text:
User talk:Paulo Andrade

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

You might find these pages useful:

 * How to edit a page

 * How to write a great article

 * Article naming conventions

 * Wikipedia's Manual of Style

You can always experiment in the sandbox.

If you like, you can introduce yourself at the new user log, or write something about yourself on your user page.

One more thing: if you leave a note on any kind of discussion page it's always helpful to sign your post with four tildes ( ~ ), which is automatically converted to your username and the date and time. Don't do this in articles themselves though as they are not 'owned' by any particular contributor.

If you have any questions, see help, leave a question at the help desk, or feel free to drop me a line on my talk page.

Thanks again and happy editing!

— Trilobite (Talk) 03:37, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fake news
Just a note to say we certainly value your contributions here. If your user page is correct, you have much to offer. Please do not take an article's vote for deletion personally (I don't know if you would, but just in case)--it's simply one of the means we use to give and receive feedback about how to go forward. BoomHitch 01:58, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * My user page is correct. I suppose that the editor decides using non-personal criteria (at least I hope this from a recognized Encyclopedia), and I know that he or she can delete the page if it is considered this way. Paulo Andrade Mar 30, 2005 03:03 GMT.

Login
Have you posted to Help desk or Village pump on this problem yet? BoomHitch 03:12, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not yet. I have only about two months as a Wikipedian. Thank you very much for these tips. I'll take a look ASAP. Paulo Andrade Mar 30, 2005 03:13 GMT

User 200.167.38.94
This user is me. There is also a discussion page for this user where you can also talk to me, but please centralize all your talk here.

Info retrieved from 200.167.38.94 User Talk so far :

Fake News -

I disagree with your notion that deleting the "fake news" page constitutes censorship. Censorship implies that it is my goal to keep people from seeing this information. If this were true, I would be nominating propaganda, satire and journalistic fraud for deletion as well. I am merely saying that the information in fake news is redundant with those articles. This is not censorship. DaveTheRed 01:33, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

It only constitutes censorship if you twist arguments far enough. That's the way I saw it. I sincerely believe in diversity of angles, multiplicity and complementariness, and it is clear for me that Wikipedia has a pattern of diversity - just see the examples I gave : sea, ocean, water, waterfall, river and lake, for instance, exist together although they have something in common. The same occurs with fun, amusement and entertainment, with Arab and Muslim, and with thousands and thousands of other words. Just check it out. Maybe this is not your case, but someone could be seriosly concerned about an article covering this subject of "fake news", because recent scandals have been brought to surface involving one aspect of fake news (which is governmental use of prepackaged news), and because the expression "fake news" is much more obvious and popular to find something about these scandals than other words like "video news release" or "government payment of columnists". As for propaganda, it is not obvious that something about these type of fake news would be found there. Note also that Wikipedian words commonly gain a place in the first page of Google results and unlike occasional news reports, they are there on a permanent basis - it's an easy library to be researched, and not old news that you put in the garbage.

That's why I say that potential censors with bad intentions may exist. Potential censors may have professional skills of twisting arguments and persuade editors about their points. In logical discussions, it is sometimes very difficult to detect fallacies and other sorts of tricks. Potential censors may hide behind technical purism with bad intentions. And remember, I'm not talking about POVs, or real technical deletions, I'm talking about real censorship in the real world where some bad people fear the truth and desperately struggle for power. Of course this is valid for all parties and schools of thoughts of all countries, especially to the more powerful ones. I'm not pro-Bush or anti-Bush (I'm not even American), I'm just pro-truth and pro-diversity. Now if you excuse me, I need to sleep. Good night. Paulo Andrade 29 Mar 2005, 02:40 GMT.

And of course we can talk again if you wish, DaveTheRed. I'm open to make friends in Wikipedia, and it doesn't matter if sometimes our opinions may collide here or there. If the result of the debate is good to the collectiveness, then it means it was positive. Paulo Andrade 30 Mar 2005, 22:22 GMT.

re: Abolition of age of consent laws
Hi Paulo. Goodnes gracious, I really don't know know what to make of this article. You put a lot of work into it, I can see, but it seems to contain quite a bit of bias. Statements in the article need to be referenced from neutral, verifiable, notable, respected, and (where appropriate) peer-reviewed sources, for starters. The article needs quite a severe redaction, I'm afraid. Would you like to work with me on this, or am I going to have to go it alone, something I don't especially look forward to. Herostratus 05:20, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks to come here. Of course we can work together. I made some changes yesterday, so as to keep the overall neutrality of information. Tell me what is your opinion. Paulo Andrade 21:55, 18 July 2006 (GMT)
 * I'll respond on the article's talk page. Herostratus 14:04, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Your userpage
Also, your userpage... It's extensive, nicely formatted, and I can see that you've put a lot of work into it. But its basically a solicitation for users to contribute to a non-WikiMedia project (your book). Noble as your project may be, we can't really allow advertising for outside projects, nor ask our editors to turn their energies to non-WikiMedia projects. Sorry. I guess you're going to have to remove most of that material. Herostratus 05:39, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Paulo Andrade
 * I have removed all mentions to my book or to any kind of self-promotion.

Suggestion
Hi again Paulo. I can see that you've been quite busy. If I may suggest, if you haven't read these you might want to:
 * WP:NOT, particularly the section "Wikipedia is not a soapbox" (and also per the above message "What your user page is not")
 * WP:NOR
 * WP:VERIFY
 * WP:CITE
 * WP:NPOV

Don't be discouraged, please! It can take quite a while to get used to all the ways of Wikipedia. When I started I also was not creating the greatest articles in the world, believe me! I'm sure we're both going to be just as busy as bees working on all this, and hopefully become great friends. Herostratus 06:23, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

AfD Nomination: Sexual Morality and the Law
An article that you have been involved in editing, Sexual Morality and the Law, has been listed at Articles for deletion/Sexual Morality and the Law. Please look there to see why this is, if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. AdamBiswanger1 13:42, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Adambiswanger1. I have added my comments on the AfD page. Paulo Andrade 23:25, 24 July 2006 (GMT)

 * It's interesting that nobody questions the existence of articles on other Foucault's works... Only this article is nominated for deletion... My impression is that it seems really a sign of censorship, it looks like some people are desperatly seeking any motive to hide a piece of human knowledge from others, to sweep info under the rug as if it was revealing something important that they didn't want other people to know. Paulo Andrade 23:25, 24 July 2006 (GMT)

deleted, I will be personally involved and committed in spreading the news about the existence of this information throughout the Internet. (I am already considering doing it even if the article is not deleted - only because someone suggested it should be deleted is enough reason to do this, once the suggestion to delete it is already totally absurd, IMHO) Paulo Andrade 23:25, 24 July 2006 (GMT)
 * I can guarantee you, Adambiswanger1, that if this article is

 * You know, I live in a country where a whole generation of intellectuals fighted against censorship during military dictatorship for over 20 years, so I know what it looks like. Paulo Andrade 23:25, 24 July 2006 (GMT)

Yes I don't think this information should be deleted, either. It just makes no sense. AfD is for deleting articles on local pizza shops and made up words, not articles on philosophers. Also it looks like there's something going on with your computer so that your signature is coming up a bunch of times for a single comment. Just write what you want, and then at the end put ~ once. Also, just write Keep once in the AfD so the closing admin doesn't think that you have voted more than once. Well, the good news is I think this article will be saved. Good luck in any future articles you write. Regards, AdamBiswanger1 23:51, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * To hide relevant information from the public is simply dishonest (no matter if it's right-wing or left-wing) and disqualifies the intentions of those who oppose the content of the text. Paulo Andrade 23:25, 24 July 2006 (GMT)

 * OK. Thank you for you tip. I'll concentrate all my comments in one only signature from now on. I didn't know about any rule for doing it. I separated them because I thought it would become too big (and a little ugly) if joined in one. Paulo Andrade 23:59, 24 July 2006 (GMT)

Ephebiphobia
I have a question about sources at talk:Ephebiphobia that perhaps you can answer. -Will Beback 22:08, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Age of consent articles in general
Hi Paulo,

I know Matthew Waites's The age of consent is one of very few texts on this subject, but we must be careful to not make it appear that his is the only voice in all our AoC articles. When Waites himself edited Age of consent a while ago he pretty much put a ref to his book into every paragraph. Which made Wikipedia look like an advert to his book. Especially as he'd then added a direct link to his publisher's website. --Monotonehell 09:55, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Monotonehell. I think you're right. The article(s) should not be too Matthew-Waitesed, or at least not only Matthew Waites, although his book seems to be important and very comprehensive. Other books may be published in the future. Anyway, I have just added new info from other sources to AoC reform. Maybe in the future we can add new info from other sources as well. --Paulo Andrade 07:02, 15 October 2006 (GMT)

 * However, of course it would be interesting if Matthew Waites himself could improve the articles with new sources in the future, if he is willing not to promote his book.-- Paulo Andrade 04:23, 04 November 2006 (GMT)

re Age of consent reform
I appreciate your looking up and adding the material on the early sections, nice work. Herostratus 04:54, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I'll try to add new material in the future, if I can find something new and interesting.Paulo Andrade 04:23, 04 November 2006 (GMT)

AfD nomination of Fear of youth
I have nominated Fear of youth, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Fear of youth. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Herostratus (talk) 19:57, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:Romances between adults and adolescents
I have nominated romances between adults and adolescents for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Wildhartlivie (talk) 01:10, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Translated pages as derivative works
According to this edit summary you added content to Abuse of language by translating Abus de langage. When translating a page from one Wikipedia project to another it is best to use the template translated page on the associated talk page to indicate so. I have added the template on your behalf. See Copying within Wikipedia for details.

I have begun a discussion of the page's current content at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Linguistics. If you are still interested in the page, your comments would be most welcome. Happy editing, Cnilep (talk) 00:13, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

"World Health Organization (WHO)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect World Health Organization (WHO). Since you had some involvement with the World Health Organization (WHO) redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. TheAwesome Hwyh  21:45, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Sexual Morality and the Law for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Sexual Morality and the Law is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Sexual Morality and the Law& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. TryKid [dubious – discuss] 11:25, 22 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paulo Andrade


text:
Cuisenaire rods

Cuisenaire rods are mathematics learning aids for pupils that provide an interactive, hands-on way to explore mathematics and learn mathematical concepts, such as the four basic arithmetical operations, working with fractions and finding divisors. In the early 1950s, Caleb Gattegno popularised this set of coloured number rods created by Georges Cuisenaire (1891–1975), a Belgian primary school teacher, who called the rods réglettes.

