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Talk:Timeline of German history

[Untitled]
Before the page looked as it does now, it was a list of years with only a few links to them.I moved the three years which actually had content to List of years in Germany. Saintswithin 11:39, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

chancellors
I've removed some chancellors, as if we add some, we should add all of them since 1871, plus the presidents and the leaders of East Germany, the kings, etc. and it will just clog up the list unnecessarily as there are lists of chancellors and kings elsewhere. Saintswithin 12:55, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

---I think you are right about that but we should include important chancellors like Bismark, Stresemann, and Hitler. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.96.127.111 (talk) 16:28, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Odd claims
Seriously... claiming Germanic tribes as Germans, is wrong. But to claim them as being German 1000BC is preposterous. Rex 08:45, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Are you suggesting we should delete the events before a certain date (800? 1871? 1990?), that we should rename the article, or add an explanation, or do you have another solution? Cf. Timeline of British history (Before 1000) ("8th millennium BC: Mesolithic Period begins"), bearing this in mind Saint|swithin 09:14, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * There's a fundamental difference between those articles. The article on British history is about, and I quote: "This article presents a timeline of events in the history of Britain ". While this article claims to present "a timeline of German history", and German here is meant in the sense of "German people", eventhough German here is linked to Germany. (Why else also refer to the History of Germany) The article on British history restricts itself to events that took place in Britain. This article does not and makes claims that can never be backed up. Rex 11:31, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I wrote the article in the first place and didn't intend to make any "preposterous" claims, but simply to write a similar article to the British one, to present a history of what went on in what is now Germany in the past, going as far back as possible. One reason behind this was that people only tend to think about modern German history, and I wanted to show that that is not all there is. If you think I got it wrong, please alter it as you feel it is more appropriate. I'd do it myself, but I'm still not sure I understand what changes you want to make to the article. If you want to alter the wording to make it more like the British article, you can do that without putting an "unverified claim" box in the article (the latter makes it look as though the events on the list might not have happened). Saint|swithin 16:37, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * ... How do you define "Germany"

 * I think it's clear this article is intended as a history timeline in what is today Germany. As such the content seems fine and undisputed. What might need reconsideration is the article's title and intro. That is to say possibly rename the article to Timeline of the History of Germany (then again that would give the wrong impression that it's only about relatively recent history

). So the main problem is probably that the intro does not properly explain that this is a timeline for the territory now known as Germany. Note, there is no claim in this article that the Germanic People were Germans, also all events in the timeline either took place in what is today Germany or are closely linked to it (I was for a moment tempted to remove the Cimbri, Teutoni and Helvetii, but then the Cimbri probably and the Teutoni certainly moved through what is today Germany...) . In the meantime I think both tags should be removed.--Caranorn 18:51, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I've looked "German" and "Germany" up in the dictionary and encyclopedia, and still can't work out why it is the wrong word ...
 * In my large Hutchinson Encyclopedia (2004 edition) under "Germany" there is a chronology which begins c.1000 BC: Germanic tribes from Scandinavia begin to settle the region between the rivers Rhine, Elbe and Danube. See also this old book you can read online.
 * The dictionary says: German ... 2 (historical) belonging or relating to the country, state or republic of Germany in any of its various historical forms.
 * ... could someone explain what is wrong? What exactly is preposterous? Why do we need to qualify the word "Germany", and how? What is the difference meant to be between "German history" and "history of Germany"? I'm not being sarcastic, I simply honestly do not understand. Just imagine you're talking to someone very slow... :-) Saint|swithin 20:26, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

This article should either be about the developement of the geographical region now known as Germany (in which you can go back to pangea if you like) or the German people. (in which case a very clear difference must be made between germans and Germanic peoples)Rex 21:25, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Problem is, this article cleraly is not about German People, neither does it claim to be. Saint has just given a good definition of German. A slight expansion of the intro would still be useful, but currently it's not wrong.--Caranorn 13:52, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Reading through this again, I think I understand that Rex really is just objecting to the word "German". Do correct me if I'm wrong, Rex: you have not directly said what the problem is, but reading between the lines, it seems you believe "German" means "relating to the German people"? As a native speaker of English, that idea did not even come into my head. "German history" means exactly the same as "History of Germany". Maybe you are influenced by another language? Does Dutch make some subtle distinction between the form with the adjective and the noun? Is there some aspect of German I have completely missed? Of course, you can still go ahead and add an explanation that the Germanic tribes are not Germans, but this article does not say that they are.

 * Or maybe I still don't understand? You said "This article should ... be about the development of the geographical region now known as Germany" -- does this mean you don't believe it should be about historical German territories? Saint|swithin 09:26, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Where are the 1700s?!

Fair use rationale for Image:100-DEM-OBV-154x74.jpg
Image:100-DEM-OBV-154x74.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 01:23, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

German periodisation
I'm looking for information on IF and HOW the war with Soviet Union 1941-1945 is periodised in Germany.--Mrg3105 (talk) 21:59, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Weimar Republic
We have the Weimar Republic in 1919, presumably because that was when the Weimar Constitution was passed into law. It would in my mind, be better to put it in 1918 because that was when it "emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918" as it says in the Weimar Republic's own article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.96.127.111 (talk) 18:24, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

Leibnitz founds the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1719?
That must have been difficult, since he died in 1716. bd2412 T 04:16, 8 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, and so as a precaution he founded it in 1700.Rjensen (talk) 04:20, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

What about wars against Romans
in the early centuries of our era. Besides, archaeology shows that there was a large war in Germany in prehistoric times.Marcin862 (talk) 17:50, 13 June 2016 (UTC)

Proposal to Revise Timeline RE: Births/Deaths
It strikes me that this timeline has a lot of entries simply for the birth or death of various German historical persons. This makes sense to me if the person's birth or death was considered particularly notable or "year defining" by the people of it's time, in other words, if that person being born or dying actually had immediate widespread notoriety or influence. It makes a lot less sense though to list simply the death of a scientist like Gauss, rather than choosing a crowning event of his career and embedding that in the timeline - was the death of Gauss itself really a defining historical moment, or was his publishing of "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" in 1801, a profoundly influential work and the moment he became a European celebrity, a more defining historical moment for him and Germany? Similarly, was the birth of Thomas Mann in 1875 a defining historical moment, or was his attainment of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929 his defining moment? It just seems to me that these births and deaths are not in themselves particularly informative or demonstrative of influential events of the time - rather the actual defining actions of these people seem more historically relevant and interesting to capture within a timeline. I understand that during the period of monarchy, birth and deaths of royals would have historical notability as they were national events that immediately influenced the actions of government, but a lot of the celebrities in this timeline made their mark on history in mid to late life, and rarely by sake of their births/death alone. Not making any changes at this time - just wanted to put this out here and get some thoughts? LiamJSP (talk) 16:20, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timeline of German history


text: User talk:217.204.162.138

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:217.204.162.138


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Talk:John Wardle (businessman)

from Vfd
On 15 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. There was no consensus. See Votes for deletion/John Wardle for a record of the discussion.

Keep- John Wardle is also the founder of JD, one of Britain's biggest sports chains.

Added extra info an his business background, removed importance tag, left stub tag SpamBilly 18:38, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Wardle (businessman)


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User:Plasma

About Myself
I am a graduate in Computer Science and Law, from the University of Technology, Sydney, and work as a commercial litigator at a suburban law firm.

title: User:Plasma


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401 Ottilia

Ottilia (minor planet designation: 401 Ottilia) is a large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by Max Wolf on March 16, 1895, in Heidelberg. It is named after the Germanic folkloric character Ottilia.

The semi-major axis of the orbit of 401 Ottilia lies just outside the 2/1 Kirkwood gap, located at 3.27 AU. 401 Ottilia is part of the Cybele asteroid group.

title: 401 Ottilia


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402 Chloë

402 Chloë (prov. designation: or ) is a large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 21 March 1895 from Nice. This asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $54.21 km$ with a period of 1495.5 days and an eccentricity of 0.11. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 11.8° to the plane of the ecliptic.

This asteroid spans a girth of approximately 54 km. It is classified as a K-type asteroid and is a Barbarian. Analysis of the asteroid light curve, based on photometric data collected during 2009, show a rotation period of $0.148$ with a brightness variation of $2.56 AU$ in magnitude.

title: 402 Chloë


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403 Cyane

Cyane (minor planet designation: 403 Cyane) is a typical Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 18 May 1895 in Nice.

title: 403 Cyane


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Garry Chalk

Garry Chalk (born c. 1952) is a British-born Canadian actor. He has provided the voices for Optimus Primal of Beast Wars: Transformers and Beast Machines, as well as Optimus Prime in the anime English dubs of Transformers: Armada, Transformers Energon, and Transformers: Cybertron. He has lent his voice to over 30 animated television series and has been in films such as The Fly II, Godzilla and Freddy vs. Jason. He played the recurring role of Col. Chekov on Stargate SG-1. He is perhaps best known for his recurring role as Inspector Andrew Pawlachuk on Cold Squad.

