text:
TR1

TR1 may refer to:

 * C++ Technical Report 1, a document proposing additions to the C++ Standard Library
 * Regency TR-1, an early transistor radio model
 * Triumph 20TS, an unsuccessful automobile prototype unofficially called the TR1
 * Tomb Raider (1996 video game), the first video game in the Tomb Raider series
 * TR-1A or TR-1B, variants of the Lockheed U-2 surveillance aircraft
 * Hitachi TR.1
 * TR.1, see Orenda Engines
 * TR1, a postal district in the TR postcode area
 * TAS1R1, a taste receptor
 * Tri-R KIS TR-1, an American aircraft design
 * Lyulka TR-1, first Soviet turbojet engine
 * Tropical Race 1, a strain of Fusarium oxysporum that causes the Panama disease
 * Type 1 regulatory T cell (Tr-1), a T-lymphocyte lineage with immunoregulatory function
 * Yamaha TR-1 High Output Boating Engine
 * VR Class Tr1, a Finnish locomotive class

title: TR1


text: User talk:207.63.248.235

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:207.63.248.235


text:
Incantations (album)

Incantations is the fourth studio album by English musician, songwriter, and producer Mike Oldfield, released on 1 December 1978 by Virgin Records. Following the release of his previous album Ommadawn (1975), Oldfield moved into a new home in Bisley, Gloucestershire, where he set up a new recording studio. He started on a follow-up in 1977 which took form as a double album with one, side-long track on each side of the LP record. Oldfield wished to use real incantations in the music, but ended up using folklore as a loose running theme, such as Diana the Huntress. Though primarily instrumental, lyrical sections are adapted from works by poets Henry Longfellow and Ben Jonson. Oldfield completed the self-awareness seminar Exegesis while recording Incantations.

Incantations peaked at No. 14 on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Oldfield's first album not to reach the UK top-five. It was supported by Oldfield's first concert tour as a solo artist, which featured all four parts of Incantations performed on stage with a band, orchestra, and choir. Parts of this tour were recorded and released as the 1979 live album Exposed. Incantations was reissued in 2000 and 2011; the latter release features a new digital remaster and additional content, including Oldfield's 1979 disco-influenced non-album single "Guilty" and footage from Exposed.

Background and writing
By the end of 1975 Oldfield had released his third album, Ommadawn (1975), which, like his previous two albums, Tubular Bells (1973) and Hergest Ridge (1974), had reached the top-five of the UK Albums Chart and helped to solidify Oldfield's popularity as a musician. The three albums were similar in structure, formed of a single composition split into two parts of the LP record. The release of Ommadawn marked the end of Oldfield's time at his home near Kington, Herefordshire, from which he moved to Througham Slad Manor near Bisley, Gloucestershire and set up a recording studio there.

When work on Incantations began, Oldfield recalled that his initial goal was a record that contained "real incantations to exert a benign magical influence on anybody who heard it". He intended to base the music around real spells and chants, and asked the A&R department of his label, Virgin Records, to invite the head Druid to his home and discuss it further. The visit was unsuccessful; Oldfield's request for magic spells was turned down and he got the impression that the person was more interested in converting him to the movement. Keith Critchlow then introduced Oldfield to various "strange people" to gain inspiration, including poet Kathleen Raine, whose poems failed to conjure strong enough music, and a "shaman, gypsy-type woman" who remained silent all through her meeting with Oldfield. Then, a Virgin employee researched into British folklore and suggested Gog and Magog, from which Oldfield was able to find incantations that worked, specifically about Diana the Huntress, which he then used as a running theme through the album.

Oldfield had been listening to a greater amount of religious music than before, which he credited to keep him "calm and sane" as he described himself as "very disturbed" during this time. He also examined the styles of music of his previous albums; rock with a classical music format on his debut Tubular Bells, Celtic music on Hergest Ridge, and "more African" styles on Ommadawn. For Incantations, Oldfield wanted to present "some magical things", which influenced his decision to use a string section and flute. The album marked Oldfield's first attempt with a string section and he wrote the orchestral arrangements himself. He hired the group of around eighteen musicians to play in his studio. After some early cuts were produced, Oldfield started work on a more complicated sequence which featured various time signatures and every key on a music scale, which reminded him of the nursery rhyme "Frère Jacques". It developed into the double vibraphone section on "Incantations (Part Four)". This section was one that Oldfield described as "the closest I've ever come to self-expression" and deemed it, along with the electric guitar solo that follows it and a flute solo elsewhere, as the most important part of the album.

In its final form, Incantations took shape as a double album and separated into four distinct parts, each one taking up one side of an LP record. Oldfield had felt guilty that he had not released new material in three years, which influenced him to make a double. Oldfield named composer and electronic musician Terry Riley as a big influence on Incantations, particularly his use of ostinato. At 72 minutes in total length, Incantations remained Oldfield's longest album until his 2005 double album, Light + Shade.

Recording
Incantations was recorded at Througham Slad between December 1977 and September 1978, during which Oldfield faced professional and personal difficulties. After some 20 minutes of music was recorded, staff at Virgin Records asked Oldfield to hear what had been done. Oldfield recalled that one day, "a delegation arrived at my house", including label founder Richard Branson. Upon hearing the music, and telling the staff that Incantations was to be a double album with what Oldfield called a "mathematical and classical-sounding" piece, Oldfield wrote: "They quietly sat around the place listening; at the end, Richard was his usual cheerful self but everyone else filed out in silence". Oldfield theorised that the incident helped to convince Virgin management to switch from being a predominantly progressive rock label and to begin supporting punk bands, who were becoming popular. In addition to the lack of support from his label, Oldfield became a target in the music press as being outdated and no longer in fashion. These events drained Oldfield's inspiration and enthusiasm for Incantations and recording slowed. He started to drink heavily, becoming more aggressive and withdrawn which ended his relationship with Critchlow's daughter Louise. He looked back on this time as when life was "really at rock bottom".

In June 1978, after a road trip to Italy and Greece with his brother and time at home with his father had failed to help his situation, Oldfield was recommended to attend an Exegesis seminar by the wife of his studio engineer. After the three-day assertiveness course Oldfield said he felt "nothing but absolute relief and euphoria".

Along with some other pieces of Oldfield's work, a different version of "Part Four" was used for the soundtrack of Tony Palmer's The Space Movie.

Content
Oldfield based the musical ideas he had for Incantations on the circle of fifths, which demonstrates the relationship among the twelve pitches of the chromatic scale, their corresponding key signatures, and the associated major and minor keys.

When the CD version was released, early pressings unnecessarily have "Part Three" shortened from 16:59 to 13:49 by cutting the beginning. When 80-minute CDs became the norm and quality control was increased, the full cut of "Part Three" was restored. All modern pressings have the full version of the track.

Parts one, two, and four of the composition feature lyrics; part three is instrumental. The lyrics to part one repeat the name of three Roman goddesses: Diana, Luna, and Lucina. The second half of part two features chapters 22 and 12 (in that order) of the 1855 epic poem The Song of Hiawatha by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The lyrics in part four are from "Ode to Cynthia" from the satirical stage play Cynthia's Revels by Ben Jonson.

Artwork
The album's cover was designed by photographer and artist Trevor Key, who had also designed the sleeves for Tubular Bells and Hergest Ridge. The front photograph was taken at Cala Pregonda beach on the Spanish island of Menorca. It is unclear whether Oldfield was actually on the beach at the time it was taken, though it is possible from looking at other photographs from the shoot. It is assumed that Key cut and pasted the image of Oldfield onto a slightly different background for artistic reasons. Early pressings of the LP included a poster showing a subtly different photograph from the one used on the cover. The 2011 reissue of the album was given new artwork, showing a new photograph of the same rock formation depicted in the background of the original, but no image of Oldfield.

Release and reception
Incantations was released in the UK on 1 December 1978. It received a strong initial commercial response, reaching platinum certification by the British Phonographic Industry two weeks prior after receiving over 300,000 preorders. It peaked at No. 14 on the UK Albums Chart. The album was promoted with the release of "Guilty", a non-album track that was released in April 1979 with the four-minute "Excerpt from Incantations" on the B-side. The single reached No. 22 on the UK Singles Chart.

The Boston Globe noted that "the string arrangements are the most tasteful Oldfield has ever written... Unfortunately, he still has a tendency to dwell on simple ideas".

Reissues
Incantations was first issued on CD in 1985 by Virgin Records. This release features a cut version of "Incantations (Part Three)" for a running time of 13:49. A CD reissue from 1988 included the complete track. A remaster completed by Simon Heyworth was released on HDCD in 2000 with updated inner sleeve artwork and a short essay by Dave Laing.

In July 2011, Incantations was reissued by Mercury Records in standard and Deluxe CDs and limited edition vinyl signed by Oldfield. It also contains new cover artwork and a 16-page booklet with an essay. The standard edition contains a remastered stereo mix of the album with "Guilty" as a bonus track. The Deluxe package contains material from the standard edition, an extra CD of singles and previously unreleased tracks from the album's sessions, and a DVD with a 5.1 surround sound mix of some of the latter tracks, promotional videos, and live footage of Incantations from 1979 originally released on the Exposed video. The 2011 reissue does not contain the album in 5.1 surround sound, as the original multi-track tapes had either badly deteriorated or been lost. The 2011 reissue went to No. 70 in the UK.

Track listing
All music by Mike Oldfield. Lyrics on "Incantations (Part Two)" by Longfellow and "Incantations (Part Four)" by Ben Jonson.

Personnel
Musicians
 * Mike Oldfield – various instruments (except below)
 * Mike Laird – trumpet
 * Pierre Moerlen – drums, vibraphone on "Incantations (Part Four)"
 * Benoît Moerlen – vibraphone on "Incantations (Part Four)"
 * Maddy Prior – vocals on "The Song of Hiawatha" on "Incantations (Part Two)" and "Ode to Cynthia" on "Incantations (Part Four)"
 * Sally Oldfield – vocals
 * Queen's College Girls Choir – vocals
 * Sebastian Bell – flute
 * Terry Oldfield – flute
 * Jabula – African drums
 * Orchestra
 * David Bedford – strings and choir conductor

Production
 * Mike Oldfield – production
 * Paul Lindsay – engineer
 * Trevor Key – cover artwork

title: Incantations (album)


text: User talk:68.251.14.160

title: User talk:68.251.14.160


text:
ER2

ER2, ER-2, ER II etc. may refer to:

 * Elizabeth II's royal cypher E II R (sometimes written as ER II) for Elizabeth II Regina (Elizabeth II, Queen)
 * "ER2" (Kanjani Eight song), a single by Japanese boy band Kanjani Eight
 * ER2 electric trainset, an electric passenger railcar built in Latvia and Russia from 1962 to 1984
 * NASA ER-2, "Earth Resources 2", an American very high-altitude civilian atmospheric research fixed-wing aircraft based on the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft

title: ER2


text: Category:Communes of Aveyron

title: Category:Communes of Aveyron


text: Category:Communes of Seine-et-Marne

title: Category:Communes of Seine-et-Marne


text: Category:Universities and colleges in New Brunswick


text: Category:The Clash songs

title: Category:The Clash songs


text: User talk:69.140.40.158

title: User talk:69.140.40.158


text: Category:Universities and colleges in Nova Scotia


text: User talk:69.194.85.101

title: User talk:69.194.85.101


text:
Kibbles

Kibbles may refer to:
 * dog food as in Kibbles 'n Bits
 * cat food
 * Kibble (disambiguation) (numerous meanings)

title: Kibbles


text:
Kibble

Kibble may refer to:
 * Dry compound feed, especially when used as dog food or cat food
 * chalk and flint rubble, also known as kibble in East Devon, used to consolidate ground
 * a large bucket, as used to raise ore from a mine shaft, see shaft mining
 * a rock of crack cocaine
 * kibbled wheat, a type of coarsely milled flour

