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User talk:Isoclub~enwiki

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title: User talk:Isoclub~enwiki


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List of indie game developers

This is a list of developers of indie games, which includes video game developers who are not owned by nor do they receive significant financial backing from a video game publisher. Independent developers, which can be single individuals, small groups, or large organizations, retain operational control over their organizations and processes. Some self-publish their own games while others work with publishers.

List of notable developers
There are thousands of independent game development studios which either self-publish their titles, or enter into licensing or co-development agreements with publishers. This list is not intended to be exhaustive with respect to developers or their games, and includes only notable developers and their most notable game examples.

title: List of indie game developers


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navajowhite

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Nonthaburi (disambiguation)

Nonthaburi is a city in Thailand.

Nonthaburi may also refer to:
 * Nonthaburi Province, a province of Thailand
 * Mueang Nonthaburi District, the capital district of Nonthaburi Province, Thailand

title: Nonthaburi (disambiguation)


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Borough Hall/Court Street station

The Borough Hall/Court Street station is an underground New York City Subway station complex in Brooklyn shared by the BMT Fourth Avenue Line, the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and the IRT Eastern Parkway Line. The complex comprises three stations: Borough Hall on the IRT lines and Court Street on the BMT line. The stations are located under Court, Joralemon, and Montague Streets, next to Brooklyn Borough Hall, in the Downtown Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights neighborhoods of Brooklyn. It is served by the 2, 4, and R trains at all times; the 3 train all times except late nights; the 5 train on weekdays; the N train during late nights; and limited rush-hour W trains.

The Borough Hall station of the Eastern Parkway Line was built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line. The station opened on January 9, 1908, when the original IRT was extended into Brooklyn. The Borough Hall station of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened on April 15, 1919, as part of the Dual Contracts. The Court Street station of the Fourth Avenue Line was built for the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; later the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, or BMT) as part of the Dual Contracts, and opened on August 1, 1920. Several modifications have been made to the IRT and BMT stations over the years, and they were connected within a single fare control area in 1948.

The Eastern Parkway Line station under Joralemon Street has two side platforms and two tracks on the same level. The Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line station under Brooklyn Borough Hall also has two side platforms and two tracks on different levels. The Fourth Avenue Line station has one island platform and two tracks. Part of the complex is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The original portion of the Eastern Parkway Line station's interior is a New York City designated landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

First subway
Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature passed the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, the Rapid Transit Commission's chief engineer. The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.

Several days after Contract 1 was signed, the Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners instructed Parsons to evaluate the feasibility of extending the subway south to South Ferry, and then to Brooklyn. On January 24, 1901, the Board adopted a route that would extend the subway from City Hall to the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)'s Flatbush Avenue terminal station (now known as Atlantic Terminal) in Brooklyn, via the Joralemon Street Tunnel under the East River. Contract 2, which gave the IRT a 35-year lease, was executed between the commission and the Rapid Transit Construction Company on September 11, 1902. Construction of the Contract 2 tunnel began at State Street in Manhattan on November 8, 1902. and work on the Joralemon Street Tunnel began in 1903. By July 1907, the Borough Hall station was nearly completed except for the entrances.

The Borough Hall station opened on January 9, 1908, as the terminal for the extension of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Lower Manhattan. Borough Hall was the first underground subway station in Brooklyn; people waved flags throughout the borough to celebrate the station's opening, and officials celebrated the occasion with a parade and a banquet. Prior to the Borough Hall station's opening, the only rapid transit in Brooklyn had been the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT)'s elevated lines, which operated only as far as the Manhattan ends of the Brooklyn Bridge. The opening of the station thus also alleviated congestion on lines that used the Brooklyn Bridge. A temporary switch was installed just west of the station, allowing trains to terminate on the southbound track until the line could be extended. An extension to Atlantic Avenue opened on May 1, 1908, completing the Contract 2 IRT line. Bronze bas-reliefs by William Ordway Partridge were installed at the Borough Hall station in early 1909 to denote the station's status as Brooklyn's first underground subway station.

To address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening the platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent. The northbound platform at the Borough Hall station was extended 125 ft to the east, while the southbound platform was extended 140 ft to the east. During the construction of the platform extensions, the facade of Brooklyn Borough Hall began to crack because of vibrations from construction equipment. On January 23, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the East Side Line, and the next day, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line.

Dual Contracts
After the original IRT opened, the city began planning new lines. One of these, the Centre Street Loop in Manhattan, was to connect the Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan Bridge, and Williamsburg Bridge with a new tunnel under the East River. By 1910, the IRT's Borough Hall station was so crowded that residents of Brooklyn Heights, a residential neighborhood west of Borough Hall, wanted a stop to be added on the proposed Centre Street Loop within Brooklyn Heights. At the time, the line was supposed to have a station at Borough Hall, then slope downward under the East River. The Public Service Commission ultimately rejected a proposal for a Brooklyn Heights station because it would have required the tunnels to be built at an extremely steep slope of five percent.

IRT lines
As part of the Dual Contracts, approved in 1913, the New York City Public Service Commission planned to split the original IRT system into three segments: two north-south lines, carrying through trains over the Lexington Avenue and Broadway–Seventh Avenue Lines, and an east–west shuttle under 42nd Street. This would form a roughly H-shaped system. The Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line would split into two branches south of Chambers Street, one of which would turn eastward through Lower Manhattan, run under the East River via a new Clark Street Tunnel, and connect with the existing Contract 2 IRT Brooklyn Line at Borough Hall. The IRT was authorized to construct a station at Borough Hall. The line's Borough Hall station was a two-level station, with a connection to the existing Eastern Parkway Line station; the double-deck arrangement was required because the eastbound track had to pass under the existing line. To minimize disruption at street level, the line was excavated using cast-iron tunneling shields, typically used for underwater tunnels, rather than via the cut-and-cover method used elsewhere in the system. Entrances were planned along Fulton Street (now Cadman Plaza West ) at Montague Street and at Myrtle Avenue.

Construction of the Clark Street Tunnel began in 1914, but the section of the line under Fulton Street was delayed by disputes over the demolition of part of the Fulton Street elevated line. By January 1919, the tracks for the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line were completed, but signals and station finishes were still being installed. The IRT decided to push forward the tunnel's opening after learning that BRT workers might go on strike. On April 15, 1919, the Clark Street Tunnel opened, and the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line's Borough Hall station opened with it, extending West Side Line express trains from Wall Street on the other side of the East River to Atlantic Avenue. The connection doubled the number of IRT trains that could travel between Manhattan and Brooklyn, and it eased congestion in the Joralemon Street Tunnel, the only other tunnel carrying IRT trains between the two boroughs. Direct express service to Times Square was provided to the inhabitants of Brooklyn for the first time as a result; trains through the Joralemon Street Tunnel made express stops in Manhattan, skipping Times Square.

In 1920, a new entrance at the northwestern corner of Joralemon Street and Court Street was completed. That year, the Eastern Parkway Line was extended east of Atlantic Avenue. The Joralemon Street Tunnel services, which had previously served all stops on the Eastern Parkway Line, became express services, while the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line services ran local on the Eastern Parkway Line. Although the Eastern Parkway Line's express tracks already existed, they previously had been used only for storage. The tracks were reconfigured so that Eastern Parkway express trains could no longer stop at the Hoyt Street station, the next stop east.

BRT line
Also planned under the Dual Contracts was the Broadway Line and Fourth Avenue Line of the BRT (after 1923, the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation or BMT ). Under the Dual Contracts, the Whitehall–Montague Street route was to be built, connecting the Broadway Line in Manhattan and the Fourth Avenue subway under the Flatbush Avenue Extension to the west of the DeKalb Avenue station. The BRT was authorized to construct a station on the Whitehall–Montague Street route at the intersection of Montague and Court Streets. The Court Street station was to be built at the eastern end of the Montague Street Tunnel, a pair of tubes carrying the BRT line under the East River. Because of the station's depth, there would be elevators ascending to Clinton Street at its western end. The eastern end was to contain stairs and escalators leading directly to Court Street and to the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line station. A ramp extending west to Henry Street was also proposed but not built. This ramp was proposed as a compromise when the Public Service Commission had rejected plans for a second station in Brooklyn Heights.

Construction of the Montague Street Tunnel's two tubes began in 1914. The north tube of the tunnel was holed through on June 2, 1917, followed by the south tube on June 20, 1917. Service via the Montague Tunnel began on August 1, 1920, with the opening of the Court Street station. The Court Street station was one of three subway stations to open in Brooklyn Heights; the other two were Clark Street on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and High Street on the Independent Subway System (IND)'s Eighth Avenue Line. The BRT, along with the IRT and the city government, shared control of the Borough Hall/Court Street station.

1920s to 1960s
In 1922, the New York State Transit Commission directed its engineers to prepare plans for lengthening the platforms at 23 stations on the BMT's lines to accommodate eight-car trains. As part of the project, platforms would be lengthened to 530 feet. Though the Transit Commission ordered the BMT to lengthen these platforms in September 1923, no further progress was made until February 16, 1925, when the New York City Board of Transportation (BOT) commissioned its engineers to examine platform-lengthening plans for Court Street and eleven other stations along the Fourth Avenue Line. It estimated the project would cost $633,000. The New York City Board of Estimate appropriated $362,841 for the lengthening of the platforms at Court Street and five other stations in January 1926 and awarded the contract to Charles Meads & Company early the next month. The platform extension at Court Street opened on August 1, 1927.

