text:
Talk:List of Cape Town suburbs

Untitled
I found this list of wards in Cape town: http://www.capetown.gov.za/council/councilsearch.asp?choice=2 MDCore 10:03, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I added the postcodes to the suburbs. Does anyone know if the different areas, such as southern suburbs, northern suburbs etc have any legal or commonly accepted defition? Pinelands for example is commonly accepted to be a southern suburb and Bellville a northern suburb but what of Thornton? Is it accepted that the border runs between Pinelands and Thornton?

 * No, there are no specific definitions of the areas; it's just based on what people actually use. Some people would say that Pinelands is not in the Southern Suburbs because it's on the "wrong" side of the M5. Others would say that it is in the Southern Suburbs because its culturally/societally connected. Personally, I thing that Pinelands/Ndabeni/Maitland/Thornton should be considered a separate area, but there's no name for it and most people don't think of it that way.

Why is Heathfield always left out and forgetton? 41.241.125.55 (talk) 12:02, 11 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It is not alone. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 15:32, 9 April 2019 (UTC)

Useful reference
The City of Cape Town provides a free access GIS map website at https://citymaps.capetown.gov.za/EGISViewer/, which includes a lot of official data on the city which is easily checkable by anyone who knows how to use the system. Instructions are available at https://citymaps.capetown.gov.za/egisviewer/images/help.pdf, which is linked from the map, but not obviously. The tools in the top menu bar can show a lot of things not normally displayed, such as official suburb borders. For some features it is necessary to zoom in to activate, and to have the right layer visible.

Administrative districts, Wards and Suburbs
The City is officially subdivided rather differently to what is shown in this article.

There are eight administrative districts that I have identified so far from City Planning Department GIS maps (see above). Each of these has a large number of official planning suburbs. I will try to fill these in here then we can decide how to deal with this can of worms.

Blaauwberg

 * Acacia Park (partial)
 * Atlantis Industrial
 * Avondale
 * Beacon Hill
 * Big Bay
 * Blaauwbergstrand
 * Bloubrgrant
 * Blouberg Ridge
 * Blouberg Sands
 * Brooklyn
 * Cape Farms District B
 * Century City
 * Dunoon
 * Flamingo Vlei
 * Joe Slovo Park
 * Killarney Gardens
 * Lagoon Beach
 * Malmesbury Farms
 * Mamre
 * Marconi Beam
 * Melkboschstrand
 * Metro
 * Milnerton
 * Milnerton Ridge
 * Montague Gardens
 * Parklands
 * Pella
 * Phoenix
 * Protea Park
 * Racing Park
 * Rivergate
 * Robinvale
 * Royal Ascot
 * Rugby
 * Sanddrift
 * Sandown
 * Saxonsea
 * Saxonwood
 * Sherwood
 * Summer Greens
 * Sunningdale
 * Sunridge
 * Sunset Beach
 * Table View
 * The Stables
 * Tijgerhof
 * Wesfleur
 * West Beach
 * West Riding
 * Witsand
 * Ysterplaat

Cape Flats

 * Athlone
 * Belgravia
 * Belthorn Estate
 * Bridgetown
 * Eagle Park
 * False Bay Coastal Park
 * Gatesville
 * Grassy Park
 * Guguletu
 * Hatton
 * Hanover Park
 * Hazendal
 * Heideveld
 * Kewtown
 * Lansdowne
 * Lavender Hill
 * Lotus River
 * Manenberg
 * Mountview
 * Muizenberg (partial)
 * Newfields
 * Nyanga
 * Ottery
 * Parkwood
 * Peacock Close
 * Pelikan Heights
 * Pelikan Park
 * Penlyn Estate
 * Philippi
 * Pinati
 * Rondebosch East
 * Rylands
 * Sand Industria
 * Seawinds
 * Silvertown
 * Strandfontein
 * Surrey
 * Sybrand Park
 * Vanguard
 * Vrygrond
 * Welcome
 * Weltevreden Valley (partial)
 * Wetton
 * Zeekoeivlei

Helderberg

 * Admiral's Park
 * Anchorage Park
 * Antilles Cayman Beach
 * Asanda
 * Asla Park
 * Audas Estate
 * Ball Glen
 * Bel'Aire
 * Bene Township
 * Berbago
 * Bizweni
 * Boskloof
 * Braeview
 * Brandwacht
 * Bridgebank
 * Briza
 * Broadlands
 * Broadlands Park
 * Broadlands Village
 * Carey Park
 * Carwick
 * Chris Hani Patk
 * Chris Nissen Park
 * Croydon
 * Croydon Olive Estate
 * Croydon Village estate
 * Deep Freeze
 * Deaconville
 * Dennegeur
 * De Velde
 * Die Wingerd
 * Dobson
 * Dorhill
 * Erinvale Estate
 * Fairview Golf Estate
 * Faure
 * Fernwood
 * Firlands
 * Firgrove
 * Firgrove Rural
 * Fraaigelegen
 * Gants Park
 * Garden Village
 * George Park
 * Goedehoop
 * Golden Acre
 * Golden Hill Extension 1
 * Gordon Heights
 * Gordon's Bay
 * Gordon's Bay Extension 2
 * Gordon's Bat Village
 * Gordon's Strand Estate
 * Greenways
 * Harbour Island
 * Heartland Beach Road Precinct
 * Heartland Historical Precinct
 * Helderberg Estate
 * Helderberg Patk
 * Helderberg Industrial Park
 * Helderberg Rural
 * Helderberg Village
 * Helderrant
 * Heldervue
 * Helderzicht
 * Helena Heights
 * Heritage Park
 * High Riding
 * Highveld
 * Humanshof
 * Illaire
 * Jacqueshill
 * Jonkershoogte
 * Katamunda
 * Kelderhof
 * La Concorde
 * La Montagne
 * Land en Zeezicht
 * Longdown Estate
 * Lourensia Park
 * Lwandle
 * Lynn's View
 * Macassar
 * Macassar Beach
 * Macassar Village
 * Mall Interchange
 * Mall Motor City
 * Mall Triangle
 * Mansfield Industria
 * Martinville
 * Marvin Park
 * Mission Grounds
 * Montchere
 * Monte Sereno
 * Morningside
 * Mountainside Estate 1&2
 * Nature's Valley
 * New Macassar
 * New Scheme
 * Nomzamo
 * Nutwood
 * Olive Grove
 * Onverwacht Gordon's Bay
 * Onverwacht Strand
 * Onverwacht Village
 * Paardevlei
 * Parel Vallei
 * Parel Vallei Kleinhoewes
 * Pearl Marina
 * Pearl Rise
 * Protea Park Gordon's Bay
 * Riverside
 * Rome Glen
 * Roundhay
 * Sandvlei
 * Schonenberg
 * Sea Breez Park
 * Sercor Park
 * Silvertas
 * Silwerboomkloof
 * Sir Lowry's Pass
 * Sir Lowry's Pass Village Centre
 * Sitari Country Estate
 * Somerset Forest
 * Somerset Ridge
 * Somerset West
 * Somerset West Business Park
 * Somerset West Country Club
 * Southfork
 * Spanish Farm
 * Steenbras View
 * Strand
 * Strand Golf Club
 * Strand Industria
 * Strandvale
 * Stuarts Hill
 * Sun City
 * Temperance Town
 * The Link
 * Tre Donne
 * Van der Stel
 * Victoria Park
 * Vredenberg Somerset West
 * Vredenzicht
 * Westridge Somerset West
 * Winslow
 * World's View (Gordon's Bay)
 * World's View (Somerset West)

Mitchells Plain/Khayelitsha

 * Airport (partial)
 * Austinville
 * Barnet Molokwana Corner
 * Beacon Valley
 * Blackheath Industria
 * Blue Downs CBD
 * Bongani
 * Brentwood Park - Blue Downs
 * Camelot
 * Colorado Park
 * Crossroads
 * Delro Village
 * Dennemere
 * De Wijnlanden Estate
 * Dreamworld
 * Driftsands
 * Eastridge
 * Eersterivier
 * Eersterivier Industria
 * Eersterivier South
 * Ekuphumuleni
 * Electric city
 * Endlovini informal settlement
 * Enkanini informal settlement
 * Eyethu
 * Fairdale
 * Faure (partial)
 * Forest Heights
 * Forest Village
 * Fountain Village
 * Gaylee
 * Good Hope
 * Graceland
 * Greenfields
 * Harare
 * Hindle Park
 * Hyde Park
 * Hagley
 * Happy Valley
 * Harare
 * Harmony Village
 * Highgate
 * Hillcrest Heights
 * Ikwezi Park
 * Ilitha Park
 * Jacobsdal Smallholdings
 * Khaya
 * Khayelitsha
 * Kleinvlei Town
 * Kuyasa
 * Lentegeur
 * Malibu Village
 * Mandela Park
 * Mfuleni
 * Mitchells Plain CBD
 * Monwabisi
 * Morgan's Village
 * Mxolisi Phetani
 * New Woodlands
 * Nonqubela
 * Penhill
 * Philippi
 * Philippi Park
 * Portland
 * Rocklands
 * Rondevlei Park
 * Rosedale - Kleinvlei
 * Rotterdam
 * Rustdal
 * Sabata Dalindyubo Square
 * Saxenburg Park 1&2
 * Silversands
 * Silvertown - Khayelitsha
 * Stellenbosch Farms - Bluedowns
 * Sunbird Park
 * Tafelsig
 * The Conifers
 * Thembokwezi
 * Tuscany Glen
 * Umrhabulo Triangle
 * Victoria Mxenge
 * Welmoed Cemetary
 * Weltevreden Valley (partial)
 * Wembley Park
 * Wesbank
 * Westridge - Mitchells Plain
 * Wimbledon Estate
 * Wildwood
 * Wolfgat Nature Reserve
 * Woodlands

