text:
User talk:25 Feb is Troll RickK Day

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 12:30, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:25 Feb is Troll RickK Day


text:
Michel Kuipers

Michel Kuipers (born 26 June 1974) is a Dutch retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Prior to football he served with the Dutch Marine Corps. He became a football agent after finishing his playing career.

Life and career
Born in Amsterdam, Kuipers started his footballing career with Sterk Door Wilskracht (SDW), before moving to England in 1999 to join Bristol Rovers, where he spent 16 months.

In June 2000 he joined Brighton & Hove Albion on a free transfer, and quickly established himself as number one and became a firm fans' favourite because of his quick reactions, shot-stopping abilities and outgoing style. Kuipers suffered several career-threatening injuries during his time at Withdean, being injured in a car crash in 2003, and a severe shoulder injury in 2005.

Kuipers twice left the club on loan during his time at Brighton. He joined Hull City on loan during the 2003–04 season (before his return to Albion and subsequent car crash) and joined Boston United on loan during the 2005–06 season, to regain match fitness after recovering from his shoulder injury. In 2008, he played a big part in Brighton's upset victory against Manchester City in the League Cup, saving Michael Ball's effort in the penalty shoot-out. The following month he saved another decisive penalty in a shoot-out; this time from Leyton Orient's Luke Ashworth in the Football League Trophy.

In the 2007/08 season he was ever present in the goal playing all 46 league matches. This good form led to a new two-year contract that expired in June 2010. On 19 May 2010, he signed for fellow Sussex club Crawley Town. Kuipers' career with Crawley did not start well, being sent off twice during the first month of the season against Grimsby Town and Forest Green Rovers. He started in Crawley's match against Manchester United F.C. On 25 January 2013, his contract at Crawley was terminated by mutual consent.

On 28 March 2013, Kuipers signed a short-term deal with Barnet until the end of the season. He featured on the bench for all the remaining games that season as cover for first choice keeper Graham Stack. He was released at the end of the season.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Michel Kuipers


text:
When the World Screamed

"When the World Screamed" is a science fiction short story by British writer Arthur Conan Doyle, featuring his character Professor Challenger. It was first published in Liberty magazine, from 25 February to 3 March 1928.

It is narrated in first person by Mr. Peerless Jones, an expert in Artesian borings who is seen for the first time.

It is the fourth Professor Challenger story and retains only Challenger and Malone from the first novel.

Plot summary
Professor Challenger, with the help of Mr Edward Malone and Mr Peerless Jones, drills into the earth until he reaches the mantle, convinced that it is a sentient being, akin to an echinus, and that by doing so he will be the first person to alert it to mankind's presence. He awakens the giant creature, which then proceeds to destroy his excavation, covering the spectators with a noxious liquid in the process.

title: When the World Screamed


text: Category:Professor Challenger

title: Category:Professor Challenger


text:
World in Flames

World in Flames is a grand strategy game on the Second World War which was first released in 1985 by the Australian Design Group, and currently holds the title of the world's largest board game commercially available. It was designed by Harry Rowland and is currently in its 8th edition, World in Flames - Collector's Edition, each new edition featuring changes to the rules, maps and counters provided with the game.

The game is a strategic-level recreation of both the European and Pacific theaters of World War II. The grand campaign begins with the German invasion of Poland, although several other scenarios are included. The game contains rules determining when the Soviet Union, United States, and Italy may choose to enter the conflict.

Game mechanics
World in Flames game mechanics takes into account many aspects of the World War II conflict. There are three main combat types; land combat, air combat and naval combat. The game is designed in such a way that these different combat types may influence each other. Thus, it is possible that a battle may consist of a number of engagements involving air, land and naval units, even if it is taking place in the land combat phase of an impulse. The rules are designed to be able to cope with different types of activity without invoking new concepts for each situation. For instance, strategic bombing of factories and resources are handled by the same rules that handles tactical bombing, paradrops and naval bombing. Attacks on convoys are handled by the same rules that handle ship-to-ship and air-to-ship warfare.

Major Powers and sides
The game is played with the Commonwealth (consisting of the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Australia, South Africa and numerous territories and colonies), France, China, USSR and the United States of America forming the Allies and Germany, Italy and Japan forming the Axis. China is divided into Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists. Each major power can be played by one player; in practice two or more major powers on the same side are usually played by each player. If there is more than one player on the Allied side, the Chinese communists are controlled by the USSR player.

Major Power neutrality and entry into the war
At the beginning of the game, Germany must declare war on Poland. France and the British Commonwealth must subsequently declare war on Germany on their next move. At this time, Japan is at war with China. All other Major Powers are neutral. Future declarations of war between the Major Powers influences US Entry and US Tension, which are abstractions of when United States of America can declare war. Briefly, aggressive and successful play from the Axis side will hasten the entry of the US into the war. Aggressive Allied play - like declaration of war on neutral minor countries - will slow US entry.

However, these required political actions can be quite different if you play with Days of Decision, which can be used as an expansion of this game. Days of Decision starts gameplay in 1936 and allows for a far greater range of actions in the political spectrum.

Production and industrial output
The ability of a Major Power to produce military units is abstracted by three factors. Production points from on-map factory complexes are combined with resource points from on-map natural resources. For each pair of points successfully combined (by railing or shipping a resource-point to a factory), the nation gains a number of build points equal to its production multiplier. This multiplier represents how well geared the nation's industry is towards war-time production. As the war proceeds, all production-multipliers go up. The build points can be spent to purchase units for land, sea and air warfare.

Turn length, initiative and impulses
The side with the higher initiative roll decides what side will have the first of several moves in a turn. The roll is modified for one of the sides by a +1 or +2 on a ten-sided die, reflecting the side's ability to execute quick and well-coordinated offensives with enough resources. The initiative modifier shifts if one side asks for a reroll or if one side has the first and the last move in one turn. After initiative is determined, the winner chooses an impulse type (see below) and moves his units, and resolves different types of combat according to rules. After the impulse is ended, the impulse marker is advanced on a track with a number determining how likely the entire turn is to end. A die is rolled to see if this is the end of the turn; if not, the other side takes their impulse. The process is repeated until the end of turn die-roll indicates the end of the turn.

Weather
Weather is determined at the start of the initiative winner's impulse using the Weather Chart, which is a function of the time of year and a die roll. The map is divided into 6 different weather zones and each zone is assigned its own weather based on the Weather Chart result. The weather influences combat modifiers, naval ability to spot enemy fleets, supply range, aircraft mission eligibility, land unit movement allowance and how fast the end of turn impulse marker advances after each impulse. Weather greatly influences turn length and what can be accomplished in terms of offensives.

Supply
Supply is an important "World in Flames" concept. Each unit must be able to trace a line to a primary supply source, which is any friendly-controlled city in its home country or a cooperating Major Power, or to a secondary supply source which is itself in supply. The line cannot pass through an enemy-controlled hex, or the hex next to an enemy corps (which exerts a Zone of Control) unless this is occupied by a friendly land unit. (Each hex is controlled by whichever side passed a land unit into or through it most recently.) This line can only be four hexes long on the European map or two on the Asian/Pacific map, and is further restricted in bad weather or desert, but it may cross any number of sea zones free of uncontested enemy naval units or naval bombing factors. A supply path may only have one seaborne section, which must always pass from the source through a port, and through another port at the receiving end unless the unit is on a seacoast.

