text:
Harriette Simpson Arnow

Harriette Simpson Arnow (July 7, 1908 – March 22, 1986) was an American novelist and historian, who lived in Kentucky and Michigan. Arnow has been called an expert on the people of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, but she herself loved cities and spent crucial periods of her life in Cincinnati and Detroit.

Early life and education
Arnow was born as Harriette Louisa Simpson in Monticello, Wayne County, Kentucky to Elias Thomas Simpson and Mary Jane "Mollie" Denny. She grew up in neighboring Pulaski County. She was one of six siblings in a family that traced its heritage to the Revolutionary War; both parents were teachers and she was raised to be a teacher. Arnow would later credit her father, Elias Thomas Simpson, and her maternal grandmother, Harriette Le Grand Foster Denney for inspiring her desire to write with their storytelling.

She attended Berea College for two years before transferring to the University of Louisville, after which she worked for two years as a teacher and principal in rural Pulaski County, then one of the more remote areas of Appalachia. She spent time teaching at Louisville Junior High School before moving to Cincinnati in 1934. In 1935 she published her first works in Esquire, two short stories, "A Mess of Pork" and "Marigolds and Mules", under the pen name H. L. Simpson, sending a photo of her brother-in-law to disguise her gender.

Career as writer
In 1936, under the name Harriette Simpson, she published her first novel, Mountain Path. While clearly drawing inspiration from her experiences as a teacher in Appalachia, Arnow pushed back against suggestions that the protagonist of the novel, Louisa Sheridan, was herself. Under the instructions of her publisher, Simpson added sensational "Appalachian" stereotypical elements (moonshining, feuds) to her original work, a much more sedate series of sketches.

From 1934 to 1939 she lived in Cincinnati and worked for the Federal Writer's Project of the WPA where she met her future husband, Harold B. Arnow, the son of Jewish immigrants, in 1939. They lived briefly in Pulaski County, Harriette again working as a teacher, before settling in a public housing complex in Detroit, Michigan in 1944.

Now billing herself as Harriette Arnow, her 1949 novel, Hunter's Horn, was a best seller and received considerable critical acclaim, finishing close to William Faulkner's A Fable in that year's voting for the Pulitzer Prize.

In 1950 the Arnows moved to 40 acres of land near Ann Arbor, Michigan. She published her most famous work The Dollmaker in 1954. This novel, about a poor Kentucky family forced by economic necessity to move to Detroit reflected her own life, but also reflects the experiences of many Appalachians who migrated from their homes for the promise of better lives in the industrialized North. Told through the eyes of Gertie Nevels, a woman torn from the woods and farmland to move with her children to join her husband living in World War II factory workers' housing in Detroit, it can be seen as a work of feminist fiction. Arnow herself disputed this characterization however, preferring to see it as an individual woman's struggle to survive in a harsh and changing world Of her writing she said, "I am afflicted with too many words ... Like the characters in my books, I talk too much and tell things I shouldn't tell."

Later works were published under the now-familiar byline Harriette Simpson Arnow, and most reissues of her earlier work use this form of her name. Her post-Dollmaker books included the historical studies Seedtime on the Cumberland, 1960, and Flowering of the Cumberland, 1963. These two extraordinary histories of the pioneer settlement of the Old Southwest frontier—Tennessee and Kentucky—were based on extensive archival research Arnow conducted in original records. Pioneering works of what would later be called 'micro-history' or 'history from the bottom up,' Arnow's work used original records and sources to look at the way these early settlers actually lived and worked and their material culture. Her last books were the novels The Weedkiller's Daughter, 1970, The Kentucky Trace, 1974, and the memoir Old Burnside, 1977.

She died in 1986, aged 77, at her home in Washtenaw County, Michigan. Michigan State University Press brought out her previously unpublished second novel, Between the Flowers, in 1999, and The Collected Short Stories of Harriette Simpson Arnow in 2005.

Continuing influence
On June 28, 2008, Ann Arbor eatery Zingerman's Roadhouse hosted The Harriette Arnow Tribute Dinner. Promotional materials referring to the dinner as "Ypsitucky Supper" caused some local controversy due to the often derogatory nature of the term Ypsitucky. Zingerman's co-founder Ari Weinzweig claimed no responsibility for the nickname of the dinner.

Novels

 * Mountain Path (1936) (as Harriette Simpson)
 * Hunter's Horn (1949) (as Harriette Arnow)
 * The Dollmaker (1954) (as Harriette Arnow)
 * The Weedkiller's Daughter (1970)
 * The Kentucky Trace (1974)
 * Between the Flowers (1999)

Short fiction

 * The Collected Short Stories of Harriette Simpson Arnow (2005)

Non-fiction

 * Seedtime on the Cumberland (1960)
 * Flowering of the Cumberland (1963)
 * Old Burnside (1977)

title: Harriette Simpson Arnow


text:
Tupolev SB

The Tupolev ANT-40, also known by its service name Tupolev SB (Скоростной бомбардировщик – Skorostnoi Bombardirovschik – high speed bomber) and development co-name TsAGI-40, was a high speed twin-engined three-seat monoplane bomber, first flown in 1934. The Tupolev design was advanced but lacked refinement, much to the dismay of crews, maintenance personnel, and Stalin, who pointed out that "there are no trivialities in aviation".

Numerically the most important bomber in the world in the late 1930s, the SB was the first modern stressed skin aircraft produced in quantity in the Soviet Union and probably the most formidable bomber of the mid-1930s. It was produced in the Soviet Union and was also built under license in Czechoslovakia. Many versions saw extensive action in Spain, the Republic of China, Mongolia, Finland and at the beginning of World War II against Germany in 1941. It was also used in various duties in civil variants, as trainers and in many secondary roles. Successful in the Spanish Civil War because it outpaced most fighters present (composed mostly of biplanes), the aircraft was obsolete by 1941 as faster fighters (such as the Bf-109) had by then been introduced. By June 1941, 94 percent of bombers in the Red Army air force (VVS RKKA) were SBs.

Development
In 1933 the Soviet Air Force ministry (UVVS) issued an outline requirement for a high-speed bomber. Work on this proposal at TsAGI began in January 1934. The SB was designed and developed in the Tupolev KB ("Design Bureau") by a team led by A. A. Arkhangelski. Two versions were planned – with Wright Cyclone radial engines (ANT-40 RTs), and with the Hispano-Suiza 12Y liquid-cooled V12 engines (ANT-40 IS). The skills gained in the design of the MI-3 and DI-8 aircraft were widely used. The first two prototypes were designed as ANT-40.1 and ANT-40.2. The Cyclone powered prototype flew first, on 7 October 1934, while the first Hispano-Suiza powered prototype (ANT-401 ), which featured a larger wing, flew on 30 December 1934, demonstrating superior performance.

The second Hispano-Suiza powered aircraft, the ANT-402 was considered a production prototype, and its performance was impressive. It was however plagued by teething problems, leading unhappy test personnel to cover the ANT-402 with placards listing the aircraft's defects prior to a visit by Sergo Ordzhonikidze, the Commissar for Heavy Industry. On seeing these placards, Ordzhonikidze summoned Tupolev to a meeting at the Kremlin to discuss these shortfalls. When Tupolev stated that most of the defects were trivial, Joseph Stalin said: "There are no trivialities in aviation; everything is serious and any uncorrected 'triviality' could lead to the loss of an aircraft and its crew."

The first production aircraft, designated SB, rolled off the production line before the end of 1935, and before ANT-402 had completed its flight test programme. The aircraft entered full production in 1936, and was produced in two plants, State Aircraft Factory No 22 at Moscow and No 125 at Irkutsk until 1941.

Despite the fact that the assembly lines were plagued with a constant string of modifications, some 400 SBs were delivered by the end of 1936—a number of these being diverted to Spain—and 24 VVS squadrons were in the process of working up with the new bomber. Giving excellent performance in the Spanish Civil War, it acquired the popular name "Katyusha" (Catherine).

