text:
Gestational age

In obstetrics, gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy taken from the beginning of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP), or the corresponding age of the gestation as estimated by a more accurate method, if available. Such methods include adding 14 days to a known duration since fertilization (as is possible in in vitro fertilization), or by obstetric ultrasonography. The popularity of using this measure of pregnancy is largely due to convenience: menstruation is usually noticed, while there is generally no convenient way to discern when fertilization or implantation occurred.

Gestational age is contrasted with fertilization age which takes the date of fertilization as the start date of gestation. There are different approaches to defining the start of a pregnancy. This definition is unusual for saying that women become "pregnant" two weeks before having sex. The definition of pregnancy and the calculation of gestational age are also relevant in the context of the abortion debate and the beginning of human personhood.

Methods
According to American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the main methods to calculate gestational age are:
 * Directly calculating the days since the beginning of the last menstrual period
 * Early obstetric ultrasound, comparing the size of an embryo or fetus to that of a reference group of pregnancies of known gestational age (such as calculated from last menstrual periods) and using the mean gestational age of other embryos or fetuses of the same size. If the gestational age as calculated from an early ultrasound is contradictory to the one calculated directly from the last menstrual period, it is still the one from the early ultrasound that is used for the rest of the pregnancy.
 * In case of in vitro fertilization, calculating days since oocyte retrieval or co-incubation and adding 14 days.

Gestational age can also be estimated by calculating days from ovulation if it was estimated from related signs or ovulation tests, and adding 14 days by convention.

A more complete listing of methods is given in following table:

As a general rule, the official gestational age should be based on the actual beginning of the last menstrual period, unless any of the above methods gives an estimated date that differs more than the variability for the method, in which case the difference cannot probably be explained by that variability alone. For example, if there is a gestational age based on the beginning of the last menstrual period of 9.0 weeks, and a first-trimester obstetric ultrasonography gives an estimated gestational age of 10.0 weeks (with a 2 SD variability of ±8% of the estimate, thereby giving a variability of ±0.8 weeks), the difference of 1.0 weeks between the tests is larger than the 2 SD variability of the ultrasonography estimate, indicating that the gestational age estimated by ultrasonography should be used as the official gestational age.

Once the estimated due date (EDD) is established, it should rarely be changed, as the determination of gestational age is most accurate earlier in the pregnancy.

Assessment of gestational age can be made based on selected head and trunk parameters. Following are diagrams for estimating gestational age from obstetric ultrasound, by various target parameters:

Comparison to fertilization age
The fertilization or conceptional age (also called embryonic age and later fetal age) is the time from the fertilization. It usually occurs within a day of ovulation, which, in turn, occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation (LMP). There is also considerable variability in this interval, with a 95% prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP-to-ovulation time of 14.6. In a reference group representing all women, the 95% prediction interval of the LMP-to-ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days. The actual variability between gestational age as estimated from the beginning of the last menstrual period (without the use of any additional method mentioned in previous section) is substantially larger because of uncertainty which menstrual cycle gave rise to the pregnancy. For example, the menstruation may be scarce enough to give the false appearance that an earlier menstruation gave rise to the pregnancy, potentially giving an estimated gestational age that is approximately one month too large. Also, vaginal bleeding occurs during 15–25% of first trimester pregnancies, and may be mistaken as menstruation, potentially giving an estimated gestational age that is too low.

Uses
Gestational age is used for example for:
 * The events of prenatal development, which usually occur at specific gestational ages. Hence, the gestational timing of a fetal toxin exposure, fetal drug exposure or vertically transmitted infection can be used to predict the potential consequences to the fetus.
 * Estimated date of delivery
 * Scheduling prenatal care
 * Estimation of fetal viability
 * Calculating the results of various prenatal tests, (for example, in the triple test).
 * Birth classification into for example preterm, term or postterm.
 * Classification of infant deaths and stillbirths
 * Postnatally (after birth) to estimate various risk factors

Estimation of due date

The mean pregnancy length has been estimated to be 283.4 days of gestational age as timed from the first day of the last menstrual period and 280.6 days when retrospectively estimated by obstetric ultrasound measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) in the second trimester. Other algorithms take into account other variables, such as whether this is the first or subsequent child, the mother's race, age, length of menstrual cycle, and menstrual regularity. In order to have a standard reference point, the normal pregnancy duration is assumed by medical professionals to be 280 days (or 40 weeks) of gestational age. Furthermore, actual childbirth has only a certain probability of occurring within the limits of the estimated due date. A study of singleton live births determined that childbirth has a standard deviation of 14 days when gestational age is estimated by first-trimester ultrasound and 16 days when estimated directly by last menstrual period.

The most common system used among healthcare professionals is Naegele's rule, which estimates the expected date of delivery (EDD) by adding a year, subtracting three months, and adding seven days to the first day of a woman's last menstrual period (LMP) or corresponding date as estimated from other means.

Medical fetal viability
There is no sharp limit of development, gestational age, or weight at which a human fetus automatically becomes viable. According to studies between 2003 and 2005, 20 to 35 percent of babies born at 23 weeks of gestation survive, while 50 to 70 percent of babies born at 24 to 25 weeks, and more than 90 percent born at 26 to 27 weeks, survive. It is rare for a baby weighing less than 500 g (17.6 ounces) to survive. A baby's chances for survival increases 3–4% per day between 23 and 24 weeks of gestation and about 2–3% per day between 24 and 26 weeks of gestation. After 26 weeks the rate of survival increases at a much slower rate because survival is high already. Prognosis depends also on medical protocols on whether to resuscitate and aggressively treat a very premature newborn, or whether to provide only palliative care, in view of the high risk of severe disability of very preterm babies.

Birth classification
Using gestational age, births can be classified into broad categories:

Using the LMP (last menstrual period) method, a full-term human pregnancy is considered to be 40 weeks (280 days), though pregnancy lengths between 38 and 42 weeks are considered normal. A fetus born prior to the 37th week of gestation is considered to be preterm. A preterm baby is likely to be premature and consequently faces increased risk of morbidity and mortality. An estimated due date is given by Naegele's rule.

According to the WHO, a preterm birth is defined as "babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed." According to this classification, there are three sub-categories of preterm birth, based on gestational age: extremely preterm (fewer than 28 weeks), very preterm (28 to 32 weeks), moderate to late preterm (32 to 37 weeks). Various jurisdictions may use different classifications.

In classifying perinatal deaths, stillbirths and infant deaths
For most of the 20th century, official definitions of a live birth and infant death in the Soviet Union and Russia differed from common international standards, such as those established by the World Health Organization in the latter part of the century. Babies who were fewer than 28 weeks of gestational age, or weighed fewer than 1000 grams, or fewer than 35 cm in length – even if they showed some sign of life (breathing, heartbeat, voluntary muscle movement) – were classified as "live fetuses" rather than "live births." Only if such newborns survived seven days (168 hours) were they then classified as live births. If, however, they died within that interval, they were classified as stillbirths. If they survived that interval but died within the first 365 days they were classified as infant deaths.

More recently, thresholds for "fetal death" continue to vary widely internationally, sometimes incorporating weight as well as gestational age. The gestational age for statistical recording of fetal deaths ranges from 16 weeks in Norway, to 20 weeks in the US and Australia, 24 weeks in the UK, and 26 weeks in Italy and Spain.

The WHO defines the perinatal period as "The perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation and ends seven completed days after birth." Perinatal mortality is the death of fetuses or neonates during the perinatal period. A 2013 study found that "While only a small proportion of births occur before 24 completed weeks of gestation (about 1 per 1000), survival is rare and most of them are either fetal deaths or live births followed by a neonatal death."

Postnatal use
Gestational age (as well as fertilization age) is sometimes used postnatally (after birth) to estimate various risk factors. For example, it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Factors affecting pregnancy length
Child's gestational age at birth (pregnancy length) is associated with various likely causal maternal non-genetic factors: stress during pregnancy, age, parity, smoking, infection and inflammation, BMI. Also, preexisting maternal medical conditions with genetic component, e.g., diabetes mellitus type 1, systemic lupus erythematosus, anaemia. Parental ancestral background (race) also plays a role in pregnancy duration. Gestational age at birth is on average shortened by various pregnancy aspects: twin pregnancy, prelabor rupture of (fetal) membranes, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction. The ratio between fetal growth rate and uterine size (reflecting uterine distension) is suspected to partially determine the pregnancy length.

Heritability of pregnancy length
Family-based studies showed that gestational age at birth is partially (25–40%) determined by genetic factors.

title: Gestational age


text:
Talk:Ayr United F.C.

If any other Ayr fans find something wrong or incomplete from this page, feel free to edit it.

New shirt sponsor
Couldn't find any mention of their new shirt sponsor being Tampax, and as a result I've removed it as it appears it was vandalism.

