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1997–98 NFL playoffs

The National Football League playoffs for the 1997 season began on December 27, 1997. The postseason tournament concluded with the Denver Broncos defeating the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII, 31–24, on January 25, 1998, at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California.

For the first time ever, all three Florida teams (the Jacksonville Jaguars, Miami Dolphins, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers) qualified for the playoffs. The feat would repeat itself in the 1999 postseason and again during the 2022 postseason.

Schedule
These playoffs marked the final season that NBC was the AFC network. CBS would then take over the rights to the AFC before the start of the following season. Super Bowl XXXII was also NBC's last NFL broadcast overall until 2006, when they signed on to televise Sunday Night Football.

ABC continued to broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, and Fox televised the rest of the NFC games.

NFC: Minnesota Vikings 23, New York Giants 22
The 1997 playoffs were notable for featuring four teams from the NFC Central. At fourth place were the Vikings, who had started the year a promising 8–2 before losing five straight games and barely making the postseason with a 9–7 record. The Vikings had made the playoffs in four of the last five seasons, but had lost each time in the first round. This time, however, they managed to earn a win by scoring 10 points in the final 90 seconds of the game.

Vikings quarterback Randall Cunningham got off to a rough start as he lost three first half turnovers that would be converted into nine New York points. After each team punted to start the game, Cunningham lost a fumble that was recovered by defensive tackle Bernard Holsey on the Vikings 23. New York ended up losing yardage with their ensuing drive, but Brad Daluiso kicked a 43-yard field goal to put them up 3–0. Cunningham fumbled again on his next drive, and New York defensive end Michael Strahan recovered the ball on the Minnesota 46-yard line. Quarterback Danny Kanell subsequently completed a 27-yard pass to fullback Charles Way, setting up Daluiso's second field goal that made the score 6–0.

In the second quarter, New York increased their lead to 13–0 with a 7-play, 56-yard scoring drive. Kanell kept it going with an 11-yard pass to running back Tiki Barber on third and 4, and then hit David Patten for a 37-yard completion to the Vikings 2-yard line. Three plays later, he threw a 3-yard touchdown pass to tight end Aaron Pierce. After the teams traded punts, Giants cornerback Jason Sehorn intercepted a pass from Cunningham and returned it 36 yards to the Vikings 47-yard line. New York then drove 23 yards to a 41-yard field goal from Daluiso, making the score 16–0. The Vikings punted on their next drive but caught a break when cornerback Duane Butler recovered a fumble from Giants receiver Amani Toomer on the punt return on the New York 27-yard line. Cunningham's 19-yard completion to Cris Carter moved the ball to the 7, leading to Eddie Murray's 26-yard field goal. However, his ensuing kickoff went out of bounds, giving the ball to New York on their 40. Taking advantage of their excellent field position, the Giants put together a 26-yard drive to score on Daluiso's 51-yard field goal giving New York a 19–3 lead. The Giants defense held the Vikings offense to 21 rushing yards and Cunningham completed only five of 16 passes for 46 yards.

Early in the third quarter, Vikings defensive end Jerry Ball recovered a fumble from Barber on the Giants 5-yard line, setting up Leroy Hoard's 5-yard touchdown run on the ensuing play that narrowed the gap to 19–10. Then after a punt, Minnesota's offense got on track, moving the ball into New York territory with Cunningham's 33-yard completion to Jake Reed. However, Murray missed a 48-yard field goal attempt. Still their defense managed to force a punt, and Brad Maynard's 15-yard kick gave Minnesota a first down on their own 40. This time they managed to drive 52 yards and score with Murray's 26-yard field goal, making the score 19–13 early in the fourth quarter.

New York's offense came back to life in the final quarter, as Kanell completed six passes on a 13-play, 74-yard drive, including an 18-yarder to Patten on third and 9, and a 21-yard completion to Chris Calloway. The Vikings defense halted the possession on their own 5, but Daluiso kicked his fifth field goal of the day from there, giving the Giants a 22–13 lead with 7:03 left in regulation. The Vikings got the ball back and ran seven plays, but could not get into scoring range and ultimately decided to punt facing a two-score deficit with 3:51 left.

"If we were home, we would have been booed all over the place, because people don't understand the game", Vikings coach Dennis Green said after the game. What persuaded Green to punt and keep playing defense was how well his maligned run defenders were stopping New York's running attack. But Green admitted he was cutting it close. "We had to get the onside kick", he said. "We practice it every day. Luck is when preparation meets opportunity."

Green's decision paid off as the Vikings forced a punt with 2:13 left, and got the ball on the Giants 49-yard line due to another short Maynard kick. Soon after, they scored on Cunningham's 30-yard touchdown pass to Reed with 1:30 left. Murray then attempted an onside kick, which bounced off Calloway's chest and was recovered by Vikings receiver Chris Walsh on the Minnesota 39. A false start penalty and an incompletion left the Vikings facing second and 15 from the 34, but Cunningham subsequently completed passes to Andrew Glover and Carter for gains of 5 and 24 yards. Following a 14-yard pass interference penalty on cornerback Phillippi Sparks, Robert Smith ran for a 16-yard gain to set up Murray's go-ahead 24-yard field goal with 0:10 remaining in the game.

This game was the biggest comeback win by a road team in the playoffs since 1972, and the first postseason win for the Vikings in nine years. It was also the first playoff win of Green's career, following four first-round playoff losses over the last five years.

This was the second postseason meeting between the Vikings and Giants. New York won the only prior meeting.

AFC: Denver Broncos 42, Jacksonville Jaguars 17
Denver compiled 310 rushing yards and 511 total yards of offense, and held the ball for 40:59 in a 42–17 win, avenging their playoff loss to the Jaguars the year before. The Broncos dominated early, converting their first nine third downs and scoring touchdowns on their first three drives. First, they converted four third downs as they drove 72 yards in 7:21, featuring a 25-yard reception by Ed McCaffrey on third and 15, and scored on a 2-yard touchdown run by Terrell Davis. Jacksonville was forced to a three-and-out on their next drive, and Bryan Barker's punt went just 24 yards to the Denver 40-yard line. The Broncos then drove 60 yards and increased their lead to 14–0 with a 43-yard touchdown pass from John Elway to Rod Smith on third down and 4 with 2:37 left in the first quarter. Reggie Barlow returned the ensuing kickoff 37 yards to midfield, and Jacksonville subsequently drove to the Denver 40, but were stopped there and had to punt. Barker's kick pinned the Broncos back at their own 8, but they still drove 92 yards to make the score 21–0 on Davis' 5-yard touchdown run. The key play of the drive was a 40-yard completion from Elway to Smith on third down and 6 from their own 12-yard line. Later in the drive, Elway completed a 16-yard pass to Smith on third down and 13 from the Jags 26. By this point, Elway had completed all six of his passes for 156 yards on third down plays.

Jacksonville responded by driving 79 yards, aided by a 16-yard reception from Jimmy Smith and a 34-yard pass interference penalty on safety Darrien Gordon, to score on a 2-yard touchdown run from Natrone Means, cutting the score to 21–7 with just over five minutes left in the second quarter. This would be the final score of the first half as the next three drives would end in punts.

Barlow returned the second half kickoff 58 yards to the Broncos 27, setting up Jags kicker Mike Hollis' 38-yard field goal that cut the score to 21–10. Four minutes later, safety Travis Davis blocked a punt from Denver's Tom Rouen and returned it 29 yards for a touchdown, bringing Jacksonville to within 21–17. Despite a 51-yard kickoff return by Vaughn Hebron, things seemed to look even better for Jacksonville on the ensuing possession when safety Chris Hudson forced a fumble from Elway that was recovered by defensive end Renaldo Wynn. Jacksonville quarterback Mark Brunell's subsequent 37-yard completion to tight end Damon Jones gave them a first down on the Broncos 16-yard line. But on the next play, Brunell lost a fumble of his own that was recovered by linebacker Allen Aldridge. Denver then drove to the Jacksonville 15, featuring a 59-yard run by Davis, but Elway lost another fumble that was recovered by cornerback Dave Thomas and the score remained 21–17 going into the fourth quarter.

In the final quarter, Denver took over the game. Jacksonville was forced to punt after Elway's second fumble, and Barker's 27-yard kick gave Denver a first down on the Jacksonville 48. From there it took just two plays to score, a 23-yard completion from Elway to tight end Shannon Sharpe and a 25-yard touchdown run by Derek Loville, making the score 28–17. The Jaguars made one last spirited comeback attempt, but Gordon put an end to it by intercepting a pass from Brunell in the end zone. Denver then drove 80 yards in 10 plays, eight of them carries by Loville (including a 44-yard run), who was now starting in place of the injured Davis. On the last play, his 8-yard touchdown run gave Denver a 35–17 lead. Now in a desperate situation, Brunell attempted to convert a fourth and 10 on the Jaguars next drive, but Gordon sacked him for a 10-yard loss, while a 15-yard unnecessary roughness penalty on receiver Keenan McCardell gave the Broncos a first down on the Jacksonville 15-yard line. A few plays later, Hebron finished off the scoring on a 6-yard touchdown run with 1:16 left in the game.

Davis rushed for 184 yards and two touchdowns, while also catching four passes for 11 yards. Loville, who rushed for only 124 yards during the regular season, had 103 yards and two touchdowns on just 11 carries and a 10-yard reception. Elway completed 16 of 24 passes for 223 yards and a touchdown. Rod Smith was the top receiver of the game with three receptions for 99 yards and a touchdown. Hebron had six carries for 23 yards and a touchdown, along with three kickoff returns for 87 yards. Barlow returned three kickoffs for 118 yards and a punt for five yards. Jags defensive end Clyde Simmons had two sacks.

This was the second postseason meeting between the Jaguars and Broncos. Jacksonville won the only prior meeting the year prior.

AFC: New England Patriots 17, Miami Dolphins 3
New England had narrowly defeated the Dolphins 14–12 in a tough defensive struggle during the last Monday night game of the regular season, and this playoff game would have similar results. The Patriots' defense held Miami to 162 total yards of offense, 42 rushing yards and forced three Dolphins turnovers. Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino completed only 17 of 43 passes for 141 yards and was intercepted twice. He also fumbled the ball twice, losing a turnover on one of them. This was the first time in Marino's 15-year career (including 14 postseason games) that he did not throw a touchdown pass in a playoff game. Without star running back Curtis Martin, New England could only generate 228 offensive yards, but their ball security turned out to be key as they avoided losing any turnovers for the entire game.