Northern

 * Amanda Glen
 * Annandale Farm
 * Atlas Gardens Business Park
 * Aurora
 * Belmont Park
 * Bethanie
 * Bloekombos
 * Bloemhof
 * Blomvlei
 * Bonnie Brae
 * Bonnie Brook
 * Bo-Oakdale
 * Botfontein Small Holdings
 * Brackenfell Central
 * Brackenfell Industria
 * Brackenfell South
 * Bracken Heights
 * Brentwood Park Durbanville
 * Buk-Rein Estate
 * Burgundy
 * Cape Farm District C
 * Cape Gate
 * Chanticler
 * Clara Annafontein
 * De Oude Spruit
 * Door de Kraal
 * Door de Kraal Farm
 * Duirmonte
 * d'Urbanvale
 * Durbanville
 * Durbanville Hills
 * Durbanville Meadows
 * Durbell
 * Durmonte
 * Eikendal
 * Everglen
 * Everite Industria
 * Everglen
 * Eversdal
 * Eversdal Heights
 * Ferndale
 * Fisantekraal
 * Fisantekraal Industrial
 * Goliath Estate
 * Graanendal
 * Greenville Garden City
 * Hoheizen
 * Hoogstede
 * Joostenbergvlakte Small Holdings
 * Kaapsig
 * Kanonberg
 * Kenridge
 * Kleinbegin
 * Kleinbron
 * Klipheuwel Housing Scheme
 * Kraaifontein
 * Kraaifontein East
 * Kraaifontein Industria
 * Langeberghoogte
 * Langeberg Ridge
 * Langeberg Village
 * Loevenstein
 * Malmesbury Farms
 * Mikpunt
 * Morgenster
 * Morgenster Heights
 * Morningstar
 * Nature's Valley
 * Nerina
 * Nieuw Maastrecht 1
 * Nieuw Maastrecht 2
 * Normandie Estate
 * Northpine
 * Okavango Park
 * O'Kennedyville
 * Oude Westhof
 * Paarl Farms
 * Peerless Park East
 * Peerless Park North
 * Peerless Park West
 * Philadelphia
 * Pinehurst
 * Protea Heights
 * Protea Valley
 * Protea Village
 * Ridgeworth
 * Rosendal
 * Rosenpark
 * Ruwari
 * Scottsdene
 * Scottsville
 * Selborne
 * Sonkring
 * Sonstraal
 * Sonstraal heights
 * Springfield
 * Stellenberg
 * Stellenbosch University
 * Stellenridge
 * Stellenryk
 * St. Michaels
 * Summerville
 * The Crest
 * Tygervalley Waterfront
 * Valmary Park
 * Van Riebeeckshof
 * Vergesig
 * Vierlanden
 * Viking Village
 * Vredekloof
 * Vredekloof East
 * Vredekloof Heights
 * Vygeboom
 * Wairoa
 * Wallacedene
 * Waterkloof, De Bron Extension 44
 * Welgedacht
 * Welgemoed
 * Welgevonden
 * Wellway Park
 * Wellway Park East
 * Westerdale
 * Windsor Park Estate
 * Wynland Industrial Park
 * Zoo Park

Southern

 * Bergvliet
 * Bishopscourt
 * Cape Farm District H
 * Capri
 * Castle Rock
 * Claremont
 * Clovelly
 * Constantia
 * Diep River
 * Elfindale
 * Fish Hoek
 * Glencairn
 * Heathfield
 * Hout Bay
 * Kalk Bay
 * Kenilworth
 * Kirstenhof
 * Kommetjie
 * Lakeside
 * Llandudno
 * Meadowridge
 * Misty Cliffs
 * Mowbray
 * Muizenberg (partial)
 * Newlands
 * Noordhoek
 * Ocean View
 * Plumstead
 * Retreat
 * Rondebosch
 * Rosebank
 * Scarborough
 * Simon's Town
 * Smitswinkelbaai
 * Southfield
 * Steenberg
 * St James
 * Sunnydale
 * Sun Valley
 * Table Mountain (part)
 * Tokai
 * Westlake
 * Wynberg
 * Wynberg NU

Table Bay

 * Acacia Park
 * Bantry Bay
 * Bo-Kaap
 * Camps Bay/Bakoven
 * Cape Town City Centre
 * Clifton
 * Epping Industria 1
 * Foreshore
 * Fresnaye
 * Gardens
 * Green Point
 * Kensington
 * Langa
 * Maitland
 * Maitland Garden Village
 * Observatory
 * Oranjezicht
 * Oudekraal
 * Paarden Eiland
 * Pinelands
 * Robben Island
 * Salt River
 * Sea Point
 * Signal Hill/Lion's Head
 * Table Mountain
 * Tamboerskloof
 * Thornton
 * Three Anchor bay
 * Vredehoek
 * Windermere
 * Wingfield
 * Woodstock
 * Zonnebloem

Tygerberg

 * Adriaanse
 * Airport City
 * Amandelrug
 * Amandelsig
 * Annandale
 * Avon
 * Avondale-Parow
 * Avonwood
 * Balvenie
 * Baronetcy Estate
 * Beaconvale
 * Belhar extensions 1 through 23
 * Bellair
 * Bellville CBD
 * Bellville Landfill
 * Bellville South
 * Bellville South Industria
 * Bellville Teachers College
 * Belrail
 * Belvadere-Tygerberg
 * Benno Park
 * Bishop Lavis
 * Blommendal
 * Blomtuin
 * Bonteheuwel
 * Boquinan Industrial Area
 * Bothasig
 * Bottelary small holdings
 * Bosbell
 * Bosonia
 * Boston
 * Brackenfell Common
 * Brandwag
 * Brantwood
 * Burgundy Estate
 * Cape Peninsula University of Technology
 * Cape Town Airport
 * Charlesville
 * Chrismar
 * Churchill Estate
 * Clamhall
 * Clarkes Estate
 * Connaught
 * Cravenby
 * Danarand
 * De Duin
 * De Grendel Farm
 * De Kuilen
 * De la Haye
 * Delft 1 through 9
 * Delft South
 * Des Hampden
 * De Tijger
 * Dunrobin
 * Eensgevonden
 * Edgemead
 * Eikenbosch Kuils River
 * Eindhoven
 * Elim
 * Elnor
 * Elsies River
 * Elsies River Industria
 * Epping Forest
 * Epping Industria 2
 * Eureka Estate
 * Fairfield Estate
 * Florida
 * Gersham
 * Glenhaven
 * Glenlily
 * Glenwood
 * Goodrail
 * Goodwood Estate
 * Goodwood Extension
 * Greenlands
 * Groenvallei
 * Hardekraaltjie
 * Heemstede
 * Highbury
 * Highbury Park
 * Hunters Creek
 * Jacarandas
 * Jagtershof
 * Jan Kriel
 * Joubert Park
 * Kaapzicht
 * Kalkfontein 2
 * Kalksteenfontein
 * Kempenville
 * King David Country Club
 * Kleinbosch
 * Klein Zevenwacht
 * Klipdam
 * Klipkop
 * Kloofzicht
 * Kuils River Industrial
 * Kuils River Commons
 * Kuils River South Smallholdings
 * Kuils River Sport Grounds
 * Labiance
 * Leiden
 * Leonsdale
 * Letru
 * Lillydale
 * Loucharmante
 * Mabille Park
 * Marinda Park
 * Matroosfontein
 * Meyerhof
 * Mikro Park
 * Modderdam
 * Montague
 * Montana
 * Montana Extension
 * Montevideo
 * Monte Vista
 * N1 City
 * Nooitgedacht
 * Northgate
 * Oakdale
 * Oakdene
 * Oak Glen
 * Oosterzee-Bellville
 * Panorama
 * Parow East
 * Parow Gold Course
 * Parow North
 * Parow Valley
 * PetroSA Tank Farm
 * Plattekloof Glen
 * Plattekloof 1, 2 and 3
 * Ravensmead
 * Richmond
 * Richmond Estate
 * Richmond Park
 * Richwood
 * Riverton Elsies River
 * Roosendal
 * Ruyterwacht
 * Sack's Circle Industria
 * Sanlamhof
 * Sarepta
 * Saxon Industrial
 * Shirley Park
 * Silveroaks
 * Sirocco's
 * Soneike 1
 * Soneike 2
 * Sonnekuil
 * Sonnendal
 * St Dumas
 * Stellendale
 * Stikland
 * Stikland Hospital
 * Stikland Industria
 * The Hague
 * The Range
 * Townsend Estate
 * Transnet marshalling yard
 * Triangle Farm
 * Turtle Creek
 * Tygerberg Hospital
 * Tygerdal
 * Uitsig
 * University of the Western Cape
 * Valhalla Park
 * Vasco Estate
 * Vogelvlei
 * Voorbrug
 * Vredelust-Bellville
 * WP Park
 * WP Showgrounds
 * Zevendal
 * Zevenwacht Farm Village
 * Zevenwacht Mall
 * Zevenwacht Retirement Village
 * Zevenzicht

Discussion
The Administrative districts are subdivided into wards, but they are not proper subsets as some wards include a bit of two districts. Likewise not all wards are cleanly subdivided into suburbs, so I am leaving them out for now. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 15:36, 9 April 2019 (UTC)

There are a number of areas which locals would consider to be suburbs but are not currently official suburbs. Like Schottsche Kloof, University Estate,and probably several others which I guess would be classed as neighbourhoods in the absence of any more official listing.

 * The planning districts are only used by City Planning, they don't have general administrative significance outside that department. Some other City departments have their own divisions, e.g. Electricity has electricity service regions and Health has health districts. The official administrative divisions of the city are (1) Area-based service delivery regions (North, South, Central and East), (2) Subcouncils, (3) Wards. These don't always line up with the suburbs as they are known to Capetonians. - htonl (talk) 16:58, 9 April 2019 (UTC)
 * , I know that, as I have lived in Cape Town for quite a long time. Do you have an alternative suggestion for listing and grouping suburbs that can be supported by reliable references that is not equally or more arbitrary? It is somewhat tricky, which is why I am starting on the talk page. A lot of the data is publicly available on-line, but some requires specialised software to view. Even the Administrative districts do not fit exactly with suburbs - there are some suburbs in two districts. However, the article topic is suburbs of Cape Town, and the ADs are a reasonably convenient way of geographically grouping them, but not necessarily the only way, or even the best way. Cheers, · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 11:59, 10 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I see you are also in Cape Town, so I would value your opinion. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 14:49, 10 April 2019 (UTC)
 * , you started the article, do you have any suggestions? · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 16:15, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

Official Suburbs is listed on the GIS maps of Cape Town. Very similar to above but probably has been added to as it is updated yearly. Official Planning Suburbs | Open Data Portal (arcgis.com) Andynct (talk) 17:44, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

For Valhalla Park
Here is an article about issues regarding Valhalla Park schools http://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/fears-over-school-moves-1.1377432 WhisperToMe (talk) 04:35, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Cape Town suburbs


text:
Wade Davis (anthropologist)

Edmund Wade Davis (born December 14, 1953) is a Canadian cultural anthropologist, ethnobotanist, photographer, and writer.

Davis came to prominence with his 1985 best-selling book The Serpent and the Rainbow about the zombies of Haiti. He is professor of anthropology and the BC Leadership Chair in Cultures and Ecosystems at Risk at the University of British Columbia.

Early life, family, and education
Davis was born in West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

He holds degrees in anthropology and biology and earned his Ph.D. in ethnobotany, all from Harvard University.

In 1974, at age 20, Davis crossed the Darién Gap on foot in the company of the English author and amateur explorer Sebastian Snow.

Career
Beyond his scientific career, Davis is also an active writer, photographer, and filmmaker. He is a licensed river guide and has worked as a park ranger and forestry engineer.

Anthropology and ethnobotany
Mostly through the Harvard Botanical Museum, he spent three years in the Amazon and Andes as a plant explorer, living among fifteen indigenous groups in eight Latin American nations, while making some 6,000 botanical collections. He conducted ethnographic fieldwork among several indigenous societies of northern Canada. His work later took him to Haiti to investigate folk preparations implicated in the creation of zombies, an assignment that led to his writing Passage of Darkness (1988) and The Serpent and the Rainbow (1986), a bestseller. The book was used loosely as the basis of a Wes Craven horror film, The Serpent and the Rainbow (1988).

