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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (also known as Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles in some regions) is an American animated television series produced by Fred Wolf Films, and based on the comic book characters created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird. Set in New York City, the series follows the adventures of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and their allies as they battle the Shredder, Krang, and numerous other villains and criminals. The property was changed considerably from the darker-toned comics, to make it more suitable for children and families.

The pilot was shown during the week of December 28, 1987 in syndication as a five-part miniseries, and the show began its full-time run on October 1, 1988, and ended on November 2, 1996. The show was the first television appearance of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and helped launch the characters into mainstream popularity, becoming one of the most popular animated series in television history. Action figures, breakfast cereals, plush toys, and other merchandise featuring the characters appeared on the market during the late 1980s and early 1990s and became top sellers worldwide. By 1990, the series was being shown daily on more than 125 television stations.

Characters from the show have been included in crossovers with later entries of the franchise, including the 2009 film Turtles Forever and recurring roles in the 2012 TV series for Nickelodeon.

Seasons 1–7
The origins story in the 1987 television series deviates significantly from the original Mirage Studios comics. In this version, Splinter was formerly human, an honorable ninja master named Hamato Yoshi who studied art history as a hobby. He was banished from the Foot Clan (a Japanese dynasty of ninjas founded by one of his distant ancestors ) after one of his students, the power-hungry and seditious Oroku Saki (who resented Yoshi's leadership within the clan and aspired to usurp him), set him up for an offense against a visiting master sensei. Disgraced, Yoshi was forced to leave his native Japan and relocate to New York City, where he began living in the sewers with the rats as his only friends. Saki was given command of the Foot Clan, which he corrupted and transformed into a criminal organization.

Sometime later, Yoshi adopted four turtles after they were accidentally dropped into the sewers by an unnamed boy. He returned from his explorations around New York City one day to find the turtles covered with a strange glowing ooze. This substance caused the turtles, who were most recently exposed to Yoshi, to become humanoid, while Yoshi, who was most recently exposed to sewer rats, became a humanoid rat, and was given the name "Splinter" by the turtles. Yoshi raises the four turtles as his sons and trains them in the art of ninjitsu. He names them Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael, after his favorite Italian Renaissance artists.

Oroku Saki eventually leaves Japan and tracks Yoshi to New York City, where he intends to destroy him once and for all. It is also around this time that he begins working with Krang, a disembodied alien brain from Dimension X who ruled his native realm with an iron fist until he was stripped of his body and banished to Earth. Saki takes on a new pseudonym, "The Shredder", donning a suit covered with razor spikes, and complemented by a long purple cape, a metal samurai helmet, and a metal mask over his mouth. Since leaving Japan, his ambitions have grown from usurping leadership of the Foot Clan to world domination. To this end, Krang provides the Shredder with a vast array of powerful technology from Dimension X, including the Technodrome, and funds most of his schemes throughout the series.

It becomes clear early on in the series that the mutagen which transformed the Turtles and Splinter into their new forms was dumped into the sewers by Shredder in an effort to murder Yoshi, as he had mistakenly believed it to be a deadly poison rather than a transformative agent. After several years of training under Splinter, the Turtles set out to find whoever is responsible for their transformation, and upon learning that Shredder was behind it, they vow to put an end to his ongoing criminal career and restore Splinter back to his human form. Along the way, they rescue and befriend Channel 6 news reporter April O'Neil, who becomes one of their strongest allies. The Turtles, who had rarely left the sewers prior to meeting April, also began to take on the role of semi-vigilante crime fighters. Despite this, they frequently have to deal with citizens misunderstanding them, largely due to the efforts of Channel 6 newsmen Burne Thompson and Vernon Fenwick, who both distrust the Turtles and frequently and wrongfully blame them for the trouble that Shredder and Krang cause. As a result, they mainly have to rely on April (either via Turtle-com, or Channel 6 news reports) to inform them of crimes in the city, and to counteract Burne and Vernon's smear and bad-tempered campaigns against them with her own news coverage of the Turtles, portraying them as a force for good. Reluctant to expose themselves to the outside world, the Turtles initially wear disguises whenever they leave the sewers, although this is slowly relaxed as the series progresses and they gain the trust of the broader populace, whom they have saved from Shredder and other villains on many occasions.

Shredder, Krang, Bebop & Rocksteady, Baxter Stockman, and their legions of Foot soldiers repeatedly try to destroy the Turtles and take over the world. Much of their quest for world domination hinges on repowering Krang's mobile fortress, the Technodrome, and bringing it to the Earth's surface, as it was either buried deep under New York City (Season 1), stuck in Dimension X (Seasons 2 and 4), embedded in the Earth's core (Season 3), stranded in the Arctic (Season 5), or at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean (Seasons 6 and 7). However, their plans always fail, often landing the villains in humorous predicaments. Some episodes feature other minor villains, such as the Rat King, Leatherhead, Slash, General Traag and Granitor, and many others, or involve the TMNT getting themselves and the city out of a mess that they had inadvertently caused.

Vacation in Europe
Season 7 featured a "Vacation in Europe" side-season that took place during the fourth season where the Turtles, April, and Splinter win a vacation in Europe and end up fighting Shredder, Krang, and other villains across Europe.

Seasons 8–10
In the last three seasons, the show went through dramatic changes. The humor was toned down significantly, the animation became darker, the color of the sky in each episode was changed to a continuous, ominous dark-red sky (commonplace with newer action-oriented children's programming at the time), the theme song was changed, the introduction sequence added in clips from the first live-action film, and the show took on a darker, more action-oriented atmosphere, reminiscent to the original comics. The Turtles' demeanor evolved into a more serious and determined one than in prior seasons, and they devoted most of their time to tracking down villains. The series' main antagonists—Shredder, Krang, Bebop, and Rocksteady—who had previously been depicted as dangerous but comically inept villains, were now portrayed as a more menacing, unified threat. Additionally, Krang was revealed to have seized power in Dimension X through numerous betrayals and widespread destruction, resulting in old enemies seeking vengeance. Many recurring characters and villains were written out of the show by this point, with more focus placed on the main cast. The eighth season was also noted for the destruction of the Channel 6 building, which led to April working freelance.

At the end of the seventh season, the Turtles sent the Technodrome through a portal into Dimension X, but without Shredder, Krang, Bebop, and Rocksteady. As a result, the villains were stranded on Earth without any weapons or power, and were forced to work out of an old science building until they could find a way back into Dimension X to retrieve the Technodrome. The Turtles, taking advantage of the situation, pursue their arch enemies relentlessly in an effort to put an end to their schemes once and for all. Eventually, Shredder and Krang, along with Bebop and Rocksteady, build a new portal into Dimension X and reclaim the Technodrome, although the Turtles manage to track them down with the help of Gargon, a mutated resident of Dimension X who was being held prisoner by Shredder and Krang. At the end of Season 8, the TMNT finally banish Shredder, Krang, Bebop, and Rocksteady to Dimension X by destroying the Technodrome's engines and trans-dimensional portal, preventing them from returning to Earth.

From Season 9 onwards, Lord Dregg, an evil alien warlord from Dimension X, appeared as the new lead villain. He begins a propaganda campaign against the Turtles, turning the general population against them and in favor of him and his forces. Although Dregg is outed as a villain at the end of Season 9, the Turtles are never able to regain the trust of the broader population, due to an earlier smear campaign by Burne and Vernon that wrongfully blamed the Turtles for the destruction of the Channel 6 building. Additionally, the Turtles began to suffer from secondary mutations that temporarily transformed them into monstrous hulks with diminished intelligence, a problem that would not be completely resolved until Season 10. The TMNT also gain a new ally in the form of Carter, a brash African American male who initially sought out Master Splinter for training in ninjitsu, but is eventually exposed to mutagen and contracts an incurable mutation disease.

In the final season of the series, Dregg's sycophantic henchman Mung encounters Shredder and Krang, who are still stranded in Dimension X. They told him that they had battled the Turtles for years, but even though Shredder claimed to have destroyed them, Mung knew that he was lying. Soon afterward, Mung returns to Dregg's ship and informs him of their encounter, and Dregg decides to bring both Shredder and Krang back from Dimension X to help him fight the Turtles. However, the pair immediately rebel against Dregg and leave, continuing on where they left off before they were banished at the end of Season 8. Back on Earth, Shredder and Krang kidnap April O'Neil and do battle with the Turtles once more, although they are all soon transported back to Dregg's lair. The Turtles initially have the upper hand in the fight, but Shredder and Krang are able to subdue them after reluctantly agreeing to work with Dregg. As he prepares to drain the Turtles of their life energies, Shredder and Krang betray Lord Dregg and force him onto one of the operating tables, intending to drain both him and the Turtles of their power. Dregg, however, manages to escape and uses his microbots to capture Shredder and Krang. Although he successfully drains the Turtles and Krang of their life energies, Shredder breaks free before Dregg is able to take anything from him. Shredder spends the next two episodes finding a way to heal Krang and dispose of Dregg so that they may take control of his armies and conquer the Earth, but in the ensuing confrontation they are permanently transported back to Dimension X. Carter also bids farewell to the Turtles as he travels to the future to look for a cure for his mutation. In the final episode of the series, Michaelangelo and Donatello travel to Dimension X to retrieve Krang's mechanical body from the (now abandoned and completely destroyed) Technodrome, which is sitting on a hill standing upright (whereas at the end of Season 8, an alien plant had dragged it down into a deep pit), suggesting that Shredder and Krang initially tried to repair the Technodrome before declaring it a lost cause. Shredder, Krang, Bebop, and Rocksteady are nowhere to be seen. The Turtles eventually find Krang's suit and use it in a final confrontation with Dregg, which ends with the Turtles banishing Dregg to Dimension X. Splinter congratulates the Turtles on their victory and, now that all of their enemies have been vanquished, states that he has nothing more to teach them, calling them his equals.

Subsequent works
In 2009, the Turtles, Shredder, Krang, and various other characters from the 1987 series returned for the 25th-anniversary crossover movie Turtles Forever, in which they meet up with their counterparts from the 2003 TV series. Due to financial restrictions, none of the original voice actors were able to reprise their roles, and replacement actors were used.

In April 2013, Ciro Nieli, the executive producer of the 2012 Turtles series, confirmed in an interview that the 1987 Turtles would cameo in a one-hour special in season 2. Cam Clarke, Townsend Coleman, Barry Gordon, and Rob Paulsen (who voiced Donatello in the 2012 series) reprise their roles as Leonardo, Michaelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael, respectively, in the closing of the episode "Wormquake!". The 1987 turtles also had a crossover with the 2012 turtles in the season 4 episode, "Trans-Dimensional Turtles". In addition with the lead cast members reprising their roles from the episode, Pat Fraley also reprised his role as Krang who is depicted as a relative of Kraang Subprime that was banished to Earth in the 1980s reality for being incompetent. The 1987 turtles also returned during season five of the 2012 series for a three-part special, "Wanted: Bebop and Rocksteady", along with the original Shredder, Foot soldiers, Krang, Technodrome, and both Bebop and Rocksteady. Both Gordon and Clarke reprised their roles as Bebop and Rocksteady, while the Shredder is voiced by the 2012 incarnation's voice actor Kevin Michael Richardson, due to James Avery's passing in 2013.

