text:
Talk:Anahuac, Texas

Untitled
The Geography section of this article says about the city, "none of the area is covered with water.". Clearly the information was collected after some sort of major dry spell. The normal circumtance seems to be for the city to be anywhere from marshy to partly-flooded. ;-)  Johntex 01:16, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Blame the Census Bureau or whoever gave them the information. -- Cyrius|✎ 04:53, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Anahuac, Texas


text:
MG 131 machine gun

The MG 131 (shortened from German: Maschinengewehr 131, or "machine gun 131") was a German 13 mm caliber machine gun developed in 1938 by Rheinmetall-Borsig and produced from 1940 to 1945. The MG 131 was designed for use at fixed, flexible or turreted, single or twin mountings in Luftwaffe aircraft during World War II. It was also license-built in Japan for the Imperial Japanese Navy as Type 2 machine gun.

It was one of the smallest of the heavy machine guns of the war, with a weight of 16.6 kilograms (37 lb). This was less than 60% of the M2 Browning or the Breda-SAFAT machine gun while still providing rapid fire and heavy firepower for its mass. It could fire armor-piercing, incendiary, high-explosive, and tracer ammunition. The other main Axis automatic weapon of similar caliber, the Italian Breda 12.7 mm was around 13 kg heavier and bigger, while slower by at least 150 rpm. The MG 131’s relatively small size allowed them to be mounted in the restricted space available in the nose of Luftwaffe fighters, originally designed to house the lighter caliber 7.92 mm machine guns. This became the common configuration from 1943 onwards, as the increasing armour protection of most Allied aircraft and the increasing challenge of daylight raids by heavy American bombers as the war progressed rendered the smaller caliber guns obsolescent in this role.

Lower ballistic properties that were still adequate for the task were obviously seen as an advantage: the gun was very accurate (35 x 45 cm spread at 100 m), and the barrel wore out much less quickly (barrel life of the MG 131 was 17,000 rounds), which meant that ballistic properties deteriorated more slowly.

It was installed in the Messerschmitt Bf 109, Me 410 Hornisse, Fw 190, Ju 88, Junkers Ju 388, He 177 Greif bomber variants, and many other aircraft. The Fernbedienbare Drehlafette FDL 131Z remotely-controlled gun turret system used either a single or, more commonly, a pair of MG 131s for dorsal defense. The quadmount Hecklafette HL 131V weapons "system" for tail defense, had two MG 131 guns apiece in a pair of rotating, side-mount exterior elevation carriages (the manned turret "core" provided the traverse function), was meant for standardization on many late-war prototype developments of German heavy bomber airframes, but never came to fruition beyond a small number of dimensional prototype mockups and kinetic test units.

The MG 131 fired electrically primed ammunition in order to sustain a high rate of fire when shooting through the propeller disc of a single-engined fighter. A pair of MG 131 machine guns was used as cowl armament on later models of the Bf 109G and the Fw 190.

Technical data

 * Weight : 16.6 kg
 * Length : 1.17 m
 * Muzzle velocity : ~ 750 m/s
 * Rate of fire : 900 rpm AP-API ; 930 rpm HEF-HEFI-I
 * Accuracy : 35 x 45 cm spread at 100 m
 * Barrel Life : 17,000 rounds

Ammunition specifications
The MG 131 is the sole user of the electrically-primed 13×64mm B cartridge. A mechanically-primed variant was produced in small quantities in Spain for unknown uses.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: MG 131 machine gun


text:
Avie Bennett

Avie Bennett, (January 2, 1928 – June 2, 2017) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist. He was the founder of First Plazas, a real estate development company that built retail strip malls in Canada. Bennett also served as the tenth chancellor of York University.

Work history
In 1985, he acquired the Canadian publishing company, McClelland & Stewart Inc. In 2000, he donated his shares, 75% of the company, to the University of Toronto. In 1991, he purchased Hurtig Publishers, publisher of the Canadian Encyclopedia, and the children's book publisher Tundra Books from May Cutler in 1995.

He was also chairman and president of First Plazas Inc., (his commercial real estate company), The Canadian Publishers; chair of the Historica Foundation of Canada; and president of the International Readings at Harbourfront.

Honours
Avie Bennett received a Doctor of university (D.U.) from the University of Ottawa in 1997 and a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) from the University of Toronto in 1995. In June 2004, Bennett was made a Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) at York University

He was the tenth chancellor of York University from 1998 to 2004. After leaving the position, he was chancellor emeritus and a member of the board of directors of the York University Foundation. In recognition of his support of York University, the Student Services Centre at York's Keele campus was renamed the Bennett Centre for Student Services in 2006.

In 2003 he was appointed chair of The Historica Foundation of Canada. The Art Gallery of Ontario appointed him an honorary chair of the board of trustees in 2004.

In 1991 he was made a Member of the Order of Canada, promoted to Officer in 1997, and promoted to Companion in 2003. In 1996, he was awarded the Order of Ontario. He has received honorary degrees from the University of Ottawa, the University of Toronto and York University.

title: Avie Bennett


text: User talk:68.23.45.131

title: User talk:68.23.45.131


text:
Talk:Early Cyrillic alphabet/Alphabet table

Table and discussion moved from Talk:Early_Cyrillic_alphabet

Discussion
Right, I've already put the IPA bits in in an earlier edit. With this edit, I've made some proposed changes to Michael's original work; mainly what I think are prolly corrections. Important points:
 * I've disambiguated the two styles of Yus-names (one seems to be Slavonic, like the other letter names in the table, and the other seems to be Russian) and moved them into the notes (as the column is too wide otherwise). I don't know how to spell Yotirovaniy in Russian, though, so that's a guess and I'm not convinced that it is genuinely correct Russian, so some help with those notes would be good. Equally, I'm guessing the Slavonic name, possibly having been inspired by page 5 of (PDF), which could be worth looking at for some of the other names.
 * I've taken a guess and adjusted the Russian names. —Michael Z. 01:08, 2004 Dec 31 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me — OwenBlacker 14:39, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added in a load of stuff about qoppa. It might be of interest that (PDF) suggests (somewhere) that it was also called Stigma.
 * I've corrected the name of ljudije, which looked like a typo.
 * I've changed the name of pokoi, which I think was also wrong.
 * I've moved the notes out of the table and inverted the sequence of the zemlya note (I think you had it backwards, Michael).
 * Corrected the image and adjusted the note. —Michael Z. 01:08, 2004 Dec 31 (UTC)
 * I've separated all of the alternative transliterations and pronunciations, for clarity.
 * I've added IPA joiners for the three characters (tsi, ksi and psi) that I think should have them.
 * I've amended the transliterations of šta so that they either use a há& or don't, rather than mixing the two.
 * I've amended the transliteration of jerū to use a macron rather than a Y, which I found confusing. I'm not sure that this should be [y] in IPA, but I don't know, so I've left that unchanged.
 * I've removed the use of the IPA vowel-elongation symbol (ː) from transliterations, as it'd be better not to require odd characters in transliteration that are similar to keyboard characters, imho.
 * I've removed the suggestion of V to transliteration izhitsa, as I don't think it's a helpful transliteration (it looks like the Cyrillic character rather than sounding like the pronunciation).
 * I've renamed the ća name for djerv (which I don't think should be there at all) and changed its transliteration accordingly, as I don't think it's ever been pronounced similar to glagoli. I think, though, that this character was only ever djerv and never ća in earlier Slavic languages, so I think we could safely remove this name.
 * I'll trust your judgement and remove it. —Michael Z. 01:08, 2004 Dec 31 (UTC)
 * I think they're just characters that look similar, rather than intrinsically related, innit. — OwenBlacker 14:39, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think jati was ever iotised, so I think it should only be transliterated e, not je (hence the question marks against kheru. I've note made this change.
 * What I've read under Yat and elsewhere makes me think that "je" and in some cases "ji" are used, so I'll leave it as is. —Michael Z. 01:08, 2004 Dec 31 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I'll trust your judgment this time ;o) — OwenBlacker 14:39, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think kheru should be transliterated kh, not x (for similar reasons to my objection to V for izhitsa), but have not made this change either.
 * I've seen x used in linguistics articles.
 * Hmm, perhaps. I have too, but I just don'think it should be. I spose that'd be a POV statement, though. Leave it in, then. — OwenBlacker 14:39, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

In unrelated news, page 12 of (PDF) and the use as a final character in letter names at  makes me think that the extra hard sign is just a glyph variant.
 * Sounds right to me, based on the images of manuscripts I've seen. —Michael Z. 01:08, 2004 Dec 31 (UTC)

Over to y'all; after all that, which involved scanning through several hundred Google hits for a couple of points, I need a screen break, so I'm off to the supermarket! :o) — OwenBlacker 16:32, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * Wow. I decided to quit after just transcribing the graphic into a table, knowing there was more work to do (and I just found the Berdnikov paper last night).  Not only did I have no idea how much, but I get home from a meeting and there's so much done!  I'll digest this, and Berdnikov, for a while, and see what else is needed.

 * I think each letter should link to its article; perhaps from a column with the modern name, or Unicode name? I'm convinced I read somewhere that the more gestural zemlia was a later, half-uncial development.  But maybe that also gets complicated by the dzelo/zemlia interchangability.

 * —Michael Z. 22:30, 2004 Nov 25 (UTC)

 * most of the diacritics appear to work right in my browser (the Yus transliterations had separated tildes, and the IPA nasalizations were box characters before). Now I see only the following problems (but don't regard me as an authority; my browser & fonts don't get everything right):

 * Transliteration column: both little Yuses have little tilde accents following the E's, as in "e~" and "je~" (although big Yuses look good).
 * The combining double inverted breves all seem to be showing up too far to the right, by one character. In the IPA name column the umbrellas cover the bold characters in [rItsi], [tsi], [psi], [ksi], [iZitsa], and in the IPA column [ts], [ks], and [ps].

 * Same problems in the latest Safari and Firefox on Mac OS X. I suspect it's a font bug.  When I copy and paste the text into TextEdit, it continues to display the same way.  But I can enter it correctly, using the same font.  So I'm guessing it's either the way it's entered, or my system software.  I'll see if i can test it somewhere else tomorrow.

