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Talk:Jeff McBride

survived VfD at Votes for deletion/Jeff McBride

Could we get a picture of McBride? If someone could find one of his mask performance, that would be awesome, I've seen him live and it's just sheer awesome in a bottle. aubrey 02:49, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

yes. but where are the dates
yeah. but where are the dates and details for stuff claimed for him? Tiksustoo 10:30, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Article needs proper references
Please read WP:V which is mandatory for every Wikipedia article to fulfill. WP:CITE explains how to provide proper citations to articles, and WP:EL outlines what kind of external links are considered appropriate. Note that personal websites are allowed IF in addition there are links to reliable, verifiable, unbiased sources. GBYork 17:08, 24 August 2006 (UTC) This user was found to be a sock of Mattisse

Revamping the article
Because much of this is unsourced, I've begun paring it back to fairly basic facts. Not too sure I should include the links to his projects but several of the previously mentioned projects were not verifiable at all on the web. Yes, he includes them in his performer bio blurbs but that's not adequate for sourcing. It's impossible to tell what importance or impact these removed items have had. I've removed the Starwood links as undue weight. The man is a professional magician. The sheer number of his various appearances is probably huge and it would only be listcruft to include them. For whatever reason, I note it's not mentioned on his booking agent's page for him here:. -- Pig manTalk to me 23:29, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I guess you didn't try too hard. Here are links for several citations on some of the items you decided to delete. I agree that a list of all the places he has appeared as a performer would be difficult to assemble and edit, but he only appeared as a speaker, workshop facilitator and ritual leader at a few events; most notably (in terms of numbers of appearances) at the Starwood Festival (he's even referred to on at least one website as "Starwood's Magnus"). I think these citations merit at least a mention of these few events he founded and appeared at, if not as a list, then included in the text; especially those notable enough to have their own Wikipedia articles, like Starwood, WinterStar and PSG. His role in the Neo-Pagan community is a separate but notable part of his career.

Creation of:

,
 * Firedance ,
 * Fires Rising
 * World Magic Festival

Appearance at:

, ,
 * Akashacon
 * Free Spirit Gathering  ,
 * Pagan Spirit Gathering ,
 * Starwood Festival, ,
 * WinterStar Symposium ,

Here's a reference to McBride's appearance at the Starwood Festival in the book Earthly Bodies, Magical Selves: Contemporary Pagans and the Search for Community by Sarah M. Pike (Pg. 5) University of California Press; January 1, 2001, ISBN-10: 0520220862, ISBN-13: 978-0520220867 Rosencomet 20:34, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I also think McBride's Neopagan participation is an important part of his career and life. I was not trying to shortchange that part. I attended at least one Pagan gathering many years ago where he was attending and giving workshops (Free Spirit perhaps). I've re-added the Fires Rising reference and am looking into the World Magic event. I found the event but McBride's connection to it wasn't obvious when I looked. These are important because he was an organizer and part of his career. Again, I don't think appearances are generally notable, even if he gave a workshop. I mean, he founded a school that teaches magic. It's not like teaching is unusual for him, no matter the location. -- Pig manTalk to me 21:20, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, the "World Magic Festival": Such an event apparently exists or has existed but a Google search only comes up with 28 hits, all of which are only passing references. I'm sure when he says in his bio that he started it in 1992 and 1993 he's telling the truth. However I'm looking for WP:V and WP:RS as substantiation and I can't find it online. So I don't think it belongs in the article. -- Pig manTalk to me 21:37, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Further revamping
I believe that Jeff McBride's role as a figure in the Neo-Pagan Movement deserves a separate section, and that the article is more readable this way. I have included a mention of the only 5 Neo-Pagan events I could verify with 3rd-party citations for each (there are additional citations available above if needed), which I think are appropriate in such a section; certainly those which are notable enough to have their own articles belong there, and the others will probably have articles in the near future. In my opinion, it would be short-changing his involvement in the movement not to mention his participation in some of the most prominent events in that movement as a headliner. They are properly cited, and I hope they will not be deleted (although Akashacon, being a new event, might not be notable yet in the eyes of some).

He also has produced at least one musical album and appeared on others, so I have begun a discography. This should probably include the instructional videos he has produced, or perhaps they belong in their own section?

I have separated his television activities into a section, since he is a professional actor rather than just someone who has been interviewed on a talk show, and has has a documentary produced about him. I've added several book references; at least one of the festival appearances are additionally referenced in Sarah Pike's book. I've separated the awards into their own section as well. I believe there are others that should be added to this section. Rosencomet 23:52, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Additional note: The mystery school Jeff McBride founded is almost entirely about the craft of stage magic. The fact that he teaches about subjects related to shamanism, Neo-Paganism and magical practice is an entirely different thing. In fact, he is pretty much unique in the Neo-pagan community as an internationally famous stage magician who is an open member and teacher in that community.Rosencomet 16:24, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

World's fastest hands?
Correct me if I'm wrong, but doesn't McBride hold the world record for fastest hands? I think he only beat the previous holder within the last few years. It could be fingers, not hands. I'm not 100% sure. Bite the Wax Tadpole 01:17, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Star Trek TV credit?
Shouldn't his TV credits include his work on the show Star Trek: Deep Space Nine? He played the role of Joran Dax (a musician and murderer who wears a mask; the sixth "Dax" Trill host) in the season 3 episode "Equilibrium" where Jadzia Dax encounters Joran's disturbing memories. (In a season 7 episode, Leigh McCloskey portrayed the character.)

See Dax (Star Trek)

Wikispherion (talk) 17:04, 24 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jeff McBride


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Virginia Payne

Marie Virginia Payne (June 19, 1908 - February 9, 1977 in Cincinnati, Ohio) was an American radio actress, best known for her 27-year role as the title character in the radio soap opera Ma Perkins. In 1939-1940, she played Mrs. Kerry Carter on the radio soap opera The Carters of Elm Street. She was in the soap opera Light of the World, 1940-1950, on CBS and NBC and on Lonely Women on NBC in 1942.

Noting the 25th anniversary of Ma Perkins, Time described Payne in 1957:
 * Like other daytime heroines, Ma neither drinks, smokes, takes snuff or has affairs with men. Unlike Ma, Cincinnati-born Virginia Payne, 47, has never been married, downs an occasional whisky sour and makes up to $50,000 a year—more than any other actress in daytime broadcasting. Her present writer (she has had ten) lived on the Riviera for two years, now counts his money on Cape Cod. A devout Roman Catholic with an M.A. in literature (University of Cincinnati), Virginia sheds Ma's vocabulary of "ain'ts," "folks" and "Land o' Goshens" with ease, but insists on making personal appearances in wig, makeup, frumpy clothes and spectacles, "though I often feel like a great imposter." She is an accomplished pianist, lives alone in a posh East Side Manhattan apartment decorated with Duveen-collected oil paintings, accumulates antiques, and grows roses (two varieties have been named for her).

Stage
While she attended the University of Cincinnati, she performed in student productions and was the vice president of the club. After the long run of Ma Perkins came to an end, Payne did theater. She appeared on Broadway in the Betty Comden - Adolph Green musical comedy, Fade Out - Fade In (1964–65), and Paul Zindel's play, And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little (1971). Until one month before her death from cancer, she played Mrs. Bedwin in a production of Oliver! staged at the Playhouse in the Park in her home town of Cincinnati.

Union
Payne was active in the American Federation of Radio Artists, serving as president of the Chicago local and as national president.

Personal life
Payne was a graduate of the Schuster-Martin School of Drama in Cincinnati and earned a master's degree from the University of Cincinnati.

Death
Payne died February 9, 1977, at her home in Cincinnati.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Virginia Payne


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Microglia

Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord. Microglia account for about 10-15% of cells found within the brain. As the resident macrophage cells, they act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia originate in the yolk sac under a tightly regulated molecular process. These cells (and other neuroglia including astrocytes) are distributed in large non-overlapping regions throughout the CNS. Microglia are key cells in overall brain maintenance—they are constantly scavenging the CNS for plaques, damaged or unnecessary neurons and synapses, and infectious agents. Since these processes must be efficient to prevent potentially fatal damage, microglia are extremely sensitive to even small pathological changes in the CNS. This sensitivity is achieved in part by the presence of unique potassium channels that respond to even small changes in extracellular potassium. Recent evidence shows that microglia are also key players in the sustainment of normal brain functions under healthy conditions. Microglia also constantly monitor neuronal functions through direct somatic contacts and exert neuroprotective effects when needed.

The brain and spinal cord, which make up the CNS, are not usually accessed directly by pathogenic factors in the body's circulation due to a series of endothelial cells known as the blood–brain barrier, or BBB. The BBB prevents most infections from reaching the vulnerable nervous tissue. In the case where infectious agents are directly introduced to the brain or cross the blood–brain barrier, microglial cells must react quickly to decrease inflammation and destroy the infectious agents before they damage the sensitive neural tissue. Due to the lack of antibodies from the rest of the body (few antibodies are small enough to cross the blood–brain barrier), microglia must be able to recognize foreign bodies, swallow them, and act as antigen-presenting cells activating T-cells.