The first quarter was scoreless. Near the end of it, Miami threatened to score with a drive to the Patriots 39, but lost the ball when Karim Abdul-Jabbar was tackled by Todd Collins and Lawyer Milloy for no gain on fourth and 1. New England then drove to the Dolphins 31-yard line, but also failed to score when Adam Vinatieri missed a 48-yard field goal attempt.

A few plays later, Marino threw his first interception, which was returned 22 yards to the Dolphins 29-yard line by New England linebacker Chris Slade off a pass deflected by safety Larry Whigham, setting up quarterback Drew Bledsoe's 24-yard touchdown pass to receiver Troy Brown. New England would go into halftime with a 7–0 lead, as the only other scoring opportunity of the half would be a Pats drive to the Miami 30 that ended with another missed field goal attempt from Vinatieri.

On the second play of the third quarter, Collins returned Marino's other interception 40 yards for a touchdown, making him the first Patriot to ever score on a postseason interception return. After a punt, New England mounted the first long sustained scoring drive of the game, moving the ball 67 yards in 15 plays. Running back Derrick Cullors carried the ball seven times for 42 yards on the drive, while Bledsoe added a 20-yard completion to Terry Glenn and Vinatieri finished it off with a 22-yard field goal with 1:58 left in the third quarter.

Aided by a 40-yard kickoff return by Corey Harris and a 10-yard late hit penalty against Vinatieri at the end of it, Miami finally managed to score on their following drive, moving the ball 23 yards to the Patriots 20-yard line where Olindo Mare made a 38-yard field goal on the second play of the fourth quarter. After Mare's field goal, Miami recovered an onside kick, but cornerback Chris Canty forced a fumble while sacking Marino, and Slade recovered the ball. Miami's final three drives of the game would result in a punt and two turnovers on downs.

Cullors, who only rushed for 102 yards during the season, was the sole offensive star of the game, with 86 yards on 22 carries and a kick return for 17 yards.

This was the third postseason meeting between the Dolphins and Patriots. Both teams split the prior two meetings.

NFC: Tampa Bay Buccaneers 20, Detroit Lions 10
The Buccaneers won their first playoff game since 1979, in what turned out to be their final game at Houlihan's Stadium. Tampa Bay built a 20–0 lead midway through the third quarter. Lions quarterback Scott Mitchell completed only 10 of 25 passes for 78 yards, and running back Barry Sanders, who rushed for over 2,000 yards during the season, had 18 carries for just 65 yards.

Bucs quarterback Trent Dilfer's 23-yard completion to Karl Williams on third down and 1 set up the first score of the game, Michael Husted's 22-yard field goal with 5:25 left in the first quarter. The Lions received a huge scoring opportunity when Williams fumbled a punt at the end of the next drive. Lions linebacker Matt Russell got to the ball first, but instead of falling on the ball, he tried to pick it up and run with it. Instead of grabbing the ball, he accidentally batted it out of bounds, allowing the Bucs to keep possession on the Lions 11-yard line. Taking full advantage of their second chance, Tampa Bay subsequently drove 89 yards in 17 plays, taking 8:50 off the clock and converting three third downs, one from a 12-men on the field penalty against Detroit. Dilfer finished the drive with a 9-yard touchdown pass to Horace Copeland that put the team up 10–0. Later on, Buccaneers cornerback Anthony Parker intercepted a pass from Mitchell and returned it 19 yards to the Lions 20-yard line, setting up Husted's 43-yard field goal that gave the team a 13–0 lead at the end of the half. Tampa Bay had a chance to increase their lead even more before halftime with a drive to the Lions 43, but Ron Rice intercepted a pass from Dilfer on the last play of the second quarter.

Detroit had to punt on their opening drive of the third quarter, and John Jett's 31-yard kick gave Tampa Bay great field position on their own 47-yard line. Five plays later, Bucs fullback Mike Alstott scored on a 31-yard touchdown run (the longest run in franchise playoff history) to make the score 20–0. Detroit responded with their best drive of the day, moving the ball 73 yards to the Tampa Bay 8-yard line. But it ended with no points when Mitchell threw an incomplete pass on fourth down and 3.

Detroit finally managed to put some points on the board the next time they got the ball, driving 46 yards in nine plays. The key play was a 17-yard run by Ron Rivers on fourth and 4 from the Lions 45. After reaching the Buccaneers 17, Mitchell suffered a concussion on a 2-yard run and was replaced by Frank Reich. On the next play after the injury, Jason Hanson kicked a 33-yard field goal, cutting the score to 20–3. Then after a Bucs punt, Reich completed all five of his pass attempts for 71 yards (3 of them to Johnnie Morton for 45) on the way to Tommy Vardell's 1-yard touchdown run, and the lead was trimmed to 20–10. The Lions seemed primed to make a serious comeback attempt when they forced Tampa Bay into a third and 5 situation on their own 10-yard line, but Dilfer's 50-yard completion to Robb Thomas moved the ball to the Lions 36. The Bucs were unable to score, but Sean Landeta's punt pinned the Lions back at their own 4-yard line with 3:20 left in the game. Then after completing a 14-yard pass on third and 15 during their final drive, Reich accidentally spiked the ball on fourth down, giving the ball to Tampa Bay.

In the defensive struggle, both teams combined for only 623 yards (316 for Tampa Bay, 307 for Detroit). Bucs running back Warrick Dunn was the leading rusher of the game with 72 yards, while Alstott had 68 yards and a touchdown, along with a reception for 12 yards. Morton was the Lions leading receiver of the game with seven receptions for 69 yards.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Lions and Buccaneers.

AFC: Pittsburgh Steelers 7, New England Patriots 6
Quarterback Kordell Stewart's 40-yard touchdown run in the first quarter was the difference in a defense-dominated game.

The Patriots were severely depleted by injuries, playing without star running back Curtis Martin. Pro Bowl tight end Ben Coates was limited to just a few plays, while receiver Terry Glenn was out of the game a few minutes into the fourth quarter. On the third play of the game, rookie safety Chad Scott intercepted a pass from New England quarterback Drew Bledsoe and returned it 27 yards to the Steelers 38. Stewart then got the team to the Patriots 40-yard line, converting two third downs with 10-yard completions to Charles Johnson before taking the ball the rest of the way to the end zone on a 40-yard score, the longest touchdown run in Steelers playoff history at the time.

In the second quarter, Bledsoe completed two passes to Shawn Jefferson for 29 yards and a 36-yard throw to Glenn on a 65-yard drive that ended with Adam Vinatieri's 31-yard field goal, making the score 7–3. Later on, Pittsburgh drove to the New England 33-yard line, but cornerback Steve Israel intercepted a pass from Stewart. The only remaining highlight of the quarter would be Steelers receiver Will Blackwell's 58-yard punt return on the last play of the half.

On the last play of the third quarter, Bledsoe's 39-yard completion to Glenn led to a 46-yard field goal from Vinatieri, cutting their deficit to 7–6. After a punt from each team, the Steelers had a chance to put the game away with a drive to the Patriots 1-yard line. On fourth down, coach Bill Cowher tried to ice the game with a conversion attempt, but Stewart was stuffed for no gain with 3:24 left in regulation. This gave New England one last chance to drive for a winning field goal and they managed to reach their own 42, but rookie linebacker Mike Vrabel stripped the ball from Bledsoe, and fellow linebacker Jason Gildon recovered it. The Patriots managed to get it back with 34 seconds left, but linebacker Levon Kirkland intercepted Bledsoe's Hail Mary pass on the game's final play.

For the third time in four years, Pittsburgh would play and host the AFC Championship Game. Jefferson was the sole offensive star of the game with nine receptions for 106 yards. Jerome Bettis led the Steelers with 74 yards from scrimmage but was held in check by New England's defense. Blackwell had four punt returns for 78 yards and three kickoff returns for 36. Gildon had a sack and two fumble recoveries.

This was the second postseason meeting between the Patriots and Steelers. New England won the only previous meeting.

NFC: San Francisco 49ers 38, Minnesota Vikings 22
Minnesota came into the playoffs with the second-to-last ranked defense during the regular season, something the 49ers proved more than capable of exploiting. By the end of the game, San Francisco racked up 394 yards without losing a single turnover and only giving up one sack. Filling in for the injured starter Garrison Hearst, 49ers running back Terry Kirby ran for a career-high 120 yards and two touchdowns, while receiver J. J. Stokes caught a career-high nine passes for 101 yards. Steve Young threw for 220 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing for 37. Minnesota had 374 yards, but lost 91 of them with 12 penalties. Vikings quarterback Randall Cunningham threw for 331 yards and three touchdowns, but also threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown. His top target was Jake Reed, who caught five passes for 114 yards. Cris Carter added six receptions for 93 yards and two touchdowns.

Early in the first quarter, Vikings punter Mitch Berger shanked a 12-yard punt that gave the 49ers a first down on the Minnesota 26-yard line, leading to fullback William Floyd's 1-yard touchdown run. It the start of a long day for Berger, who finished the game with a measly 29.9 yards per punt average on his seven kicks. Still, the Vikings responded on their first play after the ensuing kickoff with Cunningham's 66-yard touchdown pass to Carter. Late in the second quarter, a 28-yard pass interference penalty on Vikings safety Torrian Gray and a personal foul call against linebacker Dwayne Rudd for kicking the penalty flag gave the 49ers a first down on the Minnesota 2-yard line. On the next play, a penalty against linebacker Dixon Edwards put the ball on the 1, and Kirby ran the ball into the end zone from there, giving the 49ers a 14–7 lead at the end of a 61-yard drive. Then on the Vikings ensuing drive, linebacker Ken Norton Jr. intercepted a pass from Cunningham and returned it 23 yards for a touchdown, making the score 21–7 going into halftime.

San Francisco increased their lead to 24–7 early in the third quarter, driving 46 yards in 10 plays to score with Gary Anderson's 34-yard field goal. But the Vikings responded with Cunningham's 53-yard completion to Reed setting up a 3-yard touchdown reception by Carter, narrowing the gap to 24–14. Replays showed the officials blew the call on Reed's reception because his second toe came down on the end line, but it didn't make much difference because the 49ers came back with a 75-yard touchdown drive with Kirby rushing for gains of 22 and 14 yards on the first two plays. Young's 15-yard pass to Terrell Owens made the score 31–14.

