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F (New York City Subway service)

The F and <F> Queens Boulevard Express/Sixth Avenue Local are two rapid transit services in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Their route bullets are colored, since they use and are part of the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan.

The F operates at all times between 179th Street in Jamaica, Queens and Stillwell Avenue in Coney Island, Brooklyn. During rush hours, most alternate trains originate and terminate at Kings Highway in Gravesend, Brooklyn instead of Stillwell Avenue. During the daytime, the F runs express in Queens between Forest Hills–71st Avenue and 21st Street–Queensbridge; during the nighttime, it makes all stops in-between both stations. Two scheduled trips in the peak direction during rush hours run express in Brooklyn between Jay Street–MetroTech and Church Avenue, making one intermediate stop at Seventh Avenue. This express service was introduced in September 2019. In Brooklyn, local service is denoted as (F) in a circle-shaped bullet while express service is denoted as <F> in a diamond-shaped bullet.

From 1968 to 1976, the F ran express along the IND Culver Line in Brooklyn. The F also ran via the 53rd Street Tunnel until moving to the 63rd Street Tunnel in 2001, except between August 2023 and March 2024 when service between Queens and Manhattan was rerouted to the 53rd Street Tunnel due to track replacement. Since the 1990s, there have been calls to restore partial express service in Brooklyn from Jay Street–MetroTech to Church Avenue, although this has been controversial. The limited express <F> service between Jay Street and Church Avenue started on September 16, 2019, with two trains in the peak direction during rush hours. The F has a weekday ridership of 600,000.

1940s and 1950s
With the opening of the IND Sixth Avenue Line on December 15, 1940, F service began, operating as the line's Queens Boulevard service. It operated between Parsons Boulevard and Church Avenue via Queens Boulevard Line, Sixth Avenue Line, and the Culver Line. It ran express in Queens and local in Manhattan and Brooklyn. F trains provided an additional 24/7 express route in Queens, and inaugurated express service on the Queens Boulevard Line east of Continental Avenue. F trains ran on the express tracks between West Fourth Street and Broadway-Lafayette Street to avoid conflict with the D and E south of West Fourth Street. This service pattern was first announced by the New York City Board of Transportation on December 1, 1939. With the start of F service, E service was cut back from Church Avenue to Broadway–Lafayette Street.

On January 10, 1944, trains were extended to 169th Street during evenings, late nights, and Sunday mornings. Temporarily in 1948, as shown in a map from that year, the and F service switched, with the F terminating at Second Avenue, but this was subsequently rescinded.

On December 11, 1950, trains were extended to the newly opened Jamaica–179th Street on evenings, nights, and Sunday mornings. On May 13, 1951, all trains outside of rush hour were extended to 179th Street using the local tracks beyond Parsons Boulevard. On October 8, 1951, trains were extended to 179th Street at all times. During rush hours F trains skipped 169th Street running via the express tracks. At other times, the F stopped at 169th Street.

In 1953, the platforms were lengthened to 660 feet at 75th Avenue and Sutphin Boulevard so that F trains could run eleven-car trains. The E and F began running eleven-car trains during rush hours on September 8, 1953. The extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. The lengthening project cost $400,000. The operation of eleven-car trains ended in 1958 because of operational difficulties. The signal blocks, especially in Manhattan, were too short to accommodate the longer trains, and the motormen had a very small margin of error to properly platform the train. It was found that operating ten-car trains allowed for two additional trains per hour to be scheduled.

On October 30, 1954, the connection between the IND Culver Line and BMT Culver Line opened, with the IND taking over the elevated section. All F service began terminating at Broadway–Lafayette Street with service entering Brooklyn via the Rutgers Street Tunnel. In addition, weekend and night trains began running local between Continental Avenue and 179th Street. During middays and early evenings, trains stopped at 169th Street. On April 29, 1956, trains were extended to Second Avenue.

Beginning on October 6, 1957, trains began terminating at 34th Street–Herald Square during nights and weekends. Between September 8 and November 7, 1958, two F trains ran between Forest Hills and Second Avenue, leaving Forest Hills at 8:06 and 8:21 a.m. On November 10, they were routed to Hudson Terminal, before returning to Queens in E service. On the same day, F service was cut back from Second Avenue and started terminating at Broadway–Lafayette Street to allow for construction on the Chrystie Street Connection.

1960s through 1980s
Two additional F trains began running from Parsons Boulevard during the morning rush hour on April 6, 1964; these trips began entering service at 179th Street on December 21, 1964. On December 13, 1965, two morning F trains began running to Chambers Street. Beginning on July 11, 1966, trains no longer ran express between Parsons Boulevard and 71st–Continental Avenues weekday middays, and were extended weekdays daytime from Broadway-Lafayette Street back to Second Avenue. On August 30, 1966, service was cut back to Broadway-Lafayette Street.

With the opening of the Chrystie Street Connection on November 26, 1967, service was rerouted via this connection, the north side of the Manhattan Bridge, and the BMT Brighton Line in Brooklyn. F service replaced it on the IND Culver Line, with trips running to Coney Island at all times, with supplemental trips to Church Avenue during rush hours.

Beginning on August 19, 1968, rush hour express service was added, in both directions, between Jay Street-Borough Hall and Church Avenue, and in rush hours, peak direction trains to and from Stillwell Avenue (alternating with those terminating at Kings Highway) ran express as well between Church Avenue and Kings Highway. Beginning on June 16, 1969, express service was modified, with Kings Highway trains operating as locals along the entire route from Jay Street to Kings Highway.

On January 2, 1973, Kings Highway F trains began running express once again between Church Avenue and Jay Street in both directions. In addition, F trains began running express between 179th Street and Continental Avenue weekdays between 7:30 a.m. and 7:30 p.m. toward Queens, and between 6:00 a.m. and 6:15 p.m. toward Manhattan. In addition, between 10:00 a.m. and 2:20 p.m. Manhattan-bound, and between 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Queens-bound, F trains would stop at 169th Street.

On January 18, 1976, F express service between Jay Street and Church Avenue was discontinued during rush hours in the peak direction, and only Coney Island trains in the reverse-peak direction ran express between Jay Street and Church Avenue. Peak direction GG trains were cut back to Smith–Ninth Streets. On August 30, 1976, express service between Bergen Street and Church Avenue was completely discontinued, with all trains making all stops. Rush direction alternate-train express service between Ditmas Avenue and Kings Highway was retained. In addition, several northbound trips in the morning rush hour began being put into service at Avenue X. GG trains began terminating at Smith–9th Streets at all times. The elimination of express service was made as part of service changes which eliminated 215 runs that were deemed underutilized to reduce operating deficits. The changes, which saved $3.1 million annually, were part of a three phase cut in service that began in 1975. This change was also made due to continuing complaints about reduced Manhattan service by riders at local stations.

On January 24, 1977, as part of a series of NYCTA service cuts to save $13 million, many subway lines began running shorter trains during middays. As part of the change, F trains began running with four cars between 9:50 a.m. and 1:50 p.m. Starting on August 27, 1977, the was made a local in Queens between Continental Avenue and Queens Plaza, late nights, replacing the  service, which was cut back to Queens Plaza. This change was made as part of the last round of cuts in subway service announced in January 1977 to reduce annual operating costs by $30 million. Changes were also made in A, AA, B and N service. The NYCTA said that the cuts only duplicated other night service, and for most, would increase travel by a few minutes.

Until 1986, 2 E trains and 2 F trains started at Continental Avenue in the morning rush hour with the intention to relieve congestion. These trains were eliminated because they resulted in a loading imbalance as these lightly loaded trains would be followed by extremely crowded trains from 179th Street, which followed an 8-minute gap of E and F service from 179th Street.

On May 24, 1987, and  services swapped terminals in Queens to provide R trains direct access to the Jamaica Yard. As part of the reroute plan, F service along Queens Boulevard was discontinued during late nights (1 a.m. to 5 a.m.). Late night local service was replaced by the R, which ran as a Queens Boulevard Local at all times. F trains were cut back to 57th Street on the Sixth Avenue Line during late nights. In 1986, the TA studied which two services should serve the line during late nights as ridership at this time did not justify three services. A public hearing was held in December 1986, and it was determined that having the E and R run during late nights provided the best service.

Peak-direction F express service on the Culver Line in Brooklyn, between Kings Highway and 18th Avenue, was suspended on April 27, 1987, because of work to reconstruct station mezzanines along that part of the Culver Line, and was never restored in this section.

Archer and 63rd Street changes
On December 11, 1988, the Archer Avenue Lines opened, and the E was rerouted to its current terminus at Jamaica Center, running via the Queens Boulevard Line's express tracks. It was decided that the E would serve Archer Avenue, rather than the F, to minimize disruption to passengers who continued to use Hillside Avenue; to maximize Jamaica Avenue ridership; and to take advantage of the length of the peak ridership period, which is longer on the F. It was found that most riders using bus routes that now served Archer Avenue used the E, while most passengers on buses to 179th Street used the F. F trains no longer stopped at 169th Street between 10 a.m. and 3:30 p.m., so the R was extended to 179th Street to serve local stations east of Continental Avenue and to allow F trains to continue running express to 179th Street.

The 1988 changes angered some riders because they resulted in the loss of direct Queens Boulevard Express service at local stations east of 71st Avenue—namely the 169th Street, Sutphin Boulevard, Van Wyck Boulevard and 75th Avenue stations. Local elected officials pressured the MTA to eliminate all-local service at these stations. On September 30, 1990, the R was cut back to 71st–Continental Avenue outside of rush hours. Late night service to 179th Street was replaced by G service, while F trains began running local east of 71st Avenue during middays, evenings, and weekends. In response to the pleas of local officials, the MTA considered three options including leaving service as is, having E trains run local east of 71st Avenue along with R service, and having F trains run local east of 71st Avenue to replace R service. The third option was chosen for testing in October or November 1992.

