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Air Comet

Air Comet was an airline based in Madrid, Spain. It operated scheduled long-haul services from Madrid to 13 destinations in Central and South America, as well as services in Europe. Its main base was Terminal 1 at Madrid–Barajas Airport. The airline cooperated with airlines such as AeroSur through codeshare agreements.

History
The airline was established on 23 December 1996 as Air Plus Comet and started operations on 1 March 1997, based at Madrid-Barajas Airport. On 11 December 1996 Oasis airline ceased operations and their only aircraft, an Airbus A310, and many of their pilots and staff became the foundation of Air Plus Comet. In the post-takeover haste, the airline lacked a commercial name and its ICAO code was MPD, which stood for the last names of its three main executives (Mata, Pascual and Díaz).

It mainly operated long-haul charter services from Madrid and Palma de Mallorca to destinations in America and the Caribbean. It relaunched as a full-service carrier under the Air Comet name in January 2007. It was wholly owned by Grupo Marsans.

In January 2007, the airline took over some of now-defunct Air Madrid's Latin American routes and was renamed Air Comet and changed its livery.

On 11 February 2009, Air Comet was suspended from the IATA Clearing House due to non-payment of its January balance. On 21 December 2009, a High Court in London emitted a verdict favoring the German bank HSH Nordbank, which had sued Air Comet for not meeting the terms of payment for their leased aircraft. Therefore, the airline became legally unable to either operate their four A330-200s or sell any fare tickets. Air Comet's directors announced the airline was ceasing operations owing to bankruptcy.

Destinations
Air Comet flew to the following destinations:

🇪🇸 🇮🇹
 * Europe
 * Madrid - Madrid Barajas Airport base
 * Fiumicino - Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport
 * London - Gatwick Airport

🇨🇺
 * The Caribbean
 * Havana - José Martí International Airport

🇦🇷 🇧🇴 🇨🇴 🇪🇨 🇵🇪
 * South America
 * Buenos Aires - Ministro Pistarini International Airport
 * Santa Cruz de la Sierra - Viru Viru International Airport
 * Bogotá - El Dorado International Airport
 * Medellín - José María Córdova International Airport
 * Guayaquil - José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport
 * Quito - Mariscal Sucre International Airport
 * Lima - Jorge Chávez International Airport

Fleet
The Air Comet fleet consisted of the following aircraft

title: Air Comet


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Bracebridge Heath

Bracebridge Heath is a village and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is 2 mi south of Lincoln and straddles the border with the Lincoln and North Kesteven district boundaries.

It lies at the junction of two major roads the A15 to Sleaford and the A607 to Grantham. It was part of the Boothby Graffoe Wapentake in the Kesteven riding.

The village is on top of Lincoln Cliff, overlooking Lincoln and the valley of the River Witham. The population of the civil parish at the 2001 census was 4,530, increasing to 5,656 at the 2011 census.

History
Until 1898 Bracebridge Heath was part of the parish of Bracebridge. Bracebridge may have had its origins in the Old English braesc + brycg, meaning 'bridge or causeway made of branches'. The River Witham runs 1 mi to the west, lending some credibility to this theory.

The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book as "Brachebrige". Before the Norman Conquest lordship was held by Ulf Fenman, and after by Bishop Geoffrey of Coutances, who also became Tenant-in-chief.

Bracebridge Heath lies on the route of the Roman Ermine Street that runs approximately 200 mi from London to York. The central road junction in Bracebridge Heath is the junction of three Roman roads, now the A15 (the Sleaford Road), the A607 (the Grantham Road), and Cross O'Cliffe Hill into Lincoln. The line of Ermine Street, when extended from its last traceable part at Harmston, south of Bracebridge Heath, runs north through Waddington to Heath Road in Bracebridge Heath. Heath Road continues the line of Ermine Street.

According to White's 1876 Lincolnshire, the parish of 1,482 acre was part of Boothby Graffoe Wapentake, and consisted of the Lincoln County Lunatic Asylum on Sleaford Road, All Saints' church, and a vicarage. In 1876, 340 persons were recorded as living in the parish, the most notable of which included:

 * Thomas Allen, MD (at the Asylum)
 * William Andrew, Solicitor
 * Rev. William Bromehead BA, Vicar
 * William Coupland, Blacksmith and Beerhouse
 * William Green, Blacksmith
 * George Kirkup, Asylum Steward
 * William Mills, Wards Brickyard
 * Edward Palmer, MD, Asylum Superintendent
 * George Wheatley, Carpenter
 * Charles White, Pattern and Clog Maker
 * John Wollfit, Licensed Victualler, at The John Bull
 * Thomas Butler, Farmer
 * Charles Clarke, Farmer
 * Edwin Scrivener, Farmer
 * William Toulson, Farmer
 * Mrs Mary Winn, Post and Carrier from Lincoln
 * Harry Webber, Hall Farm hand

Present day
Bracebridge Heath has changed considerably since White's description of 1876. The village boundary has extended northwards in the direction of Lincoln and southwards towards the village of Waddington.

The parish of Bracebridge Heath was created out of the complete parish of Bracebridge by a Local Government Order (Kesteven) on 1 April 1898. To date, it has remained basically as it was created apart from one minor boundary adjustment.

A local landmark is the finely worked stone water pumping station and reservoir located on Grantham Road, known locally as 'The Water Tower', as opposed to the white 'Hospital water tower', a header tank for the hospital laundry boilers was another prominent landmark, but this was demolished in 2014.

This 'new' (1912) subterranean reservoir, of which only the 'pumping machinery tower' can be seen, was an overflow for the main reservoir in Westgate Water Tower, and replaced an 'old' open reservoir on Bracebridge Heath on London Road, built in 1871 and closed in 1925. It had been left water-filled from 1912 as an emergency supply in case of fire at the Asylum until the new 'Hospital' water tower was erected and connected to the mains in 1925, from whence it lay empty, and decaying until 1972 when it was filled in and built on, today it is known as Stanley Crescent.

Buildings
Other than the old mental hospital chapel (now private accommodation), there is St John's Church (Church of England) on Grantham Road and the Methodist Church, on almost the opposite side of the road. There is also a Deeper Life Bible Church. St John's primary school, (now an Academy School) formerly Bracebridge Heath County Primary School,(1880) is situated on the same road along with a small row of shops, and opposite, a new shopping centre.

Just off Sleaford Road (A15) in the direction of Lincoln is the village hall almost behind 'The Bull' Public House (formerly the 'John Bull' public house). Earlier the church hall, situated behind St John's Church, served in that capacity, until the current village hall was built in the 1970s. The Church Hall was taken over by the local Scout group (21st Lincoln) in the early 1980s. They had used it as their headquarters. A local benefactor purchased the hall and donated it to the group.

There was a police station on Whitehall Crescent, which was (in June 2012) enlarged and refurbished, it later underwent further work and is now a Nursery. Next to the Nursery is a public library. Also on London Road is a Medical Centre and GP's Surgery.

A 1921 war memorial and Remembrance garden is situated on the eastern side of the junction of the Sleaford, London, and Grantham Roads.

St John the Evangelist's Church
St John The Evangelist's Church, Bracebridge Heath is a former mission church of All Saints Church, Bracebridge. The church was built between 1908 and 1910, the architect being Charles Hodgson Fowler of Durham. It was built for the villagers of Bracebridge Heath until it became a civil parish in 1971 and separate from Bracebridge which later would become part of the City of Lincoln in 1974. While Bracebridge Heath would become part of the North Kesteven district that same year. It is in the Deanery of Lincoln and remains active for local community.

St John's Hospital
St John's Hospital closed in December 1989 and the site has been sold to a property developer who has built 183 luxury homes and apartments there. The original hospital buildings are classified as Grade II listed buildings.

Public houses
Bracebridge Heath has three public houses. 'The Blacksmiths Arms' now shortened to 'The Blacksmiths', on the site of the Victorian blacksmith's shop and beerhouse built, opened and run by the family of William Green, a Harmston farmer, in 1852. It stands at the point where London Road divides into the Sleaford Road (A15) and the Grantham Road (A607). It has recently been refurbished and re-opened after standing derelict for some years. Directly opposite this on the western side of Grantham Road is the 'John Bull' since 2007 renamed 'The Bull'. Its first spirit license was granted to Thomas Spain, 16 October 1849. 'The Homestead' public house is a late-1990s building conversion of one of the former hospital buildings, which served originally as the hospital Superintendent's residence. (Built in 1906 for Dr. Thomas Leonard Johnston).

Facilities
The village is home to the headquarters of the local Area Health Authority. It is based around the home of one of the Newsum family, (formerly Wood Merchants). Arthur Crookes Newsum J.P., built 'Cross O'Cliffe Court' in 1908/9.

To the west of London road (A15), is an area of open land which was known locally as 'The Hillies'. Although privately owned (by the Church), it served for many years as unofficial common land, used for sheep grazing, dog walking and for a rough and ready village football pitch. A public footpath which forms part of The Viking Way runs through it. For several years it has been given over to crop growing.

Cricket
Bracebridge Heath Cricket Club was founded in 1948 and their ground can be found on Cross O'Cliff Court. Bracebridge Heath CC has a significant success record, with 12 Lincolnshire County Board Premier League championship titles to their name and a recent championship win in the Lincoln & District Sunday League in 2023. Bracebridge Heath field four senior teams: The 1st team compete in the Lincolnshire County Board Premier League (a designated ECB Premier League ), a 2nd team in the Lincolnshire County League and two Sunday teams compete in the Lincoln & District League. They also have an established junior training section that play competitive cricket in the Lincoln Youth Cricket League.

Viking Way
The Viking Way, a 147 mi long footpath from the Humber Bridge to Oakham, runs along the cliff top to the west of the village.

RAF Bracebridge Heath
A Royal Flying Corps (RFC) aerodrome at Bracebridge Heath originally opened in 1916 for use by the Robey-Peters aircraft factory, in the manufacture and flight testing of their own designs and licence-built Sopwith aircraft. . RAF Bracebridge Heath enlarged circa 1919–1920, housed No. 121 Squadron RAF and No. 4 Aircraft Acceptance Park RAF.

