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Liao River

The Liao River is the principal river in southern Northeast China, and one of the seven main river systems in China. Its name is derived from the Liao region, a historical name for southern Manchuria, from which the Liaoning province, Liaodong Peninsula, and Liao dynasty also derive their names. The river is also popularly known as the "mother river" in Northeast China. Coursing 1345 km long, the Liao River system drains a catchment basin of over 232000 km2, but its mean discharge is quite small at only about 500 m3/s, about one-twentieth that of the Pearl River. The Liao River has an exceedingly high sediment load because many parts of it flow through powdery loess.

The Liao River is also an important geographical landmark, as it divides the modern Liaoning province into two broad regions — Liaodong ("east of Liao") and Liaoxi ("west of Liao"). Historically, this demarcation though was not based on the river itself, but on a large wetland that once existed on the right (west) bank of the lower Liao River known as the Liao Mire (辽泽), which stretched east of the Yiwulü Mountain to the Liao River from Xinmin to Panshan.

Course
The Liao River is formed from the confluence of its two main tributaries, the Xiliao River from the west, and Dongliao River from the east. The western tributary resides entirely in Inner Mongolia, and is formed by the confluence of the Xar Moron River and the Laoha River at approximately 43° 25' N, 120° 45' E, before being reinforced by another tributary called the Xinkai River at its lower section. The eastern tributary arises in western Jilin Province, and goes through an S-shaped course before meeting its counterpart near the junction region of Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia, approximately 42° 59' N, 123° 33' E.

The resultant river, the Liao River proper, then enters Liaoning Province and courses southwards through the Northeast China Plain, receiving numerous tributaries along the way. It makes a westward turn near Pingdingbao Town, Tieling County, and after receiving more tributaries, earns an infrequently used nickname Juliu River (巨流河, "giant stream river"). The Liao River will then course southwest until it reaches near the Liujianfang Hydrological Station (六间房水文站) at Tai'an County, and historically bifurcates into two distributaries, forming the Liao River Delta (辽河三角洲). The western distributary of the delta, originally smaller, was called the Shuangtaizi River (双台子河) until 2011, receives the tributary Raoyang River at Panjin's Panshan County before draining into the Liaodong Bay of the Bohai Sea west of Dawa County. The eastern distributary, originally the larger and the main body of lower Liao River, was called the Wailiao River (外辽河, "Outer Liao River"). The Wailiao River travelled southwards to pick up two large tributaries, the Hun River and Taizi River, at a confluence locally referred as the "Trident River" (三岔河), where it then adopted the new name Daliao River (大辽河, "Great Liao River") and drained into the Liaodong Bay just west of Yingkou.

However, the Liao River Delta has a flat topography made up of soft sediment soil, with meandrous waterways that had a rich history of rerouting. This coupled with the risk of storm surges due to the region's low elevation, created a huge problem in flood control. This flood risk at the coastal section of the Liao River system was particularly threatening to Yingkou, a city immediately adjacent to the mouth of Daliao River and home to 2 million people. In 1958, the upriver of the Wailiao River at Liujianfang was blocked off via a river engineering project, redirecting the water flow from the Liao River proper entirely towards the Shuangtaizi River (which was renamed to simply the "Liao River" in 2011), effectively separating the Hun River and Taizi River from the Liao River system. Therefore, the Daliao River system is considered an independent water system of their own since 1958, and the Hun and Taizi River are no longer tributaries of the Liao River. Also, due to the Wailiao River's upstream flow being cut off, the Liao River no longer has any distributaries, therefore the Liao River Delta technically also ceased to exist from 1958 onwards, however the term remains in use to describe the area of Panjin between the Liao River's left bank and Wailiao/Daliao River's right bank.

Major tributaries

 * Xiliao River (西辽河, "Western Liao River"), historically also known as Huang River (潢水), is the largest tributary of Liao River, running 449 km and draining a basin of 13,6000 km2. The Xiliao River is formed by the confluence of Laoha River (老哈河) flowing from the southwest, and Xar Moron River (西拉木伦河) flowing from the west, running its entire length eastwards within Inner Mongolia.  It is joined at the lower course by a large tributary, the Xinkai River (新开河), which drains the southeast slopes of the Khingan Mountains and is dry in its upper reaches except after thunderstorms, 8 km north of the city of Shuangliao, before turning southeast to join the Dongliao River to form the Liao River proper near the common border of Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia.
 * Dongliao River (东辽河, "Eastern Liao River")，is the other major tributary of the Liao River, running 360 km, draining a basin of 11,500 km2, and has a rich catchment of 88 tributaries, 23 of which are of significant sizes.  Its headwaters arise in the low mountains near Dongliao County in Jilin Province, where more than 80% of its entire length resides.  The Dongliao River then traverses a short west course through Liaoning Province, turns north back to Jilin before turning southwest to join the Xiliao River.

Minor tributaries
These following tributaries drain into the Liao River proper throughout its course within the Liaoning Province.
 * Sutai River (苏台河)
 * Qing River (清河)
 * Chai River (柴河)
 * Fan River (泛河)
 * Xiushui River (秀水河)
 * Yangximu River (养息牧河)
 * Liu River (柳河)
 * Raoyang River (绕阳河)

Former tributaries

 * Hun River (浑河, "muddy river"), historically also known as Little Liao River (小辽水) or Shen River (沈水)，was formerly the second largest tributary of Liao River after Xiliao River. Running 415 km and draining a basin of 11,500 km2, the Hun River has numerous tributaries of its own, 31 of which has catchment area greater than 100 km2.  It flows through the most populous area of Liaoning Province, including the provincial capital and largest city (also in the entire Northeast China), Shenyang, as well as the 10th largest city, Fushun.  The river got its current name from the fast flow speed and high sediment load, which leads to its muddy appearance.  The Hun River's headwaters arise from the Qian Mountains, a branch of the Changbai Mountains, where the river is also called Nalu River (纳噜水) or Red River (红河), and flows into the 5437 km3 Dahuofang Reservoir (大伙房水库), which supplies drinking water to the surrounding cities of Shenyang, Fushun, Liaoyang, Anshan, Panjin, Yingkou and Dalian.  The river's middle section was also called Shen River, which gave name to the capital city Shenyang to its north, and the lower section is also called Clam River (蛤蜊河).
 * Before 1958, the Hun River joins the Wailiao River and then the Taizi River near Haicheng — the confluence of the three rivers was also known as "the Trident River" — to form the Daliao River which drains into the Liaodong Bay. However in 1958, a river engineering project was conducted to address flood control problem in the coastal area near Yingkou.  The upriver of the Wailiao River at Liujianfang was blocked off, diverting the Liao River stream away towards the Shuangtaizi River, effectively separating the Hun River and Taizi River from the main body of Liao River system.  Therefore since 1958, the Hun and Taizi River were considered an independent river system of their own, no longer being tributaries of the Liao River.

 * Taizi River (太子河, "crown prince river"), historically also known as Yan River (衍水) or Liang River (梁水), was named according to the legend that it was the last site of refuge for Crown Prince Dan of Yan, who was fleeing from Qin conquest after the failed assassination attempt on the King of Qin. It was formerly the third largest tributary of the Liao River, running 413 km and draining a basin of 13,900 km2.  The Taizi River, like the Hun River running parallel north of it, flows through some of the most important agricultural and industrial regions of southern Liaoning, including the cities of Benxi, Anshan and Liaoyang.  Like its sister river, the Hun River, the Taizi River has numerous tributaries, including two largest ones of which it is formed from the confluence.  Its headwaters arise from hill regions between Benxi and Fushun, and contains the famous Benxi Water Caves.  Like Hun River, the Taizi River is no longer a tributary of Liao River since the obliteration of upstream Wailiao River in 1958.

title: Liao River


text:
Kotuy

The Kotuy (Котуй) is a river in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is one of the two rivers that form the Khatanga; the other one being the Kheta.

The Kotuy is 1409 km long, and the area of its basin is 176000 km2. It freezes up in late September or early October and breaks up in late May or early June.

Course
The Kotuy has its source in the Putorana Mountains and flows north, cutting from the south across the western side of the Anabar Plateau. After leaving the plateau area it flows northwestwards until the confluence with the Kheta to form the Khatanga, a little distance upstream from Khatanga town.

Its main tributaries are the Moyero, the Tukalan, the Eriyechka, the Changada, and the Kotuykan, which has its source in the highest part of the Anabar Plateau. Lake Yessey is part of the river basin.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kotuy


text:
WPTZ

WPTZ (channel 5) is a television station licensed to Plattsburgh, New York, United States, serving as the NBC affiliate for the Burlington, Vermont–Plattsburgh, New York market. It is owned by Hearst Television alongside Montpelier, Vermont–licensed CW+ affiliate WNNE (channel 31). WPTZ and WNNE share studios on Community Drive in South Burlington, Vermont, with a secondary studio and news bureau on Cornelia Street in Plattsburgh. Through a channel sharing agreement, the two stations transmit using WPTZ's spectrum from an antenna on Vermont's highest peak, Mount Mansfield.

