text:
Talk:Recife

Untitled
Hi, I think there're to much neighborhoods in the Main Neighborhoods section, may be would be a good thing to check it out if all neighborhoods are important, by fact, I think each one have an importance, but I believe that one may have more importance than others... ah, other thing, what about put the images in the Wikicommons and link it here? It would be greater, and we could indeed put stuff like videos, music and others... and be careful about the licensing, of course. --Henriquevicente 21:06, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)Henriquevicente

Picture of Fireworks in Saint John's Festival
The picture captioned "Fireworks in Saint John's Festival" is wrong and is that of the Indian festival Diwali/Deepavali... I saw it in the article about Diwali/Deepavali... You can just rename it "Deepavali Celebrations in Brazil"... Are there Indians (the ones from India) in Brazil by the way? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.14.57.235 (talk) 14:19, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Crime Statistics
The crime statistics added to this page make substantial claims concerning the level of violence in Recife. This claim must be supported by a citation to a reputable source. It would greatly add to the value of the article if such a citation is added. Bpiereck 00:57, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

While Recife is a violent city, it is not "known nation-wide for being the most dangerous major city in the country". While it does have very high rates for certain crimes, it does not enjoy the title of crime capital of Brazil as it is currently claimed. Mario brazil 10:36, 12 April 2007 (EST)
 * It is known nationwide as the second most violent capital. Vitória is the first. Frontier towns in Mato Grosso, Pará and Acre are top of the list for all cities. Macgreco 15:08, 5 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Folha de São Paulo. Macgreco 15:12, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

I like excellent people, like handsome Clovis. Kisses to your Brazilian Military from the Madonna of the Lady of the Americas. Lily Susan of the United States of America.

The crime statistics section is poorly written and has severe grammatical errors. "Racism is an unbailable crime" is a phrase used that is nonsensical, nor is it specific to Recife. The rates of whites and blacks who "died in the city" is stated so the reader makes the assumption that those are murder statistics. Mal7798 (talk) 11:46, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

A link to |pebodycount might be useful (it shows statistics for the entire state, but it is possible to search by city).189.81.153.222 (talk) 13:45, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

The long digression on sexual offences against children is not really meaningful, since it is not at all specific to Recife.--134.60.67.134 (talk) 10:24, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

A friend of mine went there on a vacation...don't let the nice pics in this article fool you. He's been all over the world and he said this place was so scary he and his wife went home on the third day because they were afraid to leave the hotel. Look at google earth street view before going to this place and make your own judgement. It makes Colombia look like Utah. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.158.56.56 (talk) 04:28, 11 April 2013 (UTC)

Sugar Cane in Pernambuco
Why is there a section on sugar cane on the "Recife" article? Recife itself doesn't have any sugar cane fields, for one there's no place (it would be worth noting somewhere that it is one of the smallest municipalities, in area, in Brazil). And as the section title says that should be in the "Pernambuco" article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Notconnectedtome (talk • contribs) 14:47, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Parts of the article seem touristic propaganda!
Please, someone with good knowledge of the city of Recife should change this initial part of the article to make it look like a real encyclopedic entry:

"Recife promises four days of a lot of excitement on several stages specially built around the city, to attract partygoers of all tastes and tendencies. The Carnival lovers who stay in Recife for the party will get to know all the rhythms of Pernambuco: “mangue beat”, string orchestras, “coco de roda”, “frevo” and “maracatu” – among them the Maracatu Nação Pernambuco, the Estrela Brilhante, and the Maracatu Rural Leão Pernambuco. Besides the central stage in Downtown Recife, there are other areas of popular concentration all over the Metropolitan Region where anybody can have fun in the most democratic festivity of the world."

This definitely looks like a touristic propaganda, with hyperbolis, unverified claims, etc. It can't be accepted in an encyclopedia like Wikipedia. It would be much better if this section just mentioned that Recife is nationally famous for its traditional Carnival, which is very varied in forms and traditions, and that it is a very diversified cities in Brazil as for musical styles. Simple as that, without propaganda, please. 201.9.229.81 (talk) 22:23, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Gone! --Geniac (talk) 22:48, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Are that many links needed?
In some sections of the article, the most mundane terms (like "time" or "girl") are linked to their respective Wikipedia pages. Is that really necessary? -- 92.230.18.131 (talk) 22:00, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. I have taken the liberty to start removing some of the links as part of a general cleanup of the article.

189.81.153.222 (talk) 12:44, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Um what?
The page says "a large supply of laboror peanut butter and significant private investments turned Recife into Brazil's second largest medical center, ...." That has got to be a Google-translate-ism, but I have no clue how to correct it. -- Charlie (Colorado) (talk) 15:24, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Porto Digital
Hi,

When I click the link "Porto Digital" (in the section "Information technology industry"), I am redirected to the article "Recife Antigo"...

I think this is an error :)

Can you correct that?

All the best.

Hatchikim (talk) 16:10, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Otto
Oi,

In the "Notable people" section, the internal link "Otto" points to "a kind of" disambiguation page...

Can you precise which Otto is the good one?

Thanks,

Hatchikim (talk) 21:52, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Misleading use of Human Development Index
I deleted this section, to compare the Index between countries and neighbourhoods is a misrespresentation of what the HDI is for. secondly, it implies that eg a neighbourhood is better than a whole country etc. this is POV. LibStar (talk) 08:51, 29 September 2011 (UTC)

References Tag
The article has an "additional citations needed" tag, but surely 66 references is enough? I would remove it myself but I don't know if an admin has to check if first or anything. Drawley (talk) 18:37, 23 November 2011 (UTC)
 * an admin does not need to check but the tag is acceptable. There are still are many uncited statements. Every fact (unless so obvious) must be cited. Having 66 or 200 references is irrelevant. LibStar (talk) 08:17, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

History of Recife
I've read through the whole (long, maybe too long) History section, and can't answer the most elementary questions: 1) what year was the city founded? (the sidebar says March 12, 1537, the day Olinda's charter was granted, but not necessarily the day Recife was founded) 2) where, exactly was it founded (Recife metropolitan area encloses it, but Recife is huge, the hamlet was small); 3) what was the purpose of its founding (no, it was not as a port for Olinda - it was founded before exports from Olinda were important); 4) who founded it (I know it was the Portuguese - which man? 5) where did the name Recife come from?

Some of these questions have definite answers, and others may not. Editors might start by obtaining and reading (translating as necessary) the charter 'TRASLADO DO FORAL DE OLINDA - CARTA DE DOAÇÃO DE 12 DE MARÇO DE 1537'. Sbalfour (talk) 02:10, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

History section copyvio and unreliable sources
The entire History section consists of cut-and-pasted text from the web. I'd say some of it is flagrant copyvio. Some parts may qualify as "fair use" quoting, but cut-and-paste operations into wikipedia are dubious. Several "sources" are travel websites, one is an airline ticketing website. The whole section is one way or another, "Joe Blow's Website says...". I can't identify any of the sources as published material, either peer reviewed or with editorial oversight. There are veracity issues in addition to copyvio. Even if some parts are true, where did they come from? This section needs a rewrite.Sbalfour (talk) 04:41, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

I've removed the portions (most, in fact) of the History section, which were direct cut-and-paste copyright violations, and the dubious website references supporting it, from which the text came (unfortunately, we're not allowed to cut-and-paste even from dubious websites). The little that remains hardly makes sense, but at least it wasn't copied.Sbalfour (talk) 15:55, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

Timeline of Recife
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content. Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 15:15, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Recife. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080724184616/http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/2007/07/03/mat_144821.php to http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/2007/07/03/mat_144821.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:42, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 external links on Recife. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927022308/http://www.pe-az.com.br/saude/polo_medico_recife.htm to http://www.pe-az.com.br/saude/polo_medico_recife.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima_NCB_1961-1990.xls
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima_NCB_1961-1990.xls
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Precipitacao-Acumulada_NCB_1961-1990.xls
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Numero-Dias-Precipitacao-Mayor-ou-Igual-1mm_NCB_1961-1990.xls
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Insolacao-Total_NCB_1961-1990.xls
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Umidade-Relativa-Mensal-Media-Compensada_NCB_1961-1990.xls
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Maxima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.inmet.gov.br/webcdp/climatologia/normais/imagens/normais/planilhas/Temperatura-Minima-Absoluta-NCB_1961-1990.xls
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140320210705/http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/pr/secplanejamento/inforec/bairros.php to http://www.recife.pe.gov.br/pr/secplanejamento/inforec/bairros.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:24, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Editing subsections content.
As per discussion. Regardless of ideological orientation, Paulo Freire is an undeniably notorious personality. In my editions, I restricted myself to restoring and giving due emphasis to scientists born in the city of Recife, and to inserting in the article the Co-Cathedral of Recife. Juniorpetjua (talk) 06:41, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Recife


text:
George Washington and Jefferson National Forests

The George Washington and Jefferson National Forests is an administrative entity combining two U.S. National Forests into one of the largest areas of public land in the Eastern United States. The forests cover 1.8 e6acre of land in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Approximately 1 e6acre of the forest are remote and undeveloped and 139,461 acre have been designated as wilderness areas, which prohibits future development.

History
George Washington National Forest was established on May 16, 1918, as the Shenandoah National Forest. The forest was renamed after the first President on June 28, 1932. Natural Bridge National Forest was added on July 22, 1933.

Jefferson National Forest was formed on April 21, 1936, by combining portions of the Unaka and George Washington National Forests with other land. In 1995, the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests were administratively combined. The border between the two forests roughly follows the James River. The combined forest is administered from its headquarters in Roanoke, Virginia.

