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Samna

Samna was a competitor to WordStar and MultiMate in the DOS market for word processors in the 1980s. Based in large part on the look and feel of the Lanier enterprise word processing system's software, Samna was targeted at businesses who had used the Lanier system but were interested in moving to lower-cost PC-based word processing. Samna was developed and published by Samna Corp., an Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.-based computer software company that was bought by Lotus Software in November 1990 for $65 million USD.

Samna is also the developer of Ami and Ami Professional word processors.

Overview
Samna had many strengths, but was regularly criticized in reviews over speed issues. Even before GUI environments like Windows, it pioneered treating the empty editing screen as a 'scratchpad', that is, a space that you could cursor into, placing a character or other entry anywhere at will on a printable page. In WordPerfect and Word, and virtually all other editors of that period, territory beyond the last character entered did not exist. When the Hercules graphics card became popular, Samna Word gained a Print Preview mode that was not editable, but showed font and format treatments.

When Windows was released, Samna introduced Ami, a graphics-based word processor, in 1988, which was the first Windows-based word processor on the market and it supported WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get (Microsoft Word for Windows did not debut until early 1989). The Windows 3.0 versions were being shipped when Lotus acquired the company, and Ami Pro was folded into Lotus's product line, first becoming Lotus Ami Pro, and then later evolving into Lotus Word Pro. The signature extension of Ami Pro files, .sam, is a legacy of Samna.

Feature growth
In the era when even disk space, let alone main memory, wasn't yet measured in Gigabytes, the 1991 expansion for "as many fonts as disk space permits, instead of the 30 maximum allowed in previous product versions" was considered important.

Also, in that era, printer vendors and specific models were supported individually, rather than via Windows-based device-independence. The above announcement also included "increased support for laser printers."

Specific features were by then a matter of checklists for reviewers and marketing material, as per the 1986 Version III.

From Samna to IBM
The DOS versions of Samna competed with WordStar, Wordperfect, DisplayWrite, MultiMate and Microsoft's Word (DOS); Wordperfect and Wordstar were the leaders.

With the shift to Windows, the two market leaders were Ami Pro and MS Word for Windows, although Wordperfect still retained its lead in the then-declining DOS market.

Samna, which had been purchased by Lotus Software, was subsequently acquired by IBM, which was also marketing DisplayWrite. Meanwhile "Ami Pro (for Windows) achieved a far greater market share than its previous DOS incarnations."

Although the third generation, IBM Lotus Word Pro is still in use, Microsoft Word for Windows, which followed and "learned from the highly successful Macintosh version of Word" is now the predominant word processing program.

title: Samna


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Jean Crowder

Jean A. Crowder (born July 7, 1952) is a Canadian businesswoman and politician. She served as a Member of Parliament for the New Democratic Party from 2004 until 2015.

Life and career
Crowder was born in Montreal, Quebec. She received a degree in psychology from Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario.

A human resources consultant and manager by profession, Crowder was elected to the House of Commons of Canada for the first time in the 2004 election as the New Democratic Party (NDP) Member of Parliament for the British Columbia riding of Nanaimo—Cowichan. Before she won federal office, she was a councillor in the District Municipality of North Cowichan from 2003 to 2004. She has worked at Malaspina University-College, Human Resources Development Canada, and the BC Ministry of Skills Training & Labour.

In the NDP's shadow cabinet, she served as the Human Resources and Skills Development Critic, the Critic for Health, Community Economic Development and the Status of Women, and the Critic for Aboriginal Affairs.

In the 2008 federal election, she defeated nearest rival Reed Elley, a former MP running for the Conservatives, by over 4,000 votes. After the election, she announced her support for proportional representation to be utilized during Canada's next election. She did not run in the 2015 federal election. Following the 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, which took effect with the 2015 election, her riding was abolished and its territory transferred to the new ridings Cowichan—Malahat—Langford and Nanaimo—Ladysmith. In that election, New Democrat candidates Alistair MacGregor (a former constituency assistant to Crowder) and Sheila Malcolmson held the new ridings for the party.

After leaving the House, she supported Guy Caron in the 2017 New Democratic Party leadership election.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jean Crowder


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Clairaut's theorem (gravity)

Clairaut's theorem characterizes the surface gravity on a viscous rotating ellipsoid in hydrostatic equilibrium under the action of its gravitational field and centrifugal force. It was published in 1743 by Alexis Claude Clairaut in a treatise which synthesized physical and geodetic evidence that the Earth is an oblate rotational ellipsoid. It was initially used to relate the gravity at any point on the Earth's surface to the position of that point, allowing the ellipticity of the Earth to be calculated from measurements of gravity at different latitudes. Today it has been largely supplanted by the Somigliana equation.

History
Although it had been known since antiquity that the Earth was spherical, by the 17th century evidence was accumulating that it was not a perfect sphere. In 1672 Jean Richer found the first evidence that gravity was not constant over the Earth (as it would be if the Earth were a sphere); he took a pendulum clock to Cayenne, French Guiana and found that it lost $2 1/2$ minutes per day compared to its rate at Paris. This indicated the acceleration of gravity was less at Cayenne than at Paris. Pendulum gravimeters began to be taken on voyages to remote parts of the world, and it was slowly discovered that gravity increases smoothly with increasing latitude, gravitational acceleration being about 0.5% greater at the poles than at the equator.

British physicist Isaac Newton explained this in his Principia Mathematica (1687) in which he outlined his theory and calculations on the shape of the Earth. Newton theorized correctly that the Earth was not precisely a sphere but had an oblate ellipsoidal shape, slightly flattened at the poles due to the centrifugal force of its rotation. Using geometric calculations, he gave a concrete argument as to the hypothetical ellipsoid shape of the Earth.

The goal of Principia was not to provide exact answers for natural phenomena, but to theorize potential solutions to these unresolved factors in science. Newton pushed for scientists to look further into the unexplained variables. Two prominent researchers that he inspired were Alexis Clairaut and Pierre Louis Maupertuis. They both sought to prove the validity of Newton's theory on the shape of the Earth. In order to do so, they went on an expedition to Lapland in an attempt to accurately measure a meridian arc. From such measurements they could calculate the eccentricity of the Earth, its degree of departure from a perfect sphere.

Clairaut confirmed that Newton's theory that the Earth was ellipsoidal was correct, but that his calculations were in error, and he wrote a letter to the Royal Society of London with his findings. The society published an article in Philosophical Transactions the following year, 1737. In it Clairaut pointed out (Section XVIII) that Newton's Proposition XX of Book 3 does not apply to the real earth. It stated that the weight of an object at some point in the earth depended only on the proportion of its distance from the centre of the earth to the distance from the centre to the surface at or above the object, so that the total weight of a column of water at the centre of the earth would be the same no matter in which direction the column went up to the surface. Newton had in fact said that this was on the assumption that the matter inside the earth was of a uniform density (in Proposition XIX). Newton realized that the density was probably not uniform, and proposed this as an explanation for why gravity measurements found a greater difference between polar regions and equatorial regions than what his theory predicted. However, he also thought this would mean the equator was further from the centre than what his theory predicted, and Clairaut points out that the opposite is true. Clairaut points out at the beginning of his article that Newton did not explain why he thought the earth was ellipsoid rather than like some other oval, but that Clairaut, and James Stirling almost simultaneously, had shown why the earth should be an ellipsoid in 1736.

Clairaut's article did not provide a valid equation to back up his argument as well. This created much controversy in the scientific community. It was not until Clairaut wrote Théorie de la figure de la terre in 1743 that a proper answer was provided. In it, he promulgated what is more formally known today as Clairaut's theorem.

Formula
Clairaut's theorem says that the acceleration due to gravity g (including the effect of centrifugal force) on the surface of a spheroid in hydrostatic equilibrium (being a fluid or having been a fluid in the past, or having a surface near sea level) at latitude $φ$ is:

$$ g(\varphi) = G_e \left[ 1 + \left(\frac{5}{2} m - f\right) \sin^2 \varphi \right] \,, $$

where $$G_e$$ is the value of the acceleration of gravity at the equator, m the ratio of the centrifugal force to gravity at the equator, and f the flattening of a meridian section of the earth, defined as:

$$f = \frac {a-b}{a} \,, $$

(where a = semimajor axis, b = semiminor axis). The contribution of centrifugal force is approximately $$-G_em\cos^2\varphi,$$ whereas the gravitational attraction itself varies approximately as $$G_e\left(\frac 3 2 m - f\right)\sin^2\varphi.$$ This formula holds when the surface is perpendicular to the direction of gravity (including centrifugal force), even if (as usually) the density is not constant (in which case the gravitational attraction can be calculated at any point from the shape alone, without reference to $$m$$). For the earth, $$m\approx 1/289,$$ and $$\frac 5 2 m\approx 1/116,$$ while $$f\approx 1/300,$$ so $$g$$ is greater at the poles than on the equator.

Clairaut derived the formula under the assumption that the body was composed of concentric coaxial spheroidal layers of constant density. This work was subsequently pursued by Laplace, who assumed surfaces of equal density which were nearly spherical. The English mathematician George Stokes showed in 1849 that the theorem applied to any law of density so long as the external surface is a spheroid of equilibrium. A history of more recent developments and more detailed equations for g can be found in Khan.

