text:
Talk:Hobart, Indiana

History Section?
I think it would be a good idea to add a History Section, with mentions of George Earle, famous people, school accomplisments. Perhaps a homage to Don Howell would be a bit much, but Hobart is more colorful than the data from the 2000 census.

Consider it done.
can't you put something in here about William Revelli? He was legendary! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Daelynn92 (talk • contribs) 20:14, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Trivia
Just saw Hobart mentioned (twice!) in an old Law and Order episode, "Blood" from 1997. Of course they mispronounce it the same way the Chicago weathermen do. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.227.77.90 (talk) 12:46, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

Can't think of any other specific episodes, but I know Hobart got mentioned in more than one L&O episode and at least one L&O:SVU episode. Always figured that a Hobartite was somewhere on Dick Wolf's staff.Gtwfan52 (talk) 09:09, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

Thank you all who helped stop the vandals on this page today. Gtwfan52 (talk) 19:30, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Hobart, Indiana. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120305004606/http://www.post-trib.com/news/138327,hbcouncil.article to http://www.post-trib.com/news/138327,hbcouncil.article

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:22, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Transit
Could the locals create a section for transit, especially to Chicago? Most city pages have bus and train information. This one doesn't. 2605:E000:AA14:FA00:B0B1:35F5:6E3A:6570 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:03, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Hobart, Indiana. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6HQu4Spqa?url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.post-trib.com/news/138327%2Chbcouncil.article
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6J1i5x9ov?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwitimes.com%2Fsports%2Fcolumnists%2Fal-hamnik%2Fal-hamnik-nfl-great-bob-kuechenberg-makes-his-point-with%2Farticle_b6eee357-f702-5a16-aa8d-baed54417b0a.html to http://www.nwitimes.com/sports/columnists/al-hamnik/al-hamnik-nfl-great-bob-kuechenberg-makes-his-point-with/article_b6eee357-f702-5a16-aa8d-baed54417b0a.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:08, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

Potential refs moved from article
These were added as a "Bibliography" section: --Ronz (talk) 16:16, 17 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Ballantyne, Dorothy Dunning (1972), George Earle and family of Hobart, Indiana, Merrillville, IN: Lake County Public Library, 9 p. OCLC: 3741362;
 * Ballantyne, Dorothy Dunning; Christianson, Elin Ballantyne (1976), The Old Settlers Cemetery, Hobart, IN: Hobart American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, 12 p. OCLC: 2638377;
 * Ballantyne, Dorothy D.; Christianson, Elin B. (1994), Growing up in Hobart, Hobart, IN: Hobart Historical Society, 59 p. OCLC: 32105479;
 * Ballantyne, Dorothy; Christianson, Elin B. eds. (1996), Hobart memories, Hobart, IN: Hobart Historical Society, iv, 58 p. OCLC: 35978107;
 * Ballantyne, Dorothy; Adams, Robert, compilers (1979), Along the route : a history of Hobart, Indiana, post offices and postmasters, Hobart, IN: Hobart Historical Society. [48] p.;
 * Ballantyne, Dorothy; Adams, Robert, compilers (1992), Along the route : a history of Hobart, Indiana, post offices and postmasters, rev. ed., Hobart, IN: Hobart Historical Society. [35] p. OCLC:  29625186;
 * Briggs, Gordon F. (1939), The Calumet Region Historical Guide, Gary, IN: Garman Printing Co., 271 p. OCLC:  4038723;
 * Christianson, Elin B. (2001), Lake County communities, past and present, Hobart, IN: Hobart Historical Society, 39 p. OCLC: 49218590;
 * Christianson, Elin B. (2001), The Nine-Day Wonder and the One-Month Doodlebug, Hobart, IN: Hobart Historical Society, 8 p.;
 * Christianson, Elin B. (2002), Hobart's historic buildings, Hobart, IN: Hobart Historical Society, 30 p. OCLC: 51624896;
 * Mendoza, Sergio Carrera (2014), Hobart, Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 127 p. ISBN: 9781467110648, LCCN: 2013934579;
 * Moore, Powell A. (1959), The Calumet Region: Indiana’s Last Frontier, Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Bureau, xiii, 654 p. OCLC: 478938;

title: Talk:Hobart, Indiana


text: User talk:69.169.89.204

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.169.89.204


text:
Ben Shenkman

Ben Shenkman (born September 26, 1968) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in the comedy-drama series Royal Pains and the acclaimed HBO miniseries Angels in America, which earned him both Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations.

Early life and education
Shenkman was born to a Jewish family in New York City, the son of Katherine, who was an associate at a law firm, and Shepard A. Sheinkman, who worked for a consulting company. He graduated from Brown University, and obtained a Masters of Fine Arts in 1993 from New York University's Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts.

Career
He began his professional acting career with a small role in the 1994 film Quiz Show directed by Robert Redford and a guest-starring role on Law & Order, his first of seven appearances throughout the run of the show. He also began working in theatre, portraying Louis Ironson in Tony Kushner's play Angels in America at San Francisco's American Conservatory Theater. While still at New York University, Shenkman played the role of Roy Cohn in a workshop production of the play. He would reprise the role of Louis seven years after playing the role at ACT in the HBO miniseries adaptation, earning Emmy and Golden Globe nominations.

Throughout the 1990s, Shenkman combined work in off-Broadway productions in New York with small roles in films such as Eraser (1996), The Siege (1998), π (1998), and Jesus' Son (1999), Chasing Sleep (2000), and Requiem for a Dream (2000). In 2000, Shenkman gained success in the theatre, co-starring with Mary-Louise Parker in the Manhattan Theatre Club production of Proof, for which he received a 2001 Tony nomination. After the release of HBO's Angels in America miniseries, he returned to Manhattan Theatre club in 2004 in Sight Unseen opposite Laura Linney.

As his career continued, Shenkman moved between studio films such as Must Love Dogs (2005) and Just Like Heaven (2005), and independent movies such as Then She Found Me (2008), Brief Interviews with Hideous Men (2008), and Breakfast with Scot (2008), a gay-themed film made in Canada for which the NHL notably endorsed the use of a team's logo and uniforms. In 2010, he appeared with Michael Douglas in Solitary Man and the Sundance premiere Blue Valentine.

He also acted on TV as a series regular in the 2008 Julianna Margulies legal drama Canterbury's Law on Fox, and in recurring roles on Grey's Anatomy, Burn Notice, Damages, Drop Dead Diva, and FX's Lights Out. He co-starred in the short-lived NBC sitcom The Paul Reiser Show, which was a midseason replacement for the 2010–11 television season.

In 2012, he joined USA network's Royal Pains as the recurring character Dr. Jeremiah Sacani, and was promoted to series regular the following season, the show's fifth. In the fall of 2015, the series wrapped production of its final season, which aired in the summer of 2016. In 2015, Shenkman also was on Broadway opposite Larry David, and later Jason Alexander, in David's hit comedy Fish in the Dark, which had a sold-out six-month limited run at the Cort Theater.

Since 2016 Shenkman has played the recurring role of Ira Schirmer on the Showtime series Billions. That year also saw him as Desk Sgt. Klein in the acclaimed HBO limited series The Night Of. The following year, 2017, he was cast as a series regular in the Shondaland drama For the People, which aired for two seasons on ABC until 2019. In 2020, in addition to Billions' fifth season, he is featured in a recurring role on Season 10 of HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm, and as defense counsel Leonard Weinglass in Aaron Sorkin's film The Trial of the Chicago 7.

Personal life
Shenkman married Lauren Greilsheimer in 2005.

title: Ben Shenkman


text:
WCVB-TV

WCVB-TV (channel 5) is a television station in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, affiliated with ABC and owned by Hearst Television. The station's studios are located on TV Place (off Gould Street near the I-95/MA 128/Highland Avenue interchange) in Needham, Massachusetts, and its transmitter is located on Cedar Street, also in Needham, on a tower shared with several other television and radio stations.

Nearby Manchester, New Hampshire, is considered part of the Boston media market, making WCVB-TV part of a nominal duopoly with WMUR-TV (channel 9), that city's ABC affiliate; however, the two stations maintain separate operations.

WCVB is also one of six Boston television stations that are carried by satellite provider Bell Satellite TV and fiber optic television provider Bell Fibe TV in Canada. Since 2010, midday and weekend late newscasts, along with World News Now, are overlaid with Canadian paid programming on those providers; however, the latter has carried the normal WCVB-TV feed in recent years.

Prior history of channel 5 in Boston (1957–1972)
The channel 5 allocation in Boston was first occupied by the original WHDH-TV, which signed on the air on November 26, 1957. The station was owned by the Boston Herald-Traveler Corporation, along with WHDH radio (850 AM, now WEEI; and 94.5 FM, now WJMN). It was originally an ABC affiliate, but switched to CBS in 1961.

However, almost as soon as it signed on, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began investigating allegations of impropriety in the granting of the television station's construction permit. This touched off a struggle that lasted 15 years. As a result, WHDH-TV never had a license renewal period lasting more than six months at a time (most television licenses at the time lasted for three years). In 1969, a local group, Boston Broadcasters, won a construction permit to build a new station on channel 5 under the callsign of WCVB-TV after promising to air more local programming than any other station in the United States at the time. The new channel 5 needed to have a different call sign (due to FCC rules at the time that stated that TV and radio stations in the same market, but with different ownership were required to have different call signs). It was also critical of the combination of the Herald-Traveler and WHDH-AM-FM-TV. Herald-Traveler Corporation fought the decision in court, but lost in 1972 and Boston Broadcasters was awarded a full license. The local group was led by acoustic expert Leo Beranek.

Beginnings
The original WHDH-TV signed off for the last time on March 18, 1972, and was replaced by the new WCVB-TV early the next morning. The Herald-Traveler refused to hand over its facilities to the new channel 5, forcing the station to rent tower space for its transmitter from WBZ-TV (channel 4); during the final months of its operation, WHDH-TV was court-ordered to sign off daily at 1 a.m. so that WCVB-TV could test its equipment. WCVB purchased a former International Harvester sales and service facility in Needham to serve as its studio facility along Route 128, which the station continues to operate from to this day. Although WCVB operates under a different license and celebrates station anniversaries using its 1972 sign-on date, it inherited all of WHDH-TV's personnel, including anchorman Jack Hynes and sportscaster Don Gillis, all transferred to WCVB-TV with the termination of the WHDH-TV license.

