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Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence

Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence, PC (né Lawrence; 28 December 1871 – 10 September 1961) was a British Labour politician who, among other things, campaigned for women's suffrage.

Background and education
Born in London as Frederick William Lawrence, he was the son of wealthy Unitarians who were members of the Liberal Party. Three of his father's brothers, William, James, and Edwin, were politically active in various roles, including as Lord Mayor of London and as members of parliament. Frederick was educated at Wixenford, Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was a member of Cambridge University Liberal Club. He then became a barrister.

Political career
Lawrence met and fell in love with Emmeline Pethick, an active socialist and campaigner for women's votes. They finally married in 1901 after Lawrence converted to socialism. They kept separate bank accounts and they both took the surname 'Pethick Lawrence' (later Pethick-Lawrence). He published various left-wing newspapers, including Votes for Women and became involved in the Labour Party. His involvement in the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), on behalf of women's rights, led to him serving a nine-month prison sentence in 1912, following Christabel Pankhurst's window-smashing campaign, even though he had disagreed with that form of action; because of his disagreement, indeed, he was expelled from the WSPU by Emmeline Pankhurst and Christabel. On account of his prison sentence he was expelled from the Reform Club. Early in the First World War Pethick-Lawrence joined with others in founding the Union of Democratic Control (UDC), a leading anti-war organisation of which he became Treasurer. After acceptance by a Tribunal in Dorking in 1918, he worked on a farm in Sussex as a conscientious objector.

In 1923 Pethick-Lawrence was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Leicester West, and was Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 1929 until the formation of the National Government in 1931; in the ensuing general election and the rout of the Labour Party he lost his seat. He was elected for Edinburgh East in 1935 and sworn of the Privy Council in 1937. For a short period in January and February 1942 he acted as Leader of the Opposition to the coalition government. In 1945 Pethick-Lawrence was elevated to the peerage as Baron Pethick-Lawrence, of Peaslake in the County of Surrey. From 1945 to 1947 he was Secretary of State for India and Burma, with a seat in the cabinet, and was involved in the negotiations that led to India's independence in 1947. Prime Minister Clement Attlee, however, made all the government's major decisions regarding India.

Personal life
His first wife, Emmeline, Lady Pethick-Lawrence, died in 1954. Lord Pethick-Lawrence later married Helen Craggs in 1957. He died at Hendon, London, in September 1961, aged 89.

His older sister Annie Jane Lawrence (1863-1953) was responsible for building the open-air Arts and Crafts school The Cloisters in Letchworth Garden City.

Posthumous recognition
His name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018.


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Category:Gibraltarian politicians

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1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring

The '''Fallschirm-Panzer-Division 1. Hermann Göring ('1st Paratroop Panzer Division Hermann Göring - abbreviated Fallschirm-Panzer-Div 1 HG'') was a German Luftwaffe armoured division. The HG saw action in France, North Africa, Sicily, Italy and on the Eastern Front during World War II. The division began as a battalion-sized police unit in 1933. Over time it grew into a regiment, brigade, division, and finally was combined with the Parachute-Panzergrenadier Division 2 Hermann Göring on 1 May 1944 to form a Panzer corps under the name Reichsmarschall. It surrendered to the Soviet Army near Dresden on 8 May 1945.

Its personnel was initially recruited from volunteers from Nazi organizations such as the Hitler Youth, later receiving intakes from the Army (especially panzer troops) and conscripts of the Luftwaffe. The unit was stationed in Berlin in the newly built Hermann Göring barracks (today's Julius Leber barracks) and in Velten; being named after the Reichsmarschall and Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe Hermann Göring. This naming was intended to establish a close connection between Wehrmacht units and National Socialism, while at the same time documenting the domestic power within the party hierarchy. Among its combat missions, the Hermann Göring maintained guard forces, such as a guard in the Reichsmarschall 's estate at Carinhall and the Flak defense of Hitler's headquarters and personal train.

The division, during its time in Italy, committed a number of war crimes, and, together with the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS, was disproportionately involved in massacres of the civilian population, the two divisions accounting for approximately one-third of all civilians killed in war crimes in Italy.

Establishment and initial phase - police administration
When Hitler, of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), was appointed Reich Chancellor on January 30, 1933, Captain Hermann Göring was appointed the Prussian Minister of the Interior in February 1933. This gave him the supreme command of the entire Prussian police and a general's rank.

On February 24, 1933, Göring established the Polizeiabteilung z. b. V. Wecke (z. b. V. meaning "for special use"). His intention was to create a police association that was loyal to the NSDAP regime. The outfit was named after its commander Major der Schutzpolizei Walther Wecke, a veteran of the First World War and a member of the NSDAP. Numbering 400 men, it was stationed in the Kreuzberg district of Berlin - a notoriously left-wing working-class area.

The battalion soon became notorious for its brutal practices. In cooperation with the Gestapo, which was also under Göring's control, the Special Duties Police Battalion was involved in many attacks against Communists and Social Democrats and was responsible for the arrest of opponents of the regime.

In June 1933, Göring enlarged the battalion and placed it under the command of the state police (Landespolizei), becoming the Landespolizeigruppe Wecke z. b. V. (Special Duties State Police Group Wecke), and then Landespolizeigruppe General Göring in January 1934. In the same month, under pressure from Hitler and Himmler, Göring gave Himmler's SS control of the Gestapo. To reinforce the position of his remaining unit, Göring increased its size and instituted a military training program. During the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler resorted to both Göring's state police group and Himmler's Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, who executed many SA leaders, thus removing the formation as a threat to the NSDAP.

Air Force control - early missions
In 1935 Göring was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force. Since he wanted to keep control of his "favorite unit", it was transferred to the Luftwaffe in September 1935 and renamed the Regiment General Göring.

The regimental order of battle:

At the beginning of 1936 the regiment was ready to fight again. At that time all organized resistance against the NSDAP had been eliminated. During this time, the regiment served Göring as a personal bodyguard and covered Hitler's headquarters with its anti-aircraft guns. During this time the I. (Jäger-) Bataillon/RGG and the 15th Pioneer Company (15. Pionier-Kompanie) were assigned to the Döberitz Aviation School for parachute training; at the end of 1937 these units were renamed I.Fallschirmschützen-Bataillon (Parachute Rifle Battalion). The battalion was separated from the regiment in March 1938, sent to the training grounds of Stendal and transformed into the I./Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 1, the first paratrooper unit of the Wehrmacht.
 * Regimentstab (HQ staff)
 * Musikkorps (military band)
 * I.Jäger-Bataillon (light infantry)
 * II.Jäger-Bataillon
 * 13.Kradschützen-Kompanie (motorcyclists)
 * 15.Pionier-Kompanie (engineers)
 * Reiterzug (cavalry platoon)
 * Nachrichtenzug (signals platoon)

The regiment participated in the so-called Blumenkrieg (Flower Wars), taking part in the annexation of Austria (Anschluss); being among the first units to cross the border. Two companies landed by Junkers Ju 52/3m transport planes at Aspern Airport near Vienna. The unit remained in-country for several weeks on duty in Wiener Neustadt. The Regiment General Göring was also involved in the occupation of the Sudetenland in October 1938 and the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939; after which, the regiment undertook guard duties at the strategically important Skoda vehicle works.

Training and selection
The Regiment General Göring intended for its ranks to be filled with selected personnel to square off with its competitors, the Army's élite Infanterie-Regiment "Großdeutschland" and the Waffen-SS Leibstandarte-SS Adolf Hitler. Among the criteria for acceptance in the regiment:

 * Age of 18–25 years old,
 * Minimum height of 1.68m (5 ft 6ins),
 * German citizenship,
 * Eligibility for military service,
 * Fitness for active service,
 * Aryan ancestry,
 * Unmarried status,
 * Clean police record and no charges pending,
 * Confirmed open support for the National Socialist state.

During the wars years a further requirement was added: the volunteer would have to sign up for 12 years service. Those conditions were much the same as those demanded for ingress into the Großdeutschland and the Leibstandarte. As the war progressed and the scale of combat losses mounted, such restrictive criteria could not be sustained in any of these élite formations. Many Luftwaffe personnel would simply be drafted into the Hermann Göring from other units to replace combat losses.

With high caliber recruits, the regiment occupied a brand new purpose-built barracks complex at Berlin-Reinickendorf, which was constructed to the highest standards and with the most modern of facilities. The complex boasted over 120 buildings and included gymnasia, outdoor and indoor swimming pools, sports areas and its own post office. The smartly dressed General Göring soldiers, in their distinctive uniforms with white collar patches and special unit cuffband (Ärmelstreifen), became a regular sight on the streets of Berlin.

By 1939, the regiment had grown considerably. Troops of the regiment took part in many of the great pre-war parades through Berlin. They provided guards for Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring's own headquarters, the changing of the guard often being performed with all due ceremony including the presence of the regiment's own military band. The regiment also undertook guard duties at Göring's private retreat, the sumptuous Carinhall estate - named after Göring's deceased first wife, Carin Axelina Hulda Göring.

Regimental order of battle on the eve of WW2:

 * Regimentstab
 * Musikkorps
 * Stabsbatterie (HQ artillery battery)
 * I.(schwere) Flak-Abteilung (heavy AA artillery battalion)
 * II.(leichte) Flak-Abteilung (light AA artillery battalion)
 * ScheinwerferAbteilung (searchlight battalion)
 * IV.(leichte) Flak-Abteilung
 * Wachbataillon (guard infantry battalion)
 * Reiterschwadron (cavalry squadron)
 * 9.Wachkompanie (infantry)
 * 10.Wachkompanie
 * 11.Wachkompanie
 * Reserve-Scheinwerfer-Abteilung
 * Ersatz-Abteilung (replacement training battalion)
 * (schwere) Eisenbahn Flak-Batterie (heavy railway AA battery)
 * (leichte) Flak-Batterie (light AA battery)

Blitzkrieg in the West
During the attack on Poland, which marked the beginning of World War II, only a small part of the Regiment General Göring (RGG) was involved in the fighting. Most of the unit remained in Berlin to protect Göring's headquarters and the Reichshauptstadt. During the Phoney War parts of the regiment formed an infantry battalion and took part in Operation Weserübung against Denmark and Norway in the spring of 1940; with the largest part of the RGG relocated to the west on the German-Dutch border under the camouflage designations "Flak-Regiment 101" and "Flak-Regiment 103".