In the Second World War, an aircraft repair organisation at Bracebridge Heath, managed by A V Roe and Co Ltd, recovered 'battle damaged' Avro Lancaster bomber parts, which would otherwise have been scrapped, returning them to service and making a contribution to the bomber offensive against Nazi Germany. An MAP B.1 type aircraft hangar from this period survived in 2014.

There was a Grade II listed triple-bay Belfast truss aircraft hangar here (built c1917), but this was demolished on safety grounds in 2001. Two other modified and re-clad single-bay Belfast truss hangars survived.

title: Bracebridge Heath


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D. D. Sheehan

Daniel Desmond Sheehan, usually known as D. D. Sheehan (28 May 1873 – 28 November 1948) was an Irish nationalist, politician, labour leader, journalist, barrister and author. He served as Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland representing Mid-Cork from 1901 to 1918, a constituency comprising the districts of Ahadallane, Ballincollig, Ballyvourney, Blarney, Coachford, Farran, Inchigeelagh, Macroom, Millstreet and Shandangan. As co-founder and President of the Irish Land and Labour Association, he was credited with considerable success in land reform, labour reforms and in rural state housing. From 1909, he was General Secretary of the Central Executive of the All-for-Ireland League, favouring a policy of National reconciliation between all creeds and classes in Ireland. During World War I he served as Irish regiments officer with the 16th (Irish) Division in France, 1915–16. He resigned his parliamentary seat in 1918 and lived in England for several years, returning to Dublin following the ending of the civil war, when he was appointed editor of the Dublin Chronicle.

Journalistic beginnings
Sheehan was born in Dromtariffe, near Kanturk, County Cork, Ireland, the second eldest of three sons and one daughter of Daniel Sheehan senior and Ellen Sheehan (née Fitzgerald). His father was an old Fenian, Kinsman of Canon P. A. Sheehan and tenant farmer. He was educated at the local primary school; in 1880 when he was seven years old, the family experienced eviction from the family homestead at the onset of the Irish Land League's Land War, when tenant farmers united to protest against landlords' excessive unjust rents by withholding payment.

Sheehan's family were supporters of the Fenian tradition, and his experience of discrimination made him a strong supporter of Irish nationalism. Sheehan was a continued supporter of Charles Stewart Parnell after the 'Parnell split' of 1890 in the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and became a pro-Parnellite. He always remembered his only meeting with Parnell at Tralee, when Parnell was presented with a loyal address (drafted by Sheehan) from his Killarney supporters. He began his career as a schoolteacher at the age of 16, studying land law and legal procedure when time allowed. He undertook part-time journalism from 1890 and was otherwise self-educated to a high literary degree. Sheehan was correspondent for the Kerry Sentinel, and later special correspondent to the Cork Daily Herald in Killarney. After he married in 1894, he moved in pursuit of journalistic experience temporarily to Scotland where in 1896 he joined the staff of the Glasgow Observer, then becoming London editor of the Catholic News in Preston, England.

In 1898, with the beginning of national self-reliance under the revolutionary Local Government Act (1898), which established the enfranchment of local electors and the creation of Local County Councils for the first time, allowing the development of a new political class capable of taking local affairs into their own hands, Sheehan returned to Ireland. He worked initially on various papers in Munster including the Cork Constitution and from 1899 until 1901 as editor of The Southern Star, Skibbereen, in which role it assured for the ILLA as well as the recently founded United Irish League that their branch reports were given weekly press coverage, particularly crucial for the expansion and growth of the UIL in Cork.

Land and Labour leader
Early in his life when appointed correspondence secretary of the Kanturk Trade and Labour Council, Sheehan began active involvement in labour and trade union affairs – "I was engaged in an attempt to lead the labourers out of the poverty and misery that encompassed them" he wrote.

In August 1894 the Irish Land and Labour Association (ILLA) was formed to agitate on behalf of small tenant farmers and agrarian labourers as follower organisation to the Irish Democratic Trade and Labour Federation, setting forth Michael Davitt's achievements. As ILLA chairman, Sheehan in alliance with its secretary the Clonmel, County Tipperary solicitor J. J. O'Shee (Member of Parliament for West Waterford from 1895), they campaigned for radical changes both to the Irish Land Acts and the land and labour laws, in particular the granting of smallholdings to rural labourers. After Sheehan returned from a journalistic mission to England in 1898 he threw himself into organising the ILLA, at the same time convinced that social change could only be advanced by means of political and constitutional agitation, but at no times through physical force.

In the towns and in the country, labourers had to live in hovels and mud-wall cabins which bred death and disease, huddled together in indiscriminate wretchedness, landless and starving, the last word in pitiful rags and bare bones. The grant of Local Government and the extension of the franchise, enabled the labourers to eventually take a mighty stride in the assertion of their independent claims. Sheehan recorded that
 * "Those of us who had taken up the labourer’s cause .  .  .  went our way building up branches, extending knowledge of the labourers' claims, educating these humble folk into a sense of their civic rights and citizen responsibilities  .  .  .  It was all desperate hard, uphill work, with little to encourage and no reward beyond the consciousness that one was reaching out a helping hand to the most neglected, despised and unregarded class in the community"

Under his leadership as president, the ILLA spread rapidly across Munster and later Connacht, campaigning vigorously on behalf of small tenant farmers for their tenant rights as well claiming against the pitiful plight of the rural labourers, demanding sweeping changes, as P. F. Johnson before him, to the inadequate Land Acts, duly acknowledged by government. By 1900 he had helped found and organize nearly one hundred ILLA branches, mostly in County Cork, County Tipperary, and County Limerick, which increased to 144 by 1904.

The achievement was not without considerable middle-class hostility to the labourer movement. Farmer, shopkeeper, clerical and political party hostility originated not alone locally, ill-will was equally noticeable at a national level. The Irish Party leadership refused to consider direct Parliamentary representation to the Land and Labour Association, an indication of the middle-class determination with maintaining its hold over national politics.

Member of Parliament
Following the death of Dr C. K. D. Tanner (former Mid-Cork anti-Parnellite Nationalist MP from 1895), a United Irish League selection convention was called for 10 May 1901 in Macroom to decide between three candidates for the up-coming by-election. Standing as ILLA candidate on a solely labour platform, "D. D.", as he was popularly known, defeated the official local Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) candidate Cornelelius O'Callaghan of Millstreet after a second ballot, amidst turbulent and occasionally violent scenes following an initial attempt by Joseph Devlin (representing the UIL National Directory), to exclude a number of ILLA branches from the convention. Sheehan was carried triumphantly from the venue and when finally returned as MP in the by-election of 17 May, he wrote:
 * My heart was with the neglected labourer and I stood, accordingly, as a Labour candidate, my programme being the social elevation of the masses, employment and wages. . . . . This was heralded as a tremendous triumph for the Labour movement, . . . .  .

Aged twenty-eight, he was the youngest, and one of the most outspoken, Irish nationalist party members of parliament at the House of Commons. Although admitted to the Party, his position as a labour representative, his own personal independence and not being a member of the United Irish League, made him something of an outsider. He wrote: "I was in the Party for one purpose, and one alone, of pushing the labourers' claims upon the notice of the leaders and of ventilating their grievances in the House of Commons whenever occasion offered" But from the outset in 1894, those Party leaders considered the ILLA to be a dangerous deviation from the party line.

Agrarian resurgence
Long associated with land agitation, Sheehan settled many disputes between landlord gentry and their under-privileged tenant farmers. In his capacity as honorary secretary of the Cork Advisory Committee, he was foremost in ending centuries of oppressive "landlordism" under the far reaching Wyndham Land Purchase Act of 1903. Crafted through Parliament following the 1902 Land Conference by his Mallow compatriot, William O'Brien MP, Sheehan successfully negotiated the larger number of the 16,159 tenant land purchases in Munster that decade. In his own words: "changing rack-rented farmers into peasant proprietors". The act was later extended to introduce compulsory purchase under the Birrell Land Purchase (Ireland) Act (1909).

From 1904 Sheehan was drawn to O’Brien for his willingness to agitate for a "settlement of the Irish labourers' grievances", and allied himself after O’Brien was alienated from the Irish Party for his conciliatory approach in securing the Land Act. Sheehan brought O’Brien the ally whose organisational skills and social programme secured him a County Cork base, his talents and ILLA branches placed at the disposal of the O'Brienite organisation in rural Munster. Sheehan and O'Brien established a Cork Advisory Committee which produced a higher rate of land purchase at lower prices than in any other county.

The January 1906 general election returned Sheehan unopposed. The IPP deputy leader John Dillon set about splitting the ILLA, forming a new ILLA group under its secretary, the Dillon and IPP loyal J. J. O'Shee (MP), – to confine Sheehan's movement, otherwise "the whole of Munster will be poisoned and no seat safe on vacancy". Later that year, the Irish Party mounted a feud against Sheehan for being a "factionist" by supporting a policy of Conciliation and for not allowing his labourers' movement be subservient to the Party autocracy, his reason being "to realize the great democratic principle of the government of the people, by the people and for the people". Also for not adhering to the party pledge and expelled both him and John O'Donnell from its ranks. It deprived them both of the quarterly party stipend provided for attendance at Westminster, particularly damaging because the first regular salary for an MP was set in 1911. Sheehan retaliated by resigning his seat in November and challenged the IPP to stand against him. He was re-elected unopposed as Ireland's first Independent Nationalist Labour MP on 31 December 1906. His income from then depended on constituent's collections at church gates on Sundays.

Sheehans' cottages
At countrywide ILLA meetings and in leading articles and editorials, Sheehan strove vigorously to attain betterment for the working Irish as in his June 1904 Commons speech on the Labourers (Ireland) Bill. Together with O'Brien under the "Macroom programme" their unabated pressure helped win passage of the exceptional Bryce Labourers (Ireland) Act (1906), remarkable its financial features for state sponsored rural housing, several provisions of which Sheehan suggested and drafted. He was convinced that nothing could be either final or satisfactory which did not ultimately "root the labourers in the soil".

