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Sulak Sivaraksa

Sulak Sivaraksa (สุลักษณ์ ศิวรักษ์, ; ; born 22 March 1933 ) is a Thai social activist, professor, writer and the founder and director of the Thai NGO "Sathirakoses-Nagapradeepa Foundation", named after two authorities on Thai culture, Sathirakoses (Phya Anuman Rajadhon) and Nagapradeepa (Phra Saraprasoet). He initiated a number of social, humanitarian, ecological and spiritual movements and organizations in Thailand, such as the College SEM (Spirit in Education Movement).

Sulak Sivaraksa is known in the West as one of the fathers of the International Network of Engaged Buddhists (INEB), which was established in 1989 with leading Buddhists, including the 14th Dalai Lama, the Vietnamese monk and peace-activist Thich Nhat Hanh, and the Theravada Bhikkhu Maha Ghosananda, as its patrons.

When Sulak Sivaraksa was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 1995 for "his vision, activism and spiritual commitment in the quest for a development process that is rooted in democracy, justice and cultural integrity", he became known to a wider public in Europe and the US. Sulak was chair of the Asian Cultural Forum on Development and has been a visiting professor at UC Berkeley, the University of Toronto, and Cornell.

Life
The grandson of a Chinese immigrant whose surname was Lim and born into an affluent Teochew Sino-Thai family, Sulak Sivaraksa was educated at Assumption College in Bangkok and at the University of Wales, Lampeter, where he is now an honorary fellow in Buddhism. He passed the Bar in London in 1961. Upon his return home, he became the editor of Social Science Review magazine. Many considered it the leading Thai intellectual journal of its time. By 1968 the Social Science Review had become "the intellectual voice of the nation". Also in 1968, Sulak founded the Sathirakoses-Nagapradipa Foundation (SNF), which publishes "the intellectual successor" to Social Science Review and acts as an umbrella organization for a group of NGOs. Soon after his return to Thailand, he directed his energies towards the development of sustainable models for a rapidly changing economic and social environment. The military coup of 1976 forced him into exile for two years. At this time he toured Canada, the US, and Europe to lecture academic audiences. Because of the coup, Sulak's commitment to peace was strengthened. Since then he has championed nonviolence in war torn and repressed countries like Sri Lanka. His devotion to peace and nonviolence is demonstrated by his leadership and membership in international peace organizations like Buddhist Peace Fellowship, Peace Brigade International, and Gandhi Peace Foundation. After he returned to Thailand, Sulak was prompted to establish the Thai Inter-religious Commission for Development (TICD), and soon thereafter Sulak was appointed chairperson of the Asian Cultural Forum on Development (ACFOD) and the editor of its newsletter, Asia Action. In 1982, Sulak established the Thai Development Support Committee as a way to coordinate other nongovernmental organizations to better tackle large problems that they could not tackle alone.

The foreign contacts he made while in exile proved beneficial when Sivaraksa was arrested in 1984 for lèse majesté, causing international protests which pressured the government to release him. Sivaraksa was again charged with lèse majesté in September 1991 after a talk he gave at Thammasat University about the repression of democracy in Thailand. Sivaraksa fled the county and went into exile until he was able to convince the courts of his innocence in 1995. He was awarded the Swedish Right Livelihood Award in 1995, the UNPO (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) Award in 1998, and the Indian Millennium Gandhi Award in 2001. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the American Friends Service Committee in 1994.

Sulak was a strong critic of deposed Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. He publicly accused Thaksin of adultery at rallies organized by the People's Alliance for Democracy. However, he has never cited any evidence for his claims. During a protest on 26 February 2006, Sulak called Thaksin a pitiful dog. Sulak's comments were condemned by Somsri Hananantasuk, former Chairperson of Amnesty International Thailand, who said that such words could provoke violence.

In 2007, he spoke out against proposals to declare Buddhism Thailand's "national religion" in the new constitution, arguing that to do so would exacerbate the existing conflict in southern Thailand.

Sulak Sivaraksa also appears in the documentary film about the Dalai Lama entitled Dalai Lama Renaissance.

Sulak Sivaraksa is an advocate for social and political change in Thailand, as well as globally. Sivaraksa has written several influential works that have both inspired people to work towards justice and provoked controversy from political leaders. Nonetheless, Sulak Sivaraksa's speeches and other writings discuss political and economic corruption in Thai government, universal ethics, and socially engaged Buddhism. Some of Sivaraksa's most influential works include his autobiography, Loyalty Demands Dissent, as well as Seeds of Peace: A Buddhist Vision for Renewing Society, and Conflict, Culture, Change: Engaged Buddhism in a Globalizing World. Sulak Sivaraksa’s writings, as well the organizations he has created, express his desire for a moral and ethical world from a Buddhist perspective. Sivaraksa's religious faith is clearly the foundation of all of his political and social beliefs, yet he uses his religious beliefs to create social change in a modernist fashion.

Sulak was arrested on 6 November 2009 for lèse majesté. He was bailed out shortly thereafter.

In 2014 Sulak was again charged with defamation of the monarchy after questioning the historicity of a 16th-century royal duel on elephantback. He was cleared of these charges in December 2017.

In a 2019 interview with The Isaan Record, Sulak expressed his disappointment with the government of Prayut Chan-o-cha, but saw great promise in the rise of new progressive parties.

Loyalty Demands Dissent
Sulak Sivaraksa presents his view of Buddhism is his autobiography, Loyalty Demands Dissent. Along with a first hand account of this life, he also includes information about his views on the relationship between religion, society, and politics. Two chapters in his autobiography, "Interfaith Connections" and "Working with the Monks", discuss Buddhism's relationships with other religions and also the changes in Buddhism that he believes are necessary for it to apply to the modern world.

Interfaith Connections
An important aspect of Sulak’s work as an engaged Buddhist is his focus on inter-religious dialogue. Spending some of his early years in Great Britain enabled him to present Buddhism in a way that is congruent with Western logic. His concern for social change as a religious matter moved him to found the Coordinating Group for Religion and Society (CGRS) in 1976, which included Buddhist men, but also students, women, Catholics, Muslims, and Protestants. While many had religious backgrounds, Sulak has stressed the fact that they were all just people who were coming together to discuss social change.

Sulak's commitment to inter-religious dialogue has been important throughout his life. Sulak established a relationship with the World Council of Churches (WCC) and believed that there was much work to be done within society by Buddhists and Catholics together. When discussing the dialogue between Buddhists and Catholics, Sulak states "the idea that one religion is better than the other simply doesn’t exist". This perspective concentrates on the work that needs to be done in society by people of all faiths.

Working with the Monks
With growing concern about communism in Asia in the early-1960s, Sulak received funding in 1962 to promote a reform of Buddhism as an alternative means to social change. He traveled to monasteries where he encouraged the monks' education in higher institutions of learning so that they would be "concerned about conservation, peace, and society", because he writes, "our monasteries had to become more modern, and our monks needed to understand the West. We can't keep Buddhism as it is. It has to change to meet the modern world".

In a movement to modernize monasticism, Sulak began a group named sekhiyadhamma in order to increase social awareness among monks. Sulak claims that he relied heavily on the ideas of Buddhadasa Bhikkhu and Bhikkhu P. A. Payutto in forming his own ideas. While Buddhadasa Bhikku advocated a theory of Dhammic socialism, Payutto's main focus in Buddhism was studying the original teachings of the Buddha and making them more applicable to the modern world.

"Buddhism with a small 'b'"
In "Buddhism with a Small 'b'" in Seeds of Peace, Sulak discusses the seminal teachings of the Buddha. He presents mindfulness, tolerance, and interconnectedness in a way that makes them applicable not only to the individual, but to entire communities. "Buddhism with a Small 'b'" seems to call for a religion that is not institutionalized or concerned with ritual, myth, and culture. Sulak feels that these dimensions of religion lead to chauvinism and prejudice, so he believes humans must step away from these and focus on the basic teachings of the Buddha.

Sulak advocates a return to the Buddha's original teachings as a means of social reform. In addition, he believes that the social dimension of Buddhism cannot be ignored because Buddhism is "concerned with the lives and consciousness of all beings". Sivaraksa also explains that many Buddhists understand religion and politics "as two interrelated spheres", implying that government should adhere to the moral and ethical values that Buddhism, or any religion, has to offer.

"Buddhist Solutions to Global Conflict"
In a chapter on Buddhist solutions to global conflict in Conflict, Culture, Change: Engaged Buddhism in a Globalizing World, Sulak Sivaraksa explains the principle of nonviolence in the teachings of Buddhism. Sulak describes the three forms of violence according to the Buddha's teachings, "Every action has three doors, or three ways we create karma: through body, speech, and mind". Sulak explains that nonviolence, or ahimsa, does not mean non-action. For example, if a person sees a violent act and does not attempt to prevent it, this can be considered an act of violence because the bystander is not acting with compassion.

Sulak applies these ideas to social and political situations as a response to social injustice. He uses the principle of nonviolence as a call for action against social injustice, defining a strategy to bringing about long-term peace to the world: peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peace building. Sulak's application of Buddhist principles show his intention of instilling morals and ethics into corrupt institutions around the world.

Socially engaged Buddhism
Socially Engaged Buddhism advocates religion as a means of reform. He states, "Religion is at the heart of social change, and social change is the essence of religion". Sulak advocates environmental protection and environmentally sustainable ways of life through the use of Buddhist principles. Sivaraksa calls for the "value of simplicity", and connects this with the Buddhist idea of "the freedom from attachment to physical and sensual pleasure".

Sivaraksa chooses to highlight the universal and rational aspects of Buddhism and eschews ritualism and mythology in order to make Buddhism more applicable to contemporary global issues. By presenting Buddhism in this fashion, people of all faiths can relate to, and interpret his work in a universally spiritual light. Though he is both a Buddhist and Thai nationalist, he makes it clear in his work that all religions should be tolerated and respected.

title: Sulak Sivaraksa


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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ASIC programming language

ASIC is a compiler and integrated development environment for a subset of the BASIC programming language. It was released for MS-DOS and compatible systems as shareware. Written by Dave Visti of 80/20 Software, it was one of the few BASIC compilers legally available for download from BBSes. ASIC allows compiling to an EXE or COM file. A COM file for Hello world program is 360 bytes.

