text:
Marxists Internet Archive

Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a non-profit online encyclopedia that hosts a multilingual library (created in 1990) of the works of communist, anarchist, and socialist writers, such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Rosa Luxemburg, Mikhail Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as well as that of writers of related ideologies, and even unrelated ones (for instance, Sun Tzu). The collection is maintained by volunteers and is based on a collection of documents that were distributed by email and newsgroups, later collected into a single gopher site in 1993. It contains over 180,000 documents from over 850 authors in 80 languages. All material in the archive is provided free of charge to users, though not necessarily free of copyright.

Origins
The archive was created in 1990 by a person — known only by their Internet tag, Zodiac — who started archiving Marxist texts by transcribing the works of Marx and Engels into E-text, starting with the Communist Manifesto. In 1993 the accumulated text was posted on a gopher site at csf.colorado.edu. Volunteers joined and helped spread and mirror the main archive. However, the main site and its mirrors were hosted on academic servers and by the end of 1995 almost all had been shut down.

By 1996 the website, Marx.org, was hosted by a commercial ISP. This was followed by an increased activity from the volunteers. In the following years, however, a conflict developed between the volunteers working on the website and Zodiac, who retained control of the project and domain name. As the scope of the archive expanded, Zodiac feared that the opening toward diverse currents of Marxism was a "slippery slope" toward sectarianism. The volunteers who had been undertaking the work of transcribing texts resented having little influence over the way in which the archive was organized and run. In early 1998 Zodiac decided that Marx.org would return to its roots and that all writers other than Marx and Engels would be removed.

In July 1998 the present form of the Marxists Internet Archive (marxists.org) was created by volunteers transferring files and archives from Marx.org. This led to a further increase in activity and an enlargement of the scope of the archive. As for Marx.org, Zodiac closed it down in 1999, and in 2002 he gave up the domain name, which was purchased by the MIA. Along with marxists.org, the MIA can be reached by two other domain names: lenin.org and trotsky.org.

The site, and the group of volunteers working on it, has dramatically changed since its early beginnings. By 2014 it had grown to encompass 62 volunteers in 33 different countries, and held over 50,000 items in 54 languages covering the works of over 600 authors. Today the Marxists Internet Archive is a recognized repository for both Marxist and non-Marxist writers. It is listed in the OCLC WorldCat catalog, and has been selected for archiving by institutions such as the British Library, Ireland's University College Cork, and the US Library of Congress.

2007 attacks
MIA has had problems with malicious attacks from online sources. Beginning in November 2006, the Marxists Internet Archive faced a number of serious denial-of-service attacks, attempting to exploit a misconfiguration in their server's operating system. By January 2007 the attacks had crippled much of the archive, and left volunteers with CPU issues. That the majority of systems involved in the attack were either in China or belonging to Chinese institutions led to speculation that the attacks may have been politically motivated and directed by the People's Republic of China since the website was shortly blocked in China in 2005. The severity of the attack, coupled with other hosting issues, led to the closure of the Marxists Internet Archive's main server and several of its mirrors for a number of weeks in February and March 2007.

Copyright issue on Marx/Engels collected works
In late April 2014, the small British publishers Lawrence and Wishart chose to revoke their permission for their English language version of the Marx/Engels Collected Works to be reprinted in part on MIA. In an email in late April 2014, L&W asked MIA to delete the contested material from their website by the end of April or face litigation. MIA chose to follow the request. An online petition was started against the L&W decision, and had the support of more than 4,500 people by the end of the month. The author of the petition, Ammar Aziz, was quoted in Vice magazine: "You cannot privatize their writings—they are the collective property of the people they wrote for. Privatization of Marx and Engels' writings is like getting a trademark for the words 'socialism' or 'communism.'"

A representative of MIA, Andy Blunden, did not dispute that L&W has copyright over the material. He was quoted in the Washington D.C. based Chronicle of Higher Education: "The professors and the historians will be able to write learned articles about what Marx said, but the general population are going to be left back in 1975", the year when the publication of the Collected Works began.

In response to widespread criticism, Lawrence and Wishart issued a statement objecting to the "campaign of online abuse."

Management
The MIA is administered by a steering committee, composed of all active volunteers. The committee decides issues such as the categorization of writers, modifications to the bylaws (by 3/4 majority), financial issues of all kinds, and similar matters. Administrators are unpaid volunteers who assume additional responsibilities over certain section(s) of MIA.

The MIA is incorporated in the U.S. state of California and registered with the U.S. tax service as a non-profit, 501(c)(3) organization.

According to the MIA charter, its content will always be offered 100% free, in compliance with all capitalist copyright laws. All the material stored in the archives is either public domain, under the GNU Free Documentation License, or used with the copyright holders' permission. Any work created by MIA volunteers is under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license.

Physical location and mirrors
The website is primarily served via an ISP in Germany, and three mirrors exist, two of them in Europe (in France and Germany ), and one in the USA.

Distribution
Through 2013, a 3-disc CD/DVD volume archive (containing the material on the website) was sold, although many copies were distributed every year for free to individuals and groups in developing and underdeveloped countries.

These measures were not only meant to allow easy access to the material in the archive, but also as a way of ensuring the continuity of the archive. As they put it: "If the Archive is shut down by a publishing conglomerate or the government, having this information widely dispersed around the world, essentially untraceable, with the content entirely intact, is a great thing."

As of March 2014, the MIA was 138 GB; it was then decided to discontinue the DVD and to distribute a portable USB hard drive that contains the entire contents of the MIA on it. The portable HDD has now also been discontinued.

