text:
Fritz Henle

Fritz Henle (June 9, 1909 – January 31, 1993) was a German-born photographer, known as "Mr. Rollei" for his use of the 2.25" square format film used in the Rolleiflex camera. Called, "the last classic freelance photographer" by photohistorian, Helmut Gernsheim, he had a career spanning more than 60 years, during which he amassed an archive of more than 110,000 negatives, representing images of Europe, India, Japan, Hawai, the United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean.

Life
Henle was born in Dortmund, Germany in 1909. He initially studied physics, before entering the Bayerische Staatslehranstalt fϋr Lichtbildwesen de (Bavarian State College for Photography) in Munich. Having completed his studies he spent a year photographing works of art in Florence. During 1934 he travelled all over Italy, taking pictures for the Lloyd steamship line, and in 1935–6 he visited China and Japan. In 1936 he carried out an assignment for Time-Life, and his pictures were published in Fortune  magazine. He later visited the United States, his connections to Life magazine eventually facilitating his emigration to the country. He became a US citizen in 1942, and moved to Saint Croix in the Virgin Islands in 1958.

Henle photographed fashion, portrait, travel and industrial subjects and his work was published by Life, Mademoiselle, and Harper's Bazaar magazines.

He died in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands in 1993

An exhibition called "Fritz Henle: In Search of Beauty", marking the centenary of his birth, was held  at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin in 2009.

Books

 * Fritz Henle's Guide to Rollei Photography (1956)
 * The Caribbean; a Journey With Pictures, Fritz Henle and P. E. Knapp (1957)
 * Fritz Henle: In Search of Beauty, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, Roy Flukinger and Fritz Henle (2009) ISBN 978-0-292-71972-9

title: Fritz Henle


text:
Forbin

Forbin is a French surname.

Members of an ancient Provence family (which now has many branches, the principal ones being the Forbin des Lasarts branch and the Forbin Janson branch) bearing the name include:
 * Palamède de Forbin (died 1508), founder of the house
 * Toussaint de Forbin-Janson (1625–1713), called the cardinal de Janson, bishop
 * Claude de Forbin (1656-1733), French naval commander
 * Count de Forbin, officer of the French Navy who served under Suffren during the War of American Independence
 * Jacques II de Forbin-Janson (1680–1741), Archbishop of Arles
 * Joseph de Forbin (died 1728)
 * Louis Nicolas Philippe Auguste de Forbin (1779–1841), French painter
 * Charles-Auguste-Marie-Joseph de Forbin-Janson (1785–1844), Bishop of Nancy

Others with this surname include:
 * Alfred Forbin (1872-1956), stamp dealer
 * The fictional character Charles A. Forbin in the film Colossus: The Forbin Project

Location:
 * Hôtel de Forbin, a hôtel particulier on the Cours Mirabeau in Aix-en-Provence.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Forbin


text:
User talk:Uplha2

Love is truth

title: User talk:Uplha2


text:
Velvet antler

Velvet antler is the whole cartilaginous antler in a precalcified growth stage of the Cervidae family including the species of deer such as elk, moose, and caribou. Velvet antler is covered in a hairy, velvet-like "skin" known as velvet and its tines are rounded, because the antler has not calcified or finished developing.

Velvet antler preparations are sold in China as part of traditional Chinese medicine, and in some countries as a dietary supplement. Marketing claims of health effects are not supported by research, and the Food and Drug Administration has warned companies selling the products about false advertising.

Industry
Most of the world's supply of velvet antler comes from Sika deer, red deer and elk or wapiti, including a large deer ranching industry in New Zealand. New Zealand is the world's largest producer of velvet, producing 450–500 tons of red deer velvet antler annually. China produces 400 tons of predominantly Sika deer velvet antler annually. Russia produces 80 tons annually. United States and Canada each produce 20 tons annually.

Farming and ranching
Moose, elk and deer produce new antlers yearly (primarily males, except in caribou/reindeer). In New Zealand, deer are subjected to local anesthesia and restrained during antler removal, and the procedure is supervised by licensed veterinarians. Typically, the antler is cut off near the base after it is about two-thirds of its potential full size, between 55 and 65 days of growth, before any significant calcification occurs. The procedure is generally done around June in the Northern Hemisphere and December in the Southern Hemisphere.

Uses

Velvet antler has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that classifies many similar substances from a variety of species under the Chinese character name ; (pinyin: lùróng) and the commercial name cornu cervi pantorichum. The two common species used in the TCM system are sika deer and red deer which are thought to be useful for treating yang deficiency syndromes.

In Asia, velvet antler is dried and sold as slices, or as a powder which may be boiled in water, usually with other herbs and ingredients, and consumed as a soup. In the traditional commercial trade of Korea and China, whole stick antler velvet is divided into three sections based upon their supposed properties. Although there is an absence of uniform standardization, these sections are known as the wax piece (uppers or tips), the blood piece (middles), and the bone piece (bottoms): the wax piece may be marketed as a growth tonic for children, the blood piece supposedly for joint and bone effects, and the bone piece supposedly for calcium deficiency and geriatric needs. Early commercial activity in Russia between the 1930s and 1980s led to the production of an alcohol extract from deer antler velvet marketed under the Russian drug trade name Pantocrin (also pantocrine or pantokrin).

In the West, velvet antler is dried, powdered, and consumed in encapsulated form or via aqueous alcohol extract as a dietary supplement, for which it is monitored for potential manufacturing and advertising violations by the US Food and Drug Administration and the Federal Trade Commission.

A review published in 2012 summarized results from clinical research, including three studies on sports performance: "Claims that velvet antler supplements have beneficial effects for any human condition are not supported by sound clinical data from human trials."

Marketing and FDA warning letters
Companies attributing health claims from using dietary supplements of velvet antler have received warning letters from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concerning the sale of encapsulated powders connected to their marketing claims. The claims were in violation of the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [21 USC/321 (g)(1)][36] because they "establish the product as a drug intended for use in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease" when velvet antler has no such scientific evaluation. Additionally stated by the FDA, velvet antler was "not generally recognized as safe and effective for the referenced conditions" and therefore must be treated as a "new drug" under Section 21(p) of the Act. New drugs may not be legally marketed in the United States without prior approval of the FDA. As of 2018, it is legal to sell velvet antler powder, extract or spray in the U.S. as a dietary supplement as long as no disease treatment claims are made and the label bears the FDA disclaimer: "This product has not been evaluated by the FDA. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease."

Deer antler spray
Velvet antler in the form of deer antler spray has been at the center of multiple controversies with professional sports leagues and famous athletes allegedly using it for injury recovery and performance enhancement purposes. In mid-2011, National Football League (NFL) linebacker David Vobora successfully sued a deer antler velvet spray manufacturer for a total amount of 5.4 million US dollars after testing positive for methyltestosterone in 2009, which originated from the velvet antler supplement he was taking. In August 2011, the Major League Baseball (MLB) added deer antler spray to their list of prohibited items because it contains "potentially contaminated nutritional supplements."

On January 30, 2013, Vijay Singh professional PGA Tour golfer was caught unaware and openly admitted to the personal use of deer antler spray which contained a banned substance at the time. A week later the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) lifted the ban on deer antler spray, but with urgency, "Deer Antler Velvet Spray may contain IGF-1 and WADA recommends therefore that athletes be extremely vigilant with this supplement because it could lead to a positive test." The consensus of leading endocrinologists concerning any purported claims and benefits "is simply that there is far too little of the substance in even the purest forms of the spray to make any difference", and "there is no medically valid way to deliver IGF-1 orally or in a spray."

