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Nura Nal

Dream Girl (Nura Nal) is a superhero appearing in books published by DC Comics, primarily as a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes in the 30th and 31st centuries. She was created by writer Edmond Hamilton and artist John Forte, and first appeared in Adventure Comics #317 (1964).

Original version
Nura's home planet is Naltor, where virtually all inhabitants possess precognitive abilities. After foreseeing the deaths of several Legionnaires, she crafted an elaborate plan to save their lives. As part of that plan, she used Naltorian science, of which she was an expert, to give Ayla Ranzz the ability to decrease weight. For many years thereafter, Ayla, who had been known as Lightning Lass, became Light Lass.

The Legionnaires she foresaw dying were actually robot doubles. Having joined the team under false pretenses, she left the Legion temporarily and joined the Legion of Substitute Heroes. There she was reunited with Star Boy, with whom she had become romantically involved. Star Boy had previously been expelled from the Legion for the self-defense killing of Nura's former love, Kenz Nahor, who had tried to kill Star Boy over jealousy of his relationship with Nura.

Years later, Dream Girl served as Legion leader, with her first mission being to defend the United Planets from Darkseid. Her sister Mysa, the White Witch, also served as a Legionnaire. Her mother Kiwa Nal was the High Seer of Naltor (Naltor's leader); the identity of her father was unrevealed.

Dream Girl's mastery of Naltorian science placed her in an elite group. Among the Legionnaires, her scientific prowess was surpassed only by Brainiac 5 and the original Invisible Kid, and perhaps equaled only by Mon-El. Additionally, she compensated for the non-physical nature of her powers by engaging in numerous training sessions with Karate Kid. Eventually, no Legionnaire was more skilled in nonpowered hand-to-hand combat except Karate Kid himself and Timber Wolf.

Reboot version
After the events of the Zero Hour mini-series, the Legion's continuity was completely rebooted. The second version of Nura claimed that her name was Nura Schappin, changing her surname to Nal because, as she put it: "It just says I'm from Naltor y'know". She also claimed to have been the first precognitive to be born on Naltor in seven generations, a claim that was later contradicted by other post-Zero Hour Legion stories.

For most of this continuity's duration, Nura was not a Legionnaire, although she was still Star Boy's girlfriend. Additionally, she suffered from narcolepsy, falling unconscious whenever she had a vision. She was no longer the sister of Mysa, who was completely unrelated to her in this continuity. Eventually, Nura gained Legion membership under the codename Dreamer, shortly before Legion continuity was rebooted again in 2005.

2005 reboot
In the 2005 reboot, her codename returned to Dream Girl. In this continuity, she sometimes loses track of events in the present when tracking a future event (she once failed to get involved in a fight because she thought it had already happened).

Brainiac 5 was initially shown as resenting her ability to simply "know" things that he had to deduce, and he once questions her abilities. Her response is a prediction that they would be married.

She later appears to have been killed in battle; however, Brainiac 5 places her body in stasis and works to revive her. Although he fails to fully resurrect her, she becomes a spirit with the ability to appear to anyone in their dreams or daydreams.

At first dismissed as a delusion in the mind of the grieving Brainiac 5 (he even claims that his "Nura" may be a facet of his intuitive subconscious, appearing to him while daydreaming in a form suited to appease his tastes ), Nura's presence in Brainiac 5 mind becomes a well-known fact, worrying Princess Projectra, who, in a bid to destroy the Legion for their inability to save Orando, fears Nura's precognitive sight. When Brainiac 5 has a female spirit medium channel Nura's mind enough to share some physical intimacy, Projectra uses her powers on the id to have the inhibitions and urges in Brainiac 5's mind viciously attack Nura when she returns to his body. Despite Querl's valiant effort to control them, the urges gouge out Nura's eyes, blinding her at a spiritual level, stripping the girl of both her physical and precognitive sight, a fate to which she is quietly resigned, as long as she can still be with her lover. Nura is later revived by Brainiac 5 by transferring her consciousness back in a renewed, cloned version of her original body, restoring her powers and sight. They both decide to go on with their marriage.

Nura is replaced in the Legion by a male Naltorian named Rol Purtha, a.k.a. Dream Boy.

Post-Infinite Crisis
The events of the 2005–2006 "Infinite Crisis" storyline apparently restored a close analogue of the Pre-Crisis Legion continuity, as seen in "The Lightning Saga" story arc in Justice League of America and Justice Society of America, and in the "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" story arc in Action Comics. Dream Girl is included in their number. In this incarnation, her powers are implied to be linked to the realm of the Dreaming, ruled by Dream of the Endless. It is later revealed that Dream Girl somehow passed on her prophetic knowledge to Thom Kallor.

In "The Lightning Saga" storyline, Dream Girl was one of the Legionnaires sent to the 21st century to capture the essence of Bart Allen in a lightning rod before his death. She was found within Arkham Asylum as a prisoner of Doctor Destiny, who used her powers as his new "dreamstone".

