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Wendy Doniger

Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (born November 20, 1940) is an American Indologist whose professional career has spanned five decades. A scholar of Sanskrit and Indian textual traditions, her major works include The Hindus: An Alternative History; Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Siva; Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook; The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology; Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts; and The Rig Veda: An Anthology, 108 Hymns Translated from the Sanskrit. She is the Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor of History of Religions at the University of Chicago, and has taught there since 1978. She served as president of the Association for Asian Studies in 1998.

Biography
Wendy Doniger was born in New York City to immigrant non-observant Jewish parents, and raised in Great Neck, New York, where her father, Lester L. Doniger (1909–1971), ran a publishing business. While in high school, she studied dance under George Balanchine and Martha Graham.

She graduated summa cum laude in Sanskrit and Indian Studies from Radcliffe College in 1962, and received her M.A. from Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in June 1963. She then studied in India in 1963–1964 with a 12-month Junior Fellowship from the American Institute of Indian Studies. She received a Ph.D. from Harvard University in June 1968, with a dissertation on Asceticism and Sexuality in the Mythology of Siva, supervised by Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr. She obtained a D. Phil. in Oriental Studies from Oxford University, in February 1973, with a dissertation on The Origins of Heresy in Hindu Mythology, supervised by Robert Charles Zaehner.

Doniger holds the Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor Chair in History of Religions at the University of Chicago. She is the editor of the scholarly journal History of Religions, having served on its editorial board since 1979, and has edited a dozen other publications in her career. In 1985, she was elected president of the American Academy of Religion, and in 1997 President of the Association for Asian Studies. She serves on the International Editorial Board of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

She was invited to give the 2010 Art Institute of Chicago President's Lecture at the Chicago Humanities Festival, which was titled, "The Lingam Made Flesh: Split-Level Symbolism in Hindu Art".

Recognition
Since she began writing in the 1960s, Doniger has gained the reputation of being "one of America's major scholars in the humanities". Assessing Doniger's body of work, K. M. Shrimali, Professor of Ancient Indian History at the University of Delhi, writes:

"... it (1973) also happened to be the year when her first major work in early India's religious history, viz., Siva, the Erotic Ascetic was published and had instantly become a talking point for being a path-breaking work. I still prescribe it as the most essential reading to my postgraduate students at the University of Delhi, where I have been teaching a compulsory course on 'Evolution of Indian Religions' for the last nearly four decades. It was the beginning of series of extremely fruitful and provocative encounters with the formidable scholarship of Wendy Doniger."

Doniger is a scholar of Sanskrit and Indian textual traditions. By her self-description,

"I myself am by both temperament and training inclined to texts. I am neither an archaeologist nor an art historian; I am a Sanskritist, indeed a recovering Orientalist, of a generation that framed its study of Sanskrit with Latin and Greek rather than Urdu or Tamil. I've never dug anything up out of the ground or established the date of a sculpture. I've labored all my adult life in the paddy fields of Sanskrit, ..."

Her books both in Hinduism and other fields have been positively reviewed by the Indian scholar Vijaya Nagarajan and the American Hindu scholar Lindsey B. Harlan, who noted as part of a positive review that "Doniger's agenda is her desire to rescue the comparative project from the jaws of certain proponents of postmodernism". Of her Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook Translated from the Sanskrit, the Indologist Richard Gombrich wrote: "Intellectually, it is a triumph..." Doniger's (then O'Flaherty) 1973 book Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Śiva was a critique of the "Great tradition Śivapurāṇas and the tension that arises between Śiva's ascetic and erotic activities." Richard Gombrich called it "learned and exciting"; however, John H. Marr was disappointed that the "regionalism" so characteristic of the texts is absent in Doniger's book, and wondered why the discussion took so long. Doniger's Rigveda, a translation of 108 hymns selected from the canon, was deemed among the most reliable by historian of religion Ioan P. Culianu. However, in an email message, Michael Witzel called it "idiosyncratic and unreliable just like her Jaiminiya Brahmana or Manu (re-)translations."

Criticism
Beginning in the early 2000s, some conservative diaspora Hindus started to question whether Doniger accurately described Hindu traditions. Together with some of her colleagues, she was the subject of a critique by Hindu right-wing activist speaker Rajiv Malhotra, for using psychoanalytic concepts to interpret non-Western subjects. Aditi Banerjee, a co-author of Malhotra, criticised Wendy Doniger as grossly misquoting the text of Valmiki Ramayana.

Christian Lee Novetzke, associate professor of South Asian Studies at the University of Washington, summarizes this controversy as follows: "Wendy Doniger, a premier scholar of Indian religious thought and history expressed through Sanskritic sources, has faced regular criticism from those who consider her work to be disrespectful of Hinduism in general."

Novetzke cites Doniger's use of "psychoanalytical theory" as "... a kind of lightning rod for the censure that these scholars receive from freelance critics and 'watch-dog' organizations that claim to represent the sentiments of Hindus."

Philosopher Martha Nussbaum, concurring with Novetzke, adds that while the agenda of those in the American Hindu community who criticize Doniger appears similar to that of the Hindu right-wing in India, it is not quite the same since it has "no overt connection to national identity", and that it has created feelings of guilt among American scholars, given the prevailing ethos of ethnic respect, that they might have offended people from another culture.

While Doniger has agreed that Indians have ample grounds to reject postcolonial domination, she claims that her works are only a single perspective which does not subordinate Indian self-identity.

Her authorship of the section describing Hindu Religion in Microsoft's Encarta Encyclopedia was criticized for being politically motivated and distorted. Following a review, the article was withdrawn. Patak Kumar notes that Doniger has given a "dispassionate secular critique" of Hinduism, which is met with defensive responses by Indian scholars such as Varadaraja V. Raman, who acknowledged the "sound scholarship" of Doniger, but urged "appreciation and sensitivity" when "analyzing works regarded as sacred by vast numbers of people."

The Hindus
Doniger's trade book, The Hindus: An Alternative History was published in 2009 by Viking/Penguin. According to the Hindustan Times, The Hindus was a No. 1 bestseller in its non-fiction category in the week of October 15, 2009. Two scholarly reviews in the Social Scientist and the Journal of the American Oriental Society, though praising Doniger for her textual scholarship, criticized both Doniger's poor historiography and her lack of focus. In the popular press, the book has received many positive reviews, for example from the Library Journal, the Times Literary Supplement, the New York Review of Books, The New York Times, and The Hindu. In January 2010, the National Book Critics Circle named The Hindus as a finalist for its 2009 book awards. The Hindu American Foundation protested this decision, alleging inaccuracies and bias in the book.

In 2011, a lawsuit was filed against Doniger and Penguin books by Dinanath Batra on the grounds that the book intentionally offended or outraged the religious sentiments of Hindus, an action punishable by criminal prosecution under Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code. In 2014, as part of a settlement agreement reached with plaintiff, The Hindus was recalled by Penguin India. Indian authors such as Arundhati Roy, Partha Chatterjee, Jeet Thayil, and Namwar Singh inveighed against the publisher's decision. The book has since been published in India by Speaking Tiger Books.

Recognition

 * 1989 elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * 1996 elected to the American Philosophical Society
 * 2000 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Award for excellence in multi-cultural literature, non-fiction, for Splitting the Difference
 * 2002 Rose Mary Crawshay prize from the British Academy, for the best book about English literature written by a woman, for The Bedtrick
 * 2008 Martin E. Marty Public Understanding of Religion Award from the American Academy of Religion
 * 2015 Charles Homer Haskins Prize of the American Council of Learned Societies

Works
Doniger has written 16 books, translated (primarily from Sanskrit to English) with commentary nine other volumes, has contributed to many edited texts and has written hundreds of articles in journals, magazines and newspapers. These include New York Times Book Review, London Review of Books, the Times Literary Supplement, The Times, The Washington Post, U.S. News & World Report, International Herald Tribune, Parabola, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Daedalus, The Nation, and the Journal of Asian Studies.

Interpretive works
Published under the name of Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty:
 * Served as Vedic consultant and co-author, and contributed a chapter ("Part II: The Post-Vedic History of the Soma Plant," pp. 95–147) in Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality, by R. Gordon Wasson (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1968).
 * Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Siva (Oxford University Press, 1973).
 * The Ganges (London: Macdonald Educational, 1975).
 * The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology (Berkeley: University of California, 1976).
 * Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
 * Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984 ).
 * Tales of Sex and Violence: Folklore, Sacrifice, and Danger in the Jaiminiya Brahmana (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).
 * Other Peoples' Myths: The Cave of Echoes. (New York:  Macmillan, 1988).

