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Hallila

Hallila is a suburb in Tampere, Finland. Hallila is located between Korkinmäki and Hervanta near Highway 9. Approximately 4,000 people live in Hallila.

In Hallila there is a grocery store, a pizzeria and a pub. Services provided by the city or the church include an elementary school (grades 1 - 4), a kindergarten, and a church.

Hallila was built mostly during the 1990s. Tampere light rail connects Hallila to Hervanta and the city centre. Bus line 13 operates through Hallila to Hervanta, Hatanpää and the centre of Tampere.

title: Hallila


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Tumor marker

A tumor marker is a biomarker that can be used to indicate the presence of cancer or the behavior of cancers (measure progression or response to therapy). They can be found in bodily fluids or tissue. Markers can help with assessing prognosis, surveilling patients after surgical removal of tumors, and even predicting drug-response and monitor therapy.

Tumor markers can be molecules that are produced in higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells, but can also be produced by other cells from a reaction with the cancer.

The markers can't be used to give patients a diagnosis but can be compared with the result of other tests like biopsy or imaging.

Classification
Tumor markers can be proteins, carbohydrates, receptors and gene products. Proteins include hormones and enzymes. To detect enzyme tumor markers enzyme activity is measured. They were previously widely used, but they have largely been replaced by oncofetal antigens and monoclonal antibodies, due to disadvantages such as most of them lacking organ specificity. Carbohydrates consists of antigens on and/or secreted from tumor cells, these are either high-molecular weight mucins or blood group antigens. Receptors are used to determine prognosis and measure how the patient responds to treatment, while genes or gene product can be analyzed to identify mutations in the genome or altered gene expression.

Uses
Tumor markers may be used for the following purposes:

 * Monitoring the malignancy

When a malignant tumor is found by the presence of a tumor marker, the level of marker found in the body can be monitored to determine the state of the tumor and how it responds to treatment. If the quantity stays the same during treatment it can indicate that the treatment isn't working, and an alternative treatment should be considered. Rising levels of tumor marker does not necessarily reflect a growing malignancy but can result from things like unrelated illnesses.

 * Reflect the stage of cancer

By determining the stage of cancer, it's possible to give a prognosis and treatment plan.

 * Screening for cancers

No screening test is wholly specific, and a high level of tumor marker can still be found in benign tumors. The only tumor marker currently used in screening is PSA (prostate-specific antigen).

 * Diagnostics

Tumor markers alone can't be used for diagnostic purposes, due to lack of sensitivity and specificity. The only approved diagnostic method for cancer is with a biopsy.

 * Detects reoccurring cancers

Tumor markers can detect reoccurring cancers in patients post-treatment.

Techniques
Tumor markers can be determined in serum or rarely in urine or other body fluids, often by immunoassay,  but other techniques such as enzyme activity determination are sometimes used. Assaying tumor markers were significantly improved after the creation of ELISA and RIA techniques and the advancement of monoclonal antibodies in the 1960s and 1970s.

For many assays, different assay techniques are available. It is important that the same assay is used, as the results from different assays are generally not comparable. For example, mutations of the p53 gene can be detected through immunohistochemical polymorphism screening of DNA, sequence analysis of DNA, or by single-strand conformational polymorphism screening of DNA. Each assay may give different results of the clinical value of the p53 mutations as a prognostic factor.

Interlaboratory proficiency testing for tumor marker tests, and for clinical tests more generally, is routine in Europe and an emerging field in the United States. New York state is prominent in advocating such research.

Accuracy and specific use
The ideal tumor marker has the following characteristics:

 * Specificity to a certain type of tumor
 * Should detect the malignancy earlier than a clinical diagnosis
 * Be highly sensitive to avoid false positives
 * The level of tumor marker should indicate the state of the malignancy to be able to monitor treatment response.

An ideal tumor marker does not exist, and how they are clinically applied depends on the specific tumor marker. For example, tumor markers like Ki-67 can be used to choose form of treatment or in prognostics but are not useful to give a diagnosis, while other tumor markers have the opposite functionality. Therefore it's important to follow the guidelines of the specific tumor marker.

Tumor markers are mainly used in clinical medicine to support a diagnosis and monitor the state of malignancy or reocurrence of cancer.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tumor marker


text:
User:Paullb

This user is currently cycling in Japan and as a result may not be able to respond in a timely mannner.

Webpages operated :
 * http://www.brendanpaull.com

ja:User:paullb

title: User:Paullb


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Talk:Jay Lovestone

Oversimplification
Or worse. The text "Lovestone was tapped by ILGWU and American Federation of Labor leader David Dubinsky to try to destroy the rival Congress of Industrial Organizations and its affiliate the United Auto Workers. He tried to engineer a takeover of the union and removed the Communist Party from its position of influence but he failed." misstates Dubinsky's motives and Lovestone's role. Dubinsky was still loosely associated with the CIO at that time and was not trying to "destoy" it by any means. Lovestone was, on the other hand, actively trying to take over (or, more accurately, keep control over) the UAW – which contradicts the claim that he was sent to destroy it. Of course, his hamhanded sectarianism in support of the incompetent Homer Martin nearly did destroy the union in its infancy, but that does not appear to have been their plan. While Martin eventually bolted, that was only after he was expelled.

As for another claim – "Despite Lovestone's opposition to Stalin, Soviet archives declassified after the fall of the USSR indicate that Lovestone may have engaged in spying on behalf of the Soviet Union, probably in hopes that he would one day be rehabilitated by Moscow and restored to his former position in the Communist Party USA." – can we have some details as to when and what? It's impossible to know where this goes, assuming it is true. --24.126.41.116 10:58, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC) aka Italo Svevo

Quote of Lovestone regarding Browder:
 * There – there but for an accident of geography stands a corpse.

Nobs01 02:54, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That's actually Max Shachtman's line: Browder on All Experts. Carrite (talk) 05:42, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 16:56, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

"He held that position until 1974, when he was expelled from the AFL-CIO upon discovery of his longstanding CIA connections." This quote is strongly contradicted by the biography of Lovestone listed at the bottom of the article, which claims that Lovestone's connections to the CIA were known by AFL-CIO leadership from the beginning. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.170.125.41 (talk) 08:22, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I pulled out my copy of Morgan's book and attempted to clarify this. Lovestone was a leader of the AFL-CIO's foreign policy department during the cold war, which worked hand-in-glove with the CIA, but got entangled with illegal domestic intelligence gathering, was instructed to knock it off and didn't, got busted for continuing contact in 1973, and got cashiered by George Meany in 1974 — partly because Lovestone was becoming long in the tooth. Carrite (talk) 05:40, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Executive Secretary info box
Lovestone was certainly preceded by Ruthenberg as Executive Secretary of the WPA, but was he really followed by Ben Gitlow? I think the reference is to Gitlow's Secretary role with the expelled "Communist Party (Majority Group"... But when Lovestone got thrown out of the Party he was still legally its Executive Secretary. I'm not 100% on who followed him without a book next to me, but I think it was Max Bedacht... In any event, it wasn't Gitlow, who was never the Executive Secretary of CPUSA at any point... Comments before I change it? Carrite (talk) 01:25, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Whoops, my bad. I see from Draper vol. 2, pg. 403 that the 6th Convention of the CP, held early in 1929, replaced Lovestone with a troika consisting of Gitlow (Executive), Bedacht (Agit-Prop), and Foster (Unions). So the info box is more or less correct... Carrite (talk) 19:52, 3 June 2011 (UTC)

Pro forma COI declaration
I've got a new book out from the Dutch academic publisher Brill that I've listed in the Further Reading section. I mention the connection between my real life identity and my screen name in case anyone is worried about anything. —Tim Davenport /// Carrite (talk) 05:00, 30 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Jay Lovestone. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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title: Talk:Jay Lovestone


text:
File:DioTheLastInLine.jpg

Summary
Cover of The Last in Line album by Dio.

Source
http://tralfaz-archives.com/coverart/D/dio_last.html

Licensing
© Copyright 1984 Vertigo Records

Fair Use for The Last in Line
This image is being linked here; though the picture is subject to copyright, I (Helltopay27), feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * It is a low resolution image of an album cover
 * It does not limit the copyright owners rights to sell the album in any way
 * It allows for identification of the album The Last in Line
 * No free alternatives are possible
 * It illustrates the album in question

title: File:DioTheLastInLine.jpg


text:
User talk:Hkhan

Please do not vandalize Wikipedia. SWAdair | Talk 10:59, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hkhan


text:
Kit Malthouse

Christopher Laurie "Kit" Malthouse (born 27 October 1966) is a British politician and businessman who served as Secretary of State for Education from 6 September to 25 October 2022. A member of the Conservative Party, he previously served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from July to September 2022. He has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for North West Hampshire since 2015.

Malthouse served on Westminster City Council from 1998 to 2006 and was Deputy Council Leader from 2004 to 2006. He served as a Conservative member of the London Assembly for West Central from 2008 to 2016, where he represented the City of Westminster, the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. He served under then-Mayor of London Boris Johnson as Deputy Mayor for Policing from 2008 to 2012 and Deputy Mayor for Business and Enterprise from 2012 to 2015.

Malthouse was elected as Member of Parliament for North West Hampshire at the 2015 general election. Following the 2018 cabinet reshuffle, Malthouse was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Work and Pensions by Prime Minister Theresa May. After Dominic Raab was appointed Brexit Secretary, Malthouse served as Minister of State for Housing and Planning from 2018 to 2019. In July 2019, after Johnson succeeded May as Prime Minister, Malthouse was appointed Minister for Crime, Policing and the Fire Service. In the 2020 cabinet reshuffle, he was appointed Minister of State for Crime and Policing at the Home Office and the Ministry of Justice, before being promoted to Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster during the July 2022 government crisis.

Early life
Christopher Laurie Malthouse was born in the Aigburth suburb of Liverpool on 27 October 1966, the son of Susan and John Christopher Malthouse. He was educated at Sudley County Primary, a state school, and Liverpool College, then a private school. He studied politics and economics at Newcastle University.

Business career
Malthouse trained to be a chartered accountant at Touche Ross & Company, qualifying in 1995. He then left and worked as Finance Director of the Cannock Group.

Early Parliamentary Career
Malthouse first stood for parliament in Liverpool Wavertree at the 1997 general election, where he came third with 4,944 votes (10.8%), behind the Liberal Democrat candidate Richard Kemp, and the victor, Labour Party MP Jane Kennedy.

