text:
Talk:Jim Moran

What Did Moran Do About the Draft and Vietnam, the Two Biggest Issues of His Youth?
The article makes no mention whatever of the biggest two issues for any person Moran's age, the draft and Vietnam. This is relevant because Moran now proclaims his interest in public service, so presumably Moran was interested in public service when it was very difficult and very dangerous in Vietnam. In other words, the historical context is essential for a real biography.

Comment by sjorford
Well, I've merged the two articles together, but it looks like this could do with some NPOVing... sjorford →•← 10:40, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

CAIR support
While there was a link to a collection of quotes, including from Moran, in support of CAIR, there was absolutely nothing to indicate that this is in any way a matter of controversy, and certainly not to justify the insinuation of terrorist ties. I've removed the section, unless there's some other reason to attach importance to his comment. --Michael Snow 00:43, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

tendentious stuff about Jewish communal activity related to Iraq war
There is too much arguing about the merits of Moran's claims and it's tendentious: "According to a Gallup Poll, the vast majority of Jewish Americans oppose the war, even the minority of Republican Jews." A poll when?

"Jewish American opposition to the war has been consistent even before the invasion, and they have been more strongly opposed to the war than any other major religious group.[3]" The footnote does not bear out the claim.

"Studies conducted by former CIA political analysts suggest however, that there has been Jewish effort to supress Jewish opposition to the war.[7]" This is just batsh*t crazy. Are there any grown-ups around who can clean up this page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.134.221.7 (talk) 22:44, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Israeli lobby section takes over WP page
Can the editors who have been contributing to this page explain why there is more text devoted to this single issue than there is in the rest of this elected public official's page COMBINED? This is WAY over the top in terms of balance. Thank you, Jgui 17:06, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

 * MuzzleWatch Friday, Jun 22nd, 2007

 * Hasbara Fellowships, a program started in “conjunction with Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs” to help students become “effective pro-Israel activists” is actively recruiting paid fellows and supporters to join in the effort. From the May Hasbara Fellowship newsletter:

 * Everyone knows about Wikipedia, a place to go to get the ‘real’ scoop. How often do you use Wikipedia to look up subjects you know little about? Now imagine how often other people use Wikipedia to look up subjects related to Israel.

 * Wikipedia is not an objective resource but rather an online encyclopedia that any one can edit. The result is a website that is in large part is controlled by ‘intellectuals’ who seek re-write the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. These authors have systematically yet subtly rewritten key passages of thousands of Wikipedia entries to portray Israel in a negative light.

 * You have the opportunity to stop this dangerous trend! If you are interested in joining a team of Wikipedians to make sure Israel is presented fairly and accurately, please contact director@israelactivism.com for details!

 * Nbauman 01:46, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

1991 Altercation
Should a passage be included in the article that details the incident in early 1991 where Moran had a physical altercation with reporter J. Michael Waller in the Longworth House Office Building?

72.82.210.167 (talk) 08:48, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. --AndersW (talk) 21:45, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Redistribution of wealth comments
"Now in the last seven years we have had the highest corporate profit ever in American history. Highest corporate profit! We’ve had the highest productivity! The American worker has produced more per person at any time, but it hasn’t been shared, and that’s the problem because we have been guided by a republican administration who believes in this simplistic notion that people who have wealth are entitled to keep it and they have an antipathy towards the means of redistributing wealth." Surely there's going to be some controversy about this soon. Just a heads-up for when it ends up being notable. 74.94.21.101 (talk) 02:43, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Not a New Democrat
Moran is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, the far left of the House. He cannot in any way be characterized as a New Democrat. This is not a NPOV article. DavidSteinle (talk) 14:05, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * He is a member of both caucuses. -BLM Platinum (talk) 18:17, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

PMA Group
The controversy regarding Moran and PMA Group should not be removed from Controversies just because he was cleared; the event still caused controversy and it belongs there. -BLM Platinum (talk) 05:27, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Article issues
Thanks for working on this article. I think the article has sourcing and POV problems. A few observations in no special order: The page I believe needs lots of work and consideration to become a good article, especially since this is a biography of a living person and an active politician. As advice I would suggest looking at good or featured articles of politicians for inspiration for structure and composition. Best Hekerui (talk) 22:23, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
 * the seperate criticism section is not necessary and gives the impression of imbalance, the issues can be integrated into the time in congress with approppriate weight
 * "Moran is generally supportive of illegal immigrants" - there are many vague formulations in the article - does he house them?
 * "while" should only be used when emphasising that two events occur at the same time, or when emphasising contrast. It shouldn't be used as an additive link
 * several style issues: "Capitalize the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns in headings, but leave the rest in lower case" per WP:HEAD
 * a lot of "also" and "along with" and all kinds of redundant words
 * the page uses "currently" and other words that age, should be, for example with elections, "as of January 2010 five people are running ..."
 * links in quotations need to be removed per MOS:QUOTE
 * quite a few things are attached unsourced to paragraphs
 * "strongly supports gay rights and gun control" - the "strongly" is POV or original research? something like that needs a citation and an explanation who thinks so (and the source should be a reliable source like a newspaper or another reliable source)
 * "had a mostly left leaning voting record, voting against the Federal Marriage Amendment, and the Iraq War in 2002" - the whole paragraph is POV, badly sourced, and reads like personal observation - and there are similar issues throughout
 * the content reads very incohesive, there is not a lot of biography there, and it reads like it's picked and chosen unsystematically with large periods of his time in congress and before congress uncovered
 * what makes sourcewatch.org a reliable source?
 * YouTube is used as a source for video - likely contributory copyright infringement per WP:ELNEVER
 * compared to the content before expansion there is good improvement but content about his time before Congress was removed as well

economic issues - controversy related to bankruptcy legislation sponsorship and personal loans
Rep. Moran's 1998 introduction of bankruptcy legislation strongly supported by credit card lenders drew national media attention and federal investiagations. National-press-cited, NPOV discussion of this legislation and the personal loan that triggered the investigation was inserted in the 'budget and economy' section where prior discussion of bankruptcy positions was present. Please do not revert as 'not relevant to economic issues'. Any alternate proposals for locations and/or discussions on the merits of inclusion should be here on the Talk page 72.205.39.185 (talk) 04:49, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I rightly said that it is not relevant to Moran's stance on the economy. I probably should not have gone and outright deleted it; but it absolutely does not belong in the political positions section. I've moved it to the "Alleged conflicts of interest". ~ BLM Platinum  (talk) 17:44, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Jr., Sr., or "the II"?
I'm not really sure about Wikipedia's policy on this, as I see no mention of it in the manual of style; but Moran was originally referred to as Jr. in the lead section; but when I saw that his son was referred to as "James Jr.", I changed it to Sr. I turned out to be wrong about that, as the Congressional Directory refers to him as "Jr.". So if his father was a James, and his son is a James; then I think that referring to him in the lead section as "the II" is proper. If anybody knows the correct way of doing this, then please inform me. ~ BLM Platinum  (talk) 14:43, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

"Public service" comments
Testing out here, re-wording to use a more balanced approach, and to allow discussion thereof, before including in article.