Published under the name of Wendy Doniger:
 * The Implied Spider: Politics and Theology in Myth. The 1996–1997 ACLS/AAR Lectures. New York:  Columbia University Press, 1998.
 * Splitting the Difference: Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India. The 1996 Jordan Lectures. Chicago and London: University of London Press and University of Chicago Press, 1999.
 * Der Mann, der mit seiner eigenen Frau Ehebruch beging. Mit einem Kommentar von Lorraine Daston. Berlin: Suhrkamp, 1999.
 * The Bedtrick: Tales of Sex and Masquerade. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
 * La Trappola della Giumenta. Trans. Vincenzo Vergiani. Milan: Adelphi Edizione, 2003.
 * The Woman Who Pretended to Be Who She Was. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
 * The Hindus: An Alternative History. New York: Penguin Press, 2009.
 *  The Donigers of Great Neck: A Mythologized Memoir. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2019.

Translations
Published under the name of Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty:
 * Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook, translated from the Sanskrit. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1975.
 * The Rig Veda: An Anthology, 108 Hymns Translated from the Sanskrit (Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1981).
 * (with David Grene) Antigone (Sophocles). A new translation for the Court Theatre, Chicago, production of February 1983.
 * Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, in the series Textual Sources for the Study of Religion, edited by John R. Hinnells (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
 * (with David Grene). Oresteia. A New Translation for the Court Theatre Production of 1986. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988).

Published under the name of Wendy Doniger:
 * Mythologies. A restructured translation of Yves Bonnefoy's Dictionnaire des Mythologies, prepared under the direction of Wendy Doniger (Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1991). 2 vols.
 * The Laws of Manu. A new translation, with Brian K. Smith, of the Manavadharmasastra (Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1991).
 * Vātsyāyana Kāmasūtra. A new translation by Wendy Doniger and Sudhir Kakar. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
 * The Lady of the Jewel Necklace and The Lady Who Shows Her Love. Harsha's Priyadarsika and Ratnavali. Clay Sanskrit Series. New York: New York University Press, JJC Foundation, 2006.

Edited volumes
Published under the name of Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty:
 * The Concept of Duty in South Asia. (with J. D. M. Derrett). (London: School of Oriental and African Studies).
 * The Critical Study of Sacred Texts. (Berkeley: Graduate Theological Union, Religious Studies Series, 1979).
 * Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions. (Berkeley: University of California Press; 1980).
 * Elephanta: The Cave of Siva. Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty, Carmel Berkson, and George Michell (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983). ISBN 978-0-691-04009-7
 * Religion and Change. Edited by Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty. History of Religions 25:4 (May 1986).

Published under the name of Wendy Doniger:
 * Animals in Four Worlds: Sculptures from India. Photographs by Stella Snead; text by Wendy Doniger and George Michell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
 * Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. Essays by David Shulman, V. Narayana Rao, A. K. Ramanujan, Friedhelm Hardy, John Cort, Padmanabh Jaini, Laurie Patton, and Wendy Doniger. Edited by Wendy Doniger. (SUNY Press, 1993).
 * Off with Her Head! The Denial of Women's Identity in Myth, Religion, and Culture. Ed., with Howard Eilberg-Schwartz. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
 * Myth and Method. Ed., with Laurie Patton. Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1996.
 * The Norton Anthology of World Religions: Hinduism. Ed., with Jack Miles. New York: Norton, 2015.

title: Wendy Doniger


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Talk:Burroughs B1700

Wikified 1/30/05. ---B- 20:37, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC) Emulated Control store

I was one of the CPU designers for the B1965. The machine had no real "control store" in the normal sense of the word. It had a main memory, and an instruction cache on later models and the "micro-ops" were stored in the main memory along with interpreters, the OS (MCP), and user data/programs. The software stack "emulated" the writeable control store in main memory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ka6s (talk • contribs) 19:14, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

CML versus CTL in B1700 series

I apparently am the one that added the CML comment. I was wrong. Burroughs did use CML in the BCML family of logic in some x800 series machines in medium/large systems, but never in the small systems. The logic family was called CTL and was similar to ECL.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Burroughs B1700


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Goods and services

Goods are items that are usually (but not always) tangible, such as pens or apples. Services are activities provided by other people, such as teachers or barbers. Taken together, it is the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services which underpins all economic activity and trade. According to economic theory, consumption of goods and services is assumed to provide utility (satisfaction) to the consumer or end-user, although businesses also consume goods and services in the course of producing their own.

History
Physiocratic economists categorized production into productive labour and unproductive labour. Adam Smith expanded this thought by arguing that any economic activities directly related to material products (goods) were productive, and those activities which involved non-material production (services) were unproductive. This emphasis on material production was adapted by David Ricardo, Thomas Robert Malthus and John Stuart Mill, and influenced later Marxian economics. Other, mainly Italian, 18th-century economists maintained that all desired goods and services were productive.

Service-goods continuum

The division of consumables into services is a simplification: these are not discrete categories. Most business theorists see a continuum with pure service at one endpoint and pure tangible commodity goods at the other. Most products fall between these two extremes. For example, a restaurant provides a physical good (prepared food), but also provides services in the form of ambience, the setting and clearing of the table, etc. Although some utilities, such as electricity and communications service providers, exclusively provide services, other utilities deliver physical goods, such as water utilities. For public sector contracting purposes, the electricity supply is defined among goods rather than services in the European Union, whereas under United States federal procurement regulations, it is treated as a service.

Goods are normally structural and can be transferred in an instant while services are delivered over a period of time. Goods can be returned while a service, once delivered cannot. Goods are not always tangible and may be virtual e.g. a book may be paper or electronic.

Marketing theory makes use of the service-goods continuum as an important concept which "enables marketers to see the relative goods/services composition of total products".

In a narrower sense, service refers to quality of customer service: the measured appropriateness of assistance and support provided to a customer. This particular usage occurs frequently in retailing.

In international law
Distinctions are made between goods and services in the context of international trade liberalization. For example, the World Trade Organization's General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) covers international trade in goods and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) covers the services sector.

title: Goods and services


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/So Here We Are

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:08, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

So Here We Are
If there's nothing more to be said on the subject, I propose deletion. Deb 20:39, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * So There It Goes. Delete. -R. fiend 20:59, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not establish notability. Megan1967 02:22, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Xezbeth  06:42, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nn.  Edeans 03:47, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User:Blizzy~enwiki

title: User:Blizzy~enwiki


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Buntline hitch

The buntline hitch is a knot used for attaching a rope to an object. It is formed by passing the working end around an object, then making a clove hitch around the rope's standing part and taking care that the turns of the clove hitch progress towards the object rather than away from it. Secure and easily tied, the buntline hitch will jam when subjected to extreme loads. Given the knot's propensity to jam, it is often made in slipped form.

"The buntline hitch, when bent to a yard, makes a more secure knot than two half hitches, but is more liable to jam. It differs from two half hitches in that the second half hitch is inside instead of outside the first one."

- The Ashley Book of Knots

History
Simple and effective, the buntline hitch dates to the age of sail, when it was used to secure buntlines to the foot of the sails  on square-rigged ships. That the buntline hitch was the preferred knot speaks to its security and reliability. Once set, repeated jerking and slatting tend to tighten it further rather than loosen it. Its compact size allowed the foot of the sail to be drawn up as closely as possible to the buntline deadeyes on top of the yard.

It has gained in popularity in recent years due to its performance in slippery modern synthetic lines.

Usage
The buntline hitch is useful for attaching lines to rings, eyes, posts, rods, and railings where a compact and secure knot is required. The non-slipped form is appropriate for moderate loads or where the knot will not need to be untied often. If heavily loaded it can be difficult or impossible to untie without the aid of a marlinspike.

The slipped form is more versatile and convenient when a secure temporary hitch is needed. For example, the slipped buntline hitch is an excellent choice to fasten a line to one side of a vehicle's luggage rack, with a trucker's hitch being used on the other side to tension the line over a load placed between them.

The buntline hitch is the same knot as the four-in-hand knot used for neckties. When it is made in flat material in the manner used to fasten a necktie, the working end is brought more parallel to the standing part during tightening than generally seen when made in cylindrical cordage for load-bearing purposes.

