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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Letter writing

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was transwiki. This has been done. Joyous 02:28, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Letter writing
Here's the scoop. I tried to get user Richardr443 to wikify this article because it does not fit the Wikipedia guidelines. it's a how to article. He kept removing the tag and then finally he vandalized all of my pages with a wikify tag when it isn't warranted. And then I suggested that it be transwikied to Wikibooks. I moved the article over to Wikibooks myself. And I put a speedy delete tag on it. And now, he's logging on with the IP of 24.9.112.127 and doing the same thing...removed the moved to Wikibooks tag and vandalized my pages again and he removed the speedy delete tag. Could we just delete this article from Wikipedia please? And if you go there, please re-add the vfd tag since I'm pretty sure he'll have it removed by the time. it's been moved to Wikibooks (link is here). Anyway, please remove this article and put me out of my misery. :-) it does NOT belong on Wikipedia. --Woohookitty 05:54, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Good call, this does belong on Wikibooks, delete. Mgm|(talk) 09:24, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, we don't do how-to articles. Rhobite 17:24, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Neigel von Teighen 17:26, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If a friendly sysop pops by, this is probably a speedy delete candidate. If you want to delete it, feel free. I did not use the speedy delete tag because it kept getting removed. But since it's been moved to Wikibooks already... --Woohookitty 18:21, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's transwiki'd, but I think it's helpful to build consensus on VfD in cases like this one. Rhobite 20:07, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This thing contains a lot of relevant information that isn't in Letter, for example the parts of a letter. No vote, but it's a pity the wikify tag didn't go down too well... replacing "should" with "it is recommended that" would go a long way. Kappa 20:04, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If you check the talk page, I tried to be helpful. It has been transwiki'ed, so I think this can be deleted now. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-4 20:25 Z
 * You forgot to copy over the page history. Now that's done, the transwiki process is complete.  Reminder:  Because the transwiki process does not destroy content or history, it does not have to be discussed here (though many controversial moves end up here).  Rossami (talk) 22:04, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Understood. This definitely qualified as controversial. And thank you for the tip. --Woohookitty 22:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Richardr443 recreated the article verbatim after it was deleted. How do we put a stop to this? This is ridiculous! Is there any way of preventing him from recreating this article? I wish we could just throw a wikify tag on it but I tried that and he removed the tag and then undid all of the formatting I had tried to apply to the article. --Woohookitty 01:34, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I didn't get a chance to have a say about my article-- You deleted it too fast. Any way, the word encyclopedia comes from the Greek words enkyklios paideia, meaning general or well-rounded education. Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia, and to say that any article that is actually useful has to be moved to an obscure part of another site is strange.  I searched for my article on Wikibooks using the query Letter Writing, and didn't even get a match.  It must have been put in an obscure place (I didn't even hear of Wikibooks before Woohookitty told me anyway).  In any case, useful articles make Wikipedia more interesting and individual articles more distinct from one another.  The greatest strength of Wikipedia is that people can find almost anything they want to know by typing it into the search box.  Don't deny anyone the right to find what they want to know!-- Richard

I have turned the page into a redirect to the wikibooks article for now. This isn't ideal but at least it redirects any users working on it to its new location. -- Francs2000 | Talk 02:01, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thank you Francs. Richard, the article is at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Transwiki:Letter_writing It is under Transwiki:Letter_writing because that's where articles go when they are transwikied. Eventually it will be found under Letter writing just like it would be on Wikipedia. If you hadn't heard of Wikibooks, than I suggest that you look around the world of Wiki more. Thank you. --Woohookitty 02:08, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Richard what was your objection to the original wikify tag? Wikipedia doesn't do "how-to" information, at least in the form "you should do X", so your article had to be edited to fit in. Kappa 02:13, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki Omar Filini 07:09, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki. Megan1967 04:06, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:Sclozza

Articles

 * subUrbia_(movie)
 * Telecommunications devices for the deaf
 * Winthrop%2C_Western_Australia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Sclozza


text: Category:Lists of monarchs

title: Category:Lists of monarchs


text:
Dittany

Dittany is a common name for several species of plants and may refer to:

 * Dictamnus albus (dittany)
 * Ballota pseudodictamnus (false dittany)
 * Origanum dictamnus (dittany of Crete, Cretan dittany)
 * Cunila origanoides (dittany, American dittany)

title: Dittany


text:
Henry L. Dawes

Henry Laurens Dawes (October 30, 1816 – February 5, 1903) was an attorney and politician, a Republican United States Senator and United States Representative from Massachusetts. He is notable for the Dawes Act (1887), which was intended to stimulate the assimilation of Native Americans by ending the tribal government and control of communal lands. Especially directed at the tribes in Indian Territory, it provided for the allotment of tribal lands to individual households of tribal members, and for their being granted United States citizenship. This also made them subject to state and federal taxes. In addition, extinguishing tribal land claims in this territory later enabled the admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907.

Early life
Dawes was born in Cummington, Massachusetts, in 1816. After graduating from Yale University in 1839, he taught at Greenfield, Massachusetts, and also edited The Greenfield Gazette.

He studied law with an established firm, and in 1842, was admitted to the bar. He began the practice of law in the village of North Adams, Massachusetts. For a time he edited The North Adams Transcript.

Political career
Dawes joined the Republican Party and was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, serving in 1848–1849 and in 1852. He served in the state Senate in 1850. He was elected as a delegate to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1853.

From 1853 to 1857, he served as appointed state district attorney for the western district of Massachusetts. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1856, serving multiple terms until 1875. In 1868, he received 2,000 shares of stock in the Crédit Mobilier of America railroad construction company from Representative Oakes Ames, as part of the Union Pacific railway's influence-buying efforts.

In March 1871, Dawes supported federal financing for Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden's fifth geological survey of the territories, which became a driving force in the creation of Yellowstone National Park. Dawes's son, Chester Dawes, was a member of the survey team. Annie, the first commercial boat on Yellowstone Lake, was purportedly named after his daughter, Anna Dawes. In late 1871 and early 1872, Dawes became an ardent supporter of a bill to create Yellowstone National Park in order to preserve its wilderness and resources.

In 1875, he was chosen by the state legislature (as was the practice at the time) to succeed William B. Washburn as U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. He served multiple terms, until 1893.

During his long period of legislative activity, Dawes served in the House on the committees on elections, ways and means, and appropriations. He took a prominent part in passage of the anti-slavery and Reconstruction measures during and after the Civil War, in tariff legislation, and in the establishment of a fish commission. He also initiated the production of daily weather reports to be provided by the federal government.

In the Senate, Dawes was chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs. He concentrated on enactment of laws that he believed were for the benefit of the Indians. In the late 19th century, after the Indian Wars, there were widespread fears that the Indians were disappearing and that their tribes would cease to exist. In the West, Indians had been forced onto reservations and were struggling with poor lands and too little area, as well as encroachment by white settlers. In the East, most Indians were landless and were largely believed to have entered or been marginal to majority culture. Well-meaning people such as Dawes believed that the Indians had to assimilate to majority culture to survive, and should take up subsistence farming, still dominant in agriculture.

In 1869, Dawes became a founding member of the Monday Evening Club, a men's literary society in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

Strategist for "Half-Breed" Republicans
During the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (spanning 1877–81), Dawes was a prominent member of congressional "Half-Breeds" within the Republican Party allied with Hayes' support for civil service reform. Along with fellow Massachusetts senatorial Half-Breed George F. Hoar and Rep. John Davis Long, he became one of the faction's leading strategists.

During the 1880 United States presidential election, the agreed strategy planned was to prevent either former president Ulysses S. Grant, the leader of "Stalwarts," nor Blaine faction leader James G. Blaine of Maine, from obtaining the nomination at the Republican National Convention. Instead, the Half-Breeds would push to nominate faction member George F. Edmunds, a senator from Vermont.

However, Sen. Hoar admonished Half-Breed supporters that Republican delegates should not make their preferences clearly visible to others. Although the Massachusetts delegation did support Edmunds, the Vermont Half-Breed failed to garner enough support, and the faction ultimately formed an alliance with Blaine supporters in successfully nominating James A. Garfield of Ohio.

Dawes accepts Blaine into Half-Breed ranks
When President Garfield took office, Blaine was made United States Secretary of State for the administration. The Maine Republican's credentials as a Half-Breed were spotty due to his history of antipathy towards civil service reform, though nonetheless were welcomed by Hoar and Dawes as a member of the faction. However, Edmunds, who Half-Breeds supported in 1880, broke from Dawes and Hoar in refusing to accept Blaine as a genuine convert. Indeed, the Vermont senator refused to support Blaine when the latter was nominated by the Republican National Convention in the 1884 presidential election.

Support for civil service reform
Like all early Half-Breeds who were relatively prominent during the Hayes presidency, Dawes supported civil service reform. During the presidency of James A. Garfield, he wrote two letters at separate occasions in July 1881 on the matter.

Dawes Act
His most prominent achievement in Congress was the passage in 1887 of the General Allotment Act of 1887 (Dawes Act), ch. 119, 24 Stat. 388, et seq., which authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal lands, and divide the area into allotments for the individual Indian or household. It was intended to assimilate Indians by breaking up their tribal governments and communal lands, and by encouraging them to undertake subsistence farming, then widespread in American society. It was enacted February 8, 1887, and named for Dawes, its sponsor. The Act was amended in 1891, 1898 by the Curtis Act, and in 1906, by the Burke Act.

The Dawes Commission, set up under an Indian Office appropriation bill in 1893, was created not to administer the Act but to attempt to persuade the tribes excluded from the Act by treaties to agree to the allotment plan. After gaining agreement from representatives of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory, the commission appointed registrars to register members on rolls prior to allotment of lands. Many tribes have since based membership and citizen qualifications on descent from persons listed as Indians on the Dawes Rolls. (Also listed were freedmen of each tribe, and intermarried whites.) The Curtis Act of 1898 extended the provisions of the Dawes Act to the Five Civilized Tribes, abolishing tribal jurisdiction of their communal lands.

