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Yerida

Yerida (ירידה yerida, "descent") is emigration by Jews from the State of Israel (or in religious texts, Land of Israel). Yerida is the opposite of aliyah (, lit. "ascent"), which is immigration by Jews to Israel. Zionists are generally critical of the act of yerida and the term is somewhat derogatory. The emigration of non-Jewish Israelis is not included in the term.

Common reasons for emigration given are the high cost of living, a desire to escape from the ongoing Arab–Israeli conflict, academic or professional ambitions, and disillusionment with Israeli society.

Etymology
Emigrants from Israel are known as yordim ("those who go down [from Israel]"). Immigrants to Israel are known as olim ("those who go up [to Israel]"). The use of the Hebrew word "Yored" (which means "descending") is a modern renewal of a term taken from the Torah: "" ("I myself will go down with you to Egypt, and I will also bring you up again" Genesis 46:4), "" ("Now there was a famine in the land, and Abram went down to Egypt to live there because the famine was severe." Genesis 12:10), and from the Mishnah: "", and from the Talmud "" (The Land of Israel is higher than all the [other] lands).

In the Bible, the first yored was Abraham, followed later by Joseph and Jacob, who "went down" to Egypt in the book of Genesis. Rabbinical scholars later interpreted this principle as yerida letsorech aliyah which translates to "to sink in order to rise" (a concept similar to the contemporary expression of hitting "rock bottom").

Jewish law
Jewish Law or Halakha defines certain restrictions on emigration from Israel. According to Moses Maimonides, it is only permitted to emigrate and resettle abroad in cases of severe hunger. Joseph Trani determined that it is permissible to emigrate from Israel for marriage, to study Torah or to support oneself, including in cases where famine is not present. In any case, emigration from Israel and even temporary departure is not thought of in Orthodox or traditional Judaism as a worthy act for a man.

History
It is difficult to estimate the number of people who emigrated from Ottoman and Mandate Palestine between the start of the Zionist movement and the establishment of the State of Israel, or the proportion of emigrants compared with the number of immigrants into the country. Estimates of the extent of emigration during the period of the initial Zionist settlement in Palestine with the First Aliyah, as well as the Second Aliyah, range between approximately 40% (an estimation made by Joshua Kaniel) of all immigrants and up to 80–90%. Although the precise number is unknown, it is known that many of the European Jewish immigrants during this period gave up after a few months and left, often suffering from hunger and disease. In the latter part of the Fourth Aliyah, during 1926–1928, the mandatory authorities recorded 17,972 Jewish immigrants, and the Jewish Agency counted about 1,100 more who were not registered with the authorities. During the same period, the authorities recorded 14,607 Jewish emigrants. Overall, it is estimated that about 60,000 Jews emigrated from Mandatory Palestine between 1923 and 1948, and that the total number of Jews who emigrated from the start of the Zionist project to the establishment of the state was around 90,000.

After Israel was established in 1948, the country experienced a wave of mass immigration lasting from 1948 to 1951, primarily from post-Holocaust Europe and Arab and Muslim countries, absorbing 688,000 immigrants during this period. However, some 10% of these immigrants would leave the country in the following years, primarily to Canada, Australia, and South America. A small number went to the United States, and it was thought that the US would be the primary destination had immigration restrictions set out by the Immigration Act of 1924 not still been in place. By 1953, the wave of immigration had leveled off, and emigration was increasing. Initially, emigration from Israel was composed largely of immigrants who were unsatisfied with life there, but in the mid-1970s the number of native Israelis leaving the country grew.

From 1948 until 1961, Israeli citizens required an exit visa as well as a passport to travel overseas even temporarily. Initially the intention was to prevent the departure of Jews who ought to be fighting, but also due to a perception that those leaving harmed national solidarity. To prevent the outflow of foreign currency, tickets could only be purchased with money sent from abroad. The general need for an exit visa was finally abolished in 1961 after several court cases and Knesset decisions. Other restrictions were eased after the Six-Day War, but still many administrative hurdles were put in front of those wishing to leave.

In 1980 deputy Prime Minister Simha Erlich and the Director of the Jewish Agency Shmuel Lahis studied emigration to the United States. The Lahis Report estimated that there were 300,000 to 500,000 Israelis living in the United States, mainly in New York and Los Angeles. In 1982, Dov Shilansky, a Deputy Minister who was tasked with heading efforts to prevent Yerida, noted that some 300,000 Israelis had emigrated since 1948, and attributed a housing shortage and high unemployment as the primary reasons for Israeli emigration at the time.

Yerida skyrocketed in the mid-1980s, due to a combination of the effects of the 1982 Lebanon War, exposure of Israeli tourists to other cultures and new opportunities in other Western countries, and an economic crisis brought on by the 1983 bank stock crisis. In 1984 and 1985, more Jews emigrated from than immigrated to Israel. At the time, the Israeli government became alarmed over the large amount of emigration, and politicians and government entities often cited statistics claiming that hundreds of thousands of Israelis were living abroad. However, these statistics may not have been accurate; around this time, Pini Herman, a demographer, interviewed an Israeli government statistician in charge of compiling data on yordim. According to Herman, the data showed that since 1948, fewer than 400,000 Israelis had moved abroad and never returned. When asked how other government entities regularly claimed much higher figures, the statistician said that his bureau had never been actually consulted.

In November 2003, the Ministry of Immigration and Absorption estimated that 750,000 Israelis were living abroad, primarily in the United States and Canada—about 12.5 percent of the Jewish population of Israel. In April 2008, the Ministry of Immigration and Absorption estimated that 700,000 Israelis were living abroad; of those 450,000 were living in the U.S. and Canada, with a further 50,000-70,000 in Britain.

In 2012, a new Global Religion and Migration Database constructed by the Pew Research Center showed that there were a total of 330,000 native-born Israelis, including 230,000 Jews, living abroad, approximately 4% of Israel's native-born Jewish population. Immigrants to Israel who later left were not counted. Danny Gadot of the Israeli consulate in Los Angeles claimed that although some 600,000-750,000 Israelis were estimated to be living in the United States, many were not native-born and were in fact the children of Israeli expatriates, as the children of Israelis born abroad are counted as Israeli citizens. That year, it was reported that yerida had hit a 40-year low, while the number of Israelis returning from abroad had increased.

