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Border Roads Organisation

The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. BRO develops and maintains road networks in India's border areas and friendly neighboring countries. This includes infrastructure operations in 19 states and three union territories (including Andaman and Nicobar Islands) and neighboring countries such as Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tajikistan and Sri Lanka. By 2022, BRO had constructed over 55000 km of roads, over 450 permanent bridges with a total length of over 44000 m length and 19 airfields in strategic locations. BRO is also tasked with maintaining this infrastructure including operations such as snow clearance.

Officers from the Border Roads Engineering Service (BRES) and personnel from the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF) form the parent cadre of the BRO. It is also staffed by officers and troops drawn from the   Indian Army Corps of Engineers on extra regimental employment (on deputation). The Indian Army Pioneer Corps are attached to BRO task forces. BRO is also included in the Order of Battle of the Armed Forces, ensuring their support at any time. The organisations motto is Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam (everything is achievable through hardwork).

BRO is instrumental in significantly upgrading and building new India-China Border Roads (ICBRs). With regard to ICBRs Vaishali S Hiwase is the first woman officer for BRO road projects along the border with China. BRO set a Guinness World Record in November 2021 for the "highest altitude road" at Umling La. BRO has been instrumental in constructing projects like Atal Tunnel, Atal Setu, and Col Chewang Rinchen Setu, to name a few.

History
The BRO was formed on 7 May 1960 to secure India's borders and develop infrastructure in remote areas of the north and north-east states of the country. In order to ensure coordination and expeditious execution of projects, the Government of India set up the Border Roads Development Board (BRDB) with the prime minister as chairman of the board and with the defence minister as deputy chairman.

Today, the BRDB exercises the financial and other powers of a Department of Government of India and is chaired by the Minister of State for Defence. Among others, Chief(s) of Army and Air Staff, Engineer-in-chief, Director General Border Roads (DGBR), FA(DS) are members of the BRDB. The secretary of the board exercises the powers of Joint Secretary to the Government of India. The executive head of the BRO is the Director General Border Roads (DGBR), who holds the rank of lieutenant general. In a bid to boost border connectivity, BRO has been entirely brought under the Ministry of Defence in 2015. Earlier it received funds from the Ministry of Surface Transport under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

Organisation
The BRO consists of Border Roads Wing under the Ministry of Defense and the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF). Officers are selected through the IES Examination conducted by the UPSC. Officers are also deputed from Indian Army Corps of Engineers, who are posted to GREF on ERE. The GREF includes civil engineers, mechanical engineers, administrative officers and medical officers.

The Border Roads Engineering Service (BRES) officers are governed by Central Civil Services (CCS/ CCA) Rules, 1965. They also subjected to all provisions of the Army Act, 1950 and Army Rules, 1954 except a few exceptions as given in SRO 329 and SRO 330 both 23 September 1960. GREF is an integral part of the Armed Forces within meaning of Article 33 of the Constitution of India and members of GREF are also members of the Armed Forces as declared by the Supreme Court in respect of R. Viswan vs Union of India 1983 and authorized for all benefits which are applicable to Armed Forces of India.

The organisation's operations are spread across India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan.

The BRO includes 18 projects, which are divided into Task Forces, Road Construction Companies (RCCs), Bridge Construction Companies (BCCs), Drain Maintenance Companies (DMCs), and Platoons. The organisation also includes base workshops, store divisions, training and recruitment centers, and other staff.

An Internal Financial Advisor (IFA) supports the BRO, performing the roles of Chief Accounts Officer and Internal Auditor. This system was introduced on 23 March 1995 to introduce efficiency and improve resource utilisation. The IFA secured ISO 9001 certification in December 1999.

The organisation employs laborers locally. No local labourer is deployed in BRO for more than 179 days at a stretch, thus keeping the nature of their employment casual.

Director General of Border Roads
A list of the Director General of Border Roads (DGBR):

Centres of excellence
In June 2021, the "Centre of Excellence for Road Safety & Awareness" and "Centre of Excellence for Roads, Bridges, Air Fields and Tunnels" were set up.

Role of the BRO
Roles of the BRO include:

During Peace

 * 1) To develop and maintain the operational road infrastructure of General Staff (GS) roads in the border areas.
 * 2) To contribute to the socio-economic development of the border states.

During War

 * 1) To develop and maintain roads to keep line of control through in original sectors and re-deployed sectors.
 * 2) To execute additional tasks as laid down by the government contributing to the war effort.

BRO is entrusted for construction of roads, bridges, tunnels, causeways, helipads and airfields. The BRO is also in charge of maintenance of its road networks. In many places landslides, avalanches and snow block the routes and have to be cleared as quickly as possible. BRO also employs more than 200,000 casual paid labours in the task.

Yearly summary of roads constructed
BRO had completed following 257 border roads of 13,525-km number in last 5 years during 2017-22:
 * Arunachal Pradesh: 64 (3,097-km).
 * Ladakh: 43 (3,141-km).
 * J&K: 61 (2,382-km).
 * Himachal Pradesh: (739-km).
 * Uttarakhand: 22 (947-km).
 * Sikkim: 18 (664-km).
 * Rajasthan: 13 (884-km).
 * Mizoram: 8 (590-km)
 * Manipur: 8 (492-km).

Projects and initiatives
The BRO undertakes projects in India and friendly countries. These projects typically include developing roads, bridges, and airfields in hostile environments shunned by private enterprises, whether due to security concerns related to hostilities, or because of environmental challenges. BRO has been active during the 1962 war, the conflicts with Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, and has also been active in anti-insurgency operations in the northeast.

The BRO operates in 18 projects namely: Arunank, Beacon, Brahmank, Chetak, Deepak, Dantak (Bhutan), Himank, Hirak, Pushpak, Sampark, Yojak, Sewak, Shivalik, Swastik, Udayak, Vartak and Vijayak.

Disaster management and reconstruction
The BRO also played a vital role in reconstruction work in the aftermath of the devastating 2004 tsunami in Tamil Nadu, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, and the 2010 Ladakh flash floods.

Overseas infrastructure development
Some of these projects carry out some of the development initiatives of the Indian government in foreign territories like Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Bhutan. These include the Delaram-Zaranj Highway in Afghanistan, completed and handed over to the Afghan government during 2008, and the restoration of the Farkhor and Ayni air bases in Tajikistan.

Border infrastructure development
In response to the ever-present security threat from Pakistan and increased incursions and rapid border infrastructure from China, India too is undertaking border infrastructure development.

Border roads
As per a July 2017 update to Lok Sabha from the Government of India, construction of 73 completed strategic roads along the Sino-India border was approved in 2005 with initial and currently revised deadlines of 2012-2013 and 2019-2020 respectively, including 43 by the Ministry of Defence and 27 by the Ministry of Home Affairs, of which only 21 roads by March 2017 and 30 roads by July 2017 have been completed and the remaining are under construction as progress was slowed down due to wildlife conservation and environmental approval, insurgency related security hurdles, delay in land acquisition by the states, inaccessible terrain, inclement weather, and other impediments.

BRO is constructing 63 out of these 73 roads as it costs BRO inr 150000000 to inr 300000000 per km compared to inr 600000000 to inr 700000000 per km of road construction by the private companies. In two years alone, 2015–16 and 2016–17, prime minister Narendra Modi's government has allocated more than US$4.7 billion in contracts for the development of border roads, which also includes the US$256 million 1360 km India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway from Moreh in Manipur through Tamu, Myanmar to Mae Sot in Thailand.

In July 2020, BRO was also tasked with building new roads to connect eastern Bhutan to western Tawang area such as Lumla-Trashigang road through Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary.

Road bridges
To provide multiple points of alternative connectivity to the forces, BRO is building 410 2-lane class-70 (heavy load bearing including tanks) road bridges along the 3,440 km long McMahon Line border with China, including 144 in Arunachal Pradesh (75 already under construction and will be completed by 2020), 100 under construction in Jammu and Kashmir, 55 under construction in Uttrakhand, 40 under construction in Sikkim and 25 under construction in Himachal Pradesh (c. Dec 2017). The annual pace of construction is 3 km of bridges (c. Dec 2017). On 12 October 2020 Defense Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated 44 new bridges.

Border tunnels
In November 2017 BRO announced the plan to construct 17 road and rail tunnels, with a total length of 100 km, on some of the 73 strategic roads on Sino-Indian border to provide the year-round all-weather rail and road surface connectivity. Currently, surface access to high altitude posts on Sino-India border is closed for six months every year due to snowfall and rain, and supplies are through air lift only. Some of these 17 tunnels are already under construction, including Srinagar-Kargil-Leh NH1 in J&K (Zoji La pass tunnel), Leh-Manali Highway in J&K and Himachal Pradesh (Lungalacha La, Bara-lacha la, Tanglang La, Shingo La near Nimo and Rohtang Tunnel), 578 meter Theng Pass tunnel on NH310A between Chungthang and Tung in North Sikkim, Nechipu Pass (near Bomdila) and Sela Pass tunnels on Bogibeel Assam to Sagalee to Tawang NH13 in Arunachal Pradesh. This will reduce the travel time and operational costs, eliminate the risk of avalanche and landslide.

Decorations
Awards attained by BRO personnel between 1960 and 31 January 2020:

 * 23 × Kirti Chakra
 * 218 × Shaurya Chakra
 * 2 × Bar to Shaurya Chakra
 * 2 × Padam Shree
 * 16 × Param Vishisht Seva Medals
 * 43 × Ati Vishist Seva Medals
 * 110 × Vishisht Seva Medals
 * 25 × Sena Medals
 * 3 × Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak
 * 17 × Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak
 * 69 × Jeevan Raksha Padak

In 2009, eight Shaurya Chakras, all posthumous, were awarded to BRO personnel for their actions in places such as Afghanistan, Sikkim, the north-east and Jammu and Kashmir. Bulldozer operator Zalim Singh, Bar to the Shaurya Chakra, was crushed by boulders while clearing a strategic road for Indian Army tanks. Two BRO men working on BRO's Project Zaranj in Afghanistan were killed during a suicide bomb attack on Zaranj-Delaram highway. Engineer Santosh Kumar Singh and driver Jaikrit Singh Rawat, while working on the Kishtwar-Sinthan Pass, died in an ambush. Others died or were killed in places such as Meghalaya, Kailash Mansarovar, Kali River and Hapoli Sarli-Huri road.