According to Gattegno, "Georges Cuisenaire showed in the early 1950s that pupils who had been taught traditionally, and were rated 'weak', took huge strides when they shifted to using the material. They became 'very good' at traditional arithmetic when they were allowed to manipulate the rods."

History
The educationalists Maria Montessori and Friedrich Fröbel had used rods to represent numbers, but it was Georges Cuisenaire who introduced the rods that were to be used across the world from the 1950s onwards. In 1952, he published Les nombres en couleurs, Numbers in Color, which outlined their use. Cuisenaire, a violin player, taught music as well as arithmetic in the primary school in Thuin. He wondered why children found it easy and enjoyable to pick up a tune and yet found mathematics neither easy nor enjoyable. These comparisons with music and its representation led Cuisenaire to experiment in 1931 with a set of ten rods sawn out of wood, with lengths from 1 cm to 10 cm. He painted each length of rod a different colour and began to use these in his teaching of arithmetic. The invention remained almost unknown outside the village of Thuin for about 23 years until, in April 1953, British mathematician and mathematics education specialist Caleb Gattegno was invited to see pupils using the rods in Thuin. At this point he had already founded the International Commission for the Study and Improvement of Mathematics Education (CIEAEM) and the Association of Teachers of Mathematics, but this marked a turning point in his understanding:

"Then, Cuisenaire took us to a table in one corner of the room where pupils were standing round a pile of colored sticks and doing sums which seemed to me to be unusually hard for children of that age. At this sight, all other impressions of the surrounding vanished, to be replaced by a growing excitement. After listening to Cuisenaire asking his first and second grade pupils questions and hearing their answers immediately and with complete self-assurance and accuracy, the excitement then turned into irrepressible enthusiasm and a sense of illumination."

Gattegno named the rods "Cuisenaire rods" and began trialing and popularizing them. Seeing that the rods allowed pupils "to expand on their latent mathematical abilities in a creative and enjoyable fashion", Gattegno's pedagogy shifted radically as he began to stand back and allow pupils to take a leading role:

"Cuisenaire's gift of the rods led me to teach by non-interference making it necessary to watch and listen for the signs of truth that are made, but rarely recognized."

While the material has found an important place in myriad teacher-centered lessons, Gattegno's student-centered practice also inspired a number of educators. The French-Canadian educator Madeleine Goutard in her 1963 Mathematics and Children, wrote:

"The teacher is not the person who teaches him what he does not know. He is the one who reveals the child to himself by making him more conscious of, and more creative with his own mind. The parents of a little girl of six who was using the Cuisenaire rods at school marveled at her knowledge and asked her: 'Tell us how the teacher teaches you all this', to which the little girl replied: 'The teacher teaches us nothing. We find everything out for ourselves.'"

John Holt, in his 1964 How Children Fail, wrote:

"This work has changed most of my ideas about the way to use Cuisenaire rods and other materials. It seemed to me at first that we could use them as devices for packing in recipes much faster than before, and many teachers seem to be using them this way. But this is a great mistake. What we ought to do is use these materials to enable children to make for themselves, out of their own experience and discoveries, a solid and growing understanding of the ways in which numbers and the operations of arithmetic work. Our aim must be to build soundly, and if this means that we must build more slowly, so be it. Some things we will be able to do much earlier than we used to, fractions for example." Gattegno formed the Cuisenaire Company in Reading, England, in 1954, and by the end of the 1950s, Cuisenaire rods had been adopted by teachers in 10,000 schools in more than a hundred countries. The rods received wide use in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2000, the United States-based company Educational Teaching Aids (ETA) acquired the US Cuisenaire Company and formed ETA/Cuisenaire to sell Cuisenaire rods-related material. In 2004, Cuisenaire rods were featured in an exhibition of paintings and sculptures by New Zealand artist Michael Parekowhai.

Rods

Another arrangement, common in Eastern Europe, extended by two large (> 10 cm) sizes of rods, is the following:

Use in mathematics teaching
The rods are used in teaching a variety of mathematical concepts, and with a wide age range of learners. Topics they are used for include:
 * counting, sequences, patterns and algebraic reasoning;
 * addition and subtraction (additive reasoning);
 * multiplication and division (multiplicative reasoning);
 * fractions, ratio and proportion;
 * modular arithmetic leading to group theory.

The Silent Way
Though primarily used for mathematics, they have also become popular in language-teaching classrooms, particularly The Silent Way. They can be used:
 * to demonstrate most grammatical structures such as prepositions of place, comparatives and superlatives, determiners, tenses, adverbs of time, manner, etc.;
 * to show sentence and word stress, rising and falling intonation and word groupings;
 * to create a visual model of constructs, for example the English verb tense system;
 * to represent physical objects: clocks, floor-plans, maps, people, animals, fruit, tools, etc., which can lead to the creation of stories told by the pupils as in this video.

Other coloured rods
In her first school, and in schools since then, Maria Montessori used coloured rods in the classroom to teach concepts of both mathematics and length. This is possibly the first instance of coloured rods being used in the classroom for this purpose.

Catherine Stern also devised a set of coloured rods produced by staining wood with aesthetically pleasing colours, and published books on their use at around the same time as Cuisenaire and Gattegno. Her rods were different colours to Cuisenaire's, and also larger, with a 2 cm unit cube rather than 1 cm. She produced various resources to complement the rods, such as trays to arrange the rods in, and tracks to arrange them on. Tony Wing, in producing resources for Numicon, built on many of Stern's ideas, also making trays and tracks available for use with Cuisenaire rods.

In 1961, Seton Pollock produced the Colour Factor system, consisting of rods from lengths 1 to 12 cm. Based on the work of Cuisenaire and Gattegno, he had invented a unified system for logically assigning a color to any number. After white (1), the primary colors red, blue and yellow are assigned to the first three primes (2, 3 and 5). Higher primes (7, 11 etc.) are associated with darkening shades of grey. The colors of non-prime numbers are obtained by mixing the colors associated with their factors – this is the key concept. A patent is registered in Pollock's name for an "Apparatus for teaching or studying mathematics". The aesthetic and numerically comprehensive Color Factor system was marketed for some years by Seton Pollock's family, before being conveyed to the educational publishing house Edward Arnold. The colors of Pollock's system were named distinctively using, for example, 'scarlet' instead of 'red', and 'amber' instead of 'orange'. They are listed below.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cuisenaire rods


text:
User talk:Kcbnac

This is my User_talk page.

If you have a comment regarding me or my editing here on Wikipedia, or on anything directly involving me, feel free to edit and add below your comments and/or critism. Constructive works best though. I do read this page from time to time, and I may respond to some posts.

Belated Welcome
I'm a bit late, but "Welcome to Wikipeida!" It is especially nice to welcome scouts and scouters to Wikipedia. BTW, it is my understanding that election into the Order of the Arrow as a youth does not mean you need to be re-elected as an adult. Once you are a member, you are always a eligible to be a member. You do have to keep paying your membership dues to be an active member, but there is no penalty for letting them lapse and then restarting them.

Yours in the Wimachtendienk, Johntex 21:17, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Of this I was not aware - I shall have to check into this. Thanks for the info. --Kcbnac 19:50, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Backpacking
Hello, I noticed you seem to like Backpacking and was wondering if you'd be interested in WikiProject Backpacking, a new project geared towards improving backpacking related articles on Wikipedia. If you'd like to join, show support by signing your name at WikiProject_Council/Proposals and by helping to edit our beta project page at User:Leif902/WikiProject Backpacking. Thank you, and have a nice day! -Leif902 00:46, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

I see you have self-identified as a backpacker by using the ”This user enjoys backpacking” userbox. I invite you to join the backpacking project. It recently reactivated. There is plenty of good work to do improving the encyclopedia’s coverage of backpacking equipment, organizations, celebrities, books, skills, and trails. The project provides a system to rate articles and prioritize editing efforts. Visit the project’s page, take a look, and please consider joining me in improving the articles and coverage of an activity we both enjoy.

—¿philoserf? (talk) 19:42, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Firemonger for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Firemonger is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Firemonger until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. the wub "?!"  23:16, 6 October 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kcbnac


title: File:Farewell-supremes-big-1970.jpg


text:
Talk:Para Para Paradise

PPP vs. PP P
If I remember correctly, PPP, three separate words, denotes the game, while PPP, with Parapara being one word, denotes the video series, etc. Or maybe it's the other way around. Either way, the questions are: is there enough information on the video series to warrant an entry at Para Para Paradise, and if/if not, how can we work this into this entry? I'd add the information, but (a) I'm tired, and (b) I don't know enough about the fad. Azure Haights 03:40, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

ParaParaParadise was the video game series released by Konami and Para Para Paradise was the video series released by avex.Skawt 19:36, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

Other version?
I'm pretty sure there is a version made for Dreamcast. This should be looked into and the article revised if needed.
 * There is, but it's a bootleg -- see here, here and here.

Activator?
Did the controller work on a similar principle to that of the Sega Activator? --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 16:17, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Video Series
Didn't the ParaParaParadise video series have their own article? What happened to it? The series were quite bigger than the videogame itself, and I remember some years back there were two articles, one for the series and one for the game; the former having all the DvD's songlist and even some information on the ParaPara Allstars. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.205.0.65 (talk) 07:58, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Para Para Paradise


text:
Piercing the corporate veil

Piercing the corporate veil or lifting the corporate veil is a legal decision to treat the rights or duties of a corporation as the rights or liabilities of its shareholders. Usually a corporation is treated as a separate legal person, which is solely responsible for the debts it incurs and the sole beneficiary of the credit it is owed. Common law countries usually uphold this principle of separate personhood, but in exceptional situations may "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil.

A simple example would be where a businessperson has left their job as a director and has signed a contract to not compete with the company they have just left for a period of time. If they set up a company which competed with their former company, technically it would be the company and not the person competing. But it is likely a court would say that the new company was just a "sham" or a "cover" and that, as the new company is completely owned and controlled by one person, the former employee is deliberately choosing to compete, placing them in breach of that non-competing contract.

