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Talk:Nouveau réalisme

[Untitled]
There is very little information about New Realism on the net, and as I see, noone has submitted any info on this topic at all, and I am preparing an exam on the art of 20th century. Infos that are written are 100 percent valid and can help other students.

Votes for deletion results
This page was listed on votes for deletion. Please see Votes for deletion/New realism for the results of the debate. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:26, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Underwand?
Where it says "...parts from the underwand incorporate...", does it mean "parts from the underworld and incorporate..."?Lestrade 14:37, 24 February 2006 (UTC)Lestrade

Proposed move to Nouveau Realisme
I think that this should be moved. New Realism isn't really a term, and if it exists at all refers to the 'New Realsits' exhibition at the Sidney Janis gallery 1962 that included John Chamberlain and Warhol as well. Anyone care to agree/disagree??Franciselliott (talk) 08:57, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree, a move to Nouveau Réalisme makes more sense.--Ethicoaestheticist (talk) 19:04, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:36, 1 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Omiros Paris 1966.jpg

title: Talk:Nouveau réalisme


text: User talk:169.229.36.24

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:169.229.36.24


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Quarter period

In mathematics, the quarter periods K(m) and iK ′(m) are special functions that appear in the theory of elliptic functions.

The quarter periods K and iK ′ are given by

 * $$K(m)=\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{d\theta}{\sqrt {1-m \sin^2 \theta}}$$

and

 * $${\rm{i}}K'(m) = {\rm{i}}K(1-m).\,$$

When m is a real number, 0 < m < 1, then both K and K ′ are real numbers. By convention, K is called the real quarter period and iK ′ is called the imaginary quarter period. Any one of the numbers m, K, K ′, or K ′/K uniquely determines the others.

These functions appear in the theory of Jacobian elliptic functions; they are called quarter periods because the elliptic functions $$\operatorname{sn}u$$ and $$\operatorname{cn}u$$ are periodic functions with periods $$4K$$ and $$4{\rm{i}}K'.$$ However, the $$\operatorname{sn}$$ function is also periodic with a smaller period (in terms of the absolute value) than $$4\mathrm iK'$$, namely $$2\mathrm iK'$$.

Notation
The quarter periods are essentially the elliptic integral of the first kind, by making the substitution $$k^2=m$$. In this case, one writes $$K(k)\,$$ instead of $$K(m)$$, understanding the difference between the two depends notationally on whether $$k$$ or $$m$$ is used. This notational difference has spawned a terminology to go with it:
 * $$m$$ is called the parameter
 * $$m_1= 1-m$$ is called the complementary parameter
 * $$k$$ is called the elliptic modulus
 * $$k'$$ is called the complementary elliptic modulus, where $${k'}^2=m_1$$
 * $$\alpha$$ the modular angle, where $$k=\sin \alpha,$$
 * $$\frac{\pi}{2}-\alpha$$ the complementary modular angle. Note that
 * $$m_1=\sin^2\left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\alpha\right)=\cos^2 \alpha.$$

The elliptic modulus can be expressed in terms of the quarter periods as

 * $$k=\operatorname{ns} (K+{\rm{i}}K')$$

and

 * $$k'= \operatorname{dn} K$$

where $$\operatorname{ns}$$ and $$\operatorname{dn}$$ are Jacobian elliptic functions.

The nome $$q\,$$ is given by

 * $$q=e^{-\frac{\pi K'}{K}}.$$

The complementary nome is given by

 * $$q_1=e^{-\frac{\pi K}{K'}}.$$

The real quarter period can be expressed as a Lambert series involving the nome:

 * $$K=\frac{\pi}{2} + 2\pi\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{q^n}{1+q^{2n}}.$$

Additional expansions and relations can be found on the page for elliptic integrals.

title: Quarter period


text: User talk:24.253.81.165

title: User talk:24.253.81.165


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Talk:Swallow This

I have moved this page from Swallow This Live to here because of Wikipedia naming conventions (which is to be as general as possible). Any objections can be raised at my talk page. Thanks, [[User:Consequencefree| Ardent † ∈ ]] 02:00, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swallow This


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Masashi Tanaka

Masashi Tanaka (田中 政志, born June 10, 1962) is a Japanese manga artist best known for Gon, his silent manga starring a miniature dinosaur. He began publishing Gon in 1991. GON is possibly his most well known work, famous for being a silent comic throughout its entire run.

Serials

 * Flash: The Wild West Bandit
 * Miss Marvel's Lovely Trade (ミス・マーベルの素敵な商売)
 * Adventures of the Victoria (冒険!ヴィクトリア号!!)
 * U.P.O.: Unidentified Prince Object (未確認プリンス物体U.P.O.)
 * A Samurai's Great Adventure (侍大冒険)
 * Gon (1992-2002, 7 volumes)

Short stories

 * Demon (邪鬼) (1985) - Submission for the 8th Tetsuya Chiba Awards. English adaptation published by Dark Horse in issues 40 to 44 of Cheval Noir.
 * Kagerō (陽炎) (1986) - Submission for the 9th Tetsuya Chiba Awards.
 * CAESAR (1987) - Submission for the 10th Tetsuya Chiba Awards.
 * Binbōgami Gomen (貧乏神御免) (1988) - Submission for the 11th Tetsuya Chiba Awards.
 * In Dreams (夢ん中) (1989) - Winner of the 12th Tetsuya Chiba Awards. English adaptation published by Dark Horse in issues 24, 25, and 26 of Cheval Noir in 1991 and 1992.

title: Masashi Tanaka


text:
User talk:Humblefool/Archive

 /Archive 1 /Archive 2 /Archive 3 /Archive4

title: User talk:Humblefool/Archive


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Lewinsky (surname)

Lewinsky is an Ashkenazi Jewish (Yiddish) surname in West Slavic form, derived from Levite. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Abraham Lewinsky (1866–1941), German rabbi
 * Bernard Lewinsky (born 1943), oncologist and father of Monica Lewinsky
 * Charles Lewinsky (born 1946), Swiss writer
 * Elhanan Leib Lewinsky (1857–1910), Hebrew writer and Zionist
 * Monica Lewinsky (born 1973), former White House intern

title: Lewinsky (surname)


text: Category:West Quebec

title: Category:West Quebec


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/New realism

New realism
Wikipedia says: Self-promotion. While you are free to write about yourself or projects you have a strong personal involvement in, remember that the standards for encyclopedic articles apply to such pages just like any other. A very few somewhat famous Wikipedians have significantly contributed to encyclopedia articles about themselves and their accomplishments, and this has mostly been accepted after some debate. Creating overly abundant links and references to autobiographical articles is not acceptable. See Wikipedia:Auto-biography for more information

Did I write anything about myself in that New Realism stub? Tanja


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Crime Spree

Crime Spree is a 2003 Canadian-British comedy-heist thriller film, written and directed by Brad Mirman, starring Gérard Depardieu, Harvey Keitel and French singers Johnny Hallyday and Renaud. The fish out of water film concerns a band of French thieves who get more than they bargain for after burglarizing the home of a Chicago mafia boss.

Plot
Daniel Foray (Gérard Depardieu) is the leader of an unusual group of burglars in Paris. When he's instructed by fence Laurent (Richard Bohringer) to go to Chicago to steal an expensive necklace in a suburban safe, the seemingly basic job becomes a fight for survival when the homeowner turns out to be mafia kingpin Frank Zammeti (Keitel), who is also under stakeout from authorities. The team are led to believe by American liaison Sophie (Joanne Kelly) that they wrote down the wrong address, but when she disappears with the money and other items taken from the mafioso, they later learn that his residence was the correct target after all and it was a setup by corrupt FBI Agent Pogue (Shawn Lawrence).