Recognition
In November 2021, BRO received a Guinness World Record for the "highest altitude road" following construction at Umling La.

title: Border Roads Organisation


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Bishop Feehan High School

Bishop Feehan High School is a co-educational Catholic high school in Attleboro, Massachusetts. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fall River. The school was built in 1961 and staffed by the Sisters of Mercy. The school has grown to over 1,000 students. Each class is approximately 250+ students, who are selected from a significantly larger pool of applicants.

The second of five regional, diocesan Catholic high schools constructed in the Diocese of Fall River, the school opened in the fall of 1961.

Academics
Feehan offers 17 AP classes and honors courses in mathematics, foreign languages, English, science and the arts.

100% of Feehan most recent graduating class was accepted to a four-year institution and 98% enrolled at a four-year institution.

Athletics
The athletic activities include football, marching band, ice hockey, cheerleading, volleyball, cross country, basketball, track, soccer, baseball, swim, lacrosse, water polo, fencing, and some others. Bishop Feehan's football team has won numerous state titles including the latest in 2012 where they defeated Lynnfield High School at Gillette Stadium in Foxboro, MA. Feehan athletes won three state titles in 2015-16, including wins in golf, swimming and girls basketball. Feehan initiated a boys and girls lacrosse program in 2007 and more recently launched varsity field hockey and varsity girls ice hockey. The Boys Spring Track team currently has 91 straight dual-meet wins. Most recently, the Girls Soccer team won the Division 1 state title and went undefeated the entire season.

 * Boys Cross Country Team All-State Champions - 1987, 1993, 1994, 2003, 2008, 2011
 * Girls Cross Country Team All-State Champions - 2003, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
 * Girls Tennis State Champions - 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990
 * Baseball State Champions – 1994
 * Baseball State Finalists – 1998
 * Wrestling State Champions - 1992, 2011
 * Football State Champions – 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2012
 * Football State Finalists – 1994, 2000
 * Marching Band NESBA Champions- 2008, 2011, 2016
 * Girls Basketball State Champions- 2016, 2024
 * Girls Basketball State Finalist - 2023
 * Girls Golf State Champions - 2023
 * Girls Soccer State Champions- 2019

Since 2020, Feehan has been a full member of the highly-competitive Catholic Central League (CCL).

Notable athletic alumni

 * Mark Schmidt (1981): Head Coach of Men's Basketball at St. Bonaventure University
 * Mark Coogan (1984): Decorated track athlete, former collegiate track star at University of Maryland, and member of the 1996 U.S. Olympic team.
 * Jim Renner (2001): Professional golfer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bishop Feehan High School


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Kian Egan

Kian John Francis Egan (born 29 April 1980) is an Irish pop singer, songwriter, and musician. He is best known as a member of the pop group Westlife. Westlife have released twelve albums, embarked on thirteen world tours, and won numerous awards, becoming one of the most successful musical groups of all time. Egan was a judge and coach on The Voice of Ireland and won the thirteenth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2013.

1997–2012: Westlife and Wonderland
In his early musical years, Egan was part of a rock band named Skrod. He can play at least five musical instruments, including guitar, piano, and drums. He is a grade 8 pianist and was taught piano by his brother Gavin Egan, a university music graduate and full-time teacher of music in the UK. Before he was in Westlife, Egan was part of a pop group called Six as One, which later changed its name to IOYOU, with fellow Westlife members Mark Feehily and Shane Filan, alongside Graham Keighron, Michael "Miggles" Garrett and Derrick Lacey.

After IOUYOU was signed by Louis Walsh, its lineup changed to include Egan, Mark Feehily, Shane Filan and two new members - Nicky Byrne and Brian McFadden. The band's name changed to Westside and later to Westlife. Westlife split up in 2012 after a Greatest Hits Tour.

During a year-long hiatus from Westlife in 2008, Egan launched a new venture with Louis Walsh to put together and co-manage girlband, Wonderland, which included Jodi Albert, who later became Egan's wife. Wonderland's debut album reached number 6 on the Irish Albums Chart and number 8 on the UK Albums Chart, however, just four months later, they were dropped by Mercury Records and eventually split up.

2014: Home
In January 2014, Egan signed with Rhino Records of Warner Music Group, and his debut album Home was released on 14 March that year in Ireland, and on 17 March in the UK. His debut single "Home", a cover of a song by the band Daughtry, had its first exclusive play on BBC Radio 2 at lunchtime with Terry Wogan's show. The album has peaked at number 2 on the Irish Singles Chart and number 9 on the UK Albums Chart. In May 2014, Egan released the second single from the album, "I'll Be", a cover of the track by Edwin McCain.

2018–present: Westlife reunion
In October 2018, Westlife announced the group's reunion as a four-piece. In 2019, the group headlined "The 20 Tour", named in honor of Westlife's 20th anniversary since its formation and the release of its first single, "Swear It Again", in 1999. In addition to touring, Westlife also released new music. "Hello My Love", the first single from the group's upcoming album, debuted on The Graham Norton Show in January 2019.

Television career
Egan was one of four coaches on The Voice of Ireland. However, his dreams of winning the show went to tatters as he threw his lot in with Jim Devine, from Northern Ireland. This immediately put him at a disadvantage to the other contestants as, ahead of the final, viewers in Northern Ireland could not download his single, the tally of which contributed to his vote. Egan was left fuming and in need of support from Sharon Corr as he expressed his opinion on the unfairness of it all and had "huge rows" about it but to no avail.

In June 2012, Egan announced in an interview with the Sunday Life that he was "looking at doing a TV show with Sky on surfing". Later reports suggested that the show would be eight episodes long and would broadcast on Sky1 later in the year.

In July 2012, Egan presented the British program This Morning's Hub regularly, standing in for the regular hosts. Later that year, every Friday morning in October, he began giving reports on another British programme This Morning about the remaining contestants in the ninth series of The X Factor, before the competition's live shows that weekend.

On 21 October 2012, Egan co-presented the revamped version of Surprise Surprise, but did not return the following year.

In 2013, Egan appeared on the thirteenth series of I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here!. He was ultimately crowned King Of The Jungle, which contributed to an invitation to being signed by Rhino Records to create his Home album.

From 5 to 9 January 2015, Egan and Angela Griffin co-hosted Fat Pets: Slimmer of the Year on ITV.

Personal life
Egan was born to Kevin Egan (1945–2009) and Patricia Egan (née Moore). He is the fifth of their seven children. His older siblings are Vivienne, Gavin, Fenella, and Thomas, and his younger siblings are Marielle and Colm. He attended Summerhill College secondary school in Sligo, where he met fellow band members Mark Feehily and Shane Filan. He is the cousin of Filan's wife, Gillian Walsh. Before Westlife, he worked at a jeans store.

Egan married English actress and Girl Thing and Wonderland member Jodi Albert on 8 May 2009. Due to illness, Egan's father was unable to attend the marriage ceremony after being diagnosed with a rare brain tumor and died shortly after. On 31 July 2011, the couple announced they were expecting their first child. Westlife's official Facebook page announced that Albert had given birth to a baby boy, Koa, on 20 December 2011. On 15 November 2014, the pair announced they were expecting their second child in the spring. On 21 May 2015, Egan and his wife welcomed a second son, Zekey. Their third son, Cobi, was born on 29 September 2017. The family lives in Strandhill, County Sligo.

Egan spoke of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa but said he would not go after the Republic of Ireland national football team was eliminated from the tournament after Thierry Henry's handball.

Egan was ranked number five on Ireland's Sexiest Man of 2014. As of 2017, his net worth is 18 million euros.

Selected filmography

 * Television

 * Guest appearances
 * Alan Carr's Celebrity Ding Dong (31 October 2008) – Guest
 * Lorraine (15 November 2010, 7 March 2011) – Guest
 * Celebrity Juice (23 December 2010, 5 April 2012, 13 March 2014) – Panellist
 * Loose Women (14 November 2011) – Guest
 * Daybreak (9 November 2012) – Guest
 * Fake Reaction (24 January 2013) – Guest
 * 8 Out of 10 Cats (8 February 2013) – Panellist
 * Your Face Sounds Familiar (27 July 2013) – Guest judge
 * Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (19 December 2013) – Contestant with Rebecca Adlington
 * The Cube: Celebrity Special (22 February 2014) – Contestant
 * The Wright Stuff (28 March 2014) – Panellist
 * The Guess List (3 May 2014) – Guest
 * Sunday Brunch (4 May 2014) – Guest
 * Weekend (10 May 2014) – Guest
 * TV OD (5 June 2014) – Guest
 * All Star Mr & Mrs (25 June 2014) – Contestant
 * Through the Keyhole (20 September 2014) – Panellist
 * Would I Lie to You? (26 September 2014) – Panellist

title: Kian Egan


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Valdir Azevedo

Valdir Azevedo or Waldir Azevedo (January 23, 1923 in Rio de Janeiro – September 21, 1980 in São Paulo) was a choro composer, conductor and performer, considered to be the most successful musician of this genre.

Azevedo was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He played flute starting from the age of seven, and later switched to mandolin and to the cavaquinho. He first performed in public in 1933 at the Carnival, playing flute.

He wrote 130 compositions during his lifetime, including the world-famous "Brasileirinho" and "Delicado", which was He is considered by many to be the first Brazilian cavaquinho shredder ever. One of his compositions, "Delicado," is a Latin American dance that has been arranged for piano.

He died in São Paulo, aged 57.

title: Valdir Azevedo


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Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area

The Blacksburg-Christiansburg Metropolitan Statistical Area, formerly the Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford Metropolitan Statistical Area, is a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) located in the New River Valley of Southwest Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 181,863 (a greater than 11.6 percent rise from the 2010 census population of 162,958).

The MSA is dominated by the presence of Virginia Tech and Radford University. The area, known as the New River Valley (or NRV), has experienced tremendous growth in the last twenty years and continues to be among the fastest growing areas in Virginia. It is bordered by the Allegheny Mountains to the North and the Blue Ridge Mountains to the South, with the New River flowing through the valley itself. The central communities in the area consist of two towns and one city; state law draws a sharp distinction between cities, which are completely separate from counties, and towns, which are contained within counties. Blacksburg, the larger of the towns, is home to Virginia Tech, while Radford, the only city in the group, is home to Radford University. Christiansburg, a town which lies between Blacksburg and Radford, is the Montgomery County county seat and home to a branch of the New River Community College as well as hundreds of stores and restaurants and a historic downtown.

