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Air cargo

Air cargo is any property carried or to be carried in an aircraft. Air cargo comprises air freight, air express and airmail.

Aircraft types
Different cargo can be transported by passenger, cargo or combi aircraft:
 * Passenger aircraft use the spare volume in the airplane's baggage hold (the "belly") that is not being used for passenger luggage—a common practice used by passenger airlines, who additionally transport cargo on scheduled passenger flights. Cargo can also be transported in the passenger cabin as hand-carry by an "on-board courier". This practice can often be used to cross subsidise loss-making passenger routes that would otherwise be uneconomical to operate. A passenger aircraft can also be used as a preighter in which the entire passenger cabin is temporarily dedicated to carrying freight.
 * Cargo aircraft are dedicated for the job—they carry freight on the main deck and in the belly by means of nose-loading or side loading.
 * Combi aircraft carry cargo on part of the main deck, before or after a passengers’ section, with side loading, and in the belly.

20th century
The first cargo flight took place on the 7 November 1910 in the U.S. between Dayton and Columbus in Ohio. Philip Orin Parmelee piloted a Wright Model B aeroplane 65 miles (105 km) carrying a package of 200 pounds of silk for the opening of a store. Newspaper clippings quoted the Wright brothers as stating he covered the distance in 66 minutes, but the flight was officially recorded at 57 minutes, a world speed record at the time. It was the first "cargo only" flight solely for the transport of goods; the first flight commissioned by a client, and the first example of multimodal air transport, since the pieces of silk were transported by car from Columbus aerodrome to the store.

The world's first official airmail flight by airplane took place on 18 February 1911, at a large exhibition in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India. The organizer of the aviation display, Walter Windham, was able to secure permission from the postmaster general in India to operate an airmail service in order to generate publicity for the exhibition and to raise money for charity. This first airmail flight was piloted by Henri Pequet, who flew 6,500 letters a distance of 13 km (8.1 mi), from Allahabad to Naini—the nearest station on the Bombay-Calcutta line to the exhibition. The aircraft used was a Humber-Sommer biplane with about fifty horsepower (37 kW), and it made the journey in thirteen minutes.

The world's first scheduled airmail post service took place in the United Kingdom between the London suburb of Hendon, and the Postmaster General's office in Windsor, Berkshire, on September 9, 1911. It was part of the celebrations for King George V's coronation and at the suggestion of Windham, who based his proposal on the successful experiment he had overseen in India. The service ran for just under a month, transporting 35 bags of mail in 16 flights.

In the early 1920s, air cargo developed rapidly because numerous entrepreneurs realized aircraft could move high value and low volume consignments much faster than the railroads and shipping companies. The first scheduled flight from London to Paris in 1919 had only one passenger, but carried leather for a shoe manufacturer and grouse for a restaurant. Cinema films were also a frequent consignment: original news’ bulletins were first carried to a central laboratory to make copies, and then distributed by air throughout Europe for their release in cinemas.

Although there were a few attempts to organize air freight airlines from the 1920s on, the first commercial airlines that were all-cargo did not emerge until after World War II.

World War II
In 1945, at a conference in Havana, 57 airlines formed the International Air Transport Association.

In 1948, Berlin was jointly controlled by the Western Allies and Soviet Union, although the Soviet Union held the area surrounding the city and thus land access. During the Berlin Blockade, this land access was closed, and an airlift remained the only option to get increasingly urgent deliveries of food, coal, and other supplies to West Berlin. Over 330 days to 12 May 1949 a total of 2.26 million tons of cargo were airlifted to Berlin, an average of 6,800 tons a day, 80% by the US and 20% by the UK.

Post-World War II
Although freight traffic developed modestly, reaching only 800,000 tonnes worldwide by the mid-1950s, the world economy was hitting its post-World War II stride. Germany and Japan were emerging from their period of purgatory and were poised to take the world of business by storm, the United States was approaching the height of its economic dominance, and Western Europe had recovered from the war. In 1968, Boeing launched the four engine 747, the first wide-body aircraft. The 747 was the first aircraft capable of transporting full pallets in the cargo hold, revolutionizing the air cargo industry.

Despite widespread hopes for a vibrant industry, for decades the air freight sector did not grow as expected and remained a very small part of total air traffic. For much of the first five post-war decades, most carriers saw it as a secondary activity, although there had always been specialized cargo airlines. Some passenger airlines have found the practice of carrying belly cargo to be a highly lucrative enterprise; in fact, it is estimated that 50% of all air freight is moved in this way, to the point where it has lessened the demand for dedicated large cargo aircraft.

Cargo emerged as a solid pillar of the industry in the 1990s. The catalysts for the renewed growth in the sector were the express parcel carriers, typified by FedEx, DHL, PostNL, and UPS, and changes in practices in the manufacturing sector. In 1992, FedEx sent software on computer disks to thousands of customers, allowing them to track shipments from their own workstations.

21st century
The rise of internet in the years that followed contributed to increase the reliability and accessibility to the air cargo industry. Most airlines now offer to their customers real-time flight status and the booking and tracking options. In addition, the industry is adopting electronic procedures, such as the electronic air waybill, to reduce the amount of paper documentation accompanying each shipment and increasing the security and safety of the transportation. Many retailers are making an effort to integrate the air cargo delivery process with their customer service offering to respond to increasing consumer pressure.

An industry expert estimates that 15-20 tonnes of air cargo is worth 30-40 economy passenger seats, when both are on passenger planes.

However, with the exception of the integrators (FedEx, UPS, DHL and TNT) the air cargo industry continues to suffer as the by-product 'poor-relation' of the passenger business.

In 2017, the IATA observed a 9% rise in freight tonne kilometers: air cargo demand is strong due to industrial production and global trade growth above expansion of e-commerce, outpacing capacity as available tonne kilometers grew by 3%. Boeing doubled its 767F production since 2016 to three per month in 2020, and anticipates that total global air cargo traffic will more than double by 2041.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Air cargo


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Gusii language

The Gusii language (also known as Ekegusii) is a Bantu language spoken in Kisii and Nyamira counties in Nyanza Kenya, whose headquarters is Kisii Town, (between the Kavirondo Gulf of Lake Victoria and the border with Tanzania). It is spoken natively by 2.2 million people (as of 2009), mostly among the Abagusii. Ekegusii has only two dialects: The Rogoro (upper-side) and Maate (lower-side) dialects. Phonologically, they differ in the articulation of /t/. Most of the variations existing between the two dialects are lexical. The two dialects can refer to the same object or thing using different terms. An example of this is the word for cat. While one dialect calls a cat ekemoni, the other calls it ekebusi (a word that comes from the sound used to call a cat in Gusii culture). Another illustrating example can be found in the word for sandals. While the Rogoro word for sandals is chisiripasi (a loanword from the English word "slippers"), the Maate dialect word is chitaratara (adapted from the sound made by sandals when one walks while wearing them). Many more lexical differences manifest in the language. The Maate dialect is spoken in Tabaka and Bogirango. Most of the other regions use the Rogoro dialect, which is also the standard dialect of Ekegusii.

Vowels
Gusii has seven vowels. Vowel length is contrastive, i.e. the words 'bóra' to miss and 'bóóra' to say are distinguished by vowel length only.

Consonants
In the table below, orthographic symbols are included between brackets if they differ from the IPA symbols. Note especially the use of ‘y’ for IPA, common in African orthographies. When symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.

The following morphophonological alternations occur:
 * n+r = [ⁿd]
 * n+b = [ᵐb]
 * n+g = [ᵑɡ]
 * n+k = [ᵑk]
 * n+c = [ⁿtʃ]
 * n+s = [ⁿs]
 * n+m = [mː]

The Gusii language has the consonant 'b' not realized as the bilabial stop as in 'bat' but as bilabial fricative as in words like baba, baminto, abana.

Nash, Carlos M.

 * 2011. Tone in Ekegusii: A Description of Nominal And Verbal Tonology. University of California, Santa Barbara.

Nyauncho, Osinde K.

 * 1988. Ekegusii morphophonology: an analysis of the major consonantal processes. University of Nairobi.

Whiteley, Wilfred H.
 * 1956 A practical introduction to Gusii. Dar es Salaam/Nairobi/Kampala: East African Literature Bureau. Available Here
 * 1960 The tense system of Gusii. Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research.
 * 1974 Language in Kenya. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.

Listening

 * National Public Radio story about Kisii language (from All Things Considered program, April 29, 2006)

title: Gusii language


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Jackson (crater)

Jackson is a prominent lunar impact crater that is located in the northern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon. Less than one crater to the northeast is the crater Mineur, and to the south-southwest lies McMath.

This crater created a large ray system. A skirt of higher-albedo material covers the surface within one crater diameter, with a slightly darker band along the outer ramparts. Beyond that radius, the rays form wide sections that grow increasingly diffuse and wispy with distance. The largest sections lie in roughly 90° arcs to the northeast and southwest, while a narrower arc projects to the south-southeast. The rays continue for hundreds of kilometers across the surface.

