text:
Illtud

Illtud (also spelled Illtyd, Eltut, and, in Latin, Hildutus), also known as Illtud Farchog or Illtud the Knight, is venerated as the abbot teacher of the divinity school, Bangor Illtyd, located in Llanilltud Fawr (Llantwit Major) in Glamorgan, Wales. He founded the monastery and college in the 6th century, and the school is believed to be Britain's earliest centre of learning. At its height, it had over a thousand pupils and schooled many of the great saints of the age, such as David, Samson of Dol, and the historian Gildas.

Hagiography
Illtud was popular among the very ancient Celts, but there are few dependable sources about his life story. The earliest mention of Illtud is in the Vita Sancti Sampsonis, written in Dol, Brittany, about 600 AD. According to this account, Illtud was the disciple of Bishop Germanus of Auxerre in north-central France, although, for chronological reasons, this is almost certainly a mistake for Germain of Paris (note that the much earlier Life of St. Brioc states that Illtud was educated by Germanus in Paris). According to the Sampson biography, Illtud was the most accomplished of all the Britons, and was well versed in the scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, as well as every type of philosophy, including geometry, rhetoric, grammar, and arithmetic. He was also "gifted with the power of foretelling future events". It appears that he was an educated Briton living shortly after Rome's departure from the West.

According to Life of St. Illtud written circa 1140, Illtud was the son of a Breton prince and a cousin of King Arthur. According to this Life, Illtud's parents intended him for service in the church and had him educated in literature for this purpose. However, he forsook his religious upbringing, choosing instead to pursue a military career. He took a wife named Trynihid, and became a soldier in western Britain (now Wales), in service first to King Arthur, and then to the King Poulentus. As a result of this, he is sometimes called Illtud the Knight. One afternoon, he took a hunting party onto the lands of Cadoc. The party sent a message to the abbot, demanding that the abbot feed them. The abbot deemed their demand to be very rude and improper, but graciously offered them a meal anyway. Before they could enjoy the meal, the ground opened up and swallowed the whole party as just punishment for their impiety. Only Illtud was spared, and he went to St. Cadog on his knees, begging forgiveness for his sinful act. The abbot told him to give up his selfish ways and go back to his religious upbringing. Inspired, Illtud gave up his wife, and became a hermit in the Vale of Glamorgan (a matrimonial detail which was regarded as dubious).

Illtud helped pioneer the monastic life of Wales by founding a monastery in what is now Llantwit Major. This became the first major Welsh monastic school, and was a hub of Celtic Christianity in Sub-Roman Britain. Illtud's own pupils are reckoned to have included seven sons of British princes and scholars such as Saint Patrick, Paul Aurelian, Taliesin, Gildas and Samson of Dol. David is also believed to have spent some time there.

Cult and veneration
Saint Illtud's feast day and commemoration is celebrated on 6 November, but the great 'pardon of Ildut' at Locildut in Brittany is held on the last Sunday of July. According to legend, Illtud was buried west of the town of Brecon, in the church of Llanilltud (sometimes called Capel Illtud, which was demolished in the late 20th century), on a tract of moorland known as Mynydd Illtud. Near this church, there is a megalithic monument called Bedd Gwyl Illtyd, or the "Grave of St. Illtud's Eve." Until comparatively recently, Illtud was honoured by the practice of ‘watching’ (keeping vigil) at this stone before his festival.

The Life tells of Illtyd's bell being recovered from the armies of King Edgar the Peaceful and of Illtyd's protecting his people against the people of yr Hen Ogledd in the time of William the Conqueror. There is also a cross, probably of the ninth century, bearing the inscription: SAMSON POSUIT HANC CRUCEM PRO ANIMA EIUS ILITET SAMSON REGIS SAMUEL ERISAR – "Samson placed his Cross here for his soul, for the soul of Illtud, Samson, Rhain, Sawyl and Ebisar".

There is no formal evidence for a cult of Illtyd surviving from before the 11th century. However, in Celtic countries it is the names of places that tell us most about the existence and veneration of the saints during the oldest times. The town of Llanilltud Fawr (Llantwit Major in English) where Illtud's college is located is of course named for him (Welsh: llan church enclosure + Illtud + mawr great. Literally, Illtud's great church), and was the chief centre of the cult of Saint Illtud. In Glamorgan many churches are dedicated to him, first and foremost St Illtyd's Church, Llantwit Major, which stands on what is believed to have been the site of the monastery. Many other places are dedicated to him is because they belonged to the Llantwit monastery. Near to Llantwit itself are the villages of Llantrithyd, Llantwit Fardre, and Llantrisant and at Newcastle and Bridgend churches are dedicated to Saint Illtud. In Brecknockshire, the church at Llanhamlach east of Brecon is dedicated to him, and lies south of a Megalithic grave called Ty Illtud, which was a site of mediaeval pilgrimage, the inside walls of the grave bearing incised crosses. The grave is thought to have been a retreat of Illtud, as was a similar megalithic monument Roc'h Ildut near Coadut (Coat Ildut/Coed Illtud/ Illtud's Wood) in Brittany, demolished in the 19th century. Llantrisant's three saints were Illtud, Gwynno and Tyfodwg. In Merthyr Tudful there are holy wells of Gwynno and Illtud. West of Brecon, the church of Llanilltud is on a mountain known as Mynydd Illtud. Dedications in and around Gower include Ilston, formerly Llanilltud Gwyr, Oxwich, a holy well of S. Iltut in Llanrhidian, Llanilltud Fach, or Llantwit-juxta-Neath and Pen-bre. A 13th-century church on Caldey Island, Pembrokeshire, is dedicated to Illtud. In North Wales, there is a Llanelltyd near Dolgellau. In Brittany, there are approximately 24, if other place-names like Aberildut are included; largely confined to the ancient dioceses of Leon, Treguier and Vannes, with small outliers in the region of Saint Malo, originally in the diocese of his pupil Samson.

John Stow's 1603 list of the bishops of London includes an "Iltuta" who is sometimes conflated with Illtud.

Arthurian connections
According to the 12th century Life of St. Illtud, Illtud's father was Bicanus, a minor Breton prince, and his mother was Rieingulid, a princess and daughter of Anblaud, king of Lesser Britain (Brittany). He was alleged to be the cousin of the legendary King Arthur, serving him as a young soldier.

One medieval Welsh document names Illtud, in his knightly days, as one of the triumvirate (the others were named Cadoc and Peredur) to whom King Arthur gave custody of the Holy Grail. On this basis, some scholars have tried to identify Knight Illtud with Sir Galahad.

title: Illtud


text:
Bahía Drake

Bahía Drake (Drake Bay) is a small bay on the north side of the Osa Peninsula on the coast of southwestern Costa Rica.

This bay is believed to be a port used by Sir Francis Drake during his raids on the Spanish Main in the 16th century and the location of one of the British pirate's fabled hidden treasures.

The main town of Bahía Drake is Agujitas and has a population of about 1,000 residents. The bay is off the beaten track and can be reached by plane, boat, and car (ideally a 4x4 vehicle) during the dry season. Because of lack of bridges, driving to Bahía Drake is challenging and not recommended for visitors. There are many kilometers of unpaved road and multiple river crossings required to reach Drake Bay. There are kilometers of natural coastline with rocky crags and sandy coves that extend from Agujitas, where the village of Bahía Drake is located southward toward the boundary of Corcovado National Park about 20 kilometers to the south. Most of the eco lodges are located along the beach. The town of Bahía Drake has a public medical clinic opened during week days, except for national holidays; and a private medical center opened 24/7 for emergencies, a school, a few grocery stores, a gift shop, and several restaurants and bars. The main feature of Bahia Drake is Corcovado National Park hiking and Caño Island snorkeling/diving. Corcovado National Park occupies about a third of the peninsula. The preservation of forest and wildlife in the area has been made a priority by the Costa Rican government through the efforts of MINAE.

Bahía Drake has been accessible only by sea until recently and so it remains mainly a low-land tropical rainforest. Since about 1990, eco-tourism has been the principal economy of the area including sport fishing

Climate
Bahía Drake has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with significant seasonal variation. February, the driest month receives about 65 mm of rain while October, the wettest month receives about 803 mm. The following climate data is for the town of Agujitas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bahía Drake


text:
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Busta Rhymes discography
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title: User talk:Scaz


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Tau Epsilon Phi

Tau Epsilon Phi (ΤΕΦ), commonly known as TEP or Tau Ep, is an American collegiate social fraternity that was founded at Columbia University in 1910. Since its establishment, the fraternity has chartered 144 chapters and colonies, chiefly located at universities and colleges on the East Coast. Its national headquarters is located in Troy, New York. Although originally a Jewish fraternity, TEP opened to non-Jewish members in the 1960s.

Ideals
The organization's creed asserts its governing ideals as friendship, chivalry, and service. TEP attracts and accepts brothers of all religions and ethnicities who agree to be bound by these ideals. Chapters uphold these ideals through participation in various social, academic, athletic, and charity events.

