text:
Talk:Betty Friedan

Headline text
I, but it'll be hard to keep it NPOV... I'm also a little dismayed that it doesn't mention her work with labor unions. That tends to get overlooked because she's so often portrayed as the epitome of bourgeoise feminism, so I think it's important for it to be concluded. I'll do some research on it and see what I can find. Leyanese 15:46, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Whoever made the claim Friedan plagiarized from The Second Sex doesn't know what he or she is talking about. Neither book is remotely similar. I am deleting the "plagiarism" reference because it's nonsense and reeks of somebody putting his or her point of view in the article.

WHICH "critics" make such a charge, praytell?

Cleanup
not encyclopedic, format problems. Jim62sch 22:36, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Citations for Carl
While the accusations of wife-beating were in the news, Carl Friedan wrote numerous letters to editors, giving his side of the story. He also set up a website, www.carlfriedan.com, which contains all the letters that were published (with full citation details), as well as lots more information. The web site is now gone, but snippets of it can be found at various other places on the web, e.g. http://www.fathersforlife.org/feminism/truth_a_la_friedan.htm. The original web site is in the archive, e.g.

Articles can be selected from there for citation. (This is what I just did with the NY Post quotation.) --Daphne A 06:04, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

The description of the The Feminine Mystique has been vadalized. I would change it back to what it was before, but I am new to Wikipedia and unfamiliar with the interface.

Neutrality
The second paragraph of the gay/lesbian controversy does not seem to be in proper encyclopedia format; it is told dramatically, like a story, and it may be just me but it feels slightly biased. Can somebody who is good at identifying proper style and neutrality look at it? --Queenrani 02:46, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

This is a ridiculous article and laced very liberally with POV.

As mentioned in other posts, this article absolutely reeks with POV. Someone more experienced in that should check it out. Sephirothrr 19:58, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

The third par of the "Before 1963" chapter seems out of context, biased, and generally makes no sense, as grammar is poor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.239.195.213 (talk) 00:38, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

"Breasts" quote
I could not find any source for this quote on "breast usage" on Google, save for pierretristam.com. Should we delete it? SuperGerbil 23:42, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The pierretristam.com source says that it is from a speech called "Crisis in Women's Identity" in San Francisco in 1964. It looks like this speech is in a collection of Friedan's works called It Changed My Life, so it should be relatively easy to see whether or not the quoted line was in the speech. In my opinion, this makes it verifiable and it should be left in the article unless someone looks at the speech and finds it missing. Mike Dillon 03:58, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

The page says:

- [Betty Friedan] is said to have [citation needed] coined the anti-lesbian phrase "Lavender Menace"

Citation Tips:

"Betty Friedan, in 1970, raised the specter of a "lavender menace" in order to purge lesbians from the women's movement. [note 33: It was largely reported that Friedan had remarked that lesbian feminism were a "lavender menace" that would hurt the women's movement. The remark led to the eruption of the lesbian feminist movement, beginning with the twenty-member "Lavender Menace" that disrupted the Second Congress to Unite Women in 1970 (Schneir, 160).]" (Jacqueline Rhodes: Radical Feminism Writing, and Critical Agency - From Manifesto to Modem (2005) p. 34)

Cleanup tag
Article need to be put in chrono order. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) (talk) 17:01, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Influence section
I took a first shot at cleaning up the Influence section (which was reading like it was extracted from a term paper) but it still needs a lot work. most of the section is not addressing the influence of Friedan's life and work, but the people who wrote books about her.

--Spaceanddeath (talk) 21:05, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

averse vs. adverse
Changing the quotation from "adverse" to "averse" is acceptable only if there's a source for the change. USA Today published "adverse". Our choices are to use the word in the source, to use the word in the source followed by "[sic]", to write brackets and an ellipsis, as in "[averse] ..." instead of "adverse", or to take the passage out of quotation marks and paraphrase it. While, going by the American Heritage Dictionary (3d ed.), averse is probably the word that better fits the context, adverse is not so far off that it is so unlikely to have been said. If another suggestion for Wikipedia comes up, fine. But we can't just substitute a word that's not in the source and surround it with quotation marks. And we can't act as her press agent, polishing after the fact to what she must have meant. I delayed restoring the "adverse" until I checked the USA Today text again, which I did online Wednesday night; but I verified the word. Even if Betty Friedan would have used "averse" in a carefully-drafted essay under her byline, we can't change the newspaper quotation on that basis alone. Suggestions are welcome. Nick Levinson (talk) 11:41, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I got it from the article here; I now see that the author(s) of this article got it from the USA Today story (which I can't seem to locate; is it accessible only to USA Today subscribers?)  Whoever wrote the answers.com story did what I did and changed "adverse" to "averse" for its article. I suppose it should be changed back to "adverse" in the WP article to comply with the verifiability-trumps-correct-usage policy. I have no particular pro-Betty-Friedan agenda or bias. Blake Burba (talk) 12:09, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I think it was in a ProQuest database, and that's a subscription service, but you may be able to use it for free at a public, academic, or institutional library. Where I live, one can get a free library card, including free access to most such databases including the one in which I found USA Today, provided that one lives, works, or studies somewhere in the state; one does not have to live where the library is located. Some databases, though not this one, are then accessible from outside the library via the Web. What's in answers.com for this is from Wikipedia, so it can't be used for Wikipedia.

 * Unless there's a post otherwise, what I'll do shortly is use "adverse [sic]" and add to the footnote that "averse" may possibly have been intended by Friedan.

 * Nick Levinson (talk) 23:38, 29 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Done. Nick Levinson (talk) 00:13, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

editing the lead April 23, 2013
I'm editing the lead's sentence that has been tagged with the Citation Needed template to conform the sentence to what the body already says with a citation. Since this article's lead does not have citations, I'm deleting the template and not replacing it with a citation; functionally, the citation is already in the body's Abortion Choice section. While the sentence originally spoke of tactics, I don't have a source specifically regarding tactics; and while it spoke of her objecting to abortion-centered tactics of radical feminists, I think her objection to radical feminists was to everything radical feminists stood for that differed from what liberal feminists sought, but I don't have a single source for it and I'm not going to spend time to collect various disparate sources, since much of her objection to radical feminism is already in the article, such as her objection, eventually tempered, against committed lesbianism. Nick Levinson (talk) 16:21, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

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Pronunciation
Presumably, she never clarified what the correct or preferred pronunciation of her name was? Or if she did, no one listened? 94.255.196.73 (talk) 12:30, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Betty Friedan


text:
User talk:Jesse's Girl

Feel free to leave a message here, I'd actually like to have a message by now…though I suppose it's an accomplishment to go 3 months without enough controversy to have a message left here.

Anonymous comments are encouraged.

Ashlee Simpson and October 24
Hi there.

I noticed that you added the Ashlee Simpson SNL lip-synching to October 24. Well, Everyking has decided that the world needs protecting from this knowledge so he's reverted it three times now. If you feel it's worth keeping, you might want to go over there and check out the Talk page and/or add it back: I can't add it again because I've reverted him three times now, and that's the individual limit. Just a heads up. --Calton 15:47, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Per your request
Here is a message, but in future please post similar requests at Help desk. Talk:Main Page is to discuss the main page only.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus amurensis) 14:20, May 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've never understood the “main page only” rule.  I ignore rules I don't understand, and I'm not the only one who posts off topic content there. — Jesse's Girl | Please talk! 14:21, 20 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, I wasn't scolding you or anything :) You are indeed not the only one who posted off-topic messages there—that is really kind of expected considering the page's high profile. All I was trying to do is to let you know that there is a place specifically designed for inquiries like yours.  You would much more likely receive an adequate response there.  Cheers.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus amurensis) 14:31, May 20, 2005 (UTC)

NowCommons
Hi Jesse. You wrote "This image is on the Commons. If there is another way to delete duplicate images, let me know". Try. Although that doesn't get the image deleted, it tags it for future deletion. Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 21:41, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging
I've noticed that Image:1996 Vandura GMC.jpg, and possibly other images you've uploaded, do not have source and copyright information. They may be tagged as having no source or being of unknown copyright status. Images given those tags can be deleted 7 days later without further warning. To prevent this, provide accurate copyright tags and sources for all your images. For a list, see your upload log. If you have questions or need help, post to my talk page. Thank you for your cooperation. Superm401 | Talk 21:24, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Greetings. I noticed some of your images tagged as fair use or unknown copyright status, and I believe the tags do not apply. "Fair use" is only applicable where the particular image in question is to be used despite having a copyright status that would ordinarily not permit its use here, in order that the particular image itself may be used for commentary: famous photos such as the Raising of the Flag at Iwo Jima, screnshots from movies, album covers, etc. We sometimes stretch this interpretation for photos that are extremely difficult to obtain under a free license, such as celebrity press photos, though this is disputed.