A secondary supply source is any headquarters unit or capital of a country controlled by the same Major Power as the unit, or any headquarters unit or capital of a conquered country controlled by a cooperating Major Power. The supply requirements for secondary supply sources are the same as for regular units, except that the path from a secondary to a primary supply source may be extended by any length of railroad (which is a permanent feature of the map) subject to the same enemy interference as the other hexes on the path.

An out-of-supply unit cannot attack and cannot move without being flipped over or "disrupted". A disrupted, out of supply unit is very easy to destroy.

Impulse type
At the start of each Major Power move, the controlling player must choose an impulse type. This represents that Major Power's current allocation of resources and planning. The possible choices are: Land impulse, Naval impulse, Air impulse, Combined impulse, and Pass impulse. Choosing a Land impulse will allow the player to move any number of land units, some air units and no naval units. Correspondingly, a Naval impulse will allow the movement of any number of naval units, some air units and no land units. The Air impulse allows the movement of any number of air units, but no other moves. A Combined impulse allows a limited number of land, air and naval movements, and restricts the number of land attacks that can be performed. The exact number of movements allowed depends on the Major Power and reflects its overall size and organization. Larger and more powerful Major Powers like the U.S. have more moves available in each category then, for instance, Italy. The Pass impulse allows no moves or attacks. If two or more Major Powers choose this option, the chance for ending the turn increases.

Land combat
Land combats are resolved by determining odds. Odds are determined by comparing combat factors on the attacking and defending side. Combat factors are influenced by unit strength and supply situation, terrain, tactical bombing factors, shore bombardment from naval units, and artillery. After the odds are determined as the ratio of attacking versus defending combat factors, a die roll is performed adding combat modifiers from unit disruption, weather conditions and other factors. The resulting modified die-roll is cross-referenced on the appropriate odds column of the combat result table. This table gives losses for the attacker and defender and provides information about whether the attacking units are disrupted, if a breakthrough is achieved, if the defender has to retreat, and other results.

Air combat
Air combats are fought between fighter units from each side or between fighter units and other units, like strategic, naval or tactical bombers. The non-fighter unit types are generally easily destroyed in air-to-air combat, and air-combats are usually fought to hinder the opposing player's non-fighter aircraft in performing a bombing, resupply or paradrop mission. Each side divides its aircraft units into fighters and either bombers or air transports, in two sequences of units numbered from first to last. The first unit is called the "front fighter" or "front bomber".

Each air unit has an air-to-air combat factor. The air-to-air combat strength of each side is the strength of its front fighter, which can be increased by having other fighters behind it. A side with no fighters uses the unmodified air-to-air combat strength of its front bomber; also, all remaining non-fighters belonging to the other side are "cleared through" to their targets, that is, are able to reach their targets unhindered.

A round of air-to-air combat consists of both sides determining odds by subtracting the opposing side's modified air-to-air combat factor from their own value and summing the rolls of two ten-sided dice. The appropriate odds-column in the air-combat results table is consulted and results implemented. Results include the "clearing through" of enemy aircraft, aborting enemy front fighters or bombers (which are then forced to land on eligible hexes and turn face down), and destroying enemy front fighters or bombers. At the beginning of each round of air-to-air combat, each side can opt to abort its remaining aircraft and return them to an eligible hex.

Naval combat
To initiate combat, two fleets in the same sea area either commit or submerge their submarines, then perform die rolls to determine whether the units (which can also include land-based and carrier-based aircraft) spot each other, which side has the element of surprise and to what degree. The way that surprise points are spent can have a decisive impact on the course of events. If at least one stack of units is deemed to spot the enemy fleet and neither side uses surprise to evade the other, combat is initiated.

There are three types of naval combat: naval air combat (one or both sides attacking the other side's ships and aircraft using fighters and naval bombers), submarine combat (submarines attacking convoys and being attacked by anti-submarine warfare (ASW)) and surface combat (ships and submarines attacking each other directly). The right to select the combat type is conferred firstly by surprise, secondly by aircraft, and thirdly by submarines facing enemy convoys. If these conditions are either not present or not invoked by either side, a surface combat will be fought.

Naval air combat requires that an air-to-air battle is fought if either player has fighters allocated to defending their units. Any bombers cleared through are then subject to anti-aircraft fire from the defending ships. Surviving naval bombing factors are then used to determine what damage is inflicted on the enemy fleet. Surface or submarine combat is decided by adding the combat factors of all involved ships or subs on each side. ASW is provided by surface warships (each of which is assumed to always have a screen of destroyers), by naval bombing factors or, in the late war, by Western Allied convoys. The sum of the relevant type of combat factors is cross referenced with the number of units in the opposing fleet to determine results. Surprise can at this point be used to increase the amount of damage inflicted, to decrease the amount of damage sustained and/or to choose a specific target -- carriers and loaded troop ships being popular choices. In naval air combat, the first and subsequent odd-numbered targets are selected by the owner of the attacking bombers.

Inflicted damage takes the form of one or more instances of units immediately "aborted" to a friendly port, "damaged" or "destroyed". Each result must be assigned to a unit, which then makes a roll to determine if its armour reduces the damage by one level. A ship can be chosen to suffer more than one hit, but two "damage" results will destroy it. As can be expected, battleships are more likely to reduce damage successfully than more lightly armoured units.

After all results are assigned, each side has the option of aborting all remaining ships in the combat, returning them to an eligible port and flipping them. If neither side aborts, they roll again to spot each other and combat can occur again. Any round in which there is no hostile contact ends the naval combat phase for that sea zone.

Reception
In the November 1989 edition of Games International (Issue 10), Mike Siggins greatly admired the production values, saying, "The box [...] contains 1000 counters, maps and play aids and these are all among the best you will see in the hobby." Although he found the rules long and complex, he admitted that they "make an acceptable job of conveying the system to the reader, and their length is partly due to the copious examples, which is no bad thing." He pointed out that this is a monster game that would take large amounts of time, saying, "my estimate is that at least twenty hours once you know the system." He concluded by giving the game an above-average rating of 4 out of 5, commenting, "World in Flames won't be everybody's cup of tea [...] but if you're a fan of strategic Second World War games and want the whole works, this is undoubtedly the one to buy."

Editions and Expansions

 * Classic Editions: 1st-6th
 * Final Edition: 7th
 * Collector's Edition: 8th
 * Patton in Flames, a game postulating a WWIII between the Western Allies and Communist Powers.
 * America in Flames, a game postulating an Axis victory and subsequent invasion of the United States in 1944.
 * Days of Decision, a game that covers the diplomacy of the years 1936-1946. It can be played with both World in Flames and stand-alone.
 * Territories in Flames, an expansion for WiF 8 that includes colonial, volunteer, and infrastructure units, as well as others.
 * Divisions in Flames, an expansion for WiF 8 that includes artillery, divisions, special forces, and Guard Banner Armies, as well as others.
 * Ships in Flames, an expansion for WiF 8 that includes additional naval units, such as cruisers and additional units to represent the submarine war, as well as a "Task Force Display" that introduces an element of the fog of war to the game.
 * Planes in Flames, an expansion for WiF 8 that introduces a plethora of pre-war and post-war planes, as well as the Atomic Bomb.
 * Africa in Flames, an expansion for WiF 5-7, that included a map of Africa and many of the components of Territories in Flames.
 * Asia in Flames, an expansion for WiF 5-7, originally included a map of Southeast Asia, but was subsequently released with a map of Scandinavia when the WiF map was expanded for the 6th edition. It included many of the components for Divisions in Flames.
 * Mech in Flames, an expansion for WiF 5-7, introduced Mechanized and Motorized Infantry to the game. These units are now fully incorporated in the WiF 8 base game.
 * Convoys in Flames, an expansion for WiF 7, included units to add more realism and complexity to the submarine war. It is now incorporated in WiF 8 Ships in Flames.
 * Cruisers in Flames, an expansion for WiF 7, expanded the WiF fleet to now include every warship to participate in WWII from Battleships to Light Cruisers, as well as hypothetical units. It is now incorporated in WiF 8 Ships in Flames.
 * Leaders in Flames, an expansion for WiF 7-8, was part of the 1997-98 annual, bearing the same name. It included military leader units for WiF, as well as Russian Guard Banner Armies and late war units for various countries. The Guard Banner Army units are now included in Divisions in Flames, and the late-war units are now included in the WiF 8 base game.
 * Politics in Flames, an expansion for WiF 7-8, was part of the millennium annual, bearing the same name. It included a political system for WiF, less complex than Days of Decision, but more flexible than the standard system. Heavy weapons units for China and the USSR (the two countries that did not receive additional units from America in Flames, published in 1999), additional SS foreign volunteers (now included in Territories in Flames), and several other pieces were included.
 * Factories in Flames, an expansion for WiF 7-8, was part of the 2008 annual, bearing the same name. It included a more complex economic system for WiF, additional political options for Days of Decision, and special forces units (now included in Divisions in Flames).

