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Talk:Sour cream

Untitled
The info about smetana cream orgianlly developed at the Smetana article. The page histroy for that now exists at Talk:Sour cream/Smetana history.--Commander Keane 13:17, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Smetana
Since Hq3473 asked (and as nobody replied to my post at the Smetana discussion page), I'm posting this here.

"Smetana" is also the surname of a composer, Bedřich Smetana. He has a page on Wikipedia, but the page Smetana now redirects to Sour cream. I think that if "Sour cream" is the primary page for that cream, "Smetana" should be a disambiguation page, or a redirect to Smetana (disambiguation), which already exists. Adiel 13:06, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC)
 * I agree that this needs to be fixed. I think the most painless wasy to fix this is to make the "smetana"(which is ambigouse) redirect to an already existing disambiguation page which aptly notes that smetana is just a type of sour cream

"Rich in fats"
It is not necessarily true that sour cream is "rich in fats". They do have fat free sour cream, you know. --71.146.21.146 (talk) 16:27, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

"Sour light cream" picture
This is funny :), but seriously, it do not really show you anything about sour cream. What it does is it shows you the ingredients needed for making some sort of sour cream frosting. Maybe this can go on a page called "Sour cream frosting" but not here. Sjschen (talk) 03:55, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Ok. Is gone. Warrington (talk) 08:41, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Mold
The section mentioning mold currently says:

''Cheese and milk products like sour cream that develop while stored visible mold should be immediately discarded. These types of mold produce mycotoxins and aflatoxins which are potentially dangerous in very small amounts.[2] (This does not include cheese intentionally inoculated with mold, e.g. Roquefort or Brie blue.'')

It's not clear to me if wikipedia entries ought to be offering advice in the first place (as opposed to reporting common practice, or reporting what is advised by this or that authority), but in any case this confuses the advice of the page it links to in the footnote. While that page does advise discarding moldy sour cream, it does not advice discarding all cheeses. This passage notes an exception for innoculated cheeses, but there are other exceptions such as hard cheeses. But there is no need to be complicating this, when the article is not about the handling of milk products in general, but only about sour cream. I'm going to trim this passage down to the relevant facts. --Ericjs (talk) 18:43, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

I think this line should be deleted entirely. If a need to educate mold to readers, then might as well have it for all the cheese and food articles here in wiki. It's common sense that practically anything opened after use will indeed go bad after time. If sour cream is unopened from the tub and stored in the fridge as new stock, it can remain good for months past the expiry date. We can explain why mold is present for the specialty cheeses, but don't discuss that into a food that doesn't have it.Soyasauce (talk) 16:28, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Acidified versus Cultured
It seems that there should be a mention of the difference between acidified sour cream and cultured sour cream, possibly including the acids used for acidifying.

32.97.110.56 (talk) 16:52, 21 August 2009 (UTC)Dave

butter fat content calculation
In the section 'Traditional' there are a couple points that might need attention. 14g fat in 4oz (120ml) is closer to 12% milkfat than 18-20%, which would require 21.5-24.0g fat. Unless the dairy industry calculates weight percent very differently than is the norm in other disciplines. Also, I consulted "Nutrition Facts" labels at several nutrition and commercial diary sites and all stated values of 5.5-6.0g per oz, corresponding to 19.4-21.2 wt%. I'll change the stated value to 22g. Second, technically rennet isn't a thickening agent, at least not in the way the other listed ingredients are. This is a pedantic enough point that I'll leave it as is. Rskurat (talk) 16:11, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

A simple visit to a local grocery store and you will see majority of branded sour cream is 14%M.F., it is clearly written on the tub. I'm sure mass production is not the same as traditional recipes. I have seen some smaller labelled organic and exotic brands that are 18%, which may be "real" sour cream. Someone from the milk industry should clarify this.Soyasauce (talk) 00:34, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

"Certain kinds of lactic acid bacteria"
What does "certain kinds of lactic acid bacteria" in the lead mean, exactly? How many kinds of lactic acid bacteria are there? What are their species names (bacterial names)? Which ones are used in sour cream and why? How do sour cream organisms differ from yogurt organisms, and what is the rationale for the different choices of bacteria? Is all this information missing because there are no available references? Or because the science of bacteria has not been applied to foods, and therefore no one knows? David Spector (talk) 16:30, 11 March 2014 (UTC)

I had the same question in reading this article. The article on yogurt talks specifically about the kinds of bacteria used. 160.111.254.17 (talk) 14:44, 14 January 2020 (UTC)

Reliable Sources
Source #2 does not cite any sources or even list an author. Source #1 only cites, one reference - this wikipedia page (lol)! Are these sources up to Wikipedia's standards? Hypehuman (talk) 00:37, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

Acidity (typical pH levels)?
What about characterizing the typical pH level and how they compare to other dairy products (such as quark)? 188.103.182.57 (talk) 08:16, 12 November 2015 (UTC)

Very Poorly Written
I recommend that this entire article be re-written by someone who understands English. As it is, it's just bad - and almost impossible to comprehend by a literate person. It's really bad. 73.6.96.168 (talk) 09:58, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

 * It's certainly wrong about sour cream being called something different in Britain! The pot might have "soured cream" written on it but it's just as likely to be called sour cream. HighgateExpert (talk) 14:23, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Here are some typical examples. The product on its own is usually called "soured cream" but almost everything made with it refers to "sour cream".
 * https://www.waitrose.com/ecom/shop/search?&searchTerm=sour%20cream
 * https://www.ocado.com/search?entry=sour%20cream
 * https://www.tesco.com/groceries/en-GB/search?query=sour%20cream HighgateExpert (talk) 14:31, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

"Physical-chemical properties" section
As interested as I'm sure we all are in the zeta potential of sour cream, I do not feel that an encyclopedia entry warrants as much detail as the "Physical-chemical properties" section lays out (I've also noticed this with the a similar section in Wikipedia's tomato soup entry). If you're after that level of science, I would argue that you would be better off referencing a peer-reviewed article from a high-impact journal, as it feels grossly unncessary here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Elvis2500 (talk • contribs) 16:46, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

I've just now traced the edit back to the original user, and, as I suspected, this entire section was coursework for a college food science class. Do we really need it here still? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Elvis2500 (talk • contribs) 16:54, 29 May 2022 (UTC)
 * What are you trying to prove? And please, learn how to sign your talk pages edits. The Banner  talk 18:36, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sour cream


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Kansei engineering

Kansei engineering (Japanese: 感性工学 kansei kougaku, emotional or affective engineering) aims at the development or improvement of products and services by translating the customer's psychological feelings and needs into the domain of product design (i.e. parameters). It was founded by Mitsuo Nagamachi, professor emeritus of Hiroshima University (also former Dean of Hiroshima International University and CEO of International Kansei Design Institute). Kansei engineering parametrically links the customer's emotional responses (i.e. physical and psychological) to the properties and characteristics of a product or service. In consequence, products can be designed to bring forward the intended feeling.

It has now been adopted as one of the topics for professional development by the Royal Statistical Society.

Introduction
Product design on today's markets has become increasingly complex since products contain more functions and have to meet increasing demands such as user-friendliness, manufacturability and ecological considerations. With a shortened product lifecycle, development costs are likely to increase. Since errors in the estimations of market trends can be very expensive, companies therefore perform benchmarking studies that compare with competitors on strategic, process, marketing, and product levels. However, success in a certain market segment not only requires knowledge about the competitors and the performance of competing products, but also about the impressions which a product leaves to the customer. The latter requirement becomes much more important as products and companies are becoming mature. Customers purchase products based on subjective terms such as brand image, reputation, design, impression etc.. A large number of manufacturers have started to consider such subjective properties and develop their products in a way that conveys the company image. A reliable instrument is therefore needed: an instrument which can predict the reception of a product on the market before the development costs become too large.

This demand has triggered the research dealing with the translation of the customer's subjective, hidden needs into concrete products. Research is done foremost in Asia, including Japan and Korea. In Europe, a network has been forged under the 6th EU framework. This network refers to the new research field as "emotional design" or "affective engineering".

History
Nowadays, people want to use products that are functional at the physical level, usable at the psychological level and attractive at the subjective, emotional level. Affective engineering is the study of the interactions between the customer and the product at that third level. It focuses on the relationships between the physical traits of a product and its affective influence on the user. Thanks to this field of research, it is possible to gain knowledge on how to design more attractive products and make the customers satisfied.

Methods in affective engineering (or Kansei engineering) is one of the major areas of ergonomics (human factor engineering ). The study of integrating affective values in artifacts is not new at all. Already in the 18th century philosophers such as Baumgarten and Kant established the area of aesthetics. In addition to pure practical values, artifacts always also had an affective component. One example is jewellery found in excavations from the Stone Ages. The period of Renaissance is also a good example.

In the middle of the 20th century, the idea of aesthetics was deployed in scientific contexts. Charles E. Osgood developed his semantic differential method in which he quantified the peoples' perceptions of artifacts. Some years later, in 1960, Professors Shigeru Mizuno and Yoji Akao developed an engineering approach in order to connect peoples' needs to product properties. This method was called quality function deployment (QFD). Another method, the Kano model, was developed in the field of quality in the early 1980s by Professor Noriaki Kano, of Tokyo University. Kano's model is used to establish the importance of individual product features for the customer's satisfaction and hence it creates the optimal requirement for process oriented product development activities. A pure marketing technique is conjoint analysis. Conjoint analysis estimates the relative importance of a product's attributes by analysing the consumer's overall judgment of a product or service. A more artistic method is called Semantic description of environments. It is mainly a tool for examining how a single person or a group of persons experience a certain (architectural) environment.

Although all of these methods are concerned with subjective impact, none of them can translate this impact to design parameters sufficiently. This can, however, be accomplished by Kansei engineering. Kansei engineering (KE) has been used as a tool for affective engineering. It was developed in the early 70s in Japan and is now widely spread among Japanese companies. In the middle of the 90s, the method spread to the United States, but cultural differences may have prevented the method to enfold its whole potential.

