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Absorption band

In quantum mechanics, an absorption band is a range of wavelengths, frequencies or energies in the electromagnetic spectrum that are characteristic of a particular transition from initial to final state in a substance.

According to quantum mechanics, atoms and molecules can only hold certain defined quantities of energy, or exist in specific states. When such quanta of electromagnetic radiation are emitted or absorbed by an atom or molecule, energy of the radiation changes the state of the atom or molecule from an initial state to a final state.

Overview
When electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by an atom or molecule, the energy of the radiation changes the state of the atom or molecule from an initial state to a final state. The number of states in a specific energy range is discrete for gaseous or diluted systems, with discrete energy levels. Condensed systems, like liquids or solids, have a continuous density of states distribution and often possess continuous energy bands. In order for a substance to change its energy it must do so in a series of "steps" by the absorption of a photon. This absorption process can move a particle, like an electron, from an occupied state to an empty or unoccupied state. It can also move a whole vibrating or rotating system, like a molecule, from one vibrational or rotational state to another or it can create a quasiparticle like a phonon or a plasmon in a solid.

Electromagnetic transitions
When a photon is absorbed, the electromagnetic field of the photon disappears as it initiates a change in the state of the system that absorbs the photon. Energy, momentum, angular momentum, magnetic dipole moment and electric dipole moment are transported from the photon to the system. Because there are conservation laws, that have to be satisfied, the transition has to meet a series of constraints. This results in a series of selection rules. It is not possible to make any transition that lies within the energy or frequency range that is observed.

The strength of an electromagnetic absorption process is mainly determined by two factors. First, transitions that only change the magnetic dipole moment of the system are much weaker than transitions that change the electric dipole moment and that transitions to higher order moments, like quadrupole transitions, are weaker than dipole transitions. Second, not all transitions have the same transition matrix element, absorption coefficient or oscillator strength.

For some types of bands or spectroscopic disciplines temperature and statistical mechanics plays an important role. For (far) infrared, microwave and radio frequency ranges the temperature dependent occupation numbers of states and the difference between Bose-Einstein statistics and Fermi-Dirac statistics determines the intensity of observed absorptions. For other energy ranges thermal motion effects, like Doppler broadening may determine the linewidth.

Band and line shape

A wide variety of absorption band and line shapes exist, and the analysis of the band or line shape can be used to determine information about the system that causes it. In many cases it is convenient to assume that a narrow spectral line is a Lorentzian or Gaussian, depending respectively on the decay mechanism or temperature effects like Doppler broadening. Analysis of the spectral density and the intensities, width and shape of spectral lines sometimes can yield a lot of information about the observed system like it is done with Mössbauer spectra.

In systems with a very large number of states like macromolecules and large conjugated systems the separate energy levels can't always be distinguished in an absorption spectrum. If the line broadening mechanism is known and the shape of then spectral density is clearly visible in the spectrum, it is possible to get the desired data. Sometimes it is enough to know the lower or upper limits of the band or its position for an analysis.

For condensed matter and solids the shape of absorption bands are often determined by transitions between states in their continuous density of states distributions. For crystals, the electronic band structure determines the density of states. In fluids, glasses and amorphous solids, there is no long range correlation and the dispersion relations are isotropic. For charge-transfer complexes and conjugated systems, the band width is complicated by a variety of factors, compared to condensed matter.

Electronic transitions
Electromagnetic transitions in atoms, molecules and condensed matter mainly take place at energies corresponding to the UV and visible part of the spectrum. Core electrons in atoms, and many other phenomena, are observed with different brands of XAS in the X-ray energy range. Electromagnetic transitions in atomic nuclei, as observed in Mössbauer spectroscopy, take place in the gamma ray part of the spectrum. The main factors that cause broadening of the spectral line into an absorption band of a molecular solid are the distributions of vibrational and rotational energies of the molecules in the sample (and also those of their excited states). In solid crystals the shape of absorption bands are determined by the density of states of initial and final states of electronic states or lattice vibrations, called phonons, in the crystal structure. In gas phase spectroscopy, the fine structure afforded by these factors can be discerned, but in solution-state spectroscopy, the differences in molecular micro environments further broaden the structure to give smooth bands. Electronic transition bands of molecules may be from tens to several hundred nanometers in breadth.

Vibrational transitions
Vibrational transitions and optical phonon transitions take place in the infrared part of the spectrum, at wavelengths of around 1-30 micrometres.

Rotational transitions
Rotational transitions take place in the far infrared and microwave regions.

Other transitions
Absorption bands in the radio frequency range are found in NMR spectroscopy. The frequency ranges and intensities are determined by the magnetic moment of the nuclei that are observed, the applied magnetic field and temperature occupation number differences of the magnetic states.

Applications
Materials with broad absorption bands are being applied in pigments, dyes and optical filters. Titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and chromophores are applied as UV absorbers and reflectors in sunscreen.

Absorption bands of interest to the atmospheric physicist
In oxygen:
 * the Hopfield bands, very strong, between about 67 and 100 nanometres in the ultraviolet (named after John J. Hopfield);
 * a diffuse system between 101.9 and 130 nanometres;
 * the Schumann–Runge continuum, very strong, between 135 and 176 nanometres;
 * the Schumann–Runge bands between 176 and 192.6 nanometres (named for Victor Schumann and Carl Runge);
 * the Herzberg bands between 240 and 260 nanometres (named after Gerhard Herzberg);
 * the atmospheric bands between 538 and 771 nanometres in the visible spectrum; including the oxygen δ (~580 nm), γ (~629 nm), B (~688 nm), and A-band (~759-771 nm)
 * a system in the infrared at about 1000 nanometres.

In ozone:
 * the Hartley bands between 200 and 300 nanometres in the ultraviolet, with a very intense maximum absorption at 255 nanometres (named after Walter Noel Hartley);
 * the Huggins bands, weak absorption between 320 and 360 nanometres (named after Sir William Huggins);
 * the Chappuis bands (sometimes misspelled "Chappius"), a weak diffuse system between 375 and 650 nanometres in the visible spectrum (named after J. Chappuis); and
 * the Wulf bands in the infrared beyond 700 nm, centered at 4,700, 9,600 and 14,100 nanometres, the latter being the most intense (named after Oliver R. Wulf).

In nitrogen:
 * The Lyman–Birge–Hopfield bands, sometimes known as the Birge–Hopfield bands, in the far ultraviolet: 140– 170 nm (named after Theodore Lyman, Raymond T. Birge, and John J. Hopfield)

title: Absorption band


text:
Talk:Steve Jackson (American game designer)

Naming
Discussion about the title of this article and its recent change can be found at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (acronyms). Feel free to contribute. -- hike395 16:55, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Same name, different people
I moved this comment from the bottom of the article:

 * (It should be pointed out that this is because these two Steve Jacksons are actually the same person, as is confirmed in his biography below. Those new to the hobby may be mistaken to think Americans never work in the UK.  Sorry.)

It was placed there by Hall Monitor. I read the short biography and I couldn't find anything that proved they are the same person. It is possible that some of the information on the Steve Jackson (UK) article actually belongs in this article, but I don't know which. But one thing is clear: the US Steve Jackson did not found Games Workshop, a UK company. He did found Steve Jackson Games, a US company. If he did, his biography would have most certainly mentioned it. If anyone can help clear up any of this, please discuss here. — Frecklefoot | Talk 16:34, July 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello. Actually, that comment was left at 15:33, 21 July 2005 by 212.219.39.140. The name similarities are purely coincidental.  Hall Monitor 19:41, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * For confirmation that they are two different people, see the SJG FAQ:

 * Q: Isn't Steve Jackson one of the founders of Games Workshop?

 * A: No, that's the other Steve Jackson. An English writer named Steve Jackson, along with his partner Ian Livingstone, founded Games Workshop and created the Fighting Fantasy series. These days, the English Steve Jackson, having sold his interest in Games Workshop, is continuing to work on various projects (you may have seen his Battle Cards -- they were a trading card game released before Magic.). The American Steve Jackson is another person entirely. --Calair 01:02, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

link dead
"Evil Stevie's Pirate Game" link is dead —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.131.0.194 (talk) 16:58, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

GOCE
Edit underway, please do not edit article at this time. --Bddmagic (talk) 22:49, 20 November 2014 (UTC)
 * and done. --Bddmagic (talk) 15:01, 21 November 2014 (UTC)

Suggestions
Possibly add citations for date of birth and in the Education section or remove "citation needed." The sentence "However, Thompson sought legal action..." seems out of context (perhaps move to "Legal actions" section). Information concerning British Steve Jackson could be relevant, but not under section entitled "Legal actions" (should be moved somewhere else possibly intro section) — Slu30 (talk) 20:31, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

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 * I've replaced the first link the bot found with "http://www.originsawards.net/hall-of-fame/". It turns out the offthehook link works for me (as do the audios there), so I fixed that ... but when I skimmed the audio I found it has reporting about the District Court trial but no interview with SJ, so I then deleted it from the ELs list. Feel free to revert that if I missed something. Cheers, CWC 04:56, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

How SJ became a game designer.
SJG has just published Hexagram #1, an 80s-style zine about The Fantasy Trip. Mr Jackson's introduction includes this anecdote:
 * Many, many years ago, I was a bored law school student. In a vain attempt to not do my homework, I was reading the school paper. Even the classified ads, which I did not normally look at – but I was very bored. And one of those ads was a help-wanted ad for a “zine editor.” Now, “zine” was not a common word at the time – back then, it meant, 99 times out of 100, a science fiction zine. So I replied to the ad!
 * The magazine turned out to be The Space Gamer. I didn’t get the job; I was overqualified. (It went to Ben Ostrander, who did fine work.) Instead, I got hired by Metagaming as a game developer.
 * So on that one thin hook of the word “zine” hangs my career!

