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Bogatyr

A bogatyr (богатырь, ) or vityaz (витязь, ) is a stock character in medieval East Slavic legends, akin to a Western European knight-errant. Bogatyrs appear mainly in Rus' epic poems—bylinas. Historically, they came into existence during the reign of Vladimir the Great (Grand Prince of Kiev from 978 to 1015) as part of his elite warriors (druzhina ), akin to Knights of the Round Table. Tradition describes bogatyrs as warriors of immense strength, courage and bravery, rarely using magic while fighting enemies in order to maintain the "loosely based on historical fact" aspect of bylinas. They are characterized as having resounding voices, with patriotic and religious pursuits, defending Rus' from foreign enemies (especially nomadic Turkic steppe-peoples or Finno-Ugric tribes in the period prior to the Mongol invasions) and their religion. In modern Russian, the word bogatyr labels a courageous hero, an athlete or a physically strong man.

Etymology

The word bogatyr is not of Slavic origin. It derives from the Turco-Mongolic baghatur "hero", which is itself of uncertain origin. The term is recorded from at least the 8th century.

Gerard Clauson suggests that bağatur was in origin a Hunnic proper name, specifically that of Modu Chanyu. Alternatively, a suggestion cited in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary that the term may be related to the Sanskrit bhagadhara.

Despite the linguistic research of modern scholars, popular etymology associates the word bogatyr with бог. The first known use of the word in a Russian context occurred in Stanisław Sarnicki's book Descriptio veteris et novae Poloniae cum divisione ejusdem veteri et nova (A description of the Old and the New Poland with the old, and a new division of the same), printed in 1585 in Kraków (at Aleksy Rodecki's printing house), which states: "Rossi ... de heroibus suis, quos Bohatiros id est semideos vocant, aliis persuadere conantur." ("Russians ... try to convince others about their heroes whom they call Bogatirs, meaning demigods.")

The term vityaz comes from Proto-Slavic *vitędzь, from Proto-Germanic *wīkingaz through a West Germanic intermediary. The earliest attested form is Old English wicing, "pirate", whence modern English viking. This in turn probably comes from Latin vicus with the Germanic suffix *-inga-, indicating belonging. In Germanic and Latin sources, the word has negative connotations. The circumstances of borrowing, and how it came to mean "hero" in Slavic, remain unclear.

Overview
Many Rus epic poems, called bylinas (былины), prominently featured stories about these heroes, as did several chronicles, including the 13th century Galician–Volhynian Chronicle. Some bogatyrs are presumed to be historical figures, while others, like the giant Svyatogor, are purely fictional and possibly echo figures in Slavic pagan mythology. Some scholars divide the epic poems into three collections: the Mythological epics, older stories that were told before Kiev-Rus was founded and Christianity was brought to the region, and included magic and the supernatural; the Kievan cycle, which contains the largest number of bogatyrs and their stories (Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, and Aloysha Popovich); and the Novgorod cycle, focused on Sadko and Vasily Buslayev, which depicts everyday life in Novgorod. Many of the stories about bogatyrs revolve around the court of Vladimir I of Kiev and feature in the Kievan Cycle. The most notable bogatyrs or vityazes served at his court: the trio of Alyosha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich and Ilya Muromets. Each of them tends to be known for a certain character trait: Alyosha Popovich for his wits, Dobrynya Nikitich for his courage, and Ilya Muromets for his physical and spiritual power and integrity, and for his dedication to the protection of his homeland and people. Most of those bogatyrs' adventures are fictional, and often included fighting dragons, giants and other mythical creatures. However, the bogatyrs themselves were often based on real people. Historical prototypes exist both for Dobrynya Nikitich (the warlord Dobrynya) and for Ilya Muromets. The Novgorod Republic produced a specific kind of hero, an adventurer rather than a noble warrior. The most prominent examples were Sadko and Vasily Buslayev, who became part of the Novgorod Cycle of folk epics. The most prominent heroes in these epics are Svyatogor and Volkh Vseslavyevich; they are commonly called the "Elder Bogatyrs" (старшие богатыри). Later notable bogatyrs also include those who fought alongside Alexander Nevsky (1221–1263) – including Vasily Buslayev – and those who fought in the 1380 Battle of Kulikovo. Bogatyrs and their heroic tales have influenced many figures in Russian literature and art, such Alexander Pushkin, who wrote the 1820 epic fairy-tale poem Ruslan and Ludmila, Viktor Vasnetsov, and Andrei Ryabushkin whose artworks depict many bogatyrs from the different cycles of folk epics. Bogatyrs are also mentioned in wonder tales in a more playful light as in "Foma Berennikov", a story in Aleksandr Afanas'ev's collection Russian Fairy Tales featuring Alyosha Popovich and Ilya Muromets.

Red Medusa Animation Studio, based in Russia, created an animated parody of the bogatyrs called "Three Russian Bogaturs", in which the titular characters—strong and tenacious, but not overly bright—prevail against various opponents from fairy tales, pop culture, and modern life.

Female bogatyr
Though not as heavily researched, the female bogatyr or Polianitsa (поляница) is a female warrior akin to the Amazons. Many of the more well-known polianitsas are wives to the famous male bogatyrs, such as Nastas'ya Nikulichna, the wife of Dobrynya Nikitich. While the female bogatyr doesn't quite match the men in strength and bravery, there are stories detailing instances where they save their husbands and outwit the enemy. They are often seen working with the heroes in tales that mention their presence.

Famous bogatyrs
Most bogatyrs are fictional, but are believed to be based on historical prototypes: Some of the historical warriors also entered folklore and became known as bogatyrs:
 * The three ones below are collectively known in Russian culture as "the three bogatyrs";
 * Ilya Muromets, regarded as the greatest of the bogatyrs, from Murom
 * Dobrynya Nikitich – from Ryazan (based on a historical warlord of Vladimir I)
 * Alyosha Popovich ("Alyosha the Priest's Son") – from Rostov, a trickster among bogatyrs who is best known for his wits.
 * Evpaty Kolovrat bogatyr described in The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan, he fought an army of the Mongol ruler Batu Khan
 * Svyatogor, a giant knight who bequeathed his strength to Ilya Muromets (purely fictional)
 * Vasily Buslayev of Novgorod
 * Anika the Warrior
 * Duke Stepanovich
 * Dunay Ivanovich
 * Volga Svyatoslavovich (possibly based on Oleg of Novgorod or Vseslav of Polotsk )
 * Sukhman The Bogatyr
 * Nikita the Furrier
 * Mikula Selyaninovich ("Mikula the Villager's Son")
 * Gavrila Aleksich of Novgorod, who served Alexander Nevsky in Battle of Neva (historical)
 * Ratmir of Novgorod, who served Alexander Nevsky in Battle of Neva (historical)
 * Peresvet, who sacrificed himself against the Tatars at the Battle of Kulikovo (historical)

Bogatyrs in films

 * Films by Alexander Ptushko:
 * Sadko (Садко, 1953)
 * Ilya Muromets (Илья Муромец, 1956)
 * Ruslan and Ludmila (Руслан и Людмила, 1972), based on a fantasy poem of the same name by Alexander Pushkin.
 * Soyuzmultfilm animated films (directed by Ivan Aksenchuk):
 * Ilya Muromets (1975)
 * Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber (1978)Zmei Gorinich (colour fixed).jpg
 * Melnitsa Animation series The Three Bogatyrs:
 * Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin the Serpent (Алёша Попович и Тугарин Змей, 2004)
 * Dobrynya Nikitich and Zmey Gorynych (Добрыня Никитич и Змей Горыныч, 2006)
 * Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber (Илья Муромец и Соловей-Разбойник, 2007)
 * The Three Bogatyrs and Shamakhan Queen (Три богатыря и Шамаханская царица, 2010)
 * The Three Bogatyrs on Distant Shores (Три богатыря на дальних берегах, 2012)
 * The Three Bogatyrs: Course of the horse (Три богатыря: Ход конём)
 * The Three Bogatyrs and the Sea King (Три богатыря и Морской царь)
 * Other films:
 * Alexander Nevsky (Александр Невский, 1938) by Sergei Eisenstein. Although based on real history, the film also shows a strong bylina influence and features bylina bogatyr Vasily Buslayev as a secondary character.
 * The Battle of Kerzhenets (1971)
 * Vasilisa Mikulishna (1975, by Roman Davydov), an animated adaptation of a bylina of the same name.
 * Prince Vladimir (Князь Владимир, 2006) also combines real medieval history with fantasy and folklore.
 * Last Knight (2017), a comedy film that deconstructs Russian folklore.

title: Bogatyr


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Mark Carwardine

Mark Carwardine (IPA: /kɑːwɑːdiːn/; born 9 March 1959) is a British zoologist who achieved widespread recognition with his 20-year conservation project – Last Chance to See – which involved round-the-world expeditions with Douglas Adams and Stephen Fry. The first series was aired on BBC Radio 4 in 1990, and the second, a TV series, on BBC2 in 2009. There are two books about the project: Last Chance to See, which he co-wrote with Adams (1990), and Last Chance to See: In the footsteps of Douglas Adams (2009). He is a leading and outspoken conservationist, and a prolific broadcaster, columnist and photographer.

