text:
W. A. Boyle

William Anthony "Tough Tony" Boyle (December 1, 1904 – May 31, 1985) was an American miner, union leader, and convicted murder-for-hire conspirator. He became president of the United Mine Workers of America union in 1963, serving until 1972. Boyle was convicted in 1974 of charges of conspiracy in the murder of opponent Joseph A. Yablonski, Yablonski's wife Margaret, and their daughter Charlotte, on New Year's Eve, December 31, 1969. After an appeal, his conviction and sentence were upheld at a second trial; he was sentenced to three life terms and died while still incarcerated.

Yablonski had opposed Boyle for some time, arguing for more democratic representation among the locals, and had run against him in a bitter presidency election of the UMWA earlier in December, which Boyle won. Yablonski charged that fraud had been committed, asking for a Department of Labor investigation, and also filing five lawsuits against the union on specific related civil charges.

Early years
Boyle was born in a gold mining camp in Bald Butte, Montana (about two miles southwest of Marysville), in 1904 to James and Catherine (Mallin) Boyle. His father was a miner. The Boyle family was of Irish descent, and several generations of Boyles had worked as miners in England and Scotland. Boyle attended public schools in Montana and Idaho before graduating from high school. He went to work in the mines alongside his father. Shortly thereafter, Boyle's father died from tuberculosis, a lung disease often associated with mining, or exacerbated by its conditions.

Marriage
Boyle married Ethel Williams in 1928; they had a daughter, Antoinette.

Career
Boyle joined the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) soon after going to work in the mines. He was appointed president of District 27 (which covers Montana) and served in that capacity until 1948. During World War II, Boyle served on several government wartime production boards, and on the Montana State Unemployment Compensation Commission.

In 1948, UMWA president John L. Lewis named Boyle as his assistant in the UMWA. He served until 1960, acting as Lewis' chief trouble-shooter and the union's chief administrator. Lewis simultaneously appointed him director of UMWA District 50 and regional director of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) for four Western states.

Presidency of UMWA
Boyle was elected vice president of UMWA in 1960. That same year, Lewis retired and 73-year-old Thomas Kennedy assumed leadership of the union. Kennedy had been vice president since 1947. Although Lewis favored Boyle as his successor, Kennedy was well liked and well known. Kennedy was in failing health, however, and Boyle took over many of the president's duties. In November 1962, Kennedy became too frail and ill to continue his duties. Boyle was named acting-president. Kennedy died on January 19, 1963. Boyle was elected president shortly thereafter, obviously Lewis's handpicked choice.

From the beginning of his tenure, Boyle faced significant opposition from rank-and-file miners and UMWA leaders. Miners' attitudes about their union had changed. Miners wanted greater democracy and more local autonomy for their local unions. There was a widespread belief that Boyle was more concerned with protecting mine owners' interests than those of his members. Grievances filed by the union often took months—sometimes years—to resolve, lending credence to the critics' claim. Wildcat strikes occurred as local unions, despairing of UMWA assistance, sought to resolve local disputes with walkouts.

Yablonski challenge and murder
In 1969, Joseph "Jock" Yablonski challenged Boyle for the presidency of UMWA. Yablonski had been president of UMWA District 5 (an appointed position) until Boyle had removed him in 1965. In an election widely seen as corrupt, Boyle defeated Yablonski in the election held on December 9 by a margin of nearly two-to-one (80,577 to 46,073). Although Boyle won, the election was the first time since 1920 that the incumbents had less than 80 percent or more of the vote, or that there was any opposition at all. Observers expected the union to make changes in response to the growing insurgency movement and demands for change.

Yablonski conceded the election, but on December 18, 1969, asked the United States Department of Labor (DOL) to investigate the election for fraud. He also initiated five lawsuits against UMWA in federal court.

On December 31, 1969, three killers shot Yablonski, his wife, Margaret, and his 25-year-old daughter, Charlotte, as they slept in the Yablonski home in Clarksville, Pennsylvania. The bodies were discovered on January 5, 1970, by Yablonski's eldest son, Kenneth.

Boyle was found to have ordered Yablonski's death months earlier, on June 23, 1969, after a meeting with his opponent at UMWA headquarters had degenerated into a screaming match. In September 1969, UMWA executive council member Albert Pass received $20,000 from Boyle (who had embezzled the money from union funds) to hire assassins to kill Yablonski. Paul Gilly, an out-of-work house painter and son-in-law of a minor UMWA official, and two drifters, Aubran Martin and Claude Vealey, agreed to do the job. Pass arranged for the murder to be postponed until after the election, to avoid suspicion falling on Boyle.

Overturned election and defeat
Yablonski's murder acted as a catalyst for the federal investigation already requested. On January 8, 1970, Yablonski's attorney requested an immediate investigation of the 1969 election by DOL. The Department of Labor had taken no action on Yablonski's complaints in the brief time since his December request. After the murders, Labor Secretary George P. Shultz assigned 230 investigators to the UMWA investigation.

The Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA) of 1959 regulates the internal affairs of labor unions, requiring regular secret-ballot elections for local union offices and providing for federal investigation of election fraud or impropriety. DOL is authorized under the act to sue in federal court to have the election overturned. By 1970, however, only three international union elections had been overturned by the courts.

Meanwhile, a reform group, Miners for Democracy (MFD), had formed in April 1970 while the DOL investigation continued. Its members included most of the miners who belonged to the West Virginia Black Lung Association and many of Yablonski's supporters and campaign staff. The chief organizers of Miners for Democracy included Yablonski's sons, Ken and Joseph (known as "Chip"), both labor attorneys; Mike Trbovich, a union leader, and others.

DOL filed suit in federal court in 1971 to overturn the 1969 UMWA election. On May 1, 1972, Judge William B. Bryant threw out the results of the 1969 UMWA international union elections. Bryant scheduled a new election to be held over the first eight days of December 1972. Additionally, Bryant agreed that DOL should oversee the election, to ensure fairness.

Over the weekend of May 26 to May 28, 1972, MFD delegates gathered in Wheeling, West Virginia, nominated Arnold Miller, a former miner and leader of a black-lung organization, as their candidate for the presidency of UMWA.

On December 22, 1972, the Labor Department certified Miller as UMWA's next president. The vote was 70,373 for Miller and 56,334 for Boyle. Miller was the first candidate to defeat an incumbent president in UMWA history, and the first native West Virginian to lead the union.

Convictions and death
In early March 1971, Boyle was indicted for embezzling $49,250 in union funds to make illegal campaign contributions in the 1968 presidential race. He was convicted in December 1973 to a three-year sentence and imprisoned at the federal penitentiary in Springfield, Missouri.

On September 6, 1973, Boyle was arrested on first degree murder charges in the deaths of Jock Yablonski and his family. That month, Boyle attempted suicide but survived. National attention had been riveted on the investigations into the conspiracy to murder labor leader Joseph A. Yablonski. A nationwide FBI investigation produced sufficient evidence to charge three Cleveland-area residents with conspiracy to murder Yablonski. Through Grand Jury proceedings, a series of three conspiracy indictments were returned, charging five individuals. The investigation was conducted by U.S. Attorney Robert B. Krupansky, with Assistant U.S. Attorney Robert Jones.

Finally documentation and witnesses led to Boyle: he was charged for the Yablonski killing on September 6, 1973. His trial lasted from 25 March until April 11, 1974, when he was convicted. He was sentenced to three consecutive terms of life in prison.

On January 28, 1977, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania overturned Boyle's conviction and ordered that he be given a new trial. The court found that the trial judge had improperly refused to allow a government auditor to testify. Boyle's attorneys said that the auditor's testimony could have exonerated Boyle.

On January 16, 1978, Boyle's murder retrial was set to resume. He had been convicted, but the Pennsylvania state Supreme Court had set aside the convictions on grounds Boyle was denied the right to present a complete defense.

Boyle was tried a second time for the Yablonski murders and found guilty on February 18, 1978. Boyle filed a third appeal to overturn his conviction in July 1979, but the motion was denied. Boyle served his murder sentence at State Correctional Institution – Dallas in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. He suffered from a number of stomach and heart ailments in his final years and was repeatedly hospitalized. He had a stroke in 1983. He died at a hospital in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, on May 31, 1985, aged 80.

In popular culture
Barbara Kopple's 1976 documentary Harlan County USA included a segment on Yablonski's murder and its aftermath. It also includes the song "Cold Blooded Murder" (also known as "The Yablonski Murder"), sung by Hazel Dickens.

The murders were also portrayed in a 1986 HBO television movie, Act of Vengeance. Charles Bronson (a native of Ehrenfeld, in the western Pennsylvania mining region) portrayed Yablonski and Wilford Brimley played Boyle.

title: W. A. Boyle


text: Talk:Mass media in the United Kingdom

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mass media in the United Kingdom


text:
Volvo World Match Play Championship

The Volvo World Match Play Championship was an annual match play men's professional golf tournament which was staged from 1964 to 2014.

The World Match Play Championship was a limited field event, originally contested by just eight players before being expanded to sixteen in 1977, and to 24 in 2011. In 2004 it became an official tournament on the European Tour for the first time, having previously been a designated "approved special event". The event was traditionally played in the autumn, usually in October, but moved to a May date in 2011. Previous sponsors have included Piccadilly, Suntory, Toyota, Cisco, HSBC and Volvo.

The Wentworth Club near London was host venue for the World Match Play for the first 45 years. From 2009 to 2012 the event was played at the Finca Cortesín Golf Club in Casares near Málaga, Spain. In 2013, the event was held at the Thracian Cliffs Golf & Beach Resort in Kavarna, Bulgaria, and in 2014, it was held at the London Golf Club in Kent, England.

History
The tournament was founded by sports agent Mark McCormack as a showcase for the players he managed. The inaugural event in 1964 was won by Arnold Palmer, who was McCormack's first client. The calibre of the winners has consistently been very high, with the majority of the tournaments being won by players who have been ranked in the top two in the Official World Golf Ranking or its predecessor Mark McCormack's world golf rankings.