 * If you are the copyright holder of these images, you cannot tag them as "fair use". It does not apply for generic pictures, such as those of automobiles, that happen to be unavailable under a free license. If you submit them to Wikipedia under the GFDL or CC licenses, you still retain the copyright to your image; you haven't given that away. If you still wanted to license your image to someone else under different terms, you are free to do that, though they will be able to get it from Wikipedia under a free license, as well. However, if you do not agree to license these images under a copyleft license, please let me know, because in that case we cannot use them. If you have any other questions, feel free to ask me. Thanks, Mindspillage (spill yours?) 18:17, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

review of Taurus
Hi, I submitted the article Ford Taurus for featured article, but it failed, so I fixed most of the problems brought up, and I submiutted it up for peer review, hoping I could nudge it further towards featured article status. The discussion can be found here. --Karrmann

Important WikiProject Automobiles Discussion
Hello! As a WikiProject Automobiles member, I just thought you might want to input your opinions on an important discussion we're currently having about whether articles regarding similar vehicles should be merged into one or split by brand. If you would like to comment or read further, please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Automobiles. Thank you in advance for your thoughts and feedback. Airline 23:44, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproject Automobiles Notification
Hi Jesse's Girl, you were on the list of members at WikiProject Automobiles and we are introducing a new way of listing members, as the old list was becoming too long. Our new method involves having all of our members in a category.

To add yourself to the category just add the userbox to your user page by putting   where you want the userbox. Alternatively if you don't like the userbox you can add   to your userpage.

If you no longer wish to be a member of the project, simply don't add the userbox or category, there's no pressure. Thanks for your time, James086Talk 04:05, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Image:1995_Aerostar_Ford.jpg listed for deletion
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:1995 Aerostar Ford.jpg)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jesse's Girl


text:
Talk:Enclosure (disambiguation)

Scope discussions
There's a pretty strong case for moving this to Inclosure eg the eighteenth century Inclosure Acts. Given that there are several other definitions of enclosure that could be added I think it should be moved. adamsan 11:52, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Well I'd never heard of the inclosure usage, but research seems to back it up, so I've elided a few more redirects. Noisy | Talk 19:38, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

This should be moved to a page like Enclosure (Agricultural Revolution). (Or move to Enclosure and make the current Enclosure called Enclosure (disambiguation).) Enclosure gets 5,170,000 hits on Google; inclosure gets only 66,900. Inclosure is a misspelling, according to both Yahoo and Google. ("Did you mean: enclosure?") - Tony Jin 22:26, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's what I thought until I did a bit of research. For the usage of this article, Inclosure is the right term.  That's the name of the Acts, and the term used in authoritative documentation.  Enclosure is correct in many usages, but not for this topic.  Noisy | Talk 23:55, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)

Jebus. Can someone explain what the benefit of creating an enclosure (disambig) page is when enclosure was already doing the job perfectly well? And then redirecting the now empty enclosure page to inclosure? adamsan 01:44, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I've moved it back as the links haven;t been changed to take the move into account and I can't be bothered to change them all again. adamsan 20:47, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Title of this talk page
Much of the above reads like the talk page for Enclosure -- not for Enclosure (disambiguation), which is what the current title Talk:Enclosure (disambiguation) asserts. This deserves a bit of research in the history page(s), and probably either a rename to, or merge with, another talk page. And probably a lk (NOT a Rdr) to this content from Talk:Enclosure (disambiguation). --Jerzy•t 02:05, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Types
(moved from my talk) Is there no 'guideline-friendly' way to list the different types of 'enclosure' wikipedia describes? : in going through references to the word enclosure, I found many mis-links (including for example one from an article about a boeing plane about an 'enclosure' of some component involved in a failiure), and subtle ones relating where it's not quite clear if it's a physical object such as a wall or the 'legal process of ...' mentioned in the main enclosure article. they look highly ambiguous to me because they're often in 'historical-place' related articles. I sense what i'm really after is a 'search index' and yes I know the guidelines state 'a disambiguation page is not a search index' but it seems to me these pages can perform this function, they should (these 'mis-links' wouldn't have happened if enclosure itself was the disambiguation), so it seems like it's the best place to list *everything*. I had also tried moving a subset off to another place ('animal enclosure') but that also met resistance. MfortyoneA (talk) 16:28, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * User:MfortyoneA please discuss your edits here to reach consensus for them. If you have a disambiguation wide question, rather than this dab, then the talk page of WP:MOSDAB or the dab project etc are the right places not here. Widefox ; talk 16:42, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * We don't need a list here of every posssible use of enclosure, nor do most uses in articles need links. The page is probably too long already. Johnbod (talk) 17:12, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Yup, it was a WP:PTM mess before. I'm almost done cleaning it... Widefox ; talk 17:21, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Done. Widefox ; talk 19:59, 28 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Further cleaning of WP:PTM of entries not solely known as "enclosure" but often are a type of enclosure without a bolded alternative title of "enclosure". The link to the category covers readers looking for examples for animals, although I've listed that at the dab project to ask for more opinions on the validity of category links. Widefox ; talk 00:06, 11 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Enclosure (disambiguation)


text:
The squeaky wheel gets the grease

The squeaky wheel gets the grease is an American aphorism or metaphor attesting that matters which draw themselves to our attention are more likely to be addressed than those which do not. The term makes no necessary correlation between the volume of a complaint and its stridency with its merit.

History
The origin of the squeaky wheel metaphor is unknown, but its current form is attributed to American humorist Josh Billings (the pen name of Henry Wheeler Shaw), who is said to have popularized it in his putative poem "The Kicker" (c. 1870)

 * I hate to be a kicker,
 * I always long for peace,
 * But the wheel that squeaks the loudest,
 * Is the one that gets the grease.

However, this poem has been attributed to various authors, anonymous or otherwise, and its provenance has never been verified. The first publication of the poem can be traced only to 1910. For unknown reasons, in 1937 Bartlett's Familiar Quotations attributed the poem to Shaw.

Other variations exist, and suggest that being heard gets attention, and prolongs the life of the hub, whereas a silent hub may be overlooked and neglected.

Parallels

 * The Chinese proverbs "会哭的孩子有奶吃" ("The crying baby gets the milk")
 * The German version "Das Rad, das am lautesten quietscht, bekommt das meiste Fett ("The wheel that squeaks the loudest gets most of the grease.")
 * The Portuguese proverb "Quem não chora, não mama" ("He who does not cry does not get breastfed.")
 * The Spanish proverb "El que no llora no mama" ("He who does not cry does not get breastfed.")

Contrasts

 * The Japanese proverb, "The stake that sticks up gets hammered down", or "The nail that stands out gets pounded down," (出る釘は打たれる, deru kugi wa utareru),
 * The Dutch proverbs "Tall trees catch loads of wind" ("Hoge bomen vangen veel wind", implying they are the first to go down) and "[The wheat that's growing] above the mowing line [gets cut down]" ("[Koren dat] boven het maaiveld uitsteekt [wordt afgehakt]").
 * The Korean maxim "모난 돌이 정 맞는다: Pointy stone meets chisel."
 * The Spanish proverb, "El clavo que sobresale recibe el martillazo", "The nail that stands out gets hammered down" (implying that the best workers get rewarded with more work)

Other
Related or contrasting sentiments include:

 * Tall poppy syndrome, where those who stand out most attract criticism, a popular term in commonwealth countries
 * Law of Jante, an attitude of disapproval toward exhibitions of individuality or personal success, rooted in Scandinavia

title: The squeaky wheel gets the grease


text:
File:Plantation Place on Fenchurch Street.jpg

Plantation Place on Fenchurch Street in the City of London


text:
Talk:Prüm

Needs editing and better translation from the German

title: Talk:Prüm


text:
Talk:Michael Murphy (VC)

RASC part of RLC
The article says the royal Army Service Corps became part of the Royal Logistic Corps, however the RASC ceased to exist in 1965, being one of the main corps used in the creation of the Royal Corps of Transport. (83.16.188.58 (talk) 09:07, 9 October 2012 (UTC))

Untitled
MM's GGg-nephew. Ian Cairns 23:48, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 16:33, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Re-listing of Victoria Cross
I have deleted the section under this heading that read: ‘Twenty-seven years after Murphy's death, in July 1920, the rules for the Victoria Cross award were changed to exclude forfeiture. The eight extant forfeits—including that of Murphy—were then re-listed in the Victoria Cross register’. The statement is in error and there was no reference to support the statement although similar statements have been made in respect to all the forfeited awards.

The VC warrant was not changed in July 1920 to exclude forfeitures. The present VC warrant still contains a forfeiture clause although the wording was modified in 1931. Since the original warrant in 1856, the monarch has had the power to restore a forfeited award but such power has never been exercised. The claim that the eight awards were relisted in the Victoria Cross Registrar refers to the War Office Alphabetical list of Victoria Cross recipients last issued in 1953. The names of the eight recipients who forfeited their awards are listed in that publication but their names were never deleted from earlier lists. Instead, both the 1920 list and the 1953 list include a note at the end of the list stating that the following 'whose names are included in the previous list forfeited the Victoria Cross under authority of the Royal Warrant quoted in each case’. Anthony Staunton (talk) 01:42, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

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service record
There is inconsistency and confusion in the service details such as when was he diverted to India and in the description of the Military Train. Some 21st Century references would help. Anthony Staunton (talk) 23:25, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Murphy (VC)


text:
Talk:Danielle Brisebois

Untitled
how does an unreleased album become "critically-acclaimed"? —question from Niteowlneils' edit summary

 * There was a promotional copy send out to music magazines, etc. which got pretty good reviews. -Fritz S.

title: Talk:Danielle Brisebois


text:
Castle Ashby

Castle Ashby is a village and civil parish in the West Northamptonshire unitary authority area of Northamptonshire, England. At the 2011 Census, the population of the parish (including Chadstone) was 111.