Early years
The station signed on the air on December 8, 1954, as WIRI, originally licensed to the hamlet of North Pole, New York. It was owned by the Great Northern Broadcasting Company along with Plattsburgh's WIRY radio (1340 AM). The station's first studio facilities were located on Cornelia Street/Route 3 in Plattsburgh; the transmitter was located on Terry Mountain in Peru, New York. The station would have had the call letters WIRY-TV to match its radio sister, but at the time Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations did not allow two stations to share the same base call letters if they were licensed to different cities.

The station has been a primary NBC affiliate since its inception; it carried secondary affiliations with ABC until 1968 when WVNY (channel 22) signed on, and with DuMont until that network ceased operations in 1956.

Becoming WPTZ
Rollins Telecasting purchased channel 5 in 1956. The new owners changed the station's call letters to the present WPTZ (for Plattsburgh); the WPTZ call had recently been dropped by the channel 3 facility in Philadelphia (which is now CBS-owned KYW-TV) following its controversial trade by Westinghouse Broadcasting to NBC earlier in that year. Until September 1965, WPTZ was the only station in its market to broadcast network color programs. WPTZ's first studio color cameras were acquired in 1971. In 1979, the station relocated its studios to a new building located on Old Moffitt Road in Plattsburgh. Rollins merged with Heritage Broadcasting in 1987 to form Heritage Media. In 1990, Heritage Media purchased Hartford, Vermont–based WNNE, which had been a separate station with its own news department. With Heritage's purchase, WNNE was made into a semi-satellite of WPTZ, significantly improving WPTZ's coverage in the southeastern part of the market. During the analog era, WPTZ was the only station in the market that did not operate any translators. WNNE's master control was transferred to WPTZ in 2000.

Ownership changes
Heritage sold all of its broadcasting properties to the Sinclair Broadcast Group in 1997 prior to its merger with News Corporation. The sale protected new Fox affiliate WFFF-TV, which was initially operated by WPTZ under a local marketing agreement (LMA) and shared the analog transmitter on Terry Mountain. Otherwise WPTZ/WNNE, along with then-sister stations in Pensacola, Florida, and Charleston, West Virginia, would have been forced to switch to Fox. Sinclair, in turn, sold WPTZ/WNNE along with the WFFF LMA to Sunrise Television in 1998. Sunrise then decided to swap WPTZ/WNNE, along with Smith Broadcasting-owned KSBW in Salinas, California, to what was then known as Hearst-Argyle Television in return for WNAC-TV in Providence, Rhode Island, and WDTN in Dayton, Ohio; both of those stations were forced to be divested by Hearst-Argyle due to significant signal overlap with WCVB-TV in Boston and WLWT in Cincinnati (the FCC did not allow common ownership of two stations with overlapping coverage areas until 2000). The swap became official on July 2, 1998. WFFF began operating as an independently-owned and controlled station around the same time Hearst took over WPTZ/WNNE when the LMA with WPTZ was terminated.

Relocating to Plattsburgh
On June 23, 1999, WPTZ petitioned the FCC to change its community of license (COL) from North Pole to Plattsburgh. The station cited the area's declining population as the reason for the change. The 2000 United States Census did not even count North Pole as a separate community, instead folding it into Lake Placid. The community-of-license change was approved by the FCC on January 5, 2011. For some time before then, the station had dropped North Pole from its legal station identifications.

On July 9, 2012, WPTZ's parent company Hearst Television was involved in a dispute with Time Warner Cable, leading to WPTZ being pulled from Time Warner Cable and temporarily replaced with Nexstar Broadcasting Group station WBRE-TV of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania; Time Warner opted for such a distant signal like WBRE, as they do not have the rights to carry any NBC affiliate closest to them. The substitution of WBRE in place of WPTZ lasted until July 19, 2012, when the deal was reached between Hearst and Time Warner.

On August 2, 2016, just before the Summer Olympics in Rio, WPTZ changed its logo and on-air branding from "NewsChannel 5" to "NBC 5", a rarity for Hearst, which prefers to brand their stations by call letters and channel numbers rather than their network affiliation.

Move to Vermont
On June 12, 2018, WPTZ announced it was moving to a brand new broadcast facility in South Burlington, Vermont, in a building that contains both a data center for Keurig Green Mountain and the main offices of Ben & Jerry's. The move took place in July 2019, when WPTZ began broadcasting newscasts in high definition. WPTZ continued to maintain the Television Drive facility for several months in Plattsburgh as a secondary studio, while closing a now-duplicative and smaller bureau in Colchester, Vermont. WPTZ later relocated the bureau to a new location at 308 Cornelia Street in Plattsburgh, taking over the former Glens Falls National Bank branch and renovating the building to become its new secondary studio in the summer of 2020.

2019 antenna fire
On November 19, 2019, WPTZ, WNNE and CBS affiliate WCAX-TV (channel 3) were knocked off the air by a fire at their combined antenna at the transmitter facility. The cause of the fire was unknown. The outage affected over-the-air and satellite viewers; cable subscribers continued to receive the three stations via direct fiber feeds, while Vidéotron in Quebec temporarily replaced WPTZ with Detroit NBC affiliate WDIV-TV.

WPTZ-DT2
In September 2006, WPTZ established a daily web video forecast as part of a major revamping of its website. The feature, called "Weather Plus Update", introduced a logo showing WPTZ/WNNE offering NBC Weather Plus together as "5&31 Weather Plus". Starting in October, its studios in Plattsburgh underwent extensive renovations. During that time, its broadcasts were from a temporary set while the construction took place. While the studios as a whole were being upgraded, the weather department underwent the most change. In advance of the launch of NBC Weather Plus, the weather center was expanded to make room for new combined WPTZ/WNNE weather graphics and logos. The remodeling was completed by late-November.

WPTZ launched Weather Plus on a new second digital subchannel on November 15 after debuting a new digital signal from Mount Mansfield a day earlier. The service was never offered on WNNE's digital signal even though this had been airing since July 20, 2005. On digital cable, WPTZ-DT2 was carried on Comcast digital channel 169 (serving the Upper Valley), Telecom digital channel 305, and Time Warner Cable digital channel 854. It was never offered on legacy Charter systems in New York State.

In December 2008, NBC shut down the national Weather Plus service after its parent company, NBCUniversal, purchased The Weather Channel. WPTZ continued to air a locally-derived version of Weather Plus until August 31, 2009, when it was replaced with This TV. This marked the network's first foray into the Plattsburgh and Burlington area along with St. Lawrence County in New York and eastern portions of the adjacent Watertown market where WPTZ has long served as the default NBC affiliate on cable. WPTZ-DT2 remained on the three digital cable systems (with a change on Comcast systems to channel 302) while being added to Charter digital channel 296. It was still not carried on a subchannel of WNNE. On January 2, 2013, This TV was replaced on 5.2 by its sister network, MeTV (Memorable Entertainment Television). Both networks were owned at the time by Weigel Broadcasting (Tribune Broadcasting has since taken over This TV).

On March 4, 2013, WPTZ's second digital subchannel assumed the CW affiliation for the Plattsburgh–Burlington market from WFFF-DT2. It continued to air MeTV programming outside CW network slots until September 2014, when MeTV was separated into its own subchannel. While it airs The CW's schedule in-pattern, The Bill Cunningham Show, which aired weekdays at 3 p.m. on many CW affiliates until its cancellation in 2016, was delayed to 12:30 a.m. until the launch of a separate MeTV subchannel. Since the main WPTZ channel also serves as one of the default NBC affiliates for Massena, New York (along with WSTM-TV in Syracuse), that area now has access to two CW affiliates when Watertown's WWTI-DT2 is included. Despite adding The CW, there had been no plans made public about WPTZ's then semi-satellite WNNE adding the network in order to increase the broadcasting radius; however, the network was ultimately transferred over to WNNE, five years later, when it entered into a channel-sharing arrangement with WPTZ. Currently, access in the Upper Valley of Vermont and New Hampshire to WNNE and WPTZ-DT3 is solely through digital cable and satellite services.

On September 15, 2014, WPTZ separated The CW and MeTV into their own subchannels, 5.2 and 5.3 respectively, but did not add them to WNNE's signal. In April 2016, the over-the-air digital signal of WPTZ-DT2 was upgraded into 720p high definition; thus offering a high definition feed for The CW for the first time in the Burlington–Plattsburgh area (and the entire Champlain Valley and beyond) and a second high definition feed for The CW in Massena (the other being WWTI-DT2 of Watertown, which has been broadcasting its digital over-the-air signal in 720p high definition since August 17, 2012). In May 2016, Comcast began carrying WPTZ-DT2's high definition feed on digital channel 706 for Burlington (as well as Upper Connecticut River Valley) viewers and Charter began carrying WPTZ-DT2's high definition feed on digital channel 711 for Plattsburgh viewers.

On July 22, 2018, WNNE assumed the CW affiliation previously held by the 5.2 subchannel; this was a result of WNNE shutting down operations on its pre-auction channel and commencing channel-sharing operations, effective July 22, 2018. On July 20, Hearst Television announced that WNNE would become a CW affiliate following the move. Concurrent with the move, the 5.2 subchannel was remapped to WNNE's virtual channel 31.1 under channel-sharing operations. This resolves the concerns raised years before regarding a lack of access to the WPTZ sub-channels for WNNE viewers, yet it also limits viewers in the Upper Valley to cable and satellite viewing options for NBC programming.

