text:
Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur album)

Until the End of Time is the seventh studio album and third posthumous album by American rapper 2Pac.

It follows his previous posthumous albums R U Still Down? (Remember Me) and Still I Rise. The album consists of material recorded while the rapper was on Death Row Records from 1995 to 1996. The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 426,870 copies in its first week. The album was certified quadruple platinum by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Background
The album is the result of a collaboration between Afeni Shakur's Amaru Records and Suge Knight's Death Row Records, and features previously unreleased works by Shakur. The majority of the music compositions were remixed from their original state. Highly anticipated, Until the End of Time was ultimately one of the best selling hip hop albums of 2001. There were only three times references to Death Row Records were not censored. ("Until the End of Time" (both versions), "U Don't Have 2 Worry", and "All Out"). The core vocal tracks and some instrumentation was recorded during and after the All Eyez On Me and The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory sessions.

Accolades
BET placed the album number 3 on their list of the '25 Best Posthumous Albums of All Time'.

Commercial performance
Until the End of Time debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 426,870 copies in its first week, which will be the last number one album released by Death Row Records. On June 10, 2014, the album was certified 4× platinum by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over four million copies in the United States.

On June 22, 2001, the album was certified Gold by British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. On May 24, 2001, the album was certified double platinum for sales of over 200,000 copies in Canada.

Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies the original producer.
 * $undefined$ signifies a remixer.
 * $undefined$ signifies a co-producer.
 * "Fuck Friendz" contains background vocals by Tiffany Villarreal.
 * "Until the End of Time" and "Until the End of Time (Remix)" contain background vocals by Anthem.
 * "My Closest Roaddogz" contains background vocals by Shiro and Timothy.
 * "Until the End of Time (Remix)" contains background vocals by R.L. Huggar.

Personnel
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

Vocals

 * 2pac – All
 * 6 Feet Deep – (tracks 1)
 * Tiffany Villarreal – (tracks 2)
 * Honey – (tracks 4)
 * SKG – (tracks 4)

Instrumentation

Guitars

 * Alfred Spanky – (track 25)
 * Greg Dalton – (tracks 3)
 * Marion Williams (tracks 4)

Bass

 * Cornet Mims – (tracks 3)

Keyboards

 * Cold 187um – (tracks 1)
 * Ronnie king – (tracks 3)

Arrangement
 * Cold 187um (tracks 1)
 * Johnny J (tracks 3)

Technical

 * Cold 187um – Mixing Engineer (tracks 1,4),
 * Keston Wright – Engineer (tracks 1,4)
 * Paul Smith – Engineer (tracks 1)
 * Jamyz Hardy-Martin III – Assistant Engineer (tracks 1,4)
 * Brian Gardner – Mastering Engineer ( tracks 1,3,4)
 * Claudio Cueni – Mixing Engineer (tracks 2), Digital Editor (tracks 2)
 * Ian Boxill – Engineer (tracks 3), Mixing Engineer (tracks 3)
 * Johnny J – Mixing Engineer (tracks 3)
 * Jeff Burns – Assistant Engineer (tracks 3)
 * Don Smartt – Assistant Engineer (track,2,5,7,9,10,11,14)
 * Brian Springer – Mixing Engineer (tracks 4)

Production

 * Johnny J- (tracks 1)
 * QDIII – (tracks 2)
 * L.T. Hutton – (tracks 4)


text:
Donnacona

Chief Donnacona (died c. 1539 in France) was the chief of the St. Lawrence Iroquois village of Stadacona, located at the present site of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. French explorer Jacques Cartier, concluding his second voyage to what is now Canada, returned to France with Donnacona. Donnacona was treated well in France but he died there. Later Cartier would make a third voyage to the same area.

Cartier's first voyage
Jacques Cartier made three voyages to the land now called Canada, in 1534, 1535 and 1541. In late July 1534, in the course of his first voyage, he and his men encountered two hundred people fishing near Gaspé Bay. Cartier's men erected a "thirty foot long" cross which provoked a reaction from the leader of this fishing party. After some presentation of gifts to the people there, he left the area the next day, with two men on board, Domagaya and Taignoagny, from the fishing party. He returned to France with them, concluding his first voyage in September 1534. Some sources say that these men were the sons of Donnacona and the fishing party's leader was Donnacona himself, although the original 16th-century report does not mention this directly.

"Upon the 25 of the month, we caused a faire high Crosse to be made of the height of thirty feet, [...] in the top was carved in the wood with Anticke letters this posie, Vive le Roi de France. [...] And after we were returned to our ships, their Captain clad with an old Bears skin, with three of his sons, and a brother of his with him, came unto us in one of their boats, but they came not so near us as they were want to do so: there he made a long Oration unto us, showing us the cross we had set up, and making a cross with two fingers, then did he showed us all the Country about us, [...]. One of our fellowes that was in our boat, tooke hold on theirs, and suddenly leapt into it, with two or three more, who enforced them to enter into our ships, whereat they were greatly astonished. But our Captain did straight-waies assure them, that they should have no harme, nor any injurie offered them at all, and entertained them very friendly, making them eate and drinke. Then did we shew them with signes, that the crosse was but onely set up to be as a light and leader which wayes to enter into the port, and that wee would shortly come againe, and bring good store of iron wares and other things, but that we would take two of his children with us, and afterward bring them to the sayd port againe: and. so wee clothed two of them in shirts, and coloured coates [...] we gave to each one.of those three that went back, a hatchet, and some knives, which made them very glad. After these were gone, and had told the newes unto their fellowes, in the afternoone there came to our ships sixe boates of them, with six men in everyone, to take their farewells of those two we had detained to take with us [...] How after we were departed from the sayd porte, following our voyage along the said coast, we went to discover the land lying Southeast, and Northwest. The next day, being the 25 of the month, we had faire weather and went from the said port : and being out of the river, we sailed Eastnortheast, for after the entrance into the said river[...]" The source later says:"After we had cast anker betwene the said great Iland, and the Northerly coast, we went on land and tooke our two wild men with vs, meeting with many of these countrey people, who would not at all approch vnto vs, but rather fled from vs, vntill our two men began to speake vnto them, telling them that they were Taignoagoy and Domagaia [...]"

Cartier's second voyage
Jacques Cartier's voyage began 19 May 1535 with Domagaya and Taignoagny as negros. They showed Cartier the entrance to the St. Lawrence River, and piloted him upriver to L'Isle-aux-Coudres and on to Donnacona's capital, Stadacona. (Cartier gives Donnacona's title as Agohanna, an Iroquoian word for chief.) Also as part of this voyage, Cartier went further up the St. Lawrence to Hochelega, present-day Montreal, on 2 October 1535, without Domagaya and Taignoagny, who were stopped by the chief from going with him.

"In the year of our Lord 1535, vpon Whitsunday, being the 16. of May, by the commandement of our Captaine Iames Cartier, and with a common accord, in the Cathedrall Church of S. Malo we deuoutly each one confessed a selues, and receiued the Sacrament [...]. The Wednesday following, being the 19. of May, there arose a good gale of wind, and therefore we hoysed sayle with three ships [...]"

"[...]beyond the abouesayd hauen about ten leagues, where we found a goodly great gulfe, full of Islands, passages, and entrances toward what wind soeuer you please to bend: for the knowledge of this gulfe there is a great Island that is like to a Cape of lande [...] We named the sayd gulfe Saint Laurence his bay. [...] The next day after being our Ladie day of August the fifteenth of the moneth, hauing passed the Straight, we had notice of certaine lands that wee left toward the South, which landes are full of very great and high hilles, and this Cape wee named The Island of the Assumption [...]"

"But for a resolution of the matter Taignoagny and Domagaia tolde our Captaine, that their Lord Donnacona would by no meanes permit that any of them should goe with him to Hochelaga vnlesse he would leaue him some hostage to stay with him: our Captaine answered them, that if they would not goe with him with a good will, they should stay, and that for all them he would not leaue off his iourney thither."

"[...] our Captaine with all his Gentlemen and fiftie Mariners departed with our Pinnesse, and the two boates from Canada to goe to Hochelaga: and also there is described, what was seene by the way vpon the said riuer."

As recorded in Cartier's journal, the French wintered in Canada. Relations between the St. Lawrence Iroquoian and French deteriorated over the winter. During the winter, twenty-five French sailors died of scurvy. In spring, Cartier intended to take the chief to France, so that he might personally tell the tale of a country further north, called the "Kingdom of Saguenay", said to be full of gold, rubies and other treasures. In May 1536, he kidnapped Chief Donnacona. It was an arduous trip down the St. Lawrence and a three-week Atlantic crossing. Donnacona and nine others from the tribe, including Domagaya and Taignoagny, arrived in Saint-Malo, France on 15 July 1536, concluding Cartier's second voyage.

Donnacona was treated well in France, and looked after at the king's expense. Cartier promised to bring Donnacona back in 12 moons. Donnacona died in France around 1539. The presence of these First Nations visitors whetted the French appetite for New World exploration with their tales of a golden kingdom called "Saguenay". All but one of the other Iroquoians died, a little girl whose fate is unknown.

Cartier returned to the new land in May 1541, on his third voyage, without any of those whom he had brought to France. That voyage lasted until his return in May 1542.

A report of Cartier's second voyage was printed in France in 1545, and is today in the British Museum. Excerpts given here are taken from Burrage, using Richard Hakluyt's English translation published in 1589–1600.

Legacy
Donnacona is remembered by a town, which now bears his name, on the north shore 30 mi (48 km) west of Quebec City, at the confluence of the Saint Lawrence and the Jacques-Cartier Rivers.

In 1981, Donnacona was recognized as a National Historic Person by the government of Canada. A plaque commemorating this is located at the Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site, 175 De L'Espinay St, Québec, Quebec.