History
Tau Epsilon Phi was founded on October 10, 1910, at Columbia University as an organization of Jewish professional men. It was started in response to the existence of similar organizations which would not admit Jewish members. The fraternity's founding members were: • Robert Blume

• Julius M. Breitenbach

• Louis Freed

• Ephraim Freedman

• Harry Goldsmith

• Julius Klauber

• Charles M. Oriesen

• Israel Schwartz

• J. J. Slofkin The first pledge, Maximillian Nemser, was initiated in 1911. In 1912, Beta chapter was founded at the New York College of Dentistry and Gamma chapter was founded at New York University. In 1913, it changed from a professional fraternity to a social fraternity for general college men. Continued expansion led to the adoption of a national constitution in 1916. In 1920, the opening of a chapter at McGill University in Montreal, made ΤΕΦ an international fraternity. The McGill chapter has since been disbanded.

ΤΕΦ began as exclusively Jewish but began admitting non-Jewish members (predominantly Catholics) in the 1950s. Dwight D. Eisenhower was inducted as an honorary member during his presidential administration. William "Bill" Pickens III, a brother at the Kappa Chapter at the University of Vermont was the first black member to be elected president of his local chapter in 1957. Vincent C. Gray, the future Mayor of Washington, DC, was the second black member of Tau Epsilon Phi and was elected president of his local chapter at the Tau Theta chapter at George Washington University.

In September 2010, a group of fraternity members called TEPs for Justice filed a civil lawsuit against the national Tau Epsilon Phi organization. The plaintiffs alleged that the national executive director and board of directors had been operating the fraternity for personal financial gain and that they drove chapters away by making unreasonable financial demands on them (the fraternity had shrunk from 42 active chapters in 1999 to just thirteen in 2010). They further argued that the executive director failed to hold elections for the position for over ten years, even though the fraternity's constitution required it biennially. The executive director stated that elections could not take place because none of the chapters were in good standing due to failure to pay dues, and thus no one could legitimately vote. While the judge in the case ordered a new election overseen by an independent party, that order automatically stayed after the national organization filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in January 2011. In May 2011, all allegations were rescinded and the parties settled all outstanding cases with the fraternity agreed to hold new national elections.

After the new national elections, Tau Epsilon Phi went on to continue its operations, and progress was made in expansions. In 2013, the fraternity established the Alpha Tau colony at Rowan University, its first chapter since 1996. Following the success of the colony, the national organization re-established chapters at University of Maryland, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, and the University of Buffalo.

In 2018, Tau Epsilon Phi hired a new executive director and re-established its staff in its chapters and colonies. Since then, the fraternity has continued to hold its biennial elections and hired a Chapter Services Consultant and Expansion Consultant. Tau Epsilon Phi is currently focused on expansion efforts to re-establish its presence at campuses where it has had previous chapters as well as exploring new campus opportunities.

Symbols and publications
The fraternity's colors are lavender and white, although most chapters use purple instead of lavender. Its flowers are the lily of the mountain and the violet, in combination. The Tau Epsilon Phi badge is an enameled black oblong that features the Greek letters ΤΕΦ vertically, in gold. The border of the badge is outlined with emeralds and pearls, the fraternity's official jewels.

By the 1920s, the fraternity published the monthly Tau Epsilon Phi Bulletin. Beginning in 1923, the fraternity published a nationally distributed magazine, The Plume. In 1986, Sidney Suntag, who served as the fraternities' executive secretary from 1946 to 1979, published the book The History of Tau Epsilon Phi: 75 Years of Friendship 1910–1985.

Organization
As of October 25, 1997, the Constitution of Tau Epsilon Phi requires a Grand Chapter meeting every two years. The Grand Chapter consists of delegates from each collegiate and alumni chapter. The Grand Chapter serves as the supreme legislature responsible for electing the Grand Council. The Grand Chapter, while in session, also serves as TEP’s Board of Directors, authorizing or approving all fraternity business, including any modifications to the Constitution and Statutory Code.

The fraternity has eleven alumni associations, including:

 * Alumni Association of Xi Chapter of Tau Epsilon Phi (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
 * Epsilon Iota Alumni Association (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)
 * Epsilon Phi Chapter Alumni Association (Pennsylvania State University)
 * Epsilon Theta Alumni Association (Queens College)
 * Lambda Phi Epsilon Alumni Association (Clarkson University)
 * Nu Chapter Alumni Association (University of Georgia)
 * The Phi Chi Chapter Alumni Association of New York (City College of New York)
 * The Sigma Epsilon Alumni Association (Rutgers University at Camden)
 * Tau Alpha Chapter of Tau Epsilon Phi Fraternity Alumni Association, Inc. (University of Florida)
 * Tau Alpha Kappa Alumni Association of Tau Epsilon Phi (Lehigh University)
 * The Tau Omega Alumni Association (University of Rhode Island)

Chapters
Tau Epsilon Phi has chartered 144 collegiate and provisional chapters throughout its existence.

Notable members
Some notable alumni:

Arts and entertainment:
 * Jeff Altman – stand-up comedian
 * Howard Benson – Grammy-winning music producer and multi-instrumentalist
 * Larry David – actor, writer, comedian, and television producer
 * David Duchovny – actor, writer, and director
 * Mat Franco – entertainer, magician, winner of Season 09 of America's Got Talent
 * Benny Goodman – musician and bandleader
 * Larry King – TV and radio host
 * Gary Kott – writer and supervising producer of The Cosby Show, Kott worked on the program during its five consecutive years of number-one Nielsen ratings.
 * Harold Rome - Tin Pan Alley and Broadway songwriter
 * Ed Sabol – filmmaker, founder of NFL Films

 * Robert Sherman – songwriter
 * Jerry Springer – TV and radio host
 * George Stephanopoulos – TV journalist
 * Marc Turtletaub – movie producer

 * Joseph Wapner – judge, The People's Court

Sports and athletics:
 * Red Auerbach – general manager, Boston Celtics
 * Bryan Clark – professional wrestler
 * Jared Ross – professional hockey player
 * Eddie Fogler – college basketball coach
 * Howie Roseman – general manager, Philadelphia Eagles
 * Jedd Fisch – offensive coordinator, Michigan Wolverines
 * Bob Vogel - college and professional football player Ohio State University Buckeyes and Baltimore Colts
 * Neal Walk - college and professional basketball player University of Florida and various NBA teams

Politics and government:
 * Omar Bradley – General of the Army and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (accepted honorary membership)
 * Dwight D. Eisenhower – 34th President of the United States (accepted honorary membership)
 * Kenneth A. Gottlieb, representative in the House of Representatives of Florida
 * Vincent C. Gray – mayor, Washington, D.C.
 * Louis Harris – founder, Harris Poll
 * Irving R. Kaufman – judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
 * Rick Kriseman - Mayor, St. Petersburg, Florida
 * Elliott H. Levitas – U.S. Representative, Georgia's 4th congressional district
 * Marvin Mandel – governor, Maryland
 * David Saperstein - United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom, the first non-Christian to hold this office.
 * Melvin Steinberg – fifth Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
 * Kirill Reznik – state delegate, Maryland House of Delegates
 * Michael S. Steele – lieutenant governor, Maryland and Chairman, Republican National Committee
 * Rick Santorum – U.S. Senator, Pennsylvania
 * Leo M. Gordon – judge, United States Court of International Trade
 * Robert C. Wright - Pennsylvania State Representative and judge Delaware County Court of Common Pleas

Business, science, and engineering:
 * Max Abramovitz – architect
 * Sir Cary Cooper CBE - Professor and renowned British psychologist, president of the British Academy of Management, president of Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development
 * Samuel J. LeFrak – chairman, LeFrak Corporation
 * Jonas Salk – discoverer of polio vaccine
 * Raymond Kurzweil – author and inventor
 * Harris Rosen - hotelier, investor, and businessman. Founder of the Rosen Hotels & Resorts
 * Bernard Siegel – Director, Genetics Policy Institute
 * Chad Trujillo – astronomer and co-discoverer of 12 trans-Neptunian objects, including Eris
 * Neil Woodward – American Naval officer and a former NASA astronaut
 * David S. Salomon, Phd. – Breast Cancer Researcher, Cancer gene discoverer.

