text:
Green honeycreeper

The green honeycreeper (Chlorophanes spiza) is a small bird in the tanager family. It is found in the tropical New World from southern Mexico south to Brazil, and on Trinidad. It is the only member of the genus Chlorophanes.

Taxonomy
The green honeycreeper was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under its current binomial name Motacilla spiza. He specified the type locality as Suriname. The specific epithet is the Ancient Greek word for a common finch. Linnaeus based his description on the "green black-cap fly-catcher" that the English naturalist George Edwards had described and illustrated in his 1743 book A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. In 1853 the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach erected the genus Chlorophanes to accommodate the green honeycreeper. The name combines the Ancient Greek khlōros meaning green with -phanēs meaning showing. A comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of the tanager family Thraupidae published in 2014 found that the green honeycreeper and the golden-collared honeycreeper (Iridophanes pulcherrimus) were sister species.

Seven subspecies are recognised:
 * C. s. guatemalensis Sclater, PL, 1861 – south Mexico to Honduras
 * C. s. argutus Bangs & Barbour, 1922 – east Honduras to northwest Colombia
 * C. s. exsul Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884 – southwest Colombia and west Ecuador
 * C. s. subtropicalis Todd, 1924 – north, central Colombia and west Venezuela
 * C. s. spiza (Linnaeus, 1758) – Trinidad, east Colombia, Venezuela (except far west), the Guianas and north Brazil
 * C. s. caerulescens Cassin, 1865 – south-central Colombia through east Ecuador and east Peru to central Bolivia and west Brazil
 * C. s. axillaris Zimmer, JT, 1929 – east, southeast Brazil

The purplish honeycreeper (Chlorophanes purpurascens), a bird from Venezuela known only from the type specimen, is now thought to be an intergeneric hybrid between the green honeycreeper and either the red-legged honeycreeper or the blue dacnis.

Description
The green honeycreeper is 13–14 cm long and weighs 14 to 23 g, averaging about 19 g. It has a long decurved bill. The male is mainly blue-tinged green with a black head and a mostly bright yellow bill. The female green honeycreeper is grass-green, paler on the throat, and lacks the male's iridescence and black head. Immatures are plumaged similar to females. The call is a sharp chip.

Behavior
This is a forest canopy species. The female green honeycreeper builds a small cup nest in a tree, and incubates the clutch of two brown-blotched white eggs for 13 days. It is less heavily dependent on nectar than the other honeycreepers, fruit and seeds being its main food (60%), with nectar (20%) and insects (15%) as less important components of its diet.

title: Green honeycreeper


text:
Police board

A police board, police services board, or police commission is an appointed commission of a local government charged with the responsibility of overseeing a local police force. Police boards may be required by government regulation, as they are in most of Canada, or they may be voluntarily formed by individual municipalities.

Police boards are generally established to create a degree of separation between political councils and non-political police forces, and are variously responsible for setting the policies, priorities, and budget of a police force; hiring the chief and deputy chiefs of police; determining the structure and organization of the police force; and conducting collective bargaining with police associations. Police boards are usually explicitly prohibited from making operational decisions.

British Columbia
All municipalities with a population over 5,000 are required by the British Columbia Police Act to provide for a police service. Municipalities in this category have two options: contract with the provincial government for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or create an independent local police agency or department.

Municipalities that choose to operate an independent police force are required to create a civilian oversight body called a "Police Board". Members of the police board are civilian members of the community and are appointed by the Minister of Justice and Attorney General through an Order in Council. A police board usually has between five and eight members, depending on the size of the municipality. The Mayor of the municipality is, by law, automatically the Chairperson of the board. One other member of board is usually nominated by the municipality to represent the municipality's interest. Board members are selected from a variety of backgrounds and are usually appointed for one or two year terms. They may be re-appointed to a maximum of six years service. Except for the Mayor, municipal councillors may not be appointed to the municipality's police board.

The mandate of a police board is to own and operate the independent municipal police department ensuring that police independence from political interference is maintained. The board functions as:

 * the employer of both the "sworn" police officers and the civilian employees of the department and sets the priorities and develops the administrative policies of the department;
 * the financial overseer and develops the annual police operating budget in consultation with the municipal council; and
 * the supervisor of the Chief Constable.

The board selects and evaluates the Chief Constable and sometimes other senior departmental managers thereby allowing the board to maintain indirect control and influence over the department, although, in the same way that the police board is independent of the municipal council for policing matters, the Chief Constable is independent from the board for operational matters.

Public complaints against the police were formerly dealt with by the police board. Since July 1, 1998, public complaints are handled by the Police Complaint Commissioner of British Columbia who, as an Officer of the Legislature, is appointed by and responsible to the legislative assembly. Only level of service complaints and complaints against the Chief Constable are still dealt with by the police board.

Police departments may be amalgamated at the discretion of the Minister of Justice and Attorney General. This occurred on January 1, 2003 when Esquimalt and Victoria police departments were amalgamated and a combined police board created with the mayor of Victoria as the chairperson and the mayor of Esquimalt as the vice-chairperson. Enhanced "professional response, crime prevention and investigation in both communities" were cited as the reasons for the amalgamation.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) are contracted to provide municipal policing to 59 British Columbia municipalities including Surrey, Burnaby, Kelowna, Prince George, Kamloops and Nanaimo. Police boards are not utilized for RCMP municipalities.

There are currently 11 municipal police boards in British Columbia:

 * City of Vancouver, British Columbia - population: 569,814 - number of police officers: 1,124 - police to population ratio is 1:507
 * City of Abbotsford, British Columbia - population: 127,712 - number of police officers: 158 - police to population ratio is 1:808
 * District of Saanich, British Columbia - population: 107,964 - number of police officers: 141 - police to population ratio is 1:766
 * District of Delta, British Columbia - population: 100,576 - number of police officers: 141 - police to population ratio is 1:713
 * City of Victoria, British Columbia - population: 93,097 - number of police officers: 211 - police to population ratio is 1:441 (includes Township of Esquimalt, British Columbia)
 * City of New Westminster, British Columbia - population: 59,426 - number of police officers: 106 - police to population ratio is 1:561
 * District of West Vancouver, British Columbia - population: 45,212 - number of police officers: 77 - police to population ratio is 1:587
 * City of Port Moody, British Columbia - population: 26,690 - number of police officers: 34 - police to population ratio is 1:785
 * District of Oak Bay, British Columbia - population: 18,207 - number of police officers: 22 - police to population ratio is 1:828
 * District of Central Saanich, British Columbia - population: 16,091 - number of police officers: 21 - police to population ratio is 1:766
 * City of Nelson, British Columbia - population: 9,630 - number of police officers: 17 - police to population ratio is 1:566

Exception
The 12th police board is not in conformity with the above description of the Police Board and it does not have any elected representative on the board (whereas a Mayor is elected). The South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority Police Service is a regional police force for the Metro Vancouver region and its police board is made up of five civilian members (including the chair and a senior management from the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority), a RCMP "E" Division Assistant Commander and a Vancouver Police Department Deputy Chief Constable. They are all appointed by the Minister of Justice and Attorney General through an Order in Council.

