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Zez Confrey

Edward Elzear "Zez" Confrey (3 April 1895 – 22 November 1971) was an American composer and performer of novelty piano and jazz music. His most noted works were "Kitten on the Keys" and "Dizzy Fingers." Studying at the Chicago Musical College and becoming enthralled by French impressionists played a critical role in how he composed and performed music.

Early life and education
Confrey was born in Peru, Illinois, the youngest child of Thomas and Margaret Confrey. Aspiring to be a concert pianist, he attended Chicago Musical College and studied with private teachers. He later abandoned that idea for composing, encouraged by his oldest brother, James J. Confrey, an organist. By 1916 he was a staff pianist for Witmarks in Chicago. He also enlisted in the US Navy in 1917.

Career
After World War I, Confrey became a pianist and arranger for the QRS piano roll company. He also recorded for AMPICO's reproducing piano system, which was installed in upper-line pianos such as Mason & Hamlin and Chickering.

In 1921 Confrey wrote his novelty piano solo "Kitten on the Keys", inspired by hearing his grandmother's cat walk on the keyboard of her piano. It became a hit, and he went on to compose many other pieces in the genre. "Dizzy Fingers" (1923) was Confrey's other biggest seller.

Following the 1920s, Confrey focused primarily on composing for jazz bands. He retired after World War II but continued to compose until 1959. He died at age 76 in Lakewood, New Jersey after suffering for many years from Parkinson's disease. He left behind more than a hundred piano works, songs and miniature operas, and numerous piano rolls, music publications and sound recordings.

Writing in 2007 David A. Jasen describes Confrey, alongside Roy Bargy, as still "firmly rooted in the folk tradition".

List of known works
For piano unless otherwise indicated.
 * "Afghanistan" (1920)
 * "My Pet" (1921)
 * "Kitten on the Keys" (1921)
 * "You Tell 'em Ivories" (1921)
 * "Poor Buttermilk" (1921)
 * "Greenwich Witch" (1921)
 * "Kitten on the Keys" - song (1922)
 * "Stumbling" (1922)
 * "Stumbling – Paraphrase" (1922)
 * "Coaxing the Piano" (1922)
 * "Dumbell" (1922)
 * "Tricks" (1922)
 * "By the Saphire Sea" - Song (1922)
 * "Nickel in the Slot" (1923)
 * "Dizzy Fingers" (1923)
 * "Three Little Oddities" (1923) (for piano or violin and piano)
 * "Impromptu"
 * "Romanza"
 * "Novelette"
 * "African Suite" (1924)
 * "High Hattin'"
 * "Kinda Careless"
 * "Mississippi Shivers"
 * "Anticipation" (1924)
 * "Charleston Chuckles" (1925)
 * "Fantasy – Jazz Arrangement" (1925)
 * "Humorestless" (1925)
 * "Flower Song" (1925)
 * "Spring Song" (1925)
 * "Home Sweet Home" (1925)
 * "Melody in F" (1925)
 * "Traumerei" (1925)
 * "Fantasy – Classical" (1926)
 * "Jay Walk" (1927)
 * "Jack in the Box" (1927)
 * "Walse Mirage" (1927)
 * "Sparkling Waters" (1928)
 * "Concert Etude" (1929)
 * "Heaven's Garden" (1931)
 * "Heaven's Garden – Song" (1931)
 * "Moods of a New Yorker" (1932)
 * "At Dusk"
 * "Movie Ballet"
 * "Relaxation"
 * "After Theatre – Tango"
 * "Buffoon" (1932)
 * "Champagne" (1932)
 * "Desert Dance" (1932)
 * "In the South of France" (1932)
 * "Indian Prayer" (1932)
 * "Phantom Cadets" (1932)
 * "Wistfullness" (1932)
 * "Grandfather's Clock" (1933)
 * "Sittin' on a Log Pettin' My Dog" (1933)
 * "Smart Alec" (1933)
 * "Giddy Ditty" (1935)
 * "Rhythm Venture" (1935)
 * "Arabian Maid" (1935)
 * "A Heart Like the Ocean" (1935)
 * "Lullaby from Mars" (1935)
 * "Mouses' Hooves" (1935)
 * "Tin Pan Symphony" (1935)
 * "The Birds' Carnival" (1935)
 * "Blue Tornado" (1935)
 * "Rag Doll Dimples" (1935)
 * "Audacity" (1936)
 * "Meandering" (1936)
 * "Tap Dance of the Chimes" (1936)
 * "Ultra-Ultra" (1936)
 * "Oriental Fantasy" (1936)
 * "Home-Run on the Keys" (1936)
 * "Midsummer's Nightmare" (1936)
 * "Motif Du Concert" (1936)
 * "Wise Cracker Suite" (1936)
 * "Yokel Opus"
 * "Mighty Lackawanna"
 * "The Sheriff's Lament"
 * "Sugar Dance" (1936)
 * "Sunshine from the Fingers" (1936)
 * "Sport Model Encore" (1937)
 * "The Hobble De Hoy" (1938)
 * "Della Robbia" (1938)
 * "That Old Piano Roll Band" (1943)
 * "Dancing Shadow" (1944)
 * "Elihu's Harmonica" (1944)
 * "Parade of the Jumping Beans" (1944)
 * "Pickle Pepper Polka" (1944)
 * "Tune For Mademoiselle" (1944)
 * "Amazonia" (1945)
 * "Butterfly" (1945)
 * "Flutter By, Butterfly" (1945)
 * "Rag Doll Carnival" (1945)
 * "Four Candy Pieces" (1949)
 * "Song of Thanksgiving" (1952)
 * "Four Circus Pieces" (1959)
 * "Fourth Dimension" (1959)

Selected discography

 * Zez Confrey: Creator of the Novelty Rag, Zez Confrey (1976)
 * The Dancing Twenties, Various Artists (1976)
 * The Piano Roll Artistry of Zez Confrey, Zez Confrey (1982)
 * Kitten on the Keys: The Piano Music of Zez Confrey, (1983, Dick Hyman)

title: Zez Confrey


text:
Talk:Ex libris

The most important collection of ex libris belongs to Mario De Filippis of Arezzo Italy. All collection is composed about 130.000 ex libris. The personal ex libris are 13.000 made by the Artist of all the world in all tecniche.

(above comment unsigned) It would be nice to have some pictures of ex libris! 69.209.197.89 08:52, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

company?
I see at the bottom of many pages of online library systems (e.g. http://ajax.lva.lib.va.us/F/?func=file&file_name=find-b&local_base=CLAS01) the notice "Copyright Ex Libris [year]". I'm curious as to what this might mean. Perhaps it deserves its own article? GreetingsEarthling 20:09, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The site of the company in question is here

Ex Libris Ad Campaign?
In the 1990s, wasn't there an ad campaign in the US for a book search company? I think it was a precursor or parallel to Amazon.com. The ads were innovative and merit mention, but 1) I'm not sure if the name was in fact Ex Libris and 2) on the ads themselves I lack information beyond vague memories.

Feedback? Inter lingua talk email 16:52, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ex libris


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Parity benchmark

Parity problems are widely used as benchmark problems in genetic programming but inherited from the artificial neural network community. Parity is calculated by summing all the binary inputs and reporting if the sum is odd or even. This is considered difficult because:
 * 1) a very simple artificial neural network cannot solve it, and
 * 2) all inputs need to be considered and a change to any one of them changes the answer.

title: Parity benchmark


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Homothetic

Homothetic may refer to:

Geometry

 * Homothetic transformation, also known as homothety, homothecy, or homogeneous dilation
 * Homothetic center
 * Homothetic vector field

Economics

 * Homothetic preferences

title: Homothetic


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Quasilinear

Quasilinear may refer to:

 * Quasilinear function, a function that is both quasiconvex and quasiconcave
 * Quasilinear utility, an economic utility function linear in one argument
 * In complexity theory and mathematics, quasilinear time O(n (log n)k), or sometimes more specifically O(n log n)
 * Quasilinear equation, a type of differential equation where the coefficient(s) of the highest order derivative(s) of the unknown function do not depend on highest order derivative(s)

title: Quasilinear


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International Opium Convention

The expression International Opium Convention refers either to the first International Opium Convention signed at The Hague in 1912, or to the second International Opium Convention signed at Geneva in 1925.

First International Opium Convention (1912)
In 1909, a 13-nation International Opium Commission was held in Shanghai, in response to increasing criticism of the opium trade and to the Opium Wars. A few years later, in 1912, the First International Opium Conference was convened in The Hague to continue the discussions initiated in Shanghai.

The International Opium Convention (or 1912 Opium Convention) which was signed at the end of the Hague Conference, on 23 January 1912, is considered as the first international drug control treaty. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on January 23, 1922. The treaty was signed by Germany, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia, and Siam. The convention provided, "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings in which these persons carry such an industry or trade."

The convention was implemented in 1915 by the United States, Netherlands, China, Honduras, and Norway. It went into force globally in 1919, when it was incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles. The primary objective of the convention was to introduce restrictions on exports; it did not entail any prohibition or criminalisation of the uses and cultivation of opium poppy, the coca plant, or cannabis.

Second International Opium Convention (1925)
In 1925, a Second International Opium Conference was convened in Geneva. On this occasion, a second International Opium Convention (the International Convention relating to Dangerous Drugs or 1925 Opium Convention) was signed at Geneva on 19 February 1925. It went into effect on 25 September 1928, and was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on the same day. It introduced a statistical control system to be supervised by a Permanent Central Opium Board, a body partly linked to the League of Nations.

