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List of people associated with Anne Frank

Anne Frank (12 June 1929 – February   1945) was a German-born Jewish girl who, along with her family and four other people, hid in the second and third floor rooms at the back of her father's Amsterdam company during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. Helped by several trusted employees of the company, the group of eight survived in the achterhuis (literally "back-house", usually translated as "secret annex") for more than two years before they were betrayed, and arrested. Anne kept a diary from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944, three days before the residents of the annex were arrested. Anne mentioned several times in her writings that her sister Margot Frank also kept a diary, but no trace of Margot's diary was ever found.

After spending time in both Westerbork and Auschwitz, Anne and her elder sister Margot were eventually transported to Bergen-Belsen, which was swept by a massive typhus epidemic that began in the camp in January 1945. The two sisters died, evidently a few days apart, sometime in February 1945. Both were buried in one of the mass graves at Belsen, though it is unknown to this day exactly which of the many mass graves at Belsen contains their remains. Their "tombstone" that can be viewed at Belsen today is a cenotaph for the two sisters. Their father, Otto Frank, survived the war and upon his return to Amsterdam was given the diary his daughter had kept during their period of confinement, which had been rescued from the ransacked achterhuis by Miep Gies (below) who, out of respect for Anne's privacy, had not read it. The diary was first published in 1947, and by virtue of worldwide sales since then, it has become one of the most widely read books in history. It is recognized both for its historical value as a document of the Holocaust and for the high quality of writing displayed by such a young author. In 2010, Anne was honored as one of the most iconic women of the year. She is also one of the most well known victims of the Holocaust. Her friend Eva Schloss, who survived the Holocaust, became her stepsister after Anne Frank's death.

The other occupants of the Secret Annex

 * The Frank family moved into the Secret Annex all together. They were the first occupants, and for the first few days, the only occupants, of the hiding place, having moved in on 6 July 1942.
 * Otto Frank (12 May 1889 – 19 August 1980; Anne and Margot's father, husband of Edith) was in poor health, due primarily to malnutrition, when he was left behind in Auschwitz with the rest of those in the sick barracks, when the Nazis evacuated all other prisoners on a death march. He survived until the Russians liberated Auschwitz shortly afterward. In 1953, he married Elfride "Fritzi" Markovits-Geiringer, an Auschwitz survivor who lost her first husband and her son when they, too, were sent on a death march out of Auschwitz, and whose daughter Eva, also a survivor, was a neighborhood friend of the Frank sisters. Otto devoted his life to spreading the message of his daughter and her diary, as well as to defending it against Neo-Nazi claims that it was a forgery or fake. He died in Birsfelden, Switzerland from lung cancer, on 19 August 1980 at the age of 91. His widow, Fritzi, continued his work until her own death in October 1998.
 * Edith Frank (16 January 1900 – 6 January 1945; Anne and Margot's mother, wife of Otto) was left behind in Auschwitz-Birkenau when her daughters and Auguste van Pels were transferred to Bergen-Belsen, as her health had started to deteriorate. Witnesses reported that her despair at being separated from her daughters led to an emotional breakdown. They described her searching for her daughters endlessly and said that she seemed to not understand that they had gone, although she had seen them board the train that took them out of the camp. They also said that she began to hoard what little food she could obtain, hiding it under her bunk to give to Anne and Margot when she saw them. They said that Edith Frank told them Anne and Margot needed the food more than she did, and she therefore refused to eat it. She died on 6 January 1945 from starvation and exhaustion, ten days before her 45th birthday and 21 days before the camp was liberated.
 * Margot Frank (16 February 1926 – February 1945 ) died of typhus in Bergen-Belsen. According to recollections from several eyewitnesses, this occurred "a few days" before Anne's death, most likely in early-mid February 1945, though like Anne's death, the exact date is not known.
 * The Van Pels family joined the Franks in their hiding place in concealed rooms at the rear of Otto Frank's office building, on 13 July 1942. Anne gave the van Pels family a pseudonym in her diary (as she did for most other characters in her diary); she called them "Van Daan" in her diary. Although their helpers are today known almost exclusively by their own names, the Franks' fellow occupants in the achterhuis retain their pseudonyms in several editions and adaptations of Anne's diary, including the Definitive Edition.
 * Hermann van Pels (31 March 1898 – October 1944; known as Hans in the first manuscript of the diary) was murdered in Auschwitz, being the first of the eight to die. He was the only member of the group to be gassed. However, according to eyewitness testimony, this did not happen on the day he arrived there. Sal de Liema, an inmate at Auschwitz who knew both Otto Frank and Hermann van Pels, said that after two or three days in the camp, Van Pels mentally "gave up", which was generally the beginning of the end for any concentration camp inmate. He later injured his thumb on a work detail and requested to be sent to the sick barracks. Soon after that, during a sweep of the sick barracks for selection, he was sent to the gas chambers. This occurred about three weeks after his arrival at Auschwitz, most likely in very early October 1944, and his selection was witnessed by both his son Peter and by Otto Frank.
 * Auguste van Pels (29 September 1908 – April 1945; known as Petronella in the diary), born Auguste Röttgen (Hermann's wife), whose date and place of death are unknown. Witnesses testified that she was with the Frank sisters during part of their time in Bergen-Belsen, but that she was not present when they died in February/March. According to German records (her registration card), Mrs. Van Pels was sent to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany with a group of eight women on November 26, 1944. Hannah Goslar's testimony was that she spoke to Mrs. Van Pels through the barbed wire fence "in late January or early February". Auguste was transferred on February 6, 1945, to Raguhn (Buchenwald in Germany), then to the Czechoslovakia camp Theresienstadt on April 9, 1945. This same card lists her as being alive on April 11, 1945. As such, she must have died en route to Theresienstadt or shortly after her arrival there, the date of her death occurring most likely either the first half or mid-April 1945, but before May 8, 1945, when the camp was liberated. Rachel van Amerongen-Frankfoorder, eyewitness of Auguste's death, states that the Nazis murdered her by throwing her onto the train tracks during her last transport to Theresienstadt in April 1945.
 * Peter van Pels 2014-05-28 00-43.jpg; photo May–July 1942]]Peter van Pels (8 November 1926 – 10 May 1945; Hermann and Auguste's son, known as Peter in the diary and Alfred in the first manuscript) died in Mauthausen. Otto Frank had protected him during their period of imprisonment together, as the two men had been assigned to the same work group. Frank later stated that he had urged Peter to hide in Auschwitz and remain behind with him, rather than set out on a forced march, but Peter believed he would have a better chance of survival if he joined the death march out of Auschwitz. Mauthausen Concentration Camp records indicate that Peter van Pels was registered upon his arrival there on January 25, 1945. Four days later, he was placed in an outdoor labor group, Quarz. On 11 April 1945, Peter was sent to the sick barracks. His exact death date is unknown, but the International Red Cross stated that it was May 10, 1945, five days after Mauthausen was liberated by men from the 11th Armored Division of the U.S. Third Army. He was 18 years old, and was the last member of the group to die while imprisoned.
 * Fritz Pfeffer (30 April 1889 – 20 December 1944; family dentist of Miep Gies and the van Pels, and known as Albert Dussel in the diary) died on 20 December 1944 in Neuengamme concentration camp. His cause of death was listed in the camp records as "enterocolitis", a catch-all term that covered, among other things, dysentery and cholera, both of which were common causes of death in the camps. Of all the stressful relationships precipitated by living in such close proximity with each other for two years, the relationship between Anne and Fritz Pfeffer was one of the most difficult for both, as her diary shows.