Notable features

 * The northern portion of the Blue Ridge Parkway, which is separately administered by the National Park Service, runs through the Forest.
 * Over 2,000 miles (3,000 km) of hiking trails, including segments of the Appalachian Trail, go through the forest.
 * Virginia's highest point, Mount Rogers, is located in the Mount Rogers National Recreation Area that is part of the forest. Other notable mountains include Elliott Knob, which has one of the last remaining fire lookout towers in the eastern U.S., and Whitetop Mountain.
 * Approximately 230000 acre of old-growth forests.
 * The ghost town of Lignite, Virginia, lies within the forest.
 * The deepest gorge east of the Mississippi River, Breaks Interstate Park, is located in the forest.
 * Roaring Run Furnace is the only site on the National Register of Historic Places owned by the Jefferson National Forest.

Flora and fauna
The Forests' vast and mountainous terrain harbors a great variety of plant life—over 50 species of trees and over 2,000 species of shrubs and herbaceous plants.

The Forests contain some 230000 acre of old growth forests, representing all of the major forest communities found within them. Locations of old growth include Peters Mountain, Mount Pleasant National Scenic Area, Rich Hole Wilderness, Flannery Ridge, Pick Breeches Ridge, and Laurel Fork Gorge, Pickem Mountain, and Mount Rogers National Recreation Area. The Ramsey's Draft and Kimberling Creek Wildernesses in particular are mostly old-growth.

The black bear is relatively common, enough so that there is a short hunting season to prevent overpopulation. White-tailed deer, bobcat, bald eagles, weasel, otter, and marten are also known to inhabit the Forests.

Activities
The forests are popular hiking, mountain biking, and hunting destinations. The Appalachian Trail extends for 330 miles (530 km) from the southern end of Shenandoah National Park through the forest and along the Blue Ridge Parkway. The forest is within a two-hour drive for over ten million people and thus receives large numbers of visitors, especially in the region closest to Shenandoah National Park.

The George Washington National Forest is a popular destination for trail runners. It is the location for several Ultramarathons, including the Massanutten Mountain Trails 100 miler, the Old Dominion 100 miler, and the Old Dominion Memorial 100 miler.

George Washington Forest is also the venue for Nature Camp, a natural science education-oriented summer camp for youth. The camp is located on national forest land near the town of Vesuvius, Virginia. It has operated at this location since the summer of 1953.

Counties
Jefferson National Forest is located in 23 separate counties, more than any other National Forest except Mark Twain National Forest in Missouri, which lies in 29 counties. Botetourt, Monroe, and Rockbridge counties, at the dividing line between the two forests, include parts of both forests. Thirdly, note that the state of Kentucky actually has very little area, with its two counties bringing up the tail end of Jefferson National Forest.

Ranger district offices
Ranger offices are the Forest Service's public service offices. Maps and other information about the forests can be obtained at these locations. These offices are open Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. The Supervisor's Office in Roanoke is not located in the forest and is primarily an administrative location.

District offices are listed from north to south. Counties are in Virginia unless otherwise indicated.

Wilderness areas
There are 139,461 acre of federally designated wilderness areas in the two forests under the United States National Wilderness Preservation System. All are in the state of Virginia, except as indicated. The largest of these is the Mountain Lake Wilderness, at 16,511 acre. There are 17 wildernesses in Jefferson National Forest, second only to Tongass National Forest, which has 19.

George Washington National Forest

 * Barbours Creek Wilderness (part)
 * Priest Wilderness
 * Ramseys Draft Wilderness
 * Rich Hole Wilderness
 * Rough Mountain Wilderness
 * Saint Mary's Wilderness
 * Shawvers Run Wilderness (part)
 * Three Ridges Wilderness

Jefferson National Forest

 * Barbours Creek Wilderness (most)
 * Beartown Wilderness
 * Brush Mountain East Wilderness
 * Brush Mountain Wilderness
 * Garden Mountain Wilderness
 * Hunting Camp Creek Wilderness
 * James River Face Wilderness
 * Kimberling Creek Wilderness
 * Lewis Fork Wilderness
 * Little Dry Run Wilderness
 * Little Wilson Creek Wilderness
 * Mountain Lake Wilderness (Virginia / West Virginia)
 * Peters Mountain Wilderness
 * Raccoon Branch Wilderness
 * Shawvers Run Wilderness (most)
 * Stone Mountain Wilderness
 * Thunder Ridge Wilderness

Wilderness Society's “Mountain Treasures” in the Jefferson Forest
In 1999 the Wilderness Society conducted a review of lands in the Jefferson National Forest to look for large, intact areas that satisfy a need for backcountry recreation, ecological study, biodiversity, and the preservation of cultural history from early America. The report found 67 such areas and identified them as “Mountain Treasures”. In 2012 The New River Group of the Sierra Club commissioned a study to review the status of these areas. Some of the areas had been converted into Wilderness Areas, while others had not received any special protection. Areas in close proximity were grouped with nearby wilderness areas into eleven clusters. The clusters, from north to south, are:

 * Glenwood Cluster
 * Craig Creek Cluster
 * Barbours Creek-Shawvers Run Cluster
 * Sinking Creek Valley Cluster
 * Mountain Lake Wilderness Cluster
 * Angels Rest Cluster
 * Walker Mountain Cluster
 * Kimberling Creek Cluster
 * Garden Mountain Cluster
 * Mount Rogers Cluster
 * Clinch Ranger District Cluster

History
The first camp of the Civilian Conservation Corps NF-1, Camp Roosevelt, was established in the George Washington National Forest near Luray, Virginia. It is now the site of the Camp Roosevelt Recreation Area.

Mountain Valley Pipeline protests
In 2018–2019, protests occurred near Peters Mountain to block the Mountain Valley Pipeline. The 303-mile pipeline would transport natural gas through the Jefferson National Forest and cross the Appalachian Trail.

2023 crash
In 2023 a small plane carrying four people strayed into restricted Washington, D.C., airspace. Because of this, a number of F16 jets were sent to intercept the aircraft. The pilots of the jets noticed that the aircraft pilot was passed out. The plane eventually crashed landed in the park. There were no survivors.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Freedom to Marry Coalition

This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. Votes for deletion/Freedom to Marry Coalition Joyous 21:08, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freedom to Marry Coalition


text:
Feradach Finnfechtnach

Feradach Finnfechtnach (modern spelling: Fearadhach Fionnfeachtnach - "fair-blessed"), son of Crimthann Nia Náir, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. There is some disagreement in the sources over his position in the traditional sequence of High Kings.

The Lebor Gabála Érenn and the Annals of the Four Masters agree that he came to power after the death of Cairbre Cinnchait. The Annals say that when Cairbre overthrew his father, his mother, Baine, daughter of the king of Alba, was pregnant with him, but this would make him less than five years old when he came to the throne: it is likely this is a doublet of a similar story told of the later High King Tuathal Techtmar. The Annals also add that Ireland was fertile during his reign, contrasting it with the barren reign of the usurper Cairbre. Geoffrey Keating has Feradach succeed his father Crimthann, placing Cairbre's reign later. Keating relates that the judge Morann mac Máin (who in the Lebor Gabála and the Annals is the son of Cairbre and his wife Mani) lived in Feradach's time. Morann owned the id Morainn (Morann's collar or torc) which would contract around the neck of a judge who made an unjust judgement until he made a just one, or of a witness who made a false testimony until he told the truth.

Feradach ruled for twenty years according to the Lebor Gabála and Keating, twenty-two according to the Annals, before dying a natural death at Liathdroim, an ancient name for the Hill of Tara. In all sources he was succeeded by Fíatach Finn. The Lebor Gabála synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Domitian (AD 81–96) and the death of Pope Clement I (AD 99). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to AD 5–25, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to AD 14–36.

title: Feradach Finnfechtnach


text:
User:Blufive

I'm a 30-something computer programmer living in Manchester. If you're desperate to know more about me, search the web for "blufive".

Most of my contributions here are likely to be grammar/prose polishing, except in a few areas that I know well.

Contributions
Some of my biggest contributions to date include:

Initial Creations

 * Frederiksborg Palace (that's my piccy, too)
 * Phantom Slayer I actually had a copy, back in the day.  Very atmospheric, and damn difficult.

Fixup

 * First-person shooter. An ongoing project, this one - I'm attempting to turn it from a disjointed list of fanboy gushings into a proper article.
 * Dragon 32/64. Guess what I ran that copy of Phantom Slayer on.  I learned to program on one of these beasties, so I've got a bit of a soft spot for them.  (Another one of my piccies)
 * Iron Maiden (band). Another one I'm trying to gently shove away from fanboy gushings to article-hood.

title: User:Blufive


text:
Talk:Absolute Friends

Untitled
This page still consists mostly of a huge excerpt from a book review. I will try to change this a.s.a.p., but no promises. If anybody is able to provide a "real" article, please go ahead. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 217.84.188.122 (talk) 21:11, 26 February 2005.