 * —Michael Z. 00:02, 2004 Nov 26 (UTC)

 * Hey, I was bored. I'm off sick from work at the moment; it kept my brain doing something… ;o)

 * Yeah, I'm inclined to agree about linking; do you mean to the modern letter's article or were you envisaging creating articles for these letterforms as well? I'd be interested in any references you might have, if you have anything easily catalogued, btw. My thoughts on zemlja, though, are simply based on that the Zed-like form more closely resembles the Greek Zeta and the the more Three-like form more closely resembles the modern Ze; it would seem logical the progression would be:

 * How very odd about the font bits. The nasalisation tildes seem to be intermittent on Windows, sometimes, but I guess that's just Windows. I get the opposite thing with the joining breves, though. I find they overlap the character to the left just a little. We could always just ditch the joiners…
 * Anyways… :o) — OwenBlacker 02:07, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC)

 * Some sources call Izhe and I, "Izhe" and "Izhei".  Any truth to the rumour?

Image changes
Well, I've done an extensive search, and I can't find the zemlja reference that I'm clearly picturing in my addled brain.

Anyway, after my recent reading, I'm thinking of making a couple of changes to the letter images, to make them clearly represent early Cyrillic rather than modern Church Slavonic. [updated. New graphics are in; click "refresh" if you don't see them.]

 * Reverse the order of glyphs for Zemlia. ✓
 * Leave the two glyphs for Izhe as they are, for now. ✓
 * Add an earlier glyph for Ci, with a straight vertical descender. ✓
 * Add an earlier glyph for Cerv, a symmetrical goblet-shaped form. ✓
 * Add a note for Djerv, indicating it is only used in modern texts to transliterate the Glagolitic letter.

Am I on the right track? What else? Should I produces images of all the diacritics and punctuation listed at the bottom of the article?

—Michael Z.

 * Seems like a good plan to me (though bear in mind my zemlja point is based on assumption, not knowledge). I don't think the Ï-like i is the same (again, I don't know), not least because there are two separate glyphs like that in Ukrainian, iirc (though does the diacritised variant indicate it's iotised?). Similarly, I think, one couldn't put a kratkaja onto an i, only onto an izhei (to make the glyph we now think of as I kratkoye).
 * I agree with the tsi change; I wasn't sure that the modern-tse-shaped character was right. I don't know anything about goblet-shaped Červ, though, so I'll take your word for it.
 * I don't think you should move the onu round-form from onu to otu, though. The current (English language) names for the characters suggest to me that it's an onu glyph variant, not an otu glyph variant.
 * Images of diacritics (both the empty form and examples) and punctuation could be good, but I'm not gonna force you to do even more work… ;o) — OwenBlacker 16:28, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * Found my reference (forgot to look into paper), and you're right about zemlia.

 * V. Lev, "The history of the Ukrainian script (paleography)", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopædia, volume 1. University of Toronto Press, 1963, 1970, 1982.  ISBN 0-8020-3105-6

 * Anyway, both specimens in the book look basically zed-like, with a descender. In the earlier form the descender goes straight down and curls to the right at its end; in the later one it just comes to a point diagonally down and left—slightly more 3-like, but the difference is subtle.  Judging by the images of manuscripts in the book, ranging from the 1000s to 1700s, we could just use the single zed-like form for a sample.   The descender is usually quite dramatic in the text, and zemlia is only seen sitting on the baseline in titles of later texts, where the letters are carefully drawn.

 * The manuscripts images also support adding alternate forms for Tse and Che. The diaeresis on I appears in later manuscripts; in some it seems to be used on every I.  In one 1500s manuscript there's diaeresis over an O, and a couple have something like it over Izhe, but they might be breathing marks or some other little letter.  According to another essay in the book (V. Simovyc, J.B. Rudnyckyj, "The history of Ukrainian orthography") the modern Ukrainian Yi was introduced in the 1870s, so I think the diaeresis is either a ligature, iotification, or just an alternate glyph.  The array of marks over the letters is profound and confusing.

 * Berdnikov says that omega and round-o were both used mostly as a decorative variant of o, so it makes sense to keep them together (although, he later says that wide-o and narrow-o can be exchanged freely in writing, as opposed to omega). He calls our Izhe "Izhei", and our I "Izhe".  And that Djerv is only used in modern scientific texts to transliterate the Glagolitic Djerv, but the sound had disappeared by the time Cyrillic started to be used.

 * Well, that's enough bumbling about in the dark for now.
 * —Michael Z. 03:13, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

 * I'm so not buying an encyclopædia for one article ;o)
 * Interesting about zemlya, though. And all the bloody diacritics — I'm definitely with you on the confusing; how many can one language need?! What you cite (from Bedinkov) about O makes sense, though I'm not sure seeing the W-form precede the O-form sits comfortably in the image; it implies (to me) that one would see the W-form more frequently (or possibly earlier), whereas the O shape to O (Cyrillic) suggests that only the latter even might be true. I dunno, though, I'm moving into the realm of form rather than function now.
 * Intriguing about Djerv being effectively deprecated by the time Glagolitic lost out to Cyrillic, though, given that a character clearly based on that one is used in Languages of the former Yugoslavia to provide the [ʤ] (d–ezh) form, though.
 * Maybe Dzhe (Џ) is a later adoption directly from Glagolitic, where Glagolitic remained in use for much longer in the Balkans.
 * Yeah, could be, I guess. I wouldn't really know. I think the comment above should be altered though, so have tweaked it some. — OwenBlacker 14:39, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the time delay, btw. I'm back at work (and mainly recovered from being ill) now, so have less time to devote to my wikiholism, as well as having a lot of No2ID work to do, now that the British ID Cards Bill has come out. :oS — OwenBlacker 19:11, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * No problem. Work demands are up and down over here, too. —Michael Z.
 * Quiet day in the office today ;o) — OwenBlacker 14:39, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Regarding I Kratkoje: according to Berdnikov, I and Izhe were mostly interchangeable, but in order to save space it became conventional to write double-I as "ІИ", and later to use Izhe after any vowel. If the breve indicating a diphthongal I came along later, then would logically be applied only to the Izhe form.  As usual, this is only (educated?) guesswork.  —Michael Z. 07:34, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

 * That would make sense, I guess. I'd never really thought about that… — OwenBlacker 19:11, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Jak and Daxter

title: Category:Jak and Daxter


text:
Middle-earth Collectible Card Game

Middle-earth Collectible Card Game (MECCG) is an out-of-print collectible card game released by Iron Crown Enterprises in late 1995. It is the first CCG based on J.R.R. Tolkien's fictional universe of Middle-earth, with added content from ICE's Middle-earth Role Playing Game.

The cards used in the game feature original artwork by a multitude of artists, many of them longtime Tolkien illustrators such as John Howe, Ted Nasmith, and Angus McBride.

Overview
In its basic form, it is a game for one to five players, each choosing one of the five wizards to represent themselves. A turn in the game consists of one player's wandering around Middle-earth with the help of famous characters of Middle-earth, trying to gather influence and power to aid in the battle against The Dark Lord, while another player tries to harass, and ultimately kill his characters with specific hazard cards. Then, for each player's turn, the roles change clockwise around the table (the player who was moving his characters then throws hazards at the player to his or her right). Any player may also win by acquiring and destroying the One Ring after a complicated set of events.

Later expansions have added the possibility to take the role of a Ringwraith of Sauron (MELE), a corrupted wizard playing by his own rules (MEWH), the malevolent Balrog (MEBA), or even Sauron himself. The game is somewhat distinguished from most other CCG's with the use of two six-sided dice for a random factor and also by the actual map of Middle-earth, including regions your companies travel through, and site cards they visit.

MECCG won two Origins Awards: Best Card Game of 1995 for MECCG: The Wizards and Best Graphic Presentation of a Card Game or Expansion of 1996 for MECCG: The Dragons. The game's production ended in 1999, when ICE lost the license that allowed them to use the content of Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit. This license was later bought by Decipher, who used it to bring out another CCG. MECCG still has a relatively loyal and active fanbase of players.

Online activity
The game can be played online through the use of the Generic Collectible Card Game (GCCG), allowing normal or sealed games. MECCG online events are organized several times a year and every player is free to participate in them. A web-based game variant is active at https://cardnum.net/

Card sets

 * The Wizards (METW) (1995): The first basic set, dealing with the good side, including most main characters from the books, like Gandalf, Frodo and Aragorn. Pretty straightforward gameplay with relatively simple marshalling point cards and hazard creatures. The 484-card set was sold in 76-card starter decks and 15-card booster packs, with 121 rare cards, 121 uncommon cards, and 242 cards that were either common or fixed.
 * The Dragons (METD) (June 1996): The first expansion set for METW. As the name implies, deals mostly with dragons, their treasure and the northern regions. The 180-card set was sold in 15-card booster packs having one rare card, 4 uncommons, and 10 commons and a six-page rules addendum.
 * Dark Minions (MEDM) (1996): Adds many powerful hazard cards including more undead and introduces the agents - a subtle group of Sauron's servants, concentrating on intrigue and influence. Also adds an underground network of site cards, The Under-Deeps, which later becomes The Balrog's realm. This set had 180 cards.
 * The Lidless Eye (MELE) (June 1997): The second basic set. Adds the possibility to play as a Ringwraith of Sauron. The 417-card set was sold in 76-card fixed starter decks and 15-card booster packs.
 * Against the Shadow (MEAS) (August 1997): The only expansion to MELE, although it also contains hero cards. Mostly balances the game by adding resources for and hazards against the minion player as well as some support resources for the hero. Notable are the hazard creature versions of the five wizards. The set, consisting of over 160 cards, was sold in 12-card booster packs.
 * The White Hand (MEWH) (December 1997): Introduces a third faction, the corrupted Fallen-Wizard, whose player can use both hero and minion resources and characters, although with restrictions. The 122-card set was sold in 12-card booster packs each containing two rare cards.
 * Middle Earth Challenge Decks (MECD) (1998): Ten decks for tournament play. These were sold as 110-card starter decks with cards reprinted from earlier sets fixed to a particular character (one of five Wizards or one of five Ringwraiths), and also included a map and a rulebook.
 * The Balrog (MEBA) (1999): Adds a new sub-faction to the minions, Balrog, who mainly depends on the brute strength of his orcs and trolls. It is argued by the player base that since the production of MECCG ended after MEBA, the set remains a bit overpowered because it didn't get a "balancing set" published afterwards. This 104-card set was beset by delays and eventually released in February 1999 in two fixed 132-card decks.