The above expression for g has been supplanted by the Somigliana equation (after Carlo Somigliana).

Geodesy
The spheroidal shape of the Earth is the result of the interplay between gravity and centrifugal force caused by the Earth's rotation about its axis. In his Principia, Newton proposed the equilibrium shape of a homogeneous rotating Earth was a rotational ellipsoid with a flattening f given by 1/230. As a result, gravity increases from the equator to the poles. By applying Clairaut's theorem, Laplace found from 15 gravity values that f = 1/330. A modern estimate is 1/298.25642. See Figure of the Earth for more detail.

For a detailed account of the construction of the reference Earth model of geodesy, see Chatfield.

title: Clairaut's theorem (gravity)


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Talk:Asap

Article contents haven't been moved (yet)
From the article: "The contents of this page have been moved to http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Transwiki:ASAP ". But they haven't! Nothing at all is to be found at the given wiktionary address! How come? --Wernher 01:00, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC) (who opposed the move anyway)

 * Perhaps we Wiktionary contributors & sysops have misunderstood the mechanics of the Transwiki scheme. After the transwiki article has been adapted to a "real" Wiktionary article, we delete the transwiki page.  Recently, the entire Transwiki list was cleared.  If you can help clarify the proper mechanism, please do so on wikt:Wiktionary talk:Transwiki log.  --Connel MacKenzie 23:34, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Why is this page to be deleted?
Why is this page to be deleted? Is this page becomming a redirect to somewhere else? --Hhielscher 16:20, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the page was to be deleted because, according to Wikimedia policy, it more properly belongs in Wiktionary. Myself, I thought it was OK to keep the article here in WKP... but I am also able to understand the general reason for moving word definitions as such to WKT. On the other hand I think there are many other similarly 'simple' E(TLA)s covered in WKP, but perhaps those are of a different sort. Whatever. --Wernher 01:06, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Update: I think "ASAP" has a place both in Wiktionary and here in Wikipedia. There already is an article in Wiktionary, ASAP, which gives the straightforward acronym expansion and some translations. I wonder if the present WKP article could actually be kept as it is (as of this writing), provided that a link is provided to the WKT article, and vice versa. The alternative would be to move all the content of the present WKP article over to the WKT definition. Comments? --Wernher 01:28, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I tend to agree with not deleting this article. I don't believe it should be speedied; we could move it to VfD. It'd be nice though if it could be expanded, making its fate on VfD more certain. — Knowledge Seeker দ 04:12, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Redelete?
I just put on the speedy deletion tag without reading this page. It seems that this article was deleted and then resurrected, because the discussion dates back to February, while the oldest edit is today. Luqui 10:07, 2005 May 16 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asap


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User:Triddle

Any sufficiently popular wiki is bound to devolve exactly the way that Usenet has since the 80s. -- Triddle

title: User:Triddle


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Visit of Selassie to Jamaica

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE. I will implement Korath's suggestion. dbenbenn | talk 03:44, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Visit of Selassie to Jamaica
I initiated this account under my former identity of User:Scuiqui fox. I have today merged relevant parts of the article to both Rastafarianism and Haile Selassie --SqueakBox 01:02, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, no redirect. Megan1967 06:18, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/no redirect Selassie article. Gazpacho 13:28, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed --SqueakBox 16:32, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC).
 * Move, then redirect. Clearly not a proper redirect name.  The redirect Haile Selassie→Haile Selassie of Ethiopia has no history, however, so this should be moved there and then (re)redirected to Haile Selassie of Ethiopia to preserve history. —Korath (Talk) 18:21, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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List of Pennsylvania State University alumni

The following is a list of notable Pennsylvania State University alumni since the university's founding.

Academia

 * Michael Anesko, literary critic, writer and professor; best known for his studies of Henry James and William Dean Howells
 * Danielle Bassett, professor at the University of Pennsylvania; youngest individual to be awarded a 2014 MacArthur fellowship
 * Samuel Preston Bayard, musicologist; established the folklore program at Penn State
 * Robert D. Braun, academic and aerospace engineer; Space Sector Head at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and former NASA Chief Technologist
 * M. Christopher Brown II, President of Alcorn State University
 * T. Colin Campbell, chemist and professor; Jacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of Nutritional Biochemistry at Cornell University
 * Jason De León, professor at UCLA; MacArthur Fellow (2017)
 * Walter Dobrogosz, professor; best known for his discovery and further research on the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri
 * Paul M. Doty, former Mallinckrodt Professor of Biochemistry at Harvard University
 * Thomas R. Dye, Emeritus Professor of Political Science at Florida State University
 * Katherine Faber, materials scientist; Simon Ramo Professor of Materials Science at the California Institute of Technology
 * John Friedlander, mathematician; fellow of the American Mathematical Society
 * A. Roberto Frisancho, biological anthropologist; Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Anthropology at the University of Michigan
 * Roland Fryer, Robert M. Beren Professor of Economics at Harvard University, a MacArthur fellow, and recipient of the John Bates Clark Medal.
 * Edwin R. Gilliland, chemical engineer; former Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Joe Gow (born 1960) (attended West Chester University before transferring to New York University and later to Penn State University, from which he graduated), American academic, musician, pornographic actor, and university administrator, noted for being fired as Chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse in December 2023 after being outed for filming and starring in consensual pornographic videos with his wife, which they posted to public adult websites (without ever mentioning their names, careers, or university affiliations)
 * Graham Harman, philosopher and academic
 * James T. Harris III, president of Widener University
 * Susanne Hambrusch, computer scientist and professor
 * Marci Hamilton, professor at the University of Pennsylvania
 * John W. Heston, president of Washington State University, South Dakota State University and Dakota State University
 * David C. Hodge, President of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio
 * Richard Hoover, former president of Hastings College
 * Kate Hutton, seismologist; monitored earthquakes at California Institute of Technology for 37 years
 * Dugald C. Jackson, electrical engineer; headed the Department of Electrical Engineering of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1907 to 1935
 * William Jaco, mathematician; known for his role in the JSJ decomposition theorem
 * M. Eric Johnson, Dean of the Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University
 * Mark L. Knapp, Distinguished Teaching Professor Emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin; internationally known for his research on nonverbal communication
 * George Koob, professor; director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
 * Leah Krubitzer, neuroscientist; Professor of Psychology at University of California, Davis and MacArthur Fellow (1998)
 * Max G. Lagally, Erwin W. Mueller Professor and Bascom Professor of Surface Science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison
 * Steven Leath, president of Iowa State University from 2012 to 2017 and Auburn University from 2017 to 2019; appointed to the National Science Board in 2018
 * Herbert E. Longenecker, former president of Tulane University
 * Daniel H. Lowenstein (physician), provost at the University of California, San Francisco
 * Ronald Mallett, theoretical physicist and expert on possibility of time travel
 * Robert McGrath, director of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute
 * Eoin McKiernan, early scholar in Irish Studies
 * Lane Mitchell, ceramic engineer; founded Georgia Tech's School of Materials Science and Engineering
 * John Pickles, Phillips Distinguished Professor of International Studies in the Department of Geography at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 * Robert B. Pippin, professor at University of Chicago
 * Jonathan K. Pritchard, genetics professor at Stanford University
 * Tatiana Proskouriakoff, Mayanist scholar and archeologist; contributed significantly to the deciphering of Maya hieroglyphs
 * James Purdy, scholar of digital rhetoric
 * Merritt Roe Smith, historian; Leverett and William Cutten Professor of the History of Technology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Richard Somerville, climate scientist; Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego
 * Charles A. Sorber, civil engineer and academic administrator
 * George D. Stoddard, former president of the University of Illinois and the University of the State of New York; former chancellor of New York University and Long Island University
 * Ian Waitz, vice chancellor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * William Hultz Walker, chemist and professor; former chair of industrial chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former president of the American Electrochemical Society
 * James J. Whalen, former president of Ithaca College
 * Robert E. Witt, president of University of Alabama
 * Iris Marion Young, political and social theorist, Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago
 * Koraly Pérez-Edgar, McCourtney Professor of Child Studies and Professor of Psychology at Pennsylvania State University

Architecture, design, and technology

 * Louis Astorino, architect, PNC Park, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
 * Paul Blasingame, United States Air Force (USAF) officer and engineer who played an important role in the development of the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
 * Matt Brezina, co-founder of Xobni
 * Robert J. Cenker, aerospace and electrical engineer; worked at RCA Astro-Electronics and its successor company GE Astro Space on a variety of spacecraft projects
 * Stanley Cole (1948), architect, designer of Citizens Bank Park
 * Douglas Comer, computer science professor at Purdue; designed and implemented the Xinu operating system
 * Joe Fafard, sculptor; Officer of the Order of Canada, 1981
 * Nelson L. Goldberg, developed the first cable system to be acquired by Comcast
 * Selda Gunsel, chemical engineer
 * Ehsan Hoque, computer scientist and academic
 * Samuel Kurtz Hoffman, engineer who specialized in rocket propulsion; developed the F-1 engines that would power the Saturn V rocket, and later worked on the Space Shuttle Main Engine
 * John Hoke III, Chief Design Officer of Nike
 * Jim Keller, engineer, AMD, Apple Inc. and Tesla Motors
 * John Mashey, computer scientist and entrepreneur; developed the ASSIST (computing) assembler language teaching software while at Penn State
 * Jef Raskin, engineer, Apple Inc.; conceived and initiated the Macintosh project at Apple in the late 1970s
 * Der Scutt, architect; designed a number of major and notable buildings throughout New York City and the United States
 * John H. Sinfelt, chemical engineer; research on catalytic reforming was responsible for the introduction of unleaded gasoline
 * Harry Shoemaker, pioneer radio engineer
 * Ross William Ulbricht, founder of the Silk Road, as "Dread Pirate Roberts"

