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Šarūnas Birutis

Šarūnas Birutis (born September 20, 1961 in Šiauliai) is a Lithuanian politician. He was a member of the European Parliament for the Labour Party from 2004 to 2009. In the parliament he joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

He received bachelor's degree in economics from Vilnius University in 1984 and master's degree in law from Mykolas Romeris University in 2003. After Lithuania's independence in 1990, Birutis worked establishing and developing tourist industry. In 1999 he joined the Ministry of the Economy as adviser for small and middle businesses. He was a member of the team, negotiating Lithuania's membership in the European Union. In 2004, he was elected to the European Parliament, where he joined the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy and Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection. Birutis ran again in 2009, but Labour Party gained only one seat which went to Viktor Uspaskich, leader and founder of the party.

title: Šarūnas Birutis


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Talk:Fragaria

Redirect to strawberry again
It's time to put the redirect back to Strawberry. The strawberry page has improved substantially since the redirect was removed. If there is no objection in the next week, I'll put the redirection to strawberry back into place.Nereocystis 07:07, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. --Jerome K. 09:36, 2005 May 11 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and carefull attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 18:44, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Wild strawberry
there is no mention of this variety of the fruit. the term redirects to a disambig page, i will redirect it here.Mercurywoodrose (talk) 03:40, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Potential reference
--Ronz (talk) 21:53, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Amil-Ruiz, F. et al. ”The Strawberry Plant Defense Mechanism: A Molecular Review”, Plant & Cell Physiology (2011),52(11):1873-1903.

Thank you for your opinion and suggestion.

This review is meant for readers who would like to delve deeper into the subject. The review is placed in the “further reading” – section because the Wikipedia guideline for this section read: “… publications that would help interested readers learn more about the article subject. The Further reading section (…) should normally not duplicate the content of the References section” (WP:FURTHER).

The Wikipedia content guideline for “Identifying reliable sources (medicine)” (WP:MEDRS) read: “It is usually best to use reviews and meta-analyses where possible.”

The review in question reflect the latest research (last 10 years) in the field, it is scholarly and peer-reviewed, and it is published in an academic journal. Granateple (talk) 23:15, 28 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Centralized discussion at Talk:Cranberry. --Ronz (talk) 03:03, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

French Illutration
Yupp, thats why I came to english wiki. Just to get more of your french useless jibberish... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.251.171.229 (talk) 03:38, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

True berries?
Wouldn't it make more sense to say that strawberries are not true botanical berries? There is a culinary/common use of "berry" that isn't any less legitimate. This is comparable to tomato being a botanical fruit but not a culinary fruit. 2600:6C40:5800:C4C:3E3D:4531:22FE:3E39 (talk) 12:29, 10 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree. The current phrasing is unnecessarily confusing (although only mildly). Invasive Spices (talk) 10 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree too, and have made a change. Peter coxhead (talk) 17:24, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Etym
This derives from the Latin word for strawberries and has nothing whatsoever to do with "fragrant" or "fragrance" (wikt). I left the previous mistake in place, assuming that an editor picked it up from a bad source or that it represents a commonish misconception. If it was simply a single editor's OR mistake, it's fine to remove it entirely. — Llywelyn II   11:15, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Fragaria


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Danutė Budreikaitė

Danutė Budreikaitė (born May 16, 1953, in Vilnius) is a Lithuanian politician who was a Member of the European Parliament from 2014 to 2019 as part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. Budreikaitė chose not to run for re-election in the 2019 European parliament elections.

title: Danutė Budreikaitė


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Arūnas Degutis

Arūnas Degutis (born 26 July 1958, in Kaunas) is a Lithuanian politician who was a signatory of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.

title: Arūnas Degutis


text:
Talk:Voltage-controlled filter

Voltage controlled filters have a variety of applications besides analog music synthesizers (bandpass filters in radio circuits that are controlled by the bias voltage on a variactor diode, etc.) Also, considering the various applications what is "high" and "low" frequency is completely arbitrary, 15khz would be considered a high frequency signal in an audio application but a very low frequency in one dealing with radio frequency signals. Perhaps there is a way that this entry can be specifically related to the use of VCFs in analog music synthesizers, or maybe rewritten to be more general?
 * Go ahead, be bold! (I don't have the knowledge) Karol 08:57, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

What references are missing?
I don't really see what references should be in this article. scoofy 22:16, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

All Wikipedia articles require references. Have any good ones for VCFs? Ted 3000 22:40, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voltage-controlled filter


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Jolanta Dičkutė

Jolanta Dičkutė (born December 8, 1970, in Kaunas) is a Lithuanian politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Labour Party; part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. She was studying at the Kaunas Medical University from 1989 to 2002 to earn PhD in public health.

title: Jolanta Dičkutė


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Radio Act of 1912

The Radio Act of 1912, formally, known as "An Act to Regulate Radio Communication", is a United States federal law which was the country's first legislation to require licenses for radio stations. It was enacted before the introduction of broadcasting to the general public, and was eventually found to contain insufficient authority to effectively control this new service, so the Act was replaced and the government's regulatory powers increased by the passage of the Radio Act of 1927.

Background
Radio communication (originally known as "wireless telegraphy") was developed in the late 1890s, but it was initially largely unregulated in the United States. The Wireless Ship Act of 1910 mandated that most passenger ships exiting U.S. ports had to carry radio equipment under the supervision of qualified operators, however individual stations remained unlicensed and unregulated. This led to numerous interference issues, including conflicts between amateur radio operators and the U.S. Navy and commercial companies, with a few amateur radio enthusiasts alleged to have sent fake distress calls and obscene messages to naval radio stations, and to have forged naval commands, sending navy boats on spurious missions.

