text:
User talk:Rindis

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 00:07, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

 * No problem, all part of the service... -- Francs2000 | Talk 00:20, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Regarding my Hydrans.
I have no objections to you moving the article, or moving the purely SFC related info. It's just my knowledge regarding SFB only really stretches as far as what I know from the 1st SFC game and reading a few articles on this site. Thanks for the heads up. cya around-Ktan 11:21, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Simulations Publications
I just wanted to congratulate and thank you for your superb work on that article.

Also, I see from your user page that you've edited the The Space Gamer article. You may be interested in the note I just left on Talk:The Space Gamer.

Cheers, CWC (talk) 14:23, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I figured it needs to get the same sort of attention that Avalon Hill already has. I'll leave you a note directly, but at the moment Wiki is barfing on your talk page (but not the main user page), so....

 * Also, if you read this before I get a chance to leave a message, It would be nice if you could tighten up my editor info on The Space Gamer, your collection is much more complete than mine. --Rindis 16:25, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

wargames
Thanks for the good edits and formatting of the "notable" wargames list. A big improvement over the laundry list that was there before.Michael Dorosh 20:00, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Heh, just got done thanking you on Talk:Wargaming. ^_^ I'd also like to thank you for the edits to the end of the History section. Much better. I've been largely out of the wider wargaming community since '82, so anything you can do to extend the history past that point would be good. I might manage something off some of the magazines I've been buying off eBay, but that project could take me years to get around to. -_^ --Rindis 20:07, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I know what you mean. How stupid were we 20 years ago (if you were out of diapers, I mean) :-) not to buy this stuff when we had the chance. I am now buying up WARGAMER, FIRE AND MOVEMENT etc. on ebay also - I find the anniversary editions provide great references on the "history of wargaming" and WARGAMER especially published great anthologies on individual topics (ie history of naval wargames, history of Civil War wargames, etc.) Unfortunately my library is only up to the mid-to-late 80s, as reflected in my wikipedia edits!Michael Dorosh 20:17, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Born in '70. My dad was in the industry (I'm doing my best to stay away from WP:AUTO), but went out of business just as I was really reaching the point of being able to intelligently observe some of what was going on. Sounds like I need to pay more attention to The Wargamer. --Rindis 20:34, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

List of board wargames
Hello! A game like the classic Terrible Swift Sword is considered a grand tactical game (the entire battle of Gettysburg in regimental scale) while a smaller game such as Devil's Den would be more tactical (company level). Operational games are at the brigade level (Battle of Atlanta). Strategic games are campaign or operational in nature. I'd love to hear your ideas, and would welcome your changes to the list - not a problem! I've been a gamer since collge in the late 1970s, and now much more into miniature gaming. I merely wanted to differentiate the levels (similar to what we do in the ACW miniatures world to segregate company level games (Brother Against Brother), regimental (Johnny Reb 3), brigade level (Fire & Fury) and strategic. Scott Mingus 21:57, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Rindis - thanks for fixing the formatting on the Operation Kadesh link. I'm new to Wikipedia and am largely clueless about formatting. Anyway, I'm interested in the Arab-Israeli conflict, and figured that I'd slowly fill out the game descriptions if no one else is going to. I'll add a description for Fast Attack Boats at some point in the next couple of weeks. --Bookshelf

 * No problem. I've slowly learned (and re-learned) all the tricks over a period of time. I still have a lot of things that I want to get in there, and then a heck of a lot of red-links to do something about... ^_^ Pity I don't get paid for this, it'd be great job security! --Rindis 22:36, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

House organ
Nice job on this as well! Michael Dorosh Talk  21:38, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Heh. I have to thank Answers.com and Barron's on that one. I knew more-or-less what a house organ was, but was having a hard time writing anything better than an 'ehh' wiktionary definition until I saw the 'internal vs. external' bit that I hadn't really thought about before. So, I learned something new and passed it on to Wikipedia. ^_^ --Rindis 21:57, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

List of miniature and terrain manufacturers
Well, as you might have noticed the deletion review has been closed with no further comments from anyone that would really explain why, or answer our questions that we had. At this time I see two (or really three) options... (1) The information could be reinserted into the Miniature wargaming article as it was there before; (2) This kind of thing could be handled by creating a new category, something like or something else that's appropriate and then applying this category to any article to which it's appropriate. Of course this only gets those companies that have articles on Wikipedia already. Maybe this isn't such a bad option though. And the third option is that we just drop it (at least for now). I don't know which one of these is the best, except that just dropping it will likely leave a bad taste in my mouth. (In any event, I'm also off on business for three weeks, so I probably won't be doing much editing. This whole experience, together with what's happened in the List of miniature wargames small edit-warring has really been souring my enthusiasm here.)  Craw-daddy 21:13, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Ogre (game)
Hi Rindis, thanks for the correction on the Ogre article; I realised my mistake as soon as I saw a photo of the Mk IV but you beat me to it. In your opinion, could the article do with one more photo to illustrate the smaller units, or are the existing two photos enough? Marasmusine 07:12, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmm, a photo of a collection of some 'conventional' units might be good. Whether to make that a third, or replace the Fencer photo is another question. Personally, in preference to any of that, I think some photos of the components from the boardgame editions would be good. ^_^ --Rindis 15:37, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Good edit on the Ogre page--You left in the game balance issues of 1st edition while mentioning the changes.Gilbertine goldmark (talk) 20:04, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Acquire, abstract or not?
I won't revert your edit for now, but please explain your position in more detail on the article talk page. I don't understand the basis on which you judge the game to be an abstract. Thanks. -Chunky Rice 17:02, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Avalon Hill.jpg
This is an automated message from a robot. You have recently uploaded Image:Avalon Hill.jpg. The file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 10:38, 12 September 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. If you believe you received this message in error, please notify the bot's owner. OsamaKBOT 10:38, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Updated. --Rindis 15:37, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Defending the SFU on Wikipedia
Looks like Gavin.collins has it in for just about any sub-article, including any centered on the SFU. Shall we resign ourselves are push hard to keep what we have? --Donovan Ravenhull 02:43, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Haven't been paying too much attention lately, but I'm noticing that it's mostly going towards Merge and Keep results, which I'm generally fine with. He's also not just picking on SFU (I wondered if he noticed us through PD while going around the GURPS stuff.) So, I think we're going to weather it fairly well. I'll join in on the discussion if I can think of something intelligent to say. ;)
 * I'm not exactly happy with the Merge on Minor Powers..., but looking at the main SFU article, I think we really need to clean it up again. There's really no reason to list all the powers from one unsupported playtest module. As far as I'm concerned, one of the reasons for these articles is to try and bring together basic information that is often scattered in ADB materials. I'd love to find an article somewhere on the differences between canon Star Trek and current SFU, then we can get it here without violating OR, and it's the type of information that Wikipedia really needs.
 * I noted you mentioning an SFU-Wiki. I've had the same thought for a while. It could be a great way to untangle a lot of half-buried info. However, I think it'd come up against some really nasty copyright and licensing issues fast, so I'm not sure that it's doable at a level that would make it truly worthwhile. --Rindis 16:04, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I kinda agree that we need to be willing to let go of some of the SFU stuff, like the Xorkeans (who have barely been mentioned anyway by the game itself) and maybe let go of the playtest stuff. The whole issue has hit the Village Pump/Policy page in a discussion of what constitutes notability and original research for fictional entities.