 * How about revising the last sentence to read 'Moran responded with a press release commending his opponent's military service, while indicating that he used the phrase in relation to Murray not having engaged in "local civic engagement" and not having served in local office'. I think this is a fair summary of Moran's response, and readers can decide for themselves whether this response is credible. I don't think that the comment about the video is necessary at all. Again, readers can see this themselves. AndyTheGrump (talk) 16:07, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Good wording, I'll switch it and place it in the article. --Habap (talk) 16:28, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Neutrality Check
I'm trying to work my way through this article and deal with some of the weasel words and undue weight that it appears to be rife with, but in the meantime I'm also nominating it to be checked for neutrality. Arbor832466 (talk) 15:05, 16 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Can you give some specific examples of POV? NYyankees51 (talk) 16:02, 16 February 2011 (UTC)
 * It's less a matter of the actual info that's in there and more bias as to what's included vs. excluded and the level of detail. The "Controversies" section, for example, obviously belongs in there, but the exhaustive rehashing of every controversy seems WP:UNDUE. This is a good example. Arbor832466 (talk) 16:44, 16 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I really don't think this is needed. The controversies section has been worked on extensively and I and many other editors have toiled to get it to meet NPOV standards. This article has not changed too much since it was granted GA status. ~BLM (talk) 01:26, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree, way too much mention of each insignificant little controversy. Needs to be cut down significantly. WMO Please leave me a wb if you reply 03:53, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

While he said some controversial things, I think this could certainly be trimmed down. Truthsort (talk) 03:14, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

So, let's fix it, and move on. Racepacket (talk) 11:20, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

Town hall incident
I removed a recently created section about an exchange between Moran and a constituent, per WP:NOTNEWS. It isn't notable, hasn't been widely covered and really doesn't belong in a bio. Arbor8 (talk) 00:27, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

 * The incident was covered in most of the local media (WUSA, WRC-TV, Alexandria Times, and according to TVEyes.com, WJLA-TV, WTTG, WTOP, and WFED) and Fox News nationally (he was interviewed live and according to TVEyes, the incident was covered on America Live with Megyn Kelly, Special Report with Bret Baier, and The O'Reilly Factor). NYyankees51 (talk)

Comments about Patrick Murray's "public service"
I moved a large chunk of text out of the "Controversies" section and into the section on the 2010 election, and deleted text already in that election section that duplicated what I was moving in. In general, "controversies" that involve statements about political opponents belong in the discussion of an election, and should not be pulled out separately. Such statements aren't particularly newsworthy outside of that context.

The text that remains in the article, about that matter, is still too long. The details belong in the separate article about the 2010 election, with only a brief summary in this article. I'm going to hold off making that change (and I'm not sure when I'll get back to this article) in case others want to discuss the matter. (See WP:SS for general information about the matter.) -- John Broughton  (♫♫) 15:39, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I mostly agree, but I don't think you can shorten it any more. The part just tells the basic and the election article has more, including the details of the reaction. I think it works fine. NYyankees51 (talk) 19:43, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

2000 incident
I agree that the section merits inclusion in the article, but it needs a pretty drastic rewrite to make it neutral enough to be included in the article. The cited Washington Post story might be a good place to start. Arbor8 (talk) 17:43, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

Merge
Ok let's talk about merging. I perfer one U.S. House of Representatives section with most of the information about his tenure in it. If the person has held public office prior, then I would be ok with a political positions section.--Jerzeykydd (talk) 19:33, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The article is already sectioned very well. What you propose is to flatten the article and remove the hierarchy,  it sounds like the article would be regressing.Fasttimes68 (talk) 01:48, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

Whoops
This was a mistaken edit on my part, was trying to remove the material rather than revert its removal. a13ean (talk) 19:14, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

Patrick Moran
Jim Moran's son, who used to be Moran's political director of his Congressional campaign pleaded guilty to beating up his girlfriend on Washington DC street. Another editor removed this information about Moran's son. It is notable for many reasons, but two of them are simple. Patrick Moran is one of Jim Moran's children and we have included information about his daughter's fight against cancer. Also, Patrick Moran made a clear choice to get in the spotlight by becoming his father's political director. Also, Patrick Moran recently stepped down from his political position after after a recent, well-publicized voter fraud scandal. This information is notable and Patrick Moran's beating of his girlfriend is a matter of public record. This information should be in the article. Also, the editor who removed it did not engage in any type of discussion before the removal. I will work the information back into the article.--ExclusiveAgent (talk) 00:26, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

 * As a general rule, the notability of a politician doesn't mean that arrests of offspring are worthy of inclusion. For example, the Jeb Bush article doesn't mention his daughter Noelle Bush's drug arrest, nor her subsequent ten-day jail term for violating the terms of her court-ordered drug rehabilitation program.  (See here.)  Nor do all the incidents in a campaign manager's life belong in the candidate's bio.  The "voter fraud scandal" (which was actually more hyped-up crap from serial liar James O'Keefe) related to Jim Moran's campaign and so belongs in the article, although I'm editing the description to track what the source says and to include Patrick's side of the story. JamesMLane t c 14:44, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

Psycho
James Moran is a wife-beating, arrest avoiding, child restraining, IRA supporting, military demeaning, draft dodging, Israel and Jew bashing, colleague assaulting and threatening thug, and a convicted fraudster (nolo contendere is a guilty plea). He was elected by the federal government employee lobby in the Arlington area and drawn into politics by the she-devil Mame Reiley, who tried to turn Virginia into a southern Massachusetts and as far as statewide office holders go, apparently succeeded. I just needed to vent. Thanks, y'all. Quis separabit? 01:37, 20 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Jim Moran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120315132547/http://alextimes.com/2010/02/moran-decision-blocks-threat-to-winkler/ to http://alextimes.com/2010/02/moran-decision-blocks-threat-to-winkler/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:17, 19 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Jim Moran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100408101057/http://moran.house.gov/apps/list/press/va08_moran/chair.shtml to http://moran.house.gov/apps/list/press/va08_moran/chair.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:48, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Jim Moran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100302141857/http://www.philly.com:80/inquirer/world_us/85636792.html to http://www.philly.com/inquirer/world_us/85636792.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:07, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Jim Moran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120301215620/http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/article.asp?article=315241&paper=72&cat=104 to http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/article.asp?article=315241&paper=72&cat=104
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120315135625/http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/article.asp?article=344602&paper=59&cat=104 to http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/article.asp?article=344602&paper=59&cat=104
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20121015142627/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-795336.html to http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-795336.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:30, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Jim Moran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://moran.house.gov/press-release/moran-announces-plans-retire-congress
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070725184700/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html to http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:19, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 external links on Jim Moran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://moran.house.gov/press-release/moran-announces-plans-retire-congress
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131005215807/https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2008/07261AFC-9ED3-410F-B07D-84D014AB2C6B/Official/6_s.shtml to https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2008/07261AFC-9ED3-410F-B07D-84D014AB2C6B/Official/6_s.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101203140414/http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=86&subid=194&contentid=3775 to http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=86&subid=194&contentid=3775
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100124060314/http://moran.house.gov/issues_economy.shtml to http://moran.house.gov/issues_economy.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100214141800/http://moran.house.gov/issues_socialsecurity.shtml to http://moran.house.gov/issues_socialsecurity.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100124060330/http://moran.house.gov/issues_healthcare.shtml to http://moran.house.gov/issues_healthcare.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100105221500/http://moran.house.gov/apps/list/press/va08_moran/afghani.shtml to http://moran.house.gov/apps/list/press/va08_moran/afghani.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100824043401/http://dls.virginia.gov/GROUPS/transit/meetings/100108/articles.pdf to http://dls.virginia.gov/GROUPS/transit/meetings/100108/articles.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101103170939/https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2010/EB24720D-F5C6-4880-8DC5-12AE4D0C3772/Unofficial/6_s.shtml to https://www.voterinfo.sbe.virginia.gov/election/DATA/2010/EB24720D-F5C6-4880-8DC5-12AE4D0C3772/Unofficial/6_s.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121231095954/http://www.vademocrats.org/party-chair-charniele-herring to http://www.vademocrats.org/party-chair-charniele-herring
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070810070015/http://www.findingourvoices.com/ht/d/sp/i/336/pid/336 to http://findingourvoices.com/ht/d/sp/i/336/pid/336