The helpers

 * Miep Gies saved parts of Anne Frank's book (just like the younger secretary Bep Voskuijl). She later said that if she had read it, she would have needed to destroy it, as it contained a great deal of incriminating information, such as the names of all of the annex helpers, as well as many of their Dutch Underground contacts. She and her husband, Jan, took Otto Frank into their home, where he lived from 1945 (after his liberation from Auschwitz concentration camp) until 1952. In 1994, she received the "Order of Merit" of the Federal Republic of Germany, and in 1995, received the highest honor from the Yad Vashem, the Righteous Among the Nations. She was appointed a "Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau" by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. In 1996, Gies shared an Academy Award with Jon Blair for their documentary Anne Frank Remembered (1995), based largely on Gies's 1987 book of the same title. She also wrote the afterword for Melissa Müller's biography of Anne Frank. Gies stated that every year she spent the entire day of 4 August in mourning, the date those in the Annex were arrested. Gies died on 11 January 2010, following a short illness, at the age of 100.
 * Jan Gies (Miep's husband, known as Henk in The Diary of a Young Girl) was a social worker and, for part of the war, a member of the Dutch Resistance; thus, he was able to procure things for the people in the annex that would have been almost impossible to obtain any other way. He left the Underground in 1944, when an incident caused him to believe his safety had been compromised. Jan died of complications from diabetes on 26 January 1993 in Amsterdam. He and Miep had been married for 52 years.
 * Johannes Kleiman (known as Mr. Koophuis in The Diary of a Young Girl) spent about six weeks in a work camp after his arrest and was released after intervention from the Red Cross, because of his fragile health. He returned to Opekta and took over the firm when Otto Frank moved to Basel in 1952. He died at his office desk of a stroke in 1959, aged 62.
 * Victor Kugler (known as Mr. Kraler in The Diary of a Young Girl) spent seven months in various work camps and escaped into a farm field in March 1945, during the confusion that resulted when the prisoner march he was on that day was strafed by British Spitfires. Working his way back to his hometown of Hilversum on foot and by bicycle, he remained in hiding there until liberated by Canadian troops a few weeks later. After his wife died, he emigrated to Canada in 1955 (where several of his relatives already lived) and resided in Toronto. On September 16, 1958, he appeared on To Tell the Truth, as "the hider" of Otto and Anne Frank. He received the "Medal of the Righteous" from the Yad Vashem Memorial, with a tree planted in his honour on the Boulevard of the Righteous Among the Nations in 1973. He died on 16 December 1981 in Toronto, after a long illness, at the age of 81.
 * Bep Voskuijl (known as Elli Vossen in The Diary of a Young Girl), like her colleagues, was instructed to stay in the office on the day the Franks were forced from their hiding place, but in the confusion that followed, Bep managed to escape with a few documents that would have incriminated the Secret Annex protectors' black market contacts. Bep and Miep found Anne's diaries and papers after the eight prisoners, together with Kugler and Kleiman, had been arrested and removed from the building. Bep left Opekta shortly after the war and married Cornelis van Wijk in 1946. While she did grant an interview to a Dutch magazine some years after the war, she mostly shunned publicity. However, Bep kept her own scrapbook of Anne-related articles throughout her life. Bep and her husband had four children, the last a daughter whom she named "Anne-Marie", in honor of Anne. Bep died in Amsterdam on 6 May 1983.
 * Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl (Bep's father, known as Mr. Vossen in The Diary of a Young Girl) was lauded constantly by the eight in hiding as a tremendous help with all matters during their early days in the achterhuis. For example, he designed and built the "swinging bookcase" that concealed the entrance to the annex. However, Anne often mentioned his health problems in her diary, and he became incapacitated after a diagnosis of abdominal cancer. He ultimately died of the disease in late November 1945, and Otto Frank attended his funeral on December 1.

