text:
History of Galway

Galway, a small city in Ireland, situated on the west coast of Ireland, has a complex history going back around 800 years. The city was the only medieval city in the province of Connacht.

(Alternative) derivations of the name
The city takes its name from that of the river, the Gaillimh. The word Gaillimh means "stony" as in "stony river". Today, the river is commonly called the River Corrib, after Lough Corrib, just to the north. In Irish, Galway is also called Cathair na Gaillimhe ("city of Galway") which is a modern creation to prevent confusion with Contae na Gaillimhe / County Galway which is often incorrectly called Gaillimh in Irish.

There are multiple alternative derivations of the name, some conjectural and some mythical:
 * The commonly held view that the city takes its name from the Irish word Gallaibh, "foreigners" i.e. "the town of the foreigners" (from Gall, a foreigner) is incorrect, since the name Gaillimh was applied to the river first and then later on to the town. Also the common word gallaibh (which is pronounced with a broad initial letter a) has never been used as an alternative spelling of Gaillimh (which is pronounced without a broad initial letter a).
 * The daughter of a local chieftain drowned in the river, and her name was Gailleamh, thus the river was given her name. The chieftain was so distraught that he set up camp at the point to mourn her spirit and keep it company. Later, a town sprung up around the point, and was called Gaillimh in her honour.

Early Galway
Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe ('Fort at the Mouth of the Gaillimh') was constructed in 1124 as a naval base and military fort, by the King of Connacht and High King of Ireland, Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, who anchored his fleet there. The Annals of the Four Masters note that in that year "Three castles were erected by the Connaughtmen, the castle of Dun-Leodhar, the castle of the Gaillimh, and the castle of Cuil-maeile." This fort is also called a caislean (castle) in the annals. It was attacked in 1132 and 1149. Galway lay in the túath of Clann Fhergail which covered the parishes of St. Nicholas (the medieval city), Roscam and part of Baile an Chláir / Claregalway parish. This district was held by the Ó hAllmhuráin/O'Halloran clan. Clann Fhergail itself was a sub district of Uí Bhriúin Seola the territory of which is called Maigh Seola ('plain of Seola'). The Ó Flaithbheartaigh (O'Flaherty) clan held it up until the Norman invasion of Connacht in the 1230s. As Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe lay in the territory of the O Flahertys they are often recorded as holding this fort for the O Connor Kings of Connacht.

Following an unsuccessful week-long siege in 1230, Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe was captured by Richard Mor de Burgh in 1232. In the century that followed, Galway thrived under the de Burghs (Burkes). After the sundering of the de Burgh (Clanrickards) dynasty in 1333, Anxious to have control over their own affairs without the interference of the Gaelicised and often feuding Burkes, Galway sought local autonomy, receiving a murage charter (authority to build a defensive wall) from the Crown in 1396. Governed by a clique of English-oriented merchant families, who eventually became known as The Tribes of Galway, Galway became to a large degree culturally and politically aloof (but not isolated) from the surrounding Gaelic and Gaelic-Norman territories.

From the medieval era to the 16th century
Galway received a municipal charter from the crown in December 1484. This ensured the town's independence from the Clanrickard Burkes. At the same time, the creation of the wardenship of Galway gave the townsmen control of the large parish church, St. Nicholas' Collegiate Church.

During the Middle Ages, Galway was ruled by an oligarchy of fourteen merchant families (12 of Anglo-Norman origin and 2 of Irish origin), the Tribes of Galway. The city thrived on international trade. In the Middle Ages, it was the principal Irish port for trade with Spain and France, being the main source of trade to the Western Isles, Scotland, during the Lordship of the Isles. The population of medieval Galway is thought to have been about 3,000.

In 1477 Christopher Columbus visited Galway, possibly stopping off on a voyage to Iceland or the Faroe Islands. Seven or eight years later, he noted in the margin of his copy of Imago Mundi: "Men of Cathay have come from the west. [Of this] we have seen many signs. And especially in Galway in Ireland, a man and a woman, of extraordinary appearance, have come to land on two tree trunks [or timbers? or a boat made of such?]" The most likely explanation for these bodies is that they were Inuit swept eastward by the North Atlantic Current.

By the 1460s Galway was regarded as a beautiful and well-built town, but it endured difficult relations with its Irish neighbours. A notice over the west gate of the city, completed in 1562 by Mayor Thomas Óge Martyn, proclaimed: "From the Ferocious O'Flahertys may God protect us". A bylaw of 1460 ordained as follows: "That no dweller should set or sell land or tenement, within the same town Galway, to no Irishman, without licence from the council for the time being, on payn of forfaiting saidlands and tenements, and one hundred shillings to be divided as above written".

Despite this, Galway showed signs of linguistic and cultural assimilation to the Gaelic society around it. An Act of Henry VIII, dated 1536, ordained as follows:

 * Item, that everie inhabitant, as well within the said towne, as the suburbs of the same, doe shave theire over lipps, called crompeaulis [ croiméil "moustaches" ]; and suffer the haire of their hedds to growe, till it cover theire eares, and that every one of them weare English capps.
 * Item, that noe man, woman or childe, weare noe mantles in the streets, but cloaks or gowns, dubletts and hose, shapen after the English fashion, of the country cloth, or any other cloth it shall please them to buy.
 * Item, that noe man, woman or child, weare, in their shirts, or any other garments, no saffron [a favourite colour of the native Irish]...
 * Item, that every inhabitant within oure said towne endeavour themselfes to speake English, and to use themselfes after the English facon; and, speciallye, that you, and every one of you, doe put your children to scole, to lerne to speke English...

The political turbulence of the region left its mark on Galway in the following decades. Sir Henry Sidney wrote in 1576: "First, I find the town of Galwaye moche decaied, both in nomber of expert sage men of yeares and yonge men of warre, in respect of that I have seen; which great decay hath growen thorough the horribl spoyle done upon them by the sonnes of the earle of Clanrickrd, in so moche as it evidentlye proved before me that fiftie howsholders of that towne doe nowe enhabite under Mac William Croghter [a local Irish lord]…"

Nevertheless, Galway retained its distinctive physical character. The following account was given of lord justice Sir William Pelham's visit in 1579: "His lordship removed into the towne of Galwaie, twelve mills, verie rocky way, and full of great loughes. The townw is well bulte, and walled, with an excellent good haven, and is replenished with many welthie merchants. The townes-men and wemmen present a more civil shew of life than other townes in Ireland do, and maie be compared, in my judgement, next Dublin and Watterford, the only towne".

The commercial and political situation of Galway bred wariness in its merchants, as shown in a provision of its new charter:

 * That when anie strange merchants come to their port and haven, that the same be serched and viewed for weapons and munitions, and that none above the number of ten persons of the said ship shall come into the said towne.

Galway, because of its loyalty to the Crown, was used as an occasional administrative centre by the English authorities. The Lord Deputy Sir Richard Bingham, noted for his severity, is described in the Annals as having executed seventy men and women in Galway in January 1586. In 1588, the year of the Spanish Armada, the Lord Deputy Sir William Fitz-Williams had a number of survivors beheaded near St Augustine's Monastery.

Decline

French diplomatic controversy centered in Galway when a likely French warship was wrecked there in 1618. After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Galway was in a delicate position, caught, in effect between the Catholic rebels (Confederates) and its English garrison ensconced in Fort Hill just outside the city. Eventually, Galway citizens, who were predominantly Catholic, went against their garrison and supported the confederate side in 1642. The fort was besieged with the aid of Confederate troops until it surrendered and its garrison was evacuated by sea. During the 1640s, Galway was heavily fortified against an expected counter-attack by English forces, which eventually materialised when English Parliamentarian forces re-conquered Ireland in 1649–52. Galway surrendered to Cromwellian forces in 1652 after a nine-month siege; plague and expulsions of Catholic citizens followed. The Cromwellian Act of Settlement 1652 caused major upheavals, as peoples from east of the Shannon were transplanted to Connacht and slipped back.

After the demise of the English Commonwealth and the English Restoration in 1660, (and the further Act of Settlement 1662 and its Act of Explanation 1665), the economy of Galway recovered somewhat. In the next crisis, centred on the deposition of the Catholic King James II, in 1689, Galway supported the Jacobite side. It surrendered without a siege under the Articles of Galway of 1691 after the annihilation of the main Jacobite army at the nearby battle of Aughrim. Thereafter, the city became an economic backwater, and the capital of its old great families were spent overseas. It took about 300 years for the city to regain its former status.

18th century
After the 17th century wars, Galway, as a Catholic port city, was treated with great suspicion by the authorities. Legislation of 1704 (the Popery Act) stated that no new Catholics apart from seamen and day labourers could move there. On top of that, when fears arose of a French invasion of Ireland in 1708 and 1715 (during the Jacobite rising of 1715 in Scotland), all Catholics were ordered to leave the city. The corporation, which ran Galway was also confined to Protestants. This is all the more surprising given that a 1762 census showed that of the town's 15,000 or so inhabitants, only 350 were Protestants. The persecution of Galway's old Catholic merchant elite meant that trade declined substantially, and the once busy harbour fell into disrepair. Local traders compensated to some degree for this by smuggling in goods like brandy through gaps in the town walls. On 1 November 1755 the 1755 Lisbon earthquake caused a two-metre tsunami to hit the city's coast, causing some serious damage to the "Spanish Arch" section of the city wall.

19th century
Galway's economy recovered somewhat from the late 18th as the Penal Laws were relaxed. However the city's rural hinterland suffered terribly in the Great Irish Famine in the 1840s. Unlike other urban centres in 19th century Ireland, which experienced an explosion in their populations, Galway's population actually declined such was the devastation wrought by the famine.

The second half of the century saw some improvement in Galway's position however, as the railway lines reached the city in 1850. Another important development was the creation of a university in Galway in 1845, then named "Queens University of Ireland".

20th century
Galway city played a relatively minor role in the upheaval in Ireland from 1916 to 1923. In 1916, during the Easter Rising, Liam Mellows mobilised the local Irish Volunteers in the area to attack the Royal Irish Constabulary barracks at Oranmore, just outside Galway, however they failed to take it and later surrendered in Athenry. During the Irish War of Independence 1919–21, Galway was the western headquarters for the British Army. Their overwhelming force in the city meant that the local Irish Republican Army could do little against them. The only initiatives were taken by the university battalion of the IRA, who were reprimanded by the local IRA commander who was afraid they would provoke reprisals. This fear was not without justification, as the nearby town of Tuam was sacked on two occasions by the Black and Tans in July and September 1920. In November 1920, a Galway city Catholic priest, Fr. Michael Griffin was abducted and shot by the British forces. His body was found in a bog in Barna. Galway businessmen launched a boycott against Northern Irish goods from December 1919 onwards in protest against the loyalist attacks on Catholic nationalists in Belfast, a protest that later spread throughout the country.

