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Jesse Eisenberg

Jesse Adam Eisenberg (born October 5, 1983 ) is an American actor and filmmaker. He has received numerous accolades, including nominations for an Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards, and a Golden Globe Award.

Eisenberg made his television debut with the short-lived comedy-drama series Get Real (1999–2000). Following his first leading role in the film Roger Dodger (2002), he starred in films such as The Squid and the Whale (2005), Adventureland (2009) and Zombieland (2009). He gained wider recognition for starring as Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg in David Fincher's film The Social Network (2010), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Eisenberg then starred in the Woody Allen films To Rome with Love (2012) and Café Society (2016), the heist films Now You See Me (2013) and its 2016 sequel, and independent dramas such as The Double (2013).

He portrayed Lex Luthor in the superhero film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). He also voiced Blu in the animated films Rio (2011) and Rio 2 (2014). In 2022, he starred in the FX / Hulu miniseries Fleishman Is in Trouble and made his film directorial debut with the black comedy When You Finish Saving the World. He has since directed, written, and starred in A Real Pain (2024).

Eisenberg has contributed pieces to The New Yorker and McSweeney's websites. He has written and starred in three plays for the New York stage: Asuncion, The Revisionist, and The Spoils. He released his first book, Bream Gives Me Hiccups: and Other Stories in 2015.

Early life and education
Jesse Adam Eisenberg was born in Astoria, Queens (NYC) and grew up in East Brunswick, New Jersey. His mother, Amy (née Fishman), who now teaches cross cultural sensitivity in hospitals, previously worked as a clown named Bonabini at children's parties and as a director/choreographer for a high school for 20 years. His father, Barry Eisenberg, drove a taxicab, then worked at a hospital, and later became a college professor, teaching sociology. He has two sisters: Hallie Eisenberg, a former child actress who was once famous as the "Pepsi girl" in a series of commercials; and Kerri Eisenberg, now Kerry Lea, who also worked as an actress, ran a vegetarianism- and animal rights-based children's theatre troupe, and is now an independent artist in New York.

Eisenberg was raised in a secular Jewish household,     with his ancestry tracing back to Poland and Ukraine. He attended the East Brunswick Public Schools at Frost Elementary School, Hammarskjold Middle School (6th & 7th), Churchill Junior High School (8th & 9th), and spent his sophomore and junior years at East Brunswick High School. He then transferred to the Professional Performing Arts School in New York for his senior year. When he was a senior, he received his breakthrough role in the independent comedy-drama film Roger Dodger. His work in the film prevented him from enrolling at New York University. Instead, he studied anthropology and contemporary architecture at The New School in Greenwich Village, where he majored in liberal arts, with a focus on democracy and cultural pluralism.

Eisenberg struggled to fit in at school due to an anxiety disorder, and began acting in plays at an early age. When he was seven he starred as Oliver Twist in a children's theater production of the musical Oliver!, and by 12 he was an understudy in the 1996 Broadway revival of Tennessee Williams' Summer and Smoke. At 13, he understudied the role of Young Scrooge in a musical version of A Christmas Carol starring Tony Randall. He had his first professional role in Arje Shaw's off-Broadway play The Gathering at age 16. He said, "When playing a role, I would feel more comfortable, as you're given a prescribed way of behaving."

Eisenberg started writing screenplays at 16, some of which were optioned by major studios, but he claimed that he was dissatisfied with the lack of control he had over his creations once they were sold. He once got into trouble with Woody Allen's lawyers when, as a teenager, he penned a play about how Allen came to change his name and managed to get the script to Allen's "people". Instead of a seal of approval, he received two cease and desist letters. Eisenberg later starred in two films directed by Allen, To Rome with Love and Café Society.

1999–2008: Early work
Eisenberg made his television debut in the series Get Real, from 1999 to 2000. In 2001, he appeared in a UK Dr Pepper commercial as "Butt Naked Boy". After appearing in the made-for-television film Lightning: Fire from the Sky at 18, he starred in the independent film Roger Dodger (for which he won an award at the San Diego Film Festival for Most Promising New Actor), and in The Emperor's Club, both of which were released in 2002 to generally positive reviews. Eisenberg was sick for the majority of the nightclub scene and can be seen sweating in different shots.

In 2005, Eisenberg appeared in Cursed, a horror film directed by Wes Craven, and The Squid and the Whale, a well-reviewed independent drama starring Laura Linney and Jeff Daniels. In 2007, he starred opposite Richard Gere and Terrence Howard in The Hunting Party, a comic thriller in which he plays an American journalist reporting from Bosnia and was also cast in the indie comic-drama Holy Rollers alongside his sister, Hallie Eisenberg, who played his fictional sister in the film. He played a young Hasidic Jew who becomes involved in the ecstasy smuggling trade, using his religion as a disguise to deal without suspicion. Filming took place in New York in 2008. In 2009, Eisenberg played the lead role alongside Kristen Stewart which would be the first of many collaborations between them in Adventureland, a comedy directed by Greg Mottola and filmed in Kennywood Park, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Filming wrapped in October 2007, and the film had its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival in 2009. During the late 2000s, he also had roles in the independent films Solitary Man, playing college student Daniel, and Camp Hell, a horror film directed by George Van Buskirk.

2009–2011: Breakthrough and critical success
Eisenberg's first major box office success was a lead role in the horror-comedy Zombieland (2009). He starred opposite Woody Harrelson, Emma Stone, and Abigail Breslin as a group of survivors on a road trip through a post-zombie apocalypse America, and was a sleeper hit. In 2010, he portrayed Facebook creator Mark Zuckerberg in the film The Social Network, for which he earned the Best Actor Award from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, and nominations for Best Actor at the BAFTA Awards, Golden Globes, and Academy Awards but lost to Colin Firth for his performance of George VI in The King's Speech. According to the film's director, David Fincher, both he and screenwriter Aaron Sorkin knew Eisenberg was the one for the role as soon as they watched his audition tape, despite Eisenberg's own anxieties about his audition. On November 22, 2010, Eisenberg was honored, along with Whoopi Goldberg, Joycelyn Engle, and Harvey Krueger, at the Children at Heart Celebrity Dinner Gala and Fantasy Auction, to benefit the children of the Chernobyl disaster. Steven Spielberg serves as chair of the event each year.

On January 29, 2011, Eisenberg hosted Saturday Night Live on NBC, with musical guest Nicki Minaj. During his opening monologue, Zuckerberg himself appeared. Eisenberg said that meeting the man he portrayed on-screen was "an overwhelming experience," and was happy that "we were both able to have fun at the situation." Zuckerberg, who has complained frequently about the artistic licenses taken by The Social Network, would later say that he thought Eisenberg "was a little afraid to meet me after his portrayal, but I tried to be nice."

In 2011, he starred in the box-office animated hit Rio, as the main character Blu, a metropolitan, domesticated male Spix's macaw who learns how to fly. He starred alongside Anne Hathaway, his former co-star (and onscreen sibling) from Get Real, as well as George Lopez, Tracy Morgan, will.i.am, and Jamie Foxx. He featured in one song, "Real in Rio", in the film's soundtrack, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. He also starred alongside Aziz Ansari, Danny McBride, and Nick Swardson in 30 Minutes or Less, a film noir heist-comedy about a pizza delivery man, played by Eisenberg, who is forced to rob a bank, which was released in August 2011. In October 2011, Eisenberg made his playwriting debut in Rattlestick Playwrights Theater's Off-Broadway production of Asuncion, staged at Cherry Lane Theatre. Eisenberg also acted in the play, which was directed by Kip Fagan. The play highlights two overeducated, liberal-minded friends, played by Eisenberg and Justin Bartha, whose assumptions are challenged by their new Filipina roommate, played by Camille Mana.

2012–2019: Work as a playwright and acting roles
In 2012, he starred alongside Melissa Leo in Why Stop Now, a drama about a drug addict mother (Leo) and her piano prodigy son (Eisenberg), and in the magical realist romantic comedy To Rome with Love, directed by Woody Allen. That same year, he filed a $3 million lawsuit against the producers of the 2010 direct-to-DVD film Camp Hell, claiming exploitation. According to the lawsuit, Eisenberg agreed to appear in the film as a favor to his friends. He was on set for one day of filming in 2007, earned about $3,000, and logged only a few minutes of total screen time. Because of his minimal involvement in the production, he was surprised to see that his face was prominently featured on the cover of the DVD, implying that he starred in the film. His lawsuit asserts various California law causes of action, including claims for unfair business practices and publicity rights.

In 2013, Eisenberg reunited with Woody Harrelson for the magician heist thriller Now You See Me, playing a world-famous close-up magician and street performer recruited into a secret group of elite magicians to pull off bank heists with magic tricks, redistributing the money from a wealthy businessman (Michael Caine) to victims of his corrupt capitalist schemes. That year he announced his plan to continue writing, for both stage and screen, as well as continuing to act. He debuted his second play, The Revisionist, and starred in Richard Ayoade's drama, The Double (2013), which was shot in 2012. In the following years, Eisenberg reprised his role as Blu in Rio 2 (2014), and reunited with Stewart in the action comedy American Ultra (2015), playing a rogue sleeper agent being chased by the C.I.A.

In 2015, Eisenberg portrayed Rolling Stone journalist David Lipsky in the biographical drama film The End of the Tour, appearing opposite Jason Segel, who portrayed the late author David Foster Wallace. Eisenberg's third play, The Spoils, premiered off-Broadway in The New Group Perishing Square Signature Center Alice Griffin Box Theatre. The play featuring Eisenberg as Ben, also starring Kunal Nayyar, Michael Zegen, Erin Darke, and Annapurna Sriram, was the winner of The Blanche and Irving Laurie Foundation Theatre Visions Fund Award. On September 8, 2015, Eisenberg released his first book, Bream Gives Me Hiccups, a collection of short humor pieces.

