text:
Talk:Geography of Singapore

Rainfall map of Singapore
Can someone get a rainfall map of Singapore, contrasting between Jurong and Pasir Ris? This could be an interesting issue, well, of novelty value at least, because say, it affects where floods are more likely to happen then others, and yes, weather plans. I know that Pasir Ris, is much dryer than that of the West, due to the wind effect of perhaps Bukit Timah? Despite being small, the island has a highly contrasting (but yes, not too much of a contrast) in climate on both sides.

So anyone able to comment on this? I will put up a general statement for now. Natalinasmpf 01:49, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Another comment. Up till now, until I read the news, I didn't realise that Singapore had a "dry spell" cycle - which is apparently causing the bush fires currently. Any knowledgable enough to add this interesting valuable information, mayhaps? Natalinasmpf 19:34, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Organisation
The move made things a bit bulky, so maybe this article needs some organisation in terms of headings, now? -- Natalinasmpf 21:00, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Singapore Central Business District
I think its well time Singapore got its own article on this area, rather than having a generalised reference...any tips comments on how to integrate this into the towns and Singapore template would be appreciated...after all, its going to comprise of several towns, I don't think it will be redundant, so I'm going ahead. Any assistance/suggestions? -- Natalinasmpf 02:31, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think its high time we started articles on the central political buildings that house the critical government functions in Singapore...I was shocked not to find them! And I just wanted to write a description of City Hall MRT Station! Oh well. Lets get started on it. Two things I'm about to start: Parliament House, Singapore and Padang (Singapore). We really need to get into this, otherwise its going to be very hard organising, classfiying and categorising areas later if we procrastinate, especially if we need to address them  collectively. Oh, the the article on Singapore's urban geography could address such areas too, not too detailed (as that wouldn't be its roled) but show how they are interlinked. We better decide some framework and taxonomy immediately (what gets categorised where), so we don't have any problems with redundancy, contradiction, or vagueness, especially division of information into geography, politics, economy, culture and so forth, they all have some overlapping areas which need to be resolved on which gets where. Oh, then there's the issue of the reference to the central business district as compared to the Central Area (which is what the Urban Redevelopment Board classifies it as). -- Natalinasmpf 19:33, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Title of page
Why is this page titled "Geography and climate of Singapore" when all the other "Category:Geography_by_country" articles are just "Geography of xxx"? I move that this page be moved to "Geography of Singapore". Comments? Alex.tan 15:58, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sory for the tardiness of my response, but it seems that,, your proposition was accepted... BushelCandle (talk) 09:27, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

Image
Singapore isn't very easily visible in the image despite being highlighted in red. Perhaps enlarge it? Littleghostboo [ talk ] 08:47, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Global Warming
What are the expected impacts on Singapore due to global warming, i.e. rising sea levels, higher temperatures etc? Due to the impact this might have on both economy and demographics, such a section seams motivated. 81.231.178.90 (talk) 11:44, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Natural Disasters
Does anybody feel like writing a section on that subject? 81.231.178.90 (talk) 08:25, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Climate of Singapore
Can someone please update the weatherbox (Climate data for Singapore)? The data shown is not correct. The Climatological Information Data extracted from Hong Kong Observatory Website is a data record from 1961-1990. Please kindly update to the latest and correct version from National Environment Agency Website; (Data record between 1982 – 2008) Source: http://app2.nea.gov.sg/data/cmsresource/20090721544571208250.pdf -- Iluvml93 10:51, 01 July 2010 (UTC)

Total land area is mistaken
It says 100 square kilometers, when other places say upwards of 700 square km. 85.64.247.134 (talk) 20:42, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Geography of Singapore. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304145846/http://www10.hdb.gov.sg/ebook/ar2015/html5/index.html?opf=tablet%2FKey%20Statistics.xml to http://www10.hdb.gov.sg/ebook/ar2015/html5/index.html?opf=tablet%2FKey%20Statistics.xml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:01, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geography of Singapore


text:
Teen Choice Awards

The Teen Choice Awards were an annual awards show that aired on the Fox television network between 1999 and 2019. The awards honored the year's biggest achievements in music, film, sports, television, fashion, social media, and more, voted by viewers living in the United States, aged 13 and over, through various social media sites; primarily Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, and YouTube.

The awards show has been on an indefinite hiatus since the 2019 edition.

History
Executive producers, Bob Bain and Michael Burg, came together to create an award show geared toward a teen demographic, somewhat older than that of the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, but similar to that of MTV. The format of the show has remained the same over the years, awarding the achievements of those in the entertainment and athletic industries with non-traditional categories fixed into the ceremony.

Ballots were once used in teen-oriented magazines, where readers were to purchase and tear out their ballot. Votes could also be cast online through Fox.com. In 2008, Fox and the show's producers created Teenchoiceawards.com as the official website for the Teen Choice Awards. In 2009, the number of votes cast was in excess of 83 million. Votes are now cast online through Twitter, FOX.com, and the FOX NOW app. In 2016, more than 37 million votes were cast.

Since the ceremony's inception, the show has given out genuine custom-made surfboards to individual winners. The surfboard was chosen as the award because it represents the freedom of the summer vacation for teens. In 2009, Hugh Jackman, upon winning his first one, said that he was no longer the only Australian without a surfboard.