 * As for the SFU-wiki, I have proposed that directly on the Federation Commander forum as something that would be directly under the umbrella of SFGs, partly to give access to all SFU copywrited material, and partly to let the Steves be able to go in and make thier view of what can and can't be webified (i.e. what will and won't detract from people buying thier products) as they see fit. --Donovan Ravenhull 16:41, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Star Fleet Battle Force
An article that you have been involved in editing, Star Fleet Battle Force, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you. Gavin Collins 09:45, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for footnote help
I get impatient with the multiple forms of footnoting/referencing used here. Thanks for the help. -- Orange Mike 16:40, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I know what you mean, I refused to use the current 'ref' system for a long while, and only recently converted one of my bigger articles to it. Anyway, I'm always happy to clean up the obvious stuff. The obsessive detail-oriented streak in me is happy. --Rindis 18:47, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Omega Octant
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Omega Octant, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add db-author to the top of Omega Octant. Judgesurreal777 19:59, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Orion Pirates
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Orion Pirates, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add db-author to the top of Orion Pirates. Judgesurreal777 20:02, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Romulan Star Empire (Star Fleet Universe)
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Romulan Star Empire (Star Fleet Universe), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add db-author to the top of Romulan Star Empire (Star Fleet Universe). Judgesurreal777 20:04, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * what the hell?!?!?!?! who is deleting articles now automatically?! Am ir eading this correctly?! thanks. --Steve, Sm8900 (talk) 20:05, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks like it was PRODed, which can lead to deletion of an article if no one objects. The theory, I believe, is to speed up the process where everyone agrees it's a bad idea. One person objecting will halt it. Looks like this happened here, and then it got AFD'd to death. (sigh) Part of a chain of events that put me off Wiki for a while. (Of course, I have too many hobbies as it is anyway.). --Rindis (talk) 22:12, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Romulan Star Empire (Star Fleet Universe)
Romulan Star Empire (Star Fleet Universe), an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that Romulan Star Empire (Star Fleet Universe) satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Romulan Star Empire (Star Fleet Universe)& and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Romulan Star Empire (Star Fleet Universe) during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Judgesurreal777 21:29, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Universe logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Universe logo.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 02:34, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

thanks for image help
thanks for your help. I'll see your "bleh", and raise you a blech. I agree with you entirely. this is just seeming silly. Wikipedia is making it harder for its own editors (and by the way rewarding people like us for treating this like a blank exercise, and penalizing those who take things like this seriously, since in the end the only way to handle this is through the use of ordinary boilerplate). oh well. thanks. --Steve, Sm8900 (talk) 20:04, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The true measure of Wikipedia's success is that the bureaucracy is moving in....

 * I wouldn't mind the this particular rule as much if they had helpful text about it anywhere (including samples of what to do). The current versions are obtuse and overwrought. --Rindis (talk) 21:55, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, but if they do that then it might let people know the rule is meaningless and depends only on jargon errr, I mean it might detract from the sublime purity of this whole idea err scratch that, I meant people might forget the ancient art of filling out forms on Wikipedia oh, just forget it. :-) --Steve, Sm8900 (talk) 04:35, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:CommanderSFB.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:CommanderSFB.gif. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 20:19, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I tried to fix this. let me know what you think. thanks. --Steve, Sm8900 (talk) 22:34, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * (shrug) They've got enough moving parts that I don't know what is or isn't deemed necessary. It's pretty obvious that Beta is being let loose on anything that has a 'non-free' tag and doesn't have the requisite notice per page. So, I'm just adding those notices (which I'd already done, but hadn't talk-noted it). --Rindis (talk) 22:39, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