The Act provided for the erection of over 40,000 cottages each on an acre of land, 7,560 alone in county Cork, known locally as Sheehans' cottages. It was followed by the Birrell Labourers (Ireland) Act (1911) with provision for further 5,000 dwellings. The dwellings provided homes for over 60,000 landless labourers and their families, comprising a rural population of a quarter of a million previously living wretchedly, mostly together with their livestock, in one room stone cabins and sod hovels.

Within a few years the resulting changes heralded an unprecedented socio-economic agrarian revolution in rural Ireland, with widespread decline of rampant tuberculosis, typhoid and scarlet fever.

A further important D. D. Sheehan landmark was his Tower Model Village scheme at Tower, near Blarney. He initiated, organised and furthered the completion of this unique co-operative project, developed in unison with a prominent local land owner, the ILLA branch and the Cork Rural District Council, initially comprising 17 cottages, provided with all local amenities including school, laundry and community hall on which he reported:

 * The decay of village life in Ireland constitutes one of the most tragic chapters of our history for the past half century. .... But even if we cannot resurrect the spirit of our former village life it is, however, well within our power to reconstruct ...... a Model Village on up-to-date and practical lines – a village which we trust may become a pattern and an example to be copied with profit and advantage in other parts of Ireland.

These achievements, won together with the local Land and Labour Associations, laid a solid foundation for the later successes of the labour movement in the province of Munster.

All-for-Ireland League
By 1907 there were seven earlier Irish Party MPs outside of the party. Proposals to reunite the party were made by both O'Brien and the Irish Party leader John Redmond with a meeting summoned for the Mansion House, Dublin in April 1908. Sheehan, O'Brien and others rejoined the party temporarily for the sake of unity. However, when Redmond called a National Convention for February 1909 to discuss amended funding of the 1903 Land Purchase Act, it ended with O'Brien and Sheehan being again driven from the party at what became known as the Baton Convention. It was "probably the stormiest meeting ever held by constitutional nationalists".

Subsequently, together with D. D. Sheehan as its organising honorary secretary, William O'Brien then inaugurated his new political movement, the All-for-Ireland League (AFIL) in Kanturk, March 1909. The League was a distinctively new political group whose deep conviction was that the success of a United Ireland parliament must depend on Irish Home Rule being won with the consent rather than by the compulsion of the Protestant minority. The political slogan of the AFIL was "the Three C's" – for Conference, Conciliation and Consent as applied to Irish politics, particularly to Home Rule. Sheehan rejected the Party leader Redmond's uncompromising "Ulster will have to follow" approach to Home Rule. The political activist Canon Sheehan of Doneraile was also a central AFIL founder member.

Prophetically farsighted, both Sheehan and O'Brien advocated granting Ulster every conceivable concession to overcome its fears of a Catholic-dominated Dublin parliament, as otherwise an All-Ireland settlement would fail. The two Sheehans contributed regularly to the League's newspaper the Cork Free Press, before it was suppressed in 1916 by the Chief Press Censor.

1910 general elections
In autumn 1909 a Divisional Conference of the Irish Party was summoned for the purpose of "organising" Sheehan out of Mid-Cork and taking over his constituency. But whenever their delegations made an appearance in Cork they were quickly put to rout by Sheehan's followers. Opposed by the official IPP+UIL+AOH nominee William Fallon in the 24 January 1910 general election, as well as denounced by Catholic clerics for pitting labourer against farmer, he was returned with 2824 votes against 1999 for his opponent. Sheehan later commented on the contest: "I was left to fight my battle almost single handed, having arrayed against me two canons of my Church, and every Catholic clergyman in the constituency, with two or three notable exceptions. The odds seamed hopeless . . . . . . . but . . . I scored a surprising majority . ., and I have good reason for stating that 95 percent of the illiterate votes were cast in my favour, although a most powerful personal canvass was made of every vote in the constituency by the clergy."

Throughout 1910 he turned to promoting the conciliatory and political principles of the All-for-Ireland League. The growth in strength of the AFIL in areas previously dominated by the UIL was accompanied by considerable conflict and hostilities. A renewed election was called on 28 November due to a parliamentary stalemate at Westminster. Sheehan campaigned for the AFIL's policies at large meetings across counties Cork and Limerick, in Mayo together with O'Brien – coming under revolver fire at Crossmolina – their party generally handicapped by lack of clerical support. In the December 1910 election he retained his seat with 2738 votes against 2115 for his IPP opponent T. Corcoran. The AFIL Party returned eight MPs in the nine Cork constituencies.

At election times broadsheets and ballads sung to popular airs extolling the candidates' merits were commonplace, one such entitled The Ballad of D. D. Sheehan made the rounds in 1910, was re-published in 1968.

Barrister-at-law
While in parliament he was called to the Irish Law Bar as barrister on 3 July 1911, having been exhibitioner and prizeman in law University College Cork (1908–09) and honoursman King's Inns Dublin (1910), practising on the Munster circuit.

Dominion Home Rule
In 1911 the All-for-Ireland Party specifically proposed Dominion Home Rule in a letter to Prime Minister Asquith as the wisest of all solutions for Ireland. During 1913–1914, Sheehan was active in promoting an Imperial Federation League having as its immediate object a federal settlement of the Home Rule question as the alternative to Ulster's threat of partition. He later became vice-chairman of the League.

In January 1914 he published specific proposals and concessions the AFIL perceived acceptable to Ulster to enable them to come in on an All-Ireland Home Rule settlement, which however the Irish Party and Dillon turned down with "no concessions to Ulster". Later in the Commons, Sir Edward Carson, the Ulster Unionist Party leader, acknowledged that concessions proposed by the AFIL for Ulster to participate in Home Rule were praiseworthy, adding that had they been earlier supported rather than thwarted by the Irish Parliamentary Party, Ulster's objections might have been overcome.

In May 1914, the AFIL resolutely resisted the violation of Ireland's national unity and as a final protest before history, abstained from voting on the amended Third Home Rule Act which provided for the temporary exclusion of six Ulster counties in what the AFIL called would be an irreversible partition deal.

Armageddon
With the involvement of Ireland in World War I when war was declared with Germany in August 1914, Sheehan gave support to William O'Brien's call for voluntary enlistment in the Irish regiments of Kitchener's New Service Army, regarding service to be both in the interest of the Allied cause of a Europe free from oppression as well as in the interest of an All-Ireland Home Rule settlement.

In November, despite being aged 41 and father of a large family, he offered himself for enlistment, as did the National Volunteers and four other Irish nationalist MPs, J. L. Esmonde, Stephen Gwynn, Willie Redmond and William Redmond and former MP Tom Kettle. Trained at Buttevant barracks County Cork, gazetted lieutenant, he practically raised the 9th (Service) Battalion of the Royal Munster Fusiliers, a regiment of the 16th (Irish) Division. Due to manpower casualty shortages in other RMF regiments Sheehan was re-drafted on 30 May 1915 to the 2nd RMF (Regular) Battalion.

Three of his sons also joined. One, aged 16, was in 1915 the youngest commissioned officer on the Western Front. Sheehan's two other sons were killed serving with the Royal Flying Corps/Royal Air Force; his daughter, a V A D front nurse, was disabled in a bombing raid. A brother serving with the Irish Guards severely disabled and a brother-in-law killed at Passchendaele.

In the spring and summer of 1915, Sheehan undertook the organisation and leadership of voluntary enlistment campaigns in County Cork, County Limerick, and County Clare. Receiving Captaincy and Company command in July 1915, he served with the 2nd RMF Battalion along the Loos salient in France under Irish Major General William Hickie. From early 1916, he contributed a series of widely quoted articles from the trenches to the London Daily Express, the Irish Times, and the Cork Constitution.

Deafness by shellfire and ill-health necessitated his transfer to the 3rd RMF (Reserve) Battalion at Aghada, then Ballincollig barracks, County Cork. Hospitalised often, he was decommissioned late 1917, with a bulletin stating that he "relinquished his commission on account of ill-health contracted on active service, and is granted the permanent honorary rank of Captain, 13 Jan.1918". Sheehan was awarded the World War I campaign medals: 1914–15 Star, British War Medal, Victory Medal and Silver War Badge.

Those Irish who died in the war are commemorated at the Island of Ireland Peace Park, Messines, Belgium and the Irish National War Memorial Gardens, Dublin, Ireland as well as by Sheehan in his verse A Tribute and a Claim.

Making way
Continuing to pursue Irish interests in parliament, he vehemently condemned British mishandling of Irish affairs, during the April Conscription Crisis threatening in a dramatic anti-conscription speech in the Commons "to fight you if you enforce conscription on us".

Sheehan later expressed disillusionment at Britain's and the Irish Party's failure to agree on All-Ireland Home Rule. The AFIL members, seeing their political concepts for an All-Ireland settlement displaced by the path of militant physical-force, recognised the futility of contesting the December 1918 general elections. William O’Brien had been co-operating since 1910 with, and acting as spokesman in parliament for Arthur Griffith's moderate Sinn Féin movement, so that as Sheehan confirmed:
 * at the general election O’Brien and all the other members of the Independent Nationalist group the present writer included, withdrew from the contest and signed a manifesto calling upon their followers to support the new movement. This appeal of ours met with enthusiastic response, Sinn Féin candidates being elected for our constituencies in every instance.

Terence MacSwiney followed Sheehan as MP for mid-Cork. In the changed political climate strongly opposed to Sheehan's earlier army service and recruiting, and faced with intimidation, he and his family left their Cork city home and moved to England.

Labour allegiance
During the Commons debate in October 1918 on the Irish Land (Provision for Soldiers) Bill, in the course of a lengthy speech Sheehan said:
 * ... even although it may only benefit 3,000 or 4,000 of those Irish soldiers who have patriotically fought for their country and for the liberties of the world ... I want this measure to become law and to become operative ......

With an election demand of "Land for fighters" aimed at returned ex-servicemen, Sheehan contested in December the United Kingdom general election as adopted Labour Party candidate for the Limehouse division of Stepney in London's East End and polled 2,470 votes second to the returned Liberal, over a million demobilised servicemen still in Europe were unfortunately unable to vote. His demand was vindicated by the government's subsequent "Land for Soldiers" small holdings and cottage scheme announced in January. It became the Irish Land (Provision for Sailors and Soldiers) Act, 1919 which provided thousands of cottages for Irish ex-servicemen and their dependents. His engagement with Labour paved the way for his successor in this constituency, the later Labour Prime Minister Clement Attlee.