Largest Board Game
Harry Rowland explained what a great achievement receiving the world record was, “World in Flames: the Collector’s edition was released in 2018 as a hard-mounted board game unlike previous versions which, like most games in this genre, use paper maps. It has four 850mm x 574mm hard-mounted maps and three 420mm x 297mm hard-mounted mini-maps and displays, totaling 2.3279 sqm. It also includes, in the Deluxe version, 4900 counters and 192 pages of rules, 22 campaigns, and players’ & designer’s notes, that makes World in Flames a hobby in a box.”

“World in Flames: the Collector’s Edition is the culmination of millions of hours testing the game to its limits by tens of thousands of gamers over the years; we couldn’t have done it without their help. The award is as much a tribute to our players’ enthusiasm, comments and suggestions as it is to the printers and company, many people deserve this award and I thank you all."

“The international nature of modern gaming is clearly displayed in this project with artists contributing from Mexico, the USA, Germany, Czechia and Australia; rules, testing and editing from around the world, and design in Mapleton."

“We are also very pleased with the outstanding efforts of our printing partners, EFKO, based in Prague. They are one of the few companies in the world that could take on a project as massive as this, particularly in the creation of the hard-mounted maps which have immense technical difficulties making terrain features align exactly across the map joins. EFKO have given World in Flames: the Collector’s Edition the lavish attention this game deserves to make this award possible.”

EFKO owner, Mirek Kotik, said that his company was proud to have taken part in the project to make history with this world record, “It is a deserved recognition of our team’s professional approach to printing the most complex projects in a time critical manner, paying attention to the smallest detail in every game we produce.”

Reviews

 * Casus Belli #35 (Dec 1986)
 * Breakout

Awards
At the 1986 Origins Awards, World in Flames won the 1985 Charles S. Roberts Award for Best 20th Century Game.

Computer Game
A computerized version of World in Flames has been under development for decades. The initial version, known as CWiF (Computer World in Flames), was programmed by Chris Marinacci in the 1990s with poor graphics and no AI, and until 2002 this version was downloadable at little or no cost from various websites. In 2005 Matrix Game acquired a license from the game owners to develop a new computerized version known as MWiF (Matrix World in Flames) designed around version 7 of the WiF rules. This product was programmed by Steven Hokanson, and released in 2013 with three high quality hardbound game manuals but no AI, although AI as well as a PBEM (play by e-mail mode) are planned.

A support pack of physical maps showing the gameboard is also available for purchase.

title: World in Flames


text:
Swiki

Swiki (Squeak wiki) is wiki software written in Squeak. It was formerly used by the Georgia Institute of Technology's College of Computing, but its use was discontinued in 2011 following a student complaint about privacy. Swiki comes bundled with its own web server.

A swiki installation consists of the Virtual Machine (VM) file (usually squeak.exe), an image file (usually squeak.image), and a set of files and folders with templates and the virtual wikis. One swiki installation allows a large number of virtual wikis to be created through the admin interface using a web browser. The image file and associated templates and virtual wikis can be run on any OS as long as the VM for that OS is used.

The VM and image file are the only binary files. All of the swiki templates and pages are stored as text files using XML tags. Each new virtual swiki goes in its own folder, and each page in the virtual swiki is a numbered XML file. For example, the first page is 1.xml, the second is 2.xml, etc. History for each page is a separate XML file that used the file extension "old", e.g., 1.old, 2.old.

title: Swiki


text:
Anisole

Anisole, or methoxybenzene, is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H5. It is a colorless liquid with a smell reminiscent of anise seed, and in fact many of its derivatives are found in natural and artificial fragrances. The compound is mainly made synthetically and is a precursor to other synthetic compounds. Structurally, it is an ether (\sO\s) with a methyl (\sCH3) and phenyl (\sC6H5) group attached. Anisole is a standard reagent of both practical and pedagogical value.

It can be prepared by the Williamson ether synthesis; sodium phenoxide is reacted with a methyl halide to yield anisole.

Reactivity
Anisole undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction at a faster speed than benzene, which in turn reacts more quickly than nitrobenzene. The methoxy group is an ortho/para directing group, which means that electrophilic substitution preferentially occurs at these three sites. The enhanced nucleophilicity of anisole vs. benzene reflects the influence of the methoxy group, which renders the ring more electron-rich. The methoxy group strongly affects the pi cloud of the ring as a mesomeric electron donor, more so than as an inductive electron withdrawing group despite the electronegativity of the oxygen. Stated more quantitatively, the Hammett constant for para-substitution of anisole is –0.27.

Illustrative of its nucleophilicity, anisole reacts with acetic anhydride to give 4-methoxyacetophenone:
 * CH3OC6H5 + (CH3CO)2O   ->   CH3OC6H4C(O)CH3  +  CH3COOH

Unlike most acetophenones, but reflecting the influence of the methoxy group, methoxyacetophenone undergoes a second acetylation. Many related reactions have been demonstrated. For example, phosphorus pentasulfide (P4S10) converts anisole to Lawesson's reagent, [(CH3OC6H4)PS2]2.

Also indicating an electron-rich ring, anisole readily forms π-complexes with metal carbonyls, e.g. Cr(\h{6}anisole)(CO)3.

The ether linkage is highly stable, but the methyl group can be removed with strong acids, such as hydroiodic acid or boron trichloride:
 * CH3OC6H5 + HI -> HOC6H5 + CH3I

Birch reduction of anisole gives 1-methoxycyclohexa-1,4-diene.

Preparation
Anisole is prepared by methylation of sodium phenoxide with dimethyl sulfate or methyl chloride:
 * 2 C6H5O- Na+ + (CH3O)2SO2  ->   2 C6H5OCH3  +  Na2SO4

Applications
Anisole is a precursor to perfumes, insect pheromones, and pharmaceuticals. For example, synthetic anethole is prepared from anisole.

Safety
Anisole is relatively nontoxic with an of 3700 mg/kg in rats. Its main hazard is its flammability.

Popular culture
In the board game Scrabble, the word "anisole" is the 39th-most-likely word (out of over 25,000 possibilities) for a "bingo"/"bonus", i.e. the deployment of all seven letters in one's own hand simultaneously.

title: Anisole


text:
Burroughs large systems descriptors

Descriptors are an architectural feature of Burroughs large systems, including the current (as of 2006) Unisys Clearpath/MCP systems. Apart from being stack- and tag-based, a notable architectural feature of these systems is that they are descriptor-based. Descriptors are the means of having data that does not reside on the stack such as arrays and objects. Descriptors are also used for string data as in compilers and commercial applications.