On October 26, 1992, R trains were cut back to 71st Avenue at all times. In its place, the F ran local between 71st Avenue and 179th Street at all times, which eliminated express service along Hillside Avenue. This change was implemented for six months on an experimental basis at the request of passengers using the 169th Street, Sutphin Boulevard, Van Wyck Boulevard and 75th Avenue stations, which had lost direct Queens Boulevard Express service in 1988. After the six months, the change was kept even though 77% of passengers had benefitted from the pre-October 1992 service plan because there was minimal negative passenger reaction and the intensity of the request. The change increased travel time along the F by $3 1/2$ minutes, and reduced travel time for passengers at local stations by one to two minutes.

On October 29, 1989, the IND 63rd Street Line opened. Since Q trains did not run during late nights, a special daily late night F– service ran during these hours; in the northbound direction, F trains would operate along its normal route from Coney Island to 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center, then turn into a Q and operate to 21st Street–Queensbridge; in the southbound direction, Q trains would operate from 21st Street to 47th–50th Streets, then turn into an F train and operate along its normal route to Coney Island. The special F/Q service was eventually designated as F in April 1993.

In March 1997, late night service was cut back to 57th Street due to work to reconstruct the trackbed in the 63rd Street Tunnel. A single-track shuttle provided service between 57th Street and 21st Street.

On August 30, 1997, late night F service was restored to 179th Street as a Queens Boulevard local, replacing G service, which was cut back to Court Square. Service on the 63rd Street Line was provided by a shuttle. On that date, E service began running local in Queens during late nights. These changes were made to accommodate construction work for the 63rd Street Connection.

On May 7, 2001, the F service started being rerouted via the new 63rd Street connector during some nights and weekends. On December 16, 2001, the 63rd Street Connector officially opened, connecting the IND 63rd Street Line with the IND Queens Boulevard Line. In a controversial move, the new local service replaced the express F service in the heavily trafficked 53rd Street Tunnel between Manhattan and Queens, while F service was rerouted to the 63rd Street Tunnel and ran express in Queens between 71st Avenue and 21st Street–Queensbridge at all times. As part of the change, rush hour service was decreased from 18 trains per hour to 15 trains per hour, allowing E service to increase from 12 to 15 trains per hour. In addition, the frequency of weekday evening service was increased, with trains running every ten minutes instead of every 12 minutes.

On September 8, 2002, Stillwell Avenue was closed for reconstruction. F service was cut back to Avenue X, and service to Stillwell Avenue was replaced by a shuttle bus. F service returned to Stillwell Avenue on May 23, 2004, upon completion of the construction work.

Automation and temporary reroute
In the 2010s, the MTA implemented communications-based train control (CBTC) on the portion of the IND Queens Boulevard Line west of Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike. The 63rd Street Connection to 21st Street–Queensbridge, used by the F. would also be retrofitted with CBTC. The automation of the Queens Boulevard Line meant that the would be able to run 3 more trains during peak hours, up from 29 trains per hour before the project started. CBTC on the Queens Boulevard Line west of Union Turnpike was fully operational by February 2022. The 2015–2019 Capital Program was revised in April 2018 to fund to the design for the expedited installation of CBTC on the Queens Boulevard Line east of Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike.

Another part of the F route, between Church Avenue and West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium on the Culver Line, was selected for CBTC installation as part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program. During much of 2020 and 2021, there was no weekend F service south of Church Avenue to accommodate installation of CBTC on the IND Culver Line. In December 2022, the MTA announced that it would award a contract for the installation of CBTC on the Culver Line between Bergen Street and Church Avenue, which carries the F and G routes. As a result of these projects, the F would be automated along all of its route except for the segment south of West 8th Street.

On March 17, 2023, New York City Transit made adjustments to evening and late night, F and service to accommodate long-term CBTC installation on the Queens Boulevard Line between Union Turnpike and 179th Street. F service originating from 179th Street after 10:30 pm and from Stillwell Avenue after 8:30 pm began operating local in Queens during overnight hours, marking the return of overnight F local service since it was discontinued in 2001. Starting August 28, 2023, F trains were rerouted via the 53rd Street Tunnel between Queens and Manhattan, and weekday M trains were truncated to 57th Street in Manhattan, due to track replacement and other repairs in the 63rd Street Tunnel. An F shuttle train (operated by East New York Yard) ran between Lexington Avenue-63rd Street and 21st Street-Queensbridge, stopping at Roosevelt Island, at all times except late nights. Shuttle buses ran between Queens Plaza and 21st Street–Queensbridge during the day and between Queens Plaza and Roosevelt Island at night. Service via 63rd Street resumed on April 1, 2024, and the shuttle was discontinued.

Restoration of Brooklyn express service
In the 2000s, there was community support for resuming express service on the Culver Line between Jay Street–MetroTech and Church Avenue in Brooklyn, including from Mayor Michael Bloomberg and Senator Daniel Squadron. The MTA announced that after the elevated Culver Viaduct underwent extensive renovations from 2009 to 2012, "There will be no impediment to implementing the F express."

While F express service was contested for four years by some residents on the Culver Line who feared they would lose a one-seat ride into Manhattan, some politicians drafted a letter in 2014 petitioning for express service. In late October 2015, city officials considered implementing express service. Some rush-hour peak-direction F trains ran express between Jay Street and Fourth Avenue since at least 2015 and the MTA once planned to use expanded rush-hour express service (Jay Street to Church Avenue) in both directions in the summers of 2016 and 2017. In May 2016, the MTA announced half of all rush-hour F trains could start running express in fall 2017, with the train frequency on the rest of the F route remaining the same; this was never implemented. However, this service still remained "under consideration" as of 2017.

In July 2019, the MTA announced that it planned to run four express F trains per day, two in each direction. The express service started on September 16, 2019. The trains run in the peak direction, toward Manhattan in the morning and toward Brooklyn in the evening. The trains make an intermediate stop at Seventh Avenue and bypass a total of six stations. The trains toward Manhattan run between 7 and 7:30 a.m., while the trains toward Coney Island run between 4:25 and 5 p.m. The service frequencies along the line are not changed, as the two express trips in each direction were converted from trips that ran local. This service is represented with a diamond <F> similar to the symbol used on other peak-direction express services. The express service was suspended in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but was restored more than a year later, on May 3, 2021.

Service pattern
The F uses the following lines:

Stations
For a more detailed station listing, see the articles on the lines listed above.

title: F (New York City Subway service)


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Talk:Indian hip hop

Untitled
Should this article be removed/integrated into Bhangra article?
 * Probably not, since Indian Hiphop clearly is another music style/scene. Also, there is already a "link-box" for world hiphop. The article needs a lot of work, though.

Yes, it does - at the moment there are maybe three artists given as examples of the Indian hip hop scene, and There are no references to be seen. S facets 17:29, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

another deletion
Indian hip hop category up for deletion. Please vote at the link.--Urthogie 14:27, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Mysteriously vanished content
When I last visited this page (early March 2008) the page was 12-15 kilobytes long and had much info. Sure, much of it was junk, spamming, and OR, but the thing is that info started vanishing little by little mysteriously, without any edit summaries or a discussion taking place in the talk-page. Meseems, that someone knowledgeable on the subject must revisit the article's older versions and reorganize the old content (and, of course, reference it). Moreover, there seems to exist a controversy over what constitutes Indian HH. Is it HH from India, or is it HH having verses in an Indic language or dialect, or is it HH from ethnic Indians around the world? As I said, discussion is needed, not successive reverts. Omnipedian (talk) 06:08, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Sources are needed. You can discuss it all you want until you're blue in the face.  Sources are still needed.  We're here to build an encyclopedia based upon reliable third party sources, not a free advertising platform for non-notable garage bands.  JBsupreme (talk) 08:04, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2019/06/the-rise-of-hip-hop-and-rap-culture-in-india/. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. — Yours, Berrely  • Talk∕Contribs 09:12, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Indian hip hop
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Indian hip hop's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "auto": From Punk rap:  From Latin hip hop:  From Naezy:  From Hindi:  From Latin trap:  From Synthesizer: Franklin Crawford (August 23, 2005). "Robert Moog, Ph.D. '64, inventor of the music synthesizer, dies of brain cancer". Cornell University News Service. Retrieved 4 May 2007. From Palestinian hip hop:  From Grime (music genre):

From Mumble rap:

From South Asia:

From YouTube: Todd Spangler, YouTube Terminates Toy Freaks Channel Amid Broader Crackdown on Disturbing Kids’ Content, Variety, November 17, 2017

From Hip-hop feminism:

From Electronic dance music: Peoples, Glenn. "EDM's Social Dance." Billboard: The International Newsweekly of Music, Video and Home Entertainment Jul 06 2013: 8. ProQuest. Web. 20 July 2015 .