The city government took over the BMT's operations on June 1, 1940, and the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. As part of a Works Progress Administration program, the IRT entrance at Cadman Plaza and Montague Street was integrated into a neighboring park in late 1940. The New York City Board of Transportation also renovated the station's bathrooms in 1947 as part of a larger initiative to upgrade bathrooms throughout the subway system. Transfer passageways between the three stations were placed inside fare control on July 1, 1948. During the Cold War, the city government proposed constructing a passageway between the IRT's Borough Hall station and the IND's Jay Street–Borough Hall station under Myrtle Avenue, which would have doubled as an air-raid shelter. The passageway and other shelters in the New York City Subway system would have cost $15 million; the federal government would have paid half, and the city and state government would have paid the other half.

The Board of Transportation announced plans in November 1949 to extend platforms at several IRT stations, including the Eastern Parkway/Lexington Avenue Line platforms at Borough Hall, to accommodate all doors on ten-car trains. Although ten-car trains already operated on the line, the rear car could not open its doors at the station due to the short platforms. Funding for the platform extensions was included in the city's 1950 capital budget. During the 1964–1965 fiscal year, the IRT platforms at Borough Hall were lengthened to 525 ft to accommodate a ten-car train of 51 ft IRT cars. The work was undertaken by the Arthur A. Johnson Corporation. In the late 1960s, New York City Transit extended the Fourth Avenue Line platform about 85 ft to the west, allowing it to accommodate ten 60 ft cars.

1970s to 1990s
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) had proposed renovating the Borough Hall station as early as its 1975–1979 capital plan. In 1976, with funding from the Exxon Corporation, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line station, as well as three others citywide, received new "artfully humorous graffiti" murals and artwork. Local designer Samuel Lebowitz received $5,000 to "improve the level of lighting in an exciting and light hearted way." Some "multicolored animated neon signs" were placed underneath transparent plastic screens; such signs included "an abstract eye that winks every five seconds" and another that looked to be "blow[ing] smoke rings." The agency closed one of the station's token booths in 1977 to save money, although the booth was reopened shortly afterward. In 1979, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the space within the boundaries of the original Eastern Parkway Line station, excluding expansions made after 1904, as a city landmark. The station was designated along with eleven others on the original IRT.

A renovation of the Eastern Parkway Line station took place in the early 1980s as part of the MTA's Adopt-a-Station program. MTA chairman Richard Ravitch announced in October 1981 that these platforms would be renovated with funding from the Subway Committee for the Brooklyn Downtown Commercial Crescent, a local civic group. The Brooklyn Union Gas Company raised $25,000, while other businesses raised another $25,000; the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) provided a matching grant of $50,000. The MTA also provided $3.5 million for the project as part of its 1980–1984 capital program. In 1982, the UMTA gave a $66 million grant to the New York City Transit Authority, part of which was allocated for the renovation of several subway stations, including Borough Hall's IRT platforms.

Work on the project had begun by 1983 but had fallen behind schedule two years later. One of the issues was that the MTA had wanted to save the original tiles in the Eastern Parkway Line station, a designated New York City landmark, but the agency could not get the tiles to stick to the wall. New tiles had to be imported from Czechoslovakia, and some tiles were stolen before they could be installed. Some newly-renovated parts of the station were already deteriorating by 1987, such as tiled floors that had come loose. Other parts of the renovation had been conducted haphazardly, such as the uneven installation of gray wall tiles, as well as a ceiling that had been repainted above the platforms but not the tracks. At that point, it had taken nearly as long to renovate the station as to construct the original line. The New York City Transit Authority eventually filed a lawsuit to compel the renovation contractor to complete the project. The rest of the complex was also slated to be renovated, but the improvements were temporarily delayed in 1987 because of the poor quality of the Eastern Parkway Line station's renovation. MTA officials diverted funding for the other platforms' renovations in December 1989 to cover a budget shortfall.

In the early 1990s, the BMT station's columns were repainted "Newport green" to match the mosaic tiles as part of a systemwide repainting program. Workers were installing elevators at the Borough Hall IRT stations by 1992, as part of the MTA's plan to make dozens of "key stations" accessible to passengers with disabilities. The work was finished by the next year. Most of the IRT portion of the complex became wheelchair-accessible, except for the eastbound Eastern Parkway Line platform. The subway entrance at Clinton Street was converted into a part-time entrance in 1994, after the removal of high entry-exit turnstiles at the entrance. The escalators to the BMT station were replaced in 1997; the repair project was delayed by two months after several dozen escalator steps were stolen. Even after the repairs were completed, the escalators continued to experience periodic outages.

2000s to present
The original Eastern Parkway Line station's interiors were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. In June 2018, part of the Eastern Parkway Line station's ceiling collapsed, injuring a passenger. The collapse of the 100-year-old ceiling necessitated $8.3 million in emergency repairs. Prior to the ceiling collapse, neither the MTA nor the New York City Department of Transportation had identified the Borough Hall station as a "priority" station requiring renovation. An internal report, released in late 2019, found that the staff sent to inspect the station verified the defect existed in 2017, but underestimated its severity due to a lack of expertise in terracotta ceilings, nor was the issue escalated to engineers who were familiar with terracotta. The MTA report suggested that special care be taken in the inspection of the thirteen subway stations that have terracotta ceilings due to the different properties when compared to concrete or steel.

The IRT station's existing elevators were closed for replacement for several months starting in July 2020. The two elevators at the western end of the BMT's Court Street station were also replaced starting in 2022, requiring the closure of the exit at Clinton Street; this was part of a program to replace elevators across the subway system. In November 2022, the MTA announced that it would award a $106 million contract for the installation of additional elevators at the Borough Hall station complex. The project would make the Eastern Parkway Line platforms fully accessible. The contract included one elevator from the mezzanine to either of the Eastern Parkway Line platforms, as well as one elevator from the mezzanine to the street. , work was scheduled to begin in the middle of that year and be completed in 2025. New York City councilmember Lincoln Restler founded a volunteer group, the Friends of MTA Station Group, in early 2023 to advocate for improvements to the Borough Hall station and four other subway stations in Brooklyn. The BMT elevators at Clinton Street reopened in June 2023. The BMT platform also received structural and visual upgrades, which were completed in January 2024.

IRT stations
Initially, the Eastern Parkway Line station was served by express trains along both the West Side (now the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line to Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street) and East Side (now the Lenox Avenue Line). The express trains, running to Atlantic Avenue, had their northern terminus at 242nd Street or West Farms (180th Street). Lenox local trains to 145th Street served the station during late nights. The Lexington Avenue Line north of Grand Central–42nd Street opened on August 1, 1918, and all Eastern Parkway Line services were sent via the Lexington Avenue Line. The Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line's Brooklyn branch carried the express services to 242nd Street or via the Lenox Avenue Line when the Clark Street Tunnel opened in 1919 (express service to 242nd Street was eliminated in 1959 ). To the south, trains ran to Flatbush Avenue or Utica Avenue starting in 1920 and to New Lots Avenue starting in 1924.

The IRT routes were given numbered designations in 1948 with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The 2, 3, 4, and 5 trains were given their present designations at that time. The Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line services became the 2 and 3, and the Lexington Avenue/Eastern Parkway Line services became the 4 and 5.

BMT station
The Court Street BMT station opened when the Montague Street Tunnel opened on August 1, 1920, Broadway Line trains to Brooklyn could either use the tunnel, stopping at Court Street and five other stations in Lower Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn, or use the Manhattan Bridge, which skipped all of these stations. Initially, Court Street was served by Fourth Avenue Line local trains (labeled as the BMT 2), Brighton Beach Line express trains (the BMT 1), and some rush-hour West End Line trains (the BMT 3). Brighton express trains were later rerouted to the Manhattan Bridge, while Brighton locals started using the tunnel. After the BMT Nassau Street Line was completed in 1931, West End trains via the Montague Street Tunnel started using the Nassau Street Line instead of the Broadway Line in Manhattan.

The opening of the Chrystie Street Connection in 1967 resulted in drastic changes to the services that stopped at the Court Street station. The RR (later the R ) and the QJ began using the Montague Street Tunnel, running via Court Street; the QJ was replaced by the M in 1973. After the Manhattan Bridge was closed for repairs in 1986, all off-peak N trains began running through the Montague Street Tunnel and serving Court Street. Starting in December 1988, N and R trains ran through the tunnel and the Whitehall Street station at all times. When the Manhattan Bridge reopened in February 2004, the R train began serving the station at all times except late nights, while the N train only served the station at night. The M train stopped serving the station when it was rerouted to Midtown Manhattan in 2010. When the Montague Street Tunnel closed for repairs in August 2013, weekday R service was divided into two segments; the Court Street station was the northern terminus of the Brooklyn segment. The R train did not serve the station on weekends, and the N train did not stop there at all, until regular service resumed in September 2014.