The U.S. policy of unrestricted stations differed from most of the rest of the world. The 1906 International Radiotelegraph Convention, held in Berlin, called for countries to license their stations, and although United States representatives had signed this agreement, initially the U.S. Senate did not ratify the treaty. However, the U.S. was told it would not be invited to the next International Radiotelegraph Convention scheduled to be held in London in June 1912 unless it completed ratification, so on April 3, 1912, the U.S. Senate formally accepted the 1906 Convention, and began work on legislation to implement its provisions. The issue gained importance twelve days later due to the sinking of the Titanic, and the new law would also incorporate provisions of the London Convention signed on July 5, 1912, although the United States had not yet ratified the new treaty. The resulting Radio Act of 1912 was signed by President Taft on August 13, 1912, and went into effect December 13, 1912.

Implementation
At this time radio was almost exclusively used for point-to-point communication, and the three major categories of stations were maritime, transoceanic, and amateur. The Act was unusual in including numerous regulations within the text of the bill, in addition to providing a general regulatory framework. A key provision was the restriction of most amateur stations to wavelengths below 200 meters (frequencies above 1500 kHz), an assignment that greatly limited their transmitting range until the discovery a decade later of the great distances achievable through shortwave transmissions.

Implementation and enforcement of the Act was made the responsibility of the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor (Department of Commerce after March 1913), which was empowered to impose fines of not more than $500 and to suspend or revoke licenses of operators who violated regulations. Nine regional Radio Inspection districts were designated, with a radio inspector based in a major port within each district.

The broadcasting of news and entertainment to the general public, which began to be significantly developed in early 1920s, was not foreseen by this legislation. The first regulations specifically addressing broadcasting were adopted on December 1, 1921, when two wavelengths were set aside for stations making broadcasts intended for a general audience: 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment", and 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market and weather reports". The number of broadcasting stations grew tremendously in 1922, numbering over 500 in the United States by the end of the year. In 1923, only 1 percent of U.S. households owned at least one radio receiver, while a majority would by 1931.

Herbert Hoover became the Secretary of Commerce in March 1921, and thus assumed primary responsibility for shaping radio broadcasting during its earliest days, which was a difficult task in a fast-changing environment. To aid decision-making, he sponsored a series of four national conferences from 1922 to 1925, where invited industry leaders participated in setting standards for radio in general.

Legal challenges and replacement

During his tenure, Hoover was aware that some of his actions were on shaky legal ground, given the limited powers assigned to him by the 1912 Act. In particular, in 1921 the department had tried to refuse to issue a renewal license to a point-to-point radiotelegraph station in New York City, operated by the Intercity Radio Company, on the grounds that it was causing excessive interference to earlier radiotelegraph stations operating nearby. Intercity appealed, and in 1923 the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia sided with Intercity, stating the 1912 Act did not provide for licensing decisions at "the discretion of an executive officer". The Department of Commerce planned to request a review by the Supreme Court, but the case was rendered moot when Intercity decided to shut down the New York City station. Still, it had raised significant questions about the extent of Hoover's authority.

A second, ultimately successful, challenge occurred in 1926. The Zenith Radio Corporation in late 1925 established a high-powered radio station in Chicago, WJAZ. Due to a lack of available frequencies, the station was only authorized to transmit two hours each week. Based on the Intercity Radio Company ruling, company president E. F. McDonald decided to challenge the government by moving the station to a frequency previously reserved for use in Canada. On April 16, 1926, Judge James H. Wilkerson's ruling stated that, under the 1912 Act, the Commerce Department in fact could not limit the number of broadcasting licenses issued, or designate station frequencies. The government reviewed whether to try to appeal this decision, but Acting Attorney General William J. Donovan's analysis concurred with the court's decision.

The adverse ruling showcased the deficiencies of the 1912 Act. Thus, on February 23, 1927, a replacement, the Radio Act of 1927, was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge in order to strengthen the government's ability to effectively regulate radio communication.

title: Radio Act of 1912


text:
Magdalen Hsu-Li

Magdalen Hsu-Li (born Rochelle Li; 1970) is a Chinese American singer-songwriter, painter, speaker, writer and cultural activist. She is also a Doctor of Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine.

Biography
Hsu-Li was born in the southern city of Martinsville, Virginia to Chinese immigrant parents. She began piano lessons at age 8 but was mainly interested in painting in her early years. She has spoken about growing up with Tourettes.

She attended college at the Rhode Island School of Design where she won accolades including the Florence Leif Award for Excellence in Painting, the Talbot Rantoul Scholarship and the Chicago Institute of the Arts Oxbow Fellowship. After graduating, she moved to Seattle, Washington, and discovered a passion for music over visual art. She matriculated at the Cornish College of the Arts, where she studied classical music and jazz and won a music scholarship in 1995. In 2008, she graduated summa cum laude from Berklee College of Music with a Bachelor of Music.

Performance and recordings
She began performing publicly in 1996 and released her first album, Evolution, on her own Chickpop Records label in 1998. Her second album, Fire, was released in 2001 and was named one of Performing Songwriter magazine's top 12 DIY albums of the year, and best producer at the Outvoice Music Awards. Her song "As I am" was included on Performing Songwriter's ninth compilation album in 2003. Her third album, Smashing The Ceiling, was released in 2005 and had performances by the drummer Matt Chamberlain, the violinist Eyvind Kang and the guitarist Timothy Young. While attending Berklee she was a piano principal in the songwriting Department, and a recipient of the Berklee Achievement Scholarship and Jack Maher Scholarship for Excellence in songwriting. She is a multi-instrumentalist who writes most of her songs and tours with her partner Greane.

Music
Hsu-Li's music can be considered derivative of alternative rock, pop, folk and jazz and is described as having "vocals comparable to Tori Amos and Alanis Morissette and music at times reminiscent of Ani DiFranco's solo albums and other times of percussion-driven Rusted Root."

Hsu-Li describes her music as "pop rock alt folk singer-songwriter music with a tinge of country, jazz, and punk."