From Yemeni hip hop:

From Merenhouse: Itzigsohn, Jose, Cabral, Carlos Dore , Medina, Esther Hernandez andVazquez, Obed(1999) 'Mapping Dominican transnationalism: narrow and broad transnational practices', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22: 2, 316 — 339

From Citizenship Amendment Act protests:

From Emo rap:

From Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest:

From Electro (music):

From Telugu language:

From Arabic hip hop:

From Reggaeton: [ Billboard.com – Artist Chart History – Wisin & Yandel]

From Political hip hop:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 18:32, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Indian hip hop


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pre-gauge

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 22:49, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pre-gauge
"The term pre-gauge was coined in Lowell, Massachusetts in early 2005 by members of Outlet magazine." Wolfman 20:00, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This is actual slang that is used in the area. I'm not trying to promote anything except its further usage. MarkHenderson 15:00, 15 Feb 2005 (EST)
 * yes, that's the problem. you wrote it to promote it, not because it was already notable. Wolfman 20:36, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: MarkHenderson has made only 13 edits, all to Pre-gauge and this pgae. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 21:13, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

I moved to Lowell in September and have heard the term pre-gauge many times. I have also read about in many underground publications. MattStudivan 15:27, 15 Feb 2005 (EST)
 * Above entry was by User:24.128.58.201 . No user registered as "MattStudivan". JoaoRicardo 20:36, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Just because a term exists doesn't mean that it should be included in an encyclopedia. Delete as a non-notable local phenomenon. — Ливай | ☺ 20:33, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Also note that Wikipedia is not a means of promoting any idea but only describing them. — Ливай | ☺ 20:38, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. I have several friends in Lowell and have never heard this term. This must be unique to a younger age group. Carrp | Talk 20:34, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. JoaoRicardo 20:36, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems notable enough to me.--Billoday 20:46, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: This is the only edit from this user and is thus quite probably a sock puppet. — Ливай | ☺ 21:03, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How does that follow? Please don't throw random accusations at new users. RSpeer 01:03, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * What do I need to do to show that I'm not a sock puppet? I've used wikipedia for a long time as a resource, I just don't usually see something I can improve on.  This entry seems to be fairly notable (by nature of its content), I have heard it used by people I know from the area, and it shouldn't be deleted simply because it is unique to a certain age group.  Many things are unique to certain age groups, should we not comment on a large number of age-specific sociological functions?  Or only the age-specific in certain regions?  Where do we draw the line?--Billoday 22:49, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is difficult to prove that you're not a sockpuppet when you have only two edits, both on this VfD. You have every right to state your opinion, with the understanding that the admin tallying this VfD may choose to place less weight on your vote. It's not always that easy to figure out where to draw the line when it comes to notibility. In general, something that is notable only to a portion of an age group in one city is not notable. If it starts to catch on, perhaps it will become notable and suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia. Carrp | Talk 22:56, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * My friends in Lowell use this term, I've heard it. if a term exists- it definately should be included. we should all be so lucky as to "exist". This is about discovering new linguistic novelties. This is how the modern lexicon will be formed. who are we to stand in the way.
 * Note: This vote is User:TheDuchess' sole edit. Niteowlneils 21:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Delete Complete vanity nonsense. Remind me never to read Outlet magazine, nor to visit any Mexican restaurant frequented by the staff. Johntex 02:42, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * An encyclopedia's purpose is not to describe everything that exists. That's why Votes for deletion exists, after all. We have standards on what is and is not appropriate for inclusion in an encyclopedia, and a term made up by a people at some magazine just isn't notable enough. — Ливай | ☺ 21:03, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Of the relatively few google hits for this term, none of the first ten are for this meaning. Niteowlneils 21:27, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It astounds me how well known this term is to all these new voters who just happened to stop by -- given that the term has existed for at most 45 days according to the article. Wolfman 00:36, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is real, this is used. I felt it was my duty to include this term since I believe in this wikipedia's purpose. Why not compromise and include the other definition that you saw and we can have ourselves a quality wiki entry? MarkHenderson
 * Strong DELETE. *sniff* *sniff* Smells like crypto-advertising to me. So, is the magazine for those who like to shop at outlets or for people with electric receptacle fetishes? HyperZonk 17:39, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A term that has only been used in one town for a few weeks is not notable enough for Wikipedia. sjorford →•← 22:00, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. No evidence presented of use outside a very small circle. Lowell Sun: "Search For : pre-gauge Between Dates : 2/2/2005 and 2/16/2005 There Were No Articles Retrieved For This Query." Boston Globe and Boston Herald, search over the last ten years: "Sorry. There are no articles that contain all the keywords you entered." When it is mentioned in the Lowell Sun, come back and try again. With a proper source citation. Dpbsmith (talk) 02:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) P. S. Google News retrieves a Feb. 10th article in the Globe about a session at the Revolving Museum called "Ain't Valentine's Day" which featured stories by Matt Studivan from Outlet magazine. The word "pre-gauge" is not mentioned. Dpbsmith (talk) 02:33, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Ant-Man

Ant-Man is the name of several superheroes appearing in books published by Marvel Comics.

Publication history
Created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby, his first appearance was in Tales to Astonish #27 (January 1962) as Dr. Henry Pym; however, he first appeared in costume as Ant-Man in Tales to Astonish #35 (September 1962). The persona was originated by the brilliant scientist Hank Pym's superhero alias after inventing a substance that can change size (Pym Particles), but reformed thieves Scott Lang and Eric O'Grady also took on the Ant-Man mantle after the original changed his superhero identity to various other aliases, such as Giant-Man, Goliath, and Yellowjacket. Pym's Ant-Man is also a founding member of the super hero team known as the Avengers. The character has appeared in several films based on the Marvel character, such as Ant-Man (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023).

Fictional character biography
Over the years, a number of different characters have assumed the title of Ant-Man; most of them have been connected with the Avengers.

Hank Pym
Dr. Henry "Hank" Pym was a Biophysicist and Security Operations Center expert who decided to be the original Ant-Man, a superhero after the death of his first wife Maria Trovaya who had been a political dissident in Hungary. Falling in love with him and believing that his American citizenship would protect her, Maria traveled with Hank to Hungary shortly after their marriage to start their new life together. Unfortunately they were confronted by corrupt agents of the secret police. Hank was knocked unconscious and Maria was murdered. Pym was greatly distraught by his wife's death, and decided to do whatever he could in the future to battle injustice. After discovering a chemical substance, which he called Pym Particles, that would allow the user to alter his size, he armed himself with a helmet that could control ants. After that, Pym would shrink down to the size of an insect as the mystery-solving Ant-Man, solving crimes and stopping criminals. He soon shared his discovery with his second wife Janet van Dyne as his crime-fighting partner Wasp when he helped Janet avenge the death of her scientist father Vernon van Dyne who was killed by an alien unleashed by one of Vernon's own experiments. The duo would be founding members of the Avengers, fighting recurring enemies such as the mad scientist Egghead, the mutant Whirlwind, and Pym's own robotic creation Ultron. While Pym is the original Ant-Man, he has adopted other aliases over the years including Giant-Man, Goliath, Yellowjacket, and Wasp after Janet's presumed death in Secret Invasion. Leaving his original persona vacant, his successors have taken up the Ant-Man role while Pym explored these other identities.

Scott Lang
Scott Lang was a thief who decided to be the second Ant-Man after stealing the Ant-Man suit to save his daughter Cassandra "Cassie" Lang from a heart condition. Reforming from his life of crime, Lang soon took on a full-time career as Ant-Man with the encouragement of Hank Pym. He became an affiliate of the Fantastic Four and later became a full-time member of the Avengers. For a period of time he dated Jessica Jones. He was killed by the Scarlet Witch along with the Vision and Hawkeye in Avengers Disassembled, and his daughter took up his heroic mantle as Stature in the book Young Avengers. He returned to life in 2011 in the mini series The Children's Crusade.

Chris McCarthy
Chris McCarthy was the third character to take up the Ant-Man title albeit briefly, serving only as a plot point to get the Ant-Man suit to Eric O'Grady. The character, created by Robert Kirkman and Phil Hester, first appeared in Civil War: Choosing Sides #1 (October 2006). A low level agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. working on the Helicarrier, McCarthy was tasked with guarding Dr. Pym's lab. After panicking and accidentally knocked Pym unconscious, he found the most recent Ant-Man suit which he promptly used to shrink, getting lost. McCarthy was caught up when a group of Hydra superhumans attacked and was killed in the chaos.

Eric O'Grady
Eric O'Grady was the fourth character to take up the Ant-Man title. O'Grady is a low-level agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. who stumbles upon the Ant-Man suit. A man of few morals and willing to lie, cheat, steal and manipulate in order to get ahead in life, O'Grady stole the armor for his own selfish plans, which included using his status as a "super-hero" to seduce women, as well as humiliate and torment others. He had his own short-lived title before being part of other teams such as joining Avengers: The Initiative as his first team and then joining the Thunderbolts before the character perished heroically while defending a child against the villain known as Father.

Criti Noll
Criti Noll was a Super-Skrull who impersonated Hank Pym / Ant-Man for the Secret Invasion storyline.

Zayn Asghar
Dr. Zayn Asghar operates as the Earth-14831 equivalent of Ant-Man in the year 2549. The character, created by Al Ewing and Tom Reilly, first appeared in Ant-Man Vol. 3 #1 (July 2022). Born to eco-scientists working to repair the damage to Earth caused by All-Father Ultron in Ultron Forever, he developing an obsession with redeeming Hank Pym, Ultron's creator, and created the Nano Ant Swarm which he used to fight paleo-capitalists and disaster opportunists as Ant-Man. Dr. Asghar began cloning thousands of extinct ant species to restore his world's climate, but these ants lacked the evolved instincts of the insects. Using Doctor Doom's Time Platform, he returns to the time periods of the three previous Ant-Men to study their methods of insect control to synthesize artificial instincts for his ants, briefly interacting with each of his contemporaries. Dr. Asghar's tampering with time resulted in All-Father Ultron finding a way to return to the Earth he once conquered. Zayn pulls Pym, Eric O'Grady, and Scott Lang to his time. Using Time Master's aging ray that was brought to the future by Lang, Zayn removes the artificial aging that turned Ultron into the All-Father, causing him to vanish to parts unknown.

