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Chromium(III) chloride

Chromium(III) chloride (also called chromic chloride) is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula CrCl3. It forms several hydrates with the formula CrCl3*nH2O, among which are hydrates where n can be 5 (chromium(III) chloride pentahydrate CrCl3*5H2O) or 6 (chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate CrCl3*6H2O). The anhydrous compound with the formula CrCl3 are violet crystals, while the most common form of the chromium(III) chloride are the dark green crystals of hexahydrate, CrCl3*6H2O. Chromium chlorides find use as catalysts and as precursors to dyes for wool.

Structure
Anhydrous chromium(III) chloride adopts the YCl3 structure, with Cr(3+) occupying one third of the octahedral interstices in alternating layers of a pseudo-cubic close packed lattice of Cl− ions. The absence of cations in alternate layers leads to weak bonding between adjacent layers. For this reason, crystals of CrCl3 cleave easily along the planes between layers, which results in the flaky (micaceous) appearance of samples of chromium(III) chloride. The anhydrous CrCl3 is exfoliable down to the monolayer limit. If pressurized to 9.9 GPa it goes under a phase transition.

Chromium(III) chloride hydrates
The hydrated chromium(III) chlorides display the somewhat unusual property of existing in a number of distinct chemical forms (isomers), which differ in terms of the number of chloride anions that are coordinated to Cr(III) and the water of crystallization. The different forms exist both as solids and in aqueous solutions. Several members are known of the series of [CrCl_{3−q}(H2O)_{n}]^{q+}. The common hexahydrate can be more precisely described as [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl*2H2O. It consists of the cation trans-[CrCl2(H2O)4]+ and additional molecules of water and a chloride anion in the lattice. Two other hydrates are known, pale green [CrCl(H2O)5]Cl2*H2O and violet [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3. Similar hydration isomerism is seen with other chromium(III) compounds.

Preparation
Anhydrous chromium(III) chloride may be prepared by chlorination of chromium metal directly, or indirectly by carbothermic chlorination of chromium(III) oxide at 650–800 °C

 * Cr2O3 + 3 C + 3 Cl2 → 2 CrCl3 + 3 CO

The hydrated chlorides are prepared by treatment of chromate with hydrochloric acid and aqueous methanol.

Reactions
Slow reaction rates are common with chromium(III) complexes. The low reactivity of the d3 Cr(3+) ion can be explained using crystal field theory. One way of opening CrCl3 up to substitution in solution is to reduce even a trace amount to CrCl2, for example using zinc in hydrochloric acid. This chromium(II) compound undergoes substitution easily, and it can exchange electrons with CrCl3 via a chloride bridge, allowing all of the CrCl3 to react quickly. With the presence of some chromium(II), solid CrCl3 dissolves rapidly in water. Similarly, ligand substitution reactions of solutions of [CrCl2(H2O)4]+ are accelerated by chromium(II) catalysts.

With molten alkali metal chlorides such as potassium chloride, CrCl3 gives salts of the type M3[CrCl6] and K3[Cr2Cl9], which is also octahedral but where the two chromiums are linked via three chloride bridges.

The hexahydrate can also be dehydrated with thionyl chloride:
 * CrCl3*6H2O + 6 SOCl2 → CrCl3 + 6 SO2 + 12 HCl

Complexes with organic ligands
CrCl3 is a Lewis acid, classified as "hard" according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base theory. It forms a variety of adducts of the type [CrCl3L3]^{q+}, where L is a Lewis base. For example, it reacts with pyridine (C5H5N) to form the pyridine complex:
 * CrCl3 + 3 C5H5N → CrCl3(C5H5N)3

Treatment with trimethylsilylchloride in THF gives the anhydrous THF complex:
 * CrCl3*6H2O + 12 (CH3)3SiCl → CrCl3(THF)3 + 6 ((CH3)3Si)2O + 12 HCl

Precursor to organochromium complexes
Chromium(III) chloride is used as the precursor to many organochromium compounds, for example bis(benzene)chromium, an analogue of ferrocene:

 * CrCl3 dibenzenechromium.png

Phosphine complexes derived from CrCl3 catalyse the trimerization of ethylene to 1-hexene.

Use in organic synthesis
One niche use of CrCl3 in organic synthesis is for the in situ preparation of chromium(II) chloride, a reagent for the reduction of alkyl halides and for the synthesis of (E)-alkenyl halides. The reaction is usually performed using two moles of CrCl3 per mole of lithium aluminium hydride, although if aqueous acidic conditions are appropriate zinc and hydrochloric acid may be sufficient.

 * CrCl3 CrCl2.png

Chromium(III) chloride has also been used as a Lewis acid in organic reactions, for example to catalyse the nitroso Diels-Alder reaction.

Dyestuffs
A number of chromium-containing dyes are used commercially for wool. Typical dyes are triarylmethanes consisting of ortho-hydroxylbenzoic acid derivatives.

Precautions
Although trivalent chromium is far less poisonous than hexavalent, chromium salts are generally considered toxic.

title: Chromium(III) chloride


text: Category:875 deaths

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:875 deaths


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Farzaneh Aghaeipour

Farzaneh Aghaeipour is an Iranian playwright, author, and activist. She is a board member at the politically active Iranian Writers Association, which fights censorship and advocates freedom of expression. Her major works include historical plays and novels on recent Iranian political history. In a 2006 tour of North America, Aghaeipour spoke at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (a teacher's college which is part of the University of Toronto), on September 9, 2006 and later that month at Université du Québec à Montréal.

Publicatioans

 * Sattār-i Qarahʹdāghī : namāyishnāmah, 1991 (in Persian)
 * Pārk-i Atābak : namāyishnāmah, 1991 (in Persian)
 * Hunar va davarī, 1999 (in Persian)
 * Riz̤a Khān dar yak namāyish-i ʻajīb, 1999 (in Persian)

title: Farzaneh Aghaeipour


text:
Universidad (Madrid)

Universidad is an administrative neighborhood of Madrid, part the Centro District. The areas of Malasaña and Conde Duque are located in the neighborhood.

It is 0.947641 km2 in size. , it has a population of 32,866.

title: Universidad (Madrid)


text: File:Andromeda (DC comics).jpg

title: File:Andromeda (DC comics).jpg


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Henry Wilberforce

Henry William Wilberforce (22 September 1807 – 23 April 1873) was an English Catholic clergyman, formerly a Tractarian, and thereafter a newspaper proprietor, editor and journalist.

Life
Henry Wilberforce was born in 1807, the youngest son of William Wilberforce and his wife, Barbara Ann Spooner. He studied classics and mathematics at Oriel College, Oxford, where he was elected president of the Oxford Union. He graduated BA in 1830, MA in 1833, in the meantime enrolling as a student at Lincoln's Inn. During his time in Oxford he had received tuition from John Henry Newman, through whose influence he not only became attached to the Tractarian movement, but abandoned his plan to study for the bar, and instead took orders as an Anglican clergyman.

Wilberforce served the Anglican church from 1834 (also the year of his marriage) until 1850, first as curate of Bransgrove (Bransgore), Hampshire (1834), then as vicar of Walmer (1841), and finally as vicar of East Farleigh, Kent (1843). In 1850 he followed his wife, Mary Sargent, daughter of John Sargent, into the Catholic Church.

Upon his conversion, he wrote Reasons for Submitting to the Catholic Church: a Farewell Letter to his Parishioners (1851). The Catholic Defence Association was founded in Ireland the same year, and in 1852 Wilberforce became Secretary, living in Ireland for two or three years. As Secretary of the Catholic Defence Association he engaged in a correspondence on Church of Ireland proselytizing which was published as Proselytism in Ireland: the Catholic Defence Association versus the Irish Church Missions on the charge of bribery and intimidation; a correspondence between the Rev. Alex Dallas and the Rev. Henry Wilberforce (1852). In 1854 he became owner and editor of the Catholic Standard, changing the name to the Weekly Register the following year. In 1864, finding the pace of weekly editorial responsibility too demanding, he sold the Weekly Register and embarked on a more leisurely production of articles and reviews for the Dublin Review. After his death a selection of these was published as The Church and the Empires (1874), with a biographical preface by Cardinal Newman. He died in Stroud, Gloucestershire, on 23 April 1873.

One of his sons was a member of the Dominican community at Woodchester Priory near Stroud.

Publications

 * The Foundation of the Faith Assailed in Oxford: a letter to His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury, &c. &c. &c. Visitor to the University, with particular reference to the changes in its constitution, now under consideration. By a clerical member of Convocation [i.e. H.W. Wilberforce]. London: Printed for J.G. & F. Rivington, 1835.
 * The Parochial System: An Appeal to English Churchmen. London: Printed for J. G. & F. Rivington, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, 1838.
 * The Building of the House of God: a sermon preached in the Church of All Saints, Southampton [...]August 13, 1839 at the rebuilding of the ancient church of St. Lawrence. Southampton: Smart, 1839.
 * Christian Unity. Tracts on the Church 7. London: James Burns, 1842.
 * On the Danger of State Interference with the Trust Deeds of Church Schools. A Letter to Sir R. H. Inglis. London, 1847.
 * Reasons for Submitting to the Catholic Church: a Farewell Letter to his Parishioners. London: Burns and Lambert, 1851.
 * The Church and the Empires: historical periods. Preceded by a memoir of the author by J.H. Newman. London: Henry S. King & Co., 1874.

title: Henry Wilberforce


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Comfort object

A comfort object, more formally a transitional object or attachment object, is an item used to provide psychological comfort, especially in unusual or unique situations, or at bedtime for children. Among toddlers, a comfort object often takes the form of a blanket (called a security blanket) or a stuffed animal, doll or other toy, and may be referred to by a nickname such as blankie.