Historically, the village was set up to service the needs of Castle Ashby House, the seat of the Marquess of Northampton. The village has one small pub-hotel, The Falcon. The village contains many houses rebuilt from the 1860s onwards. These include work by the architect E.F. Law of Northampton, whose work can also be seen nearby at Horton Church. The castle is the result of a licence obtained in 1306, for Walter Langton, Bishop of Coventry, to castellate his mansion in the village of Ashby.

The village's name means 'Ash-tree farm/settlement'. There was a castle here, later replaced by the Elizabethan mansion.

title: Castle Ashby


text:
Battle of Abu Klea

The Battle of Abu Klea, or the Battle of Abu Tulayh took place between 16 and 18 January 1885, at Abu Klea, Sudan, between the British Desert Column and Mahdist forces encamped near Abu Klea. The Desert Column, a force of approximately 1,400 soldiers, started from Korti, Sudan on 30 December 1884; the Desert Column's mission, in a joint effort titled "The Gordon Relief Expedition", was to march across the Bayuda Desert to the aid of General Charles George Gordon at Khartoum, Sudan, who was besieged there by Mahdist forces.

The place is generally known in British military records as Abu Klea, which arose as a contemporary British spelling of its Arabic name, 'Abu Tͅuleiħ (أَبُو طُلَيْح). The British commander Sir Herbert Stewart was mortally wounded during the battle.

Background
The British forces consisted of 1,400 British of the Desert Column under Sir Herbert Stewart, against a Sudanese force of approximately 14,000 fighters. While the main British force (the River Column), led by General Sir Garnet Wolseley travelled by river from Korti to Khartoum, Stewart's column was to cut across country by column directly for Khartoum, since time was running short according to what little information was available from the garrison. The force was composed of four regiments of camel-mounted troops (Guards, Heavy, Light and Mounted Infantry), detachments of the various infantry regiments in Egypt and of the River Column, and a detachment of the 19th Hussars, mounted on horses. Four light field pieces and a small Naval Brigade manning a Gardner machine gun completed the force.

Units involved included:
 * 19th Hussars
 * Heavy Camel Detachment
 * Guards Camel Detachment
 * Mounted Infantry Detachment
 * Light Camel Detachment
 * 1st Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment
 * Royal Marines Light Infantry
 * Royal Navy Brigade

Battle
The Desert Column arrived on the salient overlooking the wadi of Abu Klea not long before sunset, and Stewart decided not to attack that night. The British built a defensive position (or zariba), but were sniped at from the high ground around them by Mahdist rifle units – mainly soldiers from southern Sudan – all night. They took several casualties. At first light Stewart ordered them to form a square, which they achieved with perfect discipline, though still under fire from enemy snipers. The square moved slowly towards the wells along the side of the wadi, over very difficult, undulating, rocky ground. Suddenly the square was ambushed by a huge Mahdist force that had been concealing itself in the wadi. The British guns were on the leading face of the square, and the Naval Brigade, with their Gardner machine gun, at the rear left-hand corner, nearest the wadi. Several officers and men of HMS Alexandra were killed at the battle. As the British halted to repel the Mahdist force, a gap opened up towards the rear left corner of the square. This was caused when Captain Lord Charles Beresford RN, commanding the Naval Brigade, ordered the Gardner gun to be run out on the left flank of the infantry square to provide covering fire. Colonel Frederick Gustavus Burnaby then gave an impromptu order for the Heavy Camel Regiment to wheel out of the square in support of the Gardner gun. The gun had been tested and found very reliable in Britain, but had not been tested in a desert with loose sand getting into its mechanism. It fired seventy rounds and then jammed, and as the crew tried to clear it they were cut down in a rush by the dervishes. Out of the forty men in the Naval contingent, Lieutenants Alfred Piggott and Rudolph de Lisle were killed along with Chief Boatswain's Mate Bill (Billy) Rhodes and five other seamen and seven more were wounded. Beresford was 'scratched' on the left hand by a spear as he managed to duck under the gun. The weight of the rush pushed the sailors back into the face of the square. Several dervishes got inside the square, but found the interior full of camels and could not proceed. The troops in the rear ranks faced about and opened fire into the press of men and camels behind them, and were able to drive the dervishes out of the square and compel them to retreat from the field.

The battle was short, lasting barely fifteen minutes from start to finish. Casualties for the British were nine officers and 65 other ranks killed and over a hundred wounded. The Mahdists lost 1,100 dead during the fifteen minutes of fighting, made all the worse by only 3,000–5,000 of the dervish force being engaged. Among the dervish dead was Musa wad Helu, one of the Mahdist chiefs. British national hero Colonel F. G. Burnaby of the Royal Horse Guards was killed by a spear to the throat. The Times reported that he "fell while reforming a broken British square" (this being one of only two recorded cases of a British square 'breaking' in the 19th century). Frank Rhodes (brother of Cecil) distinguished himself when several horses were shot under him during the engagement, earning him a Distinguished Service Order. Gunner Alfred Smith fought bravely to save his officer, Lieutenant Guthrie, and was awarded a Victoria Cross.

Aftermath
The Desert Column set out from Abu Klea in the late afternoon of 18 January and marched through the night towards Metemmeh. It fought a battle on the afternoon of 19 January near Abu Kru, in the vicinity of Metemmeh, in which it repulsed another charge by the Mahdists. The column's leader, Major General Herbert Stewart, was wounded by Remington rifle fire that night and transferred command to an inexperienced leader, Brigadier General Charles Wilson, his intelligence officer). (Stewart would die of his wound a month later.) Wilson was slow to organize his forces, and in tarrying another day, it was he who was the cause of that advance detachment's delay.

On 20 January a flotilla of four steamers with a motley force of Sudanese and Egyptian troops sent downriver by Gordon reached the British camp. After some reconnaissance up and down the river, Wilson set off towards Khartoum with two of the steamers and a small force on 24 January. His orders from Wolseley were to make contact and confer with Gordon. They arrived after 11 o’clock on 28 January and were met with enemy fire from the riverbanks. Khartoum had fallen to the Mahdi on 26 January and Gordon had been killed.

The British then withdrew from the Sudan, leaving the Mahdi to rule Sudan for the next 13 years. The official public blame for this failure was left with Prime Minister Gladstone for delaying several months to authorise a rescue, to the considerable anger expressed in public of Queen Victoria.

Poetic tributes
The battle was celebrated by the doggerel poet William McGonagall:

Ye sons of Mars, come join with me, And sing in praise of Sir Herbert Stewart’s little army, That made ten thousand Arabs flee At the charge of the bayonet at Abou Klea and so on for 19 stanzas.

The battle and one of its notable participants is mentioned in the song "Colonel Burnaby", which has as its chorus: Weep not my boys, for those who fell, They did not flinch nor fear. They stood their ground like Englishmen, and died at Abu Klea

The rhymes in these poems show varying attempts at pronouncing "Klea" from the English spelling, and the rhyme with "fear" shows British English arhotic pronunciation.

More celebrated and of higher literary quality, but taking substantial liberties for the exact events, is the mention of the battle in verse two of Sir Henry Newbolt's poem Vitai Lampada: …The sand of the desert is sodden red, Red with the wreck of a square that broke; The Gatling's jammed and the colonel dead, And the regiment blind with dust and smoke. The river of death has brimmed his banks, And England’s far, and Honour a name, But the voice of the schoolboy rallies the ranks, "Play up! play up! and play the game!” "The wreck of a square" is a severe exaggeration, and Newbolt conflated Abu Klea with other events such as the Battle of Tamai; most of the dead were Mahdists. Newbolt's reference to the Gatling is wrong, as the British force at Abu Klea had the American Gardner machine gun. The Royal Artillery unit which took part in the battle still exists today, re-numbered as 176 Battery, and has the honour title "Abu Klea", awarded in 1955 in recognition of the Victoria Cross won by Gunner Smith. The battle, together with that of Tamai, was also referenced in Rudyard Kiplings poem "Fuzzy-Wuzzy", voiced as a common soldiers begrudged tribute to the fighting prowess of the Beja people. The last lines read:

So 'ere's ~to~ you, Fuzzy-Wuzzy, at your 'ome in the Soudan; You're a pore benighted 'eathen but a first-class fightin' man; An' 'ere's ~to~ you, Fuzzy-Wuzzy, with your 'ayrick 'ead of 'air — You big black boundin' beggar — for you broke a British square!

title: Battle of Abu Klea


text:
Talk:Font rasterization

Comments
This article is extremely dated. There is no coverage of DirectWrite (Windows) or how the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) rasterises text. Moreover, as of May 2010 all TrueType related patents have expired. This makes it possible for FreeType to enable bytecode hinting without being patent encumbered. I am unconvinced that the D-Type stuff is relevant --- do any applications actually use it? As the author of "A Treatise on Font Rasterisation With an Emphasis on Free Software" (see citations/references for a link) I am happy to license the article --- along with all associated media -- under the "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported" license if it will help. EvilGuru (talk) 14:24, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

The image "Rasterization with subpixel rendering for an RGB flat panel display" should show the actual RGB pixels (since it's zoomed in and can be done) to better show people the effect. -- I suggest removing the commercials, along with their annoying trademark and registered signs.