Friends and extended family

 * Hannah Elisabeth "Hanneli" Pick-Goslar known to most of her friends as "Lies", was Anne's oldest friend, along with Sanne Ledermann. While Hannah was in Bergen-Belsen, she met Auguste van Pels by asking through a hay-filled barbed wire fence if anyone who could hear her voice spoke Dutch. Mrs. van Pels answered her and remembered Hannah from peacetime in Amsterdam. Mrs. van Pels then told Hannah that Anne was a prisoner in the section of the camp van Pels herself was in. Hannah was astonished, as she, like most people back in Amsterdam, believed the Franks had escaped to Switzerland. Hannah was able to talk to Anne several times through the barrier and to toss some essentials over it for her.  Anne had told Hannah at this point that she believed both of her parents were dead, and in later years Hannah reflected that if Anne had known her father were still alive, she might have found the strength to survive until the camp was liberated. Shortly after Hannah threw the bundle over the fence for Anne, Anne's contingent of prisoners was moved, and Hannah never heard from her again. Hannah and her little sister Gabi were the only members of their family to survive the war, and Hannah was near death from typhus and tuberculosis when the Russians liberated the train in which she and Gabi were being transported, reportedly to Theresienstadt. After recovering, Hannah emigrated to Israel, became a nurse, and ultimately a grandmother of ten. She died on October 28, 2022, at the age of 93.
 * Susanne "Sanne" Ledermann was Anne's constant companion from the time of her arrival in Amsterdam and is mentioned several times at the beginning of the diary. She was considered the "quiet" one of the trio of "Anne, Hanne and Sanne". She was very intelligent, and according to Anne, very facile with poetry. Sanne's full first name is variously listed in different sources as both "Susanne" and "Susanna". Only her friends called her "Sanne"; her family used the more Germanic "Susi". After his return to Amsterdam, Otto Frank learned that Sanne and her parents, Franz and Ilse, were arrested on 20 June 1943. Sanne and her parents were sent first to Westerbork, then on 16 November to Auschwitz, where all three were gassed upon arrival. Sanne's sister Barbara Ledermann, who was a friend of Margot's, had, through contacts in the Dutch Underground, acquired a German ID card (becoming "Barbara Waarts") and worked as a courier for the Underground. She survived the war and later married the Nobel Prize–winning biochemist Martin Rodbell.
 * Jacqueline Yvonne Meta "Jacque" van Maarsen (born 30 Jan 1929), or "Jacque", as she was known to everyone, was Anne's "best" friend at the time the Frank family went into hiding. Jacque sincerely liked Anne, but at times found her too demanding in her friendship. Anne, writing later in her diary, was remorseful for her own attitude toward Jacque, regarding with better understanding Jacque's desire to have other close girlfriends as well – "I just want to apologize and explain things", Anne wrote. After two and a half months in hiding, Anne composed a farewell letter to Jacque in her diary, vowing her lifelong friendship. Jacque read this passage much later, after the publication of the diary. Jacque's French-born mother was a Christian, and that, along with several other extenuating circumstances, combined to get the "J" (for "Jew") removed from the family's identification cards. The van Maarsens were thus able to live out the war years in Amsterdam. Jacque later married her childhood sweetheart Ruud Sanders and still lives in Amsterdam, where she is a bookbinder and has written four books on their notable friendship: Anne and Jopie (1990), My Friend, Anne Frank (1996), My Name Is Anne, She Said, Anne Frank (2003), and Inheriting Anne Frank (2009).
 * Nanette "Nanny" Konig-Blitz (born 6 Apr 1929) was another schoolmate of Anne's. Nannette, by her own admission, was the girl given the made-up initials "E. S." in the early pages of Anne's diary. While they were not always on the best of terms during school days (their personalities were much too similar), Nanny had been invited to Anne's 13th birthday party, and when they met in Bergen-Belsen, their reunion was enthusiastic. With prisoners constantly being shifted around in the huge camp, Nanny quickly lost track of Anne. Nannette was the only member of her family to survive the war. While she was recovering from tuberculosis in a hospital immediately after the war, Otto Frank got in touch with her, and she was able to write and give him some information about her encounter with Anne at Belsen. Nanette and her family, as of 2019, resided in São Paulo, Brazil. (Müller, p. 269).
 * Ilse Wagner, whom Jacque van Maarsen described as "a sweet and sensible girl", is mentioned several times in the early part of the diary. Ilse's family had a table tennis set, and Anne and Margot frequently went to her house to play. Wagner was the first of Anne's circle of friends to be deported. Along with her mother and grandmother, she was sent to Westerbork in January 1943, then to Sobibór extermination camp, where all three were gassed upon arrival on 2 April 1943. (Müller, p. 301).
 * Lutz Peter Schiff: For all the admiring boys Anne was surrounded with during her school days, she said repeatedly in her diary that the only one she deeply cared about was Peter Schiff, whom she called "Petel". He was three years older than Anne and they had, according to Anne, been "inseparable" during the summer of 1940, when Anne turned 11. Then, Peter changed addresses, and a new acquaintance slightly older than Peter convinced him Anne was "just a child". Anne had several vivid dreams of Peter while in hiding, wrote about them in her diary, and realized herself that she saw Peter van Pels, at least partially, as a surrogate for Peter Schiff. Anne implies in her diary (12 January 1944) that Peter Schiff gave her a pendant as a gift, which she cherished from then on. Schiff was also a prisoner at Bergen-Belsen, though he was transported from there to Auschwitz before Anne and Margot arrived at Belsen. It is known for certain that he died in Auschwitz, although the exact date of his death is unclear. In 2009, the Anne Frank House received a photograph of Schiff as a boy, donated by one of his former classmates; it can be seen, along with the story of its donation, on the Anne Frank House website.
 * Helmuth "Hello" Silberberg was the boy Anne was closest to at the time her family went into hiding, though they had only known each other about two weeks at that time. Born in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, his parents sent him to Amsterdam to live with his grandparents, believing, like Otto Frank, that Hitler would respect The Netherlands' neutrality. Silberberg's grandfather, who disliked the name Helmuth, dubbed him "Hello". Hello was 16 and adored Anne, but she wrote in her diary that she was "not in love with Hello, he is just a friend, or as mummy would say, one of my 'beaux'", though Anne also remarked in her diary on how much she enjoyed Hello's company, and she speculated that he might become "a real friend" over time. By a very convoluted series of events, including several narrow escapes from the Nazis, Hello eventually reunited with his parents in Belgium. Belgium was also an occupied country, however, and he and his family were still "in hiding", though not under circumstances as difficult as the Franks'. The American forces liberated the town where the Silberbergs were hiding on 3 September 1944, and Hello was free – tragically on the same day that Anne and her family left on the last transport from Westerbork to Auschwitz. Hello emigrated to the United States after the war and was later known as Ed Silverberg.  He appeared as Ed Silverberg in the multimedia stage presentation about the Holocaust called, And Then They Came for Me.  He died in 2015 at age 89.
 * Eva Geiringer (now Eva Schloss) shared a remarkably similar history with Anne. The Geiringers lived on the opposite side of Merwedeplein, the square where the Franks' apartment was located, and Eva and Anne were almost exactly the same age. Eva was also a close friend of Sanne Ledermann's, and she knew both Anne and Margot. Eva described herself as an out-and-out tomboy, and hence she was in awe of Anne's fashion sense and worldliness, but she was somewhat puzzled by Anne's fascination with boys. "I had a brother, so boys were no big thing to me", Eva wrote. But Anne had introduced Eva to Otto Frank when the Geiringers first came to Amsterdam "so you can speak German with someone", as Anne had said, and Eva never forgot Otto's warmth and kindness to her. Though they were acquainted on a first-name basis, Eva and Anne were not especially close, as they had different groups of friends aside from their mutual close friendship with Sanne Ledermann. Eva's brother Heinz was called up for deportation to labor camp on the same day as Margot Frank, and the Geiringers went into hiding at the same time the Franks did, though the Geiringer family split into two groups to do so – Eva and her mother in one location, and Heinz and his father at another. Though hiding in two separate locations, all four of the Geiringers were betrayed on the same day, about three months before the Frank family was arrested. Eva survived Auschwitz, and when the Russians liberated Birkenau, the women's sector of the camp, she walked the mile-and-a-half distance to the men's camp to look for her father and brother, finding out much later that they had not survived the prisoner march out of Auschwitz. But when she entered the sick barracks of the men's camp, she recognized Otto Frank and had a warm reunion with him. Eight years later, Otto married Eva's widowed mother Elfriede (Fritzi) Geiringer, thereby making Eva a stepsister of Anne and Margot's. Eva later wrote her autobiography Eva's Story: A Survivor's Tale by the Stepsister of Anne Frank (1988), which served as the inspiration for the development of a popular multimedia stage presentation about the Holocaust called And Then They Came for Me. Eva also co-authored, with Barbara Powers, an autobiography targeted to younger readers and considered a suitable companion book to Anne's diary, titled Promise, in which she describes her family's happy life before going into hiding, and the experiences of living in hiding during the Nazi occupation, of going to the concentration camps, and finally, of going after liberation to the house where Heinz and their father had hidden, to retrieve the paintings Heinz had hidden beneath the floorboards there. Heinz's paintings have been displayed in exhibitions in the United States and are now a part of a permanent exhibition in Amsterdam's war museum. In 2013, Eva Schloss' memoir of life after the Holocaust, After Auschwitz: A Story of Heartbreak and Survival by the stepsister of Anne Frank, was published. After the war, Eva eventually built a new life in London with her husband of 60 years, Zvi Schloss, with whom she has three daughters. In May 2013, she was featured on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour.
 * Mary Bos was a schoolmate from Anne's Montessori school and an invited guest at Anne's 10th birthday party; in the well-known photo of that gathering, she is the very slender girl third from the right. Mary was a gifted artist, whose drawings and paintings were much admired by her peers. She is mentioned in passing in Anne's diary, when Anne writes of dreaming that she and Peter Schiff are looking "at a book of drawings by Mary Bos". Mary and her parents had emigrated to the United States in February 1940. When they left, Anne wrote Mary a little poem as a goodbye note. Mary almost forgot about Anne, but after the war, when Anne's diary was published, she recalled her friend Anne from Montessori school. After the war, Mary wed Bob Schneider. They still live in the United States. After Anne's diary was first published in 1947, Mary finally learned of Anne's fate.
 * Käthe "Kitty" Egyedi was another lifelong friend of Anne's and was, like Mary Bos, a fine artist. (Kitty remained a lifelong friend of Mary Bos; they communicated regularly by letter, even after Mary moved permanently to the United States in 1940). Schoolmates at Montessori, Anne and Kitty attended different schools after sixth grade, and hence they had drifted apart somewhat. But shortly before the Franks went into hiding, Kitty visited Anne one day when Anne was in bed with a slight fever. They chatted the whole afternoon, and Kitty was impressed and pleased that the shrill, blunt, and boy-crazy friend she remembered from Montessori school had begun to mature into a somewhat more introspective and thoughtful girl. This drew them closer together again. In the picture of Anne's 10th birthday referenced above under "Mary Bos", Kitty is the girl in the center with the dark pleated skirt. Kitty never felt that Anne was specifically thinking of her when addressing her diary passages to "Kitty", and most Anne scholars and biographers agree, believing that Anne borrowed the name from Cissy van Marxveldt's Joop ter Heul books (these were a great favorite of Anne's, and Joop's best friend was a character named "Kitty Francken"). Kitty's entire family survived internment at Theresienstadt, and, following her father's profession, Kitty became a dentist after the war. (Müller p. 290).
 * Lucia "Lucie" van Dijk was a Christian friend from the Montessori school. Lucie's mother was an adamant member of the NSB until the end of the war, but Lucie's disillusioned father left the party in 1942. Anne was shocked when the van Dijks became party members, but Otto Frank patiently explained to her that they could still be good people even if they had distasteful politics. Lucie herself was briefly a rather conflicted and nervous member of the Jeugdstorm (Nazi youth group), but between her father's later abandonment of the party and her grandmother's absolute abhorrence of anything connected with National Socialism, Lucie dropped out of the Jeugdstorm in late 1942. She married after the war and has lived her whole life in Amsterdam. In the group picture of Anne's 10th birthday party, Lucie is the girl on the extreme left.
 * Rie "Ietje" Swillens was another good friend of Anne's all the way through Montessori school. Ietje was the girl with whom Anne breathlessly shared the news concerning one of Anne's maternal uncles, who had been arrested by the Nazis and sent to labor camp (he later was released and emigrated to the United States). Being Christian, Ietje's family was able to live out the war in Amsterdam. Ietje became a teacher in later years and today lives in Amstelveen, outside of Amsterdam. She is the girl second from right in the "10 birthday" picture.
 * Juultje Ketellaper and Martha van den Berg are two other childhood friends of Anne's who appear in the picture of Anne's 10th birthday party. Very little is known about either girl. Juultje, the very tall girl near the center, was gassed by the Nazis in Sobibór. She may have been a Montessori schoolmate of Anne's or merely a neighborhood friend. Martha, on the far right in the photograph, survived the war. Martha was Anne's Montessori schoolmate and is seen in another picture with Anne taken during Anne's last term at Montessori.
 * Hannelore "Hansi" Klein (Laureen Nussbaum) was exactly midway in age between Anne and Margot. Hansi was an exception among those who knew Anne – she was rather indifferent about Anne and idolized Anne's sister Margot instead. But Anne, Hansi, and Hansi's two sisters performed in a holiday play about a vain princess who is punished with a long nose for her vanity, until she sees the error of her ways. Anne played the princess; Hansi noted that she played the role to perfection and had "natural charisma". Most people felt that Margot was the more beautiful of the Frank sisters, but Hansi observed that Anne, in her opinion, was prettier than Margot because "she [Anne] was always smiling". Aside from those anecdotes, however, Hansi thought of Anne primarily as a noisy chatterbox, and "a shrimp", and she was surprised and impressed with Anne's inner depth upon reading the diary much later. Hansi married a young physician after the war and, upon emigrating to America, changed her first name to "Laureen". She ultimately became a professor of foreign literature and languages at Portland State University.
 * Gertrud Naumann was a friend, companion, and occasional babysitter of Anne and Margot's in Germany. Although several years older than Margot, this friendly girl always played with both of the Frank sisters, and she was a neighborhood favorite of both Mr. and Mrs. Frank's. After the Franks moved to Amsterdam, Gertrud kept contact with them through letters. Being Christian, Gertrud and her family were able to avoid persecution in the war. Gertrud was one of the first friends in Germany with whom Otto Frank got in touch after the war. In 1949, Gertrud married Karl Trenz. She died in 2002 at the age of 85.
 * Bernhard (Bernd) "Buddy" Elias was a cousin of Anne's who lived in Switzerland and a great favorite of hers. Four years older than Anne (and hence, even older than Margot) his rollicking sense of fun matched Anne's temperament perfectly, and he much preferred Anne as a playmate to the staid and proper Margot. Everyone called him "Buddy" except Anne, who always called him "Bernd". He was a very talented ice skater, which Anne hugely admired. She even wrote an imaginary movie plot in her diary, wherein she would skate with Bernd, and included a sketch of the costume she would wear. After a long career as a professional skater and actor, he eventually became the head of the Anne Frank Fund in Basel (a separate organization from the Anne Frank Foundation in Amsterdam).(Müller, p. 270).
 * Charlotte Kaletta, the common law wife of Fritz Pfeffer, was not Jewish and therefore was able to remain in her Amsterdam apartment during the occupation. Kaletta and Pfeffer had been regulars at the Sunday afternoon "coffees" hosted by the Franks before the war, and hence she knew the entire Frank family. Miep Gies was especially touched by the devotion Pfeffer and Kaletta displayed to each other, and frequently passed letters from one to the other, an act which the other members of the household viewed as imprudent, but which Gies felt was important. Kaletta's Jewish husband died in Neuengamme, but she held hope for some time after the war's end that Pfeffer had survived. When she learned of his death, she married him posthumously; Otto Frank made the arrangements for her. Frank was always sympathetic to her and continued to offer her assistance, but in the mid-1950s she severed all contact with him, and with Miep and Jan Gies, because she was offended by the unflattering depiction of Pfeffer in Anne's diary and later by the way his character was written in the stage play The Diary of Anne Frank by Goodrich and Hackett. Charlotte died in Amsterdam on 13 June 1985.
 * Several members of the Frank and Holländer families fled Germany, including Otto's mother and sister, who fled to Switzerland, and Edith's two brothers, Julius and Walter, who fled to the United States. All of them survived the war. In his later years, Otto Frank lamented his decision to take his own family to the Netherlands.
 * Max van Reveled was a boarder with the Van Daans at Guider Amsterdam 34 (before the Van Daans moved into the Annex), and frequently had dinner with the Van Daans and Franks. Max survived the war. After the war, Otto Frank gave Max a first edition of Anne's book, published in 1947 as "Het Achterhuis."
 * Eugene Hollander, first-cousin of Frank's mother. Holocaust survivor, wrote the memoir From the Hell of the Holocaust: A Survivor's Story.