Before the outbreak of the Irish Civil War (1922–23), in March 1922, Galway saw a tense stand off between Pro-Treaty and Anti-Treaty troops over who would occupy the military barracks at Renmore. After fighting broke out in July 1922 the city and its military barracks were occupied by troops of the Irish Free State's National Army. Two Free State soldiers and one Anti-Treaty fighter were killed and more wounded before the National Army secured the area. The Republicans burned a number of public buildings in the centre of town before they abandoned Galway.

On August 16, 1971, part of the city center was destroyed by fire. The area involved the southern-west corner of Eyre Square, where the Bank of Ireland used to be situated.

In later years, the resignation of Eamon Casey as Bishop of Galway in "scandalous circumstances" in 1992 came to be seen as pivotal in the Roman Catholic Church's loss of influence in Ireland.

Annalistic references

 * 1124. Three castles were erected by the Connaughtmen, the castle of Dun-Leodhar, the castle of the Gaillimh, and the castle of Cuil-maeile.
 * 1125. The two sons of Aineislis Ua hEidhin were slain in treachery at Bun-Gaillimhe/Flann and Gillariabhach, the two sons of Aineislis Ua hEidhin, were slain by Conchobhar Ua Flaithbheartaigh.
 * 1132 The castle of Bun-Gaillmhe was burned and demolished by a fleet of the men of Munster; and a great slaughter was made of the people of West Connaught, together with Ua Taidhg an Teaghlaigh, and many other noblemen.
 * 1132. A hosting on land by Cormac Mac Carthaigh and the nobles of Leath Mogha into ... and Uí Eachach and Corca Laoighdhe, and the fleet of Leath Mogha [came] by sea to meet them, and they demolished the castle of Bun Gaillmhe, and plundered and burned the town. The defeat of An Cloidhe [was inflicted] on the following day on [the men of] Iarthar Connacht by the same fleet, and Conchobhar Ua Flaithbheartaigh, king of Iarthar Connacht, was killed, with slaughter of his people ... together with Ua Taidhg an Teaghlaigh, and many other noblemen.
 * 1178. The River Galliv was dried up for a period of a natural day; all the articles that had been lost in it from remotest times, as well as its fish, were collected by the inhabitants of the fortress, and by the people of the country in general.
 * 1577. Alexander, son of Calvagh, son of Turlough, son of John Carragh Mac Donnell, was slain in a combat by Theobald Boy Mac Seoinin, in the gateway of Galway; and there were not many sons of gallowglasses in Ireland at that time who were more wealthy, or who were more bountiful and munificent than he.
 * 1581. The son of the Earl of Clanrickard, i.e. William Burke, son of Rickard Saxonagh, son of Ulick-na-gCeann, son of Rickard, son of Ulick of Cnoc-Tuagh, was hanged at Galway, the third day after the execution of Turlough O'Brien; that is, Turlough was hanged on Thursday, and William on Saturday. It happened that William was joined with his relatives in the war when they demolished their castles, as we have already mentioned; that he grew sorry for this, and went to Galway, under the protection of the English, the month before his execution; but some tale was fabricated against him, for which he was taken and hanged. Such of his followers as went in under this protection were also hanged.
 * 1586. A session was held at Galway in the month of December of this year, and many women and men were put to death at it; and Edmond Oge, the son of Edmond, son of Manus Mac Sheehy, and eight soldiers of the Geraldines along with him, were put to death, information having been given against them that they had been along with those Scots who were slain at Ardnarea.

title: History of Galway


text:
List of rivers of Austria

This is a list of rivers (or tributaries thereof) at least partially located in Austria. Nearly all of Austria is drained by the Danube into the Black Sea; the rest flow into the North Sea. Rivers are listed twice, first by basin, then alphabetically.

Within basins, rivers that flow into the sea are listed alphabetically. Rivers that flow into other rivers are sorted by the proximity of their points of confluence to the sea (the lower in the list, the more upstream). Rivers which themselves do not flow through Austria, but have tributaries that do so (e.g. Vltava) are listed in italics. The Austrian namens are given in brackets, (e.g. Rhine (Rhein)).

Draining into the Black Sea

 * Danube (Donau) (in Sulina, Romania)
 * Drava (Drau) (near Osijek, Croatia)
 * Mur (near Legrad, Croatia)
 * Ledava (near Muraszemenye, Hungary)
 * Sulm (south of Leibnitz, between Retznei and Obervogau)
 * Kainach (in Wildon)
 * Mürz (in Bruck an der Mur)
 * Pesnica (Pößnitz) (near Ormož, Slovenia, Hungary)
 * Meža (Mieß) (near Dravograd, Slovenia)
 * Lavant (at Lavamünd)
 * Gurk (near Völkermarkt)
 * Glan (near Klagenfurt)
 * Glanfurt (near Ebenthal)
 * Metnitz (near Althofen)
 * Gail (in Villach)
 * Gailitz (at Arnoldstein)
 * Möll (near Möllbrücke)
 * Gailbach (at Strassen)
 * Rába (Raab) (near Győr, Hungary)
 * Pinka (in Körmend, Hungary)
 * Lafnitz (in Szentgotthárd, Hungary)
 * Rabnitzbach (in Gleisdorf)
 * Rabnitz (near Győr, Hungary)
 * Einserkanal (near Rábcakapi, Hungary)
 * Wulka (into Lake Neusiedl)
 * Leitha (near Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary)
 * Schwarza (converging at Haderswörth in the parish of Lanzenkirchen)
 * Pitten (converging at Haderswörth in the parish of Lanzenkirchen)
 * Morava (March) (in Bratislava-Devin, Slovakia)
 * Thaya (near Hohenau)
 * German Thaya (Deutsche Thaya) (converging at Raabs an der Thaya)
 * Moravian Thaya (Mährische Thaya) (converging at Raabs an der Thaya)
 * Fischa (in Fischamend)
 * Piesting (in Gramatneusiedl)
 * Myrabach (in Pernitz)
 * Schwechat or Schwachat (at Schwechat)
 * Triesting (at Achau)
 * Liesing
 * Wien (in Vienna)
 * Krottenbach, Vienna (into Vienna's severage)
 * Arbesbach (in Vienna)
 * Gießgraben (into an old branch of the Danube near Utzenlaa, Königsbrunn am Wagram)
 * Traisen (in Grafenwörth)
 * Gölsen (in Traisen)
 * Krems (Lower Austria) (in Grafenwörth)
 * Kamp (in Grafenwörth)
 * Erlauf (in Pöchlarn)
 * Ybbs (in Ybbs an der Donau)
 * Gießenbach (between Grein and Sankt Nikola an der Donau)
 * Aist (between Mauthausen and Au an der Donau, Naarn im Machlande)
 * Enns (in Enns)
 * Steyr (in Steyr)
 * Erzbach (in Hieflau)
 * Salza (in Großreifling, Landl)
 * Northern Taurach (near Radstadt)
 * Gusen (at Langenstein)
 * Traun (in Linz)
 * Krems (Upper Austria) (in Traun)
 * Alm (near Lambach)
 * Laudach (north of Vorchdorf)
 * Ager (in Lambach)
 * Aurach (at Wankham)
 * Vöckla (at Vöcklabruck)
 * Dürre Ager (at Timelkam, Vöcklabruck)
 * Fornacher Redlbach (west of Vöcklamarkt)
 * Seeache (into the Attersee that is drained by the Ager)
 * Zeller Ache (into the Mondsee which is drained by the Seeache)
 * Zeller Bach (into the Irrsee which is drained by the Zeller Ache)
 * Innbach (in Wilhering)
 * Aschach (near Alkoven)
 * Ranna (in Rannamühl (Pfarrkirchen im Mühlkreis))
 * Inn (in Passau, Germany)
 * Lindenbach (at Wernstein am Inn)
 * Antiesen (near Antiesenhofen)
 * Oberach (near Ried im Innkreis)
 * Hartbach (east of Obernberg am Inn)
 * Salzach (in Haiming, Germany)
 * Saalach (in Freilassing, Germany)
 * Grabenbach (at Bad Reichenhall, Germany)
 * Weißbach (at Bad Reichenhall, Germany)
 * Steinbach (between Schneizlreuth, Germany, and Unken)
 * Leoganger Ache (northwest of Saalfelden)
 * Fischach (near Bergheim)
 * Klausbach (in Elsbethen)
 * Berchtesgadener Ache (near Anif)
 * Almbach (in Hallein)
 * Taugl (into the lake Hintersee (Osterhorngruppe))
 * Lammer (at Golling an der Salzach)
 * Fuscher Ache (at Bruck an der Großglocknerstraße)
 * Krimmler Ache (in Vorderkrimml, Wald im Pinzgau)
 * Alz (in Marktl, Germany)
 * Traun (near Altenmarkt an der Alz, Germany)
 * Weiße Traun (confluence with the Rote Traun near Siegsdorf, Germany)
 * Fischbach (Weiße Traun) (confluence with the Seetraun near Ruhpolding, Germany)
 * Chiemsee (in Seebruck, Germany)
 * Tiroler Achen (in Grabenstätt, Germany)
 * Großache (in St. Johann in Tirol)
 * Schwarzlofer (near Kössen)
 * Brunnbach (between Kössen and Kirchdorf in Tirol)
 * Kieferbach (near Kiefersfelden, Germany)
 * Kaiserbach (in Kufstein)
 * Weißache (in Kufstein)
 * Brixentaler Ache (near Wörgl)
 * Kelchsauer Ache (in Hopfgarten)
 * Windauer Ache (in Hopfgarten)
 * Brandenberger Ache (in Rattenberg)
 * Ziller (in Münster)
 * Vomperbach (between Vomp and Terfens)
 * Wattenbach (near Wattens)
 * Mölsbach (confluence with the Lizumbach)
 * Lizumbach (confluence with the Mölsbach)
 * Fallbach (Inn, Baumkirchen) (at Baumkirchen)
 * Weißenbach (at Mils)
 * Lanser Bach (in Innsbruck)
 * Aldranser Bach (in Innsbruck)
 * Sistranser Bach (in Innsbruck)
 * Sill (in Innsbruck)
 * Ruetz (near the Europa Bridge)
 * Viggarbach (near Schönberg)
 * Navisbach (north of Steinach am Brenner)
 * Gschnitzbach (at Steinach am Brenner)
 * Obernberger Seebach (at Gries am Brenner)
 * Mühlauer Bach (in Mühlau, Innsbruck, a district of Innsbruck)
 * Tuffbach (in Innsbruck)
 * Weiherburgbach (in Innsbruck)
 * Fallbach (Inn, Innsbruck) (in Innsbruck)
 * Höttinger Bach (in Innsbruck)
 * Lohbach (in Innsbruck)
 * Geroldsbach (in the district Sieglanger of Innsbruck)
 * Melach (between Unterperfuss and Kematen in Tirol)
 * Fotscherbach (in Sellrain)
 * Schlossbach (in Zirl)
 * Ötztaler Ache (east of Imst)
 * Pitze (near Imst)
 * Gurglbach (near Imst)
 * Sanna (at Landeck)
 * Isar (near Deggendorf, Germany)
 * Ammer (in Moosburg, Germany)
 * Linder (near Oberammergau, Germany)
 * Fischbach (Linder) (confluence with the Neualmbach between Oberammergau, Germany and Reutte)
 * Neualmbach, also called Neualpbach (confluence with the Fischbach between Oberammergau, Germany and Reutte)
 * Loisach (in Wolfratshausen, Germany)
 * Rißbach (in Vorderriß, Lenggries, Germany)
 * Leutascher Ache (near Mittenwald, Germany)
 * Gleirschbach (at the exit of the Hinterau valley)
 * Lech (near Donauwörth, Germany)
 * Vils (near Füssen, Germany)
 * Archbach (in Pflach)
 * Iller (in Ulm, Germany)
 * Breitach (near Oberstdorf, Germany)