Venues
The show was held at the Barker Hangar at Santa Monica Airport for its first two shows in 1999 and 2000. From 2001 to 2013, it was held at the Universal Amphitheatre (later known as Gibson Amphitheatre) in Universal City, California. With the demolition of the amphitheater in 2013, the show moved to a new location. Then after the remodeled Pauley Pavilion at UCLA in Westwood, Los Angeles was flooded by a broken 30" water pipe on July 29, 2014, the show was moved to the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The 2015 and 2017 ceremonies were held at The Galen Center (USC), and the 2016 and 2018 ceremonies were held at the refurbished Forum in Inglewood. The 2019 ceremony was held at an outdoor set in Hermosa Beach, California.

Special awards

 * Extraordinary Achievement

 * 2000: Serena Williams and Venus Williams
 * 2001: Sarah Michelle Gellar
 * 2002: Reese Witherspoon

 * Courage Award

 * 2004: Bethany Hamilton
 * 2006: Jason McElwain

 * Ultimate Choice Award

 * 2004: Mike Myers
 * 2007: Justin Timberlake
 * 2009: Britney Spears
 * 2011: Taylor Swift
 * 2012: The Twilight Saga
 * 2013: Ashton Kutcher
 * 2014: Selena Gomez
 * 2017: Miley Cyrus

 * Visionary Award

 * 2005: Gwen Stefani
 * 2017: Bruno Mars

 * Acuvue Inspire Award

 * 2011: Demi Lovato
 * 2012: Miranda Cosgrove
 * 2013: Nick Jonas

 * Candie's Style Icon
 * 2013: Miley Cyrus
 * 2014: Zendaya

 * 2015: Britney Spears

 * Decade Award
 * 2016: Justin Timberlake
 * 2017: Maroon 5
 * 2019: Jonas Brothers

 * See Her
 * 2017: Vanessa Hudgens

 * Icon Award
 * 2019: Taylor Swift

Note: Special Awards are not given every year.

Most wins
The following artists have won 10 or more awards.

Wins

 * Most wins overall – One Direction – 28
 * Most wins by an individual – Taylor Swift – 26
 * Oldest winner – Betty White – 88 years, 203 days (Choice Movie Dance)
 * Youngest winner – Rosie McClelland – 5 years, 319 days (Choice Web Star)
 * Most wins by a television series – Pretty Little Liars – 38
 * Most consecutive wins in the same category – Nina Dobrev – 6 (Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress)

Nominations

 * Most nominations overall – Taylor Swift, tied with Selena Gomez – 61 – (Gomez has 54 individually, 7 with Selena Gomez & the Scene)
 * Most nominations by an individual – Taylor Swift – 61
 * Most nominations by a television series – The Vampire Diaries – 67
 * Most nominations by a film series – The Twilight Saga – 59 (Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, Breaking Dawn – Part 1, Breaking Dawn – Part 2)
 * Most nominations by a film – The Twilight Saga: Eclipse – 16
 * Most consecutive nominations in the same category – Taylor Swift – 8 (Choice Female Artist)
 * Most nominations by an individual without a win – Mila Kunis – 17
 * Most nominations by a television series without a win – Lost – 32

Do Something
In 2008, Dosomething.org sponsored the Do Something Award—which recognized young people. Nine nominees—who saw a problem in the world and then tackled it—each won $10,000 for their cause. The winner received $100,000. The Do Something Award (formerly the BR!CK Awards) is a program of Do Something, a New York-based non-profit that reaches about 11.5 million young people annually. The award was not presented in 2009. It was replaced with "Choice Celebrity Activist", which was won by Hayden Panettiere.

Controversy
On August 11, 2014, after losing his category, Vine star Cameron Dallas tweeted that the awards ceremony was "rigged", saying that he had been informed six days prior to the actual event that he had won the award, and the runners-up were told to still try to solicit votes from their followers, even though the results had already been decided. He also tweeted "So I found out that the Teen Choice Awards were rigged and used powerful internet people for marketing. I'm sad now. Television is stupid" before deleting the tweets, saying he "should have taken the high road", but he "didn't like the fact that [his fans] were being lied to". Soon after Dallas' initial tweets, fellow Viner Carter Reynolds stated that the Teen Choice Awards had "used everyone for promotion", using the hashtag "#TeensDontHaveAChoiceAwards", which soon began trending by fans who noticed the disclaimer at the end of the show saying that the producers reserved the right to choose the winners.

In earlier years of the show, the voting rules page stated "Teenasaurus Rox reserves the right to choose the winner from the top four vote generators".

In 2016, controversy started on Twitter when fans became upset when they found out that late pop singer Christina Grimmie won the award for Choice Web Star: Music but was not mentioned during the show. Many fans felt that the award show should have been dedicated to her memory or at least for a moment of recognition.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Teen Choice Awards


text:
Superman/Batman

Superman/Batman is a monthly comic book series published by DC Comics that features the publisher's two most popular superheroes: Superman and Batman. Superman/Batman premiered in August 2003, an update of the previous series, World's Finest Comics (1941–1986), in which Superman and Batman regularly joined forces.

Superman/Batman explores the camaraderie, antagonism, and friendship between its title characters. Jeph Loeb, the series' first writer, introduced a dual-narrator technique to present the characters' often opposing viewpoints and estimations of each other, which subsequent series writers have maintained. Before the 1985 limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths, the two iconic characters were depicted as the best of friends. Frank Miller's landmark series The Dark Knight Returns was the first DC story that depicts the heroes at odds with each other, as opposed to Pre-Crisis incarnations. This dynamic became DC Universe canon with John Byrne's The Man of Steel, a Superman reboot published in 1986.

