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Canadian Guards

The Canadian Guards (officially known as the Regiment of Canadian Guards) was an infantry regiment of the Canadian Army that served in the same role as the five regiments of foot guards in the British Army. The regiment was formed on 16 October 1953, by Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds, the Chief of the General Staff of the Canadian Army, with the redesignation of four separate battalions:

 * 3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment – 1st Battalion
 * 3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry – 2nd Battalion
 * 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion – 3rd Battalion
 * 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion – 4th Battalion

On 25 November 1953, the following reserve units affiliated with the Canadian Guards but remained separate regiments (see ):
 * The Governor General's Foot Guards – 5th Battalion
 * The Canadian Grenadier Guards – 6th Battalion

The Canadian Guards not only served as the Household Troops of Canada, but was also the country's first national military regiment. The regiment was reduced to nil strength and assigned to the supplementary order of battle in 1970.

History
The regiment was created when it was decided that the composite 1st and 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalions that were created for the 27th Canadian Infantry Brigade should not be given a specific territorial identity. The Guards would be able to recruit nationally, and Lieutenant General Guy Simonds, said there was nothing wrong with infusing the standard of the Household Brigade into the Canadian Army. Despite political divisions in the government over the concept, the plan received support from the Royal House with the Queen writing to Simonds on 19 October 1954 and counselling him to "not allow any criticism of this sort to depress you unduly." Several weeks later, reserve or militia affiliations were added, when the Governor General's Foot Guards and Canadian Grenadier Guards were designated the 5th and 6th Battalions. Despite the battalion numbers, they remained distinct regiments (see ).

The 3rd and 4th Battalions were disbanded on 31 March 1957 to make way for the formation of Regular Army armoured regiments, the 8th Canadian Hussars (Princess Louise's) and The Fort Garry Horse, leaving the 1st and 2nd Battalions and the Regimental Depot in the Regular Force. In October 1957, the 1st Battalion received its first Colours, while the 2nd Battalion was deployed to Germany as part of 4 CIBG. Two years later, the 1st Battalion replaced the 2nd Battalion, with the 2nd Battalion receiving its colours in 1960. In the late 1960s, as part of a reorganization of the Canadian Army, it was decided to disband The Canadian Guards. The 1st Battalion was disbanded on 1 October 1968, and the 2nd Battalion reduced to nil strength on 6 July 1970 (its personnel and equipment going to the new 3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment). On 6 June 1970, a final Trooping the Colour parade in front of Governor General Roland Michener took place on Parliament Hill. The role of Household Troops then reverted to the two surviving militia units, which resumed their separate identities in 1976. Some regular members were reassigned to The Canadian Airborne Regiment.

Controversy
At the time, the regiment was criticized for being irrelevant and a show unit. Lieutenant Colonel J. Thomas Bowie, an 83-year-old veteran of the foot guards, claimed that the guards "have no history, no tradition, no nothing." At a 1952 convention of the Royal Canadian Legion, the guards were branded as "an affront and disgrace". Julian Ferguson, a Member of the House of Commons for Simcoe North as well as a World War I recipient of the Military Cross, attacked the Guards as having "never fought and never defeated". He then shook his finger at the then Minister of National Defence Brooke Claxton, and exclaimed "Shame on you!". Colonel Strome Galloway, who commanded the Guards' 4th Battalion from 1955 to 1957 and was the first and last regimental lieutenant-colonel, believed that the disbanding of the Guards was a "political decision" by powerful "francophone" elements. "Our crime," Galloway wrote, "was that we were 'too British' in uniform and character to pass muster with the Francophone hierarchy which dominated the Defence Department at the time. The Unification program was the official excuse, but the program itself was partly a gimmick to 'Americanize' the Canadian forces and eliminate, as far as possible, the British traditions of the past."

Characteristics and duties
The regiment was originally raised to be similar to the five regiments of the British Foot Guards: the Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards, Scots Guards, Irish Guards and Welsh Guards. The Canadian Guards wore a white-over-red plume on the left side of their bearskins. Ceremonial dress uniform was similar to that worn by the Canadian Grenadier Guards, with the Canadian version of the "Home Service" Dress tunic being worn in the summer and Atholl-grey greatcoats authorized for wear in the autumn and winter. The standard service rifle for the guards was the C1A1 (self-loading rifle). Its cap badge is a star that has ten points to symbolize the ten provinces of Canada. The maple leaves are based the royal arms of Canada, with the colour changed from red to gold.

The most prominent role of the 1st Battalion was the performance of public duties in the Ottawa-Gatineau region while operationally it performed the role of light infantry. The regiment pioneered what is now the changing of the Ceremonial Guard in Ottawa, with the first such ceremony to take place in the country being performed by the regiment on Dominion Day in 1959 when the 1st Battalion mounted the new guard on Parliament Hill with its band and corps of drums. It also provided honour guards for the Opening of the Canadian parliament and sentries for guard duty at Rideau Hall. In September 1959, the regiment's 1st Battalion gave the royal salute following the proceedings of the swearing in of Georges Vanier as Governor General of Canada. It provided most of the guards of honour for visiting heads of state, including Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, and US President John F. Kennedy. On 15 February 1965, the guards provided the guard of honour for an official ceremony held on the unveiling of the current flag of Canada. Toronto Mayor Philip Givens inspected a guard of honour of the guards at the Toronto City Hall after the battalion returned from Cyprus in 1965. In 1969, these duties were transferred onto the Public Duties Detachment.

Bands
Military Band

Throughout their existence the regular components of The Canadian Guards maintained a regimental band as well as pipes and drums. Known officially as the Band of Her Majesty's Canadian Guards, it was created on 22 April 1954 as a redesignation from the 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion Band and was disbanded on 30 September 1968. The band was based at Camp Borden from 1953 to 1957 and after which it was transferred to Petawawa where it stayed until the 1970s. Bandsmen were recruited from other Canadian military bands as well as bands from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. One of the major events the band took part in was the Canadian Armed Forces Tattoo 1967 for Canada's centennial celebrations that year.

Pipe Band

Two pipe bands were to be formed in the Regiment, with the 2nd and 4th battalions, although the latter battalion was disbanded in 1957. In common with the pipes and drums of the Scots Guards in the British Army, pipers of The Canadian Guards were granted the privilege of wearing the personal tartan of the Monarch – the Royal Stuart tartan. The 2nd Battalion band was formed in February 1954 under Pipe Major Archie Cairns and accompanied the battalion during its tour of duty in West Germany from 1957 to 1959. Although initially having few active pipers, Pipe Major Cairns grew the band to a high standard with the band playing at the Canadian National Exhibition in 1956. The Regimental pipe band was based at Camp Petawawa and undertook many high profile public duties, including the daily Changing of the Guard Ceremony on Parliament Hill. The Canadian Guards Pipes and Drums had a high profile, appearing at hundreds of music festivals, military tattoos, parades and other public events in both North America and Europe. After Pipe Major Cairns' departure from the band in 1964, he was succeeded by Willie Stirling (formerly of the Seaforth Highlanders) and later by John Huggan. As part of reorganisation during the Unification of the Canadian Forces, the Canadian Guards were disbanded with the 2nd Battalion (with pipe band) transforming to become the 3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment In 1970.

Affiliations
In the Canadian Forces, units may make formal, official links between each other called affiliations. These affiliations are "to foster continuous fraternal connections between military organizations beyond the close, professional relationships which are always encouraged." The two Reserve Force foot guard regiments, the Governor General's Foot Guards (GGFG) and the Canadian Grenadier Guards (CGG), were affiliated with the Canadian Guards, and from 1954 to 1976 they used Canadian Guards battalion numbers in token of the affiliation. Despite the battalion numbers, the GGFG and the CGG were considered separate regiments from the Canadian Guards. The affiliations automatically ceased when the Canadian Guards were put on the Supplementary Order of Battle in 1970.
 * Governor General's Foot Guards (5th Battalion, The Canadian Guards)
 * The Canadian Grenadier Guards (6th Battalion, The Canadian Guards)

Deployments

 * Korea 1953–1954
 * 1st Battalion (3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment) 1953-1954
 * 2nd Battalion (3rd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)
 * West Germany 1957–1962 – NATO assignment
 * Cyprus 1964–1965 – UN mission

Notable members

 * Colonel Strome Galloway, last Colonel of the Regiment
 * James Gayfer, Director of Music of the Canadian Guards Band from 1954–1961.
 * Lieutenant Colonel Ronald Cheriton, CO of the 2nd Battalion, Canadian Guards
 * Charles Adams, Director of Music of the Canadian Guards Band from 1966–1968
 * Clifford Pierce, father of Toronto Sun sports editor Bill Pierce.
 * Ian Turnbull, principal percussionist with the Band of H.M. Canadian Guards and later on with the Band of the Royal Canadian Regiment.
 * RSM John James Thomas, Regimental Sergeant Major in the regiment beginning in September 1954.

Guards Association
The Canadian Guards Association was founded in October 1969 with Regimental Sergeant Major Jim Baird elected as its first president. It carried out the traditions of the regiment and included a group of 100 soldiers from all ranks. Its headquarters was located in Ottawa and was the parent organization for other branches established in Petawawa, Picton, and Oromocto. In 2018, with the 65th anniversary of the unit's founding approaching, it was announced that a final reunion would take place at Garrison Petawawa from 12 to 14 October. The decision was made due to the age range of members and the board of directors, averaging at around 80. At the reunion, the association signing a memorandum of understanding with the 3rd Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment that saw them act as custodians of the Guards collection. The Canadian Guards Memorial at the garrison was also rededicated during the ceremony.

title: Canadian Guards


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Vivian Vande Velde

Vivian Vande Velde (born 1951) is an American writer of fiction for children and young adults.

Biography
Vivian Vande Velde was born in Rochester, New York, United States. She began writing at age 28, the year her daughter was born, and has been publishing relatively consistently since. She resides in Rochester. She is involved in multiple circles/groups of young writers in the Rochester area, along with authors such as Bruce Coville and Cynthia DeFelice.

Her novels and short story collections usually contain elements of horror, fantasy, and humor. Her book Never Trust a Dead Man (1999) received the 2000 Edgar Award for Best Young Adult Novel. She has said that she enjoys writing for children. She does school talks for children, attends book conventions, and also gives writing classes. One of her short stories was included in Gothic! Ten Original Dark Tales.