Early life
Chalk was born in Southampton, Hampshire, England. At the age of 5, his family moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Career
Chalk has been involved with theatre since 1978 and has performed at the Vancouver Playhouse Theatre Company (VPTC), the Arts Club Theatre Company (ACTC), The Vancouver Theatresports League and various low budget theatres in Canada. The last live stage production he did was A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, where he played Miles Gloriosus. He also performed in Henry IV and As You Like It at the VPTC, as well as Dracula and Passion at the ACTC.

Most of his career has been in film and television, usually portraying corrupt members of law enforcement. He had a recurring role on Cold Squad for four years, for which he won Gemini Awards in two consecutive years, and until the close of its ninth season had a recurring role on the science-fiction series Stargate SG-1. Known for his perfect enunciation and his mellifluous deep voice, Chalk is also a veteran of over 1,500 animated productions including Class of the Titans, and the 2002 remake of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe. He is also known for his voice work in the Transformers franchise as the voice of Optimus Primal in Beast Wars and Beast Machines, and as Optimus Prime in the Unicron Trilogy. He also voiced the original Megatron in an episode of Beast Wars.

In the 2000s, he appeared in the Sci-Fi Channel shows Eureka, as Col. Briggs and Painkiller Jane, as Ruben Hennessey.

Personal life
Chalk has been married to his wife Colleen Hardwick (Nystedt), since September 2013.

Animation

 * 3-2-1 Penguins! – Sol, Bert/Cavitus
 * ¡Mucha Lucha! – El Haystack Grande, Protozoa, El Kolor De Kurtz, Additional Voices
 * Action Man (1995) – Norris
 * Action Man (2000) – Gangrene
 * Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog – Grounder, Dragon Breath, Captain Rescue, Computer ("Grounder the Genius"), Professor Caninestein
 * Alien Racers – Dravox
 * Animated Classic Showcase – Various Characters
 * Barbie and the Rockers: Out of this World – Additional Voices
 * Barbie of Swan Lake – Baker
 * Barbie in the 12 Dancing Princesses – Desmond
 * Barbie as the Island Princess – Frazer, Calvin
 * Barbie Thumbelina – Louie
 * Barbie in A Mermaid Tale – Brake
 * Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2 – Brake
 * Beast Machines: Transformers – Optimus Primal
 * Beast Wars: Transformers – Optimus Primal, Megatron G1 (episode 38)
 * Being Ian – Mr. Cartwright
 * Billy the Cat – Additional Voices
 * Bucky O'Hare and the Toad Wars – Commander Dogstar, Al Negator
 * Camp Candy – Additional Voices
 * Captain N: The Game Master – King Hippo, Narrator, Donkey Kong, The Count, Bayou Billy, Malkil, Mayor Squaresly, Additional Voices
 * Chip and Potato – Gordie Pug
 * Class of the Titans – Hercules and Ares
 * Conan the Adventurer – Snagg, Gora, Conan's Father, Torrinon
 * Dinosaur Train – Marco Megaraptor
 * Dragon Ball: Curse of the Blood Rubies – King Gurumes (1996 BLT/Funimation dub)
 * Dragon Tales – Mungus the Giant, The Gilded Dragon
 * Dennis the Menace: Cruise Control – Hector
 * Dragon Booster – Conner Penn/Mortis
 * Eon Kid – Duke Von Rhymer
 * Exosquad – Marsala, General Shiva
 * Extreme Dinosaurs – Badrap
 * Fat Dog Mendoza – Interpreter X, House Painter
 * The Fearless Four – The Baron, The Miller, Platini, Guard #2
 * Firehouse Tales – Additional Voices
 * Funky Fables – Various Characters
 * G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero – Pathfinder, Shockwave, Gristle, Metal-Head, Road Pig, Various Cobra Troopers
 * G.I. Joe Extreme – Lieutenant Stone
 * Gadget & the Gadgetinis – Additional Voices
 * He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002) – Man-At-Arms (Duncan), Whiplash
 * Hurricanes – Additional Voices
 * Hello Carbot — Ace
 * King Arthur and the Knights of Justice – Lord Viper, Warlord Bash, Sir Brick, Sir Phil
 * Kissyfur – Additional Voices
 * LeapFrog – Additional Voices
 * Leo the Lion: King of the Jungle – Leo the Lion
 * Madeline – Additional Voices
 * Mama, Do You Love Me? – Papa
 * Mega Man – Guts Man, Bright Man, Dark Man, Needle Man, Heat Man, Stone Man
 * Mega Man: Fully Charged – Dr. Light
 * Mosaic – Nathan Nelson
 * Mummies Alive! – Referee, Old Man, Professor, Truck Driver, Movie Pharaoh, Yussef, Mr. Sullivan
 * My Little Pony: Best Gift Ever – Prince Rutherford, Oak Nut, and Pony Vendor 3
 * My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic – Fido, Prince Rutherford
 * Nexo Knights – General Magmar, Additional Voices
 * Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu – Killow
 * Pinky Dinky Doo – Librarian
 * Pirate Express – Pontus, Ted
 * Pocket Dragon Adventures – Sir Nigel
 * Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy – Bluto
 * ReBoot – Cyrus, Turbo, Slash, Al's Waiter, Herr Doktor
 * RoboCop: Alpha Commando – Additional Voices
 * RollBots – Captain Pounder
 * Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys – Santa Claus, Bumble the Abominable Snowman
 * Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie – Blitzen
 * Sabrina, the Animated Series – Additional Voices
 * Scary Godmother: Halloween Spooktakular – Harry the Werewolf, Bug-A-Boo
 * Scary Godmother: The Revenge of Jimmy – Harry the Werewolf, Bug-A-Boo
 * Shadow Raiders – Emperor Femur
 * Sitting Ducks – Jerry, Additional Voices
 * Sleeping Beauty – Misc
 * Sonic Underground – Dr. Robotnik, Additional Voices
 * Sonic's Christmas Blast - Grounder
 * Spider-Man Unlimited – Mr. Meugniot, Additional Voices
 * Stories from My Childhood – Various Characters
 * Street Fighter – Dhalsim, Burke (Col. Keith Wolfman)
 * Street Sharks – Spike, El Swordo
 * The Adventures of Corduroy
 * The Adventures of T-Rex – Bruno, Madder, Mayor Maynot
 * The Baby Huey Show – Additional Voices
 * The Colours of World - Captain Dark Colour
 * The New Adventures of He-Man – He-Man, Artilla, President Pell, Alcon, Sgt. Krone, Andros, Gross
 * Transformers: Armada – Optimus Prime
 * Transformers: Energon – Optimus Prime
 * Transformers: Cybertron – Optimus Prime
 * Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale – The Evil King of Cats
 * Voltron Force – Sky Marshall Wade, Manset
 * Weird-Oh's – Uncle Huey
 * What About Mimi? – Principal Earl

Video games

 * Devil Kings – Devil King (English dub)
 * Ripley's Believe It or Not!: The Riddle of Master Lu – Robert Ripley (voice)
 * Transformers: Beast Wars Transmetals – Optimus Primal
 * Transformers – Optimus Prime
 * The Godfather: The Game – Bruno Tattaglia, Luca Brasi
 * Tomorrowland – Jail Desk Jockey

Awards
Gemini Awards
 * 2000–2001 Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series: Cold Squad
 * 2001–2002 Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series: Cold Squad

title: Garry Chalk


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Aircraft flight mechanics

Aircraft flight mechanics are relevant to fixed wing (gliders, aeroplanes) and rotary wing (helicopters) aircraft. An aeroplane (airplane in US usage), is defined in ICAO Document 9110 as, "a power-driven heavier than air aircraft, deriving its lift chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surface which remain fixed under given conditions of flight".

Note that this definition excludes both dirigibles (because they derive lift from buoyancy rather than from airflow over surfaces), and ballistic rockets (because their lifting force is typically derived directly and entirely from near-vertical thrust). Technically, both of these could be said to experience "flight mechanics" in the more general sense of physical forces acting on a body moving through air; but they operate very differently, and are normally outside the scope of this term.

Take-off
A heavier-than-air craft (aircraft) can only fly if a series of aerodynamic forces come to bear. In regard to fixed wing aircraft, the fuselage of the craft holds up the wings before takeoff. At the instant of takeoff, the reverse happens and the wings support the plane in flight.

Straight and level flight of aircraft
In flight a powered aircraft can be considered as being acted on by four forces: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Thrust is the force generated by the engine (whether that engine be a jet engine, a propeller, or -- in exotic cases such as the X-15 -- a rocket) and acts in a forward direction for the purpose of overcoming drag. Lift acts perpendicular to the vector representing the aircraft's velocity relative to the atmosphere. Drag acts parallel to the aircraft's velocity vector, but in the opposite direction because drag resists motion through the air. Weight acts through the aircraft's centre of gravity, towards the centre of the Earth.