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

 * Leonardo (voiced by Cam Clarke) – The blue-masked turtle who wields two katana. He is the leader and commander of the Turtles and is the closest to Splinter. He is the most serious, level-headed member of the team, who values his leadership.
 * Donatello (voiced by Barry Gordon in most episodes, Greg Berg in six Season 3 episodes and one episode of the "Vacation in Europe" side-season) – The purple-masked turtle who wields a bō staff. He is the scientist and intellectual of the team who is constantly tinkering with various inventions. Donatello's capabilities in science and technology have been key factors for the Turtles' successes in their battles with Shredder and other villains.
 * Raphael (voiced by Rob Paulsen in Season 1–9, Thom Pinto in two Season 3 episodes, Hal Rayle in the "Vacation in Europe" side-season, Michael Gough in Season 10) – The red-masked turtle who wields two sai. Although Raphael is depicted as angry, impulsive, and violent in most other TMNT media, he is the comedian of the team who often comes out with sarcastic and witty remarks in the 1987 series. He provides some of the comic relief for the show, constantly breaking the fourth wall.
 * Michelangelo (voiced by Townsend Coleman) – The orange-masked turtle who wields a pair of nunchakus, which is later changed to a grappling hook. He is the goofy, fun-loving "party animal" of the team who often speaks in surfer slang, and is the source for many of the show's catchphrases, such as "Cowabunga!". More so than any other Turtle, he is obsessed with pizza and enjoys experimenting with various toppings, even when the other Turtles find it gross. He is also considered to be the least intelligent member of the team, especially by Raphael. Michaelangelo is the most laid back character, though he is shown to be very skilled with his nunchaku. He also provides much of the comic relief albeit without Raphael's sarcasm.

Allies and friends

 * Master Splinter/Hamato Yoshi (voiced by Peter Renaday in most appearances, Townsend Coleman in two Season 5 episodes) – A soft-spoken yet strict and wizened sensei who used to teach Oroku Saki, until the latter set him up for an offense towards his master which he did not commit and was exiled from the Foot Clan. Since then, he has lived in the sewers of Manhattan as a homeless man with the rats and his four pet turtles as his only friends. Upon being exposed to the same mutagen that changed the turtles into their present anthropomorphic forms with his DNA, Hamato Yoshi transformed into a humanoid mutant rat (as he had most recently been with the rats) and raised the Turtles as his sons (who nickname him "Splinter" from his habit of breaking wood), training them in ninjutsu. It is later revealed that one of his distant ancestors is the founder of the Foot Clan.
 * April O'Neil (voiced by Renae Jacobs) – A redheaded TV reporter from Channel 6 News (later a freelance reporter in Seasons 9 and 10) who discovers the Turtles' home in the sewers and befriends the TMNT. She is frequently kidnapped by Shredder and other villains, usually as bait to lure the Turtles out of hiding.
 * Irma Langenstein (voiced by Jennifer Darling) – Channel 6's clumsy, dating-obsessed secretary who debuts in Season 2. She is April's best friend who later also befriends the TMNT. Following the destruction of the Channel 6 Building in Season 8, Irma is slowly phased out of the show. A similar character would be used in the 2012 series.
 * Casey Jones (voiced by Pat Fraley) – A violent, impulsive, and overzealous street-fighting vigilante who is friends with the Ninja Turtles. He fights using sports equipment and wears a hockey mask.
 * Zach "the Fifth Turtle" (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – A 14-year-old who looks up to the Turtles and is their biggest fan.
 * Walt (voiced by Townsend Coleman) – Zach's older brother.
 * Punk Frogs – The mutant frog counterparts of the TMNT who were accidentally mutated by Krang and trained in martial arts in the hopes that they would be a match for the Turtles. Further emulating his rival Splinter, Shredder names the four frogs after his own personal heroes: Attila the Hun, Genghis Khan, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Grigori Rasputin. Despite their innocent, docile nature, they are also extremely naive, and as such, they were easily misled by Shredder into believing that the Turtles were "evil" and that Shredder was a "good person". However, they eventually turned against Shredder and became their allies. These frogs all speak with Southern American accents.
 * Attila the Frog (voiced by Townsend Coleman) – A Punk Frog that is armed with a mace who is named after Attila the Hun.
 * Genghis Frog (voiced by Jim Cummings) – A Punk Frog that is armed with an axe who is named after Genghis Khan.
 * Napoleon Bonafrog (voiced by Pat Fraley) – A Punk Frog that is armed with a whip who is named after Napoleon Bonaparte.
 * Rasputin the Mad Frog (voiced by Nicholas Omana) – A Punk Frog that is armed with a bow and arrow who is named after Grigori Rasputin.
 * The Neutrinos – An alien race of teenagers from Dimension X whose only goal in life is to have fun.
 * Dask (voiced by Thom Pinto) – The male Neutrino. He spends some time tinkering with his Starmobile.
 * Kala (voiced by Tress MacNeille) – The female Neutrino. She seems to have the strongest friendship with Michelangelo out of all the Turtles.
 * Zak (voiced by Pat Fraley) – The hipster Neutrino.
 * Kerma (voiced by Jan Rabson impersonating Cliff Edwards) – A native of the distant utopian planet Shell-Ri-La (the name being a pun on Shangri-La), which is home to a peaceful, but generally defenseless alien humanoid turtles called the Turtleoids. He arrives on Earth to seek for the Turtles' help in protecting his homeworld from a few threats. Kerma was responsible for the origin of Groundchuck and Dirtbag where he led away a lion and a gorilla that Shredder intended to mutate and accidentally opened some cages that caused a red-furred cattle and a mole to be mutated instead. His species need reflective light from gold in order to energize themselves.
 * Carter (voiced by Bumper Robinson) – Introduced in Season 9, he travels to New York City to study martial arts under Splinter, but is accidentally exposed to a mutagen which causes him to spontaneously oscillate between his human and mutant forms. He was an important ally to the TMNT in their battles against Lord Dregg. In Season 10, he temporarily leaves to finish his studies after Donatello stabilized his mutation, although he returns upon learning from April that the Turtles were captured by Lord Dregg, Krang, and Shredder. While on his way to rescue the Turtles, Carter found that he could still mutate. At the end of "Turtles to the Second Power", Carter accepts Landor and Merrik's offer to travel with them to the future so he can be fully cured of his mutation.
 * Landor and Merrik (voiced by Kevin Schon and Roxanne Beckford) – Two time-travelers from the future.

Main villains

 * The Foot Clan – An evil ninja organization.
 * Oroku Saki/The Shredder (voiced by James Avery in Season 1 to the first half of Season 7, Dorian Harewood in four Season 3 episodes, Pat Fraley in one Season 3 episode, Jim Cummings in one Season 5 episode and most of the European side-season, Townsend Coleman for the second half of Season 7, and William E. Martin in Season 8 and 10) – The nemesis of the Turtles and Master Splinter. He is usually the main villain in other media, but in this series Shredder always, against his will, has to take orders from Krang, although their relationship evolves over time into more of an equal partnership (with Shredder even risking his life to save Krang on numerous occasions). His real name is Oroku Saki, a member of the Foot Clan in Japan and a student of Hamato Yoshi/Splinter. Saki was jealous of Yoshi's leadership within the Clan and sought to usurp him. He responds by framing Yoshi for an offense towards the sensei and has him exiled. Shortly afterwards, Saki takes control of the Foot Clan and transforms it into an army of crime under his command. Along with Krang, Rocksteady, and Bebop, he is the primary antagonist of the show until the end of Season 8, when the Technodrome is destroyed and they are all banished to Dimension X. Although he and Krang return for three episodes in the final season, they are eventually sent back to Dimension X, and they are not seen again for the rest of the series.
 * Rocksteady (voiced by Cam Clarke) – One of Shredder's incompetent, oafish henchmen. Originally the Caucasian male leader of an unnamed street gang, Rocksteady was exposed to the mutagen after coming into contact with a black rhinoceros that was stolen from the zoo, transforming him into a humanoid black rhinoceros. Like Bebop, he is extremely unintelligent (although he is shown on multiple occasions to be slightly more intelligent than Bebop) and serves as comic relief for most of the series.
 * Bebop (voiced by Barry Gordon in most episodes, Greg Berg in six Season 3 episodes and one episode of the "Vacation in Europe" side-season) – An African-American male with a mohawk, sunglasses, and a nose ring who, along with Rocksteady, is one of Shredder's henchmen. Prior to meeting Shredder, he belonged to the same street gang as Rocksteady, serving as the latter's second-in-command. As part of Shredder and Krang's experiment, he was transformed into a humanoid common warthog after being exposed to the mutagen and a common warthog that was stolen from the zoo.
 * Baxter Stockman (voiced by Pat Fraley) – A blond Caucasian inventor (as opposed to the dark-haired African-American he was portrayed as in the Mirage comics) who tried to bill his rat-catching Mousers to the Ajax Pest Control company. They did not like his suggestion, saying it would put them out of business, and threw him out of the building. Embittered, he readily agrees to join forces with Shredder, who orders him to replicate his Mousers and hunt down Splinter and the Turtles. After the Ninja Turtles defeated the Mousers, Baxter Stockman was arrested and thrown into an asylum. Shredder later traded Baxter Stockman to Krang for the return of Bebop and Rocksteady. When Krang found no use for Stockman and decided to kill him, a fly that had been with Baxter in the disintegrator unit soon merged with him, turning him into a humanoid fly. He has occasionally plotted revenge against the Ninja Turtles and Shredder. Baxter Stockman has a twin brother named Barney who was also a mad scientist and threw fits whenever the Turtles mistook him for Baxter.
 * Z (voiced by Townsend Coleman) – The sentient computer found on an abandoned spaceship that allied itself with Baxter Stockman where it assists him in his plots in "Bye, Bye, Fly," "Son of Return of the Fly II," and "Revenge of the Fly."
 * Chrome Dome (voiced by Peter Renaday) – A towering robot that was created by Shredder to keep an eye on the Foot Soldiers in "Planet of the Turtleoids" Pt. 1 at the time when the Technodrome was being upgraded. It was destroyed during its fight with the Turtles. In "Night of the Rogues", Chrome Dome was rebuilt by Shredder and is among the villains that Shredder recruited to attack the Turtles.
 * Foot Soldiers – A group of robotic ninjas that serve as Shredder's loyal soldiers.
 * Krang (voiced by Pat Fraley in most episodes, Townsend Coleman in three Season 3 episodes) – An extremely intelligent, disembodied brain from Dimension X who commands the Technodrome. Like Shredder, he aspires to conquer the Earth, although he does not share Shredder's obsessive hatred of the Turtles and Splinter (instead of viewing them as more of an annoyance/obstacle), preferring instead to focus on world conquest. He funds and helps plan most of Shredder's schemes, although they often bicker with one another over tactics. In Season 7, it is revealed that Krang originally belonged to a muscular, vicious reptilian humanoid species (mainly resembling a Tyrannosaurus) with regenerative powers before he lost his body and was banished from Dimension X.
 * Rock Soldiers – The Rock Soldiers are an army of sentient rock humanoids from Dimension X. As mentioned in "Michaelangelo's Birthday," the Rock Soldiers were created when Krang used mutagen on some rocks. The Rock Soldiers are incredibly strong, but they are not very bright.
 * General Traag (voiced by Peter Renaday) – Traag is a Rock Soldier general that is loyal to Krang.
 * Sergeant Granitor (voiced by Pat Fraley impersonating Peter Lorre) – Granitor is a high-ranking gray Rock Soldier that is loyal to Krang and works under General Traag.
 * Lord Dregg (voiced by Tony Jay) – An alien warlord who serves as the chief antagonist for the final two seasons of the series, following Shredder and Krang's exile to Dimension X in Season 8. At the end of the final season, Lord Dregg is banished to Dimension X as well (and presumably killed, since the Turtles had sent Krang's android suit back with him as it was about to undergo an atomic explosion). Although he starts out as a cold, calm, and calculating villain, his sanity gradually deteriorates over the course of Season 10, as he becomes increasingly obsessed with destroying the Turtles once and for all. In the process, he alienates all of his remaining followers, including his second-in-command Mung, who accuses him of losing sight of their quest for world domination. He is also the only villain other than Titanus who appears to be in more than just three episodes.
 * HiTech (voiced by Rob Paulsen in Season 9, Cam Clarke in Season 10) – An arthropod-like alien in high-tech armor who served as Lord Dregg's second-in-command. When Mung proves more efficient as second-in-command, Dregg blasts HiTech off in a pod to "orbit the galaxy".
 * Mung (voiced by Cam Clarke) – A hunchbacked beetle-like henchman of Lord Dregg who replaced HiTech in the final season. He is a technical and mechanical genius where he even surpasses HiTech himself. Mung usually supplies Dregg with his self-replicating "microbots" to build whatever he wants in a matter of hours.
 * TechnoGang – A gang of insect-like foot soldiers that serve Lord Dregg.
 * Batmen – A group of ugly winged humanoid bats that serve as the alternate foot soldiers for Lord Dregg.