Procedure
As mentioned above, Kansei engineering can be considered as a methodology within the research field of 'affective engineering'. Some researchers have identified the content of the methodology. Shimizu et al. state that 'Kansei Engineering is used as a tool for product development and the basic principles behind it are the following: identification of product properties and correlation between those properties and the design characteristics'.

According to Nagasawa, one of the forerunners of Kansei engineering, there are three focal points in the method:
 * 1) How to accurately understand consumer Kansei
 * 2) How to reflect and translate Kansei understanding into product design
 * 3) How to create a system and organization for Kansei orientated design

A model on methodology
In Japanese publications, different types of Kansei engineering are identified and applied in various contexts. Schütte examined different types of Kansei engineering and developed a general model covering the contents of Kansei engineering.

Domain in this context describes the overall idea behind an assembly of products, i.e. the product type in general. Choosing the domain includes the definition of the intended target group and user type, market-niche and type, and the product group in question. Choosing and defining the domain are carried out on existing products, concepts and on design solutions yet unknown. From this, a domain description is formulated, serving as the basis for further evaluation. The process is necessary and has been described by Schütte in detail in a couple of publications.
 * Choice of Domain

The expression Semantic space was addressed for the first time by Osgood et al.. He posed that every artifact can be described in a certain vector space defined by semantic expressions (words). This is done by collecting a large number of words that describe the domain. Suitable sources are pertinent literature, commercials, manuals, specification list, experts etc. The number of the words gathered varies according to the product, typically between 100 and 1000 words. In a second step the words are grouped using manual (e.g. Affinity diagram) or mathematical methods (e.g. factor and/or cluster analysis). Finally a few representing words are selected from this spanning the Semantic Space. These words are called "Kansei words" or "Kansei Engineering words".
 * Span the Semantic Space

The next step is to span the Space of Product Properties, which is similar to the Semantic Space. The Space of Product Properties collects products representing the domain, identifies key features and selects product properties for further evaluation. The collection of products representing the domain is done from different sources such as existing products, customer suggestions, possible technical solutions and design concepts etc. The key features are found using specification lists for the products in question. To select properties for further evaluation, a Pareto-diagram can assist the decision between important and less important features. Synthesis In the synthesis step, the Semantic Space and the Space of Properties are linked together, as displayed in Figure 3. Compared to other methods in Affective Engineering, Kansei engineering is the only method that can establish and quantify connections between abstract feelings and technical specifications. For every Kansei word a number of product properties are found, affecting the Kansei word.
 * Span the Space of Properties

The research into constructing these links has been a core part of Nagamachi's work with Kansei engineering in the last few years. Nowadays, a number of different tools is available. Some of the most common tools are :
 * Synthesis

 * Category Identification
 * Regression Analysis /Quantification Theory Type I
 * Rough Sets Theory
 * Genetic Algorithm
 * Fuzzy Sets Theory

After doing the necessary stages, the final step of validation remains. This is done in order to check if the prediction model is reliable and realistic. However, in case of prediction model failure, it is necessary to update the Space of Properties and the Semantic Space, and consequently refine the model. The process of refinement is difficult due to the shortage of methods. This shows the need of new tools to be integrated. The existing tools can partially be found in the previously mentioned methods for the synthesis.
 * Model building and Test of Validity

Software tools
Kansei engineering has always been a statistically and mathematically advanced methodology. Most types require good expert knowledge and a reasonable amount of experience to carry out the studies sufficiently. This has also been the major obstacle for a widespread application of Kansei engineering. In order to facilitate application some software packages have been developed in the recent years, most of them in Japan. There are two different types of software packages available: User consoles and data collection and analysis tools. User consoles are software programs that calculate and propose a product design based on the users' subjective preferences (Kanseis). However, such software requires a database that quantifies the connections between Kanseis and the combination of product attributes. For building such databases, data collection and analysis tools can be used. This part of the paper demonstrates some of the tools. There are many more tools used in companies and universities, which might not be available to the public. User consoles

Software
As described above, Kansei data collection and analysis is often complex and connected with statistical analysis. Depending on which synthesis method is used, different computer software is used. Kansei Engineering Software (KESo) uses QT1 for linear analysis. The concept of Kansei Engineering Software (KESo) Linköping University in Sweden. The software generates online questionnaires for collection of Kansei raw-data

Another software package (Kn6) was developed at the Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain.

Both software packages improve the collection and evaluation of Kansei data. In this way even users with no specialist competence in advanced statistics can use Kansei engineering.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kansei engineering


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Mixed-data sampling

Econometric models involving data sampled at different frequencies are of general interest. Mixed-data sampling (MIDAS) is an econometric regression developed by Eric Ghysels with several co-authors. There is now a substantial literature on MIDAS regressions and their applications, including Ghysels, Santa-Clara and Valkanov (2006), Ghysels, Sinko and Valkanov, Andreou, Ghysels and Kourtellos (2010) and Andreou, Ghysels and Kourtellos (2013).

MIDAS Regressions
A MIDAS regression is a direct forecasting tool which can relate future low-frequency data with current and lagged high-frequency indicators, and yield different forecasting models for each forecast horizon. It can flexibly deal with data sampled at different frequencies and provide a direct forecast of the low-frequency variable. It incorporates each individual high-frequency data in the regression, which solves the problems of losing potentially useful information and including mis-specification.

A simple regression example has the independent variable appearing at a higher frequency than the dependent variable:

 * $$y_t = \beta_0 + \beta_1 B(L^{1/m};\theta)x_t^{(m)} + \varepsilon_t^{(m)},$$

where y is the dependent variable, x is the regressor, m denotes the frequency – for instance if y is yearly $$x_t^{(4)}$$ is quarterly – $$\varepsilon$$ is the disturbance and $$B(L^{1/m};\theta)$$ is a lag distribution, for instance the Beta function or the Almon Lag. For example $$B(L^{1/m};\theta) = \sum_{k=0}^K B(k; \theta) L^{k/m}$$.

The regression models can be viewed in some cases as substitutes for the Kalman filter when applied in the context of mixed frequency data. Bai, Ghysels and Wright (2013) examine the relationship between MIDAS regressions and Kalman filter state space models applied to mixed frequency data. In general, the latter involves a system of equations, whereas, in contrast, MIDAS regressions involve a (reduced form) single equation. As a consequence, MIDAS regressions might be less efficient, but also less prone to specification errors. In cases where the MIDAS regression is only an approximation, the approximation errors tend to be small.

Machine Learning MIDAS Regressions
The MIDAS can also be used for machine learning time series and panel data nowcasting. The machine learning MIDAS regressions involve Legendre polynomials. High-dimensional mixed frequency time series regressions involve certain data structures that once taken into account should improve the performance of unrestricted estimators in small samples. These structures are represented by groups covering lagged dependent variables and groups of lags for a single (high-frequency) covariate. To that end, the machine learning MIDAS approach exploits the sparse-group LASSO (sg-LASSO) regularization that accommodates conveniently such structures. The attractive feature of the sg-LASSO estimator is that it allows us to combine effectively the approximately sparse and dense signals.

Software packages
Several software packages feature MIDAS regressions and related econometric methods. These include:

 * MIDAS Matlab Toolbox
 * midasr, R package
 * midasml, R package for High-Dimensional Mixed Frequency Time Series Data
 * EViews
 * Python
 * Julia
 * Stata，midasreg

title: Mixed-data sampling


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Xmouse

Xmouse is a system of mouse control in computer operating systems used instead of the standard selection behavior. The xmouse system automatically selects objects or activates windows after hovering the mouse over the object for a certain period of time.

Description and comparison
Xmouse is a system of mouse control used instead of the standard system of selection on computers (most notably Windows and X11, where it is an option). The behavior is similar to mouse control in X Windows. Where normal Windows and X11 mouse control uses single-click for selection and double-click to open/edit/etc, the xmouse system automatically selects objects after hovering the mouse over the object for a certain period of time (often one second). Hovering over a window makes it the active window. The context function, previously activated by double-clicking, is activated by single-clicking; double-clicking is made redundant by this system and is ignored. Operation of menus, text selection, and other features remain unchanged.

Availability
On Microsoft Windows, an Xmouse Control Panel applet was available as part of the Windows 95 PowerToys, used to configure focusing windows in the user interface by hovering. On newer Windows versions, the behavior can be configured using Tweak UI or directly from the Windows Registry. The setting is also built into Windows Vista and Windows 7 in the Ease of Access Center as "Activate a window by hovering over it with the mouse", however preventing the activated window from moving to foreground can be done by using the relevant system calls in Windows' USER component, or by configuring the registry.

Reception
Proponents of the xmouse system claim it has many advantages over the regular system of selection. Most notably, it requires much less effort on the part of the user to use the computer, and can be considerably faster once users have adjusted to the non-standard interface.

The two main disadvantages are the selection speed and being the non-standard. Firstly, if the activated window is also configured to be drawn into foreground there must be a minimum time for the cursor to hover over a window before it is selected, or else all touched windows would be immediately in foreground and cover other windows. This lag time reduces the maximum speed that xmouse can be used at, and could lead to annoying pauses. Secondly, as it is rarely used in the world, people who get used to the xmouse system might find it hard to adjust to using other computers, and vice versa.

title: Xmouse


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Olrig

Olrig is a parish in Caithness, Scotland. The main settlement in the parish is Castletown. Prior to the 19th century, the parish was sub-divided into ten townlands or "fermlands". Townland boundaries were mostly disregarded and lost during the agricultural improvements in the 19th century, but many townland names remain identifiable with farmstead names ending with Mains.

Early history
The name Olrig (or Olrick) is thought to signify “the son of Erick,” from one of the Norwegian chieftains prominent in the locale following the invasion of Caithness by the King of Norway at the beginning of the ninth century. The Danes invaded Olrig at a distant period, landing at the bay of Murkle but were defeated by the inhabitants in a conflict on a height called, from the slain, Morthill, which is the origin of the name Murkle.

There are numerous Pictish houses in the parish, and a nunnery is said to have been located on the lands of Murkle, its site perhaps being marked by a small burn called Closters, a corruption of the word cloisters. At the top of the hill of Olrick are the remains of an ancient watchtower, and it is believed that a church called St. Coomb's Kirk once stood near the eastern boundary of the parish. Its name is derived from its probable dedication to St. Columba. This church is supposed to have been the church of the united parishes of Olrig and Dunnet.