Writing
Carwardine has written more than fifty books. Most recently he has written the ground-breaking Handbook of Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises (Bloomsbury 2019) and wildlife photography eBooks (2020). In 2009, he wrote Last Chance to See: In the Footsteps of Douglas Adams (HarperCollins). This is a sequel to the best-selling book, Last Chance to See, which he wrote with the late Douglas Adams (author of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy). A new edition was published in 2020 to celebrate its thirtieth anniversary. Other books that Carwardine has written include Mark Carwardine's Guide to Whale Watching in North America (Bloomsbury, 2017), Mark Carwardine's Guide to Whale Watching in Britain and Europe (Bloomsbury, 2016), the award-winning Shark Watcher's Handbook and Eyewitness Handbooks: Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, which is the best-selling cetacean field guide ever published (nearly a million copies in print). Carwardine also writes a monthly column in BBC Wildlife magazine, and has written hundreds of articles for newspapers and magazines.

Radio and television
In 1989 the BBC Radio 4 series Last Chance to See and the subsequent book (1990) described eight expeditions by Carwardine and writer Douglas Adams to find and report on some of the most endangered species around the world. These were the aye-aye in Madagascar, the Komodo dragon in Indonesia, the kākāpō in New Zealand, the Amazonian manatee in Brazil, the Yangtze river dolphin in China, the Juan Fernández fur seal in Chile, the northern white rhino in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Rodrigues fruit bat in Mauritius.

Carwardine also presented the weekly half-hour radio programme Nature, on BBC Radio 4, for many years. He has also been the presenter of many other programmes for BBC Radio 4.

In autumn 2009, he joined forces with Stephen Fry to present a follow-up to the original Last Chance to See with the late Douglas Adams. This was the six-part BBC2 television series, also called Last Chance to See, which concerned the very same endangered species as in the original and how they have fared twenty years on. The series not only updated the situation with most of the endangered species featured in the original series but looked at some new ones, including the blue whale in Baja California, Mexico.

In spring 2010, he co-presented The Museum of Life (BBC2, 6 episodes), which explored the pioneering and often surprising research work and wildlife collections of the Natural History Museum, in London.

On BBC2 in October 2010 there was an additional Last Chance to See special by Carwardine and Fry about the northern white rhino, Last Chance to See: Return of the Rhino, which followed the re-introduction of zoo-raised rhinos into the wild.

Also on BBC2 on 7 November 2010 Carwardine and Fry co-presented Stephen Fry and the Great American Oil Spill about the effects, four months after the BP oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico.

Photography
Carwardine has an extensive collection of wildlife, nature and environment photographs taken on all seven continents and in more than a hundred countries. He wrote two eBooks in 2020 (Wildlife Photography Masterclass: Digital Workflow and Wildlife Photography Masterclass: Camera Settings). He was also Chairman of the judging panel for the prestigious Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition for seven years since 2005, run by the Natural History Museum and BBC Wildlife.

Wildlife tours
Carwardine was a founding director of the wildlife travel company Discover the World. He now runs his new travel company, The Whale Watch Company www.whalewatchcompany.com, specialising in whale-watching tours including to Baja California, Mexico, four times a year, ship charters to the Arctic and Antarctic, and occasionally leading specialist wildlife photography trips.

Last Chance to See kākāpō incident
In 2009, Carwardine and television presenter Stephen Fry visited Codfish Island in New Zealand as part of a series for the Last Chance to See, focusing on endangered species around the world. While they were filming a kākāpō male called Sirocco, the bird hopped onto Carwardine's head and attempted to mate with him. The scene itself and Fry's commentary, "Sorry, but this is one of the funniest things I've ever seen. You are being shagged by a rare parrot", proved an instant television hit, being featured on news items around the world.

A video of the incident was uploaded to YouTube, where it received more than 700,000 views in the first week. As of May 2023 it has been viewed more than 25 million times.

Selected bibliography
Carwardine has written more than 50 books, including the following:
 * Wildlife Photography Masterclass: Camera Settings (eBook, self-published 2020)
 * Wildlife Photography Masterclass: Digital Workflow (eBook, self-published 2020)
 * Handbook of Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises  (Bloomsbury 2020) ISBN 978-1-4729-0814-8
 * Mark Carwardine's Guide to Whale Watching in North America  (Bloomsbury 2017) ISBN 978-1-4729-3069-9
 * Mark Carwardine's Guide to Whale Watching in Britain and Europe  second edition (Bloomsbury 2016) ISBN 978-1-4729-1015-8
 * Mark Carwardine's Ultimate Wildlife Experiences, with foreword by Stephen Fry (Wanderlust Publications, 2011) ISBN 978-0-9540926-6-5
 * Last Chance to See, with Douglas Adams first published 1990 by William Heinemann (Arrow Books, 2009, 2nd edition, 2020 3rd edition) ISBN 978-0-09-953679-6
 * Last Chance to See: In the footsteps of Douglas Adams, with foreword by Stephen Fry (HarperCollins, 2009) ISBN 978-0-00-729072-7
 * Natural History Museum Animal Records (Natural History Museum, 2007) ISBN 978-0-565-09223-8
 * Collins Wild Guide: Whales & Dolphins (HarperCollins, 2006) ISBN 0-00-720547-3
 * Extreme Nature, with Rosamund Kidman Cox (HarperCollins, 2005) ISBN 978-0-00-724648-9
 * Shark (BBC Books, 2004) ISBN 0-563-48723-2
 * Mark Carwardine's Guide to Whalewatching: Britain and Europe (New Holland Publishers, 2003) ISBN 1-84330-059-1
 * The Shark Watcher's Handbook: A guide to sharks and where to see them, with Ken Watterson (BBC Books, 2002) ISBN 0-563-53794-9
 * Killer Whales (BBC Books, 2001) ISBN 0-563-53407-9
 * The Guinness Book of Animal Records (Guinness Publishing, 1995) ISBN 0-85112-658-8
 * Eyewitness Handbooks: Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises (Dorling Kindersley, 1995) ISBN 0-7513-1030-1
 * On the Trail of the Whale with foreword by Paul McCartney (Thunder Bay Publishing Co, 1994) ISBN 1-899074-00-7
 * Last Chance to See, with Douglas Adams (Pan Books, 1991) ISBN 0-330-32002-5
 * Birds in Focus (Salamander, 1990) ISBN 0-86101-544-4
 * The Encyclopedia of World Wildlife with foreword by David Attenborough (Octopus Publishing, 1986) ISBN 0-7064-2437-9
 * The Nature of Zimbabwe: A guide to conservation and development issues (IUCN,1988) ISBN 2-88032-933-7
 * The Nature of Zambia: A guide to conservation and development issues (IUCN, 1988) ISBN 2-88032-403-3
 * The Nature of Pakistan: A guide to conservation and development issues (IUCN,1986) ISBN 2-88032-404-1
 * Iceland: Nature's Meeting Place, with foreword by the President of Iceland (Iceland Review, 1986) ISBN 0-948192-02-X

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mark Carwardine


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Xavier Malisse

Xavier Malisse (born 19 July 1980) is a Belgian former professional tennis player. Born in the north-western Flemish city of Kortrijk and nicknamed X-Man, he is one of only two Belgian men (the other being David Goffin) to have been ranked in the top 20 of the ATP Tour, with a career-high singles ranking of world No. 19.

Juniors
As a junior Malisse compiled a singles win–loss record of 66–18, reaching as high as No. 10 in the junior world singles rankings in 1997. He made the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 1997, whilst his final junior tournament was winning Eddie Herr later that year.

1998–2008
Malisse turned professional in 1998.

His best performance in Grand Slam singles competition was at the 2002 Wimbledon championships, where he reached the semi-final, beating Galo Blanco, Vince Spadea, Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Britain's Greg Rusedski in five sets en route, as well as former champion Richard Krajicek. He eventually lost to runner-up David Nalbandian, again in five sets. Malisse and Olivier Rochus won the French Open doubles championship in 2004. He has won three ATP tour singles titles: Delray Beach in 2005 and 2007, and Chennai in 2007.