In straight and level flight, lift is approximately equal to the weight, and acts in the opposite direction. In addition, if the aircraft is not accelerating, thrust is equal and opposite to drag.

In straight climbing flight, lift is less than weight. At first, this seems incorrect because if an aircraft is climbing it seems lift must exceed weight. When an aircraft is climbing at constant speed it is its thrust that enables it to climb and gain extra potential energy. Lift acts perpendicular to the vector representing the velocity of the aircraft relative to the atmosphere, so lift is unable to alter the aircraft's potential energy or kinetic energy. This can be seen by considering an aerobatic aircraft in straight vertical flight (one that is climbing straight upwards or descending straight downwards). Vertical flight requires no lift. When flying straight upwards the aircraft can reach zero airspeed before falling earthwards; the wing is generating no lift and so does not stall. In straight, climbing flight at constant airspeed, thrust exceeds drag.

In straight descending flight, lift is less than weight. In addition, if the aircraft is not accelerating, thrust is less than drag. In turning flight, lift exceeds weight and produces a load factor greater than one, determined by the aircraft's angle of bank.

Aircraft control and movement

There are three primary ways for an aircraft to change its orientation relative to the passing air. Pitch (movement of the nose up or down, rotation around the transversal axis), roll (rotation around the longitudinal axis, that is, the axis which runs along the length of the aircraft) and yaw (movement of the nose to left or right, rotation about the vertical axis). Turning the aircraft (change of heading) requires the aircraft firstly to roll to achieve an angle of bank (in order to produce a centripetal force); when the desired change of heading has been accomplished the aircraft must again be rolled in the opposite direction to reduce the angle of bank to zero. Lift acts vertically up through centre of pressure which depends on the position of wings. The position of the centre of pressure will change with changes in the angle of attack and aircraft wing flaps setting.

Aircraft control surfaces
Yaw is induced by a moveable rudder-fin. The movement of the rudder changes the size and orientation of the force the vertical surface produces. Since the force is created at a distance behind the centre of gravity, this sideways force causes a yawing moment then a yawing motion. On a large aircraft there may be several independent rudders on the single fin for both safety and to control the inter-linked yaw and roll actions.

Using yaw alone is not a very efficient way of executing a level turn in an aircraft and will result in some sideslip. A precise combination of bank and lift must be generated to cause the required centripetal forces without producing a sideslip.

Pitch is controlled by the rear part of the tailplane's horizontal stabilizer being hinged to create an elevator. By moving the elevator control backwards the pilot moves the elevator up (a position of negative camber) and the downwards force on the horizontal tail is increased. The angle of attack on the wings increased so the nose is pitched up and lift is generally increased. In micro-lights and hang gliders the pitch action is reversed—the pitch control system is much simpler so when the pilot moves the elevator control backwards it produces a nose-down pitch and the angle of attack on the wing is reduced.

The system of a fixed tail surface and moveable elevators is standard in subsonic aircraft. Craft capable of supersonic flight often have a stabilator, an all-moving tail surface. Pitch is changed in this case by moving the entire horizontal surface of the tail. This seemingly simple innovation was one of the key technologies that made supersonic flight possible. In early attempts, as pilots exceeded the critical Mach number, a strange phenomenon made their control surfaces useless, and their aircraft uncontrollable. It was determined that as an aircraft approaches the speed of sound, the air approaching the aircraft is compressed and shock waves begin to form at all the leading edges and around the hinge lines of the elevator. These shock waves caused movements of the elevator to cause no pressure change on the stabilizer upstream of the elevator. The problem was solved by changing the stabilizer and hinged elevator to an all-moving stabilizer—the entire horizontal surface of the tail became a one-piece control surface. Also, in supersonic flight the change in camber has less effect on lift and a stabilator produces less drag.

Aircraft that need control at extreme angles of attack are sometimes fitted with a canard configuration, in which pitching movement is created using a forward foreplane (roughly level with the cockpit). Such a system produces an immediate increase in pitch authority, and therefore a better response to pitch controls. This system is common in delta-wing aircraft (deltaplane), which use a stabilator-type canard foreplane. A disadvantage to a canard configuration compared to an aft tail is that the wing cannot use as much extension of flaps to increase wing lift at slow speeds due to stall performance. A combination tri-surface aircraft uses both a canard and an aft tail (in addition to the main wing) to achieve advantages of both configurations.

A further design of tailplane is the V-tail, so named because that instead of the standard inverted T or T-tail, there are two fins angled away from each other in a V. The control surfaces then act both as rudders and elevators, moving in the appropriate direction as needed.

Roll is controlled by movable sections on the trailing edge of the wings called ailerons. The ailerons move in opposition to one another—one goes up as the other goes down. The difference in camber of the wing cause a difference in lift and thus a rolling movement. As well as ailerons, there are sometimes also spoilers—small hinged plates on the upper surface of the wing, originally used to produce drag to slow the aircraft down and to reduce lift when descending. On modern aircraft, which have the benefit of automation, they can be used in combination with the ailerons to provide roll control.

The earliest powered aircraft built by the Wright brothers did not have ailerons. The whole wing was warped using wires. Wing warping is efficient since there is no discontinuity in the wing geometry, but as speeds increased, unintentional warping became a problem, and so ailerons were developed.

title: Aircraft flight mechanics


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Kapa haka

Kapa haka is the term for Māori action songs and the groups who perform them. The phrase translates to 'group' (kapa) 'dance' (haka). Kapa haka is an important avenue for Māori people to express and showcase their heritage and cultural Polynesian identity through song and dance.

Modern kapa haka traces back to pre-European times where it developed from traditional forms of Māori performing art; haka, mau rākau (weaponry), poi (ball attached to rope or string) and mōteatea (traditional Māori songs). There is a regular national kapa haka competition currently called Te Matatini that has been running since 1972.

A kapa haka performance involves choral singing, dance and movements associated with the hand-to-hand combat practised by Māori in mainly precolonial times, presented in a synchronisation of action, timing, posture, footwork and sound. The genre evolved out of a combination of European and Māori musical principles. The current form relates to kapa haka concert groups that first appeared in the 1860s especially in Rotorua to cater to tourists.

Performance
The work of a kapa haka consists of the group performance of a suite of songs and dances spanning several types of Māori music and dance, strung together into a coherent whole. Music and dance types that normally appear are waiata tira (warm-up song), whakaeke (entrance song), waiata-ā-ringa (action song), haka (challenge), pou or mōteatea (old-style singing), poi (coordinated swinging of balls attached to cords), and whakawātea (closing song). They may also include tītī tōrea (synchronised manipulation of thin sticks). In a full performance, which can last up to 40 minutes, each music or dance type may appear more than once.

Music for kapa haka is primarily vocal. All song types, with the notable exceptions of mōteatea and haka, are structured around European-style harmony, frequently with guitar accompaniment and acoustics. Spurts of haka-style declamation are woven into the songs, as are dance movements, facial expressions and other bodily and aural signals unique to Māori. Song poetry is completely in Māori and new material is continually being composed.

The sole musical instruments used in kapa haka performances are the guitar, the pūtatara conch shell, the sounds of poi and rākau (see below) and body percussion, especially the stamping of feet.

Every two years, kapa haka performers from all parts of New Zealand compete in Te Matatini, New Zealand's annual, national Māori performing arts competition for adult groups. There is also a national secondary schools kapa haka competition Ngā Kapa Haka Kura Tuarua o Aotearoa that used to be part of Polyfest, where the level of performance is also very high.

Music and dance styles used by kapa haka
Kapa haka are mixed groups of anywhere between several and dozens of people, that may or may not wear a costume. These groups comprise individuals linked in some way, be it by extended family group, iwi (tribe), school, or some other association. Performers are largely synchronised, but with men sometimes doing some actions while women do others. A few performers have particular roles, such as the kaitataki (male and female leaders), often moving among the performers to urge them on. Composers, arrangers, choreographers and costume designers also play major roles.

Not all Māori performance types are used by kapa haka. Below are brief descriptions of the ones that usually appear. See Māori music for a wider discussion of Māori music.