Past programming preemptions
In the 1980s, WPTZ preempted select NBC shows, including NBC News Overnight (due to the station signing off overnight), GO!, Hot Potato, The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour, Santa Barbara, Trialwatch, the 1990 version of Let's Make a Deal, and the Bob Goen version of Wheel of Fortune. NBC was far less tolerant of program preemptions during the entire timeframe where WPTZ preempted programming from that network, but was incredibly unlikely to remove the affiliation from a VHF station that otherwise was highly-rated (and for the most part, most of the programs other than Santa Barbara didn't air for more than a season).

News operation
For most of its history, WPTZ's newscasts have been a distant second in the ratings behind long-dominant WCAX-TV. Traditionally, it focused more on the North Country and New York State, while WCAX and WVNY/WFFF tend to cover more from Vermont. In order to cover that state, from the mid-1990s to July 2019, WPTZ operated secondary facilities known as the Vermont Bureau on Roosevelt Highway (US 2/US 7) in Colchester. At one point, there had been more general assignment reporters based at the main studios in Plattsburgh. However in more recent times, additional reporters based at the Vermont Bureau have been hired.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, WNNE operated its own news department and aired local newscasts. This was progressively cut back after being bought by Heritage, eventually resulting in the elimination of a full news operation in 2007. Later, the only visual difference between the stations were different channel bugs during newscasts. Occasionally when WNNE had technical problems, WPTZ's logo peeked through.

In addition to the Upper Valley and Vermont bureaus, WPTZ airs national news from Hearst Television's Washington, D.C. bureau. It employs several reporters who give live reports to the various Hearst affiliates.

Although WPTZ and WNNE do not own or operate weather radars of their own, they use live NOAA National Weather Service radar data from several regional sites. It is presented on-screen in a forecasting system known as "First Alert Storm Tracker" (powered by the Super Doppler Network). With the departure of Thom Hallock (whose contract was not renewed by station) on November 23, 2007, WPTZ was left with an all-woman weeknight anchor team. That changed with the arrival of Gus Rosendale. He left WPTZ in 2005 to report at sister station WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh. George Mallet was hired to take his place shortly thereafter.

In August 2009, the station introduced a new format and title to its weeknight newscast at 11. The re-formatted show called NewsChannel 5 Nightcast features more fast-paced and edgier news. Despite its logo which includes "HD", the newscasts were aired in pillar-boxed 4:3 standard definition and it was the only station in the market to not have upgraded local news to high definition. WPTZ was one of six remaining stations owned by Hearst that has yet to make the upgrade to 16:9 enhanced definition widescreen or full HD, until on April 26, 2011, when WPTZ started airing newscasts in widescreen. However, unlike the newscasts on WCAX-TV and WFFF-TV/WVNY, the WPTZ newscasts at the time were not in true HD—just SD widescreen. In August 2013, WPTZ started airing the area's very first weekend morning news. NewsChannel 5 Today airs on Saturdays from 5 to 7 a.m. and on Sundays from 6 to 8 a.m. This beats WCAX-TV, which had previously announced that they would add weekend morning news.

In April 2014, the station announced they were going to revamp their set. After a few weeks of broadcasting from a temporary set put together in the newsroom, the new set debuted. The old set was completely removed and a new set was constructed by FX Group. The set was a major departure from their prior set, which debuted in 2006. One major change made was the elimination of the newsroom as the backdrop for the anchor desk. Also on September 29, 2014, WPTZ debuted a nightly 10 p.m. newscast which airs on both WNNE and WPTZ-DT3 simultaneously.

On June 20, 2016, WPTZ debuted a half-hour noon newscast, became the second television station in the Champlain Valley complete with a 10-minute newscast on WCAX-TV, coinciding with the cancellation of FABLife. On August 2, 2016, following the station rebrand itself as "NBC 5", the newscast branding was now named as NBC 5 News.

In August 2018, WPTZ's Upper Valley bureau moved from White River Junction to a new space on Mechanic Street in Lebanon, New Hampshire. On July 27, 2019, WPTZ's Vermont facilities moved from Colchester to South Burlington; the station's newscasts were concurrently relocated to the new facility from the Plattsburgh studio. To coincide with the aforementioned relocation to the new South Burlington facilities, WPTZ became the last station in the market to broadcast newscasts in high definition.

Notable former on-air-staff

 * Jeanne Moos — became WPTZ's first female correspondent in 1976 (now reporter for CNN)
 * Chris Ortloff (early-1980s; served in the New York State Assembly from 1986 until 2007; Ortloff pled guilty to felony charge of online enticement of minors on December 24, 2008, and was sentenced on April 23, 2009)

In popular culture
The 2008 film Frozen River shows the characters Ray Eddy (Melissa Leo) and her son T. J. (Charlie McDermott) watching a nighttime WPTZ weather report of an incoming Canadian clipper system.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WPTZ shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on February 17, 2009, the original date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 14, using virtual channel 5. It was one of the first stations owned by Hearst to cease analog broadcasting (then-Hearst sister station KITV in Honolulu, Hawaii, was the other).

Out-of-market and Canadian viewership
WPTZ previously served as the default NBC affiliate for northern areas of the nearby Watertown, New York, market (most notably Massena), while WSTM-TV in Syracuse served Watertown proper. Both WPTZ and WSTM-TV lost those statuses on December 1, 2016, when WVNC-LD signed on as the Watertown market's first full-time NBC affiliate.

Like the other network stations that serve Plattsburgh and Burlington, WPTZ has a large audience in southern Quebec, Canada. This includes Montreal, a city with ten times as many people as all of WPTZ's entire American viewing area. For many years, station promos and IDs have read "North Pole–Plattsburgh–Burlington–Montreal" or "Plattsburgh–Burlington–Montreal" to acknowledge its large cable viewership in Canada.

WPTZ is widely carried on cable in the province of Quebec as far north as Saguenay and as far east as Gaspé. In addition, Southern Quebec viewers can also pick up WPTZ's over-the-air signal with a well-placed antenna. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)'s simultaneous substitution rules mandate cable systems to replace WPTZ's signal with that of CFCF-DT, CKMI-DT, or CJNT-DT within their broadcasting areas when one of those stations is airing the same program at the same time as WPTZ.

title: WPTZ


text:
User:SlimVirgin/decision

From User talk:Herschelkrustofsky, February 17, 2005:

Arbitration Committee ruling
The case against you has closed. The Arbitration Committee has decreed that you are to be restricted to one account for editing. All other accounts showing the same editing patterns as you are to be blocked indefinitely. This includes the accounts User:Weed Harper and User:C Colden. You are also not permitted to edit anonymously. If you are discovered to have created or edited using any other account, or have edited anonymously, that account shall be blocked indefinitely and you shall be banned for up to one week. You are to be placed on POV parole for up to and including one year. If you re-insert any edits which are judged by a majority of those commenting on the relevant talk page in a 24-hour poll to be a violation of the NPOV policy, then you shall be temp-banned for a short time, up to one week. Repeat deletions of text, similarly judged to result in a violation of NPOV, shall be treated in the same way. In addition, you are hereby banned from editing any article relating to Lyndon LaRouche for up to and including one year. If you edit any LaRouche-related article, you may be blocked for up to one week by any administrator. Administrators may use their discretion in determining what constitutes a LaRouche-related article. The prohibition against inserting La Rouche material into other articles remains in effect. If, in the judgement of any administrator, you or any user who is considered a sockpuppet of you edits any article which relates to Lyndon LaRouche or inserts material which relates to Lyndon LaRouche into any other article you may be banned for up to one week. Any ban shall reset the one-year ban on editing LaRouche related articles and the ban on inserting LaRouche material into unrelated articles. A one-week ban may be imposed for use of a sockpuppet for any purpose; such a ban shall reset both bans. Finally, you are officially cautioned against derogatory characterisations of other contributors. Such repeated and unwarranted assertions amount to personal attacks. Please see the final decision for details. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 01:16, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)

title: User:SlimVirgin/decision


text:
Mostly Martha (film)

Mostly Martha (original German title: Bella Martha) is a 2001 German romantic comedy drama film written and directed by Sandra Nettelbeck and starring Martina Gedeck, Maxime Foerste, and Sergio Castellitto. Filmed in Hamburg, Germany, and Italy, the film is about a workaholic chef who is forced to adjust to major changes in her personal and professional life that are beyond her control. The film won the Créteil International Women's Film Festival Grand Prix Award, and was nominated for the Goya Award for Best European Film in 2002. It was also nominated for the German Film Awards Outstanding Feature Film.

Plot
Martha Klein (Martina Gedeck) is a chef at Lido, a gourmet restaurant in Hamburg, Germany. A perfectionist who lives only for her work, Martha has difficulty relating to the world other than through food. Her single-minded obsession with her culinary craft occasionally leads to unpleasant confrontations with customers. Consequently, the restaurant owner, Frida (Sibylle Canonica), requires her to see a therapist (August Zirner) to improve her interpersonal skills. Martha's therapy sessions, however, turn into monologues on food, and her approach to stress management usually involves briefly retreating to the restaurant's walk-in refrigerator.

