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Osage Indian murders

The Osage Indian murders were a series of murders of Osage in Osage County, Oklahoma, during the 1910s–1930s. Newspapers described the increasing number of unsolved murders and deaths among young adults as the "Reign of Terror". Most took place from 1921 to 1926. Some sixty or more wealthy, full-blood Osage persons were reported killed from 1918 to 1931. Newer investigations indicate that other suspicious deaths during this time could have been misreported or covered-up murders, including those of individuals who were heirs to future fortunes. Further research has shown that the death toll may have been in the hundreds.

The tribe had retained mineral rights to the land of their reservation. Each tribal member had what were known as headrights to the mineral rights on communal land. When valuable oil was found on their land and leases were sold for oil production, each member with headrights was paid a share of the lucrative annual royalties for leases by oil companies. In 1906 and subsequent years, United States Congress passed a series of laws, ostensibly intended to help the Osage retain their wealth, that created a system of guardianship for "minors and incompetents", as determined by and under the jurisdiction of Oklahoma's local county probate courts. The Oklahoma courts routinely found American Indians to be incompetent without considering mental capacity. For example, a guardian was appointed for one Indian woman on the basis that her savings suggested a lack of spending which was evidence that she did not understand the value of money. Many guardians used their appointment to gain control over the ward's wealth for their own personal benefit. During this period, numerous white men married Osage women to become guardians of their estate.

Some of the murders were committed in order for whites to take over the headrights of Osage members when inheriting property after deaths. The Osage found minimal assistance from local law enforcement to investigate the deaths, as it was dominated by powerful whites working in their own interests. Later investigation, including that of the Bureau of Investigation (BOI, the precursor to the Federal Bureau of Investigation), revealed extensive corruption among local officials involved in the Osage guardian program, including lawyers and judges. Most of the murders were never prosecuted. Nevertheless, several perpetrators were convicted of murder, including William Hale, a powerful rancher who ordered the murders of his nephew's wife and other members of her family to gain control of their headrights and oil wealth. Two other perpetrators implicated with Hale, Henry Grammer and Asa Kirby, died under suspicious circumstances during the BOI investigation. Several others involved were convicted of lesser charges, such as perjury, witness tampering, and contempt of court, for attempting to impede the investigation.

In 1925, the U.S. Congress changed the law to prohibit non-Osage from inheriting headrights from Osage with half or more Native American ancestry, in an effort to protect the Osage. The U.S. government continued to manage the leases and royalties from oil-producing lands. Over decades, the tribe became increasingly concerned about these assets. In 2000, the Osage Nation filed a suit against the Department of the Interior, alleging that it had not adequately managed the assets and paid people the royalties they were due. The suit was settled in 2011 for $380 million and commitments to improve program management.

Background
In 1897, oil was discovered on the Osage Indian Reservation, present-day Osage County, Oklahoma. The United States Department of the Interior managed leases for oil exploration and production on land owned by the Osage Nation through the Bureau of Indian Affairs and later managed royalties, paying individual allottees. As part of the process of preparing Oklahoma for statehood, the federal government allotted 657 acres to each Osage on the tribal rolls in 1907. Thereafter, they and their legal heirs, whether Osage or not, had headrights to royalties in oil production, based on their allotments of lands. The headrights could be inherited by legal heirs, including non-Osage. The tribe held the mineral rights communally and paid its members money from leases by a percentage related to their holdings.

By 1920, the market for oil had grown dramatically and brought much wealth to the Osage. In 1923 alone, "the tribe took in more than thirty million dollars, the equivalent today of more than four hundred million dollars." People across the U.S. read about the Osage, called "the richest nation, clan or social group of any race on earth, including the whites, man for man." Some Osage used their royalties to send their children to private schools. Others bought luxury cars, clothes, jewelry, and travels to Europe, and newspapers across the country covered their activities. Along with tens of thousands of oil workers, the oil boom attracted many white opportunists to Osage County. As the writer Robert Allen Warrior characterizes them, some were entrepreneurial, while others were criminal, seeking to separate the Osage from their wealth by murder if necessary.

Believing the Osage would not be able to manage their new wealth the U.S. Congress passed a law in 1921 which required that courts appoint guardians for each Osage of half-blood or more in ancestry, who would manage their royalties and financial affairs until they demonstrated "competency". Under the system, even minors who had less than half-Osage blood had to have guardians appointed, regardless of whether the minors had living parents. The courts appointed the guardians from local white lawyers or businessmen. The incentives for criminality were overwhelming. Such guardians often maneuvered legally to steal Osage land, their headrights or royalties. Others were suspected of murdering their charges to gain the headrights.

At that time, eight lawyers were working in Pawhuska, the Osage County seat, which had 8,000 residents. The number of lawyers was said to be the same as in Oklahoma City, which had 140,000 residents. In 1924, the Department of the Interior charged two dozen guardians of Osage with corruption in the administration of their duties related to their charges. All avoided punishment by settling out of court. These guardians were believed to have swindled their charges out of millions of dollars. In 1929, $27 million was reported as still being held by the "Guardian System", the organization set up to protect the financial interests of 883 Osage families in Osage County.

Murders in Osage County

In the early 1920s, eighteen Osage and three non-Osage people in Osage County were reported murdered within a short period of time. Colorado newspapers reported the murders as the "Reign of Terror" on the Osage reservation. Some murders seemed associated with several members of one family.

On May 27, 1921, local hunters discovered the decomposing body of 36-year-old Anna Brown in a remote ravine of Osage County. Unable to find the killer, local authorities ruled her death as accidental because of alcohol poisoning and put the case aside. Brown was divorced, so probate awarded her estate to her mother, Lizzie Q. Kyle. Kelsie Morrison, a petty criminal, later admitted to murdering Brown and testified that William Hale, a prominent local rancher, had asked him to do so.

Along with his admission, Morrison implicated Hale's nephew and Brown's ex-boyfriend, Byron Burkhart, in her murder. Morrison testified that, after meeting Brown earlier at her sister Mollie Kyle's home, he and Burkhart took a heavily intoxicated Brown to Three Mile Creek, where Morrison shot and killed her. Morrison was also responsible for the murders of William Stepson, who died of a suspected poisoning in 1922, and Tillie Powell Morrison, who died of a suspected poisoning in 1923. One of Morrison's associates later said he'd confessed to both murders to him.

In 1931, Morrison's murder conviction was overturned since he had been promised immunity in exchange for his testimony for the prosecution against others involved in the murders. He was released from prison on July 16, 1931, after completing a separate sentence for assault with intent to kill. Morrison, 38, was killed in a shootout with the police on May 25, 1937.

The body of another Osage, Brown's cousin Charles Whitehorn, also known as Charles Williamson, was discovered near Pawhuska on the same day as hers. Whitehorn had been shot to death. Two months later, Lizzie Q. Kyle was killed. By that time, Lizzie had headrights for herself and had inherited the headrights from her late Osage husband and two daughters. Her heirs became fabulously wealthy.

On February 6, 1923, Henry Roan, another cousin of Brown's, also known as Henry Roan Horse, was found in his car on the Osage Reservation, dead from a shot in the head. Roan had a financial connection with Hale, having borrowed $1,200 from the cattleman. Hale fraudulently arranged to make himself the beneficiary of Roan's $25,000 life insurance policy. On March 10, 1923, a bomb destroyed the Fairfax residence of Anna's sister Rita Smith, killing Rita and her servant, Nettie Brookshire. Rita's husband, Bill Smith, sustained massive injuries from the blast and died four days later. Shortly before his death, Bill gave a statement implicating his suspected murderers and appointed his wife's estate. Later investigations revealed that the bomb contained 5 usgal of nitroglycerin.

On June 28, 1923, Hale and Burkhart put George Bigheart on a train to Oklahoma City to be taken to a hospital. There, doctors suspected that he had ingested poisoned whiskey. Bigheart called attorney William Watkins "W. W." Vaughan of Pawhuska, asking him to come to the hospital as soon as possible for an urgent meeting. Vaughan complied, and the two men met that night. Bigheart had said he had suspicions about who was behind the murders and had access to incriminating documents that would prove his claims.

Vaughan boarded a train that night to return to Pawhuska. In the morning he was missing when the Pullman porter went to wake him. His berth on the train had not been used. Vaughan's body was later found with his skull crushed, beside the railroad tracks near Pershing, about 5 mi south of Pawhuska. Bigheart died at the hospital that same morning.

Thirteen other deaths of full-blooded Osage men and women, who had guardians appointed by the courts, were reported between 1921 and 1923. By 1925, at least sixty wealthy Osage had died and their land (and headrights) had been inherited or deeded to their guardians, who were local white lawyers and businessmen. The Bureau of Investigation (BOI), which preceded the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), sent investigators to the reservation and found a low-level market in contract killers to kill the Osage for their wealth. In 1995, writer Robert Allen Warrior wrote about walking through an Osage cemetery and seeing "the inordinate number of young people who died during that time."