In the fourth quarter, a 15-yard penalty against Vikings defensive tackle John Randle and a 29-yard completion from Young to Stokes set up Kirby's second touchdown of the day to put the Niners up 38–14 before Cunningham led a desperate comeback attempt. After finishing a 73-yard drive with a 13-yard touchdown pass to Matthew Hatchette that cut the score to 38–22, he led the team to the 49ers 16-yard line with about two minutes left in the game. But after spiking the ball on first down, he threw three consecutive incompletions, resulting in a turnover on downs that allowed San Francisco to run out the rest of the clock.

This was the fifth postseason meeting between the Vikings and 49ers. San Francisco won three of the prior four meetings.

NFC: Green Bay Packers 21, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7
Packers running back Dorsey Levens rushed for a team playoff record 112 yards and a touchdown while also catching four passes for 29 yards as the Green Bay defense held Tampa Bay to 90 rushing yards and intercepted two passes from Trent Dilfer, who completed only 11 of 36 passes for 200 yards.

Early in the game, Tampa Bay sent their field goal unit onto the field three times, but failed to get any points each time. After the game started with a punt from each team, the Bucs drove to the Green Bay 25-yard line, but Packers defensive tackle Bob Kuberski blocked Michael Husted's 43-yard field goal attempt. Green Bay then drove 67 yards, including a 26-yard catch by Antonio Freeman, to score on Brett Favre's 3-yard touchdown pass to tight end Mark Chmura. Tampa Bay responded with a drive to the Packers 25-yard line, but came up empty again. On fourth and 2 they attempted a fake field goal with a pass by Steve Walsh, but tight end John Davis was tackled by Keith McKenzie at the line of scrimmage for no gain.

Early in the second quarter, Tampa Bay got another scoring chance when Warren Sapp forced and recovered a fumble from Levens on the Green Bay 30-yard line. The Bucs then moved the ball to the 12, only to come up empty again when Walsh fumbled a bad snap on their field goal attempt. Later on, Packers receiver Robert Brooks' 28-yard punt return and 21-yard reception set up a field goal by Ryan Longwell. Then on the first play of the Bucs ensuing drive, Tyrone Williams intercepted a pass from Dilfer and returned it 14 yards, setting up Longwell's second field goal with six seconds left in the half, making the score 13–0.

Green Bay receiver Antonio Freeman returned the second half kickoff 90 yards for a touchdown, but a holding penalty on Darren Sharper eliminated the score and moved the ball all the way back to their own 11-yard line. Green Bay still managed to drive into scoring range, but on the eighth play of the drive, Bucs cornerback Donnie Abraham intercepted a pass from Favre on the Tampa Bay 6-yard line. Dilfer subsequently led the Bucs offense 94 yards in eight plays, completing a 54-yard pass to Reidel Anthony and a 28-yard pass to Dave Moore along the way, to score on fullback Mike Alstott's 6-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 13–7. But two possessions later, Brooks' 14-yard punt return gave the Packers the ball on their 46-yard line, where they proceeded to drive 54 yards and score with a 2-yard touchdown run by Levens. Then, Favre closed out the scoring by running in the two-point conversion on a quarterback draw. Tampa Bay's final three possessions would result in two turnovers on downs and an interception by Packers safetyMike Prior.

Favre had a rough day, completing only 15 of 28 passes for 190 yards and a touchdown with two interceptions. Anthony finished the game with 141 all-purpose yards (one reception for 52 yards, four kick returns for 68 yards, and one punt return for 21 yards).

This was the first postseason meeting between the Buccaneers and Packers.

AFC: Denver Broncos 14, Kansas City Chiefs 10
For the third consecutive year the AFC's No. 1 seed fell in the divisional playoffs. One week after avenging the previous year's playoff loss against Jacksonville, the Broncos avenged their 24–22 regular season loss in Kansas City by knocking the Chiefs out of the playoffs. Denver running back Terrell Davis ran for 101 yards and two touchdowns to lead the Broncos to victory. Chiefs quarterback Elvis Grbac threw for 260 yards, but his team could only score 10 points. Receiver Andre Rison caught eight passes for 110 yards.

Midway through the second quarter, Chiefs kicker Pete Stoyanovich appeared to open the scoring with a 34-yard field goal, but it was eliminated by a holding penalty and his second attempt hit the crossbar from 44 yards. Denver then went on an 8-play, 65-yard drive on the way to a 1-yard touchdown run by Davis on the first play after the two-minute warning, including John Elway's 27-yard completion to tight end Dwayne Carswell and a critical third and 7 completion to Rod Smith for 17 yards on the Chiefs 4-yard line to keep the drive going. This was the first rushing touchdown surrendered by Kansas City at home since the 1996 season, a string of 42 quarters.

In the second half, Kansas City drove 67 yards to the Broncos 3-yard line, starting with Grbac's 34-yard pass to Rison on the first play. But on third and goal, rookie tight end Tony Gonzalez was unable to keep both feet in bounds while making a catch, so they had to settle for Stoyanovich's 20-yard field goal that made the score 7–3. Denver had a big opportunity to respond on their next drive when Davis ran for a 41-yard gain to the Chiefs 11-yard line. But Derek Loville ended up losing a fumble that safety Reggie Tongue recovered. Following an exchange of punts, Grbac's 50-yard completion to receiver Joe Horn advanced the ball to the Broncos 15-yard line, and Gonzalez eventually caught a 12-yard touchdown pass to give Kansas City their first lead of the game, 10–7, going into the fourth quarter.

Early in the final quarter, Elway completed a 43-yard pass to Ed McCaffrey that set up Davis' second 1-yard touchdown run, giving the lead back to Denver, 14–10. Kansas City responded with a drive to the Denver 32-yard line. On fourth and six, they attempted to fool the Broncos with a fake field goal attempt, but holder Louie Aguiar was tackled by Darrien Gordon after picking up just three yards.

The Chiefs had one last opportunity to go ahead near the end of the game, moving the ball to the Broncos 20-yard line on a drive that included a 29-yard pass interference penalty against Denver and Grbac's 12-yard completion to Lake Dawson on fourth down and 9. Grbac later completed a 23-yard pass to Rison at the Broncos 28, but after the next three plays netted eight yards, Gordon deflected Grbac's fourth down pass in the end zone with 12 seconds left.

For the second time in three years, Kansas City was eliminated as a No. 1 seed. The Chiefs lost despite outgaining Denver in total yards (303 to 272), first downs (18 to 16) and time of possession (31:06 to 28:54). Elway completed 10 of 19 passes for 170 yards. Denver linemen Alfred Williams and Neil Smith (a former Chief) each had two sacks. This was the last game in the Hall of Fame career of Chiefs running back Marcus Allen. as well as the final post-season meeting between John Elway and Kansas City Chiefs head coach Marty Schottenheimer.

This was the first postseason meeting between the Broncos and Chiefs.

AFC: Denver Broncos 24, Pittsburgh Steelers 21
For the second week in a row, Denver eliminated a team on the road who had beat them in the regular season. In Week 15, Pittsburgh had defeated the Broncos 35–24, with quarterback Kordell Stewart throwing for 303 yards and three touchdowns, while running for two more. But this time, Denver intercepted three of his passes and recovered a fumble, while also sacking him three times.

Most of the scoring came in the first half. Pittsburgh got an early scoring opportunity when Levon Kirkland intercepted a pass from Denver quarterback John Elway on the Broncos 43-yard line. The Steelers then moved the ball to the 20, only to have Norm Johnson miss a 38-yard field goal attempt. On the next play Denver running back Terrell Davis took off for a 43-yard run to the Steelers 29-yard line, and the team went on to score on Davis' 8-yard touchdown run. Will Blackwell returned the ensuing kickoff 18 yards to the 35-yard line, where Pittsburgh went on to move the ball 65 yards to tie the game. On the final two plays, Stewart completed a 20-yard pass to Yancey Thigpen and then ran the ball the final 33 yards to the end zone. Steelers safety Darren Perry ended Denver's next drive by forcing and recovering a fumble from Davis on the Pittsburgh 32-yard line. Pittsburgh then drove 68 yards in 11 plays to go up 14–7 on Jerome Bettis' 1-yard touchdown run a few minutes into the second quarter.

The Broncos took the ball back and went on a 10-play, 45-yard drive to score on kicker Jason Elam's 43-yard field goal. Both teams had to punt on their next drives, and Blackwell's 19-yard return gave the Steelers a first down on the Broncos 43-yard line. But two plays later, Stewart forced a throw into double coverage and safety Ray Crockett intercepted his pass in the end zone. After the turnover, Elway led the Broncos 80 yards to score on his 15-yard touchdown pass to fullback Howard Griffith, giving the Broncos the lead, 17–14. The Steelers had to punt on their next drive, and Darrien Gordon returned the ball 19 yards to the Broncos 46, setting up a 54-yard drive that ended on Elway's 1-yard touchdown pass to Ed McCaffrey that gave Denver a 24–14 lead with 13 seconds left in the half. 34 of their 54 yards came from a pass interference penalty on Steelers cornerback Carnell Lake on the first play of the drive.

Both defenses controlled most of the second half. The Steelers took the opening drive of the second half and moved the ball methodically down the field and had a great scoring chance at the Broncos 5-yard line. But linebacker Allen Aldridge ended the possession with an interception in the end zone. The next time the Steelers got the ball, they moved it to the Broncos 32, only to lose it again when Neil Smith forced a fumble while sacking Stewart and Denver's Mike Lodish made the recovery.

Late in the fourth quarter, Stewart completed seven of eight passes for 68 yards and rushed twice for 11 yards on a 79-yard drive that ended with his 14-yard touchdown pass to Charles Johnson, cutting the score to 24–21 with 2:46 left in regulation. At the two-minute warning, facing third down and 5 on their own 15-yard line on their ensuing drive, Elway connected on an 18-yard completion to Shannon Sharpe for a first down. Then on the next play, he completed a 10-yard pass to McCaffrey for another first down, enabling his team to run out the rest of the clock. Sharpe later said that Elway made up the converting play in the huddle, seconds before the snap.

Davis rushed for 139 yards and a touchdown. Bettis rushed for 105 yards and a touchdown. This would turn out to be the final playoff game at Three Rivers Stadium. The next time the Steelers advanced to the playoffs would be in 2001 in brand new Heinz Field (now Acrisure Stadium). This was the first time since playoff seeding was established in 1975 that the team who finished with a better regular season record had to play a Conference Championship Game on the road.