Linked books
Although Vande Velde has not created any sequels, she has made a few books that are linked in setting.
 * User Unfriendly, Heir Apparent, and Deadly Pink
 * The Changeling Prince and The Conjurer Princess
 * 8 Class Pets and Squirrel in the House

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vivian Vande Velde


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John Hannah (American football)

John Allen Hannah (born April 4, 1951), nicknamed "Hog", is an American former football guard who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons with the New England Patriots. He played college football at the University of Alabama, where he twice received All-American honors, and was selected fourth overall by the Patriots in the 1973 NFL draft. Named by Sports Illustrated magazine in 1981 as "the best offensive lineman of all time", Hannah received nine Pro Bowl and seven first-team All-Pro selections. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1991 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1999. In 1991 he became the inaugural inductee of the New England Patriots Hall of Fame.

Early years
Hannah was born in Canton, Georgia, the son of an NFL player, Herbert "Herb" Hannah, who also played for the University of Alabama as an offensive lineman.

Hannah was raised in Albertville, Alabama, and participated in high school football, wrestling and track at Baylor School in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He won an individual national championship in wrestling at the National Prep Championship in 1967. His high school coach in football, wrestling and track was Luke Worsham, whom Hannah credited in his induction speech at the Pro Football Hall of Fame: "I want to talk to you about Major Luke Worsham who was my high school coach. He is the guy who really taught me and showed me what love was all about. Because he would shoulder my problems, he would always stand by me to offer me encouragement when things got tough and when things were going awry he would make sure he would correct me and get me right back on track." Hannah played his senior season of high school football at Albertville High School, where he graduated in 1969.

College career
Hannah played tackle and guard for the University of Alabama under Coach Paul "Bear" Bryant from 1970 until 1972, and earned All-American honors twice, in 1971 and then was a Consensus All-American his senior year in 1972. During his tenure Hannah was part of an SEC championship-winning team. He was named to the University of Alabama All-Century Team and also to the Alabama 1970s All-Decade team. During his time at Alabama he also participated in wrestling, the shot put, and the discus throw. Hannah was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1999. Bryant would later say that Hannah was the greatest lineman he ever coached.

Professional career
Hannah joined the Patriots in 1973 as the 4th overall pick in the 1973 NFL draft. He played his entire professional career in New England. While considered somewhat short by NFL standards, Hannah made up for this with great speed and quickness as well as powerful legs. Hannah excelled as a pass protector, as a run blocker, and as the pulling guard on sweeps. Hannah's commitment to football was very high and he expected the same from each of his teammates, sometimes becoming quite angry if he felt they were not complying. Hannah started the first 13 games of his rookie season of 1973 until a freak leg injury forced him to miss the final game of the year. Along with tackle Leon Gray, the two formed what was generally considered the best guard/tackle tandem in the NFL during the mid to late 1970s. Gray and Hannah also combined with tight end Russ Francis to form one of the strongest left-side trios in the league. Hannah anchored the 1978 offensive line that set an NFL record with 3,165 rushing yards. The record breaking rushing attack of New England did not have a single 1,000 rusher, but did have four players run for more than 500 yards including quarterback Steve Grogan. The team rushing record would eventually be broken by the Baltimore Ravens some four decades later, but the 1978 Patriots also set a league record with 181 rushing first-downs, which still stands as of 2022.

Hannah missed only five games out of a possible 191 because of injuries during his career. He also missed the first three games of the 1977 season when he and Gray held out because of contract disputes. In the 1985 season Hannah helped guide the team to its first AFC title and Super Bowl appearance. Hannah retired from the NFL after playing in Super Bowl XX.

Hannah was named to ten consecutive All-Pro teams (1976–1985), and was named All-AFC 11 times (1974, 1976–1985). He was also selected to play in 9 Pro Bowls. He was voted the Seagram's Seven Crowns of Sports Offensive Lineman of the Year in 1978 and 1980 and won the NFLPA/Coca-Cola Offensive Lineman of the Year Award (voted on by NFL players) three times in four years (1978–1979, 1981). Hannah was also the winner of the Mack Truck Award for offensive line play five consecutive times (1977–81). He is also one of the few players to have been named to two different NFL All-Decade Teams (for the 1970s and 1980s). In 1994, he was then selected to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team as the #1 guard on the team. In 2019, Hannah was then selected to the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team.

In 1991, he became the first Patriots player inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. In 1999, he was ranked number 20 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, the highest-ranking Patriot, the highest-ranking guard, and the second-ranked offensive lineman behind Anthony Muñoz. In 1991, he became the first player to be inducted into the New England Patriots Hall of Fame.

Coaching career
Hannah became an assistant coach at Governor Dummer Academy in Massachusetts, leaving to accept the head coaching job at Somerville High School in 2004. While concurrently serving as the city's youth development coordinator, Hannah led the Somerville team through one winless season. He left to become a special assistant coach at his alma mater, Baylor School in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 2005. He resigned from his coaching position at the conclusion of Baylor's 2005 football season.

Personal life
Hannah's brothers Charley and David were also All-Conference linemen for the University of Alabama. Charley Hannah played in the NFL from 1977 to 1988 for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Los Angeles Raiders. Charley was a member of the Super Bowl XVIII winning Raiders.

In the summer of 1972 after his junior year, Hannah married his high school sweetheart, Page Pickens, an Alabama cheerleader. They later had a son and a daughter who were raised in Boston.

title: John Hannah (American football)


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title: User talk:194.83.131.6


text: User talk:67.36.48.18

title: User talk:67.36.48.18


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Y. A. Tittle

Yelberton Abraham Tittle Jr. (October 24, 1926 – October 8, 2017) was an American professional football player who was a quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Known for his competitiveness, leadership, and striking profile, Tittle was the centerpiece of several prolific offenses throughout his 17-year professional career from 1948 to 1964.

Tittle played college football for Louisiana State University, where he was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) quarterback for the LSU Tigers football team. As a junior, he was named the most valuable player (MVP) of the infamous 1947 Cotton Bowl Classic—also known as the "Ice Bowl"—a scoreless tie between the Tigers and Arkansas Razorbacks in a snowstorm. After college, he was drafted in the 1947 NFL draft by the Detroit Lions, but he instead chose to play in the AAFC for the Colts.

With the Colts, Tittle was named the AAFC Rookie of the Year in 1948 after leading the team to the AAFC playoffs. After consecutive one-win seasons, the Colts franchise folded, which allowed Tittle to be drafted in the 1951 NFL draft by the 49ers. Through ten seasons in San Francisco, he was invited to four Pro Bowls, led the league in touchdown passes in 1955, and was named the NFL Player of the Year by the United Press in 1957. A groundbreaker, Tittle was part of the 49ers' famed Million Dollar Backfield, was the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated, and is credited with having coined "alley-oop" as a sports term.

Considered washed-up, the 34-year-old Tittle was traded to the Giants following the 1960 season. Over the next four seasons, he won several individual awards, twice set the league single-season record for touchdown passes – including a 1962 game with a combined 7 touchdown passes and 500-yards passing with a near perfect (151.4 out of 158.33) passer rating, and led the Giants to three straight NFL championship games. Although he was never able to deliver a championship to the team, Tittle's time in New York is regarded among the glory years of the franchise.

In his final season, Tittle was photographed bloodied and kneeling down in the end zone after a tackle by a defender left him helmetless. The photograph is considered one of the most iconic images in North American sports history. He retired as the NFL's all-time leader in passing yards, passing touchdowns, attempts, completions, and games played. Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971, and his jersey number 14 is retired by the Giants.

Early life
Born and raised in Marshall, Texas, to Alma Tittle (née Allen) and Yelberton Abraham Tittle Sr., Tittle aspired to be a quarterback from a young age. He spent hours in his backyard throwing a football through a tire swing, emulating his fellow Texan and boyhood idol, Sammy Baugh. Tittle played high school football at Marshall High School. In his senior year the team posted an undefeated record and reached the state finals.

College career
After a recruiting battle between Louisiana State University and the University of Texas, Tittle chose to attend LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and play for the LSU Tigers. He was part of a successful 1944 recruiting class under head coach Bernie Moore that included halfbacks Jim Cason, Dan Sandifer, and Ray Coates. Freshmen were eligible to play on the varsity during World War II, so Tittle saw playing time immediately. He later said the finest moment of his four years at LSU was beating Tulane as a freshman, a game in which he set a school record with 238 passing yards. It was one of two games the Tigers won that season.

Moore started Tittle at tailback in the single-wing formation his first year, but moved him to quarterback in the T formation during his sophomore season. As a junior in 1946, Tittle's three touchdown passes in a 41–27 rout of rival Tulane helped ensure LSU a spot in the Cotton Bowl Classic. Known notoriously as the "Ice Bowl", the 1947 Cotton Bowl pitted LSU against the Arkansas Razorbacks in sub-freezing temperatures on an ice-covered field in Dallas, Texas. LSU moved the ball much better than the Razorbacks, but neither team was able to score, and the game ended in a scoreless tie. Tittle and Arkansas end Alton Baldwin shared the game's MVP award. Following the season, United Press International (UPI) placed Tittle on its All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) first-team.

UPI again named Tittle its first-team All-SEC quarterback in 1947. In Tittle's day of iron man football, he played on both offense and defense. While on defense during a 20–18 loss to SEC champion Ole Miss in his senior season, Tittle's belt buckle was torn off as he intercepted a pass from Charlie Conerly and broke a tackle. He ran down the sideline with one arm cradling the ball and the other holding up his pants. At the Ole Miss 20-yard line, as he attempted to stiff-arm a defender,(#87 Jack Odom), Tittle's pants fell and he tripped and fell onto his face. The fall kept him from scoring the game-winning touchdown.

In total, during his college career Tittle set school passing records with 162 completions out of 330 attempts for 2,525 yards and 23 touchdowns. He scored seven touchdowns himself as a runner. His passing totals remained unbroken until Bert Jones surpassed them in the 1970s.