From 1920 he eked out a living in journalism, in 1921 published his authoritative book, Ireland since Parnell, covering the period Parnell to Sinn Féin. Unable to practise at the bar due to impaired hearing (sustained in the war), made some business endeavours, for a time Literary Editor, leader writer and dramatic critic of the Sunday National News, and in 1925 publisher and editor of The Stadium, a daily newspaper for sportsmen.

New beginnings
After earlier intimidations ceased to be an impediment, he returned to Dublin in 1926 (his ailing wife died soon afterwards). He was managing editor of the Irish Press and Publicity Services and from 1928 co-publisher and editor of the South Dublin Chronicle, a weekly newspaper (3 Jan 1925 – 13 July 1929) covering township and district news. In July 1929 the paper was re-titled the Dublin Chronicle (20 July 1929 – 1 Aug 1931) by a new directorate, with Sheehan as managing director and editor. Its editorial objectives were:

 * To pursue a policy of fearless independence. Remove all barriers of distrust that separate North and South on the question of National Unity. Land and Labour as the most important factors of Irish life. Putting deep sea fisheries on an economic basis. Social issues, the grave evil of the slums – the need to speed up housing of the impoverished masses.

Labour "Chronicle"
In a series of six front pages articles in the Dublin Chronicle under his name during 1929, Sheehan exposed and highlighted with harrowing descriptions the lives of the slum poor:
 * The Frightful Slums of Dún Laoghaire – Avoca Square the Gateway to hell, its horrors (14 Sept.) The Council as Slum Owners – The Scandal of Crofton Parade, consumption takes its toll (28 Sept.) Housing in Bray – An Appalling Report- Would not pass as cattle stables (9 Nov.)

Interviews followed with Lord Longford and General Richard Mulcahy, Minister for Local Government, on means to house the great numbers of poor people. On a wider range of important issues, he admonished the Irish Labour Party (ILP) for neither having an active agricultural policy nor a fighting programme. He rigorously demanded national de-rating for farmers and objected to the County Council "manager system", proposing instead the establishment of separate independent coastal Boroughs north and south of Dublin. Sheehan repeatedly stressed the need for the housing of labourers and unskilled worker and the abolition of slums.

Sheehan condemned Republicans for two militant articles they published in An Phoblacht criticising Irish ex-servicemen of the Great War "that they fought for England ... and so forth". He countered: "Nothing of the kind! They fought for liberty, they fought for the freedom of humanity, and against the spirit of Prussianism, which if it had prevailed would put the whole world under the sway of an atrocious tyranny. ...... The thing is too absurd and ridiculous for words, yet it is those puerile arguments that are being trotted out again and again by those who never spared the art of lying and wilful perversion when dealing with Irishmen of the Great War."

Controversial themes continued to be highlighted during 1930 in the Dublin Chronicle, particularly when calling for freedom of speech after the "disgraceful breaking up" of the new Labour Party's inaugural meeting on 8 April in the Mansion House by organised gangs of Fianna Fáil and Peadar O'Donnell followers shouting "Up de Valera" and "Up Devlin".

Parting hurrah
Leading up to 29 September 1930, Dublin County Council and Borough elections and the August nomination of eight official Labour candidates, Sheehan held town hall meetings from Bray to Balbriggan, emphasising: "When he consented to become a candidate in that election, he did so on account of one thing only – the betterment of his fellowmen, and the progress and advancement of all classes. ....... He had done that all his life .... such record as he possessed was one that had been always associated with Labour."

The Dublin Chronicle gave broad promotional support to Labour prior to the election, unlike the very reserved announcement of the election in the official ILP's Irishman. But it was not to be. Only the three previous Labour councillors were re-elected. Sheehan finished mid-field in the list of candidates, his housing campaign hijacked by the larger party rivals Fianna Fáil and Cumann na nGaedheal.

The election epitomised the dilemma of the Labour Party. In contrast to Sheehan's policy of basic social change and political inclusiveness, the ILP confused voters with a mixed message. The party's new March constitution abandoned its working class character and diluted its objectives, in its desire and in order to broaden the class basis of the new party to appeal to white-collar professionals. In the long term it also failed due to lack of branch organisation (Dublin having only one branch) so that in the following 1932 general election its number of Dáil seats sank to an all-time low of 7, from 13 in September 1927 (and 22 in 1922).

Service – not self
In January 1931 the Dublin Chronicle promoted a new Irish Industries Purchasing League with a campaign advocating the need to Buy Irish Goods, which was welcomed and supported by Irish manufacturers and retail outlets alike. Sheehan relentlessly pursued the unresoved questions of slums and housing. He then called for the early selection of suitable candidates to stand for Labour at the next (1932) general election. Publication of the Chronicle ended in August 1931 brought on by the world economic Great Depression.

From the 1930s, unable to practise in court due to impaired hearing from the war, as advocate Sheehan provided legal advice and assistance to former constituents, to help them defend against claims on their right to security of tenure and ownership entitlements of their lands, granted under earlier legislation. Also helped unemployed Irish ex-servicemen of the Great War, many sons of families he once housed and later recruited, supported Old Comrades Associations (O.C.A's) providing lines of communication and information north and south of the Free State border, editing the Northern and Southern Ireland edition of their central council's Annual Journal, its motto "Service – not self". In 1945, reporting on its work he wrote: It has been beset by many difficulties, has had to overcome prejudice and to surmount numerous other obstacles, yet its work of helping the Irish ex-serviceman and his dependants has been carried on with unwearied effort and considerable success.

Sheehan tried unsuccessfully to regain his Cork seat in the early 1940s when Paddy McAuliffe was selected to run for Labour in the 1943 general election for the North Cork constituency. Pressed by former political friends Sheehan then proposed to General Richard Mulcahy that he stand as candidate for Fine Gael in the Cork South-East constituency (which included part of his old Mid-Cork constituency and other areas where ex-servicemen lived), but his offer was declined.

Personal background
On 6 February 1894, he married Mary Pauline O'Connor, daughter of Martin O'Connor, Bridge Street, Tralee, County Kerry; they had five sons (and five daughters, the youngest Mona b. 1912 (Ms Rutland-Barsby) died 24 Sep 2008):

 * Daniel Joseph Sheehan (2nd Lt Royal Flying Corps) – killed May 1917 on active service during World War I (1894–1917). He is buried in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Cabaret Rouge Cemetery, France; Grave no. N16.
 * Martin Joseph Sheehan (2nd Lt Royal Air Force) – killed October 1918 on active service during World War I (1896–1918). He is buried in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Anneux World War I Cemetery, France; Grave no. H21.
 * Michael Joseph Sheehan (Brigadier, OBE, CBE, Indian Army, Burma Campaign World War II) (1899–1975)
 * Patrick A. Sheehan (later known as Pádraig A. Ó Síocháin SC), (Honorable Society of King's Inns) (1905–1995)
 * John F. Sheehan (Surgeon, Lt-Colonel, Medical Corps Indian Army, Burma Campaign World War II), (later Harley Street surgeon) (1909–1985)
 * Sgt Robert O'Connor (Leinster Regiment), (in-law), killed at Passchendaele during World War I (1880–1917)

(All family members settled in England, except P. A. Ó Síocháin, a staunch nationalist).

Sheehan died on 28 November 1948, aged 75, while visiting his daughter Mona in Queen Anne Street, London.

Works

 * Writing: Ireland since Parnell (1921)
 * Speeches (Commons)
 * Poems
 * Articles
 * Works in Wikisource

title: D. D. Sheehan


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Recurrent laryngeal nerve

The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) that supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, with the exception of the cricothyroid muscles. There are two recurrent laryngeal nerves, right and left. The right and left nerves are not symmetrical, with the left nerve looping under the aortic arch, and the right nerve looping under the right subclavian artery then traveling upwards. They both travel alongside the trachea. Additionally, the nerves are among the few nerves that follow a recurrent course, moving in the opposite direction to the nerve they branch from, a fact from which they gain their name.

The recurrent laryngeal nerves supply sensation to the larynx below the vocal cords, give cardiac branches to the deep cardiac plexus, and branch to the trachea, esophagus and the inferior constrictor muscles. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, the only muscles that can open the vocal folds, are innervated by this nerve.

The recurrent laryngeal nerves are the nerves of the sixth pharyngeal arch. The existence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was first documented by the physician Galen.

Structure

The recurrent laryngeal nerves branch from the vagus nerve, relative to which they get their names; the term "recurrent" from re- (back) and currere (to run), indicates they run in the opposite direction to the vagus nerves from which they branch. The vagus nerves run down into the thorax, and the recurrent laryngeal nerves run up to the larynx.

The vagus nerves, from which the recurrent laryngeal nerves branch, exit the skull at the jugular foramen and travel within the carotid sheath alongside the carotid arteries through the neck. The recurrent laryngeal nerves branch off the vagus, the left at the aortic arch, and the right at the right subclavian artery. The left RLN passes in front of the arch, and then wraps underneath and behind it. After branching, the nerves typically ascend in a groove at the junction of the trachea and esophagus. They then pass behind the posterior, middle part of the outer lobes of the thyroid gland and enter the larynx underneath the inferior constrictor muscle, passing into the larynx just posterior to the cricothyroid joint. The terminal branch is called the inferior laryngeal nerve.

Unlike the other nerves supplying the larynx, the right and left RLNs lack bilateral symmetry. The left RLN is longer than the right, because it crosses under the arch of the aorta at the ligamentum arteriosum.

Nucleus
The somatic motor fibers that innervate the laryngeal muscles, and pharyngeal muscles are located in the nucleus ambiguus and emerge from the medulla in the cranial root of the accessory nerve. Fibers cross over to and join the vagus nerve in the jugular foramen. Sensory cell bodies are located in the inferior jugular ganglion, and the fibers terminate in the solitary nucleus. Parasympathetic fibers to segments of the trachea and esophagus in the neck originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve.