Response: A book review you say? I'm glad you think that, because that is exactly what I intended to write. It wasn't "exerpted" from anywhare. I read the book, I enjoyed the book, and so I wrote a review of the book. And when I compare my entry to other "book reviews" I can't see what is your problem. Even so I won't change it back unless I get a third opinion. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Xtrump (talk • contribs) 12:19, 6 June 2005.

title: Talk:Absolute Friends


text:
Fíatach Finn

Fiatach Finn mac Dáire, a distant descendant of Óengus Tuirmech Temrach, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a king of the Ulaid, later a High King of Ireland, and the eponymous ancestor of the early Medieval Ulster dynasty of the Dál Fiatach. He was king of the Ulaid while Feradach Finnfechtnach was High King, and succeeded to the High Kingship himself when Feradach died. He ruled for three years until he was killed by Fíachu Finnolach. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Nerva (AD 96–98). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to AD 25–28, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to AD 36–39.

Fiatach Finn mac Dáire was also a cousin of the legendary Cú Roí mac Dáire and Conaire Mór of the Érainn and Dáirine (Clanna Dedad). The Dál Fiatach are said to descend from the "Family of Cú Roí" in the Book of Glendalough (Rawlinson B 502).

title: Fíatach Finn


text:
USS Firedrake

USS Firedrake (AE-14) was a Mount Hood-class ammunition ship in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946 and from 1951 to 1971. She was scrapped in 1978.

History
Firedrake was laid down on 13 March 1944 by North Carolina Shipbuilding Company, Wilmington, North Carolina as Winged Racer; launched 12 May 1944, sponsored by Mrs. R.M. Kitchins; acquired by the Navy 29 June 1944; converted to an ammunition ship at Gibbs Gas Engine Co., Jacksonville, Florida; and commissioned at Jacksonville on 27 December 1944.

World War II
After shakedown and yard availability at Naval Base Norfolk in January 1945, Firedrake loaded ammunition and general cargo at Naval Weapons Station Earle, New Jersey (USA) from which she sailed 16 February 1945 for the Caroline Islands. After transiting the Panama Canal on 22 February, and calling at Eniwetok 16–17 March, the ammunition ship arrived at Ulithi on 21 March. Assigned to Service Squadron Ten, Firedrake put to sea 7 April to join the replenishment group (Task Group 50.8) servicing aircraft carriers off Okinawa and, after 18 April, TG 51.1 supplying ammunition to warships lying in the anchorages of Kerama Retto. After reloading ordnance at Ulithi from 16 May to 4 June, she arrived in Leyte Gulf ten days later to issue ordnance to warships operating north out of the Philippines.

This replenishment task continued after the Japanese surrender announcement of 15 August, as United States Fifth Fleet units used Leyte Gulf as a staging area to escort U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps divisions to Japan and China for occupation duty. Following the consolidation of American control of Japan in October, Firedrake was released from duty and sailed for the United States East Coast on 1 November, arriving at Yorktown, Virginia on 13 December via Eniwetok, Pearl Harbor and the Panama Canal. After unloading ammunition at Leonardo, New Jersey, in early February, Firedrake steamed south to Orange, Texas, arriving 21 February 1946, and was placed out of commission in reserve on 23 July 1946.

Korean War
Following the North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950, and the ensuing intervention by United Nations forces, the U.S. Navy began reactivating warships and auxiliaries to support the greatly expanded duties of the Department of Defense. As part of this effort, Firedrake recommissioned at Orange, Texas, on 11 October 1951. After fitting out at Beaumont, Texas, and then undergoing refresher training at San Diego, California, Firedrake steamed to her new home port of San Francisco for duty with Mobile Logistics Support Group Able (TG 92.1). Her first Western Pacific (WestPac) tour (29 February - 24 August 1952) took the ammunition ship to Korean waters, where she supplied ammunition to the aircraft carriers and warships operating off Korea in the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea. A second WestPac tour off Korea followed six months later (4 February - 30 September 1953), with the focus again that of supplying aircraft carriers with ordnance.

Cold War
Firedrake's mission did not end after the Korean armistice of July 1953, as the warships of Task Force 77 continued operations off Korea to enforce the terms of the ceasefire and began patrols elsewhere in the western Pacific. Her third WestPac tour (15 January - 17 August 1954), for example, took the ammunition further south to Subic Bay, Philippines, as part of Logistic Support Group Baker and replenishment operations in the South China Sea. During her fourth deployment (3 January - 10 June 1955), Firedrake took part in the 6–13 February evacuation of 29,000 Chinese Nationalist troops and civilians from the Tachen Islands off the coast of China. She then operated out of Subic Bay and visited Hong Kong before returning to San Francisco on 10 June.

Firedrake continued this pattern of deployments for the next five years, making annual tours (2 November 1955 - 19 April 1956; 16 October 1956 - 24 March 1957; 25 September 1957 - 11 February 1958; 30 August - 30 December 1958; 1 May - 21 August 1959) to the western Pacific. The ammunition ship delivered ammunition to forward bases, such as Buckner Bay and Beppu, and replenished warships at sea, especially aircraft carriers. After an overhaul at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard between 19 October 1959 and 15 January 1960, Firedrake conducted three more tours (April - August 1960; November 1960 - April 1961; October 1961 - April 1962) before undergoing her next overhaul in Richmond, California. During these cruises the ammunition ship normally steamed between ports in Japan and the Philippines, with periodic visits to Buckner Bay and Hong Kong. A sense of the scale and intensity of replenishment operations is indicated by her servicing of 42 ships during the 1961-62 cruise.

After shifting her home port to Naval Ammunition Depot Concord, California (USA), on 15 January 1963, Firedrake resumed her familiar schedule with another western Pacific deployment (24 January - 27 July 1963), though this time she made occasional replenishment runs to warships conducting contingency operations off Vietnam in the South China Sea. The ammunition ship also received accolades for a dramatic night evolution when Firedrake refueled a South Vietnamese Landing Ship Medium (LSM) during a heavy storm.

Vietnam War
During her next cruise (25 February - 11 October 1964), the ammunition ship continued operations in the South China Sea, replenishing aircraft carriers USS Kitty Hawk (CVA-63) and USS Bon Homme Richard (CVA-31) that were launching reconnaissance flights over the Plain of Jars in Laos. American reaction to the communist Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese auxiliaries in Laos escalated after two reconnaissance aircraft were shot down in early June, but it was not until the Gulf of Tonkin incident that U.S. Navy aircraft began airstrikes against North Vietnam on 5 August. Firedrake extended her deployment for two months to support the growing task force of U.S. Navy warships in the region, not returning to Concord until early October.

Following a tender availability alongside the repair ship USS Markab (AR-23) at Naval Air Station Alameda, a hull cleaning at Todd Shipyards in San Francisco, and the addition of a helicopter landing pad on her stern, Firedrake sailed for the western Pacific on 25 October 1965. She operated out of Naval Station Subic Bay starting in mid-November and spent the next six weeks supplying ships with, as put by the command historian, "everything from bombs, to mail, to Christmas trees." During that line period, Firedrake assisted in search and rescue operations for Panamanian freighter Impala, which had grounded and broken up off the coast of Vietnam. Just before Christmas 1965, Firedrake's crew spotted a lone survivor lashed to a hatch cover and called in a helicopter from USS Sacramento (AOE-1) to pluck him from the water. After a visit to Hong Kong over the holidays, the ammunition ship returned to Subic Bay and the grinding duty of supplying aircraft carriers at Dixie Station southeast of Cam Rahn Bay. In late May 1966, Firedrake was caught in Typhoon Judy while vainly searching the sea for four personnel who had bailed out of a Subic-bound aircraft on the 26th. She took rolls of up to 37 degrees in a 60-knot wind before making it safely to Subic Bay. The ammunition ship returned home to Concord on 23 June.

Following local operations over the summer, Firedrake deployed back to Vietnamese waters earlier than expected, departing San Francisco on 12 October 1966. She arrived in the South China Sea by mid-November to an increased pace of operations, as more and more ships and aircraft were in combat operations off Vietnam. Assigned to support the warships at Yankee Station in the Tonkin Gulf, the ammunition ship began three to four week replenishment tours there and on the gunline, returning to Subic Bay roughly once a month to reload her stocks of ammunition. She returned to Concord on 22 April 1967.

Firedrake returned to the hectic pace of operations off Vietnam in late November after departing Mare Island on the 3 November 1966. The scale of replenishment operations was three times larger than half a decade previously, as the ammunition ship made 28 aircraft carrier deliveries, 37 deliveries to auxiliary ships, 21 to large warships, 95 to small warships and 4 to various other craft before returning home to Concord in April 1968. Her next deployment (February - September 1969) was much the same, when she serviced 18 auxiliaries, 15 carriers, 13 large warships, including battleship USS New Jersey (BB-62), and 54 small combatants during 72 days on the line.

Following local operations out of various California ports, repairs and upkeep at San Francisco and a series of service inspections, Firedrake conducted one last deployment to the western Pacific. Deploying on 6 March 1970, the ammunition ship operated out of Subic Bay as usual before arriving home to end her long career on 10 October.

Decommissioning and fate
Firedrake shifted to in commission in reserve at the Inactive Ship Facility, Vallejo, California, on 27 November 1970, decommissioned there on 19 March 1971 and transferred to United States Maritime Administration custody in the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet that same day. The hulk was struck from the Navy List on 15 July 1976 and later sold for scrap to General Metals of Tacoma, Inc., on 16 November 1977.

Awards

 * Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal with star
 * Korean Service Medal with four campaign stars
 * Vietnam Service Medal
 * Korean Presidential Unit Citation
 * United Nations Korea Medal
 * Korean War Service Medal
 * Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

title: USS Firedrake


text:
Gilbert of Sempringham

Gilbert of Sempringham (c. 1085 – 4 February 1189) the founder of the Gilbertine Order, was the only Medieval Englishman to found a conventual order, mainly because the Abbot of Cîteaux declined his request to assist him in organising a group of women who wanted to live as nuns, living with lay brothers and sisters, in 1148. He founded a double monastery of canons regular and nuns in spite of such a foundation being contrary to canonical practice.