David3001 00:24, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

unsigned comment added by 81.129.147.240 (talk) 22:55, 12 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.158.175.168 (talk) 23:28, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

henry templeton not mentioned in famous players?????? he was one of the best —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ayrladdie (talk • contribs) 20:45, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Peter Price
Having looked at your stats of notible players, Peter Price has an English flag next to his name i can assyre you he is very much Scottish. He has also been entered into Ayr United's hall of fame along with Ally Macloed, I hope this has kept you updated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.103.45.190 (talk) 16:50, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Richie Williams a notable player? Ha ha ha! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.129.147.240 (talk) 22:57, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

the second division is the third tier of scottish football behind the spl and the first division

No wonder Wikipedia gets a name for being unreliable. Some of the names on the list of notable players beggars belief. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.113.117 (talk) 21:40, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Mergers
RE: Being the only club until Inverness Caley Thistle to be formed by merger, I can tell you right now that is garbage. Aberdeen were formed in 1903 through the merger of Aberdeen, Orion and Victoria United Dumbarton were formed in 1889 after a merger between Dumbarton and Dumbarton Athletic Dundee were formed in 1893 after a merger beteen Our Boys and East End Motherwell were formed in 1886 after a merger between Alpha and Glencairn Queen of the South were formed in 1919 after a merger between Dumfries, 5th King's Own Scottish Borderers and Arrol-Johnston

Ayr United's merger was not the only, nor even the most recent prior to Inverness. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.153.13.59 (talk) 23:56, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

You have missed the point. Ayr United has been formed by the only merger of two LEAGUE clubs in Scotland. The bit about the Murray vote is wrong. It was 56-4 against him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.113.117 (talk) 21:35, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Inclusion of "part-time" in lede
For avoidance of doubt, this inclusion is not intended to disparage Ayr United. Quite the opposite, since they compete in a league which contains some other teams which are professional. Please do not pretend that sourced edits made in good faith are vandalism, just because you may disagree with them. 94.14.78.108 (talk) 19:09, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Both myself and user User:Adam4267 have advised you that it shouldn't be there. For now there is no consensus for inclusion once that has happened then it can be re added. Warburton1368 (talk) 19:27, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:Daniel Harvey Hill

Special Order 191
Don't know much about the Civil War but came here after reading about Special_Order_191 - Hill, or one of his subordinates, failed to look after the order papers, leading to a narrow defeat at the Battle_of_Antietam. Fairly glaring omission from his biography? --Davoloid (talk) 16:57, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Might this have had something to do with Lee's mistrust of Hill's abilities? Valetude (talk) 18:31, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

Anti-Yankee algebra
The article should definitely mention his infamous 1857 anti-Yankee algebra textbook (see http://www.cmhpf.org/personalities/DHHill.html etc. for some exceprts). AnonMoos 07:07, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

But enough from me...
I'm hardly an authority on D. H. Hill; I was just saw that it was missing. I barely knew anything before I started the article. He seems to have have been a pain-in-the-neck kind of guy, but I didn't say that in the article; it just sounds POV. -- A D Monroe III 23:30, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The following text in the article is in error:

He took part in the Second Bull Run campaign in August-September 1862,

D. H. Hill’s Division did not participate in the Battle of Second Bull Run. He and his troops were stationed south of the James River. His assignment there was to make the withdrawal of General McClellan’s Army of the Potomac from Harrison’s Landing as difficult as possible. Hill was provided with an abundance of artillery to harass the Federal shipping on the river but he failed to organize more than token resistance. Lee recalled him as a division commander to the Army of Northern Virginia but did not arrive until the Battle of Second Bull Run (Manassas) had been fought.

The following text omits important facts and is misleading:

and in the Antietam campaign the stubborn resistance of D. H. Hill’s division in the passes of South Mountain enabled Robert E. Lee to concentrate for battle.

It is true enough that D. H. Hill’s division resisted stubbornly at South Mountain winning an additional 24 hours time for T. J. Jackson to complete operations at Harper’s Ferry and at least begin the return trip to Sharpsburg, Maryland. But this is not the complete truth. Although, General D. H. Hill had been at Boonsboro, Maryland for three days before the battle he had not inspected the South Mountain passes. As a result he was not aware that a road crossed the mountain at Fox’s Gap about one mile south of Turner’s Gap until he found Cox’s division occupying Fox’s Gap shortly after daylight on September 14, 1862. Apparently he did not recognize the significance of holding the South Mountain passes and he delayed ordering most of his troops to the mountain crest until September 14th. He was very fortunate not to loose his grip on the passes before Longstreet’s troops from Hagerstown arrived later in the day.

The text in the article would lead the reader to believe that D. H. Hill’s performance at South Mountain was above average when actually he was far luckier than he had a right to expect.

Suggestion:

In conjunction with the battle of South Mountain on September 14, 1862 it would be interesting to discuss the known facts regarding the “Lost Dispatch.” The copy of Special Order 191 addressed to General D. H. Hill was lost and fell into the hands of Federal troops. The order was passed on to General McClellan gravely endangering the Confederate military effort in Maryland. Responsibility for the lost order has never been completely pinpointed.

Thomas Miller Mühlbachstr. 11 89250 Senden Federal Republic of Germany

E-mail: Miller.Senden@t-online.de

 * I agree with the objection concerning D.H. Hill's participation in the Second Bull Run campaign. CSA Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill took part in the battle as one of Stonewall Jackson's divisional commanders. (David J. Eicher, The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War, p. 324.)

 * In a report in the Official Records (Series I, Volume XIX, Part 1, p. 1019,) D. H. Hill accounted for his activities in this period thus:
 * "On August 21, I left Petersburg to join the army in Northern Virginia, and was given command of McLaw's division and three brigades of my own division, at Hanover Junction. The brigades of Ripley and Colquitt, of my division, were in advance of us at Orange Court-House."
 * "On August 26, we left Hanover Junction and joined General Lee at Chantilly on September 2, three days after the Yankees had been finally and decisively beaten in the second great battle of Manassas."

 * I will remove the line from the article with my next edit. -- W Webb Research (talk) 21:17, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

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 * The above applies to an earlier version of the image with the same name; the current version of the image is not in question. --A D Monroe III (talk) 18:41, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

= West Point colleagues =

D.H. Hill must have been at West Point with Grant, Sherman and many other big names of the future Civil War. Might be good to hear any friendships, enmities, anecdotes. 86.145.155.99 (talk) 01:01, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Hill Losing Three Horses at Antietam
I am trying to track down whether this story is true or myth, so I checked the reference. I have read D.H. Hills entire official account of the battle and although he mentions Jackson losing a horse before the battle, nowhere in it does he claim to have lost any horses. I am going to delete this line. If someone can find an accurate (reliable) citation, it could be added back. 2601:D:2C00:8D00:5C:3206:F562:D2EA (talk) 18:14, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

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I-Ninja

I-Ninja is an action video game developed by Argonaut Games and published by Namco Hometek for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube. A Game Boy Advance version of the game was announced, then later cancelled.

Plot
The game starts with the protagonist, a hot-blooded yet very rude Ninja in training (simply named Ninja), who comes to rescue his Sensei (simply named Sensei) from the Ranx sent by Ninja's nemesis, Emperor O-Dor. Ninja saves Sensei by defeating the Ranx. Then, a creature comes to attack Ninja which he deals with easily. The creature then spits out a Rage Stone which Ninja touches and goes into a fit of rage and accidentally kills Sensei. Sensei comes back as a ghost and tells Ninja that there are more Rage Stones and with their power, he can defeat O-Dor. Sensei then sends Ninja to find the second Rage Stone in Robot Beach. Ninja then arrives at Robot Beach.

Ninja arrives in Robot Beach and is told to rebuild Tekeyama, a giant robot that guarded Robot Beach before Kyza came. Ninja rebuilds Tekeyama and starts to fight Kyza in which he defeats him. Inside Kyza, a Rage Stone is found and Ninja retrieves it. Like before, he is unable to control the stone at first, and dashes around the area before heading for the next level. The guardian of Robot Beach and creator of Tekeyama, Yang, thanks Ninja by opening the gate to Bomb Bay, the location of the next Rage Stone.

Ninja arrives at Bomb Bay and saves it from many of the dangers the Ranx have set up. Ninja then finds a submarine inside a giant bomb and fights the mechanical fish, Ventis for the next Rage Stone. Ninja then meets the guardian of Bomb Bay, Aria. If anybody saves Aria from something, she always rewards the hero with hugs and kisses, with Ninja being no exception. She then tries to hug and kiss him, while he struggles not to harm her with the rage stone's power. Ninja opens the gate and gets away from Aria, not before calling her a "fish girl" and walking off.

The next area Ninja lands in is the Jungle Falls which is being haunted by the underworld demon, Psyamon. Ninja saves the jungle by defeating the Ranx. When Psyamon finds Ninja, Ninja is not ready to fight so he finds a battle suit which destroys the underworld demon. Ninja then meets Twikki, the guardian of the Jungle Falls (and a passive/cowardly one at that.) Ninja also locates O-Dor's Rage Stone which he uses, despite Twikki's warning to save him from an army of Ranx.

Ninja then enters Mountain Gorge where he saves the Mountains from the new, more powerful Ranx. After saving the mountains, Ninja meets O-Dor's right-hand man, Malakai, who can control the elements. Ninja wins and takes a moon-shaped Rage Stone. After a confusing moment of Ninja climbing all over the large stone, trying to use it, a female ninja, Zarola, tells Ninja that the stone was a Teleport Stone, not a Rage Stone which will take him to O-Dor's secret moon base. She also tells him about the stone of life which can resurrect the dead or grant immortality to the living, offering Ninja a chance to resurrect Sensei or live forever. Then, Zarola sends Ninja off.