Draining into the North Sea

 * Elbe (near Cuxhaven, Germany)
 * Vltava (Moldau) (in Mělník, Czech Republic)
 * Lužnice (Lainsitz) (in Týn nad Vltavou, Czech Republic)
 * Malše (Maltsch) (in České Budějovice, Czech Republic)
 * Rhine (Rhein) (main branch at Hook of Holland, Netherlands)
 * Lake Constance (Bodensee)
 * Leiblach (into Upper Lake Constance between Lindau, Germany, and Lochau)
 * Bregenzer Ach (into Upper Lake Constance in Bregenz)
 * Weißach (near Doren)
 * Bolgenach (at Krumbach)
 * Leckner Ach (east of Hittisau)
 * Subersach (below Egg)
 * Dornbirner Ach (into Upper Lake Constance near Bregenz)
 * Alpine Rhine
 * Frutz (at Koblach)
 * Ill (near Feldkirch)
 * Samina (at Frastanz)
 * Galina (between Frastanz and Feldkirch)
 * Meng (at Nenzing)
 * Gampbach (near Nenzing)
 * Alvier (at Bürs)
 * Alfenz (east of Bludenz)
 * Litz (in Schruns)
 * Gaflunerbach

A–E

 * Ager
 * Aist
 * Aldranser Bach
 * Alfenz
 * Alm
 * Almbach
 * Alpine Rhine
 * Alvier
 * Antiesen
 * Arbesbach
 * Archbach
 * Aschach
 * Aurach
 * Berchtesgadener Ache
 * Bolgenach
 * Brandenberger Ache
 * Bregenzer Ach
 * Breitach
 * Brixentaler Ache
 * Brunnbach
 * Danube
 * Dornbirner Ach
 * Drava
 * Dürre Ager
 * Enns
 * Erlauf
 * Erzbach

F–K

 * Fallbach (Inn, Innsbruck)
 * Fallbach (Inn, Baumkirchen)
 * Fischa
 * Fischach
 * Fischbach (Linder)
 * Fischbach (Weiße Traun)
 * Fornacher Redlbach
 * Fotscherbach
 * Frutz
 * Fuscher Ache
 * Gaflunerbach
 * Gail
 * Gailbach
 * Gailitz
 * Galina
 * Gampbach
 * German Thaya
 * Geroldsbach
 * Gießenbach
 * Gießgraben
 * Glan
 * Glanfurt
 * Gleirschbach
 * Gölsen
 * Großache
 * Gschnitzbach
 * Gurglbach
 * Gurk
 * Gusen
 * Hartbach
 * Höttinger Bach
 * Ill
 * Inn
 * Innbach
 * Isar
 * Kainach
 * Kaiserbach
 * Kamp
 * Kelchsauer Ache
 * Kieferbach
 * Kitzbühler Ache
 * Klausbach
 * Krems (Lower Austria)
 * Krems (Upper Austria)
 * Krimmler Ache
 * Krottenbach, Vienna

L–O

 * Lafnitz
 * Lammer
 * Lanser Bach
 * Laudach
 * Lavant
 * Lech
 * Leckner Ach
 * Ledava
 * Leiblach
 * Leitha
 * Leoganger Ache
 * Leutascher Ache
 * Lindenbach
 * Litz
 * Lizumbach
 * Lohbach
 * Loisach
 * Lužnice
 * Malše
 * Melach
 * Meng
 * Metnitz
 * Mieß
 * Möll
 * Mölsbach
 * Morava
 * Moravian Thaya
 * Mühlauer Bach
 * Mur
 * Mürz
 * Myrabach
 * Navisbach
 * Neualmbach (Neualpbach)
 * Northern Taurach
 * Oberach
 * Obernberger Seebach
 * Ötztaler Ache

P–S

 * Pesnica
 * Piesting
 * Pinka
 * Pitten
 * Pitze
 * Rába
 * Rabnitzbach
 * Ranna
 * Rhine
 * Rißbach
 * Ruetz
 * Saalach
 * Salza
 * Salzach
 * Samina
 * Sanna
 * Schlossbach
 * Schwarza
 * Schwarzlofer
 * Schwechat
 * Seeache
 * Sill
 * Sistranser Bach
 * Steinbach
 * Steyr
 * Subersach
 * Sulm

T–Z

 * Taugl
 * Thaya
 * Tiroler Achen
 * Traisen
 * Traun
 * Triesting
 * Tuffbach
 * Viggarbach
 * Vils
 * Vöckla
 * Vomperbach
 * Wattenbach
 * Weiherburgbach
 * Weißach
 * Weißache
 * Weißbach
 * Weißenbach
 * Wien
 * Windauer Ache
 * Wulka
 * Ybbs
 * Zeller Ache
 * Zeller Bach
 * Ziller

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of rivers of Austria


text:
Gamma Leonis

Gamma Leonis (γ Leonis, abbreviated Gamma Leo, γ Leo), also named Algieba, is a binary star system in the constellation of Leo, made up of two red giants. In 2009, a planetary companion around the primary was announced.

Nomenclature
γ Leonis (Latinised to Gamma Leonis) is the star's Bayer designation. The A and B components of the binary are often referred to as γ1 Leonis and γ2 Leonis, respectively.

It also bore the traditional name Algieba or Al Gieba, which originated from the Arabic الجبهة Al-Jabhah, meaning 'the forehead' (despite this meaning, the star actually appears in the mane of Leo). In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Algieba for this star.

The star's traditional Latin name was Juba. It is known as 軒轅十二 (the Twelfth Star of Xuanyuan) in Chinese (Xuanyuan is the name of the Yellow Emperor).

Algieba, along with Zeta Leonis, Regulus, Mu Leonis, Epsilon Leonis and Eta Leonis, have collectively been called the Sickle, which is an asterism that marks the head of Leo.

Stellar system
The bright binary system in Leo with orange-red and yellow or greenish-yellow components is visible through a modest telescope under good atmospheric conditions. To the naked eye, the Algieba system shines at mid-second magnitude, but a telescope easily splits the pair. The double nature of Gamma Leonis was discovered by William Herschel in 1792.

The brighter component (named Gamma1 Leonis) has an apparent magnitude of +2.28 and is of spectral class K0III. This giant K star has a surface temperature of $$, 250 times the luminosity, and 26 times diameter the Sun's diameter. The companion (named Gamma2 Leonis) has an apparent magnitude of +3.51 and belongs to the spectral class G7III. This giant G star has a temperature of $554$, is 63 times more luminous and 10 times larger than the Sun. Both are more likely red clump giants after helium ignition. They are estimated to be 2 billion years old and have subsolar metallicites.

The orbital parameters of Gamma Leonis are still uncertain due to the very long orbit. The orbital period is thought to be between 400 and 700 years. Preliminary data show that the stars have an orbital period of 554 years, are visually separated by 3.1' in the sky and have a highly-eccentric (0.93) orbit. Nonetheless, these parameters are contradictory with the physical parameters, by the Kepler's third law, it would imply that the combined mass is of. Another data set show parameters that imply a combined mass of, even more contradictory with the observed combined mass.

Variability
γ Leonis was a suspected variable star, with a visual magnitude range of 1.84 to 2.03. It is not known which of the two components is variable. The American Association of Variable Star Observers mention that it is a RS Canum Venaticorum variable with a smaller range of 1.98 to 2.02. In 1959, the star was mistakenly published as an eclipsing binary due to a typographical error when referring to Y Leonis.

The flare star AD Leonis lies just 5' from γ Leonis. It is unrelated to the pair, and much closer to Earth at a distance of 4.97 pc.

Planetary system
On November 6, 2009, the discovery of a planetary companion around primary star γ1 Leonis (γ Leonis A) was announced. The radial velocity measurements suggest two additional periodicities of 8.5 and 1,340 days. The former is likely due to stellar pulsation, whereas the latter could be indicative of the presence of an additional planetary companion with 2.14 Jupiter masses, moderate eccentricity (e=0.13) and located at 2.6 AU away from the giant star. Nevertheless, the nature of such a signal is still unclear and further investigations are needed to confirm or rule out an additional substellar companion.

A new study revised the minimum mass for Gamma1 Leonis b to about $3.1$ (increased by 20%), based on a larger mass for the host star ($0.93$ instead of $41$).

title: Gamma Leonis


text: Category:Chinese calligraphers

title: Category:Chinese calligraphers


text:
Talk:Audrey McLaughlin

Audrey McLaughlin
Has there ever been another serving party leader representing one of the arctic ridings? - Montréalais
 * Her predeccesor as MP, Erik Nielson was interim leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1983. Not sure if that would meet your criteria or not. - Jord 29 June 2005 00:32 (UTC)

title: Talk:Audrey McLaughlin


text:
Gamma Arietis

Gamma Arietis (γ Arietis, abbreviated Gamma Ari, γ Ari) is a binary star (possibly trinary) in the northern constellation of Aries. The two components are designated γ1 Arietis or Gamma Arietis B and γ2 Arietis or Gamma Arietis A (formally named Mesarthim, the traditional name for the Gamma Arietis system). γ1 Arietis may itself be a spectroscopic binary with a low mass companion.

The combined apparent visual magnitude of the stars is 3.86, which is readily visible to the naked eye and makes this the fourth-brightest member of Aries. Based upon parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, the distance to Gamma Arietis from the Sun is approximately 164 ly.

Properties
The double star nature of this system was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1664. The two components have an angular separation of 7.606 arcseconds, which can be resolved with a small telescope. The orbital period of the pair is greater than 5000 years.

