text:
William E. Jones (general)

William Edmondson "Grumble" Jones (May 9, 1824 – June 5, 1864) was a Confederate cavalry general with a reputation for being a martinet to his troopers and fractious toward superiors, but acknowledged to be a good commander. After disagreements of a personal nature with J.E.B. Stuart, Jones's brigade was set to guarding supply lines and unavailable during a crucial juncture of the Gettysburg Campaign when Lee suffered from a lack of capable reconnaissance cavalry. As the personality clash between Jones and Stuart escalated, Jones faced charges for impertinence, and was transferred to separate him from Stuart. Jones was killed leading a counter-attack in the 1864 Battle of Piedmont.

Early life
Jones was born in Washington County, Virginia. After graduating from Emory and Henry College in Virginia in 1844, he graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1848, ranking twelfth out of 48 cadets, and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the U.S. Mounted Rifles. He served with the cavalry fighting Indians in the west and was promoted to first lieutenant in 1854. His nickname, "Grumble", reflects his irritable disposition. His wife was washed from his arms and drowned in a shipwreck shortly after their marriage in 1852 while en route to Texas. He resigned his commission in 1857, and became a farmer near Glade Spring, Virginia.

Civil War
At the start of the Civil War, Jones joined the 1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment as a captain, commanding the Washington Mounted Rifles, a company William Willis Blackford (later JEB Stuart's adjutant) had raised for him. On May 9 he was promoted to major in Virginia's Provisional Army, and later that month both Jones and the regiment were transferred into the Confederate Army. Jones served under Col. J.E.B. Stuart in the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861. The following month he was promoted to the rank of colonel and was given command of the 1st Virginia Cavalry. Regular officer Jones put his new volunteers through meticulous training and personally upbraided anyone who was slow to learn how to perform standard drills to their commander's exacting standards.

In the fall of 1861 the Confederate forces underwent a major reorganization, during which the enlisted men could elect their officers. Jones was not re-elected to his post as commander of the 1st Virginia Cavalry; losing to Fitzhugh Lee.

That October he was appointed to command the 7th Virginia Cavalry in the Shenandoah Valley, where he briefly replaced the ailing Angus W. McDonald, and led the regiment operating along the Potomac River during the early winter months of 1862. In March 1862 Jones was briefly given command of all cavalry in the Valley District, but was recalled to Richmond shortly before Jackson's Valley Campaign.

Returning to eastern Virginia, he was part of Stuart's ostentatious raid around Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's army preceding the Seven Days battles. Jones was wounded in a skirmish at Orange Court House on August 2. His cavalry was distinguished in the Second Bull Run Campaign.

Jones had established himself a reputation as a "superb outpost officer" but had already alienated Stuart. Stuart expressed the opinion that Jones was the most difficult man in the army. Despite Stuart's protest, Lee promoted Jones to brigadier general, and  assigned to him to command the 4th Brigade of Stuart's Cavalry Division in the Army of Northern Virginia.

Jones was requested by Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson for the Valley District, and he took up the post on December 29, 1862.

In the spring of 1863, Jones and Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden raided the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad west of Cumberland, Maryland, destroying much of the railroad and public property in the area, including the Burning Springs Complex on May 9, 1863. Rejoining Stuart, he fought in the largest cavalry engagement of the war, the Battle of Brandy Station, June 9, 1863, at the start of the Gettysburg Campaign. He was surprised, as was all of Stuart's command, to be hit out of blue by Union cavalry under Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton. Jones's brigade was outnumbered by the division of his West Point classmate, Brig. Gen. John Buford, but it held its own and ended the fight with more horses and more and better small-arms than at the beginning, capturing two regimental colors, an artillery battery, and about 250 prisoners.

Clashes with Jeb Stuart and Gettysburg
In one of the huge cavalry parades ordered by Stuart that had attracted the attention of Union forces and led to the Battle of Brandy Station, Jones put an affront on Stuart by disrupting a passing review ceremony for guest of honour Robert E. Lee. Accustomed to good press, Stuart found himself criticised for ordering outrageous pageantry and then failing to maintain Confederate cavalry supremacy in a real battle. To make it worse, Stuart's bête noire Jones had been in the thick of the fighting and performed impressively at Brandy Station. By the beginning of the Gettysburg campaign, the function of cavalry was increasingly to be the eyes and ears of an army. John S. Mosby, once a protege of Jones, but now leading his own partisan ranger detachment, had given Stuart optimistic intelligence, which he seized on to propose a showy raid around the Union army. Lee had twice found similar cavalry probes by Stuart lasting a few days useful, and gave him discretionary orders for a new operation as part of the major offensive into the North.

Jones had so estranged Stuart that he chose to sideline the proven cavalry brigade commanded by Jones (and the similar one led by Beverly Robertson who had once been engaged to Stuart's wife) well away from the opportunity to distinguish themselves, either with Stuart or with Lee and the bulk of the army as it maneuvered in enemy territory. This left Lee with a couple of brigades of mounted partisan rangers, whom he distrusted for the vital work of probing enemy dispositions and screening the army from the enemy. Lee chose not to use the irregular brigades, and waited for the return of Stuart, but his sweep around the Union army took far longer than anticipated. Confederate blindness to the disposition and movements of Union forces during Stuart's eight day absence was a harbinger of insouciant reconnaissance that was widely thought to have been a major factor in Lee's tactics at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Battle of Fairfield
Before moving into Pennsylvania, General Robert E. Lee ordered Ewell to capture Harrisburg if practicable. On July 3, while Pickett's Charge was underway, the Union cavalry had had a unique opportunity to impede Lee's eventual retreat. Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt's brigade departed from Emmitsburg with orders from cavalry commander Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton to strike the Confederate right and rear along Seminary Ridge. Reacting to a report from a local civilian that there was a Confederate forage train near Fairfield, Merritt dispatched about 400 men in four squadrons from the 6th U.S. Cavalry under Major Samuel H. Starr to seize the wagons. Before they were able to reach the wagons, the 7th Virginia Cavalry, leading a column under Jones, intercepted the regulars, starting the minor Battle of Fairfield. Taking cover behind a post-and rail fence, the U.S. cavalrymen opened fire and caused the Virginians to retreat. Jones sent in the 6th Virginia Cavalry, which successfully charged and swarmed over the Union troopers, wounding and capturing Starr. There were 242 Union casualties, primarily prisoners, and 44 casualties among the Confederates. Despite the relatively small scale of this action, its result was that the strategically important Fairfield Road to the South Mountain passes remained open. a few days later. The Battle of Culpeper Court House was Jones' last action under Stuart's command.

Stuart, who since Gettysburg had seen his reputation in the South and the Confederate army decline precipitously, court-martialed Jones for insulting him. Robert E. Lee was, by this time, aware of the personality clash and intervened to have Jones exonerated and transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department in West Virginia. He recruited a brigade of cavalry there and campaigned in eastern Tennessee with Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's forces during the winter and spring of 1864.

Final campaign, death
In May, Jones assumed command of the Confederate forces in the Shenandoah Valley who were defending against the halting advance of Maj. Gen. David Hunter towards Lynchburg, Virginia, in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. In the Battle of Piedmont on June 5, 1864, Jones was shot in the head and killed while leading a charge against a superior attacking force.

Jones is buried in the Old Glade Spring Presbyterian Church graveyard, Glade Spring, Virginia. His fellow cavalry general, Brig. Gen. Imboden, wrote that Jones "... was an old army officer, brave as a lion and had seen much service, and was known as a hard fighter. He was a man, however, of high temper, morose and fretful. He held the fighting qualities of the enemy in great contempt, and never would admit the possibility of defeat where the odds against him were not much over two to one."

In popular culture
The bluegrass band The Dixie Bee-Liners have a biographical ballad about Jones on their 2008 album Ripe (Pinecastle Records) entitled "Grumble Jones". The song was co-written by band members Buddy Woodward, Brandi Hart, and Blue Highway guitarist Tim Stafford.

A street in Centreville, Virginia, is named Grumble Jones Court.

title: William E. Jones (general)


text:
Talk:Jan Crouch

Untitled
I believe this article is slanted, presenting a very biased view against both Christianity and Jan Crouch. The article portrays Jan Crouch in only a negative connotation, and does not give any other views about her. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 199.26.230.102 (talk • contribs).
 * This article is obviously very important to you. Why don't you do some earnest research into Jan, find notable facts about her, and expand the article so it doesn't only represent a small portion of her character. Until then, you can't just remove true and notable things about her. The idea is to try to present an accurate/NPOV view of a subject. To react to a slant in an article by mearly changing the direction of the slant isn't the correct goal. BTW, based on your contribution list I noticed that you used to be (68.82.69.25), thats how I know about your previous edits. MikeRipper 23:28, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I very much disagree with the person who tried to call bias against Christianity because of this article. The criticism is towards Jan Crouch, a crook, not Christianity as a religion. It's not God' or Jesus' fault that she's a shyster. It's all on her.

I also disagree that we should take out any reference to the controversies surrounding TBN. That would be much too politically correct. The controversies happened, and they shouldn't be glossed over or rationalized - people should know about them so that they can draw their own conclusions about the biggest supposedly Christian network in the world. Besides: TBN deserves every bit of criticism it gets. Not for being Christian, but being a network made up of money-grubbing loonies. Ringo 8 August 2006

NPOV Dispute
This article, as it stands, is meaningless - made up of isolated critical incidents that hold little or no value in the context of such a short article. While I am not opposed (necessarily) to such facts being included in an article, the wording here, the context (or lack thereof), and the style are indicative more of a mud-sling than an encyclopedia entry. I hope someone who is more knowledgeable of this woman's life and work could write a more worthy contribution. --SeekingOne 00:10, July 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know-- I get the impression that, like most other tele-evangelists, she and her husband are crooks of the highest order. How do you say something nice about common thieves? For now I'm going to remove the NPOV tag, since obviously nobody feels strongly enough about her to "correct" any issues with the POV of the article. -Locke Cole 19:40, 2 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Your own reasons for taking away the disclaimer are so POV that they would seem to be disqualified. --SeekingOne 03:34, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Merge Articles
I don't believe Jan Crouch deserves her own article. Everything she accomplished on behalf of TBN was a joint enterprise with her husband, Paul. Most of the criticisms here are also mentioned in the Paul Crouch and TBN articles. I would vote to merge the articles on Jan Crouch and Paul Crouch into one article, similar to the joint article on Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold as everything they have done has been done together. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.187.32.186 (talk • contribs).