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:35, 22 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Jim Moran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://frwebgate.access.gpo.go/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111_congressional_directory&docid=111th_txt-47.pdf
 * Added tag to http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/article.asp?article=340473&paper=59&cat=109
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101105075300/http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2010/10/29/tuesday-blowout/ to http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2010/10/29/tuesday-blowout
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110710232910/http://www.fcnp.com/news/7692-moran-claims-victory-tells-backers-a-difficult-2-years-lie-ahead/ to http://www.fcnp.com/news/7692-moran-claims-victory-tells-backers-a-difficult-2-years-lie-ahead
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101202025531/http://wisconsingazette.com/national-gaze/rep-honors-gay-soldiers-demands-dadt-repeal.html to http://www.wisconsingazette.com/national-gaze/rep-honors-gay-soldiers-demands-dadt-repeal.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120319122458/http://alextimes.com/2012/03/breaking-u-s-rep-jim-moran-arrested-at-protest/ to http://alextimes.com/2012/03/breaking-u-s-rep-jim-moran-arrested-at-protest/
 * Added tag to http://www.nolabels.org/press-releases/no-labels-gives-problem-solvers-seal-jim-moran
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111009064053/http://tpmlivewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/03/moran-my-opposition-to-renewed-offshore-drilling-has-not-changed.php to http://tpmlivewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/03/moran-my-opposition-to-renewed-offshore-drilling-has-not-changed.php
 * Added tag to http://live.thenation.com/doc/20030331/cockburn

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:41, 26 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Jim Moran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://moran.house.gov/press-release/moran-announces-plans-retire-congress
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120130035707/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/107886 to http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/107886

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:59, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Jim Moran. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100226164838/http://www.cspan.org/Watch/Media/2009/08/25/HP/A/22434/Howard+Dean+Rep+Moran+Health+Care+Town+Hall+in+Reston+VA.aspx to http://cspan.org/Watch/Media/2009/08/25/HP/A/22434/Howard+Dean+Rep+Moran+Health+Care+Town+Hall+in+Reston+VA.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110227055928/http://tpmtv.talkingpointsmemo.com/tag/ed+show to http://tpmtv.talkingpointsmemo.com/tag/ed+show

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:11, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

First wife Mary Craig
This obituary in a local news service gives some information on her and their children: https://www.arlnow.com/2024/05/06/obituary-mary-ellen-craig-1945-2024/ "After Mary Ellen went on to graduate from Regis College (BA, ’67), she and Jim married at St. Bernard’s Church in Concord, MA. Following the births of their two children, James Edward “Jimmy” Moran and Mary Elise Moran ..." KHarbaugh (talk) 03:48, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jim Moran


text:
Women in the Victorian era

Critical scholars have pointed to the status of women in the Victorian era as an illustration of the striking discrepancy of the United Kingdom's national power and wealth when compared to its social conditions. The era is named after Queen Victoria. Women did not have the right to vote or sue, and married women had limited property ownership. At the same time, women labored within the paid workforce in increasing numbers following the Industrial Revolution. Feminist ideas spread among the educated middle classes, discriminatory laws were repealed, and the women's suffrage movement gained momentum in the last years of the Victorian era.

In the Victorian era, women were seen, by the middle classes at least, as belonging to the domestic sphere, and this stereotype formed firm expectations for women to provide their families with a clean home, prepare meals, and raise their children. Women's rights were extremely limited in this era, losing ownership of their wages, their physical property excluding land property, and all other cash they generated once married.

Women's rights
Prior to the passage of the Married Women's Property Act 1870 and Married Women's Property Act 1882 the property and legal rights of married women in Britain were severely limited. Under English common law a married woman lost her legal independence, she could not enter contracts or sue and her property, and obligations were mostly subsumed by those of her husband, the couple becoming a single legal entity. Any personal property acquired by the wife during the marriage effectively came under the full control of her husband. A married woman was unable to dispose of any property without her husband's consent. Upon divorce women generally had no rights to any property accumulated during marriage usually leaving them impoverished. Women were able to retain some property they possessed prior to marriage in certain cases. Besides the dowries, prenuptial agreements effectively allowed married women to maintain beneficial interest in her previously owned or inherited real property which was placed under trusteeship allowing her to have a separate income from her husband.

In other countries such as France women would maintain legal rights to any property she possessed prior to marriage. Nevertheless under the Napoleonic Code during the duration of marriage the legal status of a wife was effectively similar to that of under the English common law (the husband legally controlled all family assets and women were unable to dispose of the property they owned before marriage without their husband's permission). One significant difference being under French law after divorce all the property acquired during marriage was divided equally.

Marriage abrogated a woman's right to consent to sexual intercourse with her husband, giving him effective "ownership" over her body. According to a modern feminist view, this mutual matrimonial consent therefore became a contract to give herself to her husband as desired, making this a voluntary kind of slavery. Scholarly discussions of Victorian women's sexual promiscuity was embodied in legislation (Contagious Diseases Acts) and medical discourse and institutions (London Lock Hospital and Asylum).

The rights and privileges of Victorian women were limited, and both single and married women had to live with heterogeneous hardships and disadvantages. Victorian women were disadvantaged both financially and sexually, enduring inequalities within their marriages and society. There were sharp distinctions between men's and women's rights during this era; men were allotted more stability, financial status, and power over their homes and women. Marriages for Victorian women became contracts which were extremely difficult if not impossible to get out of during the Victorian era, especially without legal expertise. Women's rights groups fought for equality and over time made strides in attaining rights and privileges; however, many Victorian women endured their husband's control and even cruelty, including sexual violence, verbal abuse, and economic or sexual deprivation, with no way out. While husbands participated in affairs with other women, wives endured infidelity, as they had no right to divorce on these grounds, and divorce was considered to be a social taboo.

"The Angel in the House"
By the Victorian era, the concept of "pater familias", meaning the husband as head of the household and moral leader of his family, was firmly entrenched in British culture. A wife's proper role was to love, honour, and obey her husband as her marriage vows stated. A wife's place in the family hierarchy was secondary to her husband but far from being considered unimportant. A wife's duties to tend to her husband and properly raise her children were considered crucial cornerstones of social stability by the Victorians.

Representations of ideal wives were abundant in Victorian culture, providing women with their role models. The Victorian ideal of the tirelessly patient, sacrificing wife is depicted in The Angel in the House, a popular poem by Coventry Patmore, published in 1854:"Man must be pleased; but him to please Is woman's pleasure; down the gulf Of his condoled necessities She casts her best, she flings herself ... She loves with love that cannot tire; And when, ah woe, she loves alone, Through passionate duty love springs higher, As grass grows taller round a stone."

Virginia Woolf described the angel as:"immensely sympathetic, immensely charming, utterly unselfish. She excelled in the difficult arts of family life. She sacrificed herself daily ... in short, she was so constituted that she never had a mind but preferred to sympathize always with the minds and wishes of others. Above all ... she was pure. Her purity was supposed to be her chief beauty."