The brighter component, γ2 Arietis, is an α2 CVn type variable star, a type of star with a strong magnetic field and enhanced spectral lines of some metals, with high chromospheric activity causing brightness changes as the star rotates. Its brightness varies by 0.04 magnitudes with a period of 2.61 days. It is also an Ap star, a type of chemically peculiar star with enhanced lines of many metals. The spectral class has been given as A2IVpSiSrCr, noting the particular strength of lines of silicon, strontium, and chromium, although other lines such as europium, mercury, and manganese are also stronger than in a normal star. This spectral type suggests that the star is an A2-class subgiant. One study identified a low-mass companion to γ2 Arietis, a probable red dwarf in a close orbit.

The marginally fainter of the two visible stars, γ1 Arietis, is a Lambda Boötis (chemically peculiar) star with a stellar classification of A0Vnp and a magnitude of 4.64. Lambda Boötis stars are identified based on unusually low abundances of iron peak elements in their spectra. The spectral class has also been given as A0IV-V(n)kB8, indicating that calcium K lines in its spectrum are more typical of a B8 star. Older studies often classified it as B9 or B9.5 with a luminosity class of IV or V, indicating either a main sequence or subgiant.

Both of the visible stars have mass of about, luminosities of about , effective temperatures of about $0.43$, and radii of about. Their age is about 34 million years.

Nomenclature
γ Arietis (Latinised to Gamma Arietis) is the system's Bayer designation; γ1 and γ2 Arietis those of its two components. The designation of the two components as Gamma Arietis A and B derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

Gamma Arietis has been called "the First Star in Aries" as having been at one time the nearest visible star to the equinoctial point.

It bore the traditional name Mesarthim. Originally it had shared the name Sheratan with Beta Arietis. However, this got corrupted to "Sartai" in medieval manuscripts, which Bayer erroneously explained as being the Hebrew grammatical term מְשָׁרְתִים mᵉshārᵉthīm "servants", and later scholars picked up on this term.

In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Mesarthim for the component γ2 Arietis on 21 August 2016 and it is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

In Chinese, 婁宿 (Lóusù), meaning Bond (asterism), refers to an asterism consisting of Gamma, Beta and Alpha Arietis. Consequently, the Chinese name for Gamma Arietis itself is 婁宿二 (Lóusù Èr, the Second Star of Bond).

In Hindu astrology, Gamma Arietis and Beta Arietis (Sheratan) are Ashvins, the twin Rigvedic deities who act as doctors of the divine of the world.(Richard H Allen)

title: Gamma Arietis


text:
Maine High School

Maine High School may refer to schools in Illinois:

 * Maine North High School, Des Plaines, opened in 1970 and closed in 1981
 * Maine South High School, Park Ridge
 * Maine East High School, Park Ridge
 * Maine West High School, Park Ridge

title: Maine High School


text:
Talk:Upplands Väsby urban area

What does "population in U." mean? Please expand the "U.". Teemu Leisti 22:21, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Upplands Väsby urban area


text:
Hexadecimal time

Hexadecimal time is the representation of the time of day as a hexadecimal number in the interval [0, 1).

The day is divided into 1016 (1610) hexadecimal hours, each hour into 10016 (25610) hexadecimal minutes, and each minute into 1016 (1610) hexadecimal seconds.

History
This time format was proposed by the Swedish-American engineer John W. Nystrom in 1863 as part of his tonal system.

In 1997, the American Mark Vincent Rogers of Intuitor proposed a similar system of hexadecimal time and implemented it in JavaScript as the Hexclock.

Implementation
A day is unity, or 1, and any fraction thereof can be shown with digits to the right of the hexadecimal separator. So the day begins at midnight with .0000 and one hexadecimal second after midnight is .0001. Noon is .8000 (one half), one hexadecimal second before was .7FFF and one hexadecimal second before next midnight will be .FFFF.

Intuitor-hextime may also be formatted with an underscore separating hexadecimal hours, minutes and seconds. For example:

title: Hexadecimal time


text: User talk:70.187.215.130

title: User talk:70.187.215.130


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Whitby Gothic Weekend

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 16:56, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Whitby Gothic Weekend
Doesn't seem relevant. Appears to be a town event of non-notability. Hedley 22:24, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) Hedley, 22:24 - 18 February 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep strongly. It's one of the most popular gothic festivals on the calendar, attracting over 1,000 visitors from across the UK and overseas to each event.  Dupont Circle 22:36, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs cleanup and expansion. Megan1967 00:41, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with Whitby. Capitalistroadster 02:24, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * DefiniteKeep. Well-known event (even outside the goth subculture; I'm not a goth), and people travel from across the world to go to it. TSP 12:36, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Highly notable to the Yorkshire tourist industry, draws people from all over the world (e.g. me in 2001) - David Gerard 23:45, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Whitby --nixie 09:51, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:The Wheel of Time/Archive 1

On the last edit, the comment logged was along the lines that something in the previous version was a spoiler.

Wikipedia explicitly permits spoilers in articles (in fact, a full wikipedia article on a creative work will inevitably contain spoilers) - however, it's been recognised that users should be warned about this before reading articles. See Wikipedia contains spoilers for details of the policy. --Robert Merkel

 * 61.9.73.249/61.9.73.250 has been changing links to point to Wheel of Time, the . If you are this person, please see Naming conventions. --Brion 11:30 Aug 16, 2002 (PDT)

While we're at it, Brion, these are individual books, aren't they? I mean, one can go into a bookstore and purchase "The Great Hunt" by itself, right? If that's the case, then the series name should be removed from the title--titles are only for identification, and should not express any relationships. --165.79.13.191

 * The slash-subpage titles are hideous, yes. --Brion

Nothing in the Naming conventions specify conventions for articles. Besides, the correct name of the series is "The Wheel of Time" not "Wheel of Time." --61.9.73.249

 * It specifies nothing but conventions for article titles. If the "the" must be included (itself debatable, see Naming conventions (common names)), it should be The Wheel of Time, not the insane Wheel of Time, the (which is an ugly hack for paper encyclopedias which must sort themselves alphabetically -- we in the 21st century have a search function which is far more powerful). If we wanted to cripple people through extra typing for no reason like that, somebody would have mentioned it. We also don't say anything about "don't poke yourself in the eye with a stick." ;) --Brion 12:06 Aug 16, 2002 (PDT)

 * Yes, Brion, this *should* be moved to The Wheel of Time, as "Wheel of Time" is ambiguous. (I can't do it myself, as the destination has an edit history.) Mkweise 23:09 1 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I've converted the article to the standard format, i.e. a small number of decent-sized articles. All those red links were a disaster waiting to happen. 50 one sentence stubs were on their way, as soon as a sufficiently motivated fan happened along.

Still to do: huge amounts of delinking. -- Tim Starling 09:13, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Hmmm... maybe I should be linking to fragments rather than delinking. Anyone else have any thoughts on the matter? -- Tim Starling 09:20, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

fan nitpick
The Strike at Shayol Ghul was actualy web-published on the Tor website several years before the illustrated guide was in print. archive.org lists December 1996. http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.tor.com/shayol.html

this can probably be ignored...

Intro
As a rule, the intro should just introduce the topic and perhaps roughly summarize the remainder of the article. The current intro is going on about his naming schemes and such, small details that may be important but don't really deserve intro space. I'm not sure how to reorganize this. Deco 21:12, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Inaccuracy
Instantenous madness? The duration of the Time of Madness or The breaking Of The World is unknown but believed to have lasted one hundred years after the Dark One's counterstroke according to the book. So its a bit odd if everyone went mad instantenous. Perhaps they gradually went mad instead and eventually dies because of the taint? Aes Sedai are the wielders of the One Power although the survivors of the Breaking Of The World are all females. I made a minor edits. The Red Ajah are the particular faction in the Aes Sedai that hunts down male channelers and gentle them in fear of another Time Of Madness. Therefore, is culling appropriate? Since the male Aes Sedai are not inferior but actually more powerful then female Aes Sedai. They just gentle the males in fear of their madness.--C2Sane 00:35, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)

Regarding The Introduction:
The inclusion of WOT as well as WoT seemed like overkill, so I excised it.

I removed extraneous detail from the second paragraph in the introduction and added a few relevant facts, including the date of our latest information on the length of the series.

The first paragraph contains the sentence:

 *  'Jordan is considered in some circles to be the spiritual heir to the high fantasy style popularized by J. R. R. Tolkien.'

While I personally believe that this statement is out of place in a non-biographical article, and a possible violation of NPOV even in a biographical article, I decided to get public comment prior to modifying it.

 * I agree that this sentence is completely inappropriate. I've read all the books in the series, and I've read other fantasy as well (including Tolkien). I very much doubt Robert Jordan is the "spiritual heir" to Tolkien. I think the sentence is POV from the point of view of someone in this circle of fans. --Firsfron 05:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It's certainly a true statement — but it's also a classic example of Avoid weasel terms. Vague attribution is worse than none at all. --Deco 05:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Since we seem to be in agreement regarding the unsuitability of that statement, I have removed it effective 26FEB2005. If there are no further comments in the next few days regarding this recent edit, I'll remove this thread from the discussion page. --The Confessor 15:11, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * We don't usually remove discussions unless the page is getting full, and then we put them into an archive. --Eric119 19:07, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * On second thought, I think I'll just sit down, shut up, and follow Wikipedia procedure. ;-) --The Confessor 23:06, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Regarding Linking
Given the relatively large number of concepts introduced in The Premise section, it's entirely possible that the whole section could become a veritable forest of irritating links. Fortunately, there is a glossary of WoT concepts linked lower in the article. Should we make the presence of that glossary evident in the Premise section itself as an elegant solution to the link forest problem?

Regarding the Glossaries
The current Character/Place/Concept glossaries seem a bit too inelegant. For starters, many of the characters and concepts are deserving of their own articles. Can somebody point me to another Wikipedia subject with a large internal vocabulary that uses a Glossary, so I can see about possibly 'borrowing' its format? --The Confessor, posted 18FEB2005
 * Part of the problem with the "Concepts" page is that it acts as a "None Of The Above" page covering anything that isn't places, history or characters. I think we should combine the "Concepts/Races" and "Concepts/Societies" sections with the "Places" page, creating a comprehensive "Cultures (by peoples and geography)" page instead.  Concepts can then remain as a place to talk about the intangibles: the Power, the Prophecies, etc.  Marblespire 01:39, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As to "Characters," there isn't much we can really do about that until RJ finishes writing; his penchant for taking redshirts and nobodies and making them important, at least for a little while, complicates categorizing the "Major" and "Minor" characters to the point of insanity. I think the smartest thing to do is just wait until the dust settles after Book 12.  (Though the existing articles are free game.  I really want to know why somebody un-merged Morgase into her own article, while Faile still languishes in Minor Characters and for the longest time wasn't even listed.  o_O) ~Mbsp
 * Edit: Oh: the responsible party is in the process of merging Faile out as well. ~Mbsp

Alleged criticism of "Old Tongue"
An anonymous user added this:

 * This has brought a good deal of Critcism to the series by conlang enthusiasts however, who see this approach as sloppy and uncoordinated, especially as Jordan tries to pass the Old tongue off as a fully constructed conlang.