Eisenberg serves on the Board of Advisors for Playing On Air, a public radio show/podcast that works with contemporary playwrights to produce plays for "today's digital audience." He has written one short play for Playing On Air, called A Little Part of All of Us (2015), which he starred in with Justin Bartha. He has voiced for two other plays, The Final Interrogation of Ceaucescu's Dog (2015), written by Warren Leight, and The Blizzard (2016), written by David Ives and directed by John Rando. Eisenberg played the supervillain Lex Luthor in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice,  which was released in March 2016, to generally negative reviews.  His performance in particular was criticized by comic book fans and film reviewers, later earning him the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor.  He defended himself by saying he attempted to "make these people real and relatable and interesting and engaging."

Eisenberg then reunited with Woody Allen and Kristen Stewart (for the third time) in Café Society.   The film held its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on May 11, 2016. Eisenberg next reprised his role as street magician J. Daniel "Danny" Atlas in Now You See Me 2, which was released on June 10, 2016, previewed June 9, to mixed reviews. The film was shot primarily in London and Macau. It grossed over $267 million worldwide, and Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer announced that they had "already begun early planning for Now You See Me 3. On June 2, 2016, Eisenberg's play The Spoils began a run at London's Trafalgar Studios in the West End, with Scott Elliott returning to direct. Eisenberg again played the lead role, along with Nayyar and Sriram, while Zegen and Darke's characters were replaced by Alfie Allen and Katie Brayben respectively. In May 2016, Eisenberg teased that he would reprise his role of Lex Luthor in the Justice League film (2017).  An official press kit, released by Warner Bros. on December 22, 2016, confirmed the return. He appeared as Luthor in the post-credits scene alongside Joe Manganiello, who played Slade Wilson/Deathstroke. Eisenberg joined Riley Stearns's dark comedy The Art of Self-Defense alongside Imogen Poots and Alessandro Nivola. Principal photography began in Louisville, Kentucky, on September 11, 2017 and the film had its world premiere in 2019.

Eisenberg starred alongside Alexander Skarsgård as a high-frequency trader in Kim Nguyen's tech drama The Hummingbird Project that was released in 2018. In the same year, he produce Jeremy Workman's documentary The World Before Your Feet, which follows a 37-year-old man named Matt Green who has walked over 9,000 miles on the streets of New York City. In an interview with Variety, Eisenberg talked about the film, stating, "it’s this fantastic tour of New York City. But more than that, its central character has this unusual relationship to his environment. He's simultaneously a tourist and a philosopher." The documentary premiered to critical acclaim at the 2018 South by Southwest Film Festival where it was acquired by distributor Greenwich Entertainment. It was released theatrically in November 2018 and has an approval rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes. The same month he appeared in the Serbian TV series Žigosani u reketu as the owner of an NBA club.

In 2019, Eisenberg starred in the sequel Zombieland: Double Tap, directed by Ruben Fleischer. Writers of the first Zombieland, Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, penned the script with David Callaham. Eisenberg's new play Happy Talk had its world premiere in 2019, with production by The New Group, marking his second collaboration with the company. The production is about "a suburban woman's efforts to take care of her family while starring in a community-theater production of South Pacific". Originally titled Yea, Sister, the show was directed by Scott Elliott.

2020–present: Career expansion
Eisenberg portrayed the famous mime Marcel Marceau in 2020 film Resistance, written and directed by Jonathan Jakubowicz. It focused on Marceau's part in the French resistance during World War II. He also reappeared as Luthor in Zack Snyder's Justice League for altered post-credits scene version alongside Manganiello.

Eisenberg starred as Toby Fleishman in FX's limited series Fleishman is in Trouble opposite Lizzy Caplan. Created by Taffy Brodesser-Akner, it is an adaptation of her New York Times bestselling debut novel of the same name. The series premiered on FX on Hulu on November 17, 2022. Eisenberg made his feature directorial debut in When You Finish Saving the World which was adapted from his own original audiobook series. The film stars Julianne Moore and Finn Wolfhard and is produced by his Zombieland co-star, Stone. The film premiered at 2022 Sundance Film Festival and was released in cinemas on January 20, 2023. That same year he appeared as the main character, Ralphie, in the film Manodrome, and has gotten favorable reviews for his acting.

The following year, he directed and wrote the comedy-drama A Real Pain, a film which he also acted in opposite Kieran Culkin. It had its world premiere at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival where it received positive reviews. Searchlight Pictures paid $10 million for the distribution rights.

Personal life
Eisenberg dated Anna Strout from 2002 to 2012 after they met on the set of The Emperor's Club, where she worked as an assistant to Lisa Bruce. He then dated Mia Wasikowska, his co-star in The Double, from 2013 to 2015. He later resumed his relationship with Strout, and they married in 2017. Their son, Banner, was born in April 2017. Eisenberg lived in New York City with his younger sister Hallie and her boyfriend, singer-songwriter Owen Danoff, until June 2016, when Hallie and Danoff moved to Nashville, Tennessee.

Eisenberg had enjoyed playing the drums since he was eight years old. His favorite band is Ween.

In 2007, Eisenberg started an online wordplay website with his cousin, a social design evangelist at Facebook, called OneUpMe. They re-launched the site in 2010, instead exclusively formatted for Facebook users. Despite portraying Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg in one of his most prominent film roles, Eisenberg does not use social media and said in 2016, "I'm terrified of that stuff. I live inside a bubble on purpose." When asked if he used Facebook to prepare for his role as Zuckerberg, he said that he "signed on for, like, 20 seconds one time".

Eisenberg is an alumnus of the Bloomington Playwrights Project, and has become deeply involved with the city of Bloomington, Indiana, showing support for Indiana University Bloomington and donating thousands of dollars to Bloomington's Middle Way House. He lived in the city at one point during the COVID-19 pandemic. He is a fan of the Indiana Pacers basketball team. For an article he wrote for InStyle magazine, he played a game of one-on-one with an Indiana University Women’s Basketball player, Tyra Buss. He is also a long-time fan of the Indy Thunder beep baseball team and its founder Darnell Booker.

Eisenberg has Jewish-Polish ancestry through his family, who lived in Krasnystaw until World War II, while his wife has Polish roots through family members from Łódź. In May 2024, he revealed he had applied for Polish citizenship, reportedly in order to help "create better relationship between Jews and Polish people".

Charity work and other interests
Eisenberg collaborated with Child Mind Institute in their #MyYoungerSelf project, where "each day in May a prominent individual will speak to his or her younger self about growing up with a mental health or learning disorder." In a video published on May 2, he spoke about his OCD and anxiety growing up. Eisenberg is fond of cats and has been involved in fostering animals. He has been associated with Farm Sanctuary and has presented at several of their galas. In 2015 he stated, "I'm like 95% vegetarian."

In September 2015, Eisenberg announced that from November, he would match donations made to Middle Way House, a domestic violence shelter in Bloomington, Indiana, up to $100,000 until April 3, 2016. All contributions made went towards the organization's mortgage payment fund that was matched by a committee, led by Eisenberg. "It's an incredible collective," Eisenberg told a reporter. "It's the kind of place where the residents go through their wonderful program and end up working there. It's saved so many lives." In an interview with Variety in March 2018, Eisenberg stated that he has raised almost $1 million for the shelter.

Eisenberg is a cast member with Theater of War, a performing arts non-profit that presents readings of Sophocles's Ajax and Philoctetes to military and civilian communities across the United States and Europe. "As an actor, sometimes you feel limited by the role you're in; stories without much meaning. [Theatre of War] allows you do something that has more substance and benefits people ... It's a greater purpose than just entertainment," Eisenberg said of the organization.

Eisenberg also works in performing for Voices of a People's History of the United States, which is an organization that works to "encourage civic engagement and to further history education by bringing the rich history of the United States to life through public readings of primary source materials." He read Howard Zinn's "The Problem is Civil Obedience" (1970) for Voices of a People's History as part of "NYU Portraits" 2011 event. Eisenberg is involved with Keep America Beautiful, which "[engages] individuals to take greater responsibility for improving their community environments," as well as Shoe Revolt, a "hybrid start-up company that auctions celeb shoes to raise funds to deploy a social franchising model which aims to educate, engage, and empower youth to take the lead in the fight against domestic sex trafficking through peer-to-peer involvement, training, activism and social enterprise development."

On September 12, 2016, Eisenberg, Cate Blanchett, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Peter Capaldi, Douglas Booth, Neil Gaiman, Keira Knightley, Juliet Stevenson, Kit Harington, and Stanley Tucci were featured in a video from the United Nations' refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness about the global refugee crisis. The video, titled "What They Took With Them", has the actors reading a poem, written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees, and is part of UNHCR's #WithRefugees campaign, which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter, integrating job opportunities, and education.

Eisenberg participated in the inaugural "The 24 Hour Musicals: Los Angeles" on July 17, 2017, at the United Artists Theater, Ace Hotel. He composed the music and co-wrote, alongside his writing partner, Elizabeth Meriweather, Shoshana and Her Lovers, a musical about four lesbian sisters. The event proceeds went to the Dramatists Legal Defense Fund, a "nonprofit arm of the Dramatists Guild of America which advocates for the freedom of expression and advocates on behalf of all who are confronting censorship on stages across America." He previously acted in 24 Hour Plays: On Broadway 2011 and 2015, both times for New York's Urban Arts Partnership. He was a special guest at the 2011 Urban Arts Partnership Prom, and was an Honorary Chair on the organisation's 25th Anniversary Gala Benefit Committee. On March 29, Urban Arts Partnership announced Eisenberg as a special guest for its 2018 gala AmplifiED, dedicated to New Yorkers fighting inequality in public education.

