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Dacian draco

The Dacian draco was a military standard used by troops of the ancient Dacian people, which can be seen in the hands of the soldiers of Decebalus in several scenes depicted on Trajan's Column in Rome, Italy. This wind instrument has the form of a dragon with open wolf-like jaws containing several metal tongues. The hollow dragon's head was mounted on a pole with a fabric tube affixed at the rear. In use, the draco was held up into the wind, or above the head of a horseman, where it filled with air and gave the impression it was alive while making a shrill sound as the wind passed through its strips of material. The Dacian draco likely influenced the development of the similar Roman draco.

Name and etymology
Draco (Latin) and Drakon (Greek) mean "serpent", "dragon". The root of these words means "to watch" or "to guard with a sharp eye". It is a derivative of Greek drakōn "gazing".

Origins
The origin of the standard is unknown and still a matter of dispute among scholars. A specific and certain origin is still difficult to be determined. Dacian, Thracian, Scythian, Sarmatian or Parthian origins have been proposed in dedicated historiography. According to Lucreţiu Mihăilescu-Bîrliba by the 2nd century AD, i.e. after the conclusion of the Dacian Wars, the draco symbol was assimilated in the Greco-Roman world with the Dacian ethnos. According to Jon N. C. Coulston the Romans associated this standard with 1st and 2nd century Danubian barbarians. The Roman historian Arrian wrote that the Romans took the draco from the Scythians, most probably a term for the contemporary Sarmatians.

The original purpose was probably to provide wind direction for archery.

Significance

Among the Dacians, the draco was undoubtedly seen by the army as a special protective symbol, while it also played an important role in the religious life of the people.

The draco shows a religious syncretism between the wolf and the dragon as well as the serpent. It was supposed to encourage the Dacians and to scare their enemies.

By the time of the phase D of Hallstatt Period (8th–6th century BC), the decorative pattern of a dragon head or a serpent had become quite common in Dacia. In the La Tène Period (3thBC–1st century AD), it served as a standard for the Dacians. The image of the draco appears on a 4th-century BC ceramic piece discovered at Budureasca commune, Prahova county, Romania.
 * A wolf was depicted at the standard's head, symbolic animal of the Carpathian people since the phase B of Hallstatt Period (10th–8th century BC). The animal is shown in an aggressive posture similar to that of certain Hittite monsters. The religious association of the dragon with the wolf or the lion is first found around the year 1120 BC, on a stela of Nebuchadnezzar I, where an exact representation of the symbol of the Dacian dragon is found in the fourth quarter. This indicates that the Dacian draco stems from the art of Asia Minor where the religious-military symbology of dragon extended both eastward to the Indo-Iranians and westward to the Thraco-Cimmeriano-Getians/Dacians.

 * The body of the standard, depicting a dragon-like balaur or a large snake, was seen by the Dacians as a manifestation of the sky demon or "heavenly dragon". This relates to their supreme god Zalmoxis who was possibly a sky god (cf. also Tomaschek). In the Hallstatt Period "proper", the decorative pattern of a dragon head or a serpent became quite common in Dacia. The dragon symbol is also represented on the silver Dacian bracelets of the Classical period. The snake-shaped bracelets and other similar ornaments show not only the spread of the snake as a decorative motif but also its significance in Dacian material civilization.

Dacian Draco in warfare
Dacians marched into the battle accompanied by the howl of wolf-headed trumpets and following their sinister multicolored dragon-head standard. As intended, they made a terrifying audiovisual spectacle.

The draco first appears on Trajan's Column in Rome, a monument that depicts the Dacian wars of 101–102 AD and 105–106 AD. German historian Conrad Cichorius notes that, even though Dacians carry the draco, it was called the Scythian draco in Arrian's Tactica written around 136 AD. According to Ellis Minns, the dragon standards of Arrian were those of the Dacians.

Votive tablets
A draco banner is carried by one of the Danubian Riders, native Dacian deities, on a Danubian plaque ascribed to the first two decades of the 4th century. Because of the great importance of this symbol in the religious and military life of the Dacians, some writers believe that the draco must have been directly adopted and reproduced on the so-called Danubian plaques dating to the 3rd–4th centuries. According to some researchers such as Dumitru Tudor, the presence of this military ensign on the Danubian plaques is explained simply as due to chance — the result of a fortuitous combination of horseman and sky-god themes through the imagination of native sculptors.

Trajan's Column in Rome
On Trajan's Column (113 AD), Dacian soldiers are represented carrying a draco in 20 scenes. One depicts the draco borne by Dacian cavalry crossing the Danube by swimming with their horses. In another, the draco is planted in the center of a Dacian citadel and surrounded by the skulls of several Roman prisoners. On Trajan's Column the draco is the symbolic image of victory although it is absent from pictures on the column that illustrate Trajan's second war against the Dacians, when the Romans conquered about 18% of Dacia territories in quest for gold to pay their legions.

Roman coins of Dacia
The draco appears on coins of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (r.138–161 AD), indicating that it was still the characteristic emblem in the 2nd century. In AD 250 on a coin of Decius the Roman province of Dacia holds a wolf- or hound-dragon standard. The same type also occurs on antoniniani coins of Claudius Gothicus (r.268–270) and Aurelian (r.270–275).

Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki
The characteristic Dacian dragon emblem is carried by a group of Dacian horsemen depicted on the Arch of Galerius and Rotunda in Thessaloniki, Greece.

Funerary sculptured monument of Chester
A draco (considered in 1955 by R. P. Wright of Dacian or Sarmatian type) is depicted on a large stone found at Deva Victrix (Chester, UK) in the North Wall (West) in 1890. The dragon flag is represented horizontally, as held by the cavalryman but its head is not visible, because the stone is rather deteriorated. Most scholars consider the horseman is a Sarmatian, wearing a Sarmatian helmet and carrying a Sarmatian standard. According to Mihăilescu-Bîrliba (2009) the depiction of the Dacian standard is certain and similar representations can be observed on the most important monuments of the Roman triumph over Dacians. A military diploma (dated to 146 AD) found at Chester mentions among the units of the released soldiers the name of cohors I Aelia Dacorum. Therefore, the horseman depicted on the tombstone at Chester could be a Dacian cavalryman, belonging to a vexillatio of cohors I Aelia Dacorum. P. A. Holder suggest that the cohort was created in 102 or a little earlier, with Dacians settled in the Empire, and it received the name of Aelia later.

However, some authors question the attribution of the stele to a Dacian warrior. The Draco was not the exclusive symbol of the Dacians, but of the Sarmatians too. The Dacians usually wore a soft Phrygian cap, but in the stele, the cavalryman wears a tall and conical Spangenhelm-type helmet of Sarmatian origin. Some metal helmets of Dacian origin have been found, and they are considerably different from the one represented on the stele. The Dacians presumably wore long loose hair and thick beards, but the Chester cavalryman appears beardless and with short hair. The Dacians were characterized by the curved sickle sword as a peculiar element of the armament, but the cavalryman of Chester carries a straight sword. Furthermore, the Cohors I Aelia Dacorum reported as evidence for the presence of the Dacians in Britain was an infantry unit, and the Dacians had no tradition as a cavalry one. There also were no Dacian units in service at the Castrum of Deva Victrix (Chester, England), where the stele was found.

Use in the Roman army
The first sculptural representation of a draco borne by a Roman soldier dates from the time of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r.161 to 180 AD).

Scholars believe that the draco was adopted by the Roman army following their conquest of the Dacians. Some scholars such as Osborne (1985) and Ashmore (1961) consider that the draco was adopted by the Romans from the Dacians. It became the standard of the cohort in the same way that the aquila or Imperial eagle was the standard of the Roman legion. The adopted standard in the Roman cavalry was borne by a draconarius. Later, the draco became an imperial ensign. The only copy left is a dragon-like gilded head of the late Roman standard found at the Niederbieber, Germany.

The draco was specific not only to Roman occupied Dacia but also to the Sarmatian and Parthian regions. As a result, some alternative origins for the Roman army's draco have been proposed. According to Franz Altheim, the appearance of such ensigns in the Roman army coincided with the recruitment of nomad troops from Central and Southern Asia, and it was from this region that the image passed into Iran and subsequently to Europe. Thus, based on Altheim's theory, the Dacians and Germans would then have inherited it from the Sarmatian people.

Compared to those of the Dacians and Romans, the Sarmatian Draco was more Oriental in appearance with prominent ears, dog-like teeth and even fins. It did not usually have scales or the distinctive crest of the dragon-like gilded head of a late Roman standard found at Niederbieber, Germany. Its head may have been represented by the legendary Iranian simurgh — half-wolf, half-bird. Based on the clan's totem, could have been a fish head as well. On the Trajan's Column, Sarmatian Roxalani horsemen, don't carry a Draco at all.

The heads of the Dacian draco-standards represented on Trajan's column are also canine. But, they are of an entirely different type, having short, round-nosed muzzles, protruding eyes, upright ears, gaping, circular jaws and no-gill fins.

Mihăilescu-Bîrliba (2009) suggests that at the end of the 1st century A. D., the Romans associated the draco with Dacians. Draco was an icon symbolizing the Dacians (as was the Dacian falx).