Recurring villains

 * The Street Gang – The first street gang is the one that Bebop and Rocksteady lead. There is another branch of the group that is led by Lugnut who Bebop and Rocksteady's faction are associated with. Both factions are loosely based on the Purple Dragons from the comics.
 * Scrag – A member of Bebop and Rocksteady's faction with wild hair and wears sunglasses. He got mutated into a mutant bat. His name came from the original storyboard for "Turtle Tracks" and a coloring book.
 * Grunt – A member of Bebop and Rocksteady's faction who sports a yellow mohawk and wears sunglasses. He got mutated into a mutant lizard. His name came from the original storyboard for "Turtle Tracks."
 * Dopey – A cap-wearing, but big-nosed member of Bebop and Rocksteady's faction who got mutated into a mutant shrew. His name came from the original storyboard for "Turtle Tracks."
 * Dumbo – A short, fat, and bald-headed member of Bebop and Rocksteady's faction who got mutated into a mutant dog. His name came from the original storyboard for "Turtle Tracks."
 * Lugnut (voiced by Townsend Coleman in "The Gang's All Here," Nicholas Omana in "Once Upon a Time Machine") – The bald-headed leader of the gang that Rocksteady and Bebop's faction are a part of.
 * Jersey Red (voiced by Renae Jacobs) – A tough woman who is a member of Lugnut's faction.
 * High Five (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – A member of Lugnut's faction.
 * The Rat King (voiced by Townsend Coleman) – A homeless man living in a dilapidated portion of the New York City sewer system, not too far from the Turtles and Splinter. He usually carries around a hypnotic flute to mesmerize any rodent nearby, especially mutant rats. In these episodes featuring him, the Rat King would often enact some sort of plot to establish his own rat-controlled government and end human rule forever, thus believing that all rats (which he counted himself as) were more superior than every other species, whom he described as "inferior non-rodents". The Rat King appeared as a recurring villain from Seasons 3 to 7 onwards, until he is finally apprehended by the police in the second episode of Season 8.
 * Leatherhead (voiced by Jim Cummings in three appearances, Peter Renaday in "Night of the Rogues") – A large alligator from Florida who has mutated into humanoid form when he swam through a mutagen-polluted part of his swamp. He hunted the Turtles' allies the Punk Frogs, and then went to New York to hunt the Turtles themselves. One time, he fights the Rat King, but join forces with him in later episodes.
 * Slash (voiced by Pat Fraley) – An ordinary turtle from Earth that got mutated by Bebop and Rocksteady. He is a muscular, vicious humanoid turtle with brute strength, dynamic durability, spikes on his shell, vortex breath, hardened claws, and a pair of Shaolin swords, but very low intelligence (although he does temporarily acquire a genius-level IQ in his second appearance). Slash is also extremely attached to a small, plastic palm tree standing inside the bowl prior before exposure of super mutagen and calls it his "binky".
 * Organised crime figures:
 * Don Turtelli (voiced by Peter Renaday) - A Crime boss known for using feathers to tickle his victims.
 * Pinky McFingers (voiced by Peter Renaday in most appearances, Cam Clarke in "Donatello's Duplicate") – A high-ranking crime boss with a gang at his disposal. McFingers once sponsors Baxter Stockman's twin brother Barney Stockman to create a "gag-a-magnifier" device that increases the comedy power of jokes. They planned to hook up the funniest comedian to it and transmit the joke waves all over the city, making everyone hysterically helpless. This enabled McFingers and his two goons would go out and rob the city. He and his men kidnapped comedians until they kidnapped Raphael. They tied Raphael up in a sack and took him to their hideout where strapped down, McFingers tells him of his brilliant plan. Being the funniest comedian, Raphael is forced to start telling his jokes. However, the rest of the turtles rescue him and the other comedians and turn the device against Stockman and the McFingers gang, all of whom end up arrested.
 * Big Louie (voiced by Peter Renaday) – A high-ranking gangster with a gang at his disposal who sometimes works with the Shredder.
 * Mad Dog McMutt (voiced by Townsend Coleman) - A bulldog-like human gangster. His secret headquarters is a giant fire hydrant, and he has a dog-shaped car and helicopter.
 * Tempestra (voiced by Gaille Heideman) – A sorceress from the arcade game "Tempestra's Revenge" who was brought out by a freak thunderstorm. She possesses telekinetic powers, can create different creatures to fight for her, and can control the weather. After Leonardo encountered Tempestra upon playing the arcade game, he called in the rest of the Turtles to fight her. Tempestra was defeated when Leonardo trapped her in the circuit board from the wrecked arcade game. In "Night of the Rogues", Tempestra was freed offscreen by Shredder who is among the villains used by him and Krang to destroy the Turtles where she was the one who led them. Tempestra has also appeared in three video games associated with this show.
 * Groundchuck and Dirtbag (voiced by Robert Ridgely and Pat Fraley) – A mutant red-furred cattle in armor and a mutant mole who were accidentally created by Shredder's mutagen due a series of events caused by Kerma.
 * H.A.V.O.C. – Short for Highly Advanced Variety Of Creatures, H.A.V.O.C. is a gang of mutants. The Turtles meet H.A.V.O.C. in the process of thwarting a robbery, meeting mutants and H.A.V.O.C. members Raptor, Amok, and Overdrive, and then later, the H.A.V.O.C. leader, Titanus. The Turtles find out that while H.A.V.O.C. has offered the Turtles a safe haven from those who think they are the villains, H.A.V.O.C. is actually creating mutants instead of protecting them and actually tries to turn the entire city into mutants. The Turtles spend a few episodes of season 8 battling H.A.V.O.C. After they get rid of the boss, none of the other mutants appear again.
 * Titanus (voiced by Ron Feinberg) – A large unspecified mutant from the future who is the leader of H.A.V.O.C. In his final appearance, he ends up trapped in the time of dinosaurs and vows to have revenge against the Turtles if it is the last thing he ever does.
 * Amok (voiced by Townsend Coleman) – A mutant goat.
 * Highbeam (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – A mutant firefly.
 * Magma (voiced by Barry Gordon) – A lava mutant. He and Seizure were ordered by Titanus to make mutants.
 * Overdrive (voiced by Cam Clarke) – A mutant cheetah.
 * Ram Mystic (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – An unnamed ram mutant with mystical powers.
 * Raptor (voiced by Pat Fraley) – An unspecified mutant bird of prey.
 * Seizure (voiced by Rodger Bumpass) – A mutant centipede. He and Magma were ordered by Titanus to make mutants.
 * Synapse (voiced by Pat Fraley) – A convict that desired revenge against the Turtles since they defeated him in "Get Shredder." In H.A.V.O.C. in the Streets, Titanus breaks him out of jail and turns him into an electric mutant. Synapse keeps the Turtles busy for a while until Donatello forces him through a ham radio, leaving him trapped on the radio airwaves.

Other characters

 * Channel 6 News Staff – The workers of Channel 6 News that often have involvements with the Ninja Turtles. Following the destruction of the Channel 6 News building during Season 8, these characters slowly faded out of the show. The old Channel 6 building also made a cameo appearance in the crossover movie Turtles Forever as the 2003 Turtles take a detour in the dimension of their 1987 counterparts.
 * Burne Thompson (voiced by Pat Fraley in most episodes, Townsend Coleman in three episodes of Season 3) – April's stubborn and irascible boss at Channel 6 News, and the human antagonist of the Turtles. He wrongfully believed the Turtles were a "menace" and bullied April to expose them since he usually had to pay for the damages caused by the Turtles' battles. His hatred for the TMNT intensified following the destruction of the Channel 6 building by Shredder in Season 8, an incident he falsely blamed on the Turtles. He often favored Vernon more, which was likely due to the fact that Vernon shared Burne's distrust of the TMNT and did not hesitate to cast a negative light on them in his news coverage. In the 2014 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film, a genderbent adaption of this character named Bernadette Thompson was used where she was portrayed by Whoopi Goldberg.
 * Vernon Fenwick (voiced by Pat Fraley in Season 1, Peter Renaday in Seasons 2–8 and Townsend Coleman in one Season 5 episode) – April's cameraman, rival news reporter, and the second human antagonist of the Turtles. In Season 1, he had more of a serious and dedicated personality, although shades of the cowardice and rivalry with April that would define Vernon's character throughout the rest of the series would sometimes surface. Despite that, he was still willing to help April get her story in the Season 1 finale, "Shredded and Splintered". From Season 2 onwards, he was written as a selfish, egotistical, opportunistic, and cowardly cameraman and co-reporter who would often go to great lengths to steal April's thunder, although he was quick to cede all of the more "dangerous" assignments to April, not willing to put himself in harm's way. Like Burne, he also wrongfully believed that the Turtles were a menace to society and often actively participated in Burne's anti-mutant campaigns, even though the Turtles had saved his life on many occasions. Vern appears in the 2014 TMNT film and its 2016 sequel portrayed by Will Arnett.