In 1925, Osage tribal elders, with the help of local law officer James Monroe Pyle, sought assistance from the BOI when local and state officials could not solve the rising number of murders. Pyle presented his evidence of murder and conspiracy and requested an investigation. The BOI sent Tom White to lead an investigation. Because of the numerous leads and perception that the local police were corrupt, White decided he would be the public face of the investigation, and most of the agents would work undercover. The other agents recruited were: a former New Mexico sheriff; a former Texas Ranger; John Burger, who had worked on the previous investigation; Frank Smith; and John Wren, a member of the Ute Nation who had previously been a spy for the Mexican revolutionaries.

Investigation

The Osage Tribal Council suspected that Hale was responsible for many of the deaths. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs in the Department of the Interior sent four agents to act as undercover investigators. Working for two years, the agents discovered a crime ring led by Hale, known in Osage County as the "King of Osage". Hale and his nephews, Ernest and Byron Burkhart, had migrated from Texas to Osage County to find jobs in the oil fields. Once there, they discovered the immense wealth of members of the Osage Nation from royalties being paid from leases on oil-producing lands. Hale's goal was to gain the headrights and wealth of several tribe members, including his nephew's Osage wife, Mollie Burkhart, the last survivor of her family.

To gain part of the wealth, Hale persuaded Ernest to marry Mollie Kyle, a full-blooded Osage. Hale arranged for the murders of Mollie's sisters, her brother-in-law, her mother, and her cousin, Henry Roan, to cash in on the insurance policies and headrights of each family member.

As the BOI investigation of the conspiracy expanded, other witnesses and participants were murdered. Mollie and Ernest Burkhart inherited all of the headrights from her family. Investigators soon discovered that Mollie was already being poisoned.

Ernest Burkhart's attempt to kill his wife failed. Mollie, a devout Catholic, had told her priest that she feared she was being poisoned at home. The priest told her not to touch liquor under any circumstances. He also alerted one of the BOI agents. Mollie recovered from the poison she had already consumed and divorced Ernest after the trials. She later married again. Mollie Burkhart Cobb died of unrelated causes on June 16, 1937. Her children inherited all of her estate.

Charges and trials

Hale, his nephews, and one of the ranch hands they hired were charged with the murder of Mollie Kyle's family. Hale was charged with the murder of Roan, who had been killed on the Osage Reservation, making it a federal crime. Two of his accomplices, Henry Grammer and Asa Kirby, had died before the BOI investigation was completed. Hale and his associates were convicted in state and federal trials from 1926 to 1929, which had changes of venue, hung juries, appeals, and overturned verdicts. In 1926, Ernest pleaded guilty to being part of the conspiracy.

Several others were prosecuted for trying to impede the investigation. In 1927, a lawyer working in the interest of Hale, William Scheff, was convicted of furnishing whiskey for a witness in an attempt to get her to change her testimony. Scheff was sentenced to one year and one day in prison for federal liquor violations. In 1928, Reverend P. C. Hesser, a member of the grand jury which indicted Hale and Ramsey, was convicted of perjury for lying that Ramsey's confession had not been signed. He was sentenced to two years in prison and fined $100,. In 1929, Irving Claude Hale, a half-brother of Hale, was sentenced to 60 days in prison for contempt of court. Theodore Cavalier, a local farmer, said Irving Hale had approached him and offered him money to sit on the jury and vote for an acquittal.

Various residents of Pawhuska petitioned Oklahoma Governor Jack C. Walton to conduct a full investigation of the deaths of George Bigheart and his attorney, William Vaughan. Walton assigned Herman Fox Davis to the investigation. Shortly after the assignment, Davis was convicted of bribery. Although Walton later pardoned Davis, the investigation of Bigheart and Vaughan was never completed. On November 9, 1923, Davis and three other men, Frank Brumley, Eustace Knight, and Tom Rudolph, robbed and murdered Paul J. McCarthy, a prominent attorney. All four men were found guilty or pleaded guilty to this murder, and were each sentenced to life in prison with hard labor.

In the case of the Smith murders, Ernest suddenly changed his plea to guilty, saying he wanted to tell the truth. He was sentenced to life in prison with hard labor. He turned state's evidence, naming his uncle as responsible for the murder conspiracy. Ernest said that he had used a person named Henry Grammer as a go-between to hire a professional criminal named Asa "Ace" Kirby to perform the killings.

Both Grammer and Kirby were killed before they could testify. Grammer, 39, died in a car crash on June 14, 1923. Kirby, 23, was killed while robbing a store on June 23, 1923. The shopkeeper had been tipped off in advance, and had been waiting for Kirby. It was later discovered that the man who had tipped off the shopkeeper about the upcoming robbery was Hale. After his parole, Hale's relatives said he once remarked, "If that damn Ernest had kept his mouth shut we'd be rich today."

John Ramsey confessed to participation in the murder of Roan as soon as he was arrested. He said that Hale had promised him five hundred dollars,, and a new car for killing Roan. Ramsey met Roan on a road outside the town of Fairfax, and they drank whiskey together. Then Ramsey shot Roan in the head. Ramsey changed his story, claiming that the actual killer was Curly Johnson. His accomplice, Byron Burkhart, Ernest's brother and another Hale nephew, had turned state's evidence.

The trials received national newspaper and magazine coverage. Sentenced to life imprisonment, Hale, Ramsey, and Ernest Burkhart later received parole despite protests from the Osage. Hale and Ramsey were both paroled in 1947. Hale died in 1962, and Byron died in 1985.

Ernest was paroled in 1937. In 1940, he and a woman named Clara Mae Goad robbed the Osage home of Lillie Morrell Burkhart, his former sister-in-law, stealing $7,000 in valuables,. In 1941, Ernest and Clara were both found guilty of federal burglary charges. Clara was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Ernest was sentenced to 7 years in prison and had his parole revoked. U.S. District Judge Franklin Elmore Kennamer granted Ernest's request not to be sent to the USP Leavenworth, where Hale and Ramsey were serving their life sentences.

After completing his federal sentence at the United States Penitentiary in Atlanta, Burkhart was returned to the Oklahoma State Penitentiary to resume his life sentence. Ernest was paroled again in October 1959. During his parole hearing, he downplayed his own involvement in the murders, referring to himself as an "unwitting tool" of his uncle."'All I did was deliver a message. Other than that I'm as innocent as you. I delivered a message from my uncle to John Ramsey and that's all I did.'"In 1966, Ernest applied for a pardon. Citing his cooperation with the investigation (White had credited his confession as vital for the convictions of Hale and Ramsey), the Oklahoma Parole Board voted 3–2 in favor of a pardon, which was granted by Governor Henry Bellmon. Ernest Burkhart died in 1986.

In the early 1990s, journalist Dennis McAuliffe of The Washington Post investigated the suspicious death of his grandmother, Sybil Beekman Bolton, an Osage with headrights who died in 1925 at age 21. As a youth he had been told she died of kidney disease, then as a suicide. His doubts arose from a variety of conflicting evidence. In his investigation, McAuliffe found that the BOI believed that the murders of several Osage women "had been committed or ordered by their husbands."

Most murders of the Osage during the early 1920s went unsolved. McAuliffe found that when Bolton was a minor, the court had appointed her white stepfather, attorney Arthur "A.T." Woodward, as her guardian. Woodward, who died in 1950, also served as the federally appointed Tribal Counsel, and he had guardianship of four other Osage charges, each of whom had died by 1923.

McAuliffe learned that his grandmother's murder had been covered up by a false death certificate. He came to believe that Woodward was responsible for her death. His book about his investigation, Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Greed and Murder on the Osage Reservation (1994), presents an account of the corruption and murders during this period.

Osage County officials sought revenge against Pyle for his role in bringing the murders to light. Fearing for his life, Pyle and his wife fled to Arizona, where he again served as an officer of the law. He died there in 1942.

Change in law
To try to prevent further criminality and to protect the Osage, in 1925 Congress passed a law prohibiting non-Osage from inheriting headrights from Osage who had half or more Native American ancestry.

Trust management lawsuit
The Department of Interior continued to manage the trust lands and pay fees to Osage with headrights. In 2000, the tribe filed a lawsuit against the department, alleging that federal government management of the trust assets had resulted in historical losses to its trust funds and interest income. This was after a major class-action suit had been filed against the departments of Interior and Treasury in 1996 by Elouise Cobell (Blackfeet) on behalf of other Native Americans, for similar reasons.

In 2011, the U.S. government settled with the Osage for $380 million, $513 million in 2023 dollars. The settlement also strengthened management of the tribe's trust assets and improved communications between the Department of Interior and the tribe. The law firm representing the Osage said it was the largest trust settlement with one tribe in U.S. history.