Reception
Hsu-Li's music has been described as "exquisitely furious, beautiful, and exciting" by The New York Times, and "an achingly gorgeous collection of piano-based rock recalling the finest moments of Tori Amos or Ben Folds Five" by Yolk magazine. Curve magazine called her music a sumptuous feast for the ears. "A Magazine" wrote, "her blend of hard-grounded folk and sweet siren lyrics makes an enduring impression upon the American music scene her distinguishing factor is her cool, edgy, sound and courage to be sensitive, tender, and feminine. As she carves her identity as an artist in an industry where Asian women are not thought of as musical powerhouses or innovators - Magdalen is a rare force with which to reckon."

About Fire, the Advocate wrote, "finely crafted, melodic, piano-based songs that borrow equally from pop, folk, jazz, blues and even punk."

In her own words
Her songs visually portray what she sees as a trained painter while addressing universal themes about identity, spirituality, consciousness, love, loss, and relationships. "I write completely from the heart," she says, "but also from my cultural heritages and the places I'm from (the southeast, northeast, and west coast). "One of the problems in our society is a lack of awareness for the wealth of cultural diversity that surrounds us," she says. "I intend to always be defining issues of identity, raising awareness, and bringing communities together through my music, art, and writing. My primary goal as an artist is to help break through the glass ceiling in America so that Asians and other cultural minorities become accepted as artistic and commercial forces in popular music and other artistic mediums."

In 2012, she spoke on her work on a book and CD, "This book and its accompanying CD will be the culmination of many stories, chapters, and tales within the paths that my life has taken," she says. "Throughout my life, I have rejected many traditions that were integral to my Chinese heritage, while simultaneously reclaiming others. I did not start out my life knowing what I would become. Rather, the shape and course of my life were composed like a painting or a piece of music, by the flow of events and people I encountered along the way, the choices that I made." I've always tried to live my life by listening to my heart and following the Dao." She says, "And I've been fortunate to have some amazing teachers and healers in my life. They've steadied me on my path along the way, giving me insights and guidance to help me be my highest self in this lifetime. It's time to share what they have taught me with others - and that is what this new book and CD will be about".

Discography

 * With ChickPop Records
 * 1997 Muscle and Bone (EP)
 * 1998 Evolution
 * 2001 Fire
 * 2005 Smashing the Ceiling

Medicine
In the mid-1990s, Hsu-Li experienced chronic laryngitis. She attended an acupuncturist and was able to return to singing. She continued with treatment and decided to train in the area. In the 2020s, she treats patients in Rhode Island.

Family
Hsu-Li has one child, with musician Greane (Adam Dias).

title: Magdalen Hsu-Li


text:
Ona Juknevičienė

Ona Juknevičienė (born April 28, 1955, in Trakai) is a Lithuanian politician and former Member of the European Parliament, part of the European Democrat Party and Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.

title: Ona Juknevičienė


text:
Rail directions

Rail directions are used to describe train directions on rail systems. The terms used may be derived from such sources as compass directions, altitude directions, or other directions. These directions are often specific to system, country, or region.

Radial directions
Many rail systems use the concept of a centre (usually a major city) to define rail directions.

Up and down
In British practice, railway directions are usually described as "up" and "down", with "up" being towards a major location. This convention is applied not only to the trains and the tracks, but also to items of lineside equipment and to areas near a track. Since British trains run on the left, the "up" side of a line is usually on the left when proceeding in the "up" direction.

On most of the network, "up" is the direction towards London. In most of Scotland, with the exception of the West and East Coast Main Lines, and the Borders Railway, "up" is towards Edinburgh. The Valley Lines network around Cardiff has its own peculiar usage, relating to the literal meaning of travelling "up" and "down" the valley. On the former Midland Railway "up" was towards Derby. On the Northern Ireland Railways network, "up" generally means toward Belfast (the specific zero milepost varying from line to line); except for cross-border services to Dublin, where Belfast is "down". Mileposts normally increase in the "down" direction, but there are exceptions, such as the Trowbridge line between Bathampton Junction and Hawkeridge Junction, where mileage increases in the "up" direction. Individual tracks will have their own names, such as Up Main or Down Loop. Trains running towards London are normally referred to as "up" trains, and those away from London as "down". Hence the down Night Riviera runs to Penzance and the up Flying Scotsman to London King's Cross. This distinction is less meaningful for trains not travelling towards or away from London; for instance a CrossCountry train from Manchester to Bournemouth uses "up" lines as far as Reading and "down" lines thereafter.

In China, railway directions with terminus in Beijing are described as "up" (上行, shàngxíng) and "down" (下行, xiàxíng), with "up" towards Beijing; while trains leaving Beijing are "down". Trains run through Beijing may have two or more numbers, for example, the train from Harbin to Shanghai K58/55 uses two different numbers: on the Harbin–Tianjin section, the train runs toward Beijing, the train is known as K58, but on the Tianjin–Shanghai section, the train is known as K55; the opposite train from Shanghai to Harbin is known as K56/57, while K56 is used from Shanghai to Tianjin and K57 is used from Tianjin to Harbin. Generally even numbers denote trains heading towards Beijing while odd numbers are those heading away from the capital.

In Japan, railway directions are referred to as "up" (上り) and "down" (下り), and these terms are widely employed in timetables and station announcements for the travelling public. For JR Group trains, trains going towards the capital Tokyo are "up" trains, while those going away from the capital are "down" trains. For private railway operators, the designation of "up" or "down" (if at all) usually relies on where the company is headquartered as "up".

In Hong Kong, most lines have their "down" direction towards the terminal closer to Central, with the exception of Disneyland Resort line, where the down line is towards Disneyland to be consistent with Tung Chung line where it branches from. On Tuen Ma line, the "down" end is Wu Kai Sha. The up/down direction was switched in the former Ma On Shan line such that it could be connected with the former West Rail line. The direction is signposted along the track, with the mileage increasing in the up direction, and also on the platform ends.