Eisenberg was among a small group of actors and musicians who performed at The People's Summit 2017 in June, "a three-day conference of 4,000 left-wing activists and progressive political groups", as part of an adaptation of Howard Zinn's Voices of a People's History of the United States''. The production, titled "The People Speak", was performed after Senator Bernie Sanders's keynote address. Eisenberg was cast by brother-in-law Anthony Arnove, who along with Zinn edited Voices of a People's History of the United States.

Eisenberg spoke at a rally in support of Democratic Illinois gubernatorial candidate Daniel Biss on March 10, 2018, as well as at a meet and greet hosted by Reclaim Chicago and University of Chicago Student Action the day before, alongside State Representative Will Guzzardi. He filmed two videos for the campaign, one for Biss's Facebook account and one for the Biss For Illinois YouTube platform.

title: Jesse Eisenberg


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User talk:Cingy

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title: User talk:Cingy


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Otterhound

The Otterhound is an English dog breed. It is a scent hound and is currently recognised by the Kennel Club as a Vulnerable Native Breed with around 600 animals worldwide.

Ancestry
The first recorded Otterhounds known to resemble the current breed are in the North-West of England in the first half of the 19th century – for example, the Hawkstone Otter Hunt and Squire Lomax's Otterhounds. In the second half of the 19th century, French Griffons were outcrossed, including one-eighth Wolf cross/Griffon Vendéen from the Comte de Canteleu in Normandy. In the early 20th century the Griffon Nivernais was crossed into the breed, and one particular dog, Boatman, a Grand Griffon Vendéen/Bloodhound cross, became an ancestor for several kennels.

Appearance
The Otterhound is a large, rough coated, and straight limbed dog. The head is deep but not wide with the rough coat giving it a beard or moustache of sorts. The nose is wide. The eyes are deep set with the haw only slightly showing. The ears are long and pendulous, they roll inwards as to create a 'drape' appearance. The neck is long a slight dewlap is allowed. The forelegs are straight from the elbow to the ground. Pasterns are slightly strung. Hind legs are well-muscled with heavily muscled thighs, in a normal stance the hind legs from hock to ground are perpendicular. Feet are large, round, and thick padded. The tail is thick at the base and never curls over the back. The coat is 4-8 cm (1½-3 inches) in length, dense, rough, and waterproof; appears broken. Height at the shoulder is 69 cms (27 inches) for dogs and 61 cms (24 inches) for bitches. Otterhounds generally weigh between 80 and 115 lb.

Coat colours
Recognised colours are: whole coloured, grizzle, sandy, red, wheaten, and blue; with white markings permissible in all of them as well as lemon, blue, or badger pied markings.

Hunting

Otter hunting dates back to the early medieval period, with references to it found as early as 1360. The otterhound, however, can only be traced back as a distinct breed as far as the early 1800s.

To be equal to the otter, an Otterhound was said to need "a Bulldog's courage, a Newfoundland's strength in water, a Pointer's nose, a Retriever's sagacity, the stamina of a Foxhound, the patience of a Beagle, and the intelligence of a Collie ".

In 1978, due to the dramatic decline in otter numbers, the otter was placed on the list of protected species in Britain, and otter hunting therefore ceased. It was never banned in Britain, the otter hunts stopped hunting voluntarily, as it was they who realised that otter numbers were dropping dramatically and brought it to the attention of the authorities. By 1977, nine registered packs of otterhounds were still in existence. A few hunts switched to hunting mink or coypu, but many of the original otterhound packs ceased to exist altogether. Hounds were often passed to newly founded minkhound packs. The Pembroke and Carmarthenshire Minkhounds are the only pack today with a pure otterhound pack. As the dogs had been selectively bred for their hunting capabilities, only a few of the bloodlines were suitable for breeding into companion animals.

Health
A survey of breed club members in the UK found a life expectancy of 10.21 years. The same survey identified a predisposition to gastric dilatation volvulus with 9% of Otterhounds having the condition and 7.4% of deaths attributable to the condition.

Endangered breed
In 2012 it was estimated there were around 600 otterhounds in the world. It is considered to be the most endangered native breed in Britain, with only 41 new registrations in 2016. This is partly because otterhounds have never been numerous, and even in the early 20th century, when otter hunting as a sport was at the height of its popularity, the number of dogs was still small. They are on the list of Vulnerable Native Breeds as identified by the UK Kennel Club, and great efforts are being made to save the breed.

title: Otterhound


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Henry Pancoast

Henry Khunrath Pancoast (February 26, 1875 – May 20, 1939) was an American radiologist. He identified contrast media for use in radiology studies, and served prominent roles in early radiological professional organizations. Pancoast tumors, a type of lung tumour, are named after him.

Pancoast was born in Philadelphia to prominent Quaker parents; his father, Seth Pancoast, was also a doctor. He was educated at the Friends Central High School and went on to the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) Medical School, graduating in 1898.

Professional life
His first medical job was at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP), starting surgical training there in 1900. When the hospital's first chief skiagrapher (radiologist), Charles Lester Leonard, retired, Pancoast succeeded him and served as the chairman of the department from 1902 to 1939. In 1911, he was also appointed professor of radiology (roentgenology), the first in the United States. Following his retirement, Pancoast was succeeded by Eugene P. Pendergrass.

In his work at Penn, Pancoast developed the use of bismuth and barium as contrast media to better differentiate certain anatomy in x-ray images. He also recognized and described the effect of prolonged radiation on the development of leukemia. In his tenure at Penn, he also pioneered the use of radiation to treat leukemia and Hodgkin's disease, though he is perhaps best known for his identification and description of a particular lung tumor that now bears his name—Pancoast tumor.

In addition to his hospital and academic work, Pancoast was active in outside professional organizations. He served as founding president of the American Board of Radiology, and in 1933 was also president of the first American Congress of Radiology, which met in Chicago in September of that year, coincident with the Chicago World's Fair.

He also traveled to numerous gatherings of medical faculty and staff, to describe the use and value of diagnostic x-rays and to explain irradiation procedures to treat malignancies.

Personal life
Pancoast married Clara Louise Boggs in Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, Baltimore, Maryland, in 1903.

Henry Pancoast died in Merion, Pennsylvania in 1939.

title: Henry Pancoast


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Bayside Shakedown 2

Bayside Shakedown 2 (踊る大捜査線 THE MOVIE 2 レインボーブリッジを封鎖せよ!) is the second film based on the popular Bayside Shakedown TV series, known for its unique and humorous depiction of the Japanese police force while avoiding the conventions that define most police dramas. The movie was released in the summer of 2003. Bayside Shakedown 2 is the all-time highest-grossing Japanese live-action movie on domestic screens and earned ¥17.35 billion at the box office.

Plot
The movie takes place again in the fictional Wangan Station of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, in the five years since the previous movie, the once empty space within Wangan's jurisdiction (the station was once referred to disparagingly as "the empty space station" by the surrounding jurisdictions) has become a popular tourist attraction, the officers at Wangan Station now have their hands full dealing with all manner of tourist related issues. In a sign of how much has not changed in the last five years, when Detective Sergeant Shunsaku Aoshima and several of other detectives playing the part of terrorists defeat a Special Assault Team unit during a counterterrorism exercise in front of the police brass and the media, all the detectives promptly have their pay docked by headquarters.

When a string of murders of company execs begins taking place, Aoshima jumps at the opportunity to pursue something other than his current case, which he finds less than inspiring. However, the powers that be have other ideas, and Wangan again plays host to a special investigation team from headquarters, led by Superintendent Okita, whose inflexible methods, reliance on technology over old-fashioned police work, and condescending attitude towards the locals quickly leads to one fiasco after another, with the local officers working to clean up the resulting mess. Aoshima's friend Superintendent Shinji Muroi, assigned by headquarters to assist Okita, is again powerless to help the local officers as decisions are made by the higher ups.

Cast

 * Yūji Oda - Sergeant Shunsaku Aoshima
 * Toshirō Yanagiba - Superintendent Shinji Muroi
 * Eri Fukatsu - Sergeant Sumire Onda
 * Miki Mizuno - Sergeant Yukino Kashiwagi
 * Yūsuke Santamaria - Inspector Masayoshi Mashita
 * Miki Maya - Superintendent Okita
 * Chosuke Ikariya - Senior Inspector Heihachiro Waku
 * Kenta Satoi - Section Chief Uozumi
 * Toshio Kakei - Superintendent Shinjo
 * Kotaro Koizumi - Surveillance Room Operator Shigeru Koike
 * Soichiro Kitamura - Chief Kanda
 * Takehiko Ono - Division Chief Hakamada
 * Satoru Saito - Assistant Chief Akiyama
 * John Sledge - American in Casino

Reception
During nine successive weeks it was number-one, a record that hasn't been matched since by a domestic live action film.

title: Bayside Shakedown 2


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title: Template:Algerian massacres of 1998


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Orlando Figueroa

Orlando Figueroa (born September 9, 1955), previously the NASA Mars Czar Director for Mars Exploration and the Director for the Solar System Division in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters and the Deputy Center Director for Science and Technology of the Goddard Space Flight Center. He has since retired in 2010 from NASA.

Early career
Figueroa was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico. As a child he always had an interest in learning how mechanical toys functioned. During his elementary school years, he would occupy most of his time building things and looking for solutions to problems. After he finished his primary and secondary education, he went to high school, where he was an advanced mathematics student. The beginning of the space era, captured his attention during his childhood. He would gaze at the stars and moon and would try to imagine what it would be like to travel into space.

Figueroa enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez and in 1978, he earned his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. Upon his graduation, he continued his studies and completed advanced courses in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland, College Park.

Career at NASA
In 1982, Figueroa was hired by NASA and was named Head of the Cryogenics Technology Section at the Goddard Space Flight Center located in Maryland. Among the other positions that Figueroa has held are, Lead Cryogenic Engineer for the Cryogenic Optical Assembly of the Cosmic Background Explorer, Manager for the Superfluid Helium On Orbit Transfer Shuttle Experiment, Manager for the Small Explorer Project, Manager for the Explorer Program and Director of the Systems, Technology and Advanced Concepts Directorate.