There is a tradition that the kirk and the adjoining manse disappeared overnight when they were suddenly overwhelmed by a sandstorm, but “there is no trace of any structure in an area of consolidated sand dunes.”

Sinclairs of Olrig
Members of Clan Sinclair became associated with Olrig in the mid-seventeenth century. They were as follows:
 * George Sinclair, the fifth son of Sir James Sinclair of Canisbay.
 * Alexander Sinclair, the son of George. He was killed in a duel in 1710 by William Innes of Sandside.
 * Donald Sinclair of Olrig and Bilbster, son of Alexander.
 * Charles Sinclair, the son of Donald.
 * Donald Sinclair, the son of Charles. He died without issue on 9 March 1722.
 * Fenella Sinclair, the sister of Donald, who married Archibald Cullen. She sold the lands of Olrig and Bilbster.

Myths and legends
Various legends and folk tales are associated with the parish. Versions of these two tales appear in James Traill Calder's History of Caithness 1887 (pages 55 to 61, as republished 1973 by Stansfield, Fortrose). The hillock and well of Sysa figure in both. According to Calder, the well dried up as a result of 19th century agricultural improvements. The hillock is still there, on the south side of Olrig Hill.

The words of Dorrad, in the first tale, are re-quoted from The Raven Banner (page 19) by Ian Cassells, Thurso, circa 1995.

 * See also the Stone Lud

Dorrad's vision at Sysa, 1014
At the time of Clontarf, the 1014 battle near Dublin, Caithness was ruled as a part of the Norwegian earldom of Orkney. At Clontarf Earl Sigurd the Stout of Orkney made a bid to become High King of Ireland, in battle with Brian Boru, the established High King. Both Brian and Sigurd died in the battle. Sigurd's bid had been invited by Sigtrygg Silkbeard, the Norse King of Dublin. Sigtrygg survived and prospered.

The battle was fought on Good Friday and, in legend, on the same Good Friday, a Norse poet called Daraddus or Dorrad had a vision, an apparition of the Valkyries, twelve in all, on horseback at Sysa. They seemed to ride into the hillock.

Daraddus himself approached the hillock and found an opening in its side. When he peered inside he saw the Valkyries were weaving a cloth and singing. Daraddus recorded what he heard and saw:

 * Blood rains from cloudy web on the broad loom of slaughter. The web of man, grey as armor, is now woven. The Valkyries will cross it with a crimson weft

 * The warp is made of human entrails. Human heads are used as weights.  The heddle rods are blood-wet spears.  The shafts are iron-bound, and arrows are the shuttles.  With swords we shall weave this web of battle.

 * The Valkyries go weaving with drawn swords, Hild and Hjorthrimul, Sangrid and Svipul. Spears will shatter.  Shields will splinter.  Swords will gnaw like wolves through armour.

 * Let us now wind the web of war which the young King once waged. Let us advance and wade through the ranks, where friends of ours are exchanging blows.

 * Let us now wind the web of war and then follow the king to battle. Gunn and Gondul can see there the blood-splattered shields that guarded the King.

 * Let us now wind the web of war where the warrior’s banners are forging forward. Let his life not be taken.  Only the Valkyries can choose the slain.

 * Lands will be ruled by new people who once inhabited outlying headlands. We pronounce a great King destined to die. Now an Earl is felled by spears.

 * The men of Ireland will suffer a grief that will never grow old in the minds of men. The web is now woven and the battlefield reddened. The news of disaster will spread through lands.

 * It is horrible now to look around, as blood-red cloud darkens the sky. The heavens are stained with the blood of men, as the Valkyries sing their song. We sang well victory songs for the young king. Hail to our singing! Let him who listens to our Valkyrie song learn it well and tell it to others. Let us ride our horses hard on bare backs, away from here, with swords unsheathed.

When the bloody cloth was woven the Valkyries tore it into twelve pieces. Each took a piece and remounted her horse. Then the twelve rode furiously away, six to the north and six to the south.

The Piper of Windy Ha
Again at Sysa, one sunny tranquil day in the leafy month of June, a cowboy called Peter Water stopped to drink and linger at the well, while on his way home to Windy Ha. He rested and slept till near sunset, when he was awakened by a touch on his shoulder. A young lady was beside him, dressed in green, her eyes blue and her hair in golden ringlets. Peter was bashful and felt himself blushing.

"I have come to make a man of you" the lady said. Peter mistook her meaning and demurred. She laughed and continued with her offer: "I will put you in the way of rising in the world and making your fortune" she said, and she asked Peter to choose between a book and a pipe.

Both were magical. In the book Peter saw the status and fortunes of a popular preacher. In the pipe he saw those of a popular musician. He was attracted by both but, though he had never fingered a pipe before, the pipe is what he chose. He found he could play the pipe immediately, and play it well. One condition was attached to the lady's gift: that he swear by the well to return in moonlight on the same evening seven years hence. Peter promised that if alive he would do so.

Peter was soon a popular and prosperous musician, growing in fame and fortune throughout the next seven years. He was true to his word and returned to the well of Sysa in the moonlight on the same evening, seven years hence. Peter has never been seen since, but still his pipe is sometimes heard in Olrig. (The skeptics, however, attribute the sound to the wind playing though the radio masts on top of the hill.)

title: Olrig


text:
Mikoyan-Gurevich DIS

The Mikoyan-Gurevich DIS (Д альний и стребитель с опровождения/ Dalnij Istrebitel' Soprovozhdenya – "long-range escort fighter") was a prototype Soviet heavy fighter of World War II, envisioned to serve primarily in the escort fighter role. The service designation MiG-5 was reserved for the production version of the aircraft. Competing designs in the USSR included the Grushin Gr-1, Polikarpov TIS and Tairov Ta-3.

It was intended to develop reconnaissance and bomber versions but these plans were disrupted by Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion in June 1941. The project failed due to its disappointing Mikulin AM-37 engines and when a second prototype was built with M-82 radial engines its performance was mediocre. The design was cancelled in 1943 after at least two prototypes had been built.

Design and development
The NKAP (Narodnyy komissariat aviatsionnoy promyshlennosti—People's Ministry of the Aircraft Industry) requested on 7 October 1940 that the OKO (opytno-konstrooktorskiy otdel—Experimental Design Department) of Factory (Zavod) No. 1, which would later become the Mikoyan-Gurevich design bureau (OKB) begin work on a twin-engined long-range, single-seat escort fighter intended to use the AM-37 engine, then under development by Mikulin. It also requested that specifications, along with a model, be ready to be discussed on 12 November of that year. Three days later Mikoyan and Gurevich were ordered to produce three prototypes to undergo State acceptance trials on 1 August, 1 September and 1 November 1941. After the meeting, the NKAP broadened its roles to include bombing, torpedo attack, reconnaissance and interdiction.

A low-wing, twin-engined, twin-tailed monoplane, the DIS was of mixed construction. The front section was built from duralumin, the middle section was a wooden monocoque and the rear section was steel tubes covered with a duralumin skin. The twin tails were wooden and had an electrically operated variable-incidence horizontal stabilizer. The elevators had duralumin frames, but were covered by fabric. The two-spar wing was made in three pieces. The center section was metal, but the outer panels were wooden with fabric-covered ailerons and veneer-covered Schrenk flaps. The wing had leading edge slats along two-thirds of its length. The main undercarriage retracted rearwards into the rear of the engine nacelles and the tailwheel retracted into the rear fuselage. The Mikulin AM-37 inline engines were slung underneath the wings with the engine oil coolers mounted in the outer wing panels. The air intakes for the engine superchargers were located in the wing leading edge. The pilot was provided with a glass panel on the underside of the nose to improve his downward visibility, and he was protected by armor up to 9 mm thick at the front, rear, sides and underside of his seat. The fuel capacity was 1920 L in two protected tanks behind the pilot, and another four in the wings.

The DIS was intended to be armed with a 23 mm VYa cannon with 200 rounds in a pod beneath the nose, but the VVS preferred the Taubin MP-6 cannon. The DIS was to carry two of them with 120 rounds per gun, but they proved to be a failure and the aircraft reverted to the original VYa cannon. Each wing root was to have a synchronized 12.7 mm Berezin UBS machine gun with 300 rounds mounted below a pair of 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns with 1000 rounds per gun. The gun pod could be removed and bombs up to 1000 kg or a torpedo could be carried instead.

Flight testing
The first prototype, with the internal designation of T, made its first flight on 11 June 1941. Its initial flight tests, conducted by the manufacturer between 1 July and 5 October, were a disappointment as it could reach only a speed of 560 km/h at 7500 m, 104 km/h slower than estimated. The three-bladed 3.1 m AV-5L-114 propellers were exchanged for four-bladed 3.1 m AV-9B-L-149 propellers and the engine installation was redesigned, after wind tunnel tests by TsAGI (Central Aero and Hydrodynamics Institute), which revealed that the poorly designed engine accessories were the major cause of the excess drag. After modifications, the aircraft reached 610 km/h at an altitude of 6800 m. Its time to 5000 m was 5.5 minutes. Even with the improvements the LII (Lyotno-Issledovatel'skiy Institoot—Flight Research Institute) did not recommend production, but recommended that development and testing should continue. The German advance on Moscow in October 1941 forced the Institute and the DIS to evacuate to Kazan while the OKO and its factory went to Kuibyshev. The failure of the AM-37 to enter production doomed the project, albeit temporarily.

The OKO, along with all other aircraft designers, had been directed to use the Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engine as a backup engine for their products in May 1941, but the evacuation disrupted the production of this version, known internally as the IT and it was not built until the autumn of 1942. Aside from the engines, it differed from the T in small respects. Its tailcone was split vertically to use as an air brake and the armament was revised to consist of two VYa cannon in the undernose pod with 150 rounds each and four Berezin UBK machine guns mounted in the wing roots. It made its first flight on 28 January 1943 and demonstrated a top speed of 604 km/h and a time to 5,000 meters of 6.3 minutes. Flight testing was stopped on 10 February when the floatless carburetors had to be sent to TsIAM (Tsentrahl'nyy Institoot Aviatsionnovo Motorostroyeniya—Central Institute of Aviation Motors) for adjustment. There were continuous problems with these and they delayed the entire project until it was cancelled in October 1943.