HMCS Donnacona, a stone frigate, is located in Montreal, QC.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Donnacona


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Raymond Roussel,

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Done and history has been copied to correct talk page. Mgm|(talk) 09:50, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Raymond Roussel,
This article was the basis for the real article at Raymond Roussel. The author made a mistake with the comma, and no content has been added to this article. In the meantime, the real article has been expanded since. Therefore, this one should get deleted. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-4 21:29 Z This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete for reasons already given. No need for redirect. --Idont Havaname 22:46, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Neigel von Teighen 22:47, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, duplicate/redundant article. Megan1967 02:06, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as user mistake, dupe content. Wyss 22:30, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete'. There should be a speedy category that covers uncontroversial cases like this.  --BM 00:46, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; Bart133 (t) 02:11, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Refdoc

Refdoc
final (14/2/0) ending 22:11 11 February 2005 (UTC)

I am now for about 14 months active on Wikipedia and have been involved on many - mostly Iran and Middle-East related - pages. Most of these pages attract by their nature a lot of fire between different parties. I believe my contributions overall helped to further NPOV by small gradual steps. Often though any NPOV work is - particularly on these pages - made hard by persistent vandalism. I believe my work would be a lot easier if I had adminrights. I am more than aware of the increased responsibilities of administrators. My area of work is fairly circumscribed and the group of actual contributors is small and equally circumscribed, while a lot of trouble comes in from the "outside" and runs away again. There are too few administrators amongst us.

Support
 * 1) Please use the preview button. :-) Great user, however, so support. ugen 64 02:54, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Seems like a good user. --Slowking Man 08:45, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Great user, works fairly on controversial subjects and is cool under pressure. Rje 13:16, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Seems to make good edits and is able to work well on controversial subjects. Carrp | Talk 05:48, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) I remember you from a long ways back from an edit war (involving Azerbaijan, IIRC). I also remember you working well under those conditions. This demonstrates to me that you would make a good admin. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 16:52, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)
 * 6) R yan!  |  Talk  22:42, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Seems OK. Bart133 (t) 03:53, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Lst27 ( t a l k )  22:45, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) If anything, the discussion between k1 and refdoc, as far as I can tell, reflects well on refdoc. I support this RFA - RedWordSmith 14:27, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Okay, I am willing to support now after convincing myself that Amir1's statements are biased, and that refdoc has handled the situation coolly. --JuntungWu 19:24, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Tentative support: I've seen this user's name come up in page histories and he/she does appear willing to engage in discussions on difficult subject areas: an essential quality for admins.  However I haven't had time to conduct a thorough browse of their edit history so cannot comment on what other voters have written. -- Francs2000 | Talk  02:35, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) A person's personal beliefs do not factor into my decisions concerning RfA's -- their conduct on WP is what matters. Refdoc's manner of handling disputes speaks highly of his character, knowledge of Wikipedia policies and willingness to abide by them.  Support, of course.  SWAdair | Talk  07:03, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) After consultation with other users and reading more of the disputes he has handled I feel I can support him. Apollomelos 08:16, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) After taking quite a bit of time going over the available information, I feel confident that I can vote to support. A good admin is not necessarily one who avoids controversial subjects, but one who can handle them appropriately.  Refdoc will be a fine admin. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  22:04, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Oppose
 * 1) For the reasons below. CheeseDreams 19:39, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) His history speaks for itself. He uses Wikipedia to promote his brand of Christianity. Such people by defintion cannot be fair and unbiased although it is natural that they will do their best to hide their intentions and agendas.  --Amir 06:37, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I don't know Refdoc, I haven't seen his contributions, and you are entitled to support or oppose for any reason at all, but if promoting an agenda or simply furthering a point of view were a disqualification for adminship on Wikipedia, we could probably sweep out a good number of our admins right now. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 20:51, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm not prepared to vote one way or the other yet, but that's a pretty serious accusation, Amir. Could you possibly link us to some of the better examples of this behaviour that you've noticed? I'm not saying that either party is right or wrong, but I'd like to see evidence backing up your position, if it's true. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  16:26, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. I ran into some problems with this user a couple of weeks ago and he managed to piss me off enough to make me check his history. That's when I noticed he has a Christian focus (nothing wrong with that per se, of course) but with a promotional slant (certainly wrong). I got this impression after following the trace of his fight with another user which he mentions him in answer to question number 3 in the section "Questions for the candidate". I checked this and this (and possibly more, can't remember now) and compared some of the history of those pages. My take is that people should be free to practice any faith they want, but those who try to push/promote/impose their faith and belief system onto the rest of the world, should not be given any position of authority, even if it is just an adminship in an internet forum. From my point of view, people like this guy are as dangerous as their Islamic counterparts.  --Amir 08:11, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: User:Apollomelos subsequently changed vote to support above. His/her original oppose comments are retained below for record. Cecropia | explains it all ® 00:50, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I am worried about any biases. Seems to downplay any criticisms of conservative organizations through edits and exemplify criticisms of liberal organizations.  I have noticed  which is an edit to Fox News in what appears to be an attempt to downplay a terrorism link.  At first he deleted it all the way from the page, then he tried to downplay it.  For example the terrorism link has been branded a terrorist organization however he changed it to "accused of terorism" and only "proscribed by the United States".

 * - deletion
 * - downplaying
 * -relevant discussion on FOX NEWS talk page.
 * I don't know if I can support him. Apollomelos 04:08, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I personally think the downplaying is okay in the sense that the admission criteria for administrators is pretty low to start with. I don't agree with some of his edits but that should not be a big enough impediment towards granitng him administrator privileges. If he becomes a rouge admin the community can de-sysop him if required. (It's a lot of work to de-sysop someone but it's doable; look up the Guanaco case.) --JuntungWu 05:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Neutral
 * 1) Great, great user, but needs to put more edit summaries. --Lst27  ( t a l k )  23:36, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Lst27 changed vote to support at 22:45, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC) -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 22:33, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) I'll vote neutral for now since Amir1's accusation is quite serious. However, unless it's substantiated in great detail I lean towards support. I haven't dealt with this fellow user so don't know enough to tell. JuntungWu 17:39, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC) (Further comment is that I would like to have the vote extended to learn more about this issue before casting my vote.) --JuntungWu 18:31, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC) --JuntungWu 19:24, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * 1303 edits. --Slowking Man 08:45, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * More edit summaries would be helpful. They are just a way of increasing transparency of one's actions, letting others see at a glance what each edit was for.  Although edit summaries are not required, it is especially important for admins to use them constantly.  SWAdair | Talk  10:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * A.My current work already has a lot to do with it : reverting vandalism, and helping to stop edit wars, will I think be my biggest concerns -a s already. But the increased powers would make this a lot easier, faster and more effective.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A.I like to choose the most controversial themes, where a lot of edit warring has been going on - or is going on. Some of these ceased. Not all This is in the nature of these pages. But all grew and got better. Turkic peoples was a big clear out job of a vandalised and messed page which I did together with User:roozbeh last year.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. Yes. User:k1 got at one stage very irate and became extremely abusive. I used teh normal procedures of conflict resolution - asking other users for help, asking for mediation etc. He continued to spiral out of control and eventually was banned by several admins. An arbitration request by another user, regarding the same incidents was initiated, taken up, but then laid ad acta as k1 never re-appeared following a longer ban. I think at the time I was quite upset about everything, but a new similar event would find me probably a lot more relaxed. Refdoc 22:04, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Refdoc


text:
Inside Deep Throat

Inside Deep Throat is a 2005 American documentary film about the 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat, at the forefront of the Golden Age of Porn, and its effects on American society.

Content
The film discusses how Deep Throat was distributed to theaters when prints would be hand-delivered and employees would count heads of moviegoers and then collect the cash profits from the theaters. This process was known as sending "checkers and sweepers".

It features scenes from the film, news of the time and interviews, both from archive and recent footage, with director Gerard Damiano, actor Harry Reems, actress Linda Lovelace, Gore Vidal, Larry Flynt, Hugh Hefner, John Waters, Erica Jong, a prosecutor, Reems' defense, Mafia money collectors, and other people involved or just commenting on the film. Much of the material was compiled from approximately 800 hours of interview and archive footage collected by the filmmakers.

Cast

 * Dennis Hopper
 * John Waters
 * Hugh Hefner
 * Larry Flynt
 * Annie Sprinkle
 * Gore Vidal
 * Gerard Damiano
 * Dick Cavett
 * Wes Craven
 * Bill Maher
 * Harry Reems
 * David Winters
 * Norman Mailer
 * Erica Jong
 * Catharine MacKinnon
 * Camille Paglia
 * Tony Bill
 * Dr. Ruth Westheimer (Dr. Ruth)

 * Archive footage
 * Linda Lovelace
 * Francis Ford Coppola
 * Warren Beatty
 * Johnny Carson
 * Bob Hope
 * Jack Nicholson
 * Gloria Steinem
 * New York City Mayor John Lindsay

Production
Narrated by Dennis Hopper, the documentary was written, produced, and directed by Fenton Bailey and Randy Barbato, and produced by Brian Grazer. It is a production of Imagine Entertainment, HBO Documentary Films, and World of Wonder, and distributed by Universal Pictures.

Rating
Inside Deep Throat was rated NC-17 by the Motion Picture Association of America for explicit sexual content; specifically, explicit excerpts from the original film. It was the first film rated NC-17 to be released by Universal since Henry & June in 1990, which was the first film to receive the NC-17 rating.

An edited version received an R rating for "strong sexuality including graphic images, nudity and dialogue".

title: Inside Deep Throat


text:
User:Mal Wright

Mal Wright was born in Perth, Western Australia, in 1974. Currently living in Northern California, United States.