Baltimore Colts
Tittle was the sixth overall selection of the 1948 NFL draft, taken by the Detroit Lions. However, Tittle instead began his professional career with the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference in 1948. That season, already being described as a "passing ace", he was unanimously recognized as the AAFC Rookie of the Year by UPI after passing for 2,739 yards and leading the Colts to the brink of an Eastern Division championship. After a 1–11 win–loss record in 1949, the Colts joined the National Football League in 1950. The team again posted a single win against eleven losses, and the franchise folded after the season due to financial difficulties. Players on the roster at the time of the fold were eligible to be drafted in the next NFL draft.

San Francisco 49ers
Tittle was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1951 NFL draft after the Colts folded. While many players at the time were unable to play immediately due to military duties, Tittle had received a class IV-F exemption due to physical ailments, so he was able to join the 49ers roster that season. In 1951 and 1952, he shared time at quarterback with Frankie Albert. In 1953, his first full season as the 49ers' starter, he passed for 2,121 yards and 20 touchdowns and was invited to his first Pro Bowl. San Francisco finished with a 9–3 regular season record, which was good enough for second in the Western Conference, and led the league in points scored.

In 1954, the 49ers compiled their Million Dollar Backfield, which was composed of four future Hall of Famers: Tittle; fullbacks John Henry Johnson and Joe Perry; and halfback Hugh McElhenny. "It made quarterbacking so easy because I just get in the huddle and call anything and you have three Hall of Fame running backs ready to carry the ball," Tittle reminisced in 2006. The team had aspirations for a championship run, but injuries, including McElhenny's separated shoulder in the sixth game of the season, ended those hopes and the 49ers finished third in the Western Division. Tittle starred in his second straight Pro Bowl appearance as he threw two touchdown passes, including one to 49ers teammate Billy Wilson, who was named the game's MVP.

Tittle became the first professional football player featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated when he appeared on its 15th issue dated November 22, 1954, donning his 49ers uniform and helmet featuring an acrylic face mask distinct to the time period. The cover photo also shows a metal bracket on the side of Tittle's helmet which served to protect his face by preventing the helmet from caving in. The 1954 cover was the first of four Sports Illustrated covers he graced during his career.

Tittle led the NFL in touchdown passes for the first time in 1955, with 17, while also leading the league with 28 interceptions thrown. When the 49ers hired Frankie Albert as head coach in 1956, Tittle was pleased with the choice at first, figuring Albert would be a good mentor. However, the team lost four of its first five games, and Albert replaced Tittle with rookie Earl Morrall. After a loss to the Los Angeles Rams brought San Francisco's record to 1–6, Tittle regained the starting role and the team finished undefeated with one tie through the season's final five games.

In 1957, Tittle and receiver R. C. Owens devised a pass play in which Tittle tossed the ball high into the air and the 6 ft Owens leapt to retrieve it, typically resulting in a long gain or a touchdown. Tittle dubbed the play the "alley-oop"—the first usage of the term in sports —and it was highly successful when utilized. The 49ers finished the regular season with an 8–4 record and hosted the Detroit Lions in the Western Conference playoff. Against the Lions, Tittle passed for 248 yards and tossed three touchdown passes—one each to Owens, McElhenny, and Wilson—but Detroit overcame a 20-point third quarter deficit to win 31–27. For the season, Tittle had a league-leading 63.1 completion percentage, threw for 2,157 yards and 13 touchdowns, and rushed for six more scores. He was deemed "pro player of the year" by a United Press poll of members of the National Football Writers Association. Additionally, he was named to his first All-Pro team and invited to his third Pro Bowl.

After a poor 1958 preseason by Tittle, Albert started John Brodie at quarterback for the 1958 season, a decision that proved unpopular with the fan base. Tittle came in to relieve Brodie in a week six game against the Lions, with ten minutes left in the game and the 49ers down 21–17. His appearance "drew a roar of approval from the crowd of 59,213," after which he drove the team downfield and threw a 32-yard touchdown pass to McElhenny for the winning score. A right knee ligament injury against the Colts in week nine ended Tittle's season, and San Francisco finished with a 7–5 record, followed by Albert's resignation as coach. Tittle and Brodie continued to share time at quarterback over the next two seasons. In his fourth and final Pro Bowl game with the 49ers in 1959, Tittle completed 13 of 17 passes for 178 yards and a touchdown.

Under new head coach Red Hickey in 1960, the 49ers adopted the shotgun formation. The first implementation of the shotgun was in week nine against the Colts, with Brodie at quarterback while Tittle nursed a groin injury. The 49ers scored a season-high thirty points, and with Brodie in the shotgun won three of their last four games to salvage a winning season at 7–5. Though conflicted, Tittle decided to get into shape and prepare for the next season. He stated in his 2009 autobiography that at times he thought, "The hell with it. Quit this damned game. You have been at it too long anyway." But then another voice within him would say, "Come back for another year and show them you're still a good QB. Don't let them shotgun you out of football!" However, after the first preseason game of 1961, Hickey informed Tittle he had been traded to the New York Giants.

New York Giants
In mid-August 1961, the 49ers traded the 34-year-old Tittle to the New York Giants for second-year guard Lou Cordileone. Cordileone, the 12th overall pick in the 1960 NFL draft, was quoted as reacting "Me, even up for Y. A. Tittle? You're kidding," and later remarked that the Giants traded him for "a 42-year-old quarterback." Tittle's view of Cordileone was much the same, stating his dismay that the 49ers did not get a "name ballplayer" in return. He was also displeased with being traded to the East Coast, and said he would rather have been traded to the Los Angeles Rams.

Already considered washed up, Tittle was intended by the Giants to share quarterback duties with 40-year-old Charlie Conerly, who had been with the team since 1948. The players at first remained loyal to Conerly, and treated Tittle with the cold shoulder. Tittle missed the season opener due to a back injury sustained before the season. His first game with New York came in week two, against the Steelers, in which he and Conerly each threw a touchdown pass in the Giants' 17–14 win. He became the team's primary starter for the remainder of the season and led the revitalized Giants to first place in the Eastern Conference. The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded Tittle its Jim Thorpe Trophy as the NFL's players' choice of MVP. In the 1961 NFL Championship Game, the Giants were soundly defeated by Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers, as they were shut out 37–0. Tittle completed six of 20 passes in the game and threw four interceptions.

In January 1962, Tittle stated his intention to retire following the 1962 season. After an off-season quarterback competition with Ralph Guglielmi, Tittle played and started in a career-high 14 games. He tied an NFL record by throwing seven touchdown passes in a game on October 28, 1962, in a 49–34 win over the Washington Redskins. Against the Dallas Cowboys in the regular season finale, Tittle threw six touchdown passes to set the single-season record with 33, which had been set the previous year by Sonny Jurgensen's 32. He earned player of the year honors from the Washington D.C. Touchdown Club, UPI, and The Sporting News, and finished just behind Green Bay's Jim Taylor in voting for the AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award. The Giants again finished first in the Eastern Conference and faced the Packers in the 1962 NFL Championship Game. In frigid, windy conditions at Yankee Stadium and facing a constant pass rush from the Packers' front seven, Tittle completed only 18 of his 41 attempts in the game. The Packers won, 16–7, with New York's lone score coming on a blocked punt recovered in the end zone by Jim Collier.

Tittle returned to the Giants in 1963 and, at age 37, supplanted his single-season passing touchdowns record by throwing 36. He broke the record in the final game with three touchdowns against the Steelers, three days after being named NFL MVP by the AP. The Giants led the league in scoring by a wide margin, and for the third time in as many years clinched the Eastern Conference title. The Western champions were George Halas' Chicago Bears. The teams met in the 1963 NFL Championship Game at Wrigley Field. In the second quarter, Tittle injured his knee on a tackle by Larry Morris, and required a novocaine shot at halftime to continue playing. After holding a 10–7 halftime lead, The Giants were shutout in the second half, during which Tittle threw four interceptions. Playing through the knee injury, he completed 11 of 29 passes in the game for 147 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions as the Bears won 14–10.

The following year in 1964, Tittle's final season, the Giants went 2–10–2 (.210), the worst record in the 14-team league. In the second game of the year, against Pittsburgh, he was blindsided by defensive end John Baker. The tackle left Tittle with crushed cartilage in his ribs, a cracked sternum, and a concussion. However, he played in every game the rest of the season, but was relegated to a backup role later in the year. After throwing only ten touchdowns with 22 interceptions, he retired after the season at age 39, saying rookie quarterback Gary Wood not only "took my job away, but started to ask permission to date my daughter." Over 17 seasons as a professional, Tittle completed 2,427 out of 4,395 passes for 33,070 yards and 242 touchdowns, with 248 interceptions. He also rushed for 39 touchdowns.

Profile and playing style
Tittle threw the ball from a sidearm, almost underhand position, something novel at those times, though it was common practice in earlier decades. It was this seemingly underhand style that drew the curiosity and admiration of many fans. This, in tandem with his baldness—for which he was frequently referred to as the "Bald Eagle"—made him a very striking personality. Despite his throwing motion, he had a very strong and accurate arm with a quick release. His ability to read defenses made him one of the best screen passers in the NFL. He was a perfectionist and highly competitive, and he expected the same of his teammates. He possessed rare leadership and game-planning skills, and played with great enthusiasm even in his later years. "Tittle has the attitude of a high school kid, with the brain of a computer," said Giants teammate Frank Gifford. Baltimore Colts halfback Lenny Moore, when asked in 1963 to compare Tittle and Colts quarterback Johnny Unitas, said:

"I played with Tittle in the Pro Bowl two years ago, and I discovered he's quite a guy ... He and John, however, are entirely different types ... Tittle is a sort of 'con man' with his players ... he comes into a huddle and 'suggests' that maybe this or that will work on account of something he saw happen on a previous play ... The way he puts it, you're convinced it's a good idea and maybe it will work. John, now, he's a take-charge guy ... He tells you what the other guy's going to do, what he's going to do, and what he wants you to do."

Tittle's most productive years came when he was well beyond his athletic prime. He credited his ability to improve with age to a feel for the game borne from years of league experience. "If you could learn it by studying movies, a good, smart college quarterback could learn all you've got to learn in three weeks and then come in and be as good as the old heads," he told Sports Illustrated in 1963. "But they can't."