The event consisted of 36-hole matches played in a single day. The event had an eight-man field from 1964 to 1976. It expanded to 16 players for 1977 and 1978. In 1979, the field was 12 players, with four seeded players being given a bye in the first round. It was sometimes felt that this was unfair, as an unseeded player needed to string together eight successful rounds in four days to win, twice as many as in a stroke play tournament, whereas a seeded player only needed six successful rounds to win.

For its first 40 years the tournament was an unofficial one, highly regarded by golf fans in Britain and many other countries outside the United States, popular with players, and happily coexisting with the European Tour, at whose home course it was played, but not taken into account on an official tour money list. The introduction in 1999 of the 64-man WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship, which selected its field on the basis of the World Rankings, was a blow to the prestige of the older event, whose exhibition aspects, with a small invited field, were emphasised by contrast.

In 2003, the tournament was given a major overhaul. Greatly increased sponsorship was secured from the largest British based bank, HSBC, and the winner's prize was increased to £1 million, which was then easily the largest in world golf (although the Nedbank Golf Challenge had had a $2 million first prize from 2000 to 2002).

In 2004, the championship became an official money European Tour event - not, however, the actual prize money, as the first prize was far higher than for the other events on the tour, but scaled-down amounts intended to be more proportionate. The field was increased to 16 players, all of whom needed to play eight rounds of golf to win, to eliminate the advantage previously given to seeds. A qualifying system, based primarily on performances in the four majors, replaced the invitations of the past. World ranking points were allocated to the event for the first time since 1999.

In recent years, Americans have tended to decline their invitations. In 2005, no Americans took part at all, and with stalwart Ernie Els injured and Vijay Singh and Sergio García also absent, the field was one of the weakest seen at the event, with just one player from the world top ten. The 2006 event had a considerably stronger field with six of the world's top ten players headed by the world's top two ranked players Tiger Woods and Jim Furyk. But in January 2007 HSBC activated a break clause in its ten-year contract and withdrew from sponsorship after the 2007 event.

After HSBC withdrew its sponsorship in 2007, the tournament was given another major overhaul. After a break in 2008, the tournament returned in 2009 with Volvo as the new title sponsor. The event moved from Wentworth to the Finca Cortesín Golf Club near Málaga in Spain. The format switched to an opening round robin, with 16 players divided into four groups and the winners advancing to the 36-hole semi-finals. The qualifying criteria were also changed to include certain players based on their nationality. The total prize money for 2009 was €3,250,000, with €750,000 of that going to the winner.

After another break in 2010, the tournament returned in May 2011, several months earlier than the traditional date in autumn. The field was expanded to 24 players, split into eight groups, playing in a round robin format. The top two players from each group would progress to the knockout stage. Unlike previous years, all matches would be played over 18 holes. The total prize money for 2011 was €3,400,000, with €800,000 of that going to the winner.

In 2013, the event was held in Bulgaria, becoming the first European Tour event in Bulgaria, as Volvo had requested that the championship be moved to geographical areas of interest for the company and therefore the event will be rotated around Europe. In 2014, the event was played in October at London Golf Club in Kent, England. Prior to the tournament Volvo announced they were withdrawing their support as they reduced their sponsorship commitments on the European Tour.

Multiple winners
The following players have won the World Match Play Championship more than once:

Qualification criteria
For the 2014 championship, the qualification criteria were as follows:

 * 1) Defending champion
 * 2) The winner of the 2013 European Tour Race to Dubai
 * 3) The winner of the 2014 Volvo Golf Champions
 * 4) The winner of the 2014 Volvo China Open
 * 5) The winner of the 2014 Scottish Open
 * 6) The leading three available players, not otherwise exempt above, from the Official World Golf Ranking (OWGR) as of the conclusion of the 2014 Open Championship
 * 7) The leading three available players, not otherwise exempt above, from the Race to Dubai as of the conclusion of the 2014 Open Championship
 * 8) The current holders of the four major championships
 * 9) One tournament invite (with top 50 of OWGR as of 2014 PGA Championship, or from host country)

 * Categories (1–2) will be filled with the next highest ranked and available player(s) from the final 2013 European Tour Race to Dubai, not otherwise exempt.
 * Categories (3–5) will be filled by the highest ranked and available player(s) from the 2014 European Tour Race to Dubai as of the conclusion of the 2014 Open Championship, not otherwise exempt.
 * Category (8) will be filled by the highest ranked and available player from the 2014 Race to Dubai as of the conclusion of the 2014 PGA Championship, not otherwise exempt.
 * Category (9) will be replaced with another tournament invite (if no top-50 OWGR or host nation players available, then the highest ranked and available player on the 2014 Race to Dubai as of the conclusion of the 2014 PGA Championship will qualify).

Media coverage
The World Match Play currently was shown live by Sky Sports and it also got broadcast in Ireland by Setanta Ireland.

title: Volvo World Match Play Championship


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vissarion Jughashvili

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 07:19, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Vissarion Jughashvili
Whatever is useful in this article should be put in Joseph Stalin. This character has no merit in his own right. Same for Ekaterina Geladze his mother. Plus very little is known about either of them, in the words of the articles. --SqueakBox 01:09, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Stalin's family life (or lack thereof) is interesting in that it may help to shed some light on his actions later in lfe. The article as it stands seems a fairly thorough account of what little is known about him and deserves to be kept. Lisiate 01:16, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect to Joseph Stalin. As said in the article, "There is very little information on Vissarion Jugashvili." Zzyzx11 01:42, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It's well written, and interesting. Oz Dante
 * Merge anything useable to Joseph Stalin, and add redirect. Megan1967 06:33, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Stong Keep. I disagree utterly.  There is much known and written about both Vissarion Jughashvili and Ekaterina Geladze.  There is fact, rumour, and the Communist Paty's propoganda, but several Stalin biographers have tried to sort out the real from the imagined.  While both articles may not yet be written very well, the parents of one of the most influential people of the twentieth century both clearly warrant a Wikipedia entry.  HowardB 07:05, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have cleaned up/added to the Vissarion Jughashvili piece, and completely rewritten Ekaterina Geladze. Perhaps more can still be written, but I strongly feel both are legitimate entries.  HowardB 09:26, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Stalin entry will be better organized if this is outside it. Failing that, merge. Kappa 08:57, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well done, HowardB. Capitalistroadster 10:35, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Trilobite (Talk) 10:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Ekaterina Geladze and then merge into Stalin or create a new article Stalin's family background. While his mother was at least famous in her own lifetime he was not, and has nothing to make him stand out in his own right. I note his son Yakov Dzhugashvili has nothing, whereas I would argue he has a more rightful place as a separate article because of the huge effect Stalin's rise to power had on his life, and because he was well known during his own lifetime. --SqueakBox 17:08, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep both, but check that there's no relevant content in either that isn't also in Stalin. -Sean Curtin 01:38, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both. Politic cruft. JamesBurns 10:01, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Superuser840

Your block
I received your email. I understand you want to be able to edit Wikipedia again. However you were blocked because of edits you made by your own choice (and which have nothing to do with vader being Dutch for father). You didn't say "I'm sorry" or say that you would not repeat the same vandalism if you were unblocked.

You're about to learn an important lesson; that is, when you do something, there are consequences. This this block is the consequence of the edits you made. I suggest you do the adult thing and wait for the block to run out. DJ Clayworth 01:10, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

BobbaTales listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect BobbaTales. Since you had some involvement with the BobbaTales redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 04:36, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Superuser840


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ekaterina Geladze

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 07:22, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Ekaterina Geladze
Whatever is useful in this article should be put in Joseph Stalin. This character has no merit in her own right. Same for Vissarion Jughashvili his father. Plus very little is known about either of them, in the words of the articles. --SqueakBox 01:11, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Stong Keep. I disagree utterly.  There is much known and written about both Ekaterina Geladze and Vissarion Jughashvili.  There is fact, rumour, and the Communist Paty's propoganda, but several Stalin biographers have tried to sort out the real from the imagined.  While both articles may not yet be written very well, the parents of one of the most influential people of the twentieth century both clearly warrant a Wikipedia entry.  HowardB 07:05, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have completely rewritten this article, and cleaned up/added to the Vissarion Jughashvili piece. Perhaps more can still be written, but I strongly feel both are legitimate entries.  HowardB 09:24, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Well done Howard B. We have an artice on Alois Hitler to discuss Hitler's origins and I think that is an appropriate precedent.Capitalistroadster 10:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Trilobite (Talk) 10:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Vissarion Jughashvili and then merge into Stalin or create a new article Stalin's family background. She at least was famous in her own lifetime unlike his father. I note his son Yakov Dzhugashvili has nothing, whereas I would argue he has a more rightful place as a separate article because of the huge effect Stalin's rise to power had on his life, and because he was well known during his own lifetime. --SqueakBox 17:10, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Megan1967 08:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 23:16, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as HowardB said, Ekaterina Geladze warrents her -own- entry, as does Vissarion Jughashvili. Both entries are worthwhile, and though small, have information and importance enough to make them independant entries. 216.75.190.106 23:28, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both. Politic cruft. JamesBurns 10:02, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
The Yummy Fur

 * See also Yummy Fur (comic) by Chester Brown..

The Yummy Fur were a Scottish indie rock band from Glasgow, formed in 1992, and disbanded 1999. The band consisted of lead singer and guitarist John McKeown and a regularly changing line-up of other musicians. McKeown has since gone on to form the band 1990s. Their name was taken from the comic book Yummy Fur by Chester Brown.

After leaving the band in 1997, Lawrence Worthington would drum for both The Male Nurse and The Fall-influenced art punk band Country Teasers.