Despite the terminology used which makes it appear as though a shareholder's limited liability emanates from the view that a corporation is a separate legal entity, the reality is that the entity status of corporations has almost nothing to do with shareholder limited liability. For example, English law conferred entity status on corporations long before shareholders were afforded limited liability. Similarly, the United States' Revised Uniform Partnership Act confers entity status on partnerships, but also provides that partners are individually liable for all partnership obligations. Therefore, this shareholder limited liability emanates mainly from statute.

Basis for limited liability
Corporations exist in part to shield the personal assets of shareholders from personal liability for the debts or actions of a corporation. Unlike a general partnership or sole proprietorship in which the owner could be held responsible for all the debts of the company, a corporation traditionally limited the personal liability of the shareholders.

Piercing the corporate veil typically is most effective with smaller privately held business entities (close corporations) in which the corporation has a small number of shareholders, limited assets, and recognition of separateness of the corporation from its shareholders would promote fraud or an inequitable result.

There is no record of a successful piercing of the corporate veil for a publicly traded corporation because of the large number of shareholders and the extensive mandatory filings entailed in qualifying for listing on an exchange.

Germany
German corporate law developed a number of theories in the early 1920s for lifting the corporate veil on the basis of "domination" by a parent company over a subsidiary. These cases have led to an encompassing codification of group law provisions in the AktG 1965 (§§ 291 - 319 AktG). By contrast, a general doctrine of piercing the veil for abuse of the legal personality of the company has never really taken hold in Germany. It was advocated in the fundamental work of Rolf Serick, but rejected by the prevailing "Normanwendungslehre". After a few early cases, the German judiciary did not go down the route of establishing shareholder liability via piercing the veil. In particular, it rejected piercing the veil on grounds of material undercapitalization several times. Today, the only remaining case of shareholder liability via piercing of the corporate veil is the inextricable commingling of the assets of the company and the shareholder ("Vermögensvermischung"). But shareholders can be held liable in tort (§ 826 BGB) in the case of an interference destroying the corporation ("existenzvernichtender Eingriff"). The corporation must not be stripped, without compensation, of funds that are required to meet its foreseeable future obligations. If these are taken away by the shareholder the corporation may claim compensation, even in an insolvency proceeding. The concept adds a solvency test element to the balance-sheet based rules of capital maintenance under §§ 30, 31 GmbHG and §§ 57, 62 AktG.

United Kingdom
The corporate veil in UK company law is pierced very rarely. After a series of attempts by the Court of Appeal during the late 1960s and early 1970s to establish a theory of economic reality, and a doctrine of control for lifting the veil, the House of Lords reasserted an orthodox approach. According to a 1990 case at the Court of Appeal, Adams v Cape Industries plc, the only true "veil piercing" may take place when a company is set up for fraudulent purposes, or where it is established to avoid an existing obligation. However, cases were rare and their justification in light of the Salomon principle remained doubtful. In VTB Capital, Lord Neuberger sympathised with rejecting the doctrine altogether, but left the issue undecided because it did not matter for the outcome. Soon afterwards, in Prest v Petrodel, a divorce case where the matrimonial home was not held by the husband but by his company, the Supreme Court confirmed the existence of the doctrine in English law, but narrowed it down to practical irrelevance. The "fraud exception" was dismissed. According to the leading judgement by Lord Sumption, piercing the veil is a subsidiary remedy of last resort that only covers the avoidance of existing obligations ("evasion principle", as opposed to the cases of the "concealment principle" that does not give rise to a claim). On closer analysis, this was said obiter because the Court reached the desired outcome (attribution of the family home to the assets of the husband) by applying trust law. Nevertheless, Prest v Petrodel is generally assumed to state the current law in the UK, even though the restriction of "abuse" to evasion only can be questioned and there were statements in Prest v Petrodel that supported a broader approach. It is noteworthy that under English law, piercing the veil can never be used to make shareholders pay for contractual debts of the company because they have not been party to that contract. In the past, the veil was sometimes ignored in the process of interpreting a statute, and as a matter of tort law it is open as a matter of authority that a direct duty of care may be owed by the managers of a parent company to accident victims of a subsidiary.

Tort victims and employees
Tort victims and employees, who did not contract with a company or have very unequal bargaining power, have been held to be exempted from the rules of limited liability in Chandler v Cape plc. In this case, the claimant was an employee of Cape plc's wholly owned subsidiary, which had gone insolvent. He successfully brought a claim in tort against Cape plc for causing him an asbestos disease, asbestosis. Arden LJ in the Court of Appeal held that if the parent had interfered in the operations of the subsidiary in any way, such as over trading issues, then it would be attached with responsibility for health and safety issues. Arden LJ emphasised that piercing the corporate veil was not necessary. There would be direct liability in tort for the parent company if it had interfered in the subsidiary's affairs. The High Court before it had held that liability would exist if the parent exercised control, all applying ordinary principles of tort law about liability of a third party for the actions of a tortfeasor. The restrictions on lifting the veil, found in contractual cases made no difference. This jursidction has been settled to play an important role in the human rights cases and.

"Single economic unit" theory
Within the context of competition law, "undertakings" (which may encompass one or more legal persons) might be held liable for relevant infringements. By contrast, it is an axiomatic principle of English company law that a company is an entity separate and distinct from its members, who are liable only to the extent that they have contributed to the company's capital: Salomon v Salomon [1897]. The effect of this rule is that the individual subsidiaries within a conglomerate will be treated as separate entities and the parent cannot be made liable for the subsidiaries' debts on insolvency. Furthermore, it can create subsidiaries with inadequate capitalisation and secure loans to the subsidiaries with fixed charges over their assets, despite the fact that this is "not necessarily the most honest way of trading". The rule also applies in Scotland.

While the secondary literature refers to different means of "lifting" or "piercing" the veil (see Ottolenghi (1959)), judicial dicta supporting the view that the rule in Salomon is subject to exceptions are thin on the ground. Lord Denning MR outlined the theory of the "single economic unit" - wherein the court examined the overall business operation as an economic unit, rather than strict legal form - in DHN Food Distributors v Tower Hamlets. However this has largely been repudiated and has been treated with caution in subsequent judgments.

In Woolfson v Strathclyde BC, the House of Lords held that it was a decision to be confined to its facts (the question in DHN had been whether the subsidiary of the plaintiff, the former owning the premises on which the parent carried out its business, could receive compensation for loss of business under a compulsory purchase order notwithstanding that under the rule in Salomon, it was the parent and not the subsidiary that had lost the business). Likewise, in Bank of Tokyo v Karoon, Lord Goff, who had concurred in the result in DHN, held that the legal conception of the corporate structure was entirely distinct from the economic realities.

The "single economic unit" theory was likewise rejected by the CA in Adams v Cape Industries, where Slade LJ held that cases where the rule in Salomon had been circumvented were merely instances where they did not know what to do. The view expressed at first instance by HHJ Southwell QC in Creasey v Breachwood, that English law "definitely" recognised the principle that the corporate veil could be lifted, was described as a heresy by Hobhouse LJ in Ord v Bellhaven, and these doubts were shared by Moritt V-C in Trustor v Smallbone (No 2): the corporate veil cannot be lifted merely because justice requires it. Despite the rejection of the "justice of the case" test, it is observed from judicial reasoning in veil piercing cases that the courts employ "equitable discretion" guided by general principles such as mala fides to test whether the corporate structure has been used as a mere device.

Perfect obligation
The cases of Tan v Lim, where a company was used as a "façade" (per Russell J.) to defraud the creditors of the defendant and Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne, where an injunction was granted against a trader setting up a business which was merely as a vehicle allowing him to circumvent a covenant in restraint of trade are often said to create a "fraud" exception to the separate corporate personality. Similarly, in Gencor v Dalby, the tentative suggestion was made that the corporate veil was being lifted where the company was the "alter ego" of the defendant. In truth, as Lord Cooke (1997) has noted extrajudicially, it is because of the separate identity of the company concerned and not despite it that equity intervened in all of these cases. They are not instances of the corporate veil being pierced but instead involve the application of other rules of law. Finally, the "fraud exception" was rejected in Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd.

Reverse piercing
There have been cases in which it is to the advantage of the shareholder to have the corporate structure ignored. Courts have been reluctant to agree to this. The often cited case Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd is an example of that. Mr Macaura was the sole owner of a company he had set up to grow timber. The trees were destroyed by fire but the insurer refused to pay since the policy was with Macaura (not the company) and he was not the owner of the trees. The House of Lords upheld that refusal based on the separate legal personality of the company.

Criminal law
In English criminal law there have been cases in which the courts have been prepared to pierce the veil of incorporation. For example, in confiscation proceedings under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 monies received by a company can, depending upon the particular facts of the case as found by the court, be regarded as having been 'obtained' by an individual (who is usually, but not always, a director of the company). In consequence those monies may become an element in the individual's 'benefit' obtained from criminal conduct (and hence subject to confiscation from him). The position regarding 'piercing the veil' in English criminal law was given in the Court of Appeal judgment in the case of R v Seager in which the court said (at para 76):

"There was no major disagreement between counsel on the legal principles by reference to which a court is entitled to 'pierce' or 'rend' or 'remove' the corporate veil. As a matter of law, a duly formed and registered company is a separate legal entity from those who are its shareholders and it has rights and liabilities that are separate from its shareholders. A court can pierce the limited liability of the corporate entity and look at what lies behind it only in certain circumstances. It cannot do so simply because it considers it might be just to do so. Each of these circumstances involves impropriety and dishonesty. The court will then be entitled to look for the legal substance, not the just the form. In the context of criminal cases the courts have identified at least three situations when the corporate veil can be pierced. First if an offender attempts to shelter behind a corporate façade, or veil to hide his crime and his benefits from it. Secondly, where an offender does acts in the name of a company which (with the necessary mens rea) constitute a criminal offence which leads to the offender's conviction, then 'the veil of incorporation is not so much pierced as rudely torn away': per Lord Bingham in Jennings v CPS, paragraph 16. Thirdly, where the transaction or business structures constitute a 'device', 'cloak' or 'sham', i.e. an attempt to disguise the true nature of the transaction or structure so as to deceive third parties or the courts."

United States
In the United States, corporate veil piercing is the most litigated issue in corporate law. Although courts are reluctant to hold an active shareholder liable for actions that are legally the responsibility of the corporation, even if the corporation has a single shareholder, they will often do so if the corporation was markedly noncompliant with corporate formalities, to prevent fraud, or to achieve equity in certain cases of undercapitalization.