Martha's life takes a dramatic turn when her sister is killed in a car accident, leaving behind an eight-year-old daughter, Lina (Maxime Foerste). Martha must now look after her niece, who is understandably depressed, withdrawn, and refuses to eat. The girl's Italian father, Giuseppe Lorenzo, has been out of the picture for years, living somewhere in Italy. While coping with her sister's death and raising the young girl, Martha's world is further complicated when Frida hires fun-loving and unorthodox Mario (Sergio Castellitto) as a sous-chef to replace Lea (Katja Studt), who is expecting a child any day. Martha looks on in horror as Mario transforms her kitchen of precision and logistics with his relaxed banter and up-beat music.

Unable to find an acceptable babysitter, Martha brings Lina to the restaurant with her. Lina begins to emerge from her depression in the presence of Mario's playfulness, and even begins to eat when Mario leaves her unattended with a plate of spaghetti he's prepared. Touched by Mario's kindness and concern for the child, Martha becomes more accepting of Mario. She even asks for his help in locating Lina's father in Italy and translating a letter she's written to him.

Just as Martha's strained relationship with Lina seems to be improving, she forgets to collect the girl from school while helping Lea, her very-pregnant sous chef, get to the hospital to deliver her baby. Lina is angry at being forgotten at school, and the incident causes a serious setback in their relationship. To make amends, Martha offers to grant Lina any wish: Lina wants Mario to cook for them. Mario agrees, and prepares a picnic-style dinner in Martha's living room. Despite the mess left behind in the kitchen, the evening of food, stories, and games brings the three closer together.

The renewed warmth between Martha and Lina is immediately tested when Martha is told by the school principal that Lina has not been attending school regularly, and that when she does come to school, she falls asleep. The principal also tells Martha that when he asked the girl why she was always so tired, she told him that she was forced to work in a kitchen to earn her room and board. Angered by Lina's behavior, and also having been warned by the restaurant owner, Martha tells Lina that she can no longer come to the restaurant. Lina storms off, nearly getting hit by a car, and later attempts to run away to Italy. Mario continues to support Martha emotionally as their relationship becomes romantic.

Lina's father, in answer to Martha's letter, arrives to take his daughter to Italy to live with his wife and family. Distraught and conflicted by the separation, Martha rejects Mario's loving support, and after another confrontation with a customer, quits her job. Soon after, Martha asks Mario to accompany her to Italy to retrieve Lina. After reuniting with the girl, Martha and Mario marry, and the three begin their lives together as a loving family.

Cast

 * Martina Gedeck as Martha Klein
 * Maxime Foerste as Lina Klein (Martha's niece)
 * Sergio Castellitto as Mario; voice actor Frank Glaubrecht overdubbed Castellitto's voice.
 * August Zirner as Martha's Therapist
 * Sibylle Canonica as Frida
 * Katja Studt as Lea
 * Antonio Wannek as Carlos
 * İdil Üner as Bernadette
 * Oliver Broumis as Jan
 * Ulrich Thomsen as Samuel "Sam" Thalberg
 * Gerhard Garbers as Herr Steinberg
 * Angela Schmidt as Frau Steinberg
 * Diego Ribon as Giuseppe Lorenzo
 * W.D. Sprenger as Noisy Customer

Filming locations
Mostly Martha was filmed from March to May 2000 in Hamburg, Germany, and Italy.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack is composed mostly of music by artists from the ECM Records stable, including Keith Jarrett, Steve Reich, David Darling, and Arvo Pärt, with most compositions dating from the 1990s. Manfred Eicher, founder of ECM Records, is credited as music consultant.

 * "Country" (Keith Jarrett) by Keith Jarrett, Jan Garbarek, Palle Danielsson, and Jon Christensen
 * "Let's Do It in A-Flat" (Steve Reich) by M. Segal, S. Reich, J. Gunkel, and M. Fonfara
 * "How Deep Is the Blues" (Steve Reich) by M. Segal, S. Reich, J. Gunkel, and M. Fonfara
 * "Too Much of Your Love" (Steve Reich) by M. Segal, S. Reich, J. Gunkel, and M. Fonfara
 * "Special Delivery" (Peter Blegvad) by Peter Blegvad
 * "Darkwood VII: New Morning" (David Darling) by David Darling
 * "Für Alina" (Arvo Pärt) by Alexander Malter
 * "Tokyo, Encore" (Keith Jarrett) by Keith Jarrett
 * "Angelina – Zooma Zooma" (Roberts, Fisher – Citarrelly, Prima) by Louis Prima
 * "Volare" (Franco Migliacci, Domenico Modugno) by Dean Martin
 * "Bregenz, Part I" (Keith Jarrett) by Keith Jarrett
 * "Via Con Me" (Paolo Conte) by Paolo Conte
 * "Attenti Al Lupo" (Ron) by Lucio Dalla
 * "Relax-Ay-Voo" (Johns, Salvador) by Dean Martin
 * "Never Let Me Go" (Ray Evans, Jay Livingston) by Keith Jarrett, Gary Peacock, and Jack de Johnette
 * "U Dance" (Keith Jarrett) by Keith Jarrett, Gary Peacock, and Jack de Johnette

Box office
Mostly Martha earned $5,691,547 in box office revenue in Europe, and $4,158,045 in the United States. Admissions in Europe include 213,037 (Germany), 38,812 (Netherlands), 1,510 (Norway), and 202,150 (Spain).

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes, an aggregator of reviews from published critics, showed that 92% of them reviewed it favorably based on 85 reviews, with an average rating of 7.17/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Mostly Martha may have a predictable plot, but it still feels charming and fresh, and the food will make you hungry."

In his review in The New York Times, film critic Elvis Mitchell wrote, "The movie itself has a trim, ticking precision, though Manfred Eicher (one of the founders of the ECM jazz label) adds a score that gives the picture a light-handed rhythm. Ms. Nettelbeck seems to have achieved a balance of control and autonomy so that Mostly Martha doesn't feel as if it was directed by its central figure. The final confection is extremely enjoyable, though a few degrees shy of perfection."

In their review in Spirituality & Practice, Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat wrote, "Writer and director Sandra Nettelbeck beautifully orchestrates the transformation of the chilly, neurotic, and self-absorbed Martha as her heart begins to open under the tutelage of Lina and Mario."

In his review in Reel Views, James Berardinelli wrote, "The acting is top-notch. Martina Gedeck is glorious as Martha. ... As Lina, Maxime Foerste gives a natural, unforced performance. ... And Sergio Castellitto is delightful as Mario. ... As much as any other motion picture that employs the preparation and consumption of food as a key element, Mostly Martha provides the perfect blend of cinematic nourishment and gratification."

Manohla Dargis disliked the screenplay, writing "It's a drag how Nettelbeck sees working women—or at least this working woman—for whom she shows little understanding; there's a puritan, even punitive, cast to the way she sees her character, whose pathology she digs at with the tenacity of a truffle hound."

Awards and nominations

 * 2002 Créteil International Women's Film Festival Grand Prix Award (Sandra Nettelbeck)
 * 2002 European Film Awards Best Actor (Sergio Castellitto)
 * 2002 European Film Awards Nomination Best Actress (Martina Gedeck)
 * 2002 German Film Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement Actress (Martina Gedeck)
 * 2002 German Film Awards Outstanding Feature Film Nomination (Sandra Nettelbeck)
 * 2002 Nantucket Film Festival Best Feature Screenplay (Sandra Nettelbeck)
 * 2002 Lecce European Film Festival Special Jury Award (Sandra Nettelbeck)
 * 2002 Lecce European Film Festival Students Jury Award (Sandra Nettelbeck)
 * 2003 German Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress (Martina Gedeck)
 * 2003 Goya Awards Best European Film (Sandra Nettelbeck) - nomination

Home video
A region 2 DVD recording of the film was released in Europe in 2002, and several further editions have been released since. A region 1 DVD recording of the film with English subtitles was also released in North America in 2002.

Remakes
A feature film based on Mostly Martha, retitled No Reservations, was released in the United States in 2007 starring Catherine Zeta-Jones in the role corresponding to Martha. Aaron Eckhart takes on the role corresponding to Mario in Mostly Martha with an American (rather than German/Italian) cultural tension. The film also inspired the Spanish film Chef's Special.

title: Mostly Martha (film)


text:
Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research

Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research is a New Zealand Crown Research Institute whose focus of research is the environment, biodiversity, and sustainability.

History
Manaaki Whenua was originally part of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), but was established as an independent organisation when the Crown Research Institutes were created in 1992. As part of that process, it was semi-commercialised, and now operates as a government-owned company rather than as a government department. The commercialisation has led to greater emphasis on financial viability, and Manaaki Whenua is employed by various private groups to provide advice and information. It is currently chaired by Acting Chair Dr Paul Reynolds QSO.

Locations
The main site is in Lincoln, near Christchurch. There are also other sites at Auckland on the Tamaki campus of Auckland University, Hamilton, Palmerston North, Wellington, Alexandra, and Dunedin.

Collections
Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research holds several collections of organisms that are of significant national importance to New Zealand. Detailed information on all the specimens can be found though the Systematics Collections Data (SCD) website.

International collection of microorganisms from plants
The International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants in Auckland holds live bacterial and fungal specimens that are preserved under liquid nitrogen or in freeze dried ampoules. Currently there are over 20,000 specimens in the collection.

New Zealand Fungarium (PDD)
The Auckland office also has the New Zealand Fungarium (PDD), a fungarium containing over 80,000 dried fungal specimens, including all the New Zealand fungal type species. This represents one of the most extensive compilations on the national fungal biota of any country.