S.W.A.T.S.
S.W.A.T.S. Fitness and Performance was a dietary supplement company that sold deer antler spray and other products. The owners began distributing their products to NCAA and NFL athletes in 2008. The controversy initially started on March 30, 2009, when Alabama athletic officials sent a cease-and-desist letter to the company's owner that stated: "Refrain from using current student-athletes to endorse products. Refrain from contacting current student-athletes. Refrain from giving or selling products to current student-athletes." The letter was then sent again in 2012.

In September 2011, S.W.A.T.S lost a lawsuit for 5.4 million dollars concerning an NFL athlete who had tested positive for methyl testosterone. In early January 2013 an NFL athlete was accused, by the owner, of taking S.W.A.T.S. deer antler spray for an injury who further failed to provide proof and made a formal apology.

In September 2013, the headquarters of S.W.A.T.S. was raided and ordered to be shut down by Alabama's attorney general citing "numerous serious and willful violations of Alabama's deceptive trade practices act". Among the violations were "claims that the company made about a number of products that were unsupported by scientific research. Some of these products were marketed as 'dietary supplements'." The assistant Alabama attorney general "says that Deer Antler Spray is dangerous and its sellers are law-breakers."

title: Velvet antler


text:
User talk:Vmv

School talk
Hi there!

Regarding the ongoing debate on whether or not high schools are notable, I noticed the link you placed to the 'policy discussion' page. I've read through it, but the main problem seems to be that said discussion is over a year old, and that no clear consensus was established. Indeed it would still be impossible to establish a consensus. This assumedly means that articles on schools will be arbitrarily deleted or kept, depending solely on the amount of people that happen to be voting that particular week.

What bothers me is that most people who vote for keeping them, either do so with the argument that everything verifiable should be kept, or start insulting the people who vote for deleting. I realize this is an inherent problem of a wiki, but it seems that consensus has been reached on several other matters in the past, so why not here? Do you have a suggestion on how to accomplish this? It's hard to tell which party is actually the majority - not to mention which party is actually 'right' (if there even is such a thing).

Radiant! 16:09, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

--

Hi, Radiant!

I agree with you in every point. I've also read through the 'policy discussion' page and didn't quite get a hold of what was the consensus on the matter. I placed the link precisely as a way to indicate that my position could not be upheld by an established Wiki policy. And, yes, this means that (IMHO non-notable) schools will be ruled out or kept depending on the number of partisans pro or against inclusion voting in a particular week, which is absolutely regrettable.

I suppose the proper way to try to reach a consensus would be through the referred 'policy discussion' page. If it really is over a year old and people are still voting with no support of a generally accepted policy, maybe discussions should be restarted there. The page does seem clustered at the moment, though. I'm still relatively new as a contributor, is there a polite way to reformat it so that new constributions can be more easily made?

The sooner we address this problem, the better. Suppose we later reach the consensus that schools should only be allowed when they are "really notable" (whatever that means is also a matter of discussion). Then we'll have to review many "kept" decisions taken in a week where most voters were pros. Suppose the opposite, and the "Votes for Undeletion" page will clustered with requests for pages "deleted" when the majority of voters were against inclusion.

vlad_mv 18:04, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

--

Hi there,

Glad to hear that. Personally I believe that any statement along the lines of 'all X are notable' is untenable. I've started two policy discussions on today's VfD page, if that idea catches on then high schools would be a suitable third (so please post your comments in both).

Some other thought occured to me... it may be possible to provide an outlet for high schools in one of the other Wikis, in particular WikiTravel. But on Metawiki, there is talk of Wikiteer, which is to include extensive geographical and sociological information, but doesn't exist yet.

I'd like to hear your opinion on this. I've asked the same question of a couple of other users, so please respond on User talk:Radiant!/Schools. Thank you. Radiant! 14:55, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

Saleel
I'd like to know why you voted to delete, rather than improve, Saleel. Can you tell me why exactly you don't think the Saleel network, which numbers in the thousands of members deserves even a mention? or is it that you dislike the layout, in which case I'd ask what do you believe could be done to improve it ? --Irishpunktom\talk 11:29, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * I sincerely appreciate the improvements you made on the page, but I still believe this web forum is not notable enough to deserve an individual article. Regardless of the content, IMHO web forums must be really notable to have individual pages in Wikipedia. Of course, I wouldn't object to Saleel being mentioned in a more general Islam-related article about the Muslim community in England. vlad_mv 16:05, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Pokécruft
From checking on the VfD, I see at least two Pokécruft on there (I voted Delete on both). It looks like things are just getting started. Zscout370 21:40, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, I also voted delete on both. From what I've seen so far in VfD, you'll have the opportunity of expressing your oppinion on this matter very soon: Pokécruft comes in every other day. Vlad M V  ٭ talk 00:44, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Jonathan Speak and Jonathan speak double trouble
I agree both should be VfD as non-notable and possible vanity. I don't know how to make a double nomination. I don't know the proper format or mechanics of that. Please be bold and make one for me, if you like, and I'll support. Thank you. Jonathunder 15:41, 2005 Mar 25 (UTC)

Your sig
I'm fairly new here... I just wanted to ask, how did you make your signature like that? With the colors, and the talk link attached? And what do you input to do it? Thanks Foodmarket 17:48, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow, thanks --- and check it out! FoodMarket ~talk! 19:42, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WP:PNA
The procedure you describe appears to be what would be needed to reproduce the precedent of the other sections, though the convention itself seems rather convoluted to me. -- Beland 02:39, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Freudian Psychology
I agree with the attention marker you put on the Mortido article. Frankly, I think that the whole Fruedian Psychology section in general needs a serious re-structuring, since the articles tend to contradict eachother on things such as names for the various drives, whether "Libido" is a "drive" or an "energy". I think a page outlining the various drives and complexes, and defining "drive" and "complex" would be great, but I'm new to Wikipedia (contribution-wise) and not sure how this would exactly work. I don't think it would fit well on the psychoanalysis page, or the Sigmund Freud page.

Cheers! Vertigociel 03:54, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Vmv


text:
User talk:MasterRune

Welcome!
Hi MasterRune, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 16:11, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

RfD nomination of North of Ardougne
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. Unionhawk Talk E-mail Review 14:01, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:MasterRune


text:
Razom nas bahato

"Razom nas bahato" (Разом нас багато, ; "Together we are many") is a hip hop song by GreenJolly, which became the unofficial anthem of the Ukrainian Orange Revolution in 2004. The literal translation of the chorus line is "Together we are many, we cannot be defeated" (Разом нас багато, нас не подолати).

Background
The song deliberately resembles a title of a famous Chilean song of Quilapayún used by the Unidad Popular, "El pueblo unido jamás será vencido" ("The people united will never be defeated"), written by composer Sergio Ortega.

The original song was entirely in Ukrainian, and was written specifically to refer to the 2004 presidential election, even going so far as to name Presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko by name.

2005 Eurovision Song Contest entry
The song was the entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 in Kyiv. As a requirement of the song contest rules, forbidding direct political references, lyrics mentioning Yuschenko were removed. The verses were rewritten to include both Ukrainian and English lyrics, while the chorus' sentence "Razom nas bahato" was repeated in eight languages: Ukrainian, Polish, German, Spanish, Czech, French and Russian.