In most jurisdictions, no bright-line rule exists and the ruling is based on common law precedents. In the United States, different theories, most important "alter ego" or "instrumentality rule", attempted to create a piercing standard. Mostly, they rest upon three basic prongs—namely: However, the theories failed to articulate a real-world approach which courts could directly apply to their cases. Thus, courts struggle with the proof of each prong and rather analyze all given factors. This is known as "totality of circumstances".
 * "unity of interest and ownership": the separate personalities of the shareholder and corporation cease to exist,
 * "wrongful conduct": wrongful action taken by the corporation, and
 * "proximate cause": as a reasonably foreseeable result of the wrongful action, harm was caused to the party that is seeking to pierce the corporate veil.

There is also the matter of what jurisdiction the corporation is incorporated in if the corporation is authorized to do business in more than one state. All corporations have one specific state (their "home" state) to which they are incorporated as a "domestic" corporation, and if they operate in other states, they would apply for authority to do business in those other states as a "foreign" corporation. In determining whether or not the corporate veil may be pierced, the courts are required to use the laws of the corporation's home state. This issue can be significant; for example, California law is more liberal in allowing a corporate veil to be pierced, while the laws of neighboring Nevada make doing so more difficult. Thus, the owner(s) of a corporation operating in California would be subject to different potential for the corporation's veil to be pierced if the corporation was to be sued, depending on whether the corporation was a California domestic corporation or was a Nevada foreign corporation operating in California.

Generally, the plaintiff has to prove that the incorporation was merely a formality and that the corporation neglected corporate formalities and protocols, such as voting to approve major corporate actions in the context of a duly authorized corporate meeting. This is quite often the case when a corporation facing legal liability transfers its assets and business to another corporation with the same management and shareholders. It also happens with single person corporations that are managed in a haphazard manner. As such, the veil can be pierced in both civil cases and where regulatory proceedings are taken against a shell corporation.

Factors for courts to consider
Factors that a court may consider when determining whether or not to pierce the corporate veil include the following:

 * Absence or inaccuracy of corporate records;
 * Concealment or misrepresentation of members;
 * Failure to maintain arm's length relationships with related entities;
 * Failure to observe corporate formalities in terms of behavior and documentation;
 * Intermingling of assets of the corporation and of the shareholder;
 * Manipulation of assets or liabilities to concentrate the assets or liabilities;
 * Non-functioning corporate officers and/or directors;
 * Significant undercapitalization of the business entity (capitalization requirements vary based on industry, location, and specific company circumstances);
 * Siphoning of corporate funds by the dominant shareholder(s);
 * Treatment by an individual of the assets of corporation as his/her own;
 * Use of the corporation as a façade for personal dealings (alter ego theory)

Not all of these factors need to be met in order for the court to pierce the corporate veil. Further, some courts might find that one factor is so compelling in a particular case that it will find the shareholders personally liable. For example, many large corporations do not pay dividends, without any suggestion of corporate impropriety, but particularly for a small or close corporation the failure to pay dividends may suggest financial impropriety.

Examples

 * Berkey v. Third Avenue Railway, 244 N.Y. 602, 155 N.E. 914 (1927). Benjamin Cardozo decided there was no right to pierce the veil for a personal injury victim.
 * Perpetual Real Estate Services, Inc. v. Michaelson Properties, Inc. 974 F.2d 545 (4th Cir. 1992). The Fourth Circuit held that no piercing could take place merely to prevent "unfairness" or "injustice", where a corporation in a real estate building partnership could not pay its share of a lawsuit bill
 * Fletcher v. Atex, Inc., 68 F.3d 1451 (2d Cir. 1995), finding insufficient that a parent company so dominated the operations of a subsidiary that the corporate veil should be disregarded.
 * Minton v. Cavaney, 56 Cal.2d 576 (1961). Mr. Minton's daughter drowned in the public swimming pool owned by Mr. Cavaney. Then-Associate Justice Roger J. Traynor (later Chief Justice) of the Supreme Court of California held: "The equitable owners of a corporation, for example, are personally liable...when they provide inadequate capitalization and actively participate in the conduct of corporate affairs."
 * Kinney Shoe Corp. v. Polan, 939 F.2d 209 (4th Cir. 1991). The veil was pierced where its enforcement would not have matched the purpose of limited liability. Here a corporation was undercapitalized and was only used to shield a shareholder's other company from debts.

Internal Revenue Service
In recent years, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States has made use of corporate veil piercing arguments and logic as a means of recapturing income, estate, or gift tax revenue, particularly from business entities created primarily for estate planning purposes. A number of U.S. Tax Court cases involving Family Limited Partnerships (FLPs) illustrate the IRS's use of veil-piercing arguments. Since owners of U.S. business entities created for asset protection and estate purposes often fail to maintain proper corporate compliance, the IRS has achieved multiple high-profile court victories.

Reverse piercing
Reverse veil piercing is when the debt of a shareholder is imputed onto the corporation. Throughout the United States, the general rule is that reverse veil piercing is not allowed. However the California Court of Appeals has allowed reverse veil piercing against a limited liability company (LLC) based largely on the difference in remedies available to creditors when it comes to attaching assets of a debtors' LLC as compared to attaching assets of a corporation.

title: Piercing the corporate veil


text:
NOTAR

NOTAR ("no tail rotor") is a helicopter system which avoids the use of a tail rotor. It was developed by McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems (through their acquisition of Hughes Helicopters). The system uses a fan inside the tail boom to build a high volume of low-pressure air, which exits through two slots and creates a boundary layer flow of air along the tailboom utilizing the Coandă effect. The boundary layer changes the direction of airflow around the tailboom, creating thrust opposite the motion imparted to the fuselage by the torque effect of the main rotor. Directional yaw control is gained through a vented, rotating drum at the end of the tailboom, called the direct jet thruster. Advocates of NOTAR assert that the system offers quieter and safer operation than a traditional tail rotor.

Development

The use of directed air to provide anti-torque control had been tested as early as 1945 in the British Cierva W.9. During 1957, a Spanish prototype designed and built by Aerotecnica flew using exhaust gases from the turbine instead of a tail rotor. This model was designated as Aerotecnica AC-14. The Fiat 7005 used a pusher propeller that blew against a cascade of tail vanes at the rear of its fuselage.

Development of the NOTAR system dates back to 1975, when engineers at Hughes Helicopters began concept development work. On December 17, 1981, Hughes flew an OH-6A fitted with NOTAR for the first time. The OH-6A helicopter (serial number 65-12917) was supplied by the U.S. Army for Hughes to develop the NOTAR technology and was the second OH-6 built by Hughes for the U.S. Army. A more heavily modified version of the prototype demonstrator first flew in March 1986 (by which time McDonnell Douglas had acquired Hughes Helicopters). The original prototype last flew in June 1986 and is now at the U.S. Army Aviation Museum in Fort Novosel, Alabama.

A production model NOTAR 520N (N520NT) was later produced and first flew on May 1, 1990. It collided with an Apache AH-64D and crashed on September 27, 1994 while flying as a chase aircraft for the Apache.

Concept
Although the concept took over three years to refine, the NOTAR system is simple in theory and works to provide some directional control using the Coandă effect. A variable pitch fan is enclosed in the aft fuselage section immediately forward of the tail boom and driven by the main rotor transmission. This fan forces low pressure air through two slots on the right side of the tailboom, causing the downwash from the main rotor to hug the tail boom, producing lift, and thus a measure of directional control. This is augmented by a direct jet thruster and vertical stabilisers.

Benefits of the NOTAR system include increased safety (the tail rotor being vulnerable), and greatly reduced external noise as tail rotors on helicopters produce a lot of noise. NOTAR-equipped helicopters are among the quietest helicopters certified by FAA.

Applications

There are several production helicopters that utilize the NOTAR system, which are produced by MD Helicopters:

 * MD 520N: a NOTAR variant of the Hughes/MD500 series helicopter
 * MD 600N: a larger version of the MD 520N
 * MD Explorer: a twin-engine, eight-seat light helicopter

title: NOTAR


text:
Geba River

The Geba (French: Rivière Geba, Portuguese: Rio Geba) is a river of West Africa that rises in the northernmost area of Guinea in the Fouta Djallon highlands, passes through southern Senegal, and reaches the Atlantic Ocean in Guinea-Bissau. It is about 550 km in total length.

In Senegal, the river is locally known as the Kayanga.

Its tributary the Colufe River joins the Geba at Bafatá. After passing by Geba town and Bambadinca, the river broadens into a wide estuary below Xime (where it is joined by the Corubal River), with a total width of about 15 km at Bissau. The estuary widens further as the river flows into the Atlantic, forming the Bissagos Islands archipelago.

The Geba River, along with the Corubal River, drains the Bafatá Plateau. It also drains the Gabú Plain, along with the Farim River (also known as the Cacheu River), and their tributaries.

It has long been an important trade route connecting into the interior; it is accessible to 2,000-ton ships some 140 km in, and shallow-draft vessels even further.

title: Geba River


text:
The Worthless

The Worthless (original Yiddish title דער מטורף, Der Meturef) is a 1908 play by Jacob Gordin, described by Lulla Rosenfeld as "a study of provincial bigotry and fear", whose central character Ben Zion Garber is "a man of genius lost and misunderstood in an environment that ultimately destroys him".

Story
Ben Zion is the son of a rich, illiterate factory owner in Soroka, a small factory town in Ukraine. Rejecting the dishonesty he sees as tied up in the world of business, he is secretly in love with Lisa Rosenberg, daughter of the owner of a rival (failing) factory, who is engaged to be married to Ben Zion's coarse older brother. She almost elopes with Ben Zion, but finds him too childishly idealistic, too much a dreamer. Throughout the whole play, even after her marriage, she is torn between the two brothers.

After the marriage, Ben Zion quarrels with his father and goes to live with his poor uncle Yisrol Yakob and his wife. He published scientific observations in an Odessa newspaper, becomes a watchmaker, and is working on a perpetual motion machine. It is rumored that he is an atheist or in league with the Devil. At one point he intervenes to stop a husband from beating his wife, and is beaten in turn by both. He protests the mistreatment of children in a Jewish school, exposes unhygienic conditions in factories, including his father's. He ignores warnings that he is making dangerous enemies.