Comfort objects are said to enable children to gain independence and research indicates that these objects have positive effects on children by reducing anxiety in later life.

In child psychology

In human childhood development, the term transitional object is normally used. It is something, usually a physical object, which takes the place of the mother-child bond. Common examples include dolls, teddy bears or blankets.

Donald Woods Winnicott introduced the concepts of transitional objects and transitional experience in reference to a particular developmental sequence. With "transition" Winnicott means an intermediate developmental phase between the psychic and external reality. In this "transitional space" we can find the "transitional object".

When the young child begins to separate the "me" from the "not-me" and evolves from complete dependence to a stage of relative independence, it uses transitional objects. Infants see themselves and the mother as a whole. In this phase the mother "brings the world" to the infant without delay which gives it a "moment of illusion", a belief that its own wish creates the object of its desire which brings with it a sense of satisfaction. Winnicott calls this subjective omnipotence. Alongside the subjective omnipotence of a child lies an objective reality, which constitutes the child's awareness of separateness between itself and desired objects. While the subjective omnipotence experience is one in which the child feels that its desires create satisfaction, the objective reality experience is one in which the child independently seeks out objects of desire.

Later on the child comes to realize that the mother is a separate entity, which tells the child that they have lost something. The child realizes that they are dependent on others, thus losing the idea that they are independent. This realization creates a difficult period and brings frustration and anxiety with it. The mother cannot always be there to "bring the world" to the baby, a realization which has a powerful, somewhat painful, but ultimately constructive impact on the child. Through fantasizing about the object of its wishes the child will find comfort. A transitional object can be used in this process. The transitional object is often the first "not me" possession that really belongs to the child. This could be a real object like a blanket or a teddy bear, but other "objects", such as a melody or a word, can fulfill this role as well. This object represents all components of "mothering", and it means that the child itself is able to create what it needs as well. It enables the child to have a fantasized bond with the mother when she gradually separates for increasingly longer periods of time. The transitional object is important at the time of going to sleep and as a defense against anxiety. In a study conducted in Brazil, children who used transitional objects were able to calm down and go to sleep more easily than children who did not use transitional objects.

In a later stage of the development, the child no longer needs the transitional object. It is able to make a distinction between "me" and "not-me", keeping inside and outside apart and yet interrelated. This development leads to the use of illusion, symbols and objects later on in life.

Winnicott related the concept of transitional object to a more general one, transitional phenomena, which he considered to be the basis of science, religion and all of culture. Transitional objects and phenomena, he said, are neither subjective nor objective but partake of both. In Mental Space, Robert Young has provided an exposition of these concepts and has generalized their role into psychic phenomena in adult life.

Research with children on this subject was performed at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee by Richard H. Passman and his associates. Among other findings, they showed that security blankets are appropriately named – they actually do give security to those children attached to them. Along with other positive benefits, having a security blanket available can help children adapt to new situations, aid in their learning, and adjust to physicians' and clinical psychologists' evaluations. Passman's research also points out that there is nothing abnormal about being attached to them. In the United States, about 60% of children have at least some attachment to a security object. A bedtime toy is often used by children while going to sleep. It is typically a plush toy or something of that nature that children can cuddle up with while going to sleep. It is sometimes combined with a nightlight. Bedtime toys are typically of an animal, such as the common teddy bear, or any other creature, such as a mythical creature or fictional character. The toy is often used for physical comfort, and most commonly psychological comfort for children with separation anxiety and a strong fear of the night.

Therapeutic use
Emergency vehicles and police patrol cars are sometimes equipped with stuffed toys, to be given to victims involved in car accidents or traumatic shock situations in order to provide them comfort.

Often charities will provide comfort objects such as blankets and quilts to survivors of disasters.

After the September 11 attacks, writes Marita Sturken in Tourists of History, "the Oklahoma City National Memorial sent six hundred teddy bears and then the state of Oklahoma sent sixty thousand stuffed animals to New York, which were distributed to children in schools affected by 9/11, family support organizations, and New York fire stations."

Transitional Wearable Companion
Transitional Wearable Companion is an experimental, interactive, wearable, zoomorphic toy (e.g., PlusMe) developed as a social motivator, during the therapy sessions of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).

Use by adults
Adults may also use comfort objects. Many adults consider the comfort that security blankets provide as essential to their mental and emotional well-being. Additionally, according to a 2011 survey by Travelodge, about 35 percent of British adults sleep with a teddy bear. In a 2008 study, the Sony AIBO robotic pet was found to decrease loneliness among elderly in nursing homes.

The notion of a "comfort object" may be expanded to include representations of one's family, home, and culture. It is significant to the person and gives psychological strength and assistance by representing their emotional attachments. The object helps with one's capacity to be alone. These objects can include photographs, memorabilia, music records, and even artwork made with family members. With the increase in movement away from home, and sometimes constant movement from one place to another for job opportunities or immigration, it is very common for people to carry these items with them. People may look to these objects for emotional support during transitional periods, such as assimilating to a new area, or when experiencing trauma or a significant loss.

Cross-cultural uses
Researchers have observed that the incidence of attachment behavior toward inanimate objects differs depending on the culture in which the infant was raised. It is suggested that infants' attachment to inanimate objects would be less frequent in societies in which in an infant may spend most of the day in close contact with their mother. In particular, in Western countries object attachments were indeed found to be common, with rates reaching as high as 60%. In a study conducted by Michael Hong, it was found that around 50% of American children and only around 20% of Korean children developed an attachment to a blanket or an equivalent type of primary transitional objects. A similar study by Renata Gaddini found that around 30% of urban Italian children and only 5% of rural Italian children developed attachments to comfort objects. The interpretation of multiple studies suggests that child-rearing practices influence both the incidence of infants' attachment to inanimate objects and perhaps the choice of attachment objects.

Common objects
Common comfort objects used by humans include: pacifiers; weighted blankets; worry beads; and good luck charms. In Japan, dakimakura are commonly used by Japanese youth as "security objects". Using crib cards during exams can be considered a comfort object for students.

In popular culture
The term security blanket was popularized in the Peanuts comic strip created by Charles M. Schulz, who gave such a blanket to his character Linus van Pelt. Linus called it his "security and happiness blanket", in Good Grief, More Peanuts printed in 1956. However, the concept of a comfort blanket existed prior to Peanuts. In a November 1954 Review Report article, writer "Bev" wrote about her daughter: "Security blanket. My younger child is one year old. When she finds a fuzzy blanket or a fleecy coat, she presses her cheek against it and sucks her thumb." Since 1920, blankets which clipped onto sleeping infants to prevent them from rolling out of bed and keep the body covered were dubbed "security blanket fasteners".

title: Comfort object


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Susan Stafford

Susan Stafford (born January 27, 1944) is an American former model, actress and television host. She was the original daytime hostess of the American game show Wheel of Fortune from January 6, 1975, until she left on October 22, 1982. She returned to Wheel of Fortune in 1986 to substitute for Vanna White.

Personal life
Born in Lynn, Massachusetts, Stafford grew up in Missouri, and won several beauty contests as a teenager in Kansas City. Stafford moved to California as an adult to work as a television actress.

Stafford married radio pioneer Gordon McLendon in 1973, and was then married to Dick Ebersol of NBC Sports and Saturday Night Live in 1976. Ebersol and Stafford were married on a beach in Malibu. Their wedding was attended by John Belushi, Chevy Chase, and SNL producer Lorne Michaels. After they exchanged vows, Chase jokingly grabbed Stafford and threw her into the ocean. According to People magazine, "[they] parted 18 months later." Their marriage was annulled in 1981. Stafford later was a companion of game show producer Dan Enright.

Stafford lives in Las Vegas.

Career
After leaving Wheel of Fortune, Stafford earned a B.A. in nutrition and an M.A. in clinical psychology from Antioch University, and a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the unaccredited Pacific Western University. During this time, Stafford returned to television in 1988 as host of Alive, which aired on the Christian Broadcasting Network and in syndication. In 2003, Stafford made her first game show appearance since Wheel of Fortune, appearing on Hollywood Squares Game Show Week (Part 2).

Other work
In 2011, Stafford published her first book, Stop the Wheel, I Want to Get Off.

Walk of Stars- Golden Palm
In 2005, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to her.

title: Susan Stafford


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Italian war crimes

Italian war crimes have mainly been associated with Fascist Italy in the Pacification of Libya, the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the Spanish Civil War, and World War II.

Italo-Turkish War
In 1911, Italy went to war with the Ottoman Empire and invaded Ottoman Tripolitania. One of the most notorious incidents during this conflict was the October Tripoli massacre, wherein an estimated 4,000 inhabitants of the Mechiya oasis were killed as retribution for the execution and mutilation of Italian captives taken in an ambush at nearby Sciara Sciat. Over the course of three days, Libyan and Turkish men, women, and children were indiscriminately murdered in the streets, in their houses, farms, and gardens. In another incident during the war reported by a British officer serving with the Turkish forces, Italian soldiers burned several hundred civilians in a mosque, wherein women and children had taken refuge. In 1912, 10,000 Turkish and Arab troops were imprisoned in concentration camps in Libya, and all Turkish troops were executed.