Details
Descriptors describe storage areas, I/O requests and I/O results. They contain fields indicating, e.g. the type of descriptor, the address, the length, whether the data are present in storage. The details differ depending on the product line and the type of descriptor. The following text numbers the leftmost (most significant) bit as 0, in accordance with the Burroughs documentation.

Program and data descriptors have a bit called the "presence bit" or "p-bit"; it indicates whether the object referred to by the descriptor is currently in memory or in secondary storage. This bit is used to implements virtual memory.

Virtual memory was originally developed for the Atlas project at the University of Manchester in the late 1950s. Keen to see this used in commercial applications, they invited engineers from several computer companies to a seminar, including those from Burroughs and IBM. The B5000, released in 1961, was the first commercial computer to provide virtual memory. In the mid-1960s, other vendors, including IBM, RCA, and General Electric developed machines that supported virtual memory, with operating systems oriented towards time-sharing; IBM didn't support virtual memory in machines intended for general data processing use until 1972.

When a descriptor is referenced, the hardware checks the p-bit. If it is 1, the data is present in memory at the location indicated in the address field. If the p-bit is 0, the data block is not present and an interrupt (p-bit interrupt) is raised and MCP code entered to make the block present. In this case, if the address field is 0, the data block has not been allocated (init p-bit) and the MCP searches for a free block the size of which is given in the length field.

The last p-bit scenario is when the p-bit is 0, indicating that the data is not in memory, but the address is non-zero, indicating that the data has been allocated and in this case the address represents a disk address in the virtual memory area on disk. In this case a p-bit interrupt is raised and it is noted as an "other" p-bit.

B5000, B5500 and B5700
The B5000 was the first descriptor-based computer. Every descriptor has a flag (bit 0) of 1. Data descriptors contain a 15-bit storage address and a 10-bit size, as do most I/O descriptors. Program descriptors and External Result descriptors have a 15-bit address but no size field.

B5x00 Program Descriptors
Program descriptors are used to define program segments. Either an Operand Call or a Descriptor call that refers to a Program Descriptor will cause a subroutine call if the presence bit is 1. Otherwise, it will cause a presence interrupt.

Data Descriptors
Data Descriptors refer either to a block of data present in memory (P=1) or to a block of data that must be read into memory (P=0), Depending on the value of the Presence bit. Either an Operand Call or a Descriptor call that refers to a Data Descriptor will check the presence bit and the size field; if the presence bit is 0 then a presence interrupt will occur; if the size field is nonzero then the second word on the stack must be within range or an index interrupt will occur.

External Result Descriptors
An External Result Descriptor contains the I/O Descriptor used to initiate the operation with some fields replaced.

B6500, B7500 and successors
Descriptors describe data blocks. Each descriptor contains a 20-bit address field referencing the data block. Each block has a length which is stored in the descriptor, also 20 bits. The size of the data is also given, being 4-, 6-, 8- or 48-bit data in a three bit field.

The first computer with this architecture was the B6500. in that implementation, the meaning of the various status bits was:
 * Bit 47 – The presence bit (P-Bit)
 * Bit 46 – The copy bit
 * Bit 45 – The indexed bit
 * Bit 44 – The segmented bit
 * Bit 43 – The read only bit

In later implementations, these status bits evolved to keep up with growing memory sizes and insights gained over time.

Usage in compilers
In ALGOL, the bounds of an array are completely dynamic, can be taken from values computed at run time, unlike in Pascal where the size of arrays is fixed at compile time. This is the main weakness of Pascal as defined in its standard, but which has been removed in many commercial implementations of Pascal, notably the Burroughs implementations (both the University of Tasmania version by Arthur Sale and Roy Freak, and the implementation on Burroughs Slice by Matt Miller et al.)

In a program in the Burroughs environment, an array is not allocated when it is declared, but only when it is touched for the first time – thus arrays can be declared and the overhead of allocating them avoided if they are not used.

Also, low-level memory allocation system calls such as the malloc class of calls of C and Unix are not needed – arrays are automatically allocated as used. This saves the programmer the great burden of filling programs with the error-prone activity of memory management, which is crucial in mainframe applications.

When porting programs in lower-level languages such as C, the C memory structure is dealt with by doing its own memory allocation within a large allocated B5000 block – thus the security of the rest of the B5000 system cannot be compromised by errant C programs. In fact, many buffer overruns in apparently otherwise correctly running C programs have been caught when ported to the B5000 architecture. C, like Pascal, was also implemented using the Slice compiler system (which, like LLVM, uses a common code generator and optimizer for all languages). The C compiler, run-time system, POSIX interfaces, as well as a port of many Unix tools was done by Steve Bartels. An Eiffel compiler was also developed using Slice.

For object-oriented programs which require more dynamic creation of objects than the B5000 architecture, objects are best allocated within a single B5000 block. Such object allocation is higher level than C's malloc and is best implemented with a modern efficient garbage collector.

Integration in memory architecture
The address field in the B5000 is only 15 bits, which means that only 32K words (192KB) of memory can be addressed by descriptors. The B6500 extended this to 20 bits or 1 Meg words(6MB). By the mid seventies this was still a significant restriction of the architecture. To overcome this, two solutions were implemented:

 * 1) Swapper – this solution actually implements another layer on top of memory management, moving large clusters of related data in and out of memory at once.
 * 2) ASN – this solution allows physically more memory to be configured in a system, divided into separately addressable chunks. This architecture became known as ASN (Address Space Number) memory. Memory is logically divided into two areas, allocating low memory addresses to a Global address space for the operating system and support software and high memory addresses to several parallel Local address spaces for individual programs. Address spaces are numbered, zero indicating Global, 1..n indicating the local address spaces. Programs sharing data are automatically placed in the same address space.

No program code modifications were necessary for these features to be utilized. Both solutions can even be combined, but eventually the MCP memory requirements and program data sharing requirements outgrew the maximum size of the address spaces itself.

With the advent of the A Series in the early 1980s, the meaning of this field was changed to contain the address of a master descriptor, which means that 1 megabyte data blocks can be allocated, but that the machine memory could be greatly expanded to gigabytes or perhaps terabytes. This architecture was named ASD (Advanced Segment Descriptors) memory. This required a new common microcode specification, referred to as Beta. The main visionary behind ASD memory is John McClintock. Later the 3-bit memory tag was increased to a 4-bit specification, allowing the segment descriptor to grow from 20 to 23 bits in size, allowing even more memory to be addressed simultaneously. This microcode specification became known as level Gamma.

Memory management
Another significant advantage was realized for virtual memory. In the B5000 design, if a data block were rolled out, all descriptors referencing that block needed to be found in order to update the presence bit and address. With the master descriptor, only the presence bit in the master descriptor needs changing. Also the MCP can move blocks around in memory for compaction and only needs to change the address in the master descriptor.

A difference between the B5000 and most other systems is that other systems mainly used paged virtual memory, that is pages are swapped out in fixed-sized chunks regardless of the structure of the information in them. B5000 virtual memory works with varying-size segments as described by the descriptors.

When the memory is filled to a certain capacity, an OS process called the "Working Set Sheriff" is invoked to either compact memory or start moving segments out of memory. It chooses code segments first, since these cannot change and can be reloaded from the original in the code file, so do not need writing out, and then data segments which are written out to the virtual memory file.