People

 * Brendan Kibble (born 1963), Australian musician
 * Bryan Kibble (1938–2016), British physicist and metrologist who invented the Kibble balance for measuring mass
 * Chris Kibble (born 1963), British jazz musician
 * George Kibble (1865–1923), English cricketer
 * Jack Kibble (John Westly Kibble; 1892–1969), American baseball player
 * John Kibble (1865 - 1951), British stonemason, historian and writer
 * Karima Kibble (née Trotter; born 1974), American Gospel singer
 * Nita Kibble (1879–1964), Australian librarian
 * Tom W. B. Kibble (1932–2016), British theoretical physicist, interests included quantum field theory and topological defects
 * Tom Kibble (rugby union) (born 2000), Australian rugby union player
 * Graham Kibble-White, British writer

Other uses

 * Kibble Palace, a greenhouse in Glasgow
 * Nita Kibble Literary Award, an Australian literary award for biographical or life writing
 * Kibble balance, an electromechanical weight measuring instrument

title: Kibble


text:
Google Doodle

A Google Doodle is a special, temporary alteration of the logo on Google's homepages intended to commemorate holidays, events, achievements, and historical figures. The first Google Doodle honored the 1998 edition of the long-running annual Burning Man event in Black Rock City, Nevada, and was designed by co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed. Early marketing employee Susan Wojcicki then spearheaded subsequent Doodles, including an alien landing on Google and additional custom logos for major holidays. Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, cartoonist Ian David Marsden until 2000, when Page and Brin asked public relations officer Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day. Since then, a team of employees called Doodlers have organized and published the Doodles.

Initially, Doodles were neither animated nor hyperlinked—they were simply images with tooltips describing the subject or expressing a holiday greeting. Doodles increased in both frequency and complexity by the beginning of the 2010s. On October 31, 2000, the first animated Doodle celebrated Halloween. On May 21, 2010, the first interactive Doodle appeared later celebrating Pac-Man, and hyperlinks also began to be added to Doodles, usually linking to a search results page for the subject of the Doodle. By 2014, Google had published over 2,000 regional and international Doodles throughout its homepages, often featuring guest artists, musicians, and personalities. By 2019, the Doodlers team had created over 4,000 Doodles for Google's homepages around the world.

Overview
In addition to celebrating many well-known events and holidays, Google Doodles celebrate artists and scientists on their birthdays. The featuring of Lowell's logo design coincided with the launch of another Google product, Google Maps. Doodles are also used to depict major events at Google, such as the company's own anniversary. The celebration of historic events is another common topic of Google Doodles including a Lego brick design in celebration of the interlocking Lego block's 50th anniversary. Some Google Doodles are limited to Google's country-specific home pages while others appear globally.

Common themes
Since the first Thanksgiving Doodle in 1998, many Doodles for holidays, events and other celebrations have recurred annually. These include:
 * Gregorian New Year's Day (2000 onwards)
 * Martin Luther King Jr. Day (2003; 2006 onwards)
 * Lunar New Year (2001; 2003 onwards)
 * Valentine's Day (2000 onwards; partial exception during certain Olympic years )
 * International Women's Day (2005; 2009 onwards)
 * Saint Patrick's Day (2000–2021; 2023 onwards)
 * Earth Day (2001 onwards)
 * Mother's Day (2000 onwards)
 * Father's Day (2000 onwards)
 * Juneteenth (2020 onwards)
 * U.S. Independence Day (2000 onwards)
 * Bastille Day (2000 onwards)
 * German Unity Day (2002–2003; 2006–2008; 2010 onwards)
 * Swiss National Day (2001 onwards)
 * Olympic Games (2000 onwards; partial exception in 2014 )
 * Halloween (1999 onwards)
 * Hinamatsuri (2009–2012; 2014 onwards)
 * U.S. Thanksgiving Day (1998 onwards)
 * Christmas Day (1999 onwards)
 * New Year's Eve (1999; 2011 onwards)

Doodlers
Doodlers is Google's name for the illustrators, engineers and artists who design the Doodles. They have included artists like Ekua Holmes, Jennifer Hom, Sophia Foster-Dimino, Ranganath Krishnamani, Dennis Hwang, Olivia Fields, Nate Swinehart, Lynnette Hoazous, and Eric Carle.

Interactive and notable doodles
In May 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the 1980 arcade game Pac-Man, Google unveiled worldwide their first interactive logo, created in association with Namco. Anyone who visited Google could play Pac-Man on the logo, which featured the letters of the word Google on the Pac-Man maze. The logo also mimicked the sounds the original arcade game made. The I'm Feeling Lucky button was replaced with an Insert Coin button. Pressing this once enabled the user to play the Pac-Man logo. Pressing it once more added a second player, Ms. Pac-Man, enabling two players to play at once, controlled using the W, A, S, D keys, instead of the arrows as used by Player 1. Pressing it for a third time performed an I'm Feeling Lucky search. It was then removed on May 23, 2010, initially replacing Pac-Man with the normal logo. Later on that day, Google released a permanent site to play Google Pac-Man (accessed by clicking on top icon), due to the popular user demand for the playable logo. Pac-Man Doodle drew an estimated 1billion players worldwide.

Since that time, Google has continued to post occasional interactive and video doodles:

2010s

 * On May 21-22, 2010, Google introduced an interactive game celebrating Pac-Man on its 30th anniversary.
 * On June 8, 2010, Robert Schumann was celebrated with a Google Doodle for his 200th birthday only in Germany.
 * On September 4, 2010, the Google logo was changed to an interactive Buckyball to celebrate the 25th anniversary of its discovery. The Buckyball, also known as the Buckminsterfullerene C60 is a molecule made entirely of carbon.
 * On September 6, 2010, Google launched its fourth interactive Google Doodle. Google Instant - Particle Logo replaced its static logo with a JavaScript-based particle movement simulator where dynamic colored balls can be manipulated with the movement of the mouse cursor over the logo, or by shaking of the browser window. Unlike some other Google Doodles, this one is unclickable.
 * On September 7, 2010, another Google Instant family logo known as Keystroke Logo was released. A greyed-out colorless logo lit up with the standard Google colors as the first six letters of a search query were entered.
 * On October 8, 2010, Google ran its first video doodle, a short animation set to the music of Imagine to mark what would have been John Lennon's 70th birthday. Similarly, Freddie Mercury's would-be 65th birthday was celebrated on September 5, 2011, with an animated clip set to Don't Stop Me Now.
 * On April 15, 2011, Google sported the first live-action video doodle, commemorating what would have been Charlie Chaplin's 122nd birthday. This doodle was a black and white YouTube video that, when clicked upon, started playing before redirecting to the usual Google search featuring the doodle's special occasion. All parts in this short film were played by the Google Doodle team, and special behind-the-scenes footage was to be found on the Google blog.
 * Google displayed an interactive electric guitar doodle starting June 9, 2011, to celebrate the would-be 96th birthday of Les Paul. Apart from being able to hover the cursor over the doodle to strum the strings just like one of Les Paul's Gibson guitars, there was also a keyboard button, which when enabled allowed interaction with the doodle via the keyboard. The doodle still maintained some resemblance to the Google logo. In the U.S., the doodle also allowed the user to record a 30-second clip, after which a URL is created and can be sent to others. The doodle remained on the site an extra day due to popularity in the U.S. It now has its own page linked to the Google Doodles archives.
 * On January 18, 2012, for users in the United States, Google placed a censor bar on top of their logo to protest SOPA and PIPA.
 * On May 23, 2012, for what would have been instrument inventor and synthesizer pioneer Robert Moog's 78th birthday, the Doodle team pulled off their own feat of engineering: a fully playable and recordable Google logo resembling a vintage Minimoog Model D synthesizer. Electronic analog Moog Synthesizer timbre and tones would come to define a generation of music, featuring heavily in songs by The Beatles, The Doors, Stevie Wonder, Kraftwerk and many others. Much like the musical machines Bob Moog created, this doodle was synthesized from a number of smaller components to form a unique instrument. Mouse or computer keyboard was used to control the mini-synthesizer's keys and knobs and fiddle with oscillators and envelopes. Synthesizer doodle patched the keyboard into a 4-track tape recorder that could share songs.
 * On June 23, 2012, in commemoration of what would have been Alan Turing's 100th birthday, Google's logo became an interactive Turing Machine.
 * On August 8, 2012, Google Displayed an interactive Basketball Game for the 2012 Summer Olympics.
 * On September 13, 2012, Google created a doodle for Clara Schumann to celebrate her 193rd birthday.
 * On November 23, 2013, Google's logo changed to a playable Doctor Who game in honor of the show's 50th anniversary.
 * On May 19, 2014, for the 40th anniversary of the Rubik's Cube, Google made an interactive virtual Rubik's Cube that people could try to solve.
 * On April 14, 2015, for the 155th anniversary of the Pony Express, Google made a playable 2D side-scrolling doodle game in which the player collects mail, avoids obstacles, and delivers up to 100 letters from California to Missouri.
 * On October 1, 2015, Annie Besant's 168th birthday anniversary was commemorated with a Doodle.
 * On December 17, 2015, a Google Doodle was featured honoring the 245th anniversary of Beethoven's date of birth. It features an interactive game to match the musical writing in correct order as it featured 4 levels.
 * On January 22, 2016, for the 151st birthday of Wilbur Scoville, creator of the Scoville Scale, Google made a playable doodle game in which the player plays as an ice cream cone throwing ice cream scoops at a variety of peppers to neutralize their heat. Gameplay is based on the timing of a mouse click or space bar press which rapidly increases in difficulty. The game features 5 levels, each featuring a different type of pepper (Bell Pepper, Jalapeño Pepper, Cayenne Pepper, Ghost Pepper, and Trinidad Moruga scorpion) and a fun fact about each pepper along with its measured Scoville Heat Units.
 * On August 5, 2016, for the 2016 Summer Olympics, the Google app received an update for Android and iOS devices to include 7 mini games called Doodle Fruit Games featuring Strawberry, Blueberry, Coconut, Pineapple, and more. It lasted until August 21, with a new mini game every day. The game was accessible on the Google app by clicking on a play button.
 * On October 30, 2016, for Halloween, Google added a game called Magic Cat Academy, featuring a cat named Momo fighting ghosts. To play, users had to click on a play button, and "draw" to kill the ghosts.
 * On February 11, 12, 13 and 14, 2017, for Valentine's Day, Google added a game featuring the endangered pangolin, an African and Asian mammal, that goes through four levels (one released each day), while collecting objects, and avoiding obstacles.
 * On 28 February 2017, Google celebrated Edhi with a Google Doodle hailing his "super-efficient" ambulance service.
 * On May 9, 2017, a Google Doodle was featured honoring the 181st birthday of Ferdinand Monoyer. He was a French ophthalmologist who in 1872 introduced the dioptre, the reciprocal of focal length in metres, as a unit for lens power; its use greatly simplifies calculations when combining lenses. He devised an eye chart where every row represents a different lens power, from smallest to largest. A close look at the Doodle may reveal to the reader a tribute to Monoyer: his name, hidden in the chart.
 * On June 22, 2017, to celebrate what would have been the 117th birthday of Oskar Fischinger, a musician, Google released an interactive fullscreen Doodle that let users create their own musical songs by tapping on the screen. The user could then choose to share it to social media. The game was accessible by tapping on 2 play buttons.
 * On August 11, 2017, the 44th anniversary of DJ Kool Herc's pioneering use of the hip hop break, the Google Doodle allowed users use a double turntable to act as a hip-hop DJ.
 * On September 4, 2017, to celebrate what would have been the 83rd birthday of Russian baritone singer Eduard Khil, Google added a video doodle that featured an animated Eduard Khil singing "I am very glad, as I'm finally returning back home", known globally as the Trololo song.
 * On December 4, 2017, Google celebrated 50 years of kids' coding languages with an Interactive Doodle.
 * On December 8, 2017, Google celebrated the 287th birthday of Jan Ingenhousz with a Doodle.
 * On January 29, 2018, Google celebrated Taiwanese singer Teresa Teng on what would have been her 65th birthday.
 * On May 3, 2018, Google celebrated the work of Georges Méliès by making a doodle that encompassed his famous work such as A Trip to the Moon and The Impossible Voyage. The doodle is also the first google doodle that was shown in 360-degrees format, with the viewer being able to rotate the video to give them different points of view.
 * On May 16, 2018, Google celebrated Polish painter Tamara de Lempicka.
 * On June 10, 2018, Google celebrated the history of garden gnomes by releasing an interactive Doodle where the player can use a catapult to launch their clay gnomes into the farthest reach of their garden.
 * On September 15, 2018, for India, Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya's 158th Birthday. On whose birthday India celebrates Engineer's day.
 * On September 21, 2018, the stop-motion, animated video Google doodle, celebrating Fred Rogers, was created in collaboration with Fred Rogers productions, The Fred Rogers center, and BixPix entertainment.
 * On October 30, 2018, for Halloween, Google added a multiplayer game called Great Ghoul Duel, featuring two teams of ghosts racing to collect spirits and steal them from the other team. Games can support up to 8 players, and users could create custom invite links or match with random users across the globe. Great Ghoul Duel was the first Doodle to support multiplayer over the internet.
 * On November 6, 2018, for the United States elections, Google changed their logo to Go Vote.
 * On March 7, 2019, Google celebrated Olga Ladyzhenskaya, a Russian mathematician.
 * On March 21, 2019, Google celebrated German composer and musician Johann Sebastian Bach by creating the first Doodle that uses artificial intelligence to make music. When a button is pressed, the Doodle uses machine learning to harmonize a user-created melody into Bach's signature music style (or alternatively into a Bach 80s rock style hybrid if an amp on the right side is clicked).
 * On July 16–20, 2019, Google celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon landing by NASA where Neil Armstrong became the first man on the Moon.
 * On August 12, 2019, for India, Google commemorated Vikram Sarabhai's 100th birth anniversary. He is internationally regarded as the Father of the Indian Space Program.
 * On December 9-10, 2019, the interactive Google doodle game celebrated the Mexican card game loteria.