2009
After a difficult year, Malisse found himself with a world ranking of 205. In his first tournament of the year in Brisbane, he lost in the last qualifying round to American Bobby Reynolds. A week later, in Medibank International Sydney, he reached the main draw, but lost to Mario Ančić in the first round.

At the Australian Open, he first won his qualifying matches. In the first round of the main draw, he defeated Michaël Llodra. However, in the next round, he lost to Andy Roddick in four sets. In October, he won a Challenger tournament in Lyon, and this pushed him back into the world's top 100 for the first time in nearly two years.

He was banned for a year over doping allegations.

2010
Malisse lost in the third round of Wimbledon to Sam Querrey in five sets.

2011
Xavier started the 2011 season by reaching the final of Chennai. In March, he won the doubles title in the Indian Wells Masters with Alexandr Dolgopolov of Ukraine. He reached the fourth round at Wimbledon, where he lost to Bernard Tomic.

2012
Xavier reached the fourth round of Wimbledon where he faced Roger Federer. Federer won the first two sets and went a break up in the third, but Malisse came back to win the third set and move 2–0 in the fourth. Federer subsequently won six out of the next seven games to win the match and went on to win the Title.

2016–2018
After retiring in 2013 and competing in an ITF doubles event in 2015, Malisse entered the 2016 Meerbusch Challenger in doubles, ultimately conceding a walkover to end his playing career. He then participated in the ATP Champions Tour until 2018.

2021–2022
Malisse came out of retirement to play doubles at the 2021 European Open having received a wildcard alongside Lloyd Harris whom he was coaching. The pair made the semifinals defeating top seeds Ivan Dodig and Marcelo Melo en route before losing to 3rd seeds Jean-Julien Rojer and Wesley Koolhof in straight sets.

He also participated in the 2022 European Open having received again a wildcard to play doubles with Diego Schwartzman. In the first round they managed to beat Raven Klaasen and Marcelo Melo in straight sets. In the quarterfinals, they lost to Botic van de Zandschulp and Tallon Griekspoor in two tie-breaks.

title: Xavier Malisse


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Talk:Mark Carwardine

Untitled
This doesn't really seem to be even at the level of a stub. --Paxsboy 21:02, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Added books from amazon.co.uk, cross referenced with the list on Mark's official site. Still need a GOOD biographical outline though. --JohnDBuell 20:33, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mark Carwardine


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James W. Throckmorton

James Webb Throckmorton (February 1, 1825 – April 21, 1894) was an American politician who served as the 12th governor of Texas from 1866 to 1867 during the early days of Reconstruction. He was a United States Congressman from Texas from 1875 to 1879 and again from 1883 to 1889.

Biography
Following the outbreak of a Mexican–American War, he joined the 1st Texas Volunteers as a private in February 1847. A few months later, he was assigned as an assistant surgeon to the Texas Rangers, until receiving a medical discharge in June of that year. During the Texas secession convention in 1861, he was one of only eight delegates to vote against secession from the United States. Despite this, he served in the Confederate Army, first as a captain of Company K, 6th Texas Cavalry Regiment.

He was promoted to brigadier general by 1862. During late 1862 while stationed in North Texas, which was chaotic because of military and state militia abuses, he saved all but five men in Sherman, Texas, from being lynched by militia as suspects in anticonscription activities. Violent acts had spread in North Texas after the Great Hanging at Gainesville earlier in October 1862, when a total of 42 men were killed, most hanged.

Throckmorton defeated Elisha M. Pease in the Texas gubernatorial election of June 25, 1866, at the same time that the legislature approved a new constitution. he was elected with George Washington Jones as Lt. Gov. During his term as governor, Throckmorton's lenient attitude toward former Confederates and his attitude toward civil rights conflicted with the Reconstruction politics of the Radical Republicans in Congress. He angered the local military commander, Major General Charles Griffin, who persuaded his superior, Philip H. Sheridan, to remove Throckmorton from office and replace him with Elisha M. Pease, an appointed Republican and Unionist.

As the Radical Republican's influence began to wane in the mid-1870s, Throckmorton was elected to Congress representing Texas's 3rd Congressional District on 1874 and re-elected in 1876. He was not a candidate in 1878. He again later served the 5th District, elected in the 1882 and re-elected in 1884. He was not a candidate in 1886. In 1882 he was elected to the seat vacated by his former Lt. Gov. George Washington Jones, as G.W. Jones did not run for re-election.

Throckmorton died at age 69 from a fall, having become frail due to kidney disease.

title: James W. Throckmorton


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Peripherally inserted central catheter

A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC or PICC line), also called a percutaneous indwelling central catheter or longline, is a form of intravenous access that can be used for a prolonged period of time (e.g., for long chemotherapy regimens, extended antibiotic therapy, or total parenteral nutrition) or for administration of substances that should not be done peripherally (e.g., antihypotensive agents a.k.a. pressors). It is a catheter that enters the body through the skin (percutaneously) at a peripheral site, extends to the superior vena cava (a central venous trunk), and stays in place (dwells within the veins) for days, weeks or even months.

First described in 1975, it is an alternative to central venous catheters in major veins such as the subclavian vein, the internal jugular vein or the femoral vein. Subclavian and jugular line placements may result in pneumothorax (air in the pleural space of lung), while PICC lines have no such issue because of the method of placement.

Medical uses
Generally, PICC lines are considered when a person is expected to need more than two weeks of intravenous therapy. A PICC line can remain inserted for an extended period of time compared to other forms of central IV access, ranging from seven days up to several months as long as the line remains viable. They are utilized in both the hospital and community settings. They are commonly used in people receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), chemotherapy, or long term medications such as antibiotics. They may also be used to obtain a blood sample if the lumen is of sufficient size (at least 4 French gauge).

To help prevent the line from becoming clogged, the line should be regularly flushed with normal saline, and "locked" by filling it with heparin or normal saline when not in use.

Contraindications
A PICC line may not be inserted in a part of the body which is burned or has a local infection. Damage to the skin and surrounding tissue from radiation may also prevent the placement of a PICC line.

Risks and complications
As with any intravenous line, there is the risk for sepsis – a severe bloodstream infection that can be life-threatening. The majority of infections associated with PICC lines occur after a median duration of use of 10 days, and during an intensive care unit stay. Adhering to strict infection control procedures, including aseptic technique, when inserting or using a PICC line will reduce the risk of an infection. There is also a risk of blood clots. The use of heparin to maintain a PICC line is not universal, as heparin locks have been associated with complications, including heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia.

Other complications may include catheter occlusion, phlebitis and bleeding. Urokinase or low-dose tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may be required to break down obstructions, depending on the type and severity of the occlusion. A blood pressure reading can not be taken on an arm with a PICC line inserted.

Technique
A PICC is inserted in a peripheral vein such as the cephalic vein, basilic vein or brachial vein in the arm, and then threaded through the veins toward the heart, until the end of the catheter rests in the proximal superior vena cava or cavoatrial junction. They must be inserted by a trained medical professional, including a physician, but also any trained medical professional such as a specially trained registered nurse. and Interventional Radiology Technogists. An ultrasound or chest X-ray, the use of fluoroscopy, or electrocardiography navigation can be used during insertion and to confirm placement. The insertion is a sterile procedure, but does not need to be performed in a completely sterile environment like an operating room.

Selection of vein and catheter
A PICC line is an invasive medical procedure, and may require local or general anesthesia during the placement. The basilic vein is an appropriate size, but is not preferred in children due to its depth and surrounding tissue. On the other hand, the cephalic vein may be used, though in some people it will not be possible to advance the line to the desired location through the cephalic vein. The brachial vein is large enough for a PICC line, but is also located close to other features such as the brachial artery and plexus. Imaging is commonly used to evaluate the length and path of the potential veins before the practitioner selects the most appropriate vein. The catheter size for PICC lines is generally measured in French gauge, and may range from 2 to 6. The number of lumens may vary from one to three, allowing for concurrent administration of different medications which cannot be mixed. Catheters are also manufactured from multiple materials, including silicone and polyurethane. The insertable portion of a PICC varies from 25 to 60 cm in length, which is sufficient to reach the desired end position in most cases. Some catheters are designed to be trimmed to the required length before insertion whereas others are simply inserted to the needed depth with the excess remaining outside the body. Catheters are supplied with a guidewire. This wire is provided to stiffen the (otherwise very flexible) line so it can be more easily threaded through the veins, and is removed after insertion. Some PICC lines are manufactured with an antimicrobial coating intended to reduce the chance of an infection from the line, but these are not yet in widespread use.