ASIC has little or no support for logical operators, control structures, and floating-point arithmetic. These shortcomings resulted in the tongue-in-cheek motto, "ASIC: It's almost BASIC!"

Features
ASIC is strongly impoverished in comparison with its contemporary BASICs. The features of ASIC are selected to make a program be easily and directly compiled into machine language. Thus, many language constructs of ASIC are equivalent to constructs of assembly language.

Program elements
Neither indetifiers, nor keywords are case-sensitive.

Any  statements, if specified, must precede all other statements except   statements or blank lines.

All  statements must be placed at the beginning of the program, before all other statement types, except ,   statements, or blank lines).

Expressions
ASIC does not have the exponentiation operator.

ASIC does not have boolean operators (, ,   etc.).

Arrays
The size of array specified in the  statement must be a literal constant. A single  allows to declare only one array.

Input and Output
's arguments must be a literal or variable. does not allow to use combined expressions as its arguments, nor does it allow to use strings concatenated with  or.

If a  command ends with   or , then the next   command will resume in the position where this one left off, just as though its argument were appended to the argument of the current   command.

The  statement prints integer values six characters wide. They are aligned to the right (no trailing spaces).

 * : Moves the text cursor to the position, where 0 ≤  and 0 ≤  . The position (0, 0) is the upper left corner.

Graphics

 * : Turns on the pixel of the color  at position, where 0 ≤  and 0 ≤  . The position (0, 0) is the upper left corner.

Control Structures
A boolean condition may be only a comparison of numbers or strings, but not a comparison of combined expressions. A literal cannot be the left operand of comparison (e.g. can be, not  ).

Decisions
After, there may be a sequence of statements delimited by   or. An example: Contrary to other BASICs, statements cannot be put between  and the end of the line.

An if-statement can realize the conditional jump. In this case, after  there may be a label.

Looping
In, after   there may be only a number - literal or variable - but not a combined expression. The  clause does not exist in ASIC.

Branching
In a  statement, the label must be followed by a colon.

Subroutines
In a  statement, the label must be followed by a colon.

BAS2ASI
This utility, serving to convert GW-BASIC programs to ASIC syntax, in the version 5.0 does not support some GW-BASIC features. Examples:

in the for loop is not converted. The program is converted into

The exponentiation operator  is not converted. The program is converted into

title: ASIC programming language


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Talk:In the Mood

Untitled
An infobox for the Ernie Fields Jr. version of "In the Mood" was requested at WikiProject_Missing_encyclopedic_articles/List_of_notable_songs/7.

Red Garland or Joe Garland?
A previous version of the was changed (not by me) to Joe Garland and then reverted back to Red Garland.

According to the German translation of the book "Glenn Miller and His Orchestra" by George T. Simon, chapter 16, the composer of "In the Mood" is Joe Garland who gave it first to Artie Shaw. German title: "Glenn Miller: Sein Leben - Seine Musik", ISBN 3-85445-031-1

A CD credits Garland-Razaf.

--62.224.47.177 01:41, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC) (GS, Karlsruhe, Germany)

 * Another book: Hans-Jürgen Schaal, "Jazz-Standards: Das Lexikon", ISBN 3-7618-1414-3, says "Musik: Joseph C. Garland; Text: Andy Razaf" and "Joe Garland" later in the text. So I am going to change the name to "Joe" again (134.95.140.43 on 20:31, 8 Mar 2004 had changed it to Joe without giving source information, maybe that's why it was changed later).

--62.224.48.181 14:05, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) (GS, Karlsruhe, Germany)

Hal Leonard, the publisher currently controlling the sheet music rights to "In The Mood", credits Red Garland, even though most discographies and histories (and some label credits) say Joe. Shoshani (talk) 16:24, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Signature Tune
The theme of the Glenn Miller band was "Moonlight Serenade"--no ifs, ands, or buts about it. The opening assertion is wrong and ought to be changed if not documentable.--Buckboard 23:54, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup?
Does this article still need cleanup? I'm not sure what's wrong with it that it needs this tag. -- DrGaellon (talk | contribs) 13:55, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Wingy Manone
Someone needs to fact-check the assertion that Miller and "Miller's record company" paid Wingy Manone not to contest the copyright. Miller and Manone both recorded for the same company (Bluebird, the RCA low-price affiliate to their prestigious Victor label). Shoshani (talk) 16:24, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Sometimes we can't see the wood for........
Anyone heard of The Glenn Miller Story movie? It doesn't get a mention, yet the movie helped to make the song famous. Of course I could, but so can you. Kaiwhakahaere (talk) 08:21, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The movie helped make the tune famous? If you have a source on that, add it. I had thought it was one of the most famous hit toppers of the era before the film came out. -- 12:48, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The song was famous long before the movie came out... Why do you think Glenn Miller was famous enough to have a movie made about him? Where would that fame have come from otherwise? Stevenmitchell (talk) 00:51, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

All You Need is Love
I think we should put some mention that part of the song was used during the outro to The Beatles' song.Daeth (talk) 01:20, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Lyrics
Does anyone know when the lyrics were written and by whom? Had Miller's version been out for a while before someone decided to put words to it? 67.246.169.69 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 00:40, 10 December 2010 (UTC).

 * In the mood; w Andy Razaf, m Joe Garland.
 * © Nov. 27, 1939; E pub. 82707; Shapiro,
 * Bernstein & co., inc., New York. 4914 Tillywilly17 (talk) 02:46, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Glenn Miller website
Why is the Glenn Miller website used as a reference source? It is a professional copy band that had absolutely nothing to do with the original band, other than play their music 70 years later... It is not an official website at all... Stevenmitchell (talk) 00:55, 21 May 2011 (UTC)

first digital recording
There should be something in here to the effect that this song, along with Baa Baa Black sheep, was the first songs to be recorded and played back by a computer in 1951 71.62.201.39 (talk) 15:27, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

When Was It Released?
when was In the Mood Released? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.105.134.56 (talk) 06:47, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

The Beatles
Shouldn't it be added that the opening of ITM was prominently mixed into the ending of the Beatles' "All You Need Is Love"? 83.254.145.171 (talk) 11:20, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

raw copyright info 1938-40
Here are the ocr copyright filings I retrieved. Note first two from 1938 are unpublished. Then Lewis Music Publishing filed published copyright a month before Shapiro, Bernstein. I am sure there is a story behind that!

https://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyrig333libr

In the mood ; melody. © 1 c. June 8, 1938;

E unp. 168986; Joseph Copeland Garland,

New York. 15257

In the mood; melody Joe C. Garland.

© 1 c. Nov. 26, 1938; E imp. 181388;

Lewis music pub. co., inc., New York. 34558

https://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyrig344libr

In the mood; by Joe Garland; pf.

© Oct. 31, 1939; E  pub. 80799; Lewis

music pub. co., inc., New  York. 37536

https://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyrig353libr

In the mood; w Andy Razaf, m Joe Garland.

© Nov. 27, 1939; E pub. 82707; Shapiro,

Bernstein & co., inc., New York. 4914

In the mood; fox-trot, Andy Razaf &

Joe Garland, arr. Joe Garland as suggested

by Glenn Miller; orch. pts., with w. © Dec. 11, 1939;

E pub. 82885; Shapiro, Bernstein & co., inc.,

New York. 4913 Tillywilly17 (talk) 02:42, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

 * "Tar Paper Stomp" was copyrighted on November 6, 1941, as a pianoforte version by Peer International. <<< good work! Tillywilly17 (talk) 02:44, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:In the Mood


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title: Category:1158 deaths


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Trentino

Provincia autonoma di Trento (Provinzia Autonoma de Trent; Autonome Provinz Trient), commonly known as Trentino, is an autonomous province of Italy in the country's far north. Trentino and South Tyrol constitute the region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, an autonomous region under the constitution. The province is composed of 166 comuni (: comune). Its capital is the city of Trento (Trent). The province covers an area of more than 6,000 km2, with a total population of 541,098 in 2019. Trentino is renowned for its mountains, such as the Dolomites, which are part of the Alps.

Etymology
The province is generally known as "Trentino". The name derives from Trento, the capital city of the province. Originally, the term was used by the local population only to refer to the city and its immediate surroundings. Under former Austrian rule, which began in the 19th century (previously, Trentino was governed by the local bishop), the common German name for the region was Welschtirol (lit. 'Italian Tyrol') or Welschsüdtirol (lit. 'Italian South Tyrol'), or just Südtirol, meaning South Tyrol with reference to its geographic position as the southern part of Tyrol.

The corresponding Italian name was Tirolo Meridionale, which was historically used to describe the wider southern part of the County of Tyrol, specifically Trentino and sometimes also today's South Tyrol,  or Tirolo Italiano. In its wider sense, Trentino was first used around 1848 in an article by a member of the Frankfurt National Assembly; it became a popular term among leftist intellectual circles in Austria.

Since the new 1972 autonomous status, the administrative name of the province is autonomous province of Trento (provincia autonoma di Trento; autonome provinz Trient).

History

The history of Trentino begins in the mid-Stone Age. The valleys of what is now Trentino were already inhabited by man, the main settlements being in the valley of the Adige River, thanks to its milder climate.

In the early Middle Ages, this area was included within the Kingdom of Italy and the March of Verona. In 1027, the Bishopric of Trent was established as a State of the Holy Roman Empire by Emperor Conrad II. It was an ecclesiastical territory, roughly corresponding to the present-day Trentino, governed by the Prince-Bishops of Trento.

The Council of Trent, held in three major sessions from 1545 to 1563, with the first at Trento, was one of the important councils in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. It was an articulation of Roman Catholic doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation, and specified doctrine on salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical canon.

After the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, the bishopric was secularized and absorbed into the Austrian County of Tyrol. It was governed by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The region was the location of heavy fighting during World War I, as it was directly on the front lines between Austria-Hungary and Italy. Trentino was occupied by Italy in November 1918 and was annexed in 1919 by the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919).