2020s

 * On March 20, 2020, near the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Google honored Ignaz Semmelweis for pioneering the practice of hand washing. The Doodle animation specifically showcased how to properly and thoroughly wash one's hands.
 * Google also released several doodles in the following weeks thanking various industry workers who helped people out during the pandemic.
 * Some games were re-released for people staying at home during lockdown to play.
 * On April 22, 2020, in celebration of the 50th anniversary of Earth Day, a Doodle game was created in partnership with the Honeybee Conservancy, wherein a honeybee is guided by the player to pollinate flowers, while facts about the honeybee and its impact are shared between levels.
 * On May 20, 2020, Google celebrated the 61st birthday of Israel Kamakawiwo'ole, who is best known for his song Somewhere Over The Rainbow.
 * On May 21-22, 2020, the interactive Doodle celebrated the mbira as Zimbabwe's culture week begins.
 * On June 30, 2020, Google celebrated Marsha P. Johnson with a Google Doodle.
 * On September 1, 2020, Google honored Jackie Ormes, known for being the first African-American woman cartoonist, along with being the creator of the Torchy Brown comic strip and the Patty-Jo 'n' Ginger panel. The Doodle animation showcased a slideshow of her career.
 * On Halloween, a sequel to the 2016 Halloween Doodle was made. It had similar gameplay, but a different setting (underwater) and focused on sea creatures such as the immortal jellyfish and the anglerfish.
 * On December 10, 2020, Google celebrated St Lucian economist, professor, and author W. Arthur Lewis.
 * On December 20, 2020, Google remembered the last surviving rhinoceros, Sudan.
 * On December 30, 2020, Google celebrated Alaska native civil rights champion Elizabeth Peratrovich, who played an instrument role in the 1945 passage of the first anti-discrimination law in the United States.
 * On January 15, 2021, Google honored James Naismith, known as the inventor of the game of basketball. The Doodle animation showcases a person making a basket.
 * On March 10, 2021, Google honored Wu Lien-teh, depicting Wu Lien-teh assembling surgical masks and distributing them to reduce the risk of disease transmission.
 * On June 9, 2021, Google honored Shirley Temple with an animated depiction of her during her career as a child actress alongside her later service as a diplomat.
 * On July 23, 2021, Google released an RPG-style game called Doodle Champion Island Games, with artwork by Studio 4°C, to celebrate video gaming, Japanese folklore, and the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo.
 * On August 14, 2021, Google made a doodle of Derawar Fort to celebrate Pakistan's 75 Independence Day. According to Google, the fort symbolizes Pakistani adaptability and antiquity.
 * On September 2, 2021, Google made a doodle celebrating the 138th birthday of the Polish biologist Rudolf Weigl, known for inventing the epidemic typhus vaccine.
 * On September 5, 2021, Olivia When made a doodle celebrating the 107th birthday of the Chilean poet Nicanor Parra, being visible in 15 countries, including Chile.
 * On September 6, 2021, Google made a doodle celebrating the 100th birthday of the Spanish writer Carmen Laforet, in which she appears reading a book on a balcony.
 * On September 8, 2021, Google made an 80-second illustrated video celebrating the 32nd birthday of Tim Bergling, in which a lot of people appear enjoying the song Wake Me Up by the Swedish DJ.
 * On September 15, 2021, Google made five doodles celebrating independence day in various Central American countries such as Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, Panama was not included, because its independence date was not September 15.
 * On September 16, 2021, Magdiel Herrera made a doodle known as à la Mexicana celebrating the Mexican independence day, in it shows a china poblana, a pozole, a bell, a hat with a zarape, a cactus and an Aztec musician.
 * On September 17, 2021, Google did a doodle celebrating the birth of Michiyo Tsujimura, a Japanese biochemist known for her research on green tea and its nutritional benefits.
 * On September 18, 2021, Google made a doodle from the Chilean National Holidays shows in the center to a huemul, an animal representative of both the country and the national shield.
 * On October 1, 2021, Roxie Vizcarra created a slideshow doodle celebrating US Chicano educator, boxer, poet, and activist Rodolfo Gonzales.
 * On November 1, 2021, Google celebrated Zuni native American fiber artist, weaver, and potter the late We'wha with an interactive doodle.
 * On November 4, 2021, Google celebrated Chinese-born, British American physicist and educator Charles K. Kao.
 * On November 8, 2021, Google celebrated Indian cell biologist Kamal Ranadive on her 104th birthday.
 * On November 12, 2021, Google celebrated Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer, who painted the Girl with a Pearl Earring in 1665.
 * On November 14, 2021, Google celebrated the 216th birthday of German pianist and composer Fanny Hensel.
 * On November 20, 2021, Google celebrated Creole classical musician and composer Edmond Dede.
 * On December 2, 2021, Google celebrated French painter Georges Seurat.
 * On December 6-7, 2021, the interactive Google doodle celebrated one of the world's most popular dishes: pizza!
 * On December 17, 2021, Google celebrated the 315th birthday of French mathematician, physicist, translator, and philosopher Emilie du Chatelet.
 * In January 2022, Google created a special Doodle that shows up when one searches for the term Wordle, based on the online game that had risen to popularity the previous month. The Doodle mimics playing the game Wordle on the name Google.
 * On January 5, 2022, Google celebrated one of history's most influential scientific minds, English cosmologist, author, and physicist Stephen Hawking.
 * On January 17, 2022, Google celebrated what would have been Betty White's 100th birthday (she died just weeks earlier on December 31, 2021) by having rose petals fall from the top of the screen and the phrase thank you for being a friend appear at the bottom when the user searches for her name, both references to her popular television role on The Golden Girls.
 * On January 26, 2022, Google celebrated the 124th birthday of Russian born, Polish avant-garde sculptor and art theoretician Katarzyna Kobro.
 * On February 9, 2022, Google celebrated athlete Toni Stone in honor of Black History Month.
 * On February 17, 2022, Google celebrated Dr. Michiaki Takahashi's 94th birthday with a doodle showing first the research phase, then a boy with chickenpox, a doctor giving the chickenpox vaccine, and ending with bottles of medicine and dots giving a graphical representation of the declining number of cases due to the vaccine.
 * On March 16, 2022, Google celebrated the 200th birthday of French painter Rosa Bonheur.
 * On April 12, 2022, Google celebrated Montserrat Caballe's 89th birthday.
 * On April 29, 2022, Google hit all the right notes by celebrating Toots Thielemans on what would be his 100th birthday.
 * On April 30, 2022, Google took you to U.S. Route 66 with a video doodle.
 * On May 2, 2022, Google celebrated the birthday of the black Canadian American engineer and inventor Elijah McCoy.
 * On May 19, 2022, this Asian Pacific American heritage month doodle celebrated Stacey Milbern and her legacy on what would be her 35th birthday.
 * On May 22, 2022, Google celebrated The Great Gama in honor of his 144th birthday.
 * On June 4, 2022, Google celebrated the inspiring life of Kiyoshi Kuromiya and the legacy of activism he left behind.
 * On June 6, 2022, Google celebrated Angelo Moriondo, the man who invented the espresso machine.
 * On June 17, 2022, Google celebrated British composer, teacher, and opera singer Amanda Aldridge.
 * On June 25, 2022, Google honored German diarist Anne Frank with a slideshow doodle.
 * On July 6, 2022, Google celebrated the 71st birthday of Native American stand up comedian Charlie Hill.
 * On July 18, 2022, Google celebrated what would have been the 112th birthday of electronic music producer and physicist Oskar Sala.
 * On July 26, 2022, Google celebrated the steelpan with a video doodle.
 * On July 31-August 1, 2022, the interactive Google doodle game celebrated petanque, a beloved French outdoor game played around the world.
 * On August 23, 2022, Google celebrated the 104th birthday of physicist and meteorologist Anna Mani.
 * On September 8, 2022, the date of Queen Elizabeth II's death, Google erected a specialized grayscale Doodle in the United Kingdom and certain other Commonwealth nations, which comprised simply a colorless Google logo and a hyperlink to Queen Elizabeth II in honor of the late monarch. A dedicated page was erected for the Doodle on Google's Doodle archive site, but it was not displayed in the normal listing.
 * For the date of Queen Elizabeth II's funeral on September 19, Google changed the aforementioned grayscale Doodle to black. This Doodle, as with the grayscale one erected on her date of death, was also not displayed in the normal archive listing on Google's Doodle archive site.
 * On October 11, 2022, Google celebrated the musician and entertainer Tito Puente.
 * On October 30–31, 2022, Google re-released the Great Ghoul Duel multiplayer Doodle from 2018 with additional maps and achievements. The game was originally scheduled to be released 2021 but it was delayed due to server and designing difficulties.
 * On November 1, 2022, Google celebrated Indigenous North American stickball in honor of Native American heritage month.
 * On November 4, 2022, Google celebrated the West African dish jollof rice.
 * On November 21, 2022, Google celebrated the life of Marie Tharp with an interactive doodle.
 * On November 23, 2022, Google celebrated Mexican American actress Myrtle Gonzalez.
 * On December 1-2, 2022, the interactive Google doodle game celebrated the 82nd birthday of Jerry Lawson, one of the fathers of modern gaming.
 * On December 12, 2022, Google celebrated the life and innovative work of Maria Telkes, one of the first pioneers of solar energy.
 * On December 17, 2022, Google celebrated Ana Mercedes Hoyos, a distinguished Colombian artist.
 * On December 19, 2022, Google celebrated 17th century painter Judith Leyster's work.
 * On January 29-30 2023, the interactive Google doodle game celebrated bubble tea, also known as boba tea and pearl milk tea.
 * On February 8, 2023, Google celebrated Haitian American model and disability rights advocate Mama Cax.
 * On March 15, 2023, Google celebrated adobo, a way of cooking and a favorite Filipino dish!
 * On March 19, 2023, Google celebrated the 80th birthday of Mexican chemist Mario Molina.
 * On March 22, 2023, Google celebrated French mime artist Marcel Marceau.
 * On March 24, 2023, Google celebrated the 77th birthday of Kitty O'Neil, once crowned the fastest woman in the world.
 * On March 28, 2023, Google celebrated Justine Siegemund, a midwife who dared to challenge patriarchal attitudes in the 17th century.
 * On April 30, 2023, to commemorate 36 years since his first leading role in theatre, Google celebrated the life of British actor Alan Rickman.
 * On May 5, 2023, Google celebrated the life and work of Chinese American photographer, journalist, and activist Corky Lee.
 * On May 7, 2023, Google celebrated the 190th birthday of German composer and pianist Johannes Brahms.
 * On May 20-21, 2023, the interactive Google doodle celebrated Lake Xochimilco, a natural lake near Mexico City, Mexico.
 * On May 22, 2023, Google celebrated Barbara May Cameron, a photographer, poet, writer, and activist.
 * On June 9, 2023, the Google doodle video celebrated Willi Ninja, an iconic dancer and choreographer known as the Godfather of Voguing.
 * On June 10, 2023, Google celebrated scones, an afternoon tea treat in the United Kingdom.
 * On June 20, 2023, Google celebrated the Polish sculptor and artist Magdalena Abakanowicz.
 * On July 12–13, 2023, the interactive Google doodle game celebrated the Indian street food Panipuri, also widely known as golgappa.
 * On July 16, 2023, Google celebrated Indian American artist and printmaker Zarina Hashmi.
 * On July 17, 2023, Google celebrated the 204th birthday of American scientist and women's rights activist Eunice Newton Foote with a slideshow doodle.
 * On August 4, 2023, Google celebrated the life of Altina Schinasi, an American artist, designer, and inventor.
 * On September 15, 2023, Google celebrated Guatemalan American labor organizer, journalist, and activist Luisa Moreno.
 * On September 27, 2023, Google celebrated its 25th anniversary with a doodle chronicling the evolution of the Google logo from 1997 to the present and ending with the current logo saying G25gle, with the two "o"s in the logo turning into the numbers 25.
 * On September 29, 2023, Google celebrated the 89th birthday of psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.
 * On September 30, 2023, Google celebrated deaf French educator and intellectual Ferdinand Berthier.
 * On October 2, 2023, Google celebrated the Appalachian trail with a slideshow doodle.
 * On October 17, 2023, Google celebrated the 118th birthday of Mexican American media pioneer, broadcaster, and community activist Raoul A. Cortez.
 * On October 20, 2023, Google celebrated the 122nd birthday of jazz singer Adelaide Hall in honor of UK black history month.
 * On October 31, 2023, Google celebrated Halloween by showcasing a Halloween slideshow poem.
 * On March 7, 2024, Google celebrated what would have been Mexican singer Lola Beltrán's 92nd birthday in an animated doodle.
 * On March 11, 2024, Google celebrated the flat white, a beloved coffee drink of steamed milk poured over a shot of espresso.
 * On April 8, 2024, Google celebrated the Solar eclipse of April 8, 2024.
 * On April 15, 2024, Google celebrated the life and legacy of Lebanese American writer Etel Adnan.
 * On April 20, 2024, Google celebrated the start of the 2024 NBA playoffs.
 * On May 1, 2024, Google celebrated Indian American poet Meena Alexander.
 * On May 14, 2024, Google celebrated the start of the 28th WNBA season.
 * On May 16, 2024, Google celebrated the 81st birthday of activist Hank Adams.
 * On May 23, 2024, Google celebrated chilaquiles, the beloved Mexican dish that's made its way into hearts and homes around the world.
 * On June 6, 2024, Google celebrated Chicana activist, feminist, and author Jeanne Cordova in honor of pride month.
 * On June 10, 2024, Google celebrated the Dragon Boat Festival.
 * On June 20, 2024, Google kicked off the Conmebol Copa America 2024 as the 48th installment of the Copa América Series.