Development
During human and all vertebrate development, a series of pharyngeal arch pairs form in the developing embryo. These project forward from the back of the embryo towards the front of the face and neck. Each arch develops its own artery, nerve that controls a distinct muscle group, and skeletal tissue. The arches are numbered from 1 to 6, with 1 being the arch closest to the head of the embryo, and the fifth arch only existing transiently.

Arches 4 and 6 produce the laryngeal cartilages. The nerve of the sixth arch becomes the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The nerve of the fourth arch gives rise to the superior laryngeal nerve. The arteries of the fourth arch, which project between the nerves of the fourth and sixth arches, become the left-sided arch of the aorta and the right subclavian artery. The arteries of the sixth arch persist as the ductus arteriosus on the left, and are obliterated on the right.

After birth, the ductus arteriosus regresses to form the ligamentum arteriosum. During growth, these arteries descend into their ultimate positions in the chest, creating the elongated recurrent paths.

Variation
In roughly 1 out of every 100–200 people, the right inferior laryngeal nerve is nonrecurrent, branching off the vagus nerve around the level of the cricoid cartilage. Typically, such a configuration is accompanied by variation in the arrangement of the major arteries in the chest; most commonly, the right subclavian artery arises from the left side of the aorta and crosses behind the esophagus. A left nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve is even more uncommon, requiring the aortic arch be on the right side, accompanied by an arterial variant which prevents the nerve from being drawn into the chest by the left subclavian.

In about four people out of five, there is a connecting branch between the inferior laryngeal nerve, a branch of the RLN, and the internal laryngeal nerve, a branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. This is commonly called the anastomosis of Galen (ansa galeni), even though anastomosis usually refers to a blood vessel, and is one of several documented anastomoses between the two nerves.

As the recurrent nerve hooks around the subclavian artery or aorta, it gives off several branches. There is suspected variability in the configuration of these branches to the cardiac plexus, trachea, esophagus and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.

Function
The recurrent laryngeal nerves control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. These muscles act to open, close, and adjust the tension of the vocal cords, and include the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, the only muscle to open the vocal cords. The nerves supply muscles on the same side of the body, with the exception of the interarytenoid muscle, which is innervated from both sides.

The nerves also carry sensory information from the mucous membranes of the larynx below the lower surface of the vocal fold, as well as sensory, secretory and motor fibres to the cervical segments of the esophagus and the trachea.

Injury
The recurrent laryngeal nerves may be injured as a result of trauma, during surgery, as a result of tumour spread, or due to other means. Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves can result in a weakened voice (hoarseness) or loss of voice (aphonia) and cause problems in the respiratory tract. Injury to the nerve may paralyze the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle on the same side. This is the sole muscle responsible for opening the vocal cords, and paralysis may cause difficulty breathing (dyspnea) during physical activity. Injury to both the right and left nerve may result in more serious damage, such as the inability to speak. Additional problems may emerge during healing, as nerve fibres that re-anastamose may result in vocal cord motion impairment, uncoordinated movements of the vocal cord.

Surgery
The nerve receives close attention from surgeons because the nerve is at risk for injury during neck surgery, especially thyroid and parathyroid surgery; as well as esophagectomy. Nerve damage can be assessed by laryngoscopy, during which a stroboscopic light confirms the absence of movement in the affected side of the vocal cords. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve is more susceptible to damage during thyroid surgery because it is close to the bifurcation of the right inferior thyroid artery, variably passing in front of, behind, or between the branches. Similarly, thermal injury can occur with the use of radio frequency ablation to remove thyroid nodules. The nerve is permanently damaged in 0.3–3% of thyroid surgeries, and transient paralysis occurs in 3–8% of surgeries; accordingly, recurrent laryngeal nerve damage is one of the leading causes of medicolegal issues for surgeons. A 2019 systematic review concluded that the available evidence shows no difference between visually identifying the nerve or utilizing intraoperative neuroimaging during surgery, when trying to prevent injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery.

Tumors
The RLN may be compressed by tumors. Studies have shown that 2–18% of lung cancer patients develop hoarseness because of recurrent laryngeal nerve compression, usually left-sided. This is associated with worse outcomes, and when found as a presenting symptom, often indicates inoperable tumors. The nerve may be severed intentionally during lung cancer surgery in order to fully remove a tumor. The RLN may also be damaged by tumors in the neck, especially with malignant lymph nodes with extra-capsular extension of tumor beyond the capsule of the nodes, which may invade the area that carries the ascending nerve on the right or left.

Other disease
In Ortner's syndrome or cardiovocal syndrome, a rare cause of left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, expansion of structures within the heart or major blood vessels impinges upon the nerve, causing symptoms of unilateral nerve injury.

Other animals
Horses are subject to equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, a disease of the axons of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The cause is not known, although a genetic predisposition is suspected. The length of the nerve is a factor since it is more common in larger horses, and the left side is affected almost exclusively. As the nerve cells die, there is a progressive paralysis of the larynx, causing the airway to collapse. The common presentation is a sound, ranging from a musical whistle to a harsh roar or heaving gasping noise (stertorous), accompanied by worsening performance. The condition is incurable, but surgery can keep the airway open. Experiments with nerve grafts have been tried.

Although uncommon in dogs, bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve disease may be the cause of wheezing (stridor) when middle-aged dogs inhale.

In sauropod dinosaurs, the vertebrates with the longest necks, the total length of the vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve would have been up to 28 m long in Supersaurus, but these would not be the longest neurons that ever existed: the neurons reaching the tip of the tail would have exceeded 30 m.

Evidence of evolution
The extreme detour of the recurrent laryngeal nerves, about 15 ft in the case of giraffes, is cited as evidence of evolution, as opposed to intelligent design. The nerve's route would have been direct in the fish-like ancestors of modern tetrapods, traveling from the brain, past the heart, to the gills (as it does in modern fish). Over the course of evolution, as the neck extended and the heart became lower in the body, the laryngeal nerve remained in its original course.

History
Ancient Greek physician Galen demonstrated the nerve course and the clinical syndrome of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, noting that pigs with the nerve severed were unable to squeal. Galen named the nerve the recurrent nerve, and described the same effect in two human infants who had undergone surgery for goiter. In 1838, five years before he would introduce the concept of homology to biology, anatomist Richard Owen reported upon the dissection of three giraffes, including a description of the full course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Anatomists Andreas Vesalius and Thomas Willis described the nerve in what is now regarded as an anatomically standard description, and doctor Frank Lahey documented a way for its interoperative identification during thyroid operations.

title: Recurrent laryngeal nerve


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Andrea Zsadon

Andrea Zsadon (born 18 October 1946) is a Hungarian soprano and actress active in both opera and operetta. During her career as a singer she performed frequently at the Vienna Volksoper and the Budapest Operetta Theatre. Zsadon was the recipient of the Mari Jászai Prize in 1987 and the Knight's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 2008.

Zsadon was born in Debrecen and is married to the singer and operetta director Tibor Szolnoki. When they both retired from the Budapest Operetta Theatre in 1992, they founded their own operetta ensemble, Operettszínházból.

Amongst Zsadon's film and television appearances is Az Élet muzsikája (The Music of Life), a 1984 biographical film about the Hungarian composer Emmerich Kálmán.

Recordings

 * János Vitéz (music by Pongrác Kacsoh, lyrics by Jeno Heltai), Chorus and Orchestra of the Municipal Operetta Theatre, Géza Oberfrank conductor; Qualiton; SLPX 16619 (1980)
 * Zirkusprinzessin (music by Emmerich Kálmán, libretto by Alfred Grünwald and Julius Brammer), chorus and ballet of the Budapest operetta, Katalin Varadi and Pal Ronai, conductors (1991; archival recording )

title: Andrea Zsadon


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File:Mirror Defeat Logo Trodel.PNG

Logo I made with text to redirect to wikipedia as a graphic

title: File:Mirror Defeat Logo Trodel.PNG


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Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force

The Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force is the military of Saint Kitts and Nevis. It currently consists of an infantry unit (the St. Kitts Nevis Regiment) and a maritime unit (the St. Kitts Nevis Coast Guard). Both units have regular and reserve elements, all of which fall under the command Force Headquarters (FHQ, SKNDF). The current Commander of the SKNDF is Lt. Col. J. Anthony Comrie. The SKNDF has an active force of 300 personnel with a corps of 150 cadets.

The commander takes orders from the Minister of National Security.

Mission
The primary mission of the Infantry element is the internal security of St Kitts and Nevis, in conjunction with the local police, while the Coast Guard is responsible for guarding the country's territorial waters and enforcing ecological regulations. One of the major roles of the entire organization is drug trade interception, which is often undertaken together with the local police, the United States Coast Guard, the Royal Navy, the Royal Netherlands Navy and the French Navy. The SKNDF is also used in the provision of relief after natural disasters and in overseas peacekeeping roles, principally within the Regional Security System.

History
The SKNDF was originally formed as a volunteer unit in 1896 in response to riots in several sugar plantations. One such riot is commonly known as the Portuguese Riot which took place at Needsmust Estate and resulted in the destruction of a large number of properties. Therefore, the British Government determined that it was necessary to establish a local force to combat future riots until reinforcements could arrive from Great Britain. The force originally consisted of an Infantry unit and a Cavalry unit, however, the latter was later disbanded and absorbed into the Infantry.

The regular defence force did not come into being however until 1967, when it was decided that a regular army was needed following public disturbances on the island of Anguilla, which was attempting to secede from its federation with Saint Kitts and Nevis, and the determination that the existing volunteer force was not adequately trained to deal with the situation.

The first Defence's manpower came from the Royal St. Christopher and Nevis Police Force's Tactical Unit and the Special Service Unit.

The forming of the regular defence force was a major policy of the ruling Labour Party, and was adamantly opposed by the opposition People's Action Movement (PAM). When the PAM came to power in 1980, they made the decision to disband the regular force, leaving only the reserve. The election of Denzil Douglas in 1995 saw the new government reform the regulars.

Regular Corps
The regular corps of the SKNDF consists of: The Coast Guard's lone off-shore patrol vessel was donated by the United States
 * 'A' Company: This is the regular infantry unit of the SKNDF. It is under the command of a captain, and consists of an HQ and three rifle platoons.
 * Support and Services Platoon: This is the administrative and logistics element, and includes two other individual units:
 * The Agricultural Corps
 * Coast Guard: This is the marine element, and is divided into three sub-units:
 * CG Headquarters
 * Engineer Unit
 * Flotilla – this is responsible for the operation of the five vessels of the Coast Guard.