In April, a detachment under Hauptmann Kluge was sent to Denmark. Composed of a company of the Wachbataillon, a 2cm self-propelled Flak-Batterie and a Kradschützen-Kompanie, it took part in the seizure of the airfield and radio station at Esbjerg and the securing of the coastline of Jutland. The detachment was then transferred by sea to Oslo, in Norway, being engaged alongside the Army first in the advance to Trondheim, then north up into the Arctic Circle to take the port of Bodo and relieve the pressure on the beleaguered élite Gebirgsjäger further north at Narvik. At first the German forces were pushed back by the Allies, with General Eduard Dietl making a fighting retreat and retiring along Beisfjord. With Fall Gelb initiated, the Allies evacuated Norway to concentrate on Flanders, leaving Narvik to the Germans. After completing its mission, Kluge's detachment was sent back home to Berlin.

As part of the Western campaign, the RGG took part in the invasion of the Netherlands and Belgium. During the campaign the Eben-Emael fortress in Belgium was taken by paratroopers under Captain Walther Koch, many of whom had previously served in the Regiment General Göring - including Koch himself. The RGG took part in the crossing of the Maas and the advance into eastern Belgium. There it crossed the Albert Canal against stiff resistance and took part in the capture of Brussels.

After the surrender of the Netherlands, the regiment was divided into several small combat groups (Kampfgruppen), which were assigned to the panzer divisions that spearheaded the attack on France. The anti-aircraft troops were particularly noted for their efficacy, with the superb 8.8cm anti-aircraft of the heavy batteries often used to fight tanks and the 3rd and 5th batteries of the RGG destroyed 18 French tanks at pointblank range during a battle in the Forest of Mormal, breaking their counterattack; the crews of the guns Casar and Dona kept firing at the French heavy tanks at 15 meters.

The Regiment General Göring was rewarded for its excellent performance by forming part of the honour guard of the Fürher-Begleit-Kompanie (Fürher's Escort Company) for the formal armistice at Compiègne on 21 June 1940. After the capitulation of France, the RGG provided Flak defences in bunkers on the Channel coast as well as contributing to the anti-aircraft defence ring around Paris. The new regimental commander was Colonel Paul Conrath in June 1940, who was to lead the regiment and the later division until 1944. At the end of 1940 the regiment was transferred back to Berlin to resume its old job as a bodyguard and air defense unit.

The invasion of the USSR
At the beginning of 1941 the unit was motorized and renamed Regiment (mot.) Hermann Göring after Göring had been appointed Reichsmarschall in 1940.When Germany joined hostilities in the Balkans in April 1941, the motorized regiment was sent to Romania for intended attachment to Generaloberst Wilhelm List's 12.Armee; instead it was held in reserve and placed in the air defense of the strategic oil fields at Ploesti. In preparation for the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 the regiment had been moved into positions along the River Bug, the dividing line between the German and Soviet occupation zones of Poland; forming part ''II. Flak-Korps of Panzergruppe von Kleist''.

Organization as of 15 June 1941:

 * Regimental Staff (Colonel Paul Conrath)
 * Nachrichtenzug (signals platoon)
 * Werkstattzug (Workshop train)
 * Ammunition supply column 25t
 * I. Abteilung (Flak) (Major Hullmann)
 * 1. Batterie (4x 8,8 cm)
 * 2. Batterie (4x 8,8 cm)
 * 3. Batterie (4x 8,8 cm)
 * 5. Batterie (12x 2 cm)
 * IV. Abteilung (Flak) (Captain Geicke)
 * 6. Batterie (9 x 3,7 cm)
 * 15. Batterie (6 x 2 cm, 6x 3,7 cm)
 * 16. Batterie mot S. Ketten (12 x 2 cm)
 * Schützen-Bataillon (Captain Funck)
 * 8. Batterie mot. S. Räder (12 x 2 cm)
 * 1. Schützen-Kompanie
 * 3. Schützen-Kompanie
 * Kradschützen-Kompanie
 * II. / Flak-Regiment 43 (Major Karlhuber)
 * 6. Batterie (4 x 8,8 cm)
 * 7. Batterie (4 x 8,8 cm)
 * 8. Batterie (4 x 8,8 cm)
 * 9. Batterie (4 x 8,8 cm)
 * 10. Batterie (12 x 2 cm)
 * Reinforced supply column division I./200 (Major Buchmann)

During Operation Barbarossa, the regiment was attached to the 11th Panzer Division, a part of Army Group South. The regiment saw action in the initial breakthrough and the advance via Radziechów, where the Flak crews once again showed remarkable performance against enemy tanks. The unit then drove towards Dubno, fighting in the tank battle of Brody in Ukraine, against Soviet T-34 and KV tanks; with the 11th Panzer Division being momentarily cut-off by Soviet armoured forces. The regiment then took part in the encirclement of Kiev and the Battle of Bryansk. These battles were hard-fought and the regiment took significant losses, albeit reinforcing the unit's growing reputation for steadfastness in combat. At the end of 1941, the regiment was moved back to Germany for rest and refitting, with the Schützen-Bataillon Hermann Göring remaining at the front until May 1942. At the same time, a newly formed II.Schützen-Bataillon was sent to the Eastern Front, where it was all but decimated in extremely heavy-fighting around Juchnow and Anissowo-Goroditsche.

At the end of the Battle of Uman, the encircled Soviet forces attempted a desperate breakout by night, running into the 16th batterie of the Flak Regiment Hermann Göring, under Oberleutnant Karl Rossmann (aka Batterie Roßmann) and with a handful of infantry including troops from the SS-Division “Wiking” between Uman and Slatopol near the town of Swerdlikowo. The Rossman's formation held out for 14 hours against all attacks, thus playing a major role in ensuring the destruction of Soviet 6th, 12th and elements of the 18th Armies. For this action Rossmann received the Knight's Cross on 12 September 1941.

Back in Germany, the Flak elements in the Reich took positions in Munich where they contributed to the city's air defence for a short period, before being moved near Paris, remaining there into the spring of 1942.

Upgrade to division
In May–July 1942 the regiment was expanded to brigade size and renamed Brigade Hermann Göring, under Generalmajor Paul Conrath and during this period undertook general occupation and security duties in France.

Brigade order of battle:

 * Stabskompanie (staff company)
 * I.Schützen-Regiment (1-4 infantry companies)
 * II.Schützen-Regiment (5-8 infantry companies, 9th heavy weapons company)
 * III.Schützen-Regiment (10th motorized, 11th armoured engineer and 13th anti-tank companies)
 * Flak-Regiment
 * I.Flak-Abteilung (3 heavy and 3 light batteries)
 * II.Flak-Abteilung (3 heavy, 2 light and 1 howitzer batteries)
 * III.Flak-Abteilung (3 batteries)
 * IV.(Führer) Abteilung (3 batteries, provided Flak cover at Hitler's HQ)
 * Musikkorps
 * Wachbataillon (3 companies)
 * Ersatz-Abteilung

In October 1942, when the brigade was still being reformed in Brittany, it was decided to expand the HG to division size, entitled Division Hermann Göring, whereby it should be structured according to the guidelines of a tank division of the army. Göring arranged for experienced army tank crews to be assigned to his division and reinforced the infantry with up to 5,000 paratroopers - including remnants of the Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 5 (FJ-Regt 5), decimated in the airborne Battle of Crete. The formation of the divisional elements was carried out at numerous locations in France, Holland and back at regimental depot in Berlin. A number of Luftwaffe personnel was detached to the Army for training with Panzer units.

The FJ-Regt 5 was set up in May 1942 on the training area of Groß-Born with 3 battalions, with the staff and the 1st battalion newly formed, the 2nd and 3rd battalions formed by the 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Luftlande-Sturm-Regiment 1 (also called Sturm-Regiment Koch); coming back from the Eastern Front and being augmented by replacements. In July 1942 the I. and ''III. Bataillonen'' were sent to the Mourmelon military training area for further training, southeast of Reims. The 2nd Battalion was subordinated to the Ramcke Parachute Brigade under Major Friedrich Hübner for use in northern France.

Paper strength of main divisional combat units:

 * Grenadier-Regiment 1 "HG" (3 battalions, 1 heavy weapons company, 1 AT company)
 * Grenadier-Regiment 2 "HG" (3 battalions, 1 heavy weapons company, 1 AT company)
 * Jäger-Regiment "HG" (2 battalions, former FJ-Regt 5)
 * Panzer-Regiment "HG" (2 battalions)
 * Flak-Regiment "HG" (3 battalions plus Führer-Flak-Abteilung)
 * Artillerie-Regiment "HG" (4 battalions plus V.Sturmgeschütz-Abteilung, later transferred to Pz-Regt "HG" as III.Abt)
 * Aufklärungs-Abteilung "HG" (reconnaissance)
 * Panzer-Pionier-Abteilung "HG" (armoured engineers)
 * Panzer-Nachrichten-Abteilung "HG" (armoured signals)

This expansion was interrupted by the sudden Allied landings in French North Africa in Operation Torch, with Nazi Germany invading the French Free Zone in November 1942. At the time, the bulk of the division was located in the area around Mont-de-Marsan, where it continued its training and working up. Those sub-units nearest to being fully formed were gradually moved down into Italy while the reminder stayed in southern France.