Permanent Central Opium Board
The 1925 Convention provided for the setting up of a Permanent Central Opium Board (PCOB). It started operating in 1928. Although a treaty-mandated body, theoretically independent from the League of Nations, it became partially-integrated into the structure of the League.

The PCOB was first known as the Permanent Central Opium Board, then as the Permanent Central Narcotics Board. It is sometimes referred to as Permanent Central Board.

In 1931 the Board was supplemented by the creation of another organ under the "Limitation Convention": the Drug Supervisory Body ("Organe de Contrôle") which, together with the PCOB, was eventually merged onto the International Narcotics Control Board in 1968.

Cannabis in the 1925 Convention
Egypt, with support from Italy and South Africa, recommended that measures of control be extended beyond opium and cocaine derivatives, to hashish. A sub-committee was created, and proposed the following text: "The use of Indian hemp and the preparations derived therefrom may only be authorized for medical and scientific purposes. The raw resin (charas), however, which is extracted from the female tops of the cannabis sativa L, together with the various preparations (hashish, chira, esrar, diamba, etc.) of which it forms the basis, not being at present utilized for medical purposes and only being susceptible of utilisation for harmful purposes, in the same manner as other narcotics, may not be produced, sold, traded in, etc., under any circumstances whatsoever." India and other countries objected to this language, citing social and religious customs and the prevalence of wild-growing cannabis plants that would make it difficult to enforce. A compromise was made that banned exportation of Indian hemp to countries that have prohibited its use, and requiring importing countries to issue certificates approving the importation and stating that the shipment was required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes." It also required Parties to "exercise an effective control of such a nature as to prevent the illicit international traffic in Indian hemp and especially in the resin." These restrictions still left considerable leeway for countries to allow production, internal trade, and use of cannabis for recreational purposes.

The Opium Conventions after Second World War
After the second world war, the two Opium Conventions were amended to transfer the mandates and functions of the League of Nations and the Office international d'hygiène publique to the United Nations and World Health Organization. Eventually, both the 1912 and the 1925 Conventions were superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs which merged the Permanent Central Opium Board and the Drug Supervisory Body onto the INCB.

title: International Opium Convention


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Talk:Cleisthenes

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 September 2021 and 10 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): GooseJanus. Peer reviewers: BlueCat976, CDD2112.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:48, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
i need some basic biographical information on Cleithenes...anyone help?

This little exchange was ages ago, but whatever. The problem with Cleisthenes is that there is no biographical information on him. Despite his monumental achievements, we know next to nothing about the man himself. --Emily 03:32, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31641/31641-h/31641-h.htm#ar180 the article (11th ed. Britannica) on Cleisthenes is informative, and has a thorough explanation of "the curse", but also states clearly that: "Apart from the reforms which Cleisthenes was now able to establish, the period of his ascendancy is a blank, nor are we told when and how it came to an end." Diomedes Agonistes (talk) 18:10, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

Disambiguation
I made a disambiguation article for Cleisthenes and a separate article for Cleisthenes, who lived during the Peloponnesian war. --Yannismarou 10:41, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

what the deuce?
'Cleisthenes (also Clisthenes or Kleisthenes) was a noble Athenian of the accursed Alcmeonidate family'

Just what exactly do you have against the Alcmeonidates? I think they good people.

Musungu jim 17:12, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

I've removed "accursed" from the text, there's simply no reason for it. wrc_wolfbrother 16:40, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

According to Heroditus there was a curse against the family. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.31.125.205 (talk) 22:58, 17 August 2013 (UTC)

Equality of political rights
I thought twice before change of "equality under the law" to "equality of political rights". However I have two strong sources for this:

 * 1) Morgens Herman Hansen who is an expert on Athenian Democracy
 * 2) Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon

Moreover, because Herodotus & Cleisthenes use isonomia and democracy interchangeably to mean a system of the politi, and nomos has the mean custom, usage (as well as law) I am more inclined to the wider definition of "political rights" which would be "customs of the politi". I hope no one is offended by my change --Mike 13:47, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

As long as your consideration includes the fact that the Greek-English Lexicon you are using refers to modern Greek which would be substantially different from the ancient Greek, then I would imagine no offense is taken... Stevenmitchell 04:40, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Gerrymandering?
Can it be said that his regrouping of voting districts is an early form of gerrymandering? 84.2.206.167 (talk) 05:10, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Not unless a published, reliable and verified source has said it first. Til Eulenspiegel (talk) 10:53, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

In a way, that is precisely what it is, gerrymandering--but apparently not in a bid for power, but in an attempt to re-balance Athenian society, by reconfiguring political districts so they would reflect a cross-section of socio-economic and clan groups and thereby prevent or limit the factionalism and polarization that had bedeviled Athens since the time of Cylon and before. So you might describe it as 'gerrymandering' or 'anti-gerrymandering'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 153.18.100.118 (talk) 19:02, 26 October 2011 (UTC)

3rd Spartan Intervention, attempt to restore Isagoras to power not clearly stated
Apparently, there were 3 separate Spartan military interventions aimed at Athens in the late 6th century:

1 an unsuccessful attempt to unseat Hippias that was thwarted

2 the successful intervention that forced Hippias to flee to Asia Minor

3 an unsuccessful attempt by the Spartans to restore the Athenian oligarch, Isagoras, to power.

This last incident is not mentioned at all in the article, but it is an important fact, because it relates not only to the subsequent Persian War, but also to the larger issue of the relationship between Athens and Sparta, and Sparta's general support of oligarchies.

title: Talk:Cleisthenes


text: User talk:65.117.146.2

title: User talk:65.117.146.2


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Premature convergence

In evolutionary algorithms (EA), the term of premature convergence means that a population for an optimization problem converged too early, resulting in being suboptimal. In this context, the parental solutions, through the aid of genetic operators, are not able to generate offspring that are superior to, or outperform, their parents. Premature convergence is a common problem found in evolutionary algorithms in general and genetic algorithms in particular, as it leads to a loss, or convergence of, a large number of alleles, subsequently making it very difficult to search for a specific gene in which the alleles were present. An allele is considered lost if, in a population, a gene is present, where all individuals are sharing the same value for that particular gene. An allele is, as defined by De Jong, considered to be a converged allele, when 95% of a population share the same value for a certain gene (see also convergence).

Strategies for preventing premature convergence
Strategies to regain genetic variation can be:
 * a mating strategy called incest prevention,
 * uniform crossover,
 * favored replacement of similar individuals (preselection or crowding),
 * segmentation of individuals of similar fitness (fitness sharing),
 * increasing population size.

The genetic variation can also be regained by mutation though this process is highly random.

One way to reduce the risk of premature convergence is to use structured populations instead of the commonly used panmictic ones, see below.

Identification of the occurrence of premature convergence
It is hard to determine when premature convergence has occurred, and it is equally hard to predict its presence in the future. One measure is to use the difference between the average and maximum fitness values, as used by Patnaik & Srinivas, to then vary the crossover and mutation probabilities. Population diversity is another measure which has been extensively used in studies to measure premature convergence. However, although it has been widely accepted that a decrease in the population diversity directly leads to premature convergence, there have been little studies done on the analysis of population diversity. In other words, by using the term population diversity, the argument for a study in preventing premature convergence lacks robustness, unless specified what their definition of population diversity is.

Causes for premature convergence
There are a number of presumed or hypothesized causes for the occurrence of premature convergence.

Self-adaptive mutations
Rechenberg introduced the idea of self-adaptation of mutation distributions in evolution strategies. According to Rechenberg, the control parameters for these mutation distributions evolved internally through self-adaptation, rather than predetermination. He called it the 1/5-success rule of evolution strategies (1 + 1)-ES: The step size control parameter would be increased by some factor if the relative frequency of positive mutations through a determined period of time is larger than 1/5, vice versa if it is smaller than 1/5. Self-adaptive mutations may very well be one of the causes for premature convergence. Accurately locating of optima can be enhanced by self-adaptive mutation, as well as accelerating the search for this optima. This has been widely recognized, though the mechanism's underpinnings of this have been poorly studied, as it is often unclear whether the optima is found locally or globally. Self-adaptive methods can cause global convergence to global optimum, provided that the selection methods used are using elitism, as well as that the rule of self-adaptation doesn't interfere with the mutation distribution, which has the property of ensuring a positive minimum probability when hitting a random subset. This is for non-convex objective functions with sets that include bounded lower levels of non-zero measurements. A study by Rudolph suggests that self-adaption mechanisms among elitist evolution strategies do resemble the 1/5-success rule, and could very well get caught by a local optimum that include a positive probability.

Panmictic populations
Most EAs use unstructured or panmictic populations where basically every individual in the population is eligible for mate selection based on fitness. Thus, The genetic information of an only slightly better individual can spread in a population within a few generations, provided that no better other offspring is produced during this time. Especially in comparatively small populations, this can quickly lead to a loss of genotypic diversity and thus to premature convergence. A well-known countermeasure is to switch to alternative population models which introduce substructures into the population that preserve genotypic diversity over a longer period of time and thus counteract the tendency towards premature convergence. This has been shown for various EAs such as genetic algorithms, the evolution strategy, other EAs or memetic algorithms.

title: Premature convergence


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Dubai Desert Classic

The Dubai Desert Classic is a European Tour golf tournament held on Majlis course at Emirates Golf Club in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. In 1999 and 2000 it was held at Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club, all other editions have been held at Emirates Golf Club.

History
When founded in 1989, it was the first European Tour event to be staged in the Arabian Peninsula, but is currently one of six.

