside Edition Extra was not able to attain high ratings and was canceled at the end of the 1992–93 season; it would be replaced by American Journal, which went on to a longer five-year run.

In July 1994, O'Reilly began expressing a desire to leave Inside Edition. In March 1995, a little over six years after the show premiered, O'Reilly would leave the program. Deborah Norville, who at the time was a weekend anchor for CBS News and who had previously been known for her brief stint as co-anchor of Today on NBC, was chosen to take over. By the late 1990s, as its similarly formatted syndicated competitors had already begun waning in the ratings, the program tweaked its format in an effort to retain viewers. While its focus continued to revolve partly around entertainment and crime stories, it also began phasing in additional hard news content (consisting of select major headlines of given warranty and other notable general news and legal-related stories) as well as lifestyle and human-interest story features. In the late 2000s, as video sharing websites such as YouTube came into prominence, Inside Edition began incorporating viral video in most broadcasts, either those in relating to a news story covered in that day's edition or, more commonly, humorous or amazing videos (including clever marriage proposals, people and animals displaying interesting talents or stunts, active military personnel returning home from duty surprising family members and practical joke); videos of the latter type are typically included in the "D" block which closes each broadcast.

Criticism
In the 1990s, Inside Edition was classified by the Pew Research Center Project for Excellence in Journalism as "tabloid press" and a "pseudo news program".

Anchor

 * Deborah Norville – anchor (1995–present)

Correspondents

 * Megan Alexander – New York–based correspondent (2007–present)
 * Paul Boyd – correspondent/weekend fill-in anchor (2020–present; previously served as weekend anchor/New York–based correspondent 2001–2014)
 * Mary Calvi – weekend/weekday fill-in anchor (2020–present)
 * Jenna DeAngelis - correspondent (2023–present)
 * Steven Fabian – New York–based correspondent/weekend/weekday fill-in anchor (2014–present)
 * Lisa Guerrero – chief investigative correspondent (2006–present)
 * Alison Hall – New York–based correspondent (2021–present)
 * Astrid Martinez – correspondent (2022–present)
 * Ann Mercogliano – New York–based correspondent (2015–present)
 * Jim Moret – Los Angeles–based chief correspondent (2004–present)
 * Victoria Recaño – Los Angeles–based correspondent (2002–2004, 2012–present)
 * Les Trent – New York–based correspondent (2000–present)
 * Sibila Vargas – correspondent (2022–present)

Former on-air staff

 * Trish Bergin – weekend anchor/correspondent (2002–2003)
 * Logan Byrnes – correspondent (?–?; now at WTIC-TV in Hartford)
 * Tony Cox – correspondent (?–?)
 * Don Criqui – weekend anchor/correspondent (1995–2002, longtime sports broadcaster for CBS and NBC)
 * Rita Cosby – New York–based correspondent (2008–2009, still special correspondent)
 * Kim Dean – correspondent (2004–2007, now at WRAL-TV in Raleigh)
 * David Frost – inaugural anchor correspondent (1989, deceased)
 * Rudy Giuliani – chief legal analyst (1990–1993, former New York City mayor and former presidential candidate)
 * Nancy Glass – weekend anchor/senior correspondent (1992–1993, later host of American Journal)
 * Stacey Gualandi – Los Angeles–based correspondent (1997–2006, now at Radar Online)
 * Kristina Guerrero – Los Angeles–based correspondent (2007–2008, later at E! News)
 * Star Jones – chief legal analyst (1994–1997, later co-host of The View and at TruTV)
 * Rick Kirkham – correspondent (1989–1997)
 * Diane McInerney – weekend/weekday fill-in anchor/New York–based correspondent (2003–2020)
 * Matt Meagher – senior investigative correspondent (1989–2010)
 * Bill O'Reilly – anchor/correspondent (1989–1995, later host of The O'Reilly Factor on Fox News)
 * Jon Scott – reporter (1989–1992, now host/anchor of Fox Report Weekend on Fox News)
 * Janet Tamaro – correspondent (1989–1994, 1996–1999)
 * Rolonda Watts – senior correspondent, weekend anchor, and producer (1989–1993, later host of the syndicated talk show Rolonda)
 * Steve Wilson – reporter (1992–1995, later at WXYZ-TV in Detroit)
 * April Woodard – New York–based senior correspondent (2001–2014, now at WTKR in Norfolk)

Awards

 * George Polk Award – Special Achievement in Journalism 1996
 * Lifetime Achievement Award – Presented by the National Association of Consumer Agency Administrators, 2007

title: Inside Edition


text:
Talk:Cranial nerves

central and peripheral course
Cranial nerves do not have a central and peripheral course. Once in the brain, they are no longer cranial nerves. The nerves have intracranial and extrancranial courses. I am changing the text accordingly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anatomyczar (talk • contribs) 13:34, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

raising shoulder and head turning (accessory nerve)
Damage to the accessory nerve causes ipsilateral, not contralateral, weakness to the trapezius. Similarly, damage to the ipsilateral nerve, if high, will definitely cause paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid as well. What is currently written is incorrect.