Demography

 * Between 1948 and 1958, over 100,000 Jews emigrated from Israel.
 * Israel's net international migration balance and the total immigration between 1948 and 1994 was 80 per cent, pointing to a missing share, i.e., a ratio of immigrants to emigrants, of 20 percent. Historically, Israel's long term migration retention ratio of 80 per cent is much higher than other countries' receiving large masses of immigration such as the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Australia and New Zealand. Sergio DellaPergola attributes Israel's comparatively high migration retention to two related factors. The family transfer character of Aliyah, that is the relocation of entire households, including women, children and elderly members, implies abandonment of the place of origin. The second factor was the impossibility of return to countries where perceived discrimination or actual persecutions were among the main motivating factors for leaving.
 * In 2012 the total estimated Israeli-born Jewish international migrants originating in Israel was 230,000 from the Pew Research Center Global Religion and Migration Database.
 * Over 100,000 Israeli citizens are believed to be living in Russia. Many Israeli cultural events are hosted for the Russian-Israeli community in Russia, and many live part of the year in Israel. (To cater to the Israeli community in Russia, Israeli cultural centres are located in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg.)
 * All evidence points to the U.S. being the primary destination of Israeli emigrants. In 1982, demographer Pini Herman estimated that there were 100,000 Israeli emigrants residing in the U.S., half of whom lived in the New York and New Jersey metropolitan area with another 10,000–12,000 living in the Los Angeles area. The relative stability of the New York component of this Israeli immigrant population was confirmed nearly three decades later in a 2009 study for the UJA Federation of New York by Steven M. Cohen and Judith Veinstein, which found that New York has 41,000 Israelis immigrants.
 * Cohen and Haberfield estimated that in 1990 there were 110,000 to 130,000 Israeli immigrants residing in the U.S.
 * Statistics from the United States Department of Homeland Security show that between 1949 and 2015, about 250,000 Israelis gained permanent residency in the United States, although they did not track those who later returned to Israel.
 * The 1990 U.S decennial census indicates that 94,718 Israel/Palestine-born persons lived in the United States. The 2000 U.S decennial census indicates that the number of Israel/Palestine-born U.S. persons rose to 125,325.
 * The 1990 National Jewish Population Survey estimate of Israelis in the U.S. is based on the definition of "Israelis" as Jews who were born in Israel and estimates a total of 63,000 Israeli-born adult Jews living in the United States. In addition, a total of 30,000 children live in the households of Israel-born adult Jews. Maximally, then, the Israeli-born Jewish population in the U.S. in 1990 was 93,000. However, only 7,000 of the children were reported born before the Israeli-born adult emigrated to the United States, suggesting the Israeli-born Jewish population residing in the United States is 70,000, with 23,000 children born to Israeli immigrants already living in the U.S. and thus technically first generation Americans.
 * The 2010 U.S. Census found an increase of 30 percent of persons born in Israel, some 140,323 persons born in Israel, up from 109,720 in 2000. About two-thirds of U.S. Israeli-borns held U.S. citizenship, 90,179 had U.S. citizenship in 2010 and 50,144 did not.
 * The number of American Jews who immigrated to Israel and gained Israeli citizenship, lived there for a certain period of time, and then returned to the United States is more difficult to estimate, ranging 30,000 and 60,000 by 1990, and between 53,000 and 75,000 by 2000. In total during that year, the number of Israeli Jews (those who were born in Israel and those who only lived there for a certain period of time) who lived in the United States stood between 153,000 and 175,000.
 * Assuming that the United States is the most significant destination of immigration for Israelis, the sociologist Yinon Cohen estimated that in 2000 the total number of the Israeli Jews who live outside Israel was between 300,000 and 350,000.
 * The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics classifies "Israelis who left the country" as Israelis who lived outside Israel for more than one year continuously, but who prior to that year lived in Israel for at least 90 days continuously, thus distinguishing between those who left the state and those who left in the past and returned for a short visit. In the 1950s and 1960s, indeed until the early 1970s, the Statistical Abstract published by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics did list emigration figures. Subsequently, the practice was suspended, this avoided conflict with other Israeli government entities who cited much larger numbers of emigrants than the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics published estimates. Emigration estimates can still be inferred from current population projections by the CBS: Between the years 1990 to 2005 emigration assumptions from Israel by the CBS averaged 14,000 people per year. 1993, 1995 and 2001–2002 saw relatively high levels of emigration. The rate of the emigrants from Israel decreased during those years from 3 per thousand to 1 per thousand as a result of an increase in total Israeli population. This total estimate includes both the Israeli Arab emigrants and Israeli Jews who may have died while abroad. The CBS analyzed the border control data and computed a "gross balance" of 581,000 Israelis living abroad during the period 1948–1992. In other words, there were 581,000 more exits from Israel than re-entries on the part of Israeli residents (i.e., persons living in Israel whether native-born or born elsewhere). About half of the persons leaving Israel named the United States as their destination. Assuming that they stayed in the United States, and that no other Israelis came to the United States via other countries, the "gross balance" of Israelis residing in the United States would be 290,500. Zvi Eisenbach, working from Israeli data, has calculated that about 74 percent of American Israelis are Jews. Thus, the gross balance of Israeli Jews in the United States over the period 1948–1992 is adjusted down to 216,000. Gold and Phillips subtracted from this number 25,000 persons who would have died, leaving 265,500. Since the gross balance subtracts reentrances to Israel from exits out of Israel, Gold and Phillips subtracted 18,400 more persons who may be assumed to have returned to Israel in 1993 (the number that re-entered Israel in 1992), for an adjusted gross balance of 172,848 Jewish Israelis living in the United States.
 * The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development calculated an 'expatriate rate' of 2.9 persons per thousand, putting Israel in the mid-range of expatriate rates among the 175 OECD countries examined in 2005.
 * Over a third of persons in the U.S. who define themselves as Israeli may be American born children of Israeli emigrants, many of whom have never lived in or even visited Israel, but are counted as Israeli citizens under Israeli law. The 2000 U.S. decennial Census had 107,000 persons who reported Israeli as their first or second ancestry, of these persons 51 percent reported country of birth as Israel/Palestine, 39 percent reported being born in the U.S., 3 percent were born in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and the remaining 7 percent in other countries.
 * The number of undocumented Israelis in the U.S. has been demonstrated to be relatively low during the IRCA legalizations in the early 1990s, when only 1.62 percent of Israeli foreign born (1,449 persons) applied for legalization as compared to 12.6 percent undocumented (2.5 million persons) of all foreign born in the U.S. applying for IRCA legalization.
 * Between 2005 and 2012, 116 Israelis were granted asylum in the United States after claiming that they were persecuted or faced "mortal danger" by remaining in Israel, out of a total of 405 requests. These cases were believed to consist of Israeli-Arabs, former Soviet immigrants, and radical Haredim.
 * The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics estimates that between the state's founding in 1948 and 2015, about 720,000 Israelis emigrated and never returned to live in Israel. In 2017, it estimated that between 557,000 and 593,000 Israelis, not including children born to Israeli emigrants, were living abroad.

Reasons for emigration phenomenon
The main motives for leaving Israel are usually connected with the emigrants' desire for improved living standards, or to search for work opportunities and professional advancement, for higher education. From the beginning of the 1980s, the emigration phenomenon in Israel gained momentum because of the social, financial, cultural, and political changes that occurred in the country.

In Berlin for instance the main reasons for Israeli migration to the city were found to be the following: dissatisfactions with life in Israel, a realization of personal potential career and academic wise, following the relocation of a spouse / having a German spouse, and the relatively low cost of living in Berlin integrated with the cultural value and diversity the city has to offer.

A study conducted by Omer Moav and Arik Gold, analyzing Israelis leaving the country from 1995-2005. They found a much higher rate in highly educated people who go instead of those with mandatory education. In light of the current situation, parents have come together to try to bring Israeli scientists home. They say there are not enough grants or conditions offered for those who emigrate from Israel, specifically the young. The other countries offer better opportunities with their research centers and funding, allowing that sufficient qualified income to support themselves financially while often going through school.

Polls amongst emigrants have shown that the political situation and security threats in Israel are not among the main factors in emigration. Emigration is also common amongst new immigrants who failed to successfully integrate into Israeli society especially if they were unable to master the Hebrew language, failed to integrate into the labor market, or who already made one major residence change in their lives and therefore found an additional change easier to make. Some of the immigrants move to a third country, almost always in the West, and some of them return to the country of their origin, a phenomenon which increases when the conditions in the country of origin improve, as occurred in the former USSR in the first decade of the 21st century.

Since the founding of the State of Israel, polls have shown that those leaving the country were on average more educated than the ones who remained in Israel. This phenomenon is even more extreme amongst new immigrants who leave Israel than amongst native-born Israelis who leave Israel. Therefore, the emigration from Israel has occasionally been referred to as a brain drain. An OECD estimate put the highly educated emigrant rate at 5.3 per thousand highly educated Israelis, actually placing Israel in the lower third compared to OECD countries where the overall average was 14 per thousand highly educated emigrants. Israel, with its well developed technical and educational infrastructure and larger base of highly educated citizens, is retaining a greater percentage of its highly educated persons than developed countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark and New Zealand.

Circular migration
The migration of Israeli Jews was often thought to be unidirectional and described as yerida, but there is reason to believe that a significant pattern of return, hazara (חזרה hazara, "return"), has been described as returning to Israel after relatively long periods, of at least a year or more, where homes and livelihoods have to be established or re-established. Most Israelis who emigrate do not leave permanently, and eventually return home after an extended period abroad. This circular migration may be especially pronounced for highly skilled and highly educated Israeli migrants and their families.

In 2007 a special program by the Immigrant Absorption Minister of Israel was announced, intended to encourage Israeli emigrants to return to Israel. It was further decided that by 2008 the Ministry would invest 19 million shekels to establish lucrative absorption plans for the returning emigrants. (see: Taxation in Israel). Until then, 4,000 Israeli expatriates returned each year. In 2008, these numbers began growing. Since the start of this campaign, the number of Israelis returning home has doubled. Return reached a peak of 11,000 in 2010. From 2010 to October 2012, a record 22,470 Israelis returned, including 4,837 academics and researchers, 2,720 technical professionals, and 681 business managers.

Israel has granted the legal status of Toshav Hozer (תושב חוזר toshav hozer, "returning resident") to Israeli citizens having resided abroad for at least two years (1.5 years for students); during his/her time abroad, has not visited Israel for 120 days or more per year (365 days); has not used his/her rights as a returning resident in the past.

According to demographer Pini Herman, this circular migration has been an economic boon to Israel. Israel does not have the technological, academic, and other infrastructural resources to absorb its disproportionate number of highly trained and skilled population, second only to the United States. As a result, many Israelis have worked overseas for extended periods of time. Upon their return, they have often attracted or repatriated with them to Israel new infrastructure, such as that provided by companies like as Intel, Google, Microsoft, and IBM.

Emigration and Zionist ideology
The rejection of emigration from Israel is a central assumption in all forms of Zionism as a corollary of the concept of the Negation of the Diaspora in Zionist ideology, which, according to Eliezer Schweid, was a central tenet of Israeli Zionist education until the 1970s when there was a need for Israel to reconcile itself with the Jewish diaspora and its massive support of Israel following the Six-Day War.

Many believe that the Yerida phenomenon is the failure of the Zionist movement, yet some believe that it is its success. When asked about it in an interview, the poet Irit Katz said that she thinks Israeli Jews are comfortably emigrating to other countries because Israel is finally "normal" and that they are finally "allowed" to do so without hurting their country.

Attitudes in Israeli society
During the first immigration waves the emigration from Israel was a great cause for pessimism in regards to the success of the Zionist enterprise. In a 1976 interview, Israel's Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin identified the Israeli emigrants as "fall-outs of weaklings" (נפולת של נמושות). Nowadays there is much less antagonism among Israelis regarding emigrants. The main problem for the Zionist leadership of the State of Israel in the past was the idea that people born in Israel could choose to emigrate, despite the fact that they did not face the same difficulties as new immigrants who decided to leave after failing to integrate.

In a 2008 interview, Ehud Barak, the Israeli defense minister and former prime minister said that "Jews know that they can land on their feet in any corner of the world. The real test for us is to make Israel such an attractive place—cutting edge in science, education, culture, quality of life—that even American Jewish young people want to come here. If we cannot do this, even those who were born here will consciously decide to go to other places. This is a real problem."

Another way in which the ideation of migration is demonstrated is in the relatively high number of Israelis who seek citizenship of European Union countries, (where in 2007 an estimated 42 percent of Israelis are eligible for citizenship based on their parents' and grandparents' nationalities). More than 4,000 Israelis received German citizenship in 2007, a 50 percent increase over 2005. A recent survey by the Jerusalem-based Menachem Begin Heritage Center found that 59% of Israelis had approached or intended to approach a foreign embassy to ask for citizenship and a passport and North American countries, possibly to use as a safe haven, but actually continue living in Israel. The seeking, attainment and possession of multiple nationalities by a Jewish individual is allowed by Israeli law, whereas many other nations require a renouncement of foreign citizenship and the voluntary attainment of a foreign citizenship can result in the loss of citizenship in that country. For example, 220 Israeli diplomats to the U.S. received 'Green card' or Permanent Resident Alien status between 1966 and 1979, but the likelihood is low that these career Israeli government officials permanently emigrated from Israel. Rather, they gained a passport to expedite travel to countries that may be less welcoming or even forbidden for Israeli passport holders.