Tying

The buntline hitch is simply a clove hitch tied around the standing part, with the turns of the clove hitch progressing towards the object.

Slipped variation

The slipped variation is made by passing a bight through on the final step instead of the end. The knot may be released by pulling at the free end of the rope.

Security
While the buntline hitch is considered a secure knot, the turns of the clove hitch must progress towards the object, otherwise the much less secure two half-hitches will result.

Although not generally required, a round turn can first be made around the object causing the buntline hitch to be even less prone to slipping.

A buntline hitch may also be tied with an extra half turn for security: see highpoint hitch.

title: Buntline hitch


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anne Hochhalter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:08, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Anne Hochhalter
Like the Colunbine memorials, only for a survivor, so not exactly a memorial. Stills falls in the same general guidelines, as far as I can tell. -R. fiend 20:41, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --nixie 01:15, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable enough. Megan1967 02:24, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.80.232.157

title: User talk:68.80.232.157


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Talk:Politics of Turkey

History of the radical left
Someone more familiar with politics might be interested to study this family tree of the Turkish radical left and include it somewhere if it is accurate. --Adoniscik(t, c) 18:43, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Turkey" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you.

Removing a lot of dated stuff
I guess "Politics of country X" should be about current politics and that information about former politics should be in "History of Country X". If that is wrong please could someone explain how former politics should be split between "Politics of country X" and "History of Country X".

So on that assumption I am removing large chunks of out of date info. For example: as far as I know the military has no role in politics currently. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jzlcdh (talk • contribs) 19:53, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Why redirection of "government"?
I do not understand why "government of turkey" is redirecting here. Looking at other countries articles they should be 2 separate articles. Unless anyone gives a good reason I will likely separate them when I have time. Jzlcdh (talk) 20:43, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

I have split them. Jzlcdh (talk) 16:39, 4 November 2013 (UTC)

Major Punishment, Detainment of Foriegners and Journalists using Penal Code 301
I have added a link under "Also See" to another Wikipedia Article titled "Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code." It is a topic in the news making it extemely relevant to this article now more than ever. It is part of this country's laws and should throw a wind of caution for those who are looking to get information before travel about the country and important laws not to break. Article 301 is being used now and heavier than usual to detain foreign individuals traveling to Turkey, such as journalists who may report on negative aspects of the current Turkish President and arrest domestic cases internal to Turkey for tweets on Twitter and posts on Facebook that offend the President personally. Can someone assist me in building a topic on this within this article explaining this and how people are self-censoring their words so they can avoid any insults and the ability of Turkish People to speak freely about their country's political situation, even if it is bad, without punishment.

Of course, it would have to be a neutral aedition to the article and unbiased as I believe that a person stating an opinion about the leadership of their own country should not be criminalized, but a right (this can oppress political dissenters and cause opposing Presidential Candidates who lose their races later to be arrested as political dissenters and jailed indefinitely). Losjaimes (talk) 04:25, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

Referendum
Update this page for the new constitutional referendum. • Sammy Habib-Kemal Majed   •  Talk   •  Creations  •  Wikipedia Arabic   • 13:11, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

The Constitutional Referendum of 2017
This is crucial to understand the current situation in Turkey. There should be a comparison between the previous constitution (1982) and the new one after the referendum. This section should talk about which articles have changed and what their effects might be. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Irmakyesil1 (talk • contribs) 15:09, 9 April 2020 (UTC) I will write about the functions, responsibilities and structures of executive and legislative powers under their own sections. I will make a comparison of how they were before the constitutional change and afterward. I might also add to the judiciary depending on if the change effects at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Irmakyesil1 (talk • contribs) 17:59, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

Historical Background
This should have some subcategories such as the founding of the parliament, democratization of the parliament ( women's rights, multi-party system, etc.). It should start from the fall of Ottoman Empire to founding of the Turkish Republic and its parliament in order to understand how these traditions may have been shaped by the previous democratization attempts in the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, this page lacks information about Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who is the founding father of the country and the parliament, therefore it is impossible to talk about politics in Turkey correctly, without mentioning him. Also, the failed attempts of multi-party systems should be mentioned and it should end with the transition to a multi-party system. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Irmakyesil1 (talk • contribs) 15:17, 9 April 2020 (UTC)

Legislative Power
The section about the ministers being a party member is outdated, I will change it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Irmakyesil1 (talk • contribs) 10:32, 15 May 2020 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Politics of Turkey
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Politics of Turkey's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "TR_EUChrono": From Turkey:  From Turkey's membership of international organizations:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 01:01, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

state controls.
The main religion of turkey is Muslim and that is what they would prefer your religion to be and obama became president in 2013. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.235.65.50 (talk) 17:53, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Politics of Turkey


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List of board wargames

This is a list of board wargames by historical genre (and some subgenres) showing their publication history. All games can be presumed to have been published in English unless another language is noted.

title: List of board wargames


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Henry Capell, Baron Capell of Tewkesbury

Henry Capell, Baron Capell of Tewkesbury KB, PC (1638 – 30 May 1696) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1660 and 1692. He was then created Baron Capell.

Early life
Henry Capell was born in Hadham Parva, Hertfordshire. He was the son of Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham and Elizabeth Morrison. He was baptised on 6 March 1638. His father was raised to the peerage in 1641 and he died fighting for the King in the civil wars in 1649 as one of the commanders of the Colchester garrison. Henry's eldest brother was Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex.

Career
Capel founded the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. Later Capel was elected Member of Parliament for Tewkesbury in the Convention Parliament. He was invested as a Knight of the Order of the Bath, on 23 April 1661. In 1661, he was re-elected MP for Tewkesbury in the Cavalier Parliament. He was a member of the Irish Privy Council, from April 1673 to March 1684/85. Capell was re-elected MP for Tewkesbury in the two elections of 1679, was a member of the English Privy Council, from 22 April 1679 to 31 January 1680, and was First Lord of the Admiralty, between 1679 and 1680.

In 1689, Capell was elected MP for Cockermouth and was Lord of the Treasury, between 1689 and 1690. He was invested again as Privy Councillor, on 14 February 1689. He was elected MP for Tewkesbury in 1690, and sat until 11 April 1692, when he was ennobled as Baron Capell of Tewkesbury, in the County of Gloucester. One year later, he became Lord Justice of Ireland and in turn a Privy Councillor of Ireland, in June 1693. In 1695 and 1696, Capell was Lord Deputy of Ireland. His term as Lord Deputy was not considered successful because of him being a firm Whig and presiding over an administration which was deeply divided between Whigs and Tories, and he did nothing to help this situation change.

Capell died aged 58 in Chapelizod, County Dublin, and was buried on 8 September 1696 in Little Hadham, Hertfordshire. The barony died with him.

Private life
On 16 February 1659, Capell married Dorothy Bennet, daughter of Richard Bennet. The marriage was childless, but did bring part of what later became Kew Palace into the Capell family, leading to its becoming known as Capel House.

Dorothy died in 1721, and through her will endowed a number of charities.


text: User talk:68.81.83.226

title: User talk:68.81.83.226


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1323–1328 Flemish revolt

The Flemish peasant revolt of 1323–1328, sometimes referred to as the Flemish Coast uprising (Opstand van Kust-Vlaanderen, soulèvement de la Flandre maritime) in historical writing, was a popular revolt in late medieval Europe. Beginning as a series of scattered rural riots in late 1323, peasant insurrection escalated into a full-scale rebellion that dominated public affairs in Flanders for nearly five years until 1328. The uprising in Flanders was caused by excessive taxations levied by the Count of Flanders Louis I and by his pro-French policies. The insurrection had urban leaders and rural factions, which took over most of Flanders by 1325.

The revolt was led by Nicolaas Zannekin, a rich farmer from Lampernisse. Zannekin and his men captured the towns of Nieuwpoort, Veurne, Ypres and Kortrijk. In Kortrijk, Zannekin captured the count himself. In 1325, attempts to capture Ghent and Oudenaarde failed. The King of France, Charles IV, intervened. Louis was released from captivity in February 1326, and the Peace of Arques was sealed. The peace soon failed, and the count fled to France when more hostilities erupted. Louis convinced his new liege Philip VI of France to come to his aid, and Zannekin and his adherents were decisively defeated by the French royal army at the Battle of Cassel.