History
The ability to view and characterize different neural cells including microglia began in 1880 when Nissl staining was developed by Franz Nissl. Franz Nissl and William Ford Robertson first described microglial cells during their histology experiments. The cell staining techniques in the 1880s showed that microglia are related to macrophages. The activation of microglia and formation of ramified microglial clusters was first noted by Victor Babeş while studying a rabies case in 1897. Babeş noted the cells were found in a variety of viral brain infections but did not know what the clusters of microglia he saw were. The Spanish scientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal defined a "third element" (cell type) besides neurons and astrocytes. Pío del Río Hortega, a student of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, first called the cells "microglia" around 1920. He went on to characterize microglial response to brain lesions in 1927 and note the "fountains of microglia" present in the corpus callosum and other perinatal white matter areas in 1932. After many years of research Rio Hortega became generally considered as the "Father of Microglia". For a long period of time little improvement was made in our knowledge of microglia. Then, in 1988, Hickey and Kimura showed that perivascular microglial cells are bone-marrow derived, and express high levels of MHC class II proteins used for antigen presentation. This confirmed Pio Del Rio-Hortega's postulate that microglial cells functioned similarly to macrophages by performing phagocytosis and antigen presentation.

Forms

Microglial cells are extremely plastic, and undergo a variety of structural changes based on location and system needs. This level of plasticity is required to fulfill the vast variety of functions that microglia perform. The ability to transform distinguishes microglia from macrophages, which must be replaced on a regular basis, and provides them the ability to defend the CNS on extremely short notice without causing immunological disturbance. Microglia adopt a specific form, or phenotype, in response to the local conditions and chemical signals they have detected. It has also been shown, that tissue-injury related ATP signalling plays a crucial role in the phenotypic transformation of microglia.

Ramified
This form of microglial cell is commonly found at specific locations throughout the entire brain and spinal cord in the absence of foreign material or dying cells. This "resting" form of microglia is composed of long branching processes and a small cellular body. Unlike the amoeboid forms of microglia, the cell body of the ramified form remains in place while its branches are constantly moving and surveying the surrounding area. The branches are very sensitive to small changes in physiological condition and require very specific culture conditions to observe in vitro.

Unlike activated or ameboid microglia, ramified microglia do not phagocytose cells and secrete fewer immunomolecules (including the MHC class I/II proteins). Microglia in this state are able to search for and identify immune threats while maintaining homeostasis in the CNS. Although this is considered the resting state, microglia in this form are still extremely active in chemically surveying the environment. Ramified microglia can be transformed into the activated form at any time in response to injury or threat.

Reactive (Activated)
Although historically frequently used, the term "activated" microglia should be replaced by "reactive" microglia. Indeed, apparently quiescent microglia are not devoid of active functions and the "activation" term is misleading as it tends to indicate an "all or nothing" polarization of cell reactivity. The marker Iba1, which is upregulated in reactive microglia, is often used to visualize these cells.

Non-phagocytic
This state is actually part of a graded response as microglia move from their ramified form to their fully active phagocytic form. Microglia can be activated by a variety of factors including: pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell necrosis factors, lipopolysaccharide, and changes in extracellular potassium (indicative of ruptured cells). Once activated the cells undergo several key morphological changes including the thickening and retraction of branches, uptake of MHC class I/II proteins, expression of immunomolecules, secretion of cytotoxic factors, secretion of recruitment molecules, and secretion of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules (resulting in a pro-inflammation signal cascade). Activated non-phagocytic microglia generally appear as "bushy", "rods", or small ameboids depending on how far along the ramified to full phagocytic transformation continuum they are. In addition, the microglia also undergo rapid proliferation in order to increase their numbers. From a strictly morphological perspective, the variation in microglial form along the continuum is associated with changing morphological complexity and can be quantitated using the methods of fractal analysis, which have proven sensitive to even subtle, visually undetectable changes associated with different morphologies in different pathological states.

Phagocytic
Activated phagocytic microglia are the maximally immune-responsive form of microglia. These cells generally take on a large, ameboid shape, although some variance has been observed. In addition to having the antigen presenting, cytotoxic and inflammation-mediating signaling of activated non-phagocytic microglia, they are also able to phagocytose foreign materials and display the resulting immunomolecules for T-cell activation. Phagocytic microglia travel to the site of the injury, engulf the offending material, and secrete pro-inflammatory factors to promote more cells to proliferate and do the same. Activated phagocytic microglia also interact with astrocytes and neural cells to fight off any infection or inflammation as quickly as possible with minimal damage to healthy brain cells.

Amoeboid
This shape allows the microglia free movement throughout the neural tissue, which allows it to fulfill its role as a scavenger cell. Amoeboid microglia are able to phagocytose debris, but do not fulfill the same antigen-presenting and inflammatory roles as activated microglia. Amoeboid microglia are especially prevalent during the development and rewiring of the brain, when there are large amounts of extracellular debris and apoptotic cells to remove. This form of microglial cell is found mainly within the perinatal white matter areas in the corpus callosum known as the "Fountains of Microglia".

Gitter cells
Gitter cells are the eventual result of microglial cells' phagocytosis of infectious material or cellular debris. Eventually, after engulfing a certain amount of material, the phagocytic microglial cell becomes unable to phagocytose any further materials. The resulting cellular mass is known as a granular corpuscle, named for its 'grainy' appearance. By looking at tissue stained to reveal gitter cells, pathologists can visualize healed areas post-infection.

Perivascular
Unlike the other types of microglia mentioned above, "perivascular" microglia refers to the location of the cell, rather than its form/function. Perivascular microglia are mainly found encased within the walls of the basal lamina. They perform normal microglial functions, but, unlike normal microglia, they are replaced by bone marrow-derived precursor cells on a regular basis, and express MHC class II antigens regardless of their environment. Perivascular microglia also react strongly to macrophage differentiation antigens. These microglia have been shown to be essential for the repair of vascular walls, as shown by Ritter's experiments and observations on ischemic retinopathy. Perivascular microglia promote endothelial cell proliferation, allowing new vessels to be formed and damaged vessels to be repaired. During these processes, myeloid recruitment and differentiation into microglial cells is highly accelerated to accomplish these tasks.

Juxtavascular
Like perivascular microglia, juxtavascular microglia can be distinguished mainly by their location. Juxtavascular microglia are found making direct contact with the basal lamina wall of blood vessels but are not found within the walls. In this position they can interact with both endothelial cells and pericytes. Like perivascular cells, they express MHC class II proteins even at low levels of inflammatory cytokine activity. Unlike perivascular cells, but similar to resident microglia, juxtavascular microglia do not exhibit rapid turnover or replacement with myeloid precursor cells on a regular basis.

Functions
Microglial cells fulfill a variety of different tasks within the CNS mainly related to both immune response and maintaining homeostasis. The following are some of the major known functions carried out by these cells.

Scavenging
In addition to being very sensitive to small changes in their environment, each microglial cell also physically surveys its domain on a regular basis. This action is carried out in the ameboid and resting states. While moving through its set region, if the microglial cell finds any foreign material, damaged cells, apoptotic cells, neurofibrillary tangles, DNA fragments, or plaques it will activate and phagocytose the material or cell. In this manner microglial cells also act as "housekeepers", cleaning up random cellular debris. During developmental wiring of the brain, microglial cells play a large role regulating numbers of neural precursor cells and removing apoptotic neurons. There is also evidence that microglia can refine synaptic circuitry by engulfing and eliminating synapses. Post development, the majority of dead or apoptotic cells are found in the cerebral cortex and the subcortical white matter. This may explain why the majority of ameboid microglial cells are found within the "fountains of microglia" in the cerebral cortex.

Phagocytosis
The main role of microglia, phagocytosis, involves the engulfing of various materials. Engulfed materials generally consist of cellular debris, lipids, and apoptotic cells in the non-inflamed state, and invading virus, bacteria, or other foreign materials in the inflamed state. Once the microglial cell is "full" it stops phagocytic activity and changes into a relatively non-reactive gitter cell.

Extracellular signaling
A large part of microglial cell's role in the brain is maintaining homeostasis in non-infected regions and promoting inflammation in infected or damaged tissue. Microglia accomplish this through an extremely complicated series of extracellular signaling molecules which allow them to communicate with other microglia, astrocytes, nerves, T-cells, and myeloid progenitor cells. As mentioned above the cytokine IFN-γ can be used to activate microglial cells. In addition, after becoming activated with IFN-γ, microglia also release more IFN-γ into the extracellular space. This activates more microglia and starts a cytokine induced activation cascade rapidly activating all nearby microglia. Microglia-produced TNF-α causes neural tissue to undergo apoptosis and increases inflammation. IL-8 promotes B-cell growth and differentiation, allowing it to assist microglia in fighting infection. Another cytokine, IL-1, inhibits the cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β, which downregulate antigen presentation and pro-inflammatory signaling. Additional dendritic cells and T-cells are recruited to the site of injury through the microglial production of the chemotactic molecules like MDC, IL-8, and MIP-3β. Finally, PGE2 and other prostanoids prevent chronic inflammation by inhibiting microglial pro-inflammatory response and downregulating Th1 (T-helper cell) response.