In 1937, negotiations were concluded between the Soviet and Czechoslovak governments, for the supply of SB bombers and a licence for local production, in exchange for the right to produce the Škoda 75 mm Model 1936 mountain gun. The version of the SB to be supplied to, and subsequently license-built as the Avia B-71 was the SB 2M-100A but fitted with the Avia-built Hispano-Suiza 12-Ydrs engine. A single 7.92 mm vz. 30 machine gun supplanted the twin ShKAS machine guns in the nose and similar weapons were provided for the dorsal and ventral stations.

60 aircraft were to be flown to Czechoslovakia by mid-1938. The planned licensed production program took a decidedly leisurely course, despite the increasingly dangerous political situation. By 15 March 1939, when the German Wehrmacht occupied Bohemia and Moravia, not one Czech-built aircraft had been delivered.

Development of the SB continued, meanwhile, with revisions being made to reflect the lessons of early operations in Spain. As problems were encountered in converting pilots to fly the SB, a trainer version, the USB was built in September 1937, with a modified nose with an open cockpit for an instructor and dual controls. Problems were also encountered with the armament, the nose guns having limited traverse and so being little use against head-on attacks and later aircraft were modified with a better field of fire. From 1940, the dorsal gun position was replaced by an enclosed turret, while the ventral gun position, which was difficult to use, was also modified.

The aircraft was also progressively fitted with improved engines. At first it was equipped with the Klimov M-100, a license-built version of the Hispano-Suiza 12Ybrs engine, but this was soon replaced by the more powerful M-100A, and from 1938 by the yet more powerful M-103. While the engine installation of the SB 2-M103 initially retained the drag inducing frontal radiators of the M-100 powered aircraft, an improved engine installation was developed with the radiators slung under the engines. On 2 September 1937 M.Yu. Alexeev set an official altitude record of 12246 m with load of 1000 kg in an M-103 powered SB. He had earlier set an unofficial record of 12695 m.

In an attempt to further improve the performance of the SB, which by 1939 was becoming obsolete, the development of two second-generation versions were authorised, a direct replacement for the SB and a specialised dive bomber. The level bomber, known as the SN-MN or MMN, had a new wing of reduced wing area and was powered by more powerful Klimov M-105 engines. Performance was little better than the standard aircraft and it was abandoned. The dive-bomber, designated SB-RK (later redesignated Arkhangelsky Ar-2 after its designer, with Tupolev having been imprisoned and being in disgrace) was similar to the MMN but was fitted with dive brakes and it was ordered into production.

Even though the SB was no longer a state of the art aircraft, production continued to increase through 1939 and 1940, as the Soviet Union tried to build up the strength of their air forces to compete with the growing threat of Nazi Germany, with almost 4,000 being built in these two years. The SB was phased out of production in early 1941, being replaced by the Petlyakov Pe-2. A total of 5,695 were built at Factory No 22 at Moscow before it was evacuated to Kazan, while Factory No 125 built a further 1,136 at Irkutsk. Three prototypes were built at the Tupolev design bureau, while Aero Vodochody and Avia in Czechoslovakia built 45 and 66 respectively, giving a total of 6,945 built.

Design
The SB was an all-metal monoplane powered by two Klimov M-100 12-cylinder water-cooled engines (license production version of Hispano-Suiza 12-Yrds engine) which drove fixed-pitch two-bladed metal propellers. The engines were provided with honeycomb-type frontal radiators enclosed by vertical thermostat-controlled cooling shutters. At an early production stage, the M-100 engine gave place to an improved M-100A engine, driving ground-adjustable three-pitch propellers, with speed being boosted to 423 km/h at 4000 m. Because of its broad, high aspect ratio wing, that gave it a good altitude performance – Soviet crews nicknamed the SB the "Pterodactyl".

Operational history
There were a number of foreign customers for the SB. They were mostly satisfied with the aircraft's performance. There were some complaints about the high noise level, cramped crew compartments, hard undercarriage suspension and in particular about the front gunner's position, which could be reached only through a hatch under the fuselage, preventing the gunner from escaping in the event of a ditching or belly landing. Czechoslovakia signed an agreement to produce the ANT-40 as Avia B-71.

Spanish Civil War
While only 54 SBs had been delivered to the Soviet Air Forces by 1 July 1936, this did not stop the new Tupolev bomber being amongst the first shipments of military equipment sent by the Soviet Union to support the Spanish Republicans when the Spanish Civil War broke out on 17 July 1936. An initial batch of 31 SBs arrived in Cartagena aboard the Soviet Freighter Komsomol in October 1936, flying their first mission, a bombing raid by four SBs against Tablada airfield, Seville on 28 October. The SBs were used to equip Grupo 12 of the Spanish Republican Air Force, which at first was mainly manned by Soviet volunteers and under Soviet control.

The SB could outpace the Fiat CR.32 and Heinkel He 51 biplane fighters of the nationalist forces, and was therefore difficult to intercept, with dives from high altitude being the only way to intercept the SB. On 29 May 1937 two SBs attacked the German pocket battleship Deutschland, mistaking it for the Nationalist cruiser Canarias, killing 31 and injuring an additional 83 German sailors. In June–July, a second consignment of 31 SBs were received, allowing Grupo 12 to return to full strength, and a new unit, Grupo 24, to be established. The delivery of Messerschmitt Bf 109s to re-equip the German Condor Legion meant that the SB could no longer evade Nationalist fighters by sheer speed, and losses rose.

A third and final batch of 31 SBs arrived in June 1938, allowing operations to continue, although losses continued to be high. By the time the Civil War ended in April 1939, 73 SBs had been lost, 40 of them to enemy action. Nineteen SBs were taken over by the Nationalists, and used to form a bomber squadron. Although some were re-engined with French Hispano-Suiza 12Ybrs engines to aid maintenance, they were still subject to spares shortages, and in April 1943 only three were airworthy. When Junkers Ju 88s were received in December 1943, the remaining SBs were used for occasional training flights until withdrawn and scrapped in 1948.

China
In July 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out. The Soviet Union signed the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact on 21 August 1937, and as part of this agreement, supplied large amounts of military equipment to the Chinese Nationalists, as well as deploying complete air force units, nominally manned by Soviet volunteers. An initial delivery of 62 SBs was made in September–October 1937, with combat operations by Soviet forces starting in December with attacks on Japanese ships on the Yangtze River. On 23 February 1938, to celebrate Soviet Army Day, Soviet SBs carried out a long range attack on Japanese airfields on Taiwan, claiming 40 Japanese aircraft destroyed on the ground.

A further 60 SBs were delivered to China in early 1938, these being heavily used to attack Japanese forces during the Battle of Wuhan. Losses were heavy, forcing the Chinese SB units to be temporarily withdrawn from combat. The Soviet units operating the SB over China re-equipped with the Ilyushin DB-3 in 1939, allowing their SBs to be transferred to Chinese units, but the Chinese made limited use of these reinforcements.

The Soviet Union supplied a further 100 SBs in 1941, just before it signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact. The SB was gradually phased out of front-line operations against the Japanese with the delivery of more modern American bombers from 1942, being partly replaced by Lockheed Hudsons and B-25 Mitchells. Limited numbers of SBs continued in non-combat use, including operations against opium plantations, before being used against the Communists when the Chinese Civil War flared up in 1945, being finally withdrawn in 1946.

Mongolia
As well as the aircraft operated by volunteers against the Japanese over China, SBs were used in combat against the Japanese during the Fighting near Lake Khasan on the eastern sector of the China–Russia border in July–August 1938, one SB being lost. Fighting between Soviet and Japanese forces broke out again at Khalkhin Gol in Eastern Mongolia in May 1939. While SBs were not involved in the May air battles, where the Soviet forces received heavy losses, two Regiments of SBs were deployed to Mongolia in June, flying their first missions on 26 June. SBs were used heavily against Japanese forces when they attacked in early July. The Soviet SB regiments consisted of a mixture of early and later SBs, whose differing speeds caused problems in maintaining formation, while Japanese Nakajima Ki-27 fighters proved adept in exploiting the poor defensive armament of the SB, with the radio operator operating both the dorsal and ventral guns. To minimise losses to Japanese fighters, the Soviets changed tactics, flying SB missions at over 6,100 m (20,000 ft) where it was difficult for the Japanese to intercept. SBs continued to be used against the Japanese as the Soviets and Mongolian forces commanded by Georgy Zhukov carried out a successful offensive until a cease-fire was signed in September 1939.