Ninja arrives at the Moon Base and fights all sorts of Ranx until Ninja finds where O-Dor was hiding out. Ninja and O-Dor then have a battle across space until Ninja makes O-Dor blow up. Ninja then finds the stone of light and decides to use it on himself. Sensei feels disappointed by Ninja's selfishness and floats away. Ninja starts to feel bad and then remembers Sensei saying that "Actions speak louder than words." Ninja throws the shuriken shaped stone at Sensei, and giving Sensei his life back. With everything back to normal, Ninja and Sensei teleport back to Earth. As soon as they leave, O-Dor manages to resurrect himself, ending the game on a cliffhanger.

Gameplay
The main character in I-Ninja has a variety of acrobatic abilities that are used throughout the game to defeat the Ranx army led by Master O-Dor. In addition to basic skills such as running and jumping, Ninja can also double jump, spin his sword around while midair for a limited time and use it to fall slower than normal, and use the shape of the environment to his advantage. Throughout the game there are several uniquely designed walls that Ninja can run on, and points where Ninja can use his grappling hook to swing across a gap.

Certain levels also provide Ninja with explosive darts and ricocheting shuriken to use against his foes; both of these can be aimed using a first-person view, but shuriken can also be thrown with an auto-aim feature. Occasionally, Ninja will encounter an enemy that will leap into the air with him (in anime fashion) to battle, and the two will remain suspended in a sort of flying void until the foe is defeated. While in this void, Ninja flies around and can dash, slash with his sword, perform an unblockable but heavily delayed thrusting attack, and throw shuriken if he has them. As Ninja attacks he will build an attack gauge that, when filled to certain levels, can be spent to temporarily enhance his abilities.

As the player progresses through the game he will gain access to more of these abilities; using them he can increase his strength, heal his life bar, ride a giant shuriken to quickly slay foes, or even become invincible, which allows him to greatly harm enemies in his vicinity without even touching them. When Ninja activates invincibility, he says "I-Ninja!", which provides the game with its namesake.

Development
The game was announced on 5 November 2002, as part of a two-game deal between publisher Namco Hometek and developer Argonaut Games. Initially announced only for the PlayStation 2 and GameCube, an Xbox version was announced on 4 August 2003. On 3 July, Namco Hometek announced that Don Bluth and Gary Goldman would handle the game's 3D cutscenes. On 25 September, it was announced that Sony Computer Entertainment Europe would publish the game in Europe as a PlayStation 2 exclusive.

Reception
The GameCube and Xbox versions received "generally favorable reviews", while the PlayStation 2 version received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

IGN's Douglass C. Perry said, "I-Ninja packs so much personality and attitude into its formulaic design that its charm and personality lift it above the fray of me-too titles." GameSpot reviewer Ryan Davis said, "At first glance, I-Ninja may appear to be a simple action game designed for kids, but in reality, it is anything but. The visual style may seem kid-friendly, but the level of challenge I-Ninja has to offer keeps the game interesting for a wider audience." Pong Sifu of GamePro said of the PlayStation 2 version, "An innocuous, lighthearted romp that's been done, and done much better with plumbers, hedgehogs, and marsupials, what really makes I-Ninja more Michael Dudikoff than Sonny Chiba are the cheap-shot challenges that make you replay levels, only against a clock...woah."

The game's protagonist has been included on the lists of video gaming's top 10 ninja characters by 1Up.com in 2004 and PC World in 2010.

title: I-Ninja


text:
User:David.rand

 * Name: David Rand
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title: User:David.rand


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Sandy Bay, Gibraltar

Sandy Bay is a village, bay and beach located on a small bay on the eastern Mediterranean coast of Gibraltar, on the opposite side of The Rock from the main city. It is situated to the south of Catalan Bay and is accessible via Sir Herbert Miles Road.

Water catchments
Directly above Sandy Bay and the Sir Herbert Miles coast road were Gibraltar's large water catchments, which are no longer in use. The slope on which they sat is the Great Gibraltar Sand Dune, an ancient consolidated sand dune which dominates the east side of the Rock of Gibraltar. The dune's naturally smooth surface allowed for the construction of a water catchment area made up of a corrugated steel sheets and a layer of concrete. Rainwater flowed down the slope into an open channel which fed into the reservoir system inside The Rock.

In 1898, work began on four 5 million gallon water reservoirs which were cut into the western side of The Rock. They were officially opened by Governor George Stuart White in 1901. These reservoirs were fed by relatively small water catchment areas on the western side of The Rock.

The water catchments above Sandy Bay were built in stages between 1903 and 1961, and were designed to cater for Gibraltar's ever increasing demand. The original plan was to cover an area of 10 acre. Between 1911 and 1914 a fifth reservoir was excavated inside the Rock and the catchment area increased to 24 acre. By 1961 the total catchment area had increased to its maximum of 34 acre.

Today
In 2001, the Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society began to manage the phased work of dismantling this catchment construction. By 2006 the slope was entirely restored to its natural state and is now completely covered in vegetation native to this unique habitat of Gibraltar.

It is possible to continue south along Sir Herbert Miles road and through Dudley Ward Tunnel all the way to Europa Point at the southern tip of Gibraltar. Following a rockfall on 18 February 2002, which killed a man, the Government concluded that the risk of further such incidents was too great, and the tunnel was closed indefinitely. However, in 2007 its reopening was suggested by the Government to ease traffic flow in the area of the new Rosia residential developments. The tunnel re-opened in November 2010, on completion of extensive engineering works.

Sandy Bay is home to one of the few residential areas on the east side of The Rock, known as Both Worlds.

Regeneration works
On 25 June 2014, officials of Gibraltar inaugurated the new Sandy Bay after a considerable public investment to recover the almost non-existent beach. The works enlarged the beach with approximately 50,000 tons of sand imported from Laayoune in the Western Sahara. Two curved groynes and a frontal breakwater were constructed to protect the beach from the full erosional impact of wave action and trap shifting sand, including a submerged breakwater connecting the ends of both groynes.

title: Sandy Bay, Gibraltar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Crimerama

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:59, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Crimerama
An ad in Portuguese for some short story on the web. JoaoRicardo 23:35, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable, advertisement, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 02:14, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, lit ad. Wyss 22:22, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a cut-n-paste job from a Geocities web site (extlink in the article), doubtless intended as an advertisement. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:13, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this advert. Bart133 (t) 02:16, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:Romantic music

title: Category:Romantic music


text:
User:Plowboylifestyle

Hi, I'm a cinematographer. I'm a hard core inclusionist. I contribute mostly to articles about special effects, cinematography and computer graphics. Right now: Match moving,Sprite,Time-lapse,Shutter angle Nollywood

I'm a Graphic Artist Wikipedian and you can check out my gallery here and place requests on my talk page.

I'm also interested in making Wikipedia more like the Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy or a more Terrestrial travel guide and so try to contribute to Geographical coordinates WikiProject stuff about mapping extensions can be found on my meta page here.

About my handle
Plowboy - comes from an incident in my teenaged years where I was asked to come eat by my uncle while I was sleeping. I replied that I needed to first "plow the office" which perhaps relates the hardwood floors in my parents office that appeared to me as furrows in my half-dream state. My family started calling me plowboy. Later I worked on a ranch and was photographed by that same uncle plowing a field.

Lifestyle - comes from a small fad in the late ninety's of adding the word 'lifestyle' to the names of fashionable magazines and product lines, such as Blue Adventure Lifestyle Magazine and Icon Thoughtstyle Magazine. Instead of a soda we could all drink Invigoration-Lifestyle-Beverages, ummm this new lifestyle tastes great. I found this newspeak absurd and so ironically attached lifestyle to the end of my name.

The fad has ended, these days it would be more appropriate to go by iPlowboy, but Plowboylifestyle lives on. Sometimes this is written as two words Plowboy Lifestyle. But if you really want to make me smile refer to me on talk pages as The Plowboy Lifestyle. (The Plowboy Lifestyle) I'm more than a plowboy, I'm a lifestyle choice.

In life my knicknames include:
 * CrazyLegs
 * Blue Eagle aka: Sam the Eagle
 * Snake - taken from the Kurt Russell character in Escape from New York.

title: User:Plowboylifestyle


text: User talk:68.60.13.236

title: User talk:68.60.13.236


text:
Talk:Back beat

Words
Replace the word "second" with the word "third" in the falowing:
 * "the tension between the normally much stronger first and second beats and the backbeats creates interest."

should read
 * "the tension between the normally much stronger first and third beats and the backbeats creates interest."

"Just let me hear some of that Rock 'n' Roll music, any old way you choose it, it's got a back beat you can't lose it, any old time you use it, gotta be Rock 'n' Roll music, if you wanna dance with me, if you wanna dance with me." The Beatles simply rock.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 207.5.239.161 (talk • contribs) 18:50, February 4, 2005 (UTC)

Off-beat
Is "off beat" synonymous with "back beat"? I've always thought of the off beat as the beats between the down and back beats (or as the odd eight notes).

