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Talk:Ashurbanipal

What's in the name?
It would be useful if the author(s) could provide the etymology of his name. Also, the cuneiform version would be nice, to make sure, the etymology is correct. Also, these should be standard for all this type of articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.8.39.83 (talk) 05:53, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

Ability to read and write
The claim in the lead section ("He is famous as one of the few kings in antiquity who could read and write") contradicts BBC4's In Our Time - see In Our Time episode - which claims that it wasn't unusual for kings to be educated, although not as educated as Ashurbanipal. Anyone got a citation that suggests otherwise? If not I'll remove the claim. 82.33.60.83 (talk) 16:09, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Library
Ashurbanipal made like the first libary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.55.133.235 (talk • contribs)

Sardanapalus
Why is this page a redirect from sardanapalus? Theynarem't the same person. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrsdaisy (talk • contribs)
 * According to Justinus, they were the same person. — EliasAlucard|Talk 08:55 09 Oct, 2007 (UTC)

Dates
could you check the ruling dates? they seem to overlap with his father's reign —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.164.140.19 (talk • contribs)

 * It currently says Esarhaddon ruled until 669, and that Ashurbanipal's reign begain in 668. Keep in mind these dates are in BCE, so 668 is the year after 669. Bob the ducq (talk) 19:28, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

contradictions
The article contradicted itself on one point. It says:

In 672, upon the death of his queen, Esarhaddon reorganized the line of succession at the instigation of his mother. He used the submission of Median chieftains to draft a treaty.

&

Ashurbanipal became crown prince in 672, when Esarhaddon's eldest son Sin-iddina-apla died.

That would mean that both Esarhaddons wife and son died at the same year. This needs to be investigated. I’ll delete the second line for the time being because it’s a fragment of a part that gives double information. CAn't you figure this out on your own?! Ily Ethan Shyrock!(: Love Abby Meyer(: 19:30, Djaser 19:05, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
Can someone add this picture to the article since its very relavent. Its also attractive. This picture is from Wikimedia, I am not sure how to downsize it so its the right size for the article

Here is a list of pictures at the Assyrian Center in San Francisco []

In my opionion I think the second picture on the second link I have provided is the best, perhaps we can incorporate that somewhere in the article intead of the zoomed out image above that does not show as much detail.Ninevite (talk) 22:51, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Image problem
The image Kinadshburn.JPG has incomplete information about its public domain status. It says it is a Neo-Assyrian relief from the British Museum. But there is no info on who took the picture or how it was obtained (the info provided only talks about how it was transferred from English WP to WikiCommons). Theoretically any picture of something with an expired copyright is legal but without chain of custody information it is technically improper to be using this image (e.g. did somebody do something to enhance the image which may actually make the image copyrighted?). Is the info available somewhere?

--Mcorazao (talk) 00:53, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Date of birth
Is there any useable source for date of birth? Article history shows 687, 685 and even 668 (= start of reign). I returned 685 to the infobox, but I don´t have any source for this information: books I have are either too old or too short - without any informations about birth of this king. Pavlor (talk) 18:21, 3 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I've pulled 685 out of the infobox. Please don't put it back in unless you find a reliable source, per WP:PROVEIT. Alephb (talk) 12:56, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

Entry on Ashurbanipal
Iranica's entry on Ashurbanipal contains some interesting info in addition to a map (which could probably be uploaded to Commons). Thought you might be interested. Keep up the good work! - LouisAragon (talk) 20:21, 3 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Ah, of course! I hadn't thought to look at Iranica, thanks! I've added some bits and added in a map that's similar to the Iranica one (not sure what license I'd upload the Iranica one under or who to attribute it to). I'll go through the Iranica article a bit more soon and see where I can fit in the information :) Ichthyovenator (talk) 23:25, 3 February 2020 (UTC)

Ancestral Origin
Esarhaddon was the second king of the Sargonid Dynasty. Did Dagon die and how come Darius the Great never invaded Assyria for it to become Neo-Assyria? 208.87.235.180 (talk) 16:13, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ashurbanipal


text:
Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet

Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet (alternatively Viner) (1631 – 2 September 1688) was an English banker, goldsmith and Lord Mayor of London.

Vyner was born in Warwick, but migrated in early life to London, where he was apprenticed to his uncle, Sir Thomas Vyner (1588–1665), a goldsmith-banker, was Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1674–1675.

Life
Vyner was born in Warwick in 1631. He migrated to London in his early life.

After moving to London, Robert soon became a partner in his uncle's business, and in 1666 was elected an Alderman of the City of London; in 1665 he was made a knight, and in the following year a baronet. He was sheriff during the year of the Great Fire of London, and was chosen Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1674. Combining like his uncle the business of a banker with that of a goldsmith, Viner, who produced the jewel-studded replica of the Crown of St. Edward and the King's Orb, used for Charles II's coronation in 1661, was brought much into contact with Charles II and with the court. The king attended his mayoral banquet, and the Lord Mayor erected an equestrian statue in his honour on a spot now covered by Mansion House.

Sir Robert bought Swakeleys House in Ickenham, west of London (near its outer edge, which has one open day per year) from the wife of Sir James Harrington soon after Harrington had fled to France in 1660. Following the banquet attended by Charles II, Samuel Pepys visited the house twice to borrow money on behalf of the king. Pepys recorded in his diary how Sir Robert had shown him the body of a black boy who had worked as a servant, but had died of consumption. The body had been dried in an oven and kept in a box, which would be shown to visitors. Vyners School, a secondary school in Ickenham is named after Sir Robert. In 1659 he served as High Sheriff of Norfolk.

Having been appointed the king's goldsmith in 1661, Sir Robert was one of those who lent large sums of money for the expenses of the state and the extravagances of the court; over £400,000 was owing to him when the national exchequer suspended payment in the move called the Great Stop of the Exchequer 1672, and he was reduced to the necessity of compounding with his creditors. He obtained from the state an annuity of £25,000.

Viner was a signatory to The Several Declarations of The Company of Royal Adventurers of England Trading into Africa, a document published in 1667 which led to the creation of the Royal Africa Company.

Viner died in Windsor on 2 September 1688.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sir Robert Vyner, 1st Baronet


text:
Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford

Henry James, 1st Baron James of Hereford, (30 October 1828 – 18 August 1911), known as Sir Henry James between 1873 and 1895, was an Anglo-Welsh lawyer and statesman. Initially a Liberal, he served under William Ewart Gladstone as Solicitor General in 1873 and as Attorney-General between 1873 and 1874 and 1880 and 1885. However, he broke with Gladstone over Irish Home Rule and joined the Liberal Unionists. From 1895 to 1902 he was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the Unionist ministries of Lord Salisbury and Arthur Balfour.

Background and education
James was the son of Philip Turner James, a surgeon of Hereford, and Frances Gertrude, daughter of John Bodenham. His father's family was descended from the Gwynnes of Glanbran, Carmarthenshire, described in the nineteenth century as "one of the oldest in the Empire". His grandfather, Gwynne James, was also a surgeon, while his great-grandfather, another Gwynne James, was an apothecary. He was educated at Cheltenham College.

Legal and political career

James was admitted to the Middle Temple on 12 January 1849 and was called to the bar on 16 January 1852. He joined the Oxford circuit, where he soon established a notable reputation. In 1867 he was made postman of the Exchequer of pleas, and in 1869 took silk. At the 1868 general election he represented parliament for Taunton as a Liberal, unseating Edward William Cox after an election petition heard in March 1869. He held the seat until 1885, when he was returned for Bury. He attracted attention in parliament by his speeches in 1872 in the debates on the Judicature Act.

In September 1873 James was made Solicitor General by William Ewart Gladstone. Already in November 1873, he was promoted to Attorney General by Gladstone, a post he held until the government fell the following year. He received the customary knighthood at the time of his promotion. When Gladstone returned as prime minister in 1880 James resumed this office. He was responsible for introducing the Corrupt Practices Act 1883 and guiding it through parliament. In 1885 he was sworn of the Privy Council.

In 1886, he represented Sir Charles Dilke in the Crawford divorce case alongside Sir Charles Russell QC in which Dilke was accused of adultery with his brother's wife's sister. James and Russell, with disastrous consequences, advised Dilke not to go into the witness box saying there was insufficient evidence to convict him. The judge agreed, but decided Mrs Crawford's confession was sufficient to award her husband a divorce, resulting in an apparently contradictory verdict: that she had committed adultery with Dilke, but he had not with her! Their advice has been called "some of the worst professional advice that any man can ever have received". At a second hearing instigated by the Queen's Proctor, Dilke was cross-examined to devastating effect and his career ruined.

On Gladstone's conversion to Irish Home Rule, James distanced himself from him and became one of the most influential of the Liberal Unionists. Gladstone had offered him the Lord Chancellorship in 1886, but he declined it and the knowledge of the sacrifice he had made in refusing to follow his old chief in his new departure lent great weight to his advocacy of the Unionist cause in the country. He was one of the leading counsel for The Times before the Parnell Commission, and from 1892 to 1895 was Attorney General to the Prince of Wales. In 1895 he raised to the peerage as Baron James of Hereford, in the County of Hereford. From 1895 to 1902 he was a member of Lord Salisbury's and Arthur Balfour's Unionist ministries as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In later years he was a prominent opponent of the Tariff Reform movement, adhering to the section of Free Trade Unionists. On 11 August 1902, he was appointed to the Royal Victorian Order as a Knight Grand Cross (GCVO).

