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Tupolev Tu-2

The Tupolev Tu-2 (development names ANT-58 and 103; NATO reporting name Bat) is a twin-engined Soviet high-speed daylight and frontline bomber aircraft used during World War II. The Tu-2 was tailored to meet a requirement for a high-speed bomber or dive-bomber, with a large internal bomb load and speed similar to that of a single-seat fighter. Designed to challenge the German Junkers Ju 88, the Tu-2 proved comparable and was produced in torpedo, interceptor and reconnaissance versions. The Tu-2 was an effective combat aircraft and it played a key role in the final offensives of the Red Army.

Design and development
In 1937, Andrei Tupolev, along with many Soviet designers at the time, was arrested on trumped-up charges of activities against the State. Despite the actions of the Soviet government, he was considered important to the war effort and following his imprisonment, he was placed in charge of a team that was to design military aircraft. Designed as Samolyot (Russian: "aircraft") 103, the Tu-2 was based on earlier ANT-58, ANT-59 and ANT-60 light bomber prototypes. A bigger and more powerful ANT-60 powered by AM-37 engines, the first prototype was completed at Factory N156, and made its first test flight on 29 January 1941, piloted by Mikhail Nukhtinov.

Mass production began in September 1941, at Omsk Aircraft Factory Number 166, with the first aircraft reaching combat units in March 1942. Modifications were made based on combat experience, and Plant Number 166 built a total of 80 aircraft. The AM-37 engine was abandoned to concentrate efforts on the AM-38F for the Il-2, which required Tupolev to redesign the aircraft for an available engine. Modifications of this bomber to the ASh-82 engine as well as improving the general design for simpler manufacturing took well into 1943 with production restarting in late 1943. Wartime production of the new variant was about 800 aircraft (up to June 1945) with an overall production of 2460 aircraft until 1952, the majority of them built by aircraft factory number 23 in Moscow.

Operational history
Built from 1941 to 1948, the Tu-2 was the USSR's second most important twin-engine bomber after the Petlyakov Pe-2. The design brought Andrei Tupolev back into favour after a period of detention. Crews were universally happy with their Tupolevs. The aircraft was fast and maneuverable like a fighter and it could survive heavy damage. The first Soviet unit to be equipped with the Tu-2 was the 132nd Bomber Aviation Regiment of the 3rd Air Army. The aircraft had its baptism of fire over Velikiye Luki, where the bomber flew 46 sorties from November to December 1942. On 11 February 1943, 132 BAP was transferred to 17 VA to support the drive toward River Dnepr and it flew another 47 sorties - attacking airfields and rail junctions - until April 13, when the unit was removed from frontline. In that time, only three Tu-2s were lost in action, while seven were damaged. The Tu-2 remained in service in the USSR until 1950.

Some surplus Tu-2s were provided to the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force for use in the Chinese Civil War. Some Chinese Tu-2s were shot down by United Nations airmen during the Korean War. In the 1958–1962 'counter-riot actions' in the 1959 Tibetan uprising in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau covering Qinghai, Tibet, southern Gansu, and western Sichuan, Chinese PLAAF Tu-2s took on the roles of ground-attack, reconnaissance and liaison. The Chinese Tu-2s were retired at the end of the 1970s. After World War II, the Tu-2 was used as a testbed aircraft for various engines, including the first generation of Soviet jet engines.

Variants

 * "Aircraft 103" (ANT-58): The initial three-seat version. Top speed 635 km/h at 8000 m. Two 1044 kW Mikulin AM-37 (water cooled V-12), 1941.
 * "Aircraft 103U" (ANT-59): Redesigned for four-seat crew (influenced by Junkers Ju 88). Top speed dropped to 610 km/h. It used the same engines as the ANT-58.
 * "Aircraft 103S" (ANT-61): Final pre-production version of the Tu-2, based on the 103V.
 * "Aircraft 103V" (ANT-60): As ANT-59 but powered by air-cooled Shvetsov ASh-82 engines after the AM-37 was cancelled.
 * "Aircraft 104": Tu-2S modified for interceptor role.
 * ANT-64: Long-range four-engine heavy bomber project developed from the Tu-2, cancelled in favor of the Tu-4.
 * ANT-66: 52-seat airliner variant of ANT-64.
 * Tu-1 (ANT-63R): Prototype three-seat night fighter version.
 * Tu-2: Two 1081 kW Shvetsov ASh-82 (air cooling) with bigger drag, 1942.
 * Tu-2ACh-39VF (ANT-67): A diesel-engined version powered by two Charomskiy ACh-39VF engines, 1946. Despite producing 1900 hp, speed dropped to 509 km/h, but range increased to 4100 km. It was also much heavier than most Tu-2s. The ANT-67 was cancelled due to engine problems.
 * Tu-2D (ANT-62): Long-range version powered by two 1900 hp Shvetsov ASh-83 engines, it appeared in October 1944. It had an increased span and a crew of five aviators. Powered by two 1380 kW Shvetsov ASh-82FN, 1943
 * Tu-2DB (ANT-65): High-altitude reconnaissance bomber version developed from the Tu-2D, powered by two turbo-supercharged Mikulin AM-44TK engines.
 * Tu-2G: High-speed cargo transport version.
 * Tu-2K: Only two aircraft were built for testing ejection seats.
 * Tu-2LL: Tu-2's modified as testbeds.
 * Tu-2M (ANT-61M): Powered by two 1417 kW ASh-83 radial piston engines.
 * Tu-2N: Engine testbed, built to test the Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet engine.
 * Tu-2 Paravan: Two aircraft built to test barrage balloon cable cutters and deflectors.
 * Tu-2P/Tu-2R/Tu-6 (ANT-63): Photo-reconnaissance version of the Tu-2, powered by two ASh-82FN engines. The wingspan was increased by 10.9 feet to 72.9 feet, allowing extra fuel tanks to be fitted, increasing range. Cameras were fitted in the bomb bays and could be daylight or infrared cameras for use at night. Built in small numbers and were in service until the mid-1950s.
 * Tu-2RShR: Prototype, armed with 57 mm cannon in the forward fuselage.
 * Tu-2S: Powered by two 1380 kW Shvetsov ASh-82FN radial piston engines, 1943.
 * TU-2SDB (ANT-63): High-speed day bomber prototype.
 * Tu-2S RLS PNB-4: Secretive night-fighter prototype developed under leadership of the NKVD special section of V. Morgunov and P. Kuksenko. Equipped with the Soviet Gneiss 5 (Гнейс 5) radar. Armed with two NS-45 autocannons. Development presumed to have started in 1943. Precursor of the Tu-1.
 * Tu-2Sh: Experimental ground-attack version. Two variants were tested in 1944: one with a 76 mm centerline gun and another with a battery of 88 7.62 mm PPSh-41 submachine guns fixed in the bomb bay, directed to fire ahead at a 30-degree angle. Another version under this designation was tested in 1946; this one had a frontal armament consisting of two NS-37 and two NS-45 autocannons.
 * Tu-2T (ANT-62T): Torpedo-bomber variant based on the Tu-2S, was tested between February and March 1945, and issued to Soviet Naval Aviation units.
 * Tu-2U: Trainer version.
 * Tu-8 (ANT-69): Long-range bomber similar to the Tu-2D, but with a larger wing area. Four-blade propellers were fitted, and it was armed with two wing-mounted 23 mm NS-23 cannons and rear-facing 20 mm cannons replacing the previous machine guns. One built at the end of 1946.
 * Tu-10 (ANT-68): It was a high-altitude variant that saw limited service, 1943.
 * Tu-12: Medium-range jet bomber prototype; first Soviet jet bomber, 1947. Also known as Tu-77.
 * UTB: Bomber trainer with Shvetsov ASh-21 engines of 515 kW created by the Sukhoi OKB in 1946