Westminster City Council (1998–2006)
Malthouse was elected to Westminster council in May 1998, representing St George's ward in the Pimlico area of London. Following boundary changes, he was re-elected in May 2002 for the Warwick ward, which is also in Pimlico. Malthouse was appointed as Chief Whip of the Conservative Group, and following a change of leader to Sir Simon Milton, he was appointed Chairman of the Social Services Committee. Two years later, he was elected Deputy Leader of the Council and became Cabinet Member for Finance.

He retired from Westminster City Council at the May 2006 local elections. Malthouse challenged the results of the 2001 population census, which he said seriously underestimated the population of the City of Westminster. Following a two-year battle with the Office for National Statistics, the City of Westminster population was revised upwards by 10% and a review of future census methodology was commissioned.

Malthouse argued against the introduction of the London congestion charge, opposing it on the grounds that the idea should not be first introduced in the most populous city in England, and that London was already one of the most expensive cities to live in.

As Deputy Leader of Westminster Council, Malthouse was responsible for agreeing to a £12.3 million settlement with Shirley Porter over the £27 million surcharge, eventually raising to £42 million in costs and interest, imposed on her as a result of the Homes for Votes gerrymandering fraud scandal.

First term as a member of the London Assembly (2008–2012)
On 26 March 2007, he was selected as the Conservative candidate for the London Assembly seat of West Central. The Assembly elections took place on 1 May 2008, and Malthouse received 53% of the vote. He was appointed Deputy Mayor for Policing two days later.

Deputy Mayor for Policing (2008–2012)
Malthouse was appointed Deputy Mayor of London for Policing by Mayor Boris Johnson with effect from 6 May 2008. In October 2008 he was appointed Vice Chairman of the Metropolitan Police Authority by Johnson. Malthouse was a member of the board of the Association of Police Authorities, and the London Regional Resilience Forum.

Malthouse introduced Met Forward, the Authority's strategic mission for London's police. Alongside the Mayor of London and the then Deputy Commissioner of Metropolitan Police, Malthouse released ‘Time for Action’ on 3 November 2008 in response to escalating concerns about youth violence in London. Malthouse campaigned against dangerous dogs across London. He also campaigned for changes to the dangerous dogs legislation to introduce tougher punishments and worked with the CPS to reduce the long delays in the court process to reduce the kenneling costs.

Malthouse campaigned against the presence of prostitution cards in telephone kiosks across London. He also devised the 2010 program 'The Way Forward – a plan for London to tackle violence against women and girls'. In March 2012, Malthouse was urged to resign by Labour MP Chris Bryant for reportedly saying too many police resources were allocated to the investigation into press phone hacking.

While Deputy Mayor of London, Malthouse expressed concerns about the growing numbers of foxes and said: "People are afraid to let their small children play outside because of them. They are more and more worried about the number of foxes as numbers continue to grow." Following his election to Parliament, he stated that he would vote to repeal the Hunting Act 2004, which bans the hunting of foxes with dogs.

Member of Parliament for North West Hampshire (2015–present)
On 4 July 2014 it was announced that Malthouse would be selected as the Conservative candidate in the 2015 general election for the North West Hampshire constituency. The seat had been occupied by Sir George Young since 1997, who announced in 2013 that he would retire in 2015. In March 2015 Malthouse resigned his position as Deputy Mayor of London to concentrate on his parliamentary campaign; the office remained vacant until 2016. Malthouse won the seat with 58.1% of the vote, and with a majority of 23,943, (43.4%), an increase from 18,583 at the 2010 general election.

In March 2016, Malthouse was asked by the MS Society in Andover, a town in his constituency, to step down from his role as a patron. The charity felt he was no longer suitable for the role as he had recently voted to cut ESA to the same level as JSA for those in the Work Related Activity Group (WRAG).

At the snap 2017 general election Malthouse was re-elected, increasing his vote share by 4% to 62.1% but seeing his majority reduced from 23,943 to 22,679.

He served as Minister of State for Family Support in 2018 and Minister of State for Housing and Planning from 2018 to 2019. Malthouse was credited as the convener of an agreement between two Conservative party factions on Brexit which aimed to rewrite the Irish backstop. The House of Commons voted down the agreement in March 2019 after EU negotiators criticised it as unrealistic. On 27 May 2019, Malthouse announced that he was standing in the Conservative Party leadership election to replace Theresa May. On 4 June 2019, Malthouse announced that he was withdrawing from the contest.

In July 2019, Prime Minister Boris Johnson appointed Malthouse to the position of Minister for Policing, succeeding Nick Hurd. In addition to his role as Minister of State for Policing, Malthouse took on additional responsibilities as a Minister of State at the Ministry for Justice.

At the 2019 general election Malthouse was again re-elected with 62.1% of the vote, but with an increased majority of 26,308.

Malthouse was criticized in a March 2021 Daily Mirror exclusive for charging at least £4,000 in expenses for his podcast, The Maltcast, produced by external production company Westminster Digital.

In July 2022, Malthouse was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In July 2022, Malthouse chaired a COBRA meeting of the civil contingencies committee to discuss the escalating heat waves in the United Kingdom. After the meeting, he stated "if people don’t have to travel, this may be a moment to work from home."

In September 2022, he was appointed Secretary of State for Education, serving in that role until shortly after Liz Truss resigned on 25 October 2022.

Personal life
Malthouse married Tracy-Jane Newall in 1996, and they had a son before divorcing in 2005. He married Juliana Farha in 2007, and they have one son and one daughter together.

Honours
Maltouse was sworn in as a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council on 20 September 2021 at Balmoral Castle, giving him the honorific prefix of "The Right Honourable" for life.

title: Kit Malthouse


text:
Truly Scrumptious

Truly Scrumptious is a fictional character in the 1968 film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and stage production based on the children's novel of the same name by author Ian Fleming.

In the film, Truly Scrumptious is played by Sally Ann Howes, after the role was declined by Julie Andrews. Truly Scrumptious develops a romantic relationship with the widower Caractacus Potts (played by Dick Van Dyke). The character of Truly Scrumptious does not appear in the original novel, but the filmmakers felt that a budding romantic relationship would serve the movie better than the marriage portrayed in the book.

Film
Truly Scrumptious is introduced as she swerves her car into a pond to avoid children Jeremy and Jemima. Truly takes them home to their father, an absent-minded inventor named Caractacus Potts, and ends up having an argument over his child-rearing methods. She leaves, but not before inspecting Caractacus' inventions, including a sweet-making machine that is currently producing defective sweets with holes in them, though her suggested fix is dismissed.

When Truly visits her father, Lord Scrumptious, at his sweet-making factory the next day, she finds Caractacus there, waiting to show her father his sweets, which can be played like penny whistles. Truly unexpectedly supports Caractacus in making a successful pitch to her father ("Toot Sweets"), but a pack of neighborhood dogs, attracted by the high-pitched musical notes, descend on the factory and enrage Lord Scrumptious, spoiling the pitch.

The next day, Truly nearly runs into the Potts family, who are taking their newly-restored car "Chitty Chitty Bang-Bang", and ends up in the village pond once again. Caractacus carries her ashore and the children invite Truly to join them on their picnic. Truly joins in the film's title song ("Chitty Chitty Bang Bang"), and during the picnic at the beach, Truly and the children declare their growing affection for each other ("Truly Scrumptious"). Truly has a conversation with Caractacus, and the children spy on the couple from afar, hoping they are falling in love. Later, at the children's prompting, Caractacus begins to tell a story about a nasty "Baron Bomburst" from "Vulgaria" who desires Chitty for himself.

Caractacus' story
In the story, after being cut off by the rising tide, Chitty and the family escape from Baron Bomburst's approaching gunship through Chitty's magical transformation into an amphibious motorcraft. Truly acknowledges Caractacus' devotion to the children and how well he's fulfilling the difficult role of a widowed parent, and Caractacus implies in return that the children still need a mother. Afterwards, safely back at her family mansion, Truly reflects on her developing love for Caractacus ("Lovely Lonely Man").

The Vulgarian spies make several more bungling attempts to steal their car, until, frustrated, the Baron decides to kidnap the car's inventor instead, but mistakes Grandpa for his son Caractacus. The family give chase in Chitty all the way to the Baron's castle in Vulgaria. Along the way, Chitty saves them again by magically sprouting wings to fly. In Vulgaria, a local Toymaker shelters them from the guards, and they learn that children have been forbidden by the Baron's wife, Baroness Bomburst. Meanwhile, soldiers have found Chitty and taken the car to the Baron.

Caractacus and the Toymaker investigate the castle, and Truly leaves to get food for the children, returning just in time to witness their capture by the sinister Child Catcher. Caractacus, Truly, and the Toymaker meet with the villagers' hidden children and plan their rescue mission ("Hushabye Mountain"). Truly and Caractacus disguise themselves as life-sized dolls to distract the Baron during his birthday party ("Doll on a Music Box"/"Truly Scrumptious") as the village children infiltrate the castle. Grandpa is freed, the Potts children are rescued, and the Baron is defeated. The family are hailed as heroes by the people of Vulgaria and fly home in Chitty.

After the story
As the story finishes, an awkward moment ensues when the children announce that 'Daddy and Truly were married and lived happily ever after'. Truly asks Caractacus if that is how the story ends, and, embarrassed, he drives Truly home without answering. Caractacus apologises, saying the children didn't understand how ridiculous it would be for a man in his situation to marry into a family of such wealth, but Truly is affronted, pointing out that were she to say such a thing, Caractacus would call her a snob. The Potts drive home glumly, but upon arriving, find that Lord Scrumptious has changed his mind about 'Toot Sweets' and intends to buy the idea from Caractacus. This newfound wealth removes the last remaining barrier to Caractacus admitting his love for Truly, and he hurriedly drives off in Chitty to find her. Truly is run off the road and into the duck pond for a third time, but as Caractacus rescues her, he admits to her that the children were right and there's nothing ridiculous about the idea of them getting married, and they kiss.

Character
Truly Scrumptious is an intelligent, educated, practical woman, the daughter of a wealthy industrialist. She is pragmatic and proactive, and boldly opposes wrongdoing. She is portrayed as feisty and modern (for the Edwardian era in which the film is set), and is more than ready to spar verbally with Caractacus, take the initiative in their developing romance, stand up to her wealthy father, and indignantly reject social attitudes she disagrees with. She is also very warm and maternal towards the children.

The author of the original story, Ian Fleming, was known for using puns in the naming of his female characters. Although the names of the female characters in the James Bond series, by the same author, are usually racy double entendres, Truly Scrumptious is rather more innocent, as appropriate to a children's story. The pun on Truly is used in several ways in the recurring song of the same name "Truly Scrumptious".

In the film, a running gag is Truly running her car off the road into the same duck pond. The registration plate of Truly's motor car was CUB 1, an homage to the film's producer, Cubby Broccoli.