Personal life
Lord James of Hereford died unmarried in August 1911, aged 82. By his mistress Alice, whom he refused to marry, daughter of Robert Hardwicke (d.1874) of London, he left a daughter Alice Henland (1868–1936), who married Lt. Col. George Talbot Lake Denniss, Royal Wilts. Regt. The barony became extinct on his death. His portrait was painted by John St Helier Lander, collection of Middle Temple; his 1893 photo-portrait by Alexander Bassano is in the National Portrait Gallery. Lord James (Sir Henry James at the time) was also president of Bury Golf Club during the 1890s, during which time a championship trophy was awarded in his honour.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Will Leonard

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:26, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Will Leonard
Non-notable person. - snoyes 16:08, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * deleteGeni 16:29, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. — Trilobite (Talk) 16:49, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. as 'swing youth' he won apple computer's national electronic media competition, google it. — unc_topdawg 18:49, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As suggested, I've googled +"Swing Youth" +Apple. There is nothing remotely related. Ditto +Swingyouth +Apple. By patiently trying +PRnd1 +Apple, I found only this page that says PRND1 was a "previous song entry". It also says the contest is from the Tar Heel Mac Users Group on the UNC campus, not national. If he did win a national Apple electronic media competition, nobody on the Internet is talking about it. Delete this vanity. Samaritan 00:16, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, vanity. JoaoRicardo 19:25, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. at0 22:32, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 01:35, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Note that all of the anons who've edited the page have blanked it entirely at least once, so a case could be made for speedy.  (I'd probably blank it too, if my girlfriend was described in her own article as "the Italian Stallion II".) —Korath (Talk) 01:39, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Monk Bretton 01:46, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. GRider\talk  22:11, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sarah Plastino

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:25, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Sarah Plastino
Non-notable person. - snoyes 16:08, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-notable. — Trilobite (Talk) 16:49, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Only claim to notability is that she is the girlfriend of a non-notable undergraduate. Delete. Uncle G 17:39, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * Delete. No claim to notability. JoaoRicardo 19:20, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. at0 22:32, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I find it somewhat distressing that "the official most beautiful woman in the world" is compared to Sylvester Stallone, and/or a male horse. Delete! Samaritan 00:19, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 01:37, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Mu (rocket family)

The Mu, also known as M, was a series of Japanese solid-fueled carrier rockets, which were launched from Uchinoura between 1966 and 2006. Originally developed by Japan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Mu rockets were later operated by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency following ISAS becoming part of it.

Early Japanese carrier rockets
The first Mu rocket, the Mu-1 made a single, sub-orbital, test flight, on 31 October 1966. Subsequently, a series of rockets were produced, designated Mu-3 and Mu-4. In 1969 a suborbital test launch of the Mu-3D was conducted. The first orbital launch attempt for the Mu family, using a Mu-4S, was conducted on 25 September 1970, however the fourth stage did not ignite, and the rocket failed to reach orbit. On 16 February 1971, Tansei 1 was launched by another Mu-4S rocket. Two further Mu-4S launches took place during 1971 and 1972. The Mu-4S was replaced by the Mu-3C, was launched four times between 1974 and 1979, with three successes and one failure, and the Mu-3H, which was launched three times in 1977 and 1978. The Mu-3S was used between 1980 and 1984, making four launches. The final member of the Mu-3 family was the Mu-3SII, which was launched eight times between 1985 and 1995. The Mu-3 was replaced in service by the M-V.

M-V
The M-V, or Mu-5, was introduced in 1997 and retired in 2006. Seven launches, six of which were successful, were conducted. Typically, the M-V flew in a three-stage configuration, however a four-stage configuration, designated M-V KM was used 3 times, with the MUSES-B (HALCA) satellite in 1997, Nozomi (PLANET-B) spacecraft in 1998, and the Hayabusa (MUSES-C) spacecraft in 2003. The three-stage configuration had a maximum payload of 1800 kg for an orbit with altitude of 200 km and inclination of 30°, and 1300 kg to a polar orbit (90° inclination), with an altitude of 200 km. The M-V KM could launch 1800 kg to an orbit with 30° inclination and 400 km altitude.

The three stage M-V had a total launch mass of 137500 kg, whilst the total mass of a four-stage M-V KM was 139000 kg.

List of launches
All launches are from the Mu Launch Pad at the Uchinoura Space Center.

Two sub-orbital launches of the Mu family were performed prior to its first orbital flight: the 1.5 stage Mu-1 flew on October 31, 1966, at 05:04 UTC and the 3.5 stage Mu-3D flew on August 17, 1969, at 06:00 UTC.

title: Mu (rocket family)


text:
Ice volcano

An ice volcano is a conical mound of ice formed over a terrestrial lake via the eruption of water and slush through an ice shelf. The process is wave-driven, with wind providing the energy for the waves to cut through the ice and create formations that loosely mimic the shape and activity of volcanoes. After being ejected into the atmosphere, the liquid water and slush freeze and fall back to the surface, growing the formation. Ice may also be erupted. The phenomenon is most often observed along the southern coast of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, when the temperature is below freezing and the wind blows onshore with a velocity of at least 40 km/h. They are known to reduce coastal erosion there. The formations are temporary: they are frequently destroyed by storms and warm weather, and once the lake wholly freezes over, eruptions are no longer possible.

There is no consensus name for this phenomenon. Due to its visual similarity to volcanism and particularly cryovolcanism, the term "ice volcano" is frequently used, but it remains controversial. Unlike geysers and related structures, ice volcanoes are not hydrothermal.

The uplifts may attract a number of visitors, but they are dangerous, and experts warn that people may fall through the ice or slip into the cold lake. Ice volcanoes are used by snowy owls as hunting platforms to search for waterfowl.

Formation
These features are distinct from pressure ridges, which are uplifts formed by the compression of ice against a shoreline or another floe. Instead, ice volcanoes are created by waves colliding with irregularities at the edge of an ice sheet. The abnormalities concentrate the wave energy in a small area, where the ice is eroded to form a V-shaped channel. Spray, ice, and slush splashing out of the feature create a volcanic cone at the channel's shoreward end. This process takes only a few hours. The lakeward end of the channel may then be sealed by ice, but the volcano may continue to erupt. A wave amplitude of at least 1 m is needed to induce eruptions, so ice volcanoes are rarely active without storm-force winds. Formation near land is suppressed by reefs and shoals, which absorb the wave energy needed for the phenomenon. Nonetheless, they may produce larger cones further out at sea, where the greater depth makes this possible. Formation is more thoroughly suppressed by powerful storms, which erode the ice too fast for mound creation.

One type of ice volcano, known as a "cold spot", does not require waves to break against the edge of an ice shelf. Instead, water and slush erupt through a region of weak ice near the coast and form a mound. This is analogous to a geological hotspot.

Appearance and eruptions
Landfast ice is required, so the volcanoes normally form near land. They are found in successive rows, and within one row, the features usually have equal height and spacing. However, when comparing two rows, the height and spacing may be drastically different. Ice volcanoes range in height from less than one meter to ten meters, with the largest ones located far from the shore. Eruptions over ten meters high have been observed, but it is believed that the height of the eruptions are proportional to the size of the mounds. A single eruption may increase the height of the volcano by several centimeters. When an eruption occurs above 0 C, however, the water erodes the uplift instead of expanding it. Spacing is determined by the amplitude and direction of the waves. In general, the appearance and number of ice volcanoes change considerably between winters.

Different types of ice volcanoes have been compared to shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes. They are noted for their symmetry. Cold spot volcanoes are particularly symmetrical, but their eruption has not been observed.

title: Ice volcano


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Augusta Fitzalan-Howard, Duchess of Norfolk

Augusta Fitzalan-Howard, Duchess of Norfolk (née The Hon. Augusta Mary Minna Catherine Lyons) (1 August 1821 in Torquay, Devon – 22 March 1886 Norfolk House, St James's Square, London), who was commonly known by her middle name, "Minna", was the younger daughter of Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons by his wife Augusta Louisa (née Rogers).

In 1838/9 Minna was residing with her parents in Athens, whilst her father, Sir Edmund Lyons, was serving as the British Minister to Greece, when Lord Fitzalan, heir to the Duke of Norfolk, became a guest of Sir Edmund Lyons. Whilst a guest, Lord Fitzalan was disabled by an attack of fever, and subsequently nursed by Augusta, with whom he fell in love. The two married with on 19 June 1839, and subsequently had eleven children.

Augusta Minna, Duchess Dowager of Norfolk, died on 22 March 1886, and was buried at Fitzalan Chapel in the grounds of Arundel Castle.


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User:Futhark

Futhark has been an encyclopedist since the early 1970s and is now practicing that discipline from the Wikipedian perspective.

title: User:Futhark


text: User talk:83.238.44.6

title: User talk:83.238.44.6


text:
Grosvenor Group

Grosvenor Group Limited is an internationally diversified property group, which traces its origins to 1677 and has its headquarters in London, England. It has a global reach, now in 62 international cities, with offices in 14 of them, operated on behalf of its owners, the Duke of Westminster and his family. It has four regional development and investment businesses (Britain and Ireland, the Americas, Europe, and Asia Pacific) and a portfolio of indirect investments. Its sectors include residential, office, retail, industrial, along with hotels.

Grosvenor Estate
The history of the Grosvenor Estate begins in 1677, with the marriage of 12 year-old heiress Mary Davies to Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet (1655–1700). Mary had inherited the manor of Ebury, 500 acres of land north of the Thames to the west of the City of London. This area remained largely untouched by the Grosvenors until the 1720s, when they developed the northern part, now known as Mayfair, around Grosvenor Square. A few generations later, in the 1820s, their focus moved south, to what is now Belgravia, developing Eaton Square, Chester Square, and other famous addresses. Later in the 19th century, the area of Pimlico was developed; this was sold in 1953.

Nomenclature
Many of the streets within the estate are named after the Grosvenor family and its connections. The Grosvenor family became established in England before the 15th century, on the manor of Eaton in Cheshire, where its principal seat, Eaton Hall, is still located. Many of the family's early members sat as one of the two Members of Parliament for Chester.

In 1874, Hugh Grosvenor was created Duke of Westminster; other titles held by the current duke are: Marquess of Westminster, Earl Grosvenor, Viscount Belgrave, and Baron Grosvenor. The title of Baron Ebury was granted in 1857 to the 3rd son of the 1st Marquess of Westminster, after the name of the original manor of Ebury (whence Ebury Street, etc. in Pimlico), and the 2nd son of the 1st Marquess succeeded his maternal grandfather under special remainder in 1814 to the title of Earl of Wilton (whence Wilton Crescent etc. in Belgravia). "The Cheshire villages of Lupus, Eccleston and Belgrave, within or near the family estate, are recognised in street names of the London estate."