Should we use this in the Education section of the article?

Cheers, CWC 03:48, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Treehouse of Horror III

"Treehouse of Horror III" is the fifth episode of the fourth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on October 29, 1992. The third annual Treehouse of Horror episode, it features segments in which Homer buys Bart an evil talking doll, Homer is a giant ape which is captured by Mr. Burns in a parody of the 1933 version of King Kong, and Bart and Lisa inadvertently cause zombies to attack Springfield.

The episode was written by Al Jean, Mike Reiss, Jay Kogen, Wallace Wolodarsky, Sam Simon, and Jon Vitti, and directed by Carlos Baeza.

Plot
The episode's wraparound segment shows the Simpson family having a Halloween party for the children of Springfield. Lisa, Grampa, and Bart each tell a horror story.

In Lisa's story, "Clown Without Pity", Homer buys a cursed Krusty the Clown doll as a last-minute birthday present for Bart. After the doll makes numerous attempts on Homer's life, he captures the doll, locks it in a suitcase, and drops it in a "Bottomless Pit". Returning home, Homer is ambushed by the escaped doll, who tackles him into the kitchen and tries to drown him in a dog bowl. Marge calls the consumer service hotline. A repairman arrives and discovers that the doll has been set to "evil" mode. He flips the switch to "good" and the Krusty doll becomes friends with Homer, although it is quickly put to work as Homer's slave.

In Grampa's story, "King Homer", inspired by Grampa watching lots of movies, Marge joins Mr. Burns and Mr. Smithers on an expedition to Ape Island as bait for the legendary giant ape King Homer in 1936. The natives of Ape Island capture Marge and tie her to a post as an offering for King Homer, who is summoned by the sound of drums. Marge is initially terrified but sees the friendly side of Homer, and the two form a friendship. Nonetheless, Mr. Burns is determined to capture King Homer and Smithers knocks Homer unconscious with a gas bomb. Returning to Springfield, the group display King Homer at a theater. The photographers' flashes enrage King Homer, who breaks free from his restraints. He abducts Marge and attempts to climb a skyscraper, but is unable to get past the second story of the building and collapses in exhaustion. In the end, King Homer and Marge get married.

In Bart's story, "Dial "Z" for Zombies", Bart finds a book of black magic in Springfield Elementary Library when he is asked to write a book report for class. That night, he tries to resurrect the family's dead cat, Snowball I, but accidentally reanimates corpses from the nearby human cemetery instead. The zombies terrorize Springfield, turning many people into zombies. Aided by Homer wielding a shotgun, Lisa and Bart find a book at the library to cast the appropriate counter-spell, causing all of the zombies to return to their graves.

Production
This episode originally encountered trouble when the color version came back from South Korea. With only six weeks to the airdate, the writers made almost one hundred line changes, a very rare occurrence. It was decided to completely overhaul the episode after a poorly received screening with the writing staff. The tombstones that appeared at the start of and during the episode were abandoned in later episodes because it was becoming increasingly difficult to think of ideas. A subtle tombstone joke in this episode is in the scene where two zombies are crawling out of their graves. The names Jay Kogen and Wolodarsky (two of The Simpsons writers who worked on the episode) are written on the tombstones, but both are misspelled.

The "King Homer" segment is one of Matt Groening's all-time favorite stories from the Treehouse of Horror series. Al Jean was also quite worried about this segment because it was the longest running black-and-white segment they had ever aired, and he thought that some people might be concerned that their televisions were broken. The "He was a zombie?" line, created by Mike Reiss, is, in the opinions of the writers, one of the all-time classic lines from the series.

Cultural references
The opening sequence where Homer walks into Alfred Hitchcock's silhouette is a parody of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, complete with Gounod's Funeral March of a Marionette. Homer's stomach is bigger than that of the silhouette, but this was so subtle that not many people got the joke. Buckminster Fuller's tombstone can be seen in the Springfield Cemetery; it is adorned with a geodesic dome. In the episode's wraparounds, Bart is dressed as Alex from A Clockwork Orange (1971).

The "Clown Without Pity" segment is based on the Twilight Zone episode "Living Doll" and the film Trilogy of Terror. The title itself is a play on the song "Town Without Pity", written for the movie of the same name and performed by Gene Pitney. The man that sells Homer the Krusty doll is based on Mr. Wing from Gremlins (1984). The song Homer sings in the bathtub is a variation of the Oscar Mayer song with the letters spelling out his name instead of "O-S-C-A-R". Bernard Herrmann's music from Psycho is heard as the Krusty doll chases Homer. The Krusty doll riding under Homer's car is a reference to the 1991 film Cape Fear. The song Marge hears while put on hold after calling the Krusty doll hotline is "Everybody Loves a Clown" by Gary Lewis & the Playboys. A brief parody of the Love, American Style theme plays at the end of "Clown Without Pity" and again at the end of "King Homer".

The "King Homer" segment is a parody of the 1933 film King Kong. The tribal leader is heard saying "Mosi Tatupu, Mosi Tatupu", which the subtitles inform us means "We will sacrifice the blue-haired lady." The scene of King Homer on Broadway is based on Young Frankenstein (1974). During his rampage, he spots Shirley Temple singing "On the Good Ship Lollipop", and ends up eating her. Mr. Burns says "I remember when Al Jolson ran amok at the Winter Garden and climbed the Chrysler Building."

The title "Dial "Z" for Zombies" is a play on the title of the 1954 Hitchcock film Dial M for Murder. It parodies Night of the Living Dead, Return of the Living Dead, and Pet Sematary. In the pet cemetery, there are tombstones that read Fish Police, Capitol Critters and Family Dog, each a short-lived animated series intended to capitalize on The Simpsons' success. When casting the spell, Bart wears the album cover of Michael Jackson's Thriller on his head. This is a reference to Jackson's famous music video, in which he dances with zombies. As Zombie William Shakespeare is dying he says “Is this the end of Zombie William Shakespeare?”, which is a reference to the line from Little Caesar “Mother of mercy, is this the end of Rico?” Homer's weapon of choice for "Dial "Z" for Zombies", a sawn-off Winchester Model 1887 lever-action shotgun; is a reference to Terminator 2: Judgment Day and the scene where Homer guns down zombies in the hallway of Springfield Elementary's library is a direct reference to the Terminator's first battle with the T-1000.

Reception
In its original broadcast, "Treehouse of Horror III" finished 20th in ratings for the week of October 26 – November 1, 1992, with a Nielsen rating of 14.7, equivalent to approximately 13.7 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating In Living Color. Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, thoroughly enjoyed the episode. They described the episode as "Another seasonal treat. Dial Z for Zombies is particularly impressive ('Die, you freak!' 'Dad, you killed the zombie Flanders!' 'He was a zombie?')." In 2006, IGN voted "Dial Z For Zombies" as the second best segment of the Treehouse of Horror episodes. "Clown Without Pity" was also rated sixth.

In the film 28 Days Later (2002), there is a scene where Sgt. Ferrell mentions that his favorite joke from The Simpsons was the line "Women and seamen (semen) don't mix", said by Smithers during the "King Homer" segment. The episode's reference to Night of the Living Dead was named the 16th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film's Nathan Ditum.

title: Treehouse of Horror III


text:
The Melancholy Collection

The Melancholy Collection is a compilation album by Swedish punk rock band Millencolin, released on 29 July 1999 by Burning Heart Records. The album combines the band's first two EPs, B-sides from their singles, and other rare and unreleased tracks. The Melancholy Collection was re-released in the United States by Epitaph Records on 23 October 2001.

Personnel
Millencolin
 * Nikola Šarčević – lead vocals, bass
 * Erik Ohlsson – guitar
 * Mathias Färm – guitar
 * Fredrik Larzon – drums

title: The Melancholy Collection


text:
Talk:Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

Dennis Halloween?
Does anyone have a cite for the purported Dennis Halloween movie project? I've done some poking around and no one seems to know anything about it. Lynnejanet 20:06, 19 July 2007 (UTC)Lynnejanet

General
Discussion about the title of this article and its recent change can be found at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (acronyms). Feel free to contribute. -- hike395 16:57, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dairy Queen publicity
ISTR that DQ dropped Dennis images very soon after Ketcham died, so it's possible that the deal whereby they were licensed was with Ketcham himself and not his syndicators. But the only way to tell for sure would be to contact both DQ head office and whoever's in charge of the strip. knoodelhed 19:21, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Henry = Hank?
Since Dennis's father has (nearly) the same name as the strip's creator, is there supposed to be any idea that Ketcham based the strip on his own son? -- Toby Bartels 09:42, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Dennis (The Pickle)?
I don't remember the U.S. Dennis ever being called "The Pickle." Was this a U.K. only thing? Kevrob 21:39, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. Because there is a separate strip in the UK called "Dennis the Menace".  So the US strip was given that title in the UK.  ---Emb021 Nov 17 2006
 * Does "pickle" have a particular meaning in UK slang pertaining to troublesome children? Because otherwise "that just raises MORE questions". Asat (talk) 21:04, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Info box
I filled up the info box, but I am unable to do anything about the beano strip title on the top. If I replace it with anything else the box disappears. Also someone will have to fill in the issue no, currently I have put the number 1 there since I am unable to remove the entry.-- PremKudva Talk  09:58, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
 * What issue number should it be? Also, I've replaced the Beano template with a non-template table for the time being.  Maybe we could just make another template, but I don't know any article that needs one of these right now so I won't do that. Haplolology 22:48, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dennis menace.jpg
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Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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Dennis the Menace in other languages
In France, the title of the comic strip is Dennis la malice (with a double N) though the title of the movie is Denis la malice (with a single N). Arct - 81.64.154.242 00:38, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