Chicago, Illinois
The Chicago Police Department is administered by the Chicago Police Board. The Board is composed of nine members, each of whom is appointed by the City's Mayor, and is responsible for nominating candidates for the position of Superintendent to the Mayor, adopting rules and regulations for the department, and handling some disciplinary cases.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Police board


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Taiwan/Taiwanese counties task force

The project currently covers Kinmen and Lienchiang counties. Should it be renamed "WikiProject Counties of the Republic of China"? — Instantnood 07:45 Feb 23 2005 (UTC)

^Not really--Jerrypp772000 01:01, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Don't mean to nitpick but shouldn't it be County Seat instead of Capital? --Loren 3 July 2005 19:33 (UTC)

Project directory
Hello. The WikiProject Council has recently updated the WikiProject Council/Directory. This new directory includes a variety of categories and subcategories which will, with luck, potentially draw new members to the projects who are interested in those specific subjects. Please review the directory and make any changes to the entries for your project that you see fit. There is also a directory of portals, at User:B2T2/Portal, listing all the existing portals. Feel free to add any of them to the portals or comments section of your entries in the directory. The three columns regarding assessment, peer review, and collaboration are included in the directory for both the use of the projects themselves and for that of others. Having such departments will allow a project to more quickly and easily identify its most important articles and its articles in greatest need of improvement. If you have not already done so, please consider whether your project would benefit from having departments which deal in these matters. It is my hope that all the changes to the directory can be finished by the first of next month. Please feel free to make any changes you see fit to the entries for your project before then. If you should have any questions regarding this matter, please do not hesitate to contact me. Thank you. B2T2 15:30, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Day Awards
Hello, all. It was initially my hope to try to have this done as part of Esperanza's proposal for an appreciation week to end on Wikipedia Day, January 15. However, several people have once again proposed the entirety of Esperanza for deletion, so that might not work. It was the intention of the Appreciation Week proposal to set aside a given time when the various individuals who have made significant, valuable contributions to the encyclopedia would be recognized and honored. I believe that, with some effort, this could still be done. My proposal is to, with luck, try to organize the various WikiProjects and other entities of wikipedia to take part in a larger celebrartion of its contributors to take place in January, probably beginning January 15, 2007. I have created yet another new subpage for myself (a weakness of mine, I'm afraid) at User talk:Badbilltucker/Appreciation Week where I would greatly appreciate any indications from the members of this project as to whether and how they might be willing and/or able to assist in recognizing the contributions of our editors. Thank you for your attention. Badbilltucker 20:30, 29 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Usa shaolin temple

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 14:34, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Usa shaolin temple
Article does not establish notability. No more notable than any run-of-the-mill church or synagogue. RickK 07:50, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not establish notability or location, possible promo. Megan1967 08:10, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non notable martial arts dojo. jni 08:58, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability is not established, although I found the website impressive. Agree this is a dojo rather than a temple; This distinction is often confusing both to people with English as a second language and to native speakers who have no experience of martial arts. Andrewa 11:18, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dojos do not generally need articles unless special or notable in some way Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:10, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Shaolin which is eminently notable. JuntungWu 14:16, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, It doesn't appear to me to be a term many would do a search on, but a redirect can't hurt I suppose. Inter 14:58, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename as Shaolin Temple, New York City and add the tag.  — Instantnood 08:46 Feb 24 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Cheating in casinos

Cheating in casinos refers to actions by the player or the house which are prohibited by regional gambling control authorities. This may involve using suspect apparatus, interfering with apparatus, chip fraud or misrepresenting games. The formally prescribed sanctions for cheating depend on the circumstances and gravity of the cheating and the jurisdiction in which the casino operates. In Nevada, for a player to cheat in a casino is a felony under Nevada law. In most other jurisdictions, specific statutes do not exist, and alleged instances of cheating are resolved by the gambling authority who may have more or less authority to enforce its verdict.

Advantage play techniques are not cheating. Card counting, for example, is a legitimate advantage play strategy that can be employed in blackjack and other card games. In almost all jurisdictions, casinos are permitted to ban from their premises customers they believe are using advantage play, regardless of whether they are in fact doing so and even though it is not cheating, though this practice of barring law-abiding citizens from public places is subject to judicial review. So far, courts in New Jersey and North Las Vegas, Nevada have found the practice of barring law-abiding citizens to be illegal.

Methods of cheating by players
The methods for cheating in a casino are often specific to individual games and include the following:
 * Past posting: After a bet is won, a player replaces smaller-denomination chips with large-denomination chips.
 * Hand mucking: Palming desirable cards, then switching them for less desirable cards that the gambler holds.
 * Using a "holdout" device to remove a card from the game until needed at a later time.
 * Card marking: Various methods exist to mark cards during play.
 * Marked decks: Usually involving the collusion of casino employees, it may be possible for a marked deck to be introduced into play. There are many different ways to mark decks of cards, some of them very difficult to detect. Casinos often replace their cards at table games and either sell or give away the used decks. These decks are usually cut or altered before they are sold or given away.  This is to prevent cheaters from buying used decks and then using the cards to cheat at table games.
 * Tampering with slot machines: Methods exist for altering the outcome of slot machine games.
 * Collusion: In poker games, the practice of two partners signaling to each other the values of their cards can be very difficult to detect. Also, in table games, players can collude with the dealer.
 * Using auxiliary devices: In Nevada, New Jersey, and other jurisdictions, using any device which helps to forecast the odds or aid in a legitimate strategy such as card counting is regarded as cheating.
 * Top hats: In roulette, players place a bet after the ball has landed. The chips are disguised using a third party's chip - the "top hat".
 * Using a computer to gain an edge, illegal in Nevada since 1985.
 * Exploiting bugs in online casino software: In one example from 1999, security researchers from Cigital found that the online poker software used by Planet Poker and other sites did not shuffle cards adequately. The worst of the flaws they discovered was that the pseudorandom number generator used in the shuffling algorithm was seeded solely using the value of the system clock; a cheater knowing the server time to within one or two minutes (allowing for only around 200,000 possible shuffles under the flawed algorithm) could identify the order of all cards in the deck after seeing just five of them (the cheater's two hole cards and the flop in Texas hold 'em).

Methods of cheating by casinos

 * Using a rigged roulette wheel.
 * False deals: A dealer may be able to deal the second card from the top (used in conjunction with marked cards), or the ability to deal the bottom card of the deck (used in conjunction with placing desirable cards at the bottom of the deck), see for example Mechanic's grip.
 * False shuffles and cuts: A dealer may seem to mix or cut the cards, while retaining certain cards or the whole deck in a desired order.
 * Using a deck of cards with non-standard composition.
 * Using a cold deck.
 * Using loaded dice.
 * Using rulesets not sanctioned by a gambling control authority.
 * Using slot machines which pay lower than the statutory minimum.
 * False advertising by not paying advertised promotions.
 * Mail fraud or sending a mail offer but not honoring the offer once the customer is at the casino, also called bait and switch.
 * Rigged video poker machines, such as the Vegas "American Coin Scandal"
 * Rigged drawings, such as at The Venetian, Las Vegas.
 * Corrupt regulators, such as Ronald Dale Harris.
 * Using a computer to gain an edge over the players.

Prevention of cheating
Cheating can be reduced by employing "proper procedure" - certain standardized ways of shuffling cards, dealing cards, storing, retrieving and opening new decks of cards.

Most casinos are obliged to have an extensive array of security cameras and recorders which monitor and record all the action in a casino, which can be used to resolve some disputes. Some casinos use facial recognition software to detect known cheats and criminals.

title: Cheating in casinos


text:
User:John Anderson

sv:Användare:John Anderson

title: User:John Anderson


text:
Royal Oldham Hospital

The Royal Oldham Hospital is a NHS hospital in the Coldhurst area of Oldham, Greater Manchester, England. It is managed by the Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust. The hospital has its own volunteer-run radio station, Radio Cavell, which broadcasts at 1350 AM.

History
The hospital has its origins in the workhouse infirmary established to support the Oldham Union Workhouse on the Rochdale Road in around 1870. It became the Boundary Park Hospital in the late 1920s and, after joining the National Health Service in 1948, it became Oldham and District General Hospital in 1955.