 * If you read the article "Back beat (or "the off-beat") refers to any of the even beats in music" regardless of metric level, so that both the odd quarter and eighth notes are off/back beats on the beat level and the first division level, respectively. Hyacinth 00:59, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Beat between down and back
This question is sort of along the same lines as the unsigned "Off-beat" q above. I used to think the sequence went "DOWN-up-BACK-up" but this article refutes that. I'm thinking of a simple rock beat where the sequence is kick drum & hi-hat, hi-hat, snare drum & hi-hat, hi-hat.... What do you call the times when only the hi-hat is played? Boris B 08:32, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

My degree is in music, and when musicians refer to the off-beat, they usually mean the beats that occur between the four main beats in 4/4 time (usually counted 1&2&3&4&). I have never heard back beats refered to as off-beats. I think it's wrong, so I will change it in a few days, if no one objects. --Wikidan81 01:46, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

 * nobody objects if you source your information using text books. The article really needs text book refs. My research indicates that the offbeat is probably any of the even eighth notes (2,4, 6 & 8). I think it's a note that doesn't start on a quarter beat 1 2 3 or 4, but more rsrch is needed.--I'll bring the food 03:44, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Thrash?
Why single out thrash metal? Yes, it usually has a strong back beat, but it's not unique in that regard.

Ccrrccrr 13:40, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Origins
Did it really start in the 1940s? There are Jelly Roll Morton recordings (like Shreveport) which I'd say have a pretty definite backbeat. Kisch 19:10, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys were using a 2-4 back beat as early as their first recording session in 1935. Listen to songs like "Get with It."

 * I listened to some of Bob Wills early recordings (not "Get With It", though) and I can't find any backbeat, but a considerable offbeat, maybe you are mistaking these two? Imho, the boogie-woogie origins seem absolutely correct. Don't take it too serious, but listen to the Andrews Sisters' "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" from the 1941 Movie 'Buck Privates'. The funny ‘plot’ evolves around a guy with the boogie style who's audience “clap their hands […] because they know how he plays when someone gives him a beat” and then an explicit back beat handclapping starts for the rest of the song! --Feinmotoriker (talk) 23:28, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Back beat sure seems to be a Boogie thing, I just found this eponymous song on youtube: Harry James "Back Beat Boogie" (1939). The back beat evolves over the song and becomes apparent at about two minutes until the end. LINK: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVLgP4s_7TU . --Feinmotoriker (talk) 00:16, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * That's not really a source. Hyacinth (talk) 00:47, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Doesn't matter if this is a source or not, it contributes to the discussion, gives some new insights and even gives some freely available examples for those who want to listen to one (somebody asked for at the end of this discussion). Btw, what could be a better source for the development of music, if not music itself? The books you want me to quote (if there are any) would just talk about the very same music, so why make a detour in this discussion? --Feinmotoriker (talk) 01:07, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * See Citing sources and Reliable sources. But, more immediately, songs are often named for what makes them unique, not what makes them generic. The existence of one song using a technique is not proof regarding a genre. The title is not proof that the title itself means "boogie" or "back beat" in the same sense that we are discussing. Hyacinth (talk) 02:46, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * As I said, I don't want to prove anything. If I had a proof, I would drop the facts into the main article, not the discussion. Got it? Besides, why are you resisting so heavily against this boogie theory? Do you have any eligible idea? Think of Occam's razor... and even if boogie is not the real origin of the back beat, it could be the source of back beat in the history of popular music. There is one more thing: I know very well what citing is all about. Don't care about that and don't waste your time instructing somebody who doesn't need to be instructed. --Feinmotoriker (talk) 03:14, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I thought we where talking about the article. Hyacinth (talk) 03:40, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry to disappoint you, but in this paragraph we are talking about the origins of back beat. --Feinmotoriker (talk) 16:36, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Where is the claim that the backbeat "started" in the 40s? Common sense says that the odd beats existed before then. Hyacinth (talk) 02:48, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I can absolutely imagine that it existed before then, but you can't rely on common sense, you have to find some proof! ;-) --Feinmotoriker (talk) 03:14, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Rock beats and their definitions
Two topics I'd like to see addressed in the back beat article (or elsewhere), but don't feel competent to tackle myself:

First question: When a back beat is routinely defined as putting the emphasis on the 2nd and 4th beats in a 4/4 measure, what keeps these beats from being considered the new strong beats, i.e., beats 1 and 3, instead of 2, and 4? The Wikipedia article on time signatures (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signatures) for instance, points out that most of the time, the downbeat (beat 1) receives the most emphasis, and in 4/4 meter, commonly the 3rd beat also receives emphasis, albeit to a lesser degree. So when the back beats (2 & 4) are emphasized, what keeps them from becoming beats 1 and 3, just offsetting the location of the beats in a piece? That the casual listener feels the beat in this way is demonstrated by crowds that begin clapping to the beat in rock concerts. Invariably they clap on the so called back beats, beats 2 & 4, not on 1 & 3. So what is it about the music that keeps these back beats as beats 2 & 4, instead of them simply becoming beats 1 & 3 by default?

Second question: the definition of back beat is not enough to really define what it is that makes rock music rock music. Instead, it's the combination of sounds that are used on those beats. The sound pattern that I would call BOOM CHICK BOOM CHICK BOOM CHICK etc. I assume this is the sound that is referred to in the section titled "Beat between down and back" above as "kick drum, snare drum" (the hi-hat parts don't matter so much for this point). Is this drum pattern analyzed, described, or defined anywhere? It seems to be the universal rhythmic underpinning of most popular music since the 1950's when rock 'n' roll took off, and yet I rarely see any "scholarly" or serious discussion of it anywhere. Will.s 04:57, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Answer to first question: I can't provide a sourced explanation, but with a back beat the stress in the melody is still on the 1 and 3, while the stress in the rhythm section is on 2 and 4.

 * This has to do with the larger structure of a song, which is associated with harmonic progression. --Feinmotoriker (talk) 00:38, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Answer to second question: It doesn't matter which sounds you use, it's about the position of those sounds in a bar. If every event of your pattern is put onto one beat of a 4/4-beat (beat level), then it's a back beat. If every ‘BOOM’ stands for one beat and the ‘CHICK’ is played between two consecutive beats, then you have an offbeat. As you can see, “beat between down and back” makes no sense at all, as the first beat is the downbeat and the second belongs to the backbeat. --Feinmotoriker (talk) 00:38, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Boom-chick is a verbal representation, you may not be familiar with, of a common style of country guitar, you may be familiar with. Boom does indeed stand for the odd beats and chick for the even ("chick-a" if subdivided). Hyacinth (talk) 03:46, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * As I don't use any conventions someone could not be familiar with, my explanation above is understandable for everybody. Does it really matter, if BOOM-CHICK refers to a common style of country guitar or to bass (BOOM) and snare drum (CHICK)? You really want to have the final say even if it has no value, don't you? --Feinmotoriker (talk) 16:30, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I think you misunderstood both my intention and my meaning ("you may not be familiar with" was a polite way of saying "you're obviously not though many people are"). A quick look at our discussion above shows who likes to have the final say. If you have a problem with me see User talk:Hyacinth. Otherwise, don't talk about me. Hyacinth (talk) 17:08, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Revert
Hi. I'm wondering why this page was reverted to a version that, in my opinion, contains much information that is unclear or impertinent to the topic (4/3/2007). Given that the subject is 'Back Beat', I believe the reverts give far too much weight to other things. Specific issues:

1. In a 12/8 measure, the Back Beat is NOT counted on beats 2 and 4, but rather 4 and 10 (which would provide a 2, 4 macrobeat).

2. The topic of Afterbeat is not directly related to the Back Beat. Perhaps it would be better suited to a page on Musical Beats or Percussion Styles.

3. In a 4/4 measure, beat 4 ALWAYS precedes a new musical bar.

4. Back Beat emphasis is certainly NOT "used in virtually all contemporary popular music." This POV disregards almost all music made outside of North America and Western Europe.

5. The paragraph regarding Reggae and James Brown is focused entirely on the Downbeat. This information takes up 1/3 of the article and is unneccessary to this page as the Back Beat is emphatically distinct from the Downbeat.

These issues aside, there is some good information to work with and I believe that the edits preceding the revert helped clarify and focus the subject. If you feel otherwise, please help the rest of us to understand why.

Benerickson1 22:12, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * They were attributed to other sources in the way they were rewritten. Could you delete some information, rather than rewrite? Or be more aware of the problem of inadvertantly in-line sourcing information that did not come from edits made? Also, what are your sources for the information YOU state? All edits to the article should be based on ATTRIBUTABLE, WP:VERIFIABLE WP:SOURCES, not facts (not trying to shout, just linking - don't assume hostility there's none here ;).--I'll bring the food (Talk - Contribs - My Watchlist) 03:43, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Put all the Grove in you want, but have it make sense
Someone removed this:

The effect can be easily simulated by repeatedly counting to four while alternating strong and weak beats:

 * 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 - the stress is on the "expected" beat

 * 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 - the stress is on the "unexpected" or syncopation beat

which is clear and illustrates what a back beat is. It was replaced by a mish-mosh of impossible-to-follow stuff claiming to quote Grove's Dictionary of Music:

The effect can be easily simulated by repeatedly counting to four while alternating strong and weak beats:

 * 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 -- backbeat emphasis (and in 4/4 if beat 4 immediately precedes a new musical bar then beat 4 is also an upbeat )
 * 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 -- downbeat emphasis (and in 4/4 if beat 4 immediately precedes a new musical bar then beat 4 is also an upbeat )
 * 1 2 3 4 1  2 3 4 -- Afterbeat emphasis (and in 4/4 if beat 4 immediately precedes a new musical bar then beat 4 is also an upbeat  )

If you must have Grove, have it, but put it in some technical details section that no one will read or understand.