Arresting officer

 * Karl Silberbauer was the Sicherheitsdienst (Nazi Security Service) officer who arrested Anne Frank and her family in their hiding place in 1944. He was tracked down and identified as the arresting officer in October 1963 by the Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal. Although his memories of the arrest were notably vivid, Silberbauer had not been told by his superior officer, Julius Dettmann, who had made the tip-off, only that it came from a "reliable source", and was unable to provide any information that would further a police investigation. Silberbauer's confession helped discredit claims that The Diary of Anne Frank was a forgery. Given Otto Frank's crucial declaration that Silberbauer had obviously acted on orders and behaved correctly and without cruelty during the arrest, judicial investigation of Silberbauer was dropped, and he was able to continue in his career as a police officer. Silberbauer died in 1972.

Fellow prisoners

 * Janny Brandes-Brilleslijper (24 October 1916 – 15 August 2003) and her sister Lientje, Anne and Margot's fellow prisoners in all three camps, had both trained as nurse aides and were among the last people to see Anne and Margot Frank alive. While she was there, she was sexually assaulted by one of the guards that worked in her camp.


text:
Talk:Beckmann rearrangement

Diagram Error
The first mechanism diagram has a minor error. The carbon 1 of the oxime starts off as a secondary carbon but switches to being a primary carbon in the 3rd step and remains a primary carbon until the end. I believe one of the 2 methyl groups attacheh to the primary carbon in the first 2 steps should really have been a hydrogen atom (which was indicated in the later steps).

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.32.146.81 (talk) 19:37, 25 January 2007 (UTC). Sorry for not printing an e at the end of lactame!

Stone

Additionally the reagent should be NH2OH not NHOH2 as shown on the page, but it is correct when you click on the graphic - not sure how to fix this,

Jay —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jfitzger (talk • contribs) 23:23, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * replaced top image, now with correct reagents V8rik (talk) 21:26, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

Numbering references
In my view Wiki has a problem numbering references. Solution: not have numbers at all in reference list. V8rik 22:20, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * you cannot use reference twice: the count continues regardless
 * including a url link will mess up numbering
 * get the right order for the references is a nuisance

 * You're right. Wikipedia has a rather poor mechanism for numbering references.  However, without numbers it's not clear which citation goes with which reference. ~K 01:26, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * V8rik, Go to Footnotes. They added a bunch of explaination since I went there last. It seems much more helpful. ~K 03:32, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Ref

 * -Stone (talk) 07:57, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

The ref for ref 11 should be: F. W. Semmler, Berichte der Dtsch. Chem. Gesellschaft 1892, 25, 3352–3354 DOI: 10.1002/cber.189202502200

Copyright problem removed
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For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. ƒirefly ( t · c ) 10:52, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Beckmann rearrangement


text:
Local property

In mathematics, a mathematical object is said to satisfy a property locally, if the property is satisfied on some limited, immediate portions of the object (e.g., on some sufficiently small or arbitrarily small neighborhoods of points).

Properties of a point on a function
Perhaps the best-known example of the idea of locality lies in the concept of local minimum (or local maximum), which is a point in a function whose functional value is the smallest (resp., largest) within an immediate neighborhood of points. This is to be contrasted with the idea of global minimum (or global maximum), which corresponds to the minimum (resp., maximum) of the function across its entire domain.

Properties of a single space
A topological space is sometimes said to exhibit a property locally, if the property is exhibited "near" each point in one of the following ways:

 * 1) Each point has a neighborhood exhibiting the property;
 * 2) Each point has a neighborhood base of sets exhibiting the property.

Here, note that condition (2) is for the most part stronger than condition (1), and that extra caution should be taken to distinguish between the two. For example, some variation in the definition of locally compact can arise as a result of the different choices of these conditions.

Examples

 * Locally compact topological spaces
 * Locally connected and Locally path-connected topological spaces
 * Locally Hausdorff, Locally regular, Locally normal etc...
 * Locally metrizable

Properties of a pair of spaces
Given some notion of equivalence (e.g., homeomorphism, diffeomorphism, isometry) between topological spaces, two spaces are said to be locally equivalent if every point of the first space has a neighborhood which is equivalent to a neighborhood of the second space.

For instance, the circle and the line are very different objects. One cannot stretch the circle to look like the line, nor compress the line to fit on the circle without gaps or overlaps. However, a small piece of the circle can be stretched and flattened out to look like a small piece of the line. For this reason, one may say that the circle and the line are locally equivalent.

Similarly, the sphere and the plane are locally equivalent. A small enough observer standing on the surface of a sphere (e.g., a person and the Earth) would find it indistinguishable from a plane.

Properties of infinite groups
For an infinite group, a "small neighborhood" is taken to be a finitely generated subgroup. An infinite group is said to be locally P if every finitely generated subgroup is P. For instance, a group is locally finite if every finitely generated subgroup is finite, and a group is locally soluble if every finitely generated subgroup is soluble.

Properties of finite groups
For finite groups, a "small neighborhood" is taken to be a subgroup defined in terms of a prime number p, usually the local subgroups, the normalizers of the nontrivial p-subgroups. In which case, a property is said to be local if it can be detected from the local subgroups. Global and local properties formed a significant portion of the early work on the classification of finite simple groups, which was carried out during the 1960s.

Properties of commutative rings
For commutative rings, ideas of algebraic geometry make it natural to take a "small neighborhood" of a ring to be the localization at a prime ideal. In which case, a property is said to be local if it can be detected from the local rings. For instance, being a flat module over a commutative ring is a local property, but being a free module is not. For more, see Localization of a module.

title: Local property


text: Category:Norwegian people stubs

title: Category:Norwegian people stubs


text:
Talk:American Deserters Committee

Origin of text
The text of article was obtained from U.S. Federal government site. Darwin 13:27, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * When was this? I'm guessing Viet(?)nam, but someone who knows needs to add the date-infos. Thanx 68.39.174.238 20:22, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It would be Vietnam-era, though the ADC I've heard of is based in Stockholm... obtained via Steal This Book by Abbie Hoffman- yeah not the best source, but hey it was intended to be a guidebook for folks of the era. --/M endaliv /2¢/Δ's/ 18:48, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Deserters Committee


text:
User:LadyofHats

 * Greetings, i am glad you have taken time to visit my Userpage. if you need anything, just leave me a message in my Talk page and i will answer as soon as i can.
 * you can find what i have recently done in my commons page.

=HELLO AND WELCOME= Name Mariana Ruiz Villarreal;

Nationality Mexican;

Location :Hamburg Germany;

Profession Illustrator;

Age:39

Mail: MRVLadyofHats.com

Twitter: @LadyofHats

Featured Illustrator
I made it.. I MADE it..*happy dance* i am now the first illustrator in the WHOLE of wikipedia to make it in the Commons:Meet our illustrators.. isn't that wonderfull? ...oohh YEAHHHH -LadyofHats 11:08, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User:LadyofHats


text:
Talk:Day and Night (cellular automaton)

.dk
I made a symmetric variant of life some years earlier than Nathan Thompson's 1997 "day and night" variant.