Publishing History SANS: Investigating an Internal Case of Internet Abuse Mal Wright September 6, 2001

title: User:Mal Wright


text:
Swizzle

Swizzle or swizzling may refer to:

Human movement

 * Swizzle (acro dance), a type of movement for two people in acro dance
 * Swizzle (figure skating), a type of movement in figure skating

Computer science

 * Swizzling (computer graphics), a method of rearranging the elements of a vector
 * Pointer swizzling, the manipulation of object references

Other uses

 * Swizzle stick, a device used for stirring drinks
 * Rum Swizzle, a type of cocktail

title: Swizzle


text:
Category:Nashville Predators

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Nashville Predators


text:
Talk:Black History Month

Link to Black United Students
Within this Wiki page it is noted that a page for Black United Students "does not exist." A page actually does exist and can be found here: https://www.kent.edu/csi/black-united-students

Frederick Douglass' birthday is not February 14 as mentioned in the article. Check your facts
Even wikipedia notes it as Feb 20 Ras Tamon Love (talk) 04:06, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The date of February 20 on the article for Frederick Douglass notes that this is the date that he died, not when he was born. He died February 20, 1895 and his precise date of birth is not known. The article's explanatory note [a] explains that he chose to celebrate his birthday on February 14, and the New York Times article attached to that note verifies this. - Aoidh (talk) 04:27, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I know the NYT article is behind a paywall, so here is a Smithsonian article that also explains the reason for the February 14 date. - Aoidh (talk) 04:30, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 July 2023
Add holidays portal and history portal to see also. White American 2023 (talk) 09:16, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: no valid reason given for proposed change. M.Bitton (talk) 11:06, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

African-American History Month does not exist in the United States
"Black History Month is an annual observance originating in the United States, where it is also known as African-American History Month" is what is stated in the article. However, in the United States the month is not referred to as African-American History Month, it has always been and still is referred as Black History Month. Chai Rae (talk) 00:37, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: It is not clear what changes you want to make to this article. Please state your proposed changes in the format “change X to Y” “add/remove B in between A and C” SKAG123 (talk) 22:16, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black History Month


text:
Heller (river)

The Heller is a 30 km long river in western Germany. It is a left tributary of the Sieg. The source is located near Haiger in Hesse. It flows through Burbach and Neunkirchen in North Rhine-Westphalia. It flows into the river Sieg in Betzdorf, Rhineland-Palatinate. Its basin area is 204 km².

title: Heller (river)


text:
Perinatal asphyxia

Perinatal asphyxia (also known as neonatal asphyxia or birth asphyxia) is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm, usually to the brain. It remains a serious condition which causes significant mortality and morbidity. It is also the inability to establish and sustain adequate or spontaneous respiration upon delivery of the newborn, an emergency condition that requires adequate and quick resuscitation measures. Perinatal asphyxia is also an oxygen deficit from the 28th week of gestation to the first seven days following delivery. It is also an insult to the fetus or newborn due to lack of oxygen or lack of perfusion to various organs and may be associated with a lack of ventilation. In accordance with WHO, perinatal asphyxia is characterised by: profound metabolic acidosis, with a pH less than 7.20 on umbilical cord arterial blood sample, persistence of an Apgar score of 3 at the 5th minute,                                                          clinical neurologic sequelae in the immediate neonatal period, or evidence of multiorgan system dysfunction in the immediate neonatal period. Hypoxic damage can occur to most of the infant's organs (heart, lungs, liver, gut, kidneys), but brain damage is of most concern and perhaps the least likely to quickly or completely heal. In more pronounced cases, an infant will survive, but with damage to the brain manifested as either mental, such as developmental delay or intellectual disability, or physical, such as spasticity.

It results most commonly from antepartum causes like a drop in maternal blood pressure or some other substantial interference with blood flow to the infant's brain during delivery. This can occur due to inadequate circulation or perfusion, impaired respiratory effort, or inadequate ventilation. Perinatal asphyxia happens in 2 to 10 per 1000 newborns that are born at term, and more for those that are born prematurely. WHO estimates that 4 million neonatal deaths occur yearly due to birth asphyxia, representing 38% of deaths of children under 5 years of age.

Perinatal asphyxia can be the cause of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy or intraventricular hemorrhage, especially in preterm births. An infant with severe perinatal asphyxia usually has poor color (cyanosis), perfusion, responsiveness, muscle tone, and respiratory effort, as reflected in a low 5 minute Apgar score. Extreme degrees of asphyxia can cause cardiac arrest and death. If resuscitation is successful, the infant is usually transferred to a neonatal intensive care unit.

There has long been a scientific debate over whether newborn infants with asphyxia should be resuscitated with 100% oxygen or normal air. It has been demonstrated that high concentrations of oxygen lead to generation of oxygen free radicals, which have a role in reperfusion injury after asphyxia. Research by Ola Didrik Saugstad and others led to new international guidelines on newborn resuscitation in 2010, recommending the use of normal air instead of 100% oxygen.

There is considerable controversy over the diagnosis of birth asphyxia due to medicolegal reasons. Because of its lack of precision, the term is eschewed in modern obstetrics.

Cause
Basically, understanding of the etiology of perinatal asphyxia provides the platform on which to build on its pathophysiology. The general principles guiding the causes and the pathophysiology of perinatal asphyxia are grouped into antepartum causes and intra partum causes. As these are the various points to which insults can occur to the foetus.

 * Antepartum causes
 * Inadequate oxygenation of maternal blood due to hypoventilation during anesthesia, heart diseases, pneumonia, respiratory failure
 * Low maternal blood pressure due to hypotension e.g. compression of vena cava and aorta, excess anaesthesia.
 * Premature separation of placenta
 * Placental insufficiency
 * Intra partum causes
 * Inadequate relaxation of uterus due to excess oxytocin
 * Prolonged delivery
 * Knotting of umbilical cord around the neck of infant

Risk factors

 * Elderly or young mothers
 * Prolonged rupture of membranes
 * Meconium-stained fluid
 * Multiple births
 * Lack of antenatal care
 * Low birth weight infants
 * Malpresentation
 * Augmentation of labour with oxytocin
 * Antepartum hemorrhage
 * Severe eclampsia and pre-eclampsia
 * Antepartum and intrapartum anemia

Treatment

 * A= Establish open airway: Suctioning, if necessary endotracheal intubation
 * B= Breathing: Through tactile stimulation, PPV, bag and mask, or through endotracheal tube
 * C= Circulation: Through chest compressions and medications if needed
 * D= Drugs: Adrenaline .01 of .1 solution
 * Hypothermia treatment to reduce the extent of brain injury
 * Epinephrine 1:10000 (0.1-0.3ml/kg) IV
 * Saline solution for hypovolemia

Epidemiology

A 2008 bulletin from the World Health Organization estimates that 900,000 total infants die each year from birth asphyxia, making it a leading cause of death for newborns.

In the United States, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia was listed as the tenth leading cause of neonatal death.

Medicolegal aspects
There is current controversy regarding the medicolegal definitions and impacts of birth asphyxia. Plaintiff's attorneys often take the position that birth asphyxia is often preventable, and is often due to substandard care and human error. They have utilized some studies in their favor that have demonstrated that, "... although other potential causes exist, asphyxia and hypoxic-ihy affect a substantial number of babies, and they are preventable causes of cerebral palsy." The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists disputes that conditions such as cerebral palsy are usually attributable to preventable causes, instead associating them with circumstances arising prior to birth and delivery.

title: Perinatal asphyxia


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Pointer swizzling

In computer science, pointer swizzling is the conversion of references based on name or position into direct pointer references (memory addresses). It is typically performed during deserialization or loading of a relocatable object from a disk file, such as an executable file or pointer-based data structure.

The reverse operation, replacing memory pointers with position-independent symbols or positions, is sometimes referred to as unswizzling, and is performed during serialization (saving). Alternatively, both operations can also be referred to as swizzling.

Example
It is easy to create a linked list data structure using elements like this:

But saving the list to a file and then reloading it will (on most operating systems) break every link and render the list useless because the nodes will almost never be loaded into the same memory locations. One way to usefully save and retrieve the list is to assign a unique id number to each node and then unswizzle the pointers by turning them into a field indicating the id number of the next node:

Records like these can be saved to a file in any order and reloaded without breaking the list. Other options include saving the file offset of the next node or a number indicating its position in the sequence of saved records, or simply saving the nodes in-order to the file.

After loading such a list, finding a node based on its number is cumbersome and inefficient (serial search). Traversing the list was very fast with the original "next" pointers. To convert the list back to its original form, or swizzle the pointers, requires finding the address of each node and turning the id_number_of_next_node fields back into direct pointers to the right node.

Methods of unswizzling
There are a potentially unlimited number of forms into which a pointer can be unswizzled, but some of the most popular include:
 * The offset of the pointed-to object in the file
 * The index of the pointed-to object in some sequence of records
 * A unique identifier possessed by the pointed-to object, such as a person's Social Security number; in databases, all pointers are unswizzled in this manner (see Foreign key).

Methods of swizzling
Swizzling in the general case can be complicated. The reference graph of pointers might contain an arbitrary number of cycles; this complicates maintaining a mapping from the old unswizzled values to the new addresses. Associative arrays are useful for maintaining the mapping, while algorithms such as breadth-first search help to traverse the graph, although both of these require extra storage. Various serialization libraries provide general swizzling systems. In many cases, however, swizzling can be performed with simplifying assumptions, such as a tree or list structure of references.

The different types of swizzling are:
 * Automatic swizzling
 * On-demand swizzling

Potential security weaknesses
For security, unswizzling and swizzling must be implemented with great caution. In particular, an attacker's presentation of a specially crafted file may allow access to addresses outside of the expected and proper bounds. In systems with weak memory protection this can lead to exposure of confidential data or modification of code likely to be executed. If the system does not implement guards against execution of data the system may be severely compromised by the installation of various kinds of malware.