MSA components
''Note: Since a state constitutional change in 1871, all cities in Virginia are independent cities that are not located in any county. The OMB considers these independent cities to be county-equivalents for the purpose of defining MSAs in Virginia.''

Three counties and one independent city are included in the Blacksburg-Christiansburg Metropolitan Statistical Area.

 * Counties
 * Giles
 * Montgomery
 * Pulaski
 * Independent Cities
 * Radford

Places with more than 35,000 inhabitants

 * Blacksburg (Principal city)

Places with 10,000 to 30,000 inhabitants

 * Christiansburg (Principal city)
 * Radford

Places with 1,000 to 10,000 inhabitants

 * Dublin
 * Elliston-Lafayette (census-designated place)
 * Fairlawn (census-designated place)
 * Merrimac (census-designated place)
 * Narrows
 * Pearisburg
 * Pembroke
 * Pulaski
 * Shawsville (census-designated place)

Places with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants

 * Belview (census-designated place)
 * Glen Lyn
 * Rich Creek

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 151,272 people, 58,443 households, and 34,881 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 91.24% White, 4.34% African American, 0.18% Native American, 2.44% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.29% of the population.

The median income for a household in the MSA was $31,446, and the median income for a family was $44,478. Males had a median income of $32,377 versus $22,605 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $17,184.


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Jingling Geordie's Hole

Jingling Geordie's Hole is a cave that has inspired a legend in Tynemouth, England.

The cave is between King Edward's Bay and Tynemouth Castle. It was originally known as "Jingling Man's Hole", the "Geordie" being a later addition.

Jingling Geordie is reputed to have been a 17th-century pirate and smuggler who used the cave as a lookout for incoming ships. This gave him advance opportunity to lie in wait at the nearby Black Middens where he would lure the ships onto the rocks with lanterns placed to look like boats waiting safely at anchor. He would then plunder the strewn cargoes and hide his booty away in a labyrinth of tunnels running beneath the Castle. Legend has it that Jingling Geordie still had fetters fixed around his legs and the chains rattled everywhere he went. Supposedly the jingle can still be heard on some evenings around the castle walls as his ghost stalks the cliffs keeping a watch over the headland.

Location
Jingling Geordie’s Cave can be described as follows: Tynemouth Castle lies perched on a promontory surrounded on three sides by cliffs which drop for about 100 ft to the sea below. The cliffs on the south side mark the uppermost point of the mouth of the River Tyne and slope at the bottom into a little beach called the Priors' Haven. The north cliffs overlook a small sandy bay which stretches for about 300 yards. Carved into these cliffs, about halfway up, is a perfectly rectangular window that looks out across the bay and gives a wide view of the North Sea. The window is about 5 ft high by 3 ft wide.

Getting down to this lookout point requires crawling down a steep zigzag path about a foot wide. At the entrance of the cave is a narrow gap between the cliff on the left and part of the castle wall which stretches upwards for about 60 ft to the walkway above. It is in this wall that the window is cut, while on the other side there is a very small hole which was formerly the tunnel entrance but was blocked off some years ago to stop people venturing down there. All that is left is a slit about a foot long and a couple of inches wide. A torch can be shone down this hole but nothing can be made out.

Legends
Local legend says that the cave conceals a fabulous amount of treasure. This inspired a further legend that a boy named Walter went to look for the treasure when his mother told him the story. He resolved to make the finding of the treasure his "quest" as part of his knighthood. He began the quest on the Eve of St John (24 June, traditionally the day before Midsummer).

Sir Walter is said to have entered the cave and ignored the spectre and dragon that attempted to distract him. He discovered a gateway with a bugle hanging from a golden cord. He blew the bugle three times, which caused the doors of the gateway to open to reveal a large and brightly lit hall. The hall was supported by pillars of jasper and crystal, with gold lamps illuminating piles of gold and gems. The treasures were removed by Sir Walter and he became a wealthy landowner, called "the Lord of a Hundred Castles".

The legend is mentioned in a folk song, which ends with the lines

 * Gold heaped upon gold, and emeralds green
 * And diamonds and rubies, and sapphires untold
 * Rewarded the courage of Walter the Bold.

title: Jingling Geordie's Hole


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Baba Rabba

Baba II Rabba (Samaritan Aramaic: ࠁࠢࠁࠢࠀ ࠓࠠࠁࠠࠄ Bābāʾ Råbbå, Samaritan Hebrew: ࠁࠢࠁࠢࠀ ࠄࠣࠂࠟࠃࠅࠫࠋ Bābāʾ ʾagā̊dōl; literally "Baba the Great"), was a notable Samaritan High Priest. He is believed to have lived during the late third and early fourth centuries CE; Jeffrey Cohen puts his birth at 288 and his death at 328.

The son of the Samaritan High Priest Nethanel III, Baba Rabba was probably born in Kiryat Hagga, modern-day Hajjah, West Bank. Little is known about his life. According to later Samaritan works, he was a religious reformer and together with the scholar Marqah helped codify Samaritan liturgy and worship. He appears to have had connections with the Roman authorities, and may have exercised some temporal authority over the Samaritan community, which appears to have been relatively autonomous during this period. One chronicle places his death at 362 in Constantinople. Baba is also remembered for his actions against Roman (Byzantine) sanctions on the Samaritan community, such as resisting the ban on circumcision imposed on the Samaritans, re-opening and building brand new synagogues throughout Samaria, and administering the country in the midst of its rebellion against the Romans. Per Samaritan chronology, he lived in the "eighth period".

The Samaritan Rebellion
In the early common era, Byzantine rule in Palestine experienced periods of religious fanaticism. Both Jews and Samaritans faced severe persecution. The Jews had revolted against Rome multiple times in the first and second centuries CE, but the especially crushing defeat of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE proved to be the final stand for Jewish independence, and worsened the already growing Jewish diaspora which would last an additional 2000 years. In comparison, subsequent revolts were minimal, such as the Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus in 351, which, while thousands-strong, lasted only a year before being decisively crushed by the Romans.

Samaritans were generally ambivalent to Jews, and historically their relationship with their sister Israelites was rough, and occasionally hostile. Uneager to join the various revolts, they were therefore spared the Romans' wrath, and following the successive defeats of the Jewish rebellions and the progressive extinction of Jews in Palestine, a vacuum opened in the land that the Samaritans, as well as Ghassanid Arabs, were happy to fill. This began a golden age for the Samaritans, who enjoyed limited autonomy from the Roman government.

In the fourth century CE, Baba Rabba, as the son of the high priest, succeeded his father upon the latter's death and became the de facto leader of the Samaritan community. He divided Samarian lands into districts, which he then awarded to aristocratic families, executed several reforms, installed state institutions, and codified much of the liturgy Samaritans continue to use today. He also organized the first Samaritan revolt, which began with the expulsion of the tax collectors.

Micha Yosef Berdychevsky tells the story of the beginning of the rebellion that ended successfully: And Nathaniel shall have three sons, the name of the firstborn is Baba, and he is Baba Rabba, the second name is Akbon, and the third name is Phinehas. And it came to pass, when they saw the affliction of their tribes, and the plagues that were smitten from within and without, that the spirit of the LORD was upon them, and they envied his jealousy.

Then they came down to the people and cried out: Who is God, to us! And all the holes of the people and their nobles shall be gathered unto them, and seven men shall choose from them. Soldiers and intellectuals, and he appointed them ministers over all the people, and ordered them to command all the tribes and all the families, to teach them the law of the Lord and to keep his commandments and to be their shield before his enemies. And strengthen their hearts, and embrace and strengthen them, that they may not hear the words of the decrees, and their hearts should not fade. And the people shall rejoice in hearing all these things, and shall say, All that thou hast spoken thou and thy brother unto us is done. All the statues of the Gentiles rose up and burned all their nerves; Return to God with all your heart and sing and we will sing to God with songs and thanksgiving.

And it came to pass, when they had made an end of speaking in the house of Egypt, that the children of Ephraim revolted against the king and his officials, and that they began to serve their gods openly and without mercy; And Baba and his brethren stood up with all the seven ministers and commissioners with their men and their heroes and stood against them and made them a great slain and the rest fled to their souls, and let there be peace in Samaria and her daughters!

Unfortunately, the reality of the rebellion was nowhere near as successful. Byzantine forces quickly overran Samaria and ended its semi-independence from the empire.

Baba Rabba died, according to one chronicle, after being invited to Constantinople, where he was subsequently imprisoned, and later buried. If his death being in Constantinople is accurate, it is more likely Baba was captured and taken to Byzantium, not invited there.

After his death there were further revolts of the Samaritans: the first in 484; the second in 529, when the Samaritans sustained many casualties and some fled to places outside the Land of Israel; and the third in 566.

In light of these uprisings, the Samaritans and their religion were placed under a harsh scrutiny which they had long eluded, in essence becoming "outlawed." The demographic majority held by the Samaritans in Samaria and its margins subsequently disappeared. It is estimated that more than a million Samaritans were exterminated.

Organization of the Community
In Samaritan chronicles, extensive space is devoted to the recording of events in the order in which they occurred and the activities of Baba Rabba. His various works have no external documentation, neither in the Sages' sources nor in the Christian literature of the Byzantine period.

Apart from the division of the land into districts, Baba Rabba built synagogues and appointed judges from various localities. He also founded a council composed of priests and sages who were supposed to teach Torah and run new synagogues. The council was composed of seven priests: three priests and four elders.

National or Local Leader
Yitzhak Khamitovsky believes that Baba Rabba was the leader of the rural environment of Nablus. The priesthood in Nablus itself was not a partner in the reforms he made. In the lists of synagogues and judges, there is no mention of the city of Nablus. What's more, at that time the Roman-pagan Nablus - Neapolis - was at its height of prosperity. His actions remained within the area of the surrounding countryside.

According to Yitzhak Magen the tradition surrounding Baba Rabba should be seen as an allusion to the "religious renaissance" of the Samaritan community in the 4th century. The appearance of Baba Rabba, together with the discovery of Greek inscriptions from that period and archeological discoveries of the synagogues of the Samaritans in and outside Samaria indicate a Samaritan religious awakening. In the 4th century, the sacred compound on Mount Gerizim was also rebuilt and the pilgrimage to it reinstated.

title: Baba Rabba


text:
Julianus ben Sabar

Julianus ben Sabar (also known as Julian or Julianus ben Sahir and Latinized as Iulianus Sabarides) was a leader of the Samaritans, seen widely as being the Taheb who led a failed revolt against the Byzantine Empire during the early 6th century.

