text:
Mo Harris

Mo Harris (also known as "Big Mo") is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, who made her first appearance on 18 September 2000, played by Laila Morse. Mo was also played by Lorraine Stanley in the 2004 soap "bubble" Pat and Mo, delving into her past with Pat Butcher (Pam St Clement/Emma Cooke). Mo is a highly comical character and her tendency for dodgy deals bring much of the show's light entertainment. In July 2012, Morse's contract was not renewed, but she was not immediately written out of the series and continued to make occasional appearances until 21 January 2016. Mo's reintroduction was announced in December 2017 and she returned full-time on 16 March 2018. On 6 February 2021, it was announced that Morse would be leaving the role once again and she departed on 3 June 2021. On 28 June 2022, it was announced that Mo would return for a short stint later in the year. Mo returned on 10 August 2022 and departed on 14 September 2022. On 28 February 2024, it was confirmed that Mo would be making a permanent return to EastEnders alongside her great-grandson Freddie Slater (Bobby Brazier); their return was broadcast on 20 May 2024.

Storylines
Mo, who previously lived in Walford, returns there after almost forty years away, with her son-in-law, Charlie Slater (Derek Martin) and granddaughters, Lynne Slater (Elaine Lordan), Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace), Little Mo Morgan (Kacey Ainsworth) and Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan), although Zoe is later revealed to be Kat's secret daughter, making her Mo's great-granddaughter. Mo's rivalry with her former best friend Pat Evans (Pam St Clement) arises, but they reconcile at the grave of Mo's former husband and Pat's brother, Jimmy Harris (Alex King). Much of Mo's time is spent selling poor quality stolen goods and she trades with Fat Elvis (Shenton Dixon). She is assisted by Mickey (Joe Swash) and Darren Miller (Charlie G. Hawkins) and for a while sets up a sex chatline. She also works with Charlie's great-niece and her adoptive granddaughter, Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner), on her market stall, selling clothes. She has a brief relationship with Bert Atkinson (Dave Hill), but ends it because Bert is also seeing her friend, Ina Foot (Ina Clare). They reconcile, but break up again when Bert's ex-wife, Evie Brown (Marji Campi), arrives in Walford, terminally ill. Mo begins selling cigarettes that she bought in Spain and two of her customers turn out to be Revenue and Customs officers. She is sentenced to 100 hours of community service, for tax evasion. After Stacey marries Bradley Branning (Charlie Clements), Mo tries to sell their wedding gifts.

Mo sees Charlie's partner, Brenda Boyle (Carmel Cryan), embracing another man at the tube station, but the man is Brenda's brother, Clive Robinson (Col Farrel). Brenda reveals to Mo that she is moving to Madeira with her family and Mo convinces Charlie not to let her go. However, Brenda and Charlie leave together, leaving Mo devastated. She begins drinking heavily and protests against the sale of Charlie's taxi. Charlie returns to Walford with a woman called Orlenda (Mary Tamm), but Mo does not trust her. Orlenda leaves, after admitting she was scamming Charlie but returns his money. Mo takes charge of a children's nativity play but fails to keep the children under control. In a raffle, she wins Max Branning's (Jake Wood) car, but sells it, to Max's dismay. When Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb) is murdered (see Who Killed Archie?), Mo starts a betting circle on who killed him. She runs when she sees a police officer, but later, another officer appears behind her and she asks him if he wants to place a bet. She goes on holiday to Spain with Fat Elvis and when she returns, she is surprised to discover that Bradley is dead. Mo attempts to sell Lucas Johnson's (Don Gilet) bibles to the public, as gruesome souvenirs of the killer. Her insensitivity gets her thrown out of The Queen Victoria public house. Mo receives a phone call from Kat, who wants Zoe's birth certificate. Mo meets Kat at a café and gives her the certificate. Kat admits to Mo that she conned a man and needs a new identity. Kat also lies to Mo, claiming that her husband, Alfie Moon (Shane Ritchie), is dead. Mo persuades Kat to come home and Kat reluctantly agrees, but when they get home, men are waiting for Kat and her money. However, Alfie sends them away. Mo is shocked to learn that Kat is pregnant and Alfie is not the father. When Kat goes into labour, Mo delivers her son, Tommy Moon, on the floor of The Queen Vic's barrel store. On the same day, Ronnie Branning (Samantha Womack) gives birth to a baby boy, James Branning. On New Year's Eve, Ronnie finds that James has died and she swaps him with Tommy. Alfie and the family find the deceased baby and believe it is Tommy.

After Kat blames Charlie for Tommy's death, Charlie decides to go and live with Lynne, despite Mo begging him not to go. Left living alone, Mo asks Kat if she can move into The Queen Vic and let No. 23. Kat refuses initially but later agrees when Mo reminds her that she never complained about living with Kat's bad habits. Mo continues with her dodgy deals while staying at the pub, including persuading Stacey's mother, Jean Slater (Gillian Wright) to serve "turkey" for pub lunches, which turns out to be swan meat. When a benefit fraud officer declares that Jean has been illegally claiming benefits while working at the pub, Mo admits to Jean and Kat that she has been claiming benefits in Jean's name. Jean agrees to take the blame, as Mo has previous convictions. When Mo learns that her old enemy, Pat, is terminally ill, she visits her in hospital and they end their long-standing feud. When Pat later dies, Mo returns Pat's Miss Butlin's sash, that she stole years ago, out of jealousy. When Mo learns that Charlie has suffered a stroke, she leaves Walford to look after him. Several months later, Jean visits them and Mo returns to The Queen Vic when she believes that Jean is hiding something from her. Her suspicions are confirmed, when she discovers that Alfie is allowing Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons) to stay in The Queen Vic. Mo continues to disapprove of Roxy's presence in The Queen Vic, after Kat and Alfie split up. It is later revealed that Mo has rented a villa in Devon, owned by "a mate".

Mo returns to collect rent from Kat, Michael Moon (Steve John Shepherd) and Alice Branning (Jasmyn Banks). She demands Alice pays by the end of the day, or she will evict her. Kat later convinces Mo to give up her keys to the house. Three months later, Jean discovers that Mo is stealing vegetables from the Walford allotments and Mo convinces Jean's new partner, Ollie Walters (Tony O'Callaghan), a police officer whom Mo knows, not to report her, as she is Jean's family. At Christmas, Mo and Charlie visit Walford, where it is revealed that Kat is pregnant with twins. Two months later, Alfie calls Mo, after dealing with some serious family issues, raised by the re-appearance of Stacey after a four-year absence, to which Mo plans to spend more time in Walford to support her family. Mo is delighted when Kat and Alfie's twins, Bert and Ernie Moon (Freddie and Stanley Beale), are born, but the family's joy is cut short when a fire starts at their house and when it reaches a supply of knock-off hairspray, which Mo had intended to sell, a huge explosion destroys everything that they own. Kat is badly injured and Mo is wracked with guilt, briefly moving in with Masood Ahmed (Nitin Ganatra), before taking an extended holiday in Lanzarote with Charlie.

Mo returns to Albert Square and is shocked to discover that Alfie and Kat have, once again, separated and that her family are financially struggling. Mo reveals to a destitute Kat that she inherited money from her deceased uncle, Harry Slater (Michael Elphick), who had raped her as a child, impregnating her with Zoe. Kat turns the money down, so Mo secretly has the money transferred to her own account, pretending to be Kat. When Kat discovers this, she is livid and burns the money in the street. Kat and Alfie reconcile and after winning the jackpot on a scratch card, plan to move to Tenerife. At their leaving party, Mo shows a stunned Kat an engagement ring, revealing that she has accepted a marriage proposal from her longtime business associate and romantic interest, Fat Elvis. Shortly after Kat and Alfie's departure, Mo and Fat Elvis leave for Greece. When Mo returns alongside Charlie, she reveals that Fat Elvis has left her. When Kat learns she had also given birth to a boy along with Zoe, she realises that Mo knew about the secret, so angrily demands the truth from her. During the argument with Mo that ensues, Charlie suffers a heart attack in front of Mo, Stacey and Kat. After suffering from a cardiac arrest, Charlie dies, which devastates the family. After attending Charlie's funeral, Mo moves to Kent to live with her other granddaughter, Belinda Peacock (Carli Norris), as Kat cannot forgive her for having her son adopted. When Belinda moves to Walford after her marriage ends, Mo's whereabouts are not mentioned.

Mo returns to Walford, telling Stacey that Kat has died. They raise funds for Kat's funeral, while Mo avoids answering her phone or the door. A coffin is donated and Mo calls Fat Elvis saying she has a coffin for sale. Jean later arrives, saying that Kat is very much alive. Stacey demands the truth from Mo and threatens to call Lynne or Little Mo to clarify if Kat is dead at all. It then emerges that Mo lied to raise money as she has financial troubles following a dispute with a mob. Kat suddenly returns to Walford in a cab and is confused that The Queen Vic is holding a benefit night in memory of her and she is annoyed with Mo when she learns the truth, but is forced to hide in a cupboard when Ian visits with the raised money. Annie Pritchard (Martha Howe-Douglas), the daughter of Terry, who Mo conned, arrives on the Slaters doorstep demanding her father's money back, but the family fool her into believing Mo has died and they offer to pay the money. Kat, Stacey and Mo arrive at The Queen Vic and attempt to maintain that Mo made a mistake; Mo then fakes a heart attack, the residents think the Slaters are conwomen and a bar fight soon starts. The family find out that Mo took £300 of the money and when they go to return it to Mick Carter (Danny Dyer), Mo sneaks off and encounters Annie, who injures Mo. Jean repays the money back in full, and Stacey tells Mo she must stay in Walford until she pays Jean back. Mo claims to have psychic abilities as a trick to make money but in reality, she is listening into people's conversations with recording devices. Kat starts a cleaning business with Jean and Stacey, and Mo is forced to join them, but she does not work hard and steals from the employers.

Mo leaves the square again in June 2021 after Fat Elvis invites her to join him on a cruise. She returns briefly a year later when Stacey and Martin visit Mo and Jean at her campsite in Essex and for Kat's wedding to Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden). In May 2024, Mo follows her great-grandson Freddie Slater (Bobby Brazier) to Walford and moves in with Kat. Mo flirts with Stevie Mitchell (Alan Ford) and they begin a brief relationship which ends when Stevie leaves Walford, upsetting Mo.