Other books by Davis include Penan: Voice for the Borneo Rain Forest (1990), Nomads of the Dawn (1995),  One River (1996), which was nominated for the 1997 Governor General's Literary Award for nonfiction, Shadows in the Sun (1998),The Clouded Leopard (1998), Rainforest (1998), Light at the Edge of the World (2001), The Lost Amazon (2004), Grand Canyon (2008), Book of Peoples of the World (ed. 2008). His books have been translated into 14 languages

He has published 1800 articles on subjects from Haitian Vodo, Amazonian myth and religion, the traditional use of psychotropic drugs, the ethnobotany of South American Indians, as well as, how COVID-19 has signaled the end of the American era. Davis has written for National Geographic, Newsweek, Premiere, Outside, Omni, Harpers, Fortune, Men's Journal, Condé Nast Traveler, Natural History, Scientific American, National Geographic Traveler, The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, The Globe and Mail, Rolling Stone, and numerous other international publications.

Davis is a Fellow of the International League of Conservation Photographers (iLCP). Davis served as Explorer-in-Residence with the National Geographic Society from 2000 to 2013.

Davis' 2012 book Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest won the Baillie Gifford Prize (formerly the Samuel Johnson prize) for non-fiction. His account weaves together the three Everest expeditions in 1922, 1923 and 1924, set in the shadow of the Great War, by finding "a unifying thread in the person of George Mallory, the scatter-brained Adonis and Bloomsbury favourite whose fate would enthral the nation," wrote John Keay in Literary Review.

Photography
His photographs have appeared in some 20 books and more than 80 magazines, journals, and newspapers, including National Geographic, Time, GEO, People, Men's Journal, Outside, and National Geographic Adventure. They have been exhibited at the International Center of Photography (ICP), the Marsha Ralls Gallery (Washington, D.C.), the United Nations (Cultures on the Edge exhibition 2004), the Carpenter Center of Harvard University, and the Utama Center (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia). Some of his images are part of the permanent collection of the U.S. State Department, Africa and Latin America Bureaus. Davis is the co-curator of The Lost Amazon: The Photographic Journey of Richard Evans Schultes, first exhibited at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, and currently touring Latin America. A first collection of Davis's photographs, Light at the Edge of the World, appeared in 2001 published by National Geographic Books, Bloomsbury, and Douglas & McIntyre. A second collection was under contract for 2013 publication with Douglas & McIntyre as well.

Filmmaking and other media involvement
Davis was the series creator, host, and co-writer of Light at the Edge of the World, a four-hour ethnographic documentary series, shot in Rapa Nui, Tahiti, the Marquesas, Nunavut, Greenland, Nepal, and Peru, which aired in 165 countries on the National Geographic Channel and in the USA on Smithsonian Networks.

He is featured in the MacGillivray Freeman IMAX film Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk, released in the spring of 2008. Other television credits include the award-winning documentaries Spirit of the Mask, Cry of the Forgotten People, Forests Forever, and Earthguide, a 13-part television series on the environment that aired on the Discovery Channel in 1990. His four-hour series with National Geographic, Ancient Voices / Modern World, was shot in Australia, Mongolia, and Colombia. It has been broadcast worldwide on the National Geographic Channel as part of the second season of Light at the Edge of the World.

In 2022 Davis curated an exhibition at the Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, California that highlighted the history of expeditions to the peak of Mount Everest. The exhibition "Ascent to Glory," included photographs, films and artifacts from five expeditions from the period 1921 to 1953. The Bowers Museum presented the exhibition in partnership with London's Royal Geographical Society.

Advisory work
An honorary research associate of the Institute of Economic Botany of the New York Botanical Garden, he is a Fellow of the Linnean Society, a Fellow of the Explorer's Club, a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and a Fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society. Davis was a founding board member of the David Suzuki Foundation and completed a six-year term on the board of the Banff Centre, a Canadian institution for the arts. He has served on the board of directors since 2009 for the Amazon Conservation Association, whose mission is to conserve the biological diversity of the Amazon. In 2009, he delivered the CBC Massey Lectures, Canada's most prestigious public intellectual forum.

He is a member of the International Advisory Board, Hunt Consolidated, PLNG, and has also been engaged in Journey to Zero, a three-year campaign sponsored by Nissan and TBWA to support zero emission vehicles.

Criticisms of work in Haiti
In 1983, Davis first advanced his hypothesis that tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning could explain the existence of Haitian zombies. This idea has been controversial and his 1985 follow-up book (The Serpent and the Rainbow) elaborating upon this claim has been criticized as containing scientific inaccuracies. A point questioned is whether Bokors or Caplatas (the priests and priestesses) who are associated with creating "zombies" can keep "zombies" in a pharmacologically induced trance for many years. As part of his Haitian investigations, Davis commissioned the exhumation of a recently buried child. (Dead human tissue is supposed to be a part of the "zombie powder" used by Bokors and Caplatas to produce zombies.) This has been criticized as a breach of ethics.

The strictly scientific criticism of Davis's zombie project has focused on the claims about the chemical composition of the "zombie powder". Several samples of the powder were analyzed for TTX levels by experts in 1986. They reported that only "insignificant traces of tetrodotoxin [were found] in the samples of 'zombie powder' which were supplied for analysis by Davis" and that "it can be concluded that the widely circulated claim in the lay press to the effect that tetrodotoxin is the causal agent in the initial zombification process is without factual foundation". Davis's claims were subsequently defended by other scientists doing further analyses, and these findings were criticized in turn for poor methodology and technique by the original skeptics.

Aside from the question of whether or not "zombie powder" contains significant amounts of TTX, the underlying concept of "tetrodotoxin zombification" has also been questioned more directly on a physiological basis. TTX, which blocks sodium channels on the neural membrane, produces numbness, slurred speech, and possibly, paralysis or even respiratory failure and death in severe cases. As an isolated pharmacological agent, it is not known to produce the trance-like or "mental slave" state typical of the zombies of Haitian mythology, or of Davis's descriptions.

Personal life
Davis is married. He and his wife, Gail Percy, have lived in several places, sometimes with concurrent residences in Washington, D.C., Vancouver, the Stikine Valley of northern British Columbia, and Bowen Island. They have two adult daughters, Tara and Raina. On April 13, 2018, Davis was granted Colombian nationality and citizenship by President Juan Manuel Santos.

Awards and accolades

 * 2002: Lowell Thomas Medal (The Explorers Club)
 * 2002: Lannan Foundation $125,000 prize for literary non-fiction
 * 2003: Honorary Degree (Doctorate of Sciences) from University of Victoria
 * 2004: Honorary Member of The Explorers Club, one of twenty
 * 2008: Honorary Degree, University of Guelph
 * 2009: Gold Medal of The Royal Canadian Geographical Society
 * 2009: Speaker for the Massey Lectures, for his publication, The Wayfinders
 * 2011: The Explorers Medal — the highest award of The Explorers Club
 * 2010: Honorary Degree, Colorado College
 * 2010: Honorary Doctorate of Laws, University of Northern British Columbia
 * 2012: David Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration, considered the most prestigious prize for botanical exploration.
 * 2012: Samuel Johnson Prize, winner, Into the Silence
 * 2012: Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature, shortlist, Into the Silence
 * 2012: Governor General's Literary Award, shortlist, Into the Silence
 * 2012: Banff Mountain Book Festival, Mountain & Wilderness Literature, finalist, Into the Silence
 * 2015: Order of Canada with the grade of member
 * 2017: Roy Chapman Andrews Society Distinguished Explorer Award
 * 2017: Sir Christopher Ondaatje Medal for Exploration from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society

As author

 * 1997 edition retitled: The Serpent and the Rainbow: A Harvard Scientist's Astonishing Journey into the Secret Societies of Haitian Voodoo, Zombies, and Magic.
 * Davis, Wade and Thom Henley (1990), Penan Voice for the Borneo Rain Forest, Western Canada Wilderness.
 * Davis, Wade (1991), The Art of Shamanic Healing, Cross Cultural Shamanism Network.
 * (Published in Canada as The Clouded Leopard: A Book of Travels, Douglas & McIntyre, 1998.)
 * Davis, Wade, The Unraveling of America, Rolling Stone, August 6, 2020 - (how COVID-19 signals the end of the American era)
 * (Published in Canada as The Clouded Leopard: A Book of Travels, Douglas & McIntyre, 1998.)
 * Davis, Wade, The Unraveling of America, Rolling Stone, August 6, 2020 - (how COVID-19 signals the end of the American era)
 * Davis, Wade, The Unraveling of America, Rolling Stone, August 6, 2020 - (how COVID-19 signals the end of the American era)
 * Davis, Wade, The Unraveling of America, Rolling Stone, August 6, 2020 - (how COVID-19 signals the end of the American era)
 * Davis, Wade, The Unraveling of America, Rolling Stone, August 6, 2020 - (how COVID-19 signals the end of the American era)
 * Davis, Wade, The Unraveling of America, Rolling Stone, August 6, 2020 - (how COVID-19 signals the end of the American era)
 * Davis, Wade, The Unraveling of America, Rolling Stone, August 6, 2020 - (how COVID-19 signals the end of the American era)
 * Davis, Wade, The Unraveling of America, Rolling Stone, August 6, 2020 - (how COVID-19 signals the end of the American era)
 * Davis, Wade, The Unraveling of America, Rolling Stone, August 6, 2020 - (how COVID-19 signals the end of the American era)

Photography books

 * Davis, Wade, Ian MacKenzie, and Shane Kennedy (1995), Nomads of the Dawn: The Penan of the Borneo Rain Forest.
 * Osborne, Graham (Photographs) and Wade Davis (Text) (1998), Rainforest: Ancient Realm of the Pacific Northwest White River Junction, Vermont, Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
 * Davis, Wade (2004), The Lost Amazon: The Photographic Journey of Richard Evans Schultes, Chronicle Books (Intro by Andrew Weil).

As editor

 * Davis, Wade and K. David Harrison (2008) Book of Peoples of the World: A Guide to Cultures, National Geographic, (2nd edition).

Video

 * Earthguide (1991). Cinetel Productions for the Discovery Channel. 13-part documentary on environmental issues. Davis was host and co-writer.
 * "The Spirit of the Mask" (1992). Produced by Gryphon Productions. 1992. Davis was host and co-writer. 1 hour documentary.
 * "Cry of the Forgotten Land" (1993). 1 hour documentary on the Moi people of West Papua, New Guinea. Davis was narrator/co-writer
 * "The Explorer" Life and Times (2002). Produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) DVD by Monarch Films. 1 hour biographical documentary.
 * "Grand Canyon: River at Risk" (2008). 3D IMAX, MacGillivray Freeman Films. Davis was principal character.
 * Peyote to LSD: A Psychedelic Odyssey (2008). Produced in collaboration with Gryphon Productions. Filmed on location in New Mexico, Oaxaca, and lowland Ecuador. Two-hour special for the History Channel-based Davis's books One River (1996) and The Lost Amazon (2004). DVD available, A&E Television Network. Davis was host/co-writer/co-producer.
 * Light at the Edge of the World: Science of the Mind (2007). Directed by Andrew Gregg, produced by Davis and Andrew Gregg for National Geographic.
 * The Path of the Anaconda (2019). Directed by Alessandro Ángulo Brandestini, the documentary follows Davis as he travels to Colombia with anthropologist Martín von Hildebrand following the footsteps of Richard Evans Schultes.