Station layout
The complex is composed of three stations that are all connected within a single fare control area. The IRT Eastern Parkway Line station has two tracks and two side platforms and runs east–west under Joralemon Street. The IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line station has two tracks and two side platforms that are stacked above each other, and it runs roughly northwest to southeast under Cadman Plaza and Borough Hall. The BMT Fourth Avenue Line station has two tracks and one island platform running east–west under Montague Street. Both Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line platforms are fully accessible under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The northbound Eastern Parkway Line platform is ADA-accessible via the passageway connecting with the northbound Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line platform. However, the southbound Eastern Parkway Line platform and the Fourth Avenue Line platform are not ADA-accessible. Accessibility for the southbound Eastern Parkway Line platform was proposed in February 2019 as part of the MTA's "Fast Forward" program.

At the mezzanine level are three overpasses above the center of the Eastern Parkway Line platforms. The outer two overpasses have two fare control areas, one each on the north and south sides. The middle overpass is a passageway connecting the unpaid areas on the north and south sides, and has no access to the platforms. The central mezzanine has two bronze plaques commemorating the subway's arrival in Brooklyn: a plaque to the PSC on the west and a plaque celebrating the station's opening on the east. These plaques, measuring 6 by, were designed by Partridge and originally placed on the southbound platform. The plaques are installed within mosaic tablets with swag and floral designs. A fourth overpass is at the extreme west end of the Eastern Parkway Line platforms. The eastern end of the northbound Eastern Parkway Line platform has a passageway leading to the southern end of the northbound Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line platform.

At the northern end of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line station is another mezzanine above the upper platform level, leading to exits on Court Street as well as to the Fourth Avenue Line platform. An escalator leads from the lower platform level to the mezzanine. The unpaid areas are on the southeastern side of this mezzanine. The Fourth Avenue Line platform is the deepest in the complex, under both sets of IRT platforms. Two stairs rise from the eastern end of the Fourth Avenue Line station to an intermediate mezzanine, where escalators and stairs lead to a mezzanine above the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line platforms. There is another exit at the extreme western end. A stair rises to a landing above the platform, where two elevators go up to the western BMT mezzanine. The mezzanine has a part-time turnstile bank and customer assistance booth. Full height turnstiles provide entrance/exit from the mezzanine at all times.

Exits
The main fare control for the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line and BMT Fourth Avenue Line platforms is at the west end of the platforms. Outside fare control, two staircases ascend to the southeast corner of Court and Montague Streets, and a staircase and elevator ascend to Columbus Park, the entrance plaza of Brooklyn Borough Hall, on the east side of Court Street. The design of the elevator resembles that of the ornate entrance kiosks in the original IRT subway. These entrances also serve the U.S. Bankruptcy Court within the Federal Building and Post Office to the north, as well as a New York Supreme Court courthouse to the east. Historically, there was also an exit to a bank on the northern side of Montague Street.

The main fare control for the IRT Eastern Parkway Line platforms is at the center of the station and is staffed. On the northbound side, the overpasses have full height turnstiles leading to two staircases, one each flanking Brooklyn Borough Hall's main entrance on the northeast corner of Court and Joralemon Streets. The stairs flanking Borough Hall retain cast-iron hoods atop granite bases, which are part of the original design. The Borough Hall station is one of two stations to retain such hoods, the other being the Wall Street station in Manhattan. On the southbound side, the overpasses have small turnstile banks, leading to a token booth and two staircases, going up to the southeast corner of Court and Joralemon Streets. The banisters on these staircases are made of concrete since they are outside the Brooklyn Municipal Building. The mezzanine has a large set of doors leading into the Municipal Building (this entrance was closed in February 1996 due to security concerns), and a now-defunct bank teller window. On the northwest corner of the mezzanine, a passage led to Borough Hall.

The secondary fare control area for the IRT Eastern Parkway Line is at the extreme west end and is unstaffed. Outside fare control, there is a token booth. Past the booth, one stair each goes up to the northwest and southwest corners of Court and Joralemon Streets. Prior to 1961, there were two additional entrances to the southwest corner of the intersection. These entrances are within one block of the Generoso Pope Athletic Complex of St. Francis College.

The unstaffed fare control area for the BMT Fourth Avenue Line is at the extreme west end. Outside fare control, one stair each goes to the northwest and southwest corners of Livingston and Court Streets. The northwest staircase has an antique "SUBWAY" white and green globe sign since it is in the front yard of St. Ann's and Holy Trinity Church (the mezzanine has a mosaic sign with the church's name on it). The southwest staircase is next to the basement entrance of a daycare. The First Unitarian Church of Brooklyn, Brooklyn Historical Society, Brooklyn Trust Company Building, and Saint Ann's School are located within one block of these entrances.

IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line platforms
The Borough Hall station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line is a double-level station with two tracks in a split platform configuration. Southwest of each track is a side platform; northbound trains use the upper level while southbound trains use the lower one. The 2 train stops here at all times, while the 3 train stops here at all times except late nights. On both routes, the Borough Hall station is located between the Clark Street station to the north and the Hoyt Street station to the south.

At the eastern end of both platforms, a staircase from the lower level goes up to the upper level, near the passageway to the northbound IRT Eastern Parkway Line platform. At the western end of both platforms, a staircase from the lower level goes up to the upper level before another staircase goes up to a mezzanine. The lower level also has an up-only escalator that bypasses the upper level, leading directly to the mezzanine. An elevator connects both platforms to the upper mezzanine.

East of the platforms, the southbound Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line track crosses diagonally about 18 ft below both of the Eastern Parkway tracks, then curves eastward and slopes up to the level of the Eastern Parkway Line near Smith Street. Both become the local tracks for the line. The Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line's connection to the Eastern Parkway Line was built as part of the original subway line but was not used until the opening of the Clark Street Tunnel. The local tracks of the line were originally planned to travel north under what is now Cadman Plaza West to the Brooklyn Bridge.

Both platforms have their original IRT trim line and name tablets reading "BOROUGH HALL" in a serif lettering style. Tablets showing images of Borough Hall are located at regular intervals on the trim line. Dark blue I-beam columns line both platforms at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate in white lettering.

IRT Eastern Parkway Line platforms
The Borough Hall station on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line has two tracks and two side platforms on the same level. The 4 train stops here at all times, while the 5 train stops here at all times except late nights and weekends. On both routes, the Borough Hall station is located between the Bowling Green station to the north and the Nevins Street station to the south.

The platforms were originally 350 ft long, like at other Contract 2 stations,  but were lengthened to 520 ft by 1964. Two staircases from each platform lead to each of the two overpasses at the center of the station, while one staircase from each platform leads to the overpass at the extreme west end. The eastern end of the northbound platform connects with the passageway leading from the northbound Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line platform. The original portion of the station is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

East of this station, the two tracks become the express tracks of the IRT Eastern Parkway Line and the two tracks of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line become the local tracks. Originally, a set of switches between Borough Hall and Hoyt Street connected the express tracks to the local tracks. The roof of the tunnel above the switches was supported by girders weighing 18 ST and measuring 52 ft wide. The switches have since been removed.

Design
As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 in thick. Each platform consists of 3 in concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The platforms contain green I-beam columns, spaced every 15 ft. Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 ft, support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. The ceiling height varies based on whether there are utilities in the ceiling. There is a 1 in gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4 in-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.

The walls along the platforms consist of a pink marble wainscoting on the lowest part of the wall, with bronze air vents along the wainscoting, and white glass tiles above. The platform walls are divided at 15 ft intervals by green and rose pilasters, or vertical bands, with brown and buff-colored swags. In the original portion of the station, each pilaster is topped by blue, green, and yellow faience plaques with the letters "BH". White-on-green tile plaques with the words "Borough Hall", containing red, green, blue, buff, violet, and pink mosaic borders, are also placed on the walls. The platform extensions contain similar decorative elements. The ceilings contain plaster molding. At the extreme east end of the platforms, where the platforms were extended, the walls have a brown trim line on beige tiles with "BOROUGH HALL" in white sans serif lettering.

BMT Fourth Avenue Line platform
The Court Street station on the BMT Fourth Avenue Line has two tracks and one island platform. R trains serve the station at all times; some rush-hour W trains stop here; and N train stops here during late nights. The next station to the north is Whitehall Street in Manhattan, while the next station to the south is Jay Street–MetroTech.

A single staircase from the western end of the platform goes up to the elevators to the western BMT mezzanine. Two staircases from the eastern end of the platform go up to the escalators and stairs to the IRT passageway.

West of the station, the line goes through the Montague Street Tunnel under the East River to connect to the BMT Broadway Line and the BMT Nassau Street Line. All trains use the Broadway Line connection, which goes to Whitehall Street. The latter connection, to the Broad Street station, was last used by the M train in June 2010 before it was rerouted.

Since the tunnel descends to go underneath the East River, it was constructed with a deep-bore tunnel, making both track walls curved. The walls also still have their original Dual Contracts mosaic tablets and trim line. The name tablets have "COURT ST." in serif lettering, and tablets showing scenes of Borough Hall are located along the trim line at regular intervals. The western end (railroad north) of the walls is plain white. Yellow I-beam columns line both sides of the island platform at regular intervals with alternating ones having the standard black station name plate in white lettering.

Surface connections
When the original IRT station opened in 1908, there was a transfer to the Putnam Avenue and Halsey Street trolley line. Since 1898, a trolley loop had run in front of Borough Hall and along Fulton Street (Cadman Plaza West) and Court Street, but BRT officials expected that the loop would become congested with the construction of the Dual Contracts subway stations. In May 1914, a second loop on nearby Johnson Street opened. Passengers on lines that used the Borough Hall loop, Court Street, or Fulton Street could transfer to the entrance of this station complex bounded by those two streets and the loop, north of Borough Hall.