Buildings
The Mayfair portion of the estate includes Peabody social housing around Brown Hart Gardens.

International expansion
Although the Grosvenor Group is often publicly identified with its core asset, the Grosvenor Estate in London, now managed within Grosvenor Britain & Ireland, the present-day investment and development portfolio of Grosvenor Group is diversified across Britain. International expansion began in the 1950s, in Canada, and later in the United States, hence businesses in the Americas.

In the 1960s, the businesses expanded into Australia and, in the 1990s, into Asia Pacific. Also in the 1990s, Grosvenor expanded into Continental Europe, where most current activity relates to Grosvenor's fund management business. This was formally established in 2005 and now encompasses the Americas, Asia Pacific (including Australia), and Europe (including the UK).

Properties owned by Grosvenor

Properties in the UK, Continental Europe, Asia, and the Americas include:
 * Liverpool One, a shopping district in Liverpool, UK
 * District, an urban mixed-use residential and retail development in Washington, D.C., United States
 * Century Plaza II, a 99,126 sq ft class A office building in Silicon Valley, California, United States
 * Waterstone Apartment Homes, a 432-unit community in Silicon Valley, San Jose, California, United States
 * 240 Stockton Street, a ten-storey luxury retail and office building located in San Francisco, California, United States
 * 875 California Street, a condominium building in San Francisco, California, United States
 * 288 Pacific, a retail in Jackson Square, San Francisco, California, United States
 * 394 Pacific Avenue, an office building located in San Francisco, California, United States
 * 1645 Pacific Avenue, a luxury condominium building in San Francisco, California, United States
 * 185 Post Street, a luxury shopping centre in San Francisco, California, United States
 * Grosvenor Ambleside, a waterfront community and shopping district in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Connaught, a luxury village in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * The RISE, a luxury apartment building and shopping mall in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 * Drake, a collection of 135 condominiums and townhomes in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 * Haninge Centrum, a shopping mall in Stockholm, Sweden
 * Väsby Centrum, a shopping mall in Stockholm, Sweden
 * Burlöv Centrum, a shopping mall in Malmö, Sweden
 * Rue de la Republique, a community and shopping district in Lyon, France
 * Rue Serpenoise, a shopping retail complex buildings in Metz, France
 * The Westminster Terrace, a 59 floors luxury apartment building in Hong Kong
 * China Merchants Tower, an office building in Beijing, China
 * Parkside Plaza, a shopping mall in Shanghai, China
 * Grosvenor Place Kamizono-cho, a luxury residential development in Tokyo, Japan
 * The Westminster Roppongi, a luxury apartment building in Tokyo, Japan
 * The Westminster Nanpeidai, a luxury condominium building in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
 * F1RST, an urban mixed-use residential and retail development across the street from Nationals Park in Washington, D.C.
 * Central, an award-winning mixed-use apartment building in Silver Spring, MD
 * Reay Forest, a deer forest in Sutherland, Scotland
 * Abbeystead Estate, Forest of Bowland, Lancashire, England.

title: Grosvenor Group


text:
OThongathi

oThongathi, previously and still commonly known as Tongaat, is a town in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, about 40 km north of Durban and 28 km south of KwaDukuza. It now forms part of eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, or the Greater Durban area. The area is home to the oldest Indian community in South Africa, having been where the first indentured Indian laborers settled in 1860 to work in the sugar-cane plantations. Much of the architectural style in the town was the work of Ivan Mitford-Barberton, and many buildings are in the Cape Dutch style of architecture.

Prior to 1 December 2023, vehicle registration plates in oThongathi started with NJ - N for Natal. It is still exactly unknown what the J stands for as this vehicle registration code also covered Verulam, Inanda and Ntuzuma.

History
oThongathi was established as Tongaat in 1945 and its name was taken from the name of the uThongathi River which passes by the town: The name of the river, derived from Zulu, is said to mean 'it is important to us' or 'you are important because of us', referring to legends involving reaction to a denigrating remark in the first instance, and to Shaka's magnanimous view of a tribe he had just made subservient to him In 2017 plans were made for the restoration of the historic railway station building.

On June 3, 2024, a large tornado struck the town, uprooting trees, damaging vehicles, and causing multiple homes to collapse in the Magwaveni and Sandfields neighborhoods. At least 11 people were killed and at least 55 others were injured.

Municipal re-demarcation
As the 2024 national government elections near, there have recently been several demarcation proposals made by the Municipal Demarcation Board (MDB) to relocate Wards 58, 61 and 62 of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality which includes oThongathi to be relocated to the neighbouring KwaDukuza and Ndwedwe local municipalities in the iLembe District Municipality. Wards 58 and 62 would be relocated to KwaDukuza and Ward 61 would be relocated to Ndwedwe.

It has also been highlighted that the relocation of Ward 61 to Ndwedwe is in a bid to stimulate economic activity in Ndwedwe, a largely rural municipality with high levels of unemployment and little economic and social development. The reason for the relocation was also attributed to the fact that oThongathi serves as the nearest urban service centre to the Ndwedwe area. A final decision on the demarcation proposals is yet to made as several objections and concerns have been raised over the negative economic impact it could have on eThekwini.

Name change
In November 2009, the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality submitted a list of places in the municipality to the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Geographic Names Committee to be changed from their anglicised names to the correct Zulu spelling. In the list, the town Tongaat was to be changed to "oThongathi" and the Tongaat River was to be changed to "uThongathi River". On 1 October 2010, the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Arts and Culture gazette the list of approved name changes which included the town of Tongaat and the Tongaat River.

Ever since the name change, the South African National Roads Agency Ltd. (SANRAL) has changed the road signs on the N2 leading to and at the uShukela Drive interchange (Exit 202) just outside oThongathi, however there are still several road signs that still remain with the name "Tongaat" and many Durbanites and residents of oThongathi still refer to it by its previous name.

Geography
oThongathi is situated in a series of hills dominated by sugarcane fields just inland from the coast and is primarily built south of the uThongathi River. Neighbouring settlements include Westbrook (7 km) to the west, Verulam (13 km) to the south, Ballito (16 km) to the north-west and eMdloti (16 km) to the south-west.

Suburban areas
The 2011 census divided the urban area of Tongaat (now oThongathi) into 14 “sub places” including:
 * Belvedere (Residential)
 * Buffelsdale (Residential)
 * Burbreeze (Residential)
 * Fairbreeze (Residential)
 * Flamingo Heights (Residential)
 * Gandhi’s Hill (Residential)
 * Mitchell Village (Residential)
 * Mithangar (Residential)
 * Newton (Residential)
 * Sandfields (Residential)
 * Tongaat Industrial (Industrial)
 * Trurolands (Industrial)
 * Vanrova (Residential)
 * Watsonia (Residential)

Industries
oThongathi is home to Tongaat Hulett, one of the largest sugar producers in Africa which has its headquarters located just outside the town. The company also owns and operates the Maidstone Sugar Mill situated on the north banks of the uThongathi River and is one of South Africa's first sugar mills – completed in 1850.

Retail
Gopalall Hurbans Road forms the main thoroughfare through the oThongathi CBD, lined by a number of local retailers, shops, restaurants and other businesses. The main shopping centre, oThongathi Mall, which once collapsed in 2013 during construction, was reconstructed in the same plot of land on the main road as previously and was opened to the public in March 2023.

Culture & Religion
oThongathi is home to numerous cultural and religious organisations and buildings. These include:

 * Brake Village Sri Siva Soobramaniar Alayam
 * Shree Veeraboga Emperumal Temple
 * Chinna Thirupathi Venkataswara Devasthanam

Infrastructure
As a regional service centre, oThongathi is fairly well served in terms of public infrastructure with amenities such as the town hall, police station, library, sports centre and the regional branch of the Department of Home Affairs.

Private healthcare
Mediclinic Victoria was established in 1970 as Victoria Hospital and later acquired by its current owner, Mediclinic International in 2003. It is a private hospital operating 24-hour emergency services and is located in the heart of the town just off Ushukela Drive (Watson Highway).

Public healthcare
The Tongaat Community Health Centre is the main public health facility serving oThongathi and neighbouring communities in the iLembe District Municipality such as Ballito, Shakaskraal and Ndwedwe. Hambanathi Clinic, operating as a municipal clinic under the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, serves the adjoining township of Hambanathi.

Air
King Shaka International Airport is the nearest airport to oThongathi, located approximately 8 km south-east of the town via the R102 and M65. The airport offers several flights to towns and cities domestically in South Africa as well as internationally to Doha, Dubai, Harare, Lusaka, Manzini and Istanbul.

Rail
The main Metrorail commuter route between Durban in the south-east (via Verulam) and KwaDukuza in the north-east (via Shakaskraal), known as the North Coast Line, has three railway stations in oThongathi, namely Tongaat, Tongaat Central and Flamingo Heights.

Roads
oThongathi lies just 3 km off the N2 freeway (North Coast Toll Road) between KwaDukuza and Durban. Furthermore; Running north–south, the R102 (Gopalall Hurbans Road) is the main thoroughfare through the town, passing from Umhlali to Verulam. Running north-west, the R614 connects the town with Wartburg. Running south-east towards the coast, the M43 (Ushukela Drive) connects the town with Westbrook and provides access to the N2.

Tolling

The N2 involves payment of a toll: The N2 N (to KwaDukuza) and N2 S (to Durban) must pass through the mainline of the oThongathi Toll Plaza at the Ushukela Drive interchange (exit 202). Traffic arriving in oThongathi from the south to turn off at exit 202 and traffic joining the N2 S from Ushukela Drive must pass the toll booths situated on the respective on and off-ramps, known as the oThongathi Ramp Toll Plaza(s). The R102 to Umhlali and Verulam and the M4 (from Westbrook) to Ballito and uMhlanga serve as untolled alternative routes.