A group of Polish rappers created a remix of "Razom nas bahato" entitled "Jest nas wielu", that became popular in Poland.

title: Razom nas bahato


text:
George Saunders

George Saunders (born December 2, 1958) is an American writer of short stories, essays, novellas, children's books, and novels. His writing has appeared in The New Yorker, Harper's, McSweeney's, and GQ. He also contributed a weekly column, "American Psyche", to The Guardian 's weekend magazine between 2006 and 2008.

A professor at Syracuse University, Saunders won the National Magazine Award for fiction in 1994, 1996, 2000, and 2004, and second prize in the O. Henry Awards in 1997. His first story collection, CivilWarLand in Bad Decline, was a finalist for the 1996 PEN/Hemingway Award. In 2006, Saunders received a MacArthur Fellowship and won the World Fantasy Award for his short story "CommComm".

His story collection In Persuasion Nation was a finalist for the Story Prize in 2007. In 2013, he won the PEN/Malamud Award and was a finalist for the National Book Award. Saunders's Tenth of December: Stories won the 2013 Story Prize for short-story collections and the inaugural (2014) Folio Prize. His novel Lincoln in the Bardo won the 2017 Booker Prize.

Early life and education
Saunders was born in Amarillo, Texas. He grew up in Oak Forest, Illinois, near Chicago, attended St. Damian Catholic School and graduated from Oak Forest High School in Oak Forest, Illinois. He spent some of his early twenties working as a roofer in Chicago, a doorman in Beverly Hills, and a slaughterhouse knuckle-puller. In 1981, he received a B.S. in geophysical engineering from Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado. Of his scientific background, Saunders has said, "any claim I might make to originality in my fiction is really just the result of this odd background: basically, just me working inefficiently, with flawed tools, in a mode I don't have sufficient background to really understand. Like if you put a welder to designing dresses."

In 1988, he was awarded an M.A. in creative writing from Syracuse University, where he worked with Tobias Wolff. At Syracuse, he met Paula Redick, a fellow writer, whom he married. Saunders recalled, "we [got] engaged in three weeks, a Syracuse Creative Writing Program record that, I believe, still stands".

Of his influences, Saunders has written:

"I really love Russian writers, especially from the 19th and early 20th Century: Gogol, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Babel. I love the way they take on the big topics. I'm also inspired by a certain absurdist comic tradition that would include influences like Mark Twain, Daniil Kharms, Groucho Marx, Monty Python, Steve Martin, Jack Handey, etc. And then, on top of that, I love the strain of minimalist American fiction writing: Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, Raymond Carver, Tobias Wolff."

Background and work
From 1989 to 1996, Saunders worked as a technical writer and geophysical engineer for Radian International, an environmental engineering firm in Rochester, New York. He also worked for a time with an oil exploration crew in Sumatra in the early 1980s.

Since 1997, Saunders has been on the faculty of Syracuse University, teaching creative writing in the school's MFA program in addition to writing fiction and nonfiction. In 2006, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and a $500,000 MacArthur Fellowship. He was a Visiting Writer at Wesleyan University and Hope College in 2010 and participated in Wesleyan's Distinguished Writers Series and Hope College's Visiting Writers Series. His nonfiction collection, The Braindead Megaphone, was published in 2007.

Saunders's fiction often focuses on the absurdity of consumerism, corporate culture, and the role of mass media. While multiple reviewers have noted his writing's satirical tone, his work also raises moral and philosophical questions. The tragicomic element in his writing has earned Saunders comparisons to Kurt Vonnegut, whose work has inspired him.

Ben Stiller bought the film rights to CivilWarLand in Bad Decline in the late 1990s;, the project was in development by Stiller's company, Red Hour Productions. Saunders has also written a feature-length screenplay based on his short story "Sea Oak".

Saunders considered himself an Objectivist in his twenties but now views the philosophy unfavorably, likening it to neoconservatism. He is a student of Nyingma Buddhism.

Awards
Saunders has won the National Magazine Award for Fiction four times: in 1994, for "The 400-Pound CEO" (published in Harper's); in 1996, for "Bounty" (also published in Harper's); in 2000, for "The Barber's Unhappiness" (published in The New Yorker); and in 2004, for "The Red Bow" (published in Esquire). Saunders won second prize in the 1997 O. Henry Awards for his short story "The Falls", initially published in the January 22, 1996, issue of The New Yorker.

His first short-story collection, CivilWarLand in Bad Decline, was a finalist for the 1996 PEN/Hemingway Award.

In 2001, Saunders received a Lannan Literary Fellowship in Fiction from the Lannan Foundation.

In 2006, Saunders was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. Also that year, he received a MacArthur Fellowship; his short-story collection In Persuasion Nation was a finalist for The Story Prize; and he won the World Fantasy Award—Short Fiction for his short story "CommComm", first published in the August 1, 2005, issue of The New Yorker.

In 2009, Saunders received an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 2014, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

In 2013, Saunders won the PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in the Short Story. His short-story collection Tenth of December won the 2013 Story Prize. The collection also won the inaugural Folio Prize in 2014, "the first major English-language book prize open to writers from around the world". The collection was also a finalist for the National Book Award and was named one of the "10 Best Books of 2013" by the editors of The New York Times Book Review. In a January 2013 cover story, The New York Times Magazine called Tenth of December "the best book you'll read this year". One of the stories in the collection, "Home", was a 2011 Bram Stoker Award finalist.

In 2017, Saunders published his first novel, Lincoln in the Bardo, which won the Booker Prize and was a New York Times bestseller.

Other honors

 * Lannan Foundation – Lannan Literary Fellowship, 2001
 * MacArthur Fellowship, 2006
 * Guggenheim Fellowship, 2006
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters, Academy Award, 2009
 * PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in the Short Story, 2013
 * The New York Times Book Review, "10 Best Books of 2013", Tenth of December: Stories
 * American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Elected as Member, 2014
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters, Inducted as Member, 2018
 * The House of Culture (Stockholm) International Literary Prize, 2018

Story collections

 * CivilWarLand in Bad Decline (1996) (short stories and a novella)
 * Pastoralia (2000) (short stories and a novella)
 * In Persuasion Nation (2006) (short stories)
 * Tenth of December: Stories (2013) (short stories)
 * Liberation Day: Stories (2022) (short stories)

Novels

 * Lincoln in the Bardo (2017)

Anthologies

 * Fakes: An Anthology of Pseudo-Interviews, Faux-Lectures, Quasi-Letters, "Found" Texts, and Other Fraudulent Artifacts, edited by David Shields and Matthew Vollmer (2012)
 * Cappelens Forslags Conversational Lexicon Volume II, edited by Pil Cappelen Smith, published by Cappelens Forslag (2016) ISBN 978-82-999643-4-0

Interviews

 * "Choose Your Own Adventure: A Conversation With Jennifer Egan and George Saunders". New York Times Magazine, November 2015.
 * "A Conversation with George Saunders". Image Journal, 2016.
 * "George Saunders: The Art of Fiction No. 245". The Paris Review, issue 231 (Winter 2019).
 * "An Interview with George Saunders". Believer Magazine, January 2021.
 * "George Saunders on A Swim in a Pond in the Rain." Mayday, March 2021.

title: George Saunders


text:
Newbridge

Newbridge may refer to:

Australia

 * Newbridge, New South Wales
 * Newbridge, Victoria

England

 * Newbridge, Bath, electoral ward, Somerset
 * Newbridge, Cornwall, three places in Cornwall with the same name
 * Newbridge, East Sussex
 * Newbridge, Isle of Wight
 * Newbridge, North Yorkshire
 * Newbridge, Oxfordshire
 * Newbridge, Wolverhampton, a suburb of Wolverhampton, West Midlands
 * The Newbridge School

Ireland

 * Avoca, County Wicklow, a small town, once known as Newbridge
 * Newbridge, County Galway, a village
 * Newbridge, County Kildare, a large town, sometimes known by its Irish name Droichead Nua

Northern Ireland

 * Newbridge, County Londonderry, a townland

Scotland

 * Newbridge, Edinburgh, a village to the west of Edinburgh

Wales

 * Newbridge, Caerphilly (traditionally in Monmouthshire)
 * Newbridge, Ceredigion
 * Newbridge, Wrexham
 * Newbridge-on-Wye, Powys
 * Newbridge-on-Usk, Monmouthshire

Bridges

 * Newbridge, River Dart, bridge over the River Dart, Dartmoor in Devon
 * Newbridge, River Thames, a bridge crossing of the River Thames, England

Companies

 * NewBridge Bank, headquartered in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States
 * Newbridge Networks, a defunct computer hardware company
 * Newbridge Silverware, an Irish maker of homeware etc.

title: Newbridge


text:
Gyumri

Gyumri (Գյումրի, ) is an urban municipal community and the second-largest city in Armenia, serving as the administrative center of Shirak Province in the northwestern part of the country. By the end of the 19th century, when the city was known as Alexandropol, it became the largest city of Russian-ruled Eastern Armenia with a population above that of Yerevan. The city became renowned as a cultural hub, while also carrying significance as a major center of Russian troops during Russo-Turkish wars of the 19th century.

The city underwent a tumultuous period during and after World War I. While Russian forces withdrew from the South Caucasus due to the October Revolution, the city became host to large numbers of Armenian refugees fleeing the Armenian Genocide, in particular hosting 22,000 orphaned children in around 170 orphanage buildings. It was renamed Leninakan during the Soviet period and became a major industrial and textile center in Soviet Armenia. The city's population rapidly grew to above 200,000 prior to the 1988 Spitak earthquake, when it was devastated, with the city's population being reduced to 121,976 as of the 2011 census. The city was renamed Gyumri under modern independent Armenia soon after the breakup of the Soviet Union, and post-earthquake reconstruction efforts continue.

Today, Gyumri continues to grapple with the lasting effects of the 1988 earthquake, but remains known as the cultural hub of Armenia due to the many artists and craftsman who originated from the city. The city is also in particular notable for the large Kumayri historic district that managed to mostly survive the 1988 earthquake, dating back mainly to the 19th century and being one of the few surviving places in the world with authentic urban Armenian architecture.

Name
The area of modern-day Gyumri was originally known as Kumayri (Կումայրի) during the period of the Kingdom of Urartu. Over time, the name became disrupted through phonetic changes to Kumri, then Gumri, and finally Gyumri. In 1837, Gyumri was renamed Alexandropol after Czar Nicholas I's wife, Princess Alexandra Fyodorovna. Between 1924 and 1990, the city was known as Leninakan in honor of Vladimir Lenin. Following independence, the original name Kumayri was used until 1992, when Gyumri was chosen as the name of the city.

Classical antiquity and the ancient Armenian Kingdom
Archaeological excavations conducted throughout the Soviet period have shown that the area of modern-day Gyumri has been populated since at least the third millennium BC. The area was mentioned as Kumayri in the historic Urartian inscriptions dating back to the 8th century BC. Kumayri may be identical with the city of Gymnias or Gumnias mentioned by Xenophon in his Anabasis.

At the decline of the Urartu Kingdom by the second half of the 6th century BC, Kumayri became part of the Achaemenid Empire. The remains of a royal settlement found just to the south of Gyumri near the village of Beniamin dating back to the 5th to 2nd centuries BC, are a great example of the Achemenid influence in the region. However, at the beginning of the 5th century BC, Kumayri became part of the Satrapy of Armenia under the rule of the Orontids. An alternative theory suggests that Kumayri has been formed as an urban settlement in the late 5th century BC, ca. 401 BC, by Greek colonists.

Later in 331 BC, the entire territory was included in the Ayrarat province of Ancient Armenian Kingdom as part of the Shirak canton. Between 190 BC and 1 AD Kumayri was under the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia. During the 1st century AD, Shirak was granted to the Kamsarakan family, who ruled over Kumayri during the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia.

Medieval period
Following the partition of Armenia in 387 between the Byzantines and the Persians, and as a result of the fall of the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia in 428, Shirak including Kumayri became part of the Sasanian Empire of Persia. In 658 AD, at the height of the Arab Islamic invasions, Kumayri was conquered during the Muslim conquest of Persia to become part of the Emirate of Armenia under the Umayyad Caliphate.

Kumayri was a significant and quite-developed urban settlement during the Middle Ages. According to the Armenian scholar Ghevond the Historian, the town was a center of the Armenian rebellion led by Artavazd Mamikonian against the Islamic Arab Caliphate, between 733 and 755. After 2 centuries of Islamic rule over Armenia, the Bagratids declared independence in 885 establishing the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia. Kumayri entered e new era of growth and progress, particularly when the nearby city of Ani became the capital of the kingdom in 961. By the second half of the 10th century, Kumayri was under the influence of the Armenian Pahlavuni family, who were descendants of the Kamsarakans. The Pahlavunis had a great contribution in the progress of Shirak with the foundation of many fortresses, monastic complexes, educational institutions, etc. After the fall of Armenia to the Byzantine Empire in 1045 and later to the Seljuk invaders in 1064. Under the foreign rulers, the town had gradually lost its significance during the following centuries, until the establishment of the Zakarid Principality of Armenia in 1201 under the Georgian protectorate. During the Zakarid rule, the Eastern Armenian territories, mainly Lori and Shirak, entered into a new period of growth and stability, becoming a trade center between the east and the west. After the Mongols captured Ani in 1236, Armenia turned into a Mongol protectorate as part of the Ilkhanate, and the Zakarids became vassals to the Mongols. After the fall of the Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century, the Zakarid princes ruled over Lori, Shirak, and Ararat plain until 1360 when they fell to the invading Turkic tribes.

By the last quarter of the 14th century, the Ag Qoyunlu Sunni Oghuz Turkic tribe took over Armenia, including Shirak. In 1400, Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia, and captured more than 60,000 of the survived local people as slaves. Many districts including Shirak were depopulated. In 1410, Armenia fell under the control of the Kara Koyunlu Shia Oghuz Turkic tribe. According to the Armenian historian Thomas of Metsoph, although the Kara Koyunlu levied heavy taxes against the Armenians, the early years of their rule were relatively peaceful and some reconstruction of towns took place.

Persian and Russian rules
In 1501, most of the Eastern Armenian territories including Kumayri were conquered by the emerging Safavid dynasty of Iran led by Shah Ismail I. Soon after in 1502, Kumayri became part of the newly formed Erivan Beglarbegi, a new administrative territory of Iran formed by the Safavids. During the first half of the 18th century, Kumayri became part of the Erivan Khanate under the rule of the Afsharid dynasty and later under the Qajar dynasty of Persia.