Claims of genocide
The events have been characterized as a genocide due to the intentions of its perpetrators to destroy the Osage nation. While some label the murders themselves as an instance of genocide, others include the murders in a longer process of genocide against the Osage nation. Estimates vary widely as to the percentage of the Osage nation killed in the murders, with the lowest estimate being 10% of 591 full-blood Osage being killed.

In popular culture

 * James Young Deer produced a silent film in 1926 silent film called Tragedies of the Osage Hills that mentions the murders. The film is considered to be a lost film''
 * John Joseph Mathews (Osage), set his novel Sundown (1934) in the period of the murders.
 * "The Osage Indian Murders", a dramatization of the case first broadcast on August 3, 1935, was the third episode of the radio series G-Men, created and produced by Phillips Lord with cooperation of the FBI.
 * Western novelist Fred Grove, part Osage on his mother's side, was 10 years old when he was an "ear" witness to the bombing murders of Bill and Rita Smith and Nettie Brookshire. This incident haunted him. Several of his novels were based on aspects of the case: his first novel, Flame of the Osage (1958), two written in roughly the middle of his career: Warrior Road (1974) and Drums Without Warriors (1976), and one of his last, The Years of Fear (2002).
 * The Kyle family murders were featured as a dramatic part of the 1959 film The FBI Story, starring James Stewart as fictional FBI agent Chip Hardesty, a composite character who leads the investigation.
 * John Clinton Hunt, step-son of John Joseph Mathews (Osage), portrayed this period in his novel The Grey Horse Legacy (1968).
 * Linda Hogan's Mean Spirit (1990) explores a fictional version of the murders.
 * Dennis McAuliffe Jr.'s book The Deaths of Sybil Bolton (1994) was the first book to utilize the FBI files on the case for background research. It is an investigation into the death of the author's Osage grandmother who died during the murders. It was republished in 1999 under the title Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Greed and Murder on the Osage Reservation. The third edition, The Deaths of Sybil Bolton: Oil, Greed, and Murder on the Osage Reservation contained a foreword by David Grann.
 * Charles Red Corn's novel A Pipe for February (2005) is set during the 1920s in the Osage Nation during the murders.
 * Tom Holm's novel The Osage Rose (2008) is a fictionalized account of murders on Osage Territory intended to strip Osage members of their headrights and land.
 * American journalist David Grann investigated the case for his 2017 non-fiction book Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI. The book was adapted by Martin Scorsese and Eric Roth for the 2023 film of the same name starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Lily Gladstone, and Robert De Niro.
 * American playwright David Blakely adapted Dennis McAuliffe's The Deaths of Sybil Bolton (1994) into the 2018 one-act Four Ways to Die and later the full-length play The Deaths of Sybil Bolton (2019).
 * OETA's documentary series Back in Time debuted an episode on the murders in 2021 titled "Osage Murders — The Reign of Terror."

title: Osage Indian murders


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Christian Ziege

Christian Ziege (born 1 February 1972) is a German football manager and former player. He most recently coached FC Pinzgau.

A defender, he started his playing career at FC Bayern Munich, where he won two Bundesliga titles and a UEFA Cup before moving to A.C. Milan, winning an Italian Scudetto. In 1999, he joined Middlesbrough of the English Premier League, where he was voted the club's Player of the Year in his only season. A year later, he joined Liverpool and was part of the squad which won a treble of the Football League Cup, the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup in 2000–01. In 2001, he moved to Tottenham Hotspur, before ending his career back in Germany with Borussia Mönchengladbach.

With the Germany national team, Ziege won UEFA Euro 1996 and finished runner-up at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. He also represented the country at UEFA Euro 2000, UEFA Euro 2004 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup. An attacking left wing-back, Ziege was considered a dead-ball specialist.

Club career
At club level, Ziege played for Bayern Munich (1990–97), Milan (1997–99) and Middlesbrough (1999–2000). In the summer of 2000, Liverpool F.C. made a £5.5m bid which exactly matched a get-out clause in Ziege's contract. Middlesbrough insisted they had received offers in excess of £8m for Ziege, but were forced contractually to allow Ziege to talk to Liverpool, who then signed him.

He made his debut for Liverpool in a 3–2 home win over Manchester City on 9 September 2000, replacing Steven Gerrard in the second half. A combination of knee injuries and the improving form of Jamie Carragher, meant he was transferred to Tottenham Hotspur at the end of that season. He scored two goals during his spell at Liverpool; against Leeds in the league and Stoke in the League Cup. Ziege also contributed to their treble in the 2000–01 season. He came on as an extra time substitute in the 2001 Football League Cup Final and scored a penalty in the shootout as Liverpool defeated Birmingham City, but he was not part of the match days squads for either the 2001 FA Cup Final or 2001 UEFA Cup Final.

On 14 March 2002, Liverpool were fined £20,000 by The Football Association for having made an illegal approach for Ziege when he had been at Middlesbrough. The player himself was fined £10,000. Whilst at Spurs he scored in the 2002 Football League Cup Final but he ended up on the losing side. However, by this time Ziege's injury problems were escalating, and by 2004 his contract was terminated by mutual consent so he could return to Germany.

Ziege returned to Germany with Borussia Mönchengladbach in June 2004, but announced his retirement in October 2005, having not played since the previous December due to a persistent ankle injury.

International career
Ziege was capped 72 times for Germany, scoring nine goals. Other than the Euro 96 win, he also played for his country at the 1998 and 2002 World Cups (during which he played the final game and sported a rather amusing mohawk), as well as Euro 2000 (he was a member of the Euro 2004 squad, but didn't play). Ziege was not initially named in Rudi Völler's UEFA Euro 2004 squad, but was then called up after an injury to Christian Rahn.

Borussia Mönchengladbach
Following retirement as a player, Ziege picked up his UEFA diploma for coaching. In 2006, he moved into coaching with his last professional club, Borussia Mönchengladbach, where he was named manager of the club's Under-17 team, succeeding Thomas Schumacher. In 2006–07 the club's U17 team had won ten out of seventeen matches with Ziege in charge when, in March 2007, he was handed the role of Director of Football at the club, as the replacement for the outgoing Peter Pander. At the time of his appointment, with ten matches to go until the end of the season, Borussia Mönchengladbach were at the bottom of the Bundesliga, with five points between them and safety. On 5 October 2008, Ziege dismissed Jos Luhukay and became interim manager. The interim job lasted until 18 October 2008 when Hans Meyer became the new permanent manager. On 15 December 2008 Ziege left Borussia Mönchengladbach.

Arminia Bielefeld and German junior national teams
On 26 May 2010, Ziege signed a contract as manager of Arminia Bielefeld. However, his managerial career got off to a poor start with Arminia Bielefeld only picking up three points from a single win from eight games, the worst start to an Arminia Bielefeld season in twenty-three years. Ziege was released from his post as manager of Arminia Bielefeld on 6 November 2010 after a 2–0 defeat against FC Augsburg.

From April 2011, Ziege worked for the DFB. He first coached the German U-19, before taking over the U-18 side in August of the same year. Ziege's contract was not renewed. His contract expires in the summer of 2014.

SpVgg Unterhaching
Ziege became the head coach of SpVgg Unterhaching on 20 March 2014. Ziege's debut was a 1–1 draw against RB Leipzig. He resigned on 25 March 2015. His final match was a 2–1 loss to Stuttgarter Kickers on 21 March 2015. On 30 November 2015, Ziege signed with Segunda División B side Atlético Baleares as head coach.

Ratchaburi Mitr Phol
On 27 December 2017, Ratchaburi Mitr Phol F.C. of Thai League 1 officially announced the appointment of Ziege as their new head coach. However, he left them after 2 games of the new season, in the week commencing 19 February "by mutual consent".

FC Pinzgau
On 29 April 2019, Ziege was named head coach for Austrian Austrian Regionalliga side FC Pinzgau. He departed the club in September 2022.

International

 * Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ziege goal.

Honours
Bayern Munich
 * Bundesliga: 1993–94, 1996–97
 * UEFA Cup: 1995–96

AC Milan
 * Serie A: 1998–99

Liverpool
 * Football League Cup: 2000–01
 * FA Cup: 2000–01
 * UEFA Cup: 2000–01

Tottenham Hotspur
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2001–02

Germany
 * UEFA European Football Championship: 1996
 * FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Christian Ziege


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Yao Li

Yao Li (要離) was a famed assassin of the state of Wu in the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. Minister Wu Zixu recommended him to King Helü of Wu. His mission was to kill Prince Qingji, who was taking refuge in the state of Wei. To pretend to be a criminal in the state of Wu, Yao Li killed his wife and his mother, and his right hand was cut off by King Helü. After he arrived in the state of Wei, he met Qingji and could stay in the same boat at his target. As the boat reached the middle of the river, he killed Qingji with a lance and then committed suicide.

title: Yao Li


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Psychotria viridis

Psychotria viridis, also known as chacruna, chacrona, or chaqruy in the Quechua languages, is a perennial, shrubby flowering plant in the coffee family Rubiaceae. It is a close relative of Psychotria carthagenensis (a.k.a. samiruka or amiruca) of Ecuador. It is commonly used as an ingredient of ayahuasca, a decoction with a long history of its entheogenic (connecting to spirit) use and its status as a "plant teacher" among the Indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest.