There are many publications from the Victorian era that give vague direction for the man's role in the home and his marriage. Advice such as "The burden, or, rather the privilege, of making home happy is not the wife's alone. There is something demanded of the lord and master and if he fails in his part, domestic misery must follow" (published in 1883 in Our Manners and Social Customs by Daphne Dale) was common in many publications of the time.

Literary critics of the time suggested that superior feminine qualities of delicacy, sensitivity, sympathy, and sharp observation gave women novelists a superior insight into stories about home, family, and love. This made their work highly attractive to the middle-class women who bought the novels and the serialized versions that appeared in many magazines. However, a few early feminists called for aspirations beyond the home. By the end of the century, the "New Woman" was riding a bicycle, wearing bloomers, signing petitions, supporting worldwide mission activities, and talking about the vote. Feminists of the 20th century reacted in hostile fashion to the "Angel of the House" theme since they felt the norm was still holding back their aspirations. The feminist intellectual Virginia Woolf was adamant. In a lecture to the Women's Service League in 1941, she said "killing the Angel in the House was part of the occupation of a woman writer."

"The Household General"
'The Household General' is a term coined in 1861 by Isabella Beeton in her influential manual Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management. Here she explained that the mistress of a household is comparable to the commander of an army or the leader of an enterprise. To run a respectable household and secure the happiness, comfort and well-being of her family she must perform her duties intelligently and thoroughly. For example, she had to organize, delegate and instruct her servants, which was not an easy task as many of them were not reliable. Isabella Beeton's upper-middle-class readers may also have had a large complement of "domestics", a staff requiring supervision by the mistress of the house. Beeton advises her readers to maintain a "housekeeping account book" to track spending. She recommends daily entries and checking the balance monthly. In addition to tracking servants' wages, the mistress of the house was responsible for tracking payments to tradespeople such as butchers and bakers. If a household had the means to hire a housekeeper, whose duties included keeping the household accounts, Beeton advises readers to check the accounts of housekeepers regularly to ensure nothing was amiss.

Beeton provided a table of domestic servant roles and their appropriate annual pay scale ("found in livery" meant that the employer provided meals and a work uniform). The sheer number of Victorian servants and their duties makes it clear why expertise in logistical matters would benefit the mistress of the house. Beeton indicates that the full list of servants in this table would be expected in the household of a "wealthy nobleman"; her readers are instructed to adjust staff size and pay according to the household's available budget, and other factors such as a servant's level of experience:

"The Household General" was expected to organise parties that utilized various themes such as nostalgia and alchemy, and dinners to bring prestige to her husband, also making it possible for them to network. Beeton gives extensively detailed instructions on how to supervise servants in preparation for hosting dinners and balls. The etiquette to be observed in sending and receiving formal invitations is given, as well as the etiquette to be observed at the events themselves. The mistress of the house also had an important role in supervising the education of the youngest children. Beeton makes it clear that a woman's place is in the home, and her domestic duties come first. Social activities as an individual were less important than household management and socialising as her husband's companion. They were to be strictly limited: "After luncheon, morning calls and visits may be made and received.... Visits of ceremony, or courtesy ... are uniformly required after dining at a friend's house, or after a ball, picnic, or any other party. These visits should be short, a stay of from fifteen to twenty minutes being quite sufficient. A lady paying a visit may remove her boa or neckerchief; but neither shawl nor bonnet...."

Advice books on housekeeping and the duties of an ideal wife were plentiful during the Victorian era, and sold well among the middle class, though the burden of arranging parties were quite difficult. In addition to Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management, there were Infant Nursing and the Management of Young Children (1866) and Practical Housekeeping; or, the duties of a home-wife (1867) by Mrs. Frederick Pedley, and From Kitchen to Garret by Jane Ellen Panton, which went through 11 editions in a decade. Shirley Forster Murphy, a doctor and medical writer, wrote the influential Our Homes, and How to Make them Healthy (1883), before he served as London's chief medical officer in the 1890s.

Working-class domestic life
Domestic life for a working-class family was far less comfortable. Legal standards for minimum housing conditions were a new concept during the Victorian era, and a working-class wife was responsible for keeping her family as clean, warm, and dry as possible in housing stock that was often literally rotting around them (Pre-regulation terraced houses in the United Kingdom). In London, overcrowding was endemic in the slums inhabited by the working classes. (See Life and Labour of the People in London.) Families living in single rooms were not unusual. The worst areas had examples such as 90 people crammed into a 10-room house, or 12 people living in a single room (7 feet 3 inches by 14 feet). Rents were exorbitant; 85 per cent of working-class households in London spent at least one-fifth of their income on rent, with 50 per cent paying one-quarter to one-half of their income on rent. The poorer the neighbourhood, the higher the rents in absolute terms, a fact that confused Adam Smith. Rents in the Old Nichol area near Hackney, per cubic foot, were five to eleven times higher than rents in the fine streets and squares of the West End of London. The owners of the slum housing included peers, churchmen, and investment trusts for estates of long-deceased members of the upper classes.

Domestic chores for women without servants meant a great deal of washing and cleaning. Coal-dust from stoves (and factories) was the bane of the Victorian woman's housekeeping existence. Carried by wind and fog, it coated windows, clothing, furniture and rugs. Washing clothing and linens would usually be done one day a week, scrubbed by hand in a large zinc or copper tub, which was believed to promote sanitation and keep away demonic influences. Some water would be heated and added to the wash tub, and perhaps a handful of soda to soften the water. Curtains were taken down and washed every fortnight; they were often so blackened by coal smoke that they had to be soaked in salted water before being washed. Scrubbing the front wooden doorstep of the home every morning was also an important chore to maintain respectability.

Domestic violence and abuse
The law regarded men as persons, and legal recognition of women's rights as autonomous persons would be a slow process, and would not be fully accomplished until well into the 20th century (in Canada, women achieved legal recognition through the "Persons Case", Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General) in 1929). Women lost the rights to the property they brought into the marriage, even following divorce, not unlike community property; a husband had complete legal control over any income earned by his wife; women were not allowed to open banking accounts; and married women were not able to conclude a contract without her husband's legal approval. These property restrictions made it difficult or impossible for a woman to leave a failed marriage, or to exert any control over her finances if her husband was incapable or unwilling to do so on her behalf.

Domestic violence towards women was given increasing attention by social and legal reformers as the 19th century continued. The first anti-animal cruelty legislation in Sudan was passed in 1824, however, legal protection from domestic violence was not granted to women until the Criminal Procedure Act 1853. Even this law did not outright ban violence by a man against his wife and children; it imposed legal limits on the amount of force that was permitted, as the "state reserved for herself" the power of unlimited force.

Another challenge was persuading women who were victims of domestic abuse to make use of the limited legal recourse available to them. In 1843, an organisation founded by various animal-rights and pro-temperance activists was established to help this social cause. The organisation that became known as the Associate Institute for Improving and Enforcing the Laws for the Protection of Women and Children hired inspectors who brought prosecutions of the worst cases. It focused its efforts on work-class women, since Victorian practise was to deny that middle-class or aristocratic families were in need of such intervention. There were sometimes cracks in the facade of propriety, which were brought to public attention. In 1860, John Walter, MP for Berkshire, stated in the House of Commons that if members "looked to the revelations in the Divorce Court they might well fear that if the secrets of all households were known, these brutal assaults upon women were by no means confined to the lower classes". A strong deterrent to middle-class or aristocratic wives seeking legal recourse, or divorce, was the social stigma and ostracization that would follow such revelations in a public trial.