From peasant uprising against taxes to full-scale rebellion
In September 1322, the old Count Robert III died. Because Robert's son and heir, Louis I, had died two months earlier, the count was succeeded by his grandson Louis. Louis thus, within a time span of two months, inherited the Counties of Nevers and Flanders from his father and grandfather and, in the name of his mother, held real power in Rethel, which he would also formally inherit in 1328, which made him one of the most powerful lords in France. In 1320, Louis married Margaret of France, the second daughter of King Philip V of France and Joan II, Countess of Burgundy. The marriage alliance and Louis's own French upbringing made him break with the anti-French policy of his grandfather Robert III and his great-grandfather Guy I. Instead, Louis started a pro-French and anti-English policy. The policies were detrimental to the economies of the Flemish cities by raising taxes in order to pay the financial consequences from the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge.

The rebellion began with a series of scattered rural riots in November and December 1323, caused by the poor harvests of 1323, a difficult lien, refusal to pay tithes and taxes to the Count and hatred toward the nobility and authority. The revolt was led by landowning farmers such as Jacques Peyte and Nicolaas Zannekin. Members of the local gentry joined, and the mayor of Bruges, Willem de Deken, became the leader of the revolt.

Zannekin fled to Bruges from where the uprising spread. Zannekin won the neighbouring towns of Roeselare, Poperinge, Nieuwpoort, Veurne, Dunkirk, Cassel and Bailleul for his cause as they opened their gates to him. The new Count of Flanders, Louis de Nevers, arrived in Flanders in January 1324 but had no army to contain the revolt, which caused him to negotiate with the rebels. In April 1324, the Peace of St. Andrew was made, recognising the merits of the complaints of the people against the exactions of the collectors.

Revolt against power of Count
The agitation continued after the murder of a labourer by a knight and the arrest of six burghers of Bruges by the Count in Kortrijk. The men from Bruges took up arms, and the Count was captured by the inhabitants in Kortrijk. He was brought to Bruges, where several of his companions were executed on June 21, 1325. The men from Bruges elected Robert of Cassel, a younger son of Robert III of Flanders and thus the uncle of the Count of Flanders, as their regent of Flanders ("Ruwaard") to lead them in an expedition against Ghent (July 15, 1325) during which they laid siege to the city. The rebels' numbers were strengthened when inhabitants from Ypres and Ghent, who had been driven out of their cities, joined them.

King Charles IV of France sent ambassadors to Flanders. They proposed to submit the grievances of the commons against the count to his royal arbitration. As a prerequisite to any negotiations, the rebels demanded the submission of Ghent. In vain, the King summoned Robert of Cassel to Paris (September 19, 1325) and named Jean de Namur as "Ruwaard of Flanders". On November 4, the Bishop of Senlis and the Abbot of St. Denis excommunicated the Flemish rebels at the King's request, and the King also threatened to intervene militarily. After the excommunication, Robert of Cassel broke ties with the rebels and joined the King's side.

Count Louis of Nevers was released before Christmas, and on February 18, 1326, he forgave Bruges and swore to respect the customs and liberties of the communes of Flanders. From there, he went to the King in Paris. A provisional peace treaty was finally concluded by the ambassadors of the King (The Peace of Arques) and ratified at the Val Merrick, near Corbeil on April 19, 1326. On April 26, the ban on Flanders was lifted.

Repression by Philip VI of France
After the death of Charles IV, the revolt of the Flemish municipalities erupted again in February 1328. Louis de Nevers then called upon the new king, Philip VI, at his coronation at Reims on May 29 to aid the count against the burghers. Philip agreed to organize an expedition, and the royal army was summoned to gather at Arras on July 22. The rebels raised enough men to fight the enemy in the open countryside, and the rebel forces met the royal army at the Battle of Cassel in which they were defeated, and Zannekin was killed.

After his victory, the King returned to France and took hostages for good behaviour among the burghers of Bruges and Ypres. The mayor of Bruges, Willem de Deken, was extradited to France and executed in Paris.

The Count of Flanders was left responsible for punishment of the conspirators. The cities of Bruges, Ypres, Kortrijk, Diksmuide, Veurne, Ostend, Aardenburg, Ysendyke, Dendermonde and Geraardsbergen were sentenced to pay heavy fines. The properties of those who participated in the Battle of Cassel were confiscated and distributed to the faithful adherents of the count. The privileges of all cities except Ghent were cancelled or restricted. In Bruges, the burghers were forced to meet the count at the castle of Male and throw themselves on their knees, imploring his mercy. In Ypres, the bell in the belfry was broken. Finally, by letters dated December 20, 1328, the King of France ordered for the fortifications of Bruges, Ypres, and Kortrijk to be destroyed.

Aftermath
When the Hundred Years' War started, Louis remained steadfast in his pro-French policy despite the county's economic dependence on England. His actions resulted in an English boycott of the wool trade, which in turn sparked a new insurrection under Jacob van Artevelde. In 1339, the count fled his Flemish lands, never to return. Louis was killed at the Battle of Crécy in 1346.

Historiography
The Belgian historian Henri Pirenne published the first major historical study of the rebellion in 1900, Le soulèvement de la Flandre maritime de 1323-1328 ("The Revolt of Maritime Flanders of 1323–1328"). The American historian William H. TeBrake published a 1993 book, A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323-1328 in 1993.

title: 1323–1328 Flemish revolt


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Category:Schools in Bedfordshire

This is a list of the schools in the county of Bedfordshire.

title: Category:Schools in Bedfordshire


text:
User talk:Crimsoneon

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Help pages
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JoaoRicardo 20:46, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wikilinks
Hello. I noticed you made some changes in the article collective, which is a good thing. However, you made external links instead of wikilinks. The way to make a wikilink is to write the name of the article between two square brackets. Therefore, when you write collective the website software turns it into collective. Please don't let this small mistake prevent you from contributing to Wikipedia. Just read the information on these articles above and keep being bold. JoaoRicardo 20:51, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crimsoneon


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User talk:Slambo/Archive 0502

Re: Category:Timeline of rail transport
Hello Sean; I guessed you were US based. Clearly, I spluttered somewhat on seeing an all-US timetine appearing, but I did appreciate you were working with the information you had to hand, and that UK and other country input could be expected along sometime later. I'm glad you started the timeline & hope others join in to populate it. I'll continue to do so as & when I have time. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Fairbanks-Morse
I'm comparing the List of Fairbanks-Morse locomotives with the The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide and Diesel Locomotives: The First 50 Years. First of all, I can't find any references matching up with FM CF16-4 or FM CFA24-5.

Secondly, the article has been marked as an incomplete list, but the omissions seem minor to me. The first omission is the early railcars on the Milwaukee and B&O, but since other manufacturers made the carbody, I don't think they should be included in a list of FM locomotives. The other omission is breaking out the B units. I'm ambivalent about this one, because sometimes we do break out the B units (EMD GP7B), and sometimes we don't (EMD E8).

Do you have another reference source? Please enlighten me. Rmeier 05:00, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Page FM-344 of The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide (complete reference in the list page) lists CFA16-4 and CFB16-4, and photos of PRR and NYC units are at . The same site has photos of CPA24-5 units from LIRR, NH, NYC and the FM demonstrator;  and  both list CFA24-5 (although they list them as CFA-24-5). slambo 11:27, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm thinking there are typos in the above references.
 * refers to PRR 9450 as being "CF16-4". The The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide calls it a "CFA-16-4". I don't care about the dashes - just "CF" vs. "CFA".
 * refers to NYC "CFA-24-5"s with 5 axles. The The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide calls them "CPA-24-5"s. And five axles is a spotting feature for "CPA-24-5"s. This source also refers to ten New Haven "CPA-24-5"s.
 * refers to the 790s (total of 10) on the New Haven as being "CFA-24-5"s. The The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide calls them "CPA-24-5"s.