Life
Gilbert was born at Sempringham, near Bourne in Lincolnshire, the son of Jocelin, an Anglo-Norman lord of the manor, and an unnamed Anglo-Saxon mother. He had a brother, Roger, and a sister, Agnes.

Unusually for that period, his father actively prevented his son from becoming a knight, instead sending him to France, probably the University of Paris but possibly under Anselm of Laon, to study theology. Some physical deformity may have made him unfit for military service, making an ecclesiastical career the best option. When he returned in 1120 he became a clerk in the household of Robert Bloet, Bishop of Lincoln, started a school for boys and girls (the existing primary school at Pointon is still named after him) and was ordained by Robert's successor, Alexander. Offered the archdeaconry of Lincoln, he refused, saying that he knew no surer way to perdition.

In the period 1115 -1123 he was given both the vacant churches of Sempringham and West Torrington, near Wragby, by his father, Jocelin. In 1129 he became the Vicar of both St Andrew's, Sempringham and St Mary's, West Torrington having been instituted by Robert Bloet, Bishop of Lincoln.

"Gilbert was a lover of truth and justice, chastity and sobriety, and a diligent cultivator of the other virtues: wherefore he was revered and praised by all and obtained their favour and regard. Even Jocelin now rejoiced in the goodness of his son, he began to cherish him with fatherly affection, and ministered to his needs out of his own riches. Gilbert would be in his late twenties when his father presented him to the vacant churches of Sempringham and West Torrington, which he had built on his own demesne 'in the custom of his country' "

The Gilbertines
When his father died in 1130, Gilbert became lord of the manor of Sempringham and West Torrington. In 1131 he founded the Gilbertine Order, and with the help of Alexander constructed at Sempringham a dwelling and cloister for nuns, at the north of the church of St Andrew. Eventually he had a chain of twenty-six convents, monasteries and missions. A custom developed in the houses of the order called "the plate of the Lord Jesus", whereby the best portions of the dinner were put on a special plate and shared with the poor. In 1148 he approached the Cistercians for help. They refused because he included women in his order. The male part of the order consisted of Canons Regular.

In 1165 Gilbert was charged with having aided Thomas Becket when Thomas fled from King Henry II after the council of Northampton, but he was eventually found innocent. In 1174 some of his lay brothers revolted, but he received the backing of Pope Alexander III. Gilbert resigned his office late in life because of blindness and died at Sempringham in about 1190, at the claimed age of 106.

The only religious order of English origin founded during the Middle Ages, it thrived until the dissolution of the monasteries under King Henry VIII.

Veneration
Gilbert was canonised in 1202 by Pope Innocent III. His liturgical feast day is on 4 February, commemorating his death, as it remains also in the Church of England (commemoration). According to the order of Hubert Walter, the bishops of England celebrated his feast, and his name was added to the wall of the church of the Four Crowned Martyrs. His Order did not outlast the English Reformation, however; and despite being influenced by Continental models, it did not maintain a foothold in Europe. There are, however, at least three primary schools in England named after him: in Pointon, Stamford, Lincolnshire and Winton, Greater Manchester.

title: Gilbert of Sempringham


text:
Contralmirante Villar Province

Contralmirante Villar is a province of the Tumbes Region in Peru. Its capital is the town of Zorritos.

The Cerros de Amotape National Park is located in this province, which is the largest in the Tumbes Region.

Boundaries

 * North: Pacific Ocean
 * East: Tumbes Province
 * South: Talara Province (in the Piura Region)
 * West: Pacific Ocean

Largest towns

 * Zorritos
 * Cañaveral
 * Cancas
 * Acapulco
 * Punta Sal

Beaches
The coast of the province harbors some of the most beautiful beaches in Peru. Although similar to those in northern Piura Region, the beaches of the Contralmirante Villar Province are considerably less crowded and urbanized.

The beaches in the town of Punta Sal are considered as some of the finest on the Peruvian coast due to their pure white sands, sun and warm weather all year long, and a sea ideal for water sports.

Political division
The Contralmirante Villar Province is divided into three districts (distritos, singular: distrito), each of which is headed by a mayor (alcalde). The districts, with their capitals in parentheses, are:
 * Casitas (Cañaveral)
 * Zorritos (Zorritos)
 * Canoas de Punta Sal (Canoas de Punta Sal)

title: Contralmirante Villar Province


text:
Polyalkylimide

Polyalkylimide is a polymer whose structure contains no free monomers. It is used in permanent dermal fillers to treat soft tissue deficits such as facial lipoatrophy, gluteal atrophy, acne, and scars.

In plastic and reconstructive surgery it is used for building facial volume in the cheeks, chin, jaw, and lips. Reports of infections and migration of polyalkylimide in the face has led Canada to remove it from the market, and the manufacturer of Biolcamid ceasing production. A class action lawsuit was filed against the company.

title: Polyalkylimide


text:
Talk:Bruce Shand

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Bruce Shand. dbenbenn | talk 21:17, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

So why is the article still here? SqueakBox 03:58, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Not the same article that was voted on. Check edits- it has been seriously expanded. I'm removing the speedy because I think the information is valuable. -- JJay 04:06, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

MC
What did he win the MC for? DavidFarmbrough 08:29, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The Telegraph Obituary explains at the end of the sixth paragraph. --Berks105 10:15, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks - it says "During the next 18 days Shand led patrols to Hazebrouck and St Omer to gather intelligence of enemy dispositions. By skilful and daring manoeuvre, he covered the withdrawal of a column of new lorries and guns under fire from four German tanks, and was awarded an immediate MC." DavidFarmbrough 13:47, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Exon
What does 'Exon' mean? [In Later Life: "He was Exon and later Adjutant and Clerk of the Cheque of the Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard."] Duncan.france 19:29, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * See: for 'exon' hypotaxis (talk) 00:20, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Camilla’s official title is queen consort.
Camilla’s official title is queen consort not queen. As per the Queen Elizabeth’s wishes which was accepted by the current king. 2A02:C7D:5D53:4F00:D88E:DC67:ED59:DC00 (talk) 17:01, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Queen Camilla is fine. The late Queen did not bestow the title Queen Consort upon Camilla before she died. The wife of a king is a queen consort regardless of the previous monarch's wishes. In accordance with British Common Law, Camilla receives the same rank, title and style of her husband the king, therefore she is a Queen by rank, title and style. However, there has been a break from tradition for reasons unknown, and only time will tell whether we continue to adopt the use of the word consort in her title. Though, in the interim, it is fine to refer to the Queen consort as "Queen [Name]". 81.140.89.191 (talk) 12:50, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

No relation to Peter Shand Kydd
No relation to Peter Shand Kydd, stepfather of Diana, Princess of Wales. cagliost (talk) 13:47, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bruce Shand


text:
Poxviridae

Poxviridae is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses. Vertebrates and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 83 species in this family, divided among 22 genera, which are divided into two subfamilies. Diseases associated with this family include smallpox.

Four genera of poxviruses may infect humans: Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yatapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus. Orthopoxvirus: smallpox virus (variola), vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, Mpox virus; Parapoxvirus: orf virus, pseudocowpox, bovine papular stomatitis virus; Yatapoxvirus:  tanapox virus, yaba monkey tumor virus; Molluscipoxvirus:  molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). The most common are vaccinia (seen on the Indian subcontinent) and molluscum contagiosum, but Mpox infections are rising (seen in west and central African rainforest countries). The similarly named disease chickenpox is not a true poxvirus and is caused by the herpesvirus varicella zoster.

Etymology
The name of the family, Poxviridae, is a legacy of the original grouping of viruses associated with diseases that produced poxes on the skin. Modern viral classification is based on phenotypic characteristics; morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. The smallpox virus remains the most notable member of the family.

History

Diseases caused by pox viruses, especially smallpox, have been known about for centuries. One of the earliest suspected cases is that of Egyptian pharaoh Ramses V who is thought to have died from smallpox circa 1150 years BCE. Smallpox was thought to have been transferred to Europe around the early 8th century and then to the Americas in the early 16th century, resulting in the deaths of 3.2 million Aztecs within two years of introduction. This death toll can be attributed to the indigenous population's complete lack of exposure to the virus over millennia.

A century after Edward Jenner showed that the less potent cowpox could be used to effectively vaccinate against the more deadly smallpox, a worldwide effort to vaccinate everyone against smallpox began with the ultimate goal to rid the world of the plague-like epidemic. The last case of endemic smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977. Extensive searches over two years detected no further cases, and in 1979 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the disease officially eradicated.

In 1986, all virus samples were destroyed or transferred to two approved WHO reference labs: at the headquarters of the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (the C.D.C.) in Atlanta, Georgia (the United States) and at the Institute of Virus Preparations in Moscow. After September 11, 2001 the American and UK governments have had increased concern over the use of smallpox, or a smallpox-like disease, in bioterrorism. However, several poxviruses including vaccinia virus, myxoma virus, tanapox virus and raccoon pox virus are currently being investigated for their therapeutic potential in various human cancers in preclinical and clinical studies.