 * Waiata tira are choral pieces used to warm up the vocal cords and introduce the group to the audience. Through a waiata tira the group announces its arrival in a manner that is generally light and positive.
 * Whakaeke are also choral pieces. They are frequently used to comment on a social issue of the day or to commemorate an individual or some element of Māoridom. They may also simply be used as the entrance song to announce the group's arrival.
 * Haka are best described as challenges. They are used to make a point, honor someone/something, tell a story or express an emotion. They are performed by both men and women, with the focus on the men in the front and support from the women behind. They are vocal performances involving rhythmic declamation in triple metre and aggressive or challenging facial expressions (pūkana, literally "glaring"), body movements and demeanour. The men make heavy use of foot stamping, body percussion, and grimace in an attempt to appear as menacing as possible. Haka are often described as traditional war dances but in fact had many other uses as well in precolonial Māori society, and have many peaceful uses today.
 * Waiata-ā-ringa (literally "song of hands or arms") are "action songs", which means that they display the typical Polynesian practice of embellishing and reinforcing the sung poetry with arm and hand actions. They are performed by men and women with women in the front and men in the back. Some use melodies from common English-language songs with new lyrics in Māori, while others are newly composed, treating a wide variety of topics. They feature the wiri or trembling of the hands to indicate the interface between the mind and the body.
 * Poi are women's dances involving the swinging of balls, about the size of tennis balls, attached to cords. Poi's origins lie in the precolonial practice of training with poi to improve agility in battle, but today poi is used to showcase the beauty and gracefulness of the women. Poi were traditionally used by women on long waka voyages as a means of keeping timing of the male paddlers, in the style of a coxswain. This is the reason for the emphasis of the sound of the poi striking the hand. Performers swing the balls in synchrony in a variety of figures and rhythms while simultaneously singing a song (a waiata poi) accompanied by guitar. They demonstrate great dexterity and coordination, particularly with "long poi", with cords up to a metre long, where four poi at once may be manipulated by each performer. Formerly the balls were made of raupō and the cords of flax but today they tend to be made of plastic shopping bag material and yarn. The sound of poi striking the hands is an important part of the musical accompaniment.
 * Tītī tōrea are occasionally used by kapa haka. Tītī tōrea are pairs of carved thin sticks about shoulder width manipulated with dextrous wrist and arm work, often simultaneously passed between performers. Like poi, tītī tōrea figures are performed in synchrony and to music (and like poi, their sounds, especially that of the ends hitting the floor together, form a percussive accompaniment); and, also like poi, arose out of a precolonial warrior training technique.
 * Pou or mōteatea are unison songs performed in a style reminiscent of precolonial Māori singing. They are an important genre within Maoridom because they tell stories in which historical, genealogical and cultural information is preserved and thus link Māori with their past. Mōteatea come in a variety of forms including laments, lullabies, and songs about revenge, anger, and love.
 * Whakawātea are choral pieces used to farewell the audience or make a final point before departing the stage. They may pick up on themes raised in the whakaeke or comment on the event at hand. Performers are often at the side or back of the stage.

title: Kapa haka


text:
404 Arsinoë

Arsinoë (from Greek Ἀρσινόη Arsĭnŏē), minor planet designation 404 Arsinoë, is a large main-belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on June 20, 1895, in Nice.

title: 404 Arsinoë


text:
Talk:Tony Award for Best Musical

Untitled
Is there anything to actually say about this though? Zephyrprince 11:50, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I could probably add a very brief introduction (something like Tony Award for Best Original Score or Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical, but I don't really see it as being terribly necessary. The page is valuable as a list, and it's probably more useful to finish up the information on the nominees than to write a preamble. Kevin M Marshall 14:18, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Could we add a multiple win section like Tony Award for Best Original Score? MikeyB! 19:33, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The Tony for Best Musical is technically given to the producers of the show; however, producers in the modern era aren't usually thought of as being terribly significant to the artistry of the show--nowadays, they're just open pocketbooks. And I don't see why Best Musical awards should be credited to the composer, lyricist, or bookwriter; they have the score and book awards to directly measure their contributions. Kevin M Marshall 21:34, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

Producers
Since they are the ones who win this award, I will undertake at some point to change all the references. 24.149.45.52 (talk) 04:12, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Should we list the actual recipients/nominees (i.e. the producers)?
It seems counterintuitive not to list the actual winners/nominees on this page (the show's producers), but the problem is that, over the last 20 years or so, the number of producers listed per production has grown immensely (you can check for yourself at https://www.ibdb.com/awards). Before then, it was typically no more than a half dozen names, and often just one. The winners of the 2019 award (for Hadestown) were listed as: "Mara Isaacs, Dale Franzen, Hunter Arnold, Tom Kirdahy, Carl Daikeler, Five Fates, Willette & Manny Klausner, No Guarantees, Sing Out, Louise! Productions, Stone Arch Theatricals, Benjamin Lowy/Adrian Salpeter, Meredith Lynsey Schade, 42nd.club, Craig Balsam, Broadway Strategic Return Fund, Concord Theatricals, Laurie David, Demar Moritz Gang, Getter Entertainment, Deborah Green, Harris Rubin Productions, Sally Cade Holmes, Marguerite Hoffman, Hornos-Moellenberg, Independent Presenters Network, Jam Theatricals, Kalin Levine Dohr Productions, Phil & Claire Kenny, Mike Karns, Kilimanjaro Theatricals, Lady Capital, LD Entertainment, Sandi Moran, Tom Neff, MWM Live, Patti Sanford Roberts & Michael Roberts, Schroeder Shapiro Productions, Seriff Productions, Stage Entertainment, Kenneth & Rosemary Willman, KayLavLex Theatricals, Tyler Mount, Jujamcyn Theaters (Jordan Roth: President; Rocco Landesman: President Emeritus; Paul Libin: Executive Vice President Emeritus; Jack Viertel: Senior Vice President), The National Theatre, New York Theatre Workshop" The lists for the other nominees are of similar length. And unfortunately, it doesn't seem like they're in any meaningful order (i.e. I don't see any indication that Mara Isaacs had an especially prominent role, or was one of the show's chief backers), so there's no obvious way to select a few key representatives from the list. Searching some of the names, most don't have Wikipedia articles, and are probably low-profile individuals, so giving the full list of recipients is probably not giving the reader much useful information.

On the other hand, for productions that do list only one or two producers, they tend to be notable, and their involvement with the show is likely to be covered in secondary sources, e.g.:
 * Kiss of the Spider Woman, Ragtime, and Fosse are all attributed to just Livent Inc.
 * Falsettos: Barry & Fran Weissler
 * Sunset Boulevard: The Really Useful Theatre Company Ltd. (ALW's production company)
 * Miss Saigon, Les Miserables: Cameron Mackintosh

It seems a shame to deprive the reader of this useful information. So, options? I think each of these comes with pretty significant downsides. Leaning slightly toward 4, since I think it best satisfies the goal of giving reader informative context, and discarding the information that veers in the direction of WP:INDISCRIMINATE. But it also creates work for editors, and may be hard to communicate to readers without WP:ASTONISHING them.
 * 1) Status quo: don't list any producers
 * 2) List all producers
 * 3) List only notable producers (in the sense of WP:N - i.e. they have a Wikipedia article, or would qualify to have one)
 * 4) List only producers whose involvement in the show is mentioned in secondary sources
 * 5) List producers, but truncate the number of names at some arbitrary threshold. When a list of nominees/winners is truncated, indicate it with an ellipsis, and make sure there's an inline citation nearby that the reader can follow to get to the full list of names.

Thoughts? Also, a related issue: the tables of nominees and winners currently have columns for the writers of the show's book, music, and lyrics. This could easily mislead a casual reader into thinking that those people were the recipients of the award (based on ibdb, I think they were given the award before 1971, but now it's just producers). Does the benefit of the additional context provided by those names outweigh that risk of misleading? Colin M (talk) 15:26, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Actually, on further thought, I'm thinking maybe the status quo is best. Yes, the producers are technically listed as the winners on the Tony's website and ibdb, and they get to go on stage and receive the trophies, but RS coverage of the award almost universally refers to the award as being given to the play/musical itself, not the producers. Coverage will sometimes mention the producers of the show incidentally (e.g. from the New York Times: The Lion King, a daring mix of experimental techniques with a familiar story that was a critical success and a smashing financial one for the Walt Disney Company, won the Tony Award for best musical last night.), but most of the time they're not even mentioned at all in coverage of the award. Colin M (talk) 15:54, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Ain't Too Proud
Why is Ain't Too Proud credited as having music and lyrics by The Temptations? The Temptations did not write their own songs, and in fact I don't think they wrote any of the songs used in this musical. The Internet Broadway Database gives the following writing credits:

 * Book by Dominique Morisseau; Music by The Legendary Motown Catalog; Lyrics by The Legendary Motown Catalog; Based on the book entitled "The Temptations" by Otis Williams; Based on the book entitled "The Temptations" by Otis Williams with Patricia Romanowski; Music orchestrated by Harold Wheeler; Music arranged by Kenny Seymour; Musical Director: Kenny Seymour; Featuring songs by Edward Holland, Jr., Norman J. Whitfield, Lamont Herbert Dozier, Brian Holland, Barrett Strong, Smokey Robinson, Ronald White, Ronald Miller, Orlando Murden, Ester Navarro, Carl Christiansen, Rodger Penzabene, Sr., Helga Penzabene, Roger Penzabene, Jr., Cornelius Grant, Johnny Bristol, Vernon Bullock, Harvey Fuqua, Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff, Gregg America, Gregg Crockett, Skip Batey, Fred Parris, Troy Carter, Anthony Fontenot, Armique Wyche, Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Jr., Warren Moore, Robert Rogers, James Dean, Paul Riser and William Weatherspoon; Featuring songs with lyrics by Edward Holland, Jr., Norman J. Whitfield, Lamont Herbert Dozier, Brian Holland, Barrett Strong, Smokey Robinson, Ronald White, Ronald Miller, Orlando Murden, Ester Navarro, Carl Christiansen, Rodger Penzabene, Sr., Helga Penzabene, Roger Penzabene, Jr., Cornelius Grant, Johnny Bristol, Vernon Bullock, Harvey Fuqua, Kenneth Gamble, Leon Huff, Gregg America, Gregg Crockett, Skip Batey, Fred Parris, Troy Carter, Anthony Fontenot, Armique Wyche, Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, O'Kelly Isley, Jr., Warren Moore, Robert Rogers, James Dean, Paul Riser and William Weatherspoon

"The Legendary Motown Catalog" is not a person or group, so I would think we should credit the music and lyrics for Ain't Too Proud to "Various" as has been done with other jukebox musicals with multiple songwriters. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 05:46, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Listing Producers
With the full listing of all producers on all nominated productions, the article has become messy, unfocused and cluttered, especially from the 2000's onward. It is not allowing readers (and I count myself in this) to easily and readily access the information they are most likely looking for. Going forward I would propose listing the lead producer only, with referencing linking to a full list of producers. Some recent productions such as NYNY have over 60 names listed as nominees, this just isn't sustainable for to list such a long list of names for every new musical. I refer to an earlier comment made by @Colin M - "coverage of the award almost universally refers to the award as being given to the play/musical itself, not the producers. Coverage will sometimes mention the producers of the show incidentally" Mark E (talk) 10:41, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is comprehensive. Since the 1960s, the award’s recipient has been the musical’s producer, not its composer, lyricist or book writer. (I’ve included citations from the Tony Awards’ website for each year which names these recipients.) This is necessary context for numerous individual pages and lists such as the list of EGOT winners, where Whoopi Goldberg, Scott Rudin, John Legend and Jennifer Hudson’s Tony wins came as producers. It brings the article in line with comparable pages for awards given to producers (e.g. Academy Award for Best Picture, Grammy Award for Album of the Year, Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited or Anthology Series). Rburton66 (talk) 13:46, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

 * The policies and guidelines that govern are WP:NOTDATABASE, WP:NOTREPOSITORY and WP:DUE. The long lists of producers are not helpful to a significant number of our readers and are (or should be) easily accessible by clicking on the links provided. In my opinion, the long list of producer names makes our article far less useful. I agree with User:Mark E that only the lead producer should be listed. BTW, WP:COMPREHENSIVE is an essay that has nothing to do with this. It is about censorship. -- Ssilvers (talk) 14:22, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Anymore thoughts on this? I don’t want to get into an edit war again if I start condensing to list only the lead producer(s). Mark E (talk) 05:43, 3 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I would support just listing the first producer(s) and saying "et al." with a link to the full list online. It is a shame that more editors have not commented here. -- Ssilvers (talk) 13:37, 4 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I Have edited for the last three years, keeping only those blue linked producers (and first listed producers in the case that none is listed). There's no exact science as to who is the "lead" producer or producers from what I can see. However before I do anymore, if we can compare 2020-2023 to the 2017-2019 and see how much more "readable" the article has become without any real loss of content (full list of producers for each year is available in respective linked reference for that year). I'm still of the mind they should not be listed at all, but I think this would be a reasonable compromise. Mark E (talk) 12:32, 6 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me, except et al. should be italicized and preceded by a comma (I'll do 20-23). -- Ssilvers (talk) 16:24, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Major Reversion Might be Needed
Hi,

I've been following the trail of the user Rocojo04 after encountering some of their edits elsewhere and it seems in September they basically decided to "make uniform" all the "ands" and "&s" in the writing credits of the tables here. I think you might know where my worry is if you know writing credit requirements in the US. As a result you may need to make a major reversion back to an August version of the article as they've potentially completely destroyed the accuracy of the writing credits you had here. Rambling Rambler (talk) 12:35, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't see what is wrong with what they did. Can you give an example, here, of what you looks wrong to you and explain why it is wrong?  -- Ssilvers (talk) 16:04, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * An example, out of many, in just one of the diffs would be this:
 * "Book by George Abbott & Richard Pike Bissell " was changed to "Book by George Abbott and Richard Pike Bissell "
 * I'm not an expert on music credit rules so maybe it doesn't matter here (which is why I didn't want to go through and revert dozens of references if unnecessary), but typically these have two very different and specific meanings in terms of credit. So say you have two people credited (A, B), typically it reading "Person A and Person B" means they worked independently of each other (likely on different drafts, with the first contributing the most material) while saying "Person A & Person B" means they worked as a writing pair.
 * Thought best to ask here because if this is the case with music credits then basically the user's edits have completely redefined how much work many people contributed to the works awarded. Rambling Rambler (talk) 17:40, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This is general readership encyclopedia. Our readers would not know if "and" and "&" have different meanings in the industry.  Generally our Manual of Style prefers words like "and" to symbols like "&", so I don't think it should be changed. -- Ssilvers (talk) 00:36, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If it was a general article I'd probably not have the same concerns. The query here though is that given this is effectively a list directly sourcing who and what awards were given to and for, then changing "and" and "&" is directly altering the meaning of the source being used (a bit like a source saying "Person A was in the general region at the time of the event" being written on the site as "Person A was at the site of the event"). Rambling Rambler (talk) 10:38, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tony Award for Best Musical


text:
List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations

Below are abbreviations used in aviation, avionics, aerospace, and aeronautics.


text:
405 Thia

Thia (minor planet designation: 405 Thia) is a very large main-belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material. This object was discovered by Auguste Charlois on July 23, 1895, in Nice, and was named after Theia (sometimes written Thea or Thia), a Titaness in Greek mythology.

In 2002, the asteroid was detected by radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 1.31 AU. The resulting data yielded an effective diameter of 125 ± 16 km. NEOWISE data suggests the asteroid is 110 km in diameter.

On 4 May 1990 Thia passed 0.969 AU from Earth and will pass that close again on 29 April 2073.

405 Thia currently has a Minimum orbit intersection distance with Earth of 0.975 AU and on 20 March 2023 will be 1.057 AU from Earth. Then on 2 June 2023 the asteroid will reach perihelion (closest approach to the Sun).

title: 405 Thia


text:
Talk:Les Horribles Cernettes

Pronunciation

 * Les Horribles Cernettes ("The Horrible CERN girls") ...

Is it in French or Spanish? What is the correct pronunciation and accent? Thanks! --Anonymous Fan of the first girls on the Web who uses a GNUstep desktop that looks almost identical to the one Tim was using when he created the Web -- what a small world. :-)

 * French, of course ! Why should it be Spanish ?
 * The pronunciation is "lez oRibl sèRnèt" (in phonétic alphabet) Rama 15:52, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

poor documentation of photo
Both the photo of the group in the article and the referenced (linked in the text) first image ever clicked on the World Wide Web are not adequately documented. None of the Cernettes included in either are identified! Can anyone identify them? WP should certainly include this information if it is to meet its intended goals. (Bet the Brittanica doesn't even have a picture!) Can anyone help? 68.161.24.234 06:33, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * ask Silvano de Gennaro. Rama 16:17, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've always been told that on this particular picture, Tim Berners-Lee was disguise as on of the Cernettes. Is this an urban legend ? 70.81.249.119 (talk) 19:37, 19 November 2012 (UTC)