An expansion set named The Dwarf Lords was planned for September 1998, and the set The Elf Lords was scheduled for mid 1999. Both were indefinitely postponed in November 1998.

Books
ICE Publications: Independent Publications:
 * Middle-earth: The Wizards Companion (#3333):ISBN 1-55806-275-0
 * Middle-earth: The Wizards Player Guide (#3334):ISBN 1-55806-257-2
 * Middle-earth: The Dragons Player Guide (#3337):ISBN 1-55806-290-4
 * Middle-earth CCG Maps (#3338):ISBN 1-55806-291-2
 * Middle-earth: Dark Minions Player Guide (#3339):ISBN 1-55806-294-7
 * The Lidless Eye Companion (#3341):ISBN 1-55806-315-3
 * The Lidless Eye Player Guide (#3342):ISBN 1-55806-339-0
 * A Long Expected Party: Meccg Sites & Scenarios (#3343):ISBN 1-55806-352-8
 * Middle-earth: The Wizards Casual Companion (#3340):ISBN 1-55806-312-9
 * Mastering Middle-Earth: Strategies for Middle-Earth : The Wizards ISBN 1-55622-559-8

Reception
Andy Butcher reviewed Middle Earth: The Wizards for Arcane magazine, rating it a 7 out of 10 overall. Butcher comments that "If you're willing to put in the effort (and buy quite a lot of cards), there's plenty here to make it all worthwhile. At the end of the day, though, I for one can't help wishing that one person got to play Gandalf while the other took on the role of Sauron, leading to a far more direct and involving conflict."

Andy Butcher reviewed Middle Earth: The Dragons for Arcane magazine, rating it an 8 out of 10 overall. Butcher comments that " Impressively, Middle-earth: The Dragons manages to emphasise the positive aspects of the game, without adding greatly to the already weighty rules."

Rick Swan, in a review of The Wizards release in The Duelist, stated that the game "has enough quirky innovation to distinguish it from the multitude of play-’em-and-forget-’em copycats" of Magic: The Gathering, and that it was "as faithful an adaptation" of the Tolkien novels that could be expected in a card game. He also stated that the artist's commissioned for the set "reads like a cavalcade of the industry's heaviest hitters" and the artwork they produced for it could be framed to hang on a wall. He said that the rulebook was poorly organized, with novice players having to scour the booklet for definitions of gameplay terms. Overall, he states that the game "may not always soar, but it never sinks."

Reviews

 * Backstab #1
 * Backstab #2 (Dark Minions)
 * Backstab #6 (Against the Shadows)
 * Backstab #8 (The White Hand)

title: Middle-earth Collectible Card Game


text: User talk:203.161.95.90

title: User talk:203.161.95.90


text:
Ecotope

Ecotopes are the smallest ecologically distinct landscape features in a landscape mapping and classification system. As such, they represent relatively homogeneous, spatially explicit landscape functional units that are useful for stratifying landscapes into ecologically distinct features for the measurement and mapping of landscape structure, function and change.

Like ecosystems, ecotopes are identified using flexible criteria, in the case of ecotopes, by criteria defined within a specific ecological mapping and classification system. Just as ecosystems are defined by the interaction of biotic and abiotic components, ecotope classification should stratify landscapes based on a combination of both biotic and abiotic factors, including vegetation, soils, hydrology, and other factors. Other parameters that must be considered in the classification of ecotopes include their period of stability (such as the number of years that a feature might persist), and their spatial scale (minimum mapping unit).

The first definition of ecotope was made by Thorvald Sørensen in 1936. Arthur Tansley picked this definition up in 1939 and elaborated it. He stated that an ecotope is "the particular portion, [...], of the physical world that forms a home for the organisms which inhabit it". In 1945 Carl Troll first applied the term to landscape ecology "the smallest spatial object or component of a geographical landscape". Other academics clarified this to suggest that an ecotope is ecologically homogeneous and is the smallest ecological land unit that is relevant.

The term "patch" was used in place of the term "ecotope", by Foreman and Godron (1986), who defined a patch as "a nonlinear surface area differing in appearance from its surroundings". However, by definition, ecotopes must be identified using a full suite of ecosystem characteristics: patches are a more general type of spatial unit than ecotopes.

In ecology an ecotope has also been defined as "The species relation to the full range of environmental and biotic variables affecting it" (Whittaker et al., 1973), but the term is rarely used in this context, due to confusion with the ecological niche concept.

title: Ecotope


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Animals in captivity

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 01:51, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Animals in captivity
A signed POV essay. -- Curps 01:33, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Some parts of the essay appear to be copyvios; probably acceptable if attributed and quoted in a school essay but not here.-gadfium 01:54, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. Duplicates content on animal rights. JoaoRicardo 03:16, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV original research. Rje 03:18, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete original research/essay. --Deathphoenix 05:27, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Talk:Claria Corporation

title: Talk:Claria Corporation


text:
Talk:Mangue bit

Untitled
I changed the title of the article to 'Mangue Beat'. Since the last title, 'MangueBit', was an incorrect spelling of the name of the movement.

I'm really affraid you're wrong! MangueBit is the correct name and MangueBeat is the most commom mispelling.

This is a very very commom error! There's no need for us to propagate it!

 * For more info, try this or this (both in Portuguese, sorry). --Abu Badali 23:39, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Look let´s not get hot in this discussion (there´s more on the talk page than on the article page), but there are 21,000 google hits for mangue beat, and only 3000 for mangue bit, and 20 for manguebit--Alexandre Van de Sande 02:05, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You´re right. let´s keep manguebit. I did some research, expanded tha article a bit and added this discussion to it.--Alexandre Van de Sande 02:53, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The external links seem to be dead as of 3 June 2005. If they continue to be dead then it's probably time to remove them if anyone feels like doing it.

Unsourced?
I'm not really familiar with the source policy, so bear with me. Both the book listed under references mentions the MangueBit genre and the external links provide additional info. I'll try to replace the dead link, as it seems the original website of the movement went offline a few years ago. tellarin (talk) 04:15, 29 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mangue bit


text:
Tetsuo

Tetsuo may refer to:

 * Tetsuo (given name)
 * Tetsuo: The Iron Man
 * Tetsuo II: Body Hammer
 * Tetsuo: The Bullet Man
 * Tetsuo, a character in Akira (manga)

title: Tetsuo


text:
User talk:Lunar Jesters

Vandalism Warning
I don't know how to communicate back with you. I amended a post because of inaccuracies and subjective viewpoints, and was given repeated warnings. Please read what I'm posting before reacting to it...you have been given some misinformation. Thank you Mr. Jesters, and best wishes.˜˜˜ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.11.69.206 (talk) 16:41, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

I recieved this warning early in 2005. I had created an article from a red link, hoping for it to be expanded. However, the content I added was very minimal, and I was warned the first time. I then made a mock comment on the user's talk page, which resulted in the second warning. Please understand this was simply a "learning-to-use-wikipedia" moment. --Lunar Jesters (talk) 00:24, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

Listen, I created a page so it could be expanded. I was truly interestied in it, and you deleted that page. --Lunar Jesters 01:43, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
I am very grateful for your vote at RfA. I really appreciate your confidence.--File Éireann 19:54, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I passed the RFA 30-0. Thanks again for voting for me, and don't hesitate to contact me for anything.--File Éireann 14:43, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Stubby airports
Can I ask a favour. If you find airport articles like Noi Bai International Airport that look like this can you leave the stub tag on. Really it just consists of a list and very little actual content. Thanks. CambridgeBayWeather (Talk)
 * Ah, okay, thanks. I was on autopilot (no pun intended.). --Lunar Jesters (talk) 17:21, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

{Afghan-bio-stub}
You removed {Afghan-bio-stub} from Abdul Salaam. You didn't say why. Maybe you thought the article was too long to be described as a stub. If so, fair enough. But, if you were going to remove {Afghan-bio-stub} should you have added [Cateogory:Afghan people|Salaam, Abdul]? -- Geo Swan 01:57, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Then I think we have a difference of opinion as to the advisability of removing stub tags without replacing them with the corresponding full-fledged tag. --  Geo Swan 02:30, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for helping with the stubsensor project.
I wanted to extend my personal thanks for the help you put into the stubsensor cleanup project. Thank you :-) Triddle 02:38, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

stubsensor cleanup project is back
Howdy, I'm just letting you know that stubsensor is back with the most current dump file. The cleanup project is at Computer help desk/cleanup/stubsensor/20060810. Thanks for your help from the last time! Triddle 00:49, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Cattus Island Park comments
Hi. As you requested, I've left some comments on the article in Discussion.

Regards, Alpha Ralpha Boulevard (talk) 08:26, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

New England Wikipedia Day @ MIT: Saturday Jan 18
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You're invited!
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This Friday: Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Cambridge, MA
You are invited to join the Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Cambridge, MA on October 16! (drop-in any time, 6-9pm)--Pharos (talk) 18:29, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Lunar Jesters


text:
List of cloud types

The list of cloud types groups all genera as high (cirro-, cirrus), middle (alto-), multi-level (nimbo-, cumulo-, cumulus), and low (strato-, stratus). These groupings are determined by the altitude level or levels in the troposphere at which each of the various cloud types is normally found. Small cumulus are commonly grouped with the low clouds because they do not show significant vertical extent. Of the multi-level genus-types, those with the greatest convective activity are often grouped separately as towering vertical. The genus types all have Latin names.