Other appearances
The character of Mo appears in two spin-offs of EastEnders. She features in the 2004 'soap bubble' EastEnders: Pat and Mo, which explores her past with Pat through flashbacks, in which she is played by Lorraine Stanley. The episode was broadcast to give the viewer "and understanding of, and history to [the] characters". The episode is partly set in the 1950s and explains Pat and Mo's dislike for each other. A show source said, "When the Slaters arrived in the square three years ago, Pat was horrified. Now the time has come for them to bury the hatchet—or at least try to." Mo also appears in the straight-to-video spin-off EastEnders: Slaters in Detention in 2003, and in the 2010 internet spin-off EastEnders: E20.

Creation, casting and introduction
In 2000, EastEnders' executive producer John Yorke decided to introduce the "classic" Slater family. He felt the show needed to go back to its roots and bring back some traditional values. BBC's head of drama, Mal Young commented, "We do not have enough solid families in the soap, there were a lot of fractured families and people who were alone." The family were created as a replacement for the di Marco family, who were axed by Yorke. The family consisted of, grandmother Mo (Laila Morse), father Charlie (Derek Martin), his four children, Lynne (Elaine Lordan), Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace), Little Mo (Kacey Ainsworth), Zoe (Michelle Ryan), as well as Lynne's boyfriend Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves).

The character of Mo and the rest of the Slater family were created during workshops with Tony Jordan and John Yorke. London actors were invited to improvise in groups, and the characters were created during these improvisations. According to the BBC's head of drama series, Mal Young, the family was brought in as the serial did not "have enough solid families in the soap, there were a lot of fractured families and people who were alone." Laila Morse was cast as Mo, and made her first on-screen appearance on 18 September 2000. She was named "Arrival of the Year" by TV critic Ian Hyland in 2000.

Characterisation
Mo has been described as "a very strong person [who] loves the family [and] wouldn't have anything said about them" by Morse. She has been said to "hold the family together ... [acting] as a surrogate mum to her granddaughters". Her criminal activity has led to her being described as a "female Fagin or Del Boy"and the "queen of knock-off". Mo has also been described as a "tough cookie" and a "fighter". Another writer from The People said that Mo is "tough-talking".

She's come a cropper with the coppers over tax evasion but she shows no inclination to go straight. Mo loves a gossip, she's always up for a knees-up and never one to turn down a drink at the Vic... especially if someone else is paying. As the elder stateswoman of the Slater family, she's had her fair share of battles and she'll fight to the death to defend her girls. She's hard as nails and doesn't suffer fools gladly. Unless they cross her palm with silver – or any form of currency really.

Feud with Pat Evans
Mo's main link to the square is her former sister-in-law Pat Evans (Pam St Clement). There is animosity between the two as Pat believes that Mo cheated on her late brother, Jimmy (Alex King) and still holds a grudge. On Mo's return to the square, she stokes the flames on her long-running argument with Pat, which began three decades earlier. Their backstory was further elaborated on in the spin off Soap "Bubble" Pat and Mo, set in the 1960s featuring a teenage Pat and Mo, played by Emma Cooke and Lorraine Stanley, respectively.

Departure and guest appearances (2012–2016)
Morse's contract was not renewed in July 2012, but she was not immediately written out of the series and continued to make occasional appearances. Mo made her final appearance on 21 January 2016, but Morse said in June 2017 that she had never officially left the cast, saying, "All of a sudden my character disappeared and I wasn't in it any more, but I've never officially left the show—I've never had a leaving party or a present. I hope Big Mo comes back. I like all the cast, they're lovely people, so it would be good to film with them again."

Reintroduction (2018)
On 20 December 2017, it was announced that Morse would reprise the role in early 2018. Mo's reintroduction was announced alongside that of Kat Slater (Wallace) and Jean Slater (Wright). Morse expressed her joy at returning and stated that fans would regularly ask about Mo. She commented, "I can't wait to see everyone and get stuck back into life in Walford." Yorke, who returned as the show's executive consultant in 2017, called the Slater family "one of the all-time great families in EastEnders" and opined that the show is very different without them. On their reintroduction, Yorke commented, "It has been a real joy to find a way to bring them back together and we're incredibly excited about where we are taking them next." Yorke also revealed that new Slater family members would be introduced too.

On 6 February 2021, it was announced that Morse would be departing from the role of Mo again. Her departure was aired on 3 June 2021.

Guest Appearances (2022) and second reintroduction (2024)
On 28 June 2022, it was announced that Mo would return for a short stint later in the summer. Mo returned on 10 August 2022 and departed on 14 September 2022, when she returned home to Essex. It was announced on 28 February 2024 that Mo would return full time to the soap in the Spring alongside her great-grandson Freddie.

Reception
For her role as Mo, Morse was longlisted for "Best Comic Performance" at the 2024 Inside Soap Awards.

Mo has been described by Ian Hyland from the Sunday Mirror as a "battleaxe" and a woman "with a face like a bulldog chewing a whole nest of wasps and a mouth like a foghorn in the Grand Canyon, she's the only woman I've ever seen who makes Fat Pat look demure." He added that "This time they've bought finest East End. Every time Mo, the granny, opens her mouth I think jellied eels are going to fly out." Another writer for the Sunday Mirror, Paul Scott said: "As Big Mo Slater she is the battleaxe from Hell whose tongue-lashings have even the hardest of Walford's hard cases running for cover." Charlie Catchpole from the Daily Mirror said of Mo's arrival: "I'm sure, that no sooner does a Romanian weightlifter go missing from the Olympics than Mighty Mo Harris arrives in Albert Square." John Russell from The People called Mo a "motormouth". In 2020, Sara Wallis and Ian Hyland from The Daily Mirror placed Mo 39th on their ranked list of the Best EastEnders characters of all time, calling her a "salt-of-the-earth Cockney chancer" who can "always be relied on for a laugh, involving an anecdote about her lover Fat Elvis".

title: Mo Harris


text:
Diogo Freitas do Amaral

Diogo Pinto de Freitas do Amaral (21 July 1941 – 3 October 2019) was a Portuguese politician and law professor. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 10 January 1980 to 12 January 1981 and from 12 March 2005 to 3 July 2006. He also served briefly as Prime Minister in an interim capacity in the early 1980s, after the death of Francisco de Sá Carneiro.

Background
He was born in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, the third but first surviving son of Duarte de Freitas do Amaral and wife Maria Filomena de Campos Trocado, and the older brother of João de Freitas do Amaral.

Career
He was a Licentiate and a Doctorate in Law specialised in Administrative Law and Political Science from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon, and a Cathedratic Professor in the Faculty of Law at the New University of Lisbon and also a publicist.

He served as a professor in the Faculty of Law of the Lusófona University of Lisbon, where he taught and governed as the chair of the Economics of Public Law in Law degree, developing other teaching activities in the same college. In 1974, some months after the Carnation Revolution, he was one of the Founders and President of then Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), a Christian democratic party. He led this party till 1985, and again from 1988 to 1991. He served as a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic (the Portuguese parliament) from 1975 to 1982 or 1983, and again in 1992 and 1993.

He was also a Member of the Portuguese Council of State (1974–1982).

In the parliamentary elections of 1979 and 1980, the Democratic Alliance (of which the CDS was a part) won a majority and formed the government, in which Freitas served as Deputy Prime Minister or Vice-Prime-Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1980 and Deputy Prime Minister or Vice-Prime-Minister and Minister of Defence between 1981 and 1983. After the death of Francisco Sá Carneiro, Freitas do Amaral was interim Prime Minister for a short period between 1980 and 1981. Between 1981 and 1982 he was also the President of the European People's Party.

He was a candidate in 1985 for the presidency in the 1986 presidential election. Supported by his own People's Party and by the Social Democratic Party, he established a commanding lead in the first round, but lost the second round by some 150,000 votes to Mário Soares, who was endorsed by the two eliminated candidates.

He was President of the United Nations General Assembly (1995–1996).

A European federalist, he left the party he founded, disagreeing mainly with the Eurosceptic line followed by Manuel Monteiro and Paulo Portas.

Always seen as a right-winger, Freitas do Amaral supported the Social Democratic Party in the parliamentary election of 2002. However, disappointed with the government performance, and critical of its support for the U.S. invasion of Iraq, Freitas do Amaral surprised many observers by announcing his support for the Socialist Party in the 2005 election. He was subsequently nominated for Minister of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the XVII Constitutional Government, led by the Socialist leader José Sócrates. He resigned after a little over one year in office, citing health reasons and, as revealed to a newspaper, tiredness resulting from the many diplomatic trips taken.

He was also a Juridical Consultant of many companies.

He authored a biography of King Afonso I and a play about Viriatus.

He also published a study of the actuality and reform of the prison system in Portugal.

Honours

 * PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (3 August 1983)
 * PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword (9 June 2003)
 * PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (9 June 1984)

Foreign

 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: First Class of the Order of the White Star (29 March 2006)
 * 🇫🇷 France: Commander of National Order of Merit (27 January 2006)
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (22 December 1980)
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (3 November 1980)
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (3 November 1980)

Personal life
He married in Sintra, Santa Maria, on 31 July 1965 Maria José Salgado Sarmento de Matos, born in Lisbon on 13 October 1943, writer under the pseudonym Maria Roma, daughter of José Sarmento Osório de Vasconcelos de Matos (Moimenta da Beira, 28 July 1909 – Sintra, 17 July 1992). They had four children.

In September 2019, Freitas do Amaral was hospitalized in critical condition at a Cascais hospital. On 3 October 2019, it was announced that Freitas do Amaral had died.