On leaving the Senate in 1893, Dawes became chairman of the commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, also known as the Dawes Commission, and served for ten years. He negotiated with the tribes for the extinction of the communal title to their land and for the dissolution of the tribal governments. The goal was to make tribal members a constituent part of the United States. In the process, Native American tribes lost about 90   million acres (360,000    km2) of treaty land, or about two thirds of their 1887 land base, over the life of the Dawes Act. About 90,000 Indians were made landless. The Act forced Native people onto small tracts of land, distant from their kin relations. The allotment policy depleted the land base and ended hunting as a means of subsistence, creating a crisis for many tribes.

The Coolidge administration studied the effects of the Dawes Act and the current conditions for Indians in what is known as the Meriam Report, completed in 1928. It found that the Dawes Act had been used illegally to deprive Native Americans of their land rights.

Death
Dawes died in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on February 5, 1903.

In popular culture
Aidan Quinn played Dawes in the film Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, adapted from a 1970 history of Native Americans, the United States, and the West written by Dee Brown.

title: Henry L. Dawes


text: User talk:24.9.112.127

title: User talk:24.9.112.127


text:
Henry Dawes

Henry Dawes may refer to:

 * Henry Dawes (Royal Navy officer) (d. 1667), captain in the English Royal Navy
 * Henry L. Dawes (1816–1903), U.S. Senator and U.S. Representative
 * Henry M. Dawes (1877–1952), American businessman and banker

title: Henry Dawes


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Australian law/General

Areas of law
The main introductory article is at Law of Australia.

We currently have pages on the following areas of law:
 * Australian constitutional law
 * Australian copyright law
 * Australian labour law
 * Australian tort law
 * Native title
 * Same-sex marriage in Australia

Future articles might include:
 * Australian criminal law
 * Australian family law
 * Australian property law

General articles
Below are some general articles related to Australian law but which don't fit in to the current categories.
 * Law enforcement in Australia

Category:High Court Cases
This category is terribly short of entries. Here's some I propose get a serious look at.

 * Commonwealth v Tasmania (Constitutional law, Franklin Dams case)
 * ACCC v Boral (TPA s.46, market power)
 * Zecevic v DPP (Self defence)
 * R v Green (Provocation, homosexual advance 'defence')
 * Perre v Apand (Torts, economic loss)
 * Caltex Oil v The Dredge Willemstad (Torts, remoteness of damages)

And here's some more: Sambo 13:11, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Re Judiciary Act 1903 and Naviation Act 1912 (1921) 29 CLR 257
 * Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1
 * AG(Vic); Ex rel Black v Cth (1981) 146 CLR 559
 * Adelaide Company of Jehovah's Witnesses v Commonwealth (1943) 67 CLR 116
 * Church of the New Faith v Cmr Payroll (Vic) (1982) 154 CLR 120
 * AG(UK) v Heinemann Publishers Australia (1987) 8 NSWLR 341
 * Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 128 ALR 353
 * R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte Tasmanian Breweries (1970) 123 CLR 361
 * AG(NSW) v Trethowan (1931) 44 CLR 394
 * Fardon v AG(Qld) [2004] HCA 46
 * Behrooz v Secretary of DIMIA [2004] HCA 36
 * Al-Kateb v Godwin [2004] HCA 37
 * Singh v Commonwealth of Australia [2004] HCA 43
 * Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Applicant S154/2002 [2003] HCA 60
 * Plaintiff S157 v Cth [2003] HCA 2
 * Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Singh [2002] HCA 7
 * Re Wakim [1999] HCA 27
 * Garcia v National Australia Bank


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Electrocom

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:31, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Electrocom
No Google hits for Electrocom +Videlectrix. RickK 06:01, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Homestar Runner characters, I'd say, since Videlectrix redirects there. -- Antaeus Feldspar 06:17, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Homestar Runner characters, and add redirect. Megan1967 01:22, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * DELETE Do not merge, do not redirect. It is complete and utter nonsense! Even the Homestar Runner Wiki has never heard of it. -- Cyrius|✎
 * Delete the cruft. Wyss 23:20, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not cruft. Misinformation. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:33, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, misleading cruft, then :) Wyss 00:34, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Cruft and/or misinformation. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:51, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this visitation from Miss Information. Edeans 03:17, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Pocket veto

Constitutional lack of clarity
The Constitution is unclear as to whether an adjournment other than the adjournment sine die allows a pocket veto to take place, and this issue has never been decisively settled by the courts, since no President has been willing to risk an unfavorable ruling. 69.243.41.28 06:01, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Note: The information below is inaccurate and is left for discussion purposes only. Please read the primary article. 65.60.166.52 (talk) 14:36, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

Pocket veto
I think the key thing to remember is that the pocket veto is not an act of the President but one of Congress. It is Congress that kills the bill by preventing its return:
 * . . . unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

Therefore, it is obvious that Congress cannot overrule a pocket veto, because it would be overruling itself. Rad Racer | Talk 22:15, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I personally still find this another example of the rather bizzare nature of US politics. Why not just allow the President to veto or sign it, presumably both return it to Congress. But of course, the bill is in limbo until Congress is back in session and they can do whatever they do with signed and vetod bills. This effectively means all Congress bills have to be passed at least 10 days before an adjoiment and I guess would also mean if President or someone else were insane, they could blow up Congress which would presumable force an adjoinment and prevent an bills which have been sent to the President being passed (or vetod). I guess Congress could start from scratch when they are in session again and obviously who ever does the blowing up would be in deep shit but it would still kill any Congress passed bill requiring a complete restart Nil Einne 14:48, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Nil Einne, under the Constitution, once the President signs a bill, it becomes law. It cannot be returned to Congress.  Bills are only returned to Congress when they are vetoed.  The pocket veto is when a bill is not signed but cannot be returned to Congress due to the adjournment of Congress.  If Congress were blown up, it would not be adjourned because it did not pass a motion for adjournment, so a pocket veto wouldn't work, as the bill would become law since 10 days passed without presidential action while Congress remained in session.  Blowing up Congress would be effective for a regular veto because then Congress would not be able to vote to override. OCNative 09:23, 23 December 2006 (UTC)
 * My understanding is quite the opposite. Under the Constitution, the President can do 3 things when a bill comes to his desk:
 * (1) Sign the bill: The bill becomes law.
 * (2) Not sign the bill, and return it to Congress (along with a "Memorandum of Disapproval"): This is called a Veto, and Congress can try to override it, or not take up the business at all.
 * (3) Not sign the bill, and not do anything at all: If, by the end of the 10 day limit, Congress is still in session, it becomes law.  If, by the end of the 10 day limit, Congress is NOT in session, it is voided (in this case, it is called a pocket veto).
 * No where did the Constitution say that Congress cannot take up overriding procedure AFTER it reconvenes, that there's a time limit as to when it should be taken up. Therefore, both the "H.J.RES.64" veto, as well as "H.R. 3808" situation, are both plain old veto because the President sent the bill back along with a written objection, as opposed to what a lot of media and editors here at Wiki claims to be pocket vetoes.Finestela (talk) 12:56, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

US centric
To help, I was able to find that the executive branch of government in Finland has the constitutional power for a pocket veto. --Kenneth M Burke 18:33, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * So fix it. --Pmsyyz (talk) 01:39, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, I understand the phrase is also commonly used in India. I've tagged the article. AndrewRT(Talk) 22:06, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

The matter of whether this article is U.S. centric is an interesting one. Clearly, the article is U.S. centric. Additionally, it is federal centric --- it focuses only on the U.S.'s federal government (not its state or local governments.) One wonders if someone ought to create new pocket veto articles such as "pocket vetoes in state and local governments" or "pocket vetoes outside the U.S." or somesuch. Trying to make this article cover pocket vetoes in all governmental contexts might make it very long and very difficult to read. Thoughts? kevinrkosar(Talk) 14:45, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

First US President
The article states that the first president to use the pocket veto was Madison, yet the list of presidential vetos shows Washington as having used it. Anyone? Kaiguy (talk) 21:58, 19 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Washington didn't use it. It was vandalism in (preceding edit by same IP confirms vandalism). I have fixed it. PrimeHunter (talk) 22:19, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Good work. Washington issued two regular vetoes but no pocket vetoes. kevinrkosar(Talk) 14:48, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I have moved your posts to below the posts they are commenting on. PrimeHunter (talk) 00:18, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

The first president to use it according to "The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776-2007" was Jackson. Page 126 states: [Jackson] even put the "pocket veto" to use for the first time. No footnote, but it's an academic book assigned for my politics class. Authors- Sidney M. Milkis (UVA) and Michael Nelson (Rhodes College), fifth edition, 2008. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Crudnick (talk • contribs) 00:21, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Honestly, how many people are going to research a pocket veto in India? I realize that other forms of government may use this system, but mainly, the topic is going to be primarily researched by those who are looking for U.S. government policies and processes...