Some polls, such as the Gallup World Poll in 2007, revealed that a significant number of Israelis, 20 percent, would ideally, if they had the opportunity, move permanently to another country. This was in the mid-range of desire to migrate and less than, for example, the residents of Denmark, Belgium, Mexico, Argentina, Italy, Poland, Hungary, South Korea and Chile. The 'push factor' bringing about migration is often reflected in quality of life perceptions. In terms of self ranked quality of life Israelis rate their own lives on a scale numbered from zero at the bottom to ten at the top, Israelis' average rating in 2007 was 6.84, which is far higher than the 4 average for the world and compares with Denmark's 8, among the world's top.

Younger Israeli age groups, such as teens, express a much higher desire to live abroad than the general Israeli population. Almost half of Israeli teens aged 14–18 years old expressed a desire to live outside of Israel in 2007. 68 percent of teens believed that Israel's general situation is "not good."

Common Israeli attitudes toward migration to Israel and Jews living in the Diaspora may have shifted polarities in terms of Zionism. In 2009, Hebrew University sociologist Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi said the fact that it has become commonplace for Israelis to move abroad, either permanently or for a stint, makes it contradictory for their families to look down on Diaspora Jews. Haifa University sociologist Oz Almog said in a 2009 interview: "Ask Israelis now what they think about Jews coming from countries where they aren't persecuted, like the U.S. and Britain, to live in Israel, and they'll say, 'Those who do are nuts.'"

Avraham Burg, former Chairman of the Jewish Agency for Israel and former Speaker of the Knesset, questioned in 2007 the centrality of Israel in Jewish life and states his view that it is legitimate to live outside of Israel: "We were raised on the Zionism of Ben-Gurion, that there is only one place for Jews and that's Israel. I say no, there have always been multiple centers of Jewish life."

Emigration and Israeli politics
Yerida is a common issue in political campaigns, with parties claiming their opponents' policies may drive it up or their own can reduce it. Some parties include a yerida policy in their manifestos, and winners may assign a minister or deputy to address it. Legislation in the Knesset is frequently debated over its potential impact on yerida.

Activists in Israeli protest movements, especially after wars and concerning economic and ethnic equality, have threatened to emigrate as a form of protest, sometimes publicly burning their ID cards. In the 1970s, an Israeli Black Panther protesting for ethnic equality emigrated to Morocco amid media attention, only to return to Israel later.

In 1998 Janet Aviad, a leader of the Israeli group Peace Now, noted, "As soon as our people hear Bibi [Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu], they turn off the radio. They have gone on 'inner yerida'."

In 2008 in the context of an ideological crisis in Israel caused by record-low and shrinking aliya figures, Israel's Immigration Absorption Ministry embarked on a new mission targeting Israeli emigrants, the 'Israeli' Diaspora, in addition to the Jewish diaspora under the title of "Returning Home on Israel's 60th." Critics question if it is right for the Immigration Absorption Ministry to focus on returning Israelis since its mandate is to aid new immigrants. The Ministry justifies this by noting the lack of any other body addressing the return of ex-residents.

In 2009, a Knesset bill introduced with Benjamin Netanyahu's support sought to give the right to vote to Israelis abroad. The bill did not pass.

In 2014, following the Protective Edge Gaza War a song, "Berlin", dealing with emigration from Israel by the Israeli band Shmemel gained notice as a protest song whose lyrics and video content highlight the alternatives to living in Israel.

In 2023, Israelis and media started using "relocation" instead of "Yerida", in response to Prime Minister Netanyahu's return to power with a far-right coalition and policies perceived as undermining democracy. This was often framed as an option for remote workers.

Reaction of Jewish diaspora communities
Rabbi Joseph Telushkin notes the American Jewish community's ambivalent response to yordim persists: "generally secular yordim shun involvement in Jewish communal life, and maintain social ties only with each other."

Rob Eshman notes that Israeli emigrants have been treated by local Jews "as something less than full members of the Tribe" and that this "cold shoulder" reception happened with the full blessing of the government of the State of Israel itself.

Welcome of emigrants by diaspora Jewish community is seen as a possible betrayal of the Zionist ideal—immigration to Israel—and endangerment of Israel's success in retaining and growing its Jewish population. Israel encouraged organized Jewish diaspora communities not to offer Israeli emigrant services as this might be perceived as a welcome or assistance which would encourage the Israeli emigrants to stay. Israeli emigrants have buttressed local Jewish diaspora communities. The apparent return of many Israeli emigrants to Israel was considered a sign of the severity of the Great Recession and noted by Jewish-American media outlets.

For instance, there is a contentious debate in the New Jersey Jewish community over the high rates of yerida to Teaneck. While the community celebrates its members moving to Israel, there is reluctance to acknowledge or honor those who leave Israel to settle in Teaneck. Some argue that yerida contradicts the values they wish to instill in their children and that having yordim (emigrants) in leadership positions in synagogues and schools is at odds with the community's religious Zionist goals.

Diaspora Jewish communities perceive Israeli emigrants as less engaged with local Jewish organizations and not contributing much financially. Many work in low-status jobs uncommon among local Jews. Illustratively, former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir recalled an encounter with an Israeli waiter in New York, highlighting the type of occupations some emigrants take up abroad.

Australia
About 7,000 Israelis live in Australia. They are heavily concentrated in Sydney and Melbourne.

Canada
The 2006 Canadian quinquennial census counted 26,215 persons who reported Israeli citizenship, of whom two-thirds (67 percent) lived in the Ontario region. A 2009 study by the University of British Columbia concluded that there were 45,000 Israelis living in Canada, while other estimates put the figure at 60,000. Of them, about 26,000 were found to live in the Vancouver Metropolitan Area. Overall, Israeli expatriates were estimated to make up 14% of Canadian Jewry.

Germany
Between 8,000 and 15,000 Israeli expatriates live in Germany. Practically all of them reside in Berlin.

Both the Jewish and Israeli community in Germany are growing. Named Olim L'Berlin (עולים לברלין, progress towards Berlin) 2014 a Facebook website coined a snowclone and the so-called 'pudding or milky protest' in Israel, as the prices for comparable household items in Germany are rather low in comparison. Israeli Band Shmemels' song parodying Jerusalem of Gold with the notion, 'Jacob went down to Egypt, because the rent was a third and salaries double - Reichstag of Peace, Euro and Light' grew as well famous in the context. According to Haaretz, the conflict is less about pudding prices but about the now shattered taboo of Yerida, emigrating from Israel.

The fact that Germany was chosen as the destination struck a raw nerve across the social and political spectrum, considering Israel's founding in 1948 in the wake of the Holocaust, its large population of Holocaust survivors, and the many citizens who still refuse to buy products made in Germany. Agriculture Minister Yair Shamir stated, "I pity the Israelis who no longer remember the Holocaust and abandoned Israel for a pudding".

Greece
Greece is a popular emigration destination for Israelis due to its relatively low property prices, the "Golden Visa" program (permanent residency in exchange for investing €250,000 in the Greek economy), and proximity to Israel.

India
Between 40,000 and 60,000 Israelis have either emigrated to or established long-term residency in India, and live primarily in Goa and Maharashtra. There is a small community of young Israelis in India who move after their military service. Some stay for religious reasons to help local Jews.

Italy
Israelis frequently visit Italy for education, work, tourism, and scientific and artistic exchanges. In the last ten years 105 books of Italian authors were translated from Italian to Hebrew. A strong community of Italqim who have made aliyah to Israel have strengthened cultural ties and promoted Italian culture in the country. The Italian Cultural Institute recently initiated and organized a series of activities in the Cultural Center of the Jews of Libyan extraction in Or Yehuda, where recently a course of the Italian language has been launched.

The two Countries signed a Cultural Agreement in Rome on 11 November 1971.

Romania
After the fall of Communism, many Israeli Jews moved to Romania, most of them as businesspeople. As of 2017, there were 3,000 Israeli-born people living in Romania. In addition, every year tens of Romanian Jews in Israel and their descendants immigrate to their country of origin.

Russia
Moscow has the largest single Israeli expatriate community in the world, with 80,000 Israeli citizenship holders living in the city as of 2014, almost all of them native Russian-speakers holding dual citizenship. Many Israeli cultural events are hosted for the community, and many live part of the year in Israel. (To cater to the Israeli community, Israeli cultural centres are located in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg.) There are 60 flights a week between Tel Aviv and Moscow.

United Kingdom
The 2001 UK census recorded 11,892 Israelis living in the United Kingdom. Most of them live in London; particularly in the densely populated Jewish area of Golders Green. It has been estimated that there are up to 70,000 people of Israeli descent in the UK.

United States
In 2009 Steven M. Cohen and Judith Veinstein found that in New York, Jewish Israeli emigrants are highly affiliated with the Jewish community even though community affiliation is low in Israel. Israelis were found to be more connected to Judaism than their American counterparts in terms of synagogue membership and attendance, kashrut observance, participation in Jewish charity events and membership in Jewish community centers, among other indicators used by the study.

In 1982, Pini Herman and David LaFontaine, in a study of Israeli emigrants in Los Angeles, found high levels of Jewish affiliation, Jewish organizational participation and concentration in Jewish neighborhoods by Israeli emigrants. Israeli emigrants who behaved in a comparatively secular manner in Israel tended to behave in a more devoutly Jewish manner in Los Angeles and Israeli emigrants who reported greater Jewish behaviors in Israel tended to engage in Jewish behaviors to a lesser degree in Los Angeles, thus both becoming more 'Americanized' in their Jewish behaviors.