Antigen presentation
As mentioned above, resident non-activated microglia act as poor antigen presenting cells due to their lack of MHC class I/II proteins. Upon activation they rapidly express MHC class I/II proteins and quickly become efficient antigen presenters. In some cases, microglia can also be activated by IFN-γ to present antigens, but do not function as effectively as if they had undergone uptake of MHC class I/II proteins. During inflammation, T-cells cross the blood–brain barrier thanks to specialized surface markers and then directly bind to microglia in order to receive antigens. Once they have been presented with antigens, T-cells go on to fulfill a variety of roles including pro-inflammatory recruitment, formation of immunomemories, secretion of cytotoxic materials, and direct attacks on the plasma membranes of foreign cells.

Cytotoxicity
In addition to being able to destroy infectious organisms through cell to cell contact via phagocytosis, microglia can also release a variety of cytotoxic substances. Microglia in culture secrete large amounts of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in a process known as 'respiratory burst'. Both of these chemicals can directly damage cells and lead to neuronal cell death. Proteases secreted by microglia catabolise specific proteins causing direct cellular damage, while cytokines like IL-1 promote demyelination of neuronal axons. Finally, microglia can injure neurons through NMDA receptor-mediated processes by secreting glutamate, aspartate and quinolinic acid. Cytotoxic secretion is aimed at destroying infected neurons, virus, and bacteria, but can also cause large amounts of collateral neural damage. As a result, chronic inflammatory response can result in large scale neural damage as the microglia ravage the brain in an attempt to destroy the invading infection. Edaravone, a radical scavenger, precludes oxidative neurotoxicity precipitated by activated microglia.

Synaptic stripping
In a phenomenon first noticed in spinal lesions by Blinzinger and Kreutzberg in 1968, post-inflammation microglia remove the branches from nerves near damaged tissue. This helps promote regrowth and remapping of damaged neural circuitry. It has also been shown that microglia are involved in the process of synaptic pruning during brain development.

Promotion of repair
Post-inflammation, microglia undergo several steps to promote regrowth of neural tissue. These include synaptic stripping, secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, recruitment of neurons and astrocytes to the damaged area, and formation of gitter cells. Without microglial cells regrowth and remapping would be considerably slower in the resident areas of the CNS and almost impossible in many of the vascular systems surrounding the brain and eyes. Recent research verified, that microglial processes constantly monitor neuronal functions through specialized somatic junctions, and sense the "well-being" of nerve cells. Via this intercellular communication pathway, microglia are capable of exerting robust neuroprotective effects, contributing significantly to repair after brain injury. Microglia have also been shown to contribute to proper brain development, through contacting immature, developing neurons.

Development
For a long time it was thought that microglial cells differentiate in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells, the progenitors of all blood cells. However, recent studies show that microglia originate in the yolk sac during a remarkably restricted embryonal period and populate the brain parenchyma guided by a precisely orchestrated molecular process. Yolk sac progenitor cells require activation colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) for migration into the brain and differentiation into microglia. Additionally, the greatest contribution to microglial repopulation is based upon its local self-renewal, both in steady state and disease, while circulating monocytes may also contribute to a lesser extent, especially in disease. Monocytes can also differentiate into myeloid dendritic cells and macrophages in the peripheral systems. Like macrophages in the rest of the body, microglia use phagocytic and cytotoxic mechanisms to destroy foreign materials. Microglia and macrophages both contribute to the immune response by acting as antigen presenting cells, as well as promoting inflammation and homeostatic mechanisms within the body by secreting cytokines and other signaling molecules.

In their downregulated form, microglia lack the MHC class I/MHC class II proteins, IFN-γ cytokines, CD45 antigens, and many other surface receptors required to act in the antigen-presenting, phagocytic, and cytotoxic roles that distinguish normal macrophages. Microglia also differ from macrophages in that they are much more tightly regulated spatially and temporally in order to maintain a precise immune response.

Another difference between microglia and other cells that differentiate from myeloid progenitor cells is the turnover rate. Macrophages and dendritic cells are constantly being used up and replaced by myeloid progenitor cells which differentiate into the needed type. Due to the blood–brain barrier, it would be fairly difficult for the body to constantly replace microglia. Therefore, instead of constantly being replaced with myeloid progenitor cells, the microglia maintain their status quo while in their quiescent state, and then, when they are activated, they rapidly proliferate in order to keep their numbers up. Bone chimera studies have shown, however, that in cases of extreme infection the blood–brain barrier will weaken, and microglia will be replaced with haematogenous, marrow-derived cells, namely myeloid progenitor cells and macrophages. Once the infection has decreased the disconnect between peripheral and central systems is reestablished and only microglia are present for the recovery and regrowth period.

Aging
Microglia undergo a burst of mitotic activity during injury; this proliferation is followed by apoptosis to reduce the cell numbers back to baseline. Activation of microglia places a load on the anabolic and catabolic machinery of the cells causing activated microglia to die sooner than non-activated cells. To compensate for microglial loss over time, microglia undergo mitosis and bone marrow derived progenitor cells migrate into the brain via the meninges and vasculature.

Accumulation of minor neuronal damage that occurs during normal aging can transform microglia into enlarged and activated cells. These chronic, age-associated increases in microglial activation and IL-1 expression may contribute to increased risk of Alzheimer's disease with advancing age through favoring neuritic plaque formation in susceptible patients. DNA damage might contribute to age-associated microglial activation. Another factor might be the accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts, which accumulate with aging. These proteins are strongly resistant to proteolytic processes and promote protein cross-linking.

Research has discovered dystrophic (defective development) human microglia. "These cells are characterized by abnormalities in their cytoplasmic structure, such as deramified, atrophic, fragmented or unusually tortuous processes, frequently bearing spheroidal or bulbous swellings." The incidence of dystrophic microglia increases with aging. Microglial degeneration and death have been reported in research on Prion disease, Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease, indicating that microglial deterioration might be involved in neurodegenerative diseases. A complication of this theory is the fact that it is difficult to distinguish between "activated" and "dystrophic" microglia in the human brain.

In mice, it has been shown that CD22 blockade restores homeostatic microglial phagocytosis in aging brains.

Clinical significance
Microglia are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system, similar to peripheral macrophages. They respond to pathogens and injury by changing morphology and migrating to the site of infection/injury, where they destroy pathogens and remove damaged cells. As part of their response they secrete cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen species, which help to direct the immune response. Additionally, they are instrumental in the resolution of the inflammatory response, through the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Microglia have also been extensively studied for their harmful roles in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, as well as cardiac diseases, glaucoma, and viral and bacterial infections. There is accumulating evidence that immune dysregulation contributes to the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette syndrome, and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS). Since microglia rapidly react to even subtle alterations in central nervous system homeostasis, they can be seen as sensors for neurological dysfunctions or disorders. In the event of brain pathologies, the microglial phenotype is certainly altered. Therefore, analyzing microglia can be a sensitive tool to diagnose and characterize central nervous system disorders in any given tissue specimen. In particular, the microglial cell density, cell shape, distribution pattern, distinct microglial phenotypes and interactions with other cell types should be evaluated.

Sensome genetics
The microglial sensome is a relatively new biological concept that appears to be playing a large role in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. The sensome refers to the unique grouping of protein transcripts used for sensing ligands and microbes. In other words, the sensome represents the genes required for the proteins used to sense molecules within the body. The sensome can be analyzed with a variety of methods including qPCR, RNA-seq, microarray analysis, and direct RNA sequencing. Genes included in the sensome code for receptors and transmembrane proteins on the plasma membrane that are more highly expressed in microglia compared to neurons. It does not include secreted proteins or transmembrane proteins specific to membrane bound organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. The plurality of identified sensome genes code for pattern recognition receptors, however, there are a large variety of included genes. Microglial share a similar sensome to other macrophages, however they contain 22 unique genes, 16 of which are used for interaction with endogenous ligands. These differences create a unique microglial biomarker that includes over 40 genes including P2ry12 and HEXB. DAP12 (TYROBP) appears to play an important role in sensome protein interaction, acting as a signalling adaptor and a regulatory protein.

The regulation of genes within the sensome must be able to change in order to respond to potential harm. Microglia can take on the role of neuroprotection or neurotoxicity in order to face these dangers. For these reasons, it is suspected that the sensome may be playing a role in neurodegeneration. Sensome genes that are upregulated with aging are mostly involved in sensing infectious microbial ligands while those that are downregulated are mostly involved in sensing endogenous ligands. This analysis suggests a glial-specific regulation favoring neuroprotection in natural neurodegeneration. This is in contrast to the shift towards neurotoxicity seen in neurodegenerative diseases.