On April 7, 1930, the BMT eliminated the loop to relieve congestion. Several lines were moved to a loop that traveled north along Adams Street, west along Myrtle Avenue, and southeast along Fulton Street (Cadman Plaza West). Other routes continued west along Livingston Street, north on Court Street, east on Joralemon and Fulton Street, and south on Boerum Place before turning back east along Livingston Street. All streetcar lines in Brooklyn were ultimately discontinued by 1956. Numerous bus lines serve the station, namely the.

title: Borough Hall/Court Street station


text:
Ș

S-comma (majuscule: Ș, minuscule: ș) is a letter which is part of the Romanian alphabet, used to represent the sound, the voiceless postalveolar fricative (like sh in shoe). S-comma consists of an s with a diacritical comma underneath it, and is distinct from s-cedilla.

History
The letter was proposed in the Buda Lexicon, a book published in 1825, which included two texts by Petru Maior, Orthographia romana sive latino-valachica una cum clavi and Dialogu pentru inceputul linbei române, introducing ș for and ț for.

Unicode support
S-comma was not initially supported in early Unicode versions, nor in the predecessors like ISO/IEC 8859-2 and Windows-1250. Instead, Ş (S-cedilla), a character available since Unicode 1.1.0 (1993), was used for digital texts written in Romanian. In some contexts, like with low-resolution screens and printouts, the visual distinction between ș and ş is minimal. In 1999, at the request of the Romanian Standardization Association, S-comma was introduced in Unicode 3.0. Nevertheless, encoding for the S-comma was not supported in retail versions of Microsoft Windows XP, but a later European Union Expansion Font Update provided the feature. While digital accessibility to S-comma has since improved, both characters continue to be used interchangeably in various contexts like publishing.

The letter is part of Unicode's Latin Extended-B range, under "Additions for Romanian", titled as "Latin capital letter S with comma below" (U+0218) and "Latin small letter s with comma below" (U+0219). In HTML, these can be encoded by  and , respectively.

Use of the comma with the letter S

 * Romanian
 * The Romanian letter Ș/ș (S with comma) represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative (as in " sh ow"). On outdated systems which do not support the glyph, the symbol Ş/ş (S with cedilla) is used. Example word: Timișoara.

title: Ș


text:
User:GBrady

GBrady (not his real surname) lives in Reynoldsburg,Ohio with his wife Ellen, son Michael, and his two cats MoonPie (the latest addition courtesy of | Cat Welfare) and Harley who was named by her previous owner in honor of her effusive purr and whom we have affectionately nicknamed "Harley Manson" due to antisocial tendencies involving her claws. They share the space with and a golden weiner named Gracie. Past furry Bradys included a calico cat Prudence (who was named after a Beatles song), Susie, a tortoise-shell kitty named after Susie Derkins of the Calvin and Hobbes comic strip and her late brother Hobbes (same name derivation) the handi-capable.  His biggest interests are music of many different genres but he is particularly an ardent fan of Brian_Wilson and the Beach Boys. His expertise is probably in early Christian rock of the 1960s-1980s. However, he also has a sizable (if he can be immodest) knowledge and interest in most musical styles excepting opera and techno music.

title: User:GBrady


text:
Ą

Ą (minuscule: ą) is a letter in the Polish, Kashubian, Lithuanian, Creek, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Osage, Hocąk, Mescalero, Gwich'in, Tutchone, and Elfdalian alphabets. It is formed from the letter a and an ogonek ("little tail") and usually, except in modern Lithuanian and Polish, denotes a nasal a sound.

Polish
In the Polish alphabet, ą comes after a, but never appears at the beginning of a word. Originally, ą used to represent a nasal a sound, but in modern times, its pronunciation has shifted to a nasal o sound. The letter does not have one determined pronunciation and instead, its pronunciation is dependent on the sounds it is followed by.

Pronunciation
In some dialects, word-final ą is also pronounced as ; thus, robią is occasionally pronounced as.

History
Polish ą sound evolved from a long nasal a sound of medieval Polish into a short nasal o sound in the modern language. The medieval vowel, along with its short counterpart, evolved in turn from the merged nasal *ę and *ǫ of Late Proto-Slavic.

Another explanation is connected to the adoption of the Old Czech-style orthography of the Latin alphabet to write Polish at the turn of the 16th century. In Poland-Lithuania, Latin still dominated in writing in the Kingdom of Poland, and the Cyrillic-based vernacular of Ruthenian had been in official use in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 13th century. In pronunciation, the Church Cyrillic letter big yus (Ѫ ѫ) corresponds to the pronunciation of the Polish ą. However, it is little yus (Ѧ ѧ), which is phonetically similar to ę and, more importantly, shares visual resemblances with the Latin alphabet initial letter (A, a) plus an ogonek, that some believe led to ogonek's introduction. This, according to proponents of the theory, resulted in the letter ą for denoting the nasal o, when it logically should have been ǫ rather than ą. When the ogonek had already been in place as the diacritic for marking nasality in vowels, it was appended to e, resulting in ę for nasal e.

Alternations
The letter often alternates with ę. However, in words derived from rząd ('government'), the vowel does not change. Thus, rządu (genitive of rząd) retains the ą, e.g., rozporządzenie rządu ('government's ordinance').
 * 'tooth': ząb → zęby ('teeth'),
 * 'snake': wąż → węże ('snakes')
 * 'husband' in nominative: mąż → z mężem ('with husband', in instrumental case)
 * 'weight': ciężar → ciążyć ('to weigh down, to be a burden'),
 * 'month': miesiąc → miesięczny ('monthly'),
 * 'a judge': sędzia → sądzić ('to judge, think')
 * 'row' in nominative: rząd → cztery razy z rzędu ('four times in a row', genitive case)

Lithuanian
In modern Lithuanian, it is no longer nasal and is now pronounced as a long a. It is the second letter of the Lithuanian alphabet called a nosinė (nasal a).

The letter is most often found at the end of the noun to construct an ending of accusative case, as in aslą, the accusative of asla (ground, floor); both a and ą in aslą are pronounced (a long a). Thus, ą is used to distinguish between the transcription of accusative and the nominative cases of the noun asla.

It is also used when converting present tense verbs into participles, e.g., (matąs (somebody who is seeing (matyti) right now).

Nasal an forms are now pronounced, as in sąrašas (list) and san-grąža (turnover, return).

In some cases, ą, ę and į (but never ė) may be used in different forms, as in tąsa (extension) – tęsia (extends) – tįsoti (to lie extended). Finally, some verbs have it in the middle of a word but only in the present tense, e.g., (bąla (is getting white), but not pabalo (has become white).

The letter can also be found at the beginning of several words, e.g., ąsotis (jug).

The Americas

In some indigenous languages of the Americas, the letter denotes a nasal a sound:
 * Western Apache
 * Chiricahua
 * Creek
 * Gwich'in
 * Hochunk
 * Mescalero
 * Navajo
 * Tutchone
 * Assiniboine/Nakoda

Elfdalian
The Elfdalian alphabet contains the letters that occur in the Swedish alphabet as well as various letters with ogonek to denote nasality. Ą and ą denote a nasal a sound.

Reconstructed language
Scholars who have reconstructed the Proto-Germanic language (the ancestor of all modern Germanic languages, spoken c. 500 BC – AD 500) use the letter ą to denote a nasal vowel.

title: Ą


text: User talk:206.106.97.107

title: User talk:206.106.97.107


text:
User:Lilykate~enwiki

My name is Kathryn Loux, and I am 17 years old and in search of life. I hate cigarettes and like coffee. I am only writing this user account because it is a school assignment, not because of any arrogance on my part, but I occaisonally do think too highly of myself.

Name: Kate School: Da Vinci High

I am interested in books and movies (especially foreign films which are difficult to understand but usually better than American movies, but mainly books. I'd like to think of myself as a free-spirited bohemian, but I can't write very well and I am grounded in a suburban lifestyle, so it will have to wait.

That entire biography was a little bit sarcastic.

J'ai les fourmis dans mon epèe! -Cyrano de Bergerac

That was not meant in the gross way that it sounds.

title: User:Lilykate~enwiki


text:
Template:Hiero/egypt/bordercolour

peru

title: Template:Hiero/egypt/bordercolour


text:
E caudata

The e caudata (, Latin for "tailed e", from cauda — "tail"; sometimes also called the e cedilla, hooked e, or looped e ) is a modified form of the letter E that is usually graphically represented in printed text as E with ogonek (ę) but has a distinct history of usage. It was used in Latin from as early as the sixth century to represent the vowel also written ae or æ. In old Gaelic texts from the 13th century, it represented an ea ligature.

In Middle and Early Modern Irish manuscripts, and in unnormalised transcriptions of them, e caudata is used for e, ae, and ea.

In Old Norse manuscripts, e caudata was used for both short and long versions of. In a few texts in Old Norse, it represents short, the result of i-mutation of Proto-Germanic , and contrasts with e, which represents Proto-Germanic. However, because these two vowels eventually merged to in the written varieties of Old Norse, they are commonly both written as e.