Stage productions
Various actresses have now played Truly Scrumptious in stage productions of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. These include the following in the order they have played the character.

Approximate Dates given where available
 * Emma Williams - Originated the role in London (2002-2003)
 * Caroline Sheen (2003-2004)
 * Scarlett Strallen (2004-2005)
 * Jo Gibb - Closed out the London Production (2005)
 * Erin Dilly - Originated the role on Broadway and closed out the Production (2005)
 * Marissa Dunlop - Originated the role in the National UK Tour (2005-2007)
 * Rachel Stanley - Closed out the National UK Tour (2008)
 * Kelly McCormick in the US National Tour in 2008-2009.
 * Rachael Beck - Australian Tour 2012-2013.
 * Carrie Hope Fletcher - UK Tour (4 May 2016 - 2 October 2016)

title: Truly Scrumptious


text:
The Last in Line

The Last In Line is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Dio, released on July 2, 1984. It is the first Dio album to feature former Rough Cutt keyboardist Claude Schnell. It became the band's highest-charting album in both the UK and the U.S., reaching number 4 and number 23, respectively (Sacred Heart would later reach number 4 in the UK as well).

It was certified gold (500,000 units sold) by the RIAA on September 12, 1984, and was the first Dio album to be certified platinum, achieving the feat on February 3, 1987. In the UK, it attained Silver certification (60,000 units sold) by the British Phonographic Industry, achieving this in January 1986, at the same time as Holy Diver. To date, these are the only two Dio albums to be certified at least platinum.

Reissues
The album, along with Holy Diver and Sacred Heart, was released in a new two-CD deluxe edition on March 19, 2012 through Universal for worldwide distribution outside the U.S.

Critical reception
In 2005, The Last In Line was ranked number 372 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.

Personnel

 * Dio
 * Ronnie James Dio – vocals, keyboards
 * Vinny Appice – drums
 * Jimmy Bain – bass
 * Vivian Campbell – guitar
 * Claude Schnell – keyboards

 * Production
 * Recorded at Caribou Ranch, Colorado
 * Produced by Ronnie James Dio
 * Engineered by Angelo Arcuri
 * Assistant engineering by Rich Markowitz
 * Mixed on Westlake Audio BBSM6 monitors
 * Originally mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound, New York
 * Remastered by Andy Pearce (2012 Universal Deluxe Edition)
 * Remastered by Steve Hoffman (2012 Audio Fidelity 24K edition)
 * Illustration by Barry Jackson

title: The Last in Line


text:
Martin Holt

Martin Drummond Vesey Holt (13 January 1881 – 2 November 1956) was a British fencer. He won two silver medals in the team épée competitions at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1920 and 1923, he won the épée title at the British Fencing Championships.

title: Martin Holt


text:
Talk:Coat of arms of South Africa

Untitled
The external link seems to be broken! --Abe Lincoln 11:01, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Old
No pictures of the old one for comparison? --Joffeloff 21:19, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It has been added now. Valentinian (talk) / (contribs) 15:38, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

It has been removed again due to copyright problems. – Kaihsu 13:40, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Now another copy has been added. – Kaihsu 17:25, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

By the way, I have not yet seen passport covers with the new coat-of-arms. Anyone spotted any? – Kaihsu 13:40, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I have now seen one. – Kaihsu (talk) 13:04, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Blazon?
Is it possible to prepare a blazon for this? – Kaihsu 20:21, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * There is a blazon in the text, but it's strangely written with those points. Arms Jones (talk) 23:37, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

The blazon is from the official blazon, prepared by the Bureau of Heraldry (South Africa) once they were presented with the winning design.

JWULTRABLIZZARD (talk) 20:01, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Is that a South African custom, to write the blazon in points that way? Arms Jones (talk) 23:50, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

Deleted image
The image of the arms of South Africa has been deleted due to copyright issues, as has obviously been discussed here: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Files_in_Category:PD-South-Africa-exempt Arms Jones (talk) 10:09, 31 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, we are able to upload the coat of arms image for use on this page under WP:NFCC. - htonl (talk) 11:01, 31 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Been deleted again. If anybody has the SVG please reupload it under fair use. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 01:32, 25 May 2018 (UTC)

Seal?
The article mentions a seal of the republic. I haven't been able to find a picture of this. What does it look like? Is it the same as the coat of arms? – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 17:02, 29 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. Community Tech bot (talk) 19:06, 25 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Coat of arms of South Africa.jpg

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:37, 21 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Coat of arms of South Africa.png

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:35, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Image-Marcel van Rossum and Themba Mabaso.JPG

Motto
Is the second glyph in the second word supposed to be a : (colon) or a ꞉ (letter colon)? 2A02:8108:1100:7B71:CCBB:848F:CBC0:1AF8 (talk) 12:24, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

Copying or transferring the Coat of Arms of South Africa to Wikipedia Commons
Is it possible to copy or transfer the Coat of Arms of South Africa (SVG version) to Wikimedia Commons? FireDragonValo (talk) 14:51, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

 * File:Coat of arms of South Africa.svg, the official rendering which is used here, is subject to copyright and we can only use it on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. This means it can't be uploaded to Commons. There is a free version on Commons which has been drawn from the blazon: File:Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg. htonl (talk) 18:57, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coat of arms of South Africa


text:
History of the separation axioms

The history of the separation axioms in general topology has been convoluted, with many meanings competing for the same terms and many terms competing for the same concept.

Origins
Before the current general definition of topological space, there were many definitions offered, some of which assumed (what we now think of as) some separation axioms. For example, the definition given by Felix Hausdorff in 1914 is equivalent to the modern definition plus the Hausdorff separation axiom.

The separation axioms, as a group, became important in the study of metrisability: the question of which topological spaces can be given the structure of a metric space. Metric spaces satisfy all of the separation axioms; but in fact, studying spaces that satisfy only some axioms helps build up to the notion of full metrisability.

The separation axioms that were first studied together in this way were the axioms for accessible spaces, Hausdorff spaces, regular spaces, and normal spaces. Topologists assigned these classes of spaces the names T1, T2, T3, and T4. Later this system of numbering was extended to include T0, T2½, T3½ (or Tπ), T5, and T6.

But this sequence had its problems. The idea was supposed to be that every Ti space is a special kind of Tj space if i > j. But this is not necessarily true, as definitions vary. For example, a regular space (called T3) does not have to be a Hausdorff space (called T2), at least not according to the simplest definition of regular spaces.

Different definitions
Every author agreed on T0, T1, and T2. For the other axioms, however, different authors could use significantly different definitions, depending on what they were working on. These differences could develop because, if one assumes that a topological space satisfies the T1 axiom, then the various definitions are (in most cases) equivalent. Thus, if one is going to make that assumption, then one would want to use the simplest definition. But if one did not make that assumption, then the simplest definition might not be the right one for the most useful concept; in any case, it would destroy the (transitive) entailment of Ti by Tj, allowing (for example) non-Hausdorff regular spaces.

Topologists working on the metrisation problem generally did assume T1; after all, all metric spaces are T1. Thus, they used the simplest definitions for the Ti. Then, for those occasions when they did not assume T1, they used words ("regular" and "normal") for the more complicated definitions, in order to contrast them with the simpler ones. This approach was used as late as 1970 with the publication of Counterexamples in Topology by Lynn A. Steen and J. Arthur Seebach, Jr.

In contrast, general topologists, led by John L. Kelley in 1955, usually did not assume T1, so they studied the separation axioms in the greatest generality from the beginning. They used the more complicated definitions for Ti, so that they would always have a nice property relating Ti to Tj. Then, for the simpler definitions, they used words (again, "regular" and "normal"). Both conventions could be said to follow the "original" meanings; the different meanings are the same for T1 spaces, which was the original context. But the result was that different authors used the various terms in precisely opposite ways. Adding to the confusion, some literature will observe a nice distinction between an axiom and the space that satisfies the axiom, so that a T3 space might need to satisfy the axioms T3 and T0 (e.g., in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics, 2nd ed.).

Since 1970, the general topologists' terms have been growing in popularity, including in other branches of mathematics, such as analysis. But usage is still not consistent.

Completely Hausdorff, Urysohn, and T2$1/2$ spaces
Steen and Seebach define a Urysohn space as "a space with a Urysohn function for any two points". Willard calls this a completely Hausdorff space. Steen & Seebach define a completely Hausdorff space or T2$1/2$ space as a space in which every two points are separated by closed neighborhoods, which Willard calls a Urysohn space or T2$1/2$ space.

title: History of the separation axioms


text: Template:South Asian Free Trade Area

title: Template:South Asian Free Trade Area


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Israel Porter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Postdlf 23:55, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Israel Porter
Orphaned odd article about someone called 'father of neo-modern thought'. Google did not find anything sensible. Article reads like some nonsense from new-age pseudo-science journals. Not notable? Original "research"? Hoax? jni 11:06, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As someone once said, should've made note of who it was, "as patent as nonsense gets without being patent nonsense." The name is rather reminiscent of Herman Melville's novel, Israel Potter. Dpbsmith (talk) 15:32, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as silly vandalism. Wyss 19:34, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Patent nonsense. Jayjg (talk) 20:29, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Swabi

Swabi (صوابۍ; ) is a city in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located near the bank of the Indus River. It is the 73rd largest city of Pakistan and eighth largest in the province in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Swabi is also a major city in the Mardan Division, where it is the second-largest city.

Demographics
According to the 2023 Census of Pakistan, the city of Swabi had 1,894,600 inhabitants, making it the eighth-largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These inhabitants were distributed across 16,212 households, for an average household size of 7.61 in Swabi. Swabi experienced quick growth throughout the latter half of the twentieth century, with its population nearly quintupling over a mere 40 years. However, this growth trajectory has gradually decelerated over time. Between 1998 and 2017, the city's population exhibited an increase of only 2.29% annually. The residents historically are of the Yusufzai tribe of Pashtuns which are predominant in the area.

Climate
Swabi has a warm and temperate climate. With hot and humid summers and mild winters, Swabi features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). The average temperature in Swabi is 22.2 °C, while the annual precipitation averages 639 mm. November is the driest month with an average rainfall of 12 mm, while August is the wettest month with an average of 137 mm of precipitation.

June is the hottest month of the year, with an average temperature of 32.9 °C. January is the coldest month, with an average temperature of 10.2 °C.