The sensome can also play a role in neurodevelopment. Early-life brain infection results in microglia that are hypersensitive to later immune stimuli. When exposed to infection, there is an upregulation of sensome genes involved in neuroinflammation and a downregulation of genes that are involved with neuroplasticity. The sensome's ability to alter neurodevelopment may however be able to combat disease. The deletion of CX3CL1, a highly expressed sensome gene, in rodent models of Rett syndrome resulted in improved health and longer lifespan. The downregulation of Cx3cr1 in humans without Rett syndrome is associated with symptoms similar to schizophrenia. This suggests that the sensome not only plays a role in various developmental disorders, but also requires tight regulation in order to maintain a disease-free state.

title: Microglia


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Talk:Beep (sound)

 * "In the 1970s, science-fiction writer Larry Niven wrote about a future where, because of this usage, the word 'beep' itself became a curse word. As of 2005, there is some anecdotal evidence that this is actually happening." Where is said evidence? — Wins oddf | ✎  22:44, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * In the VFD discussion pages of this very encyclopaedia. See the VFD discussion for HistoryOfBEEP. Uncle G 01:20, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)

Meep AfD
Meep is currently up for AfD. Meep was previously merged with Beep, but after Beep was moved to Beep (sound) and Beep became a disambiguation page, an anon thought the redirect from Meep to the disambiguation page was page vandalism, and reverted it. Anyways, if you want to vote in the AfD, your input would be appreciated. Armedblowfish (talk|contribs) 21:14, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Meep in popular culture?
Is Wikipedia really served well by having a list of references to the word "meep" in popular culture? Does anybody, well... care that much? ekedolphin 09:11, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Error under sub-heading "Call back request" - verb, not noun
Error in text 'As a noun, the practice of "beeping" in sub-Saharan Africa' -- that sentence (and indeed the entire paragraph) describes its use as a verb, not as a noun. 2600:8805:B000:890:3127:8A38:A0D9:9A54 (talk) 12:28, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beep (sound)


text:
File:Hanton City Wall 1.jpg

A picture of a wall at Hanton City, RI that I took myself.

title: File:Hanton City Wall 1.jpg


text: Category:372 deaths

title: Category:372 deaths


text:
Kingdom of Lochac

The Kingdom of Lochac is one of twenty "Kingdoms" or regions of the Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA) - an international organization dedicated to researching and recreating aspects of the Middle Ages.

Comprising Australia, New Zealand and their Antarctic territories, it is made up of almost 40 local groups.

It is currently ruled by King Ratbot von Borg and Queen Katherine Kerr.

The kingdom takes its name from a Dutch term for Australia dating from 1630.

General
The group has around 2000 members, and is one of Australia's oldest living history groups, having started in 1980. The Australasian branch includes Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica

History
The SCA in Australia was initiated with a local SCA-inspired group, The Society for the Current Middle Ages (SCMA) holding its first event in November 1980. The Sydney-based SCMA joined the U.S.-based SCA in 1981. In New Zealand, an SCA-based group first appeared in Christchurch in 1982. Other cities in both countries formed groups, but the New Zealand groups became part of the Kingdom of Caid, while Australia became the Crown Principality (and later the Principality) of Lochac under The West Kingdom. Lochac became a kingdom its own right in 2002, and the New Zealand-based groups joined in 2003.

Local groups
The different branches of the group are known within the group by their SCA names; for instance Parramatta in Sydney is known as Stowe-on-the-Wowlde, the Blue Mountains is known as the Shire of Dismal Fogs, and greater Sydney itself is the Barony of Rowany.

Other groups include:

 * Barony of Aneala - Perth, Western Australia
 * Barony of Ildhafn - Auckland, New Zealand
 * Barony of Innilgard - South Australia and the Northern Territory.
 * Barony of Krae Glas - South Eastern Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 * Barony of Mordenvale - Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
 * Barony of Politachopolis - Canberra, ACT, Australia
 * Barony of Riverhaven - North and Western parts of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 * Barony of Rowany - Metropolitan Sydney and Western Country NSW, New South Wales, Australia
 * Barony of St Florian de la Riviere - Brisbane South and Redland Shire Council, Queensland, Australia
 * Barony of Southron Gaard - Christchurch, New Zealand
 * Barony of Stormhold - Inner and west of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
 * Barony of Ynys Fawr - Tasmania, Australia
 * Canton of Abertridwr - Part of Aneala
 * Canton of Cairn Fell - Ballarat, Australia
 * Canton of Cluain - Part of Ildhafn, New Zealand
 * Canton of Stegby - Part of River Haven, Southern Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia
 * Canton of Stowe on the Wowld - Part of Rowany, Australia
 * College of Blessed Herman the Cripple - University of Adelaide the first of the Colleges registered in Lochac
 * College of Saint Aldhelm - Australian National University
 * College of Saint Andronicus - University of Canberra
 * College of Saint Bartholomew - University of Melbourne
 * College of Saint Basil the Great - University of Western Australia
 * College of Saint Christina the Astonishing - Flinders University
 * College of Saint Crispin - University of Newcastle
 * College of Saint Gildas the Wise - University of Tasmania
 * College of Saint Monica - Monash University
 * College of Saint Ursula - University of Sydney
 * Shire of Adora - Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia
 * Shire of Boesenburg - Bunbury, Western Australia
 * Shire of Darton - Wellington, New Zealand
 * Shire of Dismal Fogs - Blue Mountains, New South Wales
 * Shire of Dragons Bay - (Perth Southern Suburbs, Western Australia)x

Awards
The society has a number of awards that are given to group members to encourage their skills in historical arts. Examples include:
 * The Shining Helm - for armour
 * The Order of the Pelican - for exceptional service and organisational skills
 * The Order of Chivalry - for martial prowess and chivalry
 * The Order of the Laurel - Exceptional skill as an artisan, in a specialised area
 * The Order of Defence - for martial prowess and chivalry in rapier fencing

Rowany Festival
The group's largest event is the Rowany Festival, a week-long Medieval festival that features classes, tournaments, competitions and general revelry. It is held at Easter every year, near Sydney. Amongst SCAdians it is known as "Rowany", except those who live in the Rowany (Sydney) area, where it is known as Festival.

The Festival has been running since April 1983, is the longest running medieval/living history event in Australia. It has grown to its current size at which 1000 people may attend. It is the largest SCA event in Australia, and is a de facto "National event".

Some SCA members were involved in the Crossroads Medieval Village near Yass, New South Wales, and in the past the Rowany Festival has been held there.

As it is held over Easter, Christians generally get together to hold a scheduled Easter Sunday mass. And if Pesach falls at the same time of year, there are often people cooking in accordance with the very special customs that relate to that.

Traditionally large battles involving SCA Heavy Combat are fought at Rowany Festival that may include up to 300 combatants. Medieval feasts are held by the households participating. A "merchants row", a street of merchants, runs for the whole weekend, as well as a Saturday only market. Typically, the merchants sell arts, crafts and off the peg armour.

Rowany Festival has had five different locations. It was held from 1981 to 1997 at Fairholme Park in Wilton. It then moved to Tara Girl Guide camp in Silverdale in Western Sydney from 1998 to 2002, thence to the Crossroads Medieval Village medieval community in Yass. In 2008 it moved to the Glenworth Valley Horse Riding centre at Peats Ridge, New South Wales, and it has taken place at Camp Wombaroo near to Jellore State Forest since 2014.

There was no festival in 2020-21.

Other events
Other large, multi day event activities include Canterbury Faire held in New Zealand, "Great Northern War" held in Queensland, Spring War held in Newcastle, "Autumn Gathering" and "Pencampwr" held in Western Australia.

title: Kingdom of Lochac


text:
Grey-cheeked mangabey

The grey-cheeked mangabey (Lophocebus albigena), also known as the white-cheeked mangabey, is an Old World monkey found in the forests of Central Africa. It ranges from Cameroon down to Gabon. The grey-cheeked mangabey is a dark monkey, looking in shape overall like a small, hairy baboon. Its thick brown fur is almost black in its forest home, with a slightly rufus/golden mane around the neck. The sexes are similar, with the males slightly larger than the females.

The grey-cheeked mangabey lives in a variety of habitats with the forests of Central Africa, it is generally thought to live in either swamp or primary forests, in some areas it has also been found in secondary forest as well. Some authors in the past have considered the species to be restricted to the forest canopy, however more recently habituated troops have been observed on the forest floor collecting food. It feeds primarily on fruit, particularly figs, taking other fruits seasonally, as well as shoots, flowers and insects.

The grey-cheeked mangabey lives in groups of between 5 and 30 individuals. The groups have either a single male or (more usually) several, without a single dominant male. Young males leave the troop once they are adult and join other troops, whereas the females stay in the troop of their birth. If troops become too large they may split. Confrontations between troops are rare, as this mangabey will usually avoid other troops. Their territories cover several square miles of forest, and can both overlap with other troops and shift over time.

Three subspecies of this mangabey were previously recognized. In 2007, Colin Groves elevated them all to species level, splitting one (johnstoni) into two species.

title: Grey-cheeked mangabey


text: User talk:65.93.90.12

title: User talk:65.93.90.12


text:
Morawa, Western Australia

Morawa is a town in the Mid West region of Western Australia. It is located within the Shire of Morawa, approximately 370 kilometres (230 mi) north of the state capital Perth, on the railway line between Wongan Hills and Mullewa.