Development and writing
By 1986, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic series by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird had experienced two years of success. At that time, New York-based licensing agent Mark Freedman – who had previously handled Hanna-Barbera's library of characters and was establishing his own licensing company – was contacted by a connection in the toy industry and introduced to the property. Though initially in disbelief at the title, he found it growing onto him and decided to approach California toy manufacturer Playmates Toys to pitch a toy line based on the property. The uncertain company requested that a television deal be acquired first, and after the initial five-episode series debuted, they released their first series of Ninja Turtles action figures in the summer of 1988. The two media would correspond in marketing and popularity for many years to come.

David Wise and Patti Howeth wrote the screenplay for the first 5-part miniseries. When the series continued in the second season, comic artist Jack Mendelsohn joined the show as the executive story editor, and collaborated on story concepts and additional characters with John Schulte and John Besmehn of PANGEA, who were writing presentation scripts, background stories, and character bios for their client, Playmates Toys. Wise went on to write over seventy episodes of the series, and was executive story editor for four later seasons as well. Wise left the series partway through the ninth season, and Jeffrey Scott took over as the story editor and chief writer for the rest of the show's run.

The animation work for the first three seasons of the show were handled by Japanese anime studio Toei Animation. The budget for the first five episodes of the series was almost $2 million.

Voice acting
Casting for the show took place in Los Angeles. During recording of the voice acting, all the main cast recorded together. According to Renae Jacobs, voice-actress of the reporter April O'Neil, working together "was great for camaraderie and relationships. We played off each other...there was a lot of ad libbing".

Also according to Jacobs, the actors frequently undermined the efforts of the show's creators to make the show grittier and more serious, instead embracing silliness and jokes for both children and adults.

"'They [the Turtle voice actors] were kind of like the Marx Brothers, The Stooges, Laurel & Hardy, Burns and Allen and all of those wonderful, fabulous old radio personalities and early movie personalities all rolled up into one. Those guys put the heart and soul into those turtles and came up with those personalities'."

Soundtrack
Through most of the series, the episodes featured a recurring background music which reflected the mood of the situation, as well as leitmotifs for settings such as the Technodrome, the New York City sewers, Channel 6, etc. The soundtrack was composed by Dennis Challen Brown (credited as "D.C. Brown" and later as "Dennis C. Brown") and Chuck Lorre. Lorre recorded the theme song (and performed the spoken parts) and later became a successful television producer. The performer of the song was James Mandell (aka Miles Doppler).

Syndication
The show was in Saturday morning syndication from October 1, 1988, to September 9, 1989, and became an instant hit. The show was expanded to five days a week and aired weekday afternoons in syndication in most markets from September 25, 1989, to March 29, 1991, with reruns airing until September 17, 1993. Starting on September 8, 1990 (with a different opening sequence), the show began its secondary run on CBS's Saturday morning lineup, beginning as a 60-minute block from 1990 to 1993, initially airing a couple of Saturday exclusive episodes back to back. There would also be a brief "Turtle Tips" segment in between the two episodes which served as public service announcements about the environment or other issues. There were at least 20 "Turtle Tips" segments that were produced and aired. Beginning in 1994, the show began airing as a 30-minute block until the series ended.

Although the last episode broadcast on CBS on November 2, 1996, reruns of Seasons 8, 9 and 10 continued to air until August 30, 1997. That would be the last time the show would be reran on any television network in the United States for almost 26 years. Episodes from Seasons 1–7 were rerun on the USA Network's USA Cartoon Express from September 13, 1993, to September 15, 1996 (the last time any episode from prior to Seasons 8-10 would air on television in the United States for nearly 27 years). Fred Wolf Films, owners of the rights to the show, have licensed the series to Lionsgate Home Entertainment, who have been responsible for the original DVD and retail streaming releases.

On July 20, 2023, at San Diego Comic-Con, it was announced that to coincide with the release of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, Nickelodeon had acquired the broadcast rights to the series from Fred Wolf Films. With the acquisition, the series would become available on Nickelodeon's branded channels and other digital platforms later that month, starting with Nicktoons on July 31, 2023.

International releases

 * In Australia, the show's original run on the Seven Network ended in 1996. From 2013 to 2020, reruns aired on 10 Peach, Currently aired on Nickelodeon in August 2023, Everynight at 11pm and repeat every weekdays at 3pm.
 * Despite being a PAL region, the series always aired under the US “Ninja” title in Australia. The first season of the show premiered as a two-part (90 minutes each) prime-time miniseries on the Seven Network in February 1990 before shifting to a 3:30 p.m. timeslot for Season 2. Later, after ratings fell, it was moved to a morning timeslot in January 1994 as part of Agro's Cartoon Connection until its end in 1996. The show was mostly uncensored, airing under its original name with occasional edits, including the editing of Season 1.
 * In New Zealand the series screened on TV3 from early 1990 onwards, just weeks after TV3 began broadcasting. Season 2 and Season 3 were first screened weekdays initially at 5:30pm and later moved to an earlier timeslot, season 2 and 3 were repeated several times over in 1990. Season 1 aired as lost episodes which screened on Saturday evenings at 6:00 p.m. between September and October 1990. Season 4 was picked up in 1991 with TV3 first screening the episodes that aired in the US on CBS followed by the syndicated episodes. From 1992 to 1996 TV3 screened the later seasons on Saturday mornings, the "Vacation in Europe" episodes were screened in 1993.
 * In the Republic of Ireland, the series ended its original run on August 9, 1998, but the show was regularly rerun on RTÉ Two until 2008. In Yugoslavia the series was broadcast on RTS from 1991 to 1994 and on RTV Pink from 1998 to 2002. In Denmark, the show is aired every weekday at 6.00 am on TV 2.
 * In the Republic of Ireland, the series was initially known as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles just like the US version and the intro sequence was unedited when it debuted on RTÉ Two as part of the Irish TV strand The Den with the airing of the second season in September 1990. After the first two episodes were broadcast, the name was changed to the Hero Turtles version and the intro was edited, except for season one. Scenes with Mikey's nunchucks and the word ‘ninja’ were always edited out in the actual episodes, though. Episodes were also cut a bit midway through at the point where there would be a commercial break, perhaps because there were no ad breaks during shows on The Den. The show was very popular in Ireland and aired a lot on weekday afternoons on RTÉ in the mid 90s with season 1 being placed between 3 and 4. The European Vacation eps first aired in Ireland in December 1990. In 2007–2008, episodes were aired in their original US unedited form.
 * In the United Kingdom, the series was originally released under the name Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles (TMHT). This was due to the controversy surrounding ninjas and related weapons such as nunchaku at the time. The intro sequence was heavily edited because of this, replacing the word ninja with hero or fighting, using a digitally faded logo instead of the animated blob, and removing any scenes in which Michaelangelo wields his nunchaku, replacing them with clips from the show. Scenes of Michaelangelo using his nunchaku were likewise edited out of the episodes themselves, which led the American show runners to drop the weapons from the series entirely in the fourth season in order to make the show more appropriate for the international airings. The weapons were replaced with a grappling hook called the "Turtle Line" that served as Mikey's signature weapon for the rest of the show's run. The word 'ninja' was also edited out of any speech within the show, often leading to some awkward sounding dialogue.
 * The TMHT version was aired in other European countries, including the Republic of Ireland (except series 1, which had the original title), The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Poland, Hungary, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland, in local dubs (the Finnish version was in English with subtitles, while Polish was in English with a voice-over translation). In Denmark, the English censored version was aired on the national broadcaster TV2. It had subtitles as well, however, only seasons 2 and 3 were aired in this fashion. Season 1 was aired as one spliced feature, instead of the original five-part miniseries. The movie was titled The Epic Begins, and included heavy edits from each of the five episodes, and was also released to VHS in the US in 1988.
 * In Russia on the TV channel 2×2 a dubbed version in Russian was shown on September 25, 1993. On June 9, 1997, the channel shut down, and the show was discontinued. After it resumed broadcasting in 2003, a re-run with an old dubbed version began on the 2×2 from April 1, 2013. Since February 11, 2021, there is a new dubbed version on TV channel 2x2.
 * In Sweden, TV 3 Sweden, which aired from London, aired seasons 1-3 between 1990 and 1993, while TV1000 aired seasons 4–6 with subtitles and the "Vacation in Europe" episodes dubbed. The series was dubbed into Swedish by Mediadubb. Sun Studio also dubbed some chosen seasons 1-3 episodes into Swedish, for home video releases in 1991, later rereleased to DVD. In Sweden, the home video releases kept the original title, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles".

VHS
The series has seen numerous releases on VHS in Region 1 by Family Home Entertainment, beginning in 1988 and continuing through 1996. Several tapes were released as part of marketing promotions with corporations such as Burger King and TV Teddy.

UK videotapes were initially released using the censored Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles title.

LaserDisc
Six LaserDisc collections of selected episodes were released in North America in 1989. Releases continued through at least 1996.

DVD
Starting in April 2004, DVD releases began in region 1. The series has since seen numerous releases as part of DVD compilations.

Region 1
Lionsgate Home Entertainment (through FHE Kids Entertainment and Family Home Entertainment) has released the entire series to DVD in Region 1. Initially it was released in volumes, with each volume containing 9–13 episodes in its original production order, with the exception of the first volume, which included bonus episodes from the last season. After six volumes, it was announced that the series would now be released in season sets, starting with season 4. However, the episodes "Once Upon a Time Machine" was omitted in the season 4 set and the 1991 prime-time special "Planet of the Turtleoids" was omitted from the Season 5 set, but are included in the Season 10 set as bonus episodes. The DVDs do not include the Turtle Tips PSAs.

On November 13, 2012, Lionsgate Family Entertainment released Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – The Complete Classic Series on DVD in Region 1. The 23-disc set features all 193 episodes of the series as well as bonus features. It also contains special collectors edition packaging.