In 529 Julianus led a revolt against the Byzantine Empire ruled by Justinian I, because of legislation outlawing the Samaritan religion, according to Procopius, though Cyril of Scythopolis claimed it was because of tension with Christians.

Julianus declared himself King of Israel, taking Jeroboam as his model, and led a Samaritan army to ravage the cities of Scythopolis, Caesarea Maritima, Neapolis, Bethlehem, and Emmaus. By 530 he had succeeded in capturing virtually all of Samaria. The revolt was marked by large scale slaughter of Christians and destruction of churches.

Justinian enlisted the help of the Ghassanids, and by 531 the rebellion had been put down. Julianus himself was beheaded according to Theophanes the Confessor. Tens of thousands of Samaritans were killed and enslaved and many were sold as slaves throughout the Middle East. Others were sold as far away as the Sasanian Empire, where their descendants would be included in the invasion of the Levant during the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628 some eighty-five years later.

Julianus' revolt has been compared to the Bar Kokhba revolt 400 years prior. Both revolts against foreign imperial occupation led by a self-proclaimed Messiah/Taheb were initially successful, only to be later brutally quashed. However, unlike the Jews, the Samaritan community never recovered from their ethnic cleansing, and were further reduced to a minority in Samaria after persecutions in the late Middle Ages by the Mamluk Sultanate.

title: Julianus ben Sabar


text:
Austin Airways

Austin Airways was a passenger airline and freight carrier based in Timmins, Ontario, and one of the oldest in Canada.

History
Established as Capreol and Austin Air Services was one of Canada's oldest airlines, starting operations in 1934. The home base was Timmins and it operated many duties in addition to passenger and freight services. Over the years, scheduled services served over 40 cities, including one destination in the United States. In 1973 it merged with White River Air Services but continued to operate as Austin Airways.

In June 1987 it merged with Air Ontario Ltd (formerly Great Lakes Airlines, formed in 1958) to form Air Ontario Inc. In turn Air Ontario became part of Air Canada Jazz in 2001.

The April 26, 1987 Air Ontario/Austin Airways joint system timetable listed Air Canada Connector code share flights operated by both airlines on behalf of Air Canada with Austin Airways operating 14-passenger Beechcraft 99, 7-passenger Cessna 402, 19-passenger de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter, 37-passenger de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 and 40 to 43-passenger Hawker Siddeley HS 748 aircraft at this time. The HS 748 turboprop was the largest aircraft operated by Austin Airways.

Historical Fleet
Over its long history, Austin Airways operated the following aircraft:

 * Beech 99 (turboprop)
 * Cessna Citation (business jet)
 * Cessna 402
 * Consolidated PBY Canso (amphibian aircraft)
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter
 * de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (STOL capable turboprop)
 * Douglas DC-3 (includes C-47 model)
 * Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (turboprop)

Destinations
The following destinations were served by Austin Airways during its existence. Most of the destinations served by the airline were isolated and remote airports in northern Ontario and Quebec provinces as well as in the Northwest Territories (NWT) (now Nunavut) in Canada in addition to several larger airports across Ontario. Minneapolis/St. Paul in the U.S. was the only non-Canadian destination served by the airline during its existence.

Ontario Province

 * Attawapiskat, Ontario
 * Bear Lake, Ontario
 * Bearskin Lake, Ontario
 * Big Trout Lake, Ontario
 * Cochrane, Ontario
 * Fort Albany, Ontario
 * Fort Hope, Ontario
 * Fort Severn, Ontario - most northerly destination
 * Geraldton, Ontario
 * Kapuskasing, Ontario
 * Kasabonika Lake, Ontario
 * Kashechewan First Nation, Ontario
 * Kenora, Ontario
 * Lansdowne House, Ontario
 * Manitouwadge, Ontario
 * Marathon, Ontario
 * Moosonee, Ontario
 * Nakina, Ontario
 * Pickle Lake, Ontario
 * Pikangikum, Ontario
 * Red Lake, Ontario
 * Round Lake, Ontario
 * Sachigo Lake, Ontario
 * Sandy Lake, Ontario
 * Sioux Lookout, Ontario
 * Sudbury, Ontario
 * Thunder Bay, Ontario
 * Timmins, Ontario - location of company headquarters
 * Toronto, Ontario
 * Trenton, Ontario
 * Webequie First Nation, Ontario
 * Winisk, Ontario
 * Windsor, Ontario - most southerly destination

Quebec Province

 * Akulivik, Quebec
 * Eastmain, Quebec
 * Fort George (now Chisasibi, Quebec)
 * Fort Rupert, Quebec
 * Great Whale (now Kuujjuarapik, Quebec)
 * Inukjuak, Quebec
 * Ivujivik, Quebec
 * Povungnituk, Quebec
 * Rupert House (now Waskaganish, Quebec)
 * Sugluk (now Salluit, Quebec)

Nunavut
Formerly part of the Northwest Territories

 * Cape Dorset
 * Sanikiluaq

U.S.

 * Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota - only U.S. destination

Accidents and incidents

 * On 9 January 1964 Douglas C-47 CF-ILQ crashed 50 minutes after take-off on a cargo flight from Moosonee to Nemiscan Settlement, Ontario. Both pilots were seriously injured, but were pulled from the aircraft 4–5 days later by a search and rescue party and ultimately survived. It was determined that the crash was caused by fuel deprivation leading to engine failure of both of the aircraft's engines. To this day, the hulk of the aircraft still sits where it had crashed in 1964, despite being partially salvaged, and burned from a forest fire that swept across the area in the mid-1980s.
 * On 9 November 1969, Douglas C-47B CF-AAL crashed on approach to Timmins, Ontario killing two of the four people on board. The aircraft was operating a domestic flight from Winisk, Ontario.
 * On 19 June 1970, Douglas C-47A CF-AAC was written off in an accident at Val-d'Or, Quebec.
 * On 4 September 1976, DHC-3 CF-MIT struck power lines in the Abitibi Canyon near Fraserdale, Ontario in below VFR conditions, with loss of all 10 people on board, the worst accident in the airline's history.
 * On 10 December 1976, Douglas C-47A C-FIAX crashed on take-off from Chisasibi, Quebec. All eight people on board survived.
 * On 19 January 1986, Douglas C-47A C-GNNA struck a 150 ft high Non-directional beacon tower and crashed at Sachigo Lake Airport, Ontario. After clipping the top of the tower the pilot lost use of ailerons and plane began flipping over. He used the rudder to correct and spotted the runway making a controlled crash landing. The pilot saved all 5 on board with his actions but he himself suffered two crushed vertebrae.

title: Austin Airways


text:
Lake Tsomgo

Tsomgo Lake, also known as Tsongmo Lake or Changgu Lake, is a glacial lake in Changu in the Gangtok district of the Indian state of Sikkim, some 40 km from the capital Gangtok. Located at an elevation of 3753 m, the lake remains frozen during the winter season. The lake surface reflects different colours with change of seasons and is held in great reverence by the local Sikkimese people. Buddhist monks prognosticated after studying the changing colours of the lake.

Etymology
In Sikkimese language the name Tsomgo is made of two words 'Tso' meaning "lake" and 'Mgo' meaning "head" which gives the literal meaning as "source of the lake".

Topography
The lake is surrounded by steep mountains which are covered with snow during winter. During summer the snow cover melts and forms the source for the lake. The lake which remains frozen in winter season, sometimes extending up to May, receives an average annual precipitation of 1183 mm with temperatures recorded in the range of 0 - 25 C.

The lake is about 40 km away from Gangtok on the Gangtok-Nathula highway. Further, the road to Nathu La skirts the lake on the north side. The Chinese border crossing is only some 5 km east-northeast in a straight line, but some 18 km by road.

Features
The lake is formed in an oval shape and has a surface area of 24.47 ha. The maximum length of the lake is 836 m and has a maximum width of 427 m. The maximum depth reported is 15 m while the average depth is 4.58 m. The lake water quality is of moderate turbidity.

The lake is the venue for the Guru Purnima festival which is also the Raksha Bandhan festival when the faith healers known as Jhakris of Sikkim assemble at the lake area to derive benefits from the healing qualities of the lake waters.

Alpine forests cover the catchment of the lake. After the winter season ends in middle of May, the periphery of lake has scenic blooms of flower species of rhododendrons (the state tree of Sikkim), primulas, blue and yellow poppies, irises and so forth. Also seen in the precincts of the lake are several species of birds including Brahminy ducks. Wildlife seen includes the red panda.

Tourist attractions at the lake site include joy rides on decorated yaks and mules where kiosks offer variety of food and drinks. There is also a small Shiva temple on the bank of the lake.

Entry permits
As the lake is located in a restricted area it is essential for all Indians visiting the area to obtain permits. In case of foreign nationals special permit is essential.

Indian Postal Service released a commemorative stamp on the lake on 6 November 2006.

Border trade market
The nearby habitation of Changgu was declared a border trade market in 2003.

Tourist Attraction
It is one of the biggest tourism draws in the Eastern Himalayan state of Sikkim receiving around 300,000 (3 lakh) tourists annually. The best time to visit the lake is January to March.

title: Lake Tsomgo


text:
Daewoo S-TEC engine

S-TEC or M-TEC is a low-displacement engine range co-developed by Suzuki and Daewoo Motors for use in micro and subcompact cars. The original version was a license-built version of the Suzuki F8B engine; later generations were derived from the original design in South Korea.

S-TEC
The first model was 796 cc SOHC straight-three engine based on the powertrain of the Suzuki Alto.

In 2002, the range was extended to 995 cc and 1150 cc inline-four engines and updated with EGR valve to reduce emission. A new engine plant for the updated model T4 was built. The 1.0 version is used in Chevrolet Matiz and the 1.2 in the European Chevrolet Kalos.

In 2004 the 0.8 and 1.0 engines were updated again. New intake and exhaust systems, along with low-friction aluminum cam followers with rollers were added, resulting in better economy.

Applications:
 * 1991-2001 Daewoo Tico/Fino
 * 1998–present Chevrolet/Daewoo Matiz
 * Chevrolet/Daewoo Kalos

S-TEC II
For 2008, a new 1206 cc version dubbed S-TEC II is introduced with the new Chevrolet Aveo hatchback; new features include chain-driven 16-valve DOHC valvetrain and variable intake geometry. The 1.0 L version has been introduced with the 2010 Chevrolet Spark. A 1.2 L LPG/gasoline version was developed exclusively for the India market; called SMARTECH II and used in the 2010 Chevrolet Beat. Introduced in 2013, the 1.2 L version is available in the United States version of the Chevrolet Spark.

