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Newport Chemical Depot

The Newport Chemical Depot, previously known as the Wabash River Ordnance Works and the Newport Army Ammunition Plant, was a 6,990 acres bulk chemical storage and destruction facility that was operated by the United States Army. It is located near Newport, in west central Indiana, thirty-two miles north of Terre Haute. The site was used as a production site for the solid explosives trinitrotoluene and RDX, as well as for heavy water. It also served as the production site for all of the U.S. military's nerve agent VX, when it was in use. All VX nerve agent at the site was neutralized by August 8, 2008. It was the third of the Army's nine chemical depots to completely destroy its stockpile.

Wabash River Ordnance Works
Newport was founded during World War II to produce the military high explosive RDX. The site is 6990 acre, located in west central Indiana, near the Wabash River, two miles south of Newport, Indiana, and thirty-two miles north of Terre Haute. It was built during 1942–1943 by the E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., the original operating contractor of the site, and was originally known as the Wabash River Ordnance Works. The site was selected for the availability of labor, its proximity to a railroad line, electric power and water, and its isolated location; furthermore, the location had to be more than 200 mi away from any coastal waters or international borders.

Given the immediate need for RDX, the plant was designed to employ the older Woolwich method for manufacturing the explosive. As a result, the plant manufactured lower amounts of RDX compared to the Holston Ordnance Works, which used the more updated Bachmann process.

The government originally acquired 21986 acres to build the plant. Although most of the land was used for farming, there were 66 clusters of buildings, six cemeteries, and one church. The cemeteries, one apparently dating to 1810, were still maintained as of 1998. Construction started January 12, 1942, and production started July 20, 1942.

The plant was mothballed in 1946, but its RDX production was reactivated in 1951 for the Korean War.

Heavy water plant
In 1943–1944, the Newport Army Ammunition Plant added a heavy water plant as an element of the Manhattan Project's P-9 Project for construction of nuclear weapons. During the 1950s, it was used to produce heavy water for the U.S. nuclear weapons program.

Production and stockpiling of chemical weapons
The Army first built a VX facility at the site in 1959 when it was known as the Newport Chemical Plant. In 1964, the Wabash River Ordnance Works and the Newport Army Chemical Plant were effectively combined and renamed the Newport Army Ammunition Plant.

Beginning in 1961, Newport became a site for chemical weapons manufacturing, producing the entire U.S. stockpile of VX nerve agent at the time. It was also used to store and eventually neutralize 1269 ST of the agent when the U.S. chemical weapons program was shut down. The stored VX amounted to 4.1% of the U.S. stockpile of chemical weapons in 1997 when the Chemical Weapons Convention came into effect.

Chemical weapons disposal
The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency designed the Newport Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (NECDF) for the sole purpose of destroying the VX chemical agent stored at the Newport Chemical Depot. Construction of the NECDF was completed in June 2003. The Army began VX agent destruction operations in May 2005, and completed operations in August 2008. Destruction was performed on behalf of the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency by Parsons Infrastructure & Technology, Inc. and more than 500 civilian employees worked at the facility. NECDF's permit was officially closed in January 2010. The site was the largest employer in Vermillion County between 1941 and its closing, having employed 1,000 workers at its peak.

Process
The Army employed neutralization for the destruction of the VX chemical agent. The agent was neutralized in steel reactors by thoroughly mixing it with heated sodium hydroxide and water. Control room operators directed and monitored the entire process remotely, using a state-of-the-art control system. Once agent neutralization was verified at the on-site laboratory, the caustic wastewater was placed into on-site intermodal storage containers awaiting transport for final treatment to Veolia Environmental Services in Port Arthur, Texas. This process is a different method than incineration which has been the primary manner of chemical agent destruction at other installations.

Delays
The start of operations was delayed several years due to problems in the arrangements of the disposal of the wastewater, which was anticipated to contains trace amounts of VX and 4 byproducts (less than 20 parts per million), problems that had not been completely solved at the start of destruction. Permafix and DuPont did not accept the wastewater for treatment, so it was stored on-site until the Army found another disposal option. Waste was eventually shipped to Port Arthur, Texas where it was processed and incinerated by the company Veolia Environmental Services. A lawsuit delayed the implementation of the shipments, but the suit was ultimately dismissed by a federal judge. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons certified that the stockpile was 100 percent destroyed in September 2009.

Incidents
A few incidents have occurred during the destruction process, including a 30-gallon spill of VX during processing on June 10, 2005. Further incidents involved spills of the hydrolysate end product. None of these incidents resulted in any injuries.

Base closure and redevelopment
A 2005 BRAC commission report recommended the depot's closure and the Army held a Deactivation Ceremony in June 2010, signifying that all activities required for closure of the NECD had been successfully completed. In preparation for closure, the Newport Chemical Depot Reuse Authority (NeCDRA) was created to complete a reuse master plan for the NECD. NeCDRA and its consultant team worked with the local community to create a plan and implementation strategy for the conversion of the depot to civilian use. NECD's closure led to the loss of over 675 jobs and rural Vermillion County's largest employer.

NeCDRA sought a civilian reuse plan that would replace lost jobs, maintain environmental quality, and be economically viable and obtained partnerships with Duke Energy and Garmong Construction. The depot has since been transformed into Vermillion Rise Mega Park, a 7,100-acre office and industrial park also containing a 2,806-acre habitat for the endangered Indiana bat. As of October 2020, the park hosted six companies and 130 jobs in addition to leasing land for agricultural purposes, supporting related industries. Additionally, NeCDRA has also obtained local infrastructure improvements, such as a $2.4 million waterline project, a $3 million shell building project, and a $12 million 230-69 kV electrical substation.

title: Newport Chemical Depot


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Mauritius Radio Telescope

The Mauritius Radio Telescope (MRT) is a synthesis radio telescope in Mauritius that is used to make images of the sky at a frequency of 151.5 MHz. The MRT was primarily designed to make a survey with a point source sensitivity of 150 mJy. Its resolution is about 4 arc min.

Structure
The MRT is a T-shaped array consisting of a 2048m-long East-West arm with 1024 fixed helical antennas arranged in 32 groups and an 880m-long North-South arm with 15 movable trolleys, each containing four antennas. There is a single trolley in the North arm. The North-South arm is built along the old Port Louis to Flacq railway line which closed in 1964.

Function
The antennas collect radio waves and transform them into electric signals. The signal from each group is filtered, amplified and sent to the telescope building where it is digitized. The digitized signals are processed in a correlator. Linux systems using custom software transform these correlated signals into raw images called "dirty maps".

The MRT uses aperture synthesis to simulate a 1 km by 1 km filled array. Data is collected as the trolleys in the North-South arm move southward from the array centre. Observations are repeated 62 times until the trolleys reach the southern end the arm. The 1-D data for each day is added so as to make a 2-D map of the sky. Unlike most radio telescopes, the MRT can 'see' very extended sources. Also, the non-co-planarity of the East-West arm have led to new imaging techniques used in cleaning the raw data.

Although the MRT was primarily designed to conduct the 151.5 MHz survey, it has also been used for pulsar observations. During pulsar observations, only the East-West arm is used. The group outputs are added together, with a tracking capability of about 2 degrees for a source transiting at meridian. This corresponds to 8 minutes for an equatorial source. The data is recorded at a fast rate over a band width of 1 MHz. The data processing is done to produce a dedispersed output in the desired format, including the pulsar profile unique to each pulsar.

The MRT is also meant to map the Milky Way. A point source catalogue of around 100,000 objects is to be produced. Already 3 observation rounds of the southern sky have been made. In addition, solar data has also been collected. About 300 GB of raw data has been collected.

Scientific objectives
The MRT project intends
 * to produce radio images of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere and interpret these images;
 * to produce a point source astronomical catalog for the Declination range from -70° to -10° (complementing the Sixth Cambridge Survey of radio sources of the northern sky);
 * and to study
 * pulsars;
 * the Galactic plane;
 * the solar radio emission;
 * extended extra-galactic radio sources;
 * Supernova remnants;
 * steep spectrum radio sources.

Project team
The MRT, first commissioned in 1992, is run as a joint project by the University of Mauritius, the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) and the Raman Research Institute. While first initiated by Prof. Ch.V. Sastry of the IIA, the project was run by Prof. N. Uday Shankar of the RRI for nearly 5 years. The Head of MRT in Mauritius rotates between Dr Nalini Issur, Dr Girish Beeharry and Dr Radhakhrishna Somanah.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mauritius Radio Telescope


text: File:Duxford UK Feb2005 (6).JPG

title: File:Duxford UK Feb2005 (6).JPG


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Talk:Figure 8 (album)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 18:13, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Title?
i thought i heard in an interview with elliott that the reason for the title Figure 8 was this idea of a figure skater repeatedly marking out the same 8, making their own little self-contained shape more and more perfect. sounds like him to me. did he also name it after the song, or is that coincidence?

DonnyIDK 15:25, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Elliott smith figure 8 cover.jpg
Image:Elliott smith figure 8 cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 13:55, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Should Rolling Stone review rating be 3.5 or 5 stars?
The Rolling Stone review listed below the infobox was written by the well-known critic Jon Pareles at the time of the album's release. It was rated 3.5 stars. The review is referenced to Rolling Stone website here. An anonymous editor has been changing this rating to 5 stars, without explanation. The same thing happened about a year ago--different IP address, but I assume the same editor. I would like to end this slow-motion edit war. I encourage any comments on this issue by any editor. Thanks. --Hobbes Goodyear (talk) 01:21, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

is a new IP address, but I assume that it is the same person, as they are back, engaged in same activity described above. I encourage any comments on this issue by any editor. Thanks. --Hobbes Goodyear (talk) 10:17, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Figure 8 (album)


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In Desert and Wilderness

In Desert and Wilderness (W pustyni i w puszczy) is a popular young adult novel by the Polish author and Nobel Prize-winning novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, written in 1911. It is the author's only novel written for children/teenagers. It tells the story of two young friends, Polish boy Staś Tarkowski and English girl Nel Rawlison, kidnapped by rebels during the Mahdist War in Sudan. It was adapted for film twice, in 1973 and in 2001.