"Doodle 4 Google" competitions
Google holds competitions for school students to create their own Google doodles, referred to as Doodle 4 Google. Winning doodles go onto the Doodle4Google website, where the public can vote for the winner, who wins a trip to the Googleplex and the hosting of the winning doodle for 24 hours on the Google website.

The competition originated in the United Kingdom, and has since expanded to the United States and other countries. The competition was also held in Ireland in 2008. Google announced a Doodle 4 Google competition for India in 2009 and the winning doodle was displayed on the Google India homepage on November 14. A similar competition held in Singapore based on the theme "Our Singapore" was launched in January 2010 and the winning entry was chosen from over 30,000 entries received. The winning design was shown on Singapore's National Day on Google Singapore's homepage. It was held again in 2015 in Singapore and was themed 'Singapore: The next 50 years'.

Controversy and criticism
On September 13, 2007, Google posted a doodle honoring author Roald Dahl on the anniversary of his birth. This date also happened to coincide with the first day of the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah, and Google was immediately criticized by some groups for this decision due to the fact that Dahl has been accused of anti-Semitism. Google removed the Doodle by 2:00 p.m. that day, and there remains no evidence of its existence in Google's official Doodle archive to this date.

In 2007, Google was also criticized for not featuring versions of the Google logo for American patriotic holidays such as Memorial Day and Veterans Day. Google featured a logo commemorating Veterans Day that year.

In 2014, Google received some criticism for failing to honor the 70th anniversary of the D-Day invasion with a Doodle and instead honoring Japanese Go player Honinbo Shusaku. In response to the criticism, Google removed the logo from their homepage and added a series of links to images of the invasion of Normandy.

On May 19, 2016, Google honored Yuri Kochiyama, an Asian American activist and member of the Maoist-based black nationalist group Revolutionary Action Movement, with a Doodle on its main U.S. homepage. This choice was criticized by conservative commentators due to some of Kochiyama's controversial opinions, such as an admiration for Osama bin Laden and Mao Zedong. U.S. Senator Pat Toomey called for a public apology from Google. Google did not respond to any criticism, nor did it alter the presentation of the Doodle on its homepage or on the Doodle's dedicated page.

Gender and race
In 2014, a report published by SPARK Movement, an activist organization, stated that there was a large gender and race imbalance in the number of Doodles shown by Google, and that most Doodles were honoring white males. The report was widely reported in the media, and Google made a commitment to increase the proportion of women and racial minorities. As a result of this media controversy and Google's internal policies regarding diversity, equity and inclusion, Google rarely features white males in Doodles as of 2024.

Religious holidays
Google typically abstains from referencing or celebrating religious holidays specifically in Doodles, or in cases when they do, religious themes and iconography are avoided. Google has acknowledged this as an official policy, stating in April 2018 that they "don't have Doodles for religious holidays", according to "current Doodle guidelines". Google further explained that Doodles may appear for some "non-religious celebrations that have grown out of religious holidays", citing Valentine's Day (Christianity), Holi (Hinduism), and Tu B'Av (Judaism) as examples, but that the company does not include "religious imagery or symbolism" as part of those Doodles.

Google has been criticized for what has been perceived as its inconsistency regarding the implementation of its religious holiday policy, notably its lack of Doodles for major Christian holidays. Critics have pointed to its yearly recognition of the Jewish and Hindu festivals of Tu B'av and Holi, while Easter only received an official Doodle once in 2000 (and a themed homepage in 2019). Christmas is not specifically celebrated by name, although a Doodle with a seasonally festive and/or winter theme has always been present on December 25 since 1999. Since the mid-2010s, Google has also repeated their December 25 doodle on January 7, which is the date for Christmas in the Eastern Orthodox Church, but the word "Christmas" has never explicitly been used; the terminology "holidays" and "Eastern Europe" are used instead of "Christmas" or "Eastern Orthodox Church".

Easter
Google first created a Doodle for Easter in 2000, and did not acknowledge the holiday on its homepage again until 2019. In March 2013, Google was criticized for celebrating American activist Cesar Chavez on Easter Sunday with a Doodle instead of Easter.

In 2019, after an 18-year hiatus, Google presented an atypical "Doodle" for Easter, for the desktop version of their homepage only. Unlike what is seen in virtually all other Doodles, the Google logo itself was unaltered in the presentation of the Doodle, and users had to click on the "I'm Feeling Lucky" button where "Lucky" is replaced with an anthropomorphic Easter egg, which triggered a falling array of Easter-themed items such as eggs, bunnies, and hot cross buns. Some of these items were hyperlinked, leading to a detailed page about Easter customs. Google's official Doodle archive page originally contained an unlisted entry for the 2019 Easter Doodle, which has since been removed. Notably, the 2019 Easter-themed homepage was not visible from mobile devices unless the "Desktop mode" option was triggered on the mobile browser, leading to the majority of users not ever seeing the "Doodle". Danny Sullivan, technologist with Google involved with the Easter-themed homepage, responded to an inquiry about its absence on mobile by saying it was "hard to do the interactivity dependably [on mobile]".

In 2020, Google once again celebrated Easter atypically on its homepage, but not as a Doodle. An Easter egg was placed below the "Google Search" and "I'm Feeling Lucky" buttons, with hovertext indicating "Happy Easter". When clicked, the egg led to a search results page for "Easter". This is similar to how Memorial Day and Remembrance Day have been recognized by the company in the US.

title: Google Doodle


text:
Bill Gallo

Bill Gallo (December 28, 1922 – May 10, 2011) was an American cartoonist and newspaper columnist, known for his cartoons about sports, for the New York Daily News.

Biography
Gallo was born in Manhattan, the son of a journalist father who died when Gallo was 11 years old. Gallo's mother and father were natives of Spain. When Gallo graduated from high school in 1941, he landed a copy boy job on the Daily News. He worked there for seven months until he was called to serve in World War II.