Water crisis
In April 2022, floods caused by abnormal heavy rainfall struck the Greater Durban region and one of the worst affected places in the region was oThongathi. The oThongathi Waterworks Treatment Plant's poorly maintained infrastructure was exacerbated by the floods which caused extensive damage to the oThongathi Waterworks Treatment Plant leaving many residents without water supply.

Although water tankers had been sent to oThongathi, they were reported to inconsistent further sparking protests around oThongathi even in the neighbouring township of Hambanathi where it was reported that even waterborne diseases began to flourish.

Towards the end of August 2022, Water and Sanitation Minister, Senzo Mchunu announced that there would be a tie-in to the Mamba Ridge pipe that will assist to supply water from the Hazelmere Dam, near Verulam to oThongathi.

After more than 200 days of water shortages, towards mid-November 2022, the oThongathi Waterworks Treatment Plant was fully repaired, and water supply was to implemented into phases to complete the commissioning of the oThongathi Water Works with the southern areas of oThongathi receiving water supply first before other areas.

Notable people

 * Ahmed Amla, cricketer
 * Ansuyah Ratipul Singh, medical doctor and writer is commemorated with a statue in the Amanzinyama Gardens located at -29.57041°N, 31.12295°W.
 * Cecil Pullan, cricketer
 * Colin Munro, cricketer
 * Hashim Amla, cricketer
 * Katharine Saunders, botanical illustrator
 * Kimeshan Naidoo, entrepreneur and engineer
 * Prenelan Subrayen, cricketer
 * Quarraisha Abdool Karim, scientist was born here in 1960.
 * Thandeka Zulu, actress and musician
 * Thomas Hassall, Australian politician
 * Two-Boys Gumede, footballer

title: OThongathi


text:
John 20:13

John 20:13 is the thirteenth verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. This verse occurs after Mary Magdalene has found Jesus' tomb empty, except for two angels.

Content
In this passage the angels ask Mary why she is crying, the King James Version of the Bible stating:

 * And they say unto her, Woman,
 * why weepest thou? She saith unto
 * them, Because they have taken
 * away my lord, and I know not
 * where they have laid him

For a collection of other versions see BibleHub John 20:13

Analysis
The contrast between Mary's bewilderment in this episode and the dramatic change that takes place immediately thereafter is also reflected in the iconography of the corresponding scenes. The depiction of Mary's confusion in her encounter with the angels is often attributed to Matthew 28:13 in which the guards are paid to say that the body had been stolen. The somewhat bleak iconography of this scene is then often contrasted with the brilliant lights that shine from a resurrected Jesus after he has been recognized.

The role of the angels presented in the Gospel of John during the resurrection narrative is far less than in the synoptic gospels, with John placing much of the weight on the following encounter between Mary and a resurrected Jesus.

title: John 20:13


text:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

The Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Archidiœcesis Paulopolitana et Minneapolitana) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in the United States. It is led by an archbishop who administers the archdiocese from the cities of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. The archbishop has both a cathedral and co-cathedral: the mother church – the Cathedral of Saint Paul in Saint Paul, and the co-cathedral, the Basilica of Saint Mary in Minneapolis.

The archdiocese has 188 parish churches in twelve counties of Minnesota. It counts in its membership an approximate total of 750,000 people. It has two seminaries, the Saint Paul Seminary and Saint John Vianney College Seminary. Its official newspaper is The Catholic Spirit.

Pre-Diocesan
The first Catholic presence in present day Minnesota was recorded in 1680. Louis Hennepin, a Belgian Franciscan Recollect and explorer, found a waterfall on the upper Mississippi River. Hennepin named the waterfall the Chutes de Saint-Antoine or St. Anthony Falls after his patron saint, Anthony of Padua. The French formally claimed the territory in 1689.

In 1727, René Boucher de La Perrière and Michel Guignas built Fort Beauharnois on the shore of Lake Pepin. They established St. Michael the Archangel, the first Catholic chapel in Minnesota. The French abandoned the fort and the chapel in the 1750s during the French and Indian War. After the war ended, the Spanish took over the French territories in the Great Plains and Old Northwest, including Minnesota. Some French-speaking colonists from Switzerland moved from their original settlements near Fort Garry in Manitoba to a location close to Saint Anthony Falls. The settlement became known as Saint Pierre.

After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States gained control of vast areas in the continent, including present day Minnesota. Pope Leo XII in 1826 erected the Diocese of Saint Louis, giving it jurisdiction over Minnesota and other parts of the region. In 1837, the Vatican erected the Diocese of Dubuque, with jurisdiction over the new Wisconsin Territory, which included Minnesota.

Bishop Mathias Loras of Dubuque in 1839 visited Fort Snelling and Saint Pierre. In 1840, Loras sent Lucien Galtier to Minnesota as a missionary. Galtier learned that a group of Catholic from the Red River Colony had settled on the east bank of the Mississippi River. He decided that it was a good location for a church as it was near a steamboat landing. Two French settlers offered a location for a church, and other settlers provided materials and labor to build a log chapel. Galtier wrote, "I had previously to this time fixed my residence at Saint Peter's and as the name of Paul is generally connected with that of Peter... I called it Saint Paul." With the gradual increase of population about the chapel, the community developed into a village known as Saint Paul's Landing.

Joseph Crétin
Pope Pius IX on July 19, 1850 erected the Diocese of Saint Paul in Minnesota, taking its territory from the Diocese of Dubuque. The new diocese covered all of the new Minnesota Territory, which included Minnesota and the future states of North Dakota and South Dakota. The pope named Monsignor Joseph Crétin of St. Louis as the first bishop of Saint Paul in Minnesota.

In addition to the French Canadians large contingents of Irish and German Catholics arrived, who located in St. Paul, and in places along the Mississippi, St. Croix, and Minnesota Rivers. In 1851, the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet came to St. Paul, and soon opened schools at St. Paul and St. Anthony Falls.

Thomas Grace
In 1859, Reverend Thomas Grace was named Bishop of St. Paul. The number of Catholics in the diocese continued to grow, with many coming from Bohemia and Poland. The number of priests grew with the increase of the people, and they were so chosen as to correspond to the needs of the parishes. Hospitals were opened at Minneapolis and New Ulm, orphan asylums were erected at St. Paul and Minneapolis, and homes were established for the aged poor. In 1875, the Diocese of Saint Paul was transferred from the ecclesiastical province of St. Louis to that of Milwaukee. John Ireland was appointed coadjutor to Bishop Grace, whom he succeeded in 1884.

John Ireland

John Ireland was known as a strong-willed figure, and was called the "consecrated blizzard of the Northwest". During his time as bishop, he established the College of Saint Thomas, Saint Paul Seminary, and Saint Thomas Academy. He constructed the Cathedral of Saint Paul and the Basilica of Saint Mary. Pope Leo XIII elevated the see to the rank of archdiocese on May 4, 1888, and its name was changed to reflect this. Pope Leo XIII erected the Diocese of Winona in 1889, taking southern Minnesota from the Archdiocese of Saint Paul.

While he was an empire builder, Ireland was not without controversy; the author of The Church and Modern Society (1897), Ireland opposed the use of foreign languages in American Catholic churches and parochial schools. National (ethnic) parishes were common at the time because of the large influx of immigrants to the U.S. from European countries. In this, he differed from Michael Corrigan, Archbishop of New York, who believed that the more quickly Catholics gave up their native languages, customs, and traditions in order to assimilate into a Protestant culture, the sooner they would forsake their religion as well. Different views on the so-called "Americanization" of the Catholic Church in the United States split the hierarchy in the 1890s. Ireland's insistence on Americanization led to the unfortunate circumstance of Ruthenian Catholic priest Alexis Toth and his congregation becoming Russian Orthodox. Ireland died on September 25, 1918.

Austin Dowling
On January 31, 1919, Pope Benedict XV appointed Austin Dowling to suceed Ireland. In his address at his installation on March 25, 1919, Dowling described himself as "the unknown, the unexpected, [and] the undistinguished successor of the great Archbishop Ireland." Downling's legacy included establishing Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary and the Archbishop Ireland's Education Fund. He improved Saint Paul Seminary and was on the board of Education of the National Catholic Welfare Council (or "NCWC," now known as the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops or USCCB). Specifically, author Marvin O'Connell credited Dowling as "one of the leading lights" from the NCWC's inception, who headed NCWC's education department, which put him in direct contact with the Catholic Education Association. He passed away on November 29, 1930.

John Gregory Murray
Murray was appointed by Pius XI as the third archbishop of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul on October 29, 1931.

In 1941, the archdiocese hosted the Ninth National Eucharistic Congress, which attracted hundreds of thousands of attendees and culminated in a Eucharistic procession that involved 80,000 people. Events for the congress were held at the Minnesota State Fairgrounds, Saint Paul Union Depot, the Minneapolis Auditorium, the St. Paul Auditorium, the Cathedral of St. Paul and the Basilica of St. Mary elsewhere in Minnesota.

On June 16, 1956, Pope Pius XII appointed Bishop Brady Coadjutor Archbishop of St. Paul, Minnesota due to Murray's failing health. Murray died of cancer in St. Paul on October 11, 1956, at age 79. He is interred at Resurrection Cemetery in Mendota Heights, Minnesota.

William O. Brady
Brady succeeded John Gregory Murray as Archbishop of St. Paul upon Murray's death on October 11, 1956.

On November 18, 1957, Pope Pius XII founded the Diocese of New Ulm, taking its territory from the Archdiocese of Saint Paul. The pope named Monsignor Alphonse Schladweiler of Saint Paul as the first bishop of New Ulm.

Brady died on October 1, 1961.

Leo Binz
On December 16, 1961 Pope John XXIII named Binz the seventh bishop and fifth archbishop of Saint Paul. He was installed on April 28, 1962.

Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (1966-present)
On July 11, 1966 the Holy See altered the name of the archdiocese to reflect the equal stature of the Twin Cities by naming the Basilica of Saint Mary in Minneapolis as co-cathedral of the archdiocese and adding Minneapolis to the title of the archdiocese. Subsequently, Leo Binz was the first archbishop to hold the title of Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.

As seminary enrollment declined, Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary was closed down in 1971, with Saint John Vianney College Seminary established in 1968 as a replacement for the old high school system.

As Binz's health began to decline, he requested and received a coadjutor. Pope Paul VI named the Coadjutor Bishop of Wichita Leo Christopher Byrne coadjutor archbishop on July 31, 1967. Binz allowed Archbishop Byrne to take greater control of the administration of the archdiocese. Byrne, however, died on October 21, 1974.

Pope Paul VI accepted Archbishop Binz's resignation on May 21, 1975.

John Roach
John Roach, originally a priest of the Archdiocese and at the time of Binz's resignation an auxuliary bishop, was appointed archsbihop to succeed Binz. On February 22, 1994, Harry Flynn was appointed by John Paul II as the coadjutor archbishop of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. Roach retired on September 8, 1995.

Harry Flynn
With Roach's retirement, Coadjutor Archbishop Harry Flynn assumed the full archbishopric. Under Flynn, the Saint Paul Seminary and Saint John Vianney College Seminary received major reforms, and the Cathedral of Saint Paul had its roof completely replaced.

After serving as archbishop for 12 years, Flynn requested that the pope assign him a coadjutor archbishop. On April 24, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Bishop John Nienstedt as Flynn's coadjutor.

John Nienstedt
When the pope accepted Flynn's retirement on May 2, 2008, Nienstedt automatically succeeded him as the eighth archbishop of St. Paul and Minneapolis.

Nienstedt's tenure as archbishop was tumultuous. In October 2010, Nienstedt announced a strategic plan that called for 21 parishes to be merged into 14 neighboring parishes. These and two later mergers reduced the number of parishes in the archdiocese from 213 in October 2010 to 188 in July 2013.

In November 2012, priest Curtis Wehmeyer pled guilty to 20 sex abuse and child pornography charges. In 2013, MPR News obtained a letter revealing that an archdiocesan officials, including Archbishop Nienstedt and vicar general Reverend Kevin McDonough - brother of Obama White House Chief of Staff Denis McDonough - had known of the archdiocesan decision in 2011 to cover up an allegation suggesting that Wehmeyer had sexually abused two brothers in his camper. When the reported abuse took place, the camper was parked outside Blessed Sacrament Church in St. Paul, where Wehmeyer served for six years and where the mother of the boys was employed. In 2015, Wehmeyer was laicized by the Vatican while serving a five-year prison sentence.

In January 2015, the Archdiocese filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.

On June 15, 2015, Pope Francis accepted the resignations of Archbishop John Nienstedt and Auxiliary Bishop Lee A. Piché to help clear the air in the Archdiocese surrounding the abuse cases and bankruptcy. The same day, Francis appointed Bernard Hebda as its apostolic administrator to serve until a new archbishop would be installed, although Hebda remained as the Coadjutor Archbishop of Newark.

Bernard Hebda
During Hebda's term as administrator, the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis reached agreement on a civil settlement with officials of Ramsey County on procedures to prevent child sexual abuse.

On March 24, 2016, Hebda was named archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, at which point his appointment as coadjutor archbishop of Newark ended. He was installed in the Cathedral of Saint Paul in St. Paul, Minnesota, on May 13, 2016.

In May 2018, the Archdiocese of St Paul and Minneapolis agreed to pay victims of clergy sexual abuse a total of $210 million in settlement, which awaited court approval. By the time the settlement was issued, 91 priests who served in the archdiocese were accused of sexually abusing 450 victims. In June 2018, the archdiocese filed for bankruptcy reorganization in order to find enough money to pay for the settlement. Once approved, the settlement became the second largest in any Catholic bankruptcy case in United States history and largest overall for any archdiocese which was forced into bankruptcy. In September 2018, survivors of clergy abuse officially concluded a month-long vote which resulted in the approval the settlement; the vote had started on August 21. The settlement was then approved by a U.S. Bankruptcy Court judge.

In the summer of 2019, Hebda announced that he would be calling an archdiocesan synod. This would be the first synod held in the archdiocese in eight decades; in his initial announcement on June 7, Hebda said that, "In the time that [he has] served in this archdiocese, [he has] come to believe that [the] local Church is particularly ripe for a synod". In a Mass the following Saturday evening for the Solemn Vigil of Pentecost, Hebda formally announced that a synod would take place; two years later, at a Mass commemorating the same holy day, the synod was officially convoked. It culminated in June of 2022 with an archdiocesan synodal assembly. Hebda released a pastoral letter, "You Shall Be My Witnesses", on the feast of Christ the King in 2022.

Seminaries
The Archdiocese has two seminaries,

 * Saint John Vianney College Seminary
 * Saint Paul Seminary

Both seminaries are located on the campus of the University of St. Thomas. From 1923 to 1971, the archdiocese operated a high school seminary, Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary.

While the majority of archdiocesan seminarians receive their formation at Saint Paul or Saint John Vianney, some go to Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary in Winona, Minnesota or the Pontifical North American College in Rome.

Bishops
This is a list of the bishops who have served the archdiocese.

Forty-two priests of the diocese have become bishops.

Bishops of Saint Paul

 * 1) Joseph Crétin (1850–1857)
 * 2) Thomas Langdon Grace, O.P. (1859–1884)
 * 3) John Ireland (1884–1888; coadjutor bishop 1875–1884)l elevated to archbishop with elevation of diocese

Archbishops of Saint Paul

 * 1) John Ireland (1888–1918)
 * 2) Austin Dowling (1919–1930)
 * 3) John Gregory Murray (1931–1956)
 * 4) William O. Brady (1956–1961); Coadjutor Archbishop (1956)
 * 5) Leo Binz (1961–1966); title changed with title of see

Archbishops of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

 * 1) Leo Binz (see above 1966–1975) - Leo Christopher Byrne, Coadjutor Archbishop (1967–1974); died without succeeding to see
 * 2) John Robert Roach (1975–1995)
 * 3) Harry Joseph Flynn (1995–2008); Coadjutor Archbishop (1994-1995)
 * 4) John Clayton Nienstedt (2008–2015); Coadjutor Archbishop (2007-2008)
 * 5) Bernard Hebda (2016–present)

Current auxiliary bishops

 * Michael Izen (2023–present)

Former auxiliary bishops

 * John Jeremiah Lawler (1910–1916), appointed Bishop of Lead
 * James Joseph Byrne (1947–1956), appointed Bishop of Boise and later Archbishop of Dubuque
 * Leonard Philip Cowley (1957–1973)
 * Gerald Francis O'Keefe (1961–1966), appointed Bishop of Davenport
 * James P. Shannon (1965–1968)
 * John Robert Roach (1971–1975), appointed Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
 * Raymond Alphonse Lucker (1971–1975), appointed Bishop of New Ulm
 * Paul Vincent Dudley (1976–1978), appointed Bishop of Sioux Falls
 * John Francis Kinney (1976–1982), appointed Bishop of Bismarck and later Bishop of Saint Cloud
 * William Henry Bullock (1980–1987), appointed Bishop of Des Moines and later Bishop of Madison
 * James Richard Ham, M.M. (1980–1990)
 * Robert J. Carlson (1984–1994), appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Sioux Falls and later Bishop of Sioux Falls, Bishop of Saginaw, and Archbishop of St. Louis
 * Joseph Charron, C.PP.S. (1990–1994), appointed Bishop of Des Moines
 * Lawrence Welsh (1991–1999)
 * Frederick F. Campbell (1999–2004), appointed Bishop of Columbus
 * Richard Pates (2000–2008), appointed Bishop of Des Moines
 * Lee A. Piché (2009–2015), resigned
 * Andrew H. Cozzens (2013–2021), appointed Bishop of Crookston
 * Joseph Andrew Williams (2022–2024), appointed coadjutor Bishop of Camden

Other priests of the diocese who became bishops

 * John Loughlin, appointed Bishop of Brooklyn in 1853
 * Louis Joseph Mary Theodore de Goesbriand, appointed Bishop of Burlington in 1853
 * James McGolrick, appointed Bishop of Duluth in 1889
 * Patrick Delany, appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Hobart, Australia in 1893
 * Thomas O'Gorman, appointed Bishop of Sioux Falls in 1896
 * James Trobec, appointed Bishop of Saint Cloud in 1897
 * Alexander Christie, appointed Bishop of Vancouver Island in 1898
 * James John Keane, appointed Bishop of Cheyenne in 1902
 * John Stariha, appointed Bishop of Lead in 1902
 * Joseph Francis Busch, appointed Bishop of Lead in 1910
 * Timothy J. Corbett, appointed Bishop of Crookston in 1910
 * Patrick Richard Heffron, appointed Bishop of Winona in 1910
 * James Albert Duffy, appointed Bishop of Kearney in 1913
 * Thomas Anthony Welch, appointed Bishop of Duluth in 1925
 * James Louis Connolly, appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Fall River in 1945
 * Francis Joseph Schenk, appointed Bishop of Crookston in 1945
 * Alphonse James Schladweiler, appointed Bishop of New Ulm in 1957
 * Nicolas Eugene Walsh, appointed Bishop of Yakima in 1974
 * Peter Forsyth Christensen, appointed Bishop of Superior in 2007
 * John Marvin LeVoir, appointed Bishop of New Ulm in 2008
 * Paul David Sirba, appointed Bishop of Duluth in 2009
 * Donald Edward DeGrood, appointed Bishop of Sioux Falls in 2019

Education
The Catholic Schools of the Archdiocese of Saint and Minneapolis as of 2023 had 79 elementary schools and 16 high schools with a total student enrollment of approximately 31,000.