Structure
Poxviridae viral particles (virions) are generally enveloped (external enveloped virion), though the intracellular mature virion form of the virus, which contains different envelope, is also infectious. They vary in their shape depending upon the species but are generally shaped like a brick or as an oval form similar to a rounded brick because they are wrapped by the endoplasmic reticulum. The virion is exceptionally large, its size is around 200 nm in diameter and 300 nm in length and carries its genome in a single, linear, double-stranded segment of DNA. By comparison, rhinoviruses are 1/10 as large as a typical Poxviridae virion.

Genome
Phylogenetic analysis of 26 different chordopoxvirus genomes has shown that the central region of the genome is conserved and contains ~90 genes. The termini in contrast are not conserved between species. Of this group Avipoxvirus is the most divergent. The next most divergent is Molluscipoxvirus. Capripoxvirus, Leporipoxvirus, Suipoxvirus and Yatapoxvirus genera cluster together: Capripoxvirus and Suipoxvirus share a common ancestor and are distinct from the genus Orthopoxvirus. Within the Othopoxvirus genus Cowpox virus strain Brighton Red, Ectromelia virus and Mpox virus do not group closely with any other member. Variola virus and Camelpox virus form a subgroup. Vaccinia virus is most closely related to CPV-GRI-90.

The GC-content of family member genomes differ considerably. Avipoxvirus, capripoxvirus, cervidpoxvirus, orthopoxvirus, suipoxvirus, yatapoxvirus and one Entomopox genus (Betaentomopoxvirus) along with several other unclassified Entomopoxviruses have a low G+C content while others - Molluscipoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus and some unclassified Chordopoxvirus - have a relatively high G+C content. The reasons for these differences are not known.

Replication
Replication of the poxvirus involves several stages. The virus first binds to a receptor on the host cell surface; the receptors for the poxvirus are thought to be glycosaminoglycans. After binding to the receptor, the virus enters the cell where it uncoats. Uncoating of the virus is a two step process. Firstly the outer membrane is removed as the particle enters the cell; secondly the virus particle (without the outer membrane) fuses with the cellular membrane to release the core into the cytoplasm. The pox viral genes are expressed in two phases. The early genes encode the non-structural protein, including proteins necessary for replication of the viral genome, and are expressed before the genome is replicated. The late genes are expressed after the genome has been replicated and encode the structural proteins to make the virus particle. The assembly of the virus particle occurs in five stages of maturation that lead to the final exocytosis of the new enveloped virion. After the genome has been replicated, the immature virion assembles the A5 protein to create the intracellular mature virion. The protein aligns and the brick-shaped envelope of the intracellular enveloped virion. These particles are then fused to the cell plasma to form the cell-associated enveloped virion, which encounters the microtubules and prepares to exit the cell as an extracellular enveloped virion. The assembly of the virus particle occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is a complex process that is currently being researched to understand each stage in more depth. Considering the fact that this virus is large and complex, replication is relatively quick taking approximately 12 hours until the host cell dies by the release of viruses.

The replication of poxvirus is unusual for a virus with double-stranded DNA genome because it occurs in the cytoplasm, although this is typical of other large DNA viruses. Poxvirus encodes its own machinery for genome transcription, a DNA dependent RNA polymerase, which makes replication in the cytoplasm possible. Most double-stranded DNA viruses require the host cell's DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to perform transcription. These host polymerases are found in the nucleus, and therefore most double-stranded DNA viruses carry out a part of their infection cycle within the host cell's nucleus.

Evolution
The ancestor of the poxviruses is not known but structural studies suggest it may have been an adenovirus or a species related to both the poxviruses and the adenoviruses.

Based on the genome organisation and DNA replication mechanism a phylogenetic relationships may exist between the rudiviruses (Rudiviridae) and the large eukaryal DNA viruses: the African swine fever virus (Asfarviridae), Chlorella viruses (Phycodnaviridae) and poxviruses (Poxviridae).

The mutation rate in poxvirus genomes has been estimated to be 0.9–1.2 x 10−6 substitutions per site per year. A second estimate puts this rate at 0.5–7 × 10−6 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. A third estimate places the rate at 4–6 × 10−6.

The last common ancestor of the extant poxviruses that infect vertebrates existed. The genus Avipoxvirus diverged from the ancestor 249 ± 69 thousand years ago. The ancestor of the genus Orthopoxvirus was next to diverge from the other clades at. A second estimate of this divergence time places this event at 166,000 ± 43,000 years ago. The division of the Orthopoxvirus into the extant genera occurred ~14,000 years ago. The genus Leporipoxvirus diverged ~137,000 ± 35,000 years ago. This was followed by the ancestor of the genus Yatapoxvirus. The last common ancestor of the Capripoxvirus and Suipoxvirus diverged 111,000 ± 29,000 years ago.

An isolate from a fish – salmon gill poxvirus – appears to be the earliest branch in the Chordopoxvirinae. A new systematic has been proposed recently after findings of a new squirrel poxvirus in Berlin, Germany.

Smallpox
The date of the appearance of smallpox is not settled. It most likely evolved from a rodent virus between 68,000 and 16,000 years ago. The wide range of dates is due to the different records used to calibrate the molecular clock. One clade was the variola major strains (the more clinically severe form of smallpox) which spread from Asia between 400 and 1,600 years ago. A second clade included both alastrim minor (a phenotypically mild smallpox) described from the American continents and isolates from West Africa which diverged from an ancestral strain between 1,400 and 6,300 years before present. This clade further diverged into two subclades at least 800 years ago.

A second estimate has placed the separation of variola from Taterapox at 3000–4000 years ago. This is consistent with archaeological and historical evidence regarding the appearance of smallpox as a human disease which suggests a relatively recent origin. However, if the mutation rate is assumed to be similar to that of the herpesviruses the divergence date between variola from Taterapox has been estimated to be 50,000 years ago. While this is consistent with the other published estimates it suggests that the archaeological and historical evidence is very incomplete. Better estimates of mutation rates in these viruses are needed.

Taxonomy
The species in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae infect vertebrates and those in the subfamily Entomopoxvirinae infect insects. There are ten recognised genera in the Chordopoxvirinae and three in the Entomopoxvirinae.

The following subfamilies and genera are recognized (-virinae denotes subfamily and -virus denotes genus):

Chordopoxvirinae
 * Avipoxvirus
 * Capripoxvirus
 * Centapoxvirus
 * Cervidpoxvirus
 * Crocodylidpoxvirus
 * Leporipoxvirus
 * Macropopoxvirus
 * Molluscipoxvirus
 * Mustelpoxvirus
 * Orthopoxvirus
 * Oryzopoxvirus
 * Parapoxvirus
 * Pteropopoxvirus
 * Salmonpoxvirus
 * Sciuripoxvirus
 * Suipoxvirus
 * Vespertilionpoxvirus
 * Yatapoxvirus

Entomopoxvirinae
 * Alphaentomopoxvirus
 * Betaentomopoxvirus
 * Deltaentomopoxvirus
 * Diachasmimorpha entomopoxvirus
 * Gammaentomopoxvirus

Both subfamilies also contain a number of unclassified species for which new genera may be created in the future.
 * Cotia virus of 2012 is an unusual chordopoxvirus that may belong to a new genus. Cotia virus was assigned the new genus Oryzopoxvirus in 2019. A Brazilian porcupinepox virus discovered in 2019 is closely related to the virus.
 * Two more chordopoxviruses are NY_014 and murmansk poxvirus. They are considered closely related to a "Yoka poxvirus". ICTV classifies them under a genus Centapoxvirus, created 2016.

Vaccinia virus
The prototypical poxvirus is vaccinia virus, known for its role in the eradication of smallpox. The vaccinia virus is an effective tool for foreign protein expression, as it elicits a strong host immune-response. The vaccinia virus enters cells primarily by cell fusion, although currently the receptor responsible is unknown.

Vaccinia contains three classes of genes: early, intermediate and late. These genes are transcribed by viral RNA polymerase and associated transcription factors. Vaccinia replicates its genome in the cytoplasm of infected cells, and after late-stage gene expression undergoes virion morphogenesis, which produces intracellular mature virions contained within an envelope membrane. The origin of the envelope membrane is still unknown. The intracellular mature virions are then transported to the Golgi apparatus where it is wrapped with an additional two membranes, becoming the intracellular enveloped virus. This is transported along cytoskeletal microtubules to reach the cell periphery, where it fuses with the plasma membrane to become the cell-associated enveloped virus. This triggers actin tails on cell surfaces or is released as external enveloped virion.

title: Poxviridae


text:
Talk:Irminism

Untitled
My name is James Hjuka Coulter, I go by the username Hjuka here at Wikipedia.. the recent submissions I had made under 'Irminenschaft' and 'Irminen-Gesellschaft' are both original writings from myself. The vigilant staff member(s) here at Wikipedia flagged the article 'Irminenschaft' for violating copyright... I had planned to add more to the article, including sources/copyright notice to avoid that sort of confusion, but handn't gotten to it yet (working from this end, I'm getting alot of 'website not responding/server busy/error' -type notices as I work on Wikipedia... less than a few days ago, but at the time of writing, it (obviously) was making it difficult for me to add to the entry ('Irminenschaft'). In any case, I am the author of the work in question, and as president of the organization (Irminen-Gesellschaft) on which the material orignially appears unabridged, holder of the copyright for the material submitted here at Wikipedia. I can be contacted at Irminenschaft@aol.com or JamesHjuka@aol.com for more information if need be! Thanks!