Gallo joined the United States Marine Corps on December 8, 1942. He completed his recruit training at Parris Island, South Carolina. Gallo served in combat in the Pacific theater, fighting at Saipan, Tinian and on Iwo Jima. After the war, he returned to the Daily News.

Gallo also attended Columbia University and later the Cartoonists and Illustrators School (now known as the School of Visual Arts), under the GI Bill of Rights. In 1960, Gallo was transferred to the Sports Department of the newspaper, where he began doing sports cartoons following the death of cartoonist Leo O'Melia.

Gallo developed the characters Basement Bertha and Yuchie. One of Gallo's more famous works was his 1979 tribute sketch after the death of Yankees baseball great, Thurman Munson.

Gallo's work can also be found on the walls of the Overlook in Midtown Manhattan which is owned by Patrick Evangelista, Mark Evangelista and Jeff Perzan, as well as in the permanent collections of the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York.

On the night of Tuesday, May 10, 2011, Gallo died from complications stemming from pneumonia. He was 88.

Awards

 * Columnist–writer: Gallo received the James J. Walker Award from the Boxing Writers Association, and the Champions Award from the Downtown Athletic Club. He was also inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

 * Cartoonist: He also received the National Cartoonists Society Milton Caniff Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998. Gallo was also awarded the Page One Journalism Award from the New York Newspaper Guild 20 times, the Power of Printing Award, the Elzie Segar Award (as outstanding Cartoonist in 1975), and the Achievement Award for Alumni from the School of Visual Arts. He also received the National Cartoonist Society Sports Cartoon Award for 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, and 1988. In January 2010, Gallo was among the honorees, accepting an award for his boxing writing at the Ring 8 benefit in Howard Beach, New York. The Ring 8 organization awards Bill Gallo college and vocational scholarships annually based on need to aspiring male and female scholars with a boxing background.

On May 7, 2011, he received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor. Due to his health, he was unable to attend the ceremony on Ellis Island. The Daily News honored his medal with a two-page spread that weekend.

title: Bill Gallo


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/John Titor/archive2

John Titor
Great, well written article that really deserves another shot at being Featured. --TehBrandon 01:50, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * FAC 1
 * Strong Object per unresolved problems at Featured article candidates/John Titor/archive1 (no inline citations, WP:LAYOUT problems, list-weighty, try peer review first). AZ t 02:14, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Strong Object per above and lead doesn't summarize article, no inline cites, POV and doesn't discuss non-believers in this idea.Rlevse 10:31, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Refer to peer-review. This is hardly a B-class article!--Yannismarou 16:21, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Please, please read WP:WIAFA before renominating this article again. -- Kicking222 20:51, 18 December 2006 (UTC)


text:
Nobuteru Maeda

Nobuteru Maeda (前田亘輝) is a Japanese male singer-songwriter from Atsugi, Kanagawa. He is signed onto Sony Music Japan. He is also a leader of rock band Tube. He released the hits "Sobani Iruyo" and "Try Boy, Try Girl".

title: Nobuteru Maeda


text:
Air shower (physics)

Air showers are extensive cascades of subatomic particles and ionized nuclei, produced in the atmosphere when a primary cosmic ray enters the atmosphere. When a particle of the cosmic radiation, which could be a proton, a nucleus, an electron, a photon, or (rarely) a positron, interacts with the nucleus of a molecule in the atmosphere, it produces a vast number of secondary particles, which make up the shower. In the first interactions of the cascade especially hadrons (mostly light mesons like pions and kaons) are produced and decay rapidly in the air, producing other particles and electromagnetic radiation, which are part of the shower components. Depending on the energy of the cosmic ray, the detectable size of the shower can reach several kilometers in diameter.

The absorbed ionizing radiation from cosmic radiation is largely from muons, neutrons, and electrons, with a dose rate that varies in different parts of the world and is based largely on the geomagnetic field, altitude, and solar cycle. Airline crews are exposed to more radiation from cosmic rays if they routinely work flight routes that take them close to the North or South pole at high altitudes, where the shielding by the geomagnetic field is minimal.

The air shower phenomenon was unknowingly discovered by Bruno Rossi in 1933 in a laboratory experiment. In 1937 Pierre Auger, unaware of Rossi's earlier report, detected the same phenomenon and investigated it in some detail. He concluded that cosmic-ray particles are of extremely high energies and interact with nuclei high up in the atmosphere, initiating a cascade of secondary interactions that produce extensive showers of subatomic particles.

The most important experiments detecting extensive air showers today are the Telescope Array Project and the Pierre Auger Observatory. The latter is the largest observatory for cosmic rays ever built, operating with 4 fluorescence detector buildings and 1600 surface detector stations spanning an area of 3,000 km2 in the Argentinean desert.

History
In 1933, shortly after the discovery of cosmic radiation by Victor Hess, Bruno Rossi conducted an experiment in the Institute of Physics in Florence, using shielded Geiger counters to confirm the penetrating character of the cosmic radiation. He used different arrangements of Geiger counters, including a setup of three counters, where two were placed next to each other and a third was centered underneath with additional shielding. From the detection of air-shower particles passing through the Geiger counters in coincidence, he assumed that secondary particles are being produced by cosmic rays in the first shielding layer as well as in the rooftop of the laboratory, unknowing that the particles he measured were muons, which are produced in air showers and which would only be discovered three years later. He also noted that the coincidence rate drops significantly for cosmic rays that are detected at a zenith angle below $$60^\circ$$. A similar experiment was conducted in 1936 by Hilgert and Bothe in Heidelberg.

In a publication in 1939, Pierre Auger, together with three colleagues, suggested that secondary particles are created by cosmic rays in the atmosphere, and conducted experiments using shielded scintillators and Wilson chambers on the Jungfraujoch at an altitude of $$3500\,\text{m}$$ above sea level, and on Pic du Midi at an altitude of $$2900\,\text{m}$$ above sea level, and at sea level. They found that the rate of coincidences reduces with increasing distance of the detectors, but does not vanish, even at high altitudes. Thus confirming that cosmic rays produce air showers of secondary particles in the atmosphere. They estimated that the primary particles of this phenomenon must have energies of up to $$10^{15}\,\text{eV} = 1\,\text{PeV}$$.

Based on the idea of quantum theory, theoretical work on air showers was carried between 1935 and 1940 out by many well-known physicists of the time (including Bhabha, Oppenheimer, Landau, Rossi and others), assuming that in the vicinity of nuclear fields high-energy gamma rays will undergo pair-production of electrons and positrons, and electrons and positrons will produce gamma rays by radiation. Work on extensive air showers continued mainly after the war, as many key figures were involved in the Manhattan project. In the 1950s, the lateral and angular structure of electromagnetic particles in air showers were calculated by Japanese scientists Koichi Kamata and Jun Nishimura.

In 1955, the first surface detector array to detect air showers with sufficient precision to detect the arrival direction of the primary cosmic rays was built at the Agassiz station at MIT. The Agassiz array consisted of 16 plastic scintillators arranged in a $$460\,\text{m}$$ diameter circular array. The results of the experiment on the arrival directions of cosmic rays, however, where inconclusive.

The Volcano Ranch experiment, which was built in 1959 and operated by John Linsley, was the first surface detector array of sufficient size to detect ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. In 1962, the first cosmic ray with an energy of $$10^{20}\,\text{eV}$$ was reported. With a footprint of several kilometers, the shower size at the ground was twice as large as any event recorded before, approximately producing $$5\times10^{10}$$ particles in the shower. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the lateral distribution of the particles detected at the ground matched Kenneth Greisen's approximation of the structure functions derived by Kamata and Nishimura.

A novel detection technique for extensive air showers was proposed by Greisen in 1965. He suggested to directly observe Cherenkov radiation of the shower particles, and fluorescence light produced by excited nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere. In this way, one would be able to measure the longitudinal development of a shower in the atmosphere. This method was first applied successfully and reported in 1977 at Volcano Ranch, using 67 optical modules. Volcano Ranch finished its operation shortly after due to lack of funding.

Many air-shower experiments followed in the decades after, including KASCADE, AGASA, and HIRES. In 1995, the latter reported the detection of an ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray with an energy beyond the theoretically expected spectral cutoff. The air shower of the cosmic ray was detected by the Fly's Eye fluorescence detector system and was estimated to contain approximately 240 billion particles at its maximum. This corresponds to a primary energy for the cosmic ray of about $$3.2\times 10^{20}\text{eV}$$. To this day, no single particle with a larger energy was recorded. It is therefore publicly referred to as the Oh-My-God particle.

Air shower formation
The air shower is formed by interaction of the primary cosmic ray with the atmosphere, and then by subsequent interaction of the secondary particles, and so on. Depending on the type of the primary particle, the shower particles will be created mostly by hadronic or electromagnetic interactions.

Simplified shower model
Shortly after entering the atmosphere, the primary cosmic ray (which is assumed to be a proton or nucleus in the following) is scattered by a nucleus in the atmosphere and creates a shower core - a region of high-energy hadrons that develops along the extended trajectory of the primary cosmic ray, until it is fully absorbed by either the atmosphere or the ground. The interaction and decay of particles in the shower core feeds the main particle components of the shower, which are hadrons, muons, and purely electromagnetic particles. The hadronic part of the shower consists mostly of pions, and some heavier mesons, such as kaons and $$\varrho$$ mesons.

Neutral pions, $$\pi^0$$, decay by the electroweak interaction into pairs of oppositely spinning photons, which fuel the electromagnetic component of the shower. Charged pions, $$\pi^\pm$$, preferentially decay into muons and (anti)neutrinos via the weak interaction. The same holds true for charged and neutral kaons. In addition, kaons also produce pions. Neutrinos from pion and kaon decay are usually not accounted for as parts of the shower because of their very low cross-section, and are referred to as part of the invisible energy of the shower.

Qualitatively, the particle content of a shower can be described by a simplified model, in which all particles partaking in any interaction of the shower will equally share the available energy. One can assume that in each hadronic interaction, $$ 2 N_\text{ch} $$ charged pions and $$ N_\text{ch}$$ neutral pions are produced. The neutral pions will decay into photons, which fuel the electromagnetic part of the shower. The charged pions will then continue to interact hadronically. After $$n$$ interactions, the share of the primary energy $$E_0$$ deposited in the hadronic component is given by

$$ E_{\pi} = \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^n E_0 $$,

and the electromagnetic part thus approximately carries

$$ E_{\gamma} = \left(1-\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)^n\right) E_0$$.