The draco was generally introduced in the 4th century as a Roman standard.

Legacy
When Constantine placed the Christian symbol on military ensigns instead of the draco, the name outlived the change, and the standard-bearer remained the draconarius. Sometimes the ancient symbol is found joined to the new, the dragon being placed beneath the cross. The cavalrymen of the Carolingian dynasty continued raising the draco previously adopted by the Roman Empire over their forces in the 8th, 9th, and 10th centuries.

Draco probably continued in use in Sub-Roman and Anglo-Saxon Britain; the Bayeux tapestry has Harold's standard bearer holding one. The legendary King Arthur and his knights may have their origins in the Saramatian heavy cavalryman stationed in Britain, the surname "Pendragon" borne by Arthur and his father Uther may refer to draco standard.

The Red Dragon on the modern Welsh national flag may derive from the draco carried by Roman, and presumably Romano British cavalry units stationed in Britain, i.e. the Sarmatians stationed in Ribchester.

Art and literature
Michel-François Dandré-Bardon included the Dacian Draco in his Costume des anciens peuples, à l'usage des artistes The Romanian artist Adam Nicolae created the sculpture Steagul Dacic 'The Dacian Flag' that can be seen in Orăștie, Romania.

According to Saxon ethnographer Teutsch, Transylvanian Romanians may have inherited something of the "snake-cult" of the ancient Dacians, who are known to have had a dragon (or snake) as a "victory banner". He mentions that some doorknockers are shaped like snake heads (protective ones in this case). Furthermore, in Romanian villages in the Brașov's region surveyed by Teutsch, the vaults of certain gates bear snakes carved in the shape of garlands with their ends representing the "sun-wheel".

Mythology
According to historian Vasile Pârvan, the Dacian war flag, representing a wolf with a serpent's body, depicted the balaur. The balaur is not identical to the other creature of Romanian myth, the zmeu. The biggest difference is that the zmeu, even if it has some lizard features, nevertheless is a human-like figure, while the balaur is the true form of the dragon. Usually, in all Romanian myths, legends and fairy tales, the balaur always has three, five, seven, nine or twelve heads. The balaur sometimes is a malefic figure, but most of the times is a neutral figure, guarding various places, objects or knowledge. Also, in various myths and lore, there will be a series of dragons that have to be defeated in order to obtain the precious objects or entrance to the guarded places, usually three dragons, with scales of iron, silver and respectively gold, or silver, gold and respectively diamond, each stronger than the previous one, the number of their heads increasing with the difficulty. Some motifs developed in the folk tradition that defines the snake as protective of the household correspond, to some extent, to the interpretation of a protective Dacian "Dragon" symbol.

title: Dacian draco


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Talk:Citroën C6

The C6 has been presented on February 10th, 2005.

French President
I am surprised by the statement about French presidents. As far as I can remember, Georges Pompidou loved to drive fast cars and had a Porsche 911 and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing drove a dark green Peugeot 505.
 * whatever statement this was appears to be gone. --Cornellier (talk) 03:08, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

hatchback
From this article, can't tell if the C6 is a hatchback sedan or a fastback sedan66.229.151.43 08:11, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * there was only one body style, it was marketed under different names by geo --Cornellier (talk) 03:08, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

C6: FWD or RWD?
I've been trying to pare down the bloated lists of "similar" cars, but knowing nothing about French cars, can't do it without this piece of basic information that seems to be missing from the article. IFCAR 12:48, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The C6 is FWD. Notice the category at the bottom? --ApolloBoy 19:57, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I stopped reading at the template. IFCAR 22:28, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Most expensice French car?
and the most expensive vehicle produced by a French carmaker. - Bugatti is also a french carmaker.--WooteleF (talk) 08:13, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * removed from the article as of today --Cornellier (talk) 03:08, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

Specifications update, worldwide specifications
Citroën UK just changed the spec of the C6 - and from my research when buying one, it seems different territories got different identifiers and packages, including other RHD markets. If these are easily researched and planned out I might make a table of spec differences; it may be necessary to refer to past brochures though. TastyOther (talk) 09:34, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
 * sounds good, please update --Cornellier (talk) 03:08, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

Adaptive cruise control
I'm not aware of any reliable online source of the information that this option was thought to be included, but I can provide a photo where the specific symbol is visible on the instrument cluster, which instrument cluster is exclusive for the C6 only. Is that an acceptable form of citation?

GBPPh (talk) 02:24, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

F4 layout?
Was it all wheel drive? Only the front? 188.19.174.159 (talk) 09:47, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Citroën C6


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Talk:Joe Dolce

Google hits
As of 22:36, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC), this individual receives 79,100 hits on google. —Preceding unsigned comment added by GRider (talk • contribs)

Transferred to the talk page for future editing and referencing:

Accomplishments

 * 2005 - 2006 is the 25th Anniversary of Shaddap You Face, Number 1 in 1980, and the most successful song in Australian music history for 25 years consecutively! (Slim Dusty held the previous record of 23 years, for 'The Pub With No Beer,' Australia's only Gold 78 rpm record; released in 1957)

 * Australian Gospel Songwriting Awards 2004, Best Folk Gospel Song: Hill of Death. Written from a poem by LOUISA LAWSON, the extraordinary mother of Henry Lawson. Special guest at the Henry Lawson Festival in Grenfell 2005.  Included on two Best of Australian gospel music compilations 2005.

 * Current finalist in the 2005 Australian Gospel Song Awards for 'Lower Jesus.'

 * GIFT (One Iraqi Child), original anti-war song, included on Peace Songs for a Better World, CD, Album of the Week, on Radio Voce Spazio, in San Michele, Italy, and Album of the Week on JRRI Radio International, Ireland.  All proceeds to UNESCO. 2005

 * Did You Get Stupid from Being Ugly (Or Ugly from Being Stupid?), original anti-war song, included on New Protest Songs, CD, Canadian production. 2005

 * 'Freelovedays', CD, Four Star Review, Sunday Herald & Melbourne Age, Top Ten Pick of Year, Rhythms Magazine.

 * Roddy Read Memorial Songwriting Contest, Maldon Folk Festival, finalist, ‘Smokin,’ 2005.

 * The Boomer Music Festival, Johnny Young MC. With Normie Rowe, Denise Drysdale, Little Patti. Gold Coast, QUEENSLAND.October 16th, 2005.

 * The Ultimate Chartshow, RTL Television, Cologne, GERMANY. Nov 22, 2005.

 * Queenscliff Music Festival, Queenscliff, VIC. Nov 26 - 27th, 2005.

 * Woodford Folk Festival, solo shows, and with DIFFICULT WOMEN, Woodford, Q. Dec 30, 2005 - Jan 1, 2006.

 * North American Folk Alliance, showcase performance, Austin, Texas, USA, 10 - 14 February 2006.

 * National Folk Festival, 'Queensland, The Italians in Australia, The Working Life', Canberra, Australia, April 2006.

 * Australian Blues Music Festival Hall of Fame Nomination, 2005.

 * Lifestyle Cafe, Lifestyle Channel, Guest Celebrity Chef, interview and preparing Turkish Gözleme live on air. 2005

 * YAG UBI Multilcultural Festival 2005, Solo Concerts, DIFFICULT WOMEN concerts, and workshops, Queensland..

 * Frankston Guitar and Music Festival, with Jennifer Batten, Slava Grigoryan, Richie Havens, John McCutcheon, Spectrum, The Fauves, Jimi Hocking. Frankston Arts Centre, Frankston, VIC Frankston, VIC. 2005.

 * Brunswick Music Festival, with DIFFICULT WOMEN, JUDY SMALL, Brunswick Town Hall, 2005.

 * The First Annual Burke & Wills Festival, with James Keelaghan, Kavisha Mazzella, Rory Ellis, the Wise Family Band, Pete Morton, Alastair Huett, Martin Pearson and many others.Mia Mia, VIC 2005

 * La Joe Dolce Vita - A 25 year Anniversary of Shaddap You Face,with Steve Bastoni, John Baressi, Gabriel Rossi, Tanya Lossano, Maria Venuti More TBA, Comedy and Music Gala, Enmore Theatre, Sydney, NSW. 2005.

 * Brunswick Music Festival, official launch with Melbourne Ukulele Kollective 2005.

 * Australian Blues Music Festival, Goulburn, NSW. 2005

 * Carnevale on Lygon, Tsunami Aid Red Cross Appeal with La Voce Della Luna, Kavisha Mazzella.

 * Boite Singers Festival, Daylesford, VIC 2005

 * Young Artists Development Mentoring Project, Arts Victoria Grant with DAVID BRIDIE and KAVISHA MAZZELLA, for the Darebin Music Feast, 2004

 * 20th Illawarra Folk Festival, Jamberoo, NSW, 2004.

 * YAG’UBI Multilcultural Festival, Hervey Bay, Queensland, 2004. Performances and choral workshops.

 * National Folk Festival "Dissent, Victoria, and the High Country," Exhibition Park, Canberra, Australia, April 2004.

 * Rhythms in the Outback Festival,Kalgoorlie, WA. Launch with Kavisha Mazzella, and festival shows. April 2004.