This was the fifth postseason meeting between the Broncos and Steelers. Both teams previously split the four prior meetings.

NFC: Green Bay Packers 23, San Francisco 49ers 10
For the third year in a row, Green Bay easily trounced the 49ers in the playoffs, holding them to just 257 total yards while forcing four fumbles and five sacks. The 49ers gained just 33 rushing yards and running back Garrison Hearst, who rushed for over 1,000 yards during the season, had only 12 yards on eight carries. The average starting field position for the 49ers was from their own 17-yard line.

On its opening possession, Green Bay moved the ball 76 yards in 10 plays, with Brett Favre completing an 18-yard pass to Robert Brooks. On the next play, 49ers safety Rod Woodson was called for a 24-yard pass interference penalty, moving the ball to the 49ers 35. Green Bay eventually reached the 2-yard line before a pass was deflected falling short of the wide open fullback William Henderson, forcing the Packers to settle for a field goal from Ryan Longwell.

In the second quarter, San Francisco drove 60 yards from their own 12 to the Green Bay 28, where they faced third down and 8. On the next play, Steve Young's pass was intercepted by Packers safety Eugene Robinson and returned 58 yards to the 49ers 28 in what turned out to be a crucial play. Favre then found wide receiver Antonio Freeman slicing across the middle on a slant for a 27-yard touchdown pass to give the Packers a 10–0 lead.

Later on, Green Bay managed a drive deep into San Francisco territory, but Favre committed a 15-yard intentional grounding penalty on third and 14, and Longwell missed a 47-yard field goal attempt on the next play. On the 49ers ensuing drive, they drove 52 yards in nine plays, including Young's 48-yard completion to Terrell Owens on third down and 26, to reach the Packers 10-yard line. Young nearly completed a touchdown pass to J. J. Stokes, but Stokes landed with one foot out of bounds in the end zone and the 49ers settled for a Gary Anderson field goal, cutting the score to 10–3 with less than a minute left in the half. Only 51 seconds remained after Green Bay got the ball back, but Favre got his team into scoring range with a 40-yard completion to Freeman, and Longwell capitalized with a 43-yard field goal as time expired, giving the Packers a 13–3 halftime lead.

On the first play of the second half, Favre threw a pass to Henderson, who held it briefly before dropping it. The 49ers defense believed his drop was a fumble and returned it for a touchdown, but officials ruled it to be an incomplete pass, something replays seemed to contradict. Both offenses were nearly shut down for the rest of the game, as neither team was able to mount a sustained drive. Late in the fourth quarter, Young threw an incomplete pass intended for tight end Brent Jones (playing in what would be his final game) on third and 18 from his own 7-yard line. Jones argued vehemently after the play that he was held by LeRoy Butler. No flag was thrown, however, and Tommy Thompson's ensuing punt went just 28 yards to the 49ers 35. Green Bay then drove 28 yards and increased their lead to 16–3 with Longwell's 25-yard field goal with 5:02 left in the game.

Now in a desperate situation, San Francisco tried to convert a fourth down from their own 22 on the next drive, but linebacker Keith McKenzie sacked Young for an 11-yard loss on the play, setting up Dorsey Levens' 5-yard touchdown run that made the score 23–3. Chuck Levy returned the ensuing kickoff 95 yards for a touchdown, but the 49ers could do nothing else with the final 2:52 remaining on the clock.

Favre finished the game completing 16 of 27 attempts for 222 yards and a touchdown. Levens recorded a then-playoff team record 116 rushing yards and a touchdown, while also catching six passes for 37 yards. Freeman caught four passes for 107 yards and a touchdown. Owens was the sole offensive star for his team, catching six passes for 100 yards. Levy returned three kickoffs for 127 yards and a touchdown.

This was the third year in a row the Packers defeated the 49ers in the playoffs, twice in San Francisco.

Super Bowl XXXII: Denver Broncos 31, Green Bay Packers 24
This was the first Super Bowl meeting between the Packers and Broncos.

title: 1997–98 NFL playoffs


text:
Plant virus

Plant viruses are viruses that have the potential to affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses can be pathogenic to vascular plants ("higher plants").

Most plant viruses are rod-shaped, with protein discs forming a tube surrounding the viral genome; isometric particles are another common structure. They rarely have an envelope. The great majority have an RNA genome, which is usually small and single stranded (ss), but some viruses have double-stranded (ds) RNA, ssDNA or dsDNA genomes. Although plant viruses are not as well understood as their animal counterparts, one plant virus has become very recognizable: tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), the first virus to be discovered. This and other viruses cause an estimated US$60 billion loss in crop yields worldwide each year. Plant viruses are grouped into 73 genera and 49 families. However, these figures relate only to cultivated plants, which represent only a tiny fraction of the total number of plant species. Viruses in wild plants have not been well-studied, but the interactions between wild plants and their viruses often do not appear to cause disease in the host plants.

To transmit from one plant to another and from one plant cell to another, plant viruses must use strategies that are usually different from animal viruses. Most plants do not move, and so plant-to-plant transmission usually involves vectors (such as insects). Plant cells are surrounded by solid cell walls, therefore transport through plasmodesmata is the preferred path for virions to move between plant cells. Plants have specialized mechanisms for transporting mRNAs through plasmodesmata, and these mechanisms are thought to be used by RNA viruses to spread from one cell to another. Plant defenses against viral infection include, among other measures, the use of siRNA in response to dsRNA. Most plant viruses encode a protein to suppress this response. Plants also reduce transport through plasmodesmata in response to injury.

History

The discovery of plant viruses causing disease is often accredited to A. Mayer (1886) working in the Netherlands demonstrated that the sap of mosaic obtained from tobacco leaves developed mosaic symptom when injected in healthy plants. However the infection of the sap was destroyed when it was boiled. He thought that the causal agent was bacteria. However, after larger inoculation with a large number of bacteria, he failed to develop a mosaic symptom.

In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck, who was a professor of microbiology at the Technical University the Netherlands, put forth his concepts that viruses were small and determined that the "mosaic disease" remained infectious when passed through a Chamberland filter-candle. This was in contrast to bacteria microorganisms, which were retained by the filter. Beijerinck referred to the infectious filtrate as a "contagium vivum fluidum", thus the coinage of the modern term "virus".

After the initial discovery of the 'viral concept' there was need to classify any other known viral diseases based on the mode of transmission even though microscopic observation proved fruitless. In 1939 Holmes published a classification list of 129 plant viruses. This was expanded and in 1999 there were 977 officially recognized, and some provisional, plant virus species.

The purification (crystallization) of TMV was first performed by Wendell Stanley, who published his findings in 1935, although he did not determine that the RNA was the infectious material. However, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946. In the 1950s a discovery by two labs simultaneously proved that the purified RNA of the TMV was infectious which reinforced the argument. The RNA carries genetic information to code for the production of new infectious particles.

More recently virus research has been focused on understanding the genetics and molecular biology of plant virus genomes, with a particular interest in determining how the virus can replicate, move and infect plants. Understanding the virus genetics and protein functions has been used to explore the potential for commercial use by biotechnology companies. In particular, viral-derived sequences have been used to provide an understanding of novel forms of resistance. The recent boom in technology allowing humans to manipulate plant viruses may provide new strategies for production of value-added proteins in plants.

Structure

Viruses are so small that they can only be observed under an electron microscope. The structure of a virus is given by its coat of proteins, which surround the viral genome. Assembly of viral particles takes place spontaneously.

Over 50% of known plant viruses are rod-shaped (flexuous or rigid). The length of the particle is normally dependent on the genome but it is usually between 300 and 500 nm with a diameter of 15–20 nm. Protein subunits can be placed around the circumference of a circle to form a disc. In the presence of the viral genome, the discs are stacked, then a tube is created with room for the nucleic acid genome in the middle.

The second most common structure amongst plant viruses are isometric particles. They are 25–50 nm in diameter. In cases when there is only a single coat protein, the basic structure consists of 60 T subunits, where T is an integer. Some viruses may have 2 coat proteins that associate to form an icosahedral shaped particle.

There are three genera of Geminiviridae that consist of particles that are like two isometric particles stuck together.

A few number of plant viruses have, in addition to their coat proteins, a lipid envelope. This is derived from the plant cell membrane as the virus particle buds off from the cell.

Through sap
Viruses can be spread by direct transfer of sap by contact of a wounded plant with a healthy one. Such contact may occur during agricultural practices, as by damage caused by tools or hands, or naturally, as by an animal feeding on the plant. Generally TMV, potato viruses and cucumber mosaic viruses are transmitted via sap.

By insects

Plant viruses need to be transmitted by a vector, most often insects such as leafhoppers. One class of viruses, the Rhabdoviridae, has been proposed to actually be insect viruses that have evolved to replicate in plants. The chosen insect vector of a plant virus will often be the determining factor in that virus's host range: it can only infect plants that the insect vector feeds upon. This was shown in part when the old world white fly made it to the United States, where it transferred many plant viruses into new hosts. Depending on the way they are transmitted, plant viruses are classified as non-persistent, semi-persistent and persistent. In non-persistent transmission, viruses become attached to the distal tip of the stylet of the insect and on the next plant it feeds on, it inoculates it with the virus. Semi-persistent viral transmission involves the virus entering the foregut of the insect. Those viruses that manage to pass through the gut into the haemolymph and then to the salivary glands are known as persistent. There are two sub-classes of persistent viruses: propagative and circulative. Propagative viruses are able to replicate in both the plant and the insect (and may have originally been insect viruses), whereas circulative can not. Circulative viruses are protected inside aphids by the chaperone protein symbionin, produced by bacterial symbionts. Many plant viruses encode within their genome polypeptides with domains essential for transmission by insects. In non-persistent and semi-persistent viruses, these domains are in the coat protein and another protein known as the helper component. A bridging hypothesis has been proposed to explain how these proteins aid in insect-mediated viral transmission. The helper component will bind to the specific domain of the coat protein, and then the insect mouthparts – creating a bridge. In persistent propagative viruses, such as tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), there is often a lipid coat surrounding the proteins that is not seen in other classes of plant viruses. In the case of TSWV, 2 viral proteins are expressed in this lipid envelope. It has been proposed that the viruses bind via these proteins and are then taken into the insect cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis.