Shortly after the revelation, Pogue bludgeons Sophie to death, frames burglar Sam (Saïd Taghmaoui) and leaks the other men's names to the news media as accomplices. Pogue promises to alter evidence on condition that they hand over an audio tape stolen from Zammeti's safe, which not only declares war on fellow mob boss Angelo Giancarlo (Abe Vigoda) but strengthens the criminal case against the former, who has avoided criminal indictment. The sextet also confirm that Pogue was in cahoots with Laurent, whose interest in the heist indirectly relates to the recovery of a stolen Van Gogh painting and release of his brother from prison.

As newly minted fugitives from justice and marks of the American mafia, the thieves make amends with a black street gang they previously clashed with and facilitate a "handover" of the tape between Sam and Agent Pogue in Grant Park; Pogue is secretly filmed confessing to Sophie's murder and picks up a switched tape after a fake mugging from the gang members. Pogue is promptly killed by Zammeti and his underboss when the recording in his possession turns out to be the song So in Love by Peggy Lee. To free themselves from the threat of Zammeti, burglar Raymond gifts a muscle car (stolen from a Latino street gang) to Zammeti's dim-witted younger brother, culminating in a deadly shootout between both groups of criminals. Finally, Daniel plays Giancarlo Zammeti's incriminating tape, revealing the betrayal, and requests a small sum of money and safe return to France in exchange for the heads up.

With Zammeti gone and Laurent also in line to get "whacked" by Giancarlo's right-hand man, the burglars discover they were once again duped with a suitcase filled with counterfeit money. Before embarking as stowaways, they notice Laurent's Van Gogh painting get blown into Chicago River and comically dive into the water, with the outcome of their latest pursuit unknown.

Main cast

 * Gérard Depardieu - Daniel Foray
 * Harvey Keitel - Frank Zammeti
 * Johnny Hallyday - Marcel Burot
 * Renaud - Zéro
 * Saïd Taghmaoui - Sam Zerhouni
 * Stéphane Freiss - Julien Labesse
 * Shawn Lawrence - Agent Pogue
 * Albert Dray - Raymond Gayet
 * Joanne Kelly - Sophie Nicols
 * Richard Bohringer - Laurent Bastaldi
 * Abe Vigoda - Angelo Giancarlo
 * Gino Marrocco - Joey Two Tons
 * Sal Figliomeni - Nicky The Rake
 * Diego Chambers - Raphael Ruiz
 * Carlos Diaz - Hector
 * Ron Kennel - Felix
 * Chris Collins - Lamar

title: Crime Spree


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Counting problem (complexity)

In computational complexity theory and computability theory, a counting problem is a type of computational problem. If R is a search problem then

 * $$c_R(x)=\vert\{y\mid R(x,y)\}\vert \,$$

is the corresponding counting function and

 * $$\#R=\{(x,y)\mid y\leq c_R(x)\}$$

denotes the corresponding decision problem.

Note that cR is a search problem while #R is a decision problem, however cR can be C Cook-reduced to #R (for appropriate C) using a binary search (the reason #R is defined the way it is, rather than being the graph of cR, is to make this binary search possible).

Counting complexity class
Just as NP has NP-complete problems via many-one reductions, #P has #P-complete problems via parsimonious reductions, problem transformations that preserve the number of solutions.

title: Counting problem (complexity)


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Boris Skossyreff

Boris Mikhailovich Skossyreff (Бори́с Миха́йлович Ско́сырев; Borís Mikhàilovitx Skóssirev ; 12 June 1896 – 27 February 1989) was a Belarusian adventurer, international swindler and pretender who attempted to seize the monarchy of the Principality of Andorra during the early 1930s, styling himself King Boris I of Andorra.

Skossyreff was born in Lithuania to a family of lower nobility from Belarus. Following the outbreak of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Skossyreff was able to seek political asylum in England, where he enlisted in the British army for the end of World War I. This was followed by his work in the British Foreign Office. He moved to the Netherlands in the mid-1920s, where he was in a list of Prominent Foreign Revolutionaries in 1924, prepared by the General Intelligence and Security Service, in which he was noted as an international swindler. Despite this, Skossyreff falsely claimed to have been working in the Royal household of the Netherlands.

Through his visits to Andorra, a co-Principality in the Pyrenees co-princed by the Bishop of Urgell and President of France, in the early 1930s, Skossyreff worked on gaining power. During extensive conversations with local politicians in May 1934, Skossyreff presented the Government of Andorra a document in which he justified his intentions of rule.

Through falsely portraying himself as a member of the European aristocracy, Skossyreff proposed freedoms, modernisation, foreign investments and the recognition of a tax haven to Andorra through his self-published constitution.

Early life
Skossyreff was born on 12 June 1896, in Vilnius, Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire. He later acquired a Dutch passport which elaborated that his supposed title was Monsieur le Baron Boris de Skossyreff - a possible title, but likely to be false, due to the rarity of Barons in Russia. He was likely from a family of lower nobility, corresponding to his serving as an Officer in World War I.

Skossyreff's educational background is quite ambiguous. In press interviews, he spoke about a childhood friendship with Edward VIII. He also stated that he attended the prestigious Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, followed by Magdalen College, Oxford. While these claims allowed Skossyreff to build up his persona, both the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and Magdalen College confirm that he was not a student.

Political asylum
Prior to his arrival in Andorra, little is known about Skossyreff. When the Russian Revolution of 1917 broke out, he was able to seek political asylum in England, where he enlisted for around two years in the British Army for the end of World War I. He told The Times that he had served in the Royal Naval Air Service's Armoured Car Service, under Oliver Locker-Lampson, which was sent to Russia to fight against the Germans.

Following World War I, Skossyreff was mentioned in multiple newspapers for cheque fraud and swindling of a gold watch.

He was alleged to have served in the British Foreign Office, and partaken in several classified missions which took him to Siberia, Japan and the United States. He was noted by his superiors in his post-action report for his gift for languages, which gave him an ability to connect with foreigners.

Supposed Dutch nobility

Skossyreff's Foreign Office documents show that he left the service in 1925 and moved to the Netherlands, where he later claimed to have worked in the Dutch Royal Household, and to have been rewarded by Wilhelmina of the Netherlands with the title of "Count of Orange" – a title normally reserved for members of the Royal Family. The Archives of the Dutch Government establish that Skossyreff did not serve the Royal Household, nor was rewarded with a title, instead being found in a list of Prominent Foreign Revolutionaries in 1924, prepared by the General Intelligence and Security Service, in which he was listed as an "international swindler".

Other enterprises
In 1932, Skossyreff registered "Boris de Skossyreff: import - export, representation" in Santa Marta, Colombia. During this period, he was said to have learned Spanish, which he later utilised in Andorra.

First stay in Andorra
On his first visit to Andorra, Skossyreff took up residence in the village of Santa Coloma d'Andorra, near Sant Julià de Lòria. During this visit, he was believed to have begun planning his "coup", having had extensive conversations with peasants, artisans and politicians across Andorra.

On the 17 May 1934, Skossyreff presented the former court prosecutor and other advisers to the Council of the Valleys (former name of the Government of Andorra) a document laden with his suggestions, in which he justified his intentions of rule. His attempt was ridiculed by Council members, who were quoted as responding: "he should not meddle in political affairs in the Valleys [of Andorra]; and that, in the event of a repeat offence, this [Council] reserves the right to raise complaints to the competent Authority so that it applies the sanctions that will be deserved. recurrent".