Equipment

 * 3x Daimler Ferret FV-702 4x4 Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV)
 * Land Rover Defender 4x4
 * Sterling MK-4 9mm SubMachine Gun (SMG)
 * FN-FAL 50-00 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * L-1A1 7.62mm Semi-Automatic Rifle (SAR)
 * FN-MAG 7.62mm Light Machine Gun (LMG) 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * L-16A-1 81mm Mortar
 * M16A4 5.56mm NATO Assault Rifle 🇺🇸
 * M16A3 5.56mm NATO Assault Rifle 🇺🇸
 * M16A2 5.56mm NATO Assault Rifle 🇺🇸
 * M4A1 5.56mm NATO Carbine 🇺🇸

Organization

 * Force Headquarters
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis Regiment
 * Combat Service and Support Unit

Reserve Corps
The reserve corps of the SKNDF consists of:
 * 'B' Company: This is the reserve infantry unit, and mirrors 'A' Company in structure.
 * Coast Guard: This provides reserves for the Coast Guard.
 * St Kitts and Nevis Defence Force Band: The Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force Band founded in the early 1930s and serves as the official military band of the country. It has varied in size over the years, from a low of 15 to a high of 48. A subunit of the Band is the Corps of Drums. The band is led by a Director of Music, which is currently Captain Sylvester Charles.
 * St Kitts and Nevis Defence Force Cadet Corps: consisting of 150 cadets (80 senior & 70 junior)

Facilities

 * Kitts and Nevis Defence Headquarters Building at Camp Springfield
 * Coast Guard Base at Bird Rock
 * Bath Village

title: Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force


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User:Tviren~enwiki

Hi, My name is Tom Viren. I discovered Wikipedia about the first of the year after it appeared in an article in PC magazine. I have contributed to Wiki-Books just to get my toes wet. I live in California in a rural area of Southern California. I am retired after 40 years as a Los Angeles County Lifeguard. I became interested in computer in the early 1980s with my first being a TRS 80. I still have it in storage. I am married with two grown daughters. We travel in our motor home about 3 months a year and spend the rest of the time working on improvements to our home.

title: User:Tviren~enwiki


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Mechanical floor

A mechanical floor, mechanical penthouse, mechanical layer or mechanical level is a story of a high-rise building that is dedicated to mechanical and electronics equipment. "Mechanical" is the most commonly used term, but words such as utility, technical, service, and plant are also used. They are present in all tall buildings, including the world's tallest skyscrapers, with significant structural, mechanical and aesthetics concerns.

While most buildings have mechanical rooms, typically in the basement, tall buildings require dedicated floors throughout the structure for this purpose, for a variety of reasons discussed below. Because they use up valuable floor area (just like elevator shafts), engineers try to minimize the number of mechanical floors while allowing for sufficient redundancy in the services they provide. As a rule of thumb, skyscrapers require a mechanical floor for every 10 tenant floors (10%), although this percentage can vary widely (see examples below). In some buildings, they are clustered in groups that divide the building into blocks, while in others they are spread evenly through the structure, and in still others, they are mostly concentrated at the top.

Mechanical floors are generally counted in the building's floor numbering (this is required by some building codes) but are accessed only by service elevators. Some zoning regulations exclude mechanical floors from a building's maximum area calculation, permitting a significant increase in building sizes; this is the case in New York City. Sometimes buildings are designed with a mechanical floor located on the thirteenth floor, to avoid problems in renting the space due to superstitions about the number.

Structural concerns

Some skyscrapers have narrow building cores that require stabilization to prevent collapse. Typically, this is accomplished by joining the core to the external supercolumns at regular intervals using outrigger trusses. The triangular shape of the struts precludes the laying of tenant floors, so these sections house mechanical floors instead, typically in groups of two. Additional stabilizer elements such as tuned mass dampers also require mechanical floors to contain or service them.

This layout is usually reflected in the internal elevator zoning. Since nearly all elevators require machine rooms above the last floor they service, mechanical floors are often used to divide shafts that are stacked on top of each other to save space. A transfer level or skylobby is sometimes placed just below those floors.

Elevators that reach the top tenant floor also require overhead machine rooms; those are sometimes put into full-size mechanical floors but most often into a mechanical penthouse, which can also contain communications gear and window-washing equipment. On most building designs, this is a simple "box" on the roof, while on others it is concealed inside a decorative spire. A consequence of this is that if the topmost mechanical floors are counted in the total, there can be no such thing as a true "top-floor office" in a skyscraper with this design.

Mechanical concerns
Besides structural support and elevator management, the primary purpose of mechanical floors is services such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). They contain air handling units, cooling towers (in mechanical penthouses), electrical generators, chiller plants, water pumps, and so on.

In particular, the problem of bringing and keeping water on the upper floors is an important constraint in the design of skyscrapers. Water is necessary for tenant use, air conditioning, equipment cooling, and basic firefighting through sprinklers (especially important since ground-based firefighting equipment usually cannot reach higher than a dozen floors or so). It is inefficient, and seldom feasible, for water pumps to send water directly to a height of several hundred meters, so intermediate pumps and water tanks are used. The pumps on each group of mechanical floors act as a relay to the next one up, while the tanks hold water in reserve for normal and emergency use. Usually the pumps have enough power to bypass a level if the pumps there have failed, and send water two levels up.

Special care is taken towards fire safety on mechanical floors that contain generators, compressors, and elevator machine rooms, since oil is used as either a fuel or lubricant in those elements.

Mechanical floors also contain communication and control systems that service the building and sometimes outbound communications, such as through a large rooftop antenna (which is also physically held in place inside the top-floor mechanical levels).

Modern computerized HVAC control systems minimize the problem of equipment distribution among floors by enabling central remote control.

Aesthetics concerns

Most mechanical floors require external vents or louvers for ventilation and heat rejection along most or all of their perimeter, precluding the use of glass windows. The resulting visible "dark bands" can disrupt the overall facade design, especially if it is fully glass-clad. Different architectural styles approach this challenge in different ways.

In the Modern and International styles of the 1960s and 1970s where form follows function, the vents' presence is not seen as undesirable. Rather it emphasizes the functional layout of the building by dividing it neatly into equal blocks, mirroring the layout of the elevators and offices inside. This could be clearly seen on the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center and can be seen on the Willis Tower. In the IDS Tower in Minneapolis, the lowest mechanical floor serves as a visual separation from the street- and skyway-level Crystal Court shopping center and the office tower above; the upper mechanical floor (above the 50th and 51st floors, the uppermost occupied floors) serves as a "crown" to the building.

Conversely, designers of the recent postmodern-style skyscrapers strive to mask the vents and other mechanical elements in various ways. This is accomplished through such means as complex wall angles (Petronas Towers), intricate latticework cladding (Jin Mao Building), or non-glassed sections that appear to be ornamental (Taipei 101, roof of Jin Mao Building).

Some low-rise, residential (usually apartment buildings or dormitories), or non-residential buildings, especially built in a architecture style that promotes the use of elements such as sloped roofs and/or bell towers, may have mechanical floors disguised as attics or towers. In this case, the ventilation systems of the mechanical floor are seen as gable vents, dormers, or abat-sons (louvers in a bell tower). Examples include some buildings in UCLA, like Dodd Hall, which has a mechanical floor disguised as an attic and a bell tower.

Examples
These are examples of above-ground mechanical floor layouts for some of the world's tallest buildings. In each case, mechanical penthouses and spires are counted as floors, leading to higher total floor counts than usual.

 * Taipei 101: Floors 7–8, 17–18, 25–26, 34, 42, 50, 58, 66, 74, 82, 87, 90, 92 to 100 in the penthouse – total 17/102, 17%. The official count of 11 corresponds to the number of groups in the office section. Floors 92–100 contain communications equipment and so are not typically counted as mechanical since they do not service the building itself.
 * One World Trade Center: Floors 2–19, 92–99, and 103–104 – total 28/104, 26%).
 * Previous WTC (Twin Towers): Floors 7–8, 41–42, 75–76, and 108–109 – total 8/110, 7%. The 110th Floor of 1 WTC (North Tower) housed television and radio transmission equipment. Some sources erroneously mention 12 floors, in groups of three, due to the height of the vents (actually the ceilings there were higher) and because levels 44 and 78 were skylobbies which in many buildings sit directly on top of the mechanical floors. However, the twin towers had one occupied office floor under each skylobby, accessible through escalators.
 * Willis Tower (Formerly Sears Tower): Levels 29–32, 64–65, 88–89, 104–108, 109 (penthouse), and 110 (penthouse roof) – total 15/110, 13%.
 * Petronas Towers: Floors 6–7, 38–40, 43, 84, 87–88 – total 9/88, 10%
 * Jin Mao Building: Floors 51–52, and 89–93 in the penthouse – total 7/93, 7.5%
 * Burj Khalifa: Floors 17–18, 40–42, 73–75, 109–111, 136–138, 155, and 160–168, in the penthouse – total 25/168, 15%
 * John Hancock Center: Floors 16–17, 42–43, 93, 99–100 (penthouse) – total 7/100, 7%
 * Empire State Building: Floors 87–101 – total 15/102, 14%
 * International Commerce Center: Floors 6–7, 17–18, 24–25, 34, 43, 52, 61, 70, 79, 88, 97, 104, and 114 – total 17/108, 14%
 * Shanghai World Financial Center: Floors 6, 18, 30, 42, 54, 66, 78, 89, and 90 – total 9/101, 9%
 * Lotte World Tower: Floors 3–4, 13, 21–23, 39–41, 59, 60, 72–75, 83, 84, 102–106, 115, and 116 – total 24/123, 20%

title: Mechanical floor


text:
Media scrum

A media scrum is an improvised press conference, often held immediately outside an event such as a legislative session or meeting. Scrums play a central role in Canadian politics and also occur in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. In New Zealand, such informal press events are also called media stand-ups or gaggles.