Afrikakorps
From 10 November 1942, the paratroopers being transferred from FJ-Regt 5 were moved by train to Italy and by plane via Sicily to Tunisia, being assigned to support the 10th Panzer Division. Immediately after landing, the regiment was moved to defensive positions west and south-west of Tunis and occupied the important bridges over the Madjerda River. Around 20 November 1942, the regiment was engaged in heavy fighting against the tank-led attacks by the Americans coming from Algeria at Medjez El Bab. Those were beaten back until the superior enemy pressure forced the regiment to give up the position on 25 November.

The bulk of the Hermann Göring Division, still not fully organized, was despatched piecemeal to Tunisia in February–March 1943 forming a combat group numbering 7,000-11,000 thousand men under command of Colonel Joseph Schmid; who was promoted to Generalmajor shortly after. This Kampfgruppe Schmid was committed into battle dispersed and attached to various Army units, and they quickly earned a reputation for aggression in the attack and reliability under fire. Under the title of Division Hermann Göring, the combat group was commended in official Wehrmacht communiqués in April 1943 for their "exemplary fighting spirit and intrepid valour".

When Axis forces surrendered on 12 May 1943, almost all of the remainder of the Kampfgruppe was taken into captivity, including its most experienced veterans. Some 400 Hermann Göring soldiers were killed in action in Tunisia.

Sicily
General Schmid and a few of his men escaped to mainland Italy, on Göring's express orders, before the surrender. These survivors would join the newly reformed division entitled Panzer-Division Hermann Göring. Generalmajor Schmid was awarded the Knight's Cross on 21 May 1944 for his leadership of the HG Kampfgruppe in Tunisia.

The new division, meanwhile, was built around those scattered elements still working up in France, the Netherlands and Germany, which now gathered in the Naples area. Efforts to mould these troops into a cohesive fighting force went ahead at full speed, as the Germans expected an Allied invasion of Sicily. Over the next few weeks, HG troops would cross over to the island; this new extremely powerful armoured division being ready in June 1943, taking positions around Caltagirone. The divisional order of battle in Sicily was:

 * Divisionsstab (divisional HQ)
 * Panzer-Regiment "HG" (2 tank battalions, 1 assault gun battalion)
 * Panzergrenadier-Regiment 1 "HG" (3 mechanized infantry battalions)
 * Panzergrenadier-Regiment 2 "HG" (3 mechanized infantry battalions)
 * Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung "HG" (armoured reconnaissance battalion)
 * Flak-Regiment "HG" (2, later 3 battalions)
 * Panzer-Artillerie-Regiment "HG" (3, later 4 battalions plus attachments)
 * Panzer-Pionier-Abteilung "HG" (armoured engineers)
 * Panzer-Nachrichten-Abteilung "HG" (armoured signals)
 * Feldersatz-Battailon "HG" (replacement and training)
 * Divisions-Kampfschule (combat school company)
 * Nachschub-Abteilung "HG" (supply battalion)
 * Instandsetzungs-Abteilung "HG" (repair workshop battalion)
 * Verwaltungstruppe "HG" (administrative troops)
 * Sanitäts-Abteilung "HG" (medical battalion)

Operation Husky initiated on 10 July 1943, and saw the Hermann Göring and the 15th Panzergrenadier divisions surrounded by mostly third-rate Italian units, geared to coastal defense and equipped with 38 obsolete Fiat 3000 light tanks. The only Italian mobile division was the 4th Mountain Infantry Division Livorno, supported by the Italian Mobile Group E equipped with 12 Renault R 35 light tanks under Captain Giuseppe Granieri; they were joined on the afternoon of the first day by 9,000 troops of the Panzer-Division Hermann Göring with 46 Panzer III and 32 Panzer IV medium tanks coming from Caltagirone, and reinforced with a battalion of the 15th Panzergrenadiers (III. / Panzergrenadier-Regiment 129). The Germans and Italians engaged in counter-attacks at the amphibious Battle of Gela on 10 and 11 July, being forced back by heavy Allied naval bombardment. On 11 July 1943, after a 10-minute artillery preparation, the Italian Livorno Division attacked the US Rangers in three columns from the west side of the Gela River, supported by obsolescent Renault R 35 light tanks, while the Hermann Göring Division attacked the 1st Infantry Division beachhead on the east side of the Gela River. The attack was contained and then abandoned. The Germans reinforced Sicily with the 29th Panzergrenadier Division, a veteran of Stalingrad flown in from mainland Italy, and the 1st Fallschirmjäger Division brought from France. The HG Division then engaged into heavy street fighting from 2–4 August with the British Battleaxe Division in the city of Centuripe, retreating to Messina afterward. The Allies steadily pushed the Axis back and the Hermann Göring formed part of the rearguard, providing cover to German units being evacuated to mainland Italy; being one of the last German units leaving Sicily. Surprisingly, despite the heavy fighting in which it had been involved, and the intensive bombing of the port of Messina through which it was being withdrawn, the bulk of the HG troops and most of its heavy equipment were successfully evacuated.

Italy
The division was stationed near Naples for resting and reffiting, but was almost immediately put into alert due to the Armistice of Cassibile. On 3 September 1943, the British landed in Calabria and five days later the Italian government surrendered to the Allies. Berlin quickly implemented a contingency plan to occupy strategic points in the peninsula and to disarm Italian troops - Operation Achse. The following day, on 9 September, the US 5th Army landed in Salerno and successfully established a beachhead. German efforts to destroy said beachhead lasted for nine days. The Hermann Göring Panzer Division fought in General Hube's XIV Panzer Corps beside 16th Panzer and 15th Panzergrenadier divisions, fighting hard but being progressively pushed back by the Allies under heavy naval and air firepower. The HG pulled back into Naples, where it held on tenaciously until finally giving up the devastated port on 1 October, withdrawing to positions on the Volturno-Termoli line. In this new positions, the Hermann Göring and the 15th Panzergrenadier put up a spirited defence, gaining essential time for the main defences of the Gustav Line to be prepared. This defensive network ran from Gaeta on the west coast to Ortona on the east, with its western end blocking the Liri Valley - the gateway to Rome. The retreating Germans employed highly successful delaying actions: sappers destroyed bridges, mined roads and demolished buildings while infantry, artillery and panzers fought stubborn rearguard actions. Those measures ensured the Allied advance to be slow and costly, gaining time for the arrival of winter and the stabilization of the front. With the coming of the autumn rains the bulk of the HG was then pulled back to rest in new reserve positions around Frosinone. Elements coming mostly from the Flak and Panzer-Artillery regiments remained at the front and were involved in heavy winter fighting until relieved in January 1944.

Art treasures of Monte Cassino
With the Allies pushing further north, the ancient Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino was facing almost certain destruction of countless priceless treasures; its strategically dominating position as the western anchor of the Gustav Line would necessarily place the abbey amid the heavy fighting for the possession of the terrain. The commander of the division's repair workshop battalion, Oberstleutnant Julius Schlegel, approached the abbot to offer his assistance in transporting the treasures to safety in the Vatican. A cultured man endowed with great artistic feeling, in the interwar period Schlegel had run a bookshop in Vienna, his hometown. After much persuasion and with the sounds of battle drawing ever nearer, the monks agreed to Schlegel's offer, and the division's vehicles were used to secure the works of art, including paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, Titian and Raphael, and the remains of Benedict of Nursia, in Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome. In this way they escaped destruction when the abbey was attacked in the Battle of Monte Cassino. Over three weeks the HG trucks made the voyage to Rome. Then, an Allied radio broadcast accused troops of the Hermann Göring Division of looting the abbey. Given Göring's reputation as a plunderer of Europe's art treasures, the suspicion was reasonable. Also, Schlegel had not informed his commander, Generalleutenant Paul Conrath, of the operation and the colonel's unauthorised use of military assets (vehicles and men) on a non-military matter, without direct relation to the war effort, could have resulted in his court martial and even execution. A detachment of Waffen-SS Feldgendarmerie (field police) was dispatched to the abbey with the intention of arresting the "looters", and had to be persuaded by the monks that Schlegel was helping them - not robbing them. After Schlegel admitted to General Conrath he was using 20 trucks for purposes unrelated to advancing the war and explained why, Conrath consented to the operation. Now with the full backing of Conrath, the remaining treasures were transported to safety (including the sacred relic of Saint Benedict). In gratitude, the monks of Monte Cassino held a special mass and awarded Julius Schlegel an illuminated scroll certificate in Latin which reads:

Conrath is described by a rather idiosyncratic translation of "Leader of a tank division" into Latin as Dux ferreae legionis.

In July 1944, Lieutenant Colonel Schlegel was wounded in an air raid in the Bologna region, losing one foot, and thus ending his participation in the conflict. Nevertheless, he was arrested by the Allies after the war on charges of looting, and held in prison for over seven months before the personal intervention of British Field Marshal Harold Alexander.

By saving the art treasures and the library as well as the construction plans, the reconstruction of the destroyed monastery was later possible. Schlegel was found by Pope Pius XII in the early 1950s and invited to a special audience. There is also a memorial plaque dedicated to the Austrian at Pokornygasse 5 in Vienna, and a memorial not far from it in Wertheimstein Park in the Vienna district of Oberdöbling on a natural slope towards the Danube Canal.

Further fighting in Italy
As the Allies kept pushing against the mountainous defences of the Gustav Line, the HG left the reserve and moved south against the British 8th Army on the Garigliano River. On 22 January 1944, the US Army landed at Anzio and Nettuno, north of the Gustav Line's western end, taking the Germans completely by surprise. Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring despatched units to block the beachhead, among them elements of the Hermann Göring. The beachhead was successfully contained and put under such pressure the Allies had to shift reserves from the Cassino sector.