British isn't a language, I assume you mean English, and the UK version of the TV show really only has a new title card (because "the Menace" cannot be used as it would be confused with The Beano character) and is not a translation anyway. Digifiend (talk) 10:29, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually the title Dennis the Menace has been used to refer to Ketcham's character in UK releases since the mid 2000s while the Beano character is now usually released as Dennis the Menace and Gnasher. Tk420 (talk) 20:11, 13 March 2016 (UTC)

Dennis the computer game
After the 1993 film there was a computer game, simply called Dennis, released by Ocean for Amiga 1200/CD32 and the SNES, but despite being bundled with the "Desktop Dynamite" Amiga 1200 packs for Christmas 1993, was considered something of a mediocre game (it was commented in several magazines at the time that Ocean was following its 'typical formula' of buying up the name of a recent and popular film and making a mediocre game out of it, and many believed if it had been released under a different name with slightly different images it would have been more successful) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.74.144.237 (talk) 16:11, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Added to tone to help cut "trivia"
I added to the "tone" section, as I felt it would help cut into the trivia by placing an item within the article. I felt the notion of timelessness would be good in drawing the link from the "Our Gang" reference through Dennis and to characters like Bart Simpson, but also, this let a couple things be added that I was surprised weren't there - his outfit (I didn't see anywhere in the article how he was almost always in a striped shirt and suspenders) and also the love of Westerns and cowboys which you can still see some of in Dennis, though not as much as when he first appeared.

I hope this helps.209.244.30.221 (talk) 12:58, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

For years, Dennis carried a slingshot in his back pocket. When was the last time the slingshot appeared? Who decided to remove it? OldBlindDog (talk) 07:58, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 16:19, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I was going to say, how the heck did this article get a b-rating? There's some glaring flaws in the text. Tehw1k1 (talk) 21:54, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Character List
Uhhh... Did anyone take a look at the first entry on the character list? I'm leaving it as is so you can see for yourself. 45750born (talk) 20:53, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Dennis the Menace other languages list
it needs to be edited so that it reflects the translations and names of the comic strip only, not any of the TV shows or any other adaptation. Names of the TV adaptations can be added to the applicable show's wiki page--Tehw1k1 (talk) 01:17, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

comic books section
would be much easier to understand with a timeline or chart that mapped the different series and the years they were released.--Tehw1k1 (talk) 01:27, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Joey's sister
Yeesh, what happened? Where's the tone section? And why is trivia back after it was removed, said removal supposedly always being better?

I inserted something I thought was important enough, that Joey was aged a bit, as his parents had a baby girl at one point. It shows how the comic has stayed relatively stable except for a few little adjustments like that. It's also interesting that we don't necessarily know if they of the others have siblings.

But, if someone even edited out really noteworthy stuff like Dennis always being drawn in the same outfits (like the one for Calvin and Hobbes mentions his clothing), namely Dennis' striped shirt and suspenders, and also removed mention of the Western motif that is recurring at times (which is *very* much a part of it, in my view) then I know 2 things. 1. I must not understand how to improve an article like I thought, as it seems like removal of trivia sections and mention of important motifs are important. And, 2. What I thought was an important component of a friend of Dennis', and note on friends of Dennis' in general, that being lack of mention of any siblings, probably won't be kept. (Charlie Brown type sigh.) It's no use trying to improve the stuff on here sometimes.209.244.187.155 (talk) 01:09, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

vapid
This is a good example of how Wikipedia's (largely justifiable) policy against "original research" results in a vapid article that tells us little useful about the subject. As written, the description of the strip is not only incomplete and inaccurate, but appears to blandly endorse its quality and content.

The original Dennis was Just Plain Nasty. He said and did things that not only angered people, but seemed calculated to destroy his parents' marriage. This couldn't be sustained, and Dennis gradually became a plumper, rounder, and less-unappealing character. For example, the online Britannica states "He was initially depicted as a defiant child who deliberately sought out mischief, but over the years his personality softened considerably." There are even-more-critical views out there, but I can't find them at the moment. This piece needs substantial editing.WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 13:04, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Original research isn't necessary, I'm sure there's some material that covers the Dennis character's evolution, its just not online, its in books and magazines. The over-reliance of online sources is the problem. Tehw1k1 (talk) 23:41, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

Wilsons' Children?
I thought George and Martha Wilson were childless, and Dennis was a kind of "surrogate son" to them (especially Mrs. Wilson). When was it revealed that they had children? (I'm thinking of the reference to George Everett Wilson, Sr.) Was this ever in the strips? 45750born (talk) 16:39, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

What lawsuit?
In the comic book section, the following is found:

 * Fawcett Comics (1958–80, during their only return to comics after losing the Captain Marvel lawsuit),

What lawsuit? There's nothing about this in the linked Fawcett page nor any further info on this one. This could be clarified a bit or at least reference a page that explains the issue. 99.245.248.91 (talk) 03:59, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

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End date
When did Dennis the Menace end?--Trisha Gaurav (talk) 22:04, 18 July 2016 (UTC)

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Postage Stamp & "Popular culture"
Why no mention of the U.S. 44-cent postage stamp issued on July 16, 2010?

And, since it's related, why no "Popular culture" section?

Just curious. 2600:8800:785:1300:C23F:D5FF:FEC4:D51D (talk) 11:35, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

not so subtle
Our current lead includes about the UK and US Dennises the Menaces that they "change their names subtly in each other's respective home bases to avoid confusion."

While that may be true to how its handled now, in the 1950s and 1960s (at least) the US panel ran in UK papers as "The Pickle", which I would not consider a subtle change. Might be worth noting that somewhere. -- Nat Gertler (talk) 05:09, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)


text:
Psathopyrgos

Psathopyrgos (Greek: Ψαθόπυργος) is a tourist village and community in the municipal unit of Rio in the northern part of Achaea, Greece. Psathopyrgos is located on the Gulf of Corinth, south east of Cape Drepano, the northernmost point of the Peloponnese peninsula. The village has a small pebble beach and it is known to the locals and tourists for its fish taverns and nice views of the green mountains south of the village.

It is located 2 km north east of Drepano and 9 km north east of Rio. The Greek National Road 8A (Patras - Aigio - Corinth) pass south of the village. In the new railway line Athens-Corinth-Patras, which is currently under construction (June 2018), a railway stop is planned. The community Psathopyrgos consists of the villages Psathopyrgos and Kato Rodini.

title: Psathopyrgos


text:
Talk:Riverside Boat Club

Discussion about the title of this article and its recent change can be found at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (acronyms). Feel free to contribute. -- hike395 16:58, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Riverside Boat Club


text:
Talk:Enabling act (United States)

Discussion about the title of this article and its recent change can be found at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (acronyms). Feel free to contribute. -- hike395 16:59, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enabling act (United States)


text:
William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham

Admiral William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham (1736–1813) was an officer in the Royal Navy. He was the son of Sir Beaumont Hotham (died 1771), a lineal descendant of Sir John Hotham.

Biography
Hotham was educated at Westminster School and at the Royal Naval Academy, Portsmouth. He entered the navy in 1751, and spent most of his midshipman's time in American waters. In 1755 he became lieutenant in Admiral Sir Edward Hawke's flagship St George and he soon received a small command, which led gradually to higher posts. In Syren (20) he fought a sharp action with the French Telemaque of superior force, and in the sloop Fortune he carried, by boarding, a 26-gun privateer.

For this service, he was rewarded with a more powerful ship, and from 1757 onwards commanded various frigates. In 1759 his ship Melampe, with Southampton, fought a spirited action with two hostile frigates of similar force, one of which became their prize. Melampe was attached to Augustus Keppel's squadron in 1761, but was in the main employed in detached duty and made many captures. In 1776, as a Commodore, Hotham served in North American waters, and he had a great share in the Battle of St. Lucia (15 December 1778).

Here he continued till the spring of 1781, when he was sent home in charge of a large convoy of merchantmen. Off Scilly Hotham fell in with a powerful French squadron, against which he could effect nothing, and many of the merchant-men went to France as prizes.

In 1782 Commodore Hotham was with Richard Howe at the relief of Gibraltar, and at the time of the Spanish armament of 1790 he flew his flag as Rear-admiral of the red. By 1791 he was made vice admiral. He hoisted his flag aboard HMS Britannia that year. As Lord Hood's second-in-command in the Mediterranean, from August 1793, he was engaged against the French Revolutionary navy, and when his chief retired to England in December the command of the Mediterranean Fleet devolved upon him. On 13 March 1795 he fought an indecisive fleet action at the Naval Battle of Genoa, in which the brunt of the fighting was borne by Captain Horatio Nelson, and some months later, now a full admiral, he again engaged a French fleet, at the Naval Battle of Hyères Islands on 13 July 1795, this time under conditions which might have permitted a decisive victory; of this affair, Nelson wrote home that it was a "miserable action."

In November 1795, he was replaced as commander of the Mediterranean Fleet by Admiral Jervis and returned to England, and in 1797 he was made a peer of Ireland under the title of Baron Hotham of South Dalton, near Hull. He died in 1813. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Hotham lacked the fiery energy and genius of a Nelson or a Jervis, but in subordinate positions, he was a brave and capable officer.