Operators

 * Bulgarian Air Force
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force Imported 33 UTB-2 and 29 T-2U trainers at the end of 1949. The last four UTB-2s retired in 1965. Imported 311 Tu-2s from the end of 1949 to 1952. The last 30 Tu-2s retired in 1982.
 * Hungarian Air Force
 * Indonesian Air Force
 * North Korean Air Force
 * Polish Air Force (eight aircraft in 1949-early 1960s)
 * Polish Navy
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * Romanian Air Force (six delivered in 1950: two Tu-2s, two Tu-2 trainers and two Tu-6s)
 * Soviet Air Forces
 * Polish Air Force (eight aircraft in 1949-early 1960s)
 * Polish Navy
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * Romanian Air Force (six delivered in 1950: two Tu-2s, two Tu-2 trainers and two Tu-6s)
 * Soviet Air Forces
 * Soviet Air Forces
 * Soviet Air Forces

Aircraft on display

 * Bulgaria
 * On static display at the Bulgarian Museum of Aviation in Plovdiv. It is a Tu-2T, tactical number 27.
 * China
 * On static display at the Beijing Air and Space Museum in Beijing.
 * On static display at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution in Beijing.
 * On static display at the Chinese Aviation Museum in Beijing.
 * On static display at the Chinese Aviation Museum in Beijing.
 * Poland
 * Tu-2S on static display at the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków, Lesser Poland. It was used for testing ejection seats.
 * Tu-2S on static display at the Museum of the Polish Army in Warsaw, Mazovia. It was used by the 7th Independent Dive Bomber Regiment ("7 samodzielny pułk lotniczy bombowców nurkujących").
 * Russia
 * On static display at the Central Air Force Museum in Monino, Moscow.
 * Under restoration to airworthy condition for the Wings of Victory Foundation in Moscow.
 * United States
 * On static display at the War Eagles Air Museum in Santa Teresa, New Mexico.
 * In storage at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tupolev Tu-2


text:
User:RHaworth/Islands in name only of England

There are a number of places in England with Isle or Island in their names but which would not usually be considered islands. These can be classified as places that:
 * 1) were islands once but have now become part of the mainland, notably Thanet
 * 2) are still islands but are only separated by narrow channels, eg. Portsea Island
 * 3) were islands of higher ground within fens, eg. Ely
 * 4) are peninsulas rather than true islands, eg. Purbeck

* name only


text:
Talk:Tupolev Tu-2

Operational History
""Some Chinese Tu-2s were shot down by United Nations airmen during the Korean War."", is this correct "United Nations"?
 * The article is correct. You can refer to the Wikipedia article United Nations for more information. RightQuark (talk)

Untitled
Data quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/Tu/#2 by the owner of aviation.ru

A couple of issues
The article seems pretty good, but a couple of things jumped out at me. The first is the year of production and entry into service, mentioned as 1941 and 1942, respectively. I've always been under the impression that, regardless of when they started building the things, the Tu-2 only entered service in 1944. On a related, more nitpicky, note, the line in the introduction about it being one of the outstanding aircraft of the war seems a bit overblown, if only because of its relatively limited time in service. I didn't edit anything in or out of the article, just thought I'd raise a point or two.--172.162.94.88 (talk) 01:44, 22 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, after consulting my own very limited sources on the aircraft, it does seem that it was around that early in the war, but that it did not enter into widespread service until 1944.--172.162.5.40 (talk) 08:44, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Bomb load
The bomb load seems very large for a twin-engined aircraft of the time. I know nothing - but are the quoted figures correct? Regards,Notreallydavid (talk) 23:51, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Operators map incomplete
The map of operators does not include Indonesia, which is included in the list of operators. 122.150.92.52 (talk) 21:34, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
 * No source was provided for the Tu-2's Indonesian service. I've added a citation needed tag.  We must first determine if the information is accurate before updating the map. -  ZLEA  T \ C 21:51, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tupolev Tu-2


text:
User talk:Njaard

You may have noticed that the guacamole page already contained a link to the wiki cookbook, which is the preferred location for recipes. Maybe you would like to edit that page instead. Burschik 12:04, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Misty Morning Photo
I assure you this photo is totally authentic - I think the only post processing down on this image is resizing/cropping. This is REAL nature! Taken at Swifts Creek, Victoria, Australia. --Fir0002 style="color:#C6CACC; background:#F8FCFF">www 22:10, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

SHA and modulo
Hi,

please could you revert your change to the SHA hash functions article? The ≡ denotes congruence modulo (how could one take a message of any length less that 264 bits and, adding zeroes, reach something which has only 448 of them?). — Gennaro Prota •Talk 19:19, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I just reread it and I was mistaken. However, there also seems to still be a mistake with my parentheses. However the actual reason I changed it was that that symbol was not part of my font, so instead I will link the symbol to its article. However, I still believe that the paren was in the wrong location and will leave it that way. If I am mistaken with that as well, then please fix it. njaard 06:56, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

MiB in MoS
Hi there! In this edit, you implied that the Wikipedia Manual of Style prefers the newer binary multipliers (mebi-, kibi-, etc.) over the classic SI units (mega-, kilo-, etc.). I was unable to find that in the MOS. Could you point me at the specific page/section? Please note that I'm not accusing you of lying; I want to be able to cite it myself in the future. :) Thanks.  — DragonHawk (talk|hist) 04:10, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
 * it is not, but quoth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(dates_and_numbers)#Binary_prefixes - "the use of parentheses for IEC binary prefixes, for example, 256 KB (KiB) is acceptable, as is the use of footnotes to disambiguate prefixes" (so what is there should remain but the binary units can be added) njaard 06:36, 2 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Ahhh. Cool.  Thanks!  — DragonHawk (talk|hist) 07:14, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Journey's End (song)
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Fair use rationale for Image:An elixir for existence album.jpg
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Nomination of Enslavement of Beauty for deletion
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December 2013
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title: User talk:Njaard


text:
Yermolayev Yer-2

The Yermolayev Yer-2 (Ермолаев Ер-2) was a long-range Soviet medium bomber used during World War II. It was developed from the Bartini Stal-7 prototype airliner before the war. It was used to bomb Berlin from airbases in Estonia after Operation Barbarossa began in 1941. Production was terminated in August 1941 to allow the factory to concentrate on building higher-priority Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft, but was restarted at the end of 1943 with new, fuel-efficient, Charomskiy ACh-30B aircraft diesel engines.

Although designed as a long-range medium bomber it was flown on tactical ground-attack missions during the Battle of Moscow with heavy losses. The survivors were flown, in ever dwindling numbers, until August 1943 when the last examples were transferred to schools. However, the resumption of production in 1943 allowed the aircraft to resume combat operations in April 1945. The Yer-2 remained in service with Long-Range Aviation until it was replaced by four-engined bombers such as the Tupolev Tu-4 at the end of the 1940s.

Some later variants, differentiated mostly by engine choices, are designated Yer-4 and Yer-6 in some sources.