1986 Portuguese presidential election
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Candidates !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left rowspan="2"|Supporting parties !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right colspan="2"|First round !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right colspan="2"|Second round !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|% !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
 * style="width: 9px" bgcolor=#FF66FF align="center" |
 * align=left|Mário Soares
 * align=left|Socialist Party
 * align="right" |1,443,683
 * align="right" |25.43
 * align="right" |3,010,756
 * align="right" |51.18
 * style="width: 8px" bgcolor=#0093DD align="center" |
 * align=left|Diogo Freitas do Amaral
 * align=left|Democratic Social Centre, Social Democratic Party
 * align="right" |2,629,597
 * align="right" |46.31
 * align="right" |2,872,064
 * align="right" |48.82
 * style="width: 8px" bgcolor=red align="center" |
 * align=left|Francisco Salgado Zenha
 * align=left|Portuguese Communist Party, Democratic Renovator Party
 * align="right" |1,185,867
 * align="right" |20.88
 * colspan="2" rowspan="3"|
 * style="width: 8px" bgcolor=gray align="center" |
 * align=left|Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo
 * align=left|Independent
 * align="right" |418,961
 * align="right" |7.38
 * style="width: 8px" bgcolor=red align="center" |
 * align=left|Ângelo Veloso
 * align=left|Portuguese Communist Party
 * colspan="2" align="center" |left the race
 * colspan="3" align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid
 * width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,677,525
 * width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
 * width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,882,820
 * width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
 * align=right colspan="3"|Blank ballots
 * width="65" align="right" |46,334
 * width="40" align="right" |0.81
 * width="65" align="right" |33,844
 * width="40" align="right" |0.57
 * align=right colspan="3" |Invalid ballots
 * width="65" align="right"|18,292
 * width="40" align="right"|0.32
 * width="65" align="right"|20,436
 * width="40" align="right"|0.34
 * colspan="3" align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total (turnout 75.38% and 77.99%)
 * width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,742,151
 * width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,937,100
 * width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * colspan=7 align=left| He left the race in favor of Salgado Zenha.
 * colspan=7 align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * colspan="3" align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total (turnout 75.38% and 77.99%)
 * width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,742,151
 * width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * width="65" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5,937,100
 * width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * colspan=7 align=left| He left the race in favor of Salgado Zenha.
 * colspan=7 align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * colspan=7 align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * }
 * }

Books

 * D. Afonso Henriques biografia. Lisboa: Bertrand, 2009.
 * Camarate: um caso ainda em aberto : apelo de um cidadão. Lisboa: Bertrand, 2010. ISBN 9789722522434
 * História do Pensamento Político Ocidental. Coimbra: Almedina, 2011. ISBN 978-972-40-4645-7

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Diogo Freitas do Amaral


text:
Pita Pit

Pita Pit is a Canadian quick-service restaurant franchise serving pita sandwiches with fresh vegetables, grilled meat and sauces. Its Canadian and global headquarters are in Kingston, Ontario. Its United States headquarters are in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. As of September 2021, it is owned by Foodtastic.

History
The first shop was opened by Nelson Lang and John Sotiriadis in 1995 near Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. The restaurant was located near the college and aimed at students in the hopes it would be "recession-proof". The store stayed open until late, providing a healthier and fresher late night food option to conventional fast food.

In 1997, Pita Pit started to expand within Canada, and in 1999 they began franchising in the United States.

The first Pita Pit location outside Canada and the United States opened in Auckland, New Zealand, in August 2007. The business was set up by Chris Henderson, a New Zealander returning from Canada, and Duane Dalton, the husband of netballer Tania Dalton.

By 2011, Pita Pit had expanded to 350 stores in Canada, the United States, New Zealand, Panama, South Korea and Brazil.

By 2020, it had over 500 locations in India, France, Brazil, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, Ireland and Sweden.

On August 3, 2021, it was announced that Québécois restaurant franchiser Foodtastic had acquired Pita Pit.

New Zealand and Australia
Pita Pit New Zealand has 85 stores around New Zealand, including 26 in Auckland. This down from about 90 stores in 2020 and more than 100 stores in 2017, but still more than the 65 it had in 2014, and 18 it had in 2011.

The business also has nine stores from Australia, down from 14 in 2017.

The company is based in Takapuna, Auckland where it opened its first store in 2007.

Pita Pit New Zealand started actively seeking franchises in 2011, and by 2017 the vast majority of stores were franchisees.

The chain introduced a diabetes-friendly menu in 2016, and introduced a fillings limit in 2019. It started to trial virtual kitchens in 2020, after many of its stores were unable to open during the COVID-19 pandemic.

title: Pita Pit


text:
Curse of Turan

The Curse of Turan (Turáni átok) is a belief that Hungarians have been under the influence of a malicious spell for many centuries. The "curse" manifests itself as inner strife, pessimism, misfortune and several historic catastrophes.

Origin
There are different theories of origin. It is important to note, that the name for the imagined "turanian people" came into existence and spread due to the works of Max Müller in Hungary, and it became a popular hypothesis in the second half of the 19th century. The first written mention of the phrase: "Turáni átok" was found in the publications of Ferenc Herczeg.

Saint Stephen and Christianity
Perhaps the most popular origin theory is that the curse resulted from Hungary's conversion to Christianity in the year AD 1000 under King Stephen. The vanquished adherents of the old Hungarian religion cast a curse upon Christian Hungary to last either forever or perhaps for 1,000 years.

1848 revolution
Another theory is that the curse was created as legend during the 1850s in the aftermath of the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and reflected the overwhelming pessimism of this repressive decade.

National catastrophes
Some tragic events of Hungarian history are traditionally seen as national catastrophes, manifestations of the Curse of Turan:

 * Battle of Mohi (1241) Devastating loss to invading Mongols leading to severe population depletion.
 * Battle of Mohács (1526) Decisive loss to invading Turks leading to around 150 years (until 1686) of Ottoman rule in central parts of the country.
 * Transfer of sovereignty from the Ottoman Empire to the Habsburg Austrian Empire (1699)
 * Crushing of the 1848 Revolution (1849) Loss to Habsburg and Russian forces led to 15 years of severe repression.
 * Treaty of Trianon (1920) Redefinition of borders after World War I; Hungary loses about 72% of its territory.
 * World War II (1939–45) Catastrophic alliance with Axis powers.
 * Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Crushed by Soviet military, led to severe reprisals and mass exodus of many Hungarians.

Personal troubles
The curse has also been blamed for causing many troubles on a personal level. Among them are Hungary's high rate of suicide. Currently, Hungary is 54th in the world in suicide rate. In the mid 1980s, Hungary led this indicator. Hungarians have the third shortest life expectancy in Europe outside the countries of the former USSR.

Etymology
Turan (Hungarian: Turán) derives from the Persian توران and refers to the steppes of Central Asia, land of the Tur. This root word is likely derived from the name of an ancient king, and may also be the root of "Turk". Traditionally Magyars were considered Turkic people until the end of the 18th century. In the 19th century, when the Curse of Turan was a very popular concept, artists searched for Asian characteristics in Hungarian folk art and called them "Turanic motifs".

Literature
The curse became a favourite theme in Hungarian literature. A poem written in 1832 by the great 19th century Romantic poet, Mihály Vörösmarty, explains the origin of the curse as the bloody wars fought for the territory of Hungary in ancient times:

The Curse

“Men!” said the Pannon god of bane in olden times  “I bestow to you a happy land; you should fight for, if you want her.”  So great, brave nations fought dauntlessly for her,  ''And the Magyar won a bloody victory at last.  Oh, but contention remained on the souls of the peoples: the land '' ''Can never become happy under this curse. ''

Az átok

''"Férfiak!" így szólott Pannon vészistene hajdan, '' ''"Boldog földet adok, víjatok érte, ha kell."  S víttanak elszántan nagy bátor nemzetek érte, '' ''S véresen a diadalt végre kivítta magyar.  Ah de viszály maradott a népek lelkein: a föld '' ''Boldoggá nem tud lenni ez átok alatt. ''

title: Curse of Turan


text: Template:Portugal-stub

title: Template:Portugal-stub


text:
User:Achim Raschka

Hello everybody,

please visit my german userpage for discussion. -- Achim Raschka 10:16, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Normally I'm an author at de.wikipedia, where I could write severeal featured and good articles, mostly about zoology but sometimes on arts or other stuff too. In the english Wikipedia and in other versions normally I edit to fix little stuff, placing pictures, Weblinks, little mistakes and other stuff, so this account normally is not in use or only rare used. My english writing isn't that good that I should write stuff here ....

de:Benutzer:Achim Raschka

title: User:Achim Raschka


text:
Charles Yanofsky

Charles Yanofsky (April 17, 1925 – March 16, 2018) was an American geneticist on the faculty of Stanford University who contributed to the establishment of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis and discovered attenuation, a riboswitch mechanism in which messenger RNA changes shape in response to a small molecule and thus alters its binding ability for the regulatory region of a gene or operon.

Education and early life
Charles Yanofsky was born on April 17, 1925, in New York. He was one of the earliest graduates of the Bronx High School of Science, then studied at the City College of New York and completed his degree in biochemistry in spite of having had his education interrupted by military service in World War II including participation in the Battle of the Bulge. In 1948, having returned and completed college, he took up graduate work towards his master's degree and PhD, both granted by Yale University. He pursued postdoctoral work at Yale for a time, completing work started during his PhD training.

Career and research
Yanofsky joined the Case Western Reserve Medical School faculty in 1954. He moved to the faculty at Stanford University as an Associate Professor in 1958. In 1964, Yanofsky and colleagues established that gene sequences and protein sequences are colinear in bacteria. Yanofsky showed that changes in DNA sequence can produce changes in protein sequence at corresponding positions. His work is considered the best evidence in favor of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.

His laboratory also revealed how controlled alterations in RNA shapes allow RNA to serve as a regulatory molecule in both bacterial and animal cells. His graduate student Iwona Stroynowski and Mitzi Kuroda discovered the process of attenuation of expression based on regulated binding ability of the five-prime untranslated region of the messenger RNA for the bacterial tryptophan operon. They had thus discovered the first regulatory riboswitch, although that terminology was not used until later. Yanofsky and his other collaborators then extended this work showing how mRNAs responded allosterically to a small molecule signal by changing shape and therefore changing ability to bind to the regulatory region of each operon. They showed that this mechanism applied to other amino acid biosynthesis and degradation operons of bacteria and to animal cell genes.

In 1980, Yanofsky and other Stanford scientists founded DNAX, a Palo Alto–based research institute subsequently acquired by Schering-Plough.

Yanofsky died in Palo Alto, California. At the time of death, he was the Morris Herzstein Professor of Biology and Molecular Biology (Emeritus) in the Department of Biology at Stanford University.

Personal life
Charles Yanofsky's first wife Carol died of breast cancer in 1990. He was survived by his second wife, Edna, and three sons.