Toward the end of Act II, he is on the verge of completing his perpetual motion machine, when Lisa comes as an emissary from his mother, to tell him that his father is gravely ill. Their dialogue makes it clear that they are still in love, but that happiness is no longer possible for either of them. At one point, Ben Zion says to her "Shakespeare's Ophelia drowns herself. This Ophelia marries my brother," to which Lisa replies, "She drowned in clear pure water and died only once, while this Ophelia dies every day in the filthy mire of a swamp."

While they are talking, a fanatical townsman comes and destroys Ben Zion's machine.

Act III begins with the father, apparently dying, refusing to see a doctor. As Ben Zion enters, suitcase in hand, the older brother is demanding that he produce a will, to avoid Ben Zion receiving an equal part of his fortune. Ben Zion says he plans to leave the town. It becomes clear that his brother consented in the destruction of the machine. After asking his father's forgiveness, he opens the suitcase, revealing a gun, and shoots himself in the heart.

The father tries, in vain, to tell the dying Ben Zion that there is, indeed, a will, and that his fortune was to be shared equally by the two sons. The play ends with the brother terrified that he will be blamed by all for driving Ben Zion to suicide, and with Lisa declaring that she has loved Ben Zion all along and that the others "killed him with their fear of the truth".

The roles of Ben Zion and Lisa Rosenberg were originally played by Jacob and Sara Adler.

authors: Вечный подмастерье

title: The Worthless


text:
History of the University of Alabama

The University of Alabama, the state's oldest continuously public university, is a senior comprehensive doctoral-level institution located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

1820–31: From planning to founding
The History of The University of Alabama begins with an act of United States Congress in 1818 authorizing the newly formed Alabama Territory to set aside a township for the establishment of a "seminary of learning." Alabama was admitted to the Union on March 20, 1819, and a second township added to the land grant. The seminary was established by the General Assembly on December 18, 1820, and named The University of the State of Alabama. The legislature appointed a board of trustees to handle the building and opening of the campus, and its operation once complete. The Board selected Tuscaloosa, then capital of Alabama, as the site of the university in 1827, and opened its doors to students on April 18, 1831. The land had been owned by William Marr, whose name is commemorated today in Marrs Spring and the literary Marrs Field Journal. A prominent architect, Captain William Nichols, was commissioned to design the campus. An extensive vineyard was situated in the area of Denny Field and Barnwell Hall.

Most of the material for the early buildings came from university land. Sandstone was quarried near the Black Warrior River, bricks were made locally and lumber came from the University's own timber tract. The work was hard and done by hand, and the University depended on the toil of enslaved workers. "Slaves made the bricks that went into buildings, they worked the grounds and buildings around the campus. They carried water, serviced the dormitories, worked in the dining halls." According to James Sellers' History of the University of Alabama, "Much of the labor was, of course, performed by slaves" but also noted "the stonemasons, trained artisans of Scotch descent, built their pride of craft into the strength and beauty of the buildings they helped erect.

1832–60: The frontier school
The board of trustees selected the Reverend Alva A. Woods to be the first president of the university. Educated at Phillips Andover, Harvard College and in Europe, Woods hoped to turn the university into a Harvard-style seminary. This proved impossible. Though highly gifted, Woods was not equipped to deal with the discipline problems that came with young men from the frontier.

Admission standards were set high. Simply to enter the university, one had to demonstrate the ability to read Classical Greek and Latin at an intermediate level, with advanced study in those languages to begin immediately. But Alabama, a frontier state a sizable amount of whose territory was still under the control of various Native American tribes, was decades away from possessing the infrastructure necessary to provide adequate education (public or even private) to meet such high standards.

The university was consequently forced to admit many students who were not adequately prepared for university education. For the duration of the Antebellum period, the university would graduate only a fraction of those young men who entered. Of the 105 students who enrolled in 1835, only eight graduated.

Within a month of the opening of the university, social societies emerged. Unlike the social fraternities that would emerge in the next decade, these clubs were academic debate societies by nature. The Erosophic Society was founded in May 1831, while the Philomathic Society came out eight months later.

For $80 a year, students received room and board at the Hotel, now known as the Gorgas House. Washington Hall and Jefferson Hall, called the "colleges," stood three stories high. Each contained twelve apartments, which in turn contained two bedrooms and a sitting room. Forty-eight students resided in each dormitory. Madison and Franklin Halls were built later. Following the American Civil War, the remains of Madison and Franklin Halls were made into memorial mounds. Madison Mound was removed during the 1920s, but Franklin Mound is still used for Honors Day ceremonies. Additionally, an archaeological excavation, conducted in 2007, examined the remains of Washington and Jefferson Halls foundations.

At the center of the campus, where the Gorgas Library is now situated, stood the "grande dame" of the university, the Rotunda. In the 1894 yearbook, Corolla, the building is described as "a circular edifice of three stories, seventy feet in diameter and seventy feet in height, and surrounded by a lofty peristyle of the Ionic order of architecture. The principal story was used for chapel service and academic recitations. This department was long celebrated as being the finest auditorium in the State. In the second story was the circular gallery, supported by carved columns of the Corinthian order. The third story contained the library and the collections in natural history." The Rotunda was destroyed by fire and was never rebuilt. Following an excavation in 1985, the Rotunda's remains were cushioned in sand and covered with concrete to mark where the building had once stood.

Greek life began at the university in 1847 when two young Mobilians visiting from Yale installed a chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon. When DKE members began holding secret meetings in the old state capitol building that year, the administration strongly voiced its disapproval. Over the next decade, four other fraternities appeared at Alabama: Alpha Delta Phi in 1851, Phi Gamma Delta in 1855, Sigma Alpha Epsilon in 1856, and Kappa Sigma in 1857. Anti-fraternity laws were imposed in that year, but were lifted in 1890s. Eager to have a social organization of their own, women at the university founded the Zeta chapter of Kappa Delta sorority in 1903. Alpha Gamma Delta and Delta Delta Delta soon followed.

1861–1902: The military school and beyond
Student discipline remained a struggle. In the 1850s, the school's president, Landon Garland, began lobbying the Legislature to transform the university into a military school. In 1860, with the Civil War impending and in the wake of a violent brawl which resulted in the death of student, the legislature authorized Garland to make the transformation beginning in the fall of 1860. As a result of this transformation, during the Civil War, the school trained officers for the Confederacy.

Because of this role, Union troops burned down the campus in April 1865. Only seven buildings survived the burning, one of which was the President's Mansion and its outbuildings. Frances Louisa Garland, wife of President Landon C. Garland, saved the home from destruction by the Union soldiers. When she saw flames in the direction of the campus, she ran from the Bryce home where the family had taken refuge and demanded the soldiers put out the fire in the parlor. The university reopened in 1871 and shortly after, the military structure was dropped. The other principal buildings today, have new uses. Gorgas House, at different times the dining hall, faculty residence, and campus hotel, now serves as a museum. The Roundhouse, then a sentry box for cadets, later a place for records storage, is a campus historical landmark. The Observatory, now Maxwell Hall, is home to a program called Creative Campus.

In 1880, the United States Congress granted the university 40,000 acres (160 km2) of coal land as partial compensation for the $250,000 in war damages. Some of the money went toward the building of Manly and Clark Halls. In 1887, Clark became the home of the library, whose 7,000 volumes had been destroyed. It was not until 1900 that private donations, including the donation of 1,000 volumes collected by John Leslie Hibbard's father, restored the library to 20,000 books. Garland Hall, which housed the geology museum and lecture rooms, completed what became known as Woods Quad. Tuomey and Barnard Halls were also built before 1900.

The medical school and pharmacy school were in Mobile at the time.

The university was officially opened to women in 1892 after much lobbying by Julia Tutwiler to the Board of Trustees.

1903–40: The growing university

In 1900 students fomented rebellion against the military system, leading to the resignations of the student commandant and university president James Knox Powers. In 1903 the state legislature abolished the military system that was proving so unpopular with students.

In celebration of the university's seventy-fifth anniversary in 1906, the Greater University fund-raising campaign began, spearheaded by alumni Hill Ferguson and Robert Jemison. The $5,000 which the campaign secured from the state legislature in 1909 went toward the building of Smith and Morgan Halls. Constructed of yellow Missouri brick with Indiana limestone trim, the buildings reflected the Beaux-Arts Greek Revival style of architecture that was popular at the turn of the 20th century.

The first years of the 20th century, when students had more freedom and the university was more established, saw the addition of a glee club, a drama club, a yearbook, and a student newspaper. One of the top female students, Helen Vickers, wrote the lyrics to UA's first alma mater. Female enrollment increased, and football became a passion.

On January 1, 1912, Dr. George H. "Mike" Denny left the presidency of Washington and Lee University in Virginia to lead The University of Alabama through a period of growth.

In 1939, Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library opened.

1941–1945: The university and WWII
Following America's entry into World War II in 1941, UA again became focused on training military members. Under the leadership of Dr. Raymond Ross Paty the university operated one of the largest military programs in the country.

The University Club was converted into a servicemen's center, and female university students were hostesses to military members passing through Tuscaloosa, and to wounded GIs at Northington Hospital. During this time, few male students remained on campus, as enrollment dropped from nearly 5,000 in the fall of 1941 to 1,850 in spring of 1944. Students, faculty and alumni joined the war effort in either the armed forces or in a related civilian capacity.

By the end of the war, about 350 former students and one faculty member had died in combat or from other war-related causes. Of the dead, 13 had played on the Crimson Tide football team. One alumna, Janice Eloise Ford Beckwith, died while serving with the Red Cross in the Pacific.

While housing and educating nearly 13,000 soldiers and sailors created a strain on space and teaching resources, the university also grew in the areas of research, library facilities, and benefits for faculty and staff. The University of Alabama Press was founded, the medical school moved to Mobile, and the University Club was transferred to UA ownership. Dr. Paty resigned in December 1946, having led The University of Alabama through one of the hardest times in the history not just of UA, but of the nation.