Israelis tend to be disproportionately Jewishly active in their diaspora communities, creating and participating formal and informal organizations, participating in diaspora Jewish religious institutions and sending their children to Jewish education providers at a greater rate than local diaspora Jews.

In Los Angeles a Council of Israeli Community was founded in 2001. In Los Angeles an Israel Leadership Club was organized and has been active in support activities for Israel, most recently in 2008, it sponsored, with the local Jewish Federation and Israeli consulate, a concert in support for the embattled population suffering rocket attacks of Sderot, Israel where the three frontrunners for the U.S. president, Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and John McCain greeted the attendees by video and expressed their support for the residents of Sderot. An Israeli Business Network of Beverly Hills has existed since 1996. The Israeli-American Study Initiative (IASI), a start-up project based at the UCLA International Institute, is set out to document the lives and times of Israeli Americans—initially focusing on those in Los Angeles and eventually throughout the United States.

A variety of Hebrew language websites, newspapers and magazines are published in South Florida, New York,   Los Angeles  and other U.S. regions. The Israeli Channel along with two other Hebrew-language channels are available via satellite broadcast nationally in the United States. Hebrew language Israeli programming on local television was broadcast in New York and Los Angeles during the 1990s, prior to Hebrew language satellite broadcast. Live performances by Israeli artists are a regular occurrence in centers of Israeli emigrants in the U.S. and Canada with audience attendance often in the hundreds. An Israeli Independence Day Festival has taken place yearly in Los Angeles since 1990 with thousands of Israeli emigrants and American Jews.

In popular culture
Comedian-writer Robert Smigel came up with a Saturday Night Live sketch in 1990 called the "Sabra Shopping Network". Two years later, Smigel followed it up with "Sabra Price Is Right", starring Tom Hanks as a pushy Israeli game show host, Sandler and Rob Schneider as its presenters and Smigel as a cigarette-smoking announcer, all pushing shoddy electronics on hapless clientele.

The concept for the 2008 You Don't Mess with the Zohan movie, which was based on the skits "Sabra Shopping Network" and "Sabra Price Is Right", focused on Zohan Dvir, an IDF commando soldier, who stages his own death to fulfill his deepest dream—moving to New York to become a hairdresser.

At the end of the 2005 film Munich, the main character Avner (played by Eric Bana), who is an Israeli Mossad agent, decides to move from Israel to Brooklyn, New York, to reunite with his wife and their child.

title: Yerida


text: User talk:70.181.15.93

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.181.15.93


text:
Talk:Roosky

Leitrim
I misinterpreted the map I was looking at, and assumed this Roosky was in Leitrim. Looking again, it seems not, although confusingly the map on the County Leitrim place has it marked (I've put an explanatory note on).

So in summary, *is* there a Roosky in Leitrim?

zoney ♣ talk 20:08, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, on the south shore of Lough Melvin (on the R281 between Kinlough and Rossinver). Map here. -- Picapica 16:17, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Reversion
I reverted a lot of unsourced, perhaps unencyclopaedic material added by User:CianDiffl - if that can be sourced then by all means reinstate it. --AndrewHowse (talk) 04:21, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * And I have just reverted it again after it was reinstated. Some of what was added may be accurate, but some of it was highly improbable. Per WP:V, it is up to the editor adding material to produce references to justify its inclusion, and none of this was referenced. I hope that this material will not be reinstated unless it is properly referenced to reliable sources. --BrownHairedGirl (talk) • (contribs)

 * And again. This is the slowest persistent vandalism I've seen. --AndrewHowse (talk) 02:09, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

Roosky or Rooskey?
I notice some editors have replaced "Roosky" with "Rooskey" in the article. On maps it appears to be spelt without the 'e' - which is correct? Sarah777 (talk) 15:42, 5 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The article still, 2 years on, has a mixture of spellings. I'm stub-sorting Monsignor Brendan Devlin who was apparently born in "Rooskey", and I'll make a redirect as an alternative spelling, rather than pipe or have a red link, until anyone decides anything else. Google has 102k hits for "Rooskey Ireland" and 56k for "Roosky Ireland". PamD (talk) 13:27, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roosky


text:
Herzogenrath

Herzogenrath (Ripuarian: Herzeroa; Hertseraoj; ’s-Hertogenrade) is a municipality in the district of Aachen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It borders the Dutch town of Kerkrade, the national border in one section running along the middle of a main road and even directly through the centre of the cross-border Eurode office complex.

History
Herzogenrath began in the 11th century as a settlement called Rode near the river Wurm. In 1104, Augustinian monks founded an abbey, called Kloosterrade, to the west of this settlement.

It became 's-Hertogenrode or 's-Hertogenrade (Dutch: the Duke's Rode) after the Duchy of Brabant took control of the region; in French it was called Rolduc (Rode-le-Duc).

As is the case for many parts of Duchy of Brabant, Herzogenrath changed hands several times in the last few centuries. Together with the rest of the Southern Netherlands, it was under Spanish control from 1661, Austrian between 1713 and 1795 and French between 1795 and 1813. In 1815, when the Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed under the terms of the Vienna Congress, the border was drawn through the town, the eastern part being Prussian Herzogenrath and the western part Dutch Kerkrade. The former abbey is now the Rolduc Congress Center in Kerkrade.

During World War I, the Germans erected a fortification along the border street for the first time; although it was dismantled at the end of the war, it was reconstructed again at the beginning of World War II. Following the end of that war, the border fortifications were reduced at various times, although they were not fully dismantled until the early 1990s preparations for the Schengen Area.

The two towns now share some of their public services, and promote themselves as a binational "City of Eurode" for economic development purposes.

Culture
In addition to Standard German, many inhabitants of Herzogenrath speak the Kerkrade dialect, a Ripuarian variety also spoken on the other side of the border in Kerkrade.

Economy
Until the 1950s, Herzogenrath's economy was dominated by coal mines and a nearby coking plant. While some remains of the mining industry still form parts of the landscape in the form of overgrown slag heaps, today's Herzogenrath has moved into other industries. Large-scale employers include Saint-Gobain, Aixtron, Vetrotex (textile glass) and Ericsson Eurolab (electronics). The city hosts a number of electronics start-ups, profiting from the neighbouring Technical University RWTH Aachen.

Twin towns – sister cities
Herzogenrath is twinned with:
 * 🇷🇴 Bistrița, Romania
 * 🇫🇷 Plérin, France

title: Herzogenrath


text:
Bruce Shelley

Bruce Campbell Shelley is an American board and video game designer. He is primarily associated as the co-designer of the video games Railroad Tycoon and Civilization with Sid Meier, and later the Age of Empires series.

Shelley had worked with Avalon Hill to develop a number of board games for the company, including 1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons, inspired by Francis Tresham's railroad-based game 1829. Around 1988, Shelley recognized that the board game market was weakening against the growing video game market, and was able to get a position at Meier's Microprose. Shelley soon became Meier's direct assistant to designing new video games, several of which were inspired by Shelley's past board game experience. Their first collaboration, Railroad Tycoon, was partially based on Shelley's work on 1830. Subsequently, the two worked together to create Civilization.

The person who hired Shelley left the company after one year and gradually Shelley become one of the lowest paid coworkers in MicroProse. Due to these developments, as well as a changing atmosphere at Microprose, Shelley left the company by the end of 1992 and later joined Ensemble Studios. There, he brought ideas from Civilization and led the development of the early titles in the Age of Empires series, first released in 1997. Through fellow designers Brian Reynolds and Dave Pottinger, Shelley has also worked for games with Zynga. He is currently working with a Texas-based company known as Bonusxp.

In 1999, Shelley was described by the PC Gamer Magazine as one of the "25 Game Gods" and Gamespy in 2002 as the eight-most influential game developer.

Between 2000 and 2006 he was a member of the Board of Directors of the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. He was inducted into the Academy's Hall of Fame in 2009.

title: Bruce Shelley


text:
United Soccer League (1984–85)

The United Soccer League was a professional soccer league in the United States in the mid-1980s.

History
By the end of 1983, professional outdoor soccer in the United States was crumbling. The North American Soccer League only had nine teams planning to return for the 1984 season (down from a peak of 24 in 1980), and the de facto second division American Soccer League had just limped through a season featuring only six teams. Both leagues had seen an almost constant turnover of clubs from year to year, and neither organization had figured out how to translate the attention generated by high-profile players such as Pelé and the recent surge in American youth participation in soccer into stability or profitability for the professional game.

When the owners of the ASL's remaining teams came together in Atlanta for their annual meetings in January 1984, the Pennsylvania Stoners and Oklahoma City Slickers announced plans to go "dormant," and Stoners president William Burfeind also resigned as league president. This left only four active teams plus the Rochester Flash, who had planned to re-activate after sitting out in 1983. Meanwhile, a proposal to grant an expansion team to a group in Fort Lauderdale (hoping to capitalize on the fan base left behind when the NASL's Strikers had been moved to Minnesota) was shot down because the ASL's by-laws allowed dormant owners to still retain voting rights and control over territories despite not fielding any active teams in those territories. At this point the owners of the Jacksonville Tea Men and Dallas Americans, Ingo Krieg and Bob Spears, decided that the situation was broken beyond repair, and they took steps over the weekend to start a new league that they would call the United Soccer League. Almost immediately, the Detroit Express and the Fort Lauderdale expansion group elected to move over to the new circuit. Burfeind agreed to be the new league's commissioner. David Fraser, who had stepped in midseason to bail the Oklahoma City Slickers out of a financial crisis in 1983 but then released his controlling interest following the season after learning that the club was still deeply in debt, seized the opportunity to revive, rename and reorganize the operation with a financial clean slate in the new league. Similarly, a new ownership group led by Felix Sabates gave many of the front office staff and players from the Carolina Lightnin' the chance to keep pro soccer alive in Charlotte after principal owner Bob Benson chose to fold his ASL side. Initial excitement for the new league was strong enough that two NASL teams, the Tampa Bay Rowdies and Tulsa Roughnecks, considered moving over as well. By late March, Rochester chose to follow the crowd, and the ASL quietly ended operations.

