text:
User talk:Zoowatch

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia, ! I hope you like the place and decide to keep contributing. Since I see you've already been active here, let me just give you a few links that are always useful as a handy reference guide: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question at the village pump or feel free to ask me on my Talk page. Oh, and just in case you don't already know: to sign your name on a Talk page like I did below, the easiest way is just to type four tildes (~~~~). To customize your signature, look here. And remember:Be Bold!
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 * — Asbestos | Talk 11:49, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Welcome from me as well. As you seem to be interested in Thai topics, maybe the Thailand notice board is of interest for you, it's the place to coordinate the coverage of Thailand related topic on Wikipedia. However I have one question: those two maps of the Bangkok mass transit are also published on 2bangkok.com. If you aren't the original creator of these maps and just copied them from there we sadly have to delete them, as they would be copyright violations. If you are however then you should add a note to the image description pages, to avoid confusion. andy 12:23, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Suvarnabhumi Airport Control Tower.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Suvarnabhumi Airport Control Tower.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Alr 20:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Suvarnabhumi Airport.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Suvarnabhumi Airport.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Alr 20:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Suvarnabhumi Airport 30.09.05.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Suvarnabhumi Airport 30.09.05.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Alr 20:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Suvarnabhumi Airport First Technical Flight 2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Suvarnabhumi Airport First Technical Flight 2.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Alr 20:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Suvarnabhumi Airport First Technical Flight 1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Suvarnabhumi Airport First Technical Flight 1.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Alr 20:00, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:Anglo-Chinese School Crest.jpg, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 14:01, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Master Plan of Bangkok Transport System.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Master Plan of Bangkok Transport System.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you. —Remember the dot (talk) 05:12, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Kamphaeng Phet Metro Station.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Kamphaeng Phet Metro Station.gif. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

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 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use media by finding freely licensed media of the same subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or similar) media under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of description pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, fair use media which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if not used in an article), per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —Remember the dot (talk) 05:14, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Master Plan of Bangkok Transport System.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Master Plan of Bangkok Transport System.jpg. I noticed the description page specifies that the media is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed media could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this media is not replaceable, please:

 * 1) Go to the media description page and edit it to add, without deleting the original Replaceable fair use template.
 * 2) On the image discussion page, write the reason why this image is not replaceable at all.

Alternatively, you can also choose to replace the fair use media by finding freely licensed media of the same subject, requesting that the copyright holder release this (or similar) media under a free license, or by taking a picture of it yourself.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified how these images fully satisfy our fair use criteria. You can find a list of description pages you have edited by clicking on [ this link]. Note that even if you follow steps 1 and 2 above, fair use media which could be replaced by free-licensed alternatives will be deleted 2 days after this notification (7 days if not used in an article), per our Fair Use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —Remember the dot (talk) 01:55, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Master Plan of Bangkok Transport System.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Master Plan of Bangkok Transport System.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. —Remember the dot (talk) 20:41, 23 December 2007 (UTC) --—Remember the dot (talk) 20:41, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Bangkok Metro Route Map.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bangkok Metro Route Map.jpg. You've indicated that the image meets Wikipedia's criteria for non-free content, but there is no explanation of why it meets those criteria. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. If you have any questions, please post them at Media copyright questions.

Thank you for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 20:18, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Bangkok Sytrain Route Map.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bangkok Sytrain Route Map.jpg. You've indicated that the image meets Wikipedia's criteria for non-free content, but there is no explanation of why it meets those criteria. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. If you have any questions, please post them at Media copyright questions.

Thank you for your cooperation. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 20:18, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zoowatch


text:
Talk:Coplanarity

'''If 3 points are collinear, are the necessarily coplanar? 76.111.81.183 17:13, 22 September 2007 (UTC)'''

Could someone else please fix this up a bit more. I do not know very much about surface geometry; I only created this article because it didn't exist.

Also, is there a similar article somewhere else (surely someone has done something on this)?

Someone42

Hello, regarding the link about "... a vector that is normal to the plane ..." -- to whoever wrote this, or anyone, what does that link refer to? I'm pretty sure it's Normal (mathematics); and then there are many subsections to that. Ideas? Dolphinn 02:26, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Surface normal. I disambiguated the link; I assume that is what you wanted to do. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 04:12, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Coplanarity


text:
User talk:HairyPotter

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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There is a Notice board for India-related topics and Indian collaboration of the week.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Welcome Suraj! Hope to see more edits from you. -- Sundar 10:46, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Btw, you can also play around with Thavil! -- Sundar 10:53, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Electronic Shruthibox.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Electronic Shruthibox.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging Image:U shrinivas.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:U shrinivas.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging for Image:Prasanna.jpg
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Hacking
So writing software is suffering for you? ;) - Nearfar 09:31, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

yes. Bad Software, with the limitations of deadlines, tools, etc.,. imposed by the environment is suffering ;) HairyPotter suraj

Proposed deletion of Sahitya

The article Sahitya has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "non notable article"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jax 0677 (talk) 14:04, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:HairyPotter


text:
User:Fairway~enwiki

I work for Wikipedia since August 2004.

de:Benutzer:Fairway

title: User:Fairway~enwiki


text:
User:Faethon35

Where is justice? They have robbed my account 34 times.

title: User:Faethon35


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Keetoowah

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: 2005-02-15T11:30+0000 ), the page will be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

This is sham. An anon user made this comment about me, Keetoowah:

It has become a habit for certain Free Republic folk to pose as Native Americans or members of other minorities, in the course of plying their propaganda and disinformation.

This is a portion of a user profile that I find difficult to credit as authentic:

"I am the user named Keetoowah. I am an enrolled member of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. Keetoowah means "key" in Cherokee. I live in Houston, Texas. I am an investment banker, which means that I raise financing for corporations."

The Cherokee word for key is pronounced s di-i s di.

He may be a registered Cherokee, but it's doubtful. There are Cherokee Dictionaries online, as well as extensive discussions of the Keetowah legends and history. Please avail yourselves of them rather than accepting my word, that of an unseen stranger.

When people of our tribe speak or write in a harsh way to others, we do it with our own names. It's very un-Cherokee to hide behind an assumed name and sling dung, like a blind old drunk fighting smoke and echoes.

I respectfully suggest that it's far more likely that this person intends to defame The Cherokee Nation and The Keetowah Band, than that he might actually be what he claims. Indeed, were he even a skilled provocateur, he'd have researched his cover story enough to learn the right words.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_comment/Keetoowah"

NOW I'M GETTING COMMENTS FROM OTHER WHO ARE COMMENTING ON ME BEING WRONG. THE ABOVE COMMENTS ARE NASTY, RACIST ATTACKS ON ME PERSONALLY.
 * (Keetoowah | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
User:Keetoowah makes violent personal attacks on other users.