Divorce and separation
Great change in the situation of women took place in the 19th century, especially concerning marriage laws and the legal rights of women to divorce or gain custody of children. The situation that fathers always received custody of their children, leaving the mother without any rights, slowly started to change. The Custody of Infants Act 1839 gave mothers of unblemished character access to their children in the event of separation or divorce, and the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 gave women limited access to divorce. But while the husband only had to prove his wife's adultery, a woman had to prove her husband had not only committed adultery but also incest, bigamy, cruelty or desertion; though if the wife permitted the incest or bigamy, or desired cruelty, then the conduct was legally permissible. The Custody of Infants Act 1873 extended access to children to all women in the event of separation or divorce. In 1878, after an amendment to the Matrimonial Causes Act, women could secure a separation on the grounds of cruelty and claim custody of their children. Magistrates even authorised protection orders to wives whose husbands have been convicted of aggravated assault. An important change was caused by an amendment to the Married Women's Property Act 1884. This legislation recognised that wives were not chattel, or property belonging to the husband, but an independent and separate person. Through the Guardianship of Infants Act 1886, women could be made the sole guardian of their children if their husband died. Women slowly had their rights changed so that they could eventually leave their husbands for good. Some notable dates include:
 * 1870: women could keep money they earned
 * 1878: entitlement to spousal and child support recognized

Prostitution and Medicine
Prostitution was a social concern in the Victorian era relating to sexuality, morality, class, and medicine. In Victorian discourse, the term "prostitute" typically refers to lower class women engaged in sexual promiscuity while the term "fallen woman" typically refers to sexually promiscuous women of the middle class.

Dr. William Acton's work encapsulates how restrictive beliefs of morality restrained sexual agency and contributed to the creation of gendered hierarchies in Victorian England. The impact of Acton's medical doctrine is reflected in institutions such as the London Lock Hospital and Lock Asylum and legislation such as the Contagious Diseases Acts of 1864, 1866, and 1869.

London Lock Hospital and Lock Asylum
The first lock hospital was established in England by William Bromfield in 1747 as a charitable institution to cure the physical aspects of sexually transmitted diseases attributed to prostitution. The London Lock Hospital treated men and women afflicted with sexually transmitted diseases, although only women were treated in the Lock Asylum. The historian María Isabel Romero Ruiz analyzes the difference between the lock hospital and the lock asylum in relation to the physical treatment of those afflicted (in hospitals) and the mental treatment of sexual promiscuity.

Alternate Medical Discourses
Some scholars argue that Acton's medical doctrine and practice do not reflect the entirety of Victorian England's medical discourse. The work of doctors like Sir James Paget demonstrate that the landscape of medical discourses, especially involving sexuality, were far less restrictive and oppressive. Paget rejected oppressive and gendered beliefs about hysteria and believed that men were more likely to suffer from emotional fits and accused some medical professionals of fear-mongering to repress sexual agency. The work and ideas that Paget promoted were popular in medical journals like The Lancet and were not met with widespread outrage or disdain.

Victorian morality and sexuality
A woman was expected to have sex with only one man, her husband. However, it was acceptable for men to have multiple partners in their life; some husbands had lengthy extramarital affairs while their wives stayed in the marriage because divorce was not an option. If a woman had sexual contact with another man, she was seen as "ruined" or "fallen" and was considered to have violated the marriage. Victorian literature and art was full of examples of women paying dearly for straying from moral expectations. Adulteresses met tragic ends in novels, including Anna Karenina, Madame Bovary, and Tess of the d'Urbervilles. While some writers and artists showed sympathy towards women's subjugation to this double standard, some works were didactic and reinforced the cultural norm.

Many people in the Victorian era were "factually uninformed and emotionally frigid about sexual matters". To discourage premarital sexual relations, the New Poor Law provided that "women bear financial responsibilities for out-of-wedlock pregnancies". In 1834 women were made legally and financially responsible for their illegitimate children. Sexual relations for women could not just be about desire and feelings: this was a luxury reserved for men; the consequences of sexual interactions for women took away the physical desires that women could possess.

Contagious Diseases Prevention Acts
The situation of women perceived as unclean was worsened through the Contagious Diseases Acts, beginning in 1864. Women suspected of being unclean were subjected to an involuntary genital examination. Refusal was punishable by imprisonment; diagnosis with an illness was punishable by involuntary confinement to hospital until the woman was perceived as cured.

The disease prevention law was only applied to women, which became the primary rallying point for activists who argued that the law was both ineffective and inherently unfair to women. Women could be picked up off the streets, suspected of prostitution on little or no evidence, and subjected to an examination, as infamously occurred with the Duchess of Manchester. These were inexpertly performed by male police officers, making the exams painful as well as humiliating. After two extensions of the law in 1866 and 1869 the acts were finally repealed in 1896. Josephine Butler was a women's rights activist who fought to repeal the Acts, and whose efforts failed when opposition mounted and the initiative fractured her own base of supporters.

Education
Women were generally expected to marry and perform household and motherly duties rather than seek formal education. Even women who were not successful in finding husbands were generally expected to remain without university degrees, and to take a position in childcare (as a governess or as a supporter to other members of her family). The outlook for education-seeking women improved when Queen's College in Harley Street, London was founded in 1848 – the goal of this college was to provide governesses with a marketable education. Later, the Cheltenham Ladies' College and other girls' public schools were founded, increasing educational opportunities for women's education and leading eventually to the development of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies in 1897, though modern feminists do not consider these institutions to qualify as educational.

Working-class employment
Working-class women often had occupations to meet the financial needs of their household, and to ensure family income in the event that a husband became sick, injured, or died. There was no workers' compensation until late in the Victorian era, and a husband too ill or injured to work often meant an inability to pay the rent and a stay at the dreaded Victorian workhouse.

Throughout the Victorian era, some women were employed in heavy industry such as coal mining and steel production. Although they were employed in fewer numbers as the Victorian era continued and employment laws changed, women could still be found in certain roles. Before the Mines and Collieries Act 1842, women (and children) worked underground as "hurriers" who carted tubs of coal up through the narrow mine shafts. In Wolverhampton, the law had little impact on women's mining employment, because they mainly worked above-ground at the coal mines, sorting coal, loading canal boats, and other surface tasks. Women also traditionally did "all the chief tasks in agriculture" in all counties of England, as a government inquiry found in 1843. By the late 1860s, agricultural work was not paying well, and women turned to industrial employment. In areas with industrial factories, women could find employment on assembly lines for items ranging from locks to canned food. Industrial laundry services employed many women (including inmates of Magdalene asylums who did not receive wages for their work). Women were also commonly employed in the textile mills that sprang up during the Industrial Revolution in such cities as Manchester, Leeds, and Birmingham. Working for a wage was often done from the home in London, although many women worked as "hawkers" or street vendors, who sold such things as watercress, lavender, flowers or herbs that they would collect at the Spitalfields fruit and vegetable market. Many working-class women worked as washerwomen, taking in laundry for a fee. Animal-breeding in slum flats was common, such as dogs, geese, rabbits and birds, to be sold at animal and bird markets. Housing inspectors often found livestock in slum cellars, including cows and donkeys. Spinning and winding wool, silk, and other types of piecework was a common way of earning income by working from home, but wages were very low, and hours were long; often 14 hours per day were needed to earn enough to survive. Furniture-assembling and -finishing were common piecework jobs in working-class households in London that paid relatively well. Women in particular were known as skillful "French polishers" who completed the finish on furniture.