P-bit interrupts are also useful to measure system performance. For first-time allocations, 'init p-bits' indicate a potential performance problem in a program, for example if a procedure allocating an array is continually called. Reloading blocks from virtual memory on disk can significantly degrade system performance and is not the fault of any specific task. This is why many of today's computers may gain increased system performance by adding memory. On B5000 machines, 'other p-bits' indicate a system problem, which can be solved either by better balancing the computing load across the day, or by adding more memory.

Thus the Burroughs large systems architecture helps optimization of both individual tasks and the system as a whole.

Buffer overflow protection
The last and maybe most important point to note about descriptors is how they affect the complementary notions of system security and program correctness. One of the best tools a hacker has to compromise operating systems of today is the buffer overflow. C, in particular, uses the most primitive and error-prone way to mark the end of strings, using a null byte as an end-of-string sentinel in the data stream itself.

Pointers are implemented on the B5000 by indexed descriptors. During indexing operations, pointers are checked at each increment to make sure that neither the source nor the destination blocks are out of bound. During a scan or replace operation, the mechanisms used to read or copy large blocks of memory, both source and destination are checked at each word increment for a valid memory tag. Each memory segment is bounded by tag 3 words, which would make such an operation fail. Each memory segment containing integrity sensitive data, such as program code, is stored in tag 3 words, making an uncontrolled read – let alone modification – impossible. Thus a significant source of program errors can be detected early before software goes into production, and a more significant class of attacks on system security is not possible.

title: Burroughs large systems descriptors


text:
Francis Joyon

Francis Joyon (born 28 May 1956) is a French professional sailboat racer and yachtsman. Joyon and his crew currently hold the Jules Verne Trophy for circumnavigation, on IDEC SPORT (40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds), nearly five days less than the previous reference time. He held the record for the fastest single-handed sailing circumnavigation from 2008 to 2016.

Although previously well known as an offshore sailor, Joyon's real leap to international prominence came in February 2004 when the Breton became the fastest world solo yachtsman, setting a time of 72 days 22 hours and 54 minutes and 22 seconds, over 20 days faster than the previous record for a circumnavigation.

During the record run he sailed more than 28000 nmi at an average speed of 15.5 kn on the 27 m IDEC. IDEC, formerly known as Sport Elec, had previously taken 71 days to win the Jules Verne Trophy. Joyon took only an extra day on his own with a boat not designed for single-handed sailing, original (over 10 year old) sails and no weather router.

On 6 July 2005 Francis Joyon and IDEC crossed the finishing line between Lizard Point and Ushant 6 days 4 hours 1 minute and 37 seconds after the start at Ambrose Light off New York, breaking the 11-year-old record of Laurent Bourgnon for the single-handed crossing of the Atlantic Ocean with a sailing boat. During the same voyage he also broke the 24-hour distance record for single-handed sailing by sailing 543 nmi in one day on the 3 July 2005. Joyon's record voyage ended badly on 7 July while he was sailing back to his home port after completion of the transatlantic run. Joyon, who refused help to sail the boat home from the finish line and was still single-handed, was sailing across the English Channel. At a critical moment an exhausted Joyon fell asleep and the boat continued on autopilot. IDEC ran aground at the Pointe de Penmarc'h on the Breton coast. The €4 million trimaran was wrecked; Joyon escaped without injury.

On 9 May 2006 Joyon announced that he was building a new muilti-hull to be called IDEC 2. His new boat is designed for solo sailing unlike the original IDEC, which was originally designed for crewed sailing. Design was by Nigel Irens & Bernard Cabaret. IDEC 2 weighs 11 tons, compared to his previous boat which weighed 16 tons, and has 10% more sail area. The new boat was seen as capable of taking 3 days off the existing record under the same weather conditions.

On 23 November 2007 Joyon set off in IDEC 2 in an attempt to beat Ellen MacArthur's world record for a single handed circumnavigation. He achieved this on 20 January 2008 in 57 days, 13 hours 34 minutes and 6 seconds, in a voyage that is regarded as one of the most impressive sailing feats in recent history and in a time nearly two weeks less than the previous record.

Achievements

 * 1988: 32nd Route de la Découverte (JB-Express)
 * 1990: 10th Route du Rhum (BPO)
 * 1991: 5th Course de l'Europe (Kar-Cadelac)
 * 1992: 3rd Transat and 3rd Route du café (BPO)
 * 1993: 3rd Course de l'Europe (Banque Populaire)
 * 1995: 2nd Transat Jacques-Vabre and 3rd Course de l'Europe (Banque Populaire)
 * 1996: 2nd Transat Québec - Saint-Malo (Banque Populaire)
 * 1998: 6th Route du Rhum (Banque Populaire)
 * 2000: 1st Transat (Eure-et-Loir)
 * 2001: 1st Fastnet Race and also beat the record by sailing around the Isle of Wight in 3 hours ten minutes and 11 seconds
 * 2003-2004: Beat the record by sailing singlehanded around the world in 72 days, 22 hours, 54 minutes and 22 seconds (IDEC). Subsequently, beaten by Ellen MacArthur in 2005
 * 2005: Beat the record by sailing single-handed across the Atlantic in 6 days, 4 hours 1 minute and 37 seconds (IDEC)
 * 2007: Beat the 24-hour single-handed distance record by sailing 613.54 miles in 24 hours at an average speed of 25.85 knots. Joyon set the record sailing IDEC 2 during a successful attempt to break the single-handed around the world record. Soon after, Joyon's 24-hour distance record was beaten by Thomas Coville who sailed 619.3 miles in 24 hours during an unsuccessful single-handed around the world record attempt
 * 2008: Beat the record for sailing single-handed around the world in 57 days 13 hours 34 minutes and 6 seconds comprehensively beating Ellen MacArthur's existing record by 14 days, 00 hours, 44 minutes and 27 seconds
 * 2010: 2nd Route du Rhum, with IDEC 2
 * 2013: Beat his own record Road of the discovery between Cadiz and San Salvador Island, with IDEC 2
 * Beat (16 June) the record by sailing single-handed across the Atlantic in 5 days, 2 hours 56 minutes and 10 seconds (with IDEC 2)
 * 2017: Jules Verne Trophy with IDEC SPORT (40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds)
 * Beat (12 July) his own record by sailing single handed across the Atlantic in 5 days, 1 hour 37 minutes and 02 seconds (with IDEC 2)
 * 2018: 1st Route du Rhum

title: Francis Joyon


text:
Neck dissection

The neck dissection is a surgical procedure for control of neck lymph node metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. The aim of the procedure is to remove lymph nodes from one side of the neck into which cancer cells may have migrated. Metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma into the lymph nodes of the neck reduce survival and is the most important factor in the spread of the disease. The metastases may originate from SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the oral cavity, tongue, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx, as well as the thyroid, parotid and posterior scalp.

History of neck dissections

 * 1906 – George W. Crile of the Cleveland Clinic describes the radical neck dissection. The operation encompasses removal of all the lymph nodes on one side of the neck, and includes removal of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN), internal jugular vein (IJV) and sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM).
 * 1957 – Hayes Martin describes routine use of the radical neck dissection for control of neck metastases.
 * 1967 – Oscar Suarez and E. Bocca describe a more conservative operation that preserves SAN, IJV and SCM.
 * Last 3 decades – Further operations have been described to selectively remove the involved regional lymph groups.