Legacy
At the time of his retirement, Tittle held the following NFL records: • Career passing yards (28,339)

• Career passing touchdowns (212)

• Career pass attempts (3,817)

• Career pass completions (2,118)

• Passing touchdowns in a season (36)

• Passing touchdowns in a game (7)

• Career total offense (29,338)

• Games played (176)

Tittle was the fourth player to throw seven touchdown passes in a game, when he did so in 1962 against the Redskins. He followed Sid Luckman (1943), Adrian Burk (1954), and George Blanda (1961). The feat has since been equaled by four more players: Joe Kapp (1969), Peyton Manning (2013), Nick Foles (2013), and Drew Brees (2015). Tittle, Manning and Foles did it without an interception. His 36 touchdown passes in 1963 set a record which stood for over two decades until it was surpassed by Dan Marino in 1984; as of 2016 it remains a Giants franchise record.

Despite record statistics and three straight championship game appearances, Tittle was never able to deliver a title to his team. His record as a starter in postseason games was 0–4. He threw four touchdown passes against 14 interceptions and had a passer rating of 33.8 in his postseason career, far below his regular season passer rating of 74.3. Seth Wickersham, writing for ESPN The Magazine in 2014, noted the dichotomy in the 1960s between two of New York's major sports franchises: "... Gifford, Huff and Tittle, a team of Hall of Famers known for losing championships as their peers on the Yankees—with whom they shared a stadium, a city, and many rounds of drinks—became renowned for winning them." The Giants struggled after Tittle's retirement, posting only two winning seasons from 1964 to 1980.

He made seven Pro Bowls, four first-team All-Pro teams, and four times was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player or Player of the Year: in 1957 and 1962 by the UPI; in 1961 by the NEA; and in 1963 by the AP and NEA. In a sports column in 1963, George Strickler for the Chicago Tribune remarked Tittle had "broken records that at one time appeared unassailable and he has been the hero of more second half rallies than Napoleon and the Harlem Globetrotters." He was featured on four Sports Illustrated covers: three during his playing career and one shortly after retirement. His first was with the 49ers in 1954. With the Giants, he graced covers in November 1961, and he was on the season preview issue for 1964; a two-page fold-out photo from the 1963 title game. Tittle was on a fourth cover in August 1965.

The trade of Tittle for Lou Cordileone is seen as one of the worst trades in 49ers history; it is considered one of the best trades in Giants franchise history. Cordileone played just one season in San Francisco.

Famous photo
A photo of a dazed Tittle in the end zone taken by Morris Berman of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on September 20, 1964, is regarded among the most iconic images in the history of American sports and journalism. Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground by John Baker of the Pittsburgh Steelers and throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown at the old Pitt Stadium. He suffered a concussion and cracked sternum on the play, but went on to play the rest of the season.

Post-Gazette editors declined to publish the photo, looking for "action shots" instead, but Berman entered the image into contests where it took on a life of its own, winning a National Headliner Award. It is regarded as having changed the way that photographers look at sports, having shown the power of capturing a moment of reaction. It became one of three photos to hang in the lobby of the National Press Photographers Association headquarters, alongside Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima and the Hindenburg disaster. A copy has hung in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

A similar photo by Dozier Mobley of the Associated Press, which shows Tittle looking forward rather than down, was published in the October 2, 1964, issue of Life magazine. After at first having failed to see the appeal of the image, Tittle eventually grew to embrace it, putting the Mobley version on the back cover of his 2009 autobiography. "That was the end of the road," he told the Los Angeles Times in 2008. "It was the end of my dream. It was over." Pittsburgh player John Baker, who hit Tittle right before the picture was taken, ran for sheriff in his native Wake County, North Carolina in 1978, and used the photo as a campaign tool. He was elected and went on to serve for 24 years. Tittle also held a fundraiser to assist Baker in his bid for a fourth term in 1989.

Honors
In recognition of his high school and college careers, respectively, Tittle was inducted to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.

Tittle was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame with its 1971 class, which included contemporaries Jim Brown, Norm Van Brocklin, the late Vince Lombardi, and former Giants teammate Andy Robustelli. By virtue of his membership in the pro hall of fame, he was automatically inducted as a charter member of the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame in 2009.

The Giants had originally retired the number 14 jersey in honor of Ward Cuff, but Tittle requested and was granted the jersey number by Giants owner Wellington Mara when he joined the team. It was retired again immediately following his retirement, and is now retired in honor of both players. In 2010, Tittle became a charter member of the New York Giants Ring of Honor.

Personal life
After his retirement, he rejoined the 49ers staff and served as an assistant coach before being hired by the Giants in 1970 as a quarterback mentor. During his NFL career, Tittle worked as an insurance salesman in the off-season. After retiring, he founded his own company, Y. A. Tittle Insurance & Financial Services. Tittle appeared on the October 9, 1961 episode of To Tell the Truth as one of three challengers. Tittle claimed to be hair stylist-weekend pro wrestler Richard Smith. Tittle received one vote from the four Celebrity Panelists (Johnny Carson).

Until his death, Tittle resided in Atherton, California. His wife Minnette died in 2012. They had three sons: Michael, Patrick and John, and a daughter, Dianne Tittle de Laet. Their daughter is a harpist and poet, and in 1995 she published a biography of her father titled Giants & Heroes: A Daughter's Memories of Y. A. Tittle.

In his later life, Tittle suffered from severe dementia, which adversely affected his memory and limited his conversation to a handful of topics. Tittle died on October 8, 2017, at a hospital in Stanford, California, of natural causes.

title: Y. A. Tittle


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Talk:Angoulême International Comics Festival

Stub: France or Comics ?
I think this is more likely to find contributors if this listed in the comics-stub category than in the france-stub category. Any way, equivalent page in the French wiki ins't much more complete... Lvr 14:48, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right, but I've had no enough time to complete the French page. I've been busy with the festical of every year, such as or . If you'd like to translate them into English... Helldjinn 11:21, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I won't translate everything !!! But I'll try to complete the page with a good summary of what is written in the french wikipedia. Lvr 10:20, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Official selection?
In the French Wikipedia's page on |Alison Bechdel, it notes that "En janvier 2007, Fun Home est officiellement sélectionné au Festival international de la bande dessinée d'Angoulême." I'm working on our article for Fun Home, and I'd like to add something about the book being an "official selection of the Angoulême International Comics Festival", but I'm not entirely clear on what that means. How many comics are chosen as "official selections"? Is being an "official selection" the same as getting one of the prizes? Any assistance or clarification would be welcome. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 20:07, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

What? (66.72.39.252 17:45, 10 September 2007 (UTC))

 * Sorry — I figured that out a while back and forgot to report back here. It seems that each year the festival identifies several works as "official selections" of the festival.  It's more or less akin to being nominated for the "Prix du Meilleur Album" ("Best Comic Book Prize").  In 2007, 44 works were "official selections", and "NON NON BÂ" by Shigeru Mizuki won the Prix du Meilleur Album.  At least, that's my understanding.  It would be helpful if someone with actual familiarity with the festival (and actual command of French) could ensure that this is correct, and add the information to the article. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 17:57, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

"Slightly out-of-date prize categories"
We really need a better heading than that - for starters it is WP:DATED and we'd be looking for a more succinct title. Perhaps one where the inclusion criteria is more obvious - if these are former titles then they should be under that heading if they are current ones then that should be clear too. Perhaps a simpler heading with some text explaining what the list means because just from that it is far from clear. (Emperor (talk) 01:52, 9 April 2010 (UTC))

External links modified
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YSL

YSL may refer to:

Fashion

 * Yves Saint Laurent (fashion house), by fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent
 * Yves Saint Laurent (designer) (1936–2008), French fashion designer

Music

 * YSL Records (Young Stoner Life Records), a United States hip hop record label
 * "YSL", a song by Lil Uzi Vert from their 2017 album Luv Is Rage 1.5
 * "YSL", a song by Gunna from his 2017 album Drip Season 2
 * "YSL", a 2020 song by Full Ferry and Bruns Lay featuring Josipa Lisac
 * "YSL", a song by Ninho from his 2021 album Jefe
 * YSL, a series of saxophones by Yamaha; see List of Yamaha Corporation products

Politics

 * Young Socialist League, former British organisation
 * Young Socialist League, last incarnation of the youth wing of the historical Communist Party of Australia
 * Young Socialist League, later Socialist Youth League (United States)

Other uses

 * Saint-Léonard Aerodrome (IATA airport code: YSL), New Brunswick, Canada
 * Yankee Stadium Legacy, a baseball card set
 * Yarrow Shipbuilders Limited, a former UK firm
 * YSL Residences (Yonge Street Living Residences), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; a skyscraper
 * Yolŋu Sign Language
 * Yugoslav Sign Language (ISO 639 code: ysl)
 * YSL, a brand of Japan Tobacco

title: YSL


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Mike Haynes (cornerback)

Michael James Haynes (born July 1, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for the New England Patriots and the Los Angeles Raiders. Regarded as one of the greatest cornerbacks of all time, he used his speed, physicality, quickness and range to become both an elite defensive back and an outstanding punt returner. Haynes was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2000 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1997. He was also named to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1994, as well the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team in 2019 for his accomplishments during his 14-year career.

Voted NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year in 1976, Haynes would go to be a nine-time Pro Bowler and two-time first-team All-Pro throughout his career, in addition to six selections as a second-team All-Pro (including five consecutive from 1976 to 1980). He was also named to the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team.

Early life
Haynes went to T.S. King Middle School, as stated by him in the 2012 recognition for his Hall of Fame (NFL) awards. Haynes played cornerback at John Marshall High School in Los Angeles. The team on which he played chose two all star players to represent Marshall, which would eventually lead to his further career. In addition to football, Haynes also participated in track and field and currently holds the long jump record at John Marshall. During his senior year in 1971, Haynes started both ways on offense (QB) and defense (cornerback). However, Marshall went 0–7–1 in the Northern League in 1971 and tied Belmont 20–20 in his final game. In a show of his athletic accomplishments, John Marshall High School named the school football stadium in his honor when he was inducted into the school football hall of fame in 1986.

In his final regular season track meet, Haynes had to run the final leg of the mile relay, then rest before completing his final long jump effort. The opposing team (archrival Belmont), believing they had won the league championship, loaded their bus and went home. Haynes rested, then leaped 23'5", a school record that still stands, winning the event, the meet and the league championship with it.