Other:
 * Guy Fulton – Architect
 * Mike Sager – Bestselling author and award-winning journalist

Popular culture

 * In the Stephen King short story "Strawberry Spring" published in the collection Night Shift, a ΤΕΦ fraternity house is the opening setting to the story at the fictional New Sharon College.
 * Night Moves (1975 film), Diane Warren's character Paula is seen wearing a Tau Epsilon Phi sweatshirt.

title: Tau Epsilon Phi


text:
User:Dr. Nick Riviera

Hi, everybody!

title: User:Dr. Nick Riviera


text:
Talk:Feng Yun (Go player)

Wikifying
I (Tderz) started the article(stub), have 25 years experience in Go, the level of 3 dan (in Europe = 5 dan in the USA or JP), took some lessons from Feng Yun herself, thus started this entry and of course asked her to verify the information (which she did). Mainly, the information comes anyway from her school website.
 * Work begun. -Fernando Rizo 02:48, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikifying complete. Fixed some grammar and slimmed down the article a bit as well.  I did some rudimentary fact checking, but it needs a thorough fact check from someone who knows more about Go than I do. -Fernando Rizo 03:23, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Fernando (Rizo), don't worry about fact-checking.

First
If she's the second to get 9-Dan, who's the first? 165.230.46.71 17:25, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Rui Naiwei. Can 11:13, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Feng Yun (Go player)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/1959-60 American network television schedule

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 18:09, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

1959-60 American network television schedule
There are many others like these in Category:TV schedules. Unencyclopedic, Wikipedia is not a general knowledge database nor a directory.. JoaoRicardo 02:50, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, who would want to know this anyway? -- Riffsyphon1024 03:14, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * People who are interested in or researching the TV industry and history. Zzyzx11 04:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep useful, interesting and encyclopedic info that can't easily be found elsewhere (that I know of) Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 03:24, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The only other place where I know this information can be found is The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows (ISBN 0345455428), but it is not revised every year. Zzyzx11 04:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You are correct on that one. Mike H 05:05, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is very interesting, in a way. What appears on television is a reflexion of how the mainstream person thinks. --Sn0wflake 03:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is encyclopedic info that can't easily be found elsewhere. Zzyzx11 04:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a great series of articles, kudos to those who have worked hard to create it. - SimonP 05:00, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I created these sets of articles, and I believe these are quite helpful for people who want to research trends in American television history. All of these articles have been linked on the respective year in television page, from 1959 in television to 1996 in television. I haven't been able to finish 1997 to 2002, but I will soon, tomorrow, if possible. Mike H 05:04, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Yet another attempt to stifle the potential of Wikipedia rather than encourage it. Wincoote 07:13, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If you have proof that I am "stifling the potential of Wikipedia", please present them to me or call an RfC. However, if you simply disagree with me on the usefulness of this article, please respect my opinion as I have respected yours. Thank you. JoaoRicardo 02:17, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't such a schedule belong in Wikisource instead? Radiant! 08:49, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why, exactly? It would be much more useful here in the Wikipedia. I read over what should be in Wikisource and I don't believe this fits the criterion. The whole point was to not only research television trends, but to have the links in an accessible manner, which would have the whole purpose defeated by moving to Wikisource. Mike H 08:51, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, because it is a primary source, namely the TV guide (hopefully it's not copyvio?). A wikisource article can still have links, including links to Wikipedia. Radiant! 13:45, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why would a chart showing what times aired what be a copyvio? It's common knowledge. That would be akin to copyrighting the periodic table of elements. In any case, if you want to continue this conversation, I'd rather it not be on this page, for space reasons. You can continue this with me on my talk page. Mike H 21:12, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- it'll be a wonderful challenge for somebody to try to turn all those red links blue. --Christofurio 15:26, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - encyclopedic as is all the others and I agree with Christofurio that this is a way to challenge people to write articles. Remember the adage: "Wikipedia is not paper". 23skidoo 15:39, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Strong keep!  This is enormously useful information for people who are interested in television history or who are just interested in reliving the TV schedules of their youth.  Television is a big part of US culture (like it or not) and its collective memory, and I'm surprised that anyone would seriously want to delete these contributions to Wikipedia.  Moncrief 04:10, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Factual, verifiable, useful, and cool. Gamaliel 04:20, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Very strong keep. Extremely useful information. More deletioncruft madness.--Centauri 12:45, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Please don't refer to diferent opinions than yours as "deletioncruft madness". Please assume good faith and act with civility. Thank you. JoaoRicardo 02:17, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Holy mother of keep. Ditto for the entire series of related articles.  Way too much sweat, toil and actual research went into these articles and they are prime examples of what Wikipedia is and should be. - Lucky 6.9 00:01, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this and entire series. Good article. Jayjg (talk)  17:08, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is a very unique and interesting subject article that I have had much trouble trying to find elsewhere. Most Definitely Keep! Tygar 07:32, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Of value Giano 15:41, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Interesting, and useful--SarekOfVulcan 22:59, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-21/NPR

On Sunday, National Public Radio's Weekend Edition included a five-minute report from Laura Sydell focused on Wikipedia. The broadcast briefly discussed Wikipedia's size and growth and provided perspectives from librarians, participants, and even competitors.

Introducing the segment, host Liane Hansen talked about Wikipedia's growth and potential as a research resource. Sydell also noted the breadth of information covered (including the existence of an article about herself — created, as it turns out, by Sj, one of her interviewees).

The report began with an interview with Jacquie Henry, a high school librarian in New York. Henry expressed concern about Wikipedia as a resource based on the inability of young students to properly evaluate information for themselves, and also mentioned the problem with instances of vandalism. To balance this, NYU professor Clay Shirky was presented arguing that concerns about vandalism were overstated due to the size of the community watching articles.

Sydell next addressed Wikipedia's open source roots and introduced Jimmy Wales to explain how the concept applies to the writing of an encyclopedia. For a contributor's perspective, she turned to Sj, who described his excitement at having somebody else expand an article he had started.

Response from Britannica
For the competition's take on Wikipedia, Sydell went finally to Dale Hoiberg, editor of Encyclopædia Britannica, who characterized it as "too much information". He questioned the usefulness of Wikipedia by alluding to the Jorge Luis Borges short story On Exactitude in Science, which refers to an Empire that created a map of itself, on a one-to-one scale. In contrast, Hoiberg argued that Britannica offered its users assurance that facts have been checked, and that it had the ability to sort through the "morass of information" available—particularly on the internet—and condense this down to the truly important material.

After the story aired, mav commented that Britannica's rhetoric "looks to me like they are giving up and declaring their much smaller size and long time between updates to be 'features.'" While this may be a curious argument, it probably has a better chance of being right than the chances of Britannica adopting the wiki model.


text:
Battle of Hamburger Hill

The Battle of Hamburger Hill (13–20 May 1969) was fought by US Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces against People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) forces during Operation Apache Snow of the Vietnam War. Though the heavily-fortified Hill 937, a ridge of the mountain Dong Ap Bia in central Vietnam near its western border with Laos, had little strategic value, US command ordered its capture by a frontal assault, only to abandon it soon thereafter. The action caused a controversy among both the US armed services and the public back home, and marked a turning point in the U.S. involvement.

The battle was primarily an infantry engagement, with the US troops moving up the steeply sloped hill against well-entrenched troops. Attacks were repeatedly repelled by the PAVN defenses. Bad weather also hindered operations. Nevertheless, the Airborne troops took the hill through direct assault, causing extensive casualties to the PAVN forces.

Etymology
Local Degar tribesmen call the mountain Ap Bia, "the mountain of the crouching beast." Official histories of the engagement refer to it as Hill 937 after the elevation displayed on US Army maps, but the US soldiers who fought there dubbed it "Hamburger Hill," suggesting that those who fought on the hill were "ground up like hamburger meat." "Have you ever been inside a hamburger machine? We just got cut to pieces by extremely accurate machinegun fire," recalled a sergeant.

Terrain
The battle took place on Dong Ap Bia (Ap Bia Mountain, Đồi A Bia) in the rugged, jungle-shrouded mountains of South Vietnam, 1.2 mi from the Laotian border. Rising from the floor of the western A Sầu Valley, Ap Bia Mountain is a solitary massif, unconnected to the ridges of the surrounding Annamite Range. It dominates the northern valley, towering some 937 m above sea level. Snaking down from its highest peak are a series of ridges and fingers, one of the largest extending southeast to a height of 900 m, another reaching south to a 916 m peak. The entire mountain is a rugged wilderness blanketed in double- and triple-canopy jungle, dense thickets of bamboo, and waist-high elephant grass.

Order of battle
The battle on Hamburger Hill occurred in May 1969, during Operation Apache Snow, the second part of a three-phased campaign intended to destroy PAVN Base Areas in the remote A Sầu Valley. This campaign was a series of operations intended to do damage to the PAVN forces in the A Sầu Valley, which had been an infiltration route into South Vietnam prior to 1966, when the PAVN seized the Special Forces camp in the valley during the Battle of A Shau and established a permanent presence. Subsequent US efforts were aimed at damaging enemy forces in the valley rather than attempting to clear or occupy the valley. Lieutenant General Richard G. Stilwell, commander of XXIV Corps, amassed the equivalent of two divisions, and substantial artillery and air support, to once again launch a raid into the valley. The PAVN had moved their 6th, 9th, and 29th Regiments into the area to recover from losses sustained during a previous United States Marine Corps operation (Operation Dewey Canyon) in February.