I found a usenet article from 1992 (see link below) that shows this variant, but I defined this variant already sometime in the 80's.

The rule can be described as 24678/3578, but it is more interesting to observe that both survival and birth happens on the same sums of "live" elements in a 3x3 block, i.e., that the rule can be described as 35789, where the numbes are the sums in a 3x3 block that means birth or survival for the middle cell.

In any case, the link below shows both a period-30 pattern and two spaceships.

http://groups-beta.google.com/group/comp.theory.cell-automata/browse_thread/thread/b043bc8a99c0ea9e/1e5c584f6bbf6dbd?q=torbenm+%2Bsymmetric+%2Blife&_done=%2Fgroups%3Fq%3Dtorbenm+%2Bsymmetric+%2Blife%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Doff%26btnG%3DGoogle+Search%26&_doneTitle=Back+to+Search&d=&fwc=1

This life variant is used in Scott Draves' "Bomb" program (http://draves.org/bomb/).

Torben Mogensen (torbenm@diku.dk)

"Rule" or "automaton"?
Are these contradictory? Omphaloscope » talk 21:10, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Requested moves

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move the disambiguation page, per the discussion below. This page had already been moved when I arrived, but this also appears to have been in accordance with the discussion. Dekimasu よ! 22:12, 20 November 2014 (UTC)

– No primary topic here more notable than all other topics combined at Day and Night redirect to Day & Night (disambiguation). The cellular automaton (rule) fails the ["Day & Night is..." search test] in Google Book search, while in vanilla Google the Pixar cartoon Day & Night (2010 film) would be be a clearer claimant for primary slot. Although the category says "Cellular automaton rules" the only other disambiguated article has (cellular automaton) as a dab. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:43, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Day & Night → Day & Night (cellular automaton)
 * Day & Night (disambiguation) → Day and Night
 * Support. Despite my own significantly greater interest in the cellular automaton topic than any of the other meanings, I agree that it is not a primary topic (and I don't think any of the others are either). The proposed disambiguator looks ok to me. —David Eppstein (talk) 08:18, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Support its such a generic sounding title that I'm sure that even people familiar with the subject may be uncertain as to what the article content might be under the title. Gregkaye ✍ ♪  13:02, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Support moving the cellular automaton article as nominated above. Since we don't have a single article on the day-night cycle, support moving the disambiguation page away from Day & Night (disambiguation), but it should probably be moved to Day and Night, which reads a bit more smoothly and matches the disambiguation page at Night and Day. 209.211.131.181 (talk) 16:27, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Support moves to Day & Night (cellular automation) and Day and Night for the disambiguation page, as articulated by 209.211.131.181 above. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 06:09, 15 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per 209.211.131.181.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  22:34, 18 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Amended RM template per 209.211.131.181 advice to move dab to Day and Night following others support In ictu oculi (talk) 02:00, 19 November 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Day and Night (cellular automaton)


text:
Talk:American Negro Labor Congress

Untitled
The text of article was obtained from U.S. Federal government site. Darwin 13:31, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Long changed now. Carrite (talk) 17:46, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Negro Labor Congress


text:
Hommachi Station

Hommachi Station (本町駅) is a metro station on three lines of Osaka Metro located in Chūō-ku, Osaka, Japan.

Lines
The station on the Yotsubashi Line was opened as Shinanobashi Station (信濃橋駅) in 1965, and was renamed Hommachi Station in 1969.
 * (M18)
 * (C16)
 * (Y13)
 * (Y13)

Layout
The station has an island platform serving two tracks for the Chūō Line on the third basement, an island platform serving two tracks for the Midōsuji Line on the second basement in the east of the platform for the Chūō Line, and two side platforms serving two tracks for the Yotsubashi Line on the first basement in the west of the platform for the Chūō Line.

"Semba-nishi (船場 西 )" has been shown on the station signs for the Midosuji Line and the Chuo Line since October 2011 to revive the traditional "Semba Brand" in the center of the city of Osaka. "Semba-higashi (船場 東 )" is shown on the station signs at adjacent Sakaisuji-Hommachi Station, but both names are not announced on the trains as they are not co-station names.

A connecting track is located between the Chuo Line and the Yotsubashi Line (completed in 2014). Morinomiya Workshop was consolidated with Midorigi Workshop in February 2016.

 * Midosuji Line

 * Chūō Line

 * Yotsubashi Line

Surroundings

 * Orix
 * Resona Bank, Limited.
 * Marubeni Osaka Branch
 * Yume No Machi Souzou Iinkai Co., Ltd.
 * Tsuruya Corporation
 * Kita-Mido
 * Minami-Mido
 * Utsubo Park
 * Semba Center Building
 * Nihon Ryutsu Sangyo Co., Ltd.
 * OSTEC Exhibition Hall
 * St. Regis Osaka

title: Hommachi Station


text:
Talk:League of Struggle for Negro Rights

[Untitled]
The text of article was obtained from U.S. Federal government site. Darwin 13:34, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

those documents are hard to read Fibulator 11:52, 20 August 2005 (UTC)


text:
Maja Gojković

Maja Gojković (Маја Гојковић; born 22 May 1963) is a Serbian politician who has been the president of the Government of Vojvodina since 2024. A member of the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS), she previously served as president of the National Assembly from 2014 to 2020 and deputy prime minister of Serbia and minister of culture and information from 2020 until 2024.

As a member of the Serbian Radical Party (SRS), she served as minister without portfolio from 1998 to 1999 and deputy prime minister of Yugoslavia from 1999 to 2000. She later became the mayor of Novi Sad, an office she served from 2004 to 2008, after which she left SRS and formed the People's Party (NP) which merged into SNS in 2012.

Education
She attended Branko Radičević elementary school and the Gymnasium Jovan Jovanović Zmaj. After getting her degree from the University of Novi Sad Faculty of Law in 1987, she passed the bar exam in 1989. A year later she started working in her family's law firm.

Political career
Gojković is one of the founders of Serbian Radical Party, first holding the position of secretary general, then vice president of executive council and finally she was vice president of the party. She was Vojislav Šešelj's legal adviser before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.

On 14 July 1995, during the Bosnian War, Gojković, who served as vice-president of Serbian Radical Party, made a statement on the Fall of Srebrenica only a few days after the start of the massacre: “We salute the rapidly action of the Army of Republika Srpska, which finally liberated Serbian Srebrenica and put an end to one of the most significant hotspot of Muslim terror.”

Maja Gojković has been a representative in the parliament of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia since 1992. From 1996 until 2000 she was a member of Vojvodina parliament. In 1998 and 1999 she was a non-portfolio minister in the Serbian Government. Gojković also served as vice chairman of the federal government of FR Yugoslavia in 1999. Before running for mayor of Novi Sad she held a place in the federal parliament of Serbia and Montenegro. She was the vice president of the Serbian Radical Party until 2006. In 2008, she formed her own party, the People's Party and ran for seats in the local elections. She got seven councillor seats in the Parliament of Novi Sad. In 2010, the People's Party joined the United Regions of Serbia (URS). For having supporting a coalition with Boris Tadić and his Democratic Party independently of the People's Party, she and other such members were expelled from the URS. The party is now defunct and she is a member of the ruling Serbian Progressive Party.

In the 2004 Serbian local election she was elected Mayor of Novi Sad, for the first time by popular vote, beating then mayor Borislav Novaković. She thus became the first woman to perform mayoral duties in Novi Sad's history.

She was elected President of the National Assembly of Serbia on 23 April 2014. In 2018, Freedom House reported that Gojković conducted parliamentary proceedings in an extremely partisan way, with a huge number of interruptions and penalties handed to opposition MPs. In addition, she was criticized for suggesting to MPs from ruling coalition to vote for initiatives and proposals by ringing a bell.

On 27 June 2020, Gojković was hospitalized with COVID-19.

title: Maja Gojković


text:
Wittenoom

Wittenoom may refer to:

People
 * John Burdett Wittenoom (senior) (1788–1855), colonial chaplain of the Swan River Colony
 * Charles Wittenoom (senior) (1824–1866), fifth son of John Burdett (snr)
 * Sir Edward Horne Wittenoom (1854–1936), pastoralist and politician in Western Australia, son of Charles (snr)
 * Frank Wittenoom (1855–1939), pastoralist in Western Australia, son of Charles (snr)
 * Charles Wittenoom (1879–1969), pastoralist and politician in Western Australia, son of Sir Edward

Places
 * Wittenoom, Western Australia, a ghost town in northern Western Australia, abandoned after the effects of asbestosis were realised.

title: Wittenoom


text:
User:Fulub Le Breton

Setting the record straight for the Cornish. Leave your comments on my talk page, if you please.