Applications:
 * 2008-2011 Chevrolet Aveo
 * 2010–present Chevrolet Sail
 * 2010–2022 Chevrolet Beat/Spark
 * 2018–present Wuling Formo
 * 2002-2012 Micro Privliege

S-TEC III
1.4 L applications:

 * Chevrolet Sail (second generation)

NOTE: Some horsepower and torque number have small differences on different models.
 * Chevrolet Sail (third generation)
 * 2013-2015 Chevrolet Spin
 * Baojun 630
 * 2013–2016 Chevrolet Lacetti/Buick Excelle (first generation)
 * 2016–present Buick Excelle (second generation)
 * Wuling Rongguang
 * Wuling Hongguang V (later Rongguang V)
 * Wuling Hongguang
 * Wuling Hongguang S
 * Wuling Hongguang S1/Confero S/Formo
 * Wuling Zhengcheng
 * Wuling Victory
 * Buick Verano (second generation, China)
 * Baojun 310/310W
 * Baojun 330
 * Baojun 610/630
 * Baojun 730/Wuling Cortez CT
 * Baojun 510
 * Baojun 530/Wuling Almaz/Chevrolet Captiva/MG Hector
 * Chevrolet Lova RV
 * 2017–present Chevrolet Cavalier
 * 2014–2020 Chevrolet Cruze Classic (China)
 * 2014–2020 Chevrolet Cruze (China)
 * 2021–present Buick Velite 6 PHEV
 * 2012-present Chevrolet Cobalt (Uzbekistan)

title: Daewoo S-TEC engine


text:
Black Sheets of Rain

Black Sheets of Rain is the second solo album by former Hüsker Dü guitarist and singer Bob Mould and features the Modern Rock Top 10 hit "It's Too Late." The album was a return to a heavier sound following his folk influenced solo debut, Workbook. Bassist Tony Maimone and drummer Anton Fier, both veterans of Pere Ubu, once again served as Mould's rhythm section.

Following this album, Mould would take a detour from his solo career to lead the band Sugar, before returning to it once again with his self-titled 1996 album.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Bob Mould.

 * 1) "Black Sheets of Rain" – 7:42
 * 2) "Stand Guard" – 5:31
 * 3) "It's Too Late" – 4:03
 * 4) "One Good Reason" – 6:18
 * 5) "Stop Your Crying" – 4:31
 * 6) "Hanging Tree" – 5:46
 * 7) "The Last Night" – 4:00
 * 8) "Hear Me Calling" – 4:57
 * 9) "Out of Your Life" – 3:33
 * 10) "Disappointed" – 4:10
 * 11) "Sacrifice/Let There Be Peace" – 5:34

Personnel

 * Bob Mould - vocals, guitar, keyboards, percussion
 * Tony Maimone - bass guitar
 * Anton Fier - drums, percussion

Charts

 * Album

 * Single

title: Black Sheets of Rain


text:
Category:Critics of Scientology

People whose criticism of Scientology or opposition to Scientology is an identifying characteristic or whose notability is related to it.

title: Category:Critics of Scientology


text:
Talk:Light-independent reactions

Untitled
This page needs serious expansion. It's been 16+ years since I taught this material, so I would appreciate the job being done by someone current in the area. David Shear 19:23, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

-

Intermediate Steps
The information here is the same as the information in my textbook, i was wondering if knows the complete RuBP regeneration phase. There are at least 3 molecules not shown in the diagram. Id love to add the amazing diagram im looking at now but it has another 10000000 years left on anti-wikipedia time. I also know the enzyme rate, which i will be adding now.

Andy Benson or Adam Benson
Who is Andy Benson? I haven't been able to find any information on him anywhere on the internet. On the Calvin cycle page his name is given as Andy Benson and on the Melvin Calvin page his name is given as Adam Benson. The funny thing is that both names are used equally as often in the articles I was able to locate on the internet. Someone needs to resolve this because I am clueless. . . 20:39, October 21, 2005 (UTC)

Added Reference to Benson ARP 17:41, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Calvin Cycle diagram
Hey I just made/added an overview of the calvin cycle for this page and the rubisco page, I was wondering what everybody thinks. I'm worried it's to complicated/busy, I am wondering if i should dumb it down (ie get rid of the molecule diagrams). Anything else to change, I really want it to be great. Adenosine | Talk 08:35, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

- But I think the figure is excellent; outstanding — especially in its doubly-enlarged form. Good artwork, layout & color! Nice touch with the splash stars. Please keep the molecule diagrams. In my opinion, they're more important than enzyme names since they show what goes in and what comes out. I used to hand plastic models around the class when I taught biochemistry. David Shear 19:23, 16 October 2005 (UTC) - God Bless who ever wrote this article. You just saved my ass, because I have a textbook that's written for people who already have an excellent understanding of basic biology, not an intro student such as myself. This is a great break-down for me. Thanks! - Poisonouslizzie | Talk 16:40, November 10, 2005 (ETZ)

- I think that the diagram is good but is perhaps too complicated for someone without a fair grasp of the subject beforehand. I know there are much simpler diagrams in text books that I have seen.

-

Nice artwork and all, but isn't the diagram incorrect? I'm pretty sure it's glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate that is used in the "central metabolic pathways", i.e. glycolysis? Not 3-phosphoglycerate that is shown.

Re: Andy Benson
I am an undergraduate student in the life sciences and my Biochemistry textbook (Pratt & Cornely, 2004) gives the name as Andrew Benson. I don't know if that helps clear any confusion...

Thank you, too, for the diagrammatic overview of the Calvin cycle. It is less complicated than the diagrams in my text and the molecular structures make the visual overview easier than deciphering the chemical/technical names.

69.154.111.168 04:19, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

carbon dioxide///PGAL///ribulose diphosphate
a quick question... or two... how would one describe the interaction of carbon dioxide in the calvin-benson cycle?

also, how can the interaction of PGAL and ribulose diphosphate in the formation of glucose be described?

im a student at nassau community college, and i have a test in my Bio109 class tomorrow... and im having a little trouble clearly answering these questions.

please help me out if you can! thank you. [[User:69.123.155.24|69.123.155.24](UTC)Joyce

misleading....
six carbon sugars are not oxidized in the mitochondria... pyruvate is. someone should change that statement because it gives the wrong impression —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Acid.runner (talk • contribs) 23:35, 27 April 2007 (UTC).

Someones has been messing around with this page. In paragraph 1, someone has written that "Skiddy" helped discover this pathway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.71.250.83 (talk) 04:51, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It's been fixed. -- Gogo Dodo 04:55, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

somebody screws up this page
"Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C6H12O6, this is mainly a convenience to counter the equations PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb of respiration," I guess thats not correct..

I also suppose that "(How PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb ever, note that two PGAs are produced for every CO2 that enters the cycle, so this step utilizes 2ATP per CO2 fixed." isnt correct either.

same with "and the NADPH itself was oxidized and h PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb encv PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb e becomes NADP+. Again, two NADPH are utilized per CO2 fixed." and "E4P and a DH PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb PWnd newb AP are converted into sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate (7C) by transaldolase enzyme."

isnt it possible to ban his/her IP?

unfortunately, I dont know enough about the topic to reform the sentences..

SCyh 20:02, 18 December 2007 (GMT+1)

Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle
How are the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle related? The Krebs Cycle was placed in "Calvin Cycle"'s See Also. Calvin cycle deals with photosynthesis in the stroma of the [chloroplast]]. However, the Krebs Cycle deals with celluar respiration in the matrix of the mitochondria. The only relation is the word "cycle", but the processes deal with two separate things. The name (and similarity) confuses students. Bdodo1992 (talk) 01:21, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

carbon balance in overview
The second carbon balance listed in the overview doesn't conserve carbons as far as I can tell.
 * 3 CO2 + 6 C21H29N7O17P3 + 5 H2O + 9 C10H16N5O13P3 → C3H5O3-PO32- + 2 H+ + 6 NADP+ + 9 C10H15N5O10P2 + 8 Pi

Also it's a very weird equation to have in there... as it really provides no context for why you would write it that way. --72.85.232.202 (talk) 00:13, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, I see. It's just expanded out NADPH... that's somewhat silly, as NADP+ is not expanded out.  I think the equation is just confusing really, and doesn't add much, as people can just click through if they are interested in seeing the cofactors. --72.85.232.202 (talk) 00:15, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I've now commented out this equation; as noted above unless NADP+ is expanded it doesn't make sense. Peter coxhead (talk) 13:03, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

Sith reaction?
"The light-independent Calvin cycle, also (misleadingly) known as the "sith reaction" or "dark stage," "...

"Sith reaction"? Really? Never heard that before, nor can I find any references on the net.

ertdredge 13:39, 25 April 2009 (GMT+5)

Fong papers
Hi all,

Prof. Francis K. Fong tried to insert this edit and it was reverted for obvious reasons; he's engaged in discussion at User talk:DVdm and there is an ANI thread about it.

Could someone familiar with the subject matter please look at the diff and put any appropriate material from it into the article? Some Google searching does show that Prof. Fong did significant work in this area in the 1980's before getting into a dispute with Purdue at about that time, but I don't know anything more about it.