Insertion
While an operating room is not required for the insertion of a PICC line, it is important to maintain a sterile environment surrounding the insertion site. This involves cleaning the skin around the site, as well as the use of a sterile gown, gloves, and drape to reduce the risk of environmental contamination. After the skin is prepared, an incision is made and a device called an "introducer" is inserted into the vein. The catheter is cut to the desired length if required, and filled with saline for the duration of the insertion. The PICC line is inserted via the introducer device, and threaded through the veins to the desired end location. Fluoroscopy or echocardiographic guidance may be used to monitor the tip position during insertion.

Removal
In most cases the removal of a PICC is a simple procedure. Generally, the catheter line can be safely and quickly removed by a trained nurse, even in the patient's own home, in a matter of minutes. After removal, the insertion site is normally bandaged with sterile gauze and kept dry for a few days, during which the wound can close and begin healing. Usually, a smaller adhesive bandage can be placed over the wound site after the gauze is removed if the wound is slow to heal. The tip of the catheter is sent for microscopy culture and sensitivity (MCS) if the patient is systemically unwell at the time of removal of the PICC. In certain units, it is sent as routine investigation.

title: Peripherally inserted central catheter


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Talk:Ilya Muromets

Old talk

 * healed by a travelling minstrel
 * Just one, or a group?
 * Who?

 * Ilya Muromets known to live in XI-XII centuries. His remains are stored in Kiev Pecherski Monastery.
 * Does anyone have references?

-- Sy / (talk)
 * The monk known as Reverend Ilia Muromets whose relics are stored in Kiev Pecharsky Monastery was canonized in 1643. At the time there was no doubt that he was the epic Ilia Muromets. This is also the official point of view of the Orthodox church. But in fact nothing is known about this monk. There are visible wounds on the relics and he probably died from one of them. He is also rather tall for his time - about 177 cm - and has traces of backbone illness that could have left him paralyzed. But many scientists argue that the epic Ilia Muromets is a kind of a fairy-tale character and has no real prototype - only the name could be taken from some real warrior and there could be a great many of them since any Ilia who was born near Murom or served there could be named this way. --AGP 16:39, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

I read bylina, where three unnamed piligrims come to Ilya's house when he was alone and ask for food and drink, but Ilya answer "I can't walk". Then piligrims ask again and again. At third time Ilya get off from stove where he lied. If you read russian you can use bylins Sorry my english. --hinotf 09:55, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Murom is Ugric tribe who lived on this territory
add this to article because his ethnicity is Ugric not Slavic

The Muromians (Russian: Мурома) were one of Finno-Ugric tribes who lived in the Oka River basin of what is now Russia. The tribe farmed, hunted, and traded. The Muromians paid tribute to the Rus princes and were likely assimilated by the Eastern Slavs in the 12th century into modern Russians. Edelward (talk) 22:17, 11 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Any printed evidence that Ilya Muromets was of Muromian tribe rather than simply from Murom region? Please cite your sources. - Altenmann >t 23:45, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Animation
I have a vivid memory of seeing a cartoon on TV called "Ilya Muromets." I believe the hero's theme music was from Mahler's 1st symphony. I think the cartoon was a Soviet production and was shown on NYC TV during a thaw in relations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.150.59.18 (talk • contribs) 15:04, 12 August 2018 (UTC)
 * 1) Ilya Muromets, prolog (1975), music from the Symphony No 3 (Ilya Muromets) in B minor, Op. 42 (1911) of Reinhold Glière edited by Tomas Korganov, 2) Ilya Muromets i Solovey-Razboynik (1978) — Alexey Tourbaevsky, chelo Vechek /  talk  16:56, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

Origin
Ilya, as well as the other Bogatyrs, is not a character only in Russian folklore, but also in folklore of other Slavic countries. Therefore, calling him exclusively Russian is incorrect. --M. Humeniuk (talk) 19:15, 24 June 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Combing the Archive
— Assignment last updated by Istanisavljevic (talk) 16:10, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * ...with zero effect. - Altenmann >talk 16:33, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ilya Muromets


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/KTXT 88.1 FM

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 23:10, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

KTXT 88.1 FM
Contains nothing but promotion, and does not establish notability. Delete. Actually, it makes sense that being licensed makes a station notable, because there are a limited number of such stations. I withdraw my vote. RSpeer 21:41, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, station promo. Megan1967 22:58, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, all licensed radio stations are notable. Move page to either KTXT or KTXT-FM. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  01:56, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Agree with Rhymeless.  Postdlf 05:04, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Tygar 06:42, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Too limited in broadcast scope, and I don't think overly local stations are particularly notable. Merge to the relevant university, as many Us have some kind of radio. Radiant! 10:19, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — RJH 17:55, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move page to a better title as previously suggested. - Lucky 6.9 20:29, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep --SPUI (talk) 02:59, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, finite. Note that it has already been moved to KTXT-FM. —Korath (Talk) 07:29, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Lufkin Industries

Lufkin Industries is an American manufacturing company founded in 1902 and headquartered in Missouri City, Texas. Lufkin is a provider of rod lift products, automated control and optimization equipment and software for rod lift equipment to the oil and gas industry. It was an independent company until being acquired by GE Oil & Gas in July 2013, which later merged with Baker Hughes to create Baker Hughes, a GE Company (BHGE). On June 30, 2020, KPS Capital Partners, LP completed its previously announced acquisition of Lufkin from Baker Hughes.

History
In 1902, The Lufkin Foundry and Machine Company was founded in Lufkin, Texas in 1902 to operate a machine shop to repair sawmill machinery. The company soon began manufacturing sawmill equipment and repairing locomotives. As the lumber industry declined in East Texas, the company expanded into the manufacture of oil drilling and refinery equipment. In the 1930s the company established an iron foundry and began manufacturing truck trailers and gears for industrial equipment. During World War II, the company specialized in manufacturing gears for use in military vehicles. After the war, sales of oil equipment slowed, but sales of trailers and industrial gears did better. The company had conflicts with organized labor in the 1950s and much of the 1960s. In 1970 the company's name was changed to Lufkin Industries, and three divisions were established: Machinery, Trailer, and Automotive/Industrial Supplies. The company prospered in the 1970s, growing to 3,800 employees and annual sales of over $364 million by the early 1980s.

In 2013, Lufkin was acquired by General Electric for $3.3 billion. On June 30, 2020, Lufkin once again became an independent company with Baker Hughes divesting its Rod Lift Systems business. The former Lufkin Power Transmission Division (Lufkin Gears LLC https://www.LufkinGears.com) remains with Baker Hughes as an Independent Business Line under its Turbomachinery & Process Solutions product company.

Oil equipment
Lufkin's main focus is in the oil and gas equipment industry. Lufkin produces fully automated rod lifts and other forms of artificial lift that are designed to extract oil and natural gas from hard to reach oil reservoirs.

title: Lufkin Industries


text:
Taylor Dent

Taylor Phillip Dent (born April 24, 1981) is a retired professional tennis player from the United States. He reached a career-high singles ranking of World No. 21, winning 4 singles titles.

Early career and back injury
Dent won ATP titles in Newport (2002), Bangkok (2003), Memphis (2003), and Moscow (2003), and reached the finals of three other events on tour. His victory in Memphis is still often referred to as his most impressive victory, as he beat future world No. 1 Andy Roddick in the final.

Dent played with distinction at the 2004 Summer Olympics, where he made a push all the way to the semi-finals, where he was defeated by eventual gold medalist Nicolás Massú of Chile. He went on to lose the Bronze medal match 16–14 in the third set against Fernando González of Chile.

Dent, paired with Lisa Raymond, won the 2006 Hopman Cup, defeating the Netherlands two sets to one in the final.

In 2006 Dent did not play many competitive matches, due to a recurring back and groin problem. Dent had back surgery on March 19, 2007.

Return from injury
On May 26, 2008, Dent received a wild card and played at the Carson challenger in the United States. It was his first match since February 2006. He lost his first round match to Cecil Mamiit. In July 2008 Dent took a wild card into his first ATP tour event for two seasons at the Hall of Fame tennis tournament in Newport, Rhode Island. He lost in three sets to Canada's Frank Dancevic.

On November 12, 2008, Dent won his first comeback match at the Champaign challenger against Frédéric Niemeyer, 6–3, 7–6(3). He followed this win up by defeating second seed and fellow American Robert Kendrick. In the third round, Dent had to withdraw against Sam Warburg. Using his protected ranking of 56, Dent played the 2009 Australian Open, where he was eliminated in the first round by Amer Delić.