However, WCVB did not inherit its predecessor's CBS affiliation. Boston Broadcasters' plans for a large amount of local programming would have resulted in heavy preemptions of network programming. CBS was not pleased with the prospect of being subjected to numerous preemptions of its programs in the nation's fifth-largest market at the time (as of 2016, it is the seventh-largest ), especially since WCVB would have inherited WHDH's status as CBS's second-largest affiliate and largest on the East Coast. It refused to have anything to do with WCVB, and moved its programming back to WNAC-TV, which had been Boston's original CBS affiliate from 1948 to 1960. NBC was entrenched with WBZ-TV, and in any event was even less tolerant of preemptions than CBS. More or less by default, WCVB affiliated with ABC.

Local programming
Making good on its promise, WCVB aired more local programming than any other television station in the nation throughout the 1970s and 1980s. One of its local programs, Good Day!, which first premiered in 1973 as Good Morning!, broke ground by taking its entire production on the road and broadcasting from locations outside of the Boston area and around the world. Good Day!, along with The Morning Exchange on Cleveland's WEWS-TV, served as a prototype for the format of ABC's Good Morning America. Good Day! lasted until 1991.

During the 1970s, WCVB-TV was the first television station in southern New England to run a 24-hour program schedule. The station ran a programming block from 1 to 5 am, branded as 5 All Night, which featured a library of older black-and-white movies and a few recent syndicated programs. During station breaks, announcer George Fennel (who never made an on-camera appearance during the block) would make live announcements and read fan mail from the viewing audience, as various 5 All Night logo backdrops were displayed on-screen. His actual first on-air portrait was displayed as part of a donation pledge drive for the Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon. The portrait had been covered from view and as the tally had reached a certain amount, a piece of the portrait would be revealed to the viewers until it was completely uncovered, revealing what Fennel looked like.

Another staple of 5 All Night was Simon's Sanctorum, a program similar to Elvira's Movie Macabre that showcased old black-and-white horror movies; it was hosted by a character named Simon (portrayed by Gary Newton), who often referred to his viewing audience as to being "moths lured to a flame" and "Dearly Devoted". Simon's costume consisted of an old top hat, and fluorescent green facial makeup with black circles painted around each eye and gloves that had the fingers cut out of them. To add to an extra eerie effect, a fluorescent black light was used to enhance the makeup effect on Simon's face and eyes. His eyes actually glowed by the use of fluorescent paint on a pair of special contact lenses.

Ownership changes
Boston Broadcasters sold WCVB to Metromedia in 1982 for $220 million, the costliest sale ever made for a local station at the time. In 1986, Metromedia sold its television stations to the News Corporation (then-owners of the 20th Century Fox film studio), which later used Metromedia's group of independent stations to launch the Fox network on October 9. Channel 5 was included in the original deal, but was concurrently spun off to the Hearst Corporation, which had purchased fellow ABC affiliate KMBC-TV in Kansas City, Missouri, from Metromedia in 1982. That station was sold to allow Metromedia to acquire WCVB (to comply with FCC rules in effect at the time that limited the number of VHF stations owned by a single company to only five), and it is believed that Metromedia gave Hearst a right of first refusal offer if WCVB ever went up for sale again. Fox would get its own station in Boston in 1987, when it bought WXNE-TV (channel 25) from the Christian Broadcasting Network and renamed it WFXT (Fox subsequently sold WFXT to the Boston Celtics in 1990, repurchased the station in 1995, and then traded WFXT to Cox Media Group in 2014).

Logo
In 1971, graphic design firm Wyman & Canaan (now Bill Canaan & Company) developed a new stylized "5" logo (which features an arrow curving upward, rendered in negative space, within the "5"). Having debuted when WCVB first began operations in 1972, this logo surpassed WBZ's Group W font logo (which that station used from 1963 to 1996), as the longest-used numeric logo in New England television history in 2005.

Local shows
WCVB currently produces the following programs:
 * Chronicle is a nightly local newsmagazine series that started in 1982— it is aired daily on the main channel with additional showings via the 5.2 subchannel on weekdays only. It focuses on topics of special interest throughout New England, though at times the program focuses on subjects outside the region such as Ireland. The Main Streets and Back Roads, one of the program's longest-running series, looks at life in New England, primarily in the rural areas. A New Hampshire version of the program is produced by WCVB's sister station WMUR-TV; two other sister stations, WYFF in Greenville, South Carolina, and WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh, produce news specials based on the flagship program's format. The WCVB edition became the first local television program in New England to broadcast in high definition on March 3, 1999 (though only select editions were produced and broadcast in HD until October 25, 2006).
 * CityLine (no relation to the Canadian talk show), which airs Sundays at noon, looks at urban issues and interests within the Boston area. Its longtime host is Karen Holmes Ward.
 * On the Record (also referred to as OTR), which airs Sundays at 11 am, focuses on local political issues and is hosted by Ed Harding and Janet Wu.

While the station is no longer as involved in locally produced programming as it once was, it has had some influential programs:
 * Candlepin Bowling, which ran Saturdays at noon for nearly four decades, and was hosted for nearly all of that time by legendary WCVB sports anchor Don Gillis.
 * Good Day!, mid-morning talk show, an inspiration for Good Morning America.
 * Miller's Court, a dramatized mock-trial program with a live audience. Hosted by Harvard Law Professor Arthur R. Miller.
 * Park Street Under, a sitcom set in a fictional Boston bar, regarded as an influence for Cheers.
 * The Baxters, a sitcom featuring an American family, with a discussion component. The WCVB-produced series, which ran from 1977 to 1979, employed local actors; Norman Lear became involved in 1979, following which the program aired nationally in first-run syndication for an additional two seasons. Lear departed before the program's second season in syndication, with WCVB resuming production responsibilities for the show; all of the characters were recast with Canadian actors.
 * The Great Entertainment, an anthology series presenting classic movies with commentary by host Frank Avruch.
 * Night Shift, a series that aired after midnight on Fridays in the late 1980s, and featured college student films from around New England. Christine Caswell co-hosted two seasons of Night Shift and would later anchor and report at WHDH, WFXT, NECN and Catholic TV. Future executive producer of A&E's Beyond Scared Straight, Paul Coyne, appeared three times showcasing his student works from Fitchburg State College.
 * NightTalk with Jane Whitney, a late-night talk show using an issues-based daytime talk show format (a la Donahue and Oprah) hosted by Jane Whitney. After airing locally in Boston and in 11 other select markets from spring 1992 through summer 1993, it ran in national syndication as The Jane Whitney Show during the 1993–94 season, mainly in daytime slots (WCVB, which continued to produce the show, kept it in its 12:35 a.m. time slot).

From 1990 through 2002, WCVB-TV produced coverage of the Boston Pops Orchestra's annual Fourth of July concert at the Hatch Memorial Shell; beginning in 1991, the program was simulcast nationally on cable channel A&E (which is partly owned by Hearst), and also aired on WMUR-TV following Hearst's acquisition of that station in 2001. The concert's producer, David Mugar, moved the program to WBZ-TV and CBS in 2003.

Talk show time slots
On September 8, 1987, WCVB became the Boston home of The Oprah Winfrey Show, having outbid WBZ-TV (which aired the show at 9 a.m. during its first season) for the long-term local syndication rights. For 24 years, Oprah served as the lead-in to WCVB's evening newscasts, first for the 6 p.m. edition of NewsCenter 5 from 1987 to 1994, then moving to 4 p.m. on September 5, 1994, upon the debut of the station's hour-long 5 p.m. newscast. In both time periods, Oprah always held first place among the program's competitors, and consistently kept WCVB's neighboring newscasts at number one. Winfrey's decision to end her daytime talk show in May 2011 resulted in many stations scrambling to replace it with equally strong programming. The Ellen DeGeneres Show—which WCVB had aired at 9 a.m. since 2005—was chosen to replace Oprah in the 4 p.m. slot, moving there on August 22, 2011; it was replaced in the 9 a.m. timeslot by ''Live! with Regis and Kelly'', which moved to the station after a 23-year run on WHDH. Oprah, meanwhile, moved to weekday mornings at 1:05 a.m. for the remaining weeks of its run.

On January 11, 2016, WCVB moved The Meredith Vieira Show from 3 p.m. to 1:07 am, where it remained until it concluded its run in September. On the same day, Ellen moved to 3 pm, and Inside Edition was moved to the 4 p.m. slot, from the 7 p.m. slot it had held since September 1994. This then freed up 4:30 p.m. and 7 p.m. for two new newscasts. The 4:30 newscast was stated to be a fast-paced rundown of the day's news, while the 7 p.m. newscast covers longer-length stories of special interest. With the scheduling of the 4 p.m. hour resulting in low ratings, changes were made in November 2016; at this time, the half-hour NewsCenter 5 at 4:00 premiered, and Inside Edition moved to 4:30 pm. As of 2019, Inside Edition has been dropped from the schedule and has moved to WHDH. WCVB now airs $2 1/2$ hours of local news from 4 to 6:30 pm, with a break from 6:30 to 7 p.m. for ABC World News Tonight (coincidentally, anchored by WCVB alum David Muir since September 2, 2014), then picking up again from 7 to 7:30 p.m.

Past programming preemptions and deferrals
Due to its commitment to local programming, the station was quick to preempt programs, including underperforming ABC prime time shows. Most of the time, these programs were picked up by independent stations such as WQTV (channel 68, now WBPX-TV) or Worcester-based WHLL (channel 27, now WUTF-TV). Since the mid-1990s, WCVB has carried ABC's entire programming schedule, although it occasionally preempts network programming in favor of locally produced specials and movies. Notable examples are the annual MDA Labor Day Telethon (before the program's 2013 move to ABC as a short-form broadcast, although it did stay on WCVB; the program would be discontinued after the 2014 edition) and the 2004 preemption of Saving Private Ryan (one of several ABC stations that preempted the film out of concern over the graphic war battle scenes and profanity that were left intact in the uncut ABC telecast and fear of resulting FCC fines) for another movie, Far and Away.