--Kaleb-- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.3.177.66 (talk) 23:21, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Section "legal status" removed without explanation
I'm reverting this edit because it doesn't explain why an entire section was removed. 70.91.178.185 (talk) 16:17, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Current Controversy
Having a heading called 'current controversy' is not very wise. Can someone with a knowledge of the issue rename it? It seems to be 2 years (and one president) out of date already, so not very "current"

DermottBanana (talk) 04:30, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I've updated the name at least to "Recent usage", however our description of the controversy sounds like old Recentism. With List of United States presidential vetoes, I think we should reconsider this section. —Mrwojo (talk) 01:58, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Historical use in the US
There is a claim near the end of the article that Lincoln's pocket veto of the Wade-Davis Bill evaded agents of Congress, in a similar manner to more recent pocket vetos. I can't say whether that's true, but I'm unable to find reference to it elsewhere, including in the Wade-Davis Bill article. Offhand it looks as if the assertion in that paragraph wandered from "pocket vetoed despite Congressional attempts to force a return of the bill" to "pocket vetoed". Ideally this discussion could be moved into the context of various counters to a pocket veto in other political systems. - toh (talk) 23:13, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

US-centrism
This is a concept of United States government. As far as I can tell. Saying it has a US bias is unfounded. Removing template. Johnathlon (talk) 20:00, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

After some research, I stand corrected. I added an India section and corrected the language in the lead in. Further, I removed the template. Johnathlon (talk) 22:13, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Recentism
Hey Rogermw, the section on recent usage doesn't suffer from a bias towards recentism, the US section does. A recent usage section will inherently be about recent usage. In putting a tag in the US section I'm saying the section as a whole (given its balance of coverage of recent events and historical context) suffers from recentism. Does that make sense? Johnathlon (talk) 09:07, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Change to the lead
Getting rid of the word "president" in the lead. I'm not sure all presidents in the world have veto power. Even if so, saying "official with veto power" would still include every office it previously did. --Mr. Guye (talk) 21:46, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

Bush's One Pocket Veto
Does what Bush did count as a pocket veto? It says up above that he has no pocket vetos, yet this bill was not passed. He did sign it with fixes, and another bill was, but, BUT, the bill was indeed not passed. So yes? In that case, Bush would have 1 pocket veto, and Barrack Obama would be the only one to have none. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.234.60.70 (talk) 17:50, 3 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The bill was not passed because the House asserted that it is able to override it, but didn't. 2603:8000:A501:9B00:BD4E:38EC:E871:394B (talk) 16:14, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pocket veto


text:
Burghley Horse Trials

The Defender Burghley Horse Trials is an annual three-day event held at Burghley House near Stamford, Lincolnshire, England, currently in early September. Defender Burghley Horse Trials is classified by the FEI as one of the seven leading three-day events in the world (the others being the Badminton Horse Trials, the Kentucky Three-Day Event, the Australian International Three Day Event, the Luhmühlen Horse Trials, the Maryland 5* and the Étoiles de Pau). It has competition at CCI5*-L (five star) level. The prize for first place is currently £110,000. Prize money is given down to 20th place.

Burghley is also one of the three events in the Grand Slam of Eventing.

Run in conjunction with the event since 1990 is the Dubarry Burghley Young Event Horse final, which judges four- and five-year-old horses on their potential as future Olympic mounts.

History
Horse trials have been held at Burghley House since 1961 when its owner the 6th Marquess of Exeter, an Olympic gold medalist in athletics and IOC member, heard that a three-day event at Harewood House could no longer be held due to suspected foot and mouth disease. Since then no other international horse trials site has staged as many championships, a record ten in all including the first World Championship in 1966.

It is the longest continuous running international event. Up to 2023 there have been seven course designers: Bill Thomson, M.R.C.V.S. 1961 – 1983, Lt-Col. Henry Nicoll, D.S.O., O.B.E., 1975, Philip Herbert 1984 – 1988, Captain Mark Phillips, C.V.O., 1989 – 1996 and 1998 – 2000, Mike Tucker 1997 and 2001, Wolfgang Feld 2002 – 2004, Capt. Mark Phillips, C.V.O., 2005 – 2019 and Derek di Grazia, 2022–present.

Casualties and incidents

 * 1988: Mark Davies (GBR) was killed when he fell at fence 26 during cross country at Burghley.
 * 1990: Ian Stark (GBR) was disqualified for excessive pressing of his exhausted horse, Alfresco during the event.
 * 1999: Simon Long (GBR) was killed when his horse Springleaze Macaroo flipped over a fence and crushed him during the cross country event.
 * 2004: Caroline Pratt (GBR) was killed during a rotational fall from her mount Primitive Streak on cross country.
 * 2009: Harry Meade (GBR) was disqualified and handed a red card for riding an exhausted horse. His mount, Dunauger No. 14 fell at fence 19.
 * 2009: Paul Donovan (IRL) received a FEI yellow warning card for failing to stop after incurring 3 refusals on Sportsfield Sandyman. The citation was given for "Dangerous riding - Continuing after three clear refusals, a fall, or any form of elimination (Eventing Rules Art. 525)" during the CCI4* event.
 * 2009: A runaway tractor rolled down a hill into a car parking area causing thousands of pounds in damage and "panicking spectators".
 * 2010: Nicola Malcom (GBR) was airlifted to hospital after she and her horse McFly fell at a fence during the cross country competition.
 * 2011: Michael Pollard (USA) received a Yellow Warning card for Abuse of Horse - Riding an exhausted Horse (Eventing Rules Art. 526) during the CCI4*.
 * 2012: Heartbreak Hill ridden by Paul Hart (SA) was euthanized on the cross country course after breaking his leg while competing.
 * 2012: Sam Watson (IRL) received a Yellow Warning card for Abuse of Horse - Excessive pressing of a tired Horse (Eventing Rules Art. 526), Dangerous riding - Too fast or too slow (Eventing Rules Art. 525) during the CCI4*.
 * 2013: Clifton Promise, ridden by Jonathan Paget (NZL) was found to have reserpine, a banned substance in his system while competing. Clifton Promise was disqualified.
 * 2013: Clifton Pinot, ridden by Kevin McNab (AUS) was found to have reserpine, a banned substance in his system while competing. Clifton Pinot was disqualified from the competition.
 * 2014: Orto, ridden by Sara Squires (UK) was euthanized after experiening a fatal injury from hitting a fence during cross country.
 * 2014: Three riders were hospitalized after falls on cross country, Natalie Blundell (AUS), Gina Ruck (GBR) and Neil Spratt (NZL).
 * 2014: Megan Heath (NZL) received a Yellow Warning card for Abuse of Horse - Excessive use of whip, bit and/or spurs (Eventing Rules Art. 526) during the CCI4* event.
 * 2016: Paul Tapner (AUS) was hospitalized after a fall from Up In th Air during the cross-country portion of the event.
 * 2019: David Britnell (GBR) received an Eventing Recorded Warning for Dangerous riding - Series of dangerous jumps (Eventing Rules Art. 525) at the CCI5* event.
 * 2022: HD Bronze and Harry Mutch (GBR) fell at Cottesmore Leap, during the cross-country portion of the event.
 * 2022: Rosie Thomas (GBR) received several Recorded Warnings from the FEI for their conduct while riding Balladeer Humbel Guy. They were warned for Dangerous riding - Pressing a tired Horse (Eventing Rules Art. 525), Dangerous riding - Series of dangerous jumps (Eventing Rules Art. 525), Dangerous riding - Severe lack of responsiveness from the Horse or the Athlete (Eventing Rules Art. 525) during the CCI5* event.
 * 2023: Julia Norman (GBR) was cited with a Eventing Recorded Warning by the FEI for "Abuse of Horse - Minor case of blood on the Horse (Eventing Rules Art. 526.1)" during the CCI5* at Burghley.

title: Burghley Horse Trials


text:
Talk:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2020 and 17 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Zaid mazahreh.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:15, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Moved
(cur | prev) 23:48, 27 March 2019 Vsmith (talk | contribs) m. . (10,140 bytes) 0. . (Vsmith moved page Talk:HVAC to Talk:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning: Focus on the concept name rather than the acronym) (undo | thank)

Requested move 28 March 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved (non-admin closure) EggRoll97 (talk) 08:55, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning → HVAC – Previous move requests from 2013 and 2016 found no consensus for the move made here.  Calidum   03:08, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * The redlink '2013' should be to Talk:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning/Archive 1. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:02, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:48, 28 March 2019 (UTC)

 * As pointed out before, the full name is clearer than an acronym (which can also mean high-voltage alternating current). See discussions hereinabove and in Talk:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning/Archive 1. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:50, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Not convinced that previous discussions were based on WP:TITLE, so happy to let move stand, Strong oppose acronym per WP:CRITERIA and WP:WORLDVIEW. In ictu oculi (talk) 12:37, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Neutral – Most readers are likely to get to this article from searching HVAC, and it's a common acronym in America, however as a foreigner who has had to repeatedly look up this acronym, the long title is way more clear to me. – Þjarkur (talk) 20:45, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Opposed – This has been discussed more than once before, and did not gain sufficient support. The current title is more useful and descriptive than the proposed acronymic title. Reify-tech (talk) 20:56, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Strictly for educational value, the acronym should be spelled-out in the title (and lead line). The tie between the phrase and the acronym just isn't very strong (see WP:ACRONYMTITLE). -- Netoholic @  01:22, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A description needed
How would one describe, or classify the airspace in a boxcar or covered goods wagon called "ventilation" in UIC classification of goods wagons Peter Horn User talk 01:38, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 3 July 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved (closed by non-admin page mover)  * Pppery * it has begun...  14:27, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning → HVAC – This was attempted before, but I think it is worthwhile to make a new attempt. Per MOS:ACROTITLE, this abbreviation is primarily used for this subject and the subject is known primariliy by its abbreviation. PhotographyEdits (talk) 08:32, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Support Here is a link to the previous discussion.  It looks like one guy wrote oppose, but agreed with the name change (I think he was confused about what the vote was about).  Also, as you mention, MOS:ACROTITLE wasn't a thing back then.  Also, a quick search in Google Scholar even seems to agree that most academic literature appears to use the word HVAC, and news articles use the word HVAC as well.  Fephisto (talk) 12:56, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose not in UK it isn't. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:05, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Why on earth would we move something away from an obvious and clear title to a term only likely to be commonly used by those in the industry? Maybe not in America (although I can't believe the acronym is commonly known even there), but certainly in other countries. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:36, 4 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Because the title of the article is practically an entire sentence? Fephisto (talk) 02:17, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * And your point is? It's still a lot shorter than many other titles. It's clear and unambiguous. -- Necrothesp (talk) 09:18, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * You're going through customs. The form asks for your profession.  You write down "Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning?"  They're going around the room asking people for their professions.  One person says "plumber," the next says "taxi driver," another says "engineering," another says "professor," you say "I work in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning?"  Fephisto (talk) 13:59, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * And your point is? Most people would probably say "heating engineer" or "ventilation engineer" or "air conditioning engineer", depending on their particular speciality! But that's irrelevant to Wikipedia titling in any case. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:03, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Jargony initialisms are thoroughly unencyclopedic. "HVAC" redirects to this article if that is what the reader is searching for. We are here to provide knowledge, not American-industry-specific convenience. -  Julietdeltalima   (talk)  14:35, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It's also the article in Turkish, Polish, Hungarian, Norwegian and Italian. PhotographyEdits (talk) 14:58, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Which? "Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning" or "HVAC"?  Julietdeltalima   (talk)  19:42, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose As a HVAC tech off wiki I have to oppose this I think that having each word spelled out and explaining it then using HVAC/HVACR is better for the average reader. I do think its important to keep the terms HVAC and HVACR near the top of the article.
 *  Bobherry  Talk   My Edits  02:00, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