As a qualifier, he reached the fourth round of the 2009 Miami Open, defeating Nicolás Almagro and Tommy Robredo in the process. He lost to Roger Federer in the fourth round, 3–6, 2–6. Despite the scoreline, the first set was a very entertaining encounter, with Federer's longest service game lasting just short of a quarter of an hour; Dent had eight break point opportunities. He had a poor run of form following this, but reversed the poor form by qualifying for Wimbledon, having entered the qualifying via a wildcard. He won his way through to the main draw, where he lost to Daniel Gimeno Traver in five sets in the first round.

He received a wild card for the 2009 US Open and won his first US Open match since 2005, upsetting Feliciano López in four sets. He advanced to the third round after beating Iván Navarro in the second round, in a five-set match. Following the match, he took the umpire microphone and thanked the crowd for support, following it with a victory lap around the stadium. In the third round, he was beaten by Andy Murray in straight sets. Following the US Open, Dent won the USTA Challenger of Oklahoma in Tulsa.

In his opening event of the 2010 season, he entered the main draw at the 2010 Australian Open. He defeated Fabio Fognini, in the first round and moved on to face tenth seed Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, to whom he lost.

On May 25, 2010, in Roland Garros, against Nicolás Lapentti, Dent served at 240 km/h and set a new tournament record that Fernando Verdasco and Andy Roddick had held before him (with 232 km/h). Additionally, at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships on June 23, 2010, Dent set a record with the fastest serve ever recorded at the Wimbledon tournament at 148 mph.

On November 8, 2010, Taylor Dent announced his retirement from professional tennis.

Playing style
Unusual for a contemporary tennis player, Dent favored a pure serve-and-volley style of play. He possessed a powerful serve and strong volleys. He had the fourth fastest serve in the world, at a velocity of 243 km/h. At the 2010 Wimbledon Championships he set the record for the fastest serve ever recorded at the event with a speed of 238 km/h. (148 mph)

Personal life
Dent is the son of former ATP player and 1974 Australian Open finalist Phil Dent. Taylor's mother, Betty Ann Grubb Stuart, who has remarried, reached the US Open doubles final in 1977 with Renée Richards. Grubb was a former top-10 singles player in the United States. Dent's half-brother, Brett Hansen-Dent, played on the ATP circuit for a short time after playing on the tennis team of the University of Southern California and reaching the singles final of the NCAA Men's Tennis Championship.

His godfather is the former top ten player John Alexander, of Australia, who was Phil Dent's doubles partner when that duo won the 1975 Australian Open doubles title.

Dent's first cousin, Misty May-Treanor, was one of the top pro volleyball players in the world, and she and her teammates won the gold medals at the 2004 Summer Olympics, 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Dent appeared in an American TV commercial for the insurance company Genworth Financial as the opponent of a boy playing the role of Jaden Agassi, the young son of Andre Agassi and Steffi Graf.

Dent attended Corona del Mar High School in Newport Beach, California, and he was on the interscholastic tennis team there. Dent also attended the Monte Vista High School, in Northern California.

On December 8, 2006, Dent married WTA Tour player, Jennifer Hopkins. Their wedding party included Maria Sharapova, Nick Bollettieri, Jan-Michael Gambill, Tommy Haas, Xavier Malisse, Willie Alumbaugh  and Mashona Washington. Jenny gave birth to a son in 2010 and a daughter in 2014.

Taylor has been a commentator on The Tennis Channel for the US Open in 2006, 2007, and 2011.

Dent currently resides in Keller, Texas, with wife Jennifer Hopkins and their four children. In 2020 the two along with Taylor's father, Phil Dent, opened The Birch Racquet and Lawn Club, located in Keller, Texas.

title: Taylor Dent


text:
Talk:Treaty of Berlin (1878)

= Comments =

Merger
Should this really be a separate article from the Congress of Berlin? IMHO they should be merged. --romanm (talk) 21:09, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur. --SCJE (talk) 02:46, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

This article is extremely deficient, not giving details or what leads up to the signing, nor the implications following. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.169.72.186 (talk) 00:52, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

We need a map
If someone has one, it would be woulderful if he or she uploaded it. --Zantastik talk  17:17, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Here's one.---Andrei 13:15, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Edit of Inaccurate Statements
The Treaty of Berlin called in vague wording for a border rectification between Greece and the Ottomans to be negotiated between those two powers; it is not accurate to say the Treaty failed to provide a new border since one was eventually agreed upon. That this took three years is not surprising since one power was expected to give up territory to another without any land having exchanged hands due to military conflict.

The borders of Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia, and Rumania were all established by commissions after the Treaty was signed as well, most of this work continuing into 1880.

I do not see how the provisions of the Treaty led to Greco-Ottoman conflict; quite the opposite, relations were quite smooth until 1896. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jpiccone (talk • contribs) 18:47, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Omissions in the text
The article does not currently give information about what reactions did this treaty provoke in the affected states. This is a signifficant omission because the change of borders and jurisdiction for the second time, first being the treaty of San Stefano, raised controversies among those states and, to a large extent, determined their national priorities and courses of actions in some of the biggest events of the century. But not being a historian myself, I suggest that someone should see to this.

Also, I noticed the article says that Bulgaria was "divided between the Principality of Bulgaria and the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia". In fact, Bulgaria was divided into three pieces, the third being the territory of Macedonia which was returned to the Ottoman empire.-- Lyubomir, 87.126.150.7 12:52, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 08:17, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

UK/GBR --> England
Apparently, Disraeli signed on behalf of "England", not the UK or Breat Britain, since it was common at the time to use the word "England" to represent the whole. Should we change this? I definitely think we should use the same designation consistently in the article.--Peulle (talk) 14:30, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Treaty of Berlin (1878)


text:
Talk:Congress of Berlin

Bismarck as a pacifist
Can he really be described as an ardent pacifist? Surely his politics were more machiavellian than ideological, as this suggests? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.7.16.185 (talk) 13:23, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * In 1876, when the 1875 Balkan revolts against the Ottoman Empire threatened to extend to a war between Austria and Russia, Bismarck addressed the Reichstag and made his emphatic warning against any German military involvement in Balkan disputes:

 * Only a year later [1876], he is faced by the alternative of espousing the cause of Russia or that of Austria. Immediately after the last crisis, in the summer of 1875, the mutual jealousies between Russia and Austria had been rendered acute by the fresh risings in the Balkans against the Turks. Now the issues hung upon Bismarck's decision. Immediately after the peace, he had tried to paralyse the Balkan rivals by the formation of the Three Emperors' League. "I have no thought of intervening," he said privately. "That might precipitate a European war. [...] If I were to espouse the cause of one of the parties, France would promptly strike a blow on the other side. [...] I am holding two powerful heraldic beasts by their collars, and am keeping them apart for two reasons: first of all, lest they should tear one another to pieces; and secondly, lest they should come to an understanding at our expense." In the Reichstag, he popularises the same idea in the words: "I am opposed to the notion of any sort of active participation of Germany in these matters, so long as I can see no reason to suppose that German interests are involved, no interests on behalf of which it is worth our risking--excuse my plain speaking--the healthy bones of one of our Pomeranian musketeers." [Emil Ludwig, Bismarck: The Story Of A Fighter, Little, Brown (1927) p. 511]

 * According to Taylor, "The more familiar grenadier took the musketeer's place in a speech of 1888." [A. J. P. Taylor, Bismarck: the Man and the Statesman. Alfred A Knopf, New York, (1969) p. 167]Italus (talk) 17:01, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

I second this. It is ridiculous to ascribe the motivations of an 'ardent pacifist' or 'seething aggressor' to the greatest statesman of his era playing Realpolitik to achieve the best results for his backers. It is misleading and uninformative to reduce the actors of the highest affairs of state to clichéd millitarist or pacifist caricatures driven by extremes of emotion. The 'Great Game' is indeed greater than that. To deny sophistication to Bismarck's policy is to infantilise history; It is unbecoming of an encyclopaedia article that aims to educate and inform.

The correct words to use are pacific policy and belligerent policy. It should not be difficult to substitute the offending lines with ones that communicate Bismarck's policy of reconciling Austria and Russia, and that in the absence of any German interests in the Near East, any problems there would inevitable threaten to destroy his policy for no gain or advantage, forcing Germany to pick between the two with the other picking France (as would happen in 1914), hence the pacific policy of Bismarck's system in the Near East.