Winter War
On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union attacked Finland in the conflict that became known as the Winter War, with the forces deployed against Finland including several hundred SBs. Losses were heavy, with bomber formations often un-escorted, and forced to operate at low level, where they were vulnerable to Finnish anti-aircraft fire and fighters. While in 1936 in Spain, the SB could outpace enemy fighters, by now it was vulnerable and poorly armed. SBs were fitted with skis for operation from snow covered airfields, slowing the aircraft and making them more vulnerable, while the need to wear heavy winter clothing made the gunner's job even harder. By the end of the 15-week war, at least 100 SBs had been lost, with the Finns claiming nearly 200 shot down, 92 of them to Finnish fighters.

Eastern Front
When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, re-equipment with more modern aircraft such as the Pe-2 had begun. Still, 94% of the Soviet operational bomber force was equipped with SBs, with 1,500–2,000 SBs deployed along the Western border districts of the Soviet Union. The Luftwaffe started Operation  Barbarossa with co-ordinated strikes against 66 major Soviet airfields, destroying a large proportion of Soviet air strength on the ground or air on the first day of the invasion. The SBs that survived the carnage of the first day continued to be poorly used, many being frittered away in unescorted low-level attacks against German tanks, where the SB's relatively large size and lack of armour made it highly vulnerable to German light Flak, while German fighters continued to take a heavy toll. Within a few days, losses forced most of the remaining SBs to switch to night attacks.

SBs continued to be used, in the defense of Leningrad and Moscow, mainly at night by attacking German artillery. By December 1941 almost all of the SBs had either been replaced or lost, although it remained in large-scale use until March 1942 in the North against Finland. SBs continued in use for non-combat roles such as supply dropping, glider towing and training, and continued in use in the Far East until 1945.

Finnish use
Many Soviet SBs crashed or force-landed on Finnish soil during the Winter War, with the Finns salvaging as many aircraft as possible, with those in the best condition being sent to Valtion lentokonetehdas for possible repair for use by the Finnish air force. By the time of the Continuation War against the Soviet Union, five SBs had been repaired (with a further three added later), being used to equip Lentolaivue 6, flying maritime patrol and attack missions. These aircraft were supplemented by a further 16 SBs purchased from Germany, which had captured them during the initial weeks of the invasion of the Soviet Union. These SBs employed the first air-dropped depth charges used in combat. Finland lost seven SBs to accidents during the Continuation War, with none being lost in combat, with Finnish SBs claiming three Soviet submarines and a 4,000 ton merchant ship sunk.

Variants

 * ANT-35 – Airliner version. Also designated PS-35.
 * ANT-38 – Unbuilt 1934 proposal for high speed bomber – possibly related to ANT-41.
 * ANT-40 RTs (Rayt Tsiklon) or SB: first prototype with 545 kW (730 hp) Wright-Cyclone engines and with 19.0 m (62 ft 4 in) wingspan. It was completed in September 1934, making its first flight on 7 October 1934. It was damaged in a forced landing and rebuilt with 670 kW (900 hp) Tumansky M-87 engines, and a second set of test flights were made from 5 February to 31 July 1935. Development not continued as ANT-40 IS was superior. Used as experimental (ski gears, etc.) model.
 * ANT-40 IS (Hispano-Suiza): Prototypes powered by 560 kW (750 hp) Hispano-Suiza 12Y engines, and with longer span (20.3 m (66 ft $7 1/4$ in) wings. Two built, with the first ANT-401 flying on 30 December 1934, reaching 378 km/h during initial tests and 402 km/h (250 mph) during later flights. Second example, ANT-402, with modified wings and tail emerged in September 1935 and served as a production prototype.
 * ANT-41 – unrelated Torpedo bomber with similar layout to SB but larger and more powerful. One built in 1936, abandoned after destroyed in crash due to severe flutter.
 * ANT-46 – two-seat heavy fighter, similar to ANT-401, but powered by two imported 597 kW (800 hp) Gnome-Rhône 14K engines and armed with two 100 mm recoilless rifles in outer wings, four fixed machine guns in the nose, and one flexibly mounted machine gun in the observers cockpit. One prototype, with Air Force designation DI-8 first flown in August 1935, but abandoned after abandonment of Leonid Kurchevsky's recoilless rifle projects and his subsequent arrest.
 * ANT-48 – high-speed sport aircraft project.
 * ANT-49 – proposed long-range reconnaissance variant with aerial cameras in the bomb bay and larger fuel tanks; project cancelled before a prototype was built.
 * SB 2M-100 – first production model. Wing area increased to 56.7 m2 (610 ft2). Equipped with Klimov M-100 engines (the Hispano-Suiza 12Y built under licence) driving two-bladed propellers.
 * SB 2M-100A – new M-100A engines of 642 kW (860 hp), driving three-bladed propellers. Produced from late 1936. Sometimes unofficially referred to as the SBbis.
 * SB 2M-100A modernizirovannyi – new rear gun installation with MV-3 dorsal turret. Tested in May 1937. Accepted, but no production.
 * SB-bis – prototype powered by 716 kW (960 hp) Klimov M-103 engines, dual controls and variable-pitch propellers. It flew in September 1937, but increased weight lead to reduced performance.
 * SB-bis2 – M-103 powered prototype with polished wings. Little increase in performance. No production.
 * SB-bis3 – third M-103 powered prototype, with new engine nacelles with radiators relocated under engines rather than the frontal radiators fitted in earlier aircraft. Tested from 1 November 1937 – 17 January 1938, with testing showing maximum speed increasing to 446 km/h (277 mph). Improvements later incorporated into production aircraft.
 * SB 2M-103 — 10th series. 1938 production version with M-103 engines fitted with original frontal radiators and strengthened structure. Fitted with emergency flight controls for navigator, provision for retractable skis, and for two 368 litre external fuel tanks.
 * SB 2M-103 – 14th series. Late 1939 production, with M-103 engine and revised nacelles and radiators as tested in SBbis3.
 * SB 2M-103 – 18th series. Further improved production version, with fixed radiator intakes and partially polished wings. VISh-22 three-bladed variable-pitch propellers. Fitted with MV-3 dorsal turret.
 * SB 2M-104 — Approximately 30–50 aircraft were completed with M-104 engines, but engine not in series production.
 * SB 2M-106 — A few aircraft completed with M-106 engines, but engine not in production.
 * USB – dual control trainer, with the instructor sitting in an open cockpit in the nose replacing the navigator. Over 120 built, powered by the M-100A or M-103.
 * SB-MN (Men'she nesushchye – reduced area) or MMN (Modifikatsiya men'she nesushchye) — second generation level bomber powered by 783 kW (1,050 hp) M-105 engines and with new wings with NACA 22 high lift airfoils, reduced wing area and span (18.0 m (59 ft $0 3/4$ in). One built.
 * SB-RK (Razreznoye krilo – slotted wing) – Dive bomber developed in parallel with SB-MN. Same wings as SB-MN, but with large slotted flaps usable as dive brakes. The cooling radiators were buried within the wings, with an air intake on the leading and the exhaust on the wing's upper surface. Equipped with three ShKAS machine guns, and it could carry six 100 kg bombs or two 250 kg bombs internally or 1500 kg bombs externally. Ordered into production as Arkhangelskii Ar-2. 200 built before it was superseded by the Pe-2 and Tu-2.
 * SBB-1 — Archangelskii's last iteration of the SB, based on SB-MN and -RK, with even smaller wings (16.0 m (52 ft $5 7/8$ in) span) twin tail and other changes. Alternative designation B. One prototype flown 1940 but no production.
 * Avia B-71 – SB 2M-100A licence built in Czechoslovakia.
 * PS-40 – cargo version for Aeroflot, powered by M-100A engines and with all military equipment removed. Capable of carrying cargo or six passengers. 100 supplied during 1938.
 * PS-41 – Conversion of SB 2M-103 as freighter for Aeroflot. PS-41bis fitted with underwing fuel tanks.
 * Pterodactyl – SB 2M-103 fitted with fixed tricycle landing gear. One converted 1940.