Television

 * The Hank Pym incarnation of Ant-Man appears in The Marvel Super Heroes.
 * The Hank Pym incarnation of Ant-Man appears in a 1979 sketch of Saturday Night Live.
 * An Ant-Man TV series was one of several planned from Marvel in the 1980s.
 * The Hank Pym incarnation of Ant-Man appears in Avengers: United They Stand.
 * The Hank Pym and Scott Lang incarnations of Ant-Man appear in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes.
 * The Scott Lang incarnation of Ant-Man appears in Ultimate Spider-Man.
 * The Scott Lang incarnation of Ant-Man, with elements of Hank Pym and Eric O'Grady, appears in Avengers Assemble.
 * Scott Lang and Hank Pym appear in Ant-Man (2017).
 * The Scott Lang incarnation of Ant-Man, with elements of Hank Pym, appears in Spidey and His Amazing Friends, voiced by Sean Giambrone.

Film
Paul Rudd and Michael Douglas portray Scott Lang and Hank Pym respectively in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Both have appeared in the live-action films Ant-Man (2015), Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023). Additionally, Lang appears in the live-action film Captain America: Civil War (2016) while alternate timeline variants of Lang and Pym appear in the Disney+ animated series What If...?.

Video games

 * An unidentified Ant-Man appears as a purchasable outfit in Fortnite Battle Royale.
 * The Scott Lang and Hank Pym incarnations of Ant-Man appears as playable characters in Lego Marvel's Avengers. Additionally, downloadable content based on the MCU Ant-Man film was released in a later update.
 * The Zayn Asghar incarnation of Ant-Man appears in Marvel Contest of Champions.

title: Ant-Man


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hilary Hook

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Joyous 16:19, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Hilary Hook
This article claims that Hilary Hook "became famous with the British public after a BBC 40 Minutes documentary portrayed him as having led a full life of adventure in the colonies", but I cannot verify any indication of fame. Only musters up a meager 38 hits on google. Can someone from the UK vouch or verify this claim to fame? GRider\talk 20:02, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to keep this one. "Hilary Hook" -wikipedia yields 260 hits -- I believe -dictionary -encyclopedia reduces the number of hits because a lot of them are for websites selling books, which may include dictionaries and encyclopedias. Various web pages repeat the bit about the BBC documentary, which, I know, is less than rock-solid support. In addition, I don't see any evidence of self-promo here. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:52, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. The documentary and book shows up in reviews, so it's not a hoax. Megan1967 06:11, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand, the key being his book. Otherwise this would just say he's famous for being famous (sort of like Charo?)) -- Jmabel | Talk 20:45, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I'm from the UK and he's not famous with me! Until I read this piece I had never heard of him. It seems the claims of fame within the UK seems to be over egging the pudding - and so probably the person. Brookie 08:27, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, appears notable with the book and documentary. JamesBurns 05:52, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Major Reuben Colburn House

The Major Reuben Colburn House is a historic house museum and state historic site on Arnold Road in Pittston, Maine. Built in 1765, it was the home of Reuben Colburn, a patriot and shipbuilder, from 1765 to 1818. The house, one of the first to be built in the area, is most notable as one of the staging area's for Benedict Arnold's 1775 Quebec expedition. It is operated by the state as the Colburn House State Historic Site, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Description
The Colburn House stands on a rise overlooking the Kennebec River to the west. It is set south of the First Congregational Church of Pittston, on the west side of Arnold Road, an old alignment of Maine State Route 27, which runs just to the east. The house is a $2 1/2$-story timber-frame structure, with a side gable roof, central brick chimney, and clapboard siding. The front facade is five bays wide, with slightly irregular spacing of windows, and a comparatively elaborate front door surround consisting of flanking sidelight windows and pilasters supporting a corniced entablature.

History
Reuben Colburn and his family settled in Gardinerston (then part of Massachusetts) in 1761. In 1763, he was granted 250 acre of land and built a saw mill, brick yard, boat yard, and grist mill on the shores of the Kennebec River. In 1765, he built his two-story home on "an eminence which gradually slopes down to the shore." Colburn was later described as "one of our earliest 'kings of industry.'"

Colburn assisted George Washington and Benedict Arnold in the planning and provisioning of Arnold's 1775 military expedition through the northern wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. This site was one of the last outposts of support and supply for the expedition. The house passed out of the Colburn family in 1953, after which it underwent some restorative work under private ownership. It was acquired by the state in 1971, and has been operated as a historic site since.

title: Major Reuben Colburn House


text: Category:Web design

title: Category:Web design


text:
V (New York City Subway service)

The V Sixth Avenue Local was a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or "bullet", was colored since it used the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan.

The V operated weekdays only from approximately 6:30 a.m. to midnight between 71st Avenue in Forest Hills, Queens and Second Avenue, near the border of the East Village and the Lower East Side, Manhattan.

The V debuted on December 17, 2001, when the connection from the IND 63rd Street Line to the IND Queens Boulevard Line opened as a replacement for the, which was rerouted via this new connection, on the IND 53rd Street Line. Except for a brief period in early 2005, the V had the same service pattern during its eight-and-a-half-year history. As part of a series of service reductions to close a budget gap, the V train was eliminated on June 25, 2010. With the exception of service at Second Avenue, it was combined with the train, which was rerouted from Lower Manhattan and South Brooklyn via the Chrystie Street Connection.

Former use
Originally, the V was used to indicate provisional routes running on the IND Sixth Avenue Line; older rollsigns had the orange V emblem with the text "via 6 Avenue" as a provisional service if ever needed.

Initial service plan
The V was originally conceived as a Sixth Avenue extra since the early 1980s, running via 63rd Street. It appeared as an orange bullet on rollsigns. The V also appeared on the digital signs of the R44s and R46s with any route and designation combination that could be used for the Sixth Avenue Line. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), in December 2000, announced plans for a new subway route running between Second Avenue in Manhattan and 71st Avenue in Queens. The V train would run along the Sixth Avenue Line, the 53rd Street Tunnel, and the Queens Boulevard Line's local tracks. This new route would supplement the F train, which would be rerouted to the 63rd Street lines, and the E train through the 53rd Street Tunnel.

The introduction of the V service was expected to increase the number of Queens Boulevard trains entering Manhattan by nine trains per hour. To make room for V trains on Queens Boulevard, the train was cut back to a new weekday terminal at Long Island City–Court Square and the  train was rerouted via the 63rd Street Connector. In Manhattan, the and V made identical stops between 47th–50th Streets and the V train's Lower East Side–Second Avenue terminal station. To prepare for this service, rush hour service was simulated twice on Saturdays during early 2001. The first time, the V, labeled as S, ran via 63rd Street, the F ran via 53rd Street, and the G ran to 179th Street. It was particularly done to see if it was possible to maintain existing G train service along Queens Boulevard with the new V train added on. When this test became unsuccessful, the V's eventual service pattern (via 53rd Street) was tested on September 8, and was a success. Due to the September 11 attacks and numerous services being disrupted by damage sustained in the attacks (including R service along Queens Boulevard), the V train's entry into service was delayed.

The MTA board's transit committee voted on May 25, 2001, to recommend that the entirety of the board vote on the proposed V train. On May 31, 2001, the MTA board approved the operating plan for the opening of the 63rd Street Connector, including the beginning of V service, which was to begin on November 11, 2001. The V made its debut on December 17, 2001. Service ran every six minutes during rush hours and ten minutes other times, running southbound from 71st Avenue between 5:38 a.m. and 10:57 p.m., and northbound from Second Avenue between 5:54 a.m. and 11:33 p.m..

Controversy
The new service plan was designed to redistribute Queens-bound passenger loads along the heavily used IND Sixth Avenue Line by encouraging use of the additional local trains provided for shorter trips, and to improve service and transfer opportunities for passengers using local stations along Queens Boulevard. The New York Times described the service plan as "complex and heavily criticized." New York Times columnist Randy Kennedy wrote that four months after it opened, the service was operating at only 49% of capacity. However, ridership had "increased 30 percent since it began, and every new V rider, as lonely as he or she might be, relieves crowding on the E." The Straphangers Campaign and Queens Civic Congress organized protests in 2002 to request the V train be rerouted to the 63rd Street Tunnel.

The overcrowding on the E train was, in part, due to riders' propensity to board an express even in situations where it offers no real advantage in travel time over the local. Conductors were asked to make scripted announcements to urge riders to use the V, noting that they had a better chance of getting a seat on the train. By May 2002, ridership started picking up on the V, and crowding on the E was reduced from 115% of capacity during rush hours to 96%.

Kennedy sought out and interviewed some passengers who were not happy with the V's debut:

Last week, there were two express trains (the and the ) running along Queens Boulevard to 53rd Street and Lexington Avenue, the station where many people catch the Lexington line. Now, there is only one express (the ) and a local (the V) going to that popular station. And the other express (the ) detours to a less popular station, 63rd and Lexington, where you cannot transfer to the Lexington Avenue Line without walking outside for a few blocks.

So the questions being asked privately, and sometimes very publicly, in Queens stations yesterday were: Do I take a train not going where I'm going and — God forbid — transfer? Do I take a relatively uncrowded train that goes where I'm going but that gives me the scenic tour of subterranean Queens?

On January 23, 2005, a fire destroyed the signal room of Chambers Street on the IND Eighth Avenue Line. V service was temporarily extended to Euclid Avenue until service was restored on February 2.