The railway systems of the Australian states have generally followed the practices of railways in the United Kingdom. Railway directions are usually described as "up" and "down", with "up" being towards the major location in most states, which is usually the capital city of the state. In New South Wales, trains running away from Sydney are "down" trains, while in Victoria, trains running away from Melbourne are "down" trains. An interstate train travelling from Sydney to Melbourne is a "down" train until it crosses the state border at Albury, where it changes its classification to an "up" train. Even in states that follow this practice, exceptions exist for individual lines. In the state of Queensland, "up" and "down" directions are individually defined for each line. Therefore, a train heading towards the main railway station in Brisbane (Roma Street station) would be classified as an "up" train on some lines but as a "down" train on other lines. In South Australia, there are two (2) up/down origins: Port Augusta and Adelaide.

In Taiwan, trains travelling north towards Keelung on the west-coast Main Line and towards Badu on the Yilan Line are considered "up" trains. However, on other parts of the network, the terminology "clockwise" and "counter-clockwise" is used instead.

Inbound and outbound
In many commuter rail and rapid transit services in the United States, the rail directions are related to the location of the city centre. The term inbound is used for the direction leading in toward the city centre and outbound is used for the opposite direction leading out of the city centre.

City name directions
Some British rail directions commonly used are London and Country. The London end of a station platform or train is the end nearer to London. First class accommodation, where provided, is usually at this end. The country end is the opposite end. This usage is problematic where more than one route to London exists (e.g. at Exeter St Davids, or Edinburgh Waverley).

Even and odd
In France, railway directions are usually described as Pair and Impair (meaning Even and Odd), corresponding to Up and Down in the British system. Pair means heading toward Paris, and Impair means heading away from Paris. This convention is applied not only to the trains and the tracks, but also to items of lineside equipment. Pair is also quasi-homophonic with Paris, so direction P is equivalent either with direction Pair or with direction Paris.

A similar system is in use in Italy, where directions can be Pari or Dispari (Even and Odd respectively). Pari (Even) trains conventionally travel north- and west-bound. The city of Paris is referenced in colloquial use (Parigi in Italian), with Pari trains virtually leading towards it (Paris being in a north-western direction from any point in Italy).

Polish railways also use parzysty and nieparzysty (even and odd) to designate line directions, with odd directions usually heading away from major cities (with historical exceptions in place) and thus functionally the equivalent of the British "down" direction. The odd direction is the direction of increasing mileage. With rail traffic in Poland operating on the right-hand side, down/odd tracks are usually on the right on double-track lines, and signalling equipment numbering follows this. Train numbers adhere to this directional principle to the extreme: trains entering a line in opposite direction of their previous line will change numbers accordingly (with numbering pairs: 0/1, 2/3, 4/5, 6/7, 8/9), and to give an example, 1300 and 1301 are the exact same train in Poland, with the even and odd numbers applying over different sections of its journey.

In Russia (and ex-USSR countries), the "even direction" is usually north- and eastbound, while the "odd direction" is south- and westbound. Trains travelling "even" and "odd" usually receive even and odd numbers as well as track and signal numbers, respectively.

Circumferential directions
In double track loop lines – such as those encircling a city – the tracks, trains and trackside equipment can be identified by their relative distance from the centre of the loop. Inner refers to the track and its trains that are closer to the geographic centre. Outer refers to the track and its trains that are furthermost from the geographic centre. One example is the City Circle line in the Sydney Trains system.

For circle routes, the directions may indicate clockwise or counterclockwise (anti-clockwise) bound trains. For example, on the Circle line of London Underground or the loop of the Central line, the directions are often referred to as "inner rail" (anti-clockwise) or "outer rail" (clockwise).

The same practice is used for circle routes in Japan, such as the Yamanote Line in Tokyo and the Osaka Loop Line, where directions are usually referred to as "outer" (外回り) and "inner" (内回り), in a system where trains go clockwise on the outer track and counter-clockwise on the inner track.

Cardinal directions
Most railroads in the United States use nominal cardinal directions for the directions of their lines, which often differ from actual compass directions. These directions are often referred to as "railroad" north, south, east, or west, to avoid confusion with the compass directions.

Typically an entire railroad system (the lines of a railroad or a related group of railroads) will describe all of its lines by only two directions, either east and west, or north and south. This greatly reduces the possibility of misunderstanding the direction in which a train is travelling as it traverses lines which may twist and turn or even reverse direction for a distance. These directions also have significance in resolving conflicts between trains running in opposite directions. For example, many railroads specify that trains of equal class running to the east are superior to those running west. This means that, if two trains are approaching a passing siding on a single-track line, the inferior westbound train must "take the siding" and wait there for the superior eastbound train to pass.

In the United States, most railroads use "east and west", and it is unusual for a railroad to designate "north and south" (the New York City Subway, the Chicago "L", and the Washington Metro are rare examples). Even-numbered trains (superior) travel east (or north). Odd-numbered trains (inferior) travel west (or south).

On the London Underground, geographic direction naming generally prevails (e.g. eastbound, westbound) except for the Circle line where it is Outer Rail and Inner Rail.

Other names for north and south
In New York City, the terms uptown and downtown are used in the subway to refer to northbound and southbound respectively. The nominal railroad direction is determined by how the line will travel when it enters Manhattan.

For railways in China that are not connected with Beijing, north and west are used as "up", and east and south as "down". Odd numbered train codes are used for "down" trains, while even numbers are used for "up"; for example, train T27 from Beijing West to Lhasa is "down" (going away from Beijing) since 27 is odd.

title: Rail directions


text:
Talk:Smoked meat

Religious bias
This article is totally jew-centric. There are plenty of cultures worldwide that create smoked meat recipes, regardless of their religions. The commonality between them is that these recipes were mainly the product of the peasantry. Perhaps we need to create a 'wikiProject Peasantry' class.

vs corned beef
Anyone have any specfics as to how this is so very different from corned beef? They are both brined and smoked beef brisket, the most different they can possibly be is slightly different spicing. There seems to be just as much difference in flavour between any two places smoked meats and their smoked meat vs corned beef. Generic Player 07:14, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

They are NOT both brined and smoked beef brisket. Corned beef is brined, but it is NOT smoked. "Smoked corned beef" certainly exists, but is not part of traditional Ashkenazic Jewish deli cuisine anywhere in North America.