HVAC V= Ventilating vs Ventilation
Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning is the proper compound for HVAC. The "V" being Ventilating not Ventilation. This is not semantics. This should be obvious to a Mechanical engineer with a minor in linguistics. For the rest of us, we can look at the history of the creation of the acronym. As any HVAC professional would know, The American Society of Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and their lineage is what shaped the entire industry. Their history starts with the American Society Of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (ASHVE) in 1895. The ASHVE changed to HSH&VE then the ASHAE ( American Society of Heating and Air Conditioning Engineers). ASHRAE Was formed in 1959 by the merger of ASHAE and American Society of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE) founded in 1904. The ASHRAE handbook origin first published in 1922 by the ASH&VE as the Heating and ventilating guide. Today ASHRAE publishes this as Principles of Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning Ninth Edition and Describes it as key HVAC fundamentals. All the information I have provided here. Except the first four sentences comes from articles found on the ASHRAE web site, This in itself gives this credibility. Also note in every case "V" stands for ventilating. White hair guy (talk) 05:20, 27 October 2023 (UTC)


text:
Bogumil Dawison

Bogumil Dawison (15 May 1818 – 1 February 1872) was a Polish-born German actor.

He was born in Warsaw, of Jewish parents. At the age of nineteen he went on the stage. In 1839 he received an appointment to the theater of Lemberg in Galicia. In 1847 he played at Hamburg with marked success. He joined Burg theatre ensemble in Vienna in 1849 under the director Heinrich Laube. From 1849 to 1854 he was a member of the Burg theatre, and then became connected with the Dresden court theater. In the 1850s, he started a European tour, playing in Amsterdam, Paris, Warsaw, and St. Petersburg, and finally, a visit to the United States of America in 1866. In 1864 he was given a life engagement, but later resigned it. In 1866 Dawison was contracted to appear in New York by Elise Hoym, who was the director of Stadttheater. He appeared in a wide range of his popular roles, and received enthusiastic tribute from the press in New York. He died in Dresden in 1872.

In the classical repertory, he became widely known for his performance of Hamlet, among others. Dawison was considered in Germany an actor of a new type; a leading critic wrote that he and Marie Seebach swept like fresh gales over dusty tradition, and brushing aside the monotony of declamation gave to their roles more character and vivacity than had hitherto been known on the German stage. His chief parts were Mephistopheles, Franz Moor, Mark Antony, Hamlet, Charles V, Richard III and King Lear.

title: Bogumil Dawison


text:
Michele Placido

Michele Placido (born 19 May 1946) is an Italian actor, director and screenwriter. He began his career on stage, and first gained mainstream attention through a series of roles in films directed by the likes of Mario Monicelli and Marco Bellocchio, winning the Berlinale's Silver Bear for Best Actor for his performance in the 1979 film Ernesto. He is known internationally for portraying police inspector Corrado Cattani on the crime drama television series La piovra (1984–2001). Placido's directorial debut, Pummarò, was screened Un Certain Regard at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival. Three of his films have competed for the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. He is a five-time Nastro d'Argento and four-time David di Donatello winner. In 2021, Placido was appointed President of the Teatro Comunale in Ferrara.

Early life
Placido was born at Ascoli Satriano, into a poor family from Rionero in Vulture, Basilicata; he is a descendant of the known brigand Carmine Crocco. Placido had a number of jobs since his youth. For a time, he worked as a police officer in Rome, and was involved in the Battle of Valle Giulia. He studied acting at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome, and with Silvio D'Amico at the Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica.

Career
Placido made his debut as an actor in the play Midsummer Night's Dream in 1969. Two years later he started film work under directors such as Luigi Comencini, Mario Monicelli, Salvatore Samperi, Damiano Damiani, Pasquale Squitieri, Francesco Rosi, Walerian Borowczyk, Marco Bellocchio, Paolo Cavara and Carlo Lizzani. His first success came with the role of soldier Paolo Passeri in Marcia trionfale (1976, directed by Bellocchio), for which he won a David di Donatello. Two years later he won the Silver Bear for Best Actor award at the 29th Berlin International Film Festival for his role of the homosexual worker in ironical melodrama Ernesto (1978, by Samperi).

He appeared in several TV movies in the 1970s, but 1983 marked the beginning of his greatest television popularity when he played the lead as a police inspector investigating the Mafia in Damiano Damiani's TV series La piovra. He went on to play the same part in the subsequent three seasons, until his character's assassination. Afterwards he would appear as a law enforcement official in a number of other films and TV productions dealing with organized crime, including a semi-biographical movie about Giovanni Falcone, where he acted as the titular judge. In 2008, in a reversal of roles, he portrayed longtime Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano in the TV movie L'ultimo padrino. A recognizable role to US audiences is that of an Italian businessman in the 1988 comedy Big Business.

Personal life
Until a divorce in 1994, he was married to actress Simonetta Stefanelli. Their daughter Violante Placido is also an actress.

In 2012, he married actress Federica Vincenti (born 1983) after over 10 years of dating. The couple divorced in December 2017.

He supported the candidacy for mayor of Rome of the italian entrepreneur Alfio Marchini in the 2016 Italian local elections. His nephew, Alessandro Onorato, is the Councilor for Major Events, Sport and Tourism for Rome.