After the first 13 issues, most of the story arcs were independent and self-contained from the ongoing or crossover storylines in the other Batman and Superman comic titles. Superman/Batman #26, Loeb's final issue, features a story plotted by Loeb's son, Sam Loeb, who wrote it before his death from cancer in 2005 at the age of 17. Twenty-six writers and artists who knew Sam worked on the issue, donating their fees and royalties for the issue to the Sam Loeb College Scholarship Fund.

As part of The New 52, a series titled Batman/Superman was released from 2013 to 2016. A second Batman/Superman series was released in August 2019, with issue #16 as part of DC's Infinite Frontier.

A new ongoing series by Mark Waid titled Batman/Superman: World's Finest was released in March 2022.

Jeph Loeb
Loeb, who wrote Superman for two years before the launch of the title, wrote the book for the first two years of its publication. Unlike later writers, Loeb's work on the book lasted for several storylines, which were interconnected.

In the first story arc, "The World's Finest", also referred to as "Public Enemies" (issues #1–6, illustrated by Ed McGuinness), then-U.S. President Lex Luthor declares Superman and Batman enemies of the state, claiming that a Kryptonite asteroid headed for Earth is connected to an evil plot by Superman. Luthor offers a $1,000,000,000 bounty, which encourages both supervillains and superheroes to attack. Superman almost kills Lex, with Batman standing aside. Superman changes his mind at the last moment. The new Toyman, Hiro Okamura, assists with the asteroid's destruction. Captain Atom is seemingly killed. The danger averted and Luthor's plans in jeopardy, Luthor injects himself with a mixture of Venom and synthetic Kryptonite, dons a battle suit from the planet Apokolips, and confronts Batman and Superman. Luthor is defeated and appears to die in the battle, although he is shown to survive. In the course of the fight, Luthor is irrevocably exposed to the world as a villain for the first time in Post-Crisis continuity. Losing the presidency, Luthor is succeeded in office by Pete Ross.

In "Protégé" (issue #7, illustrated by Pat Lee), Superboy and Robin investigate the new Toyman for their mentors.

In "The Supergirl from Krypton" (issues #8–13, illustrated by Michael Turner), the Kryptonite asteroid is revealed to hold a pod that contains Superman's cousin Kara Zor-El. Batman says her arrival is too coincidental. Wonder Woman abducts Kara to Themyscira to train her for combat. Darkseid kidnaps Kara, intending her to be the new leader of the Female Furies. She is rescued from Darkseid and taken back to Earth. The villain follows, seemingly killing Kara at the home of Jonathan and Martha Kent. An enraged Superman throws Darkseid into the reality-spanning Source Wall, entrapping him. However, Kara is back in Themyscira and is introduced to the world as Supergirl. This story arc marked the only time in the late artist Michael Turner's career that he provided interior art for a company other than Top Cow Productions or his own publisher, Aspen MLT. The story was dedicated to Christopher Reeve, who died during the year the storyline ended.

In "Absolute Power" (issues #14–18, illustrated by Carlos Pacheco), Lightning Lord, Saturn Queen, and Cosmic King—three supervillains from the 31st century—eliminate members of the Justice League of America, except for young Superman and Batman, whom they raise as their own children. Batman and Superman are raised to be dictators of the world, eliminating all opposition and killing people who would otherwise be their friends. During a fight with Wonder Woman and the Freedom Fighters, as Uncle Sam has been given Hal Jordan's power ring, during which Batman is killed but Superman is able to kill Diana with her lasso, the timeline is thrown into chaos, and the two men travel through alternate timelines. Darkseid makes a deal with them in one reality to send them back through time to stop the supervillains who raised them from altering history. When trying to change Batman's history back, Batman breaks down and shoots Joe Chill – the killer of Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne. The Legion then team up with Ra's al Ghul to take over the world. Superman and Batman restore history, but the murders they committed haunt them.

Issue #19 (illustrated by Ian Churchill) is a stand-alone backdoor pilot story for the Supergirl series. The issue was later reprinted as Supergirl #0.

In "With a Vengeance!" (issues #20–25, illustrated by Ed McGuiness), Mister Mxyzptlk battles the Joker, who has tricked Bat-Mite out of his powers, using other characters as their pawns. Superman and Batman fight a team of superheroes from an alternate universe called the Maximums (a pastiche of Marvel Comics' Avengers series, more specifically their incarnations from the Ultimate universe, the Ultimates). Keeping the bargain he made in "Absolute Power", Superman frees Darkseid from the Source Wall. Double-crossed, Superman becomes stuck in the wall himself. Bizarro and multiple Supergirls rescue him. Everyone so far and many more other duplicates fight in an arena before Bat-Mite escapes. The two imps tie up all loose ends with their cosmic powers. Additionally, Superman, Batman and the Toyman discover that Captain Atom is alive.

"Who Would Win?" (issue #78)

Sam Loeb
Before he finished writing Superman/Batman #26 (issued June 2006), Jeph Loeb's son, Sam, died on June 17, 2005, at the age of 17, after a three-year battle with cancer. The issue was supposed to be Sam's DC writing debut and was to be illustrated by Pat Lee. Jeph, along with 25 other comic book professionals and artists who had known Sam, worked on the issue, scripting or penciling individual pages. Marvel Comics allowed John Cassaday and Joss Whedon to work on the issue, despite their exclusive contracts. All 26 contributors donated their fees and royalties for the issue to the Sam Loeb College Scholarship Fund.