Dream Girl is among the missing Legion members as of the "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" storyline. In that story and in the subsequent Legion of 3 Worlds miniseries, it is revealed that Dream Girl had prophetic visions of Superboy-Prime as the harbinger of a "Crisis of the 31st Century", which prompted Brainiac 5 to concoct the contingency plan to defeat Prime, including the resurrection of Bart Allen.

Dream Girl last appeared in a preview in Adventure Comics (vol. 2) #1, seemingly back in the 21st Century and imprisoned in a device.

Post-Rebirth
In the 2019 reboot of the Legion of Super-Heroes, when Nura Nal is recruited as a Legionnaire and is nicknamed Dream Girl, at first they questioned the use of "girl".

Powers and abilities
Like all natives of Naltor, Nura has the power to see the future and experience visions in dreams; she is rated one of the most powerful precognitives on the planet. Her hand-to-hand fighting skills—having trained with Karate Kid—combined with her ability to glimpse seconds into the future, made her a formidable short-term opponent in battle, capable of taking on The Persuader, but the sheer number of expanding possible futures in each second of a battle made it difficult for her to keep the advantage. Her precognitive abilities also give her an edge in strategic planning.

Nura is a skilled scientist, specializing in biology; when Brainiac 5 quits the Legion after being acquitted of murdering the Infinite Man, team leader Polar Boy asks her to consider becoming the Legion's chief scientist. She is highly charismatic, capable of convincing men and women to do what she wants, and guided the Legion as leader through Darkseid's awakening in the Legion's time.

Equipment
As a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes, Dream Girl is provided a Legion Flight Ring, which allows her to fly and protects her from the vacuum of space and other dangerous environments. On at least one occasion, she was able to exert her willpower to extend the ring's anti-gravity power to other objects, as if using telekinesis.

Television

 * Dream Girl makes a cameo appearance in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "New Kids in Town".
 * Dream Girl appears in Legion of Super Heroes, voiced by Tara Platt. This version was previously a fortune teller under the name "Madame Mysterious", and is assisted by technology that allows her visions to be recorded and reviewed. Additionally, she displays a rivalry with Lightning Lad, who initially mistrusts her due to her past, before they eventually reconcile while fighting the Dark Circle together.
 * Nura Nal's 21st century ancestor Nia Nal / Dreamer appears in series set in the Arrowverse, portrayed by Nicole Maines.

Miscellaneous

 * Nura Nal appears in Smallville Season 11.
 * Nura Nal appears in the Legion of Super Heroes tie-in comic Legion of Super Heroes in the 31st Century.

title: Nura Nal


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Category:Medieval art

 * Medieval art — created during the Middle Ages.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Medieval art


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1927 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1927 Atlantic hurricane season was a relatively inactive season, with eight tropical storms, four of which became hurricanes. One of these became a major hurricane – Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale. The first system, a tropical depression, developed on August 13, while the final cyclone, a tropical storm, merged with a cold front on November 21. No hurricane made landfall in the United States, in contrast to the four that struck the U.S. in the previous season.

The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane One, nicknamed the Nova Scotia hurricane. The sole major hurricane, this storm resulted in between 173 and 192 deaths in Atlantic Canada, mostly from capsized and missing ships offshore. On land, the storm left about $1.7 million (1927 USD) in damage, with much of the damage occurring in Nova Scotia. Additionally, the fourth, fifth, and sixth tropical storms brought minor impact to Bermuda, South Carolina, and Cuba, respectively.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 56, below the 1921–1930 average of 76.6. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

August tropical depression
A low pressure area formerly associated with a weakening frontal boundary developed into a tropical depression on August 13. The depression moved rapidly east-northeastward and was soon absorbed by the frontal boundary.

Hurricane One
The Nova Scotia Hurricane of 1927

A tropical storm developed from a tropical wave over the deep tropics of the Atlantic Ocean on August 18. Moving west-northwestward, it intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale by August 19. The storm deepened significantly over the next few days, and by August 22, it peaked as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar. The latter was observed by the S.S. Maraval, while the former was estimated using the pressure-wind relationship. Around that time, the system began curving northwestward and later northward. By August 23, it turned to the north-northeast and then began weakening on August 24. Thereafter, the storm accelerated toward Atlantic Canada. Late on August 24, the hurricane struck near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, as a Category 2 hurricane, just before becoming extratropical. The remnants continued northeastward, striking Newfoundland and later Iceland, before dissipating near Jan Mayen on August 29.