 * My real question is that in the List of Fairbanks-Morse locomotives, FM CF16-4 seems to be a typo duplicate of FM CFA16-4, and FM CFA24-5 seems to be a typo duplicate of FM CPA24-5. I would keep only the second of each pair. I think that says what I meant to say the first time.Rmeier 05:39, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Annotated article
Ooops, I had meant to let you and User:Vaoverland know I'd used it. I was familiar with it mostly because I have done some copyediting of VA's FACs. It was exactly what I was looking for--fairly mature/stable, with a good variety of most of the common article elements, and FAC-quality without being as lengthy as FAs tend to be. It helped that it was a reasonably interesting topic that most people are probably unfamiliar with, but since trains in general are familiar to pretty much everyone, it should be something people can easily understand/relate to. Niteowlneils 21:25, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Sean, thanks for the note. I am working on articles of many types, and run across many other writers. I think your work is exceptionally well-organized, consistent and logical in both approach and presentation. I like to provide thorough information which perhaps also educates (such as subtly defining unladen in this instance). Ergo, it's not surprising to me that our friend Niteowlneils would use our work on autorack as a good example. He does a good job of inspiring other editors. I wish we had your organizational skills going for us in some of the other WikiProject areas, but I'm sure you agree that there is plenty more to do with WikiProject Trains. I learn something new every night while writing, and I hope you are also having some fun.

BTW, I have had our Auto Train (Amtrak) article in Peer Review for a while. I am lacking any non-Internet source references, or I'd have already sent it back over for FAC consideration. Somebody needs to write book about the Auto-Train Corporation and Amtrak's Auto Train story, as there seems to be nothing in print!! Mark in Richmond. Vaoverland 21:41, Jan 11, 2005 (UTC)

Shortened DYK item
I'm sorry for incorrectly shortening the item. Could you correct the year or period in the archive on Template talk:Did you know? Mgm|(talk) 09:22, Jan 12, 2005 (UTC)

Railroad History Database
Have you seen the database at ? It's rather useful for finding out when railroads existed, though dates are often contradictory (as I found when looking through Moody's and Poor's). --SPUI 02:25, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Graffiti
I added a brief section on freight/boxcar graf to the article. I wanted to keep it brief as the main body of the article is already getting around 40k. I'm posting here in case you had not seen my reply on the FAC thread. I'm also hoping there is something you might want to add to the section on train graffiti, or even something in particular you would like for me to add. I'd definately like to see it make FA this time around. ALKIVAR ™ 01:47, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Autorack
I added a photo of an old Norfolk and Western Railway boxcar equipped to haul new automobiles to your article on autorack. I hope you like it. PearlW 11:44, Jan 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Slambo/Archive 0502


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WNCN

WNCN (channel 17) is a television station licensed to Goldsboro, North Carolina, United States, serving the Research Triangle area as an affiliate of CBS. Owned by Nexstar Media Group, the station maintains studios on Front Street in north Raleigh, and its transmitter is located in Auburn, North Carolina.

Built in 1988 as a second-tier independent station operating from studios in Clayton, North Carolina, under the call sign WYED, channel 17 was purchased by Outlet Communications in 1994 and replaced the anemic WRDC (channel 28) as the market's NBC affiliate in 1995, which included the establishment of a local newsroom and the adoption of the present WNCN call letters. NBC owned the station for more than a decade before spinning it off to Media General in 2006. WNCN became the new CBS affiliate for the Triangle market on February 29, 2016, switching with longtime CBS affiliate WRAL-TV, which had announced it would become the new NBC affiliate for the region.

Early history
In 1983, three parties applied to build channel 17 in Goldsboro: Group H Broadcasting, owned by Randall Harvey; Wayne Telecasters Inc., owned by radio station owner George Beasley alongside the Beasley Broadcast Group; and Friendship Broadcasting of Elizabeth City. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) gave the nod to Group H in 1984.

The station first signed on the air on April 11, 1988, as WYED on UHF analog channel 17. It operated as a small station that primarily carried programming from the Home Shopping Network (HSN), along with some religious and hunting/fishing shows that aired on weekends. Three months after going on air, WYED was sold to Beasley, becoming the large national radio chain's first—and only—television property (George Beasley had started his company with the 1961 sign-on of WPYB (1130 AM) in nearby Benson). Channel 17's original studios were located at 622 South Barbour Street in Clayton, with a 1550 ft transmitter tower located nearby, broadcasting with 2.6 million watts of power. The station had limited cable carriage, mainly on smaller providers in the eastern part of the state. Another source of programming for channel 17 was the short-lived Star Television Network, for which it signed on as an affiliate.

WYED was almost sold two years after it started to Elvin Feltner's Krypton Corporation; Feltner proposed a movie-heavy schedule for channel 17. However, a problem developed in another pending Krypton acquisition, of television station WTVX serving West Palm Beach, Florida, which delayed any filing of the license transfer with the FCC. Beasley retained the station, which dropped home shopping in 1991—when HSN cut its payments to affiliated stations—to air movies, older syndicated shows, and Baltimore Orioles games. The station's longstanding issue of cable carriage was resolved in 1992 when changes to federal regulations prompted Cablevision to put WYED on its basic lineup in Raleigh and Durham. (It did not appear on cable in Fayetteville until February 1995. )

For the next two years, WYED continued with a slightly better schedule than it had. In addition, the station dabbled in local sports with the production of several high school football telecasts as well as a local children's show, Kam and Kids, whose producers would be sued by channel 17 for failure to pay for air time.

Outlet and NBC ownership
Beasley sold WYED in 1994 to Outlet Communications of Providence, Rhode Island, for $5.4 million. Outlet made major changes in programming, affiliated channel 17 with the new WB network, and changed the call letters to WNCN at the start of 1995. The call sign was permanent, but the affiliation was temporary: in November 1994, the station was announced as the new NBC affiliate for the Triangle beginning in the fall of 1995.

Outlet had good relations with NBC. Its other two stations, WJAR in Providence and WCMH-TV in Columbus, Ohio, were affiliated with NBC, which was looking for an upgrade in the market. NBC had a long history of misery in the Triangle: it had been affiliated since 1971 with WRDC (channel 28), a perennial also-ran in local television that ceased producing local newscasts in 1991; prior to then, NBC had aired on WTVD (channel 11) in the 1960s, with some shows moving to channel 28 when it began broadcasting in 1968. WRDC picked up the UPN affiliation at launch and displaced two nights of NBC programming to air UPN fare; those two nights turned up on WNCN. As construction began to turn the former WLFL studios on Front Street into a new facility for channel 17 and on improvements to yield an increase in transmitter power, and the assembly of a news department began, so too would the ownership change: Outlet accepted a $396 million offer from NBC in August 1995.

WNCN became the full-time NBC affiliate in the Raleigh–Durham market on September 10, 1995—a month earlier than planned, thanks to an agreement between WRDC and WNCN. Ahead of the NBC move, channel 17 began producing local news on September 4, and new station WRAZ (channel 50) signed on with The WB. After the NBC sale closed in 1996, the station began using the NBC peacock extensively in its own branding. "Bud" Polacek, who was the first general manager for the station as an NBC affiliation, left the station due to illness in April 1998; he died of cancer that August.

In 2000, WNCN relocated its transmitter facilities from the Clayton tower to a nearly 2000 ft perch on an arm of Capitol Broadcasting Company's new digital candelabra tower 8 mi closer to Raleigh, near Auburn. WNCN signed on its digital signal on UHF channel 55 at the same time. However, NBC's legacy of futility in the market continued to reverberate despite the improved product and facilities. For instance, in 2015, the general manager of WITN-TV in Washington, North Carolina, noted that that station "steals" viewers in four counties in the Raleigh–Durham designated market area from WNCN because viewership habits to the eastern North Carolina station were established before WNCN was an NBC affiliate.

Media General and Nexstar ownership; switch to CBS
On January 9, 2006, NBCUniversal announced it was putting WNCN up for sale, along with WVTM-TV in Birmingham, Alabama, and the other two former Outlet stations, WJAR and WCMH. On April 6, 2006, Media General announced that it would acquire the four stations. The sale was finalized on June 26, 2006. In April 2013, as part of a new branding campaign, the station switched its branding from "NBC 17" to just WNCN; the new brand was intended to emphasize the station's "strong desire to more aggressively serve its local communities". The station's marketing director declared both "NBC" and "17" as "irrelevant to our local content mission".

On January 15, 2016, it was announced that WNCN would switch to CBS on February 29, 2016, after existing affiliate WRAL-TV decided not to renew its affiliation. NBC, in turn, returned to WRAL-TV, which had been the Triangle's NBC affiliate from 1956 to 1962. WNCN became the fourth station in the Triangle to affiliate with CBS. The network had originally aligned with WNAO-TV, Raleigh's first TV station, in 1953 and moved to WTVD in 1958 before switching to WRAL-TV in 1985.