New Zealand Arthropod Collection
The New Zealand Arthropod Collection (NZAC) or Ko te Aitanga Pepeke O Aotearoa in Māori. The NZAC has over 6 million specimens (1 million pinned and 5 million preserved in fluid) and has the most complete coverage of terrestrial invertebrates of all the collections held in New Zealand. In addition to its fundamental value to the science of taxonomy and systematics, the collection underpins quarantine and border control decisions (e.g., verifying the presence or absence of species in New Zealand); and contributes to listings of threatened insect species. The NZAC is held at Landcare Research's Tamaki site.

National Nematode Collection of New Zealand
The National Nematode Collection of New Zealand (NNCNZ) contains thousands of nematode specimens. It is contained within the New Zealand Arthropod Collection.

Allan Herbarium
The Allan Herbarium (CHR) at Lincoln, contains species from around the world but specialises in plants (indigenous and exotic) of the New Zealand region and the Pacific. It also has specialist collections of seed, fruit, wood, plant leaf cuticle, liquid-preserved specimens, and microscope slides. The oldest samples are the 91 duplicate specimens collected by Banks and Solander during Captain Cook's first voyage to New Zealand in 1769–1770.

There are currently over 550,000 specimens in the Allan Herbarium with 5,000–8,000 being added annually. Two-thirds of the specimens are of indigenous plants with the remainder divided between naturalised, cultivated, and foreign specimens. It was named for Harry Allan, to acknowledge his contributions to New Zealand botany.

National New Zealand Flax Collection
Manaaki Whenua is kaitiaki of an ethnobotanical collection of traditional weaving varieties of harakeke (NZ flax, Phormium spp.) donated by Rene Orchiston of Gisborne. The 50 harakeke were selected long ago from natural stands and cultivated by Māori weavers for their special leaf and fibre properties. There are varieties specially suited to making kete, whariki, piupiu and cloaks.

Research
Science includes research into the processes that maintain New Zealand's ecosystems, enable natural flora, fauna and fungi to flourish, and protect soil and catchments for a range of production and other purposes. The impacts of disruption to ecosystems; biosecurity risks from foreign weeds, pests and micro-organisms; and contamination to land, water and air caused by the production of natural, manufactured or waste compounds are investigated. Research is also undertaken to develop tools to help mitigate inefficient resource use and excess waste, and systems designed to improve resource use productivity, lifestyle and business viability. Research focuses on six key areas:

 * Conserving and restoring our biodiversity and the healthy resilience of natural ecosystems
 * Reducing pest, disease and weed impacts in our natural and managed ecosystems
 * Understanding, mitigating and adapting to the impacts of climate change
 * Sustaining the long-term health of soils, waterways and landscapes for the continued viability of our rural environments
 * Enhancing urban biodiversity and developing low-impact approaches for built environments
 * Fostering environmentally sustainable and globally competitive business practices

BioBlitz
Manaaki Whenua has organised several BioBlitz events – a survey of all species in a given area. The first New Zealand BioBlitz was held in the Auckland suburb of St Heliers on 30 April – 1 May 2004; in a remnant of native forest at Dingle Dell reserve, 925 separate species were found, and 631 species were found in a native bush gully at Meadowbank Primary School. A second BioBlitz in the Auckland Domain on 12–13 March 2005 found 1575 distinct species. Another BioBlitz occurred at Hagley Park in Christchurch on 8–9 April; here 1197 species were found. In 2006, BioBlitz was held in Hamilton; this event uncovered 948 species.

People
The following people are associated with Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research:

Governance positions

 * Dr Paul Reynolds, QSO, Acting Board Chair
 * Jane Taylor (lawyer), former Board Chair

Researchers
see https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/about-us/our-people/
 * Ross Beever
 * David A Wardle
 * Gregor W. Yeates
 * Janet Wilmshurst

title: Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research


text: User talk:68.74.138.186

title: User talk:68.74.138.186


text:
Jingzhe (film)

Jingzhe is a 2004 Chinese film directed by Wang Quan'an. The film is Wang's second feature and sees him reuniting with actress Yu Nan. Jingzhe is also known by its original international title, The Story of Ermei.

Jingzhe tells the story of Ermei (played by Yu Nan), a young villager in rural China. When Ermei's family falls on hard financial times, she is forced to marry off to an alcoholic villager so her family can collect the bride price. Unhappy in her married life, Ermei runs away to the city where she finds work at a restaurant. She has an affair with a man named Qiao but soon returns to her drunkard husband, where an emergency forces her to take initiative in her relationship.

Jingzhe was screened in several international film festivals throughout 2004, including the high profile Berlin International Film Festival on February 10, 2004, where it was part of the "Panorama" program.

Title
The title of the film, Jingzhe, is one of the twenty-four periods of the ancient Chinese calendar. In particular, "Jingzhe" refers to the third solar term, which falls on March 5–6 and marks the start of spring.

The English title used for international audiences, originally Story of Ermei, was eventually abandoned in favor of the pinyin transcription of the original title, Jingzhe.

Plot
When Guan Ermei's (Yu Nan) grandfather falls terminally ill, her poor farming family is forced into a crisis. Selling their pigs in order to purchase cedar in order to make a casket, they discover that the money from the sale is insufficient to purchase the wood. Guan Ermei's father therefore attempts to illegally cut down a cedar tree when he is caught and fined. Even further in debt, the family arranges to sell Ermei to Zhang Suo, a drunken but wealthy peasant. Ermei, disgusted with her future husband, flees to the city and seeks out her friend Maonu (Shi Xiaoxia). Maonu sets Ermei with a job in a restaurant run by Yu, and also introduces her to a young man, Qian Liansheng.

Soon, Ermei and Liansheng have fallen in love, although Liansheng remains unfaithful to Ermei. Ermei eventually returns home and marries Zhang Suo, bearing him a child. When her son falls ill, Ermei takes the family back to the city to see a doctor and her friend Maonu. Maonu, however, has moved to the south. Enamored with the idea of seeing the sea, the family returns home after Ermei's son has recovered. At first despondent, Ermei discovers the joy of simply playing with her son.

Cast

 * Yu Nan as Guan Ermei, a young twenty-year-old woman in a rural village.
 * Liu Yanbing as Qian Liansheng, a young man who has an affair with Ermei.
 * Yan Su as Zhang Suo, a local drunk, who nevertheless pays the Guans three thousand RMB.
 * Shi Xiaoxia as Maonu, Ermei's childhood friend who has moved to a nearby city.
 * Ma Zhen as Yu, a local restaurateur; Ma Zhen is in fact, an actual restaurant owner.

Awards and nominations

 * Golden Rooster Awards, 2003
 * Best Actress — Yu Nan
 * Festival Paris Cinéma, 2004
 * Best Actress — Yu Nan (Tied with Anne Parillaud for Deadlines)
 * Grand Prix (nominated)

title: Jingzhe (film)


text:
Beirut Arab University

Beirut Arab University (BAU) (جـامعة بيروت العربية) is a Lebanese private university mainly located in Beirut, Lebanon. It was founded by the Lebanese Waqf El-Bir wal Ihsan Society in 1960.

The university's main campus is situated close to the southern entrance of Beirut. Satellite campuses are established in Dibbiyeh and Tripoli. English serves as the primary language of instruction. Certain classes are conducted in Arabic or French.

The university is ranked 801–1000 in the QS World University Rankings and 40 in Arab Region Rankings for 2022. The university attained the International Institutional Accreditation from the Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation (FIBAA) - an official international German foundation - registered in the European Quality Assurance Register (EQAR).

Notable alumni include figures such as former Lebanese PM Rafic Hariri along with influential jurists and politicians from Lebanon and other countries in the Middle East.

Faculties
The university currently consists of the following 10 faculties:

 * Faculty of Human Sciences
 * Faculty of Law & Political Science
 * Faculty of Business Administration
 * Faculty of Architecture – Design and Built Environment
 * Faculty of Engineering
 * Faculty of Science
 * Faculty of Pharmacy
 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Faculty of Dentistry
 * Faculty of Health Sciences

Campuses
Beirut Campus: Beirut Campus was established in 1960. It is the main branch and located in the heart of Beirut in Tarik El Jadida. The land spans an area of 41,107 m2 and comprises two buildings with a total built area 50,500 m2. The main building has an area of 22,000 m2 and is utilized by BAU Administration and the Faculties of Business Administration and Dentistry.

There are a 300-seat festivities hall, five seminar rooms which are furnished and equipped with multimedia and display screens, a specially designed “Al Multaqa”, which is the center for cultural and art activities, a Student Activities and Alumni & Career Office Building, a gymnasium, sports hall, and a cafeteria.

The second building is the 12-storie Hariri Building, with two basements and a ground floor. It is built on an area of 28,000 m2 and houses five faculties: Human Sciences, Law and Political Science, Pharmacy, Medicine, and Health Sciences.

Debbieh Campus: Debbieh Campus was established in 2006 and is located 33 km from Beirut city. The land spans over an area of 1,353,000 m2, and the total built area is 52,538 m2.

It comprises four buildings for the faculties and the administration, two buildings for student dorms, two buildings for staff dorms, a gymnasium, a mosque, an astronomical observatory, a cafeteria, an open theater, and a student lounge.