The division fought in Cisterna, on the German left flank, facing the US 3rd Infantry Division and the 1st and 3rd Ranger battalions. After a night infiltration, the Rangers were counterattacked by the HG and 715 Infantry divisions, resulting in 700 US prisoners being captured. The HG was then retired to Tuscany to reform.

In February 1944, the Hermann Göring was redesignated Fallschirm-Panzer-Division (Parachute Armoured Division). The new designation was merely honoric, involving minimal alteration to the unit's structure or capability. On 14 April, General Conrath stepped down, the command passing to Generalmajor Wilhelm Schmalz.

In May 1944, the Allies managed the break-out of the Anzio-Nettuno bridgehead and captured Monte Cassino after its outflanking by the French Expeditionary Corps, and started advancing up the Liri Valley. With Rome threatened and the 10. Armee retreating, the Hermann Göring was ordered to march to the Velletri sector of the front, which was done in broad daylight despite the total Allied air superiority. The German columns were badly mauled by relentless attacks by fighter-bombers. From June 4, the retreat passed through the Italian capital, which had been declared an "open city" in order to avoid its destruction. Although the division was initially able to hold the Allied advance, it was eventually forced into retreat, pulling back to positions on the Aniene River, east of Rome, in early June; being mentioned again in the official Wehrmacht communiqués by exemplary conduct in the face of overwhelming odds. On July 4, the division carried out a massacre of residents of the town of Cavriglia, killing 180 civilians. By July the division had been forced back to positions south of Florence; being pulled out of Italy altogether on 15 July 1944.

Corps size and defeat
The Corps size Fallschirm-Panzerkorps Hermann Göring was created in 1944 through the combination of the unit with the Fallschirm-Panzergrenadier Division 2 Hermann Göring. After the start of the Allied offensive, Operation Diadem, on 12 May, the division retreated towards Rome and then abandoned the city. The division arrived in Poland in late-July and fought alongside SS Division Wiking, SS Division Totenkopf and the 19th Panzer Division on the Vistula River between Modlin Fortress and Warsaw. In August, its counter-attack against the Magnuszew bridgehead, defended by the 8th Guards Army, failed after heavy fighting. Between August and September 1944, the division used captured Polish non-combatant civilians as human shields when attacking the insurgents' positions during the Warsaw uprising. Following the destruction of the town, the division was attached to the newly formed Army Group Vistula formed 24 January 1945, defending the ruins of Warsaw in what Hitler termed "Festung Warschau", or Fortress Warsaw. During the Vistula-Oder Offensive, much of the division was broken in battle.

In April, the remnants of the Hermann Göring Panzerkorps were sent to Silesia, and in heavy fighting were slowly pushed back into Saxony. On April 22, the Fallschirm-Panzer-Division 1. Hermann Göring was one of two divisions that broke through the inter-army boundary of the Polish 2nd Army (Polish People's Army or LWP) and the Soviet 52nd Army, in an action near Bautzen, destroying parts of their communications and logistics trains and severely damaging the Polish (LWP) 5th Infantry Division and 16th Tank Brigade before being stopped two days later.

In early May, units of the corps attempted to break out towards the American forces on the Elbe, but were unsuccessful. The corps surrendered to the Red Army on 8 May 1945.

War crimes
According to a British Government report, the Hermann Göring Division was involved in several reprisal operations during its time in Italy. One of these occurred in the surrounding area of the village of Civitella in Val di Chiana on 29 June 1944 where 250 civilians were killed. The division was also involved in a number of other massacres in Italy at Cavriglia (173 victims), Monchio, Susano and Costrignano (130 victims) and Vallucciole (107 victims).

Soldiers of the Hermann Göring Division used civilians as human shields in front of its tanks while clearing barricades during the Warsaw Uprising. Around 800 soldiers from the division took part in fighting during the August–October 1944 Warsaw Uprising in the Wola district, where mass executions of civilians occurred in connection with Hitler's orders to destroy the city. Units of the division were also involved in the excesses committed in the Dutch city of Putten, also called the Putten raid. The units were:
 * II./Fallschirm-Panzer-Regiment "Hermann Göring" (20 PzKpfw IV tanks)
 * III./Fallschirm-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 2. "Hermann Göring"
 * IV./Fallschirm-Panzer-Artillerie-Regiment "Hermann Göring"

Organization
Structure of the division:

 * Headquarters
 * Hermann Goering Panzer Regiment
 * 1st Hermann Goering Panzergrenadier Regiment
 * 2nd Hermann Goering Panzergrenadier Regiment
 * 1st Hermann Goering Artillery Regiment
 * 1st Hermann Goering Anti-Aircraft Regiment
 * 1st Hermann Goering Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion
 * 1st Hermann Goering Tank Destroyer Battalion
 * 1st Hermann Goering Panzer Engineer Battalion
 * 1st Hermann Goering Panzer Signal Battalion
 * 1st Hermann Goering Divisional Support Group

Commanders
Fallschirm-Panzer-Korps Hermann Göring

Historical unit titles

 * Polizeiabteilung z. b. V. Wecke – February 1933 to June 1933
 * Landespolizeigruppe Wecke z. b. V. – June 1933 to January 1934
 * Landespolizeigruppe General Göring – January 1934 to September 1935
 * Regiment General Göring – September 1935 to the beginning of 1941
 * Regiment (mot.) Hermann Göring – Beginning of the year 1941 to July 1942
 * Brigade Hermann Göring – July to October 1942
 * Division Hermann Göring – October 1942 to June 1943
 * Panzer-Division Hermann Göring – June 1943 to April 1944
 * Fallschirm-Panzer-Division 1 Hermann Göring – April to October 1944
 * Fallschirm-Panzerkorps Hermann Göring – October 1944 to May 1945


text:
Hastings Lees-Smith

Hastings Bertrand Lees-Smith PC (26 January 1878 – 18 December 1941) was a British Liberal turned Labour politician who was briefly in the cabinet as President of the Board of Education in 1931. He was the acting Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party (as chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party) from 1940 until his death, during the time Clement Attlee was in government.

Family background
Lees-Smith was from an army family. His father was a major in the Royal Artillery and he was born in British India. He was educated at Aldenham School, as a cadet at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and Queen's College, Oxford. Rejecting a military career, he chose academia and was appointed as a lecturer in Public Administration at the London School of Economics in 1906, where he remained throughout his political career. He was also Chairman of the Executive Committee of Ruskin College, Oxford, from 1907 to 1909. He resigned on appointment as Professor of Public Administration at the University of Bristol.

In 1909, he went on an extended tour of India to lecture at Bombay on economics and advise on economics teaching. As a result of his experiences he wrote Studies in Indian Economics. He joined a territorial regiment in 1915, and was wounded as a stretcher bearer on the Western Front and invalided out of the armed forces in 1917.

He married Joyce Holman in 1915, and they had two children.

In 1938, he distributed 40 British passports to German Jews in Frankfurt, thus aiding their escape. The Chest of Surprises describes the Lees-Smith family history.

Liberal Party
At the January 1910 general election, Lees-Smith was elected as a Liberal for the two-member Northampton constituency. Unlike his fellow Northampton MP, Charles McCurdy, Lees-Smith allied with H. H. Asquith rather than David Lloyd George in the Liberal split during the First World War and, as a consequence, was not offered support by the Coalition in the 1918 general election. Rather than defend Northampton (which had been reduced to one member), he moved to the new Don Valley constituency but lost to a Coalition-supported National Democratic and Labour Party candidate. Indicating his estrangement from the Liberal Party, he fought as an "Independent Radical", even though he had been adopted by the local Liberal association. He was the member of Parliament who, in July 1917, read Siegfried Sassoon's declaration that the First World War had continued too long and should be ended.

Labour Party
In 1919, Lees-Smith joined the Labour Party. He was picked as Labour candidate for Keighley and won the seat in the 1922 general election, profiting from a divided opposition. He was a noted speaker on banking and on reform of the House of Lords, about which he wrote several books including Second Chambers in Theory and Practice (1923). Unfortunately for Lees-Smith, the Conservatives did not stand a candidate in the 1923 general election and he was defeated by the Liberal candidate. That defeat prevented him from being appointed as a Minister in the first Labour government.

Ministerial office
The collapse of the Liberal Party in the 1924 general election meant that Lees-Smith won his seat back, and he was swiftly appointed to a frontbench role. When Labour returned to office in 1929, he was made Postmaster-General. In that role, he defended the nationalised Post Office and tried to smarten up Post Office counters. In a reshuffle in March 1931, he was promoted to President of the Board of Education and sworn of the Privy Council. In that capacity, in June he gave the opening address at the Second International Congress of the History of Science. He had only a brief time in office before the government fell, and Lees-Smith refused to follow Ramsay MacDonald into the National Government.

Defeated again in 1931, Lees-Smith again won his seat back in 1935. He served on the front bench but was not invited by Winston Churchill to join the Coalition government in 1940. As one of the most senior Labour figures not in office, the responsibilities of running the party were given to him. In his partisan role he strongly supported Churchill's conduct as war leader even if the war was not always running in the Allies' favour.

He died at his home in London on 18 December 1941.

title: Hastings Lees-Smith


text:
Mikhail Marynich

Mikhail Apanasavich Marynich (13 January 1940 — 17 October 2014) was a Belarusian diplomat, politician, and pro-democracy activist. Minsk city mayor, minister of foreign economic affairs and ambassador. He was also the inspirational leader for Zubr, a youth resistance movement.

In 2001 Marynich resigned from his position of Belarus Ambassador to Latvia, made a public statement against the Belarus political regime and ran for the Presidency. He was among the first public officials in Belarus to resign and start a political fight against Alexander Lukashenko. Such a step was seen as a large risk given that a number of Lukashenko's opponents disappeared or were killed in the late 1990s.