Awards and honors
Charles Yanofsky received the Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award, sometimes referred to as the American Nobel prize, in 1971. Yanofsky was awarded the Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology from the National Academy of Sciences in 1972 and was co-recipient of the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 1976 with Seymour Benzer. Yanofsky was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1985 and was one of the recipients of the 2003 National Medal of Science awards.

title: Charles Yanofsky


text:
Aguilera

Aguilera may refer to:

 * Aguilera (surname), people with the surname Aguilera
 * Aguilera (volcano), a mountain in Chile
 * La Aguilera, a village in Spain
 * Aguilera (album), ninth studio album released by Christina Aguilera

title: Aguilera


text:
Legacy for the Future

Legacy for the Future (未来への遺産) was Japan's first television documentary miniseries.

Run on NHK for seventeen installments in 1974 and 1975, the theme of the program was "why civilizations flourished and declined." Footage was seen from over 150 World Heritage Sites in 44 countries. An experimental series of programs, Legacy for the Future paved the way for the modern Japanese television documentary that NHK has since become known for.

title: Legacy for the Future


text:
Peter Bensley

Peter Bensley (born 6 February 1954, Warialda, New South Wales) is an Australian actor.

Television
One of Bensley's earliest roles was as Dennis Braithwaite on the Seven Network drama series Class of '74. He also appeared in ABC Television children's show, Waterloo Street.

Bensley appeared in several Grundy Television soap operas including The Restless Years (1979); The Young Doctors as Dr. Mike Newman (from 1980 until the show finished in 1983); Prisoner as one of the three male prisoners, Matt Delaney (for 34 episodes in 1984); Neighbours (1986) as Tony Chapman; and Home and Away (1988 to 1990) as school teacher Andrew Foley. In 2009, he returned to Neighbours for a two-episode guest role as Dean.

In 1992, Bensley appeared as Dr. John Austin in the Australian miniseries The New Adventures of Black Beauty. In 1995, he appeared in the Australian/New Zealand co-production Mirror, Mirror, as Andrew Teigan, father of Jo Teigan.

Bensley also appeared in the long-running television series Water Rats about the Sydney Harbour Water Police Squad, in which he had the major role of Chief Inspector Jeff Hawker for the entire series run (1996–2001).

Film
In 1983, Bensley played the title role of Stanley in the film Stanley. His most recent film appearance was in Romance on the Menu (2020).

Advertisements
In the 1980s, Bensley appeared as a nude centrefold in the magazine, Cleo, wearing only strategically placed scuba gear. He also featured in a cheeky advertisement for Palmolive Gold, in which he is seen in bed with fellow The Young Doctors actress Judy McBurney, and semi-naked in a shower.

Author
His first fiction book, On a Wing and a Prayer, was published in 2006.

Personal life
Bensley and his partner have 3 children.

title: Peter Bensley


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Groynes design

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 15:30, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Groynes design
Original research, as evidenced by this quote, "It is hoped that I am not breaking any WilkpediA rules by pointing out a groyne design that to my knowledge has not yet been considered. The details given below are patent free and given in note form and to the best of my knowledge are not known.". Radiant! 10:25, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, see no original research. Places that do allow original research include Wikinfo, Everything 2 and Urban Dictionary, apparently. Kappa 12:34, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. While we appreciate the kindness in first publishing your ideas here, please keep in mind that original research belongs elsewhere. HyperZonktalk 16:55, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. Jonathunder 00:59, 2005 Mar 5 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Groupware X

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 15:31, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Groupware X
Some kind of computer program interface, and also a webforum. With less than 300 googles, not particularly notable as either. Radiant! 10:28, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I ask: Why is it notable enough to be in Wikipedia? Zzyzx11 18:48, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn software and forumvertisement. Many of those google hits are irrelevant besides. —Korath (Talk) 09:06, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Little Mo Mitchell

Maureen "Little Mo" Slater (also Morgan and Mitchell) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Kacey Ainsworth from 18 September 2000 to 26 May 2006.

Little Mo originally appears in a turbulent marriage with her abusive husband Trevor Morgan (Alex Ferns), but she fights back at Trevor, leading to her arrest in 2002; she is later released and Trevor's campaign against her ends with his comeuppance death. Following Trevor's death, Little Mo proceeds to marry his sworn enemy Billy Mitchell (Perry Fenwick), who had grown to care and bond with Little Mo during her ordeal. However, their marriage ends after she is raped by her friend Graham Foster (Alex McSweeney) and then discovers she is pregnant by him. The storyline that signals the end of Little Mo's marriage with Billy contributed to Ainsworth's maternity leave in 2004. The character soon reappears with her baby son, Freddie (Alex and Tom Kilby), and later embarks on an affair with her brother-in-law Alfie Moon (Shane Richie) – which is discovered by her sister Kat (Jessie Wallace) who is Alfie's wife. Later on, Little Mo develops a relationship with doctor Oliver Cousins (Tom Ellis), though they soon break up after she is accused of hurting Freddie. However, while her family and friends suspect Little Mo to have hurt her son, the real culprit is revealed to be Billy's little cousin Ben (Charlie Jones). After breaking up with Oliver and finding herself subject to accusations from her local community, Little Mo leaves Walford in May 2006.

For her portrayal as Little Mo, Ainsworth won several awards including Best Actress at The British Soap Awards in 2002 and 2003.

Creation and development

In January 2000, Ainsworth was one of thirty actresses who auditioned for the role of Little Mo. The character was created as part of the new Slater family. In 2004 Ainsworth took extended leave from the serial. In 2006 Ainsworth announced her decision to leave the serial after six years in order to pursue other projects, she spoke about how much she loved playing Little Mo, but knew there was life outside of the serial. In 2010 Ainsworth revealed she would return to EastEnders if asked.

BBC publicity describe Little Mo as being "timid" and the complete opposite of the loud wheeler-dealer grandmother for whom she was named. They also state: "With a big heart, she was also one of Walford's most legendary victims." Virgin Media describe her as a "shy and retiring" type.

Ainsworth later stated she was grateful for the support the character had received. She revealed that people still associate her with the character, adding that she was not embarrassed; it meant that she had made Little Mo memorable. She branded Little Mo "a lovely character" who was "a labour of love created over a long period of time.".

Storylines
Little Mo first arrived on Albert Square on 18 September 2000, along with her family: father Charlie (Derek Martin), grandmother Big Mo (Laila Morse) and sisters Lynne (Elaine Lordan), Kat (Jessie Wallace) and Zoe (Michelle Ryan), although Zoe is later revealed to be Kat's secret daughter following a family argument. They are also accompanied by Lynne's boyfriend Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves) and later joined by Little Mo's estranged husband Trevor Morgan (Alex Ferns), a handyman who surprises Little Mo with his arrival just days before they celebrate Christmas that year. It soon becomes clear that their marriage was previously troubled, due to Trevor being physically and mentally abusive towards her as a result of his servere mood swings and violent temper. This is further evident when Little Mo tries to leave her husband, but he deceives her into staying with him and proceeds to isolates his wife from her family – who despise Trevor due to his abusive nature. She always forgives him and even agrees to start a family. However, when he rapes her after she buys a hat to wear to Lynne's wedding which he has forbidden her from attending, she realizes she cannot bring a child into such an environment and goes back on the contraceptive pill. She finally leaves Trevor when she discovers he had deleted a message from Zoe, who has run away from home. Eventually, Little Mo attacks Trevor, hitting him with an iron when he attacks her. She goes home thinking he is dead, but when she and her sisters return to the scene, he is gone. Little Mo is prosecuted and found guilty of attempted murder but is released after Trevor does a deal with the Slaters: he will not give evidence against Little Mo, if Kat does not press charges against him for assaulting her.

After Little Mo moves out and has to divorce Trevor, he terrorises her and takes her and Sean, his son with Donna Andrews (Paula Jennings), hostage in the Slater home, which catches fire. Fireman Tom Banks (Colm Ó Maonlaí) saves Little Mo and Sean. He goes back for Trevor but the fire explodes a can of petrol. Tom and Trevor die in the explosion, ending his reign of terror.

Billy Mitchell (Perry Fenwick) and Little Mo bond over their respective abusive pasts. They become friends while Little Mo is married to Trevor and start dating after she is released from prison. Billy reveals his feelings during Trevor's trial when Mo admits that part of her reason for staying with Trevor was that he was the only man who ever noticed her that way. Trevor does his best to wreck things but Billy proposes by spelling out "MARRY ME" in alphabet macaroni and she accepts. After Trevor's comeuppance demise, the pair marry on Christmas Day 2002.

Late one night shortly before their first wedding anniversary, Little Mo is raped by her crossword buddy, Graham Foster (Alex McSweeney), in The Queen Victoria public house. When she tells her family, Charlie attacks Graham. Little Mo is tested for STIs after reporting him to the police. All the tests come back negative except one: she is pregnant. The Slaters and Billy are shocked and disgusted when she refuses to have a termination, claiming the baby is innocent of its father's crimes, so she and Billy separate. She leaves the Square, returning for Graham's trial. She tells Billy she named her son Frederick William Mitchell, wanting to name him after good men. She and Billy reconcile after Graham's conviction, but later leaves him again after he tells her that he cannot accept Freddie as his son, because he is Graham's.

Little Mo and Freddie move back in with her family. She and brother-in-law Alfie Moon (Shane Richie) become much closer following their respective separations but they end things when Mo learns Alfie is dating Kat behind her back. Alfie and Kat reconcile and leave the Square. Around February 2006, Little Mo is seen struggling to cope with Freddie's constant crying but refuses to medicate him for his teething, so she has trouble getting him to sleep. Freddie gets a head injury in a fight with Bobby Beale (Kevin Curran) so a health visitor visits the Slaters. Little Mo is extremely hostile, seeing this as a questioning of her parenting ability. She constantly takes Freddie to see general practitioner, Oliver Cousins (Tom Ellis), who moves her to another GP's patient list because he is interested in her romantically. They start dating in April 2006.

Following her divorce, Little Mo and Oliver plan a night away in Brighton, but after a car crash caused by Deano Wicks (Matt Di Angelo) and Carly Wicks (Kellie Shirley), she gets cold feet, telling Oliver that she cannot leave Freddie. On her return, she finds him unconscious. Freddie is rushed to hospital, where doctors find another head injury, and Social Services suspect Little Mo. Thinking back, Little Mo realises Ben Mitchell (Charlie Jones) is responsible. She confronts him and shakes him violently when he denies hurting him. Little Mo tries telling people that Ben caused Freddie's injury but no one believes her, not even her own father. Charlie soon realises his mistake and begs her forgiveness for doubting her. After extensive tests, the doctors discover Freddie has a low platelet count due to an infection, meaning that any minor injury can cause serious complications as his blood does not clot properly. Little Mo is cleared by the authorities, but local residents think she is responsible.