The hospital was the birthplace of English physicist Brian Cox, who is a professor of particle physics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester; he was born in 1968. The hospital was also the birthplace of Louise Brown, the world's first successful in vitro fertilised "test tube baby", on 25 July 1978.

In April 2018 the hospital joined the National Bereavement Care Pathway, which intends to ensure a common standard in bereavement care for parents.

Radio Cavell
Radio Cavell, founded in 1952, provides a hospital radio service in the hospital.

title: Royal Oldham Hospital


text:
Talk:Direct injection vs indirect injection

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Direct injection vs indirect injection. The consensus was to merge it. dbenbenn | talk 14:38, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This is not a suitable encyclopedic article as it stands. The content should be merged into Diesel engine. -- Egil 07:54, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family contains approximately 615 species of trees and shrubs in 12 genera. The largest genera are Elaeocarpus, with about 350 species, and Sloanea, with about 120.

The species of Elaeocarpaceae are mostly tropical and subtropical, with a few temperate-zone species. Most species are evergreen. They are found in Madagascar, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, and South America.

Plants in this family have simple leaves, usually arranged alternately, sometimes in opposite pairs or whorled often clustered at the ends of the branches, usually with a toothed edge but sometimes reduced to scales. The flowers are arranged in leaf axils, singly or in groups and are radially symmetrical. The flowers usually have both male and female organs, four or five sepals and four or five petals. In some genera there are twice as many stamens as petals and in others there may be many stamens. In most species the anther is much longer than the filament of the stamen. The fruit is a capsule, a drupe or a berry.

A phylogeny of the family, based on DNA sequences was published in 2006.

Genera
Twelve genera of Elaeocarpaceae are accepted by Plants of the World Online as at August 2021:
 * Aceratium DC.
 * Aristotelia L'Hér.
 * Crinodendron Molina
 * Dubouzetia Pancher ex Brongn. & Gris
 * Elaeocarpus Burm. ex L.
 * Peripentadenia L.S.Sm.
 * Platytheca Steetz
 * Sericolea Schltr.
 * Sloanea L.
 * Tetratheca Sm.
 * Tremandra R.Br. ex DC.
 * Vallea Mutis ex L.f.

title: Elaeocarpaceae


text:
Talk:Wacker Drive

Untitled
I was thinking we should add to the intersections information about connections between Upper and Lower Wacker. For instance, while driving southbound on Lower Wacker, one can exit to a ramp that takes you to the intersection of Washington [Randolph] and Upper Wacker, and can turn on either road—so in a sense, it is an intersection with Lower Wacker as well. Perhaps we should split the intersections into Upper and Lower Wacker lists? Also, yes, Columbus Drive is tri-level for at least some distance south as I ended up on the lowest level once when exploring the bowels of the city. I'll explore it again when I get the chance. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 07:58, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC) (comment updated — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 19:42, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC))

 * I was working on a side view of Wacker (which would show the intersections and ramps, like at right), but I don't have enough information. But apparently you'll be helping; thanks again. I'd like to show which ramps are one-way as well. --SPUI (talk) 08:09, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wow, that's a nice diagram. Pretty accurate; I don't know how you got that information, because I've never been able to find it anywhere without actually driving it. Anyway, I just drove along it a few times and I'll list all the entrances and exits one would see while driving along Lower Wacker. I'll use U for Upper and L for Lower (and S [let's use SL] for Service Level [Lower Lower] should it be necessary).

Driving West→South on L Wacker:
 * TERMINUS: You may ENTER from southbound L Lake Shore Drive (L Lake Shore Drive basically exists from Grand Ave to Wacker Ave, I think)
 * TERMINUS: You may ENTER from northbound Lake Shore Drive (one level)
 * EXIT ramp up to U Wacker
 * INTERSECTION at L Columbus (tri-level), N or S
 * ENTRANCE ramp up from SL Wacker (just discovered this when taking the a photograph; never noticed it before)
 * INTERSECTION at L Stetson (appears to be tri-level too), road only goes S
 * INTERSECTION at L Michigan, N or S
 * INTERSECTION at Garvey, road only goes S
 * INTERSECTION at Post, road only goes S
 * EXIT ramp up to U Wacker & (L) Randolph (only one level at that point; believe it's the lower level)
 * ENTRANCE ramp down from U Wacker & (L) Randolph
 * EXIT ramp up to U Wacker & Monroe
 * ENTRANCE ramp down from U Wacker & Monroe
 * ENTRANCE ramp down from U Wacker & Adams
 * TERMINUS: You may EXIT to Harrison St. (at Franklin)
 * TERMINUS: You may EXIT to westbound Congress Parkway, just before it crosses I-90 and becomes I-290

Driving North→East on L Wacker:
 * TERMINUS: You may ENTER from eastbound Congress Parkway
 * TERMINUS: You may ENTER from Harrison (at Franklin)
 * EXIT ramp up to U Wacker & Adams
 * EXIT ramp up to U Wacker & Monroe
 * ENTRANCE ramp down from U Wacker & Monroe
 * [I may be missing another entrance ramp here; I don't think so but I'll check tomorrow]
 * INTERSECTION at Post, road only goes S
 * INTERSECTION at Garvey, road only goes S
 * EXIT at Wacker Place, road only goes E
 * INTERSECTION at L Michigan, N or S
 * INTERSECTION at L Stetson, road only goes S
 * INTERSECTION at L Columbus, N or S
 * ENTRANCE ramp down from U Wacker
 * TERMINUS: You may EXIT to northbound L Lake Shore Drive
 * TERMINUS: You may EXIT to southbound Lake Shore Drive

Hope this helps; let me know if you need more information about this part and I'm looking forward to see the next version of your diagram. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 10:08, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC) (updated — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 19:42, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC))

I added a photograph showing all three levels of Wacker Drive. (Of course) feel free to move it or change the caption; it's the first time I've uploaded an image. Unfortunately it has been somewhat cloudy today so the colors aren't very vivid; I'll try again when it's sunnier. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 20:39, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I was told by a taxi driver (not the best source, I know) that Wacker Drive is the only 9-directional street in the world. By that he meant that there's an upper north, upper south, upper east, upper west, lower north, lower east, lower west, lower south and lower lower east Wacker Drives. While I know that these nine directions are all true, I'm not sure on the whole "only one in the world" trivia. If so, it sure makes an intersting bit of trivia. I don't want to add it without verification, but it sure is a fun fact to repeat to visitors. --Senna27 01:24, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Wacker Drive. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050516111813/http://egov.cityofchicago.org:80/webportal/COCWebPortal/COC_ATTACH/Community_Areas_LOOP.pdf to http://egov.cityofchicago.org/webportal/COCWebPortal/COC_ATTACH/Community_Areas_LOOP.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:53, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wacker Drive


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Direct injection vs indirect injection

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE. dbenbenn | talk 14:38, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Direct injection vs indirect injection
The content is all right, but is not suitable as an article by itself. Instead, it should be merged with Diesel engine, where it can be a sub-chapter. The article can then be deleted, there is no need for a redirect. -- Egil 08:01, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Fuel injection, under the existing Diesel subheading. Megan1967 08:14, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Retaining the text by merging while simply deleting the article (and therefore its history) is not an option because of the way we implement the GFDL. No vote as yet. Andrewa 10:53, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In furtherance of Andrewa's point: Please read WP:GVFD and then WP:GVFD. Uncle G 19:41, 2005 Feb 23 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Good article, not-so-good title. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:12, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, Inter 15:35, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per Megan1967 and Starblind. Uncle G 19:41, 2005 Feb 23 (UTC)
 * Merge until large enough to justify it's own article. Duk 00:04, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
USS Ponaganset

USS Ponaganset AO-86/AOG-86) was a Suamico-class fleet oiler, of the T2-SE-A2 tanker hull type, serving in the United States Navy during World War II. Laid down on 27 April 1942, she was named for the Ponaganset River located in Foster and Glocester, Rhode Island.