Exile

Skossyreff saw himself as "exiled" and settled in La Seu d'Urgell (just 5 km; 3 miles from Andorra) in the Hotel Mundial, where he began behaving like an authentic monarch; one which led to many interviews, some of them telephone calls, including those given to the newspapers The Times and The Daily Herald.

Through his attempts to gain power, Skossyreff came into contact with several Legitimist royalist groups in the south of France. In Perpignan, he managed to have his plans reach the representative of Prince Jean d'Orleáns, Duke of Guise, and pretender to the throne of France. His argument was based on the fact that the French heads of state continued to have the rights and functions of co-princes from Andorra, and as the Duke claimed to be the "rightful" King of France, he had rights over Andorra.

During his "exile", Skossyreff granted visits, made official receptions and organised numerous events, such as a mass for the late Catalan president Francesc Macià. He was seen walking around often with monocle and a baton, adopting the character and mannerisms of a monarch, despite his apparent lack of authority.

Skossyreff released an innovative constitution for Andorra that would have substantially modified the traditional Andorran political system. The Co-principality would have freedoms, modernisation, foreign investments and the recognition of a tax haven; one which was argued would bring Andorra into the modern age. Skossyreff printed ten thousand copies of his Constitution, addressed to Spanish and French celebrities. One of them, which ended up in the hands of the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell, Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, caused uproar among his close circle, where he reaffirmed that the only co-princes of Andorra were the Bishop himself and the President of the French Republic.

Andorran proposition
Skossyreff proposed to make Andorra one of the most important business centers in the world, where banks, financial entities and international companies would not waste time installing their social domicile there, taking advantage of the tax regime. He asked for a reward in return for his gift to the Andorran people - for the General Council to proclaim him Prince of Andorra. According to later legends, Boris's proposal was almost entirely supported by the Chamber; with only one adviser against the remaining twenty-three who formed the council, the monarchy was instituted. Boris was accompanied by his young partner, the American millionaire Florence Marmon, who was the former wife of Howard Carpenter Marmon. ""We have conquered the country in the name of the King of France (the Duc de Guise) as his Lord Lieutenant, but not at his delegated representatives [...] When we have taken possession of the country I will offer it to the Duke. My army is composed of 500 volunteers [...]. They have pledged themselves to free Andorra from French control and hand it to us."

- "Boris I" speaking to The Times.

Detention
The pretended reign of "King Boris I" was only to last for a few days. Boris declared war on the Bishop of Urgell, who asked the Spanish authorities to act. The Spanish Civil Guard sent three constables and a sergeant to La Seu d'Urgell to apprehend Boris. The next day he was transferred to Barcelona, where he was placed before a judge. On the 23 July 1934, he was transferred to Madrid by train, accompanied by two agents. His arrival in the Spanish capital coincided with Spanish journalists, who tried to interview him. He was sent to the Modelo prison in Madrid, while acting as a monarch in exile. Historian Arnau González explained that during his stay at Modelo de Madrid, Boris and his collaborators continued to interpret the papers they had signed. Thus, they received several telegrams in their name, in which they guaranteed that "all documents were safe" and that they would receive a postal order of 200 pesetas. There was never an explanation on which documents or what happened to the money.

Spanish authorities noted that Skossyreff carried a Dutch passport, but declared himself to be a Russian white émigré. However, this background is somewhat contradicted by a report in the publication Spain Week by Week, which claimed on 25 July 1934, that Skossyreff was a Jew who resided for some years in Catalonia and Majorca. That account also contended that Skossyreff had made his proclamation on 11 July and that he had declared himself "Boris I, Prince of the Valleys of Andorra, Count of Orange and Baron of Skossyreff… Sovereign of Andorra and Defender of the Faith."

Visit to Olhão
In Olhão, Portugal, Skossyreff met Francisco Fernandes Lopes who wrote an article in 1935 about the "King of Andorra". It was at this stage that Skossyreff finally obtained a passport and left Olhão for Genoa, where he was denied disembarkation, only to proceed to Marseille where he finally disembarked to be reunited with his French wife.

In France, the police seized his passport on 7 January 1936. Skossyreff was later said to have called Francisco Fernandes Lopes in distress with a plea to contact the then Portuguese dictator - Oliveira Salazar - to have him diplomatically intercede for him; one which seems to have occurred. After 3 months in prison in Aix-en-Provence, the French authorities allowed him to return to Portugal, where he was again arrested for not having a residence permit.

Imprisonment and later life
In June 1936, he returned to Spain, coinciding with the start of the Spanish Civil War. He went on to France in 1936, where he was arrested again in Saint-Cannat. In 1938, the French authorities allowed him to return to Aix-en-Provence.

Imprisonment
In February 1939, Skossyreff was in a French prison camp with Spanish anti-Francoists, alongside Italian and Central European anti-fascists from the regions occupied by the Third Reich before World War II.

In October 1942, he was released by the occupying Germans. With the victory of the allies, Skossyreff was first arrested by the Americans, and after a brief period of freedom he was again arrested on 4 December 1946, by the French who occupied Berlin. He remained in the Coblence-Metternich prison until 17 December, and was harshly treated by the gendarmes because of his collaboration with the Nazis.

He took up residence in Boppard (West Germany); however, he went to an area controlled by the Soviets, leading to his arrest and sentencing to 25 years of forced labor in a Siberian camp. He was released in 1956, returned to Boppard and died there in 1989.

Legacy
A novel, titled Boris I, Rei d'Andorra (Boris I, King of Andorra) was written in 1984 by Catalan author Antoni Morell i Mora. The author dedicated the book to his grandmother, who he claimed had personally met Skossyreff. It was later adapted for the stage by Beth Escuda.

Files located in the National Archives (Britain)

 * 1918: Skossyref, Boris de, Baron Services rendered to Allied Embassies in Russia. N9531/9531/38
 * 1919: W38 31867 Regarding the behaviour of Major Hoshimoto in regards to Skossyreff.
 * Skossyreff's Welfare file K562/562/236
 * 1920: 201745/201745/38 A request for assistance by Irene Skossyreff regarding the processing of her reparation from Russia to England
 * 1921 N3890/N4051/1226/38 Skossyreff-Cheshire, FC, Mrs Reparation Expenses of KL 10256/3764/295
 * L 16191/16191/238 (file) Docs on release of son, Vadim Skossyreff, from Russia
 * 1932 Boris Skossyreff Activities: nationality L 4227/4227/ (file)
 * 1933 Boris de Skossyreff Activities abroad K 13929/1329/241
 * 1934 Skossyreff, Baron, Pretender to the Throne of Andorra, Activities C5139/5139/17
 * 1935 Skossyreff, Baron de, alias Boris Count of Orange alias Rollo, Capt: Portuguese enquiry respecting L1821/1821/405 (file)

title: Boris Skossyreff


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Emperor tamarin

The emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) is a species of tamarin monkey allegedly named for its resemblance to the German emperor Wilhelm II. It lives in the north Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas and the southwest Amazon Basin, in east Peru, north Bolivia.

The fur of the emperor tamarin is predominantly grey colored, with yellowish speckles on its chest. The hands and feet are black and the tail is brown. Outstanding is its long, white beard, which extends to both sides beyond the shoulders. The animal reaches a length of 23 - 26 cm, plus a 35 – long tail. It weighs approximately 500 g.