Smoked meat is indigenous to Montreal, but spread throughout Quebec and to most of urban Canada many years ago. It is cured, spiced, smoked, and then steamed. Smoked meat is a RECIPE and, as such, differs widely from place to place and, for commercial products, brand to brand.

There are two primary methods used for producing smoked meat plus a third process that combines attributes of the other two.

The traditional method uses a spice rub and dry cure lasting anywhere from one to several weeks. There is also an industrial process that injects a chemical cure into the meat, curing it within a couple of days. Users of the industrial process sometimes also use a spice rub; sometimes not, and often use smoke flavouring rather than actually smoking the meat.

In the hybrid approach, some producers use the injection curing method, but they do not saturate the meat with chemicals or use added smoke flavouring. Not surprisingly, the taste falls somewhere in between.--Embeeusername 14:10, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I removed the references to smoked meat "now" being available outside Montreal and it "starting to appear" in restaurants outside Quebec. We've been eating smoked meat in Ontario for decades.  I've seen it on menus for years, even with references to it being "Montreal style" or being "Montreal smoked meat".  Maybe there are places out west where they haven't heard of it, but I think it's a real stretch to describe smoked meat as some new culinary sensation from Montreal.  That's like saying hamburgers are "starting to appear" in restaurants outside the U.S.  Skeezix1000 22:46, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Who's deciding what is supposed to be in that article?
The specifics of places, local and religious traditions and identified businesses move this article away from an encyclopedic examination of smoking meats in strictly scientific and general historic terms and into a type of survey with heavy overtones of provincial, commercial and religious interests. The meat smoking section section is no more than a stub; the remainder is more travelogue. Zanski 18 April 2014  — Preceding undated comment added 10:02, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

Can you please tell me why you removed the reference to the place in Berlin? I find it remarkable that a Canadian (Tim Coughlin) is bringing this dish to Germany, where it was totally unknown before. If the article really only wants to discuss the origin of this dish, it should not read like an ad for Schwartz's Delicatessen. Don't you think? My edit was far from being Vandalism. Groovebuster 13:34, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I reverted the reference to Berlin based on several things. The sentence structure appeared unclear.  Combined with the fact that you were editing from an IP, made multiple edits, and there was no edit summary made it look like vandalism.  Each alone might not have caught my attention, but together, they did.  There are blatant vandals who blank entire sections or replace words with vulgarity.  There are also sneaky ones that slide things in hoping to be overlooked.  I apologize for editing you out.  Feel free to re-add it.  Could I make the following suggestion – not knowing anything about Montreal?

 * Smoked meat can be found across Canada and have recently opened a franchise in Berlin, the capital city of Germany. Some would dispute whether it is truly possible to obtain true smoked meat outside of Montreal.

 * I also have to agree with the bulleted comment above. I think you need to establish what seperates this from any other deli.  Espesially with Germany.  My ancestry is German and the Germans know smoked meat.  -- Geneb1955 Talk / CVU 13:53, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Germans indeed know smoked meat in general (I am from Germany myself), but not the kind that is coming from Montreal, which the article is about. And it actually is no franchise, the Deli in Berlin is doing the Montreal Smoked Meat all by istelf. Montreal Smoked Meat is no trademark, it is just a recipe. The difference to other Delis in Germany is that it is the only one in Germany selling Montreal Smoked Meat. I still find it remarkable that after 70 years (we all know what happened back then) this jewish dish was brought back to Germany by a Canadian running a Deli where mainly canadian dishes are served. Since the article is also about the history of the dish, it is worth to be mentioned. But I do agree that this fact should be presented more detailed in order to prevent the reader from misunderstandings. I will think about it and re-edit when I find the time. Groovebuster 14:36, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

http://enroute.aircanada.com/en/articles/new-deli-berlin — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.70.48.156 (talk) 22:37, 28 July 2013 (UTC)

New York pastrami
This article could do with a complementary article on New York-style pastrami...

"Political smoked meat" ?
Encyclopedic content must be verifiable!

"has fled Montreal, due to Quebec's language laws, to Toronto"

This assertion do not correspond to the facts... There is no such things. Show me some references for this...

Is it possible for the unilingual Ontarians to sometimes shows a minimum of intellectual honnesty?

Bye

 * Please sign your entries. I fixed the wording. No more cause is given (for there are many, and not everyone that emigrated did so between, say 1976 and 1981).--Boffob 17:57, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Salted beef =/= smoked meat?
Saying that "Smoked" beef is the same as salted, or corned beef, doesn't make sense on it's face. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nosferatublue (talk • contribs) 00:29, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Totally don't know how to do this but there is a huge subjective cant in this article. See "this negatively effects..." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.15.15.83 (talk) 22:30, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

Will be turning this into a formal list article by country
As much as possible of the old article will be incorporated but the new article will include a listing by country, region and culture of smoked meat preparations particular to each. It will than become part of the larger category of World Cuisine], which is " Cuisine that is typical of almost all cultures such as pancakes, porridge or cheese cake by virtue of obvious uses of foodstuffs more so than direct sharing of ideas." This will follow other articles in that category as guides.

Objections? --Rarian rakista (talk) 06:57, 12 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed entirely. Reading the current article, you'd think that you have to be Jewish or live in Montréal to know anything about smoked meat.  In particular, European and Chinese techniques need much more representation.  Groogle (talk) 01:48, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Smoke Meat vs. Smoked Meat
See this article where someone says that in Quebec, it's called 'smoke meat' without the D, not 'smokeD meat.'

