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Women Airforce Service Pilots

The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) (also Women's Army Service Pilots or Women's Auxiliary Service Pilots ) was a civilian women pilots' organization, whose members were United States federal civil service employees. Members of WASP became trained pilots who tested aircraft, ferried aircraft and trained other pilots. Their purpose was to free male pilots for combat roles during World War II. Despite various members of the armed forces being involved in the creation of the program, the WASP and its members had no military standing.

WASP was preceded by the Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD) and the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS). Both were organized separately in September 1942. They were pioneering organizations of civilian women pilots, who were attached to the United States Army Air Forces to fly military aircraft during World War II. On August 5, 1943, the WFTD and WAFS merged to create the WASP organization.

The WASP arrangement with the US Army Air Forces ended on December 20, 1944. During its period of operation, each member's service had freed a male pilot for military combat or other duties. They flew over 60 million miles; transported every type of military aircraft; towed targets for live anti-aircraft gun practice; simulated strafing missions and transported cargo. Thirty-eight WASP members died during these duties and one, Gertrude Tompkins, disappeared while on a ferry mission, her fate still unknown. In 1977, for their World War II service, the members were granted veteran status, and in 2009 awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.

Creation of the WASP
WASP started out as two separate organizations. Pilot Jacqueline "Jackie" Cochran wrote to the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, in 1939 to suggest the idea of using women pilots in non-combat missions. Cochran was introduced by Roosevelt to General Henry H. Arnold, chief of the Army Air Force, and to General Robert Olds, who became the head of the Air Transport Command (ATC). Arnold asked her to ferry a bomber to Great Britain in order to generate publicity for the idea of women piloting military aircraft. Cochran did go to England, where she volunteered for the Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA) and recruited American women pilots to help fly planes in Europe. Twenty-five women volunteered for the ATA with Cochran. The American women who flew in the ATA were the first American women to fly military aircraft. While in England, Cochran studied the organization of both the ATA and the Royal Air Force (RAF).

In the summer of 1941, Cochran and test-pilot Nancy Harkness Love independently submitted proposals to the U.S. Army Air Forces to allow women pilots in non-combat missions after the outbreak of World War II in Europe. The plan was to free male pilots for combat roles by using qualified female pilots to ferry aircraft from the factories to military bases, and also to tow drones and aerial targets. The U.S. was building its air power and military presence in anticipation of direct involvement in the conflict, and had belatedly begun to drastically expand its men in uniform. This period led to the dramatic increase in activity for the U.S. Army Air Forces, because of obvious gaps in "manpower" that could be filled by women. To compensate for the manpower demands of the military after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the government encouraged women to enter the workforce to fill both industrial and service jobs supporting the war effort.

WAFS
Nancy Harkness Love's husband, Robert Love, was part of the Army Air Corps Reserve and worked for Colonel William H. Tunner. When Robert Love mentioned that his wife was a pilot, Tunner became interested in whether she knew other women who were pilots. Tunner and Nancy Love met and began to plan an aviation ferrying program involving women pilots. More formally, on June 11, 1942, Colonel Tunner suggested putting women pilots into the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). However, there were technical problems with this suggestion, so it was decided to pursue hiring civilian pilots for the ATC instead. By June 18, Love had drafted a plan to send to General Harold L. George who sent the proposal onto General Henry H. Arnold. Eleanor Roosevelt wrote about women working as pilots during the war in her September 1 "My Day" newspaper column, supporting the idea. General George again broached the idea with General Arnold, who finally, on September 5, directed that "immediate action be taken and the recruiting of women pilots begin within twenty-four hours." Nancy Harkness Love was to be the director of the group and she sent out 83 telegrams to prospective women pilots that same day.

The Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) went into operation publicly on September 10, 1942. Soon, the Air Transport Command began using women to ferry planes from factory to airfields. Love started with 28 women pilots, but they grew in number during the war until there were several squadrons. Requirements for recruits were that they had to be between ages 21 and 35, have a high school diploma, a commercial flying license, 200 horsepower engine rating, 500 hours of flight time and experience in flying across the country.

Uniforms for the WAFS were designed by Love and consisted of a gray gabardine jacket with brass buttons and square shoulders. The uniform could be worn with gored skirts or slacks also made of gabardine. Because they had to pay for their own uniforms, only 40 women ever wore the WAFS uniform. All WAFS were issued a flight uniform of khaki flight coveralls, a parachute, goggles, a flying scarf and leather flying jacket sporting the ATC patch.

Headquarters for WAFS was established at the new (May 1943) New Castle Army Air Base (the former Wilmington Airport). Tunner ensured that there were quarters for the women to live in at the base.

WAFS worked under a 90 day, renewable contract. WAFS earned $250 a month and had to provide and pay for their own room and board.

The first group of WAFS recruits were known as the Originals. Betty Gillies was the first woman to show up for training. On October 6, Gillies was made an executive officer and second-in-command of the WAFS. Gillies was familiar with drill and command techniques which she had learned at finishing school. The first WAFS assignment was run by Gillies on October 22, 1942. Six WAFS would ferry six L-4B Cubs from the factory to Mitchel Field. The original squadron of 28 was reduced to 27 when Pat Rhonie left on December 31 after disagreeing with Colonel Baker.

The WAFS had an average of about 1,400 flying hours and a commercial pilot rating. They received 30 days of orientation to learn Army paperwork and to fly by military regulations. Afterward, they were assigned to various ferrying commands. At the beginning of 1943, three new squadrons were formed. The 4th Ferrying Group was in Romulus and commanded by Del Scharr. The 5th Ferrying Group was stationed at Love Field and was under the command of Florene Miller. The 6th Ferrying Group was stationed at Long Beach and commanded by Barbara Jane Erickson.

WFTD
Cochran returned from England and arrived in the US the day before the announcement of the WAFS. Cochran was angry that Love's proposal had been accepted, while her own had seemingly been ignored. The next day, Cochran flew to Washington, D.C., and confronted General Arnold about her earlier proposal. The WAFS had been formed while General Arnold was out on prolonged medical leave. On September 13, Arnold sent a memo to General George E. Stratemeyer that designated Cochran as the director of "Women's Flying Training." On September 15, 1942, Cochran's training proposal was also adopted, forming the 319th Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD). WFTD would be working with the Flight Training Command (FTC). WFTD was conceived of a program to train more women to ferry aircraft. On October 7, General Arnold proposed the goal of training 500 women pilots. By November 3, General Arnold was proposing a "maximum effort to train women pilots." The Aviation Enterprises at Howard R. Hughes Field became the base of the WFTD. The first trainees recruited for WFTD, class 43-1, started on November 16, 1942. Cochran made Dedie Deaton her staff executive and in charge of finding housing for class 43-1- also known as the "Guinea Pigs". Women trained on old planes, many of which bore "visible and invisible scars".

WFTD pilots were issued large khaki coveralls (which the trainees called "zoot suits"), were ordered to wear any shoes they had, and a hairnet on the flight line. The WFTD women were housed in various locations and had to find their own transportation to training. The first deaths occurred when Margaret Oldenburg and her instructor were practicing spins on March 7, 1943. Oldenburg had put her plane, a PT-19 open cockpit, into a spin that she could not recover from and the crash killed her and her instructor. Because the WFTD were civilians, there was no money to cover the funeral costs. Cochran paid for the expense out of her own pocket and Deaton escorted Oldenburg's body home. Another crash took place on March 21, 1943, when Cornelia Fort, a former flight instructor who had been the first to encounter Japanese aircraft at Pearl Harbor, was ferrying a BT-13 with a group of male pilots. One of the pilots, while showing off, flew too close to Fort's plane and his landing gear collided with the wing of her plane, breaking part of it off. The plane went into a nose-dive, killing her.

Cochran pushed aggressively for a single entity to control the activity of all women pilots. Tunner, in particular, objected on the basis of differing qualification standards, and the absolute necessity of the ATC being able to control its own pilots. But Cochran's preeminence with Arnold prevailed, and in July 1943 he ordered the programs merged, with Cochran as director. The WAFS and the WFTD were combined to form the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP). Love continued with the program as executive in charge of WASP ferrying operations. The formal announcement combining WAFS and WFTD took place on August 20, 1943.

WASP adopted a patch in 1943 that featured the female gremlin Fifinella. Fifinella was conceived by Roald Dahl and drawn by Walt Disney, and became the official WASP mascot.

Requirements and demographics
WASP adopted many of WAFS requirements, but added one other. Recruits still had to be between 21 and 35 years old, in good health, in possession of a pilot's license and 35 hours of flight time. Additionally, women were also required to be at least five feet and two inches tall. Over 25,000 women made application to join the WASP; 1,830 were accepted but only 1,074 completed the training. The applicants all had prior experience and airman certificates. Several WASPs had been trained previously in the Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP). Many of the women came from wealthy backgrounds that had afforded pilot training earlier in life, or had husbands who helped pay for their expensive training. All WASP recruits were interested in serving their country.

Although the majority of WASPs pilots were white, they were not exclusively so. Two Chinese Americans, Hazel Ying Lee and Maggie Gee, two women of Hispanic descent, Verneda Rodriguez and Frances Dias, and one known Native American woman, Ola Mildred Rexroat completed the training. Rexroat was a member of the Oglala Sioux tribe from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota. While the total number of black women applicants for WASP training is unknown, several African American pilots made it to the final interview stage, where they were all rejected. Mildred Hemmans Carter, another African American applicant, was asked to withdraw her application because of her race. In 1940, at age 19, Carter had earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Tuskegee Institute. The following year, she received her aviation certification. However, because of her sex, Carter was also rejected from flying with the Tuskegee Airmen. Seventy years later, she was recognized retroactively as a WASP, and Carter took her final flight at age 90. Another African American applicant, Janet Harmon Bragg, was told by Cochran in her interview that "it was difficult enough fighting prejudice aimed at females without additionally battling race discrimination."