You know, something without a footnote that makes sense is worth at least three times as much as something with a footnote that Leonard Bernstein couldn't follow (and certainly wouldn't say in a children's concert explaining the back beat). Ortolan88 22:24, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

I don't understand how the typographic use of bold and italic numbers relates to the musical sound ! I don't suppose someone could come up with a trivial MIDI file ? --195.137.93.171 18:48, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Well 195.137.93.171, put on your thinking cap: If you count from one to four, emphasizing the odd numbers, it doesn't rock, but if you countt from one to four emphasizing the even numbers, it does. The bold numbers show the emphasized beat, while the italic numbers show the unemphasized beat. No harm in a midi file, but it just isn't that hard, if you actually try, to understand the point this simple example is making. Ortolan88 (talk) 16:39, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Examples
If someone knows of a good example that's freely available online (for a listen)... please link to it. Philipolson (talk) 19:35, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Good example of what? Hyacinth (talk) 00:23, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

 * What is the weird beat in I'm Not Going Out Like That in Tougher Than Leather by Run-D.M.C.? Jidanni (talk) 00:05, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

WE NEED A SHORT AUDIO CLIP DEMONSTRATING THIS. "1 2 3 4" DOESN'T MEAN ANYTHING. Techno Faye Kane 20:16, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Writing in all caps doesn't make you louder or easier to understand. Ironically, "this" isn't too specific or meaningful either. Hyacinth (talk) 00:23, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Requested audio
I added an audio example to the article. Hyacinth (talk) 17:58, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Back beat


text:
Calico (disambiguation)

Calico is a plain-woven cotton textile.

It may also refer to:

Textiles

 * Calico (American English), the same as chintz

Animals

 * Calico (goldfish), goldfish that have a type of metallic and transparent scales
 * Calico butterfly, a genus of brush-footed butterflies commonly called the crackers, calicoes, or clicks
 * Calico cat, a domestic cat, almost always female, with the common three- or four-colored coat pattern calico
 * Calico grouper, a species of fish found in Bermuda and the United States

Plants

 * Alternanthera bettzickiana, also known as calico plant
 * Aristolochia littoralis, a species of vine also called calico flower
 * Flint corn, also called calico corn
 * Kalmia latifolia, a species of flowering plant also known as calico-bush
 * Loeseliastrum, a genus of flower plants also called calico

Places

 * Calico, California, a ghost town
 * Calico, North Carolina, an unincorporated community
 * Calico, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Calico Bay, a bay in North Carolina
 * Calico Hills, Humboldt County, Nevada
 * Calico Mountains (California), a mountain range in the Mojave Desert
 * Calico Early Man Site, a possible archaeological site in the mountain range
 * Calico Peaks, mountains within the Calico mountain range
 * Calico National Recreation Trail, Colorado
 * Calico Valley, a valley in Georgia

People

 * Tara Calico (born 1969), an American woman who disappeared in 1988
 * Tyrone Calico (born 1980), an American football wide receiver
 * Calico Cooper (born 1981), an American actress, singer, and dancer, and daughter of the rock and roll musician Alice Cooper and the dancer Sheryl Cooper
 * Calico Jack (1682–1720), an English pirate captain in the early 18th century
 * Calico (footballer) (born 1987), Portuguese footballer

Arts and entertainment

 * "Calico", a song from the album Anthology by Alien Ant Farm
 * Calico (album), 2023 album by Ryan Beatty
 * "Calico", a song from the 1993 album So Tough, by Saint Etienne
 * Calico, a fictional research vessel in the 1978-1981 TV series Godzilla
 * Dr Calico, a fictional character in the movie Bolt (2008), voiced by Malcolm McDowell
 * Calico (board game), a 2020 board game
 * "Calico Skies", a song by Paul McCartney's from his 1997 album, Flaming Pie.

Companies and organizations

 * Calico (company), department of Alphabet responsible for health, life sciences and biotechnology
 * CALICO (consortium), an international consortium for information on language learning technology
 * Calico Light Weapons Systems, a small firearms manufacturing company currently based in Hillsboro, Oregon
 * Calico Mills, one of Ahmedabad's (India) earliest textile mills
 * Calico Mills, one of Ahmedabad's (India) earliest textile mills

Other uses

 * Calico Solar Energy Project, a proposed California solar energy plant

title: Calico (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Calico (disambiguation)

Calico disambiguated on 5 February 2005 Squash 23:47, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calico (disambiguation)


text:
Apprentice Boys of Derry

The Apprentice Boys of Derry is a Protestant fraternal society with a worldwide membership of over 10,000, founded in 1814 and based in the city of Derry, Northern Ireland. There are branches in Ulster and elsewhere in Ireland, Scotland, England, Australia and Toronto, Canada. The society aims to commemorate the 1689 Siege of Derry when Catholic James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland laid siege to the walled city, which was at the time a Protestant stronghold. Apprentice Boys parades once regularly led to virulent opposition from the city's Irish nationalist majority, but recently a more conciliatory approach has taken place and now the parades are virtually trouble-free. The 2014 'Shutting of the Gates' parade was described as "the biggest in years" and was violence-free.

Siege of Derry
The siege of Derry began in December 1688 when 13 apprentice boys shut the gates of the city against a regiment of twelve hundred Jacobite soldiers, commanded by the Roman Catholic Alexander Macdonnell, Earl of Antrim, which was immediately withdrawn. Retaliatory action passed to the Duke of Tyrconnel who assembled a large but poorly ordered Jacobite force commanded by Sir Richard Hamilton to march north against the Ulster Protestants. The deposed King James II, who had travelled from France to Ireland in March, took charge with the aid of two French generals. Arriving at the gates of Derry on 18 April 1689, he was greeted by a cry of "No Surrender!" The siege was lifted on 28 July 1689 (Old Style) when two armed merchant ships, the Mountjoy and the Phoenix, sailed up the River Foyle to breach a timber boom which had been stretched across the river, blocking supplies to the city. The ships' approach was covered against the Jacobite besiegers by cannon fire from the frigate HMS Dartmouth, under Captain (and future Admiral) John Leake. The Mountjoy rammed and broke the barricading boom at Culmore fort and the ships moved in, unloading many tons of food to relieve the siege. Three days later, the besieging forces burned their camps and departed. It was reported that some 4,000 people (about half the population of the city) had died of starvation or injury. Many had been forced to eat dogs, horses and rats.

Celebrations
The Apprentice Boys hold two main annual celebrations. These are the 'closing of the gates' on the first Saturday in December, in memory of the action of the original apprentice boys; and the Relief of Derry on the second Saturday in August, in memory of the lifting of the siege. The Relief Parade in Derry is the largest of all the parades in Northern Ireland. In some areas of the city bonfires similar to those held on 11 July are erected and burned. In recent years, it has transformed into the week-long Maiden City Festival in August, and is accompanied by a series of diverse cultural events including bluegrass music festivals, Irish and Ulster Scots music and tuition, arts exhibitions and events staged by other local minority communities such as the Chinese and Polish communities. During the December celebrations it is traditional to burn or hang an effigy of Robert Lundy. Before the Troubles the effigy was often hung from, and then burnt in front of, the pillar commemorating George Walker. This was on the city's walls overlooking the Irish nationalist Bogside area, and was blown up by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1973.

In an effort to build peace initiatives, they staged an event, the "Derry Maiden Festival", in conjunction with the Sligo Wild Geese in Derry city.

According to the Parades Commission, the Apprentice Boys held 231 parades in Northern Ireland in 2007. Of these, 116 were Relief of Derry parades, and 115 were Closing of the Gates parades. The main December parade in Derry was expected to include 1500 marchers and 28 bands, while the main August parade was estimated at 10,000 marchers and 127 bands. In 2009/2010 32 marches took place in Glasgow, Scotland.

History of the associated clubs of the Apprentice Boys of Derry
The first celebrations of the relief of Derry took place on Sunday 28 July 1689, when the starving citizens crowded the walls to welcome the relief ships. The first organised celebrations took place on Sunday 8 August 1689 when a thanksgiving service was held in St Columb's Cathedral. Subsequent celebrations have followed that precedent.

On 1 August 1714, ex-Governor and siege hero Colonel Mitchelburne hoisted the Crimson Flag on the cathedral steeple and formed the first club known as the Apprentice Boys. The formal arrangements for the August and December commemorations were organised by the military garrison based in Derry.

In the late eighteenth century, Roman Catholic clergy joined in the prayer services offered on the walls of Derry, and in the early nineteenth century Catholics joined the celebrations with their Protestant fellow-citizens. However, the British government's Londonderry Riot Inquiry of 1869 found that "the character of the demonstrations (by the Apprentice Boys) has certainly undergone a change, and, among the Catholic lower classes at least, they are now regarded with the most hostile feelings". The inquiry recommended that both Apprentice Boys parades be banned. For similar reasons they also recommended the banning of Orange Order parades.

The Apprentice Boys role in the celebrations became more important in the early nineteenth century which saw the establishment of the Apprentice Boys of Derry Club in 1814 and the No Surrender Club in 1824. New clubs were formed over the following years, leading to eight parent clubs: Apprentice Boys; Walker; Mitchelburne; No Surrender; Browning; Baker; Campsie; and Murray. In December 1861 the various clubs agreed to associate together under a governing body known as the General Committee. This remains the governing body of the association, each of the eight clubs sending an equal number of representatives, together with delegates of various amalgamated committees around the UK.