1946-2000: The university struggles and grows

In 1953, Autherine Lucy sued in Lucy v. Adams to prevent the university from denying admission solely based on race or color. Lucy became the first African-American to attend the school when she was admitted in 1956. On the third day of classes, a hostile mob assembled to prevent Lucy from attending classes. The police were called to secure her admission but, that evening, the University suspended Lucy on the grounds that it could not provide a safe environment. The university overturned her expulsion in 1980, and in 1992, Lucy earned her master's degree in elementary education from the university that she was admitted two decades earlier.

On June 11, 1963, Governor George Wallace attempted to prevent desegregation of that institution by blocking two African-American students, Vivian Malone and James Hood, from class registration at the University's Foster Auditorium in the "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door" incident. When confronted by federal marshals, Wallace stepped aside, and allowed them to register for classes.

The University paid tribute to Autherine Lucy, James Hood and Vivian Malone at the dedication of the Malone-Hood Plaza and Autherine Lucy Clock Tower at Foster Auditorium on November 3, 2010. A 40-foot-tall brick tower, with open arches and four large bronze plaques at its base, tells their stories.

title: History of the University of Alabama


text:
Nasher Sculpture Center

Opened in 2003, the Nasher Sculpture Center is a museum in Dallas, Texas, that houses the Patsy and Raymond Nasher collection of modern and contemporary sculpture. It is located on a 2.4 acre site adjacent to the Dallas Museum of Art in the Dallas Arts District.

Founding
Patsy and Raymond Nasher began collecting sculpture in the 1950s. Together they formed a comprehensive collection of masterpieces by Harry Bertoia, Constantin Brâncuși, Alexander Calder, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Paul Gauguin, Willem de Kooning, Mark di Suvero, Alberto Giacometti, Barbara Hepworth, Ellsworth Kelly, Henri Matisse, Joan Miró, Henry Moore, Claes Oldenburg, Pablo Picasso, Auguste Rodin, Richard Serra, and David Smith, among others.

In 1997, Raymond Nasher acquired a plot of land in downtown Dallas across the street from the Dallas Museum of Art and hired architect Renzo Piano to design the Nasher Sculpture Center. The Nasher Foundation funded the entire $70 million cost of designing and constructing the museum, which includes indoor and outdoor galleries. The Sculpture Center opened in 2003 and features a regularly changing exhibition of works from the Raymond and Patsy Nasher Collection. By placing the facility on what was formerly part of the old Caruth family farm of c. 1850, Ray Nasher began the realization of the Arts District in Dallas, which has since been enhanced by the construction of the Winspear Opera House and the Wyly Theater.

Architecture and garden
Renzo Piano, winner of the Pritzker Prize in 1998, is the architect of the Center's 55000 sqft building; he had been selected after Nasher met him at the opening of the Beyeler Foundation in Basel, Switzerland, in 1997. Piano has designed several critically acclaimed art museums; foremost among them are the Beyeler Museum in Basel, the Menil Collection in Houston, and Georges Pompidou Centre in Paris (in collaboration with Richard Rogers). He has been praised as an architect who has the genius to meld art, architecture, and advanced engineering to create some of the most remarkable museums in the world.

Piano worked in collaboration with landscape architect Peter Walker of PWP Landscape Architecture on the design of the 2 acre Garden. Walker has exerted a significant impact on the field of landscape architecture over a four-decade career. The scope of Walker's landscape projects is expansive and varied. It ranges from small gardens to new cities, corporate headquarters and academic campuses to urban plazas.

The building was constructed by The Beck Group, which also served as associate architect.

The facility opened in 2003 in a 55,000-square-foot building on a 2.4-acre site adjacent to the Dallas Museum of Art. Reflective glare of the nearby Museum Tower, constructed in 2012, comes in through the glass roof, putting portions of the collection at risk of damage. Artist James Turrell considered his work Tending (Blue) to be effectively destroyed by the tower's intrusion on its view, and the museum closed the artwork's chamber to the public at his request.

The museum has two levels: the ground level houses four galleries, institute offices, and a boardroom. The garden terraces downward to the auditorium, creating an open-air theater.

Program
The Nasher Sculpture Center features rotating exhibitions drawn from the Nasher Collection as well as special exhibitions in its indoor and outdoor galleries. Among the major exhibitions organized by the Nasher are Matisse: Painter as Sculptor, the first Matisse sculpture retrospective in the U.S. in 20 years; Tony Cragg: Seeing Things, the first major U.S. museum exhibition of the artist in 20 years; and Variable States: Intention, Appearance, and Interpretation in Modern Sculpture, an exhibition and symposium on sculpture conservation organized in conjunction with the Getty. The Nasher Sculpture Center has also presented Jaume Plensa: Genus and Species; Alexander Calder and Contemporary Art: Form, Balance, Joy; and Ken Price Sculpture: A Retrospective.

Monthly events include Target First Saturdays for children and families, Til Midnight featuring Al Fresco dining, twilight strolls, bands and movies, and the NasherSalon series which welcomes distinguished speakers for an evening of discourse on art, architecture, and other cultural topics of interest. The Nasher Sculpture Center also participates in the Block Party Series together with the Dallas Museum of Art, the Crow Museum of Asian Art, and others in the Dallas Arts District.

360 Speaker Series: Artists, Critics, Curators
Ann Veronica Janssens / Piero Golia with Ann Goldstein / Mai-Thu Perret / Martha Thorne / Agents, Advisors, Devils and Apostates: A New Art World, Panel Discussion / Plaster: Medium and Process, Panel Discussion / Kathryn Andrews / Michael Dean / Rachel Rose Melvin Edwards / Stories from the French Sculpture Census / Iván Navarro / Jonathan Hammer / Phyllida Barlow with Tyler Green / Philip Beesley / Giuseppe Penone / Alex Israel / Edmund de Waal Thomas Heatherwick / Anna-Bella Papp / Sarah Thorton / Tony Tasset / David Bates / Not Vital / Bettina Pousttchi / Mark Grotjahn / Tod Lippy / Liz Glynn Mark Dion / Ken Price Sculpture Panel / Heather Cook / Matthew Collings / Nathan Mabry / Liz Larner / Katharina Grosse / Lewis Kachur / Analia Saban / Return to Earth Symposium / Nasher XChange Panel / Make Art with Purpose Panel / Charles Long with Tyler Green Elliott Hundley / Tony Feher / Trenton Doyle Hancock / Erick Swenson / Ernesto Neto / Joseph Havel / The Art Guys / Kathryn Andrews / Lawrence Weiner / Catherine Craft / Eva Rothschild Charles Renfro / Jessica Holmes/ Alfredo Jaar / A Conversation on Statuesque / Charles Long / Aaron Curry and Thomas Houseago / Annette Lawrence / Heather Rowe / Tony Cragg / Diana Al-Hadid / Lawrence Weschler/ Dore Ashton with Michael Corris Michael Craig-Martin/ Adam Silverman and Nader Tehrani / William Jeffett / Allegra Pesenti / Linda Ridgway / Evan Holloway / Rick Lowe / Richard R. Brettell and Joachim Pissarro / Michael Corris / Antony Gormley / Alexander Calder and Contemporary Art Panel
 * 2016 Speakers
 * 2015 Speakers
 * 2014 Speakers
 * 2013 Speakers
 * 2012 Speakers
 * 2011 Speakers
 * 2010 Speakers

Exhibitions

 * Lynda Benglis: May 21, 2022 - September 18, 2022
 * Magali Reus: A Sentence in Soil: May 14, 2022 - October 9, 2022
 * Harry Bertoia: Sculpting Mid-Century Modern Life: January 29, 2022 – April 24, 2022
 * Carol Bove: Collage Sculptures: October 16, 2021 – January 9, 2022
 * Betye Saar: Call and Response: September 25, 2021 – January 2, 2022
 * Guerrilla Girls: Takeover: May 12, 2021 – October 25, 2021
 * Nasher Mixtape: February 6, 2021 – September 26, 2021
 * Barry X Ball: Remaking Sculpture: January 25, 2020 – January 3, 2021
 * Elmgreen & Dragset: Sculptures: September 14, 2019 – January 5, 2020
 * Sheila Hicks: May 11, 2019 – August 18, 2019
 * Sterling Ruby: Sculpture: February 2, 2019 – April 21, 2019
 * The Nature of Arp: September 15, 2018 – January 6, 2019
 * First Sculpture: Handaxe to Figure Stone: January 27, 2018 – April 28, 2018
 * Tom Sachs: Tea Ceremony: September 16, 2017 – January 7, 2018
 * Roni Horn: May 20, 2017 – August 20, 2017
 * Richard Serra: Prints: January 28, 2017 – April 30, 2017
 * Sightings: Michael Dean: October 22, 2016 – February 5, 2017
 * Kathryn Andrews: Run for President: September 10, 2016 – January 8, 2017
 * Joel Shapiro: May 7, 2016 – August 21, 2016
 * Doris Salcedo: Plegaria Muda: February 27, 2016 – April 17, 2016
 * Sightings: Mai-Thu Perret: March 12, 2016 – July 17, 2016
 * Ann Veronica Janssens: January 23, 2016—April 17, 2016
 * Sightings: Alex Israel: October 24, 2015 — January 31, 2016
 * Piero Golia: Chalet Dallas: October 3, 2015 — February 7, 2016
 * Giuseppe Penone: Being the River, Repeating the Forest: September 19, 2015—January 10, 2016
 * Phyllida Barlow tryst: May 30, 2015—August 30, 2015
 * Melvin Edwards: Five Decades: January 31, 2015 – May 10, 2015
 * Sightings: Anna-Bella Papp: October 24, 2014 – January 18, 2015
 * Provocations: The Architecture and Design of Heatherwick Studio: September 13, 2014 – January 4, 2015
 * Mark Grotjahn Sculpture: May 31, 2014 – August 17, 2014
 * Sightings: Bettina Pousttchi: April 12, 2014 – August 17, 2014
 * David Bates: February 9, 2014 – May 11, 2014
 * Return to Earth: September 21, 2013 – January 19, 2014
 * Katharina Grosse: WUNDERBLOCK: June 1, 2013 – September 1, 2013
 * Ken Price: A Retrospective: February 9, 2013 – May 12, 2013
 * Rediscoveries: Modes of Making in Modern Sculpture: September 29, 2012 – January 13, 2013
 * Sculpture in So Many Words: Text Pieces 1960–1980: September 29, 2012 – January 13, 2013
 * Ernesto Neto: Cuddle on the Tightrope: May 12, 2012 – September 9, 2012
 * Sightings: Eric Swenson: April 14, 2012 – September 9, 2012
 * Sightings: Diana Al-Hadid: October 22, 2011 – January 15, 2012
 * Elliot Hundley: The Bacchae: January 28, 2012 – April 22, 2012
 * Tony Cragg: Seeing Things: September 10, 2011 – January 8, 2012
 * Sightings: Martin Creed: March 26, 2011 – August 21, 2011
 * Alexander Calder and Contemporary Art: Form, Balance, Joy: December 11, 2010 – March 6, 2011
 * Sightings: Alyson Shotz: October 1, 2010 – January 2, 2011
 * Revelation: The Art of James Magee: September 4 – November 28, 2010
 * Rachel Whiteread Drawings: May 22 – August 15, 2010
 * Jaume Plensa: Genus and Species: January 30 – May 2, 2010
 * The Art of Architecture: Foster + Partners: September 26, 2009 – January 10, 2010
 * George Segal: Street Scenes: January 24 – April 5, 2009
 * In Pursuit of the Masters: Stories from the Raymond and Patsy Nasher Collection: September 20, 2008 – January 4, 2009
 * Jacques Lipchitz: A Gift from the Artist's Estate: June 21 – September 7, 2008
 * Beyond the Grasp: Sculpture Transcending the Physical: March 15 – August 31, 2008
 * Woman: The Art of Gaston Lachaise: November 17, 2007 – February 17, 2008
 * Matisse: Painter as Sculptor: January 21 – April 29, 2007
 * On Tour with Renzo Piano Building Workshop: Selected Projects: May 13 – August 213, 2006
 * The Women of Giacometti: January 14 – April 19, 2006
 * David Smith: Drawing + Sculpting: April 16 – July 17, 2005
 * Frank Stella: Painting in Three Dimensions: January 8 – April 3, 2005
 * Bodies Past and Present: The Figurative Tradition in the Nasher Collection: September 18, 2004 – August 2005
 * Variable States: Three Masterworks of Modern Sculpture: September 18, 2004 – January 2, 2005
 * Medardo Rosso: Second Impressions: April 3 – June 20, 2004
 * Picasso: The Cubist Portraits of Fernande Olivier: February 15 – May 9, 2004
 * From Rodin to Calder: Masterworks of Modern Sculpture from the Nasher Collection: October 20, 2003 – August 22, 2004