WASP training
The WASP training spanned 18 groups of women. The first group was the Originals, who were the first group of the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS), led by Nancy Love.

The second group was The Guinea Pigs which were Jacqueline Cochran's first class of women pilots for the Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD). The Guinea Pigs started training at the Houston Municipal Airport (now William P. Hobby Airport) on November 16, 1942, as part of the 319th Army Air Force Women's Flying Training Detachment (AAFWFTD). This was just after the WAFS had started their orientation in Wilmington, Delaware. Unlike the WAFS, the women that reported to Houston did not have uniforms and had to find their own lodging. The "Woofteddies" (WFTD) also had minimal medical care, no life insurance, crash truck, or fire truck, and the ambulance was loaned from the Ellington Army Airfield, along with insufficient administrative staff, and a hodgepodge of aircraft—23 types—for training. As late as January 1943, when the third class was about to start their training, the three classes were described by Byrd Granger in On Final Approach, as "a raggle-taggle crowd in a rainbow of rumpled clothing", while they gathered for morning and evening colors. There was also a lack of equipment, such as a Link trainer, that was necessary for training.

The first Houston class started with 38 women with a minimum of 200 hours. Twenty-three graduated on April 24, 1943, at the only Houston WASP graduation at Ellington Army Air Field. The second Houston class, started in December 1942 with a minimum of 100 hours, but finished their training just in time to move to Sweetwater, Texas and become the first graduating class from Avenger Field on May 28, 1943. The third class completed their advanced training at Avenger Field and graduated July 3, 1943. Half of the fourth class of 76 women started their primary training in Houston on February 15, 1943, and then transferred to Sweetwater. Later in the summer of 1943, both the WAFS and WFTD were combined into the WASP. The first group to train as WASP started in Sweetwater in September 1943 and were designated as Class 44-W-2. Each WASP had a pilot's license, but was retrained to fly the Army way by the U.S. Army Air Forces at Avenger Field in Sweetwater, Texas. More than 25,000 women applied for the WASP, but only 1,830 were accepted into the program. During the course of their training, it was reported that 552 women were released for lack of flying proficiency, 152 resigned, 27 were discharged for medical reasons, and 14 were dismissed for disciplinary reasons. After completing four months of military flight training, 1,074 of them earned their wings and became the first women to fly American military aircraft. While the WASP were not trained for combat, their course of instruction was essentially the same as male aviation cadets. They received no gunnery training and very little formation and aerobatic flying, but went through the maneuvers necessary to be able to recover from any position. The percentage of those eliminated compared favorably with the elimination rate for male cadets' in the Central Flying Training Command.

WASP recruits were required to complete the same primary, basic, and advanced training courses as male Army Air Corps pilots and many of them went on to specialized flight training. They spent around 12 hours a day at the airfield with half the day spent practicing actual flight and the other half studying. By graduation, WASP recruits had 560 hours of ground school and 210 hours of flight training. They knew Morse code, meteorology, military law, physics, aircraft mechanics, navigation and other subjects.

Duties
After their training, the WASP were stationed at 122 air bases across the U.S., where they assumed numerous flight-related missions. The original WAFS were organized specifically to ferry airplanes and free male pilots, around 900 in all, for combat roles. A WASP would go to the factory, test fly the airplane and then deliver it. During World War II, women pilots flew 80 percent of all ferrying missions. Between September 1942 and December 1944, the WASP delivered 12,652 aircraft of 78 different types. In order to set an example, Nancy Love who was in charge of training, made sure she was trained and qualified on as many different types of planes as was possible.

They also towed targets for live anti-aircraft artillery practice, simulated strafing missions, and transported cargo. The live-target practice was announced by Jackie Cochran on July 19, 1943, to 25 recent WASP graduates at Avenger Field. Cochran told the group that she had a "top secret assignment" and that any WASP could opt out if they wished: none did. This group would be sent to Camp Davis to tow flying shooting targets for men on the ground to practice shooting airborne targets. Many of the planes were shot during this training and several WASP were shot in the feet. Sometimes the planes were shot on purpose, when service men mistakenly believed they were supposed to shoot the plane, not the target the WASP was towing. One of the planes used during target towing, an A-24 that, like many had not been adequately maintained by the Army Air Corps (AAC), killed WASP Mabel Virginia Rawlinson. Rawlinson was practicing night flying with a trainer when her A-24 began to experience technical issues. The instructor asked her to return to the airfield, but on the final approach, Rawlinson's plane connected with the top of a pine tree and the plane nosed down and crashed. The instructor was thrown free, but Rawlinson was stuck in the front seat as the plane went up in flames, unable to open the plane's broken canopy lock. The investigation into the crash and her death found that the towing planes were not maintained properly and the AAC was using the wrong octane fuel for the planes.

The women flew almost every type of aircraft flown by the USAAF during World War II. In addition, a few exceptionally qualified women were allowed to test rocket-propelled planes, to pilot jet-propelled planes, and to work with radar-controlled targets. When men were less willing to fly certain difficult planes, such as the YP-59 and B-29 Super Fortress, General Arnold recruited two WASPs to fly these aircraft. Arnold believed that if men saw women fly these planes successfully, they would be "embarrassed" into taking these missions willingly. Two WASPs, Dorthea Johnson and Dora Dougherty Strother, were chosen to fly the B-29. They flew to Alamogordo in the B-29s where there was a crowd waiting to see them land. General Arnold's plan worked, "From that day on, there was no more grumbling from male pilots assigned to train on and fly the B-29 Super Fortress." Women would also test-fly the planes that had been repaired.

When not flying, the pilots studied navigation, radio communications and new flying skills.

Thirty-eight members lost their lives in accidents: eleven during training, and twenty-seven on missions. Because they were not considered part of the military by the guidelines, a fallen WASP was sent home at family expense. Traditional military honors or note of heroism, such as allowing the U.S. flag to be placed on the coffin or displaying a service flag in a window, were not allowed.

Request for military status
The WASP members were U.S. federal civil service employees, and did not qualify for military benefits. Each member paid for her own transportation costs to training sites, for her dress uniforms and room and board. Although attached to the U.S. Army Air Forces, the members could resign at any time after completion of their training. On September 30, 1943, the first of the WASP militarization bills was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Representative John Costello. Both Cochran and Arnold desired a separate corps headed by a woman colonel (similar to the WAC, WAVES, SPARS, and the Marine Corps Women's Reserve heads). The War Department, however, consistently opposed the move, because there was no separate corps for male pilots as distinguished from unrated AAF officers. In January 1944, Costello introduced a bill, HR 4219, to authorize women's commissions in the Army Air Forces. General Arnold felt that there was room for women and men to work as pilots in the Army Air Forces. He testified in front of the House military committee that the WASP were all "good fliers and that he plans to send all the male pilots to fight."

However, some in the media disagreed with General Arnold and began to write opinion pieces in some of the most important media of the day. TIME, The New York Daily News and the Washington Post all urged women to step down and give the jobs back to men. A journalist, Drew Pearson, questioned the legality of funding the WASP program, and even accused General Arnold of being manipulated by Jackie Cochran's "feminine wiles" in a Washington Times Herald column. The column caused male civilian pilots to increase their efforts to write letters against the program.

End of the WASP program

On June 21, 1944, the U.S. House bill to provide the WASP with military status, HR 4219, was narrowly defeated 188 against to 169 for. The civilian male pilots lobbied against the bill: reacting to closure of some civilian flight training schools, and the termination of two male pilot training commissioning programs. The House Committee on the Civil Service (Ramspeck Committee) reported on June 5, 1944, that it considered the WASP unnecessary, unjustifiably expensive, and recommended that the recruiting and training of inexperienced women pilots be halted. The committee had found that the program had cost $50 million in government funds. Because of the cost, the program needed to request funding through legislation.

Cochran had been pushing for a resolution of the question: in effect, delivering an ultimatum to either commission the women or disband the program. The AAF had developed an excess of pilots and pilot candidates. As a result, Arnold (who had been a proponent of militarization) ordered that the WASP be disbanded by December 20, 1944. Arnold is quoted from a speech he delivered at Avenger Field in Sweetwater, Texas on December 7, 1944:

"The WASP has completed its mission. Their job has been successful. But as is usual in war, the cost has been heavy. Thirty-eight WASP have died while helping their country move toward the moment of final victory. The Air Forces will long remember their service and their final sacrifice."

On December 7, 1944, the final class of WASP pilots, 71 women in total, graduated from their training regardless of the plan to disband the WASP program within the following two weeks. Following the announcement approximately 20 WASP members offered to continue ferrying aircraft for the compensation of US$1.00 1944 a year apiece but this offer was rejected. Before the WASP were disbanded, General Arnold ordered all commanding officers at bases where WASPs served, that the "women pilots be issued a certificate similar to an honorable discharge."

Following the group's disbandment some WASP members were allowed to fly on board government aircraft from their former bases to the vicinity of their homes as long as room was available and no additional expenses were incurred. Others had to arrange and pay for their own transportation home. At the conclusion of the WASP program, 915 women pilots were on duty with the AAF: 620 assigned to the Training Command, 141 to the Air Transport Command, 133 to the numbered air forces in the continental United States, 11 to the Weather Wing, 9 to the technical commands and one to the Troop Carrier Command. The WASP members ferried fifty percent of the combat aircraft during the war to 126 bases across the United States. Because of the pioneering and the expertise they demonstrated in successfully flying military aircraft the WASP records showed that women pilots, when given the same training as men pilots, were as capable as men in non-combat flying.

During November 1944 WASP members at Maxwell Air Field founded the Order of Fifinella organization. The organization's initial goals were to help the former WASP members find employment and maintain contact between themselves. Through the years the Order of Fifinella issued newsletters, helped influence legislation and organized reunions. The group held its final meeting in 2008 and was disbanded in 2009.