Media

 * Davis's research into "Haitian Zombies" was explored in an episode of Science Channel's Dark Matters: Twisted But True.
 * Davis's research into "Haitian Zombies" was mentioned in an episode of CUNY TV's Science Goes to the Movies.
 * Davis's research into "Haitian Zombies" was referenced in the X-Files episode "Fresh Bones," season 2, episode 15.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wade Davis (anthropologist)


text:
User:Dhartung/Start

 * Collaboration of the week
 * Military Collaboration of the week

title: User:Dhartung/Start


text:
S-Series (rocket family)

S-Series is a fleet of sounding rockets funded by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) that have been in service since the late 1960s. Manufactured by IHI Aerospace and operated by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). The nomenclature of the S-Series rockets is the number of "S"s indicates the number of stages, and the following number details the diameter of the craft in millimeters. For example, the S-310 is a single stage rocket with a diameter of 310 mm.

On January 14, 2017, the SS-520-4 rocket (modified sounding rocket) attempted to become the lightest and smallest launch vehicle to send a payload to orbit, however, the rocket failed to reach orbit. A second attempt was made on February 3, 2018. This time, the rocket reached orbit and successfully deployed TRICOM-1R (Tasuki), a 3U CubeSat. Its 2018 launch made it the smallest orbital rocket both in mass and height.

S-160
A retired single stage Japanese sounding rocket. The S-160 had a maximum flight altitude of 80 kilometers, a launch mass of 100 kg, a diameter of 160 mm and a length of 4 meters. It was launched 13 times between 1965 and 1972.

S-210
A retired single-stage sounding rocket developed by the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science of the University of Tokyo, predecessor of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), to study the ionosphere. A variant S-210JA was launched from Japan's Antarctic base. The first S-210 launch took place in 1966, and was retired in 1982. The first two launches of the full sized versions in took place between 1966 and 1967: they were both failures, with the motor case burning through. After redesign of the case and improved quality control the subsequent launch in August 1969 was successful. Following further successful tests in Japan in 1970–1971, the rocket was cleared for intensive use at the Japanese Antarctic base at Syowa in 1972–1978.

The S-210, like other rockets in the series, used a solid rocket motor. The propellant grain of the motor included Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) binder, making it better suited for the cold temperatures of the Antarctic launch site.

 * Gross mass: 300 kg
 * Height: 5.20 m
 * Diameter: 0.21 m
 * Apogee: 110 km

It was built to replace the smaller S-160 rocket which was a proof-of-concept design rocket.

S-310
The S-310 is an active single-stage sounding rocket. Like its predecessor the S-210 it was developed for observations in Antarctica. The rocket is 310 mm in diameter, and can reach an altitude of 150 km. The first flight of S-310 in January 1975 was successful, and it has been launched at Kagoshima Space Center at Uchinoura, Showa Station in Antarctica and Andøya in Norway. As of January 10, 2020 the S-310 has completed 57 sub-orbital launches, with its most recent launch occurring on January 9, 2020.
 * Gross mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb)
 * Height: 6.80 m (22.30 ft)
 * Diameter: 0.31 m (1.01 ft)
 * Apogee: 190 km (110 mi)

S-520
The S-520 was developed to replace the K-9M and K-10 type sounding rockets. It is an active single-stage sounding rocket capable of launching a 100 kg payload above 300 km and provided more than five minutes of micro-gravity flight for experiments. The first launch took place in 1980, and most recently flew on 2 December 2023 (UTC).
 * Gross mass: 2,300 kg (5,000 lb)
 * Unfueled mass: 400 kg (880 lb)
 * Burn time: 29 s
 * Height: 9.00 m (29.50 ft)
 * Diameter: 0.52 m (1.70 ft)
 * Apogee: 430 km (260 mi)

SS-520
This version is a two-stage sounding rocket or three-stage orbital rocket, which uses S-520 as the first stage. Unlike the previous S-Series rockets, the SS-520 is intended to demonstrate how small an orbital launch vehicle can be.

When used as a suborbital sounding rocket, it can launch a 140 kg payload to an altitude between 800 and 1000 km. The first two SS-520s were launched in 1998 and 2000 respectively and successfully carried their payloads on sub-orbital missions.

After further development and the addition of a third stage, the fourth and fifth instances of the SS-520 were launched on full orbital trajectories.

 * Gross mass: 2,600 kg (5,700 lb)
 * Height: 9.70 m (31.80 ft)
 * Diameter: 0.52 m (1.70 ft)
 * Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi)

SS-520-4
This is the fourth vehicle configuration of the SS-520. It includes a small third stage, and is engineered to place the payload into an orbital speed of more than 17,000 mph, to put a 4 kg 3U CubeSat into a 180 x orbit with an inclination of 31°. It is a technology demonstration with no serial production planned. It was launched January 14, 2017, but failed to reach orbit due to a loss of telemetry. If successful, it would have become the smallest and lightest vehicle to ever put an object in orbit; surpassing the Japanese Lambda-4S. Telemetry was lost 20 seconds into flight. 3 minutes into the flight, controllers sent an abort code commanding the second stage not to ignite after separation and the rocket fell into the ocean within the range safety area.

SS-520-5
The second attempt at becoming the smallest orbital launching rocket was made on 3 February 2018. Liftoff from Uchinoura Space Center occurred at the opening of a ten-minute window at 14:03 local time (05:03 UTC), successfully deploying the TRICOM-1R CubeSat.

Specifications

 * Height – 31 feet (9.54 meters)
 * Weight – 2.9 tons (2.6 metric tons)
 * Diameter – 20 inches (52 centimeters)
 * Payload to Low-Earth Orbit – ~9 lbs (4 kg)

title: S-Series (rocket family)


text:
Futures studies

Futures studies, futures research, futurism, or futurology is the systematic, interdisciplinary and holistic study of social/technological advancement, and other environmental trends; often for the purpose of exploring how people will live and work in the future. Predictive techniques, such as forecasting, can be applied, but contemporary futures studies scholars emphasize the importance of systematically exploring alternatives. In general, it can be considered as a branch of the social sciences and an extension to the field of history. Futures studies (colloquially called "futures" by many of the field's practitioners) seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what could plausibly change. Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to explore the possibility of future events and trends.

Unlike the physical sciences where a narrower, more specified system is studied, futurology concerns a much bigger and more complex world system. The methodology and knowledge are much less proven than in natural science and social sciences like sociology and economics. There is a debate as to whether this discipline is an art or science, and it is sometimes described as pseudoscience; nevertheless, the Association of Professional Futurists was formed in 2002, developing a Foresight Competency Model in 2017, and it is now possible to study it academically, for example at the FU Berlin in their master's course. To encourage inclusive and cross-disciplinary discussions about futures studies, UNESCO declared December 2 as World Futures Day.

Overview
Futurology is an interdisciplinary field that aggregates and analyzes trends, with both lay and professional methods, to compose possible futures. It includes analyzing the sources, patterns, and causes of change and stability in an attempt to develop foresight. Around the world the field is variously referred to as futures studies, futures research, strategic foresight, futuristics, futures thinking, futuring, and futurology. Futures studies and strategic foresight are the academic field's most commonly used terms in the English-speaking world.

Foresight was the original term and was first used in this sense by H.G. Wells in 1932. "Futurology" is a term common in encyclopedias, though it is used almost exclusively by nonpractitioners today, at least in the English-speaking world. "Futurology" is defined as the "study of the future". The term was coined by German professor Ossip K. Flechtheim in the mid-1940s, who proposed it as a new branch of knowledge that would include a new science of probability. This term has fallen from favor in recent decades because modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative, plausible, preferable and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and probability, versus the creation of possible and preferable futures.

Three factors usually distinguish futures studies from the research conducted by other disciplines (although all of these disciplines overlap, to differing degrees). First, futures studies often examines trends to compose possible, probable, and preferable futures along with the role "wild cards" can play on future scenarios. Second, futures studies typically attempts to gain a holistic or systemic view based on insights from a range of different disciplines, generally focusing on the STEEP categories of Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental and Political. Third, futures studies challenges and unpacks the assumptions behind dominant and contending views of the future. The future thus is not empty but fraught with hidden assumptions. For example, many people expect the collapse of the Earth's ecosystem in the near future, while others believe the current ecosystem will survive indefinitely. A foresight approach would seek to analyze and highlight the assumptions underpinning such views.

As a field, futures studies expands on the research component, by emphasizing the communication of a strategy and the actionable steps needed to implement the plan or plans leading to the preferable future. It is in this regard, that futures studies evolves from an academic exercise to a more traditional business-like practice, looking to better prepare organizations for the future.

Futures studies does not generally focus on short term predictions such as interest rates over the next business cycle, or of managers or investors with short-term time horizons. Most strategic planning, which develops goals and objectives with time horizons of one to three years, is also not considered futures. Plans and strategies with longer time horizons that specifically attempt to anticipate possible future events are definitely part of the field. Learning about medium and long-term developments may at times be observed from their early signs. As a rule, futures studies is generally concerned with changes of transformative impact, rather than those of an incremental or narrow scope.

The futures field also excludes those who make future predictions through professed supernatural means.

To complete a futures study, a domain is selected for examination. The domain is the main idea of the project, or what the outcome of the project seeks to determine. Domains can have a strategic or exploratory focus and must narrow down the scope of the research. It examines what will, and more importantly, will not be discussed in the research. Futures practitioners study trends focusing on STEEP (Social, Technological, Economic, Environments and Political) baselines. Baseline exploration examine current STEEP environments to determine normal trends, called baselines. Next, practitioners use scenarios to explore different futures outcomes. Scenarios examine how the future can be different. 1.	Collapse Scenarios seek to answer: What happens if the STEEP baselines fall into ruin and no longer exist? How will that impact STEEP categories? 2.	Transformation Scenarios: explore futures with the baseline of society transiting to a "new" state. How are the STEEP categories effected if society has a whole new structure? 3.	New Equilibrium: examines an entire change to the structure of the domain. What happens if the baseline changes to a "new" baseline within the same structure of society?

Origins
Johan Galtung and Sohail Inayatullah argue that the search for grand patterns goes all the way back to Sima Qian (145–90 BC) and Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406). Early western examples include Sir Thomas More's Utopia (1516) in which a future society has overcome poverty and misery.