Description
''User:Keetoowah is aggressive, taunts makes personal attacks on talk pages. Some of these attacks include nationalistic provocations. Keetowah seems to consider that any editor who does not support his point of view is a necessarily a supporter of John Kerry or Al Gore, and attacks accordingly.''

Evidence of disputed behavior
(provide diffs and links)
 * Taunt on Gore / Kerry / Dukakis against User:Rama
 * Nationalistic personal attack on User:David.Monniaux in answer to a call not to make taunts with respect to US internal politics

Applicable policies

 * No personal attacks

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute
(provide diffs and links)
 * Attempt at warning user of disruptive behavior
 * Attempt at warning user about irrelevant taunts on Talk pages

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * David.Monniaux 11:53, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Rama 12:56, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * Rhobite 21:56, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC). A pretty clear-cut case, Wikipedia isn't a debate site. Keetoowah, if you're interested in working on an encyclopedia you're welcome here. If you're only interested in provoking arguments (and kudos to Rama and David for not taking the bait), you've chosen the wrong site. Continuing these attacks will quickly lead to lengthier blocks, and an eventual ban from the site. Rhobite 21:56, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Seconded. Wikipedia isn't a debate site. 172 07:12, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keetoowah frequently imputes reprehensible motives to people who disagree with him      and has acted supremely uninterested in negotiating any kind of good-faith compromise on points of contention . In addition, he has attempted to remove NPOV tags from articles without discussion, in the midst of ongoing Talk page discussions that demonstrate, prima facie, that the neutrality of the article is being disputed.   --Paul 23:16, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Viajero 17:44, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * He has since posted a personal attack to Zoe's user page accusing him of being racist. This is not nice behavior. There is also a second personal attack that might be sockpupetry. --Gorgonzilla 16:27, 20 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Keetoowah has also been quite rude and unco-operative in Talk:Guantanamo Bay. —kooo 09:04, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keetoowah has also vandalized the user page of Eleemosynary recently. Karmafist 22:00, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * On the Talk:Guantanamo Bay, Keetoowah resorted to name calling against one person who disagreed with him . He refered to Tony Sidaway as "Tony Sideabit" and I sincerely doubt that it was simply a typo. DaemonSaber 22:01, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

Forget it. This is a Star Chamber. I'm not even going to participate. Waste of time. Users like Wolfman are constanting attacking me personally and nothing is said. [1] [2][3] The guy doesn't get blocked, etc. It is a railroad, not a fair hearing. Don't have time for this one-sided inquisition.Keetoowah 03:25, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * My apologies. Wolfman 04:36, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

There is a mob mentality behind this Star Chamber treatment. If I don't bow down to the bully tactics put together by the various accusors of this, they drag me in front of this show trial. But other users go untouched. For example, I was personally racially attacked  in this situation and yet absolutely nothing happened to  82.10.34.34. Absolutely nothing happened to him!Keetoowah 05:16, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Some User also personally attacked me, but nothing happened to the 66.27.78.184. The fact that Wolfman, 82.10.34.34 and 66.27.78.184 can personally attack me but I get dragged into this joke of a one-sided farce is incredible. The amazing part is that I did NOT even notice the personal attack by 66.27.78.184 until Rama just happened to call attention to the personal attack!!! What a coincidence! Now, of course Rama is one my accusers. Speaking of a mob mentality!Keetoowah 05:30, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I just happened to notice this petty vandalism on Keetoowah's page; given that such things occured in the past, and were reverted by Keetoowah, and since I though that Keetoowah was blocked at the time (I thus didn't know whether he was able to edit his own page at the time), I took the liberty to revert myself. The IP address of the vandal was 66.27.78.184, a US address, while I live in Europe (naturally you'll have to trust my work for it, as well as for me not SSHing from a US computer).
 * I just think that Keetoowah makes here a display of a priori distrust and brings attention to his comment "deleted the vandalism from a Nazi Democrat", something which I think rather harms his position. Rama 06:48, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The whole thing is a complete joke. Take a look at note 11, which has been listed by Paul as an example supposedly where I, according to Paul, place bad motives on the person that disagrees with me. Just take a look at point 11. There is absolutely nothing there that I should be ashamed of. I never commented on 172's motives or Paul's motives or anyone else's in point 11. I just pointed out that Byrd has a long history of being a racist and that is, IMHO, the most important aspect of Byrd's racist career. There is nothing in point 11 where I personally attacked anyone. So, what you have here is a bunch of trumped up allegations by a bunch of people that don't like what I'm saying about various topics, such as Byrd's racist past and its importance in the Byrd article. So what this whole thing comes down to is that only certain people get pulled up on this bogus charges when users like Wolfman, 66.27.78.184, and 82.10.34.34 don't have absolutely any actions taken against them for personal attacks, but if I dare have the temerity to argue that we should point out the 60-year racist track record of Robert Byrd then I will get dragged into this Star Chamber.-Keetoowah 05:51, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Keetoowah is really the victim here. I should not have insinuated he had "anger management" issues. Wolfman 05:48, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you Wolfman for making my point by exhibiting your sarcasm. Enough said.Keetoowah 06:07, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

From what I've read on the talk page I concluded that Keetoowah is an obnoxious user, who tried to provocate or depreciate with the aid of personal attacks and unjust generalizations. Apparently he disrespects users only because of their citizenship. Other contributions of him make me consider him to be a bit obnoxious and arrogant in general but usually he does not insult - this is an exception.

"I'm so sorry for you" is a sarcastic personal attack.

"What's it like living in a former world power that is nothing but an impotent, second-rate country with an inferiority complex???" is an insulting attack against the other user's country, but the attack can also be considered personal as Keetoowah replaced "France" with "you" in the following sentences.

"It tees you off that no one and I mean no one pays any damn attention to you any more" is an accusation based on the simple stereotype he has in mind.

"so much so that you have to buy Saddam's oil off of the black market and invade third world countries like the Ivory Coast and then lecture Americans" slander based on stereotype.