Can anyone corroborate this? It doesn't correspond with my experience, nor the pictures of Bens Delicatessen in Montreal...

http://www.eastbayexpress.com/WhatTheFork/archives/2013/08/06/montreal-style-smoke-meat-pops-up-in-oakland

Mowster (talk) 21:37, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Adding Citations and Content
I am adding citations and rewording/adding content to remove the "needs additional citations for verification." Some wording needed to be rewritten to be properly cited. I will eventually be adding some sections when I have time. Perplexed28 17:37, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

Biltong
I deleted Biltong to the see also list because it is never smoked. User:EthanRossie2000 feel free to comment or let me know I am wrong. I looked at adding it in the beginning, but found all references were clear it is dried, never smoked. If you have another South African smoked meat, let me know and I will add it.

title: Talk:Smoked meat


text: Category:House of Hanover

title: Category:House of Hanover


text:
Media General

Media General was an American media company based in Richmond, Virginia. The company's origins can be traced back to 1887 when Richmond attorney Joseph Bryan acquired The Richmond Daily Times, which later became The Richmond Times-Dispatch. Joseph Bryan's son, John Stewart Bryan succeeded his father as owner and publisher of the Times-Dispatch, which merged with The Richmond News Leader in 1940 to form Richmond Newspapers, Inc.

After John Stewart Bryan's death in 1944, his son, D. Tennant Bryan led the company into a period of expansion into television, changing the company's name to Media General in 1969. Media General, Inc. began trading on the American Stock Exchange in 1970.

In 1990, J. Stewart Bryan III, great-grandson of Joseph Bryan, became chairman, president and chief executive officer of Media General. The fourth-generation Bryan oversaw the company's expansion into digital media and the sale of Media General's newspaper division to Berkshire Hathaway in 2012. J. Stewart Bryan III remained chairman of Media General until his death on January 23, 2016.

In 2013 and 2014, Media General expanded significantly through mergers with Young Broadcasting and LIN Media. After the latter merger, LIN Media CEO Vincent L. Sadusky became chief executive officer of Media General while former Young Broadcasting CEO Deborah A. McDermott led station operations as Chief Operating Officer. Long-time Media General CFO James F. Woodward remained as Chief Financial Officer until the company's dissolution in 2017.

On January 11, 2017, the FCC approved the sale of Media General to Nexstar Broadcasting Group for $4.6 billion.

History
The conglomeration of newspapers was founded in 1940 when owners of Richmond, Virginia's two newspapers, the Times-Dispatch and News Leader, merged them to form Richmond Newspapers, Inc. In 1966, it purchased a majority interest in the Tampa Tribune, which included WFLA-AM-FM-TV in Tampa, making that the company's first ever foray into television, a strategy that was later used by such acquisition practices. In 1969, as the company's media properties grew and diversified, it was renamed Media General.

Additional acquisitions
In 1981, the company began its expansion practice of television stations under the Media General Telecommunications subsidiary. It first purchased WJKS-TV in Jacksonville from Ziff-Davis Broadcasting on December 7, 1981, for $18 million, the sale was approved on November 8, 1982. On July 5, 1982, the company bought out WCBD-TV in Charleston from the State Telecasting Company for $8 million, the deal was approved on January 24, 1983.

In 1982 the company acquired The William B. Tanner Company (previously known as Pepper-Tanner), a commercial radio jingle production company headquartered in Memphis. It was divested in 1988. In 1987, Media General, which included its Media General Broadcast Group comprising three television stations at that time, as well as its cable systems in various areas was sold off to a group led by The Giant Group, a firm owned by Burt Sugarman, which purchased a stake for $103.8 million, with backing also held by television production company Barris Industries.

In 1996, Media General acquired Park Acquisitions, the holding company for Park Communications, formerly owned by the media entrepreneur Roy H. Park.

In 1999, Media General bought Spartanburg-based Spartan Communications, which increased Media General's station portfolio from 14 to 27.

Four NBC-owned stations in smaller markets that were put up for sale on January 9, 2006. On April 6, NBC Owned Television Stations and Media General announced that the latter would purchase the four NBC O&O's as part of a $600 million four-station deal between the two companies.

Divestment of properties in the late 2000s
On July 28, 2006, Media General announced that they would sell KWCH-TV and its satellites to a Schurz Communications-affiliated company Sunflower Broadcasting for $73 million. On August 2, 2006, Media General announced that it would sell WIAT and KIMT to New Vision Television for $35 million; the sale was finalized on October 12, 2006. Between 2006 and 2008, Morris Network, a division of Morris Multimedia bought out two station properties, WDEF and WTVQ, the former's price for WDEF cost $22 million, and the latter's price for WTVQ-TV cost $16.5 million, totaling up a $38.5 million budget for the combined two stations.

On October 29, 2007, Media General announced that the company was exploring the sale of WCWJ, KALB-TV, WMBB, and WNEG-TV. On March 14, 2008, the company reached an agreement to sell KALB and WMBB to Hoak Media. The deal was closed on July 16. On June 25, 2008, Media General announced the sale of WNEG-TV to the University of Georgia. On January 28, 2009, Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced that it had reached an agreement to purchase WCWJ. The deal was finalized on May 1, 2009.

2010s: Expansions, mergers with Young Broadcasting and LIN Media
On June 6, 2013, Young Broadcasting announced that it would merge with Media General. On November 8, the FCC approved the merger. The merger closed on November 12. Following the merger, the new company was owned 67.5 percent by Young shareholders and 32.5 percent by Media General shareholders. The combined company owned 30 stations, reaching 14% of the United States. and continued to operate as Media General. Headquarters would remain in Richmond, Virginia, however, for the first time in over a century, the Bryan Family would not have a controlling interest in the company.

On March 21, 2014, Media General and LIN Media announced that the two companies would merge. The deal, worth an estimated $1.6 billion, would create an entity of 71 stations with a combined reach of 24% of U.S. television households. 45 Media General staff members were laid off; CEO George Mahoney stepped down in favor of his LIN counterpart Vincent Sadusky. In order to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as planned changes to rules regarding same-market television stations which would prohibit future joint sales agreements, some of the stations would be sold to several other companies in five markets (Birmingham, Green Bay, Mobile, Providence and Savannah) where both groups already own stations.