The rim of the crater is well-defined and not significantly worn. The edge is somewhat polygonal in shape, with the southeastern rim being more rounded. The inner walls display some terracing. The interior floor is generally level with some irregularities in the northeastern part. Parts of the floor have a relatively high albedo.

Jackson lies to the northwest of the Dirichlet-Jackson Basin.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Jackson.

title: Jackson (crater)


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Aldridge-Brownhills Urban District

Aldridge-Brownhills was an urban district in Staffordshire, England from 1966 to 1974.

The district was formed in accordance with a recommendation of the Local Government Commission for England on 1 April 1966. It was created by the amalgamation of the Aldridge and Brownhills urban districts, along with part of Lichfield Rural District, and small parts of the county boroughs of Birmingham and Walsall and the municipal borough of Sutton Coldfield.

The urban district had a short existence, as it was abolished in 1974. In that year the Local Government Act 1972 reorganised local administration throughout England and Wales, and Aldridge-Brownhills became part of the new Metropolitan Borough of Walsall.

There is still an Aldridge-Brownhills parliamentary constituency.

title: Aldridge-Brownhills Urban District


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Edmund Dell

Edmund Emanuel Dell (15 August 1921 – c. 31 October 1999) was a British politician and businessman. He was a Labour MP and minister in the 1960s and 1970s, but after leaving parliament, joined the Social Democratic Party and its eventual successor, the Liberal Democrats.

Early life
Dell was born in Hackney, London, in 1921, the son of a Jewish manufacturer. In the Second World War he served in the Royal Artillery, reaching the rank of lieutenant. He was educated at Dame Alice Owen's School and Queen's College, Oxford where he was a member of the Communist Party, as his future ministerial colleague Denis Healey had been before the war. He graduated with first class honours in Modern History in 1947.

Early career and politics
Dell began work for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in Manchester as an overseas sales manager, specialising in Latin American trade and eventually rose to Vice President of the Plastics Division. However, he began to find himself in the difficult position of balancing a career in business with Labour politics. He was elected to Manchester City Council in 1953, and served for seven years.

Labour party
Dell stood unsuccessfully for Parliament in 1955 in Middleton and Prestwich. He was dissuaded from standing for Parliament in 1959 by ICI, on the grounds that it would make promotion to the highest ranks of the company difficult. However, he eventually gave in to the temptation of national politics, and was elected to Parliament as the Labour Member of Parliament for Birkenhead in 1964. He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jack Diamond, then as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Technology under Tony Benn in 1966 and the Department of Economic Affairs under Peter Shore in 1967. The following year, he was promoted to Minister of State for Trade. Switched to the Department of Employment in 1969, he was made a Privy Councillor in 1970.

Dell was one of the 69 rebel Labour MPs who sided with the Conservative government and voted for Britain's entry into the European Communities in 1971. He subsequently refused to take a frontbench role while in opposition and served as Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee. When Harold Wilson returned to 10 Downing Street as Prime Minister in 1974, Dell became Paymaster General, then Secretary of State for Trade and President of the Board of Trade between 1976 and 1978 in James Callaghan's government. He was tipped to become Chancellor of the Exchequer but resigned his seat, increasingly disillusioned by Labour's drift to the Left as he moved sharply to the Right. He had always been much more oriented toward free-market capitalism than his comrades in the Labour Party, and grew increasingly uncomfortable in a party that was growing increasingly dominated by advocates of a planned economy and corporatism.

SDP and Liberal Democrats
Dell joined the new Social Democratic Party and, after its merger with the Liberal Party in 1988, he was a member of the Liberal Democrats. He served as a trustee of both the SDP and the Liberal Democrats and served as one of SDP's three representatives during emergency negotiations with the Liberals in January 1988 when it appeared the two parties' merger might fall through after the failed launch by David Steel and Bob Maclennan of the joint manifesto, Voices and Choices.

Post-Parliament life
After Parliament, Dell had a career in business as chairman of Guinness Peat, founding chairman of Channel 4 and as a director of Shell Trading. In 1991-2 he was president of the London Chamber of Commerce and Industry. In 1996, he wrote The Chancellors: A History of Chancellors of the Exchequer 1945-90. His book, A Strange Eventful History, Democratic Socialism in Britain was published posthumously in 2000. It was a summation of his critique of the Labour Party's long history being attached to what he saw as "much Keynesianism and too much of the detritus of socialism." Although he had voted for Labour in 1992 and 1997, he still thought that New Labour ultimately "will not fully have entered the modern world until it learns to love capitalism with all its warts." He was especially angry with both parties in 1950-51 for refusing to join the European Community at an early stage when it could have a powerful voice. He said it represented, "the British abdication of leadership in Europe."

Personal life and death
In 1963, Dell married Susanne Gottschalk. The couple lived in Hampstead Garden Suburb.

Dell died from cancer at a hospice facility in Finchley in 1999, at the age of 78.

title: Edmund Dell


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Elan

Elan or Élan may refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Elan (Order of the Stick), in the webcomic The Order of the Stick
 * Elan (Dungeons & Dragons), a race in Dungeons & Dragons
 * Elan (Star Wars Legends), a Star Wars character

Music

 * Elán (band), a Slovak pop rock band
 * "Élan" (song), by Nightwish, 2015
 * Élan (Firefall album), 1978
 * Elan (Mari Hamada album), 2005

Literature

 * Elan (magazine), an online lifestyle publication

Business and organisations

 * Elan (company), a Slovenian sports equipment company
 * Élan, an Irish pharmaceutical company
 * Elan Financial Services, a subsidiary of U.S. Bancorp
 * Élan Motorsport Technologies, an American race car manufacturing consortium
 * ELAN Microelectronics Corp., a Taiwanese manufacturer of microcontrollers
 * Élan School, a school in Poland, Maine

People

 * Elán (musician) (born 1983), Mexican singer
 * Elan Atias (born 1975), American singer-songwriter
 * Elan Carr (born 1968), American attorney and politician
 * Elan Closs Stephens (born 1948), Welsh academic
 * Elan Daley (born 2005), Bermudian swimmer
 * Elan Gale (born 1983), American author
 * Elan Lee, American game designer
 * Elan Lee Buller (born 1979), American basketball player
 * Elan Mastai, Canadian screenwriter and novelist
 * Elan Portnoy, American musician
 * Elan Sicroff (born 1950), American pianist
 * Elan (director), Indian film director

Places

 * Élan, Ardennes, France
 * Elan, Bichursky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia
 * Elan Valley, Wales
 * Elan Village
 * Afon Elan, a river in Wales
 * Elan (Prut), a river in Romania
 * Élan School, an abusive behavioral correction facility that shut down in 2011

Computing and software

 * AMD Élan, a microchip
 * Elan, another name for the 1980s Enterprise home computer
 * Elan Graphics, computer graphics architecture
 * ELAN (programming language)
 * ELAN software, for transcription and annotation

Medicine

 * Early left anterior negativity, an event-related potential in electrophysiology

Other uses

 * Greek People's Liberation Navy (Ελληνικό Λαϊκό Απελευθερωτικό Ναυτικό), commonly abbreviated as ELAN
 * Lotus Elan, a car model, and later variant Kia Elan
 * Elan (snowmobile), by Skidoo
 * French sloop Élan, a minesweeping vessel
 * Elan Sportif, a Beninese basketball club

title: Elan


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User:Samaty~enwiki

fr:user:Samaty ja:user:Samaty eo:user:Samaty es:user:Samaty m:User:Samaty

title: User:Samaty~enwiki


text:
User:Njadams

I finally decided to write something as i'm fed up of being in red.

--njadams 15:51, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Njadams


text: User talk:68.210.46.153

title: User talk:68.210.46.153


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San Jose Missions

The San Jose Missions were a minor league baseball team located in San Jose, California. The Missions played from 1977 to 1978 as members of the AAA Pacific Coast League. The Missions name returned in 1979 under a new franchise that played in the Class A-Advanced California League. In 1982, with a new affiliation, the club was renamed the San Jose Expos.

History
The history of the Missions is a tale of two franchises linked by a common owner. The initial Missions club came into existence with Joe Gagliardi, owner of the San Jose Bees, making a deal to lease the AAA Pacific Coast league Sacramento franchise from Bob Piccinini. Piccinini's Solons were without a ballpark as Hughes Stadium was in poor condition and had failed to meet earthquake standards. Gagliardi relocated the club to San Jose for the 1977 where the team played as an affiliate of the Oakland Athletics. Former A's player Rene Lachemann was tabbed as manager. The Missions served as the A's taxi squad with players being shuttled to Oakland throughout the season. The team trudged to 64-80 finish.