Art and literature

 * Diane Ackerman, poet and naturalist
 * Steve Alten, author, MEG series, Domain series, and The Loch
 * John Balaban, author, poet, Words for My Daughter and Locusts at the Edge of Summer
 * John Barth, writer
 * John T. Biggers, African-American muralist who came to prominence after the Harlem Renaissance
 * Caroline Bowman, Broadway actress
 * Dale Brown, bestselling author, Act of War, Battle Born, and Plan of Attack
 * Erica Cho, artist
 * Jeanne Clemson, theater director, stage actress, and teacher; preserved the Fulton Opera House
 * Geffrey Davis, poet
 * Richard Diehl (M.A. 1965, Ph.D. 1969), Mesoamerican archaeologist and academic, expert on the Olmec civilization
 * Kathleen Frank, Artist
 * Alan Furst, novelist
 * Jean Craighead George, Newbery Medal-winning children's author
 * Aaron Gilbert (A.S. 2000) painter
 * Chip Kidd, book-jacket designer
 * Norris J. Lacy, expert on the Arthurian legend
 * Paul Levine, novelist, Jake Lassiter crime fiction series, screenwriter, JAG and First Monday
 * Jerome Loving (BA), professor of American Literature and Culture at the University of Texas at Austin
 * Anderson Delano Macklin (1933–2001), artist, educator
 * Steve McCurry, photojournalist; most known for photograph of the "Afghan Girl" in National Geographic Magazine
 * Susan Miller, playwright, My Left Breast, two-time Obie winner, Eugene O'Neill Contest winner, Emmy nominee
 * David Morrell, novelist, First Blood
 * James Morrow, author
 * Robert Neffson, artist
 * Lynne Rae Perkins, Newbery Medal-winning children's author
 * John Pielmeier, playwright, Agnes of God
 * Dianne H. Pilgrim, art historian and museum professional; held research and curatorial positions at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Finch College Museum of Art, and the Brooklyn Museum of Art
 * Davis Schneiderman, writer and professor at Lake Forest College
 * Annika Sharma, author
 * Oliver Smith, ten-time Tony Award-winning scenic designer
 * David Wagoner, poet; former chancellor of the Academy of American Poets
 * Henry Wessel Jr., photographer; recipient of two Guggenheim Fellowships
 * Sophia Wisniewska, university administrator
 * Robert Yarber, artist
 * Shiva Kandukuri, actor in Indian Cinema

Business and industry

 * Andrew Thomas Kearney, founder Kearney
 * Louis D'Ambrosio, former CEO of Sears Holdings Corporation
 * Donald W. Davis, former CEO of Stanley Black & Decker; taught at MIT Sloan School of Management for over 20 years
 * Robert E. Eberly, Chairman of Eberly Natural Gas Co.; Penn State benefactor
 * Herman Fisher, co-founder of Fisher-Price toy company
 * Kenneth Frazier, chairman and CEO, Merck & Co., Inc.
 * Jacqueline Hinman, former CEO of CH2M HILL
 * Lloyd Huck, chairman emeritus of Merck & Co., Inc. and former CEO of Nova Pharmaceutical Corp.
 * Richard T. James, inventor of the Slinky
 * Saad Sherida al-Kaabi, President and CEO of QatarEnergy
 * Lewis Katz, former co-owner of The Philadelphia Inquirer, New Jersey Nets and New Jersey Devils
 * Andrew Thomas Kearney, founder of Kearney; first partner at McKinsey & Co.
 * Albert Lord, former CEO of Sallie Mae
 * Geoffrey S. Martha, CEO of Medtronic
 * Mike McBath, co-founder, part-owner of the Orlando Predators
 * Gertrude Michelson, businesswoman; first woman to head the board of trustees at an Ivy League University (Columbia) and first woman to sit on the board of Macy's and General Electric
 * Barry Myers, former CEO of AccuWeather; nominated by Donald Trump to lead the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
 * Joel N. Myers, founder and CEO of AccuWeather
 * Eugene O'Kelly, former CEO of KPMG
 * Mark Parker, executive chairman and former CEO of Nike, Inc.
 * Karen Peetz, first female president of The Bank of New York Mellon
 * Terry Pegula, billionaire owner of the Buffalo Sabres and Buffalo Bills
 * Alan Pottasch, advertising executive and marketer best known for his five decades of work for PepsiCo
 * Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, textile wholesaler; father of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
 * Lindsay Rosenwald, doctor and life-sciences industry investor
 * Alan Schriesheim, former CEO of Argonne National Laboratory
 * William Schreyer, chairman emeritus and former CEO of Merrill Lynch; namesake of Schreyer Honors College
 * Joanna Shields, Baroness Shields, technology executive and former British government official
 * Frank Smeal, partner, Goldman Sachs; namesake of Smeal College of Business
 * Derek V. Smith, former CEO of ChoicePoint
 * Jim Stengel, former global marketing officer of Procter & Gamble
 * John P. Surma, former CEO of US Steel
 * Paul Twomey, businessman; founding figure of ICANN
 * Richard Trumka, AFL–CIO President
 * Verne M. Willaman, former member of the executive committee of Johnson & Johnson
 * Patricia A. Woertz, former CEO of Archer Daniel Midland; on Fortune magazine's "Most Powerful Women in Business" list
 * Linda Yaccarino, CEO of Twitter
 * Lori Koch, CEO of DuPont
 * Sandra L. Rivera, CEO Altera

Entertainment and media

 * Gerald W. Abrams, television producer; father of J.J. Abrams
 * John Aniston, actor, Days of Our Lives; father of actress Jennifer Aniston
 * Brian Baker, former Sprint spokesman
 * Donald L. Barlett, investigative journalist; two-time Pulitzer Prize winner
 * Peter Barnes (journalist), journalist; senior Washington correspondent for the Fox Business Network
 * Donald P. Bellisario, television producer
 * Charles Bierbauer, television journalist
 * Edward Binns, actor, 12 Angry Men, Fail Safe
 * Lindsey Broad, actress, The Office, Benders
 * Benjy Bronk, comedian and writer, The Howard Stern Show
 * Ryan Buell, founder of the Paranormal Research Society on A&E
 * Ty Burrell, actor, star of ABC sitcom Modern Family
 * Jeff Cardoni, composer; known for work on television projects such as CSI: Miami, Silicon Valley, and The League
 * Margaret Carlson, journalist, pundit; first female columnist for TIME
 * Leon Carr, songwriter and composer
 * Victoria Cartagena, actress, The Bedford Diaries, Gotham
 * Jimmy Cefalo, journalist and sports broadcaster
 * Nathan Cook, actor, The White Shadow, Hotel
 * Jill Cordes, TV personality, HGTV's My First Place and The Best Of
 * John A. Dalles, hymn writer and clergyman
 * Bruce Davison, actor; received an Oscar nomination for his role in Longtime Companion
 * Steven E. de Souza, screenwriter; Judge Dredd, Beverly Hills Cop III, 48 Hrs., Die Hard
 * Eileen DeSandre, actress
 * Julius J. Epstein, screenwriter of Casablanca
 * Patrick Fabian, actor, Better Call Saul
 * Carmen Finestra, Emmy Award-winning television writer and producer; The Cosby Show, Home Improvement
 * Jonathan Frakes, actor and director (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
 * Jared Freid, comedian, television host, podcaster, writer
 * Sara Ganim, journalist; won 2012 Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, third-youngest winner of a Pulitzer Prize
 * Erica Grow, meteorologist, WPIX in New York City
 * Kim Jones, clubhouse reporter for the New York Yankees and the YES Network
 * Tom Hannifan, professional wrestling announcer and color commentator
 * Christine Kay, journalist; conceived and edited the Portraits of Grief profile series on the victims of the September 11 attacks
 * Gene Kelly, actor
 * Keegan-Michael Key, actor, comedian; MADtv, host of Animal Planet's The Planet's Funniest Animals
 * Don Roy King, director for Saturday Night Live from 2006 until 2021
 * Peter W. Klein, journalist and documentary filmmaker; founder of the Global Reporting Centre
 * Stan Lathan, television producer and director, co-creator of Def Comedy Jam
 * Paul Levine, lawyer, novelist, screenwriter, author of the "Jake Lassiter" and "Solomon vs. Lord" series
 * Rick Lyon, actor/creator of Broadway show Avenue Q
 * Adam McKay, film director and screenwriter; writer and director of Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, and The Landlord
 * Norman Charles Miller, journalist; Pulitzer Prize winner
 * Vance Packard, journalist and social critic; author of The Naked Society
 * Amy Wynn Pastor, TV personality, TLC's Trading Spaces
 * Paul Pringle, journalist; three-time Pulitzer Prize winner
 * Mike Reid, Grammy Award-winning songwriter
 * Ian Rosenberger, 3rd place in Survivor: Palau on CBS; former President of Penn State's USG
 * Michael S. Rosenfeld, talent agent and co-founder of Creative Artists Agency
 * Lisa Salters, ESPN reporter and former Nittany Lady Lion Basketball Star
 * Herb Sargent, television writer and producer; worked on The Tonight Show and Saturday Night Live, created Weekend Update with Chevy Chase
 * Richard L. Schlegel, LGBT rights activist and editor of Drum and other gay culture magazines
 * Lara Spencer, co-anchor of Good Morning America
 * Joonas Suotamo, Chewbacca actor in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, former Penn State Basketball forward/center
 * Don Taylor, film actor of the 1940s and 1950s
 * Tom Verducci, senior writer for Sports Illustrated
 * Andrew Kevin Walker, screenwriter of Seven
 * Fred Waring, bandleader
 * Mel Welles, actor and director
 * Rake Yohn, CKY crew; Jackass crew member; synthetic metal chemist
 * Shiva Kandukuri, actor in Indian Cinema