Until the late 1990s, WCVB broadcast the 1954 film White Christmas annually during the holiday season, preempting ABC network programming.

On October 30, 2014, WCVB preempted ABC's broadcast of the Halloween special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown to air a Steve Harvey special. Great Pumpkin aired on sister station WMUR.

Lottery
WCVB was originally in the running to become the Massachusetts State Lottery's host station in late 1986, when WBZ-TV relinquished the rights. In the months leading up to the winning bid, WCVB management had asked Janet Langhart to host the nightly lottery drawings if the station won the contract. Langhart was reportedly angered by the proposition, accusing WCVB of trying to minimize her from the role of respected journalist and talk show host, and also inferring a racial motivation behind the offer (Langhart is African American). Ultimately, WCVB lost its bid for the lottery rights to WNEV-TV (channel 7), which began broadcasting the drawings and all other related broadcast property in August 1987.

In 1993, when WHDH-TV (the former WNEV-TV) was purchased by Sunbeam Television, the lottery did not renew the station's contract for another cycle. It was announced soon after that WCVB would acquire the rights. From March 7, 1994, to May 19, 1998, WCVB was the official station for Lottery Live, the weeknight broadcasts of the Massachusetts State Lottery drawings. Unlike predecessor host station WHDH, where both Lottery Live weeknight drawings aired between 7:50 and 8 pm, WCVB chose to air the daily Numbers Game at 7:53 (during Chronicle) while the featured game (e.g., Mass Millions) aired earlier at 6:50 (during NewsCenter 5 at 6:00 during the spring and summer of 1994, and during ABC's World News Tonight in the months thereafter). In early 1995, the specialty games moved to 11:10 p.m. (later 11:20) during NewsCenter 5 Tonight. Dawn Hayes, who emceed the drawings on WHDH, was retained as host. Frequent substitute hosts for Hayes on WCVB were Kristen Daly (later a news reporter/anchor for WABU and WLVI) and Nancy O'Neil, wife of former Red Sox pitcher Dennis Eckersley.

The Massachusetts Lottery (in association with Jonathan Goodson) also backed an hour-long Saturday night game show, Bonus Bonanza, which debuted on February 4, 1995. Hayes served as co-host with Brian Tracey. Bonus Bonanza had randomly drawn contestants play elimination games (similar to The Price Is Right) to win big cash prizes. At the end of each show, that night's three players would return to play a bonus round. Each would place a cylinder on a numbered space from 1 to 12. A motorized cube would then be let go, to knock the cylinders down. After 30 seconds, any player that had a cylinder still standing won the cash amount (ranging from $7,500 to $200,000) associated with their number choice. The $200,000 prize was won several times during the program's three-year run on WCVB. It also served as the runoff program for the various contests associated with the Massachusetts Lottery. One such contest featured contestants playing for a cruise for 20, a Chevrolet Blazer SUV, and $25,000 a year for life. Bonus Bonanza was canceled shortly before WCVB's lottery contract ended, airing its final episode in March 1998. The nightly lottery drawings moved back to WBZ-TV two months later on May 20, 1998.

The drawings returned to WCVB in August 2004 in a revamped format, with only on-screen graphics displaying the already-drawn winning numbers for a minute or so. A rotating group of off-screen voiceovers announced the drawings. In the case of the daily Numbers Game, however, a mid-screen shot of the traditional "number wheels" were featured, with the balls resting on the chosen digits. The Numbers Game drawings continued to air at approximately 7:53, while the specialty games ran at 11:10 on weeknights. In 2008, for the first time in the Lottery's broadcast history, midday Numbers Game drawings were introduced, with the results running at the bottom of the screen, at 12:50 p.m. weekdays, during Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. The weeknight Numbers Game drawings became part of NewsCenter 5 Prime Time Update, a five-minute news and weather segment that began airing within the last ten minutes of Chronicle in 2009. On August 15, 2011, daily drawings ended their second stint on WCVB, and moved exclusively to the Massachusetts Lottery website; the station continues to air Mega Millions or Powerball featuring larger jackpots, at the discretion of the station.

Sports
In 1987, United Press International awarded WCVB "Best Sports Reporting" in the nation. For fourteen years, WCVB's Mike Lynch hosted the weekly New England Patriots show Patriots Preview and Patriots All Access with exclusive one on one sit down interviews with Bill Parcells, Pete Carroll and Bill Belichick. Until 2009, WCVB's sports department produced Patriots preseason games. These telecasts were also seen on sister station WMTW in Portland, Maine, and WNAC-TV in Providence, Rhode Island. In addition, WCVB formerly preempted ABC programming to air all Patriots games that aired as part of ESPN Sunday Night Football. Presently, this occurs during ESPN Monday Night Football Patriots game telecasts (ESPN is 20% owned by WCVB's corporate parent Hearst Communications; the station also carried any Patriots appearances on Monday Night Football when ABC held the rights to that package). WCVB was also the official station of Boston College Eagles football during Doug Flutie's historic 1984 season, that of which culminated with Flutie winning the Heisman Trophy.

Until 2005, when the Boston Red Sox were involved in post-season action, WCVB simulcast those games from ESPN (MLB divisional playoff games have since moved to TBS); WCVB also aired select Red Sox games through ABC's MLB broadcast contract from 1976 to 1989.

From 1982 through 2006, WCVB telecast live wire-to-wire coverage of the Boston Marathon. Though the broadcasts generally rated higher than the competing wire-to-wire coverage on WBZ-TV, the station announced in November 2006 that it would stop carrying the race, as declining viewership and advertising revenue made it difficult for the station to justify providing all-day coverage, despite production costs being shared with WBZ-TV and the Boston Athletic Association (BAA). The BAA then signed a new deal with WBZ. On June 22, 2022, the BAA announced that the marathon would return to WCVB beginning with the 2023 race, in a partnership with ESPN, which carries the event nationally. In addition to the ESPN simulcast, Hearst's other New England stations—WMUR-TV in Manchester; WMTW in Portland; and WPTZ in Plattsburgh, New York–Burlington, Vermont—also air WCVB's coverage of the race.

WCVB also airs NBA games involving the Boston Celtics via the league's contract with ABC. The station has aired the Celtics' victories in the 2008 and 2024 NBA Finals and their 2010 and 2022 NBA Finals appearances.

News operation
WCVB presently broadcasts 43 hours, 55 minutes of locally produced newscasts each week (with 6 hours, 35 minutes each weekday, five hours on Saturdays and six hours on Sundays). The station operates an Aérospatiale AS350B helicopter entitled "Sky 5" that is live broadcast capable. For statewide news coverage throughout Massachusetts, WCVB shares resources with the two other ABC affiliates in the state: WLNE-TV in New Bedford (which serves Providence, Rhode Island) and WGGB-TV in Springfield. WCAP (980) in Lowell runs audio simulcasts of portions of WCVB's morning and evening newscasts on weekdays.

As WCVB's newscasts are titled NewsCenter 5, the station's sports segments are likewise branded as SportsCenter 5; weather segments were similarly branded as WeatherCenter 5 prior to 2001. WCVB is believed to be the only local station permitted to use the SportsCenter name, owned by ESPN, for its sportscasts, owing to its ownership by Hearst (which owns 20% of ESPN) and affiliation with ABC (whose parent, The Walt Disney Company, owns the other 80%), along with its use predating ESPN's 1979 existence. However, there is no overlap in content or appearance between WCVB's sportscasts and the ESPN program beyond the latter's occasional use of WCVB video with credit for press conference and interview segments.

Concurrent with WCVB's sign-on on March 19, 1972, the station began its news operations as News 5. This branding was used until 1973 when its newscasts were retitled under the current NewsCenter 5 brand. Since then, WCVB has been known for exceptional news coverage and has consistently been at the top of the news ratings since the early 1980s. Through the next couple decades, the station boasted the most-watched news team of Chet Curtis and Natalie Jacobson who married each other while serving as co-anchors. However, by the late 1990s and early 2000s, the station was in a period of transition as it saw major competition from a resurgent WHDH-TV. At the same time, the station, known for the longevity and stability of its on-air staff, saw the end of its longtime anchor team of Curtis and Jacobson (as well as their marriage, which ended in divorce at the same time). Jacobson continued to anchor at channel 5, while Curtis left for regional cable news channel New England Cable News, which was jointly owned by Hearst until Comcast bought out its stake in the channel in 2009. Jacobson retired from WCVB on July 18, 2007.

In mid-October 2001, WCVB launched its weather radar, "StormTrak 5 Live Doppler", currently known as "Storm Team 5 HD Doppler", becoming the first station in the market to operate its own radar. It is located west of Boston in Hopkinton. In 2002, chief meteorologist Dick Albert was joined by former rival Harvey Leonard who left WHDH to become co-chief meteorologist with Albert. Widely regarded as two of Boston's top meteorologists, Leonard and Albert were honored by the Associated Press in 2005 for "Best Weathercast in New England". Leonard became the sole chief meteorologist following Albert's retirement in February 2009. In February 2007, meteorologist Mike Wankum, who was chief meteorologist at WLVI until that station's news department shut down two months prior as a result of its purchase by WHDH parent Sunbeam Television, was hired by WCVB as the weekend evening meteorologist.

For the February 2007 sweeps ratings period, WCVB placed first in every local news timeslot it competed in. Channel 5 even displaced WHDH in total viewers and the 25–54 demographic at 11 pm, marking the first time since 1998 that WCVB swept all of its newscast timeslots. Only WFXT's 10 p.m. news drew more viewers than any of the "big three" affiliates' late evening newscasts. That victory was short-lived, however, as WHDH regained the lead at 11 p.m. during the May 2007 sweeps, after another close battle. WBZ-TV led in the 11 p.m. timeslot from late 2007 to early 2010 with WCVB maintaining second place in that timeslot during that period. WCVB has since regained the lead at 11 p.m.