Why is "Function" discussed largely as pathology?
In the sections under 2 Function, the function of each nerve is discussed largely in terms of known pathologies. Is this how anatomical function is normally or primarily described? Is the emphasis on pathology a feature of medical literature as opposed to literature for a general audience?

I suspect that the knowledge of cranial nerve function might proceed largely from the knowledge of adverse physical conditions  observed consistently in conjunction with specific cranial nerve damage. (In other words, as regards "function," it may be more truthful to say, "we know what functions are impaired when this particular nerve is damaged," rather than describe the same nerve as positively "having" such functions.) Even so, as a general reader, I myself did expect to find information about normative "function" as such and was surprised to find mostly information characterizing "malfunction."

Please keep in mind that I am not a medical expert, and please do pardon my ignorance if the reason for the focus on pathology is obvious or generally understood. --Zmvictor (talk) 02:57, 2 January 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zmvictor (talk • contribs) 02:52, 2 January 2020 (UTC)
 * @ you make an excellent point and I very much agree this distinction between normal and abnormal is important. For this reason in most articles "Clinical significance" and "Function" are split quite clearly. In this article we use a slightly different structure. The main reason for that was otherwise we have two lists of the tweleve nerves - one in function and one in clinical significance, which ended up being messy. We decided it might be more useful to have the effect of damage to each of the twelve nerves next to its function, and an overall coverage of sources of damage in the 'clincial significance' section. I see that the text has deteriorated a little bit so this distinction has been lost over time. --Tom (LT) (talk) 23:59, 3 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Ergh. I think this article will need more work than I thought. --Tom (LT) (talk) 00:11, 4 January 2020 (UTC)
 * @ ✅ I have made quite a lot of edits to the article. It's not perfect but I hope this is an improvement. Let me know what you think.--Tom (LT) (talk) 06:02, 5 January 2020 (UTC)
 * @ Just a note to say I reread the article and very much appreciated your emendations as well as the expanded text and additional figures. I found the subsections under Function clear and easy to follow. As a reader, I quickly caught on to the pattern (description of normative function followed by description of abnormal function due to damage), which helped me organize the information mentally as I was reading.-- Zmvictor (talk) 08:23, 13 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks I appreciate your positive reply :). Let me know (probably via my talk page is easiest) if you find any other articles that are particularly hard to understand, happy to have a look and try and improve them too. Cheers --Tom (LT) (talk) 07:44, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 23 April 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. (closed by non-admin page mover) BilledMammal (talk) 11:50, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

Cranial nerves → Cranial nerve – WP:SINGULAR, not a plurale tantum, a single cranial nerve isn't referred to in plural, in line with spinal nerve where the nerves are more commonly referred to in plural. Background is a declined past move request per Template:Db-move. –Tobias (talk) 08:05, 23 April 2024 (UTC) — Relisting. Natg 19 (talk) 21:43, 3 May 2024 (UTC) — Relisting. BilledMammal (talk) 02:03, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for proposing this, I'm always appreciative of efforts to improve articles in our anatomical space. You can see I've been involved in editing this article previously. I would not be in favour of moving the article per PLURAL, "Articles on groups of distinct entities that are nevertheless often considered together". Unlike spinal nerves, which are often simply reported by their number and are conceptually fairly similar, the cranial nerves are very commonly considered as a group. That's why there is a difference between the two article titles. Tom (LT) (talk) 06:19, 25 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It's great to hear from you. I think I understand your perspective on the titles being oriented towards the detailed characteristics of the described topic. However, I'm questioning whether the structure of subdivisions within the topic, such as the individual cranial nerves, should influence the title. Also, doesn't the conceptual similarity of spinal nerves make them more considerable as a group compared to even the cranial nerves? I'm also concerned about consistancy and conciseness. For example, the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are commonly referred to as a group and it is consistent that all of their articles bear a plural title. Applying this principle on the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, I see an inconsistancy which seems less concise too, imho. I'm just wondering if there might be a more concise approach. Maybe you have some ideas to address this? –Tobias (talk) 07:21, 25 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose - it seems quite clear as above that WP:PLURAL and WP:Article titles cover this use of a plural form. As for Spinal nerve I would likewise support a move to Spinal nerves.--Iztwoz (talk) 11:55, 25 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's clear. But the simple permission doesn't necessarily make it useful and the use of plural form is what I can't get my head around right now. –Tobias (talk) 12:11, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Support – As one who commonly deals with the eighth cranial nerve, I'd say these nerve of distinct functions are quite often dealt with individually. Singular makes more sense even for an article that lists and discusses them all. Dicklyon (talk) 15:37, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I want to add something not irrelevant: the majority of articles about a group of anatomical structures like bones bear a plural title, if there is a neutral term, it seems to be preferred like in phalanx bone. With this in mind, this is a kind of discussion to get a consistency and consensus whether to use the singular or plural form in specific groups. As for me, I think it is more logical to prefer singular form and still support it, because there is no need for using plural in non-plurale tantums and we're aiming to describe e. g. the 12 thoracic vertebrae of humans, but other mammals to have thoracic vertebrae too, therefore defining a structurally similar, yet different group, which is not the intended topic of the article. This choice has to be independent of current practice on Wikipedia, as this is irrelevant in deciding which option is the more logical one. –Tobias (talk) 16:12, 4 May 2024 (UTC)
 * There are countless uses of plurals often used in negating the need for disambiguation pages and allowing the inclusion of numbers of small stub items into one inclusive page and also where an item such as ketone body is never referred to in the singular. So I still oppose the proposal.--Iztwoz (talk) 07:53, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * "Ketone body metabolism" - seems kinda not-never to me. Not to mention Lewy body, Mallory body, or Psammoma body and terms like Lewy body dementia. –Tobias (talk) 08:12, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Note that you changed long-standing Ketone bodies -is it your intention to move all the plurals pages. Have copied from the redirect template:- To its plural form - This is a redirect from a singular noun to its plural form. Redirects of this sort exist for reader convenience in cases of singular–plural pairs. It is also used for "false singulars", wherein the plural or plural-looking form is better attested in usage, such that the normal "prefer the singular" Wikipedia naming convention is not followed.  That should cover the page Ketone bodies too i.e. in better attested in plurals usage. Cranial nerves only occur in pairs.--Iztwoz (talk) 16:34, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @Iztwoz Nasal bone is a paired bone the way a cranial nerve is paired. Even though they're paired, both of them are referred to as single cranial nerve and nasal bone, not their plural form. –Tobias (talk) 16:49, 14 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The nasal bones are two of a kind, just one pair likewise eye, ear, nostril. I am not going to obsess about this - have provided the rationale from the redirect template.--Iztwoz (talk) 21:50, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Cranial nerves