 * I can't see a copyvio flag - seems to have been removed Brookie 13:57, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Heill, Hjuka. I made some minor additions in the form of links to other Wikipedia articles, mainly with some of the proper nouns included in your text. Hope that helps a bit. -A Friendly Heithinn

Copyright
The material presented in this article: ©2003 James Hjuka Coulter and ©2003, 2004 Irminen-Gesellschaft, and was reproduced under license of the copyright holders.

 * If you are the author of this text, by submitting it here you have agreed to release it under the GFDL, and have also agreed that it can be "edited mercilessly and redistributed at will". See also Copyright. dab (ᛏ) 19:55, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

split?!
I have no idea what sort of society irminenschaft.net is. From their website, they seem to be just blissfully ignorant USian neopagans. "Irminenschaft" however is first and foremost notable as a term in Nazi mysticism. If the IG can be verified as a bona fide society from sources other than their own website, we may have to split off an Irminen-Gesellschaft article as treating an unrelated group. It will definitely not do to discuss some US-specific flavour of Germanic neopaganism here at Irminenschaft. dab (𒁳) 13:37, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

What Karl Maria Wiligut promoted was not referred to as Irminenschaft, as the term had not yet been coined during his time. Wiligut promoted a mystical system known as Irmin-Kristiantiy as may be seen in books such as "The Secret King: Karl Maria Wiligut, Himmler's Lord of the Runes," "Der Rasputin Himmlers" and "The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology". Irminenschaft is the modern expression of Heathenry (or 'Germanic Paganism' is Wikipedia reports), and the Irminen-Gesellschaft is the remier organization in the promotion of Irminenschaft. it is a fallacy to promote the idea that Irminenschaft is either Wiligut's mystical tradition or a form of Neo-Nazi mysticism. If an entry is to be made re Wiligut's system it ought to be listed under Irmin-Kristianity as was proposed by Wiligut himself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Freysblot (talk • contribs)
 * "Irminenschaft is the modern expression of Heathenry"fact? Says who? just irminenschaft.net, or anyone else too? dab (𒁳) 09:33, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Irminenschaft has only been promoted on a national/international level by the Irminen-Gesellschaft (IG). Other practitioners have historically been confined to small, local groups known as either a sippâ or liut. Most local groups tend to be quiet and private, so just about anything you will find available to the wider public will be through organs of the IG such as Hjuka Coulter’s book or the Irminenschaft.net website. Freysblot 17:42, 23 February 2007 (UTC)Steve Anthonijsz
 * you realise that this poses a problem with WP:V, of course? It is a little bit of a self-contradiction to decide to be all lathe biosas quiet-like reclusive and private, and then go and insist that encyclopedia articles be written about your group? dab (𒁳) 18:59, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Redirects
moved to Talk:James_Hjuka_Coulter.

title: Talk:Irminism


text:
Libyan Navy

The  Libyan Navy (قوات البحرية الليبية) is the naval warfare branch of the Libyan Armed Forces. Established in November 1962, Libyan Navy has been headed by Admiral Mansour Bader, Chief of Staff of the Libyan Naval Force. Before the First Libyan Civil War it was a fairly typical small navy with a few missile frigates, corvettes and patrol boats to defend the coastline, but with a very limited self-defence capability.

The Navy has always been the smallest of Libya's military branches and has always been dependent on foreign sources for equipment, spare parts, and training. Most of the Gaddafi-era fleet was destroyed in 2011. Since the start of the Second Libyan Civil War, the Libyan Navy is aligned with the Government of National Accord (GNA), led by the Presidential Council in Tripoli, apart from coastal patrol vessels under the control of the Libyan National Army.

History

Its first warship was delivered in 1966. These were two Ham-class minesweepers from the UK. Initially the effective force was limited to smaller vessels, but this changed after the rise of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi in 1969. From this time, Libya started to buy armaments from Europe and the Soviet Union. The Customs and Harbour police were amalgamated with the Navy in 1970, extending the Navy's mission to include anti-smuggling and customs duties. The total personnel of the Libyan Navy is about 8,000.

During the 2011 Libyan civil war several elements of the Libyan Navy were destroyed by NATO forces, including eight warships in the night before 20 May and one on 17 August. Two were also captured by the rebels at Benghazi.

The Navy began the process of purchasing new boats in May 2012, mainly fast patrol boats for surveillance and border protection purposes, including the MRTP-20 fast attack boat.

As of June 2012, the Libyan Navy has been headed by Commodore Hassan Ali Bushnak, Chief of Staff of the Libyan Naval Force. The British Royal Navy along with the Libyan Navy held joint exercises together at Dartmouth Naval College in the UK in June 2012.

Libyan Navy ships under the command of Rida Issa, loyal to the internationally recognized Government of National Accord, took part in the operation to liberate the city of Sirte from ISIL. The Libyan Navy assisted ground forces and blocked off sea escape routes for the militants. On 20 June 2016, the European Union states announced that the naval mission in the Mediterranean Sea, Operation Sophia, was extended until 2017, and helped train the Libyan Navy and coast guard.

In 2021, the navy (except for the Haftar's forces) will be under new leadership of the new Libyan President, Mohamed al-Menfi from the Government of National Unity.

Background
The Navy's primary mission is to defend the coast. A strengthening of the service was made in the 1970s; the Soviet Union sold six Foxtrot-class submarines, and though two of them were only averagely serviceable, they became the main threats to the United States Navy in the Mediterranean Sea. In the meantime, Libya bought four Russian Nanuchka-class corvettes, that even in the export versions were well-armed and powerful ships. Another four Assad-class corvettes were acquired from Italy. These had Otomat long range missiles (in the Mk.I version without datalink for in-flight course correction) and modern artillery. They were less well-armed as anti-aircraft ships than the Nanuchkas but, with a displacement almost twice that of a typical fast attack craft, had anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities, with sonar and light torpedoes.

Actions
Libya's Navy first saw military action during an encounter with the United States Sixth Fleet in March 1986 in the Action in the Gulf of Sidra, when one missile boat and a corvette were destroyed, and other ships were damaged by A-6 Intruder aircraft. Unusually, some of these attacks were performed successfully, with cluster bombs like the Mk.20 Rockeye which were designed as an anti-tank weapon.

In July 1984, the roll-on/roll-off ferry Ghat is believed to have mined the Red Sea a few kilometres south of the Suez Canal. Approximately nineteen ships were damaged, including a Soviet container ship which was the first to be hit on 9 July. The Islamic Jihad Organisation took responsibility for the incident. However, Egypt's President Hosni Mubarak did not believe the claims and blamed Muammar Gaddafi and Libya. Other sources agreed after it was learnt that the ship took fifteen days to complete a voyage that normally would take eight days, the head of the Libyan minelaying division was on board, and that, when inspected by French officials in Marseilles the aft door was damaged. Due to concerns about the safety and potential lost revenue from the canal, Egypt asked for assistance in sweeping the mines in a complex operation that involved minehunters from the French, British, Italian, Dutch, and US navies. The British located a Soviet-made mine, which was most likely sold to Libya after 1981 and was laid to cause problems for Egypt.

Second Battle of Zawiya. Ships (1985)

Submarine
6 × Foxtrot-class submarine (1 left; not in commission)
 * Al-Badr
 * Al-Fatah
 * Al-Ahad
 * Al-Matrega
 * Al-Khyber
 * Al-Hunyan

Armament
 * 10 × torpedo tubes (6 bow, 4 stern)
 * 22 × torpedo

Origin:

In 1982 Libya received six Foxtrot-class submarines from the Soviet Union. However, since 1984, no submarine patrols are reported to have been conducted. In 1993 one submarine was reported sunk, and another one was abandoned in Lithuania due to international sanctions. Further reports circulated about one submarine being refitted in 2003, but they have since turned out to be false. In 2011, during the Libyan civil war, one submarine (along with a frigate and a corvette) was captured by the rebels at the Benghazi naval base.

Frigate
1 × Vosper Mk.7 frigate LIBYAN FRIGATE Dat Assawari:(scrapped in 1990)

Armament
 * 1 × 114 mm Mk.8 gun
 * 2 × 40 mm/70 AA guns
 * 2 × 35 mm/90 Oerlikon (this system was remounted on a truck during the Civil War)
 * 2 × Seacat SSMs (Removed)
 * 1 × quad Aspide SAM launcher
 * 4 × single Otomat AShM launchers
 * 1 × Limbo Mk.10 ASW mortar
 * 2 × triple 12.75 in ASW torpedo tubes

Origin: 🇬🇧

1 × Koni-class frigate (Type 1159)
 * 213 Al Ghardabia: (struck by NATO in Tripoli Harbour 20 May 2011)

Armament:
 * 4 × SS-N-2C Styx SSMs
 * 2 × SA-N-4 SAMs
 * 4 × 76mm guns
 * 4 × 30mm guns
 * 4 × 406mm torpedoes
 * 1 × RBU-6000 A/S mortar
 * 20 mines

Origin:

Corvette

4 × Assad-class corvette
 * Al Tadjier: (Destroyed by US Navy aircraft)
 * Al Tougour: (Scrapped in 1993)
 * Al Kalij: (Scrapped in 1993)
 * Al Hudud: ( Scrapped in 1993)

Armament
 * 1 × Otobreda 76 mm gun
 * 2 × 40 mm Breda Dardo guns
 * 2 × 35mm Oerlikon cannon
 * 4 × Albatros Selenia Aspide SAMs
 * 6 × Otomat anti-ship missiles
 * 6 × ASW torpedo tubes