Actor

 * Il caso Pisciotta (1972, Eriprando Visconti) .... Amerigo Lo Jacono
 * Mia moglie, un corpo per l'amore (1973, Mario Imperoli) .... Partner di Simona al night
 * The Black Hand (The Birth of the Mafia) (1973, Antonio Racioppi) .... Antonio Turris
 * Non ho tempo (1973) .... Studente
 * Il Picciotto (1973, TV Movie, Alberto Negrin) .... Rosario Mandalà
 * Teresa the Thief (1973, Carlo Di Palma) .... Tonino Santità
 * Till Marriage Do Us Part (1974, Luigi Comencini) .... Silvano Pennacchini
 * Come Home and Meet My Wife (1974, Mario Monicelli) .... Giovanni Pizzullo
 * Orlando Furioso (1974, TV Mini-Series, Luca Ronconi) .... Agramante
 * Processo per direttissima (1974, Lucio De Caro) .... Stefano Baldini
 * Moses the Lawgiver (1974, TV Mini-Series, Gianfranco De Bosio) .... Caleb
 * Scandal in the Family (1975, Bruno Gaburro) .... Milo
 * The Divine Nymph (1975, Giuseppe Patroni Griffi) .... Martino Ghiondelli
 * Marcia trionfale (1976, Marco Bellocchio) .... Paolo Passeri
 * And Agnes Chose to Die (1976, Giuliano Montaldo) .... Tom
 * La Orca (1976, Eriprando Visconti) .... Michele Turrisi
 * Plot of Fear (1976, Paolo Cavara) .... Inspector Gaspare Lomenzo
 * Oedipus Orca (1977, Eriprando Visconti) .... Michele Turrisi
 * Kleinhoff Hotel (1977, Carlo Lizzani) .... Pedro
 * Beach House (1977, Sergio Citti) .... Vincenzino
 * The Pyjama Girl Case (1978, Flavio Mogherini) .... Antonio Attolini
 * Io sono mia (1978, Sofia Scandurra) .... Giacinto
 * Corleone (1978, Pasquale Squitieri) .... Michele Labruzzo
 * Ernesto (1979, Salvatore Samperi) .... The Man
 * Tigers in Lipstick (1979, Luigi Zampa) .... Angelo / The Photographer
 * A Man on His Knees (1979, Damiano Damiani) .... Antonio Platamonte
 * The Meadow (1979, Paolo and Vittorio Taviani) .... Enzo
 * Saturday, Sunday and Friday (1979, 3 directors) .... Mario Salvetti (segment "Domenica")
 * A Leap in the Dark (1980, Marco Bellocchio) ... Giovanni Sciabola
 * Lulu (1980 film) (1980, Walerian Borowczyk) .... Schwarz
 * Fontamara (1980, Carlo Lizzani) .... Berardo Viola
 * Three Brothers (1981, Francesco Rosi) .... Nicola Giuranna
 * The Wings of the Dove (1981, Benoît Jacquot) .... Sandro
 * Cargo (1981, Serge Dubor) .... Giovanni
 * Sciopèn (1982, Luciano Odorisio) .... Francesco Maria Vitale
 * Ars amandi (1983, Walerian Borowczyk) .... Macarius
 * Les Amants terribles (1984, Danièle Dubroux and Stavros Kaplanidis) .... Sergio
 * La piovra (1984, TV Mini-Series, Damiano Damiani) .... Commissario Corrado Cattani
 * La piovra, (1985, TV Mini-Series, Florestano Vancini) .... Commissario Corrado Cattani
 * Pizza Connection (1985, Damiano Damiani) .... Mario Aloia
 * Summer Night (1986, Lina Wertmüller) .... Beppe Catanìa
 * Grandi magazzini (1986, Castellano & Pipolo) .... Director
 * La piovra, (1987, TV TV Mini-Series, Luigi Perelli) .... Commissario Corrado Cattani
 * Come sono buoni i bianchi (1988, Marco Ferreri) .... Michele
 * Private Affairs (1988, Francesco Massaro) .... Lionello Martini
 * Big Business (1988, Jim Abrahams) .... Fabio Alberici
 * Via Paradiso (1988, Luciano Odorisio) .... Francesco
 * La piovra, (1989, TV Mini-Series, Luigi Perelli) ... Commissario Corrado Cattani
 * Mery per sempre (1989, Marco Risi) .... Marco Terzi
 * Afghan Breakdown (1991, Vladimir Bortko) .... Major Bandura
 * Drug Wars: The Cocaine Cartel (1992, TV miniseries, Paul Krasny) .... Col. Roberto Chavez
 * Scoop (1992, TV TV Mini-Series, José María Sánchez) .... Marco Bonilli
 * Close Friends (1992, Michele Placido) .... father of Simona
 * Uomo di rispetto (1992, TV Movie, Damiano Damiani) .... Nino
 * Quattro bravi ragazzi (1993, Claudio Camarca) .... Marcione
 * Giovanni Falcone (1993) .... Giovanni Falcone
 * Father and Son (1994, Pasquale Pozzessere) .... Corrado
 * Lamerica (1994, Gianni Amelio) .... Fiore
 * Policemen (1994, Giulio Base) .... Sante Carella
 * Un eroe borghese (1995, Michele Placido) .... Silvio Novembre
 * La Lupa (1996, Gabriele Lavia) .... Malerba
 * Racket (1997, TV Mini-Series, Luigi Perelli) .... Guido Gerosa
 * La Missione (1998, TV Movie, Maurizio Zaccaro) .... Padre Ramboni
 * Le Plaisir (et ses petits tracas) (1998, Nicolas Boukhrief) .... Carlo
 * Of Lost Love (1998, Michele Placido) .... Don Gerardo
 * Dirty Linen (1999, Mario Monicelli) .... Furio Cimin
 * The Nanny (1999, Marco Bellocchio) .... Belli Estate Patient
 * A Respectable Man (1999, Maurizio Zaccaro) .... Enzo Tortora
 * Terra bruciata (1999, Fabio Segatori) .... Fra' Salvatore
 * Free the Fish (2000) .... Michele Verrio
 * Padre Pio - Tra cielo e terra (2000, TV Movie) .... Padre Pio da Pietralcina
 * Tra due mondi (2001) .... Uzeda
 * Il Sequestro Soffiantini (2002, TV Movie) .... Giuseppe Soffiantini
 * Searching for Paradise (2002) .... Giorgio Mattei
 * Mario Monicelli, l'artigiano di Viareggio (2002) .... Himself
 * Il posto dell'anima (2003) .... Salvatore
 * Soraya (film) (2003, TV Movie) .... Enrico Mattei
 * Un papà quasi perfetto (2003, TV Mini-Series) .... Michele Salvi
 * Love Returns (2004) .... Dottor Bianco
 * The Smell of Blood (2004) .... Carlo
 * Caterina in the Big City (2003) .... Himself (Special Guest)
 * Il Grande Torino (2005, TV Movie) .... Angelo, 2004
 * Estrenando sueños (2005) .... Padre Freddo
 * Liolà (2005)
 * The Goodbye Kiss (2006) .... Anedda
 * The Caiman (2006) .... Marco Pulici / Silvio Berlusconi
 * Karol: The Pope, The Man (2006, TV Movie) .... Dr. Renato Buzzonetti
 * The Unknown Woman (2006) .... Muffa
 * The Roses of the Desert (2006) .... Frate Simeone
 * Commediasexi (2006) .... Salvatore Lisassi
 * SoloMetro (2007) .... Enrico Alvari
 * Piano, solo (2007) .... Giovanni
 * 2061: An Exceptional Year (2007) .... Cardinale Bonifacio Colonna
 * L'ultimo padrino (2008, TV Movie) .... Bernardo Provenzano
 * The Sorrow of Mrs. Schneider (2008) .... Count Sternberk
 * La luna nel deserto (2008, short) .... Leone (voice)
 * Aldo Moro - Il presidente (2008, TV Movie) .... Aldo Moro
 * Blood of the Losers (2008) .... Commissario Franco Dogliani
 * Focaccia blues (2009) .... Proiezionista
 * Baarìa (2009) .... Communist
 * The Big Dream (2009) .... Andrea
 * Oggi sposi (2009) .... Sabino Impanato
 * Parents and Children: Shake Well Before Using (2010) .... Alberto
 * Manuale d'amore 3 (2011) .... Augusto
 * Amici miei – Come tutto ebbe inizio (2011) .... Duccio Villani di Masi
 * Tulpa (2012) .... Roccaforte
 * The Lookout (2012) .... Giovanni
 * Viva l'Italia (2012) .... Michele Spagnolo
 * Razza bastarda (2012) .... Avv. Silvestri
 * Itaker - Vietato agli italiani (2012) .... Pantano'
 * Living Legends (2014) .... Christiano Negri
 * The Choice (2015) .... Emilio Nicotri
 * Io che amo solo te (2015) .... Domenico Scagliusi aka don Mimì
 * Un'avventura romantica (2016) .... Vittorio De Sica
 * 7 Minutes (2016) .... Michele Varazzi, il proprietario della fabbrica
 * La cena di Natale (2016) .... Don Mimì
 * Lectura Ovidii (2019) .... Himself
 * I Hate Summer (2020) .... Marshal of Carabinieri
 * Caravaggio's Shadow (2022) .... Cardinal Francesco Maria del Monte

Director

 * Pummarò (1990)
 * Close Friends (1992)
 * Un eroe borghese (1995)
 * Of Lost Love (1998)
 * Un Altro mondo è possibile (2001)
 * A Journey Called Love (2002)
 * Ovunque sei (2004)
 * Romanzo criminale (2005)
 * The Big Dream (2009)
 * L'Aquila 2009 - Cinque registi tra le macerie (2009)
 * Vallanzasca - Gli angeli del male (2010)
 * Le Guetteur (2012)
 * The Choice (2015)
 * 7 Minutes (2016)
 * Caravaggio's Shadow (2022)

title: Michele Placido


text:
File:The Osterman Weekend movie.jpg

Fair use in The Osterman Weekend (film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:The Osterman Weekend movie.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Woman in 1911 Brittanica

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE or DELETE.

The votes were 4 merge, 5 delete. I'm going to move it to a subpage of Talk:Woman. dbenbenn | talk 17:37, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Woman in 1911 Brittanica
Brittanica article, highly dated and POV, nothing has been done to it since it was initially uploaded in January, bad title. RickK 06:10, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Dated historical info can be useful, maybe just move? Mgm|(talk) 09:25, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge any relevant info woman, especially to historical roles, and delete. I have also seen original EB1911 articles moved to WP article's talk page so that any relevant information can be later merged with the article - 10:40, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything useable to Woman, no redirect. Megan1967 01:23, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as above; also, might be interesting for the article Woman to provide an external link to Lovetoknow's online version of this. -- Jmabel | Talk 22:03, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP not a datadump for patronizing, century-old sexist drek and who wants to plow through this for twenty-five useful words of helpful, unduplicated content for a merge? Wyss 23:19, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete. Yuckfoo 01:13, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 16:59, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Merging wouldn't be worth the trouble. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:52, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article seems to be nothing more than an incomplete scan of a very dated Brittanica article with no other context.  Edeans 03:34, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Woman or Keep. -CunningLinguist 23:43, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:The Supremes discography

"Someday We'll Be Together"
The official Motown title for this song is "Someday We'll Be Together" with no commas. --b. Touch 01:36, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I believe I hear male backing vocals at points throughout this song. Is there any info on this male vocalist? I've provided some lyrics as an example:

DR: Diana Ross S: Maxine and Julia Waters MV: Unidentified male vocals

S: Someday we'll be together. DR: Ahhh, Say, say, say it, say it again. (MV: Do tell) S: Someday we'll be together. DR: Oh, yeah, oh yeah.

DR: You're far away, From me my love. (MV: Baby) And just as sure my, my baby, As there are stars above, I wanna say, I wanna say, I wanna say, (MV: Yeah) — Preceding unsigned comment added by GRZinnj (talk • contribs) 10:57, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

--User: GRZinnj 06:59, 26 Aug 2019

 * Male vocal backing vocals/ad-libs are by Johnny Bristol. I've since added multiple references in the main discography page, for the backing vocals on this song and others which feature additional or replacement backing vocals vocalists JonathanLGardner (talk) 01:47, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

Article title
Just a question.... as the main article is "The Supremes", shouldn't this article be titled "The Supremes discography"? - eo 13:19, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

I couldn't agree more. Also, is there a reason why the link to "This Is The Story...Vol.1" redirects to the full discography? Is it a mistake or hasn't anyone uploaded the information yet? I have it...Dollvalley 17:55, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Album Date
Someone please change where did our love go album back to 1964 since most the songs weren't record in 1964.Saimaroimaru 2008 (talk) 00:37, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

The album, "Where Did Our Love Go?" was released on the 30th/31st of August, 1964. Hence, by definition and default, all the songs herein had to have been recorded prior to August of 1964. Some of the songs date back to 1962 and 1963 and finally, 1964. In reality, "Where Did Our Love Go?" was actually The Supremes Greatest Hits from 1962 - 1964 since "Come See About Me" was released in October of 1964. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Spenser - The Unknown (talk • contribs) 18:51, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

changed back
I changed back the chart to its orginal form, alot of info such as disco chartings and ac chartings were left out. While its not diana singing its apart of the supremes history i appreciate it if you putting back to your version you include all info not just some.74.178.200.105 (talk) 04:07, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The A/C information was minimal and the disco chart positions were completely wrong/fake (Supremes have never topped the U.S. dance chart). I really cleaned it up for formatting reasons.... basically it was a mess.  I've reverted and will double-check chart information and add columns if appropriate.  If the chart histories don't match I'm going to leave them off. - eo (talk) 10:44, 30 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Note also that several of the wikilinks needed updating, which I corrected. - eo (talk) 10:45, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