Plot
The story takes place in the late 19th century Egypt, during the Mahdist War. A 14-year-old Polish boy, Stanisław (Staś) Tarkowski, and 8-year-old English girl, Nel Rawlison, live with their fathers and grow up in the town of Port Said. Their fathers are engineers who supervise the maintenance of the Suez Canal. One day, the Mahdist War begins in Sudan, led by a Muslim preacher, the Mahdi. Staś and Nel are captured as hostages by a group of Arabs who hope that they can exchange the children for Fatima, Mahdi's distant relative, who had been arrested by the British.

Nel and Staś are forced to travel through the Sahara Desert to Khartoum, where they are to be presented to Mahdi. The journey is difficult and exhausting, especially for delicate and vulnerable Nel. Staś, protects his friend from the abductors' cruelty, even though that means that he is beaten and punished. His plans to escape fail and the children gradually lose their hope.

When the group arrive in Khartoum, the Arabs are disappointed by the fact that Mahdi, busy with leading the revolt, ignored their mission and turned down their offers. They take out their anger and frustration on the children.

Staś is summoned to meet with the Mahdi and turns down the rebel leader's offer to convert to Islam. For that he is strongly reprimanded by another European captive, a Greek who did agree to convert in order to save his family and himself. The Greek tells Staś that such a forced conversion does not count since "God sees what is inside your heart" and that, by his intransigence, Staś may have doomed Nel to terrible death.

Staś and Nel, exhausted by heat, thirst, hunger and poor treatment, live for some time in the city ruined by war, poverty and diseases. After a while the children and Arabs make another journey further south, to Fashoda.

One day the group encounters a lion who attacks them. The Arabs (who do not know how to fire a shotgun) hand the weapon to Staś and beg him to shoot the beast. Staś kills the lion, and then shoots down the Arabs as well. This is dictated by the despair and fury: the boy knows that the men were not going to set the children free.

Free of the Arabs, the children are marooned in the depth of Africa. They set out on an arduous journey through the African desert and jungle in the hope that sooner or later they would encounter European explorers or the British Army. The journey is full of dangers and adventures. The children, accompanied by two black slaves (a boy named Kali and a girl named Mea) whom Staś had freed from the Arabs, encounter a number of wonders and perils.

Soon Nel is stricken with malaria and is about to die. Staś, mad with grief, decides to go to what he thinks is a Bedouin camp and beg for quinine. When he gets to the camp he find out that it belongs to an old Swiss explorer named Linde. The man had been severely injured by a wild boar and is waiting for death. All of his African servants have fallen ill to sleeping sickness and die one after another. Staś becomes friend with Linde who generously supplies him with food, weapon, gunpowder and quinine. Thanks to the medicine, Nel recovers.

The group moves on to the village of Wa-Hima. The tribes-people, seeing Staś riding upon an elephant, honor him and Nel as a Good Mzimu (a good spirit/goddess). The group stays in the village a short time, for Kali is by birthright the prince of the Wa-Hima tribe and therefore well-known.

On reaching Kali's home village, the group learns that his tribe has been invaded by and attacked by their enemies since time immemorial, the Sambur tribe. Due to assistance from Kali's tribe and the guns carried by Staś and Nel, the war is won in the protagonist's favour. Because of his good nature, Staś and Nel command that the tribes-people of the Sambur tribe not be killed but rather united with the Wa-Hima.

Staś, Nel, Saba, King, Kali and 100 Sambur and Wa-Hima tribes-people move on to the east, which has not been mapped, in hope of reaching the Indian Ocean and being found by English explorers who might be searching for them. Kali has brought with him two witch doctors, fearing that they might plot against him while he is away from home. However, it finishes tragically for the group: both of the witch doctors steal food and the last of the water and escape.

Many of the tribes-people accompanying Nel and Staś die for lack of water. After the group has gone for at least three days without any water in the scorching dry desert, the children are saved at the last moment by two familiar officers who had recovered kites inscribed by Staś and Nel earlier in their plight describing their whereabouts and destination. Staś, Nel and Saba are reunited with their fathers and they return to Europe. Kali and his tribe members return to their settlement on Lake Rudolf.

Characters

 * Nel Rawlison – 8-year-old English girl. She is very pretty and sweet. Although at the beginning of the novel she seems to be timid and shy, later she shows that she can be courageous and stubborn. She treats Staś with respect and obedience, and often looks up to him.
 * Stanisław Tarkowski (dim. Staś) – a 14-year-old Polish boy. At the beginning of the novel he seems to be a little bit scornful and bigheaded. However, as the dramatic events develop, it is revealed that Staś is extremely chivalrous and willing to sacrifice his own life to save Nel whom he loves like his own sister.
 * Kali – African boy from Wa-hima tribe, Staś's servant who quickly becomes his friend. He faithfully serves his master and helps him to go through the dangers of Africa. Kali became popular when a Polish colloquial saying about double standard was coined around the so-called "Kali's morality": "If somebody takes Kali's cow, it's a bad deed. If Kali takes somebody's cow, it's a good deed."
 * Mea – African girl from the Dinka tribe, Nel's servant. Shy and quiet, she loves her little mistress and protects her from dangers.
 * Władysław Tarkowski – Staś's widowed father, an engineer.
 * George Rawlison – Nel's widowed father, a director of the Suez Canal Company.
 * Chamis – one of the kidnappers. Earlier a servant of Staś and Nel's fathers.
 * Idris – a Beduin, one of the Mahdi's followers. Relatively well-behaved towards the children, he admired Staś's courage. He was tasked with bringing the children safely to the Mahdi.
 * Gebhr – the cruel younger brother of Idris.
 * Mrs. Oliver – Nel's teacher, a Frenchoman.
 * Linde – Swiss explorer, encountered by Staś.
 * Smain – husband of Fatma, relative of the Mahdi.
 * Caliopuli – Greek worker employed by the Mahdi.
 * Nasibu – servant of Linde, after his death he joined with the children on their further journeys.
 * Faru – leader of the Samburs, the tribe opposing Kali's tribe.
 * M'Kunje and M'Rua – witch doctors of Wa-Hima, hostile to Kali.
 * Doctor Clary – relative of Nel.
 * Captain Glen – met by Staś and Nel in the train.
 * Fatma – a relative of the Mahdi. Her detention was the reason for the abduction of Staś and Nel.

Reception
The book enjoyed immense popularity among readers upon its publication in 1911 and was translated into 21 languages becoming an international best-seller. Wojciech Zembaty writes that the book "uses classic patterns of the adventure novel genre" and observes that "thanks to willpower, endurance and creativity [...] the travellers and castaways of these novels manage to survive in a hostile environment" citing Daniel Dafoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) and Jules Verne's The Mysterious Island (1874) as examples. He argues that after a century, the book is still a good read, the characters being simple but well-drawn. Staś, one of the main protagonists, has to confront his own self-image in the face of actual challenges and dangers as he tries to protect little Nel. He praised the book for plenty of dramatic, thrilling and epic moments.

In the 21st century, In Desert and Wilderness has come under increasing criticism for its depiction of Black people and European colonialism. In 2001, Polish literary critic Ludwik Stomma described the book as "uncritical apologia of 19th-century colonialism", and argued that the European characters in the book are presented as multifaceted and complex in nature in comparison to Sienkiewicz's often one-dimensional depiction of non-European characters. Stomma noted that Sienkiewicz portrayed Africans as being primitive despite the fact that prior to his visit to Africa in 1891, numerous ethnological works on Africa, its culture and religious beliefs had already been published and would have been available to him. Furthermore, Stomma criticized how Sienkiewicz depicted the Mahdi in a uniformly negative light and ignored misdeeds committed by British forces in their war against him.

However, according to Zembaty the issue of racial stereotyping in the book is not so obvious. He counters the argument about the novel's allegedly racist depiction of African characters by showing the example of the young prince Kali, liberated from slavery, who is "brave, creative and honourable". Kali saves the kids on a couple of occasions and stays with them in difficult moments, risking his own life. He later becomes a fair and successful leader of his people. In 2017, Afro-Polish activist James Omolo wrote that In Desert and Wilderness "helped perpetuate existing racist stereotypes".

According to sociologist Maciej Gdula, In Desert and Wilderness promotes a sense of superiority over the people of other races and shows how to celebrate one's own culture at the same time disregarding the other and alien cultures. However, just like other works by writers from this period including Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling or H. Rider Haggard, who met with similar criticisms, the book can also be seen as a product of the era in which Sienkiewicz lived and his views on Africa could be seen as a sort of historical testimony, a monument from the times, when Europe was narcissistic and superior, compared to the rest of the world, in terms of material and scientific progress. In 1990, the book was included on the list of obligatory reading for the fifth grade in Polish schools by the Ministry of National Education.

Film adaptations
The first movie version was directed by Władysław Ślesicki in 1973. It lasts about three hours and is composed of two parts which were shown separately in theaters. Work on it started in 1971 and it was released in 1973. The movie was filmed in Egypt, Sudan and Bulgaria, with an international cast and crew. A mini-series was created at the same time. This version was shown in the U.S. on HBO in fall 1975.

The 2001 version was directed by Gavin Hood in only about three months. It was filmed in South Africa, Tunisia and Namibia. The original director fell ill at the very beginning of filming and his role was taken by Hood. A mini-series was made at the same time.

Follow-up stories by other authors

 * In 1961, a Polish writer and screenwriter Marian Brandys published Śladami Stasia i Nel (Following the Path of Staś and Nel) and, in 1962 a related story, Z Panem Biegankiem w Abisynii (In Abyssinia with Mister Bieganek).
 * Władysław Ślesicki, the director of the 1973 movie released a book about making the movie, Z Tomkiem i Moniką w pustyni i w puszczy (In Desert and Wilderness with Tomek and Monika).
 * In 1993, Wojciech Sambory (a pen name for a writing team) wrote Powrót do Afryki (A Return to Africa), as a sequel to the novel (published by Reporter-Oficyna Wydawnicza, ISBN 83-85189-54-8).
 * The comic strip Nowe przygody Stasia i Nel (The New Adventures of Staś and Nel) from Piechur weekly magazine is another sequel to Sienkiewicz's novel. It was published online on Steampunk in 2005.
 * In 2014, Leszek Talko published a book Staś i Nel. Zaginiony klejnot Indii (Staś and Nel: The Lost Jewel of India), whose action takes place two years after the events from the original novel.
 * In 2017, Andrew Anzur Clement published in English the Keepers of the Stone trilogy, a continuation of Staś's and Nel's story partially inspired by Sienkiewicz's original work.