Tell you what Seekingone. If you disagree with the content of this entry, do some solid primary-source-based research, and then post it here. I think that is the holistic point of wikipedia in general

 * The article has long since been edited since my last comments here. --SeekingOne 20:02, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Do Not Merge Articles
Let me ask you, what have you done in your life to make such a statement. Wikipedia is turning into trash because of people like you.

She is notable and certainly more notable than you. She has co-founded a network, built a hospital on her own in Haiti, started another network "Smile of a child," released her own home videos (I have one of them), authored publications, but suffering from delusions of grandeur, you, a person on the internet, adding your biased OPINION not all FACT to a free web site, anyone, crazy or sane, can edit, deems her unworthy.

I shall write about this in my Column as Wikipedia is in serious need of a reality check.

Wanting people to contribute money as well under the circumstances - I think not. A great site - ruined thanks to people like you.

--Sonustar

Jan Crouch's Hair
How can this article even exist with no mention of how Mrs. Crouch hair has risen and fallen and risen yet higher over the years?
 * And, is that her natural haircolor? Codenamemary (talk) 20:01, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I was just coming here to see if anyone had mentioned it. What a totally rediculous amount of hair that woman has.... Jalwikip (talk) 10:17, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

Controversy
I'm a christian and let me say that many many of us don't endorse nor like, Jan Crouch and TBN. That network teaches an assortment of heresies instead of biblical teaching, and gives to many non-christian people a reason to stay away from God. What a pity, I think the article don't say anything about the controversy about this person and it should do it. signed a christian --201.230.62.38 (talk) 00:43, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Most of the controversy surrounding the teaching of those the network broadcasts is dealt with in the main TBN article. WAVY 10 Fan (talk) 15:34, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

I'd like to comment to the person above, how can you call yourself a christian and write that you don't like someone, Jan Crouch or anyone else. The bible says that you are to love everyone, even your enemies, you are a hypocrite. Only god is perfect and can judge, just wait until you get to heaven and have to stand before Jesus, what are you going to say then? And many people find Christ thru TBN, you don't need to endorse that, only GOD does.

By Christian, do you mean "Born Again Christian", or anybody who professes belief in the divinity of Jesus?" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.162.77.10 (talk) 20:40, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Shall we keep religious wars to a minimum here, people? Thanks. Jalwikip (talk) 10:18, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

Updated Bio and Sources
added a current outline of jan crouches work and accomplishments,including awards from the UN for Smile of a Child Foundation. updated financial info on charity navigator to 2010. added sources. removed negative comments on Jan's hair preference, as this has no place on Wiki. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ellen Brichetto (talk • contribs) 17:54, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Discussion on Merging Jan Crouch's article with Paul Crouch.
can be found here. Roscelese (talk ⋅ contribs) 04:26, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jan Crouch


text:
Gertruda Komorowska

Gertruda Komorowska (born 1754 in Suszno – 13 February 1771 in the river Rata near Sielec Bełski, Poland) was a Polish noblewoman, known the tragic circumstances of her marriage and death.

Daughter of Count Jakub Komorowski and Antonina Pawłowska, Gertruda Komorowska married Count Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki on 26 December 1770. The marriage was not arranged in accordance with custom, but was the result of an elopement, possibly following a secret love affair. Her father-in-law forced her spouse to initiate divorce proceedings and send her back to her family, who was to have her imprisoned in a convent for adultery. On her way home, however, she died in mysterious circumstances. Her life has been the subject of fictional portrayals.

title: Gertruda Komorowska


text:
User:Diana Kremer

Parts of my work in wikipedia:

text

 * Rudolph Goclenius
 * Michelangelo

title: User:Diana Kremer


text:
Talk:Romanitas

I've just reverted SimonP's unexplained revert. If there's a reason for replacing a live external link with a dead internal one, then we can do so, but I'm always inclined to revert unexplained reverts unless there's an obvious reason (such as vandalism). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:34, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia policy is to always use internal links when the subject might eventually have an article, even if we don't currently. - SimonP 22:13, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK (though blind following of policy is less useful than careful consideration of what makes an article better) — but would it still not be courteous, first, to explain rather than just reverting, and secondly, to add the external link to the end of the article? I've now done that. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:50, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This article needs to make clear the distinction between "Romanitas" and "Greco-Roman". Romanitas refered to a seperate though overlapping culture from the Greco-Roman civilization of the empire. The first was defined by a definite "Latinness" while the second by a definite "Greekness". Colossus 14:11, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Need for move back to Romanitas
The article must be moved back to correct Latin term Romanitas (Romanità is Italian for Romanitas; not plural as the editor who moved the article to Romanità beleived). --Gonda Attila (talk) 13:05, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Romanitas


text:
Talk:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Picture
Hi, I have the picture of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1807-1882 `The Perry Pictures, Boston Edition Copyright, 1899 by E. A. Perry

Anybody interested? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.253.116.170 (talk) 01:57, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

 * the picture at the bottom (legacy section) is signed as showing Longfellow in 1893. But according to the data he's been dead for 11 years at the time! There must be a mistake! --Maxl (talk) 10:54, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Looks like a simple misunderstanding... The image was first printed in 1893, not taken in 1893, so that's the confusion. I will change the caption. --Midnightdreary (talk) 13:14, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

critical response
Except for the qualified Poe comments, all we have are negatives here. But HWL was highly regarded during his life-time. Can't some-one look at the critical literature of the time and find a truer refelction of his appraisal? Kdammers (talk) 06:20, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry. It's a work-in-progress. I'm basically re-writing the majority of the article, which will probably take a couple weeks (take a look at the edit history to see how much it's improved in a couple days... I think I'm off to a good start!). It's good to have the negative stuff, of course, but the balance will certainly be the positive (normally it's the other way around, but this is just what I have found thus far). If you have sourced information regarding a positive critical response, feel free to add it in. --Midnightdreary (talk) 13:56, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Quotations
I removed the recently added section on Quotations. For one thing, none of the quotes were sourced, nor was the line that they were "commonplace" today. Besides that, there's a link to Wikiquote. I think that's enough. --Midnightdreary (talk) 13:46, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

GA Review

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

--Malachirality (talk) 23:58, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars etc.:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * Thanks again for taking the time. I'm concerned with the number of sources myself. Unfortunately, before Calhoun, Mr. Longfellow had gone several decades without a proper biography. Most of the sources I could've gotten my hands on were circa 1906 and not written in a very scholarly manner. I'll keep an eye out, though, and I'll definitely try expanding the sections you suggest. --Midnightdreary (talk) 00:18, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

New Yorker

 * "The The New Yorker called him "one of the very few in our time who has successfully aimed in putting poetry to its best and sweetest uses" "

I don't see how this can be right - The New Yorker started in 1925. Is some other periodical meant? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.229.203.42 (talk) 18:29, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for catching that! It was a periodical called the New-Yorker, and has nothing to do with the more modern The New Yorker. I made the change. --Midnightdreary (talk) 21:25, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

Hiawatha / Anonymous edits
An editor with a rotating IP address keeps splicing information about Hiawatha into the "Style" section of this article. Though I have no particular qualms about the (irrelevant) information this person is adding, they are adding into a phrase that is already sourced. As the current footnote does not support their addition, it would be misleading to put that information before the footnote. Instead, this editor should add it after the footnote, with a new source footnoted. As this is not being done, I will continue to revert, as I have done about a half dozen times now. I'm trying to maintain the integrity of this GA-class article, and misrepresenting its verifiability will certainly compromise its quality. I would also hope that this anonymous IP consider reading the edit history of this page before he adds it again, so he can see what's going on. If not, I can only hope they read this talk page. Here's hoping, anyway... --Midnightdreary (talk) 22:15, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Anyone around?
Is there anyone still working on this page? It is so close to being complete. Ottava Rima (talk) 21:31, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm still here, patching it up here and there. It's on my backburner as far as "things to do" (literally; I have a section on my user page). Let me know what you think and where expansion is still needed; I'd appreciate the feedback! --Midnightdreary (talk) 03:51, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

Religion?
What was his religion?? 75.86.223.123 (talk) 00:27, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Unitarian, though he was not particularly open about his religious beliefs as he considered them a private matter. --Midnightdreary (talk) 00:54, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Shouldnt that be noted then??75.86.223.123 (talk) 01:39, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Only if it's important... and easily sourced. --Midnightdreary (talk) 05:05, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Skanderbeg poem, use if needed
I am not a litterature specialist, but wanted to give my contribution for a poem of Longfellow on Skanderbeg. You may read it "here" and use it for the article. I noticed that none of the sources provided in the article included this poem, please correct me if I'm wrong. --sulmues (talk) 14:08, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure this poem is particularly canonical for Longfellow; he wrote over 300 poems and not all will be represented in this article. It is, however, already on Wikisource, which is the depository for all his works on the Wikimedia project. --Midnightdreary (talk) 04:20, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I saw it. Thank you! --sulmues (talk) 01:00, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

That musta been some long labor...
Was he really born both in Portland, Maine and part of Massachusetts? LOL. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cowcharge (talk • contribs) 18:05, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Uhh... yes. Portland was part of Massachusetts when Longfellow was born in 1807, before the independent state of Maine was established. --Midnightdreary (talk) 22:27, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Longfellow's political and moral views
is a good reference if anyone wants to add anything about his abolitionist beliefs.--Javaweb (talk) 05:36, 20 December 2010 (UTC)Javaweb

 * That's an opinion piece so I'm not sure that's the best source for much. --Midnightdreary (talk) 13:07, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Good point. The NY Times civil war opinion pieces usually have citations at the end can themselves be searched for references. The references rather than the opinion piece itself would be cited in Wikipedia. However, in this case, there were no references, only the name of her latest book. Searching snippets of her book online, it doesn't say much about Longfellow .--Javaweb (talk) 14:31, 20 December 2010 (UTC)Javaweb