The genera are also grouped into five physical forms. These are, in approximate ascending order of instability or convective activity: stratiform sheets; cirriform wisps and patches; stratocumuliform patches, rolls, and ripples; cumuliform heaps, and cumulonimbiform towers that often have complex structures. Most genera are divided into species with Latin names, some of which are common to more than one genus. Most genera and species can be subdivided into varieties, also with Latin names, some of which are common to more than one genus or species. The essentials of the modern nomenclature system for tropospheric clouds were proposed by Luke Howard, a British manufacturing chemist and an amateur meteorologist with broad interests in science, in an 1802 presentation to the Askesian Society. Very low stratiform clouds that touch the Earth's surface are given the common names fog and mist, which are not included with the Latin nomenclature of clouds that form aloft in the troposphere.

Above the troposphere, stratospheric and mesospheric clouds have their own classifications with common names for the major types and alpha-numeric nomenclature for the subtypes. They are characterized by altitude as very high level (polar stratospheric) and extreme level (polar mesospheric). Three of the five physical forms in the troposphere are also seen at these higher levels, stratiform, cirriform, and stratocumuliform, although the tops of very large cumulonimbiform clouds can penetrate the lower stratosphere.

Cloud identification and classification: Order of listed types
In section two of this page (Classification of major types), height ranges are sorted in approximate descending order of altitude expressed in general terms. On the cross-classification table, forms and genus types (including some genus sub-types) are shown from left to right in approximate ascending order of instability.

In sections three to five, terrestrial clouds are listed in descending order of the altitude range of each atmospheric layer in which clouds can form:
 * mesospheric layer;
 * stratospheric layer;
 * tropospheric layer.
 * Within the troposphere, the cloud levels are listed in descending order of altitude range.
 * Non-vertical genus types (including some genus sub-types) are sorted into approximate descending order of altitude of the cloud bases.
 * Vertical or multi-level genera and genus sub-types can be based in the low or middle levels and are therefore placed between the non-vertical low and mid-level genus types and sub-types. These thick clouds are listed in approximate descending order of altitude of the cloud tops.
 * The species associated with each genus type are listed in approximate ascending order of instability where applicable.
 * The constituent varieties and associated supplementary features and mother clouds for each genus or species are arranged in approximate order of frequency of occurrence.
 * A count of basic tropospheric variants that result from the division and subdivision of genus types into species and varieties is shown as a number in parentheses from V-1 (variant 1) through V-93 after each variety, after nimbostratus that has no sub-types, and after certain species that are not always dividable into varieties.

In section six, the cloud types in the general lists and the mother clouds in the applicable classification table are sorted in alphabetical order except where noted. The species table shows these types sorted from left to right in approximate ascending order of the convective instability of each species. The table for supplementary features has them arranged in approximate descending order of frequency of occurrence.

In section seven, extraterrestrial clouds can be found in the atmospheres of other planets in our solar system and beyond. The planets with clouds are listed (not numbered) in order of their distance from the sun, and the clouds on each planet are in approximate descending order of altitude.

Cloud cross-classification throughout the homosphere

The table that follows is very broad in scope much like the cloud genera template near the bottom of the article and upon which this table is partly based. There are some variations in styles of nomenclature between the classification scheme used for the troposphere (strict Latin except for surface based aerosols) and the higher levels of the homosphere (common terms, some informally derived from Latin). However, the schemes presented here share a cross-classification of physical forms and altitude levels to derive the 10 tropospheric genera, the fog and mist that forms at surface level, and several additional major types above the troposphere. The cumulus genus includes four species that indicate vertical size which can affect the altitude levels.

Mesospheric cloud identification and classification
Clouds that form in the mesosphere come in a variety of forms such as veils, bands, and billows, but are not given Latin names based on these characteristics. These clouds are the highest in the atmosphere and are given the Latin-derived name noctilucent which refers to their illumination during deep twilight rather than their physical forms. They are sub-classified alpha-numerically and with common terms according to specific details of their physical structures.

Extreme-level stratiform, stratocumuliform, and cirriform
Noctilucent clouds are thin clouds that come in a variety of forms based from about 80 to(-) and occasionally seen in deep twilight after sunset and before sunrise.
 * Type 1 : Veils, very tenuous stratiform; resembles cirrostratus or poorly defined cirrus.
 * Type 2 : Long stratocumuliform bands, often in parallel groups or interwoven at small angles. More widely spaced than cirrocumulus bands.
 * 2A : Bands with diffuse, blurred edges.
 * 2B : Bands with sharply defined edges.

 * Type 3: Billows. Clearly spaced, fibrous cirriform, roughly parallel short streaks.
 * 3A : Short, straight, narrow streaks.
 * 3B : Wave-like structures with undulations.

 * Type 4 : Whirls. Partial (or, more rarely, complete) cirriform rings with dark centers.
 * 4A : Whirls possessing a small angular radius of curvature, sometimes resembling light ripples on a water surface.
 * 4B : Simple curve of medium angular radius with one or more streaks.
 * 4C : Whirls with large-scale ring structures.

Stratospheric cloud identification and classification
Polar stratospheric clouds form at very high altitudes in polar regions of the stratosphere. Those that show mother-of-pearl colors are given the name nacreous.

Very high-level stratiform

 * Nitric acid and water polar stratospheric : Sometimes known as type 1, a thin sheet-like cloud resembling cirrostratus or haze. Contains supercooled nitric acid and water droplets; sometimes also contains supercooled sulfuric acid in ternary solution.

Very high-level cirriform and stratocumuliform

 * Nacreous polar stratospheric cloud (mother of pearl): Sometimes known as type 2, a thin usually cirriform or lenticular (stratocumuliform) looking cloud based from about 18 to(-) and seen most often between sunset and sunrise.  Consists of ice crystals only.

Troposphere cloud identification and classification
Tropospheric clouds are divided into physical forms defined by structure, and levels defined by altitude range. These divisions are cross-classified to produce ten basic genus-types. They have Latin names as authorized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) that indicate physical structure, altitude or étage, and process of formation.

High-level cirriform, stratocumuliform, and stratiform
High clouds form in the highest and coldest region of the troposphere from about 5 to 12 km (16,500 to 40,000 ft) in temperate latitudes. At this altitude water almost always freezes so high clouds are generally composed of ice crystals or supercooled water droplets.

Genus cirrus
Abbreviation: Ci

Cirriform clouds tend to be wispy and are mostly transparent or translucent. Isolated cirrus do not bring rain; however, large amounts of cirrus can indicate an approaching storm system eventually followed by fair weather.

There are several variations of clouds of the cirrus genus based on species and varieties:

Species

 * Cirrus fibratus (V-1): High clouds having the traditional "mare's tail" appearance. These clouds are long, fibrous, and curved, with no tufts or curls at the ends.
 * Cirrus uncinus (V-2): Filaments with up-turned hooks or curls.
 * Cirrus spissatus (V-3): Dense and opaque or mostly opaque patches.
 * Cirrus castellanus (V-4): A series of dense lumps, or "towers", connected by a thinner base.
 * Cirrus floccus (V-5): Elements which take on a rounded appearance on the top, with the lower part appearing ragged.

Varieties

 * Opacity-based: None; always translucent except species spissatus which is inherently opaque.
 * Fibratus pattern-based:
 * Cirrus fibratus intortus (V-6): Irregularly curved or tangled filaments.
 * Cirrus fibratus vertebratus (V-7): Elements arranged in the manner of a vertebrate or fish skeleton.

 * Pattern-based variety radiatus: Large horizontal bands that appear to converge at the horizon; normally associated with fibratus and uncinus species.
 * Cirrus fibratus radiatus (V-8):
 * Cirrus uncinus radiatus (V-9):

 * Pattern-based variety duplicatus: Sheets at different layers of the upper troposphere, which may be connected at one or more points; normally associated with fibratus and uncinus species.
 * Cirrus fibratus duplicatus (V-10):
 * Cirrus uncinus duplicatus (V-11):

 * Spissatus, castellanus, or floccus : Varieties are not commonly associated.

Supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based: Not associated with cirrus.
 * Cloud-based:
 * Mamma: Bubble-like downward protuberances; mostly seen with species castellanus.

 * Genitus mother clouds:
 * Cirrus cirrocumulogenitus:
 * Cirrus altocumulogenitus:
 * Cirrus cumulonimbogenitus:
 * Cirrus homogenitus: Cirrus formed by spreading of aircraft contrails.

 * Mutatus mother cloud:
 * Cirrus cirrostratomutatus:
 * Cirrus homomutatus: Cirrus formed by the complete transformation of cirrus homogenitus.

Genus cirrocumulus
Abbreviation: Cc.

High-level stratocumuliform clouds of the genus cirrocumulus form when moist air at high tropospheric altitude reaches saturation, creating ice crystals or supercooled water droplets. Limited convective instability at the cloud level gives the cloud a rolled or rippled appearance. Despite the lack of a strato- prefix, layered cirrocumulus is physically a high stratocumuliform genus.

High stratocumuliform species

 * Cirrocumulus stratiformis (V-12): Sheets or relatively flat patches of cirrocumulus.
 * Cirrocumulus lenticularis (V-13): Lenticular, or lens-shaped high cloud.
 * Cirrocumulus castellanus (V-14): Cirrocumulus layer with "towers", or turrets joined at the bases.
 * Cirrocumulus floccus (V-15): Very small white heaps with ragged bases and rounded tops.

Varieties

 * Opacity-based varieties: None (always translucent).
 * Pattern-based varieties:
 * Undulatus: Cirrocumulus with an undulating base; normally associated with stratiformis and lenticularis species.
 * Stratocumuliform undulatus (V-16):
 * Cirrocumulus stratiformis undulatus (V-17):
 * Cirrocumulus lenticularis undulatus (V-18):
 * Lacunosus: Cirrocumulus with large clear holes; normally associated with stratiformis and castellanus species (also with cumuliform floccus species).
 * Stratocumuliform lacunosus:
 * Cirrocumulus stratiformis lacunosus (V-19):
 * Cirrocumulus castellanus lacunosus (V-20):
 * Cirrocumulus floccus lacunosus (V-21):

Supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based supplementary feature:
 * Virga: Light precipitation that evaporates well above ground level; mostly seen with species stratiformis, castellanus, and floccus.