The service designation MiG-5 was reserved for the production version of this aircraft, as demonstrated in the NKAP order of 2 October 1941, which instructed Zavod No. 1 to begin manufacture of the MiG-5 after the completion of its State acceptance tests. Other known designations for the aircraft include the DIS-200 and Idzeliye 71, its factory designation. The bomber version, if it had entered production, might have been known as the MiG-2.

Two prototypes are known to have been built, but some records suggest that others were also built. The original order called for three aircraft and was amended later for two additional aircraft with M-82 engines. Some sources quote dates for the latter version's first flight of January 1942 and 15 October 1941, which could be an indication that two of the latter version were completed, or they could simply be clerical errors.

Variants

 * DIS – basic designation
 * DIS-T – initial prototype with 2 × Mikulin AM-37 inline engines with 1,400 hp each.
 * DIS-IT – second prototype with 2 × Shvetsov M-82F radial engines with 1,700 hp each; other subtle revisions added to improved performance.
 * MiG-5 – reserved Soviet Air Forces designation for production-quality aircraft (not used).

Comparable aircraft

 * de Havilland Mosquito
 * Tupolev Tu-2
 * Petlyakov Pe-2
 * Focke-Wulf Fw 187
 * Lockheed P-38 Lightning
 * Messerschmitt Bf 110
 * Nakajima J5N
 * Westland Whirlwind

title: Mikoyan-Gurevich DIS


text:
Talk:Paternoster lift

Details of the mechanism - how does it work?
Being familiar with the paternoster in Leicester, I've often wondered how it works, but have never followed it up far enough to find out. What happens to the cabins as they go over the top (or bottom)? There is no vertical space between the cabins on the straight parts of the loop. If they are fixed to a belt, once they start to go around the end, the vertical speed should logically decrease. But it can't, because the cabins are already touching one another. That suggests it must "speed up" somehow.

The only diagram I could find is a Victorian one.

It appears that the drive belt is fixed to the outside of the cabins, while they are guided by a rail in the centre.

Does anyone know of a site with detailed diagrams of how paternosters work? If would make a good addition to the article.

--JRawle 21:53, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

The Victorian diagram is, in fact, very accurate. The only difference with more modern designs is that they feature a single piece of wood at the bottom of each cubicle, to cover the gap between cubicles. When reaching the top, the piece of wood slides in front of the entrance of the preceeding cubicle.

81.178.234.102 10:35, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right, there must be a gap. However, I don't agree that the piece of wood "slides in front of the entrance of the preceeding cubicle." When I went "over the top" in the Attenborough Tower, I didn't see the piece of wood slide in front. Could it be hinged so that it remains in between the cubicles as it goes over?  J Rawle  (Talk) 22:48, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

And also, more specifications on how the system operates - how fast can they travel, power of the motors etc although this will vary from site to site. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.12.7.4 (talk) 11:24, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Paternosters are very slow-moving - such that I was able to use one as a child. Any accidents wull be shown to be related to maintenance(lack of) and/or human stupidity, such as trying to carry a piece of lumber into the cabin. 70.49.18.153 (talk) 16:55, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

I really understood how it works only when I saw https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Paternoster_animated.gif (by User:RokerHROthat), that I found in it.wiki. Also this voice should use it, is there someone who wants do this work? carlon 151.35.123.139 (talk) 07:38, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

"Five people were killed by paternosters from 1970 to 1993"
Where? In Europe? USA? In the world? And who has been repsonsible for counting them? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.240.182.219 (talk) 12:14, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Postgraduate student Radmila Lakicevic was killed in early October 1975 whilst riding the paternoster in Claremont Tower, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. See http://courierarchive.ncl.ac.uk/sites/default/files/1975-10-08.pdf page 4. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.62.76 (talk) 15:13, 28 April 2019 (UTC)

Materials handling
Paternosters are quite commonly used to store items in a warehousing environment. I've worked in a good few places where they are used and actively referred to as paternosters, maybe not in the traditional sense of the word but this usage is certainly notable and common enough to be somehow included in this article.

http://www.kastentornado.fi/linkit.asp?Linkki=RATKAISUT&kieli=eng&Aihe=4&tuoteid=4&tuoteryhmaid=1&avaa=General

http://www.kardexinternational.com/international/materials-handling-solutions/megamat.html

http://www.logismarket.co.uk/vertical-carousel-industrial-paternoster-ipn/345914833-cp.html

http://live.constructor-storage.com/en/Products/Storage-Machines-and-WMS/Vertical-Carousell-PATERNOSTER/

--Lakkasuo (talk) 17:00, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Claremont Building Newcastle
As a Town Planning student at Newcastle in 1989. I used the Claremont Building lifts a great deal. The rumours about people injuring themselves in the lift were rife but I do not recall the lifts being out of order for lengths of time nor do I remember ever having a paternoster there out of service.

I would be very interested in seeing this reference to the Claremont Building being validated - does anyone have anything as I have googled to no effect. Very interested to see something written at the time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.172.119.95 (talk) 17:52, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

The paternoster in Claremont was certainly out of operation for a whilst from October 1988, since there was a non-fatal accident in it that month. I was a student at Newcastle also and recall it was out of operation for some months 1988-1989 and was then replaced with a conventional lift by around 1990. See http://courierarchive.ncl.ac.uk/sites/default/files/1988-10-20.pdf. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.143.62.76 (talk) 15:18, 28 April 2019 (UTC)

I'd like to add that the paternoster was definitely in operation in 1980. I was a student there and used to regularly go "over the top" in it for a laugh. Excumbrian (talk) 21:40, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

contested list of remaining paternosters
Section removed by editor as unsourced, moving to Talk page for further editing and citation. DMahalko (talk) 14:06, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

It seems to have made its way back into the page, as "Examples". Jkshapiro (talk) 02:19, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Numerous working paternosters are known to survive in Europe (this is an incomplete list):

===Austria===
 * City Hall of Vienna (at stairway 6 near the northern entrance) - Confirmed 5 Sept 2016. Accessible to public.
 * Trattnerhof 2, Vienna (left to the staircase) - Closed on 5 Sept 2016 visit; unclear if permanent.
 * House of Industry, Schwarzenbergplatz 4, Vienna (oldest paternoster in Austria by Anton Freissler) - Confirmed 5 Sept 2016. Accessible to public.
 * Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour, Stubenring, Vienna
 * Ministry of Defence, Rossauer Lände 1, Vienna
 * Federal Computing Centre, Hintere Zollamtsstraße 4, Vienna
 * Versicherungsanstalt für Eisenbahnen und Bergbau (Insurance institution of the railway and mining industries), Linke Wienzeile, Vienna
 * The Ringturm (Wiener Städtische Versicherung / Vienna City Insurance Headquarters Building), Schottenring 30, Vienna
 * KELAG Zentrale Klagenfurt, Arnulfplatz 2, 9020 Klagenfurt (Kärntner Elektrizitäts Aktiengesellschaft/Carinthian electricity supplier)

===Belgium===
 * A functioning paternoster can be found at the Flemish Parliament in Brussels, Belgium, where it is used as an art display.
 * Another paternoster can be found in a building of the Belgian Railways (NMBS) at the station Brussels-Zuid/Midi. It's still used daily.

===Czech Republic===
 * The Komerční Banka building on Václavské náměstí in Prague. (This is a working office and not open to the general public, but it can be seen from the main lobby).
 * The Municipality hall of Praha 1 (Vodičkova 18) has a working paternoster open to public combined with two classic lifts, one dedicated to baby trolleys and wheel chairs which are not allowed on the paternoster.
 * Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prague
 * Faculty of Law, Charles University, Nám. Curieových 7, Prague
 * Czech Technical University in Prague on Dejvice, Technická 2, Prague
 * Within the Lucerna building in Prague, near the entrance from Štěpánská.
 * Office building of KAUČUK, a.s. in Kralupy nad Vltavou near Prague.
 * Ministry of Finance in Prague
 * Health center Building on Smíchov, Kartouzská 6, Prague
 * Ministry of Agriculture, Prague Florenc
 * CEZ (Czech Energy Corp) Jungmanova Street, Prague
 * City Courthouse in 2 Prague on Slezska, open to the public (after passing through security)
 * Trades Office (Živnostenský úřad), Malinovského Náměstí, Brno
 * A working paternoster can be found at the Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology where it is being used by students and faculty staff.
 * Bývalý Krajský úřad Zlín (yellow building)
 * Office building of Spolek pro chemickou a hutní výrobu (Spolchemie) in Ústí nad Labem
 * New Townhall on Prokešovo náměstí in Ostrava, which are open to the public.
 * SZIF, Hradec Králové, Ulrichovo náměstí 810/4
 * Former Building of Rude Pravo Newspapers on Na Florenci street 19, Reception B, Prague 1 (about to be demolished, but occasionally working, for example during Krétakör's performance, during 2011 Praque Quadriennial)

===Denmark===
 * At the seat of the Danish parliament, Christiansborg, there is a working paternoster open to the public.
 * Frederiksberg City Hall.
 * At Danfoss Nordborg
 * At the Axelborg building right across from the Tivoli main entrance
 * At KVUC in Copenhagen
 * At The Danish Dairy Board in Aarhus.
 * At Horsens hospital, The hospital in the city Horsens, there is a working paternoster, but not open to the public.
 * At Vejle hospital, The hospital in the city Vejle, there is a working paternoster, but not open to the public.

===Finland===
 * The Finnish house of parliament, the Eduskuntatalo, Helsinki. (Members and staff of Parliament only)
 * Former Elanto co-op headquarters, Helsinki.
 * Kansaneläkelaitos office building, Helsinki. (Staff only)
 * Stockmann department store, Helsinki (Staff only)
 * Office building in Yliopistonkatu, Turku (former headquarters of the Sampo insurance company).