Division of the neck into levels and sublevels

To describe the lymph nodes of the neck for neck dissection, the neck is divided into 6 areas called Levels. The levels are identified by Roman numeral, increasing towards the chest. A further Level VII to denote lymph node groups in the superior mediastinum is no longer used. Instead, lymph nodes in other non-neck regions are referred to by the name of their specific nodal groups.
 * Level I – This includes the submental and submandibular lymph nodes.
 * The submental triangle (sublevel IA) is bounded by the anterior belly of the digastric muscles (laterally) and the hyoid (inferiorly). The submandibular triangle (sublevel IB) is bounded by the body of the mandible (superiorly), the stylohyoid (posteriorly), and the anterior belly of the digastric (anteriorly).
 * Level II – This includes lymph nodes of the upper jugular group and is divided into sublevels IIA and IIB.
 * Level II is bounded by the inferior border of the hyoid (inferiorly), the base of skull (superiorly), the stylohyoid muscle (anteriorly) and the posterior border of the SCM (posteriorly). Sublevel IIA nodes lie anterior to the SAN. Sublevel IIB nodes lie posterior to the SAN.
 * Level III – This includes lymph nodes of the middle jugular group.
 * This level is bounded by the inferior border of the hyoid (superiorly) and the inferior border of the cricoid (inferiorly), the posterior border of the sternohyoid (anteriorly) and the posterior border of the SCM (posteriorly).
 * Level IV – This includes lymph nodes of the lower jugular group.
 * This level is bounded by the inferior border of the cricoid (superiorly), the clavicle / sternal notch (inferiorly), the posterior border of the sternohyoid (anteriorly) and the posterior border of the SCM (posteriorly).
 * Level V – This includes posterior compartment lymph nodes.
 * This compartment is bounded by the clavicle (inferiorly), the anterior border of the trapezius (posteriorly), the posterior border of the SCM (anteriorly). It is divided into sublevels VA (lying above a transverse plane marking the inferior border of the anterior cricoid arch) and VB (below the aforementioned plane).
 * Level VI – This includes the anterior compartment lymph nodes.
 * This compartment is bounded by the common carotid arteries (laterally), the hyoid (superiorly), the suprasternal notch (inferiorly).

Classification of neck dissections
The 2001 revisions proposed by the American Head and Neck Society (AHNS) and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) are as follows.
 * 1) Radical Neck Dissection (RND) – removal of all ipsilateral cervical lymph node groups from levels I through V, together with SAN, SCM and IJV.
 * 2) Modified Radical Neck Dissection (MRND) – removal of all lymph node groups routinely removed in a RND, but with preservation of one or more nonlymphatic structures (SAN, SCM and IJV).
 * 3) Selective Neck Dissection (SND) (together with the use of parentheses to denote the levels or sublevels removed) – cervical lymphadenectomy with preservation of one or more lymph node groups that are routinely removed in a RND. Thus for oral cavity cancers, SND (I–III) is commonly performed. For oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers, SND (II–IV) is the procedure of choice.
 * 4) Extended Neck Dissection. This refers to removal of one or more additional lymph node groups or nonlymphatic structures, or both, not encompassed by the RND.

title: Neck dissection


text:
Talk:Universal life insurance

I placed the above notice. T--72.70.221.213 (talk) 01:11, 10 June 2011 (UTC)his article I believe is limited to North America (perhaps only USA). It generally wouldn't bother me, but with a title "Universal...", I think it needs clarification --pflodo 12:40, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * This type of insurance exists in Canada as well, and is refered to as "Unviversal Life" or UL. How to get around the perhaps misleading "Universal", I'm not sure --Mr Minchin 17:01, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

I recently saw this article being used as marketing material (which is a "no no" in the US) in a seminar and it reinforced the idea that we need to fight for fairness and accuracy in information. There are for instance only 2 sentences on VUL and there are 4 sentences on EIUL when the industry figures would indicate that much more VUL is being sold and it is certainly more complex. Saying that universal life is "often pegged to a financial index" not only lacks an authoritative tone, but is not true. We should mention that not only are the premiums flexible, but the mortality costs and administration costs can typically fluctuate at the companies' desire. If this happens and it is not anticipated, the consumer could wind up getting an unpleasant surprise. Speaking of... the "Uses" section only contains one use rather than many and fails to properly caution the consumer about "phantom income" if the policy lapses while in a loan position. Further, the mention of type "A" and "B" death benefits is company specific (as some also have a type "C" and "D") and unnecessarily complicates matters. The mention of single premium UL being unavailable because of tax law is incorrect and should be fixed. Perhaps the author was referring to the TAMRA limits, but this could be handled better in the "uses" section. I think we could simply say "North America" next to the title in parentheses to clarify. I'm not sure if some of the tax talk on the page is appropriate for an internationally accessed site. I hope these changes would provide more objectivity to the page and make it more appropriate for an international audience. I will plan on making these changes soon unless I hear from another editor.

Illegal to sell as investment
It is illegal for an agent to sell a client Universal Life as an investment option. It is also misleading, because upon death, the percentage of cash value returned to the beneficiaries is always less than 100% of what the amount would be without having this option, and often 0%. I would request that 'investment' be removed from the article, or qualified as an incorrect way to sell UL.Ecawilson 12:53, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Conflict of Interest
I noticed that someone completely removed the conflict of interest section from this page. I added it back and request that any further changes to that section be discussed on the talk page.--64.244.99.100 (talk) 17:51, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Irrelevant Link
I deleted the external link. If there is a compelling reason to include this one website and not many of the other "informative" websites out there, we can discuss it.64.244.99.100 (talk) 16:19, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Re: Investment
Equity Indexed Universal Life Insurance is NOT an investment…AND it is illegal to sell it as such? Really? Let’s first define “investment”… in•vest•ment: 1. The use money or capital in order to gain profitable returns…as interest, appreciation in value, or income.

Agreed?

Well, on the main page of this article (in the very first paragraph) it states that UL builds cash value through premiums that are paid above beyond the cost of insurance, charges and fees. It further states that interest is then credited on that cash value, determined by the insurance company and often pegged to a financial index. Later in the article it states that withdrawals and loans can be taken from the accumulated cash value…and if done correctly, those withdrawals are tax-free.

Seems pretty clear...This is; the use of money in order to gain profitable returns…as interest, appreciation in value, AND income.

Pardon me, but what part of that isn’t an investment? And, for the right individual, a great one at that?! --72.70.221.213 (talk) 01:11, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Nice argument, maybe you should go make it with the SEC...--192.41.81.68 (talk) 20:00, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Index Universal Life (IUL) is an investment, by the standard definition. It is, however, misleading (and illegal) to market it as an investment security, as defined by the Securities Act of 1933 & the Securities Act of 1934. Enacted by Congress, these Acts gave birth to the SEC, rising out of the ashes of the great stock market crash of 1929. The crash lead to the great depression, and confidence in the markets fell to an all-time low. Today, the SEC oversees FINRA and both regulate the marketing and sale of securities. IUL is an insurance product and does not meet the definition of a security, so it does not fall under the authority of the SEC, or FINRA.

IUL can most certainly be marketed and sold as an investment. It cannot be marketed or sold as a security, variable security, variable investment or a direct investment in a security or the stock market.