 * Global Day of Action March and Rally, "END THE OCCUPATION FROM IRAQ TO PALESTINE," Treasury Gardens. 2004

 * Turramurra Folk Music Camp, Tutored 5 different workshops on song writing, blues harp, guitar and mandolin.

 * What Chance Peace? with KAVISHA MAZZELLA, at the Melbourne Town Hall, sponsored by THE AGE, and The Electoral Commission.  2004

 * Its A Long Way to the Top, Featured in the ABC television history of Australian Music Series. 2004

 * 'Love Is In The Air', Featured in five-part historical music documentary series on the origins of modern Australian pop music. 2004

 * Composer of When The Lips and The Skin Remember,' C.P.Cavafy poetry song-cycle, in Greek and English, performed at the Greek Antipodes Festival, 1995, and the Montsalvat Poetry and Song Festival, 2003.

 * Wrote, produced and performed, 'SHADDAP YOU FACE', recorded by 35 different artists, in 12 languages, including an Aboriginal dialect, which has held the record for the most successful song in Australian music history continuously for 25 years!

 * Writer of 'MY HOME AIN'T IN THE HALL OF FAME,' US alternate Country music classic,  recorded by six different US artists, including ROBERT EARL KEEN JR, KEITH WHITELY, JONATHAN EDWARDS,  JD CROWE AND THE NEW SOUTH, and THE TUMBLEWEEDS.

 * Producer and co-writer of the song, 'INTIMACY', for the original US film score of  THE TERMINATOR.

 * Wrote, produced and performed, 'PIZZA PIZZA, theme song and anthem for the US Pizza Team.

 * Duet CD, with Lin Van Hek, 'FLOWER', Top Ten release of the year, 2001, by Rhythms Magazine.

 * Composed and orchestrated 'JOAN ON FIRE', an oratorio for string orchestra, and choir. Performed twice by the Melbourne Chamber Orchestra, and Chorelation Choir, at the Melbourne Baptist Church.

 * Principal and founding member, with Lin Van Hek, of the literary-folk music group, DIFFICULT WOMEN.

 * Recipient of the ADVANCE AUSTRALIA AWARD, in 1981.

 * Born in the US, Australian resident since 1979, Australian Citizen: January 2004.

 * Most of these aren't accomplishments. The need to pad out the list with appearances at folk festivals gives the impression that he hasn't achieved a great deal. -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 19:07, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

Pronunciation of name
This is in the intro: "originally " I'm not sure what that is referring to. Is it the pronunciation of a nickname? ... disco spinster   talk  20:23, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it's supposed to be a pronunciation of Dolce, I think I may have actually seen Joe use a variation on that pronunciation in reference to himself (or possibly the meaning of his surname) as  himself but generally I would have though it is only rendered as  (as used in the article) or  notably a harder 'o' than from Dolce &  Gabanna who use  Stuart.Jamieson (talk) 09:51, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

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Pronunciation
Is there any source for his surname being pronounced "doltz"? 14.202.123.115 (talk) 04:27, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

Vandalism of page by malicious editing
Concern: some ‘editor’ has vandalised this page beyond recognition. All references to work and personal life after 1988 have been deleted: Thirty-four years of details about Joe Dolce’s later and extensive activities in writing and poetry. This material should be reinstated and whichever editor or editors that decimated this page should have editing privileges suspended as the page is now completely out of date. 124.170.107.167 (talk) 19:01, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

Request edit
Concern: some ‘editor’ has vandalised this page beyond recognition. All references to work and personal life after 1988 have been deleted: Thirty-four years of details about Joe Dolce’s later and extensive activities in writing and poetry. This material should be reinstated and whichever editor or editors that decimated this page should have editing privileges suspended as the page is now completely out of date. 124.170.107.167 (talk) 06:42, 4 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I see that you added this information back into the article. The reason why the information was removed was that it was uncited. I have added a banner at the top indicating this problem. Since this person is living, Wikipedia is much more strict about what can and cannot be in the article (see WP:BLP for more information). Please add citations for the uncited paragraphs, or remove that information from the article. Thanks. Z1720 (talk) 00:48, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joe Dolce


text:
Desorption

Desorption is the physical process where adsorbed atoms or molecules are released from a surface into the surrounding vacuum or fluid. This occurs when a molecule gains enough energy to overcome the activation barrier and the binding energy that keep it attached to the surface.

Desorption is the reverse of the process of adsorption, which differs from absorption in that adsorption it refers to substances bound to the surface, rather than being absorbed into the bulk.

Desorption can occur from any of several processes, or a combination of them: it may result from heat (thermal energy); incident light such as infrared, visible, or ultraviolet photons; or an incident beam of energetic particles such as electrons. It may also occur following chemical reactions such as oxidation or reduction in an electrochemical cell or after a chemical reaction of a adsorbed compounds in which the surface may act as a catalyst.

Mechanisms
Depending on the nature of the adsorbent-to-surface bond, there are a multitude of mechanisms for desorption. The surface bond of a sorbant can be cleaved thermally, through chemical reactions or by radiation, all which may result in desorption of the species.

Thermal desorption
Thermal desorption is the process by which an adsorbate is heated and this induces desorption of atoms or molecules from the surface. The first use of thermal desorption was by LeRoy Apker in 1948. It is one of the most frequently used modes of desorption, and can be used to determine surface coverages of adsorbates and to evaluate the activation energy of desorption.

Thermal desorption is typically described by the Polanyi-Wigner equation:

 * $$r(\theta) = - \frac{\text{d}\theta}{\text{d}t} = \upsilon(\theta) \theta^n \exp\left(\frac{-E(\theta)}{RT}\right)$$

where r is the rate of desorption, $$\theta$$ is the adsorbate coverage, t the time, n is the order of desorption, $$\upsilon$$ the pre-exponential factor, E is the activation energy, R is the gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. The adsorbate coverage is defined as the ratio between occupied and available adsorption sites.

The order of desorption, also known as the kinetic order, describes the relationship between the adsorbate coverage and the rate of desorption. In first order desorption,, the rate of the particles is directly proportional to adsorbate coverage. Atomic or simple molecular desorption tend to be of the first order and in this case the temperature at which maximum desorption occurs is independent of initial adsorbate coverage. Whereas, in second order desorption the temperature of maximum rate of desorption decreases with increased initial adsorbate coverage. This is because second order is re-combinative desorption and with a larger initial coverage there is a higher probability the two particles will find each other and recombine into the desorption product. An example of second order desorption,, is when two hydrogen atoms on the surface desorb and form a gaseous molecule. There is also zeroth order desorption which commonly occurs on thick molecular layers, in this case the desorption rate does not depend on the particle concentration. In the case of zeroth order,, the desorption will continue to increase with temperature until a sudden drop once all the molecules have been desorbed.

In a typical thermal desorption experiment, one would often assume a constant heating of the sample, and so temperature will increase linearly with time. The rate of heating can be represented by
 * $$\beta = \frac{\mathrm{d}T}{\mathrm{d}t}$$

Therefore, the temperature can be represented by:
 * $$T(t) = \beta(t - t_0) + T_0$$

where $$ t_0 $$ is the starting time and $$ T_0 $$ is the initial temperature. At the "desorption temperature", there is sufficient thermal energy for the molecules to escape the surface. One can use the thermal desorption as a technique to investigate the binding energy of a metal.

There are several different procedures for performing analysis of thermal desorption. For example, Redhead's peak maximum method is one of the ways to determine the activation energy in desorption experiments. For first order desorption, the activation energy is estimated from the temperature (Tp) at which the desorption rate is a maximum. Using the equation for rate of desorption (Polyani Winer equation), one can find Tp, and Redhead shows that the relationship between Tp and E can be approximated to be linear, given that the ratio of the rate constant to the heating rate is within the range 10$8$ – 10$13$. By varying the heating rate, and then plotting a graph of $$\log(\beta)$$ against $$\log(T_p)$$, one can find the activation energy using the following equation:
 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d}\log(\beta)}{\mathrm{d}\log(T_p)} = \frac{E}{RT_p} + 2 $$

This method is straightforward, routinely applied and can give a value for activation energy within an error of 30%. However a drawback of this method, is that the rate constant in the Polanyi-Wigner equation and the activation energy are assumed to be independent of the surface coverage.

Due to improvement in computational power, there are now several ways to perform thermal desorption analysis without assuming independence of the rate constant and activation energy. For example, the "complete analysis" method uses a family of desorption curves for several different surface coverages and integrates to obtain coverage as a function of temperature. Next, the desorption rate for a particular coverage is determined from each curve and an Arrhenius plot of the logarithm of the rate of desorption against 1/T is made. An example of an Arrhenius plot can be seen in the figure on the right. The activation energy can be found from the gradient of this Arrhenius plot.

It also became possible to account for an effect of the disorder on the value of activation energy E, that leads to a non-Debye desorption kinetics at large times and allows to explain both desorption from close-to-perfect silicon surfaces and desorption from microporous adsorbents like NaX zeolites.

Another analysis technique involves simulating thermal desorption spectra and comparing to experimental data. This technique relies on kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and requires an understanding of the lattice interactions of the adsorbed atoms. These interactions are described from first principles by the Lattice Gas Hamiltonian, which varies depending on the arrangement of the atoms. An example of this method used to investigate the desorption of oxygen from rhodium can be found in the following paper: "Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of temperature programed desorption of O/Rh(111)".