Physical description
(Saguinus imperator imperator) Black-chinned emperor tamarin

There are claws on each of the animal's toes and fingers, aside from its big toe, which has a nail. While it has a definitive long mustache, it also has almost inconspicuous white hairs on its chin. Visually, however, the saguinus imperator has a black chin. The hair on its chest and belly are a mixture of red, orange, and white hairs. On its back, the fur is dark brown. The inner side of its arms and legs are an orange-like color.

(Saguinus imperator subgrisecens) Bearded emperor tamarin

Saguinus imperator subgrisecens, unlike S. imperator imperator, has a variation in color on its chest, belly, and arms. Also, in addition to its long white mustache, this subspecies has a large white-haired beard, unlike S. imperator imperator, which merely has faint black whiskers upon its chin.

Aside from the color changes and visually striking beard, the two tamarins essentially have the same body structure. They are very small, compared to most other primates. Using their claws, they cling to tree branches, maintaining a consistent verticality in the jungle environment. To navigate their lush environment, which typically is in rainforests, they leap and move quickly through trees, rarely touching the forest floor.

Habitat
Emperor tamarins occur mostly in Amazonian lowland and lower mountain rain forests, as well as remnant, primary, and secondary forests. Amazonian lowland holds an abundance of water during high sea level due to the flooding by nearby water sources. This contributes to a very humid, tropical climate to occur year-round. The lower montane forests Emperor tamarins are primarily found in are considered tropical and moist with an abundance of vegetation. During the dry season, flowering peaks and in the wet season, flowering decreases, affecting the diets of the Emperor tamarins. Many Emperor tamarins are found in Amazonian secondary forests, which account for 40% of the forest area. Secondary forests appear to accumulate woody plant species at a relatively rapid rate but the mechanisms involved are complex and no clear pattern emerged. This process helped grow the trees in which Emperor tamarins primarily reside in when found in secondary forests. The average size of the group tamarins live in is two to eight individuals, but it can range from four to eighteen. They reside in the form of an extended family group, usually with only one breeding female. The groups they live in usually only consist of Emperor tamarins, but occasionally can also include Saddle-back tamarins considering their food scavenging groups often join together. This is due to the fact Emperor tamarins tend to stay higher in the canopy than 10 meters, and Saddle-back tamarins usually stay below 10 meters.

Emperor tamarins consume a wide range of specimens in their daily dietary routine. They eat fruits and flowers, many of which are readily available due to their flourishing vegetational habitats. They also eat the exudes of plants such as gums and saps, easily gouged from the trees they are living in. Many also choose to consume animal prey, such as insects and frogs, depending upon what type of forest they are located in. Emperor tamarins have been reported to engage in mixed species associations with Weddell's saddle-back tamarins (S. fuscicollis weddelli), spending up to 20% of their day foraging in these mixed species troops. Emperor tamarin society is based on a dominance hierarchy led by a dominant female and her mate. It is the dominant emperor tamarins who form these foraging troops, forming these mixed species groups is beneficial to the emperor tamarins and their ability to find quality food resources. Some speculated at one point that females of the species were the primary scavengers of food, specifically fruit and flowers, because of their enhanced abilities over the males in the form of stronger visual cues. Upon research, it was found that males and females possess the same abilities to locate food patches. Though it does not discriminate between the two species, females do tend to be the more dominant hunters, which led to the speculation. Weddell's saddle-back tamarins are better and faster at locating food resources. S.fuscicollis are a smaller bodied species of tamarins and are able to move fast through the canopy, saddle-back tamarins often arrive to the food resources before the emperor tamarins. The emperor tamarins follow the saddle-back tamarins to food patches using their larger size to intimidate the feeding Weddell's saddle-back tamarins into leaving the feeding tree. This foraging strategy is beneficial to both species, the mixed species troops provide more vigilance for predator protection. Observations of tamarins foraging in mixed species troops using feeding platforms and monitoring fruiting trees show that these troops spend less time foraging in smaller patches of fruiting trees with limited amounts of fruiting resources.

Reproduction and infant care
The age of first reproduction in emperor tamarins is around 16–20 months old, with a gestation period of up to 6 months. Tamarins are seasonal breeders. Breeding is based around food availability. Most births occur during the wet season when food resources are in abundance.

Tamarin species were once thought to be a monogamous species, but observations of emperor tamarins in the wild show that they have a polyandrous mating system, with one dominant female mating with multiple males. This mating system works to ensure paternal investment in offspring. If a female mates with multiple males and give birth to a litter, males are more likely to invest because of the possibility that one of the infants will carry their genes onto the next generation. Due to high rates of twinning or multiple births in Emperor tamarins, parental care and paternal investment is important to infant survival. Previously the only knowledge of tamarin infant care came from captive studies on Cotton-top tamarins (S. oedipus), which demonstrated that infant survival is dependent on helpers. Helpers are either older female offspring of the dominant female that have remained in their natal group or the males that most frequently interact with the dominant female. Infant carrying has a high energetic cost due to the relatively large fetal weight of infants to the weight of adults. Helpers provide the extra support to remove some of the cost of caring for multiple infants. Male emperor tamarins have been observed to spend the most time with infants, often carrying both infants while the dominant female forages. Male emperor tamarins are reported to be more observant of the infants and more protective. For example, they are known to react faster to infant distress calls than females. Infant mortality in the wild is at its highest during weeks 5–15 of their lives, when they begin to move around and explore on their own, this is because one of the greatest threats to infant survival is falling from the canopy.

Distribution
The emperor tamarin can be found in Brazil; places in Peru and Bolivia that are parts of the southwest Amazon Basin; east of the upper Purus river; between the Purus river and Rio Acre; east of the upper Juruá river to the Tarauacá river and Juruparí river; west to the Urubamba river and Inuya river; and south of Tahuamanú river.

According to Buchanan's research, the subspecies of S. imperator, S. i. imperator, are rarely found in Los Campos and Buena Vista, which are located near the left bank of the Rio Acre; and in the banks of the Purus River and Eiru River.

Lastly, according to Buchanan and Bairrao, the subspecies, S. i. subgrisescens, can be found on the upper banks of the Juruá River; south of the Tahuamanú river and along the banks of the Muyumanu river.

Behavior
Emperor tamarins behave actively, rapidly, gracefully, gregariously, and playfully in the wild. In captivity the tamarins are very social and interactive with humans. A study by Knox, Kerry L. and Donald Stone Sade of the social behavior of emperor tamarins in captivity found that tamarin colonies behave agonistically according to seniority. There is an agonistic network where each component along a continuum from strongly dominant individuals interaction with strongly subordinate individuals. In the interactions the tamarins usually communicate threat and submission. The aggression is more frequently among individuals of the same sex, most frequently between juvenile males and juvenile males, between juvenile females and juvenile females and also between sexed twins. There are matrices of within family groups of emperor tamarins where a large proportion of the total number of agonistic interaction within a group occurs between pairs of siblings from different litters. The dynamics of agonistic relations within a group is not just only for the status of the breeding pair but may also influence the allocation of reproductive effort. Family members other than the breeding female may suppress reproduction in adult daughters too. There are certain behaviors that were identified as dominant and some responses as subordinate. The dominant most frequent behaviors happened when the tamarin's mouth is completely opened and show the teeth, when they mount another tamarin or when a tamarin approaches from the rear and encircles another tamarin's waist with both arms. A dominant tamarin will usually display many components at the same time. The Subordinate most frequent behaviors are always responses to dominant components and they happened when the subordinate tamarin brings his or her anogenital region into the view of the other tamarin as usually part of a sequence of their body being displayed, when they made a wide-mouth grimace or after they have been mounted they look backward at the dominant tamarin but does not make eye contact. There is always a dominant component toward another tamarin, which immediately responds, with a subordinate component. Long calls and tongue flicking was sometimes part of the agonistic behavior repertoire.