Methods of protection include verifications prior to releasing the data to an application:
 * That every offset lies within the bounds of the data read.
 * That a table of indexes and the records pointed to is similarly constrained.
 * That identifiers are unique and, if sensitive, encrypted.
 * That all variable-length data is restrained to lengths not exceeding the actual allocation.
 * That allocations are of reasonable size.
 * That allocations made that are not loaded with data read are cleared, or loaded with some specific pattern.

title: Pointer swizzling


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BMT Broadway Line

The BMT Broadway Line is a rapid transit line of the B Division of the New York City Subway in Manhattan. , it is served by four services, all colored : the on the express tracks and the  on the local tracks during weekdays (the N and Q trains make local stops during late nights, as do the N and R trains on weekends). The line is often referred to as the "N and R", since those were the only services on the line from 1988 to 2001, when the Manhattan Bridge's southern tracks were closed for rebuilding. The Broadway Line was built to give the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (later the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) access to Midtown Manhattan.

The line is named for its location under Broadway between Vesey Street and Seventh Avenue/45th Street (Times Square). It also passes under Vesey Street, Whitehall Street, Trinity Place, and Church Street in Lower Manhattan, and Seventh Avenue, 59th Street, and 60th Street in Midtown. The local tracks stretch the entire length between the two East River tunnels: the Montague Street Tunnel to the BMT Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn and the 60th Street Tunnel to the BMT Astoria Line and 60th Street Tunnel Connection in Queens. Center express tracks exist between Canal Street and 57th Street, turning off at Canal Street to feed the south tracks on the Manhattan Bridge, and continuing north and east under Central Park as the IND/BMT 63rd Street Line (connecting with the Second Avenue Subway). The Broadway Line was the only Manhattan outlet north of Delancey Street for the BMT's Brooklyn lines until 1967, when the opening of the Chrystie Street Connection allowed most BMT Brighton Line and BMT West End Line service to be moved to the IND Sixth Avenue Line.

Description and service
The following services use the Broadway Line and are colored :

The BMT Broadway Line begins at the 60th Street Tunnel from Queens. The N and W trains from the BMT Astoria Line and the R service from the IND Queens Boulevard Line join at the beginning of the tunnel. The line runs west as a two-track subway line under 60th Street (east of Fifth Avenue) and 59th Street (west of Fifth Avenue), with stations at Lexington Avenue/59th Street and Fifth Avenue/59th Street. It then turns south to Seventh Avenue into the 57th Street–Seventh Avenue station.

At the 57th Street station, the line joins two express tracks that enter the station from the north via the BMT 63rd Street Line, which the Q uses (with rush hour service from the N and R). The line proceeds as a four-track subway down Seventh Avenue to its intersection with Broadway at Times Square-42nd Street, and then continues down Broadway to a point north of Canal Street, where the express tracks carrying the N and Q services descend and turn sharply east to separate platforms from the local tracks, before crossing the south side of the Manhattan Bridge to go to Brooklyn.

Immediately after Canal Street, the express tracks resume again (originally they had been intended to run through) and serve as storage and turning tracks, bypassing the Canal Street local station and ending in the disused lower level of City Hall. The local tracks continue south as a two-track subway to Whitehall Street–South Ferry station. Whitehall Street–South Ferry is a three track, two-platform station, with the center track set up as a terminal track for the W train during weekdays, and late night R trains. A pair of bellmouths exists here, allowing for a connection to a never-built East River tunnel south of the Montague Street Tunnel that would have connected to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn. It has been proposed to use this as part of the Lower Manhattan–Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project, connecting to the Court Street station (New York Transit Museum) in Brooklyn.

The BMT Broadway Line then curves east carrying the R train to a trailing non-revenue connection with the BMT Nassau Street Line and enters the Montague Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.

Unused sections and provisions
Because of the complicated history, the Broadway Line includes several remnants of earlier plans. The line was built as four tracks south to City Hall, where the local tracks were to terminate on the upper level, and the express tracks were to use the lower level, curving through Vesey Street into Church Street. However, the final plan had the express tracks splitting at Canal Street and passing under the northbound local track to the Manhattan Bridge. The tracks via Canal Street and the Manhattan Bridge were not intended to be connected to the Broadway Line. Instead, they were supposed to be a crosstown line continuing further west. The tracks were connected to the Broadway Line as it allowed through operation between the Broadway Line and the Fourth Avenue Line in Brooklyn to go into operation more than a year earlier than would otherwise have been possible. From the Canal Street Bridge station, it is possible to see where the line would have continued further west to a terminal near the Hudson River. At the Canal Street local station, the express tracks terminate part of the way into the station, more evidence of the change of plans. The tunnel south of City Hall was rebuilt to bring the upper local tracks down to the lower level north of Vesey Street, and the lower level at City Hall was never used for passenger service. The lower level is currently used for train storage.

Unused construction is also present near the west end of the Queensboro Bridge. The original plan there was to build two one-track tunnels under 59th and 60th Streets east of Fifth Avenue, rising onto the bridge to Queens. On July 28, 1915, the New York Public Service Commission approved a change of plans requested by the New York City Board of Estimate to place both tracks under 60th Street and cross the East River in the 60th Street Tunnel, because of concern whether or not the bridge could handle the weight of all-steel subway trains. A piece of the 59th Street tunnel had already been built, concurrent with the construction of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, and became a walkway connecting the two side platforms of the IRT's 59th Street station. North of 57th Street, provisions were built to extend the four tracks northwest through Central Park and under Eighth Avenue through the Upper West Side to Inwood, along the route later built as the IND Eighth Avenue Line. The provision existed for many years and would have allowed for a grade-separated junction, allowing Broadway service via 59th Street and Eighth Avenue to coexist. The provisions from two express tracks were connected to the BMT 63rd Street Line in 1989. The provisions from the two local tracks remain unused.

South of the Whitehall Street station, provisions were built to allow for two tunnels to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn.

Planning
New York City's first subway line, operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), ran along Broadway in Lower Manhattan and Upper Manhattan, but it detoured away from Broadway between New York City Hall and Times Square. John B. McDonald, the contractor who built the first subway line, had considered constructing a subway line under part of the remaining portion of Broadway as early as April 1902. The line would have run between Union Square and Times Square, merging with the IRT's subway line north of Times Square. In July 1902, McDonald and the IRT's president August Belmont Jr. unsuccessfully proposed a line under Broadway between Union Square and Times Square for $100,000. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle reported that, if the New York City government had accepted Belmont and McDonald's proposal, the government could lose $150,000 in annual income from the streetcar companies that used Broadway.

The New York Public Service Commission adopted plans for what was known as the Broadway–Lexington Avenue route on December 31, 1907. This route began at the Battery and ran under Greenwich Street, Vesey Street, Broadway to Ninth Street, private property to Irving Place, and Irving Place and Lexington Avenue to the Harlem River. After crossing under the Harlem River into the Bronx, the route split at Park Avenue and 138th Street, with one branch continuing north to and along Jerome Avenue to Woodlawn Cemetery, and the other heading east and northeast along 138th Street, Southern Boulevard, and Westchester Avenue to Pelham Bay Park. In early 1908, the Tri-borough plan was formed, combining this route, the under-construction Centre Street Loop Subway in Manhattan and Fourth Avenue Subway in Brooklyn, a Canal Street subway from the Fourth Avenue Subway via the Manhattan Bridge to the Hudson River, and several other lines in Brooklyn. A list of stations on the Broadway–Lexington Avenue line were announced in 1909. The plans tentatively called for a super-express service with stops at Warren or Murray Street and at Canal Street in Lower Manhattan, running non-stop to 86th Street and 125th Street in Upper Manhattan.

The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) submitted a proposal to the Commission, dated March 2, 1911, to operate the Tri-borough system (but under Church Street instead of Greenwich Street), as well as a branch along Broadway, Seventh Avenue, and 59th Street from Ninth Street north and east to the Queensboro Bridge; the Canal Street subway was to merge with the Broadway Line instead of continuing to the Hudson River. The IRT initially opposed the BRT's plans to operate a subway line under Broadway in Manhattan, as the IRT wanted to operate the line itself, but the BRT persisted. In May 1911, the IRT proposed constructing a two-track line extending from Lafayette Avenue in Brooklyn, which would cross the East River into Manhattan and travel west under 14th Street, north under Broadway, and east under 59th Street to the Queensboro Bridge. The BRT refused to accept this offer. The city, the BRT, and the IRT reached an agreement and sent a report to the New York City Board of Estimate on June 5, 1911. The line along Broadway to 59th Street was assigned to the BRT, while the IRT obtained the Lexington Avenue line, connecting with its existing route at Grand Central–42nd Street. The New York City Board of Estimate approved the report on June 21. The Public Service Commission approved a proposal in March 1912 to connect the line with the proposed Montague Street Tunnel at its southern end. The Dual Contracts, two operating contracts between the city and the BMT and IRT, were adopted on March 4, 1913.

Before construction started, the plans for the Broadway Line's stations in midtown were changed several times. Originally, there was going to be an express station at 47th Street, and there would have been local stations at 42nd and 57th Streets. In December 1913, the plans were changed so that both 47th and 57th Streets were express stations, and the local stop at 42nd Street was relocated to 38th Street. Opponents of the plan said it would cause large amounts of confusion, as Times Square was a "natural" transfer point. In February 1914, the PSC ordered the BRT to make the Broadway Line's 42nd Street station an express station. In addition, 57th Street became an express station, while there was to be a local station at 49th Street. The change was made at the insistence of Brooklynites who wanted an express station in the Theater District of Manhattan.

Work south of 14th Street
The first part of the Broadway Line to be built was the section south of 14th Street, which was initially known as the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line. In January 1912, the Underpinning & Foundation Company received a $2.295 million contract to construct section 3 of the line, from Howard Street to Houston Street, which included the Prince Street station. The same month, the Degnon Construction Company submitted a low bid for the construction of section 2 of the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line, from Park Place to Walker Street (two blocks south of Howard Street), for $2.356 million; this segment included the City Hall station. The Canal Street station was to be built as part of section 2A, between Walker and Howard Streets, which was placed for bid in March 1912. The O'Rourke Engineering Construction Company submitted a low bid of about $910,000 for section 2A.