Politics, government, and military

 * Harry J. Anslinger, first commissioner of the U.S. Treasury Department's Federal Bureau of Narcotics during the presidencies of Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and John F. Kennedy
 * William P. Atkinson, former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Kelly Ayotte, former United States Senator (R-NH)
 * William Binney, former intelligence official and whistleblower associated with the Trailblazer Project
 * Dana H. Born, lecturer in public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government and retired brigadier general in the United States Air Force
 * Donald Burdick, United States Army Major General and Director of the Army National Guard
 * Christopher F. Burne, Brigadier General, United States Air Force
 * Caroline Casagrande, member of the New Jersey General Assembly
 * Kathleen L. Casey, Commissioner of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
 * Frank A. Cipolla, Brigadier General, United States Army Reserve
 * Jake Corman, member of the Pennsylvania State Senate (R-PA 34)
 * Andrew Curtin; Civil War Governor of Pennsylvania (1861–1867)
 * Claud "Chad" Daniel (M.P.S - 2018) – Texas Ranger – Company "D", 2016–2018, Company "B", 2018 – Present
 * Timothy DeFoor, Auditor General of Pennsylvania
 * Charlie Dent, former United States Congressman (R-PA-15)
 * Donald DiFrancesco, former governor of New Jersey
 * Andy Dinniman, Pennsylvania State Senator
 * Michael F. Doyle, United States Congressman (D-PA 14)
 * Thomas V. Falkie, served as the 14th director of the U.S. Bureau of Mines
 * Howard Fargo, former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
 * Tom Feeney, former United States Congressman (R-FL 24) and former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives
 * John Sydney Fine, former Pennsylvania Governor (1951–1955)
 * Jon D. Fox, former United States Congressman (R-PA 13) and former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (R-PA 153)
 * Barbara Hackman Franklin, former United States Secretary of Commerce
 * Harold Gehman, former commander-in-chief of the U.S. Joint Forces Command and former NATO Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic
 * J. D. Gordon, former Pentagon spokesman, national television commentator, columnist
 * Huban A. Gowadia, US Government official; former Deputy Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration
 * Josh Green, Governor of Hawaii
 * Priscilla Guthrie, former Associate Director of National Intelligence and Chief Information Officer
 * Jay Hammond, politician; former Governor of Alaska
 * Patrick J. Harkins, Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
 * B. Frank Heintzleman, former Governor of Alaska Territory
 * Caroline C. Hunter, member of the Federal Election Commission (FEC)
 * Alan Isaacman, attorney, argued the case Hustler Magazine v. Falwell before U.S. Supreme Court
 * Arthur Horace James, former Pennsylvania Governor (1939–1943)
 * John James, U.S. representative from Michigan's 10th congressional district
 * Robert Jubelirer, former President Pro Tempore of the Pennsylvania State Senate, former Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania
 * Theodore H. Kattouf, former US Ambassador to Syria
 * C. Robert Kehler, commander of Air Force Space Command
 * Tom Killion, Pennsylvania State Representative for the 168th district (2003–2016), Pennsylvania State Senator for the 9th Senatorial District (2016–present)
 * Maria Leavey, political strategist
 * Mary Beth Long, US government official
 * Lee Ju-yeol, Governor of the Bank of Korea
 * Roger A. Madigan (1930–2018), Pennsylvania State Senator and Representative
 * John L. McLucas, FAA administrator, Secretary of the Air Force, Director of NRO, President of MITRE
 * Edward B. Montgomery, economist and politician; former United States Deputy Secretary of Labor
 * Jill Morgenthaler, retired Colonel United States Army and Illinois politician
 * Michael P. Murphy, United States Navy SEAL and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Thomas Murt, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (R-PA 152)
 * Bonnie Newman, member of the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, chief of staff to Judd Gregg
 * Bernie O'Neill, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (R-PA 29)
 * William Pagonis, director of American logistics during the Gulf War
 * Kevin Parker, New York state senator
 * Scott Perry, United States Congressman (R-PA 4)
 * William Perry, former United States Secretary of Defense
 * Michael Piwowar, acting SEC chair from January to May 2017
 * Valerie Plame, former CIA officer
 * Russell Redding, Pennsylvania Secretary of Agriculture
 * Tom Ridge, first United States Secretary of Homeland Security; 43rd governor of Pennsylvania
 * Hugh Edwin Rodham, politician; brother of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
 * James Patrick Rossiter, Mayor of Erie, Pennsylvania
 * Russell Ruderman, member of the Hawaii State Senate
 * Walter Runte, member of the Maine house of representatives
 * Rick Santorum, former United States Senator (R-PA) and United States Congressman (R-PA 18)
 * Richard Schweiker, former United States Senator (R-PA) and Secretary of Health and Human Services
 * Saad Ali Shire, current Minister of Finance of Somaliland, former Foreign Minister of Somaliland, and former Minister of Planning of Somaliland
 * D. Brooks Smith, Senior United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
 * Samuel H. Smith, member and Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (R-PA 66)
 * Donald Snyder, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 1981–2000; Majority Whip
 * Stanley Sporkin, former judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
 * Su Jain-rong, Finance Minister of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
 * Adrian Tam, Hawaii State Representative
 * Lyonpo Jigme Thinley, Prime Minister of Bhutan
 * Glenn Thompson, United States Congressman (R-PA 15)
 * George J. Trautman, III, Lieutenant General, United States Marine Corps
 * Slobodan Uzelac, Deputy Prime Minister of the Croatian government
 * Jessica Velasquez (B.D.), chair of the Democratic Party of New Mexico
 * William E. Ward, General, United States Army
 * R. Seth Williams, former District Attorney of Philadelphia
 * Frank Wolf, former United States Congressman (R-VA 10)
 * John J. Yeosock, United States Army Lieutenant General who commanded the 3rd U.S. Army during Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm
 * John Yudichak, Pennsylvania State Senator for the 14th district since 2011
 * Francisco Sagasti, Interim President of Peru as of November 2020
 * Joe Pitts, American Fighter Pilot