need assistance
please take a look at Federation Commander when you have a chance, some people have added some tags. also, who else do you know has edited this article favorably, and is currently an active editor? thanks. --Steve, Sm8900 (talk) 15:26, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Image for Charge Magazine
I am the publisher and freely give myself the right to use the cover of the magazine, which I write, produce, edit, and publish. I think this more than qualifies for FAIR USE. It's my own copyright and creation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Scott Mingus (talk • contribs) 18:30, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Klingon Empire (Star Fleet Universe)
I have nominated Klingon Empire (Star Fleet Universe), an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Klingon Empire (Star Fleet Universe)&. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Jobjörn (talk) 20:12, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Orion Pirates
I have nominated Orion Pirates, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Orion Pirates. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Jobjörn (talk) 20:13, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Request for Mediation?
Hello - you participated in Gavin.collins' Request for Comment, so I am alerting you that we are preparing a Request for Mediation regarding him. BOZ (talk) 03:16, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I am alerting you that we are now considering a Request for Arbitration regarding him as an alternative to mediation, and would like your opinion on the matter. BOZ (talk) 13:35, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Board wargame
Awesome article. Good work! -Chunky Rice (talk) 19:19, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. And to think it only took me a year and half to piece together. >.< --Rindis (talk) 22:38, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Omega Octant
I have nominated Omega Octant, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Omega Octant. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Plrk (talk) 21:39, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

board game categories
Please explain why you believe it is correct to remove an additional description of wargames which points the reader to three significant articles on board wargames, miniature wargames and role-playing games. Each of these sections is significant of itself.

As regards SCALE, it is "evident" that there is both a physical difference in the playing-pieces and the depth of involvement of the players at each level. The (hex-grid) Strategy & Tactics-type board wargame uses 1cm cards to identify forces. The miniature wargame uses small figurines which can either be individuals such as generals or can be blocks of infantry etc. For many participants, the preparation of the pieces is as important as the actual battle. The role-playing game uses one-to-one figures where the player treats them, in effect, as avatars. And I am surprised that there is as yet no reference to this but rpg are not my favoured topic. I see these three groups of game as significantly different; they each have a large article about them and they are sold differently to different people; is this not a significant difference best described as a difference in scale? Please advise.

In addition, there are the german-style board games and the Civilization 4X groups which do not get a reference in this section and may deserve a mention. If you are making changes then perhaps a brief paragraph differentiating these would benefit other readers.

Finally I note that the lower categories do not mention that the 'top' category is tabletop games; is this a subtlety of Wikipedia or should there be a reference of this sort? In error, I referred to this elsewhere as table games which redirects to tabletop game (but tabletop gameS has no such redirect. My amendment was then removed which I thought harsh so can you advise how to ensure that a genuine errors of that sort is dealt with politely. How does one arrange a new redirect?

It is clear from the comments on your talk page that you are the author of this and similar pages so presumably it is improper? rude? unauthorised? to make changes without your agreement. On that basis, I will of course desist from doing any work in this area. Please advise.

81.156.248.136 (talk) 07:13, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * First off, no one "owns" Wikipedia pages. As you might imagine though, I do keep eye on pages I have an interest in. I generally try keep something of anything I come across, but was too confused as to your point to be able to do so in that case. Sorry. :( By the way, if you get a free user account, you can also 'watch' pages, and see a list of when they've been modified recently.

 * I think you have mis-apprehensions as to the meaning of scale, which in this context comes down to a combination of ground scale, unit scale (how many men per unit), and amount of time per turn. Even RPGs (uniformly one man per figure) can have different scales, for example, AD&D combat is measured in 10' squares and 10 seconds(?) per round, and GURPS uses 1 yard hexes and one-second turns. Miniatures and board wargames can have much more variation in scale. The differences between miniatures and board wargames are ones of form rather than strictly by scale. RPGs are generally a separate genre, having a different point and focus than wargames. They are also not board games (being an entirely separate high-level division). The relationship between the three is gone into a little in the history of wargaming, more in the miniature wargaming article. It's possible more needs to be said in the overview, which, frankly, still needs some cleanup.

 * The board game article does mention Eurogames/German-style games already (second entry in Categories). "Civilization"/4X games are not a generally recognized category of board games however. (The concept does come up in BGG conversations once in while, but it'll be eventually challenged/thrown out without a reliable article talking about the concept.

 * I think tabletop games has been a subject of some dispute. Mostly in that no one is happy with the name, and I think the article is technically a bit more recent. Certainly, no one has been paying much attention to it.

 * Thanks for the note, and be aware that WikiProject Board and table games is a good place to find more people than just me interested in the various articles we're discussing. --Rindis (talk) 18:14, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

D&D articles for Wikipedia 0.7
Hi there! :)

As someone who's worked on D&D and/or RPG articles before, I'm inviting you to participate in our goal to both improve articles that have been selected to be placed in the next Wikipedia DVD release, as well as nominate more to be selected for this project. Please see the WikiProject D&D talk page for more details. :) BOZ (talk) 05:17, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I see that you have put some work into the Gary Gygax article, which I have nominated for a GA review. If there is anything you can do to help it get passed, please join in! Also, feel free to comment on the D&D WikiProject talk page regarding our efforts to get articles in the 0.7 release. BOZ (talk) 03:16, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Talk:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Thanks for the shift to nested format here. I tried doing the same thing this morning, but it didn't work for me. I see what I did wrong, though  -- BPMullins | Talk 17:57, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Gavin.collins RFC/U
Hello. A request for comment on user conduct has recently been filed regarding Gavin.collins. Since you had endorsed at least one summary in the prior Request for Comment, I thought that you would want to know. You can see the RFC/U here. Thank you. BOZ (talk) 00:37, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Federation and Empire
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Federation and Empire, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process
 * Appearently non-notable game, if there are third party sources please include.

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Rocksanddirt (talk) 20:27, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Hello
Just wanted to say Hi, after having passed my recent Request for adminship. How's everything going?