Other Polish children books related to Africa

 * Alina i Czesław Centkiewiczowie - Tumbo z Przylądka Dobrej Nadziei (Tumbo from Cape of Good Hope)
 * Kamil Giżycki - Nil - rzeka wielkiej przygody (Nile - River of Great Adventure)
 * Kamil Giżycki - W pogoni za mwe (Chasing After mwe)
 * Kamil Giżycki - W puszczach i sawannach Kamerunu (In Wilderness and Savannah of Cameroon)
 * Wacław Korabiewicz - Kwaheri
 * Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski - Życie i przygody małpki (Monkey's Life and Adventures)
 * Barbara Rybałtowska - Szkoła pod baobabem (School Under Adansonia)
 * Alfred Szklarski - Tomek w grobowcach Faraonów (Tomek in Pharaohs' Tombs)
 * Alfred Szklarski - Tomek na Czarnym Lądzie (Tomek on the Black Continent)

Poems

 * Murzynek Bambo by Julian Tuwim

title: In Desert and Wilderness


text:
Tom Wopat

Thomas Steven Wopat (born September 9, 1951) is an American actor and singer. He first achieved fame as Lucas K. "Luke" Duke on the long-running television action/comedy series The Dukes of Hazzard. Since then, Wopat has worked regularly, most often on the stage in musicals and in supporting television and movie roles. He was a semi-regular recurring character on the 1990s comedy series Cybill, and he had a small role as U.S. Marshal Gil Tatum in Django Unchained (2012). Wopat also has a recurring role as Sheriff Jim Wilkins on the television series Longmire. Additionally, Wopat has recorded several albums of country songs and pop standards, scoring a series of moderately successful singles in the 1980s and 1990s.

Life and career
Wopat was born in Lodi, Wisconsin, the fifth of eight children born to Albin and Ruth Wopat. His father was a dairy farmer of Czech descent. He was raised a devout Roman Catholic.

Wopat attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison and made his television debut on One Life to Live. He credits UW-Madison Lighting Design teacher Gilbert Vaughn Hemsley Jr. with advancing his early performing career. He achieved fame on the television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–85), then embarked on a music career. He has recorded eleven albums. Musically, he switches between rock and roll and country music styles, though two recent albums have been of classic pop standards. His 1980s albums were on EMI Nashville. A 2005 recording, Dissertation on the State of Bliss, is a collection of Harold Arlen songs. Wopat first appeared on the Broadway stage as a replacement in the 1977 musical I Love My Wife, as Wally. He later appeared as a replacement in the stage musicals City of Angels and Guys and Dolls.

In 1981, he played the main character, Billy Bigelow, in the musical Carousel, at the Barn Theatre in Augusta, Michigan. He appeared in the opening cast of the 1999 revival of Annie Get Your Gun as Frank Butler, opposite Bernadette Peters, Cheryl Ladd, Susan Lucci, and Crystal Bernard, who played Annie Oakley (in consecutive order); he was nominated for a Tony Award in 1999 for his performance as Butler. He later appeared in revivals of Chicago and 42nd Street.

In 2005, Wopat appeared in the Broadway revival of David Mamet's Pulitzer Prize–winning play Glengarry Glen Ross as James Lingk. He starred in the North Carolina Theatre's production of The Music Man as Harold Hill in November 2006.

In 2008, Wopat starred on Broadway as the father of the bride-to-be in A Catered Affair, written by Harvey Fierstein (book) and John Bucchino (score), which opened on April 17, 2008 at the Walter Kerr Theatre. He received his second Tony nomination for that performance.

In July 2009, he originated the role of Frank Abagnale Sr. in the musical Catch Me If You Can (based on the film of the same name) in July and August 2009 at Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre.

He was featured in the new musical revue Sondheim on Sondheim, conceived and directed by James Lapine, presenting the life and works of Stephen Sondheim. The revue premiered on Broadway at the Roundabout Theatre's Studio 54 on March 19, 2010 in previews and closed on June 27. He portrayed Ryan Hutton in the musical Lovestruck.

Marriages
Wopat was first married to Vickie Allen. That union ended in divorce. He is married to Kirsten S. Larvick, a filmmaker and audiovisual archivist.

Arrest
Wopat was arrested on March 15th, 2006 in northern New Jersey, charged with driving while intoxicated and reckless driving.

Wopat was arrested on August 2, 2017 on indecent assault and battery (felony) and drug (misdemeanor) charges in Waltham, Massachusetts, where he was about to open in a production of 42nd Street at Reagle Music Theater of Greater Boston. The Boston Globe reported "According to a Waltham police report, Wopat allegedly assaulted the woman during a rehearsal at the high school on July 23. The accuser said he came up behind her and grabbed her buttocks and continued touching her in that area. The show's producer and manager had previously spoken to Wopat regarding complaints from other female cast members about inappropriate comments and touching, the report said. The artistic director told police he had spoken with Wopat three times, and the actor was also reprimanded for being intoxicated at rehearsal, authorities said."

During his arrest by Waltham police on August 2, 2017, a search of him and his vehicle under warrant revealed "two bags of white powder believed to be cocaine." According to court documents, Wopat told police that he buys cocaine "in large quantities and uses it over time". Wopat pleaded not guilty at his arraignment on August 3, 2017 and was released on bail.

On July 20, 2018, Wopat pleaded guilty to two counts of "annoying and accosting a person of the opposite sex" and was sentenced to one year of probation.

title: Tom Wopat


text:
Category talk:Russian films

Untitled
Something like this would probably make sense: Category:Films of Russia in other languages. Or not? Mikkalai 17:55, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please stop reverting the page without discussion, or you will be blocked. mikka (t) 19:20, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Russian/Russian language
(moved from talk pages)

Hi, What is the story with the edit wars about Category:Russian films and Category:Russian language films? On the surface, it seems that films like Potemkin are Soviet films and Russian language films, but not Russian films. I haven't found any discussion about this anywhere, or any dialogue between you and the other anonymous editor. I'm just wondering what is going on. -- Samuel Wantman 20:14, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

The deal is that an anon is aggressively recategorizing without any discussion and calling names from the very beginning. Some time ago I left a message at this anon's talk page and recently at category:Russian films. My position is if a film is created in Russia, it is a Russian film. Soviet Union was a union, you know, even if formal. And there were Armenian, Belarussian, Lithuanian films among the Soviet ones. I see no reason why 70 years of say, Ukrainian culture must be swallowed by a "Soviet" one. And I don't buy this idiotic accusation in "nationalism": culture is a national trait, not a political one. And Potemkin is shot by Mosfilm, i.e., it is a Russian one (and a soviet as well). mikka (t) 21:02, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It took me a while to understand, and perhaps part of the problem is that the distinctions between the different categories are not very clear. It seems that Russian language films should be a sub-category of films by language and Russian films should be a subcategory of films by country.  Perhaps Russian films should NOT be a subcategory of Russian language films.  Is absolutely every film produced in Russia a Russian language film?  It seems at least possible that some minority film-maker could make a film in Russia without it being in the Russian language.  Without the overlap of language and geography, films could be in BOTH categories instead of either/or.  Likewise, they might also be Soviet era films.  These distinctions should be made clearer on the category pages.  The current arrangement seems a little counter intuitive to me. -- Samuel Wantman 23:18, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There are two problems here. One is screwed up history of Russia and other states that went thru the Spvoet Union times. From one hand, Soviet culture/history is something unique and deserves its own category. From the other hand, all countries like Estonia, Ukraine, Russia, etc., have rights for their own continuity. As for the language, please keep in mind that categories are for convenience, not for some formal rules. I introduced the category:Russian language films to cover the films made not in Russia. There is no other categories of this type, like category:French language films. This again is the Soviet Union peculiarity. Nearly all notable films made in Soviet Union existed in Russian language. And all notable films made in Russia are in Russian language. If ever this problem arises in future and one will really be pissed off that "cat:Russian film" is in "cat:Russian language films", one may easily replace this by putting "see also "cat:Rus films" into the "cat:Rus lang films." But at the moment I see no reason to do this. Like I said, category:Russian language films is an exception of the kind. mikka (t) 06:56, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The issue here is the common, accepted one that the Soviet Union was a single nation and, as such, attempted to develop a single identity. To this end, the film industry was nationalized and controlled by a single governmental entity which developed and enforced concepts of what constituted acceptable films.  There were no separate "countries" within the Union, despite claims of "autonomous Republics", and from time to time there were even very active efforts to suppress the distinctive cultural aspects of the diverse, captive groups.  For the most part also, film was viewed as the primary medium of education of the masses, and thus were under closer scrutiny than the other arts (excepting, perhaps, television).  This state of affairs affected both content and structure of films made during the life of the Soviet Union, and to suggest there is a "national" difference because a film was shot by a state-run studio in Moscow vs. a state-run studio in Alma Ata seems to me to avoid the harsh reality that there was in fact NO "national continuity" for the former countries subsumed by the creation of the Soviet Union and afterwards, and trying to force one upon that reality simply convolutes history and research.  I'm sorry the complainant was rough on you about that, but I have to agree, the Soviet Union and independent Russia should each have their own film categories.  "Russian language films" is the best compromise category for consolidating all films made through time in that language, regardless of country of origin - Russia, Soviet Union, or elsewhere. (written by user:12.73.195.126)
 * Please sign your posts.
 * I completely agree with you in what you wrote about Soviet Union. For this reason there is category:Soviet films. However one should not confuse cultural and political topics. These are separate issues. If you want a separate category for modern Russia, the category must be "Films of Russia". If within "soviet films" there will be a need, one may create "Films of RSFSR" (However IMO too small categories are not very convenient and better use lists).
 * Back to Soviet times. You say "from time to time... to suppress." You omit the second piece: in between your "from time to time", by political whims "from other time to other times" there was an opposite rhetorics about preserving national cultures.
 * What is more, while filmmmaking was under heavy political pressure, true artists, the ones whose films we remember now and put them into wikipedia were resisting this political dictat. There was a large number of shelved films that were seen only 10-20 years ater creation.
 * Stil further, despite efforts to mold the nation of "Soviet people," films created, say in Georgia are mostly truly "Georgian films", in Estonia are "Estonian films", whatever Americans may think. They are perfectly identifiable as national films. And films created in Russia were "Russian films", based on centuries of Russian culture.
 * As I explained, I created the category "Russian language films" to address the unique feature of the Soviet Union: many films in modern Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan are in Russian language, and this is their distinctive feature, in addition to being, say "Films of Kazakhstan".
 * And of cource, all films created in Russia are "Russian language films" (which is reflected in categorization). I don't remember any "Komi language films" or "Chukchi language films". I may be mistaken, but of all modern Russia's autonomus republics I would expect the emergence of "Tatar language films", but they will be perfectly covered by category "Films of Tatarstan". mikka (t) 17:52, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree, cultural and political topics should not be confused. However, you have put your "Russian films" as a subcategory of the Films by country category, not Films by culture.  And it is in the title format for Films by Country - "Fooian films".  Thus the confusion for the other users working on or using the category when it is in Films by Country, which categorize films by geopolitical, not cultural, factors.  What you need to do is set up a separate Category for "Russian-culture films" or something like that, and then a major category "Films by culture" in which to include it.  Comes to mind immediately "Armenian culture films", "Khazakhstani culture films", and even "Jewish culture films" (which subdivide in Films by country under Polish films, American films, Israeli films; and by language as Hebrew-language films and Yiddish-language films).  But leaving Category: Russian films where  you have it now and with the name you've given it, in Films by country, is just going to continue the reversion-war problem because it *is* a geopolitical category and the people moving the Soviet-Russian films to the Soviet film category are following the logic and purpose of the Film by country category. Bill Atwater 20:46, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Russian films