By the time the dust settled, Tampa and Tulsa decided to stay put in the NASL, and Detroit elected not to field a team due to the new league not being sanctioned by the USSF. So the USL started play in May 1984 with nine teams organized into three regional divisions: three direct transfers from the ASL (the Jacksonville Tea Men, Dallas Americans and Rochester Flash), two "re-booted" ASL clubs (the Oklahoma City Stampede and Charlotte Gold) and four new teams (the Buffalo Storm, Fort Lauderdale Sun, Houston Dynamos, and New York Nationals). Fiscal responsibility, regional rivalries, year round operation (including an indoor season in the winter months), and measured expansion were a few of the cornerstones on which the organization was to be structured. A league rule allowed only four of eighteen roster spots be taken by foreign players. In addition, a salary cap was imposed on member clubs. To control travel costs, the teams played an imbalanced 24-game schedule in which they played 12 games against the other two members of their regional divisions (allowing the road team to travel by bus and often return home the same night) and 12 games against the six teams in the other two divisions. They also arranged the schedules so that when teams did make their only visit to the opponents outside of their divisions, they visited all three cities in a division in one sweep (meaning only two stretches of just short of a week each during a season that teams would need to travel by plane and stay in hotels between games).

On the field, the 1984 outdoor season was comparatively stable and successful. Because the NASL was shrinking so rapidly, several high-quality players were available and joined the rosters of teams throughout the league. Parity in the standings reflected competitive play on the field, and even the top two teams (Oklahoma City and Fort Lauderdale) only managed 15-9 records. All nine teams completed their full schedules, though there were some troubling signs (such as the Buffalo Storm declining the opportunity to host a home playoff game and the New York Nationals starting 5-0 but then collapsing to a 10-14 record after losing their head coach and several key players a month into the season ). The Sun, whose roster featured former NASL Fort Lauderdale Strikers players Teófilo Cubillas, Keith Weller, Jim Tietjens, and Ernst Jean-Baptiste, won the league title in a three-game series against the Houston Dynamos.

Off the field, the league found itself in crisis heading into the winter of 1984/85. While attendance was on par with the ASL in its last season, revenues did not keep up with expenses despite the league's more conservative fiscal structure. Team owners could not cope with the losses. The indoor season planned at the league's founding never materialized. Last minute merger negotiations between the USL and NASL took place in hopes of shoring up the finances of USL clubs and keeping the NASL from shrinking to the point of collapse. But these ended without an agreement and were called off on March 5th. By the end of the month, the NASL had abandoned plans for a 1985 season, and Houston left the USL to be independent while five other clubs (New York, Rochester, Buffalo, Charlotte and Jacksonville) folded altogether. Only Dallas, Fort Lauderdale (who were renamed South Florida Sun), and Oklahoma City (who had re-located in December and re-branded as the Tulsa Tornado's) chose to return. The El Paso/Juarez Gamecocks were added to bring league membership to a paltry four teams for the 1985 season.

After a hasty schedule re-organization, the league began play in late May with a round-robin style exhibition series for the "USL Cup" with hopes of attracting more teams to join the league for the second half of its season. Signs of trouble were all around. Bill Burfeind resigned as commissioner, the Tulsa team fell behind on stadium rent and forfeited two games when unpaid players and coaches refused to take the field, and the Dallas Americans were forced to offer their players stock options to cover unpaid salaries. The league had initially announced that the top two teams in the standings at the end of the round-robin set of games would face off to determine the winner of the cup; however, this game (which would have pitted South Florida with their 4-2 record against Dallas at 3-3) was called off, and the league declared South Florida the cup winners. As a harbinger of things to come, no actual trophy was presented to them, causing Sun player-coach, Keith Weller, to quip, "There ain't no cup." No new teams had joined the league by June 22, when the "regular season" was scheduled to begin. The Tornado's/Gamecocks match scheduled for that night was cancelled (sources differ as to whether another walkout by unpaid players or stadium rent disputes was the cause), which may have been just as well, as the Gamecocks owner had already quietly ended his relationship with the league, paid his bills and salaries through the end of the month and released his players. The Sun beat Dallas 3-1 at Lockhart Stadium on the same day in what would turn out to be the USL's final match. A few days later, creditors locked league officials out of their offices, and play was suspended for good on June 25th.

The collapse of the USL and NASL (which would never realize its stated goal of relaunching in 1986) meant that for the first time in over fifty years there was no professional outdoor soccer league in the U.S. This was a temporary void, however, as the Western Soccer Alliance and third incarnation of the American Soccer League would form and grow in the latter half of the 1980s, eventually to merge into the American Professional Soccer League, precursor to the USL First Division.

Teams

 * Buffalo Storm (1984)
 * Charlotte Gold (1984)
 * Dallas Americans (1984–85)
 * El Paso/Juarez Gamecocks (1985)
 * Fort Lauderdale Sun (1984) → South Florida Sun (1985)
 * Houston Dynamos (1984)
 * Jacksonville Tea Men (1984)
 * New York Nationals (1984)
 * Oklahoma City Stampede (1984)
 * Rochester Flash (1984)
 * Tulsa Tornados (1985)

title: United Soccer League (1984–85)


text: User talk:70.89.160.13

title: User talk:70.89.160.13


text:
Talk:Secondary metabolite

Proposal to move "Biotechnological approaches" section
I think this section seems out of place here. I propose that this section be incorporated in the 'natural product' article, which seems to be more focused on human uses as compared with the secondary metabolite article which is more focused on ecology and evolution. Ethan Bass (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 18:52, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Removed human health implications paragraphs below
The first paragraph of this section seems very specific rather than encyclopedic. The second paragraph is highly speculative. IMO, these paragraphs do not really add to the article in their current form.

"Human health implications Most polyphenol nutraceuticals from plant origin must undergo intestinal transformations, by microbiota and enterocyte enzymes, in order to be absorbed at enterocyte and colonocyte levels. This gives rise to diverse beneficial effects in the consumer, including a vast array of protective effects against viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites.

Secondary metabolites also have a strong impact on the food humans eat. Some researchers believe that certain secondary metabolite volatiles are responsible for human food preferences that may be evolutionarily based in nutritional food. This area of interest has not been thoroughly researched, but has interesting implications for human preference. Many secondary metabolites aid the plant in gaining essential nutrients, such as nitrogen. For example, legumes use flavonoids to signal a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria (rhizobium) to increase their nitrogen uptake. Therefore, many plants that utilize secondary metabolites are high in nutrients and advantageous for human consumption." Ethan Bass (talk)

Comments
The article says: In answer to below, sure, these by WikipediA are largely obsolete views, even equalling natural product to secondary metabolite. You can see my book - now accessible to reading through Google Print - "Biodiversity and Natural Product Diversity" by Francesco Pietra, Elsevier, Oxford, 2002 for modern views. Secondary metabolites, also known as natural products, are those products (chemical compounds) of metabolism that are not essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism.

Isn't that a rather outdated view of secondary metabolites? I thought the term secondary metabolite referred to the fact that they were products of secondary (rather than primary metabolic pathways). Am I mistaken? Guettarda 20:16, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

So what is the difference between primary and secondary pathways? They lead to primary and secondary metabolites! Sure, primary and secondary pathways have different specific characteristics as a result of the different function of their products and the different evolutionary forces acting on them. But it makes no sense to me to define the differences between primary and secondary metabolites by characteristics of their pathways. You might be interested to read Nat. Prod. Rep. 20:382 (2003 ) for a brilliant analysis of the evolution and properties of secondary pathways. Cacycle 10:10, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry if my comment was unclear; what I took issue with was the statement: not essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of an organism. While it may not be the intent of the sentance, it reads like something out of the old school view of secondary metabolites - that they are (to quote Firn and Jone, the paper you referenced): waste products or accidents of metabolism...which they most obviously are not.  If they are not essential, then odds are they would be eliminated through natural selection - a point that Firn and Jones made quite strongly.  I don't quite see how one would separate "essential" from "non-essential" compounds, and if one did you would end up re-defining the idea of "secondary metabolite"...a compound used in pollinator attraction would not be secondary if the plant has specific pollinator requirements (e.g., Coryanthes), but would be if it were involved in defense against a pathogen which was only present in some populations.  But if the plants had no resistance to a given pathogen it might have a much greater impact on the population.  For example, if American chestnut had a compound that defended it against chestnut blight, that would be essential for its reproduction, because almost no chestnuts are able to reproduce because stems that are large enough to flower are all killed by the blight (with the exception of some populations, see ).  So without defensive compounds (often "secondary metabolites) many species might be wiped out by pathogens.  "Essential" vs. "non-essential" is really scale-dependent.
 * As to the second part, as far as I know the term "secondary metabolite" came from the idea of secondary metabolism...so the naming reflects historical ideas about "primary" and "secondary" metabolism. Now, as Firn and Jones pointed out, the idea of primary and secondary metabolism is probably mistaken, but that doesn't change the reason that "secondary metabolites" are so-called.  Guettarda 16:05, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Propose name change
I agree with previous comments and would like to suggest a name change to Natural Products with a note regarding the early name of secondary metabolites.