text:
John Maine

John Kevin Maine (born May 8, 1981) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He has played for the Baltimore Orioles, New York Mets and Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He batted and threw right-handed.

Early life and college
Maine was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia. After graduating from North Stafford High School in Stafford, Virginia, Maine played college baseball for UNC Charlotte, where he was named the Conference USA Pitcher of the Year in 2001 and set several single-season 49ers' records, including strikeouts and wins. In 2000, while still in college, Maine pitched for the Bethesda Big Train, a summer collegiate baseball team located a few miles outside of Washington D.C.

Baltimore Orioles
Maine decided to forgo his senior season at Charlotte and was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the sixth round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft. In 2003, he emerged as one of the top prospects in the minor leagues when he led all minor league pitchers in strikeouts with 185. He made his debut with the Orioles on July 23, 2004. After spending the latter half of 2004 and most of 2005 shuffling between Baltimore and Triple-A Ottawa, Maine recorded his first Major League win on August 13, 2005, at Camden Yards with a 1–0 shutout victory over the Toronto Blue Jays in which he started and pitched five innings.

Maine was traded to the Mets on January 21, 2006, along with right-handed reliever Jorge Julio in exchange for starting pitcher Kris Benson.

New York Mets
He was called up from Triple A Norfolk in early May 2006 after rookie Brian Bannister was put on the disabled list with a hamstring injury. Maine started on May 2 against the Washington Nationals and took the loss after giving up four runs on six hits and two walks in 5.1 innings. He was placed on the injured list on May 6 with inflammation of his right middle finger, which he says hurt his May 2 start. He was reactivated on June 12 and was optioned back to Triple A Norfolk.

On July 3, he was recalled from the minors and became part of the Mets' starting rotation. After a solid, if mediocre start off the DL, Maine had a start that could be said to have turned around his career. With Orlando Hernandez originally slated to start against the Houston Astros, early rain caused the Mets to put in Maine instead. He pitched a complete game shutout. That start continued a scoreless innings streak. Maine pitched a scoreless inning in relief, and then 22 scoreless innings over three starts, recording two wins and a no decision over that span. After his second scoreless outing, Mets manager Willie Randolph designated Maine as the rotation's fifth starter over higher-ranking prospect Mike Pelfrey.

Maine's scoreless-inning streak reached 26 innings before he allowed a run. Against Washington on August 12, Maine retired 11 of the first 12 batters he faced before Nick Johnson hit a solo home run. The streak fell 5$2⁄3$ innings short of Jerry Koosman's Mets franchise record. His streak was the longest ever by a Mets rookie starter, exceeding Dwight Gooden and Anthony Young's 23-inning streaks by two. His 25 scoreless innings by a starter was the longest streak since Al Leiter threw 25$1⁄3$ scoreless in 1998.