Communication is a key behavior, a facilitation of cohesion and coordination among group-living tamarins. There was also an agonistic interaction with saddle back tamarins and emperors, where the emperor tamarins were the dominant species. The long call is the most likely call in the tamarin vocal repertoire to serve as a coordinating signal. Long call vocalization has been hypothesized to serve as communicative signals both within and between Tamarin species. Long calls are usually quite loud and can be hear by humans over 150 m away. Emperor tamarins often produce long call upon leaving their sleeping sites at the morning and then periodically throughout the day, especially when travelling or participating in territorial encounters with neighbor tamarin groups. Long calls promote contact between neighbor tamarin groups. Long calls also function as interspecific signals consisting of counter-calling between heterospecific groups that travel together or approach another after period separations throughout the day. Emperor tamarin long calls generally cover a broader frequency range and the notes are shorter and repeated more quickly than those produced by saddle back tamarins. The acoustical differences between saddle back and emperor tamarin calls allow humans to differentiate between them easily. Tamarins are able to identify the sex of unfamiliar callers too. Emperor tamarins respond in high rates of to the calls from conspecific and heterospecific species calls but not that much to polyspecific species calls. Emperor tamarins displayed higher frequencies of approach towards the speaking following playback of tamarin long calls. Communication between tamarin species via long calls included high vocalization rates before reinitiating contact in the morning and during travel when two groups may become separated. Individuals also call at high rates in the morning and during travel when they are with another tamarin and when they are alone. They call the groups simultaneously. The calls are an exchange has the potential to act as a proximate mechanism facilitating coordination, both within conspecific tamarin and heterospecific tamarin. Sometimes tamarins consider the broadcast of calls as a challenge to their territory against intruders. Counter-calling between species represents interspecific communication in polyspecific tamarin associations. Emperor tamarins distinguish between calls on the basis of social relationships.

The emperor tamarin forms mixed-species troops with Weddell's saddle-back tamarin and also associates with Goeldi's marmoset.

Conservation
Emperor tamarins are listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a species of Least Concern, and there are no conservation efforts aimed directly towards this species of primates. Emperor tamarins populations have been in decline due to threats of deforestation and human encroachment. Forest fragmentation has become a huge problem for arboreal primate species in the neotropics: fragmentation causes the tamarins range to be restricted, causing populations to be isolated. Emperor tamarins are located in protected areas in Peru at Manú National Park and Bolivia at Manuripi-Heath Amazonian Wildlife National Reserve. There are no protected areas that overlap with the Brazilian populations of emperor tamarins.

Manú National Park in Peru provides protection of the natural habitat of the emperor tamarins. This national park is considered to be one of the world's most important protected areas because of it being located within one of the largest biodiversity hotspots and its high species richness. The National Park is home to small populations of indigenous people, these indigenous people are permitted to hunt in the park. Research shows that indigenous subsistence hunting has effects on the larger bodied primates in the park but shows minimal effects on the emperor tamarin population size. There is evidence that hunting has extended the range of emperor tamarins which originally were restricted to the north bank of the Manú River are also now found on the south bank. Manú National Park had a successful community based ecotourism industry, and in recent years ecotourism has increased as Park administration and NGOs have taken interest in improving the livelihoods of the indigenous populations. Though there is cause for concern that improving the livelihoods and infrastructure of the national park may lead to negative effects on the wildlife populations including the emperor tamarins.

Human interactions
Many zoos observe interesting behaviors of Emperor tamarins held in captivity. According to staff at the Jackson Zoo in Jackson, Mississippi, their Emperor tamarins display a need for tenderness. They love to be stroked by human hands and lie on their backs in order to indicate to their caretakers they are requesting more special attention. Staff at San Francisco Zoo have reported that the species takes part in mutual grooming.

title: Emperor tamarin


text:
Talk:Bagaudae

Basque etimology
The Basque etimology (does it take into account dialects different from Unified Basque?) seems dubious since the first appearance seems to be in Northern Gaul. It should be removed or at least attributed to some researcher. --Error 02:12, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The very word Bagaudae can perfectly be translated from modern Basque as "here we are" or "we are ready" (bagaude) or even "so war" (baguda).
 * Removed --Error 23:09, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Does the name Amandus have any connection to the ancient Basques? One of the leaders is named Amandus, the name Amand is attached to early Medieval Gascony, and Saint Amandus was born in the region of Gascony.  As far the later uprising in the 450's, is there any ancient Basque name similar to Tibatto?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.35.84.36 (talk) 19:44, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Amandus seems Latin. I don't think that there is something Basque to Tibetto. --Error (talk) 21:18, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Gascony / Aquitania were of Basque ethnicity and language before and after the Roman invasion, but with the Roman occupation and colonisation these northern Basque lands were romanized and lost a very big part of its Basque speaking territory (though until XXIth century Basque language is still spoken in some villages and quarters of Bearn, as well as in the Northern Basque Country proper), to be replaced by Gascon language, "latin spoken by Basques" as some scholar said in relation to Romanic languages of Basque substratus (Gascon, Navarrese-Aragones and Castillian/Spanish).

In relation to personal names, they were usually subjected to mode, prestige, etc. And being called Amand or Amandus does not mean he could not have been from Basque or other origin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.39.218.22 (talk) 14:06, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

The Basque hypothesis
The following section was removed without explanation by User:85.59.77.193 on 11:05, 21 May 2006. I place it here since I am not very sure about some claims. --Error 00:55, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

The Basque hypothesis
Many Basque historians consider them to be rebel Basque militias, hence promoting the idea of a current of Basque resistance and independence de facto through the centuries. Roman domination in the Basque Country, then larger than today, was in fact scarce through most of the history of the Empire, allowing large self-rule to the Basque tribes on both sides of the Pyrenees. With the incipient feudalism of the later Roman Empire, Basque clans and other nearby romanized peasants seem to have started an age of amorphous independence. On the other hand, the Bagaudae were active in many parts of Gaul not usually thought to have had a strong Basque connection. Since the middle of the 4th century, the presence of many coin-prints around the historic Basque territory denotes the existence of many garrisons as, in that age, coins were used almost exclusively to pay the soldiers. This inner limes apparently shows that the Basque region was already independent when the German invaders arrived in the early 5th century. Basques still fought under Roman command in 407 to repel a Swabian, Vandal and Alan invasion. Two years later, these tribes crossed the Basque mountain passes without problems but only to move to the richer lands of Hispania proper. The next we know is that Visigoths and, later, Franks attempt once again to subjugate those unruly lands with little or no success. In the year 711, Visigoth king Roderic was still battling against the Basques when Muslims invaded his kingdom from the south. Meanwhile, north of the Pyrenees, the Duchy of Vasconia and Aquitaine was independent at that date. Only that the Bagaudae rebellion was fully successful in the Basque territory may explain that this people could remain independent of the German invaders and almost ignorant of the socio-economic structures of feudalism even in the late Middle Ages, despite of the overwhelming influence of its neighbours.