In June 1804, the Russian forces controlled over Shirak region at the beginning of the Russo-Persian War of 1804 and 1813. Kumayri became officially part of the Russian Empire at the Treaty of Gulistan signed on 1 January 1813 between Imperial Russia and Qajar Persia.

During the period of Russian rule, Gyumri became one of the developing cities in the Transcaucasus. In 1829, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War, there was a big influx of Armenian population, as around 3,000 families who had migrated from territories in the Ottoman Empire -in particular from the towns of Kars, Erzurum, and Doğubeyazıt- settled in and around Gyumri. The Russian poet Alexander Pushkin visited Gyumri during his journey to Erzurum in 1829. In 1837 Russian Tsar Nicholas I arrived in Gyumri and changed the name into Alexandropol. The name was chosen in honour of Tsar Nicholas I's wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia, who had changed her name to Alexandra Fyodorovna after converting to Orthodox Christianity.

A major Russian fortress was built on the site in 1837. Alexandropol was finally formed as a town in 1840 to become the center of the newly established Alexandropol Uyezd, experiencing rapid growth during its first decade. In 1849, the Alexandropol Uyezd became part of the Erivan Governorate. The town was an important outpost for the Imperial Russian armed forces in the Transcaucasus where their military barracks were established (e.g., at Poligons, Severski, Kazachi Post). The Russians built the Sev Berd fortress at the western edge of the city during the 1830s in response to the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829.

Alexandropol had been quickly transformed to become one of the major centers of the Russian troops during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. After the establishment of the railway station in 1899, Alexandropol witnessed significant growth and became the largest city in Eastern Armenia. By the end of the 19th century, Alexandropol was home to 430 shopping stores, several workshops, cultural institutions, a girl's gymnasium, a commercial school, a theater, and leather, bear, and soap enterprises.

Modern history
In 1902, the first bank in the city was opened. Until the sovietization of Armenia in 1920, Alexandropol had 31 manufacturing centers including beer, soap, textile, etc. After the October Revolution of 1917 and the Russian withdrawal from the South Caucasus, the Ottoman forces launched a new offensive capturing the city of Alexandropol on 11 May 1918, during the Caucasus Campaign in World War I. However, the Ottomans withdrew from the city on 24 December 1918, as stipulated by the Armistice of Mudros. On 6 December 1918, the Armenian army reoccupied the city.

The newly established Republic of Armenia proclaimed on 28 May 1918, included the city of Alexandropol. On 10 May 1920, the local Bolshevik Armenians aided by the Muslim population, attempted a coup d'état in Alexandropol against the Dashnak government of Armenia. The uprising was suppressed by the Armenian government on May 14 and its leaders were executed. However, during another Turkish invasion, Turkish troops attacked Alexandropol and occupied the city on 7 November 1920. Armenia was forced to sign the Treaty of Alexandropol on December 3 to stop the Turkish advance towards Yerevan, however a concurrent Soviet invasion led to the fall of the Armenian government on December 2. The Turkish forces withdrew from Alexandropol after the Treaty of Kars was signed in October 1921 by the unrecognized Soviet and Turkish governments. Under Soviet rule, the name of the city was changed in 1924 to Leninakan after the deceased Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. The city suffered an earthquake in 1926, when many of its significant buildings were destroyed including the Greek church of Saint George.

Leninakan became a major industrial center in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and its second-largest city, after the capital Yerevan. The city suffered major damage during the 1988 Armenian earthquake, which devastated many parts of the country. The earthquake occurred along a known thrust fault with a length of 60 km. Its strike was parallel to the Caucasus range and dipped to the north-northeast. Bruce Bolt, a seismologist and a professor of earth and planetary science at the University of California, Berkeley, walked the fault scarp in 1992 and found that the vertical displacement measured 1 m along most of the length with the southwest end reaching 1.6 m.

The earthquake had a disastrous impact on the city, as many buildings are still not recovered. , according to some news websites, between 4,000 and 5,000 residents of Gyumri remain homeless, although there are no official figures provided by the local authorities of the city. At the time of the breakup of the Soviet Union, the city was renamed Kumayri between in 1990 until 1992 when it was finally given the name Gyumri. The Russian 102nd Military Base is located in the city.

Gyumri was celebrated as the Capital of Culture of the Commonwealth of Independent States for 2013. Major events took place in the city on 30 June 2013.

On 12 January 2015, Valery Permyakov, a serviceman from the Russian 102nd Military Base, murdered seven members of an Armenian family in Gyumri.

On 25 June 2016, Pope Francis delivered a Holy Mass at Gyumri's Vartanants Square. Catholicos of All Armenians Garegin II also took part in the ceremony.

Geography and climate
Gyumri is 126 km north of the capital Yerevan at the central part of the Shirak plateau. It has an approximate height of 1,550 m above sea level, the high altitude line being 1,500 m. The Akhurian River passes through the western suburbs. The Shirak plateau is surrounded with the Pambak Mountains from the east and Aragats volcanic range from the south. The city of Gyumri is 196 km away from the Black Sea. The surrounding lands near the city are rich in tufa, basalt and clay.

Gyumri has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), characterized by freezing and snowy winters and warm summers. The annual precipitation averages 510 mm.

Population
The population of Gyumri has gradually grown since 1840 after gaining the status of town. A huge decline of the population was due to the disastrous earthquake of 1988. The dialect of Gyumri is a variant of Karin dialect, closely related to Western Armenian, as many Armenian genocide survivors migrated to Alexandropol.

Religion
The majority of the population in Gyumri belongs to the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God of Gyumri -also known as the Cathedral of the Seven Wounds of the Holy Mother of God- is the seat of the Diocese of Shirak of the Armenian Church.

The Armenian Catholic Church is a minority in Armenia and is under the jurisdiction of the Ordinariate of Armenia, Georgia, Russia, and Eastern Europe, based in Gyumri. As a consequence, the aid organisation of the Armenian Catholic Church, Armenian Caritas, is also headquartered in Gyumri. There are around 16,000 Armenian Catholics in the Shirak Province. The seat of the Ordinariate for Armenia, Georgia, Russia, and Eastern Europe for the Armenian Catholic Church is the Cathedral of the Holy Martyrs in Gyumri.

The presence of the small Russian Orthodox community along with the Russian military base personnel is marked with the Saint Alexandra the Martyr's Church (within the Russian base), the Church of Saint Michael the Archangel and the Church of Saint Arsenije.

However, many historic churches in Gyumri were either ruined or destroyed, including:
 * Dprevank Monastery and the Basilic Church of old Kumayri dating back to the 7th century: it was the first ever church built in old Kumayri. However, the monastic complex was completely destroyed in 1852, during the construction of Russian military barracks.
 * Saint George Greek Orthodox Church, opened in 1850. It was completely destroyed in 1933–34.
 * Holy Mother of God Armenian Catholic Church, built between 1849 and 1854. Although standing, the building was turned into a private residence during the Soviet period.
 * Russian church of the Seversky 18th Dragoon Regiment, built in 1856. It was consecrated in 1901 and destroyed during the Soviet period.
 * Russian church of the Caucasian 7th Rifle Regiment, built during the 1850s. It was completely destroyed during the Soviet period.
 * Russian church of the Caucasian 8th Rifle Regiment, built during the 1850s. It was completely destroyed during the Soviet period.
 * Russian church of the Baku 154th Infantry Regiment, built during the 1850s. It was completely destroyed during the Soviet period.