"We just laugh at you. Have Frog Day!!!" arrogant, personal attack.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Deep Black 22:16, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) 172 07:14, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) --XmarkX 13:34, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Epistaxis 19:53, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) —msikma <user_talk:msikma> 19:47, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Outside View
I was just on votes for deletion where I saw Keetoowah try to delete this rfc, and use legal threats while doing so. This seems to break not only WP:POINT, but also WP:CIVIL and No legal threats. This behavior alone, let alone the comments above, should be seen as enough to see this user as a liability to the Wikipedia community. Karmafist 15:41, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Evidence of disputed behavior

 * Votes for deletion/Requests for comment/Keetoowah

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Karmafist 15:41, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Comment: I find the fact that he tried to delete this RfC awkward (at best), but I don't really see a legal threat in there, except his stating that it "is libelous". Maybe I'm misunderstanding the context, though, but some clarification would be nice. —msikma <user_talk:msikma> 19:46, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.


text:
Paul Bradford

Paul Bradford (born 1 December 1963) is an Irish former politician who served as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel from 1987 to 1989 and 2002 to 2016. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork East constituency from 1989 to 2002.

Early and private life
Bradford was born in Mourne Abbey near Mallow, County Cork in 1963. He was educated at the Patrician Academy in Mallow. He is married to former Renua TD Lucinda Creighton.

Political career
Bradford became involved in politics at a young age, becoming the youngest-ever member of Cork County Council when he was elected in 1985 at the age of 21. Two years later in 1987 he was elected to the 18th Seanad on the Agricultural Panel, becoming the youngest-ever elected Senator. As a member of Seanad Éireann he was Fine Gael spokesperson on Communications and Energy. At the 1989 general election he was elected to Dáil Éireann for the first time for the Cork East constituency. In 1994 he joined John Bruton's front bench as spokesperson on Defence and the Marine.

In 1994, Fine Gael came to power and Bradford became co-chair of the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. In 1997, the party was back in opposition and he was appointed spokesperson on Health, Food Safety and Older People. In 2000, Bradford became spokesperson on Youth Affairs, School Transport and Adult Education. Under Michael Noonan's leadership he was promoted to party Chief Whip, in which position he served until he lost his seat at the 2002 general election. He was subsequently elected to Seanad Éireann as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel. He was appointed Fine Gael spokesperson on Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in the Seanad.

He was an unsuccessful candidate in Cork East for Dáil Éireann at the 2007 general election but was re-elected to the Seanad. He was again re-elected to the Seanad in 2011. He was the Fine Gael Seanad spokesperson on Justice until July 2013.

Bradford was expelled from the Fine Gael parliamentary party on 16 July 2013 when he defied the party whip by voting against the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Bill 2013. On 13 September 2013, he and six other expellees formed the Reform Alliance, described as a "loose alliance" rather than a political party.

He joined Renua on its foundation in March 2015 and contested the 2016 general election for the party in Cork East, but, like all the party's candidates, failed to win a seat.

title: Paul Bradford


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Paddy Burke

Paddy Burke (born 15 January 1955) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel since 1993. He previously served as Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 2011 to 2016 and Leas-Chathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 2002 to 2011.

Burke was a member of Mayo County Council from 1979 until the abolition of the dual mandate in 2003. He was first elected to the Oireachtas in the 1993 election to the 20th Seanad as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel, which also returned him to the 21st Seanad in 1997 and to the 22nd Seanad in 2002. In September 2002, Burke was elected as Leas-Chathaoirleach (Deputy Chairman) of the Seanad, and after his re-election in 2007 to the 23rd Seanad he was re-elected as Leas Cathaoirleach.

He was elected as the Cathaoirleach of the 24th Seanad on 25 May 2011.

Following his involvement in the Oireachtas Golf Society Scandal ("Golfgate") in August 2020, Burke was one of six senators who lost the party whip in the Senate as punishment for their actions. The party unanimously.voted to restore the whip to Burke in January 2021.

title: Paddy Burke


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Ulick Burke (politician)

Ulick Burke (born 19 November 1943) is an Irish former Fine Gael politician. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Galway East constituency from 1997 to 2002 and 2007 to 2011, and was also a Senator for three terms.

After unsuccessfully contesting the 1981 general election in Galway East, Burke was nominated by the Taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald to the 15th Seanad. He was unsuccessful again at the February 1982 general election, and was defeated in the subsequent election to the 16th Seanad. After further Dáil defeats at a by-election in July 1982 and at the November 1982 general election, he was returned at the 1983 elections to the 17th Seanad, on the Agricultural Panel. He failed again at the 1987 general election, and lost his Seanad seat at the 1987 Seanad election.

Burke did not contest the 1992 general election, and was finally elected as a TD at the 1997 general election when the Galway East constituency was increased to 4 seats. He failed to be re-elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election, but was subsequently elected to the 22nd Seanad Éireann on the Agricultural Panel. He re-gained his Dáil seat at the 2007 general election.

He was the Fine Gael deputy spokesperson on Education with special responsibility for Lifelong Learning and School Transport from 2007 to 2011.

He retired from politics at the 2011 general election.

title: Ulick Burke (politician)


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Peter Callanan

Peter Callanan (29 June 1935 – 11 October 2009) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician and served as a member of Seanad Éireann from 1997 until his death in 2009.

Born in Clonakilty, County Cork, Callanan was educated in Mount Melleray College, County Waterford. He was a farmer in Innishannon, County Cork.

A member of Cork County Council from 1979 to 2004, He was an unsuccessful candidate at the 1981 general election for the Cork South-West constituency, and was also an unsuccessful candidate at the 1993 Seanad election. Callanan was elected to the 21st Seanad in 1997 by the Agricultural Panel, and re-elected in 2002 to the 22nd Seanad and in 2007 to the 23rd Seanad.

Callanan died on 11 October 2009. He was married to Sheila Callanan and they had six children.

title: Peter Callanan


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Rory Kiely

Rory Kiely (1 May 1934 – 13 June 2018) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. Kiely was an unsuccessful candidate for the Dáil at the 1969 general election for the Limerick West. Kiely was first elected in 1977, to the 14th Seanad. He was re-elected by the Agricultural Panel to every subsequent Seanad, except for the short-lived 16th Seanad in 1982, until he retired in 2007. He was the Cathaoirleach of Seanad Éireann from 2002 to 2007.

He was born in Feenagh, Kilmallock, County Limerick. A farmer, he was married to Eileen Kiely (née O'Connor) and had two sons and two daughters. He was educated at C.B.S. Charleville, County Cork and University College Cork (Diploma in Social and Rural Science).

He was a trustee of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) and was a member of Munster Council GAA from 1982. He was also a former chairman of Limerick GAA county board.

He died on 13 June 2018, at the age of 84.

title: Rory Kiely


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Martin Mansergh

Martin George Southcote Mansergh (born 31 December 1946) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician who served as a Minister of State from 2008 to 2011. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary South constituency from 2007 to 2011. He was a Senator for the Agricultural Panel from 2002 to 2007.