On September 29, 2006, in his final at-bat of the season, Maine recorded his first major league hit, ending a streak of twenty-eight hitless at-bats.

Overall, Maine went 6–5 with a 3.60 earned run average in 15 starts in his debut season for the Mets, showing flashes of dominance, such as his scoreless innings streak. His efforts helped the Mets win the National League Eastern Division. Despite his solid season, he was originally not expected to make a start in the postseason. However, after injuries sidelined both Pedro Martínez and Orlando Hernández, Maine found himself starting Game 1 of the National League Division Series for the Mets. In that game, he pitched 4$1⁄3$ innings and got a no-decision. The Mets went on to win that game to give them a 1–0 lead in the Division series against the Dodgers. In the must win Game 6 of the National League Championship Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, Maine pitched 5$1⁄3$ shutout innings and defeated defending National League Cy Young Award winner Chris Carpenter to force a Game 7.

Maine went to the 2006 MLB Japan All-Star Series along with teammates José Reyes and David Wright.

Maine started his 2007 campaign with a win against the Cardinals, holding St. Louis to one hit and no runs in seven innings. Maine's success against hitters in 2007 continued, and he posted a 15–10 record with a 3.91 ERA with 180 strikeouts in 191.0 innings pitched. Maine's off-season conditioning program helped him to pitcher deeper into ballgames, and he started to become one of the more dominant pitchers in the National League.

In April, he had a no-hitter through 6 innings against the Florida Marlins before a single by Miguel Cabrera spoiled the bid. After a solid April in which he went 4–0 with a 1.35 ERA, Maine was named the National League Pitcher of the Month.

At the All-Star break, Maine led Mets starters with a 2.71 ERA, 93 strikeouts and was tied with Brad Penny for the most wins in the NL at 10 each. Despite posting great numbers, he was not in the All-Star game, when asked if he expected to make the game, he said no.

On July 24, 2007, in the bottom of the 4th inning against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Maine hit a 2-run home run to left field and received a curtain call. This was his first home run of his major league career. The Mets won 8–4, and Maine earned his 11th win of the season. Maine earned his Met-leading 12th victory against the Nationals on July 29, pitching a complete game shutout in a five inning rain-shortened game, giving up only a single hit.

As late as September 18, his 7.89 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched put him the top 10 among all qualified National League starting pitchers.

On September 29, 2007, Maine threw 7.2 scoreless innings allowing 1 hit, and striking out 14 Florida Marlins, leading the Mets to a 13–0 rout. Maine's 14 strikeouts were the most for a Mets starter in eight years; the Marlins' lone hit came with two outs in the eighth inning, an infield hit to the third base bag by Marlins' back-up catcher Paul Hoover (baseball). The no-hit bid was nearly a mirror image of April 28, 1992, when David Cone threw 7.1 hitless innings before surrendering an infield hit or that of Dwight Gooden in 1984 when a similar hit was given up and third baseman Ray Knight could not pick it up in time. John Maine has been heralded by Tom Seaver as something of a protégé.

He entered the 2008 season as the Mets' number 3 starter. Maine received a raise by the Mets and earned $450,000. He ended the season with 25 starts, 140 innings, 10–8 win–loss record, and a 4.18 ERA.

The end of Maine's 2008 season was marred by injury. On August 4, Maine was put on the disabled list with a strained rotator cuff. He returned, making three more starts, but was then put back on the disabled list. On September 24, he again came off the disabled list but Manager Jerry Manuel did not allow him to pitch for fear of future injury. At season's end, he underwent surgery in which doctors removed a bone spur from his shoulder. The doctors were amazed at the size of the spur; they said it was the biggest they had ever seen. They were amazed that he was able to pitch in that condition.

He began throwing in December and was ready for spring training of 2009.

In January, the Mets avoided arbitration, signing Maine to a one-year, $2.6 million contract. Maine initially struggled coming off the shoulder surgery, posting a 5.40 ERA to go with a 1–2 record in four April starts. However, he bounced back in his six starts in May, going 4–1 with an ERA of 2.75, nearly half of his April ERA. After a poor start in June, he was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to arm fatigue. Maine would stay on the DL with arm fatigue and numerous setbacks for a long amount of time. He eventually came back in mid-September and was eased back into the rotation, going more than 5 innings only once. In his last start of the season against the Astros, he went 7.0 innings letting up one earned run with 7 strikeouts, with that encouraging start he gave the Mets more certainty that he can return to his '07 form in the 2010 season. He finished the 2009 season with a 7–6 win–loss record throwing 81.1 innings with an era of 4.43.

In January, the Mets and John Maine agreed to arbitration, signing Maine to a one-year, $3.3 million contract (with an additional $225,000 that can be earned in performance bonuses).