The team returned in 1978 as an affiliate of the Seattle Mariners. This was the Mariners' first dedicated AAA team. Rene Lachemann, who would go on to manage the Mariners from 1981-1983, returned as manager. The Missions finished year at the bottom of the league in both the standings and attendance. Following the season, owner Bob Piccinini ended his lease of the club and sold it for a reported $175,000 to Dennis Job. Job promptly moved the franchise to Utah were they would become the Ogden A's.

With San Jose vacant, Joe Gagliardi gained approval for a California League team. The club signed an affiliation the Seattle Mariners. Gagliardi resurrected the Missions name as the club accompanied the Santa Clara Padres in the expansion of the California League in 1979. With a roster that included Dave Henderson, Orlando Mercado, and Jim Maler the Missions won the south division title with a record of 89-51. The Missions advanced past the Visalia Oaks in divisional round of the playoffs. San Jose faced the Stockton Ports in the best of five games league championship series. The Missions bested the Ports in a series that went the full tilt to claim the California League crown. The Missions and Mariners continued their relationship into 1980. San Jose finished the year at 73-66, only a half game behind the south division leading Fresno Giants. Despite a runner-up rerecord, the Missions missed out in the post season as the first half winning Giants and second half winning Oaks advanced under the split season format. The Missions played the 1981 season as independent club. The team finished the year at 53-87, placing last in a single division California League that had dropped to an eight team circuit. Following the season the franchise was sold to Ohio businessman, Peter Kern. In signing a player development contract with the Montreal Expos. The club adopted their parent club's moniker becoming the San Jose Expos.

Ballpark
The Missions played at San Jose Municipal Stadium, now known as Excite Ballpark. The stadium is in use today as home of the San Jose Giants.

Season Records
Pacific Coast League

California League

title: San Jose Missions


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Pantomime dame

A pantomime dame is a traditional role in British pantomime. It is part of the theatrical tradition of travesti portrayal of female characters by male actors in drag. Dame characters are often played either in an extremely camp style, or else by men acting butch in women's clothing. They usually wear heavy make up and big hair, have exaggerated physical features, and perform in an over-the-top style.

Dame characters
Characters who are played as pantomime dames are often, though not exclusively, older, matronly women. They may be the protagonist's mother, as in Jack and the Beanstalk and Robinson Crusoe, or a nursemaid to the protagonist, as in Sleeping Beauty and Snow White. Although often warm and sympathetic characters, dames may also be employed as comic antagonists, such as with the Ugly Sisters in Cinderella. Although some pantomimes traditionally do not contain standard dame roles, certain productions of those stories add a dame character, for example, in many versions of Peter Pan. Pantomime dames often have up to six costume changes in a performance, each costume change being more extravagant than the last. Other examples of dame characters include:
 * Widow Twankey, Aladdin's mother in the pantomime versions of the story
 * Mother Goose
 * The nanny or nurse in Babes in the Woods
 * The cook in Dick Whittington
 * The queen in Puss in Boots
 * Goldilocks' mother in Goldilocks and the Three Bears, who runs a circus in many versions of the pantomime.

Notable pantomime dames

 * Peter Alexander – (born 1952) Notable dame in pantomimes in Yorkshire.
 * Trevor Bannister – (1934–2011) British actor.
 * Stanley Baxter – (born 1926) Award winning Scottish actor and impressionist, famous for his lavish productions, notably at The King's Theatre, Glasgow
 * Christopher Biggins – (born 1948) TV personality, actor
 * Steven Blakeley – (born 1982) Blakeley has appeared in numerous pantomimes at Theatre Royal Windsor
 * Douglas Byng – (1893–1987) A legendary dame who appeared in over 50 pantomimes, Byng was also a noted cabaret and revue artiste. He was the first glamorous dame and designed all his own costumes.
 * Herbert Campbell (1844–1904) a highly popular pantomime dame alongside  Dan Leno at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane.
 * Les Dawson – (1931–1993) English comedian, remembered for his deadpan style and curmudgeonly persona.
 * Norman Evans – (1901–1962) "Evans' distinctive dame evolved out of nosy neighbour Fanny Fairbottom, a character he played on the sketch show Mr Tower of London. Fanny was hugely popular, and allegedly inspired Les Dawson to create the character of Ada"
 * Rikki Fulton – (1924–2004) Award winning Scottish actor and comedian who also made numerous appearances in Scottish pantomimes, notably at The King's Theatre, Glasgow
 * Patrick Fyffe – (1942–2002) Creator of Dame Hilda Bracket, one half of Hinge and Bracket.
 * Shaun Glenville – (1884–1968), had a 50 year career in pantomime, often opposite his wife Dorothy Ward.
 * Chris Harris – (1942–2014) Dame at Theatre Royal, Bath for many years, and writer and director of many pantomimes.
 * Melvyn Hayes – (born 1935) TV personality, actor well known for playing Gunner/Bombardier 'Gloria' Beaumont in BBC TV's It Ain't Half Hot Mum
 * John Inman – (1935–2007) Comedy actor well known for playing Mr Humphries in BBC TV's Are You Being Served?
 * Berwick Kaler – (born 1947) Currently Britain's longest serving, Kaler has played his extremely non–camp dame at York Theatre Royal since 1977
 * George Lacy – (1904–1989) - Widely regarded as the finest Dame of his generation, and the originator of the Dame's multiple costume changes.
 * Danny La Rue – (1927–2009) Irish–born British entertainer known for his singing and female–impersonation
 * Dave Lee – (1948–2012) British comedian known for his work in pantomimes around Kent
 * Dan Leno – (1860–1904) a legendary pantomime dame, whose ghost is said to haunt the Theatre Royal Drury Lane.
 * John Linehan (born 1952) – Northern Irish actor and pantomime dame better known as the character May McFettridge. Resident Dame at Grand Opera House, Belfast.
 * G. S. Melvin – (1886–1946) Scottish pantomime dame famous for his song "I'm Happy When I'm Hiking".
 * Horace Mills – (1864–1941) British pantomime dame of the early 20th–century particularly at the Prince's Theatre in Bristol
 * Jimmy O'Dea – (1899–1965) Irish actor and portrayer of Biddy Mulligan the Pride of the Coombe in Dublin pantomimes
 * Paul O'Grady – (1955-2023) British comedian and actor best known for presenting the daytime chat television series, The Paul O'Grady Show and his drag queen comedic alter ego, Lily Savage.
 * Shaun Prendergast (born 1958) – Resident Dame at Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith since 2010. Has been quoted in the Daily Telegraph as being 'finest, funniest pantomime Dame in London'.
 * Harry "Little Tich" Relph – (1867–1928) He was noted for his various characters, including The Spanish Señora, The Gendarme, and The Tax Collector, but his most popular routine was his Big Boot dance, which involved a pair of 28-inch boots.
 * Clive Rowe – (born 1964) Regularly plays the Dame at the Hackney Empire and was nominated for an Olivier Award in 2008 for his performance in 'Mother Goose' at said venue.
 * Allan Stewart - (born 1950) Scottish entertainer best known for playing dame at the King's Theatre, Edinburgh who played Buttons, Wishee Washee and other comic parts for many years but transitioned to playing dame after playing the character of Aunty May on TV.
 * Kenneth Alan Taylor – (born 1937) playing the pantomime dame for many years in his own productions at Nottingham Playhouse
 * Tommy Trafford – (1927–1993) Lancashire comedian and noted pantomime dame.
 * Jack Tripp – (1922–2005) An English comic actor, singer and dancer who appeared in seaside variety shows and revues.
 * Nick Wilton – (born 1957) English actor and scriptwriter, been a professional dame every Christmas since 2000.
 * Ben Roddy - (born 1974) an English actor, resident dame at The Marlowe Theatre, Canterbury since 2012.

title: Pantomime dame


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Cultural critic

A cultural critic is a critic of a given culture, usually as a whole. Cultural criticism has significant overlap with social and cultural theory. While such criticism is simply part of the self-consciousness of the culture, the social positions of the critics and the medium they use vary widely. The conceptual and political grounding of criticism also changes over time.

Terminology
Contemporary usage has tended to include all types of criticism directed at culture.

The term "cultural criticism" itself has been claimed by Jacques Barzun: No such thing was recognized or in favour when we [i.e. Barzun and Trilling] began—more by intuition than design—in the autumn of 1934. It has been argued that in the inter-war period, the language of literary criticism was adequate for the needs of cultural critics; but that later it mainly served academe. Alan Trachtenberg's Critics of Culture (1976) concentrated on American intellectuals of the 1920s who were "nonacademic" (including H. L. Mencken and Lewis Mumford), where the 1995 collection American Cultural Critics covered mainly later figures, such as F. O. Matthiessen and Susan Sontag, involved in debates on American culture as national.