Reductive or oxidative desorption
In some cases, the adsorbed molecule is chemically bonded to the surface/material, providing a strong adhesion and limiting desorption. If this is the case, desorption requires a chemical reaction which cleaves the chemical bonds. One way to accomplish this is to apply a voltage to the surface, resulting in either reduction or oxidation of the adsorbed molecule (depending on the bias and the adsorbed molecules).

In a typical example of reductive desorption, a self-assembled monolayers of alkyl thiols on a gold surface can be removed by applying a negative bias to the surface resulting in reduction of the sulfur head-group. The chemical reaction for this process would be:

 * $$R - S - Au + e^- \longrightarrow R - S^- + Au $$

where R is an alkyl chain (e.g. CH3), S is the sulfur atom of the thiol group, Au is a gold surface atom and e− is an electron supplied by an external voltage source.

Another application for reductive/oxidative desorption is to clean active carbon material through electrochemical regeneration.

Electron-stimulated desorption
Electron-stimulated desorption occurs as a result of an electron beam incident upon a surface in vacuum, as is common in particle physics and industrial processes such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At atmospheric pressure, molecules may weakly bond to surfaces in what is known as adsorption. These molecules may form monolayers at a density of 1015 atoms/cm2 for a perfectly smooth surface,. One monolayer or several may form, depending on the bonding capabilities of the molecules. If an electron beam is incident upon the surface, it provides energy to break the bonds of the surface with molecules in the adsorbed monolayer(s), causing pressure to increase in the system. Once a molecule is desorbed into the vacuum volume, it is removed via the vacuum's pumping mechanism (re-adsorption is negligible). Hence, fewer molecules are available for desorption, and an increasing number of electrons are required to maintain constant desorption.

One of the leading models on electron stimulated desorption is described by Peter Antoniewicz In short, his theory is that the adsorbate becomes ionized by the incident electrons and then the ion experiences an image charge potential which attracts it towards the surface. As the ion moves closer to the surface, the possibility of electron tunnelling from the substrate increases and through this process ion neutralisation can occur. The neutralised ion still has kinetic energy from before, and if this energy plus the gained potential energy is greater than the binding energy then the ion can desorb from the surface. As ionisation is required for this process, this suggests the atom cannot desorb at low excitation energies, which agrees with experimental data on electron simulated desorption. Understanding electron stimulated desorption is crucial for accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider, where surfaces are subjected to an intense bombardment of energetic electrons. In particular, in the beam vacuum systems the desorption of gases can strongly impact the accelerators performance by modifying the secondary electron yield of the surfaces.

IR photodesorption
IR photodesorption is a type of desorption that occurs when an infrared light hits a surface and activates processes involving the excitation of an internal vibrational mode of the previously absorbed molecules followed by the desorption of the species into the gas phase. One can selectively excite electrons or vibrations of the adsorbate or of the adsorbate-substrate coupled system. This relaxation of the bonds together with a sufficient energy exchange from the incident light to the system will eventually lead to desorption.

Generally, the phenomenon is more effective for weaker-bound physisorbed species, which have a smaller adsorption potential depth compared to that of the chemisorbed ones. In fact, a shallower potential requires lower laser intensities to set a molecule free from the surface and make IR-photodesorption experiments feasible, because the measured desorption times are usually longer than the inverse of the other relaxation rates in the problem.

Phonon activated desorption
In 2005, a mode of desorption was discovered by John Weaver et al. that has elements of both thermal and electron stimulated desorption. This mode is of particular interest as desorption can occur in a closed system without external stimulus. The mode was discovered whilst investigating bromine absorbed on silicone using scanning tunnelling microscopy. In the experiment, the Si-Br wafers were heated to temperatures ranging from 620 to 775 K. However, it was not simple thermal desorption bond breaking that was observed as the activation energies calculated from Arrhenius plots were found to be lower than the Si-Br bond strength. Instead, the optical phonons of the Silicon weaken the surface bond through vibrations and also provide the energy for electron to excite to the antibonding state.

Application
Desorption is a physical process that can be very useful for several applications. In this section two applications of thermal desorption are explained. One of them is actually a technique of thermal desorption, temperature programmed desorption, rather than an application itself, but it has plenty of very important applications. The other one is the application of thermal desorption with the aim of reducing pollution.

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD)
Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) is one of the most widely used surface analysis techniques available for materials research science. It has several applications such as knowing the desorption rates and binding energies of chemical compounds and elements, evaluation of active sites on catalyst surfaces and the understanding of the mechanisms of catalytic reactions including adsorption, surface reaction and desorption, analysing material compositions, surface interactions and surface contaminates. Therefore, TPD is increasingly important in many industries including, but not limited to, quality control and industrial research on products such as polymers, pharmaceuticals, clays and minerals, food packaging, and metals and alloys.

When TPD is used with the aim of knowing desorption rates of products that were previously adsorbed on a surface, it consists of heating a cold crystal surface that adsorbed a gas or a mixture of gases at a controlled rate. Then, the adsorbates will react as they are heated and then they will desorb from the surface. The results of applying TPD are the desorption rates of each of the product species that have been desorbed as a function of the temperature of the surface, this is called the TPD spectrum of the product. Also, as the temperature at which each of the surface compounds has been desorbed is known, it is possible to compute the energy that bounded the desorbed compound to the surface, the activation energy.

Thermal desorption for removal of pollution
Desorption, specifically thermal desorption, can be applied as an environmental remediation technique. This physical process is designed to remove contaminants at relatively low temperatures, ranging from 90 to 560 °C, from the solid matrix. The contaminated media is heated to volatilize water and organic contaminants, followed by treatment in a gas treatment system in which after removal, the contaminants are collected or thermally destroyed. They are transported using a carrier gas or vacuum to a vapor treatment system for removal/transformation into less toxic compounds.

Thermal desorption systems operate at a lower design temperature, which is sufficiently high to achieve adequate volatilization of organic contaminants. Temperatures and residence times are designed to volatilize selected contaminants but typically will not oxidize them. It is applicable at sites where high direct waste burial is present, and a short timeframe is necessary to allow for continued use or redevelopment of the site.

title: Desorption


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joe Lidster

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Joe Lidster
This individual has written two Doctor Who audio plays and turns up 558 hits on google. Does this meet the benchmark of includability for professional writers? GRider\talk 22:39, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if thats all he's done --nixie 01:35, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Radiant! 09:06, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs expansion. Megan1967 06:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete Yuckfoo 03:49, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, if Star Trek writers can have articles I dont see why this writer can't. JamesBurns 06:06, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. Only two radio plays is hardly of notability. The article had plenty of time to be improved. Mikkalai 21:50, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Edmond H. Fischer

Edmond Henri Fischer (April 6, 1920 – August 27, 2021) was a Swiss-American biochemist. He and his collaborator Edwin G. Krebs were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular processes. From 2007 until 2014, he was the Honorary President of the World Cultural Council. At the time of his death at age 101 in 2021, he was the oldest living Nobel Prize laureate.

Early life
Fischer was born on April 6, 1920, in the Shanghai International Settlement, China. His mother, Renée Tapernoux, was born in France, and his father, Oscar Fischer, was born in Austria. His father, who was Jewish, practiced as a lawyer in Shanghai before the various consular courts in the city. Fischer's maternal grandfather founded the Courrier de Chine in Shanghai, the first newspaper published in French in China; he also helped to establish L'Ecole Municipale Française in Shanghai, where Fischer attended primary school.

At age seven, Fischer and his two elder brothers, Raoul and George, were sent to the Swiss boarding school La Châtaigneraie, near his mother's hometown in Vevey. He picked up mountain climbing and skiing during his time at the school. At high school he made a pact with a childhood friend, one of them would become a doctor and the other a scientist and then they could cure the ills of the world. While at high school Fischer was admitted to the Geneva Conservatory of Music as a pianist and he also considered becoming a professional musician.

At the completion of high school, Fischer wanted to study microbiology inspired by the works of French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur and partly driven by his father's death from tuberculosis; however, he was advised to study chemistry. He studied at the University of Geneva during World War II, he enjoyed organic chemistry and also studied biology. He completed a PhD in organic chemistry under the supervision of Kurt Heinrich Meyer, who worked on the structure of polysaccharides, and the enzymes needed for their synthesis and breakdown. Fischer worked on α-amylase.

Career and research
After his PhD, Fischer went to the United States in 1950 for postdoctoral research. He was supposed to take up a position at Caltech, but he was also, unexpectedly, offered a position at the University of Washington in Seattle. Seattle reminded Fischer and his wife of Switzerland so they chose to settle there.

Protein phosphorylation/hydrolysis cycle
Six months after his arrival in Seattle, Fischer learnt of fellow biochemist from the same university, Edwin G. Krebs, who was also trying to answer a similar question on where muscles received the energy that they needed to contract. Fischer began collaborating with Krebs, and the duo began their investigations on glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme that had been discovered by the husband and wife pair of Gerty Cori and Carl Ferdinand Cori who had won the Nobel Prize for the discovery in 1947. Krebs had earlier studied the enzyme in the muscle tissue, while Fischer had studied the enzyme in a potato. The duo realized a discrepancy in that the enzyme in the muscle required an additional chemical to function, while the potato did not require that additional chemical. Krebs and Fischer defined a series of reactions leading to the activation/inactivation of this enzyme as triggered by hormones and calcium, and in the process discovering the cycle of protein phosphorylation and hydrolysis.