Maine struggled with his performance and spent additional time on the Disabled List. On 20 May, in his ninth start of the season, he was taken out of the game after pitching to one batter. Maine stated that he was in good health, but Jerry Manuel ignored his request to stay in the game. Pitching coach Dan Warthen said that Maine had "habit" of not being truthful about his health.

On July 23, Maine had arthroscopic surgery to repair his shoulder and missed the remainder of the 2010 season. At that time, he was considered to be the second best pitcher in Major League Baseball by New York Beat Writer Gary Paciello.

He was non-tendered and became a free agent on December 2, 2010.

Colorado Rockies
On February 17, 2011, Maine signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies, including an invitation to Spring Training. On June 22, after pitching 45 innings with the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox, recording a 7.43 ERA, 35 strikeouts, and 37 walks, Maine left the team and was reportedly considering retiring from baseball. He became a free agent following the season on November 2.

Boston Red Sox
On December 30, 2011, Maine signed a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox. He also received an invitation to spring training. Maine was released on May 4, 2012.

New York Yankees
On May 25, 2012, John Maine signed with the Yankees to a minor-league deal, and assigned him to extended spring training.

Maine was signed to the Scranton-Wilkes Barre Yankees roster on June 12 and made his first appearance in regular season game play in nearly a year that evening. Initially scheduled to start, he instead picked up in the 2nd inning after a spot-start by the rehabbing David Robertson. Throwing 65 pitches (37 for strikes) in three innings of work, he struck out four, walked two, and gave up three runs (two earned) while recording a win for the Yankees. He became a free agent following the season on November 2.

Miami Marlins
On December 13, 2012, Maine signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins that contained an invitation to spring training. He made the opening day roster and was designated for assignment on April 19, 2013. He was subsequently released afterwards.

Coaching career and return to Charlotte
On August 25, 2014, the Charlotte 49ers baseball team announced that Maine would join the staff of his alma mater as a volunteer assistant.

title: John Maine


text:
Tlatelolco metro station

Tlatelolco is a metro station along Line 3 of the Mexico City Metro. It is located in the Tlatelolco neighbourhood of the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City, to the north of the downtown area. It serves the Unidad Habitacional Nonoalco-Tlatelolco mega apartment complex, famous for its Plaza de las Tres Culturas square (with buildings from the pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern eras) and infamous for the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre of demonstrating students.

The station logo depicts the tallest building in the nearby Nonoalco-Tlatelolco residential estate, the triangular Torre Insignia, which was formerly a Banobras building. The 127 m tower houses a 47-bell carillon – a gift to the Mexican people from the citizens of Belgium. Metro Tlatelolco is directly connected with the main square of the vast, 1960s residential estate.

The station opened on 20 November 1970 with service southward towards Hospital General. Northward service towards Indios Verdes started nearly 8 years later on 25 August 1978.

title: Tlatelolco metro station


text:
Obstruent

An obstruent is a speech sound such as, , or  that is formed by obstructing airflow. Obstruents contrast with sonorants, which have no such obstruction and so resonate. All obstruents are consonants, but sonorants include vowels as well as consonants.

Subclasses
Obstruents are subdivided into:
 * plosives (oral stops), such as, with complete occlusion of the vocal tract, often followed by a release burst;
 * fricatives, such as, with limited closure, not stopping airflow but making it turbulent;
 * affricates, which begin with complete occlusion but then release into a fricative-like release, such as.

Voicing
Obstruents are often prototypically voiceless, but voiced obstruents are common. This contrasts with sonorants, which are prototypically voiced and only rarely phonemically voiceless.

title: Obstruent


text:
Talk:Jim Rose Circus

from VfD
On 15 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Jim Rose Circus for a record of the discussion.

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Disputed/COI
This entire article is very poorly sourced. The only citations are essentially Jim Rose himself. In this particular case, that is an extremely unreliable source. Mr. Rose is as famous for exaggerations, fabrications, shameless self-promotion and presenting far fetched lies to the media for publicity as he is for anything. A quick survey of the history of this article shows that he and his wife have indiscreetly written and edited this article for years. There's no telling how much of it is true. At a minimum it should remain flagged until someone gets a chance to check sources and delete unreliable claims.Awhodothey (talk) 10:18, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

External links from article
Jeraxmoira (talk) 12:53, 20 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Stone Pony Photos of Jim Rose Circus, June 6, 2002
 * Circus review
 * Mr. Lifto interview
 * Oddities Magazine interview with Jim Rose

title: Talk:Jim Rose Circus


text:
Acousmatic sound

Acousmatic sound is sound that is heard without an originating cause being seen. The word acousmatic, from the French acousmatique, is derived from the Greek word akousmatikoi (ἀκουσματικοί), which referred to probationary pupils of the philosopher Pythagoras who were required to sit in absolute silence while they listened to him deliver his lecture from behind a veil or screen to make them better concentrate on his teachings. The term acousmatique was first used by the French composer and pioneer of musique concrète Pierre Schaeffer. In acousmatic art one hears sound from behind a "veil" of loudspeakers, the source cause remaining unseen. More generally, any sound, whether it is natural or manipulated, may be described as acousmatic if the cause of the sound remains unseen. The term has also been used by the French writer and composer Michel Chion in reference to the use of off-screen sound in film. More recently, in the article Space-form and the acousmatic image (2007), composer and academic Prof. Denis Smalley has expanded on some of Schaeffers' acousmatic concepts. Since the 2000s, the term acousmatic has been used, notably in North America to refer to fixed media composition and pieces.