I don't know if you've been around in a while, but I'd like to point out to you the success we've had with the D&D GA-drive so far: Gary Gygax, Wizards of the Coast, Dragons of Despair, Drizzt Do'Urden, Forgotten Realms, Tomb of Horrors, Dwellers of the Forbidden City, White Plume Mountain, The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth, Expedition to the Barrier Peaks, Planescape: Torment, Dragonlance, and Against the Giants, and we plan to hit Dave Arneson and Drow (Dungeons & Dragons) after some work. :)

If you're interested in coming around to check out what we've been up to, you are welcome as always. :) BOZ (talk) 17:53, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Strategy
Yeah but there is section in the Strategy game article on Wargames. Here. So that's why I went with that. --User:Woohookitty Disamming fool! 02:59, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010.

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.

When reviewing, edits should be accepted if they are not obvious vandalism or BLP violations, and not clearly problematic in light of the reason given for protection (see Reviewing process). More detailed documentation and guidelines can be found here.

If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Courcelles (talk) 18:46, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of House organ for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article House organ, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/House organ until a consensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. -- RoySmith (talk) 15:01, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:17, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Avalon Hill.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Avalon Hill.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:27, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

Nomination of Napoleon (game) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Napoleon (game) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Napoleon (game) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. SunDawn (talk) 07:43, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Star Fleet Universe for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Star Fleet Universe, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.

The discussion will take place at Articles for deletion/Star Fleet Universe until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.

To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:03, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rindis


text:
Interstitial lung disease

Interstitial lung disease (ILD), or diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), is a group of respiratory diseases affecting the interstitium (the tissue) and space around the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. It concerns alveolar epithelium, pulmonary capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and perivascular and perilymphatic tissues. It may occur when an injury to the lungs triggers an abnormal healing response. Ordinarily, the body generates just the right amount of tissue to repair damage, but in interstitial lung disease, the repair process is disrupted, and the tissue around the air sacs (alveoli) becomes scarred and thickened. This makes it more difficult for oxygen to pass into the bloodstream. The disease presents itself with the following symptoms: shortness of breath, nonproductive coughing, fatigue, and weight loss, which tend to develop slowly, over several months. The average rate of survival for someone with this disease is between three and five years. The term ILD is used to distinguish these diseases from obstructive airways diseases.

There are specific types in children, known as children's interstitial lung diseases. The acronym ChILD is sometimes used for this group of diseases.

Thirty to 40% of those with interstitial lung disease eventually develop pulmonary fibrosis which has a median survival of 2.5-3.5 years. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is interstitial lung disease for which no obvious cause can be identified (idiopathic) and is associated with typical findings both radiographic (basal and pleural-based fibrosis with honeycombing) and pathologic (temporally and spatially heterogeneous fibrosis, histopathologic honeycombing, and fibroblastic foci).

In 2015, interstitial lung disease, together with pulmonary sarcoidosis, affected 1.9 million people. They resulted in 122,000 deaths.

Causes
ILD may be classified as to whether its cause is not known (idiopathic) or known (secondary).

Idiopathic
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia is the term given to ILDs with an unknown cause. They represent the majority of cases of interstitial lung diseases (up to two-thirds of cases). They were subclassified by the American Thoracic Society in 2002 into 7 subgroups:
 * Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): the most common subgroup, representing more than 30% of ILD
 * Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP)
 * Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP): also known as Hamman-Rich syndrome
 * Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP)
 * Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD)
 * Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP): also known by the older name bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
 * Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP)

Secondary
Secondary ILDs are those diseases with a known etiology, including:

Connective tissue and autoimmune diseases
Connective tissue related disease represents approximately 25% of all cases of ILD.
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Rheumatoid arthritis
 * Systemic lupus erythematosus
 * Systemic sclerosis
 * Polymyositis
 * Dermatomyositis
 * Antisynthetase syndrome

Inhaled substances (pneumoconiosis)

 * Inorganic
 * Silicosis
 * Asbestosis
 * Berylliosis
 * Industrial printing chemicals (e.g. carbon black, ink mist)
 * Organic
 * Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis), representing approximately 15% of cases of ILD.

Drug-induced

 * Antibiotics (e.g., nitrofurantoin and sulfa drugs)
 * Chemotherapeutic drugs
 * Antiarrhythmic agents
 * Cigarette smoking
 * Smoking-related interstitial fibrosis (SRIF) is an example of a type of interstitial lung disease known to be caused by smoking.

Infection

 * Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
 * Atypical pneumonia
 * Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
 * Tuberculosis
 * Chlamydia trachomatis
 * Respiratory syncytial virus

Malignancy

 * Lymphangitic carcinomatosis

Childhood interstitial lung disease and ILD predominately in children

 * Diffuse developmental disorders
 * Growth abnormalities and deficient alveolarisation
 * Infant conditions of undefined cause
 * ILD related to alveolar surfactant region

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of ILD involves assessing the signs and symptoms as well as a detailed history investigating occupational exposures. ILD usually presents with dyspnea, worsening exercise intolerance and 30-50% of those with ILD have a chronic cough. On examination, velcro crackles, in which the crackles compare to the sound of velcro being unfastened, are common in ILD. Pulmonary function tests usually show a restrictive defect with decreased diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) indicating reduced alveolar to blood capillary transport. Pulmonary function testing is indicated for all people with ILD and the FVC loss and DLCO is prognostic, with an FVC loss of greater than 5% per year associated with a poor prognosis in fibrosis subtypes of ILD.

A chest x-ray is 63% sensitive and 93% specific for ILD. With advances in computed tomography, CT scans of the chest have supplanted lung biopsy as the preferred diagnostic test for ILD. A thoracic CT scan is 91% sensitive and 71% specific for ILD. In higher income countries, less than 10% of people with ILD undergo a lung biopsy as part of the diagnostic evaluation.