In 1997, Figueroa became a member of the Senior Executive Service of the U.S. Federal Government. In September 2003, he was appointed to the position of Director for the Solar Systems Division in the Space Science at NASA Headquarters and he also held the position of Director for Mars Exploration.

As Director of Mars Exploration, Figueroa led a team of hundreds of scientists, engineers and program specialists in one of the Agency's most ambitious projects to determine if life ever existed on Mars. The programs long range objective is to place humans into its present hostile environment. Under his directorship the Mars Explorer Rover mission launched Spirit and Opportunity in 2004. The launching of two rovers within days of each other had never been done before, and it was accomplished in three years, from conception to launch, in the wake of mission failures from Mars ’98.

In August 2005 Mr. Figueroa was appointed to the position of Director for System Safety and Mission Assurance at the Goddard Space Flight Center. In October 2005, Figueroa was named Director of Applied Engineering and Technology at Goddard, as such he is responsible for 1,300 employees and provides guidance on engineering and system technology. In January 2010, he accepted the position of Deputy Center Director for Science and Technology of Goddard Space Flight Center. Mr. Figueroa currently resides in Maryland with his family.

Awards and recognitions
Figueroa received an Honorary Doctor's Degree. Among the many awards and recognitions which he has received are the following:

 * The NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal (1993)
 * The Community Stars Award from the Maryland Science Commission (1994)
 * The President Rank Award for Outstanding Performance as Senior Executive (2001)
 * The Pioneer Award (2002)
 * Named "The Most Influential Hispanic in the Nation" by Hispanic Business magazine (2002).

title: Orlando Figueroa


text:
BS 8110

BS 8110 is a withdrawn British Standard for the design and construction of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. It is based on limit state design principles. Although used for most civil engineering and building structures, bridges and water-retaining structures are covered by separate standards (BS 5400 and BS 8007). The relevant committee of the British Standards Institute considers that there is no need to support BS 8110.

In 2004, BS 8110 was replaced by EN 1992 (Eurocode 2 or EC2). In general, EC2 used in conjunction with the National Annex, is not wildly different from BS 8110 in terms of the design approach. It gives similar answers and offers scope for more economic structures. Overall EC2 is less prescriptive, and its scope is more extensive than BS 8110 for example in permitting higher concrete strengths. In this sense the new code will permit designs not currently permitted in the UK, and this gives designers the opportunity to derive benefit from the considerable advances in concrete technology over recent years.

title: BS 8110


text:
User talk:Daniellec

Please don't create article talk pages just for doodling. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Bishonen | Talk 08:45, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Daniellec


text:
List of carcinologists

This is a list of notable carcinologists. A carcinologist is a scientist who studies crustaceans or is otherwise involved in carcinology (the science of crustaceans).

title: List of carcinologists


text:
Talk:Winwick, Northamptonshire

Why are we talking about Stowe in an article on Winwick?Saga City 08:47, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Although I didn't put it here, I've now moved / merged this to/with Stowe, Buckinghamshire. Ian Cairns 14:54, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Winwick, Northamptonshire


text:
Talk:Time Cube/Archive 6

Section removed
This entire section was removed by an anonymous user, with the explanation "The time cube theory uses the cube as an analogy to help describe ideas. Stretching the analogy is not a good way to refute the theory." I'm no Time Cube expert, but it seems to me that Gene stretches the analogy himself, which would make this a perfectly valid subject of criticism. Comments, anyone? Bryan 19:05, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think the time cube is nonsense, but "stretching an analogy too far" means drawing false conclusions by assuming that the analog perfectly describes something else. If Gene Ray is using the analog to draw new conclusions, it's possible that this happened.  It's also possible that he made conclusions without reasoning about an actual cube.  Neither you nor I know which of these happened.

 * It's probable that he feels there are no remotely adequate words to describe the concept he has (I think that this is the reason he calls words evil). If this is the case, he might use an analogy to try to get his general idea across.  If "cubelike" is a fairly adequate word, you would be justified in saying that he stretches the word (not the analogy) a bit too much.  However, if he feels there are no words that are even close (including "cube"), he would be justified in picking the word that makes the best analog and stretching the word to make it fit what he's trying to say.  Giving new definitions to old words when mainstream science makes a discovery is an accepted practice.

 * Now, on to the removed section itself. The criticism of "quadrant" because it uses a nonstandard definition was deleted first.  There is no suitable replacement and Gene Ray gives a clear definition of it, so it should cause no confusion.  The use of the term, by itself, certainly doesn't cause any logical errors.

 * The criticism of "cube" was because Gene Ray focuses on the four sides of the cube and ignores the top and bottom. This is perfectly reasonable if the concept deals only with a four-sided, cubelike object.  The top and bottom would be irrelevant to the theory, regardless of the fact that the top and bottom are symmetrical with each of the sides.  Ignoring irrelevant attributes of an analog is preferred because it focuses on the things that are actually similar and important to understanding and it ignores things that are dissimilar or unimportant.  Bringing them up is foolish and a red herring.

 * Bringing up the fact that four is a square number, rather than a cube number, is also a red herring. If the thing under discussion is better understood by analogy to a three-dimensional shape (like a cube with the top and bottom missing), then using a square to represent it is stupid.  A cube with two sides missing is much closer to a cube than a square and no amount of saying "but four is a square number" will change that.

 * 12.214.45.9 23:40, 30 May 2004 (UTC)

 * A cube with two sides missing might have only 4 sides, but it still has 8 corners. Who said 4 sides primarily symbolize the square! I would postulate that the 4 corners of a square are more important than the 4 sides. Thus, on that note, I suggest that this legitmiate criticism remain. I happen to endorse Time Cube and the surrounding philosophy in its entirity, and I believe that without proper criticism to stimulate geometric fervor, the Time Cube may be forgotten in an anti-mathematical crusade. Flying Hamster 06:53, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * The cube has 8 vertices, but in Time Cube terminology, "corners" refer not to vertices but to vertical edges (those parallel to the rotational axis). The Cube is created by projecting the square along a perpendicular axis through its centre; thus, the square's 4 vertex-corners become 4 vertical-edge-corners of a Cube. It's like in a Cube-shaped room; the corners are the vertical edges where the walls intersect.

 * Okay, this is quite sufficiently detailed to convince me the removal was well thought out. Thanks for answering; I tend to err on the side of caution when someone I don't recognize deletes a large block of text that I don't fully understand and I hope I didn't come across as assuming bad intentions. :) Bryan 00:26, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I think there should be, obviously, as I wrote the deleted section about this problem. Feel free to put it back, or preferably to improve upon it, I don't think it's the last word by any means. I caution against any careless use of technical terms in criticising the Time Cube, Ray does this all the time in promoting it and if others do too this will just make the confusion worse. Andrewa 07:12, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * You might also note what I said in the February VfD debate earlier this year: Significant crackpot theory based on the false premise that the cube is closely related to the number four. Perhaps that could be also better put, but I think that, contrary to what the anon above says, the mathematical weaknesses in the Time Cube symbolism are blatant enough to be significant. If so, this is relevant to understanding exactly what Ray is doing, which is the very last thing Ray himself wants. In hindsight I've gone back to my original thinking in the January VfD debate, this article should be a redirect to Gene Ray, which doesn't need another VfD debate. There is no evidence that anyone else promotes this theory, let alone significant numbers of people, and if so current policy would be that it doesn't get an article of its own. Ray himself deserves an article,[sic] he's significant if only for his critics. It's also interesting IMO that this latest debate is by an anon who claims to reject the "theory", but whose edits to this talk page and the article seem to reduce the content of both pages and enhance Ray's credibility. There have been many edits from this IP, but are they all the same person? Probably not another Ray glove puppet is my guess, but we have no way of knowing. All we know is that Ray does seem to have lots of time to set up Internet accounts etc.. Andrewa 21:00, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Under the circumstances, then, I think the deleted material should be restored again. I don't think the anon user is Ray, he seems far too lucid for that, but it seems that at least some pieces of the baby were thrown out with the bathwater in this case. Since the symbolism problems do seem to be brought up commonly by Time Cube critics, they should be addressed here even if they turn out to be unfounded. Bryan 23:39, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * In response to Andrewa's request for evidence of people other than Gene Ray supporting Time Cube, this pro-Cubic petition may be helpful. Many of the people who have signed this petition (of course, some are but educated stupid Academians and brainwashed religious zealots who are attempting to suppress the Cubic Truth) along with the person who created the petition, do indeed support Nature's Harmonic Time Cube and hold the opinion that "Time Cube debate should be mandated in all academic and social institutions"—and I think we can consider Wikipedia a "social institution". Also, Andrewa, since you hold testimonies in such high regard, I will now testify that contrary to your "glove puppet" claim, I am not Gene Ray.

title: Talk:Time Cube/Archive 6


text: Category:Cannabis

title: Category:Cannabis


text: Category:Shakira albums

title: Category:Shakira albums


text:
James City Shire

James City Shire was formed in the British colony of Virginia in 1634.

During the 17th century, shortly after establishment of Jamestown in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling the areas adjacent to Hampton Roads.

On, November 18, 1618, the Virginia Company of London, proprietor of the colony, gave instructions on the formation of a laudable government for the Colony to Sir George Yeardley when he departed from London to become full governor of Virginia. As directed, in 1619, Governor Yeardly established four large corporations, termed citties (sic), which were designated to encompass the developed portion of the colony. These were Kecoughtan (later renamed Elizabeth Cittie), James Cittie, Charles Cittie, and Henrico Cittie.

In 1634, by order of Charles I, King of England, eight shires or counties with a total population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants were established in the colony of Virginia. The area included what is now Surry County (across the James River), part of Charles City County and some of New Kent County.