 * Cloud-based supplementary feature:
 * Mamma: Bubble-like downward protuberances; mostly seen with species castellanus.

 * Genitus mother clouds: No genitus types.
 * Mutatus mother clouds:
 * Cirrocumulus cirromutatus
 * Cirrocumulus cirrostratomutatus
 * Cirrocumulus altocumulomutatus
 * Cirrocumulus homomutatus: Results from the transformation of cirrus homogenitus.

Genus cirrostratus
Abbreviation: Cs

Clouds of the genus cirrostratus consist of mostly continuous, wide sheets of cloud that covers a large area of the sky. It is formed when convectively stable moist air cools to saturation at high altitude, forming ice crystals. Frontal cirrostratus is a precursor to rain or snow if it thickens into mid-level altostratus and eventually nimbostratus, as the weather front moves closer to the observer.

Species

 * Cirrostratus fibratus (V-22): Cirrostratus sheet with a fibrous appearance, but not as detached as cirrus.
 * Cirrostratus nebulosus (V-23): Featureless, uniform sheet.

Varieties

 * Opacity-based varieties: None (always translucent)
 * Fibratus pattern-based varieties:
 * Cirrostratus fibratus duplicatus (V-24): Separate or semi-merged sheets with one layer slightly above the other.
 * Cirrostratus fibratus undulatus (V-25): Undulating waves.

 * Varieties are not commonly associated with Cs species nebulosus.

Supplementary features

 * Supplementary features/accessory clouds: Not associated with cirrostratus.

 * Genitus mother clouds:
 * Cirrostratus cirrocumulogenitus:
 * Cirrostratus cumulonimbogenitus:

 * Mutatus mother clouds:
 * Cirrostratus cirromutatus:
 * Cirrostratus cirrocumulomutatus:
 * Cirrostratus altostratomutatus:
 * Cirrostratus homomutatus: Results from the transformation of cirrus homogenitus.

Mid-level stratocumuliform and stratiform
Middle cloud forms from 2 to 7 km (6,500–23,000 ft) in temperate latitudes, and may be composed of water droplets or ice crystals depending on the temperature profile at that altitude range.

Genus altocumulus
Abbreviation: Ac

Mid-level stratocumuliform clouds of the genus altocumulus are not always associated with a weather front but can still bring precipitation, usually in the form of virga which does not reach the ground. Layered forms of altocumulus are generally an indicator of limited convective instability, and are therefore mainly stratocumuliform in structure.

Mid-level stratocumuliform species

 * Altocumulus stratiformis: Always dividable into opacity-based varieties. Sheets or relatively flat patches of altocumulus.
 * Altocumulus lenticularis (V-26): Lens-shaped middle cloud. Includes informal variant altocumulus Kelvin–Helmholtz cloud, lenticular spiral indicative of severe turbulence.
 * Altocumulus volutus (V-27): Elongated, tube shaped, horizontal stratocumuliform cloud.
 * Altocumulus castellanus (V-28): Turreted layer cloud.
 * Altocumulus floccus (V-29): Tufted stratocumuliform clouds with ragged bases.

Varieties

 * Opacity-based varieties:
 * Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus (V-30): Translucent altocumulus through which the sun or moon can be seen.
 * Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus (V-31): Opaque middle clouds with translucent breaks.
 * Altocumulus stratiformis opacus (V-32): Opaque altocumulus that obscures the sun or moon.

 * Pattern-based varieties:
 * Radiatus: Rows of altocumulus that appear to converge at the horizon; normally associated with stratiformis species.
 * Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus radiatus (V-33):
 * Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus radiatus (V-34):
 * Altocumulus stratiformis opacus radiatus (V-35):
 * Duplicatus: Altocumulus in closely spaced layers, one above the other; normally associated with stratiformis and lenticularis species.
 * Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus duplicatus (V-36):
 * Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus duplicatus (V-37):
 * Altocumulus stratiformis opacus duplicatus (V-38):
 * Altocumulus lenticularis duplicatus (V-39):
 * Undulatus: Altocumulus with wavy undulating base; normally associated with stratiformis and lenticularis species.
 * Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus undulatus (V-40):
 * Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus undulatus (V-41):
 * Altocumulus stratiformis opacus undulatus (V-42):
 * Altocumulus lenticularis undulatus (V-43):
 * Lacunosus: Altocumulus with circular holes caused by localized downdrafts; normally associated with stratiformis and castellanus species (also with cumuliform floccus species).
 * Altocumulus stratiformis translucidus lacunosus (V-44):
 * Altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus lacunosus (V-45):
 * Altocumulus stratiformis opacus lacunosus (V-46):
 * Altocumulus castellanus lacunosus (V-47):
 * Altocumulus floccus lacunosus (V-48):

Supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based supplementary feature:
 * Virga: Altocumulus producing precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground; usually associated with species stratiformis, castellanus, and floccus.

 * Cloud-based supplementary feature:
 * Mamma: Altocumulus (usually species castellanus) with downward facing bubble-like protuberances caused by localized downdrafts within the cloud.

 * Genitus mother clouds:
 * Altocumulus cumulogenitus:
 * Altocumulus cumulonimbogenitus:

 * Mutatus mother clouds:
 * Altocumulus cirrocumulomutatus:
 * Altocumulus altostratomutatus:
 * Altocumulus nimbostratomutatus:
 * Altocumulus stratocumulomutatus:

Genus altostratus
Abbreviation: As

Stratiform clouds of the genus altostratus form when a large convectively stable air mass is lifted to condensation in the middle level of the troposphere, usually along a frontal system. Altostratus can bring light rain or snow. If the precipitation becomes continuous, it may thicken into nimbostratus which can bring precipitation of moderate to heavy intensity.

Species
No differentiated species (always nebulous).

Varieties

 * Opacity-based varieties:
 * Altostratus translucidus (V-49): Altostratus through which the sun can be seen.
 * Altostratus opacus (V-50): Altostratus that completely blocks out the sun.

 * Pattern-based variety radiatus: Bands that appear to converge at the horizon.
 * Altostratus translucidus radiatus (V-51):
 * Altostratus opacus radiatus (V-52):

 * Pattern-based variety duplicatus: Altostratus in closely spaced layers, one above the other.
 * Altostratus translucidus duplicatus (V-53):
 * Altostratus opacus duplicatus (V-54):

 * Pattern-based variety undulatus: Altostratus with wavy undulating base.
 * Altostratus translucidus undulatus (V-55):
 * Altostratus opacus undulatus (V-56):

Supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based supplementary features:
 * Virga: Accompanied by precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground. Seen mostly with opacus varieties.
 * Praecipitatio: Produces precipitation that reaches the ground; associated with opacus varieties.

 * Cloud-based supplementary feature:
 * Mamma: Altostratus with downward facing bubble-like protuberances caused by localized downdrafts within the cloud.

 * Accessory cloud: Seen mostly with opacus varieties
 * Pannus: Accompanied by ragged lower layer of fractus species clouds forming in precipitation.

 * Genitus mother clouds:
 * Altostratus altocumulogenitus:
 * Altostratus cumulonimbogenitus:

 * Mutatus mother clouds:
 * Altostratus cirrostratomutatus:
 * Altostratus nimbostratomutatus:

Towering vertical cumulonimbiform and cumuliform (low to mid-level cloud base)
Clouds with upward-growing vertical development usually form below 2 km, but can be based as high as 2.5 km in temperate climates, and often much higher in arid regions.

Genus cumulonimbus: Towering vertical
Abbreviation: Cb

Clouds of the genus cumulonimbus have very-dark-gray-to-nearly-black flat bases and very high tops that can penetrate the tropopause. They develop from cumulus when the air mass is convectively highly unstable. They generally produce thunderstorms, rain or showers, and sometimes hail, strong outflow winds, and/or tornadoes at ground level.

Species

 * Cumulonimbus calvus (V-57): Cumulonimbus with high domed top.
 * Cumulonimbus capillatus (V-58): Towering vertical cloud with high cirriform top.

Varieties
No varieties (always opaque and does not form in patterns visible from surface level).

Supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based supplementary features: Associated with calvus and capillatus species.
 * Virga: Precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground.
 * Praecipitatio: Precipitation that reaches the ground.

 * Cloud-based supplementary features:
 * Incus (species capillatus only): Cumulonimbus with flat anvil-like cirriform top caused by wind shear where the rising air currents hit the inversion layer at the tropopause.
 * Mamma: Also sometimes called Mammatus, consisting of bubble-like protrusions on the underside caused by localized downdrafts.
 * Arcus (including roll and shelf clouds): Low, horizontal cloud formation associated with the leading edge of thunderstorm outflow.
 * Tuba: Column hanging from the cloud base which can develop into a funnel cloud or tornado.

 * Accessory clouds: Seen with species and capillatus except where noted.
 * Pannus: Accompanied by a lower layer of fractus species cloud forming in precipitation.
 * Pileus (species calvus only): Small cap-like cloud over parent cumulonimbus.
 * Velum: A thin horizontal sheet that forms around the middle of a cumulonimbus.

 * Genitus mother clouds:
 * Cumulonimbus altocumulogenitus:
 * Cumulonimbus altostratogenitus:
 * Cumulonimbus nimbostratogenitus:
 * Cumulonimbus stratocumulogenitus:
 * Cumulonimbus flammagenitus: Formed by large-scale fires or volcanic eruptions.

 * Mutatus mother cloud:
 * Cumulonimbus cumulomutatus:

Genus cumulus: Towering vertical
Abbreviations: Cu con (cumulus congestus) or Tcu (towering cumulus)

Species

 * Cumulus congestus (V-59): These large cumulus clouds have flat dark grey bases and very tall tower-like formations with tops mostly in the high level of the troposphere. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) designates this species as towering cumulus (Tcu).

Varieties

 * Opacity-based varieties: None (always opaque).
 * Pattern-based variety: None (not generally discerned with highly unstable cumulus congestus).

Supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based supplementary features:
 * Virga: Accompanied by precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground.
 * Praecipitatio: Produces precipitation that reaches the ground.