Thanks,

67.122.209.190 (talk) 14:10, 4 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Under a heading "Diversions and dead-ends", Portis and Parry, Discoveries in Rubisco (Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase): a historical perspective say that "A non-cyclic pathway for carbon fixation is proposed by Fong and Butcher (1988)". Not a ringing endorsement of Fong's argument. Fences  &  Windows  03:12, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I guess it's ok to mention it as an alternate view but not devote a lot of space to it. What about the other Calvin et al papers that Fong's diff cited?  Are they mentioned? I don't have easy access to the Portis and Perry survey and I wouldn't understand it anyway.  67.122.209.190 (talk) 07:00, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It shouldn't be mentioned, it was barely cited. Fong's insistence on this matter is something he should resolve off Wikipedia. We are not here to right great wrongs. If you can find someone other than Fong who supports his work, I'd like to see it as I didn't find any sources. Fences  &  Windows  23:22, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I thought you did find a source, the historical survey mentioned, which itself is apparently fairly widely cited. I would have thought that if a historical survey of the topic cited Fong and Butcher's paper, that established enough notability to warrant a cite in Wikipedia (maybe along with other papers that it mentions, to not create undue weight).  It occurs to me though, I'm clueless about the topic to the point of not knowing whether the cite (if we add one) should go into some other article rather than this one.  Do you have access to Science Citations Index?  Does it mention the Fong paper?  67.122.209.190 (talk) 03:08, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I linked to the Portis and Perry survey. Adding the Fong/Butcher paper without undue weight would require a big expansion of the article which is way outside my capabilities.  Nice job to Fences & Windows finding the pdf; I only saw that there was a paywall version.  People looking at the pdf can find their way to the references that it points to, so this seems good enough for now. 67.122.209.190 (talk) 05:01, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

New diagrams
I've added some new "simple" diagrams to try to give a better intuitive understanding of the complex steps of the Calvin cycle, and also expanded the text a bit. Comments and reactions welcome. Peter coxhead (talk) 13:06, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

Alternative description
I removed the following passage from the article. It does have merits, but also some obvious shortcomings. Maybe it can serve as inspiration to improvements to the article. --Ettrig (talk) 10:04, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Calvin Cycle (or) C3 Cycle Light independent reactions take place in the stroma of the chloroplast. The ATP and NADPH synthesized during light phase utilized in the reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates in the light independent phase (Dark Phase). Light independent phase is the major phase of photosynthesis, in this a series of bio- chemical reactions take place, each mediated by a specific enzyme. The heart of light independent reactions is the Calvin cycle, during which CO2 is fixed and converted into carbohydrates. Light independent phase does not directly depend on light, but it is dependent on the products of light reaction (ATP & NADPH). Based on the first stable compound obtained in the dark phase, CO2 fixations in plants are classified into C3 cycle (Calvin cycle) and C4 cycle (Hatch & Slack cycle). C3 cycle: Melvin Calvin and his coworkers discovered the sugar producing reactions involve nearly two dozen enzymes in a series of steps. Calvin & co., used the radioactive isotype 14C to study the carbon fixation (dark      phase) in algae, led to discover the first stable compound in CO2 fixation i.e., a 3 carbon containing molecule 3-Phospho Glyceric Acid (3-PGA). Hence, the dark phase came to be called C3 cycle (or) Calvin Cycle. The Calvin cycle is also called Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR) cycle (or) Reductive Pentose Phosphate (RPP) cycle. The Calvin cycle can be divided into three steps, 1. Corboxylation. 2. Reduction. 3. Regeneration of RuBP. 1. Corboxylation: It is the most crucial step in Calvin cycle. In this step, CO2 is fixed into two stable (3C) sugar molecules (3-PGA). The primary CO2 acceptor molecule in the green plants is RuBP, a 5C pentose sugar. RuBP refers to Ribulose 1,5-bis Phosphate. In this step, CO2 first combines with RuBP (5C) to form a 6 Carbon containing intermediate molecule that is immedieately splits into two 3C containing first stable sugar molecules called 3-PGA. This reaction takes place in the presence of enzyme RUBISCO. It refers to RuBP Carboxylase/Oxygenase. It is the abundant (25 to 50%) soluble protein in the leaves of green plants. During the formation of one glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules fixed by six (5C) RuBP and form total twelve 3-PGA. 2. Reduction: The twelve 3-PGA undergoes reduction with the help of the assimilatory power to      form twelve Phospho Glyceraldehyde (PGAL) molecules. Total 12 NADPH2 and 12 ATP molecules utilized in this reduction. NADPH2 provides the hydrogen and ATP supplies energy for the reduction. The enzyme Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes this reaction. Among these twelve 3-PGA, two are transported into the cytoplasm and involved in      the formation of one hexose (glucose) molecule. The hexose sugars may further be converted to sucrose or to starch and stored in      storage cells. 3. Regeneration of RuBP: The 5C RuBP is constantly required for the fixation of CO2 in the Calvin cycle. It is     regenerated through another chain of reactions. Ten of the twelve Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate molecules are restructed using another 6 ATP and become six (5C) RuBP. Out of the five 3-PGA molecules, two are isomerised into Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate (DHAP). The reaction is catalyzed by Triose Phosphate Isomerase. One G-3-P condenses with DHAP to form Fructose 1,6-Bis Phosphate. This reaction is catalysed by aldolase. Fructose 1,6-bis Phosphate undergoes dephosphorylation to form Fructose 6- Phosphate. This reaction is catalysed by fructose 1,6-bis phosphatase. Fructose 6-Phosphate combines with one molecule of G-3-P to form one molecule of     (4C) Erythrose 4-Phosphate and one molecule of (5C) Xylulose 5-Phosphate. This reaction is catalysed by transketolase. (4C) Erythrose 4-Phosphate condenses with one DHAP(3C) and forms (7C) Sedo Heptulose 1,7-bis phosphate, in the presence of aldolase. (7C) Sedo Heptulose 1,7-bis phosphate removes one inorganic phosphate (iP) and forms the (7C) Sedo Heptulose 7-phosphate, in the presence of phosphatase. (7C) Sedo Heptulose 7-phosphate combines with G-3-P to form one molecule of     (5C) Ribose 5-Phosphate and one molecule of (5C) Xylulose 5-phosphate, in the presence of transketolase. Two molecules of xylulose 5-phosphate are converted into two molecules of     Ribulose 5-Phosphate, in the presence of epimerase. One molecule of Ribose 5-Phosphate is isomerized into Ribulose 5-Phosphate, in     the presence of isomerase. The three molecules of Ribulose 5-Phosphate undergoes phosphorylation and form the three (5C) Ribulose 1,5-Bis Phosphate (RuBP), in the presence of kinase. 3 ATP molecules utilized in this reaction. For every CO2 molecule entering in the Calvin cycle, 3 ATP and 2 NADPH2 are required. To make one molecule of Glucose 6 turns of the cycle are required i.e., 18 molecules of  ATP and 12 NADPH2 are needed.

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title: Talk:Light-independent reactions


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Interstate 495 (Delaware)

Interstate 495 (I-495) is an 11.47 mi auxiliary Interstate Highway in the US state of Delaware. The highway, named the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Highway, serves as a six-lane bypass of I-95 around the city of Wilmington. I-495 begins at an interchange with I-95 and I-295 near Newport to the southwest of Wilmington. From here, the road heads east to the Port of Wilmington, where it turns northeast and crosses the Christina River as it heads to the east of downtown Wilmington. Upon reaching Edgemoor, I-495 runs between the Delaware River to the east and U.S. Route 13 (US 13) to the west, continuing to Claymont. In Claymont, I-495 turns north and merges into northbound I-95 at an interchange with Delaware Route 92 (DE 92) just south of the Pennsylvania state line.

Plans for a bypass of Wilmington to the east date back to 1948 and were incorporated into the Interstate Highway System in 1956. This Interstate bypass was numbered I-495 in the 1960s. Construction of I-495 took place during the course of the 1970s, with the entire length of the highway completed and opened to traffic in 1977. Between 1978 and 1980, I-95 was designated along the I-495 alignment while the South Wilmington Viaduct along I-95 was reconstructed; during this time the route through Wilmington was known as I-895. The US 13/DE 3 interchange in Edgemoor opened in 1988. In 2014, the bridge over the Christina River was closed due to tilting support columns until repairs were completed.

Route description
I-495 begins at an interchange with I-95/US 202 and I-295 near the town of Newport, heading to the east on a six-lane freeway called the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Highway. At the southern terminus, southbound I-495 merges into southbound I-95 and also has a ramp that provides easier access to the DE 141 interchange along I-95. The route passes over the Jack A. Markell Trail and runs between the Christina River to the north and a landfill to the south prior to reaching an interchange with US 13 and the southern terminus of US 13 Business (US 13 Bus.) in Minquadale. Past this, the highway enters industrial areas and reaches the DE 9A exit near the Port of Wilmington, turning to the northeast. From here, the highway heads into the eastern part of the city of Wilmington. I-495 comes to a bridge that crosses over Norfolk Southern Railway's New Castle Secondary and Christiana Avenue Industrial Track railroad lines, DE 9A, and the Christina River. The freeway passes near another landfill as it comes to the 12th Street exit.

The road runs through some marshland, crossing Shellpot Creek and Norfolk Southern Railway's Edgemoor Lead railroad line, before coming to an interchange in an industrial area of Edgemoor that connects to the southern terminus of DE 3 as well as to US 13. Following this interchange, I-495 crosses over Norfolk Southern Railway's Shellpot Secondary and Amtrak's Northeast Corridor railroad lines before it runs between US 13 and suburban areas to the west and the Northeast Corridor and the Delaware River to the east, passing northwest of Fox Point State Park and crossing Stoney Creek and Perkins Run. I-495 continues along this configuration until it reaches Claymont. US 13 heads farther west from the freeway and I-495 makes a turn to the north away from the railroad tracks and the river near Claymont station along SEPTA's Wilmington/Newark Line that uses the Northeast Corridor. The road comes to another exit for US 13 before merging into northbound I-95 at the DE 92 interchange near the former Tri-State Mall and the Pennsylvania state line. Southbound I-495 features an exit to DE 92; the remaining ramps of the DE 92 interchange connect directly to I-95. Southbound, the I-495 splitoff from I-95 actually starts in Pennsylvania but crosses into Delaware 220 ft later before the exit to DE 92. This ramp is inventoried by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation as State Route 8009.

I-495 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 105,159 vehicles at the south end of Wilmington near the Christina River to a low of 22,379 vehicles at the ramp to I-95 at the southern terminus. As part of the Interstate Highway System, the entire length of I-495 is a part of the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility.

History
In 1948, the Wilmington Transportation Study proposed two new roads running between the southern end of Wilmington and the Pennsylvania state line to improve traffic flow in the Wilmington area. Route A followed the current alignment of I-95 through the city while Route B bypassed the city to the east along the current alignment of I-495. In 1956, the Interstate Highway System was created, with FAI-3 proposed along the current alignment of I-495. In 1960, design work on FAI-3 was underway. The route of FAI-3 was numbered as I-495 in 1962. In 1968, structural design for bridges along I-495 was underway. The same year, the first construction contracts began with three demolition contracts, the building of a culvert under the Penn Central railroad line at Holly Oak Creek, and the relocation of a section of US 13 to the west to allow for room to build I-495. In 1970, work continued on relocating US 13 along with the construction of bridges carrying the interstate over Stoney Creek. A contract was awarded to build I-495 between Edgemoor and I-95 in Claymont in 1971. The same year, work was underway on building the bridge over the Christina River. Design work on the interstate was completed at this time. The following year, construction contracts were awarded to build I-495 south of the Christina River and to stabilize the road near Cherry Island. Paving was also underway between the Christina River and Edgemoor. In 1973, contracts were let to build structures along the freeway between the Christina River and Edgemoor. Work on the highway between New Castle Avenue and the Christina River bridge was finished in 1975. In 1976, the first section of I-495 was opened between US 13 and I-95 in Claymont. The same year, the bridge carrying the highway over Edgemoor Road was completed. In June 1977, the remainder of I-495 was completed and opened to traffic.