He played a leading role in developing Fianna Fáil policy on Northern Ireland.

Early and personal life
Mansergh was born on 31 December 1946 in Woking, Surrey, England to Diana Mary (née Keeton) and Professor Nicholas Mansergh, a Tipperary-born Irish historian. Although born in England, Mansergh's forefathers were part of the Anglo-Irish Protestant Ascendancy and arrived in Ireland with Oliver Cromwell. He was raised in England and lived in the Cambridgeshire town of Little Shelford. He was educated at The King's School, Canterbury and Christ Church, Oxford, studying Politics, Philosophy and Economics and obtaining a Doctorate in philosophy for a study of pre-revolutionary French history. Mansergh is a member of the Church of Ireland. He sat on the board of Bolton Library for several years.

Career
He entered the Department of Foreign Affairs, being appointed a Third secretary in 1974 and became a First Secretary in 1977. Later recruited by Taoiseach Charles Haughey, he worked for the Fianna Fáil party thereafter, serving under three Fianna Fáil leaders as Director of Research, Policy and Special Advisor on Northern Ireland where he was involved in discussions between the nationalist parties and the Irish Government and met regularly with intermediary Father Alec Reid.

Mansergh was a key member of the team which formed the Fianna Fáil–Labour Party coalition in 1992 and was also involved in the formation of the Fianna Fáil–Progressive Democrats coalition in 1997. As a senior adviser to successive Taoisigh, Mansergh has played a key role in the Northern Ireland peace process over the last twenty years. He ran for Fianna Fáil as a Dáil candidate in the Tipperary South constituency at the 2002 general election but failed to be elected with 14.2% of the poll. However, Mansergh was elected to the 22nd Seanad by the Agricultural Panel in July of that year. At the 2007 general election he again ran for Fianna Fáil as a Dáil candidate in the Tipperary South constituency, this time being elected with 15.7% of the poll. He was formerly a member of the Irish Council of State.

Until 2006 he wrote a weekly column for The Irish Times, but resigned because of the upcoming general election. In May 2008, he was appointed by the government of Brian Cowen as Minister of State at the Department of Finance with special responsibility for the Office of Public Works and Minister of State at the Department of Arts, Sport and Tourism with special responsibility for the Arts.

In January 2009, he offered to quit his junior ministry post to save money and called on people to retain their Celtic Tiger style optimism and self-respect. He said: "We're not going to get anywhere by completely throwing overboard our self respect. We have achieved a tremendous amount in the past 20 years – they were the best 20 years in our history. There will be cycles – we rose very high and we are where we are now. We have to work our way out of this intelligently". However, he was re-appointed to his positions when Cowen reduced the number of junior ministers from 20 to 15.

He lost his seat at the 2011 general election.

He is vice-chair of the government's Expert Advisory Group on the Decade of Centenaries.

He was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy in May 2018.

He has been a frequent contributor to The Irish Catholic.

Media image
Mansergh has been a strong supporter of former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, whose financial affairs were investigated by the Mahon Tribunal. He has been accused by some commentators of being insulting, condescending and petulant to opposition politicians. In February 2008, on the RTÉ Radio 1 show Morning Ireland, Mansergh insisted that Ahern's difficulties were no more than a spot of "inflight turbulence," with a safe landing in sight. When Fine Gael's tribunal expert, Senator Eugene Regan dissented, Mansergh became quite agitated, questioning why Regan wanted to question Ahern's finances declaring to Regan that: "You should have respect for your betters!"

Mansergh is mentioned by name in the TV series, Charlie, where Taoiseach, Charles Haughey, in a conversation with Fr Alec Reid, places him in charge of drawing up a roadmap to peace in Northern Ireland.

Honours and awards
Along with Fr Alec Reid and the Reverend Roy Magee, he was awarded the 1995 Tipperary International Peace Award, now described as "Ireland's outstanding award for humanitarian work". Carlow College awarded its inaugural St. Columbanus Medal in November 2018, to Mansergh, in recognition of his contribution to the peace process in Ireland.

Works

 * Mansergh, Martin, The Legacy of History for Making Peace in Ireland, ISBN 978-1-85635-389-2, ISBN 1-85635-389-3

title: Martin Mansergh


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Kathleen O'Meara (politician)

Kathleen O'Meara (born 24 January 1960) is an Irish former Labour Party politician. She was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1997 to 2007. On both occasions she was elected by the Agricultural Panel.

Career
During the mid-1980s, O'Meara worked for the Labour Party. In 1988, she began working as an RTÉ journalist.

At the 1997 general election, O'Meara was an unsuccessful candidate in the Tipperary North constituency. At the 1999 local elections, she was elected to Nenagh Town Council. She was a candidate again for Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election, increasing her share of the vote from 10.3% to 13.5%, but again failing to be elected.

During her second term in the Seanad (2002–2007) O'Meara came to national prominence as a health campaigner. She drove the Nenagh Hospital Action Group, one of many groups formed to oppose Government health policy, contained in the Hanly report, to remove emergency services from smaller general hospitals. She was the Labour Party's front-bench spokesperson on Childcare from 2003 to 2007. She was the whip of the Labour group in Seanad Éireann. She was an unsuccessful candidate at the 2007 general election for Tipperary North, getting 10.3% of the vote. She did not contest the Seanad elections in 2007.

Following the 2007 election, O'Meara set up Alchemy Communications, a consultancy, with two other experienced public relations and communications consultants. Since September 2008, she is head of Advocacy and Communications for the Irish Cancer Society.

In 2011, O'Meara unsuccessfully sought the Labour Party nomination for the 2011 presidential election. The nomination went to party president and former TD, Michael D. Higgins.

Personal life
O'Meara was born a triplet, and the identical twin of journalist Aileen O'Meara. She is a graduate of NUI Galway. She is married and has two children with her husband Kevin.

title: Kathleen O'Meara (politician)


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John Paul Phelan

John Paul Phelan (born 27 September 1978) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency since the 2011 general election. He previously served as Minister of State for Local Government and Electoral Reform from 2017 to 2020. He also served as a Senator for the Labour Panel from 2002 to 2011.

Early life
Phelan grew up on a farm in Tullogher, County Kilkenny. He attended national school in Listerlin and secondary school at St Augustine's and Good Counsel College, New Ross before graduating from Waterford Institute of Technology with a degree in economics and finance.

Political career
He was elected to Kilkenny County Council in 1999 for the Piltown local electoral area while still a student. At the age of 20, this made him the youngest person ever elected to the council.