The Campus currently holds three Faculties: Architecture – Design & Built Environment, Engineering, and Science.

Tripoli Campus: A campus in Tripoli, Mina Region, North Lebanon, was established in 2010.

Tripoli Branch comprises five faculties so far; the Faculty of Business Administration, the Faculty of Architecture – Design and Built Environment, the Faculty of Engineering, the Faculty of Science, and the Faculty of Health Sciences.

The Branch also provides a multitude of facilities that offer various services to students, staff, researchers, and visitors.

Bekaa Campus:

Bekaa Campus was established in 2011 and is located in Jdeita and Taalbayah real estate area. The land spans an area of 183,391 m2, and the total built area is 1,650 m2.

It has allocated two distinctive locations for the Research Center for Environment and Development and the Alumni Club.

BAU Student Prospectus

 * Governing bodies: University Higher Council; University Council
 * Academic year: September to June
 * Admission requirements: To be accepted for an undergraduate degree, applicants must:
 * Hold the official Lebanese Secondary School Certificate in a branch relevant to the chosen undergraduate field of specialization, or an official equivalent;
 * Pass the relevant admission examinations
 * Tuition Fees The cost of each credit hour is determined by the university administration and fees vary depending on the faculty.
 * Main language of instruction: Arabic, English, French

English Language Requirements
All programs and examinations at BAU are set in English except for the Faculties of Arts and Law where the language of instruction varies depending on the nature of the course/s. Hence, applicants must provide evidence of their English language proficiency in one of the following ways:

All undergraduate applicants and transferring students are expected to pass BAU's English Language admission exam with a minimum score of 60%. However, applicants who have passed a TOEFL Exam with a minimum score of 500 or IELTS with a minimum score of 6.5 or have successfully completed the General Certificate of Education (GCE) program are exempted from this English Language admission exam. Similarly, transferring students who have completed a minimum of two years at an institution where the language of instruction is English are exempted from BAU's English Language admission exam.

Financial Aid and Scholarships
BAU provides direct financial support to students experiencing hardship in the form of tuition fees deductions. Undergraduate Program Scholarships 1st place: 80% 2nd place:	50% 3rd place:	30% 4th place:	25% 5th place	15%
 * BAU offers 4 scholarships annually. These scholarships are available to first year students who rank in the top ten positions in the four branches of the Lebanese Secondary School Certificate. These students can also benefit from these scholarships during their undergraduate study as long as they get a CGPA of 3.33 or above.
 * Three scholarships are offered to the first three BAU students in each of the departments of the Faculty they are registered in provided that they get a SGPA of 3.00 and above at the end of each semester, with not less than 15 credits per semester. Each semester, a maximum of 5 top students, at each level of all undergraduate programs, who have completed 15 credits and above and have not failed any course during the same semester, are exempted from a percentage of the subsequent semester tuition fees as follows:

Prizes Students with a SGPA of 3.8 or above are included on the President's Honor list and those with a SGPA of 3.5 or above are included on the Dean's Honor list.
 * President's Honor List and Dean's Honor list:

A student in the undergraduate level is granted Gamal Abdel Nasser Award for Academic Distinction provided that his grade is not less than "Very Good"
 * Gamal Abdel Nasser Award

Housing
Beirut and Tripoli Campuses:

Students living away from their homes and studying in Beirut or Tripoli Campuses can rent a girls-only or boys-only shared or private apartment from various local renters in these regions. Rent is usually paid yearly (two installments) and varies according to location, size, and students sharing the apartment.

Debbieh Campus: This Campus houses two separate dorms: the girls’ dorms and the boys’ dorms. These are two buildings located inside the campus in close proximity to the parking lot. The dorms encompass a reception area, mini-market which includes basic needs of students, a private gym study rooms, TV hall for students enrolled in the dorms.

The dormitory has 112 rooms available for boys in the boys’ dorms and 66 rooms available for the girls. The dorm rooms range from single to double rooms each having its private bathroom. The rooms are fully furnished with built-in closets, beds, study desks, mini fridge and TV.

The rental fees of the rooms vary between US$2,000 and 3,800 annually.

Notable alumni

 * Prime Minister Rafik Al-Hariri of Lebanon
 * Prime Minister Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani of Qatar
 * Deputy Prime Minister Tawfiq Kreishan of Jordan
 * Minister of Interior Eid Al-Fayez of Jordan
 * Ministry for Foreign Affairs Mohammed Hussein Al Shaali of United Arab Emirates
 * Former Governor of Jerusalem Jamil Othman Nasser of Palestine
 * Palestinian Jurist Hilmi M. Zawati
 * Shalimar Sharbatly, abstract artist
 * Israa Seblani, Lebanese doctor and survivor of the 2020 Beirut explosion
 * Former Minister of State Ahmad Karami of Lebanon
 * Syrian lawyer, women and human rights activist, Joumana Seif

BAU Journals
BAU journals are official publications of Beirut Arab University, currently publishing six scholarly journals that cover a wide range of disciplines, from the humanities and the social sciences to the life and physical sciences. In addition to working with departments and faculties of the university, BAU journals serves a world-wide community of scholars, researchers, and practitioners through the publication of peer-reviewed academic and professional journals in print and electronic form.

The old version of BAU Journal was Al Zamil which used to be an academic, cultural and social periodical magazine published by the university.

Memberships
Beirut Arab University is a member of:
 * Association of Arab Universities (AARU)
 * International Association of Universities (IAU)
 * Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World (FUIW)
 * Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF):
 * Conférence des Recteurs de la Région du Moyen-Orient(CONFREMO)
 * Réseau International Francophone des établissements de formation de formateurs (RIFEFF)
 * Ecole Doctorale de Droit du Moyen- Orient (EDDMO)
 * Collège Doctoral de Français au Moyen Orient (CODFRAMO)
 * International Association of University Presidents (IAUP)
 * Association of Universities of Lebanon
 * Euro- Mediterranean University (EMUNI)
 * Euromed Permanent University Forum (EPUF)
 * International Council for Open and Distance Education(ICDE)
 * International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions(IFLA)
 * Arab Association of Collegiate Registrars& Admissions Officers ( ARAB-ACRAO)
 * Association of the Arab Faculties of Dentistry (Affiliated to AARU)
 * Scientific Association of Colleges of Pharmacy in the Arab World (Affiliated to AARU)
 * Arab Society of Faculties of Business Administration (Affiliated to AARU)
 * Union of International Associations (UIA)
 * Scientific Society of Arab Nursing Faculties (Affiliated to AARU)
 * Islamic Universities League
 * United Nations Global Compact
 * Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE)
 * Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED)
 * Lebanese Academic Library Consortium (LALC)
 * European Foundation for Management and Development (EFMD)

title: Beirut Arab University


text:
Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe

The Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe was an institution aimed at strengthening peace, democracy, human rights and economy in the countries of South Eastern Europe from 1999 to 2008. It was replaced by the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) in February 2008. The RCC replaced it because it is more "regionally owned" than the Stability Pact, which was driven more by outside partners such as the EU.

Membership

 * Member partners:
 * 🇦🇱 albania
 * 🇧🇦 bosnia and herzegovina
 * 🇧🇬 bulgaria
 * 🇭🇷 croatia
 * undefined
 * 🇲🇩 moldova
 * 🇲🇪 montenegro
 * 🇷🇴 romania
 * 🇷🇸 serbia
 * 🇸🇮 slovenia
 * 🇭🇺 hungary
 * Observer:
 * 🇺🇦 ukraine
 * Supporting partners:
 * 🇯🇵 japan
 * 🇳🇴 norway
 * 🇷🇺 russia
 * 🇹🇷 turkey
 * 🇨🇭 switzerland
 * 🇺🇸 united states
 * 🇪🇺 member states
 * European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Aid
 * European Investment Bank
 * European Commission
 * Council of Europe
 * United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCHR)
 * International Monetary Fund
 * North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 * Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
 * United Nations

Creation
The pact was created at the initiative of the European Union on June 10, 1999, in Cologne. All of the countries of the region, except for Serbia and Montenegro (then FR Yugoslavia) and Moldova, were present at the founding conference. Representatives of Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Turkey, United States, all members of the EU at the time, OSCE, Council of Europe and European Commission were also considered active participants.

Representatives of Canada, Japan, United Nations, UNHCR, NATO, OECD, Western European Union, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, European Investment Bank and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development were present as facilitators.

The pact was created following the escalation of Kosovo War; stability of Kosovo was among the primary objectives.

In 2006 it was announced that the Stability Pact should be succeeded in early 2008 by a more regionally owned co-operation framework, the Regional Cooperation Council (RCC) formed by the countries of the region themselves, but with continued support and advice from the international community. The South-East European Cooperation Process should be playing an important role in this process.

The last meeting of the SPSEE took place on 28 February 2008, in Sofia, Bulgaria when it was succeeded by the Regional Cooperation Council.

Organization
The Special Coordinator was a head of the Stability Pact. The first Special Coordinator was Bodo Hombach. Since 2002, the position was held by Erhard Busek.

The pact was divided among three Working Tables, with the fourth, Regional Working Table, coordinating actions between them. Each of the Working Tables was responsible for a set of issues, working with participant countries' governments and NGOs on resolving them.