Education
Following are some of the notable educational institutes in Swabi:
 * Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
 * University of Swabi
 * Gajju Khan Medical College
 * Women University Swabi
 * Government Post Graduate College
 * Government College of Technology Swabi

Notable people

 * Dawood Khan Yousafzai, Pakistani famous MMA World champion born in Swabi
 * Mushtaq Ahmad Khan, Former Pakistani Senator and Leader of Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan), Leader of Save Gaza movement
 * Asad Qaiser, Former Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan and Leader of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

title: Swabi


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Gerald Bullett

Gerald William Bullett (30 December 1893 – 3 January 1958) was a British man of letters. He was known as a novelist, essayist, short story writer, critic and poet. He wrote both supernatural fiction and some children's literature. A few of his books were published under the pseudonym Sebastian Fox.

Biography
Bullett was born in London, the son of businessman Robert Bullet and Ellen Bullett (née Pegg), and educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. During the Second World War he worked for the BBC in London, and after the war was a radio broadcaster. Bullett also contributed to the Times Literary Supplement. Politically, Bullett described himself as a "liberal socialist" and claimed to detest "prudery, prohibition, blood sports, central heating, and literary tea parties". Bullett was also an anti-fascist, describing fascism as "gangsterism on a national scale"; he publicly backed the Republican side during the Spanish Civil War.

One of his novels was Mr. Godly Beside Himself (1924), a humorous fantasy story about a modern man who exchanges places with his doppelganger in fairyland. Brian Stableford likens Bullet's novel to other works of post First World War British fantasy, such as Stella Benson's Living Alone (1919), and Hope Mirrlees' Lud-in-the-Mist (1926).

Bullett was a great admirer of Walt Whitman, and wrote an essay on Whitman for the book Great Democrats by Alfred Barratt Brown. Here he described Whitman as "a man full-blooded and brotherly, unselfconscious in his democracy and genuinely at ease with all kinds and classes".

Bullett died in Chichester, West Sussex, on 3 January 1958.

Works

 * The Progress of Kay, A Series of Glimpses (1916)
 * Mice and other poems (1921)
 * The Street of the Eye and Nine Other Tales (1923)
 * Mr Godly Beside Himself (1924)
 * Walt Whitman: A Study and a Selection (1924)
 * The Baker's Cart and Other Tales (1925)
 * Modern English Fiction (1926)
 * Seed of Israel: Tales from the English Bible (1927)
 * The Spanish Caravel (1927); later The Happy Mariners (1956)
 * "Dreaming" (1928) – essay
 * The World in Bud and Other Tales (1928)
 * Nicky Son of Egg (1929)
 * The History of Egg Pandervil (1929)
 * Germany (1930)
 * Remember Mrs Munch (1931)
 * Marden Fee (1931)
 * Helen's Lovers and Other Tales (1932)
 * I'll Tell You Everything (1932), by Bullett and J. B. Priestley
 * The Quick and The Dead (1933)
 * Eden River (1934)
 * The Bubble (1934)
 * The Jury (1935) – filmed as The Last Man to Hang? in 1956
 * The Snare of the Fowler: A Tragedy of Time & Chance (1936), as by Sebastian Fox
 * Poems in Pencil (1937)
 * The Innocence of G. K. Chesterton (1937)
 * The Bending Sickle (1938) – novel
 * Twenty Four Tales (1938)
 * When the Cat's Away (1940)
 * A Man of Forty (1940)
 * Winter Solstice (1943)
 * The Elderbrook Brothers (1945)
 * Judgment in Suspense (1946) – novel
 * George Eliot (1947)
 * Men at High Table and The House of Strangers (1948)
 * Poems (1949)
 * Cricket in Heaven (1949)
 * The English Mystics (1950)
 * Sydney Smith, a Biography and a Selection (1951)
 * The Trouble at Number Seven (1952)
 * News From The Village (1952) – poems
 * The Alderman's Son (1954) – novel
 * Windows On A Vanished Time (1955)
 * One Man's Poison (1956), as by Sebastian Fox
 * The Daughters of Mrs Peacock (1957)
 * Odd Woman Out (1958), as by Sebastian Fox
 * The Peacock Brides (1958)
 * Ten-Minute Tales and Some Others (1959)
 * Collected Poems (1959), selected by E. M. W. Tillyard

As editor

 * Short Stories of To-day and Yesterday (1929)
 * The Testament of Light (1932) – anthology
 * The Pattern of Courtesy: An Anthology, Continuing the Testament of Light (1934)
 * A Book of Good Faith – Montaigne: A Miscellany of Passages (1938)
 * The Phœnix and Turtle (1938)
 * The Jackdaw's Nest, A Fivefold Anthology (1939)
 * The English Galaxy of Shorter Poems (1942)
 * Readings in English Literature: From Chaucer to Matthew Arnold (1945)
 * Silver Poets of the 16th Century (1947)

As translator

 * The Golden Year of Fan Cheng-Ta: A Chinese Rural Sequence Rendered into English Verse (1946)

title: Gerald Bullett


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File:DioDreamEvil.jpg

Dream Evil

title: File:DioDreamEvil.jpg


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Cournot competition

Cournot competition is an economic model used to describe an industry structure in which companies compete on the amount of output they will produce, which they decide on independently of each other and at the same time. It is named after Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801–1877) who was inspired by observing competition in a spring water duopoly. It has the following features:
 * There is more than one firm and all firms produce a homogeneous product, i.e., there is no product differentiation;
 * Firms do not cooperate, i.e., there is no collusion;
 * Firms have market power, i.e., each firm's output decision affects the good's price;
 * The number of firms is fixed;
 * Firms compete in quantities rather than prices; and
 * The firms are economically rational and act strategically, usually seeking to maximize profit given their competitors' decisions.

An essential assumption of this model is the "not conjecture" that each firm aims to maximize profits, based on the expectation that its own output decision will not have an effect on the decisions of its rivals. Price is a commonly known decreasing function of total output. All firms know $$N$$, the total number of firms in the market, and take the output of the others as given. The market price is set at a level such that demand equals the total quantity produced by all firms. Each firm takes the quantity set by its competitors as a given, evaluates its residual demand, and then behaves as a monopoly.

History
Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801–1877) first outlined his theory of competition in his 1838 volume Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Théorie des Richesses as a way of describing the competition with a market for spring water dominated by two suppliers (a duopoly). The model was one of a number that Cournot set out "explicitly and with mathematical precision" in the volume. Specifically, Cournot constructed profit functions for each firm, and then used partial differentiation to construct a function representing a firm's best response for given (exogenous) output levels of the other firm(s) in the market. He then showed that a stable equilibrium occurs where these functions intersect (i.e., the simultaneous solution of the best response functions of each firm).

The consequence of this is that in equilibrium, each firm's expectations of how other firms will act are shown to be correct; when all is revealed, no firm wants to change its output decision. This idea of stability was later taken up and built upon as a description of Nash equilibria, of which Cournot equilibria are a subset.

The legacy of the Recherches
Cournot's economic theory was little noticed until Léon Walras credited him as a forerunner. This led to an unsympathetic review of Cournot's book by Joseph Bertrand which in turn received heavy criticism. Irving Fisher found Cournot's treatment of oligopoly "brilliant and suggestive, but not free from serious objections". He arranged for a translation to be made by Nathaniel Bacon in 1897.

Reactions to this aspect of Cournot's theory have ranged from searing condemnation to half-hearted endorsement. It has received sympathy in recent years as a contribution to game theory rather than economics. James W. Friedman explains: "In current language and interpretation, Cournot postulated a particular game to represent an oligopolistic market..."

The maths in Cournot's book is elementary and the presentation not difficult to follow. The account below follows Cournot's words and diagrams closely. The diagrams were presumably included as an oversized plate in the original edition, and are missing from some modern reprints.

Cournot's conceptual framework
Cournot's discussion of oligopoly draws on two theoretical advances made in earlier pages of his book. Both have passed (with some adjustment) into microeconomic theory, particularly within subfield of Industrial Organization where Cournot's assumptions can be relaxed to study various Market Structures and Industries, for example, the Stackelberg Competition model. Cournot's discussion of monopoly influenced later writers such as Edward Chamberlin and Joan Robinson during the 1930s revival of interest in imperfect competition.

The 'Law of Demand' or 'of Sales'
Cournot was wary of psychological notions of demand, defining it simply as the amount sold of a particular good (helped along by the fact that the French word débit, meaning 'sales quantity', has the same initial letter as demande, meaning 'demand' ). He formalised it mathematically as follows: "We will regard the sales quantity or annual demand $D$, for any commodity, to be a function $F(p)$ of its price." It follows that his demand curves do some of the work of modern supply curves, since producers who are able to limit the amount sold have an influence on Cournot's demand curve.

Cournot remarks that the demand curve will usually be a decreasing function of price, and that the total value of the good sold is $$pF(p)$$, which will generally increase to a maximum and then decline towards 0. The condition for a maximum is that the derivative of $$pF(p)$$, i.e., $$F(p)+pF'(p)$$, should be 0 (where $$F'(p)$$ is the derivative of $$F(p)$$).

Monopoly and duopoly
Cournot insists that each duopolist seeks independently to maximize profits, and this restriction is essential, since Cournot tells us that if they came to an understanding between each other so as each to obtain the maximum possible revenue, then completely different results would be obtained, indistinguishable from the consumer's point of view from those entailed by monopoly.

Cournot's price model
Cournot presents a mathematically correct analysis of the equilibrium condition corresponding to a certain logically consistent model of duopolist behaviour. However his model is not stated and is not particularly natural (Shapiro remarked that observed practice constituted a "natural objection to the Cournot quantity model" ), and "his words and the mathematics do not quite match".

His model can be grasped more easily if we slightly embellish it. Suppose that there are two owners of mineral water springs, each able to produce unlimited quantities at zero price. Suppose that instead of selling water to the public they offer it to a middle man. Each proprietor notifies the middle man of the quantity he or she intends to produce. The middle man finds the market-clearing price, which is determined by the demand function $$F$$ and the aggregate supply. He or she sells the water at this price, passing the proceeds back to the proprietors.

The consumer demand $$D$$ for mineral water at price $$p$$ is denoted by $$F(p)$$; the inverse of $$F$$ is written $$f$$ and the market-clearing price is given by $$p=f(D)$$, where $$D=D_1+D_2$$ and $$D_i$$ is the amount supplied by proprietor $$i$$.

Each proprietor is assumed to know the amount being supplied by his or her rival, and to adjust his or her own supply in the light of it to maximize his or her profits. The position of equilibrium is one in which neither proprietor is inclined to adjust the quantity supplied.

It needs mental contortions to imagine the same market behaviour arising without a middle man.

Interpretative difficulties
A feature of Cournot's model is that a single price applies to both proprietors. He justified this assumption by saying that "dès lors le prix est nécessairement le même pour l'un et l'autre propriétaire". de Bornier expands on this by saying that "the obvious conclusion that only a single price can exist at a given moment" follows from "an essential assumption concerning his model, [namely] product homogeneity".