The tournament is part of a wider strategy, via a government program called "Dubai Golf", to develop both professional and casual golf tourism in Dubai. It has historically had one of the strongest fields on the European Tour due to "promotional" money paid to top golfers.

The 1995 edition is notable for being the first live event broadcast on the Golf Channel, an American pay-television network.

In September 2021, it was announced that the event would gain a new title sponsor, Slync.io, in 2022. The event was also added to the Rolex Series, with an increased prize fund of US$8,000,000. The deal was terminated in September 2022.

In January 2023, it was confirmed that Hero MotoCorp would become the new title sponsor of the event, beginning in 2023.

title: Dubai Desert Classic


text:
Sennar (disambiguation)

Sennar typically refers to one of two adjacent cities in the eastern Sudan near the Blue Nile.

It may also refer to:

 * Sennar (state), Sudan
 * Funj Sultanate (1504–1821), also called the Kingdom of Sennar
 * Plain of Sennar, the lowlands along the Blue Nile west of the Ethiopian Plateau

title: Sennar (disambiguation)


text:
The Wash (2001 film)

The Wash is a 2001 American comedy film written, produced and directed by DJ Pooh and starring Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and DJ Pooh, with appearances by Eminem, Ludacris, Kurupt, Shaquille O'Neal, Xzibit and Pauly Shore. It was released on November 16, 2001.

Plot
Sean (Dr. Dre) and Dee Loc (Snoop Dogg) are roommates who have not paid their rent, and their landlord's given them a 3-day eviction notice. To make matters worse, Sean has just lost his job at Foot Locker due to Dee Loc stealing shoes, and his car has got a boot on it as well, so Dee Loc suggests his roommate stop by the same carwash where he works and apply for work there. Sean is immediately hired as assistant manager, with Chris (Eminem) having been fired the day before. Though Dee Loc has the full amount for the rent (from dealing drugs on the side), he refuses to pay, insisting Sean needs to be responsible, and come up with his half. Sean does his best to impress Mr. Washington (George Wallace), the owner of the car wash, so he can hold his job long enough to come up with his half of the rent.

At first, things go fine, but then Dee Loc is caught on tape stealing, Mr. Washington tells Sean he must decide what to do, including firing his roommate. Sean tries to help Dee Loc act more responsible, but this creates friction between them. Mr. Washington is kidnapped at gunpoint by two clueless and angry local thugs (one of whom is played by DJ Pooh), who call the carwash with their demands, unaware of caller ID, which reveals their location. Instead of calling police, Sean and Dee Loc put aside their differences long enough to rescue their boss. The crisis worsens, when former assistant manager, Chris, shows up with an AK- 47 wanting revenge on Mr. Washington for firing him. Chris shoots one of the kidnappers then shoots up the car wash, and runs out of ammunition. Sean attacks Chris, but loses the battle, and falls down. Before he could kill Sean, Security officer Dwayne (Bruce Bruce) steps in and handcuffs Chris. When all is over, Sean and Dee Loc walk off, as Sean tells Dee Loc he's trying his best to pay his half of the rent but he first has to take the boot off his car.

Cast

 * Dr. Dre as Sean, a mature, responsible, educated man, who works as assistant manager at the car wash.
 * Snoop Dogg as Dee Loc, an irresponsible stoner, troublemaker, and Sean's best friend and roommate.
 * George Wallace as Mr. Washington, a gun toting, no nonsense manager of the car wash.
 * Tommy Lister Jr. as Bear, an ex-con who is working at the car wash due to community service from his conviction.
 * Lamont Bentley as C-Money, a twenty year old employee at the car wash, who steals money inside customer's vehicles.
 * Rashaan Nall as Ronald, car wash employee
 * Alex Thomas as Jimmy, car wash employee
 * Demetrius Navarro as Juan, car wash employee
 * Truth Hurts as Vickey, Dee Loc's girl.
 * Angell Conwell as Antionette, a gold-digging receptionist at the car wash.
 * Bruce Bruce as DeWayne, an overweight security guard at the wash and is Mr. Washington's nephew.
 * DJ Pooh as Slim, a clueless and gullible gang member who kidnapped Mr. Washington.
 * Shawn Fonteno as Face, Slim's best friend.
 * Isley Nicole Melton as Karen
 * Tommy Chong as Dee's Connection
 * Tray Deee as Thug #3
 * Kurupt as Maniac, Vicky's younger brother.
 * Ludacris as Angry Customer
 * Shaquille O'Neal as Norman
 * Pauly Shore as man in trunk
 * Xzibit as Wayne
 * Julio G as himself
 * Pierre Edwards as Mark
 * Kent Masters King as Michelle, Sean's love interest.
 * Iva La'Shawn as Diane
 * Don "Magic" Juan as himself (deleted scene)
 * Eminem as Chris (uncredited)

Box office
In United States and Canada, the film earned $10,097,538, and in international markets $131,793, for a total gross of $10,229,331.

Critical response
The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 8%, based on reviews from 50 critics, with an average rating of 3/10. The site's consensus states "Sloppily-made, amateurish, and scarce on laughs, The Wash can't compare to Richard Pryor's 1976 Car Wash."

Home Video
The film was released on VHS and DVD on March 12, 2002.

title: The Wash (2001 film)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Juli Mizrahi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep the article, 3 votes to 1. Revolver Ocelot 04:25, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Why is this marked for deletion? I see nothing wrong with it. Keep. -- Walton Simons

Keep, this is a valid article about a character from the video game "Xenosaga". -- Revolver Ocelot

Keep. I don't see why it should be deleted. -- BigBoss
 * Hmm.. Whoever proposed it probably thought that a video game character isn't notable enough.

 * weak Delete It seems relevant, but I'm curious if a completely segregated namespace for proper fictional characters is appropriate. Maybe stick it all in Xenosaga Characters or similar. EggplantWizard 02:55, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Michael Zulli

Michael Zulli (December 20, 1952 – July 8, 2024) was an American artist known for his work as an animal and wildlife illustrator and as a comic book illustrator. Best known for his work on the Sandman and Swamp Thing.

Career
Michael Zulli's career in the comics industry began in October 1986 with The Puma Blues, on which he collaborated with writer Stephen Murphy. The monthly title was published by Dave Sim's Aardvark One International and later by Mirage Studios. Zulli illustrated the characters, wildlife and natural landscapes in the polluted post-industrial environment of the story's not-too-distant future. The ecological warnings of the series put forward an argument for natural conservation and against the abuse and pollution of the natural environment. The series was published for 23 issues and a mini-comic half issue, ending in 1989.

Between 1990 and 1991, Zulli created three issues of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: #31 ("Soul's Winter") #35 ("Soul's Withering"), and #36 ("Soul's End"). His dark and uniquely realistic interpretation of the TMNT entitled the "Soul's Trilogy" was a polarizing one among fans of the series. Zulli wrote, drew, and painted the covers for the 3 issues. The work has been viewed as a classic series in hindsight and collected by IDW as "Soul's Winter."

He drew a never-published issue of DC Comics' Swamp Thing in which the title character meets Jesus Christ. In the 1990s another unfinished and unpublished story, Sweeney Todd, written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Zulli for Stephen R. Bissette's publication Taboo was stopped when the anthology itself was discontinued. By this time, Zulli had received the attention of many writers, editors and artists in the comics industry. In 1990 he guest pencilled issue #13 of DC Comics' nascent Vertigo series The Sandman written by Gaiman. This story introduced the Hob Gadling character. Zulli would illustrate seven Sandman issues including the final Sandman story arc "The Wake". Zulli and Gaiman collaborated on a comics adaptation of Alice Cooper's The Last Temptation in 1994. After The Sandman series ended, he had a gallery show called "Visions of the Wake" in New York City. He also began illustrating for several newer Vertigo imprint titles including Winter's Edge, Witchcraft: La Terreur and Sandman Presents: Love Street. He was one of the artists on the Shade limited series which spun off from the Starman series.

Death
Michael died on July 8, 2024, at the age of 71.