Pacification of Libya
In 1923, Benito Mussolini embarked upon a pacification of Libya campaign to consolidate control over the Italian territory of Libya and Italian forces began to occupy large areas of Libya in order to allow Italian colonists to rapidly settle in it. They were met with resistance by the Senussi who were led by Omar Mukhtar. Civilians suspected of collaboration with the Senussi were executed. Refugees from the fighting were subject to bombing and strafing by Italian aircraft. In 1930, in northern Cyrenaica, 20,000 Bedouins were relocated and their land was given to Italian settlers. The Bedouins were forced to march across the desert into concentration camps. Starvation and other poor conditions in the camps were rampant and the internees were used for forced labour, ultimately leading to the death of nearly 4,000 internees by the time they were closed in September 1933. Over 80,000 Cyrenaicans died during the Pacification in all.

Second Italo-Ethiopian War
During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Italian violations of the laws of war were reported and documented. These included the use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas, the use of concentration camps in counter-insurgency, and attacks on Red Cross facilities. Italian authorities claimed that these actions were in response to the Ethiopians' use of Dum-Dum bullets, which had been banned by declaration IV, 3 of the Hague Convention, and mutilation of captured soldiers.

According to the Ethiopian government, 382,800 civilian deaths were directly attributable to the Italian invasion. 17,800 women and children were killed by bombing, 30,000 people were killed in the massacre of February 1937, 35,000 people died in concentration camps, and 300,000 people died of privations due to the destruction of their villages and farms. The Ethiopian government also claimed that the Italians destroyed 2,000 churches and 525,000 houses, while confiscating or slaughtering 6 million cattle, 7 million sheep and goats, and 1.7 million horses, mules, and camels, leading to the latter deaths.

During the 1936–1941 Italian occupation, atrocities also occurred; in the February 1937 Yekatit 12 massacres as many as 30,000 Ethiopians may have been killed and many more imprisoned as a reprisal for the attempted assassination of Viceroy Rodolfo Graziani. A 2017 study estimated that 19,200 were killed - a fifth of the population of Addis Ababa. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was especially singled out. Thousands of Ethiopians also died in concentration camps such as Danane and Nocra.

Spanish Civil War
75,000 Italian soldiers of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie fought on the side of the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War, as did 7,000 men of the Aviazione Legionaria. While they also bombed valid military targets such as the railway infrastructure of Xativa, the Italian air force partook in many bombings of civilian targets for the purposes of "weakening the morale of the Reds". One of the more notable bombings was the Bombing of Barcelona, in which 1,300 civilians were killed, with thousands more being wounded or dehoused. Other cities subjected to terror bombing by the Italians included Durango, Alicante, Granollers, and Guernica.

Documents found in British archives by the historian Effie Pedaliu and documents found in Italian archives by the Italian historian Davide Conti, pointed out that the memory of the existence of the Italian concentration camps and Italian war crimes committed during the Spanish Civil War had been repressed due to the Cold War.

World War II
The British and American governments, fearful of the post-war Italian Communist Party, effectively undermined the quest for justice by tolerating the efforts made by Italy's top authorities to prevent any of the alleged Italian war criminals from being extradited and taken to court. Fillipo Focardi, a historian at Rome's German Historical Institute, has discovered archived documents showing how Italian civil servants were told to avoid extraditions. A typical instruction was issued by the Italian prime minister, Alcide De Gasperi, reading: "Try to gain time, avoid answering requests." The denial of Italian war crimes was backed up by the Italian state, academe, and media, re-inventing Italy as only a victim of the German Nazism and the post-war Foibe massacres.

A number of suspects, known to be on the list of Italian war criminals that Yugoslavia, Greece and Ethiopia requested an extradition of, at the end of World War II never saw anything like the Nuremberg trial, because with the beginning of the Cold War, the British government saw in Pietro Badoglio, who was also on the list, a guarantee of an anti-communist post-war Italy.

Yugoslavia
In April 1941, Italy invaded Yugoslavia, occupying large portions of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia, while directly annexing to Italy the Ljubljana Province, Gorski Kotar and Central Dalmatia, along with most Croatian islands. To suppress the mounting resistance led by the Slovenian and Croatian Partisans, the Italians adopted tactics of "summary executions, hostage-taking, reprisals, internments and the burning of houses and villages. To regain military momentum, the Italians persuaded the Chetniks to become their subordinates. Mario Roatta recruited Serbs to help counteract German control in Croatia. The Chetniks were to occupy territories cleared by Axis rastrellamenti instead of the pro-German Croatians. Roatta, like his fellow commanders, was wary that Wehrmacht generals would not honor Hitler’s repeated verbal promises to respect Italy’s long-standing imperial claims in Yugoslavia. In exchange for their cooperation, the Chetniks expected Italy to turn a blind eye while they avenged themselves against Muslims and conducted retaliatory raids on Croatian communities. Although Roatta did not support such vengeance due to the distress it caused in Zagreb, his occasional warnings to the Chetniks to restrain themselves were ineffective. Many field commanders preferred to spare their troops by using Chetniks and collaborators to undertake the unpleasant task of rooting out partisans. In May 1942 Mussolini told Mario Roatta, commander of the Italian 2nd Army, that "the best situation is when the enemy is dead. So we must take numerous hostages and shoot them whenever necessary." To implement this Roatta suggested the closure of the Province of Fiume and Croatia, the evacuation of people in the east of the former frontiers to a distance of 3–4 km inland, the organization of border patrols to kill anyone attempting to cross, the mass internment of "twenty to thirty thousand persons" to Italian concentration camps, burning down houses, and the confiscation of property from villagers suspected of having contact with Partisans for families of Italian soldiers. He also mentioned the need to extend the plan to Dalmatia and for the construction of concentration camps. Roatta insisted, "If necessary don't shy away from using cruelty. It must be a complete cleansing. We need to intern all the inhabitants and put Italian families in their place."

Italian concentration camps
In the Province of Ljubljana, alone, the Italians sent some 25,000 to 40,000 Slovene civilians to concentration camps, which equalled 7.5% to 12% of its total population. The Italians also sent tens of thousands of Croats, Serbs, Montenegrins and others to concentration camps, including many women and children. 80,000 people from Dalmatia (12% of the population) passed through various Italian concentration camps. 98,703 Montenegrin civilians (one-third of the entire population of Montenegro) were sent to Italian concentration camps. The operation, one of the most drastic in Europe, filled up many Italian concentration camps, such as Rab, Gonars, Monigo, Renicci di Anghiari, Molat and elsewhere. Among the 10,619 civilians held in October 1942 in just the Rab concentration camp, 3,413 were women and children, with children accounting for 1,422 of the prisoners. Over 3,500 internees died at Rab alone, including at least 163 children listed by name, giving it a mortality rate of 18%. Around 1,000 internees died in the Molat camp, while over 500 died in the Gonars camp, including 93 children. Concentration camp survivors received no compensation from the Italian state after the war.

Mass killings of civilians and hostages
In retaliation for Partisan actions during the Uprising in Montenegro, Italian forces, under the command of General Alessandro Pirzio Biroli, killed 74 Montenegrin civilians and captured Partisans in Pljevlja on 2 December 1941. Italian forces committed further massacres on 14 December 1941, in the villages of Babina Vlaka, Jabuka and Mihailovici, destroying homes and killing 120 Montenegrin civilians.

In early July 1942, Italian troops operating opposite Fiume were reported to have shot and killed 800 Croat and Slovene civilians and burned down 20 houses near Split on the Dalmatian coast. On 12 July 1942, Italian forces killed around 100 Croat civilians in the Podhum massacre, and deported another 889 civilians to concentration camps. Later that month, the Italian Air Force was reported to have practically destroyed four Yugoslav villages near Prozor, killing hundreds of civilians in revenge for a local guerrilla attack that resulted in the death of two high-ranking officers. In the second week of August 1942, Italian troops were reported to have burned down six Croatian villages and shot dead more than 200 civilians in retaliation for guerrilla attacks. In September 1942, the Italian Army was reported to have destroyed 100 villages in Slovenia and killed 7,000 villagers in reprisal for local guerrilla attacks.

On 16 November 1942, after a Partisan attack on a military truck convoy, Italian forces launched a combined and indiscriminate land, air and naval bombardment targeting the small Croatian town of Primošten in reprisal. Some 150 civilians were killed in the attack, nearby villages were also burned and 200 citizens were arrested.

Throughout January 1943, Italian forces belonging to the "Lombardia" and "Re" divisions, launched large anti-Partisan operations in the Lika region, around Gospić. During the operation, Italian forces razed 12 villages, destroying or burning around 2,806 homes and farms and killing 635 civilians.

During anti-Partisan operations in July 1943, Italian forces razed the village Žrnovnica and 23 surrounding hamlets. During these reprisals, Italian forces burned down about 900 houses, shot 97 civilians, interned 880 civilians and destroyed about 150 boats.