Development
Roberto Bartini had designed and built the Stal-7 airliner whilst he was the chief designer at the ZOK NII GVF (Завод Опытных Конструкций Научно-Исследовательского Института Граждаского Воздушного Флота – Zavod Opytnykh Konstrooktsiy Naoochno-Issledovatel'skogo Institoota Grazhdanskogo Vozdooshnogo Flota — "Factory for Special Constructions at the Scientific Test Institute for the Civil Air Fleet"). The performance of the Stal-7 was exceptional, particularly in respect to its payload: at gross overload weight over 56% of the total weight was payload. During flight trials with maximum all-up weight the prototype crashed on takeoff in early 1938, resulting in the arrest of Bartini and his imprisonment in a Siberian Gulag in February 1938. The Stal-7 lay unrepaired until Vladimir Yermolaev was appointed as chief designer at OKB-240 after Bartini's arrest, with the task of transforming the Stal-7 design into a long-range bomber, a task made easier since Bartini had reserved space for a bomb bay in the fuselage. After repair the Stal-7 carried on with the flight-test programme, including a record-breaking nonstop flight on 28 August 1939 when it flew Moscow—Sverdlovsk—Sevastopol—Moscow; a distance of 5,086 km at an average speed of 405 km/h.

Preliminary design of the DB-240 (dahl'niy bombardirovschik—"long-range bomber"), as the bomber version was designated, was completed by the beginning of 1939 and the construction of two prototypes began the following July. The DB-240 retained little apart from the general layout of the Stal-7 as the structure was almost completely redesigned. The pilot's cockpit was offset to port to improve his downward view and the navigator/bomb aimer sat in the extensively glazed nose with a 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun, the radio operator sat below and to starboard of the pilot and the dorsal gunner in a partially retractable turret with one 12.7 mm Berezin UBT machine gun. Another ShKAS was fitted in a ventral hatch. Up to 2000 kg of bombs could be carried in the bomb bay and two 500 kg bombs could be carried externally. Up to 4600 kg of fuel could be carried. The DB-240 had been designed to use the experimental Klimov M-106 V12 engines, but the less-powerful Klimov M-105 engine had to be substituted because the M-106 was not available.

The DB-240 prototype flew for the first time on 14 May 1940 and began its State acceptance tests on 27 September 1940. The weaker engines prevented the DB-240 from reaching its designed performance. It could only attain 445 km/h at 4250 m instead of the expected 500 km/h at 6000 m. Its defensive armament was deemed inadequate and other problems included an excessively long take-off run and engine defects. However, these did not offset its virtues of a heavy bomb load and long-range (4100 km carrying 1000 kg of bombs). It was ordered into production at Factory No. 18, in Voronezh, as the Yermolayev Yer-2.

Manufacture began in March 1941, with approximately 50 aircraft delivered by 22 June 1941. These aircraft were about 5 - 8 km/h slower than the prototype and their normal weight increased 1220 kg to 12520 kg. Production was terminated in August 1941 with only 128 built to allow the factory to concentrate on the higher-priority Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft.

A Yer-2 was modified with experimental Mikulin AM-37 engines, a reinforced undercarriage, armored seats for the navigator and gunner, and 12.7 mm UBT machine guns in place of its original ShKAS weapons. It first flew in July 1941 and was able to reach 505 km/h at 6000 m, but the range was reduced to 3500 km carrying 1000 kg of bombs. One significant problem with this version was the excessive takeoff roll which hindered operations from grass airstrips. The engine was unreliable, however, and had cooling problems that the Mikulin OKB did not have the resources to resolve so it was cancelled in October when the factory was forced to evacuate from Moscow by the German advance.

The Charomskiy M-40F Diesel engine was also evaluated in a Yer-2 in 1941. This engine, like all Diesels, offered a greatly reduced fuel consumption compared to a standard gasoline-powered engine, but at a great penalty in weight. These engines increased the gross takeoff weight to 13500 kg which required the undercarriage to be reinforced and the wing area increased to keep the same wing loading. The M-40F-powered aircraft reached a maximum speed of 430 km/h at 6050 m. However, the M-40 was not yet ready for service use and the project was cancelled.

The aircraft/engine combination did have enough potential that development work continued using the closely related, but more mature, Charomskiy ACh-30B Diesel engine. The cockpit was modified to accommodate two pilots side-by-side and the wing and tailplane areas were increased. The 12.7 mm UBT machine gun in the dorsal turret was replaced by a 20 mm ShVAK cannon and the nose and ventral ShKAS machine guns were exchanged for 12.7 mm UBT machine guns. Up to 5460 kg of fuel could be carried. The Yer-2/ACh-30B was placed into production at Factory No. 39 in Irkutsk at the end of 1943 and the first production aircraft was submitted to its State acceptance trials the following month. Some excess aircraft were converted as Yer-2ON VIP transports.

Operational history
The Yer-2 was not in squadron service when Germany invaded on 22 June 1941, but the 420th and 421st Long-Range Bomber Regiments (Dahl'niy Bombardirovchnyy Aviapolk—DBAP) were formed shortly afterwards. However neither regiment flew any operational missions until later in the summer. On the evening of 10 August Yer-2s of the 420th DBAP, accompanied by Petlyakov Pe-8s of the 432nd DBAP, attempted to bomb Berlin from Pushkino Airfield near Leningrad. The airfield was too short to accommodate a fully loaded Yer-2, but three bombers did manage to take off regardless. Two managed to bomb Berlin, or its outskirts, but only one successfully returned; the other was shot down by 'friendly' Polikarpov I-16s when it reentered Soviet airspace and the third aircraft went missing. Three crews from the 420th DBAP bombed Königsberg during the nights of 28–29 and 30 August – 1 September from Ramenskoye Airport, southeast of Moscow.

On 1 October 1941 63 Yer-2s were in service, but only 34 were operational. The 420th DBAP had flown 154 sorties by the beginning of November (6 in August, 81 in September, 67 in October) and had lost 30 of its 40 aircraft. Over half of these (19) were due to non-combat losses. Losses were extremely high over the autumn and winter as they were inappropriately committed against German tactical frontline targets during the Battle of Moscow at low altitudes and only 12 were in service on 18 March 1942. On 4 August 1942 the 747th DBAP had only ten Yer-2s on hand and it was briefly committed during the Battle of Stalingrad. The survivors were flown, in ever dwindling numbers, until August 1943 when the last few aircraft were transferred to schools by the 2nd Guards DBAP and the 747th DBAP.

The Yer-2 was placed back into production at the end of 1943, but none of the new bombers had been issued to combat units by 1 June 1944. However 42 were in service on 1 January 1945 and 101 on 10 May 1945 after the war ended. The first combat mission undertaken by Yer-2s after they returned to production was a raid on Königsberg on 7 April 1945 by the 327th and 329th Bomber Aviation Regiments (Bombardirovchnyy Aviatsionyy Polk). It remained in service with Long-Range Aviation units until replaced by four-engined bombers like the Tupolev Tu-4 in the late 1940s.

Variants

 * DB-240
 * Two prototypes of the Yer-2 series with two 1,050 hp M-105 engines.

 * Yer-2
 * Production version with two M-105 engines, 128 built.

 * Yer-2/AM-37
 * One aircraft re-engined with two prototype 1,380 hp Mikulin AM-37 engines, the fastest of all Yer-2s.

 * Yer-2/M-40F
 * The first diesel-powered Yer-2, with modified wings. One converted with two 1,500 hp Charomskiy M-40F diesel engines.

 * Yer-2/ACh-30B
 * Production model of the diesel-engined version. Performance was excellent despite the poor reliability and rough running of the Charomskiy ACh-30B diesel engines. Range increased 1500 km from the version with M-105 engines.

 * Yer-2ON
 * (Osobogo Naznachyeniya−Special Assignment) Two aircraft from the Yer-2/ACh-30B production line were modified with a 12-seat VIP cabin, military equipment removed and long-range fuel tanks in the bomb-bay. A third aircraft was converted from a Yer-2 (1941 production) and used for shuttle flights between Irkutsk and Moscow.

 * Yer-2N
 * (Nositel−Carrier) One aircraft was modified as an engine testbed for captured Argus As 014 pulse jet engines.