Working Table 1
Consists of five task forces: Media, Education and Youth, Local Democracy and Cross Border Cooperation, Parliamentary Cooperation and Gender Issues.

Apart from its Director WT I relies on the work of two experts Srđan Cvijić and Talia Boati.

Working Table 2

 * Completed a matrix of bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) between countries of the region.
 * Kosovo is also participating (represented by UNMIK as per UN Security Council resolution 1244), but not all FTAs with it are ready yet.
 * There is a proposal to unite the multiple FTAs (including full coverage of Kosovo) into a single free trade area (maybe by extension of Central European Free Trade Agreement). Agreement was due to be signed by the first half of 2006.
 * Formation of a South-East Europe Regional Energy Market for electricity and natural gas. Participating are the member partners of the pact (without Moldova) as well as Greece and Turkey.
 * This process was also enhanced by the recent creation of a common European Energy Community between the European Union and the countries participating in the pact (without Moldova) and Kosovo. Turkey has delayed its participation with six months, because of problems with implementation of the environment parts of the acquis communautaire. Moldova, Ukraine and Norway are expected to join later.

Working Table 3
Working Table III deals with questions of both internal and external security. The aim is to establish a stable security environment in the region and to promote regional co-operation in fighting organised crime and corruption and on migration issues. It is divided into two sub-tables. The first one deals with Justice and Home Affairs and the second one with Defence and Security Sector Reform issues.

FTA progress (until February 2008)
{{legend|lightgreen|instrument and year of entry into force}} {{legend|yellow|instrument and year of provisional entry into force}} {{legend|orange|in negotiations}} {{legend|red|strained diplomatic relations over Kosovo (SiM–UNMIK), Nagorno-Karabakh (Armenia–Azerbaijan, Armenia–Turkey) and the Armenian genocide (Armenia–Turkey)}}

title: Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pat Healy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:23, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pat Healy
Non-notable 5-time champion on Jeopardy. Set no major records either. Basically, the only way Healy would deserve an article if all 200 5-time champs since 1984 also got an article. --OntarioQuizzer 03:24, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Even as a long-time Jeopardy! fan, I can't see why he deserves his own article (even if it were to be rewritten into a full article).  He's relatively non-notable.  ral315 03:36, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There's 144 people competing in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions; we don't need an article on every one of them.  Recreate the article if he wins the tournament.  Dave6 05:13, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm glad someone else spotted this, Delete--nixie 05:34, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, delete . And keep an eye out for articles on all 144 contestants that may turn up in the next few weeks. -R. fiend 05:48, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The funny thing is that Healy's U-ToC game date has not even been announced yet. Also, this does not seem to be an isolated incident from this user (See Votes_for_deletion/The_Story_Of_MY_Life). Should be interesting to see him defend notability on Pat Healy. --OntarioQuizzer 13:09, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable enough yet. Maybe later. Zzyzx11 05:56, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I was going to suggest including him in a possible list of Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions contestants, but I see he's already there. --Deathphoenix 06:32, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, then a guess a redirect there would be fine. Does that page seem a bit like overkill to anyone else though? -R. fiend 07:29, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Which one? Healy? Or U-ToC? --OntarioQuizzer 12:56, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * To clarify, redirect Healy to UToC. (Or delete. Either is fine with me). and the UToC page seems a bit like overkill. Not quite the sort of thing I'd expect from Everyking if it involved Ashlee Simpson, but getting close. -R. fiend 16:13, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable outside of a game show. Megan1967 08:34, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Trilobite (Talk) 10:44, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. EggplantWizard 17:25, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or redirect, in that order of preference. I think redirection is a little charitable in this case, but I'm willing to go for it if other folks are. BenSamples 04:33, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Question If I make a article for every person who is a 5 time Jeopardy winner can we keep Pat Healy?
 * Answer No. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 22:27, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: nonnotable game show contestant. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:56, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg (talk) 05:26, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Annetta Grodner

Annetta Grodner (or Gradner) was a Ukrainian Jewish singer and actress, the first prima donna in Yiddish theater.

The daughter of a bootmaker in Kremenchuk, Ukraine, she met and married Israel Grodner some time around 1870, when he passed through Kremenchuk in the course of his wanderings as a young Broder singer. Her husband was recruited by Abraham Goldfaden as the first professional Yiddish-language stage actor, but initially Yiddish theater was an entirely male affair. The gender barrier was broken by the teenaged Sara Segal, later famous under the name Sophie Karp. However, Annetta Grodner was the first to play prima donna roles.

Jacob Adler wrote that she was "an actress with the seventh degree of charm" and that her singing voice was "not strong, but melodious—a voice 'with tears in it.' There was always something sweetly sad in her singing—even her gay songs tore at your heart."

Annetta Grodner shared many (though not all) of her husband's wanderings through Europe until his early death in London in 1887.

title: Annetta Grodner


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Is there a God

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:25, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Is there a God
Original essay. Unencyclopedic. Carrp | Talk 03:26, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Clearly original. Delete.  Bart133 (t) 03:41, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed, delete --nixie 03:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, personal essay. Arguments for the existence of God covers the issue pretty well.  Antandrus 03:50, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * well is there? Wolfman 05:18, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete original research. There is a God... or is there? --Deathphoenix 06:33, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. To be placed in a box and stored in the backroom along with Santa Claus, the Tooth Fairy, and girls that want to go out with me. Megan1967 06:40, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Spinboy 06:58, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Personal opinion. Wincoote 07:20, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Personal essay. jni 08:30, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I would say redirect to Arguments for the existence of God and the converse. Meelar (talk) 08:43, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete and create redirect -- Covered in Arguments for the existence of God Jok2000 09:50, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Personal essay, original research, unencyclopedic. Trilobite (Talk) 10:44, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to Arguments for the existence of God dab (ᛏ) 11:54, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and create redirect aas others have stated EggplantWizard 16:18, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect as above. HyperZonktalk 17:04, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. -Sean Curtin 01:03, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete! Maybe even redirect if you're feeling charitable. BenSamples 04:28, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I am feeling charitable. Delete and redirect to God Arguments for the existence of God. =) --Andylkl 18:58, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. Ellsworth 23:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Is there a VfD Heaven. Delete.  —RaD Man (talk) 11:16, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Arguments for the existence of God. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:44, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original essay, covered elsewhere. Jayjg (talk) 05:26, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — Linnwood 07:02, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Just delete. No reason to redirect. Irpen 07:23, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Krisjohn 07:27, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Redirect would be useless. Neutralitytalk 07:34, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Thermodynamic equations

Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in a laboratory or production process. Thermodynamics is based on a fundamental set of postulates, that became the laws of thermodynamics.

Introduction
One of the fundamental thermodynamic equations is the description of thermodynamic work in analogy to mechanical work, or weight lifted through an elevation against gravity, as defined in 1824 by French physicist Sadi Carnot. Carnot used the phrase motive power for work. In the footnotes to his famous On the Motive Power of Fire, he states: “We use here the expression motive power to express the useful effect that a motor is capable of producing. This effect can always be likened to the elevation of a weight to a certain height. It has, as we know, as a measure, the product of the weight multiplied by the height to which it is raised.” With the inclusion of a unit of time in Carnot's definition, one arrives at the modern definition for power: $$P = \frac{W}{t} = \frac{(mg)h}{t} $$

During the latter half of the 19th century, physicists such as Rudolf Clausius, Peter Guthrie Tait, and Willard Gibbs worked to develop the concept of a thermodynamic system and the correlative energetic laws which govern its associated processes. The equilibrium state of a thermodynamic system is described by specifying its "state". The state of a thermodynamic system is specified by a number of extensive quantities, the most familiar of which are volume, internal energy, and the amount of each constituent particle (particle numbers). Extensive parameters are properties of the entire system, as contrasted with intensive parameters which can be defined at a single point, such as temperature and pressure. The extensive parameters (except entropy) are generally conserved in some way as long as the system is "insulated" to changes to that parameter from the outside. The truth of this statement for volume is trivial, for particles one might say that the total particle number of each atomic element is conserved. In the case of energy, the statement of the conservation of energy is known as the first law of thermodynamics.

A thermodynamic system is in equilibrium when it is no longer changing in time. This may happen in a very short time, or it may happen with glacial slowness. A thermodynamic system may be composed of many subsystems which may or may not be "insulated" from each other with respect to the various extensive quantities. If we have a thermodynamic system in equilibrium in which we relax some of its constraints, it will move to a new equilibrium state. The thermodynamic parameters may now be thought of as variables and the state may be thought of as a particular point in a space of thermodynamic parameters. The change in the state of the system can be seen as a path in this state space. This change is called a thermodynamic process. Thermodynamic equations are now used to express the relationships between the state parameters at these different equilibrium state.

The concept which governs the path that a thermodynamic system traces in state space as it goes from one equilibrium state to another is that of entropy. The entropy is first viewed as an extensive function of all of the extensive thermodynamic parameters. If we have a thermodynamic system in equilibrium, and we release some of the extensive constraints on the system, there are many equilibrium states that it could move to consistent with the conservation of energy, volume, etc. The second law of thermodynamics specifies that the equilibrium state that it moves to is in fact the one with the greatest entropy. Once we know the entropy as a function of the extensive variables of the system, we will be able to predict the final equilibrium state.