On May 14, 2007, starting with the 5 p.m. newscast, WCVB began broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition, although the majority of the field reports remained in 4:3 standard definition for a few months. The station was the first in the Boston market, as well as New England, to make the transition (the duopoly of KCRA-TV and KQCA in Sacramento, California, were the first stations owned by Hearst to make the upgrade). This change resulted in the debut of a new newscast set designed by FX Group and on-air graphics. However, channel 5 kept Hearst Television's standardized music package. On September 7, 2010, WCVB expanded its weekday morning newscast to $2 1/2$ hours, with its start time moved to 4:30 am. Four days later on September 11, 2010, the weekend morning newscast was expanded to three hours, running from 5 a.m. to 8 am.

In spring 2013, well-known and popular meteorologist Cindy Fitzgibbon joined WCVB as a weatherperson. Anchor JC Monahan moved to Chronicle and anchor of the 5 p.m. news. Fitzgibbon was on WFXT's morning newscast for nearly a decade, and now appears on the NewsCenter 5 EyeOpener and noon newscasts. In recent years, the Eyeopener has consistently been the market's most-watched morning newscast, and the 6 a.m. hour often ranks as the most-watched newscast by viewers in the 25–54 demographic.

In September 2015, WCVB announced that they would launch a weekend 5 p.m. newscast starting November 8, 2015. On January 11, 2016, WCVB added two additional weekday newscasts, one at 4 p.m. and a second at 7 pm. WCVB president and general manager Bill Fine stated that the newscast expansion "...addresses an expressed need of Boston's viewers by providing additional options to receive NewsCenter 5 at new times." In February 2016, WCVB announced that it would also add a nightly prime time newscast at 10 p.m. on its MeTV subchannel, The 10 O'Clock News on MeTV Boston, beginning February 29, 2016. The 10 p.m. newscast was cut to a half-hour on March 26, 2016; at the time, all four of Boston's local news operations, along with New Hampshire's WBIN-TV, had 10 p.m. newscasts in some form, and ratings issues played into the reduction.

Beginning with the noon newscast on April 5, 2018, WCVB implemented an updated version of Hearst Television's standardized graphics package for its newscasts, which are now optimized for the full 16:9 letterboxed format. The group-wide roll-out began with Orlando sister station WESH (NBC) in January and ended with sister stations WTAE in Pittsburgh and KMBC in Kansas City (both of which, like WCVB, are also ABC affiliates) on April 23, 2018.

Notable current on-air staff

 * Duke Castiglione – weekend anchor

Notable former on-air staff

 * Frank Avruch – booth announcer (deceased)
 * Jim Boyd – anchor/reporter
 * Chet Curtis – main anchor (1972–2000), deceased in 2014
 * Tom Ellis – (1978–1982) news anchor; was most recently at NECN until the end of 2008; died in 2019
 * Don Gillis – sports anchor/host (1972–1996) (deceased in 2008)
 * Bill Harrington – news reporter and state house correspondent
 * John Henning – reporter (deceased)
 * Bob Halloran – sports anchor/reporter, now retired
 * Natalie Jacobson – main anchor (1972–2007), now retired
 * Dr. Tim Johnson – medical correspondent
 * Harvey Leonard – chief meteorologist (2002–2022), now retired
 * J. C. Monahan – meteorologist, news, and Chronicle anchor (now at WBTS-CD)
 * Martha Raddatz – reporter (1993–1998), now ABC News Chief Global Affairs Correspondent, primary fill-in anchor on This Week with George Stephanopoulos
 * David Muir – anchor and reporter (2000–2003), now at ABC News; anchor of ABC World News Tonight
 * Bill O'Reilly – commentator (1985–1987), later with Fox News Channel (now at NewsMax TV)
 * Keith Olbermann – sportscaster (1984–1985), ESPN host; SportsCenter anchor 1992–1997, rejoined ESPN in 2018
 * Susan Wornick – news anchor and reporter (1981–2014), now retired

Community outreach
Since 1972, WCVB-TV, as a part of its commitment to serving the community through extensive local programming, has run a series of different public service campaigns to help educate people on relevant issues and values of the day. Each campaign has had a different theme, ranging from racial unity to family values and achieving success through continued education. Over the last few decades, these campaigns have consisted of the following:

 * The New England Network (1970s)
 * A World of Difference (1985–1988)
 * Great Expectations (1988–1990)
 * Family Works! (1991–1993)
 * Success By 6 (1993–1996) – early childhood education.
 * The HealthBeat Project (1996–2001)
 * Keeping Kids On Track (2001–2003)
 * CommonWealth 5 (2001–2015) – highlights non-profits to recruit volunteers and donors.
 * High 5! (1984–present) – showcases athletic teams across Massachusetts hosted by Mike Lynch.
 * A+ (1997–present) – showcases students across Massachusetts
 * 5 On (2014–present) – highlights a different community in Massachusetts each week
 * Made in Mass (2016–present) – Highlights items and goods made in the state.
 * 5 for Good (2015–present) – Highlights local charities and community good will efforts.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

WCVB is one of a handful of ABC-affiliated stations and one of several Hearst-owned ABC affiliates that broadcast their high-definition signals in 1080i rather than the 720p format of most other ABC stations. This includes WCVB's ABC-affiliated sister stations WMUR-TV in nearby Manchester, New Hampshire, WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh, KMBC-TV in Kansas City, and KETV in Omaha, as well as stations not owned by Hearst in eight other markets.

On July 24, 2012, Hearst Television renewed its affiliation agreement with MeTV to maintain existing affiliations with eight Hearst-owned stations currently carrying the digital multicast network through 2015. As part of the renewal, Hearst also signed agreements to add the network as digital subchannels of WCVB-TV and sister stations KCRA-TV in Sacramento, WBAL-TV in Baltimore, KOCO-TV in Oklahoma City and WXII-TV in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. As WCVB did not operate any additional digital multicast feeds outside of main channel 5.1, MeTV was added on a newly created second digital subchannel of the station on October 1, 2012. This also provides WCVB a backup channel to air ABC programming during breaking or pre-planned local news coverage.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WCVB-TV ended regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 20, using virtual channel 5.

As part of the SAFER Act, WCVB temporarily kept its analog channel as one of three nightlight stations in the Boston area (alongside WBZ-TV and WGBH-TV). The station's nightlight service loop consisted of the official public service program from the National Association of Broadcasters, an episode of This Old House (a nationally distributed show on PBS presented by Boston's WGBH-TV), and reruns of segments from WCVB's newscasts; all were dedicated to instructions and questions about switching to digital television for viewers who have not yet upgraded their old analog sets. The station's analog signal then switched off permanently at the completion of the nightlight service on July 13, around 12:00 a.m.

In 2019, WCVB shifted from physical channel 20 to 33 because of the spectrum incentive auction, though it does not broadcast (before and after the repack) between channels 38 to 51 which were removed from the television bandplan, repacking stations into channels 2 to 36.

title: WCVB-TV


text:
Hillcrest, San Diego

Hillcrest is an uptown neighborhood in San Diego, California. The area is located north-northwest of Balboa Park, south of Interstate 8/Mission Valley, with Park Boulevard to the east (bordering North Park) and First Avenue to the west (bordering Mission Hills).

Hillcrest is known for its "tolerance and acceptance", its prevalent LGBT community presence, and its diversity of races, nationalities, genders, and social classes. It is, likewise, popular for its abundant locally owned businesses, stores, restaurants, cafés, bars, nightclubs, trendy thrift-stores, adult novelty shops and other independent specialty stores. Hillcrest has a distinctly "urban" feel, a high population density (compared to many other neighborhoods in San Diego), and is the city's main "gayborhood", in addition to the other uptown neighborhoods (surrounding Balboa Park).

Geography
Hillcrest is an older, historical neighborhood that has experienced growth through gentrification. Most of the streets are lined with trees and abundant plants. There are several lush canyons and hiking paths throughout the area, such as Vermont Canyon (at the south end of Vermont Street) and Richmond Canyon, which is accessed via staircase one block south of Pennsylvania Street. Some of these trails have historical ties to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America, Girl Scouts and the Boy Scouts; there is a pedestrian-only bridge crossing highway CA-163, east–west, from Richmond Street to the neighborhood of Bankers Hill. There are many styles of buildings, including Craftsman homes and Mid-century modern condominium buildings.

The neighborhood is bounded by Mission Hills to the northwest, Bankers Hill and Balboa Park to the south, University Heights to the north, and North Park to the east. A large ridge overlooking San Diego Bay borders the neighborhood to the west.

Hillcrest is part of the Uptown community planning area, which consists of the neighborhoods of Mission Hills, Hillcrest, Bankers Hill, Park West, and University Heights.

History
Initially, Hillcrest was a chaparral-covered mesa. Kumeyaay Indians inhabited numerous villages scattered throughout the San Diego region. Spanish colonization brought the first of twenty-nine California missions with the founding of the nearby San Diego Mission. Presidio Park in Mission Hills and Old Town just down the hill are a part of San Diego history.

In 1870, Mary Kearney obtained a deed from the city for the land that eventually became Hillcrest. In 1871 Arnold and D. Choate, two real estate developers, obtained that property. George Hill, a wealthy railroad tycoon, then purchased the land. Real estate development began in 1910 and the area was built out by 1920. During the 1920s and 1930s Hillcrest was considered a suburban shopping area for downtown San Diego.

In the 1910s, Hillcrest became one of the many San Diego neighborhoods connected by the Class 1 streetcars and an extensive San Diego public transit system that was spurred by the Panama-California Exposition of 1915 and built by John D. Spreckels. These streetcars became a fixture of this neighborhood until their retirement in 1939.

In 1940 the "HILLCREST" lighted sign at the intersection of University and Fifth Avenue was first erected, donated by the Hillcrest Women's Association, a group of local female shopkeepers. A similar sign appears in images dated c.1930. After falling into disrepair, it was taken down and rebuilt in 1984. The sign was retrofitted in 2023 from white to color lighting in 16 million hues with pre-programmed shows for various events and holidays. The sign was relit on February 21, 2023, in the purple, gold, and green colors to celebrate Mardi Gras.

After World War II, Hillcrest was left with an aging infrastructure and population.

During the 1970s, gays and lesbians began to establish residences, businesses, and organizations in Hillcrest.