Explained simply, the cycle works like this: a protein kinase moves a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a protein, converting it to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The shape and the function of this protein is thus altered enabling it to take part in converting glycogen into glucose which is used for fuel for muscular contractions. When the protein has completed its role a different enzyme, phosphatase, catalyses hydrolysis of the phosphorylated protein, which reverts to its original state. This cycle takes place to control many metabolic processes.

While the importance of the discovery was not fully recognised in 1955, the discovery became core to explaining one of the fundamental mechanisms that cells use to communicate with one another. Phosphorylation determines how a cell grows, divides, differentiates and eventually dies. The reaction also regulates hormones and proliferation of cancerous cells. The regulation of phosphorylation was determined to be key to understanding diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Many modern drugs build on the work done by Fischer and Krebs including attempting to manipulate the process. For the discovery of the cycle of phosphorylation and hydrolysis Fischer and Krebs were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1992, for explaining how the reaction acted as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various biochemical cellular processes.

Throughout his career, Fischer's research continued to look at the role of similar cycling in a variety of cellular processes.

Personal life
Fischer married his first wife, Nelly Gagnaux, in 1948 and they remained married until her death in 1961. He married Beverly Bullock in 1963 who died in 2006. Fischer played the piano and often performed sonatas by Beethoven and Mozart for his friends. He also held a private pilots license and enjoyed flying.

Fischer died on August 27, 2021, in Seattle, Washington. He was aged 101.

Awards and honors
Fischer won numerous awards including the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2010. }} He was awarded the Werner Prize from the Swiss Chemical Society, the Lederle Medical Faculty Award, the Prix Jaubert from the University of Geneva, the Senior Passano Award and the Steven C. Beering Award from Indiana University. He received Doctorates Honoris Causa from the University of Montpellier, France and the University of Basel, Switzerland. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1972 and a Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1973. Fischer was a member of the St. George's University-based Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation (WINDREF) Scientific Advisory Board from 1994 to 2021.

title: Edmond H. Fischer


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Volte-face

Volte-face ( or ) is a total change of position, as in policy or opinion; an about-face.

The expression comes from the French language.

In the context of politics a volte-face is, in modern English, often referred to as a U-turn (in the UK and US) or a flip-flop or about-face (US).

In politics

 * The royal assent by Charles I in June 1628 to the Petition of Right.
 * The 1938 decision of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to subsidize Balkan economies to resist German economic supremacy.
 * The 1990s switch of the Bharatiya Janata Party of India from a support of swadeshi (national) products to the embrace of free market ideas
 * The switch from populist protectionist policies that fed national movements to free market capitalism, wholly at odds with the election promises of Solidarity in Poland and the African National Congress in South Africa

In diplomacy

 * The Diplomatic Revolution
 * The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
 * The successful manoeuver of Italy in September 1943, when the Italian Army capitulated immediately after the Allied invasion of Sicily. Italy switched sides from one of the aggressor Axis Powers and was allowed to co-operate with the Allies with notable benefits.
 * The Soviet switch from supporting Somalia to supporting Ethiopia during the Ogaden War

In business

 * New Coke replaced Coca-Cola's main product with one containing a different formula. After a public backlash, Coca-Cola reintroduced the original formulation.

In gender

 * Jean Anouilh described the gender reassignment of Michel-Marie Poulain in 1946 as a volte-face.

title: Volte-face


text: User talk:24.158.75.249

title: User talk:24.158.75.249


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Category talk:Rivers of Ireland

1. The article begins This category has been listed for deletion; however, it does not appear to be listed on the "categories for deletion" page. 2. There are alphabetical order oddities here. 3. I doubt we need this page in addition to List of rivers in Ireland (the latter does a better job IMHO). 4. I don't know what the solution to any of these points is! -- Picapica 22:42, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Categories and lists serve different purposes (lists can hold red links, categories are more easily populated/updated).

 * The delete notice (which I'm removing) was from a suggested change from Rivers in CountryName to Rivers of CountryName. See Categories for deletion/Rivers of the world.

 * Category items can automatically alphabetically sort, or this can be overridden with the form (sorting "River Shannon" under S not R in this case). Someone will need to check the alphabetising by looking at the category links on the article pages.

OK. Done that. For the sake of consistency can we reverse the "River Boyne" to "Boyne" redirect? -- Picapica 14:16, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Rivers of Ireland


text:
User:Grutness/Reading list

Administration

 * Administrators' reading list
 * Administrators' how-to guide

title: User:Grutness/Reading list


text:
Edwin G. Krebs

Edwin Gerhard Krebs (June 6, 1918 – December 21, 2009) was an American biochemist. He received the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize of Columbia University in 1989 together with Alfred Gilman and, together with his collaborator Edmond H. Fischer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and regulate various cellular processes.

Early life and education
Krebs was born in Lansing, Iowa, the third child of William Carl Krebs, a Presbyterian minister and Louise Helen (Stegeman) Krebs. The family moved frequently due to the nature of his father's work, though they settled in Greenville, Illinois when Krebs was six and remained there until his father's unexpected death in 1933. Louise Krebs decided to move her family to Urbana, Illinois, where Krebs's elder brothers were attending the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign. Krebs attended Urbana High School, and enrolled at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign in 1936. In his fourth year of study Krebs had decided to either pursue a higher degree in organic chemistry or study medicine. Receiving a scholarship to attend Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, he chose the latter.

The School of Medicine afforded Krebs the opportunity to train as a physician as well as to gain experience in medical research. Following graduation in 1943, he undertook an 18-month residency at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis and then went on active duty as a medical officer in the Navy. Krebs was discharged from the Navy in 1946 and was unable to immediately return to hospital work; he was advised to study basic science instead. He chose to study biochemistry and was postdoctoral fellow to Carl and Gerty Cori, working on the interaction of protamine with rabbit muscle phosphorylase. At the completion of his two years' study, Krebs decided to continue his career as a biochemist.

Research work
In 1948 Krebs accepted a position as assistant professor of biochemistry at the University of Washington, Seattle. When Edmond H. Fischer arrived at the department in 1953, the pair decided to work on the enzymology of phosphorylase. During the course of their study they were able to observe the mechanism by which interconversion of the two forms of phosphorylase takes place: reversible protein phosphorylation.

Explained simply, in reversible protein phosphorylation a protein kinase takes a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and attaches it to a specific site on a protein, introducing both extra mass and negative charge at that site. This can alter the protein's shape and turn its function in a biological process up or down, either by changing its activity or its ability to bind to another protein. The protein can be converted back to its original state by a protein phosphatase that removes the phosphate. This cycle controls numerous metabolic processes, and plays a central role in the regulation of cell division, shape, and motility. Derangement of specific protein phosphorylation pathways is important in human disease, including cancer and diabetes. Fischer and Krebs were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for the discovery of reversible protein phosphorylation.

Later life and death
Krebs's interest in teaching and administration led him to leave the University of Washington to become the founding chairman of the department of biochemistry at the University of California, Davis. In 1977 he returned to the University of Washington as chairman of the department of pharmacology.

Krebs was hearing impaired.

Krebs died on December 21, 2009. His wife, Virginia, died in 2018. He is survived by three children.

title: Edwin G. Krebs


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joey Hawthorne

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Joey Hawthorne
The article reads, in full: "Joey Hawthorne was a poker player who wrote the lowball section in Doyle Brunson's Super/System. Joey died of a drug overdose while in his forties and his career never took off." and receives 380 matches on google, many of which are relevant. Are deceased poker players who once contributed to a how-to book on playing poker notable in this instance? If so, why? GRider\talk 22:45, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Nonnotable poker player. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:38, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 05:53, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 21:55, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Citroën H Van

The Citroën H-Type vans (most commonly the Citroën HY), are a series of panel vans and light trucks, produced by French automaker Citroën for 34 years – from 1947 through 1981. They are notable for their industrial design, using many corrugated metal outer body panels to save material, weight, and costs. Early models of the uniquely styled trucks were just named Type H, but soon they were differentiated by a second letter, using the last four letters in the alphabet – except for the type HP for (flat-bed) pickups. Thus the vans were built as the types HW through HZ – with the majority of them built as Citroën HY.

The Citroën H-types were developed as simple, low-cost, front-wheel drive vans after World War II, using the same design philosophy as on Citroën's 2CV, but featuring a frameless, unitary body-structure. A total of 473,289 of their variants were produced in 34 years in factories in France and Belgium.

Design
Like the 1934 Citroën Traction Avant, the H had a unitary body with no separate frame, front independent suspension, and front-wheel drive. For a commercial van, this combination provided unique benefits: a flat floor very close to the ground, and 6 feet standing height. Loading is by a combination of an upward-hinged tailgate with lower double half-doors at the rear, and optionally a sliding door on the side. There were short and long wheelbase models, and choice of short or longer rear overhang. The sides of the vans got varying treatments.