The issue's main story, "The Boys Are Back in Town", sees Superman and Batman send Superboy and Robin to visit the Toyman in Japan because he has not been heard from in a while. The issue was released shortly after Superboy's death in Infinite Crisis #6, and Robin's eulogy of Superboy serves as both a framing sequence and as a meditation on the author's passing.

The 26 contributors to the issue:

"Sam's Story", a back-up story written by Jeph Loeb 10 days after his son's death, depicts young Clark Kent's friendship with a boy named Sam who gets cancer. Tim Sale provides the art for the story in a style reminiscent of the Superman for All Seasons miniseries.

Mark Verheiden
Superman writer and Smallville producer Mark Verheiden took over Superman/Batman with issue #27.

In "Never Mind" (issue #27, illustrated by Kevin Maguire), The Superman and Batman of Earth-Two discover that their minds have been transferred by the Ultra-Humanite and the original Brainwave into the bodies of Power Girl (Superman's cousin) and the Huntress (Batman's daughter). If they cannot reverse the process in time, the women's personalities will soon reassert themselves and destroy the men's consciousness, killing them.

In "The Enemies Among Us" (issues #28–33, illustrated by Ethan Van Sciver for Parts 1–3, with Matthew Clark picking up Parts 4–5 and Joe Benitez concluding with Part 6), Superman, Martian Manhunter and other alien superheroes are being controlled by an entity known as Blackrock, which later infects Batman when he takes the rock to successfully stand up to Superman. After Superman visits Lois Lane to be reminded why he fights for Earth, he is able to force Blackrock to leave Batman by convincing it that he will kill his friend to spare him being used by the rock. Tracking Blackrock to its source, they discover that it was actually being 'led' by Despero, who convinced an alien race that Earth was not worth saving by giving them access to Superman's mind during a period of self-doubt. Challenging the aliens to read his mind again, Superman convinces them that they were wrong about Earth.

In "A.I." (issues #34–36, illustrated by Pat Lee), Superman and Batman are introduced to Will Magnus and his malleable, shape-shifting Metal Men for the first time (in Post-Infinite Crisis continuity). Bruce Wayne hires the Metal Men as security guards. They go on a rampage and steal a prototype OMAC unit.

Alan Burnett
Known for his work on the DC Animated Universe and The Batman television series, Alan Burnett took over as writer of the series with issue #37.

In "Torment" (issues #37-42, illustrated by Dustin Nguyen), Superman is psychologically tortured by the Scarecrow and brought to the war planet Tartaros by DeSaad. DeSaad plants a mind-controlling spike in Superman's head, and sends him to retrieve Highfather's staff from the Source Wall, which Darkseid plans to use to restore his powers, which have been steadily waning since his escape from the wall. Batman comes after Superman, but is sidetracked by Orion's wife Bekka. Both are unable to control their attraction to one another. Superman retrieves the staff, but is trapped in the Source Wall as a result. Batman and Bekka take advantage of DeSaad's attempted betrayal of Darkseid to steal the staff and bring back Superman. Darkseid and DeSaad flee, and Tartarus is pulled into the hole Superman made in the Source Wall when he escaped. Superman, Batman and Bekka return to Earth, bringing Scarecrow with them. Bekka is retrieved by Orion, and is later seen being killed by a shadowy assailant.

Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning
The team of Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning filled in for issue #43, and later wrote off of scripts from Mike Johnson for issues #57–59.

In "Darklight" (issue #43, illustrated by Mike McKone), Doctor Light infiltrates a dark matter fuel experiment on a Waynetech satellite, by creating solidgram versions of the original Teen Titans to distract the guards. He then uses the experiment's Kryptonian processor to enter the Fortress of Solitude. While Superman battles the Titan solidgrams, Batman manages to head off and defeat Light by trapping him in a Dark Matter crystal. Light is later freed by Lex Luthor, who wants him to join his new Injustice League.

In "Nanopolis" (issues #57–59), the Prankster tricks Superman and shrinks him to microscopic size. Batman must find him and return him to normal size. Before returning to normal, the two heroes must rescue the microscopic civilization whose existence has been inadvertently endangered by the Prankster.

Mike Johnson and Michael Green
As of issue #46, Mike Johnson joined with Michael Green to continue the series; issue #44 was the beginning of the new run. They are the first writers to hold regular roles on this series since Jeph Loeb.

In "K" (issues #44-49, illustrated by Shane Davis), Superman and Batman began a mission to collect and rid the Earth of every piece of Kryptonite, a substance lethal to Superman, which has been in great abundance since Kara's arrival earlier in this series. Along the way, Batman and Superman receive a lot of support from other heroes, including Firestorm, looking for membership in the JLA. They surprisingly also encounter some resistance, especially from the new Aquaman. This story also includes the reveal of two new variations of Kryptonite that have been also enhanced by a magical charm. One causes Superman to feel like a child and carefree for the day, which also has implications of a drug-like effect, while the second restores him to normal. As they continue to search, they encounter the Last Line, a team run by Amanda Waller and a new Kryptonite-powered version of Doomsday created by Waller. In the end, Superman decides to give Batman the last piece of Kryptonite, because he feels he needs his weakness to be human and also in case he goes rogue. After he flies away, the Caped Crusader retreats to the Batcave, where it is revealed that a sample of each Kryptonite variation, along with large chunks of green Kryptonite, are still kept there.