In contrast, a work such as Richard Wolin's 1995 The Terms of Cultural Criticism: The Frankfurt School, Existentialism, Poststructuralism (1995) uses it as a broad-brush description.

Victorian sages as critics
Cultural critics came to the scene in the nineteenth century. Matthew Arnold and Thomas Carlyle are leading examples of a cultural critic of the Victorian age; in Arnold there is also a concern for religion. John Ruskin was another. Because of an equation made between ugliness of material surroundings and an impoverished life, aesthetes and others might be considered implicitly to be engaging in cultural criticism, but the actual articulation is what makes a critic. In France, Charles Baudelaire was a cultural critic, as was Søren Kierkegaard in Denmark and Friedrich Nietzsche in Germany.

Twentieth century
In the twentieth century Irving Babbitt on the right, and Walter Benjamin on the left, might be considered major cultural critics. The field of play has changed considerably, in that the humanities have broadened to include cultural studies of all kinds, which are grounded in critical theory. This trend is not without its dissidents, however; James Seaton has written extensively in defense of the continued importance of the Humanistic Tradition Irving Babbitt and his heirs championed, while criticizing the dominance of critical theory in the teaching of literature. Theory's Empire: An Anthology of Dissent features a collection of essays from prominent English professors, writers and critics stating their disagreement with the prominent role given to critical theory in English departments.

Notable contemporary critics

 * Allan Bloom
 * Daniel Quinn
 * Guy Debord
 * Henry Louis Gates Jr.
 * Mark Kingwell
 * Neil Postman
 * James Seaton
 * Fran Lebowitz
 * Slavoj Žižek

title: Cultural critic


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Shuja-ud-Daula

Shuja-ud-Daula (b. January 19, 1732 – d. January 26, 1775) was the third Nawab of Oudh and the Vizier of Delhi from 5 October 1754 to 26 January 1775.

Early life
Shuja-ud-Daula was the son of the Mughal Grand Vizier Safdarjung chosen by Ahmad Shah Bahadur. Unlike his father Shuja-ud-Daula was known from an early age for his abilities to synthesize his subordinates, this skill would eventually cause him to emerge as the chosen Grand Vizier by Shah Alam II.

Shuja-ud-Daula is also known to have assisted the Alivardi Khan on various occasions when the territories of the Nawab of Bengal, were being ravaged by Raghoji I Bhonsle and his Marathas. Thus Shuja-ud-Daula is known to have been a very respected figure among the servicemen of Alivardi Khan.

Nawab of Awadh
After the death of his father the Mughal Grand Vizier Safdarjung in the year 1753, Shuja-ud-Daula was recognized as the next Nawab by the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur.

Shuja-ud-Daula despised Imad-ul-Mulk, an ally of the Marathas of the Maratha Empire whose regime emerged after the Battle of Sikandarabad with the support of the Sadashivrao Bhau. Imad-ul-Mulk blinded Ahmad Shah Bahadur and placed Alamgir II on the Mughal imperial throne. Alamgir II and his son Prince Ali Gauhar, were often persecuted by Imad-ul-Mulk because they refused to abandon their peaceful terms with Ahmad Shah Durrani, they also demanded the resignation of Imad-ul-Mulk mainly due to his relations with the Marathas.

Shuja-ud-Daulah's household cavalry was composed of the Sheikhzadi, much of whom belonged to the Qidwai clan, who claimed descent from the Bani Israil. Clan-groups such as the Sayyids of Bilgram, Kara-Manikpur, Sheikhs of Kakori, and the Sayyids of Barha served as court officers and soldiers. The most vigilant of Shuja-ud-Daulah's commander, Naval Rai's troops were his contingent of the Barah Sayyids, while the Bilgramis were of the same stock. These clans had not taken any profession other than a soldier or an officer. Shuja-ud-Daulah's father had maintained a contingent of 20,000 "Mughal" cavalry, who were mainly Hindustanis, many who were chiefly from the Jadibal district in Kashmir, who had imitated the Qizilbash in dress and spoke the Persian language. The state also saw a large migration of Kashmiri Shi'as to the Shi'a kingdom of Awadh, both to escape persecution and to secure courtly patronage. This was especially the case with men from the district of Jadibal in Kashmir, who were all Shias, who looked to the state as the sword-arm of the Shi'as in India.

Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire
Prince Ali Gauhar fled from Delhi when he realized a conspiracy that would eventually lead to the murder of the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II. Shuja-ud-Daula welcomed and protected Prince Ali Gauhar, who then declared himself Shah Alam II and officially recognized Shuja-ud-Daula as the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire. Together they challenged the usurper Shah Jahan III, who was placed on the Mughal imperial throne by Sadashivrao Bhau and his forces, which plundered much of the Mughal Empire.

Shah Alam II was then advised to lead an expedition that would attempt to retake the eastern regions of the Mughal Empire from Mir Jafar who was supported by the British East India Company. While Shuja-ud-Daula, Najib-ud-Daula and Mirza Jawan Bakht allied themselves with Ahmad Shah Durrani and assisted his forces during the Second Battle of Sikandarabad in the year 1760 and later led a Mughal Army of 43,000 during the Third Battle of Panipat.

Third Battle of Panipat

After escaping from Delhi due to the murder of his father the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II, the young Prince Ali Gauhar was well received by Shuja-ud-Daula. The Nawab of Awadh and the newly appointed Mughal Grand Vizier Shuja-ud-Daula assured Prince Ali Gauhar that he and Najib-ud-Daula would initiate a struggle that would overthrow the Maratha Empire if Prince Ali Gauhar would lead what remained of the Mughal Army against the expanding British East India Company in Bengal.

Shuja's decision about whom to join as an ally in the Third Battle of Panipat was one of the decisive factors that determined the outcome of the war as lack of food due to the Afghans cutting the supply lines of Marathas was one of the reasons that the Marathas could not sustain the day-long battle. Their forces were weak due to starvation and were also fighting facing the sun.

Shuja was not very sure about whose side should he take before the Third Battle of Panipat. The Marathas were still further south then and it would have taken them considerable time to reach Shuja's province. In spite of this, his mother was of the opinion that he should join the Marathas as they had helped his father previously on numerous occasions. However, in the end, Shuja decided to join Ahmad Shah Durrani.

As the chosen Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, Shuja-ud-Daula commanded a sizeable army of Mughal Sepoy, who cut off the supplies of the Marathas and even defeated them in pitched confrontations during the Third Battle of Panipat and dispatched the Maratha leader Sadashivrao Bhau.

Abdali wrote to Shuja-ud-Daulah: "It is now incontestably known that the addressee is a native of those parts, but that forsaking the conversation and manners of his native land, he has incorporated himself with the inhabitants of Hindustan. Whatever has come to pass, is altogether right. Whatever has been has been; the future will, by the favour of God, be fortunate.

Battle of Buxar
Shuja is also known for his role in the Battle of Buxar, a battle that was no less definite in Indian history. He along with the forces of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II & Mir Qasim ruler of Bengal were defeated by the British forces in one of the key battles in the history of British East India company.

Allahabad Treaty
He again fought the British with the help of Marathas at Kara Jahanabad and was defeated. On 16 August 1765 AD he signed the Treaty of Allahabad, which said that Kora and Allahabad district would go to Company and the Company would get 5 million rupees from Awadh. The British would be allowed free trade in Awadh and would help each other in case of war with other powers, which was a very shrewd political move by the Company.

To pay for the protection of British forces and assistance in war, Awadh gave up first the fort of Chunar, then districts of Benaras, Ghazipur and finally Allahabad.

Death and burial

Shuja-ud-Daula died on 26 January 1775 in Faizabad, the then capital of Awadh, and was buried in the same city. His burial place is a tomb and known as Gulab Bari (Rose Garden).

Personal life
According to historians, Shuja-ud-Daulah was nearly seven feet tall, with oiled moustaches that projected from his face like a pair of outstretched eagle’s wings, he was a man of immense physical strength. By 1763, he was past his prime, but still reputedly strong enough to cut off the head of a buffalo with a single swing of his sword, or lift up two of his officers, one in each hand. This was something that immediately struck the 18th-century, historian Ghulam Hussain Khan who regarded him as a slight liability, every bit as foolish as he was bold. Shuja, he wrote, ‘was equally proud and ignorant’.

In popular culture

 * In the 1994 Hindi TV series The Great Maratha, Shuja's character was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani.
 * In the 2019 Bollywood film Panipat, Shuja-ud-Daula is portrayed by Kunal Kapoor.

title: Shuja-ud-Daula


text:
Kidnapping of Charley Ross

Charles Brewster "Charley" Ross (born May 4, 1870 – disappeared July 1, 1874) was the primary victim of the first American kidnapping for ransom to receive widespread media coverage. His fate remains unknown, and his case is one of the most famous disappearances in U.S. history.