Lol, the unregistered user won. XD Oh wait thats me.Umishiru (talk) 10:36, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

U.S. Dance Chart
False chart positions have appeared here more than once; I don't know where they are coming from — at least it is not specified in this article. Per Joel Whitburn's Hot Dance Disco 1974-2003 (ISBN 0-89820-156-X), based on Billboard magazine's dance/club chart, the Supremes only have four chart entries: Errors on this page are in turn prompting people to incorrectly add the Supremes to the List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart article. - eo (talk) 18:01, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * 1976 "I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking" — #3
 * 1976 "High Energy" — #9
 * 1976 "You're My Driving Wheel" / "Let Yourself Go" / "Love I Never Knew" — #5 (charted together, which was allowed at the time)
 * 1980 "Medley of Hits" — #46

Further problems? Cash Box magazine
The link provided in the singles table for the Cash Box is not very useful anymore, many of the links on that website return "404 Object Not Found" errors. Specifically I'm questioning the peak positions of "When the Lovelight..." (#2) and "Run Run Run" (#22). There are huge differences in the positions here between Billboard and Cash Box. Seriously, #2 for "Lovelight"? That doesn't seem correct to me. Is there an alternate place for the Cash Box positions to be verified? - eo (talk) 18:07, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Never mind - found the problem in a past version of the page. Those two were accidentally moved over from the R&B column.  Fixed. - eo (talk) 18:37, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on The Supremes discography. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090705010436/http://www.cashboxmagazine.com:80/archives/ to http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:23, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

International Supremes
I have done a major re-format of all the tables, added mising references for the US charts and also expanded the tables with Belgium, Netherlands and Norway chart history for the group. Article still needs a reference for the group's Australian chart history as well as the Shelved albums section. Additionally, the article could do with a Box Sets section as per The Beatles discography as so many of the 1960s albums have been re-released in expanded form. JonathanLGardner (talk) 22:02, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

US Record World and Cashbox
The reference for the entire US Record World chart history is not specific to The Supremes, linking to a landing page of the entire archives. It isn't easy to verify any chart positions without spending hours searching through scans of each issue. Should these be removed? As for Cashbox singles charts, the individual single pages have citations linking to the week-specific chart verifying the song's peak position. Thus, I am adding these to the citation so these can be easily verified by browsers without searching through the archives. JonathanLGardner (talk) 12:17, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

Why GAN?
Unless there is a good reason not to, discographies are usually submitted as Featured list candidates, rather than Good article nominees (see WP:DISCOGS and WP:Good article criteria). —Ojorojo (talk) 15:32, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Supremes discography


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User talk:Prerakshah

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Prerakshah


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Jan Willem de Winter

Jan Willem de Winter (French: Jean Guillaume de Winter, 23 March 1761 – 2 June 1812) was a Dutch admiral during the Napoleonic Wars.

Early life
De Winter was born in Kampen and entered naval service at a young age. He distinguished himself by his zeal and courage, and by the time of the Patriottentijd in 1787 had reached the rank of lieutenant. The overthrow of the Patriot party forced him to flee to France.

Naval career
Here he threw himself heart and soul into the cause of the French Revolution, and took part under Charles François Dumouriez and Charles Pichegru in the campaigns of 1792 and 1793, and was soon promoted to the rank of brigadier-general.

In 1795, when Pichegru overran the Dutch Republic, De Winter returned with the French army to his native country. The new regime now utilized the experience he had gained as a naval officer by giving him the post of adjunct-general for the reorganization of the Batavian Navy. In 1796, he was appointed vice-admiral and commander-in-chief of the fleet. He spared no efforts to strengthen it and improve its condition, and on 11 October 1797 he ventured upon an encounter off Camperdown with the British fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan.

After an obstinate struggle, the Dutch were defeated, and De Winter himself was taken prisoner. He remained in England until December, when he gave his parole and was released. His conduct in the Battle of Camperdown was declared by a court-martial to have nobly maintained the honour of the Dutch flag.

Ambassador
From 1798 to 1802, De Winter filled the post of ambassador to the French Republic and was then once more appointed commander of the fleet. He was sent with a strong squadron to the Mediterranean to repress the Tripoli pirates, and negotiated a treaty of peace with the Tripolitan government. De Winter enjoyed the confidence of Louis Bonaparte, then King of Holland, and, after the incorporation of the Netherlands in the French empire, in an equal degree of the emperor Napoleon. By the former, he was created Marshal of Holland and Count of Huessen, and given the command of the armed forces both by sea and land.

Later life
Napoleon gave De Winter the grand cross of the Legion of Honour and appointed him inspector general of the northern coasts, and in 1811, he placed him at the head of the fleet he had collected at Texel. Soon afterwards, De Winter was taken ill and compelled to go to Paris, where he died on 2 June 1812. He had a splendid public funeral and was buried in the Panthéon. His heart was enclosed in an urn and placed in the Bovenkerk Church in Kampen.

title: Jan Willem de Winter


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Alhambra Decree

The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate the influence of practising Jews on Spain's large formerly-Jewish converso New Christian population, to ensure the latter and their descendants did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391. Due to continuing attacks, around 50,000 more had converted by 1415. A further number of those remaining chose to convert to avoid expulsion. As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution in the years leading up to the expulsion of Spain's estimated 300,000 Jewish origin population, a total of over 200,000 had converted to Catholicism to remain in Spain, and between 40,000 and 100,000 remained Jewish and suffered expulsion. An unknown number of the expelled eventually succumbed to the pressures of life in exile away from formerly-Jewish relatives and networks back in Spain, and so converted to Catholicism to be allowed to return in the years following expulsion. :17

In 1924, the regime of Primo de Rivera granted Spanish citizenship to a part of the Sephardic Jewish diaspora, though few people benefited from it in practice. The decree was then formally and symbolically revoked on 16 December 1968 by the regime of Francisco Franco, following the Second Vatican Council. This was a full century after Jews had been openly practising their religion in Spain and synagogues were once more legal places of worship under Spain's Laws of Religious Freedom.

In 2015, the government of Spain passed a law allowing dual citizenship to Jewish descendants who apply, to "compensate for shameful events in the country's past." Thus, Sephardi Jews who could prove that they are the descendants of those Jews expelled from Spain because of the Alhambra Decree would "become Spaniards without leaving home or giving up their present nationality." The Spanish law expired in 2019 and new applications for Spanish citizenship on the basis of Sephardic family heritage are no longer allowed. However, the descendants of the Jews exiled from the Iberian Peninsula may still apply for Portuguese citizenship.

Background
By the end of the eighth century, Muslim forces had conquered and settled most of the Iberian Peninsula. Under Islamic law, the Jews, who had lived in the region since at least Roman times, were considered "People of the Book," which was a protected status. Compared to the repressive policies of the Visigothic Kingdom, who, starting in the sixth century had enacted a series of anti-Jewish statutes which culminated in their forced conversion and enslavement, the tolerance of the Muslim Moorish rulers of al-Andalus allowed Jewish communities to thrive. Jewish merchants were able to trade freely across the Islamic world, which allowed them to flourish, and made Jewish enclaves in Muslim Iberian cities great centers of learning and commerce. This led to a flowering of Jewish culture, as Jewish scholars were able to gain favor in Muslim courts as skilled physicians, diplomats, translators, and poets. Although Jews never enjoyed equal status to Muslims, in some Taifas, such as Granada, Jewish men were appointed to very high offices, including Grand Vizier.

The Reconquista, or the gradual reconquest of Muslim Iberia by the Christian kingdoms in the North, was driven by a powerful religious motivation: to reclaim Iberia for Christendom following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania centuries before. By the fourteenth century, most of the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Spain and Portugal) had been reconquered by the Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, León, Galicia, Navarre, and Portugal.

During the Christian re-conquest, the Muslim kingdoms in Spain became less welcoming to the dhimmi. In the late twelfth century, the Muslims in al-Andalus invited the fanatical Almohad dynasty from North Africa to push the Christians back to the North. After they gained control of the Iberian Peninsula, the Almohads offered the Jews a choice between expulsion, conversion, and death. Many Jewish people fled to other parts of the Muslim world, and also to the Christian kingdoms, which initially welcomed them. In Christian Spain, Jews functioned as courtiers, government officials, merchants, and moneylenders. Therefore, the Jewish community was both useful to the ruling classes and to an extent protected by them.

As the Reconquista drew to a close, overt hostility against Jews in Christian Spain became more pronounced, finding expression in brutal episodes of violence and oppression. In the early fourteenth century, the Christian kings vied to prove their piety by allowing the clergy to subject the Jewish population to forced sermons and disputations. More deadly attacks came later in the century from mobs of angry Catholics, led by popular preachers, who would storm into the Jewish quarter, destroy synagogues, and break into houses, forcing the inhabitants to choose between conversion and death. Thousands of Jews sought to escape these attacks by converting to Christianity. These Jewish converts were commonly called conversos, New Christians, or marranos; the latter two terms were used as insults. At first, these conversions seemed an effective solution to the cultural conflict: many converso families met with social and commercial success. But eventually their success made these new Catholics unpopular with their neighbors, including some of the clergy of the Church and Spanish aristocrats competing with them for influence over the royal families. By the mid-fifteenth century, the demands of the Old Christians that the Catholic Church and the monarchy differentiate them from the conversos led to the first limpieza de sangre laws, which restricted opportunities for converts.

These suspicions on the part of Christians were only heightened by the fact that some of the conversions were insincere. Some conversos, also known as crypto-Jews, embraced Christianity and underwent baptism while privately adhering to Jewish practices and faith. Recently converted families who continued to intermarry were especially viewed with suspicion. For their part, the Jewish community viewed conversos with compassion, because Jewish law held that conversion under threat of violence was not necessarily legitimate. Although the Catholic Church was also officially opposed to forced conversion, under ecclesiastical law all baptisms were lawful, and once baptized, converts were not allowed to rejoin their former religion.