Three future members of internationally successful Glasgow indie band Franz Ferdinand played in The Yummy Fur. Drummer Paul Thomson who joined the band in 1997, and multi-instrumentalist Alex Kapranos Huntley, who joined in 1998, were founder members of Franz Ferdinand, and Dino Bardot would join Franz Ferdinand as guitarist in 2017 to replace Nick McCarthy.

Keyboard player Mark Gibbons committed suicide in 1999.

The band were lauded by BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, recording two Peel Sessions in 1995 and 1998.

On 23 November 2009, it was announced that McKeown and Thomson would reunite The Yummy Fur for a brief tour of the United States in January 2010 to support a greatest hits compilation due in late January. A further report from NME confirmed the involvement of long-time Yummy Fur guitarist Brian MacDougall.

Albums

 * Night Club (Slampt LP/Guided Missile CD, 1996)
 * Sexy World (Guided Missile CD/LP, 1998)

Mini albums

 * Male Shadow at Three O'Clock (Vesuvius Records CD/10", 1998)

Compilation albums

 * Kinky Cinema (Guided Missile CD, 1997)
 * Piggy Wings (Rock Action Records LP/CD, 2019)

Split albums

 * Prole Life : A Souvenir From Glasgow - tracks 1 to 7 (Cherry Red Records, CD, 1995)

Singles and EPs

 * "Music By Walt Disney But Played By Yuri Gagarin Thus a Political Record" (Slampt 7", 1995)
 * "Kodak Nancy Europe EP" (Guided Missile 7", 1995)
 * "Plastic Cowboy" (Guided Missile 7", 1996)
 * "Supermarket" (Vesuvius 7", 1996)
 * "Policeman" (Guided Missile 7", 1996)
 * "Stereo Girls" (Roxy 7", 1997)
 * "Shoot the Ridiculant" (Guided Missile 7", 1998)

Cassettes (demo)

 * "The Edith Massey Eggsplosion" (not on label, 1994) https://www.discogs.com/release/16044665-The-Yummy-Fur-The-Edith-Massey-Eggsplosion

title: The Yummy Fur


text:
Bad Salzig

Bad Salzig is a small town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the west bank of the Rhine. It is part of the municipality of Boppard. It is near the city of Koblenz and the Lorelei. It is a spa town, with a spring which dispenses slightly salty water. It is linked to other towns by a railway which runs form the town's railway station.

History
Bad Salzig is located at the historic Roman Rhine road which went from Mainz to Cologne. A Roman index of places from 215 includes a village called Salissone, but it's uncertain whether Salissone is today's Bad Salzig or not. In 1859 two milestones from the third century were found in the river Rhine, which can be seen in the Rheinischen Landesmuseum at Bonn.

During the Thirty Years' War Swedish, French and troops of the Holy Roman Empire occupied Salzig.

In the Nine Years' War troops of Louis XIV conquered Salzig from 1688 to 1689. Moreover, French Revolutionary troops occupied Salzig again and it remained under French control until 1814.

After the Congress of Vienna Salzig was assigned to Prussia.

title: Bad Salzig


text:
Lena Sommestad

Lena Sommestad (born 3 April 1957) is a Swedish Social Democratic politician and economic historian. She was Minister for the Environment in the Ministry of Sustainable Development in the Cabinet of Göran Persson from 2002 to 2006.

Sommestad studied social sciences at Uppsala University and received a PhD degree in 1992. From 1998 to 2002 she was the managing director of the Swedish Institute for Futures Studies (Institutet för framtidsstudier). She had not held a politically elected office before Prime Minister Göran Persson made her Minister for the Environment in October 2002.

Between April 2014 and March 2020, she was County Governor of Halland.

Selected bibliography

 * "Sågverksarbetarna i strukturomvandlingen: hur arbetsstyrkan vid Söderhamns och Söderalas exportsågverk förändrades till storlek och sammansättning under mellankrigstiden" - 1983.
 * "Från mejerska till mejerist: en studie av mejeriyrkets maskuliniseringsprocess" - 1992.
 * "Rethinking gender and work: rural women in the Western world" - 1995 Gender & Society no. 1.
 * "Welfare state attitudes to the male breadwinning system: the United States and Sweden in comparative perspective" - 1997 International review of social history no. 5.
 * "Kvinnor mot kvinnor: om systerskapets svårigheter" - 1999 Redaktör tillsammans with Christina Florin and Ulla Wikander.
 * Befolkning och Välfärd—Demografiska förutsättningar för framtidens välfärdspolitik. Institutet för framtidsstudier 2002, editor.
 * "The hidden pulse of history", Scandinavian Journal of History, 25, pp. 131–146 - with Bo Malmberg.

title: Lena Sommestad


text: User talk:68.198.151.206

title: User talk:68.198.151.206


text: User talk:67.250.108.184

title: User talk:67.250.108.184


text:
Fivizzano

Fivizzano is a comune in the province of Massa and Carrara, Tuscany, central Italy.

History
It became part of the Republic of Florence in the 15th century thus gaining the Tuscan republic an important foothold in Lunigiana, a key region which Genoa, Lucca, Pisa, Milan and Florence had sought to dominate since the early Middle Ages.

In August 1944 the region was the scene of the San Terenzo Monti and Vinca massacres, carried out by soldiers of the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division.

Culture
Events in the town include:
 * The annual Disfida degli Arceri di terra e di Corte (Challenge of the Ground Archers and the Court Archers), a historical archery contest which takes place in July in the Piazza Medicea.
 * The annual "Tangoworld" festival in September. It is one of the largest representations of Argentinian tango in Italy.

Main sights

 * Fortress of Verrucola, dating from as early as the 12th century
 * Orto Botanico dei Frignoli: botanical garden and nature preserve
 * Fivizzano Museum of Printing, located in the Palazzo Fantoni Bononi, was created by Loris Jacopo Bononi to honor the printer Jacopo da Fivizzano who printed the first books with typed characters in c. 1470
 * Fivizzano city walls: rebuilt under the direction of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, in the middle of the 16th century after they had been destroyed by Charles VIII of France during his invasion of Italy.
 * The Baroque fountain in the main piazza, donated by Cosimo III de' Medici in 1683
 * The birthplace/tomb of poet Giovanni Fantoni (1755–1807), called the 'Tuscan Orazio'. Better known by his Archadian name 'Labindo'
 * Fivizzano's Augustinian monastery, founded in 1391 and seriously damaged by the earthquake of 1920, was the second Augustinian monastery built in Tuscany and as such it was one of the most culturally significant monasteries of that order in Italy. The monastery and its adjacent church, San Giovanni (constructed in 1335), was the home base to native-born Augustinian cleric Leonardo da Vallazzana (known as Leonardo da Fivizzano) whose oratorical skills captivated Lorenzo the Magnificent and church goers throughout Florence and were used to formally announce the excommunication of the Dominican cleric Savonarola. The monastery was also the home of Alessio Cassani (subject of the University of Pisa thesis of Sandro Bondi, previous mayor of Fivizzano and former Minister of Culture), a friar accused of heresy for hiding within the monastery numerous writings favorable to Luther.
 * The Museum of San Giovanni, built within the ruins of the church of San Giovanni and adjacent to the foundations of the Augustinian monastery. It displays the marble lid of the sarcophagus where the sculpted body of the Augustinian cleric Leonardo da Vallanzana (Leonardo da Fivizzano), the nemesis of Savonarola, is displayed, resting cross-armed on a bed of books. Displays in this small museum also include a view of the original ancient foundations of the building as well as Medieval, Renaissance and modern paintings, frescoes, and tapestries.

Notable people

 * Pope Nicholas V was born in Fivizzano.
 * Sandro Bondi, politician
 * Peter Chelsom, actor and director
 * Giorgia Fumanti, soprano
 * Denis Verdini, politician

Sister cities
Fivizzano is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Steinhagen, Germany
 * 🇮🇹 Castelnovo ne' Monti, Italy

title: Fivizzano


text:
Dick LeBeau

Charles Richard LeBeau (born September 9, 1937) is an American former professional football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL) He was active at field level in the NFL for 59 consecutive seasons, 14 playing as a cornerback with the Detroit Lions and 45 as a coach. LeBeau spent the majority of his coaching career as a defensive assistant, most notably as the defensive coordinator of the Cincinnati Bengals and Pittsburgh Steelers. Described as an "innovator" and "defensive football genius", he is considered to be one of the greatest defensive coordinators of all time.

LeBeau played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes. He was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the fifth round of the 1959 NFL draft before signing with the Lions, where he was named to three Pro Bowls. Upon retiring as a player in 1972, LeBeau began his coaching career the following season as the special teams coach of the Philadelphia Eagles and landed his first defensive role as the Green Bay Packers' defensive backs coach in 1976. He joined the Bengals in 1980, where he spent 19 non-consecutive years, including 12 years as defensive coordinator. During his first stint as Cincinnati's defensive coordinator, LeBeau popularized the "zone blitz", which helped the Bengals make two Super Bowl appearances in Super Bowl XVI and Super Bowl XXIII. He also served as the Bengals' head coach from 2000 to 2002, his sole head coaching position.

In between his two stints with Cincinnati, LeBeau began a defensive assistant tenure for the Steelers in 1992 and rejoined them in 2004 after one season as the Buffalo Bills' assistant head coach. His time in Pittsburgh spanned 16 non-consecutive years, holding the position of defensive coordinator for 13 years. LeBeau helped the Steelers make four Super Bowl appearances as their defensive coordinator, winning Super Bowl XL and Super Bowl XLIII during his second stint. After leaving the Steelers for the second time in 2014, LeBeau served as the defensive coordinator and assistant head coach of the Tennessee Titans until 2017. He was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player in 2010.

College
LeBeau attended Ohio State University playing for famed coach Woody Hayes, and was on the 1957 national championship team, playing as a halfback on offense and a cornerback on defense. Also in 1957, playing both sides of the ball, he scored two touchdowns as Ohio State came back to beat Michigan 31–14.