By nematodes
Soil-borne nematodes have been shown to transmit viruses. They acquire and transmit them by feeding on infected roots. Viruses can be transmitted both non-persistently and persistently, but there is no evidence of viruses being able to replicate in nematodes. The virions attach to the stylet (feeding organ) or to the gut when they feed on an infected plant and can then detach during later feeding to infect other plants. Nematodes transmit viruses such as tobacco ringspot virus and tobacco rattle virus.

By plasmodiophorids
A number of virus genera are transmitted, both persistently and non-persistently, by soil borne zoosporic protozoa. These protozoa are not phytopathogenic themselves, but parasitic. Transmission of the virus takes place when they become associated with the plant roots. Examples include Polymyxa graminis, which has been shown to transmit plant viral diseases in cereal crops and Polymyxa betae which transmits Beet necrotic yellow vein virus. Plasmodiophorids also create wounds in the plant's root through which other viruses can enter.

On seed and pollen
Plant virus transmission from generation to generation occurs in about 20% of plant viruses. When viruses are transmitted by seeds, the seed is infected in the generative cells and the virus is maintained in the germ cells and sometimes, but less often, in the seed coat. When the growth and development of plants is delayed because of situations like unfavorable weather, there is an increase in the amount of virus infections in seeds. There does not seem to be a correlation between the location of the seed on the plant and its chances of being infected. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in the transmission of plant viruses via seeds, although it is known that it is environmentally influenced and that seed transmission occurs because of a direct invasion of the embryo via the ovule or by an indirect route with an attack on the embryo mediated by infected gametes. These processes can occur concurrently or separately depending on the host plant. It is unknown how the virus is able to directly invade and cross the embryo and boundary between the parental and progeny generations in the ovule. Many plants species can be infected through seeds including but not limited to the families Leguminosae, Solanaceae, Compositae, Rosaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Gramineae. Bean common mosaic virus is transmitted through seeds.

Directly from plant to humans
There is tenuous evidence that a virus common to peppers, the Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) may have moved on to infect humans. This is a rare and unlikely event as, to enter a cell and replicate, a virus must "bind to a receptor on its surface, and a plant virus would be highly unlikely to recognize a receptor on a human cell. One possibility is that the virus does not infect human cells directly. Instead, the naked viral RNA may alter the function of the cells through a mechanism similar to RNA interference, in which the presence of certain RNA sequences can turn genes on and off," according to Virologist Robert Garry.

Effects on hosts
The intracellular life of plant viruses in hosts is still understudied especially the earliest stages of infection. Many membranous structures which viruses induce plant cells to produce are motile, often being used to traffic new virions within the producing cell and into their neighbors. Viruses also induce various changes to plants' own intracellular membranes. The work of Perera et al. 2012 in mosquito virus infection and various others studying yeast models of plant viruses find this to be due to changes in homeostasis of the lipids that compose their intracellular membranes, including increasing synthesis. These comparable lipid alterations inform our expectations and research directions for the lesser understood area of plant viruses.

Translation of plant viral proteins

75% of plant viruses have genomes that consist of single stranded RNA (ssRNA). 65% of plant viruses have +ssRNA, meaning that they are in the same sense orientation as messenger RNA but 10% have -ssRNA, meaning they must be converted to +ssRNA before they can be translated. 5% are double stranded RNA and so can be immediately translated as +ssRNA viruses. 3% require a reverse transcriptase enzyme to convert between RNA and DNA. 17% of plant viruses are ssDNA and very few are dsDNA, in contrast a quarter of animal viruses are dsDNA and three-quarters of bacteriophage are dsDNA. Viruses use the plant ribosomes to produce the 4-10 proteins encoded by their genome. However, since many of the proteins are encoded on a single strand (that is, they are polycistronic) this will mean that the ribosome will either only produce one protein, as it will terminate translation at the first stop codon, or that a polyprotein will be produced. Plant viruses have had to evolve special techniques to allow the production of viral proteins by plant cells.

5' Cap
For translation to occur, eukaryotic mRNAs require a 5' Cap structure. This means that viruses must also have one. This normally consists of 7MeGpppN where N is normally adenine or guanine. The viruses encode a protein, normally a replicase, with a methyltransferase activity to allow this.

Some viruses are cap-snatchers. During this process, a 7mG-capped host mRNA is recruited by the viral transcriptase complex and subsequently cleaved by a virally encoded endonuclease. The resulting capped leader RNA is used to prime transcription on the viral genome.

However some plant viruses do not use cap, yet translate efficiently due to cap-independent translation enhancers present in 5' and 3' untranslated regions of viral mRNA.

Readthrough
Some viruses (e.g. tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)) have RNA sequences that contain a "leaky" stop codon. In TMV 95% of the time the host ribosome will terminate the synthesis of the polypeptide at this codon but the rest of the time it continues past it. This means that 5% of the proteins produced are larger than and different from the others normally produced, which is a form of translational regulation. In TMV, this extra sequence of polypeptide is an RNA polymerase that replicates its genome.

Production of sub-genomic RNAs
Some viruses use the production of subgenomic RNAs to ensure the translation of all proteins within their genomes. In this process the first protein encoded on the genome, and is the first to be translated, is a replicase. This protein will act on the rest of the genome producing negative strand sub-genomic RNAs then act upon these to form positive strand sub-genomic RNAs that are essentially mRNAs ready for translation.

Segmented genomes
Some viral families, such as the Bromoviridae instead opt to have multipartite genomes, genomes split between multiple viral particles. For infection to occur, the plant must be infected with all particles across the genome. For instance Brome mosaic virus has a genome split between 3 viral particles, and all 3 particles with the different RNAs are required for infection to take place.

Polyprotein processing
Polyprotein processing is adopted by 45% of plant viruses, such as the Potyviridae and Tymoviridae. The ribosome translates a single protein from the viral genome. Within the polyprotein is an enzyme (or enzymes) with proteinase function that is able to cleave the polyprotein into the various single proteins or just cleave away the protease, which can then cleave other polypeptides producing the mature proteins.

Genome packaging
Besides involvement in the infection process, viral replicase is a directly necessary part of the packaging of RNA viruses' genetic material. This was expected due to replicase involvement already being confirmed in various other viruses.

Applications of plant viruses
Plant viruses can be used to engineer viral vectors, tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into plant cells; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices. Knowledge of plant viruses and their components has been instrumental for the development of modern plant biotechnology. The use of plant viruses to enhance the beauty of ornamental plants can be considered the first recorded application of plant viruses. Tulip breaking virus is famous for its dramatic effects on the color of the tulip perianth, an effect highly sought after during the 17th-century Dutch "tulip mania." Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) are frequently used in plant molecular biology. Of special interest is the CaMV 35S promoter, which is a very strong promoter most frequently used in plant transformations. Viral vectors based on tobacco mosaic virus include those of the magnICON® and TRBO plant expression technologies.

Building on the market approvals and sales of recombinant virus-based biopharmaceuticals for veterinary and human medicine, the use of engineered plant viruses has been proposed to enhance crop performance and promote sustainable production.

Representative applications of plant viruses are listed below.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Plant virus


text:
William Everson (poet)

William "Bill" Everson, also known as Brother Antoninus (September 10, 1912 – June 3, 1994), was an American poet, literary critic, teacher and small press printer. He was a member of the San Francisco Renaissance.

Beginnings
Everson was born on September 10, 1912, in Sacramento, California. His parents, both of whom were printers, raised him on a farm outside the small fruit-growing town of Selma, California. He played football at Selma High School and attended Fresno State College (later known as California State University, Fresno).

Poet and teacher
Everson was an influential member of the San Francisco Renaissance in poetry and worked closely with Kenneth Rexroth during this period of his life. Throughout his life, Everson was a great admirer of the work and life of poet Robinson Jeffers. Much of his work as a critic was done on Jeffers's poetry.

Everson married his childhood sweetheart Edwa Poulson on Memorial Day weekend in 1938. Edwa worked as a school teacher and they acquired some farmland. The couple did not want children, and in February 1940 Edwa accompanied Everson when he had a vasectomy performed by the physician of a friend.

Everson registered as an anarchist and a pacifist with his draft board, in compliance with the 1940 draft bill. In 1943, he was sent to a Civilian Public Service (CPS) work camp for conscientious objectors in Oregon. In Camp Angel at Waldport, Oregon, with other poets, artists and actors such as Kemper Nomland, William Eshelman, Kermit Sheets, Vlad Dupre, Glen Coffield, George Woodcock and Kenneth Patchen, he founded a fine-arts program in which the CPS men staged plays and poetry-readings and learned the craft of fine printing. More on this camp experience can be found in the book "Here on the Edge" by Steve McQuiddy. During his time as a conscientious objector, Everson completed The Residual Years, a volume of poems that launched him to national fame.

During his time at Camp Angel, Everson's wife Edwa began a relationship with another man. This led to an eventual divorce, when the two could not reconcile.

Everson married poet Mary Fabilli on June 12, 1948, separated from her on June 30, 1949, and divorced her years later on May 13, 1963. Influenced by her religious devotion, Everson converted to Catholicism. Everson joined the Catholic Church in 1951 and soon became involved with the Catholic Worker Movement in Oakland, California.

He took the name Brother Antoninus when he joined the Dominican Order in 1951 in Oakland. He joined as a donatus, a lay brother - "who is not under any particular vow and who may be asked to leave, or choose to leave, at any time; he is little more, from a theological standpoint, than a worker wearing a habit." He printed the unfinished Novum Psalterium PII XII, an acknowledged masterpiece in American fine press printing. A colorful literary and counterculture figure, he was nicknamed the Beat Friar. The central motif throughout all of Antoninus' Catholic poetry is Incarnation, the central symbol of the Christian mystery.

In 1956, he met an English Dominican, Father Victor White, at St. Albert's Dominican priory. White, of the English Dominican province and a longtime friend of Carl Jung, with whom he maintained a voluminous correspondence, was resident lecturer and theologian there. It was through this relationship to Victor White that Antoninus learned to look at his dreams from an in-depth religious angle for meaning. He devoured the Collected Works of Jung and began his psychological analysis of the unconscious as well as the analysis of many individuals who came to him for counseling. Antoninus wrote the first draft of his long erotic poem River-Root / A Syzygy, which he considered to be his most prophetic work. As Everson said in an interview for Creation magazine, with its founder and editor, the theologian and (at the time) fellow Dominican Matthew Fox, he saw "River-Root" as a kind of re-writing of the Song of Songs, bringing frank Eros back into the Psalms and undoing Christianity's longstanding separation of the sexual from the spiritual.