On August 20, 2014, Media General and LIN Media announced several sales. Media General sold WJAR, WLUK, WTGS and WCWF to the Sinclair Broadcast Group in exchange for Sinclair's KXRM, KXTU, WHTM and WTTA. Although the WHTM sale was discussed two months earlier, it was completed in September 2014, the rest of the transactions would not come into effect until the deal was completed. Hearst Television acquired WVTM and WJCL, and Meredith Corporation acquired WALA. On October 6, the two companies' shareholders approved the deal, and the FCC approved the deal on December 12. The merger was completed on December 19. A condition of the deal requires Media General to end the joint sales and shared services agreements it has with stations in Youngstown, Ohio, Dayton, Ohio, and Topeka, Kansas, due to tighter scrutiny such deals are getting by the FCC. Media General received a two-year waiver in those markets to end the JSAs and SSAs.

On July 14, 2015, Media General pulled its stations off of Mediacom cable systems across the United States due to a carriage dispute over retransmission consent fees. This carriage dispute saw Media General stations disappear from Mediacom lineups in 14 television markets across the United States and even three of the Fox affiliates owned by Media General were lost to Mediacom subscribers in Hampton Roads, Virginia, Terre Haute, Indiana, and Topeka, Kansas just before the start of the 2015 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. On July 30, 2015, Mediacom and Media General reached a new agreement, thereby restoring Media General owned stations to Mediacom subscribers in the affected areas.

On July 13, 2016, the FCC issued a $700,000 fine against Media General for using a shared services agreement with WAGT to prevent its new owner Gray Television from divesting it in the spectrum incentive auction.

Aborted merger with Meredith; acquisition by Nexstar
On September 8, 2015, it was announced that Media General would acquire Meredith Corporation in a cash and stock deal valued at $2.4 billion. Pending regulatory and shareholder approval, the deal was expected to be consummated in June 2016. The combined company was to be known as Meredith Media General, and become the third-largest owner of television stations in the United States—serving an estimated 30% of households. In order to comply with FCC regulations, some stations would have been sold to other companies in six markets where both groups already own stations (Greenville-Spartanburg, Hartford-New Haven, Mobile, Nashville, Portland (OR) and Springfield (MA)). Media General shareholders would have controlled 65% of the company, with Meredith shareholders holding 35%.

On September 28, it was revealed that Nexstar Broadcasting Group had made an unsolicited cash-and-stock offer for Media General, valued at $14.50 per-share. Following the announcement, Media General shareholders Oppenheimer Holdings (7% stake) and Starboard Capital (4.5% stake) opposed the Meredith merger in favor of selling to Nexstar. On October 6, 2015, the New York Post speculated that the deal had been called off, believing that the deal was unlikely to receive further shareholder support due to these objections. Both companies have denied that this was the case, and reported that other major shareholders were backing the merger. Media General hired additional firms to evaluate the Nexstar bid. On November 16, Media General rejected the offer but agreed to negotiate after concluding its merger with Meredith.

On January 27, 2016, Media General announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to be acquired by Nexstar in a deal valued at $17.14 per-share, valuing the company at $4.6 billion plus the assumption of $2.3 billion debt. The combined company will be known as Nexstar Media Group, and own 171 stations, serving an estimated 39% of households. The company will pay Meredith a termination fee of $60 million, and give Meredith right of first refusal to acquire any broadcast or digital properties that may be divested during the merger (a clause that Meredith did not exercise). The deal also includes contingent value rights for Media General shareholders if it sells spectrum from its stations during the FCC's spectrum incentive auction.

The transaction was approved on January 11, 2017, with the sale consummated six days later, on January 17.

Newspapers
On May 17, 2012, it was announced that investment company Berkshire Hathaway would be acquiring Media General's newspaper division (excluding The Tampa Tribune). The newspapers were planned to be merged into Berkshire Hathaway's World Media Enterprises division, a sister company of its other newspaper holdings under the Omaha World-Herald. The deal closed June 25, 2012. Media General's chairman and former CEO, J. Stewart Bryan III said the company faced a choice: either sell its newspaper division or file for bankruptcy protection. The latter, he said, was "unacceptable." At the end of 2011, Media General had $658 million in debt. In October 2012, The Tampa Tribune and its associated print and digital products were acquired by Tampa Media Group, Inc., a new company formed by Revolution Capital Group.

Major newspapers

 * Richmond Times-Dispatch
 * The Tampa Tribune
 * Winston-Salem Journal

Alabama

 * Dothan Eagle
 * The Enterprise Ledger
 * Opelika-Auburn News
 * The Eufaula Tribune
 * The Corner News

Florida

 * (Brooksville) Hernando Today (associated with The Tampa Tribune)
 * (Sebring) Highlands Today (associated with The Tampa Tribune'')
 * Jackson County Floridan (Marianna)
 * CENTRO Tampa (Spanish-language weekly)
 * (New Port Richey) The Suncoast News (associated with The Tampa Tribune)

North Carolina

 * The (Eden) Daily News
 * Hickory Daily Record
 * The (Marion) McDowell News
 * The (Madison) Messenger
 * The (Morganton) News Herald
 * The Reidsville Review
 * Statesville Record & Landmark
 * Statesville Record & Landmark

South Carolina

 * The Morning News (Florence) Daily Newspaper for Florence and the Pee Dee Region
 * The News and Post (Lake City) –  Weekly
 * The Marion Star (Marion) – Weekly
 * The Weekly Observer (Hemingway) – Weekly
 * The Hartsville Messenger –  Weekly

Virginia

 * Amherst New Era-Progress
 * Powhatan Today
 * Midlothian Exchange
 * Mechanicsville Local
 * Goochland Gazette
 * Bristol Herald Courier
 * Culpeper Star-Exponent
 * The (Charlottesville) Daily Progress
 * Danville Register & Bee
 * Nelson County Times
 * The News & Advance (Lynchburg)
 * The (Waynesboro) News Virginian
 * News & Messenger (Manassas) (defunct)
 * Richlands News-Press/Clinch Valley News
 * The Richmond News Leader (defunct)
 * Smyth News and Messenger (Marion)
 * The Wytheville Enterprise
 * Washington County News (Abingdon)
 * Greene County Record
 * Madison County Eagle
 * Orange County Review

Television stations
Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license.
 * (**) – Indicates a station built and signed on by Media General.