In New England, the storm brought heavy rainfall, peaking at 2.09 inches (53 mm) in Portland, Maine. Minor street flooding was reported in Maine, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, with flooding in the Providence area damaging pavement and overflowing sewers. Along the coast of Massachusetts, rough seas disrupted shipping in Boston and beached a ship at Cape Cod. Of the 173-192 fatalities in Canada, most of them occurred due to damaged or missing ships, with two boats losing their entire crew. On land, heavy rainfall in Nova Scotia washed out 20–25 percent of the rail lines, which disrupted rail service. Flooding also damaged numerous roads and swept away bridges. Crop damage from the hurricane was severe as the storm destroyed about half of the fruit, vegetable, and hay harvest, leaving a loss of $1 million (1927 CAD). Property damage in the province was in the thousands of dollars range and there were many electrical and telephone service outages. Similar but less severe impact occurred in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. The storm also left minor wind damage in Newfoundland. Overall, the hurricane caused just under $1.6 million (1927 CAD) in damage.

Hurricane Two
A tropical wave developed into the second tropical depression of the season on September 2, while located about 190 mi east of the Cape Verde Islands. Six hours after forming, the depression intensified into a tropical storm. Moving west-southwestward, the storm passed through the Cape Verde Islands on September 3, striking Boa Vista with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). The island of Santiago observed winds of 40 mph at 12:00 UTC. Thereafter, the system headed west-northwestward into the open Atlantic and slowly intensified. Early on September 8, the storm strengthened into a Category 1 while beginning a northwestward motion. Around that time, a radiogram from the British S.S. Socrates indicated that the ship recorded a barometric pressure of 1007 mbar, the lowest observed in association with the storm.

By September 9, the hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and began curving north-northwestward, which was soon followed by a turn to the north-northeast later that day. Thereafter, the storm started to lose tropical characteristics, with historical weather maps indicating a low pressure area imbedded within a cold front by September 10. Around 12:00 UTC, the cyclone weakened to a tropical storm. Late on September 11, the storm weakened to a tropical depression and was last noted at 18:00 UTC, while located about 870 mi east-northeast of Bermuda.

Hurricane Three
A low pressure area developed into a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on September 22 while located about 820 mi southwest of the southwesternmost islands of Cape Verde. Moving northwestward, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm by early on September 23. Thereafter, the storm proceeded to intensify very slowly during the next several days. On September 26, the cyclone began moving generally northward. Based on a ship report, the storm finally reached hurricane status by 12:00 UTC on September 28. A different ship observation indicated a minimum barometric pressure of 1005 mbar. Based on the pressure-wind relationship, it is estimated that the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Early on September 29, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm and became extratropical six hours later, while situated about 935 mi south-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.

Hurricane Four
A low pressure area developed into a tropical storm about 835 mi (1,345 km) east-northeast of Barbuda early on September 23. The system moved northwest, and by 12:00 UTC on September 24, it strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane. Late on September 25, the cyclone intensified into a Category 2 hurricane. A ship recorded a pressure of 971 mbar on September 26. Because this was measured within the storm's radius of maximum sustained winds, the hurricane's minimum barometric pressure was estimated to have been 967 mbar. Based on the pressure-wind relationship, the system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). Thereafter, it curved northeastward on September 27, shortly before weakening to a Category 1 hurricane. Early on September 28, the hurricane became extratropical about 360 mi south-southeast of Sable Island. However, the extratropical storm existed until October 1, when it dissipated well north of the Azores.

Tropical Storm Five
At approximately 12:00 UTC on September 30, a low pressure area developed into a tropical depression while situated about 175 mi (280 km) northeast of Turks and Caicos Islands. The depression moved parallel to the islands of the Bahamas and slowly strengthened, reaching tropical storm status early on October 2. Continuing its northwestward motion, the storm strengthened further and peaked early on October 3 with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1008 mbar, the latter of which was a ship observation. Around 09:00 UTC, the cyclone made landfall near Beaufort, South Carolina, at the same intensity. The storm curved northward after moving inland and weakened to a tropical depression early on October 4. Several hours later, the system dissipated over West Virginia.

In South Carolina, rainfall was generally beneficial due to ongoing drought conditions. In Beaufort, many tree branches were felled in several neighborhoods of the city. Many were left without power for several hours on morning of October 3, crippling industries that depended on electricity, including delaying publication of The Beaufort Gazette because the linotype machine could not be used. Very minor damage occurred to corn in the city. Elsewhere in the state, particularly in Charleston, there were widespread telephone, telegraph, and power outages due to downed lines and poles, severing communications. In North Carolina, similar damage occurred to the methods of communications in Raleigh, Selma, Siler City, and other areas closer to the Virginia state line due to wires knocked over by strong winds.