Comics bibliography

 * 1986–1988: The Puma Blues #1–19 – penciller/inker (Aardvark One International)
 * 1988–1989: The Puma Blues #20–23, mini-comic - penciller/inker (Mirage Studios)
 * 1988: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #31, 35–36 - writer/penciller/inker (Mirage Studios)
 * 1989: Taboo #2 – writer/penciller/inker (Spiderbaby Grafix)
 * 1990: The Sandman #13 – penciller (DC Comics)
 * 1990: Taboo #4 – penciller/inker (Spiderbaby Grafix)
 * 1991: Taboo #5 – writer/penciller (Spiderbaby Grafix)
 * 1991: Tundra Sketchbook Series #3 – penciller (Tundra Publishing)
 * 1992: Legends of Arzach #2 – penciller (Tundra Publishing, Ltd.)
 * 1992: Taboo #6 – penciller (Spiderbaby Grafix)
 * 1992: Taboo #7 – penciller/inker (Spiderbaby Grafix)
 * 1993: Angels and Visitations – penciller/inker (Vertigo)
 * 1993: Guest of Honor – penciller (no publisher)
 * 1994: A Death Gallery #1 – penciller/inker (Vertigo)
 * 1994: The Sandman #50 – pinup (Vertigo)
 * 1994: Roarin' Rick's Rarebit Friends #8–9 – penciller/inker (King Hell)
 * 1994: Alice Cooper: The Last Temptation #1–3 – penciller/inker (Marvel Comics/Marvel Music)
 * 1994: The Staros Report #2 – penciller (Star House)
 * 1994: Witchcraft #4 – penciller/inker (Vertigo)
 * 1994: Turtle Soup #4 – penciller/inker (Mirage Studios)
 * 1995: The Sandman #53 – partial penciller (Vertigo)
 * 1996: The Dreaming #8 – penciller/inker (Vertigo)
 * 1996: The Sandman #70–72 – penciller (issues were not inked) (Vertigo)
 * 1996: Seekers into the Mystery #6–9 – penciller/inker (Vertigo)
 * 1997: Destiny: A Chronicle of Deaths Foretold #1 – penciller/inker (Vertigo)
 * 1997: The Shade #4 – penciller/inker (DC Comics)
 * 1998: Vertigo: Winter's Edge #3 – partial penciller/inker (short story) (Vertigo)
 * 1998: Witchcraft: La Terreur #1–3 – penciller/inker (Vertigo)
 * 1998: Longshot: Fools – penciller (Marvel Comics)
 * 1999: Batman: No Man's Land #1 – penciller (DC Comics)
 * 1999: Star Wars Tales #13 – penciller/inker (Dark Horse Comics)
 * 1999: Webspinners: Tales of Spider-Man #1–3 – penciller/inker (Marvel Comics)
 * 2000: The Quotable Sandman – penciller (Vertigo)
 * 2000: The Sandman Presents: Love Street #1–3 – penciller (Vertigo)
 * 2000: Vertigo Secret Files and Origins: Swamp Thing #1 – penciller/inker (Vertigo)
 * 2000–2001: Legends of the DC Universe #33–36 – penciller (DC Comics)
 * 2001: Witchblade  – penciller/inker (Image Comics/Top Cow Productions)
 * 2001: Delicate Creatures – penciller/inker (Image Comics/Top Cow Productions)
 * 2002: 9-11: The World's Finest Comic Book Writers & Artists Tell Stories to Remember, Volume Two – penciller/inker (DC Comics)
 * 2002: Grendel: Red, White and Black #4 - penciller (Dark Horse Comics)
 * 2004: Creatures of the Night – penciller/inker/painter (Dark Horse Comics)
 * 2007: The Facts in the Case of the Departure of Miss Finch – penciller/inker/painter (Dark Horse Comics)
 * 2011: The Fracture of the Universal Boy – writer/penciller/inker
 * 2015: The Puma Blues: The Complete Saga in One Volume collects The Puma Blues #1–23 with a new 40-page conclusion – penciller/inker (Dover Publications)

Awards and nominations

 * Eisner Award
 * 1996 Nominated for Best Serialized Story (with Neil Gaiman for "The Wake", in The Sandman #70–72)
 * 1996 Nominated for Best Best Penciller/Inker (for "The Wake")
 * 1996 Nominated for Best Comics-Related Item (for Sandman: The Wake poster)

title: Michael Zulli


text:
Jacqueline Pearce

Jacqueline Pearce (20 December 1943 – 3 September 2018) was a British film and television actress. She was best known for her portrayal of the principal villain Servalan in the British science fiction TV series Blake's 7 (1978–1981), a performance which her obituarist in The Times wrote produced "a sexual awakening for a generation of sci-fi fans".

Pearce studied at both the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and at the Actors Studio. After early roles in two Hammer horror films, The Plague of the Zombies and The Reptile, she played opposite Jerry Lewis in Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River. On stage, she acted in Otherwise Engaged, directed by Harold Pinter, and in Tom Stoppard's Night and Day, and she had numerous television, theatre and audio roles, including in Doctor Who, one notable role being the Doctor's companion Cardinal Ollistra in Big Finish Productions audio dramas.

She suffered from clinical depression during periods of her life, which she discussed in her memoir, From Byfleet to the Bush (2012). Pearce spent five years working at the Vervet Monkey Foundation in South Africa, before returning to the UK in 2015.

Early life
Jacqueline Pearce was born in Byfleet, Surrey, on 20 December 1943. She grew up spending time both living at her father's home in Byfleet and with a foster family, after her mother had left when Pearce was 16 months old. She attended the Marist Convent School for Girls at West Byfleet, where one of the teachers encouraged her to pursue her ambition of acting, and after leaving school, Pearce successfully auditioned for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA).

Career
After graduating from RADA in 1963, Pearce made her television debut in the series A Question of Happiness, in which she played a waitress in the episode "Watch Me I'm a Bird", alongside her RADA contemporaries Drewe Henley, Ian McShane and John Hurt. In the same year, she flew to Yugoslavia to film a short appearance for the film Genghis Khan. She later appeared in minor roles in Danger Man and in Sky West and Crooked, where McShane played a character who was her boyfriend. In Spring 1965, she auditioned for Anthony Nelson Keys at Bray Studios, and won leading roles in two Hammer horror films, The Plague of the Zombies and The Reptile. These were filmed one after another on the same location and both released in 1966.

She married Henley in 1963, after they met when he directed her in a short film while they were at RADA. She divorced him in 1967 after he left her for Felicity Kendal. Pearce left for America in 1967 following her divorce and stayed there until 1971. She worked for Sammy Davis Jr., answering his fan mail, and trained at Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio in Los Angeles. In 1974, she appeared in the role of Rosa Dartle in the BBC dramatisation of Charles Dickens' David Copperfield (1974). In a 1975 television version of Christopher Hampton's stage play The Philanthropist, Pearce played Araminta. The show was criticised by Ann Sheldon Williams of The Stage, who felt that the production was not appropriate for a transfer to television as it should rely on some distancing from the audience, but felt that Pearce's performance "had the right blend of softness and predatoriness".

Pearce remains best known for her role as Servalan, the principal villain in the British science fiction TV series Blake's 7 (1978–1981). The character was originally written for one episode, but was expanded to a regular role over four series due to Pearce's popularity. Initially the "Supreme Commander", the character later became "President", and is cited by film and television scholar Steven Duckworth as one of the characters that develops significantly during the programme, which he regards as particularly notable as she is a villain. Duckworth also opines that Servalan "offers a potentially empowering female character through her transgression of established gender binaries, this nonconformity is closely bound up with her role as the show's primary villain". Pearce had her hair cropped short when auditioning for the role, and was asked by the producers to keep it short. She influenced the production team to dress her character in feminine clothes rather than the military uniform that they had suggested. Pearce reprised the role in a 90-minute play entitled The Sevenfold Crown on BBC Radio 4 in 1998, alongside several other original Blake's 7 cast members.

She said of Servalan that "I saw her as a woman who was very damaged and driven by pain ... what drove her was not a desire to be evil but a desire to escape from pain." In a 2000 interview for The Observer, Pearce said that, given her own low self-esteem, the role had affected her personal life for years, as she had been attracted to the character's power and taken on some aspects of Servalan's personality, telling the interviewers that it had taken "the best years of my life to recover from Servalan".

The Aberdeen Press and Journal reviewer Tom Lynch referred to Pearce as Servalan as "one of telly's finest baddies". Roy West of the Liverpool Echo felt that "Amid a number of nebulous performances, [Pearce is] a shining star." Historian Dominic Sandbrook wrote in his Who Dares Wins: Britain, 1979–1982 (2019) that "Played with scenery-chewing relish by Jacqueline Pearce, Servalan is at once immensely glamorous and thoroughly evil" and drew a parallel with UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who took office in 1979, in that both were "perfectly happy to exploit [their] femininity". Vanessa Thorpe and Jakki Phillips said in The Observer in 2000 that "she was the evil genius who haunted the dreams of adolescent boys. With her pathological lust for power and low voice, early encounters with Servalan, the arch-villainess of the BBC sci-fi series Blake's Seven, are remembered as formative experiences by many who were young in the Seventies." Pearce's obituary in The Times stated that her performance provoked "a sexual awakening for a generation of sci-fi fans".

Other film roles include the Carry On film Don't Lose Your Head (1966), White Mischief (1987), How to Get Ahead in Advertising (1989), and Princess Caraboo (1994). In Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River (1968) she played opposite Jerry Lewis in his first non-Hollywood film. Pearce told an interviewer in 1981 that as the film had been a commercial failure, it had not helped her career. She appeared as an associate of the assassin Carlos in the television movie, The Bourne Identity (1988). She also acted in theatre, including Otherwise Engaged, directed by Harold Pinter.

As well as appearing in the BBC children's programmes Dark Season (alongside Kate Winslet) and Moondial, Pearce appeared in the Doctor Who serial The Two Doctors (1985) as Chessene, a bloodthirsty alien, taking the role at short notice after Elizabeth Spriggs had left the production. She was later associated with Doctor Who again through her appearances in The Fearmonger as Sherilyn Harper, an audio drama by Big Finish Productions, and as Admiral Mettna in the webcast story Death Comes to Time. Pearce returned to Doctor Who in 2015, this time opposite John Hurt, as a regular in the Big Finish audio series based on the adventures of the War Doctor, portraying Cardinal Ollistra, a leader of the Time Lords in the Time War. Pearce also made guest appearances in TV series such as The Avengers, Public Eye, Callan, Dead of Night, Special Branch, Spy Trap, and The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles.

In 1980 Pearce played Ruth on stage in Tom Stoppard's Night and Day, a performance that Ann Fitzgerald in The Stage praised as she felt that Pearce had "an enviable range of tone and mood at her command". For the 1984/85 pantomime season, Pearce appeared in Cinderella at the Gaumont Theatre, Southampton, alongside Doctor Who actors Colin Baker, Mary Tamm, Anthony Ainley and Nicola Bryant. Pearce and her fellow Blake's 7 actor Paul Darrow (Avon) were voice actors for the 1996 videogame Gender Wars.