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sabrina Krievins and Erika Krievins

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was no consensus. Woohookitty 06:21, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Sabrina Krievins and Erika Krievins
One of the first things I did as a baby Wikipedian was to put this one up for VfD. Of course, I didn't know what the heck I was doing so it never actually made it's way to Vote for deletion. At any rate, the article covers a pair of non-notable identical twin actresses. IMDB lists two appearances for them, one uncredited. Fernando Rizo 9 July 2005 04:06 (UTC)

* I don't think that a single walk-on guest appearance on the X-Files meets the necessary standard of significance :) Fernando Rizo 17:58, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn--Porturology 9 July 2005 04:28 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, on the verge of unverifiable. -- Natalinasmpf 9 July 2005 11:13 (UTC)
 * Keep - they were very creepy little girls (I mean good little actresses), and those were not walk-on appearances on TXF. Their first appearance was in a significant ep of the first season, and part of a major story arc. --Mothperson 9 July 2005 18:04 (UTC)
 * Delete -- I agree with Fernando, sorry --mysekurity 21:41, 9 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Mothperson. Kappa 00:41, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Well, they are verifiable (watch the episode), and they are creepy. Basically, the question is where one draws the cruft-line for X-Files stuff.  Because the first season was a cultural phenomenon of sorts, I vote Keep.  Xoloz 03:30, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. Aaron Brenneman 12:13, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Even if it is stipulated that their TXF characters are notable, that doesn't make the actresses, who have hardly any other credits, notable in their own right. carmeld1 22:35, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I say keep T h e St ev e  05:22, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per mothperson. Some notability. JamesBurns 06:58, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep it - why do you want to delete it ? They do exist, they did a good job and The X-Files sure isn't anything small and not important.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Category:Brickworks

title: Category:Brickworks


text:
Talk:Maliki school

Honorifics
I have twice now removed honorifics for Muhammad, in compliance with the Style Manual: Manual_of_Style_(Islam-related_articles)

Please do not re-introduce them. Qarel (talk) 15:03, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Jerusalem or Medina?
am i wrong or did the prophet die in Jerusalem? in the body it claims he died in Medina. im no Muslim, so i wouldn't feel entirely comfortable changing that. i might not know something...but that should be addressed if i am correct.

No -- it was in Medina. See Muhammad. Jerusalem was the night journey, which came earlier. BrandonYusufToropov

Altogether we can state that Jerusalem is the gateway to heaven and God. 77.248.185.43 05:06, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Saying the ending tasleem only once ("As-salaamu 'alaykum" while turning the head to the right); anything more is frowned upon (except for followers behind an imam, who are recommended to face the front again and say "wa 'alaykum as-salaam" to the imam and, if anyone is to their left, turn their head to the left and say "wa 'alaykum as-salaam" to the person on their left).

 * There maybe a slight correction to this in that saying the ending tasleem ("As-salaamu 'alaykum" while turning the head to the right)is correct

For followers behind an imam, who are recommended to face the front again and say "wa 'alaykum as-salaam" to the imam and, if anyone is to their left, turn their head to the left and say "wa 'alaykum as-salaam" to the person on their left).

 * After the intial salaam "As-salaamu 'alaykum" then for the one who is following he should then face the imam and again say "As-salaamu 'alaykum" and if he has anyone to his left in this congregational prayer he should again say "As-salaamu 'alaykum" according to some the last two taslems should be said with a very,very low audible (some may say it should be silent perhaps with just the lips moving) if there is no one to the left than no salaam is given it that case only the right and to the front for the imam. the person whom initially put the wiki together did a really good job in putting together a very general synopsis on the Maliki school but in the part which i am addressing where it mentions the taslem i do not recall in my practice where i should be saying "wa 'alaykum as-salaam" to the imam and, if anyone is to their left, turn their head to the left and say "wa 'alaykum as-salaam" to the person on their left. I learned it should be "As-salaamu 'alaykum" I think it must of been a typo on the part of the individual. Anyway that was how i Learned and I could wrong but hey ALLAHU ALim (ALLAH knows best) If I stand corrected please make it known if there are any replies to this entry. JazkumALLAH khair

 * It is indeed incorrect. As a Muslim from Morocco originally, i've never seen such practice. I will edit this. I will also remove the "frown upon" as a reaction to Muslims who have a slightly different way of praying. This used to be true, but thanks to satellite tv and the use of Islamic books from different regions, it is more common to see Muslims praying differently according to the madhab they prefer.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.109.3.56 (talk) 07:48, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

205.242.72.5 (talk) 21:17, 23 December 2007 (UTC) DM

Merge
Content was recently merged from Sunni Islam, though the more relevant discussion can be found on that article's talk page. Per Merging, however, I am still required to open a discussion here. I would suggest reading my comments on Talk:Sunni Islam first. MezzoMezzo (talk) 05:38, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Dear MezzoMezzo, I agree with what you have done. It is stronger now. Thank you. Best wishes, George Custer's Sabre (talk) 08:23, 9 January 2013 (UTC)

FGM
Salaam,

Is FGM really considered sunnah in Maliki fiqh?146.199.139.8 (talk) 02:10, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

NPOV issues
Please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Islam. Eperoton (talk) 22:38, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:50, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Matn Ibn Ashir المرشد المعين على الضروري من علوم الدين - متن ابن عاشر.jpg

title: Talk:Maliki school


text:
Sixth Cambridge Survey of Radio Sources

The 6C Survey of Radio Sources (6C) is an astronomical catalogue of celestial radio sources as measured at 151-MHz. It was published between 1985 and 1993 by the Radio Astronomy Group of the University of Cambridge.

The research that led to the catalogue's production also led to improvements in radio telescope design and, in due course, to the 7C survey of radio sources.

A similar survey of the Southern Hemisphere was made by the Mauritius Radio Telescope.

title: Sixth Cambridge Survey of Radio Sources


text: File:Elliott smith figure 8 cover.jpg

title: File:Elliott smith figure 8 cover.jpg


text:
Air Ontario

Air Ontario Inc. was a Canadian regional airline with its predecessor (Great Lakes Airlines) initially headquartered in Sarnia and later in London, Ontario. In 2002, Air Ontario became Air Canada Jazz.

History

Great Lakes Airlines, the predecessor of Air Ontario, was formed in 1958 and based in Sarnia, becoming Air Ontario Ltd. in 1983 and Air Ontario Inc. in June 1987. In 1969, Great Lakes was only operating between Sarnia and Toronto as an independent air carrier with just two roundtrip nonstop flights primarily flown on weekdays with Douglas DC-3 aircraft. Also in 1969, the airline began acquiring Convair 440 piston powered airliners configured with 44 passenger seats in order to replace the DC-3 aircraft and also to expand scheduled passenger service to other destinations in Ontario province such as London, Ottawa, Kitchener and Peterborough.

However, by 1975 Great Lakes was in financial trouble which resulted in the Sarnia - Toronto route being the only scheduled passenger service operated at this time and also led to the airline being purchased by a partnership consisting of a group of Toronto businessmen including James Plaxton, who brought in new capital from the DeLuce family when he merged Great Lakes with their Austin Airways operation. In 1977, the airline moved its headquarters from Sarnia to London, Ontario and also purchased Flightexec Ltd. which was based in London and operated executive charters with Piper Aztec twin prop business aircraft with Great Lakes continuing to operate Flightexec as a separate air carrier. During the late 1970s, the airline had once again expanded and was serving five cities in Ontario province including Toronto, Ottawa, London, ON, Peterborough, ON and Sarnia with up to ten roundtrip nonstop flights being operated every weekday on the core Toronto - London route in 1977. By early 1981, Great Lakes was still operating as an independent air carrier with service to four cities in Ontario province including Toronto, Ottawa, London and Sarnia with all flights being operated at this time with Convair 580 turboprops configured with 55 passenger seats.

By the fall of 1981, the airline had changed its name and was operating as Air Ontario which in turn continued to serve Toronto, Ottawa, London, ON and Sarnia as an independent air carrier operating Convair 580 turboprops. In the summer of 1986 Air Ontario was serving eleven destinations in Canada as an independent regional air carrier including Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Windsor, ON, Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Sudbury, ON, North Bay, ON, London, ON and Sarnia plus two destinations in the U.S., being Cleveland and Hartford with the airline also ordering new de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 turboprops at this time. Also in 1986, Air Canada and Pacific Western Airlines equally split 49% of the shares of Air Ontario. In 1987, Air Canada and Austin Airways split the Air Ontario shares in a 3:1 ratio upon its Canadian incorporation. Both Air Ontario and Austin Airways were operating Air Canada Connector (now known as Jazz Aviation) services on behalf of Air Canada in 1987 with Air Ontario flying Convair 580 and new Dash 8 turboprops at this time.