Later on Cournot writes that a proprietor can adjust his supply "en modifiant correctement le prix". Again, this is nonsense: it is impossible for a single price to be simultaneously under the control of two suppliers. If there is a single price, then it must be determined by the market as a consequence of the proprietors' decisions on matters under their individual control.

Cournot's account threw his English translator (Nathaniel Bacon) so completely off-balance that his words were corrected to "properly adjusting his price". Edgeworth regarded equality of price in Cournot as "a particular condition, not... abstractly necessary in cases of imperfect competition". Jean Magnan de Bornier says that in Cournot's theory "each owner will use price as a variable to control quantity" without saying how one price can govern two quantities. A. J. Nichol claimed that Cournot's theory makes no sense unless "prices are directly determined by buyers". Shapiro, perhaps in despair, remarked that "the actual process of price formation in Cournot's theory is somewhat mysterious".

Collusion
Cournot's duopolists are not true profit-maximizers. Either supplier could increase his or her profits by cutting out the middle man and cornering the market by marginally undercutting his or her rival; thus the middle man can be seen as a mechanism for restricting competition.

Example 1
Cournot's model of competition is typically presented for the case of a duopoly market structure; the following example provides a straightforward analysis of the Cournot model for the case of Duopoly. Therefore, suppose we have a market consisting of only two firms which we will call firm 1 and firm 2. For simplicity, we assume each firm faces the same marginal cost. That is, for a given firm $$i$$'s output quantity, denoted $$q_i$$ where $$i \in \{1,2\}$$, firm $$i$$'s cost of producing $$q_i$$ units of output is given by $$C(q_i)=\chi q_i$$, where $$\chi $$ is the marginal cost. This assumption tells us that both firms face the same cost-per-unit produced. Therefore, as each firm's profit is equal to its revenues minus costs, where revenue equals the number of units produced multiplied by the market price, we can denote the profit functions for firm 1 and firm 2 as follows:
 * $$\Pi_1(Q)=p(Q)q_1 - \chi q_1$$
 * $$\Pi_2(Q)=p(Q)q_2 - \chi q_2$$

In the above profit functions we have price as a function of total output which we denote as $$Q$$ and for two firms we must have $$Q=q_1+q_2$$. For example's sake, let us assume that price (inverse demand function) is linear and of the form $$p=a-bQ$$. So, the inverse demand function can then be rewritten as $$p=a-bq_1-bq_2$$.

Now, substituting our equation for price in place of $$p(Q)$$ we can write each firm's profit function as:
 * $$\Pi_1(q_1,q_2)=(a-bq_1-bq_2- \chi)q_1$$
 * $$\Pi_2(q_1,q_2)=(a-bq_1-bq_2- \chi)q_2$$

As firms are assumed to be profit-maximizers, the first-order conditions (F.O.C.s) for each firm are:
 * $$\frac{\partial \Pi_1(q_1,q_2)}{\partial q_1}=a-2bq_1-bq_2-\chi=0$$
 * $$\frac{\partial \Pi_2(q_1,q_2)}{\partial q_2}=a-bq_1-2bq_2-\chi=0$$

The F.O.C.s state that firm $$i$$ is producing at the profit-maximizing level of output when the marginal cost ($$\text{MC}$$) is equal to the marginal revenue ($$\text{MR}$$). Intuitively, this suggests that firms will produce up to the point where it remains profitable to do so, as any further production past this point will mean that $$\text{MC} > \text{MR}$$, and therefore production beyond this point results in the firm losing money for each additional unit produced. Notice that at the profit-maximizing quantity where $$\text{MC}=\text{MR}$$, we must have $$\text{MC}-\text{MR}=0$$ which is why we set the above equations equal to zero.

Now that we have two equations describing the states at which each firm is producing at the profit-maximizing quantity, we can simply solve this system of equations to obtain each firm's optimal level of output, $$q_1,q_2$$ for firms 1 and 2 respectively. So, we obtain:

 * $$q_1=\frac{a-\chi}{2b}-\frac{q_2}{2}$$
 * $$q_2=\frac{a-\chi}{2b}-\dfrac{q_1}{2}$$

These functions describe each firm's optimal (profit-maximizing) quantity of output given the price firms face in the market, $$p$$, the marginal cost, $$\chi$$, and output quantity of rival firms. The functions can be thought of as describing a firm's "Best Response" to the other firm's level of output.

We can now find a Cournot-Nash Equilibrium using our "Best Response" functions above for the output quantity of firms 1 and 2. Recall that both firms face the same cost-per-unit ($$\chi$$) and price ($$p$$). Therefore, using this symmetrical relationship between firms we find the equilibrium quantity by fixing $$q_1=q_2=q^*$$. We can be sure this setup gives us the equilibrium levels as neither firm has an incentive to change their level of output as doing so will harm the firm at the benefit of their rival. Now substituting in $$q^*$$ for $$q_1,q_2$$ and solving we obtain the symmetric (same for each firm) output quantity in Equilibrium as $$q^*=\frac{a-\chi}{3b}$$.

This equilibrium value describes the optimal level of output for firms 1 and 2, where each firm is producing an output quantity of $$q^*$$. So, at equilibrium, the total market output $$Q$$ will be $$Q=q_1^*+q_2^*=\frac{2(a-\chi)}{3b}$$.

Example 2
The revenues accruing to the two proprietors are $$pD_1$$ and $$pD_2$$, i.e., $$f(D_1+D_2) \cdot D_1$$ and $$f(D_1+D_2) \cdot D_2$$. The first proprietor maximizes profit by optimizing over the parameter$$D_1$$ under his control, giving the condition that the partial derivative of his profit with respect to $$D_1$$ should be 0, and the mirror-image reasoning applies to his or her rival. We thus get the equations:
 * $$f(D_1+D_2) + D_1 f'(D_1+D_2) = 0$$ and
 * $$f(D_1+D_2) + D_2 f'(D_1+D_2) = 0$$.

The equlibirum position is found by solving these two equations simultaneously. This is most easily done by adding and subtracting them, turning them into:
 * $$D_1=D_2$$ and
 * $$2 f(D) + D f'(D) = 0$$, where $$D=D_1+D_2$$.

Thus, we see that the two proprietors supply equal quantities, and that the total quantity sold is the root of a single nonlinear equation in $$D$$.

Cournot goes further than this simple solution, investigating the stability of the equilibrium. Each of his original equations defines a relation between $$D_1$$ and $$D_2$$ which may be drawn on a graph. If the first proprietor was providing quantity $$x_\textsf{l}$$, then the second proprietor would adopt quantity $$y_\textsf{l}$$ from the red curve to maximize his or her revenue. But then, by similar reasoning, the first proprietor will adjust his supply to $$x_\textsf{ll}$$ to give him or her the maximum return as shown by the blue curve when $$D_2$$ is equal to $$y_\textsf{l}$$. This will lead to the second proprietor adapting to the supply value $$y_\textsf{ll}$$, and so forth until equilibrium is reached at the point of intersection $$i$$, whose coordinates are $$(x,y)$$.

Since proprietors move towards the equilibrium position it follows that the equilibrium is stable, but Cournot remarks that if the red and blue curves were interchanged then this would cease to be true. He adds that it is easy to see that the corresponding diagram would be inadmissible since, for instance, it is necessarily the case that $$m_1>m_2$$. To verify this, notice that when $$D_1$$ is 0, the two equations reduce to:
 * $$f(D_2)=0$$ and
 * $$f(D_2) + D_2 f'(D_2) = 0$$.

The first of these corresponds to the quantity $$D_2$$ sold when the price is zero (which is the maximum quantity the public is willing to consume), while the second states that the derivative of $$D_2 f(D_2)$$ with respect to $$D_2$$ is 0, but $$D_2 f(D_2)$$ is the monetary value of an aggregate sales quantity $$D_2$$, and the turning point of this value is a maximum. Evidently, the sales quantity which maximizes monetary value is reached before the maximum possible sales quantity (which corresponds to a value of 0). So, the root $$m_1$$ of the first equation is necessarily greater than the root $$m_2$$ of the second equation.

Comparison with monopoly
We have seen that Cournot's system reduces to the equation $$2f(D) + Df'(D)=0$$. $$D$$ is functionally related to $$p$$ via $$f$$ in one direction and $$F$$ in the other. If we re-express this equation in terms of $$p$$, it tells us that $$F(p)+2pF'(p)=0$$, which can be compared with the equation $$F(p)+pF'(p)=0$$ obtained earlier for monopoly.

If we plot another variable $$u$$ against $$p$$, then we may draw a curve of the function $$u=-\frac{F(p)}{F'(p)}$$. The monopoly price is the $$p$$ for which this curve intersects the line $$u=p$$, while the duopoly price is given by the intersection of the curve with the steeper line $$u=2p$$. Regardless of the shape of the curve, its intersection with $$u=2p$$ occurs to the left of (i.e., at a lower price than) its intersection with $$u=p$$. Hence, prices are lower under duopoly than under monopoly, and quantities sold are accordingly higher.

Extension to oligopoly
When there are $$n$$ proprietors, the price equation becomes $$F(p)+npF'(p)=0$$. The price can be read from the diagram from the intersection of $$u=np$$ with the curve. Hence, the price diminishes indefinitely as the number of proprietors increases. With an infinite number of proprietors, the price becomes zero; or more generally, if we allow for costs of production, the price becomes the marginal cost.

Bertrand's critique
The French mathematician Joseph Bertrand, when reviewing Walras's Théorie Mathématique de la Richesse Sociale, was drawn to Cournot's book by Walras's high praise of it. Bertrand was critical of Cournot's reasoning and assumptions, Bertrand claimed that "removing the symbols would reduce the book to just a few pages". His summary of Cournot's theory of duopoly has remained influential: "Cournot assumes that one of the proprietors will reduce his price to attract buyers to him, and that the other will in turn reduce his price even more to attract buyers back to him. They will only stop undercutting each other in this way, when either proprietor, even if the other abandoned the struggle, has nothing more to gain from reducing his price. One major objection to this is that there is no solution under this assumption, in that there is no limit to the downward movement... If Cournot's formulation conceals this obvious result, it is because he most inadvertently introduces as D and D' the two proprietors' respective outputs, and by considering them as independent variables, he assumes that should either proprietor change his output then the other proprietor's output could remain constant. It quite obviously could not." Pareto was unimpressed by Bertrand's critique, concluding from it that Bertrand 'wrote his article without consulting the books he criticised'.