Assigned to Apache Snow were three airmobile infantry battalions of the 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile), commanded by Major General Melvin Zais. These units of the division's 3rd Brigade (commanded by Colonel Joseph Conmy) were the 3d Battalion, 187th Infantry (Lt. Col. Weldon Honeycutt); 2d Battalion, 501st Infantry (Lt. Col. Robert German); and the 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry (Lt. Col. John Bowers). Two battalions of the ARVN 1st Infantry Division (the 2/1st and 4/1st) had been temporarily assigned to the 3d Brigade in support. Other major units participating in Apache Snow included the 9th Marine Regiment; and 3d Squadron, 5th Cavalry and the 3rd ARVN Regiment.

Planning
Colonel Conmy characterized the operation as a reconnaissance in force. His plan called for the five battalions to "combat assault" into the valley by helicopter on 10 May 1969, and to search their assigned sectors for PAVN troops and supplies. The overall plan of attack called for the Marines and the 3/5th Cavalry to reconnaissance in force toward the Laotian border, while the ARVN units cut the highway through the base of the valley. The 501st and the 506th were to destroy the PAVN in their own operating areas and block escape routes into Laos. If a battalion made heavy contact with the PAVN, Conmy would reinforce it by helicopter with one of the other units. In theory, the 101st could reposition its forces quickly enough to keep the PAVN from massing against any one unit, and a US battalion discovering a PAVN unit would fix it in place until a reinforcing battalion could lift in to cut off its retreat and destroy it.

The US and the ARVN units participating in Apache Snow knew, based on existing intelligence information and previous experience in the A Sầu, that the operation was likely to encounter serious resistance from the PAVN. However, they had little other intelligence as to the actual strength and dispositions of PAVN units. The area was extremely remote and difficult to access. Aerial surveillance was difficult, and US battalion commanders had to generate their own tactical intelligence by combat patrols, capturing equipment, installations, documents, and occasionally prisoners of war to provide the raw data from which to draw their assessment of the PAVN order of battle and dispositions. It was this time-consuming and hit-or-miss task force which characterized the main efforts of Colonel Honeycutt's 3/187th Infantry during the first four days of the operation.

Initially, the operation went routinely for the 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile). Its units experienced only light contact on the first day, but documents captured by 3/187th indicated that the PAVN 29th Regiment, nicknamed the "Pride of Ho Chi Minh" and a veteran of the 1968 Battle of Hue, was somewhere in the valley. Past experience in many of the larger encounters with PAVN indicated they would resist violently for a short time and then withdraw before the Americans brought overwhelming firepower to bear against them. Prolonged combat, such as at Dak To and Ia Drang, had been relatively rare. Honeycutt anticipated his battalion had sufficient capability to carry out a reconnaissance on Hill 937 without further reinforcement, although he did request that the brigade reserve, his own Company B, be released to his control.

Honeycutt was a protégé of General William C. Westmoreland, the former commander of the US forces in Vietnam. He had been assigned command of the 3/187th in January and had by replacement of many of its officers given it a personality to match his own aggressiveness. His stated intention was to locate the PAVN force in his area of responsibility and to engage it before it could escape into Laos.

Rather than retreat, the PAVN in the valley determined to stand and to fight in a series of well-prepared concentric bunker positions on Hill 937.

Reinforcing the assault on Hill 937
Having made no significant contacts in its area of operations, at midday on 13 May, the 3rd Brigade commander, Colonel Conmy, decided it would move to cut off PAVN reinforcement from Laos and to assist Honeycutt by attacking Hill 937 from the south. Company B was heli-lifted to Hill 916, but the remainder of the 3/187th made the movement on foot, from an area 4 km from Hill 937, and both Conmy and Honeycutt expected the 1/506th to be ready to provide support no later than the morning of 15 May. Although Company B seized Hill 916 on 15 May, it was not until 19 May that the 3/187th as a whole was in position to conduct a final assault, primarily because of nearly impenetrable jungle.

The 3/187th conducted multi-company assaults on 14 May, incurring heavy casualties, while the 1/506th, led by 1st. Lt. Roger Leasure, made probing attacks on the south slopes of the mountain on 16 and 17 May. The difficult terrain and well organized PAVN forces continually disrupted the tempo of the US tactical operations on Hills 916, 900, and 937. Steep gradients and dense vegetation provided few natural landing zones (LZs) in the vicinity of the mountain and made helicopter redeployments impractical. The terrain also masked the positions of the PAVN 29th Regiment, making it nearly impossible to suppress anti-aircraft fire, while the jungle covered the movement of PAVN units so completely that it created a nonlinear battlefield. PAVN soldiers, able to maneuver freely around the LZs, shot down or damaged numerous helicopters with small arms fire, Rocket-propelled grenades, and crew-served weapons. The PAVN also assaulted nearby logistical support LZs and command posts at least four times, forcing deployment of units for security that might otherwise have been employed in assaults. Attacking companies had to provide for 360-degree security as they maneuvered, since the terrain largely prevented them from mutually supporting one another. PAVN platoon- and company-sized elements repeatedly struck maneuvering US forces from the flanks and rear.

Tactical difficulties
The effectiveness of US maneuver forces was limited by narrow trails that funneled attacking companies into squad or platoon points of attack, where they encountered PAVN platoons and companies with prepared fields of fire. With most small arms engagements thus conducted at close range, US fire support was also severely restricted. Units frequently pulled back and called in artillery fire, close air support, and aerial rocket artillery, but the PAVN bunkers were well-sited and constructed with overhead cover to withstand bombardment. During the course of the battle the foliage was eventually stripped away and the bunkers exposed, but they were so numerous and well constructed that many could not be destroyed by indirect fire. Napalm, recoilless rifle fire, and dogged squad and platoon-level actions eventually accounted for the reduction of most fortifications, though at a pace and price thoroughly unanticipated by American forces.

US command of small units was essentially decentralized. Though Honeycutt constantly prodded his company commanders to push on, he could do little to coordinate mutual support until the final assaults, when the companies maneuvered in close proximity over the barren mountain top. Fire support for units in contact was also decentralized. Supporting fires, including those controlled by airborne forward air controllers, were often directed at the platoon level. Eventually human error led to five attacks by supporting aircraft on the 3/187th, killing seven and wounding 53. Four of the incidents involved Cobra gunship helicopters, which in one case were more than 1 km away from their intended target.

Hamburger Hill
On 16 May Associated Press correspondent Jay Sharbutt learned of the ongoing battle on Hill 937, traveled to the area and interviewed MG Zais, in particular asking why infantry, rather than firepower, was used as the primary offensive tool on Hill 937. More reporters followed to cover the battle, and the term "Hamburger Hill" became widely used. The US brigade commander ordered a coordinated two-battalion assault for 18 May, 1/506th attacking from the south and 3/187th attacking from the north, trying to keep the 29th Regiment from concentrating on either battalion. Fighting to within 75 m of the summit, Company D, 3/187th nearly carried the hill but experienced severe casualties, including all of its officers. The battle was one of close combat, with the two sides exchanging small arms and grenade fire within 20 m of one another. From a light observation helicopter, the battalion commander attempted to coordinate the movements of the other companies into a final assault, but an exceptionally intense thunderstorm reduced visibility to zero and ended the fighting. Unable to advance, 3/187th again withdrew down the mountain. The three converging companies of 1/506th struggled to take Hill 900, the southern crest of the mountain, encountering heavy opposition for the first time in the battle. Because of the heavy casualties already sustained by his units and under pressure from the unwanted attention of the press, Zais seriously considered discontinuing the attack but decided otherwise. Both the corps commander and the COMUSMACV General Creighton W. Abrams, publicly supported the decision. Zais decided to commit three fresh battalions to the battle and to have one of them relieve the 3/187th in place. The 3/187th's losses had been severe, with approximately 320 killed or wounded, including more than sixty percent of the 450 troops who had assaulted into the valley. Two of its four company commanders and eight of twelve platoon leaders had become casualties. The battalion commander of the 2/506th, Lt. Col. Gene Sherron, arrived at Honeycutt's command post on the afternoon of 18 May to coordinate the relief. 3/187th was flying out its latest casualties, and its commander had not yet been informed of the relief. Before any arrangements were made, Zais landed and was confronted by Honeycutt, who argued that his battalion was still combat effective. After a sharp confrontation, Zais relented, although he assigned one of Sherron's companies to Honeycutt as reinforcement for the assault.

Final assault
Two fresh battalions, the 2/501st Infantry and ARVN 2/3d Infantry, were airlifted into landing zones northeast and southeast of the base of the mountain on 19 May. Both battalions immediately moved onto the mountain to positions from which they would attack the following morning. Meanwhile, the 1/506th for the third consecutive day struggled to secure Hill 900.