Her obituarist in The Daily Telegraph wrote that Pearce possessed "considerable depth and emotional range" which "was not often exploited", whilst her obituary in The Times read that "She could and should have achieved so much more. At Rada she was considered one of the most promising thespians of her generation by contemporaries such as Anthony Hopkins and John Hurt" but that her mental illness had "blighted her career".

Personal life
Pearce suffered from clinical depression during periods of her life. She recounted in her memoir what she regarded as a profound personal and spiritual renaissance while volunteering at the Vervet Monkey Foundation in South Africa, where she had gone for a short stay, but ended up staying five years. She described "the joy of family which hadn't proved possible with human beings". Paul Owens of Starburst praised the book, which he described as a "tortured, agonized memoir of a woman battling with insecurity, mental illness, poverty, homelessness and disillusionment".

In addition to her marriage to Drewe Henley, from 1963 until their divorce in 1967, Pearce was married a second time, which also ended in divorce. Pearce returned to the UK in 2015. She was diagnosed with lung cancer in August 2018 and died on 3 September 2018 at her home in Lancashire.

title: Jacqueline Pearce


text: User talk:216.115.123.43

title: User talk:216.115.123.43


text:
T. A. Heppenheimer

Thomas A. Heppenheimer  (January 1, 1947 – September 9, 2015) was a major space advocate and researcher in planetary science, aerospace engineering, and celestial mechanics. His books are on the recommended reading list of the National Space Society.

Books

 * A brief history of flight: from balloons to Mach 3 and beyond (2001) ISBN 0-471-34637-3
 * Colonies in Space (Stackpole, 1977) ISBN 0-8117-0397-5
 * The coming quake: science and trembling on the California earthquake frontier (1988) ISBN 0-8129-1616-6
 * Countdown: A History of Space Flight (1999) ISBN 0-471-29105-6
 * Development of the Space Shuttle, 1972-1981 Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58834-009-0
 * Facing the Heat Barrier: A History of Hypersonics NASA SP-2007-4232
 * First flight: the Wright brothers and the invention of the airplane (2003) ISBN 0-471-40124-2
 * Flight: a history of aviation in photographs (2004) ISBN 1-55297-984-9
 * The man-made sun: the quest for fusion power (1984) ISBN 0-316-35793-6
 * The Real Future Doubleday, 1983. ISBN 0-385-17688-0
 * The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle (1999) NAS 1.21:4221
 * Toward distant suns (1979) ISBN 0-8117-1578-7
 * Turbulent skies: the history of commercial aviation (1995) ISBN 0-471-10961-4

title: T. A. Heppenheimer


text: User talk:68.84.225.43

title: User talk:68.84.225.43


text:
User talk:Wattssw

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:1marshill.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 18:50, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Operation-usa.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Operation-usa.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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Talk page signatures
If you are going to edit without logging in, you need to sign the account with the IP address using the standard method. You may add your logged in signature as a second signature. It is far to easy for someone to forge a signature. Dbiel (Talk) 20:31, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Note: the best way to add or to replace the signature is to log in and add a comment that you are the original author. Simply adding your user name while not logged in make the signature look like a forgery and there is no way to validate it. So please log in before changing an IP signature. Dbiel (Talk) 20:34, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Hi, I do not know what this is in reference to. Where did I edit without leaving my signature? Wattssw (talk) 22:02, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I should have left the referece http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Mars_Hill_Bible_School&diff=prev&oldid=217429521 Note: it may be that your name was being forged. Edit was done by User:71.228.189.5 but signed manually with your user name Dbiel (Talk) 22:46, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Not done by me, these kids want to add youtube videos of their class playing the guitar with a teacher and this is what has occurred. Can you clear this up?Wattssw (talk) 00:04, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I spent some time cleaning up the talk page, repairing the various forged signatures and restoring deleted content. Content from article talk pages should not be deleted but they can be archived to remove them from the active page.  As far as dealing with edits for unregisted users, there is not a lot that can be done except to revert those that are not acceptable.  Blocking users only happens if they are making multiple bad edits at the current point in time. If it is only a few edits a day, administrators are reluctant to block IP addresses. Dbiel (Talk) 01:09, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks so much, it would be great to archive that conversation so this isn't a mountain out of a molehill situation. I will leave the page alone, it is in a pretty finalized state.Wattssw (talk) 01:43, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Some of the edit are really to new to archive. If there are no more edits to the topic in the next 7 days, then I would say that it would be fine to go ahead and archive it. I will start the archive to make archiving easier by archiving the image warning. Dbiel (Talk) 02:04, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the assistance, I am simply trying to maintain the integrity of an article I created and have researched. Wattssw (talk) 02:19, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Your are welcome. Keep up the good work Dbiel (Talk) 02:34, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Quick Question
Dbiel, I am working on the article Operation USA and use the ref cite web tag for citations. If multiple citations come from the same source, how do I indicate that without the site multiple times in the reference list? If this is not your specialty, I understand, but thought I would ask since you are helpful. Thanks, Wattssw (talk) 02:41, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * by using ref name=
 * I did the first one for you, since I have alway found it easier to follow an example than an explaination. See Help:Footnotes for a detailed explaination Dbiel (Talk) 03:23, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Great, thanks so much for the example, which I agree is easier than trying to explain, and for clearing up the image problem. Your the man (or woman)! Wattssw (talk) 23:20, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Image:Operation-usa.jpg
I cleaned up the licensing issues with this logo Image:Operation-usa.jpg Dbiel (Talk) 03:36, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

Assessment request: (Start/low) Mars Hill Bible School
Mars Hill Bible SchoolWithout getting into the NPOV aspects discussed above, I will address the rest of the article. First off, the citation style is solid, and the number of in-text citations is about right. You could add a few more as appropriate. The one that brings this article down, and must be corrected is the overuse of lists. "Academics," "Athletics," "Administration" and "Trivia" are just lists and should be in prose. Fixing this will go a long way to making this article better. — Calebrw (talk) 19:42, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks for the input. Wattssw (talk) 22:14, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Do you suggest that I simply remove the lists from these topics? For instance, in Academics, instead of

 * In 2006, 50 out of 50 graduates went to college. [2]
 * Median composite ACT score for 2006 graduates was 25, with 42% scoring over 26.[3]
 * Bible is a daily class for all students and passing this class is required for graduation.
 * Chapel attendance is required daily for all students.

You prefer In 2006, 50 out of 50 graduates went to college. [2]The median composite ACT score for this class was 25, with 42% scoring over 26.[3] Daily chapel services and Bible class are required by all students to graduate.

Is there a discussion of this somewhere else? It seems that Athletics ought to remain as a list. I want to make it as correct as possible to agreed upon standards, but is this an agreed upon standard? I really appreciate the help on making this a better article, regards Wattssw (talk) 02:14, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Operation USA - GA review
Noticed the post you made at User talk:Gimmetrow. There is one point that confuses me. You wrote:
 * Hi, a coworker (I do not work for OPUSA) reviewed the page and process for GA qualification and felt it qualified and altered the discussion page.

I did the initial review but did not feel qualified to do a formal review. User:72.87.146.61 edited the GA header. Is this the coworker you are talking about? The problem with his edit is the fact that he failed to document any review of the article and based on only having made 9 edits to Wikipedia would not be qualified to do so anyway. GA reviews should be done by registered users with a history of article reviews. I notice that Gimmetrow fixed some technical syntax problems with his edit to the header but also did not make any review comments, which is why I posted the question on this talk page. After my post, I noticed that he started to review the article and made several edits, but has not take the next step of posting his review of the article. What is need is for someone qualified to post a formal review. I am not sure if the article does not does not meet GA standards; and you did fix the issue I listed in my review. Gimmetrow fixed a bunch of other little problems I did not notice. So the article is definately moving in the right direction. We just need someone else to take the time and actually review it and post the review comments. Until that is done, the article can not be considered to be GA class. Dbiel (Talk) 06:55, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi, based on other GA nominees, I don't think anything else is required in terms of a formal review. The key is that multiple unrelated persons independently reviewed the article and, based on the policies of Wikipedia, found it acceptable. I look forward to additional reviews or suggestions on article improvement, however I don't think you should discount your own ability to determine whether or not a small, well documented article meets certain specific criteria. Also, a page can receive GA status and still be improved at a later date. I really appreciate your help on this (and Gimmetrow, whoever that is). Wattssw (talk) 14:39, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The problem is that only ONE person, me has actually make any indication that they have reviewed the article (except for yourself, an your involvement with the article does not permit you to review it) If the others that have "reviewed" the article with post their findings on the review page, it would make a big difference. Just editing it, does not mean they have reviewed it. Dbiel (Talk) 18:57, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, I will try to get some others to post a review to satisfy this criteria. Thanks for the assistance,Wattssw (talk) 19:25, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of F.O.S.I.
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title: User talk:Wattssw


text:
N (New York City Subway service)

The N Broadway Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or "bullet," is colored, since it uses the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan.

The N operates at all times between Ditmars Boulevard in Astoria, Queens, and Stillwell Avenue in Coney Island, Brooklyn, via the BMT Astoria Line in Queens, the Broadway Line in Manhattan, the south side of the Manhattan Bridge, and the BMT Fourth Avenue and Sea Beach Lines in Brooklyn. North of 57th Street, limited rush hour service operates via the Second Avenue Subway, originating and terminating at 96th Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan instead of Ditmars Boulevard.

During the daytime on weekdays, the N runs express between 34th Street–Herald Square in Manhattan and 59th Street in Brooklyn and local elsewhere. Local service in Manhattan is provided by the R and W, the latter of which is internally staffed and scheduled as part of the N. Weekend daytime service is the same as weekday service, except that the N makes all stops in Manhattan between Herald Square and Canal Street. During late nights, the N makes all stops along its entire route and uses the Montague Street Tunnel to travel between Manhattan and Brooklyn.