I second that. Mihovil 18:45, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I think that Secondary metabolite should be merged into Secondary metabolism because there is a lot of overlap. In the strictest sense Secondary metabolite article would only be a short definition and a list of examples. Secondary metabolism is a wider concept covering also the metabolite. --Chino 04:59, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

But don't merge Natural Products into Secondary Metabolites. Way more extensive topicKsvaughan2 15:16, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. Ethan Bass (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 18:09, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

biomining
I removed the reference to biomining, since in 'Web of Knowledge', as well as in the wikipedia page on biomining there is only mention of biomining as mineral mining using microorganisms... Jeroenemans (talk) 12:39, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Rewriting
I intend to slightly rewrite this article to make it more understandable to the general public. This seems like a long list of examples of secondary metabolites but I intend to give brief descriptions of each group of "small molecules" and describe the use/natural function of at least 1 example from each group. There is also no pictures of structures of SMs or plants in which they are synthesized. I would like to add these too. Jacobrusiecki (talk) 19:48, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Secondary metabolite


text:
Union Christian College, Merom

Union Christian College was a small co-educational college located in Merom, Sullivan County, Indiana. Founded by the denomination called the Christian Church which eventually merged with the Congregational denomination which later joined with the Evangelical and Reformed Churches to form the United Church of Christ. It was one of the first co-educational colleges that allowed women to take any class that a man could take. Other co-educational colleges would only allow their women to study home economics, nursing, teaching, secretarial, etc. At UCC women could study to be doctors, lawyers, ministers, or home-makers. UCC was very progressive for its time. One of its most notable alumni was James M. Hamilton (class of 1890), who became the third president of Montana State University, serving from 1904 to 1919.

Union Christian College existed from 1859 until it closed its doors in 1924. From 1924 to 1936 the buildings were empty except for the summer months when summer youth conferences (summer camp) took place on the grounds In 1936 the facilities were reopened as the Merom Institute and was owned by the Indiana-Kentucky Conference of the United Church of Christ and was known as the Merom Conference Center. In 2016 Merom Conference Center separated from the IKC UCC. It now stands as its own entity, Merom Camp and Retreat Center. It holds 7+ faith-based camps in the summer, and IKC sponsored retreats in the Fall and the Spring, along with private events. It has open pool time for the citizens of Merom every Friday in the summer and helps feed and give checkups to its people year round. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

title: Union Christian College, Merom


text:
Frankie Genaro

Frank "Frankie" Genaro (born DiGennaro, August 26, 1901 – December 27, 1966) was an American former Olympic gold medalist and a 1928 National Boxing Association (NBA) World flyweight Champion. He is credited with engaging in 130 bouts, recording 96 victories (19 KO's), 26 losses, 8 draws and 4 No Decisions.

Statistical boxing website BoxRec lists Genaro as the #13 ranked flyweight of all-time, while The Ring magazine founder Nat Fleischer placed him at #3. The International Boxing Research Organization rates Genaro as the 6th best flyweight ever. He was inducted into The Ring magazine Hall of Fame in 1973 and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1998.

Early life and amateur career
Before taking up boxing, Genaro's ambition was to become a jockey, but he took up boxing when he tired of cleaning stables awaiting his chance to race horses. His first amateur bout in 1919 was against Jimmy Nable, which he fought using the ringname A. J. DeVito. He took the New York State and National Flyweight championships early in his amateur career.

Genaro won the flyweight Gold Medal at the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp on August 24, two days before his 19th birthday.

Olympic results

 * Defeated Einar Nilsen (Norway)
 * Defeated Jean Rampignon (France)
 * Defeated Charles Albert (France)
 * Defeated Anders Pedersen (Denmark)

Pro career
He turned pro that same year and almost immediately was fighting world class flyweights, scoring wins over Charley (Phil) Rosenberg and Pancho Villa. In 1923, he captured the American flyweight title with another win over Villa and decisioned future bantamweight champ Bud Taylor.

NBA world flyweight champion
Genaro lost his American title to Fidel LaBarba in 1925 and dropped a decision to former world champ Newsboy Brown in his next outing. On October 15, 1928, he defeated Frenchy Belanger in a ten round points decision to win the NBA flyweight crown at Toronto's Colliseum. He then lost the title in his first defense against Émile Pladner, but regained the title when he defeated Pladner in a rematch one month later.

Genaro successfully defended his title against Ernie Jarvis, Yvon Trevidic and Belanger. He then faced Midget Wolgast, who was recognized as world flyweight champ by the New York State Athletic Commission. The unification bout ended in a draw. Genaro then went on to successfully defend his title against Victor Ferrand, Jackie Harmon and Valentin Angelmann. He lost his crown when he was knocked out by Victor "Young" Perez in 1931.

Later career
Genaro's title days were over, but he did beat future featherweight champion Joey Archibald in 1933 before retiring in 1934. During his career Genaro fought 10 world champions and three Hall of Famers. He died in Staten Island, New York, on December 27, 1966, at the age of 65.

Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.

Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.

Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.

title: Frankie Genaro


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Beeg Srahka

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 23:46, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Beeg Srahka

 * del. Notability. 23.5 google hits. mp3 download album. Mikkalai 20:18, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible artist vanity. Megan1967 22:56, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete IMHO, MP3-only albums don't count. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 23:52, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Also B. Srahka, created by the same anon (most of whose other contribs are also pretty marginal) after Beeg Srahka was tagged for Vfd. Two displayed hits for Srahka squint, both on aol member pages. Niteowlneils 01:59, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:199.196.144.17

title: User talk:199.196.144.17


text:
6 (BMT rapid transit service)

6 was the BMT's designation for trains that used the BMT Fifth Avenue Line (labeled the Fifth Avenue–Bay Ridge Line).

When numbers were assigned in 1924, 6 was assigned to trains between Sands Street (on the Brooklyn side of the Brooklyn Bridge) and 65th Street, via the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line, BMT Third Avenue Line, and BMT Fifth Avenue Line.

Between 1931 and 1937, all service except rush hour and Saturday morning service was truncated to 36th Street, where transfer could be made to a Culver Line (5) train to downtown Brooklyn. On May 31, 1940, the Third Avenue and Fifth Avenue lines were closed, ending all 6 service. The 6 designation is now used for the IRT Lexington Avenue and Pelham local service.

title: 6 (BMT rapid transit service)


text:
User:Tyler Gedlaman

Tyler Gedlaman

Oldest child of Michael and Serena Gedlaman. Interests include athletics, cooking, outdoors and music. Tyler recently returned from serving as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

He is currently a business student at the University of Calgary. Consistently excellent academic and work performance. Tyler is also working as a game coordinator for the Calgary Sport and Social Club.

title: User:Tyler Gedlaman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chaim Ben Pesach

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. It's now simply a redirect, which I'll leave. dbenbenn | talk 22:01, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Chaim Ben Pesach
Not notable enough and is self serving. 168.209.97.34 10:55, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC) (note: anon did not correctly add the article to VfD, so I've moved this and done it right. -R. fiend 20:33, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC))
 * Delete website owner and public-access TV host. Less than 300 Google hits.  Not notable. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:42, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * If some can verify that he did attack Soviet targets in New York, including tear gassing the Lincoln Center, and was imprisoned for it I will vote keep. As is, I cannot verify this from reliable sources. Article would need cleaning and NPOVing too. -R. fiend 20:33, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, reads like a promo. Megan1967 22:53, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. He was in jail 5 and a half years. Chaim did not write this article. I did. It is documented on many websites. http://www.adl.org/extremism/jdl_chron.asp See the Septmber 2, 1986 listing.
 * The above comment by 68.80.129.105.
 * I agree that it reads like promo, and seems self-serving. Just because he didn't write it himself doesn't mean it can't be vanity. And spending five years in jail is not notable in and of itself. Delete. Radiant! 09:38, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Then why even have an article on JTF? If you want to delete this article then you should move its contents to Jewish Task Force.
 * The above remark by 68.80.129.105.
 * Regarding the Jewish Task Force, he is already mentioned in there. So merge/redirect would be appropriate. However, the JTF article feels rather POV, so it may require some work. Radiant! 09:38, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything of note with Jewish Task Force Jayjg (talk) 17:43, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Days of the New

Vandalism
I have no idea why this page is attracting so much vandalism today, but I've protected it on the good version for now. Adam Bishop 9 July 2005 02:29 (UTC)

 * Not just today. It has been vandalized consistently for the last week or so. -- LGagnon July 9, 2005 03:43 (UTC)

It may be useful to ban some IP addresses if this is going to continue on like this. Of course, if Wikipedia simply stopped letting anonmymous editors wreck the articles we'd probably not have this problem (but that is an issue for Wikipedia as a whole, not this article). -- LGagnon 22:33, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Proposed Changes
Days of the New shouldn't be called 'Post Grunge'. Admittedly their first album was knockoff of Alice in Chains Unplugged, however the following two albums are extremely diverse. 'Green' (the 2nd DOTN album) had everything from galloping horse percussion to a full orchestral backing, to Tribal chanting. It is a concept album. 'Red' continued in this vein, although it is not quite as sprawling. Furthermore Days of the New *is* Travis Meeks. Even on the first album, every song was written and sung by him. He also provided at least 90% of the the acoustic guitar on that album. Hence, I don't think the references to Tantric even need to be here in a capacity exceeding a footnote.