Latin
The use of the e caudata in medieval Latin manuscripts, like the use of the ligature æ, was a transitional stage in the gradual change from representing the diphthong ae with the separate letters ae, as it was written throughout antiquity, to representing it with the letter e. (This phoneme was pronounced as in the classical Latin of the late Roman Republic and early to middle Empire, but at some point between the second half of the 2nd century and the beginning of the 4th century AD, its pronunciation changed to [ε], so that it was indistinguishable from the short e in the pronunciation of the late Empire and the Middle Ages; indeed, medieval scribes sometimes hypercorrected by representing with ae, æ, or ę what in classical Latin had been a monophthongal e. ) It probably originated as a modified form of the ligature æ with only the lower loop and not the upper line of the a drawn attached to the e, as in medieval manuscripts the diacritic below the e is sometimes drawn as a loop, similar in shape to the loop of the a in æ in some scripts, rather than as an ogonek.

The e caudata first appears in a few uncial and half uncial manuscripts of the 6th century AD and was first used widely in 7th century Italian and Spanish uncial manuscripts; its use spread to Germany and the British Isles in the late 7th and early 8th centuries and to France in the late 8th century. In manuscripts of the 7th and 8th centuries, ae, æ, and ę are all common. By the 10th century the e caudata had mostly replaced the digraph ae, and it remained the most common way of representing the phoneme ae until the 12th century. However, its use remained uneven, as it was used less frequently in texts which used fewer abbreviations for the sake of greater clarity or formality, such as those written in Carolingian minuscule. E-caudata-like diacritics were also sometimes used on ligatures including an e; for instance, the letters aet were sometimes represented by an ampersand with a loop or hook under it, or the letters quae by the abbreviation for que with a loop or hook under it. In the 12th century, the e caudata started to be replaced by the plain e, which from then until the Renaissance remained the most common way of representing the phoneme ae in manuscripts.

In the Renaissance, the e caudata, along with the ligature æ and the digraph ae, was reintroduced by humanists as part of an attempt to return to a more classical writing system, since they believed that the 11th and 12th century manuscripts they read were actually ancient Roman. The e caudata was introduced on this basis by Coluccio Salutati and was used frequently in humanist minuscule and occasionally in Gothic script during the Renaissance.

title: E caudata


text:
Małgorzata Handzlik

Małgorzata Maria Handzlik (born 1 January 1965, in Bielsko-Biała) is a Polish politician and former Member of the European Parliament (MEP). She was elected in 2004 and 2009 for the Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska, PO), and chose not to run for reelection in 2014.

She learned Esperanto in the 1980s during her travels with her husband Jerzy Handzlik, an Esperanto singer, writer, publisher, and teacher. Apart from promoting her party's objectives, Handzlik has declared to stand in for multilingualism and equal linguistic rights for all citizens. Handzlik is a fluent speaker of Esperanto and proposes to investigate the possible role of this language as a second language for all Europeans.

On 26 November 2014, she was charged with counterfeiting and fraud by the District Prosecutor's Office in Warsaw (Prokuratura Okręgowa w Warszawie).

title: Małgorzata Handzlik


text:
Achille Starace

Achille Starace (18 August 1889 – 29 April 1945) was a prominent leader of Fascist Italy before and during World War II.

Early life and career
Starace was born in Sannicola, province of Lecce, in southern Apulia. His father was a wine and oil merchant.

Starace attended the Lecce Technical Institute and earned a degree in accounting. In 1909 he joined the Italian Royal Army (Regio Esercito) and by 1912 had become a second lieutenant (sottotenente) of the Bersaglieri. A dedicated bellicist, he entered singlehanded in a brawl with pacifist demonstrators at the Biffi Cafe in Milan in August 1914 and gained quite a reputation by this action.

Seeing action during World War I, Starace was highly decorated for his service, winning one Silver Medal of Military Valor plus four bronze. After the war, he left the army and moved to Trento, where he first came into contact with the growing Fascist movement. He also joined the Freemason lodge La Vedetta ("The Sentinel") in Udine in March 1917.

An ardent nationalist, Starace joined the Fascist movement in Trento in 1920 and quickly became its local political secretary. In 1921, his efforts caught the attention of Benito Mussolini, who put Starace in charge of the Fascist organization in Venezia Tridentina. In October 1921, Starace became vice-secretary of the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, or PNF). In 1922, Starace participated in the March on Rome (Marcia su Roma), leading a squad of Blackshirts (Camicie Nere, or CCNN) in support of Mussolini.

Prominence
Later in 1922, Starace was appointed party inspector of Sicily and made a member of the Executive Committee of the PNF. In 1923, after resigning as vice-secretary of the party, he was made commander of the National Security Volunteer Militia (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale or MVSN) in Trieste. The MVSN was an all-volunteer militia created to organize former Blackshirts.

In 1924, Starace was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies and made national party inspector. In 1926, Achille Starace once again became vice-secretary of the PNF, and, in 1928, he was appointed secretary of the Milan branch of the party.

Party secretary
In 1931, his career reached its peak when he was made party secretary of the PNF. He was appointed to the position primarily for his unquestioning, fanatical loyalty to Mussolini. As secretary, Starace staged huge parades and marches, proposed Anti-Semitic racial segregation measures, and greatly expanded Mussolini's cult of personality.

Although Starace was successful in increasing party membership, he failed in the later years of his tenure as secretary to reorganize the Italian Fascist Youth Organization (Opera Nazionale Balilla) along the lines of the Hitler Youth (Hitler-Jugend). He also failed to inspire a nationwide enthusiasm for Fascism on par with the popularity that the Nazi Party enjoyed in Germany. Starace served as secretary for a total of eight years. This was longer than any other Secretary had served. But, by the mid-1930s, he had gained numerous enemies in the party hierarchy.

Role in the invasion of Ethiopia
In 1935, Starace, a Colonel, took a leave of absence as PNF Party Secretary to participate in the Italian invasion of Ethiopia and fought on the northern front. In March 1936, after the Battle of Shire, he was given command of a mixed group of Blackshirts and the 3rd Bersaglieri Regiment, which was being assembled in Asmara, Eritrea. Later that month, Starace and his truck-transportable "mechanized column" prepared to advance over rough tracks to seize Gondar, the capital of Begemder Province. Before setting out, "the Panther Man" (L'uomo pantera) gave the following speech to his men: "Soldiers, this is the most risky, most difficult and most important venture of the campaign. Don't waste a shot. We are carrying all the ammunition we are going to have on this trip. This column must be like an electric live wire. Death to the touch! Truck drivers must learn to keep to the right of the road under pain of severe penalties…"

"Britain is a rich country, Italy is a poor country, but the people of poor countries have hard muscles. The only way to explain the action of the English is that they thought they had only to mass a war fleet in the Mediterranean and Premier Mussolini would take off his hat and bow in submission."

"Instead he reared up like a thoroughbred horse and sent his soldiers into Africa. Viva Il Duce!"

The roadbuilding skills of Starace's men played an equally important role to their combat prowess. The following morning, April 1, Starace and the column entered Gondar and two days later reached Lake Tana, securing the border region with British Sudan. The East African Fast Column (Colonna Celere dell'Africa Orientale) had covered approximately 120 km in three days.

Return to party secretary
After Ethiopia, Starace resumed his duties as Party Secretary. He continued to be controversial. For example, he decreed that all party flags must be made from an Italian-created textile fabric called "Lanital." Based on casein, a phosphoprotein commonly found in mammalian milk, Lanital was invented in 1935 and, according to Starace, it was a "product of Italian ingenuity." In 1936, Dino Grandi, the Italian Ambassador to Great Britain, appeared in London wearing a suit said to have been made from forty-eight pints of skimmed milk.

During the Munich Crisis in 1938 which ended with Nazi Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland, Starace was a vocal proponent that the French should agree to cede Tunisia to Italy.

Starace in Italian sport
Starace was a sports fanatic and instituted president of the CONI (Italian National Olympic Committee). He is remembered for such unlikely sports stunts as jumping through a fire circle at the Marmi Stadium in 1938 or horse jumping over a saloon car.

He wanted party officials to look virile and fit and on official ceremonies had them parading at the bersaglieri pace, an Italian variant of goose stepping.

He is specially and more significantly remembered also for a policy of enrollment of the Italian people (either young or not) in Fascist party-linked organizations that bore some semblance to the Scout movement: Opera Balilla, Figli della lupa, Avanguardisti, Giovane fascista and the labour-related Organizzazione del Dopolavoro (after-work sports).

Sports were of particular importance in Fascist propaganda, heavily exploiting the successes of Italian athletes in international competitions (like boxer Primo Carnera or the Italy national football team), and Starace was quite instrumental in this field, tackling both the mass organisation and the elite side of Italian sports.

Dismissal
In October 1939, Starace was finally dismissed as party secretary in favour of the popular aviator Ettore Muti. He was made chief of staff of the Blackshirts and he held this position until being dismissed for incompetence in May 1941. He was succeeded by Enzo Galbiati.

Imprisonment and death
In 1943, following the demise of Mussolini's regime, Starace was arrested by Pietro Badoglio's Royalist government. He was arrested even though his real power under Mussolini had ended two years earlier.

After unsuccessfully attempting to regain Mussolini's favour in the German-backed Italian Social Republic of Salò, Starace was again arrested. This time he was imprisoned in a concentration camp in Verona and was arrested by his former colleagues on charges that he had weakened the party during his tenure as Party Secretary.