 * Yer-2/MB-100
 * One production aircraft used as a testbed for the 2200 hp Dobrotvorskii MB-100 engine in 1945.

 * Yer-4
 * 1945 version with ACh-30BF engines and a redesigned cooling system. One source states that this was a single airframe (No. 11), and another states that a small batch of 11 aircraft with ACh-30BF engines was produced, but does not use the Yer-4 designation for them. At least one other source instead applies the Yer-4 designation to a 1943 prototype that he states did not enter production. However, his description otherwise matches the aircraft that other sources identify as the prototype that led to the Yer-2/ACh-30B production series, including its engine choice, extended wingspan, cannon armament in the nose, and development timeline.

 * Yer-6
 * The designation Yer-6 was applied to two different aircraft in some documentation:
 * The first was a Yer-2 tested with M-40F engines in 1941. Fifteen flights had been made before the outbreak of war with Germany.
 * The designation was re-used for a Yer-2 fitted with special engine mounts that allowed for M-40F, M-ZO, or AM-38F engines to be fitted without any further modifications.

Operators

 * VVS (Voyenno-Vozdooshnyye Seely—Soviet Air Forces)
 * ADD (Aviahtsiya Dahl'nevo Deystviya—Long Range Aviation)
 * 420th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Regiment, later the 748th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Regiment
 * 421st Long-Range Bomber Aviation Regiment, later the 747th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Regiment
 * 747th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Regiment
 * 748th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Regiment, later the 2nd Guards Long-Range Aviation Regiment
 * 327th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Regiment
 * 329th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Regiment
 * 329th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Regiment

title: Yermolayev Yer-2


text:
Belaïd Abrika

Belaïd Abrika (بلعيد عبريكا, born December 10, 1969, in Tizi Ouzou) is a professor of economics at the Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi-Ouzou. He has become one of the best-known modern Kabyles through his role as a leader and spokesperson of the Arouch (Comité des Âarouchs, Daïras et communes or CADC) protest movement in the region of Kabylie in Algeria.

He has been arrested several times because of his association with Arouch. In September 2003 he was arrested and beaten by police during a protest of recent government actions to suppress independent newspapers. On August 10, 2004, Abrika was arrested again by Tizi-Ouzou police during a protest at a hospital. He was imprisoned for 28 days.

title: Belaïd Abrika


text:
Talk:Yermolayev Yer-2

Comment
Data quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/okb.php#yer by the owner of aviation.ru

I have completely revised and expanded this article and put it in the new WPAVIATION format.Petebutt (talk) 09:36, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

Suggested table
Hi there, I was looking at this article (which I think is very good), and was wondering if there was a neater way to present the list of variants on this and other military aircraft articles. I experimented, and drew up the table below based on this list in this article - what do the prinicpal editors think, is this better than the straight list?--Jackyd101 (talk) 23:38, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Merge discussion
DB-240, Yer-2/ACh-30B, Yer-2/AM-37, and Yer-2/M-40F → Yermolayev Yer-2

The content of these article can easily be explained in the context of the main article, and the main article is of a reasonable size that the merging will not cause any problems as far as article size or undue weight is concerned. These are all minor variants, none of which entered production. As an aside, all of these are incorrectly titled, as the Manufacturer's name is missing. - BilCat (talk) 17:58, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
 * None of these are worthy of their own articles and should be merged into this article.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 18:53, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
 * If you view them not worthy just tag for deletion, all of the contents of the pages come from here. Iazyges   Consermonor   Opus meum  21:52, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
 * The content was COPIED from the Yer-2 article in the first place, so it isn't a merge (unless there is more content), just change to re-directs--Petebutt (talk) 01:24, 5 October 2016 (UTC)!!

 * Some of them have their own infoboxes, and/or their own specs lists, so they do have some new content overall. - BilCat (talk) 03:13, 5 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Specs are essentially irrelevant as the policy is for specs for variants should be written into text (where different). Info boxes similarly are irrelevant as any info in them can be incorporated in the text / variant section.--Petebutt (talk) 15:05, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

 * My point is mainly dealing with attribution, in which the user added to the information he copied. He didn't simply copy text from the main article. We both agree that the split articles shouldn't exist, and that's the main point here. - BilCat (talk) 15:23, 6 October 2016 (UTC)
 * These should all be merged, as none are notable or that unique in and of themselves, and the small amount of added content will easily fit into the parent article. GenQuest  "Talk to Me" 23:43, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yermolayev Yer-2


text:
Talk:List of sports terms named after people

[Untitled]
Things to consider:
 * "events & trophies": under a separate heading or under the heading of their respective sports?
 * perhaps also include a list of sporting venues named after people (but that could grow very large)

Timochenko
This seems to be the rhythmic gymnastics skill, because the originator was a rhythmic gymnast. I moved it into a separate section. If I was wrong, feel free to revert this. Cmapm 09:00, 17 April 2006 (UTC).

here's my research:

Pele runaround move Le grand pont

The Blomqvist shuffle

Bend it like Beckham crossing passing taking set pieces with a lot of spin

the denilson step over, pedalada

Pele and Clodoaldo

Cucchiaio

Moses - dribbling between two defenders

Zona Cesarini - Injury time (named after Renato Cesarini, who struck a very late winner for Italy against Hungary in 1931).

Ardiles flick he rainbow kick (also called the reverse flick-over, the rainbow flick [USA], the Lambretta [Italy], the Ardiles flick UK, arco iris Spain and roulette France

Une Papinade' volley after Jean-Pierre Papin sco

There is real debate, however, when it comes to the 360-degree turn, often referred to as the 'Garrincha turn'. As Paul Doyle noted in his Sprechen sie Fußball? article of 2006, "PlayStation games refer to it as the Marseille turn, also known in English as the double drag-back, Zidane turn, Maradona turn and, according to earlier computer games, the [David] Rocastle 360. Zidane himself calls it la roulette."

'Flopasning' - literally 'the Flo pass' Jostein Flo, formerly of Sheffield United.

scorpico?

Jack Robinson, Southampton's goalkeeper of 1899 vintage, 'a Robinsonade' in Austria and some parts of Central Europe

Antonin Panenk penalty stopkick

leading to goals as 'Grandelletje'." Franck Grandel.

Meanwhile in Denmark, a hospital pass is known as a 'rigtig Jesper Olsen' ('a real Jesper Olsen'). "It's named after Olsen's square ball across his own defence that set up Spain's equaliser in Denmark's 1986 World Cup match," explains Aidan Curran. "Having been 1-0 down, Spain went on to destroy the Danes 5-1. Sometimes Danish politicians use the term to mock an opponent's blunder or gaffe."

Blanco's bunny hop

incredible Pele chip Pele dummy from the centre circle against Czechoslovakia, followed

Webster ruling Andy Webster, a defender forme

Zona Cesarini - Injury time (named after Renato Cesarini, who struck a very late winner for Italy against Hungary in 1931).

The Flo Pass is a tactic used in association football, perfected by the Norwegian national team in the early/mid-1990s. In a 4-5-1 formation, the full back hits a very long cross-field pass to the winger on the opposite side, who would head the ball to either one of the central midfielders or to the striker. In the original move, employed by the Norwegian national team, the move would be started by Stig Inge Bjørnebye, and end with Jostein Flo. It is from Jostein Flo that the move derives its name.

.