Knowing she will always be suspected, Little Mo decides to leave. Feeling guilty, Ben finally tells his father Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) that he had hit Freddie, as Freddie pulled at his hearing aid. Little Mo is not sure what to do, but decides not to tell the authorities. Phil threatens Little Mo but she tells him she is quite capable of deciding for herself. Oliver suggests she report Ben but she refuses, leading to a nasty scene in the pub when Peggy Mitchell (Barbara Windsor) calls Little Mo a child beater. Oliver defends Little Mo and tells everyone that Ben confessed to Phil and Little Mo, but Little Mo is angry that he did not respect her decision. When Little Mo's cousin Stacey (Lacey Turner) spots a romantic spark between Oliver and resident Dawn Swann (Kara Tointon), she tells Little Mo, resulting in a showdown between Little Mo and Oliver in the square. During a scuffle, Little Mo pushes Oliver to the ground, and in response, he ends their relationship.

As Little Mo prepares to leave for Barnstaple, Oliver realises that he still loves her, and decides to ask her to go with him to Leeds instead. He runs to the tube station and tries to convince her to join him. However, Little Mo rejects him, saying that all her life she had done just what she was told by somebody else and now she finally wants to break away from being "Little Mo." She gives him one last kiss, telling him she will keep in touch and visit him in Leeds. She leaves with Freddie on 26 May 2006, and Oliver leaves for Leeds the same day.

In January 2016, Little Mo attends her father Charlie's funeral off-screen, and avoids Kat, along with their other sisters. In September 2022, a grown-up Freddie (now played by Bobby Brazier), returns to Walford believing that Billy is his father. Billy goes along with Freddie's assumptions to spare him from heartache, until Billy's ex-wife Honey Mitchell (Emma Barton) phones Little Mo and urges her to tell Freddie the truth. Freddie is upset when Phil tells him that Billy is not his father. In August 2023, Freddie visits Little Mo off-screen after learning the truth about Graham and how the incident with her led to his birth. He confronts her for not telling him, resulting in a row between them. Little Mo is left devastated by the revelation that Freddie knows the truth about his father. Kat and Jean Slater (Gillian Wright) later visit her in Barnstable to comfort her.

Reception
In 2002 readers of OK! magazine voted Little Mo as their "top TV character" of the year. For her portrayal of Little Mo, Ainsworth was nominated in the "Best Actress" category at the 2002 British Soap Awards. Ainsworth won two "Best Actress" awards at the Inside Soap Awards and TV Quick Awards. She won the "Most Popular Actress" award at the National Television Awards. While in 2005 she received another nomination for "Best Actress" at the British Soap Awards.

Further, Little Mo is featured on Virgin Media's compilation of the all-time 'catfights' and praised for daring to take on her volatile sister Kat. When the website compiled a list of the best-ever EastEnders moments, they chose Little Mo attacking Trevor with the iron, stating: "After years of abuse from her evil husband, viewers cheered when Little Mo finally put an end to their marriage." Entertainment website Digital Spy also chose the moment Mo hit Trevor with the iron as one of their best ever Eastenders moments. Little Mo was profiled in Karen Boyle's book "Media and violence: gendering the debates", which discussed her rape ordeal and her abuse by Trevor. Upon watching Little Mo's early appearances, a columnist for Soaplife said that she had "Kath's Cafe written all over her. Either that or she could share a market stall – and maybe more – with Mark."

In 2008, All About Soap included Little Mo and Trevor's domestic abuse plot in their list of "top ten taboo" storylines of all time. Their writer described it as one of the "taboos which have bravely been broken by soaps."

title: Little Mo Mitchell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gwalior Children's Hospital Charity

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 15:34, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Gwalior Children's Hospital Charity
They're a charity organization that gives money to the needy, and to the recent Tsunami victims. While that is laudable, I fail to see what's so special about this one. Radiant! 10:33, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Why it is notable enough to be in Wikipedia? Zzyzx11 18:47, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 03:06, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. not noteworthy. pamri 07:27, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Reginald Punnett

Reginald Crundall Punnett FRS (20 June 1875 – 3 January 1967)   was a British geneticist who co-founded, with William Bateson, the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to predict the probability of possible genotypes of offspring. His Mendelism (1905) is sometimes said to have been the first textbook on genetics; it was probably the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.

Life and work
Reginald Punnett was born in 1875 in the town of Tonbridge in Kent, England. While recovering from a childhood bout of appendicitis, Punnett became acquainted with Jardine's Naturalist's Library and developed an interest in natural history. Punnett was educated at Clifton College.

Attending Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, Punnett earned a bachelor's degree in zoology in 1898 and a master's degree in 1901. Between these degrees he worked as a demonstrator and part-time lecturer at the University of St. Andrews' Natural History Department. In October 1901, Punnett was back at Cambridge when he was elected to a Fellowship at Gonville and Caius College, working in zoology, primarily the study of worms, specifically nemerteans. It was during this time that he and William Bateson began a research collaboration, which lasted several years.

When Punnett was an undergraduate, Gregor Mendel's work on inheritance was largely unknown and unappreciated by scientists. However, in 1900, Mendel's work was rediscovered by Carl Correns, Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg and Hugo de Vries. William Bateson became a proponent of Mendelian genetics and had Mendel's work translated into English. It was with Bateson that Reginald Punnett helped establish the new science of genetics at Cambridge. He, Bateson and Saunders co-discovered genetic linkage through experiments with chickens and sweet peas.

In 1905 Punnett devised what is now called the Punnett square, a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment, described for the first time in the 2nd edition of his book.

In 1908, unable to explain how a dominant allele would not become fixed and ubiquitous in a population, Punnett introduced one of his problems to the mathematician G. H. Hardy, with whom he played cricket. Hardy went on to formulate the Hardy–Weinberg principle, independently of the German Wilhelm Weinberg. Punnett was Superintendent of the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology from 1908 to 1909.

In 1909 he went to Sri Lanka to meet Arthur Willey, FRS, then Director of the Colombo Museum and R H Lock, then Scientific Assistant at the Peradeniya Botanical Gardens and to catch butterflies. The following year, he published a monograph, '"Mimicry" in Ceylon Butterflies, with a suggestion as to the nature of Polymorphism', in Spolia Zeylanica, the journal of the Colombo Museum, in which he voiced his opposition to gradualistic accounts of the evolution of mimicry which he later expanded on, in his 1915 book Mimicry in Butterflies.

In 1910 Punnett became a professor of biology at Cambridge, and then the first Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics when Bateson left in 1912. In the same year, Punnett was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He received the society's Darwin Medal in 1922.

During World War I, Punnett successfully applied his expertise to the problem of the early determination of sex in chickens. Since only females were used for egg-production, early identification of male chicks, which were destroyed or separated for fattening, meant that limited animal-feed and other resources could be used more efficiently. Punnett's work in this area was summarized in Heredity in Poultry (1923). With Michael Pease as his assistant, he created the first auto-sexing chicken breed, the Cambar, by transferring the barring gene of the Barred Rock to the Golden Campine.

Reginald Punnett retired in 1940, and died at the age of 91 in 1967 in Bilbrook, Somerset.

Selected writings

 * - A scanned copy of the second edition is here.
 * - A scanned copy of the second edition is here.

title: Reginald Punnett


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yijie

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete as copyvio. Gamaliel 19:22, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Yijie
might be notable, but reads like vanity. Nateji77 10:41, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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 * delete. It's a copyvio, listed at WP:CP. Lupo 11:04, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The same article was splattered over Wiktionary, incidentally. They were thinking of transwikiing it here, until I piped up. ☺ Uncle G 18:37, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)
 * Delete, copyright violation, possible vanity. Megan1967 03:07, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yijie


text:
Gottschalks

Gottschalks (former NYSE ticker symbol GOT) was a middle-tier American department store that operated 58 department stores and three specialty apparel stores in six western states (California, Washington, Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Nevada); some locations ran as Harris-Gottschalks stores. Prior to liquidation, it was the largest independently owned, publicly traded department store chain in the United States. On January 14, 2009, Gottschalks filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. This bankruptcy became a liquidation on March 31, 2009. At least five prime locations became Macy's stores, while several more became Forever 21 stores.

Beginnings
Gottschalks was founded by German Jewish immigrant Emil Gottschalk in 1904 as a dry goods store in downtown Fresno, California. Ten years later, the store grew enough to move into another building downtown with ten times the amount of space. Before his passing in 1939, Emil passed control to his brother-in-law, Henry Korn and his nephew, Abe Blum. The company opened its first branch store in Merced in 1961 and new stores in Visalia and Fresno. In a strategy to win over teenage baby-boomers, Gottschalks launched Bobbie West, a chain of junior apparel stores, in the late 1960s. Village East shops, which offered plus-sized women's clothing, were launched in 1970.

Irving (Bill) Levy served as the 4th of seven presidents in the 105 years that Gottschalks operated. Upon Irving Levy's death in 1981, his son Joseph Levy became CEO and chairman of the board until James Famalette was elevated to these positions in 1999 and 2007, respectively.

Becoming successful
Gottschalks gained success by locating only in smaller cities that could not support full-size national department stores. This tactic kept Gottschalks' overhead low by allowing it to build smaller (80,000- to 110,000-square-foot), single-level stores with lower real estate costs. More often than not, it also made Gottschalks "the only game in town", with virtually no competition from other national department stores.

The chief executives of Gottschalks, Inc. following the death of Emil Gottschalk:
 * 1) Henry Korn (brother in law)
 * 2) Abe Blum (sole nephew)
 * 3) Irving Levy (wife's nephew by marriage)
 * 4) Joseph Levy (son of Irving Levy)
 * 5) James Famalette (no relation)

Presidents/chief operating officers who served after Irving Levy's death in 1981:
 * 1) Gerald Blum (grand nephew and son of Abe Blum)
 * 2) Stephen Furst (no relation)
 * 3) James Famalette (no relation)

Abe Blum (died 1963) had a degree in electrical engineering from Rutgers University, and was responsible for installing one of Fresno's first air conditioning systems and was among the first retailers in the area to accept bank credit cards. According to a 1977 Chain Store Age Executive article, in 1976 Gottschalks became America's first department store to totally automate sales transactions. The company installed electronic point of sale (POS) "wands" that read bar codes and store credit cards. This technology helped increase efficiency, reduce errors, and keep inventory and customer billing up to date.