European context

From the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, European countries expelled the Jews from their territories on at least fifteen occasions. Before the Spanish expulsion, the Jews had been expelled from England in 1290, several times from France between 1182 and 1354, and from some German states. The French case is typical of most expulsions: whether the expulsion was local or national, the Jews usually were allowed to return after a few years. The Spanish expulsion was succeeded by at least five expulsions from other European countries, but the expulsion of the Jews from Spain was both the largest of its kind and, officially, the longest lasting in western European history.

Over the four-hundred-year period during which most of these decrees were implemented, the causes of expulsion gradually changed. At first, expulsions of Jews (or absence of expulsions) were exercises of royal prerogatives. Jewish communities in mediaeval Europe often were protected by and associated with monarchs because, under the feudal system, Jews often were a monarch's only reliable source of taxes. Jews further had reputations as moneylenders because they were the only social group allowed to loan money at a profit under the prevailing interpretation of the Vulgate (the Latin translation of the Bible used in Roman Catholic western Europe as the official text), which forbade Christians to charge interest on loans. Jews, therefore, became the lenders to and creditors of merchants, aristocrats, and even monarchs. Most expulsions before the Alhambra Decree were related to this financial situation: to raise additional monies, a monarch would tax the Jewish community heavily, forcing Jews to call in loans; the monarch then would expel the Jews; at the time of expulsion, the monarch would seize their remaining valuable assets, including debts owed them by other subjects of the monarch and, in some instances, by the monarch himself. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain was thus an innovation not only in scale but also in its motivations.

Ferdinand and Isabella
Hostility towards the Jews in Spain was brought to a climax during the reign of the "Catholic Monarchs," Ferdinand and Isabella. Their marriage in 1469, which formed a personal union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile, with coordinated policies between their distinct kingdoms, eventually led to the final unification of Spain.

Although their initial policies towards the Jews were protective, Ferdinand and Isabella were disturbed by reports claiming that most Jewish converts to Christianity were insincere in their conversion. As mentioned above, some claims that conversos continued to practice Judaism in secret (see Crypto-Judaism) were true, but the "Old" Christians exaggerated the scale of the phenomenon. It was also claimed that Jews were trying to draw conversos back into the Jewish fold. In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella made a formal application to Rome to set up an Inquisition in Castile to investigate these and other suspicions. In 1487, King Ferdinand promoted the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition Tribunals in Castile. In the Crown of Aragon, it had been first instituted in the 13th century to combat the Albigensian heresy. However, the focus of this new Inquisition was to find and punish conversos who were practicing Judaism in secret.

These issues came to a head during Ferdinand and Isabella's final conquest of Granada. The independent Islamic Emirate of Granada had been a tributary state to Castile since 1238. Jews and conversos played an important role during this campaign because they had the ability to raise money and acquire weapons through their extensive trade networks. This perceived increase in Jewish influence further infuriated the Old Christians and the hostile elements of the clergy. Finally, in 1491 in preparation for an imminent transition to Castilian territory, the Treaty of Granada was signed by Emir Muhammad XII and the Queen of Castile, protecting the religious freedom of the Muslims there. By 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella had won the Battle of Granada and completed the Catholic Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula from Islamic forces. However, the Jewish population emerged from the campaign more hated by the populace and less useful to the monarchs.

Decree
The king and queen issued the Alhambra Decree less than three months after the surrender of Granada. Although Isabella was the force behind the decision, her husband Ferdinand did not oppose it. That her confessor had just changed from the tolerant Hernando de Talavera to the very intolerant Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros suggests an increase in royal hostility towards the Jews. The text of the decree accused the Jews of trying "to subvert the holy Catholic faith" by attempting to "draw faithful Christians away from their beliefs." These measures were not new in Europe.

After the decree was passed, Spain's entire Jewish population was given only four months to either convert to Christianity or leave the country. The edict promised the Jews royal protection and security for the effective three-month window before the deadline. They were permitted to take their belongings with them, excluding "gold or silver or minted money or other things prohibited by the laws of our kingdoms." In practice, however, the Jews had to sell anything they could not carry: their land, their houses, and their libraries, and converting their wealth to a more portable form proved difficult. The market in Spain was saturated with these goods, which meant the prices were artificially lowered for the months before the deadline. As a result, much of the wealth of the Jewish community remained in Spain. The punishment for any Jew who did not convert or leave by the deadline was summary execution.

Dispersal
The Sephardi Jews migrated to four major areas: North Africa, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Italy. Some Spanish Jews who emigrated to avoid conversion dispersed throughout the region of North Africa known as the Maghreb. The Jewish scholars and physicians among previous Sephardic immigrants to this area had reinvigorated the Jewish communities in North Africa. However, in the 1490s, parts of the Mediterranean world, including Morocco were experiencing severe famine. As a result, a number of cities in Morocco refused to let the Spanish Jews in. This led to mass starvation among the refugees, and made the Jewish refugees vulnerable to the predation of slavers, although the regional ruler invalidated many of these sales within a few years. A good number of the Jews who had fled to North Africa returned to Spain and converted. The Jews who stayed in North Africa often intermingled with the already existing Mizrahi Arabic or Berber speaking communities, becoming the ancestors of the Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian and Libyan Jewish communities.

Many Spanish Jews also fled to the Ottoman Empire, where they were given refuge. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire, learning about the expulsion of Jews from Spain, dispatched the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Thessaloniki (currently in Greece) and İzmir (currently in Turkey). Many of these Jews also settled in other parts of the Balkans ruled by the Ottomans such as the areas that are now Bulgaria, Serbia and Bosnia. Concerning this incident, Bayezid II is alleged to have commented, "those who say that Ferdinand and Isabella are wise are indeed fools; for he gives me, his enemy, his national treasure, the Jews."

A majority of Sephardim migrated to Portugal, where they gained only a few years of respite from persecution. About 600 Jewish families were allowed to stay in Portugal following an exorbitant bribe until the Portuguese king entered negotiations to marry the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Caught between his desire for an alliance with Spain and his economic reliance on the Jews, Manuel I declared the Jewish community in Portugal (perhaps then some 10% of that country's population) Christians by royal decree unless they left the country. In return, he promised the Inquisition would not come to Portugal for 40 years. He then seized the Jews who tried to leave and had them forcibly baptized, after separating them from their children. It was years before the Jews who fled to Portugal were allowed to emigrate. When the ban was lifted, many of them fled to the Low Countries, or the Netherlands.

Throughout history, scholars have given widely differing numbers of Jews expelled from Spain. However, the figure is likely to be below the 100,000 Jews who had not yet converted to Christianity by 1492, possibly as low as 40,000. Such figures exclude the significant number of Jews who returned to Spain due to the hostile reception they received in their countries of refuge, notably Fes (Morocco). The situation of returnees was legalized with the Ordinance of 10 November 1492 which established that civil and church authorities should be witnesses to baptism and, in the case that they were baptized before arrival, proof and witnesses of baptism were required. Furthermore, all property could be recovered by returnees at the same price at which it was sold. Similarly the Provision of the Royal Council of 24 October 1493 set harsh sanctions for those who slandered these New Christians with insulting terms such as tornadizos. :115 After all, the Catholic monarchs were concerned with the souls of their subjects, and Catholic doctrine held that the persecution of converts would remove an important incentive for conversion. Returnees are documented as late as 1499.

Conversions
A majority of Spain's Jewish population had converted to Christianity during the waves of religious persecutions prior to the Decree—a total of 200,000 converts according to Joseph Pérez. The main objective of the expulsion of practicing Jews was ensuring the sincerity of the conversions of such a large convert population. Of the 100,000 Jews that remained true to their faith by 1492, an additional number chose to convert and join the converso community rather than face expulsion. Recent conversos were subject to additional suspicion by the Inquisition, which had been established to persecute religious heretics, but in Spain and Portugal was focused on finding crypto-Jews. Although Judaism was not considered a heresy, professing Christianity while engaging in Jewish practices was heretical. Additionally, Limpieza de sangre statutes instituted legal discrimination against converso descendants, barring them from certain positions and forbidding them from emigrating to the Americas. For years, families with urban origins who had extensive trade connections, and people who were learned and multilingual were suspected of having Jewish ancestry. According to the prejudice of the time, a person with Jewish blood was untrustworthy and inferior. Such measures slowly faded away as converso identity was forgotten and this community merged into Spain's dominant Catholic culture. This process lasted until the eighteenth century, with a few exceptions, most notably the Chuetas of the island of Majorca, where discrimination lasted into early 20th Century.

A Y chromosome DNA test conducted by the University of Leicester and the Pompeu Fabra University has indicated an average of nearly 20% for Spaniards having some direct patrilineal descent from populations from the Near East which colonized the region either in historical times, such as Jews and Phoenicians, or during earlier prehistoric Neolithic migrations. Between the 90,000 Jews who converted under the Visigoth persecutions, and the 100,000+ Jews who converted in the years leading up to expulsion, it is likely that many of these people have Jewish ancestry. Genetic studies have explored local beliefs in the American South West that Spanish Americans are the descendants of conversos.

Modern Spanish policy
The Spanish government has actively pursued a policy of reconciliation with the descendants of its expelled Jews. In 1924, the regime of Primo de Rivera granted the possibility of obtaining Spanish citizenship to a part of the Sephardic Jewish diaspora. As stated above, the Alhambra decree was officially revoked in 1968, after the Second Vatican Council rejected the charge of deicide traditionally attributed to the Jews. In 1992, in a ceremony marking the 500th anniversary of the Edict of Expulsion, King Juan Carlos (wearing a yarmulke) prayed alongside Israeli president Chaim Herzog and members of the Jewish community in the Beth Yaacov Synagogue. The King said, "Sefarad (the Hebrew name for Spain) isn't a nostalgic memory anymore; it is a place where it must not be said that Jews should simply 'feel' at home there, for indeed Hispano-Jews are at home in Spain...What matters is not accountability for what we may have done wrong or right, but the willingness to look to the future, and analyze the past in light of our future."