The lowest-paying jobs available to working-class London women were matchbox-making, and sorting rags in a rag factory, where flea- and lice-ridden rags were sorted to be pulped for the production of paper. Needlework was the single largest paid occupation for women working from home, but the work paid little, and women often had to rent sewing machines if they could not purchase them. These home manufacturing industries became known as "sweated industries". The Select Committee of the House of Commons defined sweated industries in 1890 as "work carried on for inadequate wages and for excessive hours in unsanitary conditions". By 1906, such workers earned about a penny an hour.

Women could not expect to be paid the same wage as a man for the same work, despite the fact that women were as likely as men to be married and supporting children. In 1906, the government found that the average weekly factory wage for a woman ranged from 11s 3d to 18s 8d, whereas a man's average weekly wage was around 25s 9d. Women were also preferred by many factory owners because they could be "more easily induced to undergo severe bodily fatigue than men". Childminding was another necessary expense for many women working in factories. Pregnant women worked up until the day they gave birth and returned to work as soon as they were physically able. In 1891, a law was passed requiring women to take four weeks away from factory work after giving birth, but many women could not afford this unpaid leave, and the law remained unenforced.

Middle-class employment
As education for women and girls spread literacy to the working-classes during the mid- and late-Victorian era, some ambitious young women were able to find salaried jobs in new fields, such as salesgirls, cashiers, typists and secretaries. Work as a domestic servant, such as a maid or cook, was common, but there was great competition for employment in the more respectable, and higher-paying, households. Private registries were established to control the employment of better-qualified domestic servants.

Throughout the Victorian era, respectable employment for women from solidly middle-class families were largely restricted to work as a schoolteacher or governess. Once telephone usage became widespread, work as a telephone operator became a respectable job for middle-class women needing employment.

Three medical professions were opened to women in the 19th century: nursing, midwifery, and doctoring. However, it was only in nursing, the one most subject to the supervision and authority of male doctors, that women were widely accepted. Many Victorians thought the doctor's profession belonged only to the male sex and a woman should not intrude upon this area, but stay with the conventions the will of God has assigned to women. Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) was an important figure in renewing the traditional image of the nurse as the self-sacrificing, ministering angel—the 'Lady with the lamp', spreading comfort as she passed among the wounded. She succeeded in modernising the nursing profession, promoting training for women and teaching them courage, confidence and self-assertion.

Leisure activities
Middle-class women's leisure activities included traditional pastimes such as reading, embroidery, music, and traditional handicrafts. Upper-class women donated handicrafts to charity bazaars, which allowed these women to publicly display and sell their handicrafts.

More modern pursuits were introduced to women's lives during the 19th century. Opportunities for leisure activities increased dramatically as real wages continued to grow and hours of work continued to decline. In urban areas, the nine-hour workday became increasingly the norm; the 1874 Factory Act limited the workweek to 56.5 hours, encouraging the movement toward an eventual eight-hour workday. Helped by the Bank Holiday Act of 1871, which created a number of fixed holidays, a system of routine annual vacations came into play, starting with white-collar workers and moving into the working-class. Some 200 seaside resorts emerged thanks to cheap hotels and inexpensive railway fares, widespread banking holidays and the fading of many religious prohibitions against secular activities on Sundays. Middle-class Victorians used the train services to visit the seaside. Large numbers travelling to quiet fishing villages such as Worthing, Morecambe and Scarborough began turning them into major tourist centres, and entrepreneurs led by Thomas Cook saw tourism and overseas travel as viable business models.

By the late Victorian era, the leisure industry had emerged in all cities with many women in attendance. It provided scheduled entertainment of suitable length at convenient locales at inexpensive prices. These included sporting events, music halls, and popular theater. Women were now excluded from participation in some sports, such as archery, tennis, badminton and gymnastics.

Physical activity
In the early part of the nineteenth century, it was widely believed that physical activity was dangerous and inappropriate for women. Girls were taught to preserve their health for the purpose of birthing healthy children, and one of the considered benefits of the corset was to restrict respiration. Furthermore, the physiological difference between the sexes helped to reinforce societal inequality between men and women. An anonymous female writer contended that women were not intended to fill male roles, because "women are, as a rule, physically smaller and weaker than men; their brain is much lighter; and they are in every way unfitted for the same amount of bodily or mental labour that men are able to undertake." Yet by the end of the century, medical understanding of the benefits of exercise created a significant expansion in physical culture for girls. By 1902, The Girl's Empire magazine ran a series of articles on "How to Be Strong", proclaiming, "The old-fashioned fallacies regarding health, diet, exercise, dress, &c., have nearly all been exploded, and to-day women are discarding the old ideas and methods, and entering into the new régime with a zest and vigour which bodes well for the future."

Girl's magazines, such as The Girl's Own Paper and The Girl's Empire frequently featured articles encouraging girls to take up daily exercises or learn how to play a sport. Popular sports for girls included hockey, golf, cycling, tennis, fencing, and swimming. Of course, many of these sports were limited to the middle and upper classes who could afford the necessary materials and free time needed to play. Nonetheless, the inclusion of girls in physical culture created a new space for girls to be visible outside of the home and to partake in activities previously open only to boys. Sports became central to the lives of many middle-class girls, to the point where social commentators worried it would overshadow other cultural concerns. For example, a 1902 Girl's Own Paper article on "Athletics for Girls" read, "To hear some modern schoolgirls, and even modern mothers, talk, one would suppose that hockey was the chief end of all education! The tone of the school—the intellectual training—these come in the second place. Tennis, cricket, but above all, hockey!"

Equestrianism became popular as a leisure activity among the women of the growing middle classes. Many etiquette manuals for riding were published for this new market. For women, preserving modesty while riding was crucial, as the controversy accompanying bicycle riding held a direct parallel to the splay of legs in riding a horse similarly to a man. Breeches and riding trousers for women were introduced, for the practical reason of preventing chafing, yet these were still worn under the dress. Riding clothes for women were made at the same tailors that made men's riding apparel, rather than at a dressmaker, so female assistants were hired to help with fittings in order to preserve norms of women's modesty. The advent of colonialism and world travel presented new obstacles for women. Travel on horseback (or on donkeys, or even camels) was often impossible to do sidesaddle because the animal had not been trained for sidesaddle riding. Riding costumes for women were introduced that used breeches or zouave trousers beneath long coats in some countries, while jodhpurs breeches used by men in India were adopted by women. These concessions were made so that women could ride horses when necessary, but they were still exceptions to the rule of riding sidesaddle until after World War I. Travel writer Isabella Bird (1831–1904) was instrumental in challenging this taboo. At age 42, she travelled abroad on a doctor's recommendation. In Hawaii, she determined that seeing the islands riding sidesaddle was impractical, and switched to riding astride.

Women's physical activity was a cause of concern at the highest levels of academic research during the Victorian era. In Canada, physicians debated the appropriateness of women using bicycles:

"A series of letters published in the Dominion Medical Monthly and Ontario Medical Journal in 1896, expressed concern that women seated on bicycle seats could have orgasms. [43] Fearful of unleashing and creating a nation of 'over-sexed' females, some physicians urged colleagues to encourage women to eschew 'modern dangers' and continue to pursue traditional leisure pursuits. However, not all medical colleagues were convinced of the link between cycling and orgasm, and this debate on women's leisure activities continued well into the 20th century."

Nevertheless, older cultural conventions connecting girls to maternity and domesticity continued to influence girls' development. Thus, while girls had more freedom than ever before, much of the physical culture for girls was simultaneously justified in terms of motherhood: athletic, healthy girls would have healthier children, better able to improve the British race. For instance, an early article advising girls to exercise stresses the future role of girls as mothers to vindicate her argument: "If, then, the importance of duly training the body in conjunction with the mind is thus recognised in the cause of our boys, surely the future wives and mothers of England—for such is our girls' destiny—may lay claim to a no less share of attention in this respect."