Soon thereafter, on January 27, 2016, it was announced that the Nexstar Broadcasting Group would buy Media General for $4.6 billion. WNCN became part of Nexstar upon the sale's consummation on January 17, 2017.

Upon the switch to CBS, the station changed its on-air branding to "CBS North Carolina" and its newscasts to "North Carolina News". While, in the lead-up to the switch, WNCN emphasized the strong ratings performance of CBS programming and prime time shows, as well as the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, ratings for CBS programming in the Triangle dropped significantly with the switch to WNCN on February 29, 2016. Notably, on the day of the switch, CBS This Morning, CBS Evening News and The Late Show with Stephen Colbert all lost more than half their audience share; all three fell from first place in the Triangle ratings during their time periods to third place in one stroke.

On March 15, 2018, WNCN rebranded as CBS 17.

News operation
After Outlet bought the station and in the wake of securing the NBC affiliation, hiring for a news department began even before the call letters were changed. In November 1994, an ad in Electronic Media announced that WYED was hiring news anchors, weather anchors, and other staff necessary for newscast production. Nearly nine months later, NCN News debuted on September 4, 1995, a week ahead of WNCN's switch to NBC, with a half-hour early evening newscast at 7 p.m. and a late evening newscast at 11 p.m. nightly. Promising a "New Generation of News", NCN News aimed to differentiate itself from the longstanding news offerings of WRAL and WTVD. The style was loose and informal: the anchors wore clothing from Banana Republic, there was no dedicated sports anchor, and of the four main presenters, only one—Art Edwards—had worked in the market before, though meteorologist Lisa Spencer was hired from The Weather Channel. Ron Bilek, the founding news director at WNCN, claimed the product was designed with "more of a high-tech/Triangle lifestyle look and feel".

However, few people were watching. At 11 pm, when WRAL, WTVD, and WNCN all competed head-to-head, channel 17 drew a fraction of the viewers of the other two stations. At 7 pm, it was tied for last place with the entertainment offerings of WLFL and WKFT. By June, there was a local morning newscast and a 6 p.m. show, but the ratings were not budging. As a 4 p.m. newscast was added, news director Ron Bilek and assistant Gina Pearce resigned over "philosophical differences" that July. In the wake of their firing, anchors began to sit at the desk instead of roaming the newsroom. There was little movement, and even then-Fox affiliate WLFL at times performed better in the ratings. Within five years, the four main anchors hired at the news department's launch had all left.

In 2003, WNCN news director Caroline Claeys departed after an edition of the station's 5 p.m. newscast featured two viewers, winners of a contest to present the weather on one of the station's news programs, who rapped the forecast; the Triangle Association of Black Journalists wrote a letter to WNCN, calling the stunt degrading. Claeys's permanent replacement was Nannette Wilson; under her leadership, ratings increased for the station's newscasts, though they still remained a distant third. Media General invested in a new set upon taking over, with more resources going to channel 17 because it went from one of NBC's smallest outposts to the second-largest market in which Media General operated.

In 2006, WNCN reinstated the 7 p.m. newscast, moving syndicated programming to the 5 p.m. hour that previously housed news. The station became the first in the market to move the start time of its weekday morning newscast to 4:30 a.m. in 2010.

On January 27, 2014, WNCN launched a half-hour midday newscast at 11 am, featuring talent from WNCN Today. The launch coincided with the discontinuation of the 4:30 a.m. half-hour of its morning newscast and the shifting of the advertorial My Carolina Today to 11:30 am. The show changed its name to My Carolina Talk with the switch to CBS and later became My Carolina; in 2022, it became an hour-long program at 9 am.

When WNCN became a CBS affiliate, channel 17's newscasts were rebranded North Carolina News. Several changes in time slots accompanied the network switch: its 11 a.m. newscast moved to noon, and channel 17 resumed airing an hour of news at 5 p.m., dropping its 7 p.m. newscast. Until 2022, The Young and the Restless aired at 4 p.m. as a lead-in to WNCN's early-evening news block, making WNCN one of the few CBS affiliates in the country that televised the soap opera at that time. This continued a quarter-century tradition in the Triangle, as WRAL-TV also aired The Young and the Restless at 4 p.m. from 1993 until it switched to NBC. Ratings improved in some time slots, but talent turnover and changes were also cited as a factor keeping the Raleigh–Durham news competition a "two-horse race".

On January 17, 2022, WNCN reduced its noon newscast to 30 minutes, with The Young and the Restless moving to its traditional 12:30 p.m. time slot; it also introduced a 4 p.m. newscast that day as well.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Wes Hohenstein – meteorologist

Notable former on-air staff

 * Penn Holderness – anchor
 * Hari Sreenivasan – technology reporter (1995–1996)
 * Dallas Woodhouse – political commentator

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

WNCN airs one subchannel of WRDC from its transmitter facility as part of WRDC's 2020 conversion to ATSC 3.0 (Next Gen TV); WRDC, in turn, broadcasts WNCN's CBS subchannel in that format.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WNCN discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 17, at 12:30 p.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 55, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era UHF channel 17.

Spectrum reallocation
On April 13, 2017, it was announced that WNCN's over-the-air broadcast spectrum was sold for $52 million during the FCC's spectrum reallocation incentive auction. Net proceeds from the sale went to former shareholders of Media General, which was acquired by Nexstar in January 2017. On September 11, 2019, WNCN moved to channel 8 in the high VHF band.

title: WNCN


text:
New York City Fire Museum

The New York City Fire Museum is a museum dedicated to the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) in the Hudson Square neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It is housed in the former quarters of the FDNY's Engine Company No. 30, a renovated 1904 fire house at 278 Spring Street between Varick and Hudson Streets.

The museum cares for over 10,000 objects as well as an archive of records, ephemera and photographs estimated in the tens of thousands of pieces celebrating the history of the fire service and the FDNY. Examples of modern-day firefighting equipment, as well as a permanent memorial to the 343 members of the FDNY who died at the World Trade Center site after the September 11 attacks, are also on permanent display at the museum. In November 2015 the museum was granted an Absolute Charter by the Board of Regents of the New York State Department of Education. The entity that runs the museum is classified as a 501(c)(3) organization.

History
The NYC Fire Museum's roots date back to December 1870 when it was established in Fire Department Headquarters at 155 Mercer Street. between Prince and Houston Streets in Manhattan. Exactly when it was dismantled is not documented but was most likely at the time that headquarters were relocated to East 67th Street in the late 1880s. When the NYC Fire College was established in the Packard Building at 32-02 Queens Boulevard in Long Island City, Queens, Chief John McKenna ordered that the relics be set up as a museum, along with a library, on the building's seventh floor. A better home was secured in 1948 in the new FDNY apparatus repair shops at 48-58 35th Street in Long Island City. It remained there until 1958 when a bay was vacated at the quarters of Engine Company 7 and Hook & Ladder Company 1 at 100 Duane Street in Manhattan. This location made it much easier for the general public to visit the impressive array of artifacts exhibited on two floors of the firehouse.

In 1981, the Home Insurance Company decided to dismantle its H. V. Smith Firefighting Museum, located at 59 Maiden Lane. The collection was donated to the City of New York. However, the collection was so extensive that it could not be accommodated at the Duane Street location. The FDNY embarked on a campaign to raise the necessary funding to convert the vacant beaux-arts firehouse at 278 Spring Street originally built for Engine Company 30 in 1904 into a state-of-the-art museum. The Friends of the New York City Fire Department Collection, Inc., a 501(c)3 organization was formed to raise the necessary funds. On July 6, 1987, the new New York City Fire Museum opened its doors to the public.

On November 17, 2015, the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York granted an Absolute Charter to the New York City Fire Museum. On March 13, 2017, The Friends of the New York City Fire Department Collection, Inc. and the New York City Fire Museum merged, with the former being dissolved.

Exhibits in the museum demonstrate the changes in firefighting practices from bucket brigades to carriages to engines. The evolution of the department itself, from volunteer firefighters to municipal fire departments is also covered. The museum also houses a special memorial to the 343 members of the FDNY who lost their lives in the September 11 attacks. This memorial includes artifacts recovered from the World Trade Center site, as well as a monument commemorating each firefighter who made the Supreme Sacrifice.