Many WASPs wanted to continue flying after they were disbanded. Commercial airlines turned women pilots away, "saying public opinion wouldn't stand for it." WASP Teresa James wrote to Congress requesting veteran's status. In order to keep flying, some women wrote Madame Chiang Kai-shek and volunteered for the Chinese Air Force, who were still fighting against Japan. The United States Air Force offered commissions to former WASP in 1949, though all 121 who accepted the commissions were given support and administrative duties and did not fly.

Legacy

The records of the WASP program, like nearly all wartime files, were classified and sealed for 35 years making their contributions to the war effort little known and inaccessible to historians. However, there were unofficial historians, like WASP Marty Wyall, who collected scrapbooks and newspaper clipping about what the WASP members had done and what they had gone on to do. Wyall also suggested in 1964, at a Ninety-Nines convention, that the remaining WASP members should meet up with one another every other year.

Early efforts to gain recognition for the WASP continued in the early 1970s. There was support from the office of Senator Barry Goldwater, who had flown with WASP during WWII. Goldwater's efforts to get the WASP veteran's status was met with shocking prejudice in Congress. According to Goldwater's legislative assistant, Terry Emerson, "Women were treated as non-persons." In the House, Representative Patsy Mink introduced a bill on May 17, 1972, to give the WASP veterans status. Another representative in the House, Lindy Boggs, introduced a bill around 1977 to give the WASP military status.

In 1975 under the leadership of Col. Bruce Arnold, the son of General Hap Arnold, along with the surviving WASP members organized as a group again and began what they called the "Battle of Congress". Their goal was to gain public support and have the WASP officially recognized as veterans of World War II. In 1976, there was a bill in the Senate Veteran's Affairs Committee to give the WASPs military status. The bill would allow WASP pilots to use veteran's services. In 1977, WASP records were unsealed after an Air Force press release erroneously stated the Air Force was training the first women to fly military aircraft for the U.S. Documents were compiled that showed during their service WASP members were subject to military discipline, assigned top secret missions and many members were awarded service ribbons after their units were disbanded. It was also shown that WASP member Helen Porter had been issued an Honorable Discharge certificate by her commanding officer following her service. This time, the WASPs lobbied Congress with the important support of Goldwater, who himself had been a World War II ferry pilot in the 27th Ferrying Squadron. During hearings on the legislation opposition to the WASP members being given military recognition was voiced by the Veterans Administration (VA), the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW). The VA, led by Dorothy L. Starbuck, argued that WASP should not be given military recognition because the women were never subject to court martial. The VFW felt that giving WASP military recognition would "destroy the special status of veterans and do irreparable damage to veterans benefits."

President Jimmy Carter signed legislation, P.L.95–202, Section 401, The G.I. Bill Improvement Act of 1977, providing that service as a WASP would be considered "active duty" for the purposes of programs administered by the Veterans Administration. Honorable Discharge certificates were issued to the former WASP members in 1979. In 1984, each WASP was awarded the World War II Victory Medal. Those who served for more than one year were also awarded American Theater Ribbon/American Campaign Medal for their service during the war. Many of the medals were accepted by the recipients' sons and daughters on their behalf.

The 1977 legislation, either despite or because of its language, did not expressly allow WASPs to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. That was because Arlington National Cemetery, unlike most other national cemeteries, is administered by the Department of the Army, not the Department of Veterans Affairs, and thus the Secretary of the Army determines eligibility for Arlington burial. The reason for the position taken by the Army on this issue may have been the rapidly diminishing space at Arlington. But in 2002, the Army re-considered and decided that deceased WASPs were able to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In 2015, however, the Army re-interpreted the law and its own regulations against the backdrop of thirteen years of war, which once again threatened to deplete the cemetery of land. The Army ruled that the 1977 statute did not mandate the burial of deceased WASPs at Arlington. When WASP Elaine Harmon died on April 21, 2015, her request to have her ashes interred at Arlington was denied. Another WASP, Florence Shutsy-Reynolds, began a social media campaign to advocate for Harmon and other WASP members who wished to be interred at Arlington. Legislation in 2016 seemingly overruled the Army's interpretation and it was widely reported that WASPs could "again" be buried at Arlington. The 2016 law revived the long-held concern about limited space at the cemetery. Thus, the legislation in the 114th Congress (S.2437 by Sen. Barbara Mikulski (D-Maryland) and H.R. 4336 by Rep. Martha McSally (R-Arizona), a retired Air Force fighter pilot), provides only for interment of cremated remains and not ground burial. In 2002 WASP member Deanie Bishop Parrish with her daughter began plans for a museum dedicated to telling the WASPs story. The hangar building used for the museum, Hangar One, was originally built in 1929 and was part of the Sweetwater Municipal Airport facilities which became Avenger Field. In 2005 the National WASP WWII Museum's grand opening was planned for May 28, 2005, which was the 62 anniversary of the first WASP graduating class. Along with the displays of uniforms, vehicles and other artifacts are several aircraft. These include a Boeing-Stearman Model 75 biplane, a Fairchild PT-19 trainer, a UC-78 Bamboo Bomber and a Vultee BT-13 Valiant trainer that was donated in September 2017.

In 2009, the WASPs were inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

On July 1, 2009, President Barack Obama and the United States Congress awarded the WASP the Congressional Gold Medal. Three of the roughly 300 surviving WASPs were on hand to witness the event. During the ceremony President Obama said, "The Women Airforce Service Pilots courageously answered their country's call in a time of need while blazing a trail for the brave women who have given and continue to give so much in service to this nation since. Every American should be grateful for their service, and I am honored to sign this bill to finally give them some of the hard-earned recognition they deserve." On March 10, 2010, the 300 surviving WASPs came to the US Capitol to accept the Congressional Gold Medal from House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and other Congressional leaders. On New Year's Day in 2014 the Rose Parade featured a float with eight WASP members riding on it. It was designed by sculptor Don Everhart II. The medal is on display at the Boeing Aviation Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.

Other aspects of the WASP legacy include the designs and symbols of the WASP organization. Shutsy-Reynolds took over WASP merchandising in 1988 and designed the scarf that many WASP members wore. She also created unique jewelry based on the WASP wings symbols.

The WASP actively inspired successive generations of women, including aviator Jerrie Cobb, Desert Storm pilot Kelly Hamilton, astronaut Eileen Collins, Navy pilot Rosemary Mariner, and Terry London Rinehart, who was one of the first 10 women to be hired as a commercial airline pilot in 1976. Colonel Kimberly Olsen "credited the WASP for her opportunity to serve her country."

Discrimination
WASP members faced discrimination because of their sex during their work numerous times. Some male pilots and commanders were unhappy to have a women's presence in the traditionally male setting of the military. One WASP, Lorraine Rodgers, later recalled that some men "refused to acknowledge their ability," or that the men did not trust the smaller women to be able to handle the planes. Some commanders would give out "undesirable" planes to the WASP to fly. One commander at Love Field was eventually formally admonished for treating the women unfairly. WASP Teresa James believed that the women pilots were disliked because they "flew longer than the men (service pilots). We flew our tails off." However, James also reported that she was sometimes "treated like a celebrity" when she stopped at Army bases for refueling. She said, "They had never seen a woman pilot in an Air Force airplane."

Camp Davis at North Carolina had the most prejudice and discrimination against the WASP. The base commander, Major Stephenson, told the women that "both they and the planes were expendable." Women at Camp Davis were unfairly evaluated in their flying, according to WASP Alia Corbett. Women were not given practice time, unlike the men. Sabotage was suspected in some incidents at the camp and Cochran found traces of sugar in the engine at one WASP crash site. Two WASP women died in the line of duty at Camp Davis. There were fourteen accidents involving improperly maintained towing planes at Camp Davis and planes at Camp Davis were found to be using the wrong octane fuel.

While the women were doing the same job as men who were also civilian ferry pilots, the WASP were paid at two-thirds the rate of their male counterparts.

The initial force of the Women's Army Ferrying Service (WAFS) put the cap on the age of recruits at 35 in order "to avoid the irrationality of women when they enter and go through menopause." At the time, the military had determined that age 40 was the time when menopause began, so if the war lasted more than 5 years, most recruits would just be entering the time of "debilitating irrationality." The WASP were even grounded for a time during their menstrual cycles by male commanders because they believed they were "less efficient during menses." This was stopped when flight records showed that this thinking was false. Some WASP were allowed to choose not to fly during menstruation and the pilots' periods were seen as a form of medical disability by military doctors.

On the military planes, there were no facilities for the women to use the bathroom. When women were ferrying the planes, they had to touch down occasionally, and women were not allowed to eat in some restaurants because they were wearing pants.