College career
At Arizona State, Haynes was a three-time All-Western Athletic Conference selection, and a two-time All-America selection. In his four seasons, Haynes intercepted 17 passes, including a nation-leading 11 interceptions in his junior season of 1974. He also set a school record that same year by returning 46 punts, and scored two touchdowns on punt returns in 1975. In 2000, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

New England Patriots
Haynes was selected in the first round in the 1976 NFL draft by the New England Patriots. He enjoyed a sensational rookie year with the Patriots with eight interceptions, three fumble recoveries, and an AFC-leading 608 yards on 45 punt returns. That year, Haynes gave the Patriots their first-ever touchdowns on punt returns with 89-yard and 62-yard returns. He earned a Pro Bowl invitation as a rookie, the first of nine Pro Bowl bids. He also won NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year honors. The 1976 Patriots had an 11–3 record and clinched a playoff berth for the first time in 13 years, losing to Oakland in the first round. In 1978, Haynes recorded 6 interceptions, one of which was returned for a touchdown against the Baltimore Colts. The Patriots won their division but lost to Houston in the playoffs.

Haynes recorded 28 interceptions and 1,159 yards on 111 returns, a 10.4-yard average during his seven years with the Patriots. He started his career with 58 consecutive starts before being sidelined with a rib injury late in 1979.

Haynes was inducted into the Patriots Hall of Fame in 1994, and his number 40 was retired as well. He was named to the Patriots' All-1970s Team, the 35th Anniversary Team named in 1994, as well as the 50th Anniversary Team named in 2009. He makes sporadic appearances involving the team to this day.

Los Angeles Raiders
Haynes played out his option with the Patriots in 1982, and in November 1983, his contract was awarded to the Los Angeles Raiders in a settlement that gave the Patriots a No. 1 draft choice in 1984 and a No. 2 pick in 1985. After playing the last five regular season games, he started in the Raiders' Super Bowl XVIII victory, notching one interception, two pass breakups and one tackle. His partner in the Raiders' secondary was Lester Hayes, and the tandem was quickly recognized as one of the best cornerback duos in league history. Washington Redskins general manager Bobby Beathard later said that Haynes tipped the balance heavily in the Raiders' favor. The Raiders and Redskins had played in the regular season when Haynes was still a Patriot, and his addition gave the Raiders the luxury of having two shutdown corners.

In seven seasons with the Raiders, Haynes returned only one punt but he added 18 interceptions to give him a career total of 46 which were returned for 688 yards and two touchdowns, including a team-record 97-yard return against Miami in 1984. Haynes finished that season with a league-leading 220 interception return yards. He also had 12 career fumble recoveries. Haynes was an All-Pro choice in 1977, 1978, 1982, 1984 and 1985 and an All-AFC pick eight times. On special teams, he totaled 112 punt returns for 1,168 yards and two scores.

In 1997, he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. In 1999, he was ranked number 93 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. He is ranked number 49 on the NFL Network Top 100 Greatest Players.

Personal life
Haynes's nephew is basketball player Justin Bibbs.

title: Mike Haynes (cornerback)


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Matching funds

Matching funds are funds that are set to be paid in proportion to funds available from other sources. Matching fund payments usually arise in situations of charity or public good. The terms cost sharing, in-kind, and matching can be used interchangeably but refer to different types of donations.

Concept
In philanthropic giving, foundations and corporations often give money to non-profit entities in the form of a matching gift. Corporate matches often take the form of employee matching gifts, which means that if an employee donates to a nonprofit, the employee's corporation will donate money to the same nonprofit according to a predetermined match ratio (usually 1:1). For foundations, a matching gift is a grant made directly to a nonprofit on the condition that the nonprofit raises a set quantity of money before the grant is bestowed.

The benefit of foundation matching grants is that they provide greater incentive leverage when a nonprofit is fundraising from its constituency. If a foundation approves a 1:1 matching grant, donors know that their dollars will be doubled. On the other side, foundations who give matching grants receive assurance of the nonprofit's capacity to raise adequate funds.

Some companies facilitate the process, allowing employers to match the gifts of more than 18 million individual employees across the United States. A matching gift, typically a one-time charitable gift made by an employee and matched by the employer, should not be confused with an employer matching program, which has to do with the employee's 401(k) plan and retirement.

History
Dr. Booker T. Washington, a famous African-American educator, had a long-time friendship with millionaire industrialist Henry H. Rogers, who provided him with substantial amounts of money to be applied for the betterment and education of black Americans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Washington wrote that Rogers had encouraged projects with at least partial matching funds so that two ends were accomplished:
 * 1) The gifts would help fund even greater work.
 * 2) Recipients would have a stake in knowing that they were helping themselves by their own hard work and sacrifice.

Julius Rosenwald and the Rosenwald Fund continued and expanded the work, eventually funding over 5,000 Rosenwald Schools between 1912 and 1932. During that time, over US$4.6 million additional dollars were contributed by blacks in the communities to respond to the challenge thus presented.

In 1954, the General Electric Foundation created the Corporate Alumni Program to match donations to the colleges and universities from which its employees had graduated. This eventually broadened to other charities. The foundation is one of the most generous, with a $5,000 match per employee per year, totaling more than $18 million in 2019.

United States
In 2019, corporations donated $21 billion to nonprofit organizations. This was a 13.4% increase over 2018 corporate giving levels. In 2021, over 65% of Fortune 500 companies offered an employee matching gift program with an estimated $2-3 billion donate through these programs each year.

Canada
In Canada, corporate donate an estimated $3 billion to nonprofit organizations per year through corporate sponsorships, donations, and grants. Matching funds from corporations are available to more than 480,000 individuals in Canada who work for Canada's largest companies like Royal Bank of Canada, Deluxe Canada, and Sun Life Financial.

United Kingdom
In the UK, a not-for-profit organisation, the Big Give, have used match funding to raise over £160m for thousands of different charitable projects. The match funding is provided by a network of philanthropists and funders, called 'Champions'. Research commissioned by the Big Give shows that more people give when donations are matched (84% of surveyed respondents said they would be more likely to give if donation was matched) and people give more (one in three donors said they would give more than they usually would if do).

Government projects
In the United States, many projects in the various states and communities are partially funded with federal grants with a requirement for matching funds. For example, the Interstate Highway System was primarily built with a mix of 90% FHWA funds from the Highway Trust Fund and 10% matching state DOT funds. In some cases, borrowed money may be used to meet criteria for a matching grant; the $550 million Canadian federal government investment to connect a Detroit River International Crossing to Interstate 75 in Michigan qualified the state for US$2 billion in US federal matching grants that could rebuild other Michigan highways even though the Canadian money was nominally a loan, to be repaid by tolls on the new bridge.

Government grants
US federal matching grants have also funded historic preservation initiatives; a local historic property may be able to seek a 1:1 federal matching grant for specific capital projects, such as restoration of structures on the National Register of Historic Places.

Federal funds for presidential candidates (US)
In American politics, the term refers to the money a presidential candidate is given by federal government to match the money they have raised personally. Candidates can expect up to US$250 extra from public funds for each contribution from an individual they receive.

That usually applies to the two main parties; as in order for a candidate to gain the benefits of matching funds, they must raise $5,000 from 20 states during the primaries or have received 5% of the popular vote in the general election. Pat Buchanan, running as the Reform Party candidate in 2000, received matching funds despite winning only 0.4% of the vote.

The source of the funds comes from a $3 voluntary checkoff on the US Income tax form. The program was established by the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act. The law also "established overall spending limits for eligibility to receive matching funds, and provided for public funding of major party candidates in the general election for president".

The effect that these have on the candidates for presidential campaigns is to strengthen the role that the party plays in raising money.

Former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson, the Libertarian Party candidate for president, qualified for federal matching funds in the 2012 US presidential election.

State funds for state and local candidates (US)
Prior to a 2011 Supreme Court decision, states like Arizona, Maine, New Mexico, North Carolina, and Wisconsin were using a system that distributed "additional funding to publicly financed candidates when they face big-spending opponents or opposition groups". The combined cases, Arizona Free Enterprise Fund v. Bennett (2011) and McComish v. Bennett (2011), held that "the law impermissibly forces private candidates and independent political organizations to either restrain their spending or risk triggering matching funds to their publicly financed opponents".

An alternative is a program like New York City's public financing model: public funds are used to multiply the impact of small donors. The program is administered by the New York City Campaign Finance Board, which has avoided partisan divisions. The programs work by making each contribution worth more than their current value, thereby increasing the proportional impact of the contribution. In New York City, for example, a $6-to-$1 program has resulted in "small dollar donors constitute the vast majority of spending in New York City elections, representing 73% of all contributions in 2013 and 80% specifically to City Council race". A report by the Brennan Center found that "by pumping up the value of small contributions, the New York City system gives [candidates] an incentive to reach out to their own constituents rather than focusing all their attention on wealthy out-of-district donors, leading them to attract more diverse donors into the political process".

Programs of this type incentivize candidates to "fuse fundraising with voter outreach" and incentivize political engagement by communities that can afford only modest contributions. Candidates may then have more an incentive to reach out to their constituents rather than devoting their energy to financing their campaigns. The Election Law Journal found that matching funds through a multiplier has increased the proportional role of small donors as well as the number of small donors. The programs have also helped to shift the demographic and class profile of those who give. Finally, besides diluting the power of major givers, these programs led candidates to reach out and engage a more representative set of constituents during fundraising.

There is some dispute regarding the impact of matching funds programs like the one implemented in New York City. For example, "after implementing the public matching funds program in NYC, [the] most recent mayoral election of 2009 witnessed the lowest voter turnout it's had since the 1960s".

Others argue that the matching funds system benefits candidates with higher name recognition, especially if they are tied to a measure of popular support. Some have suggested that public funding actually has a negative effect on the perceptions the public has of the government, perhaps because public funding programs do not meet "the expectations set by reformers".

Private matching of contributions
When campaigns say they will match political contributions, it is not clear how they can legally do that, given campaign contribution limits. Matching does not show up on Federal Election Commission reports, because each individual donor is listed separately with only the total dollar amount given for the donor. Campaign finance attorneys have said there is nothing in election law that prohibits campaigns from making false claims about their matching donor schemes. Some experts have said that the claims of matching funds are outright lies. It is a "marketing gimmick", Richard Hasen, an election law professor at the University of California-Irvine, said in 2013.

title: Matching funds


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Ken Tyrrell

Robert Kenneth Tyrrell (3 May 1924 – 25 August 2001) was a British Formula Two racing driver and the founder of the Tyrrell Formula One constructor.