Description

P. viridis is a perennial shrub that grows to a height of approximately 5 m. Its branches span a diameter of about 2 m

Stems
In the middle and lower parts of the stem, situated between the insertion points of the two opposite leaves there is a horizontal scar 0.3–1 mm wide that extends between the leaves (or leaf scars) and sometimes also connects over the tops of these scars, and along the top side of this scar there is a dense, usually furry line of fine trichomes (i.e., plant hairs) usually 0.5–1 mm long that are reddish brown when dried. This combination of features is diagnostic for many species in the genus Psychotria, though not for any individual species. These features distinguish Psychotria L. Subg. Psychotria; other subgenera of Psychotria lack the well developed reddish brown trichomes inserted above the stipule scars. On the upper stems of P. viridis these features are obscured by a stipule (see below), which covers the trichomes; the scar actually marks the point where this structure has fallen off.

Stipules

Stipules are leafy structures that cover and protect the young developing leaves. They may persist or fall off, leaving scars on the stem. The stipules in P. viridis are produced in pairs and their form is distinctive. They are 5–25 mm by 4–12 mm, elliptic in outline, sharply angled at the apex, papery to membranaceous in texture, ciliate (i.e., fringed) along the upper margins, and longitudinally flanged or winged along the middle.

Leaves
Leaves are opposite in arrangement (i.e., produced in pairs along the stems), generally 5–15 cm by 2–6 cm, in outline generally elliptic or often widest above the middle, usually sharply angled at base and apex, papery in texture, overall smooth or infrequently with microscopic plant hairs on the lower surface, have 5–10 pairs of secondary veins, and on the lower surface usually have foveolae (see next item). The leaves are borne on petioles (i.e., leaf stalks) generally 1–10 mm long. When dry, the leaves of Psychotria viridis usually are gray or reddish brown and are similar to those of a few other New World species of Psychotria.

Foveolae
These are small pockets found on the lower leaf surface near the junction of the secondary (i.e., side) veins with the central vein. They function as shelter for tiny invertebrates such as mites that live on the plant leaf. These mites apparently often are symbiotic with the plant, taking shelter in these structures and eating fungi and herbivorous invertebrates that can damage the leaf. The foveolae (also called domatia) are distinctive for Psychotria viridis and a few related species: They are generally 1.5–5 mm long and 0.5–1 mm wide at the top, conical and tapered to a closed base, open and truncate or variously ornamented at the top, and situated along the sides of the central vein with the opening usually near a secondary vein. These foveolae vary in shape among different plants, and in number on individual leaves, and may not even be present on some leaves. Most often each leaf bears at least one pair of foveolae, which may be close to the apex; the foveolae are often more numerous on leaves from vegetative stems than on those from reproductive stems.

The leaves differ from Psychotria carthagenensis in having leaf edges that extend all the way to the base of the leaf stem.

Cultivation
Psychotria viridis is hardy in USDA zone 10 or higher.

Cultivation from cuttings is easiest. A single leaf (or even part of a leaf slightly covered with soil) can be sufficient for a cutting. Propagation from seed is reliable and easy when freshly harvested seed is used. Older seed which has not been stored properly can have a very low germination rate after 6 months. Even while fresh, because P. viridis has an immature embryo, the germination process can take 2–6 months. . There are approximately 50 seeds/g.

Indoor hydroponic cultivation of Psychotria viridis requires a light cycle. The plant will not utilize its root system as often in daylight hours. Optimal water garden pH is 5.5 to 6.1. The level of nutrient in the solution should be 300 to 500 parts per million (ppm). Nutrient solution burning can occur at levels as low as 800 ppm.

Alkaloids
Dried P. viridis contains approximately 0.3% dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Other alkaloids such as beta-carbolines and N-methyltryptamine (NMT) have been found. The alkaloid content is said to be highest in the morning (approx 6am), although there is another peak at night (approx. 6pm).

Traditional medicine
The Machiguenga people of Peru use juice from the leaves as eye drops to treat migraine headaches.

Hallucinogenic
P. viridis contains the hallucinogenic—or entheogenic—indole alkaloid dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in levels varying from 0.1% to 0.61% dried mass. It is known primarily as an additive to the ayahuasca brew used in South and Central America. The mechanism of action is via the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) present in Banisteriopsis caapi, which allows ayahuasca to be effective in oral doses (unlike smoking DMT crystals which requires no conditioning partner substance). This use was made legal in Brazil in 1992 when B. caapi, P. viridis, and the ayahuasca tea were exempted from the list of illicit drugs.

Vegetalistas, healers in the Amazon regions of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, recognize different sub-varieties of Psychotria viridis, based on the location of glands on the back of the leaves.

Hybridisation
P. viridis has been hybridised with the closely related species, Psychotria carthagenensis. In 2008, Darren Williams, an Australian nurseryman and scientist, created the first recorded interspecific hybrid of Psychotria viridis, by crossing P. carthagenensis with P. viridis. This plant was multiplied and sold as Psychotria cv. Nexus by the nursery Herbalistics, located in Australia, which was established in 2003 and run by Mr. Williams. By creating an interspecific hybrid of these two Ayahuasca plants, the climatic tolerance of this important Ayahuasca additive has been expanded due to the greater cold tolerance of P. carthagenensis. Darren Williams has now created over 150 new cultivars by intercrossing P. viridis accessions, backcrossing and sib crossing, resulting in various new genotypes, given the prefix DW, eg. DW07. Leaf shape and size, height, alkaloid content and cold tolerance are examples of new attributes. Psychotria cv. Nexus is now grown in many countries around the world.

title: Psychotria viridis


text: User talk:61.246.217.130

title: User talk:61.246.217.130


text:
Fat City

Fat City may refer to:

 * Fat City (novel), a 1969 novel by Leonard Gardner
 * Fat City (film), a 1972 film adaptation, directed by John Huston
 * "Fat City" (The King of Queens), a television episode
 * Fat City Cycles, an American mountain bike company
 * Fat City: How Washington Wastes Your Taxes, a 1980 book by Donald Lambro
 * Fat City, a commercial district in Metairie, Louisiana, United States

Music

 * Fat City (Shawn Colvin album), 1992
 * Fat City (The Sons of Champlin album), 1967
 * Fat City Recordings, UK record label associated with Grand Central Records
 * "Fat City", song by Airbourne from Runnin' Wild
 * "Fat City (Slight Return)", song by The Twilight Singers from Blackberry Belle
 * Starland Vocal Band, American pop band once known as Fat City

title: Fat City


text:
Elisha Scott

Elisha Scott (24 August 1893 – 16 May 1959) was a Northern Irish football goalkeeper who played for Liverpool from 1912 to 1915 and from 1919 to 1934, and still holds the record as their longest-serving player.

Life and playing career
Elisha Scott played for Linfield and Broadway United before Liverpool manager Tom Watson signed him at 10 am on Sunday 1 September 1912, following a recommendation from Scott's older brother Billy Scott. Liverpool only got the chance to sign Scott when Everton decided that the 19-year-old was too young.

Scott was reported as signed by Crewe Alexandra in August 1913, presumably under some sort of loan arrangement. He succeeded Thomas Charles Allison as deputy for the first choice keeper, Arthur Box and played for them in the early part of the 1913–14 season.

Scott finally made his Liverpool debut on 1 January 1913 at St James' Park. The team drew 0–0 with Newcastle.

During the early days of his career, Scott was understudy to Ken Campbell and only appeared occasionally. The First World War interrupted Scott's career for four years. Scott finally got a chance of a run in the Liverpool goal at the end of the season. Scott's goalkeeping position was set in stone when Campbell was allowed to leave in April 1920. Scott established himself as Liverpool's number 1. He was a major part of the back-to-back Championship winning teams of 1922 and 1923, missing just 3 games of the first title and none in the second.