Merger of V and M trains
In late 2009, the MTA confronted a financial crisis, and many of the same service cuts threatened just months earlier during a previous budget crisis were revisited. One of the proposals included completely phasing out service and using the V as its replacement. Under this proposal, the V would no longer serve its southern terminus at Lower East Side–Second Avenue. Instead, after leaving Broadway–Lafayette Street, it would take the Chrystie Street Connection to join the BMT Nassau Street Line, and stop at Essex Street in Manhattan before crossing the Williamsburg Bridge and serving all M stations to Middle Village-Metropolitan Avenue in Queens.

The MTA determined that this move, while still a service cut, would actually benefit M passengers, as approximately 17,000 of them traveled to its stations in Lower Manhattan, whereas 22,000 transferred to other lines to reach destinations in Midtown Manhattan. Additionally, this merger would open up new travel options for northern Brooklyn and Queens riders, in that it would allow direct and more convenient access to areas that were not served by those routes before such as Midtown Manhattan.

On March 19, 2010, it was decided that the V designation would be discontinued and the new service would retain the M's designation instead, which would now be designated with an orange symbol representing an IND Sixth Avenue Line train. Many MTA board members had opposed the elimination of the M designation, saying that passengers would be more comfortable with an M designation rather than a V designation, and because the M had been around longer than the V.

The V ceased operation on Friday, June 25, 2010, with the last train bound for Forest Hills–71st Avenue leaving Lower East Side–Second Avenue at 11:33 p.m. Official M service via the Chrystie Street Connection began on Monday, June 28, 2010.

From July 3, 2017, until April 27, 2018, reconstruction work on the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line resulted in a limited number of M trains operating between 71st Avenue in Queens and Second Avenue in Manhattan, during rush hours, replicating the V's original routing prior to its discontinuation.

Lines used
The following lines were used by the V from December 2001 to June 2010:

Stations
For a more detailed station listing, see the articles on the lines listed above.

title: V (New York City Subway service)


text:
User talk:Opopkilo

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

title: User talk:Opopkilo


text:
Vincent Candela

Vincent Philippe Antoine Candela (born 24 October 1973) is a French former professional footballer who played as a full-back; he is most well-known for his time playing for Italian club Roma. Candela earned 40 caps for the France national team and was part of the squads that won the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000.

Early life
Candela was born in Bédarieux, Hérault.

Club career
At club level, Candela played football in France with Toulouse (1992–95) and Guingamp (1995–97), before moving to Italian side AS Roma (1997–2005). He won one scudetto with Roma, as well as the Supercoppa Italiana, in 2001, also helping the club to the 2003 Coppa Italia Final. He later joined English side Bolton Wanderers (2005), before returning to Italy to play for Udinese (2005–2006), and Siena (2006–2007), as well as spending a spell on loan with Messina (2007). On 28 January 2007 he played his last Serie A match for Messina against Ascoli.

International career
For France, Candela was capped 40 times between 1996 and 2003, scoring two goals. His playing time was often limited by Bixente Lizarazu, but he did play in one match during France's 1998 FIFA World Cup triumph on home soil. During France's triumphant Euro 2000 campaign, Candela played two matches, both as a starter. He also played for France at the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, and at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Style of play
Candela was a quick, offensive-minded, and technically skilled left wingback, who was effective at joining the attack as well as being capable in defence, due to his intelligence and tenacity. Although he preferred playing on the left flank, he was naturally right-footed, and was also capable of playing on the right, both as a full-back, and as a winger, and was an accurate crosser and set-piece taker.

International goals

 * Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Candela goal.

Honours
Guingamp
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1996

Roma
 * Serie A: 2000–01
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2001

France
 * FIFA World Cup: 1998
 * UEFA European Championship: 2000

Individual
 * AS Roma Hall of Fame: 2014

Orders
 * Knight of the Legion of Honour: 1998

title: Vincent Candela


text:
David Allan Evans

David Allan Evans (born 1940 in Sioux City, Iowa) is an American poet. From 2002 to 2014, he was the poet laureate of the U.S. state of South Dakota.

Life
He attended college on a football scholarship and earned degrees from Morningside College, the University of Iowa, and the University of Arkansas with a M.F.A. in creative writing. Since 1968, Evans has taught at South Dakota State University where he is a Professor of English and a Writer-in-Residence. Evans has published five books of poetry.

Awards
He received two grants as a Fulbright Scholar to study in China, and was the first South Dakotan to receive a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1974.

title: David Allan Evans


text:
Talk:Andrew Card

Untitled
I clarified his earlier position from just Deputy Chief of Staff to Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy, according to http://www.americanpresident.org/action/orgchart/administration_units/officeofthechiefofstaff/deputychiefofstaffforpolicy/a_index.shtml Tooptoo 15:55, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

This article identifies Card as a politician, but the Politician article says: "In Western democracies, the term is generally restricted to those either holding or seeking elected office for themselves, rather than specialists employed by such people, such as members of the bureaucracy. Such a distinction is less clear in non-democratic forms of government." By that definition Card is not a politician, but I can't think of a better way to describe him at the moment.

In response to that, it should be noted that he has been democratically elected before, to other offices, such as the massachusetts house, thus he would still fall under that definition.--68.248.32.127 21:15, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Could someone add in some citation to that last point on Card potentially replacing Snow as Treasury Secretary? Jlove1982 05:41, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

I am removing this point about Card moving to Treasury. There is still no citation and I was unable to find anything about it on a google search or through looking in specific places were it might be mentioned. Benw 16:47, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Length of tenure
I hear that Card was the second longest serving Chief of Staff after Sherman Adams (Eisenhower). I will look this up when I have a chance and add it to this article and the CoS article. NoSeptember  talk  13:58, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * john steelman, sherman adams, then Andy card, according to the Chief Of Staffs page, meaning he is 3rd longest
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff 2600:6C50:59F0:A000:5DE3:EE71:39C3:C609 (talk) 05:47, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

Cleanup
The links are pervasive all throughout the article, must everything be linked? The article references the "Tsunami-Soybean Debate" which turns up NO result in google (aside from this wiki entry.) This seems like suspect flotsam. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.57.0.192 (talk) 06:34, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

There appears to be inconsistency in current situation. The article implies that he is currently employed as a dean of The Bush School of Government and Public Service, at Texas A&M University, which is in College Station, TX, and yet it also states that he currently lives in Holbrook, Massachusetts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Autolanding (talk • contribs) 06:24, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

faulty citation
The article says that "people most remember Card for" informing GWB about 9/11, but the citation given for this "fact" is a link to a transcript of "Face the Nation"... the transcript is about the John Roberts confirmation and doesn't even mention Card. What's it doing there?
 * No idea, but I changed it Penguin22 13:10, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Recently Revealed: Card's involvement in extorting a signature from Ashcroft regarding warrentless wire tapping---
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18719960/site/newsweek/

Yes, this needs to be added particularly in view of James Comey's high visibility right now. Comey entered John Ashcroft's hospital room to make sure the secret warrantless wiretapping was not made legal; Card was one of the George W. Bush administration officials who was trying to have it made legal. And I see Card just appeared on Meet the Press Daily to talk about the Trump administration/Russia investigation. 108.244.74.98 (talk) 01:59, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

Image deletion
Commons:Deletion requests/File:George W. Bush being told about second plane hitting WTC.png czar  06:40, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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John Ashcroft Episode
There needs to be a section in here about Andy Cards role in the Gonzalez Episode.

For historical purposes this needs to be in here?

It is a major omission from this profile.

Links back from Comey testimony under oath a decade ago.

title: Talk:Andrew Card


text:
Talk:Abe Vigoda

Alive
I've just reverted an anon IP who wrote that Abe Vigoda died today. Not so, at least according to the Orlando Sentinel today. --Tenebrae (talk) 21:28, 24 February 2015 (UTC)

Dead
ABC and other major media are reporting that Vigoda has now died, for real. 68.146.52.234 (talk) 19:55, 26 January 2016 (UTC)
 * It's known, thank you.  Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 20:52, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

Descent
If he pronounced his name as /vᵻˈɡoʊdə/, like pl:wygoda, not /ˈvᵻɡodə/, maybe his parents were actually Polish Jews? The boundaries of Russia didn't used to be what they're now. What do the sources say about their towns of birth? 195.187.108.4 (talk) 14:44, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

survived by
survived by is a present tense phrase, Vigoda's family is still living, therefore Vigoda's family has survived past, longer than Abe. Saying otherwise is a BLP violation to the surviving family. Mlpearc ( open channel ) 19:11, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Please see en.wiktionary.org/wiki/be_survived_by  Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 19:18, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

I recognize your edit to be in good faith but, sorry, you're wrong on this one. The article is not about the family, it is about Abe Vigoda. Once a person dies, references must be in the past tense. Obituaries are written at approximately the time of death and use the present tense to describe the survivors, but a WP article is encyclopedic and must use the past. The subject of the sentence is the personal pronoun 'He', referring to Abe Vigoda and the object is the family (object of the preposition 'by'). Therefore the past tense is correct: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies#Tense

WP:MOS - "Biographies of living persons should generally be written in the present tense, and biographies of deceased persons in the past tense. When making the change upon the death of a subject, the entire article should be reviewed for consistency. If a person is living but has retired, use "is a former" or "is a retired" rather than the past tense "was".

Correct – John Smith (1946–2003) was a baseball pitcher ... Correct – John Smith (born 1946) is a former baseball pitcher ... Incorrect – John Smith (born 1946) was a baseball pitcher ... Historical events should be written in the past tense in all biographies(.)" [emphasis added]

Please conform your edits to WP:MOS.