As Hotham died unmarried, his barony passed to his brother, Sir Beaumont Hotham (1737–1814), who became 2nd Baron Hotham in May 1813. Beaumont, who was a baron of the exchequer for thirty years, died on 4 March 1814, and was succeeded as 3rd baron by his grandson Beaumont Hotham (1794–1870), who was present at the Battle of Waterloo, being afterwards a member of parliament for forty-eight years. He died unmarried in December 1870 and was succeeded by his nephew, Charles (1836–1872), and then by another nephew, John (1838–1907). In 1907 his cousin Frederick William (born 1863) became the 6th baron. Other distinguished members of this family were the 2nd baron's son, Sir Henry Hotham (1777–1833), a vice-admiral, who saw a great deal of service during the Napoleonic Wars; and Sir William Hotham (1772–1848), a nephew of the 1st baron, who served with Adam Duncan in 1797 at the Battle of Camperdown and elsewhere.

title: William Hotham, 1st Baron Hotham


text:
Talk:People's Party (United States, 1971)

Untitled
Discussion about the title of this article and its recent change can be found at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (acronyms). Feel free to contribute. -- hike395 16:59, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Linden Lab

Linden Research, Inc., doing business as Linden Lab, is an American technology company that is best known as the developer of Second Life.

The company's head office is in San Francisco, California, with additional offices in Boston, Massachusetts; Seattle, Washington; Davis, California; and Virginia. In addition, the company employs remote workers that communicate and collaborate on projects using Second Life technology.

History
The company, founded in 1999 as Linden Research, employs numerous established high-tech veterans, including former executives from Electronic Arts; eBay; Disney; Adobe Systems; and Apple. The company's founder and original CEO is Philip Rosedale, a former CTO of RealNetworks, one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in The World in 2007.

The company name "Linden" originates from the street name where the company premises were initially based, at 333 Linden Street in San Francisco. The hexagonal Linden Lab logo is influenced by a lime tree, otherwise known as a Linden or Tilia tree.

In 2008, the company was awarded an Emmy for Second Life in the user-generated content and game modification category. The award was given at the 59th annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards. Philip Rosedale, chairman of Linden Lab, accepted the award.

Although Linden Lab's Second Life platform was not the first online virtual world, it has gained a large amount of attention due to its expanding user base and unique policy that allows participants to own the intellectual property rights to the in-world content they create. The company's transition from scrappy upstart to success is detailed in the book The Making of Second Life written by former employee Wagner James Au.

Although many people have assumed that the inspiration for Second Life originated from Rosedale's exposure to Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash, he has suggested that his vision of virtual worlds predates that book and that he conducted some early virtual world experiments during his college years at the University of California San Diego, where he studied physics.

Rosedale's strong coding skills eventually resulted in the creation of a video compression technology that would later be acquired by RealNetworks, where he was made CTO at the age of 27. While at RealNetworks, Rosedale's ambition to create a virtual world was resurrected and recharged by technological advances in computing and his attendance at the popular music and arts festival Burning Man.

With the help of a financial windfall that he reaped from his time at RealNetworks, Rosedale formed Linden Lab in 1999. His initial focus was on the development of hardware that would enable computer users to be fully immersed in a 360 degree virtual reality experience. In its earliest form, the company struggled to produce a commercial version of "The Rig", which was realized in prototype form as a clunky steel contraption with several computer monitors that users could wear on their shoulders. That vision soon morphed into the software-based application Linden World, where computer users could participate in task-based games and socialization in a 3D online environment. That effort would eventually transform into the better-known, user-centered Second Life.

During a 2001 meeting with investors, Rosedale noticed that the participants were particularly responsive to the collaborative, creative potential of Second Life. As a result, the initial objective-driven, gaming focus of Second Life was shifted to a more user-created, community-driven experience.

In October 2010, Rosedale announced he was leaving his position as CEO.

In September 2012, Linden Lab announced two new products: Creatorverse (for iPad) and Patterns (for desktops).

In January 2013, Linden Lab purchased the game Blocksworld for iPad, a shared virtual world built of blocks.

Rod Humble, appointed CEO in December 2010, announced his departure on Facebook on 24 January 2014, stating that he would be leaving Linden Lab to pursue founding a new company that will "make art, entertainment and unusual things!".

In February 2014, Linden Lab announced that its new CEO was Ebbe Altberg, former COO of BranchOut. He died in June 2021 after battling a long illness.

In late 2023, it became apparent that Linden Lab had sold the rights of Blocksworld to Ukrainian studio Fortell Games. While the purchase is yet to be announced officially, activity on the games long inactive social media, Steam and Apple App Store pages point all but confirm the acquisition.

Corporate culture
Linden Lab utilized another internal tool, the Distributor, that enabled all employees to distribute "points" to projects that they deemed worthy of development and resource support. Each point has a financial value that is based on each quarter's financial performance. As a result, key stakeholders in the projects with high point values received a distributed monetary payoff at the end of the quarter for successfully completed projects. The Distributor was discontinued after Rosedale left the company.

In addition, each employee's quarterly performance review is published on a Wikipedia-like internal website that all other employees may see.

Employees of Linden Lab, who are easily identifiable in-world by their avatars' last name "Linden", have participated in several collaborative events with Second Life users. For example, the company holds an annual holiday "snowball fight" where users are encouraged to throw virtual snowballs at Linden Lab employees.

Litigation
In 2006, Pennsylvania lawyer Marc Bragg ("Marc Woebegone" in Second Life) brought a lawsuit against Second Life developer Linden Lab when his account was disabled by administrators. The case was eventually settled out of court.

List of products

 * Second Life
 * Sansar
 * Blocksworld
 * Patterns

title: Linden Lab


text:
Somebody's Watching Me

"Somebody's Watching Me" is a song recorded and written by American singer Rockwell, released by the Motown label in December 1983, as the lead single from his debut studio album of the same name. It features guest vocals by Michael Jackson (in the chorus) and Jermaine Jackson and Norman Dozier (additional backing vocals). The song became a major commercial success internationally, topping the charts in Belgium, France, and Spain, and reaching the top 5 in Canada, West Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. In the UK, it reached No. 6 and is Rockwell's only top 40 hit on the UK Singles Chart. Rolling Stone magazine called the song "an international and enduring smash hit that, more than 30 years later, remains the perennial paranoia-rock anthem and Halloween mix go-to song."

Background and composition
Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy. At the time of the recording, Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton, his father's ex-wife and the mother of his older half-brother, Kerry Gordy. Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play demo tracks to Berry Gordy, who was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell's music until he heard the single with Michael Jackson's familiar voice featuring prominently on background vocals.

Musicnotes.com published this song in the key of C-sharp minor, showing time, with vocals spanning from C#4 to C#5.

Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen, the song featured backing vocals by Michael and Jermaine Jackson, with Alan Murray on percussion.

DJ BoBo cover: "Somebody Dance with Me"
DJ BoBo based his 1992 single "Somebody Dance with Me" on "Somebody's Watching Me" with new lyrics and rap. The DJ BoBo single reached No. 1 in Sweden and Switzerland, and the Top 5 in Austria, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway. In 2012, a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled "Somebody Dance With Me (Remady 2013 Mix)" by DJ BoBo featuring Manu-L. Released early in 2013, it charted on the Swiss Hitparade, reaching No. 4. The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992.

Beatfreakz version
In 2006, Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song that samples the chorus but omitted the verses. This version was a top-10 hit in Belgium, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.

Track listing
Dutch CD single
 * 1) "Somebody's Watching Me" (Hi_Tack radio edit)
 * 2) "Somebody's Watching Me" (Hi_Tack remix)
 * 3) "Somebody's Watching Me" (Dennis Christopher remix)
 * 4) "Somebody's Watching Me" (E-Craigs 2006 mix)
 * 5) "Somebody's Watching Me" (BeatFreakz Clubmix)
 * 6) "Somebody's Watching Me" (Ian Carey club mix)

title: Somebody's Watching Me


text:
Operative temperature

Operative temperature ($$t_o$$) is defined as a uniform temperature of an imaginary black enclosure in which an occupant would exchange the same amount of heat by radiation plus convection as in the actual nonuniform environment. Some references also use the terms 'equivalent temperature" or 'effective temperature' to describe combined effects of convective and radiant heat transfer. In design, operative temperature can be defined as the average of the mean radiant and ambient air temperatures, weighted by their respective heat transfer coefficients. The instrument used for assessing environmental thermal comfort in terms of operative temperature is called a eupatheoscope and was invented by A. F. Dufton in 1929. Mathematically, operative temperature can be shown as;

 * $$t_o = \frac{(h_r t_{mr} + h_c t_a)}{ h_r + h_c}$$

where,

 * $$h_c$$ = convective heat transfer coefficient
 * $$h_r$$ = linear radiative heat transfer coefficient
 * $$t_a$$ = air temperature
 * $$t_{mr}$$ = mean radiant temperature

Or

 * $$t_o = \frac{(t_{mr} + (t_a \times \sqrt{10v}))}{ 1 + \sqrt{10v}}$$

where,

 * $$v$$ = air velocity
 * $$t_a$$ and $$t_{mr}$$ have the same meaning as above.

It is also acceptable to approximate this relationship for occupants engaged in near sedentary physical activity (with metabolic rates between 1.0 met and 1.3 met), not in direct sunlight, and not exposed to air velocities greater than 0.10 m/s (20 fpm).

 * $$t_o = \frac{(t_a + t_{mr})}{ 2 }$$

where $$t_a$$ and $$t_{mr}$$ have the same meaning as above.