Operators

 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
 * Bulgarian Air Force operated 32 Avia B-71 aircraft redesignated Avia-Katiusza Ě-8.
 * Chinese Nationalist Air Force received 62 SB 2M-100 bombers in the autumn 1937. The Soviet Union delivered 3 more SB 2M-100 and SB 2M-105 bombers from August 1938 – June 1941.
 * [[File:Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg|23px|link=Reorganized National Government of China]] China-Nanjing
 * The Reorganized Republic of China Air Force had two Tupolev bombers that had been flown by defected Nationalist pilots.
 * Czechoslovak Air Force received 60 Russian-built SB with Hispano Suiza 12Ybrs engines in April and May 1938. Another 101 bombers and 60 reconnaissance aircraft were ordered to be built under license as the Avia B-71 but only 101 were built.
 * Finnish Air Force operated 24 SB bombers. The first eight aircraft (seven powered by M-103 engines, one by M-100 engines) were captured during the Winter War, another 16 aircraft were converted from German-captured material from 5 November 1941 – 27 August 1942. All aircraft were refitted with M-103 engines and were used as anti-submarine aircraft in the LeLv 6 squadron. Two aircraft were rebuilt and were used as trainers. The Finnish Air Force withdrew all SB aircraft in 1945, and all were scrapped in 1950.
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * Luftwaffe operated captured aircraft, including Czech-built Avia B-71 and Soviet SB.
 * Polish Air Force operated few USB 2M-103 aircraft for training after World War II.
 * Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
 * Slovak Air Force operated one Avia B-71 aircraft until April 18, 1943, when čtk Anton Vanko and four other airmen defected with it to Turkey.
 * Soviet Air Force
 * Aeroflot received an unknown number of retired military SB 2M-100 aircraft in 1938 and after rebuild, used them under the designation PS-40. Another batch of retired SBbis 3 bombers was rebuilt in 1940 and used under the designation PS-41.
 * Spanish Republic
 * Republican Spanish Air Force received its first 31 SB 2M-100A bombers on 14 October 1936. The second batch of 31 aircraft was delivered in June–July 1937 and a final batch of 31 following in 1938. The Soviet Union delivered a total of 93 SBs to Spain.
 * Spanish State
 * Nationalist Spanish Air Force captured 19 SB 2M-100A bombers. All were overhauled and Soviet M-100 engines were replaced with French Hispano Suiza 12Ybrs. These aircraft were used operationally and later for training duties, and were retired in 1950. Spanish pilots called captured SB bombers Katiuska.
 * Aeroflot received an unknown number of retired military SB 2M-100 aircraft in 1938 and after rebuild, used them under the designation PS-40. Another batch of retired SBbis 3 bombers was rebuilt in 1940 and used under the designation PS-41.
 * Spanish Republic
 * Republican Spanish Air Force received its first 31 SB 2M-100A bombers on 14 October 1936. The second batch of 31 aircraft was delivered in June–July 1937 and a final batch of 31 following in 1938. The Soviet Union delivered a total of 93 SBs to Spain.
 * Spanish State
 * Nationalist Spanish Air Force captured 19 SB 2M-100A bombers. All were overhauled and Soviet M-100 engines were replaced with French Hispano Suiza 12Ybrs. These aircraft were used operationally and later for training duties, and were retired in 1950. Spanish pilots called captured SB bombers Katiuska.

Aircraft on display
After Stalin's post-war cleanup in the 1950s, many ANT-40s that survived the Second World War were scrapped. In the late 1970s, however, Vozdushni Transport (A Soviet aviation newspaper) sent an expedition led by Evgeny Konoplev to survey an ANT-40 that was forced to land during a snow storm near the Yuzhne Muiski mountain range in the Baikal region. Konoplev considered what they found encouraging, with the aircraft being in fairly decent condition, in turn leading a team of VVS pilots to recover the airplane. It was returned to Moscow and restored by a group of volunteer Tupolev employees. The restored aircraft was unveiled in April 1982 at the Central Air Force Museum at Monino Airfield. Another ANT-40 is displayed in Verhnyaya Pyshma.

A reproduction of an SB is under construction by the La Senia Airfield Association in La Sénia, Catalonia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tupolev SB


text:
Talk:WxPython

"Python is a C++-based language" -- is this really accurate??

 * No

deleted

 * ==Feature==

wxPython uses widgets provided by the underlying operating system, and therefore provides a native look similar to other programs running on that particular platform. Tkinter, on the other hand, provides a uniform look on all platforms, because it draws its widgets from scratch using the graphics facilities

afaik this is no longer true. tkinter now uses native look and feel.

Benwing 03:14, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Simplified Example
I think that the current example is too complicated for an new wxPython programmer. I have made a simplified example that I think illustrates the simplicity and ease of use of the library much better:

Does anyone have a problem with replacing the current example with this one? --24.252.131.59 (talk) 17:37, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and changed it. If you don't like it, then I guess you can change it back to the old one.--24.252.131.59 (talk) 21:04, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

A misleading sentence
According to the article wxPython "is one of the alternatives to Tkinter" Oh my God... It is like saying that the Lamborghini is one of the alternatives to the Fiat Panda. For anyone who knows both programs it is obvious that wxPython is light years away from Tkinter! The only problem with wxPython was the lack of a good free builder. Several years ago, the best builder I could find - wxGlade - was too buggy. But the version 0.8.3 changed everything, and all of a sudden wxPython with wxGlade became a powerful tool, comparable to (or - from my experience - even better than) QT. So after using QT for years, I switched to wxPython. Ironically, the Wikipedia article about wxGlade was deleted. Luckily, in spite of this, wxGlade is still developed. 85.193.216.87 (talk) 00:17, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:WxPython


text:
User talk:Gaojing

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:Gaojing


text:
Talk:Synapsin

De-Stubbify?
I just realised that this is probably enough detail to not be called a stub? Shall I de-stubbify? --BazDM 13:18, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Its borderline, but remove the stub if you like Onco p53 19:49, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Synaptic activity does NOT maintain expression of synapsin
Hi, first time editor here. The reference for this sentence "Conversely, studies using transgenic mice in which neuronal signaling is abolished in specific circuitries showed that synaptic activity regulates, but is not essential to maintain, the expression of these proteins.[4]" says the exact opposite (Kiraha et al. ). It shows some the expression of other synaptic proteins is regulated by synaptic signalling, but that synapsin I is not. I don't know if there are other studies supporting this, but in the mean time I will delete this sentence. 131.111.109.40 (talk) 15:44, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Synapsin


text:
Sixth Avenue (disambiguation)

Sixth Avenue is a major street in New York City.

Sixth Avenue may also refer to:

 * Sixth Avenue (Tacoma), Washington

title: Sixth Avenue (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Genneth

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being 'minor'. The only thing that's changed is that you will no longer be able to have them marked as minor by default. For more information on what a minor edit is, see WP:MINOR or feel to get in touch.

Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 22:56, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Genneth


text:
User talk:Kana~enwiki

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kana. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kana~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:50, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:47, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kana~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Noel Redding Band

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 03:01, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Noel Redding Band
Description of a band by one of its members. No notability, except for the fact that one of the members still owes money to the writer of article. Radiant! 13:21, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Noel Redding is certainly notable, having been a member of Jimi Hendrix's band; quite possibly The Noel Redding Band is notable as well, but this article doesn't have much encyclopedic in it as it stands. sjorford// 14:14, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, pick-up band of someone somewhat famous. Wyss 20:28, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 02:43, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "Noel moved to Ireland in 1972. He formed The Noel Redding Band with Eric Bell from Thin Lizzy, Dave Clark and Les Samson. They did two albums for RCA, three tours of Holland, two tours of England, one tour of Ireland and a 10-week tour in America. This ended in tears after a dispute with their management company." - from Noel Redding. It seems that they actually are notable; BUT as the encyclopaedic material in this article is currently all also in Noel Redding, redirect there.  If anyone chooses to write substantially on the subject later they can always split it off again. TSP 17:12, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Murder Junkies

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 03:04, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Murder Junkies
Non-notable band. Radiant! 13:21, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopedic. Wyss 20:25, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep GG Allin's band isn't notable?! Allin is a legend within the context of punk music, and the Murder Junkies were the subject of a well-known 1994 documentary film called Hated, and a concert DVD last year. They've also been around for more than a decade, (though obviously not with Allin after his death in 1994) which is quite an achievement.  WELL above any reasonable notability bar. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  23:15, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 02:45, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Indeed it is, which makes it a candidate for Cleanup not deletion. TSP 09:55, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Cleanup. Apart from Allin, the band briefly contained a punk rock legend in Dee Dee Ramone, founding member of the Ramones. Recorded albums with Allin and toured with him as recorded on the Hated documentary. Source AMG articles on GG Allin and the Murder Junkies. The membership of Dee Dee Ramone as a guitarist is documented in the AMG article on the Murder Junkies and the documentary. Hope to clean this up if I have time.Capitalistroadster 11:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all bands featuring Ramones members. Kappa 14:40, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Cleanup, the Murder Junkies are very notable. Missi 21:52, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep! --Tezeti 03:52, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, spurious notability. JamesBurns 09:33, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Cleanup, they are plenty notable, but the article is not well written

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Origin Of The Ut

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:33, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Origin Of The Ut
Silly inside joke disguised as a religion; possible BJAODN. Radiant! 13:24, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Yup. BJAODN. Uncle G 16:19, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Delete. Actually a relatively well disguised advertising page cleverly using BJAODN for the currently non-notable band Stonegarth (yes, I spend too much time trying to find these things on Google). If I may inject my opinion, the music on their site sounds good enough that they may someday achieve the required degree of notoriety, but definitely they have not yet done so. HyperZonk 18:13, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, stealth ad, move along. Wyss 20:25, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, band promo. Megan1967 02:47, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Playing doctor

"Playing doctor" is a phrase used colloquially in the Western world to refer to children examining each other's genitals. It originates from children using the pretend roles of doctor and patient as a pretext for such an examination. However, whether or not such role-playing is involved, the phrase is used to refer to any similar examination.

Playing doctor is distinguished from child-on-child sexual abuse because the latter is an overt and deliberate action directed at sexual stimulation, including orgasm, as compared to anatomical curiosity. Playing doctor is considered by most child psychologists to be a normal step in childhood development between the ages of approximately three and six years, so long as all parties are willing participants and relatively close in age. However, it can be a source of discomfort to parents to discover their children are engaging in such an activity. Parenting professionals often advise parents to view such a discovery as an opportunity to calmly teach their children about the differences between the sexes, personal privacy, and respecting the privacy of other children.

A study by American sexologist Alfred Kinsey published in the book Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) found that 38.6% of all 10-year-old children practice heterosexual and homosexual doctor play.

title: Playing doctor


text:
Talk:Tupolev SB

Article
Data quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/Tu/#ANT-40 by the owner of aviation.ru

"Was given to the production plant as an etalon." What is an etalon in this context? -FZ 20:08, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * (Note:- Many people are confused by the designation ststem used in the late 1930's whereby the Aircraft designation was followed by the number and type of engines fitted. Thus the SB fitted with M-103 engines is properly designated SB 2M-103 and not SB-2M-103. There never was nor ever will be an SB-2!!!)Petebutt (talk) 09:19, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Operational History section
If in June 1941, 94% of Soviet bombers were SBs, I would expect them to be used quite heavily in WW2. The operational history only lists use in the Spanish Civil war and the Far East - was it really not used against the German advance? --Stephan Schulz (talk) 08:43, 12 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes it was used - Its just no-one has written about use against the Soviet invasion (or in the Winter War) yet.Nigel Ish (talk) 16:30, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

the 94% is a false VVS-KA bombers 1st june '41 (SB was no more in production so they can not up) SB 3376 DB-3 1956 TB-3 339 Pe-2 285 Ar-2 146 various 141 actually were 54% — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.22.161.214 (talk) 20:43, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Tupolev SB. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110605015707/http://www.aviation.ru/Tu/ to http://www.aviation.ru/Tu/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:57, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tupolev SB


text:
Joël de Rosnay

Joël de  Rosnay (born 12 June 1937), is a Mauritius-born French scientist and writer,  presently  President  of Biotics International, a consulting company specialized in the impact of new technologies on industries, and Special Advisor to the President of the Universcience (Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie and Palais de la Découverte) of which he was Director of Forecasting and Assessment until June 2002.

Biography
From 1975 to 1985 he was Director  of  Research  Applications  at  l'Institut Pasteur  (the  Pasteur  Institute  in Paris). Former research associate  at  the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  (MIT) in the field of biology and computer graphics, he was successively Scientific Attaché to the French Embassy in the United States, and Scientific Director of European Enterprises Development Company (a venture capital group) from 1971 to 1975.

As well as several reports, namely : Biotechnologies and Bio Industry (1979), an annex to the report Sciences de la vie et Société by Professors Gros, Jacob and Royer. He was also co-responsible for the report which led to the creation of CESTA (Centre d'Etudes des Systèmes et des Technologies Avancées / Center for the study of systems and advanced technologies, 1982).

As author
De Rosnay is particularly interested in advanced technologies and the applications of system theory; his concept of the macroscope, a "big picture" view of the globe and its residents, was published in 1975. On these subjects, he wrote :
 * Le Macroscope (1975);
 * Les Chemins de la Vie (The paths of life) (1983) and
 * Le Cerveau  Planétaire (The planetary brain) (1986).

De Rosnay wrote for several years on new technologies for the economic magazine L'Expansion. He speaks on the same subject for Europe1, a radio network. De Rosnay is the author of several scientific books aimed at a wider public, such as:
 * Les origines  de  la vie, (The origins  of  life) (1966);
 * La malbouffe (the  wrong  food) (1979);
 * La Révolution Biologique, (the biological revolution) (1982);
 * Branchez-vous (Plug-in!), (1984), a book on personal computers;
 * L'Aventure du Vivant (The adventure of life) (1988);
 * L'avenir en direct (Live from the future) (1989);
 * Les rendez-vous du Futur (Rendez-vous with the future) (1991);
 * L'Homme Symbiotique, regards sur le 3eme millénaire (The Symbiotic Man, a look into the third millennium) (1995);
 * La plus belle  histoire  du  monde, (The most beautiful history of the World) with Yves Coppens, Hubert Reeves and Dominique Simonnet, Seuil, 1996;
 * Une vie en plus with Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber, François de Closets and Dominique Simonnet, Seuil 2005;
 * La révolte du Prolétariat with the collaboration of Carlo Revelli, Fayard, 2006.
 * 2020 : Les scénarios du futur, Fayard, 2008.
 * Surfer la Vie, Sur-Vivre dans la société fluide, LLL, May 2012;
 * Je cherche à comprendre...les codes cachés de la nature LLL, 2016;
 * La Symphonie du vivant, comment l'épigénétique va changer votre vie, LLL, 2018.

De Rosnay’s ideas have inspired various technology businesses and modern cultural works by creatives, entrepreneurs, and academics, notably around his notion of the cybiont. In The Symbiotic Man, De Rosnay defines a unit of a wholistic social structure, expanding on the concept of the singular living holobiont to also include the totality of human-made machines. He terms this set the cybiont - an emerging “planetary macro-organism” of biological and synthetic entities, all operating in synchrony as a cybernetic system.