Merge from First image on the Web
I suggest that the above-linked article be merged to this one. --Tony Sidaway 19:58, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Photograph not image
The website does not claim the Cernettes picture was the first image on the web. It claims that it was the first photo. Tim Berners-Lee has stated that the first edition of the web browser (December 1990), was capable of displaying images Bwithh 22:43, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've removed what I consider to be original research--a deduction in the article apparently based on a certain reading of Berners-Lee's description of the first WorldWideWeb application. The claim about the Cernettes is documented and need not be explicitly evaluated at this time. It's enough to report it. --Tony Sidaway 16:18, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Furthermore, Silvano de Gennaro does not claim that it was the first image on the web, but rather, "the first picture ever to be clicked on in a web browser". (emphasis mine) There is a difference. Of course, it could simply be inexact language on the part of de Gennaro. What we really need is for TBL to step in and set the record straight. I find it hard to believe that TBL didn't do some experimentation with other images he had at hand while developing the technology. Rocinante9x 17:27, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Proposed move of LHC dab page
I've proposed moving LHC to LHC (disambiguation) to allow LHC to redirect to Large Hadron Collider with an appropriate transclusion. I'm notifying editors of each of the pages linked from the current dab page to help generate discussion from interested parties. The discussion can be found at Talk:LHC. -- Mark Chovain 01:11, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Renaming
According to the article titled "Physicists Discover Another Unifying Force: Doo-Wop", the band was originally named simply "Cernettes" and renamed "Les Horribles Cernettes" only later. Since that name is supposed to be a tribute to the Large Hadron Collider, it would be mysterious if "Les Horribles Cernettes" had been the band founded under that name (as the article currently implies) as the Large Hadron Collider wasn't even in its planning stages at the time, as far as I'm aware. Or is there something I'm missing? --Florian Blaschke (talk) 16:05, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Obviously they were renamed before 1992 since we have the photograph to prove it! -- cheers, Michael C. Price talk 16:43, 1 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Not necessarily before 1992, it could also have been in 1992, just before the picture was uploaded. So they were founded as "Cernettes" in 1990 and renamed "Les Horribles Cernettes" sometime later, obviously at some point in the period spanning 1990–1992. Right? That's what I've been saying all along. The Large Hadron Collider wasn't around in 1990; I don't know when its eventual name was decided but 1990 would have been awfully early to name anything after it. But the article makes it appear as if the band had always been named "Les Horribles Cernettes". --Florian Blaschke (talk) 01:54, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Could that name have been invented just before the picture was uploaded? Probably by the uploader himself? Silvano de Gennaro said Tim Berners-Lee asked him for a few scanned photos of "the CERN girls", and I scanned some photos on my Mac, but the image isn't a scan only, it contains "photoshopping". --androl (talk) 15:34, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

Cernettes comeback. Edit needed.
The Cernettes recently made a comeback. Source --Nishant.svnit (talk) 20:39, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Les Horribles Cernettes


text:
406 Erna

Erna (minor planet designation: 406 Erna), provisional designation, is a dark asteroid of the background population in the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 46 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois at Nice Observatory on 22 August 1895. The asteroid was presumably named after Erna Bidschof, the granddaughter of Johann Palisa.

Orbit and classification
Erna is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,818 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the United States Naval Observatory in September 1905, more than 10 years after its official discovery observation at Nice.

Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Erna is a dark and primitive P-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as such by polarimetric observations.

Rotation period
In October 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Erna was obtained from photometric observations by French and Italian astronomers Raymond Poncy (177), Roberto Crippa (A12), Federico Manzini and Silvano Casulli. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.7893 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3). Another lightcurve from the Palomar Transient Factory in November 2010 gave a similar period of 8.790 hours with an amplitude of 0.35 magnitude (U=2).

Spin axis
In 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various data sources including the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and the Palomar Transient Factory survey. The modeling gave a concurring period of 8.79079 hours and determined two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) of: (357.0°, −49.0°) and (161.0°, −60.0°).

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Erna measures between 41.52 and 49.19 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0524 and 0.060.

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0524 and a diameter of 49.19 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.36.

Naming
This minor planet was likely named after Erna Bidschof, the granddaughter of Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa, who was one of the most prolific discoverer of minor planets at the time. Erna is the daughter of the astronomer Friedrich Bidschof (1864–1915) and his wife Helene (née Palisa).

title: 406 Erna


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/G. W. Grider

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 17:18, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

G. W. Grider
Resume of a military guy. Radiant! 11:52, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. utcursch | talk 12:47, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Well, it's not that he's just a military guy -- he was commander of the USS Flasher, the WWII submarine which sunk more ships than any sub in US Navy history, and apparently was a one-term congressman from Tennesee. But the article doesn't say any of this! So he's notable, but not as demonstrated by the article. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 18:25, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep if the article is cleaned up and expanded to include notability (sorry, military info and war is not my subject or I would do it). Not only commander of the USS Flasher, but also served on the USS Wahoo (believe it or not), this gentleman does appear to have established a certain degree of notoriety in the field of US Navy submarine warfare. HyperZonktalk 18:30, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — Notable. Just needs further cleanup and expansion. Thanks. — RJH 17:57, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. He was a congresscritter from Tennessee in the mid-sixties. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:38, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GSAG

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 16:41, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

GSAG
Abbrev for "go suck a goat". Radiant! 11:53, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Inter\Echo 12:34, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I would love to speedy it. utcursch | talk 12:47, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Speedy if possible. We can't have an article for every insult that may be used in every social situation. -- Brhaspati (talk, contribs) 05:26, 2005 Mar 2 (UTC)
 * Merge into Internet slang if it's actually in use. On the other hand, somebody must have used it, and the Internet slang article also contains other rather dubious entries. Wipe 11:04, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I asked my congressman and he said, QUOTE: "I'd like to help you, son, but you can..." (Oh, wait, that isn't what Mose wrote. Delete) -- Jmabel | Talk 01:14, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Whoever wrote this one should GSAG!!!! -Answers4u

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GSAG


text:
407 Arachne

Arachne (minor planet designation: 407 Arachne) is a large Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material. It was discovered on 13 October 1895, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory.

407 Arachne has been observed to occult 9 stars between 2002 and 2023.

title: 407 Arachne


text:
408 Fama

Fama (minor planet designation: 408 Fama) is a typical main belt asteroid in orbit around the Sun. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 13 October 1895 in Heidelberg.

Photometric observations at the Oakley Observatory in Terre Haute, Indiana, during 2007 were used to build a light curve for this asteroid. The asteroid displayed a rotation period of 12.19 ± 0.02 hours and a brightness variation of 0.15 ± 0.03 in magnitude.

title: 408 Fama


text:
409 Aspasia

Aspasia (minor planet designation: 409 Aspasia) is a large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 9 December 1895 in Nice. It is classified as a CX-type asteroid.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during 2007–8 gave a light curve with a period of 9.021455 ± 0.000009 hours. This is consistent with previous results.

title: 409 Aspasia


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gabor A. Somorjai

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 17:21, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Gabor A. Somorjai
Chem professor at UCLA. Article fails to establish notability, and he gets a couple hundred google hits. Radiant! 11:56, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC) Withdrawn.
 * Keep, a leading researcher in surface chemistry sounds notable. Kappa 13:44, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Winner of the Wolf Prize in Chemistry for 1998 which is one of the most prestigious prizes in chemistry. Capitalistroadster 14:23, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * PS. Also won National Medal in Science in 2002 for lifetime achievement in science. Capitalistroadster 14:29, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops, my bad. Sorry. Radiant! 15:18, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Expand to include notability as established by CR above. Barno 16:30, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, should have checked the what links here tab --nixie 02:09, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Notable. Megan1967 05:31, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have expanded the article noting his awards and his contribution to surface chemistry. I have also added some info his family being helped by Raoul Wallenberg to stay out of the Nazi death camps and participating in the 1956 Hungary uprising. No change to vote. Capitalistroadster 09:41, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Guy M/Close Up Foundation

'''This is a new article. A work in progress. I respectfully ask that you don't edit this article until placed into the main namespace for all.'''

G u y M / L V (praise) 13:04, May 30, 2005 (UTC) 11:58, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Outline:
 * Close Up Foundation
 * Intro: United States largest nonprofit, nonpartisan, citizenship educational organization
 * Founded in 1970

Notes:
 * offering many different educational programs
 * at the National, State and Local level

 * to students nationwide
 * Mission
 * Beliefs
 * promote responsible and informed participation in the democratic process
 * textbooks and lectures alone are not enough
 * programs accessible for all citizens, regardless of age, race, or ability

 * Funds
 * Student and family costs
 * offers tuition fellowships to economically disadvantaged students
 * Government (congressional appropriations)
 * a few of the many Major Sponsors in 2004
 * 1) AT&T
 * 2) Bristol-Myers Squibb
 * 3) Caterpillar
 * 4) ExxonMobil
 * 5) General Mills
 * 6) Time Warner
 * 7) UPS
 * 8) Wal-Mart
 * 1) Wal-Mart

= Sources =
 * Sponsors

= Article: Close Up Foundation =

Close Up Foundation is a nonprofit, nonpartisan educational organization in the United States. Founded in 1970, Close Up offers high school students a in-dept view of the democratic process, by interactive participation.

=Participation= More than 20,000 students from over 2,000 schools participate yearly in Close Ups six day Washington, D.C. program. Students are provided meals, lodging, transportation and supervision. A typical day for students starts about 6:00am (EST) and end as late as 9:00pm (EST). While in Washington, D.C., students have the chance to interact with government figures like Senators and Congressmen, visit historic sites and monuments, and discuss daily activities. !*!*!*!*!*!*!*!

=Outreach= Close Up is reaching millions of others yearly through its award-winning publications, television and veideo productions.

title: User:Guy M/Close Up Foundation


text:
410 Chloris

Chloris (minor planet designation: 410 Chloris) is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Auguste Charlois on January 7, 1896, in Nice. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material. The spectrum of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration. It is the namesake of the Chloris family of asteroids.