Italian authorities enacted a quota for civilian hostages to be shot in retaliation for Italian soldiers and citizens killed by Partisan attacks. In Dalmatia, five civilian hostages were to be executed for every Italian civilian killed and twenty civilian hostages were to be executed for every Italian officer or civil servant killed. Hostages were taken from the civilian population and were interned in concentration camps.

In other areas, the quota was more arbitrary. For example, Italian forces ordered the execution of 66 civilian hostages from Šibenik on 22 May 1943, in retaliation for 22 telegraph poles sabotaged by Partisans, a quota of three hostages for each telegraph pole damaged.

In Montenegro, the hostage quota was higher; in January 1942, the Governor of Montenegro ordered 50 civilian hostages to be executed for every Italian officer killed or wounded, and 10 civilian hostages to be executed for every Italian NCO and regular soldier killed or wounded.

Between 24 April and 24 June 1942, Italian forces executed more than 1,000 hostages from across the Province of Ljubljana. In the Šibenik district, 240 hostages were executed between 23 April and 15 June 1942, a further 470 civilians were killed in reprisals at the same time across other areas of Dalmatia. In late-June 1943, the Governor of Montenegro ordered the execution of 180 hostages from the Bar concentration camp.

On 11 October 1941, governor Giuseppe Bastianini, established the Extraordinary Tribunal for Dalmatia, a special judicial body operating within the Governorate of Dalmatia, with the task of judging political crimes and individuals belonging to Communist organizations. The Tribunal held four trials characterized by a hasty procedure without any guarantee for the accused, imposing forty-eight death sentences, of which thirty-five were executed, as well as thirty-seven prison sentences of different lengths.

A decree given by Mussolini on 24 October 1941, replaced the Extraordinary Tribunal with the Special Court for Dalmatia, which took over the tribunal's functionality and had wide jurisdiction. Like the Extraordinary Tribunal, the Special Court worked quickly, informally and arbitrarily. According to statistics from the Yugoslav State Commission of Crimes of the Occupier and Their Assistants, a total of 5,000 people became subject to proceedings in these Italian courts and the courts condemned 500 of them to death. The remainder were given punishments ranging from long prison sentences, being assigned to forced labour or being sent to concentration camps.

According to statistics collected through 1946 by the Commission for War Damages on the Territory of the People's Republic of Croatia, Italian authorities with their collaborators killed 30,795 civilians (not including those killed in concentration camps and prisons) in Dalmatia, Istria, Gorski Kotar and the Croatian Littoral, compared to 9,657 partisans.

In 2012, a Slovenian census determined that the Italian occupiers were responsible for the deaths of 6,400 Slovene civilians.

Other repressive anti-Partisan measures
On their own, or with their Nazi allies, the occupying Italian army undertook many armed actions, including brutal offensives intended to wipe out Partisan resistance. This included Case White in Bosnia, in which German, Italian and allied quisling forces killed 12,000 Partisans, plus 3,370 civilians, while sending 1,722 civilians to concentration camps. During the Case Black offensive, German, Italian and allied troops killed 7,000 Partisans (two-thirds of the total 22,000 Partisan force were killed or wounded), and executed 2,537 civilians. In Ljubljana Province, in July 1941, the Italian army assembled 80,000 well-armed troops to attack 2,500-3,000 poorly armed Partisans, who had liberated large portions of the Province. Italian general Mario Robotti issued commands for all persons caught with arms or false identification papers to be shot on the spot, while most other men of military age were to be sent to concentration camps. All buildings from which shots were fired on Italian troops, or in which ammunition was found, or the owners showed hospitality to Partisans, were to be destroyed. Italian troops were ordered to burn crops, kill livestock and burn villages which supported Partisans. To destroy the resistance, the Italian occupiers also completely surrounded the capital city of Ljubljana with barbed wire, bunkers and control points. Civilians, particularly families of partisans and their supporters, were sent by the tens of thousands to Italian concentration camps, and in a meeting in Gorizia in July 1942, between Italian generals and Mussolini, they agreed to forcefully deport all 330,000 inhabitants of Ljubljana Province, if necessary, and replace them with Italians.

None of the Italians responsible for the many war crimes against Yugoslavs - including Generals Roatta and Robotti, Fascist Commissar Emilio Grazioli, etc - were ever brought to trial.

Destruction of cultural heritage
In 1942 Italian fascist troops completely destroyed the remains of medieval Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew in Knin, in order to build themselves their barracks and concrete bunkers.

Greece
A similar phenomenon took place in Greece in the immediate postwar years. The Italian occupation of Greece was often brutal, resulting in reprisals such as the Domenikon Massacre. The Greek government claimed that Italian occupation forces destroyed 110,000 buildings and via various causes inflicted economic damage of $6 billion (1938 exchange rates) while executing 11,000 civilians; in terms of the percentage of direct and indirect destruction this was almost identical to the figures attributed to German occupation forces. The Italians also presided over the Greek famine while occupying the majority of the country, and along with the Germans were responsible for it by initiating a policy of wide-scale plunder of everything of value in Greece, including food for its occupation forces. Ultimately, the Greek famine led to the deaths of 300,000 Greek civilians. Pope Pius XII, in a contemporary letter, directly blamed the Fascist Italian government for the deaths in addition to the Germans: "Axis authorities in Greece are robbing the starving population of their entire harvest of corn, grapes, olives, and currants; even vegetables, fish, milk, and butter are being seized... Italy is the occupying power and Italy is responsible for the proper feeding of the Greek people... after the war the story of Greece will be an indelible blot on the good name of Italy, at any rate Fascist Italy."

After two Italian filmmakers were jailed in the 1950s for depicting the Italian invasion of Greece and the subsequent occupation of the country as a "soft war", the Italian public and media were forced to repress their collective memory. The repression of memory led to historical revisionism in Italy and in 2003, the Italian media published Silvio Berlusconi's statement that Benito Mussolini only "used to send people on vacation".

Albania
Italy invaded the Albanian Kingdom on 7 April 1939. Albania was quickly overrun by the 12 April 1939, forcing its ruler, King Zog, into exile, Albania was then made a part of the Italian Empire as a protectorate in personal union with the Italian Crown. Italian citizens began to settle in Albania as colonists and to own land so that they could gradually transform it into Italian soil. The Italianization of Albania was one of Mussolini's plans.

From 1940, growing Albanian resistance to Italian rule led to an increase in repressive and punitive measures against the Albanian population. From 14–18 July 1943, the Italian army conducted a large anti-Partisan operation in villages surrounding the town of Mallakastër, destroying 80 Albanian villages and killing hundreds of civilians. According to the Statistics of the Albanian National Institute of Resistance, the Italian occupiers were responsible for 28,000 dead, 12,600 wounded, 43,000 interned in concentration camps, 61,000 homes burned, 850 villages destroyed.

Libya
After the passing of the anti-Semitic Manifesto of Race in 1938, conditions worsened for the Jews of Libya.

In 1942, 2,600 Jews were sent by Italian authorities to the Giado concentration camp, where they remained until they were liberated by British forces in January 1943. 564 prisoners died from typhus and other privations.

The Soviet Union
In at least one recorded case, Italian forces taking part in the invasion of the Soviet Union, handed over a captured group of Jews to be killed by a German Einsatzkommando unit.

Italy
The oppression of Italian Jews began in 1938 with the enactment of Racial Laws of segregation by the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini. This changed in September 1943, when German forces occupied the country, installed the puppet state of the Italian Social Republic (RSI) and immediately began persecuting and deporting the Jews found there.

In November 1943, the Fascist authorities of the RSI declared Italian Jews to be of "enemy nationality" during the Congress of Verona and began to participate actively in the prosecution and arrest of Jews. Initially, after the Italian surrender, the Italian police had only assisted in the round-up of Jews when requested to do so by German authorities. With the Manifest of Verona, in which Jews were declared foreigners, and in times of war enemies, this changed. Police Order No. 5 on November 30, 1943, issued by Guido Buffarini Guidi, minister of the interior of the RSI, ordered the Italian police to arrest Jews and confiscate their property.

Approximately half of all Jews arrested during the Holocaust in Italy were arrested in 1944 by the Italian police.

Of the estimated 44,500 Jews living in Italy before September 1943, 7,680 were murdered during the Holocaust (mostly at Auschwitz), while nearly 37,000 survived.

List of Italian war criminals
This is a working list of Italian high-ranking military personnel or other officials involved in acts of war. It includes also such personnel of lower rank that were accused of grave breaches of the laws of war. Inclusion of a person does not imply that the person was qualified as a war criminal by a court of justice. As noted in the relevant section, very few cases have been brought to court due to diplomatic activities of, notably, the government of the United Kingdom and subsequent general abolition.