This material is interesting and plausible, though the imperial hand of Rome was heaviest in urbanised areas and fell lightly on a number of others – Devon and Cornwall spring to mind as another example. But Basque history is an area much given to passionate exaggeration, and this should not appear in Wikipedia without being sourced. Deipnosophista (talk) 20:03, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

Introduction?
This is an interesting, smart article with good-quality sources. It would be nice to give it a proper introduction so a casual reader isn't daunted by a sea of text. See Lead section: "The lead section, lead, or introduction of a Wikipedia article is the section before the first heading. The lead serves both as an introduction to the article below and as a short, independent summary of the important aspects of the article's topic. The lead should be able to stand alone as a concise overview of the article. It should establish context, explain why the subject is interesting or notable, and summarize the most important points." Cynwolfe (talk) 13:16, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Is that satisfactory now? The introductory summary was there.--Wetman (talk) 18:14, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Germanus
The reference to Germanus of Auxerre here needs to be made consistent with the story told in the Germanus article, which suggests a later date around the 430s. I wonder whether Germanus' interest in Britain suggests that the so-called Bagaudae in Armorica were in fact refugees from Britain – the timing would make it shortly after Aëtius told the Britons to look to their own resources, and refugees may have been fleeing either barbarian attack or political disputes between the British civitates or provinces. Deipnosophista (talk) 20:23, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

Reputation
The last phrase of the "Reputation" section uses language that is unsuited and tendentious ("these rural malcontents," "so-called"), inconsistent with the general style of the article, and incomplete in its attribution.

The phrase in question:

"Communist E. A. Thompson's assessment in Past and Present (1952) portrayed the phenomenon of these rural malcontents as so-called Marxist class warfare." 2001:818:DE24:7500:7A31:600A:AEC6:E142 (talk) 15:52, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bagaudae


text:
FlyNordic

FlyNordic was an airline based in Stockholm, Sweden. It operated scheduled and charter services in Scandinavia and Europe. Its main base was Stockholm-Arlanda Airport, Stockholm. In 2007 the airline was bought by Norwegian Air Shuttle and became a fully integrated part of the latter.

History
Originally established as Reguljair in 1996, the airline operated domestic services with an Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante. Its operating licence was revoked on 14 November 2000, and it relaunched in December as Nordic East. Finnair acquired the company in 2003 and 2004, establishing a new subsidiary, Nordic Airlink Holding, and rebranding as FlyNordic. FlyNordic bankrupted in 2005, while Nordic Airlink Holding was reorganised and took up the FlyNordic name.

On 24 April 2007, Norwegian Air Shuttle announced that they had bought 100% of the FlyNordic shares from Finnair. This made Norwegian Scandinavia's largest low-cost airline. As a result of Finnair's ownership in FlyNordic, Finnair owned 5% of Norwegian Air Shuttle.

On 14 March 2008, Norwegian Air Shuttle announced that FlyNordic would be re-branded Norwegian after 5 April 2008 in order to strengthen and unify the brand. This ended the story of FlyNordic.

Destinations
FlyNordic operated the following services (at March 2008):
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Sarajevo (Sarajevo International Airport)
 * Croatia
 * Dubrovnik (Dubrovnik Airport)
 * Split (Split Airport)
 * Denmark
 * Copenhagen (Copenhagen Airport)
 * Estonia
 * Tallinn (Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport) [seasonal]
 * France
 * Bordeaux (Aéroport de Bordeaux Mérignac)
 * Nice (Côte d'Azur International Airport)
 * Paris (Orly Airport)
 * Italy
 * Alghero (Fertilia Airport) [seasonal]
 * Ireland
 * Dublin (Dublin Airport) [seasonal]
 * Norway
 * Bergen (Bergen Airport, Flesland) [seasonal]
 * Oslo (Oslo Airport, Gardermoen)
 * Poland
 * Kraków (John Paul II International Airport)
 * Warsaw (Frederic Chopin Airport)
 * Serbia
 * Belgrade (Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport)
 * Spain
 * Alicante (Alicante Airport)
 * Málaga (Málaga Airport)
 * Sweden
 * Kiruna (Kiruna Airport)
 * Luleå (Luleå Airport)
 * Malmö (Malmö Airport)
 * Östersund (Åre Östersund Airport)
 * Stockholm (Stockholm-Arlanda Airport)
 * Umeå (Umeå Airport)
 * Switzerland
 * Geneva (Geneva Cointrin International Airport)
 * Turkey
 * Istanbul (Sabiha Gökçen Airport)

Fleet
The flyNordic fleet included the following aircraft (at January 2008):

title: FlyNordic


text:
Talk:Emperor tamarin

Obvious mistake but not an obvious solution
The sentence in question: "The aggression is more frequently among individuals of the same sex, most frequently between juvenile males and juvenile males, between juvenile females and juvenile females and also between sexed twins." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.195.72.69 (talk) 16:26, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

Thoughts on expanding emperor tamarin: Behavior section
As a recently started article with no body outside of the overview section, this article has a lot of room to expand! A few sections should eventually be added, including evolutionary history/taxonomic classification, anatomy/physiology, ecology, behavior, major threats, and conservation. The paragraphs written so far discuss background ecological, taxonomical, and physiological information. Additionally, there is some mention that emperor tamarin live together in social groups. This is a solid start, but an overarching behavior section could be added that includes sub-sections of diet, social structures, reproduction and breeding, and communication. Specifically, group behavior of 2-8 animals with a leading oldest female could be expanded on. For example, altruism in the group may be present if other females reside in the group but are non-breeding. Additionally, there may only be a couple mature male breeders in the group, which can also add to a cooperative breeding conversation. Stretching the behavior section could also include behavior involved in kin recognition and discrimination. The white mustache in the species may play a role here as a “greenbeard” trait, and also in sexual selection. The mention of mixed species association between emperor tamarins and brown-mantled tamarins should also be explicated for the altruism and/or spite that may be involved. Finally, the use of crying to denote interlopers can mention alarm calls and why this may is ecologically significant for the species. This discussion could involve relatedness, if alarm calls are given for groups that are more genetically related, or whether there is an effect of learned kinship between the species. Nsavalia23 4:47, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Broken reference
Ref. 4 is broken, here is an alternative https://twitter.com/DiscoverySA/status/684395448199585793 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.65.103.206 (talk) 00:08, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

Brockway monkey

 * I have removed the long-standing (incorrect) alternative name "Brockway monkey" from the article. It was cited to two sources which did not include the information in question, and is recognizable as a hoax which originated from this article. Please do not reinsert the name unless there is a reliable source which supports the claim (preferably one from before 2011). — Chris Woodrich (talk) 10:32, 22 May 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Emperor tamarin


text:
WGY (AM)

WGY (810 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Schenectady, New York, carrying a news/talk format which is simulcast full-time over WGY-FM. Owned by iHeartMedia, the station serves Albany, Troy and the Capital District of New York, and is a clear-channel station with extended nighttime range. WGY is one of the first stations in the United States and the oldest to operate continuously in New York State, having launched on February 20, 1922.

WGY's transmitter is located in the Town of Rotterdam. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WGY is also available online via iHeartRadio.

Programming
Doug Goudie hosts the station's locally-based morning drive program; the remainder of the lineup is devoted to conservative talk programs hosted by Glenn Beck, Clay Travis, Buck Sexton, Sean Hannity, Michael Berry and Ben Shapiro, along with Coast to Coast AM with George Noory. Weekend hosts include Bill Handel, Joe Pags, Ric Edelman and Bill Cunningham.