Ronaldinho blind pass

Espaldinha in homage to Ronaldinho back flick

Marco van Basten's classical volley (impossible goal)

Cuauhtemoc Blanco's "bunny hop",

Bruce Grobbelaar's wobbly knees

Fernando Redondo's unique backheeled nutmeg

Luis Arconada an 'Arconada'. goalkeeping howler

kaka: a volley. Named after Kaka, the Brazil and AC Milan midfielder, famed for his superb volleying.

pelé: a bicycle-kick. The brilliant Brazilian star made the overhead kick his trademark.

roberto: a banana kick. Named after two Brazilian greats, both famed for their banana-kicks, seventies icon Roberto Rivelino and Real Madrid’s galactico Roberto Carlos.

baggio: a missed penalty. Named after Roberto Baggio of Italy, who missed a crucial spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out at the end of the 1994 World Cup Final.

caniggia: sending off. Named after Argentina’s Claudio Caniggia, who managed to get sent off against Sweden in the 2002 World Cup while still sitting on the bench.

maradona: a handballed goal. Named after Diego Maradona, who scored a goal with his hand for Argentina against England in the 1986 World Cup.

klinsmann: a dive. Named after Jurgen Klinsmann, now manager of Germany, who as a player in the 1990s had a reputation for diving.

alberto: a wonder goal. Named after Carlos Alberto, whose goal for Brazil against Italy in the final of the 1970 World Cup was recently voted the greatest World Cup goal ever.

muller: a goalscorer. Named after Gerd Muller, the great German striker known as ‘der bomber’, the top scorer in World Cup history with 14 goals including the winner in the 1974 Final.

chilavert: goal scored by a goalkeeper. Named after the Paraguay keeper Jose Luis Chilavert, who scored a total of 62 goals in his career, including eight in international matches. fontaine: n. a prolific goal-scorer. [Derivation: Juste Fontaine, the great French striker of the 1950s, who scored 13 goals in six matches in the 1958 World Cup – a record for a single World Cup that still stands.)

zoff: a goalkeeper. Named after Dino Zoff, the great Italian keeper who graced three World Cups and still holds the record of 1,142 minutes without conceding an international goal.

zubi: a World Cup veteran. Named after Zubi Zubizaretta, the Spanish goalkeeper of 1980-90s, who became one of the few players to play in four World Cups.

harrypotter: a midfield wizard

kaiser: a player who dominates a game. From “der Kaiser”, the nickname of Franz Beckenbauer, the legendary captain of West Germany in the 1970s.

porteur d'eau — a hardworking, normally defensive, midfielder. From the French word for “water-carrier”. French World Cup winner Didier Deschamps was known as le porteur d'eau.

Samuel marking Walter Samuel – quietly intense man-marking

Have you seen When Vinnie met Gazza?

alludes to romatic comedy ‘when Harry met Sally’ but is actually a threat.

Linking
The linking seems weird. Do we want the moves named after people linked to the person's page. That seems reasonable, but a lot of them are linked to non existent pages and disambiguation pages. Is the goal to link the moves to the moves page? I think if the move does not have a page it is appropriate to link the athletes page MATThematical (talk) 20:08, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

questionable entries
(association) football is the only sport listed here that I know enough to comment on, but as far as that's concerned I'd say half of the list is nonsense. I am, of course, not some be-all-and-end-all when it comes to something so subjective, so I'm not going to go ahead and remove without comment, but as a big fan there are enough terms here which mean nothing to me to set off alarm bells:

I have absolutely no idea what the "stanley matthews move" is. Same goes for the "jay jay okocha move", "juan riquelme move", and "ferenc puskas move". I've never heard anybody call an elastico a "ronaldinho move" or anything similar, and I've never heard of a "robinho pull back" or "rivelino step over and turn" - what separates those two from a "pull back" or "step over and turn"? (generic terms which don't tell a whole lot about what was done). I'm certainly aware of Kerlon's association with the seal dribble, but I'm not familiar with it being commonly *named after* him. No idea what an Aguanís is either - the description of "left foot dribble" explains nothing, and it doesn't even seem to be named after the guy anyway (not sure what the link is between Raul and 'Aguanis', I've certainly never heard him called that). the two italian ones are totally unknown to me, too.

The only entries that seem justified to me are those named for Panenka, Bosman, Cruijff, Makelele, Zidane, and Maradona. Even those last two I'd consider a bit of a stretch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.176.40.127 (talk) 18:35, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Found this again, since here are no comments I assume nobody particularly objects to removing most of the entries from that section. I left the 5 which I'm familiar with as terms commonly-used within the sport (I'm still slightly unsure about the Zidane one but gave it the benefit of the doubt), but removed the others. For example, despite initially promising ~55,400 results, a google search for "Jay-Jay Okocha move" (in quotes) gets only 8 pages, with a total of 75 results, (at time of writing, from my location), even after including similar results. A genuinely used term like "Makelele role", on the other hand… well I got bored of checking how many pages that had before I even reached the "show similar results" option. 131.169.104.149 (talk) 16:28, 21 January 2013 (UTC)

Tsukahara
Copied from Talk:Mitsuo Tsukahara: If, as the article says, a 'Tsukahara' is a "full-twisting double salto in the tuck position (with the full twist in the first salto)", and if "in many nations, it is customary to call a full-twisting double salto tumble or dismount a 'Tsukahara' on all apparatus, both for men and women", why is it not listed in the Artistic gymnastics section, as well as the Tsukahara (vault), which is a different thing AFAICS? --86.44.205.230 (talk) 23:13, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

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text:
Copahue

Copahue is a stratovolcano in the Andes on the border of Bío Bío Region, Chile and Neuquén Province, Argentina. There are nine volcanic craters along a 2 km line, the easternmost of which is historically the most active, and contains a 300 m (1000 ft) wide crater lake with a pH ranging between 0.18 and 0.30. Eruptions from this crater lake have ejected pyroclastic rocks and chilled liquid sulfur fragments. Although the lake emptied during the 2000 eruption, it later returned to its previous levels. Copahue means "sulphur waters" in Mapuche.

Copahue sits on a basement of sedimentary and volcanic rocks ranging in age from Eocene to Pliocene. The modern volcano sits in a volcanically active area, with a caldera from the Pliocene, measuring 20 km by 15 km, lying to the east of Copahue. The modern volcano became active roughly 1.2 million years ago (Ma). The modern caldera formed 0.6 to 0.4 Ma, and produced large pyroclastic flows, extending up to 37 km from the volcano. The modern structure is an elongated shield volcano, with a maximum thickness of 22 km and a minimum of 8 km. It has erupted ten times since 1900, most recently in March 2016. On 27 May 2013, it was reported that a red alert had been issued and the evacuation of around 2,000 people was to begin.

title: Copahue


text:
Multilevel streets in Chicago

Downtown Chicago, Illinois, has some double-decked and a few triple-decked streets immediately north and south of the Main Branch and immediately east of the South Branch of the Chicago River. The most famous and longest of these is Wacker Drive, which replaced the South Water Street Market upon its 1926 completion. The resulting bi-level street has an upper-level riverfront boulevard, a lower-level roadway for commercial and through traffic, and a recreational walkway at water level.

History
The multilevel configuration arose from geography and traffic patterns in the Loop. In most other parts of the rest of the city near the Chicago River, only major streets crossed the river. However, most downtown streets crossed the river, and all of these crossings were bascule bridges, which required height clearances at the approaches to and over the river. Clearances were further necessitated due to the presence of many existing railroad tracks along the river (as in the west bank of the south branch) and tracks that ended at the river (such as the tracks ending at Randolph Street). Thus, a clearance zone was created along the river at locations that contained many closely spaced crossings. Many double-decked or triple-decked streets were created because they fell within this clearance zone.

This also created an anomaly not only in the layout and uses of streets, but also planning of buildings. Generally, the upper levels of the multi-level streets usually serve local traffic. The primary entrances of buildings are usually located on this level. The lower levels generally serve through-traffic and trucks serving businesses along the roads. This level houses the receiving/shipping entrances to the buildings on these streets. As a result, loading docks at street level are noticeably absent.