Notable WASP aviators

 * Kate Lee Harris Adams
 * Betty Tackaberry Blake (1920–2015), the last surviving member of the first WASP training group (Class 43-W-1 at Sweetwater, Texas, graduated April 24, 1943),
 * Jean Landis (1918–2022), squad commander.
 * Doris Bristol (1920–2010), class of 43-W-5
 * Mary S. Reineberg Burchard (1916–2012), class of 44-W-6.
 * Ann Baumgartner Carl
 * Pearl Laska Chamberlain – First woman to solo a single-engine airplane up the Alaska Highway in 1946.
 * Elizabeth "Betty" Maxine Chambers
 * Jacqueline Cochran – Director of the WASP. In 1938, Cochran became famous nationwide for winning the Bendix Transcontinental Race
 * Gwendolyne Cowart
 * Violet Cowden
 * Rosa Charlyne Creger
 * Nancy Batson Crews
 * Selma Cronan
 * Nancye Ruth Lowe Crout, (Class 43-W-4), died January 21, 2016.
 * Iris Cummings
 * Jeanne P. d'Ambly – member of the 43-W-5 class
 * Mildred Inks Davidson Dalrymple (Class 44-W-4)
 * Dorothy Hilliard Davis, campaigned to get women pilots recognition as military veterans.
 * Cornelia Fort – One of the original WAFS. Fort's experience included evading attacking IJNAS carrier planes at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. She became the first WAFS fatality in a midair collision while flying a BT-13 near Merkel, Texas on March 23, 1943.
 * Elizabeth L. Gardner of Rockford, Illinois
 * Maggie Gee – One of only two Asian-Americans (Chinese) in the WASP, the other being Hazel Ying Lee.
 * Betty Gillies
 * Ann Warren Griffith, writer, wrote about her WASP experiences in The New Yorker
 * Betty Haas Pfister
 * Lois Hailey
 * Elaine D. Harmon, first WASP aviator interred at Arlington National Cemetery
 * Sara Payne Hayden
 * Bernice Falk Haydu
 * Gloria Heath
 * Jean Hixson
 * Marion Stegeman Hodgson wrote a detailed account of her time as a WASP in her autobiography Winning My Wings: A Woman Airforce Service Pilot in World War II.
 * Carla Horowitz
 * Evelyn Greenblatt Howren
 * Celia Hunter
 * Marge Hurlburt – She was named to the Board of Directors of the Professional Race Pilots Association to represent the interests of female pilots and held the woman's international airspeed record at the time her death in July 1947. Marge died while performing as part of a flying circus that she joined to raise money to build a new racing airplane.
 * Janet Hutchinson – of the Flying Hutchinsons, joined at age 18.
 * Teresa James
 * Marguerite "Ty" Hughes Killen
 * Hazel Ying Lee – One of two Asian-Americans (Chinese) in the WASP, the other being Maggie Gee. Lee was the last WASP member to die while serving in program.
 * Dorothy Swain Lewis – Worked at Piper Aircraft Lockhaven, Pennsylvania, Graduate of Phoebe Omlie's Tennessee Bureau of Aeronautics Women Aviation Instructor Program in Nashville TN (Feb 1943), Instructed Navy pilots V-5 program classes 43F, W3G, W3H, Instructed WASP classes 43-W8,44-W2,44-W4, joined WASP in class 44-W7&5, towed targets in B-26, engineering flights various other aircraft, sculpted WASP trainee statue on United States Air Force Academy Honor Court, Colorado Springs, painted official portrait of Janet Reno for US Department of Justice
 * Doris Lockness
 * Barbara Erickson London – The only WASP member to be awarded the Air Medal during World War II. Following the war, medals were awarded to other WASP members.
 * Grace Elizabeth "Betty" Ashwell Lotowycz 44-W-7
 * Nancy Love
 * Elizabeth Magid – author of the poem Celestial Flight that became a staple of all WASP funerals
 * Iola "Nancy" Clay Magruder A member of class 44-W-7, her orders sent her to Enid, Oklahoma where she flew BT-13, BT-15, AT-6, PT-17, and B-18.
 * Madge Moore
 * Annabelle Craft Moss – Moss flew the AT-6 Trainer, and was responsible for transporting officers from base to base.
 * Anne Noggle – Following the war she became a noted photographer and writer. She took the photos for For God, Country and the Thrill of It: Women Airforce Pilots of World War II, with an introduction by Dora Dougherty Strother.
 * Dorothy Olsen
 * Lorrie Otto
 * Deanie Bishop Parrish
 * Suzanne Upjohn DeLano Parish, co-founder of Kalamazoo Air Museum, later called the Air Zoo.
 * Vilma Lazar Qualls (May 5, 1917 – November 2, 2003) A member of class 43-W-3, she was assigned to Long Beach Army Airbase after training. She flew BT-13, C-47, B-17 and B-24.
 * Hazel Jane Raines
 * Mabel Rawlinson
 * Katherine Rawls
 * Ola Mildred Rexroat, An Oglala Sioux from Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, was the only Native American woman in the WASP.
 * Mary Anne Richey
 * Margaret Ringenberg
 * Lorraine Rodgers
 * Dawn Seymour
 * Evelyn Sharp – In 1938, Evelyn Sharp was the youngest person in the United States to receive a commercial pilot license.
 * Florence Shutsy-Reynolds (1923-2018) – earned her pilot's license in 1941, just before women were barred from the government-operated training program at local airports due to the expected need of more male pilots. Following the death of her husband around 1988, she took over the WASP organization's "Stores" job, making and selling intricate silver and bronze jewelry, banners, scarves and other WASP-themed items.
 * Gertrude Tompkins Silver – The only WASP member to go missing during World War II. She departed from Mines Field (currently LAX) for Palm Springs, on October 26, 1944, flying a P-51D Mustang destined for New Jersey but never arrived. In January 2010 search efforts to locate the possible crash site in Santa Monica Bay were unsuccessful.
 * Shirley Slade, born in Chicago 1921. On the cover of Life (magazine), July 19, 1943. Trained to fly Bell P-39 Airacobras and Martin B-26 Marauders at three bases: Dodge City AAF, Kansas, Harlingen AAF, Texas, and Love Field, Dallas.
 * Helen Wyatt Snapp
 * Jane Straughan, graduate of class 43-W-1.
 * Elizabeth Strohfus – flew Martin B-26 Marauders and pulled 6 G's in an F-16 at age 72. She died at 96 on March 6, 2016, in Faribault, MN.
 * Dora Dougherty Strother
 * Mildred Darlene "Micky" Tuttle Axton
 * Mary Coon Walters
 * Florene Miller Watson – one of the first WAFS volunteers.
 * Betty Jane Williams – went on to become a Lt Colonel in her later military career.
 * Mary E. Williamson (1924–2012)
 * Ginny Wood
 * Marty Wyall – was part of the last class of WASP in 1944. She later became the WASP historian.

Documentaries and fictional depictions

 * In the 1943 movie A Guy Named Joe, Pete Sandidge (Spencer Tracy) is the reckless pilot of a North American B-25 Mitchell bomber flying out of England during World War II. He is in love with Women Airforce Service Pilot Dorinda Durston (Irene Dunne), a civilian pilot ferrying aircraft across the Atlantic.
 * Ladies Courageous is a 1944 film starring Loretta Young.
 * Season 1, Episode 22 of Baa Baa Black Sheep was entitled "W*A*S*P*S". It first aired on March 1, 1977. The episode has several errors of fact. Two are that there is no "s" at the end of the name, because the name itself is plural, and the WASP never flew overseas.
 * In the modern Wonder Woman continuity, Steve Trevor's mother, Diana Trevor, was a WASP who inadvertently crash-landed on Themyscira on a mission in the 1940s and died helping the Amazons fight an attacking menace.
 * A documentary produced by Ken Magid, Women of Courage, was shown on PBS in 1993.
 * A 2009 episode of the TV show Cold Case features the investigators looking for the murderer of a WASP, after her plane is found in modern-day Philadelphia.
 * "Flygirl" by Sherri L. Smith, a 2009 YA novel about a young Black woman who passes as white to join the WASPs.
 * In the 2012 Captain Marvel story from Marvel comics, Carol Danvers travels through time to 1943 where she fights alongside a squad of Women Airforce Service Pilots on an island off the coast of Peru.
 * Season 3, Episode 15 of Army Wives is a flashback episode that mentions the WASP pilots from WWII.
 * Meredith Dayna Levy wrote a play called Decision Height which tells the story of six WASP trainees.
 * The Hugo and Nebula Award-winning 2018 science fiction novel The Calculating Stars by Mary Robinette Kowal depicts an alternative history of the 1950s space race where former WASP pilots become the first female astronauts.
 * Fannie Flagg's 2013 book,The All-Girl Filling Station's Last Reunion features three sisters who fly with WASP.
 * Flight Officer Maude Garrett, the main character of the 2020 movie Shadow in the Cloud, is a WASP. The end credits of the movie feature pictures of the Women Air Service Pilots.
 * Angel Wings, a French graphic-novel series, is about Angela McCloud, a (fictional) WASP who – unlike the WASP pilots in real life – flies transport missions in Burma and then the Pacific as cover for secret duties as an agent with the wartime intelligence service, the OSS.

The National WASP World War II Museum

 * Homepage
 * WASP in the Spotlight
 * Upcoming Events

Texas Woman's University: Women Airforce Service Pilots Official Archive

 * TWU WASP Homepage
 * WASP Digital Archives
 * Classbooks
 * Oral Histories
 * Photographs

Smithsonian Institution: Online Virtual Archives

 * Women's Air Force Service Pilot (WASP) Collection
 * WASP Binder: Pictures of Life and Training of the Women's Air Force Service Pilots, c.1942-1944, Scrapbook # 1
 * Janice Christensen Women's Air Force Service Pilots (WASP) Collection
 * WASP Binder: Pictures of Life and Training of the Women's Air Force Service Pilots, Bernice Falk Haydu
 * Mickey Mouse morale: Disney on the World War II home front (Fifinella)

National Museum of the United States Airforce

 * WASP Creation
 * Overview - WASP: Breaking Ground for Today's Female USAF Pilots
 * USAF Museum: Women Pilots in World War II History – Air Force Museum virtual exhibit.
 * WASP Awarded Congressional Gold Medal July 1, 2009
 * Flying for Freedom - The Story of WASP - Teacher Resource PDF

The Museum of Flight Digital Collections

 * Carol (Nicholson) Lewis Collection
 * Dora Jean (Dougherty) Strother WASP Photographs Collection
 * Jean (Taylor) Howard WASP Collection
 * Martha L. (Smith) Bullock Collection
 * Mary "Pat" (Hiller) Call WASP Collection
 * Nordhoff and Dunnam Families Collection - Series IV: Nancy Nordhoff Dunnam, WASP

title: Women Airforce Service Pilots


text:
Incretin

Incretins are a group of metabolic hormones that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels. Incretins are released after eating and augment the secretion of insulin released from pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans by a blood-glucose–dependent mechanism.