Photometrics of this asteroid made in 1979 gave a light curve with a period of 32.50 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 in magnitude.

title: 410 Chloris


text:
Talk:Jovo Stanisavljević Čaruga

from Vfd
On 15 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/Jovo Stanisavljevic Caruga for a record of the discussion.

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title: Talk:Jovo Stanisavljević Čaruga


text:
411 Xanthe

Xanthe, minor planet designation 411 Xanthe, is an asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 77 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois at Nice Observatory on 7 January 1896. The asteroid was named after Xanthe, an Oceanid or sea nymph, and one of the many Titan daughters of Oceanus and Tethys from Greek mythology.

title: 411 Xanthe


text:
Talk:Aerys Targaryen

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Aerys Targaryen. The consensus was to keep it. dbenbenn | talk 03:59, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Initial cleanup and organisation
I have tried to provide some structure to the original version of this page. There is an amazing amount of information here, easily the best source of facts about Aerys I have seen, and a worthy addition to Wikipedia. But the presentation needs some work to be compatible with Wikipedia style and intentions, so I have begun that. However, so far I have left most of the body text untouched, but a later edit needs smoothen the presentation to make it less of a list of facts.

Some questions:
 * I thing the precise page numbers need to go. I am a geek hand very happy to seem them here, but they break the flow of the prose. Currently, I have just commented them out of the source, so they can be put back, and will be valuable for later editors (and die-hard fans as myself). I am curious if there is Wikipedia precedence for this kind of careful "footnoting" in that that case would be eager to adopt it. (Because the information here is very, very good and I would be loath to lose it).
 * It think the level of granularity is too fine, so I would be partial to removing some of the details. On the other hand, I cannot see how this article actually improves by throwing away information, so I am somewhat undecided.

Thore 11:59, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
I have added some thoughts about what to do with character-related material to Talk:List of characters in A Song of Ice and Fire. Please comment. Thore 13:13, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Edit
I've edited the first couple sections of the article, mostly for quality of expression, though I removed a few repetitive or seriously minor details. I also cut down the sections on the members of Aerys's Kingsguard, which went on a bit long for something so distantly connected to the article's topic, and so minor in the overall scheme of the series. I am a bit hesitant about having done so, so if anyone feels a burning desire to restore that section, please go ahead.

The section on the War of the Usurper, though, I haven't touched. (Well, I took out the page numbers, because they kill the flow and are poorly punctuated to boot.) My inclination is to say that none of that material belongs on a character page, but it's sufficiently useful (for fans, at least) that I can't bring myself to cut it, so I'm just letting it stand. Brendan 04:16, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * What we need is Wars in A Song of Ice and Fire, akin to Tourneys in A Song of Ice and Fire. I just never go around to detailing another war than the Usurper's, so until then I left the section here. (A single article for this war (called The War of the Usurper) is certain to be voted for deletion.) An alternative outlet is the History section of Westeros. However, I would support creating Wars in A Song of Ice and Fire, even though it (so far) would have only a single section. Arbor 10:07, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I would be willing to put together something on the War of the Five Kings or the Wars of Conquest (or both) for a Wars in A Song of Ice and Fire article. Brendan 16:17, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * (Qyburn voice:) It's alive! Meaning Wars in A Song of Ice and Fire. Sounds like a great page already! Prepare for the VfD! Arbor 17:18, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Merge with House Targaryen
I suggest we now merge this page with House Targaryen. Maybe we need Kingsguard (A Song of Ice and Fire) to collect the White Swords. That would have potential (history of the KG, members, customs, arms). Or should there be a broader article title also encompassing other orders, with sections for Measters, Night's Watch, High Septons, Pyromancers? Arbor 08:59, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Based on the frequent references to such things in the character pages, I was thinking of introducing was a page titled something like Organizations in A Song of Ice and Fire to deal with the Watch, the Faith, the Faceless Men, etc. So I'd go for the latter suggestion, although there's probably enough detail for a page on the Kingsguard itself as well.  Agreed on the merge with House Targaryen, in any case. Brendan 02:30, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aerys Targaryen


text:
412 Elisabetha

Elisabetha (minor planet designation: 412 Elisabetha) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 7 January 1896 in Heidelberg. It may have been named after his mother, Elise Wolf (née Helwerth). This minor planet is orbiting at a distance of $96.056 km$ from the Sun with a period of 1678.0 days and an orbital eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.044. The orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 13.8° to the plane of the ecliptic.

This asteroid is rotating with a period of $3$. Shape models and stellar occultations provide an estimated diameter of $0.044$. Older diameter estimates range from $2.76 AU$ to $19.656 hours$.

title: 412 Elisabetha


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GBZ

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Cool Hand Luke  07:45, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

GBZ
Callsign for a radio transmitter. However according to Google, the TLA is used a lot more in other contexts. Radiant! 12:00, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep -- it's an interesting radio transmitter. Haikupoet 00:59, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - one of those oddball subjects that make Wikipedia interesting. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:42, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and wikify --nixie 06:38, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, interesting and verifiable. Create a disambig page if you feel the need. —Korath (Talk) 07:43, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GBZ


text:
Captive bolt pistol

A captive bolt pistol (also known as a captive bolt gun, a cattle gun, a stunbolt gun, a bolt gun, a stun gun and a stunner) is a device used to attempt the stunning of animals prior to slaughter.

The goal of captive bolt stunning is to inflict a forceful strike on the forehead with the bolt in order to induce unconsciousness. For the non-penetrating bolt gun variation, the bolt may or may not destroy part of the brain, while brain tissue is always destroyed with the penetrating bolt gun.

The bolt consists of a heavy rod made of corrosion-resistant alloys, such as stainless steel. It is held in position inside the barrel of the stunner by means of rubber washers. The bolt is usually not visible in a stunner in good condition. The bolt is actuated by a trigger pull and is propelled forward by compressed air, a spring mechanism, or by the discharge of a blank round ignited by a firing pin. After striking a shallow but forceful blow on the forehead of the animal, spring tension causes the bolt to recoil back into the barrel.

The captive bolt pistol was invented in 1903 by Hugo Heiss, former director of a slaughterhouse in Straubing, Germany.

Variations
Captive bolt pistols are of three types: penetrating, non-penetrating, and free bolt. The use of penetrating captive bolts has largely been discontinued in commercial situations in order to minimize the risk of transmission of disease.

In the penetrating type, the stunner uses a pointed bolt which is propelled by pressurized air, spring mechanism, or a blank cartridge. The bolt penetrates the skull of the animal, enters the cranium, and catastrophically damages the cerebrum and part of the cerebellum. Concussion causes destruction of vital centers of the brain and an increase in intracranial pressure, causing the animal to lose consciousness. This method is currently the most effective type of stunning, since it physically destroys brain matter (increasing the probability of a successful stun), while also leaving the brain stem intact and thus ensuring the heart continues to pump during the exsanguination. One disadvantage of this method is that brain matter is allowed to enter the blood stream, possibly contaminating other tissue with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, colloquially known as mad cow disease).

The action of a non-penetrating stunner is similar, but the bolt is blunt with a mushroom-shaped tip. The bolt strikes the forehead with great force and immediately retracts. The subsequent concussion is responsible for the unconsciousness of the animal. This type of stunner is less reliable at causing immediate unconsciousness than penetrating types; however, it has undergone a resurgence of popularity because of concerns about mad cow disease. In the European Union, this captive bolt design is required for slaughter of animals that will be used for pharmaceutical manufacture.

The free bolt stunner is used for emergency, in-the-field euthanasia of large farm-animals that cannot be restrained. It differs from a true captive bolt gun in that the projectile is not retractable; it is similar in operation to a powder-actuated nail gun or conventional firearm. Capable of firing only when pressed firmly against a surface (typically the animal's forehead), the device fires a small projectile through the animal's skull. The veterinarian can then either leave the animal to die from the projectile wound or administer lethal drugs.

Use
With cattle, goats, sheep, rabbits, and horses, failure to adequately stun using a penetrating stunner can largely be attributed to incorrect positioning. In commercial operations, rates of failure can be significant and multiple shots are often used. One study looking at cattle found that 12% were shot multiple times, and 12.5% were inadequately stunned. Other research has recorded higher error rates, such as a study looking at young kangaroos and finding that 38% failed to be stunned.

Captive bolts allow for meat trimmings from the head to be salvaged. In some veal operations, a non-penetrating concussive stunner is used in order to preserve the brains for further processing. Captive bolt stunners are safer to use for operators in most red meat slaughter situations. There is no danger of ricochet or over-penetration as there is with regular firearms.

The cartridges typically use 2 to 3 gr of smokeless powder but can use up to 7 gr in the case of large animals, such as bulls. The velocity of the bolt is usually 55 m/s in the case of small animals and 75 m/s in the case of large animals.