Personal life
De Rosnay's wife Stella is the daughter of Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron Gladwyn. His daughter is novelist Tatiana de Rosnay.

De Rosnay is famous for pioneering surfing in France in 1957 and created the Surf Club de France in 1964.

title: Joël de Rosnay


text:
Budapest University of Technology and Economics

The Budapest University of Technology and Economics (Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem or in short Műegyetem), official abbreviation BME, is a public research university located in Budapest, Hungary. It is the most significant university of technology in the country and is considered the world's oldest institute of technology which has university rank and structure. It was founded in 1782.

More than 110 departments and institutes operate within the structure of eight faculties. About 1100 lecturers, 400 researchers and other degree holders and numerous invited lecturers and practising expert specialists participate in education and research at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Approximately 1381 of the university's 21,171 students are foreigners, coming from 50 countries. The Budapest University of Technology and Economics issues about 70% of Hungary's engineering degrees. 34 professors/researchers of the university are members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Training courses are provided in five languages: Hungarian, English, German, French and Russian.

The ECTS credit system was introduced in 1995. This helps students to enroll in the student exchange program of the European Union, the Socrates (also known as Erasmus), and earn a double degree through the Top Industrial Managers for Europe network.

History

 * 1635 – Archbishop Péter Pázmány, primate of Hungary, founds the University of Nagyszombat (today Trnava, Slovakia)
 * Late 18th century – The university moves to Buda and becomes the University of Buda.
 * 1735 – The "Berg-Schola," the world's first institute of technology, was founded in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary (today Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia) in 1735. Many members of the first teaching staff of BME arrived from Selmecbánya.
 * 1782 – Emperor Joseph II establishes the Institutum Geometricum as part of the Faculty of Liberal Arts at the University of Buda. The Institutum, the direct predecessor of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, is the first in Europe to award engineering degrees to students of land surveying, river control, and road construction.
 * 1850 – The Institutum Geometricum merges with the Joseph College of Technology.
 * 1856 – The merged institutions become the Royal Joseph Polytechnic.
 * 1860 – Hungarian replaces Latin as the language of instruction.
 * 1862 – Royal Joseph Polytechnic becomes the Royal Joseph University.
 * 1872 – Royal Joseph University gains full autonomy and the right to issue engineering diplomas after five years of studies. It is among the first institutions in Europe, to train engineers on university level.
 * 1901 – Royal Joseph University is entitled to confer the doctoral degree, "Doctor Rerum Technicarum."
 * 1910 – The university moved to its current site near Gellért square (next to the Art Nouveau Hotel Gellért).
 * 1925 – First women students enroll.
 * 1934 – The university was reorganized again as Palatine Joseph University of Technology and Economics and it played a dominant role in the interwar industrialization process, together with engineering and economist training in Hungary.
 * 1939 – The Institute for Continuing Education opens its gates.
 * 1949 – The name Technical University of Budapest becomes official. At this time the university consists of the faculties of: Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Architecture, Chemical Engineering and Electrical Engineering (in historical order).
 * 1955 – Faculty of Transportation Engineering is established.
 * 1956 – The 1956 Hungarian Revolution was partly launched by students at the university, followed by many professors.
 * 1967 – The two technical universities seated in Budapest were merged to form the Technical University of Budapest, with six faculties.
 * 1984 – Instruction is offered in English as well as Hungarian.
 * 1994 – The Technical University of Budapest is among the first universities in Hungary to introduce the credit system. The university applies the credit assignment according to the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) in its accredited academic programs.
 * 1998 – Faculty of Natural Sciences and Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences are established.
 * 2000 – The official name changes to Budapest University of Technology and Economics.

Faculties
At present the university has eight Faculties (founding date in parentheses):

Faculty of Civil Engineering (1782)

 * Civil engineering

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (1871)

 * Mechanical engineering
 * Mechatronics engineering
 * Energy engineering
 * Industrial design engineering
 * Industrial Command Engineering

Faculty of Architecture (1873)

 * Architecture

Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (1873)

 * Chemical engineering
 * Biochemical engineering
 * Environmental engineering

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (1949)

 * Electrical Engineering
 * Computer Science Engineering

Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering (1955)

 * Transportation engineering
 * Vehicle engineering
 * Logistics engineering

Faculty of Natural Sciences (1998*)

 * Mathematics
 * Physics
 * Computational and Cognitive Neuroscience

Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences (1998*)

 * Technical
 * Engineering management
 * Technical education
 * Economic
 * Applied economics
 * Business and management
 * International business
 * Regional and environmental economics
 * Social
 * Communication and media studies
 * The Faculty of Natural and Social Sciences was founded in 1987 and separated in 1998.

The organizational structure

The Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) is a public higher education institute operating as a central budgetary institution. Its founding regulation has been issued by the Minister of Human Resources. Its Organizational and operational conditions are summarized in its own regulation in accordance with laws.

The steering body of the university is the Senate. BME is divided into faculties.

The faculties in the order of their founding:

 * Faculty of Civil Engineering (ÉMK)
 * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (GPK)
 * Faculty of Architecture (ÉPK)
 * Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (VBK)
 * Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (VIK)
 * Faculty of Transportation Engineering and Vehicle Engineering (KJK)
 * Faculty of Natural Sciences (TTK)
 * Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences (GTK)

Education, research, innovation and direct additional services are proceeded by the faculties. Work-sharing between the faculties are subject oriented both in the fields of education and that of technology. The organogram of BME is available here. The faculties consist of departments, institutes, research centres that are supported by deans offices and other units. Governing is assisted by the Rectors Office and the Chancellors Office. There is a highly independent Group of integrated internal control.

Faculties and Students organizations are supported by service units.

The core and ancillary activities are supported

 * with system management and system support services
 * by the units of Chancellery
 * with specialized services, like
 * library and information management
 * by the National Technical Information Centre and Library and within it the University Archives
 * student registration, study management and coordination
 * by the Central Student Office
 * student support and advice management together with cultural services
 * by the Student Service Directorate
 * secretariat of Senate, Rectors Council and Ethics Committee
 * by the Rectors Office
 * assistance to the faculty councils, education committees and other committees of the faculties
 * by deans offices
 * secretariat of the University Committee of Teaching Authorization and Doctoral Council and Scientific Students Association
 * by the Central Student Office
 * assistance to the BME Organization of Union of Higher Education Employee, and the BME Unite of the Union of Employee in Public Culture and Collections, the Council of Public Employee and the BME Committee of Equal Opportunities
 * by the Office of Representations
 * assistance to the governing body of University Student and Doctoral Student Representation (EHDK)
 * by the Student Service Directorate
 * with coordination of independent organizational units and activities
 * by other umbrella organizations

There are other organizations like companies established or owned by the university, welfare institutions, student or teacher activity groups and other organizations associated to the university.

The Rector is the top manager and representative of the university. The Chancellor ensures the technical conditions, the administration, the financial management in order to complete the functions of the university. The Rector and the Chancellor regularly calls executive board meetings to prepare strategic decisions. Employment relations between are regulated in the Annex of the Human Resource Policy.

Admissions
All Hungarians who pass the Hungarian secondary school matura with enough points are eligible for admission, as well as for anyone else in possession of an International Baccalaureate (again, with enough points).

As with all Hungarian universities, a tuition fee of around $1000 has to be paid each semester for the Hungarian program. No extra fee is required for Hungarians for whom it is their first university, unless they spend more than 13 semesters there.

The university offers extensive English language programs on all its faculties, at all levels of study (Preparatory Year, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy). The Tuition fees vary from €2000 - €4500 per semester. 6% of all students come from different countries of the world representing over fifty different countries; the majority of the students in the English Program are from Azerbaijan, China, Pakistan, Kazakhstan and Jordan in the greatest numbers, and students even from Malaysia, Ecuador and Saudi-Arabia are among the graduates.