Science and medicine

 * Elliott Abrams, Accuweather meteorologist
 * Mary Albert, earth scientist, professor of engineering at Dartmouth College, and executive director of the US Ice Drilling Program at the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.
 * Cynthia Beall, anthropologist; research on people living in extremely high mountains became the frontier in understanding human evolution and high-altitude adaptation
 * Paul Berg, recipient of 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Deborah Birx, physician and diplomat; served as the White House Coronavirus Response Coordinator under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021
 * Theodore H. Blau, first clinician in independent practice to be elected president of the American Psychological Association
 * Guion Bluford, astronaut, first African-American in space
 * Benjamin Bloom, educational psychologist; made contributions to the theory of mastery learning
 * Lois Bloom, developmental psychologist and Edward Lee Thorndike Professor Emerita of Psychology and Education at Teachers College, Columbia University
 * David Bohm, quantum physicist known for the Aharanov-Bohm effect, Bohm diffusion, and Bohm interpretation
 * Amber E. Boydstun, political scientist and data scientist
 * Roscoe Brady, neuroscientist and senior investigator at the National Institutes of Health
 * Zena Cardman, geobiologist and NASA astronaut
 * John M. Carpenter (B.S. 1957), nuclear engineer, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
 * Robert Cenker, Space Shuttle astronaut, STS-61-C
 * Jane C. Charlton, professor of astronomy and astrophysics
 * Dennis S. Charney, Dean of Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City
 * Bin Chen, Material scientist at NASA Ames Research Center
 * John Call Cook, played a crucial role in establishing the field of ground-penetrating radar; received the first PhD in geophysics at Penn State in 1951
 * William R. Cotton, meteorologist; developed the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) with Roger A. Pielke
 * Luther Cressman, field archaeologist; most widely known for his discoveries at Paleo-Indian sites such as Fort Rock Cave and Paisley Caves
 * Muriel Davisson, neuroscientist
 * Delbert Day, engineer; co-inventor of TheraSphere glass microspheres for medical and dental applications and Glasphalt which recycles waste glass for use in asphalt paving
 * Shawn Domagal-Goldman (Ph.D.), astrobiologist at NASA
 * Wesley Donahue, professor of Workforce Development in the Department of Learning and Performance Systems at the Pennsylvania State University.
 * Ted Eisenberg, D.O., Guinness World Record holder for most breast augmentation surgeries performed
 * Nina Fedoroff, plant geneticist, member of the U.S. National Academy of Science
 * Gregory S. Forbes, meteorologist, severe thunderstorm and tornado expert, The Weather Channel severe weather expert
 * Raymond D. Fowler, psychologist and former president of the American Psychological Association
 * Donald R. F. Harleman, civil engineer; water pollution expert who aided cleanups worldwide
 * James T Harris III (D.Ed. 1988), educator and academic administrator; 2003 Alumni Fellow Award recipient
 * William Kenneth Hartmann, planetary scientist; first to convince the scientific mainstream that the Earth had once been hit by a planet sized body (Theia (Planet))
 * Eunseong Kim, experimental low temperature physicist
 * Nina G. Jablonski, Evan Pugh Professor Anthropology, Fellow American Philosophical Society, Fellow American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * Paul Julian, meteorologist; with Roland A. Madden, discovered the atmospheric phenomena known as the Madden–Julian oscillation
 * Gardner Lindzey, psychologist and former president of the American Psychological Association
 * Daniel H. Lowenstein, physician; known for his work in the field of epilepsy
 * Stephen L. Mayo, professor at the California Institute of Technology; William K. Bowes Jr. Leadership Chair in the Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and the Bren Professor of Biology and Chemistry; elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2004 and was appointed to a six-year term on the National Science Board in 2013
 * Shirley M. Malcom, Senior Advisor and Director of SEA Change at the American Association for the Advancement of Science; trustee of California Institute of Technology
 * Chad Mirkin, chemist focusing on nanotechnology; member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, NAS, NAE, and IOM
 * Prasant Mohapatra, Computer Scientist; Vice Chancellor of University of California Davis
 * Erwin Wilhelm Müller, physicist; inventor of the field ion microscope; first person to "see" an atom
 * Albert L. Myerson, scientist; contributed greatly to the Manhattan Project
 * SonBinh Nguyen, Dow Chemical Company Research Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University
 * Ross Overbeek, computer scientist; known for work at the Argonne National Laboratory
 * Charles G. Overberger, Chemist; former president of the American Chemical Society
 * Stuart Patton, dairy scientist known for his research in the fields of milk chemistry
 * Charles S. Parker, botanist and head of Department of Botany (1932–1948), Howard University
 * James Pawelczyk, Space Shuttle astronaut, STS-90
 * Paolo Piccione, mathematician president of the Brazilian Mathematical Society 2017
 * Roger A. Pielke, meteorologist; spearheaded development of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) with William R. Cotton
 * Tomaž Pisanski, mathematician; considered by many Slovenian mathematicians to be the "father of Slovenian discrete mathematics"
 * Jef Raskin, author and human–computer interface expert, known for starting the Macintosh project for Apple Computer
 * David L. Reich, President and COO of the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, Chair of the Department of Anesthesiology, Horace W. Goldsmith Professor of Anesthesiology, known for use of electronic medical records for large-scale retrospective investigations
 * Charles M. Rick, plant geneticist and botanist who pioneered research on the origins of the tomato; Guggenheim Fellow
 * Bernard Rimland, research psychologist; influential in the field of developmental disorders
 * Louis Rosen, nuclear physicist; "father" of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center accelerator; worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II
 * Rustum Roy, physicist; professor at Penn State and leader in materials research; former member of National Academy of Engineering
 * Samuel Philip Sadtler, chemist; first President of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
 * Justin O. Schmidt, American entomologist and creator of the Schmidt sting pain index
 * Mike Seidel, meteorologist; reporter at The Weather Channel since 1992
 * Richard Bruce Silverman, Patrick G. Ryan/Aon Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University; known for the discovery of pregabalin, which is marketed by Pfizer under the brand name Lyrica
 * Joseph H. Simons, chemist; famous for discovering one of the first practical ways to mass-produce fluorocarbons
 * Vaclav Smil, professor, author, scientist and policy analyst
 * Lyndon Smith, Professor in Computer Simulation and Machine Vision at the University of the West of England
 * Fred Tappert, physicist whose primary contributions were in underwater acoustics
 * Robert Titzer, professor and infant researcher
 * Ben Wang, industrial engineer and director of the Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute
 * Warren M. Washington, atmospheric scientist; former chair of the National Science Board and current senior scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research
 * Owen Webster, distinguished member of the organic and polymer chemistry communities
 * Paul J. Weitz, astronaut, Skylab 2, STS-6
 * Mary Louisa Willard, scientist internationally recognized for her work in microscopy and forensic science

Sports

 * David Aardsma, major league pitcher spent 1 semester before transferring to Rice University
 * Monica Aksamit (born 1990), saber fencer who won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the Women's Saber Team competition.
 * John Amaechi, former professional basketball player; BBC, ITV, and SKY television personality
 * Adrian Amos, NFL player, Green Bay Packers
 * Richie Anderson, former NFL running back
 * LaVar Arrington, All-Pro NFL linebacker; radio personality
 * Horace Ashenfelter, 1952 Olympic gold medalist, track and field
 * Charlie Atherton
 * Chris Babb (born 1990), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Britt Baker, professional wrestler and dentist
 * Mark Baldwin, former Major League baseball player
 * Saquon Barkley, NFL running back, NFL Rookie of the Year (2018), NFL Pro Bowl (2018)
 * Terry Bartlett, Olympic gymnast
 * Talor Battle, basketball player who last played for Hapoel Tel Aviv of the Israeli League
 * Alex Bentley, WNBA player, Connecticut Sun
 * Todd Blackledge, retired NFL quarterback; television sports analyst
 * Saeed Blacknall, NFL wide receiver
 * Calvin Booth, General Manager of the Denver Nuggets
 * NaVorro Bowman, NFL linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers
 * Kyle Brady, NFL tight end
 * Frank Brickowski, former professional basketball player
 * Jim Britton, MLB pitcher
 * Courtney Brown, NFL defensive end and No. 1 overall NFL draft pick
 * Gary Brown, Cleveland Browns running backs coach; former NFL running back
 * Nate Bump, professional baseball player
 * John Cappelletti, Heisman Trophy winner and subject of book Something for Joey
 * Tony Carr (born 1997), basketball player in the Israeli Premier Basketball League
 * Ki-Jana Carter, NFL halfback and No. 1 overall NFL draft pick
 * Ken Chertow, US wrestling team and Olympian, 1986–1993
 * Mary Ellen Clark, 1992 and 1996 Olympic bronze medalist, diving
 * Kerry Collins, Pro Bowl NFL quarterback and 4,000-yard passer (2002)
 * Shane Conlan, former NFL linebacker
 * Dan Connor, NFL linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys
 * Frank Coonelly, President, Pittsburgh Pirates
 * Bob Coulson, former Major League Baseball player
 * Birdie Cree, former Major League Baseball player
 * Joe Crispin, professional basketball player
 * Patrick Cummins, 2004 NCAA runner-up wrestler; mixed martial arts fighter, currently competing in the UFC
 * Helen Darling, WNBA guard for the San Antonio Silver Stars
 * Phil Davis, current Bellator MMA Light Heavyweight (205 lb) contender
 * D.J. Dozier, former NFL running back
 * Cal Emery
 * Bobby Engram, NFL wide receiver with the Seattle Seahawks
 * Jim Farr
 * Kevin Foley, PGA Tour golfer
 * Bill Ford
 * Tim Frazier, NBA player, Washington Wizards
 * Laura Freigang, footballer for the Germany national team
 * Mitch Frerotte, former NFL guard with the Buffalo Bills
 * Sam Gash, former professional fullback, Baltimore Ravens, New England Patriots, Buffalo Bills; current Detroit Lions assistant coach
 * Robert Gibson
 * Garry Gilliam, NFL player
 * John Gilmore, NFL tight end
 * Shaul Gordon (born 1994), Canadian-Israeli Olympic sabre fencer
 * Robbie Gould, professional kicker for the San Francisco 49ers
 * Milt Graff
 * Rosey Grier, former professional football player
 * Hinkey Haines, football player
 * Tamba Hali, NFL defensive lineman
 * Jack Ham, former professional football player
 * Micha Hancock, US Olympic gold medalist in women's volleyball.
 * Christa Harmotto, US Olympic silver and bronze medalist in women's volleyball.
 * Franco Harris, former NFL running back
 * Jeff Hartings, All-Pro NFL offensive lineman
 * Michael Haynes, NFL defensive end
 * Cliff Heathcote, former Major League Baseball player
 * Dan Heisman, chess master
 * Alan Helffrich, Olympic athlete; winner of gold medal in 4 × 400 m relay at the 1924 Summer Olympics
 * George Hesselbacher
 * Jordan Hill, NFL player, Seattle Seahawks
 * Megan Hodge, US Olympic silver medalist in women's volleyball.
 * Mike Hull, NFL player
 * Robert Irimescu, professional rugby union player plays for the Romanian national side
 * Tom Irwin, former Major League Baseball player
 * Bubba Jenkins (attended), 2008 runner-up, 2011 National Champion wrestler at 157 lbs., professional MMA fighter
 * Larry Johnson, Pro Bowl NFL running back
 * Joel Johnston
 * John Jones
 * Bhawoh Jue, NFL safety
 * Joe Jurevicius, NFL wide receiver
 * Jeremy Kapinos, NFL Pittsburgh Steelers punter
 * Jimmy Kennedy, NFL defensive tackle
 * Ed Klepfer, former Major League Baseball player
 * Pip Koehler
 * Joe Kovacs, USATF Olympic shot putter. Won world championships in 2015 and 2019.
 * Ali Krieger, professional women's soccer player, United States Women's National Soccer Team, Orlando Pride
 * Tom Lawless
 * Sean Lee, NFL linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys
 * Al Leiter, former MLB All-Star and World Series champion
 * Trey Lewis (born 1992), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Ken Loeffler, former La Salle University men's basketball coach
 * Maggie Lucas, WNBA player, Indiana Fever
 * David Macklin, NFL cornerback
 * Michael Mauti, NFL player, New Orleans Saints
 * Mandy Marquardt, USA Cycling National Team
 * Kelly Mazzante, professional basketball player
 * Mike McBath, co-founder and part owner of the Orlando Predators
 * Suzie McConnell-Serio, former professional basketball player, current coach
 * Kerry McCoy, two-time United States Olympian in wrestling; current coach of Stanford University wrestling
 * O. J. McDuffie, former NFL wide receiver
 * Irish McIlveen
 * Kareem McKenzie, NFL offensive lineman
 * John McNulty, wide receivers coach, Arizona Cardinals
 * Matt Millen, former professional football player former president of the Detroit Lions
 * Mike Missanelli, host of The Mike Missanelli Show on 97.5 The Fanatic Philadelphia sports talk radio station.
 * Lenny Moore, former NFL running back
 * Bob Mrosko, NFL player
 * Mike Munchak, Pro Football Hall of Fame offensive guard, former Tennessee Titans head coach, current Pittsburgh Steelers offensive line coach
 * Danny Musser
 * Alyssa Naeher, professional women's soccer player, United States Women's National Soccer Team, Chicago Red Stars
 * Jim O'Hora, former football player, football coach
 * Phil Page
 * Micah Parsons, NFL linebacker for Dallas Cowboys
 * Paul Pasqualoni, defensive line coach, Dallas Cowboys; former Syracuse head coach
 * Darren Perry, former professional football player; current safeties coach, Green Bay Packers
 * Cumberland Posey, founded the Homestead Grays in 1912
 * Paul Posluszny, NFL linebacker for the Jacksonville Jaguars
 * Eldon Price, university basketball coach and other positions; 19 years with Penn State's Beaver campus, two years as Director of Basketball Operations at Penn State University
 * Andrew Quarless, tight end on the Super Bowl XLV Champion Green Bay Packers
 * Allen Robinson, NFL player, Jacksonville Jaguars
 * Hatch Rosdahl, defensive lineman for the 1966 AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs
 * Allen Rosenberg, rower and rowing coach
 * Ed Ruth, three-time NCAA collegiate wrestling champion, professional Mixed Martial Artist, currently for Bellator MMA
 * Jon Sandusky, Director of Player Personnel, Cleveland Browns
 * Mike Scioscia, former Major League Baseball catcher and current manager
 * Chad Severs, professional soccer player
 * Bud Sharpe, former Major League Baseball player
 * Jack Sherry, captain of the 1954 Final Four Team
 * Alan Strange, former Major League Baseball player
 * Bill Stuart
 * Barclay Tagg, Kentucky Derby-winning thoroughbred race horse trainer
 * Kevin Tan, Olympic bronze medalist (gymnastics, team)
 * David Taylor, 4× State Champion wrestler, 2× NCAA Champion
 * Joe Tepsic
 * Myles Thomas, former Major League Baseball player
 * Wallace Triplett, former NFL running back; first African-American draftee to play in the NFL
 * Kristal Uzelac, former U.S. Olympian
 * Russ Van Atta, former Major League Baseball pitcher
 * John Montgomery Ward, former Major League Baseball player, manager, and executive
 * Haleigh Washington, US Olympic gold medalist in women's volleyball.
 * Mike Watkins (born 1995), basketball player for Hapoel Haifa in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Tiffany Weimer, professional soccer player for the FC Gold Pride in the WPS
 * Trevor Williams, football player