Some incretins (GLP-1) also inhibit glucagon release from the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans. In addition, they slow the rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood stream by reducing gastric emptying and may directly reduce food intake. The two main candidate peptides that fulfill criteria for an incretin are the intestinal peptides glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP, also known as: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). GIP is produced and secreted into the blood circulation by K cells, i.e., single cells located in the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract's duodenum and upper jejunum while GLP1 is produced and secreted into the blood by L cells located in the mucosa of the lower gastrointestinal tracts small and large intestines. Short-chain fatty acids (primarily acetic, propionic, and butyric acids), which microganisms form in the intestines, bind to the FFAR2 and FFAR3 receptors on K cells and L cells to stimulate their respective production and secretion of GIP and GLP-1. Both GLP-1 and GIP are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and are members of the glucagon peptide superfamily.

Medical uses
Medications based on incretins are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.

Several long-lasting GLP-1 analogs having insulinotropic activity have been developed, and several, including dulaglutide (Trulicity), exenatide (Byetta), liraglutide (Victoza), semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy and Rybelsus) and exenatide extended-release (Bydureon), have been approved for use in the U.S.

Another approach is to inhibit DPP-4, the enzyme that inactivates GLP-1 and GIP. Several DPP-4 inhibitors that can be taken orally as tablets have been developed.

Incretin effect
The incretin effect describes the phenomenon whereby oral glucose intake elicits a higher insulin response compared to intravenously introduced glucose that produces the same levels of serum glucose levels.

History
In 1932, Belgian physiologist Jean La Barre used the word "incretin" for a gut hormone, which stimulates the endocrine pancreas including insulin release. He also proposed that such incretins could be used as a treatment for diabetes mellitus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Incretin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hannerism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to delete the article speedily.

Hannerism
Only one Google hit for this word, and it doesn't match this definition. Created by a vandal, probably a hoax. RickK 06:28, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete a successful hoax, since we'll all waste more manhours voting on it than it took to enter it. Do the math.--Wetman 06:41, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No we won't. I speedied it. —Charles P. (Mirv) 09:02, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:L'Interdit

Proposed deletion
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. Votes for deletion/L'inderdit Joyous 06:28, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:L'Interdit


text: User talk:141.155.118.114

title: User talk:141.155.118.114


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Talk:Fort Totten station

Untitled
This article was proposed for deletion Feb. 2005. Votes for deletion/Fort Totten (Washington Metro) Joyous 06:31, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

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User talk:Velin

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Thank you for uploading Image:Algeciras 20040410.jpg. Please leave a note on that page about the source of the image because of copyright law. Thank you. --Ellmist 06:31, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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User:Nding

NDing is a writer and musician living in Pittsburgh, PA. If you would like to get in touch, leave a message!

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Linear complex structure

In mathematics, a complex structure on a real vector space $$V$$ is an automorphism of $$V$$ that squares to the minus identity, $$ - I d_V $$. Such a structure on $$V$$ allows one to define multiplication by complex scalars in a canonical fashion so as to regard $$V$$ as a complex vector space.

Every complex vector space can be equipped with a compatible complex structure in a canonical way; however, there is in general no canonical complex structure. Complex structures have applications in representation theory as well as in complex geometry where they play an essential role in the definition of almost complex manifolds, by contrast to complex manifolds. The term "complex structure" often refers to this structure on manifolds; when it refers instead to a structure on vector spaces, it may be called a linear complex structure.

Definition and properties
A complex structure on a real vector space $$V$$ is a real linear transformation $$J :V \to V$$ such that $$J^2 = -Id_V.$$ Here $$J^2$$ means $$J$$ composed with itself and $$Id_V$$ is the identity map on $$V$$. That is, the effect of applying $$J$$ twice is the same as multiplication by $$-1$$. This is reminiscent of multiplication by the imaginary unit, $$i$$. A complex structure allows one to endow $$V$$ with the structure of a complex vector space. Complex scalar multiplication can be defined by $$(x + iy)\vec{v} = x\vec{v} + yJ(\vec{v})$$ for all real numbers $$x,y$$ and all vectors $$\vec{v}$$ in $V$. One can check that this does, in fact, give $$V$$ the structure of a complex vector space which we denote $$V_J$$.

Going in the other direction, if one starts with a complex vector space $$W$$ then one can define a complex structure on the underlying real space by defining $$Jw = iw\forall w\in W$$.

More formally, a linear complex structure on a real vector space is an algebra representation of the complex numbers $$\mathbb{C}$$, thought of as an associative algebra over the real numbers. This algebra is realized concretely as $$\Complex = \Reals[x]/(x^2+1),$$ which corresponds to $$i^2=-1$$. Then a representation of $$\mathbb{C}$$ is a real vector space $$V$$, together with an action of $$\mathbb{C}$$ on $$V$$ (a map $$\mathbb{C}\rightarrow \text{End}(V)$$). Concretely, this is just an action of $$i$$, as this generates the algebra, and the operator representing $$i$$ (the image of $$i$$ in $$\text{End}(V)$$) is exactly $$J$$.

If $$V_J$$ has complex dimension $$n$$ then $$V$$ must have real dimension $$2n$$. That is, a finite-dimensional space $$V$$ admits a complex structure only if it is even-dimensional. It is not hard to see that every even-dimensional vector space admits a complex structure. One can define $$J$$ on pairs $$e,f$$ of basis vectors by $$Je=f$$ and $$Jf=-e$$ and then extend by linearity to all of $$V$$. If $$(v_1, \dots,v_n)$$ is a basis for the complex vector space $$V_J$$ then $$(v_1,Jv_1,\dots ,v_n ,Jv_n)$$ is a basis for the underlying real space $$V$$.

A real linear transformation $$A:V \rightarrow V$$ is a complex linear transformation of the corresponding complex space $$V_J$$ if and only if $$A$$ commutes with $$J$$, i.e. if and only if $$AJ = JA.$$ Likewise, a real subspace $$U$$ of $$V$$ is a complex subspace of $$V_J$$ if and only if $$J$$ preserves $$U$$, i.e. if and only if $$JU = U.$$

Elementary example
The collection of $$2\times2$$ real matrices $$\mathbb{M}(2,\Reals)$$ over the real field is 4-dimensional. Any matrix
 * $$J = \begin{pmatrix}a & c \\ b & -a \end{pmatrix},a^2+bc=-1$$

has square equal to the negative of the identity matrix. A complex structure may be formed in $$\mathbb{M}(2,\Reals)$$: with identity matrix $$I$$, elements $$xI+yJ$$, with matrix multiplication form complex numbers.

Complex n-dimensional space Cn
The fundamental example of a linear complex structure is the structure on R2n coming from the complex structure on Cn. That is, the complex n-dimensional space Cn is also a real 2n-dimensional space – using the same vector addition and real scalar multiplication – while multiplication by the complex number i is not only a complex linear transform of the space, thought of as a complex vector space, but also a real linear transform of the space, thought of as a real vector space. Concretely, this is because scalar multiplication by i commutes with scalar multiplication by real numbers $$ i (\lambda v) = (i \lambda) v = (\lambda i) v = \lambda (i v) $$ – and distributes across vector addition. As a complex n×n matrix, this is simply the scalar matrix with i on the diagonal. The corresponding real 2n×2n matrix is denoted J.

Given a basis $$\left\{e_1, e_2, \dots, e_n \right\}$$ for the complex space, this set, together with these vectors multiplied by i, namely $$\left\{ie_1, ie_2, \dots, ie_n\right\},$$ form a basis for the real space. There are two natural ways to order this basis, corresponding abstractly to whether one writes the tensor product as $$\Complex^n = \R^n \otimes_{\R} \Complex$$ or instead as $$\Complex^n = \Complex \otimes_{\R} \R^n.$$

If one orders the basis as $$\left\{e_1, ie_1, e_2, ie_2, \dots, e_n, ie_n\right\},$$ then the matrix for J takes the block diagonal form (subscripts added to indicate dimension): $$J_{2n} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \\  &    & 0 & -1 \\  &    & 1 &  0 \\  &    &   &   & \ddots   \\ &   &   &   & & \ddots \\ &   &   &   & &       & 0 & -1 \\  &    &   &   & &       & 1 &  0 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} J_2                    \\ & J_2               \\ &    & \ddots       \\ &    &        & J_2 \end{bmatrix}.$$ This ordering has the advantage that it respects direct sums of complex vector spaces, meaning here that the basis for $$\Complex^m \oplus \Complex^n$$ is the same as that for $$\Complex^{m+n}.$$

On the other hand, if one orders the basis as $$\left\{e_1,e_2,\dots,e_n, ie_1, ie_2, \dots, ie_n\right\}$$, then the matrix for J is block-antidiagonal: $$J_{2n} = \begin{bmatrix}0 & -I_n \\ I_n & 0\end{bmatrix}.$$ This ordering is more natural if one thinks of the complex space as a direct sum of real spaces, as discussed below.