Starace was eventually released and moved to Milan. On 29 April 1945, during his morning jog, he was recognized and captured by anti-Fascist Italian partisans. Starace was taken to Piazzale Loreto and shown the body of Mussolini, which he saluted just before he was executed. His body was subsequently strung up alongside Mussolini's.

In Italian daily life
Starace was one of the main objects of political satire and popular jokes under Fascism. The citations of his sayings are innumerable, and most of them, if separated for a moment from the tragic historical circumstances of their origin, demonstrate that Starace had moved away from practical sense in his pursuit of a path for propaganda for the regime: "I wonder why the expectation is still to consider the end of the year to conform to the metric of 31 December rather than 28 October [the date of the March on Rome in 1922]. The attachment to this custom is indicative of non-fascist mentality."

"At the word" comizio (roman for meeting) "from now on please replace the word" gathering of propaganda. "The word comizio reminds us of times passed forever."

On one occasion he had to preside officially at a high-level medical symposium, but, much to the displeasure of the participants, turned up one hour late for the opening address, explaining that he had been on his daily hour of horse riding. Far from offering excuses to the infuriated audience, he sharply cut short the protests with a famous phrase: "do less medicals, just drop your books and do more gymnastics, dedicate yourself to equestrian sports" (datevi all'ippica in Italian). The motto stuck and in the 21st century Datevi all'ippica still is a proverbial catchphrase to tell someone that he is incompetent and should try his hand at some unskilled job.

He tried to phase some Anglo-Saxon and foreign words and manners out of Italian daily life, with a moderate degree of success: The word 'volleyball' was (and still is) replaced in Italian usage by 'pallavolo', a word Starace is said to have invented. Similarly 'tramezzino' was substituted for 'sandwich' and 'autorimessa' for 'garage', but the abstruse Italian replacements for words like 'cognac', 'bar', 'cocktail', 'tennis', and so forth never caught on. The "British" handshake greeting was forbidden and replaced by the compulsory raised-arm Roman-style salute. He even tried to have the "Viva Il Duce" motto made compulsory as the ending in public and private correspondence but Mussolini bluntly put a stop to this particular move, which he found ludicrous, saying: "how stupid would be a condolence letter that went: 'Harry is dead. Viva il Duce'".

He insisted on having the plan of San Basilio (three blocks of council housing flats) shaped in such a way that they would form a gigantic D U C E when seen from a passing aircraft, as a homage to Mussolini.

All in all, he was considered by the other high-ranking Fascist gerarchi as a devoted but not too bright follower of the Duce, and Mussolini himself said of Starace "Un cretino, sí, ma un cretino obbediente" ("a cretin, yes, but an obedient cretin"). About his fanatical devotion to Mussolini, his own daughter later said of him: 'He breathed only by the Duce's order'.

Italian

 * Cavaliere SSML BAR.svg Knight of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
 * Cavaliere BAR.svg Knight of the Military Order of Savoy (17 May 1919)
 * Ufficiale OMS BAR.svg Officer of the Military Order of Savoy (24 August 1936)
 * Grande ufficiale OCI Kingdom BAR.svg Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy
 * Valor militare silver medal BAR.svg Silver Medal of Military Valor
 * Valor militare bronze medal BAR.svg Bronze Medal of Military Valor (four awards)
 * MeritoMilitare+.png War Merit Cross (award for valor)
 * MeritoMilitare.png War Merit Cross
 * FronteNord+.png Commemorative Medal for Military Operations in East Africa 1935–1936
 * VolontarioAOI.png Medal of Merit for the Volunteers of the East African Campaign 1935–1936
 * 1GMx4.png Commemorative Medal for the Italo-Austrian War 1915–1918 (four years of campaign)
 * Medaglia a ricordo dell'Unità d'Italia BAR.svg Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy 1848–1918
 * Allied Victory Medal BAR.svg Allied Victory Medal 1914-1918
 * MarciaSuRoma.png Commemorative Medal of the March on Rome (Silver) (1923). Awarded to the 19 commanders of the columns that converged on Rome during the March on Rome
 * MarciaSuRoma.png Commemorative Medal of the March on Rome (Gold) (7 December 1931). Awarded on the occasion of Starace's appointment as Secretary of the National Fascist Party
 * AnzianitaMVSN20.jpg Cross of Seniority in the Voluntary Militia for National Security (20 years)

Foreign

 * DEU Deutsche Adlerorden 1 BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle (Nazi Germany)

title: Achille Starace


text:
Į

I with ogonek (majuscule: Į, minuscule: į) is a letter of the Latin alphabet formed by addition of the ogonek to the letter I. It is used in Lithuanian, Western Apache, Chipewyan, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Muscogee, Dadibi, Dalecarlian, Gwichʼin, Hän, Iñapari, Kaska, Navajo, Sierra Otomi, Sekani, Tagish, Tlingit, Tutchone, Winnebago, Assiniboine, Mandan, Osage, Tutelo, Catawba, and Ixtlán Zapotec.

Usage
In Lithuanian, it is the 14th letter of the alphabet, and is pronounced as long close front unrounded vowel ([iː]). In the past, the letter was used to denote the nasalized close front unrounded vowel ([ĩ]). Currently, it appears in the words that used to be nasalized in the past, for example in įkalnė, which means uphill.

$⟨Į⟩$ was also used in the Latin alphabet of the Khakas language between 1929-1939, representing the sound. The current Cyrillic alphabet uses the dotted I for the same sound.

The letter also appears in various Indigenous languages of North America, which are: Western Apache, Chipewyan, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Muscogee, Dadibi, Dalecarlian, Gwichʼin, Hän, Iñapari, Kaska, Navajo, Sierra Otomi, Sekani, Tagish, Tlingit, Tutchone, Winnebago, Assiniboine, Mandan, Osage, Tutelo, Catawba, and Ixtlán Zapotec. In most of them, the letter represents the nasalized close front unrounded vowel ([ĩ]).

title: Į


text:
Santa Cruz (Lagoa)

Santa Cruz (Portuguese for Holy Cross) is a parish in the municipality of Lagoa in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 3,671, in an area of 14.27 km2. It contains the localities Cabo da Vila and Remédios.

title: Santa Cruz (Lagoa)


text:
Ų

U with ogonek (majuscule: Ų, minuscule: ų) is a letter of the Latin alphabet formed by addition of the ogonek to the letter U. It is used in Lithuanian, Chipewyan, Dadibi, Dalecarlian, Gwichʼin, Hän, Iñapari, Kaska, Sierra Otomi, Sekani, Tagish, Tlingit, Tutchone, Winnebago, and Ixtlán Zapotec.

Usage
In Lithuanian, it is the 28th letter of the alphabet, and is pronounced as long close back rounded vowel ([uː]). In the past, the letter was used to denote the nasalized close back rounded vowel ([ũ]). Currently, it appears in the words that used to be nasalized in the past, for example in siųsti, which means send.

The letter also appears in various Indigenous languages of North America, which are: Chipewyan, Dadibi, Dalecarlian, Gwichʼin, Hän, Iñapari, Kaska, Sierra Otomi, Sekani, Tagish, Tlingit, Tutchone, Winnebago, and Ixtlán Zapotec. In most of them, the letter represent the nasalized close back rounded vowel ([ũ]).

title: Ų


text:
Shawn Crahan

Michael Shawn Crahan (born September 24, 1969), more commonly known by his stage persona "Clown", is an American musician. He is the co-founder and one of the percussionists for heavy metal band Slipknot, in which he is designated #6. Crahan helped form Slipknot in 1995 alongside bassist Paul Gray and former vocalist Anders Colsefni. Crahan is the longest-serving and only remaining original member of Slipknot, and also has extensive involvement with Slipknot's media production and music videos. Outside Slipknot, Crahan had two side project bands called To My Surprise and Dirty Little Rabbits. Aside from his musical activity, he also directed the 2016 action thriller film Officer Downe.

Personal life
Crahan married his wife Chantel in June 1993, in Des Moines, Iowa. They had four children together, the second youngest of whom died in 2019 at the age of 22. Crahan is also a filmographer and photographer, having published a Slipknot photo album "The Apocalyptic Nightmare" in 2012. In 2012, he made his debut acting appearance in the film The Devil's Carnival. Crahan's son, Simon, currently plays drums in Vended, a band also containing fellow Slipknot member Corey Taylor's son Griffin.

With Slipknot
In 1995, Crahan formed a metal band known as the Pale Ones with fellow musician Paul Gray, which featured himself as the band's drummer. Wanting to expand the band's percussion section, Crahan brought in Joey Jordison to fill in as drummer while Crahan's efforts were focused on percussion. The lead vocalist, Anders Colsefni, played a second percussion kit, which gave the band a layered, distinctive drum sound. In 1996, they released a song known as "Slipknot", and through Joey's suggestion, the band changed their name to Slipknot and released their first official album. This album would later become known to the band as their demo. Crahan felt that the original vocalist for Slipknot was too guttural, and was the primary reason for Slipknot's inability to get a record deal. He brought in Corey Taylor from another local band called Stone Sour, whose vocals were more melodic. Slipknot got a record deal a couple years later and released their first official album in 1999. Slipknot gained major notability the same year by touring with Ozzfest. In Slipknot's early years, Crahan brought several dead cow heads on stage.