I have removed it pending substantiation. --Phil | Talk 14:31, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Visit either [www.spinnoff.com/zbb spinoff], the conlang mailing list, [Langmaker.com Langmaker.com] or [Artlangs.com Artlangs.com], and the answer will be the same -the opinion is that it isn't a proper conlang (simply a jumble of words) or, if you count that as a conlang, it is an incredibly sloppily done one. Indeed, amongst conlangers, it is the main example of exactly what not to do. --Referenced Anonymous user

 * I think he's right about this, that the Old Tongue is not a properly or fully constructed conlang. On the other hand, I don't really believe it was ever intended to be, any more than the random smattering of alien or fantasy language encountered in various movies. It's just too much effort for so little dialogue. Here's a page with a quote from RJ and some links:
 * http://www.steelypips.org/wotfaq/2_nondark/2.4_yore/2.4.05_old-tongue.html
 * http://www.drosi.de/wot/wt_tongu.htm
 * Deco 21:59, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Book Merge
The separate pages for the various books in the series were all but one stubs. I have merged the content into this article, and converted the stubs into redirects pointing here. This reduces the number of stubs, and makes this article more substantial. it also allows parrallel structures in the various books to be more evident, and should help encourge further development of the article. DES 01:13, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The detailed list of the forces at the battle of Dumai's wells I moved to the "events in" page.DES 01:15, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I strongly agree with this merge. The books compose one story that should be described as a unit, or we'll just be expounding on redundant context in twelve locations. Deco 00:40, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with this merge, but "without prejudice" as a judge might say. The individual articles were stubs, and they'd been given plenty of time to develop but didn't, and for that reason I think it's appropriate to roll them up into this one page. However, if (or rather, when) any individual book's section should grow to a length that's appropriate for a novel article, I'd support detaching it back into its own article at that time. I don't think that they have to be in one article simply because they tell one long story. There are numerous examples of book series that have well developed articles for each book. -Eisnel 18:16, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd say that Eisnel has a healthy take on this. Any book section that gets to be substantially overgrown can–without prejudice–be broken out.  Leaving a synopsis here (under those circumstancse) will mean that any multi-book themes or narratives aren't lost.  --TenOfAllTrades

(talk) 19:05, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh I don't disagree. I came to this in an attempt to clean up the fantasy-book-stub category. i had previosuly don a similar merge on the books in the "Dark is Rising" series. Again in that case the individual articles were mainly stubs. I think that we should usualy start with a single article in cases like this, and split out topics when there is enough content to justify it. In particular when a group of related stubs can be merged into a single article, I think this is a good idea. The Fiction wikipedia project seems to have the smae general idea. DES 17:33, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree also. Sorry if I seemed unilateral. Any book about which a substantial amount of material has been written deserves its own article, although it might make sense for that article to direct the reader here, or to the pages of previous books, for some background. Deco 19:15, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't go quite as far as that. If there is as a substantial amount of quality, encyclopediac content, the book is a reasonable candidate for its own article. On the other hand, if the total content for the series is not excessive, and the content reads better when assembled together, then a single series page might well be better. I was about to suggest that separate pages for the volumes of The Lord of the Rings wouldn't make sense, only to find that they exixt. Hmm maybe they should be merged? No, that would bring on endless cotoversy. In short, the judgement must be case by case, and subject to change when the case changes. Because WoT is so often referd to by the series anme, a merge seemed particualrly appropriate.DES 23:15, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I strongly disagree with the book merge. Most of those articles, while not exactly long at this time, are several paragraphs and not stubs either. I think being #1 on the New York Times bestselling list is sufficient for our standards of notability. And most other series of this prominence (in terms of sales) have their own articles. Some of the users above have conceded that these articles could be encyclopedic; the argument that these articles are notable but should be merged because they are not sufficiently long yet is something of a self-fulfilling prophecy, as merging discourages expansion. Those eager to merge might be better served taking a look at such articles as Twinkle and Icingdeath (which in my opinion should be merged into Drizzt Do'Urden). The criteria for merger should be whether the topic should be merged if they are not notable on their own. Thus, I would argue that books are notable, but that most items within fictional books do not. Thus, for example, Drizzt Do'Urden books would meet meet the criteria for notability, but his personal weapons would not. Similarly, Wheel of Time books also meet the criteria for notability. To make another comparison: publishing numbers prove that Wheel of Time books sell better than Song of Ice and Fire books, and yet we have articles on A Game of Thrones, A Clash of Kings, and so forth (which series is better is irrelevant, since that is a value, rather than objective, judgment). Sales are, to some extent, a measure of impact/notability, and if Song of Ice and Fire books are notable, then so are Wheel of Time books. —Lowellian (talk) 14:05, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * The question, in my view, is not whether the individual books are notable. Clearly the series is notable, and it is at least arguable that individual books in a notable series are themselves notable. But it is my strong view that a series of stubs are of less value than a single longer article. These articles are all stubs or barely more. (note that three paragraphs or less, or ten sentences or fewer, count as a stub according to WP:STUB.) Furthermore, The Wheel of Time is a single long story – the separate volumes are not really separate works, and can't really be appreciated apart from the series. To me this means that they are better discussed in a combined article unless the length of the article (like the length of the books) is so large that separation is required. The default position, IMO for any series should be a single article, with splitting only when there is enough content to justify it, or the works stand on their own sufficiently to make separate articles worthwhile. Neither is the case with these articles as they currently stand.
 * On merges in general, You might note that I have in fact merged several stubs into the Drizzt Do'Urden article. More might perhaps be done there, and no doubt there are other places were merges would be highly desirable. There is no rule about doing things in any particular order on wikipedia. If these merges are justified on their own merits – and I am perfectly convinced that they are – there is no reason to wait on them simply because other merges might be even more justified. DES 15:42, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I also note that in undoign the merge by simply reverting, you lost all the content that had been added to the sections on the individual books since the merge.DES 16:05, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I readded some of the changes to the sections to the individual articles. This is also a reason why merging is bad for articles that once expanded some, can stand on their own: if ultimately, the article will stand on its own, then merging into another article will require re-merging out of history later. —Lowellian (talk) 21:02, July 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm glad to hear it -- it didn't appear to me that you had copied revised text onto the reverted articles. As for the point about history, if a section grows to the point where a split is a good idea, history need no more (and no less) be copied than in the case of any split. A note on the newly split out page such as "Some text on this page was originally dervied form the article on The Wheel of Time. Consult the history on that page for more detail." would be ample, IMO. You are also assuming tha tthe only plausible way to re-split would be book by book -- articles on particular themes or narrative arcs (which tend to cross multiple books) might possibly be created. In any case you don't disucss my point that unless there is too much content for a single article, the information about the series is better conveyed in a single article, since the series is a continuing unified story. DES 22:02, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Given that The Wheel of Time is not written in book arcs, there is no plausible way to divide the series up other than book-by-book. And I did address that point: Information grows. Just because there is not that much content at the moment does not mean that there will not be more content in the future. That is the precise justification for stubs — otherwise, articles should never be created unless users wrote out long articles at once. The question to ask is not "Is the article long enough yet?" but rather "Is the topic encyclopedic?" If the answer is yes, then the article should stand on its own regardless of its current length. —Lowellian (talk) 10:32, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have added proper mergeto and mergefrom notices, to indicate to a wider readership that a merge has been suggested. DES 16:05, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * — I'm partial to the merge until healthy book articles are created. I don't think the notability of these books is in question, this is one of the most notable fantasy series in recent times. The proposed book merge is simply an organizational issue. I certainly realize that if a topic in Wikipedia is notable, then it's allowed to keep a stub article in the hope that somebody expands it in the future. But that policy is refering to VfD, and there wasn't a proposal here to delete these book articles, simply to change the layout so that the short book descriptions are in one healthy article instead of ten emaciated ones. It would have been innapropriate to VfD those articles because they're stubs, but merging them (with redirects) because they're stubs certainly isn't against the rules. No data is lost or hidden, and I think putting them in one place encourages their expansion by making them more accessible.
 * Perhaps comparisons to other similar topics is in order. From what I've seen, I think that there is no standard for topics like this that contain multiple episodes, but rather the decision to put each episode in its own article or inline in the central article is made on a case-by-case basis. Obvious, ASoIaF is a great comparison since it's also an epic fantasy series, but the articles for each book in that series are larger than the WoT book articles, and included a fancy table with cover art and review links, along with a healthier description paragraph (still a bit sparse, though). On the other hand, there's the article for the Dragonriders of Pern series, which lists all of the books inline, and cuts out only the very few that have enough info for their own articles (3 of 19).
 * I'd love to see each book in the WoT series have its own article, if the articles could be at least as good as the ASoIaF book articles. We should aspire to the quality of the Discworld articles: 36 or so books, each with a nice book article. But since, for the time being, our WoT book articles are short, stubby things, I prefer putting the descriptions inline in this main article. It's much more accessible to the interested reader (and potential contributor); I wouldn't support something that I thought would stifle expansion. Maybe this merge proposal will light a fire under somebody and prompt them to expand these book articles beyond their current stubby state. If this merge lasts for all of six days before somebody comes in and makes ten healthy WoT book articles, so much the better. -Eisnel 22:18, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Attempts to develop general guidelines for this situation are in progress at WikiProject_Fictional_Series. Specifically merges have been discussed at WikiProject_Fictional_Series/General. But that discussion has only just gotten started. In fact WoT may turn out to be something of a test case for this issue. DES 22:32, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd say merging the book stubs is a good idea, per WP:FICT. Radiant_ >|< 08:27, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Have you taken a look at these "stubs" lately? —Lowellian (talk) 08:57, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I just did. Yes, they are a lot bigger now. But the vast majority of what you have added is plot summary, rather more than we need IMO, and very little is analysis or commentary, and virtually none of it is sourced or cited analysis or commentary. See Check your fiction where it says: Articles about fictional topics should not be simple book-reports, rather the topic should be explained through its significance on the work. I frankly think the shorter, merged version was better. i think a better version yet could be created through merging and significantly cutting down the articles as they now stand. DES 14:46, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * What more do you want? First you complain that these articles are stubs. So, I sit down, do a little research, and incorporate: (1) relatively detailed plot summary (2) book cover images (3) ISBN numbers (4) publication dates (5) information about status on bestseller lists (6) information about unusual publishing mechanisms such as ebook previews (7) links to other summaries (8) links to other reviews (9) some cross-comparison between books, such as comparative analysis of length, use of prologues/epilogues, and character reappearances/disappearances. And all this in a single day, for twelve books. Go take a look at The Fellowship of the Ring as it currently stands; I dare say the Wheel of Time book articles currently are rather more complete. "Sourced or cited analysis or commentary"? That's precisely why I searched for fairly complete, well-written reviews, both positive and negative ones, and included links to them! Encyclopedia articles should give factual information, not make a value judgment about whether a book is good or bad; that's what the reviews should do.
 * I'm not saying they could not be improved; certainly, these articles could be improved further, and that's exactly what this Wikipedia process is for; I encourage other editors, including you, to expand upon these points you think are lacking and improve upon these articles! But I certainly think that these articles are now more than good enough to stand on their own and not be merged. —Lowellian (talk) 18:28, July 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * In my opnion one way to imnprove them would be to reduce the amount of plot summary by a sizable percentage -- wikipedia is not a book report. So your point (1) is IMO a defect, not a plus. I also still feel that mergeing the articles even as they stand would be an improvement, simply because this is one single story, although published in multiple volumes. Frankly i think the creation of a separate article on The Fellowship of the Ring is a mistake also -- JRRT said often enough that LOTR was not a trilogy but a single work, with the only meaningful division being that into Books and Chapters. I will agree that the case for a merge is far less clear-cut than it was, however. Your energy is impressive, but IMO it has been expended on a misgiuded task. But that may not be a widely held opnion, we will see. DES 22:51, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * As for your other points, ISBNs, publication dates, bestseller status, ebook previews, and links to reveiews and summeries could just as well have been added to the merged version. Some of this would have worked better in that way, because bestseller info, for example, could be in a single section where the user could compare the info for multiple books more easily. Similarly, multiple occurances of the same review sites would be more obvious. "cross-comparison between books" pretty obiously works better in a series article than in articles about the individual books. In short, I didn't want the merge just because the seperate artivles were stubs, but because I think a single series article is inherently superior for this topic, and a split should only be made 'IF' the volume of content is SO large that a single series article becomes unwieldy.DES 23:02, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * By the way, thanks for your sugestion above that Those eager to merge might be better served taking a look at such articles as Twinkle and Icingdeath (which in my opinion should be merged into Drizzt Do'Urden). I have just done that merge. DES 23:02, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The bit you quoted (Check your fiction) regards fictional topics. This is only tangentially relevant to articles on the books themselves, having more to do with articles like Rand al'Thor. The principle that the articles shouldn't be just a plot summary stands, but I hardly think the plot summaries that exist now are too substantial. As it stands I oppose this merge, but summaries of the book articles could be brought onto the main page. Christopher Parham (talk) 20:31, 2005 July 15 (UTC)