NFL
LeBeau was selected in the fifth round in 1959 by the Cleveland Browns, but was cut in training camp. A few months later, he was signed by the Detroit Lions. He played 14 seasons in Detroit and was teamed with Hall of Famers Dick "Night Train" Lane, Yale Lary, and Lem Barney as part of a Detroit secondary that was one of the most feared in the NFL. Johnny Unitas always had respect for him, stating, "Dick is a good corner. I am just glad Night Train Lane is gone.

LeBeau is widely considered to be one of the greatest defensive backs in Lions history. He recorded 62 interceptions for 762 yards and four touchdowns. His 62 interceptions are still a Lions franchise record, and he is tied for seventh all-time in NFL history. His 762 interception return yards rank third all-time in team history.

LeBeau was also one of the most durable players in the league. In 14 years, he played 185 games, placing him fourth on Detroit's all-time list. He is third all-time for most seasons played (14) and previously held the NFL record for consecutive appearances by a cornerback with 171, which has since been broken by Ronde Barber. LeBeau also recovered nine fumbles, returning them for 53 yards and a touchdown.

During his career, LeBeau was named to three consecutive Pro Bowls (1964–1966). In 1970, he established a career-high nine interceptions (tied for sixth on the team's all-time single-season interceptions list). LeBeau was a major defensive contributor to the Lions finishing with a 10–4 record that season. The Lions finished second in the NFC Central and earned a berth in the playoffs.

In 2010, LeBeau was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame along with running back Floyd Little.

LeBeau was honored by the Lions and inducted into the Pride of the Lions in 2010.

Early jobs
After retirement as a player, LeBeau immediately went into coaching with the Philadelphia Eagles as a special teams coach under coach Mike McCormack, spending three seasons in Philadelphia. In 1976, LeBeau coached the secondary for the Green Bay Packers under Pro Football Hall of Fame QB Bart Starr. In his first season, Willie Buchanon, Johnnie Gray, Steve Luke, and Perry Smith combined for 10 interceptions. In 1977, Mike C. McCoy replaced Smith, and that quartet combined for 11 interceptions. In 1979, Estus Hood replaced Buchanan, and the secondary combined for another 11 interceptions.

Cincinnati Bengals
In 1980, LeBeau became the Cincinnati Bengals' secondary coach; in that season, his starting secondary intercepted seven passes.

In 1981, Cincinnati had an outstanding defense that had not given up more than 30 points in any of their regular season or playoff games. Their line was anchored by defensive ends Ross Browner and Eddie Edwards, who were effective at stopping the run. Cincinnati's defense was also led by defensive backs Louis Breeden and Ken Riley and linebackers Bo Harris, Jim LeClair, and Reggie Williams, who intercepted four passes and recovered three fumbles. The Bengals intercepted 19 passes for 318 yards and also recorded 41 total sacks. The Bengals played in their first AFC Championship Game, defeating San Diego 27–7, limiting the Chargers' offense to only 7 points. In Super Bowl XVI, the Bengals trailed 20–0 at halftime and lost to San Francisco, 26–21.

In 1984, LeBeau was promoted to be the Bengals' defensive coordinator. His defenses rarely allowed more than 30 points in a game to an opponent. In 1984, his first season as defensive coordinator, the Bengals dropped from the top-ranked defense in 1983 (when they were coordinated by Hank Bullough) to 13th, allowing 339 points all season. In 1985, they dropped from 13th to 22nd. In 1986, points allowed were cut to 394 and the team finished with the 20th-ranked defense in the NFL. In 1987, they cut the points allowed to 370.

In 1988, the Bengals defense ranked 17th in the league, allowing 5,556 yards and 329 points during the regular season. Cincinnati had a superb defensive line, led by pro bowl defensive tackle Tim Krumrie, along with linemen Jim Skow ($9 1/2$ sacks), David Grant (five sacks), and Jason Buck (six sacks). Pro Bowl defensive backs Eric Thomas and David Fulcher combined for 12 interceptions. The team won the AFC Central Division with a 12–4 record but lost Super Bowl XXIII to the San Francisco 49ers for the second time in franchise history. The following season, 1989, the Bengals defense was 15th in the NFL, an improvement of two spots and was in the top half of NFL defenses due to LeBeau's scheme. In 1990 and 1991 the Bengals' defense ranked 25th and 28th respectively, out of 28 teams, and the team made a change in defensive coordinators.

Pittsburgh Steelers
LeBeau was hired by the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1992 as the secondary coach. In 1994, four defensive players were called to play in the 1995 Pro Bowl (Kevin Greene, Carnell Lake, Greg Lloyd and Rod Woodson). As a secondary coach LeBeau strongly influenced Lake and Woodson.

In 1995, LeBeau was promoted to be the defensive coordinator and the 1995 Pittsburgh defense ranked third in the league in total yards allowed after they had finished as the second-ranked defense in 1994 in that same category, so the drop off was minimal with LeBeau at the helm. They did allow 327 points in 1995 as opposed to 234 the year before when the Steelers defense was coordinated by Dom Capers, but they got to the Super Bowl in 1995 with a much-improved offense. Pro Bowl linebacker Kevin Greene led the team in sacks with nine, while Pro Bowl linebacker Greg Lloyd led the team in tackles with 86. The secondary was led by Pro Bowl defensive backs Carnell Lake and Hall of Famer Rod Woodson. The Steelers lost to the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXX, making it the third Super Bowl loss for him.

Cincinnati Bengals (second stint)
In 1997, LeBeau returned to the Bengals as defensive coordinator. The defense was ranked 25th in 1996, and in his first year back they dropped to 28th and allowed just over 400 points. In 1998 they remained 28th in the NFL (of 30 teams) and allowed 452 points. In 1999 the zone blitz scheme began to take hold and although the Bengals defense allowed 460 points, they improved to 25th in the NFL (out of 31 teams).

Head coach
LeBeau was named interim head coach for the Bengals in 2000 following head coach Bruce Coslet's resignation during the 2000 season. Following the season, he was named permanent head coach.

Despite LeBeau's considerable defensive coaching talent, his offenses were not nearly as successful as head coach, and his teams finished 4–9, 6–10, and 2–14, respectively, in his three seasons. LeBeau's overall record as a head coach was 12–33. He was fired after the 2002 season.

Buffalo Bills
Shortly after being fired by the Bengals, LeBeau was named the Buffalo Bills's assistant head coach.

Pittsburgh Steelers (second stint)
LeBeau returned to the Steelers in 2004 as their defensive coordinator. He was the Steelers defensive coordinator until 2014. During this time frame, LeBeau helped lead the Steelers to three Super Bowl appearances, winning two. He was named "Coordinator of the year" by the Sporting News for the 2008 season. On January 10, 2015, LeBeau resigned as defensive coordinator of the Steelers.

Tennessee Titans
A month after resigning from the Steelers, LeBeau was hired as the assistant head coach and defensive coordinator of the Tennessee Titans.

On January 20, 2016, LeBeau was officially named assistant head coach/defensive coordinator of the Titans after the departure of Ray Horton to the Cleveland Browns. Said LeBeau, "I like Tennessee a lot. I really love being here." On January 22, 2018, it was reported that LeBeau was considering retirement after not being retained after head coach Mike Mularkey and the Tennessee Titans agreed to part ways and Houston Texans defensive coordinator Mike Vrabel was hired as the new head coach. Although LeBeau was open to returning to the Titans under Vrabel, the Titans decided to not invite him to be part of their new coaching staff.

Legacy, defensive strategy
Dick LeBeau is arguably the best ever to coach defense. … He has done it on such a consistent basis over a long period of time.

It was a thought process kind of born out of necessity. It was basically an outcropping of the run-and-shoot [offense] that was becoming pretty prevalent in the league back then. We were in the same division as Houston, and they were tremendous at it with Moon and Co. Then the West Coast offense was spreading throughout the league. Those were all quick-rhythm, get-the-ball-out-of-your-hands-and-cut-up-the-defense types of passing games. We were just looking for ways to get pressure without exposing our defensive backs to have to cover the whole field all of the time.

As an assistant coach, LeBeau is credited with inventing the "Fire Zone" or "zone blitz" defense, which employs unpredictable pass rushes and pass coverage from various players. His defenses typically employ 3–4 sets, with any of the four linebackers (and frequently a defensive back) among the pass rushers, while defensive linemen may drop back into short pass coverage zones to compensate for the pass rush coming from other positions. The design is intended to confuse the opposition's quarterback and frustrate its blocking schemes. Since zone blitzes don't identify any of the prospective rushers, the offense may be unsure on each play of which defenders will rush the passer and which will drop into coverage. While often described as a "blitzing" scheme (implying more than the typical number of four pass-rushers used by most defenses), the call on any particular "zone blitz" play may involve only three or four pass rushers but from unpredictable positions and angles.

LeBeau is beloved among his players, many of whom refer to him as "Coach Dad." Steelers players have given him many gifts, including a Rolex watch.

Head coaching record

 * Interim head coach

Personal life
LeBeau has four children with his first wife, Phyllis Geer LeBeau, who died from cancer in 2002: Richard Jr., Linda, Lori, and Fe. He has been married to his current wife, Nancy, since 1973 and they have a son together, Brandon.

LeBeau acted in the 1970 film Too Late the Hero, where he played Michael Caine's double in a scene. LeBeau is said to regularly recite A Visit from St. Nicholas by heart to his players every Christmas season. LeBeau credits his London High School coach, Jim Bowlus, with influencing him to take up coaching after his playing years ended. LeBeau says seeing the effect that Coach Bowlus had on him and his teammates clinched it for him at that point.