James City Shire, as well as the James River and Jamestown took their name from King James I, the late father of the king. About 1642-43, the name of the James City Shire was changed to James City County. It is considered one of the 5 original shires of the Virginia colony to be extant essentially in the same political form (county) in 2005.

Williamsburg became an independent city from James City County in 1884. However they share a school system, courts, and some constitutional officers.

title: James City Shire


text:
Beni Ali massacre

The Beni Ali massacre took place in the mountain hamlet of Beni Ali, 40 mi south of Algiers near Chrea, on 26 August 1997. Sixty-four (according to The New York Times and CNN) or 100 people (according to Amnesty International) were killed in a terrorist attack. Three days later came the larger Rais massacre.

title: Beni Ali massacre


text:
User:Leftshoe

I, lord of everything and undisputed master of the universe, have decided to put my unparalleled thought process towards your petty encyclopedia! (that was a joke, in case you cant sense sarcasm)

Seriously, This is the best website on the net. I figured it would be a good idea to contribute to it.

my l33t C0un+er5+r1ke sk1LLz must be useful somewhere!

title: User:Leftshoe


text:
Yuriko Chiba

Yuriko Chiba (千羽 由利子) is an animator and character designer. Some of her major character designs were for anime shows To Heart, Figure 17, Planetes, and Sacred Seven. In animation direction, she worked on I Dream of Mimi, Berserk, Code Geass, To Heart and Steel Angel Kurumi Zero.

title: Yuriko Chiba


text:
User talk:Leftshoe

omg, ur teh omg gay l0rd! omg! u likz anals! omg lolololo!!!111one - A friend

er, no

title: User talk:Leftshoe


text:
Talk:Monkfish

Monastery?
Does anyone know the truth of the following reference? Seems bogus to me, and I can't find a mention of it with a google search. I'm going to revert unless someone produces a reference to a credible source.

Monkfish gather and live in groups called "brotherhoods" and make "monasteries" to live in out of living clam shells.

Yea doesn't seem right for either species of monkfish. Bull Bell (talk) 22:36, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

Redirect correct?
Why does Goosefish redirect here? Anglerfish makes it sound like they're two different kinds of shallow-water anglerfish. A: it seems that goosefish is a general name for all these species. --Andrew 09:03, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

I've noticed the general mistaken identity on the net and else where between The Angler Fish (Lophius Piscatorius or Breiflabb (NO)) and the Monk Fish / Angel Shark (Squatina Squatina or Havengel (NO)). Its taken me a while to find the difference myself but certainly the Angel Shark looks far more like a Monks Hood (hence the name monk fish) than the Angler Fish does! Why exactly do the two seem to be called the same thing?! -Phil

The original monkfish (angel shark) is called that because of its hood like appearance supposedly. There are several differing opinions on why angler fish are called monkfish including being bycatch that was given away to monasteries and to improve the value of the fish, as angler fish or sea devil had negative connotations. Bull Bell (talk) 22:39, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

Origin of name
These strange fish got their name from Monks who used to go to the docks and ask for the ugly fish that the fishermen would throw away. Little did they know that the difficult to get meat is most comprable to Lobster. 151.204.31.157 21:46, Jan 10, 2006 (UTC)

NO MERGE
Dont Merge this article as the two fish are of different species.

Merge with Anglerfish
As proposed three weeks ago, I merged Monkfish with Anglerfish. Read the monkfish page first, to see the explanation of the relationship of the name, and then the anglerfish page to see that all your favorite information has been preserved.

Don't merge ever
OK this has happened a couple of times but it is incorrect and has been reverted...to explain "anglerfish" is the wider group, "monkfish" refers to the subset of anglerfishes of the genus Lophius. Thus the amalgamation is inappropriate.Tullimonstrum 10:09, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 21:21, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

In Asia?
Monkfish appears on some Korean restaurant menus. I've had it in a spicy stew, the tail cut crosswise. Is this the same species as the monkfish of the North Atlantic? Squidfryerchef (talk) 05:49, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

In New Zealand the name monkfish is used for the species Kathetostoma giganteum — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.213.110.4 (talk) 12:31, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

Monkfish In Its Natural Environment Erroneous?
I believe the second photo of the monkfish in its natural environment is actually a a ray of some sort. I do not believe that this photo should be included in this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.75.23.31 (talk) 15:57, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Sustainability Minded?
What does Sustainability Minded mean? I think this sentence needs further explanation, as the phrase itself is loaded. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.117.196.229 (talk) 17:37, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monkfish


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Keane india

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mackensen (talk) 01:33, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Keane india
Advertising. Created by User:Keane India. RickK 09:03, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * This is not an advertisement! There is no 'call to action'. This is just a corporate snapshot of an IT company. Similar corporate profiles are already exisiting on wikipedia (for e.g. Infosys, Wipro, Patni Computer Systems, Covansys India Limited )under the categories Companies of India. It would be unjust to block this by saying that it is an advertisement. ...at 09:14, 2005 Feb 16 202.54.214.196 forgot to hit the twiddle key
 * Corporate puff, as seen for example in "Keane, Inc. has intellectual capital of over 9000 Business and Technical professionals" which I think means that it employs 9000 people (though perhaps it just outsources to them). Delete (and delete Keane, Inc. too). -- Hoary 10:16, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * If not advertisement, then simply vanity. "One of the fastest growing mid-sized IT Companies." Concur with Hoary, Delete. Radiant! 10:26, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * In that case, would you also be deleting Infosys, Wipro, Patni Computer Systems, Covansys India Limited ??? Rules should be for everyone? ...at # 11:44, 2005 Feb 16 202.54.214.196 again failed to type ~
 * Comment. Provide some reason why this company is notable.  .  Provide some content, like the history of the company, who the founders are, what products it makes, etc Write it in English, not idiotic corporate-speak.  As for the other companies, if Keane isn't notable and is deleted, and these other companies aren't any more notable than Keane, they won't get deleted unless someone submits them.  --BM 13:26, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree with Hoary, Radiant, and BM above. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:47, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 14:50, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redir to Keane, Inc. if someone manages to salvage that article, otherwise delete. Patni Computer Systems is pretty marginal, but gets 10 times as many hits as "keane india". Niteowlneils 16:22, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't speak for the notability of the Indian branch of the company, but Keane, Inc. is a large and well-known IT consulting company. (Most people recognize the name because they sponsor NPR with the slogan "Keane - We get IT done.)  I vote keep with one qualification. Both articles feel like copyvios. Has anyone checked? (Redirect would also work.) Rossami (talk) 16:25, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Uh, it's the same company. They used to be a big employer in the U.S. Now they're a big employer in India. Dpbsmith (talk) 18:49, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The article is an exact copy of User:Keane India, obviating any need for Userfy. The content is not salvageable, and it is unnecessary to salvage it in any case. Redirect (without merge) to Keane, Inc. if that article is rewritten, otherwise Delete. Uncle G 17:05, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Keane, Inc. This article is advertising. This article should be redirected to Keane, Inc.. Keane, Inc. is notable enough to merit a proper NPOV article. It is particularly notable for its connection with the outsourcing trend. This company in itself is a significant example of and contributor to the trend. Dpbsmith (talk) 18:49, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, changing vote. There's not even any reason for a redirect. If we ever get a reasonable article on Keane, Inc., anything that mentions a subsidiary can use a pipe to name the subsidiary and link to the main article. There's no need for the redirect unless Keane India is notable in its own right. The current state of the article is a substub that does not establish any notability other than being a subsidiary of Keane. Dpbsmith (talk) 15:53, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to main article (when copyvio and PoV issues are resolved etc). Delete, changed my mind. Wyss 19:52, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Corporate puffery. As far as I'm concerned, delete the others referenced above, too. Katefan0 22:05, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertisement, possible vanity. Megan1967 04:36, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The article has been completely rewritten and has been submitted only as a stub. The page was not created for any advertising purposes. It was noticed that when one searches for Gurgaon, Keane is mentioned in the text of the Gurgaon submission. But the internal link directs the user to the British rock band Keane! Since, Keane is being referred as to the IT company based in Gurgaon and not the rock bank Keane, therefore, it was felt that it should be directed to the correct page. Hope this clarifies.User:Keane India.


text:
Pandora Peaks

Pandora Peaks (born Stephanie Schick; April 12, 1964) is a retired American adult model for magazine and film, actress, and stripper. She posed for more than 100 men's magazines, such as Playboy, Score and Gent.

Biography
In the 1990s, Peaks appeared as a catalog model for Pango Pango swimwear, emphasizing their claim to be able to fit any woman. Her measurements (in 1995) were 72HHH-22-36; and she is hence known for her extraordinarily sized bust, yet slim other measurements.

Credited as Stephanie Schick, she appeared in minor roles in the 1991 Andy Sidaris spy movie Do or Die, playing the character Atlanta Lee; and in the 1996 Demi Moore film Striptease, playing stripper Urbana Sprawl.

In 1998, Peaks starred in Visions & Voyeurism, a 60-minute documentary-style movie. Shot on location at sites in Hollywood and Southern California, it featured Peaks posing nude, in full view of passers-by.