The criterion for inclusion in the list is the existence of reliable documented sources.
 * Benito Mussolini: In 1936, during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Mussolini ordered the manufacturing/purchase of hundreds of tons of yperite, phosgene, and fire munitions in the form of aerial bombs and artillery and mortar shells.
 * Pietro Badoglio: In 1936, during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Badoglio approved, as commander in chief of the Italian army, the use of poisonous gas against enemy troops.
 * Vincenzo Magliocco: During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Magliocco was one of the generals primarily responsible for carrying out orders to use chemical weapons. He was killed in action in 1936.
 * Rodolfo Graziani: In 1950, a military tribunal sentenced Graziani to prison for a term of 19 years (but released after a few months) as punishment for his collaboration with the Nazis, when he was Minister of Defense of the Italian Social Republic. He was a key figure in the Pacification of Libya and authorized the mass killing of Ethiopians known as Yekatit 12.
 * Pietro Maletti: During the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, Between May 18 and May 22, 1937, Italian and Libyan troops under the command of Maletti massacred between 1700 and 2100 people at the Debre Libanos Monastery, including all 297 monks and 23 lay people who served the monastery, and the many pilgrims who had come to celebrate the patron saint of the monastery. Maletti was killed in action in 1940.
 * Emilio De Bono: Key figure in the Pacification of Libya. Ardent proponent of the use of poison gas and concentration camps, which resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of civilians. Responsible for mass death sentences against resistance fighters. In 1944, De Bono was executed after being convicted at the Verona trial.
 * Alessandro Pirzio Biroli: The Governor of the Italian governorate of Montenegro. He ordered that fifty Montenegrin civilians be executed for every Italian killed, and ten be executed for every Italian wounded. Biroli never stood trial and died in 1962.

A number of names of Italians can be found in the CROWCASS list established by the Anglo-American Allies of the individuals wanted by Yugoslavia and Greece for war crimes.
 * Mario Roatta: In 1941–1943, during the 22-month existence of the Province of Ljubljana, Roatta ordered the deportation of 25,000 people, which equalled 7.5% of the total population. The operation, one of the most drastic in Europe, filled up Italian concentration camps on the island of Rab, in Gonars, Monigo (Treviso), Renicci d'Anghiari, Chiesanuova and elsewhere. The survivors received no compensation from the Italian state after the war. He had, as the commander of the 2nd Italian Army in Province of Ljubljana, ordered besides internments also summary executions, hostage-taking, and burning of houses and villages, for which after the war the Yugoslav government sought unsuccessfully to have him extradited for war crimes. He was quoted as saying "Non dente per dente, ma testa per dente" ("Not a tooth for a tooth but a head for a tooth"), while Robotti was quoted as saying "Non si ammazza abbastanza!" ("There are not enough killings") in 1942. "On 1 March 1942, he (Roatta) circulated a pamphlet entitled '3C' among his commanders that spelled out military reform and draconian measures to intimidate the Slav populations into silence by means of summary executions, hostage-taking, reprisals, internments and the burning of houses and villages. By his reckoning, military necessity knew no choice, and law required only lip service. Roatta's merciless suppression of partisan insurgency was not mitigated by his having saved the lives of both Serbs and Jews from the persecution of Italy's allies Germany and Croatia. Under his watch, the 2nd Army's record of violence against the Yugoslav population easily matched the Germans. Tantamount to a declaration of war on civilians, Roatta's '3C' pamphlet involved him in war crimes." One of Roatta's soldiers wrote home on July 1, 1942: "We have destroyed everything from top to bottom without sparing the innocent. We kill entire families every night, beating them to death or shooting them." As noted by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Mussolini government, Galeazzo Ciano, when describing a meeting with the secretary general of the Fascist party who wanted Italian army to kill all Slovenes: "(...) I took the liberty of saying they (the Slovenes) totalled one million. It doesn't matter – he replied firmly – we should model ourselves upon ascari (auxiliary Eritrean troops infamous for their cruelty) and wipe them out'."
 * Mario Robotti: Commander of the Italian 11th Division in Slovenia and Croatia, issued an order in line with a directive received from Mussolini in June 1942: "I would not be opposed to all (sic) Slovenes being imprisoned and replaced by Italians. In other words, we should take steps to ensure that political and ethnic frontiers coincide." This qualified as ethnic cleansing policy.
 * Nicola Bellomo was an Italian general who was tried and found guilty for killing a British prisoner of war and wounding another in 1941. He was one of the few Italians to be executed for war crimes by the Allies, and the only one executed by the British military.
 * Italo Simonitti, a captain in the Italian Social Republic's 4th Monterosa Alpine division, was executed for his involvement in the 1945 execution of an American prisoner. He was the only Italian war criminal to be executed by the U.S. military. Simonitti's subordinate, Benedetto Pilon, received a life sentence. He was later transferred to Italian custody, but freed under an amnesty by Minister of Justice Attilio Piccioni in January 1951.
 * Pietro Caruso was chief of the Fascist police in Rome while it was occupied by the Germans. He helped organize the Ardeatine massacre in March 1944. After Rome was liberated by the Allies he was tried that September by an Italian Court and subsequently executed.
 * Guido Buffarini Guidi was the Minister of the Interior for the Italian Social Republic; shortly after the end of the war in Europe he was found guilty of war crimes by an Italian court and executed.
 * Pietro Koch was head of the Banda Koch, a special task force of the Corpo di Polizia Repubblicana dedicated to hunting down partisans and rounding up deportees. His ruthless extremism was cause for concern even to his fellow fascists, who had him arrested in October 1944. Then he came into Allied captivity and was later convicted of war crimes by an Italian court and executed.