I think if you feel the need to tack a label on every band, DOTN falls more under prog rock than anything else. -- scylla

 * Ahem, none of those make a band or album "prog." - Ong Bak

 * Well, you can try editing it now - I unprotected it, as it has been 10 days and the vandals should be gone by now. Adam Bishop 23:45, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You did admit, however, that they were an AiC knock-off at first. Thus, there should be at least some reference to this in the article. At the very least it could mention that they started as a post-grunge band. -- LGagnon 00:32, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Personally I think that Days of the New have a lot more influence from Metallica than from Alice in Chains. You are basing your judgments only on the voice, but it's like saying that Creed is a rip-off of Pearl Jam, but they're actually another completely different type of music. I agree with the term 'Post-Grunge' but I think that 'Neo-Grunge' it's a better term.- Stahn

 * Travis gives the band the classification of World Music, and I agree. It is broad enough to encapsulate the different genres that the band has been venturing into.- Fwc83  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fwc83 (talk • contribs) 13:37, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

This isn't really of much importance, but "The Downtown" is linked to, as near as I can tell, a totally unrelated Wiki page. Is that where it should be linked?--Rezanow 23:23, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

More vandalism
Well, it's protected again now, and I suppose we will have to leave it like this indefinitely. Adam Bishop 05:06, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * As I said before, one of Wikipedia's greatest weaknesses is that it allows anonymous editing. As long as that is allowed, we will always have problems like this. It's too bad Jimbo or someone in charge doesn't simply force editors to sign in before editing so that he can save Wikipedia a world of pain. -- LGagnon 20:40, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think that would solve anything. There are plenty of anonymous editors who do not vandalize, and plenty of logged-in editors who do. Adam Bishop 21:10, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * And yet from what I've seen 90% of all vandalism is anonymous. Yes, logged-in editors can vandalize, but there is less incentive to do so when you have an account. -- LGagnon 21:48, August 1, 2005 (UTC)

Rewritten (now reverted) version
I rewrote a large portion of this article earlier, which has now been reverted with this summary: "revert; when you rewrite an article, do not delete information - improve it". While in the rewriting process, some information was removed, much of it was concerned primarily with Travis Meeks' individual projects, which don't really belong on the Days of the New page, because they are/were his projects as an individual, not as Days of the New. I don't want to start a revert or edit war, but there is a lot of information in this article that isn't concerned with the band, which should be removed (and added to the page for Meeks, where appropriate). —LrdChaos 23:56, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, that is understandable. My problem was that there was no justification given at the time of editing. Usually, when a full rewrite is done it helps to mention why on the talk page. That said, at least the "where are they now" info should be there, as it helps the reader understand the band's possible future (make it a small summary if you wish). -- LGagnon 00:28, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I've taken your advice and added a "Today" section which gives a little bit about what some of the former band members have gone onto do, as well as the short version of what Travis has been up to. I'll also remember to mention it when I make a big edit next time (which I usually remember to do ...). —LrdChaos 00:45, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

"Red" Album
Does anyone know why the Red album carries the Explicit Content warning? I have found no offensive lyrics or artwork. --Vertigo

Mostly because of the song "Words".

"Purple" is a solo album?
[Meeks] is presently seeking a new record label for a new solo acoustic album, tentatively titled Purple.

Since when was it a solo album? Where did this information come from? The Days of the New Fan Club website doesn't say anything about Travis embarking on a solo career, or parting ways with the remaining members of the band, or anything like that. - User:SeanQuixote | talk | my contribs 07:51, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Touring members
Why is it that this article is constantly getting names added and removed to the "touring members" sections. It makes me suspect that the whole section is a load of crap. Adam Bishop (talk) 17:56, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Because, Travis plays with many different musicians, and what started as an easy list became much trickier as the years progressed. It may not be practical anymore, but it is all accurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.232.73.107 (talk) 02:36, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Lead Singer Was on Intervention
Just thought I'd put it out there that Meeks was on one of the earlier seasons of Intervention. Do the research. It's all there. It was a very depressing episode. Thanks, Shayne Bono

Isn't the band actually from Louisville?
It is my understanding that Meeks moved to Louisville and the band started from there. What am I missing? Stevie is the man! Talk • Work 15:38, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Days of the New


text:
User:Amrutasl

Amruta is a Graduate Researcher at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.

I am currently (as of February 2005) taking a class on " Designing Online Communities (http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2005/cs6470_spring/)". The class is taught by Prof. Amy Bruckman (http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/). As a part of this class, i am conducting a study of the Wikipedia community.

I am working with two other colleagues at Georgia Tech. Our study of Wikipedia is part of an overall research project studying several online communities. The project includes observant participation in the Wikipedia community as well as interviews with Wikipedians.

If you would like to be a part of this study, you are welcomed to participate as an interviewee. Your privacy and rights as a participant are very important to me, and you are required to read the Consent Form (http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2005/cs6470_spring/researchstudy/webconsent_wikipedia_study1.html) carefully. If you agree to participate, please check out the appropriate option at the bottom of the form and email it. You can also contact me at wikipedia_study1@cc.gatech.edu, which is the official GATECH email address for this study.

If you indicate on the consent form that you are willing to participate, a member of the research team will contact you to arrange an interview at your convenience.

You can also email me at amruta@cc.gatech.edu for further information.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Amruta"

title: User:Amrutasl


text:
Paula Prentiss

Paula Prentiss (née Ragusa; born March 4, 1938) is an American actress. She is best known for her film roles in Where the Boys Are (1960), What's New Pussycat? (1965), Catch-22 (1970), The Parallax View (1974), and The Stepford Wives (1975).

From 1967 to 1968, Prentiss co-starred with her husband Richard Benjamin in the CBS sitcom He & She, for which she received a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.

Early life
Prentiss was born Paula Ragusa in San Antonio, Texas, the elder daughter of Paulene (née Gardner) and Thomas J. Ragusa, a social sciences professor at San Antonio's University of the Incarnate Word. Her father was of Sicilian descent, and Prentiss was raised Roman Catholic. She had a younger sister, Ann Prentiss, who was also an actress.

Before high school, Paula, who grew to 5ft 10in, was always the tallest person in class. She attended Lamar High School in Houston, Texas. In 1958, while studying drama at Northwestern University, she met future husband Richard Benjamin, who impressed her with his sophistication and height (he was taller than she was). While attending Northwestern she was discovered by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was offered a film contract.

Career
Prentiss leapt to fame playing the role of Tuggle in Where the Boys Are (1960). Her co-star was Jim Hutton. The film was a hit and response to Prentiss and Hutton was very favorable, so MGM decided to reteam them in three more comedies, promoting them as a new William Powell and Myrna Loy: The Honeymoon Machine (1961) with Steve McQueen, Bachelor in Paradise (1961) with Bob Hope, and The Horizontal Lieutenant (1962). They were the two tallest male and female contract players at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Hutton and Prentiss were also meant to be in Follow the Boys (1963), a Where the Boys Are-style comedy, but he dropped out, and so Prentiss' co-star became Russ Tamblyn.

Howard Hawks cast her as the female lead opposite Rock Hudson in Man's Favorite Sport? (1963) at Universal, her first film outside MGM. Hawks would later say: "Paula Prentiss was good, but she couldn't remember what she was doing from one shot to the next. Her shots never matched."

Prentiss appeared on stage in a production of As You Like It in 1963 at the New York Shakespeare Festival in Central Park.

She had notable roles in The World of Henry Orient (1964) and In Harm's Way (1965) and made a cameo as herself in Looking for Love (1964). She also had a strong supporting role in What's New Pussycat? (1965) with Peter Sellers. However, on the set of that film she had a nervous breakdown. "One day during shooting," she told People in 1976, "I just climbed up the ropes to the catwalk and started walking the beams. Very loudly and clearly I called down to everyone on the set, 'I'm going to jump.' A French technician grabbed me, and there I was, hanging by one arm." She was hospitalized for nine months.

For one season (1967–1968), Prentiss co-starred with her husband, Richard Benjamin, in the CBS sitcom He & She. For her role, Prentiss was nominated for an Emmy Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Comedy.

In 1969 she appeared Off-Broadway in the double production, Arf and The Great Airplane Snatch, directed by Benjamin.

Prentiss returned to films with a small role in Catch-22 (1970). She had the female lead in Move (1970) with Elliott Gould and Born to Win (1971) with George Segal. She was one of the leads in Last of the Red Hot Lovers with Alan Arkin. Next, Prentiss was in the made-for-television film, The Couple Takes a Wife (1972).

She was the female lead in Crazy Joe (1974) and had a small but pivotal part in The Parallax View (1974) with Warren Beatty. She was second lead in The Stepford Wives (1975), alongside Katharine Ross.

In 1976, Prentiss and Benjamin appeared on Broadway in The Norman Conquests. After that, they traveled to Australia to make No Room to Run (1977).

Prentiss was in Having Babies II (1977), Friendships, Secrets and Lies (1979), and Top of the Hill (1980). She had a starring role in The Black Marble (1980), but it was not widely seen.

She did Saturday the 14th (1981) with her husband and was in director Billy Wilder's last film, Buddy Buddy (1981), with Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau. She then made Packin' It In (1983) with her husband and did the made-for-television film, M.A.D.D.: Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (1983).

Prentiss guest starred on TV shows like Murder, She Wrote and Burke's Law.

Except for brief cameo roles, Prentiss had not appeared in a feature film for more than 30 years, until 2016's I Am the Pretty Thing That Lives in the House, a horror film directed by Oz Perkins. It premiered September 10, 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival.