After World War II, the Italian and Austrian Foreign Ministers signed the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement, creating the autonomous region of Trentino-South Tyrol, consisting of the autonomous provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol. Since the treaty, Trentino has enjoyed considerable autonomy from the Italian central government in Rome. It has its own elected government and legislative assembly.

In 1996, the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino was formed between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino. The boundaries of the association correspond to the old County of Tyrol. The aim is to promote regional peace, understanding and cooperation in many areas. The region's assemblies meet together as one on various occasions and have set up a common liaison office to the European Union in Brussels.

Geography
Trentino is a mountainous region. The Adige River flows through the central Trentino in a valley named after the river. The principal towns of Trentino lie in the Adige Valley, which has been a historical passage connecting Italy with Northern Europe. Among other important valleys are Non Valley, known for its apple production, Sole Valley, Giudicarie, which has been historically connected by Trento and Brescia, Fiemme and Fassa, Lagarina, Mocheni, Sugana Valley and many others.

The province has an area of 6,214 km2, and a total population of 524,826 (2010). There are 217 comuni (singular: comune), in the province.

The Marmolada, at 3,343 m above sea level, is the highest mountain in the Dolomites. The glacier on the Marmolada is also a landmark. Other high mountains include the Monte Baldo, Carè Alto, Cermis, Crozzon di Brenta, Hintere Eggenspitze, Latemar, Paganella, Piz Boè, Presanella, Punta San Matteo and Vezzana.

Politics
The 1972 second Statute of Autonomy for Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol devolved most legislative and executive competences from the regional level to the provincial level, creating de facto two separate regions. Administratively, the province enjoys a large degree of autonomy in the following sectors: health, education, welfare and transport infrastructure. The provincial council comprises 35 members, one of whom must by law be drawn from the Ladin minority.

In the elections in 2013, the strongest party became the Democratic Party (Partito Democratico del Trentino) with 9 deputies, Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (8), Union for Trentino (5), Lega Nord Trentino (2), Forza Italia (1), Five Stars Movement (1), Trentino Project (1), Ladin Autonomist Union (1), Civic Trentino (1), Administer Trentino (1), with one independent.

The executive powers are attributed to the provincial government (Italian: Giunta Provinciale), headed by the governor (Presidente). Since 2018 the governor is Maurizio Fugatti of the rightist Lega Nord. The president of the provincial council alternates with the governor of South Tyrol as president of the Trentino-South Tyrol region. The regional government has its seat in the former Hotel Imperial in Trento.

The Ladin community has one reserved seat in the provincial assembly and is thereby guaranteed political representation.

Administration
Due to the division of the province into the 217 municipalities (Comuni/Gemeinden), often of small or even tiny size, in the late 1970s, eleven larger units known as districts (comprensori) were introduced. The municipalities forming a district elect the council for that district. However, this tier of government has provoked criticism, and, in 2006, a reform created fifteen more homogeneous "Valley Communities" (comunità di valle, Talgemeinden) and one territory including the municipalities of Trento, Cimone, Aldeno and Garniga Terme (see Municipalities of Trentino).

As of 2009, the only municipalities with a population over 20,000 were Trento, Rovereto, and Pergine Valsugana.

Economy
The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 20.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 1.2% of Italy's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 37,900 euros or 126% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 119% of the EU average.

Despite the overwhelmingly mountainous nature of the territory, agriculture remains important. Farms often join to form larger cooperatives. The most important produce comprises apples (50% of national production, together with South Tyrol) and other fruit, vegetables (primarily in the Val di Gresta), and grapes. Important especially for their quality, the latter are used for the production of dry and sparkling wines.

In January 2008, the Edmund Mach Foundation was established to promote research, training and services in the agricultural, agri-food and environmental fields.

The primary industries, often small and medium-sized, are concentrated in Valsugana, Vallagarina and the Adige Valleys. Sectors include textiles, mechanics, wood and paper productions. Also important is the production of hydro-electric energy.

Tourism is the mainstay of the provincial economy. The main resorts include: Madonna di Campiglio, San Martino di Castrozza, Fiera di Primiero, Canazei, Moena, Cavalese, Folgaria, Folgarida-Marilleva, Riva del Garda and Levico Terme, Comano Terme and Roncegno, these last three being renowned thermal stations.

The unemployment rate stood at 5.3% in 2020.

Transport
The Trentino province is crossed by the main road and rail connections between Italy and Germany. These include the Brenner A22 motorway and road which passes through the Etsch/Adige Valley. A regional project of switching much of the road traffic to railways is currently under consideration.

The province has two more railways: the Valsugana Line, connecting Trento to Venice and the Trento-Malè-Marilleva railway between Trento and Malè.

Demographics
In 2019 the population of Trentino was 541,098. The highest concentration of the population is located around the capital city of Trento, and the southern parts. The whole region is divided up into 175 municipalities.

Languages
The majority of the Trentino population is Italian-speaking with its local dialects. The region is also home to three indigenous linguistic minorities, which are Ladin, Mócheno and Cimbrian. All languages are protected by regional and provincial laws, statutes, and regulations.

After World War II and the devolution of power to regional authorities, a change in policy slowly began, which gained momentum in the 1990s. Since then a number of far-reaching laws and regulations have been passed and implemented, that protect and promote the use of these three languages and the unique cultural heritage and identity. This has for example been extended to school curricula in the regional languages and street signs becoming bilingual. All three minorities have their own cultural institute which were decreed by national law and receive state funds. The purpose of these cultural institutes is to safeguard and promote the respective culture and languages.

The Ladin minority is found in the Fassa Valley, in the municipalities of Canazei (Cianacei), Campitello di Fassa (Ciampedèl), Mazzin (Mazin), Moena, Soraga and Sèn Jan di Fassa. In the census of 2001, 16,462 inhabitants of Trentino declared Ladin as their native language.

Mócheno is still spoken in the municipalities of Frassilongo (Garait), Palù del Fersina (Palai en Bersntol) and Fierozzo (Vlarötz), while the Cimbrian language is spoken in Luserna (Lusérn). The 2001 census found there were 2,276 native Mócheno and 882 Cimbrian speakers. The linguistic breakdown according to the census of 2001 is:

The Nones language hails from the Non Valley and is considered by some linguists a variant of Ladin. Estimates range up to 30,000 speakers. The Solandro language is also under debate as to whether it is a dialect of Ladin or a separate language. Native speakers are mainly found in the Sole Valley and are estimated to be up to 15,000. Both idioms are alternatively considered as dialects within the range of Gallo-Romance languages. There is no official census to date that has Nones and Solandro as officially distinct languages. The total number of Ladin speakers in the census of 2001 exceeds the population of around 7,500 in the Fassa Valley. A number of Nones and Solandro speakers identified as Ladin speakers, while others chose not to exercise that option due to the disagreement whether or not their languages are Ladin or a separate idiom.

Culture
The Trentino is a region of cultural encounters. Already in the past Germans, Italians and Ladins joined in this area. The alpine province is a piece of land, in which mountain passes and elevated plains join hilly valleys and plains and in which different people and cultures join. Its history, but also the relatively insular geographic position of some valleys led to an extraordinary richness in culture and many customs and traditions that have been kept alive up to the present. Also some minority groups and gastronomic peculiarities have been preserved till now.

Museums
In the territory of the province there are numerous museums, which have had significant development over the last twenty years by the financial resources of the province. Among the main ones:

 * the modern and contemporary art museum of Trento and Rovereto (MART), inaugurated in 2002, based in Corso Bettini in Rovereto. The modern architectural structure was designed by Mario Botta and fits harmoniously into the historical fabric of the city. MART can boast an extensive permanent collection of contemporary works and aims to take on an increasingly international dimension.
 * the MUSE (museum), museum of the sciences of Trento.
 * The Civic Museum of Rovereto, founded in 1851 and among the oldest Italian museums;
 * the Buonconsiglio museum near the castle of the same name and the Historical Museum in Trento in via Torre d'Augusto;
 * the Tridentine Museum of Natural Sciences, located in Trento;
 * the aeronautics museum, dedicated to Gianni Caproni (based in Mattarello);
 * the museum of the uses and customs of the Trentino people, one of the major ethnographic and material culture museums of the entire Alpine area, with headquarters in San Michele all'Adige;
 * the Italian historical museum of the War of Rovereto, dedicated to the First World War, hosted at the city's castle.
 * the geological museum of the Dolomites in Predazzo
 * Padre Kino Museum located in Segno in the Val di Non chronicles the life of missionary explorer Eusebio Kino and the indigenous people of today's borderlands of Arizona and Sonora.

Also worthy of note are the cultural institutes and museums dedicated to the three minorities of the province, the Istitut cultural Ladin "majon di fascegn" in Val di Fassa and the "Kulturinstitut Bersntol - Lusérn" for the promotion of German-speaking minorities mòchene and Cimbre.

Castles
In the region there are numerous castles. With the financial aid of province, some of them could be restored and are now open to the public. Here the most important:

 * Castel del Buonconsiglio, in Trento;
 * Castel Thun, in the Val di Non;
 * Castel Stenico, in the Vallagarina;
 * Castel Beseno, in the Adige Valley;
 * Castel Toblino, in the Valle del Sarca;
 * Castel Cles, near Cles, in the Val di Non;
 * Arco Castle, in Arco.

Sports and recreation
The region offers many opportunities for mountain climbing and trekking and winter sports. Important winter events are the world championships organised by the International Ski Federation (FSI) such as the Nordic ski 1991, 2003 and 2013, snowboarding 2001 and freestyle ski championship 2007, as well as the Adamello Ski Raid and Marcialonga. The Tour de Ski has since 2007 had its conclusion in Val di Fiemme with the Final Climb stage up the alpine skiing course on Alpe Cermis.

During the spring and summer, cycling is a big event in the region, such as the Giro del Trentino and Maratona dles Dolomites over the mountain passes. Cross country racing such as the Cross della Vallagarina and the 10-kilometre road running competition Giro al Sas also take place.

Association football is a popular ball sport in Trentino. Teams within the region are U.S. Alta Vallagarina, A.C. Mezzocorona, A.S.D. Porfido Albiano and Trento Calcio 1921.