Notable events

 * 1974: Protesting the city's refusal of a parade permit, 200 gays and lesbians marched through the streets of downtown for the first time.
 * 1975: The first city-permitted gay pride parade was held.
 * 1980: The Center for Social Services, founded in Golden Hill in 1973—now called the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Community Center, and generally known as "the Center"—moved to Hillcrest.
 * 1984: The Hillcrest Business Association, a business improvement district, was formed.
 * 1985: The Hillcrest Business Association hosted the first CityFest.
 * 1994: A new Vermont Street pedestrian bridge was completed. The span, featuring public art, cost $1.2 million.
 * 2001: Mercy Garden, formerly the Sisters of Mercy Convent, was remodeled for use by the HIV-positive community.
 * 2007: On August 2, yearlong centennial events were held, including a 100th birthday cake served to the public on August 2 and a champagne gala at The Prado's Grand Ballroom in October.
 * 2007: The Hillcrest Town Council was formed.
 * 2012: The city approved plans for a large, privately funded rainbow flag at the corner of University Avenue and Normal Street. The city also approved a change in a street name from Blaine Avenue to Harvey Milk Street.
 * 2019: On February 12, a man fired more than a dozen shots into the Golden Dragon Asian Bistro on University Avenue near the Hillcrest sign. No one was injured. Stefano Markell Parker was judged not fit to stand trial for thirteen counts of premeditated murder. He was sentenced to two years psychiatric treatment at Patton State Hospital.
 * 2020: In January, a rainbow crosswalk was unveiled at the intersection of Normal and University.
 * 2022: The Hillcrest Community Foundation began raising funds in July to renovate the Hillcrest Sign as its components had started to degrade and the foundation determined that "the entire sign needs to be renovated".
 * 2023: The Hillcrest Sign was taken down on January 31 so it could be repaired and renovated and was back in place February 21.

Demographics
The 2000 Census showed that the neighborhood's residents had a median age of 39 and that 49.3% had college degrees.

The 2000 Census indicates median family income in 1999 was $61,741 ($80,011 in 2010 inflation adjusted dollars).

The US Census did not record sexual orientation until 2020, but in the 2000 census, of the ~10% of households headed by unmarried couples in Hillcrest (zip code 92103), 43% were headed by two people of the same sex, an indication that they may be gay or lesbian couples. That indicates that more than 4% of all households in Hillcrest are headed by two unmarried people of the same sex.

Government
The neighborhood is governed by the elected officials of the city of San Diego. It is part of the San Diego City Council's Third district; the current councilmember is Stephen Whitburn, who replaced Chris Ward in the 2020 election as Ward moved to the California State Assembly. Ward previously replaced Todd Gloria in the Third District seat when Gloria was elected to the Assembly seat now held by Ward in 2016. This makes Stephen Whitburn the fifth consecutively elected openly LGBT representative of District 3 since the election of Chris Kehoe in 1993.

The Uptown Planners is an elected planning group composed of residents, property owners, and business people from the Uptown area, which includes Hillcrest; it advises the city on land use and other issues.

An ad hoc town council provides a conduit for information from citizens with the government. The Hillcrest Town Council is an organization of local residents that was formed in 2007. It meets monthly. Its mission statement is "To provide a voice & enhance the quality of life for Hillcrest renters & homeowners while supporting actions that benefit our neighborhood."

Economy
The Hillcrest Business Association has existed since 1921; in 1984 it became a city-approved Business Improvement District. The association supports most beautification projects in the neighborhood, stewards the iconic Hillcrest sign, organizes street festivals, runs the Hillcrest Farmers Market, and it sponsors the annual "Taste of Hillcrest," which offers food and drink samples from over 50 local bars and restaurants.

In 2012 the Hillcrest Business Association, with the support of many business people, created the Hillcrest Pride Flag.

The commercial area of Hillcrest is noted for its many restaurants. Scripps Mercy Hospital and the UC San Diego Medical Center are located here.

Transportation
Hillcrest is a very walkable neighborhood with cafés, restaurants, and shops near the main residential pockets.

Transit
The neighborhood is served by the 280 and 290 bus rapid transit lines as well as the 3, 11, 20, 83, 110, and 120 standard bus lines from the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System.

Road
Hillcrest is served by State Route 163 at the University Avenue, Washington Street and Robinson Avenue exits. University Avenue and Washington Street are the major east–west thoroughfares in Hillcrest; Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Avenues connect Hillcrest to downtown San Diego through Park West and Bankers Hill.

Parking
Hillcrest has dozens of public parking structures including garages, lots, and spots along most streets. The uptown neighborhoods of Hillcrest, Mission Hills, and Bankers Hill are managed by a community parking district, created in 1997. It was initially managed by a local nonprofit organization called the Uptown Partnership, which received a portion of the income from area parking meters, amounting to about $700,000 per year. This money was meant to be used to improve parking availability, traffic circulation, transit effectiveness, and pedestrian mobility. After 12 years and $2.5 million, the Partnership had created 50 new parking spaces, leading to criticism from a county Grand Jury and calls from the community to abolish it. The Uptown Partnership withdrew from managing the parking district in 2010.

After several years of inactivity, during which revenue was collected but not spent, the Uptown Community Parking District was revived in 2012 with a new board of directors and a new operations manager. In 2013 the parking district introduced a free trolley that runs along main streets on Thursday, Friday and Saturday evenings. There is also a website, AccessHillcrest, which helps people find parking spaces, share rides, or bicycle.

Culture
Hillcrest "CityFest" is an annual street festival which features food, live entertainment, a beer garden and street vendors.

Other regular events in Hillcrest include a weekly farmers market on the grounds of the local Department of Motor Vehicles, a Book Fair and Mardi Gras.

Pride Festival
San Diego Pride is an annual celebration each July for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community. It features the Pride Parade on a Saturday morning, preceded by the Hillcrest Block Party on Friday night and followed by a two-day festival in Balboa Park. It is sponsored by San Diego LGBT Pride and is considered to be the largest civic event in the city of San Diego. The large rainbow flag approved in May 2012 was erected in time for the 2012 Pride Festival.

title: Hillcrest, San Diego


text:
Prince (cigarette)

Prince is a Danish brand of cigarettes, owned by multinational British American Tobacco, and produced by House of Prince, which until 2008 was a subsidiary of the Scandinavian Tobacco Company.

History
Prince was introduced in 1957 on the Danish market by Chr. Augustine's Fabrikker as a 'counterpart' to the first filter cigarette in this country, "All-Over", as R. Færch's Factories released four years earlier. For decades, Prince was an unquestioned market leader, but in recent years the position has been challenged by brands like "LA", which have taken significant market shares. In 2002 Prince saw 48.1% of the Danish cigarette market, while it accounted for only 26.7% of sales five years later.

Right from the beginning, Prince marketed under the slogan "Jeg er også gået over til Prince" ("I have also gone over to Prince"). First, the models were anonymous, but already from the 1960s there were known faces that contributed. In the 1990s, there was, among other people, the photomodel Tina Kjær. Denmark, like other EU countries, banned the advertising of tobacco from 2002 onward. In Norway and Sweden, the brand became known for its aggressive marketing, where Norwegian and Swedish celebrities stood up and said they "had also gone over to Prince". Rolv Wesenlund, Roald Øyen, Henki Kolstad, Lollo Schanke, Kari Simonsen and Elisabeth Granneman were some of the celebrities who did so.

In 1961 Prince was launched on the Swedish market and in 1967 in Norway, where today it has a market share of approx. 42%, and where Prince Rounded Taste is the country's best-selling cigarette. The market share of Prince is approx. 34%. The northern part of West Germany was taken in 1972 and the rest of Germany in 1986. Today, Prince cigarettes are available in more than 40 countries in the world.

In a study in 1977, 28 mg of tar and 2.0 mg of nicotine were found in each Prince cigarette. This was the fourth highest content of both substances in the test that covered 28 cigarette brands that were available in the Norwegian market. In 1987, the tar content of Prince was reduced to 20 mg and the nicotine content to 1.7 mg per cigarette.

Controversy
In 2000, it was reported that counterfeit Prince cigarettes were smuggled into Denmark. "Consumers have found that it tastes terrible" says Director Anders Friis, adding that the false cigarettes were probably produced in Eastern Europe and, in some cases, perhaps in China. The Copenhagen police investigated a case of 2.5 million smuggled cigarettes, revealed at the German-Danish border, stored in a Russian lorry officially loaded with charcoal. The idea was that the cigarettes would be handed over to a man at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, showed the investigation. A 56-year-old Danish man had been detained in custody. The police believed that pirate production took place in several Eastern European countries, and Hasse Jakobsen said it was "an increasing problem".

In 2003, it was also reported that illegal cigarettes were also smuggled into Sweden. The tobacco was legally imported from China or the Balkans, then distributed via ports in the Black Sea to buyers located elsewhere. The owners of the illegal cigarette factories bought the tobacco and, using old equipment (in some cases Danish machines from the 1950s), cigarettes were produced. They were printed with the branding of Prince or Marlboro, a case of trademark infringement. Direct transport from China also occurs.

In 2011, it was reported that BAT added additives into Prince cigarettes that made people addicted. A lawsuit followed, brought by ex-smoker Allan Lykke Jensen, which would settle whether BAT misled consumers by adding these additives, and by using false information from their own smoke testing devices.

In 2011, reports came out that the Scandinavian Tobacco Company may have used tobacco waste in the Prince cigarettes until the 1990s, and which was admitted the former director of Scandinavian Tobacco Company, Claus Bagger, in the Eastern District Court. He was interrogated as a representative of Scandinavian Tobacco Company, under the lawsuit brought by ex-smoker Allan Lykke Jensen for using different additives and techniques to mislead the smokers of nicotine and tar prescription in the Prince cigarettes. One of these methods, according to critics, was the addition of reconstituted tobacco waste.