The data of the real vector space and the J matrix is exactly the same as the data of the complex vector space, as the J matrix allows one to define complex multiplication. At the level of Lie algebras and Lie groups, this corresponds to the inclusion of gl(n,C) in gl(2n,R) (Lie algebras – matrices, not necessarily invertible) and GL(n,C) in GL(2n,R):

The inclusion corresponds to forgetting the complex structure (and keeping only the real), while the subgroup GL(n,C) can be characterized (given in equations) as the matrices that commute with J: $$\mathrm{GL}(n, \Complex) = \left\{ A \in \mathrm{GL}(2n,\R) \mid AJ = JA \right\}.$$ The corresponding statement about Lie algebras is that the subalgebra gl(n,C) of complex matrices are those whose Lie bracket with J vanishes, meaning $$[J,A] = 0;$$ in other words, as the kernel of the map of bracketing with J, $$[J,-].$$

Note that the defining equations for these statements are the same, as $$AJ = JA$$ is the same as $$AJ - JA = 0,$$ which is the same as $$[A,J] = 0,$$ though the meaning of the Lie bracket vanishing is less immediate geometrically than the meaning of commuting.

Direct sum
If V is any real vector space there is a canonical complex structure on the direct sum V ⊕ V given by $$J(v,w) = (-w,v).$$ The block matrix form of J is $$J = \begin{bmatrix}0 & -I_V \\ I_V & 0\end{bmatrix}$$ where $$I_V$$ is the identity map on V. This corresponds to the complex structure on the tensor product $$\Complex \otimes_{\R} V.$$

Compatibility with other structures
If $B$ is a bilinear form on $V$ then we say that $J$ preserves $B$ if $$B(Ju, Jv) = B(u, v)$$ for all $u, v ∈ V$. An equivalent characterization is that $J$ is skew-adjoint with respect to $B$: $$ B(Ju,v) = -B(u,Jv). $$

If $g$ is an inner product on $V$ then $J$ preserves $g$ if and only if $J$ is an orthogonal transformation. Likewise, $J$ preserves a nondegenerate, skew-symmetric form $ω$ if and only if $J$ is a symplectic transformation (that is, if $ \omega(Ju,Jv) = \omega(u,v) $ ). For symplectic forms $ω$ an interesting compatibility condition between $J$ and $ω$ is that $$ \omega(u, Ju) > 0 $$ holds for all non-zero $u$ in $V$. If this condition is satisfied, then we say that $J$ tames $ω$ (synonymously: that $ω$ is tame with respect to $J$; that $J$ is tame with respect to $ω$; or that the pair $(\omega,J)$ is tame).

Given a symplectic form $ω$ and a linear complex structure $J$ on $V$, one may define an associated bilinear form $g_{J}$ on $V$ by $$ g_J(u, v) = \omega(u, Jv). $$ Because a symplectic form is nondegenerate, so is the associated bilinear form. The associated form is preserved by $J$ if and only if the symplectic form is. Moreover, if the symplectic form is preserved by $J$, then the associated form is symmetric. If in addition $ω$ is tamed by $J$, then the associated form is positive definite. Thus in this case $V$ is an inner product space with respect to $g_{J}$.

If the symplectic form $ω$ is preserved (but not necessarily tamed) by $J$, then $g_{J}$ is the real part of the Hermitian form (by convention antilinear in the first argument) $h_J\colon V_J\times V_J\to\mathbb{C}$ defined by $$ h_J(u,v) = g_J(u,v) + ig_J(Ju,v) = \omega(u,Jv) +i\omega(u,v). $$

Relation to complexifications
Given any real vector space V we may define its complexification by extension of scalars:
 * $$V^{\mathbb C}=V\otimes_{\mathbb{R}}\mathbb{C}.$$

This is a complex vector space whose complex dimension is equal to the real dimension of V. It has a canonical complex conjugation defined by
 * $$\overline{v\otimes z} = v\otimes\bar z$$

If J is a complex structure on V, we may extend J by linearity to VC:
 * $$J(v\otimes z) = J(v)\otimes z.$$

Since C is algebraically closed, J is guaranteed to have eigenvalues which satisfy λ2 = −1, namely λ = ±i. Thus we may write
 * $$V^{\mathbb C}= V^{+}\oplus V^{-}$$

where V+ and V− are the eigenspaces of +i and −i, respectively. Complex conjugation interchanges V+ and V−. The projection maps onto the V± eigenspaces are given by
 * $$\mathcal P^{\pm} = {1\over 2}(1\mp iJ).$$

So that
 * $$V^{\pm} = \{v\otimes 1 \mp Jv\otimes i: v \in V\}.$$

There is a natural complex linear isomorphism between VJ and V+, so these vector spaces can be considered the same, while V− may be regarded as the complex conjugate of VJ.

Note that if VJ has complex dimension n then both V+ and V− have complex dimension n while VC has complex dimension 2n.

Abstractly, if one starts with a complex vector space W and takes the complexification of the underlying real space, one obtains a space isomorphic to the direct sum of W and its conjugate:
 * $$W^{\mathbb C} \cong W\oplus \overline{W}.$$

Extension to related vector spaces
Let V be a real vector space with a complex structure J. The dual space V* has a natural complex structure J* given by the dual (or transpose) of J. The complexification of the dual space (V*)C therefore has a natural decomposition

 * $$(V^*)^\mathbb{C} = (V^*)^{+}\oplus (V^*)^-$$

into the ±i eigenspaces of J*. Under the natural identification of (V*)C with (VC)* one can characterize (V*)+ as those complex linear functionals which vanish on V−. Likewise (V*)− consists of those complex linear functionals which vanish on V+.

The (complex) tensor, symmetric, and exterior algebras over VC also admit decompositions. The exterior algebra is perhaps the most important application of this decomposition. In general, if a vector space U admits a decomposition U = S ⊕ T then the exterior powers of U can be decomposed as follows:
 * $$\Lambda^r U = \bigoplus_{p+q=r}(\Lambda^p S)\otimes(\Lambda^q T).$$

A complex structure J on V therefore induces a decomposition
 * $$\Lambda^r\,V^\mathbb{C} = \bigoplus_{p+q=r} \Lambda^{p,q}\,V_J$$

where
 * $$\Lambda^{p,q}\,V_J\;\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\, (\Lambda^p\,V^+)\otimes(\Lambda^q\,V^-).$$

All exterior powers are taken over the complex numbers. So if VJ has complex dimension n (real dimension 2n) then

 * $$\dim_{\mathbb C}\Lambda^{r}\,V^{\mathbb C} = {2n\choose r}\qquad \dim_{\mathbb C}\Lambda^{p,q}\,V_J = {n \choose p}{n \choose q}.$$

The dimensions add up correctly as a consequence of Vandermonde's identity.

The space of (p,q)-forms Λp,q VJ* is the space of (complex) multilinear forms on VC which vanish on homogeneous elements unless p are from V+ and q are from V−. It is also possible to regard Λp,q VJ* as the space of real multilinear maps from VJ to C which are complex linear in p terms and conjugate-linear in q terms.

See complex differential form and almost complex manifold for applications of these ideas.

title: Linear complex structure


text:
User talk:Lev Lafayette

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December 2015
Hello, I'm JQTriple7. I noticed that you recently removed some content from Andragogy with this edit, without explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry, the removed content has been restored. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. JQ Triple7  talk  07:01, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

February 2016
Your recent edit to List of secularist organizations appears to have added the name of a non-notable entity to a list that normally includes only notable entries. In general, a person or organization added to a list should have a pre-existing article before being added to most lists. If you wish to create such an article, please first confirm that the subject qualifies for a separate, stand-alone article according to Wikipedia's notability guideline. Thank you. IronGargoyle (talk) 00:37, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

Could you stop being like this please? Just because an organisation doesn't have a Wikipedia page it's doesn't mean that it is any less significant that the one's already listed. You are damaging the usefulness of the list. Stop it. Lev Lafayette (talk) 00:44, 1 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm just following Wikipedia policy. Wikipedia is not a directory. Adding "Inc." doesn't do a thing to change that. IronGargoyle (talk) 00:55, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, based on a quick Google search, it appears that you are affiliated with this organization in some way. I would suggest also reviewing Wikipedia's conflict of interest guidelines. IronGargoyle (talk) 01:01, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Which is why I am not actually writing an article, just adding an appropriate link to one of the country's more active secular organisations. I'm mean really, what are you trying to do? Reduce the usefulness and appropriateness of the page? Lev Lafayette (talk) 03:37, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I have searched repeatedly for any reliable sources which establish the notability of this organization. I can find none. I am trying to increase the usefulness and reliability of the page by reducing spam links and non-notable information. IronGargoyle (talk) 01:22, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Try the Victorian parliament. Or other similar organisations in the state (Humanists Society of Victoria, Rationalists Society of Victoria, Melbourne Atheist Society). Lev Lafayette (talk) 01:27, 3 February 2016 (UTC)

Direct, reliable sources needed for Days of the Year pages
You're probably not aware of this change, but Days of the Year pages now require direct reliable sources for additions. For details see the content guideline, the WikiProject Days of the Year style guide or the edit notice on any DOY page. Almost all new additions without references are now being reverted on-sight.

Please do not add new additions to these pages without direct sources as the burden to provide them is on the editor who adds or restores material to these pages.

Thank you. Toddst1 (talk) 15:15, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you could have checked the Wikipedia article that the entry was linked to? That would actually be helpful, you know.Lev Lafayette (talk) 00:53, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lev Lafayette


text:
File:Modern Amoretti (Makart) right panel.jpg

Modern Amoretti (Makart) - right panel of three main panels


text:
User:MichelleG

I'm mainly active on :af, although I poke around on Meta sometimes too. Most of my work on this Wiki involves documenting small, or endangered languages, such as:

 * Norfuk language
 * Kuot language

title: User:MichelleG


text:
User talk:Docajac

Image:Alias1.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Alias1.jpg. Please leave a note on that page about the source of the image because of copyright law. Thank you. --Ellmist 06:38, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Docajac


text:
Cost per action

Cost per action (CPA), also sometimes misconstrued in marketing environments as cost per acquisition, is an online advertising measurement and pricing model referring to a specified action, for example, a sale, click, or form submit (e.g., contact request, newsletter sign up, registration, etc.).