The N was originally the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation's 4 service, running along the BMT Sea Beach Line to the Manhattan Bridge. The 4 used the BMT Nassau Street Line in Lower Manhattan from 1915 to 1917, after which it ran express on the BMT Broadway Line. The 4 became the N in 1961. The N ran local in Queens along the IND Queens Boulevard Line to Forest Hills–71st Avenue from 1976 until 1987, when it switched terminals with the R. From 1986 to 2004, reconstruction on the Manhattan Bridge forced the N to run local on the Broadway Line via the Montague Street Tunnel.

Before 1970
1967–1979 bullet The route that is now the N was originally BMT service 4, known as the Sea Beach Line or Sea Beach Express.

On June 22, 1915, the current BMT Sea Beach Line opened, replacing a street level "el" that branched off of the Fifth Avenue El with the former BMT West End Line. Originally, it used the south tracks of the Manhattan Bridge, which at that time connected to the BMT Nassau Street Line. Trains began running express between Pacific Street and 59th Street with the extension of the Fourth Avenue Line to 86th Street.

On September 4, 1917, the first part of the BMT Broadway Line and the north side tracks of the Manhattan Bridge opened. Trains ran from 14th Street–Union Square to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue, now using the bridge's northern tracks. On January 15, 1918, service was extended to Times Square–42nd Street.

Weekday and Saturday summer trains leaving Coney Island between 6:37 a.m. and 8:37 p.m. began running non-stop between Kings Highway and 59th Street on August 1, 1920. Trains that started at Kings Highway made local stops. On November 14, 1920, weekday rush hour trains, and Saturday AM rush hour trains began skipping Myrtle Avenue and DeKalb Avenue.

Between 1924 and 1926, trains skipped Myrtle Avenue and DeKalb Avenue during weekday rush hours, and on Saturday southbound between 12:01 p.m. and 6:57 p.m. Between 4:30 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. weekdays, and 12:01 p.m. to 6:57 p.m. Southbound on Saturdays, the rear two cars at Canal Street were restricted to boarding only (no exiting the train). In June 1931, trains skipped Myrtle Avenue and DeKalb Avenue between 7 a.m. and 12:30 a.m. weekdays, and between 10:30 a.m. Sunday to 12:30 a.m. Monday. Trains skipped 36th Street during the morning rush hour in the northbound direction. Between 1933 and 1937, the hours in which trains skipped Myrtle Avenue and DeKalb Avenue were 7 a.m. and 12:00 a.m. weekdays.

On June 29, 1950, trains began running express in Brooklyn during late nights. As of June 28, 1951, every other morning rush hour train no longer terminated at Kings Highway.

On May 2, 1957, service was extended north via the express tracks from Times Square to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue, and trains stopped bypassing 36th Street during the AM rush hour. In fall 1959, trains began stopping at DeKalb Avenue during midday hours. Previously, they bypassed DeKalb Avenue at all times except late nights. Beginning on January 1, 1961, trains bypassed DeKalb Avenue during rush hours only. In addition, on weekday and Saturday evenings, late nights, and all day Sundays, they ran local on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line.

The N designation began to appear when R27 subway cars were moved to the service in April 1961.

The NX designation was used for a rush hour peak-direction "super-express" service along the express tracks of the Sea Beach Line, beginning in the AM rush hour at Brighton Beach on the BMT Brighton Line, running through Coney Island, and then following the N route to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. (Reverse in the PM rush hour.) This short-lived service began on November 27, 1967 (with the opening of the Chrystie Street Connection) and ended April 12, 1968, due to low ridership. Starting on Monday, April 15, 1968, the five NX trips instead ran as N trips.

On December 31, 1972, all late night trains began running local in Brooklyn. Late weekday evening trains, weekend southbound trains, and northbound early weekday trains began stopping at 53rd Street and 45th Street.

1970–1980
On August 30, 1976, weekday N service was extended north over the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection to Forest Hills–71st Avenue to replace the discontinued EE. While many N trains ran the full route from Coney Island to 71st Avenue, via the Manhattan Bridge and Broadway Express, some trains ran local during the rush hours only (southbound in the AM rush hour, and northbound in the PM rush hour) between Whitehall Street–South Ferry in Lower Manhattan and Forest Hills–71st Avenue, which had been the former EE route; these trains were noted with diamond N bullets from 1979. Trains stopped terminating at Kings Highway in the AM rush hour.

On January 24, 1977, as part of a series of NYCTA service cuts to save $13 million, many subway lines began running shorter trains during middays. As part of the change, N trains began running with four cars between 9:30 a.m. and 2:15 p.m. On August 27, 1977, N service was cut back during late nights, only operating between 36th Street and Coney Island. Northbound trains ran express between 59th Street and 36th Street while southbound trains ran local.

1980–1990
On November 26, 1984, evening rush hour trains that terminated at Kings Highway were extended to Coney Island.

Reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 disrupted N service, usually rerouting it via the Montague Street Tunnel. On April 26, 1986, the north side tracks (leading to the IND Sixth Avenue Line) were closed and services that normally ran on them were moved to the south side, running via the BMT Broadway Line. Because of the large amount of train traffic now running on those tracks, rush hour and midday N service was rerouted via the Montague Street Tunnel, making local stops in Manhattan and Brooklyn, though evening, night and weekend trains continued to use the bridge and express tracks in Brooklyn. Late evening trains that ran via the bridge also ran local in Brooklyn heading southbound. Six trains only ran between Continental Avenue and Whitehall Street in the AM rush hour, while six trains only ran between Canal Street and Continental Avenue in the PM rush hour. The, which was rerouted from the BMT Brighton Line to the BMT West End Line, replaced the N as the weekday express on the Fourth Avenue Line. Starting on April 28, 1986, one Q train ran to Continental Avenue at 7:05 a.m., and returned in service as an N train, and an N train arriving at Continental Avenue at 3:25 p.m. began returning in service as a B train. These special B and Q trips no longer ran after May 23, 1987.

As part of the New York City Transit Authority's proposed service plan to serve the new Archer Avenue Line upper level, the N would have been extended to Jamaica Center during weekdays. When N trains terminated at 71st Avenue or 57th Street–Seventh Avenue during weekends and evenings, G trains would have been extended to Jamaica Center, and during late nights a G train shuttle would have run between Jamaica Center and Van Wyck Boulevard. This service plan would have allowed E and F trains to remain on the Queens Boulevard mainline toward 179th Street. The final service plan, which took effect on December 11, 1988, had the extension served by E trains, with R trains extended to 179th Street.

On May 24, 1987, the N swapped northern terminals with the. The N was switched to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard, while the went to Forest Hills–71st Avenue. This was done to give the R direct access to Jamaica Yard; previously, the N had direct access to both Jamaica Yard and Coney Island Yard, and the R, running from Bay Ridge to Astoria, lacked direct access to any yard. This change was intended to improve the appearance and reliability of service on the R, since all trains on the Astoria and Broadway Lines were part of the graffiti-free program. Trains ran via the Manhattan Bridge during late nights and weekends. Some trains went into service at 86th Street during the AM rush hour put-ins. Between November 23, 1987, and May 13, 1988, one D train arrived at Ditmars Boulevard at 7:12 a.m. and returned in service as an N train.

When the north side of the Manhattan Bridge reopened and the south side was closed on December 11, 1988, the N began running local in Manhattan and via the Montague Tunnel at all times. In order to replace B service to Ditmars Boulevard, additional N service was provided during rush hours. Trains continued to run express in Brooklyn between Pacific Street and 59th Street/Fourth Avenue evenings and weekends.

On June 11, 1990, trains that were put into service at Queensboro Plaza in the PM rush hour were discontinued. Between June 10, 1990, and July 25, 1992, due to construction work in the 60th Street Tunnel, trains had to use a single track. Trains operated either between Ditmars Boulevard and Canal Street, or between 57th Street and Coney Island.

The Transit Authority and politicians pressured the New York State Department of Transportation to resume N train service on the bridge's south side on September 30, 1990, despite warnings from engineers that the structure was unsafe and major repairs still had to be made. Trains ran express on Broadway in Manhattan (stopping at 49th Street) and Fourth Avenue in Brooklyn at all times except late nights (10 p.m. to 5 a.m.). Southbound Brooklyn expresses ran until late evenings on Saturday, not running on Sunday morning any more. Between early morning and early evenings, trains skipped DeKalb Avenue. Several trains after the AM rush hour went out of service at Kings Highway. On December 27, state inspectors forced N service to be rerouted via the Montague Street Tunnel again after discovery of corroded support beams and missing steel plates, running local on its entire route at all times.

1990–2000

In November 1993, before the Manhattan Bridge's renovation was completed, the MTA proposed restoring express N service along the Fourth Avenue Line for a six-month trial period, with the M making local stops between Pacific Street and 36th Street. Some residents of Sunset Park, Brooklyn, opposed the proposal, which they claimed would negatively impact about 7,000 daily riders at the 45th Street and 53rd Street stations. On May 31, 1994, the N began running express in Brooklyn between Pacific Street and 59th Street–Fourth Avenue during weekday midday and rush hours, with the M running local during those times. From 1994 to May 22, 1995, the southern terminal of the N was 86th Street due to rehabilitation work at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue. On November 4, 2001, it was cut back again as the terminal's reconstruction project continued.