 * I think it would be a bad idea to merge the separate articles.
 * Either it would create a tremendously long article or the amount of information in the article would have to be reduced. Both ways it would be a bad idea.
 * If it ain't broke, don't fix it.
 * "Amok" User:168.209.97.34

 * Lowellian, I think you did a great job updating the book articles. So, now that these articles aren't stubs (I mentioned that they should be at least as good as the ASoIaF articles, and they've easily met or exceeded that standard), I don't think a merge is necesary anymore. The merge idea was a good proposal, because without it the book articles might have stayed in stub form for months more. The main page can still have short summaries for each book, making the daughter articles a place where somebody goes to get detailed infomation. -Eisnel 10:52, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

It's now been well over a week since the merge proposal was suggested, and most users seem to be against it, so I am removing the merger notices from the pages. —Lowellian (talk) 23:33, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, I was initially in strong support of the merge but now I think separate articles are fine, as long as not too much context is repeated in each one - they should be referred here for the general introduction/overview. Deco 21:58, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Typo
I just corrected a typo, in the Winter's Heart synopsis it should read "Ebou Dar" not "Tarabon". User:KrisWood

title: Talk:The Wheel of Time/Archive 1


text:
Defense Threat Reduction Agency

The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) is both a defense agency and a combat support agency within the United States Department of Defense (DoD) for countering weapons of mass destruction (WMD; chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high explosives) and supporting the nuclear enterprise. Its stated mission is to provide "cross-cutting solutions to enable the Department of Defense, the United States Government, and international partners to Deter strategic attack against the United States and its allies; Prevent, reduce, and counter WMD and emerging threats; and Prevail against WMD-armed adversaries in crisis and conflict." DTRA is headquartered in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The DTRA mission, organization and management, responsibilities and functions, relationships, authorities, and administration are defined in DoD Directive 5105.62, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) .

Organizational history
DTRA was officially established on October 1, 1998, as a result of the 1997 Defense Reform Initiative by consolidating several DoD organizations, including the Defense Special Weapons Agency (successor to the Defense Nuclear Agency) and the On-Site Inspection Agency. The Defense Technology Security Administration and the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program office in the Office of the Secretary of Defense were also incorporated into the new agency.

In 2002, DTRA published a detailed history of its predecessor agencies, Defense's Nuclear Agency, 1947–1997, the first paragraph of which makes a brief statement about the agencies which led up to the formation of DTRA:

"Defense's Nuclear Agency, 1947–1997, traces the development of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), and its descendant government organizations, from its original founding in 1947 to 1997. After the disestablishment of the Manhattan Engineering District (MED) in 1947, AFSWP was formed to provide military training in nuclear weapons' operations. Over the years, its sequential descendant organizations have been the Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA) from 1959 to 1971, the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) from 1971 to 1996, and the Defense Special Weapons Agency (DSWA) from 1996 to 1998. In 1998, DSWA, the On-Site Inspection Agency, the Defense Technology Security Administration, and selected elements of the Office of Secretary of Defense were combined to form the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)."

DTRA employs approximately 1,400 DoD civilians and 800 uniformed service members at more than a dozen permanent locations worldwide. Most personnel are at DTRA headquarters at Fort Belvoir. Approximately 15% of the workforce is split between Kirtland Air Force Base and the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, and the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada Test Site), where they test and support the U.S. military's nuclear mission. The remaining 15% of the workforce is stationed in Germany, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Ukraine, Armenia, Kenya, South Korea, Japan, and Singapore. DTRA also has liaisons with the U.S. military's Combatant Commands, the National Guard Bureau, the FBI and other U.S. government interagency partners.

In 2005, the United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) was designated as the lead Combatant Command for the integration and synchronization of DoD's efforts in support of the government's "Combating WMD" objectives. It was at this time that the SCC-WMD was co-located with DTRA. The Combat Command designation was changed again in 2017 when responsibility was moved to U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM).

In 2012, the Standing Joint Force Headquarters for Elimination (SJFHQ-E) was relocated to the DTRA/SCC-WMD headquarters at Fort Belvoir. This centralized the DoD's Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction operations, a move recommended in the 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review.

On September 30, 2016, the Joint Improvised-Threat Defeat Agency (JIDA) became part of DTRA and was renamed the Joint Improvised-Threat Defeat Organization (JIDO) in accordance with the 2016 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). In Section 1532 of the NDAA, Congress directed the DoD to move JIDA to a military department or under an existing defense agency.

DTRA requested a base budget of $2.0 billion for fiscal year 2023 (FY23), including $998 million for Operation and Maintenance, $654 million for Research, Development, Test and Evaluation, $342 million for Cooperative Threat Reduction, and $14 million for Procurement.

In her February 2024 Director’s Strategic Intent 2022-2027, DTRA Director Rebecca Hersman noted that DTRA would transition its intelligence resources and authorities to the Defense Intelligence Agency

Destruction of Soviet arms

After the end of the Cold War, DTRA and its predecessor agencies implemented the DoD aspects of several treaties that assist former Eastern Bloc countries in the destruction of Soviet era nuclear weapons sites (such as missile silos and plutonium production facilities), biological weapons sites (such as the Soviet biological weapons program), and chemical weapons sites (such as the GosNIIOKhT) in an attempt to avert potential weapons proliferation in the post-Soviet era as part of the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program.

Nuclear Test Personnel Review
The Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) program is the DoD program that confirms veteran participation in U.S. nuclear tests from 1945 to 1992, and the occupation forces of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.

Members of this group are sometimes referred to as atomic veterans or atomic vets.

If a veteran is a confirmed participant in these events, NTPR may provide either an actual or estimated radiation dose received by the veteran. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the Department of Justice (DOJ) may request this information from DTRA as required.

Arms control treaty responsibilities
DTRA is responsible for US reporting under the New START Treaty and the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.

DTRA is also responsible for reducing the threat of conventional war, especially in Europe, by participating in various arms control treaties to which the United States is a party, such as the Conventional Forces in Europe treaty, the Transparency in Armaments activity of the United Nations, and the Wassenaar Arrangement, as well as the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Plutonium Production Reactor Agreement, the Dayton Peace Accords, the Vienna Document and the Global Exchange of Military Information program under the auspices of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Domestic chemical and biological management
DTRA has the responsibility to manage and integrate the Department of Defense chemical and biological defense science and technology programs. In accordance with the Recommendation 174 (h) of the 2005 Base Closure and Realignment Commission, part of the Chemical Biological Defense Research component of the DTRA was relocated to Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 2011. This represented a move of about ten percent of the staff of the Chemical Biological Defense Research component of DTRA to Aberdeen Proving Ground; the rest of the staff remain at Fort Belvoir.

Ebola (2003-2014)
DTRA has spent approximately $300 million on scientific R&D efforts since 2003, developing vaccines and therapeutic treatments against viral hemorrhagic fever, including Ebola. Starting in 2007, DTRA partnered with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) to fund research on the drug now called ZMapp, which has since been used on several patients.

DTRA also funded and managed the research on the EZ1 assay used to detect and diagnose the presence of the Ebola Zaire virus in humans. EZ1 was given Emergency Use Authorization by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in August 2014. DTRA first developed EZ1 as part of a 2011 "bio-preparedness initiative" for the United States Department of Defense to prepare for a possible Ebola outbreak. EZ1 was used to identify infected patients in West Africa.

The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program provided for the DTRA to award a $4 million contract to MRIGlobal to "configure, equip, deploy and staff two quick response mobile laboratory systems (MLS) to support the ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa." The labs were deployed to Sierra Leone.

Transport Isolation System (2014)
DTRA was the program manager for designing, testing, contracting, and producing the Transport Isolation System (TIS), This sealed, self-contained patient containment system can be loaded into United States Air Force (USAF) C-17 Globemaster and C-130 Hercules cargo planes for aeromedical evacuation. The TIS was designed to deal with any U.S. troops exposed to or infected with Ebola while serving in Operation United Assistance, but it is for transporting anyone exposed to or infected with any highly contagious disease. It can hold eight patients lying down, 12 sitting, or a combination of the two. DTRA worked with the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC) and United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) on the TIS; St. Louis-based Production Products was awarded a sole-source contract to produce 25 TIS units.

Syria's chemical weapons (2014)
DTRA was one of the key United States Department of Defense agencies that developed the Field Deployable Hydrolysis System (FDHS) used to destroy Syria's chemical weapons aboard the U.S.-flagged container ship MV Cape Ray in the summer of 2014 after Syria agreed to give up its chemical weapons stockpile under international pressure and in accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118. DTRA partnered with the United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) to develop the FDHS and then modify it for ship-borne operations after Syrian President Bashar al-Assad agreed to turn over his country's poison gas arsenal and chemical weapon production equipment to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), but no country volunteered to host the destruction process.