Origin: 🇮🇹

3 × Nanuchka-class corvette
 * Ain Zaara: (Destroyed in NATO airstrike, 19 May 2011)
 * Ain al Gazala: (Damaged 25 March 1986, Decommissioned and scrapped)
 * Ain Zaquit: (sunk by US Navy in 1986)
 * Tariq Ibn Ziyad: (Destroyed in Benghazi, 3 November 2014)

Armament
 * 4 × SS-N-2C Styx SSMs
 * 2 × SA-N-4 SAMs
 * 2 × 57mm guns MFBPs

Origin:

Fast attack crafts
12 × Osa-class missile boat: (unknown fate)

 * Armament
 * 4 × 30 mm guns
 * 4 × P-15 Termit (SS-N-2 Styx) AShMs

 * Origin:

Some of Jaguar-class fast attack craft: (unknown fate)

 * Armament
 * 16 × SS-12 missiles
 * 2 × 40 mm guns

 * Origin: 🇩🇪

9 × La Combattante II type fast attack craft (Beir Grassa class)

 * 518 Sharara (ex-Beir Grassa): (Non-operational in 2011)
 * 522 Shehab (ex-Beir Gzir): (Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
 * 524 Wahag (ex-Beir Gitfa):(Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
 * 526 Waheed (ex-Beir Glulud): (sunk on 24 March 1986 )
 * 528 Shouaiai (ex-Beir Algandula): (Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
 * 532 Shoula (ex-Beir Ktitat): (Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
 * 536 Bark (ex-Beir Alkardmen): (Non-operational in 2011)
 * 538 Rad (ex-Beir Alkur): (Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)
 * 542 Laheeb (ex-Beir Alkuesat): (Damage in May 2011 and abandoned)

 * Armament
 * 4 × (2×2) Otomat MkI SSMs
 * 1 × Oto Melara 76mm gun
 * 1 × Bofors twin 40mm

 * Origin: 🇫🇷

Minesweepers
6 × Natya-class minesweeper (Type 266ME)

Armament
 * 4 × 30mm guns
 * 4 × 25mm guns
 * 4 × 25mm guns
 * 10 mines
 * Acoustic & Magnetic sweep

Origin:

2 × Ham-class minesweeper
 * Zuara: (sold to Malta in 1973)
 * Brak: (broken up in 1973)

Armament
 * 1 × Bofors 40mm gun
 * 1 × Oerlikon 20mm gun

Origin: 🇬🇧

Oceanographic research ship
1× a former trawler converted in the 1970 called Nour: (Stricken in 2002)

Armament unknown

Origin: 🇱🇾(possibly)

Landing ship
4 × Polnocny-class landing ship

Armament
 * 4 × Strela 2(SA-N-5) surface-to-air missile system
 * 2 × 30 mm AK-230 air defence gun
 * 2 × 140 mm Ogon 18-barreled rocket launcher

Origin:

Naval bases in the 2011 Libyan civil war

 * Khoms
 * Benghazi
 * Misrata
 * Tobruk
 * Tripoli
 * Derna
 * Sirte

Ship maintenance and repair facilities
Facilities at Tripoli with foreign technicians for repair of vessels of up to ; a 3,200-ton lift floating dock; floating docks at Benghazi and Tobruk.

title: Libyan Navy


text:
Talk:HMS Monmouth

Updates
"Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Monmouth, after the Welsh town; the name also recognises James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, the "Black Duke", in whose honour the current ship flies a black flag from the mainmast."

I added the second line as the current ship does fly the flag, is nicknamed the "Black Duke", &c...

Do we know for sure the ship was originally named for the town? In 1666/7 the Duke was still loyal, and as he rebelled in 1685 there would be a good eighty years before they gave another ship of the same name, by which time he was admired again as a Good Loyal Protestant. The RN page is pretty vague about what the ship is named for, but she is classed as a "Duke class" frigate and clearly is considered to have a connection to the Duke as well as Monmouth itself.

Thoughts? Shimgray 21:19, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on HMS Monmouth. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20121223121125/http://www.domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SO5012/monmouth/ to http://www.domesdaymap.co.uk/place/SO5012/monmouth/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:04, 27 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:HMS Monmouth


text:
USS Carnelian

USS Carnelian (PY-19) was a converted yacht that patrolled with the United States Navy in World War II. She was named for carnelian, a semi-precious stone.

Construction, acquisition, and commissioning
Carnelian was built as the yacht Trudione in 1930 by Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine for Ross W. Judson who was president of Bath Iron Works and Continental Motors Corporation. It was named after his twin daughters, Trudi & Ione. She was renamed Seventeen in December 1930. She was then purchased by the Navy on 13 May 1941 and commissioned on 7 June 1941.

Service history
Carnelian arrived at Jacksonville, Florida, on 23 February 1942 for patrol duty in the Caribbean. Later based on New Orleans, Louisiana for duty escorting convoys to Galveston, Texas and Key West, Carnelian provided essential services to the Gulf Sea Frontier in its task of guarding a wide area with minimal forces. From November 1942 through January 1944, the converted yacht screened convoys, composed primarily of tankers with cargoes of oil, between Trinidad and Recife, Brazil.

After overhaul, Carnelian joined the anti-submarine training group based at Norfolk, Virginia, with whom she served until 25 January 1945. Assigned then to the Potomac River Naval Command, she was based at the Mine Warfare Test Station, Solomons, Maryland, for mine test operations in Chesapeake Bay.

Carnelian was decommissioned on 4 January 1946 and transferred to the Maritime Commission on 24 October 1946.

title: USS Carnelian


text:
Fíachu Finnolach

Fiacha Finnolach, son of Feradach Finnfechtnach, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing his predecessor, Fíatach Finn. He ruled for fifteen, seventeen, or twenty-seven years, depending on the source consulted, after which he, and the freemen of Ireland, were killed in an uprising of aithech-tuatha or "subject peoples", led, according to the Lebor Gabála Érenn and the Annals of the Four Masters, by Elim mac Conrach, or by Cairbre Cinnchait according to Geoffrey Keating. His wife Eithne, daughter of the king of Alba (Scotland), who was pregnant, fled home to Alba, where she gave birth to Fíachu's son, Tuathal Techtmar, who would ultimately return to Ireland to claim the throne. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of the Roman emperor Nerva (AD 96–98). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to AD 28–55, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to AD 39–56.

title: Fíachu Finnolach


text:
Ken Kalish

Kenneth Kalish is a game programmer who wrote TRS-80 Color Computer and Dragon 32/64 home computers in the 1980s. In the United Kingdom, most of Kalish's games were published by Microdeal.

Games

 * Danger Ranger
 * Dungeon Raid
 * El Diablero
 * Monkey Kong
 * Phantom Slayer
 * Devil Assault

title: Ken Kalish


text:
Pilot (Will & Grace)

"Pilot" (also known as "Love and Marriage") is the pilot episode, as well as first episode of the first season, of the American television sitcom Will & Grace. It was written by David Kohan and Max Mutchnick, and directed by James Burrows. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on September 21, 1998. In the episode, Grace Adler receives an unexpected marriage proposal from her boyfriend. Her gay best friend Will Truman tries to support her, but finally tells her that she is making a big mistake, even though he risks losing their friendship. The situation gets complicated when Grace's socialite assistant, Karen Walker, and Will's flamboyantly gay friend, Jack McFarland, interfere.

Kohan and Mutchnick based the show on their own lives; for example, Mutchnick, who is openly gay, based the relationship between Will and Grace on his real-life relationship with a woman named Janet. When the pilot was pitched to NBC, the network was positive about the project. There was still some concern, however, that the homosexual subject matter would cause alarm, since the sitcom Ellen was canceled because ratings had plummeted after the show became "too gay". Since airing, the pilot episode of Will & Grace has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 8.6, equivalent to approximately 8.4 million viewing households.

Plot
The episode begins with gay lawyer Will Truman (Eric McCormack) talking on the phone with his best friend, heterosexual Jewish interior designer Grace Adler (Debra Messing), about their lives. The following day, Will hosts a poker game at his apartment with his friends, when Grace arrives and informs Will she just had an argument with her long-term boyfriend, Danny. After the game is over, Will insists that Grace spend the night—much to the displeasure of Will's flamboyantly gay friend, Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes), who was planning to move in with Will temporarily.

Later at her office, Grace Adler Designs, Grace tells her socialite assistant Karen Walker (Megan Mullally) about her argument with Danny. Karen tells Grace to make up with him, explaining to Grace that Danny is a "good catch". After staying another night with Will, Grace decides to end her relationship with Danny. However, when she tries to end things she receives an unexpected marriage proposal from him, which she accepts. After the proposal, Grace goes to Will's apartment and asks for his blessing. Will attempts to be supportive of her decision, but finally tells her that Danny is not right for her. Grace informs Will that she does not need his blessing, and that she is going to marry Danny regardless.

Will shows up at Grace Adler Designs the following day to apologize. Karen reveals to Will that Grace has gone to City Hall to get married. However, Grace shows up at her office and informs Will that she left Danny at the altar. Will takes Grace out for a drink and reassures her that she will find someone eventually.