If it is felt necessary because the capacity of Bismarck to wage a belligerent policy is in doubt to the uniformed reader due to his pacific Near East policy, then a quick history tour of Germany's unification can show his ability to orchestrate and lead Prussia/Germany into wars, and the "War in Sight" crises and his many diplomatic threats to Russia over Poland can show his ability to posture belligerency as a diplomatic tool. I think this is unnecessary and superfluous to the scope of this article, but others may find it prudent. It any case in it upon us to give this historical account its proper due by not resorting to uninformative caricature that belie complex people, policy and events. 58.173.51.73 (talk) 15:39, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Where can the original text of the treaty (in French) be found? --Hubertgui (talk) 17:49, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Merger
Should this really be a separate article from the Treaty of Berlin, 1878? IMHO they should be merged. --romanm (talk) 21:10, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Revert war but no talk
Why? It seems some people need a lesson in Wikipedia policies - or just need to grow up.

Bring your issues to the talk page instead of this revert war.

And if some people do not think that "russophobia" is POV, they should stop editing Wikipedia!

--itpastorn 21:02, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

POV - example 1
"The United Kingdom at once recalled its favourite doctrine of the balance of power, which the largest empire in the world often used to further its imperialist ends."

What power in 1878 was not imperialist? Russia was. France was. Germany was. The Ottomans would have been if they had had the power. I see no difference whatsoever between the Brittish and the Russians. Ask the people of Central Asia if they wanted Moscow to rule over them any more than the people of Africa wanted to be under London.

--itpastorn 21:24, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Certainly the first statement is poorly written. It should read "the UK at once recalled its favourite doctrine: the balance of power. The next part of the sentance is an awefully written short hand for "With peace on the continent the UK was free to persue its interests elsewhere in the globe." I recomend a correction to the effect of "The United Kingdom at once recalled its favourite doctrine - the balance of power. By securing peace on the continent they hoped to persue their imperial interests." The fact of the matter is Russia at this time held Moldavia and Walachia as an imperial interest, as well as much of the Balkans, so it is a valid point. IF someone were to do a rewrite it may be a good idea to include that point. -Schatbot

The statement, while poorly written, does have a distinct ring of truth to it insofar as it is stated policy of the UK maintain hegemony over the Mediterranean and characterizing any challenge to this hegemony as destablizing.

As for Moldavia and Walachia, the common Slavic roots of Russia lend it slightly more legitimacy than English affairs in the Africa and certainly more than the Ottomans. Wrath0fb0b 16:02, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have not questioned the UK's imperialism. Of course they were trying to rule the World. My point is that all major European powers were imperialist at the time. And Russia was expanding in all directions, not only the Balkans. They had a struggle with the Brittish for Central Asia as well - and the people who had the misfortune of living there were neither brittish or slavic. It's POV to villify one nation and let another receive no blame, when both were equal culprits, as far as intention goes. Then maybe the Brittish were worse when it comes to effect, thanks to industrialisation and some other factors they had a head start and were more effecient empire-builders. --itpastorn 11:15, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Well, it seems that everyone wanted to rule the world. Oddly, the Germans were the best imperialists, as they created an empire in the course of a decade or two the size of which almost two hundred years of British history accomplished. They had interests across the globe, including various islands in South East Asia, etc. In fact, the location of this conference in Berlin indicates they were the best imperial state, as much like Vienna in 1814/15 they were the diplomatic hub of Europe. Additionally, I find it hard to believe that the Russians were running large-scale offensive across their borders. At this time they had little interest in future locations such as Afghanistan (where the Brisish were otherwise occupied) and many other middle Eastern Areas. Indeed, Russian foreign policy was largely directed at East Central Europe and Constantinople, following the 1850/60's deals with China regarding Manchuria (which came to a head in the 1910's war over the area) which freed them to follow these policies; as the opening to this article indicates. Overall, I'm very pleased with the revisions that have been made to this article, and it is a credit to the nature of Wikipedia. - Schatbot

NPOV problem
User:Ghirlandajo feels that my edits to this article were POV, however I believe that using phrases like 'Freeing them from the Muslim Ottoman yoke' is hardly a neutral statement. As such, I am prepared to defend my edits. Should User: Ghirlandajo have further problems with this, I encourage him/her to discuss it with me here rather than revert again. Tev 22:14, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Due to User:Ghirlandajo's feeling that my edits were POV, I have gone through the article and attempted to make it comply further with the NPOV policy. However, I still do not feel that my original edits were POV. Tev 00:29, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, looks like we have this all resolved now. Thanks for everyone involved in reaching a peaceful consensus! Tev 14:53, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Misha Glenny
Does anybody object to a citation of Misha Glenny's The Balkans: 1804-1999? That is, does anyone object to it ante facto? --VKokielov 15:03, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid I'm not familiar with that work, could you possibly find a section of the writing, or a summary? Tev 15:15, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * --VKokielov 16:04, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Bah sorry, didn't realise you'd replied to that. Mea culpa. Seems fine to me, cite away (unless you already have) Tev 21:01, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Deletion from Final Paragraph
I made two changes in the section about the Ottoman Empire and Greece. One was deletion of reference to the Ottoman parliament, which had ben prorogued by 1881 and had nothing to do with the border rectification with Greece.

Second, I deleted the reference to the Greco-Ottoman War of 1897, which was very tandentially related to the topic and misleading to the point of POV. While it's true the Ottomans declared war on Greece at that time, this was AFTER Greece had invaded Crete, been ejected by the powers, then invaded Ottoman territory on the mainland.

Also, this was not so much a result of tensions between the two states as a result of the Treaty but rather the Greek government's inability to control nationalist public opinion, which was sympathetic to the cause of Greek rebels on Crete. Relations between Greece and the Ottomans between Berlin an 1897 were actually reasonably harmonious.

Finally, I don't think we need the ubiquitous and gratuitous reference to the Armenian Genocide that seems to accompany every article that includes the words "Ottoman" or "Turkey", particularly in this topic, which seems POV absent an explanation for its inclusion. - John

Update May 26, 2007 - If you have a reason for insisting on factually inaccurate statements or irrlevant asides, please take the time to discuss your position. I am restoring the changes mentioned above. Jpiccone 16:00, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

International law
The Treaty of Washington, 1871 was negotiated at Washington, D.C. in 1871. Ratifications occurred at London. In 1872, the United States was awarded an indemnity at Geneva. The conclusions reached and the rules adopted in 1871 had an effect on the Congress of Berlin. Nations were expected to remain neutral and not interfere in wars when extraterritoriality was an issue. Superslum (talk) 16:15, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Stanford's 1878 Ethnological map
I've seen you removed the Stanford's 1878 Ethnic composition map of the Balkans from the article. This map is of historical significance since upon that map the Congress of Berlin created Bulgaria as a state in 1878 and shaped her borders. Wikipedia is not judging an historical document as it is a 1878 map as right or wrong, especially a map upon a treaty was determined. WP works with references, documents and facts, leaving the reader to judge for himself what is right and what is wrong. So if you have censuses that denying what the map is picturing, you have to put them into the articles, with the necessary references. Regards, --Factuarius (talk) 02:46, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Synvet's map
I removed the ref about A.Synvet being pro-Greek because what the ref actually says is not at all that: It says that the MAP was favourable to the Greek cause, not the geographers, which is something entirely different. In detail: "Other maps (not other geographers) amongst other ..... were favourable to the Greek cause" meaning that they agreed with the Greeks. That doesn't make (the geographers themselves) pro-Greek. The text is free on line as pdf. --Factuarius (talk) 00:31, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

 * @Gligan:::Synvet is not pro-Greek as explained above and the ref is clearly misquoted. If is something, is pro-Turk, which is very obvious in his map and from his positioning in multiple high ranking jobs in the Ottoman Empire, as well as from his close relations with well known Turk nationalistic circles of the era, especially around the Young Turk movement. He even show Turks inside Greece although I find that unlikely after the 1897 Greco-Turk war. Read more about him before accusing him or his map in being pro-Greek. So stop removing Stanford opening another edit war. --Factuarius (talk) 04:13, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