===Germany===
 * Hamburg, Trostbrücke 1, in the Altstadt district (accessible during office hours - no groups and guided tours). A paternoster still in operation and open to general public is in the Bezirksamt Eimsbüttel (Grindelberg 62/66). Qype's former office building at Deichstraße 29 also has a working Paternoster. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße 16 (Publisher Axel Springer) offers at least one paternoster. Ballindamm 25 (shipping company Hapag Lloyd) still has one in use (not open to the public). Stadthausbrücke 8 (authorities ›Stadt-Entwicklungs-Behörde‹) uses a paternoster. Another one being in service can be found in Rathausstraße 7, entrance via Knochenhauertwiete, close to the town hall. Steinhöft 11 (office block ›Slomanhaus‹). There is also a paternoster in the St. Annen 2 building in the historic Speicherstadt, which is not in use at the moment.
 * The IG Farben Building in Frankfurt-am-Main. The current occupants of the building, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, have pledged to maintain and preserve the famous paternosters. "In perpetuity"
 * Frankfurt, Fleming's Deluxe Hotel the paternoster provides service to six floors and the rooftop restaurant.
 * Stuttgart, town hall, Literaturhaus, Universität Stuttgart, Allianz Lebensversicherungs-AG (only for employees), Kaufhof (near main station (only for employees)), Robert Bosch GmbH (Stuttgart-Feuerbach — only for employees), Arbeitsgericht
 * Kiel Rathaus, or town hall. One of the best examples in Germany, it is 5 levels and it open to the public.
 * Kiel Landeshaus Kiel Building of the Schleswig-Holstein State parliament.
 * Essen Deutsches Haus.
 * Mannheim operations building of SCA (only for employees)
 * Leverkusen, some at Bayer AG's plant.
 * Dortmund, in the vestibule of the Signal-Versicherung building, situated by the junction between the Maerkische Strasse, and the Ostwall.
 * Dresden, / Schnieder Energy (Ex AREVA T&D) building. For staff and authorised visitors only.
 * Duisburg, both in the city hall and the internal revenue offices.
 * Düsseldorf, in the older of the three Vodafone Global buildings. Currently out of use following an incident; In the Polizeipräsidium (Jürgensplatz 40219)
 * Cologne, in the IHK (Industrie- und Handelskammer/Chamber of Industry and Trade) Building (Unter Sachsenhausen 10-26, D-50667 Cologne, Hansahochhaus (housing Saturn, Hansaring, Maybachstraße 115, D-50674 Cologne), WDR HQ (Wallrafplatz 1, D-50667 Cologne (only for employees); Kaufhof (Hohe Straße 41-53, D-50667), Kaufhof Corporate HQ (Leonhard-Tietz-Str., D-50667 Cologne (not open to the public); Volkshochschule Building (near Neumarkt, D-50667 Cologne); Former Felten & Guilleaume Corporate HQ (Schanzenstr. 28, D-51069 Cologne-Mülheim, accessible public office building, 5 Stories); former downtown Bezirksamt „Dischhaus“ (Brückenstr., D-50667 Cologne);Bezirksregierung Köln (Regional Government Center Cologne), Entrance: Zeughausstraße 8 (D-50667 Cologne)
 * Berlin Foreign Office, Werderscher Markt 1; Finance Ministry, Wilhelmstrasse 97; Agriculture Ministry, Wilhelmstrasse 54; Axel Springer Building, Axel Springer Strasse 65; Bayer Schering Pharma, AG; ART+COM, Kleiststrasse 23-26, 10787 Berlin; (52.50139°N, 13.34437°W), rbb (Radio Berlin Brandenburg) Masurenallee 8-14; Rathaus Schöneberg, John-F-Kennedy-Platz; Siemens AG, Siemensdamm (in several buildings); Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Jägerstraße 22/23; Tempelhof Airport (serving the offices in the towers, not the public part of the airport).
 * Bremen, Baumwollbörse, Wachtstraße 17-24 (near Town Hall); Haus des Reichs, Rudolf-Hilferding-Platz 1
 * Wiesbaden, two still in operation in buildings in the industrial park "Infra-Serv Kalle-Albert", Kasteler Straße 45, not accessible to the general public
 * Leipzig, new town hall
 * Munich, Kaufhof am Marienplatz has a paternoster working for the staff. The building was erected in 1972, so it is one of the last ones ever in Germany. The Polizeipraesidium—the main police station—in the Ettstrasse behind the Frauenkirche has a paternoster, which is accessible to the public. One was in the old Sueddeutsche Zeitung Verlagsgebaeude; another in the Hochhaus an der Blumenstrasse. The German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DPMA) has one which can be seen by members of the public entering the building. It is in regular use and probably can be tried out.
 * Kassel, headquarters of the Wintershall Holding AG, a subsidiary of BASF, not accessible to the general public
 * Wuppertal, in the town hall of Barmen and Elberfeld, in the headquarters of Vorwerk (not open to the public), and the fiscal office in Elberfeld
 * Augsburg, Finanzamt Augsburg-Stadt, accessible to employees and visitors
 * Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Ratshof
 * Krefeld, in the local tax office, it is still running and accessible for customers but not for tourists and one in the main building of the Hochschule Niederrhein

===Hungary===
 * MOL Group's Headquarters in Budapest
 * University of Miskolc
 * Jahn Ferenc Hospital in Budapest
 * MÁV Hospital in Budapest
 * Hungarian Television's building in Budapest at Szabadság sqr (Soon to be renovated by new owner, the future of the paternoster is unknown)
 * Ministry of Education and Culture in Budapest
 * Ministry of Defense in Budapest
 * Ministry of Justice in Budapest
 * Hungarian Trade Licensing Office in Budapest
 * Hospital of Kecskemét
 * HQ of the Bkv Zrt. (Budapest public transport company) in Budapest, Akácfa street
 * Building of the Hungarian Power Companies Ltd. at Vám u. 5-7., Budapest
 * OTP Bank's Headquarters in Budapest, Nádor street
 * Former HQ of the Hungarian Post Co. Ltd. at Krisztina krt. 6-8., Budapest
 * Hospital of Szigetvár
 * County hall (of Csongrád County) in Szeged
 * Pesti Központi Kerületi Bíróság (Central District Court of Pest) at Marko u. 25. Budapest
 * County Court of Pest County (Pest megyei Bíróság) at Thököly út 97-101. Budapest
 * Central Bank of Hungary at Szabadság square 8-9. Budapest
 * County Court of Baranya County, (Baranya Megyei Bíróság) Pécs

Italy

 * Air Force Ministry, Rome

===Netherlands===
 * Paternosters are still in operation at the main office of the Corus Steelworks (formerly Hoogovens) in IJmuiden. This remarkable building (by Dudok, 1951) was restored in 1999.
 * The office building of Ziggo at Spaarneplein (formerly Main Post Office, architect D.E.C. Knuttel 1919) in The Hague also still has a Paternoster.
 * The Grand Hotel Amrath Amsterdam has a working Paternoster. The building, the Scheepvaarthuis, was originally built as the headquarters for the six leading Amsterdam shipping companies in 1913 forming the Netherland Line(architect J.M.van der Meij.  This Paternoster is in working condition but not open for use by residents or staff due to safety restrictions.
 * The Philips High Tech campus in Eindhoven had a paternoster in operation until 2006.
 * The formerly Main Post Office at the Coolsingel in Rotterdam (architect G.C. Bremer, 1915).
 * The formerly Raad van Arbeid/Sociale Verzekeringsbank at the Rhijnspoorplein 1 in Amsterdam (1919). In operation until 2006
 * HaKa-building in Rotterdam (architects H.F. Mertens and J.Koeman, 1932). Operatable, but not for daily use, only for enthusiasts.
 * The formerly Belastingdienst at the Puntegaalstraat in Rotterdam (architect H.Hoekstra, 1938/1948). Working Paternoster; not in operation.

===Norway===
 * Oslo: Landbrukets hus (House of Agriculture), Schweigaards gate 34 C (59.90975°N, 10.76561°W). Not open to the public. This is the last remaining operating paternoster lift in Norway.
 * Oslo (closed pasternoster lifts): There used to be paternoster lifts at Ullevål hospital (central block, sealed off), the old State Hospital building, the former Aftenposten building at Akersgata, Oslo Lysverker at Solli plass and a couple more.

===Poland===
 * Katowice, the Silesian Parliament at Jagiellonska 25; 14 cabs, 7 floors; built by VEB Aufzugbau Leipzig
 * Katowice, office building at Wita Stwosza 7; 12 cabs, 4 floors; built by Flohr (1951: Flohr-Otis, 1989: Otis)
 * Wrocław, the head office of Bank Zachodni WBK at Rynek 9/11; 20 cabs, 10 floors, built when the city was part of Germany as Breslau; the paternoster is still in use, yet it is only available to the bank staff
 * Gliwice, office building of "Bumar Łabędy" at Mechanikow 9; 14 cabs, 8 floors; build before 1945 when the city was part of Germany as Gleiwitz, only available to the company employees

===Russia===
 * Building E of Moscow Power Engineering Institute, Moscow—non-working
 * Ministry of Agriculture, Orlikov Pereulok, Moscow

===Slovakia===
 * Ministry of Finance, Štefanovičova street, Bratislava
 * Ministry of Agriculture, Dobrovičova street, Bratislava
 * Ministry of Transport, posts and telecommunications, Nám. slobody, Bratislava
 * Ministry of Interior, Pribinova street, Bratislava
 * Office building at Popradska @ Moskovska trieda, Košice
 * Technical University of Košice
 * Chirana Export - Import, Krajinska street, Piešťany
 * Slovakotex, Jilemnickeho street, Trenčín

Removed and replaced in 2007 with a modern elevator:
 * The Railways of the Slovak Republic HQ, Klemensova street, Bratislava
 * U.S. Steel Košice Main Administrative Building

===Serbia===
 * One elevator still active, in HQ building of Serbian Railways.

===Sri Lanka===
 * Head office, Ceylon Electricity Board, Colombo. Not open to the public.