Abduction
On July 1, 1874, four-year-old Charley Ross and his five-year-old brother, Walter Lewis Ross, were playing in the front yard of their family's home in Germantown, a well-to-do section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A horse-drawn carriage pulled up to the residence and the boys were approached by two men who offered candy and fireworks if they would take a ride with them. These two men were known to the boys, as they had been visiting with candy in the days preceding July 1. So the boys agreed, and were transported through Philadelphia to a store where Walter was directed to buy fireworks inside with 25 cents ($ today) given to him. Walter did so, but the carriage left without him. Charley Ross was taken away and never seen again.

Ransom
Christian K. Ross, the boys' father, began receiving ransom demands from the apparent kidnappers. They arrived in the form of notes mailed from post offices in Philadelphia and elsewhere, all written in an odd hand and in a coarse, semi-literate style with many simple words misspelled. The communications generally requested a ransom of $20,000 ($400,000 today). The notes cautioned against police intervention and threatened Charley's life if Christian did not cooperate. While the kidnappers had assumed the family was wealthy because of their large house and Christian's ownership of a small dry goods store, the truth was that the family was heavily in debt due to the stock market crash of 1873. Seeing no way to pay the ransom, Christian went to the police. The kidnapping soon became national news.

In addition to the heavy press coverage, some prominent Philadelphians enlisted the help of the famous Pinkerton National Detective Agency, who had millions of flyers and posters printed with Charley Ross's likeness. A popular song based on the crime was composed by Dexter Smith and W. H. Brockway, entitled "Bring Back Our Darling". Several attempts were made to provide the kidnappers with ransom money as dictated in the notes, but in each case the kidnappers failed to appear. Eventually, communication stopped.

Suspects
On the night of December 13, in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York, the house belonging to Judge Charles Van Brunt was burgled. Holmes Van Brunt, Charles' brother who lived next door, gathered armed members of his household to stop the intruders in the act. Holmes's group entered Charles's house and brought down both burglars with a torrent of gunfire. The burglars, Bill Mosher and Joe Douglas, were career criminals who had recently been released from jail. Mosher was killed instantly from the gunfire. Douglas was mortally wounded, but managed to live approximately two more hours and was able to communicate with Holmes.

There is no clear consensus regarding exactly what Douglas said as he was dying, as all who were present to witness were too shaken by the night's events to give accurate reports. It is thought that Douglas may have said that lying was pointless, as he knew he was mortally wounded, and had thusly admitted that he and Mosher had abducted Charley Ross. Douglas is believed to have reported that Ross was killed, or that Mosher knew where the boy was, possibly adding that he would be returned unharmed to his family within a few days. Douglas did not give any clues to Ross's location or other particulars of the crime and died soon afterwards.

Charley's brother Walter was taken to New York City to look at the bodies of Mosher and Douglas so as to determine if they were the men from the carriage ride. Walter confirmed that they were the same men who took the boys from in front of their home the previous summer. Mosher in particular was very identifiable as he had a distinctively malformed nose, which Walter had described to police as a "monkey nose". (The cartilage of Mosher's nose had been destroyed by syphilis or cancer). Walter himself was asked to identify the bodies of Mosher and Douglas, and he confirmed they were the kidnappers. For most, the issue of who the men in the carriage were was settled beyond reasonable doubt, but Charley Ross was still missing.

Trial
Former Philadelphia policeman William Westervelt, a known associate of Mosher (and his wife's brother), was arrested and held in connection with the case. He was tried in 1875 for kidnapping. Although Westervelt was a friend and perhaps a confidant of Mosher (while in prison awaiting trial he had told Christian that his son had been alive at the time of Mosher's death), there was virtually no evidence to tie him to the crime itself. Walter, for one, insisted that Westervelt was not one of the men in the carriage that took them away. Westervelt was found not guilty of the kidnapping. However, he was found guilty of a lesser conspiracy charge and served six years in prison. He always maintained his own innocence and swore that he did not know the whereabouts of Charley Ross.

Aftermath
Two years after the kidnapping, Christian published a book on the case titled The Father's Story of Charley Ross, the Kidnapped Child in order to raise money to continue searching for his son. By 1878, the media interest in the case had begun to wane. To renew interest, Ross had the book reprinted and began giving lectures in Boston.

Christian and his wife continued to search for their son until their deaths (Christian died in 1897 and his wife in 1912). They followed leads and interviewed over 570 boys, teenagers, and eventually grown men from around the world who claimed to have been Charley. All proved to be imposters. The Rosses eventually spent approximately $60,000 looking for their son. In 1924, newspapers ran stories about the case to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Ross's abduction. By that time, Walter was an adult and was working as a stockbroker. In interviews, he said that he and his three sisters still received letters from middle-aged men claiming to be his brother.

The case, and in particular the fates of Mosher, Douglas, and Westervelt, served as a deterrent to other potential ransom kidnappers: it was a quarter of a century before another high-profile ransom kidnapping case emerged, with Edward Cudahy Jr. in 1900.

While waiting for President Franklin D. Roosevelt to appear at the 1936 Democratic National Convention concluding at Franklin Field in Philadelphia, newspaper columnist H. L. Mencken noted a prank had been played on a public address announcer by someone getting him to continually summon a "Charles Ross" to the press area.

The common admonition "don't take candy from strangers" is said to have come from Ross's abduction. The Charley Project, a major missing persons database, is named for Ross.

Gustave Blair claim
In 1934, Gustave Blair, a 69-year-old carpenter living in Phoenix, Arizona, petitioned a Maricopa County court to recognize him as the real Charley Ross. Blair claimed that after he was abducted, he lived in a cave and was eventually adopted by a man who told him he was Ross. Charley's older brother, Walter Ross, dismissed Blair as "a crank" and added, "The idea that my brother is still alive is not only absurd, but the man's story seems unconvincing. We've long ago given up hope that Charles ever would be found alive." As Blair's claim went uncontested, the court ruled that he was "Charles Brewster Ross" in March 1939. Despite the ruling, the Ross family refused to recognize Blair as their relative and did not bequeath him any money or property from their parents' estate. Blair briefly moved to Los Angeles and attempted to sell his life story to a film studio but was unsuccessful. He eventually moved to Germantown with his wife before moving back to Phoenix. Blair died in December 1943 still claiming that he was Ross.

Gustave Blair's victory in the Maricopa County courtroom was met with considerable skepticism but was reported at the time to have solved the disappearance of Charley Ross. In 2011, descendants of the family Blair claimed had adopted him commissioned a Y-DNA study, which disproved Blair's story. Following chain of custody procedures, DNA was collected from a male descendant of each of two suspected brothers, Harrison Miller and Nelson Miller (aka Gustave Blair). DNA analysis determined they had a “99.99903% probability of kinship” meaning they were, in fact, brothers. They shared the same paternal lineage, a perfect 37/37 7-STR marker match. Gustave Blair was born into the Miller family, not adopted, and as such could not have been Charley Ross.

title: Kidnapping of Charley Ross


text:
IT University

IT University is a joint department between Chalmers University of Technology and the University of Gothenburg in Sweden. This joint venture offers a great scope for cooperation between researchers with different areas of expertise and academic specialties within the field of information technology.

The programmes offered are based on advanced research and are in a constant state of development. IT University was established in the autumn of 2001. Today it offers programs at both Bachelor's and Master's level, mostly with a focus on applied information technology.

Programs in English

 * C:Art:Media Master Program
 * Intelligent Systems Design
 * Master's in Software Engineering and Management
 * Software Engineering and Management International
 * MSc in Applied Data Science

title: IT University


text: Talk:University of Missouri–St. Louis

title: Talk:University of Missouri–St. Louis


text: Category:NATO Standardisation Agreements


text:
Talk:Abby Lockhart

Personal Life
I have much restored this section as previous edits seem to have removed a large part of it. I've also added some things about Abby's season 12 relationship with Luka. However, a lot of the 'career as a doctor' section includes information about personal life, which I haven't the time to untangle at the moment. Also, I'm not sure whether the character is being described in a 'chronological' manner (ie each section is about a different period in the character's existence) or whether different aspects of her life are being described separately.Alaeangelorum 15:41, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

wasnt abby married
and she went visit him and he remaried and had a kid? im sure im right she was merried with luka had a kid her name is joe on the finished the season 13 and in the 14 season they (luka and abby)break up (temporality) because in the end of the chicago way she reconsilation whit him (the best part is when luka hit morreti) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.89.158.49 (talk) 16:35, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