Tropical Storm Six
The season's next cyclone developed from over the northwestern Caribbean Sea from a broad low pressure area near the Bay Islands Department of Honduras on October 16. Moving east-northeastward, the system strengthened into a tropical storm several hours later. Early on October 17, the system peaked with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h), based on a ship observation of a minimum barometric pressure of 999 mbar. Curving northeastward, it made landfall near Santa Cruz del Sur, Camagüey Province, late on October 18 at the same intensity. After crossing Cuba, the storm accelerated and moved through the Bahamas early the following day, striking the island of Acklins. By 06:00 UTC, the system was absorbed by a cold front while located about 105 mi (170 km) north-northeast of Mayaguana.

The Government of Cuba issued warnings in anticipation of the storm in the central provinces of the island, particularly over concerns of heavy rainfall. Additionally, radio messages were sent to ship to warning of the approaching cyclone. Heavy rains caused some crop damage but little else of consequence.

October tropical depression
The northern portion of the disturbance that would later develop into the previous system split and spawned a tropical depression over the northern Bahamas on October 17. The depression moved rapidly northward ahead of an approaching frontal boundary. Historical weather maps indicated that the highest sustained winds were at 30 mph (50 km/h) and the minimum barometric pressure was 1004 mbar. The depression was absorbed by the front on the same day.

Tropical Storm Seven
A weak low pressure area developed into the seventh storm of the season formed near the Cayman Islands on October 30. Initially a tropical depression, it tracked slowly north-northeastward and reached tropical storm status about six hours after forming. Early on October 31, the storm peaked with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h), several hours before making landfall in Sancti Spíritus Province several hours later. After emerging over the Bahamas, the storm slowly weakened. Late on November 1, the system struck Andros Island with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). Thereafter, the cyclone accelerated and continued weakening, falling to tropical depression intensity late on November 3. Shortly thereafter, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while located about 215 mi (345 km) south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

The remnants contributed to the development of the system which brought devastating floods to the Northeastern United States. Following well above average precipitation in October, this system brought as much as 15 in to Vermont, contributing to the Great Vermont Flood of 1927. The flooding left at least $50 million (1927 USD) in damage and 85 deaths, with all but one death occurring in Vermont.

Tropical Storm Eight
The final tropical cyclone of the season developed from a low pressure area early on November 19, while situated about 770 mi east-northeast of Barbuda. Initially a tropical depression, the cyclone deepened into a tropical storm about 12 hours later while moving north-northwestward. At 12:00 UTC on November 20, a ship observed a barometric pressure of 999 mbar, the lowest known pressure in association with the storm. Using the pressure-wind relationship, it is estimated that the storm reached maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) at that time. On November 21, the storm weakened and lost tropical characteristics, merging with a cold front about 585 mi (940 km) east-northeast of Bermuda at 12:00 UTC. The extratropical cyclone persisted for only about six more hours. This storm may have been subtropical, but in the absence of satellite imagery, it is considered a tropical cyclone.

title: 1927 Atlantic hurricane season


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User talk:Berdwin

Berdwin, as in Pilot Charleston Berdwin the 1st, is the internet alias of an unknown human entity in attempt to remain anonymous online. There was a time when their real name was used, but then second thought came along and changed all of that.

Berdwin was created through inspiration using an image drawn by a high school student around the year 1999 or so. The image involved an old hermit man operating a flying device with wings and feathers while wearing flight goggles. Berd comes from "bird" and win comes from "wing". It was drawn in pencil on paper and won first or second place in a spring art show. It was also featured in a high school year book of an unknown year.

Charleston is a town in Utah, USA located near Heber, UT and was used simply because a middle name was needed (and sounded good at the time).

Pilot comes from the same image that which Berdwin comes from as the old hermit man was the pilot of the flying device.

Most people might think you would only need an online alias which is comprised of one word only, but this one is three words. First, middle and last as a real person might have and thus makes the entity unique.

Pilot Charleston Berdwin is the 1st because they ARE the first as all as such shall keep this in mind. Thank you.

title: User talk:Berdwin


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Solar still

A solar still distills water with substances dissolved in it by using the heat of the Sun to evaporate water so that it may be cooled and collected, thereby purifying it. They are used in areas where drinking water is unavailable, so that clean water is obtained from dirty water or from plants by exposing them to sunlight.

Still types include large scale concentrated solar stills and condensation traps. In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it is evaporated by sunlight shining through a transparent collector. The pure water vapour condenses on the cool inside surface and drips into a tank.

Distillation replicates the way nature makes rain. The sun's energy heats water to the point of evaporation. As the water evaporates, its vapour rises, condensing into water again as it cools. This process leaves behind impurities, such as salts and heavy metals, and eliminates microbiological organisms. The end result is pure (potable) water.

History
Condensation traps have been in use since the pre-Incan peoples inhabited the Andes.

In 1952, the United States military developed a portable solar still for pilots stranded in the ocean. It featured an inflatable 24 in floating plastic ball, with a flexible tube in the side. An inner bag hangs from attachment points on the outer bag. Seawater is poured into the inner bag from an opening in the ball's neck. Fresh water is taken out using the side tube. Output ranged from 1.5 USqt to 2.5 USqt of fresh water per day. Similar stills are included in some life raft survival kits, though manual reverse osmosis desalinators have mostly replaced them.