A lung biopsy may be required if the clinical history and imaging are not clearly suggestive of a specific diagnosis or malignancy cannot otherwise be ruled out. Surgical lung biopsy or via a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) biopsy is associated with a mortality rate up to 1-2%. A bronchoscopic transbronchial cryobiopsy, in which a camera is introduced into the airways followed by rapid freezing of an area of lung tissue prior to biopsy is associated a lower complication rate and a much lower mortality rate compared to VATS or surgical biopsy with near comparable diagnostic accuracy. There are four types of histopathologic patterns seen in ILD: usual interstitial pneumonia, non-specific interstitial pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, and diffuse alveolar damage. There is significant overlap of the histopathological and radiologic features of each ILD type making diagnosis challenging; even with lung biopsy, 15% of cases of ILD cannot be classified.

Pulmonary function testing
Most patients with suspected ILD are likely to undergo complete pulmonary function testing. These tests are useful in diagnosis and determining severity of the disease.

Although there is large diversity in interstitial lung disease, most follow a restrictive pattern. Restrictive defects are defined by decreased TLC (total lung capacity), RV (residual volume), FVC (forced vital capacity) and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second). As both FVC and FEV1 are reduced, the FVC to FEV1 ratio remains normal or is increased.

As disease progression increases and the lungs become stiffer lung volumes will continue to decrease; lower TLC, RV, FVC and FEV1 scores are associated with a more severe disease progression and poorer prognosis.

X-ray and CT (computed tomography)
Chest radiography is usually the first test to detect interstitial lung diseases, but the chest radiograph can be normal in up to 10% of patients, especially early in the disease process.

High-resolution CT of the chest is the preferred modality and differs from routine CT of the chest. Conventional (regular) CT chest examines 7–10 mm slices obtained at 10 mm intervals; high resolution CT examines 1–1.5 mm slices at 10 mm intervals using a high-spatial-frequency reconstruction algorithm. The HRCT therefore provides approximately 10 times more resolution than the conventional CT chest, allowing the HRCT to elicit details that cannot otherwise be visualized.

Radiologic appearance alone, however, is not adequate and should be interpreted in the clinical context, keeping in mind the temporal profile of the disease process.

Interstitial lung diseases can be classified according to radiologic patterns.

Pattern of opacities

 * Consolidation
 * Acute:
 * Alveolar hemorrhage syndromes
 * Acute eosinophilic pneumonia
 * Acute interstitial pneumonia
 * Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
 * Chronic:
 * Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
 * Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
 * Lymphoproliferative disorders
 * Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
 * Sarcoidosis

 * Linear or reticular opacities
 * Acute:
 * Pulmonary edema
 * Chronic:
 * Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
 * Connective tissue-associated interstitial lung diseases
 * Asbestosis
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
 * Drug-induced lung disease

 * Small nodules
 * Acute:
 * Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
 * Chronic:
 * Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Silicosis
 * Coal workers pneumoconiosis
 * Respiratory bronchiolitis
 * Alveolar microlithiasis

 * Cystic airspaces
 * Chronic:
 * Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
 * Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis
 * Honeycomb lung caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or other diseases

 * Ground glass opacities
 * Acute:
 * Alveolar hemorrhage syndromes
 * Pulmonary edema
 * Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
 * Acute inhalational exposures
 * Drug-induced lung diseases
 * Acute interstitial pneumonia
 * Chronic:
 * Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
 * Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease
 * Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
 * Drug-induced lung diseases
 * Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

 * Thickened alveolar septa
 * Acute:
 * Pulmonary edema
 * Chronic:
 * Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
 * Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease

Distribution

 * Upper lung predominance
 * Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
 * Silicosis
 * Coal workers pneumoconiosis
 * Carmustine-related pulmonary fibrosis
 * Respiratory broncholitis associated with interstitial lung disease

 * Lower lung predominance
 * Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
 * Pulmonary fibrosis associated with connective tissue diseases (ILD-CTD)
 * Asbestosis
 * Chronic aspiration

 * Central predominance (perihilar)
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Berylliosis

 * Peripheral predominance
 * Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
 * Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
 * Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia

Associated findings

 * Pleural effusion or thickening
 * Pulmonary edema
 * Connective tissue diseases
 * Asbestosis
 * Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
 * Lymphoma
 * Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
 * Drug-induced lung diseases

 * Lymphadenopathy
 * Sarcoidosis
 * Silicosis
 * Berylliosis
 * Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
 * Lymphoma
 * Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia

Genetic testing
For some types of paediatric ILDs and few forms adult ILDs, genetic causes have been identified. These may be identified by blood tests. For a limited number of cases, this is a definite advantage, as a precise molecular diagnosis can be done; frequently then there is no need for a lung biopsy. Testing is available for

ILDs related to alveolar surfactant region

 * Surfactant protein B deficiency (mutations in SFTPB)
 * Surfactant protein C deficiency (mutations in SFTPC)
 * ABCA3 deficiency (mutations in ABCA3)
 * Brain–lung–thyroid syndrome (Mutations in TTF1)
 * Congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (mutations in CSFR2A and/or CSFR2B)

Diffuse developmental disorder

 * Alveolar capillary dysplasia (mutations in FoxF1)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

 * Mutations in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)
 * Mutations in telomerase RNA component (TERC)
 * Mutations in the regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1 (RTEL1)
 * Mutations in poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN)

Treatment
ILD is not a single disease but encompasses many different pathological processes, hence treatment is different for each disease. If a specific occupational exposure cause is found, the person should avoid that environment. If a drug cause is suspected, that drug should be discontinued.

Oxygen therapy
Oxygen therapy at home is recommended in those with significantly low oxygen levels. Oxygen therapy in ILD is associated with improvements in quality of life but reductions in mortality are uncertain.

Pulmonary rehabilitation
Pulmonary rehabilitation appears to be useful with the benefits being sustainable longer term with improvements in exercise capacity (as measured by a six minute walking test), dyspnea, and quality of life.