 * I suppose it would be okay to include her views from that column, so long as it's "Jill Lepore suggests that..." With that said, Longfellow's anti-slavery views are fairly well known so I'm pretty sure there are other sources. Do you think the article under-represents these views? Should we expand on them? --Midnightdreary (talk) 17:13, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The article has the right balance.Javaweb (talk) 20:06, 20 December 2010 (UTC)Javaweb

Visit to Europe in 1868
? worth mentioning: Longfellow came to Europe for the last time in 1868, with his three daughters. He visited Alfred Tennyson on the Isle of Wight, had tea with Queen Victoria and saw Liszt in Rome. Michael P. Barnett (talk) 01:32, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think that trip is important to telling his complete biography here. As I understand, it was part of his son Ernest's honeymoon after his wedding to Harriet Spellman, and the whole family went along (including uncle Thomas Gold Appleton). I didn't know about the tea with the Queen, though I know he met her. We'd need a better source, though. --Midnightdreary (talk) 12:56, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Influences
I know that there is a Legacy section, so this might be able to be included in that, but I'm wondering if there could be a section or paragraph about Longfellow's influence on other writers and poets? In particular, (albeit, this is a very specific and, perhaps, weaker example) it would appear that his poem "Tegner's Drapa" was very influential on C.S. Lewis (see Surprised by Joy, page 11). Although I would love to see that sort of minor link in the article, I'm not certain it is necessary; but I do think some sort of "influence" section, alongside the legacy, would be important. I'm curious myself to see who Longfellow influenced! Thanks! Sir Ian (talk) 05:14, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

 * It's always a possibility to include something like this but I would caution against starting a simple list. If it doesn't merit a full sentence or two, then the influence is not strong enough. --Midnightdreary (talk) 12:35, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

Moving first and second wives together
Longfellow's first wife is mentioned in the section "European tours and professorships." Since she doesn't have anything to do with either, I'd like to suggest that this part be moved down to the mention of his second wife. Rissa, copy editor (talk) 19:00, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't know if I'd agree with a move like that. The article, as it is, is impressively chronological (and coherent that way). The subheadings are mostly assistance in navigation, not necessarily complete summations of the information. --Midnightdreary (talk) 23:38, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

Criticism gone too far
The quote calling him "nothing more than a hack imitator of the English Romantics" seems a bit much. The entire evaluation of his work seems too negative and worse yet, is all couched in praise for other poets with different styles. There should be a degree of balance in the section and there is not. 184.21.186.73 (talk) 03:54, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

 * The first two paragraphs of that section focus on positive response. The second two paragraphs show the negative responses. Following that, there is an entire section on his legacy where he is repeatedly praised. If anything, the balance tips more positive than negative. --Midnightdreary (talk) 12:00, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the end of the section is uniformly negative and flatly says that his "popularity rapidly declined, beginning shortly after his death and into the twentieth century". To say that his general popularity "rapidly declined" after 1882 seems an overstatement. The concluding paragraph also seems wrong in that while it talks about his "popularity" in general, it makes arguments strictly in terms of his popularity with academics. The paragraph seems to be correctly reflecting declining opinions among academics after 1882, but its written with wording that suggests a broader decline. 12.12.144.130 (talk) 16:30, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

Removed too-close paraphrase
I have reverted this edit, undoing the re-addition of a lead section paragraph which appears to be a too-close paraphrase of material appearing at A slightly different (but still too close, IMO) paraphrasing was inserted into the article in this March 2008 edit. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 16:33, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

 * You have it backwards. Again, I assure you that I wrote this paragraph years ago -- before the source you found online was published. It's extremely possible that they took it from Wikipedia. --Midnightdreary (talk) 01:47, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Here is some assistance: The version approved as a good article in 2008, which significantly predates the self-published source from 2012. Please assume good faith next time. --Midnightdreary (talk) 01:49, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for highlighting this. I had relied on this info from Google Books page about the source I cited above, which I read as identifying that book edition/variation as, and which says that it was published in 1994 by Lulu Lulu Press, Inc. Google Books search results here seem to confirm that. However, I see that the Edition notice page, here, inside the Google Books preview material is dated 2012, and that the WP article on Lulu Press says that they were founded in 2002. The material at issue here appears in undated endmatter which follows Longfellow poems republished in that book. I don't know enough about the mechanics of book publishing to resolve that apparent discrepancy but, for present purposes, it looks like I was wrong about this. My apologies. Wtmitchell  (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 07:30, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

How did he know that he can poems?
Question to you 2409:4056:E17:E2FB:BA87:3B86:6F7D:C5F8 (talk) 02:40, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

 * I don't think anyone can understand this question. This section is for discussing ways to improve the associated Wikipedia article, not general conversation. --Midnightdreary (talk) 12:21, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

In popular culture
The second stanza from 'Serenade' were flattered with an SATB musical setting by Australian composer Ernest Edwin Mitchell Tradimus (talk) 07:29, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for sharing. Are you suggesting this information be added to the article? If so, I think it seems a bit trivial and does not add much understanding to the subject of this article. --Midnightdreary (talk) 16:56, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

I don't really have an opinion about that. Is a statement of the impact usual? Perhaps ask whether these publications are encyclopaedic fact? I believe the same lines were covered by Neil Diamond. I believe a Longfellow citation can be traced from a link mention in the composer page 43.230.176.5 (talk) 17:08, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow


text:
F. E. Compton

Frank Elbert Compton (August 7, 1874 – May 13, 1950) was a publisher of encyclopedias and other reference works, most notably Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia from 1922, later named Compton's Encyclopedia.

Compton graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and from 1894 he was an associate of publisher Chandler Beach. Compton became the general manager of C. B. Beach & Company in 1905. He took over the firm when Beach retired in 1907, and the company name later changed to F. E. Compton & Co..

Compton spent his career in Chicago and he died in La Jolla, California.

The New Student's Reference Work was published by C. B. Beach & Company until 1912, then by F. E. Compton & Co..

Publishing rights to the F.E. Compton & Company products were acquired by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in 1961, and the encyclopedia is still in print as Compton's by Britannica.

title: F. E. Compton


text:
User:Femto/template index

 * User:Femto/elem_appearance_img
 * User:Femto/elem_appearance_noimg
 * User:Femto/elem_atomicmass_gpm
 * User:Femto/elem_atomicradius_pm
 * User:Femto/elem_atomicradiuscalc_pm
 * User:Femto/elem_boilingpoint
 * User:Femto/elem_brinellhardness_mpa
 * User:Femto/elem_bulkmodulus_gpa
 * User:Femto/elem_cas_number
 * User:Femto/elem_covalentradius_pm
 * User:Femto/elem_crystalstruct
 * User:Femto/elem_densityliq_gpcm3mp
 * User:Femto/elem_density_gpcm3nrt
 * User:Femto/elem_econfig
 * User:Femto/elem_electroneg_pauling
 * User:Femto/elem_epershell
 * User:Femto/elem_eresist_ohmm
 * User:Femto/elem_eresist_ohmmat0
 * User:Femto/elem_eresist_ohmmat20
 * User:Femto/elem_footer
 * User:Femto/elem_groupperiodblock
 * User:Femto/elem_header
 * User:Femto/elem_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25
 * User:Femto/elem_heatfusion_kjpmol
 * User:Femto/elem_heatvaporiz_kjpmol
 * User:Femto/elem_ionize1
 * User:Femto/elem_ionize2
 * User:Femto/elem_ionize3
 * User:Femto/elem_ionize4
 * User:Femto/elem_isotopes_begin
 * User:Femto/elem_isotopes_decay
 * User:Femto/elem_isotopes_end
 * User:Femto/elem_isotopes_stable
 * User:Femto/elem_magnetic
 * User:Femto/elem_meltingpoint
 * User:Femto/elem_mohshardness
 * User:Femto/elem_oxistates
 * User:Femto/elem_phase
 * User:Femto/elem_poissonratio
 * User:Femto/elem_section_atomicprop
 * User:Femto/elem_section_materialprop
 * User:Femto/elem_section_miscellaneous
 * User:Femto/elem_section_physicalprop
 * User:Femto/elem_series
 * User:Femto/elem_shearmodulus_gpa
 * User:Femto/elem_speedofsound_mps
 * User:Femto/elem_speedofsound_rodmpsat20
 * User:Femto/elem_speedofsound_rodmpsatrt
 * User:Femto/elem_thermalcond_wpmkat300k
 * User:Femto/elem_thermalexpansion_umpmk
 * User:Femto/elem_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25
 * User:Femto/elem_vanderwaalsrad_pm
 * User:Femto/elem_vaporpressure_katpa
 * User:Femto/elem_vickershardness_mpa
 * User:Femto/elem_youngsmodulus_gpa

title: User:Femto/template index


text:
User talk:SkepticReport

welcome to wikipedia While external linking is considered useful it is not generaly considered good wiki protocol to add large numbers of links to your own website.Geni 19:37, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:SkepticReport


text:
HMS Spartiate (1798)

The Spartiate was originally a French 74-gun ship of the line, launched in 1797. In 1798, she took part in the Battle of the Nile, where she became one of the nine ships captured by the Royal Navy.

In 1805, HMS Spartiate fought at the Battle of Trafalgar under Francis Laforey. With HMS Minotaur (1793), she forced the surrender of the Spanish ship SPANISH SHIP Neptuno, of 80 guns. Casualties were three killed (two seamen & one boy), and twenty wounded (the boatswain [Clarke], two Midshipmen [Bellairs & Knapman], one Marine [William Parsons] and sixteen sailors), according to the three logs (Captain's log, Ship's log, Master's log).

Spartiate returned to her home port of Plymouth for repairs from December 1805 to February 1806. Thereafter she joined the Channel Fleet and, for the next two years, was involved in the blockade of Rochefort. In January 1808, she was in Admiral Strachan's squadron, and pursued Contre-Admiral Zacharie Allemand's flight from Rochefort. On 21 February 1808 she joined the Mediterranean Fleet at Palermo, and was deployed here until the end of 1809. In June 1809, she participated in the attack on the islands of Ischia and Procida.