From April 30, 1995, to November 12, 1995, the north side of the Manhattan Bridge was closed during weekday midday and weekends for structural repairs. Midday N service ran local in Brooklyn, replacing the M, which was cut back from 9th Avenue to Chambers Street. The N continued to run express during rush hours.

2001–2010
After the September 11, 2001, attacks, Broadway Line service through Lower Manhattan was suspended; N service was also suspended and replaced by the in Manhattan and Queens and the  in Brooklyn. On October 28, N service was restored, but Cortlandt Street remained closed until September 15, 2002.

On September 8, 2002, because of the ongoing reconstruction of Coney Island terminal, weekend and late night N service was reduced to a shuttle between 86th and Pacific Streets, running express on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line. In its place, the was extended to Manhattan and Astoria, Queens at all times; this was because the W was the only route still serving Stillwell Avenue during this part of the reconstruction.

On February 22, 2004, the Manhattan Bridge work was finally completed. The N returned to its full route in Manhattan and Queens at all times, and returned to using the Manhattan Bridge at all times except nights (via Fourth Avenue express, bypassing DeKalb Avenue). On weekdays, N trains ran express between 34th Street in Manhattan and 59th Street/Fourth Avenue in Brooklyn via the Manhattan Bridge, and local elsewhere; several trains ran express on the entire Broadway Line and short-turned at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue or Times Square during the morning rush hour. On weekends, it made local stops in Manhattan, but ran express in Brooklyn, using the Bridge. During late nights, it ran local along its entire route via the Montague Street Tunnel, replacing the train.

On May 29, 2005, the new Stillwell Avenue terminal was completed, and N service between 86th Street and Coney Island was restored.

On June 28, 2010, the N began running local in Manhattan north of Canal Street at all times, replacing the on weekdays which was discontinued due to budget problems, effectively adopting the weekend service pattern. However, the handful of short-turn N trains continued to run express in Manhattan.

2011–present
From August 2, 2013, to September 14, 2014, the Montague Street Tunnel was closed for Hurricane Sandy-related repairs. During this time, overnight N service was rerouted via the Manhattan Bridge, skipping six stations it normally served.

On November 7, 2016, the MTA restored the BMT Broadway Line services to their 2004–2010 service pattern in preparation for the rerouting of the train to the Second Avenue Subway. As a result, the N train once again became a weekday express between 34th Street–Herald Square and Canal Street, with local service replaced by the restored W train. The MTA approved the service change on May 23, 2016. All short-turn N trains that originally terminated at 57th Street–Seventh Avenue were extended to 96th Street–Second Avenue on January 3, 2017, following the opening of the Second Avenue Subway.

In January 2017, the MTA revealed plans to rehabilitate the tunnel structure above the BMT Fourth Avenue Line's express tracks between 36th Street and 59th Street. As a result, from July 30, 2018, to July 29, 2019, N trains ran local along that section at all times. Between October 21, 2019, and May 4, 2020, N trains terminated at 86th Street so work could be completed to protect Coney Island Yard from flooding. An out-of-system transfer was available between the N at 86th Street and the F at Avenue X station.

The N began running local in Manhattan in March 2020 after the W was temporarily suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic; regular N and W service was restored in June. In May 2020, the N began operating local along Fourth Avenue on most weekends to provide a transfer to the F at Fourth Avenue–Ninth Street, since the F was suspended south of Church Avenue due to construction on the IND Culver Line. In August 2023, midday headways on the N were reduced to eight minutes.

Service pattern
The following table shows the lines used by the N, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the specified times:

Stations
For a more detailed station listing, see the articles on the lines listed above.

title: N (New York City Subway service)


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Erineos

Erineos (Ερινεός) is a former municipality in Achaea, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Aigialeia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 98.710 km2. Its seat of administration was in the village of Lampiri. Erineos stretches between the northeastern slopes of the Panachaiko mountain and the Gulf of Corinth. The river Foinikas (Phoenix) (or Salmenikos) flows through the municipality. The Greek National Road 8A (Patras - Aigio - Corinth) and the railway from Patras to Corinth run through the municipal unit. It is located about 10 km west of Aigio.

Subdivisions
The municipal unit Erineos is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):
 * Arravonitsa (Arravonitsa, Synania)
 * Damakini (Damakini, Vounopyrgos)
 * Kamares (Kamares, Bouka, Pefka)
 * Neos Erineos
 * Salmeniko (Ano Salmeniko, Kato Salmeniko, Voteni, Neo Salmeniko)
 * Ziria (Ziria, Ano Ziria, Kyani Akti, Lampiri, Rodini, Sarkounas)

History
In Ancient Greece, the area around Ziria was part of the Achaean League. Today's Lampiri was the port of the ancient town of Erineus, which was destroyed in 412 BC by Athenian and Corinthian generals. The English antiquarian and topographer William Martin Leake travelled in the area in the first half of the 19th century. In his book "Peloponnesiaca: A Supplement to Travels in the Moréa" he mentions the village as the "vineyards of Lambíri" and the bay of Lambiri as "the only semblance of a harbor between Aigio and Psathopyrgos." The famous French historian, explorer, and diplomat François Pouqueville, who travelled through the area in 1816, mentions the "Port Erineus or "Lambir ta Ambélia" (ampelia means vineyards in Greek), and he also mentions the existence of a khan for travellers there.

The ancient city of Rhypes was one of the cities of the Achaean League. It was razed by Emperor Augustus. In Kamares artefacts dating back to the Roman times have been found. The Salmeniko Castle was an important stronghold of the Byzantines against the Ottomans. The municipality Erineos was founded in 1994 and included the former communes of Kamares, Neos Erineos and Ziria. In 1998 under the Capodistrian Constitution Arravonitsa, Damakini and Salmeniko were added.

title: Erineos


text:
User talk:Jnc/Sandbox

I may just be completely ignorant but what are these tests for? Are they just to see what you can do with the things? (If so then I would be interested in doing some of my own little experiments...) Yelhsa 21:52, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jnc/Sandbox


text:
Triple junction

A triple junction is the point where the boundaries of three tectonic plates meet. At the triple junction each of the three boundaries will be one of three types – a ridge (R), trench (T) or transform fault (F) – and triple junctions can be described according to the types of plate margin that meet at them (e.g. Fault-Fault-Trench, Ridge-Ridge-Ridge, or abbreviated F-F-T, R-R-R). Of the ten possible types of triple junctions only a few are stable through time ('stable' in this context means that the geometrical configuration of the triple junction will not change through geologic time). The meeting of four or more plates is also theoretically possible but junctions will only exist instantaneously.

History
The first scientific paper detailing the triple junction concept was published in 1969 by Dan McKenzie and W. Jason Morgan. The term had traditionally been used for the intersection of three divergent boundaries or spreading ridges. These three divergent boundaries ideally meet at near 120° angles.

In plate tectonics theory during the breakup of a continent, three divergent boundaries form, radiating out from a central point (the triple junction). One of these divergent plate boundaries fails (see aulacogen) and the other two continue spreading to form an ocean. The opening of the south Atlantic Ocean started at the south of the South American and African continents, reaching a triple junction in the present Gulf of Guinea, from where it continued to the west. The NE-trending Benue Trough is the failed arm of this junction.

In the years since, the term triple-junction has come to refer to any point where three tectonic plates meet.

Interpretation
The properties of triple junctions are most easily understood from the purely kinematic point of view where the plates are rigid and moving over the surface of the Earth. No knowledge of the Earth's interior or the geological details of the crust are then needed. Another useful simplification is that the kinematics of triple junctions on a flat Earth are essentially the same as those on the surface of a sphere. On a sphere, plate motions are described as relative rotations about Euler poles (see Plate reconstruction), and the relative motion at every point along a plate boundary can be calculated from this rotation. But the area around a triple junction is small enough (relative to the size of the sphere) and (usually) far enough from the pole of rotation, that the relative motion across a boundary can be assumed to be constant along that boundary. Thus, analysis of triple junctions can usually be done on a flat surface with motions defined by vectors.

Stability
Triple junctions may be described and their stability assessed without use of the geological details but simply by defining the properties of the ridges, trenches and transform faults involved, making some simplifying assumptions and applying simple velocity calculations. This assessment can generalise to most actual triple junction settings provided the assumptions and definitions broadly apply to the real Earth.

A stable junction is one at which the geometry of the junction is retained with time as the plates involved move. This places restrictions on relative velocities and plate boundary orientation. An unstable triple junction will change with time, either to become another form of triple junction (RRF junctions easily evolve to FFR junctions), will change geometry or are simply not feasible (as in the case of FFF junctions). The inherent instability of an FFF junction is believed to have caused the formation of the Pacific Plate about 190 million years ago.

By assuming that plates are rigid and that the Earth is spherical, Leonhard Euler’s theorem of motion on a sphere can be used to reduce the stability assessment to determining boundaries and relative motions of the interacting plates. The rigid assumption holds very well in the case of oceanic crust, and the radius of the Earth at the equator and poles only varies by a factor of roughly one part in 300 so the Earth approximates very well to a sphere.

McKenzie and Morgan first analysed the stability of triple junctions using these assumptions with the additional assumption that the Euler poles describing the motions of the plates were such that they approximated to straight line motion on a flat surface. This simplification applies when the Euler poles are distant from the triple junction concerned. The definitions they used for R, T and F are as follows:

 * R – structures that produce lithosphere symmetrically and perpendicular to the relative velocity of the plates on either side (this does not always apply, for example in the Gulf of Aden).
 * T – structures that consume lithosphere from one side only. The relative velocity vector can be oblique to the plate boundary.
 * F – active faults parallel to the slip vector.