Subpixel rendering does not necessarily mean that hinting is used. Rather, this depends on the implementation. I think this should be made clear by showing the samples both with and without hinting.
 * I changed the page to only show hinted anti-aliased text since the other two samples are hinted. The old image is still on Wikipedia, though: [[Image:Rasterization-antialiasing-without-hinting.png]] --Crashie 16:07, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

There is no info about anti-alias in Linux, since it support as well both anti-alias and subpixel rendering.

Fair use rationale for Image:Rasterization-simple.png
Image:Rasterization-simple.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 03:52, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Currently used rasterization systems
The article states "RISC OS has featured font anti-aliasing since 1990." There is some talk about RISC OS regarding the claim of it being "one of the first operating systems to include [Sub-pixel positioning anti-aliasing"]. Are any dates available for the other systems? --trevj (talk) 15:14, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

Break article into sections
I ran into the term "bi-level rendering" in the Segoe article. This article contains the only relevant discussion regarding bi-level rendering I could find in Wikipedia (though it doesn't mention the specific term). It would be nice to be able to link "bi-level rendering" to the appropriate section in this article, but that can't be done until this article is broken into sections. Can someone with better editorial skills than myself break the article up, and maybe even mention "bi-level rendering" under the section discussing aliased text (or non-anti-aliased text)? Gilly3 (talk) 23:38, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

meaning of font aliasing / font rasterization
I went to this article to find out what was the meaning of "font aliasing". I found the phrase "font rasterization" which I assume is the same thing? No definition. This makes the whole article rather obscure. What's it about? Making letters legible in some highly technical way(s)? Please define your terms! 24.90.104.148 (talk) 15:49, 14 July 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Font rasterization


text:
The Seven Last Words of Christ (Haydn)

The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour on the Cross (German: Die sieben letzten Worte unseres Erlösers am Kreuze) is an orchestral work by Joseph Haydn, commissioned in 1786 for the Good Friday service at Oratorio de la Santa Cueva (Holy Cave Oratory) in Cádiz, Spain. Published in 1787 and performed then in Paris, Rome, Berlin and Vienna, the composer adapted it in 1787 for string quartet, approved a version for solo piano in the same year, and finally adapted it in 1796 as an oratorio (with both solo and choral vocal forces).

The seven main meditative sections are based on seven expressions attributed to Jesus during his crucifixion. The seven sections are labelled "sonatas" and are all slow. They are framed by a slow Introduction and a fast "Earthquake" conclusion, for a total of nine movements.

Origin
Haydn himself explained the origin and difficulty of writing the work when the publisher Breitkopf & Härtel issued (in 1801) a new edition and requested a preface:

"Some fifteen years ago I was requested by a canon of Cádiz to compose instrumental music on the Seven Last Words of Our Savior On the Cross. It was customary at the Cathedral of Cádiz to produce an oratorio every year during Lent, the effect of the performance being not a little enhanced by the following circumstances. The walls, windows, and pillars of the church were hung with black cloth, and only one large lamp hanging from the center of the roof broke the solemn darkness. At midday, the doors were closed and the ceremony began. After a short service the bishop ascended the pulpit, pronounced the first of the seven words (or sentences) and delivered a discourse thereon. This ended, he left the pulpit and fell to his knees before the altar. The interval was filled by music. The bishop then in like manner pronounced the second word, then the third, and so on, the orchestra following on the conclusion of each discourse. My composition was subject to these conditions, and it was no easy task to compose seven adagios lasting ten minutes each, and to succeed one another without fatiguing the listeners; indeed, I found it quite impossible to confine myself to the appointed limits."

The priest who commissioned the work, Don José Sáenz de Santa María, had reconditioned the Oratorio de la Santa Cueva, and paid Haydn in a most unusual way – sending the composer a cake which Haydn discovered was filled with gold coins.

Original orchestral version (1786)
The original 1786 work, for full classical orchestra (instrumentation: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, strings), is as follows:

 * 1) Introduzione in D minor – Maestoso ed Adagio

 * 1) Sonata I ("Pater, dimitte illis, quia nesciunt, quid faciunt") in B-flat major – Largo

 * 1) Sonata II ("Hodie mecum eris in paradiso") in C minor, ending in C major – Grave e cantabile

 * 1) Sonata III ("Mulier, ecce filius tuus") in E major – Grave

 * 1) Sonata IV ("Deus meus, Deus meus, utquid dereliquisti me") in F minor – Largo

 * 1) Sonata V ("Sitio") in A major – Adagio

 * 1) Sonata VI ("Consummatum est") in G minor, ending in G major – Lento

 * 1) Sonata VII ("In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum") in E-flat major – Largo

 * 1) Il terremoto (Earthquake) in C minor – Presto e con tutta la forza

The seven meditations on the Last Words are excerpted from all four gospels. The "Earthquake" movement derives from Matthew 27:51ff. Much of the work is consolatory, but the "Earthquake" brings a contrasting element of supernatural intervention—the orchestra is asked to play presto e con tutta la forza—and closes with the only fortississimo (triple forte) in the piece.

Haydn uses an extremely wide range of tonalities for a composition of the time. Musicologist Mark Spitzer observes of this: "In its tonal freedom [it] anticipates [Haydn's] late Masses, particularly the Harmoniemesse ... The only other Classical 'multi-piece' which spreads itself across the entire tonal gamut with this architectural breadth is Beethoven's String Quartet in C♯ minor, op. 131 ... Why, then, is Beethoven given credit for experimental daring when Haydn, once again, gets there first?"

String quartet version (1787)
At the request of his publisher, Artaria, the composer in 1787 produced a reduced version for string quartet: Haydn's Opus 51. This is the form in which the music is most often heard today: a group of seven works (Hoboken-Verzeichnis III/50–56), with the Introduction abutting Sonata I and Sonata VII joined by the Earthquake. The first violin part includes the Latin text directly under the notes, which "speak" the words musically.

This version has come under suspicion of authenticity due to an occasionally careless manner of transcription, with crucial wind passages left out and only the accompanimental figures in the strings retained. As a result, some quartets make their own adaptation, working from the orchestral original.

Quartets have occasionally created performances that evoked the format of the premiere, with verse readings replacing the original words and sermons. The Brentano String Quartet, for instance, commissioned poet Mark Strand to supply a series of readings to replace the "words"; the result was "Poem After the Seven Last Words" (included in the volume Man and Camel). In another recorded example, by the Aeolian Quartet in 1976, poetic readings were substituted for the "words", read by Peter Pears; these readings were from John Donne (Introduction), George Herbert (Adagio), Robert Herrick (Grave e cantabile), an anonymous 15th century writer (Grave), Edith Sitwell (Largo), Edwin Muir (Adagio) and David Gascoyne (Lento), and the final Largo and Earthquake completed the performance.

Choral version (1796)
In the course of his second journey to London (1794–1795), in Passau, Haydn had heard a revised version of his work, amplified to include a chorus, prepared by the Passau Kapellmeister Joseph Friebert. The words were not the original Latin but pietist poetry, written in German. Haydn was impressed with the new work and decided to improve on it, preparing his own choral version. He had the assistance of Baron Gottfried van Swieten, who revised the lyrics used by Friebert. This was the first work in a serial collaboration with van Swieten as librettist that continued with the later oratorios The Creation and The Seasons. The choral version was privately premiered in Vienna on 26 March 1796 before an audience of the nobility, under the sponsorship of the Gesellschaft der Associierten. The public premiere was on 1 April 1798, sponsored by the Tonkünstler-Societät, a Viennese benefit society for musicians. The work was published in 1801.

Hoboken-Verzeichnis numbering
The Seven Last Words of Christ has its own section in the Hoboken-Verzeichnis (Hob. XX):

 * Hob. XX/1 – instrumental versions
 * Hob. XX/1A – orchestral version (1786)
 * Hob. XX/1B – quartet version (1787) = Hob. III/50–56 in the quartet section of the catalogue, also Op. 51
 * Hob. XX/1C – piano version (1787)

 * Hob. XX/2 – choral version (oratorio, 1796).