Origins
In 1955, Jérôme Peignot and Pierre Schaeffer were the first to use the term acousmatic to define the listening experience of musique concrète. In his 1966 publication Traité des objets musicaux Schaeffer defined the acousmatic as: Acousmatic, adjective: referring to a sound that one hears without seeing the causes behind it (Schaeffer 1966: 91). Schaeffer held that the acousmatic listening experience was one that reduced sounds to the field of hearing alone. The concept of reduction (epoché), as used in the Husserlian phenomenological tradition, underpinned Schaeffer's conceptualization of the acousmatic experience. In this sense, a subject moves their attention away from the physical object responsible for auditory perception and toward the content of this perception. The purpose of this activity is to become aware of what it is in the field of perception that can be thought of as a certainty. This reductive procedure redirects awareness to hearing alone. Schaeffer remarked that: Often surprised, often uncertain, we discover that much of what we thought we were hearing, was in reality only seen, and explained, by the context (Schaeffer 1966: 93).

Schaeffer derived the word acousmatique from akousmatikoi (hearers), a term used in the time of Pythagoras to refer to his uninitiated students. According to historical records followers of Pythagoras underwent a three-year probationary period, directly followed by a five-year period of "silence", before being admitted to Pythagoras' inner circle as mathêmatikoi (learned). The use of silence related to the protocols of rituals connected with the mystery-like instruction and religious ceremonies of the Pythagorean order. These ceremonies took place behind a veil or curtain with only those who had passed the five-year test being allowed to see their teacher face to face; the remaining students partaking acousmatically. More recent research suggests that the Pythagorean "veil" itself was a euphemism for the figurative language with which Pythagoras taught, and the actual practice of speaking occluded by either a veil or the dark likely never occurred.

Film sound
According to the French film sound theorist Michel Chion (1994), in cinema, the acousmatic situation can arise in two different ways: the source of a sound is seen first and is then "acousmatized", or the sound is initially acousmatic with the source being revealed subsequently. The first scenario allows association of a sound with a specific image from the outset, Chion calls this visualised sound (what Schaeffer referred to as direct sound). In this case it becomes an "embodied" sound, "identified with an image, demythologized, classified". In the second instance the sound source remains veiled for some time, to heighten tension, and is only later revealed, a dramatic feature that is commonly used in mystery and suspense based cinema; this has the effect of "de-acousmatizing" the initially hidden source of the sound (Chion 1994, 72). Chion states that "the opposition between visualised and acousmatic provides a basis for the fundamental audiovisual notion of offscreen space" (Chion 1994, 73).

title: Acousmatic sound


text:
John Parrish (baseball)

John Henry Parrish (born November 26, 1977) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played for the Baltimore Orioles, Seattle Mariners, Toronto Blue Jays and Kansas City Royals.

High school years
Parrish attended McCaskey High School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and was a letterman in baseball, wrestling, and football. In baseball, he was an All-League selection as a pitcher/outfielder.

Professional career
Parrish was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the 26th round of the 1996 Major League Baseball Draft and made his major league debut for them on July 24, 2000 against the New York Yankees. He pitched seven innings and set a team record for most strike outs in a debut with nine. He missed the entire 2002 season with a knee injury and 2006 season recovering from Tommy John surgery. On August 9, 2007, he was traded to the Seattle Mariners for minor leaguer Sebastien Boucher and a player to be named later. He became a free agent at the end of the season. On January 2, 2008, he signed with the Toronto Blue Jays. In 17 games with Triple-A Syracuse, he went 10-1 with a 2.97 ERA and 100 strikeouts. On February 4, 2009, he signed a minor league contract with his original team, the Orioles, only to be released by the organization in April.

On January 4, 2010, Parrish signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals with an invite to spring training.

On June 16, 2010, Parrish was released by the Royals.

title: John Parrish (baseball)


text:
Antler orogeny

The Antler orogeny was a tectonic event that began in the early Late Devonian with widespread effects continuing into the Mississippian and early Pennsylvanian. Most of the evidence for this event is in Nevada but the limits of its reach are unknown. A great volume of conglomeratic deposits of mainly Mississippian age in Nevada and adjacent areas testifies to the existence of an important tectonic event, and implies nearby areas of uplift and erosion, but the nature and cause of that event are uncertain and in dispute. Although it is known as an orogeny (mountain building event), some of the classic features of orogeny as commonly defined such as metamorphism, and granitic intrusives have not been linked to it. In spite of this, the event is universally designated as an orogeny and that practice is continued here. This article outlines what is known and unknown about the Antler orogeny and describes three current theories regarding its nature and origin.