In "The Fathers" (issue #50), while rebuilding Smallville following the events of "K", Superman and Batman uncover a piece of Kryptonian technology that reveals that Jor-El came in contact with Thomas Wayne while searching for an appropriate planet to serve as baby Kal-El's new home. It is revealed that Jor-El was initially hesitant to send Kal-El to Earth until his meeting with Thomas Wayne convinced him otherwise.

In "Lil' Leaguers" (issues #51–52), Superman, Batman and the Justice League of America face miniature versions of themselves. These Lil' Leaguers are childlike versions of the heroes and have similar powers. They face off against the Lil' Villains, and learn the harsh truth that the world is a very dangerous place when Lil' Superman is killed by a Father Box-enhanced Lil' Doomsday.

In "Super/Bat" (issues #53–56), Johnson and Green are joined by Rags Morales for a story about Superman's powers being transferred to Batman during a battle with the Silver Banshee. Batman revels in his new powers and uses them to bring complete fear and order to Gotham's criminal underworld and eventually sets his sight on the rest of the world. Superman meanwhile, tries to lead a normal life as a husband and journalist. Their allies realized that the power switch has a psychological side effect to both men, as Batman's behavior becomes increasingly aggressive and Superman himself becomes emotionally depressed despite living the life he has always wanted, realizing that the transfer was the result of a curse that would give each man what they had always wanted, while simultaneously rendering them incapable of using it properly. With the aid of the Justice League, The Man of Steel was able to bring himself and the Dark Knight back to normal.

In "Mash-Up" (issues #60–61), Superman and Batman meet the Justice Titans in Gothamopolis and together they must take down the city's worst villains. Francis Manapul is on covers and interiors for this two-parter.

In "Sidekicked" (issue #62, illustrated by Rafael Albuquerque), Supergirl and Robin (Tim Drake) reminisce about their first mission as a team: a hostage crisis at Arkham Asylum. The inmates they confront include the Joker, the Scarecrow, Two-Face, Clayface, the Mad Hatter, Killer Croc, Poison Ivy and Victor Zsasz.

In "Night and Day" (issue #63, illustrated by Rafael Albuquerque), Superman is forced to flee Earth when Gorilla Grodd succeeds in filling the planet's atmosphere with Kryptonite. Subsequently, Grodd conquers Earth, having used his mental abilities to control the minds of every remaining inhabitant of the planet except Batman, who resists using his mental discipline. This is broken when Alfred Pennyworth dies enabling Grodd to capture him. At Batman's execution Superman returns, now immune to the artificial Kryptonite released by Grodd thanks to Batman, and defeats the villain. However, this entire scenario is revealad to be a simulation created in the Batcomputer.

Joe Kelly
So far, Joe Kelly's work on the series has been exclusive to two Annuals. Both released stories have been reinterpretations of stories originally published during the Silver Age.

In "Stop Me If You've Heard This One..." (Annual #1, illustrated by Ed McGuinness, (2006)), Clark Kent and Bruce Wayne both end up on a cruise together along with Lois Lane. Along the way, they encounter Deathstroke the Terminator (Slade Wilson), as well as the Crime Syndicate from the Antimatter Universe, which is made up of evil duplicates of the heroes. The members they face are Ultraman (Superman), Owlman (Batman), and Superwoman (Wonder Woman), who is Lois Lane in the Antimatter Universe. An alternate, unnamed version of Deathstroke also appears, characterized very similarly to Marvel Comics' Deadpool. During the course of the adventure, Superman and Batman discover each other's secret identities and agree to work together, even though they disagree with each other's methods of operating. The issue is a reimagining of "The Mightiest Team In the World", the tale from Superman #76 (May–June 1952) in which the two heroes discover each other's secret identities and team up for the first time.

In "The Unexamined Life... " (Annual #2 (2008)), Superman loses his powers and takes on the identity of Supernova. The issue is a reimagining of "The Has-Been Superman" from World's Finest Comics #178 (September 1968) and "Superman's Perfect Crime" from World's Finest Comics #180 (November 1968). This story takes place early in the career of the original Robin and depicts his first meeting with Superman.

Len Wein
Len Wein's work has been exclusive to the third installment of the Annuals. This annual follows the trend set by Joe Kelly's work, reimagining another Silver Age tale.

In "Compound Fracture" (Annual #3 (2009)), Superman and Batman encounter the Composite Superman, a failed experiment of Professor Ivo with all the powers of the Justice League of America. The issue is a reimagining of "The Composite Superman", the tale from World's Finest Comics #142 (June 1964) where Superman, Batman and Robin must battle a new villain with all the powers of the Legion of Super-Heroes.

Joe Casey
In "Prelude to the Big Noise" (issue #64), Batman discovers information on Superman's Kryptonian origins that place the two in danger unless Superman is willing to sacrifice himself.

"The Big Noise" (issues #68–71)(issues #68–70 were illustrated by Ardian Syaf) Originally, "The Big Noise" was intended to relaunch the book as a flashback series dealing with the aftermath of various DC crossovers, but Casey's original scripts were devoid of references to the crossovers, scrapping the plan for future stories in the intended vein.