On board during the Trafalgar action was First-Lieutenant James Clephan, who was presented with the ship's Union Jack by the crew after the battle as a mark of their esteem. The flag, recently found in a drawer of one of the descendants of James Clephan, is regarded as one of very few surviving Union Flags from the Battle of Trafalgar, and probably the best preserved. With battle scars still visible, it was sold for £384,000 when it went for auction in London on Trafalgar Day, 21 October 2009.

In the 1820s and 30s Spartiate was assigned to the Royal Navy's South America Station. In 1824 Spartiate suffered damages in the fulfillment of these duties and the Navy sent shipwrights from England to repair her.

In 1832 Spartiate, under the command of Captain Robert Tait (Royal Navy officer), became the flagship of Rear Admiral Sir Michael Seymour, 1st Baronet, the newly appointed commander of the South America Station.

In July 1834 Sir Michael died while underway to the station but Spartiate and Tait continued to serve his successor, Vice Admiral Sir Graham Eden Hamond, 2nd Baronet until 1835 (when Hamond shifted his Flag to HMS Dublin (1812).

Spartiate was converted to a sheer hulk in August 1842. She was later broken up, a process completed on 30 May 1857.

title: HMS Spartiate (1798)


text:
Talk:Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution

Rewrite
This appears to be homework, it needs a rewrite. Rhobite 19:38, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)


text:
HMS Spartiate

HMS Spartiate has been the name of two ships of the Royal Navy. The first was a captured French prize, the second was mostly likely named after this ship.

 * HMS Spartiate (1798) was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line. She was captured from the French at the Battle of the Nile and fought at the Battle of Trafalgar on the British side.
 * HMS Spartiate (1898) was a Diadem-class cruiser launched in 1898 and broken up in 1932.

HMS Spartiate was also a former Royal Navy shore establishment in St Enoch's Hotel Glasgow Western Approaches Command, Clyde

title: HMS Spartiate


text:
User:ParkingStones/Mbanna Kantako

Mbanna Kantako (born Dewayne Readus) is a 36 years old blind African American who many people involved in the micro-power radio movement consider it's first

microwatt FM pirate radio broadcasting in the United States of America. His station called Human Rights Radio has received some media coverage which has in turn inspired others of like mind to follow his lead.

Mail order kit
During the 1980s, Mbanna Kantako (Dewayne Readus) had been living in a public housing project in East Springfield, Illinois. With the help of Mike Townsend, a professor of social work at a small college in Springfield, Mbanna Kantako obtained a 1 watt transmitter kit from a mail order catalog.

Housing Project Tenants' Association
Having constructed the transmitter, Mbanna used to communicate with other Black residents in the housing project under the call letters WTRA ("Tenants Rights Association"), of which he was a member. These transmissions went through more changes of name from Black Liberation Radio to African Liberation Radio.

Landbased pirate radio
Because of the low power Mbanna was able to transmit on extremely low-power without interference.

In the Northeast Alan Weiner and his friends who later started Radio Newyork International had used various unlicensed landbased transmitters which constantly came to the attention of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Raids had taken place and court cases followed. Those stations radiated power outputs that could be heard over wide areas and which were reported in a variety of media outlets.

Fine
Mbanna Kantako found himself under investigation by the FCC when his microwatt transmissions expanded in both duration and content by featuring youths who were in trouble with the Housing Project police. Then he was ordered to cease his broadcasts. Like a lot of pirate radio broadcasters at first he complied and then came back on the airwaves. However, he announced his return by informing the FCC of his intention by means of a public announcement to the press. The net result was a summons to appear in court where he faced a $750 fine. Kantako claimed that he could not get a court-appointed lawyer and so he refused to go to court and as a result a default judgment was entered against him.

Inspirational anarchy
His press conference inspired others to also start micowatt stations in other cities. Radio Free Detroit took to the air and it was promptly raided by the FCC. But in short order it was followed by Free Radio Berkeley and then San Francisco Liberation Radio.

Kantako also returned to the air from 7pm to midnight every day. His reasoning is exactly the same as Alan Weiner who started Radio Newyork International after first operating both licensed and unlicensed commercial radio stations on land in the New York area. Kantako claims that he should be left alone because he is just using an open space on the spectrum.

External sources

 * Overview of Mbanna Kantako dated February, 1996 edition of Metro Santa Cruz
 * Mbanna Kantako photograph
 * Mbanna Kantako - political views
 * Mbanna Kantako and radio

title: User:ParkingStones/Mbanna Kantako


text: User:Marianika~enwiki

title: User:Marianika~enwiki


text:
Talk:Peroxidase

Catalase versus peroxidase
What's the main difference between peroxidases and catalase?

I mean, when does one take the action and when does another?

 * Wow, I have no idea. When you find out, could you edit the page to allow for the distinction? JFW | T@lk  21:35, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Cataclase uses the extra element connected to the hydrogen needed and peroxidase doesn't

 * Catalase has H2O2 as its sole substrate, and uses the oxidation of one molecule of H2O2 to reduce the second. Peroxidases, on the other hand use an external electron donor to reduce H2O2, such as NADPH. TimVickers 00:04, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

It would be nice if you replace the mechanism of zymolisys of hydrogen peroxide. I cannot find it in Internet. If I find it out I add it.

Size of proteins
Anyone knows what the peroxidase size is?
 * Peroxidases are a large group of proteins, try searching Swiss-Prot with the keyword "peroxidase" the results should give you some idea. TimVickers 00:04, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

"Furthermore, peroxidases can be made out of the fecal matter of rats and chickens and eaten off human skin."
The citation seems legitimate but I'm not sure what "and eaten off human skin" means. Can anyone who has access to the citation rephrase it? Silenceisgod (talk) 18:08, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peroxidase


text:
SILC (protocol)

SILC (Secure Internet Live Conferencing protocol) is a protocol that provides secure synchronous conferencing services (very much like IRC) over the Internet.

Components
The SILC protocol can be divided in three main parts: SILC Key Exchange (SKE) protocol, SILC Authentication protocol and SILC Packet protocol. SILC protocol additionally defines SILC Commands that are used to manage the SILC session. SILC provides channels (groups), nicknames, private messages, and other common features. However, SILC nicknames, in contrast to many other protocols (e.g. IRC), are not unique; a user is able to use any nickname, even if one is already in use. The real identification in the protocol is performed by unique Client ID. The SILC protocol uses this to overcome nickname collision, a problem present in many other protocols. All messages sent in a SILC network are binary, allowing them to contain any type of data, including text, video, audio, and other multimedia data. The SKE protocol is used to establish session key and other security parameters for protecting the SILC Packet protocol. The SKE itself is based on the Diffie–Hellman key exchange algorithm (a form of asymmetric cryptography) and the exchange is protected with digital signatures. The SILC Authentication protocol is performed after successful SKE protocol execution to authenticate a client and/or a server. The authentication may be based on passphrase or on digital signatures, and if successful gives access to the relevant SILC network. The SILC Packet protocol is intended to be a secure binary packet protocol, assuring that the content of each packet (consisting of a packet header and packet payload) is secured and authenticated. The packets are secured using algorithms based on symmetric cryptography and authenticated by using Message Authentication Code algorithm, HMAC.

SILC channels (groups) are protected by using symmetric channel keys. It is optionally possible to digitally sign all channel messages. It is also possible to protect messages with a privately generated channel key that has been previously agreed upon by channel members. Private messages between users in a SILC network are protected with session keys. It is, however, possible to execute SKE protocol between two users and use the generated key to protect private messages. Private messages may be optionally digitally signed. When messages are secured with key material generated with the SKE protocol or previously agreed upon key material (for example, passphrases) SILC provides security even when the SILC server may be compromised.

History
SILC was designed by Pekka Riikonen between 1996 and 1999 and first released in public in summer 2000. A client and a server were written. Protocol specifications were proposed, but ultimately request for publication was denied in June 2004 by IESG and no RFC has been published to date.

At present time, there are several clients, the most advanced being the official SILC client and an irssi plugin. SILC protocol is also integrated to the popular Pidgin instant messaging client. Other GUI clients are Silky and Colloquy. The Silky client was put on hold and abandoned on the 18th of July 2007, due to inactivity for several years. The latest news on the Silky website was that the client was to be completely rewritten.

As of 2008, three SILC protocol implementations have been written. Most SILC clients use libsilc, part of the SILC Toolkit. The SILC Toolkit is dual-licensed and distributed under both the GNU General Public License (GPL) and the revised BSD license.

Security
As described in the SILC FAQ, chats are secured through the generation of symmetric encryption keys. These keys have to be generated somewhere, and this occurs on the server. This means that chats might be compromised, if the server itself is compromised. This is just a version of the man-in-the-middle attack. The solution offered is that chat members generate their own public-private keypair for asymmetric encryption. The private key is shared only by the chat members, and this is done out of band. The public key is used to encrypt messages into the channel. This approach is still open to compromise, if one of the members of the chat should have their private key compromised, or if they should share the key with another, without agreement of the group.

Networks
SILC uses a similar pattern to IRC, in that there is no global "SILC network" but many small independent networks consisting of one or several servers each, although it is claimed that SILC can scale better with many servers in a single network.

The "original" network is called SILCNet, at the silc.silcnet.org round-robin. However, as of May 2014, it has only one active (though unstable) server out of four.

Most SILC networks have shut down due to declining popularity of SILC.

title: SILC (protocol)


text: User talk:169.204.146.31

title: User talk:169.204.146.31


text:
Compton's Encyclopedia

Compton's Encyclopedia and Fact-Index is a home and school encyclopedia first published in 1922 as Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia. The word "Pictured" was removed from the title with the 1968 edition. The encyclopedia is now advertised as Compton's by Britannica.

History
The set was originally published in 1922 in 8 volumes as Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia by F. E. Compton and Company of Chicago. It was titled "Pictured" because no other encyclopedia at the time had as large or as diverse a collection of illustrations. The encyclopedia was expanded to 10 volumes in 1924 and 15 in 1932. In 1940 the title was expanded to Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact Index to emphasize its "Fact-Index" feature which combined a general index with dictionary type entries and tables. The general editor from 1922 to 1961 was Guy Stanton Ford. He was succeeded by Charles Alfred Ford, and then Donald Lawson in 1964. In the early 1960s, F. E. Compton Co. was purchased by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. In 1968 the title was changed to simply Compton's Encyclopedia and expanded to 24 volumes. It expanded to 26 volumes in 1974.