The 3rd Brigade launched its four-battalion attack at 10:00 on 20 May, including two companies of the 3/187th reinforced by Company A 1/506th. The attack was preceded by two hours of close air support and ninety minutes of artillery preparatory fires. The battalions attacked simultaneously, and by 12:00 elements of the 3/187th reached the crest, beginning a reduction of bunkers that continued through most of the afternoon. Some PAVN units were able to withdraw into Laos, and Hill 937 was secured by 17:00.

ARVN participation
The ARVN 2nd Battalion, 3rd Regiment, 1st Division participated in the battle. Author Andrew Wiest wrote in 2007, particularly based on the statements by General Creighton W. Abrams in "The Abrams Tapes," says its role in the final assault was as follows: The unit was positioned on a stretch of the PAVN defense line that was lightly defended, and sent a scout party to test the forward enemy lines earlier than the proposed assault time; this party was quickly able to discern the minimal enemy strength. The 2/3 commanding officer decided to exploit the situation, and attack in advance of the other units. The 2/3 reached the crest of Hamburger Hill around 10:00, ahead of the 3/187th, but was ordered to withdraw from the summit because allied artillery was to be directed on to the top of the hill. The opportunity to threaten the PAVN lines facing the 3/187th was lost. Shortly after the 2/3 completed their withdrawal, the 3/187th was able to break through the PAVN defenses and occupy the summit.

Aftermath
Despite the claims that the hill had no real military significance Honeycutt alleged that the hill needed to be taken as it overlooks a good deal of the A Sầu Valley, which was a major supply and staging area for the PAVN.

As it had no real military significance aside from the presence of the PAVN on it, Major General John M. Wright who replaced MG Zais as commander of the 101st Airborne in May abandoned the hill on 5 June as the operations in the valley were concluded. Zais would comment: "This is not a war of hills. That hill had no military value whatsoever." and "We found the enemy on Hill 937 and that's where we fought him." The battle brought into sharp focus the changing US tactics from Westmoreland's search and destroy operations designed to engage PAVN/VC forces whenever and wherever they were located, to Abrams' new approach of attacking the PAVN/VC logistics "nose," which would be prepositioned to support attacks, and which, if disrupted, would prevent large-scale PAVN/VC attacks.

The controversial U.S casualties during the battle lead to the G.I underground newspaper “G.I says” in Vietnam placing a $10,000 bounty on Honeycutt, leading to multiple unsuccessful fragging attempts against him.

The debate over Hamburger Hill reached the United States Congress, with particularly severe criticism of military leadership by Senators Edward Kennedy, George McGovern, and Stephen M. Young. In its 27 June issue, Life magazine published the photographs of 242 Americans killed in one week in Vietnam; this is now considered a watershed event of negative public opinion towards the Vietnam War. While only five of the 241 featured photos were of those killed in the battle, many Americans had the perception that all of the photos featured in the magazine were casualties of the battle.

The controversy over the conduct of the Battle of Hamburger Hill led to a reappraisal of US strategy in South Vietnam. As a direct result, to minimize casualties, General Abrams discontinued a policy of "maximum pressure" against the PAVN to one of "protective reaction" for troops threatened with combat action, while simultaneously President Richard Nixon announced the first troop withdrawal from South Vietnam.

US losses during the ten-day battle totaled 72 killed and 372 wounded. To take the position, the 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile) eventually committed five infantry battalions and ten batteries of artillery. In addition, the US Air Force flew 272 missions and expended more than 500 tons of ordnance.

US estimates of the losses incurred by the PAVN 7th and 8th Battalions of the 29th Regiment included 630 dead (bodies discovered on and around the battlefield); including many found in makeshift mortuaries within the tunnel complex. There is no count of the PAVN running off the mountain, those killed by artillery and air strikes, the wounded and dead carried into Laos, or the dead buried in collapsed bunkers and tunnels. During the ten-day battle, US forces captured 89 individual weapons and 22 crew‑served weapons.

title: Battle of Hamburger Hill


text: User talk:66.191.49.235

title: User talk:66.191.49.235


text:
Talk:Smoothie

Are the "free recipe" External Links justified?
Are the "free recipe" External Links justified as adding to the encyclopedic content of the topic? Common sense would say no; a link solely for listing "recipes" is just a concoction of potentially endless permutations, not adding anything of substance to the topic such as smoothie history or some type of "how to".... I propose removing external links to pages tagged as listing just recipes as this: a.) does not add encyclopedic content to the topic b.) condones adding on a potentially unlimited number of links to other permutative based recipe listing type sites

I agree with the external links recipe exclusion; if people want to list their recipes and that's it they can do this on DMOZ......

The point of this discussion is to exclude links to specific recipes, because they are endless and permutative. The "How to Make a Smoothie" page goes into specific detail about how to do this beyond the required encyclopedic content of the page. Thus, per the WP:EL page, "Sites that contain neutral and accurate material that cannot be integrated into the Wikipedia article due to amount of detail" This site falls into that category. The link is not for a recipe as stated above, it is a "how to" page.

Wiki writing award
This article starts: "A smoothie (alternatively spelled smoothy) is a blended and sometimes sweetened beverage made from fresh fruit (fruit smoothie) and in special cases can contain chocolate or peanut butter. In addition to fruit, many smoothies include crushed ice, frozen fruit, honey or contain syrup and ice ingredients. They have a milkshake-like consistency that is thicker than slush drinks. They can also contain milk, yogurt or ice cream. Smoothies are often marketed to health-conscious people, and some restaurants offer add-ins such as soy milk, whey powder, green tea, herbal supplements, or nutritional supplement mixes. Smoothies became widely available in the United States in the late 1960s when ice cream vendors and health food stores began selling them. By the 1990s and 2000s, smoothies became available at mainstream cafés and coffee shops and in pre-bottled versions at supermarkets all over the world." This has to be one of the best train wrecks of an opening paragraph in all of wiki-land - that in itself is a remarkable achievement considering how badly written wiki-articles are overall - congratulations and keep up the good work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.51.66.32 (talk) 20:13, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * So fix it. ⋙–Berean–Hunter—►  20:53, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

Poor sourcing
I've removed the etymologies as being poorly researched and false. I also trimmed the article significantly. All of that history is tripe...clearly the term was already in use in this context as early as 1934 and products sold as early as 1936. I haven't done an exhaustive search but here are a few examples:

 * Vanity Fair, Volumes 41-43, 1934. p. 74.
 * Ice Cream Review, Volume 19, 1936.
 * Druggists' Circular, Volume 80, 1936.
 * American Druggist, Volume 98, 1938. (containing a Root beer smoothie recipe with two scoops of vanilla ice cream added)

— Berean Hunter   (talk)  14:57, 6 May 2015 (UTC)

— Berean Hunter   (talk)  16:02, 6 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Adding that the previous claims about the first Smoothie trademark was also false. Not sure if this is the first but Bowey's has had "Old Smoothie" since 1936 which predates the other claim.

 * OK I've summarized this information in my recent revisions (though haven't bothered to add the references as they are primary sources). Ben Finn (talk) 19:37, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

The popularity in smoothies in 90's
I'm afraid whole article is about commercial product, not a traditional dish. It says that electric blender made it more popular - back in days people mashed fruits as well and drank smoothies since hundreds of years, but the blender made it easier for industrial production.

The article states that smoothie gained popularity worldwide in 90's, but it gives source for word popularity. The source is Ngram viewer. The 90's are also the time when many countries started to use English names for things that were known under a local name. As far I see in Slavic countries, it's getting less popular - it was popular when preparing own dishes from fresh vegetables and fruits was typical - now people drink it from time to time, but that's nothing comparing to a few smoothies a day during whole summer. They are in most cooking books from 50's or 60's, but nowadays it's not a principle, i.e. it's no more a basic food, but something more fancy. I'd say it's something like that:
 * 1) Being basic food
 * 2) Some shops starts to sell it and they call it smoothie - as restaurant/shop one is different than home-made people think about it as something different
 * 3) Original product declines (due to instant/ready to eat dishes + more people disowning gardens) but the same one under name smoothie is kept by marketing - still, it's about 10-100x original price (about 0.05 EUR when homemade vs. 1 EUR for the cheapest in supermarket), so naturally it's less popular to eat, but as all fancy things, more popular to talk about

And that's very typical to capitalism - sell something basic and cheap as something new and fancy. It's very close to "eco food" case. 150 years ago eating eco food wasn't lifestyle or trend, because it was too obvious and too basic - there were recipes using "eco food", but just under different name (i.e. "food", heh). Does it mean that such food is more popular nowadays, comparing to 150 years ago, when 100% of food could be called nowadays "eco"? No, it just means it's classic product sold as something new.