The distinctive corrugated bodywork used throughout the period of production was inspired by German Junkers (Aircraft) who used this technique starting during the First World War until the 1930s, the three-engined Junkers Ju 52 being the last to use this construction. Henry Ford adopted the same type of construction for the Ford Tri-Motor passenger aircraft. The ribs added strength without adding weight, and required only simple, low-cost press tools. The flat body panels were braced on the inside by 'top hat' box sections, installed at right angles to the ribs. The welded floor was strong enough to support a horse.

Marketing
Most H Vans were sold in France, Belgium and the Netherlands. At the Slough Trading Estate assembly facility (1926-1966), Citroën UK built a very small number of right hand drive versions. The German market however, was supplied by key competitors: the direct rival Volkswagen Type 2; plus the also front-drive DKW Schnellaster minivan.

As with the Volkswagen, the H Van could not be competitive in the US after 1964, due to the Chicken tax, a 25-percent tariff on commercial vehicles.

Mechanical
The engine, gearbox and many smaller parts are shared with other Citroën models. The engine and gearbox are nearly identical to those in the Traction Avant and later the DS, only mounted with the engine in front of the gearbox. The headlights were identical to those of the 2CV, while speedometers were successively borrowed from the Traction Avant and the Ami 6.

While the derated "Traction Avant" 4-cylinder engine and the unsophisticated 3-speed gearbox (non synchromesh on first gear) offered only a modest top speed of just under 100 km/h, the chassis and suspension layout provided good roadholding qualities for a van of the era, especially on the short wheelbase version: low slung chassis, with very little overhangs, combined with sophisticated totally independent suspensions (the front ones used double torsion bars instead of conventional coil springs). With 35 hp-metric, the downtuned 1.9-litre 11D engine in the initial, cast-iron head variant offered more usable power than the 1.2 litre of its competitor, the 1950 Volkswagen Type 2.

Period brochures sometimes refer to the 11D engine producing 50 hp-metric; many sources indicate that power increased gradually throughout the 1950s as the quality of petrol and raw materials improved. In late 1963, the 1.9-liter, 11CV engine was replaced with a downsleeved version with an alloy, crossflow head. The bore was reduced from 78 to 72 mm and it was accordingly called the type 72. The new engine produced 45 hp-metric at 4,200 rpm, which allowed for a higher top speed while also reducing the tax burden (down to 9CV) and improving fuel economy by 15-20 percent. The 1.9-litre engine reappeared in late 1966 for the HY 78 and HZ 78; now with the same alloy head as the type 72 it had 58 hp-metric at 4,200 rpm.

Diesel engines were also available, initially from Perkins beginning in 1961. This was replaced by the engine in March 1964. The Perkins 4/99 engine in the HYDI and HZDI produces 42 hp-metric; this increased to 50 hp-metric when the 1.8-litre Indenor TMD replaced it in 1964. In December 1966, the Indenor diesel was given a larger bore, increasing displacement to 1.95 litres and power to 57 hp-metric.

Styling changes
The basic design changed very little from 1947 to 1981.

Vehicles left the Citroën factory with only three body styles: the standard enclosed van, a pick-up version, and a stripped-down body which went to non-Citroën coach-builders and formed the basis for the cattle-truck and other variants. The basic version had an overall length of 4.26 m, but vehicles were also available in a long wheelbase version with an overall length of 5.24 m.

In September 1963 the earlier style rear window - a narrow vertical window with curved corners - was replaced with a square window the same height but wider, 45 cm on each side. The bonnet was modified to give two additional rectangular air intakes at the lower edges, one for a heater, the other a dummy for symmetry.

In early 1964, the split windscreen used since 1947 was replaced with a single windscreen, while in late 1964 the chevrons on the radiator grille, previously narrow aluminum strips similar to those on the Traction Avant, were replaced with the shorter, pointed style of chevrons as used on most Citroën vehicles in the last decades of the twentieth century.

In November 1969 the small parking lights were discontinued, the front indicators were recessed into the wings, and the shape of the rear wings was changed from semi-circular to rectangular.

Rear hinged 'Suicide' cab doors were used until the end of production in 1981, except on vehicles manufactured for the Dutch market where conventionally hinged doors were available from 1968.

Names
Citroën's teams worked on 8 projects and only the last one was developed, giving it its name : "H". Most Type H vans were sold as model HY. Other models include H (early versions), HX (lesser load capacity), HP (flat-bed pick-up), HZ, and HW (greater load capacity). For a time they were also sold as model 1600. When used by the police, it was called "panier à salade" ("salad basket").

Legacy
Vintage H vans are still a common sight in Europe and in cosmopolitan cities around the world, serving as stylish food trucks evoking a retro continental image to the business. Vintage versions are available as non-operating static displays or upgraded with modern engines and power steering.

Italian coachbuilder Fabrizio Caselani of FC Automobili has resurrected the classic design with in honor of the H van's 70th anniversary in 2017, and produces with a body kit based on the modern Fiat Ducato/Citroën Jumper/Ram ProMaster X290 platform, and a smaller HG version based on the Citroën Jumpy PSA EMP2 platform, both under license from Citroën.

title: Citroën H Van


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Piparo

Piparo is a village in Central Trinidad on the southern edge of the Central Range. The village has three main claims to fame:

 * 1) Piparo was the base of operations of Dole Chadee (born Nankissoon Boodram), a notorious drug lord who was executed in 1999 for the murder of four members of the Baboolal family.
 * 2) Piparo was the home of Ras Shorty I (born Garfield Blackman) during his self-imposed break from the soca world.  Living simply in this rural community Ras Shorty-I developed jamoo, a fusion of soca and gospel music.
 * 3) Piparo was the site of a large mud volcano eruption on February 22, 1997.  The eruption covered an area of 2.5 km² and displaced 31 families. The mud volcano now lies active where the eruption took place ( as of October 2019).

During the early twentieth century, Piparo was an important cocoa bean producer.

The small village is mainly inhabited by people of African and Indian descent. There is a mandir, two mosques, and three churches.

Since the eruption in 1997, an alternate road to the village has been established through the village of Guaracara or a detour around the volcanic site through Panchoo trace.

title: Piparo


text:
Talk:Liberals (Sweden)

Muslim Registration
To be quite fair, Björklund didn't just demand that Muslim students be reported by security services - all students with extreme views (including neo-Nazis) would be reported. It's fair to say, though, that this has caused opposition from within the Party (not least from the youth league). I plan to edit the page to take account of this.

Ideology in the opening line and the top of the infobx
Should the ideology in the first opening line and that which is placed at the top of the infobox be changed? Helper201 (talk) 00:15, 2 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Comment on why the rfc was opened: There has been a recent consensus to entirely remove the centrist position from the infobox leaving only centre-right, with editors commenting that the party has moved rightwards. In regards to this rightward shift, would it currently as of 2022 be accurate to still classify its main/primary ideology as "liberalism"? The sources we have for simply "liberalism" by the age and standard of Wikipedia are very old. Namely two from 1999 and one from 2007. Whereas, from what I gather from the comments of other editors, the shift rightwards has occurred in the last few years, long after the publication of these articles. Therefore, would it still be most accurate to classify the party as primarily being simply liberal and not perhaps say its main/primary ideology is now classical liberalism, or conservative liberalism since the recent rightward shift? Both of these ideologies are cited in the infobox, the latter of which with more recently published sources from 2011 and 2019 than that of liberalism. It’s important we make sure descriptions of parties and their ideologies are up-to-date and not signifying what a party was but how it is currently. Helper201 (talk) 00:33, 2 September 2022 (UTC)
 * The Liberals did shift to the right in the 2000s, and I think that labeling them as just "liberal" would be incorrect, because the the Centre Party is also labeled as liberal. I think that "conservative liberalism" would be the best option, considering that the party has always been classical-liberal/economically liberal, but has shifted more to the right on some social issues.
 * Vacant0 (talk) 09:35, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

Mats Persson (politician)
Since he's in the new cabinet, shouldn't somebody create an article about him in English? Orange Mike |  Talk  21:15, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liberals (Sweden)


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Witta of Büraburg

 * See Witta, son of Wecta for the mythological Jutish chieftain.

Witta of Büraburg (also known as Albuin or Vito Albinus, a close Latin translation of his Germanic name) (born in Wessex; died 26 October 747) was one of the early Anglo-Saxon missionaries in Hesse and Thuringia in central Germany, disciple and companion of Saints Boniface and Lullus. Following the establishment by Boniface of the bishopric of Büraburg near Fritzlar in 741, Witta was the first and only bishop there. After his death on 26 October 747, no successor was appointed and Lullus, then archbishop of Mainz, incorporated the bishopric into his own because he wanted to have control over the Christian missionary efforts towards the East. Witta was buried in the chapel of Saint Sturm (Sturmius, Sturmi) which Lullus later (769) used as the nucleus for the new and influential Benedictine Hersfeld Abbey.