, Gyumri is home to the following church buildings:
 * Saint Alexandra the Martyr's Church within the complex of the Russian military base, built in 1837–42. It was completely renovated and reopened on May 8, 2008.
 * Church of the Holy Saviour or Surp Amenaprkich, constructed between 1859–1873: designed to resemble the Cathedral of Ani. The church was heavily damaged by the 1988 Spitak earthquake and is currently under reconstruction.
 * Surp Nshan or Holy Sign Church: Opened in 1870.
 * Saint Gregory the Illuminator's Church, built between 1875 and 1880.
 * Saint Michael the Archangel Russian Orthodox Church, locally known as Plplan Zham (the Shimmering Chapel), built between 1875 and 1880.
 * Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God: also known as Seven Wounds of the Holy Mother of God, constructed between 1873–1884. Currently, it is the seat of the Diocese of Shirak of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
 * Saint Arseny Russian Orthodox Church, built during the 1870s and opened in 1910. It is locally known as the church of Kazachi Post.
 * Saint Hripsime Chapel, opened in 1992.
 * Saint Jacob of Nisibis Church: or Surp Hakob Mtsbinetsi Church, opened in 2005.
 * Surp Sarkis Chapel, built in 2008 and opened in 2011.
 * Surp Minas Chapel, opened in 2013.
 * Cathedral of the Holy Martyrs of the Catholic Armenians, opened in 2015.

Museums and art
Gyumri is home to many prominent museums of Armenia, including the House-Museums of sculptor Sergey Merkurov, poets Avetik Isahakyan and Hovhannes Shiraz, and actor Mher Mkrtchyan. The Aslamazyan Sisters Gallery, built in the 1880s, is home to more than 700 drawings, paintings and other works of the Aslamazyan sisters who were the Soviet-era artists. The Dzitoghtsyan Museum of Social Life and National Architecture of Gyumri is an old mansion, housing collections related to both history and the everyday-life of Gyumri, as well as paintings and other works of art.

Throughout centuries, Kumayri-Gyumri was labelled as the "city of crafts and arts", being famous for its schools, theaters and gusans. In 1865, an amateur theatre group in Gyumri performed H. Karinyan's "Shushanik". In 1912, Gyumri was home to the first opera show ever staged in Armenia, when composer Armen Tigranian presented Anoush to the public in Alexandropol. In 1923, the first Armenian opera theatre was opened in Gyumri (where the first ballet performance in Armenia took place in 1924 ), while the Vardan Ajemian State Drama Theatre was founded in 1928. Prominent directors Ruben Simonov and Vardan Ajemian, actors Mher Mkrtchyan, Azat Sherents and Varduhi Varderesyan worked in theatre. The theatre's new building was opened in 1972. The artistic director is Nikolay Tsaturyan. Gyumri is known for its 19th-century architecture and urban constructions.

The first printing house of Gyumri was founded in 1876 by G. Sanoyan and operated until 1918. It published literary works (including Avetik Isahakyan's first book), calendars, textbooks. Another printing house, Ayg (founded 1892), published historical books and the first periodical of Gyumri, Akhuryan.

Gyumri is home to the Gyumri Biennial, organized by the artist Azat Sargsyan and the Gyumri Center of Contemporary Art (GCCA). Gyumri was officially declared Commonwealth of Independent States cultural capital in 2013.

Music
The city of Gyumri has a great contribution in Armenian folk music. Throughout the 19th century, Alexandrapol was considered the center of folk and traditional Armenian music. The musical culture of Alexandrapol has greatly influenced the art of Jivani, who is considered the founder of modern Armenian folk music during the 19th century. Another 19th-century ashik Sheram who was born in Alexandropol, is one of the earliest gusans of traditional Armenian music in the modern history of Armenia. He is one of the most celebrated Armenian composers of folk music.

The mystic philosopher of Alexandropol George Gurdjieff has produced many influential works of music during the 20th century.

Different genres of music became popular in the city during the 2nd half of the 20th century. Rock, folk rock and ethnic rock are widely popular through the local famous rock band Bambir, active since 1978.

In 1986, the Gyumri State Orchestra of Folk Instruments was founded, followed by the Gyumri State Symphonic Orchestra founded in 1993. In 1997, the KOHAR Symphony Orchestra and Choir was founded in Gyumri through the efforts of the Lebanese-Armenian philanthropist Harout Khatchadourian. Soon after, KOHAR became one of the most celebrated choirs in Armenia as well as throughout the Armenian diaspora.

Influenced by Gurdjieff, the Armenian musician Levon Eskenian founded The Gurdjieff Ensemble in 2008. The award-winning ensemble gathers many of Armenia's leading practitioners of traditional music, performing on duduk, sring, kamancha, oud, kanōn, santur, tar, saz, daf, dhol, and tombak.

The Renaissance international music festival of Gyumri is held annually since 2009.

In 2011 WhoCares, a supergroup formed by Ian Gillan and Tony Iommi with the participation of a great number of rock artists, raised money to build the "Octet" music school in Gyumri (opened two years later).

Films
Several famous Armenian films were shot in Gyumri such as The Tango of Our Childhood (Մեր մանկության տանգոն), Triangle (Եռանկյունի), The Dawn of the Sad Street (Տխուր փողոցի լուսաբացը), The Merry Bus (Ուրախ ավտոբուս) and other. The city has preserved some locations where scenes from these films were filmed.

Monuments

 * Kumayri historic district: is the old part of Gyumri with its unique architecture. It has more than a thousand buildings dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries. The district is one of few places in the Republic of Armenia, and the world, with authentic urban Armenian architecture. Almost all the structures of the Kumayri district have survived the two major earthquakes in 1926 and 1988 respectively. The historic district of Kumayri occupies the central and western part of modern-day Gyumri.
 * Sev Berd or the Black Fortress (Սև բերդ; Чёрная Кре́пость, Chornaya Krepost): is an abandoned Russian imperial fortress in Gyumri built between 1834 and 1847, located 8 km east of the closed border with Turkey. It was erected in response to the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. Currently, it is a national cultural heritage monument of Armenia, used as an art and cultural center
 * The monumental statue of Mother Armenia erected in 1975.
 * Vartanants Square is the central town square of Gyumri.
 * Independence Square.
 * Charles Aznavour Square.
 * Garegin Nzhdeh Square.
 * Gyumri Central Park, founded during the 1920s on the site of the old cemetery of the city.
 * Statue of Avetik Isahakyan (Gyumri)

The restoration process of the damaged buildings of Gyumri has been spearheaded by Earthwatch to preserve the city's unique architecture.

In spite of suffering severe damages during the disastrous earthquake in December 1988, Gyumri is still preserving its own architectural characteristics.

Local customs
The residents are Gyumri are widely known as conservative people. Traditions and local customs are widely preserved by the local citizens. It is very common among Armenians to refer to the dignity of Gyumri (Գյումրվա թասիբ Gyumrva tasib).

Gyumri is considered to be the "laughter and humor capital" of Armenia. The jokes and anecdotes of local humorists like Jgher Khachik and Poloz Mukuch are widely known by the local citizens. Many works have been published to narrate about the legacy and heritage of the humor in Gyumri.

The city celebrates the "Gyumri Day" annually on the first Sunday of October. It is marked with many cultural and entertainment activities.