In 1865, the local Conservative MP, Lord Claud John Hamilton, won control of the Apprentice Boys and rallied the organisation against the campaign to disestablish the Anglican Church of Ireland, much to the dismay of many Presbyterian members (see also Irish Church Act 1869).

The celebrations continued in the usual form with the firing of the siege cannons (today a small replica is used), the ringing of the cathedral bells, the hoisting of the Crimson Flags, and the laying of wreaths in memory of those who sacrificed their lives. In December they continue with the burning of an effigy of Robert Lundy (the Governor of Derry who had wished to negotiate with King James during the siege) and the service of thanksgiving in St Columb's Cathedral.

In 1969, the Apprentice Boys' parade around the walls of Derry sparked three days of intensive rioting in the city, known as the Battle of the Bogside. The disturbances are regarded by some as the start of the Troubles.

In 1986, the banning of an Apprentice Boys parade in Portadown led to rioting between supporters and the Royal Ulster Constabulary. During these disturbances Keith White became the first Protestant to be killed by a plastic bullet in the Troubles.

In 1990, the organisation decided to apply for funding from the newly established International Fund for Ireland, which led to protests by Ulster loyalists at its August parade. Ian Paisley addressed a rally at the courthouse where he told the crowd that the proposed grant was "a bribe to get Protestant people involved in the Anglo-Irish Agreement."

Walker's Pillar
Plans for the 81 ft high Walker Memorial Pillar were completed in 1826. After the completion of the pillar it played a central role in the celebrations. In 1832 the first occasion of the burning of the effigy of Colonel Lundy occurred, the Scottish Protestant Governor during the early part of the siege. The pillar was destroyed by an IRA bomb in 1973. The memorial plinth was restored for the three hundredth anniversary of the siege. The Apprentice Boys placed the retrieved statue in a newly constructed memorial garden beside the Apprentice Boys Memorial Hall.

Apprentice Boys Memorial Hall
The hall was opened in 1877, dedicated to the memory of the thirteen apprentice boys who closed the city gates in 1688. In 1937 the hall was extended along Society Street. The extension is dedicated to the memory of those who died in the Great War of 1914–1918. The hall is an architecturally important building within the walled city.

It now houses the headquarters of the association, with its office and debating chamber. All new members are initiated in the hall. Other organisations such as the Orange Order and Royal Black Preceptory have separate accommodations in the hall. It also houses a social club and a museum. The hall is usually open to the public during the summer months, July to September. It has received in 2012 funding from the European Union to create a new visitors centre.

Membership
Members can only be initiated within the city walls. The wearing of crimson collarettes by members recalls the crimson flag flown from the cathedral during the siege. Membership is limited to Protestant men.

title: Apprentice Boys of Derry


text:
Wilma Flintstone

Wilma Anna Flintstone (née Wilma Anna Pebble or Slaghoople) is a fictional character in the television animated series The Flintstones. Wilma is the red-headed woman married to caveman Fred Flintstone, daughter of Pearl Slaghoople, and mother of Pebbles Flintstone. Her best friend is her next door neighbor, Betty Rubble.

Wilma's personality is based on that of Alice Kramden, married to Ralph Kramden on the 1950s television series The Honeymooners. Much like Alice, Wilma plays the strong-willed, level-headed person in her marriage, often criticizing Fred for pursuing his various ill-fated schemes. Wilma is often the one to bail out Fred when one of his schemes lands him in trouble or brings up the problem.

Fictional character biography
Similar to Fred Flintstone's family, Wilma came from "Arkanstone". As a young adult, Wilma worked with Betty as a cigarette girl at a resort. There, they first met and fell in love with their future husbands, Fred and Barney, who were working there as bellhops.

Wilma and Fred eventually married, and Wilma became a homemaker, keeping house with such prehistoric aids as a baby elephant vacuum cleaner and pelican washing machine. Wilma is a good cook; one of her specialties is "gravelberry pie", the recipe for which she eventually sold to the "Safestone" supermarket chain. Wilma also enjoys volunteering for various charitable and women's organizations in Bedrock, shopping, and occasionally getting to meet the celebrities of their world, including Stony Curtis, Rock Quarry, and Jimmy Darrock. Despite her petite appearance Wilma is quite capable of causing havoc when angry, at times knocking a prizefighter out with one blow, knocking out crooks with her stone purse or striking Fred Flintstone with a club or a frying pan. Wilma is a truly modest woman however her obvious beauty and attractiveness has been referenced from time to time, especially in the season 2 episode "The Beauty Contest", where she and Betty entered a beauty contest.

In the original series' third season, Wilma becomes pregnant and gives birth to the couple's only child, Pebbles.

When Pebbles is a teenager, Wilma gains employment as a reporter for one of Bedrock's newspapers, the Daily Granite (a spoof of the Daily Planet of Superman fame), under editor Lou Granite (a parody of The Mary Tyler Moore Show's Lou Grant). While employed there, Wilma shares various adventures with prehistoric superhero Captain Caveman, who, in a secret identity, also works for the newspaper.

Later still, after Pebbles grows up and leaves home, Wilma starts a successful catering business with her neighbor and friend Betty, before becoming a grandmother to Pebbles' twin children, Chip and Roxy.

Maiden name

Wilma's maiden name is the subject of a continuity error. Several early episodes in the original series clearly stated Wilma's maiden name was "Pebble". In the second-season episode "The Entertainer", Wilma's old friend Greta Gravel remembers her as "Wilma Pebble", and in the third-season episode "Dial S for Suspicion", one of Wilma's old boyfriends calls her "Wilma Pebble".

However, later episodes and spin-offs firmly state her maiden name is indeed "Slaghoople", based upon the name of Wilma's mother in the original series, Pearl Slaghoople. Flintstones writer Earl Kress explained the discrepancy as such: "Unfortunately, it's just as simple as [Hanna-Barbera] not caring about the continuity."

Portrayal
Jean Vander Pyl was the original voice artist of Wilma until her death in 1999. Since then, Tress MacNeille has taken over as Wilma's voice.

In The Flintstone Kids, Wilma was voiced by Julie McWhirter Dees and Elizabeth Lyn Frasier at different points.

In the live-action film The Flintstones, Wilma was played by Elizabeth Perkins, although Vander Pyl made a cameo at Fred's surprise party (in the conga line behind Dino). In the prequel film The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, Wilma was played by Kristen Johnston.

In the scrapped series Bedrock, Wilma was going to be voiced by Amy Sedaris.

Additional voice actors

 * B. J. Baker (singing voice in the episode "The Happy Housewife")
 * Gerry Johnson (Busch advertisement)
 * Corinne Orr (Peter Pan Records The Flintstones LP)
 * Susan Boyd (The Flintstones Present: Bedrock Hop)
 * Caroline Sellers (The 1st 13th Annual Fancy Anvil Awards Program Special...Live!...In Stereo!)
 * Deborah Sale Butler (Fruity Pebbles campaign, "Bedrock Superstar")

Parodies

 * Penny Marshall (The New Show)
 * Tara Strong (Drawn Together)
 * Lisa Sundstedt (Robot Chicken)
 * Alex Borstein (Family Guy)
 * Mae Whitman (Robot Chicken)
 * Seth Green (Robot Chicken)

Television shows

 * The Flagstones (1959)
 * The Flintstones (1960–1966)
 * The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show (1971–1972)
 * The Flintstone Comedy Hour (1972–1974)
 * Fred Flintstone and Friends (1977–1978)
 * The New Fred and Barney Show (1979)
 * Fred and Barney Meet the Thing (1979)
 * Fred and Barney Meet the Shmoo (1979–1980)
 * The Flintstone Comedy Show (1980–1982)
 * The Flintstone Funnies (1982–1984)
 * The Flintstone Kids, voiced by Julie McWhirter Dees and Elizabeth Lyn Frasier (1986–1988)
 * The Simpsons, in the couch gag for "Kamp Krusty" (1992) and in "Beyond Blunderdome" (1999)
 * What a Cartoon!, featuring Dino: Stay Out! (1995)
 * The Weird Al Show, "Talent Show" episode (1997)
 * The Rubbles (2002)
 * Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, in "The Dabba Don" (2002)
 * Drawn Together, in "The One Wherein There Is a Big Twist, Part II" (2005)
 * Family Guy, in "Peter's Daughter" voiced by Alex Borstein (2007)
 * Robot Chicken
 * Yabba Dabba Dinosaurs (2020)
 * Animaniacs, cameo in "Suffragette City" (2020)
 * Jellystone!
 * Teen Titans Go!, cameo in "Warner Bros. 100th Anniversary" (2023)
 * Bedrock (cancelled)

Films and specials

 * The Man Called Flintstone (1966)
 * The Flintstones on Ice (1973)
 * Energy: A National Issue (1977)
 * A Flintstone Christmas (1977)
 * The Flintstones: Little Big League (1978)
 * The Flintstones' New Neighbors (1980)
 * The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone (1980)
 * The Flintstones: Fred's Final Fling (1980)
 * The Flintstones: Jogging Fever (1981)
 * The Flintstones: Wind-Up Wilma (1981)
 * The Flintstones' 25th Anniversary Celebration (1986)
 * The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones (1987)
 * The Flintstone Kids' "Just Say No" Special (1988)
 * A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration: 50 Years of Hanna-Barbera (1989)
 * I Yabba-Dabba Do! (1993), voiced by Jean Vander Pyl
 * Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby (1993)
 * A Flintstone Family Christmas (1993)
 * The Flintstones, portrayed by Elizabeth Perkins (1994)
 * A Flintstones Christmas Carol (1994)
 * The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, portrayed by Kristen Johnston (2000)
 * The Flintstones: On the Rocks, voiced by Tress MacNeille (2001)
 * The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! (2015)
 * Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021)

title: Wilma Flintstone


text:
Wikipedia talk:Tambayan Philippines

This is the discussion page of Tambayan Philippines, where Filipino contributors and contributors to Philippine-related articles discuss general matters regarding the development of Philippine-related articles as well as broad topics on the Philippines with respect to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. Likewise, this talk page also serves as the regional notice board for Wikipedia concerns regarding the Philippines, enabling other contributors to request input from Filipino Wikipedians.