Biography
Born in East Horsley, Surrey, Tyrrell served in the Royal Air Force during World War II. After the war he became a timber merchant; as a result, he was sometimes known as "Chopper". In 1952, at 28, he began racing a Norton-powered Cooper in 500 cc Formula 3. In 1958, he advanced to Formula Two in a Cooper-Climax, joining Cecil Libowitz and Alan Brown. He achieved a number of good placings and the occasional win.

Realising, however, that he was not going to reach the top and recognising that his talents were better suited to team management, Tyrrell stood down as a driver in 1959 and began to run the works Cooper Formula Junior team, using the woodshed owned by his family business, Tyrrell Brothers, as a workshop. By 1961 he was also managing the Mini Coopers, as well as deputising for an injured John Cooper in Formula One.

Tyrrell was responsible for discovering Jackie Stewart, whom he contracted to race for his Formula Junior team, after a test in 1964. Along with numerous lesser lights, he also approved Jody Scheckter and motorcycle racing ace John Surtees. Recognizing the value of the new Cosworth DFV, after a Lotus win at Zandvoort in its debut in 1967, with financial help from Elf, Dunlop and Ford, Tyrrell achieved his dream of moving to Formula 1 in 1968, as team principal for Matra International, a joint-venture established between Tyrrell's own team and the French auto manufacturer Matra. He persuaded Matra that a DFV was good insurance against the possible failure of Matra's V12 and thus the Matra MS10 was the result.

Stewart helped the new team to place second in the Constructors' Championship for 1968. The success led to Matra's Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer creating the DFV-powered Matra MS80 for 1969, driven by Jean-Pierre Beltoise and Stewart, who won his first World Drivers Championship. Matra insisted on focusing on their V12, leading Tyrrell to secretly employ Derek Gardner, then at Ferguson (whom he had encountered in trials with a four-wheel drive Matra) to build what became the Tyrrell 001. It was quick, if a trifle unreliable, and spawned the much better Tyrrell 003 for 1971. This, in the hands of Stewart and newly hired François Cevert, took eight wins during 1971 and 1972 and gave Stewart the 1971 World Drivers' Championship. For 1972, Gardner tried inboard brakes on the 005 but proved unable to work out their problems.

During his early years in F1, "Uncle" Ken, as he was often known, reached the peak of his career. The 006, with its tall airbox, appeared in 1973 and was better than the 005. However, Tyrrell was profoundly affected by the death of Cevert in practice for the 1973 US Grand Prix, leading to Stewart announcing his retirement, the World Championship already his.

With the death of Cevert and the departure of Stewart, Tyrrell in 1974 hired Scheckter and Patrick Depailler and Gardner designed the less-twitchy 007. It was good enough for Scheckter to place third in the World Championship and for Depailler to be ninth in his rookie season and for the team to continue to campaign the car during 1975. In the following years, the Tyrrell team slipped down the rankings to mid-field, despite having employed natural talents such as Scheckter, Depailler and Ronnie Peterson, as well as lesser lights like Jean-Pierre Jabouille, in a third 007 in 1975.

Still, Tyrrell found the time to introduce new concepts for F1. In 1976, the Tyrrell team created the six-wheeled P34, with four front wheels. The Gardner-designed single-seater achieved a race victory but it was abandoned after Goodyear refused to develop the small tyres needed exclusively for the car as it would detract from the efforts in the ongoing tyre war with other tyre manufacturers.

In the early 1980s Tyrrell's fortunes declined to the point where he had to run his team without sponsorship. Tyrrell still retained his eye for talent, bringing Michele Alboreto, Stefan Bellof and Martin Brundle to F1, but was not able to retain them. Without the proper funding, Tyrrell was the only entrant with the Cosworth DFV at a time when all other teams had switched to turbocharged engines. Alboreto scored the engine's last win in 1983, but in 1984 the team was excluded from the championship after being found to have run underweight cars before adding ballast during pit stops. Tyrrell denied this and felt his team was being singled out for refusing to run more expensive turbos.

In the early 1990s Tyrrell relinquished much of the company's control to his sons and to Harvey Postlethwaite, who was the first to introduce the high-nose concept in the 1990 Tyrrell. Jean Alesi scored two-second places in the car and the team led a lap for the last time. Their final podium finish was in 1994 with Mark Blundell and their final points at the 1997 Monaco Grand Prix, with 5th position from Mika Salo.

In 1997 the Tyrrell F1 team was bought by British American Tobacco and Craig Pollock to create British American Racing. Tyrrell did not stay with the team for its last year under the Tyrrell name (1998), after Pollock insisted on hiring Ricardo Rosset, whom Tyrrell regarded as less capable than the also-available Jos Verstappen. Tyrrell also approached Norberto Fontana and had even drafted a contract, but this was also vetoed by British American Racing.

On 25 August 2001 Ken Tyrrell died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 77.

title: Ken Tyrrell


text:
User:Yipperson

Student in Ottawa, Canada.

title: User:Yipperson


text:
Talk:Chattanooga Choo Choo

Reference for the gold record date?
Is there a reference to certify the date for the Gold Record status of this song? In a quick Google this morning, I've seen conflicting notations for this event listing both 1941 and 1942. The RIAA doesn't list it because it's 16-17 years before the organization started sponsoring the Gold Record award. slambo 14:55, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

Seemingly Conflicting Information
In the main article "Chattanooga Choo Choo" it is stated near the end that "... and it should be further noted that it has never been possible to travel from New York to Chattanooga without changing trains at least twice."

Later in the section titled "Legacy" I noted the statement that "... but there were at least three other Southern Railway trains that ran through Chattanooga direct to Washington and on to New York without changing trains."

Unless New York City collected all these trains, it seems that there should have been a return trip available in like manner. Facetiousness aside, this is not absolutely necessary to have a return trip in like manner, but it seems likely that if a railroad saw a need for no-change service from Miami to New York, there would be a profitable need for a trip in the reverse direction. Can anyone enlighten me? 24.51.88.250 16:04, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Split into two articles
There are two subjects in this article: 1) the song and 2) the train station Chattanooga Terminal Station. In fact the train station redirects here. It's confusing. Logically, there should be two separate articles, one for the song, and the other for the station. Einbierbitte 22:56, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

AGREE — Wow. Confusing doesn't adequately cover it, but yeah, it should at least be two articles as you have said, Einbierbitte. Do we have a Chattanoogan (or anyone equally knowledgeable of the subject/s) ready and willing to take the task? — ArkansasTraveler 21:21, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

People here to read about the song should be able to get a digest about the train station without having to follow a link to another article.Jkolak (talk) 06:52, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The train station and the song share the emotional iconography of 20th century steam railroading.  Facts about the song and about the train station form an intertwined narrative with each other.  The article itself is not too long (if it were longer this observer's reaction to this proposal would be different).  At this length, to split up this article into two or more pieces smacks to this observer of pedantry. Bigturtle (talk) 18:49, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The information about the station adds interesting details to the article, and at the moment, there is not enough information to justify having a separate article for the station. Also, the song is more famous than the station itself, so a disambiguation page would not be necessary. Oldiesmann (talk) 17:48, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Song in popular culture
In Family Guy, during one episode, Peter and Lois go to a KISS concert where Lois embarrasses Gene to the point where he and (I believe, but I might be wrong) Paul Stanley leave the stage, leaving Ace Frehley and Peter Criss to sing and do the dance. - NemFX (talk) 05:00, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Interesting, but hardly notable enough for this article. Slambo (Speak)  11:30, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Perhaps slightly more notable is the spoof of the song's opening lyrics in Young Frankenstein Nsayer (talk) 03:12, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

Movie
No mention of Chattanooga Choo Choo (1984)? - Keith D. Tyler ¶ 00:30, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Movie BIG with Tom Hanks 1988, sung by mother while she's cleaning

Similarity
if you listen to "Chattanooga Choo Choo" and then "Take the A Train" there seems to be considerable similarity in the chorus/riff of both songs

Cover Version I believe that there was a disco version of this song by Tuxedo Junction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.97.38.1 (talk) 03:15, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Compare With "Take the 'A' Train"
On viewing "The Glenn Miller Story" on my local cable channel, having seen it for the first time, ever, last week (I was never, ever interested in the late Mr. Miller's work, as I've found his compositions to be not so much Jazz as popular composition passing as Jazz), I wasn't aware until now that the lyrics of "Chattanooga CHoo Choo" were obviously racist\ Jim Crow references. Of what little I discerned, I thought the utterances were "Pardon me, B-O-Y-S,\...is it right down the line, oh, won't you give me the time?" (As I said totally disinterested in Mr. Miller, unless I heard his works in passing.) Obviously, Mr. Mr. Miller was also an opportunist, in that, after he made his breakthrough composition "Moonlight Serenade", he sweated to sustain his popularity. One sure way to do this was by currying favor with the racist white majority, especially in the South. Whenever Blacks in the U.S. came up with an innovation in entertainment, White, hostile and jealous of these, frantically sought out a "Great White Hope" who could hopefully trump the Negro at his own talent by mimicking him (no easy task, as many white band-leaders resorted to theft-as in the case of Paul Whitehead-where they were shown to not have had any great writing or arranging acumen; to say nothing of improvisational talent). I do believe that Miller was also sensitive to the fact that he might have been perceived as a "white negro", playing, and cavorting with blacks (E. Presley had the same concerns, ergo his hostile statements against the very peoples' music and culture he mimicked). As I said before, Miller was not a Jazz composer. Another question arises that I wish others would start a discussion. Was Miller's adoption of "Chattanooga ChooChoo" a racist response to Billy Strayhorn and Duke Elligton's "Take the 'A' Train"? Of course, in the latter's lyrics, the compo was a homage to the popularity of Harlem, New York City, so I surmised that "Choo Choo" was a 'response song' to the former. The 'response song' was a staple of African American music in Jazz and, more prominently, Rhythm and Blues. One last observation: Though Miller's "Choo Choo" was awarded top honors among the ASCP's rating system. I see no corresponding recording for Ellington's "A' Train". Why is this? --69.119.72.13 (talk) 07:48, 5 February 2012 (UTC)Veryverser — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.207.8.123 (talk)

Alleged racist tone of song
Pardon me boy - the term "boy" in that era was a racist term for any black male irrespective of his age, and the theme continues "give me a shine" - embodying the term "shine boy" another term for the typically menial job permitted to the blacks at that time. The term "boy" was also used to refer to people who shined shoes in a railway station (or elsewhere), some of whom were even Caucasian. The song is excellent and its content serves as a reminder of the the way society was at that time and what was accepted a "normal" by many people. This should be remembered when reading writing by Raymond Chandler and John Steinbeck [both excellent] whose work embodies what was accepted back then. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.207.35 (talk) 19:09, 25 December 2011 (UTC)
 * As you say, this was normal dialogue in 1941. I don't think the article needs left-wing sub-titles. You might as well re-edit classic plays where someone shouts "Off with his head!" Valetude (talk) 00:42, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

Yes, this was the lingua franca circa 1940's when overt racism was the norm in the United States. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.115.148.66 (talk) 14:35, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

Lyrics
The MetroLyrics version has errors. A better version is at http://lyrics.wikia.com/Glenn_Miller:Chattanooga_Choo_Choo

but I do not know what is allowed for links to this type of site, so I will leave it up to more knowledgeable people. At the very least you should add a notice that the lyrics at the link have errors. If you regularly look for lyrics on the internet then you probably already know they are replete with errors of all sorts.