===Sweden===
 * Two elevators are still in active service at Norrland's University Hospital in Umeå.
 * HSB head office, Kungsholmen, Stockholm. Not open to the public.

===Switzerland===
 * Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève, hospital in Geneva (in use until 2009)
 * Vaucher Sport, a sport shop in Bern

===Ukraine===
 * Regional State Administration Building in Uzhhorod

===United Kingdom=== Some United Kingdom, multi-story, university buildings were built in the early 1960s and 1970s with paternoster lifts: they included buildings at Aston University; Birmingham University's Gisbert Kapp building (the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, completed in 1971), the Muirhead Tower, and the University Library); Birmingham City University's Baker Building; The Albert Sloman Library at the University of Essex; University of Leicester's Attenborough Building; Leeds University's Roger Stevens building, now closed, Salford University's Chemistry tower block, now demolished - although the paternoster itself was closed down in the late 1970s following a fatal accident at another UK university; Sheffield University's Arts Tower, Imperial College's Chemistry Department (removed in the mid 1980s), De Montfort University's Fletcher Building (now replaced with high speed lifts) and James Went Building (now demolished), Oxford University's Biochemistry building and Thom Building (housing the Department of Engineering Science), and Newcastle University. Until the late 1980s, St. Thomas' Hospital, Westminster had a paternoster for staff use, whiles one administrative building at AEE Winfrith had one until the late 1990s.

 * The Arts Tower at the University of Sheffield contains a 38-car paternoster. The building is a teaching block and is open to the public.
 * Attenborough Tower at the University of Leicester.
 * A seven floor Paternoster survives in E block at the Ericsson (formerly Marconi) site in Beeston, Nottinghamshire. Employees were banned from going around the bottom or over the top following an incident a few years ago, when abuse caused by a group of visitors shaking the car had caused the car to get stuck at the bottom.  The lift has been out of action since November 2007, and is unlikely to be put back into service.
 * Rolls-Royce's seven storey tower block on Victory Road in Derby. The award-winning building housing this (designed by Rolls-Royce in-house architect Andrew Carr) has been demolished, and the paternoster scrapped.
 * Staff in the main ward building of Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, London, have access to a paternoster in the main ward block. This is regularly maintained and is frequently used by staff instead of the nearby conventional lifts due to its speed in transferring between adjacent floors.
 * The Dental Hospital in Birmingham has one which used to be for staff use, until maintenance costs forced its closure in 2007.
 * In Scotland, a working paternoster serves seven floors of the Pontecorvo Building (former Department of Genetics) at the University of Glasgow. The building is not open to the public. A paternoster was installed there on construction, in 1966–1967 (by architects Basil Spence & Partners) because each floor has a small area and it was anticipated that staff and students would make many short journeys. This expectation has been fulfilled, and the paternoster is considered to have been a very valuable device. Occupants of the Pontecorvo Building are currently being relocated to allow its demolition.
 * There is a paternoster at Technology House, the headquarters of Boxclever, in Bedford, which was switched off on February 11, 2008 for health and safety reasons
 * There is a paternoster at Chadwick House, an office building at Birchwood Park near Warrington. Although covered over during re-refurbishments in 2005 due to maintenance costs, the paternoster is still operable if uncovered.
 * There is a disused paternoster at Marks & Spencer in Liverpool. The lift was used until the late 1990s and was covered up due to health and safety concerns and rising maintenance costs. It is still fully in place behind access panels.
 * There is a disused paternoster in Marks & Spencer Pantheon, London, which is covered up. It was still in use in 1992, but for staff use only.
 * There is a disused paternoster in the former Elliott Brothers research laboratories in Borehamwood, later renamed GEC, Marconi, and now the Elstree Business Centre. This paternoster was used in an episode of The Unmutual Prisoner, and taken out of service and covered up in 2001.
 * There was a paternoster lift in the main building of Peterborough District Hospital for use by staff only.

Hitachi
I declare the references 8 and 9, pertaining to Hitachi to be invalid due to the fact that they are in Japanese. Due to this, I cannot verify their veracity and I will remove them if there are no objections. Pablothepenguin (talk) 17:06, 13 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Please read WP:NOENG - a source is not 'invalid' merely because it is in a foreign language. AndyTheGrump (talk) 03:39, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

History / Examples : Daleks
"A paternoster was used in the Dalek headquarters in the 1965 film Dr Who and The Daleks." Just out of curiosity I looked up the mentioned scenes in the movie and this is clearly not a paternoster rather than an elevator with open cabins. -- Miczac (talk) 20:32, 29 October 2017 (UTC)

Jacob's ladder
I feel sure that I've heard this, perhaps 50 years ago, as an alternative name for paternoster, but cannot find a citation.

"And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven: and behold the angels of God ascending and descending on it." (KJV Gen. 28:12)

The parallel is obvious. Narky Blert (talk) 18:19, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

 * "Jacob's Ladder" usually refers to a large rectangular trap door to an attic which opens to a set of stairs. 70.49.18.153 (talk) 16:51, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

LSE Paternoster
When I was at the London School of Economics (1979-82) we had a paternoster lift. There was much speculation about what would happen if you stayed in it at the top or the bottom. I never tried it!Bashereyre (talk) 08:14, 24 December 2018 (UTC)
 * You just go round and round. No one dies, they just dangle. But having been in one a few times in Leipzig after the Mauerfall, I figured that the name derived from the prayer that was needed every time. 2001:171C:2E60:D7E1:514C:891B:D8D7:C1DF (talk) 18:08, 19 December 2019 (UTC)
 * And if you want to freak out anyone watching on the topmost floor, do a headstand while the car is going over the top… Mr Larrington (talk) 13:02, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Lots more Paternosters surviving ...
Please see this list from the German Wikipedia. References can be found on that page, too. Since it's just a list of locations I don't think it needs a lot of translating. Plse. edit. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_von_Paternosteraufz%C3%BCgen 2600:1700:1C60:45E0:857D:F837:1900:6086 (talk) 16:12, 29 June 2019 (UTC)

On the other hand, this lists a paternoster in the "offices of bild" and one in the Axel-Springer-Haus. I am pretty sure they are the same, Bild being a Springer paper and having its offices in the Springer-Haus.2001:BB8:2002:2400:517D:1160:1DE5:A837 (talk) 19:25, 4 February 2023 (UTC)

Surviving examples/Austria
"The university had one or more" doesn't say which university (I presume that Vienna now has more than one university) or which building, and doesn't appear to have any reference. TooManyFingers (talk) 15:25, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paternoster lift


text: User talk:67.39.210.254

title: User talk:67.39.210.254


text:
Conand

Conand may refer to:

 * Conand (mythology), a leader of the Fomorians, in Irish mythology
 * Conand, Ain, a commune in France

title: Conand


text:
Talk:Xmouse

Created by Alex Jurkiewicz --Chequers 13:02, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC) Still to be added/improved:
 * Better formatting
 * Origins
 * Links
 * Possible integration with the Computer Mouse page

BuiJ, 2006-10-19:

I believe all the other functionality of xmouse system should be included too! I personally find the select-activate functionality (as described) annoying and disable it, but love the copy-paste and focus-following functionalities. Txmouse homepage offers a nice description.

I agree regarding the other functionality. To me, the defining characteristics are focus-follows-mouse and selection-paste behavior -- the single-click activation is a separate thing that is often available without x-mouse (e.g. win32 stock config). Not only are they not mentioned, but they are specifically discounted by this statement: "Operation of menus, text selection and other features remain unchanged." That's just plain wrong. However, the assumption that this is "non-standard" seems wrong to me -- AFAIK this behavior was standard in UNIX at least since X Window came into being. If this is non-standard, then so is the standard Windows way, and there isn't really a standard. Or you could say there are different standards on different platforms, and configuring Windows with x-mouse is non-standard, as is configuring Linux (or other UNIX-likes) with Win-mouse. 129.74.64.210 17:12, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

To me it is unclear if the article talks about a general system for mouse behaviour, or a particular program implementing such a behaviour. I do not recognize the normal X11/Unix behaviour in the articles description of xmouse, especially the part about selecting icons by hoovering. Further more, the article is not neutral: "Proponents ... claim..." but "disadvantages are...". I would vote for removal. /David A 195.84.167.2 —Preceding comment was added at 23:40, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

I agree on a removal of this page -- it appears to be written by someone who thinks the defining characteristic of X-mouse behaviour is hover and single-click, whilst most X-mouse users and GUI develpers (of which I am one) would define it as focus-follows-mouse, and purists would also require an absence of click-to-raise. The single-click in particular seems to be dead wrong -- all X mouse implementations I've seen until recently have used double-click. Only the latest GUIs like Gnome and KDE have allowed mimicking Macintosh' single-click. In short, I think the author of this has confused X-mouse with Mac-mouse, and unless someone is willing to rewrite this, I recommend removal. 76.28.75.65 (talk) 22:16, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

If you're unhappy with the presentation of the information, or feel that it's incomplete, you should change it. That is the whole point of wikipedia, and all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.209.248.55 (talk) 23:38, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Weak support for deletion
The article looks abandoned and not sufficiently relevant. Added templates to improve the article before considering deletion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.194.131.56 (talk) 08:52, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

Possible sources

 * PC Mag brief review, apparently controversial judging by reader response in next issue
 * Peter Norton's Complete Guide to Windows 95
 * Windows 95 Registry & Customization Handbook
 * InfoWorld another brief review
 * SpinningSpark 18:34, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xmouse


text:
Talk:Mikoyan-Gurevich DIS

Untitled
''The initial version of this article was based on a material from aviation.ru. It has been released under the GFDL by the copyright holder.''

title: Talk:Mikoyan-Gurevich DIS


text:
User:Violetriga/contribs

This is a collection of articles that I have worked on significantly and still care about enough to keep an eye on them. If you want my opinion about any aspect of one of them do please ask!