The first raising occurred from 1855 to 1858, when streets and buildings were raised between four and seven feet above their former elevation, just a few feet above lake level, where they were constantly muddy. The higher elevation allowed for sewers and proper drainage. However, this did not produce any two-level streets; the first of those was Michigan Avenue in the late 1910s. When the Illinois Center development was built on the east side of downtown, a new upper level was built, making most streets in that area three levels.

After about 1890, special interest groups, including recreational bicyclists, farmers delivering harvested crops to market, and motorists, began to mount support for concrete paving to replace the previously common dirt roads. Public road planning in Chicago began in 1910 when the Chicago Plan Commission was created to implement Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett's plan.

The double-decked portion of Wabash Avenue north of the Chicago River was built in 1930, in conjunction with the single-level Wabash Avenue Bridge. On January 3, 2005, the upper and lower levels were closed at Kinzie Street for reconstruction (in conjunction with the Trump Tower Chicago development) but have since been reopened.

The city's famed Billy Goat Tavern, immortalized by John Belushi in a Saturday Night Live sketch as the Olympia Cafe, is located on the lower level of Michigan Avenue.

List of streets
The following streets have double- or triple-decker sections:

 * Beaubien Court
 * Columbus Drive (triple decker: they are (in descending order) Columbus Drive, Lower Columbus Drive, and Columbus Service Drive)
 * Harbor Drive
 * Illinois Street
 * Lake Shore Drive (including a double-decker bridge over the Chicago River)
 * Michigan Avenue (including a double-decker bridge over the Chicago River)
 * Randolph Street (triple decker)
 * Stetson Avenue (triple decker: Stetson Ave, Lower Stetson Ave, and Stetson Service Ave)
 * Wabash Avenue
 * Wacker Drive (triple decker: Wacker Drive, Lower Wacker Drive, and Wacker Service Drive or Sub Lower Wacker Drive)
 * Wacker Place
 * North Water Street
 * South Water Street (triple decker: South Water St, Lower South Water St, and South Water Service St)

The McCormick Place Busway connects the southerly convention center to the northerly lower level street grid.

title: Multilevel streets in Chicago


text:
Category talk:Piston engine configurations

Noone has yet (that I can see) made any discussion of the other ways engines can differ - number of valves being the particular example I was thinking of. e.g. 12v, or 16v obviously being different to V12/V16 engine type/cylinder count. Don't have time to write an article on this I'm afraid, may consider it but I suggest anyone with time does so.


text:
User talk:Benji man

Welcome!
Hi Benji man, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

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Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 12:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nabataean
Thanks for updating the Nabataean Aramaic article with valuable info.Jadhimah (talk) 07:28, 25 November 2019 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Castle2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Castle2.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 15:41, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Biblical Mount Sinai
Your recent deletion is of course correct. This makes clear that it was just undetected vandalism. SamuelTheGhost (talk) 13:48, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Welcome to The Wikipedia Adventure!

 * Hi Benji man! We're so happy you wanted to play to learn, as a friendly and fun way to get into our community and mission.  I think these links might be helpful to you as you get started.
 * The Wikipedia Adventure Start Page
 * The Wikipedia Adventure Lounge
 * The Teahouse new editor help space
 * Wikipedia Help pages

-- 14:27, Monday, October 7, 2019 (UTC)

Nabataean script
Previous editors of that page may not have wanted to be too emphatic about the language written, since the inscriptions started out as Arabic-speakers attempting to write Aramaic, but this became increasingly permeated with Arabic as time went on, until towards the end some inscriptions pretty much gave up the effort or dropped the pretense of Aramaic. AnonMoos (talk) 22:19, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Fair enough! These issues are discussed on the pages that Nabataean script links to now, though. I think there should be links to those pages and this seemed like a good place. Benji man (talk) 13:12, 24 November 2022 (UTC)

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Talk:Architecture in Middle-earth/GA1
Benji man, you opened this review page about four weeks ago, and haven't returned to begin the review. Are you planning to do a full review soon? If not, you should probably release this nomination so it can find another reviewer. BlueMoonset (talk) 03:48, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Very sorry for not completing this review, something unexpectedly came up so that I was unable to work on it for the past month. Benji man (talk) 12:25, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

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DYK for Nabataean Aramaic
Aoidh (talk) 12:02, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

Your work on Nabataean Aramaic

 * Thank you, that's really kind! Much appreciated. Benji man (talk) 19:19, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Benji man


text: Category:Soviet civil trainer aircraft

title: Category:Soviet civil trainer aircraft


text:
User talk:Lawe

Claims about the US Constitution
I've noticed that many in the United States claim that its constitution is the oldest. The republic of San Marino has the oldest written constitition, written in 1600. Someone said that the San Marino does not count, because it was not recognised as a state until 1812, however this is not true and the independence of San Marino dates back to at least the 1200's.

Australia Republican Pages
I am interested in cleaning up Australian Republicanism. The current project is to remove the page Proposed President of Australia and writing about specific models which have been seriously considered.

Constitutions
This is not an area in which I can claim any expertise. Adam 23:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Canal pics
I've expanded Canal a little, so there;s room for more pics if you like. As to which to replace, if this is still necess, how about either Venice, or Amsterdam, as these show the same type of canal? But they're rather beautiful pics, so perhaps the Canal du Midi. I'd be loathe to lose the Calder and Hebble Nav unless it were replaced with something similar, showing the industrial buildings and chimneystack contemporary with the canal. Did you have something in mind? JackyR 20:43, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

IP edits
Thanks for the heads up regarding this user. I had no idea the user was a previously blocked one, but they were operating one step short of that level at the Australian republic referendum, 1999 talk page. Orderinchaos 07:42, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Cleaning up
Saw you cleanup blocked eds messes - and i noticed some of them arent assessesd for oz project yet - cheers SatuSuro 09:45, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Cripes you are being generous - most simply revert without as much as a time of day to explain why - well done - hope my low importance asesses are not offensive to you or your hard work - cheers SatuSuro 10:36, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Michaëlle Jean
You appear to have made some reverts lately. Please be aware that the three-revert rule prohibits making more than three reverts on a single page within a 24 hour period. Rather than reverting edits, please consider using the talk page to work towards wording and content that gains a consensus among editors. The dispute resolution processes may also help. Excessive reverting may result in blocking of accounts. Prince of Canadat 17:10, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

I don't particularly care who did what, which is why I posted the exact same message on both your pages. I strongly suggest that you both take a step back from the page for 24 hours, and calm down. You have both hit 3RR. Prince of Canadat 17:34, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * "Involved? Not involved?" <-- I am not sure what this means. You're both stepping over the line, I don't care who did what, you both just need to calm down.  That is the extent of my involvement. Prince of Canadat 18:26, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

ANI
You may wish to stop by ANI. Prince of Canadat 20:11, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

OR at Australian republicanism
I'm not really sure how much space should be accorded within the article — it would at least be helpful to the reader to have a brief section covering legal matters that relate to the monarchy in Australia, as laws codifying the monarchy are highly relevant to the potential for establishment of republicanism. Flipping over to the article, I see that such a section has now been set up. As to the second part of what you asked, it would definitely be a good idea to lend your apparent expertise in the subject to building this section. There's certainly much to be said beyond just a discussion of succession law — succession law, after all, is relevant but somewhat tangential.

As for your disagreement with Bambino about the material, I remain unsure of exactly which points you disagree with. For a start, do you agree or disagree with this contention:

 * The succession law of the United Kingdom's cannot be changed without the consent of the Australian parliament.