MIA as a book publisher
In addition to distribution of its hard drive archives, in 2008 the MIA launched Marxist Internet Archive Publications, which has,, published eight titles including volumes on philosophy, social history, Soviet psychology and pedagogy, and an anthology of writings by José Carlos Mariátegui, which it distributes through Erythrós Press and Media, LLC.

Archival structure
Most of material on the website is formatted in HTML, and the style of the documents is determined with CSS. PDF is sometimes used, especially for languages which don't yet have computer fonts or OCR software available. Many PDFs have been added for the purposes of putting up revolutionary and socialist publications, presented as they were printed. This has added to the bulk of the growth of the MIA.

The markup and style of the archive varies from one section to the other, depending on the volunteers who work there, but all are built on a common basic document template.

The archive includes section dedicated to specific historical topics, such as the history of the Soviet Union and the Paris Commune as well as broader subject topics, such as philosophy. It also includes a reference section called the "Encyclopedia of Marxism", containing definitions of Marxist terms, short biographies, and historical material.

The MIA is also divided into a number of non-English language sections. , the MIA website included content in 80 languages. Although each of the non-English sections is intended over time to replicate the basic structure of the main (English-language) section, in practice these vary widely in size and scope. Some of these language sections house only a few documents by Marx and Engels, while others are more extensive—for example, the Chinese section has the complete collected works of Marx, Engels, and Lenin.

title: Marxists Internet Archive


text: File:Adventuresofgulliver.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Adventuresofgulliver.jpg


text:
Talk:Battle of Chaffin's Farm

Text of the article was obtained from public domain site. - Darwinek 22:55, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You should cite it specifically in ==References==. Hal Jespersen 16:26, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Were any Confederates present at the battle? I ask this only partly facetiously, since this article is completely written from the Union point of view. Bogomir Kovacs (talk) 18:56, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Battle of Chaffin's Farm. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050208023615/http://www.nps.gov:80/rich/ri_farm.htm to http://www.nps.gov/rich/ri_farm.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:33, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Battle of Chaffin's Farm. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.nps.gov/rich/ri_farm.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090805173117/http://oregonmag.com/FletcherCivilWar809.html to http://oregonmag.com/FletcherCivilWar809.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:00, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Chaffin's Farm


text:
Talk:Marxists Internet Archive

Untitled
Although the MIA is ranked as 21,162 according to Alexa I still think that as a specialized website it is important enough to start an article on it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.94.41.95 (talk) 20:01, 5 February 2005 (UTC)

Main outline
Today I added the main outline with enough information in each section to keep it interesting. I still have to figure out the references, I want them numbered external links; anyone know how to do that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.161.31.18 (talk) 18:23, 7 February 2005 (UTC)

Marxist Writers
how are "Lenin, Trotsky, Rosa Luxemburg and Che Guevara" the main writers after Marx and Engles? what about Antonio Gramsci, Georg Lukács and Lev Vygotsky? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Monty Cantsin (talk) 00:30, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Not on the archive! The main writers on the MIA are the big four: Marx, Engles, Lenin and Trotsky and that's why their pics are on the main page! If you go to the Marxist Writers page you'll find a star beside the names of Luxemburg and Guevara, that's why I also mention them. --DelftUser 16:52, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Hi, I'm a member of the MIA. The stars indicate those writers that are most "popular" in the English-language Section, based on hits and search requests. -- Juan (11/XII/2005) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.101.45.119 (talk) 08:36, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Would it be fair to say that the general tone of the commentary given by the website is pro-Trotsky and anti-Stalin? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.135.24.5 (talk • contribs)

 * Not really, there is a Stalin archive and archives of many who didn't agree with Trotsky. Some who are listed as Marxist are also not pro-Trotsky. The website's archivel nature does not lend itself to being pro or anti of anything.

 * Having said that I don't deny that it seems there is more pro-Trotsky stuff (e.g. ETOL) but that is due to some of the active members being pro-Trotsky more than anything else, just like this website has a certain pro-western tendency. The chinese section have been greatly enlarged lately, but that deosn't make the website pro-China, it is just that the active members are concentrating on this section for now. --DelftUser 09:10, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Credit to the Founder
The article says, "....in 1990 when a worker - known only by his Internet nickname, Zodiac - started archiving...." Does that mean "known only" in the sense that the authors of this article don't know him, or did he indicate that he wishes to remain anonymous? (We can simply ask him, of course.) I had assumed that others knew that he's the individual whose initials are K.K.C., and I think he deserves the credit in the form of his name being remembered honorably in the history of world literture. Mike Lepore, Stanfordville, New York 06:02, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Hi Mike, long time, yes? In fact "Zodiac" asked to remain anonymous in this way, even though you and I know who is since we both worked with him on the old MEIA back in 1994 and 1995. He does deserve credit for the person "who started it all" in a sense, but thats the way he wants to keep it. A person from the MIA visited him to clear all this up. DavidMIA 06:29, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Division of Archive
The section of the article on the division of the archive is now out of date, as there has been a major reorganisation eliminating the binary classification into Marxists and non-Marxsts. Most importantly, this involved the merging of the "Marxist Writers" and the "Reference Section" to create a listing simply called "Library" and the creation of a short heterogeneous list called "Selected Marxist Writers" to provide a guide to newer users of where they could start if they want to study Marxism. However, since I work on MIA I don't think it's appropriate that I should revise this section of the article. --Mia-etol (talk) 06:46, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Nobody has taken up this update since I raised it over 6 months ago. I still feel that I'm not the appropriate person to do this bit, but if nobody else wants to do so in the near future, I'll draft something and place it here for discussion. --Mia-etol (talk) 19:40, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I have now taken care of this. - Juan (MIA member), 25 August 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.101.38.178 (talk) 04:44, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Server Locations
The image shows a mirror located in Nevada, but the caption and website say it's in Utah. 75.67.247.122 (talk) 06:00, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Who Flagged this Article for Purported Lack of "Notability"???
MIA is the largest digital publisher of Marxist works in the world. It is absolutely absurd and patently an attempt at political hit to flag this page for potential removal on "notability" grounds. For shame!!! Carrite (talk) 22:23, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