On July 23, 2013, Lionsgate re-released all 47 episodes of season 3 together in a 4 disc box set.

A compilation of selected episodes, Cowabunga Classics, was released on July 29, 2014.

Region 2
The first volume of the 25th Anniversary Edition, containing all episodes from the first two seasons in a PAL format as well as some bonus material from season 10, was released for Region 2 DVDs by Lionsgate Home Entertainment in the UK and the Republic of Ireland on May 25, 2009. 4 DVDs containing 3 episodes each based around Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael and Michaelango were released on May 19, 2014. DVDs of the series were also released by German distributor KSM GmbH between May 2007 and February 2012.

Region 4
The show was released in Australia by Lionsgate Home Entertainment between 2009 and 2016. All episodes from the 1987 series were released in sixteen volumes. The discs are in Region 4, but unusually, they are in NTSC picture format, instead of PAL. The first six DVDs are more or less duplicated from the Region 1 discs released in America, however unlike the American release, Season 4 was broken down into several separate volumes (7 to 9).

United States
Lionsgate Home Entertainment has also released each of the seasons in digital format which are sold separately on several digital platforms such as Amazon and iTunes in Standard Definition only. While "Once Upon a Time Machine" is included with Season 5, "Planet of the Turtleoids" is included with Season 6.

Following Nickelodeon's acquisition of the distribution rights for the series, the series had been slowly re-released under Nickelodeon's branding, also in Standard Definition only which was completed in February 2024. Excluding Vudu, the new digital releases has some slight changes over the old ones, to where "The Turtles and The Hare" is also placed alongside "Once Upon a Time Machine" in Season 5, and "Planet of the Turtloids is also restored to that aforementioned season as well in its two-part format instead of a single episode. As of April 2024, iTunes released a complete series set with all 193 episodes.

The first two seasons were made available for streaming September 19, 2023 on Paramount+. with more being added slowly with Season 3 now available.

The first season was officially released free to watch on YouTube, on July 30, 2023. Some episodes from Season 2 were also released, as well as a live broadcast feed of the entire series.

Reception
IGN named TMNT as the 55th best show in the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows. While the story diverged heavily from the original conception of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles with the universe of the original Mirage comics, the 1987 television series is largely the most notable and popular incarnation and drove the franchise to the phenomenal status it would achieve in popular culture. Co-creator, Peter Laird, has publicly shared his distaste with the show on numerous occasions but has also acknowledged that it was extremely successful with and beloved by its audience and, while he would have preferred a different approach to the material, it might not have been as popular as what was produced. Retroactively, the cross-over film Turtles Forever established a common multiverse continuity between all Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles variations.

At the time, the series was criticized by various groups for its violent content and commercialism. The extensive line of toys and other licensed products also attracted criticism. The Australian Council for Children's Films and Television accused the show of being a 30-minute toy commercial.


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Yodoyabashi Station

Yodoyabashi Station (淀屋橋駅) is a railway station on the Osaka Metro Midosuji Line and the Keihan Railway Keihan Main Line in Japan. It is the nearest station to the Osaka City Hall (大阪市役所).

Lines

 * (M17)
 * Keihan Electric Railway
 * Keihan Main Line
 * Keihan Main Line

Osaka Metro Midosuji Line
The subway station is an island platform with two tracks on the 2nd basement. Ticket gates are located in the north, the center-north, the center-south and the south on the 1st basement. The Keihan Main Line is close to the north gates.

Keihan Railway Keihan Main Line
Keihan station has an island platform serving four tracks on the 2nd basement. Ticket gates are located on the 1st basement, and named in order from the east to west, East Gates 2, East Gates 1, Central Gates, West Gates and West Exit Gates 0. The Osaka Municipal Subway Midosuji Line is close to the West Gates and the West Exit Gates 0.

The following ticket gates are open during the following hours.

 * East Gates 1 - only on weekday rush-hours (7:30–9:50, 17:10–21:15)
 * East Gates 2 - only on weekday mornings (7:30–9:50)
 * West Exit Gates 0 - (7–21 on weekdays and Saturdays, 8–19 on Sundays, Japanese national holidays, obon period and year-change period)

In addition, West Gates are used only for exit till 9 on weekdays.

Establishments around the station

 * Osaka City Hall
 * Nakanoshima Park
 * Ōebashi Station (Keihan Railway Nakanoshima Line)
 * the headquarters of Osaka Gas Co., Ltd.
 * the headquarters of Nippon Life Insurance Company
 * the headquarters of Mizuno Corporation
 * Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation Osaka building
 * the headquarters of Sumitomo Trust and Banking Co., Ltd.
 * Bank of Japan Osaka branch
 * The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Osaka branch
 * the headquarters of Resona Holdings
 * Mizuho Bank Osaka branch
 * The Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka
 * Osaka Suijō Bus Yodoyabashi Pier

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yodoyabashi Station


text: User talk:200.101.238.215

title: User talk:200.101.238.215


text:
Talk:Gold Country

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Astephan90.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:52, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Redirects: California Gold Country

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Viveritoco. Peer reviewers: Revjeff530.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:30, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

peer review requested - California Gold Rush
Peer review has been requested for the California Gold Rush article. All comments and suggestions are being accepted with an eye towards possible nomination of that article as a Featured Article. NorCalHistory 07:16, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Bibliography and resources
Hello! I'm going to help work on this article for my English class. I found several sources that I plan on using to help add information and improve citations for the page. I plan on adding a section about the development of the area to start. I would love any feedback or suggestions that anyone has for this article. Below are a list of my possible sources that I've gathered so far:

Kowalewski, Michael. "California Gold Rush." American History Through Literature 1820-1870, edited by Janet Gabler-Hover and Robert Sattelmeyer, vol. 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006, pp. 171-175. Gale Virtual Reference Library, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3450700042/GVRL?u=orov49112&sid=GVRL&xid=dcb1c0b0. Accessed 25 Feb. 2018.

García, Justin D. "California Gold Rush." Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia, edited by Carlos E. Cortés and Jane E. Sloan, vol. 1, SAGE Reference, 2014, pp. 415-418. Gale Virtual Reference Library, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3718500162/GVRL?u=orov49112&sid=GVRL&xid=d6a44fe4. Accessed 25 Feb. 2018.

"Gold Rush of 1849." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk, vol. 1, Gale, 1999, pp. 378-380. Gale Virtual Reference Library, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3406400370/GVRL?u=orov49112&sid=GVRL&xid=5a47add3. Accessed 25 Feb. 2018.

-- Viveritoco (talk) 16:00, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gold Country


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Cobaltite

Cobaltite is a sulfide mineral composed of cobalt, arsenic, and sulfur, CoAsS. It naturally appears in the form of a tetartoid, a form of dodecahedron with chiral tetrahedral symmetry. Its impurities may contain up to 10% iron and variable amounts of nickel. Structurally, it resembles pyrite (FeS2) with one of the sulfur atoms replaced by an arsenic atom.

Although rare, it is mined as a significant source of the strategically important metal cobalt. Secondary weathering incrustations of erythrite, hydrated cobalt arsenate, are common. A variety containing much iron replacing cobalt, and known as ferrocobaltite (Stahlkobalt), was found at Siegen in Westphalia.

The name is from the German, Kobold, "underground spirit" in allusion to the "refusal" of cobaltiferous ores to smelt as they are expected to, including the foul-smelling, poisonous fumes the ores gave off. Cobaltite, which contains both arsenic and sulfur, was one of these ores.

It occurs in high-temperature hydrothermal deposits and contact metamorphic rocks. It occurs in association with magnetite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, skutterudite, allanite, zoisite, scapolite, titanite, and calcite along with numerous other Co–Ni sulfides and arsenides. It was described as early as 1832.

It is found chiefly in Sweden, Norway, Germany, Cornwall, England, Canada, La Cobaltera, Chile, Australia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Morocco. Crystals have also been found at Khetri in Rajasthan, and under the name sehta the mineral was used by Indian jewellers for producing a blue enamel on gold and silver ornaments.

Cobaltite can be separated from other minerals by selective, pH controlled, flotation methods, where cobalt recovery usually involves hydrometallurgy. It can also be processed with pyrometallurgical methods, such as flash smelting.

title: Cobaltite


text:
Wooden Spoon

Wooden Spoon may refer to:

 * Wooden spoon, implement
 * Wooden spoon (award)
 * Australian rugby league wooden spooners
 * County Championship Wooden Spoons
 * List of Australian Football League wooden spoons
 * MLS Wooden Spoon
 * Wooden Spoon Society
 * Ruspoli Sapphire, aka the Wooden Spoon-Seller's Sapphire

title: Wooden Spoon


text:
Marimar (Mexican TV series)

Marimar is a Mexican telenovela created by Inés Rodena and produced by Valentín Pimstein and Verónica Pimstein for Televisa in 1994. It is a remake of the 1977 telenovela La venganza, which is in turn based on the radionovela La indomable.

Thalía and Eduardo Capetillo star as the show's romantic leads, while Chantal Andere plays the main antagonist.

Plot
Marimar is a poor, innocent girl who lives with her grandparents in a hut on the beach at San Martin de la Costa, in Ixtapa Zihuatanejo. She falls in love with Sergio, the son of Renato Santibáñez, a wealthy ranch owner. Sergio takes an interest in Marimar due to her humble, sweet demeanor and decides to marry her to spite his father and young stepmother, Angélica. Angélica despises Marimar because of her naivete, her illiteracy, and her ignorance of societal norms, deciding to embark on a campaign to disparage and humiliate her. Angered by his stepmother's behavior, Sergio decides to leave on a short business trip to earn enough money to allow him to take Marimar somewhere where she will be safe from Angélica's abuse.

However, Sergio's departure leaves Marimar alone with no defense between her and Angélica's malice. First, Angélica turns the family and all the household staff against her. She then devises a plan to rid Marimar from the hacienda by staging a theft: she shows Marimar a bracelet lying in a puddle and tells her that she recognizes it as something that once belonged to Sergio's biological mother. She encourages Marimar to retrieve it from the mud with her teeth, and after Marimar follows Angélica's instructions and retrieves the bracelet, Angélica reports to the police that Marimar has stolen it. With Marimar being sent to prison, Angélica sends one of her servants, Nicandro, to set fire to the home of Marimar's grandparents where both of them die in the blaze that ensues. Finally, Angelica forges a letter in Sergio's name in which he tells Marimar that he never loved her and that he will divorce her. Traumatized by Angélica's wickedness, her imprisonment, the death of her grandparents, and the apparent betrayal of Sergio, the formerly good-natured Marimar becomes a woman hell-bent on revenge. Once released from jail, Marimar decides to create an entirely new life for herself. Accompanied by Padre Porres, she moves to Mexico City, where she adopts a new identity as "Bella".