Lung transplantation
Lung transplantation is an option if the ILD progresses despite therapy in appropriately selected patients with no other contraindications. Life expectancy after lung transplant is 5.2 years in those with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) and 6.7 years in those with other types of ILD.

Medications
The antifibrotics pirfenidone and nintedanib have been shown to slow the decline in lung function (as measured by forced vital capacity [FVC]) in those with ILD compared to placebo. Pirfenidone was associated with a 45% less decline in FVC at 52 weeks compared to placebo in a trial involving people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and was associated with a slower FVC decline in those with progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib was also associated with a slower FVC decline and increased mean survival in people with ILD.

The immunomodulator tocilizumab has a benefit in scleroderma associated ILD by helping to preserve lung function (as measured by FVC) at 48 weeks. The immunomodulators cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil and rituximab all showed improved lung function (as measured by % predicted FVC) compared to placebo in systemic sclerosis or scleroderma associated ILD.

The inhaled vasodilator treprostinil (a synthetic prostacyclin which acts as a prostaglandin I2 analogue) is indicated in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension secondary to interstitial lung disease and is associated with improved exercise capacity as measured by a 6-minute walk test.

Supportive care
Those with ILD should stop smoking cigarettes if they smoke. Vaccinations against pneumococcus, Covid-19, RSV and influenza are indicated in all those with ILD. Short acting opiates are known to improve breathlessness symptoms in those with end stage lung disease. The opiate agonist-antagonist nalbuphine and morphine are also known to improve coughing in those with ILD and other end stage lung diseases.

Prognosis
The median survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is 3-3.5 years. In those who receive a lung transplant, the medial survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is 5.2 years, as compared to 6.7 years in those with other types of ILD. ILD is associated with a 3-fold increased risk of lung cancer.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Interstitial lung disease


text:
Work (electric field)

Electric field work is the work performed by an electric field on a charged particle in its vicinity. The particle located experiences an interaction with the electric field. The work per unit of charge is defined by moving a negligible test charge between two points, and is expressed as the difference in electric potential at those points. The work can be done, for example, by electrochemical devices (electrochemical cells) or different metals junctions generating an electromotive force.

Electric field work is formally equivalent to work by other force fields in physics, and the formalism for electrical work is identical to that of mechanical work.

Physical process
Particles that are free to move, if positively charged, normally tend towards regions of lower electric potential (net negative charge), while negatively charged particles tend to shift towards regions of higher potential (net positive charge).

Any movement of a positive charge into a region of higher potential requires external work to be done against the electric field, which is equal to the work that the electric field would do in moving that positive charge the same distance in the opposite direction. Similarly, it requires positive external work to transfer a negatively charged particle from a region of higher potential to a region of lower potential.

Kirchhoff's voltage law, one of the most fundamental laws governing electrical and electronic circuits, tells us that the voltage gains and the drops in any electrical circuit always sum to zero.

The formalism for electric work has an equivalent format to that of mechanical work. The work per unit of charge, when moving a negligible test charge between two points, is defined as the voltage between those points.

W = Q \int_{a}^{b} \mathbf{E} \cdot \, d \mathbf{r} = Q \int_{a}^{b} \frac{\mathbf{F_E}}{Q} \cdot \, d \mathbf{r}= \int_{a}^{b} \mathbf{F_E} \cdot \, d \mathbf{r} $$ where
 * Q is the electric charge of the particle
 * E is the electric field, which at a location is the force at that location divided by a unit ('test') charge
 * FE is the Coulomb (electric) force
 * r is the displacement
 * $$\cdot$$ is the dot product operator

Mathematical description
Given a charged object in empty space, Q+. To move q+ closer to Q+ (starting from $$ r_0 = \infty $$, where the potential energy=0, for convenience), we would have to apply an external force against the Coulomb field and positive work would be performed. Mathematically, using the definition of a conservative force, we know that we can relate this force to a potential energy gradient as:
 * $$\frac{\partial U}{\partial \mathbf{r}} = \mathbf{F}_{ext}$$

Where U(r) is the potential energy of q+ at a distance r from the source Q. So, integrating and using Coulomb's Law for the force:
 * $$U(r) = \Delta U = \int_{r_0}^{r} \mathbf{F}_{ext} \cdot \, d \mathbf{r}= \int_{r_0}^{r} \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{q_1q_2}{\mathbf{r^2}} \cdot \, d \mathbf{r}= - \frac{q_1q_2}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\left(\frac{1}{r_0}- \frac{1}{r}\right) = \frac{q_1q_2}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{1}{r} $$

Now, use the relationship
 * $$ W = -\Delta U \!$$

To show that the external work done to move a point charge q+ from infinity to a distance r is:
 * $$W_{ext} = \frac{q_1q_2}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{1}{r}$$

This could have been obtained equally by using the definition of W and integrating F with respect to r, which will prove the above relationship.

In the example both charges are positive; this equation is applicable to any charge configuration (as the product of the charges will be either positive or negative according to their (dis)similarity). If one of the charges were to be negative in the earlier example, the work taken to wrench that charge away to infinity would be exactly the same as the work needed in the earlier example to push that charge back to that same position. This is easy to see mathematically, as reversing the boundaries of integration reverses the sign.

Uniform electric field
Where the electric field is constant (i.e. not a function of displacement, r), the work equation simplifies to:

 * $$W =

Q (\mathbf{E} \cdot \, \mathbf{r})=\mathbf{F_E} \cdot \, \mathbf{r}$$ or 'force times distance' (times the cosine of the angle between them).