After the election Marynich established the Business Initiative NGO and became one of the opposition leaders who had immense support and respect from his former colleagues, business community and the political opposition.

In early 2004 Marynich was arrested for his political beliefs. He spent 8 months in prison before trial. During this time the regime was trying to come up with a reason for a criminal case. On 30 December 2004 Marynich was accused and imprisoned on dubious charges of stealing computers from an NGO, of which he was himself a director. The computers belonged to the US Embassy, and the US Department issued a statement saying they didn't have any claims against Marynich. The United States condemned this abuse and earlier abuses of the judicial system by the Lukashenko regime to persecute Belarusian citizens for their political beliefs.

Marynich was given a five-year sentence. In March 2005, in Orsha prison, Marynich suffered a cerebral stroke. The stroke was provoked by the prison administration when Marynich was denied access to his medicines after a very hard transportation in unheated train wagons from Minsk to Orsha. He was told along with other prisoners to stay on his knees on the train platform. Even after the stroke Marynich was not released from prison. Amid growing domestic and international pressure he was released from jail one year later, on April 14, 2006, shortly after Lukashenko started his controversial third term in office.

In 2006, Amnesty International declared that it considered him a prisoner of conscience.

In 2010, the UN Human Rights Committee found that in Marynich's case, Belarus violated articles 7, 9, 10, paragraph 1, and 14, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Marynich died on 17 October 2014, at the age of 74.

Marynich is survived by three sons, Igor, Pavel and Mikhail. Marynich's first wife is called Ludmila. His widow Tatyana Marynich is mother of their son Mikhail.

title: Mikhail Marynich


text:
Abbot (artillery)

FV433, 105mm, Field Artillery, Self-Propelled "Abbot" is the self-propelled artillery, or more specifically self-propelled gun (SPG), variant of the British Army FV430 series of armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), using much of the chassis of the FV430 but with a fully rotating turret at the rear housing the 105 mm gun and given the vehicle designation of FV433.

Designed as a Sexton replacement, its correct designation was "Gun Equipment 105mm L109 (Abbot)". "L109" was little used, probably to avoid confusion with the 155 mm M109 howitzer that entered UK service at about the same time. The name "Abbot" continued the Second World War style of naming self-propelled artillery after ecclesiastical titles. The FV433 used a different configuration of power pack from other vehicles in the FV430 series.

Ammunition
A completely new ammunition family, comprising shells, fuzes and cartridges, was designed for Abbot's L13 gun, designated "105 mm Field" ("105 mm Fd"). It is separate loading cased charge ammunition (shell and cartridge loaded into the gun separately) with electrical primers, in contrast to the widely used semi-fixed US 105 mm M1 type ammunition (called "105 mm How" in UK service), which uses percussion primers, and has shorter shells.

There were two versions of 105 mm Fd ammunition. Mark 1, which was used initially, had a UK-produced 105 mm How shell, mostly US pattern fuzes and reduced charge 105 mm Fd cartridges with their electrical primers. Mark 2 adopted a new projectile design, including an improved lethality high-explosive (HE) shell (heavier with more HE) and full charge cartridges. Its shell types include HE, Smoke, Coloured Marker (Red and Orange), Illuminating, and HESH for direct fire against enemy armoured vehicles. Direct Action, Controlled Variable Time (CVT) and Mechanical Time (MT) fuzes were available for HE and Coloured Marker shells.

Initially, there were three cartridges. Sub-zones 1 and 2 were only used to provide short-range in high angle fire and were soon replaced by a plastic spoiler slipped over the shell ogive. Normal cartridge gave charges 1–5, each bag being a different colour in accordance with established UK practice, Mark 1 normal cartridge only went to charge 4. Both marks had charge Super, a single charge cartridge, although the charge was reduced in Mark 1. Charges 5 and Super used extended "bags" that projected beyond the metal cartridge case. The 105 mm Fd uses double (often internationally called triple) base propellants designated N in UK service instead of the single based FNH propellants favoured by the US.

The 105 mm Fd Mark 2 is still used with the L118 Light Gun.

Gun
Maximum range with 105 mm Fd Mark 1 ammunition was 15 km, the Mark 2 gave 17.4 km. Maximum rate of fire was 6–8 rounds per minute with 40 rounds carried in the vehicle.

The gun was able to elevate to 70 degrees and depress to -5 degrees, sufficient to engage enemy AFVs if necessary. Traverse and shell ramming were powered by electrical servo mechanisms, elevation and cartridge ramming were by hand.

Due to the number of charges and its compact turret, the Abbot did not have calibrating sights. Instead, the sight mount had both Tangent Elevation (TE) and Angle of Sight Scales with a separate Gun Rule to convert range into TE, corrected for the muzzle velocity variation from standard. The dial sight had all scales internal, illuminated and viewed through a single eyepiece.

Communications
The Abbot was fitted with both line and radio Larkspur B48, then Clansman UK/PRC 352) communications to its battery command post, which used the Apparatus Loud Speaking No. 23, this enabled the gun No. 1 to acknowledge his fire orders merely by clicking his pressel switch. Initially, it also used induction loop communications for the turret and external crew.

Shortly after the Field Artillery Computer Equipment (FACE) entered service in the early 1970s, the Gun Rule was removed and the Artillery Weapon Data Transmission System (AWDATS) installed. AWDATS displayed firing data transmitted from FACE in the battery command post via line or radio.

Mobility
The Abbot was able to swim across water, using a flotation screen fixed around the hull, raised to provide buoyancy. The action of the tracks was sufficient to drive it forward at about 3 kn (see also DD Tank). Each Abbot was supported by an amphibious Stalwart High Mobility Load Carrier with additional ammunition.

Service history
British Army Abbots were replaced by the AS-90 self-propelled gun in the mid-1990s. It was in service with the Indian Army, now replaced by the K9 Thunder self-propelled howitzer. No sources refer to Abbots ever being used in combat.

Variants
A simplified Value Engineered Abbot without flotation screen, NBC defence equipment, power traverse, elevation or loading, a simplified dial sight and communications fit was exported to India. A small number were purchased by the UK for use at the British Army Training Unit Suffield (BATUS) in Alberta, Canada.

A SPAAG version using an unmodified chassis with an alternate turret mounting two 30 mm HSS 831L cannons was prototyped as the "Falcon" but limited ammunition capacity of only 310 rounds per gun led to its cancellation.

The Abbot's L13 105mm gun has been reproduced as a towed howitzer on a new carriage for the Indian Army.

Ammunition

 * 105mm Field Mark 1

 * L32 Cartridge 105mm Field, Normal (Charges 1–4)
 * L34 Cartridge 105mm Field, (Charge Super)
 * L33 Shell 105mm Howitzer, HE
 * L32 Shell 105mm Howitzer, WP
 * L51 Shell 105mm Howitzer, Smoke
 * L55 Shell 105mm Howitzer, Illuminating
 * L43 Shell 105mm Howitzer, HESH
 * L44 Shell 105mm Howitzer, Practice

 * 105mm Field Mark 2

 * L35 Cartridge 105mm Field, Normal (Charges 1–5)
 * L36 Cartridge 105mm Field, Super
 * L31 Shell 105mm Field, HE
 * L36 Shell 105mm Field, Smoke
 * L37 Shell 105mm Field, Marker, Red
 * L38 Shell 105mm Field, Marker, Orange
 * L34 Shell 105mm Field, Illuminating
 * L42 Shell 105mm Field, HESH
 * L41 Shell 105mm Field, Practice

Operators

 * British Army – 146 received for use by Royal Artillery regiments (1965–1995)
 * Indian Army – 80 were operational in Regiment of Artillery (including 68 Value Engineered Abbots received in the 1960s). Replaced by K9 Vajra T.

title: Abbot (artillery)


text:
Hypochaeris radicata

Hypochaeris radicata (sometimes spelled Hypochoeris radicata) – also known as catsear, flatweed, cat's-ear, hairy cat's ear, or false dandelion – is a perennial, low-lying edible herb often found in lawns. The plant is native to Europe, but has also been introduced to the Americas,  Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, where it can be an invasive weed. It is listed as a noxious weed in the northwestern U.S. state of Washington.

Botany
The leaves, which may grow up to eight inches (20 cm) long, are lobed and covered in coarse hairs, forming a low-lying rosette around a central taproot. Forked stems carry bright yellow flower heads, and when mature these form seeds attached to windborne "parachutes". All parts of the plant exude a milky sap when cut.

Hypochaeris species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the shark moth.

Etymology and differences from dandelions
Its name is derived from Greek ὑπό 'under' and χοῖρος 'young pig'. Thus the name "should" be spelled Hypochoeris. The adjective radicata means 'with conspicuous roots' in Latin (derived from radix 'root').

In English, catsear is derived from the words cat's ear, and refers to the shape and fine hair on the leaves resembling that of the ear of a cat.

Catsear is also known as false dandelion because it is commonly mistaken for true dandelions. The plants carry similar flowers which form windborne seeds. However, catsear flowering stems are forked and solid, whereas dandelions possess unforked stems that are hollow. Both plants have a rosette of leaves and a central taproot. The leaves of dandelions are jagged in appearance, whereas those of catsear are more lobe-shaped and hairy. The plants have similar uses.

Culinary uses
All parts of the catsear plant are edible; however, the leaves and roots are those most often harvested. The leaves are bland in taste but can be eaten raw in salads, steamed, or used in stir-fries. Some recommend mixing them with other vegetables. Older leaves can become tough and fibrous, but younger leaves are suitable for consumption. In contrast to the edible leaves of dandelion, catsear leaves only rarely have some bitterness. In Crete, Greece, the leaves of a variety called παχιές (pachiés) or αγριοράδικα (agriorádika) are eaten boiled or steamed.