American In Brazil (talk) 19:26, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I disagree with your interpataion of Manual_of_Style/Biographies.  Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 19:37, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

The family 'is' but Abe 'was'. This is no longer the biography of a living person (unless you know something the rest of us don't). The article is a biography of a deceased person. This sentence from WP:MOS is not subject to interpretation: Historical events should be written in the past tense in all biographies(.) American In Brazil (talk) 19:43, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * This leaves no mis-interpretation en.wiktionary.org/wiki/be_survived_by  Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 19:49, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

Your cite is from Wiktionary, not WP:MOS. As I stated above, the present tense is correct in obituaries which are written at the approximate time of death, but not in an historical biography of a deceased person, which is what a WP article on Abe Vigoda now is. American In Brazil (talk) 19:59, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Please see Dispute_resolution_noticeboard  Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 20:18, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

Please come to Brazil and join the English language class I teach to Portuguese speakers. Now it is time for me to turn my attention to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which explains why time only moves forward. American In Brazil (talk) 20:52, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

Vigoda is dead, but his family members-in-question, are collectively still living. Therefore, Vigoda is survived by his family. GoodDay (talk) 20:54, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

He 'is' at the time of death, but historically he 'was'. American In Brazil (talk) 20:58, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * We shall have to agree to disagree. His family hasn't been wiped out, since his death. Therefore, he is survived by them. GoodDay (talk) 21:01, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

No, "he's dead and there ain't nothin' gonna bring him back." (quote from "The Godfather") I have referenced WP:MOS on the Dispute Resolution Notice Board. As I stated above, the subject of the sentence is Abe - and this time he's really dead. American In Brazil (talk) 21:09, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Stick with time :P   Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 21:35, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

"I am human, and I do make mistakes." --Mlpearc: User Talk Page. And also to GoodDay - I know this is a good faith edit and I appreciate your efforts to improve WP. It is a common error to confuse the subject of a sentence with the object. (I once had a student in the English class that I teach to Brazilians say, "Him saw I.") The common English usage in an obituary is to use the present tense because the subject has recently died. But in a biography of a deceased person, which is what this WP article now is, proper usage is the past tense, in accordance with WP:MOS - Historical events should be written in the past tense in all biographies(.) -American In Brazil (talk) 21:39, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I recommend you both take this case to the MOS page-in-question & see what the response is there. GoodDay (talk) 21:45, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Been there, done that  Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 21:49, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

The quote above in italics is from MOS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies#Tense MOS should be the final arbiter. -American In Brazil (talk) 21:51, 5 February 2016 (UTC)
 * There's nothing there, which covers this situation. GoodDay (talk) 21:56, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

Actually, there is. Mr. Vigoda's death is an historical event. And this time he really died. American In Brazil (talk) 22:01, 5 February 2016 (UTC)

Does this work for everybody? Or anybody? InedibleHulk (talk) 09:09, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Maybe a RfC is needed, we don't need "Will this work ?" We need to figure out the correct way to phrase this.  Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 16:16, 9 February 2016 (UTC)
 * We've already figured out both sides think their way is correct. An RfC will just (slowly) determine which side is bigger. I like my way, because it (quickly) kills the whole issue. Mention what family he had/has/will have had, and by not mentioning their deaths, I don't see how anyone but the fringest minoritity could reasonably assume they didn't/don't survive him. Readers get the same info, and no editor has to lose the argument. If you do decide to call an RfC, this counts as my "vote". InedibleHulk (talk) 17:06, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

Website
How can this not be Abe Vigoda's real website? http://www.abevigoda.com/ --70.162.223.119 (talk) 07:11, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

 * How can it be his? Would he or his family actually pay for something like that? Anna Frodesiak (talk) 07:16, 26 February 2016 (UTC)

Vigoda's funeral was held...
Is this even notable ? I can see "interned at", "Resting place" and "He died on (date)" but, this just seems trivial and not needed. Mlpearc ( open channel ) 19:31, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Hispanic or Sephardic
In an anonymous edit by User:67.214.0.209 the page was edited to add unsourced claims of Vigoda being "Hispanic" and "Sephardic", seemingly in conflict with his known Russian Jewish ancestry. Someone else removed "Hispanic" and I removed "Sephardic" as neither claim has sources or appear to be true. If adding these back, please cite a source. -- Jlick (talk) 01:24, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

Why is "Joe Vs. the Volcano" not listed? He was in it. 2607:FB91:889:584D:E8B7:1D36:5207:FBFD (talk) 20:49, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Missing Movie: Joe Versus the Volcano
Missing his role as the island chief in 1990 movie "Joe Versus the Volcano" See the Wikipedia article on Joe Versus the Volcano 2600:1010:B15A:FEC0:C039:90:B078:5B84 (talk) 04:08, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abe Vigoda


text:
Telescopefish

Telescopefish are small, deep-sea aulopiform fish comprising the small family Giganturidae. The two known species are within the genus Gigantura. Though rarely captured, they are found in cold, deep tropical to subtropical waters worldwide.

The common name of these fish is related to their bizarre, tubular eyes. The genus name Gigantura refers to the Gigantes, a race of giants in Greek mythology—coupled with the suffix oura, meaning 'tail', thus Gigantura refers to the greatly elongated, ribbon-like lower half of the tailfin that may comprise over half of the total body length.

Species
The currently recognized species in this genus are:
 * Gigantura chuni A. B. Brauer, 1901 (gigantura)
 * Gigantura indica A. B. Brauer, 1901 (telescopefish)

Description
The Giganturidae are slender, slightly tapered fish with large heads dominated by large, forward-pointing, telescoping eyes with large lenses. Their heads end in short, pointed snouts. The highly extensile mouth is lined with sharp, slightly recurved and depressible teeth and it extends well past the eyes. The body lacks scales, but is covered in easily abraded, silvery guanine, which imparts a greenish to purplish iridescence in life. The gas bladder is absent and the stomach is highly distensible.

The transparent fins are spineless; the deeply forked and hypocercal caudal fin is most striking, with the lower lobe extended to a length exceeding that of the body. The pectoral fins are large (about 30–42 rays), situated above the gill opening, and inserted horizontally. The anal fin (about 8–14 rays) and single dorsal fin (about 16–19 rays) are both situated far back of the head. The pelvic fins and adipose fin are absent.

Also absent are the premaxilla, orbitosphenoid, parietal, symplectic, posttemporal, and supratemporal bones, the gill rakers, and the branchiostegal rays. The loss of these structures is attributed to neoteny; that is, the retention of larval characteristics.

Gigantura indica is the larger of the two species at about 20.3 cm standard length (a measurement excluding the caudal fin). However, Gigantura chuni (at about 15.6 cm standard length) is slightly more robust in build. Both species within the genus have been recently observed in Australian waters and have a very similar species distribution.

Life history
Telescopefish are presumed to be solitary, active predators, frequenting the mesopelagic to bathypelagic zones of the water column, from 500 to 3,000 m. By using their tubular, large-lensed eyes—which are adapted for optimal binocular light collection, at the expense of lateral vision—telescopefish are likely able to spy their prey's weak bioluminescence from a distance, as well as (by looking skyward) resolve the outlined silhouettes of prey against the gloom above. Their eyes may also help telescopefish to better judge distance of prey; these visual adaptations are typical of deep-sea fish (barrel-eye, tube-eye). Common prey include bristlemouths, lanternfish, and barbeled dragonfish. Owing to the telescopefishes' highly extensile jaws and distensible stomachs, they are able to swallow prey larger than themselves; this is also a common adaptation to life in the lean depths (sabertooth fish, black seadevil).

Telescopefish participate in the diel vertical migration in which mesopelagic fish migrate to the surface at night to feed before returning to the depths to shelter during the day.

Much less is known of their reproductive habits. They are presumed to be nonguarding pelagic spawners, releasing eggs and sperm indiscriminately into the water. The fertilized eggs are buoyant and become incorporated into the zooplankton, wherein they and the larvae remain—likely at much shallower depths than the adults—until metamorphosis into juvenile or adult form.

title: Telescopefish


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Antepartum bleeding

Antepartum bleeding, also known as antepartum haemorrhage (APH) or prepartum hemorrhage, is genital bleeding during pregnancy after the 28th week of pregnancy up to delivery.

It can be associated with reduced fetal birth weight. Use of aspirin before 16 weeks of pregnancy to prevent pre-eclampsia also appears effective at preventing antepartum bleeding.

In regard to treatment, it should be considered a medical emergency (regardless of whether there is pain), as if it is left untreated it can lead to death of the mother or baby.

Classification
The total amount of blood loss and signs of circulatory shock due to blood determine the severity of the antepartum haemorrhaging. There are 4 degrees of antepartum haemorrhaging:

Placenta praevia
Placenta praevia refers to when the placenta of a growing foetus is attached abnormally low within the uterus. Intermittent antepartum haemorrhaging occurs in 72% of women living with placenta praevia. The severity of a patient's placenta praevia depends on the location of placental attachment;

Types 1 and 2 are classified as minor placental praevia as these typically result in minor antepartum haemorrhaging. Types 3 and 4 are referred to as major placental praevia due to the risk of heavy haemorrhaging in the case of a rupture due to the location of placental attachment. During the third trimester of pregnancy, thinning of the lower uterine segment or contractions caused by cervical dilation can increase the amount of stress placed on the placental attachment to the uterine wall. In patients with placenta praevia, these stresses can cause detachment of the placenta from the uterine wall causing haemorrhaging. To prevent further haemorrhaging patients with major placental praevia are recommended to have a caesarean delivery.