Advances in mathematics in the 17th century prompted attempts to calculate statistical and probabilistic concepts. Objectivity became linked to knowledge that could be expressed in numerical data. In 18th century Britain, investors established mathematical formulas to assess the future value of an asset. In 1758 the French economist François Quesnay proceeded to establish a quantitative model of the entire economy, known as the Tableau Economique, so that future production could be planned. Meanwhile, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot first articulated the law of diminishing returns. In 1793 the Chinese bureaucrat Hong Liangji forecasted future population growth.

The industrial revolution was on the verge of spreading across the European continent, when in 1798 Thomas Malthus published An essay on the principle of Population as it affects the Future Improvement of Society. Malthus questioned optimistic utopias and theories of progress. Malthus' fear about the survival of the human race is regarded as an early European dystopia. Starting in the 1830s, Auguste Comte developed theories of social evolution and claimed that metapatterns could be discerned in social change. In the 1870s Herbert Spencer blended Compte's theories with Charles Darwin's biological evolution theory. Social Darwinism became popular in Europe and the USA. By the late 19th century, the belief in human progress and the triumph of scientific invention prevailed and science fiction became a popular future narrative. In 1888 William Morris published News from Nowhere, in which he theorized about how working time could be reduced.

Early 20th century
The British H. G. Wells established the genre of "true science fiction" at the turn of the century. Well's works were supposedly based on sound scientific knowledge. Wells became a forerunner of social and technological forecasting. A series of techno-optimistic newspaper articles and books were published between 1890 and 1914 in the US and Europe. After World War I the Italian Futurism movement led by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti glorified modernity. Soviet futurists, such as Vladimir Mayakovsky, David Burliuk, and Vasily Kamensky struggled against official communist cultural policy throughout the 20th century. In Japan, futurists gained traction after World War I by denouncing the Meiji era and glorifying speed and technological progress.

With the end of World War I interest in statistical forecasting intensified. In statistics, a forecast is a calculation of a future event's magnitude or probability. Forecasting calculates the future, while an estimate attempts to establish the value of an existing quantity. In the United States, President Hoover established a Research Committee on Social Trends in 1929 headed by William F. Ogburn. Past statistics were used to chart trends and project those trends into the future. Planning became part of the political decision-making process after World War II as capitalist and communist governments across the globe produced predictive forecasts. The RAND Corporation was founded in 1945 to assist the US military with post-war planning. The long-term planning of military and industrial Cold War efforts peaked in the 1960s when peace research emerged as a counter-movement and the positivist idea of "the one predictable future" was called into question.

1960s futures research
In 1954 Robert Jungk published a critique of the US and the supposed colonization of the future in Tomorrow is already Here. Fred L. Polak published Images of the Future in 1961, it has become a classic text on imagining alternative futures. In the 1960s, human-centered methods of future studies were developed in Europe by Bertrand de Jouvenel and Johan Galtung. The positivist idea of a single future was challenged by scientists such as Thomas Kuhn, Karl Popper, and Jürgen Habermas. Future studies established itself as an academic field when social scientists began to question positivism as a plausible theory of knowledge and instead turned to pluralism. At the 1967 First international Future Research Conference" in Oslo research on urban sprawl, hunger, and education was presented. In 1968 Olaf Helmer of the RAND Corporation conceded "One begins to realize that there is a wealth of possible futures and that these possibilities can be shaped in different ways". Future studies worked on the basis that a multitude of possible futures could be estimated, forecast, and manipulated.

Futures studies was developed as an empirical research field. Inspired by Herman Kahn's publications, future studies employed techniques such as scenario planning, game theory, and computer simulations. Historians, political scientists and sociologists who engaged in critical futures studies, such as Ossip K. Flechtheim, and Johan Galtung, laid the foundations of peace and conflict studies as an academic discipline.

The international academic dialogue on futures studies became institutionalized in the form of the World Futures Studies Federation (WFSF), founded in 1967. The first doctoral program on the Study of the Future, was founded in 1969 at the University of Massachusetts by Christopher Dede and Billy Rojas. Dede also founded a master's degree program in 1975 at the University of Houston–Clear Lake. In 1976, the M.A. Program in Public Policy in Alternative Futures at the University of Hawaii at Manoa was established.

Forecasting further development
Alvin & Heidi Toffler's bestseller Future Shock in 1970 generated mainstream attention for futures studies on the post-industrial economy. It popularized the metaphor of waves to describe the economic and social changes the United States was experiencing. The authors identified the first wave as agricultural society, the second wave as industrial society and the nascent third wave as information society. In the 1970s, future studies focused less on Cold War scenarios and instead grappled on the impact of accelerated globalization. Pioneers of global future studies include Pierre Wack of Royal Dutch Shell, the Interfuture group at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Club of Rome. The Club of Rome challenged the political status quo in 1972 with the report The Limits to Growth by putting computer simulations of economic growth alongside projections of population growth.

The 1972 report The Limits to Growth established environmental degradation firmly on the political agenda. The environmental movement demanded of industry and policymakers to consider long-term implications when planning and investing in power plants and infrastructure.

The 1990s saw a surge in futures studies in preparation for the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals, which were adopted in 2000 as international development goals for the year 2015. Throughout the 1990s large technology foresight programs were launched which informed national and regional strategies on science, technology and innovation. Prior to the 1990s foresight was rarely used to describe future studies, futurology or forecasting. Foresight prognosis relied in part on the methodologies developed by the French pioneers of prospectives research, including Bertrand de Jouvenel. Foresight practitioners attempted to gather and evaluate evidence based insights for the future. Foresight research output focused on identifying challenges and opportunities, which was presented as intelligence at a strategic level. Practitioners tended to focus on particular companies or economic regions, while making no attempt to plan for specific problems.

In the 1990s several future studies practitioners attempted to synthesize a coherent framework for the futures studies research field, including Wendell Bell's two-volume work, The Foundations of Futures Studies, and Ziauddin Sardar's Rescuing all of our Futures.

Forecasting and futures techniques
Futures techniques or methodologies may be viewed as "frameworks for making sense of data generated by structured processes to think about the future". There is no single set of methods that are appropriate for all futures research. Different futures researchers intentionally or unintentionally promote use of favored techniques over a more structured approach. Selection of methods for use on futures research projects has so far been dominated by the intuition and insight of practitioners; but can better identify a balanced selection of techniques via acknowledgement of foresight as a process together with familiarity with the fundamental attributes of most commonly used methods.

Futurology is sometimes described by scientists as a pseudoscience, as it often deals with speculative scenarios and long-term predictions that can be difficult to test using traditional scientific methods. Scenarios are a central technique in futures studies, and are often confused with other techniques. The flowchart to the right provides a process for classifying a phenomenon as a scenario in the intuitive logics tradition. Futurists use a diverse range of forecasting and foresight methods including:

 * Framework Foresight
 * Prediction markets
 * Causal layered analysis (CLA)
 * Environmental scanning
 * Horizon scanning
 * Scenario method
 * Education and Learning
 * Delphi method, including real-time Delphi
 * Future history
 * Monitoring
 * Backcasting (eco-history)
 * Cross-impact analysis
 * Futures workshops
 * Predictive analytics
 * Failure mode and effects analysis
 * Futures wheel
 * Technology roadmapping
 * Social network analysis
 * Systems engineering
 * Trend analysis
 * Morphological analysis
 * Technology forecasting
 * Theory U

Shaping alternative futures
Futurists use scenarios—alternative possible futures—as an important tool. To some extent, people can determine what they consider probable or desirable using qualitative and quantitative methods. By looking at a variety of possibilities one comes closer to shaping the future, rather than predicting it. Shaping alternative futures starts by establishing a number of scenarios. Setting up scenarios takes place as a process with many stages, and can take place in an evidence-based manner. Scenarios can also study unlikely and improbable developments that would otherwise be ignored. However, for credibility, they should not be entirely utopian or dystopian. One of those stages involves the study of emerging issues, such as megatrends, trends and weak signals. Megatrends illustrate major, long-term phenomena that change slowly, are often interlinked and cannot be transformed in an instant. Trends express an increase or a decrease in a phenomenon, and there are many ways to spot trends. Some argue that a trend persists long-term and long-range; affects many societal groups; grows slowly; and appears to have a profound basis. A fad operates in the short term, shows the vagaries of fashion, affects particular societal groups, and spreads quickly but superficially.

Futurists have a decidedly mixed reputation and a patchy track record at successful prediction. Many 1950s futurists predicted commonplace space tourism by 2000, but ignored the possibilities of ubiquitous, cheap computers. On the other hand, many forecasts have portrayed the future with some degree of accuracy. Sample predicted futures range from predicted ecological catastrophes, through a utopian future where the poorest human being lives in what present-day observers would regard as wealth and comfort, through the transformation of humanity into a posthuman life-form, to the destruction of all life on Earth in, say, a nanotechnological disaster. For reasons of convenience, futurists have often extrapolated present technical and societal trends and assumed they will develop at the same rate into the future; but technical progress and social upheavals, in reality, take place in fits and starts and in different areas at different rates.

Therefore, to some degree, the field has aimed to move away from prediction. Current futurists often present multiple scenarios that help their audience envision what "may" occur instead of "predicting the future". They claim that understanding potential scenarios helps individuals and organizations prepare with flexibility.

Many corporations use futurists as part of their risk management strategy, for horizon scanning and emerging issues analysis, and to identify wild cards—low probability, potentially high-impact risks. Understanding a range of possibilities can enhance the recognition of opportunities and threats. Every successful and unsuccessful business engages in futuring to some degree—for example in research and development, innovation and market research, anticipating competitor behavior and so on. Role-playing is another way that possible futures can be collectively explored, as in the research larp Civilisation's Waiting Room.

Weak signals, the future sign and wild cards
In futures research "weak signals" may be understood as advanced, noisy and socially situated indicators of change in trends and systems that constitute raw informational material for enabling anticipatory action. There is some confusion about the definition of weak signal by various researchers and consultants. Sometimes it is referred as future oriented information, sometimes more like emerging issues. The confusion has been partly clarified with the concept 'the future sign', by separating signal, issue and interpretation of the future sign.

A weak signal can be an early indicator of coming change, and an example might also help clarify the confusion. On May 27, 2012, hundreds of people gathered for a "Take the Flour Back" demonstration at Rothamsted Research in Harpenden, UK, to oppose a publicly funded trial of genetically modified wheat. This was a weak signal for a broader shift in consumer sentiment against genetically modified foods. When Whole Foods mandated the labeling of GMOs in 2013, this non-GMO idea had already become a trend and was about to be a topic of mainstream awareness.

"Wild cards" refer to low-probability and high-impact events "that happen quickly" and "have huge sweeping consequences", and materialize too quickly for social systems to effectively respond. Elina Hiltunen notes that wild cards are not new, though they have become more prevalent. One reason for this may be the increasingly fast pace of change. Oliver Markley proposed four types of wild cards:

 * Type I Wild Card: low probability, high impact, high credibility
 * Type II Wild Card: high probability, high impact, low credibility
 * Type III Wild Card: high probability, high impact, disputed credibility
 * Type IV Wild Card: high probability, high impact, high credibility

He posits that it is important to track the emergence of "Type II Wild Cards" that have a high probability of occurring, but low credibility that it will happen. This focus is especially important to note because it is often difficult to persuade people to accept something they do not believe is happening, until they see the wild card. An example is climate change. This hypothesis has gone from Type I (high impact and high credibility, but low probability where science was accepted and thought unlikely to happen) to Type II (high probability, high impact, but low credibility as policy makers and lobbyists push back against the science), to Type III (high probability, high impact, disputed credibility) — at least for most people: There are still some who probably will not accept the science until the Greenland ice sheet has completely melted and sea-level has risen the seven meters estimated rise.