Today, a method for gathering water in moisture traps is taught within the Argentinian Army for use by specialist units expected to conduct extended patrols of more than a week's duration in the Andes' arid border areas.

Pit still
A collector is placed at the bottom of a pit. Branches are placed vertically in the pit. The branches are long enough to extend over the edge of the pit and form a funnel to direct the water into the collector. A lid is then built over this funnel, using more branches, leaves, grasses, etc. Water is collected each morning.

This method relies on the formation of dew or frost on the receptacle, funnel, and lid. Forming dew collects on and runs down the outside of the funnel and into the receptacle. This water would typically evaporate with the morning sun and thus vanish, but the lid traps the evaporating water and raises the humidity within the trap, reducing the amount of lost water. The shade produced by the lid also reduces the temperature within the trap, which further reduces the rate of water loss to evaporation.

A solar still can be constructed with two–four stones, plastic film or transparent glass, a central weight to make the funnel and a container for the condensate. Better materials improve efficiency. A single sheet of plastic can replace the branches and leaves. Greater efficiency arises because the plastic is waterproof, preventing water vapour from escaping. The sheet is attached to the ground on all sides with stones or earth. Weighting the centre of the sheet forms the funnel. Condensate runs down it into the receptacle. One study of pit distillation found that angling the lid at 30 degrees angle captured the most water. The optimal water depth was about 1 in.

Transpiration
During photosynthesis plants release water through transpiration. Water can be obtained by enclosing a leafy tree branch in clear plastic, capturing water vapour released by the tree. The plastic allows photosynthesis to continue.

In a 2009 study, variations to the angle of plastic and increasing the internal temperature versus the outside temperature improved output volumes.

Unless relieved the vapour pressure around the branch can rise so high that the leaves can no longer transpire, requiring the water to be removed frequently.

Alternatively, clumps of grass or small bushes can be placed inside the bag. The foliage must be replaced at regular intervals, particularly if the foliage is uprooted.

Efficiency is greatest when the bag receives maximum sunshine. Soft, pulpy roots yield the greatest amount of liquid for the least amount of effort.

Wick
The wick type solar still is a vapour-tight glass-topped box with an angled roof. Water is poured in from the top. It is heated by sunlight and evaporates. It condenses on the underside of the glass and runs into the connecting pipe at the bottom. Wicks separate the water into banks to increase surface area. The more wicks, the more heat reaches the water.

To aid in absorbing more heat, wicks can be blackened. Glass absorbs less heat than plastic at higher temperatures, although glass is not as flexible.

A plastic net can catch the water before it falls into the container and give it more time to heat.

Additives
When distilling brine or other polluted water, adding a dye can increase the amount of solar radiation absorbed.

Reverse still
A reverse still uses the temperature difference between solar-heated ambient air and the device to condense ambient water vapour. One such device produces water without external power. It features an inverted cone on top to deflect ambient heat in the air, and to keep sunlight off the upper surface of the box. This surface is a sheet of glass coated with multiple layers of a polymer and silver.

It reflects sunlight to reduce surface heating. Residual heat that is not reflected is reemitted in a specific (infrared) wavelength so that it passes through the atmosphere into space. The box can be as much as 15 °C (27 °F) cooler than the ambient temperature. That stimulates condensation, which gathers on the ceiling. This ceiling is coated in a superhydrophobic material, so that the condensate forms into droplets and falls into a collector. A test system yielded 4.6 ml of water per day, using a 10 cm surface or approximately 1.3 L/m2 (0.28 gal/ft2) per day.

Efficiency
Condensation traps are sources for extending or supplementing existing water sources or supplies. A trap measuring 40 cm in diameter by 30 cm deep yields around 100 to 150 mL per day.

Urinating into the pit before adding the receptacle allows some of the urine's water content to be recovered.

A pit still may be too inefficient as a survival still, because of the energy/water required for construction. In desert environments water needs can exceed 1 gal per day for a person at rest, while still production may average only 8 USfloz. Several days of water collection may be required to equal the water lost during construction.

Remote sites
Solar stills are used in cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes or during power outages. In subtropical hurricane target areas that can lose power for days, solar distillation can provide an alternative source of clean water.

Solar-powered desalination systems can be installed in remote locations where there is little or no infrastructure or energy grid. Solar is still affordable, eco-friendly, and considered an effective method amongst other conventional distillation techniques. Solar still is very effective, especially for supplying fresh water for islanders. This makes them ideal for use in rural areas or developing countries where access to clean water is limited.

Survival
Solar stills have been used by ocean-stranded pilots and included in life raft emergency kits.

Using a condensation trap to distill urine will remove the urea and salt, recycling the body's water.