Ethnographic maps
It is my understanding that we had agreed to keep the maps in this article, following a lengthy discussion at Talk:Treaty of San Stefano. I don't appreciate User:Kostja laying low for a few months then sneakily trying to undo the consensus we had agreed upon when he thought no one was watching. This user did the same at Philippopolis, and now here. Athenean (talk) 18:51, 4 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see any such consensus there. Not to mention that all maps from that article were removed so it makes little sense for them to be included in a similar article like this one. On the other hand there was discussion on this point at the Admin noticeboard where it seems the general consensus was that ethnic maps should be used only in cases where a more thorough discussion about the demographic history of the region could take place: . Kostja (talk) 19:19, 4 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The Congress of Berlin redrew borders in the Balkans, amid (and followed by) plenty of controversy over ethnicity and nationality. Surely we need good maps on an article like this. If the existing historic maps are for some reason inadequate or misleading (though I haven't seen it suggested on this talkpage), could somebody point out better ones?
 * If some people's nationalist passions are inflamed by this subject, that only serves to further underline the need for good mapping. If there's dispute about content (or the implications that could be drawn from content) then we need more sources, not fewer. ;-)
 * Kostja: the discussion on seems to be very different to what you describe. To my eye, it looks more like a discussion where other people feel that you're editwarring, rather than a consensus that we should remove maps of the Balkans because they are somehow irrelevant to an article on Balkan borders.
 * bobrayner (talk) 20:24, 4 August 2010 (UTC)
 * This is not about historic maps - I haven't removed the single real historic map in this article - but about ethnographic maps made in the 19th century by often biased researchers. This article doesn't discuss demographics at all, so why there should be completely of topic demographic maps here?
 * And the discussion wasn't about whether I was edit warring, but whether it would be allowed to add information about the neutrality of those maps' authors. It was agreed that this was improper and it was also suggested that such maps should be placed only in articles dealing directly with demographics. While not all users agreed with this, it's been a generally accepted principle and many articles like First Balkan War and Treaty of San Stefano which once had such maps no longer contain them.
 * And as this is obviously the same kind of article, for consistency's sake there shouldn't be any such maps here as well, not that they're very useful, being practically disconnected from the article as it is now. Kostja (talk) 20:55, 4 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I find this frustrating.
 * Now your latest reason for deleting the maps is that they're contextless. How much more "context" is needed to put a historic map of the Balkans in an article about historic changes to Balkan borders?
 * Please stop revert-warring.
 * bobrayner (talk) 11:22, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

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Added image from National Trust
Hello! I added an image of a fan signed by delegates which was uploaded to Commons as part of a pilot by the National Trust, there's further info here & further images here Lajmmoore (talk) 19:04, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Congress of Berlin


text:
Edmund J. Davis

Edmund Jackson Davis (October 2, 1827 – February 24, 1883) was an American lawyer, soldier, and politician. Davis was a Southern Unionist and a general in the Union Army in the American Civil War. He also served as the 14th Governor of Texas from 1870 to 1874, during the Reconstruction era. Reviled by many Texans during and after the Civil War as a traitor for his open support for the North and his attempts to break up Texas into several Northern-controlled states, Davis is known for leasing prisoners to private corporations to alleviate state budget shortfalls.

Early years
Davis was born in St. Augustine, Florida, a son of William Godwin Davis and the former Mary Ann Channer. His father was a lawyer and land developer in St. Augustine, the oldest permanent settlement in the United States. In 1848, after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Davis moved with his parents to Galveston, Texas.

The next year, Davis moved to Corpus Christi, where he was admitted to the bar. He was an inspector and deputy collector of customs from 1849 to 1853, when he was appointed district attorney of the 12th Judicial District, which included Webb County in south Texas. He became a judge in that district.

The 1850 census has Davis living on Grant Street in downtown Laredo, the seat of Webb County. Davis, three carpenters, and a laborer were residing, apparently in a boarding house, with Tomasa Benavides and her children when the census was taken that year. He subsequently maintained a ranch in Webb County and conducted his law practice in Laredo. For a time he was a judge of the state's 29th Judicial District.

Civil War years
In early 1861, Edmund Davis supported Governor Sam Houston in his stand against secession. Davis also urged Robert E. Lee not to violate his oath of allegiance to the United States. Davis ran to become a delegate to the Secession Convention but was defeated. He thereafter refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederate States of America and was removed from his judgeship. He travelled from Texas and took refuge in Union-held New Orleans, Louisiana. He next sailed to Washington, D.C., where President Abraham Lincoln issued him a colonel's commission with the authority to recruit the 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment (Union).

Davis recruited his regiment from Union men who had fled from Texas to Louisiana. The regiment would see considerable action during the remainder of the war. On November 10, 1864, President Lincoln appointed Davis as a brigadier general of volunteers. Lincoln did not submit Davis's nomination to this grade to the U.S. Senate until December 12, 1864. The U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on February 14, 1865. Davis was among those present when General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered the Confederate forces in Texas on June 2, 1865. Davis was mustered out of the volunteers on August 24, 1865.

In March 1863, Davis and his friend William W. Montgomery had heard that they were going to be arrested by Confederate Soldiers in Austin, Texas. Both Davis and Montgomery quickly gathered up a few of their things and headed to Hamilton Pool, just outside of Austin, where they hid out before deciding to meet up with other Union soldiers in Matamoros, Mexico. At the border, there were numerous reports that Confederate soldiers and Union soldiers would taunt each other across the border at night, sometimes getting into fights. After setting up camp in Matamoros, Montgomery discovered that Confederate forces planned to come across the border to arrest Davis. Montgomery raced back to the camp to try and warn Davis, only to find that Confederate soldiers were already there. The Confederates hanged Montgomery on the way back into Texas. Shortly after the war Davis petitioned Congress to instate a pension for Montgomery's widow.

Post war
Following the end of the war, Davis became a member of the 1866 Texas Constitutional Convention. He supported the rights of freed slaves and urged the division of Texas into several Republican-controlled states.

In 1869, he was narrowly elected governor against Andrew Jackson Hamilton, a Unionist Democrat. As a Radical Republican during Reconstruction, his term in office was controversial.

On July 22, 1870, the Texas State Police came into being by Radical Republican legislation. The State Police were to have extraordinary powers, including taking offenders from one county to another for trial and of operating undercover as secret agents. It worked against racially based crimes, and included black police officers, which caused protest from former slaveowners (and future segregationists). Davis created the "State Guard of Texas" and the "Reserve Militia", which were forerunners of the Texas National Guard. The Printing Bill provided an official public printer and a state journal and provided that regional newspapers be designated to print the various required official notices.

Davis' government was marked by a commitment to the civil rights of African Americans. One of his protégés was Norris Wright Cuney of Galveston, who continued the struggle for equality until his own death in 1898 and is honored as one of the important figures in Texas and American black history. Though Davis was highly unpopular among former Confederates, and most material written about him for many years was unfavorable, he was considered to have been a hero for the Union Army. He also gained the respect and friendship of Spanish-speaking residents on the Rio Grande frontier.

In 1873, Davis was defeated for reelection by Democrat Richard Coke (42,633 votes to 85,549 votes) in an election marked by irregularities. Davis contested the results and refused to leave his office on the ground floor of the Capitol. Democratic lawmakers and Governor-elect Coke reportedly had to climb ladders to the Capitol's second story, where the legislature convened. When President Grant refused to send troops to the defeated governor's rescue, Davis reluctantly left the capital in January 1874. He locked the door to the governor's office and took the key, forcing Coke's supporters to break in with an axe. John Henninger Reagan helped to oust him after he tried to stay in office beyond the end of his term. Davis was the last Republican governor of Texas until Republican Bill Clements defeated the Democrat John Luke Hill in 1978 and assumed the governorship the following January, 105 years after Davis vacated the office.

Following his defeat, Davis was nominated to be collector of customs at Galveston but declined the appointment because he disliked U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes. He ran for governor again in 1880 but was soundly defeated. His name was placed in nomination for Vice President of the United States at the 1880 Republican National Convention, which met in Chicago and chose James A. Garfield as the standard-bearer. Had Davis succeeded, he might have wound up in the White House, as did Chester A. Arthur, the man who received the vice presidential nomination that year. Davis lost an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1882.

After Democrats regained power in the state legislature, they passed laws making voter registration more difficult, such as requiring payment of poll taxes, which worked to disfranchise blacks, Mexican Americans and poor whites. They also instituted a white primary. In the 1890s more than 100,000 blacks were voting, but by 1906 only 5,000 managed to get through these barriers. As Texas became essentially a one-party state, the white primary excluded minorities from the political competitive process. They did not fully recover their constitutional rights until after enforcement under the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Edmund J. Davis died in 1883 and was given a war hero's burial at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin. A large gravestone was placed in Davis's honor by a brother. Davis was survived by his wife, the former Anne Elizabeth Britton (whose father, Forbes Britton, had been chief of staff to Texas Governor Sam Houston), and two sons: Britton (a West Point graduate and military officer) and Waters (an attorney and merchant in El Paso).

title: Edmund J. Davis


text:
Talk:Janet Morassutti

before turning into redirect, it was on vfd: Editing Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Janet Morassutti. Mikkalai 21:13, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Janet Morassutti


text:
Live from the Time Coast

Live from the Time Coast is a double live CD by Spirit with 28 tracks. It is the fourth album to be released from the archives of the late Randy California. Recorded between 1989 and 1996, with a line-up that features founding members Randy California and drummer Ed Cassidy with Mike Nile on bass. This incarnation of Spirit is referred to by Spirit's hard-core followers as "The Tent Of Miracles Band".