Abnormal placentation
During pregnancy the layer of endometrium that attaches directly to developing blastocyst becomes the maternal portion of the placenta, also known as the decidua basalis. In the absence of a decidua basalis, trophoblast cells on the developing blastocyst form an abnormally deep attachment to the uterine wall, this is known as abnormal placentation. Abnormal placentation can categorised into 3 types, depending on the depth of infiltration of the chorionic villi into the uterine wall:

In placenta percreta, the chorionic villi have grow entirely through the myometrium and invade into the perimetrium. Placenta percreta results in the most intense haemorrhaging that can be expected caused by abnormal placentation. In the event of placental detachment from the uterine wall, the depth of chorionic villi attachment dictates the amount of haemorrhaging that can be expected. The chance of abnormal placentation increases in subsequent pregnancies, if there is scar tissue present from previous pregnancies. For example, previously undergoing a caesarean or placenta previa increases the likelihood of abnormal placentation, therefore increasing the chances of antepartum haemorrhaging.

Placental abruption
Placental abruption occurs when the placenta detaches from the endometrium. Detachment causes antepartum haemorrhaging at the location of abruption. Depending on the site of detachment, haemorrhaging may or may not be apparent. If abruption occurs behind the placenta where blood cannot escape through the cervix, blood will pool and form a retroplacental clot. Only when the site of detachment occurs on the side facing the cervical opening can the total amount of haemorrhaging be measured by vaginal bleeding. Using vaginal bleeding as a measurement of the severity of the placental abruption is therefore ineffective. The scale of haemorrhaging depends on the degree to which the placenta has separated from the uterine wall. In the case of partial placental separation, haemorrhaging can be minor. However, in the case of total placental separation haemorrhaging will be major and emergency delivery will typically be the course of action. Placental abruption causes blood loss from the mother and loss of oxygen and nutrients to the placenta occasionally leading to preterm labour. Other causes of placental abruption can be abdominal trauma or sudden decompression of amniotic fluid, however it is not uncommon for the cause of placental abruption to be unknown.

Vasa praevia
Vasa praevia is the presence of unprotected foetal blood vessels running along the placenta and over the internal cervical opening. Vasa praevia is a very rare, presenting only 4:10,000 cases from the largest study of the condition. Risks of antepartum bleeding due to vasa praevia greatly increase during the third trimester of pregnancy during cervical dilation or placenta praevia. Vessel rupture is very likely in the event of a membranous rupture as foetal blood vessels aren't protected by the umbilical cord of the placenta. In the event of foetal vessel rupture, antepartum haemorrhaging occurs however blood is lost from the foetal blood supply. If the foetus is developed enough caesarean sections are often recommended.

Abnormal placental shape

 * Circumvallate placenta

A circumvallate placenta refers to when the foetal membrane wraps twice around, over the foetal side around the edge of the placenta. This is to compensate for an undersized chorionic plate resulting in a decreased nutritional supply to the foetus. Thickening of the placental edge due to a circumvallate placenta can lead to placental abruption, causing antepartum haemorrhaging.

 * Bilobed Placenta

A bilobed placenta has a cleavage in the middle dividing it into two lobes with membranous vessels branching in between. The exposed connecting membranous vessels present risk of rupturing due to limited protection from thrombosis and trauma. Bilobing of the placenta can be caused by placental implantation occurring over areas of uterine fibroid scarring, previous surgery, decreased blood supply or implantation occurring over the internal cervical orifice. Chances of vasa previa and placental abruption increase in the presence of a bilobed placenta due to decreased surface area for attachment to the uterine wall and the exposure of membranous vessels.

 * Multilobed or Succenturiate Placenta

When a placenta has multiple lobes which are distal and not of equal size this is referred to as a succenturiate placenta. Distal lobes are connected by a placental artery and vein extending from the main placenta, which tends to be centrally located and is the largest in mass. At the time of contraction or delivery the connecting placental arteries and veins may rupture resulting in significant haemorrhaging. Incidences of vasa previa and haemorrhaging in the presence of a succenturiate placenta are highly increased.

 * Fetal blood (can be distinguished with Apt test)

Minor causes
Cervical ectropion

There are 2 types of epithelial cells present within the cervical canal. In the endocervix the epithelia is columnar glandular which transitions into stratified squamous towards the ectocervix and external cervical orifice. During cervical ectropion the epithelial transitional zone (also called the squamo-columnar junction) migrates from the endocervical canal towards the ectocervix exposing some columnar glandular cells on the external cervical orifice. Unlike stratified squamous epithelial cells, glandular cells are columnar and not used to external stresses such as abrasion. The translocation of these cells causes bleeding and mucus secretion. Cervical ectropion can be attributed to rises in oestrogen levels during foetal development. Antepartum haemorrhage caused by cervical ectropion can be expected and is typically harmless.

Vaginal infection

The presence of severe vaginal infections at the time of pregnancy may cause minor antepartum haemorrhaging. For example, the presence of chlamydia, thrush, cervicitis or other infections are all irritants to the vaginal and cervical lining, causing bleeding from those surfaces where the infection is severe.

Cervical canal and distal genital tract

Most cases of Antepartum haemorrhaging originate from within the cervical canal or vagina. The amount of bleeding in these areas are typically limited to spotting or minor antepartum haemorrhaging. Cervical ectropion, dysplasia, polyps or cervical carcinoma may cause lesions in the cervix leading to minor haemorrhaging or spotting. Abrasion or slight trauma caused by intercourse, clinical examinations and pap smear may also cause spotting from the cervix. Vaginal bleeding from atrophy, vaginitis, and ulcers also attribute to minor haemorrhaging. Similarly, varicosities, tumours or inflammation in the vulva can cause minor antepartum haemorrhaging. Non genital tract bleeding caused by haematuria or haemorrhoids can often be mistaken for antepartum haemorrhaging and are typically harmless.

Endometriosis

Estimates of the frequency of endometriosis in women range between 6-15% across several sources. In a 30-year reproductive and pregnancy outcome study of 14,000+ women, those with endometriosis had a significantly increased risk of antepartum haemorrhage during pregnancy.

Differential diagnosis

 * GI bleed - haemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease

title: Antepartum bleeding


text:
The Winter Album (NSYNC album)

The Winter Album is the first compilation album by American boy band NSYNC. It was released in Germany on November 16, 1998.

Background
Following the release of the group's eponymous debut album, *NSYNC, in Germany in March 1997, NSYNC had mostly focused their attention on the British and American markets, releasing updated versions of the album in both territories in summer 1998, and preparing to release a seasonal album, Home for Christmas, in America for Christmas 1998. No material had been released in Germany since "Together Again", which was released on November 3, 1997. None of the tracks recorded for the British or American versions of their debut album had been released there, nor was any of the material recorded for Home for Christmas planned for release in Germany. So, the band decided that it was only fair that this material would be released there, as it was their support that kick-started their career and landed them a record deal with RCA Records. They took the five tracks recorded exclusively for the British and American editions of their debut album, and seven tracks from Home for Christmas, and packaged them together with a short interlude, "Family Affair", to create The Winter Album, made exclusively for release in Germany. The album was preceded by the lead single, "U Drive Me Crazy", which was released on September 29, 1998. The album was then released on November 17, and two weeks later, a second single, "Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays", was released to promote the album. The third and final single, "Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)", was released on February 22, 1999.

Track listing
Most of the lead vocals are provided by Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez.
 * "Everything I Own" has lead vocals provided by Chris Kirkpatrick, Joey Fatone, and Lance Bass.

title: The Winter Album (NSYNC album)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/CheeseDreams 2

What about blocking all established sockpuppets right away, leaving only one account for the pessibility to defend their case? Mikkalai 20:10, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I too am curious as to why there seems to be no temporary injunctions as of yet... --Dante Alighieri | Talk 19:33, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Impersonations of CheeseDreams
Due to the fact that CheeseDreams has given her password to the general public and now no longer has access to her accounts, it appears that she is popping up as an anonymous user. Or she might not be. The problem here is that I can't be sure that it's not someone impersonating her and just causing her general trouble. I would like propose that anyone who purports to be CheeseDreams have their material removed from Wikipedia unless it comes from CheeseDreams' approved account. I think this is only fair for those reading and responding to that person who claims to be CheeseDreams and for CheeseDreams herself (as she is possibly being impersonated). Also, I note that she is under a temp injunction at the moment. She shouldn't be posting, however this is more of a general query about what we do when the injunction/bans finish. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:04, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Look, I'm generally sympathetic to CD, and yes there have been problems with people impersonating her (see e.g. this edit, but in this case I am unmoved. Had she not taken to editing from scads of accounts with slightly different names (and from anons, while blocked/banned), and then given away the password to her main account, she wouldn't be in this particular soup. Noel (talk) 16:04, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'd like to see CD's accounts merged.
To make it all easier for her and you all to check her edits, please combine them into her main account. Borderer 19:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This would need developer action, and I'm personally against it. It gives us a clearer view of what went on to see the accounts as they were, with the contributions correctly assigned to each account. -- sannse (talk) 22:18, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'd recommend to ask her first. Borderer 00:52, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * She wants it done, but as Sannse said, it's not up to her. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:42, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Is it not in everybody's good interest? Borderer 01:50, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Please reread Sannse's comments above. Thanks. - Ta bu shi da yu 02:00, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Ua Pou

Ua Pou (Ua Pou, North Marquesan: ’uapou) is the third largest of the Marquesas Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean.

Pre-European history
Ua Pou is the only major island that was unified under a single monarch prior to the arrival of European explorers.