Two facies of lower Paleozoic rocks
There are two principal facies of lower Paleozoic rocks in Nevada. In the eastern part of the state, a north-trending fossil-rich carbonate shelf of Ordovician to Devonian age, termed the carbonate or eastern assemblage, gives way westward to a contemporaneous expanse of siliceous sedimentary deposits and minor mafic volcanic rocks termed the siliceous or western assemblage. Crafford assigned these two facies respectively to the shelf domain and the basin domain. The dark color of the western assemblage, the scarcity of carbonate rocks, and a near absence of shelly fossils, are generally interpreted to indicate a relatively deep-water depositional environment. The western assemblage also differs from the eastern assemblage in its components of bedded chert, basalt bodies, barite deposits, and sulfide deposits. The nature of the two assemblages and their relation to one another are critical for an understanding of the Antler orogeny. The western facies assemblage is generally thought to be displaced from the west and to constitute the upper plate of an extensive thrust fault—the Roberts Mountains thrust. The eastern facies assemblage is thought to extend westward under the thrust plate. The basis for this belief is that the western facies domain is dotted with anomalous blocky exposures of contemporaneous eastern facies shelf strata, some of mountain size, surrounded by exposures of western facies rocks. These have been interpreted almost universally as exposures of the carbonate shelf facies in windows of the Roberts Mountains thrust sheet, and to prove the existence of that thrust sheet.

Plate tectonics
From an early date, geologists have struggled to explain the presence in Nevada and adjacent areas of the Antler orogenic deposits without achieving a consensus. The advent of plate tectonic theory provided a variety of possible mechanisms by which the Roberts Mountains thrust and the orogenic deposits could be explained, but none of them has been universally accepted. As outlined in the following paragraphs, plate motion along the western margin of the North American continent in the Late Devonian has been offered as the cause of the orogeny and three varieties of it have been tried—east dipping subduction, west-dipping subduction, and strike-slip motion. None of them is without serious problems and the nature and driving force of the orogeny remain uncertain.

Present knowledge
This much is known concerning the Antler orogeny:
 * 1) Great volumes of clastic rocks were deposited in Nevada and surrounding areas on both the western and eastern facies assemblages;
 * 2) Almost all of the orogenic deposits range in age from Late Devonian to mid-Pennsylvanian; some may be of Middle Devonian age;
 * 3) The orogenic deposits are in a generally disconformable relation to the underlying strata;
 * 4) Some areas within the western facies domain were first elevated and eroded, then were depressed and received a blanket of conglomeratic sediments;
 * 5) Some clasts in these deposits were derived from areas outside the western facies domain but the bulk were derived from the western facies assemblage;
 * 6) Blocky exposures of eastern facies carbonate rocks, of Cambrian to Devonian age are  scattered across the western facies domain;
 * 7) No metamorphic rocks, volcanic arcs, or granitic intrusives associated with the Antler orogeny have been directly correlated with the Antler Orogeny; however, there is some evidence of arc magmatism in northern California that may be attributed. Intrusive bodies include Bowman Lake batholith, Wolf Creek granite stock, and smaller hypabyssal felsic bodies. These igneous bodies intrude the Shoo Fly Complex and date to the age of the Antler Orogeny.
 * 8) The age of the earliest-known orogenic deposits coincides approximately with the age of the Alamo impact event of early Late Devonian age —a possibly significant coincidence.

Origin of terminology
Based on stratigraphic relations near Antler Peak, of the Battle Mountains, Roberts introduced the term Antler orogeny in an abstract as follows: The earliest orogeny, here named the Antler orogeny ... took place during Mississippian (?) and early Pennsylvanian time. That abstract was followed in 1951 by his geologic map of the Antler Peak quadrangle in the text of which he described the Antler orogeny in detail and somewhat refined its age span: ''During the Antler orogeny, formations in Battle Mountain ranging in age from Ordovician to Mississippian (?) were complexly folded and faulted. As these rocks are unconformably overlain by the Battle Formation of Early Pennsylvanian (Des Moines) age, the orogeny probably took place during the Late Mississippian. The orogeny may have continued into Early Pennsylvanian, however, for the coarse conglomerates of the Battle Formation indicate derivation from a rugged highland area. In a subsequent influential paper, Roberts and others adjusted the age of the Antler orogeny as follows: This belt is now known to have been the locus of intense folding and faulting during the Antler orogeny in latest Devonian or Early Mississippian time ... In the same paper the authors established a connection between the Antler orogeny and a major thrust fault as follows: A belt along the 116°-118° meridians—the Antler orogenic belt—was the locus of intense folding and faulting that culminated in the Roberts Mountains thrust fault...  That age range and connection with the Roberts Mountains thrust were confirmed in a widely quoted paper by Silberling and Roberts: During the Late Devonian or Early Mississippian ... the Antler orogenic belt was intensely folded and faulted, and during Mississippian time the Roberts Mountains thrust sheet was emplaced.''  The effect of this revision in the age of the orogeny was to exclude the evidence in the Antler Peak quadrangle cited above for a Late Mississippian to mid-Pennsylvanian age, on which the concept of the Antler orogeny originally had been based, and to establish the conventional age of that orogeny as Late Devonian to Early Mississippian.