Never released in any form previously and recorded in a number of venues from Manchester to Colorado and from London to Utah.

Track listing
All songs written by Randy California except noted.

Spirit

 * Randy California – guitar, harmonica, vocals
 * Ed Cassidy – percussion, drums
 * Mike Nile – bass, vocals
 * Scott Monahan – keyboards, vocals
 * George Valuck – keyboards

Production

 * Mick Skidmore – producer, mastering
 * Pete Tytler – artwork

title: Live from the Time Coast


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Boys chase girls

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 18:13, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Boys chase girls
Seems like either vanity (Josh Jackson), silly nonsense, or an article of dubious truth. Therefore, delete. Bratsche 21:17, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Vanity? Silly nonsense?  Dubious truth?  All of the above.  Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:21, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It is a mass array of silly nonsense. B.S. 21:26, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lovely nonsense, but nonsense. --EnSamulili 22:29, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. While the creator obviously had some creative ideas on his mind, such nonsense and lack of resource to back up any "facts" present does not belong in Wikipedia.CryptoStorm 22:31, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic nonsense. -- The Anome 22:58, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Longhair 23:25, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. We'll chase the boys and girls away. Miss Pippa 00:01, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bless. Jdcooper 23:15, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Although I am tempted to suggest a redirect to Gender role.  --L33tminion | (talk) 15:46, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Dave Bidini

Janet Morassutti
Janet was on VfD. Votes for deletion/Janet Morassutti. Mikkalai 21:14, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dave Bidini


text:
User:Sannse/grammy watch

Grammy Watchlist

 * Grammy Award | t
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra) | t
 * Best Comedy Album | t
 * Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Album of the Year (other than classical) | t
 * Grammy Award for Album of the Year | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Album Cover - Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Album Cover - Other Than Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, Graphic Arts | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, Photography | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Album Cover | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Album for Children | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Album Notes - Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Album Notes | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Arrangement | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Classical Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Classical Crossover Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra) | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance, Operatic or Choral | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Contemporary (R&R) Solo Vocal Performance - Male or Female | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Jazz Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Performance by a Chorus | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Song | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Single | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Country Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Country Performance, Duo or Group - Vocal or Instrumental | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Country Song | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Disco Recording | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Engineered Recording - Special or Novel Effects | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance, Contemporary | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance, Traditional | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Gospel Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Gospel Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Gospel Vocal Performance, Female | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Gospel Vocal Performance, Male | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance Vocal or Instrumental | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Hawaiian Music Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Historical Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s) | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra) | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra) | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Fusion Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Solo | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance by a Group | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance by a Soloist | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance Solo or Small Group | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance, Soloist | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Duo or Group | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Latin Recording | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Merengue Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Native American Music Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best New Age Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best New Artist | t
 * Grammy Award for Best New Classical Artist | t
 * Grammy Award for Best New Country & Western Artist | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Original Jazz Composition | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Chorus | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Vocal Group or Chorus | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Vocal Group | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Performance by an Orchestra - for Dancing | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Performance by an Orchestra or Instrumentalist with Orchestra | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Polka Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance with Vocal Coloring | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best R&B Instrumental Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals | t
 * Grammy Award for Best R&B Solo Vocal Performance, Male or Female | t
 * Grammy Award for Best R&B Song | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rap Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rap Song | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Recording for Children | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Recording Package | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rhythm & Blues Recording | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rock Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rock Song | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Salsa/Merengue Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Small Ensemble Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Contemporary | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Female | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Male or Female | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Male | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Traditional | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Sound Track Album or Recording of Original Cast From a Motion Picture or Television | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Spoken Comedy Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Surround Sound Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Tejano Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Traditional World Music Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Tropical Latin Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Female | t
 * Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male | t
 * Grammy Award for Best World Music Album | t
 * Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Record of the Year | t
 * Grammy Award for Remixer of the Year, Non-Classical | t
 * Grammy Award for Song of the Year | t
 * Grammy Award for Video of the Year | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1959 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1960 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1961 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1962 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1963 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1964 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1965 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1966 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1967 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1968 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1969 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1971 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1972 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1973 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1974 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1975 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1976 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1977 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1978 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1979 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1980 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1981 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1982 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1983 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1984 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1985 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1986 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1987 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1988 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1989 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1990 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1991 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1992 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1993 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1994 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1995 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1996 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1997 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1998 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 1999 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 2000 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 2001 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 2002 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 2003 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 2004 | t
 * Grammy Awards of 2005 | t

title: User:Sannse/grammy watch


text:
Talk:Marietta Edgecombe

Previously redirected to: Talk:Dumbledore's Army

title: Talk:Marietta Edgecombe


text:
Henry Rowan

Henry Madison "Hank" Rowan Jr. (December 4, 1923 – December 9, 2015) was an American engineer, businessman, and philanthropist.

He was the founder of Inductotherm Corp. and the first person to give a $100 million donation to school of higher education in the US, which he gave to Glassboro State College of New Jersey, which was renamed Rowan College of New Jersey later Rowan University in his honour.

Early life
Rowan was born in Raphine, Virginia, to Henry Rowan Sr. and Margaret Frances Boyd Rowan on December 4, 1923 (coincidentally the same year that Rowan University was founded).

He grew up in Ridgewood, New Jersey and, after serving as a bomber pilot in World War II with the United States Army Air Forces, attended Williams College and graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology with honors with a degree in electrical engineering.

Early career
Rowan originally worked for Ajax Electrothermic Corporation of Trenton, New Jersey. He suggested improvements to the furnaces made by Ajax (ie shorter power leads and heavier copper bus bar) but the company did not implement his suggestions.

Rowan left Ajax and decided to start his own company, Inductotherm Corp.

Inductotherm Corp
Rowan designed and built his first induction furnace in 1953 in the garage of his home in Ewing Township, New Jersey with the help of his wife.

Expanding from this first induction furnace, Rowan created Inductotherm, which has since grown to include more than 40 subsidiaries throughout North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australia.

Today, there are more than 27,000 Inductotherm induction melting installations worldwide and they account for more than half of the melting systems in the world today.

Rowan University
In Spring 1992, Rowan and his wife Betty pledged $100 million to Glassboro State College in New Jersey, which was renamed Rowan College of New Jersey in his honor and later Rowan University. At the time, it was the largest gift to a public college in the history of higher education. The school also has an engineering building named after him.

Doane Academy
Rowan and his wife were also strong supporters of Doane Academy, a pre-K through secondary school, in Burlington, NJ.

In January 2015, they created the Henry M. and Eleanor E. Rowan Endowment, with a gift of $17 million.

The Rowans, personally and through their family foundation, donated over $30 million to Doane Academy over the years.

Later life and death
Rowan competed in the 1992 Olympic Sailing trials in Miami, but failed to qualify. In 1995, he wrote an autobiography titled The Fire Within with John Calhoun Smith.

He lived in Westampton Township, New Jersey for part of his life.

On December 9, 2015, Rowan died at the age of 92.

title: Henry Rowan


text:
Tulle (netting)

Tulle is a form of netting that is made of small-gauge thread, netted in a hexagonal pattern with small openings, and frequently starched to provide body or stiffness. It is a finer textile than the textile referred to as "net."

It is a lightweight, very fine, stiff netting. It can be made of various fibres, including silk, nylon, polyester and rayon. Polyester is the most common fibre used for tulle. Rayon tulle is very rare. Tulle is most commonly used for veils, gowns (particularly wedding gowns), and ballet tutus. Tulle comes in a wide array of colors and it is readily available. It can be dyed at home if it is made from nylon, rayon or silk but not if it's made from polyester.

The name comes from Tulle, a city in the southern central region of France. Tulle was well known as a center of lace and silk production in the 18th century, and early tulle netting probably originated in this French city. Tulle netting certainly appeared earlier in Parisian ballet costume than in most other nations, suggesting that tulle netting may have been more readily available there than elsewhere.

One of the most common uses for tulle netting is in garments. Tulle is often used as an accent, to create a lacy, floating look. Tulle may also be used in underskirts or petticoats to create a stiff belled shape. Gowns are often puffed out with the use of several layers of stiff tulle. Tulle netting is also used to make veils, since it obscures the features of the face while allowing the wearer to see out.

Decorative ornaments can also be made from tulle netting. It is frequently used to wrap up party favors and gifts, especially for weddings and baby showers. Scraps of tulle netting are sometimes used in quilting and crafts as well, to add texture to a project. Multicolored tulle netting is often used for this purpose, to create tulle flowers and other ornamental accents.

title: Tulle (netting)