Archdiocesan high schools

 * Academy of Holy Angels – Richfield
 * Benilde-St. Margaret's – St. Louis Park
 * Bethlehem Academy – Faribault
 * Chesterton Academy – Hopkins
 * Cretin-Derham Hall – St. Paul
 * Cristo Rey Jesuit High School – Minneapolis
 * DeLaSalle High School – Minneapolis
 * Hill-Murray School – Maplewood
 * Holy Family Catholic High School – Victoria
 * Holy Spirit Academy – Monticello
 * Providence Academy – Plymouth
 * Saint Agnes School – St. Paul
 * Saint Thomas Academy – Mendota Heights
 * Totino-Grace High School – Fridley
 * Unity Catholic High School - Burnsville
 * Visitation School – Mendota Heights

Minnesota

 * Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis (Metropolitan See)
 * Diocese of Crookston
 * Diocese of Duluth
 * Diocese of New Ulm
 * Diocese of Saint Cloud
 * Diocese of Winona–Rochester

North Dakota

 * Diocese of Bismarck
 * Diocese of Fargo

South Dakota

 * Diocese of Rapid City
 * Diocese of Sioux Falls

Notable parishes

 * Cathedral of Saint Paul – Saint Paul, mother church of the archdiocese
 * Basilica of Saint Mary – Minneapolis, first American basilica
 * Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church – Minneapolis, oldest church building in continuous use in Minneapolis
 * Saint Peter's Church – Mendota, oldest active parish in the archdiocese
 * Saint Michael Catholic Church – Saint Michael, parish with the most full time priests and largest mass attendance in the archdiocese


text:
Artificial womb

An artificial womb or artificial uterus is a device that would allow for extracorporeal pregnancy, by growing a fetus outside the body of an organism that would normally carry the fetus to term. An artificial uterus, as a replacement organ, would have many applications. It could be used to assist male or female couples in the development of a fetus. This can potentially be performed as a switch from a natural uterus to an artificial uterus, thereby moving the threshold of fetal viability to a much earlier stage of pregnancy. In this sense, it can be regarded as a neonatal incubator with very extended functions. It could also be used for the initiation of fetal development. An artificial uterus could also help make fetal surgery procedures at an early stage an option instead of having to postpone them until term of pregnancy.

In 2016, scientists published two studies regarding human embryos developing for thirteen days within an ecto-uterine environment. In 2017, fetal researchers at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia published a study showing they had grown premature lamb fetuses for four weeks in an extra-uterine life support system. A 14-day rule prevents human embryos from being kept in artificial wombs longer than 14 days; this rule has been codified into law in twelve countries. In 2021, The Washington Post reported that "the International Society for Stem Cell Research relaxed a historical '14-day rule' that said researchers could grow natural embryos for only 14 days in the laboratory, allowing researchers to seek approval for longer studies. Human embryo models are banned from being implanted into a uterus."

Components
An artificial uterus, sometimes referred to as an "exowomb", would have to provide nutrients and oxygen to nurture a fetus, as well as dispose of waste material. The scope of an artificial uterus, or "artificial uterus system" to emphasize a broader scope, may also include the interface serving the function otherwise provided by the placenta, an amniotic tank functioning as the amniotic sac, as well as an umbilical cord.

Nutrition, oxygen supply and waste disposal
A woman may still supply nutrients and dispose of waste products if the artificial uterus is connected to her. She may also provide immune protection against diseases by passing of IgG antibodies to the embryo or fetus.

Artificial supply and disposal have the potential advantage of allowing the fetus to develop in an environment that is not influenced by the presence of disease, environmental pollutants, alcohol, or drugs which a human may have in the circulatory system. There is no risk of an immune reaction towards the embryo or fetus that could otherwise arise from insufficient gestational immune tolerance. Some individual functions of an artificial supplier and disposer include:
 * Waste disposal may be performed through dialysis.
 * For oxygenation of the embryo or fetus, and removal of carbon dioxide, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a functioning technique, having successfully kept goat fetuses alive for up to 237 hours in amniotic tanks. ECMO is currently a technique used in selected neonatal intensive care units to treat term infants with selected medical problems that result in the infant's inability to survive through gas exchange using the lungs. However, the cerebral vasculature and germinal matrix are poorly developed in fetuses, and subsequently, there is an unacceptably high risk for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) if administering ECMO at a gestational age less than 32 weeks. Liquid ventilation has been suggested as an alternative method of oxygenation, or at least providing an intermediate stage between the womb and breathing in open air.
 * For artificial nutrition, current techniques are problematic. Total parenteral nutrition, as studied on infants with severe short bowel syndrome, has a 5-year survival of approximately 20%.
 * Issues related to hormonal stability also remain to be addressed.

Theoretically, animal suppliers and disposers may be used, but when involving an animal's uterus the technique may rather be in the scope of interspecific pregnancy.

Uterine wall
In a normal uterus, the myometrium of the uterine wall functions to expel the fetus at the end of a pregnancy, and the endometrium plays a role in forming the placenta. An artificial uterus may include components of equivalent function. Methods have been considered to connect an artificial placenta and other "inner" components directly to an external circulation.

Interface (artificial placenta)
An interface between the supplier and the embryo or fetus may be entirely artificial, e.g. by using one or more semipermeable membranes such as is used in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

There is also potential to grow a placenta using human endometrial cells. In 2002, it was announced that tissue samples from cultured endometrial cells removed from a human donor had successfully grown. The tissue sample was then engineered to form the shape of a natural uterus, and human embryos were then implanted into the tissue. The embryos correctly implanted into the artificial uterus' lining and started to grow. However, the experiments were halted after six days to stay within the permitted legal limits of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) legislation in the United States.

A human placenta may theoretically be transplanted inside an artificial uterus, but the passage of nutrients across this artificial uterus remains an unsolved issue.

Amniotic tank (artificial amniotic sac)
The main function of an amniotic tank would be to fill the function of the amniotic sac in physically protecting the embryo or fetus, optimally allowing it to move freely. It should also be able to maintain an optimal temperature. Lactated Ringer's solution can be used as a substitute for amniotic fluid.

Umbilical cord
Theoretically, in case of premature removal of the fetus from the natural uterus, the natural umbilical cord could be used, kept open either by medical inhibition of physiological occlusion, by anti-coagulation as well as by stenting or creating a bypass for sustaining blood flow between the mother and fetus.

Research and development
The use of artificial wombs was first termed ectogenesis by JBS Haldane in 1923.

Emanuel M. Greenberg (USA)
Emanuel M. Greenberg wrote various papers on the topic of the artificial womb and its potential use in the future.

On 22 July 1954 Emanuel M. Greenberg filed a patent on the design for an artificial womb. The patent included two images of the design for an artificial womb. The design itself included a tank to place the fetus filled with amniotic fluid, a machine connecting to the umbilical cord, blood pumps, an artificial kidney, and a water heater. He was granted the patent on 15 November 1955.

On 11 May 1960, Greenberg wrote to the editors of the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Greenberg claimed that the journal had published the article "Attempts to Make an 'Artificial Uterus'", which failed to include any citations on the topic of the artificial uterus. According to Greenberg, this suggested that the idea of the artificial uterus was a new one although he himself had published several papers on the topic.

Juntendo University (Japan)
In 1996, Juntendo University in Tokyo developed the extra-uterine fetal incubation (EUFI). The project was led by Yoshinori Kuwabara, who was interested in the development of immature newborns. The system was developed using fourteen goat fetuses that were then placed into artificial amniotic fluid under the same conditions of a mother goat. Kuwabara and his team succeeded in keeping the goat fetuses in the system for three weeks. The system, however, ran into several problems and was not ready for human testing. Kuwabara remained hopeful that the system would be improved and would later be used on human fetuses.

Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
In 2017, researchers at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were able to further develop the extra-uterine system. The study uses fetal lambs which are then placed in a plastic bag filled with artificial amniotic fluid. The system consist in 3 main components: a pumpless arteriovenous circuit, a closed sterile fluid environment and an umbilical vascular access. Regarding the pumpless arteriovenous circuit, the blood flow is driven exclusively by the fetal heart, combined with a very low resistance oxygenator to most closely mimic the normal fetal/placental circulation. The closed sterile fluid environment is important to ensure sterility. Scientists developed a technique for umbilical cord vessel cannulation that maintains a length of native umbilical cord (5–10 cm) between the cannula tips and the abdominal wall, to minimize decannulation events and the risk of mechanical obstruction. The umbilical cord of the lambs are attached to a machine outside of the bag designed to act like a placenta and provide oxygen and nutrients and also remove any waste. The researchers kept the machine "in a dark, warm room where researchers can play the sounds of the mother's heart for the lamb fetus." The system succeeded in helping the premature lamb fetuses develop normally for a month. Indeed, scientists have run 8 lambs with maintenance of stable levels of circuit flow equivalent to the normal flow to the placenta. Specifically, they have run 5 fetuses from 105 to 108 days of gestation for 25–28 days, and 3 fetuses from 115 to 120 days of gestation for 20–28 days. The longest runs were terminated at 28 days due to animal protocol limitations rather than any instability, suggesting that support of these early gestational animals could be maintained beyond 4 weeks. Alan Flake, a fetal surgeon at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia hopes to move testing to premature human fetuses, but this could take anywhere from three to five years to become a reality. Flake, who led the study, calls the possibility of their technology recreating a full pregnancy a "pipe dream at this point" and does not personally intend to create the technology to do so.

Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
Since 2016, researchers of TU/e and partners aim to develop an artificial womb, which is an adequate substitute for the protective environment of the maternal womb in case of premature birth, preventing health complications. The artificial womb and placenta will provide a natural environment for the baby with the goal to ease the transition to newborn life. The perinatal life support (PLS) system will be developed using breakthrough technology: a manikin will mimic the infant during testing and training, advanced monitoring and computational modeling will provide clinical guidance.