Nasher XChange
To celebrate its 10th anniversary, the Nasher Sculpture Center presented Nasher XChange from October 19, 2013, to February 16, 2014. Nasher Sculpture Center Director Jeremy Strick stated that Nasher XChange focused on public art, which engages the people and culture of Dallas. The Nasher XChange exhibition was made possible in part by an award from the National Endowment for the Arts, Art Works, and a grant from the Texas Commission on the Arts.
 * Nasher XChange: Moore to the Point: October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014
 * Nasher XChange: CURTAINS: October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014
 * Nasher XChange: Buried House: October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014
 * Nasher XChange: X: October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014
 * Nasher XChange: Fountainhead: October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014
 * Nasher XChange: Trans.lation: October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014
 * Nasher XChange: Black & Blue: Cultural Oasis in the Hills: October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014
 * Nasher XChange: dear sunset: October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014
 * Nasher XChange: Flock in Space: October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014
 * Nasher XChange: Music (Everything I know I learned the day my son was born): October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014
 * Nasher XChange: Through the Eyes of Allison V. Smith: October 19, 2013 – February 16, 2014

Nasher Prize
The Nasher Prize was established in April 2015. The award is dedicated exclusively to a living artist who has proven excellence in contemporary sculpture.

Doris Salcedo was born in 1958 in Bogotá, Colombia, her current residence. Salcedo has created sculptures and installations that transform familiar, everyday objects into moving and powerful testimonies of loss and remembrance. Huyghe was born in 1962 in Paris, he lives and works in Chile and New York. Huyghe has profoundly expanded the parameters of sculpture through artworks encompassing a variety of materials and disciplines, bringing music, cinema, and dance into contact with biology and philosophy and incorporating time-based elements as diverse as fog, ice, parades, rituals, automata, computer programs, games, dogs, bees, and microorganisms. Gates was born in 1973 in Chicago, Illinois, where he continues to live and work as a professor at the University of Chicago. His work explores the material aspects of memory, history, and place. Genzken was born in 1948 in Germany. Genzken has continually reinvented the language of sculpture by creating objects inspired by popular culture and historical events that explore the complexities of contemporary realism. Rakowitz was born in 1973 in Long Island, New York. He is Iraqi-American and much of his work explores his identity as an American artist of Iraqi Jewish descent. His work explores the complex history between the US and Middle East, as well as cultural heritage and humanitarian crisis. Baghramian, born 1971, is an Iranian-born German visual artist. Baghramian takes the creation and presentation of sculpture as her de facto subject yet makes works highlighting the poignant, contradictory, and sometimes humorous circumstances that can suffuse both the artistic process as well as everyday life. Over the past three decades, she has explored elements of sculptural practice and installation to create works that challenge their settings and upend expected modes of presentation as well as the architectural, sociological, political, and historical contexts that inform them. Nengudi was born in 1943 in Chicago and is known for works exploring the body, as well as for combining sculpture and performance. Nengudi rose to prominence among the Black avant-garde of the 1970s and 80s.
 * (2016) – Doris Salcedo
 * (2017) – Pierre Huyghe
 * (2018) – Theaster Gates
 * (2019) – Isa Genzken
 * (2020–2021) – Michael Rakowitz
 * (2022) – Nairy Baghramian
 * (2023) – Senga Nengudi

Nasher Sculpture Center Board of Trustees

 * Mr. David Haemisegger, President
 * Mr. Stephen Stamas, Chairman
 * Mr. Elliot Cattarulla
 * Ms. Nancy Nasher Haemisegger
 * Mr. John G. Heimann
 * Dr. William Jordan
 * Dr. Steven A. Nash
 * Ms. Andrea Nasher
 * Mr. Jeremy Strick

The Director
Jeremy Strick has been the Director of the Nasher Sculpture Center since March 2009. Mr. Strick oversees collections, exhibitions, and operations at the 2.4 acre museum located in the heart of downtown Dallas’ Arts District.
 * Jeremy Strick, Director

Curators

 * Jed Morse, Chief Curator
 * Catherine Craft, Curator
 * Leigh Arnold, Assistant Curator

Nancy A. Nasher and David J. Haemisegger
David J. Haemisegger and Nancy A. Nasher serve on the Board of Directors of the Nasher Sculpture Center, a museum founded in 2003 by Nancy's father, Raymond D. Nasher, which houses the Raymond D. and Patsy R. Nasher Collection of Modern and Contemporary Sculpture. Nancy worked closely with her father on the creation and development of the Sculpture Center. David currently serves as President of the Nasher Sculpture Center, and is on the Finance and Audit Committees. David and Nancy serve on the Nasher Foundation Board.

title: Nasher Sculpture Center


text:
Miracle (disambiguation)

A miracle is an event that is inexplicable by natural or scientific laws and accordingly gets attributed to some supernatural or praeternatural cause.

Miracle, The Miracle, or variants, may also refer to:

Literature

 * Miracle (novel), by Danielle Steel, 2005
 * Miracle: A Celebration of New Life, by Anne Geddes and Céline Dion, 2004
 * Miracles (book), by C. S. Lewis, 1947
 * The Miracle, a 1984 novel by Irving Wallace

Theatre

 * The Miracle (play), by Karl Vollmöller, 1911
 * The Miracle Theater, later Smoky Mountain Opry Theater, in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, U.S., and the title of its 2006 play
 * A Miracle, a 2009 play by Molly Davies

Film

 * Das Mirakel, or The Miracle, a 1912 German silent film, based on the Vollmöller play
 * The Miracle (1912 film), a British silent colour film, based on the Vollmöller play
 * The Miracle (1913 film), a Swedish silent film
 * Il Miracolo ('The Miracle'), a segment in the 1948 film L'Amore
 * The Miracle (1959 film), based on Vollmöller's play and the 1912 film
 * Miracle (1982 film), or Himala, a Philippine film
 * Miracles (1986 film), an American comedy
 * The Miracle (1987 film), a French comedy
 * Miracles (1989 film), a Hong Kong action film starring Jackie Chan
 * The Miracle (1991 film), a British drama
 * Miracle (2004 film), an American sports film
 * The Miracle (2009 film), a Russian drama
 * The Miracle (2013 film), a South Korean short film
 * The Miracle (2015 film), a Turkish drama
 * Miracle (2021 film), a Romanian crime drama.
 * Miracle: Letters to the President, a 2021 South Korean romantic drama film

Television

 * Miracles (TV series), a 2003 American drama series
 * "Miracles" (How I Met Your Mother), a 2008 episode
 * "Miracles", an episode of the Australian children's series Lockie Leonard
 * The Miracle, a 1985 British TV drama starring Keith Michell
 * "The Miracle" (Roseanne), a 1997 episode
 * CJIL-DT or The Miracle Channel, a Canadian Christian television station

Music

 * The Miracles, an American group featuring Smokey Robinson
 * Miracle (rapper) (Samson Andah, born 1991), an Australian rapper
 * Symphony No. 96 (Haydn) by Haydn, nicknamed "The Miracle"

Albums

 * Miracle (BoA album), 2002
 * Miracle (Celine Dion album), and the title song, 2004
 * Miracle, by Kane Gang, 1987
 * Miracle (Nonpoint album), 2010
 * Miracle (Puff Johnson album), 1996
 * Miracle, by Robbie Seay Band, 2010
 * Miracle (S.O.A.P. album), 2000
 * Miracle, an EP by The Original Wailers, 2012
 * Miracle (Third Day album), 2012
 * Miracle (Willy DeVille album), 1987
 * Miracle: Happy Summer from William Hung, by William Hung, 2005

 * Miracles (Change album), 1981
 * Miracles, a 2005 album by George Huff
 * Miracles, a 1971 album by Yma Sumac
 * Miracles (Two Steps from Hell album), 2014
 * Miracles: The Holiday Album, by Kenny G, 1994

 * The Miracle (album), by Queen, 1989, and the title song
 * The Miracles (album), by The Miracles, 1978