Peter Johnson and Matt Cherniss
"Sweet Dreams" ( issue #65) is a special Halloween issue showing what scares Superman and Batman, and also exposing the inner fears of Joker and Lex Luthor. This is revealed as an induced dream created by the Scarecrow who had captured them, but Batman is able to free himself and defeat the villain.

Scott Kolins
Scott Kolins wrote "Night of the Cure" (issues #66–67) as a special Blackest Night tie-in starring Bizarro and the Man-Bat.

Paul Levitz
"Worship" (#72–74) Paul Levitz wrote the lead story in issue #75, the anniversary issue, guest-starring the Legion of Super-Heroes. In addition, this issue featured an all-star lineup, including Steven T. Seagle, William Tucci, Adam Hughes, J. T. Krul, and David Finch.

"A Time Beyond Hope" (Annual #4 (2010))

Judd Winick
Judd Winick wrote "The Brave and the Bold" (issue #76). Following Bruce Wayne's death during Final Crisis, Superman has trouble coping with his friend's death, even informing Dick Grayson that he is essentially wearing Bruce's skin by dressing as Batman, but a conversation with Wonder Woman allows Clark to accept what has happened to his friend and acknowledge Grayson as the new Batman.

Joshua Williamson
Joshua Williamson wrote "Fright Night" (issue #77). After a shallow grave is discovered in Metropolis, Supergirl tries to get the help of Batman to investigate, but ends up only finding the current Robin Damian Wayne, Even not doing well, they discover that the victims are killed by a sudden heart attack and all of them are employers of LexCorp. While infiltrating a party with another members, Supergirl finds the culprit to be The Scarecrow who wants revenge on Lex Luthor since the latter stole his Sinestro Corps power ring from him. He then uses a concentrated version of the fear gas to make Supergirl hallucinate, but Robin manages to calm her down and the duo arrest Scarecrow.

Chris Roberson
Chris Roberson wrote "Worlds' Finest" (issues #79–80). Coming directly from the DC One Million storyline, Epoch The Lord of Time arrives in the 853rd century trying to conquering it and is quickly subdued by the Superman and Batman versions of that time. However, he reveals this all to be just a plan to get access to the Batcave and a powerful armor he uses to trap One Million Superman and Batman in an eternal time loop before going back and ends up battling Superman, Batman and Robin from the 21st century. Epoch again gains the upper hand by trapping the three inside an impenetrable barrier, but the heroes free themselves using their science skills as Superman breaks his time travel device, sending the villain randomly through time back to the 853rd century, where he is finally arrested by the Superman and Batman from that time.

Cullen Bunn
Cullen Bunn wrote "Sorcerer Kings" (issues #81–84). Phantom Stranger warns the Shadowpact about an upcoming magical threat. When they get to the appointed location, dozens of demons arise, followed by a silver-armored knight who fights them; after he is killed, the knight is revealed to be Superman. When the real Superman is informed, an alternative Batman appears and abducts him; meanwhile, the real Batman is working together with Detective Chimp, Doctor Occult and Klarion the Witch Boy to find the demons' source. The strange Batman takes Superman to his world of origin - a possible future where the world was cursed in a spell summoned by the Coven, a group composed of Felix Faust, Morgan Le Fey, Brother Blood and Blackbriar Thorn. The future Batman reveals that the Coven plan to send a powerful monster through time to assure their victory in the past.

James Robinson
"Reign of Doomsday" (Annual #5 (2011)), "Reign of Doomsday – Part Five: No Exit!", picks up where Justice League of America (vol. 2) #55 left off and continues the "Reign of Doomsday" storyline. Supergirl and Batman (Dick Grayson) are trapped on the Justice League satellite with the Cyborg Superman and Doomsday, who are attempting to tear each other apart, and ends with Doomsday beating and taking both Supergirl and the Cyborg. The story continues in Superboy (vol. 4) #6.

Joshua Hale Fialkov
Joshua Hale Fialkov wrote "The Secret" (issues #85–87). When the body of Garret Remington, a young journalist and friend of Perry White, is found in Metropolis, Clark Kent is assigned to the story. Somehow, Remington discovered Gotham City's greatest mystery: the identity of Batman. Batman warns Clark to stay away, especially after Clark finds Garret's original clue, a Batgadget with a Wayne Enterprises serial number that was left on by an inexperienced Batman. Batman's own investigation reveals the murder culprit to be the Joker, who attacks Clark for continuing Garret's story. Batman intervenes to protect Clark's secret identity. After apprehending Joker, Superman and Batman confront Martin Mayne, Garret Remington's boss, with the knowledge that he is the one who gave the tip to Joker in order to increase his newspaper's sales. Although the duo do not have enough evidence for a conviction, they reveal that Bruce Wayne had bought the journal and fired him. The series ends with a frank discussion between Batman and Superman about their respective roles as heroes.