Expansion
The number of Gottschalks units doubled from nine in 1985 to 18 in 1988 and annual revenues increased from $112 million to $196 million in the process. Part of this growth came via the acquisition of two small family-run department store chains in 1987 and 1988, for a total of $11 million.

Brock's (Malcolm Brock and Co.) stores and 500 employees were added in Bakersfield, the Downtown flagship and in the Valley Plaza Mall.

The acquisition of Samuel Leask & Sons chains added three stores and 150 employees, in:
 * Santa Cruz, 80000 sqft
 * Scotts Valley 11000 sqft
 * Aptos, 9000 sqft
 * a store to be built in the Capitola Mall in Capitola

The chain also refined its specialty store offerings, converting its Bobbie West juniors stores into Petites West boutiques mid-decade in order to attract smaller-sized Asian and Latin women.

The company's stock started trading on the New York Stock Exchange in 1986 under the symbol GOT. In 1988, the company closed its flagship store in Fresno, California due to unsatisfactory sales.

In 1995, the company went online. In 1996, they opened a 125000 sqft store in the troubled Park Lane Centre in Reno, Nevada, which had lost its two department store anchors Sears and Weinstock's to a larger competitor mall. The company grew in Southern California with the 1998 acquisition of Harris Department Stores, which operated as Harris-Gottschalks stores by then. In 2000, the Seattle based department store Lamonts was acquired.

Decline after 2000
Most of the Lamonts locations that were acquired by Gottschalks eventually closed due to poor sales. The exception was the Alaska market, where sales were strong and only one store, Wasilla, was closed prior to the company's shutdown. Closures included the locations at the Northgate Mall in Seattle, WA, in September 2006, and in Tacoma Highlands on September 22, 2007, a free-standing location unlike the typical mall setting. The Northgate Mall location marked the closing of the last Gottschalks in Seattle. In Washington state, the remaining Gottschalks locations had succeeded in rural and suburban areas with less competition from other department stores.

Bankruptcy and liquidation
On October 24, 2008, Gottschalks was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange. NYSE officials stated that the value of the stock was too low to continue to be listed, and that its average global market capitalization had remained below $25 million for 30 straight trading days. Company officials claimed to be negotiating a deal for a loan with a Chinese company, Everbright Development Overseas Limited. They also stated that they would appeal the delisting decision. On December 18, 2008, Gottschalks officials announced that Everbright had pulled out of the deal.

On January 14, 2009, Gottschalks filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In March 2009, Gottschalks announced it lined up a group of bidders that would liquidate the chain if no other bidder was found by March 30. On March 31, Gottschalks announced it would liquidate its remaining stores. The chain's final stores closed July 12, 2009. Several prime locations became Macy's or Forever 21.

There were plans by former CEO Joe Levy to reopen some of the stores by early 2011, but those plans ultimately fell through.

title: Gottschalks


text:
Transportation Communications International Union

The Transportation Communications Union (TCU) is the successor to the union formerly known as the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks and includes within it many other organizations, including the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen of America and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, that have merged with it since 1969.

Change of name
The union was founded in 1899 by 33 railroad clerks meeting in Sedalia, Missouri, who formed an organization named the "Order of Railroad Clerks of America". The organization renamed itself the "Brotherhood of Railway Clerks", in line with other railway "brotherhoods" of the time. With that name, it took part in the Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911.

In 1919, it renamed itself the "Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employes" to reflect its broadened jurisdiction. From 1928 to 1963, George McGregor Harrison served as its Grand President. In 1967, it changed names again to the "Brotherhood of Railway, Airline, Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station Employes", commonly known as BRAC. Finally, in 1987, after absorbing members from a half dozen other unions that merged with BRAC, the organization adopted its current name.

Merger partners
The Order of Railroad Telegraphers was founded in June 1886 at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. In 1965, the ORT changed its name to the Transportation Communications Employees Union. It merged with BRAC in 1969.

The Railway Patrolmen's International Union represented rail police officers on a number of railroads. RPIU merged with BRAC in 1969 and is now incorporated in its Allied Services Division.

The United Transport Services Employees union was founded in 1937 as the International Brotherhood of Red Caps, representing baggage handlers at railroad stations. A largely African-American union, it was founded with the support of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. It changed its name to UTSE in 1940 and joined the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1942. The Red Cap and Sky Cap members of UTSE merged with BRAC in 1972 and are also part of its Allied Services Division.

The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters became a part of BRAC in 1978. Founded in 1925 by A. Philip Randolph, the Porters organized for twelve years—largely in secret and in the hostile racial climate of those years—before winning a collective bargaining agreement with the anti-union Pullman Company. BSCP members, including Edgar Nixon, played a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement in the decades that followed. When the Porters merged with BRAC, they formed the Sleeping Car Porters System Division. Today, these and other on-board Amtrak workers are represented by System Division 250.

The American Railway Supervisors Association, later renamed the American Railway and Airway Supervisors Association, was founded on November 14, 1934, by a group of supervisors on the Chicago and North Western Railway. ARASA merged with BRAC in 1980 and continues as a separate Supervisors' Division, operating under its own by-laws, within TCU.

The Western Railway Supervisors Association was founded by a group of Southern Pacific yardmasters who originally organized in 1938, then after joining and splitting from several other yardmasters unions, merged with BRAC in 1983. Its members now constitute System Board 555 and, like other groups within the union, operate under their own by-laws.

History of the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen
The Brotherhood of Railway Carmen was founded on September 9, 1890, in Topeka, Kansas, by railroad employees engaged in the repair and inspection of railroad cars. In the years before merging with TCU, the brotherhood remained active in the realm of organized rail labor. Their main achievement during this era was the amendment of the Railway Retirement Act of 1937, which was signed by President Roosevelt and established a railroad retirement system, separate from the social security program. This act provided an increase in wage of $0.05 an hour, and restored pay rates on Canadian railroads, among other favorable changes.

The union has merged with other railway unions several times. The Brotherhood of Railway Carmen is a division of the Transportation Communications Union. In 1986, the Brotherhood of Railway Carmen voted to merge with the TCU, and members of this craft in the present day are considered a part of the TCU's Carmen Division, which operates by its own by-laws. The most recent merger occurred on January 1, 2012, in which the TCU merged with the International Association of Machinists, after a TCU member vote in July 2005.

The official site of the TCU claims that it all began when seven carmen met at a standing coach at a shop track in Cedar Rapids, Iowa on October 27, 1888, to form the first lodge in the brotherhood. The carmen had grown weary of working seven days a week, 12 hours per day, for $0.10 per hour with no benefits and no representation. The early name of the organization was called the Brotherhood of Railway Car Repairers of North America. The First Annual Convention of the Brotherhood was held in Topeka, Kansas on September 9, 1890. This is where the delegates first drafted its first declaration of principles of the brotherhood and declared that the intent and purpose of the union was to promote friendship, unity, and true brotherly love among its members. At this same convention, the delegates elected William H. Ronemus as Grand Chief Carman (General President), W.S. Missemer as Vice Grand Chief Carman, as well as the first Grand Executive Board.

The Brotherhood of Railway Carmen's objects in the 1930s included "to advance the moral, material, and industrial well-being of its members" and "to secure for our members a just remuneration in exchange for their labor... to shorten the hours of labor as economic development and progress will warrant, eight hours per day is the workday desired, and 44 hours per week, in order that our members may have more opportunities for intellectual development, social enjoyment, and industrial education." In 2013, the Brotherhood Division continues to advocate for similar changes. In the By-Laws of the Division, section six of the preamble states,"... [we unite] to shorten the hours of labor as economic developments and progress will warrant. Six (6) hours per day is the work day desired, and five (5) days per week, thirty (30) days annual vacation, in order that our members may have more opportunities for intellectual development, social enjoyment and industrial education."

Brotherhood groups in the United States have been prominent and widespread throughout the history of labor organizations. Other important societies include the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, the Brotherhood of Railroad Trackmen, the Switchmen's Union of North America, and the Order of Railroad Telegraphers. These brotherhoods have similar objects which are partly social and educational. Their chief aim is the improvement of the industrial status of their members and the promotion of their economic interests as employees. They arrange wage schedules, and make arrangements about overtime, and they secure both life and disability insurance.

TCU today
Arthur Maratea currently serves as National President of the Transportation Communications Union (TCU/IAM). Maratea began his career as a carman on Long Island Railroad in 1989, and later worked several railroad jobs as a telegrapher and block operator. Maratea formerly served as National Vice President & Special Assistant to the President.

Maratea succeeded Robert A. Scardelletti after his retirement on July 31, 2020. Scardelletti retired after serving a historic 29 years as President. TCU's headquarters are in Rockville, Maryland.

Presidents

 * 1899: J. F. Riley
 * 1901: R. E. Fisher
 * 1902: Hugh Fayman
 * 1903: James V. Fisler
 * 1905: Wilbur Braggins
 * 1910: John J. Carrigan
 * 1915: James J. Forrester
 * 1920: Edward L. Fitzgerald
 * 1928: George McGregor Harrison
 * 1963: C. L. Dennis
 * 1976: Fred J. Kroll
 * 1981: Richard I. Kilroy
 * 1991: Robert A. Scardelletti
 * 2020: Arthur Maratea

Archives

 * Brotherhood of Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express, and Station Employees Northern Pacific System Board of Adjustment Tacoma Division records, c. 1940–1970. 6 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington State, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.


text:
Talk:Thalassocracy

Older comments
Paragraphs one and three in the introduction seem to say much the same thing. Should one be deleted or modified?? I have also changed θαλασσο to θαλασσα, since the latter is the actual Greek word, whilst the former doesn't exist as a Greek word in any form I know of.