Location

The university is located on the Buda side of the Danube between Szabadság Bridge and Petőfi Bridge and towards Rákóczi Bridge. This makes the university campus especially long and narrow: walking from one side of the university to the other can take as much as 20 minutes.

The Inner City of Budapest (Pest) is just across the river, about 10 minutes' walk by either of the bridges.

Nobel laureates

 * Dénes Gábor (Dennis Gábor), inventor of holography (1971 Nobel Prize in Physics)
 * George Oláh, (1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)
 * Jenő Wigner (Eugene Wigner), (1963 Nobel Prize in Physics)
 * Ferenc Krausz, (2023 Nobel Prize in Physics)

Others

 * András Arató (Electrical engineer and model, known for the internet meme Hide the Pain Harold)
 * Donát Bánki (Co-inventor of the modern carburetor)
 * Pál Erdős (Mathematician)
 * Károly Ereky (Agricultural engineer, born Károly Wittmann, known as Karl Ereky, coined the notion: biotechnology in 1919)
 * Alfréd Hajós (Olympic champion swimmer)
 * Zoltan Hajos (Organic Chemist)
 * Alajos Hauszmann (Architect of the Buda Castle)
 * Csaba Horváth (Chemical Engineer, built the first high performance liquid chromatograph)
 * Imre Kacskovics (Immunologist and the Dean of the ELTE Faculty of Science)
 * Kálmán Kandó ("Father" of the AC powered electric locomotive, Rotary phase converter)
 * Tódor Kármán (Theodore von Kármán, "Father" of super-sonic flight)
 * Károly Kós (Architect of the Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden)
 * Imre Makovecz (Architect, one of the most prominent proponents of organic architecture)
 * Dénes Mihály (Engineer, inventor)
 * Samu Pecz (Architect of the Great Market Hall (Budapest))
 * Josef Petzval (Physicist, mathematician and inventor)
 * Ernő Rubik (Architect, inventor of mechanical puzzles)
 * Frigyes Schulek (Architect of the Fisherman's Bastion)
 * Erzsébet Simonyi (1915–1993) — first woman to earn a veterinary degree in Hungary and founder of the Veterinary Vaccine Control Institute.
 * Károly Simonyi (Physicist, father of Charles Simonyi)
 * Max Speter (chemist and science historian)
 * Imre Steindl (Architect of the Hungarian Parliament)
 * Leó Szilárd (Physicist, "father" of the atomic bomb, one of two co-inventors of nuclear reactor)
 * Kálmán Tihanyi (First patent on fully electronical TV, Inventor of Plasma TV, CRT-tube pioneer, designed the first pilotless aircraft)
 * Eva Vecsei (Architect, based in Montreal)

Sports
The university has one sports club, the Műegyetemi AFC, which played in the first 1901 Hungarian League season. The university hosted the IFIUS 2008 World Interuniversity Games in October.

National Technical Information Centre and Library
The National Technical Information Centre and Library at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME OMIKK) is the successor of two major libraries in Hungary.

The Central Library of BME
The library of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (then Joseph Polytechnics) was formally founded in 1848 when Baron József Eötvös, Minister of Religion and Public Education donated a book in five volumes that become the first item in the inventory of the library.

Since its foundation it moved with the university from Pest to the Buda Castle in 1854 and back to Pest in 1872. In 1882 it moved again, to the campus near the National Museum, now the campus of Faculty of Humanities of Eötvös Loránd University. In 1909 the Library was moved to a separated cathedral like building in the new Campus of BME. The building was designed by Samu Pécz, professor of architecture at the university. The central Aula connects the spacious, 16.5 meter wide reading room to the north, the multi floor storage facility to the west and the workrooms of library procedures to the south. The eastern facade is connected to the central building of the university with the 'Bridge of Sighs'. The architectural concept has been proven timeless.

Later on the storage capacity was enlarged with the introduction of compact storage technology, and adding a large capacity underground storage facility under the garden of the Campus.

Today a remote storage building near Budapest is also used.

In the beginning the library was directed by university professors. The first full-time director was appointed in 1936.

In the early years the library served only professors. It was opened for students in 1869, and for the general public in 1884.

In 1884 the first classification system of the library was elaborated and the first printed catalogue of the library was published by Vince Wartha, who was by the way professor of urban chemical technologies, dealing with construction materials, with gas production and water supply, and rector of university two times. In the following years extended editions of the printed catalogue were published and distributed to the departments and to other major libraries in the country. In 1936 the library introduced the index card system of catalogue. Transition to electronic cataloguing began in the 1980s, and the integrated library system was introduced in the 1990s. With the spreading of internet and widening the bandwidth the catalogue has become available from anywhere.

The library collection was extended by acquisitions, and with donations of professors. There were two major additions by receiving the heritage of baron József Eötvös in 1872, and of Károly Hieronymi engineer and politician in 1912.

During the Second World War both the building and the collection were damaged. Nevertheless, it continued its work in 1945, and the main reading room was reopened during the academic year of 1949–1950.

Since 1952, increasing amount of the collection has been placed on open shelves for direct access of the readers. In the beginning only fiction, later on handbooks, and nowadays textbooks and current literature can be found on the shelves in the reading rooms. In 1953 the library started publishing serials (Methodical papers of the Central Library of Budapest Technical University, publications on history of science and engineering, Scientific Technical Bibliographies) and some other serials in the 1960s.

Since the mid sixties the library takes part in the instruction of first year students with training on using the library and in teaching literature search skills.

In 1991 the library opened the Study of Natural Sciences with mostly chemistry-regarded literature open shelves.

The library is the centre of the library network of the university, and the thematic library in mathematics and physics.

The National Technical Information Centre and Library (OMIKK)
In 1883 Ágoston Trefort, minister of education opened the Technological Museum including a library consisting the “basic Hungarian and international literature dealing with industry”. In 1889 the library was moved and merged with the library of Public Polytechnics. In 1921 the Institute of Technological and Material Testing was established, merging two institutions. With the integration, the Library of Technological Institute was formed. From 1923 the library was intensively developed by the direction of Géza Káplány. In 1949 the Library of Technology was formally merged with the Technical Documentation Centre. Since then the library started establishing liaison libraries in the country. In 1952 the name changed to National Technical Library. In 1956 the Library was moved into a representative building near the National Museum. In 1982 with the introduction of electronic technologies and with the development of information exchange of cooperating libraries on multinational level the library took the name of National Technical Information Centre and Library. After several changes in the organization and supervision, in 2001, with the decision of the minister of education, most of the tasks, the staff and the whole collection of the National Technical Information Centre and Library were integrated into the Library of Budapest University of Technology and Economics.

BME OMIKK, the integrated library
After the integration of the two libraries the Main Reading Room were renovated and under it the Reading Room of Technical and Natural Sciences was created, three reading rooms in the central university building were formed, and a service tunnel connecting the library building with the underground storage facility and with the new reading rooms was constructed. In 2011, following the erection of new university buildings in the new southern (Lágymányos) campus, a new service point of BME OMIKK was opened in building “I”.

University rank
The Budapest University of Technology and Economics ranked 250th in mechanical engineering by QS 2017 world ranking.

It takes the 322nd place among the world's top 400 universities for engineering and technology, being the only university from Hungary that is listed in Quacquarelli Symonds ranking.