In 2017, it was reported that illegal cartons of Prince cigarettes were openly sold online, often by criminal gangs. The main selling points were on Facebook and dba.dk. A carton typically cost between 250 and 300 Danish krone, making these cigarettes significantly cheaper than those in Danish stores where official Prince Red cartons cost 440 kr. The cigarettes are in any event illegal because no Danish tax is paid. But in a large part of the cigarettes there is something completely different from what was separated by the side of the package. Copyrights are typically produced at illegal factories in Eastern Europe and Asia. In Poland, the authorities often find illegal cigarettes, and in 2016, Polish police stormed illegal cigarette factories 30 times. Also at the Polish borders, 739 million cigarettes were confiscated in 2016. 186 times, the Polish authorities found Red Prince, which was produced in Germany for the Scandinavian market.

Markets
Prince cigarettes are mainly sold in Denmark, but also are or were sold in Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Austria, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia and India.

Variants of the Prince brand

 * Rich Taste (formerly Prince Full Flavour, introduced 1957)
 * Rounded Taste (formerly Prince Lights, seni s.. senede)
 * Rich Taste 100 (formerly Prince Full Flavour 100, introduced 1985)
 * Rounded Taste 100 (formerly Prince Lights 100, introduced 1988)
 * Menthol Taste (formerly Prince Lights Menthol, introduced 1990)
 * Golden Taste (formerly Prince Ultra Lights, introduced 1990)
 * Golden Taste 100 (formerly Prince Lights 100, introduced 1995)
 * Smooth Taste (formerly Prince Extra Ultra, introduced 1999)
 * Mellow Taste (formerly Prince Medium)
 * Highland Taste: Introduced in 2006
 * Indian Summer: Introduced in late 2007/early 2008
 * First Cut: Introduced in late 2007/early 2008

title: Prince (cigarette)


text:
417 Combat Support Squadron

417 Combat Support Squadron (417e Escadron de soutien au combat) is an Air Force unit with the Canadian Forces. Based at CFB Cold Lake it provides helicopter support to the base operations. Since 1994, it has also provided search and rescue.

History
417 Squadron was a Royal Canadian Air Force squadron formed in England on 27 November 1941 at RAF Charmy Down and was known as the "City of Windsor" squadron. It was equipped with the Hurricane and later the Spitfire. It was initially deployed in Egypt and followed the Allied advance through the Western Desert. On 10 July 1943 when the Allies invaded Sicily (Operation Husky), the squadron was part of No. 244 Wing RAF in No. 211 Group RAF.

With the defeat of Axis forces in North Africa, the squadron followed the advance through Italy. It disbanded in Italy on 1 July 1945.

The squadron reactivated in Canada on 1 June 1947, at Rivers, Manitoba. It was equipped with the North American P-51 Mustang for army close support training until 1 August 1948.

Reformed as a part of the Canadian Forces in 1970 it operated as an operational training squadron on the Lockheed CF-104 Starfighter at CFB Cold Lake. The squadron disbanded in 1983 with the retirement of the CF-104 fleet.

On 1 April 1993, No 417 Combat Support squadron was formed from CFB Cold Lake Base Flight plus aircraft servicing and maintenance elements of the Wing Maintenance organization. The squadron continued Base Flight's operations with ten Canadair CT-133 Silver Star and three CH-118 Iroquois. When Base Rescue Moose Jaw was disbanded in 1993, 417 Squadron gained two of their CH-118s, to operate a total of five.

In July 1995 417 Squadron received three CH-146 Griffon helicopters and the five CH-118s were retired. The CT-133 was retired in 2001.

Cadets
417 Squadron is affiliated with 395 Edmonton "Griffon" Squadron Royal Canadian Air Cadets, in Edmonton, Alberta. This affiliation began in 1993, with annual "Griffon Coin Parades" being hosted every year between the two units.

title: 417 Combat Support Squadron


text:
WNJN

WNJN may refer to:

 * WNJN (TV), a television station (channel 50) licensed to Montclair, New Jersey, United States
 * WNJN-FM, a radio station (89.7 FM) licensed to Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States

title: WNJN


text:
WNJB

WNJB may refer to:

 * WNJB (TV), a television station (channel 58) licensed to New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
 * WNJB-FM, a radio station (89.3 FM) licensed to Bridgeton, New Jersey, United States

title: WNJB


text:
WNJT

WNJT may refer to:

 * WNJT (TV), a television station (channel 52) licensed to Trenton, New Jersey, United States
 * WNJT-FM, a radio station (88.1 FM) licensed to Trenton, New Jersey, United States

title: WNJT


text:
WNJP

WNJP (88.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Sussex, New Jersey. The station is owned by New York Public Radio, and is an affiliate of their New Jersey Public Radio network. On July 1, 2011, WNYC assumed control of the stations that comprise NJPR under a management agreement.

title: WNJP


text:
WNJM

WNJM (89.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Manahawkin, New Jersey. The station is owned by WHYY, Inc., and simulcasts the public radio news and talk programming of WHYY-FM in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

History
The station was formerly owned and operated by the New Jersey Network. NJN's radio network began operation May 20, 1991, when WNJT-FM in Trenton signed on. Eight other stations would be established over the following seventeen years.

On June 6, 2011, the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority agreed to sell five FM stations in southern New Jersey to WHYY. The transaction was announced by Governor Chris Christie, as part of his long-term goal to end State-subsidized public broadcasting. The five stations previously belonged to New Jersey Network's statewide radio service. WHYY assumed control of the stations through a management agreement on July 1, 2011, pending Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval for the acquisition; at that point, the stations began to carry the WHYY-FM schedule.

title: WNJM


text:
Talk:Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan

Creation

 * The classification was created by the first clause of Article 252, Section 19 of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan.

Was this part of the original text of the Local Autonomy Law, or was it part of a later amendment? If the later, when was it? Nik42 06:44, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Article title
Why isn't this moved to Designated city or some more manageable title (like that for Core city)? Also, I don't see that it is necessary to have "(Japan)" in the title. --RJCraig 14:07, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Other possible designations
Besides Sagamihara(which I added per NLWP and JAWP),some sources(non-English Wikipedias included) suggest that Kumamoto could be designated somewhere down the road as well... Ranma9617 04:43, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Requested move 17 November 2007

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move the page, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 07:43, 17 November 2007 (UTC) City designated by government ordinance (Japan) → City designated by government ordinance — I propose deleting the "disambiguation" article at City designated by government ordinance and moving the City designated by government ordinance (Japan) article back to City designated by government ordinance. City designated by government ordinance (Japan) is really the only non-disambig article on Wikipedia related to this term. From what I can tell, the term "City designated by government ordinance" is a specific translation of the term "政令指定都市" used by the Japanese government only, and there is no other notable usage of this term outside of this context, if any. —Tokek 05:50, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Support There seems to be no need for disambiguation. Arthena(talk) 22:31, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 29 December 2014

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved No consensus that the proposed title is sufficiently recognisable or unambiguous. Number  5  7  15:43, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan → Cities designated by government ordinance – No need to add "of Japan" --Relisted. Andrewa (talk) 13:41, 6 January 2015 (UTC) Taku (talk) 22:56, 29 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Taku I am not sure why it would be helpful to remove reference to the country. I think that, in many cases, this type of reference may be common and useful.  See: Category:United States federal legislation.  GregKaye 06:47, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Support - precise enough without the country. 75.37.195.44 (talk) 08:39, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Support - the name of the topic does not include "of Japan". 2620:0:1000:157D:79A2:22D7:9E57:2A32 (talk) 18:04, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Support per nom (there is no ambiguity) and for procedural reasons (see above). —  AjaxSmack   21:50, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose and relisting. If this move goes ahead, then that brings cities in other countries under the scope of this article... Perhaps the City of Fairfield for example. Is that really the intention? Andrewa (talk) 13:39, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Support - it does seem from a quick research that the term "cities designated by government ordinance" is something that applies specifically to Japan. The City of Fairfield article makes no mention of government ordinances, for example, either in Wikipedia, or on the wider web. Also, it should be noted that the proposed title was approved in the above 2007 RM, and no further RM has taken place so technically that should be the current title anyway. — Amakuru (talk) 22:05, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Maybe it applies specifically to Japan, but it sounds so generic that it could be from pretty much anywhere, and we are a general-purpose encyclopedia. The proposed title erases a lot of WP:RECOGNIZABILITY. Geographic context provided by the current title is helpful. No such user (talk) 14:03, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose – Most general readers would have no idea that this specifically refers to Japan. Perhaps this title is appropriate for Japanese Wikipedia, but not English. Wbm1058 (talk) 05:25, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 5 March 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus that the proposed term is sufficiently WP:PRECISE. (t · c)  buidhe  11:00, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan → Designated city – The current name is unwieldingly long. 053pvr (talk) 02:32, 5 March 2021 (UTC) —Relisting. ~  Aseleste charge-paritytime 03:11, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Question: Is "Designated city" a term unique to Japan? The proposed title implies that it might exist globally. Regards, User:TheDragonFire300. (Contact me | Contributions). 03:57, 5 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Answer "Designated city" redirects here, and the vast majority of Google results also point to the Japanese use of the term. If it is moved however, the article might need a hatnote pointing to Census-designated place as WP:RSes do sometimes use "designated city" to refer to CDPs. 053pvr (talk) 05:35, 5 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Designated city is a term that existed around the world, not just in Japan. So i suggest it to moved to Designated city of Japan instead. 36.77.94.238 (talk) 04:01, 5 March 2021 (UTC)


text:
WNJZ

WNJZ (90.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Cape May Court House, New Jersey. The station is owned by WHYY, Inc., and simulcasts the public radio news and talk programming of WHYY-FM in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

History
The station was formerly owned and operated by the New Jersey Network. NJN's radio network began operation May 20, 1991, when WNJT-FM in Trenton signed on. Eight other stations would be established over the following seventeen years.