Ponaganset was launched on 10 July 1943 after being built at Marinship, Sausalito, California, under Maritime Commission contract MC 1265. Sponsored by Mrs. J.W. Fowler, the ship was commissioned by the US Navy on 15 May 1944, and reported to the Pacific Fleet on 25 June 1944.

World War II, 1944–1946
After shakedown off the west coast, Ponaganset arrived at Pearl Harbor on 17 July, and made a water run to Eniwetok and back before departing again on transporting potable water duties for Guadalcanal, Manus, Kossol, Ulithi, Peleliu, and Saipan, reaching Leyte on 22 March 1945.

The problem of getting fresh water to the smaller ships which did not have distilling apparatus became increasingly acute as the fleet moved westward. Large combatant ships and auxiliaries were ordered to issue water to small craft needing it, but demands could not be met solely in this way. The newly commissioned fleet oilers Ocklawaha and Ponaganset were used to carry potable water to ships and bases in the forward area.

Water was available at a number of points in the South Pacific for the 3rd Fleet, and in the Southwest Pacific for the Morotai Operation Interlude forces. It was likewise available on certain harbor craft in the Marshalls. At Manus, where 2,000,000 USgal a day, filtered and chlorinated, were available, it could be obtained after 1 September for both 3rd Fleet and Southwest Pacific forces. Besides the shore facilities at Manus, the barges YO-186, with 55000 oilbbl, and YW-90, with 280,000 USgal, were sent to Captain Ogden from Eniwetok late in August. They had been filled from the Ponaganset and from surplus in ships returning to Pearl.

In the South Pacific area where most of the amphibious forces were serviced, the naval base at Tulagi estimated that, between 15 August and 1 September, 20,917,000 USgal of water was supplied to LSTs, LCIs, and small craft. No figures are available for Guadalcanal, but that base supplied water in tremendous quantities to the ships and troops which staged in that area.

The Ponaganset, with 90000 oilbbl of water, reached Eniwetok on 2 August, discharged cargo, and returned to Pearl to reload. With a fresh 90000 oilbbl aboard, she was ordered to Guadalcanal to take part in the logistic preparations of the amphibious forces. From 27 August to 4 September she discharged fresh water to various harbor and patrol craft.

In April she carried water to the task force off Okinawa, returning there during each of the next three months while moving around the western Pacific touching at Ulithi, Guam, and Leyte where she was to be found at the war's end.

She then steamed to Ulithi, the Marianas, and Okinawa, before reaching Wakayama, Japan 26 September. She operated at various Japanese ports until steaming for San Francisco, arriving 5 January 1946. She then transited the Panama Canal, and arrived 18 February 1946 at her new home yard of New York City.

1946–1949
On 9 December 1947 Ponaganset fractured into two sections while tied at dockside in Boston: "The source of the fracture was an arc strike located at the toe of a fillet weld that joined a chock in the deck. ... The presence of the sharp cracks in the arc strike located in a region of high residual stress resulting from the fillet weld provided the necessary conditions for fracture initiation at temperatures below the NDT. As indicated by the fracture analysis diagram, the failure temperature was 15°F below the NDT temperature of the source plate. The steel was typical of the World War II production material which features relatively high carbon and low manganese contents."

On 2 March 1948 the vessel was reacquired by the navy "as is where is". On 2 June 1948 title was transferred back to the Maritime Commission at the Boston Naval Shipyard on 30 June 1948. She was sold for scrap to Northern Metal Company on 7 January 1949.

Awards
Ponaganset decommissioned on 26 April 1946 and was struck from the Navy List on 23 April 1947. She was returned to the Maritime Commission for disposal at Norfolk on 15 May 1947.

Ponaganset earned two battle stars for World War II service.

title: USS Ponaganset


text:
User:Naepalm

From the void of anonymity...

title: User:Naepalm


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 24, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 24, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 24, 2005


text:
Margarita Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela (Bulgarian: Маргарита Гомес-Асебо и Сехуела Сакскобургготска, Margarita Gomes-Asebo i Sekhuela Sakskoburggotska; born 6 January 1935) is the wife of Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria, whom she married after he went into exile. As such, she is also sometimes styled Tsaritsa Margarita; in this context, she may be styled as Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duchess in Saxony, due to her husband's descent from those former ruling families. During her husband's tenure as Prime Minister of Bulgaria, she was sometimes referred as Margarita Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The current Bulgarian government does not recognize the titles in exile of the former Bulgarian royal family.

Birth
Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela was born on 6 January 1935 in Villa Alba, Collado Villalba, Madrid, during the Second Spanish Republic, as the second child and only daughter of the two children of Spanish nobles: Manuel Gómez-Acebo y Modet, 4th Marquess of Cortina, a state counsellor and lawyer of commercial and banking companies (eldest child of José Gómez Acebo y Cortina, 3rd Marquess of Cortina and wife Margarita Marta Modet y Almagro) and wife María de las Mercedes Cejuela y Fernández (daughter of Manuel Cejuela y González-Orduña and wife María de las Mercedes Fernández Molano).

Childhood
In 1936, at the outset of the Spanish Civil War Margarita's parents Manuel and María de las Mercedes as well as her maternal grandmother María de las Mercedes were arrested by the Communists and given a three-month prison detention. They were executed in November (Manuel on 9 November and María de las Mercedes and her mother María de las Mercedes on 16 November) at their farm "La Arbodela" in Collado Villalba. In recognition of their parents' murders, Margarita and her elder brother José-Luis (1930–2010) both received the Suffering for the Motherland Medal from Francoist Spain.

After the death of their parents, Margarita and José-Luis continued to live at Villa Alba for some time until they were taken in by their father's close friend, the marquess of Casa Pissaro until May 1937, when the siblings were to go to northern Spain, but due to the war were instead forced to follow a route via Valencia to Barcelona and then to France to stay with their paternal grandmother, Doña Margarita Marta Modet y Almagro, until her death in 1940. They were then taken in by their paternal uncle, Don Juan Gómez-Acebo y Modet, Marquess of Zurgena, and his family until his death, when they moved in with their other paternal uncle, Don Jaime Gómez-Acebo y Modet, and his wife, Doña Isabel Duque de Estrada y Vereterra, 9th Marchioness of Deleitosa, as well as their children, including Don Luis Gómez-Acebo (later husband of Infanta Pilar of Spain, Duchess of Badajoz, eldest sister of King Juan Carlos I of Spain and aunt of King Felipe VI of Spain.

Residence
Simeon and Margarita currently reside in what was Simeon's boyhood home, Vrana Palace, near Sofia. It was returned to them by the Bulgarian Constitutional Court. The property is operated under an agreement with the Municipality of Sofia, which allows the use of part of the estate as a public park; in return, the remainder and residence have reverted to the ownership of the family. The legality of this transaction is disputed by Bulgarian politicians in spite of the settled approval sentenced by the Constitutional Court.

Marriage and family
On 21 January 1962, Doña Margarita married Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the former king of Bulgaria. Simeon and Margarita have five children:
 * Kardam, Prince of Turnovo (2 December 1962–7 April 2015); married Doña Miriam Ungría y López, styled HRH Princess Miriam of Bulgaria. They have two sons: Princes Boris and Beltran.
 * Kyril, Prince of Preslav (born 11 July 1964); married Doña María del Rosario Nadal y Fuster de Puigdórfila, styled HRH Princess Rosario of Bulgaria. They have two daughters, Princesses Mafalda and Olimpia, and one son, Prince Tassilo.
 * Kubrat, Prince of Panagyurishte (born 5 November 1965). Married Doña Carla María de la Soledad Royo-Villanova y Urrestarazu, styled HRH Princess Carla of Bulgaria, and have three sons, Princes Mirko, Lukás, and Tirso.
 * Konstantin-Assen, Prince of Vidin (born 5 December 1967). Married Doña María García de la Rasilla y Gortázar, styled HRH Princess Maria of Bulgaria, and have twins, Prince Umberto and Princess Sofia.
 * Princess Kalina of Bulgaria, Countess of Murany (born 19 January 1972). Married Don Antonio José "Kitín" Muñoz y Valcárcel, and has a son, Simeon Hassan.