He was elected in 2002 to Seanad Éireann as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel, the youngest member of the 22nd Seanad, and was re-elected in 2007. He was the Fine Gael Seanad spokesperson on Enterprise, Trade and Employment, having previously held the portfolio of Seanad spokesperson on Finance.

In the 2007 general election, he was beaten for the last seat by Mary White of the Green Party. He was a candidate at the 2009 European Parliament election for the East constituency but was not elected.

He was elected as a Fine Gael TD for the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency at the 2011 general election.

Phelan has sat on the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Justice, Law and Defence. He is one of the Irish delegates sitting on the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and is an Irish representative on the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. He was critical of the Government decision to change the rules regarding the Domiciliary Care Allowance its effect on families of children with Autism. On 10 November 2012, Phelan took part in the "Save our Services" protest march in Waterford.

In June 2017, he was appointed Minister of State at the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government with special responsibility for Local Government and Electoral Reform.

He called for a "No" vote in the 2018 referendum on Abortion. He has spearheaded legislation which may force political parties to fill 40% of their nominations with migrants, women and ethnic minorities in future elections.

At the general election in February 2020, he was re-elected in the Carlow–Kilkenny constituency. He continued to serve as a junior minister until the new Fianna Fáil–Fine Gael–Green coalition government was formed in June 2020.

In 2023, Phelan announced that he would not seek re-election to the Dáil at the next general election.

Personal life
In 2018, Phelan married Fine Gael activist Claire McTernan. In 2020, he suffered a heart attack.

title: John Paul Phelan


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Francis O'Brien (Irish politician)

Francis O'Brien (born 7 April 1943) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician. He was a Senator from 1989 to 2011, elected by the Agricultural Panel.

O'Brien is a native of Latton, near Ballybay, in County Monaghan. He was a member of Monaghan County Council from 1979 until 2003, serving as Council chairman in 1986 to 1987.

On 14 June 2010, the Irish Independent reported that in 2006, O'Brien spent millions of euro on agricultural land outside the village of Inniskeen, County Monaghan in the hope that it would be rezoned for housing. However, the Inniskeen Action Committee opposed the development and, despite several Fianna Fáil councillors voting for the rezoning, the motion was defeated by Fine Gael and Sinn Féin councillors. The land is now worth a fraction of the purchase price.

O'Brien did not contest the 2011 Seanad election. In November 2013, he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment and a further year suspended, after pleading guilty with two other men to a charge of demanding €100,000 with menaces from Michael Heelan at Carrickmacross on 27 April 2012.

title: Francis O'Brien (Irish politician)


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Eamon Scanlon

Eamon Scanlon (born 20 September 1954) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 2007 to 2011 and 2016 to 2020. He was a Senator for the Agricultural Panel from 2002 to 2007.

Personal life
Scanlon is from Ballymote, County Sligo. He is married to Ann Scanlon and they have six children. He is a butcher by trade and business owner since 1975. He subsequently, opened a business, which he now runs with his son, Matthew called 'E & M Scanlon Auctioneers, Valuers and Estate Agents'. He is a member of the Governing Body of Letterkenny Institute of Technology and the Ballymote Community Enterprise Board.

Political life
He spent seven years on the National Executive of Fianna Fáil and was the Director of Elections for Matt Brennan. He was a member of Sligo County Council from 1991 to 2003, representing the Ballymote local electoral area. He was elected to the 22nd Seanad as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel in 2002. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2007 general election as a Fianna Fáil TD for Sligo–North Leitrim.

On 5 August 2009, he (along with fellow Sligo Fianna Fáil TD Jimmy Devins) resigned the party whip over his opposition to cuts in breast cancer services at Sligo University Hospital. He rejoined the parliamentary party on 13 January 2011.

He lost his seat at the 2011 general election. His first preference vote had declined from 23.2% in 2007 to 11.4%. He was an unsuccessful candidate at 2011 Seanad election.

He was elected to Sligo County Council for the Ballymote-Tubbercurry local electoral area at the 2014 local elections.

He regained his Dáil seat for Fianna Fáil at the 2016 general election. He lost his seat again at the 2020 general election.

title: Eamon Scanlon


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Socompa

Socompa is a large stratovolcano at the border of Argentina and Chile with an elevation of 6051 m metres. Part of the Chilean and Argentine Andean Volcanic Belt (AVB), it is within the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the various segments of the AVB. This part of the Andean volcanic belt begins in Peru and runs first through Bolivia and Chile, and then through Argentina and Chile, and contains about 44 active volcanoes. Socompa lies close to the pass of the same name, where the Salta-Antofagasta railway crosses the border.

Socompa is known for its large debris avalanche, which was formed 7,200 years ago when most of the northwestern slope collapsed and slid down, forming an extensive deposit. It was at first considered to be either a moraine or a nuee ardende deposit, until the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens prompted awareness of the instability of volcanic edifices and the existence of large scale collapses on them. The Socompa collapse is among the largest known with a volume of 19.2 km3 and covers a surface area of 490 km2, and its features are well preserved by the arid climate. Notable are the large toreva blocks which were left behind within the collapse crater. After the landslide, the volcano was rebuilt by the effusion of lava flows and much of the scar is now filled in.

Socompa is also noteworthy for the high-altitude biotic communities that are bound to fumaroles on the mountain and form well above the regular vegetation in the region. The climate on the mountain is cold and dry.

Geography and geomorphology
Socompa is situated on the border between Argentina and Chile, due east of Monturaqui. The Salta–Antofagasta railway crosses the border between the two countries just below Socompa, making the volcano easily accessible despite its remote location. The same pass was an important route between the two countries and reportedly between 1940 and 1970 the Carabineros de Chile had a post there. Rails and roads at Socompa go up to an elevation of 3860 m; from there the volcano can be climbed from its southern, eastern and northern flank. The mountain is considered to be an apu by the local population, and Inca constructions have been reported either from its slopes or from its summit. The name comes from the Kunza language and may be related to socke and sokor, which mean "spring" or "arm of water".

The volcano is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the four volcanic zones of the Andean Volcanic Belt. The Central Volcanic Zone spans Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina and contains about 44 active volcanoes, plus a number of monogenetic volcanoes and silicic caldera volcanoes. A number of older inactive volcanoes are well preserved owing to the dry climate of the region. Many of these systems are in remote regions and thus are poorly studied, but pose little threat to humans. The largest historical eruption in the Central Volcanic Zone occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina in Peru, and the recently most active volcano is Lascar in Chile.