A pion in the $$n$$th generation thus carries an energy of $$E_0/(3 N_\text{ch}/2)^n$$. The reaction continues, until the pions reach a critical energy $$\epsilon_\text{c}^\pi \simeq 20\,\text{GeV}$$, at which they decay into muons. Thus, a total of

$$ n_\text{c} = \left\lceil \frac{\ln\left( E_0 / \epsilon^{\pi}_\text{c} \right)}{\ln\left(\tfrac{3}{2}\,N_\text{ch}\right)} \right\rceil $$

interactions are expected and a total of $$(N_\text{ch})^{n_\text{c}} = (E_0/\epsilon_\text{c}^\pi)^\beta$$ muons are produced, with $$\beta = \ln N_\text{ch} / \ln(3 N_\text{ch}/2) \simeq 0.95$$. The electromagnetic part of the cascade develops in parallel by bremsstrahlung and pair production. For the sake of simplicity, photons, electrons, and positrons are often treated as equivalent particles in the shower. The electromagnetic cascade continues, until the particles reach a critical energy of $$\epsilon_\text{c}^{\gamma} \simeq 87\,\text{MeV}$$, from which on they start losing most of their energy due to scattering with molecules in the atmosphere. Because $$\epsilon_\text{c}^{\gamma} \ll \epsilon_\text{c}^\pi $$, the electromagnetic particles dominate the number of particles in the shower by far. A good approximation for the number of (electromagnetic) particles produced in a shower is $$N \simeq E_0/\text{GeV}$$. Assuming each electromagnetic interaction occurs after the average radiation length $$X_0\simeq37\,\text{g}/\text{cm}^2$$, the shower will reach its maximum at a depth of approximately

$$ X_\text{max} \simeq X_1 + X_0 \ln\left(\frac{E_0}{\text{GeV}}\right) $$,

where $$ X_1 $$ is assumed to be the depth of the first interaction of the cosmic ray in the atmosphere. This approximation is, however, not accurate for all types of primary particles. Especially showers from heavy nuclei will reach their maximum much earlier.

Longitudinal profile
The number of particles present in an air shower is approximately proportional to the calorimetric energy deposit of the shower. The energy deposit as a function of the surpassed atmospheric matter, as it can for example be seen by fluorescence detector telescopes, is known as the longitudinal profile of the shower. For the longitudinal profile of the shower, only the electromagnetic particles (electrons, positrons, and photons) are relevant, as they dominate the particle content and the contribution to the calorimetric energy deposit.

The shower profile is characterized by a fast rise in the number of particles, before the average energy of the particles falls below $$\epsilon^\gamma_\text{c}$$ around the shower maximum, and a slow decay afterwards. Mathematically the profile can be well described by a slanted Gaussian, the Gaisser-Hillas function or the generalized Greisen function,

$$ N(t) = \frac{\epsilon}{\sqrt{\beta}}\,\text{e}^{\left((t-t_1) - \tfrac{3}{2}\ln s \right)}. $$

Here $$\beta = \ln(E_0 / \epsilon^\gamma_\text{c}) $$ and $$ t = X / X_0 $$ using the electromagnetic radiation length in air, $$X_0 = 37\,\text{g}/\text{cm}^{-2}$$. $$t_1$$ marks the point of the first interaction, and $$\epsilon \approx 0.31$$ is a dimensionless constant. The shower age parameter $$s$$ is introduced to compare showers with different starting depths and different primary energies to highlight their universal features, as for example at the shower maximum $$s=1$$. For a shower with a first interaction at $$t_0=0$$, the shower age $$s$$ is usually defined as

$$ s = \frac{3t}{t + 2\beta} $$.

The image shows the ideal longitudinal profile of showers using different primary energies, as a function of the surpassed atmospheric depth $$X$$ or, equivalently, the number of radiation lengths $$t$$.

The longitudinal profiles of showers are particularly interesting in the context of measuring the total calorimetric energy deposit and the depth of the shower maximum, $$X_\text{max}$$, since the latter is an observable that is sensitive to type of the primary particle. The shower appears brightest in a fluorescence telescope at its maximum.

Lateral profile
For idealized electromagnetic showers, the angular and lateral distribution functions for electromagnetic particles have been derived by Japanese physicists Nishimura and Kamata. For a shower of age $$s$$, the density of electromagnetic particles as a function of the distance $$r$$ to the shower axis can be approximated by the NKG function

$$ \varrho(r) = \frac{N}{2\pi r_\text{M}^2} \frac{\Gamma(\tfrac{9}{2})}{\Gamma(s)\Gamma(\frac{9}{2}-2s)} \left(\frac{r}{r_\text{M}}\right)^{s-2} \, \left(1+\frac{r}{r_\text{M}}\right)^{s-9/2}, $$

using the number of particles $$N$$, Molière radius $$r_\text{M}$$ and the common Gamma function. $$N$$ can be given for example by the longitudinal profile function. The lateral distribution of hadronic showers (i.e. initiated by a primary hadron, such as a proton), which contain a significantly increased amount of muons, can be well approximated by a superposition of NKG-like functions, in which different particle components are described using effective values for $$s$$ and $$r_\text{M}$$.

Detection
The original particle arrives with high energy and hence a velocity near the speed of light, so the products of the collisions tend also to move generally in the same direction as the primary, while to some extent spreading sidewise. In addition, the secondary particles produce a widespread flash of light in forward direction due to the Cherenkov effect, as well as fluorescence light that is emitted isotropically from the excitation of nitrogen molecules. The particle cascade and the light produced in the atmosphere can be detected with surface detector arrays and optical telescopes. Surface detectors typically use Cherenkov detectors or scintillation counters to detect the charged secondary particles at ground level. The telescopes used to measure the fluorescence and Cherenkov light use large mirrors to focus the light on PMT clusters. Finally, air showers emit radio waves due to the deflection of electrons and positrons by the geomagnetic field. As advantage over the optical techniques, radio detection is possible around the clock and not only during dark and clear nights. Thus, several modern experiments, e.g., TAIGA, LOFAR, or the Pierre Auger Observatory use radio antennas in addition to particle detectors and optical techniques.

title: Air shower (physics)


text:
London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art

The London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) is a drama school located in Hammersmith, London. It is the oldest specialist drama school in the British Isles and a founding member of the Federation of Drama Schools. The institution is ranked 6th in the world by The Hollywood Reporter's annual list of the 25 top drama schools.

The academy's graduates work regularly at the Royal National Theatre, the Royal Shakespeare Company, Shakespeare's Globe, and the theatres of London's West End and Hollywood, as well as on the BBC, HBO, and Broadway. It is registered as a company under the name LAMDA Ltd and as a charity under its trading name London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. There is an associate organisation in America under the name of American Friends of LAMDA (AFLAMDA). A very high proportion of LAMDA's stage management and technical theatre graduates find work in their chosen field within weeks of graduation. LAMDA alumni have received 5 Academy Awards (out of 13 Oscar nominations), 10 SAG Awards, 13 Tonys, 15 Emmys, 19 Golden Globes, 21 BAFTAs, and 39 Olivier Awards.

LAMDA is in partnership with the Fulbright Program. Each year one U.S. applicant is awarded a Fulbright Scholarship by the UK Fulbright Commission to study for a Master of Arts in classical acting at the school. LAMDA Examinations in the fields of speech, drama, communication, and performance are taken by external students and are recognised by Ofqual, the regulator in England, and its counterparts in Wales and Northern Ireland. LAMDA-accredited examinations at Level 3 or above are recognised within the UCAS Tariff system. LAMDA's Principal is Professor Mark O'Thomas, who succeeded Director Sarah Frankcom in 2022. Benedict Cumberbatch succeeded Timothy West as President of LAMDA's board of trustees in 2018.

History
The London Academy of Music was established by Henry Wylde in 1861 in St. James's Hall; there were separate sections for men and women. Teaching began on 15 November 1861, at which time the cost per annum was 15guineas, or £15 15s 0d. Students of all ages "with a decided talent, or showing an aptitude for learning" were admitted. Full scholarships were available. The first philharmonic concert was held on 29 April 1863, following a public rehearsal on 25 April. It was a performance of Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 3.

Providing training for, and examinations in, various musical disciplines was originally the dominant purpose of the institution. However, providing instruction in spoken English quickly became a core area of the academy's work.

In the 1880s, LAMDA began offering speech examinations to the public. Since then, these examinations have been refined and developed into a comprehensive system of performance evaluation. LAMDA Examinations has emerged as the largest Speech and Drama Board in the United Kingdom.

In 1904, the school was amalgamated with two other London music institutions that had sprung up since the academy was founded, namely the London Music School (founded 1865) and the Forest Gate School of Music (founded 1885) renamed in 1906 the Metropolitan Academy of Music. (The Metropolitan Academy of Music severed its links with the London Academy of Music in 1907. ) In due course the Hampstead Academy was also amalgamated. The name was changed to the current name in 1935, under the direction of Wilfrid Foulis. In 1939, it was moved from London due to the war; when it reopened in 1945, it no longer provided musical training. However, singing has remained integral to LAMDA's actor training and in 2023 it introduced a new MFA Musical Theatre programme.

LAMDA was previously an associate member of the Conservatoire for Dance and Drama, having joined in 2004, and received funding through the Conservatoire from the Office for Students. It left the Conservatoire on 31 July 2019 to become an independent institution, and now receives funding directly from the Office for Students and Research England. LAMDA is a member of Conservatoires UK - an elite group of drama and music schools in the United Kingdom.

In August 2021 it was announced that Sarah Frankcom would step down as Director, and that LAMDA was conducting a search for a successor. In August 2022, LAMDA announced that Professor Mark O'Thomas had been unanimously appointed by the board of trustees as principal and chief executive, with Dr. Philippa Standberg-Long appointed as head of actor training.

Facilities
In 2003, LAMDA decided to move its teaching school and theatre to its current location in Hammersmith in West London. It acquired the old premises of the Royal Ballet School on Talgarth Road.

The move to the Talgarth Road enabled LAMDA to develop a campus with new training facilities designed by Niall McLaughlin Architects. The site was previously home to the Royal Ballet School, which moved to new, purpose-built facilities adjacent to the Royal Opera House.

The LAMDA complex has three theatres and various rehearsal spaces and meeting rooms. The three theatres are the Sainsbury Theatre, the Carne Studio Theatre and the Linbury Studio.

Boards and Honorary Fellows

 * Patron: Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy

Board of trustees

 * President: Benedict Cumberbatch
 * Vice-president: Patricia Hodge
 * Chairman: Shaun Woodward
 * Vice Chair: Tom Chandos, Sarah Habberfield
 * Other Board members: Shamez Alibhai, David Roper, Professor Naren Barfield, Mohammad Dastbaz, Joanne Hirst, Katie Channon, Thomas Laing-Baker,  Joanne Hirst, Helen Protheroe, Michelle Daisley, Leah Harvey, Rory Kinnear, Dame Shirley Pearce, Carole-Anne Upton, Helen Wright

Honorary Fellows

 * Norman Ayrton
 * Eileen Collins
 * Colin Cook
 * Zoë Dominic
 * Michael Forrest
 * Brian Tilston
 * Philip Carne