Media
Gyumri has 4 regional TV stations: Shrjapa, a weekly, is the local newspaper of Gyumri.
 * Tsayg TV, operating since 1991.
 * Shirak Public TV, operating since 1992.
 * Gala TV, operating since 2005.
 * Shant, operating since 1994.

Air transportation
Gyumri is served by the international Shirak Airport, about 5 km to the southeast of the city center. It was inaugurated in 1961 and is the second largest airport in Armenia. At the beginning of 2006, the government of Armenia felt the importance of having a second international airport, when adverse weather conditions meant that many flights had to be diverted from Yerevan's Zvartnots International Airport into Gyumri's Shirak Airport. New air traffic control equipment allowed airport workers to identify planes in a 400 km radius.

Following moderate use in 2005 and 2006 during which annual passenger traffic was at about 46,000 and several hundred aircraft movements took place each year, the airport's activity quickly declined again to the point where in 2016 passenger traffic amounted to only 12,421 and a mere 54 aircraft movements took place. However, in the beginning of 2017, as part of new efforts to develop Gyumri and its tourism industry, the government focused on revitalizing the airport. Multiple new airlines began operating flights to the airport, including Taron Avia, a new Armenian airline based in Gyumri. In order attract more customers, the Ministry of Nature Protection made meteorological services free for all airlines flying to Gyumri, lowering ticket costs. The Gyumri Technology Center also participated in helping revitalize the airport by adding interior design details to improve the airport's look.

Railway
The railway junction of Gyumri is the oldest and the largest one in Armenia. It was formed in 1897 and the first railway link to Alexandropol that connected the city with Tiflis was completed in 1899. The rail line was then extended from Alexandropol to Yerevan (in 1902), Kars (in 1902), Jolfa (in 1906), and Tabriz. As a result, Alexandropol became an important rail hub.

, the Gyumri Railway Station operates regular trips to Yerevan and Batumi. The South Caucasus Railway CJSC, is the current operator of the railway sector in Armenia.

Public vans and taxis
Public transport is dominated by the private sector in Gyumri. Public transit is mainly served by public vans, locally-known as marshrutka. Most of the marshrutkas Russian-made GAZelle vans with 13 seats that operate with certain routes and stops. As of 2017, the one-way trip fee is AMD 100 (around US$0.21). Passengers need to pay the money directly to the driver when getting out of the vehicle, with no established ticketing system.

The central station of the city serves as bus terminal for inter-city transport, serving outbound routes towards other major cities and towns in Armenia, as well as cities in Georgia. The M-7 Motorway passes across the Shirak Province from east to west, connecting the city of Gyumri with the rest of Armenia.

Armenia is among the top 10 safest countries where one can wander around and go home alone safely at night. Taxis are available in the city at any time of the day or night.

Economy
During the pre-Soviet era, Alexandropol was considered the third-largest trade and cultural center in Transcaucasia after Tiflis and Baku (Yerevan would not rise to prominence until being proclaimed as the capital of independent Armenia in 1918 and the Armenian SSR in 1920). At the end of the 19th century, the population of Alexandropol had grown to 32,100 inhabitants, with a majority of Armenians. The economy of Gyumri is mainly based on industry and construction. However, tourism and banking services are also among the developed sectors in the city.

The industrial sector in the provincial center Gyumri includes the production of building materials (tufa and basalt), hosiery and textile manufacturing, food processing and dairy products, alcoholic drinks, electronic machines, etc. The largest industrial plant in Gyumri is the Gyumri-Beer Brewery opened in 1972. The factory produces a variety of lager beer under the brands Gyumri, Ararat and Aleksandrapol. The city is also home to the "Factory of Bending Machinses" opened in 1912, the "Arshaluys" hosiery manufacturing enterprise established in 1926, the "Karhat" machine tools plant opened in 1959, the "Chap Chemical LLC" since 1999, the "Armtex Group" clothing factory since 2000, and the "Lentex" hosiery manufacturing plant is operating since 2001. Other industrial firms of the city include the "Aleqpol" factory for dairy products, the "Anusharan" confectionery plant, and the "Gold Plast" plant for building materials.

The nearby village of Akhuryan is home to the "Lusastgh-Sugar" factory (opened in 2010), the largest sugar producers in the Southern Caucasus region.

Education
Gyumri has a large number of educational institutions, following the capital Yerevan in the number of educational institutions. It is considered the cultural and educational center of northern Armenia.

As of 2017, Gyumri is home to the following higher educational centers:
 * Shirak State University named after Mikael Nalbandian, opened in 1934 and is currently home to 7 faculties.
 * Gyumri campus of the National Polytechnic University of Armenia, operating since 1959 with 2 faculties:
 * Faculty of Technologies and sectoral economics,
 * Faculty of Natural sciences and communication systems.
 * Gyumri campus of Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan, operating since 1988.
 * Progress Gyumri University, opened in 1990.
 * Shirakatsy campus of Haybusak University of Yerevan, operating since 1991.
 * Imastaser Anania Shirakatsi University, opened in 1992.
 * Gyumri campus of Armenian State University of Economics, operating since 1997.
 * Gyumri campus of Yerevan State Academy of Fine Arts, operating since 1997.
 * Gyumri campus of Yerevan State Institute of Theatre and Cinematography, operating since 1997.

In 2014, the Gyumri Technology Center was opened in the city, in an attempt to turn Gyumri into a regional and international center of information and high technologies.

The Gyumri branch of Tumo Center for Creative Technologies was opened in May 2015, following a fundraising initiative by Shant TV. It will move to the old theatre building of Gyumri upon the completion of the reconstruction process, expected in June 2019.

, the city is home to 47 public education schools, 23 pre-school kindergartens, as well as 7 special schools for music.

Football
Gyumri is home to the Armenian football club FC Shirak. They play their home games at the Gyumri City Stadium, the oldest football stadium in Armenia dating back to 1924. Shirak are one of the most popular football teams in Armenia, having won the championship of the Armenian Premier League four times, with the most recent one in the 2012–13 season. Shirak have also won the Armenian Independence Cup once. The native of Gyumri and former Shirak player Artur Petrosyan was the all-time leading scorer for the Armenia national football team until his record was surpassed by Henrikh Mkhitaryan in 2013.

Aragats FC was the second football club that represented the city. However, the club was dissolved in 2002 due to financial difficulties. The Gyumri Football Academy of the Football Federation of Armenia was opened on 13 September 2014. It is home to four natural-grass and two artificial turf regular-sized football training pitches.

Futsal
Futsal is also very popular in Gyumri. Being one of the most successful Futsal teams in Armenia, FC Gyumri played at the Armenian Futsal Premier League. Starting from 2017–18 season, FC Gyumri became known as Shirak Futsal, representing the futsal branch of FC Shirak. The newly founded Sh.S.U. Futsal -representing the Shirak State University- will also participate in the domestic league competition. The futsal teams of Gyumri regularly play their home games at the Armen Sargsyan Sports Hall, located in the Ani district at the northwest of the city.

Olympic individual sports
Gyumri has made a major contribution to the sporting life of Armenia. Many Olympic and world champion wrestlers, weightlifters and boxers are from Gyumri. The city is notable for its worldwide champions in individual sports, such as Robert Emmiyan in long jump, Yurik Vardanyan and Nazik Avdalyan in weightlifting and Artur Aleksanyan in Greco-Roman wrestling.