Application
Operative temperature is used in heat transfer and thermal comfort analysis in transportation and buildings. Most psychrometric charts used in HVAC design only show the dry bulb temperature on the x-axis(abscissa), however, it is the operative temperature which is specified on the x-axis of the psychrometric chart illustrated in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 – Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human occupancy.

title: Operative temperature


text:
HMS Tireless (P327)

HMS Tireless, a Taciturn- or T-class submarine, was the first ship of the Royal Navy to bear that name. She was authorized under the 1941 War Emergency Programme and her keel was laid down on 30 October 1941 at Portsmouth Dockyard. She was launched on 19 March 1943 and was completed on 18 April 1945.

Operational Service
Commissioned on 18 April 1945, towards the end of the Second World War, Tireless operated in the Far East between late 1945 and 1946 and then in home waters commanded by M L C Crawford. In 1951 she was the first of her class to be streamlined at HM Naval Dockyard, Devonport. In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.

By the late 1950s she was again modernised at Chatham Dockyard. In 1959 Tireless was part of the Home Fleet and took part in 'Navy Days' in Portsmouth during that year. Beginning in 1960, the submarine was the first command of future Adm. Sandy Woodward, who led Royal Navy forces in the South Atlantic during the 1982 Falklands War.

She remained in service until August 1963 when she was put on the sale list. She was broken up in 1968.

title: HMS Tireless (P327)


text:
Category talk:Animation

Does anyone remember an animated movie released in the mid to late 1960's featuring a young apprentice wizard who was taught to be a shape-changer by a benevolent master and had to face an evil wizard with the same abilities in a climatic battle on a mountain top? don't know a title but it had japanese style characters in it.

"CAT:ANIMATION" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CAT:ANIMATION&redirect=no CAT:ANIMATION] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 09:15, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Animation


text:
Intercourse, Alabama

Intercourse is an unincorporated community located at a crossroads in Sumter County, Alabama, United States. A post office called Intercourse was established in 1840, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1913. It is named for the traffic intersection of the town's crossroads (called "intercourse" at that time). Although a share of the residents want the unusual name changed to Siloam, state maps still identify the place as Intercourse.

title: Intercourse, Alabama


text: Category:Districts of Northern Ireland

title: Category:Districts of Northern Ireland


text:
User talk:Decumanus/archive4

Archive 1-March 20, 2004 | Archive 2-May 31, 2004 | Archive 3-February 27, 2005

Question: Where does this positron come from?
Hi. I've just posted a question in the discussion section of Talk:Proton-proton chain reaction about where the postitron comes from. (Same question at reference desk too). I was wondering if you might take a shot at answering it please. Thanks. --Dino 11 Aug 2005.

OK
I've have changed the redirect to a sockpuppet tag. Borderer or whatshisface certainly seems to be an odd individual. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:25, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * That's cool. Not a problem. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:00, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for letting me know about Borderer's ban, and that it was an alias for someone else I had never heard of. That was thoughtful of you, and I appreciate it. Wesley 04:27, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Rivers
You might want ot check out the naming debate that has arisen again there. Rmhermen 00:58, Mar 11, 2005 (UTC)

New York
I see you are adding a lot to History of New York City, which is great. Judging by the nature of what you are adding, you probably have some citable sources. Could you possibly start a "References" section on that page? -- Jmabel | Talk 05:59, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)

lenape
You're of course right; it's Herb Kraft, not Bob. Brainless typing.

My source is Ray Whritenour, the authority on the Munsee language. I have notes of our conversation somewhere, although I think for Wiki purposes we can find a middle ground. Whritenour says that 'Lenapehoking' is a constructed, although perfectly grammatical inflected term, whereas 'Scheyischbi' is historical. I can see that 'Lenapehoking' might have been a word that gained currency sometime in the mid-1700s -- like 'Unalachtigo.' Auto movil 04:16, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Whritenour and David Zeisberger wrote The Delaware-English Lexicon, which is as far as I understand the standard text on the Lenape language. But it's true that one runs into blind alleys and confusing dilemmas with Lenape. Whritenour gave me a pronunciation of manhattan that's nearly identical to the way the word is pronounced today, while another credible source insisted it was pronounced, 'mannathan.' It's possible to be quite wrong with Lenape, even with the best intentions. Auto movil 05:08, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Saugatuck
Would you mind if I referred to or copied some of the text from your Saugatuck River article to add to the Westport, Connecticut article?--Nkrosse 00:30, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks--Nkrosse 16:45, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)

Hey
Whats this about? Cheers, (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 16:32, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * See my reply. Cheers, (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 18:16, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've found this, suggesting there is such a (apparently ridiculous looking) creature. (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 20:10, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess the question I'd want to know is, should it be a redirect to something like Botswana Antelope, or a redirect to Antelope population of Botwsana? -- Decumanus 21:47, 2005 Apr 2 (UTC)

 * Well, it probably shouldn't redirect anywhere until theres an article. I'm willing to help write an article on Botswanan_Antelopes, but I wouldn't know where to start... Myabe we need help from a zoologist? (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 21:49, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I think so too. -- Decumanus 00:13, 2005 Apr 3 (UTC)

 * I redirected to antelope for the time being, cheers, (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 10:59, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

baseball franchises
You made New York Giants (baseball) into a redirect to San Francisco Giants. This is a decision I fully support. I think it is the correct protocol for MLB teams. There is currently a debate raging at Votes for deletion/Montréal Expos, and so far the redirect solution is losing. I think it is because some of the users don't fully understand how franchises work in MLB. If you have the time, maybe you could chime in on the conversation there. Kingturtle 04:28, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

good grief!

You've got some quickness in you. :P --Kross 06:14, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC)

vandalism
Is there a way to get vandals banned like User:Wikipediagirlforever and User:Maingate.

Renaming
Hey. I didn't actually consult with anyone before starting the changes, but I did search around to checkout what the standard title formatting is for geographic articles. It seems that in cases where there is a need for disambiguation the preferred format is to extend the address by adding extra qualifiers separated by commas. I sort of see it as the natural extension of using County of Essex, Ontario rather than County of Essex (Ontario). If you prefer the other format, let me know and we can work something out. I should probably get some sleep for now. :-) --NormanEinstein 04:08, 12 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah. I can live with that. Thanks for catching me before I'd done too many. I'll see what I can do to fix my previous edits and tag the others for admin moving. btw, I love your collection of maps and photographs. --NormanEinstein 12:48, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

Vermont Republic
That's fine. It was removed from the list without comment, so I had no idea of the rationale. -- Jmabel | Talk 16:30, May 13, 2005 (UTC)

Did you know?
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article rain follows the plow, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page.

Starbuck
It would be rather peculiar if he was a Shaker, wouldn't it? He would spend his time making furniture, and so forth. I wonder how that got in there. john k 23:32, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Vail Pass
Hi Matthew. When processing your deletion request for Image:DSCN2091 vailpassrestarea e 600.jpg, I noticed it was different from Commons:Image:DSCN2091 vailpassrestarea e 600.jpg. I presume the version I just deleted here was the original? Anyway, I uploaded it at the Commons, and then reverted. dbenbenn | talk 23:46, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The version I uploaded to the Commons is the one to be used. I adjusted the brightness/contrast to my liking when I uploaded the Commons image. The one currently that was in Wikipedia should be deleted entirely. I'm curious why you overrode the one in the Commons? -- Decumanus 00:12, 2005 May 31 (UTC)

 * Note that the brighter one is still the current version, so it's the one that appears at Vail Pass. I uploaded the non-brightened version because I think it's good to keep the original image whenever possible.  What if someone else wants to see how you adjusted the image, or wants to make their own changes?  dbenbenn | talk 00:17, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm flattered that you think that anyone would be interested in such a minor image change! -- Decumanus 00:22, 2005 May 31 (UTC)

The Last Temptation of Christ
Thanks for correcting my mistake(s), I just saw one reference and assumed the other Matthew articles were missing it. 19:20, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Fort Fun, huh?
I suspected you were in the Fort Collins area when I saw that you were responsible for Virginia Dale, Colorado. I swung by the library myself the other day and saw that there was a local history section, but it was closed off when I was there. You've done an excellent job on local history; I intend to take on Colorado politics and government topics as part of getting acquainted with the area... Anyhow, drop me an email or catch me on IM and maybe I can figure out what's interesting around here. -- Seth Ilys 02:56, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hey thanks for stopping by!!
I may sound a little callow, but this wikipedia stuff is exciting! I'm having trouble being patient with the tutorials and such. It'd be great to have a newbies page where people could sign up to stalk a havoc causer like myself.

In any case I'm off to look in on some stuff and see if I can repair any of the damage I've done without causing more - see you on the flip side. Joseph Buchanan

gallery
I've seen your page of photos before and looked at several, but I recently came across Gallery, so I thought I'd see what it would do for your page of photos. It was nice enough that I saved the result, then reverted it. So unless you already know about it and don't use it for reasons of your own, check out the edit history. Nice work! Mwanner 23:19, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Marys/Mary's River
Actually, I had momentarily moved it to Marys River when I noticed that was how it was spelled on a local map. I was actually also aware of the apostrophe rule (the Pike's/Pikes Peak debate made the rounds) but I reversed it simply because I didn't know for certain if the apostrophe rule applied for rivers as well as mountains, and I noticed a number of other official sources used the apostrophe (including the city of Corvallis' webpage ). I don't honestly care one way or the other, I'd just like to have the official spelling. Sarge Baldy 06:44, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that's a good idea, and I just noticed I also provided a link there to "Mary's Peak", which is of course the only way I've ever seen it spelled, although invalid under the suppression rule. Sarge Baldy 06:59, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

opinion needed
Does remind you of someone? This edit to Anglo-American relations in particular made me suspicious, but I'd like a second opinion before I take any action. —Charles P. (Mirv) 15:41, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

categories
Good eye on those awful "Pro-blank" categories--I think they only lasted a few minutes before getting listed. I supported deletion for all four. I'm not sure what to do about Category:LGBT rights opposition and its subcategory, Anti-gay rights legislation. The same user put the deletion template on them but didn't actually list them on the deletions page, so now they're in limbo. The names are POV, but there isn't really a better name, and the rights opposition one has already been through an inconclusive vote.