That drink is very traditional and old (you can encounter it in the classic literature), yet most languages use name "smoothie" - kind of unusual for such old products, but usual for things which are faked as something new. Krzysiu (talk) 02:00, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

Add Section?
It could be a good idea to add a section about many different recipes or a section for people to add links to recipes they enjoy. I couldn't find anything on wiki about how to make smoothies so, adding it to this page seems like a good idea. It could provide more information that others may find useful as well. I like that the article does include different food items you can use in smoothies. IT would seem more useful to give ideas about how they can make or use those items to make smoothies! AnonymousQueen18 (talk) 23:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Smoothie


text:
Life on the Fast Lane

"Life on the Fast Lane", also known as "Jacques to Be Wild" in the United Kingdom, is the ninth episode of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 18, 1990. It was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by David Silverman. Albert Brooks (in his second of ten appearances) guest starred as Jacques, a French bowling instructor, with him being credited as "A. Brooks".

The episode deals with how Homer's thoughtlessness precipitates Marge's infatuation with her bowling instructor Jacques, leading to a marriage crisis between her and Homer. In the original plan for the episode, Brooks (who improvised much of his dialogue) was to voice a Swedish tennis coach called Björn, with the episode to be titled "Björn to Be Wild".

The episode features a parody of the film An Officer and a Gentleman and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour) in 1990.

The character of Jacques would return in the season 34 episode "Pin Gal".

Plot
After forgetting Marge's 34th birthday, Homer rushes to the Springfield Mall, where he buys a bowling ball with his inscribed name for himself and disguises it as her gift. At her birthday dinner, Marge is pleased with Bart and Lisa's gifts for her—a bottle of French perfume presents a macaroni-and-glue portrait of her mother as the Mona Lisa. As Homer presents the bowling ball to her, it bursts through its box and squashes her birthday cake. Offended, Marge calls Homer out for giving her a gift for himself, pointing out that she has never gone bowling in her life and that the ball is inscribed with his name.

Determined to learn how to bowl to spite Homer, Marge visits Barney's Bowl-A-Rama. While there, she meets a French bowling instructor named Jacques, who develops an infatuation with her and offers to give her lessons. After several lessons, Jacques and Marge agree to meet for brunch, which goes well until they see Helen Lovejoy, the gossipy preacher's wife, who seems delighted to find Marge with a man other than her husband. After deflecting Helen's prying by feigning a discussion of bowling theory, Jacques asks Marge to meet him the next day at his apartment, causing her to faint. While unconscious, she sees herself dancing with Jacques in his luxurious, bowling-themed apartment. Regaining consciousness after her romantic fantasy, Marge accepts Jacques's invitation.

Meanwhile, Homer finds the personalized bowling glove Jacques gave Marge and realizes he may lose her to another man. Soon Bart realizes Lisa's suspicion that their parents are drifting apart is true. Bart advises Homer to keep quiet about Marge's suspected affair to avoid making things worse.

Marge leaves for her rendezvous with Jacques but remembers her lifetime commitment to Homer during the drive. She comes to a fork in the road, between the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant and Jacques's apartment. After agonizing over her decision, Marge surprises a distraught Homer at the plant and kisses him warmly. An ecstatic Homer abandons his work post for ten minutes and takes Marge to the backseat of his car.

Production

The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by David Silverman. When the episode was originally planned, it called for Albert Brooks to voice "Björn", a Swedish tennis instructor, but Brooks thought it would be funnier to make the character French and so the change was made. The title was originally to be "Bjorn to Be Wild", thus accounting for the episode's alternate title "Jacques to Be Wild". Brooks improvised almost all his dialogue, producing over three hours of material. Marge's laugh during her bowling lesson was an ad-libbed, natural laugh by Julie Kavner, who was laughing at something Albert Brooks had just said. The line "four onion rings!" is only one of many lines Brooks ad-libbed and blew by losing Jacques's French accent. An extended audio clip of Albert Brooks's unused dialogue was made available on Disc Three of The Simpsons The Complete First Season DVD.

The sequence in which the family throws the pizza box away was specifically designed by John Swartzwelder to look surreal, with the family panning into each other. The moon was designed to resemble a bowling ball in the scene in which Jacques drops Marge home. The restaurant that Jacques and Marge visit is called "Shorty's"; it was originally intended that a chef's hat would be shown moving around in the background, implying that the owner was short, but the concept was dropped as it seemed to be too much of a silly idea. The episode's conclusion is a reference to An Officer and a Gentleman, which David Silverman had to watch first, so that he knew how to set the scene out. Homer's line, "too exciting", when he sees the lingerie store was written by James L. Brooks. During Marge's phone conversation with Patty and Selma, Maggie can be seen sucking her pacifier repeatedly, a concept dropped in later episodes as it was deemed too much of a distraction from the dialogue.

A similar idea for the basic premise of this episode was outlined by Ruth Elliott-Hilsdon, who presented the idea to Matt Groening on an envelope during a layout meeting, a year prior to the episode. The general idea of the story was that Marge felt misunderstood and dismissed by Homer, though bowling was not part of this original idea.

First appearances
The episode features the first appearance of the bowling alley Barney's Bowlarama. The original backstory for Barney's Bowlarama was that it was owned by Barney Gumble. Over time it changed to Barney just being an employee, as the writers could not imagine Barney owning anything. It was later revealed that Barney's uncle was the owner. The exterior of the Bowlarama was designed by No Doubt member Eric Stefani. The episode also marks the first appearances of Lenny Leonard and Helen Lovejoy.

Cultural references
Marge's dream resembles a dance number from The Gay Divorcee. The end scene, in which Marge walks into the power plant, and Homer carries her away, is a reference to the film An Officer and a Gentleman, and features an instrumental of the song "Up Where We Belong". The Eagles song "Life in the Fast Lane" inspired the episode title.

Reception
In its original broadcast, "Life on the Fast Lane" finished 11th in ratings for the week of March 12–19, 1990, with a Nielsen rating of 17.5, equivalent to approximately 16.1 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on Fox that week, beating Married... with Children.

Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, called it "a very good, very assured episode that has seen some viewers (particularly female ones) tearing out their hair at the conclusion". Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club praised the episode, stating: "There would be many funnier and faster episodes of The Simpsons but few can match "Life on the Fast Lane" for emotional depth and characterization." IGN named Albert Brooks' guest performance in this episode, along with his four other appearances, the best guest appearance in the show's history.

In a DVD review of the first season David B. Grelck rated this episode a 4(of 5), placing it along with "Homer's Night Out" as his favorites of the season. Colin Jacobson at DVD Movie Guide said in a review that it was "another good but not great episode" and added that "Albert Brooks seriously enlivened 'Life [on the Fast Lane]'... Jacques becomes funny not so much due to the lines themselves; it's Brooks' readings that make them work." Another DVD review from The Digital Bits called it "one of the first season's best loved episodes".

This episode won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour or Less) in 1990, defeating fellow Simpsons episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", and becoming the first The Simpsons episode to win the award.

In a 2000 Entertainment Weekly article, Matt Groening ranked this episode as his second favorite episode of all time, behind "Bart the Daredevil". Entertainment Weekly placed the episode twenty-first on their top 25 The Simpsons episode list, calling it "a showcase for the series' bedrock of character and heart." The Orlando Sentinel's Gregory Hardy named it the fifteenth best episode of the show with a sports theme. The episode's reference to An Officer and a Gentleman was named the 23rd greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film ' s Nathan Ditum. Simpsons co-developer Sam Simon named it his favorite episode of all time in 2009.

Legacy
The March 15, 2004 edition of the Dear Abby column was pulled, as it had emerged that one of the letters was a fake. A newspaper editor noticed that the problem cited in the letter was identical to the plot of "Life on the Fast Lane". Kathie Kerr, a spokeswoman for the Universal Press Syndicate, said "it did sound too similar not to be a hoax".

title: Life on the Fast Lane


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Category:Roadside attractions

A roadside attraction is a feature along the side of a road, that is frequently advertised with billboards to attract tourists. In general, these are places one might stop on the way to somewhere else, rather than being a final or primary destination in and of themselves.

title: Category:Roadside attractions


text: User talk:69.194.102.12

title: User talk:69.194.102.12


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Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)

Lucius Aemilius Paullus ( 1st century BC) was a Roman politician. He was the brother of triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and son to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the consul of 78 BC. His mother may have been a daughter of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus.

Paullus supported Cicero during the Catiline Conspiracy. He never supported Pompey, probably because he held a grudge against him for betraying his father in 77 BC. Paullus was quaestor in 59 BC, aedile in 55, praetor in 53 and consul in 50.

During Paullus' consulship, Julius Caesar bribed him for his support. He reconstructed the Basilica Aemilia in Rome, with part of his bribery money.

According to Valerius Maximus: "When the senate decreed that the temples of Isis and Serapis be demolished and none of the workmen dared touch them, consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus took off his official gown, seized an axe, and dashed it against the doors of that temple", (I, 3.3; quoting Julius Paris (translation from Loeb edition).