This concept may be embedded in standard foresight projects and introduced into anticipatory decision-making activity in order to increase the ability of social groups adapt to surprises arising in turbulent business environments. Such sudden and unique incidents might constitute turning points in the evolution of a certain trend or system. Wild cards may or may not be announced by weak signals, which are incomplete and fragmented data from which relevant foresight information might be inferred. Sometimes, mistakenly, wild cards and weak signals are considered as synonyms, which they are not. One of the most often cited examples of a wild card event in recent history is 9/11. Nothing had happened in the past that could point to such a possibility and yet it had a huge impact on everyday life in the United States, from simple tasks like how to travel via airplane to deeper cultural values. Wild card events might also be natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina, which can force the relocation of huge populations and wipe out entire crops or completely disrupt the supply chain of many businesses. Although wild card events cannot be predicted, after they occur it is often easy to reflect back and convincingly explain why they happened.

Near-term predictions
A long-running tradition in various cultures, and especially in the media, involves various spokespersons making predictions for the upcoming year at the beginning of the year. These predictions are thought-provokers, which sometimes base themselves on current trends in culture (music, movies, fashion, politics); sometimes they make hopeful guesses as to what major events might take place over the course of the next year. Evidently, some of these predictions may come true as the year unfolds, though many fail. When predicted events fail to take place, the authors of the predictions may state that misinterpretation of the "signs" and portents may explain the failure of the prediction.

Marketers have increasingly started to embrace futures studies, in an effort to benefit from an increasingly competitive marketplace with fast production cycles, using such techniques as trendspotting as popularized by Faith Popcorn.

Megatrends
Trends come in different sizes. A megatrend extends over many generations, and in cases of climate, megatrends can cover periods prior to human existence. They describe complex interactions between many factors. The increase in population from the palaeolithic period to the present provides an example. Megatrends are likely to produce greater change than any previous one, because technology is causing trends to unfold at an accelerating pace. The concept was popularized by the 1982 book Megatrends by futurist John Naisbitt.

Potential trends
Possible new trends grow from innovations, projects, beliefs or actions and activism that have the potential to grow and eventually go mainstream in the future.

Branching trends
Very often, trends relate to one another the same way as a tree-trunk relates to branches and twigs. For example, a well-documented movement toward equality between men and women might represent a branch trend. The trend toward reducing differences in the salaries of men and women in the Western world could form a twig on that branch.

Life cycle of a trend
Understanding the technology adoption cycle helps futurists monitor trend development. Trends start as weak signals by small mentions in fringe media outlets, discussion conversations or blog posts, often by innovators. As these ideas, projects, beliefs or technologies gain acceptance, they move into the phase of early adopters. In the beginning of a trend's development, it is difficult to tell if it will become a significant trend that creates changes or merely a trendy fad that fades into forgotten history. Trends will emerge as initially unconnected dots but eventually coalesce into persistent change.

Some trends emerge when enough confirmation occurs in the various media, surveys or questionnaires to show that it has an increasingly accepted value, behavior or technology, it becomes accepted as a bona fide trend. Trends can also gain confirmation by the existence of other trends perceived as springing from the same branch. Some commentators claim that when 15% to 25% of a given population integrates an innovation, project, belief or action into their daily life then a trend becomes mainstream.

Life cycle of technologies

Gartner created their Hype cycle to illustrate the phases a technology moves through as it grows from research and development to mainstream adoption. The unrealistic expectations and subsequent disillusionment that virtual reality experienced in the 1990s and early 2000s is an example of the middle phases encountered before a technology can begin to be integrated into society.

Education
Education in the field of futures studies has taken place for some time. Beginning in the United States in the 1960s, it has since developed in many different countries. Futures education encourages the use of concepts, tools and processes that allow students to think long-term, consequentially, and imaginatively. It generally helps students to: Thorough documentation of the history of futures education exists, for example in the work of Richard A. Slaughter (2004), David Hicks, Ivana Milojević to name a few.
 * 1) conceptualize more just and sustainable human and planetary futures.
 * 2) develop knowledge and skills of methods and tools used to help people understand, map, and influence the future by exploring probable and preferred futures.
 * 3) understand the dynamics and influence that human, social and ecological systems have on alternative futures.
 * 4) conscientize responsibility and action on the part of students toward creating better futures.

While futures studies remains a relatively new academic tradition, numerous tertiary institutions around the world teach it. These vary from small programs, or universities with just one or two classes, to programs that offer certificates and incorporate futures studies into other degrees, (for example in planning, business, environmental studies, economics, development studies, science and technology studies). Various formal Masters-level programs exist on six continents. Finally, doctoral dissertations around the world have incorporated futures studies (see e.g. Rohrbeck, 2010; von der Gracht, 2008; Hines, 2012 ). A recent survey documented approximately 50 cases of futures studies at the tertiary level.

A Futures Studies program is offered at Tamkang University, Taiwan. Futures Studies is a required course at the undergraduate level, with between three and five thousand students taking classes on an annual basis. Housed in the Graduate Institute of Futures Studies is an MA Program. Only ten students are accepted annually in the program. Associated with the program is the Journal of Futures Studies.

The longest running Future Studies program in North America was established in 1975 at the University of Houston–Clear Lake. It moved to the University of Houston in 2007 and renamed the degree to Foresight. The program was established on the belief that if history is studied and taught in an academic setting, then so should the future. Its mission is to prepare professional futurists. The curriculum incorporates a blend of the essential theory, a framework and methods for doing the work, and a focus on application for clients in business, government, nonprofits, and society in general.

As of 2003, over 40 tertiary education establishments around the world were delivering one or more courses in futures studies. The World Futures Studies Federation has a comprehensive survey of global futures programs and courses. The Acceleration Studies Foundation maintains an annotated list of primary and secondary graduate futures studies programs.

A MA Program in Futures Studies has been offered at Free University of Berlin since 2010.

A MSocSc and PhD program in Futures Studies is offered at the University of Turku, Finland.

The University of Stellenbosch Business School in South Africa offers a PGDip in Future Studies as well as a MPhil in Future Studies degree.

General applicability and use of foresight products
Several corporations and government agencies use foresight products to both better understand potential risks and prepare for potential opportunities as an anticipatory approach. Several government agencies publish material for internal stakeholders as well as make that material available to broader public. Examples of this include the US Congressional Budget Office long term budget projections, the National Intelligence Center, and the United Kingdom Government Office for Science. Much of this material is used by policy makers to inform policy decisions and government agencies to develop long-term plan. Several corporations, particularly those with long product development lifecycles, use foresight and future studies products and practitioners in the development of their business strategies. The Shell Corporation is one such entity. Foresight professionals and their tools are increasingly being used in both the private and public areas to help leaders deal with an increasingly complex and interconnected world.

Imperial cycles and world order
Imperial cycles represent an "expanding pulsation" of "mathematically describable" macro-historic trend.

Chinese philosopher Kang Youwei and French demographer Georges Vacher de Lapouge stressed in the late 19th century that the trend cannot proceed indefinitely on the finite surface of the globe. The trend is bound to culminate in a world empire. Kang Youwei predicted that the matter will be decided in a contest between Washington and Berlin; Vacher de Lapouge foresaw this contest as being between the United States and Russia and wagered the odds were in the United States' favour. Both published their futures studies before H. G. Wells introduced the science of future in his Anticipations (1901).

Four later anthropologists—Hornell Hart, Raoul Naroll, Louis Morano, and Robert Carneiro—researched the expanding imperial cycles. They reached the same conclusion that a world empire is not only pre-determined but close at hand and attempted to estimate the time of its appearance.

Education
As foresight has expanded to include a broader range of social concerns all levels and types of education have been addressed, including formal and informal education. Many countries are beginning to implement Foresight in their Education policy. A few programs are listed below:
 * Finland's FinnSight 2015 – Implementation began in 2006 and though at the time was not referred to as "Foresight" they tend to display the characteristics of a foresight program.
 * Singapore's Ministry of Education Master plan for Information Technology in Education – This third Masterplan continues what was built on in the 1st and 2nd plans to transform learning environments to equip students to compete in a knowledge economy.
 * The World Future Society, founded in 1966, is the largest and longest-running community of futurists in the world. WFS established and built futurism from the ground up—through publications, global summits, and advisory roles to world leaders in business and government.

By the early 2000s, educators began to independently institute futures studies (sometimes referred to as futures thinking) lessons in K-12 classroom environments. To meet the need, non-profit futures organizations designed curriculum plans to supply educators with materials on the topic. Many of the curriculum plans were developed to meet common core standards. Futures studies education methods for youth typically include age-appropriate collaborative activities, games, systems thinking and scenario building exercises.

There are several organizations devoted to furthering the advancement of Foresight and Future Studies worldwide. Teach the Future emphasizes foresight educational practices appropriate for K-12 schools. Warmer Sun Education is a global online learning community for K-12 students and their parents to learn about exponential progress, emerging technologies and their applications and exploring possible pathways to solve humanity's grand challenges. The University of Houston has a Master's (MS) level graduate program through the College of Technology as well as a certificate program for those interested in advanced studies. The Department of Political Science and College of Social Sciences at the University of Hawaii Manoa has the Hawaii Research Center for Future Studies which offers a Master's (MA) in addition to a Doctorate (PhD).

Science fiction
Wendell Bell and Ed Cornish acknowledge science fiction as a catalyst to future studies, conjuring up visions of tomorrow. Science fiction's potential to provide an "imaginative social vision" is its contribution to futures studies and public perspective. Productive sci-fi presents plausible, normative scenarios. Jim Dator attributes the foundational concepts of "images of the future" to Wendell Bell, for clarifying Fred Polak's concept in Images of the Future, as it applies to futures studies. Similar to futures studies' scenarios thinking, empirically supported visions of the future are a window into what the future could be. However, unlike in futures studies, most science fiction works present a single alternative, unless the narrative deals with multiple timelines or alternative realities, such as in the works of Philip K. Dick, and a multitude of small and big screen works. Pamela Sargent states, "Science fiction reflects attitudes typical of this century." She gives a brief history of impactful sci-fi publications, like The Foundation Trilogy by Isaac Asimov, and Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein. Alternate perspectives validate sci-fi as part of the fuzzy "images of the future".

Brian David Johnson is a futurist and author who uses science fiction to help build the future. He has been a futurist at Intel, and is now the resident futurist at Arizona State University. "His work is called 'future casting'—using ethnographic field studies, technology research, trend data, and even science fiction to create a pragmatic vision of consumers and computing." Brian David Johnson has developed a practical guide to using science fiction as a tool for futures studies. Science fiction prototyping combines the past with the present, including interviews with notable science fiction authors to provide the tools needed to "design the future with science fiction."