Socompa is a 6051 m high composite volcano consisting of a central cone and several lava domes; it is the most voluminous conical volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone and one of the highest edifices there, rising more than 2 km above the surrounding terrain. Several dacitic lava flows form the summit area of the volcano, the youngest of which originates in a summit dome. This summit dome is capped off by a summit crater at an altitude of 5850 m, and four additional craters occur northeast of the summit at altitudes of 5600 to(-). Northwest of the summit, a dacitic lava dome is the source of a 500 m high talus slope. The summit area is surrounded by an inwards-dropping scarp that opens to the northwest and whose southern margin is buried by lava flows. Pyroclastic flows crop out beneath lava flows in the northwestern segment of the volcano, within the scarp. On the southern and eastern side the scarp is 5 km long and 200 - 400 m high, while the southern side is about 9 km long. A large wedge-shaped scar is recognizable on the northwestern flank, delimited by prominent scarps running through the western and northern flanks of the edifice. The existence of a lake in the summit area within the scarps at an elevation of 5300 m has been reported.

On the northeastern flank a pumice deposit is clearly visible. Lava domes have various shapes and are recognizable in the southern and western slopes, while lava flows appear mainly on the eastern and northern slopes. The whole edifice has a diameter of 16 km and, like many Central Andes volcanoes, is probably made up of lava domes, lava flows and various pyroclastic formations. Its volume is about 102 km3, making Socompa one of the largest stratovolcanoes with Quaternary activity. The volcano apparently developed within a northwest-striking valley, the southern part of which now contains Laguna Socompa. This lake lies at an elevation of 3400 m; to the north the volcano is bordered by the 3200 m high Monturaqui basin. The water table is at depths of 100 - 200 m, but surface runoff is only ephemeral. Magnetotelluric investigation has identified a structure at 2 - 7 km depth that may be Socompa's magma chamber.

Sector collapse
Socompa suffered a major sector collapse during the Holocene, forming one of the largest terrestrial collapse deposits. The deposit left by the collapse was first discovered on aerial photography in 1978 but it was correctly identified as a landslide in 1985; at first, it was interpreted as a form of moraine, then as a large pyroclastic flow and the collapse scar as a caldera.

The collapse removed about 70° (about 12 km) of Socompa's circumference on its northwestern side, descended over a vertical distance of about 3000 m and spread over distances of over 40 km, at a modelled speed of c. 100 m/s. As it descended, the landslide had sufficient energy that it was able to override topographic obstacles and climb over an elevation of about 250 m; secondary landslides occurred on the principal deposit and there is evidence that the landslide was reflected back from its margins. The collapse occurred in several steps, with the first parts to fail ending up at the largest distances from the volcano; it is not established whether the collapse happened in a single event or as several separate failures. The total volume of material removed was about 19.2 km3, which was dilated as it flowed and eventually ended up as a deposit with a volume of 25.7 km3; thorough mixing of the avalanche material occurred as the landslide progressed. The summit of the volcano was cut by the collapse and some lava domes embedded within the volcano were exposed in the rim of the collapse amphitheatre; before the collapse the volcano was about 6300 m high.

The collapse left a triangle-shaped collapse scar, which was partly filled by blocks left over by the collapse. The walls of the amphitheatre were about 2000 m high, so high that secondary landslides occurred. The largest of these detached from a dome northwest of the summit and descended a horizontal distance of 6 km, forming a landslide structure notable in its own right and covering about 12 km2. The central section of the collapse amphitheatre was not a simple collapse structure, but instead contained a secondary scarp. At the mouth of the collapse scar, the walls were lower, about 300 m. After the principal collapse, lava flows and pyroclastic flows – some of which emerge from the western rim of the collapse scar – filled up the scar left by the collapse. A structure in the scar, named Domo del Núcleo, may either be a remnant of the pre-collapse volcano, or collapse debris.

A similar collapse took place in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The occurrence of the large landslide at Mount St. Helens probably aided in the subsequent identification of the Socompa deposit as a landslide remnant. Other volcanoes have suffered from large scale collapses as well; this includes Aucanquilcha, Lastarria and Llullaillaco. In the case of Socompa, the occurrence of the collapse was probably influenced by a northwest tilt of the basement the volcano was constructed on; it caused the volcano to slide downward in its northwestern sector and made it prone to a collapse in that direction.

The collapse happened about $6,180$ years ago, it was not witnessed in historical records. This event probably lasted only 12 minutes, based on simulations. The growth rate of the volcano increased after the collapse, probably due to the mass removal unloading the magmatic system.

There is evidence in the collapse deposit that a lava flow was being erupted on the volcano when the landslide occurred, which together with the presence of pyroclastic fallout on the southwestern side of Socompa implies the collapse may have been started by volcanic activity. The quantity of water in the edifice rocks was probably minor. Another theory assumes that the volcanic edifice was destabilized by ductile and mechanically weak layers beneath Socompa; under the weight of the volcano these layers can deform and "flow" outward from the edifice, causing the formation of thrusts at its foot. Evidence of such spreading of the basement under Socompa has been found.

The collapse generated a large amount of energy, about 380 PJ. Some evidence in the form of tephra suggests that the collapse was accompanied by a lateral blast, but other research found no such evidence. Such sector collapse events are catastrophic phenomena, and the debris avalanches associated with them can reach large distances from the original volcano. The fragmentation of rocks during the landslide and the fine material generated during this process might enhance the fluidity of the avalanche, allowing it to spread far away from the source.

Landslide deposit

The collapse deposit covers a surface area of 490 km2, and is thus not as large as the deposit left by the Mount Shasta collapse or by the Nevado de Colima collapse. It forms the Negros de Aras surface northwest of the volcano and the El Cenizal surface due north, where it has a hook-like surface distribution; the name "Negros de Aras" was given to the deposit before it was known that it had been formed by a landslide. The thickness of the deposit varies, with thin segments in the extreme southeastern and southwestern parts being less than 10 m thick and the central parts reaching 90 m.

The deposit spreads to a maximum width of 20 km and is bounded by levees higher than 40 m, which are less prominent on the eastern side. As later parts of the collapse overrode the earlier segments, they formed a northeast-trending scarp in the deposit, across which there is a striking difference in the surface morphology of the collapse. The landslide deposit has been stratigraphically subdivided into two units, the Monturaqui unit and the El Cenizal unit. The first unit forms most of the surface and consists itself of several subunits, one of which includes basement rocks that were integrated into the collapse as it occurred. Likewise, the El Cenizal unit entrained basement rocks such as playa deposits. The amount of basement material is noticeably large and might form as much as 80% of the landslide volume; the topography of the northwestern side of the volcano may have prevented the mass failure from being localized along the basement-edifice surface area, explaining the large volume of basement involved. Further, the basement-derived material was probably mechanically weak and thus allowed the landslide to move over shallow slopes. This basement material forms part of the white surfaces in the landslide deposit; other bright areas are formed by fumarolically altered material. The basement material was originally considered to be pumice.