By the late 1980s, Air Ontario was operating Fokker F28 Fellowship jets as well as Dash 8 turboprops on Air Canada Connector services. According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), one of the first F28 jet routes operated by Air Ontario on behalf of Air Canada was nonstop service between Toronto and Sault Ste. Marie, ON with four roundtrip F28 flights being operated every weekday in December 1988. Also according to this same Dec. 1, 1988 OAG, these nonstop Air Ontario F28 flights between Toronto and Sault Ste. Marie had replaced Air Canada's mainline jet service on the route with Air Ontario competing at this time with Canadian Airlines International mainline Boeing 737-200 nonstop jet service between the two cities. By early 1989, the airline was also operating Air Canada Connector service with an F28 jet on a roundtrip routing of Thunder Bay - Dryden - Winnipeg with this flight being involved in fatal accident on take-off from Dryden in March of that year (see Accidents and incidents section below).

As a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada, Air Ontario's operation as an Air Canada Connector code sharing partner increased substantially in the intra-Ontario marketplace following Air Canada's decision in February 1990, to discontinue mainline jet service to North Bay, Sudbury, Timmins and Windsor. Route expansion from Toronto Island Airport (now known as Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport) nonstop to both Montreal and Ottawa as well as nonstop to Newark, NJ in the U.S. soon followed, along with the addition of other new routes into the United States from Toronto Pearson International Airport.

In December 2000, Air Ontario was amalgamated into Air Canada.

In January 2001, a newly merged carrier called Air Canada Regional Inc. was established. A wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada, this company combined the individual strengths of four regional airlines—Air BC, Air Nova, Air Ontario, and Canadian Regional Airlines. Consolidation of these four companies was completed in 2002 and was marked by the launch of a new name and brand—Air Canada Jazz.

Fleet
Air Ontario operated the following aircraft:

The airline leased two Fokker F28 Fellowship series 1000 jets from Transport Aeriens Transregional (TAT), a French air carrier now known as TAT European Airlines, in 1988.

Air Ontario was also operating a Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprop aircraft in 1988.

Destinations in 1984
Air Ontario was operating a small fleet of Convair 580 turboprops (later replaced with Fokker F28 Fellowship jets beginning in late 1988 and also with new Dash 8 turboprops) as an independent air carrier in 1984 with scheduled passenger service to the following destinations in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec as well as to two destinations in the United States:

 Ontario  Quebec 🇺🇸 United States
 * London — London International Airport
 * Ottawa — Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
 * Sarnia — Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport
 * Sudbury — Sudbury Airport
 * Toronto — Toronto Pearson International Airport
 * Montréal — Montréal Dorval International Airport
 * Cleveland, Ohio — Cleveland Hopkins International Airport
 * Hartford, Connecticut — Bradley International Airport

Destinations in 1992
Air Ontario was operating Air Canada Connector service via a code sharing agreement with Air Canada to the following destinations in Canada and the United States in 1992; by 1995, Air Ontario had added nonstop Air Canada Connector service between Toronto and Baltimore and was operating all flights system-wide with de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 turboprop aircraft.

 Manitoba  Ontario  Quebec 🇺🇸 United States
 * Winnipeg — Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
 * London — London International Airport
 * North Bay — North Bay/Jack Garland Airport
 * Ottawa — Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
 * Sarnia — Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport
 * Sault Ste. Marie — Sault Ste. Marie Airport
 * Sudbury — Sudbury Airport
 * Thunder Bay — Thunder Bay International Airport
 * Timmins — Timmins/Victor M. Power Airport
 * Toronto
 * Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
 * Toronto Pearson International Airport
 * Windsor — Windsor International Airport
 * Montréal — Montréal Dorval International Airport
 * Baltimore, Maryland — Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (service initiated in 1995)
 * Cleveland, Ohio — Cleveland Hopkins International Airport
 * Hartford, Connecticut — Bradley International Airport
 * Newark, New Jersey — Newark Liberty International Airport (nonstop service to and from Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport)

Destinations in 2000
Air Ontario was operating a hub at the Toronto Pearson International Airport in the spring of 2000 as an Air Canada Connector code sharing air carrier on behalf of its owner Air Canada and had greatly expanded its transborder services to the United States. The following cities in Canada and the U.S. were being served at this time primarily via nonstop service to and from Toronto with all flights being operated with Dash 8 turboprops.

 Ontario  Quebec 🇺🇸 United States
 * Kingston — Kingston Norman Rogers Airport
 * London — London International Airport
 * North Bay — North Bay/Jack Garland Airport
 * Ottawa — Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
 * Sarnia — Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport
 * Sault Ste. Marie — Sault Ste. Marie Airport
 * Sudbury — Sudbury Airport
 * Timmins — Timmins Victor M. Power Airport
 * Toronto — Toronto Pearson International Airport — Hub in support of Air Canada
 * Windsor — Windsor International Airport
 * Montreal — Montréal Dorval International Airport
 * Akron, Ohio — Akron–Canton Airport
 * Albany, New York — Albany International Airport
 * Allentown — Lehigh Valley International Airport
 * Baltimore, Maryland — Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport
 * Cleveland, Ohio — Cleveland Hopkins International Airport
 * Columbus, Ohio — John Glenn Columbus International Airport
 * Dayton, Ohio — Dayton International Airport
 * Detroit, Michigan — Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
 * Grand Rapids, Michigan — Gerald R. Ford International Airport
 * Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — Harrisburg International Airport
 * Hartford, Connecticut — Bradley International Airport
 * Louisville, Kentucky — Louisville Muhammad Ali International Airport
 * Providence, Rhode Island — Rhode Island T. F. Green International Airport
 * Richmond, Virginia — Richmond International Airport
 * Rochester, New York — Greater Rochester International Airport
 * Syracuse, New York — Syracuse Hancock International Airport

Accidents and incidents

 * Air Ontario Flight 1363 wreckage.jpg]]On 1 November 1988, A Douglas C-47A (registered C-FBJE) crashed into Pikangikum Lake on a domestic cargo flight from Red Lake Airport to Pikangikum Airport. Two of the three people on board were killed.
 * On March 10, 1989, Air Ontario Flight 1363, a Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship twin jet, (registration C-FONF) crashed near Dryden, Ontario immediately after take-off en route from Dryden to Winnipeg with this flight having previously departed from Thunder Bay. The aircraft crashed after only forty-nine seconds after liftoff from the Dryden Regional Airport because it was not able to achieve enough altitude to clear the trees beyond the end of the runway due to ice and snow on the wings. This caused the death of 21 of 65 passengers and 3 of 4 crew members. Some of the survivors were able to escape from the plane on their own but the others were carried to safety. The accident happened because the APU (auxiliary power unit) did not work, so the crew had to keep one of the engines running at Dryden. However, the necessary de-icing was only authorised if both the main engines are stopped. Air Ontario's policies forbid de-icing if one of the engines was running due to the possibility of the fumes being sucked into the air conditioning system and harming those in the cabin. Furthermore, if the pilots had shut down the engines, with no APU and with Dryden airport not having the equipment required to restart the engines, the plane would have been stranded. This situation was exacerbated by an extended wait on the taxiway while priority was given to an incoming Cessna. However, it is possible that de-icing would not have prevented this accident, as the type of fluid commonly used at the time was not intended for long wait times. Additionally, the de-icing process would be completed at the terminal, and not on the runway, reducing the time that the fluid would be effective after application. Recommendations made in the accident report included use of better de-icing fluid, more frequent maintenance of Air Ontario's planes, and de-icing directly on the runway, as well as prioritizing planes that had been de-iced due to the narrow window remaining for take-off. Following the crash, Air Ontario subsequently removed the remaining F28 jet (registration C-FONG) from its fleet later in 1989 and thus became an all Dash 8 turboprop operator at that time.

title: Air Ontario


text:
381 Myrrha

Myrrha (minor planet designation: 381 Myrrha) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois on January 10, 1894, in Nice. It has been classified as a C-type asteroid and is most likely composed of carbonaceous material.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Oakley Observatory in Terre Haute, Indiana during 2006 gave a light curve with a period of 6.572 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.34 ± 0.05 in magnitude.

10μ radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 126 km. The occultation of Alhena (γ Geminorum) by Myrrha was observed in Japan and China on January 13, 1991, allowing the size and shape of Myrrha to be properly clarified.

title: 381 Myrrha


text:
382 Dodona

Dodona (minor planet designation: 382 Dodona) is a large Main belt asteroid that was discovered by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 29 January 1894 in Nice. It is classified as an M-type asteroid.

Measurements of the thermal inertia of 115 Thyra give an estimated range of 15–150 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2, compared to 50 for lunar regolith and 400 for coarse sand in an atmosphere.

title: 382 Dodona


text:
Battle of Apache Pass

The Battle of Apache Pass was fought in 1862 at Apache Pass, Arizona, in the United States, between Apache warriors and the Union volunteers of the California Column as it marched from California to capture Confederate Arizona and to reinforce New Mexico's Union army. It was one of the largest battles between the Americans and the Chiricahua during the Apache Wars.

Background
The 2500 men of the California Column traveled across the arid Southwest in staggered groups to allow water sources to replenish. In early 1862 Col. James H. Carleton sent units from Fort Yuma to Tucson, Arizona, which had recently been occupied by a Confederate force, Company A, Arizona Rangers. After a small engagement known as the Battle of Picacho Pass just north of Tucson between a detachment of Carleton's cavalry and Confederate pickets, the Union forces advanced on Tucson in three columns. They arrived in Tucson on May 20, forcing the heavily outnumbered Confederate garrison to withdraw to Texas without a fight.

After capturing Confederate Arizona's western outpost, Carleton prepared to march east with his main body in July, intending to enter New Mexico through Apache Pass in southeast Arizona. To prepare for the advance of his main force, he sent a column ahead as he had on his march from Yuma to Tucson. The column was led by Capt. Thomas L. Roberts of Company E, 1st California Infantry, accompanied by two 12-pounder mountain howitzers under the command of Sgt. James D. Monihon, a 22-man cavalry escort from Company B, 2nd Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry, led by Capt. John C. Cremony and 21 wagons plus 242 mules and horses.