Baguio Midland Courier
In light of the regional weekly publication ceasing their operations next month, I created a draft article so that other contributors can make the relevant improvements and hopefully move it to mainspace before the release of its final article on July 21. -Ian Lopez @ 08:16, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * To those who heeded the call to make relevant improvements to the said page, thank you. I'll be submitting the draft for review. -Ian Lopez @ 15:11, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

No article and scientific name for dalandan
Currently, there is no article specific to dalandan on the English Wikipedia.

The closest there is to one is a redirect that currently points to Orange (fruit). However, in the interest of having an article specific to dalandan on the English Wikipedia, I tried to determine if there are any existing articles on dalandan in other languages. Confusingly, there are also conflicting sources on what exact orange species dalandan even is.

Varying sources on Google say that dalandan is Citrus sinensis while others say it is Citrus aurantium. Neither Wikipedia articles on the two species mention dalandan as a local name or the Philippines. On other Wikipedias including the Tagalog Wikipedia specifically, it is claimed to be Citrus sinensis and points toward the translations of the Citrus sinensis article.

Can someone help and figure out which of the two species is really dalandan? Or maybe its a hybrid of a certain species or a completely different species? Ganmatthew (talk • contribs) 16:55, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Have you tried looking for sources on the Department of Agriculture? Borgenland (talk) 17:02, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Found this paper from the FDA. Borgenland (talk) 17:03, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * This is pretty helpful. The DA considers calamansi to be Citrus microcarpa var. Bunge while dalandan is Citrus aurantium aka bitter orange.
 * But I'm a bit confused with the scope and with Annex A. Is the DA using calamansi to refer to all limes and dalandan to refer to all oranges? Annex A's table of variations feels like a stretch because it's considering every orange as dalandan as well as pineapple and watermelon for some reason.
 * Also, I think I've heard often that dalandan supposedly doesn't turn orange, so calling it an orange is weird. Ganmatthew (talk • contribs) 09:49, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm also just as confused with what the hell a King and a Hamlin is. Borgenland (talk) 13:22, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The redirect history shows it was a previous article than had been redirected to Orange (fruit). There might be useful information there. In them meantime, I added to the redirect R with possibilities and R to article without mention. Sanglahi86 (talk) 15:17, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

Need background on a possible incident I might be involved with
Hello! I am currently involved in an investigation regarding a WP:NEWSPAPER and WP:COPYVIO case of a user who is not a member of Tambayan but is also engaged in editing Philippine articles. For transparency, I am not the one under the spotlight but now I am confused since the said other user is alleged to be the sock of an old banned user under the name JudgeFloro or something similar to that. Can anyone enlighten me as to what happened before that? Borgenland (talk) 14:11, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

 * was a prolific photo uploader who was blocked for sockpuppetry. Per WP:DENY, this isn't really something I'd discuss further here. For further action on socks, follow the WP:SPI process. For further action on on-wiki copyright violations, follow the WP:CCI/WP:CPN process, whichever applicable. Chlod (say hi!) 14:19, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Borgenland are you referring to me (the other user who is not a member of Tambayan)? I just mentioned a concern by Commons/enwiki admin when they posted the possible Valenzuela400 sockpuppetry on my talk page. Of course, their concern should not be ignored. Also note that I earlier posted this concern on Just Step Sideways' talk page (he was once critical of Judgefloro's uploads (read here); Just Step Sideways' former username was Beeblebrox). JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.)  03:22, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I was referring to the other user (who is also not in this project). Borgenland (talk) 03:40, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Borgenland speaking of WP:NEWSPAPER, would Valenzuela400's contribution at SMNI (edit) be a breach of it? It was made in May. JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 08:27, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think so, the details are concise enough. But I think the title should be shortened into Lawsuit/Libel lawsuit and a lot of common terms need to be delinked. Borgenland (talk) 08:33, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ making the edit. No need to link Rodrigo Duterte as the link already exists two times in sections above. Still, cyberlibel needs to be linked as it is a term not used outside the Philippines (a Philippine English-exclusive invention). JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 08:42, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

UAAP season 61
Calling for an admin to revert the move, back to UAAP Season 61. Howard the Duck (talk) 20:04, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Anyone? Howard the Duck (talk) 10:23, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Bagong Silang
The law splitting the brgy was signed on April 5, with a plebiscite expected to have been held before earlier this month? Any updates? Borgenland (talk) 09:05, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Per COMELEC's announcement on June 20, the plebiscite for Bagong Silang, Caloocan will be held on August 31, 2024. -Ian Lopez @ 09:30, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Buendia station (PNR) § Merge with Dela Rosa station
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Buendia station (PNR) § Merge with Dela Rosa station, which is within the scope of this WikiProject. 360kong (talk) 09:42, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Online RS
I notice that our wikiproject doesn't have a Online RS list to discuss to if pinoymountaineer.com is a WP:RS or not?

On that topic, should we create one? Warm Regards, Miminity (talk) (contribs) 13:26, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Support. Borgenland (talk) 14:09, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support -- Lenticel ( talk ) 00:56, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Actually, there is an existing proposal for a RS list that was started by @Ianlopez1115 and can be found here. We can build off the list of sources there, which are already quite plenty. Ganmatthew (talk • contribs) 04:43, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Support expanding 's list. HueMan1 (talk) 05:41, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support expanding 's list; query: how to add the Northern Dispatch (a Northern Luzon / Cordillera focused online news website) to the list? - MistahPeemayer (talk) 06:04, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support: Vouching for Ian's list, though some partisan sources e.g. SMNI could be questionable at best especially given Quiboloy's recent legal troubles. A number of scholarly sources have deemed SMNI to exhibit far-right bias, not to mention that they use it to sing praises of their leader Kim dynasty style. Blake Gripling (talk) 07:32, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Per the responses above, I moved the proposal for a RS list from my sandbox to a subpage. As for the Northern Dispatch entry, I added it to the list under "Local and regional". -Ian Lopez @ 09:15, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

 * With the list created by @Ianlopez1115 now formalized, I think we can now close this discussion. Anyway, excellent list that can be a supplement to WP:RSPSOURCES for Philippine-originated references. The question is, where will the discussions and/or consensus-reaching regarding the reliability of sources take place? JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 09:51, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the subpage's talk page itself --> Wikipedia talk:Tambayan Philippines/Sources Warm Regards, Miminity (talk) (contribs) 10:21, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * , I envision that discussions about reliable sources be centralized to the reliable sources noticeboard; however I wouldn't mind if relevant discussions are held at the talk page (this is also done at WikiProject Video games' RS list). -Ian Lopez @ 10:24, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Taking a few more steps back from this particular tree to get a wider view of the forest, it occurs to me to wonder whether some sources often cited in articles related to the Philippines ought to have entries at WP:RSP. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 23:24, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, Rappler is already listed there. —seav (talk) 08:06, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

New task force
Do you think there should be a task force for Philippine Infrastructure? I don't know the name of the task force (if supported) but I'm just reaching out to see your thoughts on this.

Thanks,  13:42, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Is this strictly limited to transport or will it include government institutions? Borgenland (talk) 13:53, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I meant for economy, meaning for Transoprt, Government Institutions, Buildings, Structures, and everything like that.  11:59, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

Philippines's at-large senatorial district
We have had Senatorial districts of the Philippines, but we don't have the "at-large" district that is currently used. I've thought through several ways to present this, with the idea that the presenation should not be markedly different with articles such as Philippines's 1st senatorial district. I've made a mock-up at User:Howard the Duck/sandbox7. There are two versions to this: One includes the term of office in the cell along with the name and party, while the second one has a separate columns of terms of office. If you have other ideas on how to do this, just let me know. Howard the Duck (talk) 19:26, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Tambayan Philippines


text:
Talk:CYP2D6

Inducible?
I have heard that CYP2D6 is a non-inducible enzyme in human hepatocytes. This article states otherwise. Does anyone have any specific references that may indicate one way or the other?
 * I've seen some speculation about that too, but here are a few references:, -Techelf 11:55, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

There are no confirmed 2D6 inducers although rifampin may be. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Genelex (talk • contribs) 17:38, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Hyperforin (St. John's Wort) was listed as an inducer, although it is an inhibitor. I moved it accordingly, with a reference. Fridgebuzz (talk) 19:22, 12 February 2011 (UTC)

rifampin and dexamethasone per indiana university, though this is newer information and just a couple years ago there were none (to my knowledge)