Trentino Volley is a professional Italian volleyball team. It has played in the Italian Volleyball League without interruption since 2000, while Aquila Trento is a basketball team in the Italian top league.

title: Trentino


text:
The Africa Center

The Africa Center, formerly known as the Museum for African Art and before that as the Center for African Art, is a museum located at Fifth Avenue and 110th Street in East Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, near the northern end of Fifth Avenue's Museum Mile. Founded in 1984, the museum is "dedicated to increasing public understanding and appreciation of African art and culture." The Museum is also well known for its public education programs that help raise awareness of African culture, and also operates a unique store selling authentic handmade African crafts.

The Museum has organized nearly 60 critically acclaimed exhibitions and traveled these to almost 140 venues nationally and internationally, including 15 other countries. Forty of these exhibitions are accompanied by scholarly catalogues.

History
Holland Cotter wrote in 2010 about what is now the Africa Center, "In the 1980s and '90s it revolutionized the way art, any art, could be exhibited. No one else has fully picked up that challenge since. Maybe the museum itself, under wraps the last few years, can do so again."

1984–1993: Early years
What is now the Africa Center was opened as the Center for African Art in September 1984 by its founding director, Susan Mullin Vogel, who had previously worked as Associate Curator in the "Department of Primitive Art" at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The center's original location was on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, in "a pair of converted town houses at 54 East 68th Street." As director, Vogel curated and organized ground-breaking exhibitions which put into question ways in which African art is presented to Western audiences, and how museum practices structure knowledge for the public. The most well-known of these exhibitions are "Art/Artifact: African Art in Anthropology Collections" in 1988, "Exhibition-ism: Museums and African Art" in 1994, and "Africa Explores: 20th-Century African Art" in 1991. Based largely on Vogel's earlier exhibitions, Roberta Smith wrote in The New York Times in 1989 that the 1980s "may also come to be seen as the beginning of the golden age of African art exhibitions."

1993–2002: SoHo
In February 1993, the institution changed its name to the Museum for African Art and moved to a three-times larger space at 593 Broadway in Soho, that was designed by the architect and artist Maya Lin and described by New York Times architecture critic Herbert Muschamp as "a flowing sequence of galleries, unfolding on two floors," in which Lin "uses subtle gradations of color to suggest a passage through time as well as space." After founding director Vogel was named director of the Yale University Art Gallery in 1994, Grace C. Stanislaus was named as executive director in February 1995. Elsie McCabe (later Elsie McCabe Thompson) led the institution from 1997 until she resigned in 2012. When McCabe took over, she "set her sights on moving the tiny museum and collection" from Soho to uptown Manhattan, saying (ironically given that she moved the museum to its third and fourth locations), "A museum is very much an edifice, and you can't attract a loyal and dedicated audience if you're constantly on the move."

2002–2006: Long Island City
In September 2002, the museum moved to its third location, at 36–01 43rd Avenue, third floor, in Long Island City, Queens, intended as "an interim home before a permanent move to 110th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan," a site that in 2002 was expected to be ready "within four years or so." In 2005, the museum was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which was made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg. The Museum closed its public gallery in Queens in 2006, and in 2013 the board changed its name to the New Africa Center, which later became the Africa Center, and changed its intended purpose from art museum to "a clearinghouse and public policy institute for all things Africa." After several years of delayed openings, and the realization that the initial goal of a museum on Fifth Avenue was not sustainable, the decision was made to broaden the project's scope, and push back the opening to 2015. The new building would be on Museum Mile at the corner of Fifth Avenue and East 110th Street in East Harlem, Manhattan.

2006–present: Museum Mile
The new location, in a building designed by architect Robert A.M. Stern, is the first museum building built on New York's Museum Mile since the completion of the Guggenheim in 1959. It was to serve as a cultural center, modeling itself after the Asia Society and other similar organizations. The new building's aim was to make the museum accessible to a wide range of people from the world over, thus solidifying the museum's presence as one of the most challenging and diverse art institutions in the U.S. The new building would encompass approximately 90000 sqft with 16000 sqft of exhibition space, as well as a theater, education center, library, classrooms, event space, restaurant and gift shop. The growth into the cultural center was spearheaded by, CEO Uzodinma Iweala and board members Chelsea Clinton, Halima Dangote, and Hadeel Ibrahim daughter of Mo Ibrahim.

While the outer-shell of the building was completed in 2010, critical interior build-out and occupation was delayed by stalled fundraising efforts and leadership transitions. In 2015, the Africa Center hired Michelle D. Gavin, former United States Ambassador to Botswana and an expert on Africa, as its managing director. Gavin left in late 2016. In the interim, the Africa Center was to present pop up events in its new space until the building is completed. In February 2019, Terenga, a West African fast-casual restaurant, opened in the Africa Center space.

The Africa Center also hosts a Shared Studios Portal, which connects the center live and in real-time to communities around the world. The majority of their Portal connections are to sites on the African continent.

title: The Africa Center


text:
Template talk:Hiero/pd/bgcolour

What is this template?
 * This template is part of a range of templates used to render Egyptian hieroglyphs in Wikipedia.
 * Specifically, this template encodes the background colour of templates when called by the parameter.
 * This is designed to be used for the Protodynastic Period of Egypt.
 * Gareth Hughes 16:09, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Hiero/pd/bgcolour


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User talk:Ntg

On TMNT
I did watch few episodes of the cartoon version from 1987 and the TMNT movie released on 1990 and most of stereotypes were really harmless staff. The best way to see the difference is, if you are fan of anime and manga, to compare with Naruto, a Japanese manga and anime of ninja. Ninja actions from Naruto are extremely fast and constantly using jutsu that often have quite a dramatic effect. Compared to this, turtles from TMNT are slow and too simple completely relying on handheld weapons that they always carry around.

The official website by Mirage Studios lets us see the first edition so let me take a step by step check on things that aren't "right". These may not be stereotypes but as a Japanese myself, they don't just appear correct, kind of like having a cowboy armed with a AK-47. The list is rather long so have something to drink nearby. 61.193.96.32 16:09, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Page 1 - Leonardo has a weapon that looks like a katana but the glint is on the non-cutting edge side of the weapon and it looks flat. Most katana glint on the cutting edge side and as a ninja weapon, katana would be given a glint-suppression finish to avoid the detection. He also has two weapons instead of one which would rattle and make noise. Also, Leonardo is standing and holding the weapon in a wrong way, have him carry a baseball bat instead! He has to be standing with his feets almost as you would be trying to run. Donatello also has his weapon in the wrong position, he would probably smack all three turtles infront of him before he does anything. He should be holding it lower with the front end tipped, nearly touching the ground. Raphael and Michaelangelo have weapons ninja never used. Nunchak would rattle and make noise and sai is a Chinese weapon.
 * Page 2,3 - Leonardo again, he has the cutting edge aimed to his buddies. He should be holding it infront of him so that he can attack in one motion. Rest are same as page 1.
 * Page 4 - Ninja had the most advanced weaponry at the time they lived. No point in not using firearms. (Of course if ninja were armed like SWAT or Delta force, lots of people would be disappointed!)
 * Page 5 - Ninja don't use sai. They use Kunai which are easier to hide and can be thrown.
 * Page 6 - Donatello would land on his side instead of feet and forget about ever seeing Michaelangelo.
 * Page 7 - Leonardo again has blood on his katana-like weapon but only on the tip. The only way katana can be dirtied like that is when you poke with a katana, which is a possible but unusual way to attack.
 * Page 8 - Ninja used to exist mostly as hired troop or secret agents and spies. Police would never make an ally.
 * Page 10 - Turtles are bowing one by one after they enter the room, they should bow together before taking a step inside. Master Splinter is sitting on a chair, he should be seated on a Tatami with or without Zabuton cushion. He should also be without a stick in his hand. The light fixture hanging from the ceiling looks like a Chinese object. Having a tea kettle and cups out isn't wise thing to do, they collect dust.
 * Page 11 - The cage looks like a Chinese object and until quite recently, Japanese didn't think of having a mice as a pet. The training room looks like it has a stone floor and why did authors put all those windows up there? The entire building is going to crumble from a smallest earthquake. "Hamato Yoshi" is an impossible Japanese name. There is probably only one person with "Yoshi" as the family name in the entire Japan and it's actually a screen name for an actor. It should, at least be spelled "Yoshii". "Hamato" cannot be a first name. Splinter may be saying that the man was actually "Yoshi Hamato" but "Hamato" cannot be a family name as well and "Yoshi" would be a nickname, it is of course a disrespctful thing to call one's owner and master by a nickname. Hamato Yoshi also has his upper cloth tacked the wrong way, this is how a woman would arrange her clothes. He also should be barefooted and I think I should mention here that Ninjutsu include martial art as its technique and karate is not something ninja learned. It takes time to kill with karate and time is something ninja cannot waste, much easier and quieter to sneak up and slice the enemy's throat. Ninja is fairly accurate, but he should be wearing a chainmail and a pair of gauntlet.
 * Page 12 - "Oroku Nagi" and "Tang Shen" are not a Japanese name. The clan's name doesn't make sense as Japanese clans almost always name it after the master's family name or the place they live in. In a secret group, they tend to call themselves by a thing from the nature, like wind or moon. Master Splinter has three pictures hanging in the back but he should only hang one and keep others stored. Ninja has weapons out but needlessly brandishing weapons is a bleach of etiquette. Tang Shen's hairstyle looks like something taken from 19th century picture and her kimono seem to be held together by a piece of leather and it is tacked the wrong way.
 * Page 13 - The whole issue about Tang Shen is simply wrong. Because she is allowed to know that Yoshi and Oroku are members of the clan, she has to be a member of the clan as well. By attacking her, Oroku broke the rule of not fighting another member of clan except for the training and Yoshi and Tang (she must know how to fight as well because that is only way she can be a member and Japanese did and do take training women to fight seriously) had every reason to subdue him or if impossible, kill him. Also, ninja clans never let a member go under any penalty. He can turn his anger of being expelled against the clan and conspire with another clan to revenge. The only way he or she may be allowed to leave would be if they became a Buddhist monk never interacting with anyone who is not a monk. The worst thing he can do is to open a martial art school because it can be used to recruit and train to start a new clan.
 * Page 14 - The funeral scene is American one. Japanese cremate their dead and the only attire allowed at a funeral is black. "Oroku Saki" is not a Japanese name and "Saki" is a feminine name. Japanese clans doesn't set up a branch office as one would set up a business. They rarely, if ever, establish a new branch because relationships between clans are too complicated and Japan has been divided and subdivided between clans that any expansion would be effectively invading another clan. Also, ninja don't wear ninja costume unless they are in a mission which they need those clothes. The clan symbol looks like a pirate flag.
 * Page 15 - Ninja clans stay out of criminal activities unless summoned and ordered by the government they serve because they are not mafia. There is no point in doing things that the samurai lord of the domain (in the past) or the government would find undesirable. Yoshi (and Tang Shen of course) seems to be forgotten all his training by asking stupid questions and Saki should never have told his name. His costume also looks like a parody of Darth Vader.
 * Page 20-22 - Guards are walking around with weapons. The point of being ninja is not to attract any attention and guards should really be beggars, shopkeepers and an innocent looking old woman with children. No point in being obvious.
 * Page 23 - Ninja don't announce what they are going to do nor are they supposed to be emotionally involved in business they conduct. By murdering Yoshi and Tang, Saki had broken that unwritten law because clan leaders nor anyone else had commanded him to kill.
 * Page 24 - Use stairs!
 * Page 25 - Turtles are shouting instead of waiting quietly.
 * Page 27 - Weapons wielded by Foots are Chinese weapons.
 * Page 33 - It doesn't make sense for Shredder to call turtles gaijin. Maybe "Monsters" or "Yokai".
 * Page 34 and 35 - Shredder should go inside so he can take on turtles one by one and avoid getting hit by thrown items. He should also throw something back.
 * Page 37 - Ninja don't or more accurately ninja are never allowed to commit seppuku because ninja are considered dishonorable spies. Only samurai are allowed to seppuku and only for commiting a crime which can be redeemed by it. If a samurai commit a dishonorably crime, he can be executed instead which is roughly equal to the European practice of burning at the stake. In fact, Shredder's willingness to sacrifice his life to kill his opponents are commendable according to ninja logic because that's the least thing he must do.