Peaks starred in the eponymous Pandora Peaks, Russ Meyer's final film, released in 2005. The 72-minute Direct-to-video film has no dialogue, just footage of Peaks undressing, dressing and walking around, with narration by Peaks and Meyer.

title: Pandora Peaks


text:
User talk:Saifway

Can I ask why you moved BS1363 to BS8110? --Ali@gwc.org.uk 09:08, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Saifway


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Om det tragiske

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was copyvio. Joyous 00:12, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Om det tragiske
15 Google hits for "Petter Wessel Zapffe", one for "Petter Zapffe". This reads like a copyvio, too. RickK 09:09, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 14:55, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, book ad . Merge, some of these articles are so promotionally written at first... Wyss 19:49, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote of yet, but I would like to flag Den fortapte sønn, another of Zapffe's books; Den sidste Messias, an essay by Zappfe; to biosophy, mostly a discussion of Zapffe's philosophy; and finally to the Peter Wessel Zapffe article itself. Stuff about Zapffe has also been added to pessimism.  I will admit that I had never heard of Zapffe before seeing him pop up on Wikipedia; and I am fairly well read on philosophical pessimism.  Spelling his name "Peter" boosts his Google hits to above 2000, pretty good for a Scandinavian philosopher.  If Zapffe is so minor a figure that his "best-known work" shouldn't have a page, the rest of these articles should perhaps share the fate of this one.  If this is an important work, it should be cleaned up (assuming it is not in fact a copyvio) and kept.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 21:20, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it should be merged with Zapffe's main article. If kept, however, it should be renamed to its English title, and be heavily edited to get to NPOV. Radiant! 22:24, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Again, no opinion as to whether the book merits a separate article, but the other articles with titles in Norwegian should also be moved/renamed to English language versions also. -- Smerdis of Tlön 15:02, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep cleanup and expand. Megan1967 08:49, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Peter Wessel Zapffe (if not a copyvio). Translating titles of books is problematic if no English translation actually exists. / u p p l a n d 15:47, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable book. JamesBurns 08:06, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a copyvio, as helpfully noted at the bottom of the article. I've listed it as such at WP:CP. —Korath (Talk) 02:37, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:194.73.98.98

title: User talk:194.73.98.98


text:
Thalit

Thalit (ثالت) was a small hamlet in Algeria, all but one of whose 53 inhabitants were killed in 1997 in the Thalit massacre.

title: Thalit


text: User:DanielDemaret

title: User:DanielDemaret


text:
Category:World Heritage Sites in Argentina

World Heritage Sites in Argentina, landmarks or areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity".


text:
Talk:Shot put

Ungrammatical uses
There was a note after "In the English language it is common to use the term "shot put" to refer to both the shot itself and to the throwing motion." that said that both uses were ungrammatical, but didn't explain why. For the noun, "shot put" comes up in dictionary.com with that meaning, and I'm not sure why the verb use is ungrammatical. There wasn't any explanation other that just that statement, so I pulled the line. 24.59.112.218 00:12, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

 * As an experienced thrower myself, I'd say that the dictionary you referenced is either incorrect or has modified the meaning to match the use of the words. Technically the "shot" references the weight, and the "put" is the verb, meaning what is done to the shot to get the name of the event to be the "shot put".  It is very similar to "discus throw".--Paul McDonald (talk) 11:24, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I've just removed that sentence as Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Wiktionary is the place for discussion of (mis)usage of words. Qwfp (talk) 19:29, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

Rules
''Rules
 * The athlete must rest the shot close to the neck and keep it tight to the neck while throwing.
 * At the end of the throw, the thrower must push the throwing arm straight from the neck, pushing the ball off the fingertips. (If the thrower does not push the ball out and throws it like a baseball, the thrower may incur a shoulder or neck injury.) ''

Are these really rules? Or are they just technical points which are accepted as a given? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thatlot!! (talk • contribs) 20:48, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm quite sure the first rule is a rule. A number of places on the web corroborate it; it is the rule that make this event a "put" and not a "throw".  I can't find the second rule anywhere though, but I can't seem to quickly find anything that looks like a definitive rulebook for shot put.  This article definitely needs some citations.  I'll tag it to that effect. Cheers, Doctormatt 23:02, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yep, those are rules. Failure to complete the put in the manenr described can be ruled as a foul or a scratch and the put will not be measured.  Don't have a reference for it, other than my own experience.  I read it in the rules once, but don't have a rule book handy.--Paul McDonald (talk) 11:25, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Its true! ---122.57.99.153 (talk) 03:22, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Basically the shot put must leave the neck when thrown, it cannot leave the neck before being thrown. So it must be 'put' from the neck.this is in the official rulebook —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.82.163.215 (talk) 15:37, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

From USA Track and Field 2009 Rules of Competition, Article IV, Section 3, Rule 188: 2. The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one hand only. At the time the competitor takes a stance in the ring to commence a put, the shot shall touch or be in close proximity to the neck or chin, and the hand shall not be dropped below this position during the act of putting. The shot must not at any time be brought behind the line of the shoulders. Cartwheeling techniques are not permitted.

This comment above is the exact wording of the IAAF (the ones who make the rules) Please look carefully at the first sentence. "The shot shall be put from the shoulder" (note here that it does not say that it must be thrown from the neck as many above have erroneously said.) Then the rules get more specific: "At the time the competitor takes a stance in the ring to commence a put" (This means that when the athlete gets into the starting position before his very first movement) at that time: " the shot shall touch or be in close proximity to the neck or chin". (This is where the idea about throwing from the neck comes from but this is NOT what the rule says. To review this: The shot must be close to the neck before the athlete starts any movement to throw. Then the cruncher: "and the hand shall not be dropped below this position during the act of putting" (This means that the hand must not drop below the plane of the shoulder but it can be moved up (to throw) or moved slightly along the shoulder (as in a lateral movement) in order to throw from the shoulder. The rule clearly says "drop" and also forbids to bring the shot "behind" the plane of the shoulder but slight lateral movement on the shoulder allows for the shot to be thrown from the shoulder as the very first sentence of this rule explains. Ninesided (talk) 16:03, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

Last two lines taken together prevent a "throw" rather than a "put" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.146.1.10 (talk) 20:30, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

The "rules/Legal throws" section states that a competitor must leave from the rear of the circle. Only three lines later, it is stated that it is NOT a rule that a competitor must leave from the rear of the circle. The two SEEM to create a contradiction in the article. Can someone who actually knows set the article right? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.79.148.131 (talk) 04:11, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Why does 'shot putt' disambiguate to this page?
Since 'Shot Putt' is the correct term and 'Shot Put' is a spelling mistake?Vault-emort (talk) 18:16, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't care about the disambig... likely for spelling. But a "putt" is what you do to a golf ball on the green.--Paul McDonald (talk) 11:26, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

I expect the word origins were the same. Despite revisionist edits here, traditional usage (at least in the UK) was "shot putt" – and "shot put" was either a mistake or a neologism. But I believe the change in usage (at least in the US) dates back many years, and now "shot putt" is apparently regarded as odd. However, back in the 40s, when my father was a collegiate exponent of the shot putt, the odd looks went to the other spelling. Spinality (talk) 21:19, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Checking the OED, it would appear that "shot putt" was probably always an error, albeit perhaps a common or whimsical one at Oxbridge in the 1940s-50s. So I stand corrected (by myself...again). Spinality (talk) 04:46, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

what defines a "put" (legal) from a "throw" (illegal) in bio-mechanical terms ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.181.103.192 (talk) 06:07, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Needs A Citation!?
"(If the thrower does not push the ball out and throws it like a baseball, the thrower may cause a shoulder or neck injury.)" Uh why the hell does that need a citation? That's like saying "if you stub your toe, it may hurt" needs a citation, or "if you're killed, you're dead" needs a citation. If you actually do shot put events it's just common knowledge. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.117.58.167 (talk) 15:10, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Judges
How do the judges who run to measure the length of the throw avoid getting hit by the shot put? Badagnani (talk) 05:36, 16 August 2008 (UTC)
 * They probably just look at the ball as it's coming. - Oreo Priest  talk 14:47, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Safety is the #1 consideration when running any of the throwing events. Neither officials or athletes should ever have their backs to the throwing circle. Spectators must be kept away from the throwing area. After a throw, the implements are never thrown back, but carried or rolled. In practice, the shot put is arguably the least hazardous of the throwing events to mark out in the field. It does not drift laterally with the wind like a javelin, it does not have an orbiting handle like a hammer or weight, and it does not skip erratically on uneven ground like a discus. Furthermore, since a shot travels considerably less distance than a javelin, discus or hammer, there is far less territory for the officials to cover when marking the landing spot. As the previous post said, simply watch it as it's flying downrange. - ikstrums, 7 March 2011

Well I wanted a composition of 200 words based on shot put and you gave me something else Princess Archer (talk) 11:49, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

Origin
What is the origin and history of this? Badagnani (talk) 06:40, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
 * This question still needs answering; it's a distinct flaw in the article. Also: where do the shots come from? DavidOaks (talk) 21:44, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

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Article Cleanup
I have placed cleanup banners on the article due to a lack of clarity. Without explaining what shot put is, the article immediately goes into explaining record holders.

mattcontinental (talk) 17:02, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

 * The edit right before yours was vandalism and removed a lot of content. I restored the previous version. --Omarcheeseboro (talk) 23:40, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Shot Put
This sport is very interesting for me. but i think this is good for health if often practise. at the same this port is also very tired.need to supply food and energe on and on. then you can stronger. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.128.112.143 (talk) 03:59, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Yep, exactly pew pew pew 16:10, 17 February 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alanlemagne (talk • contribs)

Systemic bias
For an article on such an international topic, this is stunningly US centric, listing USATF, NCAA, and US high school variations to rules (wouldn't it seem a little silly if I included our local high school rules?). At this stage, as part of a major copyedit I'm stripping out the US high school stuff, but am tending towards the opinion that we should only include the IAAF stuff. Perhaps if someone wants all the US variations, they need to make a Shot put in the USA article. --jjron (talk) 09:43, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

Shot put spin technique, origin
Not only that the spin technique wasn't invented by Viktor Alexeyev, the Soviets themselves noted that the technique comes from Germany (a sequence or a "kinogram" of the shot put spin was published in 1966). The first results came from Dave Magard (USA) with the result of 19.6m, using the spin technique. This comes from a well known Soviet athletics manual, "УЧЕБНИК ТРЕНЕРА ПО ЛЕГКОИ АТЛЕТИКЕ" (1974) edited by L.S Homenkov. Alexeyev may have perfected it, but he is not the inventor and neither are Americans.