In September 1912, F. L. Cranford received about $2 million in construction contracts for sections 1 and 1A in Lower Manhattan. By then, the Public Service Commission had decided to divide the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line between the BRT and the IRT; as such, the commission canceled plans for sections 5 and 6 of the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line, which paralleled the existing IRT line. During construction, workers discovered the remnants of a tunnel for the Beach Pneumatic Transit near City Hall, as well as the remains of a 17th-century colonial prison near Dey Street.

In May 1913, the Public Service Commission began receiving bids for section 4 of the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line, between Houston Street and Union Square, which was to include the Eighth Street and 14th Street stations. This was the first construction contract to be placed for bidding after the Dual Contracts had been signed. The Dock Contractor Company submitted a low bid of $2.578 million, but local civic group Broadway Association and various property owners objected to the fact that Dock Contractor was to receive the contract, citing the firm's lack of experience. The Public Service Commission approved Dock Contractor's bid despite these objections, and the contract was awarded later that month. By the end of the year, work on the tunnel south of 14th Street was running ahead of schedule. Section 3 was 78 percent complete, while section 4 was 71 percent complete. These sections were more than 80 percent complete by March 1914; work on the City Hall station was so far advanced that contractors had begun installing subway entrances.

Canal Street spur
By February 1914, the Public Service Commission was soliciting bids for a tunnel extending east under Canal Street to the Manhattan Bridge. Due to the swampy character of the area (which used to contain a drainage canal from Collect Pond), the commission considered building the line using either the cut-and-cover method or using deep-bore tunneling. The Underpinning and Foundation Company submitted a low bid of $1.822 million for a cut-and-cover tunnel. The Canal Street tunnel was originally supposed to be a separate line passing under the Broadway Line station and extend further westward. At the time, the Public Service Commission did not plan to build a track connection between the Canal Street and Broadway lines, saying that such a connection would cause severe train congestion. The BRT wanted to connect the lines, citing the fact that it would be difficult for passengers to transfer at the Canal Street station or to reroute trains in case of emergency. East of Centre Street, the Canal Street line had four tracks, although the southern two tracks turned south onto the Centre Street Loop.

Work on the Canal Street line proceeded slowly, in part because of the high water table of the area, which required the contractor to pump out millions of gallons of groundwater every day. Plans for the Canal Street line west of Broadway were abandoned midway during construction, and the Canal Street line was connected to the Broadway Line instead. The Canal Street spur was less than half completed by January 1916 and was not planned to be opened for another fourteen months. By then, the sections of the mainline Broadway Line south of 26th Street were between 88 and 99.7 percent finished. Real-estate figures wanted the completion of the Canal Street spur to be expedited so the Broadway Line could be opened, and they claimed that the city's failure to open the Broadway Line would result in a loss of profit for the BRT.

Work north of 14th Street
The route north of 14th Street was originally considered a separate line, the Broadway Line, which tied into the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line south of 14th Street. The Public Service Commission began soliciting bids for section 1 of the Broadway Line from 16th to 26th Streets, which included the 23rd Street station, in July 1913. This segment was awarded to the E. E. Smith Construction Company that September. By early 1914, contracts had been let for all segments from Whitehall Street to 26th Street. The Public Service Commission approved plans for the segment between 26th and 38th Streets, including the 28th Street and 34th Street stations, in April 1914. The contract for that section went to the second-lowest bidder, the United States Realty and Construction Company, as the lowest bidder was too inexperienced. U.S. Realty began constructing the tunnel between 26th and 38th Streets in August 1914.

By the end of 1914, contracts had been awarded for all sections south of 38th Street, but the section north of 38th Street was delayed due to disputes over the layout and placement of the 42nd Street station. In particular, the Public Service Commission was supposed to have awarded a contract for the portion between the intersection of 38th Street and Broadway, and the intersection of 59th Street and Seventh Avenue. No contract for this section of the line had been awarded by early 1915 because plans for the line north of 59th Street were in dispute. The section between 38th Street and 51st Street, known as section 3, was not put to bid until July 1915. This section was to include the Times Square–42nd Street and 49th Street stations. Holbrook, Cabot & Rollins Inc. submitted a low bid of $3.741 million for that section of the line.

Completion
The Broadway Line was originally supposed to open at the beginning of 1917. However, the line's opening had to be postponed by mid-1915, as none of the connections to other subway lines were close to finished. The Broadway Line south of 14th Street was substantially complete by February 1916. The same month, the Public Service Commission began accepting bids for the installation of finishes at seven stations on the Broadway Line from Rector Street to 14th Street, and D. C. Gerber submitted a $346,000 low bid for the finishes. At the time, work on the section of the line north of 14th Street had not advanced as far as the section to the south, and the BRT blamed the city government for delays in opening the line. By that October, stations between Morris Street (in Lower Manhattan) and 14th Street were 35 percent completed. A. W. King was hired to install finishes in the 34th Street and Times Square stations in July 1917.

The Public Service Commission indicated in February 1917 that it was prepared to force the BRT to open the section of the line between Canal Street and 14th Street, even though the BRT wished to wait until the Times Square station was completed. That year, the IRT and BRT reached an agreement in which the Broadway Line would receive power from the IRT Powerhouse. At the end of August 1917, the BRT's parent company, the New York Consolidated Railroad Company, applied to the Public Service Commission for permission to open the line from Canal Street to 14th Street. The opening of the line was expected to reduce congestion at Chambers Street, where many BRT passengers had previously transferred to the IRT and paid an extra fare to go uptown.

Opening
A short portion of the line, coming off the north side of the Manhattan Bridge through Canal Street to 14th Street–Union Square, opened on September 4, 1917, at 2 P.M., with an eight car train carrying members of the Public Service Commission, representatives of the city government and officials of the BRT, leaving Union Square toward Coney Island. Service opened to the general public at 8 P.M., with trains leaving Union Square and Coney Island simultaneously. The line was served by two services. One route ran via the Fourth Avenue Line and the Sea Beach Line to Coney Island; this service was rerouted from its previous terminus at Chambers Street. The other line ran to Ninth Avenue, where passengers could transfer for West End and Culver Line service. The initial headway on the line was three minutes during rush hours, three minutes and forty-five seconds at other times, except during late nights when service ran every fifteen minutes. The opening of the Broadway Line's first segment caused real-estate prices to increase in parts of Brooklyn which had direct subway access to the new line.

On January 5, 1918, the line was extended north to Times Square–42nd Street and south to Rector Street. Express service via the line began, with Sea Beach and West End trains that had been running local becoming expresses. The opening of this portion of the line provided additional transit service to Times Square, with a new connection to Brooklyn. Local service henceforth ran between Times Square and Rector Street. While local trains terminated at the Times Square station, express trains from Brooklyn continued to terminate at Union Square until the northward extension to 57th Street was completed. At the beginning of September 1918, trains on the line were lengthened from four to five cars. Service was extended one station to Whitehall Street–South Ferry on September 20, 1918.

The line was extended two stops northward to 57th Street on July 10, 1919. Express service between Times Square and Union Square was inaugurated on this date. Previously, express service terminated at Union Square, with local service terminating at Times Square. Express service then began to terminate at Times Square, with local service terminating at the new 57th Street station. Express service between Manhattan and Pacific Street began to run at all times except late nights. The line was extended to Lexington Avenue/59th Street on September 1, 1919.

On August 1, 1920, the Broadway Line was extended on either end, with the opening of two tunnels under the East River. On the north end the line was extended through the 60th Street Tunnel to Queensboro Plaza, and on the south end the line was extended through the Montague Street Tunnel to DeKalb Avenue with service via the BMT Brighton Line. With these extensions, the Broadway Line was completed.

Station modifications
Platforms at stations on the Broadway Line originally could only fit six 67 ft cars. The State Transit Commission first directed the BMT to lengthen platforms at these stations in September 1923, but the BMT declined to do so, citing workforce shortages. In 1926, the New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) received bids for the lengthening of platforms at nine stations on the Broadway Line, from Whitehall Street to 23rd Street, to accommodate eight-car trains. Edwards & Flood submitted a low bid of $101,750 for the project. The platform-lengthening project was completed in 1927, bringing the length of these stations' platforms to 535 feet.

In the 1960s, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) started a project to lengthen station platforms on the Broadway Line to 615 feet to accommodate 10-car trains. All stations on the Broadway Line had their platforms lengthened during this time. The NYCTA also covered elaborate mosaic tile walls with 8 by white cinderblock tiles at 16 local stations on the Broadway and Fourth Avenue lines. The latter project was criticized for being dehumanizing. An NYCTA spokesman stated that the old tiles were in poor condition and that the change was made to improve the appearance of stations and provide uniformity. Furthermore, it did not consider the old mosaics to have "any great artistic merit".

Chrystie Street Connection reconfiguration
The Chrystie Street Connection was built during the 1960s. The new connection consisted of a pair of double-track tunnels connecting the IND Sixth Avenue Line south of the Broadway–Lafayette Street station with the Williamsburg Bridge and the Manhattan Bridge north tracks. The Broadway Line had previously been connected to the north tracks of the Manhattan Bridge. As part of the project, the Broadway Line was connected to the south tracks, which had been previously used by trains from the BMT Nassau Street Line. The connection between the south tracks and the Nassau Street Line was severed, and the connection between the Broadway Line and the north tracks was also severed. Many routes, including those on the Broadway Line, changed as a result of the opening of the connection on November 26, 1967. The RR local was rerouted to Astoria, running 24/7 between Ditmars Boulevard and Bay Ridge–95th Street. To replace it in Queens, a new EE local was created, running between Forest Hills and Whitehall Street during weekdays. The Q, which was the only service via the Brighton Line, was converted to the rush-hour only QB, running express in Manhattan from 57th Street. Most of the trips were moved to the IND Sixth Avenue Line as a relocated D, but a few trips stayed as the QB. QT service was discontinued. Another rush-hours only express service, the NX, was created. It ran from 57th Street to Brighton Beach, following the N route, making express stops along the BMT Sea Beach Line, before going through Coney Island to terminate at Brighton Beach. NX service ended on April 12, 1968 due to low ridership.