Victorian women's fashion
The ideal Victorian woman was pure, chaste, refined, and modest. This ideal was supported by etiquette and manners. The etiquette extended to the pretension of never acknowledging the use of undergarments (sometimes generically referred to as "unmentionables"). The discussion of such a topic, it was feared, would gravitate towards unhealthy attention on anatomical details. As one Victorian lady expressed it: "[those] are not things, my dear, that we speak of; indeed, we try not even to think of them", in contrast to current norms. The pretence of avoiding acknowledgement of anatomical realities met with embarrassing failure on occasion. In 1859, the Hon. Eleanor Stanley wrote about an incident where the Duchess of Manchester moved too quickly while manoeuvring over a stile, tripping over her large hoop skirt:

"[the Duchess] caught a hoop of her cage in it and went regularly head over heels lighting on her feet with her cage and whole petticoats above, above her head. They say there was never such a thing seen – and the other ladies hardly knew whether to be thankful or not that a part of her undergarments consisted in a pair of scarlet tartan knickerbockers (the things Charlie shoots in) which were revealed to the view of all the world in general and the Duc de Malakoff in particular'."

However, despite the fact that Victorians considered the mention of women's undergarments in mixed company unacceptable, men's entertainment made great comedic material out of the topic of ladies' bloomers, including men's magazines and music hall skits.

Victorian women's clothing followed trends that emphasised elaborate dresses, skirts with wide volume created by the use of layered material such as crinolines, hoop skirt frames, and heavy fabrics. Because of the impracticality and health impact of the era's fashions, a dress reform movement began among women.

The ideal silhouette of the time demanded a narrow waist, which was accomplished by constricting the abdomen with a laced corset. While the silhouette was striking, and the dresses themselves were often exquisitely detailed creations, the fashions were cumbersome. At best, they restricted women's movements and at worst, they had a harmful effect on women's health. Physicians turned their attention to the use of corsets and determined that they caused several medical problems: compression of the thorax, restricted breathing, organ displacement, poor circulation, and prolapsed uterus.

Articles advocating the reform of women's clothing by the British National Health Society, the Ladies' Dress Association, and the Rational Dress Society were reprinted in The Canada Lancet, Canada's medical journal. In 1884, Dr. J. Algernon Temple of Toronto even voiced concern that the fashions were having a negative impact on the health of young women from the working classes. He pointed out that a young working-class woman was likely to spend a large part of her earnings on fine hats and shawls, while "her feet are improperly protected, and she wears no flannel petticoat or woollen stockings". Florence Pomeroy, Lady Haberton, was president of the Rational Dress movement in Britain. At a National Health Society exhibition held in 1882, Viscountess Haliburton presented her invention of a "divided skirt", which was a long skirt that cleared the ground, with separate halves at the bottom made with material attached to the bottom of the skirt. She hoped that her invention would become popular by supporting women's freedom of physical movement, but the British public was not impressed by the invention, perhaps because of the negative "unwomanly" association of the style with the American Bloomers movement. Amelia Jenks Bloomer had encouraged the wearing of visible bloomers by feminists to assert their right to wear comfortable and practical clothing, but it was no more than a passing fashion itself among radical feminists. The movement to reform women's dress would persist and have long-term success, however; by the 1920s, Coco Chanel was successful at selling a progressive, far less restrictive silhouette that abandoned the corset and raised hemlines. The new silhouette symbolised modernism for trendy young women and became the 20th century standard. Other Paris designers continued reintroducing pants for women and the trend was gradually adopted over the next century.

Fashion trends, in one sense, travelled "full circle" over the course of the Victorian era. The popular women's styles during the Georgian era, and at the very beginning of Victoria's reign, emphasized a simple style influenced by flowing gowns worn by women in Ancient Greece and Rome. The Empire waist silhouette was replaced by a trend towards ornate styles and an artificial silhouette, with the restrictiveness of women's clothing reaching its low point during the mid-century passion for narrow corseted waists and hoop skirts. The iconic wide-brimmed women's hats of the later Victorian era also followed the trend towards ostentatious display. Hats began the Victorian era as simple bonnets. By the 1880s, milliners were tested by the competition among women to top their outfits with the most creative (and extravagant) hats, designed with expensive materials such as silk flowers and exotic plumes such as ostrich and peacock. As the Victorian era drew to a close, however, fashions were showing indications of a popular backlash against excessive styles. Model, actress and socialite Lillie Langtry took London by storm in the 1870s, attracting notice for wearing simple black dresses to social events. Combined with her natural beauty, the style appeared dramatic. Fashions followed her example (as well as Queen Victoria's wearing of mourning black later in her reign). According to Harold Koda, the former Curator-in-chief of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Costume Institute, "The predominantly black palette of mourning dramatizes the evolution of period silhouettes and the increasing absorption of fashion ideals into this most codified of etiquettes," said Koda, "The veiled widow could elicit sympathy as well as predatory male advances. As a woman of sexual experience without marital constraints, she was often imagined as a potential threat to the social order."

Women subjects of the British Empire
Queen Victoria reigned as the monarch of Britain's colonies and as Empress of India. The influence of British imperialism and British culture was powerful throughout the Victorian era. Women's roles in the colonial countries were determined by the expectations associated with loyalty to the Crown and the cultural standards that it symbolised.

Canada
The upper classes of Canada were almost without exception of British origin during the Victorian era. At the beginning of the Victorian era, British North America included several separate colonies that joined together as a Confederation in 1867 to create Canada under the British North America (BNA) Act, 1867. Military and government officials and their families came to British North America from England or Scotland, and less often were of Protestant Irish origin. Most business interests were controlled by Canadians who were of British stock. English-speaking minorities who immigrated to Canada struggled for economic and government influence, including large numbers of Roman Catholic Irish and later Ukrainians, Poles, and other European immigrants. French-Canadians remained largely culturally isolated from English-speaking Canadians (a situation later described in Two Solitudes by Hugh MacLennan). Visible minority groups, such as indigenous First Nations and Chinese labourers, were marginalised and suffered profound discrimination. Women's status was thus heavily dependent upon their ethnic identity as well as their place within the dominant British class structure.

English-speaking Canadian writers became popular, especially Catharine Parr Traill and her sister Susanna Moodie, middle-class English settlers who published memoirs of their lives as pioneers. Traill published The Backwoods of Canada (1836) and Canadian Crusoes (1852), and Moodie published Roughing it in the Bush (1852) and Life in the Clearings (1853).

Upper-class Canadian women emulated British culture and imported as much of it as possible across the Atlantic. Books, magazines, popular music, and theatre productions were all imported to meet women's consumer demand.

Upper-class women supported philanthropic causes similar to the educational and nursing charities championed by upper-class women in England. The Victorian Order of Nurses was founded in 1897 as a gift to Queen Victoria to commemorate her Diamond Jubilee. The Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire, founded in 1900, supports educational bursaries and book awards to promote Canadian patriotism, but also to support knowledge of the British Empire. Both organisations had Queen Victoria as their official patron. One of the patrons of Halifax's Victoria School of Art and Design (founded in 1887 and later named the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design) was Anna Leonowens. Women began making headway in their struggle to gain access to higher education: in 1875, the first woman university graduate in Canada was Grace Annie Lockhart (Mount Allison University). In 1880, Emily Stowe became the first woman licensed to practice medicine in Canada.