Someone should add this into the article, with the reference to "УЧЕБНИК ТРЕНЕРА ПО ЛЕГКОИ АТЛЕТИКЕ, 1974, Fizkultura i Sport, Moscow" if I don't find the title of the book where the original picture sequence of the spin was first published. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.223.199.242 (talk) 23:37, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

Shot put weight and size of the ball
Shouldn't the weights be specified in lb and converted to kg? 16.01 lb is obviously bogus! It should be 16 lb exactly, and this value converted to kg, not the other way round. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.120.221.5 (talk) 12:52, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
 * It is only obviously bogus if you take an America-centric view of everything where, under extreme views of this nature, the earth revolves, not around the sun, as science suggests, but rather around some imaginary point in Ohio. The international standard for weights and measures is the metric system, the weight provided in the article is calculated to the third decimal place, and when converted from metric to U.S. "Imperial" measure this is an accurate conversion correctly represented to the second decimal place as 16.01 pounds. If the sport had been invented in US or UK then a standard weight originally measured as pounds or stones might be expected, but there is no information provided as yet telling us that the Americans or Brits invented this sport, or defined its modern state. I might support, however, the theory that the Scots or Romans were involved in the origin of the sport, and this would support your theory that a standard size for the object thrown might have been sixteen libra. Garth of the Forest (talk) 01:47, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

 * It would be helpful if someone could provide the size (diameter) of the ball that is used. For someone like me, who knows nothing about the sport and is getting their first overview here on Wikipedia, that would be helpful.
 * I think there should be somewhere in the article that actually gives the weights uses by different classes, for example, by age and by gender. Even if there are multiple standards in different parts of the world, it would be helpful to have a table with as many as practical/possible.  As it currently stands, the article doesn't even give an idea of what a shot put weighs at all.  I have never competed in shot put, so I don't know what to put, or else I would add to the article.  For example, I think the article would be greatly improved if it gave the weights of the shots used in mens and womens competition at the Olympics.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.57.170.50 (talk) 23:04, 2 April 2014 (UTC)
 * The standard mass of the senior shots are 16 lb for men and 4kg for women. The size of implements varies, this is a choice made by the athlete, unlike the other throwing implements in which aerodynamics is important and there is might tighter regulation. Indoor shots are always larger due to their rubber exterior.Billiehenton (talk) 16:29, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

bias/irrelevance?
Please note this sentence:

"Tomasz Majewski notes that although most athletes use the spin,[6] he and some other top shot putters (who also don't use banned substances, like Randy Barnes who received a life ban) achieved success using this classic method (for example he become first to defend the Olympic title in 56 years)."

It seems to have an odd interjection that has nothing to do with the content of that section.

The following sentence:

"The spin method is also worse in bad weather conditions (e.g. wind, rain, cold)."

This could use some citation or more explanation. Really, the whole article is light on citations/references. I'm no expert on the shot put, so I'm in no position to do it myself, but I'd be curious to see if others agree. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.79.106.183 (talk) 11:28, 6 December 2013 (UTC)

Masters merge proposal
A number of new table centric article stubs created that are either A1 speedy or merge material if content has context relative to "Shot put." This article seems to be more appropriate.
 * Masters M35 shot put world record progression
 * Masters M40 shot put world record progression
 * Masters M45 shot put world record progression
 * Masters M50 shot put world record progression
 * Masters M55 shot put world record progression
 * Masters M65 shot put world record progression
 * Masters M75 shot put world record progression
 * Masters M85 shot put world record progression

--DHeyward (talk) 05:11, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

Alternatively, all the above stub tables could be merged to a new article Masters athletics shot put and a section in Masters athletics. Otherwise, without context, the above articles may be borderline A1 speedy candidates. --DHeyward (talk) 05:59, 13 August 2014 (UTC)

Better discussion is Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Athletics. It's probably best as Masters athletics sub-articles. --DHeyward (talk) 04:42, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The discussion on the now-archived page is at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Athletics/Archive 6. Given that discussion, and using Masters shot put seems reasonable, avoiding unnecessary word in Masters athletics shot put. Klbrain (talk) 18:54, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

✅ Klbrain (talk) 09:47, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Top lists in glide and slide
I was thinking that it would be great to have top5/top10 (depending on data available) lists in each of different techniques (glide, slide) to compare techniques. I am aware that there are multiple variables that affect the final result but this would be interesting because there is no other athletics discipline that has that different techniques (for example in javelin, in the final step of the throw you can fall down or stay standing but is not all that different as a complete throwing technique) that are equal in usage and in results. 213.149.62.148 (talk) 16:38, 20 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I see somebody added technique to men list but not to women list. Is it possible that all women results are achieved with glide because I found out that  Until 2009, a woman has never made an Olympic final (top 8) using spin, so consequentially there has never been an Olympic medalist for the women using the spin technique.  which would imply that. What is then the best women spin result? 213.149.61.247 (talk) 19:14, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

Fixing a Small Act of Trolling
It appears that someone has added a meme to the main paragraph at the top. I couldn't find any evidence supporting the act of heaving the shot being referred to as "yeeting." I'm a casual reader, so I didn't feel comfortable removing the reference, but I thought it was important to let you know.

147.124.195.177 (talk) 17:41, 31 January 2019 (UTC) G.D. 12:39 PM EST. Jan 31, 2019.
 * looks like its been fixed as of now. EliteArcher88 (talk) 10:58, 3 April 2020 (UTC)

Shot put
Basically shot put is an track and field sports Princess Archer (talk) 11:51, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

Inaccuracies in top 25 attempt table
official results show crouser has two 22.98m throws which are not included in the table https://worldathletics.org/results/world-athletics-championships/2023/world-athletics-championships-budapest-2023-7138987/men/shot-put/final/result

this leads me to fear there are other inaccuracies or missing results in the top 25 table MrMenelaos (talk) 22:39, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Some time ago an author made the decision not to include ancillary throws (sub marks of a series) in the list. This somewhat distorts the list of furthest throws.Montell 74 (talk) 08:58, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Ah that explains a lot. Thank you. MrMenelaos (talk) 13:58, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * If that is the case a note explaining that is a must. I raised that question for high jump (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:High_jump#All-time_list_clarification_needed). A note in the best 25 section that states which of the two (all throws or best throw per competition is considered for the table) is the case, is a must for all multiple attempts disciplines (pole vault, discuss, hammer and javelin throw, shot put, long jump, triple jump, high jump). As of now those tables spread misinformation. 37.205.97.243 (talk) 21:43, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

Didnt Ryan Crouser throw 23.38 indoors in February 2023? Pelmeen10 (talk) 00:12, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * See note under indoor table.Montell 74 (talk) 11:35, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shot put


text:
Peligro (Shakira album)

Peligro (Danger, ) is the second studio album by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira, released on 25 March 1993, by Sony Music Colombia. The third single, "Eres", earned Shakira the third place at the 1993 Viña del Mar International Song Festival.

Background
Author Ximena Diego wrote that "the first fifteen years of Shakira's life gave her a taste of how sweet stardom could be"; She was signed to Sony Music Colombia at the age of 13, with the deal being to record three albums, which were Magia, Peligro and Pies Descalzos. While Magia, her debut album, wasn't much of a success commercially, with only 1,200 copies sold, the songs from that record garnered frequent radio play on Colombian radio stations, and, according to Diego, showed her potential.

Despite Magia ' s lack of sales, Sony Colombia had higher expectations for Shakira's second album, hoping that it would heighten the small popularity she was already having. Diego wrote, however, that the time during the production and release of Peligro would prove that "the road of the artist was not an easy one." The several months of producing Peligro was one of Shakira's most frustrating periods in her career, resulting in an "odd album" that did not fare well with the singer.

Composition
The album features songs written by Shakira and other composers, including Eddie Sierra, who wrote "El Amor de Mi Vida" from Ricky Martin's self-titled debut album. Lyrically, the album addresses the themes of love and heartbreak. The press release by Sony Colombia, who seem satisfied with the final product, described Peligro ' s lyrical content as "profound", "direct" and "filled with magic and poetry". Musically, the record has a "North American ballad treatment", with instrumentation of rock guitars, acoustic pianos and Kenny G-style saxophones.

Release and promotion
Peligro was released in March 1993. The album's lead single, "Eres", was released on vinyl, but that is the only promotion the single had received. The second and final single off the album was "Tú Serás la Historia de Mi Vida". It was the only single off the record that had a music video. It was also included on Shakira's first tour "Tour Pies Descalzos," as well as the track "Magia" from her debut record Magia. Shakira was not pleased with the final result of Peligro, so much so that she decided not to promote the record. The magazine TVyNovelas said that she might've also asked for Sony not to handle promotion either. However, the label did send the album to a few radio stations, and the song "Tú Serás la Historia de Mi Vida" was played on some local stations several months later. But Shakira's lack of support resulted in the cancellation of rehearsals and live performances. While the record was a bit-more well-received from the public than Magia, it failed to live up to the expectations of Sony Colombia, with approximately 223 copies sold. Since the album is deleted from the music marketplace just like Magia, it is very difficult to find. Original copies of the album are sold between $200–1000 on major selling sites, such as eBay and Discogs, from time to time.

Following the commercial failure of the album, Shakira took a break from music to study and to act on the telenovela El Oasis, where she sang the main theme titled "Lo Mío". Shakira has later stated that she refuses to allow the re-release of both Magia and Peligro, because of their "immaturity".

title: Peligro (Shakira album)


text:
Hawmps!

Hawmps! is a 1976 American Western slapstick comedy film about a United States Cavalry experiment to introduce camels into the service in the western United States, specifically Texas. The cast included James Hampton, Christopher Connelly and Slim Pickens.

It was written by William Bickley, Joe Camp, and Michael Warren, directed by Joe Camp, and produced by Mulberry Square Productions.