Batman/Superman (2013–2016)
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In June 2013, a new series titled Batman/Superman began publication, featuring the story of the first encounter between the two heroes as they exist in this continuity. The series was originally written by Greg Pak and illustrated by Jae Lee. This first arc is set before the formation of the Justice League, shown in 2011 in that team's own book. Greg Pak did the writing for issue #1–9, #11–27 and #3.1, Annuals #1–2 and Futures End #1. Artwork for issues #5–7 was done by Brent Booth. Artwork for issues #8–9 and #12–15 was done by Jae Lee. Issue #10 was written by Jeff Lemire and illustrated by Karl Kerschl and Scott Hepburn. Artwork for issue #11 was done by Karl Kerschl, Tom Derenick and Daniel Sampere. Artwork for Annual #1 was done by Jae Lee, Kenneth Rocafort, and Philip Tan. Artwork for Annual #2 was done by Tom Derenick Ian Churchill, Tyler Kirkham, Ardian Syaf, Emanuela Lupacchino. Artwork for issues #16-24 and 26 was done by Ardian Syaf. Artwork for issue #25 was done by Cliff Richards. Batman/Superman #28–30 were written by Tom Taylor and Robson Rocha. Due to the end of the New 52 imprint, the Batman/Superman series ended at issue #32 in May 2016. Previously unreleased issues #33, 34 and Annual #3 were published in the collection Volume 6: Universe's Finest in 2017.

Batman/Superman (2019–2021)
A second Batman/Superman series was announced by DC Comics in April 2019 and was released in August 2019, written by Joshua Williamson and art by David Marquez. Gene Luen Yang and Ivan Reis took over the series on issue #16, with the series ending its run in September 2021 on issue #22.

Batman/Superman: World's Finest (2022–present)
In March 2022, DC Comics released Batman/Superman: World's Finest, a new comic series by writer Mark Waid and artist Dan Mora. The series is set in the "not-too-distant past".

Sales history
The first issue of Superman/Batman was ranked 3rd in August 2003, with pre-order sales of 134,135. Marvel 1602 #1 and Batman #618 were ranked 1st and 2nd, respectively, for that period. Superman/Batman #11 was the highest selling comic for July 2004, with pre-order sales of 143,712.

Collected editions
This series has been collected in the following formats:

Other collected editions

 * Supergirl Vol. 1: Power: includes Superman/Batman #19
 * Supergirl Vol. 2: Candor: includes Superman/Batman #27
 * Superman: Return of Doomsday: includes Superman/Batman Annual #5
 * Superman/Batman: The Greatest Stories Ever Told: includes Superman/Batman Secret Files and Origins 2003 and Superman/Batman Annual #1
 * DC Essentials: Superman/Batman #1 (2016-01-20): includes Superman/Batman #1

In other media

 * In 2002, The Batman/Superman Movie was released on DVD. This was actually a compilation of the three episodes from the "World's Finest" story arc of Season 2 of Superman: The Animated Series (1997) combined into a feature film.
 * In 2004, a fan film for World's Finest was released.
 * In the 2009 direct-to-video animated film Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (an adaptation of "World's Finest", the opening story arc of Superman/Batman), the Man of Steel and the Dark Knight team up to prevent a kryptonite meteoroid from striking Earth and to take down Lex Luthor, who has been elected President of the United States and has framed Superman for murder. DCAU cast members Kevin Conroy, Tim Daly, Clancy Brown and CCH Pounder reprised their respective roles as Batman, Superman, Luthor and Amanda Waller. Additionally, Allison Mack (Chloe Sullivan from the television series Smallville) voiced the role of Power Girl.
 * In 2010, a sequel was released titled Superman/Batman: Apocalypse which is an adaptation of Jeph Loeb and Michael Turner's second story arc, "The Supergirl from Krypton". DCAU cast members Kevin Conroy, Tim Daly, Susan Eisenberg, and Edward Asner reprised their respective roles as Batman, Superman, Wonder Woman and Granny Goodness. Additionally, Summer Glau (from the television series Firefly) voiced the role of Supergirl and Andre Braugher (from the television series Homicide: Life on the Street) portrayed Darkseid.
 * At the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con Zack Snyder, director of Man of Steel, confirmed an upcoming sequel for Man of Steel, titled Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice; the movie was originally slated for release on July 17, 2015, but was pushed back to March 25, 2016. The film starred Henry Cavill reprising his role as Clark Kent/Superman and many of the first film's cast return. Ben Affleck also joins the cast as Bruce Wayne/Batman, along with Jesse Eisenberg as Lex Luthor and Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth, among others.
 * Darkseid's ending in Injustice 2 is an homage to "The Supergirl from Krypton" storyline as he captures Kara and brainwashes her to get revenge on Superman.

title: Superman/Batman


text:
Name resolution

Name resolution can refer to:
 * Name resolution (computer systems), the retrieval of the underlying numeric values corresponding to named entities
 * Name resolution (programming languages), the resolution of the tokens within program expressions to the intended program components
 * Name resolution (semantics and text extraction), the determination of the specific person, actor, or object a particular use of a name refers to

title: Name resolution


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Blue Inc

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:17, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Blue Inc
Advert. Wikipedia is not a billboard. Alba 01:53, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete --nixie 02:29, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. CDC   (talk)  02:56, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. Carrp | Talk 05:05, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. utcursch 12:17, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, what's more, their "store" or whatever seems to be no more than a collection of links to major brand clothing sites. Wyss 19:04, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Deleted -- Longhair 18:10, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:History of computing

title: Category:History of computing


text:
Neuraminidase

Exo-α-sialidase (, sialidase, neuraminidase; systematic name acetylneuraminyl hydrolase) is a glycoside hydrolase that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of neuraminic acids:

 * Hydrolysis of α-(2→3)-, α-(2→6)-, α-(2→8)- glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic acid residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid and synthetic substrates

Neuraminidase enzymes are a large family, found in a range of organisms. The best-known neuraminidase is the viral neuraminidase, a drug target for the prevention of the spread of influenza infection. Viral neuraminidase was the first neuraminidase to be identified. It was discovered in 1957 by Alfred Gottschalk at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute in Melbourne. The viral neuraminidases are frequently used as antigenic determinants found on the surface of the influenza virus. Some variants of the influenza neuraminidase confer more virulence to the virus than others. Other homologues are found in mammalian cells, which have a range of functions. At least four mammalian sialidase homologues have been described in the human genome (see NEU1, NEU2, NEU3, NEU4). Sialidases may act as pathogenic factors in microbial infections.