His feast day falls on 26 October.

title: Witta of Büraburg


text: User talk:207.245.179.47

title: User talk:207.245.179.47


text: User talk:80.58.37.237

title: User talk:80.58.37.237


text: User talk:68.0.245.187

title: User talk:68.0.245.187


text: User talk:128.111.30.157

title: User talk:128.111.30.157


text: User talk:69.132.51.112

title: User talk:69.132.51.112


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Katamori Matsudaira

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Katamori Matsudaira
This figure returns 70 hits on google. Are all Japanese military commanders notable enough for inclusion on Wikipedia? What are the key ingredients that make up this particular BEEFSTEW? GRider\talk 22:57, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable - less than 70 Google hits. Megan1967 05:51, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. 15,600 Google hits in Japanese, 173 more in English for the proper name ordering, and a significant article on ja:, which is beyond my ability to translate. —Korath (Talk) 07:23, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I was about to write the same thing as Korath but got into an edit conflict. / u p p l a n d 08:29, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. He was the last leader of the shinsengumi. "Shinsengumi" gets 85,500 hits even in English. Is the purpose of some of these nominations to discredit the google test? Kappa 09:17, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Important figure in the Meiji Restoration.   — Gwalla | Talk 23:25, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Important figure. JuntungWu 02:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Our collective ignorance of historical japanese figure doesn't imply lack of enciclopedic value. --LexCorp 23:24, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, spurious notability. JamesBurns 06:08, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Frederick W. True

Frederick William True (July 8, 1858 – June 25, 1914) was an American biologist, the first head curator of biology (1897–1911) at the United States National Museum, now part of the Smithsonian Institution.

Biography
He was born in Middletown, Connecticut in 1858. He received a B.S. from the University of New York in 1878, when he entered the U.S. government service. He was expert special agent on fisheries for the 10th census, 1879. In 1881, True started working for the U.S. National Museum as a clerk. That year he became librarian and acting curator of mammals, which positions he filled until 1883. True was curator of mammals at the U.S. National Museum (1883-1909), curator of comparative anatomy (1885-1890), executive curator (1894-1897), head curator of biology (1897-1911) and assistant secretary in charge of the library and international exchange service (1911-1914). He was appointed to the board of the American Philosophical Society, of which he was already a member, on March 2, 1900.

He started his career studying invertebrates, but his poor eyesight obligated him to give up studies with the microscope, and he turned to studies of cetaceans and their relatives. True's beaked whale, True's vole and True's shrew mole were named by him, and have vernacular names in his honor.

Works

 * "Note on the occurrence of an armadillo of the genus Xenurus in Honduras"
 * Review of the Family of Delphinidae
 * Whalebone Whales of the Western North Atlantic (1904)
 * Observations on Living White Whales (1911)

Family
He married Louis Elvina Prentiss in 1887, and at his death two of their children were living. He was the son of Methodist clergyman and writer Charles Kittredge True. His brother Alfred Charles True was a noted agricultural educationist.

title: Frederick W. True


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Graviton (comics)

Graviton (Franklin Hall) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Jim Shooter and artist Sal Buscema, he first appeared in The Avengers #158, dated April 1977. Over the years, he has mainly opposed the Avengers in their various incarnations.

Originally a gravity researcher, Franklin Hall gains the ability to control gravity. Corrupted by this power, he becomes a supervillain using the name "Graviton". He is confronted and defeated by the Avengers as he tried to destroy the facility where he did his original research. In subsequent appearances Graviton seems to struggle with control of his powers and often loses because of this. More than one storyline has depicted Graviton's apparent death, only for him to return subsequently through various means. He later becomes part of Advanced Idea Mechanics' High Council as "Minister of Science".

Graviton has appeared in Marvel television series, such as The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. Additionally, Franklin Hall appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Ian Hart, while the Graviton identity is filled by Glenn Talbot, portrayed by Adrian Pasdar.

Publication history
Graviton first appears in The Avengers #158 (April 1977) and was created by Jim Shooter and Sal Buscema.

Fictional character biography
Franklin Hall is a Canadian physicist involved in an experiment in a private research facility in the Canadian Rockies. A mistake in Hall's calculations causes graviton particles to be merged with his own molecules, and Hall later discovers that he can mentally control gravity. Hall at first tries to hide his newfound ability, but becomes tempted by the potential power, and donning a costume adopts the alias "Graviton".

When Graviton takes over the research facility and forbids all communications with the outside world, a fellow scientist sends a distress signal to the superhero team the Avengers. A furious Graviton then lifts the facility several thousands of feet into the sky and threatens to kill the scientist. The Avengers then arrive and attack but are all defeated when trapped in a gravity field. Graviton then proceeds to bring the facility to New York, and demands the U.N. to hand over world power or he will destroy the world's cities. At Avengers Mansion a returning Black Panther learns of their plight and joins with the thunder god Thor, having also been on leave from the team, and the two head to the facility. As Thor battles Graviton with Iron Man's help, the Panther frees the captive Avengers, but Graviton defeats them again until he is tricked into thinking a fellow scientist he cares for has committed suicide. Graviton then panics and causes the entire facility to collapse on him, forming a giant stone sphere that is dropped into a river by the Avengers.

Graviton later reappears, although is suffering from amnesia and is flickering in and out of existence. Somehow guided to the female scientist he has feelings for, Graviton attempts to abduct her but is stopped by Fantastic Four member the Thing and the Inhuman Black Bolt. During the battle, Graviton describes himself as becoming a "living black hole" and morphs into a 50 ft humanoid. Graviton is then attacked until he loses concentration, and then apparently implodes and is considered dead. Graviton is eventually able to reform his body, and decides to seek a bride. Elevating a Bloomingdale's store into the sky, he takes several women hostage until tricked by Thor. Thor then maroons a defeated Graviton in an alternate dimension.

Graviton is able to return when an anomaly opens a portal to Earth. Arriving in Los Angeles, Graviton attempts to unite all criminal elements under his leadership, but is defeated by the West Coast Avengers. Graviton was among the villains recruited by Mister Bitterhorn into Mephisto's Legion Accursed. They were used in part of a plot to kill the Beyonder with Mephisto's Beyondersbane weapon, but were delayed by the Thing until the weapon melted down. Graviton then recruits the supervillains Halflife, Quantum, and Zzzax as allies, but they are once again defeated by the West Coast Avengers. Graviton then defeats Spider-Man, and after a skirmish with the Fantastic Four, is defeated in turn by a cosmic-powered Spider-Man.

Graviton then attacks the Avengers again, but is defeated when they overload his powers, banishing him to yet another alternate dimension. He then sends out a distress signal, which is noticed by the villains Techno and Baron Zemo. Graviton is eventually freed and attacks the teams the Thunderbolts and Great Lakes Avengers, but is persuaded by Thunderbolt Moonstone to rethink his priorities. Desiring still more power, Graviton recruited a team of criminals and looted the city of San Francisco, until eventually defeated by the Thunderbolts – currently aided by Angel – with the use of technology from Machine Man, whose flight capabilities cancel gravity, allowing them to use arm-bands based on his technology to shut down Graviton's powers.

Banished once again to the same alternate dimension, Graviton becomes insane from the constant defeats and exile from Earth, and returns with the goal of total world conquest, accompanied by an adult-level P'tah named M'reel. Seeking revenge on the Thunderbolts, Graviton storms their headquarters to discover they have disbanded and been replaced by the group the Redeemers. Graviton kills almost the entire team before being defeated by a reformed Thunderbolts. Discovering that M'reel was channeling his power to create a dimensional warp enabling the P'tah to invade Earth a furious Graviton apparently dies stopping the alien invasion and saves the Thunderbolts.

Under unrevealed circumstances, Graviton returned to Earth once more and was rendered powerless long enough to be imprisoned on the Raft with other superhuman criminals. However, when Electro shorted out the Raft's defenses to free Sauron, Graviton and dozens of other inmates escaped, only to be confronted by the heroes who would soon organize as the latest incarnation of the Avengers. Although recaptured, Graviton evidently sustained a head injury that somehow greatly dampened his powers, making him much less powerful than at his previous encounter with the Thunderbolts. He also was more megalomaniacal than ever during his next escape, declaring himself capable of forgiving and punishing sins. The reorganized Avengers again fought him at Ryker's, and after wounding Captain America and Spider-Man, Graviton was downed and almost killed by an Extremis enhanced Iron Man.

After battling Iron Man once again, having been framed for murder by an associate of the Mandarin who possessed similar gravity-manipulating powers to his own – he uses his powers to trigger an aneurysm in his brain, concluding that he will never receive a fair trial and wanting to end things on his terms.

A 2010 storyline reveals that Graviton has a son with the same powers as he has, a criminal named Singularity, but he was revealed to be a normal child unrelated to Graviton, who had been brainwashed and mutated by the evil son of the Leader called Superior.

Graviton turns up alive as part of the new High Council of A.I.M. (alongside Andrew Forson, Jude the Entropic Man, Mentallo, Superia and an undercover Taskmaster) as the Minister of Science. When the Secret Avengers attempted to assassinate Andrew Forson, Graviton attacked them but was quickly stopped by an attack by sentient Iron Patriot armors led by the Hulk.

During the 2016 "Avengers: Standoff!" storyline, Graviton was shown in a training video for the S.H.I.E.L.D. Cadets working in the gated community Pleasant Hill being subjected to the Cosmic Cube-derived technology "Kobik", which turned him into a mild-mannered Pleasant Hill chef named Howie Howardson.