Irving Fisher outlined a model of duopoly similar to the one Bertrand had accused Cournot of analysing incorrectly: "A more natural hypothesis, and one often tacitly adopted, is that each [producer] assumes his rival's price will remain fixed, while his own price is adjusted. Under this hypothesis each would undersell the other as long as any profit remained, so that the final result would be identical with the result of unlimited competition." Fisher seemed to regard Bertrand as having been the first to present this model, and it has since entered the literature as Bertrand competition.

title: Cournot competition


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Squirrel Nut Zippers

Squirrel Nut Zippers is an American swing and jazz band formed in 1993 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, by James "Jimbo" Mathus (vocals and guitar), Tom Maxwell (vocals and guitar), Katharine Whalen (vocals, banjo, ukulele), Chris Phillips (drums), Don Raleigh (bass guitar), and Ken Mosher.

The band's music is a fusion of Delta blues, gypsy jazz, 1930s–era swing, klezmer, and other styles. They found commercial success during the swing revival of the late 1990s with their 1996 single "Hell", written by Tom Maxwell. After a hiatus of several years, the original band members reunited and performed in 2007, playing in the U.S. and Canada.

In 2016, Mathus and Phillips reunited the band with a new lineup to tour in support of the 20th anniversary of their highest-selling album, Hot.

The Squirrel Nut Zippers continue to tour, and released their new album Beasts of Burgundy in March 2018, and singles "Mardi Gras for Christmas" and "Alone at Christmas" in November 2018.

Swing revival
The band was founded by James "Jimbo" Mathus, formerly of Metal Flake Mother and Johnny Vomit & The Dry Heaves, and his then-wife Katharine Whalen in Carrboro, North Carolina, with Tom Maxwell, Chris Phillips, Don Raleigh, and Ken Mosher. The group made its debut in Chapel Hill a few months later. Stacy Guess (formerly of Pressure Boys) joined shortly after.

"Nut Zippers" is a southern term for a variety of old bootleg moonshine. The band's name comes from a newspaper story about an intoxicated man who climbed a tree and refused to come down even after police arrived. The headline was "Squirrel Nut Zipper." It is also the name of a caramel and peanut candy dating back to 1890.

The band is credited for contributing to the swing revival that occurred during the 1990s. The band was influenced by Johnny Ace, Cab Calloway, Django Reinhardt, Raymond Scott, Fats Waller, and Tom Waits. The breakthrough single "Hell", with its calypso rhythm, more closely aligned the band with the neo-swing movement.

The Zippers's debut album, The Inevitable (1995), received airplay on National Public Radio, and its second album, Hot (1996), was certified platinum. Hot was also one of the first enhanced CDs, containing an interactive presentation created by filmmaker Clay Walker. In support of the album, the band toured with rock singer Neil Young. Perennial Favorites (1998) followed, then Christmas Caravan and Bedlam Ballroom.

The Squirrel Nut Zippers performed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and at President Clinton's second inaugural ball. Their numerous appearances included such notables as the radio show Prairie Home Companion and on television shows The Tonight Show, Late Show with David Letterman, Conan O'Brien, and Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve.

Hiatus and other projects
By the early 2000s, the Zippers were inactive. Mathus and Katharine Whalen had divorced, and the band members went their separate ways.

Whalen released her debut album, Katharine Whalen's Jazz Squad. Mathus toured and recorded extensively with Buddy Guy and has released 18 solo records on various labels, and under various names, while keeping a hand in numerous other projects. Je Widenhouse and Reese Gray recorded and toured with Firecracker Jazz Band. Chris Phillips spent two years with the Dickies and William Reid from the Jesus and Mary Chain. His band The Lamps included members of the Bangles and The Connells.

Reunions
In early 2007, the band's official website announced tour dates with a lineup consisting of Jimbo Mathus, Katharine Whalen, Chris Phillips, Je Widenhouse, Stuart Cole, Hank West, and Will Dawson. With the proclamation "Ladies and Gentlemen...They're Back," the band performed concert dates throughout the U.S. and Canada in the spring and summer of 2007 and through 2008.

In late February 2009, Phillips sent an email announcing a forthcoming live album titled You Are My Radio, recorded in Brooklyn in December 2008. The album title was later changed to Lost at Sea and was released on October 27 through Southern Broadcasting/MRI. They also announced plans for a studio album in 2010. The band taped a performance for NPR's Mountain Stage, which aired in mid-November.

Following renewed interest at the approach of the 20th Anniversary of Hot, Mathus began assembling a revival band, focusing on musicians in the New Orleans area. They began touring in June 2016, with the initial line-up including Mathus, Dr. Sick (fiddle, vocals), Ingrid Lucia (vocals), Kris Tokarski (piano), Charlie Halloran (trombone), Dave Boswell (trumpet), Hank West (saxophone), Tamara Nicolai (upright bass) and Kevin O’Donnell (drums), with original Zippers drummer Chris Phillips managing, and Alex Holeman as road manager.

The band has continued to tour; the studio album Beasts of Burgundy was released on March 23, 2018 through their own label Southern Broadcasting. Performers on the album include Mathus (guitar, vocals), Dr. Sick (fiddle, banjo, various instruments, vocals), Cella Blue (vocals), Vanessa Niemann (vocals), Tamar A. Korn (vocals), Dave Boswell (trumpet), Kevin Louis (trumpet), Aurora Nealand (clarinet), Charlie Halloran (trombone), Colin Myers (trombone), Henry Westmoreland (tenor and baritone saxophone), Kris Tokarski (piano), Leslie P. Martin (piano), Tamara Nicolai (upright bass), Neilson Bernard III (drums) and Chris Phillips (percussion).

Studio albums

 * The Inevitable (1995)
 * Hot (1996)
 * Perennial Favorites (1998)
 * Christmas Caravan (1998)
 * Bedlam Ballroom (2000)
 * Beasts of Burgundy (2018)
 * Lost Songs of Doc Souchon (2020)

Live albums

 * Lost at Sea (2009)

EPs

 * Roasted Right (1994)
 * Sold Out (1997)

Compilations

 * The Best of Squirrel Nut Zippers as Chronicled by Shorty Brown (2002)

Soundtracks
As of 2021, music performed by the Squirrel Nut Zippers has appeared in 25 films or television shows.

title: Squirrel Nut Zippers


text:
Maria (reachability analyzer)

Maria: The Modular Reachability Analyzer is a reachability analyzer for concurrent systems that uses Algebraic System Nets (a high-level variant of Petri nets) as its modelling formalism.

title: Maria (reachability analyzer)


text:
File:DioLockUpTheWolves.jpg

Lock up the wolves

title: File:DioLockUpTheWolves.jpg


text:
Fire in the East

Fire in the East is a monster board wargame published in 1984 by Game Designers' Workshop (GDW) that simulates Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.

Description
Fire in the East, characterized as a "monster game' because it has more than 1000 counters, is a two-player (or two-team) game that covers Operation Barbarossa along World War II's Eastern Front between 22 June 1941 and 30 April 1942. The game, part of GDW's Europa series, uses a set of rules common to the series.

Components
The game box contains:
 * Six 21" x 27" maps that, when put together, cover the Eastern Front from Warsaw in the west to Stalingrad in the east, and from Murmansk in the north to Sevastopol in the south. The map scale used in the entire Europa series is 25 km (16 mi) per hex.
 * More than 2500 die-cut counters
 * 40-page rulebook
 * player charts
 * two six-sided dice

Gameplay
Each turn represents 2 weeks of game time — characterized as first half of the month and last half of the month. Movement is modified by both terrain and weather. Combat results are determined by the ratio of attackers to defenders. Supplies are dependent upon home cities that act as supply depots. If a city is captured, it can never regain its "depot" status, even if recaptured.

Special rules

 * Before the first turn (second half of June 1941), German force enjoy a bonus "surprise round".
 * Once the surprise round is over, normal play begins with the first turn, and Romania immediately enters the war.
 * During the first half of July 1941 (the second regular turn), Finland and also Hungary join the Axis forces.
 * Finnish forces may only fight in Finland and cannot cross into Soviet territory beyond a rules-established 'stop line'.
 * Due to Balkan rivalry, Hungarian and Romanian forces may not be stacked together, and cannot participate in the same attack.

Victory conditions
To win, the Axis player/team must capture every major Soviet city hex before the end of the 21st turn (second half of April 1942). The Soviet player/team wins by preventing this.

Publication history
In 1973, GDW published Drang Nach Osten! ("Drive to the East!"), a monster board wargame simulating Operation Barbarossa designed by Paul R. Banner and Frank Chadwick. GDW also published an expansion kit, Unentschieden ("Stalemate"), in 1973.

In 1984 Rich Banner, Frank Chadwick, Marc Miller and John Astell revised and greatly expanded Drang Nach Osten! and GDW published it in 1984 as Fire in the East.

In 1987, GDW released a sequel, Scorched Earth, that continued the Eastern Front conflict from May 1942 to 1944. At the 1988 Origins Awards, Scorched Earth won the award for Best Boardgame of 1987 Covering the Period 1900-1946.

In 1989, the new licensee for the Europa series (following the demise of GDW), Game Research/Design (GRD), published a further expansion for Fire in the East, entitled The Urals, with several additional maps expanding the play area to the titular mountains, additional charts, and a 1943 scenario designed by John Astell.

Following the demise of GRD, Historical Military Simulations (HMS) acquired a license to produce Europa games in 2004, and continued with the production of a new edition of Fire in the East, entitled Total War. To date, this has not been published, though the maps, counters, and game boxes have all been released to purchasers of the game who request them.

Reception
Wargame Academy noted that the playing time was 40+ hours, and on a complexity scale of 1–10, was rated a 10. In an opinion comparing it to War in Europe (published by Simulations Publications Inc. in 1976), it said that Fire in the East was "more detailed than WIE [but] its playability is lessened."

Other reviews

 * Casus Belli #36 (Feb 1987)
 * Fire & Movement #44 (Sept/Oct 1985)
 * Casus Belli #58

title: Fire in the East


text:
Edgeworth paradox

To solve the Bertrand paradox, the Irish economist Francis Ysidro Edgeworth put forward the Edgeworth Paradox in his paper "The Pure Theory of Monopoly", published in 1897.

In economics, the Edgeworth paradox describes a situation in which two players cannot reach a state of equilibrium with pure strategies, i.e. each charging a stable price. A fact of the Edgeworth Paradox is that in some cases, even if the direct price impact is negative and exceeds the conditions, an increase in cost proportional to the quantity of an item provided may cause a decrease in all optimal prices. Due to the limited production capacity of enterprises in reality, if only one enterprise's total production capacity can be supplied cannot meet social demand, another enterprise can charge a price that exceeds the marginal cost for the residual social need.

Example
Suppose two companies, A and B, sell an identical commodity product, and that customers choose the product solely on the basis of price. Each company faces capacity constraints, in that on its own it cannot satisfy demand at its zero-profit price, but together they can more than satisfy such demand.