Reaction
There are two major classes of neuraminidase that cleave exo or endo poly-sialic acids:
 * Exo hydrolysis of α-(2→3)-, α-(2→6)-, α-(2→8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic acid residues
 * Endo hydrolysis of (2→8)-α-sialosyl linkages in oligo- or poly(sialic) acids (see endo-α-sialidase.)

Function
Sialidases, also called neuraminidases, catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal sialic acid residues from the newly formed virions and from the host cell receptors. Sialidase activities include assistance in the mobility of virus particles through the respiratory tract mucus and in the elution of virion progeny from the infected cell.

Subtypes
Swiss-Prot lists 137 types of neuraminidase from various species as of October 18, 2006. Nine subtypes of influenza neuraminidase are known; many occur only in various species of duck and chicken. Subtypes N1 and N2 have been positively linked to epidemics in humans, and strains with N3 or N7 subtypes have been identified in a number of isolated deaths.

CAZy defines a total of 85 glycosyl hydrolase families, of which families GH34 (viral), GH33 (cellular organisms), GH58 (viral and bacterial), GH83 (viral) are major families that contain this enzyme. GH58 is the only endo-acting family.

The following is a list of major classes of neuraminidase enzymes:
 * Viral neuraminidase
 * Bacterial neuraminidase
 * Mammalian neuraminidases:

Structure
Influenza neuraminidase is a mushroom-shaped projection on the surface of the influenza virus. It has a head consisting of four co-planar and roughly spherical subunits, and a hydrophobic region that is embedded within the interior of the virus' membrane. It comprises a single polypeptide chain that is oriented in the opposite direction to the hemagglutinin antigen. The composition of the polypeptide is a single chain of six conserved polar amino acids, followed by hydrophilic, variable amino acids. β-Sheets predominate as the secondary level of protein conformation.

The structure of trans-sialidase includes a catalytic β-propeller domain, a N-terminal lectin-like domain and an irregular beta-stranded domain inserted into the catalytic domain.

Recent emergence of oseltamivir and zanamivir resistant human influenza A(H1N1) H274Y has emphasized the need for suitable expression systems to obtain large quantities of highly pure and stable, recombinant neuraminidase through two separate artificial tetramerization domains that facilitate the formation of catalytically active neuraminidase homotetramers from yeast and Staphylothermus marinus, which allow for secretion of FLAG-tagged proteins and further purification.

Mechanism
The enzymatic mechanism of influenza virus sialidase has been studied by Taylor et al., shown in Figure 1. The enzyme catalysis process has four steps. The first step involves the distortion of the α-sialoside from a 2C5 chair conformation (the lowest-energy form in solution) to a pseudoboat conformation when the sialoside binds to the sialidase. The second step leads to an oxocarbocation intermediate, the sialosyl cation. The third step is the formation of Neu5Ac initially as the α-anomer, and then mutarotation and release as the more thermodynamically stable β-Neu5Ac.

Inhibitors
Neuraminidase inhibitors are useful for combating influenza infection: zanamivir, administered by inhalation; oseltamivir, administered orally; peramivir administered parenterally, that is through intravenous or intramuscular injection; and laninamivir which is in phase III clinical trials.

There are two major proteins on the surface of influenza virus particles. One is the lectin haemagglutinin protein with three relatively shallow sialic acid-binding sites and the other is enzyme sialidase with the active site in a pocket. Because of the relative deep active site in which low-molecular-weight inhibitors can make multiple favorable interactions and approachable methods of designing transition-state analogues in the hydrolysis of sialosides, the sialidase becomes more attractive anti-influenza drug target than the haemagglutinin. After the X-ray crystal structures of several influenza virus sialidases were available, the structure-based inhibitor design was applied to discover potent inhibitors of this enzyme.

The unsaturated sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid [Neu5ac]) derivative 2-deoxy-2, 3-didehydro- D -N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac2en), a sialosyl cation transition-state (Figure 2) analogue, is believed the most potent inhibitor core template. Structurally modified Neu5Ac2en derivatives may give more effective inhibitors.

Many Neu5Ac2en-based compounds have been synthesized and tested for their influenza virus sialidase inhibitory potential. For example: The 4-substituted Neu5Ac2en derivatives (Figure 3), 4-amino-Neu5Ac2en (Compound 1), which showed two orders of magnitude better inhibition of influenza virus sialidase than Neu5Ac2en5 and 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en (Compound 2), known as Zanamivir, which is now marketed for treatment of influenza virus as a drug, have been designed by von Itzstein and coworkers. A series of amide-linked C9 modified Neu5Ac2en have been reported by Megesh and colleagues as NEU1 inhibitors.

title: Neuraminidase