Times Higher Education ranked it as 1001+ in its 2020 world university rankings.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Paul rimmer

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 17:32, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Paul rimmer
Apparent attack page. Google Web reveals the existences of lots of Paul Rimmers. None seem notable enough for a rewrite. Uncle G 13:56, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Concur, it appears that the page linked to herein, Stuart Fraser, is a similar attack piece or nonsense. HyperZonk 18:17, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete #3, vandalism. Wyss 20:22, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text: File:Derek & Clive Live Sleeve.jpg

title: File:Derek & Clive Live Sleeve.jpg


text:
Talk:Horseshoe Tavern

Untitled
The article claimed the Shoe would be closing on it's 52th anniversary. That would be in 1999. This has clearly not happened, and I removed that reference. Maury 13:34, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Way too many artists listed.... the Paris Olympia article had a similar problem so I shaved it down. --Madchester 23:35, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Checkerboard Floor
I'm not sure how to add this (maybe a trivia section?) but the Tragically Hip song 'Bobcaygeon' makes reference to the Horseshoe Tavern and it's checker-board dance floor in the line: 'Those nights in Toronto/with its checker-board floors'

Anyone else think this would be relevant? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.160.173.2 (talk) 02:52, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

why is there no mention of feist? —Preceding unsigned comment added by LOctopus (talk • contribs) 23:29, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horseshoe Tavern


text: User talk:217.82.8.170

title: User talk:217.82.8.170


text:
User talk:Zoney/Archive06

Hello, this is the sixth of my archive pages (see also my other archives). Please leave responses even to this page, on the main talk page where I and others will see them! Thanks! zoney ♣ talk 13:35, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thank You!
Thanks for your "Keep" vote - it seems that about half of Wikipedia is made of Warhammer haters, but who still consider other more trivial subjects as encyclopaedic, such as Pokemon. Anyway, thanks again!

Forgotmytea

Thanks!
Got your nice note on my talk page and I wanted to thank you for it. Folks like you make this project worthwhile. Best, Lucky 6.9 16:18, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC)

I also read your note to me concerning the Ridge Route article making the Main Page. Thanks for letting us know, Zoney! You are a kind sysop, indeed. --avnative 13:14, Oct 1, 2004 (UTC)

Geography of Ireland
Nice edits just now. I think the article is close to FAC standard ad would love to give it that extra push to get it their, especially as Junior Cert seems to be doing really well without me. Any suggestions for further work? Filiocht 15:10, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm taking a look at the Geography article at present, hopefully I can add a few more tweaks. I'm not likely to add to Junior Cert, I've asked on talk there what more needs added, as it looks about as comprehensive as it can be (to me). The Geography article seems reasonably comprehensive so far, I think we should be able to push it to FA standard. While we will be able to improve Ireland greatly next week I hope, it is broader even than culture of Ireland, and so it's probably unlikely we will get that to FA either. But Geography is a candidate IMO. zoney ♣ talk 15:16, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think culture could get there, too. Need to steal some stuff ftom the article on the Travellers and do something on new immigrant communities. Also I hope to add a section on cultural instutions from the Arts Council to the ploughing championships. We'll see. If W. B. Yeats makes it to FA (looks likely), I want to push to get J. M. Synge there, too, and that needs a lot of work. Then Lady Gregory and Sean O'Casey to have an Abbey set, of sorts!Filiocht 15:22, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Irish language
Halló Zoney, I have found you at User talk:Io. Would it be possible to come back with some question about ga.wikipedia? Between others I would like to know what articles about dogs exist at ga.wikipedia already. See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Dog breeds. Thanks and regards Gangleri 21:14, 2004 Oct 7 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the answer! Gangleri 01:01, 2004 Oct 9 (UTC)

Thanks
For fixing my unbalanced brackets so wikily! Rich Farmbrough 11:46, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the congrats: I was really surprised to see James Joyce on the Main page so soon. Filiocht 12:44, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for your help!
I appreciate the help with the Castletownshend image. Doing the markup on images is very strange to me, but it's fun. Joyous 00:29, Oct 9, 2004 (UTC)

Irish town stubs
You seem to be leading the project of lets-get-all-irish town-stubs-up-to-scratch, and I'd like to help. How can I be of most use? What needs most attention? J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 18:56, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't it be
 * Townname (ainmbaile in Irish'''...
 * Just a small thing, but IMO it reads better. Whaddya think? J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 19:56, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Graph

Whatcha think? I made it in excel. I think all the data on the axes detracts from it, though. J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 23:29, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Irish images
Thanks for your kind words on the Skerries harbor photo. I was in Ireland this past summer, and I have a good many pictures. Most aren't particularly high quality, though: obvious vacation pics. I do have a nice shot of the actual castle of Castletownshend, a street shot of Baltimore, and the beach on Sherkin Island. Also the Ceim Hill Museum, although there's no article on that, and I can't imagine that it's notable enough for one. And sheep. Lots of sheep. Are the Irish worried that the sheep will organize and take over the govt? Joyous 00:58, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

A proposal - your comments requested
Hi zoney! On Wikipedia talk:Administrator Activity Proposal you had expressed interest in Crecopia's alternative proposal to the Admin Activity one, involving "duty admins". I have written up a more formalized proposal that covers a similar topic, and I would like your thoughts on it. Please see User:Whosyourjudas/proposal. Thanks! Whosyourjudas (talk) 19:34, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Graph
Ya, sure - well noticed! Mebbe the CSO have stats for all of Ireland... BTW in the ROI article should it go under hist or demographics? J OHN C OLLISON | (Ludraman) 20:52, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Demographics maybe? zoney ♣ talk 20:58, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Athlone
Why did you put Athlone under the category 'Towns in Roscommon' when 2/3's of the population live in the Westmeath side? CGorman 18:18, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Mistake I guess - is it officially in Westmeath then? zoney ♣ talk 18:22, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, its in Westmeath. Kiand 00:20, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks CGorman 18:57, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Logainmneacha
Where are you getting the Irish language versions of town names? Dungloe is "An Clochan Liath", not "Dun gCloiche"....

 * It appears there's a castle or something of that name. I'm using a rudimentary google search, in this case "Dungloe" and "Dun" (a guess). Hence the result! However, examining more carefully, even the results I had mention "An Clochan Liath". zoney ♣ talk 23:09, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Its much easier to use the index of a map. --CGorman 17:33, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Níl léirsceál agam le logainmneacha as Gaeilge!, I've no maps here with Irish placenames (and only small ones with English!). I generally use Multimap.com which has quite decent map of Ireland. (Zoom in a few levels to switch to detailed view).
 * I have to use google to find the Irish placenames (well, I do use my Irish dictionary for common placenames). I had wondered how you seemed to have no problems!
 * So do please check my edits if you come across any dodgy ones! :-) zoney ♣ talk 17:38, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

IRC chat on meetup
Don't forget the IRC chat re the meetup! #meetup.wikimedia J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 19:58, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Belfast International (Ireland page)
I note your edit and summary that Aldergrove "certainly" doesn't have many international routes. easyJet fly to Alicante, Amsterdam, Paris, Nice and Malaga. There are also many charter flights to international destinations. Regards Mark 20:38, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * (Again, proof that zoney is human and not infallible :-) zoney ♣ talk 18:06, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Zoney ....? HELP!
Zoney a chara,

Thanks for dropping a line! Yes, I know I'm making a mess of the articles, and as I would like to do a right job on them - and set up a page - I would be more than happy to get any help you might wish to give me.

Looking forward to hearing from you. Slan!

NAMBLA
Eh, I was only fixing a redirect on the article :-) I'll take a looksee anyways.	zoney ♣ talk 21:16, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but please really check, it is an urgent problem. Get-back-world-respect 14:00, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Email
Re'd your email. J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 16:28, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

From grid to sport
Do you know anything about Irish national grid reference system or Sport in Ireland? I just created both, but they're seriously lacking. I'm looking up stuff to put into them now? I nominated Sport on ICOTW aswell. J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 00:16, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Question
Who's dealing with WP:VP? - Ta bu shi da yu 23:52, 24 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Sept. 11
Hi, Zoney. This is belated, but I wanted to thank you for helping me fight for literacy in the title of the article on the September 11, 2001 attacks. user:Maurreen 02:50, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Celtic Tiger
I've put Celtic Tiger up on WP:FAC. Please support it! Another Irish Featured Article would be great. CGorman 10:22, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks, Zoney, for nominating me and (obviously) supporting me in my adminship nomin. Much appreciated! J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 14:22, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Inamimate carbon rod
You know, this was actually in an episode. It was the one with the giant ants and the "The Right Stuff" parody.

title: User talk:Zoney/Archive06