Science Fiction Prototyping has five parts:

 * 1) Pick your science concept and build an imaginative world
 * 2) The scientific inflection point
 * 3) The consequences, for better, or worse, or both, of the science or technology on the people and your world
 * 4) The human inflection point
 * 5) Reflection, what did we learn?

"A full Science Fiction Prototyping (SFP) is 6–12 pages long, with a popular structure being; an introduction, background work, the fictional story (the bulk of the SFP), a short summary and a summary (reflection). Most often science fiction prototypes extrapolate current science forward and, therefore, include a set of references at the end."

Ian Miles reviews The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, identifying ways Science Fiction and Futures Studies "cross-fertilize, as well as the ways in which they differ distinctly." Science Fiction cannot be simply considered fictionalized Futures Studies. It may have aims other than foresight or "prediction, and be no more concerned with shaping the future than any other genre of literature." It is not to be understood as an explicit pillar of futures studies, due to its inconsistency of integrated futures research. Additionally, Dennis Livingston, a literature and Futures journal critic says, "The depiction of truly alternative societies has not been one of science fiction's strong points, especially" preferred, normative envisages. The strengths of the genre as a form of futurist thinking are discussed by Tom Lombardo, who argues that select science fiction "combines a highly detailed and concrete level of realism with theoretical speculation on the future", "addresses all the main dimensions of the future and synthesizes all these dimensions into integrative visions of the future", and "reflects contemporary and futurist thinking", therefore it "can be viewed as the mythology of the future."

It is notable that although there are no hard limits on horizons in future studies and foresight efforts, typical future horizons explored are within the realm of the practical and do not span more than a few decades. Nevertheless, there are hard science fiction works that can be applicable as visioning exercises that span longer periods of time when the topic is of a significant time scale, such as is in the case of Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy, which deals with the terraforming of Mars and extends two centuries forward through the early 23rd century. In fact, there is some overlap between science fiction writers and professional futurists such as in the case of David Brin. Arguably, the work of science fiction authors has seeded many ideas that have later been developed (be it technological or social in nature)—from early works of Jules Verne and H.G. Wells to the later Arthur C. Clarke and William Gibson. Beyond literary works, futures studies and futurists have influenced film and TV works. The 2002 movie adaptation of Philip K. Dick's short stort, Minority Report, had a group of consultants to build a realistic vision of the future, including futurist Peter Schwartz. TV shows such as HBO's Westworld and Channel 4/Netflix's Black Mirror follow many of the rules of futures studies to build the world, the scenery and storytelling in a way futurists would in experiential scenarios and works.

Science Fiction novels for Futurists:
 * William Gibson, Neuromancer, Ace Books, 1984. (Pioneering cyberpunk novel)
 * Kim Stanley Robinson, Red Mars, Spectra, 1993. (Story on the founding a colony on Mars)
 * Bruce Sterling, Heavy Weather, Bantam, 1994. (Story about a world with drastically altered climate and weather)
 * Iain Banks' Culture novels (Space operas in distance future with thoughtful treatments of advanced AI)

Government agencies
Several governments have formalized strategic foresight agencies to encourage long range strategic societal planning, with most notable are the governments of Singapore, Finland, and the United Arab Emirates. Other governments with strategic foresight agencies include Canada's Policy Horizons Canada and the Malaysia's Malaysian Foresight Institute.

The Singapore government's Centre for Strategic Futures (CSF) is part of the Strategy Group within the Prime Minister's Office. Their mission is to position the Singapore government to navigate emerging strategic challenges and harness potential opportunities. Singapore's early formal efforts in strategic foresight began in 1991 with the establishment of the Risk Detection and Scenario Planning Office in the Ministry of Defence. In addition to the CSF, the Singapore government has established the Strategic Futures Network, which brings together deputy secretary-level officers and foresight units across the government to discuss emerging trends that may have implications for Singapore.

Since the 1990s, Finland has integrated strategic foresight within the parliament and Prime Minister's Office. The government is required to present a "Report of the Future" each parliamentary term for review by the parliamentary Committee for the Future. Led by the Prime Minister's Office, the Government Foresight Group coordinates the government's foresight efforts. Futures research is supported by the Finnish Society for Futures Studies (established in 1980), the Finland Futures Research Centre (established in 1992), and the Finland Futures Academy (established in 1998) in coordination with foresight units in various government agencies.

In the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid, Vice President and Ruler of Dubai, announced in September 2016 that all government ministries were to appoint Directors of Future Planning. Sheikh Mohammed described the UAE Strategy for the Future as an "integrated strategy to forecast our nation's future, aiming to anticipate challenges and seize opportunities". The Ministry of Cabinet Affairs and Future (MOCAF) is mandated with crafting the UAE Strategy for the Future and is responsible for the portfolio of the future of UAE.

In 2018, the United States General Accountability Office (GAO) created the Center for Strategic Foresight to enhance its ability to "serve as the agency's principal hub for identifying, monitoring, and analyzing emerging issues facing policymakers." The center is composed of non-resident Fellows who are considered leading experts in foresight, planning and future thinking. In September 2019 they hosted a conference on space policy and "deep fake" synthetic media to manipulate online and real-world interactions.

Risk analysis and management
Foresight is a framework or lens which could be used in risk analysis and management in a medium- to long-term time range. A typical formal foresight project would identify key drivers and uncertainties relevant to the scope of analysis. It would also analyze how the drivers and uncertainties could interact to create the most probable scenarios of interest and what risks they might contain. An additional step would be identifying actions to avoid or minimize these risks.

One classic example of such work was how foresight work at the Royal Dutch Shell international oil company led to envision the turbulent oil prices of the 1970s as a possibility and better embed this into company planning. Yet the practice at Shell focuses on stretching the company's thinking rather than in making predictions. Its planning is meant to link and embed scenarios in "organizational processes such as strategy making, innovation, risk management, public affairs, and leadership development."

Foresight studies can also consider the possibility of "wild card" events—or events that many consider would be impossible to envision—although often such events can be imagined as remote possibilities as part of foresight work. One of many possible areas of focus for a foresight lens could also be identifying conditions for potential scenarios of high-level risks to society.

These risks may arise from the development and adoption of emerging technologies and/or social change. Special interest lies on hypothetical future events that have the potential to damage human well-being on a global scale—global catastrophic risks. Such events may cripple or destroy modern civilization or, in the case of existential risks, even cause human extinction. Potential global catastrophic risks include but are not limited to climate change, hostile artificial intelligence, nanotechnology weapons, nuclear warfare, total war, and pandemics. The aim of a professional futurist would be to identify conditions that could lead to these events to create "pragmatically feasible roads to alternative futures."

Futurists
Futurists are practitioners of the foresight profession, which seeks to provide organizations and individuals with images of the future to help them prepare for contingencies and to maximize opportunities. A foresight project begins with a question that ponders the future of any given subject area, including technology, medicine, government and business. Futurists engage in environmental scanning to search for drivers of change and emerging trends that may have an effect on the focus topic. The scanning process includes reviewing social media platforms, researching already prepared reports, engaging in Delphi studies, reading articles and any other sources of relevant information and preparing and analyzing data extrapolations. Then, through one of a number of highly structured methods futurists organize this information and use it to create multiple future scenarios for the topic, also known as a domain. The value of preparing many different versions of the future rather than a singular prediction is that they provide a client with the ability to prepare long-range plans that will weather and optimize a variety of contexts.

APF's list of most significant futures works
The Association for Professional Futurists recognizes the Most Significant Futures Works for the purpose of identifying and rewarding the work of foresight professionals and others whose work illuminates aspects of the future.

Other notable foresight books

 * "Four Futures: Life After Capitalism" by Peter Frase 2016
 * Teaching about the Future by Peter C. Bishop and Andy Hines
 * Deep Time Reckoning: How Future Thinking Can Help Earth Now by (Vincent Ialenti) 2020
 * "The Fourth Industrial Revolution" by Klaus Schwab 2016
 * "Futuring: The Exploration of the Future" by Edward Cornish 2004
 * "Foresight Infused Strategy" by Maree Conway
 * Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100 (Michio Kaku)
 * "Learning from the Long View", Peter Schwartz 2011
 * The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind (Michio Kaku)
 * The Age of Intelligent Machines (Ray Kurzweil)
 * The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (Ray Kurzweil)
 * Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think (Peter Diamandis)
 * Brave New World (Aldous Huxley)
 * The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century (George Friedman)
 * Future Shock (Alvin & Heidi Toffler)
 * Thinking About the Future (Andy Hines and Peter C. Bishop)
 * The Third Wave (Alvin & Heidi Toffler)
 * Futurewise: Six Faces of Global Change (Patrick Dixon)
 * Our Final Hour (Martin Rees)
 * The Revenge of Gaia (James Lovelock)
 * The Skeptical Environmentalist (Bjørn Lomborg)
 * Surviving 1,000 Centuries Can We Do It? (Roger-Maurice Bonnet and Lodewijk Woltjer)
 * Paris in the Twentieth Century (Jules Verne)
 * The Communist Manifesto (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels)
 * An Anarchist FAQ (Iain McKay)
 * Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (Yuval Noah Harari, 2016)
 * Warnings: Finding Cassandras to Stop Catastrophes, Richard A. Clarke and R. P. Eddy
 * Future Agenda Tim Jones
 * Future Frequencies Derek Woodgate with Wayne Pethrick
 * Social Theory and Social Change Trevor Nobel
 * Scenario-based Strategy Paul De Ruijter
 * Scenario Planning: The Link between Future and Strategy Mats Lindgren & Hans Banhold
 * Creating Better Futures Jay Ogilvy
 * Questioning the Future: Methods and Tools for Organisational and Societal Transformation Sohail Inayatullah
 * Strategic Foresight: Learning from the Future Patricia Lustig
 * History and Future: Using Historical Thinking to Imagine the Future David Stanley

Periodicals and journals

 * European Journal of Futures Research
 * Futures
 * The Futurist (World Future Society)
 * Foresight
 * Futures & Foresight Science
 * International Journal of Forecasting
 * Journal of Futures Studies
 * Technological Forecasting and Social Change
 * World Futures Review

Foresight professional networks

 * World Future Society
 * World Futures Studies Federation
 * World Future Council
 * Association of Professional Futurists
 * The Millennium Project

Public-sector foresight organizations

 * National Intelligence Council
 * NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts
 * Government Office for Science (United Kingdom)
 * MiGHT – Malaysian Industry Government Group for High Technology

Non-governmental foresight organizations

 * Future Studies Program (Virtual Website)
 * RAND Corporation
 * Hudson Institute
 * Club of Rome
 * Institute for the Future
 * International Futures Forum
 * Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm
 * Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies
 * Tellus Institute
 * Global Business Network
 * The Arlington Institute (TBD)
 * Global Scenario Group
 * The Millennium Project
 * The Venus Project
 * Long Now Foundation
 * Machine Intelligence Research Institute
 * Strategic Foresight Group
 * Future of Humanity Institute
 * World Future Council (Germany)

title: Futures studies


text: User talk:213.249.130.73

title: User talk:213.249.130.73


text:
Bill Bland

William "Bill" Bland (28 April 1916 – 13 March 2001) was a British Marxist-Leninist and optician.