After Roberts reached the San Pedro River, it became necessary to learn whether Dragoon Springs, 28 miles further east, could supply both companies with water or whether they would be forced to separate into smaller detachments. Capt. Roberts led the advance detachment with his infantry company, joined by three wagons, the howitzers and seven of Cremony's best horsemen to serve as scouts and couriers. Capt. Cremony remained behind with 15 cavalrymen and ten of Roberts' infantrymen, including the detachment left as a garrison at the river, where an adobe stage station building provided shelter and a defensive position to guard the remaining wagons and animals.

Roberts found the water at Dragoon Springs was enough to support the entire force, and Cremony joined with him the next day. Together they advanced on the springs at Apache Pass in the same manner, leaving Cremony with the guard detachment.

Battle
At noon on July 15, Roberts' detachment had just entered Apache Pass. After traveling about two-thirds of the way through, his force was attacked by about 500 Apache warriors led by Mangas Coloradas and Cochise (Geronimo claimed to have fought in this battle but this has not been confirmed).

The Union soldiers were not in a good situation. The infantrymen had walked dozens of miles across the hot Arizona desert, heading for the spring at Apache Pass, which was now blocked to them by the well-armed Chiricahua warriors. Low on water and realizing a retreat back to Tucson without water could cost him many men, Roberts chose to fight. The Apaches had thrown up defenses, which consisted of several breastworks made of stone. They had also surprised the invaders with an ambush, waiting until the soldiers came within 30–80 yards of their positions before opening fire. Behind almost every mesquite tree and boulder hid an Apache with his rifle, six-shooter and knife. At first the Union troops could barely see their attackers. After a few minutes of intense combat Roberts ordered retreat, and his force withdrew to the mouth of Apache Pass. His men regrouped and unlimbered the mountain howitzers for an advance against the Apaches.

This was one of the first times the United States Army had been able to use artillery against the Indians in the Southwest. Roberts ordered his infantry to take the hills overlooking the pass, while he remained in the pass to direct the artillery support. The skirmishers moved forward, where they were able to take cover in an abandoned Butterfield Overland Mail station. The soldiers were now about 600 yards from the spring. Overlooking the spring were two hills, one on the east, the other on the south. The Apache riflemen behind the breastworks on the hills were delivering a deadly fire against the attackers.

Roberts advanced with his howitzers and had them open fire. Their effectiveness was limited by the fact that they were 300–400 feet below the Apache defenses. Roberts moved his guns ahead to a better position, all the time under heavy fire. Once the guns were in effective range, the artillery opened fire in earnest. The Apaches held their positions until nightfall, when they fled, allowing the Union troops to reach the spring. After allowing his tired men to enjoy a meal, Roberts retreated to bring up Cremony's detachment. The next morning the Apaches returned, but they fled once the artillery opened fire on them.

Aftermath
Two of Capt. Roberts' men were killed and three wounded in the battle for the spring. According to a report Col. Carleton made to Col. Richard C. Drum on September 20, 1862, about 10 Apaches were killed.

"From the hostile attitude of the Chiricahua, I found it indispensably necessary to establish a post in what is known as Apache Pass; it is known as Fort Bowie, and garrisoned by one hundred rank and file of the Fifth Infantry, California Volunteers, and thirteen rank and file of Company A, First Cavalry, California Volunteers; this post commands the water in that pass. Around this water the Indians have been in the habit of lying in ambush, and shooting the troops and travelers as they came to drink. In this way they have killed three of Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre's command, and in attempting to keep Captain Roberts' company, First Infantry, California Volunteers, away from the spring a fight ensued, in which Captain Roberts had two men killed and two wounded. Captain Roberts reports that the Indians lost ten killed. In this affair the men of Captain Roberts' company are reported as behaving with great gallantry."

According to Capt. Cremony, however, a prominent Apache who was present in the engagement had said that 63 warriors were killed by the artillery, while only three died from small-arms fire. Said the unnamed Apache, "We would have done well enough if you had not fired wagons at us." The howitzers, being on wheels, were called wagons by the Apaches, who were unfamiliar with artillery tactics. Mangas Coloradas himself was wounded in the action, having been shot in the chest when attempting to kill one of Roberts' cavalry scouts.

One day after the battle, on the New Mexico side of Apache Pass, the bodies of nine scalped white civilians were found. Carleton decided that it was necessary to establish a post at the pass to prevent settlers from being ambushed as they passed through it. On August 4 the first units of the California Column reached Mesilla, New Mexico, along the Rio Grande. At the same time the last remnants of the Confederate army withdrew to Texas.

The 5th California Infantry was ordered to build a fort in Apache Pass, calling it Fort Bowie in honor of their colonel, George Washington Bowie. Carleton was placed in command of the Union's Department of New Mexico, and he continued to campaign against the Apaches in that area.

Today the battlefield and fort are preserved in Fort Bowie National Historic Site. The engagement was portrayed, somewhat inaccurately, in the 1952 film The Battle at Apache Pass.

title: Battle of Apache Pass


text:
383 Janina

Janina (minor planet designation: 383 Janina) is a Themistian asteroid, approximately 46 km in diameter. It is spectral B-type and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous chondritic material.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 29 January 1894 in Nice. The reference of the name is unknown, though it is the French name of Ioannina in Greece, as well as a common German woman's name, both of which probably descend from Johannes.

title: 383 Janina


text:
National Physique Committee

The National Physique Committee (NPC) is the largest amateur bodybuilding organization in the United States. Amateur bodybuilders compete in competitions from local to national competitions sanctioned by the NPC. While the term "bodybuilding" is commonly used to refer to athletes participating in contests sanctioned by the NPC and IFBB Pro League, nine divisions are represented including men's bodybuilding, women's bodybuilding, bikini, men's physique, classic physique, women's physique, figure, fitness, and wellness.

History
The Amateur Athletic Union is an organization that governs many amateur level sports in the U.S.. Each sport has a committee that provides direct oversight of that sport. For the sport of bodybuilding Jim Manion was the president of the Physique Committee. Manion decided that in order to better promote the sport of bodybuilding, he would need to break away from the AAU, so he founded the National Physique Committee in the early 1980s.

Professional Status
The NPC is the only amateur organization recognized by the IFBB Professional League. The IFBB Pro League is the professional league for bodybuilding athletes and the sanctioning body for the world's largest professional contests such as the Mr. Olympia, Arnold Sports Festival, and Legion Sports Fest. In order to become an IFBB professional athlete an athlete must compete at an IFBB Pro Qualifier such as the NPC Nationals Championship, NPC USA Championship, or any other pro qualifier. Professional status will be awarded to top placing athletes.

Rules
Athletes must possess a valid NPC card to compete in an NPC show. NPC cards are valid for a calendar year.

Eligibility
An athlete must be a U.S. citizen to compete in the following national competitions:
 * Masters National Championships
 * USA Championships
 * Team Universe Championships
 * Nationals Championships

Proof of citizenship must be one of the following:
 * A birth certificate
 * A voter’s registration card
 * Military discharge papers
 * Naturalization Papers – Form N560
 * Consular Service Form FS24 for those born outside of the United States to US parents

Residency is four (4) months prior to a contest or must be a full-time student in the area.

Backstage

 * The only people permitted in the backstage area are competitors, expediters and NPC officials.
 * Coaches or others may be permitted after paying for a backstage pass, along with tickets to the show.

Competitors' Health

 * Any competitor who appears to be disoriented, light-headed or experiences undue cramping will not be permitted to compete.
 * Any competitor disqualified for health reasons must be checked by the attending EMT and, if it is advised by the EMT, must go to the nearest hospital for evaluation.
 * Competitors who refuse to be evaluated by the EMT or at the hospital will be suspended from competition for a period of one year from the date of the occurrence.

Events

 * Men's Bodybuilding
 * Classic Physique
 * Men's Physique
 * Fitness
 * Women's Bodybuilding
 * Women's Physique
 * Bikini
 * Figure
 * Wellness

Classes

 * Open – Competitors of any age or experience
 * Novice – Athletes who have never placed first in any class/age group in an NPC contest
 * True Novice – Athletes who have never competed in an NPC contest
 * Teen – The athlete must be in the age range that the promoter decides. Can range from 13–19
 * Junior – The athlete must be under 23 years old or younger on the day of the event
 * Master – The athlete needs to be the minimum age of the division the day of the event

Posing Suits
(Dependent on event)
 * All suit bottoms must be V-shaped, no thongs are permitted.
 * Suits worn by male competitors at the prejudging and finals must be plain in color with no fringe, wording, sparkle or fluorescents.
 * Suits worn by female competitors at the Prejudging must be two-piece and plain in color with no fringe, wording, sparkle or fluorescents.
 * Suits worn by female competitors at the Finals must be two-piece but may include a printed design with fringes, lace, sparkle or fluorescents that are in good taste.
 * All Prejudging suits will be checked at the morning check-in.
 * Competitors are not permitted to alter the fit of the posing suit by hiking it up in the back or by pulling up the sides during Front and Rear Lat Spreads.

Posing Music

 * Posing music will be used at the Finals only with the exception of Mixed Pairs competitors who will use music at both the Prejudging and the Finals.
 * Posing music must be on a cassette tape or CD and must be the only music on the tape or CD.
 * Posing music must be on Side A and should be cued to the start of the music.
 * Posing music must not contain vulgar lyrics. Competitors using music containing vulgar lyrics will be disqualified.
 * During the Prejudging male and female competitors are not permitted to wear any jewelry onstage other than a wedding band. Decorative pieces in the hair are not permitted.
 * During the Finals female competitors are permitted to wear earrings.
 * No glasses, props or gum are permitted onstage.
 * Any competitor doing the “Moon Pose” will be disqualified.
 * Lying on the floor is prohibited.
 * Bumping and shoving is prohibited. First and second persons involved will be disqualified.
 * Competitors numbers will be worn on the left side of the suit bottom.

Relaxed Round

 * Keep your feet flat
 * Keep your heels together
 * Hold your arms at your sides
 * No twisting and no b
 * Your head must be facing the same direction as your feet.