Direct response advertisers often consider CPA the optimal way to buy online advertising, as an advertiser only considers the measured CPA goal as the important outcome of their activity The desired action to be performed is determined by the advertiser. In affiliate marketing, this means that advertisers only pay the affiliates for leads that result in the desired action such as a sale. This removes the risk for the advertiser because they know in advance that they will not have to pay for bad referrals, and it encourages the affiliate to send good referrals.

Radio and TV stations also sometimes offer unsold inventory on a cost per action basis, but this form of advertising is most often referred to as "per inquiry". Although less common, print media will also sometimes be sold on a CPA basis.

CPA as "cost per acquisition"
CPA is sometimes referred to as "cost per acquisition", which has to do with the fact that many actions which advertisers are optimizing towards are about acquiring something (typically new customers by making sales), although this has led to confusion in the marketing industry as to the correct meaning of CPA. Adding to the confusion, "cost per acquisition" may be used where it actually is customer acquisition cost (CAC).

Formula to calculate cost per action
Cost per action (CPA) is calculated as the cost divided by the number of actions being measured. So, for example, if the spend is $150 on a campaign and the actions attributed to this campaign is 10, this would give the campaign a cost per action of $15.

Pay per lead
Pay per lead (PPL) is a form of cost per acquisition, with the "acquisition" in this case being the delivery of a lead. Online and Offline advertising payment model in which fees are charged based solely on the delivery of leads.

In a pay per lead agreement, the advertiser only pays for leads delivered under the terms of the agreement. No payment is made for leads that don't meet the agreed-upon criteria. The service provider company can use multiple methods to bring traffic to a landing page designed to generate lead with validation and tracking system to make sure the client gets authentic valid leads.

Leads may be delivered by phone under the pay per call model. Conversely, leads may be delivered electronically, such as by email, SMS, or a ping/post of the data directly to a database. The information delivered may consist of as little as an email address, or it may involve a detailed profile including multiple contact points and the answers to qualification questions.

There are numerous risks associated with any Pay Per Lead campaign, including the potential for fraudulent activity by incentive marketing partners. Some fraudulent leads are easy to spot. Nonetheless, it is advisable to make a regular audit of the results.

Differences between CPA and CPL advertising
In Cost Per Lead campaigns, advertisers pay for an interested lead (hence, cost per lead) — i.e., the contact information of a person interested in the advertiser's product or service. CPL campaigns are suitable for brand marketers and direct response marketers looking to engage consumers at multiple touchpoints — by building a newsletter list, community site, reward program or member acquisition program.

In CPA campaigns, the advertiser typically pays for a completed sale involving a credit card transaction.

There are other important differentiators:

 * CPA and affiliate marketing campaigns are publisher-centric. Advertisers cede control over where their brand will appear, as publishers browse offers and pick which to run on their websites. Advertisers generally do not know where their offer is running.
 * CPL campaigns are usually high volume and light-weight. In Cost per lead campaigns, consumers submit only basic contact information. The transaction can be as simple as an email address. On the other hand, CPA campaigns are usually low volume and complex. Typically, a consumer has to submit a credit card and other detailed information.

PPC or CPC campaigns
Pay per click (PPC) and cost per click (CPC) are both forms of CPA (cost per action) with the action being a click. PPC is generally used to refer to paid search marketing such as Google's AdSense or Google Ads. The advertiser pays each time someone clicks on their text or display ad.

When advertising in the Google platform, CPC bidding means that an advertiser pays for each click of an ad placed and that, in ad campaign, he can set a price cap as a maximum CPC bid. Here, the CPC pricing is also sometimes referred to as PPC. In the Facebook social networking platform, the term pertains to the average cost for each link click and it serves as a metric in online advertising for benchmarking online ad efficiency and performance. CPC in the Amazon Marketing Service (AMS) follows the same model, although it is reported that this platform charges lower CPCs compared to other advertising platforms with Google charging the highest.

Also, pay per download (PPD) is another form of CPA where the user completes an action to download a digital content such as apps, digital media, and other files. The actions can include completing surveys or answering quiz in order to generate revenue from a third-party advertiser.

Tracking CPA campaigns
With the payment of CPA campaigns being on an "action" being delivered, accurate tracking is of prime importance to media owners.

This is a complex subject in itself, however, if usually performed in three main ways:
 * 1) Cookie tracking – when a media owner drives a click a cookie is dropped on the prospect's computer which is linked back to the media owner when the "action" is performed.
 * 2) Call tracking – unique telephone numbers are used per instance of a campaign. So, media owner XYZ would have their own unique phone number for an offer and when this number is called any resulting "actions" are allocated to media owner XYZ. Often payouts are based on a length of call (commonly 90 seconds) – if a call goes over 90 seconds it is viewed that there is a genuine interest, and a "lead" is paid for.
 * 3) Promotional codes – promotional or voucher codes are commonly used for tracking retail campaigns. The prospect is asked to use a code at the checkout to qualify for an offer. The code can then be matched back to the media owner who drove the sale.

Effective cost per action
A related term, effective cost per action (eCPA), is used to measure the effectiveness of advertising inventory purchased (by the advertiser) via a cost per click, cost per impression, or cost per thousand basis.

In other words, the eCPA tells the advertiser what they would have paid if they had purchased the advertising inventory on a cost per action basis (instead of a cost per click, cost per impression, or cost per mille/thousand basis).

If the advertiser is purchasing inventory with a CPA target, instead of paying per action at a fixed rate, the goal of the effective CPA (eCPA) should always be below the maximum CPA.

title: Cost per action


text:
User talk:Mirra~enwiki

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Meelar (talk) 06:39, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:25, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mirra~enwiki


text: User talk:209.210.141.74

title: User talk:209.210.141.74


text:
Talk:Blackfeet Nation

Title
Why "Blackfeet Indian Reservation"? Hyacinth 01:40, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm so confused. I changed the second given title to "Blackfoot Nation", feeling sure that that is correct. Then I checked the Blackfeet article and was surprised by the content I remembered writing which, contrary to my memories, indicated that it is "Blackfeet Nation".
 * But when I happened to check the edit history of that page I discovered that what I had written had been directly contradicted with no evidence.
 * I looked at the new external link (website) given for the tribal govt and discovered that what I had thought was the official website was actually a commercial site.
 * But when I actually went to those pages, I discovered that what is listed as a commercial site was indeed the official site, and that the new cite added as official is commercial.
 * What the heck is going on? Hyacinth 01:47, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, the "official" website is deceitful and the actual official website is modest. Good work User:Rmhermen. Hyacinth 01:52, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

POV
The article's main title being at "Blackfeet Indian Reservation" rather than "Blackfoot Nation" ("Blackfeet Nation") endorses the US government's attempt to treat US-Indian issues as domestic rather than international. Is there a guideline that indicates "Reservation" over "Nation"? Hyacinth 03:38, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * This is the article on the reservation, the article on the tribe is at Blackfeet with redirect for Piegan Blackfeet and South Piegan. The whole confederacy is discussed at Blackfoot. Rmhermen (talk) 01:03, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041213004616/http://www.blackfeetnation.com:80/Home%20Page/land_department.htm to http://www.blackfeetnation.com/Home%20Page/land_department.htm

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Confusion between tribe and reservation
Blackfeet Nation is a tribe. Blackfeet Indian Reservation is a reservation. The opening sentence claims that the Blackfeet Nation, aka the Blackfeet Tribe, is a reservation!

I'm thinking the best thing is to split into two articles, one about the tribe and another about the reservation. There would be, however, two possible processes to achieve this:
 * 1) As the article is currently named for the tribe, split off the reservation to a new article called Blackfeet Indian Reservation.
 * 2) As the majority of the content (and article history) is about the reservation, revert the article to its pre-July 2017 name of Blackfeet Indian Reservation and then split off a new article called 'Blackfeet Nation'.

Thoughts? Volunteers? (I'm not an expert in the topic.) Nurg (talk) 06:19, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Text apparently deleted by mistake
In the second paragraph under "Culture" some text and part of a reference were mistakenly deleted, making the sentence and the reference inaccessible. If anyone has access to the older version or the correct text, please modify. Danblum (talk) 01:28, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blackfeet Nation


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sprodzoom

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. (Four times!) —Korath (Talk) 22:26, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

Sprodzoom
28 Google hits. Not notable. I reccomend it be deleted. Foobaz · ✐ 06:44, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It actually has some currency among SF Fandom in the UK, enough that I recognized the word depite not ever having been in the UK. Sort of a cross between Mornington Crescent and drunkenness (but I repeat myself). There ought to at least be some way to merge it into a good article about classic Faanish pursuits (well, if it still existed, that is). --Ray Radlein 05:28, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Corposemorgaos

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 06:52, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Your edit on William Gibson (novelist) must have been mistake. Unless the whole article is wrong old birth date was right. Pavel Vozenilek 00:57, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Phantom Forest listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Phantom Forest. Since you had some involvement with the Phantom Forest redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 11:43, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Corposemorgaos


text:
Joonas Kokkonen

Joonas Kokkonen (13 November 1921 – 2 October 1996) was a Finnish composer. He was one of the most internationally famous Finnish composers of the 20th century after Sibelius; his opera The Last Temptations has received over 500 performances worldwide, and is considered by many to be Finland's most distinguished national opera.

Life
Joonas was born in Iisalmi, Finland, but spent the latter part of his life in Järvenpää at his home, which was known as Villa Kokkonen, designed by Alvar Aalto and finished in 1969. He served in the Finnish army during World War II with great distinction. He received his education at the University of Helsinki, and later at the Sibelius Academy, where he afterwards taught composition; his students there included Aulis Sallinen. In addition to his activities as a composer, he made a significant and powerful impact on Finnish cultural life, serving as a chairman and organizer, heading organizations such as Society of Finnish Composers, the Board of the Concert Centre, and others. His purpose was always to improve music education, as well as the status and appreciation of classical music as well as Finnish music. In the 1960s and early 1970s he won numerous prizes for his work. He was appointed to the prestigious Finnish Academy upon the death of Uuno Klami. His composition activity slowed down greatly after the death of his wife and increased alcohol consumption. He had long planned a Fifth Symphony but nothing was ever committed to paper and it died with him.