At St Albert's, where he had practiced as a spiritual counselor, Antoninus had given counseling to a young woman named Susanna Rickson. On December 7, 1969 - the day after the disastrous Altamont Free Concert featuring the Rolling Stones - after a reading at the University of California at Davis, Antoninus removed his religious habit and announced that he was going to be married.

Susanna Rickson then became his young bride and William Everson became the stepfather of Susanna's son, Jude.

When Brother Antoninus wrote The Rose of Solitude, he saw it published in many magazines. However, when he wrote The Veritable Years under the name William Everson, having left Antoninus behind, he couldn't even get his work reviewed. He then assumed the mantle, and a buckskin vest and bear-claw necklace to signify it, of the poet-shaman to replace his religious habit. The 1974 poem Man-Fate explores this transformation from Brother Antoninus into William Everson, the West-Coast poet-shaman.

Everson was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1972.

Everson spent his remaining years living near the central California coast in Swanton, California, a few miles north of Santa Cruz, in a cabin he dubbed Kingfisher Flat. He was poet-in-residence at the University of California, Santa Cruz during the 1970s and 1980s. There he founded the Lime Kiln Press, a small press through which he printed highly sought-after fine-art editions of his own poetry as well as of the works of other poets, including Robinson Jeffers and Walt Whitman.

Everson maintained his Catholic faith until his final days. In 1982, Everson wrote an introduction to Victor White's book God and the Unconscious. In the final two years of his life, Everson worked on an unfinished autobiographical work titled Dust Shall Be the Serpent's Food.

Everson died at his home on June 3, 1994, and his body was buried at the Dominican Cemetery in Benicia, California.

Everson's papers are archived at the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library at UCLA and The Bancroft Library at UC Berkeley.

Black Sparrow Press released a three-volume series of the collected poems of Everson, the last volume was published in 2000. In 2003, the California Legacy Project published Dark God of Eros: A William Everson Reader.

Poetry

 * There Are the Ravens (1935). San Leandro, CA: Greater Western Publishing.
 * San Joaquin (1939). Los Angeles: The Ward Ritchie Press.
 * The Masculine Dead (1942). Prairie City, Illinois: Decker Press.
 * War Elegies (1944). Waldport, Oregon: Untide Press.
 * The Residual Years (1948). New York: New Directions.
 * A Privacy of Speech (1949). Berkeley: The Equinox Press.
 * The Crooked Lines of God (1959). Detroit: University of Detroit Press.
 * The Hazards of Holiness (1962). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
 * The Poet is Dead: a Memorial for Robinson Jeffers  (1964). San Francisco: Auerhahn Press.
 * The Blowing of the Seed (1966). New Haven: Henry W. Wenning.
 * Single Source: The Early Poems of William Everson, 1934-1940 (1966). Berkeley: Oyez.
 * In the Fictive Wish (1967). Berkeley: Oyez.
 * The Rose of Solitude (1967). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
 * The Springing of the Blade (1968) Reno, Nevada: The Black Rock Press.
 * A Canticle to the Water Birds (1968). Berkeley: Eizo.
 * The City Does Not Die (1969). Berkeley: Oyez.
 * The Last Crusade (1969). Berkeley: Oyez.
 * Who Is She That Looketh Forth as the Morning (1972). Santa Barbara: Capricorn Press.
 * Tendril in the Mesh (1973). Aromas, California: Cayucos Books.
 * Black Hills (1973). San Francisco: Didymus Press.
 * Man-Fate: The Swan Song of Brother Antoninus (1974). New York: New Directions (W.W. Norton)
 * River-Root: A Syzygy for the Bicentennial of These States (1976). Berkeley: Oyez.
 * The Veritable Years, 1949-1966 (1978). Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow Press.
 * The Masks Of Drought (1980). Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow Press.
 * Birth of a Poet (1982). Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow Press
 * The Tarantella Rose (1995). Santa Cruz: Peter and Donna Thomas.

Autobiography and interviews

 * William Everson: The Shaman's Call, Interviews, Introduction, and Commentaries by Steven Herrmann (2009). New York, NY: Eloquent Books. ISBN 978-1-60860-604-7''
 * Prodigious Thrust (1996). Santa Rosa, California: Black Sparrow Press.
 * William Everson: The Light the Shadow Casts. Five Interviews with William Everson. Edited and introduced by Clifton Ross. (1996). Devon, England: Stride Publications.
 * Naked Heart: Talking on Poetry, Mysticism, and the Erotic (1992). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, College of Arts and Sciences.
 * Take Hold Upon the Future: Letters on Writers and Writing, 1938-1946 (1994). Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
 * On Printing (1992). San Francisco: Book Club of California.
 * "William Everson: Nature Mystic and Poet Prophet," in Conversation with Matthew Fox. (1989). In Creation, Vol. 5, No. 3, September/October, 1989, pp. 10-14.

Literary criticism

 * Robinson Jeffers: Fragments of an Older Fury (1968) Berkeley: Oyez.
 * Archetype West: The Pacific Coast as a Literary Region (1976). Berkeley: Oyez.
 * Dionysus and the Beat: Four Letters on the Archetype (1977). Santa Barbara: Black Sparrow Press.
 * The Excesses of God: Robinson Jeffers as a Religious Figure (1988). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

title: William Everson (poet)


text: User:Bjimba/test looney tunes

title: User:Bjimba/test looney tunes


text: Category:940 deaths

title: Category:940 deaths


text:
Naoki

Naoki (直樹) is a masculine Japanese given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:
 * Naoki Abe (阿部 直紀), Japanese long jumper
 * Naoki Bandou, voice actor
 * Naoki Harada (原田直樹, born 1991), Japanese footballer
 * Naoki Hatada (畑田 真輝), Japanese footballer
 * Naoki Hattori (born 1966), race car driver
 * Naoki Imaya (今矢 直城), Japanese footballer
 * Naoki Inose (猪瀬 直樹), Japanese journalist, historian, social critic and biographer
 * Naoki Inoue (井上 直樹), Japanese mixed martial artist
 * Naoki Izumiya (born 1951), president and CEO of Asahi Breweries
 * Naoki Kawamata (born 1985), Japanese rugby union player
 * Naoki Kobayashi (小林 直己), Japanese dancer and actor
 * Naoki Kodaka, Japanese composer
 * Naoki Maeda (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Naoki Matayoshi (又吉 直樹), Japanese novelist and comedian
 * Naoki Matoba (的場 直樹), Japanese baseball player
 * Naoki Matsuda (1977-2011), soccer player
 * Naoki Matsudo (born 1973), motorbike racer
 * Naoki Mihara (三原 直樹), Japanese footballer
 * Naoki Mizunuma (水沼 尚輝), Japanese swimmer
 * Naoki Nakagawa, tennis player
 * Naoki Nokubo (野久保 直樹), Japanese television personality
 * Naoki Sanjugo, novelist
 * Naoki Saito (さいとう なおき), Japanese illustrator, manga artist, and YouTuber
 * Naoki Satō (佐藤 直紀), Japanese composer
 * Naoki Sato (footballer) (佐藤 尚輝), Japanese footballer
 * Naoki Segi (born 1963), film director
 * Naoki Soma (born 1971), Japanese football defender
 * Naoki Takeshi, actor
 * Naoki Tanaka (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Naoki Tanisaki (born 1978), Japanese wrestler
 * Naoki Tatsuta (born 1950), Japanese voice actor
 * Naoki Urasawa (born 1960), Japanese manga artist
 * Naoki Urata (浦田 尚希), Japanese footballer
 * Naoki Yamada (born 1990), soccer player
 * Naoki Yamamoto (racing driver) (山本尚貴, born 1988), Japanese racing driver
 * Naoki Yoshida (吉田 直樹), Japanese video game producer, director and designer

Fictional characters

 * Naoki Kashima, the name given to the Demi-Fiend protagonist in the radio play version of Shin Megami Tensei: Nocturne
 * Naoki Domon, a character Gekisou Sentai Carranger

title: Naoki


text:
Information Bridge Framework

Information Bridge Framework is a Microsoft Office programmability framework from Microsoft targeting Microsoft Office 2003 and later versions. It can be used to extract data from Office documents or embedding functionality of Office applications in custom applications.

title: Information Bridge Framework


text:
Lawnmower Man

Lawnmower Man or The Lawnmower Man may refer to:

 * "The Lawnmower Man", a 1975 short story by Stephen King
 * The Lawnmower Man (film), a 1992 film that shares the title of the King short story
 * The Lawnmower Man (video game), a 1993 video game produced by Atod and based on the film
 * Lawn Mower Man, the second studio album by Canadian rapper Madchild

title: Lawnmower Man


text:
South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests

The South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests is a tropical dry forest ecoregion in southern India. The ecoregion lies in the southernmost portion of the Deccan Plateau, and includes the southernmost portion of the Eastern Ghats.

The ecoregion lies in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats, and receives most of its rainfall with the June–September southwest monsoon. It is characterized by tall trees that drop their leaves during the dry winter and spring months. Much of the forest has been degraded through over-use, and thorn forests and shrub thickets are common. To the north and east, the dry deciduous forests transition to the drier Deccan thorn scrub forests.

Flora
These forests have three stories, with an upper canopy at 15 - 25 m, an understory at 10 - 15 m, and undergrowth at 3 - 5 m. Trees are draped in lianas in denser, mature forests. The vegetation is characterized by Albizia amara, Anogeissus latifolia, Boswellia serrata, Cassia fistula, Chloroxylon swietenia, Dalbergia latifolia, Diospyros montana, Hardwickia binata, Pterocarpus marsupium, Senegalia catechu, Shorea talura, Sterospermum personatum, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia paniculata, and Terminalia elliptica. Sal found here is used for railway sleepers and house construction while teak, a durable timber, is used for ship building and furniture. Sandalwood (Santalum album) is used for perfume and semal for toys.

Fauna
The ecoregion is home to 75 mammal species. Threatened species include the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus), wild dog (Cuon alpinus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), chousingha (Tetracerus quadricornis), gaur (Bos gaurus), and grizzled giant squirrel (Ratufa macruora). Salim Ali's fruit bat (Latidens salimalii) is critically endangered, and is near-endemic. 260 species of birds live in the eco-region,such as the rufous babbler (Turdoides subrufus) and yellow-throated bulbul (Pycnonotus xantholaemus). The threatened great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) and lesser florican (Eupodotis indica) inhabit the eco-region.