The 1985 edition had 26 volumes, 11,000 pages, 10,000 articles, and 8.5 million words. There were 35,500 cross-references and an index with 150,000 entries, including 30,000 dictionary style fact entries. There were 20,500 illustrations, about 20% in color and 2,000 maps. Articles averaged 850 words, or more than a full page. Most of the main articles were not signed and none of the fact entries were. 600 editors, advisors, artists and contributors were listed at the front of Vol. 1. Potentially difficult technical terms were italicized and defined in context, and articles used a "pyramid structure", beginning in simple, elementary terms and gradually becoming more complex and detailed.

Despite being continuously revised, by the late 1970s it was being criticized for being out of date, particularly with regard to its illustrations. However, in the early 1980s the publishers began a thorough revision under Michael Reed and the contents were brought more up to date. This included a more egalitarian approach to women's roles in society and revisions of articles such as abortion, adoption, Argentina and the Falkland Islands. Controversial issues like abortion were handled carefully, giving both sides of the argument, while other issues such as circumcision and homosexuality were not mentioned at all.

The 1993 print edition of Compton's Encyclopedia had 26 volumes, 9 million words, 10,590 pages, 5,250 articles, 28,750 Fact Index definitions, 450 bibliographies, 22,510 illustrations and maps, 35,500 cross references and 154,000 index entries. Only 1,100 articles were signed, but a list of nearly 600 contributors, advisors and editorial staff were listed at the front of Vol. 1. By this time Britannica had invested $13.5 million in revamping the encyclopedia, now under the direction of Dale Good, who became general editor in 1986. It had risen again in the eyes of encyclopedia critics and was considered a first-rate example of an encyclopedia in its class. Controversial issues such as AIDS, abortion, adoption, capital punishment, drunk driving, euthanasia, homosexuality, race relations, missing children, sexual harassment, sexually-transmitted disease and women's rights, were given greater coverage. Illustrations were brought up to date and were 65% in color. The pyramid style article format was retained, but italicization of potentially unfamiliar words was dropped for esthetic purposes, though potentially difficult words such as palaeographic, miscarriage and recession were still defined in context. Major articles such as computer and genetics had glossaries for technical terms. After 1992 the "Fact-Index" was moved to volume 26 - it had previously been divided between each volume. Subjects that were considered too trendy, ephemeral or minor, that did not have articles in the main text, but did have "Fact-Index" definitions included MTV, Madonna, electric automobiles, Robert Motherwell, motion sickness, Moral Re-Armament and Moultrie, Georgia. Incidentally, the "Fact-Index" definitions themselves were not indexed.

Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia CD-ROM (1989) was the first multimedia encyclopedia. Grolier's earlier CD-ROM encyclopedia was not multimedia.

The encyclopedia was founded by Frank E. Compton in 1922. Publishing rights to the F.E. Compton & Company products were acquired by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in 1961.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. initially owned Compton's Encyclopedia from 1961 to 1993, and later reacquired it in 2002. Britannica had sold its Compton's interests to the Tribune Company in 1993, and for a time Compton's Encyclopedia was a product of The Learning Company, which purchased Brøderbund in 1998. In March 2002 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. "acquired an exclusive license to publish and distribute Compton's Encyclopedia in print and CD-ROM from Broderbund LLC and Success Publishing Group".

Other editions
Compton's has also published a yearly supplement, The Compton yearbook from 1958 to the present.

Print editions

 * Compton's Encyclopedia, 8 volumes, 1922
 * 10 volumes, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930 in two versions 1. plain red boards w/insignia 2. dark brown embossed boards deluxe
 * 16 volumes, 1931
 * 15 volumes, 1933, 1935, 1939, 1948
 * 20 volumes, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1945, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1962
 * Compton's Encyclopedia and Fact-Index, 24 volumes 1969–1971
 * 22 volumes, 1972, 1973
 * 26 volumes, annually 1974–1978 and 1980–1995, 2004
 * Compton's by Britannica
 * 26 volumes, 2009

CD-ROM editions

 * Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia, CDROM, 1989, the first "multimedia" CD-ROM
 * Compton's Family Encyclopedia, CDROM, 1991, a "stripped down" version of Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia
 * Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia, CDROM, 1993, 1995 through 2001.

Britannica's 1989 Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia was the first "multimedia" CD-ROM encyclopedia. It won the 1991 Software Publishers Association Excellence in Software Award for Best Education Program. The product was invented by Britannica's Michael Reed who served as its Creative Director during its production. Reed coordinated with a team from Jostens Company out of San Diego that actually built the product.

Grolier's 1985 Academic American Encyclopedia on CD-ROM was text-only. In 1990, when it was called The New Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia (1988–1991), still pictures were added.

Variants of Compton's CD-ROM encyclopedias were Compton's Concise Encyclopedia, Compton's Family Encyclopedia, and Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia.

Environments in Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia

 * Grandma's Attic (top left)
 * Madcap Music (top right)
 * Compton's Newsroom (middle left)
 * Kaleidescape (middle right)
 * Compton's Skyship (bottom left)
 * Wild and Free (bottom right)

title: Compton's Encyclopedia


text: User talk:81.132.39.135

title: User talk:81.132.39.135


text:
Nike-Asp

Nike Asp was an American sounding rocket. The Nike Asp has a ceiling of 220 km, a takeoff thrust of 217 kN, a takeoff weight of 700 kg, a diameter of 0.42 m and a length of 7.90 m.

The Nike-Asp is an Asp rocket with a Nike booster system. It was at times ship-launched. After NASA took control of the project, the rocket fell into disuse.

USS Point Defiance (LSD-31)
USS Point Defiance (LSD-31) became one of the first rocket-launching surface ships to support the 1958 IGY Solar Eclipse Expedition to the Danger Island region of the South Pacific. Launchers on deck fired eight Nike-Asp model LV sounding rockets to collect scientific data during the eclipse. Each USN solar XUV and X-ray detection launch (5 as a salvo) was from 40.0° N 150.0° W on Oct 12 1958 - at 08:32, 08:42, 08:43, 08:52, and 09:10 GMT, with configuration designations: NN8.59F - NN8.62F and successive apogee achievements of 222, 236, 242, 240, and 88 km.

Vandenberg Air Force Base
Between Jul 14 and Aug 31 1959, five Nike-Asps were launched as part of the solar X-ray mission by the US Navy. The last launch on Aug 31 1959 at 22:53 GMT carried the Sunflare II solar X-ray detection system to an apogee of 200 km.

Eglin Air Force Base
In an unsuccessful effort to measure lunar X-ray emission, the USAF launched the last Nike-Asp on Sep 27 1960 at 22:10 GMT to an apogee of 233 km.

title: Nike-Asp


text:
LGM

LGM may refer to:
 * Lady International Correspondence Chess Grand Master
 * Last Glacial Maximum
 * LGM (film) or Let's Get Married, an Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film
 * Libre Graphics Meeting
 * Little green men, a stereotypical portrayal of extraterrestrials
 * Little Green Men Games

title: LGM


text:
Annodex

Annodex is a digital media format developed by CSIRO to provide annotation and indexing of continuous media, such as audio and video.

It is based on the Ogg container format, with an XML language called CMML (Continuous Media Markup Language) providing additional metadata. It is intended to create a Continuous Media Web (CMWeb), whereby continuous media can be manipulated in a similar manner to text media on the World Wide Web, including searching and dynamic arrangement of elements.

History
The specific design of the elements of the Continuous Media Web project were invented by Silvia Pfeiffer and Conrad Parker at CSIRO Australia in mid-2001. Some of the ideas behind CMML and the generic addressing of temporal offsets were proposed in a 1997 paper by Bill Simpson-Young and Ken Yap.

In January 2002 the Annodex team took on two students, Andrew Nesbit and Andre Pang, along with Simon Lai who became the first person to author meaningful content in CMML. During this time the basics of the Annodex technology were designed, including the design of temporal URI fragments, the basic DTDs, the choice of the Ogg encapsulation format and the initial design of the libraries.

By late 2004, Andre Pang developed the Annodex Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox Browsers, allowing for the playback of Annodex media encoded with the Ogg Theora video codec and the Ogg Vorbis audio codec. Time URIs implemented at the Location Bar provides the server-side seeking functionality on Annodex media and enables hyperlinking into and out of Annodex media through a table of contents clip list for CMML content.

Over time there was increasing development of Annodex technology from the open-source community, starting with Debian packages by Jamie Wilkinson, Python bindings by Ben Leslie, and Perl bindings by Angus Lees. The command-line authoring tools were completed early in 2001, whilst being continually updated to adhere to the current Version 3 of the Annodex annotation standards by 2005.

In November 2005, CSIRO wanted to focus on closed-source research and build existing products on top of the technology, thus losing interest in the open source standard components of it. Therefore, a decision was made to separate out the open-source components into its own organisation by creating an Annodex Foundation similar in spirit to the many other foundations that have been created around other FOSS technologies.

Technology
The core technical specification documents on Annodex are being developed through the Annodex community. They consist of the following components as follows:

CMML
Continuous Media Markup Language is a XML markup language for time-continuous data such as audio and video. The main principles of CMML are as follows:
 * Enables the description of structure for a media file through marking up temporal clips
 * Allows attachment of hyperlinks and annotations to the clips.
 * Used for authoring of Annodex content through the stream tag.

Example of CMML Content
 Hidden Galaxies    Related video on detection of galaxies   What's out there?

The origin of the CMML document, along with further documentation and standards can be found at Annodex CMML Standard Version 2.1

Annodex File Format
Annodex is an encapsulation format, which interleaves time-continuous data with CMML markup in a streamable manner. The Annodex format is built on the Ogg encapsulation format to allows for internet servers and proxies to manage temporal subparts and reconstruct files from annodexed clips. This introduces the following stream types:

 * A Skeleton meta-header stream
 * a CMML annotation stream

Further information can be found at Annodex Annotation Format for Time-continuous Bitstreams, Version 3.0

Time intervals in URIs
To include time-continuous content such as audio and video media into the Web, it is necessary to be able to point hyperlinks into such content to address temporal offsets. Further information can be found at Annodex Time Intervals in URI Queries and Fragments

title: Annodex


text:
Veritas File System

The VERITAS File System (or VxFS; called JFS and OnlineJFS in HP-UX) is an extent-based file system. It was originally developed by VERITAS Software. Through an OEM agreement, VxFS is used as the primary filesystem of the HP-UX operating system. With on-line defragmentation and resize support turned on via license, it is known as OnlineJFS. It is also supported on AIX, Linux, Solaris, OpenSolaris, SINIX/Reliant UNIX, UnixWare and SCO OpenServer. VxFS was originally developed for AT&T's Unix System Laboratories. VxFS is packaged as a part of the Veritas Storage Foundation (which also includes Veritas Volume Manager).