History
The name Morawa is an Indigenous Australian name; it probably derives from the Morowar, the local dialect's word for the dalgite. The name was first used on maps of the area in 1910, in reference to a rock hole. When the railway was being planned in 1913, it was decided to locate a siding at the location, and the name Morawa was chosen for it. The Lands Department then decided to establish a townsite there, and Morawa was gazetted in September 1913. In 1921 the Railways Department decided that Morawa was too similar to Mullewa and requested a name change. In response, the town's name was changed to Merkanooka in January 1922. However the Railway Department, which had pressed for the name change in the first place, did not rename the siding, and in June the town's name reverted to Morawa at the request of the townspeople.

In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding.

Population growth in Morawa has been fairly stable since the 1990s, without much increase, possibly due to people moving out to the Perth metropolitan area. Farms had been amalgamating for a number of years for economic reasons and the larger farms required fewer staff.

Farming
Morawa is primarily a farming town. The area supports a range of farming activities including wheat, sheep, cattle and sandalwood. The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

Biodiversity
The biodiversity of rangeland around Morawa has been reduced by land clearing, changed fire regimes, feral pests and weeds, and pastoralism but still remains an important characteristic of the region. The Department of Environment and Conservation (formerly CALM) has undertaken a biodiversity survey of the area encompassing Morawa. Sporadic ranges of hills are separated by large areas of land and many have evolved their own unique endemic species and biological communities. Some of these are associated only with the Banded Ironstone Formation rocks that are targeted for iron ore mining.

Mining
5.1 million tonnes of haematite iron ore was taken from the Koolanooka Hills mine between 1966 and 1974.

Due to renewed international demand for iron ore, and dramatic increases in prices being paid, the iron ore deposits around Morawa have attracted interest from junior mining companies such as Midwest Corp., Mount Gibson Mining, Gindalbie Metals and Red River Resources. Midwest Corp has spent several million dollars on infrastructure including roadworks to, and weighbridge facilities at, Koolanooka Mine. It is currently (May 2006) trucking haematite fines (<6 millimetres particle size) left over as waste from the 1966–74 Western Mining iron ore operation. When the export to China of these several million tonnes is complete, Midwest Corp plans to exploit further haematite discoveries on their leases (pending environmental assessment and approval). Substantial quantities of magnetite ore are also understood to exist on their holdings. Mount Gibson Mining also holds mining tenements at Koolanooka South, with reserves of magnetite ore. Magnetite mining operations would require the construction of a concentrator plant and either a rail link or magnetite slurry pipeline from Morawa to the port of Geraldton or to a new port to be built at Oakajee (north of Geraldton). Red River Resources hold tenements just 20 km south of Koolanooka at its Feral Prospect. They have currently identified 5 zones of iron enrichment in BIF ranging in strike length from 100m-500m.

The Karara Mining joint venture between Gindalbie Metals and Chinese steel producer, Ansteel, has substantial holdings 85 kilometres (53 mi) east of Morawa. Current 2015 reserves are 1,735 million tonnes of 36% iron. The low-grade magnetite iron ore is processed on site to produce a high-grade concentrate for use in steel making.

Magnetite concentrate from the mine is hauled to Geraldton on the Karara railway, a narrow gauge spur off the Mullewa to Northam rail line. The tracks from Karara to the junction at Tilley siding, 3.5 km north of Mullewa, were laid with dual gauge sleepers.

Education
There are two schools in Morawa, the K–12 co-educational Morawa District High School, and the WA College of Agriculture – Morawa, an agricultural co-educational college with boarding facilities, for students in Years 10 to 12.

Tourist information
Accommodation in Morawa includes the Shire-owned Caravan Park in White Street, the Morawa Motel Hotel on Manning Road, Everlastings guest homes on Evans Street and the Morawa Marian Convent Bed and Breakfast in Davis Street. The miniature John Hawes Presbytery is located opposite the Bed and Breakfast. A former Western Australian Premier, Carmen Lawrence, attended the Morawa Convent School.

Climate
Morawa features a semi-arid climate with hot dry summers and mild to cool, slightly wetter winters.

title: Morawa, Western Australia


text:
Talk:Ravensdale, WA

I'm looking for response from anyone who lives in or around Ravensdale Washington in my effort to find 'an old Navy buddy' of my cousin. My cousin was on board the USS UHLMANN DD 687 in 1957, ported in Seattle, (might have been part of '56 and part of '58 as well). His buddy's name was 'Richard', but he can't remember the last name. Richard's step-father's last name was VISCONTI (sp?). Richard and my cousin, James "Bo" Holcomb, spent Christmas of 1957 with the Visconti's in their Ravensdale home, and 'Bo' found it an excellent relief from being on board the ship and seeing nothing but city when on liberty, and the family was great. He would love to find his buddy and the Visconti's again.

If anyone know of such a Ravensdale family, pls communicate to me at russ2369@yahoo.com and I'll respond.

thanks, Russ

title: Talk:Ravensdale, WA


text:
Talk:Svyatogor

Untitled
The correct spelling might be Svatogor, I'm not sure. I made a redirect from that page to here, just in case. -- Sy / (talk)

title: Talk:Svyatogor


title: User:Wachholder0


text:
File:Kartoo.png

Kartoo Search Results on Mozilla Firefox Web Browser running on KDE.

title: File:Kartoo.png


text:
Talk:Pleiades (Greek mythology)

Pronunciations based on the OED, the glossary of Robert Fagles' translation of the Odyssey, and The Zimmerman's Dictionary of Classical Mythology (Harper & Row, 1964).

--kwami

 * Is there a reason that the Greek says 'Pleiones', rather than 'Pleiades'.

Shouldn't the pronunciations be transcribed in IPA?

Pages to be renamed
I think there'd be little objection to the following moves:
 * The "In Folklore" section of Pleiades (star cluster) should be at Pleiades (mythology), with a synopsis of this page with a "Main article..." heading added to the text.
 * This page should be Pleiades (Greek mythology) retaining its relevant hatnotes.
 * Pleiades (star cluster) should have a brief "Folklore" synopsis pointing to the two mythology pages.

I don't know how to make the changes without snafu of the various page histories. What are your thoughts, folks? --Wetman 23:31, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

I think the contents of this page should include ancient references. [User: KearnsAK] 11:33, 18 January 2010 (Alaska STD Time). —Preceding unsigned comment added by KearnsAK (talk • contribs)

Merope not the dimmest sister star
In the mythology section it says

"In the Pleiades star cluster only six of the stars shine brightly, the seventh, Merope, shines dully because she is shamed for eternity for having an affair with a mortal."

but Merope is the forth brightest "sister" star in the cluster, refer Pleiades_(star_cluster)

Because of connectivity, I removed the entire paragraph. I placed it below for easy reference. Someone knowledgeable needs to look into this. Dave3457 (talk) 19:02, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

 * In the Pleiades star cluster only six of the stars shine brightly, the seventh, Merope, shines dully because she is shamed for eternity for having an affair with a mortal. Some myths also say that the star that doesn't shine is Electra; she is said to have left her place so that she will not have to look down upon the ruin of Troy, because the city was founded by her son Dardanus.

There's a lot more to this. In ancient times, Merope was a lot brighter than it is now. It is a very long term variable star, that has faded. This is consistent with a Greek legend that she got sick. I don't have this reference any more, but it is in the famous (if now very dated) Burham's Celestial Handbook. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:E414:3A01:7C7C:5DD7:8D20:72D1 (talk) 08:39, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Pleiades winter or summer - and Virgil
It says earlier in the article that the Pleides are winter stars, which agrees with my planisphere, which I've just checked, so I'm changing the later claim that they are summer stars.

Also, the Virgil cited does not seem to back up any etymological claim:

"Then first did rivers feel upon their backs boats of hollowed alder, then the mariner grouped and named the stars, Pleiads and Hyads and Lycaon’s daughter, the radiant Bear."

http://www.theoi.com/Text/VirgilGeorgics1.html

title: Talk:Pleiades (Greek mythology)


text:
West Kingdom

The West Kingdom (also known as The Kingdom of the West) is the oldest kingdom (or branch) of the historical reenactment organization, the Society for Creative Anachronism. It comprises Northern California (including the San Francisco area), Nevada, Alaska, Japan, Korea and the Pacific Rim.

History
The Kingdom of the West was the first SCA group, founded in 1966. An initial party with David Thewlis, Steve Henderson, Ken de Maiffe, and author Diana Paxson (at the time a medieval history major at the University of California, Berkeley) and others was held in Paxson's backyard. Many of the attendees were at Berkeley, and were history buffs and science fiction fantasy fans. They held the first party as an outdoor sword fighting tournament using leather armour with some steel. Everyone enjoyed the event, and another was planned. From this first event, the group began to expand. After three years, part of this new group on the East Coast split off and the East Kingdom was founded, distinguishing it from the West Kingdom. In subsequent years, other regions previously operating under the auspices of the West Kingdom have also split off to form their own kingdoms, generally when the population is deemed large enough and the local culture distinct enough to warrant the split.