The date of his death has been variously reported as October 1, 1996 (New Grove Dictionary, and various internet sources); October 2, 1996 (many internet sources, including the Finnish Music Center); and October 20, 1996 (New Grove Dictionary of Opera). According to his biographer Pekka Hako, he died on October 2, in the early hours of the day.

Music and influence
Even though he studied at the Sibelius Academy, he was mainly self-taught in composition. Usually his compositions are divided into three style periods: a neo-classical early style from 1948 to 1958, a relatively short middle period twelve-tone style from 1959 to 1966, and a late "neo-Romantic" style of free tonality which also used aspects of his earlier style periods, which began in 1967 and lasted for the rest of his life.

Most of his early music is chamber music, and includes a Piano Trio and a Piano Quintet; the style is contrapuntal and influenced by Bartók, but looks back to Renaissance and Baroque models as well. In the second style period he wrote the first two of his four symphonies. Although he used twelve-tone technique, he avoided orthodoxy by occasionally using triads and octaves; he also liked to use the row melodically, giving the successive pitches in the same tone color (many other composers of 12-tone music split the row between different voices).

In the third style period Kokkonen wrote the music that made him internationally famous: the last two symphonies, the ...durch einen Spiegel for twelve solo strings, the Requiem, and the opera The Last Temptations (1975) (Viimeiset kiusaukset), based on the life and death of the Finnish Revivalist preacher Paavo Ruotsalainen. The opera is punctuated with chorales which refer back to Johann Sebastian Bach, and which are also reminiscent of the African-American spirituals used for a similar purpose in Michael Tippett's oratorio A Child of Our Time. The opera was staged at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1983.

Opera

 * The Last Temptations (1972–1975)

Orchestral

 * Symphonies
 * Symphony No. 1 (1960)
 * Symphony No. 2 (1960–61)
 * Symphony No. 3 (1967)
 * Symphony No. 4 (1971)
 * Music for String Orchestra (1957)
 * Opus Sonorum (1964)
 * Symphonic Sketches (1968)
 * Inauguratio (1971)
 * ...durch einem Spiegel (1977)
 * Il passagio (1987)

Concertante

 * Cello Concerto (1969)

Chamber

 * Piano Trio (1948)
 * Piano Quintet (1951–53)
 * Duo for violin & piano (1955)
 * String Quartet No. 1 (1959)
 * Sinfonia da camera (1961–62)
 * String Quartet No. 2 (1966)
 * Wind Quintet (1973)
 * Sonata for Cello & Piano (1975–76)
 * String Quartet No. 3 (1976)
 * Improvisazione for violin & piano (1982)

Piano

 * Impromptu (1938)
 * Pielavesi Suite (1939)
 * Two Small Preludes (1943)
 * Piano Sonatina (1953)
 * Religioso (1956)
 * Bagatelles (1969)

Organ

 * Lux aeterna (1974)
 * Hääsoitto (Wedding music)
 * Iuxta Crucem
 * Surusoitto (Funeral Music)

Vocal

 * Three Songs to Poems by Einari Vuorela (1947)
 * Illat Song Cycle (1955)
 * Three Children's Christmas Songs (1956–58)
 * Hades of the Birds, song cycle for soprano & orchestra (1959)
 * Two Monologues from "The Last Temptations" for bass & orchestra (1975)

Choral

 * Missa a capella (1963)
 * Laudatio Domini (1966)
 * Erekhteion, academic cantata (1970)
 * Ukko-Paavon Virsi for chorus (1978)
 * Requiem (1979–81)
 * "With his fingers Väinämöinen played" for male chorus (1985)

title: Joonas Kokkonen


text:
Talk:Walafrid Strabo

Untitled
Extracts for the 1911 EB are probably scanned, which might explain little typographic errors like missing spaces, and "of" being misread as "cf".

Tabletop 06:55, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why did you take away the old portrait of Walahfrid? When you google something you can find a picture of him while typing Walahfrid Strabo.--Kylests 13:06, 21 July 2006 (UTC)Kyle Mackenzie Street

 * There were no pictures, there were only links. -- Koffieyahoo 08:52, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Walafrid Strabo


text:
Talk:List of reality television programs

Structure
Maybe the layout of the contents needs some work here, because some of these shows are kind of hard to categorize. Some shows can easily fit into more than one category. I added "Cheaters" to the "Hidden camera" section. It seemed not to be exactly the right place fot it, but comes the closest to what it is. Most of the surveillance sequence of the show fits the category, but the confrontation sequence does not. However, most of the true hidden camera type shows do have a sequence where it is revealed to the subject that they have been on camera. -- 68.45.122.185

I think that the documentary-style should be split into 2 lists. The docusoaps I think should be separated from the more professional oriented ones. The latter are basically a completely different genre and shouldnt be lumped in with the soaps.

Courtroom television
I disagree with the classification of courtroom shows as game shows. They may have "single studios" and a "canned format", but the cases and decisions are still real. I am going to create a separate section for courtroom shows. If ultimately, the Wikipedia community at large decides that this is not a valid classification of reality TV, the entire section should be removed.
 * --BullWikiWinkle 04:25, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Here's my take on it: reality TV is defined by the presence of real-life drama. Courtroom shows can be compared to game shows or talk shows or cooking shows or whatever in that people are only talking - they're not making decisions or taking actions of any kind. There's no "plot". To me, that seems pretty clear-cut. Yes, there's conflict, but that's not enough. Otherwise, should argumentative shows like "Crossfire" start getting included too? Korny O'Near 06:23, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I can go along with that reasoning. And if we follow that logic, I think that clip shows (i.e. AFV) should be removed as well.  Thoughts?  --BullWikiWinkle 20:32, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * That makes sense to me. News programs, after all, also often show clips of people doing "real things", but that's not reality TV either. Korny O'Near 16:00, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Who Wants to Be a Princess
Here is another reality show not recorded here.

"Who Wants to Be a Princess", in which a member of European royalty chooses a woman to marry, was broadcast on Monday, September 24, 2001, on the FOX network.

I got this information from a website which is a good reference.

Reality Blurred

I missed it, and I'd like to find out what happened to that couple.

--NotWillDecker

i'm from rolling stone
why isn't this show on here? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Curefreak (talk • contribs) 22:57, 19 February 2007 (UTC).

Reality show on about 2 weeks ago or so. About veterans soldiers injured in battle. ONe soldier had his face blown off. What was the name of the show? And what network was it on? Several people want to know. Please help. Just 2 weeks ago, maybe 3. HELP? Batts....

A&E's Confessions of a Matchmaker isn't here
Seen it for myself, [www.aetv.com/confessions-of-a-matchmaker/|Confessions of a Matchmaker] --131.122.63.45 (talk) 02:47, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

More missing shows

 * Junkyard Wars - Both UK and US seasons
 * Big - US
 * Antiques Roadshow — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.40.96.243 (talk) 21:56, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

category of Dancing with the Stars
"Dancing with the Stars" is in the category "Talent searches". That is wrong, it is a competition for celebrities, rather than search for talents. 82.141.73.182 (talk) 02:21, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

"When Women Rule the World"
Please add http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Women_Rule_the_World 71.175.167.93 (talk) 20:33, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

New shows
I have a question: Where does Exit (US) (2013) and Total Blackout (US) (2012) game show goes? Here is the link: (Exit) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_(game_show) and (Total Blackout) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Blackout. Thanks. --JustBill2004 (talk) 12:17, 17 February 2022 (UTC) And also, can someone please add Lego Masters (US) (2020) "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Masters_(American_TV_series)", Alone (US) (2015) "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_(TV_series)" and Race to the Center of the Earth (US) (2021) "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth"? Thanks.--JustBill2004 (talk) 09:50, 3 April 2022 (UTC)


text:
Cannonsburg, Michigan

Cannonsburg is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Kent County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The community is within Cannon Township about 10 mi northeast of the city of Grand Rapids.

History
While the area was still a part of Plainfield Township, the settlement at Cannonsburg was founded in 1842 on an old Native American trail (Chippewa and Ottawa populated the area prior to the region being opened for white settlers). In 1844 and 1845, mills were erected by Edwin B. Bostwick, with H.T. Judson as architect.

As an inducement to settlement, the community was platted in 1848 (or 1845 by some accounts ). Bostwick, a business agent of railroad and steamboat financier LeGrand Cannon of Troy, New York, was instructed to give a lot to each resident who was not otherwise provided for. Twenty-five lots were given away and the town was named in honor of Cannon, who acknowledged the honor with the gift of a small cannon engraved with his name and the date.

The first record of the township separate from Plainfield is on April 6, 1846. Mention is made that the Michigan Legislature had organized the town under the name of "Churchtown" in the spring of 1846 (or 1845 in some sources ). The name was soon after changed to Cannon, after the largest settlement.

A post office was established on May 7, 1844, with the spelling as "Cannonsburgh". The spelling was changed to Cannonsburg on February 5, 1894. The Cannonsburg ZIP code 49317 provides P.O. Box only service. Cannonsburg continued to be at the center of township business through the end of the 20th Century when the township offices were moved to a new location 2 miles to the north, along the M-44 corridor.

Recent history
For the 2020 census, Cannonsburg was included as a newly-listed census-designated place, which is included for statistical purposes only. Cannonsburg continues to remain an unincorporated community with no legal autonomy of its own.

title: Cannonsburg, Michigan