More recent References: "...although induction by any drug has not been observed thus far. CYP2D6 was also one of the first enzymes for which a highly polymorphic expression could be shown leading to a widespread range of functionality, from a complete lack of a functional enzyme to overexpression due to multiplication of active alleles Ref: Recent examples on the clinical relevance of the CYP2D6 polymorphism and endogenous functionality of CYP2D6." Ref: Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions. Volume 28, Issue 4, Pages 209–216. Haertter S, Dept Translational Medicine, Clinical PK/PD, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ISSN (Online) 2191-0162, ISSN (Print) 0792-5077, DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2013-0032, October 2013

"CYP2D6 is largely uninducible by prototypical CYP inducers such as phenobarbital, rifampin and dexamethasone..." Ref:Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(21):2661-805. Substrate specificity, inhibitors and regulation of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and implications in drug development. Zhou SF, Liu JP, Lai XS. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.173.101.159 (talk) 18:01, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

Tamoxifen
This article seems a bit in need of updating to me! I'm just learning about this stuff, but according to the Genelex website at www.healthanddna.com, there are FOUR types of CYP2D6 metabolizers, not three - the intermediate metabolizer is missing from this article. In addition, the substrate table is out of date, as it no longer accurately reflects the Flockhart table - for example, on the Flockhart table buproprion is now listed as a strong inhibitor. Furthermore, CYP2D6 is very important to the metabolism of tamoxifen and that story deserves a paragraph in it's own right.

However, I'm not a genetecist, just someone who had breast cancer who has been tested for the CYP2D6 metabolism, found to be an intermediate metabolizer, and who is trying to figure out what that means for taking tamoxifen, as there's no sense in taking something I can't metabolize. There are some leads on my cancer blog, www.imaginebrightfutures.wordpress.com, but other than that, I'm still not at the place where I feel comfortable writing this stuff up, I just wanted to note that it needs to be done! To all who contributed to this article so far, it's a great start! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aunt Amanda (talk • contribs) 04:06, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

 * If you look carefully, the article defines an extensive metaboliser as one who has normal or reduced activity. If you're an intermediate metaboliser, I would assume you can metabolize tamoxifen fine. Since tamoxifen is a prodrug and must undergo metabolism before being active, it would be beneficial for a patient taking tamoxifen to be able to metabolize it more readily. A patient taking tamoxifen should avoid taking medications, such as SSRI's, which compete with tamoxifen for CYP2D6 or medications which inhibit CYP2D6 activity. It might also be a good idea for low metabolizers taking tamoxifen to try to induce CYP2D6 activity. With that said, I'm a chemist and not an MD, so don't take my word as medical advice. This isozyme is of particular interest to me. I'll attempt to incorporate your suggestions in any updates I make to the article, however, I think a lot of your questions are answered in the article on tamoxifen. --Jmcclare (talk) 03:44, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Here is some tamoxifen specific dosing information that may help. Remember that over the counters and herbals can also inhibit 2D6.

The information below can help you understand and apply the results of the Tamoxifen DNA Prescription Drug Reaction Test currently offered by Genelex.

Testing for CYP2D6 places individuals in one of four categories:

•	Extensive Metabolizers (EM) represent the norm for metabolic capacity. Genotypes consistent with the EM phenotype include two active forms of the gene producing the drug metabolizing enzyme and therefore posses the full complement of drug metabolizing capacity. Generally, extensive metabolizers can be administered drugs which are substrates of the enzyme following standard dosing practices. •	Intermediate Metabolizers (IM) may require higher than average tamoxifen dosages for optimal therapeutic response. In addition, multiple drug therapy should be monitored closely. Genotypes consistent with the IM phenotype are those with only one active form of the gene producing the drug metabolizing enzyme and therefore have reduced metabolic capacity. •	Poor Metabolizers (PM) are at high risk of therapeutic failure because the have a compromised ability to generate the active form of tamoxifen. Genotypes consistent with the PM phenotype are those with no active genes producing the drug metabolizing enzyme. These individuals have a deficiency in drug metabolism. •	Ultra-extensive Metabolizers (UM) may require a decreased dosage due to higher than normal rates of tamoxifen conversion to endoxifen. Genotypes consistent with UM phenotype include three or more active genes producing the drug metabolizing enzyme and therefore have increased metabolic capacity.

Therapy Modification

Phenotype prevalence is 10 % PM, 7% UM, and 35% IM. PM – Consider an alternative medication IM – Consider an increased dose and avoid multiple drug therapy that inhibits 2D6. UM- Consider a reduced dose and avoid multiple drug therapy that inhibits 2D6. EM – Follow standard dosing practices. Avoid multiple drug therapy that inhibits 2D6.

Inhibitors of Cytochrome P-450 2D6 Inhibitors refer to drugs that reduce the ability of the pathway to process drugs. Co-administration will decrease conversion of tamoxifen to the active metabolite endoxifen increasing the possibility of treatment failure. Genelex includes 90-days access to GeneMedRx drug and gene interaction software with each test so healthcare providers can see if any co-administered medications are inhibiting CYP2D6. You can see a demo and try it free at www.GeneMedRx.com/demo

Here is an abridged list of inhibitors. amiodarone	chlorpromazine	doxorubicin 	methadone	nevirapine	ranitidine	ticlopidine azelastine	cimetidine	haloperidol 	metoclopramide	nicardipine	ritonavir	trifluperidol celecoxib	cisapride	indinavir 	moclobemide	paroxetine	saquinavir chlorpheniramine 	cocaine 	levomepromazine	nelfinavir 	quinidine	terfenadine

I am a molecular biologist by training and work at Genelex - Kristine —Preceding unsigned comment added by Genelex (talk • contribs) 17:34, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Atenolol
I added atenolol as a 2D6 substrate; see .

Gibberish
I am highly thankfull that there are people that smart to understand the full context of the text written down which is meant as an explenation. But even with my higher education and to my opinion fairly proper knowledge of medication i have a real hard time understanding what the first 15 lines of text are all about, let alone the rest of it. Is there anyone out there who can explain it in language a 12 year old would understand? Perhaps, i could also get a grasp of what is meant here then too. I was sent here due to a little in depth information about a drug related to influencing a part of autism. Thanks a lot! Pim 83.81.164.24 (talk) 21:30, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I second everything said here. The whole of the article is virtually incomprehensible. For example, substrates are a major part of the chart provided, yet there is virtually no mention of what a substrate is in the explanatory text. I hold a doctorate degree from the University of California and I cannot discern from this article the principal question which anyone looking up CYP2D6 will have: which drugs are affected by CYP2D6 and in what way are they affected by it. QuintBy (talk) 18:51, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I have extensively rewritten the lead to provide more clarity and background information. Hopefully the consequences if a drug is a CYP2D6 substrate, inhibitor, or an inducer is now clearer. I note that risperidone which is used to treat autism is a CYP2D6 substrate.  Hence the risperidone dose may have to be adjusted up or down depending on whether the patient is a slow or fast CYP2D6 metabolizer respectively. Of course, please feel free to make further edits. Boghog (talk) 14:13, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

Suspicious Edit
Revisions by NEMESIS91 on this article look suspicious (the line "Shawn Makuyana expressed the metbolism as a function of drug power {http//:www.uz.ac.zw/biochem.", especially when the ref link appears to be broken, and the other wiki page this user has made is for the cited person Shawn Makuyana (which has been nominated for deletion on the grounds of it being about themselves). I would remove the edits here myself, but have no knowledge of this subject so I thought it best to leave it up to those who do. Bananastalktome (talk) 04:19, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Be bold if you see something fishy. -- Richiez (talk) 10:53, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

Is CYP2D6 same ase CYPD2D6? That should be mentioned in the article. 2D6 vs D2D6.
91.155.24.127 (talk) 10:53, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

I am assuming CYP2D6 is real, and CYPD2D6 is a fairly common synonym derived from a widely-disseminated misspelling.

A. WP redirects D2D6 to 2D6.

B. Google has "About 1,260,000 results" for 2D6.

C. Google has "About 1,680 results" for D2D6.

D. I went through 5 pages of Google results, and came away seeing 2D6 as having been so widely corrupted that scientists see the two versions as identical, even at the level of scientific articles.

It's like "same difference", "could care less" and "nucular".

You could be bold, with a footnote explaining the evidence for their being the same CYP enzyme. --Quisqualis (talk) 00:51, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Neither UniProt nor HUGO list CYPD2D6 as a synonym of CYP2D6. Hence I think you are right that CYPD2D6 is a (surprisingly common) misspelling. However I am not sure we need to mention this, unless you can find a source that Boghog (talk) 03:19, 21 April 2017 (UTC)

Anandamide
The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide is a substrate for CYP2D6. Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18698000 Tkadm30 (talk) 15:45, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

Contradictory information on the strength of Fluvoxamine's inhibition of CYP2D6
Hi there, this page cites this link for Fluvoxamine being a weak CYP2D6 inhibitor meanwhile the page for Fluvoxamine cites this paper (Full text available via scihub.) stating it's a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor.

Could someone assist in ironing out this discrepancy? 203.54.35.151 (talk) 12:02, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Oxidoreductase
In the info box under molecular function, “oxidoreductase activity” is entered three times with different levels of additional information. That seems like it was probably an accident. I suggest that someone who understands this article take a look and fix it. Isomorphic (talk) 12:10, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:CYP2D6