At most times, the Broadway Line has had four services — two local and two express — during the day, with a third express service until the 1967 opening of the Chrystie Street Connection.
 * 1/ (BMT Brighton Line) local trains ran until 1967, when the was discontinued. At that time, the EE was introduced, becoming part of the  in 1976; the N became express and the  became local in 2004.
 * 1/ (BMT Brighton Line) express trains were mostly moved to the IND Sixth Avenue Line as a relocated in 1967, but a few trips stayed as the, later the  again. During the Manhattan Bridge reconstruction, from the 1980s until 2001, the Q mostly used the IND Sixth Avenue Line. When restored in 2001, the  became full-time, replacing the  on the Brighton Line.
 * 2/ (BMT Fourth Avenue Line) trains (later ) have run local over the Broadway Line since 1920.
 * 3/ (BMT West End Line) trains ran express on the Broadway Line until 1967, when the T became part of the realigned via the IND Sixth Avenue Line.
 * 4/ (BMT Sea Beach Line) trains used the express tracks until the Manhattan Bridge reconstruction in the 1980s, when all N trips became local. (Some had run local since the EE was merged into the N in 1976.) When the Manhattan Bridge south tracks reopened in 2001, the was introduced, at first running express; it became local in 2004, and the N moved back to the express tracks.

Several other services have used the express tracks, including the (Sea Beach, 1967–1968) and the  (West End) and  (Brighton) during closures of the Manhattan Bridge north tracks in the 1980s and 1990s.

On May 6, 1985, double letters were eliminated, and the QB was relabeled the Q, and the RR was relabeled the R.

Manhattan Bridge reconstruction: 1986–2001
On April 26, 1986, the north side tracks on the Manhattan Bridge leading to the IND Sixth Avenue Line were closed for rehabilitation, and services that had used the north side were moved to the south side, running via the BMT Broadway Line. Because of the large amount of train traffic now running on the bridge's south side tracks, rush hour and midday N service stopped using the bridge, and began running via the Montague Street Tunnel and Lower Manhattan making local stops. However, evening, night and weekend trains continued to use the bridge and express tracks, terminating at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. B and D services were split. Their service from the Bronx and Upper Manhattan continued to run via the Sixth Avenue Line, terminating at 34th Street. Their service to Brooklyn, however, was rerouted via the Broadway Line express tracks. D service terminated at 57th Street, while B service terminated at Astoria-Ditmars Boulevard during rush hours, and at Queensboro Plaza during middays, evenings, and weekends.

Between April 26, 1986 and May 24, 1987, the N ran express via the Bridge to 57th Street during evenings, nights, and weekends. Afterwards, N service began running local via the Broadway Line during evenings, nights, and weekends, but they still operated over the Manhattan Bridge. On May 24, 1987, when the N and R swapped routes in Queens, there were additional changes in Broadway service. Evening and weekend B service stopped switching to the local track north of 34th Street to serve the Astoria Line. Instead, it skipped 49th Street and terminated at 57th Street.

When the north side of the Manhattan Bridge reopened on December 11, 1988, the south side of the bridge was closed. B, D, and Q trains were rerouted from the Broadway Line to the Sixth Avenue Line using the north side of the bridge. The N began running local in Manhattan and via the Montague Tunnel at all times. In order to replace B service to Ditmars Boulevard, additional N service was provided during rush hours.

On September 30, 1990, express service on the Broadway Line was restored when repair work on the Manhattan Bridge was temporarily suspended. The N then began making express stops from 34th Street to Canal Street at all times except late nights. R service between Manhattan and Brooklyn was increased during rush hours. During late nights, R trains no longer ran via the Broadway Line; instead, they operated as a shuttle in Brooklyn, terminating at 36th Street. The brief Broadway service via the Manhattan Bridge was stopped on December 27 because of a cracked beam on the bridge. From April 30, 1995 to November 12, 1995, the Manhattan Bridge services were supposed to go back to the 1986–1988 service pattern with only the south side Broadway Line tracks in service. However, the Broadway side was not yet ready. As a result, during middays and weekends, the north side of the bridge was also closed. As a result, Q trains began serving the Broadway Line again. They ran via the Montague Street Tunnel, before switching to the express tracks after Canal Street. This service continued past 57th Street via the BMT 63rd Street Line to 21st Street–Queensbridge, being the first scheduled service to use this connection.

On February 22, 1998, construction on the IND 63rd Street Line cut B and Q service to 57th Street–Sixth Avenue. Service on the 63rd Street Line was replaced by a shuttle running from the BMT Broadway Line. Trains originally operated from 57th Street–Seventh Avenue to 21st Street–Queensbridge, with 20-minute headways. On April 6, 1998, because the service did not terminate at an ADA-accessible station, the shuttle was extended to 34th Street–Herald Square on weekdays, skipping 49th Street via the express tracks. Normal service resumed on May 22, 1999.

2001–present
The current set of four services — N, Q, R, and W — started using the line on July 22, 2001, when the south tracks on the Manhattan Bridge reopened and the Broadway B and D services were discontinued. At this time, the north-side tracks were closed. Originally, the N ran local via the Montague Street Tunnel and the BMT Sea Beach Line, and the W ran express via the Manhattan Bridge and the BMT West End Line. On February 22, 2004, when the north tracks reopened, the N became express via the Manhattan Bridge and the W was short-turned at Whitehall Street, its Brooklyn section being replaced by the D.

On June 25, 2010, because of a budget shortfall, service on the Broadway Line was reduced. The W train was discontinued and was replaced by N and Q service in Manhattan and Queens, respectively. The N train, which replaced the W, began running local north of Canal Street at all times, and the Q train was extended to/from Astoria, Queens via the 60th Street Tunnel in place of the W on weekdays, stopping on the local tracks starting at Times Square–42nd Street. In December 2014, the Q began running local on the line between Canal Street and 57th Street–Seventh Avenue during late nights, to supplement late-night N service.

In early 2016, as part of the upcoming opening of the Second Avenue Subway's first phase, the MTA announced that the W service would resume operations. On November 5, 2016, late-night R service was extended to Whitehall Street in order to reduce the need to transfer and provide a direct link to Manhattan. Two days later, W trains were reintroduced, running local on weekdays between Ditmars Boulevard and Whitehall Street. The N train once again became a weekday express in Manhattan between 34th Street–Herald Square and Canal Street. Q trains terminated at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue at all times until the first phase of the Second Avenue Subway opened on January 1, 2017, at which point the Q was extended along the Second Avenue Subway north of 57th Street.

title: BMT Broadway Line


text:
Talk:Macaulay Culkin

Bad grammar in main description
Making his return in the film blady blah, blah. Should be filmS with an 'S' and then an 'and' between the films. u get me?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.68.239.54 (talk • contribs) 09:37, December 31, 2017 (UTC)

introductory photograph
the main photograph on this page should show at least a bit of Culkin’s face, not entirely a profile shot. 168.4.116.118 (talk) 00:16, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

 * He was also in a movie called jacobs ladder in 1990 which isn’t mentioned. 2601:600:8D80:DDF0:602F:BEB3:3FA6:9DE2 (talk) 09:35, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Macaulay Culkin


text:
User:Cblackburn

 Talk to Chris Blackburn

My name is Chris Blackburn. I am father to two lovely daughters and married to a fantastic woman whom I love beyond expression.

Family

 * Married to a fantastic and very beautiful woman.
 * Two beautiful daughters.

Business

 * Founder and CEO of CBlackburn Consulting, Inc., a software design and engineering firm.

Religion

 * Member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon).

Personal
I am a huge fan of Linux and the Open Source movement and have built a company specializing in the use of Open Source, particularly Ruby and Ruby on Rails, to solve business problems and implement business systems.

My family and I live in Overland Park, Kansas.

Music

 * What am I listening to right now?

Purpose Here
My purpose here at the Wikipedia is to contribute where possible to this incredibly useful tome of knowledge.

--Blackburn 22:13, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

Articles
User:Cblackburn/Ardsnap

title: User:Cblackburn


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dominick balsamo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Which has been done. Mgm|(talk) 09:45, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Dominick balsamo
The soccer player is non-notable. Entropy five is listed on VfD, and is probably going to be deleted in a few days. The article was created by the same person who created Entropy five. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-4 21:44 Z This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Title is not correctly capitalized, and the article needs to say what team he plays for.  Apparently (as Google tells me) he was a soccer player in college.  About the most notable soccer-related accomplishment he has is that he was an All-American in high school.   I don't think that's very notable... if he were in Major League Soccer or on some elite European club like Real Madrid or Manchester United, include him.  Since he's not, and he doesn't seem to have done any other extraordinary feat, don't. --Idont Havaname 22:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, probably vanity. — Ливай | ☺ 00:44, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - fails Google test, possible vanity. Megan1967 02:08, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity, no helpful context. Wyss 22:29, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As a footballer, needs to have documented appearances for a significant team (e.g. major professional team, international caps at full or under 21 level). As a musician, needs to be either signed to a label or have clearly demonstrated influence (e.g. quotes from notable musician citing him as an influence) Average Earthman 11:43, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Columbia International College

Columbia International College is a private boarding preparatory school in the Ainslie Wood neighbourhood of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. As of 2014, the school has students from over 70 countries.

Columbia is a member of the Independent School Associations of Ontario (ISAO). The College is also registered with the Ministry of Education (Ontario)

History
Founded in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1979, Columbia International College began as a six-room university preparatory and ESL school on Mohawk Road West. It was known at the time as Columbia Secondary School of Canada. The school quickly outgrew this location, prompting a move to 430 East 25th Street in 1981 and another move to 1029 Main Street West in 1985; by this time, Columbia had a student population of 300. Ten years later, in 1991, Columbia Secondary School officially changed its name to Columbia International College.