Stability criteria
For a triple junction between the plates A, B and C to exist, the following condition must be satisfied:

 * AvB + BvC + CvA = 0

where AvB is the relative motion of B with respect to A.

This condition can be represented in velocity space by constructing a velocity triangle ABC where the lengths AB, BC and CA are proportional to the velocities AvB, BvC and CvA respectively.

Further conditions must also be met for the triple junction to exist stably – the plates must move in a way that leaves their individual geometries unchanged. Alternatively the triple junction must move in such a way that it remains on all three of the plate boundaries involved.

McKenzie and Morgan demonstrated that these criteria can be represented on the same velocity space diagrams in the following way. The lines ab, bc and ca join points in velocity space which will leave the geometry of AB, BC and CA unchanged. These lines are the same as those that join points in velocity space at which an observer could move at the given velocity and still remain on the plate boundary. When these are drawn onto the diagram containing the velocity triangle these lines must be able to meet at a single point, for the triple junction to exist stably.

These lines necessarily are parallel to the plate boundaries as to remain on the plate boundaries the observer must either move along the plate boundary or remain stationary on it.

 * For a ridge the line constructed must be the perpendicular bisector of the relative motion vector as to remain in the middle of the ridge an observer would have to move at half the relative speeds of the plates either side but could also move in a perpendicular direction along the plate boundary.
 * For a transform fault the line must be parallel to the relative motion vector as all of the motion is parallel to the boundary direction and so the line ab must lie along AB for a transform fault separating the plates A and B.
 * For an observer to remain on a trench boundary they must walk along the strike of the trench but remaining on the overriding plate. Therefore, the line constructed will lie parallel to the plate boundary but passing through the point in velocity space occupied by the overriding plate.

The point at which these lines meet, J, gives the overall motion of the triple junction with respect to the Earth.

Using these criteria it can easily be shown why the FFF triple junction is not stable: the only case in which three lines lying along the sides of a triangle can meet at a point is the trivial case in which the triangle has sides lengths zero, corresponding to zero relative motion between the plates. As faults are required to be active for the purpose of this assessment, an FFF junction can never be stable.

Types
McKenzie and Morgan determined that there were 16 types of triple junction theoretically possible, though several of these are speculative and have not necessarily been seen on Earth. These junctions were classified firstly by the types of plate boundaries meeting – for example RRR, TTR, RRT, FFT etc. – and secondly by the relative motion directions of the plates involved. Some configurations such as RRR can only have one set of relative motions whereas TTT junctions may be classified into TTT(a) and TTT(b). These differences in motion direction affect the stability criteria.

McKenzie and Morgan claimed that of these 16 types, 14 were stable with FFF and RRF configurations unstable, however, York later showed that the RRF configuration could be stable under certain conditions.

Ridge-Ridge-Ridge junctions

An RRR junction is always stable using these definitions and therefore very common on Earth, though in a geological sense ridge spreading is usually discontinued in one direction leaving a failed rift zone. There are many examples of these present both now and in the geological past such as the South Atlantic opening with ridges spreading North and South to form the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and an associated aulacogen, the Benue Trough, in the Niger Delta region of Africa. RRR junctions are also common as rifting along three fractures at 120° is the best way to relieve stresses from uplift at the surface of a sphere; on Earth, stresses similar to these are believed to be caused by the mantle hotspots thought to initiate rifting in continents.

The stability of RRR junctions is demonstrated below – as the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle always meet at a single point, the lines ab, bc and ca can always be made to meet regardless of relative velocities.

Ridge-Trench-Fault junctions
RTF junctions are less common, an unstable junction of this type (an RTF(a)) is thought to have existed at roughly 12Ma at the mouth of the Gulf of California where the East Pacific Rise currently meets the San Andreas Fault zone. The Guadeloupe and Farallon microplates were previously being subducted under the North American Plate and the northern end of this boundary met the San Andreas Fault. Material for this subduction was provided by a ridge equivalent to the modern East Pacific Rise slightly displaced to the west of the trench. As the ridge itself was subducted an RTF triple junction momentarily existed but subduction of the ridge caused the subducted lithosphere to weaken and ‘tear’ from the point of the triple junction. The loss of slab pull caused by the detachment of this lithosphere ended the RTF junction giving the present day ridge – fault system. An RTF(a) is stable if ab goes through the point in velocity space C, or if ac and bc are colinear.

Trench-Trench-Trench junctions
A TTT(a) junction can be found in central Japan where the Eurasian plate overrides the Philippine and Pacific plates, with the Philippine plate also overriding the Pacific. Here the Japan Trench effectively branches to form the Ryukyu and Bonin arcs. The stability criteria for this type of junction are either ab and ac form a straight line or that the line bc is parallel to CA.

Examples

 * The junction of the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and the East African Rift centered in the Afar Triangle (the Afar Triple Junction) is the only Ridge-Ridge-Ridge (R-R-R) triple junction above sea level.
 * The Rodrigues Triple Junction is a R-R-R triple junction in the southern Indian Ocean, where the African, the Indo-Australian and the Antarctic Plates meet.
 * The Galapagos Triple Junction is an R-R-R triple junction where the Nazca, the Cocos, and the Pacific Plates meet. The East Pacific Rise extends north and south from this junction and the Galapagos Rise goes to the east. This example is made more complex by the Galapagos Microplate which is a small separate plate on the rise just to the southeast of the triple junction.
 * Chiapas coast off Tapachula where Guatemala, North America and Pacific join and small earthquakes occur weekly. This is pushed eastward by the Cocos plate.
 * On the west coast of North America is another unstable triple junction offshore of Cape Mendocino. To the south, the San Andreas Fault, a strike-slip fault and transform plate boundary, separates the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. To the north lies the Cascadia subduction zone, where a section of the Juan de Fuca Plate called the Gorda Plate is being subducted under the North American Plate, forming a trench (T). Another transform fault, the Mendocino Fault (F), runs along the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Gorda Plate. Where the three intersect is the seismically active, F-F-T Mendocino Triple Junction.
 * The Amurian Plate, the Okhotsk Plate, and the Philippine Sea Plate meet in Japan near Mount Fuji. (see Mount Fuji's Geology)
 * The Azores Triple Junction is a geologic triple junction where the boundaries of three tectonic plates intersect: the North American Plate, the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, R-R-R.
 * The Boso Triple Junction offshore Japan is a T-T-T triple junction between the Okhotsk Plate, Pacific Plate and Philippine Sea Plate.
 * The North Sea is located at the extinct triple junction of three former continental plates of the Palaeozoic era: Avalonia, Laurentia and Baltica.
 * The South Greenland Triple Junction was an R-R-R triple junction where the Eurasian, Greenland and North American plates diverged during the Paleogene.
 * The Chile Triple Junction is where the South American Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate meet.

title: Triple junction


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User talk:Sourceskid

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Johntex 21:53, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Gidney Family of Nova Scotia
Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. I have listed the Gidney Family of Nova Scotia article as a copyright violation because it is a direct copy of http://www.brucemhicks.com/bmh.htm, and copying from other locations is not acceptable. If it had not been a copyright violation, I would have listed it to be deleted because Wikipedia is not a genealogical website. If you'd like to write an article about noteworthy (note, I said noteworthy) members of the family, IN YOUR OWN WORDS, please do so. But please make sure that they're notable. RickK 07:33, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC)

June 2010
Thank you for your contributions. Please remember to mark your edits, such as your recent edits to Supreme Court of Canada, as "minor" only if they truly are minor edits. In accordance with Help:Minor edit, a minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute. Minor edits consist of things such as typographical corrections, formatting changes, or rearrangement of text without modification of content. Additionally, the reversion of clear-cut vandalism and test edits may be labeled "minor". Thank you. -- RP459  Talk/Contributions 16:12, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Federal court of canada.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Federal court of canada.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Image Screening Bot (talk) 19:06, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sourceskid


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Richard Jones

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:48, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Richard Jones
RJ does not appear 'worthy' of an encyclopaedia article, thus this is a vanity page. Presumably the associated image should also be deleted. -- SGBailey 21:55, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * Text and image appear to be copyvios from here and here. There is a UK professor by the same name that has a book published by Wiley, but I'm not sure a single, relatively obscure computer text meets the 'audience of 5000' test. Niteowlneils 22:27, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Capitalistroadster 10:18, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Seems to be a common name - there's another UK professor at Sheffield with two books out (one has an Amazon sales rank of 85,074 - which is probably somewhere around 4 copies sold a week, so not exactly setting the world on fire). Average Earthman 11:18, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity, copyright violation. Megan1967 05:57, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 10:10, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as copyvio. However, there is a Richard Jones who was a member of NSW State Parliament and who I consider deserves an article..
 * Delete as vanity and CV, copyright vio or not. I think "investment banker" really says it all. We don't need articles on all of them, that's for sure. And there must be thousands of Rickards Joneses. -R. fiend 19:30, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Wilder

Wilder may refer to:

People

 * Wilder (name), including a list of people with the name

Austria

 * Kaisergebirge, also called Wilder Kaiser, a ski area in Austria

United States

 * Wilder, Idaho
 * Wilder, Kansas
 * Wilder, Kentucky
 * Wilder, Minnesota
 * Wilder, Tennessee
 * Wilder, Vermont

Arts and entertainment

 * Wilder (album), a 1981 album by The Teardrop Explodes
 * Wilder (Dungeons & Dragons), a character class in Dungeons & Dragons
 * Wilder (The Wheel of Time), a collective term for a type of women in The Wheel of Time series by Robert Jordan

title: Wilder