Since you're an admin, I thought you might know what to do.

Dave (talk) 02:41, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

PS your user page is really interesting, especially the part about not editing physics articles. There is a typo, though: "overwhelming" should be "overwhelmingly." I thought you'd want to know.

 * We will see whether both of you are pushing a POV -- which seems to me pretty obvious -- or have the interests of Wiki in mind. Let's see your comments on the Request for Deletion, chum.--Noitall 05:00, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Go away, you stupid little menace. I have no intention of participating in your little game to prove points by creating POV categories. Your categories stink of POV and should be flushed, regardless of the categories others have created. I have no intention of doing anything at your bidding, chum, and you'll have to fight your battles on your own. The fact that you tried to delete a "cfd" tag means that you don't even know the rules of the game here. Your proposition is that even though your categories contributions are POV, anyone who doesn't also condemn the articles you think are POV must be a POV pusher. Good god what sophistry!  Yes, yes, by all means go whimper and moan about how unfairly you got treated. And to think you think you are a political whiz. You are hack. Ironically I was actually considering voting on those other categories you added to cfd, and was weighing in my mind how I might vote, but your worst-ever tactics at rounding up support for your position from other editors pretty much turned me off from that. Think of me what you want: I give your opinion of me the weight of gnat's shadow in my mind. I apologize. I see you were just looking for my opinion, which I hereby give to you.  -- Decumanus 07:02, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC)

This is duplicated at User:Decumanus/How to decide if a political position category is NPOV -- Decumanus 08:25, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC)

Rule for deciding if a political-position category is NPOV

''For a category regarding a political position to be NPOV, it is necessary that:
 * 1) a person in that category must agree that he/she belongs in that category and that his/her opponents do not belong in that category.
 * 2) furthermore the political opponents of the person in the category must agree that the person in the category does indeed belong in that category, and that they (the opponents) do not belong in that category.

Let's apply this to the categories in question

 * 1) Consider Gary Bauer, a person currently in the category Category:LGBT rights opposition. Imagine going to him and asking him, "Do you consider yourself to be in the category of a person who is opposed to LGBT rights?" Although I don't know what his reply would be, I could easily imagine that it might be something like, "If by LGBT rights, you mean the right to free speech, as well as have, then no, I am not opposed. But if by right, you mean the special and previously unlawful privilege to desecrate God's convenant and the institution of marriage, then by all means, I am opposed. So yes, in the way you probably mean that question, I guess you could put me in that category."
 * 2) Now go to someone who on the other side of the fence than him, someone who considers himself/herself "in favor of LGBT rights" and ask them "would you consider Gary Bauer to be in the category of opposition to LGBT rights, and furthermore would you be confortable with his being included and your not being included in that category?" They would almost certainly answer, "Of course!".
 * 3) Thus, as I imagine it, both Gary Bauer and his opponents would comfortably considering Gary Bauer to be in the category Category:LGBT rights opposition, and would probably both be comfortable with Gary's opponent not being included in that category. Conclusion: as I imagine the response of people concerned with the issue at hand, the category Category:LGBT rights opposition stands a good chance of being NPOV as written.

 * 1) Now consider Ken Blackwell, a person currently in the categories Category:Pro-U.S. Constitution and Category:Pro-Family, etc. Imagine going to him and asking him: "Do you consider yourself to be in the category of someone who is Pro-United States Constitution and Pro-Family?"  I imagine his answer would most certainly be "Of course!" So far so good.
 * 2) Now go to one of his political opponents, and ask: "Do you consider Ken Blackwell to be in the category of someone who is Pro-U.S. Constitution and Pro-Family, and furthermore are you confortable with his being included and your not being included in those categories? The answer I imagine you might get is something along the lines of "You gotta f-ing kidding me. It's Ken Blackwell who wants to shit on the Constitution! And the nerve of him, claiming to be 'Pro-Family'! If anything, he's Anti-Constitution and Anti-Family!"
 * 3) Thus, as I imagine it, although Ken Blackwell may be confortable with the categorization of himself and not his opponents as Pro-U.S. Constitution and Pro-Family, this categorization would almost certainly be disputed with great vigor by his opponents. Conclusion: as they are currently defined, the categories  Category:Pro-U.S. Constitution, Category:Pro-Family are definitely POV. To make these categories NPOV,  it would be necessary to redefine them to allow inclusion of both Ken Blackwell and his political opponents.

historical articles on Wikipedia
Hello,

I’m an historian working at the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University (http://chnm.gmu.edu/) and we are very interested in digital, peer-produced works of history, including people writing history on Wikipedia. In connection with a larger project on the free and open source software movement, we’d like to talk to people about their experiences working on historical articles in Wikipedia. Another Wikipedian recommended you as someone to contact. Would you be willing to talk with us about your involvement, either by phone, a/v chat, IM, or email? This could be as lengthy or brief a conversation as you wish.

Thanks for your consideration.

Joan Fragaszy

jfragasz at gmu dot edu

Relief map sources
I'm interested in adding a physical map (of southern Nevada) to several articles, and I've long been impressed by the maps (such as Image:Wpdms shdrlfi020l death valley.jpg) that you've added to various articles. Did you generate these using some GIS software, or are they based on images supplied by some third party? -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 14:33, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Maps
If you're interested, do not hesitate to create some maps for the few articles I have created...they can be linked to off my user page...or, give me a link to a map creator you may be willing to share...thanks!--MONGO 01:09, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

Re: Native American Leaders
Are you Native American and would you be interested in some positive input about some of my ancsetors?

title: User talk:Decumanus/archive4


text:
Pledge drive

A pledge drive is an extended period of fundraising activities, generally used by public broadcasting stations to increase contributions. The term "pledge" originates from the promise that a contributor makes to send in funding at regular intervals for a certain amount of time. During a pledge drive, regular and special programming is followed by on-air appeals for pledges by station employees, who ask the audience to make their contributions, usually by phone or the Internet, during this break.

Pledge drives are typically held two to four times annually, at calendar periods which vary depending on the scheduling designated by the local public broadcasting station.

Background
Pledge drives are especially common among U.S. stations. Public broadcasting organizations like National Public Radio (NPR) and the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) are largely dependent on program fees paid by their member stations. The federal government of the United States provides some money for them, primarily through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), and corporate underwriting. American public broadcasting services hold pledge drives about two to three times each year, each one usually lasting one to two weeks. Some religious broadcasting organizations, including Educational Media Foundation (which operates the K-Love and Air1 radio networks), also rely heavily on such program fees. These stations require funding in turn from listeners and viewers (as well as, if necessary, local corporate sponsors) for not only these fees, but also other daily operating costs, and stage regular pledge drives in an attempt to persuade their audiences to contribute donations.

Originally, such programming consisted of arts presentations such as classical music, drama, and documentaries. However, the audience for supposedly "high-brow" fare began declining steadily during the 1980s and 1990s, due to the attrition of the generations to whom such programming mainly appealed. Younger people were less interested in the higher arts, for a variety of reasons having to do with the eclipse of "high culture" in American society. In order to appeal to such a largely Euro-American, middle-aged and affluent demographic (the so-called "Baby Boomers" and "Generation X"), PBS has resorted to specials such as self-help programs with speakers such as Suze Orman, nostalgic popular music concerts (including T. J. Lubinsky's My Music concert series, produced specifically for pledge drive airings), and special versions of PBS' traditionally popular "how-to" programs. This approach was largely pioneered by the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority (OETA), which introduced a number of popular music specials as part of its 1987 pledge drive. A retrospective on The Lawrence Welk Show was originally introduced as pledge drive material in 1987; its popularity prompted the OETA to acquire rerun rights to the series and distribute it through PBS.

A hallmark of pledge breaks is the "pledge room", where the speakers deliver their message as volunteering individuals answer ringing telephones in the background, though in some cases, it may actually be a fictionalized part of the program (noticeable if the pledge room is drastically different from program to program and is neutralized, featuring none of the member station's logos within the set dressing), with the volunteers actually paid actors feigning telephone calls and the hosts having been filmed months before. Small prizes such as mugs, tote bags, various DVD sets, and books (known as "thank-you" gifts or, euphemistically, as "premiums"), as well as entries into drawings for larger awards such as trips and vehicles donated by local businesses, are also offered by many stations in return for pledging certain amounts of money. The pledges can be done by either paying per month or a one-time contribution, e.g. $15 a month or $180.

Controversy
Pledge drives have been controversial for most of their existence. While pledge drives are an effective method of raising money for stations, they usually annoy viewers and listeners, who find the regular interruption of what is ordinarily commercial-free content and the station's regular programming being suspended for lifestyle and music specials to be a nuisance. Audience numbers often decline during pledge drives; to compensate, most television stations air special television shows during these fundraising periods. This practice began in earnest in the mid-1970s due to CPB funding cutbacks that were the result of political pressures and the recessions of the time, as well as increasing inflation. As the proportions of government funding in stations' budgets continued to decline over time, such programs became more elaborate in order to sway people who would otherwise watch public television only sporadically (or not at all) to tune in, and possibly donate money in response to appeals during program breaks.