Personnel listing
The article currently states:

 * The personnel on the May 7, 1941, original recording by Glenn Miller and his Orchestra in Hollywood on RCA Bluebird were Tex Beneke, Paula Kelly, The Modernaires (vo), Billy May, John Best, Ray Anthony, R.D. McMickle (tp), Glenn Miller, Jim Priddy, Paul Tanner, Frank D'Annolfo (tb), Hal McIntyre, Wilbur Schwartz (cl, as), Tex Benneke, Al Klink (ts), Ernest Caceres (bar), J.C. McGregor (p), Jack Lathrop (g), Trigger Alpert (sb), and Maurice Purtill (dm).

The abbreviations in parentheses are not all easy to recognize. I recommend that they be spelled out per Manual of Style/Abbreviations. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 13:01, 2 November 2016 (UTC)

Track 29
In the film "The Prince of Tides" Streisand picks up Nolte at a track 29. Has it been the right station?130.83.152.165 (talk) 17:24, 2 February 2023 (UTC)

Ray Charles' version
I'm wondering if the Ray Charles' version be mentioned as prominent? It specifically adds the introductory lyric ...

... if only to draw attention to the "hip" 1960 style, and meta lyric bend an ear and listen to my version. WayneMcA (talk) 01:42, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chattanooga Choo Choo


text: User talk:81.10.32.225

title: User talk:81.10.32.225


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User:Veratien

I no longer use this account, and Wikipedia refuse to re-name it, so I can now be found at User:Syniq.

Splurge
My name is Ben, I'm gay, and I'm a geek. :) I play the Piano, Flute, Highland pipes, Clarinet, Oboe and Shakuhachi, and I habitually compose music whenever I'm bored.  I am a programmer by trade, but hope to break into the music industry in the near future.

I am often found in #wikipedia and #cvn-wp-en on irc.freenode.net chatting away, and smacking vandals with a clue stick. I fix other people's dodgy Open Source Software in my spare time. ;)

Ik ben het Nederlands leren. :)

CoBo and Copyright Violations
I am currently working on a bot to detect copyright violations and replace them with the copyvio template. Information on the bot can be found on its user page, User:Cobo.

Articles I started

 * Theban alphabet

Funny things I've found on and about Wikipedia
From Homosexuality (talk):
 * Have we no article on the island called Lesbos? 金 (Kim)

From the Wikipedia IRC channel:

Lesbian literature is the literature written in Lesbian language.

"Lesbian language is an ancient Greek dialect that belongs to the Aeolic group of the Central Greek languages spoken in the island of Lesbos and other nearby islands."

Lesbian Greek

'''These cows are temporarily protected from milking. Please resolve disputes on the talk page.''' Protection is not intended to express support of German or Polish cows.''

title: User:Veratien


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Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya

Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya is an Indian politician and a leader of BJP. He is currently the Seh-Prabhari of BJP in Maharashtra state. He previously served as the Cabinet Minister of Higher Education in the cabinet of CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan Government. He was a member of Lok Sabha in 1999 from Gwalior. He won 2013 Madhya Pradesh Assembly election from Gwalior against Pradhuman Singh Tomar of Congress, but lost the 2018 Assembly election against Pradhuman Singh from the same constituency.

Political career
Jaibhan became RSS swayamsevak in year 1973. He took part in Sampurna kranti Andolan of Shri Jaiprakash Narayan (JP Movement) in 1974. During period of 1973 to 1982 Shri Pawaiya worked as City President, Member of National Executive Committee with Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (AVBP), the student wing of RSS. He was assigned by RSS to Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) in 1983 as Joint secretary of Madhya Pradesh. He was National General Secretary of Bajrang Dal in 1993 and became second National President of Bajrang Dal from 1995. Shri Pawaiya stoutly defended the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) and the Bajrang Dal in the March 2002 Ramjanmabhoomi campaign, when all BJP leaders were disassociating themselves from the VHP. He defied all party and government orders and went to Ayodhya in March 2002. He was imprisoned for 13 days during Ramjanmabhoomi Andolan with Shri L. K. Advani (Lal Krishna Advani) and Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi. He was elected member of 13th Lok Sabha in 1999. Shri Pawaiya also served as Vice President of State 20 Point Programme Implementation Committee (Minister status). In year 2013, he was elected as MLA after winning Legislative Assembly elections in Gwalior(15) with 74769 Votes and became a member of Vidhan Sabha for the first time. Shri Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya was inducted as Cabinet Minister on 30 June 2016 in the cabinet of Chief Minister Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan holding portfolio as Minister for Higher Education.

Early life and education
Shri Pawaiya was born 6 July 1955 in the jamindar family of Chinaur garhi his father Shri Balwant Singh Pawaiya resident of Chinaur village of Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh belonging to Hindu Rajput family. His qualification was Diploma Civil Engineer. He is an agriculturist by profession. He was married to Smt Maya Singh Pawaiya and they have two daughters.

title: Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya


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Democratic Party for a British Gibraltar

The Democratic Party for a British Gibraltar (DPBG) was a Pro-British political party in Gibraltar.

History
Following the disbandment of the Integration with Britain Party, the Gibraltar Democratic Movement was established in 1976 in response to the British government stating that integration with the United Kingdom or independence were not viable options for the territory.

It was initially led by Joe Bossano, a union leader and founder of the IWBP, and won four seats in the 1976 elections. Prior to the 1980 elections the party was taken over by Peter Isola and was renamed the "Democratic Party for a British Gibraltar". As a result, Bossano left the party to form the Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party.

The 1980 the party won six seats, failing to replace Joshua Hassan's Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights. Following the 1984 elections, the DPBG was replaced by the Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party as the main opposition party, having failed to secure any seats. It was dissolved some time later.


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Acheloos

Acheloos (ancient Greek: Ἀχελῷος) may refer to:

 * Achelous River, a major river in Greece
 * Achelous River (disambiguation), other rivers of the name in Greece
 * Achelous, a river deity in Greek mythology
 * Acheloos (municipality), a municipal unit in the Karditsa regional unit, Greece

title: Acheloos


text:
Sid Meier's Gettysburg!

Sid Meier's Gettysburg! is a 1997 real-time wargame developed by Firaxis Games and published by Electronic Arts. It was designed by Sid Meier, and followed by Sid Meier's Antietam! in 1999.

Gameplay
The game allows the player to control either the Confederate or Union troops during the Battle of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. It can be played as single scenarios, or as a campaign of linked scenarios, either recounting the original history or exploring alternative possibilities.

Online play
There was a large online following when the game was being hosted on Mplayer (a multi-player game network bought by GameSpy industries). After moving to GameSpy, the game dwindled in popularity for online players. At the pinnacle of online play, there were many groups of players. A competitive ladder (league) was also a fixture of this time, where the hall of fame can still be viewed. "Case's Ladder" Online play is now, for the most part, impossible due to the shutdown of GameSpy's servers.

As of 2017, the game is still playable online with GameRanger.

Development
The engine was also used for the Napoleonic game Waterloo: Napoleon's Last Battle (as was a modified version for Austerlitz: Napoleon's Greatest Victory), both by BreakAway Games.

Reception
Gettysburg! was a commercial success, with more than 200,000 copies sold by August 1999. At the time, Jeff Briggs of Firaxis commented that the game "did extremely well for us". From critics, it received "universal acclaim" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

During the AIAS' inaugural Interactive Achievement Awards, Gettysburg! was a nominee for "PC Strategy Game of the Year", which was ultimately awarded to StarCraft and Age of Empires (tie). Similarly, the Computer Game Developers Conference nominated Gettysburg! for its "Best Strategy/Wargame" Spotlight Award, but gave the prize to Myth: The Fallen Lords. However, it was named the best computer wargame of 1997 by Computer Gaming World, Computer Games Strategy Plus and GameSpot. The editors of Computer Gaming World called it "the return to form of arguably the best designer ever", and wrote that "this is one game that really will play until Johnny comes marching home."

Next Generation stated that "Gettysburg is an excellent first offering from Firaxis. It not only overshadows previous historical sims, but it also beats most of the realtime strategy games available today." They cited its simple, intuitive control interface as key to making it stand out from the often overly complex games in its genre, stating that it allows players to more easily focus on the finer points of strategy and planning. J.C. Herz, writing for The New York Times, pondered the assumptions underlying the game's simulation of the historical battle. He felt that the game could be a useful tool to teach history but worried that the interactive medium could obscure historical facts behind its systems.

In 1998, Gettysburg won the Origins Award for Best Strategy Computer Game of 1997.

Legacy
Gettysburg had a large modification ("mod") community. Players can customize uniforms, maps, sounds, and units. This aspect of tweaking the game proved vital to Civil War aficionados looking for historically accurate models. This ultimately led to the creation of other famous battles such as the Battle of Fredericksburg, the First Battle of Bull Run, the Peninsula Campaign, and more.

title: Sid Meier's Gettysburg!