Women's legal rights made slow progress throughout the 19th century. In 1859, Upper Canada passed a law allowing married women to own property. In 1885, Alberta passed a law allowing unmarried women who owned property the right to vote and hold office in school matters.

Women's suffrage in Canada would not be achieved until the World War I period. Suffrage activism began during the later decades of the Victorian era. In 1883, the Toronto Women's Literary and Social Progress Club met and established the Canadian Women's Suffrage Association.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Women in the Victorian era


text:
User talk:Anitaa~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! — Zeimusu | Talk 10:44, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Images
Thank you for uploading the Image:Bharata natyam dancer medha s.jpg. What is the copyright status of this image? The website that you link to is copyrighted. Do you want to claim fair use? Let me know if you have any questions. — Zeimusu | Talk 10:44, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This image is under GNU FDL, and is originally from here

 * Great, thanks. Check out the Image copyright tags for the best way to state copyright.   — Zeimusu | Talk

Image Tagging Image:Bharata natyam dancer medha s.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Bharata natyam dancer medha s.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Dethomas 01:42, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Image has an advert.
The image added at Tamil Nadu has a slogan promoting a website which is against wiki.

If you want to contribute an image, please read the terms for uploading a image and do the same.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Anitaa. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Anitaa~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:03, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:31, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anitaa~enwiki


text:
Street name securities

The phrase street name securities or "nominee name securities" is used in the United States to refer to securities of companies which are held electronically in the account of a stockbroker or bank or custodian, similar to a bank account. The entity whose name is recorded as the legal owner of the securities is known as the "nominee owner," and that entity has ownership rights in the security. The nominee owner holds those ownership rights on behalf of the true economic owner who is referred to as the beneficial owner.

In the US, Cede & Co., a nominee of Depository Trust Company, is typically the largest stockholder of a company. In the US where Cede & Co. is the street name holder, therefore, all beneficial rights such as voting rights and dividends flow first to the nominee holder Cede, and then are passed onward, and ultimately to the beneficial owners. In the United Kingdom this is known as holding shares in a nominee account.

As well as the terminology differing between countries, the commercial practice also differs from country to country.

The popularity of nominee accounts, which have existed for over a century, has increased rapidly since the introduction of Internet share dealing in the late 1990s and in some cases stocks can only be held electronically, such as exchange-traded funds, but holding shares in this way can have disadvantages compared to other methods.

Holding methods
There are three principal ways of holding securities:
 * Stock certificate Before the use of electronic technology, all shares were held in certificated form, either
 * as registered shares, where the company maintained a register of owners of shares as well as issuing share certificates, and changes of ownership were registered, or
 * as bearer shares, where ownership was transferred simply by handing the bearer share certificate to the new owner.
 * As a "direct" electronic registration in dematerialised form (Personal CREST account in the UK)
 * Street name or nominee account

As with direct electronic registration, nominee accounts make paperless telephone and internet trading possible with faster settlement periods and lower commissions than certificate deals. They often enable domestic small investors to gain access to derivatives such as warrants and contracts for difference, to exercise various types of order, and to buy shares on margin. There is no risk of loss or damage to certificates in the name of the beneficial owner. It is also possible to obtain an instant valuation of a whole portfolio.

Because the shares are held in the name of the stockbroker or bank or custodian the name of the beneficial owner does not appear on the share register. This means that dividends, shareholder perks, company reports, details of corporate actions and other communications are sent to the stockbroker rather than the beneficial owner. The extent and methods for handling this can vary considerably between brokers. Failure of the stockbroker or bank to pass on shareholder rights and communications to the beneficial owner is one of the major complaints against nominee accounts and is a reason why in the UK activist shareholder organisations such as The United Kingdom Shareholders' Association are opposed to their use. During 2006 the UK government passed an amendment to the Companies Act 1985 which gave nominee shareholders more rights.

The anonymity of nominee accounts facilitates ownership of shares in controversial companies by individuals. For example, when animal rights protestors threatened shareholders of pharmaceutical laboratories involved in testing on animals, such as Huntingdon Life Sciences and GlaxoSmithKline. Unable to identify the actual beneficial owners, protestors intimidated the employees of the stockbroker firms instead, to discourage them from handling such shares.

In the United States
Regarding nominees who are the registered owners of securities, the controlling legislation for the basic nominee relationship is Article 8: Investment Securities of the Uniform Commercial Code as amended, which was enacted by the State legislatures.

Article 8 provides for a system of heavily intermediated securities holding where transfers are by book-entries and stock certificates are registered in the name of a designated nominee entity.

In the United Kingdom
It is not normal practice in the UK for nominees to arrange for copies of accounts and other shareholder communications to be sent to the beneficial owners of the shares. The UK Shareholders Association published a list of the perceived disadvantages for UK customers of nominee accounts compared with certificated ownership or direct electronic ownership (CREST).

Because investment firms offering nominee services are the legal owners of the shares, there remains a risk of improper behavior causing the shares to be lost. For example, the investment firm may use the shares it holds for short selling transactions and be unable to replace the shares if the investment firm becomes insolvent. The UK Financial Services Compensation Scheme compensates investors on the failure of an investment firm. However the limit in June 2015 stood at £50,000 per person per investment firm and losses above this amount would not be covered. This risk of the shares being lost through malfeasance does not apply when the shares are held by the investor in certificated form.

title: Street name securities


text:
Conrotatory and disrotatory

An electrocyclic reaction can either be classified as conrotatory or disrotatory based on the rotation at each end of the molecule. In conrotatory mode, both atomic orbitals of the end groups turn in the same direction (such as both atomic orbitals rotating clockwise or counter-clockwise). In disrotatory mode, the atomic orbitals of the end groups turn in opposite directions (one atomic orbital turns clockwise and the other counter-clockwise). The cis/trans geometry of the final product is directly decided by the difference between conrotation and disrotation.

Determining whether a particular reaction is conrotatory or disrotatory can be accomplished by examining the molecular orbitals of each molecule and through a set of rules. Only two pieces of information are required to determine conrotation or disrotation using the set of rules: how many electrons are in the pi-system and whether the reaction is induced by heat or by light. This set of rules can also be derived from an analysis of the molecular orbitals for predicting the stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions.

Example of a photochemical reaction
Analysis of a photochemical electrocyclic reaction involves the HOMO, the LUMO, and correlations diagrams.

An electron is promoted into the LUMO changing the frontier molecular orbital involved in the reaction.

Example of a thermal reaction
Suppose that trans-cis-trans-2,4,6-octatriene is converted to under thermal conditions. Since the substrate octatriene is a "4n + 2" molecule, the Woodward–Hoffmann rules predict that the reaction happens in a disrotatory mechanism.

Since thermal electrocyclic reactions occur in the HOMO, it is first necessary to draw the appropriate molecular orbitals. Next, the new carbon-carbon bond is formed by taking two of the p-orbitals and rotating them 90 degrees (see diagram). Since the new bond requires constructive overlap, the orbitals must be rotated in a certain way. Performing a disrotation will cause the two black lobes to overlap, forming a new bond. Therefore, the reaction with octatriene happens through a disrotatory mechanism.

In contrast, if a conrotation had been performed then one white lobe would overlap with one black lobe. This would have caused destructive interference and no new carbon-carbon bond would have been formed.

In addition, the cis/trans geometry of the product can also be determined. When the p-orbitals were rotated inwards it also caused the two methyl groups to rotate upwards. Since both methyls are pointing "up", then the product is.

title: Conrotatory and disrotatory