text:
Vittoria Accoramboni

Vittoria Accoramboni, Duchess of Bracciano (15 February 1557 – 22 December 1585) was an Italian noblewoman. Her life became the basis for John Webster's play The White Devil, several novels, and a novella by Stendhal.

Biography
She was born in Gubbio in Umbria, the tenth child in a family belonging to the minor nobility of Gubbio, who migrated to Rome with a view to bettering their fortunes. After refusing several offers of marriage for Vittoria, her father betrothed her to Francesco Peretti, a man of no position, but a nephew of Cardinal Montalto, who was regarded as likely to become pope.

Vittoria was admired and worshipped by the cleverest and most brilliant men in Rome, and being luxurious and extravagant although poor, she and her husband were soon plunged in debt. Among her most fervent admirers was Paolo Giordano I Orsini, Duke of Bracciano, one of the most powerful men in Rome. Her brother Marcello, wishing to see her the duke's wife, had Peretti murdered (1581). The duke himself was suspected of complicity, inasmuch as he was believed to have murdered his first wife, Isabella de' Medici. Now that Vittoria was free he made her an offer of marriage, which she willingly accepted, and they were married shortly after.

But her good fortune aroused much jealousy, and attempts were made to annul the marriage; she was imprisoned in the Castel Sant'Angelo and only liberated through the intervention of Cardinal Carlo Borromeo. On the death of Pope Gregory XIII, Cardinal Montalto, her first husband's uncle, was elected in his place as Pope Sixtus V (1585); he vowed vengeance on the duke of Bracciano and Vittoria, who, warned in time, fled first to Venice and thence to Salò in Venetian territory. Here the duke died in November 1585, bequeathing to his widow all his personal property. The duchy of Bracciano passed to his son by his first wife.

Vittoria, overwhelmed with grief, went to live in retirement at Padua, where she was followed by Lodovico Orsini, a relation of her late husband and a servant of the Venetian republic, to arrange amicably for the division of the property. But a quarrel having arisen in this connection, Lodovico hired a band of bravi and had Vittoria assassinated at the end of 1585. He himself and nearly all his accomplices were afterwards put to death by order of the republic.

References in literature
Her story formed the basis of John Webster's drama tragedy, The White Devil, or The Tragedy of Paolo Giordano Ursini, Duke of Brachiano (1612), of Stendhal's novella Vittoria Accoramboni (1837–1839), of Ludwig Tieck's novel, Vittoria Accoramboni (1840) and of Robert Merle's novel l'Idole (1987) published in English translation as Vittoria. A tennis ball called the Beautiful White Devil is named after her in A Room with a View.

title: Vittoria Accoramboni


text:
Talk:Demon Days

Trip hop
Can I add this to the genre section? Its a pretty clear example of trip hop... Mrmoustache14 (talk) 02:03, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

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Category:Solid state switches

Pertains to electrical switches that have no moving parts and rely on semiconductors to control current flow.

title: Category:Solid state switches


text:
Gelsey Kirkland

Gelsey Kirkland (born December 29, 1952) is an American prima ballerina. She received early ballet training at the School of American Ballet. Kirkland joined the New York City Ballet in 1968 at age 15, at the invitation of George Balanchine. She was promoted to soloist in 1969, and principal in 1972. She went on to create leading roles in many of the great twentieth century ballets by Balanchine, Jerome Robbins, and Antony Tudor, including Balanchine's revival of The Firebird, Robbins' Goldberg Variations, and Tudor's The Leaves are Fading.

Balanchine re-choreographed his version of Stravinsky's The Firebird specifically for her. She left the New York City Ballet to join the American Ballet Theatre in 1974 as a principal dancer.

Kirkland appeared in the dance role of Clara Stahlbaum in Mikhail Baryshnikov's 1977 televised production of The Nutcracker, which Baryshnikov also acted in as the titular Nutcracker/Prince. She left the American Ballet Theatre in 1984.

Early life and education
Kirkland was born December 29, 1952, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Her father, Jack Kirkland, was a playwright who penned the Broadway adaptations of Tobacco Road and Tortilla Flat. Her mother, Nancy Hoardley, was an actress. Her sister, Johnna Kirkland, also studied at the School of American Ballet and danced with the New York City Ballet.

While with the New York City Ballet from 1968 to 1974, Kirkland performed as a soloist and principal dancer in several ballets including Concerto Barocco, The Cage, Irish Fantasy, Symphony in C, La Source, Theme and Variations, Tarantella, Harlequinade, The Nutcracker, and Dances at a Gathering.

Career
Kirkland joined the American Ballet Theatre in 1974, and performed as a principal dancer in a number of classical ballets including the title role in Giselle, Kitri in Don Quixote, Clara in The Nutcracker, Swanilda in Coppélia, Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty, Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, the Sylph in La Sylphide, Lise in La Fille Mal Gardée, Odette/Odile in Swan Lake, Nikiya in The Kingdom of the Shades, the Mazurka and pas de deux in Les Sylphides, and the Sleepwalker in La Sonnambula.