Two FDHS units destroyed more than 600 tons of Sarin and mustard agents, completing the task several weeks ahead of schedule. The remaining materials were then taken to Finland and Germany for final disposal. DTRA was awarded its third Joint Meritorious Unit Award for successfully destroying Syria's declared chemical weapons.

Massive Ordnance Penetrator (to 2010)
DTRA funded, managed, and tested the Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP) bomb until February 2010, when the program was turned over to the USAF. DTRA developed the MOP to fulfill a long-standing Air Force requirement for a weapon that could destroy hard and deeply buried targets. The MOP is a 30,000-pound, 20.5-foot-long bomb dropped from B-52 and B-2 bombers at high altitude that can reportedly penetrate 200 feet of reinforced concrete. The MOP contains a 5,300-pound explosive charge, more than ten times the explosive power of its predecessor, the BLU-109 "bunker buster."

Project MAXIMUS (to 2003)
In 2003, a DTRA task force was identifying, collecting, and securing radiological material in Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, including almost two tons of low-enriched uranium (LEU), several hundred tons of yellowcake (a type of uranium powder), and other radioactive sources. Code-named Project MAXIMUS, DTRA, and the United States Department of Energy moved 1.77 metric tons of LEU and approximately 1,000 highly radioactive sources out of Iraq by the summer of 2004. DTRA task force members also secured the yellowcake in a bunker in Tuwaitha, Iraq, which was turned over to the Iraqi Ministry of Science and Technology; the remaining 550 tons of yellowcake were sold in 2008 to Cameco, a uranium producer in Canada.

COVID-19
In late 2019, DTRA established the Discovery of Medical Countermeasures Against Novel Entities (DOMANE) program. Shortly afterwards, the COVID-19 pandemic began, and DOMANE started researching existing, pre-approved medications like Pepcid (famotidine) for potential cost-effective treatments for COVID-19.

Joint Meritorious Unit Award
DTRA and its legacy agencies have been awarded numerous Joint Meritorious Unit Awards (JMUA) since the JMUA was implemented in 1982 (made retroactive to 1979):

Defense Nuclear Agency
 * 1st JMUA: 1 July 1981 – 20 June 1984
 * 2nd JMUA: 1 January 1993 – 31 May 1995

On-Site Inspection Agency
 * 1st JMUA: 15 January 1988 – 31 December 1988
 * 2nd JMUA: 1 January 1989 – 30 July 1993
 * 3rd JMUA: 1 August 1993 – 31 July 1996
 * 4th JMUA: 1998

Defense Special Weapons Agency
 * 1st JMUA: 1 June 1995 – 30 September 1998

Defense Threat Reduction Agency
 * 1st JMUA: 1 October 1998 – 5 March 2000
 * 2nd JMUA: 6 March 2000 – 30 June 2003
 * 3rd JMUA: 1 October 2009 – 20 September 2011
 * 4th JMUA: 1 May 2012 – 1 November 2014

Directors

 * Jay C. Davis (1998–2001)
 * Robert P. Bongiovi (2001, acting)
 * Stephen M. Younger (2001–2004)
 * Trudy H. Clark (2004–2005, acting)
 * James A. Tegnelia (2005-2009)
 * Kenneth A. Myers III (2008–2016)
 * Shari Durand (2016-2017, acting)
 * Michael L. Bruhn (2017, acting)
 * Vayl S. Oxford (2017–2021)
 * Dr. Rhys M. Williams (2021–2022, Acting)
 * Rebecca Hersman (2022–Present)

title: Defense Threat Reduction Agency


text:
Talk:Corey Yuen

Name
The article title is "Corey Yuen" but the opening line begins with "Corey Kwai". Which last name is the correct one? —Preceding unsigned comment added by GRider (talk • contribs) 2005-02-18 22:27:19

His name is Corey(or Cory) Yuen in English but his cantonese name is Yuen Kwai. It is standard practice to write out his name as Corey Yuen Kwai, much like Bruce Lee is Bruce Lee Siu Lung. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.233.16.201 (talk • contribs) 2005-09-28 21:46:03

How can 元奎 (Yuen Kwai) become "Gang Ming" just because you stick 殷 on the front? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.230.52.40 (talk) 06:30, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Corey Yuen


text:
Category:Inuit people

This page lists people of full Inuit descent or those of partial descent who identify themselves as Inuit. For those of partial descent who do identify themselves as Inuit per se (or where self-identification can not be determined) see Category:People of Inuit descent.

title: Category:Inuit people


text:
Vernon Bartlett

Charles Vernon Oldfield Bartlett, CBE (30 April 1894 – 18 January 1983) was an English journalist, politician and author. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1938 to 1950: first as an Independent Progressive advocating a Popular Front, then for the Common Wealth Party, and then again as an Independent Progressive.

Life
Born at Westbury, Wiltshire, Bartlett was educated at Blundell's School, then joined the British Army during the First World War, from which he was invalided out. He became a journalist, working for the Daily Mail, and later was a foreign correspondent for The Times. In 1922, he was appointed director of the London office of the League of Nations, after which he worked as a news reporter for BBC radio. He did not have his BBC contract renewed after his coverage of Hitler's decision to leave the League of Nations in 1933 was deemed too sympathetic ("not beastly enough"). In 1933, he joined the News Chronicle and was its diplomatic correspondent for twenty years, including a period in Spain during the Spanish Civil War.

Bartlett was elected to the House of Commons for the Somerset seat of Bridgwater as a Popular Front candidate opposed to appeasement in a by-election held on 18 November 1938. He held the seat for twelve years.

In 1942, Bartlett, Richard Acland, J. B. Priestley, and others established the socialist Common Wealth Party. At the 1945 election, Bartlett held his Bridgwater seat, standing as an Independent. In 1950, he joined the Labour Party and retired from parliament.

In 1954, Bartlett also retired from his work with the News Chronicle and moved to Singapore, where he was both political commentator for The Straits Times and also South East Asia correspondent for The Manchester Guardian.

Publications

 * Calf Love, 1929
 * Journey's End: a novel (with R. C. Sherriff), 1930
 * Nazi Germany Explained, 1933
 * This is My Life, 1937
 * Tomorrow Always Comes, 1943
 * East of the Iron Curtain, 1950
 * Struggle for Africa, 1953
 * You and your surfboard, 1953
 * And Now, Tomorrow, 1960
 * Tuscan Retreat, 1964
 * A Book about Elba, 1965
 * Introduction to Italy, 1967
 * The Past of Pastimes, 1969
 * The Colour of their Skin, 1969
 * Tuscan Harvest, 1971
 * Central Italy, 1972
 * Northern Italy, 1973
 * I Know What I Liked, 1974

title: Vernon Bartlett


text:
Choro Q HG 4

ChoroQ (known as Choro Q HG 4 in Japan) is a PlayStation 2 game published by Atlus in the US, Zoo Digital Publishing in PAL regions and Takara in Japan. It was developed by Barnhouse Effect. The game is marketed as a "Car-PG": a hybrid of driving and role-playing video games.

Plot
Using events from the movie, #5 must prepare for and enter the 2004 Grand Prix and beat Otto of Team Getra at his grand prix.

Chapter 1
"Here's the Rival": The game opens with Norahike dreaming about a race. It includes him, his friend Norkia, and Otto, the emperor of the races. Norkia dies after a fateful crash into the wall, and when Norahike wakes up, he realises that it is all true and that Otto may not be emperor for very long. #5 enters shortly after. A smart blue car called Barat tells him that he must join a team to race at the Grand Prix.

"Here Are the Tough Chicks!": #5 is out driving in town at night when two cars, Bidalt and Daktan, challenge him to a race. The bet is if he loses they take all his money. #5 accepts the challenge and narrowly wins the race. Bidalt says that he will let #5 go this time.

"Meet Norahike By Fate": Norahike stops where the two have been racing and Bidalt and Daktan are easily scared and run away. He tells #5 not to waste his talent playing stupid games because he is a car and has to dream big and be a GP racer. Also, he is told that Norahike will listen to his problems.

"Heard About the Emperor": #5 goes to Letoba's Cafe where Letoba tells him about Otto. He disappeared after Norkia's death 20 years ago and only races when he feels like it.

"Eskan Challenges!": A Smart car called Eskan waits for #5 at Sobka Brachy School and tells him he is not a racer, but if he wins a race against him, then he will believe the young car. When #5 wins, Eskan says he will let him win by staying at the starting line.

"Race Against Draoga!": #5 discovers a new tunnel, which leads to Poqui Town. When he arrives, there is a Hang-Out. Draoga, Budbach (who owns the haunted house), and Eskan are all gathered. It turns out that Eskan is Draoga's kid brother and when he told on him that #5 beat him, he challenges the Peugeot to a race, which #5 gradually wins.

"Joined the Tough Chicks": Draoga accepts defeat at last and asks #5 if he would like to be a member of the Tough Chicks and #5 zooms off as if to say no. Draoga shrugs and says "I see, I see. Then I don't want to be friends with you then."

Chapter 2
"Barat Challenges!": Barat meets #5 at Poqui fountain and says that they can't have 1 on 1 races on normal courses, so he has come up with a street race idea: to go around the town's outer circuit three times. When #5 wins, Barat tells him not to be upset because #5 beat him. The young car gives Barat the key chain as a token of friendship. Barat gives him a CD in return. It has his theme song.

"Barat Joins the Team!": Barat posts #5 a letter to say that he has joined a team (Pomnik) and that he will still make his world stage debut. He tells him that he should join a team too, which #5 accepts.

"Joined a Team!": #5 goes to a third tunnel, Nyaky Town, where the entire town is built on water. He goes to Sovass Headquarters and prepares to knock Olstri and Kaybert's socks off. However, to join, #5 must pass a tryout at Sky Highway. After #5 accomplishes this, Kaybert welcomes him to the team and says he can play in the Pro Cup as a member of Team Sovass. Olstri gives him 1000000G and says he will get his revenge the next time he races with him.

"Race Barat at the Pro Cup!": #5 and Barat meet at the booking point and Barat is surprised that they are racing together on the professional track. He wishes him look and tells him to do his best. However, #5 wins again and Barat tells him that his competition has just begun.

"Meet Lafnek": #5 goes to Poqui Drinks, where the owner, Gelunda, tells him that a mechanic named Lafnek is here. Lafnek talks to the young racer and says that they can't do the test at the bar because the customers will spew up. When the machine is fixed, the useful mechanic gives #5 something good, an Experiment Ticket.