 * Cloud-based supplementary features:
 * Mamma: Downward facing bubble-like protuberances caused by localized downdrafts within the cloud.
 * Arcus (including roll and shelf clouds): Low horizontal cloud formation associated with the leading edge of a thunderstorm outflow.
 * Tuba: Column hanging from the cloud base which can develop into a small funnel cloud.

 * Accessory clouds:
 * Pannus: Accompanied by a lower layer of fractus species cloud forming in precipitation.
 * Pileus: Small cap-like cloud over parent cumulus cloud.
 * Velum: A thin horizontal sheet that forms around the middle of a cumulus cloud.

 * Mother clouds:
 * Cumulus congestus flammagenitus:
 * Other genitus and mutatus types are the same as for small and moderate cumulus.

Genus nimbostratus: Multi-level
Abbreviation: Ns (V-60)

Clouds of the genus nimbostratus tend to bring constant precipitation and low visibility. This cloud type normally forms above 2 km from altostratus cloud but tends to thicken into the lower levels during the occurrence of precipitation. The top of a nimbostratus deck is usually in the middle level of the troposphere.

Species
No differentiated species (always nebulous).

Varieties
No varieties (always opaque and never forms in patterns).

Supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based supplementary features:
 * Virga: Accompanied by precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground.
 * Praecipitatio: Produces precipitation that reaches the ground.

 * Accessory cloud:
 * Pannus: Nimbostratus with lower layer of fractus species cloud forming in precipitation.

 * Genitus mother clouds
 * Nimbostratus cumulogenitus:
 * Nimbostratus cumulonimbogenitus:

 * Mutatus mother clouds:
 * Nimbostratus altostratomutatus:
 * Nimbostratus altocumulomutatus:
 * Nimbostratus stratocumulomutatus:

Genus cumulus: Moderate vertical

Abbreviation: Cu

Moderate vertical cumulus is the product of free convective air mass instability. Continued upward growth suggests showers later in the day.

Species

 * Cumulus mediocris (V-61): Moderate vertical clouds with flat medium grey bases and higher tops than cumulus humilis.

Varieties

 * Opacity-based varieties: None (always opaque)

 * Pattern-based variety:
 * Cumulus mediocris radiatus (V-62) (V-60); Moderate cumulus clouds arranged in parallel lines that appear to converge at the horizon.

Supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based supplementary features:
 * Virga: Accompanied by precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground.
 * Praecipitatio: Produces precipitation that reaches the ground.

 * Cloud-based supplementary feature:
 * Mamma: Downward facing bubble-like protuberances caused by localized downdrafts within the cloud.

 * Accessory clouds:
 * Pileus; Small cap-like cloud over parent cumulus cloud.
 * Velum: A thin horizontal sheet that forms around the middle of a cumulus cloud.

 * Mother clouds: Genitus and mutatus types are the same as for cumulus of little vertical extent.

Low-level stratocumuliform, cumuliform, and stratiform
Low cloud forms from near surface to ca. 2 km and are generally composed of water droplets.

Genus stratocumulus
Abbreviation: Sc

Clouds of the genus stratocumulus are lumpy, often forming in slightly unstable air, and they can produce very light rain or drizzle.

Species

 * Stratocumulus stratiformis: Always dividable into opacity-based varieties. Sheets or relatively flat patches of stratocumulus
 * Stratocumulus lenticularis (V-63): Lens-shaped low cloud.
 * Stratocumulus volutus (V-64): Elongated, low-level, tube shaped, horizontal stratocumuliform cloud.
 * Stratocumulus floccus (V-65): Scattered or isolated stratocumulus tufts with domed tops and ragged bases.
 * Stratocumulus castellanus (V-66): Layer of turreted stratocumulus cloud with tower-like formations protruding upwards.

Varieties

 * Stratocumuliform opacity-based varieties:
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus (V-67): Thin translucent stratocumulus through which the sun or moon can be seen.
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus (V-68): Opaque low clouds with translucent breaks.
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus (V-69): Opaque stratocumulus clouds.

 * Pattern-based variety radiatus: Stratocumulus arranged in parallel bands that appear to converge on the horizon; normally associated with stratiformis species.
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus radiatus (V-70):
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus radiatus (V-71):
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus radiatus (V-72):

 * Pattern-based variety duplicatus: Closely spaced layers of stratocumulus, one above the other; normally associated with stratiformis and lenticularis species.
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus duplicatus (V-73):
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus duplicatus (V-74):
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus duplicatus (V-75):
 * Stratocumulus lenticularis duplicatus (V-76):

 * Pattern-based variety undulatus: Stratocumulus with wavy undulating base; normally associated with stratiformis and lenticularis species.
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus undulatus (V-77):
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus undulatus (V-78):
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus undulatus (V-79):
 * Stratocumulus lenticularis undulatus (V-80):

 * Pattern-based variety lacunosus: Sc with circular holes caused by localized downdrafts; normally associated with stratiformis and castellanus species.
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis translucidus lacunosus (V-81):
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis perlucidus lacunosus (V-82):
 * Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus lacunosus (V-83):
 * Stratocumulus castellanus lacunosus (V-84):
 * Stratocumulus floccus lacunosus (V-85):

Supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based supplementary features: Usually associated with species stratiformis and castellanus.
 * Virga: Low cloud producing precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground.
 * Praecipitatio: Stratocumulus clouds producing precipitation that reaches the ground.

 * Cloud-based supplementary feature:
 * Mamma: Stratocumulus with bubble-like protrusions on the underside; usually associated with species castellanus.

 * Genitus mother clouds:
 * Stratocumulus cumulogenitus:Clouds CL4.jpg
 * Stratocumulus nimbostratogenitus:
 * Stratocumulus cumulonimbogenitus:
 * Stratocumulus altostratogenitus:

 * Mutatus mother clouds:
 * Stratocumulus nimbostratomutatus:
 * Stratocumulus altocumulomutatus:
 * Stratocumulus stratomutatus:

Genus cumulus (little vertical extent)
Abbreviation: Cu

These are fair weather cumuliform clouds of limited convection that do not grow vertically. The vertical height from base to top is generally less than the width of the cloud base. They appear similar to stratocumulus but the elements are generally more detached and less wide at the base.

Species

 * Cumulus fractus (V-86): Ragged shreds of cumulus clouds.
 * Cumulus humilis (V-87): "Fair weather clouds" with flat light grey bases and small white domed tops.

Varieties

 * Opacity-based varieties: None (always opaque except species fractus which is always translucent).
 * Humilis pattern-based variety:
 * Cumulus humilis radiatus (V-88): Small cumulus clouds arranged in parallel lines that appear to converge at the horizon.

Supplementary features and accessory clouds
Not commonly seen with cumulus fractus or humilis.
 * Genitus mother clouds
 * Cumulus stratocumulogenitus
 * Cumulus homogenitus: Clouds formed by air-mass convection associated with contained industrial activity.

 * Mutatus mother clouds
 * Cumulus stratocumulomutatus
 * Cumulus stratomutatus

 * Cumulus cataractagenitus: Generated by the spray from waterfalls.

Genus stratus
Abbreviation: St

Clouds of the genus stratus form in low horizontal layers having a ragged or uniform base. Ragged stratus often forms in precipitation while more uniform stratus forms in maritime or other moist stable air mass conditions. The latter often produces drizzle. Stratus that touches the Earth's surface is given the common name, fog, rather than a Latin name that applies only to clouds that form and remain aloft in the troposphere.

Species

 * Stratus nebulosus: Uniform fog-like low cloud.
 * Stratus fractus (V-89): Ragged shreds of stratus clouds usually under base of precipitation clouds.

Varieties

 * Nebulosus opacity-based varieties:
 * Stratus nebulosus translucidus (V-90): Thin translucent stratus.
 * Stratus nebulosus opacus (V-91): Opaque stratus that obscures the sun or moon.

 * Pattern-based variety undulatus: Wavy undulating base.
 * Stratus nebulosus translucidus undulatus (V-92)
 * Stratus nebulosus opacus undulatus (V-93)

 * Varieties are not commonly associated with St species fractus.

Supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based supplementary feature:
 * Praecipitatio: Stratus (usually species nebulosus) producing precipitation.

 * Accessory clouds: Not usually seen with stratus.
 * Genitus mother clouds and other mother sources:
 * Stratus nimbostratogenitus
 * Stratus cumulogenitus
 * Stratus cumulonimbogenitus
 * Stratus cataractagenitus: Generated by the spray from waterfalls.
 * Stratus silvagenitus: A stratus cloud that forms as water vapor is added to the air above a forest.
 * Stratus homogenitus

 * Mutatus mother cloud:
 * Stratus stratocumulomutatus

Tropospheric cloud types with Latin etymologies where applicable
Cloud types are sorted in alphabetical order except where noted.

WMO genera

 * Altocumulus (altus and cumulus): Latin for "high heap": Applied to mid-level stratocumuliform.
 * Altostratus (altus and stratus): "High sheet": Applied to mid-level stratiform.
 * Cirrocumulus (cirrus and cumulus): "Hair-like heap": Applied to high-level stratocumuliform.
 * Cirrostratus (cirrus and stratus): "Hair-like sheet": Applied to high-level stratiform.
 * Cirrus: "Hair-like": Applied to high-level cirriform.
 * Cumulonimbus (cumulus and nimbus): "Precipitation-bearing heap": Applied to vertical/multi-level cumulonimbiform.
 * Cumulus: "Heap": Applied to low-level and vertical/multi-level cumuliform.
 * Nimbostratus (nimbus and stratus): "Precipitation-bearing sheet": Applied to multi-level stratiform with vertical extent that produces precipitation of significant intensity.
 * Stratocumulus (stratus and cumulus): "Sheet-like heap": Applied to low-level stratocumuliform.
 * Stratus: "Sheet": Applied to low-level mostly shallow stratiform.