There has also been criticism of the format depending on controversial self-help writers or lecturers not usually a part of any regular PBS member station's schedule, or if the presented program is targeted to appeal only to a wealthy and/or older demographic (as seen with Doo Wop 50) while completely ignoring the viewing needs of other audiences. Stations also have had to reckon with balancing out or dispensing with pledge drives entirely during PBS Kids children's programming, as due to their very nature, the disruption of a routine, for a matter children are unable to understand or contribute to, could drive push those young viewers towards commercial children's programming on other networks or Internet streaming.

Generally speaking, the phenomenon is less pronounced on American public radio stations, primarily because of the high popularity of the news and talk programs on that medium and the routine-based patterns of radio listeners that are much more easily disrupted than those of television, along with stricter underwriting guidelines and less tolerance for the television formats and hosts on radio. Much of the focus is placed upon the "drive time" NPR news programs Morning Edition and All Things Considered, which have the highest ratings of all public broadcasting in the U.S. This is in contrast to PBS member stations sometimes holding their drives during prime time daily and on weekend afternoons, and not during the daytime on weekdays or weekend mornings, when children's programming is typically scheduled.

However, in light of intense competition public broadcasting faces from a greatly expanded media environment, other stations, especially radio, have aimed to eliminate pledge drives altogether, or significantly reduce their length, by asking for contributions throughout the year during regular station identification breaks. On radio, such programs as ATC may have one of their planned stories deleted simply to extend the length of the fund-raising "pitches".

In a more recent trend, some stations also advertise that pledge drives will be shortened by one day for every day's worth of contributions donated in the weeks leading up to a drive. Additionally, some radio stations have started using prospect screening during their pledge drive to identify potential major donors for later fundraising activities. Another service which has cut down pledge drives is the introduction of PBS's Passport streaming service, which provides a tangible and continuing item (full streaming access to several years of PBS's programs) with a monthly or yearly contribution, rather than a one-time premium.

title: Pledge drive


text:
Jesús de Polanco

Jesús Polanco Gutiérrez, also known as Jesús de Polanco (November 7, 1929 – July 21, 2007), was a businessman from Spain who built one of the largest media empires in the world. In 2005, he was ranked 3rd richest person in Spain and at number 210 in Forbes World's Richest People list, and was number 258 in 2006.

Media holdings
Born in Madrid to a military family from Santillana del Mar, Cantabria, Polanco was estimated to own 64% of the Prisa group, a conglomerate which includes El País; the radio channel Cadena SER; the TV channel Cuatro (TV), the digital TV platform Digital+ (including Canal+), which has a monopoly on Spain's digital TV and a number of radio channels and local televisions. Prisa also had important interests in editing books and owned Grupo Santillana, Ediciones El País, El País Aguilar, Alfaguara, Altea, Tiendas Crisol, I.B. Tauris and Richmon Publishing. His nickname became 'Jesús del Gran Poder' for his role behind the political scene.

Polanco's media interests were known for being progressive or left-wing. More conservative and clerical rivals in the media, such as the newspapers ABC  and El Mundo or the radio station COPE, have at times accused Polanco's related media of having a monopoly on Spanish information and being capable of presenting biased reporting. Some of these have also accused PRISA of influencing public opinion against the People's Party (PP) government's management and response to the Madrid train bomb attacks of March 11, 2004. The People's Party, led into the campaign by Mariano Rajoy, ultimately lost the 2004 Spanish elections to the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.

In 2005 Prisa asked the Spanish Government for a license to transform the pay TV channel Canal+ into an open channel. The Government conceded this license and Cuatro (TV) channel started broadcasting in November 2005. Subsequently, opposition was expressed about the lack of dialogue on this subject.

In 2007, responding to the accusations of his media being biased, Polanco said that it was difficult to be impartial when there is a party which would do anything to go back into power. The Spanish People's Party reacted by promoting a boycott of all Polanco's media channels and shareholders. This initiative was criticised by all European democratic parties.

On July 21, 2007 Polanco died at the age of 77 in Madrid.

title: Jesús de Polanco


text:
Meera (Pakistani actress)

Irtiza Rubab (born 12 May 1977), better known by her stage name Meera, is a Pakistani film actress and television presenter. She has appeared in Urdu, Punjabi and Hindi movies.

Career
Meera made her movie debut in 1995, and earned nationwide critical acclaim in 1999 for her lead performance in Khilona (1996–97). She won her first Nigar Award for her acting in Khilona, and received significant praise for her work. With the release of Inteha, another critical and commercial success, she won the second consecutive Nigar Award for Best Actress of the year for her break-out performance. During the late 1990s, she became an integral part of Lollywood. In 2004, she played a prominent role in Salakhain which lifted her image internationally. In 2005, she acted in a joint Indo-Pakistani film, Nazar with which she debuted in Bollywood. In 2010, she played the titular role of Husan Ara in TV One's Husan Ara Kaun, followed by another role in A-Plus TV's drama Bichday Toh Ahsaas Hua in next year. In 2014, she was honoured with Best Actress Award at 3rd Delhi International Film Festival, for her out of the box performance in psychological thriller film Hotal. In 2016, she announced her first project as a director, which was titled Oscar. Same year she played a popular role of Naseem Dilruba for TV One in the drama Mein Sitara, Which was nominated for Lux Style Awards. In addition, she played a key character in the television series Naagin. She appeared as a film star in the 2019 drama film Baaji, which proved to be a box office success. In 2019 she performed in a PTV Home's drama named Abba which is still very popular.

She has announced to enter politics and that she will join Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf (PTI), the party in power in Pakistan.

Bollywood career
Meera did her first movie in India, named Nazar which had her as the first Pakistani actress to be seen in India like Begum Para, as well as it was the beginning of the India Pakistan peace talks. Nazar was a film directed by Soni Razdan and it was the first Indo-Pakistani joint movie venture in 50 years. Her second movie was Kasak starring Lucky Ali. Although Kasak failed critically and commercially, Meera still kept working in Bollywood. Her third film Paanch Ghantey Mien Paanch Crore was an average grosser at the box office. The film was not screened for press and critics as the director Faisal Saif wanted to show the film directly to the audience. The film managed a decent opening of 50% with its limited cinema release. However, The Times of India listed the film in Bollywood's Top 10 Bold Films category of 2012.

In 2015, she performed an item song in another Indian film Bumpe RFr Draw.

Personal life
In 2009, a Faisalabad-based businessman Sheikh Attiq-ur-Rehman claimed that he and Meera were married in 2007. Meera denied that marriage and filed a case against him for making a false claim. But in 2018, a Lahore family court declared Meera to be the wife of Attiq-ur-Rehman by validating the marriage certificate and honeymoon pictures.

title: Meera (Pakistani actress)


text:
Lead chamber process

The lead chamber process was an industrial method used to produce sulfuric acid in large quantities. It has been largely supplanted by the contact process.

In 1746 in Birmingham, England, John Roebuck began producing sulfuric acid in lead-lined chambers, which were stronger and less expensive and could be made much larger than the glass containers that had been used previously. This allowed the effective industrialization of sulfuric acid production, and with several refinements, this process remained the standard method of production for almost two centuries. The process was so robust that as late as 1946, the chamber process still accounted for 25% of sulfuric acid manufactured.

History
Sulfur dioxide is introduced with steam and nitrogen dioxide into large chambers lined with sheet lead where the gases are sprayed down with water and chamber acid (62–70% sulfuric acid). The sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolve, and over a period of approximately 30 minutes the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfuric acid. The presence of nitrogen dioxide is necessary for the reaction to proceed at a reasonable rate. The process is highly exothermic, and a major consideration of the design of the chambers was to provide a way to dissipate the heat formed in the reactions.

Early plants used very large lead-lined wooden rectangular chambers (Faulding box chambers) that were cooled by ambient air. The internal lead sheathing served to contain the corrosive sulfuric acid and to render the wooden chambers waterproof. Around the turn of the nineteenth century, such plants required about half a cubic meter of volume to process the sulfur dioxide equivalent of a kilogram of burned sulfur.

In the 1820s-1830s, French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (simultaneously and likely in collaboration with William Gossage) realized that it is not the bulk of liquid determining the speed of reaction but the internal area of the chamber, so he redesigned the chambers as stoneware packed masonry cylinders, which was an early example of the packed bed.

In the 20th century, plants using Mills-Packard chambers supplanted the earlier designs. These chambers were tall tapered cylinders that were externally cooled by water flowing down the outside surface of the chamber.

Sulfur dioxide for the process was provided by burning elemental sulfur or by the roasting of sulfur-containing metal ores in a stream of air in a furnace. During the early period of manufacture, nitrogen oxides were produced by the decomposition of niter at high temperature in the presence of acid, but this process was gradually supplanted by the air oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide in the presence of a catalyst. The recovery and reuse of oxides of nitrogen was an important economic consideration in the operation of a chamber process plant.