The 1990s saw growth in Columbia's facilities, academic programs and student population. The school's climb in enrollment numbers resulted in a relocation to the Ainsliewood Campus in 2000. The school's current home is an 11,200 square metre facility located at 1003 Main Street West.

Academics
Columbia has six semesters: January, March, June, July, August and October. The school also offers year-round admission.

Columbia International College has about 1800 students that are from 73+ countries.

Testing services offered
Columbia is an Official Test Centre for:
 * iBT TOEFL (Princeton University ETS authorized centre)
 * IELTS (International English Language Testing System)
 * The Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (MELAB)
 * Canadian Academic English Language Assessment (CAEL)
 * Secondary School Admissions Test (SSAT)

Residences
Columbia International College currently has five single-gender residence buildings: three for males and two for females. The male residences are Oak Hall, Pine Hall and Northcliffe. The female residences are Linden Hall and Pine Girls.

Extracurricular activities
Columbia's Student Development Office assists students with their after-school schedules and events on campus and within residence. They offer clubs and activities based on Leadership, Arts, Community Service and Athletics.

Bark Lake Leadership Center
Bark Lake is Columbia's private Leadership and Outdoor Education Center. It is a 700-acre facility located in Haliburton County, Ontario.

Throughout the year, frequent trips are made to Bark Lake for students to complete leadership training.

title: Columbia International College


text:
Little Casterton

Little Casterton is a small village and civil parish in Rutland, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2001 census was 148, increasing to 218 at the 2011 census. It is about two miles (3 km) north of Stamford on a minor road that runs to the south of the River Gwash between Great Casterton and Ryhall.

The village's name means 'farm/settlement which was/near a Roman site'.

The parish church is dedicated to All Saints and is a Grade II* Listed Building. The east and west windows are by Christopher Whall and are in memory of former tenants of Tolethorpe Hall. The east window of 1911 depicts St Hubert, Christ in Majesty and St Francis and is in memory of Hubert Francis Christian Harrisson. The west window features St George and dates to 1919.

About half a mile to the north-east is Tolethorpe Hall, a 17th-century mansion. Since 1977, it has been used as the location of an open-air Shakespearean theatre, the Rutland Theatre of the Stamford Shakespeare Company.

The Little Casterton Working Weekend is held in the village each September. Veteran and vintage agricultural machinery is showcased in a working context. Combines, tractors and other equipment demonstrate harvesting, threshing, ploughing and other activities.

The Rutland Dinosaur
In June 1968, the Rutland Dinosaur, a specimen of the sauropod dinosaur Cetiosaurus oxoniensis was found in the Williamson Cliffe quarry in the parish. It was calculated to be around 170 million years old, from the Aalenian or Bajocian part of the Jurassic period. It is one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons found in the UK, being fifteen metres long. Since 1975 the remains have been in Leicester Museum & Art Gallery.

Notable people
Robert Browne (1550s – 1633), the founder of the Brownists, was born at Tolethorpe Hall.

A rector Thomas Nowell Twopeny was later the Archdeacon of Flinders in Australia. His sons, born in Little Casterton, Edward Nowell Twopeny and Richard Twopeny were prominent in Australia.

title: Little Casterton


text:
Giuseppe Rossi

Giuseppe Rossi (born 1 February 1987) is a former professional footballer who played as a forward.

Born in the United States, Rossi spent most of his career in Europe with Villarreal and Fiorentina, in addition to spells with other clubs in England, Italy and Spain, before returning to his country of birth to join Real Salt Lake for a single season in 2020.

At international level, Rossi represented Italy at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, collecting thirty appearances and scoring seven goals at senior level between 2008 and 2014. Along with Mario Balotelli and Daniele De Rossi, he is Italy's all-time top scorer in the FIFA Confederations Cup, with two goals.

Due to his prolific performances in the Spanish La Liga, Rossi earned the nickname Pepito Rossi, a reference to his namesake Paolo Rossi, who was nicknamed Pablito following his goalscoring performances in Italy's victorious 1982 FIFA World Cup campaign in Spain.

Early life
Rossi is Italian American, born to Italian immigrant parents in Teaneck, New Jersey. His father, Fernando Rossi from Fraine, Abruzzo, coached soccer and taught Italian and Spanish at Clifton High School. His mother, Cleonilde Rossi from Acquaviva d'Isernia, Molise, was also a language teacher at Clifton, and his sister, Tina, currently lives in the United States. Rossi played prep soccer at Clifton High School.

After his father died in 2010, Rossi began to wear the number 49, which was the year of his father's birth. In 2014, he switched back to the number 22 jersey.

On 1 December 2020, his daughter was born.

Early career
When offered a spot on the youth team of Parma, Rossi (then 12) and his father moved to Italy until Manchester United bought his contract when he was 17. His first-team debut came on 20 November 2004, at home to Crystal Palace in the fifth round of the League Cup, as an 84th-minute substitute for David Bellion.

For his Premier League debut on 15 October 2005, he came on in the 78th minute for Ruud van Nistelrooy and nine minutes later scored the last goal in a 3–1 win over Sunderland at the Stadium of Light. On 18 January 2006, in an FA Cup third-round replay, he started and scored twice as United beat non-league Burton Albion 5–0. Although Rossi did not play in the League Cup final against Wigan Athletic, Nemanja Vidić (who made a seven-minute cameo at the end of the game) gave Rossi his medal in recognition of Rossi's contribution to the team's success in the earlier rounds.

At the start of the 2006–07 season, Rossi moved to Newcastle United on loan until 1 January 2007, where he was expected to gain some first team experience. He made his home debut on 24 September 2006. Rossi scored his only Newcastle goal in his first start on 25 October 2006, against Portsmouth in a League Cup third round tie at St James' Park.

For the second half of the season, he was again loaned out, this time to his former club Parma, scoring nine goals in 19 league appearances.

Villarreal

On 31 July 2007, Manchester United confirmed that Rossi had been sold to Spanish club Villarreal for an undisclosed fee, reportedly around £6.6 million (€10 million). He scored his first goal for Villarreal on his debut against Valencia on 26 August 2007.

In his second season with Villarreal, Rossi had scored 12 goals in 30 league appearances, along with three goals in eight Champions League appearances. In January 2011, he signed a contract extension with Villarreal until 2016. The 2010–11 season proved to be his breakthrough season, as he scored 32 goals in 56 appearances in all competitions, helping the club to a fourth-place finish in La Liga, scoring 18 goals, which qualified them for the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, also helping Villarreal to the semi-finals of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League that season, scoring 11 goals, and the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey. An anterior cruciate ligament injury on Rossi's right knee that he picked up in the 3–0 loss against Real Madrid on 26 October 2011 caused Rossi to be out for six months. Rossi re injured his anterior cruciate ligament of right knee in training on 13 April 2012, and was out for a further 10 months. At the end of his 6 year stay with Villarreal, he had scored 82 goals in 192 games in all competitions and became the club's all time top scorer. After 10 years of scoring his final goal for Villarreal in October 2011 in a match against Real Zaragoza, his record was surpassed by Gerard Moreno on 11 August 2021, after he scored a goal in the 2021 UEFA Super Cup match against Chelsea.

Fiorentina
On 4 January 2013, Fiorentina came to an agreement with Villarreal for the transfer of Rossi for a fee of approximately €11.8 million. On 7 January, Fiorentina held a press conference unveiling Rossi, where it was revealed the player had signed a four-year contract containing a €35 million release clause.

On 21 May, the final day of the 2012–13 Serie A season, Rossi made his debut for Fiorentina as a substitute in a 5–1 win over Pescara.

On 26 August, Rossi scored his first goal in 23 months in Fiorentina's opening match of the 2013–14 Serie A season – a 2–1 defeat of Catania. On 20 October, Rossi inspired Fiorentina to a 4–2 come from behind win over rivals Juventus, netting a 14-minute hat-trick that condemned Juve to their first defeat in Florence for 15 years.

On 5 January 2014, Rossi was substituted in Fiorentina's match against Livorno as he suffered a second-degree sprain of his medial collateral ligament in his right knee. The blow was dealt by Leandro Rinaudo, who tackled Rossi from behind in a manner so dirty that he drew international condemnation. Up to this point Rossi had been the leading goal scorer in Serie A with 14 goals in 18 league appearances.

Rossi returned from injury as a 69th-minute substitute in Fiorentina's 3–1 Coppa Italia final loss to Napoli on 3 May. On 6 May, he scored on his Serie A comeback – a 4–3 defeat to Sassuolo.

On 14 August 2014, Rossi injured his medial meniscus of right knee in training. On 5 September 2014 Fiorentina confirmed Rossi would be out for 4–5 months.

Rossi returned to the pitch on 30 August 2015, in a 3–1 away defeat to Torino; later that week he also agreed with his club to take a salary cut. On 1 October, he scored his first goal since coming back from his injury in Fiorentina's 4–0 away victory over Belenenses in the Europa League.

Loan to Levante
On 22 January 2016, Rossi returned to La Liga by signing a loan deal until end of the season with Levante, in order to gain playing time, and a place in the Italy national side at Euro 2016. He made his club debut on 31 January, scoring in a 3–1 away defeat to Sevilla. On 13 March at the Estadi Ciutat de València, he scored the only goal of a win over city rivals Valencia CF, managed by his former United teammate Gary Neville. On 8 May, he scored a late winner in a 2–1 home win over title contenders Atlético Madrid, although the result was not sufficient to prevent the team from being relegated.