Many special sport schools are serving the young generation of Gyumri such as the Robert Emmiyan school of athletics, Levon Ishtoyan football school, Tigran Petrosian school of chess, Ludvig Mnatsakanyan school of winter sports, Artur Aleksanyan school of wrestling, Yurik Vardanyan school of weightlifting, Aleksan Haobyan school of tennis and table tennis, as well as other special schools for boxing, artistic gymnastics, sambo-judo, fencing, and chess. The city is also home to the Gyumri Swimming Complex. The National Federation of Black Belts of Aikido (NFBBA) is based in Gyumri since its establishment in 2012.

The Gyumri State Sports College of Olympic Reserve and Gyumri School of Sport Masters are among the prominent sport schools in Armenia that produced many champions in several individual sports.

Twin towns – sister cities

Gyumri is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇸 Alexandria, United States (1990)
 * 🇬🇧 Ashfield, United Kingdom (1998)
 * 🇵🇱 Białystok, Poland (2013)
 * 🇫🇷 Créteil, France (2009)
 * 🇷🇺 Domodedovo, Russia (2014)
 * 🇺🇸 Glendale, United States (2015)
 * 🇩🇪 Halle, Germany (2020)
 * 🇷🇺 Mozdok, Russia (2011)
 * 🇮🇹 Nardò, Italy (2013)
 * 🇧🇷 Osasco, Brazil (2006)
 * 🇮🇱 Petah Tikva, Israel (2019)
 * 🇷🇴 Pitești, Romania (2012)
 * 🇧🇬 Plovdiv, Bulgaria (2004)
 * 🇷🇺 Tver, Russia (2022)
 * 🇨🇳 Xi'an, China (2013)

People

 * Artur Aleksanyan, Olympic, European and world champion in wrestling
 * Mourad Amirkhanian, opera singer (bass-baritone)
 * Mkrtich Armen, Armenian novelist
 * Mkrtich Arzumanyan Armenian actor
 * Mariam Aslamazian, Soviet-Armenian painter
 * Khachatur Avetisyan, Armenian composer
 * Nazik Avdalyan, weightlifting world champion
 * Olga Chekhova, Russian actress
 * Robert Emmiyan, European long jump record holder
 * Bagrat Galstanyan, Armenian theologian and cleric
 * Alik Gunashian, popular singer
 * George Gurdjieff, mystic and philosopher
 * Tigran Hamasyan, jazz pianist and composer
 * Avetik Isahakyan, Armenian poet
 * Mnatsakan Iskandaryan, wrestling Olympic champion (1992)
 * Levon Ishtoyan, footballer, Soviet champion with FC Ararat (1973)
 * Levon Julfalakyan, wrestling Olympic champion (1988)
 * Araksya Karapetyan, Armenian-American TV anchor
 * Emil Kazaz, Armenian-American sculptor
 * Karekin Khajag, journalist, victim of the genocide
 * Edmond Keosayan, film director
 * Hayk Kotanjian, Armenian military diplomat
 * Shushanik Kurghinian, Armenian influential writer
 * Vazgen Manukyan, former Prime Minister of Armenia
 * Flora Martirosian, Armenian folk songs performer
 * Sergey Merkurov, Soviet sculptor
 * Israel Militosyan, weightlifting Olympic champion (1992)
 * Ashot Mkhitaryan, weightlifting trainer
 * Levon Mkrtchyan, film director
 * Mher Mkrtchyan, renowned actor
 * Albert Nalchajyan, psychologist and writer
 * Artavazd Peleshyan, film director
 * Artur Petrosyan, footballer, manager of the Armenian team
 * Samvel Sevada, painter and poet
 * Sheram, gusan, poet and composer
 * Hovhannes Shiraz, Armenian poet
 * Nariné Simonian French-Armenian musical director
 * Karen Smbatyan, Armenian painter
 * Svetlana Svetlichnaya, actress
 * Armen Tigranian, opera composer
 * Nikoghayos Tigranian, composer and ethnomusicologist
 * Gennady Timchenko, Russian businessman
 * Seda Tutkhalyan, Russian gymnast
 * Valmar, Armenian painter
 * Yurik Vardanian, weightlifting Olympic champion (1980)
 * Boris Vladimirov, Soviet Army officer
 * Mkhitar Manukyan, world wrestling champion
 * Meline Daluzyan, european weightlifting champion
 * Tigran Vardan Martirosyan, european weightlifting champion
 * Nazik Avdalyan, european and world weightlifting champion
 * Arsen Julfalakyan, european and world wrestling champion
 * Tigran Gevorg Martirosyan, world weightlifting champion
 * Vahan Bichakhchyan, Armenian footballer

title: Gyumri


text:
Talk:Lehigh Valley Railroad

Suggested action
Add the infobox template Template:Railroad Courtland 16:13, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)
 * Done. slambo 03:04, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

I'm not entirely sure of how to do it, but the formatting of the maps could use some work now that I put that line under "Passenger Operations". When I get the chance, I'll put up something about the routing of each train, like "Buffalo-New York City" or the like.--Foxhound 05:34, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Livery data
Since the LV used a variety of liveries on its diesel locomotives, it might be valuable to have a brief overview of the more widespread ones. Once I figure out what those were and what to say about it, I'll add something about it. The Cornell red, ex-PRR Tuscan red, gray-and-yellow, and white-and-black liveries are the ones I'm considering at the moment. Something ought to be said about the livery on the pre-war streamlined John Wilkes as well, but I know next to nothing about it. Comments and criticism welcomed. Foxhound 18:29, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Remnants taken into Conrail
", plus a small segment west from Van Etten Jct" what is the source for this? there is no industry there, until Cayuta (lumber yards); is this the section that was preserved? I have never heard of this, I was under the impression that the entire freight bypass was immediately abandoned except for the Kendaia section (Seneca Army Depot)

Blauwkoe (talk) 21:41, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Conclusive authority on prior terminus and engine power issues
Some sources refer to the locomotive engines terminating as late as the 1960s at Communipaw Terminal in Jersey City, New Jersey. However, other references point to the fact that there was an arrangement since 1918 for Pennsylvania Railroad locomotives to haul the passenger cars from Jersey City directly to Pennsylvania Station in New York, New York, bypassing the need for passengers to debark to buses to haul people on ferries to Manhattan. http://www.rrpicturearchives.net/showPicture.aspx?id=46013 Resolving this question would help resolve the question of whether the last trains terminated at Jersey City or Manhattan. Dogru144 (talk) 22:27, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

Definitely Penn Station NY, using the connection to the NE corridor through Newark Penn Station. This was mandated during WWII and was maintained afterwards. Communipaw was a freight terminal. For authority see any Official Guide from the late 50's. Blauwkoe (talk) 07:49, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

Lehigh Railway shouldn't redirect here
On the Reading Blue Mountain & Northern's entry, the link to the Lehigh Railway (LRWY), a 56-mile shortline which operates between Mehoopany and Athens, PA, redirects to LV. The LRWY, one of a group of 4 shortlines headquartered in Owego, NY, should have its own entry (as the Meridian Southern and the Luzerne & Susquehanna already do), and in the meantime just because it operates over part of the former LV mainline doesn't mean it should redirect to the LV.108.36.161.146 (talk) 05:24, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
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External links modified
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Lede
The lede should really be a summary of the article; these massive additions (with blockquotes and chatty endnotes) seem wrong for it. Mackensen (talk) 13:56, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lehigh Valley Railroad


text: User talk:217.23.170.228

title: User talk:217.23.170.228