Etymology
A scrum in rugby is a procedure to restart the game. From the outside, it may seem to involve players from both teams clustering tightly around the ball competing for possession. Analogously, in a media scrum reporters cluster around a public figure competing for his or her attention.

Canada
In Canada, the scrum is a daily ritual in the hallway outside the House of Commons. Members of the Parliamentary Press Gallery surround politicians as they exit the chamber. The disorganization and pressure of the scrum makes it notorious for drawing remarks that are unplanned or controversial. Liberal MP Carolyn Parrish remarked, "damn Americans, I hate those bastards" during a scrum in the run-up to the Iraq War.

Because of these concerns, politicians have sometimes tried to avoid the scrum in favour of more formal venues. Canadian Alliance leader Stockwell Day declined to scrum, instead holding a daily press conference. Brian Mulroney restricted scrums during his time as Prime Minister of Canada by positioning himself on the stairway up to his office. This allowed him to tower over the media on the steps below him. The media so resented this practice that when Jean Chrétien held a "staircase scrum" soon after assuming office, their reaction was so negative that he promised never to do it again. By contrast, although Pierre Trudeau's relationship with the press was rocky, he was famously quick-witted and enjoyed deflecting — or returning — barbs from reporters. Many of his famous quotations, including "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation" and "just watch me", were made during scrums.

title: Media scrum


text:
MV Doña Paz

MV Doña Paz was a Japanese-built and Philippine-registered passenger ferry that sank after it collided with the oil tanker Vector on December 20, 1987. Built by Onomichi Zosen of Hiroshima, Japan, the ship was launched on April 25, 1963 as the Himeyuri Maru with a passenger capacity of 608. In October 1975, the Himeyuri Maru was bought by Sulpicio Lines and renamed the Don Sulpicio. After a fire aboard in June 1979, the ship was refurbished and renamed Doña Paz.

Traveling from Leyte Island to the Philippine capital, Manila, the vessel was seriously overcrowded, with at least 2,000 passengers not listed on the manifest. It has also been claimed that the ship did not have a radio and that the life jackets were locked away. However, official blame was directed at the tanker Vector, which collided with the Doña Paz and was found to be unseaworthy and to be operating without a license, a lookout, or a qualified master. With an estimated death toll of 4,385 people and only 26 survivors, it remains the deadliest peacetime maritime disaster in history.

Service history
Doña Paz was built in 1963 by Onomichi Zosen of Onomichi, Hiroshima, Japan. It was originally named the Himeyuri Maru. During the time she travelled Japanese waters, she had a passenger capacity of 608. In October 1975, it was sold to Sulpicio Lines, a Filipino operator of a fleet of passenger ferries, and was renamed Don Sulpicio. It served the Manila to Cebu sector as its primary route. The vessel became one of the company's two flagship vessels, the other one being the Doña Ana (later renamed Doña Marilyn).

On June 5, 1979, the vessel was gutted by fire on its usual Manila-Cebu journey. All 1,164 aboard were rescued but the vessel was beached and declared a constructive total loss. The wreck was repurchased from the underwriters by Sulpicio Lines, and repaired. Structural changes were made and it returned to service with the new name Doña Paz.

As the MV Philippine Princess had already become the flagship of Sulpicio Lines serving the Manila-Cebu sector, the Doña Paz was reassigned to serve the Manila–Tacloban route, with the return voyage having a stop in Catbalogan. Sulpicio Lines operated the Doña Paz on this route, making voyages twice a week, until the time of its sinking.

1987 collision with MT Vector
On December 20, 1987, at 06:30, Philippine Standard Time, Doña Paz departed from Tacloban, Leyte, for Manila, with a stopover at Catbalogan, Samar. Commanded by Captain Eusebio Nazareno, the vessel was due in Manila at 04:00 the next day. It was reported that it last made radio contact at about 20:00. However, subsequent reports indicated that Doña Paz did not have a radio.

At about 22:30, the ferry was at Dumali Point, along the Tablas Strait, near Marinduque. A survivor later said that the weather at sea that night was clear, but the sea was choppy. While most of the passengers slept, Doña Paz collided with MT Vector, a Philippine-owned oil tanker en route from Bataan to Masbate. Vector was carrying 1.05 e6L or 1041 t of gasoline and other petroleum products owned by Caltex Philippines.

Upon collision, Vector's cargo ignited and caused a fire on the ship that spread onto Doña Paz. Survivors recalled sensing the crash and an explosion, causing panic on the vessel. One of them, Paquito Osabel, recounted that the flames spread rapidly throughout the ship, and that the sea all around the ship was itself afire.

Another survivor, Philippine Constabulary corporal Luthgardo Niedo, claimed that the lights aboard had gone out minutes after the collision, that there were not any life vests to be found on Doña Paz, and that the crewmen were running around in panic with the other passengers, and none of the crew gave any orders or made any attempt to organize the passengers. It was said later that the life jacket lockers had been locked.

The survivors were forced to jump off the ship and swim among charred bodies in flaming waters around the ship, with some using suitcases as makeshift flotation devices. Doña Paz sank within two hours of the collision. Vector sank within four hours. Both ships sank in about 545 m of water in the shark-infested Tablas Strait.

Rescue
Officers and the captain of a passing inter-island ship, MS Don Claudio, witnessed the explosion of the two ships and, after an hour, found the survivors of Doña Paz. The officers of Don Claudio threw a net for the survivors to climb onto. Only 26 survivors were retrieved from the water: 24 of them were passengers from Doña Paz, while the other 2 were crewmen from Vector's 13-man crew.

A 25th survivor from Doña Paz, Valeriana Duma, was not originally accounted for by officials. She revealed herself later by the GMA Network program Wish Ko Lang! in 2012. At 14, she was the second-youngest passenger of Doña Paz to survive. Often forgotten, one of the originally known survivors of the Doña Paz was a four-year-old boy, who has never been named. He was the youngest survivor.

None of the crew of Doña Paz survived. Most of the survivors sustained burns from jumping into the flaming waters. Doctors and nurses aboard the rescue vessel tended to their injuries. It reportedly took eight hours before Philippine maritime authorities learned of the accident, and another eight hours to initiate search-and-rescue operations.

Investigation of the causes of the incident
According to the initial investigation performed by the Philippine Coast Guard, only one apprentice member of the crew of Doña Paz was monitoring the ship's bridge when the accident occurred. Other officers were either drinking beer or watching television in the crew's recreation quarters. The ship's captain was watching a movie on his Betamax machine in his cabin. A similar testimony was given by one of the survivors, Luthgardo Niedo, wherein he stated that a fellow constabulary soldier informed him of "an ongoing party with laughter and loud music" on the ship's bridge with the captain as one of the attendees. The Marine Board of Inquiry of the Philippine Coast Guard, chaired by Capt. Dario Fajardo, performed a fact-finding mission of the sinking and gave its report to Congress on February 29, 1988.

The Coalition of Samar and Leyte Organizations (CSLO) made an investigative team composed of professionals and police members from the provinces of Leyte and Samar. Their volunteer members intended to gather information on the ship's journey and passengers. Among the documents that they sought were duplicate tickets given to the passengers. CLSO was officially recognized by the Philippine government to be able to provide assistance to the MV Doña Paz's victims' relatives.

Survivors claimed that it was possible that Doña Paz may have carried as many as 4,000 passengers. The signs that they considered were that they saw passengers sleeping along corridors, on the boat decks, and on bunks with three or four people on them.

Casualties
In the initial announcement made by Sulpicio Lines, the official passenger manifest of Doña Paz recorded 1,493 passengers and 59 crew members aboard. According to Sulpicio Lines, the ferry was able to carry 1,424 passengers. A revised manifest released on December 23, 1987, showed 1,583 passengers and 58 crew members on Doña Paz, with 675 persons boarding the ferry in Tacloban, and 908 coming aboard in Catbalogan. However, an anonymous official of Sulpicio Lines told UPI that, since it was the Christmas season, tickets were usually purchased illegally aboard the ship at a cheaper rate, and those passengers were not listed on the manifest. The same official added that holders of complimentary tickets and non-paying children younger than the age of four were not listed on the manifest.

Of the 21 bodies that had been recovered and identified as passengers on the ship five days after the accident, only one of the fatalities was listed on the official manifest. Of the 26 passengers who survived, only five were listed on the manifest.

On December 28, 1987, Representative Raul Daza of Northern Samar claimed that at least 2,000 passengers aboard Doña Paz were not on the ship's manifest. He based that number on a list of names furnished by relatives and friends of missing people believed aboard the ferry, the names having been compiled by radio and television stations in Tacloban. The names of these 2,000-plus missing passengers were published in pages 29 to 31 of the December 29, 1987, edition of the Philippine Daily Inquirer. At least 79 public school teachers perished in the collision.

During February 1988 the Philippine National Bureau of Investigation stated, on the basis of interviews with relatives, that there were at least 3,099 passengers and 59 crew aboard, giving 3,134 on-board fatalities. During January 1999 a presidential task force report estimated, on the basis of court records and more than 4,100 settlement claims, that there were 4,342 passengers. Subtracting the 26 surviving passengers, and adding 58 crew, gives 4,374 on-board fatalities, almost three times the design load; adding the 11 dead from the crew of Vector, the total becomes 4,385.

Reactions and aftermath
President Corazon Aquino described the accident as "a national tragedy of harrowing proportions...[the Filipino people's] sadness is all the more painful because the tragedy struck with the approach of Christmas". Pope John Paul II, Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita and Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom conveyed their official messages of condolence. Given the estimated death toll, Time magazine and others have termed the sinking of Doña Paz "the deadliest peacetime maritime disaster of the 20th century".

Sulpicio Lines announced three days after the accident that Doña Paz was insured for 25 million PHP (US$ in dollars), and it was willing to indemnify the survivors the amount of 20 thousand PHP (US$ in  dollars) for each victim. Days later, hundreds of the victims' kin staged a mass rally at Rizal Park, demanding that the ship owners likewise indemnify the families of those not listed on the manifest, as well as to give a full accounting of the missing.

Nonetheless, the Board of Marine Inquiry eventually exculpated Sulpicio Lines of fault in the accident. Subsequent inquiries revealed that Vector was operating without a license, lookout or properly qualified master. During 1999 the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that it was the owners of Vector who were liable to indemnify the victims of the collision.