Selected discography
Original orchestral version (1786) String quartet version (1787) Piano version (1787) Choral version (1796)
 * The Seven Last Words of Christ Le Concert des Nations, Jordi Savall. Recorded in the Oratorio de la Santa Cueva with readings by theologian Raimon Panikkar and Nobel Prize winner José Saramago. CD or DVD.
 * The Seven Last Words of Christ Wiener Philharmoniker, Riccardo Muti. Recorded in concert in the Großes Festspielhaus in Salzburg on 25 August 1982. Deutsche Grammophon CD.
 * The Seven Last Words of Christ Orchestra of the Eighteenth Century, Frans Brüggen. Glossa CD, 2009.
 * The Seven Last Words of Christ Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Neville Marriner. His Master's Voice – ASD 3451. Recorded May 1977 in London, England.
 * Haydn: The Seven Last Words of Christ Juilliard String Quartet, Benita Valente, Jan DeGaetani, Jon Humphrey, Thomas Paul, Sony Music, 1990 (nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance in 1991)
 * Haydn: String Quartet, Op. 51 Seven Last Words The Lindsays ASV Penguin Guide Rosette
 * Haydn: The Seven Last Words of Christ Cuarteto Casals, Harmonia Mundi, 2014
 * VII-LW: Die Sieben letzten Worte Matangi Quartet, Matangi Music, 2020
 * Haydn: The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour on the Cross, Hob.XX/1C (piano version) Ronald Brautigam (fortepiano) BIS
 * Haydn: The Seven Last Words of Our Saviour on the Cross, Hob.XX/2 (choral version) Sandrine Piau, Ruth Sandhoff, Robert Getchell, Harry van der Kamp. Accentus. Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin, Laurence Equilbey

title: The Seven Last Words of Christ (Haydn)


text:
Newsroom

A newsroom is the central place where journalists—reporters, editors, and producers, associate producers, news anchors, news designers, photojournalists, videojournalists, associate editor, residence editor, visual text editor, Desk Head, stringers along with other staffers—work to gather news to be published in a newspaper, an online newspaper or magazine, or broadcast on radio, television, or cable. Some journalism organizations refer to the newsroom as the city room.

Print publication newsrooms
In a print publication's newsroom, reporters sit at desks, gather information, and write articles or stories, in the past on typewriters, in the 1970s sometimes on specialized terminals, then after the early 1980s on personal computers or workstations. These stories are submitted to editors, who usually sit together at one large desk, where the stories are reviewed and possibly rewritten. Reporters generally used the inverted pyramid method for writing their stories, although some journalistic writing used other methods; some of the work of Tom Wolfe is an example of reporting that did not follow that style.

Once finished, editors write a headline for the story and begin to lay it out (see publishing) on a newspaper or magazine page. Editors also review photographs, maps, charts or other graphics to be used with a story. At many newspapers, copy editors who review stories for publication work together at what is called a copy desk, supervised by a copy desk chief, night editor, or news editor. Assignment editors, including the city editor, who supervise reporters' work, may or may not work with the copy desk.

How a newsroom is structured and functions depends in part on the size of the publication and when it is published, especially if it is a daily newspaper, which can either be published in the morning (an a.m. cycle) or the evening (a p.m. cycle). Most daily newspapers follow the a.m. cycle.

In almost all newspaper newsrooms, editors customarily meet daily with the chief editor to discuss which stories will be placed on the front page, section front pages, and other pages. This is commonly called a "budget meeting" because the main topic of the meeting is the budgeting or allocation of space in the next issue.

Newsrooms often have an assignment desk where staffers monitor emergency scanners, answer telephone calls, faxes and e-mails from the public and reporters. The assignment desk is also responsible for assigning reporters to stories or deciding what is covered and what isn't. In many newsrooms, the assignment desk is raised a step or two above the rest of the newsroom, allowing staffers who work at the desk to see everyone in the newsroom.

In some newsrooms, a teamwork-integrated system called the Maestro Concept has been applied to improve time management of the newsroom. This maestro system is a method to improve the presentation of stories to busy readers in today's media. Teamwork and collaboration bring a story to life from an initial idea by integrating reporting with photographs, design and information graphics.

Changes in newsrooms
The modern American newsroom has gone through several changes in the last 50 years, with computers replacing typewriters and the Internet replacing Teletype terminals. More ethnic minority groups as well as women are working as reporters and editors, including many managerial positions. Many newspapers have internet editions, and at some, reporters are required to meet tighter deadlines to have their stories posted on the newspaper website, even before the print edition is printed and circulated. However, some things haven't changed; many reporters still use paper reporter's notebooks and the telephone to gather information, although the computer has become another essential tool for reporting.

Broadcast newsrooms
Broadcast newsrooms are very similar to newspaper newsrooms. The two major differences are that these newsrooms include small rooms to edit video or audio and that they also exist next to the radio or television studio.

Broadcast newsrooms have undergone substantial transformations in recent years, influenced by the digital revolution and shifts in audience preferences. These changes are integral to modern news production, and they encompass the following key developments: digital transition, multimedia journalism, social media engagement, live reporting, remote news production, and data-driven journalism.

Newsroom Computer Systems (NRCS)
Newsroom Computer Systems (NRCS) are sophisticated software and hardware solutions utilized in broadcast newsrooms to streamline the news production process. These systems serve several crucial purposes, including Content Management, Collaboration, Workflow Management, Integration, Scheduling, Publishing and Archiving.

Newsroom Computer Systems are indispensable in modern broadcast newsrooms, enhancing the efficiency, accuracy, and speed of news production, especially in an era characterized by rapid digital transformation and evolving audience expectations for on-demand, multimedia news content.

Several NRCS solutions have established themselves as leaders in the market due to their advanced features, user-friendly interfaces, and comprehensive functionalities. Here are some of the prominent NRCS systems available in the market: Octopus Newsroom, TinkerList, ENPS, Dalet, Burli Newsroom, iNEWS, NewsBoss and CUEZ.

Newsrooms in popular culture

 * The American newsroom has been a location of many books, movies and television shows about the newspaper and magazine business, especially movies like His Girl Friday, All the President's Men or The Paper, and television shows like The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Lou Grant, and Murphy Brown.
 * The newsroom of a Canadian television station is the location of the CBC Television comedy The Newsroom. It is also shown on some public television stations in the United States.
 * The 2004 film Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, is set around a newsroom.
 * The American television drama series The Newsroom is set in the newsroom of a cable news channel.
 * Drop the Dead Donkey is a British sitcom set in a TV newsroom; it is notable in that each episode was filmed a day before broadcast, in order to incorporate references to current events.

title: Newsroom


text:
Anders Fogh Rasmussen I Cabinet

After the 2001 Danish parliamentary election, Anders Fogh Rasmussen was able form a government coalition of his own Liberal Party Venstre and the Conservative People's Party. It was a minority government with the parliamentary support of the Danish People's Party. The resulting cabinet is called the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I. Apart from the EU Presidency in 2002 during which the enlargement of the European Union was decided, the main issues for the cabinet were the so-called tax freeze, which ended the upward drift in municipal income tax rates, tax cuts, law and order, limiting the number of refugees and immigrants coming to Denmark as well as the war in Afghanistan and Iraq.

In the 2005 Danish parliamentary election, Anders Fogh Rasmussen retained his parliamentary support, and was able to reform his cabinet as the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II, with a few changes from the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I.

Cabinet changes
On 18 June 2002 Flemming Hansen replaced Bendt Bendtsen as Minister of Nordic Cooperation.

In April 2004 Svend Aage Jensby resigned and was replaced by Søren Gade.

On 2 August 2004 there was a cabinet change:
 * Henriette Kjær was appointed to the new post of Minister of Family and Consumption.
 * Bertel Haarder was appointed to the new post of Minister for Development Cooperation.
 * Kristian Jensen replaced Svend Erik Hovmand as Tax Minister.
 * Hans Christian Schmidt replaced Mariann Fischer Boel as Minister of Food. Mariann Fischer Boel became a member of the European Commission.
 * Eva Kjer Hansen replaced Henriette Kjær as Social Minister and Minister for Women's Rights.
 * Connie Hedegaard replaced Hans Christian Schmidt as Minister for the Environment.

List of ministers and portfolios
Some periods in the table below end after 18 February 2005 because the minister also serves in Anders Fogh Rasmussens second cabinet.

title: Anders Fogh Rasmussen I Cabinet


text:
Kishkinta

Kishkinta was a theme park located in Chennai, India. It was founded by Navodaya Appachan, the owner of Navodaya Studio. The park spread across 120 acres of vast area with a scenic landscape, bushes, fountains, decorations and designs. Along with these, the park had various entertainment places of Wave pools, water rides, roller coasters, toy trains etc. especially for children who visit for picnics. It was named after the fabled simian kingdom in the epic – Ramayana. As of 2016, it is currently closed.

Controversies
Due to lack of proficient engineers for inspection and analysis, Kishkinta ride quality checks were done by amateurs and for weight test labourers were forced to participate. One such incident resulted in the death of a young labourer.

title: Kishkinta


text:
User talk:Richardslgc

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 15:59, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Richardslgc


text:
Alulim

Alulim (transliterated: ) was a mythological Mesopotamian ruler, regarded as the first king ever to rule. He is known from the Sumerian King List, Ballad of Early Rulers, and other similar sources which invariably place him in Eridu and assign a reign lasting thousands of years to him. The tablet of Old Babylonian period (c. 1900-1600 BC) from Ur describing the divine appointment of Alulim by the gods notes that he was chosen among "vast and many people," and appointed by gods for the "shepherdship of the entirety of the many people". Another myth describing his appointment by the gods and incantations treating him as the creator of insects are also known. He is absent from Early Dynastic sources, and he is considered fictional by Assyriologists. His name was preserved in later Greek, Arabic and Persian works.