The consortium of 3 European universities working on the project consists out of Aachen, Milaan and Eindhoven. In 2019 this consortium was granted a subsidy of 3 million euros, and a second grant of 10 million is in progress. Together, the PLS partners provide joint medical, engineering, and mathematical expertise to develop and validate the Perinatal Life Support system using breakthrough simulation technologies. The interdisciplinary consortium will push the development of these technologies forward and combine them to establish the first ex vivo fetal maturation system for clinical use. This project, coordinated by the Eindhoven University of Technology brings together world-leading experts in obstetrics, neonatology, industrial design, mathematical modelling, ex vivo organ support, and non-invasive fetal monitoring. This consortium is led by professor Frans van de Vosse and Professor and doctor Guid Oei. in 2020 the spin off Juno Perinatal Healthcare has been set up by engineers Jasmijn Kok and Lyla Kok, assuring valorisation of the research done. More information about the spin off can be found here;

More information about the project of the technical universities and its researchers can be found here:

Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel)
In 2021, the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel built a mechanical uterus and grew mouse embryos outside the uterus for several days. This device was also used in 2022 to nurture mouse stem cells for over a week and grow synthetic embryos from stem cells.

Bioethics
The development of artificial uteri and ectogenesis raises bioethical and legal considerations, and also has important implications for reproductive rights and the abortion debate.

Artificial uteri may expand the range of fetal viability, raising questions about the role that fetal viability plays within abortion law. Within severance theory, for example, abortion rights only include the right to remove the fetus, and do not always extend to the termination of the fetus. If transferring the fetus from a woman's womb to an artificial uterus is possible, the choice to terminate a pregnancy in this way could provide an alternative to aborting the fetus.

A 2007 essay theorizes that children who develop in an artificial uterus may lack "some essential bond with their mothers that other children have".

Gender inequality
In the 1970 book The Dialectic of Sex, feminist Shulamith Firestone wrote that differences in biological reproductive roles are a source of gender inequality. Firestone singled out pregnancy and childbirth, making the argument that an artificial womb would free "women from the tyranny of their reproductive biology."

Arathi Prasad argues in her column on The Guardian in her article "How artificial wombs will change our ideas of gender, family and equality" that "[i]t will ... give men an essential tool to have a child entirely without a woman, should they choose. It will ask us to question concepts of gender and parenthood." She furthermore argues for the benefits for same-sex couples, saying: "It might also mean that the divide between mother and father can be dispensed with: a womb outside a woman’s body would serve women, trans women and male same-sex couples equally without prejudice."

In popular culture
In 2023, The Pod Generation features detachable artificial wombs called pods. The Womb Center allows couples to share pregnancy more equally with pods.

title: Artificial womb


text:
Talk:Mount Andrus

External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:Mount Andrus


text:
Talk:Mount Berlin

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are need for

Mount Berlin in Antarctica.

It is listed as being in Marie Byrd Land and shows up in Wilkes Land on Geohack. -76.05, 135.866667 should be -76.05, -135.866667

Mount Andrus is also incorrect.

-75.8, 132.3 should be -75.8, -132.3

—207.6.53.93 (talk) 01:34, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

 * —  T RANSPORTER M AN  ( TALK ) 21:58, 17 December 2010 (UTC) PS: Mount Andrus fixed, too. —  T RANSPORTER M AN   ( TALK ) 22:02, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Volcano type
The article is inconsistent on what type of volcano Berlin represents. For instance, there is a claim in the intro describing it as two coalesced shield volcanoes while the Geomorphology and geography section describes it as a stratovolcano. From looking at the article's images I would say Berlin is a shield volcano.  Volcano guy  13:44, 19 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Again with contradictory sources. I am more inclined to trust the "coalesced shield volcanoes" source as the other ones treat the topic more peripherically. Jo-Jo Eumerus (talk, contributions) 14:16, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Berlin


text: Talk:Mount Campbell

title: Talk:Mount Campbell


text:
Talk:Mount Discovery

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 22:21, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Discovery


text:
Russell's viper

Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) is a highly venomous snake in the family Viperidae native to South Asia. It was described in 1797 by George Shaw and Frederick Polydore Nodder. It is named after Patrick Russell and is one of the big four snakes in India.

Taxonomy
English naturalist George Shaw—with illustrator Frederick Polydore Nodder—in The Naturalist's Miscellany: Or, Coloured Figures Of Natural Objects; Drawn and Described Immediately From Nature formally described the species in 1797 as Coluber russelii, from a specimen presented to the British Museum by Scottish herpetologist Patrick Russell. Russell had written of the species in his 1796 work An account of Indian serpents, collected on the coast of Coromandel, confirming its highly venomous nature by experimenting on chickens and dogs. He added the native people called it katuka retula poda.

Analysis of morphological and mitochondrial DNA data shows that the eastern subspecies of D. russelii should be considered a separate species, Daboia siamensis.

A number of other subspecies may be encountered in literature. including:
 * D. s. formosensis (Maki, 1931) – found in Thailand (considered a synonym of D. siamensis).
 * D. s. limitis (Mertens, 1927) – found in Indonesia (considered a synonym of D. siamensis).
 * D. r. pulchella (Gray, 1842) – found in Sri Lanka (considered a synonym of D. russelii).
 * D. r. nordicus (Deraniyagala, 1945) – found in northern India (considered a synonym of D. russelii).

The correct spelling of the species, D. russelii, has been, and still is, a matter of debate. Shaw and Nodder (1797), in their account of the species Coluber russelii, named it after Patrick Russell, but apparently misspelled his name, using only one "L" instead of two. Russell (1727–1805) was the author of An Account of Indian Serpents (1796) and A Continuation of an Account of Indian Serpents (1801). McDiarmid et al. (1999) are among those who favor the original misspelling, citing Article 32c (ii) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Others, such as Zhao and Adler (1993) favor russellii.

Etymology
The species is named after Patrick Russell (1726–1805), a Scottish herpetologist who first described many of India's snakes, and the name of the genus is from the Hindi word meaning "that lies hid", or "the lurker".

In English, common names of D. russelii include Russell's viper,   chain viper,  Indian Russell's viper,  common Russell's viper, seven pacer, chain snake, and scissors snake.

Description
The head is flattened, triangular, and distinct from the neck. The snout is blunt, rounded, and raised. The nostrils are large, each in the middle of a large, single nasal scale. The lower edge of the nasal scale touches the nasorostral scale. The supranasal scale has a strong crescent shape and separates the nasal from the nasorostral scale anteriorly. The rostral scale is as broad as it is high.

The crown of the head is covered with irregular, strongly fragmented scales. The supraocular scales are narrow, single, and separated by six to nine scales across the head. The eyes are large, flecked with yellow or gold, and surrounded by 10–15 circumorbital scales. The snake has 10–12 supralabials, the fourth and fifth of which are significantly larger. The eye is separated from the supralabials by three or four rows of suboculars. Of the two pairs of chin shields, the front pair is notably enlarged. The two maxillary bones support at least two, and at the most five or six, pairs of fangs at a time: the first are active and the rest replacements. The fangs attain a length of 16.5 mm in the average specimen.

The body is stout, the cross-section of which is rounded to circular. The dorsal scales are strongly keeled; only the lowest row is smooth. Mid-body, the dorsal scales number 27–33. The ventral scales number 153–180. The anal plate is not divided. The tail is short—about 14% of the total length—with the paired subcaudals numbering 41–68.

Dorsally, the color pattern consists of a deep yellow, tan, or brown ground color, with three series of dark brown spots that run the length of the body. Each of these spots has a black ring around it, the outer border of which is intensified with a rim of white or yellow. The dorsal spots, which usually number 23–30, may grow together, while the side spots may break apart. The head has a pair of distinct dark patches, one on each temple, together with a pinkish, salmon, or brownish V or X marking that forms an apex towards the snout. Behind the eye is a dark streak, outlined in white, pink, or buff. The venter is white, whitish, yellowish, or pinkish, often with an irregular scattering of dark spots.

Russell's viper grows to a maximum body and tail length of 166 cm and averages about 120 cm in mainland Asia. On islands, it is slightly shorter on average. It is more slender than most vipers. The following dimensions for a "fair-sized adult specimen" were reported in 1937:
 * Total length 4 ft
 * Length of tail 17 in
 * Girth 6 in
 * Width of head 2 in
 * Length of head 2 in

Distribution and habitat
Russell's viper is found in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. Populations from South-East Asia previously assigned to this species are now considered to be part of a different species, Daboia siamensis. The type locality is listed as "India". More specifically, this would be the Coromandel Coast, by inference of Russell (1796).

Within its range, it can be common in some areas, but scarce in others. In India, it is abundant in Punjab, very common along the West Coast and its hills, and in southern India, especially in the state of Karnataka and north to Bengal. It is uncommon to rare in the Ganges valley, northern Bengal, and Assam.

Russell's viper is not restricted to any particular habitat, but does tend to avoid dense forests. The snake is mostly found in open, grassy or bushy areas, but may also be found in second growth forests (scrub jungles), on forested plantations and farmland. It is most common in plains, coastal lowlands, and hills of suitable habitat. Generally, it is not found at altitude, but has been reported as far up as 2300–3000 m (7,500–9,800 ft). Humid environments, such as marshes, swamps, and rain forests, are avoided.

This species is often found in highly urbanized areas and settlements in the countryside, the attraction being the rodents commensal with man. As a result, those working outside in these areas are most at risk of being bitten. D. russelii does not associate as closely with human habitation as Naja and Bungarus species (cobras and kraits).

Behaviour and ecology
The Russell's viper is terrestrial and active primarily as a nocturnal forager. However, during cool weather, it becomes more active during the day. Adults are reported to be slow and sluggish and usually do not attack unless provoked; they can strike at lightning speed. Juveniles are generally more nervous. When threatened, they form a series of S-loops, raise the first third of the body, and produce a hiss that is supposedly louder than that of any other snake. If provoked even more, they resort to striking and can exert so much force that large individuals can lift off the ground in the process. This behaviour has often led to the misconception that the Russell's vipers "chase" and bite humans. They are strong and may react violently to being picked up. The bite may be a snap, or they may hang on for many seconds.