LeBeau attended the American Legion Ohio Buckeye Boys State program in 1954 as a delegate. On June 10, 2019, he was inducted into the Buckeye Boys State Hall of Fame.

title: Dick LeBeau


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Belgian Third Division

The Belgian Third Division (Derde klasse, Division III) was the third highest level in Belgian football. It had two leagues of 18 teams each (A and B) at the same level. This competition, originally known as the Belgian Promotion (Bevordering) was first played in the 1926-27 season with three leagues, then with four leagues between 1931 and 1952. From 1952 on, only two leagues remained and the competition was named the Third Division. Originally set to 16 clubs, the number of clubs in each division was increased in 2009 to 18 clubs. At the end of the regular season, both league winners promoted to the second division and a play-off was played to determine a possible third club to promote. The champion of the third division was determined after a two-legged match between the winners of the two leagues. If those matches ended in a draw, a third match was played on a neutral ground. However, in recent years this final game was not organised anymore due to lack of interest. In 2016, the Belgian Third Division was replaced by the Belgian Second Amateur Division.

Competition
The competition consisted of the regular season (two leagues of 18 teams, 34 matchdays each) followed by the third division play-off (7 teams, 3 matchdays). Each team played 34 matches during the regular season (from August till May). The regular season was divided in 3 periods with the first period consisting of the first 10 match days, the second period consisting of the next 12 match days and the third period consisting of the final 12 match days. For each period in each league, a ranking was computed in the same way as the overall league rankings (three points for a win, one point for a draw and no point for a loss). In each league, the winner of the regular season promoted to the second division and the two worst-placed teams (17th and 18th) were relegated to the Belgian Fourth Division. The 16th placed teams had to play the Promotion play-off with teams from Promotion (see Fourth Division playoff).

The three period winners in each league qualified for the third division play-off along with the 16th-placed team in the second division. If the league winner also won one or more periods or that a period winner won more than one period, finished in the last three places or had not received a second division license, the best-placed teams in the league overall ranking qualified for the play-off so that 3 teams in each league qualified. The playoff was played in three rounds. In the first round, the 6 qualifiers from the third division ware drawn in three matches played in two legs. The winners of the first round and the 16th-placed team from the second division entered the second round (2 matches played in two legs). The final round was also played in two legs. The winner qualified for the second division. In each round, the away goals rule was used to declare the winner in case of aggregate tie score. If each team had scored the same number of away goals, the teams played extra time of two 15-minutes periods. If there was still a tie, the away goals rule was applied once again. Finally, the matches went to penalties.

As a part of changes in the Belgian league system that were implemented in 2016, when the third division was rebranded as Second Amateur Division, the 2015–16 season had 37 teams (one division has 19 and the other, 18) and the division contracted to 16 teams. The three-period rankings and promotion playoff between third and fourth tier teams were scrapped. The 7th to 17th (or 18th) placers in each group remained in the division, which is called Belgian Second Amateur Division and now lies at the fourth level of the Belgian football pyramid, while the last placers relegated to the new fifth level called Belgian Third Amateur Division.

From the 2016–17 season onwards, the Belgian First Amateur Division is made up of nine teams relegated from the 2015–16 Belgian Second Division, the 2015–16 champion and runner-up of each Third Division group, and three winners of a qualifying playoff contested by 3rd to 6th ranked teams. These teams must meet technical and administrative criteria.

Naming

 * 1926-1952: Promotion
 * 1952–2016: Third Division

Past play-off winners
The final games of the third division play-off are listed here:
 * 1994: V.V. Overpelt Fabriek beat R. Cappellen F.C.
 * 1995: K.V. Turnhout beat K. Tesamen Hogerop Diest (2-0)
 * 1996: F.C. Denderleeuw beat R. Union Saint-Gilloise (4-1)
 * 1997: K. Sint-Niklase S.K.E. beat K.F.C. Strombeek
 * 1998: R.C.S. Visétois beat K.S.V. Ingelmunster (2-1)
 * 1999: K.M.S.K. Deinze beat Eendracht Hekelgem (3-0)
 * 2000: K. Heusden-Zolder beat K.V. Kortrijk (4-1)
 * 2001: K.V. Kortrijk beat R.C.S. Visétois (2-1)
 * 2002: K.F.C. Vigor Wuitens Hamme beat K.V. Oostende (4-1)
 * 2003: V.C. Eendracht Aalst 2002 beat Oud-Heverlee Leuven (1-1 after extra-time, 8-7 after penalty shootout)
 * 2004: K.V. Kortrijk beat K.V. Turnhout
 * 2005: Oud-Heverlee Leuven beat C.S. Visé (4-2 after extra-time)
 * 2006: Racing Waregem beat R.O.C. de Charleroi-Marchienne (1-0)
 * 2007: K.F.C. Verbroedering Geel beat U.R. Namur (3-0 aggregate score)
 * 2008: U.R. Namur beat C.S. Visé (0-0 aggregate score, 6-5 after penalty shootout)
 * 2009: Royal Boussu Dour Borinage beat K.V. Woluwe-Zaventem (5-1 aggregate score)
 * 2010: K. Rupel Boom F.C. beat UR La Louvière Centre (5-4 aggregate score)
 * 2011: Sportkring Sint-Niklaas beat K.V. Woluwe-Zaventem (2-1 aggregate score)
 * 2012: K.S.V. Oudenaarde beat UR La Louvière Centre (1-1 aggregate score, 5-4 penalty shootout)
 * 2013: AS Verbroedering Geel beat K.R.C. Mechelen (4-1 aggregate score)
 * 2014: K. Patro Eisden Maasmechelen beat Royale Union Saint-Gilloise (3-2 aggregate score)
 * 2015: Not played. K.M.S.K. Deinze promoted (KS Kermt-Hasselt and FCV Dender EH were denied licenses).
 * 2016: Play-off abolished.

title: Belgian Third Division


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Hopf link

In mathematical knot theory, the Hopf link is the simplest nontrivial link with more than one component. It consists of two circles linked together exactly once, and is named after Heinz Hopf.

Geometric realization
A concrete model consists of two unit circles in perpendicular planes, each passing through the center of the other. This model minimizes the ropelength of the link and until 2002 the Hopf link was the only link whose ropelength was known. The convex hull of these two circles forms a shape called an oloid.

Properties
Depending on the relative orientations of the two components the linking number of the Hopf link is ±1.

The Hopf link is a (2,2)-torus link with the braid word
 * $$\sigma_1^2.\,$$

The knot complement of the Hopf link is R × S1 × S1, the cylinder over a torus. This space has a locally Euclidean geometry, so the Hopf link is not a hyperbolic link. The knot group of the Hopf link (the fundamental group of its complement) is Z2 (the free abelian group on two generators), distinguishing it from an unlinked pair of loops which has the free group on two generators as its group.

The Hopf-link is not tricolorable: it is not possible to color the strands of its diagram with three colors, so that at least two of the colors are used and so that every crossing has one or three colors present. Each link has only one strand, and if both strands are given the same color then only one color is used, while if they are given different colors then the crossings will have two colors present.

Hopf bundle
The Hopf fibration is a continuous function from the 3-sphere (a three-dimensional surface in four-dimensional Euclidean space) into the more familiar 2-sphere, with the property that the inverse image of each point on the 2-sphere is a circle. Thus, these images decompose the 3-sphere into a continuous family of circles, and each two distinct circles form a Hopf link. This was Hopf's motivation for studying the Hopf link: because each two fibers are linked, the Hopf fibration is a nontrivial fibration. This example began the study of homotopy groups of spheres.

Biology
The Hopf link is also present in some proteins. It consists of two covalent loops, formed by pieces of protein backbone, closed with disulfide bonds. The Hopf link topology is highly conserved in proteins and adds to their stability.

History
The Hopf link is named after topologist Heinz Hopf, who considered it in 1931 as part of his research on the Hopf fibration. However, in mathematics, it was known to Carl Friedrich Gauss before the work of Hopf. It has also long been used outside mathematics, for instance as the crest of Buzan-ha, a Japanese Buddhist sect founded in the 16th century.

title: Hopf link


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Douglas Fraser

Douglas Andrew Fraser (December 18, 1916 – February 23, 2008) was a Scottish–American union leader. He was president of the United Auto Workers from 1977 to 1983 and an adjunct professor of labor relations at Wayne State University for many years.

He is best remembered for helping to save Chrysler from bankruptcy in 1979 by heavily lobbying the US Congress for a loan and convincing workers to make concessions. He received the Walter P. Reuther Humanitarian Award from Wayne State University in 2006.

Early life
Fraser was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on December 18, 1916. His father, Samuel, was an electrician and an active and vocal trade unionist. The family was so poor that his father, who worked at a brewery, would sometimes fuel the family stove with stolen whiskey.

Samuel Fraser moved to Detroit, Michigan, while his son was still a young boy, in 1922. Samuel, his mother, Douglas, his sister, and his brother sailed to New York City aboard the SS Cameronia (1919) and were inspected at Ellis Island on April 23, 1923. They travelled to their new home in Detroit by train.

Douglas was deeply influenced by the Great Depression. His father was out of work for long periods, and he admitted that the poverty and social disorder that he witnessed changed his life.

He dropped out of high school when he was 18, worked in a machine shop, and took several jobs in the automobile industry.

Early union career
Fraser eventually found work as a metal finisher in one of Chrysler's DeSoto factories, where he became active in the union in 1936. He was twice fired for his union beliefs and activities and participated sitdown strikes at Chrysler.

Fraser was elected president of UAW Local 227 in 1943, and served in the US Army during World War II.

After the war, Fraser quickly rose through the ranks in the UAW. He was appointed an international representative in 1947. During a difficult 104-day strike at Chrysler in 1950, he deeply impressed UAW staff with his negotiating skills. He joined the personal staff of UAW President Walter Reuther in 1951, where he was a personal administrative assistant to Reuther.