National

 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Recipient of the Suffering for the Motherland Medal

Dynastic

 * House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry: Dame Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St Alexander
 * House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Civil Merit

Foreign

 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Dame Grand Cross Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 3rd First Class

National

 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Patron of the Bulgarian EuroChild Club
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Patron of the 'For Life' Cancer Charity

Foreign

 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Patron of the Business Women's Society BWS
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland: Patron of the International Women's Club IWC

title: Margarita Saxe-Coburg-Gotha


text:
Tanacetum parthenium

Tanacetum parthenium, known as feverfew, is a flowering plant in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It may be grown as an ornament, and may be identified by its synonyms, Chrysanthemum parthenium and Pyrethrum parthenium. It is also used as a herbal medicine in the traditional sense and a dietary supplement to treat headache and other ailments, as well more recently in topical skin care as an antioxidant.

Description
The plant is a herbaceous perennial that grows into a small bush, up to 70 cm high, with pungently-scented leaves. The leaves are light yellowish green, variously pinnatifid. The conspicuous daisy-like flowers are up to 20 mm across, borne in lax corymbs. The outer, ray florets have white ligules and the inner, disc florets are yellow and tubular. It spreads rapidly by seed, and will cover a wide area after a few years. The plant produces achene fruit, and grows in stony slopes and river beds.

Location and cultivation
Feverfew is native to Eurasia, specifically the Balkan Peninsula, Anatolia, and the Caucasus, but cultivation has spread it around the world and the rest of Europe, North America, and Chile.

A perennial herb, it should be planted in full sun, 38 to(-) apart, and cut back to the ground in the autumn. It grows up to 70 cm tall. It is hardy to USDA zone 5 (−30 °C). Outside of its native range, it may become an invasive weed.

Traditional medicine
In traditional medicine, feverfew has been used to treat headache, but there is no confirmed scientific evidence that it has such an effect. Feverfew contains parthenolide, which is under basic research to assess its properties on cancer. Feverfew is registered as a traditional herbal medicine in the Nordic countries under the brand name Glitinum. Only powdered feverfew is approved in the European Union herbal monograph.

Dietary supplement
The parthenolide content of commercially available feverfew supplements varies substantially (by more than 40-fold) despite labeling claims of "standardization".

Topical skin care
In topical skin care, bioactive compounds derived from the feverfew plant are used for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These bioactives are obtained through processing the aerial parts of the feverfew plant—specifically the flowers, leaves, and stem—when the plant is in full bloom, utilizing methods such as grinding, maceration, and pressing. This process yield an extract, separated from the plant's fibrous material.

Research in vivo has identified four primary compounds mostly responsible for feverfew's effects: camphor, parthenolide, luteolin, and apigenin. Camphor stands out for its aromatic nature, while luteolin and apigenin are classified as flavonoids. However, due to their less favorable cosmetic profile, camphor, luteolin and apigenin, might be omitted from cosmetic formulations.

A systematic review focusing on the consumption of feverfew liquid extract, specifically formulations containing a minimum of 0.2% parthenolide, has validated its anti-inflammatory activity, capacity to inhibit histamine release, and potential as a chemotherapeutic agent through the suppression of microbial growth and cytotoxicity linked to the disruption of DNA replication. Nonetheless, given parthenolide's significant potential as a skin sensitizer, its application in topical treatments is deemed unfeasible.

Further research explored the use of parthenolide-depleted feverfew extract in vitro (PD-feverfew) to mitigate the risk of allergic reactions and contact dermatitis associated with parthenolide. This investigation, which involved 1,200 participants, demonstrated clinical tolerance and affirmed that the removal of parthenolide does not compromise the extract's antioxidant efficacy. The findings indicate that PD-feverfew reduced smoke- and UV-induced DNA damage, cellular apoptosis and inflammation.

Adverse effects
Long-term use of feverfew followed by abrupt discontinuation may induce a withdrawal syndrome featuring rebound headaches and muscle and joint pains. Feverfew may cause allergic reactions in those allergic to the daisy family, including contact dermatitis or swelling and numbness of the mouth. Other side effects have included gastrointestinal upset such as mild nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and flatulence, which are, fortunately mild and transient. When the herb is chewed or taken orally it may cause mouth ulcers. Feverfew should not be taken by pregnant women. It may interact with blood thinners and increase the risk of bleeding, and also may interact with a variety of medications metabolized by the liver.

History and etymology
The word feverfew derives from the Latin word febrifugia, meaning 'fever reducer', although it no longer is considered useful for that purpose.

Although its earliest medicinal use is unknown, it was documented in the 1st century CE as an anti-inflammatory by the Greek herbalist physician Dioscorides.

title: Tanacetum parthenium


text:
Central Saanich

Central Saanich is a district municipality in Greater Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, and a member municipality of the Capital Regional District. It is located on the Saanich Peninsula, in the far south-east of Vancouver Island. It is the traditional territory of the W̱SÁNEĆ people. The district began as a farming community, and many hobby farms, along working farms and vineyards, still exist. In recent decades, the area has seen increasing residential, commercial, and industrial development, especially around the neighbourhoods of Brentwood Bay and Saanichton, which are occasionally referred to as separate communities.

The area's best-known tourist attractions are the Butchart Gardens, located in the Brentwood Bay area, Gowlland Tod Provincial Park, and Island View Beach.

The mayor of Central Saanich is former district councillor Ryan Windsor. Municipal councillors last elected in 2022 include Niall Paltiel, Sarah Riddell, Zeb King, Bob Thompson, Gord Newton, and Christopher Graham.

Neighbourhoods of Central Saanich

 * Brentwood Bay
 * Saanichton
 * Island View
 * Keating
 * Tanner Ridge (also Saanich)

Potato ban
The production of potatoes from Central Saanich, east of the West Saanich Road, was banned in 1982 due to infestation by the golden nematode. Potatoes from this region of Central Saanich are banned from entry into the United States.

Notable people

 * Jamie Benn, ice hockey winger for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL).
 * Silken Laumann, Canadian champion rower.
 * Wife and husband Lorna Crozier and Patrick Lane, both award-winning Canadian poets.
 * Roy Sydney Baker-Falkner, grew up in Saanich in the 1920s and went on to be one of the top Second World War Naval Aviators from Canada and UK., and one of the few Canadians who took part in the Battle of Britain.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Central Saanich had a population of 17,385 living in 7,105 of its 7,621 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 16,814. With a land area of 41.2 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Central Saanich included:
 * Irreligion (10,150 persons or 59.1%)
 * Christianity (6,365 persons or 37.1%)
 * Sikhism (270 persons or 1.6%)
 * Judaism (110 persons or 0.6%)
 * Buddhism (70 persons or 0.4%)
 * Islam (40 persons or 0.2%)
 * Hinduism (15 persons or 0.1%)
 * Other (150 persons or 0.9%)

title: Central Saanich


text:
Talk:Fleet Marine Force insignia

I question the designation of HM2(FMF)Radabaugh as a Wolf/ Hobbit. The military currently has a don't ask don't tell policy in regards to Hobbit folk. If HM2 Radabaugh was to out himself as a hobbit, he would certainly not be able to serve with the most noble Marines except perhaps as an Ent navigator. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.237.114.10 (talk) 16:27, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