If you are here, please take the time to read this document produced by Cornwall 2000 (not by me).

ELECTION 2004: CORNWALL 2000 REACT TO WESTERN MORNING NEWS ASSISTING IN NORMALISING THE VIEWS OF ENGLISH SUPREMACISTS AND XENOPHOBES.

INTRODUCTION

This short paper constitutes an analysis of the letters page of the Western Morning News daily newspaper in the ten week period leading up to the elections to the European Parliament of June 10th 2004.

The author is director of civil rights organisation Cornwall 2000. He undertook his investigation after Cornish minority rights activists had, for many months, been complaining that whilst they were experiencing difficulty in having letters published, the ethnic majority and those at the other end of the political spectrum appeared to be having little difficulty.

This paper is primarily intended to inform the Council of Europe's Advisory Committee to the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities [FCPNM]. However, it will also be of interest to concerned individuals, academics and non-government organisations working in the field of minority rights. It will also contribute to the debate on whether the interests of free and representative expression, and therefore the democratic process, would be better served by Cornwall acquiring some form of independent news media.

CONTENTS:

1. BACKGROUND.

2. CASE STUDIES.

3. THE UKIP FACTOR.

4. THE UKIP MESSAGE.

5. THE MISSING CORNISH DIMENSION.

6. CONCLUSION.

1. BACKGROUND.

1.1 As with most of the written news media in Cornwall, the Western Morning News [WMN] is part of the Daily Mail Group. The Daily Mail produces news articles that are sympathetic to those on the right of British politics. Its agenda is largely centralist, Anglophile, Royalist and Eurosceptic.

1.2 The WMN serves a population of approximately two million people over a catchment area extending through Cornwall, Devon and an indeterminate area to the east. The paper produces a Cornwall edition and describes itself as "Cornwall's only local daily paper". In many areas of Cornwall, the Daily Mail Group have acquired a monopoly on the dissemination of local/regional printed news matter.

1.3 The Cornish are a pre-English minority group constituting some 175,000 - 200,000 people mostly living in their historic homeland of Cornwall/Kernow. A recent survey by Plymouth University found that, if given the opportunity, over a third of pupils in Cornwall schools would identity as Cornish. Elements within the group strive to maintain their region’s constitutional position and the group’s unique social outlook, linguistic heritage and cultural identity.

1.4 UK Census 2001 carried a 'Cornish' ethnic group category. Some public authorities carry out ethnic monitoring of the Cornish. The Cornish language has been accorded international protected status. The Council of Europe has urged the Government to extend the cultural, educational and other benefits of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities to the Cornish.

2. CASE STUDIES.

2.1 The Press Complaints Commission [PCC] is the newspaper industry vehicle of self-regulation. The PCC has a Code of Practice which states: "The Press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative reference to a persons race. In particular, newspapers must not publish inaccurate, misleading or distorted material". However, the Cornish experience of this organisation has given rise to a widely held belief that, as those responsible for determining whether a newspaper has breached the code rely on funding from the owners of the very same newspapers, it is a less than satisfactory vehicle of regulation.

2.2 The WMN often publish inaccurate, misleading and distorted information about the Cornish. This includes their social circumstances, historical background, economic profile and the constitutional position of their territory. Attempts to have these inaccuracies corrected rarely produce results.

2.3 There are also instances where WMN reports have removed the ethnic Cornish dimension. On other occasions deeds which cast the majority group in a less than favourable light are left out of reportage. I have highlighted examples of this practice in other publications, however, one relevant instance occurred in May 2001.

2.4 When reporting on a South West Regional Assembly meeting held in Exeter on May 19th the WMN failed to describe to its readers the scene of flag waving, UKIP leaflet distributing, elements shouting down panellists. When their `European Conspiracy` theme failed to win them any friends they resorted to aggressive heckling in the base language of the xenophobe, the homophope and the white supremacist. My letter to the WMN highlighting these events was not published.

2.5 A recent example of the WMN publishing material designed to denude the distinctive history of the Cornish, undermine their self-awareness and endorse an 'official' version of history which retrospectively backdates English hegemony over Cornwall occurred on 10 February 2004. Although the story centred on an Anglophile myth, my letter calling for the claims to be substantiated, and offering a correction of the misleading picture being presented, was not published.

2.6 However relevant the above may be, this paper explores the ten week period leading up to the EU elections of 10 June 2004. As such, the period under review begins on 1 April 2004. During this period I submitted for publication a number of letters which addressed issues raised by the newspaper itself.

2.7 An opportunity to test WMN letter publishing policy arose on April 9th when a WMN feature writer accused the Cornish of being inter alia: socially bankrupt, unfunny, pathetic, ham-fisted and futile; the cause and source of irritation with supremacist attitudes and an identity that is both amusing for onlookers yet so completely unnecessary. Cornish letters of protest, clarification and defence were not published.

2.8 Another opportunity occurred on April 15th when a WMN feature writer adopted a supremacist posture by claiming that the actions of 'other' 19th century imperial powers were "unspeakable", whereas British imperialists acted out of benign paternalism. In the lead-up to European elections the constant vainglorious misrepresentation of Anglo-British history has important social and political implications for us all. However, my attempt to provide balance by offering an alternative appraisal was not published.

2.9 On 18 May 2004 the WMN published a letter from a prominent charity refuting one of the many United Kingdom Independence Party [UKIP] derived myths then being printed in the paper. My letter applauding this action and explaining that the UKIP is driven by a phalanx of similar myths that have xenophobia as the common denominator was not published.

2.10 On 19 May 2004 the WMN published a letter asserting that the proposed ban on hunting, a Right to Roam Act, speed cameras, increasing fuel costs, house price rises and salary discrepancies? are "European idiocies" which the public should "fight". My letter highlighting the fact that there is an increasing tendency in some quarters to blame 'outsiders' for perceived problems of our own making was not published.

2.11 In the week before the election I made one last attempt to explore a number of UKIP derived inaccuracies being printed in the letters columns of the WMN, in pro-UKIP news features run by the WMN and in prominent advertisements placed in the WMN by the UKIP. The issues were as follows: 1. Transfer of power to Brussels had been achieved without reference to the people. 2. The UKIP would deliver a crime free society. 3. That clogged roads, bad railways etc were the fault of immigrants, and that the UKIP would deliver a society free of overcrowding. 4. The UKIP would get rid of "red tape" and "human rights". 5. The claims that the UKIP would "restore" freedom of speech. 6. The UKIP postulations on people being "born free Britons". This letter was not published.

2.12 Letters from four other Cornish people along similar lines also remained unpublished. It should be noted that demand had previously led the WMN to establish a specific letters page entitled 'Cornish Issues'. This was withdrawn without explanation about two years ago.

2.13 When a Cornishman complained that the WMN printed too many anti-EU letters and too few pro-Cornish, pro-EU, letters the editor stated, "We never suppress any news, pro- or anti-EU" [April 6].

3. THE UKIP FACTOR

3.1 The fact that many letters offering corrections to a number of UKIP assertions [and others voicing alternative views to certain aspects of UKIP policy] remained unpublished was not due to any lack of space. In the ten-week period under review the WMN published 175 letters [some extending to 500 words] from 86 people supporting the UKIP stance. This is the sum total of letters that either specifically supported the UKIP or advocated withdraw from Europe on UKIP principles. I have included correspondence that originated from outside the WMN catchment area but excluded letters from self-declared UKIP supporters when discussing other issues. Copies of newspapers used in this survey are stored in libraries throughout Cornwall.

3.2 Of these letters, 31 people having two or more letters published were responsible for 119 out of the 175. Breaking the figures down still further, a mere eight people were responsible for 57 letters. Sometimes the same correspondent would have two letters published in one edition [May 4th for example]. Often the writers were allowed to repeat unchallenged arguments time and time again. One UKIP supporter had ten letters published over the period under examination, another nine. All in all, the pro-UKIP stance had more letters published than all other political parties put together.

3.3 Of the 31 who had two or more letters published, 9 gave addresses in Cornwall. To the best of my knowledge none of these people are active in the close-knit ethnic Cornish social, cultural or political scene.

3.4 There were the exceptions. In the ten-day period up to and including election day the paper published five letters that opposed the UKIP stance. This, however, must be viewed alongside the publication of 32 pro-UKIP stance letters during the same period. The paper also published the odd pro-Cornish letter - as long as it did not critically examine the UKIP message.

3.5 The onslaught on the senses was compounded by a series of WMN UKIP related stories and features that failed to subject UKIP presentation and ideology to critical in-depth analysis. Daily UKIP adverts in the WMN stated that they were the only people "telling the truth".