I have no strong opinions on the subject, myself. It just struck me that the SoW does seem to support that much, at least.  Mr. IP  « Defender of Open Editing » 18:23, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Hey, I'm a Yank and supporter of small-r republicanism myself; I have no bias toward his viewpoint. It's just that right now he's got his statement backed by a source which essentially contains the same information as the statement, which rules it out as original research.  You may want to pursue a claim that succession law is simply irrelevant, but it's just hard to make it out as OR.  How do you feel it should be contextualized?  What if it were included with information on exactly where it came from, as in the form, "According to the preamble to the [and so on]..."?  Mr. IP  « Defender of Open Editing » 20:11, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The OR is from the idea that wikipedia should be based on secondary sources. --lawe (talk) 20:23, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Commonwealth membership
Hey lawe - do you have a cite for the Commonwealth membership? I'm sure we'll be challenged on it at some stage. --Lholden (talk) 09:34, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Brilliant thanks for that. --Lholden (talk) 19:56, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Discussion needed for changed
Please stop changing the dablink on commonwealth realm pages. The dablink was decided on a while back. If you have any concerns take them to WP:COMMONWEALTH where a central discussion can take place. Consensus is needed to make such bold changes, since consensus formed the first version and we don't know whether consensus has changed. Also, please do not remove mentions of personal union unless it has been discussed on the talk page. As both the changes you have made affect a large amount of articles I would suggest a central discussion at WP:COMMONWEALTH. Thank you, --Cameron* 17:21, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I can see no such thing...would you care to point me to a subsection? --Cameron* 17:38, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't really see consensus there. I think further discussion is needed to be honest. Best, --Cameron* 21:08, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Name change
I've just noticed, cool. GoodDay (talk) 17:52, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Some of your recent comments
Point taken.

Monarchy of Canada & Monarchy of Australia
Hello Lawe. I don't know how you're gonna trim those articles; Ya may need to create sister-articles. 12:38, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Hi
I owe you an apology for being incredibly rude in the first Personal Union dispute. Careful reflection showed me that I was wrong in my arguments, and incredibly wrong in my attitude towards you. I'm sorry. Prince of Canadat 09:34, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I do not remember you being rude, but apology is of course accepted. May I be as generous in spirt when it is my turn. --Lawe (talk) 09:37, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Hi Lawe
Please don't post things like this and this. Sure we all get frustrated at other editors from time to time but posts like that are unkind and unconstructive. Please remember always to try and assume good faith! Best, --Cameron* 15:13, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Cameron, I know you assume good faith almost to a fault, but G2 has pretty conclusively proven that there is no good faith to assume of him in that debate. Prince of Canadat 15:53, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * You flatter me. ;) My point was, there is no need to start potentially 'inflaming' discussions. If someone has a problem with me, I'd like to feel they would come to my talk page to help me address the problem. :) --Cameron* 16:26, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Well yes, but talking with you is productive. Prince of Canadat 22:46, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Rideau Hall
Hiya Lawe. Ya know, RH would make a nice official residence for the 'President of Canada', eh? PS- I'm always hopeful, ha ha. GoodDay (talk) 16:01, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Input
There is a post on WP:AN that you may or may not wish to comment on. Prince of Canadat 07:19, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

My "buddy"
My "buddy" doesn't seem to have any major problems I can see. The proposal is in the process of being rejected. It won't be long until it is archived now. I believe the right way to proceed may be and RFC. ;) Regards, --Cameron* 19:21, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

RfC/U
There is currently an open Request for Comment on User Conduct here, regarding G2bambino. As someone with past interactions with him, you are invited to comment. — [ roux  ] [ x ] 15:17, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Personal union
Hiya... I would be most grateful if you could check out all the other references being used for 'personal union' at both Monarchy of Canada and Commonwealth realm. Given the number of inaccuracies uncovered so far, it would be surprising if there weren't more. [ roux  ] [ x ] 04:18, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

RfC/U request
A Request for comment/User conduct has been initated here regarding User:Roux (formerly User:PrinceOfCanada). As someone wish past interactions with this user, you are invited to comment. --G2bambino (talk) 16:38, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The RfC/U discussion continues. Any of this sound familiar? Is this a reasonable addition and does it warrant your signature? --soulscanner (talk) 02:54, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

November 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively to the encyclopedia, we would like to remind you not to attack other editors. Please comment on the contributions and not the contributors. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. ''Whilst I am well aware of the history between Roux and G2, and have expressed my view in the relevant RFCs, it does nobody any good to attempt to fan the flames a bit more. Please leave off with this kind of stuff.'' Mayalld (talk) 20:20, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Australia & Tuvalu
First the Aussies (in 1999) & now the Tuvaluans, choose to keep the monarchy. What is this world coming to. GoodDay (talk) 19:19, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Monarchy of Jamaica
You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Note that the three-revert rule prohibits making more than three reversions on a single page within a 24 hour period. Additionally, users who perform a large number of reversions in content disputes may be blocked for edit warring, even if they do not technically violate the three-revert rule. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing. Please do not repeatedly revert edits, but use the talk page to work towards wording and content that gains a consensus among editors. If necessary, pursue dispute resolution. Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your recent edit appears to have added incorrect information, and has been reverted or removed. All information in the encyclopedia must be verifiable in a reliable published source. If you believe the information you added was correct, please cite references or sources or discuss the changes on the article's talk page before making them. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. - BillCJ (talk) 04:55, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Help!
I've seen your work combatting bias of republicanism on many pages. I was wondering if you could assist me in my work here: Barry O'Farrell and here Talk:Barry O'Farrell. Keep up the good work. Stravin (talk) 11:18, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lawe


text:
Yakovlev Yak-2

The Yakovlev Yak-2 was a short-range Soviet light bomber/reconnaissance aircraft used during World War II. It was produced in small numbers, and most of them were destroyed during the opening stages of Operation Barbarossa.

Design and development
The Yak-2 was initially known as the Ya-22, in the Yakovlev OKB numbering sequence, before it was redesignated as the Yak-2 in 1941. It was of mixed construction with wooden wings and center fuselage, duralumin forward fuselage, and steel tube framing in the rear fuselage with a wooden upper decking and fabric skin. The cockpit was at the very tip of the nose, but the navigator/gunner was in a compartment behind the trailing edge of the wing. The prototype was unarmed and no bomb shackles were fitted. It also lacked a radio and navigational equipment. It was, however, the fastest multi-engined aircraft in the Soviet Union, able to reach 567 km/h at 9900 m, not least because it lacked heavy military equipment.

Stalin ordered it into production, as the BB-22 (Ближний бомбардировщик, Blizhniy Bombardirovshchik— short-range bomber), on 15 March 1939 before it could be evaluated by the NII VVS (Naoochno-Issledovatel'skiy Institoot Voyenno-Vozdooshnykh Seel – Air Force Scientific Test Institute). Their tests were conducted in the early summer and concluded that the engine cooling systems were inadequate, the brakes were troublesome and the fuel system unreliable. The task of converting the aircraft to a bomber was formidable and included redesigning the center fuselage to accommodate the gunner/navigator immediately aft of the pilot and provision of two 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns, one for the gunner and the other fixed in the nose. The rear decking of the fuselage was hinged to pivot down to allow the rear gunner to use his gun.

Factory No. 1 produced the first pre-production BB-22 in December 1939, although it did not make its first flight until the following February. It was submitted for its service evaluation in March–April 1940 and proved to be a disappointment. Gross weight had increased 357 kg despite the reduction in fuel from 1000 kg 600 kg and the maximum speed had declined to 515 km/h at 5000 m. The engine cooling system was still unsatisfactory and the undercarriage too weak. Longitudinal and lateral stability were also unsatisfactory which made it suitable only for well-trained pilots. The test programme report concluded that it was not combat-capable and reliable and that flights with a 400 kg bomb load could be dangerous to the crew.