Numerous stories about Scott exist in Liverpool folklore. One such story relates to a 1924 game, after Scott had just made a phenomenal save at Ewood Park against Blackburn. A man appeared from the crowd went over to Scott and kissed him. Scott was part of one of the legendary rivalries of the day along with Everton's Dixie Dean. The two of them were the main topic of discussion when derby day was approaching – Everton declared that Dean would score whilst Liverpool disagreed, saying Scott wouldn't let a single shot past. A famous story, possibly apocryphal, associated with the two men was that of how they once encountered each other in Belfast city centre the day before an Ireland versus England game. Dean, famed for his remarkable heading ability, touched his hat and nodded to Scott as they were about to pass only for Scott to respond by diving as if to try to save an imaginary header, much to the initial shock and then delight of the locals who witnessed it while a mildly shocked Dean smiled and quietly continued on his walk.

Towards the end of the decade, Scott lost his starting position to another Liverpool goalkeeper, Arthur Riley, but he never gave up the battle for the starting berth. However, at the beginning of the 1930s it was becoming more and more difficult for Scott to get into the line-up. Eventually Scott asked if he could return to his homeland when his old team Belfast Celtic offered him a player-manager role in 1934. Liverpool consented to the request and Scott played the last of his 467 appearances at Chelsea on 21 February 1934 which ended in a 2–0 win for Chelsea. Upon Liverpool's final home match of the season, Scott headed to the director's box to give his adoring fans a farewell speech.

Scott played his final game for Belfast Celtic in 1936 at the age of 42. In his time as manager of Belfast Celtic, Scott won 10 Irish League titles, 6 Irish Cups, 3 City Cups, 8 Gold Cups and 5 County Antrim Shields. He died in 1959 and is buried in Belfast City Cemetery.

Player
Liverpool

 * Football League First Division: 2
 * 1921–22, 1922–23

Belfast Celtic

 * Irish League
 * Winners 1918–19, 1935–36
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners 1917–18
 * Gold Cup
 * Winners 1935
 * County Antrim Shield
 * Winners 1936

Manager
Belfast Celtic

 * Irish League
 * Winners 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1944, 1947, 1948: 10
 * Irish Cup
 * Winners 1937, 1938, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1947: 6
 * Gold Cup
 * Winners 1935, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947: 8
 * County Antrim Shield
 * Winners 1936, 1937, 1939, 1943, 1945 5
 * Belfast City Cup
 * Winners 1940, 1948, 1949 3

title: Elisha Scott


text:
Talk:Diedrich Hermann Westermann

Untitled
Some info from http://www.bmpix.org/source/search/biography.php?identifiant=22839, to be incorporated in this article: — mark ✎ 14:10, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * place of birth: Hannover
 * entered Bremen Mission in 1895 (not sure about Bremen or Basel)
 * sent out by Bremen mission in 1900
 * missionary work in Togo
 * professional training: post office assistant
 * after 1909 Westermann was a professor for African languages in Berlin

Perhaps it should be mentioned that Togo was a German colony before the first World War? Presumably that explains why he was there at all.
 * Absolutely! Thanks for your suggestion. If you feel a change is needed, please go ahead and make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone (yourself included) can edit any article by following the  link. You don't even need to log in, although there are several reasons why you might want to.  Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes.  If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. — mark ✎ 20:23, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Westermann 1911 Sudansprachen cover.jpg
Image:Westermann 1911 Sudansprachen cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 08:13, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diedrich Hermann Westermann


text:
User talk:Fulub Le Breton

Come on then lets have it, out with it. Spit is out then!

 * Salut! Bravo ; tes contributions jusqu'ici sur la Cornouailles sont magnifiques ! Dis-donc, tu parles cornique, par hasard ? Parce que je suis toujours à la recherche des cornouphones pour contribuer à kw – dont je suis pour l'instant le seul contributeur actif. Comme c'est triste la solitude ! Ciao et bravo, QuartierLatin1968 03:09, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Salut, non je suis desolé, je ne parle pas Cornique à ce momont. Maintenant j'habite à Paris et il faut que j'apprenne le Francais et pour les Britaniques la langue étrangère est un vrai boulot. Mais apres j'ai envie d'apprendre les langues Bretonne et Cornique a Paris. Cependant il y a beaucoup de cornouphones qui peut etre vous aide.

 * Agan Tavas—The Society for the Promotion of the Cornish language
 * Cornish Language Fellowship

Merci pour votre encouragment

Hello, whereas I agree that cornwall is a duchy, it is also an administrative county, and, unfortunately, some people have forced through a policy on using administrative areas only. Like the Duchy of Lancaster, the boundaries of the dutchy of cornwall do not follow the administrative boundaries, but follow the ancient bounds of the geographical county. To be more specific, villages such as Werrington, though in the administrative 'county', do not lie within the Duchy. It is also worth noting that the 1844 Counties (detachted parts) Act expressly purported to effect 'counties', and did not affect palatine boundaries as distinct from consideration as a 'county'. As a duchy, Cornwall could not possibly have been affected by it, and thus the two pieces of Devon on the west bank of the Tamer opposite Plymouth are not part of the Duchy either.

I think there should be a seperate page with a true map of the duchy of cornwall, as there should be on the duchy of lancaster, and, futhermore, that we should use the dutchy for geography references, and not the administrative county. A place is in Cornwall if it is in the Duchy of Cornwall; if it isn't in the Duchy, it isn't in Cornwall! This is common sense, but, unfortunately, at the moment, common sense has yet to prevail!

For the rest of the country, I think we should primarily use traditional counties for geographic reference, the bounds of which fit perfectly with the duchies of cornwall and lancaster.

If you'd like to contribute to this discussion, it's currently taking place at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (places). Please have a look; any outcome in which traditional counties form the basis of article organisation will certainly be the best outcome for the Duchy of Cornwall. Thanks, 80.255 18:25, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Constitutional status of Cornwall
Can you please keep a close eye on this article just now please. A couple of editors keep on insisting on removing material which does not agree with their viewpoint. --MacRusgail 13:42, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fulub Le Breton


text:
Fédération Internationale de Volleyball

The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (English: International Volleyball Federation), commonly known by the acronym FIVB, is the international governing body for all forms of volleyball. Its headquarters are located in Lausanne, Switzerland, and its current president is Ary Graça of Brazil.

History
Before the FIVB was founded volleyball was part of the International Amateur Handball Federation. The FIVB was founded in France in April 1947. In the late 1940s, some of the European national federations began to address the issue of creating an international governing body for the sport of volleyball. Initial discussions eventually lead to the installation of a Constitutive Congress in 1947. Fourteen national federations representing five different continents attended the meetings where, between 18 and 20 April, the entity was officially formed, having Frenchman Paul Libaud as first president. The first Asian volleyball championship was held in Tokyo, Japan in 1955 and in this championship India had beaten Japan in final.

One of the main goals of the 1947 Congress was achieved two years later with the establishment of the first international major volleyball event, the World Championship. In 1952, a women's version of the tournament was also introduced.

In 1964, the IOC endorsed the addition of volleyball to the Olympic programme. By this time, the number of national federations affiliated to the FIVB had grown to 89. Later in that year (1969), a new international event, the World Cup was introduced. It would be turned into a qualifying event for the Olympic Games in 1991.

Following Libaud's retirement and the election of Mexican Rubén Acosta Hernandez for the position of president in 1984, the FIVB moved its headquarters from Paris, France to Lausanne, Switzerland and intensified to an unprecedented level its policy of promoting volleyball on a worldwide basis. Measures taken in this direction include the establishment of annual competitions for men's and women's volleyball (the World League, in 1990, and the Grand Prix, in 1993), the indication of Beach volleyball as an Olympic event (1996) and a number of changes in the rules of the game with the purpose of enhancing public visibility.

On 19 June 2008, Wei Jizhong of China, who during this period served as the 1st Vice president took over during the 31st World Congress in Dubai when Rubén Acosta decided to step down. Mr. Jizhong Wei became the third president in the history of the FIVB. The handover of the presidency took place on 24 August 2008 in Beijing.

, the FIVB counted 222 affiliated national federations.

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the International Volleyball Federation suspended all Russian national teams, clubs, and officials, as well as beach and snow volleyball athletes, from all events, and stripped Russia of the right to host the 2022 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship in August 2022, and will relocate games that were to be in Russia in June and July.

Activities
The FIVB's main activity is worldwide planning and organisation of volleyball events, sometimes in conjunction with other international governing bodies such as the IOC. This involves defining qualification procedures and competition formulae for tournaments, as well as more specific details such as player line-up and replacement restrictions, venues and hosts.

The FIVB participates directly in the organization of continental volleyball events which have an attached international significance, such as Olympic and World Championship continental qualification tournaments.