Marimar's life takes an unexpected turn when she finds employment in the home of a stranger named Gustavo Aldama, a man who has been looking for his daughter, María del Mar, for many years. Gustavo and his sister Esperanza take "Bella" under their wing and teach her how to read and write, how to speak eloquently, and how to dress elegantly. Her family circle expands further when she discovers that she is pregnant with Sergio's child, in due course giving birth to a daughter, Crucita.

When Marimar's metamorphosis into a new, brilliant social butterfly is complete, Gustavo takes her to the opera, where she happens to meet her estranged husband. Still believing that Sergio betrayed her, she launches herself into her long-planned vendetta against him and the rest of the Santibañez family. Diving into her new identity as Bella Aldama, she torments Sergio in a game of erotic cat and mouse, sometimes seducing him, sometimes rejecting him. After Marimar reveals to Gustavo that she is his daughter, in the middle of an argument with Bernardo Duarte, he suffers a heart attack and later dies. Marimar inherits her father's share of a country club in Valle Encantado and moves there to manage it. In the meantime, Marimar and Sergio's relationship becomes further complicated when the local governor, Fernando Montenegro, falls in love with Marimar, while his daughter, Natalia, becomes infatuated with Sergio and begins to plot against Marimar for Sergio's affection.

Marimar's campaign against the Santibáñez family enters its final phase, in which she strips Renato and Angélica of their wealth by driving Renato deep into gambling debt while holding the deed to the Santibáñez ranch as collateral. Finally revealing herself to everyone as Marimar, she takes ownership of the ranch and renames it Hacienda los Abuelos, now ranking further above Angélica socially than Angélica ever was. Marimar exploits their fall from grace publicly to humiliate Angélica in the same way that Angélica used to humiliate her. Meanwhile, although Sergio remains in love with Marimar, he ends his marriage with her in disgust due to her actions and makes preparations to marry his childhood friend, Inocencia del Castillo. Marimar sets out to disrupt Sergio and Inocencia's lives by ruining their wedding and wielding her power and influence over Sergio.

Angélica is involved in a major traffic collision on her way to Valle Encantado and suffers fatal burns as a result. While lying on her deathbed, but still as hateful as ever, her last request is for someone to set fire to Marimar's home so that she will die in agony like Angélica. Meanwhile, Inocencia is distressed to discover that Sergio has been making repeated visits to Marimar's home. Pregnant with Sergio's baby, she collapses and is taken to the hospital. Her baby is delivered safely, but a scan conducted reveals she has a brain tumor. While awaiting surgery, she is visited by Marimar. Inocencia then makes a deal with Marimar: if she survives her operation, Marimar will have to leave Sergio and her alone; if she doesn't survive, Marimar will have to marry Sergio. Nevertheless, Marimar commits to Inocencia that she will forget about Sergio regardless of the outcome of her surgery.

Marimar then decides to enter into a relationship with an engineer, Adrián Rosales. Inocencia's tumor is successfully removed. With a new lease on life and ashamed of how she has treated Marimar, Inocencia tells her that she will no longer stand between Marimar and Sergio, as long as she can count on Sergio's support as a father to their child. Renato also expresses regret over how he has treated Marimar, and asks for forgiveness on behalf of himself and Angélica.

Padre Porres helps Sergio understand the motive behind Marimar's quest for revenge, and the couple eventually resolve the outstanding issue of the betrayal that never occurred. The story ends with Marimar and Sergio finally remarrying in the small church in San Martin de la Costa.

Cast
• Thalía as Marimar Pérez de Santibáñez / María del Mar Aldama Pérez / Bella Aldama

• Eduardo Capetillo as Sergio Santibáñez

• Miguel Palmer as Gustavo Aldama

• Guillermo García Cantú as Bernardo Duarte

• Alfonso Iturralde as Renato Santibañez

• René Muñoz as Father Porres

• Marta Zamora as Perfecta

• Chantal Andere as Angélica López de Santibáñez

• Ada Carrasco as Mamá Cruz

• Tito Guízar as Papá Pancho

• Carlos Becerril as Pulgoso (voice)

• Pituka de Foronda as Aunt Esperanza

• Luis Gatica as Chuy

• Kenia Gascón as Antonieta López

• Daniel Gauvry as Arturo

• Toño Infante as Nicandro Mejía

• Julia Marichal as Negra Corazón

• Frances Ondiviela as Brenda

• Marisol Santacruz as Mónica

• Ana Luisa Peluffo as Selva

• Martha Ofelia Galindo as Josefina

• Rafael del Villar as Esteban

• Nicky Mondellini as Gema

• Fernando M. Gutierrez as Chico

• Rosángela Balbó as Eugenia

• Ricardo Blume as Fernando Montenegro

• Juan Carlos Serrán as Ulises

• Amairani as Natalia Montenegro

• Marcelo Buquet as Rodolfo San Genís

• Serrana as Alina

• Indra Zuno as Inocencia del Castillo y Corcuera

• Hortensia Clavijo as La Cucaracha

• Patricia Navidad as Isabel

• Fernando Colunga as Engr. Adrián Rosales

• Agustín Manzo as Himself

• Manuel Negrete as Himself

• Julio Canessa as Himself

Film
Marimar: The Movie, a feature-length recap of the telenovela, was theatrically released by Solar Entertainment in the Philippines on October 2, 1996.

Remake
The first ever remake, as granted by Televisa, was the 2007 Philippine version of the same title Marimar starring Marian Rivera under GMA Network. It was a huge hit around Asia at the time. In Mexico, Nathalie Lartrilleaux remade Marimar in 2013 under the title Corazón indomable and Ana Brenda Contreras and Daniel Arenas starred as the protagonists. In 2015, Philippines' GMA Network remade the Mexican telenovela for a second time, with Tom Rodriguez and Miss World 2013 winner Megan Young playing the title role.

title: Marimar (Mexican TV series)


text:
Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/September 2004

Deleted

 * Template:Liberalism related I suspect this is around because it's a distant cousin of Template:Liberalism sidebar. Since it only has one link, it's really no more useful than a category, and it's only on a few articles anyway. --Twinxor 05:15, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I made this template, but agree with deletion. --Gangulf 10:40, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, useless--Jiang 22:07, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Deleted: 3-0 consensus, including original template author. • Benc • 21:22, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Template:Influential western philosophers - The very definition of "tailor made for categories," this box is an oversized mess. Snowspinner 17:17, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete misuse of templates. --Jiang 20:02, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is in a chronological order and cannot be replaced by a category. What's a "mess" about it? Gzornenplatz 20:05, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * The box is oversized to the point of no longer actually carrying useful information. Snowspinner 20:06, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * It can easily be replaced by a list of western philosophers. Listing is rather arbitary --Jiang 00:47, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; replace with category and an article with chronology and explanation. ✏ Sverdrup 11:30, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Exactly what Sverdrup said, --metta, T he  S unborn  ☸  15:20, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and replace with category - it's a natural category, per the policy - David Gerard 18:26, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. More useful than a category or list, even if less exhaustive and fair. Ideas for abridging the template were discussed at the Talk page, and I offered more than one suggestion - I don't see why it's necessary to put up a vote when a simple look at the suggestions and their implementation would quickly solve the 'problem'. But then this is Wikipedia... -- Simonides 13:03, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Convert to a list. It is really getting oversized, and it is too arbitrary for a category (flammable), but it is still useful sometimes. --Oop 14:20, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and convert to a list. Oversized and arbitrary indeed. --Edcolins 10:51, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's doing the job of a category or a list. You can't actually find anything in this huge mess. --ZeroOne 17:06, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Template:Googletest This is a silly template (it pits two searches together on http://googlefight.com ) and is not in use. --Twinxor 00:39, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's useful for comparing relative usage of two words.  If you know a less silly website that does the same thing, you're welcome to change the template.  --[[User:Eequor|η [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 00:57, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * I disagree. This seems like a rather rare situation – it's not in use anywhere and it's hard to think of a realistic case where Google hits would be a meaningful source. Furthermore, as implemented it does not seem to be much quicker than just entering the terms yourself at googlefight.com. --Twinxor 06:09, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Clearly it isn't for the benefit of the person adding it, but for subsequent editors. It isn't in use because it's new, and it may not be well-known that there is a template implementing this feature.  --[[User:Eequor|η [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 22:05, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. People can go to the website if they want to do that. Snowspinner 01:00, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * People can also go to http://www.google.com/ if they want to search for a particular phrase, yet Template:Google exists. --[[User:Eequor|η [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ υωρ ]]] 22:05, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Completely pointless object and violation of any policy I know of on the subject. (Other bad templates still don't make this a good template.) Delete - David Gerard 23:32, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Why would I put a template on a page simply for giving me a link? I'd rather go and manually type it in to googlefight.  —  Ilγαηερ  <font color="#333333">(Tαlκ)  03:51, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * It should not be used in the article namespace. If created to be used in Wikipedia:, then keep. Else delete. ✏ Sverdrup 15:13, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I use GoogleFight all the time to make important points about the relative importance of words and spellings. I didn't know this template existed and now that I do, I plan to use it instead of particular links to Googlefight. I agree it is of no use in the article namespace, but it is invaluable in the Talk namespace and perhaps the Wikipedia namespace. For example, I used Googlefight links extensively on Talk:Kiev. Nohat 02:01, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Eequor can move the concept to their user space (as a subpage?) if its needed for personal use. -- Netoholic @ 21:05, 2004 Oct 15 (UTC)