Activities
The main activities within the West Kingdom include tournaments, feasts and revels, universities and collegiums (classes on subjects dealing with modern living history issues, or straight history is taught). The group is also active with the arts and sciences. These events emphasize the exhibition and/or competition of various artistic skills and research of SCA members. The kingdom has guilds and other groups, which regularly hold meetings to teach such subjects as dance, cooking, armourmaking, needlework, music and other interests.

Like other parts of the SCA, the Kingdom of the West uses rattan weapons, generally of a standard authentic weight. The combat blows deal a heavy, though not an edged, attack. Members also make armour.

The kingdom has a wide range of heraldic devices, and has even had a book published dedicated to them.

In Japan (known in the SCA as the "Palatine Barony of the Far West"), its members combine to create larger scale combat with another group, the realm of Avalon, an independent Tokyo-based group of recreationists and fighters and with a number of local Japanese people among its members. In Japan, the SCA, having largely been imported from the U.S., has long revolved around U.S. military bases.

title: West Kingdom


text:
Robertus Remkes

Major General Robertus Carolus Nicolaa Remkes (born February 6, 1955) is Director, Strategy, Policy and Assessments, U.S. European Command, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany. As Director of Strategy, Plans and Policy, he is responsible for formulation and staff direction of the execution of basic military and political policy, as well as planning for command activities involving relations with other U.S. Unified Commands, allied military and international military organizations and subordinate commands. He also serves as Director of Capabilities and Assessments. In this capacity he is responsible for the development of force structure requirements; conducting studies, analyses and assessments; and for evaluating military forces, plans, programs and strategies.

General Remkes received his commission upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy in 1977 and completed pilot training at Reese AFB, Texas, in December 1978. He has served as a squadron, group and wing commander. He has flown the T-37, T-38, T-1, C-130, F-4, F-16 and the F-15. General Remkes is a graduate of the U.S. Air Force Fighter Weapons School. He is a command pilot with more than 2,700 hours of flight time. Remkes holdes a master's degree in aviation management from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

Education

 * 1977 Bachelor of Science degree in history, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
 * 1984 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
 * 1986 Air Command and Staff College
 * 1987 Master's degree in aviation management, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
 * 1988 Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia
 * 1994 Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama

Assignments

 * January 1978 – December 1978, student, undergraduate pilot training, Reese AFB, Texas
 * September 1979 – May 1983, F-4 and F-16 aircraft commander and assistant flight commander, 474th Tactical Fighter Wing, Nellis AFB, Nevada
 * May 1983 – December 1985, F-16 instructor pilot and weapons and tactics officer, 58th Tactical Training Wing, Luke AFB, Arizona
 * January 1986 – January 1988, aide to the Commander, Tactical Air Command, Langley AFB, Virginia
 * January 1988 – November 1988, student, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia
 * November 1988 – November 1989, flight commander and Chief, Wing Weapons and Tactics Division, 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, Kunsan Air Base, Korea
 * November 1989 – July 1990, Chief of Weapons and Tactics, Directorate of Tactics and Test, 57th Fighter Wing, Nellis AFB, Nevada
 * July 1990 – July 1991, Chief of Safety, 57th Fighter Wing, Nellis AFB, Nevada
 * July 1991 – October 1991, Commander, 4443rd Tactical Training Squadron (Air Warrior), Nellis AFB, Nevada
 * November 1991 – July 1992, Commander, 57th Operations Support Squadron, Nellis AFB, Nevada
 * August 1992 – July 1993, Commander, Officer Training School, Lackland AFB, Texas
 * July 1993 – June 1994, student, Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
 * June 1994 – May 1996, staff analyst, Office of the Director of Programs, Analysis and Evaluation, Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C.
 * June 1996 – June 1998, Commander, 47th Operations Group, Laughlin AFB, Texas
 * June 1998 – June 2000, Commander, 39th Wing and 39th Air and Space Expeditionary Wing, Incirlik Air Base, Turkey
 * July 2000 – August 2001, deputy director of plans and programs, Headquarters Air Combat Command, Langley AFB, Virginia
 * August 2001 – December 2001, director of plans and programs, Headquarters ACC, Langley AFB, Virginia
 * December 2001 – March 2002, deputy director of plans and programs, Headquarters ACC, Langley AFB, Virginia
 * April 2002 – February 2004, Commander, 3rd Wing, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska
 * February 2004 - July 2006, Commander, Air Force Recruiting Service, Headquarters Air Education and Training Command, Randolph AFB, Texas
 * July 2006 - June 2008, Director, Strategy, Policy and Assessments, U.S. European Command, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
 * July 2008 – present, Director, Air Component Coordination Element, Air Forces Central Command, Kabul, Afghanistan

Flight information

 * Rating: Command pilot
 * Flight hours: More than 2,700
 * Aircraft flown: Cessna T-37, T-38 Talon, T-1A Jayhawk, C-130 Hercules, F-4 Phantom II, F-16A/B/C/D and F-15C/D

Major awards and decorations

 * Legion of Merit ribbon.svg Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters
 * Defense Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg Defense Meritorious Service Medal
 * Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg Meritorious Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters
 * Air Medal ribbon.svg Air Medal with two oak leaf clusters
 * Air Force Commendation Medal ribbon.svg Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster
 * Achievement Medal USAF.svg Air Force Achievement Medal
 * Joint Meritorious Unit Award-3d.svg Joint Meritorious Unit Award
 * Outstanding Unit ribbon.svg Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
 * Organizational Excellence ribbon.svg Air Force Organizational Excellence Award

Effective dates of promotion

 * Second Lieutenant June 1, 1977
 * First Lieutenant June 1, 1979
 * Captain June 1, 1981
 * Major March 1, 1988
 * Lieutenant Colonel July 1, 1991
 * Colonel September 1, 1996
 * Brigadier General June 1, 2003
 * Major General September 2, 2006

title: Robertus Remkes


text:
User:Arendjr

Member of Wikipedia since Februari 2005.

title: User:Arendjr


text:
Las Vegas Motor Speedway

Las Vegas Motor Speedway (track complex formerly known as Las Vegas Speedway Park from 1993 to 1996, Las Vegas Speedway in 1992, Las Vegas International Speedway from 1990 to 1992, as the Las Vegas International Speedrome from 1972 to 1990) is a 1.5 mi tri-oval intermediate speedway in North Las Vegas, Nevada. The track complex, since its inaugural season of racing in 1972 with off-road and drag racing, has seen expansion and has hosted various racing series, including NASCAR, IndyCar, and Champ Car. The track has been owned by Speedway Motorsports, LLC (SMI) since 1999, with Chris Powell serving as the track's general manager. The track is served by the nearby Interstate 15 and Las Vegas Boulevard.

The track has a capacity of approximately 80,000 as of 2023, down from its peak of over 140,000 in the 2000s. The track's complex features numerous adjacent tracks, including a 3/8 mi oval named The Bullring, a 1/2 mi clay oval, and a road course with multiple layouts that is mainly used for sports car experiences for the general public. The main track also features an infield road course that is used for sports car racing.

After the closure of Stardust International Raceway in 1971, plans were made to build a new road course and drag strip in North Las Vegas by Craig Road Speedway owner Curly Price on City of Las Vegas-owned land. The then-named Las Vegas Speedrome was completed in 1972, with preliminary races being held before in 1971; however, the track fell quickly into disrepair. The track was revived by drag racer Alex Rodriguez and his son for most of the 1980s. During Rodriguez's tenure, a 3/8 mi oval was added in 1985, which is now known as The Bullring. In 1989, Richie Clyne, the director of the Imperial Palace Hotel's (now called The Linq) automobile museum, bought the complex from the city for just over $1 million. By the mid-1990s, Clyne, Imperial Palace owner Ralph Engelstad, and Sahara Hotel owner Bill Bennett announced plans to build a 1.5 mi oval on the track's complex, which was completed in 1996. In 1998, SMI and its founder Bruton Smith bought the complex.

Configurations
The speedway in its current form is measured at 1.5 mi, with 20 degrees of banking in the turns and nine degrees of banking on the track's frontstretch and backstretch. Before 2006, the track had 12 degrees of banking in the turns. Different measurements have been used; in 2011, the IndyCar Series utilized a length of 1.544 mi. Within the main track's frontstretch, there is a 1/4 mi oval that was built in 2006. Within the track's infield, there is a road course complex that was built as part of the track's construction in 1996. The track has also used a "roval" layout during select races.

Amenities
The track is located in-between Interstate 15 and Las Vegas Boulevard. At the time of the track complex's opening, the track complex was situated upon 200 acres of land with a capacity of 3,000. At its peak, the track held over 140,000 seats. As of 2023, according to the Las Vegas Sun, the Las Vegas Motor Speedway has a stated capacity of 80,000. The complex is situated upon over 1,200 acres of land as of 2015, according to the Las Vegas Review-Journal.