Protected areas

 * Bannerghatta National Park, Karnataka 140 km2
 * Biligiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka 290 km2
 * Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka 500 km2
 * Melkote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka 50 km2
 * Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary, Karnataka 20 km2
 * Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu 1411.6 km2
 * Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu 70 km2
 * Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu


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Aquatics GB

Aquatics GB (formerly British Swimming) is the national governing body of swimming, water polo, artistic swimming, diving and open water in Great Britain. Aquatics GB is a federation of the national governing bodies of England (Swim England), Scotland (Scottish Swimming), and Wales (Swim Wales). These three are collectively known as the Home Country National Governing Bodies.

For international swimming purposes, competitive swimming in Northern Ireland falls under the Irish swimming federation, Swim Ireland, and as such Aquatics GB represents Great Britain, rather than the United Kingdom. For the Olympic Games, Northern Irish swimmers may opt to compete for Aquatics GB.

Aquatics GB is a member of World Aquatics, LEN, the British Olympic Association and the British Paralympic Association, and has responsibility for elite performance, doping control and international relationships and events for the sports within the Great Britain. The Home Country National Governing Bodies are affiliated to Aquatics GB and are responsible for all other management of the sports in their respective countries from the learn to swim programmes up to performance development.

History
British Swimming (as it was known at the time) became the primary organisation for Great British swimming in 2014, previously the Amateur Swimming Association (ASA) had been responsible for elite swimming.

In 2024, the organisation underwent a rebranding and was renamed Aquatics GB to oversee five disciplines of swimming, diving, para-swimming, artistic swimming and water polo.

Championships
Aquatics GB organises championships every year in each of the sporting disciplines.

Swimming

 * Long course

The Aquatics GB Short Course Championships were usually held in August or September each year, though the event has not been held since 2004
 * Short course

Water polo
Domestic water polo competition in the UK is centred on the National Water Polo League (NWPL) and National Women's Water Polo League (NWWPL), which operate through the autumn and winter. The British Championships organised by British Swimming are held in the Spring. Winners of the championships in recent years are listed below.

 * British Championships

Masters swimming
An annual championships for Masters swimmers is organised in rotation by the Home Countries, usually in June, for senior (18–24 yrs) and masters (25 yrs+). The championships are held in a long course (50 m) pool. The championships are held in a long course (50 m) pool.

Open water swimming
Alongside the Open Water Grand Prix series, Aquatics GB also arranges national championship events over 5 km and 10 km.

Diving
The British Diving Championships are held annually in the winter. Sometimes the annual championships are held in the December of the preceding calendar year.

Synchronised swimming
The British Synchronised Swimming Championships are usually held in November or December each year.

Sponsorship
In 2009, Aquatics GB announced a £15 million, 6 year sponsorship deal with British Gas. It also announced sponsorship with Kellogg's and Speedo in 2009. In 2016, Aquatics GB announced a new sponsorship deal with TYR Sport, Inc.

title: Aquatics GB


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User:Faethon10

I am [Faethon].

Someone [robbed] my Faethon-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 accounts, so I created Faethon10.

My Name is Faethon10 and my password Faethon10.

Please dont rob my account again, or I will ask an administrator to reveal your IP address.

=My Rules=
 * 1) In case someone robs my account again, you can always find me in Faethon3 with password Faethon3, or in Faethon4 with password Faethon4 e.t.c.
 * 2) I am always increase the Faethon number one digit, so if you find Faethon7 account then Faethon6-5-4-3-2 and Faethon(original with the public key) have to exist as registered wikipedia accounts (and robbed Faethons of course, as long as Faethon7 exists)
 * 3) If you want to check if a FaethonX account is a valid Faethon account, try to login to it with the appropriate FaethonX password. If failed, then obviously it is not.
 * 4) In case you find more than one FaethonX with password FaethonX, you can encrypt a message with Faethon's public key, and ask the FaethonX candidate to decrypt it for you. Only one FaethonX with password FaethonX is the valid Faethon at the same time, you can consider the rest as cheap immitations.
 * 5) In case you find more than one FaethonX accounts that have correctly decrypted your messages and their passwords are the correct FaethonX passwords, then you can consider as the real Faethon the one who has the latest date decrypted message.
 * 6) Whenever I want to vandalize or do an illegal action against policy, I always sign it with my key. Not signed illegal actions are not by me. You are allowed to talk using my account, but if you want to use my account to vandalise or do any action against policy, have in mind that this can be proved as long as your IP is always logged by administrators.
 * 7) Except of the above, a valid FaethonX account should always have at least one document signed with Faethon's key. You can locate FaethonX's signed documents in contributions history, their summary has the suffix "(F signed)"

title: User:Faethon10


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Geraldine Cox

Geraldine Dorothea Cox (born c. 1945) is the founder of Sunrise Cambodia, a charity that was originally established as an orphanage in the province of Kandal, in Cambodia, and now extends its services to sustainable development and family support in several provinces of the country. She was granted Cambodian citizenship by a royal decree from King Norodom Sihanouk in 1999, around the time that she founded the orphanage. Cox remained at the helm of Sunrise Cambodia until September 2022, when she handed over to ABC journalist Tracey Shelton.

Early life and family
Born around 1945 in the foothills of Adelaide, Geraldine Cox had two older sisters, Sandra and Marlene, and described herself the "problem child" of the family. Her Father, Norm Cox, was a hard-working milkman and her mother Dorothy Cox was a housewife. Geraldine left school at age 15 and worked in several secretarial jobs in Adelaide. In 1964 she had a year abroad in Europe, and worked as a secretary in a London office.

Career and humanitarian work
After moving to Coober Pedy to work as a miner in 1969, Cox began her career at the age of 25 working for the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1970. Her first overseas posting was to Phnom Penh in 1971. The country was in turmoil at the time, with the Vietnam war at the border and American B52 planes dropping bombs. Her following overseas postings included working for Australian Embassies in Manila (1973-1978), Bangkok (1978-1981), Tehran and Washington D.C. After resigning from the government in 1987, Cox worked for eight years at the Chase Manhattan Bank in Sydney.

Cox's original experiences in Cambodia never left her, and while in Australia in 1993, she helped found the Australia Cambodia Foundation, which operates Sunrise Cambodia today. She moved to Cambodia permanently in 1995 where she worked as an Executive Assistant for the Cabinet Director in the Cabinet of the then First Prime Minister of Cambodia, HRH Prince Norodom Ranariddh. In her spare time she assisted Princess Marie, wife of Prince Norodom, in operating and supporting a residential education centre for orphaned children. When a military coup occurred in July/August 1997, Cox realised her position of responsibility in looking after the children of the orphanage, as Princess Marie and her political associates had fled the country to save themselves. Within the orphanage she became widely known to the children as "M’Day Thom" (meaning Big Mum).

Austcare contacted Cox to be the keynote speaker at their October 1997 Refugee Week in Australia. After delivering this speech at the National Press Club in Canberra Geraldine's media profile gained much more public exposure and she began appearing in radio and TV segments to talk about her cause.

In September 2022, at the age of 77, Cox handed leadership of Sunrise Cambodia over to former ABC journalist Tracey Shelton.

Book
Cox is the author of the book Home is Where the Heart Is, an account of her life and the lives of some of the children she has cared for, published in 2000.

Film
Cox is the subject of the documentary My Khmer Heart, made by Australian filmmakers Janine Hosking and Leonie Lowe. This documentary won the Hollywood Film Festival Documentary of the Year Award in 2000 and has since been screened by HBO and Discovery Channels.

Personal life
After Cox found that she was unable to bear children of her own, she adopted a baby daughter, Lisa, from a Cambodian orphanage in 1971. However she learned early on that Lisa was profoundly mentally and physically ill, suffering from deafness, epilepsy and diabetes. She cared for the child throughout her infancy and early childhood, giving her up after seven years to a full-time care centre in Adelaide.

Theo Palaxides was her boyfriend and long-time partner in Adelaide, and they remain friends after ending their relationship long ago. Major On Kon, a Cambodian fighter pilot, became her romantic partner during her posting in Phnom Penh in 1972. In 1984 Cox married Mahmoud Rastegar, an Iranian national who worked as an IBM project manager. Rastegar relocated with Cox on her posting to Washington, D.C. in 1984, but they ended their marriage in 1990.

Awards
In January 2001 Cox was made a Member of the Order of Australia "For service to the welfare of children through the establishment, financing and administration of an orphanage in Cambodia." She has also received the Centenary Medal, "For service to the welfare of children in Cambodia".

Other awards and accomplishments include:

 * 1999: granted Cambodian citizenship by a royal decree from King Norodom Sihanouk (1999)
 * Member of the Humanitarian Affairs Advisory Board, 2014-2016
 * Member of the board of Oasis Africa Australia (2013–?)
 * 2012: Ernst & Young South Australian Entrepreneur of the Year Award
 * Royal Order of Sahametrei Medal awarded by the Prime Minister of Cambodia Hun Sen, the most significant award given to foreigners
 * 2011: Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop AsiaLink Medal
 * Invited by Australia Network (the international cable channel run by the ABC) to become an Ambassador for the promotion of the channel and its programs
 * 2006: Named Paul Harris fellow by the Rotary Foundation
 * 2000: Circle of Courage Award from Australian charity Youth Off the Streets

title: Geraldine Cox


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Baturin (disambiguation)

Baturin or Baturyn may refer to:

 * Baturyn (Батурин), a historic town in northern Ukraine
 * Sack of Baturyn in 1708
 * Baturyn, Edmonton, a residential neighbourhood in Alberta, Canada
 * Baturin (surname)

title: Baturin (disambiguation)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The nowra boys

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 00:35, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

The nowra boys
If they introduced skateboarding to New South Wales, you'd think they'd garner more than 12 google hits. No notability proven, nor, indeed, verifiability, given that most of those hits refer to some sort of Boy Scout-esque organization. Meelar (talk) 06:36, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC) Skateboarding is a very underground culture, look up the z boys, or gator, very deep hardcore lifestyle, this is one of the first introductions to the internet of a very small but powerful chapter of australias own skateboarding history, there is alot more to life than what you may find on google. However.... these days there are documentaries abounding about these times and people, I am certain skateboarding was established in the seventies in Ulladulla, but a new breed of skater and skateboarding was developing in the late eighties, shame none of the ulladulla locals have provided this online encyclopedia with some of their history, because history it is! and as humerous as this particular submission may seem, it reflects the time and people. Please leave this legacy of history for the sports millions of growing devotees, there is a book in the works and also a short documentary, this page on wikipedia is the first of many sources of information reguarding this chapter of history. One of the flaws of the earths history is the censorship of so much of it, we can not trace accurately back more than a few hundred years,,, lets not let ignorance rule in this millenium. thanks
 * Non-notable, delete. -- Hoary 07:01, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)
 * Vanity, created by User:Nowraboy. Delete.  RickK 07:11, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * If they really were involved in Skateboarding in NSW in the late 80s, they should mention something to establish notability - like where they skated and who else was around at the time. Delete as vanity for one, nn. for another. Alphax (t) (c) (e) 07:45, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * They claimed to have set up skateboarding in the Nowra region in the late 1980's which I doubt is notable. Add to the fact that I holidayed in Ulladulla near Nowra in the 1970s and skateboarding was well established then, these claims are false. All we are left with is a small bunch of skateboarders in Nowra in the late 1980s which leads to the conclusion that we should Delete the article.Capitalistroadster 09:06, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

this page was created firstly as a template so the many people involved can add and create a rich tapestry of the accounts of the time, if the administrators can hold onto this page for a week User talk:RickK| will get his notability, but the intrest expressed since yesterday afternoon is very flattering. skate or die!