Article may not comply with Wikipedia's NPOV policy
Wikipedia's Neutral Point of View (NPOV) policy states that one should "avoid stating opinions as facts." The introduction paragraph to this article seems to state several opinions, particularly in the last few sentences. I don't know enough about finances to fix this article so I have nominated it to be checked for its neutrality. Jenneratty (talk) 15:28, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

POV in criticism?
Note: I added an item regarding the increasing use of this product to avoid taxes. The heading was removed as POV. To some extent I understand the objection but it was left with no heading and so was incorrectly included in the preceding section. This entry needs a heading. Also, the item is included under "Criticism" so it seems the listings are identified as having a point of view -- that is, they are criticisms. I have restored a heading that is more neutral. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jreiss17 (talk • contribs) 03:55, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Universal life insurance


text:
User talk:Kaverin

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 12:43, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please see Talk:Main Page
Hello. Please see Talk:Main Page. It's about your article Palladium-Hydrogen electrode. Thanks. -- PFHLai 05:15, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * You are welcome. Thanks for the clarification.  Happy editing.  :-)  -- PFHLai 10:18, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)

Cold Fusion RfC
Hello,

There's currently a controversy at Cold fusion that I would appreciate it if you could look at. The article is about to fail a Featrued Article Removal Candidate vote. There are at least 3 fairly different versions in play: one based on the original Featured Article dating back to 2004-08-20 and tossing out all edits between now and then ("FA version"), one which was the current version up until that  ("current version"), and a proposed new draft written originally by Edmund Storms (a retired Los Alamos scientist) and edited by me  ("Storms version"). At the moment the article is being rather agressively edited by a few people who support the version from a year ago, and if this stands, a lot of good material will be lost. Frankly, I can't entirely support any of the versions; the article just needs more work and more different perspectives. Hence this invitation. I hope you can help.

I'm posting this to you because I've seen you on various physics-related pages, and/or because you've worked on the Cold fusion page before. Thank you for your time.

ObsidianOrder 06:27, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Image Deletion
A deletion discussion has just been created at Category talk:Unclassified Chemical Structures, which may involve one or more orphaned chemical structures, that has you user name in the upload history. Please feel free to add your comments.  Ron h jones (Talk) 22:56, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kaverin


text:
Rhosrobin

Rhosrobin is a village situated in Wrexham County Borough, Wales, about 2 miles (3.2 km) north west of Wrexham city centre, close to the A483 road.

The population of the village has expanded considerably in recent years and many of the older landmarks have been swept away to make room for new housing and commercial development, attracted by direct access along the B5425 to Wrexham city centre, and easy connection to the A483 (Trunk) at Pandy, for Chester and the North West of England beyond.

Taking the B5425 (Llay) from Wrexham, the village boundary is now marked with a brown sign alongside the new Top Farm Road housing development.

Following the Main Road over the Chester – Shrewsbury railway, the main commercial centre of the village can be seen. Although clearly located in Rhosrobin, the Rhosddu Industrial Estate takes its name from the old colliery that once occupied this whole area. The colliery was opened in the 1860s by The Wrexham Coal Company and at its peak employed almost 1000 men. The colliery closed in 1924. The only surviving building can be seen at the rear of the estate – the old wheelhouse is currently occupied by a pallets business.

The Churchlea development to the side of the Olivet Christadelphian Chapel was built on the site of the disused North Wales Mineral Railway Company railway track. The route of the old track can be seen opposite Churchlea making its way to the long since gone Wheatsheaf junction in Gwersyllt.

The short unadopted road running to the rear of the Chapel originally ran the full length of the land down to the main railway line, giving access to a cottage built beside the track and also to two long terraces of houses built on higher ground. Although the terraced properties were demolished in the 1970s, the land remained undeveloped until very recently. The cottage was demolished to make way for the Churchlea development.

The village was served briefly by its own railway station, Rhosrobin Halt, which was actually situated in Pandy, opposite what is now known as the Pandy Business Park. The Halt was opened in 1932 by the Great Western Railway Co. and closed in October 1947. Very little remains of the structure, which was used mainly by colliers who worked at the large Gresford Colliery nearby.

Continuing along the B5425, the former St Peter's Church building remains but is now a vets and the old Rhosrobin School, which had more recently seen service as a commercial laundry, has now been demolished to make way for a new housing development called St. Peter's Close. The old school bell moved with the laundry company to its new premises on Llay Industrial Estate.

A murder was committed in Rhosrobin on Monday, 10 November 1902 when William Hughes shot his wife Jane Hannah Hughes. William Hughes was a native of Denbigh and served for many years in the Cheshire Regiment in India under the British Raj. On his return to Britain he worked as a collier in the Wrexham area. He married Jane Hannah Williams, his first cousin, in 1892. They separated in 1901 and Hughes was subsequently sentenced to three months in Shrewsbury prison for "family desertion". He was released on 6 November 1902 and on the 10th of the month he called upon his wife who by then was housekeeper to a Mr Tom Maddocks, a collier who was widowed with three children. When she came to the door Hughes discharged both barrels of a shotgun into her body from close range.

Hughes was tried at Denbigh Assizes in January 1903 and despite pleas of insanity the jury took just ten minutes to find him guilty of murder. At 8 a.m. on Tuesday 17 February 1903 William Hughes, 42, was executed on the gallows at Ruthin Gaol. Hughes is believed to be the only man to have been hanged at the Gaol.

title: Rhosrobin


text:
Talk:Abatement (heraldry)

Untitled
Any information on the abated Scottish adulterer? —Ashley Y 12:47, 2005 Feb 8 (UTC)
 * No, he probably didn't exist in the first place. Shinobu (talk) 14:33, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Clarify me
Is the displaying of a shield "an abatement proper? or just a dishonourable display of the unaltered shield?"
 * According to Charles Boutell abatement is any sign of degradation. It seems that if they were displaying the shield upside down to dishonor the traiter that this would be a clear abatement.
 * Kthapelo (talk) 13:33, 16 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I would add that Leigh (writing in 1562) enumerated the supposed "nine abatements" that Woodcock copied into the Oxford Guide to Heraldry (1988), listing reversal of the entire escutcheon as the ninth (and by far most serious) abatement, prescribed for high treason. Fox-Davies pointed out that not only was this an abatement, but it is the only one reliably and repeatedly attested to have actually been carried out.  The others involving stains, all modern authorities seem to agree, existed only in theory.  I have updated and expanded the article to reflect this. Wilhelm Meis (☎ Diskuss | ✍ Beiträge) 19:18, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

Disagreement with Bend page
After trying to find some information on abatements, it seems that this article directly contradicts that of the Bend article in regards to bend sinister.

In this article it is said that it is a common misconception that bend sinister denotes illegitimacy. In the Bend article it is listed as exactly that and gives reference to an example. Which is correct? - 58.166.89.162 (talk) 13:03, 11 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I've removed the material about bends sinister, which was poorly-sourced, and added better sources to . See also Talk:Bend (heraldry). —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 03:29, 29 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I've removed the material about bends sinister, which was poorly-sourced, and added better sources to . See also Talk:Bend (heraldry). —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 03:29, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abatement (heraldry)


text:
Printing and the Mind of Man

Printing and the Mind of Man is a book first published in 1967 and based on an exhibition in 1963.

PMM, as it is usually abbreviated, is regarded as a standard bibliographical reference, and offers a survey of the impact of printed books on the development of Western civilization.

The IPEX Exhibition
The book developed from an exhibition put on at two locations to coincide with the 1963 International Printing Machinery and Allied Trades Exhibition (IPEX). The IPEX exhibition "foreshadowed the impending impact of electronics and presaged the demise of prepress mechanics and craft practices." It is regarded as marking a significant transition in printing.

At the behest of typographer Stanley Morison it was decided to put together an exhibition of the contribution printing had made to the enlargement of human knowledge in connection with the IPEX

A display at Earls Court concentrated on the technical side of printing, while a display at the British Museum looked more at fine printing. However, both displays had the quite novel intention of promoting the study of books for their role in advancing factual knowledge, rather than for their aesthetics.