WMO species

 * Castellanus (Cas): Latin for "castle-like": Applies to stratocumuliform (Sc cas, Ac cas, Cc cas) and dense cirriform (Ci cas) with a series of turret shapes – indicates air mass instability.
 * Congestus (Con): Latin for "congested": Applies to cumuliform (Cu con/Tcu) with great vertical development and heaped into cauliflower shapes – indicates considerable air mass instability and strong upcurrents.
 * Fibratus (Fib): "Fibrous": Cirriform (Ci fib) or high stratiform (Cs fib) in the form of filaments, can be straight or slightly curved; indicates strong, continuous upper winds.
 * Floccus (Flo): "Tufted": Applies to stratocumuliform (Sc flo, Ac flo, Cc flo) and high cirriform (Ci flo); indicates some mid or high-level instability.
 * Fractus (Fra): "Broken": Low stratiform (St fra) or cumuliform (Cu fra) with an irregular shredded appearance – forms in precipitation and/or gusty winds.
 * Humilis (Hum): "Small": Applies to cumuliform (Cu hum) with little vertical extent; indicates relatively slight air mass instability.
 * Lenticularis (Len): "Lens–like": Stratocumuliform (Sc len, Ac len, Cc len) having a lens-like appearance – formed by standing waves of wind passing over mountains or hills.
 * Mediocris (Med): "Medium-size": Cumuliform (Cu med) with moderate vertical extent; indicates moderate instability and upcurrents.
 * Nebulosus (Neb): "Nebulous": Indistinct low and high stratiform (St neb, Cs neb) without features; indicates light wind if any and stable air mass.
 * Spissatus (Spi): "Dense": Thick cirriform (Ci spi) with a grey appearance; indicates some upward movement of air in the upper troposphere.
 * Stratiformis (Str): "Sheet-like": Horizontal cloud sheet of flattened stratocumuliform (Sc str, Ac str, Cc str); indicates very slight air mass instability.
 * Uncinus (Unc): "Hook-like": Cirriform (Ci unc) with a hook shape at the top; indicates a nearby backside of a weather system.
 * Volutus (Vol): "Rolled": Elongated, low or mid-level, tube shaped, stratocumuliform (Sc vol, Ac vol).

The division of genus types into species is as shown in the following table. The genus types (including some cumulus sub-types) are arranged from top to bottom in the left column in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. The species are sorted from left to right in approximate ascending order of instability or vertical extent of the forms to which each belongs:
 * 1) Stratiform species,
 * 2) Cirriform species,
 * 3) Stratocumuliform species,
 * 4) Cumuliform species,
 * 5) Cumulonimbiform species.

These ordinal instability numbers appear in each box where a particular genus has a particular species.

WMO varieties

 * Opacity-based:
 * Opacus: Latin for "Opaque". A thick sheet of stratiform or stratocumuliform cloud.
 * Perlucidus: "Semi-transparent". Sheet of stratocumuliform cloud with small spaces between elements.
 * Translucidus: "Translucent". Thin translucent patch or sheet of stratiform or stratocumuliform.

 * Pattern-based:
 * Duplicatus: Latin for "Double". Closely spaced often partly merged layers of cloud in one of several possible forms.
 * Intortus: "Twisted". Curved and tangled cirriform.
 * Lacunosus: "Full of holes". Thin stratocumuliform cloud distinguished by holes and ragged edges.
 * Radiatus: "Radial". Clouds in one of several possible forms arranged in parallel lines that appear to converge at a central point near the horizon.
 * Undulatus: "Wavy". Stratiform or stratocumuliform cloud displaying an undulating pattern.
 * Vertebratus: "In the form of a back-bone". Cirriform arranged to look like the back-bone of a vertebrate.

The following table shows the cloud varieties arranged across the top of the chart from left to right in approximate descending order of frequency of appearance. The genus types and some sub-types associated with each variety are sorted in the left column from top to bottom in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. Where applicable, the genera and varieties are cross-classified to show the species normally associated with each combination of genus and variety. The exceptions comprise the following: Altostratus that have varieties but no species so the applicable boxes are marked without specific species names; cumulus congestus, a species that has its own altitude characteristic but no varieties; cumulonimbus that have species but no varieties, and nimbostratus that has no species or varieties. The boxes for genus and species combinations that have no varieties are left blank.

WMO supplementary features

 * Precipitation-based supplementary features:
 * Praecipitatio: Latin for "falling": Cloud whose precipitation reaches the ground.

 * Virga: "Twig" or "branch": Cloud whose precipitation evaporates before reaching the ground.

 * Cloud-based supplementary features:
 * Arcus: Latin for "arch" or "bow": Feature mostly attached to cumulus, thick with ragged edges.

 * Asperitas: "Roughness": A highly disturbed and chaotic wave feature occasionally seen with a stratocumulus or altocumulus cloud.

 * Cavum: "Hole": Supercooled altocumulus or cirrocumulus distinguished by a hole with ragged edges and virga or wisps of cirrus.

 * Cauda: "Tail": A tail cloud that extends horizontally away from the murus cloud and is the result of air feeding into the storm.

 * Fluctus: Crested wave-like stratocumulus, altocumulus, or cirrus cloud formed by wind-shear.

 * Incus: "Anvil": Top part of a mature cumulonimbus cloud; anvil-shaped feature.

 * Mammatus: WMO term mamma: "Breast": A feature in the form of round pouches on under-surface of a cloud.

 * Murus: "Wall": Cumulonimbus wall cloud with a lowering rotating base that can portend tornadoes.

 * Tuba: "Funnel" or "tube": Feature in the form of a column hanging from the bottom of cumulus or cumulonimbus.

 * Accessory clouds:
 * Pannus: Latin for "shredded cloth": A ragged or shredded accessory cloud that forms in precipitation below the main cloud.

 * Pileus: "Capped": A hood-shaped accessory cloud.

 * Velum: "A ship's sail": An accessory cloud in the form of a sail.

The supplementary features are associated with particular genera as follows. They are sorted from left to right in approximate decreasing order of frequency of occurrence for each of three categories. The genus types and some sub-types are arranged from top to bottom in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. Each box is marked where a particular genus or sub-type has a particular supplementary feature.

Genitus mother clouds

 * Altocumulogenitus: Formed by the partial transformation of altocumulus mother cloud.
 * Altostratogenitus: Formed by the partial transformation of altostratus.
 * Cirrogenitus: Partial transformation of cirrus.
 * Cirrocumulogenitus: Partial transformation of cirrocumulus.
 * Cirrostratogenitus: Partial transformation of cirrostratus.
 * Cumulogenitus: Spreading out or partial transformation of cumulus.
 * Cumulonimbogenitus: Spreading out or partial transformation of cumulonimbus.
 * Nimbostratogenitus: Partial transformation of nimbostratus.
 * Stratogenitus: Partial transformation of stratus.
 * Stratocumulogenitus: Partial transformation of stratocumulus.

Other genitus clouds

 * Cataractagenitus (cataracta-/pertaining to a river cataract): Formed from the mist at a waterfall, the downdraft caused from the cloud is counteracted by the ascending air displacement from the waterfall and may go on to form other types of clouds such as cumulus cataractagenitus.
 * Flammagenitus (flamma-/pertaining to fire): Formed by convection associated with large wildfires.
 * Homogenitus (homo-/pertaining to humans): Formed as a result of human activities, particularly aircraft at high altitudes and heat-generating industrial activities at surface level. If a homogenitus cloud of one genus changes to another genus type, it is then termed a homomutatus cloud.
 * Silvagenitus (silva-/pertaining to trees or forests): Formed by low-level condensation of water vapor released by vegetation, especially forest canopies.

Mutatus mother clouds
Nomenclature works the same way as for genitus mother clouds except for the mutatus suffix to indicate the complete rather than the partial transformation of the original cloud type. e.g. Altocumulomutatus – formed by the complete transformation of altocumulus mother cloud. The possible combinations of genera and mother clouds can be seen in this table. The genitus and mutatus clouds are each sorted from left to right in alphabetical order. The genus types and some sub-types are arranged from top to bottom in approximate descending order of average overall altitude range. Each box is marked where a particular genus or sub-type has a particular genitus or mutatus mother cloud.

Informal terms recently accepted for WMO classification with Latin nomenclature

 * Aviaticus cloud: Persistent condensation trails (contrails) formed by ice crystals originating from water vapor emitted by aircraft engines. Usually resembles cirrus; recognized as a WMO genitus cloud cirrus homogenitus (man-made). Further transformation into cirrus, cirrocumulus, or cirrostratus homomutatus is possible depending on atmospheric stability and wind shear.
 * Fallstreak hole: Supercooled altocumulus or cirrocumulus distinguished by a hole with ragged edges and virga or wisps of cirrus. Accepted as a WMO supplementary feature to be named cavum (hole).
 * Kelvin–Helmholtz cloud: Wavecloudsduval.jpg in Australia]]Crested wave-like clouds formed by wind-shear instability that may occur at any altitude in the troposphere. Accepted as a WMO supplementary feature with the Latin name fluctus.
 * Pyrocumulus and Pyrocumulonimbus: Cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds formed by quickly generated ground heat; including forest fires, volcanic eruptions and low level nuclear detonation. Accepted as a WMO genitus cloud with the Latin name flammagenitus, or homogenitus in the case of small cumulus formed by contained human activity.
 * Roll cloud: Roll-Cloud-Racine.jpgated, low-level, tube shaped, horizontal formation not associated with a parent cloud. Accepted as a WMO stratocumulus or altocumulus species with the Latin name volutus.