Wastewater treatment
Solar stills have also been used for the treatment of municipal wastewater, the dewatering of sewage sludge as well as for olive mill wastewater management.

title: Solar still


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Category:Door games

A Door game is a BBS door that allows users of a Bulletin board system to play a game, usually one that allows interaction with other players (either asynchronous or synchronous). Though some have been adapted to work with telnet BBS systems, they have fallen out of popularity. Some games require a telnet client capable of displaying code page 437.

 * External link: SyncTERM An open source telnet client capable of displaying code page 437

title: Category:Door games


text: Category:Classicism

title: Category:Classicism


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Haifa Through My Eyes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. The article has been userfied. Mgm|(talk) 09:39, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Haifa Through My Eyes
original research that reads like advertising blurb from a travel brochure. Uncle G 22:53, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Leave a gentle message on the Talk: page of its creator explaining why this shouldn't be here, like I did. The contributor seems earnest and well-meaning, and if they blank the page and go on to further adventures as I've suggested, we can speedy it. Samaritan 23:29, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, personal essay, POV advertisement. Megan1967 02:11, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, original research, travelogue etc. Wyss 22:26, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertising blurb. Bart133 (t) 02:10, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Ruby Terrill Lomax

Ruby Terrill Lomax (1886 – December 28, 1961) was an American educator and folklorist, who worked with her husband John A. Lomax to collect American folk songs, campaigned for women's education, and was Dean of Women at University of Texas at Austin.

Early life
She was born and raised in Denton, Texas, United States, just outside Dallas, Ruby Terrill earned degrees at state colleges, setting a record at the University of Texas at Austin for the highest grade average yet achieved by a woman at the university. Recognizing that education was her calling, she taught in rural and urban high schools and colleges in her home state, supporting herself while continuing her own studies. She worked toward a doctorate in classical languages by garnering a fellowship in Latin at the University of Texas for the year 1914–1915 and taking summer courses for four years at the University of Chicago and two years at Columbia University.

Career
In 1925, Terrill received an M.A. in classical languages from Columbia University, with a major in Latin and a minor in Greek, and soon after accepted the position of dean of women and associate professor of classical languages at the University of Texas at Austin. During her tenure at the university, she kept active in a variety of local, national, and international societies. Ever popular with the students and involved with both the faculty and the community, she was renowned for her sense of humor and gentle consideration.

As her education and career indicate, Ruby Terrill was an accomplished and progressive woman in her time. In 1929, she joined with eleven other Texas women educators to found the Delta Kappa Gamma Society International, an honorary society dedicated to advancing the professional interests and position of women in education. She was nominated parliamentarian, guiding the society procedurally for its first four years, and she eventually held a number of other positions, including first vice-president (1933).

The twelve founders risked their hard-earned professional positions to create the society. It was frowned upon by their male and even some of their female colleagues, who felt that women's organizations smacked of suffragism. Ruby Terrill continued to contribute her time, energy, and ideas to Delta Kappa Gamma long after her retirement from the university, and she left a gift to the society in her will. To this day, the boardroom at the society's headquarters in Austin is named the Ruby Terrill Lomax Boardroom.

Marriage
Ruby Terrill became the second Mrs. John A. Lomax in 1934. "Miss Terrill," as John Lomax called her even during their fourteen years of marriage, first met her future husband in 1921. She was dean of women and classical languages instructor at East Texas State Teachers College in Commerce, Texas, when John Lomax gave a lecture on his cowboy song research. After she gave him and his young son Alan a tour of Commerce, he enlisted her as a babysitter.

Over a decade later, the widowed John Lomax met Miss Terrill again, at the University of Texas at Austin. An alumnus and former employee of the university, he was visiting this time in his role as a parent, and she was Alan Lomax's Latin instructor.

Field recordings
Throughout the summer of 1933, while John and Alan Lomax toured the Southern states collecting folksongs, John courted Ruby Terrill by mail, engaging her interest while simultaneously describing to her his life's work. Perhaps she saw an aspect of her passion for the classics in his passion for preserving near-extinguished American folk expressions; perhaps it was their mutual love for Texas that transformed their acquaintance into romance. After receiving the blessing of John Lomax's two adult children, Shirley and John Jr., they announced their engagement at a grand fête in Austin on March 31, 1934. As "an event of statewide interest," it was reported in all of the major Texas newspapers the next day.

John and Ruby Lomax married on July 21, 1934, in Commerce, Texas, the site of their first meeting. They honeymooned in the West, then resettled in Austin, where she resumed her duties at the university and assumed the new duties of parenting the Lomax teenagers, Bess and Alan, who affectionately called their stepmother "Deanie." She managed to teach and administer at the university, remain involved in myriad organizations, oversee the home and family, and take care of a number of duties for her husband's research, while he resumed collecting, lecturing, and meeting with publishers and funders.