Electric power
The electric power is the rate of energy transferred in an electric circuit. As a partial derivative, it is expressed as the change of work over time:
 * $$P=\frac{\partial W}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial QV}{\partial t}$$,

where V is the voltage. Work is defined by:
 * $$ \delta W = \mathbf{F}\cdot\mathbf{v}\delta t,$$

Therefore
 * $$\frac{\partial W}{\partial t}=\mathbf{F_E} \cdot \,\mathbf{v}$$

title: Work (electric field)


text:
Lawrence Bacow

Lawrence Seldon Bacow (born August 24, 1951) is an American economist and retired university administrator. Bacow served as the 12th president of Tufts University from 2001 to 2011 and as the 29th president of Harvard University from 2018 to 2023. Before that, he was the Hauser leader-in-residence at the Center for Public Leadership at Harvard Kennedy School.

Bacow began his academic career in 1977 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he was a professor of environmental studies in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning before becoming the department's chair and ultimately the university's chancellor. After serving as president of Tufts, he joined the Harvard Graduate School of Education and was a member of one of Harvard University's governing boards, the President and Fellows of Harvard College.

On June 8, 2022, Bacow announced he would be leaving the presidency of Harvard in June 2023 after five years in office. In December 2022, the Harvard Corporation announced that Claudine Gay would succeed him as Harvard's 30th president.

Early life and education
Bacow was born on August 24, 1951, in Detroit, Michigan, to Jewish parents. His mother emigrated from Europe at age 19 after World War II and was the only member of her family to survive Auschwitz. His father was brought to the United States from Belarus as a child to escape pogroms. Bacow grew up in Pontiac, Michigan, where he was a member of the Boy Scouts of America and became an Eagle Scout. The organization recognized him with its Distinguished Eagle Scout Award later in life.

Bacow attended Andover High School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. He then received his S.B. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was a member of the Jewish fraternity Zeta Beta Tau. He received a J.D. from Harvard Law School, a M.P.P. from Harvard Kennedy School, and his Ph.D. in public policy from Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bacow began his academic career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he served as a professor for 24 years, ultimately being appointed department chair and chancellor. Upon completion of graduate school in 1977, he returned to MIT to teach in the department of urban studies and planning, becoming the Lee and Geraldine Martin Professor of Environmental Studies. He co-founded and was the first director of MIT's Center for Real Estate. As chancellor, he oversaw undergraduate and graduate education, student life, admissions, financial aid, athletics, campus planning, and MIT's industrial and international partnerships. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003.

Tufts University
On September 1, 2001, Bacow was elected the 12th president of Tufts University.

At Tufts, Bacow opposed graduate students' and technical and clerical employees' unionization efforts, which led to a student protest culminating in a student-led takeover of an administration building. On February 8, 2010, in an email to Tufts' student body, Bacow announced he would step down as president in June 2011. On March 1, 2010, then U.S. President Barack Obama appointed Bacow to the board of advisors for the White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Bacow received $2,182,717 in compensation in 2011.

Harvard University
On May 25, 2011, Bacow was named a member of the President and Fellows of Harvard College, one of the boards charged with guiding Harvard University's endeavors and initiatives. For about a month, until his resignation from Tufts, he had governance responsibilities at both Tufts and Harvard.

In 2006, Bacow was mentioned in The Chronicle of Higher Education as a possible candidate to succeed Lawrence Summers as president of Harvard University; Tufts' public relations director issued a statement asserting that Bacow was happy at Tufts and came there with the expectation that it "would be his last position and that's still his expectation".

Bacow was initially a member of the Presidential Search Committee assembled to find Harvard's next president soon after Drew Gilpin Faust, Harvard's 28th president, announced her retirement. On February 11, 2018, Bacow was selected from 700 candidates as Harvard's 29th president effective July 1, 2018.

Bacow was inaugurated in a Harvard Yard ceremony on October 5, 2018, three months after officially taking on presidential duties. The ceremony was attended by Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker and MIT President Leo Rafael Reif. Youth Poet Laureate Amanda Gorman composed and recited a poem, "Making Mountains as We Run", for the event. In his inaugural address, Bacow said:

Throughout our history, higher education has enabled the most ambitious among us to rise economically and socially. And every step the nation has taken to print more such tickets into the middle class, and beyond, has powered our economic growth and leadership in innovation. We have to ensure that higher education remains the same economic stepping-stone for those from modest backgrounds that it was for my generation and my parents' generation. While a college education still helps to level the playing field for those who manage to graduate, the cost of entry, and of staying the course until graduation, has become daunting for many families."

Bacow began his tenure with a trip to his birthplace of Detroit and hometown of Pontiac, Michigan, where he met with students, educators, Harvard affiliates, and local leaders to emphasize what he called the "transformative power of higher education". In his presidency's early days, Bacow also went on a listening tour across the university to learn more about its people and affairs.

In 2019, Bacow traveled to China, Japan, and Hong Kong. In China, he met with Chinese President Xi Jinping and spoke at Peking University, where he defended academic freedom and the role universities play in what he said was their pursuit of "truth, excellence, and opportunity". Bacow supportively referenced the May Fourth Movement, a Chinese student protest movement from the early 20th century. He also read a poem written by a Uyghur, an ethnic group undergoing genocidal treatment and systematic human rights violations by China's governing Communist Party, according to both the Trump and Biden administrations and numerous human rights organizations. China's state-controlled media did not reference his comments on the Uyghurs in subsequent coverage of the event.

In 2019, Bacow wrote to U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Kevin McAleenan, expressing his view that international scholars and individuals who entered the U.S. illegally at a young age and been provided various protections under DACA should not be subject to deportation and should be given U.S. work permits. He praised the Supreme Court's decision to reinstate DACA in Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California, and, alongside MIT President Leo Rafael Reif, led Harvard's successful legal challenge to Immigration and Customs Enforcement guidance issued in July 2020 that would have forbidden international students from staying in the country if they were taking online courses.