From November 2012 Sephardi Jews have had the right to automatic Spanish nationality without the requirement of residence in Spain. Prior to November 2012, Sephardi Jews already had the right to obtain Spanish citizenship after a reduced residency period of two years (versus ten years for foreigners but similar to nationals from Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Brazil and about 20 other American republics that also require 2 years.) While their citizenship is being processed, Sephardi Jews are entitled to the consular protection of the Kingdom of Spain. This makes Spain unique among European nations as the only nation that currently grants automatic citizenship to the descendants of Jews expelled during the European medieval evictions. Although these measures are popular in the Jewish community, they have also sparked some controversy. A minority of thinkers hold that these policies represent less the abnegation of prejudice as a shift to Philo-Semitism. As of November 2015, 4300 Sephardi Jews have benefited from this law and acquired Spanish citizenship, swearing allegiance to the Spanish Constitution. In 2013, the number of Jews in Spain was estimated to range between 40,000 and 50,000 people. Goldschläger and Orjuela have explored motivations to request citizenship and the ways in which legal provisions, religious associations, and the migration industry become gatekeepers of and (re)shape what it means to be Sephardic.

title: Alhambra Decree


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Template talk:Num-stub

According to the notice in the Category:Number stubs, this tag is only for number articles. I propose it be used for articles about numerals, numeral systems, and number systems as well. Mainly because most people don't know the difference, anyway, and I don't know of any stub tags appropriate to these others except the general math-stub(s). The particular stub article that I was trying to categorize when I came to this conclusion was Ionian numerals (still uncategorized). - dcljr 06:18, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Is there any chance of changing the picture? Maybe 1, 2, 3... or similar, rather than 123? I couldn't work out where the 123 fitted into the article - but eventually looked at the stub Ian Cairns 02:00, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think it fits very well on the number articles. I keep trying to related the image to the article title. As Image_server_overload_2005-03 advises not to use images in these templates anyways, I will remove it. -- User:Docu

title: Template talk:Num-stub


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Pan-Americanism

Pan-Americanism is a movement that seeks to create, encourage, and organize relationships, an association (a Union), and cooperation among the states of the Americas, through diplomatic, political, economic, and social means.

History
Following the independence of the United States of America in 1776 and the independence of Haiti in 1804, the struggle for independence after 1810 by the nations of Hispanic America evoked a sense of unity, especially in South America, where, under Simón Bolívar in the north and José de San Martín in the south, there were co-operative efforts. Francisco Morazán briefly headed a Federal Republic of Central America. Early South American Pan-Americanists were also inspired by the American Revolutionary War, in which a suppressed and colonized society struggled, united, and gained independence. In the United States, Henry Clay and Thomas Jefferson set forth the principles of Pan-Americanism in the early 19th century, and soon, the United States declared through the Monroe Doctrine a new policy concerning interference by Europe in the affairs of the Americas.

In the 19th century, South American military nationalism came to the fore. Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew in 1830 from Gran Colombia, the Central American Federation collapsed in 1838, Argentina and Brazil fought continually over Uruguay, all three combined in the Paraguayan War (1865–1870) to defeat Paraguay, and Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). However, during that period, Pan-Americanism existed in the form of a series of Inter-American Conferences—Panama (1826), Lima (1847), Santiago (1856), and Lima (1864). The meetings' main objective was to provide for a common defense. The first of the modern Pan-American Conferences was held in Washington, DC (1889–1890), with all nations represented except the Dominican Republic. Treaties for arbitration of disputes and adjustment of tariffs were adopted, and the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics, which later became the Pan-American Union, was established. Subsequent meetings were held in various South American cities.

In the 20th century, US President Franklin Roosevelt embraced a robust formulation of Pan-Americanism during World War II through the establishment of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. Following his Good Neighbor Policy, Roosevelt endeavored to foster the development of peaceful commercial and cultural relations between the American Republics through the skillful use of cultural diplomacy.

Evolution
The intended liberalization of commercial intercourse did not occur, but collaboration was extended to a series of areas, such as health (Pan-American Health Organization, established 1902), geography and history (Pan-American Institute of Geography and History, 1928), child protection and children's rights (International American Institute for the Protection of Children, 1927), rights of the woman (Inter-American Commission of Women, 1928), indigenous policies (Inter-American Indigenist Institute, 1940), agriculture (Inter-American Institute of Agricultural Sciences), collective continental defense (Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, 1947), economic aid (Inter-American Development Bank, 1959), infrastructure works (Pan-American Highway) and peacekeeping (the Inter-American Peace Force after the invasion of the Dominican Republic, 1965), and human rights (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 1979).

The American states also adopted a series of diplomatic and political rules, which were not always respected or fulfilled, governing relations between the countries like arbitration of disputes, peaceful resolution of conflicts, military non-intervention, equality among the member states of each organism, and in their mutual relations, decisions through resolutions approved by the majority, the recognition of diplomatic asylum, the Private International Law Code (Bustamante Code, 1928), the inter-American system of human rights (American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, 1948; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1959; and the 2001 Inter-American Democratic Charter of the Organization of American States).

Pan-Americanism and the Monroe Doctrine
Serving as a core principle of U.S. foreign policy in the 1800s, United States President James Monroe announced in 1823 the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine, which implied that any further imperial actions into the Western Hemisphere by European countries would be unilaterally opposed by the United States. Subjugation under former imperial and colonial rule was a shared experience for most American nations, and this formed an important pillar of the Monroe Doctrine and consequently Pan-Americanism, where there was relatively unified opposition toward further inward imperial conquest by European nations.

Although the Monroe Doctrine originally declared U.S. opposition to new European expansion in the Americas, the United States used its increased influence in the region to promote its own strategic interests. Throughout the 1800s, the Monroe Doctrine was invoked multiple times in the Americas, including during the annexation of Texas (1845), the Mexican-U.S. War (1845-1848), and the 1861 Spanish Invasion of Santo Domingo. In almost all cases, U.S. influence increased in the region and the U.S. government’s policy toward Latin America became more expansionist in nature.

In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt added a "Corollary" to the Doctrine, which would later become known as the Roosevelt Corollary. Under this new interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine, opposition to European expansion continued, but in the event of "bad behavior" on the part of Latin American countries, "is was [now] the obligation of the United States to intervene in order to prevent European action."

Meanwhile, U.S. diplomats were also pursuing a contrasting policy of Pan-Americanism—a political movement that sought to promote the respect of national sovereignty, continental cooperation and further integration. These conflicting foreign policy objectives launched by the U.S. government created intense discourse among U.S. and Latin American leaders regarding hemispheric anti-interventionist policies and doctrines at future Pan-American Conferences.

Despite the push by U.S. diplomats for further integrated and unified American continents, the U.S. government countered attempts by Latin Americans to enshrine the principles behind the Monroe Doctrine and Corollary in international law, instead favoring a form of American (United States) exceptionalism that allowed continued intervention by the United States in Latin American affairs to protect U.S. interests. While many Latin American countries and intellectuals immediately criticized the Corollary and viewed U.S. foreign policy regarding national sovereignty as hypocritical, Washington continued to push back against any formal attempts by countries in Latin America to establish a standard interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine and its Corollary—that is, any attempt to "Pan-Americanize" the Monroe Doctrine and apply national sovereignty rights equally to all countries in the Americas.

Economic Impacts
In 2019, 15.1 and 14.6 percent of all US imports were exchanged with Canada and Mexico, respectively. A significant portion of these imports involved food products. At 76%, the vast majority of all Canadian exports in 2021 were shipped South into the United States. Of these exports, goods such as lumber, automotive and aircraft components, aluminum, wheat, and vegetable oils were among the top exported commodities. Similarly, 76.4% of all Mexican exports, such as computers, cars, and crude petroleum, were destined for the United States. In 2017, 12 and 10 percent of all US exports were exchanged with Canada and Mexico, respectively.

Congresses and conferences

 * 1826 in Panama. Congreso Anfictiónico de Panamá Congress of Panama. Organized by Simón Bolívar.
 * 1847–1848 Congreso de Lima
 * 1856–1857 Congreso de Santiago
 * 1864-1864 Congreso de Lima
 * 1889/90 in Washington D.C. International Conference of American States. The day of this meeting, 14 April, has been celebrated since 1930 as Pan American Day.
 * 1901/02 in Mexico City
 * 1906 in Rio de Janeiro
 * 1910 in Buenos Aires
 * 1922 in Baltimore, Maryland Pan-American Conference of Women.
 * 1923 in Santiago, Chile
 * 1928 in Havana
 * 1933 in Montevideo
 * 1936 in Buenos Aires (Peace Conference)
 * 1938 in Lima
 * 1942 in Rio de Janeiro (conference of Ministers of Foreign Affairs)
 * 1948 in Bogotá
 * 1949 founded Office of Latin American Education, which became the Organization of Ibero-American States
 * 1954 in Caracas
 * 2nd Latin American Congress of Education took place in Quito
 * 1967 Buenos Aires
 * 1969 Viña del Mar
 * 2005 Panama City, Panama – Congreso de Escritores y Escritoras de Centroamérica to create the Federación Centroamericana. Sponsored by the Asociación de Escritores de Panamá.
 * 2006 Panama City, Panama – Sponsored by the President of Panama, Martín Torrijos – Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico’s Independence

title: Pan-Americanism


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fatima Brescia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:51, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Fatima Brescia
This article was originally in Portuguese. I translated it, but I don't think it's worth keeping. It's about a girl who left a poor neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro for a better one. I've never heard of her. It may be a joke. JoaoRicardo 06:19, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, Google yields 11 hits on this person. Inter 07:34, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. --Idont Havaname 23:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - fails Google Test (7 hits), possible hoax. Megan1967 01:29, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article provides no evidence this isn't either a hoax or vanity. Wyss 23:12, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Could be for real (jokes are usually more ill-spirited) but I can't tell. The article has no references and I can't find anything. I checked the Portuguese Wikipedia but there's no Fatima Brescia there. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:07, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)