In 1937, she exchanged the academic pursuits and frenetic schedule of her life in Austin for the intellectual pursuits and equally frenetic pace of life on the road with a ballad hunter. The Lomaxes moved to the "House in the Woods" outside Dallas as their permanent residence, then drove away in her Plymouth on a scouting tour of the Southern states. It was Ruby Lomax's first trip in the capacity of "chauffeur, valet, buffer, machine operator, disk-jockey, body-guard, doctor and nurse, wife and companion," a role she would reprise on later occasions, including the 1939 Southern States Recording Trip.

Ruby Terrill Lomax's role in the success of the 1939 Southern States Recording Trip cannot be overemphasized. Nearly all written documentation relating to the collection was composed by her. Read her notes on the records’ dust jackets, her transcriptions of song texts, and her fieldnotes. In addition, her voice can be heard on a number of the recordings, carefully announcing the performer's name and the date and location of the recording.

John Lomax's May 12, 1939 letter to Music Division chief Harold Spivacke highlights his wife's volunteer contributions to the Library's Archive of American Folk Song: "In nearly every instance Miss Terrill is including typed copies of the words contained on each record; also the slang of the song and the singers. This will be a big saving for the Library. Writing down the words from the record playing is a long, tedious job." While her husband possessed the contacts, the title of Honorary Consultant and Curator of the Archive of American Folk Song, and the expert knowledge of the material he was seeking and collecting, Ruby Lomax possessed the organizational and archival skills of a longtime administrator and instructor, the wide-eyed wonder of a lifelong learner uncovering a whole new world of studies, and the social skills of a parliamentarian who was a key player on many teams.

Later life
After John Lomax's death in 1948, Ruby Lomax remained at the "House in the Woods" for many years. She died at the age of seventy-five on December 28, 1961, at the Christian Home for the Aged in Houston, Texas, and is buried in Grove Hill Memorial Park in Dallas. Her legacy lives on in the Delta Kappa Gamma Society International, and other progressive organizations, to which she contributed, as well as in the Library of Congress, where reside the thousands of songs and stories that she collected and documented alongside her eminent husband.

title: Ruby Terrill Lomax


text:
Talk:Treaty of Lausanne

Comment
Link from main page On This Day is not quite right. This treaty modified Turkey's borders on the Europe as well, Karaagac Station. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.149.89.74 (talk) 19:20, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

Comment
Dropped this link:

http://www.mfa.gov.tr/grupe/ed/eda/edaa/default.htm Full text of the treaty

As it appears to be broken. Ellsworth 22:54, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Intro
The lede should give a summary of the result of the treaty, or its clauses, beside the "international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey as the successor state of the defunct Ottoman Empire". --Jerome Potts (talk) 04:25, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

Constantinople-based Ottoman government?
It definitely was not "Constantinople-based Ottoman government", it should be and is "Ottoman-based İstanbul Government".
 * Nonsense.Ladnadruk (talk) 20:44, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

The sentence "..superseded the Treaty of Sèvres.."
In the article there is a sentence "The Treaty of Lausanne superseded the Treaty of Sèvres which was signed by representatives of the Ottoman Empire" which is not soured. Could anybody please provide sourcing for it? Aregakn (talk) 15:02, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Greek refugees
The above article refers to the compulsory exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey (which certainly happened) being anticipated by the Treaty. However this article does not refer to that. Can any one fill this out? Peterkingiron (talk) 18:25, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

 * There was a convention between Turkey and Greece about compulsory exchange of populations, signed at Lausanne before the Peace Treaty was signed. It is not part of the Treaty of Lausanne, but it was agreed that it would come into effect as soon as the Treaty of Lausanne was ratified.  That's the connection.  It isn't clear that it belongs in this article. Zerotalk 09:31, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

Dates of ratification
Somewhere there must be an official list of nations that ratified the treaty and when. Anyone know? I'll look at the LofN treaty series soon. Meanwhile, sources are needed for "ratified by the Greek government on 11 February 1924, by the Turkish government on 31 March, and by the governments of Great Britain, Italy and Japan on 6 August." I have good sources that both the Greek and Turkish governments ratified the treaty during 1923. Turkish ratification on Aug 23, 1923 is reported by The Times on the following day (page 8). Also British ratification was announced in the Commons on July 16, 1924 so that one seems wrong too. I suspect some mixup here. Zerotalk 03:58, 7 March 2012 (UTC)
 * In fact all the given dates are wrong. Perhaps they refer to some other treaty?  Fixing the article now. I was not able to find dates for Bulgaria, Roumania or Serbia, if indeed they ratified it.  Zerotalk 12:44, 7 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Problem solved. The dates given were when the "instruments of ratification" were deposited in Paris.  That is different from the date of ratification.  Also Bulgaria was not a signatory.  Zerotalk 09:20, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