Top of my list

 * Product advertising
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Low priority

 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Birth weight
 * 2012 Olympic bid
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 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
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 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Birth weight
 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
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 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Birth weight
 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
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 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Birth weight
 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Birth weight
 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Birth weight
 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Birth weight
 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
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 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
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 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
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 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
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 * 2012 Olympic bid
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Birth weight
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 * Birth weight

Images

 * Image:Auguste Mariette statue, Boulogne-sur-Mer.jpg used at Auguste Mariette
 * Image:Three fried eggs.jpg used at egg (food)
 * Image:Torre Abbey plaque.jpg used at Torre Abbey
 * Image:The Spanish Barn plaque, Torquay.jpg and *Image:The Spanish Barn, Torquay.jpg used at Spanish Armada
 * Image:Agatha Christie plaque -Torre Abbey.jpg used at Agatha Christie
 * Bishop John Alcock used at John Alcock (bishop)
 * Victoria of the United Kingdom used at Victoria of the United Kingdom
 * Penda of Mercia used at Penda of Mercia
 * Birth weight chart
 * Edward Elgar statue used at Edward Elgar
 * Comedy Gold!

title: User:Violetriga/contribs


text:
Idrialin

Idrialin is a mineral wax which can be distilled from the mineral idrialite. According to G. Goldschmidt of the Chemical Society of London, it can be extracted by means of xylene, amyl alcohol or turpentine; also without decomposition, by distillation in a current of hydrogen, or carbon dioxide. It is a white crystalline body, very difficultly fusible, boiling above 440 °C (824 °F). Its solution in glacial acetic acid, by oxidation with chromic acid, yielded a red powdery solid and a fatty acid fusing at 62 °C, and exhibiting all the characters of a mixture of palmitic acid and stearic acid.

title: Idrialin


text:
7th Air Escadrille

Polish 7th Air Escadrille (7. Eskadra Lotnicza), better known as the Kościuszko Squadron, was one of the units of the Polish Air Force during the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921. Formed in late 1918, it was re-formed in late 1919 from US volunteers. It was one of the most active Polish squadrons in the war.

Operational history
The unit was formed when Poland regained independence, on 7 November 1918 in Kraków, as the 3rd Air Escadrille, utilizing mostly bomber and reconnaissance aircraft left by Austro-Hungarian forces. On 25 November 1918 it was moved to Lwów (current Lviv), where it took active part in fighting of the Polish-Ukrainian War until June 1919. On 21 December 1918, after unification of Polish air units' names, its name was changed to the 7th Air Escadrille. It was commanded by Jerzy Boreysza, from April 1919 by Stefan Stec. Among pilots was World War I Ace Mieczysław Garsztka and Harvard graduate Edmund Pike Graves. Number of aircraft was variable, in May 1919 it possessed 3 fighters Fokker D.VIII (E.V), 3 reconnaissance Hansa-Brandenburg C.I and 1 LVG C.V. In June 1919 the escadrille was converted into fighter unit, then in September it was withdrawn into reserve. In October 1919 the commander became Ludomił Rayski.

In late 1919 eight American volunteers, including Major Cedric Fauntleroy and Captain Merian C. Cooper, arrived in Poland from France where in September 1919 they had been officially named the Kościuszko Squadron (after the Polish American hero Tadeusz Kościuszko) with Major Fauntleroy as its commander. After reaching Poland the men from Kościuszko Squadron joined the 7th Squadron. More pilots arrived during the following weeks - in all, there served 21 American pilots, along with several Polish pilots, including Ludwik Idzikowski, the ground crew was all Polish. In November 1919 Major Fauntleroy took the command and on 31 December 1919 the escadrille took the name Kościuszko Squadron. Meanwhile, the Polish Air Force underwent reorganization. Even though most volunteers asked to be sent to the frontlines as soon as possible, the Polish high command delayed their deployment in view of the coming Polish offensive.

The Kościuszko Squadron was the first air squadron to use a railway train as a mobile flying base with specially designed railroad cars that could transport their aircraft as the front moved and developed. The train also included the squadron's operational headquarters, aircraft spares and repair workshops and living quarters.

The Kościuszko Squadron was first used in the Kiev offensive in April 1920, rebasing from Lwów to Połonne. Its aircraft were Albatros D.III (Oef) fighters, supplemented by Ansaldo A.1 Balilla. Since there were no air encounters, primary missions became reconnaissance and ground attack. Most of the Squadron's flights were directed against Semyon Budionny's First Cavalry Army. The Squadron developed a tactic of low-altitude machine-gun strafing runs. Polish land commanders highly valued the contribution of the Kościuszko Squadron. General Puchucki of the 13th Infantry Division wrote in a report: "The American pilots, though exhausted, fight tenaciously. During the last offensive, their commander attacked enemy formations from the rear, raining machine-gun bullets down on their heads. Without the American pilots' help, we would long ago have been done for."

Merian Cooper was shot down but survived. Budionny had put half a million rubles on Captain Cooper's head, but when he was caught by the Cossacks he managed to convince them that he was a corporal. A few months later he escaped from a POW camp near Moscow to Latvia.

In August 1920 the Kościuszko Squadron took part in the defense of Lwów, and after the Battle of Warsaw it participated in the Battle of Komarów which crippled Budionny's cavalry. Most active days were August 16 and 17, when Escadrille, reduced to 5 uninjured pilots, fulfilled 18 ground attack missions each day.

After the Polish-Soviet War, in 1925 the 7th Kościuszko Squadron was reorganized as the 121st Fighter Squadron, eventually renamed as the Polish 111th Fighter Escadrille, each bearing the "Kościuszko" eponym. The 111th Squadron fought in the Invasion of Poland. Perhaps the most famous successor to the original Kościuszko Squadron would be the World War II No. 303 "Kościuszko" Polish Fighter Squadron (Warszawski im. Tadeusza Kościuszki), the most successful fighter squadron in the Battle of Britain.

Squadron statistics

In 1920 the Kościuszko Squadron made over 400 combat flights.

Colonel Cedric E. Fauntleroy and Lt.- Col. Merian C. Cooper received Poland's highest military decoration: the Virtuti Militari. Other Kociuszko Squadron recipients of the Virtuti Militari included Major George M. Crawford, Captain Edward C. Corsi, Captain Władysław Konopka, 1st Lieut. Elliot W. Chess, 1st Lieut. Carl H. Clark, 1st Lieut. E. H. Noble, 1st Lieut. H. C. Rorison, 1st Lieut. K. O. Shrewsbury, 1st Lieut. Jerzy A. Weber and 2nd Lieut. A. Senkowski. Mieczyslaw Garsztka was to be awarded the Virtuti Militari posthumously.

title: 7th Air Escadrille


text:
Mikoyan MiG-110

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-110 (МиГ-110) was a proposed Russian passenger/cargo aircraft that began development in 1995 but was not built. It would have been a high-mounted cantilever monoplane with a pod-and-boom configuration with a beavertail rear fuselage, to be powered by two Klimov TV7-117 turboprop engines.

Proposed variants

 * MiG-110N – dedicated passenger version
 * MiG-110NP – paramilitary version
 * MiG-110M – combination passenger/freight version with all-weather and STOL capability
 * MiG-110A – version for joint project, for production in Austria.

title: Mikoyan MiG-110


text:
Soviet submarine M-256

M-256 was a Project 615 (NATO: "Quebec-class") short-range, diesel attack submarine of the Soviet Navy. She was commissioned into the Baltic Fleet.

Design
Project 615 submarines were fitted with two regular diesel engines and a third, closed-cycle diesel engine, which used liquid oxygen (LOX) to provide air-independent propulsion while the submarine was submerged. This system produced remarkable submerged speed and range, but greatly increased the hazard of a fire. Project 615 submarines were referred to by their crews as "matchsticks."

Sinking
On 26 September 1957, while operating in gale conditions in the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, one of M-256’s diesel engines exploded. Fire immediately engulfed the diesel compartment, and soon spread to the next compartment. The boat surfaced and because of the likelihood of further explosions her crew evacuated onto her weather deck. None of the four ships keeping station nearby were able to take her under tow or evacuate her crew because of the gale conditions. About four hours after the beginning of the fire the boat suddenly lost longitudinal stability, took on a steep down-bubble, and sank. Of the 35 men on the boat's deck, only seven were rescued.

title: Soviet submarine M-256


text:
No. 68 AT grenade

The Grenade, Rifle No. 68 / Anti-Tank was a British anti-tank rifle grenade used during the Second World War and was one of the first operational weapons to utilise the shaped charge principle.

Design
British research into shaped charges in the inter-war period brought about some useful progress but did not result in any weapons. Development of the grenade started in late 1939, after a demonstration arranged for a British military commission of a series of anti-tank rifle grenades and artillery warheads at the Swiss Army Proving Ground at Thun in Switzerland, which had been designed by Henry Mohaupt. Guessing that Mohaupt's weapons were using the hollow charge principle, the British abandoned negotiations and began development of a rifle grenade based on their own previous work.

The No. 68 has some claim to have been the first high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) device in use. The design of the warhead was simple and was capable of penetrating 52 mm of armour.

The fuze of the grenade was armed by removing a pin in the tail which prevented the firing pin from flying forward. The grenade was launched from a rifle cup. The simple fins gave it some stability in the air and, provided the grenade hit the target at the proper angle (90 degrees), the charge would be effective. Detonation occurred on impact, when a striker in the tail of the grenade overcame the resistance of a creep spring and was thrown forward into a stab detonator.

The grenade was fired, as was the No. 36M Mills bomb, from a specially adapted Lee-Enfield Rifle No. 1 EY, often converted from a rifle that was unfit for general use and had been marked "DP" for drill purpose. The "EY" suffix (for "EmergencY") indicated that it should be used to fire standard "ball" ammunition only in an emergency situation. The converted rifles were strengthened by adding an extra bolt to secure the breech mechanism to the stock, and by a cord binding which was fastened around the forestock. A special Ballistite high-explosive cartridge was required to propel the grenade. The grenade itself was held in place by the 2+1/2 in discharger cup No. 1 Mk I. With the weapon's introduction into Home Guard use, the Adaptor No. 1 and the Discharger No. 2 Mk I were introduced, which allowed grenades to be launched from the M1917 Enfield rifle with which they were equipped, although a contemporary manual warned that rifles used for that purpose were likely to be "somewhat spoilt as a precision weapon".