The root can be roasted and ground to form a coffee substitute.

Toxicity
This species is suspected of causing stringhalt in horses if consumed in excess.

title: Hypochaeris radicata


text:
Rick Doblin

Richard Elliot Doblin (born November 30, 1953) is an American drug activist and executive who is the founder and former executive director of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS).

Life and career
Rick Doblin grew up in Skokie, Illinois as the oldest of four kids in a Jewish family. He first enrolled in Florida's New College in 1971 but dropped out after one semester, later re-enrolling and completing a bachelor's in psychology. Doblin later went on to get his doctorate in public policy at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government.

Doblin established MAPS in 1986 to research MDMA and other psychedelics through legal clinical trials. MAPS pursued a lengthy FDA approval process, hoping mainstream acceptance of MDMA therapy could positively impact access to other treatments. Over decades, MAPS collaborated with scientists, raised funds through philanthropic means, and worked to change public perceptions of psychedelics.

After 37 years, Doblin stepped down as Executive Director of MAPS in February 2023, replaced by Kris Lotlikar.

Controversy
As director of MAPS, Doblin has given comment on the publicized serious allegations of sexual assault by MAPS-employed therapists engaging in a clinical trial trialing psychedelic MDMA as therapy for survivors of sexual assault. Four years after Meaghan Buisson submitted a formal complaint to MAPS regarding the series of incidents, Doblin defended the organisation failing to review all videos of the sessions, stating "This unethical sexual misconduct happened after the therapy was over … So that made us think that we didn't need to review the video."

An independent advisory panel of the Food and Drug Administration rejected the use of MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder on June 4, 2024. Just before they voted on Tuesday, the advisory panel heard from more than 30 speakers. Several of those focused on Doblin. Brian Pace, a lecturer in plant pathology at Ohio State University, criticized Mr. Doblin’s public comments, including a belief that legalizing and regulating them would bring about world peace.

title: Rick Doblin


text:
User talk:Caterpillar~enwiki

Re: Hair
Even if we were to disregard the fact that this "hair miracle" is neither encyclopedic nor remarkable, it would still qualify as original research. This fact alone would disqualify the text from inclusion; see No original research for more information.

That said, I should point out that my reversion of your text was not censorship. I was reverting in my capacity as a regular user, just as you added the text as a regular user. Administrators do not have special authority over an article; we simply have a few extra tools that make dealing with problem users (such as vandals and trolls) a bit less taxing. Anyone is free to add or remove anything, but remember the notice at the bottom of every edit screen: If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, do not submit it. I will also point out that I am not the only one to disagree with the appropriateness of your text: GRAHAMUK has also removed your "hair miracle". (I have no interest in meeting this woman in person.) Simply put, this woman's story has no place in an encyclopedia. If you'd like to learn more about contributing to the project, I recommend starting at our welcome page. -- Hadal 13:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Hawaii Maui Haleakala Infobord zilverzwaardplanten.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Hawaii Maui Haleakala Infobord zilverzwaardplanten.jpg, which you've sourced to {poster. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Caterpillar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Caterpillar~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Caterpillar~enwiki


text:
Joshua Hassan

Sir Joshua Abraham Hassan (21 August 1915 – 1 July 1997), nicknamed "Salvador" (Saviour), was a Gibraltarian politician, and first mayor and Chief Minister of Gibraltar, serving four terms as chief minister for a total of over 20 years. He is seen as the key figure in the civil rights movement in Gibraltar, and played a key role in the creation of the territory's institutions of self-government.

Early life
Born to a Sephardic Jewish family from Morocco and Menorca, he trained as a lawyer at Middle Temple and was called to the Bar of England and Wales in 1939. When World War II broke out, he volunteered as a gunner in the Gibraltar Defence Force and remained in Gibraltar when most of the civilian population had been evacuated and only a small number of Gibraltarians remained.

Chief minister of Gibraltar
In September 1942, a group of fellow Gibraltarians, clerks and workers, led by trade-unionist Albert Risso, came together to form an association advocating the return of the evacuees and the civil rights of the local inhabitants of Gibraltar. They asked Hassan to join them. Initially named "The Gibraltarian Association", upon Hassan's advice, the group took a much more ambitious name: The Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights in Gibraltar (AACR). Hassan was the vice-president of the party under the leadership of Risso. In 1948, Hassan succeeded him as president and was the leader of the AACR and the dominant figure in the politics of the territory for almost forty years.

In an election to the Gibraltar Legislative Council held on 19 September 1956, four of the seven winning candidates were from the AACR, Hassan, Abraham Serfaty, Albert Risso, and J. E. Alcantara.

Further terms in office lasted from 11 August 1964 to 6 August 1969, and from 25 June 1972 to 8 December 1987. During the 1960s, Hassan addressed the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization twice, opposing Spain's claim for Gibraltar and insisting that the vast majority of Gibraltarians wanted to remain British. He was one of the members of the 1968 Constitutional Conference chaired by Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd, which drafted the Gibraltar's first Constitution. Hassan only lost one election, the 1969 election, when the AACR failed to win a majority by just one seat, as it only obtained seven of the fifteen seats of the House. The Integration with Britain Party (IWBP, supporter of the integration of Gibraltar into the United Kingdom) gained support from the independent members of the House of Assembly and its leader Robert Peliza became Chief Minister and remained so for three years. Hassan was returned to office in 1972. He resigned without completing his term as Chief Minister in 1987 after an agreement on the shared use of Gibraltar Airport was signed by Spain and the United Kingdom, citing personal reasons. He was succeeded by the then Deputy Chief Minister, Adolfo Canepa. However, Canepa lost the 1988 election to Joe Bossano of the Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP) and the AACR disbanded shortly afterwards. Bossano was one of Hassan's main critics, accusing him of being too conciliatory towards the British Government.

Mayor of Gibraltar
Before the creation of the post of chief minister in 1964, Hassan had served as a member of the Gibraltar Executive Council (1950–64), as mayor of Gibraltar (1945–1950, 1953–1969; until 1955 the name of the title was chair of the City Council), and as the chief member of the Legislative Council (1950–64).

He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1963 and was therefore styled "Sir" since then. Hassan's Triumphant Return to Gibraltar in 1963 when he and Peter Isola were cheered by crowds in John Mackintosh Square has been recorded in a commissioned painting by Ambrose Avellano.

Lawyer
Hassan was also a successful lawyer and his chambers, Hassans International Law Firm, is now the largest in Gibraltar.

Personal life
In 1945 Hassan married Daniela Salazar, a Spanish national, with whom he had two daughters before divorcing in 1969. In 1969, he married Marcelle Bensimon, a Moroccan Jew, with whom he had two daughters. Fleur Hassan-Nahoum is an Israeli politician who has served on the Jerusalem City Council and as the city's deputy mayor. Marlene Hassan-Nahon is a Gibraltarian historian, journalist, and former politician, who had served as a member of the Gibraltar Parliament and founder and leader of Together Gibraltar from 2015 to 2023

Sir Joshua died in his sleep at the age of 81 on 1 July 1997 at Old St. Bernard's Hospital, after having been admitted the previous day complaining of back pains. According to Peter Caruana, Chief Minister of Gibraltar at the time of Hassan's death:

"'No one has done more to establish and promote the identity and maintain the rights of the people of Gibraltar.'"

In 1997, a special stamp was issued by the Gibraltar Philatelic Bureau to pay tribute to Sir Joshua Hassan.

title: Joshua Hassan


text:
Film plane

A film plane is the surface of an image recording device such as a camera, upon which the lens creates the focused image. In cameras from different manufacturers, the film plane varies in distance from the lens. Thus each lens used has to be chosen carefully to assure that the image is focused on the exact place where the individual frame of film or digital sensor is positioned during exposure. It is sometimes marked on a camera body with the 'Φ' symbol where the vertical bar represents the exact location.

Movie cameras often also have small focus hooks where the focus puller can attach one side of a tape measure to quickly gauge the distance to objects that he intends to bring into focus. The measurement is taken from the film plane to the subject.

Due to Petzval field curvature, the film plane upon which a lens focuses may not be a literal plane. Cameras may bend the film stock or even plate stock slightly to compensate, improving the area of critical focus and sharpness. Nevertheless, the general concept of a focal plane is understood to refer to this position in the camera sensor relative to the lens.

title: Film plane


text:
Dermatome (anatomy)

A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by afferent nerve fibres from the dorsal root of any given spinal nerve. There are 8 cervical nerves (C1 being an exception with no dermatome), 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves and 5 sacral nerves. Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain.

The term is also used to refer to a part of an embryonic somite.

Along the thorax and abdomen, the dermatomes are like a stack of discs forming a human, each supplied by a different spinal nerve. Along the arms and the legs, the pattern is different: the dermatomes run longitudinally along the limbs. Although the general pattern is similar in all people, the precise areas of innervation are as unique to an individual as fingerprints.

An area of skin innervated by a single nerve is called a peripheral nerve field.

The word dermatome is formed from Ancient Greek δέρμα 'skin, hide' and τέμνω 'cut'.

Clinical significance
A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from a spinal nerve ganglion. Symptoms that follow a dermatome (e.g. like pain or a rash) may indicate a pathology that involves the related nerve root. Examples include somatic dysfunction of the spine or viral infection. Certain skin problems tend to orient the lesions in the dermatomal direction.

In referred pain, sensory nerve fibers such as that from dermatomes may come together at the same spinal cord level as the general visceral afferent fibers such as that from the heart. When the general visceral sensory fiber is stimulated, the central nervous system does not clearly discern whether the pain is coming from the body wall or from the viscera, so it perceives the pain as coming from somewhere on the body wall, e.g. left arm/hand pain, jaw pain. So the pain is "referred to" the related dermatomes of the same spinal segment.