Individual Round

 * Begin when ready – no signal is necessary from the Head Judge.
 * Maximum of 60 seconds with a warning when 10 seconds remain.
 * You are not obligated to use all 60 seconds.
 * Lying on the floor is not permitted.

Mandatory Round

 * Front Double Bicep
 * Front Lat Spread
 * Side Chest
 * Side Triceps
 * Rear Double Bicep
 * Rear Lat Spread
 * Abdominals and Thigh

Weight Classes
(Only relevant to specific events) 2 Classes:
 * Lightweight – up to and including 125 lbs
 * Heavyweight – over 125 lbs

3 Classes:
 * Lightweight – up to and including 125 lbs
 * Middleweight – over 125 lbs up to and including 140 lbs
 * Heavyweight – over 140 lbs

4 Classes:
 * Lightweight – up to and including 115 lbs
 * Middleweight – over 115 lbs up to and including 125 lbs
 * Light-Heavyweight – over 125 lbs up to and including 140 lbs
 * Heavyweight – over 140 lbs
 * Lightweight – up to and including 114.5 lbs
 * Middleweight – over 114.5 lbs up to and including 125.5 lbs
 * Heavyweight – over 125.5 lbs

Men's Overall Bodybuilding Winners

 * 2018: Men's – Hunter Labrada
 * 2017: Men's – Chris DiDomenico
 * 2016: Men's – Shaun Vasquez
 * 2015: Men's – Sergio Oliva Jr.
 * 2014: Men's – Alexis Rolon
 * 2013: Men's – Kevin Jordan
 * 2012: Men's – Brian Yersky
 * 2011: Men's – Todd Jewell
 * 2010: Men's – Robert Burneika
 * 2009: Men's - Cedric McMillan
 * 2008: Men's - Edward Nunn
 * 2007: Men's - Evan Centopani
 * 2006: Men's - Desmond Miller
 * 2005: Men's - William Wilmore
 * 2004: Men's - Chris Cook
 * 2003: Men's - Mat Duval
 * 2002: Men's - Toney Freeman
 * 2001: Men's - Johnnie Jackson
 * 2000: Men's - Victor Martinez
 * 1999: Men's - Aaron Maddron
 * 1998: Men's - Jason Arntz
 * 1997: Men's - Tom Prince
 * 1996: Men's - Willie Stalling
 * 1995: Men's - Don Long
 * 1994: Men's - Paul Demayo
 * 1993: Men's - Michael Francois
 * 1992: Men's - John Sherman
 * 1991: Men's - Kevin Levrone
 * 1990: Men's - Alq' Gurley
 * 1989: Men's - Troy Zuccolotto
 * 1988: Men's - Vince Taylor
 * 1987: Men's - Shawn Ray
 * 1986: Men's - Gary Strydom
 * 1985: Men's - Phil Williams
 * 1984: Men's - Mike Christian
 * 1983: Men's - Bob Paris
 * 1982: Men's - Lee Haney

title: National Physique Committee


text:
384 Burdigala

Burdigala (minor planet designation: 384 Burdigala) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by F. Courty on 11 February 1894 in Bordeaux. It was the first of his two asteroid discoveries. The other was 387 Aquitania. Burdigala is the Latin name of the city of Bordeaux.

title: 384 Burdigala


text:
Category:Soviet films

See also:
 * Films based on Russian folklore

title: Category:Soviet films


text:
385 Ilmatar

Ilmatar (minor planet designation: 385 Ilmatar) is a large main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Max Wolf on March 1, 1894, in Heidelberg. It was named after Ilmatar, virgin spirit of the air from the Finnish epic Kalevala. Its mass has been estimated as (1.039 ± 0.515/0.201) kg. Its rotation is 62.35 hr.

title: 385 Ilmatar


text: User talk:69.41.206.82

title: User talk:69.41.206.82


text:
Talk:Dotted I (Cyrillic)

Name of the letter
I think this article must be renamed. It's not Ukrainian i. It's just a kind of Cyrillic i that was used in three languages (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusan) and now is used in two of them (Belarusan and Ukrainian). There's absolutely no sense in calling it Ukrainian. --rydel 18:10, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Good point, but can you think of a better name? Unicode calls it "Byelorussian-Ukrainian I" or "Old Cyrillic I".  Early Cyrillic I also redirects here.  I think it would be okay to use two names in different contexts, but of course only one can be the main heading.  How about a name descriptive of the glyph, like "Simple I (Cyrillic)", "Simplified I (Cyrillic)" or "Vertical I (Cyrillic)"?

 * Anyone know more about the historic development of И and І? There's some insight in Berdnikov & Lapko, Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic in TEX and Unicode, pp. 6–7 (PDF).  И and І used to be called Izhe, and Izhei or I, but these aren't used in the modern context.

 * Also note that in early Cyrillic, the letter could be formed with none, one, or two dots, but I don't know the significance or when the variations were used. They may have been considered diacritics or ornament, and not part of the letter.  (see also Yi (Cyrillic), although I think that Ukrainian letter is an innovation of the 1870s.)

 * This was mentioned briefly in a discussion at Talk:Ge (Cyrillic). I'm also mildly uncomfortable with the odd naming of Ge (Cyrillic) and Ghe.  —Michael Z. 2005-02-20 20:54 Z

 * I would give it "Decimal I (Cyrillic)" as the main name. As far as I can tell you, this name is the most common way to refer to this letter in modern Russian (say, in public academic discourse). For example, see the Google results for "и десятеричное" (Russian `i decimal'): there are quite a few uses, the first entries coming from an encyclopedia. I would even do the renaming/redirecting work in Wikipedia myself, but I'm not experienced enough for this.--Imz 18:43, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

I totally agree. It is fine calling Є 'Ukrainian Ye', as Ukrainian is the only language that uses it, but I is used in Ukrainian, Belarusian, Church Slavonic as well as pre-1917 Russian (and I think it may be used by some central Asian languages that use Cyrillic). I think "Ukrainian-Belorusian I" would possibly suffice as the title though.

Hryts 12:36, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually the name currently chosen now is even worse than the original (the precision found in the Unicode name allows to make a distinction, but did not mean that the letter is restricted to these two languages; this is true even for all other letters designated with a "Ukrainian" precision, because there also exists is some Transcaucasian languages written with these "Ukrainian" letters) !
 * That Cyrillic I/i is definitely not dotted, but instead soft-dotted (like its Latin counterpart, outside of its usage in Turkic languages, where it is either strongly dotted, or strongly not dotted; this is also a reason why long, the Turkic languages written in the Cyrillic script do not use this Ukrainian/Belarussian/Old Russian variant, but the modern Russian variant that looks like a mirrored N). The soft dot disappears when the letter is used with a combining diacritic (notably the macron, as well as the diaeresis used for the Ukrainian yi letter which as a canonical decomposition to this Cyrillic soft-dotted I/i and the combining diaeresis !)
 * Note also that in the Cyrillic script, as well as in the Latin script from which this soft-dotted I/i letter was borrowed, it was initially not dotted at all. The dot started to be added only to make texts more easily readable with some cursive styles, but otherwise this dot played no semantic or phonetic role. So it is completely false to designate this letter as a "dotted i"
 * The only real "dotted i" is the one that is used in Turkic alphabets (used in the same turcomongolian languages of the Causase for which the Cyrillic "patlotchka" was letter created, and this is not just a coincidence ! See below).
 * For this reason, the article should better be named "Soft-dotted i (Cyrillic)" rather than "Dotted I (Cyrillic)" (and article naming conventions in Wikipedia should not use a capital I because this is not the first letter of the article name and not a proper name).
 * Important note : do not confuse this soft-dotted letter I/i also with the palotchka used in many Cyrillic alphabets (which looks like a Latin capital I, and as a Latin small l when lowercased, i.e. the palotchka is never dotted by itself like this soft-dotted I/i).
 * Most Caucasian languages (not all) need and use the palotchka letter (usually written in its capital form; formally this palotchka is cased, but this does not make any difference with sans-serif and cursive font styles, the difference being visible only in non-cursive serif fonts), and so they avoid to use the Cyrillic soft-dotted I/i.
 * Russian itself (as well as Ukrainian) normally does not need a palotchka, as it is only found in precombined forms for a few distinctive letters: this explains why this soft-dotted i has been used for long in Russian (until the Cyrillic script started to be extended to cover many more Caucasian languages; migrations in the Russian empire required to preserve distinctions for people names, then for many borrowed words, and then to force those languages to adopt the Cyrillic script, until those new letters were integrated in Russian itself; additionally, the orthodox religion and nationalism played a role to deprecate the former soft-dotted I/i inherited from Latin in Russia; this Russian evolution of the Cyrillic letter I/i did not occur for Ukrainian, due to its much larger speaking population that could resist the dominant Russian culture, and where it did not need the separate palotchka).
 * The palotchka has been promoted as a plain letter in Caucasian languages due to their high number of phonemes that can be iotacized. For most other languages written in the Cyrillic scripts, the few iotacized letters are noted with a combining diacritic (such as the diaeresis or acute accent; but there's at least one language, Chukchi, that uses now a non-combining apostrophe-quote), or sometimes with the soft-dotted letter J/j (borrowed from the Latin script), or most often with an unbreakable "palotchka-like" or some hook glyph part, within a specific ligature that cannot be separated from its base (with which it forms a plain distinctive letter of the alphabet of those languages).
 * It is interesting to note that this palotchka resurrects the initial unified letter form of the historic Latin "capital" letter I (where case distinctions still did not exist), which itself was borrowed from the Greek letter iota (which has never been dotted at all, even today). It helps reunifying the various ways to note the iotacization, which is completely inconsistant today in many Cyrillic alphabets (where diacritics play different role depending on the base letter to which they are applied, and that also have adopted various combining or ligatured forms). In fact, it is a return to the Greek roots of the Cyrillic alphabet.
 * verdy_p (talk) 22:43, 19 February 2012 (UTC)
 * 1. The palotchka and this I were never used together in a single orthography.
 * 2. The current Belarusian official orthography rules state that the letter І/і is soft-dotted in print, but in handwriting it should be dotted.
 * 3. "The orthodox religion and nationalism played a role to deprecate the former soft-dotted I/i inherited from Latin in Russia" — wrong, the orthography reform was devised by linguists, not by nationalists. Its aim was simplifying orthography, not anything else. In Russian, the letters И/и and І/і had identical sound, in Ukrainian, their sounds are different. Burzuchius (talk) 17:09, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