Conception
Will & Grace creators Max Mutchnick and David Kohan based the show on their own lives. Mutchnick, who is openly gay, based the relationship between Will and Grace on his real-life relationship with a woman named Janet. Originally, Mutchnick and Kohan first went to the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), who told them to create a television series about a new young love story, as Mad About You was going off the air. The character of Will was part of a sitcom Mutchnick and Kohan first pitched to NBC executives in 1997. The original concept was an ensemble comedy featuring three couples, one of which was a gay man living with a straight woman. Warren Littlefield, the executive vice president of NBC at the time, was not excited about the first two couples, but wanted to learn more about the gay and straight couple, so Mutchnick and Kohan was sent to create a pilot script centering on those two characters. NBC went to sitcom director James Burrows to see what he thought of the homosexual subject matter and if an audience would be interested in the show. Burrows liked the idea and when he first read the script in November 1997, he decided that he wanted to direct it. Burrows said, "I knew that the boys had captured a genre and a group of characters I have never read before." The filming of the pilot began in March 1998. The actors who played Will and Grace, Eric McCormack and Debra Messing, were positive about the series and they thought it had the potential to last on television. McCormack said, "When shooting was finished that night, Debra and I were sitting on the couch and looking at each other and I said, ‘We’re gonna be on this set for a while.’ And we sort of clasped hands, but we didn’t want to say anything beyond that and jinx it."

NBC were positive about the project, but there was still some concern that the homosexual subject matter would cause alarm. Ellen DeGeneres' sitcom Ellen that aired on ABC was canceled the year before Will & Grace premiered because ratings had plummeted after the show became "too gay". Despite the criticism ABC received for DeGeneres' coming out episode, "The Puppy Episode", "there's no question that show made it easier for Will & Grace to make it on the air," said Kohan. He added, "Will & Grace had a better shot at succeeding where Ellen failed, however, because Will has known about his homosexuality for twenty years. He's not exploring that awkward territory for the first time as Ellen did. The process of self-discovery and the pain most gay men go through is fascinating, but the average American is put off by it." Kohan also commented that rather than concentrating on Will's sexuality, Will & Grace is using it as a device: "It's like that When Harry Met Sally... line when Billy Crystal says, 'A man and woman can never be friends, because sex always gets in the way.' What we want to explore is what happens between a man and a woman when sex doesn't get in the way."

Cast and characters

Mutchnick said Will was originally going to be named Will Herman ("her man") because the staff wanted to use names that "speak exactly to the essence" of the characters. However, they changed it to Truman ("true man") since they thought it was more accurate, as Will "really lives his life in an honest way". John Barrowman was one of the final candidates for the role of Will, but was rejected because he "wasn't gay enough". The part instead went to Eric McCormack, who revealed that taking the role was not difficult because he liked the concept of a gay show not being about the "issues" of being gay. Having played gay characters several times in his career, McCormack did not have a problem with it and thought his character could become a "poster boy for some gay movement", like DeGeneres became a spokesperson with her character. He explained that when he first read the script, "what hit me immediately was that this was me. I mean, sexual orientation aside, Will was so much like me. He's a great host, he's relatively funny and he has great friends and he's a good friend to them ... the gay issue just wasn't really a big thing." McCormack was also the first actor to be cast. In response to the relationship between Will and Grace, McCormak said that gay men and straight women have "more fun than anybody" in their relationships; "Straight guys like me are jealous because of how much fun they have. We can show the audience part of that."

Mutchnick, in regards of Debra Messing's character, said: "Grace doesn't fall into any of those categories that have stereotyped Jewish women. She's strong, she's pretty and she's a proud Jewish woman." Mutchnick revealed that Nicollette Sheridan was originally brought in to read the part of Grace, but even though she did a "great job", her performance was "too desperate". Mutchnick and Kohan decided to cast Messing in the role instead, who at the time was starring in ABC's drama Prey. After her first meeting with them, Messing was not convinced she wanted the role. Messing revealed that Mutchnick and Kohan showed up at her home with a bottle of vodka; "They poured me several shots, we spoke for several hours and they pitched me the show. I'm a lightweight. I didn't need much to be a little giddy. By the end of the evening, they said, 'Will you do it?' I said, 'Let's talk tomorrow.'" They called her the next day to inform her that they "loved her" and asked "if she'd made up her mind". Messing still did not make her mind up. However, the following day, she called Mutchnick and Kohan and accepted the role. In discussion of the character, Messing said: "I have a lot more confidence and I'm much more relaxed. I feel comfortable that Grace will be a character I'll enjoy doing for a long time." She later, however, admitted that director Burrows was the reason for doing Will & Grace. Messing was the last actor to be cast.

Sean Hayes was cast in the role of Jack. When an NBC casting executive saw Hayes's role in the indie gay romance film Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss, he sent the script to Hayes, who was attending the 1997 Sundance Film Festival in Utah. Even though Hayes enjoyed the script when he read it, he threw it away as he did not want to spend money on a plane ticket to Los Angeles for the audition. However, a few weeks later when Hayes was in Los Angeles, he was sent the script again and decided to try out for the audition. If asked if he regrets accepting the role, Hayes said: "If you're truly an actor, in the long run ... I don't know that I would have done it either. I think of all the things that I still want to do, and I don't know if I'll get to do them." However, he admits that he "love[s]" the idea that people assume that he is either gay or straight. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Hayes admitted that people believe he is Jack "24 hours a day".

Before Megan Mullally was given the role of Karen, she had previously been cast as a series regular on sitcoms such as The Ellen Burstyn Show, My Life and Times, and Rachel Gunn. Mullally guest starred on many other shows, including Ned & Stacey, on which she first worked with Messing. Mullally informed her agent that she did not want to do any more sitcoms or auditions for sitcoms, during the time that Will & Grace came around. "Because my feeling was, like, Look, I've done it. It's not clicking. It's not for me. But he [her agent] was always arguing the point that the right thing hadn't come along yet." She initially auditioned for the role of Grace, but admitted that she did not want to audition for the part of Karen. When asked about Karen's voice, Mullally revealed that the voice was an "instinctive thing". She also said, "...I think it was just a feeling that I had that it would be better for the pace of the show and it would be funnier in some way, but I didn't know why. Karen has a lot of joy, even when she's in a bad mood. She's pretty much happy with who she is, and that is something I think is a great thing to play, because the character of Karen could have been very unlikeable, and I think she's likeable because she has joy and she can be very childlike."

Reception
The episode was first broadcast in the United States on NBC on Monday, September 21, 1998, in the 9:30–10 p.m. (PST) timeslot. In its original American broadcast, the pilot tied with Working for forty-first place in ratings for the week of September 21–27, 1998. With a Nielsen rating of 8.6, equivalent to approximately 8.4 million viewing households, it was the fifteenth-highest-rated show on NBC the week it aired. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. Joyce Millman of Salon Entertainment said the episode has "glimmers of class" and the jokes are "relatively sophisticated". John Carman of the San Francisco Chronicle commented that Burrows's direction was "sharp as usual" and the writing was "above average". Brian Lambert of the St. Paul Pioneer Press said the pilot was "nicely staged by veteran director Jimmy Burrows, and coming from a couple producers, Max Mutchnick and David Cohan, who assisted Boston Common and Dream On, the show – which is to say the pilot episode (everything could go to hell next week) – has the best verbal interplay of any of the season's new sitcoms." William Horn from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) thought the episode was a "wonderful" representation of a gay man's life "regardless of whether he's in a relationship in that very moment. I think it's important that American audiences realize that lesbians and gay men are not simply all about sexual situations." Ellen Gray of the Chicago Tribune was also positive about the show: "For those who believe that Hollywood's engaging in a conspiracy to 'normalize' a sexual orientation that many Americans still find abhorrent, Will & Grace will look like a candy-coated poison pill. To those who think that Hollywood isn't moving fast enough in offering sexual parity for gays, it may just look like poison. But... there's a large audience out there that's somewhere in the mushy middle, an audience that might be ready to embrace Will & Grace."

The actors' performances were praised by several critics. Carman thought McCormack and Messing worked "nicely" together, and called the supporting cast "an asset". Kay Mcfadden of the Seattle Times also praised McCormack, Messing and the supporting cast as "very funny". Robert Laurence of The San Diego Union-Tribune wrote: "Messing and McCormack play wonderfully together, tossing lines back and forth as if they'd been at it for years, making their relationship quite believable. Sean Hayes, as the flamboyantly gay Jack, adds to the mix. Jack is flighty, temperamental, good-humored and highly likable." A reviewer for USA Today said he thought it would be nice to see Will have a "full life of his own", and not just serve as a "love-life adviser" to Grace and Jack. "I know it won't happen soon; NBC is so skittish about the so-called Ellen 'gay show' stigma, it's gone to Herculean lengths to avoid mentioning Will's sexuality. But a grace period can only last so long."

The episode received less positive reviews as well. Rahul Gairola of PopMatters wrote that while "the pilot lays the usual groundwork by showing how the characters' lives are intertwined, it also demonstrates immediately the sitcom's major drawback, that the stereotypical gay character is the stand-out comic figure." A reviewer for the Los Angeles Times said "there's something not quite right about this show's approach to homosexuality... It has everything to do with Will's attitude. It approaches asexual, his gayness appearing to exist solely as a device to give him the moral authority to repeatedly ridicule the mincing manner of his bandanna-wearing homosexual friend, Jack, without being labeled homophobic." Suite101.com's Hana Lewis thought it was "regrettable" that the pilot's jokes revolved "solely around gay stereotypes and sexual innuendo". Some reviewers were also skeptical about the future of the show. One such review said, "If Will & Grace can somehow survive a brutal time period opposite football and Ally McBeal, it could grow into a reasonably entertaining little anomaly — that is, a series about a man and a woman who have no sexual interest in one another. But don't bet on it. If it's a doomed relationships viewers want, they'll probably opt for Ally."

title: Pilot (Will & Grace)