Numerous amenities exist on the track's complex; most of which were built as part of a 2006 renovation project on the track. As part of the 2006 renovations, the track built a redesigned, interactive garage that is known as the Neon Garage that spectators could access for an extra fee during race weekends. A three-story, 60,000 square-foot media center, currently known as the LocaliQ Digital Center for sponsorship reasons, was also constructed in 2006 within the track's infield. A 127-unit condominium tower was also slated to be built overlooking the track's first turn; however, the plan saw opposition from Nellis Air Force Base and United States Air Force officials, who did regular flight training and drills near the track, later clarifying that it was due to safety risks. Although SMI CEO Bruton Smith initially refused to comply, he relented after the Air Force lobbied the Clark County government to refuse the lodging.

Adjacent tracks
The track complex features numerous adjacent tracks; two of which were built before the main track. In 1985, the complex built a 1/3 mi oval that was assisted with donations of barriers that were used in the Caesars Palace Grand Prix. In 2000, the track was modified to become 3/8 mi and was renamed the "Bullring". A 1/2 mi clay dirt oval opened in November 1996, hosting a World of Outlaws event.

As part of the track complex's initial opening, the complex built a drag strip, which opened in 1972. In 1999, in the aftermath of Smith buying out the track, the track announced a new 1/4 mi to replace the original strip built in 1972. The new drag strip opened in April 2000, being named "The Strip". In 2017, the drag strip was expanded to four lanes.

Complex planning and construction
On August 14, 1970, the Las Vegas Review-Journal reported that businessman Carl "Curly" Price was aiming to sign a lease for a plot of land near the Nellis Air Force Base from the City of Las Vegas to build a drag strip, a "small" road course, and a proposed oval. The proposal received an endorsement from the Review-Journal, which wrote "We hope Curly can get on this on since [North Las Vegas] badly needs a motor sports complex", stating a lack of proper racing facilities. By February 1971, the complex, initially known as the Las Vegas Motor Speedway, was being built with "work [progressing] daily".

Track complex's early years
On May 16, 1971, the complex was recorded to have held its first races on a 1/2 mi dirt oval, sanctioned by the Southern Nevada Off Road Enthusiasts (SNORE). By July, the Clark County government approved plans to create an oval and a drag strip. In August, SNORE held another event, this time opening a 3/4 mi buggy course. In December, Price announced that the track would hold its first drag strip event in January 1972. In December 1971, Larry Horten announced a bid to rival Price's track named the Las Vegas Raceway Park, seeking approval from the Clark County Board of County Commissioners for a 520-acre plot of land that was also directly near Nellis AFB. However, on December 21, the board rejected Horten's plan.

The now-named Las Vegas International Speedrome's drag strip held its first races on February 26, 1972, on the 1/4 mi to host the first day of the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) Open Drag Championships. By May, the International Motorsports Association scheduled races for the rest of the year at the complex's 1.6 mi road course. However, by August, the track was displaying issues; the lighting system on the track's road course was reported to malfunction during races. In September, the West Charleston Lions Club of Las Vegas signed a 15-year agreement to run the drag strip.

Price's legal troubles
After 1972, almost all major racing, especially drag racing, ceased due to mainly financial issues; though, this was disputed by businessmen Ted Wiens and Mike Sellers. Although the track still held small local events before, the track did not see any major racing until May 19, 1974. By August, the financial situation had gotten so dire that local drag racers were pushing their profits to try and revitalize the track. In October, the complex aimed to host bi-monthly drag strip races, hoping to gain profits from frequently occurring local events, along with forming the Speedrome Racing Association to conduct the rest of its races. In 1975, the track was used as the starting point for the Mint 400. In September of that year, the NHRA returned, with the complex holding its first major drag racing event in almost three years.

On September 17, the city of Las Vegas considered revoking Price's lease, with stated reasons including that Price owed around $3,400 on monthly payments, increased cases of vandalism to both the track and the Price's machinery, and angry residents stealing bleachers; a final decision was set to come on October 1. Although Price was able to pay back at least some of the rent, after a delay that moved the decision to December 16, Price forfeited his lease after failing to stockpile 35,000 cubic yards of gravel. However, he was given another chance. In July 1976, his lease was officially terminated after failing to maintain the stockpile of gravel needed in Price's contract. The next month, Price gave scathing comments to the city in an interview with the Review-Journal, reporting a lack of police response with vandalism and high costs and labor to maintain the gravel stockpile. The next year, the termination was finally approved by Clark County District judge Howard Babcock, immediately ordered Price to vacate the land and to pay $22,140 for failing to maintain his contract and unpaid rent. However, Price was still the operator, and a decision to remove him from the position was delayed. In October, Price stated plans of appealing to the Supreme Court of Nevada, which would essentially kill all racing at the track complex for an extended period of time. In November, he confirmed this decision. Later that month, the city of Las Vegas temporarily leased the complex out to Show & Go Ltd. until the end of the year.

Attempts at a revival, new track, more issues
Just before the end of 1977, the track was temporarily leased out for the first three months of 1978 to car clubs. In February 1978, Bob Van Norman, owner of the Craig Road Speedway, submitted a proposal to take over the complex from the city, offering a proposal of $300 a month to lease the complex. However, the proposal was withdrawn just over a week later, claiming that he did not want to be accused of favoritism from the city; the withdrawal was considered a big blow by the city to repair the track, with the city claiming that the track could not see any serious proposals for racing in the next 18 months. However, by June, the complex was able to hold the Silverbird Race of Champions, a race that featured numerous movie stars; however, the race flopped, seeing a lack of spectators. By January 1979, the city of Las Vegas began looking for potential leasers, with the complex costing the city thousands of dollars. Later that month, a group of five businessmen, including Van Norman and Horten, formed Las Vegas Recreation, Inc. in efforts to make a bid on temporary ownership for the track. On February 21, the city's commission unanimously approved the lease, essentially reviving the complex; however, the permanent lease was not guaranteed until the Nevada Supreme Court's case with Price was settled.

By April, Review-Journal writer Mike Henle considered the track revived after "seven years of relative silence", with events scheduled for the next six months. In September, the complex grew to holding concerts. However, the concerts drew criticism from local government and local reporters for excessive violence, drug use, and underage drinking. Criticism grew so much that commissioner Ron Lurie considered revoking the complex's operating permit. In February 1980, Price lost his appeal, with future bids expected to take place the following year. The next month, Las Vegas Recreation's lease was extended until the end of 1980. However, by November 5, the partnership gave up after "several months of horrible luck", with poor timing systems, lighting, and the amount of effort required to maintain the complex being key issues.

The next day, businessmen Terry Ainsworth and Harold Ellis signed a 10-year lease with the city to lease the complex. Although the complex was able to see off-road racing, management problems soon plagued the complex; by August, Ellis began looking for a new partner to replace Ainsworth. As a result, Alex Rodriguez, a drag strip driver, sent pleas to fellow Las Vegan racers to come to meetings set up by him to try and clean up the facility. Rodriguez and his son, Alex Rodriguez Jr., were later appointed by the city to replace Ainsworth, due to the partnership being strained between the two. Rodriguez, within the first months, invested $75,000 on improvements and a repave of the track. Drag racing saw an overall uptick; Mike Henle viewed Rodriguez so highly that he declared, "Rodriguez has done a commendable job – and drag racing is up from the canvas because of him".

In 1982, Van Norman gave up ownership of the Craig Road Speedway to First Interstate Bank due to satisfy debts from his family business, leaving the local stock car racing community without a track. Van Norman stated that he hoped Rodriguez would build a paved oval like Craig Road Speedway at LVIS' complex. In 1984, LVIS opted to host stock car racing events, essentially reviving the local stock car racing community after a year of relative silence. In 1985, the track built a new 1/3 mi oval, using donations of old Caesars Palace Grand Prix barriers to build the track. The oval opened in November of that year. By 1987, with Rodriguez investing over $500,000 into the complex, the complex was regarded highly, including receiving honors from the NHRA as one of the best facilities in the United States. That same year, the complex announced plans to repave the road course with help from the Sports Car Club of America.

In March 1988, the city council considered revoking Rodriguez's lease, accusing him of not paying rent and for selling food without proper sales tax permits. Rodriguez Jr. later admitted to it, blaming his father because he both left the United States for two years and was going through a divorce. The city approved terminating the lease; however, he was still able to operate the track until December 1990. In addition, the city was now also considering selling off the land to a private operator. The sale was approved on November 17. Rodriguez defended himself, stating the improvements he made to the track; however, the track was still put up for sale on the condition that the buyer must maintain the track for 10 years.

Richie Clyne and David Juberg era
In May 1989, the track complex was sold to Richie Clyne, the director of the Imperial Palace Hotel's (now called The Linq) automobile museum, for $1,070,000. Clyne and investor G. Robert Diero stated hopes of completely revamping what they declared as a dangerous and worn-out complex. Along with the purchase, the track complex was renamed to the Las Vegas International Raceway. By the beginning of 1990, the Las Vegas Speedrome gained a reputation for being "old, dirty, and tattered". At this point, little hope was shown for the track's revival; Review-Journal writer Greg Bortolin estimated millions of dollars for renovations to attract major racing leagues, with no guarantee of interest as at the time, the University of Nevada, Las Vegas' (UNLV) sports teams were the only major sports events in the city. In interviews with track media manager Neal Reid, Clyne stated that he initially wanted to turn the area into an industrial park, but was convinced otherwise by motorsport businessmen Bob Bahre and Tom Wheatcroft. The track held its first races under Clyne's leadership with the newly rebranded Nissan 400 (now known as the Mint 400). By 1991, the complex aimed to expand its events, along with general renovations to the complex. In 1993, David Juberg and Craig Graham, both amateur racers, took over a lease from Clyne to run the track complex. That same year, the complex was renamed to the Las Vegas Speedway Park by Juberg. In May, the duo took over the master lease to the track from Tom Villardi. Around this time, the track still had no major events, including off-road racing due to environmental concerns.