In late 2019, Bacow established the Initiative on Harvard and the Legacy of Slavery with the goal to better understand the institution's ties to slavery and how it benefited from the Atlantic slave trade, and to establish events and activities to help others at Harvard understand slavery's historical impact. In June 2020, he announced the appointment of the university's first Chief Diversity and Inclusion Officer, Sherri Charleston.

Bacow has called climate change "the most consequential threat facing humanity". In April 2020, he announced that investments in Harvard's endowment would be greenhouse gas-neutral by 2050. In September 2021, he announced that the endowment would no longer make new direct investments in the fossil fuel industry, and that its legacy indirect investments were in what he called "runoff mode". The university pledged to make all campus activities fossil fuel-neutral by 2026 and eliminate fossil fuel use entirely by 2050. In September 2021, Bacow appointed Harvard's first Vice Provost for Climate and Sustainability, James Stock.

Bacow has defended Harvard's position in Students for Fair Admissions vs. Harvard, a case the Supreme Court agreed to hear in January 2022, that the university should be permitted to consider race as a factor in its process of considering applicants for admission. In a statement about the case, Bacow said:

"The Supreme Court decision to review the unanimous decisions of the lower federal courts puts at risk 40 years of legal precedent granting colleges and universities the freedom and flexibility to create diverse campus communities. Considering race as one factor among many in admissions decisions produces a more diverse student body which strengthens the learning environment for all. The US Solicitor General rightfully recognized that neither the district court’s factual findings, nor the court of appeals' application of the Supreme Court’s precedents to those findings, warrants further review. Harvard will continue to defend vigorously its admissions practices and to reiterate the unequivocal decisions of those two federal courts: Harvard does not discriminate; our practices are consistent with Supreme Court precedent; there is no persuasive, credible evidence warranting a different outcome. The University remains committed to academic excellence, expanded opportunity, and diverse educational experiences—and to the perennial work of preparing students for fruitful careers and meaningful lives."

Retirement
In June 2022, Bacow emailed the Harvard community, saying that he intended to step down as president on June 30, 2023. In the email, he wrote, "There is never a good time to leave a job like this one, but now seems right to me. Through our collective efforts, we have found our way through the pandemic. We have worked together to sustain Harvard through change and through storm, and collectively we have made Harvard better and stronger in countless ways." Bacow also wrote that he and his wife, Adele, were looking forward to spending more time with their children and grandchildren.

After the announcement, William Lee and Penny Pritzker, outgoing and incoming Senior Fellows of the Harvard Corporation, thanked Bacow for his service, saying, "Harvard could not have asked for a better, wiser, more thoughtful, dedicated, experienced, and humane leader through these times of extraordinary challenge and change."

COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic began about a year and a half into Bacow's tenure as president. Bacow leaned heavily on health experts' advice on how the university should handle it and employed preventative measures to keep university infection rates low. Under his leadership, the university revisited the quality of air filtration systems throughout classrooms and campus buildings and instituted regular testing protocols. Harvard was one of the first higher education institutions to announce a move to remote classes, on March 10, 2020.

On March 24, 2020, Bacow and his wife tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. In an interview with Harvard Gazette, Bacow described surprise at the diagnosis, claiming he and his wife had been completely isolated in their house for close to ten days before experiencing symptoms. The university's student newspaper, The Harvard Crimson, found that the Bacows had actually asked Harvard custodians to clean their house well into the first wave of the pandemic for four hours, twice a week, up until ten days after Harvard shut down and three days before they began experiencing symptoms. Shortly after the Bacows tested positive for COVID-19, both custodians who had been cleaning his house also began experiencing symptoms of the disease.

The university maintained its financial health throughout the pandemic, which some attribute to Bacow, who sought to equip the university for economic recessions resembling the 2008 Great Recession. Harvard Corporation member Kenneth Chenault said Bacow’s leadership and expertise "positioned Harvard very well to manage through this crisis." Harvard’s endowment reached a high of $41.9 billion in September 2020 despite financial experts predicting its campus closure in March 2020 would negatively impact its financial standing.

During the pandemic, Bacow committed to continuing regular pay and benefits for all part-time and full-time employees at Harvard regardless of whether they were able to work or were working. The university followed through and did not lay off any idle workers during the pandemic, and was fully staffed when campus operations ultimately resumed.

Infectious disease physician Sandra Bliss Nelson said, "Most of us can feel some sense of security in the reality that the Harvard community is nearly entirely vaccinated, and to date the majority of infected individuals here have experienced no symptoms at all, or mild symptoms that are resolving quickly. This is unlikely to change due to the Omicron variant. Harvard has made a decision to maintain an in-person campus in order to preserve the academic vibrancy and the emotional wellness of its community members. If a stricter isolation process remained in place, it’s very likely that that Harvard could not do so."

Harvard and the legacy of slavery
In November 2019, Bacow announced that he was forming the Initiative on Harvard and the Legacy of Slavery to better understand the historical and enduring connections to slavery on the Harvard campus and in the community. The committee was chaired by Tomiko Brown-Nagin, Dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, and included Sven Beckert, Paul Farmer, Annette Gordon-Reed, Evelynn Hammonds, Meira Levinson, Tiya Miles, Martha Minow, Maya Sen, Daniel Smith, Davis Williams, and William Julius Wilson.

In April 2022, Bacow reported the committee's findings, acknowledging the historical significance of slavery at Harvard. The report offered several recommendations for addressing the legacy of slavery through teaching, research, and service. These include a public memorial, partnering with HBCUs, a legacy of slavery fund, and identifying current Harvard students who are descendants of slaves. Bacow accepted the proposals and committed $100 million from the Harvard Corporation to implement them, with the funds divided between current-use resources and a long-term endowment.

Personal life
Bacow is an avid runner and has run five marathons. He and his wife, Adele Fleet Bacow, president of Community Partners Consultants, an urban planning firm, have two sons.

title: Lawrence Bacow