History
According to the vendor, it was the first commercial journaling file system. That claim can be taken in two ways, i.e., the first implementation of a journaling file system in a commercial context, or the first file system available as an unbundled product.

Dan Koren is cited as one of the original developers of VxFS. He notes in a mailing list that they "finished release 1.0 one year or so later" after starting development of VxFS under a contract with AT&T Corporation in 1990. Other sources agree that the product was first released in 1991.

As the internet was not widely available in the early 1990s, getting a new file system deployed for Unix-like operating systems was more difficult, so the one- to two-year delay in the release and commercialization of this file system was not unusual.

Version history
The on-disk layout of VxFS is versioned and upgradeable while the file system is mounted. This file system has gone through ten versions.

 * Version 2 added support for filesets, dynamic inode allocation and ACLs. Layouts 1-3 stopped being supported in VxFS 4.0.
 * Version 4 added support for storage checkpoints and for Veritas Cluster File System. Version 4 was released in VxFS 3.2.1. Layout version 4 is no longer supported under VxFS 5.1.
 * Version 5 started support for file systems up to 32 terabytes (245 bytes) in size. Individual files can be up to 2 terabytes in size. Version 5 was introduced in VxFS 3.5 and is no longer supported under VxFS 5.1.
 * Version 6 added support for file systems and files up to 8 exabytes (263 bytes) in size. Version 6 also introduced support for named streams/resource forks, for multiple underlying volumes, and for file change logs. Version 6 was introduced in VxFS 4.0.
 * Version 7 extends support for multiple volumes to permit Dynamic Storage Tiering. Dynamic Storage Tiering allows root users to move files among different volumes, allocate files to different volumes at file creation time based on policy, and independently recover volumes, without altering the namespace of the file system. Version 7 was introduced in VxFS 5.0.
 * Version 8 enables support for file-level snapshots and shared extents. Version 8 was introduced in VxFS 5.1.
 * Version 9 enables support for file compression, deduplication, and partition directories. Version 9 was introduced in VxFS 6.0.
 * Version 10 enables support for maxlink, which permits a directory to contain more than 64K subdirectories. Version 10 was introduced in VxFS 6.1.

Parallel access mode
VxFS file system can run in single instance mode or in a parallel access / cluster mode. The parallel mode allows for multiple servers (also known as cluster nodes) to simultaneously access the same file system. When run in this mode, VxFS is referred to as Veritas Cluster File System.

The Cluster File System provides cache coherency and POSIX compliance across nodes, so that data changes are atomically seen by all cluster nodes simultaneously. Because Cluster File System shares the same binaries and same on-disk layout as single instance VxFS, moving between cluster and single instance mode is straightforward.

title: Veritas File System


text:
Stress-induced leakage current

Stress-induced leakage current (SILC) is an increase in the gate leakage current of a MOSFET, used in semiconductor physics. It occurs due to defects created in the gate oxide during electrical stressing. SILC is perhaps the largest factor inhibiting device miniaturization. Increased leakage is a common failure mode of electronic devices.

Oxide defects
The most well-studied defects assisting in the leakage current are those produced by charge trapping in the oxide. This model provides a point of attack and has stimulated researchers to develop methods to decrease the rate of charge trapping by mechanisms such as nitrous oxide (N2O) nitridation of the oxide.

title: Stress-induced leakage current


text:
Józefina Amalia Mniszech

Countess Józefina Amalia Mniszech (1752–1798) was a Polish noblewoman, State Lady, Dame of the Order of Saint Catherine, amateur painter, and art collector.

Early life
By birth a member of the House of Mniszech, she was born as the only child of Court Marshal Jerzy August Mniszech and Countess Maria Amelia Friederike von Brühl, and the granddaughter of Heinrich von Brühl.

On 1 December 1774 Józefina Amalia was married in Dukla to Count Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, member of the House of Potocki on the behest of her parents. They had eleven children, only eight of whom reached adulthood. As a dowry, Mniszech received Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa. The couple live in Tulchyn where she had eleven children, however the paternity of the younger children is in doubt as they didn't live together after 1787.

Józefina Amalia was known in society for her beauty, cheer, ambition, and conversation, which did not always follow etiquiette of the time. She took lovers both before and during the marriage. Jozef Klembowski who managed the Potocki residence could be the father of some of her children. Her later lovers include the colonel of the Targowicki Regiment, Dzierżański, who is assumed to be the father of her youngest daughter, Idalia, and the Commander of the Court Police in Tulchyn, Tadeusz Mossakowski.

Countess Potocka enjoyed the favour of Catherine the Great, who granted her the title of Lady of State in 1792, and in 1793, bestowed upon her the Order of Saint Catherine of the Grand Cross.

1791, Stanisław Potocki expressed his desire to legally marry Countess Sophia Witt, but Józefina Amalia, who was backed by the Empress, refused to grant him a divorce. On 23 May 1792, Potocki entered into an arrangement with his wife, where he transferred his estates and the custody of their children to her, in return she pledged to pay him 50 thousand gallons per year. Following this, he left with Countess Witt and they lived in Hamburg for two and a half years.

Józefina Amalia left the management of her property to the discretion of the stewards and continued to live in Saint Petersburg, participating is society and refusing to send her husband a single penny.

In 1796 Potocki returned to Russia and with difficulty managed to break the arrangement. Józefina Amalia agreed to a divorce only after Catherine II had died. The episcopal court in Kamianets-Podilskyi announced the divorce in the beginning of 1798. However the same year, Józefina Amalia unexpectedly died in her St. Petersburg house on the Fontanka at the age of 46, leaving behind many children "products of years and leisure" as she herself said.

title: Józefina Amalia Mniszech


text:
Effective fitness

In natural evolution and artificial evolution (e.g. artificial life and evolutionary computation) the fitness (or performance or objective measure) of a schema is rescaled to give its effective fitness which takes into account crossover and mutation.

Effective fitness is used in Evolutionary Computation to understand population dynamics. While a biological fitness function only looks at reproductive success, an effective fitness function tries to encompass things that are needed to be fulfilled for survival on population level. In homogeneous populations, reproductive fitness and effective fitness are equal. When a population moves away from homogeneity a higher effective fitness is reached for the recessive genotype. This advantage will decrease while the population moves toward an equilibrium. The deviation from this equilibrium displays how close the population is to achieving a steady state. When this equilibrium is reached, the maximum effective fitness of the population is achieved.

Problem solving with evolutionary computation is realized with a cost function. If cost functions are applied to swarm optimization they are called a fitness function. Strategies like reinforcement learning and NEAT neuroevolution are creating a fitness landscape which describes the reproductive success of cellular automata.

The effective fitness function models the number of fit offspring and is used in calculations that include evolutionary processes, such as mutation and crossover, important on the population level.

The effective fitness model is superior to its predecessor, the standard reproductive fitness model. It advances in the qualitatively and quantitatively understanding of evolutionary concepts like bloat, self-adaptation, and evolutionary robustness. While reproductive fitness only looks at pure selection, effective fitness describes the flow of a population and natural selection by taking genetic operators into account.

A normal fitness function fits to a problem, while an effective fitness function is an assumption if the objective was reached. The difference is important for designing fitness functions with algorithms like novelty search in which the objective of the agents is unknown. In the case of bacteria effective fitness could include production of toxins and rate of mutation of different plasmids, which are mostly stochastically determined

Applications
When evolutionary equations of the studied population dynamics are available, one can algorithmically compute the effective fitness of a given population. Though the perfect effective fitness model is yet to be found, it is already known to be a good framework to the better understanding of the moving of the genotype-phenotype map, population dynamics, and the flow on fitness landscapes.

Models using a combination of Darwinian fitness functions and effective functions are better at predicting population trends. Effective models could be used to determine therapeutic outcomes of disease treatment. Other models could determine effective protein engineering and works towards finding novel or heightened biochemistry.

title: Effective fitness


text:
Sid El-Antri massacre

The Sid El-Antri massacre took place on the night of 23–24 December 1997 in two small villages near Tiaret, Algeria. The death toll is unclear; Reuters cites "at least 80", or 48 according to the government. Le Jeune Independent reported 117 people were killed and 11 abducted by terrorists, and a timeline gives 53 (including 15 children) killed in Sidi el-Antri (or Sidi el-Antar, Sidi Lamri) and 28 in Shari. On the same day, 11 were killed further away in the Bainem area near Algiers. A few days later, another 26 civilians were killed in the Zouabria massacre, also near Tiaret.

title: Sid El-Antri massacre


text:
Issachar Berend Lehmann

Issachar Berend Lehmann, Berend Lehmann, Yissakhar Bermann Segal, Yissakhar ben Yehuda haLevi, or Berman Halberstadt (April 23, 1661 in Essen, Westphalia – July 9, 1730 in Halberstadt, Kingdom of Prussia), was a German banker, merchant, diplomatic agent as well as army and mint contractor working as a court Jew for Elector Augustus II the Strong of Saxony, King of Poland, and other German princes. He was privileged as a court Jew and resident. Thanks to his wealth, privileges as well as social and cultural commitment, he was a Jewish dignitary famous in his day in Central and Eastern Europe.

Ancestry and training
Lehmann's father belonged to the Jewish upper class of Westphalia, just like his brother-in-law, the court Jew Leffmann Behrens of Bochum, later established in Hannover. From him, older biographers assume, Berend Lehmann received some business training and then traded in Behrens’ commission. In 1692 he is active together with Leffmann Behrens at the imperial court in Vienna in business transactions to promote Duke Ernst August of Hannover's Duchy of Hannover to an electorate.