This designation as per OPNAVINST 1414.4A is for Navy personnel only; it is not mentioned in Marine Corps Uniform Regulations or any other Marine Corps Order. The name of the insignia has been corrected as well; Fleet Marine Force (FMF) Enlisted Warfare Specialist Insignia is how this insignia is referenced in Navy Uniform Regulations. Ray Trygstad 08:17, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Reasoning for removal
Enlisted Core and GCE elements re-inserted. Was taken out without explanation. If any member can add LCE and ACE requirements, that would be fantastic. Additionally, once an FMFQO completes his PQS, I will add their requirements. In the future, please state reason(s) for removal of pertinent information. -HM1--gabriel (talk) 06:04, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Fleet Marine Force insignia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060722210042/http://buperscd.technology.navy.mil/bup_updt/new_unireg/chapter5.pdf to http://buperscd.technology.navy.mil/bup_updt/new_unireg/chapter5.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:17, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:27, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
 * USN - Fleet Marine Force Insignia.png

title: Talk:Fleet Marine Force insignia


text:
Star Trek: Stargazer

Star Trek: Stargazer is a flagship series of Star Trek tie-in novels written by Michael Jan Friedman. The series is set several decades prior to The Next Generation, and follows the exploits of Jean-Luc Picard as captain of the USS Stargazer.

Characters
Many of the characters originally appeared in Friedman's 1992 novel Reunion (ISBN 0-671-78755-1).

Main characters in the Stargazer crew include:
 * Captain Jean-Luc Picard, captain of the Stargazer
 * Lieutenant Commander Gilaad Ben Zoma, first officer
 * Lieutenant Commander Jack Crusher
 * Lieutenant Commander Elizabeth Wu
 * Lieutenant Gerda Asmund
 * Lieutenant Idun Asmund
 * Lieutenant Nol Kastiigan
 * Ensign Cole Paris (uncle of Tom Paris)
 * Dikembe Ulelo
 * Lieutenant Vigo
 * Lieutenant Phigus Simenon
 * Lieutenant Bill Refsland
 * Lieutenant Peter Joseph
 * Lieutenant Obal
 * Ensign Andreas Nikolas
 * Crewperson Emily Bender
 * Ensign Jiterica
 * Carter Greyhorse

Related novels
Novels and short fiction which include settings and characters from Stargazer.

title: Star Trek: Stargazer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Veltheim

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 15:01, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

John Veltheim
Just looks like some persons CV, delete --User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 08:18, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, with reservations. Needs cleanup and expansion. Around 1000 Google hits. Megan1967 08:26, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Notability not established, and the college he founded gets less than 200 googles. Delete. Radiant! 09:47, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * There is a BodyTalk article, I think some more info about its creator could be included there merge and redirect, however neither seem to be in the mainstream of alternative medicine in Australia.--nixie 10:06, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable "alternative" medicine practitioner. We wouldn't want articles on all the MDs in the world, either. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:18, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Don't see anything particularly notable here. -R. fiend 20:43, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Longhair 13:40, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Foobaz · ✐  08:24, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity alert, anytime you see the words "very successful". DELETE. -- Riffsyphon1024 08:26, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Uppyspeak

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:38, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Uppyspeak
Non-notable. Gets zero Google hits, which for a supposed "internet phenomenon" is pretty impressive. --Carnildo 08:19, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Uppyspeak has been around for about a year, maybe a little longer. I was thinking about incorporating it into the article about internet slang, but I noticed that it said the internet slang article took up too much webspace as it is. So, I created added it as its own article. If you don't think it's up to the wikipedia standard as its own article, and you do choose to delete it, I would think it should at least be worthy as a footnote in the internet slang article. Thanks. 68.34.92.81Alex.
 * Delete, not notable slang - zero Google hits. Megan1967 08:32, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We already have leet, no need to cover non-notable variants. jni 09:01, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (Not mentioned on Google) = (Not an "internet phenomenon"). Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:14, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * delete - unverifiable - David Gerard 14:44, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, We already have leet. That should cover it. Inter 15:45, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. If this actually exists, a one sentence mention in leet would suffice. Carrp | Talk 15:50, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons given. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 20:11, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

Oh, it's varifiable, alright. :) I'd like to point you out to this message board, where Uppyspeak is clearly being used: http://p220.ezboard.com/buppyzdomain On an entirely separate board, you can see Uppyspeak being used in this thread: http://p220.ezboard.com/fpoliticsandmusiccombinedfrm34.showMessage?topicID=32.topic On this third board, you can see the style known as Uppyspeak being discussed: http://p204.ezboard.com/faxisofjusticefrm3.showMessageRange?topicID=1123.topic&start=21&stop=31 If you need be to search around for more examples, I'm sure I can find some for you. :)  68.34.92.81Alex.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep It is a well-written article detailing a subculture, Google-able or not. I say keep it. (by User:208.186.193.177)
 * Note: User's first edit. Carrp | Talk 01:20, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, sock supported. Jayjg (talk)  17:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is neither unique nor new. It's all pretty much standard internet slang. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 22:29, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jonathunder 21:44, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Walter walker

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:40, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Walter walker
Seems to be YAGB (Yet Another Garage Band). Google returned only one hit. Non-notable. Can recreate this article when the band dominates the music industry someday. — Brim 08:21, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable, possible band vanity. Megan1967 08:35, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As a side thought, it's really rare that an improperly capitalized article isn't delete-worthy, isn't it?  Perhaps it's somewhat less true of article titles with too many capitals, but too much lower case tends to be a reliable sign.  Postdlf 09:04, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. YAGB. Andrewa 10:32, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete bandity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:18, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Come back when you're released a few albums. Inter 15:46, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for not meeting the Notability and Music Guidelines. Tuf-Kat 04:50, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Csl77

I'm a developer. Hi!

Monobook: Special:Mypage/monobook.js

title: User:Csl77


text:
Escambia-class oiler

The Escambia-class oilers were a class of twelve T2-SE-A2 tankers that served in the United States Navy, built during World War II. The ships were named for United States rivers with Native American names. They were very similar to the Suamico class (of which they are sometimes accounted a subclass), differing principally in having the more powerful turboelectric plant of the P2-SE2 transports which developed 10,000 shp.

All of the ships were decommissioned and transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service in the post-war period. Several were later transferred to the United States Army and converted to floating electricity generating stations, and served in that role in Vietnam.

Ships

 * USS Escambia (AO-80), 1943
 * USS Kennebago (AO-81), 1943
 * USS Cahaba (AO-82), ex-Lackawapen, 1944
 * USS Mascoma (AO-83), 1944
 * USS Ocklawaha (AO-84), 1943
 * USS Pamanset (AO-85), 1943
 * USS Ponaganset (AO-86), 1944
 * USS Sebec (AO-87), 1944
 * USS Tomahawk (AO-88), 1944
 * USS Pasig (AO-91), ex-Mission San Xavier, converted to AW-3
 * USS Abatan (AO-92), ex-Mission San Lorenzo, converted to AW-4
 * USS Soubarissen (AO-93), ex-Mission Santa Ana, converted to water supply ship.
 * USS Anacostia (AO-94), ex-Mission Alamo, 1945
 * USS Caney (AO-95), ex-Mission Los Angeles, 1945
 * USS Tamalpais (AO-96), ex-Mission San Francisco, 1945

title: Escambia-class oiler


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 26, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 26, 2005