title: Italian war crimes


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Penda of Mercia

Penda of Mercia
How's it look? OK, no image, but the policy says that's not an absolute requirement in a difficult case. Maybe a map? Well, that's not within my means, it seems. Anyway, I'd like to be able to expand this further, but my options are kinda limited. I've pretty much exhausted all the sources available to me. Maybe I can expand it a little more with a bit more referenced historical speculation, but even there I'm scraping the bottom of the barrel. Suggestions for improvement are welcome. Everyking 23:40, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. it really does need a map, even just a CIA one with a blob on it showing where Mercia was.  A picture of one of the battlefields would be nice, too. Mark1 00:16, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Nobody knows exactly where the battles were fought. Even general locations are uncertain, much less battlefields. If you can find a map I can use, be my guest. Believe me when I say it ain't easy. Everyking 00:19, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I should also point out that the frontiers are less than certain and expecting me to draw a map like that is expecting way too much. I'm not willing to be accountable for drawing some map that gets something wrong. Therefore it would need to be something attributable to a source, so some historian can take the blame for errors. Everyking 00:22, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * . I don't expect you to draw a map. I don't expect the article to be featured.  But both would be good. Mark1 00:50, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How do I know that wouldn't be a copyvio? You can add it if you want, but I don't want to do it myself. Everyking 01:01, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I wasn't suggesting that you add that particular picture (although it looks old enough to be out of copyright- some sleuthing could make psure): my point is just that a map of Mercia is entirely doable. Mark1 02:56, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't doubt that I can do it; my point was that the frontiers are obscure to the point where any map for this particular period would be quite speculative, and while I don't object to using a map credited to a historian, I'm not willing to go out on a limb about it myself. Everyking 05:58, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. 1) Needs a picture. If no pictures of Penda himself are available, I'm sure there are plenty of other relevant images to be found. A map would be a good idea, too. 2) The references need to be mentioned separately from the notes (either in addition to, or drawing the full references from the notes). That would make it much clearer. 3) Add context, lots of context. Where on earth is Mercia (central England)? Why is it relevant Penda is a descendant of Woden (he is the most improtant Germanic god)? Etc. etc. etc. 4) It's great that this article is so well references and footnoted, but I feel the article is a bit too much "uncertain". Nearly every fact or so is specifically placed in the words of a certain reference, which gives me a feeling that "most of this may not be true". I know that is not the case, but that is just how the article feels to me. If parts are widely agreed upon, this shouldn't be necessary. Perhaps you can put a few more "Book X says" into the footnotes? Jeronimo 07:34, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it's really all pretty obscure. I don't know how to make the notes separate from the references. How would that work? And this is a bio article on one ruler. I'm not sure I should give so much context. I mean, where would that lead us? I think it's better to be minimal about it. When you say you are sure there are plenty of images available, I assure you that you are wrong. Everyking 07:53, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Separate references and notes: simple. Make a heading "References", put all the book/article details in there. In the notes, just refer to these as "Johnson 1999" or so. Context: Yes, this needs to be there. Most of the contenxt can be given by adding one or a few words, a sentence in some cases. This makes the article much more readable. There's no use in looking up one term in an encyclopedia and then looking up several more because you have no idea what they mean. So I think you can be pretty minimal about it, just not sub-minimal. I noticed a rewrite in the lead section, simply yet effective - exactly what I meant. Jeronimo 18:57, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think I see what you are saying. I don't know, though. The way it is now seems to work pretty effectively. That system might just duplicate reference info for no real benefit. Everyking 19:21, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * After thinking about it, I would have to agree that separating them is good. Each cited work can go in the references section, and the notes section should list just what is normally in an endnotes section or similar: the last name and page number(s). It would make it all clearer and more standard, at no real cost. - Taxman 02:51, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, after I get some sleep I'll take a shot at this, presuming I don't have some mood swing in the meantime. Everyking 03:03, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I currently consider point 1) and 2) of my original objection resolved. My points on 3) and 4) still stand. One of the specific examples mentioned under 3) is still in the article as it was, and nothing has changed regarding 4) (nor has my opinion about it). Jeronimo 18:39, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I will flatly not address point 4. That would make the article potentially inaccurate and I will not do it. I care more about accuracy than addressing your objection. I don't think you understand how obscure this period is, and how very little historians are certain of about it. Everyking 20:41, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I see your point. I still feel the article would become more readable if you would not mention a source in full text every two sentences. It seems a common practice in scientific texts to either add the cited sources in brackets (e.g. [Johnson88]) or in a footnote, as I suggested in my first objection. I feel this would improve the article's readability a lot, while it would not harm it's accuracy or verifiability. What do you think? Jeronimo 08:06, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I will go through the article later and see if I can find any unnecessary cites to remove. I don't know if I'll find any. Personally, I think having so much cited simply enhances the article's credibility. Anybody who reads it will know that all the information is derived either from primary sources or published, credible historians. Ask anybody and they will tell you that Wikipedia's biggest problem is the question of whether you can trust what you are reading. Thorough referencing is the way to counter this criticism. Also, keep in mind that a great majority of the article is simply speculation: for example, historians are pretty sure that Eowa died at Maserfield. But whose side was he on? What was his political position relative to Penda at the time? There is no consensus on this stuff. It's just guesswork. I'm also not quite sure what you mean when you're proposing alternative citing. How exactly does that differ from what I'm using? One time I used brackets to cite things in a FAC article before and got shot down for it, so I'm not going to do that. Everyking 08:45, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that Everyking has a very valid point here. The places in the article in which he is most likely to cite source documents are those places where the sources disagree.  In order to discuss the various theories and guesses of historians it is vital to know on which sources these theories depend.  When dealing with assertions made by various authors you are not dealing with facts, but assertions.  To write "King X was at such and such battle on such and such date (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, enty for year Y)", is to give the impression that we in fact know that where King X was on such and such date, when in what we actually know is that one source claims that he was.  Other sources may claim other things.  The bracketed scientific style of citation works great when citing secondary research and (in sciences) primary research that was published in the modern period. It works less well for medieval and ancient sources.  For example, the Historia Brittonum, which Everyking uses, does not have a known author, (it is traditionally ascribed to "Nennius", but that has been shown to be spurious), or a known publication date.  That leaves only the title of the work to put in the bracket, at which point you might as well get rid of the ugly brackets and write "The Historia Brittonum says...".  Dsmdgold 11:44, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Guys, don't get me wrong: I have nothing against citing sources. By all means, cite. But this article reads like a big "source X says Y" story, and there are several points where that is no need to do so in the text. Take for example the first section: "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives his descent as follows: (...) 3.", with the note referring to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. No competing sources are given, nothing. Why not just write: his descent was as follows (...)3? Makes it easier to read for me. BTW, objection 3) has still not been addressed either. Jeronimo 21:02, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain. A picture would convince me to support. And I think that for such a long article (with subarticles) lead should be longer then one paragraph. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 10:17, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. This is a good article. It could sure use a picture of Penda, and perhaps more other images (more maps, perhaps some relicts or arechological digs, etc.). But the content is good enough that I support now. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 15:48, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I can live with it not having any pictures, but I would go against featuring it on the Main Page given the lack of pictures. The introduction is still very short; I think the current consensus seems to be for two paragraphs or sometimes three. JuntungWu 14:19, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You think? Well, I'll see if I can expand it somehow, then. But it does pretty much cover the basic facts. And it doesn't matter to me if it never goes on the main page, although if it did someone could just stick a map of Britain in there and that'd probably suffice for that purpose. Everyking 14:49, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Personally I like longer intros, because if I am looking for some quick facts on a topic I would only read the first few paragraphs. JuntungWu 14:51, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * By the way do you want to take a look at this map here? I don't know if it's accurate, I am no historian. JuntungWu 14:54, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW it's a support vote. I didn't make that clear. JuntungWu 02:35, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, but yes it does need some sort of at least representative image to be picked for when it is on the main page. Some artifact representative of the times would be fine I would think. Also since there is no hard and fast consensus on how references should be formatted, I think this way is just fine, and it is very nice that specific points are backed up with sources. Great job. - Taxman 14:59, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that would work, but I'm not aware of a photograph of one. I guess we could use the image on Sutton Hoo, which is contemporary to the period but East Anglian and not Mercian. There's also a coin that apparently says either Penda or Peada (could be either), but I haven't ever seen a picture of it. Everyking 15:05, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support: I think this article is very comprehensive.  Some of the criticisms here are a little unfair - the lead is concise and covers all salient points - what's the point of rambling on unnecessarily? - Lack of  relevant images is a pity, I just spent an hour confidently flicking through out of copyright history books for one, but have given up.  The Penda coin would be good, but the copyright problem would still probably have to be overcome.  One can't manufacture images just to satisfy a criteria, so this page will just have to be featured without them. Giano 15:27, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Comprehensive and well-written. A missing image is not a good reason to not feature this interesting article. I slightly dislike the way the references are done (like Jeronimo, I prefer separating references and notes), but as Taxman points out, there is no clear consensus concerning this issue. I should add that I actually very much like the way the notes are done; I didn't know this fn/fnb template.  — mark ✎ 00:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: What to do about the objections based on the lack of an image? I'd love to have an image, but I just don't know if it's realistic, and I don't want the nomination to fail just because of that. Everyking 02:12, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * To clarify, I don't object on the basis that every FAC must have an image: that isn't a FA requirement. I do object on the basis that a map would significantly improve the article and is entirely feasible. Mark1 02:57, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, fine then. I don't have a map to use, but hopefully someone else does. Problematically the map would probably be pretty anachronistic, Mercia in Offa's time or afterwards, anyway. Everyking 03:00, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The "Note 1:" style for the endnotes looks messy. If you get rid of the italics and the "note," then I'll support this excellent article (excellent work, EK). By the way, an image is NOT a FA requirement. Neutralitytalk 03:06, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I actually didn't format it that way, but it does have some advantages: you can link back to the text from the notes, and it consumes less article space. Everyking 03:12, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The Note 1: text is automatically generated by the / templates. It is poorly documented at Footnotes where Neutrality has started a discussion about changing it on the talk page. I think that would be the proper place to discuss this "global" issue. (Note 1: I introduced the templates to this page and have no opinion about their format, although I like their functionality.) Rmhermen 15:33, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've been periodically working on reworking the references/notes system. If anyone doesn't like it so far, tell me so I don't end up putting too much time into it. Everyking 18:31, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think its great and should become more frequent, would not have been so good for but an excellent  idea on a site where all authors have to be taken on trust, but not so obligatory where editors could not add that little piece of gathered information absorbed by a genuine interest in a subject that comes from God know's where.Giano 19:25, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Object The inclusion of a map that has well defined borders forces me, sadly to, object. This is so anachronistic as to be inacurate.  Support This is a well done article and Everyking has handled some very sparse source material very well.  Some comments.  I would like to see some mention that it is a widely held theory that the penny coin is named after Penda. Many commenters have expressed a desire for an image of some sort of or a for a map.  For me, the presence of a map with clearly drawn borders would be grounds for objection.  Such a map would be anachronistic on a few grounds. First there is no way to accurately determine the "borders" for any of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. The evidence just does not exist.  Second any map we found would most likely represent the "borders" of Mercia in the wrong era. However, the strongest reason is that to draw a map with borders would imply that such a thing as clearly delineated borders existed. This would be pushing a much later concept into a society that did not have it.  The best solution would be for someone to find a PD outline map of the island and insert the names of the various kingdoms at the center of power for each kingdom and leave out the borders entirely. As for finding a PD picture of an artifact from the era, if you want something from Mercia in the middle of the 7th century, you are up for a very difficult search.  There is no two dimensional art from that time and place surviving.  Any image of three dimensional art would almost certainly have copyright issues, that is assuming you could find any.  (There is a project to put images of every piece of Anglo-Saxon sculpture on the web - here - that might have something, but it would have to clear copyright). There are a few surviving Anglo-Saxon buildings from this period.  I don't know that there are any from Mercia, but St Peter-on-the-Wall, in Essex is from about the right period.  (The article has pictures released under the GFDL.) Dsmdgold 02:22, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Damned if I do and damned if I don't, ain't I? Everyking 23:04, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems that way, sorry. Dsmdgold 23:07, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * If I'm going to get an objection either way, I'll just leave it in. I see no major problem with it. I wrote in the caption that it only illustrates the general locations. Everyking 23:30, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The new map is much better. Dsmdgold 23:25, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Would a vague sort of map like this be helpful? Rmhermen 17:10, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's just a black screen for me. Probably a browser issue or something? Everyking 20:10, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * SOme kind of conversion problem. [[Image:Penda foes.GIF|Here]] it is as a GIF. Rmhermen 02:00, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not to be too picky, but could we replace "Northumberland" with "Northumbria"? And maybe add Deira to the south of Bernicia, and (to be especially picky) inch "Gwynedd" just a bit to the west? Everyking 02:05, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It would be especially nice if the area in question could be blown up a bit and Ireland and most of Scotland cropped out. And those modern borders on there are a bit of a nuisance. Everyking 02:09, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And, um, Mercia slightly to the northwest, and East Anglia slightly southeast..? Ha, sorry. Everyking 02:06, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have uploaded an antique map - I cand find more if needs be. --Oldak Quill 00:42, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've still got a long way to go on the reformating of the notes & references, but even now it's already gotten very long and has increased the article size past 32KB. What to do? Everyking 01:01, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think size matters, so long as an article is not ridiculously huge content is more important. John Vanbrugh is to be on the front page very soon and that was way past 32KB last time I looked. No idea what a navigation bar is, but everything is OK on my screen.  It's a great page - keep going. Giano 13:31, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There are a few sentences I could maybe move to the articles on the battles...maybe create a separate article for the 628 Wessex battle, even though it hasn't been given any "name" by historians? I guess we could just ignore the 32KB limit, but I hate doing that. Everyking 14:40, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's just a personal hate of long articles then it's up to you, but if you are just unsure have you seen this . One of the problems about long articles is that the images take a while to download, but this is hardly a problem here - is it?  Don't be too quick to hack it up Giano 15:41, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The navigation bar is really getting lost below the large Notes and References sections. Could it be moved ahead of them? Rmhermen 02:00, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Navigation bar...I don't know what that is.. Everyking 02:05, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I was referening to the box with the next king/previous king, etc. Rmhermen 13:48, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Nice to have the references separated from the notes. I didn't care much about the layout of the footnotes, but I must say I agree with Neutrality that it looks better this way. Furthermore, I wouldn't worry about the length — I have the feeling that the 32kb limit is a bit out of date.  — mark ✎ 22:43, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks...it is pretty long with the separate notes and references, but I'll see if I can condense it at all once I'm done changing the format. There isn't a whole lot left to say about Penda in any case—a handful of minor issues I'd eventually like to address in a paragraph or two—so maybe length won't be an issue. Everyking 23:40, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - the issue of the map can be sorted out later. I suggest placing it in the request for images section. - Ta bu shi da yu 23:56, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've added the map kindly uploaded by User:OldakQuill. Hopefully this is adequate to satisfy the early objections that were based on the absence of an image. I would prefer a map that did not try to define the borders and that also illustrated the locations of the known minor kingdoms and peoples (some of which play a part in Penda's life story), but I believe this will suffice for now. Everyking 01:21, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: the conversion of the notes/references format is finally complete. The text now links to the notes, while the notes link further to the reference section. Everyking 00:12, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -  Banyan Tree  18:02, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
ABLA Homes