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User:Occamy

First came across Wikipedia in January 2005. It is a wonderful project: NPOV makes the world a better place.

 * I am a Baha'i and was born to Baha'i parents.
 * I have served on local and national spiritual assemblies, and in the institution of Huququ'llah.
 * I firmly believe that the Baha'i Faith is the solution to humanity's problems but I try to avoid being dogmatic about it.
 * My tertiary education was in science and business.
 * I try to keep up with developments by being an avid reader of the New Scientist and Economist weeklies.

Barnstars
Barnstar of Diligence for work on the Bahá'í Pages

For services rendered to the Bahá'í pages (and there are a bewildering array of very obscure ones) I, MARussellPESE, present Occamy the Barnstar of Diligence which is awarded here in recognition of a combination of extraordinary scrutiny, precision and community service. These pages are the better for your services.

Also awarded to, in no particular order: PaulHammond, Occamy, Geni, Rboatright, and Tomhab.

title: User:Occamy


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Fan vault

A fan vault is a form of vault used in the Gothic style, in which the ribs are all of the same curve and spaced equidistantly, in a manner resembling a fan. The initiation and propagation of this design element is strongly associated with England.

The earliest example, dating from about the year 1351, may be seen in the cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral. The largest fan vault in the world can be found in King's College Chapel, Cambridge.

The fan vault is peculiar to England. The lierne vault of the cathedral of Barbastro in northern Spain closely resembles a fan vault, but it does not form a perfect conoid. John Harvey (1978) suggests Catherine of Aragon as a possible source of English influence in Aragon.

Birth of the fan vault
The fan vault is attributed to development in Gloucester between 1351 and 1377, with the earliest known surviving example being the east cloister walk of Gloucester Cathedral. Harvey (1978) hypothesises that the east cloister at Gloucester was finished under Thomas de Cantebrugge from the hamlet of Cambridge, Gloucestershire, who left in 1364 to work on the chapter house at Hereford Cathedral (also thought to have been fan vaulted on the basis of a drawing by William Stukeley). The other three parts of the cloister at Gloucester were begun in 1381, possibly under Robert Lesyngham.

Other examples of early fan vaults exist around Gloucester, implying the activity of several 14th century master masons in that region.

Structure
The ribs of a fan vault are of equal curvature and rotated at equal distances around a central (vertical) axis, forming the conoid shape which gives rise to the name. In between sequences of conoids, flat central spandrels fill the space. According to Leedy (1980), the fan vault was developed in England (as opposed to France and other centres of Gothic architecture) due to the manner in which English rib vaults were normally constructed. In an English rib vault, the courses are laid perpendicular to the rib while in France they are laid perpendicular to the wall.

Medieval and Early Modern

 * Gloucester Cathedral, cloisters, earliest fan vaulting begun 1373 by Abbot Horton
 * King's College Chapel, Cambridge, the world's largest fan vault (1512–1515)
 * Bath Abbey, Somerset, nave and chancel (1860s restoration; originally by William Vertue)
 * Brasenose College, Oxford, Chapel ceiling – a spectacular example of plaster pendant fan vaulting
 * Canterbury Cathedral, crossing tower by John Wastell, Henry VI's chantry chapel
 * Christ Church, Oxford, staircase to the great hall
 * Church of St Andrew, Mells, Somerset, porch
 * Church of St John the Baptist, Axbridge, Somerset, crossing
 * Church of St Peter and St Paul, Muchelney, Somerset, under the tower
 * Church of St. John the Baptist, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, porch and north chapel
 * Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick, Dean's Chapel
 * Convocation House, Oxford
 * Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, main gateway
 * Ely Cathedral, Bishop Alcock's chantry chapel
 * Eton College Chapel (the vault dates from 1958)
 * Hampton Court Palace, Great Gate and oriel window in the Great Hall
 * Henry VII's Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey, London, 1503–1509 (with pendants, by William Vertue)
 * Lincoln's Inn Chapel, undercroft
 * Manchester Cathedral, under the tower
 * Milton Abbey, Dorset, crossing (by William Smyth)
 * Peterborough Cathedral, Cambridgeshire, retrochoir
 * Red Mount Chapel, King's Lynn
 * Sherborne Abbey, Dorset, quire c. 1430, nave c. 1490 (by William Smyth)
 * St Andrew's Church, Cullompton, Devon, south aisle
 * St Bartholomew's Church, Tong, Shropshire, chantry chapel
 * St David's Cathedral, Wales, Trinity Chapel
 * St Mary Aldermary, London (by Christopher Wren)
 * St Mary's Church, North Leigh, Oxfordshire, Wilcote chantry chapel
 * St Mary's Church, Ottery St Mary, Devon, aisle
 * St Stephen's cloister at the Palace of Westminster (1529)
 * St. George's Chapel, Windsor, crossing, Urswick chantry chapel
 * Tewkesbury Abbey, cloister (only one bay remains)
 * University College, Oxford, gatehouse vaults
 * University Church of St Mary the Virgin, Oxford, porch
 * Wells Cathedral, crossing (by William Smyth)
 * Winchester Cathedral, Beaufort and Waynflete chantry chapels
 * St. Mary's Church, Putney, Bishop West chapel

Gothic Revival

 * Centre Block, Parliament of Canada, Ottawa
 * Eastnor Castle, drawing room
 * Grand Theatre, Leeds
 * Harkness Tower, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, US
 * House of Lords lobbies, committee staircase, in the Palace of Westminster
 * John Rylands Library, baconcy, Manchester
 * Middlesex Guildhall, Westminster
 * Palau de la Música Catalana, Barcelona
 * Basilica Minore de San Sebastián, Manila, Philippines
 * St John's, Edinburgh
 * St Mary's Church, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire
 * Saint Patrick's Church, New Orleans, Louisiana, US (apsidal fan vault)
 * Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, London
 * Unitarian Church in Charleston, South Carolina, US
 * Washington National Cathedral, Washington, DC, US (Children's Chapel)
 * Wills Memorial Building, University of Bristol
 * Cathedral Basilica of Christ the King, Hamilton, Ontario

title: Fan vault


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Maurice Xiberras

Maurice Xiberras GMH (14 November 1936 – 19 March 2017) was a Gibraltarian teacher, trade unionist and politician. He was regarded as being a strong defender of British sovereignty, who believed there was no future for Gibraltar without the continuing close relationship with the United Kingdom.

Education and teaching career
Xiberras began his professional career as a teacher. He obtained his Teaching certificate from the University of Bristol, where he later became Assistant Lecturer at its Department of Hispanic Studies from 1961 to 1963. In 1964, prior to becoming a politician, he became one of the top Gibraltarian teachers assisting the Christian Brothers as teacher and Head of Department at the Gibraltar Grammar School. He maintained this position until 1979. The change would mean great sacrifice for him, however, he was encouraged to make the move by UK MPs who reportedly told him that "although he had a great future as a teacher this must be given up for the greater good of Gibraltar!"

He returned to teaching after retiring from politics in 1979. From 1980, he taught history, Spanish, politics and Latin, coached football and cricket and was Senior Counsellor at Hampton School in London, famed for splitting his Latin classes into 'Pansies' and 'Daffodils' for vocabulary tests. He retired from teaching in 2002. Xiberras also holds a first class Master of Arts with Honours from the University of Edinburgh.

In 1995 he also obtained a Diploma in psychotherapy from the British Association of Analytical Body Psychotherapy (BAABP) in London.

Political career
An integrationist from the outset – he was involved in the drafting of the Pro Integration Movement's manifesto in 1967 – Xiberras sat alongside Major Robert Peliza as a member of the Integration with Britain Party (IWBP). As a member of its team at the Constitutional Conference chaired by Lord Shepherd in 1968 that drafted the 1969 Gibraltar Constitution. He entered the House of Assembly after the 1969 elections, becoming the Minister for Labour, Social Security, and Housing under the IWBP Government and by 1970 he was the de facto Deputy Chief Minister, deputising for Major Peliza as Chief Minister in his absence. In the 1972 elections he retained his seat, but upon the victory of the Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights (AACR), he moved to the Opposition seats along with his six IWBP colleagues. Almost immediately, in October 1972, he succeeded Major Peliza as party leader and therefore as Leader of the Opposition.

Leader of the Opposition
As leader of the Opposition during early 1976, he took part in a Gibraltarian inter-party Constitution Committee which began to work on a proposal of constitutional changes that involved a further integration of Gibraltar with the United Kingdom. Xiberras and the then Chief Minister, Joshua Hassan, travelled to London in June 1976 but were unable to convince the Government of the United Kingdom which, in response issued the Hattersley Memorandum which rejected the proposals. This effectively caused the IWBP to disband. Xiberras also accompanied Chief Minister Hassan, in his position as Leader of the Opposition, as part of the British delegation to Strasbourg, France for meetings with Spanish Foreign Minister Marcelino Oreja. This was to be the first official Spanish Government recognition of Gibraltar's elected representatives.

Xiberras renewed his seat in the 1976 elections again, this time as independent, as he had already resigned as leader of the declining IWBP. In 1977, he again took over as Leader of the Opposition, after the decline of the Gibraltar Democratic Movement bench, led by former IWBP member Joe Bossano. However, Xiberras resigned from his seat in the Gibraltar House of Assembly in 1979, due to family commitments and relocated to the United Kingdom. He was succeeded by Peter Isola.

Further involvement
Although absent from Gibraltar, Xiberras continued his involvement in the politics of Gibraltar by authoring various articles and letters in the local press, opposing the 2002 Joint Sovereignty Deal between the British and Spanish Governments and also the European Constitution, on the ground that it would "make Gibraltar a disputed territory 'in perpetuity'". Xiberras also contested the 2003 elections, obtaining 1,395 votes and therefore not winning a seat at the House of Assembly.

Other work
Xiberras also represented Gibraltar in a variety of sports and was the National Hockey Manager who led the Gibraltar XI to success across Europe.

He offered professional counselling and psychotherapy from his own practice, Surbiton Counselling, in Surbiton.

Honours
Maurice Xiberras was one of the four recipients of the Gibraltar Medallion of Honour in 2009 "for his exceptional service to the political interests of Gibraltar and its people" and was therefore recorded in the Gibraltar Roll of Honour.

Death
Maurice Xiberras died suddenly over the weekend of 18–19 March 2017.

title: Maurice Xiberras