Paullus opposed the second triumvirate of Octavian, Mark Antony and Paullus' own brother, Marcus Lepidus. He supported Cicero in condemning its members. The triumvirs included him in their proscriptions. However, according to Cassius Dio, his brother allowed him to escape. Lepidus' soldiers left him unhindered. Paullus joined the political rebel Marcus Junius Brutus. When Brutus died in 42, Paullus was pardoned and lived his remaining years at Miletus.

Paullus' son, Paullus Aemilius Lepidus, was consul in 34 BC, and in 22 he shared the office of censor with Augustus.

title: Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 50 BC)


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Livio C. Stecchini

Livio Catullo Stecchini (6 October 1913 – September 1979) was an Italian professor of ancient history at Paterson State Teachers College (now William Paterson University) in New Jersey. He wrote on the history of science, ancient weights and measures (metrology), and the history of cartography in antiquity. He is best known as a defender of the theories of Immanuel Velikovsky and for his numerological theories about the dimensions of the Great Pyramids.

Career
Originally a classicist, he became a student of Angelo Segrè at the University of Catania, then attended the University of Freiburg, where he studied the philosophy of Husserl and attended the lectures of Heidegger and Oskar Becker. Eventually he focused on the work of Fritz Prinsheim which was concentrated on the contract of sale in ancient times. Had he known that in the hands of Kenneth Kitchen the sequence of blessings and curses in ancient contracts was eventually to become one of the most important dating tools of modern archaeology, Stecchini might not have focused on the clauses relating to measures. As it happened it was this focus that led Otto Lenel to allow him to read a paper on the length of miles in the Syro-Roman Law Book.

After the Freiburg group was disbanded by Hitler he returned to Italy where he received a doctorate in the field of Roman Law. He became assistant to the chair of history of Roman Law at the University of Rome and a member of the Institute of Roman and Oriental Law of that University where he was influenced by Edoardo Volterra holder of the chair of Oriental Law there.

He fled the Fascist regimes of Europe to the United States and worked for a doctorate in Ancient History at Harvard under Werner Jaeger. Jaeger suggested that he write his thesis on the concept of akribea or precision in Greek thought. His Ph.D. dissertation from 1946 was entitled "On the Origin of Money in Greece". From there, he went to the study of Greek monetary weights, the operation of Greek mints and the dimensions of Greek temples. From there he turned to the study of ancient geography and geodesy. His knowledge was specialized in agrarian measures in cuneiform tablets, rates of money exchange in Greek tablets, and the volume of jars in Egyptian papyri, cited in major periodicals such as Classical Philology. He also wrote more general works, some subsequently republished, such as his analysis of Herodotus in "The Persian Wars"

Controversy
Stecchini's work included many controversial elements, and he complained he was ignored by fellow scholars. His defence of Immanuel Velikovsky in the September 1963 issue of American Behavioral Scientist (republished in 1966 as The Velikovsky Affair) undoubtedly also contributed to this.

Most scholars consider his unpublished work on metrology, based on his work on ancient numismatics, as numerology or pseudoscientific metrology. His method consists of starting with an assumption, namely that all ancient measures are by definition related. It is an old and intriguing idea, but one for which no proof has been found. Based on numerical analysis of data, he reaches his conclusion (in "A History of Measures"):

I have solved the inner rationale of ancient and medieval units of length, and by implication, of all units of measure, by discovering two facts:
 * a) that there were four fundamental types of foot related as 15:16:17:18,
 * b) that each of these types existed in two varieties related as the cube root of 24/the cube root of 25.

Stecchini's analysis of the geometry and methods for constructing the Great Pyramid were interpreted for a popular audience in Peter Tompkins' Secrets of the Great Pyramid with Stecchini's "Notes of the Relation of Ancient Measures to the Great Pyramid," in an appendix to the book.

title: Livio C. Stecchini


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Cuccìa

Cuccìa is a primarily Sicilian dish containing boiled wheatberries and sugar, which is eaten on December 13, the feast day of Saint Lucy, the patron saint of Syracuse. The dish is consumed in Sicily and in isolated pockets of southern Italy, as well as their communities abroad. It commemorates the relief from a food shortage in Sicily and the unexpected arrival of a cargo of wheat, which tradition says arrived in the port of Palermo on Saint Lucy's Feast in 1646. According to custom, bread should not be eaten on December 13; cuccìa should be the only source of wheat, and the primary source of nourishment for the day.

Preparation and influences
Cuccìa is prepared differently from family to family and in different regions. Some make cuccìa as soup, others as a pudding. In Kansas City, Missouri, many Sicilian Americans prepare cuccìa as a hot cereal. Most traditional preparations add sugar, butter, chocolate, and milk. Ceci beans (chickpeas) are also associated with the preparation of cuccìa, but more rarely, as are broad beans, almonds and ricotta. Within the Italian context, the term cuccìa is uniquely Sicilian and unrelated to similarly spelled Italian words, hinting at foreign origins.

Cuccìa may owe its origins to Sicily's Byzantine period (535–965 AD) since a variant, koliva (κόλυβα in Byzantine Greek), is prepared in the Balkans. The most probable relative may be its most similar counterpart, kutia, a dish served throughout Ukraine, Russia, and Poland, and made from wheat or barley, honey and poppyseed. As in Sicily, this dish is eaten only during the Christmas season, and its basic preparation (boiled wheat and honey instead of sugar) remains strikingly similar.

title: Cuccìa


text: User talk:66.168.66.223

title: User talk:66.168.66.223


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Talk:CARINE

Notice of Original Research
Although original research is generally frowned upon in Wikipedia, this research has actually been implemented into a usable program and receives a decent number of google hits. It has encyclopedic value, and is not recommended for VfD. Eric Herboso 03:03, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

technical
I dont understand a word of the article! --Jestix 17:45, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed the "too technical" tag. Feel free to add it back, but please leave some suggestions as to how the article could be improved.  Note that the article is a stub; don't expect too much from it.  Lunch 02:28, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Title
Should the title really be all caps? // 213.89.53.155 (talk) 18:02, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:CARINE


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Kiến Phúc

Kiến Phúc (, 12 February 1869 – 31 July 1884) was a child emperor of Vietnam, who reigned for less than 8 months, 1883–1884, as the 7th emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty.

Biography
Born in 1869, also known as Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng, he was the nephew-turned-adopted son of Emperor Tự Đức. He reigned for 7 months and 29 days (2 December 1883 – 31 July 1884).

Along with his cousin Dục Đức and brother Đồng Khánh, he had been taken in by Tự Đức who was unable to have children of his own. After the regicide of Emperor Hiệp Hoà, the court regents Tôn Thất Thuyết and Nguyễn Văn Tường acted quickly to install the fifteen-year-old prince as the new Emperor. Kiến Phúc was quickly enthroned on 1 December 1883 at five o'clock in the morning.

Emperor Kiến Phúc was often hampered by poor health and died in Kiến Thành Palace on July 31, 1884 – less than 8 months after ascending the throne. His sudden death sparked rumors that the Emperor was poisoned by his adoptive mother, Tự Đức's Noble Consort Học phi and regent Nguyễn Văn Tường for he knew of their secret affair.

title: Kiến Phúc


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Royal National City Park

The Royal National City Park (Kungliga nationalstadsparken) is a national urban park, established by the Swedish Parliament in 1995, and located in the municipalities of Stockholm, Solna and Lidingö in Sweden.

1/ km² 2/ Population per km²

Gallery
Some places in the Royal National City Park:

title: Royal National City Park


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Category:Ice hockey equipment

This category lists articles relating to ice hockey equipment.

title: Category:Ice hockey equipment


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Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 6 AD)

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (c. 30 BC – 33 AD) was a patrician Roman senator, politician and general, praised by the historian Tacitus.

Origin and early career
Lepidus was the son of Cornelia and Paullus Aemilius Lepidus (who served as a censor) and brother-in-law to Augustus' granddaughter Julia the Younger, who was married to his brother Lucius Aemilius Paullus, consul in 1 AD. Thus, he was a member of one of the oldest patrician families, the Aemilii.

He became consul in 6 AD. He then distinguished himself as legate in charge of an army during the Illyrian War (6 – 9 AD) under the command of Tiberius, the later emperor. After the end of the war he served as governor either of Dalmatia (modern day Croatia and Bosnia) or Pannonia (modern day Hungary).

At the time of Augustus' death, in 14 AD, he was governor of Northern Spain in charge of an army of three legions. While there were serious riots in the armies in Germany and Pannonia after Augustus' death, Lepidus' army gave no trouble.

Activities during the reign of Tiberius
Lepidus defended Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (a friend of Tiberius, but also a relative of Lepidus) at his trial for the alleged poisoning of Germanicus.