"The Tough Chicks Cheer!": Draoga congratulates #5 on being enrolled in Grand Prix. The Tough Chicks hold a parade, which includes Draoga, Eskan, Bidalt, Daktan, and Budbach. #5 likes this and says, "Thanks guys!" Draoga says they will be cheering for him, and not to lose the race. He gives him spoiler parts for luck. #5 feels confident and wins with Team Sovass.

Chapter 3
"A Newspaper Interview": Journalist Kyapa congratulates #5 for his great performance at the Grand Prix. She asks for an interview. After being asked if #5 exerted his full power, how his team was, etc., she goes to write an article in her office at Choroyter Times.

"Race Barat at the GP!": Barat's dream has come true – he and #5 will be racing in the Grand Prix. After 5 races, Barat sees #5 on the first place podium and tells him that #5 won that time, but he would beat him at the GP. #5 gets yet another interview.

"Visit Barat at the Hospital": Barat is in Murtica Hospital, so #5 visits him. Barat explains that the problem was he had an issue with his gear and that he thinks he raced too much. He tells #5 to improve his skill while he is not at his best.

"The Ghost from Grand Prix's Past": Gelunda tells #5 Poqui Town has become excited about the races, all because of him. She tells him about Otto, who was a great match for the Nyaky nobles. After Norkia died, he hid from the public in his palace in Nyaky. As Otto was a born racer, all he did was race. He began entering the Tough Race which is an unauthorised wild race, which people can enter without a valid licence. Gelunda will throw up, so she is closing the shop early.

"Place Flowers at the Grave": #5 picks up a bouquet from Cherny's Flowers. Then, he goes to Poqui Cemetery to place them on Norkia's grave. Norkia rises from the dead and tells him he must report to Norahike's house. When #5 arrives, Norahike cries over the news, gives #5 a CD with his theme song, and tells him to leave.

Chapter 4
"Ania Challenges!": Gelunda gives #5 a ChoroQ coin that once belonged to Otto. #5 then travels to Nyaky Town's cafe, where Arbuk takes it and welcomes him in. When #5 tells him that he is looking for Miss Ania, Ania drives over to him and challenges him to a practice game. When #5 wins the challenge, Ania tells him not to be flattered, unless he beats Sir Otto. She gives him a Letter of reference and drives off.

"Promise the GP With Otto": #5 arrives at Getra Palace, where Hollikost the guard accepts the letter and tells him he can go through. Otto meets him at the throne and tells him he is well known at Grand Prix racing, but he no longer races there. When #5 begs, he finally agrees to race at the Grand Prix – just once. He will let #5 know the schedule in the future and that he looks forward to seeing him in the race.

"Aim to Win With Barat!": When #5 applies for the next Grand Prix, he goes to Murtica Hospital. After pondering outside the operation room, he overhears Murtica telling Barat he has a serious disease. When #5 finally enters the room, Barat tells him to win against Otto as it is his battle of the century, but he cannot go see it. He will not let any lame disease get him. He tells #5 that if he doesn't beat Otto, he will face the wrath of Barat. #5 finally agrees that he will win.

"Norahike/Ania at Church": At Nyaky Church, Ania goes to see Norahike. It turns out that Ania is Norahike's niece. She was glad he convinced her dad who said girls shouldn't be racing. Ania raced day after day after that, but worries that her uncle is still thinking about Otto, as he is going to hit him once more. Ania complains that Norahike shouldn't use people for his own revenge.

Chapter 5
"Race 1 - Dungeon Heat M": Otto tells #5 that he has unrefined talent and that he will still be victorious. He won't let #5 win easily as he leads Team Getra, the world's strongest team. #5 uses Twin V10 Engine to win the race because Otto got to the first place quickly.

"Race 2 - Good Old American S-L": Journalist Kyapa commentates on what is a super long version of Good Old American which is completely different from the one in Norahike's dream. #5 does his best to defeat Otto as the Getra leader got into last place. #5 is rammed off a couple of times by hostile team Megbeth. The Sovass trickster fools them by driving into a ditch and wins.

"Race 3 - Trans-Trip S": In the third race of Otto's GP, Bernice goes like The Clappers as he wins the race, leaving #5 and Otto with nothing to aim for. In the middle of the race (lap 3), all cars are guided by the pace car after an accident involving Shutiege (Getra) and Kaybert (Sovass). Ralf replaces Shutiege for the last 2 races. Olstri also replaces Kaybert.

"Race 4 - Toy Dream Circuit M": #5 had raced on this before, so he knew that the small steps can be fatal. #5 wins yet again, with Otto and Ralf planning a revenge for the final race.

"Race 5 - Sky Highway M": Otto slingshots at the start of the race just to give himself a head start and it is almost impossible to catch up with him. On lap 3, Barat's ghost tells #5 to follow his sixth sense. #5 drives through the rings to succeed and win Otto!

"Win Otto, Clear the Game!": Otto congratulates #5 on his victory. He tells him about the accident, but also says a race is never without incident, which brings back memories from his racing days; he wishes #5 luck in his glory days. The celebration is short-lived, however, as Kyapa informs #5 that Barat died just before the last race. Back in Brachy Town, the town holds a parade for #5 on becoming Emperor of the Races, to which #5 quietly says, "Thank you Barat. I'll never forget you in all my life." #5 and his friends later go on a road trip. He doesn't know where the road takes them. It's a big country.

Reception
The game received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of three sevens and one six, for a total of 27 out of 40.

title: Choro Q HG 4


text: User:Philipp Miller

title: User:Philipp Miller


text:
Classic rag

Classic rag (short for classical ragtime) is the style of ragtime composition pioneered by Scott Joplin and the Missouri school of ragtime composers. These compositions were first considered "classic" by Joplin's publisher, John Stark, as a way to distinguish them from what he considered the "common" rags of other publishers. Today, any composition fitting this particular ragtime structural form is considered classic rag.

In the earliest days of ragtime, there was little consensus on how to print the syncopated melodies of ragtime, so there was considerable variety in the formatting of sheet music. Pieces appeared in common meter, in 4/4 time, and in 2/4 time, and often followed conventions of earlier musical forms such as the march. As the 20th century dawned, most composers, arrangers, and publishers began to settle on a common set of notational and structural conventions, and because Scott Joplin was the best-selling ragtime composer in that era, his conventions eventually predominated. The "classic rag" form can thus be considered a typical form of a ragtime piano composition, though it is by no means the only form.

Anatomy
In idealized form, the classic rag has the following structure:

 * It is set in 2/4 time.
 * It starts with a four-bar introduction.
 * It continues with a pair of 16-bar themes, in the following sequence:
 * An initial theme (or A strain).
 * A repeat of the A strain.
 * A second theme (or B strain).
 * A repeat of the B strain.
 * A restatement of the A strain.
 * It concludes with a pair of 16-bar themes in the subdominant key (the key with one additional flat, or one less sharp), commonly called the trio, in the following sequence:
 * A third theme (or C strain).
 * A repeat of the C strain.
 * A fourth theme (or D strain).
 * A repeat of the D strain.

This can be written more succinctly as: INTRO AA BB A CC DD.

Few classic rags follow this idealized form, which is only a generalization; there are a number of standard variations:

 * The introduction may be longer or shorter than four bars, or may be omitted altogether.
 * The C and D strains may continue in the original key rather than use the subdominant key.
 * The D strain may return to the original key rather than stay in the subdominant key.
 * The D strain may be omitted altogether, or replaced with a restatement of the A or B strain.
 * Some repetitions of strains may be omitted, usually one of the repeats of the A strain.
 * Brief transitional phrases may be inserted between strains.

In the later years of ragtime, under the influence of Tin Pan Alley, a shorter three-strain form (omitting the D strain) became common.

Anatomy of a rag strain
Rag strains themselves have considerable structure. The treble clef (played by the right hand) typically contains the syncopated melodic theme, while the bass clef (the left-hand part) grounds this theme rhythmically with a regular, alternating pattern of eighth-notes (a walking bass).

The sixteen-bar strain is often structurally divided into 4 four-bar phrases, the third phrase repeating the first. There is considerable variation, though. Some composers (such as James Scott) made frequent use of two-bar phrases and others (such as Joseph Lamb) tended to employ eight-bar phrases.

title: Classic rag


text:
Bachelor's Grove Cemetery

Bachelor's Grove Cemetery is a cemetery in Bremen Township, Cook County, Illinois, in Chicago's southwest suburbs. The cemetery has also been called Bachelor Grove, Batchelor Grove, Batchelder's Grove, and Everden (or Everdon). This cemetery is the setting for a number of ghostlore stories.

Location
Bachelors Grove Cemetery is just northwest of Midlothian and Oak Forest in the southwest Chicago suburbs. The cemetery is a roughly trapezoid shaped area enclosed by the Rubio Woods forest preserve. One side is bordered by the remains of the Midlothian Turnpike, an early toll road that leads from Blue Island to points southwest.

History
The land surrounding Bachelors Grove Cemetery was originally settled by English homesteaders who relocated to the area from New England, including Stephen Rexford, arguably the most well known of the first wave of Anglo settlers, around 1833. According to legal records, Edward M. Everden sold the property to Frederick Schmidt in 1864, "reserving and setting aside one acre of the land for use as a graveyard".

Historians are unsure of the origin of the name Bachelor's Grove. A family named Batchelder were known to be living in the area by 1845 which is one possibility. The other comes from claims by Rexford that he and three other single men settled the area, thus the name Bachelor. Variations of the name of the Grove include Bachelor, Batchelder, Bachelder, Berzel, Petzel, Bachlor, Bachellor, and Batchel. It is now strongly suspected that the original derivation of the name was from the family "Batchelder" who resided in the area at least as early as 1845. The first post office in the area was established in 1843 and named Bachelor's Grove.

According to a 1917 manuscript, the first burial was that of Eliza Scott in November 1844. Accounts published in the local newspaper Blue Island Sun-Standard list William B. Nobles as being buried in Bachelor's Grove in 1838. The last burial listed is of Robert Shields, who was buried in his family plot in 1989.

Some families have had bodies of relatives moved to other cemeteries, with relocations dating to the late 1880s. The cemetery is supervised by the Cemetery Trustees of the Cook County Board, who are entrusted to take charge of the care and maintenance of the property.

Vandalism
During the 1970s, the cemetery gained fame among ghost hunters and legend trippers for claims that it was haunted. Due to its secluded location, young partygoers frequented the site, leading to significant vandalism of the grave sites. Consequently, few original markers remain from more than 200 burials dating from 1840 until the early 1960s. According to Brad Bettenhausen, president emeritus of the Tinley Park Historical Society, "Kids start going there to drink and to party. They leave their trash behind, and you get the scary stories told around a little campfire or what have you. This is where the legends start". Bettenhausen wrote that claims of floating lights, phantom cars, ghostly apparitions and other stories about the cemetery have been "told and retold by several generations of youths, however, few of these tales have any apparent basis in fact".

title: Bachelor's Grove Cemetery