WMO and informal terms related to free-convective cloud types and storms

 * Accessory cloud (WMO supplementary feature) – secondary cloud that is associated with but separate from a main cloud.
 * Anvil (WMO supplementary feature incus) – the anvil top of a cumulonimbus cloud.
 * Anvil dome (WMO supplementary feature incus) – the overshooting top on a Cb that is often present on a supercell.
 * Anvil rollover – (slang) circular protrusion attached to underside of anvil.
 * Arcus cloud (WMO supplementary feature) – arch or a bow shape, attached to cumulus, thick with ragged edges.
 * Backsheared anvil – (slang) anvil that spreads upwind, indicative of extreme weather.
 * Clear slot or dry slot (informal term) – an evaporation of clouds as a rear flank downdraft descends and dries out cloud and occludes around a mesocyclone.
 * Cloud tags (WMO species fractus) – ragged detached portions of cloud.
 * Collar cloud (WMO velum accessory cloud) – ring shape surrounding upper part of wall cloud.
 * Condensation funnel (WMO supplementary feature tuba) – the cloud of a funnel cloud aloft or a tornado.
 * Altocumulus castellanus (WMO genus and species) – castle crenellation-shaped altocumulus clouds.
 * Cumulus (WMO genus) – heaped clouds.
 * Cumulus castellanus – (informal variation of WMO genus and species cumulus congestus) cumulus with tops shaped like castle crenellations.
 * Cumulus congestus (WMO genus and species) – considerable vertical development and heaped into cauliflower shapes.
 * Cumulus fractus (WMO genus and species) – ragged detached portions of cumulus cloud.
 * Cumulus humilis (WMO genus and species) – small, low, flattened cumulus, early development.
 * Cumulus mediocris (WMO genus and species) – medium-sized cumulus with bulges at the top.
 * Cumulus pileus (WMO genus and accessory cloud) – capped, hood-shaped cumulus cloud.
 * Cumulus praecipitatio (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – cumulus whose precipitation reaches the ground.
 * Cumulus radiatus (WMO genus and variety) – cumulus arranged in parallel lines that appear to converge near the horizon.
 * Cumulus tuba (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – column hanging from the bottom of cumulus.
 * Cumulonimbus (WMO genus) – heaped towering rain-bearing clouds that stretch to the upper levels of the troposphere.
 * Cumulonimbus calvus (WMO genus and species) – cumulonimbus with round tops like cumulus congestus.
 * Cumulonimbus capillatus (WMO genus and species) – Cb with cirriform top.
 * Cumulonimbus incus (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – Cb capillatus with anvil top.
 * Cumulonimbus mamma (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – Cb with pouch-like protrusions that hang from under anvil or cloud base.
 * Cumulonimbus pannus (WMO genus and accessory cloud) – shredded sections attached to main Cb cloud.
 * Cumulonimbus pileus (WMO genus and accessory cloud) – capped, hood-shaped cloud above a cumulonimbus cloud.
 * Cumulonimbus praecipitatio (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – Cb whose precipitation reaches the ground.
 * Cumulonimbus tuba (WMO genus and supplementary feature) – column hanging from the bottom of cumulonimbus.
 * Debris cloud (informal term) – rotating "cloud" of debris found at base of tornado.
 * Funnel cloud (WMO supplementary feature tuba) – rotating funnel of cloud hanging from under Cb, not making contact with ground.
 * Hail fog (informal term) – a shallow surface layer of fog that sometimes forms in vicinity of deep hail accumulation, can be very dense.
 * Hot tower (informal term) – a tropical cumulonimbus cloud that penetrates the tropopause.
 * Inflow band (informal term) – a laminar band marking inflow to a Cb, can occur at lower or mid levels of the cloud.
 * Inverted cumulus (informal variation of WMO supplementary feature mamma) – cumulus which has transferred momentum from an exceptionally intense Cb tower and is convectively growing on the underside of an anvil.
 * Knuckles (informal variation of WMO supplementary feature mamma) – lumpy protrusion that hangs from edge or underside of anvil.
 * Pyrocumulus and Pyrocumulonimbus– intense ground-heat cloud proposed for WMO classification (see above).
 * Rope – (slang) narrow, sometimes twisted funnel type cloud seen after a tornado dissipates.
 * Rope cloud (informal term) – A narrow, long, elongated line of cumulus clouds that sometimes develop at the leading edge of an advancing cold front that is often visible in satellite imagery.
 * Scud cloud (informal term for WMO species fractus) – ragged detached portions of cloud that usually form in precipitation.
 * Shelf cloud (informal term for WMO supplementary feature arcus) – wedge-shaped cloud often attached to the underside of Cb.
 * Stratus fractus (WMO genus and species) – ragged detached portions of stratus cloud that usually form in precipitation (see also scud cloud).
 * Striations (informal term for WMO accessory cloud velum) – a groove or band of clouds encircling an updraft tower, indicative of rotation.
 * Tail cloud (informal term) – an area of condensation consisting of laminar band and cloud tags extending from a wall cloud towards a precipitation core.
 * Towering cumulus (TCu) -aviation term for WMO genus and species cumulus congestus, a large cumulus cloud with great vertical development, usually with a cauliflower-like appearance, but lacking the characteristic anvil of a Cb.
 * Wall cloud (informal term) – distinctive fairly large lowering of the rain-free base of a Cb, often rotating.

Venus
Thick overcast clouds of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide in three main layers at altitudes of 45 to 65 km that obscure the planet's surface and can produce virga.

 * Stratiform: Overcast opaque clouds sheets.
 * Stratocumuliform: Wave clouds with clear gaps through which lower stratiform layers may be seen.
 * Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform: Embedded convective cells that can produce lightning.

Mars
Clouds resembling several terrestrial types can be seen over Mars and are believed to be composed of water-ice.

 * Extremely high cirriform: Noctilucent clouds are known to form near the poles at altitudes similar to or higher than the same type of clouds over Earth.
 * High cirriform: Thin scattered wispy cloud resembling cirrus through which the planet's surface can be seen.
 * High stratocumuliform: Thin scattered wave-cloud resembling cirrocumulus.
 * Low stratocumuliform: Wave-cloud resembling stratocumulus, especially as a polar cap cloud over the winter pole which is mostly composed of suspended frozen carbon dioxide.
 * Surface-based: Morning fog of water and/or carbon dioxide commonly forms in low areas of the planet.

Jupiter and Saturn
Cloud decks in parallel latitudinal bands at and below the tropopause alternately composed of ammonia crystals and ammonium hydrosulfate.

 * Cirriform: Bands of cloud resembling cirrus located mainly in the highest of three main layers that cover Jupiter.
 * Stratiform and stratocumuliform: Wave and haze clouds that are seen mostly in the middle layer.
 * Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform: Convective clouds in the lowest layer that are capable of producing thunderstorms and may be composed at least partly of water droplets. an intermediate deck of ammonium hydrosulfide, and an inner deck of cumulus water clouds.

Uranus and Neptune
Cloud layers composed mainly of methane gas.

 * Cirriform: High wispy formations resembling cirrus.
 * Stratiform: Layers of haze-cloud that lack any distinct features.
 * Cumuliform and cumulonimbiform: Lower-based convective clouds that can produce thunderstorms.

title: List of cloud types


text:
Tacuba metro station

Tacuba is a station of the Mexico City Metro. It is located in the Tacuba district of the Miguel Hidalgo borough, to the west of downtown Mexico City. It lies along Lines 2 and 7.

The station logo depicts three flowers, as its name comes from the Nahuatl language word tlacopan, that which means "land of flowers". It refers to the ancient Tepanec kingdom of Tlacopan that existed in the area in pre-Columbian times.

This transfer station was previously the terminal for Metro Line 2 and opened for service along that line on 14 September 1970. Service was extended westward along Line 2 from Tacuba to Panteones and Cuatro Caminos on 22 August 1984. Line 7 opened up through Tacuba on 20 December 1984. The station transfers not only to Line 7 but also to a nearby mini-bus base, which serves boroughs Azcapotzalco and Miguel Hidalgo. Within the station facilities there is a cultural display and an information desk.

Nearby

 * Mercado Tacuba, market

Line 2

 * North: Calzada México-Tacuba, Tacuba

Line 7

 * East: Calzada México-Tacuba and Golfo de Bengala, Tacuba
 * West: Golfo de México and Golfo de Bengala, Tacuba

title: Tacuba metro station


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trinity (gamespy)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Merge and redirect. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:57, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Trinity (gamespy)
Supposedly a name that users of this message forum use to refer to three of the forum administrators. Seems like extreme trivia to me. --Lee Hunter 01:39, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's extreme trivia, but it's still fact. And this is a reference website. I don't see the harm.
 * The above comment was left by 67.170.128.204, the page's author. --InShaneee 16:08, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Facts are not necessarily suitable topics for articles. Please see What_Wikipedia_is_not --Lee Hunter 01:53, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect into ForumPlanet. The site seems notable enough, but let's improve its own article first instead of sowing stubs around. And as Lee Hunter adequately put it, simply being a fact is not enough to be in Wikipedia. JoaoRicardo 03:13, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect, as JoaoRicardo says. Rje 03:17, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge without redirect. This seems to be entirely non-notable outside of the community involved.  (Before anyone asks, I don't think it needs an entry on List of famous trinities, trios, triplets, or threesomes, either.) --TenOfAllTrades 04:31, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect as suggested by JoaoRicardo. While non-notable outside the community, I think the parenthetical (gamespy) in the article title makes it specific enough for a redirect. --Deathphoenix 05:31, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Don't merge or redirect, and remove reference in ForumPlanet, unless someone produces some evidence that this factoid is true.   Why do we have an article on ForumPlanet by the way: that is just a section of Gamespy.   Are we doing sub-websites now?  --BM 17:10, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Factoids (I hope these will suffice)
 * Those links just show that the three login-names mentioned in the article have forums on ForumPlanet. The article under discussion claims they are referred to as "the Trinity".   But, please don't go to any more trouble on my account to prove this.  Even if it is true, my vote is still Delete, since the fact that three guys on ForumPlanet are referred to as "The Trinity" by the other people who hang out on ForumPlanet is not an encyclopedia topic, in my opinion.  --BM 01:43, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Xtenzion~enwiki

New users

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. You might like to start by reading the tutorial and introducing yourself at the new users page. If you have any questions, you can ask at the help desk or on my talk page. Two useful tips are that you can sign your name using four tildes ( ~ ) and you can preview your changes before you save using the show preview button. You can regularly find new tips on the Community Portal. I look forward to reading your great articles and I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. :) Willmcw 01:42, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

PS, please don't add links to sites which sell penis pills. This is not an ad site. Thanks. -Willmcw 01:42, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Xtenzion. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Xtenzion~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:28, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:39, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xtenzion~enwiki