Las Vegas Motor Speedway planning and construction, first races at LVMS
Around 1993, the Review-Journal reported that Clyne was researching the feasibility of building a NASCAR-style superspeedway. On October 16, 1994, the Review-Journal reported that Clyne and Juberg were interested in making a bid for a modern racing facility. At the same time, longtime motorsports businessman Bruton Smith, with the success of his newly formed Speedway Motorsports, Inc. (SMI), announced plans to build a $75 million facility west of the Mississippi River. According to one of the people who ventured with Smith to scout a location, racing promoter Eddie Gossage, Smith initially preferred building a track in Las Vegas. He considered a location adjacent to the Las Vegas Speedway Park; however, he later found out that the parcel of land was owned by Imperial Palace Hotel owner Ralph Engelstad. According to Gossage, the two were friends, and as Engelstad had sought the land first, he agreed with Engelstad to not prospect the land further.

After Bruton Smith announced his plans to build what would eventually become the Texas Motor Speedway, the Review-Journal reported that chances for a modern racing facility in Las Vegas were all but killed. However, on November 30, Clyne announced plans to build his own $65-70 million, 100,000-seat facility near the Las Vegas Speedway Park that would be capable of holding NASCAR Winston Cup Series races, with an opening date scheduled for April 1, 1996. By the next day, Clyne also announced the renovations of all tracks within the complex. In January 1995, he officially confirmed plans to build the track along Interstate 15 on a 1,100 acre plot of land, along with a 40-acre industrial park; the original plan Clyne had for the track. However, Winston Cup dates were not guaranteed; NASCAR leadership, including Mike Helton, insisted that though numerous modern facilities were being built, such as ones in Texas and Las Vegas, "the Cup schedule can't grow much more". By May, Clyne and IndyCar Series president Tony George officially announced a 200 mi race to christen the track, to be held on September 15, 1996.

By August, construction was underway for the track, with a private opening for tire testing scheduled in May. Three months later, new NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series races were added, with construction being "right on schedule". In January 1996, the track named Ray Wilkings as the general manager. By the end of February, the track was viewed optimistically; the track was projected to bring in over $890 million to the Las Vegas economy, with paving of the racing surface scheduled in March. In April, Clyne bought out the Las Vegas Speedway Park from Juberg, placing it directly under the Las Vegas Motor Speedway name. The next month, Engelstad was revealed by Smith to be funding the majority of the project, something that Clyne did not either confirm or deny. Construction saw no major issues throughout its duration; but, further construction for the next five years was announced by Clyne in early September in order to finish the track. By that same month, Sahara Hotel owner Bill Bennett also joined as part owner of the track.

The track officially opened to the public on September 13, 1996 for IndyCar practice. Its first race, according to Review-Journal writer John Katsilometes, was "violent", with the race being marred by heavy winds and numerous crashes. In spite of traffic issues, the track saw double than what was expected, with a reported 67,132 attending the race. Two months later, the track held its first NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race. The next year, the track hosted its first NASCAR Busch Series race. In the same year, the track won rights to host a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race weekend for the 1998 season.

Purchase by Bruton Smith, expansion and subsequent decline
In December 1998, Bruton Smith announced plans to buy out the Las Vegas Motor Speedway and its complex for around $215 million, with Smith stating to renovate amenities with the purchase and to sell off 300 acres of industrial space. He later appointed Chris Powell, a former media relations manager for the NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company as the track's general manager. In 2000, the track modified its 3/8 mi oval and renamed it the "Bullring".

In 2006, Powell announced a $25-27 million renovation project that aimed to overhaul the existing track. Major changes announced in the press release included changing the banking in the turns from 12 to 20 degrees, increasing capacity to 141,000, a new infield media center, a redesigned garage, and narrowing the racing surface to 50 feet; a 20 feet difference. The track changes were met with mixed reviews at the time; drivers Jeff Burton, Kyle Busch, and Tony Stewart all criticized the changes, in contrast to Review-Journal writer Ron Kantowski, who praised the changes and Bruton Smith. In 2011, the track won rights to host the flagship branch of Electric Daisy Carnival (EDC) after EDC oversaw controversy in its previous location, Los Angeles. That same year, the track experienced its first fatal auto racing accident when longtime IndyCar driver Dan Wheldon died in an accident in the 2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship on the race's 11th lap. In 2017, the drag strip was expanded to four lanes to accommodate four cars racing at once. In 2018, the track won rights to host another NASCAR Cup Series weekend in the fall.

Since the mid-2010s, the track has decreased its capacity multiple times. In 2015, the track announced the removal of 15,000 seats in the track's third and fourth turns to make way for RV parking. In 2017, the track decreased capacity to around 80,000 seats to make way for increased premium seating options. Two years later, the Review-Journal reported another significant decrease in capacity, with the track refusing to state the exact amount of seats that were still remaining; the report came after the track recorded its lowest attendance recorded for a NASCAR Cup Series race at the 2018 South Point 400. By 2023, the track received renewed attention for television visuals showing empty areas of grandstands at the 2023 South Point 400.

NASCAR
The track holds two NASCAR race weekends each year: the spring Pennzoil 400 and the fall South Point 400. In 1997, the track earned rights to host a NASCAR Cup Series race weekend, with the first iteration being run in 1998. Since then, the track has held at least one NASCAR Cup Series race weekend per year in the spring.

Discussions for a second NASCAR Cup Series race weekend were recorded as far back as 2006, when the track was renovated. In 2007, when Bruton Smith bought the New Hampshire International Raceway as part of Speedway Motorsports, speculation arose that one of the track's NASCAR Cup Series weekends would be moved to Las Vegas. By 2010, reception towards a second NASCAR weekend at Las Vegas was mixed between drivers. In 2017, the track earned a second NASCAR Cup Series race weekend after taking a race weekend from New Hampshire, with the first iteration being run in 2018. Along with its Cup Series races, the track has hosted lower-tier NASCAR Xfinity Series and NASCAR Truck Series races since the track's inaugural season of racing in 1996.

Open-wheel racing
The track hosted its first IndyCar races in September 1996, the first major races ever ran at the track. Until 2000, the Indy Racing League ran an IndyCar race at the track annually. In 2004, despite Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) going bankrupt, the track aimed to still host a race at the track. After a change in ownership, the newly-named Champ Car World Series announced races at the track on July 7, with the race occurring on September 25. Champ Car ran another race in 2005 before refusing to renew for 2006. In 2011, the track was slated to run the IZOD IndyCar World Championship to become the season finale of that year's season, with the IndyCar Series' CEO, Randy Bernard, stating that he hoped it would become a major IndyCar event. To try to increase the race's stakes and to promote the event, Bernard put up a $5 million bounty to any non-IndyCar driver who could win the race. However, after numerous drivers rejected it, the challenge was placed onto part-time driver Dan Wheldon, who had to start last. On lap 11 of the race, a crash involving 15 cars, including Wheldon, occurred. Wheldon died due to sustaining massive head injuries during the crash. IndyCar cancelled the race in the wake of Wheldon's death. As a result of Wheldon's death, the track and Speedway Motorsports requested a buyout of their contract with IndyCar, cancelling their IndyCar races in 2012.

IndyCar later returned to Las Vegas Motor Speedway in January 2022 with a driverless open-wheel race titled the Indy Autonomous Challenge as part of Consumer Electronics Show (CES), which has become an annual event.

Other racing events
In 2014, the track hosted a race for the Red Bull Air Race World Championship; however, the race was abandoned due to bad weather conditions, with results being based on qualifying speeds. The track hosted a race for the 2015 season, this time managing to actually run the event. In 2016, the track was scheduled to run the event, but high winds forced the cancellation of the entire event.

Festivals
In 2011, the Electric Daisy Carnival moved its flagship location to the track from Los Angeles following controversies of rampant underage drug use in Los Angeles, which led to the injuries of numerous people and the death of a 15-year-old. The track has held the event annually since.

Other events
In 2013, the track hosted the World Long Drive Championship. In 2020, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the track held a graduation ceremony for Faith Lutheran High School, a private Lutheran school based in Summerlin. Since 2023, the track has hosted a Las Vegas branch of the FoodieLand Night Market, a food festival.

Since 2012, Enrico Bertaggia, a former Italian Formula Three driver, has run the Dream Racing program at the track, a program where the general public can drive exotic cars around a road course on the track's complex. The track also hosts the "Driver's Edge" program, a driving education course.

Lap records
As of March 2024, the fastest official race lap records at Las Vegas Motor Speedway are listed as:

title: Las Vegas Motor Speedway