Viruses that lie dormant in nerve ganglia (e.g. varicella zoster virus, which causes both chickenpox and shingles), often cause either pain, rash or both in a pattern defined by a dermatome (a zosteriform pattern). However, the symptoms may not appear across the entire dermatome.

Important dermatomes and anatomical landmarks
Following is a list of spinal nerves and points that are characteristically belonging to the dermatome of each nerve:

 * C2 – At least one cm lateral to the occipital protuberance at the base of the skull. Alternately, a point at least 3 cm behind the ear.
 * C3 – In the supraclavicular fossa, at the midclavicular line.
 * C4 – Over the acromioclavicular joint.
 * C5 – On the lateral (radial) side of the antecubital fossa, just proximally to the elbow.
 * C6 – On the dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
 * C7 – On the dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of the middle finger.
 * C8 – On the dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of the little finger.
 * T1 – On the medial (ulnar) side of the antecubital fossa, just distal to the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
 * T2 – At the apex of the axilla.
 * T3 – Intersection of the midclavicular line and the third intercostal space
 * T4 – Intersection of the midclavicular line and the fourth intercostal space, located at the level of the nipples.
 * T5 – Intersection of the midclavicular line and the fifth intercostal space, horizontally located midway between the level of the nipples and the level of the xiphoid process.
 * T6 – Intersection of the midclavicular line and the horizontal level of the xiphoid process.
 * T7 – Intersection of the midclavicular line and the horizontal level at one quarter the distance between the level of the xiphoid process and the level of the umbilicus.
 * T8 – Intersection of the midclavicular line and the horizontal level at one half the distance between the level of the xiphoid process and the level of the umbilicus.
 * T9 – Intersection of the midclavicular line and the horizontal level at three quarters of the distance between the level of the xiphoid process and the level of the umbilicus.
 * T10 – Intersection of the midclavicular line, at the horizontal level of the umbilicus.
 * T11 – Intersection of the midclavicular line, at the horizontal level midway between the level of the umbilicus and the inguinal ligament.
 * T12 – Intersection of the midclavicular line and the midpoint of the inguinal ligament.
 * L1 – Midway between the key sensory points for T12 and L2.
 * L2 – On the anterior medial thigh, at the midpoint of a line connecting the midpoint of the inguinal ligament and the medial epicondyle of the femur.
 * L3 – At the medial epicondyle of the femur.
 * L4 – Over the medial malleolus.
 * L5 – On the dorsum of the foot at the third metatarsophalangeal joint.
 * S1 – On the lateral aspect of the calcaneus.
 * S2 – At the midpoint of the popliteal fossa.
 * S3 – Over the tuberosity of the ischium or intragluteal fold
 * S4 and S5 – In the perianal area, less than one cm lateral to the mucocutaneous zone

Following is a list of cranial nerves responsible for sensation from the face:

 * V1 (1st division of the trigeminal nerve) - associated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus
 * V2 (2nd division of the trigeminal nerve)
 * V3 (3rd division of the trigeminal nerve)

title: Dermatome (anatomy)


text:
Monofilament

A monofilament may refer to:

 * Monofilament fishing line, a type of thread
 * A monofilament as used in a monofilament test in a neurological examination
 * Monomolecular wire, a theoretical type of wire consisting of a single strand of molecules

title: Monofilament


text:
Talk:Felix von Luckner

Untitled
A friend told me Felix was also awarded the Victoria cross, thus making him unique by having receieved medals from both sides for the same war.

Can anyone corroborate this?

I have seen him in a robe that looked like a Templars, A big Templar-like cross on the side. I can attest that he was incredibly strong. He cave me a bent coin, and it was years later that I understood the "magic" : He had bent it with his fingers when handing it to me in Malmö.

DanielDemaret 13:47, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Felix certainly doesn't appear on the list of Victoria Cross winners, and I can think of no reason why he should have been awarded one. It is, however, by no means unusual for someone to be decorated by both sides in a war, particularly if they were spies or double agents, Juan Pujol Garcia ("Garbo") for example, got both the Iron Cross and an MBE. -- Arwel 02:06, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much. Just another family fable then. We have too many of those :) DanielDemaret 11:05, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Apparently, | there's some disagreement if he ever received the Blue Max as well.Opusaug 18:03, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, yes, it looks fairly convincing that someone misinterpreted the other cross he wore at his neck for the Max. I'll just take that sentence out - we can always put it back if it turns out he did have the Max after all! -- Arwel (talk) 19:01, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The Robe with the cross mentioned above may have something to do with the fact that Felix von   Luckner was a member of the freemasonry-lodge "Zur goldenen Kugel".83.71.26.153 07:07, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

The Life Savior
I'm from Germany and I must say that I am terribly disappointed with this article. Here's why: During the Nazi regime, some Jews managed to live in hiding in Berlin. One day in 1943, Rosalinde Janson, a jewish woman whose parents were already deported to Auschwitz, lost her hiding, as the building was destroyed in a bomb raid. Luckner, who had visited the city, bypassed a scene where passports of people killed in the air raid where laid out on the street together with other stuff. He passed that pile and for a reason he could later not explain took one passport that was issued to a woman with the name of Frieda Schäfer. A short while later, Rosalinde Janson saw him, and in her desperation revealed her identity and her need for immediate help. Maybe she recognized him, as he was extremely popular in Germany. He has never been a Nazi, but it appears that he to a certain extend profited from the regime and its admiration of war heroes. Anyway, when approached by Rosalinde Janson, he immediately gave her the pass (and by this a new identity) and he even did something that probably was of even greater importance. He took her to Giesebrechtstraße 11, a side street of Berlin's Kurfürstendamm, where the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (SS main security service) had installed a secret Gestapo brothel with all rooms wired to listen to foreign diplomates talking when they started to brag after that had drunk and felt comfortable with a girl. The brothel of course was known to quite some people, however hardly anyone will have known that it was installed by the SS. Anyway, Luckner took her there as he obviously was on good terms with the landlady and arranged that she got a job in the kitchen. Most probably, her jewish identity had not been revealed then. Rosalinde Janson (or Frieda Schäfer now) survived the war and later went to New York. Here is where she met Luckner again in the fifties when he was guest in "That's your life" and was presented with her. For reasons unknown to me, the Yad Vashem comittee saw reasons not to declare Luckner one of the savior of jews. For Rosalinde Janson he surely was. Bodo. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.159.246.12 (talk) 01:35, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Statistics
A statistic about all the ships Felix von Luckner actually sank wouldn't be bad...

--Malbi 13:16, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Something like this can be found here: SMS_Seeadler_(Windjammer) User:DanielDemaret June 10th 2006

Seeadler
His ship was a beauty. I bought it as a kit when I was a kid, and built it. If one can not find a fair image picture for the ship, perhaps one could build the kit again, and take a snapshot of it :) DanielDemaret 22:30, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Strength
How came this man was so strong? -The Bold Guy- 12:13, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * He ate his vegetables every day. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.209.12.67 (talk) 05:29, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Early life
The section about his early life is poorly written, adding to my suspicion that there's probably nothing citable about him Alastairward 13:44, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Von Luckners Cove
There is a beautiful bay at Red Mercury Island, off the coast of the Coromandel Peninsula of New Zealand, called Von Luckners Cove. This bay is supposedly where Felix stayed after his escape from Motuihe Island. Was he by himself? How long was he there? Was this before the capture of the Scow Moa? Or is the text Kermadec Islands a misprint of Mercury Islands perhaps? 122.57.114.49 (talk) 13:11, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Honolulu Mystery
This is from pages 35-37 of Count Luckner the Sea Devil from 1927. Does anyone have any insight into this? -- Limulus (talk) 10:16, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

''In Honolulu I came upon a mystery, a fantastic mystery. It sounds unbelievable. I, myself, cannot explain it. Someday I hope to meet someone who can. One of the cabin boys aboard the Golden Shore was a German named Nauke. He was a violin maker by trade who had lost all his money and put to sea. We became fast friends. At Honolulu, Nauke invited me to go ashore with him. He brought along a can of condensed milk, a delicacy he knew I liked. We went sightseeing, and one of the sights was that of royalty. We stood outside of the palace grounds and watched the Hawaiian potentate while he had tea. He sat in a reed chair, and a couple of his wives stood beside him. A well-dressed gentleman who seemed to be on a stroll came up to us and began to talk to us in English.''  ''"Don't waste your time on anything like that," he said. "Why not see the hula-hula dance?"''  Nauke and I said all right, because the hula-hula was just what we did want to see.  The gentleman asked whether we had any better clothes to wear, to which we responded that we had not.  "It doesn't matter," he said, "I will provide you with a suit each."  ''He took us to a carriage drawn by four mules, and we all got in. I remarked to Nauke that the gentleman seemed to be a man of means. The gentleman turned his head.''  "You mustn't talk so much," he said in German.  ''We came to a sugar plantation outside the town. The carriage stopped. Our host led us to a field path, until finally we came to a European house that had an air of distinction. Young colts grazed within a fence. Through the large windows of the stately villa I saw a row of large black tables such as are used in Germany, in a lecture room. Our host told Nauke to wait outside, and got a piece of cake for him. I whispered to Nauke not to go away.''  ''I felt very strange on entering the house. The man showed me into a room next to the hall with the many tables. He was about to lock the door. I asked him not to. In the room was a long black table like those I had seen in the other room. The man said he was going upstairs to get a measuring tape. While he was gone, I noticed that under the table were two long narrow boxes with heavy locks on both sides. What if I should end up in one of those boxes! But I was confident. What had I learned boxing for?''