No primary sources
This article has no primary sources. A primary source would be a third party writing about the show, or a quote from one of the writers/creators, or a quote from the actress describing her motivation for her character. The show itself cannot be a primary source because it is a work of art subject to interpretation. Any editor writing about the show without including a reference to a third party is contributing original research. --malber 14:16, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * While I think it's possible to write an article about events in a TV serious in an objective, factual way and avoid subjective interpretations, I agree. I'll add a reference to cover some of the info in the article. That info is correct, by the way; I've seen the show and found nothing wrong with the info here (although I can't comment on the last two seasons; the 11th season just started last week where I live). Jerkov 18:31, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Fiction, tone
Guide to writing better articles has details for articles about fictional characters. Specifically, instead of "in 2000", it should be "in the Nth season" (sixth or seventh, for 2000, I think). --Christopherlin 07:32, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * In general, I believe that fans of ER have difficulty with the difference between fiction and fact. --malber 12:51, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Speaking of tone, that wasn't very nice of you, malber. Her Pegship 16:44, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

As a big ER fan I object to that. This article, on the other hand, clearly has problems writing from a factual perspective. DJ Clayworth 16:57, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Baby
So is the baby Joseph or Josef? Therequiembellishere 04:09, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

That would be Joseph- shoutout to Joseph "Joe" Frazier. Or Luka's father's name, Josip. --Cesarica (talk) 03:42, 11 November 2014 (UTC)

Surgery
I was watching an advert for ER starting inthe UK and Abby is seen wearing blue scrubs. Does she become a surgical resident or is it part of a surgical rotation? Christopher —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.67.160.202 (talk) 19:02, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

First Apperance
Maura first guest starred in the episode 'Greta Expectations' in 1999 when Carol Hathaway gave birth to her twins. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.177.245.217 (talk) 20:56, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Bolding
I've just removed a couple of instances of the character's name being bolded in non-lead places where I couldn't see what it added. Sorry if I trod on anyone's toes, but if you think it should be bold there (or if you know the MoS does!) please do put me right. Thanks DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered (talk) 09:37, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Broken link
The link in the References section is broken. The one with Abby's biography in ER Headquarters. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BattleshipMan (talk • contribs) 08:19, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Abby Lockhart


text: Portal:Aviation/Did you know

title: Portal:Aviation/Did you know


text:
Talk:Peter Benton

if noone objects
i'm going to move this page to Peter Benton, since the "(ER)" for disambig. is unneccessary. Lachatdelarue (talk) 16:07, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Exactly, done.--ThomasK 06:55, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

Just a suggestion here
but wouldn't it be better to merge all of these into a single article "Characters in ER" or somesuch? DJ Clayworth 16:13, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, we have this as Category:ER characters. --ThomasK 06:55, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

In the relationships section
shouldn't there be mention of his relationship with Dr. Cleo Finch? Lore aura 10:40, 12 Sepember 2007 (UTC)

Section on Cleo Finch
I've moved the stand-alone section on Cleo finch so that it is under the heading "Family & Relationships", which makes more sense given the way the page has been set up. AddMan3001 (talk) 16:50, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Resident of the Year Nomination
Anyone know who nominated Dr. Benton for Resident of the Year in the second season? It’s stated in the script, but it’s buried in the background noise. Jd.varner44 (talk) 17:15, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peter Benton


text:
Kreiken (crater)

Kreiken is a small lunar impact crater that is located near the eastern limb of the Moon. It lies to the south of the crater Kiess and the Mare Smythii. Just to the south-southwest is the smaller crater Elmer, and to the west is Dale.

Only the western part of this crater's rim survives nearly intact, the remainder forming a faint outline on the surface. There is a small crater lying across eastern rim. The interior floor is unremarkable, with no features of interest.

title: Kreiken (crater)


text:
Great Vlachia

Great Vlachia or Great Wallachia (Vlãhia Mari; Μεγάλη Βλαχία), also simply known as Vlachia (Vlãhia; Βλαχία), was a province and region in southeastern Thessaly in the late 12th century, and was used to denote the entire region of Thessaly in the 13th and 14th centuries. The name derives from the Vlachs (Aromanians), who had lived across much of the area.

Name
The name derives from the Aromanians or Vlachs, a chiefly transhumant ethnic group that lives in several mountainous areas of the Balkans, descended from ancient Romance-speaking populations mixed with the people from the Barbarian Invasions of Late Antiquity. The exact origin of the Thessalian and Epirote Vlachs has been a subject of dispute in recent times, chiefly from nationalist motivations: some Romanian historians claimed that the Vlachs had come from the area of modern Romania and settled in the region, rather than being autochthonous. In modern scholarship, it is generally accepted that the Vlachs descend from Latin settlers or native populations who adopted Latin in the Roman period. In the broadest sense, both Greek and Western sources of the later Middle Ages—like the French, Italian, and Aragonese versions of the Chronicle of the Morea, or the chroniclers Ramon Muntaner and Marino Sanudo Torsello—used "Vlachia" or similar names (Blaquie, Blaquia, Val[l]achia) to refer to all of Thessaly, from the Pindus mountains in the west to the Aegean Sea in the east, and from the area of Mount Olympus and Servia in the north to the towns of Zetouni (Lamia) and Neopatras (Ypati) in the south.

Thessalian Vlachia was apparently also known as "Vlachia in Hellas" (ἐν Ἑλλάδι Βλαχία), as well as "Great Vlachia" (Μεγάλη Βλαχία), to distinguish it from other Vlach-inhabited areas, "Upper Vlachia" in Epirus, and a "Little Vlachia" in Aetolia-Acarnania. The contemporary Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates however distinguishes "Great Vlachia" as a district near Meteora. "Vlachia", "Great Vlachia", and the other variants began to fall out of use for Thessaly at the turn of the 14th century, and with the emergence of Wallachia north of the Danube, from the 15th century the name was reserved for it.

Thessalian Vlachs in the Middle Ages
The Vlachs of Thessaly first appear in Byzantine sources of the 11th century, like in the Strategikon of Kekaumenos and Anna Komnene's Alexiad. Kekaumenos, who wrote in the late 1070s, in particular stresses both their transhumance as well as their disdain of imperial authorities. Kekaumenos records a failed Vlach uprising of 1066, under the unwilling leadership of Nikoulitzas Delphinas, a relative of his and grandson of the original Nikoulitzas, whom Emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025) placed to rule over the Thessalian Vlachs. Anna Komnene reports a Vlach settlement near Mount Ossa in 1083, in connection with the campaign of her father, Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118), against the Normans.

The term 'Vlachia' first appears in the 12th century, when the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela, who toured the area in 1166, recorded that the town of Zetouni (Lamia) was "situated at the foots of the hills of Vlachia". The term was evidently not simply a geographic or ethnic designation, for a chrysobull of Emperor Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195–1203) in 1198 includes the Provincia Valachie among the districts of Thessaly where Venetian merchants were granted exemptions, and the same information is repeated in the list of provinces granted to Boniface of Montferrat in the Partitio Romaniae of 1204. According to the Byzantinist George C. Soulis, from this information it appears that this late 12th-century Byzantine province of Vlachia "was situated in the Mount Othrys region, occupying the area lying between the towns of Lamia, Domokos and Halmyros".

Despite their prominence in Thessaly, the Vlachs never came to rule over the region, submitting instead to the various Greek, Latin, and later Serb rulers. A toparch of Great Vlachia is mentioned by Niketas Choniates for when the region became part of the Kingdom of Thessalonica after the Fourth Crusade, but his identity is unknown, with modern scholars proposing the German crusader Berthold II von Katzenelnbogen, the Vlach chieftain Taronas, or the Greek magnate Constantine Maliasenos. After the capture of Thessaly by the Despotate of Epirus, the Vlachs were used by the Epirotes as elite troops against their rivals; the 13th-century scholar George Pachymeres comments on the bravery of the Megalovlachitai in the army of the ruler of Epirus, Michael II Komnenos Doukas (r. ca. 1230–1268). Michael's bastard son, John, was married to a Vlach, the daughter of the chieftain Taronas, and his Vlach troops—it is unclear whether they were regular forces or perhaps a private army raised from his estates—played a prominent role in the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259. When Michael II died in c. 1268, his realm was divided, and John became ruler of Thessaly, with his capital at Neopatras. Western authors often used the term "Vlachia" to refer to the autonomous Thessalian realm of John Doukas and his heirs. Part of Thessaly, however, around Demetrias, Velestino, Halmyros, and Pharsalos, had remained in the hands of the Nicaean Empire, and after 1261 the restored Byzantine Empire, for several years after Pelagonia. This district was governed by a "kephale of Great Vlachia", a post held in 1276 by the pinkernes Raoul Komnenos.

After the conquest of large parts of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-1340s, the Serbian ruler Stefan Dushan was crowned emperor in 1346, founding the Serbian Empire. In 1347–1348 he and his general Preljub extended Serbian control over Epirus and Thessaly. Afterwards, Stefan Dushan claimed the titles, in Latin, of imperator Raxie et Romanie, dispotus Lartae et Blachie comes ("Emperor of Rascia and Romania [Byzantine Empire], Despot of Arta and Count of Vlachia"). Under Serbian rule, the capital of the region moved to Trikala.

title: Great Vlachia


text:
Talk:Hezekiah

Meaning of his name?
Wouldn't it better be translated as "The LORD has strengthened" or even "Yahweh has strengthened", given that the suffix is -yah[u], not -'el?