That's all I can find for right now.

Sorry, this is me. Somehow I got logged out. Revth 16:11, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

reply
I didn't move Nintendo Entertainment System, however I was trying to disambiguate SMB. --Nintendude 08:29, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ntg


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red

title: Template:Hiero/pd/bordercolour


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Robert d'Escourt Atkinson

Robert d'Escourt Atkinson (born 11 April 1898, Rhayader, Wales – died 28 October 1982, Bloomington, Indiana) was a British astronomer, physicist and inventor.

Biography
Robert d'Escourt Atkinson was born in Wales on April 11, 1898. He went to Manchester Grammar School and received a degree in physics from Oxford in 1922. He worked in the Clarendon Laboratory and then went to Göttingen, where he received a Ph.D. in physics in 1928. After teaching physics at the Berlin Technische Hochscule for a year, Atkinson was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics at Rutgers University. He taught at Rutgers University in New Jersey from 1929 to 1937, when he became Chief Assistant at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. During World War II, Atkinson was called away from this position to do anti-magnetic mine work. In 1944, he was lent out to the Ballistic Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, where he worked under famed astronomer Edwin Hubble. Atkinson stayed there for two years then returned to Royal Greenwich Observatory. A large amount of his remaining years at the Royal Observatory were spent overseeing the move of the entire Observatory to Herstmonceux Castle in Sussex. In 1964, Atkinson retired from the Royal Observatory and came to Indiana University as a visiting professor. He became an adjunct professor in 1973 and a professor emeritus in 1979 at Indiana University. Also involved in professional associations, Atkinson was a founder-member of the Royal Institute of Navigation and served as president of the British Astronomical Association for one year. Atkinson passed away in Bloomington on October 28, 1982.

Work
In 1929, Atkinson collaborated with Fritz Houtermans to apply Gamow's quantum tunnelling theory to the process of nuclear fusion in stars. They showed that fusing light nuclei could create energy in accordance with Einstein's formula of mass-energy equivalence, and that heavy nuclei could be built up by a successive series of fusions. Their models were similar to the later CNO cycle. This theory was not accepted at the time as it depended on the idea that stars were mostly hydrogen. Atkinson wrote about this theory again in the 1930s, predicting that the most luminous stars should have a short lifetime. He also proposed that the elements found in the Universe could be built up by fusion in stars, and that white dwarf stars did not need a nuclear source of energy in order to shine. After World War II, he worked on astronomical instrumentation and positional astronomy.

Atkinson's mechanical skills led to a commission to design an astronomical clock for York Minster, the York Minster astronomical clock.

Honors

 * Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Institute of Navigation.
 * Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for work on stellar fusion (1960)
 * The asteroid 1827 Atkinson is named after him.

Obituaries

 * QJRAS 25 (1984) 100–104
 * JBAA 93 (1983) 172–173

title: Robert d'Escourt Atkinson


text:
Talk:Pirates Constructible Strategy Game

Merge Proposal:

 * Pirates of the Crimson Coast, Pirates of the Revolution, Pirates at Ocean's Edge, and Pirates of the Caribbean PocketModels, all into Pirates Constructible Strategy Game

Since the pages detailing other expansions have since decided to not be notable enough, I propose a merger so that all information on each expansion is properly organized and in the right locations. Capn chris89 (talk) 18:57, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I think we should do a reasonable search for sources before a merge is conducted. BOZ (talk) 11:32, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay. It shouldn't be that hard to find additional sources for the articles in question. Capn chris89 (talk) 17:24, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Added sources from reputable news sites and from the company's main page where I could. Unfortunately info can be scarce but I've done my best. Capn chris89 (talk) 05:18, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Cmnt: I think a discussion about these expansion sets would be better served at AfD: none have sourcing, no in-lines found, and little if any notability on their own. If they aren't merged soon, I think they'll be gone pretty quick.  GenQuest  "scribble" 18:42, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

Fancruft
Hi,, the "incredible" information you restored is almost entirely unsourced. This is a violation of Wikipedia's verifiability policy, which requires other users to be able to check that information is true using sources provided. Furthermore, and more critically for this article, the information in question is fancruft, unlikely to be covered in secondary sources, and excessively detailed with no clear encyclopedic value. Jdcooper (talk) 09:30, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

 * , you said: "This page has been a gold mine of valuable information for players and collectors for years." In that case, you should put this information on a separate website. It is not encyclopedic detail. The "source" you added is highly unreliable (user-generated, non-independent, primary). Also, please respond to these issues here rather than reverting without comment, per WP:BRD. Jdcooper (talk) 10:53, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I have already made my case. The page has been a go-to source of information for anyone interested in the game for many years. Deleting the information sourced through hard work of the community is a slap in the face to what they've done.
 * The company that made the game has long since moved on from it, and they do not maintain official records of the information at their website. Thus, it has been up to the passionate community that loves the game to keep the information current and available.
 * Just because there is not an "official source" for all the information doesn't mean it's not true. A7XfanBen (talk) 22:51, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * But that's not what Wikipedia is for. If there is a passionate community that wants to compile knowledge about the game, there are a million more appropriate places to do that than Wikipedia. And no, lack of sources doesn't mean it's not true, but it does mean the information fails Wikipedia's verifiability policy, so can't stay on this site. Jdcooper (talk) 12:13, 18 October 2023 (UTC)


text: Category:1159 deaths

title: Category:1159 deaths


text:
Bukhara (disambiguation)

Bukhara or Bokhara can refer to:
 * Bukhara, a city in Uzbekistan
 * Bukhara Region of Uzbekistan, also known as 'Buxoro Region' or 'Buxoro Viloyati'
 * the Bukhara meteorite of 2001, which fell in Bukhara, Uzbekistan (see Meteorite falls)
 * Bukhara International Airport, an airport serving the city
 * FK Buxoro, a football club based in the city
 * Bukhara, a former country in Central Asia centered on the city of Bukhara. Known at various times as:
 * The Khanate of Bukhara (16th–18th centuries)
 * The Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1920)
 * The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924)
 * Kogon, formerly named New Bukhara until 1935
 * Bukhara, a village in Russia
 * Bukhara, Bashkortostan
 * Bukhara, Vologda Oblast
 * Bukhara magazine, an Iranian Persian-language magazine
 * Bukhara Caravanserai, a caravanserai in Baku, Azerbaijan
 * Bukhara (restaurant) A restaurant in New Delhi, India
 * Bukhara rug, an erroneous but (in the West) common term for Turkmen rugs
 * Buxar, aka Bukhara, Bihar in India
 * Bokhara River, a river in Australia
 * Buhara, a character from Hunter × Hunter
 * Bakhra, aka Bukhara, Muzaffarpur district
 * Bukharan Jews, a population of Jews from Central Asia

title: Bukhara (disambiguation)


text:
Cyrus IMAP server

The Cyrus IMAP server is electronic mail server software developed by Carnegie Mellon University. It differs from other Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) server implementations in that it is generally intended to be run on sealed servers, where normal users cannot log in.

Overview
The mail spool uses a filesystem layout and format similar to the Maildir format used by other popular email servers such as qmail, Courier, Dovecot, etc. Users can access mail through the JMAP, IMAP/IMAP-S, POP3/POP3-S or KPOP protocols.

The Cyrus IMAP server supports server-side mail filtering through the implementation of a mail filtering language called Sieve.

The private mailbox database design gives the server considerable advantages in efficiency, scalability, and administratability. Multiple concurrent read/write connections to the same mailbox are permitted. The server supports access control lists on mailboxes and storage quotas on mailbox hierarchies.

As of version 2.4.17, there is support for CalDAV and CardDAV to provide an integrated calendaring and email solution, and also support for viewing email via an RSS reader.

In terms of user management, it has a simple implementation of SASL which is specified in the Internet Standard RFC 2222.

History
Prior to 1994, Carnegie Mellon University's email was based on the locally developed and non-standard Andrew Messaging System (AMS) - written in the early 1980s as part of the Andrew Project. This was very advanced for its day, but had major scalability issues and Carnegie Mellon wanted to move to a standards-compliant mail system that met or exceeded the feature set of AMS.