World and Peace
I've heard the Ukrainian I is sometimes used to distinguish world (мир) from peace (мір), both transliterated as "mir" in English. Is this true or a wild fantasy? (Ex: http://horizon.bloghouse.net/archives/000457.html)
 * Just opposite system. These are Russian pre-1917/1918 rules for distinguishing и/i:
 * (a) write "i" before all vowels and before semivowel "й"
 * (b) write "и" before consonants and as the last letter of a word
 * (c) exception 1: write "и" before (semi)vowels in compound words (пят и акровый: пяти+акровый, five-acre)
 * (d) exception 2: write "и" in "миръ" for "peace, tranquility, concord, union", and "i" in "мiръ" for "world, universe, local community, commons, society, laity", with all derived words. -- Kcmamu 09:40, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. Cúchullain t/ c 16:09, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Soft-dotted i (Cyrillic) → Dotted I (Cyrillic) – Revert move made without discussion by User:verdy p to a clearly OR name. No source uses this name. Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 01:22, 30 May 2012 (UTC) 86.21.250.191 (talk) 13:26, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Comment it seems that "soft-dotted" is a technical term used in Unicode discussions, see http://unicode.org/review/pr-11.html (linked from http://unicode.org/review/resolved-pri.html ). Although this character does indeed have the "soft-dotted" property (as does the Spanish letter "i" among others), do we need to disambiguate it from some non-soft-dotted Cyrillic "i"?  Apparently not, since the only other "i"-like characters are Ї, which is at Yi (Cyrillic), and Palochka. Note, there is no article at Soft-dotted i, so already the "(Cyrillic)" in parentheses is a problematic way to disambiguate.  So, I'd be inclined to support the move back to the "Dotted i" or "Dotted I" title, but would like to hear User:verdy p first. — P.T. Aufrette (talk) 18:28, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 18 May 2014

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no consensus. --BDD (talk) 21:43, 2 June 2014 (UTC)

Dotted I (Cyrillic) → Decimal i – This letter was historically never dotted in Old Cyrillic, and often still is not, so that calling it “Dotted I” is highly misleading and often simply wrong. The original dotless form of the letter can be seen in the ligatures ы, ю, ѥ, ꙗ, ѩ, ѭ, ꙑ. “Decimal i” is, in any case, the name generally used in academic discourse by Slavists. Since “decimal i” does not require a parenthesized “(Cyrillic)” to disambiguate it, it is also a preferable title in terms of conciseness; see WP:TITLE. Also, as per WP:NCCAPS, the "i" in the title should not be capitalized. --Relisted. Armbrust The Homunculus 09:55, 25 May 2014 (UTC) Vorziblix (talk) 00:35, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * Interesting argument. However, since the article is unsourced and the nomination also provides to external evidence, it's hard to judge.  —  AjaxSmack   15:05, 18 May 2014 (UTC)
 * On GBooks, I can reach the following fragment, which is reprinted here: So, decimal i is actually a common reference to the old form of the letter, and the dotted i to the modern. Unicode name is , which is unusable for our title. Thus, I am equally unsure. No such user (talk) 13:05, 21 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The usual modern spoken Russian name for this letter is "І с точкой" = "I with a dot". Anthony Appleyard (talk) 15:25, 25 May 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Dotted I (Cyrillic)


text:
Undercurrents

Undercurrents may refer to:

 * Undercurrents (magazine), a UK magazine of radical and alternative technology
 * Undercurrents (news), a UK alternative video news network
 * Undercurrents (TV series), a Canadian television newsmagazine
 * Undercurrents, a novel by Ridley Pearson

title: Undercurrents


text: Template:Campaignbox California Column

title: Template:Campaignbox California Column


text:
386 Siegena

Siegena (minor planet designation: 386 Siegena) is a very large main-belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material.

It was discovered by Max Wolf on March 1, 1894, in Heidelberg.

During 1999, the asteroid was observed occulting a star. The resulting chords provided a diameter estimate of 174 km.

title: 386 Siegena


text:
387 Aquitania

Aquitania (minor planet designation: 387 Aquitainia), provisional designation, is a Postremian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 101 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Fernand Courty at the Bordeaux Observatory in 1894, it was named for the French region of Aquitaine, the former province of Gallia Aquitania in the ancient Roman Empire.

Discovery
Aquitania was discovered by French astronomer Fernand Courty at the Bordeaux Observatory on 5 March 1894. It was second of his two asteroid discoveries. The first was 384 Burdigala.

Classification and orbit
Aquitania is the largest member of the Postrema family (541), a mid-sized central asteroid family of little more than 100 members. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,657 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 18° with respect to the ecliptic.

Physical characteristics
In the Tholen and SMASS classification, Aquitania is an S-type and L-type asteroid, respectively. Several rotational lightcurves of Aquitania have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1980s. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 24.144 hours with a brightness variation between 0.09 and 0.25 magnitude (U=3).

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aquitania measures between 97.33 and 105.06 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.174 and 0.203.

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.19 and a diameter of 100.51 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 7.44.

Naming
This minor planet was named for the Latin name of the French region of Aquitaine. Under Caesar the Roman region of Gallia Aquitania consisted of the country between the Pyrenees mountains and Garonne river. The region was later expanded to the Loire and Allier rivers under Augustus. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 42).

title: 387 Aquitania


text:
388 Charybdis

388 Charybdis (, prov. designation: or ) is a very large background asteroid, approximately 125 km in diameter, that is located the outer region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois at the Nice Observatory on 7 March 1894. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 9.5 hours. It is probably named after Charybdis, a sea monster in Greek mythology.

title: 388 Charybdis


text:
389 Industria

389 Industria (prov. designation: or ) is a large background asteroid, approximately 79 km in diameter, located in the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 8 March 1894, by French astronomer Auguste Charlois at the Nice Observatory. The stony S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.5 hours. It was named after the Latin word for "diligence".

title: 389 Industria


text:
Air BC

Air BC was a Canadian regional airline headquartered in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. It later became part of Air Canada Jazz. This regional airline primarily flew turboprop aircraft but also operated jets as well as an Air Canada Connector carrier on behalf of Air Canada via a code share feeder agreement.

History
Air BC was established in 1980 after the merger (by the Jim Pattison Group) of a number of west coast domestic airlines: Calumet Air Service, Canadian Air Transit, Flight Operation, Gulf Air Aviation, Haida Airlines, Island Airlines, Omineca Air Services, Pacific Coast Air Services and West Coast Air Services. A combined fleet emerged, including STOL capable de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters with some Twin Otters being operated as float planes. In 1983, STOL capable DHC-7 Dash 7 turboprop aircraft were delivered and then in 1986 DHC-8 Dash 8-100 turboprops were acquired.

In 1987, Air Canada purchased 85% of Air BC, and Air BC became an Air Canada regional partner operating as Air Canada Connector. Air BC entered the jet age in 1988 with British Aerospace BAe 146-200 aircraft which was the only jetliner type ever operated by the air carrier. In 1994, the airline was operating British Aerospace Jetstream 31 propjets as part of their Air Canada Connector code share feeder services. Stretched DHC-8 Dash 8-300 turboprop aircraft were introduced as well. In March 1995, Air Canada purchased the remaining shares of Air BC.

In January 2001, a newly merged carrier called Air Canada Regional Inc was established. A wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada, this company combined the individual strengths of five regional airlines – Air BC, Air Nova, Air Ontario, Air Alliance and Canadian Regional Airlines. Consolidation of these five companies was completed in 2002 and was marked by the launch of a new name and brand: Air Canada Jazz.

Destinations
Air BC served the following destinations in the fall of 1991 in Canada and the U.S. according to the Air BC – Air Canada Connector November 3, 1991, system timetable route map; by 1999, Air BC had expanded its Air Canada Connector service and was flying BAe 146-200 jet service nonstop between Edmonton and Denver. In 2001, Air BC was operating Air Canada Connector service with its BAe 146-200 jets nonstop to Denver from Edmonton, Winnipeg and Vancouver.

 Alberta  British Columbia  Manitoba  Saskatchewan 🇺🇸 United States
 * Calgary — Calgary International Airport
 * Edmonton
 * Edmonton City Centre Airport
 * Edmonton International Airport
 * Fort McMurray — Fort McMurray International Airport
 * Grande Prairie — Grande Prairie Airport
 * Lethbridge — Lethbridge Airport
 * Lloydminster — Lloydminster Airport
 * Medicine Hat — Medicine Hat Airport
 * Abbotsford — Abbotsford International Airport
 * Campbell River — Campbell River Airport
 * Castlegar — West Kootenay Regional Airport
 * Comox — Comox Valley Airport
 * Cranbrook — Cranbrook/Canadian Rockies International Airport
 * Dawson Creek — Dawson Creek Airport
 * Kamloops — Kamloops Airport
 * Kelowna — Kelowna International Airport
 * Nanaimo — Nanaimo Airport
 * Penticton — Penticton Regional Airport
 * Powell River — Powell River Airport
 * Prince George — Prince George Airport
 * Prince Rupert — Prince Rupert Airport
 * Quesnel — Quesnel Airport
 * Sandspit — Sandspit Airport
 * Terrace — Northwest Regional Airport Terrace-Kitimat
 * Vancouver — Vancouver International Airport
 * Victoria — Victoria International Airport
 * Williams Lake — Williams Lake Airport
 * Winnipeg — Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
 * Regina — Regina International Airport
 * Saskatoon — Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport
 * Denver, Colorado — Denver International Airport
 * Las Vegas, Nevada — McCarran International Airport
 * Portland, Oregon — Portland International Airport
 * Seattle, Washington — Seattle–Tacoma International Airport

Fleet
Air BC operated the following aircraft:

title: Air BC


text:
390 Alma

Alma (minor planet designation: 390 Alma) is an asteroid from the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was Guillaume Bigourdan's only asteroid discovery. He discovered it on 24 March 1894 in Paris.

title: 390 Alma