The landslide deposit contains large blocks, so called toreva blocks, which were torn from the mountain and came to a standstill unmodified, forming ridges up to several 100 m high; the largest such blocks are 2.5 km long and 1 km wide, and their total volume is about 11 km3. These blocks form an almost closed semicircle at the mouth of the collapse amphitheatre and in part retain the previous stratigraphy of the volcano. Such toreva blocks are far more frequent in submarine landslides than subaerial ones and their occurrence at Socompa may reflect the relatively non-explosive nature of the collapse and material properties of the collapsed mass. Aside from the toreva blocks, individual blocks with sizes of up to 25 m occur in the deposit and form large boulder fields. In addition to the blocks, the surface of the landslide deposit contains hummock-like hills and small topographic depressions. Part of the landslide deposit was later covered by pyroclastic flows, and this covered area is known as the Campo Amarillo. As it descended, the landslide deposit filled a shallow valley that previously existed northwest of the volcano, as well as a larger northeast-striking depression. A lava flow was rafted on the avalanche to the El Cenizal area and ended up there almost unmodified.

The collapse deposit is well preserved by the arid climate, among the best preserved such deposits in the world. However, because of its sheer size, its structure and stratigraphy were only appreciated with the help of remote sensing. Pleistocene lava flows and a northwest-striking drainage were buried by the landslide but can still be discerned from aerial imagery; apart from these and some hills most of the area covered by the landslide was relatively flat. At La Flexura, part of the basement beneath the avalanche crops out from the ground.

Regional
Volcanism in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes is caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate in the Peru-Chile Trench at a rate of 7 - 9 cm/year. Volcanism does not occur among the entire length of the trench; where the slab is subducting beneath the South America Plate at a shallow angle there is no recent volcanic activity.

The style of subduction has changed over time. About 27 million years ago, the Farallon Plate which hitherto had been subducting beneath South America broke up and the pace of subduction increased, causing increased volcanism. Around the same time, after the Eocene, the subduction angle increased beneath the Altiplano and caused the development of this plateau either from magmatic underplating and/or from crustal shortening; eventually the crust there became much thicker.

Local
Socompa forms a northeast-trending alignment with neighbouring volcanoes such as Pular and Pajonales, which reach elevations of about 6000 m; Socompa is their youngest member. The presence of two calderas southeast and east of Socompa has been inferred. Monogenetic volcanoes were active in the area as well during the Pliocene and Quaternary and generated lava flows. One of these centres is El Negrillar just north of the collapse deposit, which was active during the Pleistocene and formed andesite-basaltic andesite lavas unlike the eruption products of Socompa itself.

A 200 km long lineament known as the Socompa Lineament is associated with the volcano. Other volcanoes such as Cordon de Puntas Negras and the rim of the large La Pacana caldera farther north are also influenced by this lineament. A north-south trending lineament called the Llullaillaco Lineament is also linked to Socompa and to the Mellado volcano farther south.

To the west Socompa is bordered by the Sierra de Alameida (or Almeida), which farther north merges into the Cordon de Lila. To the east the 6000 m high Salín volcano neighbours Socompa; other volcanoes in the area are the 5340 m high Cerro Bayo and the 5200 m high Socompa Cairis, all of which show evidence of glacial activity unlike the younger Socompa.

Basement
The basement at Socompa is formed by Paleozoic and Mesozoic formations and by Quaternary sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The former crop out in the Sierra de Alameida and Alto del Inca west of Socompa and the latter as the 250 m thick Quebrada Salin Beds east of the volcano. Part of these beds were taken up into the avalanche as it collapsed and form the Flexura inliner, others appear in the Loma del Inca area north and the Monturaqui area due west of Socompa. The basement rocks are subdivided into three named formations, the Purilactis Formation of Paleozoic-Mesozoic age, the San Pedro and Tambores formations of Oligocene-Miocene age and the Miocene-Pliocene Salin formation; part of the latter formation may have been erupted by Socompa itself. The volcano is situated at the point where the Sierra de Alameida meets the Puna block.

During the Pliocene this basement was covered by the Arenosa and Tucucaro ignimbrites (2.5 and 3.2 million years ago by potassium-argon dating, respectively) which also crop out west of Socompa; Socompa is probably constructed on top of these ignimbrites. The Arenosa ignimbrite is about 30 m thick while the Tucucaro reaches a thickness of 5 m.

Some normal faults appear in the area north of Socompa and appear to run through the edifice. While they are not visible in the edifice itself, Socompa was uplifted on its southeastern side by the fault motion. This might have aided in the onset of edifice instability and the collapse event. In addition, directly north-northwest of Socompa lie three anticlines probably formed under the influence of the mass of both Socompa and Pajonales: The Loma del Inca, Loma Alta and La Flexura.

Composition
Socompa has erupted andesite and dacite, with dacite dominating. Phenocrysts found in the rocks of the avalanche include the minerals augite, hornblende, hypersthene, magnetite and plagioclase; dacites also contain biotite while andesites also contain olivine. In the summit area, hydrothermal alteration took place, and clay, silt and sulfur bearing rocks are also found.

Climate and ecology
There are few data on climate at Socompa. The area is windy and dry given that the volcano lies in the Desert Puna, with frequent snow cover, there are penitentes but no glaciers. The low cloud cover means that insolation is high. Weather data collected in 1991 found an average temperature of -5.5 C, a large diurnal air temperature cycle (and a larger soil temperature cycle of c. 60 - -10 C ) and low evaporation. The present-day precipitation has been estimated to be 400 mm/year, with other estimates assuming less than 200 mm/year. Periglacial landforms indicate that in the past the area was wetter, possibly thanks to the Little Ice Age. There is, however, no evidence for Pleistocene glaciation including no cirques, which may be due to the volcano's young age.

Socompa features autotrophic communities associated with fumaroles and thermal anomalies at high altitude, between 5750 - 6050 m of elevation. The autotrophic communities on Socompa are the highest known in the world, and they occur both on the actual fumaroles and on "cold fumaroles". The various species are often extremophiles since the environment on Socompa is harsh, and the communities also include heterotrophic species. Such heterotrophs include ascomycota and basidiomycota, the latter of which have noticeable similarity to Antarctic basidiomycota.