 * In any case, I have been working on improving it. - Juan (MIA member), 25 August 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.101.38.178 (talk) 04:48, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Marxists Internet Archive. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20031120155633/http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pkt/1995m06-d/msg00015.htm to http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pkt/1995m06-d/msg00015.htm
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20020714091409/http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pkt/index.htm to http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pkt/index.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100622041359/http://www.ugr.es/~pgomez/docencia/master-metod/temas/sitios-filosofia-contemporanea.htm to http://www.ugr.es/~pgomez/docencia/master-metod/temas/sitios-filosofia-contemporanea.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:07, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Marxists Internet Archive. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071212133602/http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/incidents.htm to http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/incidents.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140625072536/http://marxists.anu.edu.au/ to https://marxists.anu.edu.au/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:37, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

Visitor statistics
The FAQ cites annual visitor stats. Is it worth including these self-reported numbers? Could work well as a table.

title: Talk:Marxists Internet Archive


text: User talk:81.178.244.70

title: User talk:81.178.244.70


text:
Orville Redenbacher

Orville Clarence Redenbacher (July 16, 1907 – September 19, 1995) was an American food scientist and businessman most often associated with the brand of popcorn that bears his name which is now owned by Conagra Brands. The New York Times described him as "the agricultural visionary who all but single-handedly revolutionized the American popcorn industry".

Early life
Orville Clarence Redenbacher was born in Brazil, Indiana, on July 16, 1907, the son of Julia Magdalena Dierdorff (1874–1944) and farmer William Joseph Redenbacher (1872–1939). He grew up on his family's farm, where he sometimes sold popcorn from the back of his car. He graduated from Brazil High School in 1924 in the top 5% of his class. He attended Purdue University, where he joined the agriculture-oriented Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity, marched tuba in the Purdue All-American Marching Band, joined the Purdue University track team, and worked at the Purdue Exponent. He graduated in 1928 with a degree in agronomy. He spent most of his life in the agriculture industry, serving as a Vigo County Farm Bureau extension agent in Terre Haute, Indiana, and at Princeton Farms in Princeton, Indiana.

Business career
The New York Times described Redenbacher: "But for all his bumpkin appearance, the man with the signature white wavy hair and oversized bow tie was a shrewd agricultural scientist who experimented with hybrids." He began his career selling fertilizer, but spent his spare time working with popcorn.

In 1951, Redenbacher and partner Charles F. Bowman bought the George F. Chester and Son seed corn plant in Boone Grove, Indiana. Naming the company "Chester Hybrids", they tried tens of thousands of hybrid strains of popcorn before settling on a hybrid they named "RedBow".

An advertising agency advised them to use Orville Redenbacher's own name as the brand name. They launched their popping corn in 1970.

In 1976, Redenbacher sold the company to Hunt-Wesson Foods, a division of Norton Simon, Inc. In 1983, Esmark purchased Norton Simon, which in turn was acquired by Beatrice Foods in 1984. In 1985, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts acquired Beatrice with the goal of selling off businesses. In 1990, they sold the popcorn business and other old Hunt-Wesson businesses to agribusiness giant ConAgra.

Advertising
In 1973 Redenbacher appeared on TV's To Tell the Truth game show.

By the mid-1970s, Redenbacher and Bowman had captured a third of the unpopped-popcorn market. Redenbacher then moved to Coronado, California, where he lived for the remainder of his life.

He appeared as the company's official spokesman, wearing a trademark outfit in public that included horn-rimmed glasses and a bow tie. Sometimes Redenbacher appeared in commercials with his grandson, Gary Redenbacher. Some customers wrote letters asking if Redenbacher was a real person, and not an actor. He responded to this by appearing on various talk shows, professing his identity. Redenbacher, in his book, states, "I want to make it clear that I am real."

Personal life
Redenbacher was married to Corinne Rosemund Strate from 1928 until her death at 62 in 1971. Later that year, he married Nina Reder, and they remained married until her death at the age of 91 in May 1991. He had two daughters, through whom he had 12 grandchildren and 10 great-grandchildren.

Death and legacy
On September 19, 1995, Redenbacher died in the hot tub of his condominium in Coronado, California. He suffered a heart attack and drowned. He was cremated and his ashes scattered at sea.

On the September 23, 1995, edition of Siskel & Ebert, Roger Ebert eulogized Redenbacher by calling him "a man who took popcorn seriously, as seriously as we take the movies." His co-host, Gene Siskel, added that "he actually was more than just a cute, cuddly advertising figure. He actually was a scientist who came up with a new strain of popcorn that really kept that whole industry alive [...] that's a real contribution."

In 1988, Purdue University awarded him an honorary doctorate.

Aside from his contributions to the popcorn industry, he is noteworthy for his appearances on television, and in particular, his charismatic image in commercials.