Kirkland was repeatedly fired (but always rehired) by American Ballet Theatre for drug abuse and erratic behavior. It was her partner Patrick Bissell who had introduced her to cocaine, which the two did together. Kirkland said many of the dancers in the company were doing all kinds of drugs to cope with the pressures of dancing. In spite of her substance abuse, she became a prima ballerina.

Kirkland was featured on the May 1, 1978, cover of Time.

In 1986, Kirkland retired from performing, becoming a ballet teacher, choreographer, and coach.

In 2006, she was awarded the Dance Magazine Award.

In 2007, Kirkland, Michael Chernov, and American Ballet Theatre artistic director Kevin McKenzie choreographed a new production of Tchaikovsky's The Sleeping Beauty, in which, after an absence from the stage of more than 20 years, she danced the role of "Carabosse, the Wicked Fairy".

In 2010, Kirkland and Chernov established the Gelsey Kirkland Academy of Classical Ballet (GKACB), where they served as co-Artistic Directors. The Gelsey Kirkland Academy of Classical Ballet was accompanied by the Gelsey Kirkland Ballet company. The ballet company presented classical ballets in New York City. The company eventually closed.

Books
Kirkland's first autobiography, Dancing on My Grave (1986), written with her then-husband Greg Lawrence, was a memoir chronicling her artistic transformation from George Balanchine's "baby ballerina" to one of the more acclaimed ballerinas of her generation. The book describes in detail her struggles with her domestic family problems, sibling rivalry, anorexia, bulimia, plastic surgeries, drug addiction, her quest for artistic perfection, and her complicated love affairs with Mikhail Baryshnikov and numerous other men, most of whom she encountered in the ballet world. Dancing on My Grave was dedicated to Joseph Duell, a dancer with the New York City Ballet who had committed suicide that same year, in 1986, in hopes "that the cry for help might yet be heard".

Kirkland's second autobiography, The Shape of Love (1990), dealt with her move to England to dance with The Royal Ballet, her attempts to get a fresh start with her first husband, and her return to American Ballet Theatre with a clean slate and a renewed outlook on life. She danced Romeo and Juliet with Anthony Dowell and Sleeping Beauty with Stephen Jeffries.

In 1993, Kirkland and her husband eventually collaborated again on a children's book, The Little Ballerina and Her Dancing Horse about a little girl who loves ballet but might not be able to keep dancing if she keeps riding her horse Sugar.

Personal life
Kirkland was married to writer Greg Lawrence and they collaborated on each other's projects until they divorced. She currently lives in Maine with her second husband, dancer, choreographer, and teacher Michael Chernov, who was also with ABT.

title: Gelsey Kirkland


text:
Talk:Jingo (novel)

Ferdinandea
I just happened upon the page for Ferdinandea... could this have been the inspiration for Jingo? Trent 01:13, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was. --Kizor 13:51, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Ideas
Was Jingo based on the Gulf War? The people of Ankh-Morpork often refer to the Klatchians as "towelheads", a deragotory term used by American soldiers in Iraq. Just a thought. --Imp88 12:59, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

I think it is more a reference to WW1, with the nationalism and the handing out of white feathers Adonai-aus- 05:46, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

This book is repleate with war references, most obviously to WWII and Das Boot. The Towelheads reference is to the period of the 2nd gulf war (1990-91)and was current during the period this book was written in. The practice of giving out white feathers as a symbol of cowardice pre-dates WWI by some way (hence the novel and film of the same name set in the Sudan campagin of the 1880's). If it is based on any one incedent it is the Turkish crisis leading to the congress of Berlin in the 1870's ("we've got the men, we've got the ships and we've got the money too, So by Jingo if they do we'll be dammed if we'll let the Russians have Constantinople").

"Klatchistan" should not redirect here, as Klatchistan is a whole different country than Klatch.

The term "Ragheads" has been a racial term in Britain for centuries, dating back to the expansion of the Empire and the treatment of the indigenous populations by the British. The majority of Jingo is satirizing these attitudes and much in the same way Ankh-Morpork is based on London, the war is based on the wars of Empire. They are also dealt with in Nation and several subsequent Discworld books. 86.167.89.167 (talk) 16:07, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

Expansion
I have added a couple of sections to the page that can be easily expanded and could be quite enlightening and helpful to many readers. Although inexperienced as I am I do think it needs a tweak from somebody with more aptitude.

Were the Morporkians' aliases in Klatch derived from Wilson, Keppel and Betty?

I always thought they came from the song - you know, I can call you Betty, and Betty when you call me you can call me Al. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.125.5.100 (talk) 23:33, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jingo-2.jpg
Image:Jingo-2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:18, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jingo (novel)


text:
F. Baxter Ricard

Félix Baxter Ricard (1905 – 1993) was a Canadian media proprietor.

Born in 1905 in Verner, Ontario, he moved to Sudbury in childhood with his father Félix Ricard, who became a hardware merchant in the city and a longtime trustee on the French-language school board. He married Alma Ricard in adulthood, and the couple took over management and operation of the store until moving into broadcasting.

In 1947, Ricard obtained a radio licence to establish CHNO in Sudbury, Ontario, the first bilingual radio station in Canada outside of Quebec. Ten years later, in 1957, he became the first commercial radio broadcaster in Canada licensed to operate two AM stations in the same city. CHNO became an all-English station, and Ricard's new CFBR became the new French outlet. A third station, CJMX, was established on FM in 1980.

In 1972, Baxter also launched Northern Cable, a cable television service for Northern Ontario. In 1980, Northern Cable became the major shareholder in MCTV, when Cambrian Broadcasting and J. Conrad Lavigne's broadcast holdings were merged for financial reasons.

Due to the CRTC's rules at the time on concentration of media ownership, Ricard's radio stations continued to operate as a separate corporation from Ricard's shares in MCTV, although they were later merged through Mid-Canada Radio in 1985. In 1990, Ricard's media holdings were sold off in a series of transactions: MCTV was acquired by Baton Broadcasting, Mid-Canada Radio was sold to Pelmorex, becoming the Pelmorex Radio Network, and Northern Cable was sold to CF Cable.

Ricard was also involved in the community as chairman of the Sudbury General Hospital board, as chairman of the city's 1960s urban renewal project to revitalize Downtown Sudbury, and as president of the local chamber of commerce and the local chapter of the Kiwanis Club. In 1980, he received a public service award from the Central Canada Broadcasters' Association, and in 1987 was awarded an honorary doctorate by Laurentian University. In 1990, he was named entrepreneur of the year by the Northern Ontario Business Awards.

Ricard died in Sudbury in 1993. Following his death, his widow Alma became a prominent philanthropist, and was inducted into the Order of Canada in 2000.

In 1999, he was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame.

title: F. Baxter Ricard


text:
User:Pillowfight/jajaja

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title: User:Pillowfight/jajaja


text:
Admin

Admin may refer to:

 * An abbreviated form of the words Administration or administrator, particularly in computing contexts
 * Admin, son of Arni, a minor biblical figure

title: Admin


text: User talk:24.214.81.215

title: User talk:24.214.81.215


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Giaour

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:14, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The Giaour
The text of the Byron poem. Transwiki to WikiSource. --BM 01:17, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, transwiki it. ({{Move to Wikisource}} is made for this, btw.) —Korath (Talk) 01:43, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete after transwiki. Though if someone wants to write a half decent article on the poem (not just "The Giaour is a poem by Byron") then I'll vote to keep that. -R. fiend 07:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki. Charles Matthews 11:55, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki. I have written The Giaour/temp and I would like to transfer that into the space when it is Transwiki'd. Capitalistroadster 09:32, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well done! Keep Capitalroadster's article after transwiki. Or move it there now. If it hasn't been transwikied yet wikisource doesn't necessarily need to get it from us. I'm sure it's available anywhere. -R. fiend 19:06, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:Retroreflect

Retroreflect

Location: Raleigh, NC, USA

Profession: PhD Student

Thanks for visiting my page!

title: User:Retroreflect


text:
Biointensive agriculture

Biointensive agriculture is an organic agricultural system that focuses on achieving maximum yields from a minimum area of land, while simultaneously increasing biodiversity and sustaining the soil fertility. The goal of the method is long term sustainability on a closed system basis. It is particularly effective for backyard gardeners and smallholder farmers in developing countries, and also has been used successfully on small-scale commercial farms.

History
Many of the techniques that contribute to the biointensive method were present in the agriculture of the ancient Chinese, Greeks, Mayans, and of the Early Modern period in Europe, as well as in West Africa (Tapades of Fouta Djallon) from at least the late 18th century.

Sustainable bio-intensive farming (BIF) system, which emphasizes biodiversity conservation; recycling of nutrients; synergy among crops, animals, soils, and other biological components; and regeneration and conservation of resources is a type of agro-ecological approach. This alternative can approach that can appropriately address the central issue of hunger, poverty, food / nutrition insecurity and livelihoods (Rajbhandari, 1999).

System
The biointensive method provides many benefits as compared with conventional farming and gardening methods, and is an inexpensive, easily implemented sustainable production method that can be used by people who lack the resources (or desire) to implement commercial chemical and fossil-fuel-based forms of agriculture.