Other assets

 * Atlee Park
 * Blockdot
 * Boxerjam Media
 * BiteSizeTV
 * Hollywood Today Live, a daily syndicated entertainment news program distributed by Media General stations, along with Fox Television Stations under a traditional syndication arrangement.
 * LIN Digital

title: Media General


text:
Anne Johnston

Anne Johnston (1932 – June 26, 2019) was a Canadian politician and community activist. She was a longtime city councillor in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She was first elected to Toronto City Council in 1972, and served until 1985 when she ran against incumbent Mayor Art Eggleton, but was defeated. In 1988 she was elected to Metro Toronto Council (in the first election where Metro Councillors were directly elected). She served until Toronto was amalgamated into the megacity in 1997. That year, she was elected to the new Toronto City Council and served until 2003, when she was defeated by Karen Stintz. At the time of her defeat, she was the longest-serving and the oldest member of Toronto council.

Johnston was also a candidate for Mayor of Toronto in 1978, when she lost to Fred Beavis in a deadlocked council vote for David Crombie's interim replacement; that vote literally came down to Beavis' name being drawn out of a hat.

She campaigned for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in the 1981 provincial election as a member of the Ontario Liberal Party, and lost to Progressive Conservative incumbent Larry Grossman in St. Andrew—St. Patrick by 3,835 votes.

Johnston attempted to unseat Art Eggleton as mayor in the 1985 municipal election but was defeated 92,994 votes to 59,817. She returned to elected office in the 1988 when she was acclaimed as Metro Councillor for North Toronto.

In the late 1990s, Johnston's queries into the city's computer leasing deal led to the establishment of the MFP Inquiry which unearthed corrupt practices in the deal and reforms in the city's public accountability framework.

For most of her career, Johnston was known as a progressive voice on council. In her final term she supported a controversial condominium development at the corner of Yonge and Eglinton in 2002 adjacent to her ward. The North Toronto Tenants Network was so incensed by Johnston's move that they ran an advertisement in a local community paper, seeking applicants to contest Johnston's council seat. Stintz responded, and defeated Johnston in the 2003 municipal election by 2,321 votes.

Johnston chaired the Toronto Seniors' Assembly and has been appointed as the group's Seniors' Advocate. The Anne Johnston Health Station in Toronto is named after her.

Personal
Johnston was born in Wales and immigrated to Canada landing first in Montreal in the 1950s where she worked at a psychiatric hospital and then relocated to Toronto to work at the Queen Street Mental Health Centre.

Johnston died in Toronto and survived by her five children Heather Stauble, Keri Johnston, Robert Johnston, Jane Johnston and Tim Johnston as well as her eight grandchildren.

title: Anne Johnston


text: User talk:198.182.56.5

title: User talk:198.182.56.5


text: User talk:81.93.44.7

title: User talk:81.93.44.7


text:
Knuth reward check

Knuth reward checks are checks or check-like certificates awarded by computer scientist Donald Knuth for finding technical, typographical, or historical errors, or making substantial suggestions for his publications. The MIT Technology Review describes the checks as "among computerdom's most prized trophies".

History
Initially, Knuth sent real, negotiable checks to recipients. He stopped doing so in October 2008 because of problems with check fraud. As a replacement, he started his own "Bank of San Serriffe", in the fictional nation of San Serriffe, which keeps an account for everyone who found an error since 2006. Knuth now sends out "hexadecimal certificates" instead of negotiable checks.

, Knuth reported having written more than 2,000 checks, with an average value exceeding $8 per check. , the total value of the checks signed by Knuth was over $20,000. Very few of these checks were actually cashed, even the largest ones. More often they have been framed and kept as "bragging rights".

Intelligence: Finding an error in a Knuth text. Stupidity: Cashing that $2.56 check you got.

Amount
In the preface of each of his books and on his website, Knuth offers a reward of $2.56 (USD) to the first person to find each error in his published books, whether it be technical, typographical, or historical. Knuth explains that $2.56, or 256 cents, corresponds to one hexadecimal dollar. "Valuable suggestions" are worth 32 cents, or $1/8$ the value of an error (0.2 hexadecimal dollars or 20 hexadecimal cents). In his earlier books a smaller reward was offered. For example, the 2nd edition of The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1, offered $2.00.

The reward for coding errors found in Knuth's TeX and Metafont programs (as distinguished from errors in Knuth's books) followed an audacious scheme inspired by the wheat and chessboard problem, starting at $2.56, and doubling every year until it reached $327.68. Recipients of this "sweepstakes" reward include Chris Thompson (Cambridge) and Bogusław L. Jackowski (Gdańsk), and also Peter Breitenlohner on 20 March 1995.

Each check's memo field identifies the book and page number. 1.23 indicates an error on page 23 of Volume 1. (1.23) indicates a valuable suggestion on that page. The symbol Θ denotes the book Things a Computer Scientist Rarely Talks About, KLR denotes the book Mathematical Writing (by Knuth, Larrabee, and Roberts), GKP and CM denote the book Concrete Mathematics (by Graham, Knuth, and Patashnik), f1 denotes fascicle 1, CMT denotes the book Computer Modern Typefaces, DT denotes the book Digital Typography, SN denotes Surreal Numbers, CWEB denotes the book The CWEB System of Structured Documentation, DA denotes the book Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms, FG denotes the book Selected Papers on Fun and Games, and MM denotes the book MMIXware - A RISC Computer for the Third Millennium.

Delays
Knuth is often unable to answer immediately when a reader finds a mistake in one of his books or programs. In some cases, the delay has been several years. For example, on 1 July 1996, Knuth sent out more than 250 letters, 125 of which contained checks, for errors reported in The Art of Computer Programming since the summer of 1981. A few of these remain unclaimed as of May 2006. When Knuth is not able to reply immediately, he adds 5% interest, compounded continuously, to the reward.

title: Knuth reward check