Prior to the island's unification, reportedly about 1585, there is evidence that the tribes of Ua Pou were sometimes united in war with the tribes of Te I'i on Nuku Hiva against those of Tai Pi Vai. Despite the fact that tribes from both the eastern and western halves of Ua Pou were often united in war against each other, however, it appears that such differences among them were not considered when members of tribes from either side of the island sought refuge among the tribes of Te I'i on Nuku Hiva. The early Polynesian settlers of Ua Pou lived under rock overhangs, as excavations from 1982 onwards at the Anapua rock shelter, not far from the village of Hakatao in the south of the island, have shown. Their main diet was fish.

In the following centuries, independent tribal principalities arose in the valley incisions, still recognizable today by the location of the villages. At first, only coastal regions with access to the important food source, the sea, were settled; with increasing population density, settlements grew in the valleys. Little research has been done on the tribal society of Ua Pous; the German ethnologist Karl von den Steinen did pioneering work there in 1897/98.

Important tribal principalities were located in the Hakamoui and Paumea valleys, whose architectural legacies are still visible today. The islanders built their houses and ritual structures on stone platforms (paepae) up to 3 m high. The actual houses were made of perishable materials and had a steep gabled roof made of palm fronds, the back panel of which reached the ground. The façade was open and the roof was supported by profusely decorated and beautifully carved poles.

Exploration and Colonization
In 1791, American Joseph Ingraham passed through the northwest group of the Marquesas on his way to China, but without setting foot there. He gave the island of Ua Pou, visible in the distance, the name "Adam" or "Adams Island" after Vice President John Adams.

It was also formerly known as Trevenen Island. The name Ua Pou means "two pillars" and perfectly reflects its orography. It has also been written as Ua Pu, Hua Pu and Ropo.

It is considered that the real European explorer was the French circumnavigator Étienne Marchand (1755-1793), who arrived shortly after, on June 20, 1791, anchored with his ship Solide first in Vaiehu Bay, on the west coast, and then off Hakahau. He remained off the island for a total of three days, but contacts with the inhabitants during the brief excursions ashore were limited. Marchand named the island "Île Marchand," after his own surname.

The arrival of the U.S. whaling ship Tuscan from Nantucket on March 4, 1835, was a prelude to other encounters with whalers, adventurers, and shady traders in the following years, who brought firearms and alcohol to the tribes.

The year of Ua Pou's final submission to French rule is considered to be 1880, when Rear Admiral Abel Bergasse Dupetit-Thouars (adopted son of Abel Aubert Du Petit-Thouars), forcibly removed the last resistance. The Marquesas then became a French colony.

Geography
It is located about 50 km (30 mi.) south of Nuku Hiva, in the northern Marquesas. The center of the island is characterized by four high basalt pillars that reach high above the surrounding mountains. The highest of these pillars, Mount Oave (Mont Oave), reaches to 1,230 m above sea level and is the highest elevation in the Marquesas.

The island covers an area of 105.6 km2, and is located just northwest of the small island of Motu Oa. The largest settlement is Hakahau, on Hakahau Bay, on the northeast coast.

Demographics
With 2200 inhabitants in the 2002 census, and 2,168 at the 2022 census, it is the most densely populated island of the archipelago. The main village is Hakahau located in the northwest of the island with the main port and close to the airport. The population is known for the innate artistic qualities of artisans, sculptors and tattoo artists, as well as traditional singers and dancers. The Matava'a festival is held periodically and is an important center of Marquesan culture.

Geology
Geologically, Ua Pou is part of the Marquesas linear volcanic chain, which formed from a hot spot on the Pacific Plate and is moving WNW at a rate of 103–118 mm per year. The island's igneous rocks are between 2.54 and 4.86 million years old.

Climate
Ua Pou is located in the Earth's tropical belt. The climate varies from hot and humid in the coastal areas to cool and humid in the mountainous regions, with frequent and abundant rainfall.

Flora
The flora of Ua Pou is relatively poor in species compared to the other large islands of the Marquesas (Nuku Hiva and Hiva Oa). Only 90 native species - 2 of them endemic - and 71 exotic species have been recorded. However, this may be related to the insufficient number of specimens collected so far; the steep and inaccessible peaks have prevented any systematic botanical study for the time being.

The formation of the flora is strongly influenced by the trade winds, which contribute to lower temperatures and provide abundant rainfall. The coastal zones of the incised valleys have exuberant vegetation up to medium altitudes, although centuries of human settlement and intensive cultivation have considerably reduced the number of native plants, giving preponderance to anthropochorous plants.

In the intermediate regions, arid or semi-arid native plant communities predominate. In the high summits, low-growing shrubs predominate, mostly metrosideros. In the north, shaded from the wind and rain of the mountains, there are larger arid zones.

Fauna
The fauna of the Marquesas Islands is species-poor and is limited to land and sea birds, insects, butterflies and spiders. The island is named after a genus of canopy spider (Linyphiidae) that is endemic to Ua Pou. There are no animals that are dangerous to humans. Nono flies, a type of black fly, which appear in the interior, are usually extremely unpleasant. In a bay separated from Hakahau by a peninsula (Anahoa Beach), green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) lay their eggs. Unfortunately, this area is not yet protected, it is the most attractive bathing beach on the island.

Administration
Administratively Ua Pou forms the commune (municipality) of Ua-Pou, part of the administrative subdivision of the Marquesas Islands. This commune consists solely of the island of Ua Pou and its offshore rocks. Ua-Pou consists of the following associated communes:
 * Hakahau
 * Hakamaii

The administrative center of the commune is the settlement of Hakahau, located within the associated commune of Hakahau, on the north-eastern shore of the island.

Infrastructure
In the main village of Hakahau there is a medical center, a national Gendarmerie station, the port authority, some small stores, a bank, a post office (with satellite telephone), some private pensions, restaurants, a Catholic and a Protestant church, a school with preschool (école maternelle et primaire) and a secondary school (collège).

The villages are connected by roads that are only partially paved. Some settlements can only be reached by boat (since 2001).

In the north of the island, between the villages of Hakahau and Hakahetau, there is an 830 m long paved airstrip (IATA airport code: UAP) in a narrow valley. The airfield is considered difficult because the runway starts right at the edge of the sea, ends in front of a mountain and has a considerable slope. Ua Pou is served by Air Tahiti shuttle planes (via Atuona on the island of Hiva Oa). The airfield is connected to the town of Hakahau by a steep and winding 10 km road.

Hakahau Bay has a harbor protected by a breakwater, which also allows smaller cruise ships to call.

Economy
The inhabitants live mainly from subsistence agriculture. The main foods are still fish and other marine animals, as well as yams, taro, breadfruit, coconuts, bananas and other tropical and subtropical fruits.

Although there are some private guesthouses with modest amenities, tourism plays only a minor role from an economic point of view.

Tourism
In Hakahau there is a small museum with a collection of art and objects of worship of the island. Next to it, a traditional Marquesan dwelling (tenai paepae) has been reconstructed on a habitable platform. In several valleys are the remains of Polynesian aboriginal settlements, recognizable by their densely covered paepae (house platforms). Little has been discovered or restored. The settlement of Chief Heato and his clan, revered as divine, is in the Hakamoui valley, covered with coconut and fan palms, mango chestnut trees, pandanus and huge banyan trees. The widely branched complex covers the entire valley, although the residential and ceremonial platforms hidden in the dense undergrowth are not easy to spot. Associated buildings made of short-lived materials are long gone. Karl von den Steinen believed he had identified the ceremonial platform (marae) where Chief Heato was buried. He photographed the skeletal remains of his grandson Teiki Teiuao, which had been deposited on the stone pedestal in a celestial (temporary) burial.

An excellent example of the island's highly developed stonework is an expressive tiki head made of light-colored Ke'etu tufa stone on the façade of a residential platform in the "Young Women's Plaza" (mata'aute'a). Another place worth seeing is the Paaumea Valley in the west of the island. Interesting, but not easy to identify in the dense vegetation, are the remains of a, a kind of political and ritual center with chief's residence, meeting place and house (ha'e ko'o'ua or elders' house), warriors' house (ha'e toa), tattoo house (ha'e patu tiki) and cooking place (ha'e kuki). In Ua Pou you can find or buy so-called "flower stones.” These are rare trachyte stones with decorative inclusions that look like flowers.

Ua Pou is known for its excellent wood carvers. In Hakahau, there are several talented artists whose works can be purchased. Since the first Marquesas Art Festival was held on Ua Pou in 1987, it has become a regular activity, held every year in different locations.

Religion
At present, the majority of the population professes Christianity as a result of the activity of both Catholic and Protestant missionaries.

The French Catholic mission in the Marquesas from 1838 to 1839 under the auspices of Admiral Abel Aubert Dupetit-Thouars did not initially have any consequences for Ua Pou. In the Hakamoui valley lived the chief Heato (atua heato = God Heato), a follower of the ancient religion with human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism, who was revered as divine.

He fiercely resisted European occupiers and missionaries. He was said to have a preference for untattooed human flesh, a rumor that made a longer stay seem less desirable to Europeans. It was only after Heato's death in 1846 that the French missionaries were able to gain a foothold. Hakahetau has the first stone church in the Marquesas, built in 1859. It is dedicated to St. Joseph. Heato's daughter and successor, Teiki Teiuao, managed to unite all the tribes of the island under her hegemony in 1860 with the help of European firearms. However, a smallpox epidemic almost completely depopulated the island and put an end to her imperial aspirations.

Hakahau's most notable building is the Eglise Saint Étienne, built in 1981 and dedicated to St. Stephen. The modern church is built in the traditional Polynesian style. The interior decoration shows the high level of the art of carving in the Marquesas. The unusual boat-shaped pulpit is carved from the stump of a huge tropical tree rooted in the ground.

title: Ua Pou