Ecology Action's research (Jeavons, J.C., 2001. Biointensive Mini-Farming Journal of Sustainable Agriculture (Vol. 19 (2), 2001, p. 81‐83) shows that biointensive methods can enable small‐scale farms and farmers to significantly increase food production and income, utilize predominantly local, renewable resources and decrease expense and energy inputs while building fertile topsoil at a rate 60 times faster than in nature (Worldwide Loss of Soil – and a Possible Solution Ecology Action, 1996).

According to Jeavons and other proponents, when properly implemented, farmers using biointensive techniques have the potential to:

 * Use 67% to 88% less water than conventional agricultural methods.
 * Use 50% to 100% less purchased (organic, locally available) fertilizer.
 * Use up to 99% less energy than commercial agriculture, while using a fraction of the resources.
 * Produce 2 to 6 times more food at intermediate yields, assuming a reasonable level of farmer skill and soil fertility (which increase over time as the method is practiced)
 * Produce a 100% increase in soil fertility.
 * Reduce by 50% or more the amount of land required to grow a comparable amount of food. This allows more land to remain in a wild state, preserving ecosystem services and promoting genetic diversity.

In order to achieve these benefits, the biointensive method uses an eight-part integrated system of deep soil cultivation (“double-digging”) to create raised, aerated beds; intensive planting; companion planting; composting; the use of open-pollinated seeds; and a carefully balanced planting ratio of 60% Carbon-Rich Crops (for compost production) 30% Calorie-Rich Crops (for food) and an optional 10% planted in Income Crops (for sale).

The following outline of the methods approximates the descriptions found in the popular biointensive handbook, How to Grow More Vegetables (and fruits, nuts, berries, grains and other crops) Than You Ever Thought Possible on Less Land Than You Can Imagine, by John Jeavons, now in its eighth edition, and in seven languages, including braille.

 * In double digging, a 12-inch (305 mm) deep trench is dug across the width of the bed with a flat spade, and the soil from that first trench is set aside. The 12 inches (305 mm) below the trench are loosened with a spading fork. When the next trench is dug, that soil is dropped into the empty space of the first trench, and the lower layer is again loosened with a spading fork. This process is repeated along the full length of the bed. The final trench is filled with the soil that was removed from the first trench. The result is a bed that has been tilled to a depth of 24 inches (610 mm). When an entire bed has been double dug, the soil will have greater drainage and aeration, which allows the roots to grow much deeper and reach more nutrients. Despite the fact that no soil has been added, the bed is raised due to the aeration. It is worth noting that hard, unworked soil should be double dug each season until the soil has attained good structure and long lasting aeration. During subsequent seasons, it can be surface cultivated 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) deep with a hula hoe until compaction again becomes apparent. After double digging the first season, deep tilling during subsequent seasons can be quickly accomplished with a u-bar, particularly in the cases of larger minifarms or commercial farms.
 * Composting allows the plants to transform and enrich the soil with organic matter, and also to return nutrients to the soil. Biointensive composting is fairly straightforward, emphasizing the health and diversity of the microbes that break down and become a part of the compost. Thus, relatively cooler composting is practiced, and plant materials are preferred over animal materials. Soil is often combined with the compost to inoculate the pile with microbes. Without human waste recycling, however, nutrients and organic matter are constantly removed from the soil (as food that is consumed by the farmer) and flushed away. Therefore, when safe and legal human waste recycling is possible—as in many places it already is—that fertility can, and should, be returned to the soil. Another great unappreciated source of compost and soil improvement is the roots of crops themselves, which, in the biointensive system are left to decompose in the soil, where they help to both fertilize and “sew it together”, creating stable soil structure. Thus, crops such as alfalfa, which has exceptionally deep roots, and cereal rye, which has a particularly high volume of roots, are valued.
 * The soil air from the development of deep soil structure, combined with the microbe- and nutrient-rich compost allow the crops to be planted intensively. To plant intensively, beds are 4 to 6 feet (1.2 to 1.8 m) wide, usually 5 ft (1.5 m) and at least 5 feet (1.5 m) long, often 20 feet (6 m), forming a bed of 100 square feet (10 m2). Crops are not planted in traditional rows according to a square pattern, but are planted in a hexagonal or triangular pattern in the bed so that no space is left unnecessarily unused. These wide beds and close spacings not only allow more plants per area (up to 4 times as many), but also enable the plants to form a living mulch over the soil, keeping in moisture and shading out weeds. Additionally, whenever possible seedlings are started in flats or nursery beds, so that more garden space is available to large plants and so that the seedlings can be more closely spaced before transplant, forming a living mulch in the flat as well.
 * Companion planting is described as taking place both in space, which is traditionally called companion planting, and in time, which is traditionally called crop rotation. Companion planting can be used to improve the health and growth of crops, and also as another form of intensive planting, which uses vertical space more efficiently by mixing shallow rooting plants with deep rooting plants or slow growing plants with fast growing plants.
 * In order to achieve sustainable fertility on a closed system basis, the biointensive method uses carbon and calorie farming, an aikido-style of work (using the least amount of energy or effort to achieve the greatest amount of work or production), composting—including safe and legal human waste recycling—the use of open pollinated seeds, and limited land use, which allows farmers and gardeners to retain more of the land in a wild state for genetic diversity and an ecosystem balance.
 * If carbon or compost crops are grown in about sixty percent of the cultivated land, they can provide the compost materials that maintain the fertility for one hundred percent of the cultivated land. Many cereal crops qualify as compost crops, but provide both food and abundant compost. Some of the compost crops may be grown during the winter, when the land would be otherwise unused. Certain compost crops are higher in carbon while others are higher in nitrogen and/or fix nitrogen in the soil, and the desired proportion of each must be grown for the compost to achieve maximum effectiveness. Also, certain compost crops take particular desired nutrients from the subsoil and concentrate them in the compost, thus allowing a redistribution of those nutrients to the food crops. This proportion of 60% compost crops is crucial to the sustainability that is the goal of the biointensive method, and to the fertility of the garden.
 * In calorie farming, care is given to growing enough food energy (and other nutrients) to live on in a minimal area. Root crops are often used in calorie farming because they allow biointensive farmers and gardeners to grow more nutrients in smaller areas, resulting in less labor per calorie, and more space for wilderness and other people. These crops—which have both a high calorie content per pound, and a high yield per area—include potatoes, sweet potatoes, garlic, leeks, burdock, Jerusalem artichoke and parsnips. These crops can produce as much as 5 to 20 times the calories per unit of area per unit of time. In biointensive farming, 30% of the land cultivated for food is used for root crops.
 * The use of open pollinated seeds ensures genetic diversity, and allows the farmer to be self-sufficient, harvesting seeds from his or her own plants, and cultivating varieties which are best suited to that particular region.
 * The Whole System: biointensive experts emphasize that because these techniques can result in intense productivity and high yields, the system must be practiced as a whole in order to prevent rapid soil exhaustion. The goal of the biointensive method is sustainability, but if the techniques concerning productivity are practiced without integrating the techniques concerning sustainable soil fertility, the soil may be depleted even more rapidly than with conventional farming methods. The most important element for building and maintaining sustainable soil fertility is the growing of 60% compost crops, proper composting techniques that incorporate the right balance of mature carbonaceous brown and green nitrogenous compost materials, and when possible, safe and legal human waste recycling.

Animals
The biointensive method typically concentrates on the vegan diet. This does not mean that biointensive farming must exclude the raising of animals. Animals, while not considered by biointensive practitioners to be sustainable, can be incorporated into biointensive systems, although they increase the amount of land and labor required considerably. The following is excerpted from an article on the topic of integrating animals into a biointensive system from the “Frequently Asked Questions” page on Ecology Action's website:

Livestock can fit into a [biointensive] system, but it usually takes a larger area [than growing a vegan diet]. Normally it takes about 40,000 sq ft of grazing land for 1 cow/steer (for milk/meat) or 2 goats (for milk/meat/wool), or 2 sheep (for milk/meat/wool). [In contrast] With [biointensive farming] and maximizing the edible calorie output in your vegan diet design, one person’s complete balanced diet can be grown on about 4,000 sq ft—a much smaller area.

The challenge [to growing animals for food] is that by 2014, 90% of the world’s people will only have access to about 4,500 sq ft of farmable land per person, if they leave an equal area in a wild state to protect plant and animal genetic diversity and the world’s ecosystems! As you will see from the information that follows on the land requirements for incorporating livestock, this becomes a challenge.

The article goes on to estimate the square footage required to grow fodder for various animals (and compost to replenish the soil), and provides a discussion on whether animal manure should be used as a fertilizer/compost supplement.

Promotion

 * In 2010, the UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification) posted an article detailing the benefits of biointensive agriculture, Grow Biointensive System, a tool to fight against desertification.

title: Biointensive agriculture


text:
Canadians for Equal Marriage

Canadians for Equal Marriage is a Canadian public interest group founded in 2002. It represents Egale Canada, PFLAG Canada, the Canadian Federation of Students, the Canadian Labour Congress, the Canadian Psychological Association, the Canadian Association of University Teachers, and the Canadian Association of Social Workers, among others to promote the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Canada. It has been relatively inactive since its goals were achieved with the passage and acceptance of the Civil Marriage Act in 2005.

title: Canadians for Equal Marriage