Amongst others, the FIVB organizes the following international volleyball tournaments:

 * Olympic Games: since 1964, quadrennially
 * Men's World Championship: since 1949, biennially
 * Women's World Championship: since 1952, biennially
 * Men's World Cup: since 1965, quadrennially
 * Women's World Cup: since 1973, quadrennially
 * Men's Nations League: since 2018, annually
 * Women's Nations League: since 2018, annually
 * Men's Challenger Cup: since 2018, annually
 * Women's Challenger Cup: since 2018, annually
 * Men's Club World Championship: since 1989, annually
 * Women's Club World Championship: since 1991, annually

Defunct

 * World League (Men): 1990–2017, annually
 * World Grand Prix (Women): 1993–2017, annually
 * World Grand Champions Cup: since 1993, quadrennially

and the following international under-age volleyball tournaments:

 * Youth Olympic Games: 2010
 * Men's U21 World Championship (Junior): since 1977, biennially
 * Women's U20 World Championship (Junior): since 1977, biennially
 * Boys' U19 World Championship (Youth): since 1989, biennially
 * Girls' U18 World Championship (Youth): since 1989, biennially

and the following international beach volleyball tournaments:

 * Olympic Games: since 1996, quadrennially
 * World Championship: since 1997, biennially
 * World Tour: since 1989, annually

and the following international under-age beach volleyball tournaments:

 * Youth Olympic Games: since 2014, quadrennially
 * U23 World Championships: since 2013, annually
 * U21 World Championships: since 2001, annually
 * U19 World Championships: since 2003, annually
 * U17 World Championships: since 2014, annually

The FIVB also maintains extensive special programmes aimed at the advance of world volleyball. This includes the constitution of development centers in areas where the sport is still unpopular, as well as support (in instruction and equipment) for organizations that fail to meet the quality standards required on an international level. Therefore, FIVB organizes congress, workshops, courses for referees, coaches and teachers, to promote grassroot volleyball development, such as: Another relevant area of concern is the promotion of volleyball in a worldwide scale. Part of the FIVB's activities in this area consists in attracting media partners and sponsors through negotiation of commercial rights for broadcasting and coverage of major events.
 * Volley All Festival
 * Good Net Project in 2019
 * School Volleyball Congress in 2007
 * Volleyball Medicine Congress in 2011
 * Symposium on Match Analysis in 1981
 * Symposium on Mini Volleyball in 1985

As reported by Olympic news outlet Around the Rings, the FIVB recently launched a new "FIVB Heroes" promotion in Rome. The campaign uses billboards, posters and statues of the top beach volleyball players situated around the city to enhance visibility and profiles of the athletes.

The FIVB is responsible for the standardization of volleyball rules. In recent years, many changes were implemented in connection with its promotional and marketing vision, in an alleged attempt to improve public visibility and make the sport comply to the demands of sponsors and media organizations. These changes range from ingenuous, almost commonplace restrictions, such as the obligation of a "fashionable" uniform – meaning tight clothing, supposed to be more appealing to the audience because it makes players bodies salient –, to very drastic changes in the format of competitions (e.g., the rally-point system).

The FIVB is the ultimate international authority in volleyball, and judges (or is involved at least to some degree in the judgement) issues such as doping, regulation of player transfer, nationality changes and gender determination. It also publishes the FIVB World Rankings, used as basis for seeding in international competitions.

Men's
The following table has the Top 20 ranked men's volleyball countries in the world.

Women's
The following table has the Top 20 ranked women's volleyball countries in the world.

Other events
The FIVB is also responsible for the volleyball games at some regional competitions as:

 * Asian Games
 * European Games
 * Pan American Games
 * Lusophony Games
 * All-Africa Games

Organization

World Congress: The supreme authority convened every two years, electing the President and members of the Board.

Board of Administration: Responsible for the overall management of the FIVB, overseeing the work of the national federations, confederations, commissions and councils and appoints officials including members of the executive committee.

Executive Committee: Composed of board members and each member is charged with important and specific responsibilities, assisted by Commissions, Committees and Councils.
 * Legal Commission
 * Finance Commission
 * Communication Commission
 * Rules of the Games and Refereeing Commission
 * Technical and Coaching Commission
 * Medical Commission
 * Development Commission
 * Beach Volleyball Commission
 * Athletes Commission
 * Sports Events Council
 * Beach Volleyball World Tour Council
 * World League Council
 * World Grand Prix Council
 * World Championships Council

Judicial Bodies
 * FIVB Disciplinary Panel
 * FIVB Appeals Panel
 * FIVB Ethics Panel
 * FIVB Tribunal

The FIVB also presides over five continental confederations:

 * Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) in Asia and Oceania
 * Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV) in South America
 * African Volleyball Confederation (CAVB) in Africa
 * European Volleyball Confederation (CEV) in Europe
 * North, Central America and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation (NORCECA) in North America

Each continental confederation, by its turn, presides over a number of national federations located in its domain of action.

FIVB Heroes
"FIVB Heroes" is the official image campaign of the FIVB. The campaign aims to raise awareness of the players’ athletic achievements and to increase the worldwide interest in the sport. “FIVB Heroes” features 33 volleyball and 29 beach volleyball players from 19 countries, who were selected due to their outstanding performance.

FIVB presidents

 * 🇫🇷 Paul Libaud (1947–1984)
 * 🇲🇽 Rubén Acosta Hernández (1984–2008)
 * 🇨🇳 Wei Jizhong (2008–2012)
 * 🇧🇷 Ary Graça (2012–Present)

title: Fédération Internationale de Volleyball


text:
Talk:Germ layer

Mannintg (talk) 22:36, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
All Eumetazoans have Germ layers, witch include all except for Mesozoa, sponges and unicellular animals. Eumetazoans are animals that have Germ layers, true tissues, a mouth and a digestive cavity. That's the difenition that I know...

Request
I'd love some drawings and diagrams added to this article. TheLimbicOne 23:39, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Merging organogenesis (closed, concensus: no merge)
I came here hoping to find a discussion of merging organogenesis here, but found nothing. IMO, there's enough organogenesis-specific information to merit it having its own separate article. I'll see if I can expand it from stub-status over the holiday. --David Iberri (talk) 03:38, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Isn't organogenesis a broader topic than the germ layers that develop during that process? It makes sense to merge the articles, and then have one just be a redirect to the other, but shouldn't germ layer link to its own section of organogenesis and not the other way around? ~JessAnovA

 * Actually, it's the other way around. First, germ layers develop. Then, organs and tissues form out of the germ layers. TheLimbicOne 16:45, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Either way works for me. I just noticed, while I was researching for the expansion of germ layer, that these two articles would fit well together and have quite a bit of overlap. I don't think organogenesis could be expanded to stand on its own. I would have done the merge right away but I'm not sure which article should point to which. My case for into germ layer goes:
 * 1. Most people (myself included) will search for germ layer first.
 * 2. Germ layer leads to organogenesis and is the broader topic.
 * TheLimbicOne 22:03, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * As of this edit, I support organogenesis being merged into germ layer. I don't know enough details on development to merit expanding either. David Iberri, if you can expand organogenesis into its own creature then I will withdraw the merger support. Semiconscious  ( talk  · home) 05:12, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Organogenesis usually sits apart from developmet of the primary tissue layers in textbooks. The differences in cellular organisation are sufficient to warrant a separate page for "germ layers", separate from organogenesis as you would blastulation or gastrulation. You may want to consider organogenesis separately according to their cellular lineage, however this may be too complicated as tissues somtimes appear closely related but are derived from separate tissues, eg. the dermis and epidermis from the mesoderm and ectoderm respectively. You may also want to consider that ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm are descriptive, whilst blastulation, gastrulation and organogenesis are processional.TaO! 14:17, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

I don't think organogenesis and germ layer formation can be merged. There's too much going on with organogenesis to merge it with another article. Some areas of organogenesis will probably merit their own page. Evilhypnotist 20:12, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge tag removed. --TheLimbicOne (talk) 10:04, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Merge Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm
Well, they used to be one article. After splitting them up we have to duplicate a lot of the information and explanations in each of the new child articles (which are stubs). Instead of using the main template here to reference a stub, why don't we just put these sections back together as one coherent article. These four topics are too closely tied together to be properly addressed seperately. --TheLimbicOne (talk) 16:54, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge. These are three distinct germ layers, each significant enough to fill pages upon pages of text. I have taken the liberty of removing the merge flag because this would be a retrograde.
 * Oppose merge. There is much more to say about these subjects, but it is harder for the articles to expand when they are all combined. --Arcadian 18:49, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * For more context on some of the work being done on these subjects, you may want to also look at Talk:Human embryogenesis. --Arcadian 18:52, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Also, if you take a look at the interlanguage links, you'll see that almost all of the other major wikis have chosen not to merge, and have distinct articles for each layer. --Arcadian 19:25, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The interlanguage links are also stubs with less information than currently on the english versions. Those articles did not get merged when this article merged originally. No signifigant expansion took place in those stubs as individual articles. Therefore, either the interlanguage community doesn't feel a need to align itself to the english wikipedia or there really just isn't that much information to add. --TheLimbicOne (talk) 07:06, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Combining these articles:

--TheLimbicOne (talk) 07:06, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) signifigantly reduces duplicate information and the effort required to keep it all matching
 * 2) makes perfect sense when the subjects are so closely intertwined. Hence, J.Steinbock's addition of the  template.
 * 3) follows the format of featured articles, which usually combine multiple stub topics under one heading.