In 1994 the Computing Services Division at Carnegie Mellon addressed these goals by starting the Cyrus Project. In 1998, Carnegie Mellon placed all of its incoming freshmen (the class of 2002) on the Cyrus server for the first time and in December 2001, board access (which had been mirrored from AMS to Cyrus), was cut over to Cyrus completely. AMS was finally phased out in May 2002.

The Computing Services Division later developed Cyrus "Murder" clustering, and after several revisions deployed it within Carnegie Mellon in the summer of 2002.

Several members of the Cyrus development team at Carnegie Mellon went on to become leaders in the development of large-scale electronic mail infrastructure elsewhere: John Gardiner Myers was Chief Architect of Host Mail Infrastructure at America Online; and Rob Siemborski worked on Gmail infrastructure at Google.

In the fall of 2016 Carnegie Mellon announced the retirement of Cyrus IMAP as their electronic mail storage service, with Cyrus users required to choose between on-campus Microsoft Exchange and Google "G Suite" off-campus mail.

Cyrus is still being actively developed. Carnegie Mellon University remains active in development, and also provides the infrastructure on which cyrusimap.org runs. Staff at Fastmail contribute much of the recent work, as they depend upon it as part of their commercial service.

title: Cyrus IMAP server


text:
Ron Basford

Stanley Ronald Basford (April 22, 1932 – January 31, 2005) was a Canadian politician and lawyer who was a long-time cabinet minister in the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau. Based in British Columbia, he was known as "Mr. Granville Island" for his support of the Granville Island redevelopment project in Vancouver.

Basford was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1963 Canadian federal election as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada, representing the district of Vancouver Centre. After winning re-election in 1968, he held several cabinet positions over the next decade under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, including Minister of National Revenue from 1974 to 1975 and Minister of Justice and Attorney General from 1975 until his retirement from the Cabinet in 1978. He did not seek reelection in the 1979 Canadian federal election and resumed his law career.

Early life and education
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba Basford moved with his mother to Comox, British Columbia, following the death of his father, where he completed his last three years of high school. He then attended the University of British Columbia, earning a law degree in 1956. Following his period of Articles, he was admitted to the Bar, and practised law for the next six years.

Basford had become interested in politics in his early teenage years and was very active in the Liberal Party while at university. He was nominated as the Liberal candidate in Vancouver—Burrard in March 1962 and contested the election in June of that year, losing by 94 votes.

Political career
Basford was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Liberal member of Parliament for Vancouver—Burrard in the 1963 election and was re-elected in the 1965 election. From 1968 to 1979, he represented the riding of Vancouver Centre.

In 1968, Trudeau brought Basford into Cabinet as Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs. He subsequently served as Minister of State for Urban Affairs (1972–1974), Minister of National Revenue (1974–1975), and Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada (1975–1978).

As Vancouver's leading cabinet minister, Basford is credited with helping to scuttle plans for an expressway along the city's waterfront that would have levelled the Gastown and Chinatown neighbourhoods, for encouraging local planning and neighbourhood improvement, and for helping win federal support for the construction of thousands of units of co-operative housing in the city.

As Consumer and Corporate Affairs minister, Basford shepherded the passage of legislation that dramatically reduced pharmaceutical prices. This gave Canada the lowest drug prices in the industrialized world into the late 1980s when the legislation was repealed by the Mulroney government. Basford also had passed into law the Hazardous Products Act that eliminated flammable children's bedding and clothing from the market. His most controversial move, at the time, was the adoption of the SI (metric) system as Canada's official standard of weights and measures. This provoked strong opposition from many Canadians but has since been accepted.

During his 30 months as Minister of State for Urban Affairs, Basford led the new Ministry into the uncharted waters of Federal/Provincial/Municipal consultation and cooperation through the development of Tri Level Conferences and working groups, improving the relationships among Canada's three levels of government. At the same time, he sponsored a complete revision of the National Housing Act, which initiated an era of wider programs of social housing and financial aid to municipalities through the Neighbourhood Improvement Program and the Residential Rehabilitation Assistance Program.

As Justice minister, Basford arranged a clemency agreement that kept abortion rights campaigner and practitioner Henry Morgentaler out of jail. He was also Justice minister in 1976 when Canada abolished capital punishment, and when the Canadian Human Rights Act was amended to require equal pay for equal work regardless of gender.

Basford retired from cabinet in 1978, as the longest-serving minister from BC since Confederation, and did not run in the 1979 election. He practised law with the Vancouver law firm of Davis and Company, and was named coordinator by the governments of BC and Canada of the complex Northeast Coal Development in 1982.

Ron Basford Park at Granville Island is named after him.

title: Ron Basford


text:
Talk:Boeing 727

MMO measurement conversions do not match
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_727#Specifications

Current: Mach 0.9 (961 km/h; 519 kn)

Mach 0.9 = 1111 km/h, 600 kn

961 km/h = Mach 0.78, 519 kn

519 kn  = Mach 0.78, 961 km/h

AbigailPhoenix (talk) 01:29, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Mach number conversions varies with temperature, and thus with altitude. If the conditions are not specified in the ref, it's best to avoid. It's an operating limit anyway, not a speed.--Marc Lacoste (talk) 05:24, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Okay! Thanks for the clarification :)
 * AbigailPhoenix (talk) 06:14, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

Changing the Main Picture
I think we should change the main picture from a -200 variant to the -100 to give new readers a intro to the -100 then progress up to the -200. Lol78231469 (talk) 02:27, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

 * But the -200 is way more common, with % against %. Also, please read the last discussion on the subject, a good deal of thought and work has been poured in the current one. And if you want another picture, please propose one. Thanks!--Marc Lacoste (talk) 04:27, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

New Info
I would like to add some random pop-culture information to the article but it seems the lead is not the right place to place it. It also seems that there is no "In Media" section but (Witch makes sense given there is not much media around this plane.) and I am Strongly against adding a whole new section to the article. Does anyone know where I can add some random Pop-Culture information?

PS:I have citations/sources ready if the edit is ever made. Liminality10101 (talk) 23:52, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

 * The lead section is indeed inappropriate. You can try adding a new "in media" section, but if the tidbits are unimportant (refs or not) it can be deleted.--Marc Lacoste (talk) 10:55, 10 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The DB Cooper incident is already covered in the linked List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 727 and is not particularly significant from the point of view of the history of the boeing 727 - the album cover is pure trivia.Nigel Ish (talk) 13:55, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

Boeing 727-46
The article states: "The 727-46 was a shortened variant of the 727." I do not think this is correct. The 727-46 looks identical in dimensions to the 727-100. The 727-46 does have additional rear exits similar to the 727-200. This was to satisfy the high-density requirements of Japan Airlines (Boeing customer code "46"). Some of these were sold to Dan-Air, where they were fitted with 153 seats, more than the exit limit of the standard 727-100. https://www.key.aero/article/dan-airs-trijet-boeings Meh130 (talk) 16:16, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Entry removed as it was unsourced. Accident reports involving the -46 report 140+ passenger casualties and aircraft weights the same as the -100. Limited searches of Jane's directories came up blank for the -46 being a major variant or even being mentioned. Nimbus (Cumulus nimbus floats by)  18:20, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boeing 727


text:
Template talk:Hiero/pd/bordercolour

What is this template?
 * This template is part of a range of templates used to render Egyptian hieroglyphs in Wikipedia.
 * Specifically, this template encodes the border colour of templates when called by the parameter.
 * This is designed to be used for the Protodynastic Period of Egypt.
 * Gareth Hughes 16:18, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Hiero/pd/bordercolour


text: Category:1163 deaths

title: Category:1163 deaths


text:
Eda-Ines Etti

Eda-Ines Etti (, born 26 May 1981), also known as simply Ines, is an Estonian singer and songwriter. Etti represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2000 with the song "Once in a Lifetime", placing fourth. Until their win the following year, this was Estonia's best result in the competition.

Career
Ines was designed to be once again Estonia's public face at the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 held in Estonia, as she was the first choice for the production team of the Eurolaul entry "Runaway". However, she pulled out at the last moment, and an experienced Swedish singer, Sahlene was hurriedly drafted in to perform "Runaway" at Eurolaul. This caused some controversy, with Ines' role in the affair coming under question. In the same year, Ines became the face for the Finnish mobile ticketing company Plusdial.

Since then, she has once been the national spokeswoman during the voting procedure of Eurovision Song Contest and a co-presenter of Eurolaul in 2005.

Ines's first album in Estonian, 15 magamata ööd, was issued in 2004. The title-track of the record brought her the second "Female Artist of the Year" at the Estonian Music Awards. Ines' backup band was formed in 2005, including her brother Ivo Etti (bass guitar), Siim Mäesalu (piano), Erki Pärnoja (lead guitar), and Magnus Pajupuu (drums). The first two instrumentalists were freshly recruited from Ruffus, the participants of Eurovision Song Contest 2003.

The first record of the new formation was Ines' album Uus päev. This included Ines' second Eurolaul entry, the song "Iseendale". The song came a close second to the winner "Through My Window", performed by the Swedish Sandra Oxenryd. "Iseendale" was notable as the only Estonian language song entered in 2006. Ines' third Eurolaul entry was the song entitled "In Good and Bad" in 2007 and achieved the 7th place.

Her album Kustutame vead earned her the nomination for the Female Artist of the Year. In 2008, Eda-Ines Etti won the Estonian version of the Just the Two of Us reality television singing contest in duet with the chief general manager of IBM Estonia Valdo Randpere.

Ines released her fifth studio album Kas kuuled mind in the end of November 2009. The album includes the singles "Ükskord", "Ja sina", "Öine linn", and "Äratatud hing".

Her sixth album "Kiusatus" released in May 2011 and included a hit track "Tule-tule" which also has a video. This album came on sale with the cooperation of A Le Coq and was only possible to purchase with A Le Coq beer six pack.