On June 6, 2011, the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority agreed to sell five FM stations in southern New Jersey to WHYY. The transaction was announced by Governor Chris Christie, as part of his long-term goal to end State-subsidized public broadcasting. The five stations previously belonged to New Jersey Network's statewide radio service. WHYY assumed control of the stations through a management agreement on July 1, 2011, pending Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval for the acquisition; at that point, the stations began to carry the WHYY-FM schedule.

title: WNJZ


text:
File:Christy Boys.jpg

Kernol and Dixon Leslie Christy, brothers on the Hydrus which sank during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. Photograph from 1913/1914. Source: "Great Storm of 1913, clippings from various newspapers, Delos and Myrtle Wesbrook, East China Township."

title: File:Christy Boys.jpg


text: User talk:68.84.230.110

title: User talk:68.84.230.110


text:
User:Norey

Norey
06:47, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC) Gender: Male Race Group: new wiki-pedian. Location : presently at wiki-place My place of Birth: attap dwelling on the Island of Singapore Contact: Norey Comments: I see you are here, thanks for all your great attention! Image : see my icon at see [] My story: if you are interested, need reading over 200 words []

title: User:Norey


text:
Masorah

Masorah or Mesorah (מסורה) refers either to the transmission of Jewish religious tradition, or to the tradition itself, and may refer to:

 * The Hebrew vowel points also known as niqqud
 * Masoretic Text, the authoritative text of the Tanakh for Rabbinic Judaism
 * Masoretes, scribes who passed down the Masoretic text
 * Masortim, meaning "traditional", semi-observant Jews in Israel
 * Masorti Judaism, another name for Conservative Judaism
 * Mesora, an alternative spelling for Metzora (parashah)
 * Mesorah Publications Ltd., the publisher of ArtScroll
 * Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools, a Haredi American educational network
 * Masora River, a river in Mahanoro, Atsinanana, Madagascar

title: Masorah


text:
Talk:Toowoomba Grammar School

Untitled
Under the 'houses' section, it says day house/border house, when it should be the other way around.

I've removed the sections on Tony and Paul Athanasiov, as Google searches found no results on these "famous old scholars". Cnwb 06:47, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

leading school
What makes the school a "leading" school? This sounds POV to me, but if it's an actual qualification, can you let us know. Otherwise I don't think it shouyld be there. Cnwb 22:10, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Vfd debate
Article has survived an extremely contentious vfd-debate at Votes for deletion/Toowoomba Grammar School. Sjakkalle 07:18, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

=Vandalism= this page has been constantly vandalised - i think it should be closed to new/unregistered users - it really is getting bad.

Too many lists
This article is going nowhere. We don't want lists of things. We want nicely written prose. - Shiftchange (talk) 20:24, 11 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Toowoomba Grammar School. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070831074403/http://www.brisbaneshs.eq.edu.au/home/extra1/pages/overview.htm to http://www.brisbaneshs.eq.edu.au/home/extra1/pages/overview.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:06, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Toowoomba Grammar School


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joshua Melder

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Carrp | Talk 03:41, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Joshua Melder
Vanity. RickK 06:49, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep. Delete.  Postdlf 07:22, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity Nick04 08:44, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another vanity filled article. Zzyzx11 18:43, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, ha! Date of birth and hospital!  Delete anyway. - Lucky 6.9 23:00, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 03:04, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Phase response curve

A phase response curve (PRC) illustrates the transient change (phase response) in the cycle period of an oscillation induced by a perturbation as a function of the phase at which it is received. PRCs are used in various fields; examples of biological oscillations are the heartbeat, circadian rhythms, and the regular, repetitive firing observed in some neurons in the absence of noise.

In circadian rhythms
In humans and animals, there is a regulatory system that governs the phase relationship of an organism's internal circadian clock to a regular periodicity in the external environment (usually governed by the solar day). In most organisms, a stable phase relationship is desired, though in some cases the desired phase will vary by season, especially among mammals with seasonal mating habits.

In circadian rhythm research, a PRC illustrates the relationship between a chronobiotic's time of administration (relative to the internal circadian clock) and the magnitude of the treatment's effect on circadian phase. Specifically, a PRC is a graph showing, by convention, time of the subject's endogenous day along the x-axis and the amount of the phase shift (in hours) along the y-axis. Each curve has one peak and one trough in each 24-hour cycle. Relative circadian time is plotted against phase-shift magnitude. The treatment is usually narrowly specified as a set intensity and colour and duration of light exposure to the retina and skin, or a set dose and formulation of melatonin.

These curves are often consulted in the therapeutic setting. Normally, the body's various physiological rhythms will be synchronized within an individual organism (human or animal), usually with respect to a master biological clock. Of particular importance is the sleep–wake cycle. Various sleep disorders and externals stresses (such as jet lag) can interfere with this. Humans with non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder often experience an inability to maintain a consistent internal clock. Extreme chronotypes usually maintain a consistent clock, but find that their natural clock does not align with the expectations of their social environment. PRC curves provide a starting point for therapeutic intervention. The two common treatments used to shift the timing of sleep are light therapy, directed at the eyes, and administration of the hormone melatonin, usually taken orally. Either or both can be used daily. The phase adjustment is generally cumulative with consecutive daily administrations, and — at least partially — additive with concurrent administrations of distinct treatments. If the underlying disturbance is stable in nature, ongoing daily intervention is usually required. For jet lag, the intervention serves mainly to accelerate natural alignment, and ceases once desired alignment is achieved.

Note that phase response curves from the experimental setting are usually aggregates of the test population, that there can be mild or significant variation within the test population, that individuals with sleep disorders often respond atypically, and that the formulation of the chronobiotic might be specific to the experimental setting and not generally available in clinical practice (e.g. for melatonin, one sustained-release formulation might differ in its release rate as compared to another); also, while the magnitude is dose-dependent, not all PRC graphs cover a range of doses. The discussions below are restricted to the PRCs for the light and melatonin in humans.

Light

Starting about two hours before an individual's regular bedtime, exposure of the eyes to light will delay the circadian phase, causing later wake-up time and later sleep onset. The delaying effect gets stronger as evening progresses; it is also dependent on the wavelength and illuminance ("brightness") of the light. The effect is small if indoor lighting is dim (< 3 Lux).

About five hours after usual bedtime, coinciding with the body temperature trough (the lowest point of the core body temperature during sleep) the PRC peaks and the effect changes abruptly from phase delay to phase advance. Immediately after this peak, light exposure has its greatest phase-advancing effect, causing earlier wake-up and sleep onset. Again, illuminance greatly affects results; indoor light may be less than 500 lux while light therapy uses up to 10,000 lux. The effect diminishes until about two hours after spontaneous wake-up time, when it reaches approximately zero.

During the period between two hours after usual wake-up time and two hours before usual bedtime, light exposure has little or no effect on circadian phase (slight effects generally cancelling each other out).

Another image of the PRC for light is here (Figure 1). Within that image, the explanatory text is
 * Delay region: evening light shifts sleepiness later and
 * Advance region: morning light shifts sleepiness earlier.

Light therapy, typically with a light box producing 10,000 lux at a prescribed distance, can be used in the evening to delay or in the morning to advance an individual's sleep timing. Because losing sleep to obtain bright light exposure is considered undesirable by most people, and because it is very difficult to estimate exactly when the greatest effect (the PRC peak) will occur in an individual, the treatment is usually applied daily just prior to bedtime (to achieve phase delay), or just after spontaneous awakening (to achieve phase advance).

In addition to its use in the adjustment of circadian rhythms, light therapy is used as treatment for several affective disorders including seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

In 2002 Brown University researchers led by David Berson announced the discovery of special cells in the human eye, ipRGCs (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells), which many researchers now believe control the light entrainment effect of the phase response curve. In the human eye, the ipRGCs have the greatest response to light in the 460–480 nm (blue) range. In one experiment, 400 lux of blue light produced the same effects as 10,000 lux of white light from a fluorescent source. A theory of spectral opponency, in which the addition of other spectral colors renders blue light less effective for circadian phototransduction, was supported by research reported in 2005.

Melatonin
The phase response curve for melatonin is roughly twelve hours out of phase with the phase response curve for light. At spontaneous wake-up time, exogenous (externally administered) melatonin has a slight phase-delaying effect. The amount of phase-delay increases until about eight hours after wake-up time, when the effect swings abruptly from strong phase delay to strong phase advance. The phase-advance effect diminishes as the day goes on until it reaches zero about bedtime. From usual bedtime until wake-up time, exogenous melatonin has no effect on circadian phase.

The human body produces its own (endogenous) melatonin starting about two hours before bedtime, provided the lighting is dim. This is known as dim-light melatonin onset, DLMO. This stimulates the phase-advance portion of the PRC and helps keep the body on a regular sleep-wake schedule. It also helps prepare the body for sleep.

Administration of melatonin at any time may have a mild hypnotic (sleep-inducing) effect. The expected effect on sleep phase timing, if any, is predicted by the PRC.

Additive effects
In a 2006 study Victoria L. Revell et al. showed that a combination of morning bright light and afternoon melatonin, both timed to phase advance according to the respective PRCs, produce a larger phase advance shift than bright light alone, for a total of up to 2$1/2$ hours. All times are approximate and vary from one individual to another. In particular, there is no convenient way to accurately determine the times of the peaks and zero-crossings of these curves in an individual. Administration of light or melatonin close to the time at which the effect is expected to change sense abruptly may, if the changeover time is not accurately known, produce an opposite effect to that desired.

Exercise
In a 2019 study Shawn D. Youngstedt et al., showed that in humans "Exercise elicits circadian phase‐shifting effects, but additional information is needed. [...] Significant phase–response curves were established for aMT6(melatonin derivative) onset and acrophase with large phase delays from 7:00 pm to 10:00 pm and large phase advances at both 7:00 am and from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm"

Origin
The first published usage of the term "phase response curve" was in 1960 by Patricia DeCoursey. The "daily" activity rhythms of her flying squirrels, kept in constant darkness, responded to pulses of light exposure. The response varied according to the time of day – that is, the animals' subjective "day" – when light was administered. When DeCoursey plotted all her data relating the quantity and direction (advance or delay) of phase-shift on a single curve, she created the PRC. It has since been a standard tool in the study of biological rhythms.

In neurons
Phase response curve analysis can be used to understand the intrinsic properties and oscillatory behavior of regular-spiking neurons. The neuronal PRCs can be classified as being purely positive (PRC type I) or as having negative parts (PRC type II). Importantly, the PRC type exhibited by a neuron is indicative of its input–output function (excitability) as well as synchronization behavior: networks of PRC type II neurons can synchronize their activity via mutual excitatory connections, but those of PRC type I can not.