 * Oppose merge. I am against piling up in one heap of information, as there is still lot of to be said about each subtopic, the mother article would be macropedic (not necessery information included make you unnecessery slow down, when searching through the article for information). In this moment information content in Germ layer is balanced, just fine for reading and getting addequate info. If you would be interested in some particular layer, you can just clic on the main article link. Sub articles will grow within time.  R eo  ON   |   + + +  20:50, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Bryozoa
Bryozoa don't fit the description of what each germ layer develops into. The larval endoderm appears to be completely lost during metamorphosis (after settlement on a substrate), while most of the adult tissue (including the gut) is derived from the ectoderm. Should this be noted in the article? Also, should it be described in a separate heading? Rolf Schmidt (talk) 05:28, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Give an example about from which layer is the bone going to be formed in the main article
I think it should be mentioned from which germ layer: ecto-, meso- or ondoderm bone is formed in the body of the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SaminTietokirja (talk • contribs) 00:56, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

Deleted statement about archenteron
I deleted the statement "The appearance of the archenteron marks the onset of gastrulation." because I believe that the term archenteron is not used in all species (including humans which is the topic in the next paragraph). I also added several references.--Biolprof (talk) 03:06, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

Endoderm Section
This part of the article gets really distracting because the information is not very detailed. The sentences are also very choppy, which makes it difficult to understand. Although there is not much information in this particular section of the article, there needs to be more citations included.

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is currently the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 10 January 2022 and 27 April 2022. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Croan2019.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Croan2019 (talk • contribs) 20:54, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

Biology
Layer 102.149.6.196 (talk) 16:46, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Germ layer


text:
Thomas Häßler

Thomas Jürgen "Icke" Häßler (born 30 May 1966) is a German former professional footballer. He played as a midfielder throughout his career. At club level, he made a century of appearances for four teams: 1. FC Köln, Karlsruher SC and 1860 Munich in Germany and Roma in Italy, and spent a season apiece with Juventus, Borussia Dortmund and SV Salzburg. Häßler also appeared over 100 times for the Germany national team.

He was a member of the teams which won the 1990 FIFA World Cup (as West Germany) and UEFA Euro 1996. He also appeared at the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, the 1992 and 2000 UEFA European Championships, and the 1988 Olympic Games.

1. FC Köln (1984–1990)
Born in West Berlin, Häßler spent his early playing days in the youth team of Reinickendorfer Füchse. He began his professional career in 1984 with 1. FC Köln of the Bundesliga, for whom he played six successful years, helping the club to become Bundesliga runners-up in 1989 and 1990.

Juventus (1990–1991), Roma (1991–1994)
Soon after winning the 1990 World Cup with the German national team in Italy, Häßler transferred to Juventus for a sum of DM15 million. He spent only one year in Turin before he decided to join another Italian club, A.S. Roma, for a fee of DM14 million. This time he stayed for three years, making 88 appearances and scoring 11 goals.

Karlsruher SC (1994–1998)
In 1994, however, Häßler wanted to return to the Bundesliga. Despite offers from some of the biggest German clubs, he decided to sign with Karlsruher SC in a DM7 million deal, the highest transfer sum the club has ever spent. In the following three years, Karlsruhe and its new key player achieved positions in the upper third of the table which resulted in UEFA Cup participations in 1996–97 and 1997–98.

By winning the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1996, Karlsruhe not only qualified for the UEFA Cup but also accomplished to throw out Häßler's former club AS Roma in the second round of the tournament. In the first leg of the third round, Häßler scored twice in his team's 3–1 win over Brøndby IF in Copenhagen. However, shortly after this win Häßler received the first big injury in his career when he broke his leg in a league match against Fortuna Düsseldorf. Without its captain, Karlsruhe played a catastrophic second leg and was eliminated from the tournament after a 0–5 home defeat. Following his recovery, Häßler returned for the last two games of the season and helped his team to finish in sixth place in the 1996–97 season, securing another year of international football competition. In the end, once again the club failed to survive the third round.

At the end of the 1997–98 season, the club's situation had worsened significantly. For the first time in his career, Häßler was confronted with a possible relegation. Feeling the pressure he once more showed his extraordinary skills and scored four goals in the last three games of the season. Despite Häßler's performances, Karlsruhe lost its last match in a dramatic season final and was relegated from the Bundesliga.

Borussia Dortmund (1998–1999)
Due to a contract clause, Häßler could leave Karlsruhe immediately on a free transfer. He decided to join Borussia Dortmund, which had won the UEFA Champions League in 1997. There he met the later assistant of the German national team, Michael Skibbe, then with 32 years the youngest head coach in the history of the Bundesliga. In the course of the season, there were some serious disputes between Häßler and Skibbe because the latter entrusted the midfield leadership to Andreas Möller. In the end, Häßler made only 18 appearances and never played over the full 90 minutes.

1860 Munich (1999–2003)
Disappointed about his season in Dortmund, Häßler left the club towards Bavaria and signed a contract with TSV 1860 Munich. He spent four very successful years in Munich and became an important part of the team. Already in his first season the club reached a sensational fourth place in the Bundesliga. After they failed to win against Leeds United in the qualification for the UEFA Champions League, Häßler and his team participated in the UEFA Cup. But also with 1860 Munich he failed to overcome the competition's third round. In the following two years, the club took part in the UEFA Intertoto Cup but didn't manage to succeed. After the 2002–03 season, Häßler left Munich to finish his career in Austria.

SV Salzburg (2003–2004)
In 2003, Häßler signed a one-year contract with the Austrian club SV Salzburg. He made 19 appearances and reached a seventh place in the 2003–04 season before he announced his retirement.

Overall, Häßler chalked up an entertaining 539 games and a total of 81 goals throughout a football career in which he was voted Footballer of the Year (Germany) in 1989 and 1992. Although he is considered one of the best German footballers of all time, he did not win a single major club title, having lost the UEFA Cup final with 1. FC Köln in 1986, the Coppa Italia final with AS Roma in 1993 and the DFB-Pokal final with Karlsruhe in 1996.

International career
For Germany, Häßler was capped 101 times, scoring 11 goals. Other than the two major tournament wins at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the 1996 UEFA European Championship, he also played for his country at the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, Euro 92, and Euro 2000.

He also won a bronze medal for West Germany at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was the dominant figure of the Euro 92, displaying performances that were reminiscent of Diego Maradona's 1986 World Cup exploits. He displayed a specialty for scoring spectacular free kicks, tireless stamina and dazzling dribbling sprees, as Germany went on to reach the final of the tournament.

Style of play
A world-class playmaker, who was considered to be one of the best German players of the 1990s, Häßler was a talented, dynamic, and creative midfielder, with quick feet and a good right foot, who stood out for his speed, energy, and constant movement across the pitch. A diminutive player, despite not being particularly physically gifted, he was known for his technique and dribbling skills, as well as his ability to score goals or provide assists for teammates;   he was also a free kick specialist, and stood out for his leadership throughout his career. He usually played as an offensive-minded central midfielder – known as the mezzala position, in Italy, although he was also capable of playing as a right winger,  or even as a number 10, in either an attacking midfield role behind the forwards or as a second striker, a position in which he was tasked with playing between the lines and linking up the midfield with the attack;   he was also used in a creative, holding midfield role on occasion. During his time in Italy, he was nicknamed "Tommasino" and "Pollicino" (Hop-o'-My-Thumb, in Italian), due to his short stature, while he was instead nicknamed "Icke" in Germany for his pronunciation of "Ich" (German for "I") in typical Berlin dialect.

Coaching career
Häßler was an assistant coach at 1. FC Köln. He previously served as an assistant coach to Berti Vogts when he was head coach of Nigeria but both were later sacked by the Nigerian FA.

Häßler interviewed for the managerial position at Scottish Premier League club Kilmarnock in June 2010. On 24 May 2014, he was named as the assistant coach of newly Iran Pro League promoted club, Padideh. He will work with his long-time friend, Alireza Marzban.

In February 2016 Häßler joined eighth division Bezirksliga side Club Italia Berlin as their new coach with the self-declared aim of eventual promotion to the 3. Liga.

Trivia
Häßler founded the music label MTM Music in March 1996. He participated in the 2016 season of German dance show Let's Dance. In 2017, Häßler participated in German television show Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus!.

International

 * Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Häßler goal.