4. THE UKIP MESSAGE

4.1 Although the UKIP leadership portray the party as working for the entire population of the UK, one of the UKIP's main concerns is to preserve English cultural, economic and political domination of the UK. On June 8 a letter from the UKIP Chairman identified 'This England' magazine as the vehicle for UKIP aspirations. The 'This England' website pledges to defend the 'English Constitution'. The same letter acknowledges that the UKIP and the Daily Mail newsgroup share common objectives. Yet the Daily Mail says that it represents the voice of 'Middle England'. On 12 June 2004 the Mail branded as a "lunatic" the person responsible for steering public funds towards refugee, minority and other underprivileged groups. Sometimes code is used to disguise the covert aim of UKIP activists. A prime example occurred on May 31 when a UKIP correspondent spoke of who "John Bull" should be voting for. At UKIP meetings, while the talk is of "reclaiming Britain from Brussels", supporters wear 'England' logos. On May 4 a WMN UKIP letter declared, "Stand and be counted for England and show that the English are alive and will not be led to the scaffold without a fight".

4.2 In the ten-week period under review the WMN published a plethora of largely unchallenged UKIP derived assertions. Some correspondents had attempted to engender support for UKIP by appealing to Cornish sentiments, others pandered to the reactionary forces of English supremacism/nationalism. Nearly all strove to conjure up in the minds of voters the notion of some innocent Eden-like past when those diverse groups who inhabited Britain were ruled by a benevolent monarchy and a tolerant English-dominated Westminster Parliament which 'gave' the world the English language and spread 'freedom' throughout the globe.

4.3 Although the people of Camborne hold an annual festival in remembrance of steam pioneer Richard Trevithick, the Cornish were outraged this year when [according to the Chairman of the Trevithick Committee writing in the West Briton newspaper of March 11] the steam parade was prevented from going ahead after police refused a road closure order on grounds of safety. Six days before election day, and in order to attract maximum attention, the WMN published a full colour picture of last years Trevithick Day steam parade and underneath this picture a UKIP supporter was asserting that an "EU Directive forbidding the parade" had been issued.

4.4 On 27 April the WMN published a letter from a UKIP supporter who "feared for the homelessness that would ensue for many who would have to sell their homes to pay the inevitable taxes" when the EU force UK drivers to "drive on the right".

4.5 On the same day that a WMN headline declared "We are heading for an abyss for which there is no return" a UKIP supporter, while fearing for the demise of "our incorruptible monarchy" asserts that "continental jurisprudence is founded on slavery" [April 6]. Later another UKIP supporter writes "We must stop supporting immigrants already here and stop any more from coming in" [April 13]. A WMN feature writer then declares, "Maybe the English are doomed, but it is the ultimate shame if we roll over and allow the barbarians to overrun us"[April 24].

4.6 After a Eurosceptic writes "we are swamped with migrants" and "the Government want to appease every race except the English" [April 26] a UKIP MEP looked to Enoch Powell for political inspiration [May11]. A UKIP supporter declares that remaining in the EU is "nothing short of peeing on the graves" of those UK citizens killed in W.W.II [May 11], after which many UKIP supporters cry "retain our centuries old freedoms and liberties" [May 15]. Another asserts that the EU are plotting to ban "Women's Institutes and Mothers Unions" [May 15]. Another states that we should "fight the European idiocies" of speed cameras and increases in fuel costs [May 19]. To which another declares that the EU is nothing but "Gestapo totalitarianism at its worst" [May 27].

4.7 On election day the WMN published two letters of significance. One letter stated that the Cornish have a chip on their shoulder, are no different than anyone else, and after all, "we all live on planet earth". Next to this was a letter from a UKIP supporter equating Britain with England, and extolling the virtues of celebrating the English identity.

4.8 A WMN caveat printed daily on the inside front page states, "The WMN bears no allegiance to any political party but seeks to serve what it believes are the best interests of the people".

5. THE MISSING CORNISH DIMENSION

5.1 The few letters that opposed the UKIP stance often levelled their criticisms at UKIP jingoism and xenophobia. Others argued for continuing EU membership to assist trade, combat pollution or fight crime. Some concentrated on the harm support for the UKIP would do to the Conservative Party. A small number of WMN features also carried these messages. However, never once was the UKIP agenda examined from a distinctly Cornish minority rights perspective.

5.2 The fact that the UKIP wish to terminate EU membership was publicised. However, very little publicity was given to the fact that the UKIP also wish to increase spending on armaments, reverse the process of devolution and repeal the Human Rights Act 1998.

5.3 Yet international co-operation and regulation acts as a counterbalance to the excesses of an over-centralised state, devolution is a way for submerged nations and repressed regions to regain lost decision making power and the Human Rights Act 1998 [HRA], which is the domestic version of the European Convention on Human Rights [ECHR], constitutes part of the legislative apparatus the Cornish rely upon to acquire statistical visibility, cultural recognition and educational equality.

5.4 The ECHR has given rise to the Strasbourg Court stating, "Free elections and freedom of expression, particularly freedom of debate, form the bedrock of any democratic system. It is particularly important in the period preceding an election that opinions and information of all kinds are allowed to circulate freely". Bowman v UK 1998

5.5 Whose human rights are the UKIP going to denude and/or remove when they repeal the HRA? Which groups of people will be left with less decision making power when devolution is reversed? What would these same people say if German voters turned to a nationalist party that advocated isolationism, centralisation, a clamp down on minority rights and a major weapons building programme? Will the bloody and repressive history of these islands be allowed to repeat itself when an English dominated Westminster Parliament unrestrained by the moderating force of international law holds unfettered sway?

5.6 Although 50,000 people in Cornwall signed a declaration for a Cornish Assembly, and most reasonable people would support Cornish cultural and educational aspirations, it was still possible to travel Cornwall and see a Cornish Flag flying alongside a UKIP poster. It is not difficult to see why, when an ideology goes unchallenged, and important elements of the debate are kept out of the public domain, voters can become confused.

6. CONCLUSION

6.1 In the run up to an election, and from a catchment area extending to two million people, the WMN had allowed 31 people to dominate its letters pages. This gave an impression of a South West populace resentful of ‘outsiders’ and obsessed by fear of foreign influence.

6.2 Objective observers witnessed the WMN pandering to a feeding frenzy of claims that became more paranoid as time progressed. The superficial impression was one of overwhelming regional support for a xenophobic and regressive organisation that revels in the nationalism that fuelled centuries of inter-European mistrust, resentment and warfare.

6.3 Repetition of supercharged rhetoric created an alarmist atmosphere that was used to full advantage by the UKIP. A WMN June 8 full page feature on the UKIP had the writer stating, "Exceptionally, the letters column of the WMN have long shown the depth of feeling on this EU issue, and not just on the nationality/patriotic front".

6.4 By helping foster such conditions the WMN had been partly responsible for a general dynamic which encouraged people to gloss over disturbing aspects of UKIP ideology. In effect, the WMN had assisted in normalising the views of English supremacists and xenophobes.

6.4 William Hague is a former Leader of the Conservative Party. His comment that "English Nationalism is the most dangerous form of all forms of nationalism that can arise in the United Kingdom" is not without foundation [BBC Today programme 9 Jan 2000]. On the same programme Jack Straw said, "The English have used their propensity to violence to subjugate the smaller nations of Britain. Then we used it in Europe and with our Empire. So I think what you have in the UK is small nations who have been over the centuries under the cosh of the English".

6.5 The UKIP went from an average of 7% of the total share of the vote in 1999 to 16% in 2004. They topped the poll in many districts within the WMN readership area and doubled the number of seats in a SW England region that included Cornwall. The UKIP did not win any seats in Scotland and Wales

Cornwall 2000 is aware of the obligation upon Government, contained within the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities [FCPNM], to "ensure, within the framework of their legal system, that persons belonging to a national minority are not discriminated against in their access to the media". We note in particular the Advisory Committee's acknowledgement, contained in the Explanatory Report, of the "self-evident" right for minority groups to seek state assistance in creating their own forms of media.

We trust that the Advisory Committee will find this report of value when considering its response to the Governments forthcoming Compliance Report.

Cornwall 2000 would welcome any comments on this paper.