In Florida, the state holds bounties for invasive Burmese pythons and requires that they be dispatched "humanely", with a captive bolt pistol, firearm, or machete.

Use for homicide
There have been a number of cases where a captive bolt pistol has been used for homicide, including: Suicide
 * In 1991, a 46-year old German man with a history of alcohol abuse and aggressive behaviour killed his wife.
 * In 2009, a 40-year old English slaughterhouse worker killed a woman with two shots to the chest.

In medical literature, at least one case report of suicide by captive bolt pistol has been published. The report states this method of suicide is not uncommon in central European countries with less strict laws surrounding the possession and use of such tools.

In popular culture
In the 2005 novel No Country for Old Men and in the 2007 film adaptation, the character Anton Chigurh uses a captive bolt stunner to kill his victims and as a tool to shoot out door locks.

The title character of Michael Haneke’s 1992 film Benny's Video commits a murder using a captive bolt stunner.

title: Captive bolt pistol


text:
413 Edburga

Edburga (minor planet designation: 413 Edburga) is a typical Main belt asteroid. Max Wolf discovered it on 7 January 1896 at Heidelberg Observatory. The origin of the name is unknown. This asteroid is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $31.95 km$ with a period of 1516.3 days and an eccentricity of 0.34. Its orbital plane is inclined at an angle of 18.7° to the plane of the ecliptic.

Analysis of the asteroid's light curve based on photometric data collected during 2011 shows a rotation period of $0.147$ with a brightness variation of $2.58 AU$ in magnitude. This is consistent with prior results. This is classified as an M-type asteroid in the Tholen system and X-type in the Bus and Binzel taxonomy, with a moderate albedo and generally featureless near infrared spectra. An absorption feature has been detected at a wavelength 3 μm, suggesting this is W-type. It spans a diameter of $15.78 hours$. Radar echoes are bimodal, suggesting a bifurcated structure that is likely a contact binary.

title: 413 Edburga


text:
Talk:Avon River (Western Australia)

Pronunciation
I'm not sure how to add this to the entry. There are three Avon Rivers in Australia (well, three that I know about) and while the other two are pronounced in the ordinary way - Avon as in the name of the cosmetics company, with a hard "A" as in rave, the WA Avon is pronounced with a soft "A" as in "have". Could some kind soul skilled in these things add it to the article please?

Tannin 12:01, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure about that one - I've always heard it called the "Ay-von" by Perth people. Orderinchaos78 23:12, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Avon River (Western Australia)


text:
414 Liriope

Liriope (minor planet designation: 414 Liriope) is a large Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 16 January 1896 in Nice.

title: 414 Liriope


text:
Anglesey Aluminium

Anglesey Aluminium Metal Ltd. was a joint venture between Rio Tinto and Kaiser Aluminum. Its aluminium smelter, located on the outskirts of Holyhead, was one of the largest employers in North Wales, with 540 staff members, and began to produce aluminium in 1971. It was built on the Penrhos Estate, 500 acres of which were sold by the Stanley family for the project. Up until its closure it produced up to 142,000 tonnes of aluminium every year and was the biggest single user of electricity (255 MW) in the United Kingdom.

Alumina and coke shipped from Jamaica and Australia would berth at the company's private jetty in Holyhead harbour. This jetty is linked by a series of conveyor belts passing through tunnels to the plant. A spur rail link from the main North Wales Coast Line runs into the plant and was used for both receipt of raw materials and despatch of aluminium.

The plant was powered from the National Grid and received most of its electricity from Wylfa nuclear power station 15 miles away. Anglesey Aluminium was used as a base load for Wylfa and saved the grid the cost of keeping a power station on standby. The power contract terminated in 2009, and the aluminium smelting operation was shut down as no new contract was negotiated. The aluminium re-melt facility initially remained open after the shut down of the smelter, but its closure was announced in February 2013. The company announced tentative plans for a biomass plant on the site, but smelting operations and the plant were mothballed and the plant was finally cleared in 2023 to prepare for redevelopment. On 20 March 2024, the site's 450 ft tall chimney was demolished; the last of the visible structures of the aluminium smelting plant.

It was announced in September 2022 that the former Anglesey Aluminium site had been purchased by Stena Line, with their intention to use the site to facilitate an extension of Stena's existing operations of the Port of Holyhead. The sale included the spur rail line, the jetty in Holyhead harbour and the former conveyor tunnel linking the jetty to the main site.

Near the smelter the Aluminium Powder Company (ALPOCO) produces aluminium powder, which is used in pastes, pigments, chemicals, metallurgy, refractory, propulsion, pyrotechnics, spray deposition and powder metallurgy. Adjacent to the site is the public access Penrhos Country Park.

title: Anglesey Aluminium


text:
Tour de Force

Tour de Force may refer to:
 * Tour de Force (film), a 2014 German drama film directed by Christian Zübert
 * Tour de Force (novel), a 1955 novel by Christianna Brand
 * Tour De Force (tour), 1986 Elton John concert tour
 * Tour de Force (Sonny Rollins album), 1956
 * Tour de Force (Bola Sete album), 1963
 * Tour de Force (38 Special album), 1984
 * Tour de Force (Nick Brignola album), 2002
 * Tour De Force – Live, a 1982 live album by jazz guitarist Al Di Meola
 * "Tour de Force", a 1999 song by Covenant on their 2000 album United States of Mind
 * Tour de Force, a 2021 book by professional cyclist Mark Cavendish

title: Tour de Force


text:
415 Palatia

Palatia (minor planet designation: 415 Palatia) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 7 February 1896 in Heidelberg.

10μ radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave an overly large diameter estimate of 93 km. It has a very low radiometric albedo of 0.026 and the spectrum suggests a metal-rich enstatite composition.

title: 415 Palatia


text:
416 Vaticana

Vaticana (minor planet designation: 416 Vatigana) is a large main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 4 May 1896 in Nice.

title: 416 Vaticana


text:
Ivan Shishkin

Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (Иван Иванович Шишкин; 25 January 1832 – 20 March 1898) was a Russian landscape painter closely associated with the Peredvizhniki movement.

Biography
Shishkin was born to a Russian merchant family in Yelabuga of Vyatka Governorate (today Republic of Tatarstan) and graduated from the Kazan gymnasium. Then he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture for four years. After that, he attended the Saint Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts from 1856 to 1860 and graduated with the highest honours and a gold medal. He received the imperial scholarship for his further studies in Europe.

Five years later Shishkin became a member of the Imperial Academy in St Petersburg and was professor of painting from 1873 to 1898. At the same time, Shishkin headed the landscape painting class at the Highest Art School in St Petersburg.

For some time Shishkin lived and worked in Switzerland and Germany on scholarship from the St Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts. On his return to Saint Petersburg he became a member of the Circle of the Itinerants and of the Society of Russian Etchers. He also took part in exhibitions at the Academy of Arts, the All-Russian Exhibition in Moscow (1882), the Nizhniy Novgorod (1896) and the World Fairs (Paris, 1867 and 1878, and Vienna, 1873). Shishkin's painting method was based on analytical studies of nature. He became famous for his forest landscapes and was also an outstanding draftsman and a printmaker.

Ivan Shishkin owned a dacha in Vyra, south of St Petersburg. There he painted some of his finest landscapes. His works are notable for poetic depiction of seasons in the woods, wild nature, animals and birds. In 1891 he was appointed professor-director of the landscape class in the Academy's Advanced Art School. In 1898 he completed his painting The Pine Grove and died on 20 March in St Petersburg while working on his new painting.

A minor planet 3558 Shishkin, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravlyova in 1978, is named after him.

title: Ivan Shishkin


text:
417 Suevia

Suevia (minor planet designation: 417 Suevia) is a typical Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a K-type/S-type asteroid.

It was discovered by Max Wolf on 6 May 1896 in Heidelberg.

title: 417 Suevia


text:
418 Alemannia

Alemannia (minor planet designation: 418 Alemannia), provisional designation, is a metallic background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany on 7 September 1896 and named for the student fraternity Alemannia in Heidelberg.

Orbit and classification
Alemannia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the intermediate main-belt at a distance of 2.3–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,525 days; semi-major axis of 2.59 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in December 1905, more than 9 years after its official discovery observation.

Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Alemannia is a metallic M-type asteroid. The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) also characterized it as an M-type.

Rotation period
The best-rated photometric lightcurve observations gave a rotation period of 4.671 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.20 and 0.33 magnitude (U=3), superseding previous observations that gave a period of 5.82 and 4.68 hours, respectively.

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Alemannia measures between 32.98 and 45.448 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1057 and 0.201.

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1878 and a diameter of 34.1 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.77.

Naming
This minor planet was named for the student fraternity Alemannia in Heidelberg, Germany. It was named by German astronomer Adolf Berberich (1861–1920) in 1901. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 45).

title: 418 Alemannia