Experimental years
WGY's original licensee was General Electric (GE), a company headquartered in Schenectady that had extensive experience in radio research and development. In 1903 Reginald Fessenden contracted with GE to help him design and produce a series of high-frequency alternator-transmitters. This project was ultimately assigned to Ernst F. W. Alexanderson, who in August 1906 delivered a unit which was successfully used by Fessenden to make radiotelephone demonstrations.

In early 1915, GE was granted a Class 3-Experimental license with the call sign 2XI. That license was canceled in 1917 due to the United States' entry into World War I. 2XI was relicensed in 1920.

Ernst Alexanderson continued alternator design research and developed more powerful transmitters that by 1919 were considered the best available option for long distance radiotelegraph communication. In 1919 GE's leadership in alternator manufacture led the U.S. government to promote the idea of the company taking over the assets of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America. This purchase was used to form a GE subsidiary, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), which became the leading radio company in the United States. In 1921, GE signed a cross-licensing agreement with the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company that made RCA the sales agent for radio equipment produced by the two companies. (In 1932 RCA became an independent company as part of an antitrust settlement).

Alternator radio transmitters became obsolete by the mid-1920s due to advances in vacuum-tube technology, and another GE employee, Irving Langmuir, played an important role in this development. GE was a major manufacturer of radio vacuum tubes during World War I, and produced over 200,000 for the military during the conflict. Tubes of increasing power ratings were designed, and by the summer of 1922 Langmuir had introduced a 20-kilowatt version.

Radio communication was initially generally limited to Morse code transmissions. By the early 1920s improvements in vacuum-tube capabilities made audio transmissions practical. Effective December 1, 1921, the United States Department of Commerce, which beginning in 1912 had been responsible for regulating radio stations, set aside two wavelengths for use by broadcasting stations: 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment", and 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market and weather reports".

On February 4, 1922, GE received its first broadcasting license, for a new station located in Schenectady which was authorized to transmit on the 360 meter entertainment wavelength and was issued the randomly assigned call letters WGY. (A few months later permission was granted to also broadcast on 485 meters.) The original transmitter produced an antenna power of 1,500 watts, which was three times the wattage of the standard "high-powered" station at the time. Unusual for the period, the station's studio and transmitter site were at separate locations. Broadcasts originated from a studio on the fourth floor of Building 36 at the General Electric Plant in Schenectady, which was connected to a T-top wire antenna located atop Building 40, another GE building about 1/3 of a mile (1/2 km) distant.

Early broadcasts
The station was placed under the oversight of Martin P. Rice, who was the manager of the company's publication bureau. WGY's debut broadcast started at 7:47 p.m. on February 20, 1922, when Kolin Hager, or as he was known on the air, "KH", signed on with the station's call letters, explaining the W is for wireless, G for General Electric, and Y, the last letter in Schenectady. The first broadcast, "furnished by some of this city's best talent" lasted about one hour. It consisted of live music and announcements of song titles and other information. The station's second program took place two days later, and featured a speech about George Washington, delivered by W. W. Tranch, Schenectady's American Legion post commander, followed by a concert.

WGY was a pioneer in the use of remote broadcasts originating from locations outside of the main studio, carrying out the first one just days after it signed on. On February 23, 1922, the station ran a telephone line connection to the Union College gymnasium, where New York governor Nathan L. Miller and others gave speeches commemorating the 17th anniversary of the Rotary Club. This was followed by a short concert. Other early programming included coverage of the Yale-Harvard football game live from New Haven, Connecticut; the WGY String Orchestra live from the State Theater in Schenectady, and talks and presentations by various GE innovators, explorers, state and local officials.

A few months after WGY began broadcasting, Edward H. Smith, director of a community theater group called the Masque in nearby Troy, suggested to Kolin Hager that WGY carry weekly 40-minute long adaptations of plays. A troupe was formed known as the WGY Players performing as radio's first dramatic series. On August 3, 1922, they presented Eugene Walter's 1908 play The Wolf, the first of forty-three dramatizations performed during the 1922-1923 season. Smith became a pioneer of radio drama sound effects during this first play when he slapped a couple of two-by-four boards together to simulate the slamming of a door. Initially the actors wore costumes and makeup on the theory that this would enhance performances, but the practice was soon discarded as unneeded. The WGY Orchestra was used to provide music between acts. Response was immediate, with the station reporting that the broadcast resulted in its receiving more than two thousand letters. On November 9 the Players presented on The Sign of the Four starring Edward H. Smith as Sherlock Holmes, and the world's only consulting detective joined the growing number of "disembodied voices floating through electromagnetic heaven."

In 1923, Guglielmo Marconi, credited as the inventor of radio, paid a visit to Schenectady to see WGY's transmitter and studios.

TV experiments
Beginning in 1926, Ernst Alexanderson worked on an experimental mechanical television system. This led, on September 11, 1928, to the WGY Players broadcasting the first televised play, an old spy melodrama titled The Queen's Messenger and starring Izetta Jewel and Maurice Randall. Alexanderson's development of a portable and simplified television transmitter made the broadcast possible. The only viewers were newspaper and magazine writers watching the program on a 3x3-inch (7.6 cm) screen located three miles (five kilometers) away in the WGY studio. The broadcasts took place at 1:30 and 11:30 p.m.

In September 1922 the Department of Commerce set aside a second entertainment wavelength, 400 meters (750 kHz) for "Class B" stations that had quality equipment and programming. Locally, both WGY and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute station, WHAZ, were assigned to this new wavelength on a time-sharing basis. In May 1923 additional broadcasting frequencies were announced, and the Schenectady/Troy region was given exclusive national use of 790 kHz. WGY and WHAZ were assigned to share this new allocation. On November 1, 1927, WHAZ moved to a new frequency, giving WGY full-time use.

WGY also used the first condenser microphone, developed by General Electric for radio studio applications, on February 7, 1923.

Network radio
On January 4, 1923, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) made the first network radio broadcast, using special telephone lines to relay a program from its New York City station, WEAF, to a Boston station. On June 3, 1923, WGY participated in AT&T's second network test, which linked WEAF to WGY, KDKA in Pittsburgh, and KYW in Chicago. The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) responded by developing a network operation centered on its New York City station, WJZ, and in December 1923 made its first test network connection with a hookup to WGY. The WJZ network never advanced beyond a few affiliates, and struggled with the low fidelity of relying on Western Union telegraph lines to link stations. In 1926, RCA bought out AT&T's network operations, and WGY affiliated with the newly established WEAF-based NBC Red Network. In the Albany market, WABY affiliated with the NBC Blue Network, which later became ABC Radio, while WOKO became a CBS affiliate. WGY remained with NBC Radio until it folded in 1989.

In 1925, WGY helped organize the New York State Radio Network, formed with WMAK in Buffalo, WHAM in Rochester, WFBL in Syracuse and WGY.

In 1924, the transmitter site was moved to its current location in the Town of Rotterdam, then known as South Schenectady. This site was also home of GE's experimental shortwave radio stations W2XAF (31.48 meters or 9.525 MHz) and W2XAD (19 meters or 15 MHz). WGY's power levels were steadily increased, first to 5,000 watts, then 10,000 watts and finally to 50,000 watts on July 18, 1925. By 1928, the WGY transmitter was capable of operating at 150,000 watts, and an application was made to increase to this power. However, this was three times the limit allowed by the Federal Radio Commission (FRC), and the application was denied. Temporary broadcasts were carried out at the 100 kW (August 4, 1927) and 200 kW (March 9, 1930) power levels. From those broadcasts, the station received reception letters and telegrams from as far away as New Zealand. Plans were to make those power increases permanent, but were never carried out.