Experimental estimation of PRC in living, regular-spiking neurons involves measuring the changes in inter-spike interval in response to a small perturbation, such as a transient pulse of current. Notably, the PRC of a neuron is not fixed but may change when firing frequency or neuromodulatory state of the neuron is changed.

title: Phase response curve


text:
Talk:Aaron ben Moses ben Asher

Untitled
On the issue of whether Aaron ben Moses ben Asher was a Karaite, while I am not an expert, I am now translating a long and detailed Hebrew article by Yosef Ofer for a website about the Aleppo Codex. Ofer is one of the authoritative scholars in the field and rejects the idea that the Ben Asher family was Karaite. It might be misleading to say that "most" scholars claim that they were Karaites, since scholarship is not a matter of majority rule. Dr. Jeffrey M. Green
 * Thanks for your comments, Dr. Green. I think part of the problem is that there is no clear evidence either way. Thus, we are left we a few scholars (mostly very old ones) who claim he was a Karaite, while most current masoretic scholars remain more or less agnostic on the issue or don't address it much at all, thus leaving the field open to the claim that "most scholars..." we find here. I originally wrote in this article that "some scholars have claimed" Ben Asher was a Karaite, but that formulation was changed to what you find now and I didn't have the patience to argue the point! Perhaps if you are active in the field, then you could make some inquiries on this among the people who currently deal with masorah (besides Dotan, who is already mentioned here), like Ofer, Breuer, Menachem Cohen, etc. Dovi 07:15, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * PS Since, as you rightly say, "scholarship is not a matter of majority rule", it would be wonderful if instead of debating majorities, we could have an authoritative summary of the claims that have been made on this and the reasons for them. Dovi 09:11, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * The newest research on this, named "ההיה מסרן הכתר רבני או קראי?" by "זר, רפאל יצחק" from ספונות ח [כג] (תשסג) 573-587 claims that he was Karaite. --Neria 14:01, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Ben Asher could not be a Karaite
My research on this subject shows that the claim ben Asher to be a Karaite is none other than pure propaganda. It was probably a made up claim to support the argument that Karaism existed as a minority during the Second Temple peirod. One disprove to this argument is the Karaite scriptual canon is the one of Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai. (The Christian canon...) There are many more proofs of post-Sanhedrin practices in Karaism. This claim is no different to those Christians and idiotic scholars think every reference Jesus is to the Christian Jesus.

Prof. Bernstein. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.217.65.253 (talk) 11:51, 24 April 2007 (UTC).
 * I don't know if you are really a Prof. and if you really did any research on this subject.
 * BTW, Are you Orthodox?
 * Why do you think that the Karaite Jews' scriptural canon is the one of Yochanan ben Zakkai and not that Yochanan ben Zakkai hold the Karaite canon?
 * But for sure even if the "Ba'ale HaMasora" had the canon of Yochanan ben Zakkai this is not a proof that they were not Karaites since it was years after.
 * --Neria 13:47, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

cites
"Documents found in the Cairo Geniza also indicate that ben Asher was a Karaite."
 * please see - "From documents found in the Cairo Geniza, it appears that this most famous masorete (and, possibly, his family for generations) were also, incidentally, Karaites."
 * I thisk that they are talking about "שירת הגפן" of his father that was found there.

"Most of the secular scholars conclude that Aaron ben Asher was indeed a Karaite"
 * The first one that said that he WAS NOT karaite was Aharon Dodan and it was on 1957. Since then there were 2 or 3 others that agree with him. But most of the scholars says he WAS karaite, inclouding the last one Rafael Zer. --Neria 14:34, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Karaite
Mind my language but this article reads like some shit a high school child did for homework. Not one scholar is actually cited. This is not NPOV in any way. 124.168.28.42 21:49, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Ben Asher as Karaite
This article has obvious NPOV problems. Wikipedia is supposed to be an online encyclopedia, but this section reads like the national enquirer. I have no idea what it is talking about, but it seems like it should be deleted. Aeknipe 18:24, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * This is actually the view, nowadays, of the majority of secular scholars. It's only really disputed, so far as I know, in traditionalist circles. The article does indeed need to be rewritten, with more citations from reliable sources, but we don't delete relevant information. This isn't an NPOV issue, and to be honest, this comment seems a bit like WP:IDONTLIKEIT. Quinto Simmaco (talk) 00:08, 4 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I changed the heading name and moved it to the biography section, so I think it reads more neutral now. Havradim leaf a message  02:00, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

What are "open and closed sections"?
This article says that "Maimonides accepted the views of ben Asher only in regard to open and closed sections". What does this mean or refer to? DSatz (talk) 21:41, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * , I just added a link in the article which explains it. Havradim leaf a message  01:56, 15 May 2023 (UTC)

A reference or a footnote?
Shalom Neria and Dovi. I noticed reference 11 looks like it was intended to be footnote c. I thought to ask you if that's right so I don't fix the wrong things. If you also want to fix it, that's cool. You've done well to make this article of good quality. Danidamiobi (talk)

title: Talk:Aaron ben Moses ben Asher


text:
Talk:Daniil Kharms

Untitled
Our teacher spoke about a guy called Daniil Harms in school, but which one is correct name, Daniil Kharms or Daniil Harms? I found both names from Google, Kharms was slightly more popular. -- Panu 06:50, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * It's just a matter of transliteration from Russian. Cyrillic "Х" (as in Хармс) is usually transliterated as "kh." Same is with Khrushchev (spelled Хрущёв in Russian) and Chekhov (Чехов), etc. As it's a common practice to use "kh" instead of "h," we could say it's more "correct." --Dejan Cabrilo 07:29, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, so redirect from Daniil Harms to this article is fine. -- Panu 07:40, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I redirected here "Danil Kharms" with the following text:

Danil Kharms (1905 - 1942) was a Russian author. Kharms was a part of the Leningrad avantgarde. He is now considered to be among the most prominent representatives of Russian Absurdism. He died in prison in 1942.

Andres 13:30, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Transliteration
True, according to the common transliteration rules, his last name should be Kharms, yet it's known that he composed that word from a foreign language. In my opinion, Harms would be more accurate, emphasizing therefore the (pseudo-)foreign origin of the name. Klaus Bertow 22:39, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Multiple Names
Kharms actually had a weird obsession with using the same name more than once. He published under a number of variations: Kharms, Harms, Charms, Charms-Dandy and a long list of others. Polycarp-kusch 04:25, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Monument
I deleted the part about Charms' monument in St. Peterburg. I found a picture of it here and as far as I can tell, it does not resemble a vulva at all. mz (talk) 13:33, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This is "vulva" :) 95.25.27.206 (talk) 14:42, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

"As for English translations—oddly, many have appeared of late in American literary journals"
Why is it odd? 173.70.172.146 (talk) 17:29, 11 October 2009 (UTC)ADVENT

Bibliogaphy
I read that Ian Frazier translated Stories from Kharms. Therefore I looked for a bibliography in this article, but I do not see anything like this here. --13Peewit (talk) 09:29, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Daniil Kharms. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Replaced archive link https://web.archive.org/web/20160603085617/http://cultivatingthought.com/author/george-saunders/ with https://web.archive.org/web/20150709200149/http://cultivatingthought.com/author/george-saunders/ on http://cultivatingthought.com/author/george-saunders/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060721074213/http://xarms.lipetsk.ru/bio/bio.html to http://xarms.lipetsk.ru/bio/bio.html
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130128134444/http://mcfarland.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0742-4248&volume=28&issue=2&spage=29 to http://mcfarland.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0742-4248&volume=28&issue=2&spage=29

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:11, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:23, 15 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Daniil Kharms.jpg

Expansion, Language Changes
I am thinking about significantly expanding this article. In order to do so, I may have to make some changes to the existing language. Please let me know if you would prefer to keep the existing language. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Disconnected Phrases (talk • contribs) 00:42, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:07, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Daniil Kharms.jpg

title: Talk:Daniil Kharms


text: User talk:67.120.149.160

title: User talk:67.120.149.160


text:
User talk:Jendee1

Three revert rule
Wikipedia has a policy that no editor is allowed to revert an article more than three times in a 24 hours period. You have reverted Iglesia ni Cristo more than three times. Please don't revert again, or you will be blocked from editing for 24 hours. RickK 06:59, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jendee1


text:
Talk:Swordsman

should be merged with swordsmanship. dab (ᛏ) 07:07, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Swordsman


text:
Talk:Rudolph Dirks

Untitled
Sources disagree about the spelling of Rudolph Dirks's birthplace. Some say he was born in Heide, Germany; others say it was Heinde, with an 'n'. If they mention a region of Germany, they all say it was in Holstein. There is, in fact, a tiny village named Heinde, near Salzgitter, but it's in Lower Saxony. Heide, a somewhat larger town, is in Holstein. Evidently 'Heinde' was a typo that was copied by various authors.

Gus Dirks
The article says Gus committed suicide in 1903, but, according to his death certificate, it was June 10, 1902. Also, I believe he was born in 1880, making him younger, not older, than Rudolph.

Gus was in fact Rudy's younger brother and he did commit suicide in 1902 after having an affair with Rudy's wife. Additionally, Rudy had a sister, Mae St. Clair who was married to Lambert "Sprint" St. Clair, a writer from Washington, DC. Mae St. Clair (lovingly called "DC" by her grandchildren) was my grandmother. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.59.19.100 (talk) 05:28, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 04:04, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Zs for Snoring
The Straight Dope believes that Rudolph Dirks was the first person to use Zs to represent snoring (later was used represent sleeping).

http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/3063/why-is-the-letter-z-associated-with-sleep

--Craigboy (talk) 11:44, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Not to be confused with Rudolf Dircks or his wife, 'Mrs Rudolf Dircks' (Sara Hay Goddard Dircks), both credited with the translation of Schopenhauer's Essays from German into English. CourtauldGill (talk) 09:59, 27 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rudolph Dirks


text:
Talk:Metroid Prime: Hunters – First Hunt

IMHO this article needs to be merged with Metroid Prime: Hunters, however, a lot of the information in this article needs to be slimmed down or removed completely. Wikipedia is not a walkthrough or a guide. K1Bond007 07:08, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)