Since 2006, several of Orville's commercials from the 1970s and 1980s have aired on many channels across the United States. The advertisements for the brand's "natural" popcorn snacks were introduced in 2008, 13 years after Redenbacher's death, and feature a clip of him at the end.

In January 2007, a television commercial featuring a digital recreation of Redenbacher appeared. Redenbacher's grandson, Gary Redenbacher, responded to questions about how he felt about the advertisement by saying: "Grandpa would go for it. He was a cutting-edge guy. This was a way to honor his legacy." Redenbacher's business partner, Charles F. Bowman, died in 2009.

On September 4, 2012, Valparaiso, Indiana, where Redenbacher resided for much of his life, unveiled a statue of him at the city's annual popcorn festival.

In 2012, Redenbacher was referenced by Andy Dwyer in an episode of season 5 of Parks and Recreation. In 2022, Redenbacher was mentioned by American musical comedian Bo Burnham in the song "Microwave Popcorn" from the deluxe edition of his soundtrack album Inside (The Songs).

title: Orville Redenbacher


text: User talk:72.1.195.4

title: User talk:72.1.195.4


text:
User:Dedalus

This account is still in use by Dedalus
I am Dedalus on most projects. However User:Dedalus was someone else, as is de:Benutzer:Dedalus, the Dedalus on the German Wikipedia. Previously I was User:Gebruiker:Dedalus. However, I succesfully usurped User:Dedalus

Commons - Meta - WikiWoordenboek - Wikibooks - SourceNL - WikinewsNL

de:Benutzer:Nl.Dedalus

fr:Utilisateur:Dedalus fy:Meidogger:Dedalus li:Gebroeker:Dedalus nds:Bruker:Dedalus nl:Gebruiker:Dedalus

title: User:Dedalus


text: Category:High schools in Wisconsin

title: Category:High schools in Wisconsin


text:
Seth Mnookin

Seth Mnookin is an American writer and journalist.

As of 2017, he is a Professor of Comparative Media Studies/Writing at MIT and the Director of Institute's Graduate Program in Science Writing. He is also the media reporter for Undark Magazine's podcast and contributing editor at Vanity Fair.

Early life and education
Mnookin grew up in a Jewish household in Newton, Massachusetts and is a graduate of Newton North High School. He graduated from Harvard University with a degree in history and science in 1994 and was named a Joan Shorenstein Fellow at Harvard Kennedy School in 2004.

Books
Mnookin is the author of three non-fiction books.

Hard News
His first book, Hard News: The Scandals at the New York Times and Their Meaning for American Media (Random House, 2004) grew out of reporting he did as a senior writer at Newsweek in 2002 and 2003. It uses the Jayson Blair plagiarism and fabrication scandal to conduct a broader examination of the troubles during the Howell Raines administration at the New York Times. It was named a Washington Post "Best Of" book for 2004 and was listed as one of the London Independent's list of the Top 50 books ever written on the media. It received overwhelmingly positive reviews from New York magazine ("richly dramatic, hugely entertaining"), Entertainment Weekly ("vigorous, purposeful prose and a killer knack for building suspense"), the Los Angeles Times ("two terrific books in one: a riveting thriller...and a Shakespearean tragedy"), and the Washington Post ("hard to put down...reads like a thriller" ), among other places, and the book prompted Hunter S. Thompson to say Mnookin was "one of the best and brightest journalists of this ominous, post-American century." A negative review was published by the New York Times itself, which called the book "tedious" and said it "elevates trivial details to novelistic significance."

Feeding the Monster
In the fall of 2004, Vanity Fair assigned Mnookin a story on the Boston Red Sox. He began covering the team right before they won the 2004 World Series, and ended up spending more than a year living with the team and was given a key to Fenway Park His book, "Feeding the Monster: How Money, Smarts and Nerve Took a Team to the Top" (Simon & Schuster), chronicled the history of the team from 2001 to 2006, the first half-decade of the John W. Henry-Tom Werner ownership, and includes details about Theo Epstein's abbreviated departure from the team in late 2005. It was published in the summer of 2006, and it entered the New York Times Hardcover Bestseller List for Nonfiction at #8. After Epstein left the Red Sox for the Chicago Cubs, he made an apparent reference to the book when he talked about the difficulty of dealing with "the monster" of fan and ownership expectations for a championship team every year.

The Panic Virus
In 2011, Simon & Schuster published Mnookin's The Panic Virus: The True Story of the Vaccine-Autism Controversy. The book examines the history of the controversy over vaccines and autism, going back to a retracted 1998 study by Andrew Wakefield through to the current day. It is heavily critical of several public figures, including Jenny McCarthy, Oprah Winfrey, and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.

In The Panic Virus, Mnookin tells the story of several parents who, after choosing to either skip or delay their children's vaccine schedule, saw their children contract easily avoidable diseases such as Haemophilus influenzae and Pertussis. He relays the accounts of parents who objected to or delay their children's vaccine schedules for various reasons such as ambivalence, religious objections, or even misguided information from external sources. He also highlights the Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, beginning on June 11, 2007, in which the Cedillo family's lawsuit made the claim that Thiomersal, a compound found in Hepatitis B, DPT, and Hib vaccines, weakened their daughter's immune system such that the live measles virus found within the MMR vaccine overwhelmed her system and thereby caused Autism. After a lengthy process, the courts ruled against the Cedillo family, citing questionable witnesses and a large quantity of circumstantial evidence. Mnookin additionally focuses on the now-discredited Andrew Wakefield and his work as a main player in the vaccines-cause-autism argument. Wakefield is repeatedly mentioned, as is celebrity advocate against vaccination Jenny McCarthy, often in the context of anecdotes by parents outraged by the often one-sided exposure given to these figures in the media.