Young family and own business in Halberstadt
His activity is first documented, as, at age 26, he did business at the Leipzig Trade Fair of 1687, where subsequently he was a regular visitor at the then three annual seasons. He resided in Halberstadt, where, from 1688, he is listed as married to Miriam, daughter of the deceased protected Jew, Joel Alexander. From him he derived his protected status. Two years later his first son, Lehmann Behrend, was born and he built his first, modest abode in the Jewish quarter of Halberstadt (Bakenstraße 37, partly existent in the building complex of Little Venice).

Banker to Saxon elector
In 1694 he became a mint and general business agent to his own sovereign, the Elector of Brandenburg; a year later he was in a banking connection with the Saxon electoral court at Dresden. In 1697 he was commissioned by the young Elector, Augustus the Strong, to procure money needed for the acquisition of the Polish throne. He received authority to sell or pawn lands situated outside the main territory of Saxony and collected loans worth millions of guilders from Christian and Jewish banking partners, with the help of which the Saxon field marshal Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming persuaded the majority of the Polish nobility into electing Augustus the Strong King "in" Poland. In recognition of such services, Augustus made Berend Lehmann "Resident of the King of Poland in the Lower Saxon Circle". This was some sort of a consul's privilege on which Lehmann repeatedly based his demands, more or less successfully.

Building activities in Halberstadt
So, from Elector Frederic William III of Brandenburg he received the right to buy for himself in Halberstadt, in addition to the modest house he already possessed, a sizable building he thought fitting of his rank. This was an exception, as having a second house was normally forbidden to Jews. When in the extensive garden grounds he had a new building erected for a yeshiva (a Torah-/Talmud academy) as the nucleus of a community campus which was also to accommodate a large new synagogue, he was forbidden to carry on. Before he was able to buy two adjacent houses in addition, the property was confiscated for the newly received French Reformed refugees. The protest of his protector, Augustus the Strong, against the confiscation proved in vain.

Talmud printed
In the meantime he had achieved a considerable religious feat: When the Dessau court Jew Wulff, who was about to have the Babylonian Talmud printed, ran into financial difficulty, Lehmann took over the project and the printing licence. He "had gold flow from his pocket", so that within two years, from 1697 to 1699, 2,000 copies of a twelve volume edition could be produced in Frankfurt (Oder). A large part of the work went - free of charge - to poor Jewish communities.

Army contractor
Between 1700 und 1704 Berend Lehmann supplied military equipment for Augustus the Strong in the Northern War against Sweden. Letters from him to an influential courtier at Dresden show him busy acquiring new loans, and anxious over their repayment.

Community benefactor in Halberstadt
In 1707 his wife, Miriam, died and soon after he remarried, namely Hannle, daughter of a Frankfurt (Main) community superior by the name of Mendel Beer. At this time he built a whole complex of buildings as an extension of his first modest home in Halberstadt. In his building ambitions he was permanently hindered by the Prussian local administration, but promoted by the Berlin Hofcammer, an institution geared to the levying of money for the King. On the new premises, apart from offices and private space for a growing family and team of servants, he kept a warehouse and a wine cellar, and "for mercy, so they can perform their divine service", sheltered six poor Jewish families. As one of the three parnassim (superiors) of the Halberstadt community of around 1,000 Jews (more than in Berlin), he had the task of "repartitioning" the extra contributions which King Frederick William I of Prussia (the Soldiers’ King) repeatedly drew from the Jews. He himself shouldered the lion's share.

Dresden branch
Back in Dresden, he also worked as a mint agent for the Saxon-and-Polish state. Likewise he procured jewels for Augustus the Strong's show collection Grünes Gewölbe. In 1708, such activities led to the foundation of a Dresden branch of his Halberstadt business, in which his then 18-year-old eldest son, Lehmann Behrend, worked alongside himself and his brother-in-law, Jonas Meyer. Strictly speaking, outside the Leipzig trade fairs the Lehmanns and Meyer were the only protected Jews in all of Saxony. But the large enterprise (proudly residing in the Altes Posthaus at Landhausstraße 13) employed and housed up to 70 Jewish employees who were themselves not protected. This above all provoked the anti-Jewish protest of the Saxon estates (among whom the clergy and traders were particularly active), which Augustus the Strong fended off for a longtime but eventually gave in to. In the mid-1720s the sale of merchandise had to stop, while the banking branch continued in a smaller fashion.

Agricultural and Hebrew printing activities in Blankenburg
From Halberstadt he had a business connection with the sovereign of the nearby petty principality of Blankenburg (Harz). In 1717, Prince Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel allowed him to buy landed property there, a privilege otherwise denied to Jews. Lehmann resided in a stately mansion and founded a Hebrew printing office, which was conducted by the printer Israel Abraham from Jeßnitz, but failed for Christian censorship reasons.

Foreign affairs adventure
In 1721 Lehmann went in for a precarious attempt at causing the sovereigns of Prussia and Saxony-Poland to undertake the partition of Poland. Lehmann had outstanding debts there and hoped to be able to cash them in from the future Prussian part of the country. The Habsburg Emperor Charles VI and Czar Peter the Great were also to profit from the partition. Lehmann sought to address the Emperor through the latter's son-in-law, the Blankenburg prince, Louis  Rudolph. The Czar, let in on the plan by Prussia, reacted angrily and demanded strict inquiry and punishment of the Jew. Lehmann was spared the worst by Augustus the Strong; he was only granted back the grace of his patron after sacrificing a precious stone to him.

Financial decline and death
At the same time, he lost a great amount of capital, which was confiscated when his son-in-law, the Hanover court Jew Isaac Behrends, went bankrupt and Lehmann was accused of having illegally held back securities, jewels and money from the estate for him (the allegation was never verified). The Hannover Justizkanzlei (chancellery of justice) wanted him on trial in Hannover, but the Prussian king, Frederick William I, refused the extradition of his Protected Jew, and a heavy dispute continued for years whether Hannover or Lehmann's Prussian domicile of Halberstadt was the legal venue. Meanwhile, Lehmann tried to bring about a settlement with the Behrens' creditors by partly renouncing his own claims and encouraging the other Jewish creditors to do likewise. He also protested in several letters to King George I, who was also the Hannoverian sovereign, against his relatives' five years' imprisonment and ultimate torture (which did not yield the expected confession of the alleged embezzlemement). There were further losses, so that in 1727 Berend Lehmann's own insolvency was declared. The causes of his failure have not yet been researched. Neither is it clear how he, all the same, succeeded in setting up several foundations. One of them was to hold money to facilitate the marriages of poor orphan boys and girls in the Halberstadt community, another was to secure the livelihood of his yeshiva scholars. It served its purpose for the following two centuries. Early in 1730, the margrave of Bayreuth confronted him with a debt claim of 6,000 talers dating back to 1699. It took him some time to borrow the sum in order to have the "execution" of house arrest lifted. After his death on July 9, 1730, claims of several hundred thousand talers could only partly be satisfied through the auction of most of his real estate. Subsequently, his eldest son, Lehmann Behrend of Dresden, also failed. Lehmann's gravestone, in the oldest Halberstadt Israelitic cemetery, is preserved, and it praises his generosity as a community benefactor and his high reputation in the Christian "palaces" which enabled him to act as a shtadlan (an advocate) of his correligionists.

Importance
Berend Lehmann ranks among the great court Jews - the Wertheimers and Oppenheimers of Vienna, Joseph Süss Oppenheimer of Stuttgart, Leffmann Behrends of Hannover, the Rothschilds of Frankfurt on the Main - as one of the most highly respected Jewish personalities in Central and Eastern Europe. His ambition to make an impact on the life of his times made him a baroque figure not unlike his noble Christian contemporaries and it put him in frequent conflict with the Christian authorities trying to curb his efforts. In his charitable and religious generosity he is the model of a wealthy Jew also being a pious leader of his community.

Saint and hero
Berend Lehmann's later image was first determined by eulogies and legends in the Hebrew and Yiddish chronicles of the community. 150 years later, in the Geschichte der israelitischen Gemeinde Halberstadt (History of the Israelitic Community of Halberstadt, 1866) the then rabbi of the city, Auerbach, passed the old stories on with some scepticism but still with great veneration. He was followed in this mood by another orthodox rabbi, Marcus Lehmann of Mainz, who in his ''Jüd. Volksbibliothek'' (Jewish People's Library) painted Berend Lehmann's life in episodes (largely invented) as a patriarch and active participant in German and Jewish political life. He stressed Lehmann's support of the Polish Jews in their misery. This 19th-century picture of the Royal Resident as a saint and hero has recently been characterized as "not necessarily having to do with reality but being an identification offer [...] invented at the writing desks of Auerbach and Marcus Lehmann".

More realism
Twenty years after the two rabbis, Emil Lehmann, a great-great-great-grandson of Berend Lehmann's and a Dresden liberal lawyer and politician, wrote an essay about him, which for the first time used archival evidence. He pointed out the adroitness of his ancestor in the tactics of his fighting, also admiring the foresight with which the Resident had seen to the long-time functioning of his foundations. Though more realistic as a biographer than his predecessors, Emil Lehmann still had the bias of an admiring descendant. At the turn of the 20th century the Dessau rabbi, Max Freudenthal, researched into Lehmann's merits with respect to Hebrew printing. He cleared up the business circumstances of the Talmud edition of 1697 to 1699, especially Lehmann's stressful relationship with the Christian printer, Michael Gottschalk. For the first time he showed Lehmann's tough business acumen. He also described Lehmann's connection with the printer Israel Abraham of Köthen and Jeßnitz with whom he published several of the works of his Halberstadt yeshiva scholars.

An unbiased approach
A further step in the direction of a historically unbiased evaluation of Berend Lehmann was taken by the Berlin archivist Josef Meisl, the later founder of the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People. In 1924 he edited Lehmann's correspondence from the Baltic battlefields of the Northern War. They show Lehmann's extensive activities as an army contractor and his aspiration to participate in political processes (which Meisl, however, regarded as amateurish).