The Edgeworth Paradox assumption of the Cournot model is as follows: 1. The production capacity of the two manufacturers is limited. Under a certain price level, the output of a particular Oligopoly cannot meet the market demand at this price level so that another manufacturer can obtain the residual market demand. 2. In a certain period, two prices can exist in the market at the same time. 3. When a particular oligopoly chooses a certain price level, another oligopoly will not immediately respond to the price.

Edgeworth model
Edgeworth's model follows Bertrand's hypothesis, where each seller assumes that the price of its competitor, not its output, remains constant. Suppose there are two sellers, A and B, facing the same demand curve in the market. To explain Edgeworth's model, let us first assume that A is the only seller in the market. Follow the profit maximization rules of the monopolistic seller, and then let B enter the market. B assumes that A will not change its price because he is making the most profit. B sets the price slightly lower than A's price and can sell its total output. At this price, B occupies a large part of the A market.

On the other hand, the sales of Seller A have fallen. To regain the market, A sets the price slightly lower than B's price. And leads to price wars between sellers.

A price war takes the form of a price reduction and continues until the price reaches a specific price. At this price, both A and B can sell all their products. Therefore, this price can be expected to stable. However, according to Edgeworth, prices should be unstable. The reason is simple. Once a specific price set in the market, the seller will discover an interesting fact. This means that every seller is aware that their competitors are selling all of their products and will not change the price. Every seller believes that price can be increased and a net profit can be obtained.

This understanding forms the basis of their actions and reactions. For example, let seller A take the initiative to increase its price by two times. Assuming that A maintains his price, B will find that if he raises the price to a level slightly less than two times, B can sell all his products at a higher price and obtain greater profits. Therefore, B increased the price according to the plan.

Now it's A's turn to understand the situation and react. A finds that his price is higher than that of B, and his total sales have fallen. Therefore, assuming B retains its price, A reduces its price slightly lower than B's price.

Therefore, the price war between A and B starts again. This process will continue indefinitely, and the price will continue to move up and down between 1 and 2 times. Obviously, according to Edgeworth's duopoly model, since price and output are never determined, the equilibrium is unstable and uncertain.

The Edgeworth model shows that the oligopoly price fluctuates between the perfect competition market and the perfect monopoly, and there is no stable equilibrium.

Unlike the Bertrand paradox, the situation of both companies charging zero-profit prices is not an equilibrium, since either company can raise its price and generate profits. Nor is the situation where one company charges less than the other an equilibrium, since the lower price company can profitably raise its price towards the higher price company's price. Nor is the situation where both companies charge the same positive-profit price, since either company can then lower its price marginally and profitably capture more of the market.

title: Edgeworth paradox


text:
Lock Up the Wolves

Lock Up the Wolves is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Dio, released on May 15, 1990. It displayed a complete change of musician line-up over the previous album, Dream Evil, including 18-year-old guitarist Rowan Robertson and Simon Wright on drums who had played with AC/DC from 1983 to 1989 as well as bassist Teddy Cook who was in the band Hotshot that morphed into Danger Danger. Rod Simpkins from the Hollywood bands Riken and Jungle Alley also filled in on bass for several tour dates in 1990. Former Dio Bass player Jimmy Bain was not able to fill tour dates for Teddy Cook due to health concerns.

Ronnie James Dio stated that the reason for the change was that it became apparent that the former band members had "lost interest" when compared to Robertson who was the first member of the new line-up. Robertson states that he was playing with the original band for around ten months while the album was being written, Jimmy Bain and Claude Schnell were replaced "along the way" and Vinny Appice was in the band until two weeks before entering the studio to record the album. Vinny Appice confirms that he was there until the album was written and left because he felt "This is not Dio" with "all these young guys in the band".

The song "Evil on Queen Street" takes its title from a deli in Toronto which had a sandwich with that name—per Dio on Much Music in 1990. Two videos were released from the album, for the songs "Hey Angel" and "Wild One".

Guitarist Rowan Robertson stated that two more songs were written and demoed for the album but left off at the decision of their manager Wendy Dio: "Hell Wouldn't Take Her" and "The River Between Us".

The album marked a drop-off in Dio's popularity, charting lower than the previous four studio albums. Los Angeles Times stated in September 1990 that the album "died a quick death on the charts" and "half-empty houses are not uncommon" on the ongoing tour.

Track listing
All lyrics and melodies by Ronnie James Dio, music as stated

Personnel

 * Dio
 * Ronnie James Dio – vocals
 * Rowan Robertson – rhythm, lead and acoustic guitars
 * Jens Johansson – keyboards
 * Teddy Cook – bass
 * Simon Wright – drums, percussion

 * Production
 * Executive producer - Ronnie James Dio
 * Arranged by Dio
 * Produced by Tony Platt and Ronnie James Dio
 * Recorded by Tony Platt (at Granny's House in Reno, Nevada); assisted by Don Evans
 * Mixed by Tony Platt and Nigel Green (at Battery Studios in London)
 * Originally mastered by George Marino

title: Lock Up the Wolves


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smilify

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 22:04, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Smilify
Silly neologism from an online gaming site. 42 google hits, most of which look irrelevant. RadicalSubversiv E 11:33, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. Mgm|(talk) 11:58, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as neologism. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:37, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity/ad neologism. Wyss 19:33, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, It's all been said. Inter 20:38, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As above. Carrp | Talk 01:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Smilify


text: User talk:68.229.107.243

title: User talk:68.229.107.243


text:
File:DioStrangeHighways.jpg

Strange Highways

title: File:DioStrangeHighways.jpg


text:
Alien Lanes

Alien Lanes is the eighth full-length album by American lo-fi band Guided by Voices, released on April 4, 1995.

The album was GBV's first release with Matador Records. According to James Greer's book Guided by Voices: A Brief History: Twenty-One Years of Hunting Accidents in the Forests of Rock and Roll the advance for the record was close to a hundred thousand dollars, one of the more expensive deals in Matador's history. In contrast to the lucrative deal, Greer mentions that "The cost for recording Alien Lanes, if you leave out the beer, was about ten dollars."

Reception
In a contemporary review of Alien Lanes, Matt Diehl of Rolling Stone described the album's music as "hooky rock that infuses songwriting smarts and a love of melody with a sometimes spiky, sometimes whimsical sense of experimentation". Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian gave the album a positive review, stating that "Pollard's songs are gems that stay just this side of self-conscious eccentricity". Sullivan noted the songs' lengths, stating that they were "just enough time for Pollard to wheeze a few oblique lines and guitarist Tobin Sprout to trace out a raucous melody." Robert Christgau of The Village Voice was less complimentary, giving the album a "dud" rating.

Legacy
Mark Deming of AllMusic described Alien Lanes as being similar to Bee Thousand, although without "as many obvious masterpieces" and "fewer obvious mistakes."

Pitchfork placed Alien Lanes in twenty-seventh place in its "Top 100 Albums of the 1990s" polls. Magnet named it the best album of 1995. The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Track listing
All songs written by Robert Pollard unless otherwise noted.
 * 1) "A Salty Salute" (R. Pollard, Tobin Sprout)  – 1:29
 * 2) "Evil Speakers"  – 0:58
 * 3) "Watch Me Jumpstart"  – 2:24
 * 4) "They're Not Witches" (Greg Demos, Jim Pollard, R. Pollard)  – 0:51
 * 5) "As We Go Up, We Go Down"  – 1:37
 * 6) "(I Wanna Be a) Dumbcharger"  – 1:13
 * 7) "Game of Pricks"  – 1:33
 * 8) "The Ugly Vision"  – 1:34
 * 9) "A Good Flying Bird" (Sprout)  – 1:07
 * 10) "Cigarette Tricks" (Demos, J. Pollard, R. Pollard, Sprout)  – 0:18
 * 11) "Pimple Zoo"  – 0:42
 * 12) "Big Chief Chinese Restaurant" (J. Pollard, R. Pollard)  – 0:56
 * 13) "Closer You Are"  – 1:56
 * 14) "Auditorium" (R. Pollard, Sprout)  – 1:02
 * 15) "Motor Away" (R. Pollard, Sprout)  – 2:06
 * 16) "Hit"  – 0:23
 * 17) "My Valuable Hunting Knife"  – 2:00
 * 18) "Gold Hick"  – 0:30
 * 19) "King and Caroline" (R. Pollard, Sprout)  – 1:36
 * 20) "Striped White Jets"  – 2:15
 * 21) "Ex-Supermodel" (R. Pollard, Sprout)  – 1:06
 * 22) "Blimps Go 90"  – 1:40
 * 23) "Strawdogs" (Sprout)  – 1:17
 * 24) "Chicken Blows"  – 2:21
 * 25) "Little Whirl" (Sprout)  – 1:46
 * 26) "My Son Cool"  – 1:41
 * 27) "Always Crush Me"  – 1:44
 * 28) "Alright"  – 2:56

Personnel
Guided by Voices
 * Robert Pollard – vocals, guitar, drums, percussion (track 17), keys (track 10)
 * Tobin Sprout – vocals (tracks 9, 23, 25), guitar, bass, drums, percussion, piano (tracks 8, 27)
 * Jim Pollard – bass
 * Mitch Mitchell – guitar, bass
 * Kevin Fennell – drums, percussion
 * Jim Greer – bass, backing vocals (track 5)
 * Greg Demos – bass, guitar (tracks 4, 12), violin (track 22)

Additional personnel

 * Pete Jamison – backing vocals

Technical

 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Mark Ohe – cover artwork
 * Stephen Apicella-Hitchcock – photography
 * Tobin Sprout – engineering

Cover versions
Tracks from the album have been covered by various artists since its release. These include:
 * "Game of Pricks", covered by American pop-punk bands Magnapop from the German version of their album Mouthfeel and A Sunny Day In Glasgow on their The Sunniest Day Ever EP. Jimmy Eat World released a version on the deluxe edition of Bleed American. Chinese Telephones recorded the song for a 7" single and it was later included on their Democracy compilation.  "Game of Pricks" was also covered by the English post-grunge band My Vitriol. Musician Owen Pallett recorded "Game of Pricks" in June 2010 for The A.V. Club's A.V. Undercover series. Brooklyn band Shark? covered the same song as a B-Side on their 2014 single "Big Summer(Summer Ale)."
 * "My Valuable Hunting Knife" was covered by Motion City Soundtrack. The song was also covered by Planningtorock as a bonus track on their album W.
 * Opener "A Salty Salute" was covered by both industrial artist Kompressor and New York City band The Strokes.
 * Four songs from Alien Lanes appeared on the cover album Sing For Your Meat: A Tribute to Guided By Voices: "A Salty Salute", covered by Superdrag, "My Valuable Hunting Knife", covered by Western Civ, "Game of Pricks", covered by Lou Barlow, and "Watch Me Jumpstart", covered by La Sera.
 * Four of the tracks were covered by experimental band Wreck and Reference and released as a short album titled "Alien Pains", published by the Flenser.

title: Alien Lanes


text:
Kinross, Mpumalanga

Kinross is a small gold mining town in Mpumalanga, South Africa with four gold mines in the region. Village on the watershed between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, between Devon and Trichardt, 42 km west of Bethal, 19 km east of Leslie and about 70 km north-north-east of Standerton.