ABLA Homes (Jane Addams Homes, Robert Brooks Homes, Loomis Courts, and Grace Abbott Homes) was a Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) public housing development that comprised four separate public housing projects on the Near-West Side of Chicago, Illinois. The name "ABLA" was an acronym for the names of the four different housing developments that together constituted one large site: Addams, Brooks (including the Robert Brooks Extension), Loomis, and Abbott, totaling 3,596 units. It spanned from Cabrini Street on the north end to 15th Street on the south end, and from Blue Island Avenue on the east end to Ashland Avenue on the west end. Most of the ABLA Homes have been demolished for the development of Roosevelt Square, a new mixed-income community by The Related Companies, with the renovated Brooks Homes being the only part left. For most of its existence, the ABLAs held more than 17,000 residents (though only 8,500 were officially on the lease), giving it the second largest population in the CHA. It was second only to the Robert Taylor Homes and Cabrini–Green in land area and had a higher occupancy than Cabrini–Green.

Jane Addams and Grace Abbott Homes
The Jane Addams Homes (one of the first three public housing projects in Chicago) consisted of 32 buildings of 2, 3, and 4 stories (987 units) built in 1938 by Franklin D. Roosevelt's PWA Program. They housed hundreds of families over several decades until they were vacated in 2002. They were famous for their animal sculptures in the court area.

The buildings have largely been demolished. The one remaining building at 1322-24 West Taylor Street is being incorporated into plans for a new National Public Housing Museum, as part of the International Sites of Conscience. Originally made up of 7 15-story buildings and 33 2-story rowhouse buildings (1,198 units), the Grace Abbott Homes were built in 1955. In 2005, four of the high-rise buildings were demolished, and the rest were demolished by 2007. This property is planned to be redeveloped in Phases 3-6 of the new Roosevelt Square mixed-income community.

Robert Brooks Homes and Extensions/Loomis Courts
The Robert Brooks Homes were built in 1943 with 835 rowhouse units and was rebuilt in two phases between 1997 and 2000. The renovations reduced the housing density, resulting in 330 housing units. In 2005, the site was repurposed and became part of a new mixed-income development called Roosevelt Square.

The Robert Brooks extensions were built in 1961 and were made up of three 16-story buildings (450 units). One of the three buildings, Racine, was demolished in 1998. The remaining two buildings were demolished in 2001.

The Loomis Courts were built in 1951, and the 126-unit complex consisted of two seven-story buildings. Instead of coming from public housing funds, project funding came from city and state funds. In 2005, the CHA started a 2-phase rehabilitation process that preserved the property as affordable rental housing.

Cross Ashland
Just west of the ABLA's was a small neighborhood affectionately known as "'cross Ashland," named for the southern twang where many residents of the downtown and the projects pronounced its location. Bordered by Ashland Ave. to the east, Western Ave. on the west, the 15th Pl. train tracks to the south and Roosevelt Rd. on the north. This area originally went as far north as Polk, pre-dating the Medical district. Many black and Jewish people lived in the area through much of the 20th century until the late sixties when most Jews, Poles, and Italians moved away. Cross Ashland also extended east all the way to Halsted. Before the ABLA homes were constructed many black people worked at the various rail yard companies at 15th St. before the companies all moved to foreign lands and the suburbs. They were proud to leave the oppressive south and work arduous hours to feed families and attend barbecues. In 2005 this community of roughly 10,000 in the fifties and 5,000 in the nineties was eventually brought to an end in a mass fire sale to land developers. Today the Cross Ashland area remains underdeveloped save for the new FBI building and University Police Station.

Crime and violence
The housing projects were plagued by street gangs, drugs, and violent crimes. Most notably, the ABLA development was controlled by factions of the Black Gangster Disciples. In mid-1986, break-ins by entry through bathroom medicine cabinets began occurring in the Abbott buildings. The bathrooms in the apartments at the end of each floor were separated by only two feet of crawl space. Space was generally created for plumbers and janitors to have easy access to the pipes in the buildings.

Ruth Mae McCoy
On April 22, 1987, 52-year-old Ruth Mae McCoy was murdered by a person or persons who entered her 11th floor Abbott apartment (1440 W. 13th St.) through her bathroom cabinet sometime between 8:50 PM and 9:05 PM. McCoy called 9-1-1 at 8:45 that evening to report that someone in the apartment next door was coming through her bathroom cabinet. The 9-1-1 operator contacted the police, summarizing the situation as a "disturbance with a neighbor". The police did not arrive until after two more 9-1-1 calls came through between 8:50-9:04 PM about screaming and gunshots coming from McCoy's apartment. Police arrived around 9:10 PM, and after their knocks went unanswered, they attempted to enter the apartment using a key given to them by an attendant in the housing office, but left the premises when the key failed to work. The next evening, 9-1-1 received a call from McCoy's neighbor worried and concerned about her whereabouts, considering she had seen police at her door the night before and she still had not seen McCoy. Chicago Police and CHA security guards arrived back at McCoy's apartment. After the knocks and calls for McCoy went unanswered, officers suggested breaking the door down, but were cautioned not to by CHA security guards. The following evening, a CHA official arrived at McCoy's door with a carpenter who drilled the lock on the door. McCoy was found lying on her bedroom floor shot four times – in her left shoulder, left thigh, the right side of her abdomen, and right upper arm. Two men, Ted Turner, then aged 18, and John Honduras, 21, were charged with murder, home invasion, armed robbery, armed violence, and residential burglary. Witnesses claim that they saw the two men carrying McCoy's 19-inch color TV and rocking chair around the project in the early morning hours after her death. Due to lack of evidence, the charges against the two men were dropped after two years of the trial. The victim's daughter, Vernita McCoy, sued the Chicago Housing Authority for the cause of her mother's death in 1988. The murder may have partially inspired the idea for Candyman, the horror film.

Existing conditions
ABLA once held over 17,000 residents but due to redevelopment, only 2,100 residents remain. Throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Little Italy neighborhood (and inner city Chicago in general) underwent a significant period of gentrification resulting in almost all of the Chicago Housing Authority's projects being demolished or slated for redevelopment. The University Village redevelopment of the general Maxwell Street neighborhood and the expansion of the south campus of University of Illinois at Chicago also contributed to the end of ABLA.

CHA Plan for Transformation
The CHA's redevelopment plan for ABLA is named Roosevelt Square and includes 1,467 public housing units, of which 329 units were completed in 2000 as part of a complete rehab of the Brooks Homes and 383 off-site CHA replacement units were newly constructed. Construction of the remaining 775 on-site mixed-income units at Roosevelt Square began in 2004. ABLA's new physical design includes traditional Chicago-style buildings including single family homes and six-flat structures. In June 2005, the Chicago Park District reopened Fosco Park, a 57000 sqft community center which includes an indoor swimming pool, gymnasium, and a new daycare facility. A Jewel/Osco supermarket opened near ABLA in January 2002. The redevelopment plan also includes an integrated "campus" green space with Smyth School and Duncan YMCA. A new fire and police station was constructed near ABLA.