Not deleted

 * Template:Footer_Olympic_Champions_100_m_Women, Template:Footer_Olympic_Champions_200_m_Women, Template:Footer_Olympic_Champions_80_m_hurdles_Women - these are all natural-born cats per the criteria, and see Fanny Blankers-Koen for the horror of all three on a page at once - David Gerard 21:34, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * delete and convert to categories --Jiang 06:02, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, convert to category. CryptoDerk 22:50, Sep 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Fanny Blankers-Koen was an exceptional athlete. So it is a bad example. For 85% of the Olympic champions there won't be more than one footer. Still these elements are a very useful supplement to categories, as those do not display missing articles or a chronological order. -- Triebtäter
 * Importance of subject matter is not a criterion - David Gerard 18:26, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Convert to categories. Information does not seem to me to be likely to be read about chronologically, and if someone really wants it chronologically, they should be directed to a list-of article. Snowspinner 17:05, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Use of categories would lead to too many categories.  Chronology is useful. Dunc_Harris|☺ 21:54, 23 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a good template, though Fanny Blankers-Koen article should be modified to colesce these templates into a more readable format. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:41, 24 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Kept: No consensus. 4 deletes, 3 keeps. • Benc • 21:23, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Template:British Indian Ocean Territory infobox - restored the infobox to the only article that needs it. Gzornenplatz 14:36, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * What on Earth? Templates are not just for general infoboxes, but also to simplify editing by moving rarely changing complex and technical Wikitax out of the article. This use of templates is exactly what they were designed for in the first place. Keep, obviously. James F. (talk) 17:09, 21 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * What templates were designed for was to allow creation of text that can be inserted into many articles. This box here is only needed in one article, so it can be put there directly. The article is short enough so that making it shorter using the template is no issue either. Also, the box contents are no more "rarely changing" than the main text of the article; I just did some change to it myself. Gzornenplatz 18:32, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Umm. No, that's wrong. Sorry. They were designed for transclusion; one of their current uses is as a standard box, but that does not let you rewrite history. James F. (talk) 15:51, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * Transclusion is simply what it does. Now what was transclusion implemented for? Precisely for what I said, to use the same text in different articles. Not to divide one article into separate parts for no good reason. Gzornenplatz 16:08, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed, I can see the benefits of offloading infoboxes to templates where they don't confuse editors. Keep. Snowspinner 17:18, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Ridiculous. Templates make things harder to edit. Editors expect that they can edit the contents of a page via "Edit this page". If the part to be edited is part of a template, they are confused that they can't find the actual text in the edit window. Some templates don't even have their own "Edit" link, forcing the editor to first edit the main article just to learn the name of the template, and then go to "Template:name" and then click on edit there (and then go back to the original article). This is absolutely unacceptable for things that are only used in one article. Gzornenplatz 18:32, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * OFFS. No, this is not an attempt at obfuscation, and it it quite self-evidently indeed the reverse. James F. (talk) 15:51, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * What? Gzornenplatz 16:08, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Kept: 1 delete vote, 2 keep votes • Benc • 21:40, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)


text:
Willie Lanier

Willie Edward Lanier (born August 21, 1945), is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for the Kansas City Chiefs of the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL) from 1967 through 1977. He won postseason honors for eight consecutive years, making the AFL All-Star team in 1968 and 1969 before being selected to the Pro Bowl from 1970 through 1975.

A Super Bowl champion, Lanier won the NFL Man of the Year in 1972. He was selected to both the NFL’s 75th and 100th Anniversary All-Time Teams, and inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1986 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2000.

Early life
Lanier was born in Clover and attended Maggie L. Walker High School in Richmond, Virginia. According to a DNA analysis, he descended, mainly, from Jola people of Guinea-Bissau.

College career
Lanier played college football at Morgan State University under head coach Earl Banks where he was twice selected to the small-college College Football All-America Team and was also chosen MVP of the Tangerine Bowl.

Willie Lanier is a member of The Pigskin Club of Washington, D.C.  National Intercollegiate All-American Football Players Honor Roll.

Professional career
On January 15, 1967, the Chiefs lost Super Bowl I to Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers by a 35-10 score, forcing head coach Hank Stram to look for defensive players in the upcoming draft. Stram picked the 6’ 1”, 245 lb. Lanier with the 50th overall pick, three picks after another linebacker, Jim Lynch of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish.

Lynch had been chosen to play in the annual College All-Star Game, causing him to miss the first two weeks of Chiefs practice. By the time Lynch made it to camp, Lanier had already established himself as the team's middle linebacker. He joined Garland Boyette of the AFL's Houston Oilers as the first black middle linebackers in professional American football history. In the midst of a solid first season, Lanier suffered an injury and missed the last four games of the year.

The following year, Lanier collected four interceptions, then matched that total in 1969 as he helped the Chiefs capture Super Bowl IV with a 23-7 upset of the Minnesota Vikings. He was stellar in the Super Bowl, recording 7 tackles and an interception. He later commented on the increased motivation that Chiefs players felt because of wearing an AFL patch to honor the league's final year.

There were numerous great moments throughout Lanier’s career, but none exemplifies his heart and desire as much as the Chiefs' goal line stand against the New York Jets in the 1969 divisional playoff game. Trailing 6-3 in the fourth quarter, New York had a first-and-goal at the Chiefs' one-yard line after a pass interference call on Kansas City. It was then that Lanier made an emotional appeal to the rest of the Chiefs defense, yelling: "They're not going to score...! They're not going to score!" The Chiefs shut down the Jets on three straight plays and held them to a field goal. Kansas City scored a touchdown on its next possession, winning the game, and winning a place in the Super Bowl.

The Chiefs reached the NFL playoffs only one more time during Lanier's career, in 1971, winning the AFC Western Division title. On Christmas Day, in the final contest at Municipal Stadium, the Chiefs' season came to an end against the Miami Dolphins in a double overtime classic. The contest was the longest game in NFL history, clocking in at more than 82 minutes.

In 1972, the Chiefs moved to Arrowhead Stadium. By 1974 the team's talent was depleted by age and injuries. After the conclusion of that season, Stram was fired after 15 years at the helm.

The linebacking trio of Lanier, Lynch and fellow Hall of Famer Bobby Bell is recognized as one of the most talented in professional football history, lasting until the arrival of new head coach Paul Wiggin in 1975.

Lanier was traded in April 1978 to the Baltimore Colts, but announced his retirement as an active player three months later on July 20, 1978.

Honors
Willie Lanier received All-Pro (AFL ALL-Star or All-AFC) mention every year, appearing in all-star games from 1968 to 1975 (his first two in the AFL and his last six in the AFC). In 1986, he achieved Pro Football Hall of Fame status.
 * 1968. Elected to AFL All-Star Game.
 * 1969. Elected to AFL All-Star Game.
 * 1970. Elected to NFL's AFC-NFC Pro Bowl Game.
 * 1971. Elected to NFL's AFC-NFC Pro Bowl Game. Defensive MVP of the league (co-winner).
 * 1972. Elected to NFLs AFC-NFC Pro Bowl Game (MVP-defense of the match). NFLs Walter Payton Man of the Year Award (charitable work as player-citizen).
 * 1973. Elected to NFL's AFC-NFC Pro Bowl Game.
 * 1974. Elected to NFL's AFC-NFC Pro Bowl Game.
 * 1975. Elected to NFL's AFC-NFC Pro Bowl Game.
 * 1985. Chiefs ' Hall of Fame.
 * 1986. Second Chiefs ' player inducted into Pro Football Hall of Fame by the National Football League for the class of this year, at Canton, Ohio. Also in 1986, he was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.
 * 1994. NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team.
 * In 1999, he was ranked number 42 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, the highest-ranking Chief.

After the NFL
After Lanier's retirement, the Chiefs retired Lanier's number.

Lanier returned to school, taking graduate courses at the University of Missouri–Kansas City. He then returned to Virginia as a stockbroker, at First Union Securities, where he served as vice-chairman. He is the former CEO of TDS/US, the minority venture partner of TDS Logistics (now Syncreon).

In 2006, Lanier was interviewed for the NFL Network documentary America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions chronicling the 1969 Kansas City Chiefs season.

Acting
In 1974, Lanier starred in The Black Six as Tommy Bunka. The move, which was directed by Matt Cimber (Matteo Ottaviano), was about racism in a southern town, with six black bikers (The Black Six) avenging the death of a friend. Lanier teamed with other 1970s players including (Joe Greene, Carl Eller, Gene Washington, Mercury Morris).

title: Willie Lanier


text:
Wakefern Food Corporation

Wakefern Food Corporation is an American company that was founded in 1946 and is based in Keasbey, New Jersey. It is the largest retailers' cooperative group of supermarkets and the fourth-largest cooperative of any kind in the United States. Wakefern was the largest private employer in New Jersey in 2018, with 40,200 employees. As of 2023, Wakefern has 48 member companies who own and operate 365 supermarkets, under the ShopRite, Price Rite Marketplace, The Fresh Grocer, Dearborn Market, Gourmet Garage, and Fairway Market brands in New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.

Meaning of the Wakefern name
The name "Wakefern" is a portmanteau of the founders' names: W for Lawrence Weiss, A for Sam and Al Aidekman, K for Abe Kesselman, E for Leo Eisenberg, and FERN for Dave Fern, although the company adopted the name ShopRite for its stores in 1951.

Cooperative overview
Wakefern owns one of the Northeast's largest trucking fleets and is the fourth-largest cooperative in the United States. In fiscal year 2016, its revenue was $16 billion, and $16.3 billion in 2017. In 2011, Supermarket News gave Wakefern its Retailer Excellence Award and both The Griffin Report and Progressive Grocer named Wakefern its Retailer of the Year. In 2012, the company was named one of the Best Places to Work in New Jersey by NJBIZ Magazine. As of 2011, Wakefern was ranked 17th by sales among all supermarket operators in the United States.

Wakefern also created and operates or franchises the Price Rite limited-assortment chain (based in Wethersfield, Connecticut) of stores in Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Virginia. Dearborn Market is a supermarket in New Jersey. Readington Farms, Inc. processes and distributes milk products in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island.

On August 1, 2013, Wakefern added The Fresh Grocer banner, an eight-store chain based in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, when Burns Supermarkets joined the cooperative. One of the stores was converted to the ShopRite name while the others retained the Fresh Grocer name. The banner has since been adopted by stores operated by other members of the cooperative.

Wakefern supplies all of its members' ShopRite stores as well as the Price Rite and Fresh Grocer chains, and Dearborn Market. In July 2007, the cooperative announced that for the first time it was offering its wholesale services to third-party supermarket operators, in the Northeastern United States and other areas of the country. Since then, Wakefern has announced deals to supply the Gristedes and Morton Williams chains of supermarkets in the New York City area, Heinen's Fine Foods chain in Ohio, as well as The Market Place in Bermuda.

Wakefern also provides its members' stores with services such as computer services, insurance, advertising, marketing, merchandising and procurement.

Member stores include the publicly traded Village Super Market.

As of 2023, Wakefern has a total of seven warehouses in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Mike Stigers became president of Wakefern effective June 1, 2023. Stigers had been CEO of Cub, a Minnesota-based grocery chain and subsidiary of publicly traded United Natural Foods.

title: Wakefern Food Corporation


text:
Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski

Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski (Pszczew, near Poznań, 3 January 1778 – 5 October 1861, Warsaw) was the Archbishop Metropolitan of Warsaw and spiritual leader of the nation during the Partitions of Poland.

title: Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski


text:
Uilleag de Burgh

Sir Uilleag (Ulick) de Burgh (Burke), 1st Clanricarde or Mac William Uachtar ( ; ; ; died 1343 or 1353) was an Irish chieftain and noble who was leader of one of the three factions who fought the Burke Civil War in the 1330s. By the end of the conflict he had established himself and his descendants as Clanricarde, also known as Mac William Uachtar (Upper Mac William), independent lords of Galway. He was succeeded by his son, Richard Óg Burke, 2nd Clanricarde (d.1387).

Family background
There are differing views as to Burke's ancestry.