Notable alumni

 * Edward Akrout – (The Hollow Crown, The Borgias)
 * Angélica Aragón – (A Walk in the Clouds, Bella)
 * Richard Armitage – (The Hobbit, Hannibal)
 * Tala Ashe – (As the World Turns, Legends of Tomorrow)
 * Colin Baker – (Doctor Who, The Brothers)
 * Gabby Beans – (The Skin of Our Teeth)
 * Haluk Bilginer – (Winter Sleep, The International)
 * Harriet Walter – (Succession)
 * Jenny Boyd – (Legacies)
 * Jim Broadbent – (Iris, Hot Fuzz)
 * Cheryl Campbell – (Chariots of Fire, Call the Midwife)
 * Kim Cattrall – (Sex and the City, Big Trouble in Little China)
 * Anya Chalotra – (The Witcher)
 * Sam Claflin – (The Hunger Games, Snow White and the Huntsman, Me Before You)
 * Dominic Cooper – (Mamma Mia!, Captain America: The First Avenger, Preacher)
 * Brian Cox – (Succession, Troy, The Bourne Identity)
 * Benedict Cumberbatch – (Sherlock, Star Trek Into Darkness, The Imitation Game, Doctor Strange, Avengers: Infinity War)
 * James D’Arcy – (Agent Carter, Cloud Atlas, W.E.)
 * Alexis Denisof – (Angel, Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
 * Diana Dors – (Oliver Twist, A Kid for Two Farthings, Yield to the Night)
 * Chiwetel Ejiofor – (12 Years a Slave, Children of Men)
 * Rosaline Elbay – (Kaleidoscope, Ramy)
 * Jason Flemyng – (The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Snatch)
 * Sarah Goldberg – (Barry, Clybourne Park)
 * Tony Goldwyn – (Tarzan, Scandal, Ghost)
 * Ginnifer Goodwin – (Once Upon a Time, Big Love, Zootopia)
 * Richard Harris – (This Sporting Life, Harry Potter)
 * Steven Hartley – (The Bill, EastEnders)
 * Anthony Head – (Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Merlin)
 * Edward Herrmann – (Gilmore Girls, The Lost Boys)
 * William Hootkins – (Raiders of the Lost Ark, Batman)
 * Lee Ingleby – (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Inspector George Gently)
 * Željko Ivanek – (Argo, Damages)
 * Jeffrey Jones – (Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Beetlejuice)
 * İlker Kaleli – (Poyraz Karayel, Kayip Şehir , Kayip, Silsile, Dip, Öğretmen)
 * Stacy Keach – (American History X, Prison Break)
 * Rory Kinnear – (James Bond, Penny Dreadful)
 * Rose Leslie – (Game of Thrones, Downton Abbey)
 * John Lithgow – (Shrek, Terms of Endearment)
 * Archie Madekwe – (See, Gran Turismo)
 * Meaghan Martin – (10 Things I Hate about You, Camp Rock)
 * Malcolm McDowell – (A Clockwork Orange, Halloween)
 * Natascha McElhone – (The Truman Show, Californication, Designated Survivor)
 * Michael Malarkey – (The Vampire Diaries)
 * Stephen Moyer – (True Blood, 88 Minutes)
 * Avi Nash – (The Walking Dead, Learning to Drive)
 * David Naughton – (Makin' It, Midnight Madness, An American Werewolf in London)
 * Alec Newman – (Frank Herbert's Dune, A Lonely Place to Die,The Last Kingdom)
 * Vincenzo Nicoli – (The Dark Knight, Hank Zipzer, Alien³)
 * David Oyelowo – (Selma, Rise of the Planet of the Apes)
 * Brendan Patricks – (Downton Abbey, Gentleman Jack)
 * Joseph Quinn – (Stranger Things, Game of Thrones)
 * Jemma Redgrave – (Doctor Who, Howards End)
 * Iwan Rheon – (Misfits, Game of Thrones)
 * Andrew Robinson – (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Dirty Harry)
 * Samantha Robinson – (The Love Witch)
 * Alan Scarfe – (Star Trek: Voyager, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Seven Days, The Portrait, Double Impact)
 * Alexander Siddig – (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Game of Thrones)
 * Roshan Seth – (Gandhi, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom)
 * Daniel Sharman – (Teen Wolf, The Originals, Fear the Walking Dead)
 * Charles Siebert – (Trapper John, MD, Mancuso, F.B.I., Sticks and Bones, The Gingerbread Lady)
 * Gay Soper – (Godspell, The Flumps)
 * David Suchet – (Agatha Christie's Poirot, Blott on the Landscape, Freud, Maxwell, Richard II, Peter Pan Goes Wrong)
 * Donald Sutherland – (M*A*S*H, JFK, The Hunger Games)
 * Luke Treadaway – (The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (play), Unbroken, Cheerful Weather for the Wedding)
 * Leon Vitali – (Barry Lyndon, Filmworker)
 * Rita Wilson – (Sleepless in Seattle)
 * Rosie Holt – (The Russell Howard Show)
 * Sylvia Sáenz - ('Til Jail Do Us Part)
 * Ruth Wilson – (Luther, Saving Mr. Banks, His Dark Materials)
 * Philip Winchester – (Camelot, Strike Back)


text: Category:Universities and colleges in Alberta


text:
Hossein Borujerdi

Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Hossein Ali Tabatabaei Borujerdi (Luri/; 23 March 1875 – 30 March 1961) was a leading Iranian Shia Marja' in Iran from approximately 1947 to his death in 1961.

Life
Borujerdi was born on 23 March 1875 in the city of Borujerd in Lorestan Province in Iran. His family traced its lineage 30 generations to Hassan ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad). His father Sayyid Ali Tabataba'i was a religious scholar in Borujerd and his mother, Sayyidah Agha Beygum, was the daughter of Sayyid Mohammad Ali Tabataba'i.

Tenure as Ayatollah and Marja
Borujerdi revived the hawza of Qom in 1945 (1364 AH), which had waned after the death of its founder Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi in 1937. When Sayyid Abul Hasan Isfahani died the following year, the majority of Shi'a accepted Ayatullah Borujerdi as Marja'. Scholar Roy Mottahedeh reports that Borujerdi was the sole marja "in the Shia world" from 1945-6 until his death in 1961.

Outreach in the Islamic world
Borujerdi was praised by Morteza Motahhari for attempting to bridge the gap between Sunnis and Shiites. Borujerdi sent representatives to Lebanon, Kuwait, Sudan and Pakistan. He also helped establish the Islamic Center of Hamburg. Borujerdi also sent missionaries to spread Islam in Europe and the United States.

He established cordial relations with Mahmud Shaltut, the grand Shaykh of Al-Azhar University. Together, the two scholars established the "Organization for Rapprochement Among the Islamic Sects" ( Dar al-Taqrib bayn al-Madhahib al-lslamiyyah) in Cairo. Shaltut issued a fatwa legitimizing Ja'fari school of jurisprudence on par with the four major Sunni legal schools, and promoted its teaching at Al-Azhar.

Political leanings
Unlike many clergy and temporal rulers, Borujerdi and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, are said to have had cordial and mutually beneficial relations, starting with a visit by the Shah to Borujerdi's hospital room in 1944. Borujerdi is said to have generally remained aloof from politics and given the Shah his "tacit support," while the Shah did not follow his father's harsh anti-clericalism (for example he exempted clergy from military service), and until Borujerdi's death occasionally visited the cleric.

Borujerdi's belief in quietism, or silence of state matters, extended to keeping silent in public on such issues as Israel's treatment of the Palestinians, the overthrow of Mohammad Mosaddegh and the end of his campaign to nationalize and control the British-owned oil industry in Iran, and the Baghdad Pact alliance with the US and UK. It is thought that as a reward for this support the Shah ensured more religious instruction in state schools, tightened control of cinemas and other offensive secular entertainment during Moharram.

Ayatollah Borujerdi passively opposed the Pahlavi regime's agrarian reforms, which he called "agrarian destruction." In his view, the confiscations of large concentrations of landholdings of aristocrats and clergy by the Pahlavi shahs disrupted the fabric of rural life and eroded religious institutions.

Ruhollah Khomeini, who would lead the Iranian people's revolution in 1979, was Borujerdi's pupil. Borujerdi forbade Khomeini to take part in political activities, a ban which ended with Borujerdi's death.

Pepsi fatwa
In 1955 Borujerdi issued a fatwa making Pepsi Cola illegal in Iran. According to Ruhollah Khomeini, this was because the Pepsi franchise in Iran was held by Habib Sabet, a disciple of Baháʼí.

Death
Borujerdi died in Qom on 30 March 1961. Mohammad Reza Shah proclaimed three days of mourning and attended a memorial service in his honor.

Family
Borujerdi had two sons and three daughters from his first wife, all but one of whom died in childhood. The one who survived, died due to a difficult giving birth two years after marriage.

He had two sons and two daughters from his second wife (the daughter of Hajj Muhammad Ja'far Roughani Isfahani).

His third wife was his cousin, the daughter of Sayyid ‘Abd al-Wahid Tabataba'i.

One of his sons, Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Tabataba'i Burujirdi, who was born in 1925 in Burujird, was in charge of writing the official verdicts of his father. He died in 1977 in Qom.

Education and academic specialties
After entering elementary school at the age of seven, Sayyid Husayn's father realized his talent for learning and sent him to Nurbakhsh seminary in Borujerd. At the age of 11 he began his education at the theological schools of his city, under his father Sayed Ali. Then in 1310 (1892–93) he attended the theological school of Isfahan to continue his education. In the ten years that he studied in Isfahan, he completed his sutuh studies and was also granted the level of Ijtihad from his teachers, and began teaching Usul. Around the age of 30, Burujerdi moved from Isfahan to the theological seminary of Najaf, Iraq to continue his education.

In his youth, Borujerdi studied under a number of Shia masters of fiqh such as Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Durchih'i, Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani and Aqa Zia Iraqi, and specialized in fiqh. He studied the fiqahat of all the Islamic schools of thought, not just his own, along with the science of rijal. Though he is known for citing Masumeen to support many of his deductions, Borujerdi is known for elucidating many aspects himself and is an influential fiqh jurist in his own right. He has had a strong influence on Islamic scholars like Morteza Motahhari and Hussein-Ali Montazeri.

Notable students

 * Ruhollah Khomeini
 * Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani
 * Hossein Vahid Khorasani
 * Hussein-Ali Montazeri
 * Sayed Ali Khamenei
 * Sayyid Ali al-Sistani
 * Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani
 * Ali Safi Golpaygani
 * Mohammad Fazel Lankarani
 * Seyed Ali Mirlohi Falavarjani
 * Mousa Shubairi Zanjani
 * Karamatollah Malek-Hosseini
 * Muhammad Taha al-Huwayzi

Arabic books

 * 1) Jami' ahadith al-shi'a (31 vol)
 * 2) Sirat al-nijat
 * 3) Tartib asanid man la yahduruh al-faqih
 * 4) Tartib Rijal asanid man la yahduruh al-faqih
 * 5) Tartib asanid amali al-saduq
 * 6) Tartib asanid al-Khisal
 * 7) Tartib asanid 'ilal al-sharayi'
 * 8) Tartib asanid tahdhib al-ahkam
 * 9) Tartib rijal asanid al-tahdhib
 * 10) Tartib asanid thawab al-a'mal wa 'iqab al-a'mal
 * 11) Tartib asanid 'idah kutub
 * 12) Tartib rijal al-Tusi
 * 13) Tartib asanid Rijal al-Kashshi
 * 14) Tartib asanid rijal al-najjashi
 * 15) Tartib rijal al-fihristayan
 * 16) Buyut al-shi'a
 * 17) Hashiyah 'ala rijal al-najjashi
 * 18) Hashiyah 'ala 'umdat al-talib fi ansab al abi talib
 * 19) Hashiyah 'ala manhaj al-maqal
 * 20) Hashiyah 'ala wasa'il al-shi'a
 * 21) Al-mahdi (a) fi kutub ahl al-sunnah
 * 22) Al-athar al-manzumah
 * 23) Hashiyah 'ala majma' al-masa'l
 * 24) Majma' al-furu'
 * 25) Hashiyah 'ala tabsirah al-muta'allimin
 * 26) Anis al-muqalladin

Persian books

 * 1) Tudih al-manasik
 * 2) Tudih al-masa'l
 * 3) Manasik haj

title: Hossein Borujerdi


text:
Cerritos College

Cerritos College is a public community college in Norwalk, California. It offers degrees and certificates in 87 areas of study in nine divisions.