Service
The No. 68 grenade entered service with the British Army in November 1940. However, it proved to be not much better than the inadequate Boys anti-tank rifle and could not be improved as the size of the explosive charge was limited by the diameter of the discharger cup, and a lack of understanding of the standoff distance required. It was introduced into service with the Home Guard in February 1941 and was retained until the force stood-down in 1944.

title: No. 68 AT grenade


text:
Richard Sharples

Sir Richard Christopher Sharples, (6 August 1916 – 10 March 1973) was a British politician and Governor of Bermuda who was shot dead by assassins linked to a small militant Bermudian Black Power group called the Black Beret Cadre. The former army major, who had been a Cabinet Minister, resigned his seat to take up the position of Governor of Bermuda in late 1972. His murder resulted in the last executions conducted under British rule, in 1977.

Career
Sharples passed out from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1936 and was commissioned into the Welsh Guards. During the Second World War he served in France and Italy. He rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel and left the army in 1953. He married Pamela Newall in 1946; they had two sons and two daughters. The family greatly enjoyed yachting, and this was the basis of a close friendship with Edward Heath, later prime minister. Sharples was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Sutton and Cheam in a 1954 byelection. After the 1970 general election, he served as Minister of State at the Home Office, before resigning his seat in 1972 to take up the position of Governor of Bermuda. He was assassinated in 1973 by a faction associating itself with the Black Power movement.

His widow was subsequently made a life peer as Baroness Sharples.

Death
Sharples was killed outside Bermuda's Government House on 10 March 1973. An informal dinner party for a small group of guests had just concluded, when he decided to go for a walk with his Great Dane, Horsa, and his aide-de-camp, Captain Hugh Sayers of the Welsh Guards. The two men and dog were ambushed and gunned down outside the Governor's residence.

Aftermath
The Governor's coffin was borne by officers of the Bermuda Regiment, and Sayers' by a party from the Welsh Guards. The coffins were carried atop 25-pounder field guns of the Bermuda Regiment, to the Leander-class frigate HMS Sirius (F40), which was stationed at HM Dockyard Bermuda at the time. The ship's Royal Marines detachment provided an honour guard on the flight deck. HMS Sirius conveyed the bodies from Hamilton to St. George's, where they were interred at St. Peter's Church. After the assassination HMS Sirius provided enhanced security for Commodore Cameron Rusby, the Senior Naval Officer West Indies (SNOWI) who was stationed on the island. A detachment of Royal Marines (subsequently replaced by soldiers from the Parachute Regiment) was posted to the Dockyard to guard SNOWI.

Sharples was buried in the graveyard at St Peter's Church in St George's on 16 March 1973, six days after his assassination, with Captain Sayers and Great Dane, Horsa.

Elements of the British Army's airborne forces, which were training at Warwick Camp with the Bermuda Regiment at the time of the murders, were called in to assist the civil authorities. The 23 Parachute Field Ambulance, 1 Parachute Logistic Regiment and the band of the 1st Battalion, The Parachute Regiment subsequently provided protection for government buildings, officials and dignitaries as well as assisting the Bermuda Police.

Manhunt, arrests, and sentence
Police launched a massive manhunt and investigation. Seven months later an armed man named Erskine Durrant "Buck" Burrows was arrested. He confessed to shooting dead Sharples and Sayers. At his trial he was also convicted of murdering the Bermuda Police commissioner George Duckett on 9 September 1972 and killing the co-owner and the bookkeeper of a supermarket in April 1973. He was sentenced to death.

In his confession Burrows wrote: "The motive for killing the Governor was to seek to make the people, black people in particular, become aware of the evilness and wickedness of the colonialist system in this island. Secondly, the motive was to show that these colonialists were just ordinary people like ourselves who eat, sleep and die just like anybody else and that we need not stand in fear and awe of them."

A co-accused named Larry Tacklyn was acquitted of assassinating Sharples and Sayers but was convicted of killing Victor Rego and Mark Doe at the Shopping Centre supermarket in April 1973. Unlike Burrows, who did not care whether he was to be executed, Tacklyn expected to get a "last minute" reprieve.

Both murderers remained in Casemates Prison while the appeals process for Tacklyn was brought before the Privy Council in London. During this time, it was reported that Tacklyn passed the time playing table tennis, while Burrows took a virtual vow of silence, only communicating his thoughts and requests on scraps of paper.

Execution
Both men were hanged on 2 December 1977 at Casemates Prison. A moratorium on hanging was then in effect, and, although others had been sentenced to death in the intervening years, no one had been executed in Bermuda since the Second World War. Burrows and Tacklyn would be the last people to be executed under British rule anywhere in the world. The last hangings on British soil had occurred in 1965, while the last death sentence would be passed on the Isle of Man in 1992. This sentence was eventually quashed and replaced by life imprisonment following retrial in 1994. Meanwhile, the death penalty in the Isle of Man had been abolished in 1993.

Riots
Three days of rioting followed the executions. During the riots, the Bermuda Regiment proved too small to fulfil its role (which was considered by Major General Glyn Gilbert, the highest ranking Bermudian in the British Army, in his review of the regiment, leading to its increase from 400 soldiers to a full battalion of 750). As a consequence, at the request of the Bermuda Government, soldiers of the 1st Battalion the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers were flown in as reinforcements in the aftermath of the riots. The cost of the damages was estimated to be $2 million.

Honours and decorations
On 20 December 1940, Sharples was awarded the Military Cross (MC) for "gallant conduct in action with the enemy". In 1945, he was mentioned in dispatches for services in Italy. In 1946, he was awarded the Silver Star, the United States Armed Forces third-highest military decoration for valor in combat. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1953 Coronation Honours List.

In 1972, Sharples was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George following his appointment as Governor of Bermuda.

title: Richard Sharples


text:
Sarine

Sarine may refer to:
 * Sarine District, one of Switzerland's seven districts
 * Saane/Sarine, a Swiss river
 * Sarine Voltage, an American musician
 * Sarine, Lebanon (a village)
 * Sarine Technologies, a company that specializes in diamonds

title: Sarine


text:
Talk:Mikoyan MiG-110

''The initial version of this article was based on a material from aviation.ru. It has been released under the GFDL by the copyright holder.''

Variants
Folks, I've neve heared of MiG-110N, but I did of MiG-101N instead. What is more correct? see also --jno 15:41, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mikoyan MiG-110


text:
Servas

Servas may refer to:

 * Servas International, also called Servas Open Doors, a global non-profit organization which allows travelers to be hosted by families and individuals in many countries of the world
 * Servas, Ain, a commune of the Ain département in France
 * Servas, Gard, a commune of the Gard département in France

title: Servas


text:
Nakodar

Nakodar is a town and a municipal council in Jalandhar district in the Indian state of Punjab.

The city is almost 365 km from Delhi, 25 km from Jalandhar, 49 km from Ludhiana, and about 101 km from Amritsar. Surrounding villages include Chak Mughlani, Maheru, Allowal, Mehatpur (Haripur) (Bhullar) Nawan Pind Jattan, Heran, Bir Pind, (Aulakh), Shankar, Nur Pur Chatha, Sarih, Malri, Khanpur Dhadda, Uggi, and Malhian Kalan.

The town is well paved and currently forms a Tehsil of District Jalandhar. Outside the town, there are two large tombs dating from the times of Emperor Jahangir, later one of them is said to be the burial place of the adviser of Emperor Shah Jahan, but it is not known who stand buried in the earlier tomb.

Origin of name
The name Nakodar, according to one account, is a said to be derived from the Persian phrase Neki ka dar, which means "Gate of Goodness or Virtue" and it was named so by the Persian Kambohs. According to another version, the town was so-named after Nikudari legion of the Mongols.

History
The town is of considerable antiquity and had been held in succession by three different races, the Arain, Jatts, Kambojs, and then by the Muslim Rajputs, traces of whom still exist in the extensive ruins by which the town is surrounded. The town was anciently founded by the Hindu Kamboh, according to Sir William Wilson Hunter and others. The Kamboh settlements lay to the west of present town and the sites are still marked by extensive ruins and two old fine tombs, now called the Black and Red Domes, from the color of the material. Tradition attributes the Kamboh expulsion to the Nawab Kutb Khan who came with an army from Indor near Nuh in 1570 AD. As a consequence, the lordship of the town thus passed over to the Khanzadaas from the Kamboj tribe. Within two generations, the Rajputs got the town in jagir from Emperor Jahangir, in later sixteenth century, apparently divesting the Khanzadahs, the successor race to the Kambohs. The Rajputs were themselves later ousted during Sikh period by one Sardar Tara Singh Ghaiba who made a fort and made himself the master of the surroundings. From Ghaiba, the town was seized by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1816.

Geography
Nakodar is located at 31.13°N, 75.47°W. It has an average elevation of 223 metres (731 feet). Nakodar lies on Moga-Jalandhar section of National Highway 703 (NH 703).

Demographics
In 2011 Indian Census, Nakodar municipal council had a total population of 36,973, of which 19,360 were males and 17,613 were females. Children in the age group of 0-6 were 3,843. The total number of literates in Nakodar was 27,836, which constituted 75.3% of the population with male literacy of 78.4% and female literacy of 71.9%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Nakodar was 84.0%, of which male literacy rate was 87.4% and female literacy rate was 80.3%. The Scheduled Castes population was 13,492. Nakodar had 7,814 households in 2011.

As of the 2001 India census, Nakodar had a population of 31,422. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Nakodar had an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy was 69%.

Rail
Nakodar town is well connected to major cities in Punjab through Nakodar Junction railway station which is a junction point for connection to railway stations at Jalandhar City, Phillaur and Lohian Khas.

Notable people

 * Satya Paul Agarwal, a neurosurgeon, academician, public health administrator, secretary general of the Indian Red Cross Society and recipient of Padma Bhushan award
 * Yuyutsu Sharma, Indian born Nepalese poet and journalist
 * Malkit Singh, Indian born English bhangra singer
 * Amarjit Chandan, poet, writer.
 * Josh Malsiyani, major poet.

title: Nakodar