 * I'm afraid the turning of that article, or Wikipedia in general, into your own advertising medium isn't going to change anybody's Delete vote to a Keep. In fact, it may cause neutrals to vote Delete.  RickK 06:06, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, not notable - 13 Google hits with only 2 relevant, possible vanity. I quite like Nowra, nice place. Megan1967 06:21, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Nowra back then was a drug infested, bigotted, red neck, right-wing, fundamentalist town with chronic unemployment (is it different now?). It's a wonder anyone even got out alive. Those kids found something that bound them together and turned them into survivors. I remember their rolling thunder. A story that would make a great little film. --Infradig (andrew) 11:33, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Neutral; if to be kept it should be The Nowra boys or The Nowra Boys; is there any documentation of this at all? If so, I might vote to keep. If not, Wikipedia is not the place for primary sources. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:15, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment at this stage I cannot find anything substanial or encyclopaedic on this group. Megan1967 00:06, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I live in Nowra and have never heard of them - hardly notable.


text:
Usz

USZ may refer to:

 * Universitätsspital Zürich (University Hospital of Zürich), Switzerland
 * University of Szeged, Hungary

title: Usz


text:
Malfatti circles

In geometry, the Malfatti circles are three circles inside a given triangle such that each circle is tangent to the other two and to two sides of the triangle. They are named after Gian Francesco Malfatti, who made early studies of the problem of constructing these circles in the mistaken belief that they would have the largest possible total area of any three disjoint circles within the triangle.

Malfatti's problem has been used to refer both to the problem of constructing the Malfatti circles and to the problem of finding three area-maximizing circles within a triangle. A simple construction of the Malfatti circles was given by, and many mathematicians have since studied the problem. Malfatti himself supplied a formula for the radii of the three circles, and they may also be used to define two triangle centers, the Ajima–Malfatti points of a triangle.

The problem of maximizing the total area of three circles in a triangle is never solved by the Malfatti circles. Instead, the optimal solution can always be found by a greedy algorithm that finds the largest circle within the given triangle, the largest circle within the three connected subsets of the triangle outside of the first circle, and the largest circle within the five connected subsets of the triangle outside of the first two circles. Although this procedure was first formulated in 1930, its correctness was not proven until 1994.

Malfatti's problem

posed the problem of cutting three cylindrical columns out of a triangular prism of marble, maximizing the total volume of the columns. He assumed that the solution to this problem was given by three tangent circles within the triangular cross-section of the wedge. That is, more abstractly, he conjectured that the three Malfatti circles have the maximum total area of any three disjoint circles within a given triangle. Malfatti's work was popularized for a wider readership in French by Joseph Diaz Gergonne in the first volume of his Annales (#|1811), with further discussion in the second and tenth. However, Gergonne only stated the circle-tangency problem, not the area-maximizing one.

Malfatti's assumption that the two problems are equivalent is incorrect. , who went back to the original Italian text, observed that for some triangles a larger area can be achieved by a greedy algorithm that inscribes a single circle of maximal radius within the triangle, inscribes a second circle within one of the three remaining corners of the triangle, the one with the smallest angle, and inscribes a third circle within the largest of the five remaining pieces. The difference in area for an equilateral triangle is small, just over 1%, but as pointed out, for an isosceles triangle with a very sharp apex, the optimal circles (stacked one atop each other above the base of the triangle) have nearly twice the area of the Malfatti circles.

In fact, the Malfatti circles are never optimal. It was discovered through numerical computations in the 1960s, and later proven rigorously, that the Lob–Richmond procedure always produces the three circles with largest area, and that these are always larger than the Malfatti circles. conjectured more generally that, for any integer $n$, the greedy algorithm finds the area-maximizing set of $n$ circles within a given triangle; the conjecture is known to be true for $n ≤ 3$.

History
The problem of constructing three circles tangent to each other within a triangle was posed by the 18th-century Japanese mathematician Ajima Naonobu prior to the work of Malfatti, and included in an unpublished collection of Ajima's works made a year after Ajima's death by his student Kusaka Makoto. Even earlier, the same problem was considered in a 1384 manuscript by Gilio di Cecco da Montepulciano, now in the Municipal Library of Siena, Italy. studied a special case of the problem, for a specific isosceles triangle.

Since the work of Malfatti, there has been a significant amount of work on methods for constructing Malfatti's three tangent circles; Richard K. Guy writes that the literature on the problem is "extensive, widely scattered, and not always aware of itself". Notably, presented a simple geometric construction based on bitangents; other authors have since claimed that Steiner's presentation lacked a proof, which was later supplied by, but Guy points to the proof scattered within two of Steiner's own papers from that time. Solutions based on algebraic formulations of the problem include those by, , , , and. The algebraic solutions do not distinguish between internal and external tangencies among the circles and the given triangle; if the problem is generalized to allow tangencies of either kind, then a given triangle will have 32 different solutions and conversely a triple of mutually tangent circles will be a solution for eight different triangles. credits the enumeration of these solutions to, but notes that this count of the number of solutions was already given in a remark by. The problem and its generalizations were the subject of many other 19th-century mathematical publications, and its history and mathematics have been the subject of ongoing study since then. It has also been a frequent topic in books on geometry.

and recount an episode in 19th-century Neapolitan mathematics related to the Malfatti circles. In 1839, Vincenzo Flauti, a synthetic geometer, posed a challenge involving the solution of three geometry problems, one of which was the construction of Malfatti's circles; his intention in doing so was to show the superiority of synthetic to analytic techniques. Despite a solution being given by Fortunato Padula, a student in a rival school of analytic geometry, Flauti awarded the prize to his own student, Nicola Trudi, whose solutions Flauti had known of when he posed his challenge. More recently, the problem of constructing the Malfatti circles has been used as a test problem for computer algebra systems.

Steiner's construction

Although much of the early work on the Malfatti circles used analytic geometry, provided the following simple synthetic construction.

A circle that is tangent to two sides of a triangle, as the Malfatti circles are, must be centered on one of the angle bisectors of the triangle (green in the figure). These bisectors partition the triangle into three smaller triangles, and Steiner's construction of the Malfatti circles begins by drawing a different triple of circles (shown dashed in the figure) inscribed within each of these three smaller triangles. In general these circles are disjoint, so each pair of two circles has four bitangents (lines touching both). Two of these bitangents pass between their circles: one is an angle bisector, and the second is shown as a red dashed line in the figure. Label the three sides of the given triangle as $a$, $b$, and $c$, and label the three bitangents that are not angle bisectors as $x$, $y$, and $z$, where $x$ is the bitangent to the two circles that do not touch side $a$, $y$ is the bitangent to the two circles that do not touch side $b$, and $z$ is the bitangent to the two circles that do not touch side $c$. Then the three Malfatti circles are the inscribed circles to the three tangential quadrilaterals $abyx$, $aczx$, and $bczy$. In case of symmetry two of the dashed circles may touch in a point on a bisector, making two bitangents coincide there, but still setting up the relevant quadrilaterals for Malfatti's circles.

The three bitangents $x$, $y$, and $z$ cross the triangle sides at the point of tangency with the third inscribed circle, and may also be found as the reflections of the angle bisectors across the lines connecting pairs of centers of these incircles.

Radius formula
The radius of each of the three Malfatti circles may be determined as a formula involving the three side lengths $a$, $b$, and $c$ of the triangle, the inradius $r$, the semiperimeter $$s = (a + b + c)/2$$, and the three distances $d$, $e$, and $f$ from the incenter of the triangle to the vertices opposite sides $a$, $b$, and $c$ respectively. The formulae for the three radii are: $$ \begin{align} r_1 &= \frac{r}{2(s-a)}(s-r+d-e-f),\\ r_2 &= \frac{r}{2(s-b)}(s-r-d+e-f),\\ r_3 &= \frac{r}{2(s-c)}(s-r-d-e+f).\\ \end{align}$$

Related formulae may be used to find examples of triangles whose side lengths, inradii, and Malfatti radii are all rational numbers or all integers. For instance, the triangle with side lengths 28392, 21000, and 25872 has inradius 6930 and Malfatti radii 3969, 4900, and 4356. As another example, the triangle with side lengths 152460, 165000, and 190740 has inradius 47520 and Malfatti radii 27225, 30976, and 32400.

Ajima–Malfatti points
Given a triangle ABC and its three Malfatti circles, let D, E, and F be the points where two of the circles touch each other, opposite vertices A, B, and C respectively. Then the three lines AD, BE, and CF meet in a single triangle center known as the first Ajima–Malfatti point after the contributions of Ajima and Malfatti to the circle problem. The second Ajima–Malfatti point is the meeting point of three lines connecting the tangencies of the Malfatti circles with the centers of the excircles of the triangle. Other triangle centers also associated with the Malfatti circles include the Yff–Malfatti point, formed in the same way as the first Malfatti point from three mutually tangent circles that are all tangent to the lines through the sides of the given triangle, but that lie partially outside the triangle, and the radical center of the three Malfatti circles (the point where the three bitangents used in their construction meet).

title: Malfatti circles