The original date of the Roberts Mountains thrust fault was post-Paleozoic. However, with publication of the 1958 and 1962 papers cited above, the authors revised the age of the Roberts Mountains thrust to coincide with the Late Devonian to Mississippian Antler orogeny and to extend the name far beyond the Roberts Mountains.

Theories
Over a period of 22 years numerous reports relating the Antler orogeny and Roberts Mountains thrust to plate convergence were published in various journals, and because their basic tenets have been widely accepted, they are here termed the conventional theories. The earliest effort to relate plate tectonics specifically to the Antler orogeny was briefly outlined by E.M. Moores: ''A collision of this continental margin with a subduction zone dipping away from it in late Devonian-early Mississippian time ... resulted in deformation of the pre-existing continental marginal rocks in the Antler Orogeny.''

Two principal contrasting tectonic theories were published in greater detail between 1972 and 1992 as related below. One theory involved closure of a back-arc basin between the western continental margin and a volcanic arc over an east-dipping subduction zone. A second theory involved collision of the continent with an island arc above a west-dipping subduction zone. Both were based on the basic understanding that the western facies assemblage is composed of oceanic deposits and that it is underlain by an extensive thrust fault.

East-dipping subduction
Burchfiel and Davis presented the first detailed paper that explained the Antler orogeny and the Roberts Mountains thrust in terms of the subduction aspect of plate tectonics, stating: ''... the paleogeography of this part of the Cordilleran geosyncline probably consisted of an offshore island complex separated from the continental slope and shelf by a small ocean basin of behind-the-arc type. Initial regional deformation within the Cordilleran geosyncline—the Mid-Paleozoic Antler orogeny—was characterized by the eastward displacement (Roberts Mountains thrust) of eugeosynclinal units from within the small ocean basin over miogeosynclinal strata deposited on the continental shelf. Their now-outdated terms eugeosynclinal and miogeosynclinal'' refer respectively to the western facies and eastern facies domains. In that paper, Burchfiel and Davis set the parameters for future discussions of the nature and origins of the Antler orogeny and associated thrusts. Their basic concept of east-dipping subduction was reflected in modified form by others, including Miller and others.

West-dipping subduction
Dickinson and others argued for an opposing theory, that west-dipping subduction and volcanic arc-continent collision were the fundamental processes. They stated in the abstract of their 1983 report that ''The Roberts Mountains allochthon was probably the subduction complex or accretionary prism of an intra-oceanic Antler arc-trench system that faced east (west-dipping), with subduction downward to the west. Its emplacement by thrusting over the Cordilleran miogeoclinal terrane of lower Paleozoic strata occurred in earliest Mississippian time during an inferred arc-continent collision that began in latest Devonian time and is termed the Antler orogeny.'' Their term "miogeoclinal terrane" referred to the eastern facies assemblage. This was followed by papers offering modified versions of the same theory. Other papers supplied definitive reviews and confirmed the Antler orogeny as a result of plate convergence.

Strike-slip faulting
As an alternative to the two conventional theories described above, Ketner proposed that ''(1) left-lateral strike-slip faulting along the western margin of the North American continent, rather than plate convergence, was the engine of Paleozoic tectonics in the region; (2) the Roberts Mountains allochthon, as such, does not exist, and the Ordovician to Devonian western facies assemblage was deposited essentially in situ; and (3) blocks of shelf carbonate rocks earlier thought to be exposures of the shelf in windows of the Roberts Mountains allochthon are slide blocks from the carbonate shelf. The slide blocks probably were dislodged by the Alamo impact event of Late Devonian age.'' In this scheme, the deep-water aspects of the western facies assemblage are due to sea-level rise in the Cambrian rather than displacement from an ocean basin.

The sedimentary effects of the Antler orogeny are well known and well described in many published reports,   but the exact nature of that event and the driving force remain unsettled. Among the unanswered questions are these: what aspect of plate tectonics was involved; what effect did the Alamo impact event have; why did marine basins appear in the area of general uplift; why did the western facies assemblage, and not the eastern assemblage, include bedded chert, basaltic bodies, barite deposits, and sulfide deposits.

title: Antler orogeny