Honours
1. FC Köln
 * UEFA Cup runner-up: 1985–86
 * Bundesliga runner-up: 1988–89, 1989–90

Juventus
 * Supercoppa Italiana runner-up: 1990

Roma
 * Coppa Italia runner-up: 1992–93
 * Supercoppa Italiana runner-up: 1991

Karlsruher SC
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1996
 * DFB-Pokal runner-up: 1995–96

Germany
 * FIFA World Cup: 1990
 * UEFA European Championship: 1996
 * UEFA European Championship runner-up: 1992
 * Summer Olympic Games: Bronze medal 1988

Individual
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1995–96
 * Footballer of the Year in Germany: 1989, 1992
 * FIFA World Cup Most Assists: 1994
 * UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1992
 * FIFA World Player of the Year: Bronze Award 1992
 * FIFA XI: 1999
 * DFB-Pokal Top Scorer:1996

title: Thomas Häßler


text:
Temmabashi Station

Temmabashi Station (天満橋駅) is a railway station in Chūō-ku, Osaka, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Keihan Electric Railway and Osaka Metro.

Lines

 * Keihan Electric Railway
 * Station Number: KH03
 * Keihan Main Line
 * Nakanoshima Line

 * Osaka Metro
 * Tanimachi Line (Station Number: T22)

Keihan Railway
There are two ticket gates in the east and west. The Osaka Metro Tanimachi Line is close to the east gate. The station consists of two side platforms and one island platform serving four tracks. The two tracks in the north are used for trains to and from Nakanoshima, and the two in the south for trains to and from Yodoyabashi.

Others
There was a side platform, an island platform, and a dead-end platform which together accommodated four tracks before Temmabashi Station was shifted underground.

 * April 16, 1963 — April 15, 2006

 * * Demachiyanagi: From October 5, 1989

 * April 16, 2006 — October 18, 2008

Osaka Metro Tanimachi Line
There are two ticket gates in the north and south. The Keihan Railway Lines are close to north gate. The station consists of one island platform serving two tracks.

Surrounding area

 * Osaka Merchandise Mart Building (OMM Building)
 * Keihan Electric Railway Co., Ltd.
 * Keihan City Mall
 * Hachiken-ya
 * Osaka Prefectural Government building
 * TV Osaka
 * Osaka Suijō Bus Temmabashi Pier
 * Zojirushi Corporation
 * Capcom

title: Temmabashi Station


text:
Action Canada

The Action Canada movement was an attempt to establish a new political party in Canada in 1971.

Paul Hellyer, who had been a senior cabinet minister in the Liberal governments of prime ministers Lester B. Pearson and Pierre Trudeau had quit the Liberal Party after being defeated by Trudeau in the 1968 Liberal leadership election.

Hellyer sat as an independent Member of Parliament, and began his attempt to form his own political party in early June 1971. The party was to advocate putting more money in circulation to reduce unemployment, and using wage and price controls to prevent inflation from occurring.

The party attracted some support from members of the Progressive Conservative Party, Liberal Party, and the Social Credit Party. Some senior Social Credit Party officials attended and addressed Action Canada's conference held in Toronto in early October 1971, and Hellyer addressed the Social Credit national convention in Hull, Quebec, on October 9–10. Hellyer gave a 25-minute speech to the predominantly francophone convention, of which only two minutes were in English, explaining how wage and price controls combined with controls over monopoly industries would enable the government to ensure full employment, eliminate inflation, and provide a guaranteed annual income. He received applause for his comments about it being Action Canada policy that French-speaking Quebecers should be able to work in their own language. He did not try to convince party members to join his movement.

Hellyer later accepted Progressive Conservative Party leader Robert Stanfield's invitation to join the PC caucus.

In the early 1990s, after having failed to win the PC leadership in 1976, and having returned to and left the Liberal Party again, Hellyer again formed a new party, the Canadian Action Party. He resigned from the leadership of that party after the New Democratic Party rejected his proposal to merge the two parties.

title: Action Canada


text:
Aero California

Aero California (at times shortened as AeroCal) was a low-cost airline with its headquarters in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, operating a network of domestic passenger flights with its hub at the city's Manuel Márquez de León International Airport.

History

The airline was founded in La Paz, Mexico in 1960 as an air taxi operator using a fleet of Cessna and Beechcraft airplanes, initially known as Servicios Aéreos. By the early 1980s the demand for domestic charter flights had grown enough that the larger Douglas DC-3 was added to the fleet. Scheduled services were launched in June 1982, initially interlinking La Paz, Tijuana and Hermosillo using one Convair 340. In 1989, international scheduled jet flights commenced, with Los Angeles being the first destination. By late 1989, the airline was also serving Phoenix and Tucson besides Los Angeles in the U.S. In 1992, San Diego had been added to the list of cities served by Aero California in the U.S. By 1995, the fleet had been upgraded to only include jet aircraft of various McDonnell Douglas DC-9 subtypes.

On April 3, 2006 all operations of Aero California were suspended by the Mexican Secretariat of Communications and Transport, for alleged deficiencies of administrative and operative nature. It was given 90 days to correct the problems and was able to resume services on August 11, 2006. On July 23, 2008 (at a time when the route network consisted of 17 domestic destinations), the airline was again suspended, this time due to an alleged debt with the Mexican Air Traffic Control (SENEAM). This prompted a labor strike of the employees on August 5, which technically continues to the present day. Aero California's license still remains valid to this day.

Fleet
Aero California operated the following aircraft during its existence:

 * 1 Beechcraft 18
 * 16 Boeing 737-200
 * 2 Cessna 185 Skywagon
 * 2 Cessna 206 Stationair
 * 1 Convair 340
 * 2 Douglas C-47 Skytrain
 * 2 Douglas DC-3
 * 5 McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14
 * 7 McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15
 * 23 McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32

The airline was operating an all-jet fleet with DC-9 aircraft when it ceased operations.

Accidents and incidents

 * Aero California suffered an accident, which occurred on January 29, 1986. A Douglas DC-3 (registered XA-IOR) crashed into a range of hills near Las Lomitas during bad weather and visibility conditions, killing all 18 passengers and 3 crew. The aircraft had been on a scheduled passenger flight from Villa Constitución Airport to Los Mochis Airport.

 * On July 21, 2004 at 19:33 local time, a Douglas DC-9 (registered XA-BCS) encountered a wind shear upon take-off at Mexico City International Airport to Durango. All 52 passengers and the four crew members survived the accident, but the airframe was damaged beyond repair and written off.

title: Aero California


text:
David Stanton (politician)

David Stanton (born 15 February 1957) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork East constituency since 1997. He served as a Minister of State from 2016 to 2020.

Stanton was born in County Cork. He was educated at St. Colman's Vocational School, Midleton; Sharman Crawford Technical Institute, Cork and University College Cork where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology and Mathematics. Before entering politics, he was a woodwork and technical drawing teacher and a career guidance counsellor in St Colman's Community College in Midleton. Stanton served in the Reserve Defence Forces (RDF) as an officer in the Army Reserve. He is married to Mary Lehane and they have four sons.

Stanton was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1997 general election and has been re-elected at every general election since. He was party Spokesperson on Social and Family Affairs, and Equality from 2004 to 2007. Prior to this he acted as deputy Spokesperson on Education and Science, and Spokesperson on Labour Affairs, Consumer Rights and Trade from 1997 to 2002. From 2007 to 2010, he was party Assistant Chief Whip (Dáil Reform) with special responsibility for Disability Issues. In July 2010, he was appointed Spokesperson on Defence.

On 19 May 2016, Stanton was appointed by the Fine Gael–Independent government on the nomination of Taoiseach Enda Kenny as Minister of State at the Department of Justice and Equality with special responsibility for Equality, Immigration, and Integration. On 20 June 2017, he was appointed by the government formed by Leo Varadkar to the same position.

In this role, Stanton formally announced the State's intention, following Government approval, to establish an Irish gambling regulatory under the auspices of the Department of Justice. Speaking as then Minister of State with special responsibility for gambling regulation, Stanton said, "A modern and effectively regulated gambling environment will ensure, to the greatest extent possible, that gambling will be a safe, fair and entertaining activity for the majority of those who choose to take part in it. We must ensure that it will provide enhanced consumer protection for players while limiting to the greatest extent possible the harmful effects on young people and those who may be susceptible to addiction."

During his time in the Department of Justice, Stanton played a key role in the creation of the Domestic Violence Act 2018. The Act provided many law changes including for new criminal offences in relation to coercive control and forced marriage. Former Minister for Justice Charlie Flanagan thanked Stanton for his work on this matter stating, "Minister Stanton successfully brought the Bill through Committee and Report Stages in the Upper House, during which many important amendments were made."

At the general election in February 2020, Stanton was re-elected in the Cork East constituency.

On 23 May 2023, he announced that he would not be contesting the next general election.

title: David Stanton (politician)


text: User talk:195.112.56.122

title: User talk:195.112.56.122