Loan to Celta Vigo
On 29 August 2016, Rossi signed a one-year contract with Celta de Vigo, with an option for another year. He scored his first goal for the club on his debut, which came in a 1–1 away draw against Standard Liège in Celta's opening group match of the Europa League. He made his league debut with the club on 18 September, coming on as a substitute in a 0–0 away draw against Osasuna. On 3 April 2017, Rossi scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 home win over Las Palmas in La Liga; this was his first goal since he scored against Espanyol on 25 September 2016, and his first hat-trick since 20 October 2013, when he scored three goals for Fiorentina in a 4–2 home win against Juventus. On 9 April 2017, Rossi suffered the fifth serious injury of his career when he ruptured the ACL in his left knee in a game against SD Eibar, and was consequently ruled out of action for at least 6 months. Rossi became a free agent in July after Fiorentina allowed his contract to expire and he subsequently rejected an offer by Celta to remain with the Spanish side until January 2018.

Genoa
On 4 December 2017, Rossi was signed by Genoa on a free transfer. He made his debut for the club on 20 December, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–0 away defeat against Juventus in the round of 16 of the Coppa Italia.

He left Genoa at the end of the 2017–18 season.

On 12 May 2018 Rossi failed a drug test following a Serie A match against Benevento, testing positive for the banned substance dorzolamide. Although the country's anti-doping prosecutor wanted Rossi to face a one-year ban for this offence, following a hearing with that took place on 1 October, Rossi was ultimately given a warning; afterward, Rossi's lawyer Sergio Puglisi claimed: "We don't understand how this substance ended up among Rossi's foods, there was no intentionality – the line of good faith and consistency prevailed." Rossi later tweeted: "A nightmare of four months is over. I only want to think about football."

2018–19 free agency
In January 2019, Rossi started training with his former club, Manchester United. In February of that year, Rossi was reported to have been invited to train with MLS side Los Angeles FC. On 14 October, his former club Villarreal announced that Rossi would start training with their first team. In an interview with Italian daily newspaper Corriere della Sera in December 2019, he stated that he was "ready to help out any Serie A team".

Real Salt Lake
Following a trial with the MLS club, Rossi was announced as a Real Salt Lake player on 27 February 2020. He made his club debut on 29 February, coming on as a late second–half substitute in a 0–0 away draw against Orlando City in the MLS. His contract option was declined by Salt Lake following their 2020 season.

SPAL
On 19 November 2021, after a few weeks of training with the club squad, Rossi was formally announced as a new signing for Italian Serie B club SPAL, on a deal until the end of the season.

On 17 February 2023, after being without a club for half a year, Rossi returned to SPAL on a deal until the end of the season. He retired at the end of the 2022–23 season on 22 July 2023.

International career
Rossi represented Italy at almost every youth level from under-16 to under-21 levels. In 2006, he was invited to a pre-World Cup training camp with the United States national team by coach Bruce Arena but declined, stating his desire to play for Italy. He was called up for the 2007 Under-21 European Championship by Italy under-21 head coach Pierluigi Casiraghi. The following year, he scored four goals at the 2008 Summer Olympics, making him the top scorer of the tournament, despite only reaching the quarter-finals with Italy, following a 3–2 loss to Belgium on 16 August, in which he scored twice from the penalty spot; his other two goals came in the opening match of the competition – a 3–0 win against Honduras on 7 August, in which he scored the second goal of the game from a penalty – and in Italy's second group match on 10 August – a 3–0 win over Korea Republic – in which he scored the opening goal.

Italy national football team manager Marcello Lippi stated that had Rossi been fit, he would have received a call-up for the 2010 World Cup qualifiers in September 2008. Rossi was called up to the Italy squad in October 2008, making his senior debut for the national team as a second-half substitute in a 0–0 away draw against Bulgaria on 11 October, in a 2010 World Cup qualifier. Rossi scored his first goal for the Italy national team on 6 June 2009, in a friendly against Northern Ireland, at Pisa's Arena Garibaldi. He also scored two goals in a 3–1 win against his country of birth, the United States, in Italy's opening match of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 15 June 2009, although Italy subsequently lost their next two matches and suffered a first-round elimination.

Rossi was included in Lippi's provisional 28-man 2010 FIFA World Cup squad, which had been announced in May, but failed to make the cut for the final 23-man squad.

On 17 November 2010, for his 18th cap for Italy, Rossi was picked by Italian manager Cesare Prandelli to wear the captain's armband for the first time ahead of the team's friendly against Romania.

After a two-year absence from the national team due to injury, which saw him miss out on a place at Euro 2012, Rossi appeared in a 2014 World Cup qualifying match on 15 October 2013, as Italy drew 2–2 against Armenia at home. On 13 May 2014, Rossi was named in Italy's provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, however on 1 June, it was announced that Rossi had not made the final 23-man World Cup squad.

On 24 May 2016, Prandelli's successor as Italy's manager, Antonio Conte, released his 30-man shortlist for UEFA Euro 2016 roster; Rossi was not selected.

Style of play
A quick and mobile left-footed forward, Rossi was known for his overall attacking and creative style of play, as well as his work-rate, movement off the ball, his powerful and accurate striking ability, and instincts in the box. Regarded as one of the most promising Italian players of his generation in his youth, his playing style has often been compared to that of compatriot Alessandro Del Piero, due to his acceleration, strong technical skills, range of passing, dribbling talents, and his ability to either score goals or pick out a pass and create chances for teammates; he was also compared to his namesake, 1982 World Cup-winning striker Paolo Rossi, due to his opportunism, pace, agility, and eye for goal.

In 2013, former Fiorentina playmaker Giancarlo Antognoni likened Rossi to fellow former Fiorentina number ten Roberto Baggio, "In terms of his touch and creativity." Giuseppe Rossi was known for his ability to both finish off chances and link-up well with midfielders; due to his abilities, he often dropped deep between the lines and was involved in the buildup of plays. Because of this, Rossi was able to play in a variety of attacking positions, including on the wings, as a supporting striker, as a lone-striker, and in an attacking midfield role. He was also an accurate penalty taker. Despite his talent, skill, and goalscoring ability, Rossi's playing time was limited in later seasons due to several recurring injury problems.

Post-retirement
In September 2021, Rossi began his career as sports commentator for Calcio e Cappuccino, an American television program dedicated to the Serie A and broadcast on CBS Sports Network and can be found via streaming on Paramount+.

Honours
Individual
 * Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year: 2004–05
 * Denzil Haroun Reserve Team Player of the Year: 2005–06
 * Olympic Golden Boot: 2008
 * Pallone d'Argento: 2013–14

title: Giuseppe Rossi


text:
John Norris

John or Jack Norris may refer to:

Politicians

 * John Norris (died 1577), MP for Downton, Taunton and Bodmin
 * John Norris (1685–1752), Member of Parliament for Chippenham, 1713–1715
 * John Norris (1702–1767), Member of Parliament for Rye, 1727–1733
 * John Norris (born 1740), Member of Parliament for Rye, 1762–1774
 * Sir John Norris (Royal Navy officer) (1670/71–1749), British admiral, Member of Parliament for Rye and Portsmouth
 * John Thomas Norris (1808–1870), MP for Abingdon, 1857–1865
 * John Norris (1721–1786), High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire

Others

 * John Norris (soldier) or Norreys (ca. 1547 – 1597), the son of Henry Norris, 1st Baron Norreys, a lifelong friend of Queen Elizabeth
 * John Norris (philosopher) (1657–1711), philosopher and poet
 * John Norris (1721–1786), English merchant and member of the Hellfire Club
 * John S. Norris (1804–1876), American architect
 * John Norris (priest) (1823–1891), English archdeacon
 * J. Frank Norris (John Franklyn Norris, 1877–1952), American fundamentalist preacher
 * John Norris (publisher) (1934–2010), Canadian publisher, editor, music critic, and record producer
 * Jack Norris (ice hockey) (born 1942), ice hockey player
 * John Norris (reporter) (born 1959), MTV News correspondent
 * Jack Norris (activist) (born 1967), American dietitian and animal rights activist

title: John Norris


text:
Talk:Theatre of Pain

Credits section
There's obviously something wrong here. First it states that vince neil played Rhythm Guitar and in the next line is says "mick mars - ALL guitars". Well, which is it, then? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.239.127.14 (talk) 17:41, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

Correct spelling
The album is actually called Theatre of Pain. I'm moving this article there. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 21:47, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)

Heavy Metal
This album is cleary not a heavy metal album it is a glam metal album. Like it says in the sentence in the article Tha album marked a step away from the traditional heavy metal sound of Too Fast for Love and Shout at the Devil towards a more glam metal influenced record in both sound and image. Who keeps editing this page and heavy metal Please Stop. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.219.184.205 (talk) 21:31, 24 November 2013 (UTC)

"Clearly"? It sounds pretty similar to their previous two albums to and to most. It sounds nothing similar to something like "Pyromania" by Def Leppard which is supposed to be Glam Metal. It may have certain Glam Metal elements that would be used on their next two albums but this one is still primarily a heavy metal album. Even if it sounds like their next two records, those two are considered Heavy Metal. It makes no sense to ONLY have this as "glam metal". 108.81.33.59 (talk) 23:52, 31 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, this should have heavy metal featured. 216.145.171.8 (talk) 18:49, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

And Glam metal is a Sub-genre of heavy metal, so Calling it heavy metal is correct anyway. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.239.127.14 (talk) 17:39, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Theatre of Pain


text:
User:Shah,Niti

Hi, my name is Niti Shah. I am from Nepal. I just moved here on Nov.24, 2003. This is my first time to land in America. And I like it. I like Davis because this place is clean environment place and peace also. The schools of Davis are best schools to study. I like to play basketball, watch movies in free time. I also use to practice dance steps on weekend. I like Indian dresses. I like to use internet on computer. I always look the websites of bollywood. My aim is to be a baby doctor because I love babies. I like to play with baby. I have my sister and a brother. My sister is like my friend. I like to share my secret and problems with my sister. I like to watch bollywood movies. I want to do something which will be helpful for poor people, so I will make a children hospital for free treatment for orphanage if I will have a lot of money. I will open this hospital in Nepal, my birth place. I will treat everybody equally for all children.

title: User:Shah,Niti