About the importance of this king not only for religious reforms but also for economics, scripture etc. with new archeological evidence you may look at Finkelstein/Silberman: David and Solomon. The Free Press, 2006. The transliteration of his name into English is wondrous for me (no native speaker of English).--charlandes 16:05, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, and a reference for the translation would be good, too. Leadwind (talk) 15:14, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Erroneous statement about coregencies
From Chronic2 (talk). On 2 Apr 2009, Ewawer entered this statement:

 * However, the scholars who accept coregency as a resolution to the dilemma fail to recognise that that position requires an emendation to the biblical material, with the reference in one biblical dating being to a sole reign of Hezekiah and to a coregency in the other.

This is an improper usage of the word emendation, and the statement is factually incorrect. Emendation imples that the text, as received and established by textual criticism, must be changed in order to correspond to some other criterion. But no texts need to be changed in order to support the coregency of Hezekiah. It is the texts themselves that give evidence of the coregency. This is the conclusion of such respected chronologists as Kenneth Kitchen, T. C. Mitchell (in Cambridge Ancient History), and Leslie McFall, plus a host of others. Read McFall's "Translation Guide" carefully. Nowhere does he introduce an emendation in order to support his chronology.

Both sentences in the following definitely needs some better documentation:
 * Some commentators[who?] note that there does not appear to be any justification to that approach on the basis of the biblical material itself. Other scholars discount the biblical material as being unreliable, and date events in a manner consistent with non-biblical sources

The method of treating Biblical coregencies by McFall and other scholars is consistent with ancient Near Eastern practice. Occasionally pharaohs, for example, date their reigns from the beginning of a sole reign, and some times from the beginning of a coregency (citations can be given). If it is stated that such well-documented ancient Near Eastern practices will not be allowed for the authors of Scripture, then for consistency the same principle should be applied to Egyptian history. Chronic2 (talk) 00:38, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The point I was making was that to synchronise with the non-biblical sources, one reference in 2 Kings must be taken to refer to a sole reign and the other to a co-regency. I believe that amounts to a emendation, and issues of consistency with principles in relation to Egyptian history is not relevant when the issue is the integrity of a source - which is to say, there is an inconsistency in the sources.Ewawer (talk) 02:18, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

 * From Chronic2 (talk). This then can be labeled an inconsistency, if you wish. It does not fit the definition of an emendation. I would hold however that it is an inconsistency not of fact, but of method of expressions. Even then I do not think that the word "inconsistency" is appropriate. It is just two different ways of measuring. For example, in the same area that is of interest to this chronology, 2 Kings 18, the fall of Samaria is given as occurring in Hezekiah's 6th year. It is also given as Hoshea's 9th year. These are two ways of measuring the same thing; they could be called an inconsistency because they are not the same way. But both make sense, and there is no necessity of speaking of an 'emendation', either here or in the two ways of measuring the reign of Hezekiah.
 * In 2 Kings 1:17, Joram of Israel is said to begin to reign in year 2 of Jehoram of Judah. In 2 Kings 3:1, he is said to begin in year 18 of Jehoshaphat. This could be called an 'inconsistency', but it is only two ways of measuring the same thing. Because of the coregency of Jehoshaphat with his son Jehoram, year 18 of Jehoshaphat was identical to year 2 of his son's reign. This provides us with the useful information that Jehoram of Judah was made coregent in his father's 17th year. It is misleading just to label this an 'inconsistency' without explaining that it is due to two different methods of reckoning that are basically compatible once we accept the principle of coregencies.
 * I am aware that various writers do not accept coregencies. But this is contrary to a knowledge of ancient Near Eastern practices. The kings of Judah would have been much more foolish than you or I if they did not see the wisdom of establishing their son as coregent during their reign, following the example of David with Solomon. Most of them did so; some were indeed foolish, but we should expect that coregencies were the rule, which they were. The writers whom you seem to favor do not give credence to this well-documented practice. Instead, they start with their presuppositions of how things 'should have been done' rather than an investigation of how things were actually done in the ancient Near East. Thus Wellhausen ruled out coregencies altogether, refusing to give credence to the plainly stated coregency of David with Solomon. His whole approach was presuppositional rather than based on studying ancient scribal methods. Another example: Gershon Galil accepts coregencies, and says that regnal years, when a coregency is involved, are always measured from the coregency and never from the sole reign. This is again presuppositional. A proper inductive approach would be to let the data determine whether a given synchronism is being given in terms of coregency or in terms of sole reign. That has been the approach of the scholars who have produced the most lasting results in this field (Coucke, Thiele, McFall, Kitchen, Finegan, Merrill, etc.)
 * The parallel with Egypt is appropriate. Here reigns of pharaohs are sometimes measured from the sole reign, and sometimes from a coregency. The pharaohs or their scribes generally did not tell us which method they were using. There was also something called the "repeating of births" that was used to date events in the reigns of a few of these pharaohs along with the usual count of years since coming to the throne. Egyptologists do not reject these data because of presuppositions, labeling everything that does not agree with their presupposition as an "inconsistency" requiring emendation of the ancient texts. Probably the most quoted authority on the chronology of ancient Egypt is Kenneth Kitchen; other Egyptologists, when attempting to date their findings in absolute terms, appeal to Kitchen more than anyone else, judging by what I have read. And Kitchen comes out solidly for the principle of coregencies in the chronology of the kings of Judah and Israel. He was one of the earlier scholars that published (with T. C. Mitchell) his conclusion that Hezekiah's coregency with his father Ahaz, beginning in 729 BC, explains both the Biblical data and the Assyrian data. Many other eminent scholars also believe this, including those I cited just now. It is not appropriate to discount the solid successes of these scholars by continually arguing that coregencies were not used in Israel, or that, if they were, their usage by the ancient scribes should always conform to our preconceptions. Chronic2 (talk) 20:15, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I repeat my point that even if we accept a coregency, which I do, there is the fact that on the plain face value of the biblical text, there is no change in form from one reference to the 6th year of Hezekiah's reign to the other of the 14th year. If coregency is accepted, then one reference must be read as the 6th year from the start of sole reign, and 14th year from the coregency. (or is it the other way round?) Ewawer (talk) 07:40, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

 * From Chronic2 (talk). Good, then I think we agree. There is a change in reference when one set of Scriptures dates Hezekiah's reign from a coregency and another set dates from his sole reign. If I read between the lines, I think you also agree now that it is misleading to call this an inconsistency, and it is also inappropriate to say that it required an 'emendation'. No emendation is required. I have therefore replaced my original statement to that effect, and also amplified it somewhat, believing that it is helpful to the general reader to know that one approach -- the one that rules out coregencies -- requires emendations of the Biblical text, while the other requires no emendations, and is also consistent with the Assyrian data. This point should not be obscured for the general reader.
 * I do not think that the long sections on problems with the text when coregencies are not accepted are necessary. They could all be summarized in a sentence or two, saying that any system which does not accept a coregency between Ahaz and Hezekiah beginning in 729 BC has been unable to reconcile the various Scriptural texts related to the chronology of Hezekiah, and all such non-coregency solutions require emendations or rejections, in one place or another, of the pertinent Biblical texts. However, I have not excluded these sections. I know of some unscrupulous editors who delete wholesale viewpoints, properly referenced, that do not agree with their own bias, and I appreciate that you have not done that. Chronic2 (talk) 00:55, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

article needs work
I don't know how this talk page works. I couldn't figure out how to add a new topic. I was very surprised that my edits to make the language about the restoration of the temple to be neutral instead of using biased language. The edits were reversed. This is not a theological article, it is meant to be an encyclopedia article with standards of objectivity. Is there no over-riding authority? Can I reinstate the changes I made which were reverted? Unless Shemishata can explain themself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cath reen (talk • contribs) 03:41, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

The lead is thin. It should summarize the topic; see wp:lede. The article shows the results of edit wars over historical versus scriptural interpretations. It needs good scholarly references. Leadwind (talk) 15:17, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguation of "High Places"
Please be aware of a discussion regarding a need for disambiguation of the term "High Places", as used in the Political moves and Assyrian invasion section. 67.176.181.188 (talk) 17:44, 12 December 2009 (UTC)

Iconoclasm
The artcle claimed that William Dever says in this book that the narrative of iconoclasm by Hezekiah was wrong and that there was archeological evidence against it from Arad, Beersheba and Lachish. This couldn't be more wrong. He says that Arad's temple was most likely dismanteled by Hezekiah! About the altar at Beersheba he only says its destruction most likely took place under Josiah's reform. About Lachish' temple he never says Hezekiah build it or that it still functioned under his rule. This is the biggest mistake at wikipedia I've seen so far. Mismeret (talk) 08:53, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

2.2 Family and Life
Claim not substantiated "Abijah (also called Abi), was a daughter of the high priest Zechariah." Bold "the high priest" being contested, Zechariah was a popular name at this time so not necessarily "The High Priest". Could even be King Zechariah of Israel/Samaria, as marrying between the 2 kingdoms is not uncommon, see 2 Kings 8v18 (King of Judah Jehoram marries King of Israel Ahab's daughter Athaliah, later named in 2 Kings 8v26). Lack of given title might indicate the contrary, however, in aforementioned 2 Kings 8v18 no title is mentioned of Ahab, but later is present in v26.