A remediation program was begun which replaced the single-wheel main landing gear with two-wheeled units and the fuselage upper decking was cut down. Around the same time Factory No. 1 ceased production and Factory No. 81 in Moscow continued to work on the aircraft. Aircraft built by Factory No. 81 were of better quality because the surface finish was better and the engine cowlings and doors were more closely fitted to minimize drag. These improvements increased the speed by 10 - 20 km/h. Development work continued and resulted in the Yak-4 when Klimov M-105 engines were fitted. A grand total of 201 Yak-2s were built before production was terminated in April 1941.

Aviation historian Bill Gunston reports that several prototype variants were built, including the R-12 reconnaissance aircraft which retained the original positioning of the crew, put three cameras in the fuselage and added a bomb bay for eight 20 kg FAB-20 bombs behind the pilot. Another was the I-29 or BB-22IS escort fighter with restored fuel and two 20 ShVAK cannon underneath the fuselage. But neither of these can be confirmed by other, post-Cold-War sources.

Russian aviation historian Yefim Gordon does mention a Yak-2KABB ground-attack variant which might have been confused with the I-29 because it had two ShKAS in the nose and two 20 mm ShVAK cannon in a depressible ventral pack. Unfortunately no other details are available, although photos do exist. Another variant mentioned by Gordon was the BPB-22 (Blizhiy Pikeeruyushchiy Bombardirovshchik — short-range dive bomber) prototype that was fitted with two M-105 engines, dive brakes and an automatic dive entry/exit control system. It was first flown at the end of October 1940 although it crashed during the test programme when fuel unexpectedly cut out, but not before it was flown to a maximum speed of 558 km/h.

Operational history
When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union on 22 Jun 1941, 73 Yak-2s were in service, mostly with the 316th Reconnaissance Regiment in the Kiev Military District. Most of these were destroyed in the opening days of the campaign; the 316th mustered only four on 11 July.

Variants

 * Ya-22
 * Prototype.

 * BB-22
 * Initial production with flush rear canopy

 * Yak-2
 * (VVS designation used in service of izdeliye 70 / BB-22 2M-103) Two-seat light bomber/reconnaissance aircraft.

 * BPB-22
 * (aka BPB-22 2M-105, BB-22PB) Blizhiy Pikeeruyushchiy Bombardirovshchik — short-range dive bomber. Prototype only.

 * Yak-2KABB
 * Prototype ground-attack aircraft fitted with the KABB-MV gun/bombing installation (KABB-MV - kombineerovannaya artillereeysko-bombardirovochnaya batareya Mozharovskovo i Venevidova - combined gun/bomb battery designed by Mozharovskiy and Venevidov), composed of a ventral cannon pack and a special glazed nose for bomb aiming equipment.

 * R-12
 * Prototype photographic reconnaissance aircraft.

 * I-29 or BB-22 IS
 * Experimental long-range fighter aircraft.

 * Yak-2bis / BB-22bis / izdeliye 70bis)
 * Prototype of the Yak-4 2M-105

Users

 * VVS
 * VVS

title: Yakovlev Yak-2


text:
Talk:Yakovlev Yak-2

Untitled
Data quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/Yak/#2 by the owner of aviation.ru

Doesn't make sense...it was "...the fastest aircraft in the Soviet Union, able to reach 352 km/h (219 mph)" but after additional weight "...the maximum speed had declined to 515 km/h (320 mph)". One of these two numbers is wrong...205.193.97.2 (talk) 15:16, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Good catch. I'd switched the mph and kmh values. Fixed now.--Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 15:25, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Yakovlev Yak-2


text:
Yakovlev Yak-4

The Yakovlev Yak-4 (Service names Yak-4, BB-22bis (Blizhnij Bombardirovschik, russian ближний бомбардировщик, "short-range bomber")) was a Soviet light bomber used during World War II. It was developed from the Ya-22/Yak-2.

Design and development
The Yak-4 was an improved version of the Yak-2 with more powerful Klimov M-105 engines and a number of other changes that were made to try to rectify the problems of the Yak-2. Two additional fuel tanks were added in the outer wings to bring the total capacity up to 180 L and the gunner's canopy was bulged to give him more room to use his 7.62 mm ShKAS machine gun. The upper fuselage was redesigned to improve the gunner's field of fire and the oil coolers were relocated from the sides of the engine nacelles to the 'chin' position to improve their performance.

Operators

 * VVS
 * VVS

title: Yakovlev Yak-4


text:
User talk:Funkymonkey

Welcome!
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title: User talk:Funkymonkey


text:
Vaalwater

Vaalwater is a small town situated on the Mokolo River in the Limpopo province of South Africa.

Location
The town, unlike other towns in the Limpopo province, is not located on a national road, of which the nearest one is at Nylstroom/Modimolle. It does however lie halfway on a road stretching from Nylstroom/Modimolle to Ellisras/Lephalale (the R33 Route). Nearby towns also include Hermanusdorings, Melkrivier, Palala and Naboomspruit.

Geography
It lies at the southern edge of the rugged Waterberg Massif, which is a biosphere that contains considerable biodiversity, including numerous large mammals (e.g. Giraffe, White Rhino, Blue Wildebeest). Waterberg is the first region in the northern part of South Africa to be named as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO. The extensive rock formation was shaped by hundreds of millions of years of riverine erosion to yield diverse bluff and butte landform.

Tourism
Vaalwater is a popular jumping-off point for travels to the Waterberg Massif and Botswana and is itself becoming a minor destination for tourism. There are a variety of craft, art, and gift shops, as well as cafes and restaurants. Vaalwater is also home to some of the most magnificent game farms and eco-tourism in the country. Many of the game farms host the Big Five, and nature-lovers will find the mountains, bush and wildlife worth the visit.

Services
Vaalwater has a number of commercial services not common for kilometres around, especially on roads leading to Botswana. These include banking, groceries, petrol and diesel, a post office, and doctors.

Name
In 2006, Vaalwater was officially renamed Mabatlane, but reverted to Vaalwater in 2007 after it became evident that the proper renaming procedures had not been followed.

title: Vaalwater


text:
User talk:Khandpur

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Image Tagging Image:DSCF0009.JPG
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title: User talk:Khandpur


text:
User talk:Esp99

Welcome!
Hi Esp99, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Image:3dkallithea.jpg
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User talk:Telstar2005

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title: User talk:Telstar2005


text:
Talk:Yakovlev Yak-4

Data quoted from http://www.aviation.ru/Yak/#4 by the owner of aviation.ru

External links modified (January 2018)
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Peer, Belgium

Peer is a city and municipality located in the province of Limburg, Flemish Region, Belgium. On January 1, 2006, Peer had a total population of 15,810. The total area is 86.95 km2 which gives a population density of 182 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities: Peer, Grote-Brogel, Kleine-Brogel, Wauberg, Erpekom and Wijchmaal.

Peer is the site of a famous annual blues music festival held in July.

History
Peer is the birth place of the composer Armand Preud'homme. From 1990 to 2018 the Armand Preud'homme Museum remembered to his life and work.

The village Grote Brogel, part of Peer, claims to be the birthplace of Pieter Bruegel. The Bruegel Foundation was also founded in Peer to research the history of Peer and Pieter Bruegel.

Kleine Brogel, a village that is a part of Peer, includes Kleine Brogel Air Base. Rumours that American nuclear weapons under the NATO nuclear sharing program were stationed at Kleine Brogel have never been confirmed.

Climate
Peer has in the summer quite a nice temperature, around 20 degrees Celsius. In the winter it normally snows.

title: Peer, Belgium