In the reaction chambers, nitric oxide reacts with oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide. Liquid from the bottom of the chambers is diluted and pumped to the top of the chamber, and sprayed downward in a fine mist. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are absorbed in the liquid, and react to form sulfuric acid and nitric oxide. The liberated nitric oxide is sparingly soluble in water, and returns to the gas in the chamber where it reacts with oxygen in the air to reform nitrogen dioxide. Some percentage of the nitrogen oxides is sequestered in the reaction liquor as nitrosylsulfuric acid and as nitric acid, so fresh nitric oxide must be added as the process proceeds. Later versions of chamber plants included a high-temperature Glover tower to recover the nitrogen oxides from the chamber liquor, while concentrating the chamber acid to as much as 78% H2SO4. Exhaust gases from the chambers are scrubbed by passing them into a tower, through which some of the Glover acid flows over broken tile. Nitrogen oxides are absorbed to form nitrosylsulfuric acid, which is then returned to the Glover tower to reclaim the oxides of nitrogen.

Sulfuric acid produced in the reaction chambers is limited to about 35% concentration. At higher concentrations, nitrosylsulfuric acid precipitates upon the lead walls in the form of 'chamber crystals', and is no longer able to catalyze the oxidation reactions.

Chemistry
Sulfur dioxide is generated by burning elemental sulfur or by roasting pyritic ore in a current of air:

 * S8 + 8 O2 → 8 SO2
 * 4 FeS2 + 11 O2 → 2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2

Nitrogen oxides are produced by decomposition of niter in the presence of sulfuric acid, or by hydrolysis of nitrosylsulfuric acid:

 * 2 NaNO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O + NO + NO2 + O2
 * 2 NOHSO4 + H2O → 2 H2SO4 + NO + NO2

In the reaction chambers, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolve in the reaction liquor. Nitrogen dioxide is hydrated to produce nitrous acid, which then oxidizes the sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid and nitric oxide. The reactions are not well characterized, but it is known that nitrosylsulfuric acid is an intermediate in at least one pathway. The major overall reactions are:

 * 2 NO2 + H2O → HNO2 + HNO3
 * SO2 (aq) + HNO3 → NOHSO4
 * NOHSO4 + HNO2 → H2SO4 + NO2 + NO
 * SO2 (aq) + 2 HNO2 → H2SO4 + 2 NO

Nitric oxide escapes from the reaction liquor and is subsequently reoxidized by molecular oxygen to nitrogen dioxide. This is the overall rate determining step in the process:

 * 2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2

Nitrogen oxides are absorbed and regenerated in the process, and thus serve as a catalyst for the overall reaction:

 * 2 SO2 + 2 H2O + O2 → 2 H2SO4

title: Lead chamber process


text:
Talk:Ajahn Khemadhammo

Scalene •UserPage•Talk•Contributions•Biography• Є • 12:14, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Untitled
You have my full permission to use the text posted. The picture has been taken from a book 'Seeing the Way'. The copyright holders probably wouldn't mind but it is an old picture. Please restore the text and take a picture of me from www.foresthermitage.org.uk. When you restore the text please add: On December 5th, the King of Thailand's 77th birthday, the King honoured Ajahn Khemadhammo by making him a Chao Khun with the title of Chao Khun Bhavanavitayt.

Chao Khun Bhavanavitayt (Ven. Ajahn Khemadhammo) If you want to check the authenticity of this statement please email me at prakhem@foresthermitage.org.uk

==== o.B.e.

An earlier comment says the commenter could find no evidence of the OBE being awarded. The evidence is here: http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page3913.asp —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.73.231.123 (talk) 19:19, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Ajahn Khemadhammo


text:
Map of the Human Heart

Map of the Human Heart (also called Carte du Tendre and La Carte du Tendre; released in the Philippines as War Dragon) is a 1992 film by New Zealand director Vincent Ward. The script for Map of the Human Heart was written by Australian author Louis Nowra, using a 10-page treatment Ward had written a year earlier as his guide. Ward was originally intended at this time to be directing his script of the third film in the Alien series, but his dismissal from the sci fi project (leaving him credited solely as providing the story) led to his directing this film instead.

Map of the Human Heart, set mostly before and during the Second World War, centres on the life of Avik, a Canadian Inuit boy. The film stars Robert Joamie and Jason Scott Lee as the youth and adult Avik. His love, Albertine (played as a child by Annie Galipeau and as an adult by Anne Parillaud) is countered by the imposing Walter Russell (Patrick Bergin), who plays a pivotal role as both surrogate father to Avik and his primary rival in Albertine's love. Jeanne Moreau has a minor role as a Québécois nun. John Cusack also has a small but important role as the mapmaker to whom Avik relates his incredible tale.

Plot
In 1931, in the Arctic-Canadian settlement of Nunataaq, Avik (Robert Joamie) lives under the watchful eye of his grandmother (Jayko Pitseolak) who undertakes senicide by jumping in the cold sea. While tagging along after British cartographer Walter Russell (Patrick Bergin), Avik falls prey to tuberculosis, the "white man's disease". To assuage his own guilt, Russell takes the boy to a Montreal clinic to recover. There, Avik meets Albertine (Annie Galipeau), a Métis girl. The two fall in love, but their relationship is quickly broken up by the Mother Superior who is in charge of the clinic.

Years later, Avik again meets Russell, who this time is on a mission to recover a German U-boat lying wrecked off the coast of Nunataaq. Throughout his life, Avik is haunted by love for a now-grown Albertine (Anne Parillaud) and by a belief that he brings misfortune to those around him. Avik asks for Russell's help in learning her whereabouts, and he gives the cartographer a chest X-ray of the girl which he has carried with him since their separation.

More time elapses, and a mature Avik (Jason Scott Lee) joins the Royal Canadian Air Force in the Second World War and eventually becomes a bomb aimer in an Avro Lancaster bomber. Albertine, who has become Russell's mistress, seeks out Avik. She begins an affair with Avik, but Russell soon finds out, and as revenge, he sends Avik and his crew on a suicide mission (the firebombing of Dresden), in which Avik is the sole survivor of his crew.

Despondent over his war experiences, Avik flees to Canada, where he becomes an alcoholic. Decades later, he is sought out by Rainee (Clotilde Courau), the daughter born from his affair with Albertine. On his way to the girl's wedding, Avik crashes his snowmobile on an ice floe; as he freezes to death (similar to his grandmother), he dreams of going to his daughter's wedding and flying away on a balloon with Albertine.

Cast

 * Jason Scott Lee as Avik
 * Robert Joamie as Young Avik
 * Anne Parillaud as Albertine
 * Annie Galipeau as Young Albertine
 * Patrick Bergin as Walter Russell
 * Clotilde Courau as Rainee
 * John Cusack as The Mapmaker
 * Jeanne Moreau as Sister Banville
 * Ben Mendelsohn as Farmboy
 * Jerry Snell as Boleslaw
 * Jayko Pitseolak as Avik's grandmother
 * Matt Holland as flight navigator
 * Rebecca Vevee as Inuit cook
 * Josape Kopalee as Inuit elder
 * Reepah Arreak as Avik's girlfriend

Production
Map of the Human Heart's re-creation of the firebombing of Dresden is one of the most graphic and powerful sequences in the film. On the day Ward finished shooting those scenes, he received word that his father, who had actually participated in the historical firebombing of Dresden, had died. This is why Ward chose to dedicate the film to him.

The scenes in "Nunataaq", the region of Northern Canada where Avik's people are from, were filmed on location in what is now Nunavut, using local Inuit as extras. Two other scenes received attention. The first one is a pivotal love scene that takes place on top of an English military blimp (not in a cabin or gondola but actually on top of the blimp), the other is the final scene of the film which has a twist ending.

Release
Map of the Human Heart premiered out-of-competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival. In Australia, the film was released on 22 April 1993. The film was released in the Philippines by First Films as War Dragon on 29 June 1994.

Critical response
Map of the Human Heart has an almost even rank between critics and audience at review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, indicating that the film is liked by both parties. The site's ranking shows that 23 critics approve the film at 78%, with an average ranking stands at 6.8/10. On Metacritic, basing on 18 critics, the film holds a 71 out of a 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Map of the Human Heart was critically well received by many film critics. Roger Ebert noted: "Map of the Human Heart tells a soaring story of human adventure – adventure of the best kind, based not on violence, but on an amazing personal journey. It is incredible sometimes what distances can be traveled in a single human life, and this is a movie about a man who could not have imagined his end in his beginning."

Brian Case in the 2004 Time Out Film Guide, said: "Ward's ambitious epic love story covers two continents and three decades and, its execution apart, could have sprung from one of those fat romantic chronicles written for the typing pool. But Ward has an extravagant visual imagination so that even the more outlandish scenes, like the hero and heroine finally consummating their passion on a half-deflated barrage balloon, linger in the mind. Where lack of money cramps his vision of WWII bombing raids on Germany, the director achieves a pleasing shorthand with lighting."

Hal Hinson of The Washington Post said that the film is of "incantatory intensity".

Box office
Map of the Human Heart grossed A$539,000 at the box office in Australia; £251,167 in the United Kingdom; US$2,806,881 in the United States and Canada and $5 million worldwide.

Accolades
Map of the Human Heart was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival. The film was nominated for the 1993 Australian Film Institute Awards where the film won as Best Film, and Vincent Ward as Best Director and Robert Joamie won in the category of Young Actor. Map of the Human Heart was also nominated for Best Original Music Score, Best Achievement in Sound, Editing and Cinematography categories. The film was also a winner in the 1993 Tokyo International Film Festival where Vincent Ward won the Best Artistic Contribution Award, and Robert Joamie along with Anne Parillaud won Special Mention for a Talent of the Future award. Further, Vincent Ward was nominated in the Tokyo Grand Prix. Jason Scott Lee was also nominated in the 1994 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards for Most Promising Actor.

title: Map of the Human Heart