In 21 AD, Tiberius offered him the governorship of Africa Province. He rejected the offer, claiming ill-health and the demands of his children, but more likely he recognised the wisdom of leaving the position to Quintus Junius Blaesus, uncle of Lucius Aelius Sejanus, the powerful praetorian prefect. Although this may make Lepidus seem unduly subservient towards the emperor Tiberius and his powerful allies, Lepidus' activities in the senate show an independent mind. In 21 AD he made a strong speech against the death penalty for an irreverent poet. Nevertheless, the poet was executed by order of the Senate. This allowed Tiberius to praise Lepidus' moderation (as well as the Senate's zeal in persecuting any offence against the Emperor).

Modern scholars have suggested that Lepidus also restored the Basilica Aemilia in the Roman Forum in 22 AD and served as governor of Asia in 26 AD. Apparently, Lepidus was one of the few aristocrats obtaining high positions (including command of large armies) in this troubled time without ever being accused of plotting against the Emperor. Although in 32 AD an important senator, Cotta Messalinus, openly attacked him because of his excessive influence in the Senate, this accusation had no consequences. Lepidus died in 33 AD. Tacitus described him as "wise and noble" for his actions as a senator. According to Tacitus his actions could be taken as an example of independent aristocrats living under tyranny.

Descendants
It is possible Lepidus married Vipsania Marcellina, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and his second wife Claudia Marcella Major (niece of the Emperor Augustus). If so, then a son of hers is identified from a dedication inscription in the basilica Aemilia. After Vipsania he married a second time to an unknown woman; it is unsure if she or Vipsania was the mother of his other children. His daughter Aemilia Lepida married Drusus Caesar, a son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. Although it is uncertain, some historians believe that he was also father to the Marcus Aemilius Lepidus who became Caligula's lover and brother-in-law, as husband to Julia Drusilla.

title: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 6 AD)


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Talk:Lehigh Valley Railroad/to do

 * Add a system map
 * Add photos of LV trains
 * Possibly include a photograph of the system map boxcar
 * Expand the history
 * Add data on the railroad's finances
 * Add a list of railroad presidents
 * Possible section on the varying liveries of the LV in the postwar period.
 * Change herald to full color (black diamond on RED background)greg (talk) 14:56, 16 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Fix incorrect hyperlink: "Mauch Chunk" incorrectly links to "Jim Thorpe".

title: Talk:Lehigh Valley Railroad/to do


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User talk:Jojoplaut

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! cocopuffberman | talk
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
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Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Joyous 03:08, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

Your recent edit to 17-Mile Drive
Unless there is a specfic notable reason cited and verified, your recent addition to this article has been removed. Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Thank you. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 17:17, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It seems that somebody unlogged or someone without any account has been adding a sentence that you own the Pebble Beach Company. Whether it is notable or not, this information is obviously false based on this PDF file posted on their web site. The current owner is a group headed by Peter Uberroth, a former commissioner of Major League Baseball. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 03:47, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Major Contributions
I find your Major Contributions section misleading. Your contributions to the articles listed were not the least bit helpful, and in many cases, constitute vandalism. Any Wikipedian can view your complete contributions list, so only articles that you can honestly claim to have coauthored should be listed on your user page. Your vandalism of 17-Mile Drive is grounds for being blocked from Wikipedia. Your unexplained non-sequitur of commentary about A Tree Grows In Brooklyn was deleted. Your superfluous editing of Professional golf tours did not add anything to the article. The vague adjective “huge” should never be used to describe an amount of money. All amounts of money are relative. US defensive spending would make these salaries look like chump change. Right? But you could also say that the two could not be compared. All in all, I can hardly call these productive contributions, much less major contributions. Also, I would recommend that you check the syntax of user:jojoplaut as it is hard to read, and your CVU tag is contradicted by your actions. --Jesuseatspork 18:14, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I’ll have to agree with jesuseatspork on some of his points. Many of your contributions are unlogged and not very helpful. But don’t worry, everyone stumbles when they first join Wikipedia. I hope this does not turn you off. When I joined, this happened. User:Daniel_Case wanted to delete my dad’s memorial page and I got pissed off. I ended up redirecting it here. I tried to contact jesuseatspork about WP:BITE, but apparently he doesn’t even have a userpage or any notable contributions of his own! Your page is on my watchlist so I can revert any vandalism. Enjoy! --Cocopuffberman 18:30, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

San Jose Task Force Invite
''Please note that this task force is still unofficial, and I would like to have at least five members before asking for approval from WP:HOCKEY.

Unblocked
Per your email to OTRS, I have decided to extend to you the benefit of the doubt and unblock this account. I note that a similar incident has happened in the past and strongly advise you to select a secure password, for suggestions see How to choose a strong password, as it is likely given that should there be another similar incident, your account would not be unblocked again. WJBscribe (talk) 21:08, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jojoplaut


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Rock City (attraction)

Rock City is a tourist attraction on Lookout Mountain in Lookout Mountain, Georgia. Opened in May 1932, the attraction gained prominence after owners Garnet and Frieda Carter hired Clark Byers in 1935 to paint "See Rock City" barn advertisements throughout the Southeast and Midwest United States; Byers painted over 900 barn roofs and walls, in 19 states, by 1969.

Since its earliest days, Rock City has claimed that it is possible to see seven states from a particular spot (Lover's Leap) in Rock City; a scientist at the University of Tennessee, when asked to prove the issue in 2007, pointed out that the claim refers to seeing mountains and other high points in many of these other states, adding that the claim was made long before the air pollution associated with the proliferation of automobiles and coal-fired power plants, and summed up with "I never thought it significant."

History
Historical evidence indicates that Native Americans inhabited Lookout Mountain at some point. In 1823, two missionaries, Daniel S. Butrick and William Chamberlain, went to minister to them. Butrick made a journal entry on August 28, 1823, in which he described "a citadel of rocks" on top of the mountain, and noted the immense size of the boulders. He stated that they were arranged in a way "as to afford streets and lanes".

By the time the American Civil War reached the slopes of Lookout Mountain, more people had discovered what was already being called Rock City. During the Battle of Lookout Mountain, both a Union soldier and a Confederate soldier claimed that seven states could be seen from the summit of the mountain. These stories are independent and recorded in their own journals.

Hikers and geologists knew Rock City well throughout the late 19th century, but it did not become the attraction it is now until the 20th century. Garnet Carter's idea was to develop a residential neighborhood on top of the mountain. The neighborhood was to be named Fairyland because of his wife Frieda's interest in European folklore. One feature of Fairyland was going to be a golf course, but Garnet decided instead to build a miniature golf course because the original took too long to build. He later franchised his miniature golf concept as Tom Thumb Golf, now recognized as the nation's first mini-golf course.

Fairyland was 700 acre and encompassed Rock City. Frieda set out to develop the property into one big rock garden, taking string and marking a trail that wound its way around the giant rock formations, ending up at Lover's Leap. She also planted wildflowers and other plants along her trails and imported German gnome statues and other famous fairytale characters, set up at spots throughout the trail. Garnet realized that Frieda had made an attraction that people would be willing to pay for to see. Garnet made Rock City a public attraction in 1932.

The original clubhouse and 10 cottages are included in the Lookout Mountain Fairyland Club.

Events and shows
In 2006, Rock City began having daily bird shows for its visitors. The bird shows focus on birds of prey. The shows are included with paid admission to the gardens. Now, however, the birds of prey shows are only hosted Thursdays through Sundays, from Memorial Day to Labor Day, at 11am, 1pm, and 3pm, with an additional show at 4:30 pm on Saturdays.

During March they host Shamrock City, turning the attraction into an Irish festival. The event includes Irish music, food, and games. They turn the falls green to celebrate St. Patrick's day.

In May, they host their Southern Blooms festival featuring the blooms of the native plants around the Garden. They also celebrate their Founder's Day; which in 2022, they celebrate their 90th Anniversary.

During the summer, they host Summer Music Weekends to celebrate summer with tunes from local bands.

Every October, Rock City host Rocktoberfest as their premiere fall event featuring German food, music and fun for the whole family.

Rock City lights the park with Christmas lights and displays every November and December. This is named "Enchanted Garden of Lights" and features booths of food and gifts, as well as seasonal shows such as a lighted telling of the Nativity of Jesus and carolers from all over the region.

Attractions
Rock City features a long, convoluted rock trail lined with gardens containing hundreds of labelled local trees and plants. The trail also leads through a variety of unique and bizarre rock formations, including the 1000 ST Balanced Rock and Fat Man's Squeeze. Two other sections, the Fairyland Caverns and Mother Goose Village, are rock caves decorated with blacklight-responsive sculptures.

The High Falls of the Lookout Mountain is a manmade waterfall in the Rock City Gardens. The waterfall is 140 ft high and empties into a base which appears as a small pool.

In popular culture
Rock City features prominently in the Drama Desk Award-winning musical See Rock City & Other Destinations, with book and lyrics by Adam Mathias, and music by Brad Alexander. The musical, which premiered Off-Broadway on July 22, 2010, consists of a series of vignettes at a variety of North American tourist destinations, including Rock City. Rock City also features prominently in Neil Gaiman's novel American Gods.

title: Rock City (attraction)