In 1959, he was elected co-director of UAW Region 1A, and a member-at-large of the international UAW board of directors in 1962. Reuther soon thereafter appointed him director of the UAW's Chrysler, Skilled Trades, and Technical, Office and Professional Departments. He was elected a vice-president of the international union in 1970.

As a key member of Reuther's staff, Fraser was involved in a number of successful collective bargaining agreements, early retirement program in 1964, and wage parity for both US and Canadian members in 1967. Reuther died in a plane crash during the 1970 contract talks, leading many to speculate that Fraser might be tapped to lead the union. However, after a deeply-divided vote of the UAW executive council voted 13-to-12 against him, Fraser withdrew his name, and Leonard Woodcock became union president.

Fraser led a nine-day strike against Chrysler that began on September 14, 1973, the first against the automaker in decades. The collective bargaining agreement hammered out five days later and ratified on September 23 contained restrictions on mandatory overtime, a comprehensive health-and-safety program, significant improvement to the early retirement plan, and a new dental care benefit. A new streamlined arbitration process was also negotiated, which reduced the time for resolving grievances.

UAW presidency
Fraser was president of the UAW from 1977 to 1983. He was elected president after Woodcock had reached the mandatory retirement age of 65, according to the UAW constitution.

He is best known for his role in negotiating a greater voice for the union in corporate governance with Chrysler during the company's 1979 bankruptcy crisis and subsequent government-sponsored loan. Fraser mobilized UAW members and heavily lobbied Congress in a move that proved critical to convincing the government to provide $1.2 billion in federally-guaranteed loans, which enabled Chrysler to avoid bankruptcy. He used Reuther's "equality of sacrifice" formula to convince UAW members that major concessions were needed to save the company. Fraser then negotiated wage cuts of $3 an hour and waived restrictions on layoffs, which allowed Chrysler to shed nearly 50,000 jobs, about half its workforce. In an unprecedented move, Chrysler Corporation named Fraser to its board of directors, on which he served from 1980 to 1984.

He had pressed for automobile manufacturers to put UAW members on their boards in 1976. He was the first labor leader to sit on the board of directors of an important American company.

Fraser negotiated another round of concessionary contracts in 1982. The early 1980s recession hit the Ford Motor Company particularly hard. To help save the company, Fraser negotiated significant wage and benefit cuts. The same wage concessions were given to General Motors, as Fraser sought to keep wages uniform across the industry to avoid giving one company a cost advantage over another.

Some deeply criticized Fraser's 1979 negotiations, however. They argued that the Chrysler agreement set off a wave of concessionary bargaining among automobile manufacturers that then spread into steel, mining, trucking, meatpacking, airlines and rubber. They also claim that a thirty-year truce between labor and management broke down after 1979, leading automobile manufacturers to abandon pattern bargaining and seek an end to job protections and cost-of-living increases.

Social activism
Fraser was active in politics his entire life. A Democrat, he was an unabashed liberal.

Socially progressive, he was a vocal supporter of the Civil Rights Movement. He defied most UAW in his strong support of desegregation busing in public schools. Despite resistance from both staff and members, he began initiatives within the UAW and the auto industry to recruit more minorities and women. He also pushed for national health insurance.

Retirement
Fraser retired as UAW president in 1983. He was an adjunct professor at Wayne State University for many years, teaching labor relations and labor history. A major research and study center, the Douglas A. Fraser Center for Workplace Issues, was named after him.

Fraser received The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence for his significant contributions to life in America.

Death
Douglas Fraser died on February 23, 2008, of complications from emphysema at Providence Hospital in Southfield, Michigan.

Archival collections
His life and professional career is documented in historical materials housed within the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University. His time as UAW president and vice-president and as university professor are chronicled in individual collections. The archival materials include personal correspondence, administrative memoranda, photographs, and other record types. Researchers are encouraged to find the collections at the Walter P. Reuther Library website.

Quotes

 * "The Chrysler workers saved the Chrysler Corporation."
 * "Size alone I don't think is the only measurement for a labor union. It's vitality. Your resources are more limited, but it's how you spend those resources. If you spend them on communications and organization and political activity, you can be a very viable force with a much smaller number than we had in the past."
 * "I believe leaders of the business community, with few exceptions, have chosen to wage a one-sided class war today in our country—a war against working people, the unemployed, the poor, the minorities, the very young and the very old, and even many in the middle class of our society."
 * "I would rather sit with the rural poor, the desperate children of urban blight, the victims of racism, and working people seeking a better life than with those whose religion is the status quo, whose goal is profit and whose hearts are cold."
 * "That’s not an adequate answer. ... Business is about making money, but labor leaders are supposed to be about helping workers." (in response to AFL-CIO President John Sweeney's assertion: "There is no more corruption in unions than there is in business or in Congress.")

title: Douglas Fraser


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3kStatic

3kStatic is an electronica music group founded in 1998, consisting of Dean Capone, Jeremy Dickens, Justin Katz.

Releases
In 2004, they released the album Perversion: for Profit; using audio sampled from the 1965 propaganda film Perversion for Profit. The group's work was featured on the soundtrack of the new season of MTV's Real World. The band's subsequent release The Great Republic was released in 2005, and distributed by Cargo Records (Germany).

The band's 2006 album release, Where's Our Piece of the Groovy World, and 2007 effort Voodoo Science were entry candidates (Best Electronic/Dance Album) for the 50th and 51st GRAMMY Awards, respectively. Both albums included collaborations with artists outside the electronic music genre. In February 2009, Sony Creative Software released the 3kStatic album Evolver and the companion sound library Evolver; Distinctive Electronica, the first Sony release of an original album and sound library.

On August 28, 2009, the 3kStatic track 'Projected Tones' entered the National Dance Chart(Canada) at #12 (#16 overall). The single 'Ma-Ma-Ma Belle', a reworking of the Electric Light Orchestra song recorded with Orchestra/ELO and Parthenon Huxley was released the same year.

The Kevin Max album 'Cotes d' Armor (True Rebels)' was released on August 24, 2010. Produced by 3kStatic in association with Kevin Max, the album also features guest performances and contributions from Graham Crabb, Adrian Belew, Tedd T., Lynn Nichols and others.

A new EP 'Apokrifa Digital was officially released on November 16, 2010. 'Black Body Radiator', released on the same day, while the band's remix of the KMFDM track 'Godlike 2010' was released September 14.

The album The Society of the Spectacle was released in 2012, with Theme From Cultural Unwind, released as a free download. The music of 3kStatic also appears in the 2010 theatrical release of the films Crackhead Jesus, Townies and others.

The 3kStatic 'Suburban Secrets Remix' single 'Little Mighty Rabbit' by band Lords Of Acid was released September 27, 2011 by Metropolis Records. Additional commissioned 3kStatic remixes include work for Chris Vrenna, Billie Ray Martin and many others.

The collective's album The New Truth was released April 2015, with Capone now the sole continuing member since 2014.

An expanded version of The New Truth, including previously unreleased archival tracks, was released June 2015.

The album Active Measures was released December 2, 2016, and included the single 'No Better Than The Bad'.

Released October 20, 2017, the album Deform Over Dysfunction included ten new tracks, with the compact disc version also including additional audio material.

The album Idol Pleasures was released December 6, 2019 on digital, disc and vinyl formats, with the lead single 'Lust For Conquest' released in advance to DJ promotional pools.

A follow-up EP, Hypnotic Response, was released March 6, 2020, with an additional single Writing on the Wall released June 26, 2020.

The collaborative album Radio Teknika with Kevin Max was released July 3, 2020 on disc, digital and visual album formats.

The album Babalon Working was released on disc, digital and vinyl January 15, 2021. The album includes contributions on the track Magazine Trash by former Public Image Ltd. and Department S bassist Pete Jones.

The album Gunrubber was released on disc, digital, vinyl and cassette January 28, 2022. The album featured an instrumental version of the Cabaret Voltaire single I Want You.

title: 3kStatic


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Pro Patria Union

The Pro Patria Union (Isamaaliit, meaning literally Fatherland Union) was a national-conservative political party in Estonia. The party was founded on 2 December 1995 from a merger of the Estonian National Independence Party and the Pro Patria National Coalition.

On 4 April 2006, representatives of the Pro Patria Union and the representatives of Res Publica decided to merge the two parties. The merger was approved by the general assemblies of both parties in Pärnu on 4 June 2006. Although originally the name For Estonia (Eesti Eest) was considered for the united party, it was rejected. New party was officially registered on 15 October 2006 under the name Pro Patria and Res Publica Union.

According to party statements, the programme was based on Christian democracy and nationalism. Together with its predecessors the Pro Patria Union was the main force behind the economic and legal reforms in the Republic of Estonia at the beginning of the 1990s.

A party of an identical name existed before the Second World War.

In government and opposition
Mart Laar, a historian, former Chairman of the National Alliance "Pro Patria" and Prime Minister of Estonia from 1992 to 1994 was elected the new Chairman of the party on 24 October 1998.

The party was successful on the parliamentary elections of 1999, receiving 18 seats. Its leader Mart Laar became Prime Minister again. His coalition government was in office till 28 January 2002.

The Pro Patria Union was a member of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats (EPP-ED). The party had one seat in the European Parliament, held by Tunne Kelam, the Chairman of the Pro Patria Union from 7 December 2002 to 16 April 2005.

In the 2003 parliamentary elections, they won seven seats in Riigikogu; as such, they joined the opposition. Tõnis Lukas was elected chairman of the party on 16 April 2005. Historian and archivist Aimar Altosaar was re-elected Secretary General in 2005, having served in the same position from 1996 to 1999.

The party had an official newspaper called "Tribüün" (The Tribune). It was established in 2001.

For the local elections in autumn 2005, the Pro Patria Union signed a cooperation agreement with two minor parties: Union of Farmers (Põllumeeste Kogu) on 6 July 2005 and with Estonian Democratic Party (Eesti Demokraatlik Partei) on 12 July 2005. The local elections on 16 October 2005 showed a growing support for the party. The presence of the Pro Patria Union grew from no seats to seven in Tallinn City Council and remained the same (nine seats) in Tartu City Council.