Ian Fleming, who lent 40 books from his library, was among the private collectors who contributed to the exhibition. The Fleming Collection, central to the exhibit, is now at the Lilly Library of the Indiana University Bloomington. The Fleming Collection was an attempt to gather together, in first editions, the original contributions of the scientists and practical workers, the total body of whose work has been responsible for the modern revolution.

The catalogue, (which might be considered the pre-first edition of PMM) [London]: F.W. Bridges; obtainable from the British Museum. was printed by Oxford University Press, edited by John Carter, Stanley Morison, Percy H. Muir and others and entitled: ''Catalogue of a display of printing mechanisms and printed materials arranged to illustrate the history of Western civilization and the means of the multiplication of literary texts since the 15th century, organised in connection with the eleventh International Printing Machinery and Allied Trades Exhibition, under the title Printing and the Mind of Man, assembled at the British Museum and at Earls Court, London, 16–27 July 1963.

PPM as book
A book-length edition, revised and enlarged, was printed at Cambridge University Press and published in 1967 by Cassell in London and Holt, Rinehart & Winston in New York. This first book edition was entitled Printing and the Mind of Man: A Descriptive Catalogue Illustrating the Impact of Print on the Evolution of Western Civilization During Five Centuries. It was edited by John Carter and Percy H. Muir and expanded upon the theme of the impact of printing on human thought. It was published in Germany in 1968 and in Japan in 1977.

A second revised edition was published in 1983 by Karl Pressler in Munich (ISBN 3-9800047-3-2).

The Winter, 2023 issue of The Book Collector provided a sixty-year retrospective.

title: Printing and the Mind of Man


text:
Talk:Browning Hi-Power

Artillery Hi-Power?
One thing that strikes me as odd is in the Military Use section. While Germany did use captured Hi-Power pistols during WWII, I've NEVER heard of a full auto version that wasn't some South American modification. It just seems like a bit of a stretch to include without any sources. --Grimwol (talk) 18:16, 31 December 2017 (UTC)

 * IIRC, some GP35's with an adjustable rear sight and detachable stock were produced during WW II by John Inglis for Nationalist China where such weapons were popular with some of its officers, although more as a status symbol rather than for actual military usefulness. I don't recall them being fully-automatic modifications though, but I may be wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.53.190 (talk) 11:42, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

 * I managed to come across a forum claiming that in a December 2001 issue of Handguns magazine, there is a review of a Inglis Hi-Power Mk I, which happened to be a select-fire version for a Chinese contract. This still doesn't help with the claim of Germans using select-fire Hi-Powers, but seeing as they did have the M712 and Astra 900, it could be plausible. Still, without any sources, I think the full-auto claim is unwarranted. Grimwol (talk) 17:55, 14 November 2018 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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External Extractor
This was mentioned a few years back, but there are still several comments indicating that the Hi-Power utilizes a 'more reliable' external extractor, all of which are unsourced unless I am mistaken. The lack of sources is an obvious problem, but the fact that I can easily and readily find credible sources that back either viewpoint, that this is an improvement or not an improvement, is an altogether different problem. This really needs to be changed to reflect a neutral point-of-view.Syr74 (talk) 08:35, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

Dispersion Data
In the Section on the Technical Specifications of the Mk I, it says:

Dispersion (firing 10 shots with rest)
 * at 15 metres: 95 mm (height 50 mm, width 45 mm)
 * at 30 metres: 200 mm (height 105 mm, width 95 mm)
 * at 50 metres: 320 mm (height 170 mm, width 150 mm)

There isn't (at least I cannot see it) any reference given to where these data come from and how they were measured. Taken in themselves, these data don't make a lot of sense to me, since the aggregated data are merely sums of the height and width data. Assuming that the height and width data show the distance from the centre point of aim to the outmost of the ten shots, the linear measure to that outmost shot from the centre point would be - after the Pythagorean theorem:

 * at 15 metres ≈ 67mm
 * at 30 metres ≈ 141mm
 * at 50 metres ≈ 226mm

and maybe even less, if the extremes from height and width came from different shots.

Could anyone clarify that?

Name given to the 1935 Belgian Browning 9mm pistol
I would like the reasonably verified, earliest known date of the name Hi Power being applied to this pistol. Specifically was it used before the German invasion and operation of the FN factory in Liege.

thanks!

D Treadwell Texas dtread44@gmail.com 69.58.154.161 (talk) 02:03, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

Production line moved to Canada
Incorrect. Belgian engineers assisted the Inglis firm with reverse engineering and manufacturing; the tooling remained at FN in German-occupied Belgium. 2600:8805:3804:F500:41D0:B4F:124E:1C28 (talk) 01:47, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Browning Hi-Power


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Ano 2

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SUPRESSÃO. dbenbenn | talk 22:10, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Ano 2
A description of every episode of the second year of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers...in Portuguese. I would have put this on Pages Needing Translation but I don't think it's worth anybody's effort and I think it would be best just to discard it. — Ливай | ☺ 12:48, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Los déletǒs. Fancruft. (What's delete in Portuguese, BTW?) jni 13:22, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Eliminar, I believe :) sjorford// 16:41, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as untranslated cruft. Wyss 19:31, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fancruft, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 01:04, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
PMM

PMM may refer to:

 * Makarov PMM, a variant of the Makarov PM pistol
 * Pacific Meridional Mode
 * Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka, a Philippine political party
 * Pectoralis minor muscle
 * Perchloromethyl mercaptan, a synthetic intermediate
 * Percona Monitoring and Management
 * Permanent magnet motor
 * Permanent Multipurpose Module of the International Space Station
 * Perpetual motion machine
 * Plant matrix metalloproteinase
 * Predictive mean matching, a statistical imputation method
 * Prime Minister of Malaysia (Perdana Menteri Malaysia)
 * Printing and the Mind of Man
 * Product Marketing Manager
 * Public Money & Management, an academic journal

title: PMM


text:
Mahmoud Mokhtar

Mahmoud Mukhtar (Arabic: محمود مختار) (May 10, 1891 – March 28, 1934) was an Egyptian sculptor. He attended the College of Fine Arts in Cairo upon its opening in 1908 by Prince Yusuf Kamal, and was part of the original "Pioneers" of the Egyptian Art movement. Despite his early death, he greatly impacted the realization and formation of contemporary Egyptian art. His work is credited with signaling the beginning of the Egyptian modernist movement, and he is often referred to as the father of modern Egyptian sculpture.

History
Born in the Nile Delta in a small village called Douar skouila, in the region of Mahalla al-Kubra, in the village of Tanbara, where his father was the mayor ('Omda). Mukhtar moved to Cairo as a child with his mother, and in 1908 joined the newly founded Egyptian School of Fine Arts.

In 1912, he joined the studio of Jules Coutan at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He stayed in Paris through World War I, eventually becoming employed at the Musée Grévin under the direction of his former teacher Guillaume Laplagne. Inspired by the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 he sculpted a small maquette of a work called "Nahdat Misr" ["Egypt's Awakening" or "Egypt's Renaissance" in English]. Gaining attention of young Egyptian revolutionaries, a national campaign to erect a monumental version was begun, resulting in an unveiling ceremony of the work in Cairo's Bab al-Hadid Square outside Cairo's main train station. The statue was later moved to a location outside Cairo University.

Museum
The Mukhtar Museum in Cairo houses Mahmoud Mokhtar's works in various media.

Legacy
A Google Doodle on 10 May 2012 commemorated Mokhtar's 121st birth anniversary.

title: Mahmoud Mokhtar