The collection contains items that date back to the mid-17th century. As a result, the museum displays only 3% of its entire collection at any given time.

Retired FDNY firefighters are often on hand to educate the public on firefighting history as well as to relate personal anecdotes. The museum is also active in fire safety and prevention education and has a mock apartment highlighting fire hazards for its kindergarten though 12th-grade programs.

The New York City Fire Museum attracts approximately 40,000 visitors a year. Attendance at the museum spiked to 46,000 visitors in 2002 following the September 11 attacks, but and has since leveled off.

In May 2024, the museum announced a temporary closure due to concerns about the building's structural integrity.

Permanent exhibitions

The New York City Fire Museum tells the story of the early days of firefighting in New York City. The collection is home to firefighting artifacts and equipment dating back to the 1650s, such as carriages, engines, fire marks, buckets, trumpets, helmets, lanterns, rattles, and uniforms. Permanent exhibitions include: Firefighting on Parade, Romance of Firefighting, Fire Apparatus, and Tools and Uniforms. The museum also has an extensive collection of fire insurance marks.

Fire safety education
In conjunction with the FDNY Fire Safety Education Unit and the FDNY Foundation, a structured program for school groups is offered. Groups are shown an age-targeted video in a classroom setting and are then taken to a mock residence where they experience what they must do to escape from a smoke-filled room. In 2018, the mock residence was completely renovated, with funds provided by Turner Construction Company, Carnegie Corporation, FM Global, and the NY Community Trust, into the Fire Safety Learning Center. Now equipped with interactive components, the center will be open to families and can be visited without the need for an escorted guide.

title: New York City Fire Museum


text:
Cladh Hallan

Cladh Hallan (Cladh Hàlainn, ) is an archaeological site on the island of South Uist in the Outer Hebrides in Scotland. It is significant as the only place in Great Britain where prehistoric mummies have been found. Excavations were carried out there between 1988 and 2002, which indicate the site was occupied from 2000 BC.

In 2001, a team of archaeologists found four skeletons at the site, one of them a male who had died c. 1600 BC, and another a female who had died c. 1300 BC. At first, the researchers did not realise they were dealing with mummies, since the soft tissue had decomposed and the skeletons had been buried. But tests revealed that the two bodies had not been buried until about 1120 BC and that the bodies had been preserved shortly after death in a peat bog for 6 to 18 months. The preserved bodies were then apparently retrieved from the bog and set up inside a dwelling, presumably having religious significance. Archaeologists do not know why the bodies were buried centuries later. The Cladh Hallan skeletons differ from most bog bodies in two respects: unlike most bog bodies, they appear to have been put in the bog for the express purpose of preservation (whereas most bog bodies were simply interred in the bog), and unlike most bog bodies, their soft tissue was no longer preserved at the time of discovery.

Analysis
The skeletons and other finds are being analysed in laboratories in Scotland, England and Wales. Following the provisions of the Treasure Trove Act, all the finds from Cladh Hallan, including the skeletons, will be allocated to a Scottish museum after the lengthy process of analysis and reporting is completed. According to recent anthropological and DNA-analysis the skeletons of a female and a male were compiled from body parts of at least 6 different human individuals.

title: Cladh Hallan


text:
Thermotogae

The Thermotogota are a phylum of the domain Bacteria. The phylum contains a single class, Thermotogae. The phylum Thermotogota is composed of Gram-negative staining, anaerobic, and mostly thermophilic and hyperthermophilic bacteria.

Characteristics
The name of this phylum is derived from the existence of many of these organisms at high temperatures along with the characteristic sheath structure, or "toga", surrounding the cells of these species. Recently, some Thermotogota existing at moderate temperatures have also been identified. Although Thermotogota species exhibit Gram-negative staining, they are bounded by a single-unit lipid membrane, hence they are monoderm bacteria. Because of the ability of some Thermotogota species to thrive at high temperatures, they are considered attractive targets for use in industrial processes. The metabolic ability of Thermotogota to utilize different complex-carbohydrates for production of hydrogen gas led to these species being cited as a possible biotechnological source for production of energy alternative to fossil fuels.

Molecular signatures
Until recently, no biochemical or molecular markers were known that could distinguish the species from the phylum Thermotogota from all other bacteria. However, a recent comparative genomic study has identified large numbers of conserved signature indels (CSIs) in important proteins that are specific for either all Thermotogota species or a number of its subgroups. Many of these CSIs in important housekeeping proteins such as Pol1, RecA, and TrpRS, and ribosomal proteins L4, L7/L12, S8, S9, etc. are uniquely present in different sequenced Thermotogota species providing novel molecular markers for this phylum. These studies also identified CSIs specific for each order and each family. These indels are the premise for the current taxonomic organization of the Thermotogota, and are strongly supported by phylogenomic analyses. Additional CSIs have also been found that are specific for Thermotoga, Pseudothermotoga, Fervidobacterium, and Thermosipho. These CSIs are specific for all species within each respective genus, and absent in all other bacteria, thus are specific markers. A clade consisting of the deep-branching species Petrotoga mobilis, Kosmotoga olearia, and Thermotogales bacterium mesG1 was also supported by seven CSIs. Additionally, some CSIs that provided evidence of LGT among the Thermotogota and other prokaryotic groups were also reported. The newly discovered molecular markers provide novel means for identification and circumscription of species from the phylum in molecular terms and for future revisions to its taxonomy.

Additionally, a 51 aa insertion CSI was identified to be specific for all Thermotogales as well as Aquificales, another order comprising hyperthermophilic species. Phylogenetic studies demonstrated that the presence of the same CSI within these two unrelated groups of bacteria is not due to lateral gene transfer, rather the CSI likely developed independently in these two groups of thermophiles due to selective pressure. The insert is located on the surface of the protein in the ATPase domain, near the binding site of ADP/ATP. Molecular dynamic stimulations revealed a network of hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules, residues within the CSI and a ADP/ATP molecule. It is thought that this network helps to maintain ADP/ATP binding to the SecA protein at high temperatures, contributing to the overall thermostable phenotype some Thermotogales species.

Taxonomy
This phylum presently consists of a single class (Thermotogae), four orders (Thermotogales, Kosmotogales, Petrotogales, and Mesoaciditogales) and five families (Thermatogaceae, Fervidobacteriaceae, Kosmotogaceae, Petrotogaceae, and Mesoaciditogaceae). It contains a total of 15 genera and 52 species. In the 16S rRNA trees, the Thermotogota have been observed to branch with the Aquificota (another phylum comprising hyperthermophilic organisms) in close proximity to the archaeal-bacterial branch point. However, a close relationship of the Thermotogota to the Aquificota, and the deep branching of the latter group of species, is not supported by phylogenetic studies based upon other gene/protein sequences. and also by conserved signature indels in several highly conserved universal proteins. The Thermotogota have also been scrutinized for their supposedly profuse Lateral gene transfer with Archaeal organisms. However, recent studies based upon more robust methodologies suggest that incidence of LGT between Thermotogota and other groups including Archaea is not as high as suggested in earlier studies.

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

 * Class Thermotogae Reysenbach 2002
 * Genus ?Caldotoga Xue et al. 1999
 * Order Kosmotogales Bhandari & Gupta 2014
 * Family Kosmotogaceae Bhandari & Gupta 2014
 * Genus Kosmotoga DiPippo et al. 2009 [Thermococcoides Feng et al. 2010 ]
 * Genus Mesotoga Nesbo et al. 2013
 * Order Mesoaciditogales Itoh et al. 2015
 * Family Mesoaciditogaceae Itoh et al. 2015
 * Genus Athalassotoga Itoh et al. 2015
 * Genus Mesoaciditoga Reysenbach et al. 2013
 * Order Petrotogales Bhandari & Gupta 2014
 * Family Petrotogaceae Bhandari & Gupta 2014
 * Tribe "Marinitogeae" Pelletier 2012
 * Genus Marinitoga Wery et al. 2001
 * Tribe "Petrotogeae" Pelletier 2012
 * Genus Defluviitoga Ben Hania et al. 2012
 * Genus Geotoga Davey et al. 1993
 * Genus Oceanotoga Jayasinghearachchi and Lal 2011
 * Genus Petrotoga Davey et al. 1993
 * Genus Tepiditoga Mori et al. 2021
 * Order Thermotogales Reysenbach 2002
 * Family Fervidobacteriaceae Bhandari & Gupta 2014
 * Genus Fervidobacterium Patel et al. 1985
 * Genus Thermosipho Huber et al. 1989 non Kantor et al. 2013
 * Family Thermotogaceae Reysenbach 2002 ["Pseudothermotogaceae" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 ]
 * Genus Pseudothermotoga Bhandari & Gupta 2014
 * Genus ?Thermopallium Duckworth et al. 1996
 * Genus Thermotoga Stetter and Huber 1986

title: Thermotogae


text: Category:Schools in England

title: Category:Schools in England


text:
Transactions demand

Transactions demand, in economic theory, specifically Keynesian economics and monetary economics, is one of the determinants of the demand for money, the others being asset demand and precautionary demand.