Songs

 * "Miracle", by Audio Adrenaline from Worldwide, 2013
 * "Miracle", by Beni Arashiro from Beni
 * "Miracle", by Bush from The Art of Survival, 2022
 * "Miracle" (Calvin Harris and Ellie Goulding song), 2023
 * "Miracle", by Caravan Palace from Chronologic, 2019
 * "Miracle" (Cascada song), 2006
 * "Miracle" (Chvrches song), 2018
 * "Miracle", by Dayna Manning from Shades, 2002
 * "Miracle" (Foo Fighters song), 2006
 * "Miracle", by Heavenly from Dust to Dust, 2004
 * "Miracle" (Hurts song), 2013
 * "Miracle" (Ilse DeLange song), 2009
 * "Miracle" (Jon Bon Jovi song), 1990
 * "Miracle", by Jonas Brothers from The Album, 2023
 * "Miracle" (Julian Perretta song), 2015
 * "Miracle" (Kimbra song), 2014
 * "Miracle" (KT Tunstall song), 2014
 * "Miracle", by Little Big Town from Wanderlust, 2016
 * "Miracle", by Matisyahu, 2011
 * "Miracle", by Michael W. Smith from Sovereign, 2014
 * "Miracle", by The Moody Blues from Sur la Mer, 1988
 * "Miracle" (Nonpoint song), 2010
 * "Miracle", by OceanLab from Sirens of the Sea, 2008
 * "Miracle" (Olive song), 1996
 * "Miracle", by Paramore from Riot!, 2007
 * "Miracle" (Paula Seling and Ovi song), 2014
 * Miracle (Rina Aiuchi song), 2006
 * "Miracle" (Samra Rahimli song), 2016
 * "Miracle", by Sara Groves from Invisible Empires, 2011
 * "Miracle", by Shinedown from Amaryllis, 2012
 * "Miracle", by Sia from Music – Songs from and Inspired by the Motion Picture, 2021
 * "Miracle" (Super Junior song), 2007
 * "Miracle" (Whitney Houston song), 1991

 * "Miracles", by Audio Adrenaline from Sound of the Saints, 2015
 * "Miracles" (Coldplay song), 2014
 * "Miracles (Someone Special)", by Coldplay, 2017
 * "Miracles", by Colton Dixon, 2020
 * "Miracles", by Dave Gahan from Hourglass, 2007
 * "Miracles" (Don Williams song), 1981
 * "Miracles" (Insane Clown Posse song), 2009
 * "Miracles" (Jefferson Starship song), 1975
 * "Miracles" by Joan Baez from Blowin' Away 1977
 * "Miracles" (Ken Hirai song), 2001
 * "Miracles", by LaVern Baker from LaVern, 1957
 * "Miracles", by Mumzy Stranger from Now or Never, 2015
 * "Miracles", by Nelly Furtado from The Spirit Indestructible, 2012
 * "Miracles", by Nico & Vinz from Black Star Elephant, 2014
 * "Miracles" (Pet Shop Boys song), 2003
 * "Miracles", by Stacy Lattisaw from Sixteen, 1983
 * "Miracles", by Stone Sour from Audio Secrecy, 2010

 * "The Miracle", by Cheap Trick from The Latest, 2009
 * "The Miracle", by Cliff Richard from Real as I Wanna Be, 1998
 * "The Miracle" (song), by Queen, 1989
 * "The Miracle", by The Shadows, 1964
 * "The Miracle (of Joey Ramone)", by U2, 2014

People

 * Robert Miracle, American fraudster, sentenced to prison in 2011
 * Miracle Hikaru (born 1980), Japanese impressionist

Places

 * Miracle, Bell County, Kentucky, United States
 * Miracle, Lincoln County, Kentucky, United States

Sports

 * Fort Myers Mighty Mussels, formerly Fort Myers Miracle, an American minor league baseball team
 * Miracle- (Amer al-Barqawi, born 1997), an esports Dota player.

Other uses

 * Carnival Miracle, a cruise ship
 * Miracle (dinghy), a small sailboat

title: Miracle (disambiguation)


text:
Corubal River

The Corubal, also known as the Rio Corubal or Tomine, is a river of West Africa, a major tributary of the Geba River. For a short distance, it forms the international border between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. It has a length of approximately 560 km.

History
During the Portuguese Colonial War in February 1969, the Portuguese army, while retreating from territories in the Madina do Boe sector, lost 47 men while crossing the Corubal. The incident became known as the Cheche Disaster.

Treaty
A protocol agreement called the "Corubal River Agreement" was signed on 21 October 1978 at Conakry by the Republic of Guinea and the Republic of Guinea Bissau to develop and manage the Kaliba-Koribal River; the Corubal River is also called the Kaliba. The "Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie" (OMVG) also known as "The Gambia River Basin Development Organization" was also agreed to be established to study and develop management plans for projects on the Gambia River, the Geba River and the Corubal River for power generation, irrigation, flood control, navigation, water quality and infrastrcutre. The agreement has also recognized the total basin area of the Corubal River of 24000 km2 with 17500 km2 (72.71%) in Guinea and the balance 27.02% in Guinea Bissau. OMVG have studied four sites for development as hydro-electric power projects. The projects are, the Sambangalou on the River Gambia, the Fello Sounga and Saltinho Projects on the River Koliba/Corubal, and the Gaoual Project on the River Géba. However, the general agreement does not have any relevant substantive and procedural rules governing cooperation between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. Hence it has been suggested that recourse should be taken to "The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses“ which is a global instrument, adopted in 1997, to promote the equitable and sustainable development and management of river basins shared by two or more states. Using the provisions of this convention the existing agreement between the two basin states on development of Corubal River would need to be enlarged making specific provisions for "informing and guiding cooperation, as well as by providing the technical committee with legal guidance for better implementing its activities."

Geography
It rises near Labe in the Fouta Djallon highlands of Guinea and flows generally in an east–west direction. The Bentala River is an upper tributary. It enters Guinea-Bissau on its eastern border, then meanders generally southwest, nearing the Guinea-Bissauan border, then turns northwest, passes by Xitole, then empties into the upper end of the Geba estuary, about 50 km upstream from the city of Bissau. For a short distance, it forms the international border between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. It flows between the southern border of Bafatá and the regions of Quinará and Tombali. It is navigable in its reach right up to Bafatá town. Navigation of the Corubal and Geba Rivers also acted as Biofada’s Mandavan caravan routes to carry salt and kola harvest for barter trading for gold, right up to the south of Koya in Cape Mount Area. The Biafada is the land above the confluence on the north bank of the Corubal River and the estuary is about 10 km wide at the confluence of the two rivers.

Hydrometry
The river's discharge has been observed for 18 years (1977-1994) at Saltinho, located some 200 kilometers from the sea. At the Saltinho amont station, the mean annual discharge observed during the period was 304 m3/s for a catchment area covering 23,840 km2, over 90% of the entire watershed of the river. The depth of runoff reached 404 mm/yr, which can be considered high.

The Rio Corubal has a high but very irregular discharge. The mean monthly discharge observed in May (minimum) is only 8 m3/s, more than 140 times less than the mean for September, when discharge is at its highest. Seasonal variation is thus very high, indicating significant irregularity. Over an observation period of 18 years, the minimum monthly discharge was 5.4 m3/ s, while the maximum was 1,600 m3/s.

Vegetation
In the lower stretches of the two rivers, the banks have Mangrove forests and marshy lands, which are also infested with anopheles mosquitoes. In the upper reaches of the river the basin has savanna woodland.

Fauna
Most of Guinea-Bissau's populations of antelope species are situated in the Corubal River-Dulombi area. Hippopotamus make up an isolated population.

title: Corubal River


text:
Grove Street station (PATH)

Grove Street station (originally Grove–Henderson Streets) is a station on the PATH system. Located at the intersection of Grove Street, Newark Avenue and Railroad Avenue in the Downtown neighborhood of Jersey City, New Jersey, it is served by the Newark–World Trade Center line at all times, the Journal Square–33rd Street line on weekdays (except for during the late-evening and early-morning hours), and the Journal Square–33rd Street (via Hoboken) line on weekends and during late-evening and early-morning weekday hours.

News
Repairs on the PATH system will lead to the closure of the Grove Street station on weekends. Starting the weekend of January 6, PATH trains will skip the Grove Street station in one direction every weekend for 20 consecutive weekends.

History
The station opened on September 6, 1910.

Originally, the station had exits at either end. The western stair led to the intersection of Grove Street and Newark Avenue and a simple kiosk underneath the Pennsylvania Railroad's mainline viaduct, which ran above what is now Christopher Columbus Drive. The station's easterly end exited to Henderson Street (now Marín Boulevard). The railroad viaduct was taken down in the late 1960s, and the station was reconfigured in the 1970s. As part of the reconstruction, the eastern and western exits were closed in favor of a mezzanine situated in a triangle formed by the intersections of Grove Street, Newark Avenue, and Columbus Drive. Two stairways from the platform level connect to the mezzanine, with fare turnstiles at the top of each stairway. Two exits lead to street level; one, with escalators, leads to the station's primary kiosk, while the other is a stairway that leads to the south side of Columbus Drive.

East of Grove Street Station was Henderson Street Yard, which closed in 1990 upon the opening of the Harrison Car Maintenance Facility in Harrison, New Jersey.

As a result of an increase in ridership, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) reopened the easterly exit and built a second kiosk at the corner of Columbus Drive and Marín Boulevard. Despite the fact that construction of the eastern entrance/exit took place between 2003–2005, the station was not made compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. In September 2011, a federal judge found that it was technically feasible to do so and ordered the PANYNJ to make the station accessible. In 2014, the PANYNJ agreed to install an elevator at the western end of the station. Construction of elevator access began in April 2015, and the elevator opened in June 2017. However, a month after opening, it experienced several breakdowns.

In June 2019, the Port Authority released the PATH Improvement Plan. As part of the plan, every train on the NWK-WTC route will consist of 9-car trains. To accomplish this, the platform at Grove Street will be extended at the Marin Boulevard end of the station. The platform extension was expected to be completed by 2022. The Port Authority put the contract to extend the platform out to bid on January 28, 2020, and expected the cost of the project to be between $15 and $20 million. To extend the platform 51.33 feet, structural walls will be replaced by support columns.

Station layout
The station has two tracks and one island platform.

title: Grove Street station (PATH)