Singles

 * "Illusion of Happiness" - 2000
 * "Once in a Lifetime" - 2000
 * "Highway to Nowhere" - 2002
 * "15 magamata ööd" - 2004
 * "Kallis, kas sa tead" - 2004
 * "Väike saatan" - 2004
 * "Aarete saar" - 2005
 * "Suvi on veel ees" - 2005
 * "Must ja valge" - 2005
 * "Ma ei tea, mis juhtuks" - 2005
 * "Iseendale" - 2006
 * "Lendan" - June 2006
 * "In Good and Bad" - January 2007
 * "Kustutame vead" - 2007
 * "Keerlen" - 2008
 * "Lõpuni välja" - 2008
 * "Kus kulgeb kuu" - 2008
 * "Ja sina" - 2009
 * "Öine linn" - 2009
 * "Ükskord" - 2009
 * "Äratatud hing"- 2010
 * "Tule-tule"- 2011
 * "Pilvepiir"- 2011
 * "Põlen sinu ees"- 2014

Albums

 * Here For Your Love - 2000
 * 15 magamata ööd - November 2004
 * Uus päev - December 2005
 * Kustutame vead - December 2007
 * Kas kuuled mind- November 2009
 * Kiusatus- May 2011

title: Eda-Ines Etti


text:
Encirclement

Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces. The situation is highly dangerous for the encircled force. At the strategic level, it cannot receive supplies or reinforcements, and on the tactical level, the units in the force can be subject to an attack from several sides. Lastly, since the force cannot retreat, unless it is relieved or can break out, it must fight to the death or surrender.

A special kind of encirclement is the siege. In that case, the encircled forces are enveloped in a fortified position in which long-lasting supplies and strong defences are in place, allowing them to withstand attacks. Sieges have taken place in almost all eras of warfare.

History
Encirclement has been used throughout the centuries by military leaders, including generals such as Spartacus, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, Khalid bin Waleed, Hannibal, Sun Tzu, Yi Sun Shin, Shaka Zulu, von Wallenstein, Nader Shah, Napoleon, von Moltke, Heinz Guderian, von Rundstedt, von Manstein, Zhukov, Patton and Soleimani.

Sun Tzu and other military thinkers suggest that an army should be not completely encircled but instead given some room for escape. Otherwise, the "encircled" army's men will lift their morale and fight to the death. It is better to have them consider the possibility of a retreat. Once the enemy retreats, it can be pursued and captured or destroyed with far less risk to the pursuing forces than a fight to the death.

Types of encirclement
The main form of encircling, the "double pincer", is executed by attacks on the flanks of a battle whose mobile forces of the era, such as light infantry, cavalry, tanks, or armoured personnel carriers attempt to force a breakthrough to utilize their speed to join behind the back of the enemy force and complete the "ring" while the main enemy force is stalled by probing attacks. The encirclement of the German Sixth Army in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942 is a typical example. During the Winter War, Finland used "pocket tactics" against the Soviet Union, called motti; in the context of war, motti describes a tactic that the Finns used to immobilise, segment, surround and destroy the Soviet troops that were many times as large as them.

If there is a natural obstacle, such as ocean or mountains on one side of the battlefield, only one pincer is needed ("single pincer"), because the function of the second arm is taken over by the natural obstacle. The German attack into the lowlands of France in 1940 is a typical example of this.

A third and rare type of encirclement can ensue from a breakthrough in an area of the enemy front, and exploiting that with mobile forces, diverging in two or more directions behind the enemy line. Full encirclement rarely follows, but the threat of it severely hampers the defender's options. This type of attack pattern is centerpiece to blitzkrieg operations. Because of the extreme difficulty of this operation, it cannot be executed unless the offensive force has a vast superiority, either in technology, organization, or sheer numbers. The Barbarossa campaign of 1941 saw some examples.

The danger to the encircling force is that it is, itself, cut off from its logistical base; if the encircled force is able to stand firm, or maintain a supply route, the encircling force can be thrown into confusion (for example, Rommel's "Dash to the Wire" in 1941 and the Demyansk Pocket in 1942) or be comprehensively destroyed (as during the Burma campaign, in 1944).

Notable encirclement battles
Some examples of battles of encirclement are listed below.

 * Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC)
 * Battle of Cannae (216 BC)
 * Battle of the Abas (65 BC)
 * Battle of Walaja (633 AD)
 * Battle of Mohi (1241)
 * Battle of Ekeren (1703)
 * Battle of Fraustadt (1706)
 * Battle of Kirkuk (1733)
 * Battle of Kars (1745)
 * Battle of Maymyo (1768)
 * Ulm Campaign (1805)
 * Battle of Ocaña (1809)
 * Battle of Isandlwana (1879)
 * Battle of Tannenberg (1914)
 * Battle of Magdhaba (1916)
 * Battle of Rafa (1916)
 * First Battle of Gaza (1917)
 * Battle of Beersheba (1917)
 * Battle of Megiddo (1918)
 * Battle of Suomussalmi (1939-1940)
 * Battle of Kiev (1941)
 * Battle of Smolensk (1941)
 * Battle of Białystok–Minsk (1941)
 * Battle for Velikiye Luki (1942)
 * Battle of Hong Kong (1941)
 * Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943)
 * Battle of the Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket (1944)
 * Kamenets-Podolsky pocket (1944)
 * Operation Bagration (1944)
 * Battle of the Mons Pocket (1944)
 * Siege of Bastogne, Belgium (1944)
 * Battle of the Ruhr Pocket (1945)
 * Battle of Berlin (1945)
 * Six-Day War (1967)
 * Battle of Khorramshahr (1980)
 * Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
 * Battle of Misrata (2011)
 * Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)
 * Battle of Ilovaisk (2014)
 * Second Battle of Tikrit (2015)
 * Battle of Afrin (2018)
 * Battle of the Jabara Valley (2019)
 * Siege of Mariupol (2022)

title: Encirclement


text: Category:1172 deaths

title: Category:1172 deaths


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Talk:Dutch disease

Rybczynski Theorem
This article would greatly benefit from an expansion of how the Dutch disease relates to the Rybczynski Theorem. Currently, only has a short sentence of their relationship. Further explanation will provide a more comprehensive overview of the Dutch disease. 1993ke (talk) 15:28, 18 November 2014 (UTC)

Issues with the chart
The chart with the DEM-NLG exchange rate is labelled incorrectly. The way it is labelled today indicates that the line gives the amount of Dutch florins corresponding to one deutschmark, or, in other words, the amount (in florins) it takes to buy one deutschmark. This is given by the chart as ~0.90 before 1970 and ~1.10 in 1980. This would actually constitute a depreciation of the florin: It takes more florins to buy a deutschmark. The effect described in the text includes, however, an appreciation of the domestic currency (i.e., the florin in this case). I suppose the information the chart gives is in fact the amount in deutschmarks a florin can buy ("1 NLG in DEM"), which would indicate an appreciation. SchnitteUK (talk) 17:22, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

Also, the Dutch currency hasn't been called the florin for centuries. Before the euro they used the Gulden or Guilder. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.210.254.133 (talk) 14:16, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

The chart is labelled correctly (easily verified by going to a site like http://fxtop.com/, which contains historical exchange rates), it just does not support the Dutch disease phenomenon. The uptick in September/October 1969 of the ratio was caused by a revaluation of the DEM, and has nothing to do with the NLG, which indeed stands for Netherlands Guilder. I will remove the chart as it is not helpful for this article. Wimvdam (talk) 20:04, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

I simply don't understand
I simply don't understand this sentence in paragraph 1: The Dutch Disease becomes an actual disease if there is something special to the activities resource extraction crowds out, [...]. Could someone please clarify? Asav
 * I agree, it was rather hard to parse. I've added "that" in the apprporiate place. Hairy Dude 04:27, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That still doesn't make any sense to me, especially since an economic phenomenon cannot become an "actual disease" unless it's a microbe. I've taken it out and shot it, but could somebody explain what it was trying to say and reword it? Jpatokal 09:38, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Two of the paragraphs I have deleted ("In the theoretical economics literature, three channels of causation ...'" and "Second, natural resource ownership exposes ...") seem to come from or  by Xavier-Sala-i-Martin (Columbia University) and Arvind Subramanian (International Monetary Fund). Much of the rest seems to come from by Jean-Philippe Stijns (University of California at Berkeley)   --Henrygb 16:20, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I'm not well up enough on it to add the info myself, but doesn't the effect of silver on the Spanish imperial economy deserve a mention here?

Hello all -

I don't understand the "effects" Paragraph... especially "This is because technological growth is smaller in the booming sector and the non-tradable sector than the non-booming tradable sector.[5] " Is this up for a re-write? Just trying to help...

Found this article in The Economist that explains the effects a bit more clearly: http://www.economist.com/node/16964094

Any objections? Manzuetak (talk) 21:09, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

Prices
I'm no economist, but is this the cause of Norway's well-known high prices (compared to elsewhere in Europe) for everyday goods? And if not, what is?