 ''The stranger returned with a tape. He measured my arm. Unlike a tailor, he measured from wrist to shoulder instead of from shoulder to wrist.''

 "Thirty," he announced, repeated it once, and muttered several other numbers between his teeth.

 ''He pulled my coat halfway down my back, thus hindering my arms. He remarked that the light was poor, and turned me so that my back was toward the outer door. I could hear a creaking that told me that someone was moving behind that door. I noticed on the floor below the lower part of the table a disorderly pile of old clothes which looked as though they might be sailors' togs. The gentleman took off my belt and laid it on the table. Attached to the belt was my knife case. It was empty. I wondered where my knife might be. I remembered having it that morning. I had peeled potatoes with it. My blood froze as between empty bottles on the window sill I saw a chopped off human thumb with a long sinew attached. The gentleman was about to let down my trousers, which would have kept me from running.''

 ''I jerked my coat back into place, knocked the man down with a heavy blow, grabbed my empty knife case from the table, kicked open the nearest door to the open, and jumped out, shouting for Nauke. He appeared, still munching his piece of cake. We ran out into the plantation and threw ourselves down among the cane. There was the sound of a whistle and of galloping horses and running men. They were hunting for us along the roads. We groped our way among the fields, and, after losing our way several times, finally reached the beach.''

 ''We looked up an English-speaking policeman and told him our story. He shrugged his shoulders and said it would take a special force of detectives to discover how many sailors had mysteriously disappeared on the islands. Our captain merely remarked that we deserved a good thrashing for going ashore. We sailors on the ship laid a plan to take the plantation by storm on the following Sunday. But on Friday a quarantine was proclaimed, due to some infectious disease that was spreading, and the raid was off. In later times, I often inquired about the strange circumstance, and heard tales of white sailors disappearing on the islands, but never a solution of the mystery.''

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Discrepancy between German Wiki and English language Wiki
This version is a very enjoyable read however it seems to reflect mainly the romanticised version of Luckner's life and times. The German version that references more hard sources than the English language ones includes material claiming different numbers of captured ships as well as other accounts of the events with the Seeadler, a considerably more sceptical account of his Nazi period and a sourced reference to being tried for assaulting his underage daughter from first marriage and intercourse with girls aged 8 and 11 (i.a. published in Spiegel but the accounts of the court case are public). A lot of information is drawn from a German language biography published in 1997.

In short the EN article really needs a critical analysis regarding the facts mentioned, substantial additions regarding his post WWI life and some uncomfortable truths about the man. 11:23, 29 July 2020 (UTC)~

title: Talk:Felix von Luckner


text:
Robert Peliza

Sir Robert John Peliza KBE GMH ED (16 November 1920 – 12 December 2011) was a Gibraltarian politician.

Career
He founded and led the Integration with Britain Party and was the second Chief Minister of Gibraltar serving in office from 6 August 1969 to 25 June 1972. He was one of the members of the Constitutional Conference chaired by Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd in 1968 that drafted Gibraltar's first Constitution. Peliza was also Speaker of the Gibraltar House of Assembly from 1992 to 1996 and Honorary Colonel of the Royal Gibraltar Regiment from 1993 to 1999.

Peliza died on 12 December 2011 at St Bernard's Hospital in Gibraltar at the age of 91.

title: Robert Peliza


text:
Delamain (Cognac producer)

Delamain is a producer of cognac, based in Jarnac, France. Delamain is one of the oldest Cognac houses and has been continuously family run since its establishment in 1824 although its roots in the cognac trade go back even further, beginning shortly after the arrival in France of Irishman James Delamain in 1751. Nine generations later, James's direct descendant, Charles Braastad, serves as Delamain Cognac's Managing Director.

The House of Delamain only produces XO and above cognacs and only produces cognacs produced from eaux de vie from cognac's Grande Champagne region, which is widely recognized as cognac's finest terroir. This XO-only, Grande Champagne-only focus is unique amongst cognac houses.

In 2017, the Bollinger champagne and wine group deepened a longstanding relationship with the House of Delamain and became Delamain's majority shareholder.

In 2020, the House of Delamain celebrated the 100th anniversary of its flagship cognac, Pale & Dry XO. Also in 2020, Delamain launched its Pléiade range, a collection of limited-edition single vintage and/or single vineyard cognacs.

In July 2021 Delamain was elected to membership of the Comité Colbert, a non-profit association known as the “Voice of French Luxury”, composed of France's most important crafted luxury goods and services. In announcing the election to membership, the Comité Colbert cited Delamain's “history, deep respect for traditions, including the value of inherited wisdom and the patience necessary to achieve excellence.”

Products
Range
 * Pale & Dry X.O. Aged 25 years
 * Vesper Aged 35 years
 * Extra. Older than Vesper
 * Tres Vénérable. Aged 55 years
 * Reserve de la Famille. 43% vol. This is produced from a single barrel and from a single estate. This is Delamain's highest range product.

Limited editions
 * Millésimes (Vintage) Cognacs. This is a cognac from a single year. Aged 30 years.
 * Le Voyage de Delamain. The finest expression of Delamain, from their oldest eau de vie, in Baccarat crystal and leather. Limited to 500 units worldwide.

title: Delamain (Cognac producer)


text:
Adolfo Canepa

Adolfo John Canepa, CMG, OBE, GMH (born 17 December 1940) is a Gibraltarian politician. He has dedicated most of his life to politics and the development of Gibraltar, having served both as Leader of the Opposition and as Chief Minister of Gibraltar from 8 December 1987 to 25 March 1988. During this period he was also the leader of the Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights (AACR). He is a former Speaker of the Gibraltar Parliament.

Teaching career
Adolfo Canepa was born in London during a period of World War II when most of Gibraltar's civilian population had been evacuated. Prior to his involvement in local politics, Canepa was already well known as part of a team of teachers at the Gibraltar Grammar School who helped the Christian Brothers to mould an entire generation of Gibraltarians. He later left teaching, at considerable sacrifice for his wife Julie and young family at the time, to pursue a career in politics.

Political career
Canepa was a leading member of the Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights. He was a candidate for election for the first time in the 1972 elections, winning a seat (the AACR won the majority by obtaining eight out of fifteen seats, with Joshua Hassan as Chief Minister) and thus becoming Minister for Labour and Social Security. During his time in this ministry, he led a wide-ranging review of the social security system. He later served in government as Minister for Economic Development and Trade, a ministry he held until he succeeded Hassan as Chief Minister. During Hassan's last term in government Canepa also served as Deputy Chief Minister. He was perhaps Hassan's closest political colleague and became his right-hand man at meetings in London with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher over the Dockyard Agreement and also accompanied him as his Deputy to meetings leading up to the Brussels Agreement in the early eighties.

Mayor of Gibraltar
Canepa succeeded Alfred Vasquez as Mayor of Gibraltar between 1976 and 1978. He was later succeeded by Horace Zammit.

Chief Minister of Gibraltar
Hassan resigned without completing his term as Chief Minister in 1987 after an agreement on the shared use of Gibraltar Airport was signed by Spain and the United Kingdom, citing personal reasons. Being Deputy at the time, Canepa succeeded him as Chief Minister and leader of the AACR. However, Canepa lost the 1988 elections to Joe Bossano of the Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), with Canepa obtaining 4,422 votes, while Bossano polled 8,128 votes. Canepa then become Leader of the Opposition until he announced his resignation just prior to the 1992 election. Canepa also announced his resignation as leader of the AACR and his retirement from politics altogether. The AACR disbanded shortly after.

Later work
Since his official retirement from politics, Canepa has assisted successive Governments of Gibraltar as a consultant, advising them by means of his experience and expertise on legislative and constitutional matters. He served in Peter Caruana's Committee on Foreign Affairs, supporting the Chief Minister in the lobbying campaign and subsequent referendum which led to the derailing of the joint sovereignty proposals in 2002, and later in the Constitutional Reform Group which led to Gibraltar's current constitution. For the last fifteen years he has worked in the Legislative Unit, the prime function of which is to scrutinise all European Union documents and determine how they might affect Gibraltar.

In October 2012, Canepa was appointed the Speaker of the Gibraltar Parliament and was the speaker up until 2019 General election.

Honours
On 10 December 2007 Adolfo Canepa was presented with the Gibraltar Award on behalf of the founding fathers of the AACR. The award was presented by the Self Determination for Gibraltar Group in recognition of the AACR's contribution to the political development and democratisation of Gibraltar.

In 2009, Adolfo Canepa was one of the four recipients of the Gibraltar Medallion of Honour and was therefore recorded in the Gibraltar Roll of Honour.

title: Adolfo Canepa


text:
2005 MLS supplemental draft

Following the signature of the first MLS players' union contract, the MLS Superdraft was limited to four rounds. As a result, the Supplemental Draft was re-incarnated to hold the additional rounds. The 2005 MLS supplemental draft, held on February 4, 2005, was the first re-incarnation of the MLS supplemental draft. The four-round event followed January's 2005 MLS SuperDraft, as teams filled out their developmental rosters. Expansion clubs Real Salt Lake and Chivas USA received the first picks in each round.

The most notable draft picks include fourth round draft picks Chris Wondolowski, who is one of the top career goalscorers in Major League Soccer with over 140 career MLS goals, and Jeff Larentowicz, who has played more than 380 matches in more than 10 seasons in Major League Soccer.

Round 3 trades
No trades reported.

Round 4 trades
No trades reported.

Trade Note

 * On 1 February 2005, MetroStars acquired a draft pick and an allocation from Real Salt Lake in exchange for defender Eddie Pope. MetroStars had the choice of swapping first-round selections in the 2005 Supplemental Draft with Real Salt Lake or taking the highest RSL second-round pick in the 2006 MLS SuperDraft. MetroStars chose the latter.

title: 2005 MLS supplemental draft