As well as lending his percussion talents to the band, Crahan has also sung backing vocals on a number of songs Slipknot has both recorded and performed live. He also wrote the original draft of "Tattered & Torn", which originally appeared on the band's first album, Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat. which featured the original singer of Slipknot before Corey Taylor was brought in as a replacement. A second version of "Tattered & Torn" was released on their self-titled album.

Outside Slipknot, Crahan has founded Big Orange Clown Records, a vanity label within Sanctuary Records, which has so far signed the metalcore band Gizmachi. He also acted as director for, and assembled Slipknot's 2005 DVD, Voliminal: Inside the Nine, while the band was on hiatus.

He also performed with To My Surprise, recording guitar and vocals for the band's self-titled debut album. The band received little interest due to their album being released amidst the success of Slipknot members Corey Taylor, Jim Root and Joey Jordison's side projects, Stone Sour and the Murderdolls, respectively. To My Surprise was later dropped by Roadrunner Records. In 2007, Crahan began performing as drummer for Dirty Little Rabbits. The band was a supporting act for Stone Sour during their North American tour in Summer 2007, and have released one EP, titled Breeding. They have since signed a deal with The End Records as of November 2008.

In 2009, he contributed to Bring Me the Horizon's remix album, Suicide Season: Cut Up!, by remixing the track "Sleep With One Eye Open". Also in 2009, Shawn remixed Coheed and Cambria's "Welcome Home" and a Suicide Silence track on their Wake Up EP entitled "Wake Up (Clown of Slipknot Remix)". In 2010, he contributed to Escape the Fate's This War Is Ours deluxe edition, by remixing the track "This War Is Ours (The Guillotine Part II)," and in 2011, he remixed "Angels of Clarity" for Dead by April on their compilation album "Stronger." Crahan has confirmed the formation of a brand-new side project called The Black Dots of Death who released their debut studio album Ever Since We Were Children on March 28, 2011. He is the director of many of Slipknot's music videos, DVDs and other artistic projects. He also directed the "We Are" videoclip from the band Hollywood Undead

Crahan generally wears clown-style masks while performing with Slipknot; however, on occasion, when performing the band's song "Vermilion", all band members will wear their own death masks instead.

He also featured as the carny "Tamer" in The Devil's Carnival, a full-length feature film directed by Darren Lynn Bousman which was screened on their tour beginning in April 2012.

Influence on Slipknot
Crahan has been credited with several things that Slipknot is known for, such as their large percussion section and their masks. Crahan began wearing a clown mask to rehearsals when the band was still fairly unknown, spawning the mask theme that the band is known for today.

Crahan has had several masks throughout his career with Slipknot, all of which are clown themed except for his "death mask", which was used in the video for the song "Vermilion". Crahan's earliest known mask and perhaps his most referenced one is one that he used during Slipknot's earliest self-titled album which is a happy looking clown mask, balding with long orange hair.

Film career
In June 2016, Crahan made his directing debut with the film Officer Downe based on the graphic novel Officer Downe written by Joe Casey and illustrated by Chris Burnham. Crahan also directed the music video for the song "A-M-E-R-I-C-A" by Motionless in White and "We Are" by Hollywood Undead.

Production work
Crahan has also participated in several other music-related endeavours, and acted as executive producer on L.D. 50 by Mudvayne and the self-titled debut album by downthesun. He was also briefly the owner of a short-lived record label, Maggot Recordings (also known as Maggot Corps.), which existed briefly between 2001 and 2002 as a subsidiary of London-Sire Records, a Warner Music Group label. The label's only signed act was downthesun. The label was rendered defunct following the collapse of London-Sire in January 2002. Downthesun's self-titled debut album, which was scheduled to be released in February 2002 through the label, was eventually released through Roadrunner in October 2002.

with Slipknot

 * Mate. Feed. Kill. Repeat. (1996)
 * Slipknot (1999)
 * Iowa (2001)
 * Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) (2004)
 * All Hope Is Gone (2008)
 * .5: The Gray Chapter (2014)
 * We Are Not Your Kind (2019)
 * The End, So Far (2022)

with To My Surprise

 * To My Surprise (2003)

with Dirty Little Rabbits

 * Breeding (2007)
 * Simon (2009)
 * Dirty Little Rabbits (2010)

with the Black Dots of Death

 * 2011: Ever Since We Were Children

Guest appearances and remixes

 * American Head Charge – "Just So You Know" (Clown #6 from Slipknot Remix) (2002)
 * Mindless Self Indulgence – "Pay for It" (The Son of a Clown Remix) (2008)
 * Darren Smith & Terrance Zdunich – "Repo! The Genetic Opera" (2008)
 * Marilyn Manson – "Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon" (Clown/Slipknot Fuck the God Damn TV and Radio Remix) (2009)
 * Coheed and Cambria – "Clown's Welcome Home" (Shawn Crahan Remix) (2009)
 * Dead by April – "Angels of Clarity" (Shawn 'Clown' Crahan Remix) (2009)
 * Bring Me the Horizon – "Sleep With One Eye Open" (Clown Remix) (2009)
 * Suicide Silence – "Wake Up" (Clown of Slipknot Remix) (2010)
 * Escape the Fate – "This War Is Ours (The Guillotine Part II)" (This War Is Mine) (2010)
 * Hesta Prynn – "Pepper" (2010)
 * On a Pale Horse – "Walks With Death" (Clown / M Shawn Crahan Remix), "Steps" (Clown / M Shawn Crahan Remix) (2011)
 * Austra – "Beat and the Pulse" (Clown Remix) (2011)
 * Free Dominguez – "Darkest Rivers" (Psychosis Industries: M. Shawn Crahan and Kyle Sherrod "Below the Surface" Remix) (2013)
 * Hooverphonic – "Shake The Disease" (Shawn "Clown" From Slipknot Edit The Shake Remix) (2013)

Produced albums

 * 2000: L.D. 50 – Mudvayne
 * 2001: Invitation to the Dance – 40 Below Summer
 * 2002: Downthesun – Downthesun
 * 2003: To My Surprise – To My Surprise
 * 2005: The Imbuing – Gizmachi
 * 2008: Dirtfedd – Dirtfedd

Filmography

 * 1999: Welcome to Our Neighborhood
 * 2002: Disasterpieces
 * 2002: Rollerball
 * 2006: Voliminal: Inside the Nine
 * 2008: Repo: The Genetic Opera – percussion
 * 2008: Nine: The Making of "All Hope Is Gone"
 * 2010: (sic)nesses
 * 2011: Goat
 * 2012: The Devil's Carnival – The Tamer
 * 2012: A Beary Scary Movie
 * 2012: We Are (Hollywood Undead music video)
 * 2013: A M E R I C A (Motionless in White music video)
 * 2015: “The Vatican Tapes” - cameo
 * 2016: Officer Downe – director
 * 2017: Day of the Gusano – director
 * 2020: Pollution – director (short film)

title: Shawn Crahan


text:
Detection dog

A detection dog or sniffer dog is a dog that is trained to use its senses to detect substances such as explosives, illegal drugs, wildlife scat, currency, blood, and contraband electronics such as illicit mobile phones. The sense most used by detection dogs is smell. Hunting dogs that search for game, and search and rescue dogs that work to find missing humans are generally not considered detection dogs but fit instead under their own categories. There is some overlap, as in the case of cadaver dogs, trained to search for human remains.

A police dog is essentially a detection dog that is used as a resource for police in specific scenarios such as conducting drug raids, finding missing criminals, and locating stashed currency. Frequently, detection dogs are thought to be used for law enforcement purposes. Experts say that dog-sniff evidence should not be used in the criminal justice system, pointing to wrongful convictions, human biases that skew animal behavior, and the lack of systematic research into what dogs detect or how they do it.

Although detection dogs are often used for law enforcement purposes, they are also used as a valuable research tool for wildlife biologists. In California, detection dogs are trained to discover quagga mussels on boats at public boat ramps because they are a harmful invasive species for the environment. Detection dogs also tend to be employed for the purposes of finding and collecting the feces of a diverse array of species, including caribou, black-footed ferret, killer whale, and Oregon spotted frog. This process is known as wildlife scat detection.

Functions

Detection dogs have been trained to search for many things, both animate and inanimate, including:

 * Bed bugs
 * Cancer detection
 * Currency (e.g. large amounts of money carried by passengers in airports that should be declared to customs)
 * Drugs
 * Endangered animal species (e.g., black-footed ferret)
 * Explosives
 * Fire accelerants (e.g., arson investigation)
 * Firearms
 * Gourmet fungi, such as truffles (e.g. French black truffle (Tuber melanosporum), Italian white truffle (Tuber magnatum), chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius), porcini (Boletus edulis), morels (Morchella esculenta), and other varieties of mushroom.
 * Human remains
 * Invasive species (e.g., quagga mussel)
 * Ivory
 * Mobile phones (e.g. as contraband in prisons)
 * Mold
 * Plants, animals, produce, and agricultural items that have to go through customs
 * SIM cards
 * Termites
 * Diabetes
 * USB drives
 * Wildlife scat

Sniffer dogs can be trained to locate small infestations of invasive and non-native weeds. The world's first Spotted Knapweed K-9 detection program successfully completed field-testing for Montana State University in 2004. Upon completion of the testing, Knapweed Nightmare was finding low densities of non-native invasive knapweed rosettes in the field with a 93% overall success rate.

She followed it up with 98% in the final trials in open fields, demonstrating that dogs can effectively detect low densities of invasive plants.