Name
Alulim's name was written in cuneiform as A2-lu-lim or A-lu-lim and can be translated from Sumerian as either "horn of the red deer" or "seed of the red deer" depending on the variable first sign. Jeremiah Peterson suggests that it might reflect the Mesopotamian belief that at the dawn of history, when Alulim was believed to live, humans behaved in animal-like manner, as attested in texts such as Sheep and Grain or How Grain Came to Sumer. A further attested spelling, Alulu, written A-lu-lu, might represent an Akkadianized form. The name Ayalu, known from the Uruk List of Kings and Sages (Paired with Apkallu Adapa) where it is written A-a-lu, appears to be another variant, resulting from reinterpretation reliant on the partially homophonous word ayyalu, 'deer' or 'stag'.

The name Alulim is not attested in any Early Dynastic sources and was never used as an ordinary given name. The only indirect parallels are the occurrences of individuals named Alulu (with variable spelling) in early texts from Fara and other pre-Sargonic sites.

Reign
Alulim is regarded as a fictional figure by Assyriologists. References to him are largely limited to lists of legendary ancient rulers. He was traditionally considered the first Mesopotamian king, and his reign was placed before the mythical great flood. All known sources listing primordial kings consistently state that he lived in Eridu, unless no mention of any cities is made. This tradition reflected the perception of Eridu as a city of particular symbolic importance. His reign was described as supernaturally long. Its duration was regarded as proverbial, as indicated by a letter of the astrologer Ašarēdu to an unspecified Babylonian king, in which he wished him to be blessed by the gods of Babylon with "years of Alulu". According to the Sumerian King List, Alulim retained his position for 28,800 years before he was succeeded by Alalgar, who in turn reigned for 36,000 years. However, the contents of the Sumerian King List are assumed to not reflect historical reality, and cannot be used to reconstruct early Mesopotamian chronology. There is no evidence that the figure of Alulim was incorporated into it from a preexisting older source. A different tradition about the length of his reign is preserved in the Ballad of Early Rulers, which states that he ruled for 36,000 years. According to Irving Finkel, other similar texts give further variant figures, such as 36,200 years (tablet BM 40565) or 67,200 years (tablet WB 62).

Miscellaneous attestations
A tablet of the Eridu Genesis from Ur first published in 2018 describes the appointment of Alulim.

It has been interpreted as an etiology of the institution of kingship, with the first ruler being chosen from among mankind to act as the shepherd of the early, still animalistic humans, thus leading to the development of human civilization. The gods responsible for Alulim's appointment in this text are An, Enlil and Enki, who are also credited with assigning his name to him. Jeremiah Peterson notes that the grammar of the passage might not designate him as a human, which could indicate that in this context Alulim is not a personal name, but merely a description of the entity chosen to act as a ruler.

In the Ballad of Early Rulers, a composition noted for its large number of allusions to other works of Mesopotamian literature, Alulim is listed among famous ancient figures alongside Etana, Gilgamesh, Ziusudra, Humbaba, Enkidu, Bazi and Zizi. The fact that kings associated both with southern cities, such as Alulim, and ones at home in the north, such as Etana, are mentioned side by side might indicate that it was composed during the period of exodus of scribes from south to north in the Old Babylonian period. Bendt Alster compares this text to a drinking song and notes it appears to enumerate renowned legendary figures in seemingly humorous context, in order to explain the need to find joy in the present.

Alulim is also attested in Neo-Babylonian incantations against field pests, acknowledge him as a "king from before the deluge", though in this context he is also addressed as the creator of insects. He is described as capable of expelling them with a wand, and as responsible for the weeding of fields belonging to Nergal. Elsewhere the expulsion of insects is the domain of the deities Ninkilim and Ennugi, and it is not known how Alulim came to function as a similar figure. The same texts also state that he was believed to enjoy milk, ghee and beer, but could not stand "queen Nisaba", here a metonym for grain.

Although earlier tradition, Me-Turan/Tell-Haddad tablet, describes Adapa as postdiluvian ruler of Eridu, in late tradition, Adapa came to be viewed as Alulim's vizier. It was believed that he provided the king with wisdom on behalf of the god Ea. Piotr Steinkeller based on the connection between them suggests Alulim could himself be viewed as a sagacious Adapa-like figure, though he admits no sources provide information about the perception of his character in Mesopotamian tradition. The association between Alulim and Adapa is attested in lists of rulers and corresponding sages known from the Hellenistic period, and additionally in an earlier damaged text from Sultantepe labeled as a letter from Adapa to Alulim, following a convention of so-called "scribal letters". However, a distinct tradition instead placed Adapa in the times of another mythical king, Enmerkar.

Proposed influence on other mythical figures
Eckhart Frahm has tentatively suggested that it is possible that the vowel pattern in the alternate form of Alulim's name, Alulu, influenced the formation of the name Pazuzu. A reference to Alulu occurs in a broken context in a heavily damaged Middle Assyrian (or later) text from Assur which might link him to Pazuzu, if the restoration of the latter name is correct, though due to the state of preservation the contents are presently impossible to interpret.

Mary R. Bachvarova notes that in the Hurrian Song of Birth, the primordial deity Alalu who appears as the original "king in heaven" (king of the gods) bears a name similar to Alulim's. She suggests that this text might have been influenced by the Sumerian King List, with the reigns of the early rulers of the gods being patterned on the traditions pertaining to early Mesopotamian legendary kings.

Later relevance
A Greek version of Alulim's name, Aloros (Ἄλωρος), is known from citations from Berossus' Babyloniaca preserved in the works of authors such as Eusebius and Syncellus. Berossus' account of early kings depended on the tradition known from Sumerian King List. He states that Aloros reigned for 36000 years and was succeeded by Alaparos (αλαπαρος), presumed to be an adaptation of Alalgar. His writings were later partially euhemerized by Annianus, who combined his account with traditions pertaining to Enoch and with Genesis 6. His work was in turn an influence on the writings of the astrologer Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi and on Al-Biruni's Qānūn, cited as sources in Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani's Tabaqat-i Nasiri (written in 1259-1260), where a derivative of Aloros, Aylūrūs (الوروس), is presented as the first king of the people standing in opposition to giants. Juzjani in his account equates him with Gayūmart.

title: Alulim


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Cobthach Cóel Breg

Cobthach Cóel Breg or Cobthach Fion, son of Úgaine Mor, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after murdering his brother Lóegaire Lorc. The story is told that he was so consumed with jealousy for his brother that he wasted away to almost nothing, from which he gained his epithet Cóel Breg, the "meagre of Brega". Acting on advice from a druid, he sent word to that he was ill, so that Lóegaire would visit him. When he arrived, he pretended to be dead. As he lay on his bier, Lóegaire prostrated himself over his body in grief, and Cobthach stabbed him with a dagger. He paid someone to poison Lóegaire's son, Ailill Áine, and forced Ailill's son Labraid to eat part of his father's and grandfather's hearts, and a mouse, and forced him into exile – according to one version, because it had been said that Labraid was the most hospitable man in Ireland. Cobthach later made peace with Labraid, now known by the epithet Loingsech, "the exile", and gave him the province of Leinster, but relations broke down again and war broke out between them, and Labraid burned Cobthach and his followers to death in an iron house at Dind Ríg, marking a rift in the house of Erimon. He had ruled for either fifty or thirty years. The Lebor Gabála gives fifty, and dates his death to Christmas Eve, 307 BC. It also synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (281–246 BC). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 409–379 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 592–542 BC.

title: Cobthach Cóel Breg


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Static variable

In computer programming, a static variable is a variable that has been allocated "statically", meaning that its lifetime (or "extent") is the entire run of the program. This is in contrast to shorter-lived automatic variables, whose storage is stack allocated and deallocated on the call stack; and in contrast to objects, whose storage is dynamically allocated and deallocated in heap memory.

Variable lifetime is contrasted with scope (where a variable can be used): "global" and "local" refer to scope, not lifetime, but scope often implies lifetime. In many languages, global variables are always static, but in some languages they are dynamic, while local variables are generally automatic, but may be static.

In general,  is the allocation of memory at compile time, before the associated program is executed, unlike dynamic memory allocation or automatic memory allocation where memory is allocated as required at run time.

History
Static variables date at least to ALGOL 60 (1960), where they are known as own variables: "A declaration may be marked with the additional declarator own. This has the following effect: upon a re-entry into the block, the values of own quantities will be unchanged from their values at the last exit, while the values of declared variables that are not marked with own is undefined."

- Revised report on ALGOL 60, section "5. Declarations", p. 14

This definition is subtly different from a static variable: it only specifies behavior, and hence lifetime, not storage: an own variable can be allocated when a function is first called, for instance, rather than at program load time.

The use of the word static to refer to these variables dates at least to BCPL (1966), and has been popularized by the C programming language, which was heavily influenced by BCPL. The BCPL definition reads: "(1) Static data items: Those data items whose extents lasts as long as the program execution time; such data items have manifest constant Lvalues. Every static data item must have been declared either in a function or routine definition, in a global declaration or as a label set by colon."

- The BCPL Reference Manual, 7.2 Space Allocation and Extent of Data Items

Note that BCPL defined a "dynamic data item" for what is now called an automatic variable (local, stack-allocated), not for heap-allocated objects, which is the current use of the term dynamic allocation.