The "vill"
The common nickname for the ABLA homes is "the village", or "the vill". Due to their proximity to downtown and the UIC Medical Center/University, the ABLAs can be seen in several films and television programs:

 * The 80s police drama Hill Street Blues was set at a police station located two blocks east of ABLA. Stories from the show often involved situations there.
 * In the 1987 film Next Of Kin many scenes were filmed in and around ABLA, most notably one in which Patrick Swayze hides from his pursuers inside the Robert Brooks Extension and bribes a young child to misdirect them.
 * In the 2001 film Hardball, Keanu Reeves (who plays as Conor O'Neill) coaches a ragtag bunch of kids on an inner-city little league team. Almost half the film was shot at ABLA.
 * Several episodes of ER, Chicago Hope and Early Edition have filmed scenes in and around the ABLA homes.

title: ABLA Homes


text:
Talk:Naperville Central High School

Construction and building size information comes from the Naperville Sun, 23 March 2005 edition. As this is a public institution, such data is automatically public domain.

I would like to request any further additions to the "Sports and Extracurricular" section to be made as fluid as possible. It is sometimes very hard to read as various achievements are mixed with other sports. Damneinstien 07:05, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Copying the discussion from the Naperville Central page to this page, as the information is still valid, as long as someone keeps incorrectly altering the nicknames for the various portions of the building, and getting their construction chronology incorrect.

The "FLAT WING" is an ADDITION. The "THREE STORY WING" or whatever they're calling it these days, is the 1950s building, the old Naperville Community High School. The Dedication plaque was STILL THERE in the early 1990s.

Signed, a 1993 graduate.

The "three story wing" still is called the same today (December, 2004). And the school has had several different names! When the alumni web team put together the database we left one of the names out and it caused confusion for some of our older graduates! So, yes, NCHS has been known as: Naperville Community High School, Naperville High School, and Naperville Central High School. The dedication plaque for the original building has never been moved or changed. We now have a couple more in addition to that original one from 1952.

It may be of interest to some that we also have several "temporary" or "portable" additions to our building to house the extra 305+ students we have now. There are six classrooms in a "portable" sitting at the rear of the current structure (in the "courtyard" of the the three story wing") sort of in the middle of a parking area looking down towards the football field). The additional two classrooms are in the grassy area just off the "flat wing" near Aurora Ave.  After so many additions to the building it was assumed we would not need to house more than 2700 students.  However, we keep growing!

I hope this helps with some of the concerns about our school. It is a great place to work and learn! Signed, Jane Sharka, NCHS Librarian

Possible new text sections
Foreign exchanges: The German classes did (do?) exchanges with the Humboldt Gymnasium in Solingen, Germany. The French and Spanish classes had (have?) active exchanges as well. The school has also hosted many exchange students on semester/year-long exchanges. --JohnDBuell 20:31, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

"Established" date
The current building was constructed/dedicated in 1952, but the Naperville Community High School dates back much further. How much further I couldn't tell you without contacting someone at NCHS, but the old High School was on Washington Street prior to completion of the current building.... --JohnDBuell 21:10, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Kristin Schar?
She was previously listed as "Librarian" in the "Notable Alumni" list. Why is she notable? -- Mike Vitale  19:58, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Naperville Central High School logo.png
Image:Naperville Central High School logo.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 00:38, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:26, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Assessment
I am assessing this article for WikiProject Schools after a request. This is a long article and I am giving it C-class for now. For B-class and higher the article will need improved referencing, some sections are missing references completely or at least have gaps. The referencing should probably also be reorganised to use cite web and other templates if possible. The lead could be a bit longer, as well as the history section if it is correct the school goes back to 1863, the current history section is only going back to the 1950s. For importance this seems borderline between mid and high, the high importance group is rather exclusive so the requirements are high. The mummy and alumni are certainly good signs of importance but I am not fully convinced on giving high importance at this time. Camaron · Christopher · talk 20:08, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Tiffany Teen
Shouldn't there be mention of her here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.252.89.109 (talk) 21:14, 9 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Who? --JohnDBuell (talk) 17:35, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

2013 US News rankings are out
Central came in third of the three Naperville high schools (counting Neuqua, but not WVHS or MVHS). State Rank is #35 (http://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/illinois/rankings?int=c0b4c1), national rank is #919. --JohnDBuell (talk) 17:36, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Naperville Central High School


text:
Thalit massacre

The Thalit massacre took place in Thalit village (Médéa, near Ksar el Boukhari), some 70 km from Algiers, on April 3–4, 1997 during the Algerian Civil War. Fifty-two out of the 53 inhabitants were killed by having their throats cut during a 12-hour rampage. The homes of the villagers were burned down afterward. The attack was attributed to "Islamist guerrillas", thought to be affiliated with the Armed Islamic Group.

title: Thalit massacre


text:
User talk:Mz252704

a good man of solid character

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9b/BreakfastforTwo.JPG.jpg

File:BreakfastforTwo.JPG.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:BreakfastforTwo.JPG.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 01:38, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mz252704


text:
Momin Khan Momin

Momin Khan Momin (Moʾmin Xān Moʾmin; 1800 – 14 May 1852) was a late Mughal era poet known for his Urdu ghazals. A lesser-known contemporary of Ghalib and Zauq, he used "Momin" as his pen name. His grave is located in the Mehdiyan cemetery in Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi.

Life
Momin Khan 'Momin' was born in Delhi into a Muslim family of Kashmiri origin. His father, Ghulam Nabi Khan, was a Hakeem (physician of traditional/Unani medicine). Momin Khan received training in the family profession from a young age and himself became a hakim, due to which he is often referred to in contemporary accounts as "Hakeem Khan," Hakeem being the Urdu word for physician. However, his bent was for poetry and he soon became known more as an accomplished poet. His interest received a fillip due to the associations he unwittingly gained through marriage. In 1823, Momin married to a girl belonged to the family of zamindar (land owner). The marriage became unsuccessful, and he separated from his wife. He later married Anjuman-un-Nisa Begum, a relative of Urdu poet and Sufi saint Khwaja Mir Dard. They had a son, Ahmad Nasir Khan, and a daughter, Muhammadi Begum. Momin died after accidentally falling from the roof of his house on 24 Rajab 1268 Hijri (14 May 1852) at the age of 52.

Momin was something of a polymath, with several interests apart from medicine and poetry. He was also competent in mathematics, geomancy, astrology, chess and Hindustani music.

Works

Momin’s main body of work includes a diwan and six masnavis.

Momin is known for his particular Persianized style and the beautiful use of his 'takhallus'. According to legend, Mirza Ghalib (his contemporary and also a rival) offered Momin his entire diwan (collection of poetry) in exchange for a particular verse of Momin. However, most modern poets believe this claim as an 'exaggeration' which poets commonly indulged in at that time. This exaggeration was usually done to emphasise some thing. The couplet in question was:
 * "Tum mērē pās hōtē hō gōyā
 * Jab kō'ī dūsrā nahīⁿˡ hotā"
 * "Tum mērē pās hōtē hō gōyā
 * Jab kō'ī dūsrā nahīⁿˡ hotā"

which translates to:
 * You are close to me [as if]
 * When no one else is.

This couplet's beauty is in its succinctness and multiple layers of meaning. One of the meanings is When you're with me(on my mind), no-one else is and a second meaning/interpretation is You are with me (on my side), when no-one else is. The two meanings emerge by the use of words gōyā and jab (when)."

One of his very famous ghazals starts with the following matla (the first line of the opening couplet of a ghazal).

 * Woh jō ham mēⁿ tum mēⁿ qarār tḣā; tumhēⁿ yād hō, keh nah yād hō:
 * Wohī, yaʿnī waʿdah nibāh kā; tumhēⁿ yād hō, keh nah yād hō

 * That understanding which we had between us... whether you remember it or not...
 * That promise of trust and faithfulness...whether you remember it or not...

title: Momin Khan Momin


text:
Orenstein

There are several notable people with the surname Orenstein.
 * Alexander Jeremiah Orenstein, South African medical scientist and army general
 * Henry Orenstein, American poker player and entrepreneur
 * Henry Orenstein (painter), Canadian artist
 * Howard Orenstein, American lawyer and politician
 * Joan Orenstein, Canadian actress
 * Leo Orenstein, Canadian television producer and director
 * Peggy Orenstein, American writer
 * Toby Orenstein, an American theatrical director, producer, and educator
 * Walter Orenstein, American vaccinologist
 * Zigu Ornea (born Orenstein or Ornstein), Romanian cultural historian

title: Orenstein


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Madeline Haithcock

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect

Madeline Haithcock
Another aldernman, returning 346 hits on google. The article reads, in full: "Madeline Haithcock is a Chicago Alderman for Chicago's 2nd Ward." What makes this person worthy of inclusion on Wikipedia? GRider\talk 23:44, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, under the bar of notability for me. Megan1967 05:37, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral, leaning towards merge with the rest of Category:Chicago Alderman into Chicago aldermen. See also Votes for deletion/George Cardenas. —Korath (Talk) 08:07, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as argued in similar cases. Chicago aldermen inherently notable, certainly potential for an article. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:54, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please forgive my ignorance on Chicago alderman, but what makes all of them so significantly notable, or more notable than a Chicago public high school, that they each need their own individual article? GRider\talk 21:03, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a sub-sub-...-sub-stub. --Neigel von Teighen 21:08, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge all these aldermen into a list. I entirely fail to see their notability, but there seems to be a lot of them so a list would be appropriate. Radiant! 09:07, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Deletioncruft.--Centauri 12:07, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Chicago aldermen. See also Deletion_policy/Local_politicians. Android79 00:52, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, sub-sub-stub. JamesBurns 06:19, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Chicago aldermen.Mikkalai 22:20, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)