The Panic Virus was named one of the Wall Street Journal's Top Five Health and Medicine books of the year. The New York Times called it a "tour de force" and wrote that "[p]arents who want to play it safe, but are not altogether sure how, should turn with relief to this reasoned, logical and comprehensive analysis of the facts." Writing for the Wall Street Journal, Michael Shermer said it "should be required reading at every medical school in the world. ... a lesson on how fear hijacks reason and emotion trumps logic. — A brilliant piece of reportage and science writing." The Panic Virus was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times book prize in the "Current Interest" category. It won the New England Chapter of the American Medical Writers Association's Will Solimene Award for Excellence and the National Association of Science Writers 2012 "Science in Society" Award In 2011 Mnookin also brought out an Australian edition with a new preface which directly takes on the situation in Australia, documenting the behavior of antivaxxer Meryl Dorey and relaying the story of the McCafferys, who lost their four-week-old daughter Dana due to pertussis and low vaccination rates.

Other work
Mnookin began his career in the mid '90s as a rock critic at a webzine called Addicted to Noise. His interviews with Morphine's Mark Sandman helped cement Sandman's reputation as being a contentious interview subject, and he was featured in the 2012 documentary "Cure for Pain: The Mark Sandman Story." He later worked at the Palm Beach Post, the Forward, and Brill's Content. Mnookin has written for many other newspapers and magazines, including GQ, New York magazine, Wired, the New Yorker, the Washington Post, the New York Times and the Boston Globe.

On October 7, 2012, Mnookin wrote an article of childhood vaccination entitled "Why So Many Parents Are Delaying or Skipping Vaccines" for the online portion of Parade magazine describing the reasoning of parents who either delay or skip their children's recommended vaccinations and the danger such logic may pose.

His articles for Vanity Fair include features on Bloomberg News and the New York Times' Iraq bureau, investigations into Judith Miller scandal at the New York Times and allegations that Dan Brown borrowed heavily from other books in The Da Vinci Code, and a profile of Stephen Colbert. Mnookin participated in coverage of the search for Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, suspects in the Boston Marathon bombing, following the brothers from Cambridge, Massachusetts to Watertown, Massachusetts. On July 21, 2014, he published a story in the New Yorker about a family whose child was the first ever case of a rare genetic disease. He also has reviewed books about science and society for the New York Times Book Review.

Personal life
During the 1990s, Mnookin struggled with overcoming heroin addiction, an experience he recounted in an article at Salon.com. His mother, Wendy Mnookin, has also written about his heroin addiction and subsequent recovery. He currently lives outside of Boston, Massachusetts with his wife, son, daughter, and dog.

title: Seth Mnookin


text:
Hugh de Puiset

Hugh de Puiset (c. 1125 – 3 March 1195) was a medieval Bishop of Durham and Chief Justiciar of England under King Richard I. He was the nephew of King Stephen of England and Henry of Blois, who both assisted Hugh's ecclesiastical career. He held the office of treasurer of York for a number of years, which led him into conflict with Henry Murdac, Archbishop of York. In 1153, Hugh was elected bishop of Durham despite the opposition of Murdac.

Hugh was not involved in the controversy between King Henry II and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. The king did suspect Hugh of supporting Henry's heir, Henry the Young King, when the prince rebelled and Hugh was also suspected of aiding the King of Scots, William I, during an invasion of Northern England in 1174. After the accession of Henry's second son, Richard, as king, Hugh bought the office of Sheriff of Northumberland as well as the earldom of Northumbria. He also acquired the office of Justiciar, which he was supposed to share with William de Mandeville, but with Mandeville's death Hugh shared the office with William Longchamp. Longchamp had managed to secure the office for himself by the middle of 1190.

As a bishop, Hugh was noted as a builder, including a stone bridge in the city of Durham and the Galilee Chapel in Durham Cathedral. His administration of the episcopal lands included an inquest into the exact holdings of the bishopric. As a patron, Hugh sponsored the career of the medieval chronicler Roger of Hoveden. Hugh had a long-term mistress, by whom he had at least two sons and possibly two more.

Early life
Hugh was the nephew of brothers King Stephen of England and Henry of Blois, the younger son of Hugh III, lord of Puiset, and Agnes, sister of Stephen and Henry. Agnes' parents were Stephen, Count of Blois, and Adela, a daughter of King William the Conqueror. His paternal family held a lordship in Northern France. Hugh was born in approximately 1125, for in 1153 with his election as bishop he was still under the canonical age limit for bishops of 28. Henry acquired for Hugh the office of archdeacon in the see of Winchester, sometime before 1139.

Hugh afterwards became archdeacon of York and treasurer of York, sometime around 1143, probably through the patronage of William FitzHerbert while he was serving his first term as Archbishop of York. While treasurer he was a member of the party at York that wanted to elect Hilary as archbishop after William FitzHerbert's deposition in 1147. The successful candidate was Henry Murdac, the Abbot of Fountains, who was supported by the bishops of Durham and Carlisle, William of St Barbara and Æthelwold. Murdac excommunicated Hugh, who returned the gesture.