The  keyword is used in C and related languages both for static variables and other concepts.

Addressing
The absolute address addressing mode can only be used with static variables, because those are the only kinds of variables whose location is known by the compiler at compile time. When the program (executable or library) is loaded into memory, static variables are stored in the data segment of the program's address space (if initialized), or the BSS segment (if uninitialized), and are stored in corresponding sections of object files prior to loading.

Scope
In terms of scope and extent, static variables have extent the entire run of the program, but may have more limited scope. A basic distinction is between a static global variable, which has global scope and thus is in context throughout the program, and a static local variable, which has local scope. A static local variable is different from a local variable as a static local variable is initialized only once no matter how many times the function in which it resides is called and its value is retained and accessible through many calls to the function in which it is declared, e.g. to be used as a count variable. A static variable may also have module scope or some variant, such as internal linkage in C, which is a form of file scope or module scope.

Example
An example of a static local variable in C:

Object-oriented programming
In object-oriented programming, there is also the concept of a static member variable, which is a "class variable" of a statically defined class, i.e., a member variable of a given class which is shared across all instances (objects), and is accessible as a member variable of these objects. A class variable of a dynamically defined class, in languages where classes can be defined at run time, is allocated when the class is defined and is not static.

Object constants known at compile-time, such as string literals, are usually allocated statically. In object-oriented programming, the virtual method tables of classes are usually allocated statically. A statically defined value can also be global in its scope ensuring the same immutable value is used throughout a run for consistency.

title: Static variable


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Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)

The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a political party in Malawi. The party was formed in February 2005 by Malawian President Bingu wa Mutharika after a dispute with the United Democratic Front (UDF), which was led by his predecessor, Bakili Muluzi.

History
The DPP party is an offshoot of the United Democratic Front. The UDF was formed by Bingu wa Mutharika and Bakili Muluzi and came to power in 1994 under Muluzi. After Muluzi's two terms were over, Mutharika succeeded him as head of the party and nation. However, Muluzi remained involved in running the party; therefore Mutharika formed his own party, the Democratic Progressive Party, in early 2005. Many UDF members defected to the new DPP party. The party and Mutharika won elections in 2009, and continued to rule the country.

Internal politics
In October 2008, the DPP's national governing council unanimously chose Mutharika as the party's candidate for the May 2009 presidential election.

Rise of the PP
Bingu wa Mutharika increasingly became controlling in the party. He began to groom his brother, Peter Mutharika, to be his successor. This led to a situation where he began to sideline his vice-president Joyce Banda due to her refusal to accept the move. Mutharika then kicked her out of the party. Therefore, the courts held that she was still the vice-president of the country even though she was not the vice-president of the party. Subsequently, Joyce Banda formed the People's Party. When Mutharika died in April 2012, Banda was still the vice-president and thus succeeded Mutharika as president, leaving the DPP under Peter Mutharika in opposition.

1 August 2011 DPP politburo
On 1 August 2011, Bingu wa Mutharika shuffled the leadership of the DPP. Bintony Kutsaira, who was secretary general of the party, was moved to the Office of the President and Cabinet and replaced by Wakuda Kamanga. Former finance minister Goodall Gondwe was named first vice-president, replacing Joyce Banda who was dismissed from the party in December 2010 for "anti-party activities". Following the death of President Mutharika, who was also party leader, the National Governing Council of the Party chose Peter Mutharika as the new Party President on 6 April 2012.

The new DPP politburo after the shuffle:

Regional Governors:
 * North: Ancient Nkhata
 * Centre: Kalanzi Mbewe
 * East: Yusuf Yusweja
 * South: Noel Masangwi

DPP presidents

 * Peter Mutharika 2014–2020
 * Bingu wa Mutharika 2004–2012

DPP members

 * Etta Banda
 * Goodall Gondwe
 * Catherine Hara
 * Yunus Mussa
 * Peter Mukhito
 * Bingu wa Mutharika
 * Uladi Mussa
 * Kondwani Nakhumwa
 * Yusuf Jonas

National Assembly elections
All above results come from election reports on the Malawi Electoral Commission website.

title: Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)


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Wonder

Wonder most commonly refers to:
 * Wonder (emotion), an emotion comparable to surprise that people feel when perceiving something rare or unexpected

Wonder may also refer to:

Fictional entities

 * The Wonders, a fictional band featured in the 1996 film That Thing You Do!
 * Wonder (Zoom), a character in the 2006 American family film Zoom

Film

 * Wonder (film), a 2017 drama based on the R. J. Palacio novel
 * The Wonder (film), a 2022 drama based on the Emma Donoghue novel

Literature

 * Wonder (Sawyer novel), the 2011 conclusion of a trilogy by Robert J. Sawyer
 * Wonder (Palacio novel), a 2012 novel by R.J. Palacio
 * Wonder (comics), a comic debuting 1892
 * Wonder, the 2009 English translation of the 1962 novel De verwondering by Hugo Claus
 * The Wonder, a novel by Emma Donoghue

Albums

 * Wonder (Lisa Mitchell album), 2009
 * Wonder (Michael W. Smith album), 2010
 * Wonder (Mamoru Miyano album), 2010
 * Wonder (Hillsong United album), 2017
 * Wonder (Shawn Mendes album), 2020
 * Wonder (Knut album), 2010
 * Wonder, a 1991 album by British indie pop band 14 Iced Bears
 * Wonder, a 1998 album by American singer-songwriter Katie Reider
 * Wonder, a 1998 album by American singer-songwriter Annie Herring
 * Wonder, a 2003 album by American singer-songwriter Faith Rivera
 * Wonder, a 2013 album by Swedish musician Lustre
 * The Wonder (album), a 1990 album by Tom Verlaine

Songs

 * "Wonder" (Embrace song), 2001
 * "Wonder" (Natalie Merchant song), 1995
 * "Wonder" (Naughty Boy song), 2012
 * "Wonder" (Shawn Mendes song), 2020
 * "Wonder", by Candy Coded from Moonlight, 2015
 * "Wonder", by The Doubleclicks from Dimetrodon, 2014
 * "Wonder", by Eden from Vertigo, 2018
 * "Wonder", by Hillsong United from Wonder, 2017
 * "Wonder", by Lamb Between Darkness and Wonder, 2013
 * "Wonder", by Rachel Platten from Wonder Park
 * "Wonder", by Soap&Skin from Narrow, 2012
 * "The Wonder", by Sonic Youth from Daydream Nation, 1988
 * "Wonder", by Alisabeth Von Presley which represented Iowa in the American Song Contest
 * "Wonder", by Scanner from the album Terminal Earth, 1989

Other media

 * The Wonder, a comedy play by Susanna Centlivre
 * Super Mario Bros. Wonder, a 2023 Nintendo Switch platforming game

People

 * Wonder Mkhonza, Swaziland politician
 * Wonder Monds (born 1952), American football player
 * Stevie Wonder (born Stevland Hardaway Judkins in 1950), American recording artist
 * Pieter Christoffel Wonder (1780–1852), Dutch painter
 * Wayne Wonder (born 1972), Jamaican reggae fusion artist

Places
All in the United States
 * Wonder, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Floyd County
 * Wonder, Nevada, a ghost town in Churchill County
 * Wonder, Oregon, an unincorporated community in Josephine County

Transportation

 * American Wonder, a prototype radio-control car created by the Houdina Radio Control Company
 * Disney Wonder, a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line

Other uses

 * Wonder, a company managed by Bernard Tapie
 * The Wonder (horse), a French-bred Thoroughbred racehorse and sire
 * The Wonder (pub), pub in Enfield, London, England
 * Wonders of the World, various lists to catalogue the world's most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures
 * Wonder Bread, a type of pre-sliced bread, originally made in the United States
 * Wonder, a former battery brand of Energizer company

title: Wonder


text:
George Harvey (painter)

Sir George Frederick Harvey (1 February 1806 – 22 January 1876), Scottish painter.

Early life
He was the son of George Harvey, a watchmaker, and Elizabeth (née Jeffrey) Harvey, and was born at 59 Main Street, St Ninians, a small village near Stirling. His brother was Bailie Harvey was long active in Glasgow municipal affairs.

Soon after his birth his parents removed to Stirling, where George was apprenticed to Mr McLaren, a bookseller on Bow Street. His love for art having, however, become very decided, in his eighteenth year he entered the Trustees' Academy on Picardy Place in Edinburgh. Here he so distinguished himself that in 1826 he was invited by the Scottish artists, who had resolved to found a Scottish Academy, to join it as an associate (see Royal Scottish Academy).

Career
Harvey's first picture, "A Village School," was exhibited in 1826 at the Edinburgh Institution; and from the time of the opening of the Academy in the following year he continued annually to exhibit. His best-known pictures are those depicting historical episodes in religious history from a puritan or evangelical point of view, such as "Covenanters' Preaching," "Covenanters' Communion," "John Bunyan and his Blind Daughter," "Sabbath Evening," and the "Quitting of the Manse."