In the 2017 "Secret Empire" storyline, Graviton is recruited by Baron Helmut Zemo to join the Army of Evil.

Powers and abilities
Franklin Hall was a normal human until empowered by an explosion that intermingled his molecules with sub-nuclear graviton particles generated by a nearby particle generator, which gave him the ability to manipulate gravitons (the subatomic particles that carry the force of gravitational attraction) and anti-gravitons (similar particles but with opposite force and spin of gravitons). Graviton could surround any person or object, including himself, with gravitons or anti-gravitons, thereby increasing or decreasing the pull of gravity upon it. Hall was able to manipulate gravitons for various uses, including the projection of highly concussive blasts, formation of gravitational force fields and levitation, and had also been proven capable of generating gravitational fields in various objects, making them attract any nearby matter (or individuals) not heavy enough or physically strong enough to resist. By decreasing the pull of gravity beneath him, then manipulating its direction of effect, he could fly at any speed or height at which he could still breathe. However, by using his force field generation capabilities he could also breathe in space. By increasing the pull of gravity beneath his opponents, he could pin them to the ground, having made them too heavy to move, or cause sufficient gravitational stress to impair the normal functioning of the human cardiovascular system. He could also cause an inanimate object (such as a 1 ft diameter rock) to radiate enough gravitons to enormously increase its own gravitational field, able to attract nearby matter and energy.

By rapidly projecting gravitons in a cohesive beam, he could generate a force blast with a maximum concussive force equivalent to the primary shockwave of an explosion of 20,000 pounds of TNT. He could also create a gravitational force field around him capable of protecting him from any concussive force up to and including a small nuclear weapon.

On a large scale Graviton could exert his gravitational control over a maximum distance of 2.36 mi from his body. Thus, the maximum volume of matter he could influence at once is 55.1 cumi. He once exercised this control by lifting into the air an inverted conic frustum-shaped land mass whose uppermost area was 4 mi across, and causing it to fly as though it were a blimp. He could also erect a gravitational force-field of similar proportions. Graviton could formerly perform as many as four separate tasks simultaneously – at one time, he not only lifted a 4 mi wide land mass as high as cloud level above San Francisco, but at the same time also surrounded himself with a force-field, descended on a small rock, and hurled some policemen and a helicopter 10000 mi into orbit. Graviton could use his power at maximum capacity for up to eight hours before mental fatigue significantly impaired his performance, and considerably longer (up to eighteen hours) if he conserved his energy during that time.

He was somehow also able to bestow the power of self-propelled flight to at least 70 people independent from his location; however he was also able to take this power away with but a thought.

With time and training, his powers further advanced, even to the extent of levitating an island miles above ground level, exerting his power even while sleeping, somewhat reshaping mountains on the Moon, and demonstrating the ability to lift a small stone in China while residing in L.A., then depositing it in Australia through a victim's head just to see if he could do so. By separating himself from Earth's gravitational field and instead attuning himself to the incredibly stronger gravitational field of the Sun, he was able to cross the distance from Earth to the Sun almost instantaneously, where his individual force field proved strong enough to withstand the forces of the Sun itself, effectively simulating long-range teleportation. To return from the Sun to Earth he utilized the Sun's gravitational field as a form of slingshot device and was able to cross the distance to Earth within minutes.

Hall's single most ambitious display of power was when he held almost every Marvel hero in stasis, including the Fantastic Four, some of the X-Men and such physical powerhouses as Thor, Hercules, the Hulk and Namor, and began using his powers to try reshaping the Earth in his image.

He also had the ability to detect extra-dimensional-shifts and phased or invisible objects through his immediate awareness of gravitational fluctuation and while he was not able to invoke dimensional portals, he was at least able to close them. He could simulate vast superhuman strength and durability using gravitonic fields to surround his body, but he could not actually manipulate density or increase his physical strength.

Aside from his powers to manipulate gravity, Hall had a PhD in Physics and was intellectually brilliant, with expertise in advanced physics, including teleportation. His greatest limitation was that he was emotionally and mentally very disturbed.

Television

 * Graviton appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes two-part episode "Breakout", voiced by Fred Tatasciore. This version is a physicist hired by S.H.I.E.L.D. to help recreate the super-soldier serum that created Captain America. However, Hall caused an accident that gave himself near-limitless gravitational powers. Soon after, when it became clear that he had become dangerous, S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Nick Fury placed Hall into an unconscious state and imprisoned him in the Raft. A decade later, a technological malfunction enables Hall to escape and seek revenge on Fury, only to be foiled by Thor, the Wasp, Iron Man, the Hulk, and Ant-Man.
 * Several characters inspired by Graviton appear in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).
 * Dr. Franklin Hall appears in the first season episode "The Asset", portrayed by Ian Hart. This version is a Canadian physicist who was abducted by his former partner, Ian Quinn (portrayed by David Conrad ), to finish work on a gravity manipulator powered by a liquid metal-esque, gravity-manipulating substance called gravitonium. Believing it is dangerous, Hall attempts to destroy the substance. S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson tries to save Hall, but the latter is pulled into the gravitonium, where he got trapped. The substance reappears in the episode "Providence", when Hydra agents release it before their leader John Garrett gives the gravitonium back to Quinn. In a flashback depicted in the fifth season episode "Inside Voices", Quinn was also absorbed by the gravitonium following Garrett's defeat and has been arguing with Hall inside the substance ever since before Hydra eventually reclaimed it.
 * During the fifth season, Ruby Hale (portrayed by Dove Cameron ), a genetically-engineered Hydra agent, invades a subterranean Hydra facility and infuses herself with 8% of the gravitonium, seeking to become the "Destroyer of Worlds". However, she fails to control her newly acquired powers and kills one of Hydra's leaders, Werner von Strucker, before she is killed by S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Elena Rodriguez and S.H.I.E.L.D. recovers the remaining gravitonium.
 * Later that season, when S.H.I.E.L.D. comes under attack by alien warriors sent by the Confederacy, Glenn Talbot (portrayed by Adrian Pasdar ) infuses himself with the remaining gravitonium, along with Hall and Quinn's consciousnesses, and uses his new abilities to kill the warriors before taking Coulson to confront the Confederacy, who they learn intend to stop Thanos. Becoming increasingly narcissistic and unhinged under the corrupting influence of the gravitonium however, Talbot forces his way into the group and attempts to absorb more gravitonium until he is defeated by S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Daisy Johnson.
 * Graviton appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers as a member of the Masters of Evil.

Film
Graviton appears in Avengers Confidential: Black Widow & Punisher.

Video games

 * Graviton appears as a boss in The Amazing Spider-Man 2.
 * Graviton appears as a boss in Marvel: Avengers Alliance 2.

title: Graviton (comics)


text: User talk:65.106.71.158

title: User talk:65.106.71.158


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Borough Hill

Borough Hill is a hill to the east of the town of Daventry in the English county of Northamptonshire. It is over 200 m above sea level and dominates the surrounding area.

History
Borough Hill has a history of human habitation dating into prehistory. Remains have been found on the hill of two Bronze Age barrows, two Iron Age hillforts, one of which is the fourth largest found in Britain, and a later Roman villa and farming settlement. The hill is designated as a scheduled monument.

In 1823, the historian and archaeologist George Baker undertook the first excavation of the site, he discovered the remains of the Roman villa. The site then underwent a full excavation in 1852 by local historian Beriah Botfield who recorded his findings. His notes, manuscripts and some of the antiquities found are now kept at the British Museum.

In 1645, Borough Hill was used as a base by the Royalist army of King Charles I, in the week prior to the Battle of Naseby, in which the Royalists were defeated by Sir Thomas Fairfax's Parliamentarian army.

Transmitting station
In 1925 the BBC constructed a transmitting station which initially was used for long wave, and short wave broadcasting. The long wave service was moved to a new and better transmitter station located at Wychbold village near Droitwich in 1934.

On 26 February 1935, the transmitter was used for an early RADAR experiment, which demonstrated the feasibility of radio detection of aircraft. This was conducted by Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins.

In 1950 the BBC constructed a 720 ft mast at nearby Dodford for the BBC Third Programme, with a 150 kW transmitter in a building near to the short wave transmitter building. This service closed in 1978 and the mast was removed in 1984.

Due to the nature of short wave broadcasting, large areas of Borough Hill were occupied with towers, and masts to support large antennas. Transmissions from the short wave station could be received across the world.

Many engineers were employed by the BBC to work at the station and a number decided to settle in Daventry, and to this day many former BBC staff remain in Daventry.

The BBC decided to close the station and on 28 March 1992 the last transmission took place, and the transmission equipment was moved to other BBC World Service transmitters around the country. The station became an electronic service centre for the repair of BBC transmission equipment, and a local transmitter maintenance team was also based here until the late 1990s. All but one of the radio masts have been taken down, with Arqiva now operating the single remaining mast.

Royal Observer Corps Post
Borough Hill was the location of ROC Post Daventry, part of the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation. The post was closed in September 1991.

Today
After the closure of the radio station, most of the land was bought by the former Daventry District Council who opened it up to the public as a country park. Since 2021 it has been managed by its successor, West Northamptonshire Council.

title: Borough Hill