Bishop of Durham under Henry II

On 22 January 1153 Hugh was elected to the see of Durham by the cathedral chapter in spite of the opposition of Henry Murdac, who excommunicated the chapter in response. Because of Murdac's opposition and refusal to confirm the election, Hugh obtained consecration only by making a personal visit to Rome, where the pope was able to overrule the Archbishop of York. He was consecrated on 20 December 1153 by Pope Anastasius IV. Hugh was enthroned, or ceremonially installed as bishop in his cathedral, at Durham on 2 May 1154. King Stephen granted to Puiset as bishop of Durham the mineral rights in Weardale, which included lead mines. Silver was also extracted from the lead ore mined there, and that silver probably helped the bishops form their own mint.

Hugh may not have attended the coronation of King Henry II of England and his queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Some sources place him at the coronation, others do not. Nor did he attend the Council of Clarendon in 1164 that issued the Constitutions of Clarendon, which was the cause of the quarrel between the king and Thomas Becket. In the ensuing dispute between the king and Becket Hugh did not take sides. He was, however, present with Roger de Pont L'Évêque, the Archbishop of York at the coronation of the king's eldest son, Henry the Young King, in 1170 and consequently was suspended by Alexander III. The coronation of the Young King eventually led to Becket's martyrdom in December 1170.

Hugh obtained an exemption allowing him to keep his castle at Northallerton in Yorkshire when Henry was ordering the destruction of most of the illegal castles that had been built during King Stephen's reign. He also built a castle at Norham, designed to help defend the north of England against raids from Scotland.

Hugh was suspected of involvement in the Young King's revolt in 1173. He does not seem to have taken an active part but King Henry II suspected him of supporting the rebellion. When King William the Lion of Scotland invaded northern England in the spring of 1174, Hugh either connived at the invasion or helped the rebels and the Scottish king. Suspicion fell upon the bishop because he was cautious in defending against the Scottish raids. Hugh also concluded truces with the Scots that allowed them free passage through the ecclesiastical lands in return for no damage being done to those lands. Lastly, the bishop's nephew Hugh IV de Puiset, who was Count of Bar-sur-Seine in France, brought an armed force to Hartlepool, supposedly to help defend Hugh, but King Henry feared that it was an attempt to aid the rebellion of the Young King. After the revolt had been put down, King Henry II ordered Hugh's castle of Northallerton to be destroyed. Hugh was also required to surrender his other castles.

In ecclesiastical affairs, Hugh attended the 1163 Council of Tours, which was held by Pope Alexander III. In 1179 he attended the Lateran Council in Rome. It was while he was there that he became involved in the conflict between the king of Scots and the chapter of St Andrews over the election of the bishop of St Andrews. The king wanted his chaplain, another Hugh, and the chapter wanted John the Scot. The pope ordered Puiset to compel the king to obey, but in 1183 the controversy was solved by a compromise.

When King Richard I began his reign in 1189, Hugh bought the offices of Earl of Northumbria and Sheriff of Northumberland. Hugh paid 2000 pounds for the office and a further 1000 pounds for the office of Justiciar and a release from his crusading vow. The charter granting Hugh the earldom mentioned that Richard had invested the bishop with the earldom "by the sword and ring", which is the earliest mention in a charter of that method of investing an honour. Richard also filled the office of Archbishop of York, which had been vacant since 1181, with Richard's illegitimate half-brother Geoffrey. The continued vacancy at York had increased Hugh's power, as he had no superior as long as there was no archbishop. For two years, Geoffrey was unable to secure consecration, but in 1191, a new pope, Celestine III was elected and Celestine consecrated Geoffrey and ordered Hugh to submit to Geoffrey.

Hugh shared the office of justiciar with William de Mandeville, but Mandeville died soon after taking office. Richard then promoted William Longchamp to share the office with Hugh. The two men did not get along, and in March 1190 Richard split the authority, giving Hugh authority north of the Humber River and giving authority over the rest of England to Longchamp. This arrangement was not permanent, and Longchamp outmanoeuvred Hugh to become sole justiciar by the middle of 1190. Longchamp arrested Hugh for overstepping his authority and made him surrender his castle, his earldom and hostages, although the real cause wasn't overstepping authority but Longchamp's animosity towards Hugh. William of Newburgh, the medieval chronicler, felt that a bishop taking the office of Justiciar was wrong, and stated that God would not accept the loyalties of "a bishop who wishes to please both the heavenly and the earthly king."

When Prince John, Richard's younger brother, rebelled during King Richard's captivity in 1193, Hugh opposed the rebellion. Hugh attacked some of John's northern holdings. In concert with Archbishop Geoffrey he laid siege to Tickhill Castle.

Death and legacy
Hugh ordered an inquest into the revenues and resources of his bishopric, along with the customs of the see. This took place in 1183, and when it was finished, the results were entered into a register that became known as the Boldon Book. Hugh also fought a long-running disagreement with his own cathedral chapter over the right to oversee the monks, a conflict that lasted about 40 years. This led to the monks forging many documents purporting to show that earlier bishops had granted the monks rights and privileges exempting them from episcopal oversight. He also fought with Archbishop Roger of York over lands they both held in each other's see.

As a builder, Hugh built the New Bridge, now Elvet Bridge, in Durham, the second stone bridge in the town. Hugh also oversaw work on Durham Cathedral, decorating the inside with marble, installing stained-glass windows, putting in a shrine for the bones of Bede and building the Galilee Chapel onto the west end of the cathedral. Originally, Puiset had planned to put in a Lady Chapel on the east end of the cathedral but the ground was unsuitable and instead work began on the Galilee Chapel at the west end of the cathedral. The Galilee Chapel is unusual in that it has five aisles and quatrefoil, or four-lobed, piers. A model for the chapel may have been the work being done on York Minster in rebuilding the choir. The current Norman doorway and the gallery above the doorway in Durham Castle were also the work of Hugh, which was part of a hall built in the bailey of the castle. Along with the king of Scots, he built the first bridge over the River Tweed at Berwick. He also rebuilt Norham Castle, replacing the previous buildings by Ranulf Flambard, an earlier bishop, with a stone castle.