He was, however, equally popular in Scotland for subjects not directly religious; and "The Bowlers," "A Highland Funeral," "The Curlers," "A Schule Skailin'," and "Children Blowing Bubbles in the Church-yard of Greyfriars', Edinburgh," manifest the same close observation of character, artistic conception and conscientious elaboration of details. In "The Night Mail" and "Dawn Revealing the New World to Columbus" the aspects of nature are, made use of in different ways, but with equal happiness, to lend impressiveness and solemnity to human concerns. He also painted landscapes and portraits.

In 1829 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Scottish Academy; in 1864 he succeeded Sir John Watson Gordon as president, a role which he held until 1876. He was knighted in 1867.

Published works
Sir George Harvey was the author of a paper on the "Colour of the Atmosphere," read before the Edinburgh Royal Society, and afterwards published with illustrations in Good Words; and in 1870 he published a small volume entitled Notes of the Early History of the Royal Scottish Academy. Selections from the Works of Sir George Harvey, PRSA, described by the Rev. AL Simpson, FSA Scot., and photographed by Thomas Annan, appeared at Edinburgh in 1869.

Personal life
He was married firstly to Eliza Margaret Carstairs (1818-1844) in 1839. Before her death, they were the parents of two daughters: Ellen Harvey and Elizabeth Harvey, neither of whom married.

After her death in 1844, he married, secondly, to Margaret Muir (1805–1854), a daughter of Helen (née Macfie) Muir, in 1847. She died in August 1854. His niece Nellie (or Nelly) Harvey (1865–1949) was also a painter.

He died at 21 Regent Terrace in Edinburgh on 22 January 1876. He is buried in Warriston Cemetery against the east wall, in the overgrown area just south of the former east gate.

title: George Harvey (painter)


text: User talk:68.79.22.130

title: User talk:68.79.22.130


text:
User:Radioactivemonkey

'''Male. Caucasian. 15 years young. Living like he means it.''' A BYONDer(Build Your Own Net Dream), on which he is Chatters regular. A Puzzle Pirate(PP), on which he goes by OldMonkey and is on the Midnight ocean in the Mad Mutineerscrew(Crew site). Visit Splatterlink, Splatty's site, and The World of Nixon(Support TWN in its fight to stay on Wiki! Votes_for_deletion/World_of_Nixon).

title: User:Radioactivemonkey


text:
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle or Aachen ended the War of Devolution between France and Spain. It was signed on 2 May 1668 in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle). Spain acceded on 7 May 1669.

Terms of the treaty
The treaty was mediated and guaranteed by the Triple Alliance of the Dutch Republic, England and Sweden at the First Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. By the terms of the treaty, Louis XIV returned three cities, Cambrai (Kamerijk), Aire (Ariën aan de Leie), and Saint-Omer (Sint-Omaars) to Spain. He also returned the province of Franche-Comté. On the other hand, he kept Armentières (Armentiers), Bergues (Sint-Winoksbergen), Charleroi, Courtrai (Kortrijk), Douai (Dowaai), Furnes (Veurne), Lille (Rijsel), Oudenarde (Oudenaarde, Audenarde), and Tournai (Doornik). Lille, Armentières, Bergues and Douai were considered essential to reinforce France's vulnerable northern border and remain French to this day, while the retention of Tournai, Oudenarde, Courtrai, Veurne, Binche, Charleroi and Ath were deemed necessary to facilitate future offensives in the Spanish Netherlands and the Dutch Republic.

The treaty left to France all its conquests in Flanders in 1667. This was a vague provision; after the Peace of Nijmegen (1679), Louis XIV took advantage of it to occupy a number of villages and towns he adjudged to be dependencies of the cities and territories acquired in 1668.

title: Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/JonGwynne

Having read JG's edits to Global Warming I have to agree that his edits have a strong POV smell. Phrases like "it is important to remember that climate models are simply speculation" or "Though what role a popularity poll plays in the science of global warming is unclear" are outright pushy and suggestive with zero factual value. They were reverted out for good. --Trapolator 04:05, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Unskilled and petulant
I am not sure that I agree that JG's problem is POV pushing, yes he is pushing a POV, one I happen to agree with (skepticism about the seriousness and proposed solutions to the global warming "crisis"), but he is so unskilled in scientific argumentation from the literature and so simplistic in his understanding of the concepts that they become misunderstandings, that even someone who agrees with his "ultimate" POV, such as myself, cannot support him, and find his persistence in his contributions embarrassing and repetitively disruptive. Unfortunately, his support for our shared POV does not seem to be based on sound understanding. He does seem to have an intuitive grasp that "consensus" is not the way to determine truth in science, and made some valid points there. In his repetition he does become petulant and ad hominem in his comments, although he is less directly "naming calling" in his ad hominem attacks than in the past.

I cannot speak to his contributions on non-scientific pages, perhaps there he is better skilled at supporting his position. If so, it may be that a ban on editing science pages or climate topic pages would be a more limited solution to this problem.--Silverback 16:14, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Commentary moved from request
Apologies if I have used the incorrect format. I copied the PSYCH case ( when I put mine on) and assumed that was the correct form. I'm still a bit confused - it says in the rules be brief and put detail on the sub page. However, I have added 3 examples to the brief case here (William M. Connolley 10:33, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)).

BTW (for those waiting for a response from JG) he got another 3RR 24h ban last night, so won't be responding today (William M. Connolley 10:33, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)).

He is back from his ban, has had a brief surge of edits, but doesn't seem to be taking the arbitration seriously:

Would it be possible to issue some kind of temporary injunction against JG? He is now causing trouble by moving Temperature record of the past 1000 years to Reconstruction of temperature record for past 1000 years - a move for which no consensus exists - and changing piles of links on other pages to the new name. Please - its such a waste of time to fix his damage. Is there no requirement for him to answer this RFA before doing extensive edting? (William M. Connolley 21:54, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)).

Stirling is now joining JonGwynn
I just posted an explanation on the global warming talk page, that explains the basic scientific misunderstanding that first JonGwynna and now Stirling Newberry are trying to add to the Global Warming page. I copy it here for the arbitrators references. I too am skeptical of the fear mongering on Global warming, but the position is not served by clouding and twisting the science. Also the page has now been protected by 172 after a revert to the erroneous version by a one edit user (sock puppet?) The protection was not needed, since both sides of the POV were repulsing the erroneous version easily. --Silverback 13:37, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Water vapor is not a forcing
Stirling seems to have the same misunderstanding of the science that JonGwynne had. yes H2O is the most important greenhouse gas, but it is not a "forcing". It is a dependent variable whose levels and effects must be predicted by the models, just as clouds, temperature and precipitation must be. So although H2O is the most important greenhouse gas, CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas for the "global warming" issue, because of its persistance and mixing in the atmosphere and predicting its future levels must take predictions of human activity into account outside the models and applied to the models as a forcing. Yes, some human activity such as irrigation and changing of ground cover vegetation results in human forcing via water vapor, but these effects are short lived and thus local, and small compared to the indirect modulation of water vapor as a dependent variable responding to the incremental temperature effects of CO2 and other persistent, globally mixing greenhouse gasses. Stirling and JonGwynne not only confuse the issue by trying to imply that H2O is more important on this page, but the apparently also confuse themselves.--Silverback 12:42, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This is so far from the material that I added as to rise to the level of being defamatory. The topic of the page is "Global Warming" the effects of global warming on water vapor, and therefore on climatic transport mechanisms are from standard climatic models. Stirling Newberry 19:35, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Since Silverback choses to lie about the material I will cite it here:

 * Water vapor's contribution to global warming is somewhat different from the carbon cycle gases. Rather than reflecting radition back in, it retains heat near the surface layer. This results in a surface band of heat retention in areas of high surface water vapor. Water vapor is hypothesized to be part of a "feedback" mechanisms of global warming, where increases in global surface temperature increase the concentration of water vapor, which increases heat retention, and therefore surface temperature. Water vapor's heat retaining properties are also a factor in the predictions of increased extreme weather.

Note that this does not say that Water vapro is a forcing gas, instead it is "different from the carbon cycle". Nor does the section state that water vapor increases are human generated. The hypothesis that water vapor is part of the feedback cycle has been part of the debate on Global warming since the mid 1990's, for example here and is cited by the National Academy of Science.

Stirling Newberry 20:16, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * (William M. Connolley 21:05, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)) Water vapor's contribution to global warming is somewhat different from the carbon cycle gases. Rather than reflecting radition back in, it retains heat near the surface layer is wrong. It implies some fundamental difference which doesn't exist. CO2 and H20 are just GHG's. The difference is that the concentration of one (CO2) is being actively changed; the concentration of the other (H2O) reacts.

 * Stirling You conveniently didn't quote the immediately preceding text:

 * The most common global warming theories attribute temperature increases to increases in the greenhouse effect caused primarily by anthropogenic (human-generated) greenhouse cases, including carbon dioxide and methane, and perhaps water vapor, nitrous oxide and ozone as well.

 * This text suggests water vapor as an anthropogenic forcing, and comes in the wake of JonGwynne's similar attempts. Also your edits were extensive and repetitive of information on the greenhouse gas specific articles and distracted from global warming specific issues, which don't require a repetition of basic greenhouse science.--Silverback 09:02, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Cjuk

[| My Contributions]

title: User:Cjuk