Plot
Howard Clemmons tells his grandchildren about his adventures as a young U.S. Cavalry Lieutenant in 1854. Clemmons had no seniority, power or talent for the army and was therefore chosen to lead an experimental project using camels as cavalry mounts in the southwest U.S. Clemmons remembers arriving at Fort Val Verde, Texas, where Sgt. Uriah Tibbs is expecting Arabian horses. When Tibbs explains that he and his men competed for the privilege of being in the project, Clemmons declines to tell him the “Arabians” are actually camels. Clemmons then reports to the fort's commander, Col. Seymour Hawkins, who is more interested in his cannon practice than Clemmons's camel project. Later, Clemmons inspects the troops, including Nathaniel R. Higgins, who informs Clemmons that he re-enlisted so he could ride an Arabian horse. Although Clemmons wants to tell the men the truth, he is interrupted when a cook throws dishwater out the door and soaks him. When Clemmons and Tibbs later discuss the project at the saloon, they are accosted by Sgt. Naman Tucker, who is outraged his troopers did not receive the Arabian horses. A drunken Clemmons slides under the table as the two sergeants fight.

The next day, the camels arrive, but the troops ride their horses back to the fort in disgust, leaving Clemmons to deal with the camels. Hi Jolly, an Arab camel trainer, reports to Clemmons and as they herd camels through town, horses stampede in fright, ladies scream and dogs bark in fear. A wagon overturns, and a barrel splits open covering Col. Hawkins's daughter, Jennifer, in molasses. Hawkins berates Clemmons for the damage and plans to cancel the project, but Clemmons declares that the orders came from Jefferson Davis, the Secretary of War. That night, Jennifer sneaks into Clemmons's room, pours a small crock of molasses over his head, and declares them even before inviting him to afternoon tea. The next day, Hi Jolly gives his first lesson in camel care as Tucker rides up and insults Tibbs's men. Clemmons warns Tucker that if he insults the camel corps again, Clemmons will put him on report and transfer him into the camel project. To the cheers of Tibbs's men, Tucker apologizes and rides away. As Hi Jolly congratulates his comrade on raising the men's morale, Clemmons faints. Over time, the soldiers continue their camel training, but the lessons do not go well. When the men finally learn to mount the camels, the animals run wild, dumping them in the dirt and water troughs. That night, the men bet Tucker he cannot lasso a camel. When Tucker lands the rope around the camel's neck, the beast runs in panic, dragging Tucker behind. The next morning, the camel returns, still dragging Tucker, bleeding and bruised.

As weeks pass, the men become proficient with their camels and Clemmons romances Jennifer. He is ordered to capture a Native American renegade and Clemmons and his men pursue the outlaws, but they are thrown off their camels at a river. Later, Hi Jolly explains that camels are afraid of water; if Clemmons had dismounted and demonstrated the water was shallow, the camels would have crossed. That night, Jennifer takes a stroll with Clemmons, who tells her Col. Hawkins is cancelling the camel project. When Clemmons whines that he is a failure, Jennifer scolds him for being too cowardly to fight for his career.

The next morning, Clemmons proposes a 300-mile race to the town of Dos Rios between his camels and Tucker's horses. When Hawkins declines, Clemmons deceitfully claims that the camel experiment is the President's pet project. Sometime later, Hi Jolly is injured in a barroom brawl and cannot ride. Before the race, Jennifer gives Clemmons a thick book on camels and kisses him. Col. Hawkins fires a cannon and the race is on. Tucker's horses outpace Clemmons's camels, but within a few days, Clemmons's men catch up. However, Clemmons learns from Corporal Leroy that Tucker and his men are captured by an outlaw named Bad Jack Cutter at Dagger's Point. Clemmons insists on rescuing Tucker and his men. Along the way, Clemmons and Tibbs capture two other outlaws, steal their clothes and horses, then ride into town in disguise to meet Bad Jack, agreeing to join his gang. Later, they find Tucker and his men in jail and try to pull out the window bars using a horse. When the horse fails, a camel demolishes the entire jail. Tucker and his men run, leaving Tibbs and Clemmons to face the outlaws alone. A gunfight ensues but Clemmons's men ride in on camelback, rescuing their leaders, and ride off before the outlaws can get to their horses. That night, Clemmons discovers they have lost the camel carrying all but one of their water barrels. Although Clemmons believes they can find water in the mountains, Tibbs insists they follow the map to the next waterhole. After two days of riding, they discover the hole is dry, and they are out of water. Tibbs wants to ride back to a river, but Clemmons convinces Tibbs to let him try to reach the mountains, ordering Tibbs to head to the river if he does not return by sunset. Clemmons finds water, but as he ties the barrel onto his camel, a shot rings out. Black Jack exchanges gunfire with Clemmons as the camel runs away. After sundown, the camel reaches Tibbs and his men. The men drink their fill, then realize Clemmons is missing. The next morning, Black Jack realizes Clemmons is out of ammunition. He climbs down the rocks and shoots Clemmons in the chest but as he celebrates, Tibbs and the men capture him. Much to Tibbs's surprise, Clemmons is saved by the book Jennifer gave him; it was inside his jacket and stopped Bad Jack's bullet.

Later, Clemmons's troop races past Tucker and his men's exhausted horses outside Dos Rios. As Clemmons celebrates his victory, a telegram arrives from Washington, D.C., reporting that Congress has approved construction of the transcontinental railroad and the camel project is therefore unnecessary. Clemmons is ordered to turn the camels loose, but Tibbs and the men protest, concerned that the camels will perish in the American desert. As Clemmons finishes telling the story to his grandchildren, his wife, Jennifer, announces that dinner is ready. Clemmons goes outside to ring the dinner triangle, but Hi Jolly, Higgins and Tibbs report that one of the camels is in labor. As the four old men walk to the barn, Higgins wonders if they could move the camels closer to the house because he is tired that "each day he must walk a mile for a camel".

title: Hawmps!


text: Category:World Heritage Sites in Brazil

title: Category:World Heritage Sites in Brazil


text:
Institutional repository

An institutional repository (IR) is an archive for collecting, preserving, and disseminating digital copies of the intellectual output of an institution, particularly a research institution. Academics also utilize their IRs for archiving published works to increase their visibility and collaboration with other academics. However, most of these outputs produced by universities are not effectively accessed and shared by researchers and other stakeholders. As a result academics should be involved in the implementation and development of an IR project so that they can learn the benefits and purpose of building an IR.

An institutional repository has been defined as "a set of services that a university offers to members of its community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members." For a university, this includes materials such as monographs, eprints of academic journal articles—both before (preprints) and after (postprints) undergoing peer review—as well as electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). An institutional repository might also include other digital assets generated by academics, such as datasets, administrative documents, course notes, learning objects, academic posters or conference proceedings. Deposit of material in an institutional repository is sometimes mandated by an institution.

Some of the main objectives for having an institutional repository are to provide open access to institutional research output by self-archiving in an open access repository, to create global visibility for an institution's scholarly research, and to store and preserve other institutional digital assets, including less formally published grey literature such as theses, working papers or technical reports.

Functions
Institutional repositories can be classified as a type of digital library. Institutional repositories perform the main functions of digital libraries by collecting, classifying, cataloging, curating, preserving, and providing access to digital content.

Institutional repositories enable researchers to self-archive their research output and can improve the visibility, usage and impact of research conducted at an institution. Other functions of an institutional repository include knowledge management, research assessment, and open access to scholarly research.

In 2003, the functions of an institutional repository were described by Clifford Lynch in relation to universities. He stated that:

"'... a university-based institutional repository is a set of services that a university offers to the members of its community for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its community members. It is most essentially an organizational commitment to the stewardship of these digital materials, including long-term preservation where appropriate, as well as organization and access or distribution.'"

The content of an institutional repository depends on the focus of the institution. Higher education institutions conduct research across multiple disciplines, thus research from a variety of academic subjects. Examples of such institutional repositories include the MIT Institutional Repository. A disciplinary repository is subject specific. It holds and provides access to scholarly research in a particular discipline. While there can be disciplinary repositories for one institution, disciplinary repositories are frequently not tied to a specific institution. The PsyDok disciplinary repository, for example, holds German-language research in psychology, while SSOAR is an international social science full-text server. Content included in an institutional repository can be both digitized and born-digital.

Open-access repositories
Institutional repositories that provide access to research to users outside the institutional community are one of the recommended ways to achieve the open access vision described in the Budapest Open Access Initiative definition of open access. This is sometimes referred to as the self-archiving or "green" route to open access.

Developing an institutional repository
Steps in the development of an institutional repository include choosing a platform and defining metadata practices. Designing an IR requires working with faculty to identify the type of content the library needs to support Marketing and promoting the Institutional repository is important to enhance access and increase the visibility of the researchers. Libraries will also need to target their marketing efforts to different groups of stakeholders. They may generate faculty interest by describing how an IR can support research or improve future findability of articles

Software
Most institutional repository software platforms can use OAI-PMH to harvest metadata. For example, DSpace supports OAI-PMH.

A 2014 survey commissioned by Duraspace found that 72% of respondents indicated that their institutional repository is hosted by a third party.

Aggregators
The Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR) states in its manifesto that "Each individual repository is of limited value for research: the real power of Open Access lies in the possibility of connecting and tying together repositories, which is why we need interoperability. In order to create a seamless layer of content through connected repositories from around the world, open access relies on interoperability, the ability for systems to communicate with each other and pass information back and forth in a usable format. Interoperability allows us to exploit today's computational power so that we can aggregate, data mine, create new tools and services, and generate new knowledge from repository content."

Interoperability is achieved in the world of institutional repositories by using protocols such as OAI-PMH. This allows search engines and open access aggregators, such as BASE, CORE and Unpaywall, to index repository metadata and content and provide value-added services on top of this content.

The Digital Commons Network aggregates by discipline some 500 institutional repositories running on the Bepress Digital Commons platform. It includes more than two million full-text objects.

title: Institutional repository