Clear channel status

The March 28, 1928, reauthorization of the Radio Act of 1927 included a provision, known as the Davis Amendment, which mandated an "equality of radio broadcasting service" within the United States. This specified an "equitable allocation" among five regional zones. Effective November 11, 1928, the Federal Radio Commission implemented a major reassignment of transmitting frequencies, as outlined by its General Order 40 Band Plan. This plan designated 40 U.S. clear channels, divided eight to each region, with KGO in Oakland, California, on 790 kHz, included as one of the Region 5 assignments. The only other station assigned to 790 kHz was WGY. KGO and WGY were both owned by GE, with WGY considered the company's showcase station. GE was able to effectively transfer KGO's clear channel assignment from Region 5 to WGY's Region 1, by increasing the power of WGY to 50,000 watts, while limiting KGO to 7,500 watts. (Directional antennas were not developed until the early 1930s, so both stations operated with non-directional antennas.) Any question about the propriety of this action became moot after the Davis Amendment was repealed on June 5, 1936.

By 1935, the engineering staff of WGY began work to replace the T-top antenna system with a single vertical radiator tower. At the time, the station was plagued with signal fading at a distance of 30–100 miles (50–160 km) from the transmitter site due to cancellation by out-of-phase co-channel signals from the same source. The ideas for this tower were formed from experiments at WJZ in New York. From this, a square, half-wavelength (on 790 kHz) 625 foot (190 meter) tower was constructed in 1938. The half-wavelength design greatly reduced high angle radiation, thus solved the close in fading issues, and this antenna is still in use today.

In 1938 the station's studios were moved from Building 36 into a brand new building on River Road, in Downtown Schenectady. These studios were torn down in 1961 to make way for Interstate 890. At that time the studios were moved to 1400 Balltown Road in Niskayuna, New York, co-located with GE owned-and-operated WRGB-TV Channel 6.

Move to 810
In 1941, the stations on 790 kHz, including WGY and KGO, were moved to 810 kHz, with the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA). In 1942, during World War II, a concrete wall was built around the base of the transmitter tower to prevent saboteurs from shooting out the base insulator on the tower and taking the station off the air.

As the "Golden Age of Radio" ended, WGY evolved into a full service, middle of the road format of popular music, news and talk. It was the flagship station of General Electric's broadcasting group until 1983, when it was sold to Sky Communications and soon after to Empire Radio Partners, Inc. General Electric's Schenectady operations also pioneered television by putting WRGB-TV on the air, which signed on as W2XB in 1928; and FM radio station W2XOY, later WGFM, then WGY-FM, and today WRVE, which signed on in 1940 and is credited as the first FM station to broadcast in stereo around the clock. Dame Media, Inc. acquired WGY-AM-FM during proceedings in a Philadelphia bankruptcy court, late 1993.

All talk and news
The AM station eliminated its remaining music programming and became an all-news/talk station on Memorial Day Weekend, 1994. Dame moved the studios to One Washington Square at the end of Washington Avenue Extension, in the west end of Albany, in late 1994, where they remained until 2005. In 1999, Dame Media sold its entire radio group to Clear Channel Communications based in San Antonio. Clear Channel combined all of its Albany-area radio station facilities into the former CHP (Community Health Plan) building on Route 7 (Troy-Schenectady Road) in Latham, in August 2005.

After being one of the founding members of the NBC Radio Network, WGY announced in June 1989 that it would end its 63-year association with the network and change to CBS Radio News, replacing WQBK AM–FM, that September. WGY news director Peter Rief said that the quality of NBC's radio product had declined following the sale of the radio network to Westwood One. The station then switched to ABC News Radio in July 1994, which allowed WGY to add Paul Harvey to its lineup. In August 2005, Clear Channel Communications switched the majority of its news/talk radio stations, including WGY, to Fox News Radio as a boost to that network's launch. Paul Harvey remained on WGY for an additional year. In 2009, WGY received a Radio Television Digital News Association (RTDNA) Edward R. Murrow Award for its coverage of the 2009 Capital Region ice storm.

On September 20, 2010, WGY began simulcasting its programming on WHRL, renamed to WGY-FM.

On February 6, 2012, WGY began an affiliation with AccuWeather for its weather coverage. It discontinued its ties with The Weather Channel after more than a decade. In 2014, Clear Channel Communications changed its corporate name to iHeartMedia.

Several notable former WGY personalities include Mike Gallagher, who hosted afternoon drive in the mid-1990s before moving to WABC in New York, and is now part of the Salem Radio Network. Other notable hosts include Mark Williams, J. R. Gach and Andrew Wilkow of Sirius Satellite Radio who was heard in afternoon drive and later in late mornings. Another WGY weekday local show was hosted by Al Roney, who was replaced by Glenn Beck on February 25, 2010. Don Weeks retired in 2010 after spending 30 years as WGY's morning host and died in 2015 at age 76.

title: WGY (AM)


text: User talk:69.3.194.36

title: User talk:69.3.194.36


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Tlalnepantla (disambiguation)

Tlalnepantla de Baz (commonly shortened to Tlalnepantla) is a municipality in the State of Mexico.

Tlalnepantla may also refer to:

 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico
 * Tlalnepantla Cathedral, in Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
 * Tlalnepantla, Morelos, a municipality in Morelos, Mexico
 * Tlalnepantla railway station, operated by Ferrocarriles Suburbanos
 * Tlalnepantla Region, intrastate region within the State of Mexico
 * Tlalnepantla, Tamazunchale, a town in Tamazunchale, San Luís Potosí, Mexico

title: Tlalnepantla (disambiguation)


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Viking (automobile)

Viking was a brand of automobiles manufactured by General Motors as a supplement to Oldsmobile division for model years 1929 to 1931 and used the GM B platform. It was shared with the Oakland Model 301 for 1930 and 1931.

Overview
Viking was part of Alfred Sloan's companion make program introduced to help span gaps in General Motors’ pricing structure, and was manufactured by GM's Oldsmobile division. Viking was one of four makes introduced by General Motors, the other lines (and their GM divisions) being Pontiac (Oakland), Marquette (Buick) and LaSalle (Cadillac). Of the four makes, Viking was the only one priced higher than its "parent" make, and took the role of senior luxury sedan for Oldsmobile until replaced by the Oldsmobile L-Series. It took over the senior luxury position from the Oldsmobile Light Eight. Riding on a 125 in wheelbase with steel semi-elliptic springs and a 44.5 ft turning circle, Vikings were powered by a 90° bank angle 260 cuin flathead monobloc V8 engine that produced 81 hp, the first automobile using this type of engine construction, and was shared with the Oakland V8 The monobloc architecture was later adapted for use in Cadillac and LaSalle. Vikings were available as a convertible coupé with rear deck seat, a 4-door sedan, and a close-coupled 4-door sedan in both standard and deluxe trim packages. The front seat and the steering wheel were adjustable.

Viking production for 1929 was 4,058 units and 1930 2,813, and retail prices were listed at US$1,595 ($0 in dollars ) for any of the three body styles. GM discontinued the Viking and the Marquette at the end of the 1930 model year, preferring to bet on Oldsmobile and Buick, which had better consumer awareness. However, an additional 353 units were assembled using existing parts and marketed as 1931 models. Oldsmobile would not use a V8 engine until the Oldsmobile Rocket V8 in 1949.

title: Viking (automobile)


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title: User talk:24.33.227.106