In April 2006, former party leader and twice PM Mart Laar was awarded the Friedman Prize for Liberty.

title: Pro Patria Union


text:
Pastoral lease

A pastoral lease, sometimes called a pastoral run, is an arrangement used in both Australia and New Zealand where government-owned Crown land is leased out to graziers for the purpose of livestock grazing on rangelands.

Historical background
In the Australian states and territories, leases constitute a land apportionment system created in the mid-19th century to facilitate the orderly division and sale of land to European colonists. Legislation ensured that certain Aboriginal rights were embodied in pastoral leases. However, according to historian Henry Reynolds, several colonial leaders ran roughshod over these rights, including Sir John Downer (when the Northern Territory was governed by the colonial government of South Australia); Sir John Forrest in the colony of Western Australia; and Sir Samuel Griffith in Queensland.

Today
Pastoral leases exist in both Australian commonwealth law and state jurisdictions. They do not give all the rights that attach to freehold land: there are usually conditions which include a time period and the type of activity permitted. According to Austrade, such leases cover about 44% of mainland Australia (3380000 km2), mostly in arid and semi-arid regions and the tropical savannahs. They usually allow people to use the land for grazing traditional livestock, but more recently have been also used for non-traditional livestock (such as kangaroos or camels), tourism and other activities. Management of the leases falls mainly to state and territory governments. Leases within state jurisdictions have variations as to applicability from state to state.

Under Commonwealth of Australia law, applicable only in the Northern Territory, they are agreements that allow for the use of Crown land by farmers.

Native title can co-exist with pastoral leases, and Indigenous land use agreements may be made between the leaseholder and the affected native title group.

Relevant legislation and management
Australian jurisdictions have land management legislation that affects the administration of pastoral leases. the legislation and management arrangements are as follows:

 * New South Wales - Western Lands Act 1901
 * Northern Territory – Pastoral Land Act 1992 and Crown Lands Act 1992
 * Queensland – Land Act 1994
 * South Australia –  Pastoral Land Management and Conservation Act 1989 (323 pastoral leases, covering more than 40 per cent of the state)
 * Western Australia – Land Administration Act 1997

New Zealand
The statutory provisions of pastoral leases are covered by the New Zealand Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998 and the Land Act 1948. The holder of the lease has:

 * the exclusive right of pasturage
 * a perpetual right of renewal of the lease for terms of 33 years
 * no right to the soil, and
 * no right to acquire the fee simple of any of the land.

title: Pastoral lease


text:
Kodok

Kodok or Kothok (كودوك), formerly known as Fashoda, is a town in the Fashoda County of Upper Nile State, in the Greater Upper Nile region of South Sudan. Kodok is the capital of Shilluk country, formally known as the Shilluk Kingdom. Shilluk had been an independent kingdom for more than sixteen centuries. Fashoda is best known as the place where the British and French nearly went to war in 1898 in the Fashoda Incident.

According to Shilluk belief, religion, tradition and constitution, Kodok serves as the mediating city for the Shilluk King. It is a place where ceremonies and the coronation of each new Shilluk King takes place. For over 500 years, Kodok was kept hidden and acted as a forbidden city for the Shilluk King, but as modern educations and traditions emerge, Kodok is now known to the outside world. Kodok is believed to be a place where the spirit of Juok (God), the spirit of Nyikango (the founder of Shilluk Kingdom and the spiritual leader of Shilluk religion), the spirit of the deceased Shilluk kings and the spirit of the living Shilluk King come to mediate for the Kingdom of Shilluk's spiritual healing. Kodok is preserved as a quiet place for the spirit of God, where the sounds and speeches of God (Juok) can be heard and received by the King, leaders, and elders. For the Shilluk, Kodok is a city of mediation and peace.

History

An Egyptian military post was established at Fashoda in 1865. It was then a trading station of some importance, including a slave trade. Between 1883 and 1884 the place fell into the hands of the Mahdists. However, historically Fashoda is chiefly known for being the site of the 1898 Fashoda Incident between the United Kingdom and France. The British were attempting to create a solid block of influence from southern Africa through East Africa to Egypt, which was already under British control. Meanwhile, the French were attempting to expand from West Africa along the southern border of the Sahara Desert in order to control all of the trade through the Sahel. The intersection of these lines of intended control passed through Kodok, and a standoff between armed expeditionary forces led the two countries to the brink of war. The outcome in Britain's favour contributed to the stabilisation of colonial claims and the eventual end of the "Scramble for Africa". The incident gave rise to what is known as the "Fashoda syndrome" in French foreign policy. In 1904, the development of the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale prompted the British to change the town's name to Kodok (Kothok) in the hope of obliterating the memory of the incident.

The Evangelical Church Mission Society (CMS) was assigned in 1898 by the British colonial administration to Kodok awarded to the missionary, after they had been denied the location of Khartoum. The Catholic Verona Fathers were also given the area west of the Nile and the Presbyterian Church (USA) the east to the Ethiopian border. From 1900, the missionaries were in low numbers and encountered territorial disputes, but in the 1920s, complaints were made by the CMS about the expansion of the Catholics on their territory. In January 1933, a Catholic Mission was established in Kodok and since 1974 has been classified under the Diocese of Malakal. From the 1930s, Kodok was also a centre of the Presbyterians, so Kodok has a major Christian influence.

In 1955, the population of Kodok was about 9,100. During the First Sudanese Civil War in 1964, during the reign of Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub, Kodok was the scene of a massacre by the military in Khartoum. Similar massacres in 1964 and 1965 also took place in other cities in southern Sudan.

In the 1990s, Kodok suffered a serious famine and saw many charities brought to the region, especially Operation Lifeline Sudan. In 2004 and 2005, at the end of the Second Sudanese Civil War, many refugees returned but the security situation in 2004 was still very critical.

Today the inhabitants of Kodok are mainly involved in subsistence farming and grow as a staple of their diet millet and rear cattle. From the mid-1990s they began marketing gum arabic, obtained from Acacia seyal and sold to Arab traders from the north. There are also ongoing local disputes in the area between Kodok and the south of Malakal on the Nile for land rights and water distribution.

title: Kodok


text:
Colin Sell

Colin Sell (born 1 December 1948) is a British pianist who has appeared on the radio panel games Whose Line Is It Anyway? and I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. He has become famous mostly for his long service on the latter show, where he is frequently the butt of the host's jokes about the supposedly poor quality of his playing.

Personal life
Colin Sell was born in Purley, Surrey and grew up in Croydon, attending Trinity School. He gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in Spanish and Latin American Studies from the University of Bristol in 1971.

Career
Sell wrote music for the University of Bristol's revues in the early 1970s, leading to performances at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, where Simon Brett saw Sell perform and offered him the pianist position on I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. He also appeared with the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre TIE company in the early 1970s, which also included two other well-known names, Elizabeth Estensen and Clive Hornby, both long-standing members of the Emmerdale cast.

He became Head of Music at East 15 Acting School, Essex in 1998, and remained on staff until at least April 2015. Until 1998 he was Head of Music at Rose Bruford College, Sidcup, and was instrumental in the creation of the BA (Hons) Actor-Musician course there. He occasionally provides live musical accompaniment for The Comedy Store Players, a comedy improvisation group based in The Comedy Store, London.

He appeared in an episode of Foyle's War as a pianist, and composed the score for the 1984 BBC Television Shakespeare production of Shakespeare's The Life and Death of King John.

He has accompanied Barry Cryer and Willie Rushton in their stage show Two Old Farts in the Night. After the interval he played (and sang) a solo: "We are the Boys in the Band". In 2013 he appeared with Barry Cryer in Richmond, Yorkshire, as part of the Swaledale Festival, performing jazz and blues and songs of his own composition.

He has arranged and directed music for radio plays such as Born to be Wilde: An Ideal Husband in 2018.

title: Colin Sell


text:
Talk:Sacrum

Untitled
Can someone comment on the origin of the name sacrum? --Gabriel Beecham/Kwekubo 01:27, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Several related possibilities from a Google search for sacrum etymology: You want to incorporate this? -- Phyzome is Tim McCormack 01:42, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)
 * http://www.medfriendly.com/sacral.html
 * http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sacrum
 * http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/gynecology/etymology/etyutsaclig.htm

This post really needs to be cleaned up so a general audience (e.g., me, not medically trained) can read it. Any volunteers? --67.170.23.71 22:53, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Anatomy on Wikipedia is in a poor state. I've been away from gross anatomy for too many years to care enough for it. You can try WikiProject Preclinical Medicine JFW | T@lk  12:47, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Hope latest small revision helps a little Lxs602 23:12, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Simply cutting and pasting Grays (especially the free 1917 edition) seems stupid to me, and not really in the ilk of Wikipedia - this shold not be an encyclopedic entry as it contains anatomical description from the outset instead of starting "base-up"

Main problem is that it is Gray's - medical-based students use Gray's as a reference manual and not as a learning tool, mainly it's hard to read and digest : Moore and Daley's Clinically orientated anatomy is a popular choice.

Simply cutting and pasting Grays because it was free and in the public domain (especially the free 1917 edition) seems stupid to me, and not really in the ilk of Wikipedia.

Surely there must be enough anatomists around to tart it up to make it more Encyclopedic rather than shrouded in medical terminology to alienate a non-plussed up reader?

The anatomy pages here are one of the best things about Wikipedia! Instead of wading through pages of Moore and Dalley, for a quick answer you can search wikipedia, and Voila! ...there is a page with concise description and a picture.

Why "The sacrum (or sacrum) is..."? Is that a typo or is there something being indicated by the formatting?

This information is not necssarily true.