According to the Book of the Burkes (Historia et Genealogia Familiae de Burgo), a genealogical manuscript made in the 1570s for Seaán mac Oliver Bourke, 17th Mac William Íochtar (d.1580) of the Burkes of County Mayo, Burke was a son of Richard an Fhorbhair mac William de Burgh, a natural son of William Laith de Burgh (d.1324), who was a son of Richard Óg de Burgh, illegitimate son of William de Burgh (d.1206) original founder of the de Burgh/Burke dynasty in Ireland. The same descent is given by Duald MacFirbis in his Leabhar na nGenealach (Book of the Genealogies), mostly compiled in 1649-50, and its revised abridgement the Cuimre na nGenealach (Binding of the Genealogies) of 1666. This is the ancestry presented by John O'Hart in his Irish pedigrees; or, The origin and stem of the Irish nation (1876), and in the Oxford A New History of Ireland (1984), where the authors write "The origins of the Clanricard line are not absolutely proven, but the descent given is that in the best Irish genealogical sources and is not contradicted by contemporary sources."

On this view, Burke would have been the leader of an illegitimate branch of the de Burgh family that were already strong in south Connaught, and were able to use the conflict of the 1330s to establish themselves as an independent lordship. The name "Clanricarde", first recorded in 1335, would reflect their ancestry from Richard Óg de Burgh, and might have already been in informal use for a number of generations.

However, as noted by Martin J. Blake in 1911, the pedigree above is not without its problems. In particular, William Liath de Burgh, the founder of the Franciscan Abbey in Galway, is known to have died in 1324. As Blake writes "it is obvious, having regard to these dates, that he could hardly have been a grandson (as these writers represent him to be) of the first William de Burgh in Ireland, who died early in A.D. 1206 as the English State Records prove." The MacFirbis pedigree also omits Burke's successor, Richard Óg Burke, 2nd Clanricarde (d.1387) whose existence is well attested. Blake concludes that MacFirbis and the earlier manuscript "are accurate as regards the genealogy they give of the Mac William Bourkes of Mayo (Mac William Eighter) but that they had no accurate information regarding the early part of the pedigree of the Mac William Burkes of Clan-Ricard (Mac William Oughter) and could only make a guess at it–with the not surprising result, that they made a mess of it."

A different ancestry for Burke was given by John Lodge in his Peerage of Ireland (2nd ed, 1789), and followed by Edmund Lodge in his Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage (1832).

According to this version William Liath de Burgh was identical with the William de Burgh who was the son of William Óg de Burgh (d.1270), that died at the Battle of Áth an gCeap in 1270, and father of Walter Liath de Burgh (d.1332), whose starving to death in 1332 triggered the Burke civil war. On this view William Liath de Burgh was the dominant Anglo-Norman noble in all Connaught, second in authority only to his cousin Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster among the de Burghs. Ulick de Burgh is presented as the son of William Liath de Burgh, and so brother to Edmond Albanach de Burgh, 1st Mac William Íochtar (d.1375) and Walter de Burgh, with Ulick and Edmond ultimately partitioning Connaught between themselves at the end of the conflict as brothers. Blake asserts that the Burke who was a son of Richard an Fhorbhair should be identified with Ulick Burke of Umhaill (d.1343) ancestor of the Bourkes of the Owles, in County Mayo.

Moreover, recent scholarship has shed light on the true early ancestry of the de Burgh (Burke) family, most notedly that Richard Óg de Burgh, illegitimate son of William de Burgh (d. 1206), never existed and was a complete genealogical invention. Both Oxford Dictionary of National Biography articles published in the 21st century on William de Burgh (died 1206) and his son Richard de Burgh (died 1243) confirm that the elder William (died 1206) had only one son named Richard de Burgh (died 1243). As such, it is widely accepted amongst eminent genealogical historians that William de Burgh (died 1206) had just three sons (Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Lord of Connacht; Hubert de Burgh, Bishop of Limerick; and William de Burgh, Sheriff of Connacht) with only one being named Richard de Burgh. Therefore, it is Richard Mór de Burgh's (died 1243) youngest son, William Óg de Burgh (died 1270), who is the ancestor of the Clanricarde. The family tree below represents the best scholarship on the different branches and lines of descent of the early de Burgh (Burke) family.

The First Clanricarde
On the death of Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster in 1326, the earldom passed to his grandson William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster, then 14 years old. William became increasingly estranged and suspicious of his two principal lieutenants, Henry de Mandeville in Ulster and Walter de Burgh in Connaught. In 1331 he had Henry de Mandeville arrested, and the following year he had Walter de Burgh with two of his brothers captured and imprisoned. He then ordered that Walter should be starved to death. Gylle de Burgh, the sister of Walter and wife of Robert de Mandeville, Henry's brother, plotted revenge and in June 1333 the young Earl was cut down as he passed through Carrickfergus by members of his own retinue, members and associates of the de Mandeville family.

This action triggered open civil war between the different branches of the de Burgh family. The Earl's heir-general, his infant daughter, Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster, was taken to England on her father's death and lost control over her lands. Warfare broke out among the Gaelic-Irish tenants of the late Earl – many of whom expelled the Anglo-Irish – and among the three principal members of the de Burgh family:

 * Edmond de Burgh of Castleconnell (now in County Limerick), surviving brother of the second Earl, senior member of the Earl's direct family.
 * Edmond Albanach de Burgh of north Connacht (mainly County Mayo)
 * Ulick Burke of Annaghkeen in south Connacht (mainly east County Galway)

A series of raids and counter-raids ensued, with Edmond de Burgh reportedly laying waste much of Connaught in 1335. But in 1338 Edmond de Burgh was cornered and caught at Ballinrobe by his cousin Edmond Albanach, who according to the Annals of the Four Masters "fastened a stone to his neck and drowned him in Lough Mask".

In the aftermath by 1340 the much-weakened family had divided into three separate, independent lordships:

 * Clanwilliam Burke of County Limerick
 * Mac William Íochtar of County Mayo
 * Clanricarde of County Galway

Ulick remained Clanricarde until his death in 1343 (or 1353 ? ), to be succeeded by his son, Richard Óg Burke.

He is said to have possessed an unusual nickname — Bod-an-Balcuigh, which translated to "Penis of Power".

Family
Ulick de Burgh married and had three children:

 * Richard Óg Burke, 2nd Clanricarde (d.1387)
 * Redmond Burke (the ancestor of the Burkes of Castle Hackett, Ower Cloghan and Athkip)
 * Edmond Burke (the ancestor of the Burkes of Pallice, Lisnard and Derry)

Genealogy

 * Walter de Burgh of Burgh Castle, Norfolk m. Alice
 * William de Burgh (d. 1206) m. Daughter of Domnall Mór Ó Briain, King of Thomond
 * Richard Mór / Óge de Burgh, 1st Lord of Connaught m. Egidia de Lacy, Lady of Connacht
 * Sir Richard de Burgh (d.1248), 2nd Lord of Connaught
 * Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (d. 1271)
 * Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster (1259–1326)
 * John de Burgh m. Elizabeth de Clare
 * William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (1312–33) m. Maud of Lancaster
 * Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster (1332–63) m. Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence
 * Philippa Plantagenet, 5th Countess of Ulster (1355–82) m. Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March
 * Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, 6th Earl of Ulster (1374–98)
 * Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, 7th Earl of Ulster (1391–1425)
 * Anne Mortimer (1388–1411) m. Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge
 * Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, 8th Earl of Ulster (1411–60)
 * Edward IV (Edward, 4th Duke of York, 9th Earl of Ulster)
 * House of York (Kings and Queens of England and Ireland)
 * Edmond de Burgh
 * Sir Richard Burke
 * Walter Burke (d. 1432)
 * Burkes of Castleconnell and Brittas (Clanwilliam)
 * Uileag Carragh Burke
 * Burkes of Cois tSiúire (Clanwilliam)
 * Sir David Burke,
 * Burkes of Muskerryquirk (Clanwilliam)
 * Elizabeth, Queen of Scotland m. Robert I of Scotland
 * Theobald de Burgh
 * William de Burgh
 * Thomas de Burgh
 * Egidia de Burgh
 * William Óg de Burgh (d. 1270)
 * William Liath de Burgh (d. 1324)
 * Sir Walter Liath de Burgh, d. 1332
 * Sir Edmond Albanach de Burgh (d. 1375), 1st Mac William Íochtar (Lower Mac William), (Mayo)
 * Mac William Íochtars, Viscounts Mayo and Earls of Mayo
 * John de Burgh (1350–98), Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
 * Richard an Fhorbhair de Burgh
 * Sir Ulick de Burgh (d. 1343/53), 1st Mac William Uachtar (Upper Mac William) or Clanricarde (Galway)
 * Richard Óg Burke (d. 1387)
 * Ulick an Fhiona Burke
 * Clanricardes, Earls of Marquesses of Clanricarde
 * Raymond de Burgh
 * Walter Óge de Burgh
 * Raymund de Burgh
 * Ulick de Burgh of Umhall
 * Alice de Burgh
 * Margery de Burgh
 * Matilda de Burgh
 * Daughter de Burgh
 * Hubert de Burgh, Bishop of Limerick (d. 1250)
 * William de Burgh, Sheriff of Connacht
 * Hubert de Burgh, 1st Earl of Kent (d. 1243) m.
 * John de Burgh
 * Hubert de Burgh
 * Hubert de Burgh
 * Barons Burgh
 * Geoffrey de Burgh, Bishop of Ely (d. 1228)
 * Thomas de Burgh

 * Richard an Fhorbhair de Burgh (d.1343)
 * Sir William (Ulick) de Burgh (d. 1343/53), 1st Mac William Uachtar (Upper Mac William) or Clanricarde (Galway)
 * Richard Óg Burke (d. 1387), 2nd Clanricarde
 * Ulick an Fhiona Burke (d. 1424), 3rd Clanricarde
 * Ulick Ruadh Burke (d. 1485), 5th Clanricarde
 * Edmund Burke (d. 1466)
 * Ricard of Roscam (d. 1517)
 * John mac Richard Mór Burke (d. 1536), 10th Clanricarde
 * Ulick Fionn Burke (d.1509), 6th Clanricarde
 * Ulick Óge Burke (d. 1520), 8th Clanricarde
 * Richard Mór Burke (d. 1530), 9th Clanricarde
 * Ulick na gCeann Burke (d. 1544), 12th Clanricarde, 1st Earl of Clanricarde (1543)
 * Richard Bacach Burke (d. 1538), 11th Clanricarde
 * Richard Óge Burke (d. 1519), 7th Clanricarde
 * Sir Uilleag Burke (d. 1551), 13th Clanricarde
 * William mac Ulick Burke (d. 1430), 4th Clanricarde
 * Edmund de Burgh (d. 1410)

title: Uilleag de Burgh