History
Proclaimed a village in December 1915, it acquired municipal status about 1965. Named after Kinross in Scotland, some say by engineers constructing the Springs-Breyten railway, others by the surveyor of the town.

Kinross mining disaster
An underground fire started by an acetylene tank caused the death of 177 miners on 16 September 1986. Another 235 miners were injured in the incident, one of the largest mining incidents in South Africa.

title: Kinross, Mpumalanga


text: File:Istoria odnogo prestuplenii by fjodor khitruk.jpg


text:
KwaMhlanga

KwaMhlanga is a town in the Nkangala district municipality of the Mpumalanga province in South Africa. It is the spiritual home of the Ndebele tribe that settled here in the early 18th century. Kwamhlanga now consists of Kwamhlanga, Mandela, Phola, Sun City, Lithuli, Jordan, Mountain View, eMpumelelweni Village, Kingspark Village, and Tweefontein.

KwaMhlanga is 73 km or an hour's drive from the country’s capital, Pretoria on the R573 road.

This town developed into the administrative centre for the local government, and now houses the government administration for the North Western Region of the Mpumalanga Province.

To the north of KwaMhlanga, on the R568 road near the village of Klipfontein, is located the Manala Royal Kraal; the Ndzundza Mabhoko Royal Kraal is situated further north at Weltevreden. By special arrangement, both of these kraals can be visited by small groups.

Sport
The National First Division team Casric Stars are based in KwaMhlanga, playing their home games at the Solomon Mahlangu Stadium.

title: KwaMhlanga


text:
OTC Bulletin Board

The OTC (Over-The-Counter) Bulletin Board or OTCBB was a United States quotation medium operated by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) for its subscribing members. FINRA closed the OTCBB on November 8, 2021.

The board was used for many over-the-counter (OTC) equity securities that were not listed on the NASDAQ or a national stock exchange, it had shrunk significantly as stock have migrated to the trading facilities of the OTC Markets Group. Broker-dealers who subscribed to the system, which was not electronic, were able to use the OTCBB to enter orders for OTC securities that qualified to be quoted. According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), "fraudsters often claim or imply that an OTCBB company is a Nasdaq company to mislead investors into thinking that the company is bigger than it is".

FINRA, an "independent, not-for-profit organization authorized by Congress", ran and provided regulatory services to the OTCBB by "writing and enforcing rules governing the activities of more than 4,100 securities firms with approximately 639,780 brokers". The OTCBB formerly collected 100% of quotes, but that number declined with the rise of its competitor OTC Markets Group, which uses an electronic quotation system. In September 2009, FINRA announced that it would be selling the OTCBB. OTC Markets Group was the leading contender for purchasing the OTCBB, but terms could not be reached. In September 2010, FINRA announced that it had reached terms for the sale of the OTCBB with Rodman & Renshaw, an investment bank. Along with the sale of the OTCBB and, in an effort to provide uniform regulation to all OTC issues and, subsequently, transparency to the OTC market, FINRA has proposed a "quotation consolidation system". Under the quotation consolidation system, FINRA would require dealers to report all of their quotes to the quotation consolidation system, regardless of the market upon which they were originally quoted. This would enable FINRA to have access to all quotes in OTC issues and regulate the OTC market in its entirety. Pink OTC argues this is anti-competitive and an abuse of FINRA's authority.

Companies quoted on the OTCBB had to fully report (i.e., current with all required SEC filings) but there were no market capitalization, minimum share price, corporate governance or other requirements to be quoted. Companies which had been "de-listed" from stock exchanges for falling below minimum capitalization, minimum share price or other requirements often ended up being quoted on the OTCBB. An E after the ticker symbol meant that the company was late in its SEC filings.

Stock of non-reporting companies (those without current SEC filings) may be quoted on one of the markets operated by OTC Markets Group. When the OTCBB was operational, most OTCBB companies were dually quoted, meaning they were quoted on both the OTCBB and the one of the OTC Markets Group markets. Stocks traded on these markets are usually thinly traded microcap or penny stocks. Both retail and institutional investors generally avoid them, because of fears that share prices are easily manipulated and the potential for fraud. The SEC issues stern warnings to investors to be aware of common fraud and manipulation schemes. As such, most companies choose to list on more established exchanges such as the NYSE MKT, New York Stock Exchange, or NASDAQ once eligible. For a time, FINRA believed that the proposed "quotation consolidation system" would enhance transparency, thereby decreasing the potential for price manipulation or fraud.

The suffix ".OB" in a stock-ticker listing signifies "over-the-counter bulletin board" according to its Reuters Instrument Code.

title: OTC Bulletin Board


text: File:Vinni pukh by fjodor khitruk.jpg

title: File:Vinni pukh by fjodor khitruk.jpg


text:
Loopspruit

Loopspruit is a small town situated 55 km north east of Pretoria in Mpumalanga, South Africa.

Located on the R568 road towards KwaMhlanga, the village is renowned for Loopspruit Wine Estate, Loopspruit Wine Estate owes its origins to a retired policeman, Eric Olivier. Loopspruit Wine Estate is the most northerly wine estate in South Africa, on the banks of the Loopspruit River. The town also hosts Kgodwana (Loopspruit), a traditional Ndebele village.

title: Loopspruit


text:
Syllabub

Syllabub is a sweet dish made by curdling sweet cream or milk with an acid such as wine or cider. It was a popular British confection from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

Early recipes for syllabub are for a drink of cider with milk. By the 17th century it had evolved into a type of dessert made with sweet white wine. More wine could be added to make a punch, but it could also be made to have a thicker consistency that could be eaten with a spoon, used as a topping for trifle, or to dip fingers of sponge cake into. The holiday punch, sweet and frothy, was often considered a ladies' drink. The milk and cream used in those days would have been thicker and modern recipes may need to make some adjustments to achieve the same effect.

History
Syllabub (or solybubbe, sullabub, sullibib, sullybub, sullibub; there is no certain etymology and considerable variation in spelling) has been known in England at least since Nicholas Udall's Thersytes of 1537: "You and I... Muste walke to him and eate a solybubbe." The word occurs repeatedly, including in Samuel Pepys's diary for 12 July 1663; "Then to Comissioner Petts and had a good Sullybub" and in Thomas Hughes's Tom Brown at Oxford of 1861; "We retire to tea or syllabub beneath the shade of some great oak."

Hannah Glasse, in the 18th century, published the recipe for whipt syllabubs in The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy. The recipe's ingredients were: a quart of thick cream, and half a pint of sack, the juice of two Seville oranges or lemons, grate in the peel of two lemons, half a pound of double refined sugar. These were whipped together and poured into glasses. The curdled cream separated and floated to the top.

title: Syllabub


text:
High Incident

High Incident was a police drama television series produced by DreamWorks Television for the ABC network. The show was created by Steven Spielberg, Michael Pavone, Eric Bogosian, and Dave Alan Johnson. It aired from March 4, 1996, to May 8, 1997, running a total of 32 episodes.

Premise
The show focused on the everyday stories of a group of El Camino Police Department (ECPD) officers investigating and solving crimes.

Cast

 * Matthew Beck as Officer Terry Hagar
 * Dylan Bruno as Officer Andy Lightner (season 1)
 * Matt Craven as Officer Lenny Gayer
 * Wendy Davis as Lynette White
 * Aunjanue Ellis as Officer Leslie Joyner
 * Cole Hauser as Officer Randy Willitz
 * David Keith as Senior Lead Officer Jim Marsh
 * Catherine Kellner as Officer Gayle Van Camp (season 1)
 * Julio Oscar Mechoso as Officer Richie Fernandez (season 1)
 * Louis Mustillo as Officer Russell Topps
 * Lindsay Frost as Sergeant Helen Sullivan (season 2 )
 * Blair Underwood as Senior Lead Officer Michael Rhoades (season 2 )
 * Lisa Vidal as Officer Jessica Helgado (season 2 )

Production
The executive producers of the series are Michael Pavone, Dave Alan Johnson, and Eric Bogosian, with Charles Haid as the co-executive producer-director. Steven Spielberg receives story credit, with Haid noting that "Steven Spielberg is on the set almost every day." High Incident was filmed in the San Fernando Valley neighborhood of Chatsworth, Los Angeles, which doubles for the fictional El Camino.

The series was renewed for a second season, but was moved to the Thursday at 8:00 p.m. timeslot opposite Friends on NBC, with Blair Underwood, Lisa Vidal, and Lindsay Frost joining the cast. Although it received good reviews and fair ratings, it was canceled after the end of its second season in May 1997, due to its lower ratings against NBC's Friends and The Single Guy, and CBS's Diagnosis: Murder on Thursday evenings.

Broadcast history

 * Mondays 9:00 p.m. (March 4, 1996 – April 15, 1996)
 * Thursdays 8:00 p.m. (August 15, 1996 – May 8, 1997)
 * Tuesday 10:00 p.m. (Special "preview" premiere time for second-season premiere on September 17, 1996)

Reception
Todd Everett of Variety describes some of the series' characters as being a "tired stereotype", but praises director/co-exec producer Charles Haid for getting "a lot out of his fine cast, and several of the action scenes show above-average energy."

title: High Incident


text:
Fort Folly 1

Fort Folly 1 is a Mi'kmaq Indian reserve located near Dorchester in Westmorland County, New Brunswick, Canada.

History
Fort Folly 1 is the territory of the Fort Folly First Nation. The reserve is home to the smallest Mi'kmaq community in the province. The First Nation had a total of 111 people registered as of October 2008, of which 29 lived on their own reserve, and remaining population live either on a different reserve or off the reserve. In the 2016 Census, Statistics Canada reported 40 individuals on the reserve.

The reserve has an area of 56.1 ha. This reserve came into existence in 1840, under the New Brunswick Indian Act. It has year-round road access. The reserve is located in the traditional territory of the people of Kwesawék Amlamkuk, which roughly translated from the Míkmaq language means "the delta where the multicoloured rivers meet". That description is based on the original location of the Fort Folly reserve at Beaumont on the Petitcodiac River.

title: Fort Folly 1