Hugh was known for his extravagant tastes and opulent lifestyle as well as his possession of a large library. He had a son, Henry, who was one of the hostages demanded by Longchamp in 1190. Another son was Hugh, who became chancellor for King Philip II of France. Both Henry and Hugh were the sons of the bishop's long-term mistress, Alice de Percy. Alice may have been the mother of two more of the bishop's sons, William, archdeacon of Northumberland, and Burchard, archdeacon of Durham and treasurer of York. He had a number of other mistresses but Alice was the most public, so much so that it caused a scandal and closely resembled a marriage.

Hugh was not well known as a scholar. He did, however, serve as a patron to Roger of Hoveden, the medieval chronicler who started writing about 1169. He also commissioned two large Bibles, one of which remains at Durham and is considered a masterpiece of book creation. It is Durham Cathedral Library Manuscript A. II. 1.

Hugh died on 3 March 1195, having ruled his diocese for an exceptionally long time, forty-two years.

title: Hugh de Puiset


text: Category:Education in Wisconsin

title: Category:Education in Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Bishop (Latter-day Saint)

Merge into/redundant with Bishop (Mormonism)? Alai 21:08, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Should be merged with Bishop (Mormonism)

title: Talk:Bishop (Latter-day Saint)


text:
Category:Fables

Articles relating to fables, succinct fictional stories, in prose or verse, that feature animals, legendary creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that are anthropomorphized, and that illustrate or lead to a particular moral lesson (a "moral"), which may at the end be added explicitly as a concise maxim.

title: Category:Fables


text:
Apex (mollusc)

In anatomy, an apex (adjectival form: apical) is part of the shell of a mollusk. The apex is the pointed tip (the oldest part) of the shell of a gastropod, scaphopod, or cephalopod.

The apex is used in end-blown conches.

Gastropods
The word "apex" is most often used to mean the tip of the spire of the shell of a gastropod. The apex is the first-formed, and therefore the oldest, part of the shell. To be more precise, the apex would usually be where the tip of the embryonic shell or protoconch is situated, if that is still present in the adult shell (often it is lost or eroded away).

Coiled gastropod shells
The phrase apical whorls, or protoconch, means the whorls that constitute the embryonic shell at the apex of the shell, especially when this is clearly distinguishable from the later whorls of the shell, otherwise known as the teleoconch.

Comparison of the apical part and the whole shell of Otukaia kiheiziebisu:

Limpet-like gastropod shells
Where this feature is present, the space under the apex of a patellate or patelliform (limpet-like) gastropod shell is called the apical cavity.

Scaphopods
The apex of tusk shells is the small, open posterior end, and the opening itself is usually called the apical aperture.

Cephalopods
In orthocone cephalopods, the pointed end of the shell is called the apex, and shell growth is away from the apex and toward the aperture. The first chamber of the apex is sometimes called the protoconch.

Bivalves
The apex of a valve of a bivalve shell is the area around what is most commonly the umbo or beak. In some species the embryonic shell or prodissoconch may be present at the apex of each of the two valves.

title: Apex (mollusc)


text:
User talk:RememberMe

AA
Are you going to create the svenska article for America's Army? If your link was just an accident, it ought to be deleted. RememberMe 15:16, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually it is created, but the link fail for some reason. Actually there are two articles. Americas army and sv:America%27s_Army. // Liftarn

RE: screenshot
The America's Army DEV team freely distributes the said images without copyright and allows them to be posted anywhere on the internet. Futhermore, your comment is inflammatory in suggesting that I am breaking the law by posting the image of which you have no knowledge of. But I am willing to forgive your offense; next time, please check with the America's Army DEVs before making such a claim.

Also, the link I provided to the AAO Tracker website is not an advertisement; the AAOT provides a helpful website for tracking game play stats, and is linked to in the game itself! I myself use the website (not as an affiliate!), and there is no reason not to provide the link to others who may not know about it. I am not going to revert the edit; however, I kindly ask that you would take it upon yourself to add the link back to the America's Army page that you removed. Jaytech 11:29, 20 December 2005 (EST)

Followup: I will get you your "proof"; in the meantime, please go ahead and add the AAOT link back to the America's Army page. And by the way, if it is "not (your) task to contact copyright holders", then please tell me where you get your authority to question the legality of material uploaded to Wikipedia? Also, pray tell, where is this disclaimer you speak of? --Jaytech 19:12, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Here is your proof straight from America's Army Community Director Michael Bennett; albeit it took a while to receive a reply, but nevertheless you now have the answer:

 * http://img517.imageshack.us/my.php?image=proof9cx.jpg

 * Now that we have resolved the matter, being that I have proved my case without a shadow of a doubt, I implore you to add the link "AA Stats Tracker" (http://www.aaotracker.com) back to the America's Army wiki page. Take the Battlefield 2 wiki page as an example; you can even find there a link to a "stats tracking website" (see External links -> Battlefield 2 Stats). I reiterate, the website is not an "advertisement for a fan page" as you have stated, it is legitimately connected to the game as the only website available to track a players statistics, and I request that the link be replaced on the America's Army wiki page. --Jaytech 17:22, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually a response like "There is no problem using the gallery content" does not suffice because the copyright holder needs to offically put it under a license (like GFDL or Creative Commons) which means that he generally accepts that this image may be distributed freely and globally. You should use the following: Boilerplate request for permission. I personally don't care anymore.
 * Concerning the external link, I think that only because it's a major fansite is why it should be added. However, please work a little bit on your description, because "stats tracking website" is unfortunately not a concept everyone understands and what can be looked up in a dictionary. If it was only there to provide statistics for players, it should not be linked because that is player specific and not useful for common readers. It is certainly one of the hugest fan communities around that game and that's the real legitimate reason to include it. If you look at the bottom links, you'll find an article of a journalist named Gary Webb. In his article, he's referring to it and I think that thereby there might be a reason for inclusion in the text. But unfortunately that's the only source I found that describes the role of aaotracker in relation to the game. Aaotracker itself is not offering any useful information (at least for non-players) and therefore it cannot serve as link to provide additional information. Nevertheless, I added it. It's not the only service tracking players, this AAHonor(PragmaticSolutions) is going to be the primary tracker soon, I guess. RememberMe 13:21, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:RememberMe


text:
Portal:Biology/Projects

WikiProjects connected with biology:
 * Computational biology
 * Conservation worldwide
 * Ecology
 * Extinction
 * Ecoregions
 * Evolutionary biology
 * Game theory
 * Genetics
 * History of Science
 * Marine life
 * Medicine
 * Microbiology
 * Molecular and Cellular Biology
 * Neuroscience
 * Tree of Life
 * Fungi
 * Plants
 * Arthropods
 * Bivalves
 * Cephalopods
 * Gastropods
 * Fishes
 * Amphibians and Reptiles
 * Birds
 * Mammals
 * Viruses

A complete list of scientific WikiProjects can be found here. See also Wikispecies, a Wikimedia project dedicated to classification of biological species.

title: Portal:Biology/Projects


text:
1591 in music

Events

 * Alonso Lobo, Spanish composer, is appointed maestro de capilla by Seville Cathedral.
 * Ruggiero Giovannelli, Italian composer and successor to Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina at St. Peter's, acquires post at Collegio Germanico in Rome.
 * Giulio Belli, Italian composer, is appointed maestro di cappella at cathedral in Carpi, Italy.
 * Giovanni Bernardino Nanino, Italian composer of the Roman School, is appointed maestro di cappella at S Luigi dei Francesi in Rome.
 * John Bull becomes organist for Elizabeth I at the Chapel Royal.
 * Emilio de' Cavalieri serves as a papal spy, engaging in several secret vote-buying missions to Florence.

Publications

 * Giammateo Asola
 * Second book of masses for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
 * 3 Masses for six voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
 * John Baldwin completes My Ladye Nevells Booke, a manuscript anthology of keyboard music by William Byrd
 * Paolo Bellasio – Madrigals for three, four, five, six, seven, and eight voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
 * William Byrd, Catholic composer in England, publishes his Cantiones sacrae, Book 2, for five and six voices (London: Thomas East for William Byrd)
 * Giovanni Croce – Compietta for eight voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti), music for Compline, his first publication
 * Scipione Dentice – First book of madrigals for five voices (Naples: Matteo Cancer)
 * John Farmer – Divers and sundrie waies of two parts in one (London: Thomas East), a collection of vocal canons
 * Stefano Felis
 * Third book of motets for five voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto)
 * Sixth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Scipione Rizzo for Girolamo Scotto)
 * Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi – Balletti a5, published in Venice
 * Gioseffo Guami – Fourth book of madrigals for five and six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
 * Adam Gumpelzhaimer
 * Compendium musicae (Augsburg: Valentin Schönigk), a music theory textbook in Latin and German
 * Neue Teutsche Geistliche Lieder for three voices (Augsburg: Valentin Schönigk)
 * Hans Leo Hassler – Cantiones sacrae de festis praecipuis totius anni for four, five, six, seven, eight, and more voices (Augsburg: Valentin Schönigk), a large collection of motets
 * Marc'Antonio Ingegneri – First book of motets for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
 * Luca Marenzio – Fifth book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
 * Philippe de Monte – Sixth book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
 * Johannes Nucius – Modulationes sacrae modis musicis for five and six voices (Prague: Georg Nigrinus)
 * Pietro Paolo Paciotto has his first book of masses published in Venice by Alessandro Gardano
 * Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer, publishes a group of Magnificat settings, in Rome
 * Andreas Pevernage – Fourth book of chansons for five voices (Antwerp: widow of Plantin & Jean Mourentorf)
 * Giaches de Wert, Franco-Flemish composer, publishes his tenth book of madrigals

Births

 * October 6 – Settimia Caccini, Italian composer and singer, younger daughter of Giulio Caccini and sister of Francesca Caccini (died 1638)
 * date unknown
 * Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Cretan music theorist, in Candia (Iraklion) (died 1655)
 * Robert Dowland, lutenist and composer (died 1641)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Jacobus de Kerle, Netherlandish composer
 * February 10 – Ambrose Lupo, court musician and composer to Tudor monarchs (date of birth unknown)
 * May 23 – John Blitheman, organist and composer (born 1525)
 * July 2 – Vincenzo Galilei, Italian composer, lutenist and music theorist, father of Galileo (born 1520)
 * July 18 – Jacobus Gallus (Jakob Handl), Slovene composer (born 1550)
 * July 30 – Andreas Pevernage, Flemish composer (born 1542/43)
 * date unknown
 * Joan Brudieu, composer (born 1520)
 * William Mundy, composer of sacred music (born 1529)

title: 1591 in music