Am I right to think that thalassocracy is not really a Greek expression as the entry promises, but an inauthentic English language coinage in Greek? Perhaps such a fine distinction will arouse troglodyte resistance. There is something fatally unidiomatic about it, nevertheless, and the wise might be warned off. I suppose it is not permitted to mention that the word in English, of an English coining, has a faintly inflated sound that may lend an unfortunate and preposterous color: I would never use it in discourse. Maritime empire suffices. The Delian League, the federation of Ionian cities, the Athenian Empire, the Phoenician empire, and the Dutch East Indies pre-1700 are not yet mentioned here. --Wetman 10:51, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Many numerous English words were coined with their current meaning in English, and no-one cares (well, perhaps a large minority do, but the words have common currency and probably most don't notice they're englic). Many numerous English words were coined with their current meaning in English from parts of words that don't necessarily come from the same stock: Enlightenment (french sandwiching english, from french (en-) to english (light), english again (-en), and finally back to french (-ment)) is the only one I can think of OTTOMH, but there's dozens which mix Greek and Latin elements. Felix the Cassowary 08:42, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The word Thalassocracy WAS coined by the ancient Greeks, but, contrary to the article, not used by them to describe Minoan Crete - it was devised to refer to the Athenian empire, if I remember correctly. The application of the word to the Minoans was invented by modern (well, early 20th century) archaeologists - Thucydides compares the Minoans to the Athenian naval empire of his own day, but stops short of actually calling them a Thalassocracy. Hagg, R. & Marinatos, N. 1984 "The Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality" is a v. useful vol. of conference proceedings but I don't have access to it at the moment so I can't write a cited correction. Shall return to this page as soon as I can, unless someone beats me to it. RaygunGothic 10:31, 13 Feb 2006 (GMT)

I think it would be wildly inappropriate t merge mariner Republics with Thalassocracy, simply because the historiography does not use the word.

On the other hand, 'Mariner' Republics' and its Italian equivalent is equally absurd. The article should not be merged. It should be moved to "Maritime Republics". Alan 09:52, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

A note on consistency: "Therefore, empires such as the British Empire were not thalassocracies." is followed by ... "replaced on the high seas by the British Empire, whose landed possessions were immense and held together by the greatest navy of its time." thus suggestions the British Empire is a thallasocracy. Should this be adjusted?

Add To "Sea Power"
I've just spent a week trying to find this page becasue it's basically hidden; Thalassocracy means "sea Power," yet the "Sea Power" page goes straight to naval militry power, and makes no refrence to this term. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.10.167.226 (talk) 00:51, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

Needs research and definition
Need a better definition and a section on origin and usage. Literslly it is "sea-rule," but that has to be taken in context. No, it is not a form of government as any state of any type can be a thalassocracy. Whether the government box is appropriate needs to be looked at again. It isn't government or even necessarily the exercise of government. Many pirate fleets have been great thalassocrats. kratein is a verb, "to rule." Rule Britannia, Britannia rule the waves, but what does that actually mean? Cut throats, ram ships, collect fees, compell service, have a bigger or better fleet, be able to stop or allow traffic, what? Context, friends, context. We got a good start in the Aristagoras article but that start perhaps belongs over here. See the talk page on Aristagoras to give your vote.Botteville (talk) 20:11, 11 July 2022 (UTC)

New infobox proposal - looking for consensus
Thalassocracy is a word innovated by John Myres to explain the power contentions in the Aegean at the time of the Ionian revolt. It caught on in classical historical writing to such a degree that it subsequently became a general historical term with modern uses. It is coupled in this article with "Basic forms of government," a box. But, be careful, it is NOT a basic form of government! It is not a government of any kind but it can be one of any kind, as any government can be a thalassocracy. Thalassocracy does not refer to a type of government as you would find it in political science. The misunderstanding starts with Myres. He chose to innovate the word in the pattern of the -ocracy words such as autocracy, democracy, and the like. In these words "cracy" is rule, with the prefix expressing the agent of rule: "the people," "self", and so on. Bureaucracy, "rule by a bureau." In thalassocracy the sea does not rule, it is ruled. Only a classicist would know that, hence the error that thalassocracy is a form of government. This is a bad error, you know. It isn't form of government. I spent some hours looking for an infobox and wouldn't you know it could not find one even partly suitable. Therefore I propose we create a new infobox for the article, "infobox historical concept." There are many concepts developed in the study of history and then applied to modern uses. This IB would contain the name, a couple of pictures, the etymology, the original definition, the modern uses, and mention of the key historical contributors. What do you say?Botteville (talk) 06:37, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

Norwegian realm?
Hi, I wonder if the material on the NR covered in this article would be a useful addition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397) ...? T 84.208.65.62 (talk) 03:41, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thalassocracy


text:
Harees

Harees, jareesh (هريس), boko boko, or harisa (հարիսա) is a dish of boiled, cracked, or coarsely-ground cracked wheat or bulgur, mixed with meat and seasoned. Its consistency varies between a porridge and a gruel. Harees is a popular dish known throughout Armenia where it is served on Easter day, and the Arab world, where it is commonly eaten in Arab states of the Persian Gulf in the month of Ramadan, and in Iraq, Lebanon and Bahrain during Ashura by Shia Muslims.

Etymology
"Harisa", also transliterated as "horisa", derived from the Arabic verb "haras" meaning "to squish" to describe the action of breaking and pounding the grains before mixing it with water to create a porridge.

In Arabic, "Harees" (هريس) is linked to the verb (هَرَسَ) which still means to mash or to squash.

According to Armenian lore, the patron saint of Armenia, Gregory the Illuminator, was offering a meal of love and charity to the poor. There weren't enough sheep to feed the crowds so wheat was added to the cooking pots. They noticed that the wheat was sticking to the bottom of the cauldrons. Saint Gregory advised, "Harekh! Stir it!" Thus, the name of the dish, harissa, came from the saint's own words. Harissa has been offered as a charity meal ever since. The dish is traditionally served on Easter day. It is still prepared by many Armenians around the world and is also considered the national dish of Armenia.

History
According to medieval Armenian lore, the patron saint of Armenia, Gregory the Illuminator, was offering a meal of love and charity to the poor. There weren't enough sheep to feed the crowds so wheat was added to the cooking pots. They noticed that the wheat was sticking to the bottom of the cauldrons. Saint Gregory advised, "Harekh! Stir it!" Thus, the name of the dish, harissa, came from the saint's own words. Harissa has been offered as a charity meal ever since. The dish is traditionally served on Easter day. It is still prepared by many Armenians around the world and is also considered the national dish of Armenia. Harisa is mentioned by Ibn Al Karim in Kitab Al-Tabikh as early as the seventh century. In the anecdotal cookbook, the Umayyad Caliph, Mu'awiya, returns from a trip to Arabia after returning to his newly won Persian lands. In some versions of the story, Mu'awiya is met with some Yemenite Jews whom he asks to prepare the porrige he tasted abroad while in other versions, he approaches locals. This story should be taken with a grain of salt as the author penned the story three centuries after it supposedly occurred. At the very least, harisa was prevalent as a Levantine dish.

Harees is documented in Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq's 10th-century cookbook Kitab Al Tabikh., as well as in al-Baghdadi's 13th-century cookbook Kitab Al Tabikh and ibn Razin al-Tujibi's 13th-century Andalusian cookbook Kitab Fadalat al-khiwan fi tayyibat al-ta'am w'al-alwan.

Harees is also the origin of haleem, and cholent.

Preparation
The wheat is soaked overnight, then simmered in water along with meat and butter or sheep tail fat. Any remaining liquid is strained and the mixture is beaten and seasoned. Harees may be garnished with cinnamon, sugar, and clarified butter.

Variants and traditions
There is a different traditional way of preparing Harees in each of the Arab countries in the Arabian Peninsula area, and among the tribes of these countries. Some variations include the use of cardamom pods in Saudi Arabia, or a garnish with parsley. Before the Armenian genocide where Armenians were spread through a huger area they also had different vatiations of Harisa. The wheat used in Armenian harissa is typically shelled (pelted) wheat, though in Adana, harissa was made with կորկոտ (korkot; ground, par-boiled shelled wheat). Harissa can be made with lamb, beef, or chicken.

Harees was only made by the wealthy during Ramadan and Eid, for the duration of a three- to seven-day wedding. It was, however, customary for the Harees dishes to be shared with poorer neighbours on such occasions.

It is similar to kashkeg, a kind of homogeneous porridge made of previously stewed and boned chicken or lamb and coarsely ground soaked wheat (typically shelled wheat).

Arab cuisine
Harees is a popular dish in Arab cuisine, from the Levant to the Persian Gulf. It is often served during Ramadan, festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr, and at weddings. In Lebanon, it is often cooked on religious occasions in a communal pot, such as in Ashura. Harise is also a common dish in Syrian cuisine and Iraqi cuisine.

Formerly found only in homes, it is now served in restaurants as well.

Armenian cuisine
Harisa (հարիսա) is traditionally served on Easter day, and is considered a national dish of Armenia. It is a thick porridge made from korkot (dried or roasted cracked wheat) and fat-rich meat, usually chicken or lamb. Herbs were substituted for meat in harissa when Armenian religious days required fasting and penance. The extremely long cooking process is an essential part of the harisa tradition. Like other ritual dishes, the time taken for preparation is part of its cherished value.

Harisa is known for helping the Armenians of Musa Ler (in modern-day Turkey) to survive during the resistance of 1915.

Egyptian cuisines
In Egyptian cuisine, "freekeh", unripened, crushed durum wheat, was used to cook harisa, giving the resulting ferik a unique green hue. The origin of the variation could be linked to the Sephardic migration of the 13th century, but historians remain uncertain.

Kashmiri cuisine
Harisa or Hareesa (Kashmiri :  ) in Kashmir is prepared during winter (Chillai Kalan ), typically made of mutton and rice flour and eaten with Kashmiri Bread called Girda (Kashmiri :   ). It is cooked in huge degs (earthen pots) placed in wood fired ovens. Downtown Srinagar is considered as the hub of harisa making in Kashmir.

Zanzibari
In Zanzibar, the dish is called boko boko and may be cooked with lamb, beef, or chicken.

Ethiopia
Hareesa, or harees, is a popular dish mainly in the Harari region. It is cooked with lamb or beef and served on Eid or special occasions such as the birth of a baby.

Emirati Cuisine
Harees is a traditional Emirati dish made from wheat, meat (usually chicken or lamb), and a pinch of salt. The wheat is soaked overnight, then cooked with meat until it reaches a smooth, porridge-like consistency. This hearty dish is particularly popular during Ramadan and festive occasions. It is often garnished with ghee for added flavor. Harees is a staple in Emirati households and showcases the simplicity and richness of Emirati culinary traditions.

title: Harees


text:
Buyūzan Takeyoshi

Buyūzan Takeyoshi (born July 29, 1974 as Takeyoshi Tominaga in Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan) is a former sumo wrestler. His highest rank was maegashira 1. He is now a sumo coach.