Detection dogs are able to discern individual scents even when the scents are combined or masked by other odors. In 2002, a detection dog foiled a woman's attempt to smuggle marijuana into an Australian prison in Brisbane. The marijuana had been inserted into a balloon, which was smeared with coffee, pepper, and petroleum jelly and then placed in her bra.

Bed bug detection dogs
Detection dogs are often specially trained by handlers to identify the scent of bed bugs. With the increased focus on green pest management and integrated pest management, as well as the increase in global travel and shared living accommodations, bed bugs have become more prevalent. Detecting bed bugs is a complicated process because insects have the ability to hide almost anywhere. Detection dogs help solve this problem because of their size, speed, and sense of smell. Detection dogs use their unique ability to smell in parts per trillion in order to track bed bugs in every phase of their life cycle. They can find bugs in places humans cannot such as wall voids, crevices, and furniture gaps. Dogs are also a safer alternative to pesticide use. If detection dogs can find out exactly where bed bugs are located, they can minimize the area that needs to be sprayed.

The National Pest Management Association released their "Bed Bug Best Management Practices" in 2011 which outlines the minimum recommendations regarding not only treatment, but the certification and use of bed bug detection canines. The NPMA's Best Management Practices emphasizes the importance of having bed bug detection dog teams certified by third party organizations who are not affiliated to the trainer or company that sold the canine.

Scientists at the University of Kentucky reviewed studies on bed bug detection dogs and concluded that although expensive for operators, they are a reliable source as long as they undergo the proper training. In another study, detection dogs had a 97.5% correct positive indication rate on identifying bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and their eggs – with zero false positives – all while accurately distinguishing them from carpenter ants, cockroaches, and termites. They also successfully differentiated live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs from dead bed bugs, cast skins, and feces with a 95% correct positive indication rate.

Bed bug detection dogs should be certified by a national organization like the World Detector Dog Organization (WDDO) or the National Entomology Scent Detection Canine Association (NESDCA). There are a few independent K9 bed bug inspection companies that have multiple certifications.

Wildlife scat detection
Scat is abundant in the wild and contains valuable data. Wildlife scat detection represents a fairly non-invasive method of study for many species where live-capture once predominated. Compared with other methods of scat collection, dogs are able to survey larger areas in less time at decreased costs. Research shows that detection dogs can find laboratory rats and mice in a large rodent-free area of 32 hectares (an extremely large area). Some specific types of feces that detection dogs have had success in identifying include killer whale feces, northern spotted owl pellets, and salamanders.

COVID-19 detection
Some countries have trained dogs to detect COVID-19. Australia has been using some of these in 2021.

Researchers in Paris in March 2022 reported in a preprint not yet peer-reviewed that trained dogs were very effective for rapidly detecting the presence of SARS-Cov2 in people, whether displaying symptoms or not. The dogs were presented with sweat samples to smell from 335 people, of whom 78 with symptoms and 31 without tested positive by PCR. The dogs detected 97% of the symptomatic and 100% of the asymptomatic infections. They were 91% accurate at identifying volunteers who were not infected, and 94% accurate at ruling out the infection in people without symptoms. The authors said "Canine testing is non-invasive and provides immediate and reliable results. Further studies will be focused on direct sniffing by dogs to evaluate sniffer dogs for mass pre-test in airports, harbors, railways stations, cultural activities, or sporting events."

Australia
In 2001, the Australian state of New South Wales introduced legislation that granted police the power to use drug detection dogs without a warrant in public places such as licensed venues (venues licensed to serve alcohol), music festivals, and public transport.

The law was reviewed in 2006 by the New South Wales Ombudsman, who handed down a critical report regarding the use of dogs for drug detection. The report stated that prohibited drugs were found in only 26% of searches following an indication by a drug sniffer dog. Of these, 84% were for small amounts of cannabis deemed for personal use. Subsequent figures obtained from NSW Police in 2023 revealed that between 1 January 2013 and 30 June 2023, officers had conducted 94,535 personal searches (refers to both strip searches and less invasive frisk or "general" searches) resulting from drug detection dog indications, with only 25% resulting in illicit drugs being found.

In late 2014, reports were first published alleging that NSW Police were routinely using drug detection dog indications as a justification for conducting invasive strip searches, particularly at major events such as music festivals (see New South Wales Police Force strip search scandal). Data obtained from NSW Police shows that between 1 July 2014 and 30 June 2020, officers conducted 27,835 strip searches "in the field" (outside of a police station). Separate data shows that during the same six-year period, officers conducted 5659 strip searches resulting from drug detection dog indications.

In October 2018, the Law Enforcement Conduct Commission launched a formal investigation into the use of strip searches by NSW Police. In a final report handed down in December 2020, the commission found that there had been a "significant increase" in the "number and proportion" of strip searches carried out following drug detection dog indications in the five years between 2014 and 2019. In July 2022, a class action was filed in the Supreme Court of New South Wales on behalf of patrons strip searched at music festivals by NSW Police from July 2016 onwards. Head plaintiff for the class action is a then 27-year-old woman who was wrongly strip searched at the Splendour in the Grass music festival in 2018 after being stopped by a drug detection dog.

United States
In 2011, civil rights activists claimed that detection dogs responses are influenced by the biases and behaviors of their handlers, which can hinder accuracy. Another factor that affects accuracy is residual odors. Residual odors can linger even after illegal materials have been removed from a particular area, and can lead to false alarms. Additionally, very few states have mandatory training, testing, or certification standards for detection dogs. This leaves people to question whether they are truly equipped to carry out searches.

Sniffer dogs can be trained to detect crop pests and diseases. A study by the US Department of Agriculture found that sniffer dogs identified trees infected with citrus greening disease with 99% accuracy; they could detect infection as early as two weeks after onset.

Civil rights
Detection dogs give police the potential to conduct searches without cause, in a manner that is unregulated. They are often accused of being motivated more by the state's desire to be seen doing something than by any serious desire to respond to the dangers of drugs use. In June 2012, three Nevada Highway Patrol officers filed suit against Nevada's Director of Public Safety, alleging that he violated the police dog program by intentionally training canines to be "trick ponies" – to falsely alert based on cues from their handlers (Clever Hans effect) –  so as to enable officers to conduct illegal searches of vehicles. The lawsuit claims that in doing so, he and other top Highway Patrol officers had violated the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO Act).

In Norway, students were subjected to a drug search in their classroom by a detection dog. The students didn't have to be present in the room while the dogs searched; however, they were forced to answer questions by the police instead. An article in Tidsskrift for strafferett, Norway's journal of criminal law, claims that such searches breach Norwegian law.

Detector dogs have been used by secret police and security services to support campaigns of political persecution. For example, sweat collected from subjects following interrogation was used by the Stasi to train dogs to respond to their scent.

title: Detection dog


text:
Ǫ

O with an ogonek (majuscule: Ǫ, minuscule: ǫ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet formed by the addition of the ogonek (from Polish: little tail) to the letter O. It is used in Western Apache, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Muscogee, Dadibi, Gwichʼin, Erie, and Navajo. It is also used in the Latin transcription of Old Church Slavonic, and the Proto-Slavic language, as well as in the Slavistic Phonetic Alphabet. It is also still in use for the writing of Old Norse, and used to be used sporadically in Polish.

Usage
The letter is used in the autochthonic languages of North America: Western Apache, Mescalero-Chiricahua, Muscogee, Dadibi, Gwichʼin, Erie, and Navajo. In such languages, it represents either a nasalized close-mid back rounded vowel ([õ]), or a nasalized ([ɔ̃]).

It is also used in the Latin transcription of Old Church Slavonic where it represents the nasal back vowel, as well as in the Proto-Slavic language where it represents a labialized non-front vowel. It is also used in the Slavistic Phonetic Alphabet, where it represents the nasalized O-sound, for example, the pronunciation of Ą in Polish.

It was used in Old Norse, where it represented the open back rounded vowel ([ɒ]) sound. Additionally, the letter sporadically used to be an alternative to Ą in Polish.

title: Ǫ


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Falling 2 Fast

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 01:05, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Falling 2 Fast
It's always suspect when the article tells one where the band members go to school but somehow utterly fails to include even the tiniest smidgeon of a discography section. Uncle G

 * Delete. No evidence of notability presented except the supposed reviews from Rolling Stone and Spin.  If they don't have any discography then what did those magazines review and why are there no references to the band on the net? -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:59, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax. Shimeru 21:04, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - fails Google Test (2 hits of which 1 unrelated), possible band vanity. Megan1967 01:59, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No entry in AMG, 2 Google hits. JoaoRicardo 02:44, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, even that 1 potentially-related-looking google hit is not related. Delete. Samaritan 04:21, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, obvious hoax. Wyss 23:55, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, does not meet WikiProject:Music's guidelines for inclusion since I'm quite sure the bit about Rolling Stone and Spin are not true. Tuf-Kat 16:51, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mashayekh

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 01:05, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Mashayekh
Get ready to say it in unison. "All is but ..." Uncle G 19:39, 2005 Feb 3 (UTC)

 * Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:47, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, genealogy, family vanity. Megan1967 02:00, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Vanity, no claim to notability. JoaoRicardo 02:41, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Megan1967, Wyss 23:54, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Parapsychology stubs

title: Category:Parapsychology stubs


text: User talk:152.19.42.62

title: User talk:152.19.42.62