CORNWALL 2000: CIVIL LIBERTIES/HUMAN RIGHTS 45 Higher Bore Street, Bodmin, Cornwall UK. PL31 1JS Tel/Fax: 01208 76336 Email: cornubian@tiscali.co.uk

JOHN ANGARRACK

14 May 2004

© Cornwall 2000 [3335 words]

COPIES TO: European Monitoring Centre on Racial Intolerance; EU Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia; The Monitoring Centre; Searchlight; Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations; Centre for Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship; Council of Europe Secretariat - Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities; Council of Europe Committee of Experts of the European Charter of Regional and Minority Languages; European Platform of Regulatory Authorities; Federal Union of European Nationalities; EU Culture Commissioner; EU Human Rights Committee; EU Citizens Freedom, Rights and Justice Committee; EUROSTAT; Eurolang; European Commission against Racism and Intolerance; Britain in Europe; Aire Centre; Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations; UN Committee - Convention on the Rights of the Child; UNESCO; Minority Rights Group; UK Cabinet Equality Sub-committee; UK Home Office inc. Home Secretary & Race Equality Unit; UK Commission for Racial Equality; UK Race Relations Forum; UK Statistics Commission; UK Audit Commission; UK Office of National Statistics inc.Ethnicity and Identity branch; numerous NGO's, inter-government departments, international bodies, MP's, other politicians and 550 interested individuals.

title: User:Fulub Le Breton


text:
Black bag operation

Black bag operations or black bag jobs are covert or clandestine entries into structures to obtain information for human intelligence operations.

Some of the tactics, techniques, and procedures associated with black bag operations are lock picking, safe cracking, key impressions, fingerprinting, photography, electronic surveillance (including audio and video surveillance), mail manipulation (flaps and seals), and forgery. The term "black bag" refers to the small bags in which burglars stereotypically carry their tools.

History
In black bag operations, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents entered offices of targeted individuals and organizations, and photographed information found in their records. This practice was used by the FBI from 1942 through the 1960s. In July 1966, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover allegedly ordered the practice discontinued. President Nixon in 1970 proposed the Huston Plan to reintroduce black bag jobs, but Hoover opposed this, and approval was revoked five days after it was approved.

Prior to it being discontinued, there had been over two hundred instances of black bag jobs organized by the FBI, for purposes other than installing microphones (as well as over 500 warrant-less microphone installations). These were approved in writing by Hoover as well as by Hoover's deputy Clyde Tolson, with most records being destroyed after the job was complete. Agents were trained in lock studies or electronic surveillance that performed the jobs. In many cases, lock-picking was not required and a key could be accessed from a landlord, hotel manager, or a neighbor.

However, William C. Sullivan and W. Mark Felt subsequently testified that Hoover and acting FBI director L. Patrick Gray III authorized "black bag" jobs against the Weather Underground from 1970 to 1973.

The use of "black bag jobs" by the FBI was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court on 19 June 1972 in the Plamondon case, United States v. U.S. District Court, 407 U.S. 297. The FBI still carries out numerous "black bag" entry-and-search missions, in which the search is covert and the target of the investigation is not informed that the search took place. If the investigation involves a criminal matter, a judicial warrant is required; in national security cases the operation must be approved by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.

In 1947, after American spy Elizabeth Bentley had defected from the Soviet underground and had started talking to the FBI, the FBI broke into her Brooklyn hotel to do a "black bag job" to verify her own background – and to look for anything that would invoke suspicion. "They found nothing out of the ordinary." Bentley had learned how to dodge such intrusions from her earliest days in the underground: "She learned how to determine if enemy agents had discovered secret documents in her possession. 'If I had to leave the apartment, I was careful to put them in my black trunk and tie a thin black thread around it so that I would know if they had been tampered with in my absence.'"

The CIA has used black bag operations to steal cryptography and other secrets from foreign government offices outside the United States. The practice (by preceding U.S. intelligence organizations) dates back at least as far as 1916.

Black bag operations in popular culture

 * Sam Fisher (Splinter Cell)
 * Sombra (Overwatch)
 * The Doorbell Rang

General references

 * Wright, Peter, Spy Catcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer. Penguin USA, 1987. ISBN 0-670-82055-5.

title: Black bag operation


text:
Talk:Black bag operation

Untitled
The text of article was obtained from U.S. Federal government site. Darwin 13:47, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Merger
Oppose -- we are talking about different concepts here. A black bag operation is a burglary by officials, black bag cryptanalysis refers to the use of physical break-ins to compromise computer data security. Possibly this SHOULD be merged with "rubber hose cryptanalysis" into an article or section about non-mathematical means to compromise cypher systems.

Eleland 01:58, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Oppose - for the same reasons Eleland gives. Two different concepts, thus two different articles. Shawn K. Quinn 06:19, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Usage
Is it fair to say the term is used primarily, or even exclusively, in the US? Pikemaster (talk) 15:35, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black bag operation


text:
Talk:Person on business from Porlock

Untitled
The quote is "person on business from Porlock", so shouldn't it be "Man from Porlock" that redirects to "Person from Porlock" rather than the other way around?

*Person* from Porlock
This entry should appear as "Person from Porlock," which is a frequently quoted phrase; "Man from Porlock" is just weird.

I've added the "Inspector Morse" entry to references in popular culture. As I am not a native speaker, could somebody please check this entry for grammar?

Thanks in advance, Timo

*Man* from Porlock
I don't agree. "Man from Porlock" is also frequently quoted, indeed a google search will return considerably more hits for this phrase, which is in common use and not 'weird' in any way. The full phrase refers to the visitor as 'him' i.e. he was indeed a "Man from Porlock"

Merge
I disagree this should be merged with Porlock. There's enough there to justify its own article; if it has to be merged it should be with Kubla Khan.--Cúchullain t/ c 00:56, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

I disagree with merging either way, and in fact the Person from Porlock section should be largely removed from Porlock and inserted/merged here.--Jonrock 07:06, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I can go with that. After all, the place is notable for other things. —Keenan Pepper 18:00, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Person on business from Porlock


text:
BBO

BBO may stand for:
 * Barium boron oxide, another name of barium borate
 * Big Bang Observer, planned space gravitational wave observatory
 * IATA code for Berbera Airport
 * "BBO (Bad Bitches Only)", a song by Migos from the album Culture II
 * Beta barium borate (β-BaB2O4) crystal
 * Bundesbahn Österreich, a former name for the Austrian Federal Railways
 * Bureau Bijzondere Opdrachten, a WWII Dutch secret service
 * Bridge Base Online, for the game of bridge
 * British Ballet Organization
 * BBO, the ICAO code for Flybaboo

title: BBO


text: User talk:66.144.185.21

title: User talk:66.144.185.21


text:
User talk:Ermac7

ermac [er-mack] ermac-er, ermac-est

Adjective. Slang

A slang term that describes odd or unconventional behavior, that is contradictory to a set or recognized norm or pattern. It describes patterns of behavior that are not ordinary and are unusual.

Example: Ever since he went on crack, his attitude has be so ermac.

title: User talk:Ermac7


text:
San Francisco Maritime National Park Association

The San Francisco Maritime National Park Association was founded in 1950 as the San Francisco Maritime Museum Association to operate the then independent Maritime Museum. In 1978 the Maritime Museum was transferred to the National Park Service and now forms the core of the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park.

In 2016, the San Francisco Maritime National Park Association acquired the Allen Knight collection. The collection encompassed artifacts from fifty-seven sunken or disassembled vessels, boasting an impressive compilation of 9,000 ship photographs, a comprehensive research library, 250 log books, and 30 intricately crafted ship models. Certain segments of his assemblage could be compared to the reserves of institutions such as the Library of Congress or the Admiralty Office in London.

Today, the group develops educational programs for the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, cooperating with the National Park Service as a non-profit partner. It also preserves, maintains, and documents the World War II submarine USS Pampanito (SS-383), independently of the National Historical Park. The association acquired the submarine in 1976 and opened it to the public in 1982. It is currently attempting to restore the vessel to its state in 1945. The sub is currently moored at Pier 45 in San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf area.


text:
DeKoven

Well-known individuals whose surname is or was DeKoven (or De Koven) include:

 * Anna de Koven, American novelist, historian and socialite
 * Bernie DeKoven (1941-2018), American game designer and author
 * Jean de Koven, American dancer
 * Lindy DeKoven, American television executive
 * James DeKoven, American priest, educator, and a leader of the Oxford Movement in the Episcopal Church
 * Reginald De Koven, American music critic and composer
 * Seymour DeKoven, classical music radio personality

Other uses

 * Dekoven, Kentucky

title: DeKoven


text:
Barococo

In music Barococo is a term coined by musicologist H.C. Robbins-Landon which refers to a certain type of easy listening music that originated in the Baroque and pre-Classic periods. Specifically, Barococo music has been described as "crisp, impersonal, concertante music" (Fink 2005, p. 172).

A portmanteau of the words Baroque and Rococo, the term was originally used as a criticism of the characteristic ease with which the average listener could enjoy this style of music at the height of Baroque revival in the first half of the 20th century. The emergence of long playing records made it possible for recordings of Baroque music to be played in repetition over a long period of time, leading individuals like Robbins-Landon to label it as repetitive. Critics viewed the lack of distinction between individual pieces and the uninterrupted play of these records to encourage a mode of listening that required neither attention nor comprehension of structure, and thereby started referring to the music pejoratively as Barococo

See also: Seymour DeKoven, Jeff Koons.

title: Barococo