The fumaroles on Socompa also feature stands of bryophytes such as liverworts and mosses as well as lichens and algae, and animals have been found in the stands. These stands are among the highest in the world and cover noticeably large surface areas despite their elevation, and are fairly remote from other plant life in the region. There is a noticeable diversity between separate stands, and the vegetation is quite dissimilar to the vegetation in the surroundings but resembles that found in the paramo and cloud forests in South America and the subantarctic islands. A sparse vegetation cover is also found on the lower slopes of Socompa. The black-headed lizard and its relative Liolaemus porosus live on its slopes, and mice have been observed in the summit area.

Eruptive history
Activity at Socompa commenced with the extrusion of andesites, which were followed later by dacites. Several Plinian eruptions have occurred on Socompa. Several dates have been obtained on rocks, including 2,000,000 ± 1,000,000, 1,300,000 ± 500,000, 800,000 ± 300,000 and less than 500,000 years ago. An age of 3,340,000 ± 600,000 years may be of an older volcano, now buried beneath the Socompa edifice. Lava domes and lava flows on the southern side of the volcano have yielded ages of 69,200 ± 6,000, 31,400 ± 3,200, 29,800 ± 3,300 and 22,100 ± 1,900 years ago. After the sector collapse 7,200 years ago, activity continued filling the collapse scar. The explosion craters on the summit are the youngest volcanic landforms on Socompa, one dome in the scar has been dated to 5,910 ± 430 years ago. An eruption 7,220 ± 100 years before present produced the El Túnel pyroclastic deposit on the western side of Socompa. The youngest eruption was dated to have occurred 5,250 years before present.

The absence of moraines on Socompa suggests that volcanic activity occurred during post-glacial time. The volcano also has a young appearance, similar to historically active Andean volcanoes such as San Pedro, implying recent volcanic activity.

There is no evidence for historical activity at Socompa and the volcano is not considered an active volcano, but both fumarolic activity and the emission of have been observed. The fumarolic activity occurs at at least six sites and is relatively weak; anecdotal reports indicate a smell of sulfur on the summit. Ongoing uplift of the edifice began in November 2019 and is ongoing, and could be caused by the arrival of new magma. there is no ground-based monitoring of the volcano. Socompa is considered to be Argentina's 13th most dangerous volcano out of 38. Apart from the Socompa railway station and mining camps west of the volcano, there is little infrastructure that could be impacted by future eruptions. Large explosive eruptions during summer may result in pyroclastic fallout west of the volcano, while during the other seasons fallout would be concentrated east of it.

Groundwater is warmer and richer in the closer to Socompa it is pumped, also suggesting that volcanic gas fluxes still occur at the volcano and that the volcano influences groundwater systems. Hot springs are found at Laguna Socompa as well. In 2011, the Chilean mining company Escondida Mining was considering building a geothermal power plant on Socompa to supply energy; the Argentine Servicio Geológico Minero agency started exploration work in January 2018 for geothermal power production.

title: Socompa


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Meleager of Gadara

Meleager of Gadara (Μελέαγρος Meleagros; fl. 1st century BC) was a poet and collector of epigrams. He wrote some satirical prose, now lost, and some sensual poetry, of which 134 epigrams survive.

Life
Meleager was the son of Eucrates, born in the city of Gadara, now Umm Qais in Jordan, which was then a partially Hellenized community noted for its "remarkable contribution to Greek culture". He was educated in Tyre and spent his later life in Cos where he died at an advanced age, perhaps at 70. According to short autobiographical poems he wrote, Meleager was proud of his hometown and identified himself as cosmopolitan, being both "Attic" (i.e. Hellenistic) and Syrian, and also praised Tyre for having "made [him] a man" and Cos for taking "care of [him] in [his] old age".

The scholiast to the Palatine manuscript of the Greek Anthology says he flourished in the reign of Seleucus VI Epiphanes (95 – 93 BC). The uppermost date of his compilation of the Anthology is 60 BC, as it did not include Philodemus of Gadara, though later editors added thirty-four epigrams.

Some writers classed him among the Cynics, and according to historian Benjamin Isaac Meleager's belief that "all men are equal and compatriots" strengthens this view, as some Cynics already held such a world view possibly as early as the 5th century BC. Like his compatriot Menippus, Meleager wrote what were known as spoudogeloia (Greek singular: σπουδογέλοιος), satirical prose essays putting philosophy in popular form with humorous illustrations. These are completely lost. Meleager's fame is securely founded on the one hundred and thirty-four epigrams of his own which he included in his Anthology. The manuscripts of the Greek Anthology are the sole source of these epigrams.

The Garland of Meleager
Meleager is famous for his anthology of poetry entitled The Garland (Στέφανος). Polemon of Ilium and others had created collections of monumental inscriptions, or of poems on particular subjects earlier, but Meleager first did so comprehensively. He collected epigrams by 46 Greek poets, from every lyric period up to his own. His title referred to the commonplace comparison of small beautiful poems to flowers, and in the introduction to his work, he attached the names of various flowers, shrubs, and herbs—as emblems—to the names of the several poets. The Garland itself has survived only as one of the original constituent roots to the Greek Anthology.

Poetry
Meleager's poetry is concerned with personal experience and emotions, frequently with love and its discontents. He typically describes himself not as an active and engaged lover, but as one struck by the beauty of a woman or boy. The following is an example:

Texts and translations

 * The Greek Anthology I (Loeb Classical Library) W. R. Paton (1916) Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press; London: Heinemann) [Original Greek with facing page English translations]
 * Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology. J. W. Mackail (1890) Longmans, Green & Co. [English translations]
 * The Greek Anthology. Charles Neaves (1874) New York: John B. Alden [English translations and commentary]

title: Meleager of Gadara


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arangundy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:52, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Arangundy
Talks about a family seal and some possibilities of its origin, but notability of the family is not established in article. Radiant! 12:00, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, genealogy, reads as if there may be other issues lurking around this one. Wyss 17:32, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Brookie 18:48, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, genealogy, possible family vanity. Megan1967 01:23, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Trocon

Trocon is a lava dome complex in Argentina. It has two summit craters and a pyroclastic cone. It is of estimated Pleistocene-Holocene age. The complex rises from an altitude of 1968 m and has two summit craters. The volume of the edifice is ill-defined, ranging 3.6 - 84.9 km3. Lava flows extend eastward from a pyroclastic cone.

title: Trocon


text: User talk:80.42.41.96

title: User talk:80.42.41.96