 * No, it's the other way around. The chain of effects here is 1) They find oil and the economy is strengthened radically 2) The Norwegian currency gets stronger (=high prices) 3) "Dutch disease", due to the strong Norwegian currency, demand for other Norwegian exports drop since they become more expensive. So "Dutch disease" (if you believe the theory) is caused by the strong currency, not vice-versa. --BluePlatypus 08:09, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Huh, I beg to differ: strong currency => lower price of imports. Niczar (talk) 23:54, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

RM merger tags
I'm removing the merger tags from this article. Dutch disease is NOT the same thing as the resource curse. I think the merger is the result of confusion of the terms and will only cause more confusion. Both have to do with resources creating problems, but dutch disease is usually a sudden shock to the economy caused by resource exports raising currency values. The resource curse is the paradoxical lack of growth in countries with strong natural resources. Dutch disease is one mechanism which might contribute to this lack of growth. I think this article does a good job of illustrating the differences. Dutch disease is listed as one of three explanations for the resource curse.--Bkwillwm 17:56, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Article revamp
I'm looking at trying to expand this page, making sections for: the economic explanation for Dutch Disease, the disagreements with Dutch disease, examples of where it occurs, and policy solutions, such as sterilization of revenues (as in Norwegian example). I think that should be a rough outline on how the article should go. I'm new to all this, so this all seems a little daunting. So, any comments or help would be appreciated. --Geoff

I've deleted a few sentences that referred to uncited claims. Also, since we are trying to differentiate Dutch Disease and Resource Curse, I deleted the part of the Norwegian example that shows how they are trying to avoid the resource curse. The Petroleum Fund of Norway tries to avoid Dutch disease by sterilizing the revenues overseas. If you have any questions on anything I do, just let me know. --Geoff 01:54, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

I started making a list of Dutch Disease cases, feel free to add to it. However, since it is often difficult to determine whether DD is present, and is often the subject of disagreements, I think it would be best to have citations to show that there is good reason to have them on the list. That is also why I put "possible" on the list title, so as to lower the burden of proof required. I'll be trying to add to the list, too. I'm also going to get started, trying to write a section on the economic explanation of this. Alright. --Geoff 00:25, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Okay, I've added a bit on the economic model of Dutch disease. It is definitely not in its final state yet. It needs a graph, and better explanations, more clearly written. I just wanted to get something up, maybe get some comments on it. Alrighty? --Geoff 05:33, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Okay! I've started the section on remedies. Certainly not finished. More oil funds ought to be listed; I'm sure there are some Middle Eastern ones. I'm not sure if I want to talk more about these funds here, or if they would be more fitting on the resource curse article, since the scope of these funds is much broader than Dutch disease. Another topic to be addressed here is the relationship between Dutch Disease and resource curse. Dutch disease is a rather ambiguous term. Right now, we've defined it to its simplest definitation, but people often take a broader definition, bringing in other related resource curse topics. I'm not quite sure how we should address this. Enough for now. --Geoff 06:33, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

I've rewritten the intro, made it more concise, since more of the content is being discussed in each of the sections. It still needs some work, but I'm not sure of the best way to sum up Dutch disease for the first couple introduction sentences. If anyone would help with the writing of it, have at it.

This article is still very poorly written.

 * Is there any consensus that the political factors should mostly be moved to resource curse (especially the ones mentioned in the introduction)? Dutch disease describes a specific economic process; strictly speaking, it is an effect that will occur no matter how well-governed and democratic the country is -- just look at the country it's named after. The Netherlands didn't have trouble because it suddenly turned into a corrupt petro-dictatorship once gas was discovered. Of course, the political problems which often result from resource abundance can also hurt economic performance, often in the same ways as Dutch disease (discouraging non-resource exports), but through an entirely different mechanism. THIS process is what should be described at resource curse. If nobody disagrees, I will make some bold edits to this end, including clearly explaining the difference between the two terms. Geoff, I think this is the best way of reconciling the broad/narrow definitions -- it would also be helpful to hunt down pages that link here and switch the link to resource curse if that is the aspect being discussed.

 * As for oil funds, they should be mentioned in *both* articles because they typically have a dual purpose: one being to 'sanitize' oil money by sequestering it offshore to prevent Dutch disease, and the other being to keep it out of the hands of greedy politicians (as per resource curse). Stuffisthings (talk) 15:27, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Venezuela
Would Venezuela be a good example of Dutch Disease? Is it a single event, or can it be long term. If it's long term, I'm thinking it would fit. If it's a single event, maybe not so much. I'm curious, thanks. 72.208.38.164 17:52, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * do you have sources for this analysis? The DD implies that there is a crash when the ressource is exhausted; AFAICT there is still plenty of oil in Venezuela, some of it (Ornioco basin) yet largely untapped as it was unprofitable until prices rose sufficiently. Niczar (talk) 20:46, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Iran and pistachios
Reference to Dutch disease in news article Iran faces U.S. challenge in "pistachio war" quoting "...a board member of Iran's Pistachio Association...". So here is a comment by someone self-identifying the industry and country affected. (BTW: quite lovely to find the definition here at WP) Shenme (talk) 05:03, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

National debt?
Does an increase of national debt held by foreign countries, or an increased foreign trade deficit, or the manipulation of foreign currency to keep its exchange rate low cause Dutch disease? Specifically, can the current weak U.S. manufacturing sector be blamed on "Dutch disease" arising from the $1.5 trillion debt to China? Wnt (talk) 21:21, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * in short? yes. american company's have outsourced almost all labor to china/south-america and thus the wealth is relocated towards china/south america, and as america relied too much on oil reserves the debt keeps increasing and increasing till the final financial collapse (if america doesn't socialize (be more socially minded *not the american definition of social*, jobs won't ever return) Markthemac (talk) 18:58, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

 * america has a pretty massive problem of highly-skilled/educated people leaving america to more socially-minded countries. all i am saying to america as a country is: be nice! care for your people, don't exploit poor neighbors, don't fight against the poor be humain and create low/mid/high jobs with benefits and people will create sustainable prosperity (that's all why terrorists exist, as it's not rocket science to figure them out) Markthemac (talk) 18:58, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

 * No. Dutch disease is caused by very large inflows of foreign currency revenue for a specific resource, causing the domestic currency to appreciate and other exports to become uneconomic. The United States is A) not a net exporter B) does not overwhelming export one thing and C) mainly exports services and high-value-added manufactured goods, not resources. Also, because of our currency's unique status it would be almost impossible for a flood of foreign currency to affect our economy in this way; even if we suddenly became a major oil exporter, for example, oil is priced *in dollars*. Interestingly, Alaska and Arizona have natural resource stabilization funds, but these are intended to ensure consistent government revenue and save for the future, not 'sanitize' large inflows of foreign currency.
 * It could be argued, however, that the overvalued dollar IS affecting US manufacturing competitiveness -- this has partly to do with the demand for dollars in oil and other resource transactions, but primarily because of demand for dollars and US assets as reserve currency/ultra-safe investments. A large drop in the dollar would boost US manufacturing, and could eventually lead to higher growth; it would also immediately make imports (e.g. iPhones, laptops, gasoline, clothing, essentially everything sold at Wal-Mart) much more expensive, reducing real wages, and would likely lead to a government default. For an idea of what this would look like to the average citizen, see Russian financial crisis of 1998. In that case a 20-30% drop in real incomes resulted in a decade of 5-7% growth (and 15% inflation). This is really far out of the realm of Dutch disease, though. Stuffisthings (talk) 16:06, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Proposal
I find the page lacking in a basic area - it covers in detail which other countries may have been victims of the Dutch Disease, but doesn't give much any information on what exactly was the economic disease in the Netherlands. There's no mention of statistics for manufacturing industry output and manufacturing exports before and after 1959. Similarly, there are no statistics for exchange rates. Could someone with access to the data or the original economics paper add some of the missing detail? Scartboy (talk) 02:16, 27 November 2011 (UTC)
 * This is exactly what I thought, and I'm reading this a year and a half after you posted. Hopefully someone who is knowledgeable on the subject reads this talk page and can contribute the necessary information. —Ynhockey (Talk) 00:13, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

tech

 * competitive manufacturing industries cannot return as quickly or as easily as they left. This is because technological growth is smaller in the booming sector and the non-tradable sector than the non-booming tradable sector.[5] Since there has been less technological growth in the economy relative to other countries, its comparative advantage in non-booming tradable goods will have shrunk

What does the article mean by tech growth being largest in the country's non-booming tradable sector? Isn't it the other way around (correlating with free investment, to the extent that relative tech growth even is quantifiable)? Or is it referring to the development in overseas competition comparatively to that of each respective local industry? Cesiumfrog (talk) 00:51, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

adverse selection
It seems to me that the the growing industry attracts talent from other industries, leaving the non-growth industries with an adversely selected pool of labor. Yet, there is no mention of adverse selection in the article. Is Dutch disease a form of adverse selection or not? If not, why not? The terms "adverse consequence" and "adverse outcomes" are frequently used in papers on the topic. Shouldn't adverse selection be discussed in the article either way? I.e., to support it or to differentiate it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.37.24.220 (talk) 03:07, 4 November 2015 (UTC)

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Examples from the Middle East
I don't know why there are no examples from the Middle East in the article. I think they would represent the most obvious examples, where many countries are depending almost entirely on oil and natural gas exports, lost all their pre-oil economic sectors, and face chronic difficulties in diversifying their economies now.--138.75.40.159 (talk) 14:18, 22 July 2021 (UTC)

Examples
why isn't the eponymous ("The term was coined in 1977 by The Economist to describe the decline of the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands after the discovery of the large Groningen natural gas field in 1959.") Dutch example given in the list of examples? 199.127.133.181 (talk) 19:26, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dutch disease


text: Category:1177 deaths

title: Category:1177 deaths


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text: Category:1178 deaths

title: Category:1178 deaths


text: User talk:24.68.224.80

title: User talk:24.68.224.80


text: Category:1182 deaths

title: Category:1182 deaths


text:
Template talk:Hiero/ed/bordercolour

What is this template?
 * This template is part of a range of templates used to render Egyptian hieroglyphs in Wikipedia.
 * Specifically, this template encodes the background colour of templates when called by the parameter.
 * This is designed to be used for the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt.
 * Gareth Hughes 16:25, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Hiero/ed/bordercolour


text: Category:1197 deaths

title: Category:1197 deaths


text:
Butler Party

The British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party, also known as the Butler Home Rule Party and more commonly as the Butler Party, were a series of political parties in Trinidad and Tobago organised by Tubal Uriah Butler.

History
Butler founded the party in 1936 after he split from the Trinidad Labour Party. However, he spent most of the period between 1937 and 1945 in prison; he was arrested after the labour riots of 1937 and imprisoned until 1939. After being released, he was re-arrested in at the start of World War II in 1939 because he was seen as a security threat to one of the British Empire's main supplies of petroleum. After he was released from prison at the end of the war, Butler reformed the party to fight the 1946 general elections. It finished second in the vote, winning three seats. In the 1950 elections it emerged as the largest party after the United Front did not run. However, although it won six of the eighteen seats, the government was formed by Albert Gomes of the Party of Political Progress Groups. In the 1956 elections the party was reduced to two seats. The 1961 elections saw its share of the vote drop to just 0.4% and it lost both seats. In 1966 it received just 704 votes, after which it never contested another election.

title: Butler Party


text: Category:1200 deaths

title: Category:1200 deaths