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carrie Underwood

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE. dbenbenn | talk 15:14, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Carrie Underwood
American Idol contestants are not notable unless they win or, like Clay Aiken, become big stars. RickK 08:29, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't go that far... The 12 finalists do become at least minor celebrities.  For this one, I'd say merge and redirect with American Idol for the time-being.  She's undoubtedly one of the best on the show and is bound to go far, so at some point she'll deserve an article to herself.  Postdlf 08:35, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * American Idol contestants do merit inclusion if they become an irritating, overplayed, Warholian cultural phenomenon like William Hung. But Carrie Underwood doesn't fulfill any of those criteria, so delete merge and redirect this one. Szyslak 08:38, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed my vote; don't know why I didn't think of that at first. Szyslak 10:02, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, with reservations. Article needs expansion. I would say Top 12 in this competition would merit some notability. 12,000 Google hits. Megan1967 08:42, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to American Idol. Not notable enough to merge. --Carnildo 08:45, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Carnildo's suggestion--nixie 10:04, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Celebrity = notability. --Centauri 12:15, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect seems to be a reasonable compromise. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:20, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, And redirect. Every inch of my body yearns for this whole Idol abomination to go away but that's beside the point. She may warrant her own article (kicking and screaming as we speak) if she makes it far/wins (I'm almost passing out). Inter 15:50, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Non-notable right now. Carrp | Talk 15:54, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, as above. Radiant! 09:10, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We should limit articles to the final 12 and bizarre exceptions like William Hung. Gamaliel 01:05, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect into season four as suggested by Carnildo. —RaD Man (talk) 02:23, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is very interesting, because my dad is rooting for her. Not quite fancruft either. I would say wait for her to advance in the competition because she's very good. Then she would be worthy of an article, especially if she won, however it looks like Anthony Fedorov might beat her to it. Keep and Expand depending on where she stands. -- Riffsyphon1024 02:27, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. D AVODD  00:53, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect for now. Keep the options open for possible updating. If she turns into one of the biggest names (she already is showing signs of it), then the article will be necessary.
 * Delete for not meeting the Notability and Music Guidelines. Tuf-Kat 04:51, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW, I had delinked all the American Idol, season four contestant names, but someone added the red links back in; as the results of this appear to be to merge, that article should be taken care of too (again) so we're not doing this mess again with every contestant before any of them have gotten anywhere. Postdlf 22:45, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As Tuf-Kat says, doesn't meet the recommended music guidelines.  Rossami (talk) 04:35, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Talent contestants, reality show cast members, game show contestants, beauty contest winners, other people who gain their 15 seconds of manufactured pseudo-celebrity very rarely end up having enough enduring notability for an encyclopedia article.   And this person is very far from being an exception.  --BM 15:56, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines are by any measure very liberal.  A musician who does not meet them and has no other notability clearly doesn't belong. —Korath (Talk) 04:37, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as suggested by Carnildo Jdcooper 13:52, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I LOVE her.
 * Anonymous vote by 68.89.164.9 -- Riffsyphon1024 22:38, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Tradnor

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

How'd you make those maps?
Nice job --Lukobe 00:41, May 24, 2005 (UTC)

Did you know?
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article Washington State Capitol, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page.

Washington article
Hey there, I just fixed your objections to the Washington gubernatorial election article. Would you mind re-reading? Páll 20:46, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

“As of...” Links
I noticed that you had reverted some edits that I made to the Bellevue, Washington article. I had changed “ As of 2005 ” to “ As of 2005 ” and you reverted them with the comment “‘As of’ links are there for a reason.” Can you tell me what those links are used for? I clicked on the “ As of 2005 ” and it redirects to 2005 anyway. I am still fairly new to the Wikipedia. DanMS 3 July 2005 07:07 (UTC) Talk

 * Thanks for the explanation. This sounds like a good thing and it should be used a lot more—but people probably don’t know about it. In the edits I have done, I have run across many, many pages related to towns and cities that have lists of names of mayors, city council members, etc., that will quickly become out of date. DanMS 3 July 2005 17:24 (UTC) Talk

 * Maybe there should be a Wikipedia project to insert “As of...” links on the pages of all cities and towns that show the names of government people. DanMS 3 July 2005 17:59 (UTC) Talk

When you took the photo of the Temple of Justice back in May did you take any shots directly up the steps to display the entry doors?

d.a.wallace@sbcglobal.net —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.239.152.176 (talk • contribs) 05:02, 28 July 2005 (UTC)  (moved from userpage  ∞ Who ? ¿ ?  05:07, 28 July 2005 (UTC))

Seattle neighborhood maps
I really like what you did with the Seattle neighborhood maps and was wondering if you could go into a little more detail of exactly how you constructed them. I looked at your previous discussion when Lukobe asked the same question, but i was unable to clearly figure out everything you did. Any help would be great. Thanks.--Gephart 14:49, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Hello Tradnor, would you mind updating the to match with this Rainier Valley map based on Seattle City Clerk's Geographic Indexing Atlas Celestialprophecy (talk) 04:51, 22 June 2018 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Tomleykis.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Tomleykis.jpg. I noticed the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the image description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use image by finding a freely licensed image of its subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or a similar) image under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, fair use images which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if not used in an article), per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —Remember the dot (talk) 05:15, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:KBTC logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:KBTC logo.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 17:57, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Almost Live Cast.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Almost Live Cast.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Ikit (talk) 03:59, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:KBTC logo.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:KBTC logo.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

PLEASE NOTE:

 * I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions.
 * I will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again.
 * If you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request.
 * To opt out of these bot messages, add  to your talk page.
 * If you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page.

Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 05:17, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Seal of Kirkland, Washington.png
Thanks for uploading File:Seal of Kirkland, Washington.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:37, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tradnor


text:
User talk:Saltair

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:Saltair


text:
Ha-ha

A ha-ha (hâ-hâ or saut de loup), also known as a sunk fence, blind fence, ditch and fence, deer wall, or foss, is a recessed landscape design element that creates a vertical barrier (particularly on one side) while preserving an uninterrupted view of the landscape beyond from the other side. The name comes from viewers' surprise when seeing the construction.

The design can include a turfed incline that slopes downward to a sharply vertical face (typically a masonry retaining wall). Ha-has are used in landscape design to prevent access to a garden by, for example, grazing livestock, without obstructing views. In security design, the element is used to deter vehicular access to a site while minimising visual obstruction.

Etymology

The name ha-ha is of French origin, and was first used in print in Dezallier d'Argenville's 1709 book The Theory and Practice of Gardening, in which he explains that the name derives from the exclamation of surprise that viewers would make on recognising the optical illusion.

"Grills of iron are very necessary ornaments in the lines of walks, to extend the view, and to show the country to advantage. At present we frequently make thoroughviews, called Ah, Ah, which are openings in the walls, without grills, to the very level of the walks, with a large and deep ditch at the foot of them, lined on both sides to sustain the earth, and prevent the getting over; which surprises the eye upon coming near it, and makes one laugh, Ha! Ha! from where it takes its name. This sort of opening is, on some occasions, to be preferred, for that it does not at all interrupt the prospect, as the bars of a grill do."

- D. d'Argenville (1709)

The name ha-ha is attested in toponyms in New France from 1686 (as seen today in Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!), and is a feature of the gardens of the Château de Meudon, circa 1700.

In a letter to Daniel Dering in 1724, John Perceval (grandfather to the prime minister Spencer Perceval), observed of Stowe:

"What adds to the beauty of this garden is, that it is not bounded by walls, but by a ha-hah, which leaves you the sight of the beautiful woody country, and makes you ignorant how far the high planted walks extend."

In the 18th century, they were often called a sunken or sunk fence, at least in formal writing, as by Horace Walpole, George Mason, and Humphry Repton. Walpole also referred to them as Kent-fences, named after William Kent.