Selma Stern
A great push came into Lehmann's biography through the historian Selma Stern, who between 1925 and 1962 first dealt with the conditions of Jews in 17th- and 18th-century Prussia  and then with court Jews in particular In her collection of documents his activities for the Halberstadt Jews and the Jewish community in general became more concrete. In her court Jew book she ranked him with the Wertheimers and Oppenheimers of Vienna and even with the Rothschilds of Frankfurt. She contrasted him as the "genuine" court Jew  with the less well-reputed Joseph Süß Oppenheimer of Stuttgart, and thus idealised him.

Anti-semitic setback
The anti-semitism of the National Socialists yielded two contributions about Berend Lehmann, the first, by Peter Deeg (1938), being a caricature of him as the stereotyped "usurer", the second one, by Heinrich Schnee (1953), a one-sided portrait of him as a profiteer and a clever augmenter of Jewish influence.

New eulogies
In 1970, as a sort of response to these distortions, the French private scholar Pierre Saville published the first monography on the Résident Royal. With little new evidence, he strengthened the "identification offer" rôle of Berend Lehmann by painting another heroic picture of him. The American orthodox rabbi, Manfred R. Lehman, did the same in several contributions about his "possible ancestor".

New Research
Studies from the sources regarding Berend Lehmann were resumed in the first decade of the 21st century by Lucia Raspe and Berndt Strobach.

A building complex
In Halberstadt the building complex at Bakenstraße Nr. 37, which survived the air raid on the city in 1945 and the subsequent neglect of historic architecture in East Germany, is an impressive document of Lehmann's building activity. In one of its outer walls the remnants of a pedestrian bridge across the river Holtemme (which in its day flowed openly among the houses of the Jewish quarter) testify to his public spirit. He had it built for "the benefit of the general public".

Museum and Academy
The Berend Lehmann Museum, founded in 2001 by the Halberstadt-based Moses Mendelssohn Akademie in two picturesque half-timbered houses (one containing a former mikveh situated in the grounds of the synagogue destroyed in 1938, document the life of the court Jew and the heritage of colourful later Jewish life in the city. There remains a doorway of a richly decorated baroque building near the museum dating from about 1730 which was taken down in 1986 (although it might have been saved), and is locally taken to have been Berend Lehmann’s Palace, although there is no evidence that it was connected with him.

Former Teaching House
The Klaus (or yeshiva), Rosenwinkel 18, was founded by Lehmann in a house near the synagogue and moved to its present location in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, as a rabbinical academy it became one of the strongholds of neo-orthodox Judaism. It survived Kristallnacht and the 1945 air raid and is now the seat of the Moses Mendelssohn Akademie. The academy offers information on Jewish life in the form of conferences, exhibitions and lectures. Its lecture hall is the former synagogue of the yeshiva.

New religious community attempted
There has been no Jewish religious community in the city since the post-war years when, for a short time, survivors from the concentration camps gathered there. There is an initiative to establish a new community for a number of Jews from the CIS countries who have settled in Halberstadt.

title: Issachar Berend Lehmann


text:
Talk:Desert Inn

Hughes
I followed this source: in changing the purchase price to $13 million and adding other details. JamesMLane 19:52, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

That's cool. I just wanted some of these old Vegas resorts to have an entry. Thanks for changing some of the info. Why I thought he was just a millionaire is a mystery. Tallyho70 19:50, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Desert Inn. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150405010318/http://classiclasvegas.squarespace.com/a-brief-history-of-the-strip/2008/1/21/wilbur-clarks-desert-inn-hotel-history-1950s.html to http://classiclasvegas.squarespace.com/a-brief-history-of-the-strip/2008/1/21/wilbur-clarks-desert-inn-hotel-history-1950s.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090118/http://classiclasvegas.squarespace.com/a-brief-history-of-the-strip/?currentPage=12 to http://classiclasvegas.squarespace.com/a-brief-history-of-the-strip/?currentPage=12
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112234/http://classiclasvegas.squarespace.com/a-brief-history-of-the-strip/?currentPage=13 to http://classiclasvegas.squarespace.com/a-brief-history-of-the-strip/?currentPage=13

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:19, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:53, 26 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Desert Inn.JPG

title: Talk:Desert Inn


text:
User:Igorre25

I created an account in Wikipedia, but do not intend to participate in editing on a regular basis. The few sentences on this page is just to make sure the page is functional.

English is not my native language, therefore, any style and grammar corrections are welcome.

title: User:Igorre25


text:
User:Darthnice

There are many pages on Wikipedia. This one is mine. --Darthnice 19:55, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Darthnice


text:
Joseph Pilates

Joseph Hubertus Pilates (9 December 1883 – 9 October 1967) was a German physical trainer, writer, and inventor. He is credited with inventing and promoting the Pilates method of physical fitness. He patented a total of 26 apparatuses in his lifetime.

Early life
Joseph Hubertus Pilates was born on 9 December 1883 in Mönchengladbach, Germany. His Greek-born father, Heinrich Friedrich Pilates ( Πιλάτης ), was a metal worker and enthusiastic gymnast, and his German-born mother was a housewife.

Pilates was a sickly child. He suffered from asthma, rickets, and rheumatic fever, and he dedicated his entire life to improving his physical strength. He was introduced by his father to gymnastics and body-building, and to martial arts like jiu-jitsu and boxing. By the age of 14, he was fit enough to pose for anatomical charts. Pilates came to believe that the "modern" lifestyle, bad posture, and inefficient breathing lay at the roots of poor health. He ultimately devised a series of exercises and training techniques, and engineered all the equipment, specifications, and tuning required to teach his methods.

Early boxing, circus and self-defense trainer career
Pilates was originally a gymnast and bodybuilder, but when he moved to England in 1912, he earned a living as a professional boxer, a circus-performer, and a self-defense trainer at police schools and Scotland Yard.

Internment during World War I
During World War I, the British authorities interned Pilates, along with other German citizens, in Lancaster Castle, where he taught wrestling and self-defense, boasting that his students would emerge stronger than they were before their internment. Pilates studied yoga and the movements of animals and trained his fellow inmates in fitness and exercises. He later said that the intuitive movements of cats, in particular, inspired many aspects of his fitness regimen. It was there that he began refining and teaching his minimal-equipment system of mat exercises that later became "Contrology". He was then transferred to another internment camp at Knockaloe on the Isle of Man.

During that involuntary break, he began to intensively develop his concept of an integrated, comprehensive system of physical exercise, which he himself called "Contrology". "Contrology" related to encouraging the use of the mind to control muscles, and focusing attention on core postural muscles that help keep the body balanced and provide support for the spine. In particular, Pilates exercises teach awareness of breath and of alignment of the spine, and strengthen the deep torso and abdominal muscles. Some of the early use of Pilates's exercise methods included rehabilitation of seriously injured veterans.

After World War I, Pilates returned to Germany and collaborated with important experts in dance and physical exercise such as Rudolf Laban. In Hamburg, he trained police officers.

Move to the US and marriage
Around 1925, Pilates immigrated to the United States. On the ship to America, he met his future wife Clara. The couple founded a studio in New York City and directly taught and supervised their students well into the 1960s.

Joseph and Clara Pilates soon established a devoted following in the local dance and performing-arts community of New York. Well-known dancers such as George Balanchine, who arrived in the United States in 1933, and Martha Graham, who had come to New York in 1923, became devotees and regularly sent their students to the Pilates for training and rehabilitation. His exercise regimen built flexibility, strength and stamina. Soon after it became known that ballerinas were attending the Pilates gym on 8th Avenue, society women followed.

Joseph Pilates wrote several books, including Return to Life through Contrology and Your Health, and he was also a prolific inventor, with over 26 patents cited.

Pilates continued to advocate for and teach his method well into his old age, even once he was physically incapable of performing the exercises himself.

Death
Pilates died in New York City in 1967 of advanced emphysema at the age of 83.

Books

 * Your Health by Joseph H. Pilates (1934)
 * Return to Life Through Contrology by Joseph H. Pilates and William J. Miller (1945)
 * Reprint of 1945 book
 * "The Pilates Pamphlet: Return to Life Through Contrology" by Joseph H. Pilates and Frederick Rand Rogers (1957)

In popular culture

 * Joseph Pilates is the subject of the 2013 documentary film A Movement of Movement made by Mark Pedri.

title: Joseph Pilates


text:
HMS Orion (1787)

HMS Orion was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the British Royal Navy, launched at Deptford on 1 June 1787 to the design of the Canada-class ship of the line, by William Bately. She took part in all the major actions of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars under a series of distinguished captains.

In 1794 she fought at the Glorious First of June under Captain John Thomas Duckworth.

Orion was at Plymouth on 20 January 1795 and so shared in the proceeds of the detention of the Dutch naval vessels, East Indiamen, and other merchant vessels that were in port on the outbreak of war between Britain and the Netherlands.

Later in 1795, Captain James Saumarez was appointed in command. Under Saumarez, Orion took part in the defeat of the French fleet at the Battle of Groix off Lorient on 22 June.

In October 1795 Orion recaptured the merchantman Thames, Atterbury, master, which had been among a number of vessels that a French frigate squadron had captured in late September.

Nancy Perriam, one of the very few women to serve on a Royal Navy ship during the Coalition Wars, served on the Orion under Saumarez during this period.

In early 1797 Orion joined the Mediterranean Fleet and distinguished herself at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent on 14 February. She then took part in the blockade of Cadiz from March 1797 to April 1798, when she was sent into the Mediterranean as part of a small squadron under the command of Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson. In August, Nelson finally caught up with the French fleet, resulting in the Battle of the Nile, where Captain Saumarez was wounded. In October 1805, now under Captain Edward Codrington, she took part in the Battle of Trafalgar where, with HMS Ajax (1798), she forced the surrender of the French 74-gun ship FRENCH SHIP Intrépide.

After Trafalgar, Orion continued in the blockade of Cadiz. On 25 November, HMS Thunderer (1783) detained the Ragusan ship Nemesis, which was sailing from Isle de France to Leghorn, Italy, with a cargo of spice, indigo dye, and other goods. Orion shared the prize money with ten other British warships.

Fate
Orion was broken up in 1814.

In popular culture
In the Patrick O'Brian novel Post Captain, Capt. Jack Aubrey says he was third lieutenant aboard HMS Orion at the Battle of Cape St. Vincent.

title: HMS Orion (1787)