Variations
clicking the citations in this section brings you to a geocities page that no longer exists. --SCooley138 (talk) 00:03, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Too human-centric
The article starts off saying how the Sacrum is a part of vertebrate anatomy. But the entire article appears to be relevant only to human anatomy, for example it never once mentions a tail. Can someone with knowledge please expand the article beyond just human anatomy, and cover more of VERTEBRATE anatomy? Roidroid (talk) 11:08, 28 June 2011 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Sacral promontory

 * Needlessly fragments information
 * Would improve information on both articles to have it in a single place, where greater context, quantity and quality can be derived
 * Can be re-expanded at a later date (if necessary) LT910001 (talk) 04:03, 20 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Merged - April

Proposed merge with Sacral angle
Small stub can be readily merged into parent article. Will also assist readers by having content all in one place Tom (LT) (talk) 23:24, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

Name origin
The etymology section was kind of comically over-referenced, repeating the same dictionary footnotes at every turn, but at the same time failing to give references for the actual points under discussion. You don't need to give a dozen references confirming that the thing is called os sacrum, and that os means "bone". What you do need are references stating clearly who has been stating which hypothesis as to the name's origin, in what year. What we know is that Galen (2nd century) called it ἱερόν ὀστέον, and this was naturally rendered as os sacrum. Now there is the hypothesis that this is a "mistranslation", i.e. that it should have been translated os magnum or os forte or similar. What we want is a reference as to whose idea this was, and just who came up with explanations pertaining to animal sacrifice, or the idea that it was the "seat of the soul".

note, Hyrtl (1880) apparently claims that the German Kreuzbein ("cross bone", here interpreted as similar to "holy bone", I can only suppose due to the notion of the "holy cross"?) is unrelated to such religious meanings of "cross" and simply describes the sacrum as the most elevated point of the croup --dab (𒁳) 11:03, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Ala of sacrum
As above Tom (LT) (talk) 07:57, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Am always generally in favour of putting all relevant stubs together, and I note that you seem to have singled out the two larger stubs for merging and not mentioned the other one-liners...should these just be included and merged anyway?--Iztwoz (talk) 08:12, 19 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Support of course and suggest continuing the discussion we were having about this on the Wikiproject ;). --Tilifa Ocaufa (talk) 08:21, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Torsion
Is the torsion referred to, a spiral fracture ? --Iztwoz (talk) 18:28, 24 June 2015 (UTC)

Sacral canal
The canal should be explained. Currently there is a link to a sacral canal page, which is a just forward back to this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jason.Rafe.Miller (talk • contribs) 17:17, 24 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Hello Jason.Rafe.Miller, have removed the redundant link. The page was merged here in 2016 and is bolded in the Surfaces section - the remaining link was an oversight. That is all the information that was on the merged page. Thanks --Iztwoz (talk) 20:41, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

Osteopathy medicine?
I'm not sure that osteopathy can reasonably be described as medicine. As far as I can tell there are no metareviews that show any significant therapeutic effect and several that show none, for example, ,. Seems more like snake oil to me. Mcfantic (talk) 00:03, 28 October 2018 (UTC)mcfantic

Women’s sacrum image first and larger
Women outnumber men on earth and birth babies. Sacrum a huge part of that. Put woman’s sacrum first and choose larger image. I was on the page for actual info- not looking to complain. Thank you 2600:1700:B270:3740:BCFD:3429:10EC:AD78 (talk) 13:13, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sacrum


text:
User:Pehlakas

et:Kasutaja:Pehlakas

title: User:Pehlakas


text:
Talk:Rhamphorhynchus

Size?
Can someone confirm the size? 7 inches long with a 1 meter wing span (doesn't sound aerodynamic to me but that's just notoriously unreliable intuition)? RJFJR 06:31, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds about right to me, intuition is worse than unreliable when it come to aerodynamics :-). But I will check this - in any case, the different species of Rhamphorhynchus differed widely in wingspan, and the article should reflect this. John.Conway 17:49, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Also a horrible mix of archaic and metric measures! It needs to be updated to all metric - MPF 17:47, 25 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Most of the Rhamphorhynchus "species" is now considered to be diffrent growth stages of a single specie. Wingspan varied from 30 cm to above 1 m Fornadan (t) 18:46, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
 * 17,5 cm with a 1 m wingspan sounds very short for a creature with such a long tail. Most (if not all) reconstructions (the one in the article being an obvious example) depict Rhamphorhynchus with a tail about as long as one of its wings, meaning it would be approximately 60-75 cm long. Jerkov 14:58, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Picture
Can we find a picture (photo of fossil, artist conception of animal)? RJFJR 06:31, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Done, though a photo of one of the specimens with soft tissue preserved would be good. John.Conway 17:49, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Rhamphorhynchus (reptile)
I'm not happy with this designation. I think either Rhamphorhynchus (animal) or Rhamphorhynchus (pterosaur) would be more appropriate. I'm leaning towards Rhamphorhynchus (animal) because ICZN rules do not allow overlap overlap of names between animals, so it's not like there can be a Rhamphorhynchus (mammal), for example. If I don't get any counter arguments, I'm going to move it. John.Conway 17:49, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree with Rhamphorhynchus (animal). - MPF 17:47, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't this article be moved back to "Rhamphorhynchus (pterosaur)" for consistency? Other pterosaurs and dinosaurs that share names with plants or places say for example "Anhanguera (pterosaur)" and "Gastonia (dinosaur)". The article was moved from pterosaur to animal here FunkMonk (talk) 01:08, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * You bring up an interesting point, but I'm happy with whatever is chosen, provided it's not something really off-the-wall that requires an understanding of classification in order to pick the correct article. Nichollsia was easy for me to separate, since one was a crustacean and the other a plesiosaur.  But they were both animals, so the distinction was necessary. Bob the Wikipedian (talk • contribs) 01:43, 10 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I was thinking this too, especially since the other Rhamphorhynchus is at (orchid) not (plant). Dinoguy2 (talk) 02:39, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Status of German Rhamphorhynchus
Bennett (1995) demonstrated that all German specimens of Rhamphorhynchus represent one species, Rhamphorhynchus muensteri.R. intermedius, R. longiceps, R. longicaudus, and R. gemmingi are synonyms of R. muensteri. The only other valid species of Rhamporhynchus are R. jessoni from the UK and R. tendagurensis from Tanzania.

Bennett, S. C., 1995. A statistical study of Rhamphorhynchus from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: Year-classes of a single large species. Journal of Paleontology, 69:569-580.

Ornithocephalus longicaudatus, Pterodactylus longicaudatus, and Rhamphorhynchus longicaudatus are actually spelling errors for Rhamphorhynchus longicaudus (= Rhamphorhynchus muensteri) (http://dml.cmnh.org/2001Nov/msg00612.html).

I doubt that Pterodactylus grandis and Pterodactylus giganteus are referrable to Rhamphorhynchus because they are nomina dubia. Did Bennett (1995) regard these as synonymous with R. muensteri? I think they're probably Pterodactylus species instead.

Ornithopterus lavateri (von Meyer, 1838) [originally Pterodactylus] may turn out be a distinct genus of rhamphorhynchoid, because it is considered a nomen dubium. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.194.116.63 (talk) 18:50, 29 December 2006 (UTC).
 * Unwin 2006 only lists 2 species and R. 'longiceps', so I'll remove the other synonyms. Dinoguy2 21:05, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Too many images?
There's a sheer amount of images in this article, and the article itself is too short for all of these images. Some of these are likely unnecessary life restorations since there are already a few of them. So perhaps we could remove a few of these images? Jurassic Classic 767 (talk | contribs) 21:08, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah, perhaps some of them can also be grouped in double images... FunkMonk (talk) 21:30, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Huh, the double images do save some space, though I still removed one of the restorations since there are just too many of them. Jurassic Classic 767  (talk | contribs) 16:51, 14 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rhamphorhynchus


text:
Twinkle

Twinkle may refer to:

 * Twinkling, the variation of brightness of distant objects

People

 * Twinkle (singer) (1948–2015), born Lynn Annette Ripley, English singer-songwriter
 * Twinkle Bajpai, Indian singer, television and film actress
 * Twinkle Borge (born 1971), Hawaiian activist
 * Twinkle Andress Cavanaugh, president of the Alabama Public Service Commission since 2013
 * Twinkle Khanna (born 1973), Indian author and actress

Science and technology

 * Twinkle (software), Qt-based VoIP soft phone for Linux
 * TWINKLE, a hypothetical integer factorization device
 * Twinkle (protein), a protein coded by a gene also called TWNK, C10orf2 or PEO1

Entertainment

 * Twinkle (comic), a British comic book, published 1968–1999
 * Twinkle (book), by Katharine Holabird
 * Twinkle, a character in the video game Puzzle Bobble 3 (a.k.a. Bust-a-Move 99)
 * Twinkle, a fictional character in Higglytown Heroes
 * Twinkle, one of the cousins from We Love Katamari and Me & My Katamari
 * Twinkle, a character in Diana Wynne Jones's novel House of Many Ways
 * Twinkle, a recurring fictional character in the British sitcom dinnerladies
 * Twinkle, a sword carried by R. A. Salvatore's character Drizzt Do'Urden
 * Twinkles, a cartoon elephant appearing in episodes of King Leonardo and His Short Subjects
 * Cure Twinkle, a character in Go! Princess PreCure

Music

 * Twinkle (EP), EP by Girls' Generation subunit TaeTiSeo, and the title song
 * "Twinkle", a pop song by Kumi Koda and Show Luo
 * "Twinkle", a 1981 single by Earl Klugh
 * "Twinkle", a 1996 single by Whipping Boy (Irish band)
 * "Twinkle", a song by Purple Kiss on Hide & Seek
 * "Twinkle Song", a song on Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz
 * Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star, popular English lullaby

Other

 * Twinkles, an Occupy movement hand signal
 * Twinkl, a specialist digital education publisher

title: Twinkle