On June 28, 1978, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) approved rerouting I-95 along the I-495 alignment. However, AASHTO disapproved renumbering the alignment of I-95 through Wilmington as I-595. On October 27 of that year, AASHTO gave conditional approval for I-95 through Wilmington to be designated as I-195 from I-95 near Newport north to US 202 while the route from US 202 north to I-95 in Claymont would become I-395. I-895 was designated along the conditionally approved route of I-195 and I-395 on June 25, 1979. In 1980, the South Wilmington Viaduct along I-895 was reconstructed. On November 14, 1980, I-95 and I-495 were returned to their original alignments, with I-895 decommissioned. In 1988, an interchange was built at US 13 and DE 3 in Edgemoor. This interchange was numbered as exit 4, which resulted in the US 13 interchange in Claymont being renumbered from exit 4 to exit 5. In February 1988, a tanker drove off the Christina River bridge and exploded, with the truck driver killed. The accident forced the closure of I-495 in order to repair the heat damage to the bridge structure. In 2000, through traffic from I-95 was detoured onto I-495 while I-95 was rebuilt between Wilmington and the Pennsylvania state line.

On June 2, 2014, the bridge over the Christina River was closed after it was discovered that four support columns were tilting. I-495 was indefinitely closed to traffic between the DE 9A and 12th Street interchanges. Delaware Department of Transportation officials later announced plans to have the southbound side of the bridge reopened by Labor Day, with the northbound side to follow by late September. The southbound lanes reopened on July 31, a month earlier than expected, and the northbound lanes reopened on August 23. During the closure, traffic was detoured onto I-95, and several major roads in the Wilmington area experienced increased traffic congestion.

title: Interstate 495 (Delaware)


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Rangeet River

The Rangeet or Rangit is a tributary of the Teesta river, which is the largest river in the Indian state of Sikkim. The Rangeet originates in the Himalayan mountains in West Sikkim district. The river also forms the boundary between Sikkim and Darjeeling district. A perennial river, it is fed by the melting snow of the Himalayas in early summer and the monsoon rains in June–September. It is popular among rafting enthusiasts owing to its turbulent waters. The river flows past the towns of Jorethang, Pelling and Legship. During its final few kilometres, it joins the Teesta River at a confluence known as Tribeni, which is a popular picnic spot. The Rangeet river has an NHPC hydropower plant with a capacity of 60 MW in Sikkim.

authors: قمر بحجم الشمس

title: Rangeet River


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Bucky (Marvel Comics)

Bucky is the name used by several different fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as a sidekick to Captain America. The original version was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby and first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (cover-dated March 1941), which was published by Marvel's predecessor, Timely Comics. Following the apparent death of the hero James "Bucky" Barnes, the Bucky nickname and costume (or one based on the uniform used by Barnes) have been used by various heroes including: Fred Davis, Jack Monroe, Rick Jones, Lemar Hoskins, and Rikki Barnes. For a time, a child looked after by Jack Monroe was named "Bucky," but she was later adopted and given the name Julia Winters.

James Buchanan Barnes
James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes was the first individual to operate as a costumed hero called Bucky. Despite being only 24-years-old in 1941, his life on army bases and special training sessions make him a formidable combatant and marksman. In 1941, Steve Rogers is experimented on by Operation: Rebirth, making him a super-soldier thanks to a special serum and "vita-ray" treatment developed by Abraham Erskine. Assigned the costumed identity of Captain America, Steve operates as a special military operative during World War II and soon adopts Bucky Barnes as his young partner. Though he accepts wearing a colorful costume and mask when he and Steve are on missions, Bucky declines using a special codename and simply uses his own nickname. Since "Bucky" is not an uncommon nickname in America during the 1940s, the friends and family of Bucky Barnes do not automatically assume he is the masked hero seen fighting alongside Captain America in black and white newsreels and often blurry photos.

Bucky's original comic book career came to a stop in 1948, when a story said he was wounded and retired. In 1964, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced Captain America to comics after the character had been missing for many years. The new stories said that Steve Rogers and Bucky Barnes stopped a plot by the villain Baron Zemo in 1945, but the result of this was that Bucky was killed in an explosion and Steve was left frozen alive in the waters of the North Atlantic, kept alive and in suspended animation due to the super-soldier serum in his veins. Thanks to this, the superhero team known as the Avengers found Steve in 1964 and revived him from suspended animation. Later comics retconned that the stories of Captain America and Bucky published after 1945 and before 1964 actually depicted different characters who had taken up the mantles of Steve Rogers and Bucky Barnes following their apparent deaths.

Decades after his death had been established, Bucky Barnes was brought back into comics. It is said that he miraculously survived the explosion in 1945, though he lost a limb and suffered brain damage. He is given a cybernetic limb and brainwashed into becoming an assassin called the Winter Soldier. Regularly put in cryogenic stasis in-between missions, he ages little more than ten years when he meets Steve Rogers again in the modern-day. Thanks to a Cosmic Cube, Steve is able to restore Bucky's mind. The Winter Soldier then becomes a hero seeking redemption for his past actions. When Steve Rogers is later apparently assassinated, Bucky Barnes assumes the role of Captain America. He gives up this role soon after Steve Rogers returns to active duty.

In the 2011 crossover Fear Itself, Bucky Barnes is killed but then revived with the Infinity Formula, a weaker version of the super-soldier formula. As a result, he gains enhanced vitality and physical abilities.

Powers and abilities
Having trained under Steve Rogers (the original Captain America in World War II) and others, "Bucky" Barnes is a skilled marksman, a master of hand-to-hand combat and martial arts, and a gifted advance scout. He has particular skill with daggers and throwing knives. His time as the covert assassin Winter Soldier further honed his skills and increased his espionage prowess. He is also fluent in many languages.

Winter Soldier's left arm is a cybernetic prosthetic with superhuman strength and a variety of weapons and high-tech devices. As a result of gaining the Infinity Formula, Bucky Barnes has enhanced vitality. His general strength, resiliency to injury, speed, stamina, and agility are also a few times greater than a normal human being of his size and physical build. None of his traits operate on superhuman levels (not counting the use of his cyborg arm) and he does not operate at the level of a super-soldier such as Steve Rogers.

Bucky Barnes often carries several conventional weapons such as knives, guns, and grenades. As Captain America, Bucky Barnes used the indestructible, vibranium-iron alloy shield used by Steve Rogers, and wore a Kevlar/Nomex blend, shock-absorbing costume.

Fred Davis
Fred Davis Jr., created by Roy Thomas and Don Heck, first appeared in Marvel Premiere #30 (1976, Marvel Comics) as a young character asked to temporarily impersonate Bucky in 1942. Starting with What If? #4 (1977) by Steven Englehart and Sal Buscema, it was said that Fred Davis assumed the Bucky identity following the apparent death of Bucky Barnes. Since Stan Lee and Jack Kirby established in 1964 that Barnes seemingly died in 1945, Fred Davis was used to retroactively explain the young hero's appearances in comics published between 1945 and 1948, as well as the series All-Winners Comics.

In Fred's introduction story, he is a teenage batboy for the New York Yankees, a few years younger than the heroic Bucky Barnes. In 1942, the heroic team known as the Invaders is hypnotized by the villain Red Skull, Bucky escapes. The young hero encounters Jeff Mace, the masked adventurer called Patriot, and together they join with other heroes to create a new team called Liberty Legion. The Red Skull then sends his hypnotized Invaders against the Liberty Legion. During this adventure, Bucky hides his true movements and plans by asking Fred Davis to temporarily wear his costume and impersonate him. The Invaders are freed from hypnotic control and return to the European Theatre with Bucky, while the Liberty Legion remains as the "home front" team in the U.S. From that point on, both teams aid each other whenever necessary. Fred Davis then resumes his normal life, thrilled to have been able to help America's superheroes.

Barely over two years later, Bucky Barnes and Steve Rogers are seemingly killed. President Harry Truman fears the death of Captain America and his young friend will be a blow to American morale. He asks William Naslund, the hero known as Spirit of '76, to assume the Captain America identity. Fred Davis is contacted as well and asked to operate as the new Bucky. Only other superheroes and a few people who have worked personally with Bucky realize that Davis cannot be the same person and is a few years younger. As Bucky, Davis works alongside Naslund and both join the post-WW II superhero team called the All-Winners Squad.

When Naslund is killed in 1946, the Captain America identity passes to Jeff Mace, whom Davis met when he first impersonated Bucky. Davis continues to assists Mace as Bucky, fighting criminals and spies. In 1948, Davis is shot while on duty as Bucky and seriously wounded. Now having a permanent limp, Davis retires the Bucky identity.

In 1951, Davis joins the secret V-Battalion, a private organization that hunts war criminals. He eventually became one of its leaders. Decades later, he is killed by a Russian sleeper agent who wants to send a message to the original Bucky Barnes, now known to still be alive.

Powers and abilities
As Bucky, Davis was trained in hand-to-hand combat and acrobatics. He also had skill as a baseball player.

Jack Monroe
Though this character was depicted as Bucky Barnes in the 1953-1955 Captain America run, these stories were rendered non-canonical in 1964 by The Avengers issue #4. A 1972 retcon designed to reintegrate these stories into Earth-616 canon established him as a separate character.