History
The college was founded in 1955. It was named after Rancho Los Cerritos, a local ranch in the 19th century. In turn the college was part of the inspiration for the renaming of the neighboring city of Dairy Valley to Cerritos. The district covers Artesia, Bellflower, Cerritos, Downey, Norwalk, La Mirada, and Hawaiian Gardens.

Originally, classrooms were rented in the now defunct Excelsior High School in September 1956. On July 24, 1957, the Cerritos Junior College District won the case against Dairy Valley (now Cerritos) to use the undeveloped land as an educational site. In September 1959, the college moved from Excelsior High School to the current site.

Organization and administration
The founder was Ralph Burnight of Redlands, a resident of Bellflower and superintendent of the Excelsior School District. The current college president is Dr. Jose Fierro.

Campus modernization
On February 15, 2017, the school opened two new buildings: a new Math and Computer Information Sciences building, and a Fine Arts complex. Together, the new facilities cost over $55 million and were funded by Measure G bond dollars.

Housing
On June 11, 2020, Cerritos became the first California community college to have housing for students without a place to live or with uncertain housing.

Notable alumni

 * Bob Apodaca – Colorado Rockies retired pitching coach
 * Marcelo Balboa – US National soccer team captain
 * Rod Barajas – Los Angeles Dodgers catcher / San Diego Padres Quality Control Coach
 * Bret Barberie – Major League Baseball player
 * Mike Benjamin – Major League Baseball infielder
 * Corey Bojorquez – Cleveland Browns punter
 * Rich Camarillo – former New England Patriots player
 * John Corbett – actor
 * Eric Draper – personal photographer for US President George W. Bush
 * Fou Fonoti – former American football player
 * John Force – NHRA Funny car driver
 * Joe Gibbs – former Washington Redskins head coach
 * George Horton – University of Oregon former baseball coach
 * T. J. Houshmandzadeh – former Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver
 * Brian Hunter – Major League Baseball former infielder
 * Kareem Larrimore – former Dallas Cowboys cornerback
 * Bobby Magallanes – Atlanta Braves assistant hitting coach
 * Bobby McFerrin – musician
 * Houston McTear – former world record sprinter
 * Louie Medina – Major League Baseball
 * Steve Mooshagian – American football player and college football coach, National Football League coach
 * Grace Napolitano – U.S. Representative
 * Emanuel Newton – (attended) professional mixed martial artist
 * Tom Nieto – Major League Baseball former catcher, coach
 * Damacio Page – state champion wrestler; current mixed martial artist, formerly for the WEC and the UFC
 * Elijhaa Penny – National Football League player
 * Tupe Peko – National Football League former player
 * Bao Quach – wrestler; Professional MMA fighter
 * D. J. Reed – New York Jets defensive back
 * Rodney Allen Rippy – actor
 * Lorenzo Romar – former Washington Huskies head basketball coach
 * Bubby Rossman – major league baseball pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies
 * John Saul – horror author
 * Jeff Tedford – Fresno State Bulldogs head coach (note: Tedford graduated from California State University, Fresno State)
 * Jim Vellone - former Minnesota Vikings guard
 * Dusty Wathan – third base coach for the Philadelphia Phillies
 * Herb Welch – former New York Giants player
 * Ray Wersching – former San Francisco 49ers kicker
 * Craig Worthington – former Major League Baseball third baseman
 * Kirk Jellerson – college football coach
 * Demetrin Veal – Tennessee Titans former defensive tackle
 * Bobby Lane – former American football player
 * Broderick Thompson – former National Football League player
 * Tom Tolbert – radio sports talk host and former NBA player
 * Rhamondre Stevenson – New England Patriots running back
 * A.J. McKee – former Bellator MMA featherweight champion
 * Ron Yary – former Minnesota Vikings offensive tackle, member of Pro Football Hall of Fame
 * Han Ye-seul – South Korean actress
 * Steve Seungjun Yoo – Korean-American singer
 * Jim Zorn – former Seattle Seahawks quarterback and Washington Redskins head coach

title: Cerritos College


text:
Rolleston, Queensland

Rolleston is a rural town and locality in the Central Highlands Region, Queensland, Australia. In the, the locality of Rolleston had a population of 132 people.

Geography
Rolleston is located on the Comet River, 335 km west of Gladstone, 263 kilometres (163 mi) north of Roma and 694 km northwest of Brisbane. Springsure, the nearest town, lies 71 km to the north-west. Rolleston is at the junction of the Carnarvon, Gregory and Dawson highways.

There is a large coal mine 13 km to the west called the Rolleston coal mine.

History
Rolleston was built on Kanolu land.

Wadja (also known as Wadjigu, Wadia, Wadjainngo, Mandalgu, and Wadjigun) is an Australian Aboriginal language in Central Queensland. The language region includes the local government areas of the Aboriginal Shire of Woorabinda and Central Highlands Region, including the Blackdown Tablelands. the Comet River, and the Expedition Range, and the towns of Woorabinda, Springsure and Rolleston.

The town is named after Christopher Rolleston, a pastoralist who was involved in leasing a number of pastoral runs in the area in the 1860s.

Rolleston State School opened on 9 October 1871.

Queensland's last legendary cattle thieves and bushrangers, the notorious Patrick and James Kenniff, frequently lived at Lethbridge Pocket, which is now within Carnarvon National Park. It was here on Easter Sunday, 30 March 1902, that they murdered Constable George Doyle and cattle station manager Albert Dahlke.

All Saints Anglican Church was officially opened on Sunday 10 June 1934 by Bishop Fortescue Ash.

Mining began at the Rollestone coal mine in October 2005 and is expected to last more than 20 years.

Demographics
In the, the locality of Rolleston had a population of 217 people.

In the, the locality of Rolleston had a population of 129 people.

In the, the locality of Rolleston had a population of 309 people.

In the, the locality of Rolleston had a population of 132 people.

Education
Rolleston State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 16 Warrijo Street (-24.4624°N, 148.624°W). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 63 students with 6 teachers (4 full-time equivalent) and 7 non-teaching staff (3 full-time equivalent).

There are no secondary schools in Rolleston or nearby. The nearest government schools offering secondary education are Springsure State School (to Year 10) in Springsure to the north-west and Emerald State High School (to Year 12) in Emerald to the north. Distance education and boarding schools are options.

Facilities
Emergency services available in Rolleston include:

 * Rolleston Police Station (-24.463°N, 148.6206°W)
 * Rolleston Fire Station (-24.4614°N, 148.6229°W)
 * Rolleston SES Facility (-24.4638°N, 148.6267°W)

Amenities
The Central Highlands Regional Council operates a public library on Planet Street. There are two churches in Rolleston:

 * All Saints' Anglican Church, 2 Warrijo Street (-24.4617°N, 148.6253°W)
 * St Theresa's Catholic Church, 28 Orion Street (-24.4661°N, 148.6255°W)

title: Rolleston, Queensland


text:
D21

D21 may refer to:

Aircraft

 * Dewoitine D.21, a French fighter
 * Fokker D.XXI, a Dutch fighter
 * Lockheed D-21, an American reconnaissance drone
 * Salmson D21 Phrygane, a French utility aircraft

Ships

 * ARV Zulia, a Nueva Esparta-class destroyer of the Venezuelan Navy
 * HMS Norfolk (D21), a County-class destroyer of the Royal Navy
 * HMS Quickmatch (D21), a Q-class destroyer of the Royal Navy
 * HMS Shah (D21), a Ruler-class escort aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy
 * HMS Wryneck (D21), a W-class destroyer of the Royal Navy
 * SPANISH DESTROYER Lepanto, a Fletcher-class destroyer of the Spanish Navy

Surface vehicles

 * Allis-Chalmers D21, an American tractor
 * D21 Navara, a Nissan Datsun pickup truck
 * LNER Class D21, a class of British steam locomotives

Other uses

 * Arriflex D-21, a digital motion picture camera
 * Chondroma
 * D21 road (Croatia)
 * D21 – Janeček method, an electoral system
 * D21, a computer from Datasaab
 * D-21 Special, a guitar made by Martin Guitar

title: D21


text: Category:Communes of Val-de-Marne

title: Category:Communes of Val-de-Marne


text:
Talk:Umeå University

I posted this before but it seems to have been deleted for a reason unknown to me...

Could someone familiar with Swedish add pronunciation information to this page? -sam Walker 2005/2/3

 * The name is pronounced (roughly) oomay-au, with stress on the first syllable. The å is pronounced like the  in hall or the  in board. Somebody else can possibly give you this in IPA. / up land 06:39, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Though people from Umea generally don't pronounce the last letter (especially not when followed by university, the å melts into the u and vanishes). With my limited understanding of IPO, I'd transcribe the local pronunciation as [ʉɱæ]. But I'm not certain enough of it to put it in the article. Eudoxie (talk) 18:18, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

People who have been given honourary doctorates, such as C. West Churchman, really shouldn't be in the "notable students" list. up land 21:41, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Umeå University. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20140714162442/http://www.red-dot.sg/participate/ranking13-universities-americas-europe/ to http://www.red-dot.sg/participate/ranking13-universities-americas-europe/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:13, 27 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Seems correct, thanks! /Mickeno 14:33 March 2016 (CET)

Umeå University and CRISPR/Cas9
Could it be worth mentioning that Emmanuelle Charpentier's Nobel Prize awarded work relating to the genome editing technique CRISPR was carried out at Umeå University? Gnoblette (talk) 15:51, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Umeå University


text: User talk:69.136.74.98

title: User talk:69.136.74.98


text:
Vieux-Vy-sur-Couesnon

Vieux-Vy-sur-Couesnon (, literally Vieux-Vy on Couesnon; Henwig-ar-C'houenon; Gallo: Vioez-Vic) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Geography
Vieux-Vy-sur-Couesnon is located on the Couesnon River 33 km northeast of Rennes and 35 km south of Mont Saint-Michel.

The neighboring communes are Romazy, Chauvigné, Saint-Christophe-de-Valains, Saint-Ouen-des-Alleux, Mézières-sur-Couesnon, Gahard, and Sens-de-Bretagne.

History
The name Vieux-Vy-sur-Couesnon probably comes from the Latin Vetus Victus, "old market town." The settlement has had this name since at least 1063.

Economy
Industries:
 * Silver-lead ore was mined in the 19th century at a place called Brais. The mine was closed in 1956.
 * A granite quarry is still in operation in the northeast, not far from the former mine site.

Population
Inhabitants of Vieux-Vy-sur-Couesnon are called Vieuxviciens in French.

Transportation
The village is served by just one bus route, the Rennes/Antrain line.

Sights

 * The Saint-Germain church, most of which dates from the seventeenth century, although certain parts date from the eleventh century. The organ was installed in 1883.
 * The Chateau of Moulinet, dating from the nineteenth century.
 * The Grotto of Brais (dedicated to the Virgin Mary).
 * Within the village boundaries there are seven watermills on the Couesnon river. These are mainly paper mills.
 * The cyclopean Wall of Orange (from the Iron Age).
 * A trough-shaped granite sarcophagus, first mentioned in 1020, located at the door to the church.

title: Vieux-Vy-sur-Couesnon