Personal life
Prentiss has been married to actor-director Richard Benjamin since 1961. They have two children, son Ross and daughter Prentiss.

title: Paula Prentiss


text:
Talk:Luciano Leggio

Untitled
I read in some newspaper a few months ago (I can't remember which one I'm afraid) that Leggio had since died. It's possible - he'd be about 80 now - but I can't find any reference to it one the internet. If anyone knows if it's true I'd be grateful, just to round off this article. Any other info on him would be useful too. That's the problem with writing articles about Mafia guys, especially Sicilian ones - they're so damn secretive about everything! :) Robert Mercer 20:41, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Liggio not Leggio
I am sorry, but apart from the "computer translated" external link, the other two links point correctly to the surname Liggio and not Leggio. I strongly suggest to rename the article. --EH101 20:31, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The confusion about his name is explained in the first paragraph, there is no need to change the name of the article. There is also a redirect page Luciano Liggio to solve the problem. You could have checked all this yourself. - Mafia Expert 20:43, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * No problem. You are absolutely right. I simply made a proposal to exchange redirect with main article's name as Liggio is the most used name and in accordance with Naming_conflict which clearly states  "The most common use of a name takes precedence". I just highlighted that sources majority use Liggio. --EH101 21:48, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Luciano Leggio


text:
Big Bank Hank

Henry Lee Jackson (January 11, 1956 – November 11, 2014), known by his stage name Big Bank Hank, was an American hip hop recording artist and manager. Also known as Imp the Dimp, he was a member of the trio The Sugarhill Gang, the first hip hop act to have a hit, with the cross-over single "Rapper's Delight" in the pop charts in 1979. He contributed to many documentaries based on the rap music industry. Lyrics to his verse from "Rapper's Delight" were allegedly plagiarized from rhymes written by Grandmaster Caz.

Biography
Hank was born as Henry Lee Jackson on January 11, 1956. He grew up in the Bronx, New York City, near DJ Kool Herc and Coke La Rock, as well as other rap performers. He won several championships in wrestling at Bronx Community College, where he graduated with an A.S. degree in oceanography. Unable to attain a position in oceanography, he worked the doors of a Bronx nightclub called The Sparkle, where he became a music manager for Grandmaster Caz and his group The Mighty Force MC's.

While working at a pizzeria, Jackson did his job so well that when the owner of the shop expanded his business to Englewood, New Jersey, he brought Jackson over to head the Crispy Crust store. While managing for a local hip hop group, The Mighty Force MC's (including Grandmaster Caz), Jackson was discovered by Sylvia Robinson. She was out trying to find an act for the new hip-hop trend she had discovered through her son and she heard Jackson rapping some of Grandmaster CAA's rhymes by chance when she visited Crispy Crust Pizza in Englewood. According to a 2014 New York Post article, when Robinson asked him to join the group she was forming, Jackson went to Grandmaster Caz of the Cold Crush Brothers for rhymes, and Caz gladly gave him his notebook, hoping to eventually get something in return. However, since the Sugar Hill Gangs inception and stated again in a 2014 interview, Caz disputes this story, saying that Jackson did not ask him for permission to use his rhymes until after the record had been made. Jackson, now called "Big Bank Hank," was 24 years old at the time the Sugarhill Gang's self-titled album was released.

In his New York Times obituary of Hank, Jon Caramanica quotes Wonder Mike: "He was boisterous — he filled the room. Ralph Kramden-type stuff."

Death
A resident of Tenafly, New Jersey, Hank died at the age of 58 at Englewood Hospital and Medical Center in nearby Englewood on November 11, 2014, from cancer.

title: Big Bank Hank


text:
Hermann Burmeister

Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister (also known as Carlos Germán Conrado Burmeister) (15 January 1807 – 2 May 1892) was a German Argentine zoologist, entomologist, herpetologist, botanist, and coleopterologist. He served as a professor at the University of Halle, headed the museum there and published the Handbuch der Entomologie (1832–1855) before moving to Argentina where he worked until his death.

Career
Burmeister was born in Stralsund, where his father was a customs officer. He studied medicine at Greifswald (1825–1827) and Halle (1827–1829), and in 1830 went to Berlin to qualify himself to be a teacher of natural history. His dissertation was titled De insectorum systemate naturali and graduated as a doctor of medicine on November 4, 1829 and then received a doctor of philosophy on December 19 in the same year. He then joined for military service in Berlin and Grünberg (Silesia). He was soon after appointed an instructor in the gymnasium at Cologne. He later became a professor of zoology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg serving there from 1837 to 1861. During this period he published several major works on insects which also involved the examination of insect collections around Europe and those of wealthy collectors. He married, Marie Elise, the daughter of shipowner and insect collector M.C. Sommer of Altona in 1836.

In 1848, during the revolutionary excitement, he was sent by the city of Halle as deputy to the national assembly, and subsequently by the town of Leibnitz to the first Prussian chamber. Around 1848 he became a socialist and still later opposed slavery. He traveled to Brazil from 1850 to 1852, partly supported through the efforts of Alexander von Humboldt was cut short by a leg injury. He then visited Argentina from 1857 to 1860, returning to Germany with zoological collections. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1856. In 1861, he divorced his wife and went to live in Argentina, founding the Institute at the Museo Nacional in Buenos Aires. He married an Argentine woman and they had two sons, Carlos and Federico. Carlos also became a scientist. Burmeister headed the Academy of Sciences, formed from the scientific faculty of Argentina's National University of Córdoba. He took an interest in paleontology and was keenly interested in protecting fossils in the pampas region and helped the passage of a law.

In the field of herpetology he described many new species of amphibians and reptiles. He also mistakenly described a bovid atlas as belonging to Macrauchenia patachonica. Burmeister was said to be harsh and did not have any close circle of friends. While working at the Argentine museum, he had a fall from a ladder and landed on a glass case and injured himself seriously on 8 February 1892. He resigned from work on 18 April and died on 2 May. A state funeral was held on the 4 May and the president of Argentina, Carlos Pellegrini was present. A monument was placed on the bank of the Rio de La Plata in the Parque 3 Febrero on October 7, 1900 and later moved to the Parque Centenario.

Evolution
Burmeister was a critic of Darwinism, he rejected common descent. However, he changed his views slightly on common descent in the late 1870s. In 1879 he commented that:

"I am wholly convinced that the beings found in the older formations of our globe are the prototypes of contemporary beings, and in this respect, I declare myself a partisan of the hypothesis recently developed in detail, and as a natural law, by Darwin and his followers. But I must confess that their experiments have not provided me with any proof that any fundamental change in type is possible."

Florentino Ameghino described Burmeister as a "Biblical creationist", although this remains unconfirmed.

Other works

 * Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Rankenfüsser (Cirripedia)
 * El Campo del Cielo (Territorio del Chaco) : extracto de un informe presentado /por el naturalista viajero Carlos Burmeister
 * Beschreibung einiger neuen oder weniger bekannten Schmarotzerkrebse : nebst allgemeinen Betrachtungen über die Gruppe, welcher sie angehören
 * Die Labyrinthodonten aus dem bunten Sandstein von Bernburg : zoologisch geschildert
 * Die Organisation der Trilobiten aus ihren lebenden Verwandten entwickelt : nebst einer systematischen Uebersicht aller zeither beschriebenen Arten
 * The organization of trilobites, deduced from their living affinities : with a systematic review of the species hitherto (with Thomas Bell and Edward Forbes)
 * Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens : welche während einer Reise durch die Provinzen von Rio de Janeiro und Minas geraës gesammlt oder beobachtet Wurden (Vols. 1-3)
 * Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der Gattung Tarsius
 * Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte
 * Revision del género Ecpantheria
 * Description physique de la République Argentine d'après des observations personelles et étrangères (with Emile Daireaux, and E. Maupas) (Vols. 1-5)
 * Genera quædam insectorum. Iconibus illustravit et descripsit Hermannus Burmeister ...
 * Grundiss der Naturgeschichte : Für Gymnasien und höhere Bürgerschulen
 * A Manual of entomology, / tr. from the German of Dr. Herman Burmeister by W. E. Shuckard, with additions by the author, and original notes and plates by the translator

title: Hermann Burmeister


text:
Ogre District

The Ogre District (Ogres rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in the Semigallia and Vidzeme regions, in the country's centre. It was situated about 37 km east of the capital Riga. The principal city was Ogre with around 30 000 inhabitants.

Historically a part of Riga District, it was split off during the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1947 and then introduced as a rajons in 1949. Districts were eliminated during the Latvian administrative-territorial reform in 2009.

Cities and towns

 * Ikšķile
 * Ķegums
 * Lielvārde
 * Ogre

title: Ogre District


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Catspaw(comics)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep and move to Catspaw (comics) (with a space). Deathphoenix 00:11, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Catspaw(comics)
Cruft. Doesn't establish notability. No links to anything. – flamurai (t) 20:51, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with what links to it. Kappa 21:56, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As an LSH reader, I can tell you that that's not only cruft, it's outdated cruft, from at least two reboots ago. This character barely deserves a mention in the list of all LSH members ever. Delete. Okay, Luornuviolet has expanded this more than I thought possible. Keep. DS 16:26, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

edited to add-Okay, I have now expanded the article and corrected the original errors in the first version (for instance she was not 'half human half cat' she got her powers from genetic manipulation.) What do you think? Is the article now improved enough to stay?
 * Keep, and expand. Megan1967 01:58, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with some list of minor characters. Radiant! 09:41, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Xezbeth  19:06, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or delete--nixie 01:11, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC
 * strong keep' and expand, while it is true that this character is one of the most minor Legionnaires she was nontheless a full member of the Legion, albiet only for a short time and therefore should be covered in the LSH members category. But then I am a Legion completist.-Luornuviolet
 * Keep. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  07:50, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * KeepThe Recycling Troll 18:09, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but move to Catspaw (comics) (with a space) SoM 13:04, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Angela Mason

Untitled

 * Votes for deletion/Angela Mason

This article doesn't seem to conform to NPOV - I am not sure that the author could have any reason to assert that Angela Mason resisted progress on LGB/T issues. It would be more accurate to say that some people regard her as ineffective. Sjoh0050 12:35, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

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Angry Brigade?
I can't tell from the current copy whether she was or wasn't a member of the Angry Brigade. Valetude (talk) 23:49, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angela Mason