Early life
Bland was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, and attended Manchester Grammar School. His father was director of a printing works, but lost his job during the Depression, and Bland had to leave school to find work at 15. After a visit to the Soviet Union in 1937, Bland migrated to New Zealand in 1938–39. He returned to England in 1950.

Political activism
Before becoming a leading figure of the UK anti-revisionist movement, Bland was a member of the Communist Party of New Zealand and the Communist Party of Great Britain. Bland considered Mao Zedong a left-deviationist while still maintaining that Hoxha was a true Marxist-Leninist in the tradition of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. Bland's line on Mao was problematic since Hoxha and Mao were strategic allies at that time. Bland's position was strengthened after the Sino-Albanian split and he formed the Communist League of Great Britain.

Bland was one of the founders of the Albanian Society, and three years after its foundation he became its secretary, a post which he held almost continuously for 30 years until the fall of the communist regime in Albania. He was editor of the journal of the society, Albanian Life. He also wrote an English-Albanian dictionary which included information on Albanian life, culture, politics and history. Together with the American Communist, Jack Shulman, he participated in the Alliance Marxist-Leninist (North America) and supported International Struggle Marxist-Leninist (ISML).

In 1991, he helped found the Stalin Society, however, he was later expelled by a Maoist faction.

Works
Bland was the coauthor of A Tangled Web: A History Of Anglo-American Relations with Albania (1912–1955). Historian Peter R. Prifti described the book's treatment of the Corfu Channel incident as "a masterful exposition of that tragic incident, and a good indication of the level of scholarship that characterizes the contents of the book. . . this well-researched study by W. Bland and I. Price goes a long way to untangle the web, so that we may gain a clearer perspective on the subject." Aside from theoretical and historical works, Bland wrote a number of plays, directed two films and produced a ballet.

title: Bill Bland


text:
The Lamb (poem)

"The Lamb" is a poem by William Blake, published in Songs of Innocence in 1789.

"The Lamb" is the counterpart poem to Blake's poem: "The Tyger" in Songs of Experience. Blake wrote Songs of Innocence as a contrary to the Songs of Experience – a central tenet in his philosophy and a central theme in his work. Like many of Blake's works, the poem is about Christianity. The lamb is a frequently used name of Jesus Christ, who is also called "The Lamb of God" in the Gospel of John 1:29 and 36, as well as throughout John's Book of Revelation at the end of the New Testament.

Poem
"Little Lamb who made thee?   Dost thou know who made thee? Gave thee life and bid thee feed By the stream and o'er the mead; Gave thee clothing of delight, Softest clothing wooly bright; Gave thee such a tender voice, Making all the vales rejoice:     Little Lamb who made thee?     Dost thou know who made thee?

Little Lamb I'll tell thee, Little Lamb I'll tell thee: He is called by thy name, For he calls himself a Lamb: He is meek and he is mild, He became a little child: I a child and thou a lamb, We are called by his name: Little Lamb God bless thee. Little Lamb God bless thee."

Structure
At first glance, this poem appears to consist of rhyming couplets, and the first and last couplet in the first stanza could be said to exhibit identical rhyme; however, the rhyme is an exact repeat of the three last words, or phrase, "who made thee," and the last couplet is a repetition of the first verbatim. The effect is that of a refrain in a song, such as a lullaby in this "Song of Innocence." The speaker is even a child. The final word of the third and fourth lines (the first couplet in the body of the text), "feed mead," rhyme identically with the final word of the first two lines, "thee," creating a smooth transition.

The body of the first stanza follows the rhyming scheme AABBCC: "feed mead delight bright voice rejoice;" the body of the second, follows the rhyming scheme ABCCBA: "name lamb mild child lamb name"—a pattern found in the Bible and a kernel of a larger Hebraic technique or device.

An exact repeat of the entire line is employed in the second stanza's first and last couplets: the first two lines, and then the last two different lines, with the ABCCBA scheme in the body. The whole is indeed effective, one might even say "innocent" with perfect truth.

In the first stanza, the speaker, a child, asks the lamb who its creator is, and if it knows who; the child knows and tells the lamb the answer in the second stanza.

Musical settings
Like the other Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, "The Lamb" may have been intended to be sung, but no records survive of Blake's own musical settings. It was set to music by Vaughan Williams in his 1958 song cycle Ten Blake Songs, although he described it as "that horrible little lamb – a poem that I hate". It was also given a setting by Sir John Tavener, who explained: "'The Lamb' came to me fully grown and was written in an afternoon and dedicated to my nephew Simon for his 3rd birthday." American poet Allen Ginsberg set the poem to music, along with several other of Blake's poems, in 1969 and included it on his album Songs of Innocence and Experience by William Blake. Ginsberg's songs were re-worked by Steven Taylor for the album Songs of Innocence & of Experience: Shewing The Two Contrary States Of The Human Soul, released in 2019, by Ace Records, to coincide with the Blake exhibition at Tate Britain.

title: The Lamb (poem)


text:
User:Wbwither

My interests are wide and varied. So far I have mostly written about video games. I know a lot about technology more broadly. And I like to write. A lot. I'm pretty verbose, so feel free to pare down my words if I get too chatty in my articles.

title: User:Wbwither


text:
D. J. Taylor (writer)

David John Taylor (born 1960) is a British critic, novelist and biographer, who was born and raised in Norfolk.

After attending school in Norwich, he read modern history at St John's College, Oxford, and has received the 2003 Whitbread Biography Award for his biography of George Orwell. His novel Derby Day was longlisted for the 2011 Man Booker Prize. He was previously a member of the Norwich Writers' Circle.

He has contributed to The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent, New Statesman, The Spectator, Private Eye and Literary Review, among other publications.

Assessments
Theodore Dalrymple, reviewing Taylor's Who Is Big Brother?: A Reader's Guide to George Orwell, concluded that "It deals most sensitively with Orwell's multiple ambiguities without trying to fit them into a Procrustean bed. It informs, enlightens, and entertains. It restores one's faith in the value of criticism."

Personal life
Taylor, who was born in Norwich, lives there with his wife, the fiction writer Rachel Hore, and their three children.

Works

 * Great Eastern Land: from the notebooks of David Castell (1986), novel
 * A Vain Conceit: British Fiction in the 1980s (1989)
 * Other People: Portraits From The 90's (1990), with Marcus Berkmann
 * Real Life (1992), novel
 * After the War: The Novel and England since 1945 (1993)
 * English Settlement (1996), novel
 * After Bathing at Baxter's (1997), short stories
 * Trespass (1998), novel
 * Thackeray (1999), biography
 * The Comedy Man (2002), novel
 * Pretext 6: Punk of Me (2002), guest editor
 * Orwell: The Life (2003), biography
 * Kept (2006), novel
 * On The Corinthian Spirit: The Decline of Amateurism In Sport (2006)
 * Bright Young People: The Rise and Fall of a Generation 1918–1940 (2007)
 * Ask Alice (2009), novel
 * At the Chime of a City Clock (2010), novel
 * Derby Day (2011), novel
 * Secondhand Daylight (2012), novel
 * The Windsor Faction (2013), novel
 * Wrote for Luck (2015), stories. Galley Beggar Press
 * The New Book of Snobs (2016)
 * The Prose Factory: Literary Life in England since 1918 (2016)
 * Rock and Roll is Life (2018), novel
 * Lost Girls: Love, War and Literature, 1939–1951 (2019), collective biography
 * Orwell: The New Life (2023), biography
 * Who Is Big Brother?: A Reader's Guide to George Orwell (2024)

Prizes and honours

 * 1998: Longlisted for Booker Prize for his novel Trespass
 * 1999: Winner of a Grinzane Cavour Prize for L'accordo Inglese, the Italian translation of his novel English Settlement
 * 2003: Winner of the Whitbread Prize for biography for Orwell: The Life
 * 2011: Longlisted for the 2011 Man Booker Prize, for his novel Derby Day.
 * 2014: The Windsor Faction winner of the Sidewise Award (tied with Bryce Zabel's Surrounded by Enemies: What If Kennedy Survived Dallas?).

title: D. J. Taylor (writer)


text:
Talk:Matrix management

Untitled

 * Please sign your edits to talk pages with ~ .

This entry should have taken into account the following references: Davis, S. M., & Lawrence, P. R. (1978). Problems of matrix organizations. Harvard Business Review, 56(3), 131-142; Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. (1990). Matrix Management: Not a Structure, a Frame of Mind. Harvard Business Review, 68(4), 138-145; Doz, Y., & Prahalad, C. K. (1984). Patterns of Strategic Control within Multinational Corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, 15(2), 55-72.

The matrix organization is being replaced by the multidimensional organization. Cases are IBM, Microsoft, ASML. See: Strikwerda, H. (2007). The Emergence of the Multidimensional Organization, www.SSRN.com. J. Strikwerda (talk) 22:11, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

This entry is a bit confusing. It is arguably more applicable as a description for "line-staff organisation" sometimes referred to as "project co-ordinated" management.

In Matrix Management, teams work primarily on a project basis, but the allocation of staff to projects is carried out by functional management, and functional management also acts as line management.

See ''Kerzner, H, "Project Management, A systems approach to planning and scheduling and controlling", Sixth Edition, chp. 3, 'Organizational Structures'''.

This article is almost wrong. A matrix actually combines aspects of functional (direct management) with projectized (resource pool) at 3 possible levels. Matrix employees generally report to a functional manager (their boss) but are pulled to work on projects when needed.

Needs update badly.

Tweaked software reference. powerpoint is drawing software, not charting software, and so doesn't "support matrix structures" so much as it allows you to draw a dotted line. More dedicated solutions like Visio, OrgPlus, Nakisa etc are more relevant here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.219.179.76 (talk) 23:11, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

11:45, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

> This article, Matrix Management, is almost wrong

I agree, don't merge it into the other article just delete it and keep the article 'Matrix management' as it expalians the subject properly.

Lack of image
It would be nice if someone created and uploaded a sample matrix management diagram. —Remember the dot (talk) 03:16, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

in media
The complexity of Matrix management is a theme in the novels of Charles Stross

Invention
The article mentions the invention of matrix management in its description of difficulties with matrix management, but fails to give the actuall history of the invention of matrix management. Perhaps it was never invented, but always existed and there was a point in time when it was finally named. Can someone please provide information on the invention of matrix management, or remove the reference to its invention. Thanks. 99.149.110.124 (talk) 02:54, 27 February 2009 (UTC) Sandy

Agile
I'm curious how Agile/Scrum might be mentioned on this page, as it is an excellent example of modern matrix management being highly successful in software development environments. 69.25.45.6 (talk) 20:36, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matrix management