Walpole surmised that the name is derived from the response of ordinary folk on encountering them and that they were "then deemed so astonishing, that the common people called them Ha! Has! to express their surprise at finding a sudden and unperceived check to their walk."

Thomas Jefferson, describing the garden at Stowe after his visit in April 1786, also uses the term with exclamation marks: "The inclosure is entirely by ha! ha!"

George Washington called it both a "ha haw" and a "deer wall".

Origins

Before mechanical lawn mowers, a common way to keep large areas of grassland trimmed was to allow livestock, usually sheep, to graze the grass. A ha-ha prevented grazing animals on large estates from gaining access to the lawn and gardens adjoining the house, giving a continuous vista to create the illusion that the garden and landscape were one and undivided.

The basic design of sunken ditches is of ancient origin, being a feature of deer parks first found in Anglo-Saxon England. The deer-leap or saltatorium consisted of a ditch with one steep side surmounted by a pale (picket-style fence made of wooden stakes) or hedge, which allowed deer to enter the park but not to leave. Since the time of the Norman conquest of England the right to construct a deer-leap was granted by the king, with reservations made as to the depth of the foss or ditch and the height of the pale or hedge. On Dartmoor, the deer-leap was known as a "leapyeat".

In Britain, the ha-ha is a feature of the landscape gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman and William Kent and was an essential component of the "swept" views of Capability Brown. Horace Walpole credits Bridgeman with the invention of the ha-ha but was unaware of the earlier French origins.

"The contiguous ground of the park without the sunk fence was to be harmonized with the lawn within; and the garden in its turn was to be set free from its prim regularity, that it might assort with the wilder country without."

- Horace Walpole

During his excavations at Iona in the period 1964–1984, Richard Reece discovered an 18th-century ha-ha designed to protect the abbey from cattle. Ice houses were sometimes built into ha-ha walls because they provide a subtle entrance that makes the ice house a less intrusive structure, and the ground provides additional insulation.

Examples

Most typically, ha-has are still found in the grounds of grand country houses and estates. They keep cattle and sheep out of the formal gardens, without the need for obtrusive fencing. They vary in depth from about 2 ft (Horton House) to 9 ft (Petworth House).

Beningbrough Hall in Yorkshire is separated from its extensive grounds by a ha-ha to prevent sheep and cattle from entering the Hall's gardens or the Hall itself.

An unusually long example is the ha-ha that separates the Royal Artillery Barracks Field from Woolwich Common in southeast London. This deep ha-ha was installed around 1774 to prevent sheep and cattle, grazing at a stopover on Woolwich Common on their journey to the London meat markets, from wandering onto the Royal Artillery gunnery range. A rare feature of this east-west ha-ha is that the normally hidden brick wall emerges above ground for its final 75 yards (70 metres) or so as the land falls away to the west, revealing a fine batter to the brickwork face of the wall, thus exposed. This final west section of the ha-ha forms the boundary of the Gatehouse by James Wyatt RA. The Royal Artillery ha-ha is maintained in a good state of preservation by the Ministry of Defence. It is a Listed Building, and is accompanied by Ha-Ha Road that runs alongside its full length. There is a shorter ha-ha in the grounds of the nearby Jacobean Charlton House. The Royal Crescent row of 30 terraced houses in Bath, Somerset, which were built between 1767 and 1774 in the Georgian architecture style, also feature a large ha-ha that provides an uninterrupted view of Royal Victoria Park.

In Australia, ha-has were also used at Victorian-era lunatic asylums such as Yarra Bend Asylum, Beechworth Asylum, and Kew Lunatic Asylum in Victoria, and the Parkside Lunatic Asylum in South Australia. From the inside, the walls presented a tall face to patients, preventing them from escaping, while from outside they looked low so as not to suggest imprisonment. For the patients themselves, standing before the trench, it also enabled them to see the wider landscape. Kew Asylum has been redeveloped as apartments; however some of the ha-has remain, albeit partially filled in.

Ha-has were also used in North America. Only two historic installations remain in Canada, one of which is on the grounds of Nova Scotia's Uniacke House (1813), a rural estate built by Richard John Uniacke, an Irish-born Attorney-General of Nova Scotia.

Mount Vernon, the plantation of George Washington, incorporates ha-haws on its grounds as part of the landscaping for the mansion built by George Washington’s father, Augustine Washington. A later American president, Thomas Jefferson, "built a ha-ha at the southern end of the South Lawn [of the White House], which was an eight-foot wall with a sunken ditch meant to keep the livestock from grazing in his garden."

A 21st-century use of a ha-ha is at the Washington Monument to minimise the visual impact of security measures. After 9/11 and another unrelated terror threat at the monument, authorities had put up jersey barriers to prevent large motor vehicles from approaching the monument. The temporary barriers were later replaced with a new ha-ha, a low 0.76 m (30-inch) granite stone wall that incorporated lighting and doubled as a seating bench. It received the 2005 Park/Landscape Award of Merit.

In fiction

 * In Jane Austen's Mansfield Park (1814), a ha-ha prevents the more sensible characters from getting around a locked gate and into the woodland beyond.
 * In Anthony Trollope's Barchester Towers (1857), a ha-ha marks the social divisions in Miss Thorne's fête champêtre: "Two marquees had been erected for these two banquets: that for the quality on the esoteric or garden side of a certain deep ha-ha; and that for the non-quality on the exoteric or paddock side of the same."
 * In J.J. Connington's 's 1934 detective novel The Ha-Ha Case a murder is committed in a ha-ha during a shooting party.

Personal injury
Due to the hidden nature of ha-has, they can pose potential injury to the public (especially considering their initial designs were to be invisible).

 * In 2008, during a nighttime guided walk to watch bats at Hopetoun House (Scotland), a participant of the walk attempting to make his way back to the carpark fell off a ha-ha wall, and suffered a severe fracture to the ankle. A successful personal injury claim of £35,000 was settled upon, as the judge presiding the case deemed the ha-ha to be a dangerous man-made feature, and thus it was up to the groundskeepers to highlight the invisible danger that it presented. The presiding QC judge, Alastair Campbell, deemed a ha-ha wall to be outside the scope of the law regarding obvious dangers, such as cliffs or canals, where an occupier is not required to take precautions against a person being injured. This was due to its being an unusual man-made feature that the public would be very much unaware of, especially across a wide lawn.
 * In 2014, a wedding guest at a British manor house fell off a ha-ha while making her way across the manor garden, displacing her right tibia and fibula bones. She brought a successful personal injury claim that was investigated by the environmental health department, which agreed that the area should have been lit in some way to avoid this kind of accident. The defendants in the litigation case were quick to admit liability for the incident, and settled for about £10,000. This was followed by radical changes to the signposting and lighting around the ha-ha to alert visitors of its presence.

Preventive repairs

 * Emergency repairs to the ha-ha wall at Sunbury Park in Spelthorne (England) took place in 2009, after the council realised that they would be liable for any injury or death caused by the ha-ha wall. Surrounding vegetation was removed two years before the works opened up the ha-ha to the public. However environmental services were made aware that the ha-ha was in a state of disrepair, and without appropriate warning signs. The total cost of repairs was thought to be around £65,000; environmental services contributed £9,000, and the rest of the funds was taken from capital funds.
 * In 2016, the ha-ha wall in Dalzell estate (Scotland) was repaired after it became unsafe due to a collapse of the stonework. The council's Environmental Services Committee were concerned about potential liability and personal injury claims and enlisted the help of volunteers and staff from a local charity to repair the ha-ha wall within the estate. The repair project received funding from the environmental key fund and the heritage lottery fund via the Clyde and Avon Valley Landscape Partnership.

title: Ha-ha


text: User talk:155.135.55.200

title: User talk:155.135.55.200