Career
Tominaga began competitive sumo from a young age, losing to the future Kotomitsuki, two years his junior in a competition in 1989. A former amateur sumo champion at Meiji University, Buyūzan made his professional debut in the third makushita division in March 1997. It took him over three years to reach sekitori status, when he was promoted to the jūryō division in May 2000. He lost his first seven bouts in his jūryō debut and after finishing with a 6–9 record he was demoted back to makushita. He won the jūryō division championship or yūshō in July 2001, coming through an unprecedented eight man playoff and with a mere 9–6 score – the lowest ever yūshō–winning record for a 15 day tournament. After his makuuchi debut in November 2001, Buyūzan rose quickly rose in the ranks, winning special prizes for Fighting Spirit in two consecutive tournaments. He was listed as maegashira 1 when he suffered a right knee medial collateral ligament injury in March 2002 and dropped back to the lower maegashira ranks and even further into the jūryō division. After his return to makuuchi, he remained in the middle and lower maegashira ranks. In 2005, he dropped to jūryō again, but he returned to the top division in March 2006. By September he had returned to jūryō where he put up a disastrous 1-14 record. He was demoted to the non-salaried makushita division in November 2006 where he again turned in a losing score. In January 2007 he managed a 6-1 mark which put him in contention for a return to jūryō, but he faltered again with three straight makekoshi scores. He remained in the makushita division until his retirement after a loss on Day 13 of the 2007 Kyushu basho which gave him another makekoshi. His top division career record was 167 wins against 196 losses with 12 injury absences, a winning percentage of .460.

Retirement from sumo
Buyzūan has stayed in sumo as an elder of the Japan Sumo Association under the name Onaruto Oyakata, and works as a coach at Fujishima stable. His danpatsu-shiki, or official retirement ceremony, took place in October 2008. Upon Dejima's retirement in July 2009 he switched to the Sekinoto elder name. He became Yamawake Oyakata in September 2010 after the name was vacated by his former stablemate Wakanoyama. Among his duties in the Sumo Association is responsibility for the annual November tournament in Fukuoka.

Fighting style
Like many wrestlers, Buyūzan favoured straightforward pushing techniques, winning most of his bouts by oshidashi (push out).

title: Buyūzan Takeyoshi


text:
Claudiu Bleonț

Claudiu Bleonț (born 17 August 1959) is a Romanian film and theatre actor, comedian, television celebrity, and television presenter at TVR1, for the show Duminica în familie. He is known in Romania not only for acting, but also for his improvisation.

Life and career
Born in Bucharest, Bleonț went to the German Goethe College Bucharest, and graduated from the I.L. Caragiale Institute of Theatre and Film Arts in Bucharest. Since then, he has played lead roles at many theatres in Romania, often preferring more classical productions. However, one of his most well-known theatre performances is as Romeo in a production of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet with the balcony scene replaced with a bathtub. He has received several national awards for his theatre work.

He has since appeared in seventeen films, under many of the Romanian directors. He had a lead role in the film Un été inoubliable under the direction of Lucian Pintilie; the film was nominated for the Golden Palm at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival.

He married Beatrice Bleonț, a stage director, in 1995; they have since divorced and since 2001 he has been married to Andra Negulescu, an actress.

In the 2003 film Boudica, Bleonț played the role of Suetonius' ADC. In 2005 he acted in Femeia visurilor, a Romanian film directed by Dan Pița. He appeared in Eva, which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in 2010.

Filmography

 * Fata morgana (film) (1981)
 * Să mori rănit din dragoste de viață (1984)
 * Dreptate în lanțuri (1984)
 * Pas în doi (1985)
 * Flames over Treasures (1988)
 * Rochia albă de dantelă (1988)
 * Autor Anonim (1989)
 * An Unforgettable Summer (1995)
 * Eva (2010) - Doctor
 * A Good Man (2014) - Vladimir
 * End of a Gun (2016) - Chauvin
 * Hotel Transilvania (2012)- Dracula (Romanian version)
 * The Lion King- Zazu (Romanian voice)

title: Claudiu Bleonț


text:
Talk:List of tenants of Brecqhou

Surely, this page is a joke. If we write an article about every tenant of every acre on this planet, Wikipedia will become unreadable. I vote for deletion (and not for merge with the page for the island). Sebastian 11:02, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of tenants of Brecqhou


text: Category:Irish sculptors

title: Category:Irish sculptors


text:
Tora Vasilescu

Tora Vasilescu (22 March 1951) is a Romanian actress.

She was born in Tulcea and went to local School no. 5, and then went on to High School no. 2. She showed talent for acting since she was young and later studied at the Theater Institute in Bucharest.

Vasilescu is married to Alain Vrdoljak. Previously she was married to the Romanian actor Ovidiu Moldovan and the Romanian film director Mircea Daneliuc.

In 2008 the actress whas chosen by Walt Disney Pictures to provide the Romanian voice of Merrywheater in the animated movie Sleeping Beauty. She recently appeared in the first Romanian soap opera, "Numai iubirea" ("Only Love")

Filmography

 * The Ride (1975)
 * Carnival scenes (1981)
 * Glissando (1982)
 * The Earth's Most Beloved Son (1993)
 * Numai iubirea (2004)
 * Ultimul stinge lumina (2004) - Melania Chircu
 * Păcatele Evei (2005)
 * Meseriașii (2006) - Vera Pan
 * Daria, iubirea mea (2006)
 * Războiul sexelor (2007)
 * Regina (2008)
 * State de România (2009)
 * Moștenirea (2010)
 * Las Fierbinți (2013)
 * O săptămână nebună (2014)
 * Un Crăciun altfel (2014)

title: Tora Vasilescu


text:
Ștefan Bănică Jr.

Ștefan Bănică Jr. (born 18 October 1967) is a Romanian actor, singer, film director, and television presenter.

Bănică was born in Bucharest to actor Ștefan Bănică Sr. and journalist Sanda Vlad-Liteanu. In his early career, he starred in multiple successful romance films (Liceenii, Liceenii Rock'n'Roll). He is well known in Romania for presenting Dansez pentru tine, the most long-lived dance competition ever aired in the country; broadcast on Pro TV; and for his role as a talent judge on The X Factor. He is the father of the singer Radu Ștefan Bănică, born on 07 February 2002, also in Bucharest. He has another child, Ana Violeta Bănică, born on 15 December 2007.

Later he concentrated on television acting, playing the character of Ciupanezu in the TV series Băieți buni ("Good Guys"), which aired on Pro TV in 2005. That same year, Bănică also played the role of Billy Flynn in the Romanian stage version of the musical Chicago at the National Theatre in Bucharest.

He released several rock music albums, and successfully toured the country. In January 2006, he married television producer and show host Andreea Marin. In January 2013, they announced their divorce on amicable terms. They have a daughter together.

title: Ștefan Bănică Jr.


text:
Bonsall, Derbyshire

Bonsall is a village and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales on the edge of the Peak District. The civil parish population, including Brightgate and Horse Dale, was 775 at the 2001 Census, increasing to 803 at the 2011 Census.

Geography
Bonsall is about 5 mi from Matlock and about 18 mi from Derby. Bonsall has a long history of lead mining, along with its neighbouring town of Wirksworth, probably going back to Roman times, and is recorded in the Domesday Book.

The approach to the village is via a steep hill leading up from Via Gellia (now the A5012 road) and nearby Cromford. The road is called the Clatterway, or occasionally the Col du Bonsall.

The village lies on the edge of the Peak District National Park, the border of which bisects the 'Uppertown' suburb. The village is on the Limestone Way, at the head of its branch to Matlock, and on the Peak District Boundary Walk.

Parts of St James the Apostle's Church, Bonsall date from the 13th century, including the north side of the chancel and the arcade of the south aisle. The arcade of the north aisle is later and so is the Perpendicular Gothic tower. The outer walls of the church were rebuilt in 1861–62 under the direction of the Gothic Revival architect Ewan Christian.

There is a market cross in the village centre that may date from the Middle Ages. The ball on top was added in 1671. Bonsall applied for a market charter some three hundred years ago, but was rejected.

The Manor House was built in about 1670 and the Kings Head public house was established in 1677.

Textiles and lead mines
Bonsall inhabitants have been involved in the textile industry, before and after Richard Arkwright. Around 1850 Bonsall was a farming village surrounded by lead mines and busy outworker frame-knitting workshops. A few 18th- and 19th-century frame-knitting workshop buildings survive. Many people also worked in the cotton spinning mills at Cromford and the Via Gellia. In early modern times Bonsall was on an important salters' route, and was a staging post on the road between Derby and Manchester..

Economy and amenities
Bonsall remains a working village that is involved in agriculture, heavy goods transport and a range of forms of information technology. However, most people in the village travel to cities such as Derby, Nottingham and Sheffield for work. The village supports two public houses, the Barley Mow and the Kings Head.

The parish has a Church of England primary school.

Bonsall Camp
Bonsall Camp in Uppertown is a Christian youth camp, owned by the Christian Youth Foundation, a charity that runs several residential children's and youth weeks in the summer holidays. Camps have been run here for more than 60 years. The Christian author Selwyn Hughes recalls in his biography the time he was sent home from the camp for bad behaviour.

Events
Attractions include the Annual "World Championship Hen Race" held annually in August at the Barley Mow public house. This event was run for the first time in 1992.

Discovery of Horse skulls
in an article from 1886, they describe how during a renovation of a house in 'upper town', the builders lifted the boarded flooring to the lower ground to replace it with a new one, only to discover 29 horse skulls with all of their lower jaws missing under it, they hypothesised that these skulls were probably remains from (what the locals recorded through oral tradition) a battle that once took place on the Bonsall moore.

UFO sightings
For two years from October 2000, there were 19 sightings of UFOs in the area. On 5 October 2000, Sharon Rowlands photographed a circular object. The circular object showed a similarity to a circular object seen on the STS-75 Columbia Space Shuttle mission in early 1996.

title: Bonsall, Derbyshire


text: Category:Taxation in Australia

title: Category:Taxation in Australia