In 1953, an orphan named Jack Monroe, who idolized Captain America and Bucky, discovered that his history teacher also had a similar passion, to the extent of undergoing plastic surgery to make him look like Steve Rogers and assuming his name as well. In addition, "Rogers" had discovered, in some old Nazi files stored in a warehouse in Germany, the lost formula for the Super-Soldier serum that had given Captain America his abilities. The two used the serum and began to fight Communists as Captain America and Bucky. Unfortunately, "Rogers" and Monroe were unaware of the stabilizing "Vita-Ray" process used on the original Captain America. As a result, despite their bodies being enhanced to peak human efficiency, they slowly grew paranoid and dangerously insane. By the middle of 1954 they were irrationally attacking anyone they perceived to be a Communist, at points resulting in them committing racist violence against Hispanics and African-Americans. In 1955 the Federal Bureau of Investigation managed to hunt them down and placed them in suspended animation. The 1950s Captain America and Bucky would be revived years later after the return of Steve Rogers, going on another rampage, and would be defeated by the man they had modeled themselves after. Monroe was eventually cured of his insanity and took up the superhero identity of Nomad, an identity the original Steve Rogers himself had once taken in the 1970s (when he discarded the Captain America mantle as a consequence of the Marvel-version of the Watergate Scandal, engineered by the Secret Empire), and teamed up with the original Captain America on a number of occasions. At one point during his solo career, Monroe was injured severely enough to need to be placed in stasis once again. He was revived and brainwashed by Henry Peter Gyrich (who was in turn being manipulated by Baron Strucker). Monroe was then forced to become the new Scourge of the Underworld and sent to kill the reformed supervillain team known as the Thunderbolts. Monroe eventually broke free of the conditioning, helped the Thunderbolts to defeat Gyrich, and then disappeared. Monroe was last seen reassuming his original Nomad costume. At this time, he had checked in on his former ward he called Bucky, who had since been adopted. Monroe was starting to have delusions again, and started hallucinating; his sanity was again destabilizing, as it had when he first became Bucky. In the same story, Jack Monroe was shot by the Winter Soldier (James Buchanan Barnes, the original Bucky) and dumped in the trunk of a car.

Powers and abilities
Monroe had augmented strength and reflexes superior to that of any Olympic athlete. Monroe has extensive experience in hand-to-hand combat, having received personal tutoring by Captain America. He is also an expert marksman.

Rick Jones
Soon after awakening in the modern age, Steve Rogers met Rick Jones. Jones donned the Bucky costume in an attempt to make himself Captain America's partner. However, Rogers was still wracked with guilt over the original Bucky's death, and refused to make this a permanent arrangement. While Jones' time in this identity is short lived and the task of measuring up to the original Bucky was daunting, he profited from it with invaluable training from Rogers.

Powers and abilities
During his position as Bucky, Jones received training in combat gymnastics along with hand-to-hand combat by Captain America.

Lemar Hoskins
As the Super-Patriot, John Walker teamed up with a group known as the Bold Urban Commandos (BUCkies) as a backup team who were sometimes used in staged attacks on the Super-Patriot during his public demonstrations. Walker's main partner was African-American Lemar Hoskins who was allowed to continue to serve as Walker's partner when Walker became Captain America, while the other Buckies, disgruntled after being left out by the Commission on Superhuman Activities, became Left-Winger and Right-Winger. Hoskins used the name and costume of Bucky until he realized the racist connotations of the alias when applied to him (prior to the American Civil War, a male slave was often referred to as a "buck"). He then assumed the name "Battlestar".

Powers and abilities
Hoskins had superhuman strength, endurance, durability and resilience as a result of the experimental mutagenic process conducted on him by Karl Malus on behalf of the Power Broker. His agility and reflexes are of the order of a superior Olympic athlete. Hoskins is also highly trained in gymnastics and acrobatics. He is an exceptional hand-to-hand combatant, and received rigorous training in unarmed combat from the Commission on Superhuman Activities.

Rikki Barnes
Rikki Barnes was from an alternate Earth created by Franklin Richards in the wake of the Onslaught incident. The granddaughter of Bucky Barnes, Rikki is a member of the Young Allies on Counter-Earth. In the wake of the Onslaught Reborn series, another version of this character (from an alternate Heroes Reborn universe where the Avengers and Fantastic Four never left) has been transported to the mainstream Earth. She sought to make contact with the new Captain America (Bucky Barnes) by contacting Patriot, befriending the Patriot in the process. In a new miniseries she assumed the Nomad identity.

Powers and abilities
Rikki is a natural athlete who was trained by S.H.I.E.L.D. and Captain America. She is a gifted fighter, marksman and acrobat with the familiarity with technological devices of a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. As Bucky she wore a bulletproof costume modeled after the original Bucky. She also made use of a vibranium-photonic energy shield along with vibranium soled boots that allowed her to run up walls, move silently, leap greater distances and land from great heights. She also wielded a pistol.

Julia Winters
Other persons who have used the Bucky alias include a baby that Nomad looked after for a period (after which she was adopted and given the name Julia Winters).

Other versions
In the DC Comics/Marvel Comics one-shot intercompany crossover Batman/Captain America (Dec. 1996), written and drawn by John Byrne and set during World War II, Bucky briefly takes Dick Grayson/Robin's place as Batman's sidekick, while Robin becomes Captain America's sidekick. In this alternate reality (set in one of DC Comics' numerous "Elseworlds" continuities), Bucky dies (off-page) as he had done in numerous Avengers and Captain America recollections.

In the alternate reality of the five-issue Bullet Points miniseries (Jan.-May 2005), James Barnes never teams up with Steve Rogers as the Super-Soldier program was never activated. However, Rogers volunteers for the 'Iron Man' program and as such, saves Barnes and several fellow soldiers from an advancing tank during the battle of Guadalcanal. Unfortunately he is not swift enough to save Barnes from severe damage to his legs.

In the alternate timeline of the 2005 "House of M" storyline, James Buchanan Barnes is one of the United States government agents (alongside Mimic and Nuke) sent to Genosha to kill Magneto and as many of his followers as possible. Nuke and Mimic served as a distraction while Agent Barnes sneaked into Magneto's headquarters; and though he fatally stabs Professor Xavier, Bucky was killed by Magneto.

In the second issue of the crossover miniseries Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness, a zombified Winter Soldier appears and attempts to devour Dazzler. This version of the Winter Soldier is ultimately killed by Ash Williams, who shoots his head off with his "boomstick", even having shot off his bionic arm.

The alternate reality Ultimate Marvel version of Bucky Barnes is an adult sidekick of Captain America (Steve Rogers). This version is Steve Rogers' childhood friend who accompanies on missions as an Army press photographer. Surviving the war and believing Captain America's death, Bucky eventually marries Gail Richards and has a large extended family. During which, Bucky is diagnosed as having lung cancer from chain smoking back in the War. Barnes and Gail both live to see Steve's revival in the 21st century and renews their friendship. After America was taken by the Liberators, Bucky is captured at a cemetery with Steve and remains unseen. However, both he and Gail are seen being taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. protective custody after it is discovered that the Red Skull is Steve's and Gail's illegitimate son.

In the alternate reality Marvel MAX series U.S. War Machine, Bucky was serving in the present as Captain America, as the Captain had died in his stead in World War II. Bucky was accompanied here by two assistants, Hawkeye and Falcon, neither wearing a costume and both addressed by their real names.

In the 2005 What If? event, the Captain America story, set during the American Civil War, featured Steve Rogers' commanding officer, Colonel Buck Barnes, whom the men called "Bucky". His mercenary tendencies led to Rogers' desertion, and when he later intervened in Rogers' transformation into Captain America, his face was destroyed, turning him into an undead being known as the White Skull.

In Ruins, which is set in a dystopian alternate future, Bucky is taken into custody alongside Victor Creed and others for several heinous crimes, including cannibalism.

An alternate-universe Bucky appears in the 2011 miniseries Captain America Corps.

A new Bucky named Steve Wilson-Bradley appears in an alternate timeline seen in Avengers: The Children's Crusade. This Bucky is the son of Elijah Bradley and Samantha Wilson (the daughter of the Falcon).

In a world where all the Marvel characters are small children depicted in A-Babies vs. X-Babies, Bucky is Steve's teddy bear, named Bucky Bear. He is stolen by Scott Summers, igniting an enormous battle between the baby Avengers and the baby X-Men.

The teenaged Bucky appears as a member of the Battleworld Runaways during the 2015 "Secret Wars" storyline.

title: Bucky (Marvel Comics)


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Donald Abel

Donald "Don" Clarke Abel (born February 4, 1952) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was elected as an Ontario New Democratic Party MPP to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario representing the riding of Wentworth North from 1990 to 1995.

Background
Abel studied economics, industrial sociology, political science, labour history and labour law at the Labour College of Canada in Ottawa. He worked in the purchasing and plant management department of the Wentworth County Board of Education and served 10 years as Local 1572 president of the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE). He also served as a National Service Representative for CUPE prior to his election to the provincial legislature.

In 1992, while in office, Abel's teenaged son Mark was seriously injured in a skiing accident in New York State. He was left paralyzed from the chest down. The family was left with $50,000 in medical bills which was eventually paid with funds raised amongst the local community and donations from all three parties of the Legislative Assembly.

Politics
In the 1990 provincial election Abel ran as the New Democrat candidate in the riding of Wentworth North defeating incumbent government house leader, Chris Ward. Later that same year, Abel introduced Bill 22, Deaf Persons' Rights Act, a private member's bill providing rights for hearing-ear dogs, similar to seeing-eye dogs. Although it received second reading and passage through the Social Development Committee the following year, it failed to pass through the legislature before the government was defeated in the 1995 election.

Abel served as both deputy whip and whip during his tenure. He also served as chair of the NDP's caucus personnel committee and as a member of the standing committees on general government, regulations and private bills, finance and economic affairs, estimates and the standing committee on the ombudsman.

In 1994, Abel was one of twelve NDP members to vote against Bill 167, a bill extending financial benefits to same-sex partners. Premier Bob Rae allowed a free vote on the bill which allowed members of his party to vote with their conscience. The bill was defeated by a vote of 68-59.

He ran for mayor of Dundas in the final municipal election before the amalgamation of Hamilton-Wentworth, but lost to incumbent mayor John Addison.

In the 2011 provincial election, Abel ran as the New Democratic candidate for the riding of Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock. This placed him in a race with two other candidates with parliamentary experience. Although finishing in third place, the Haliburton-Kawartha Lakes-Brock NDP received its highest number of votes since the 1990 provincial election with an 11.32% increase in popular vote from the previous provincial election.

He ran again in the 2014 provincial election with an additional 2.44% increase in popular vote.

After politics
After his defeat in 1995, Abel established the Dundas Review, a weekly community newspaper in Dundas, Ontario.

He later worked for the City of Kawartha Lakes as Senior Licensing Officer/Municipal Law Enforcement Officer and Deputy Division Registrar until his retirement in 2012.

Abel and his wife Debra currently own and operate a cottage resort on Sturgeon Lake near Lindsay, Ontario.

title: Donald Abel