Further, arguments against this suggestion would include Zechariah's very brief reign (and life) see 2 Kings 15v8-12, of a mere 6 months, this is disputed as being possibly 12 years. (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zechariah_of_Israel). A more theological perspective may spread doubt on this suggestion because of the prophecy in 2 Kings 10v30 meaning that none of Jehu's descendants after the 4th generation would sit on the throne, this brings into the discussion whether it was confined to the Kingship of Israel and whether 'descendants' follows only the males. A more convincing argument would be that the completion of the prophecy, as previous said, was not only the assassination of Zechariah but of his whole family. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.221.239.65 (talk) 08:01, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

Original Research
Section on Biblical Sources relies directly on the Bible (primary source). We should be reporting what reliable sources say about it, not picking and choosing from primary sources themselves and presenting our take. Section needs to be revised to report what reputable authorities have said about the matter. That is the essence of NPOV and NOR. --128.205.153.107 (talk) 02:58, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

Using Questionable Images based on Artists' Imagination vs Verifiable Archaeological Evidence
I noticed that you have a 17th-century painting by unknown artist claiming it to be Hezekiah. Based upon what? Since when is the use of modern art being used as the sole source for an accurate portrayal of ancient history? The ancient Judeans were Hebrews, and the Hebrews are a very dark race of people, with curly hair, esp in that region of the world. Who is that person in the painting?2602:306:25E4:B229:519A:5B88:E8FE:A72E (talk) 04:33, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

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BCE rather than BC
It's a major character from the Hebrew (!) Bible, for Jahweh's sake! Keep BC (Before CHRIST!) and AD (anno domini = christi!) all you want for the New Testament, but leave some space for Jewish sensitivities, whether out of sympathy, hatred, PC, or common sense. Arminden (talk) 16:51, 5 December 2015 (UTC)ArmindenArminden (talk) 16:51, 5 December 2015 (UTC)
 * King James may have been British, but King Hezekiah certainly was not. Rlendog (talk) 21:02, 5 December 2015 (UTC)

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Original research
provided no WP:RS for their edits. If you find that it has a source, tell me which it is. tgeorgescu (talk) 18:08, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Aren't the sources provided in the notes after each one? Except for the first, each one references a source text. They're not linked (or necessarily formatted correctly), but are there to be found. I can see the case that it's pulling directly from primary sources and therefore a form of WP:OR, but isn't it like how plot summaries don't need to be sourced for fiction because their implicit source is the work (i.e. can't the names in various languages be pulled directly from source documents in those languages)? Ganesha811 (talk) 19:54, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * There are no originals of the Bible, of any sort, in any language. BlackDragonCasimir admitted that's true. tgeorgescu (talk) 20:22, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree, but there are certainly primary source documents that contain various portions of the Hebrew Bible in various languages, from ancient times right up to the present day. What's the issue with the translated names being pulled from those sources? Ganesha811 (talk) 20:26, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I removed it again. The "sources" provided in the notes are not sources in the meaning of Wikipedia, i.e., authoritative academic texts available to the reader. In addition, almost three lines just about pronunciation is not reasonable. Achar Sva (talk) 23:16, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

Book of Isaiah
The article mentions that Isaiah prophesied during his reign. Shouldn't it say that Hezekiah plays a prominent role in the Book of Isaiah, in Isaiah 38-39? YTKJ (talk) 20:39, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

There is a section discussionHezekiah and Isaiah, it could go there. --יהואש (talk) 05:34, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

Childless Hezekiah to perpetuate CHRIST’S line
In the discussion of Isaiah visiting sick Hezekiah, it is somehow said Hezekiah’s lack of a son failed to preserve the line of “human(s)” - but in fact was a potential tragedy because it would fail to preserve the line from King David of a Jewish savior God had promised since Moses, and actually since God told Eve that “her seed” (offspring) would “crush [Satan, the serpent’s] head.”

David’s family would, God had promised David, through prophet Nathan, lead in an unbroken line (to Messiah, Christians hold), or eternity, as Jews avow. This being the case, when Hezekiah prayed, was healed, and had a son, good King Hezekiah gained a place in the genealogy of Jesus in the New Testament, and surely in the old also. I don’t know WHO would have suggested Hezekiah’s lack of a son would merely somehow end “human life”, (though no savior —the one “coming after me,” as Moses said, or “Shiloh” as predicted elsewhere, to come, would have been a tragedy). One eventually leading to doom for all humans and the earth: no righteous eternal earthly ruler, no millennium, no salvation, no alternative to hell for humans, no “New heavens and earth” to come, etc. —AND would also make a perfect God into liar, regarding his promises to the Jews that David’s line was eternal & that made to Abraham, that all the world would be blessed by the Jews, which would of course have been a tragedy for humanity. Ednor Rowe (talk) 10:41, 3 August 2023 (UTC)

Hireq in Hezekiah
@Sinclairian The dagesh in the yodh does not indicate that it is also serving as a hireq-yodh. It occurs because the short hireq geminates the following yodh. The number of times that we assume a yodh dagesh represents assimilation of a long hireq is small and always the result of external evidence. For example, for Proverbs 5:4's כְּחֶרֶב פִּיּוֹת, although Loder's tool generates ḥereb piyyôt, scholars assume from comparison to Judges 3:16 חֶרֶב וְלָהּ שְׁנֵי פֵיוֹת that the length of the initial vowel is equivalent to a tsere. By contrast, in theophoric names the suffix יהו is always preceded by hireq or shewa. GordonGlottal (talk) 04:24, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hezekiah


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User talk:Christopher Crossley

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Barnstar
Wow. All I can say is wow. I recently returned to the Armée de l'Air article after not visiting for many months. Last I saw, it was a miserable stub and a shame to wikipedia, but it has since blossomed into an incredible work under what looks to be mostly your guidance. It looks to me as though someday soon these articles will be ready for a Featured Article nomination. For all your work, I award you this barnstar. -Lommer | talk 20:10, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've looked through the new face Armée de l'Air, I'm planning to revamp the article a bit. What do you think of making the main Armée de l'Air article an overview of the entire thing instead of a redirect? It would contain a brief history (with links to appropriate detailed histories, using the "Main Article:" format) and a description of the air force today (strength, equipment used, deployments, etc.). -Lommer | talk 20:55, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Thank you so much for your kind words, Lommer! I'm very grateful to you. I have (as I may have said in the User page for yours truly) had quite an interest in military aviation history since I was nine years old (and I am 39 now!). I have greatly enjoyed constructing the articles about the history of the French air force from 1909 to 1962, since I love both history and the French language. You may have guessed from the external links that I have used some French-language sources for the articles, which, I hope, give fellow Wikipedians a better idea of an air force which is hardly known compared to, say, the RAF, the Luftwaffe and the United States Air Force.

I will leave your ideas for an article about the modern French air force of today plus main article, etc, etc, in your capable hands, Lommer, so I have no problems with that, nor with the little blue boxes you have inserted into the history articles. I look forward to seeing them! Thank you also for your Featured Article nomination. I hope it gets it! Christopher Crossley 11:20, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Armée de l'Air (Part III) - incomplete sentence?
Scanning through the text of Armée de l'Air (Part III: End of empire in Indochina and Algeria, 1939-1962) I came across what I think is a sentence missing some words:

 * The signs that the French influence in this part of the world started more or less at this point (rather than after the end of World War II) when France was forced to cede ...

Maybe if it said something like

 * The signs that the French influence in this part of the world were waning started more or less at this point (rather than after the end of World War II) when France was forced to cede ...

Could you check your sources and see if I'm correct? Shenme 03:27, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Historic Warplane Question
History of the Armée de l'Air (colonial presence 1939-1962) in section 6 about Algeria may refer erroneously to the Martin B-26 when the plane in use at that time by the Armée de l'Air was more likely the Douglas A-26 (renamed B26 after WWII). The picture shows a Martin plane in used by the Free French in WWII, but those planes were generally considered obsolete even by the end of WWII. I’m not sure enough to make the correction, but I thought we might want to consider the possibility. --Kevin Murray 05:09, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Christopher Crossley