Overview
The transactions demand for money refers specifically to money narrowly defined to include only its liquid forms, especially cash and checking account balances. This form of money demand arises from the absence of perfect synchronization of payments and receipts. The holding of money is to bridge the gap between payments and receipts. The transactions demand for money is motivated by the need to facilitate daily transactions by consumers, businesses, and governments.

The transactions demand for money is one component of the overall demand for money. The other components are the asset or speculative demand and the precautionary demand.

The transactions demand for money is positively affected by the amount of real income and expenditure, and negatively affected by the interest rate on alternative assets, which is the opportunity cost of holding money for any reason. It also depends on the timing of expenditures and the length of the payment period.

The Baumol-Tobin model focuses on the optimal number of times that funds are moved from other assets into money per unit of time, which dictates the transactions balances held on average over time.

title: Transactions demand


text:
Speed wobble

Speed wobble (also known as shimmy, tank-slapper, or death wobble) is a rapid side-to-side shaking of a vehicle's wheel(s) that occurs at high speeds and can lead to loss of control. It presents as a quick (4–10 Hz) oscillation of primarily the steerable wheel(s), and is caused by a combination of factors, including initial disturbances and insufficient damping, which can create a resonance effect. Initially, the rest of the vehicle remains mostly unaffected, until translated into a vehicle yaw oscillation of increasing amplitude, producing loss of control.

Vehicles that can experience this oscillation include motorcycles and bicycles, skateboards, and, in theory, any vehicle with a single steering pivot point and a sufficient amount of freedom of the steered wheel, including that which exists on some light aircraft with tricycle gear where instability can occur at speeds of less than 80 km/h; this does not include most automobiles. The initial instability occurs mostly at high speed and is similar to that experienced by shopping cart wheels and aircraft landing gear.

Theory
Sustained oscillation has two necessary components: an underdamped second- or higher-order system and a positive feedback mechanism. An example of an underdamped second order system is a spring–mass system, where the mass can bob up and down (oscillate) when hanging from a spring.

If shimmy cannot be designed out of the system, a device known as a steering damper may be used, which is essentially a notch filter designed to damp the shimmy at its known natural frequency.

Shimmy is usually associated with the deformation of (rubber) tires. However, it can also be observed in nondeformable (e.g., steel) wheels. The phenomenon can be explained by introducing multicomponent dry friction forces, apart from the usual forces considered in the literature.

Another explanation is that speed wobble is a Hopf bifurcation, a mathematical phenomenon in which a stable fixed point of a dynamical system loses stability as a parameter changes, giving rise to a limit cycle (a path that a system follows repeatedly, looping back on itself in a predictable pattern, which other nearby behaviors tend to mimic over time). In the case of a speed wobble, the system changes from one state (a stable ride) to a second state, (constant amplitude oscillation), when one parameter (forward speed, or air speed) progresses through a critical point.

In two-wheeled vehicles
Wobble or shimmy begins when some otherwise minor irregularity accelerates the wheel to one side. The irregularity may be a wheel which is out-of-round, out-of-true, or out-of-balance. As the wheel rotates, it will exert a cyclic load to the vehicle frame, which if matched with the system's (vehicle and attached accessories) resonant frequency, can produce a speed wobble. During the wheel rotation, a restoring force is applied in phase with the progress of the irregularity, and the wheel turns to the other side where the process is repeated. If there is insufficient damping in the steering the oscillation will increase until system failure. The oscillation frequency can be changed by changing the forward speed, making the bike stiffer or lighter, or increasing the stiffness of the steering, of which the rider is a main component. While wobble or shimmy can be easily remedied by adjusting speed, position, or grip on the handlebar, it can be fatal if left uncontrolled.

Other things being equal, speed wobble is generally less likely to occur in a mountain bike compared to a road bike, because a mountain bike's frame generally has more damping from the suspension system, and the tire knobs also produce some dampening between the vehicle and road interface.

Since shimmy frequency is independent of bike speed, gyroscopic effects "are clearly not essential to the phenomenon." The top five influences on wobble have been found to be lateral stiffness of the front tire, steering damper, height of bike center of mass, distance of bike center of mass from rear wheel, and cornering stiffness of the front tire.

An academic paper that investigated wobble through physical experimentation and computer modeling concludes: "the influence on wobble mode of front tire characteristics, front frame inertia and chassis stiffness were shown. In particular, it shows that [by] increasing front tire inflation, chassis stiffness, and front frame inertia about steering axis and decreasing sideslip stiffness of front tire, wobble mode damping is improved, promoting vehicle stability."

In single-wheeled mobility devices
Speed wobbles occur on Electric unicycles (EUC) and single-wheeled skateboards (such as a Onewheel). "To fix Onewheel wobbles, both feet need to be repositioned by inching them to a position that properly provides a center of gravity. The Onewheel’s controller is designed to only balance the board from front-to-back having no control of the side-to-side movement."

title: Speed wobble


text:
User:Beezer

Beezer has had much experience with Wikipedia for many years.

title: User:Beezer


text:
Hedmarken

Hedmarken (, ; known as Hedemarken until 2003) is a traditional district in Innlandet county in Eastern Norway.

Hedmarken consists of the municipalities Stange, Hamar, Løten, and Ringsaker. In the past, it also contained the municipalities of Romedal, Vang, Furnes, and Nes, but those municipalities were merged into Hamar, Stange, and Ringsaker during the 20th century. Traditionally, it also included Gjøvik on the other side of the lake, but this is no longer the case. The old county of Hedmark was named after the district of Hedmarken, but the county included several other districts as well, namely Østerdalen and Glåmdalen (Solør, Odalen and Vinger).

The district is dominated by rolling agricultural terrain, hilly green mountains, and pine forests.

Etymology
The Old Norse form of the name was Heiðmǫrk. The first element is heiðnir, the name of an old Germanic tribe and is related to the word heið which means "moorland". The last element is mǫrk which means "woodland", "borderland", or "march". (See also Telemark and Finnmark.)

"In Hedmarken" is translated på Hedmarken which literally means "on Hedmarken".

History
In the early Viking Age, before Harald Fairhair, Hedmarken was a petty kingdom, part of the Eidsivating. Kings of Hedmarken included:
 * Halfdan Hvitbeinn
 * Sigtryg Eysteinsson
 * Eystein Eysteinsson, brother of Sigtryg
 * Halfdan the Black, King Harald's father, was king of half of Hedmark after defeating rulers Sigtryg and his brother, Eystein.

title: Hedmarken


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Province of Nuoro

The province of Nuoro (provincia di Nuoro; provìntzia de Nùgoro) is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia, Italy. Its capital is the city of Nuoro.

It has an area of 5638 km2, and,, a total population of 210,972. The province is divided into 74 comuni (: comune), the largest of which are Nuoro (36,925 inhabitants), Siniscola (11,492), Macomer (10,043), and Dorgali (8,576). The other comuni are generally not so large, even if Oliena (7,123 inhabitants) and Orosei (7,025) can be considered as well as populated towns.

The province was established in 1927. In 2005, the territory of the province of Nuoro was substantially reduced as a consequence of the establishment in the island of four new provinces; subsequent administrative reforms have increased its size once again in 2016, through the annexation of 22 out of the 23 communes which made up the short-lived Ogliastra.

Parks located in the province include the National Park of the Gulf of Orosei and Gennargentu.

It is known for its purported high concentration of centenarians and supercentenarians. From 5 March 2001 to 3 January 2002, Antonio Todde, from Tiana, was the oldest man in the world. It's is also one of the so-called blue zones.

title: Province of Nuoro