Some of the claims pursued against either Sulpicio Lines or the owners of Vector, such as those filed by the Cañezal family (who lost two members) and the Macasas family (who lost three members) were adjudicated by the Supreme Court, which found that even the families of victims whose names did not appear on the official manifest were entitled to indemnity. Caltex Philippines, which had chartered Vector, was likewise cleared of financial liability.

Survivors

 * MV Doña Paz

 * 1) Moris Apura, 37, of Borongan, Eastern Samar
 * 2) Renato Asisturga, 19
 * 3) Aludía Bacsal, 18, of Can-avid, Eastern Samar
 * 4) Salvador Bacsal, 44, of Can-avid, Eastern Samar
 * 5) Almario Balanay, 44, of Borongan, Eastern Samar
 * 6) Generoso Batola, 29, of Borongan, Eastern Samar
 * 7) Jose Cabrieto, 29, of Catbalogan/Calbiga, Western Samar
 * 8) Samuel Carillo, 27
 * 9) Severino Carrion, 25
 * 10) Zosimo de la Rama, 21
 * 11) Dominador Depayo, 23
 * 12) Valeriana Duma, 14 (second-youngest survivor), of Catubig, Northern Samar
 * 13) Alejandro Estuita, 21
 * 14) Arnel Galang, 18
 * 15) Mario Leganda, 25
 * 16) Armando Lomungue/Lominuque, 28
 * 17) Constancio Mabag, 21
 * 18) Gilbert Mabutol, 15
 * 19) Francisco Minggote
 * 20) Luthgardo Niedo, 26
 * 21) Panfilo Olalia, 34
 * 22) Eugenio Orot, 27
 * 23) Paquito Ozabel, 42
 * 24) Sofronio "Puyok" Sabuco, 44, of Calbiga, Western Samar
 * 25) Pedro Sorema, 17

 * MT Vector
 * 1) Quartermaster Franklin/Francisco Bornillo, 26
 * 2) Second Mate Reynaldo Tarife, 41

Memorial
A memorial honoring the victims of Doña Paz is at the Pieta Park in Catbalogan. Located at adjacent to St. Bartholomew Church and Saint Mary's College of Catbalogan, the park now serves as a public space for families and friends of the victims.

Wreck
The wreck of Doña Paz was located in April 2019 by the RV Petrel, with video footage later released on December 19. It lies upright at a depth of 500 m. The wreck of the Vector was found lying 2200 m away in the same state. Both wrecks are in good condition.

In popular culture

 * National Geographic Channel-Asia premiered a documentary about the MV Doña Paz entitled Asia's Titanic on August 25, 2009.
 * The GMA Network docudrama series Case Unclosed featured the incident during its Arnold Clavio era.
 * In 2018 a horror movie titled Aurora was released, inspired by the events of the tragedy.

title: MV Doña Paz


text:
Alatriste

Alatriste is a 2006 Spanish epic historical war film directed by Agustín Díaz Yanes, based on the main character of a series of novels written by Arturo Pérez-Reverte, The Adventures of Captain Alatriste (Las aventuras del Capitán Alatriste).

The film, which stars Viggo Mortensen, is the second most expensive Spanish language film ever made in Spain (about €24 million – US$30 million); only preceded by Agora. It portrays Spain of the 17th century using both fictional and real characters. Twentieth Century Fox has bought the rights to the film.

The film was released on 1 September 2006.

Plot
The story takes place during the 17th century in the Spanish Empire. Diego Alatriste is a soldier in the service of King Philip IV of Spain during the Eighty Years' War. The story begins in the Spanish Netherlands, where his tercio fights in the Dutch Revolt. His friend Lope Balboa is killed during the fighting, and Alatriste returns to Madrid where he takes Lope's young son Íñigo into his care.

Alatriste is hired along with a Sicilian assassin named Gualterio Malatesta to kill the Prince of Wales (the future King Charles I of England) and his companion, the Duke of Buckingham. The job is contracted by Emilio Bocanegra and Luis de Alquézar (uncle of Íñigo's love interest, Angélica de Alquézar). Alatriste finally returns to the Netherlands in 1624 (although the movie states 1625) and participates in the final battles leading to Breda's surrender. After returning to Spain, Íñigo wants to elope with Angélica, but she gets cold feet at the last moment. Alatriste has a romance with actress María de Castro. Because she was disappointed that she failed to marry him, she became the lover of Philip IV. Alatriste ends up crossing swords with Guadalmedina, a friend of the king. In the end, the object of their attention falls ill with syphilis. The duel with his friend Martín Saldaña and the punishment of Íñigo in the galleys are part of the film's spectacular ending.

The last scenes are at the Battle of Rocroi (May 1643), described in the last book of The Adventures of Captain Alatriste saga. During the battle, Abel Moreno Gómez's "La Madrugá" is playing as the defeated army's march and this is where it is assumed that Alatriste dies.

The plot of the film has elements from each of the five books published up to the premiere, and it maintains the same storyline for the main characters. It includes excerpts from the future books of the saga.

Cast
Antonio Resines, originally slated to appear as Saldaña, almost retired from the entire movie due to a traffic accident; however, he makes a cameo appearance in the Battle of Rocroi as a musketeer officer.

Critical response
Alatriste has an approval rating of 17% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 6 reviews, and an average rating of 4.1/10.

Awards and nominations

 * align = "center" rowspan = "17" | 2007 || 12th Forqué Award || colspan = "2" | Best Film || Nominated ||
 * rowspan = "15" | 21st Goya Awards || colspan = "2" | Best Film || Nominated || rowspan = "15" |
 * Best Actor || Viggo Mortensen || Nominated
 * Best Director || Agustín Díaz Yanes || Nominated
 * Best Adapted Screenplay || Agustín Díaz Yanes || Nominated
 * Best Supporting Actor || Juan Echanove || Nominated
 * Best Supporting Actress || Ariadna Gil || Nominated
 * Best Production Supervision || Cristina Zumárraga || Won
 * Best Original Score || Roque Baños || Nominated
 * Best Art Direction || Benjamín Fernández || Won
 * Best Costume Design || Francesca Sartori || Won
 * Best Cinematography || Paco Femenía || Nominated
 * Best Editing || José Salcedo || Nominated
 * Best Makeup and Hairstyles || José Luis Pérez || Nominated
 * Best Sound || Dominique Hennequin, Patrice Grisolet, Pierre Gamet || Nominated
 * Best Special Effects || Reyes Abades, Rafael Solorzano || Nominated
 * 16th Actors and Actresses Union Awards || Best Film Actor in a Minor Role || Javier Cámara || Nominated ||
 * }
 * Best Art Direction || Benjamín Fernández || Won
 * Best Costume Design || Francesca Sartori || Won
 * Best Cinematography || Paco Femenía || Nominated
 * Best Editing || José Salcedo || Nominated
 * Best Makeup and Hairstyles || José Luis Pérez || Nominated
 * Best Sound || Dominique Hennequin, Patrice Grisolet, Pierre Gamet || Nominated
 * Best Special Effects || Reyes Abades, Rafael Solorzano || Nominated
 * 16th Actors and Actresses Union Awards || Best Film Actor in a Minor Role || Javier Cámara || Nominated ||
 * }
 * Best Makeup and Hairstyles || José Luis Pérez || Nominated
 * Best Sound || Dominique Hennequin, Patrice Grisolet, Pierre Gamet || Nominated
 * Best Special Effects || Reyes Abades, Rafael Solorzano || Nominated
 * 16th Actors and Actresses Union Awards || Best Film Actor in a Minor Role || Javier Cámara || Nominated ||
 * }
 * 16th Actors and Actresses Union Awards || Best Film Actor in a Minor Role || Javier Cámara || Nominated ||
 * }
 * }

title: Alatriste


text:
Albert I, Count of Namur

Albert I (died ca. 1011) the son of Robert I, was a count who held the castle of Namur and a county in the Lommegau. His county came to be referred to as the County of Namur in records during his lifetime.

Albert married Ermengarde, daughter of Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, and had:
 * Robert II, Count of Namur died without issue
 * Albert II, Count of Namur was father of Hedwige of Namur, who married Gerard, Duke of Lorraine.

There are some doubts about the correct list of his daughters, as there are two very different lists given in two primary documents.

The "Genealogia ex Stirpe Sancti Arnulfi" lists:
 * Count Albert
 * Hadewide
 * Emma of Looz

The "Vita Arnulfi Episcopi Suessioniensis" lists (as siblings of one of the Counts named Albert of Namur, whose parents are not named):
 * Count Albert
 * Ludgarde mother of Emmon Count of Looz, and his brother Otto.
 * Goda
 * Ermengarde

A 3rd relevant source is the Gesta of Sint-Truiden Abbey which also named Countess Ermengarde having a daughter named Lutgarde who married a Count Otto of Loon and was mother to Bishop Balderic II of Liège, brother of Count Giselbert of Loon. As Jean Baerten and other authors have pointed out, this is chronologically impossible, though it is possible Lutgarde could be mother of Emmo and Otto.

Ludgarde and Emma, both with a connection to Looz, are sometimes therefore thought to represent a garbled account of the same person.

title: Albert I, Count of Namur


text:
Edith Leyrer

Edith Leyrer (born 1946) is an Austrian actress. She has worked in several theatres in Austria and Germany and is known for her cabaret work. She has also appeared in films including the 1968 television film of Robert Stolz's Wenn die kleinen Veilchen blühen.

Born in Vienna, Leyrer told her family when she was 3 that she wanted to be an actress. She studied dance at the Academy of Music in Vienna (now the University of Music and Performing Arts), debuted as a dancer at the age of 15, replacing an injured soloist, and was engaged by the Saar State Theatre at 16 after only a year of theatrical studies. She appeared with Martin Flossmann at the Kabarett "Simpl" in Vienna for 15 years beginning in 1978.

In 2009 she published a joke book with Ferdi Besim, proprietor of a Vienna Oriental carpet business.

In 2004 she was awarded the Goldenes Verdienstzeichen des Landes Wien by the State of Vienna. She is honorary president of Make-A-Wish Austria.

title: Edith Leyrer