Language
The info-box gave the languages of the treaty as "Turkish, English, French, German" but someone just removed "German". In fact, the treaty itself says that there is only one original copy, and inspection of the League of Nation Treaty Series shows that copy to be in French. So I'm changing it. If anyone has a good source with different information, please bring it. Zerotalk 09:02, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

What is the similarities between the Treaty of Lausanne and the Treaty of Versailles?
I am doing a presentation, and I literally have no clue what each of them are about, so I would really appreciate some kind of help! Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by Elineyoyo (talk • contribs) 17:49, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

Map is gutter.
The map which shows the Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne is utterly cluttered and not-helpful at all, also, the boundaries are not shown appropriately. Do you have some better map ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Akashpaul21 (talk • contribs) 09:32, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

"secret" annex
Apart from the fact that its full text was published in 1924, further proof that the Declaration of Amnesty was not secret is that it was described in the press already before it was signed. For example, The Times, Feb 1, 1923, p9. Another discussion in The Times on July 18, a week before it was signed. Zerotalk 05:52, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Appreciate your clarification. I used the term "secret annex" because that was used in at least one reliable source (Scharf). (t · c)  buidhe  07:40, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

Borders
The articles indicated below the title of borders and the resource document (Lausanne Treaty) are not compatible. There is not even an imply that indicates the islets beyond 3 miles of Turkish coast cede to Greece in the original treaty. This is a fraud because there is a reference to the original treaty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.209.32.73 (talk • contribs)

Signing
So who signed it? 104.153.40.58 (talk) 21:32, 24 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Look in the box on the top right. Zerotalk 02:21, 25 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Don't see any names there.... 104.153.40.58 (talk) 01:13, 26 February 2022 (UTC)

Here are the "plenipotentiaries" of each nation. The signatures of all of these people appear the end of the document except for Yovanovitch, and I don't know why he is not there. Zerotalk 03:37, 26 February 2022 (UTC)
 * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland : The Right Honourable Sir Horace George Montagu Rumbold, Baronet, G.C.M.G., High Commissioner at Constantinople ;
 * France : General Maurice Pelle, Ambassador of France, High Commisioner of the Republic in the East, Grand Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour ;
 * Italy : The Honourable Marquis Camillo Garroni, Senator of the Kingdom, Ambassador of Italy, High Commissioner at Constantinople, Grand Cross of the Orders of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, and of the Crown of Italy; M. Giulio Cesare Montagna, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Athens, Commander of the Orders of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, Grand Officer of the Crown of Italy ;
 * Japan : Mr. Kentaro Otchiai, Jusammi, First Class of the Order of the Rising Sun, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Rome;
 * Greece : M. Eleftherios K. Veniselos, formerly President of the Council of Ministers, Grand Cross of the Order of the Saviour; M. Demetrios Caclamanos, Minister Plenipotentiary at London, Commander of the Order of the Saviour;
 * Roumania : M. Constantine I. Diamandy, Minister Plenipotentiary; M. Constantine Contzesco, Minister Plenipotentiary;
 * State of the Serbs, the Croats and the Slovenes: Dr. Miloutine Yovanovitch, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Berne ;
 * Turkey : Ismet Pasha, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Deputy for Adrianople; Dr. Riza Nour Bey, Minister for Health and for Public Assistance, Deputy for Sinope; Hassan Bey, formerly Minister, Deputy for Trebizond;

Treaty of Lausanne
Treaty of Lausanne 106.215.222.15 (talk) 19:07, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

British in Egypt 1914
"Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (both of which had been occupied by British forces with the pretext of "putting down the Urabi Revolt and restoring order" in 1882, but de jure remained Ottoman territories until World War I) were given to the British Empire, which had unilaterally annexed them on 5 November 1914." Britain did NOT annex Egypt in 1914. It deposed the pro-Ottoman Khedive and then allowed his successor to declare Egypt to be an independent Sultanate, which was upgraded to a Kingdom in 1926. Britain of course retained de facto control until after World War II. Wikipedia's own article the history of modern Egypt makes this clear. Furthermore, the Treaty of Lausanne says nothing about Britain's position in Egypt. It refers to Egypt as though it was a sovereign state. Constant Pedant (talk) 10:50, 12 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Not exactly, though I agree with the deletion. Article 19 says "Any questions arising from the recognition of the State of Egypt shall be settled by agreements to be negotiated subsequently in a manner to be determined later between the Powers concerned." So the treaty does not refer to Egypt as a sovereign state but as a territory whose status is not yet determined other than making clear that Turkey renounces "all rights and titles" there (Article 17). Zerotalk 03:23, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

Why is "Declaration pf Amnesty" a separate section? It may very well be under "Stipulations" section.
It's shorter than the parts under Stipulations section and is part of stipulations. It doesn't make sense to have a separate section for that. 78.175.53.136 (talk) 15:07, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Treaty of Lausanne