Although this genus does not have the heat-sensitive pit organs common to the Crotalinae, it is one of a number of viperines that are apparently able to react to thermal cues, further supporting the notion that they, too, possess a heat-sensitive organ. The identity of this sensor is not certain, but the nerve endings in the supranasal sac of these snakes resemble those found in other heat-sensitive organs.

Reproduction
Russell's viper is ovoviviparous. Mating generally occurs early in the year, although pregnant females may be found at any time. The gestation period is more than six months. Young are produced from May to November, but mostly in June and July. It is a prolific breeder. Litters of 20–40 are common, although fewer offspring may occur, as few as one. The reported maximum is 75 in a single litter. At birth, juveniles are 215 – in total length. The minimum total length for a gravid female is about 100 cm. It seems that sexual maturity is achieved in 2–3 years. In one case, it took a specimen nearly 4.5 hours to give birth to 11 young.

Prey
Russell's viper feeds primarily on rodents, although it will also eat small reptiles, land crabs, scorpions, and other arthropods. Juveniles are crepuscular, feeding on lizards and foraging actively. As they grow and become adults, they begin to specialize in rodents. Indeed, the presence of rodents and lizards is the main reason they are attracted to human habitation. Juveniles are known to be cannibalistic.

Mimicry
Some herpetologists believe, because D. russelii is so successful as a species and has such a fearful reputation within its natural environment, another snake has come to mimic its appearance. Superficially, the rough-scaled sand boa Eryx conicus has a color pattern that often looks like that of D. russelii, though it is completely harmless.

Venom
Venom of this species is delivered by means of solenoglyphous dentition. The quantity of venom produced by individual specimens of D. russelii is considerable. Venom yields for adult specimens have been reported as 130–250 mg, 150–250 mg, and 21–268 mg. For 13 juveniles with an average total length of 79 cm, the venom yield ranged from 8 to 79 mg (mean 45 mg).

The in mice, which is used as a possible indicator of snake venom toxicity, is: 0.133 mg/kg intravenous, 0.40 mg/kg intraperitoneal, about 0.75 mg/kg subcutaneous. For most humans, a lethal dose is about 40–70 mg, well within the amount that can be delivered in one bite. In general, the toxicity depends on a combination of five different venom fractions, each of which is less toxic when tested separately. Venom toxicity and bite symptoms in humans vary within different populations and over time. In another study, Meier and Theakston reported that the lethality of venom of Russell viper varies with change in route of injection, as their results predicts the of 0.4 mg/kg through intraperitoneal (I.P) route, 0.75 mg/kg/subcutaneous (S.C) route and 0.3 mg/kg through intravenous (I.V) route.

Symptoms
Envenomation symptoms begin with pain at the site of the bite, immediately followed by swelling of the affected extremity. Bleeding is a common symptom, especially from the gums and in the urine, and sputum may show signs of blood within 20 minutes after the bite. The blood pressure drops, and the heart rate falls. Blistering occurs at the site of the bite, developing along the affected limb in severe cases. Necrosis is usually superficial and limited to the muscles near the bite, but may be severe in extreme cases. Vomiting and facial swelling occur in about one-third of all cases. Kidney failure (renal failure) also occurs in approximately 25–30 percent of untreated bites. Severe disseminated intravascular coagulation also can occur in severe envenomations. Early medical treatment and early access to antivenom can prevent and drastically reduce the chance of developing the severe/potentially lethal complications.

Severe pain may last for 2–4 weeks. It may persist locally, depending on the level of tissue damage. Often, local swelling peaks within 48–72 hours, involving both the affected limb and the trunk. If swelling up to the trunk occurs within 1–2 hours, envenomation is likely to be massive. Discoloration may occur throughout the swollen area as red blood cells and plasma leak into muscle tissue. Death from septicaemia or kidney, respiratory, or cardiac failure may ensue 1 to 14 days after the bite, or sometimes later.

A study in The Lancet showed that out of a sample of people who survived bites by D. russelii, 29% suffered severe damage to their pituitary glands, which later caused hypopituitarism. Other scientific studies support the hypothesis that D. russelii bites can cause hypopituitarism.

Antivenom treatment
In India, the Haffkine Institute prepares a polyvalent antivenom that is used to treat bites from this species. In late 2016, a new antivenom had been developed by the Costa Rican Clodomiro Picado Institute and clinical trials were started in Sri Lanka.

Clinical use
Because this venom is so effective at inducing thrombosis, it has been incorporated into an in vitro diagnostic test for blood clotting that is widely used in hospital laboratories. This test is often referred to as dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT). The coagulant in the venom directly activates factor X, which turns prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of factor V and phospholipid. The venom is diluted to give a clotting time of 23 to 27 seconds and the phospholipid is reduced to make the test extremely sensitive to phospholipid. The dRVVT test is more sensitive than the aPTT test for the detection of lupus anticoagulant (an autoimmune disorder), because it is not influenced by deficiencies in clotting factors VIII, IX or XI.

title: Russell's viper


text:
Talk:Mount Fisher (Antarctica)

Misplaced on list
Why is this Antarctic volcano on the list of Alaskan volcanoes? Hurricanekiller1994 (talk) 20:58, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Fisher (Antarctica)


text: Talk:Mount Frakes

title: Talk:Mount Frakes


text:
Talk:Mount Hampton

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 22:21, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Hampton


text: Talk:Mount Kaplan

title: Talk:Mount Kaplan


text:
EMdloti

, alternatively rendered Umdloti and also known as Umdloti Beach, is a small resort village situated along the KwaZulu-Natal North Coast, South Africa. It lies at the mouth of the Mdloti River approximately 24 km north-east (14,9 mi) of Durban and 11 km (6.8 mi) north-east of uMhlanga and now forms part of eThekwini, the Greater Durban Metropolitan Municipality.

The name Mdloti is the Zulu word for a species of wild tobacco that grows here.

Spelling change
In November 2009, the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality submitted a list of places in the municipality to the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Geographic Names Committee to be changed from their anglicised names to the correct Zulu spelling. In the list, the village "Umdloti" was to be changed to "eMdloti" which meant the uppercase "U" would fall away and be replaced by a lowercase "e" and the Umdloti River was to be changed to "uMdloti River" which meant the '"U" in the spelling would change from an uppercase to a lowercase.

On 1 October 2010, the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Arts and Culture gazette the list of approved name changes which included the village of Umdloti and the Umdloti River. Ever since the name change, the South African National Roads Agency Ltd. (SANRAL) has changed the road signs on the N2 highway leading to and at the M27 Jabu Ngcobo Drive interchange and many news agencies like The Mercury and Northglen News use the spelling "eMdloti", however there are still several road signs that still remain with the spelling "Umdloti" and many Durbanites and residents and businesses of eMdloti still spell the town with its previous spelling.

Geography
eMdloti lies on a large ancient and mature sand-dune, dividing it into two parts, an upper and lower area on the coastline.

The coastal village is bordered by the uMdloti River to the north, the Sibaya Coastal Forest Reserve to the south and the M4 freeway to the west. It is neighboured directly to the north by La Mercy, situated on the northern bank of the uMdloti River. Notable surrounding communities are uMhlanga and Mount Edgecombe to the south-west as well as Waterloo and Verulam to the west.

The Sibaya Coastal Forest Reserve, bordering eMdloti to the south, insulates it from the sprawl of uMhlanga and today it still remains a pristine seaside resort.

Lifestyle
eMdloti, although still a small, peaceful town is situated ten kilometers north of uMhlanga Rocks. It has two commercial centres, a post office and several restaurants. A natural rock pool by the beach creates a safe swimming area.

eMdloti has a permanent population of around 3,000 people but can increase by as much as tenfold during the Christmas and Easter holiday season. Due to eMdloti's single access road (M27) from the M4/N2 interchanges, the topography, the fact that North and South Beach Roads are both cul-de-sacs and limited public parking, the repercussions of the seasonal holidaymaker influx results in traffic congestion and frequent gridlock, mainly at year-end.

eMdloti is famous for dolphins that swim very close to the beach early morning and July to November is a good time for whale watching when whales are often spotted from the beach.

eMdloti's real estate consists of full title, free-standing homes, mainly on the South Beach and sectional title apartments, located mostly on North Beach. Much of the latter is owned by non-residents as holiday homes or rental properties.

Developments
The Sibaya Coastal Precinct development is situated above eMdloti, to the west of the village and is spearheaded by Tongaat Hulett Developments. The land which was previously part of a sugarcane plantation known as Bellamont Estate is now being developed as a mixed-use development node consisting of luxury apartments, offices, retail space and residences.

Part of the development, is the well-established Sibaya Casino and Entertainment Kingdom, owned by Sun International, one of South Africa's largest resort hotel and casino chain and is located to the south-west of eMdloti.

Roads
eMdloti is accessed by a single road, the M27 also named Jabu Ngcobo Drive which starts at the traffic circle on South Beach heading west towards Verulam. It is also accessible from both the N2 (to Durban and King Shaka International Airport) and the alternative M4 (to uMhlanga and Ballito), with the M27 providing access to both freeways.

2022 floods
During April 2022, an unusual amount of heavy rainfall struck caused by the La Niña effect struck the eThekwini/Dolphin Coast/Ndwedwe/Umdoni Coast region and eMdloti was one of the worst effect areas of the deadly natural disaster. Several apartment buildings and residences in eMdloti were damaged due to landslides that occurred in the area as a result of the heavy rainfall.

This was largely due to two factors, the geographical location of eMdloti and the neighbouring Salta Sibaya development. eMdloti is located on ancient high/steep sand dunes which have a high clay component therefore making the area susceptible to mass movements like solifluction or landslides. At the same time, residents allegedly claimed the neighbouring development of Salta Sibaya part of the greater Sibaya Coastal development which sits on top of the dune/hill is to blame for the extensive damage occurred in eMdloti during heavy rainfalls.

title: EMdloti