Notation
Some of the most common thermodynamic quantities are:

The conjugate variable pairs are the fundamental state variables used to formulate the thermodynamic functions.

The most important thermodynamic potentials are the following functions:

Thermodynamic systems are typically affected by the following types of system interactions. The types under consideration are used to classify systems as open systems, closed systems, and isolated systems.

Common material properties determined from the thermodynamic functions are the following:

The following constants are constants that occur in many relationships due to the application of a standard system of units.

Laws of thermodynamics
The behavior of a thermodynamic system is summarized in the laws of Thermodynamics, which concisely are:

 * Zeroth law of thermodynamics
 * If A, B, C are thermodynamic systems such that A is in thermal equilibrium with B and B is in thermal equilibrium with C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with C.
 * The zeroth law is of importance in thermometry, because it implies the existence of temperature scales. In practice, C is a thermometer, and the zeroth law says that systems that are in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other have the same temperature.  The law was actually the last of the laws to be formulated.

 * First law of thermodynamics
 * $$dU = \delta Q - \delta W $$ where $$dU $$ is the infinitesimal increase in internal energy of the system, $$\delta Q $$ is the infinitesimal heat flow into the system, and $$\delta W $$ is the infinitesimal work done by the system.
 * The first law is the law of conservation of energy. The symbol $$\delta$$ instead of the plain d, originated in the work of German mathematician Carl Gottfried Neumann and is used to denote an inexact differential and to indicate that Q and W are path-dependent (i.e., they are not state functions). In some fields such as physical chemistry, positive work is conventionally considered work done on the system rather than by the system, and the law is expressed as $$dU = \delta Q + \delta W$$.

 * Second law of thermodynamics
 * The entropy of an isolated system never decreases: $$ dS \ge 0$$ for an isolated system.
 * A concept related to the second law which is important in thermodynamics is that of reversibility. A process within a given isolated system is said to be reversible if throughout the process the entropy never increases (i.e. the entropy remains unchanged).

 * Third law of thermodynamics
 * $$ S = 0 $$ when $$ T = 0 $$
 * The third law of thermodynamics states that at the absolute zero of temperature, the entropy is zero for a perfect crystalline structure.

 * Onsager reciprocal relations – sometimes called the Fourth law of thermodynamics
 * $$ \mathbf{J}_{u} = L_{uu}\, \nabla(1/T) - L_{ur}\, \nabla(m/T) $$
 * $$ \mathbf{J}_{r} = L_{ru}\, \nabla(1/T) - L_{rr}\, \nabla(m/T) $$
 * The fourth law of thermodynamics is not yet an agreed upon law (many supposed variations exist); historically, however, the Onsager reciprocal relations have been frequently referred to as the fourth law.

The fundamental equation
The first and second law of thermodynamics are the most fundamental equations of thermodynamics. They may be combined into what is known as fundamental thermodynamic relation which describes all of the changes of thermodynamic state functions of a system of uniform temperature and pressure. As a simple example, consider a system composed of a number of k different types of particles and has the volume as its only external variable. The fundamental thermodynamic relation may then be expressed in terms of the internal energy as:

 * $$dU = TdS-pdV+\sum_{i=1}^k\mu_idN_i$$

Some important aspects of this equation should be noted:, ,

\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial S}\right)_{V,\{N_i\}}dS+ \left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial V}\right)_{S,\{N_i\}}dV+ \sum_i\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial N_i}\right)_{S,V,\{N_{j \ne i}\}}dN_i $$ from which the following identifications can be made: $$\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial S}\right)_{V,\{N_i\}}=T$$ $$\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial V}\right)_{S,\{N_i\}}=-p$$ $$\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial N_i}\right)_{S,V,\{N_{j \ne i}\}}=\mu_i$$ These equations are known as "equations of state" with respect to the internal energy. (Note - the relation between pressure, volume, temperature, and particle number which is commonly called "the equation of state" is just one of many possible equations of state.) If we know all k+2 of the above equations of state, we may reconstitute the fundamental equation and recover all thermodynamic properties of the system.
 * The thermodynamic space has k+2 dimensions
 * The differential quantities (U, S, V, Ni) are all extensive quantities. The coefficients of the differential quantities are intensive quantities (temperature, pressure, chemical potential). Each pair in the equation are known as a conjugate pair with respect to the internal energy. The intensive variables may be viewed as a generalized "force". An imbalance in the intensive variable will cause a "flow" of the extensive variable in a direction to counter the imbalance.
 * The equation may be seen as a particular case of the chain rule. In other words: $$dU=
 * The fundamental equation can be solved for any other differential and similar expressions can be found. For example, we may solve for $$dS$$ and find that $$\left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial V}\right)_{U,\{N_i\}} = \frac{p}{T}$$

Thermodynamic potentials
By the principle of minimum energy, the second law can be restated by saying that for a fixed entropy, when the constraints on the system are relaxed, the internal energy assumes a minimum value. This will require that the system be connected to its surroundings, since otherwise the energy would remain constant.

By the principle of minimum energy, there are a number of other state functions which may be defined which have the dimensions of energy and which are minimized according to the second law under certain conditions other than constant entropy. These are called thermodynamic potentials. For each such potential, the relevant fundamental equation results from the same Second-Law principle that gives rise to energy minimization under restricted conditions: that the total entropy of the system and its environment is maximized in equilibrium. The intensive parameters give the derivatives of the environment entropy with respect to the extensive properties of the system.

The four most common thermodynamic potentials are:

After each potential is shown its "natural variables". These variables are important because if the thermodynamic potential is expressed in terms of its natural variables, then it will contain all of the thermodynamic relationships necessary to derive any other relationship. In other words, it too will be a fundamental equation. For the above four potentials, the fundamental equations are expressed as:

 * $$dU\left(S,V,{N_{i}}\right) = TdS - pdV + \sum_{i} \mu_{i} dN_i$$
 * $$dF\left(T,V,N_{i}\right) = -SdT - pdV + \sum_{i} \mu_{i} dN_{i}$$
 * $$dH\left(S,p,N_{i}\right) = TdS + Vdp + \sum_{i} \mu_{i} dN_{i}$$
 * $$dG\left(T,p,N_{i}\right) = -SdT + Vdp + \sum_{i} \mu_{i} dN_{i}$$

The thermodynamic square can be used as a tool to recall and derive these potentials.

First order equations
Just as with the internal energy version of the fundamental equation, the chain rule can be used on the above equations to find k+2 equations of state with respect to the particular potential. If Φ is a thermodynamic potential, then the fundamental equation may be expressed as:

 * $$d\Phi = \sum_i \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial X_i} dX_i$$

where the $$X_i$$ are the natural variables of the potential. If $$\gamma_i$$ is conjugate to $$X_i$$ then we have the equations of state for that potential, one for each set of conjugate variables.

 * $$\gamma_i = \frac{\partial \Phi}{\partial X_i}$$

Only one equation of state will not be sufficient to reconstitute the fundamental equation. All equations of state will be needed to fully characterize the thermodynamic system. Note that what is commonly called "the equation of state" is just the "mechanical" equation of state involving the Helmholtz potential and the volume:

 * $$\left(\frac{\partial F}{\partial V}\right)_{T,\{N_i\}}=-p$$

For an ideal gas, this becomes the familiar PV=NkBT.

Euler integrals
Because all of the natural variables of the internal energy U are extensive quantities, it follows from Euler's homogeneous function theorem that

 * $$U=TS-pV+\sum_i \mu_i N_i$$

Substituting into the expressions for the other main potentials we have the following expressions for the thermodynamic potentials:

 * $$F= -pV+\sum_i \mu_i N_i$$
 * $$H=TS  +\sum_i \mu_i N_i$$
 * $$G=     \sum_i \mu_i N_i$$

Note that the Euler integrals are sometimes also referred to as fundamental equations.

Gibbs–Duhem relationship
Differentiating the Euler equation for the internal energy and combining with the fundamental equation for internal energy, it follows that:

 * $$0=SdT-Vdp+\sum_iN_id\mu_i$$

which is known as the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. The Gibbs-Duhem is a relationship among the intensive parameters of the system. It follows that for a simple system with r components, there will be r+1 independent parameters, or degrees of freedom. For example, a simple system with a single component will have two degrees of freedom, and may be specified by only two parameters, such as pressure and volume for example. The law is named after Willard Gibbs and Pierre Duhem.

Second order equations
There are many relationships that follow mathematically from the above basic equations. See Exact differential for a list of mathematical relationships. Many equations are expressed as second derivatives of the thermodynamic potentials (see Bridgman equations).

Maxwell relations
Maxwell relations are equalities involving the second derivatives of thermodynamic potentials with respect to their natural variables. They follow directly from the fact that the order of differentiation does not matter when taking the second derivative. The four most common Maxwell relations are:

= -\left ( {\partial p\over \partial S} \right )_{V,N} ~$$ = \left ( {\partial V\over \partial S} \right )_{p,N} ~$$ = -\left ( {\partial p\over \partial S} \right )_{T,N} ~$$ = \left ( {\partial V\over \partial S} \right )_{T,N} ~$$ The thermodynamic square can be used as a tool to recall and derive these relations.
 * $$~ \left ( {\partial T\over \partial V} \right )_{S,N}
 * $$~ \left ( {\partial T\over \partial V} \right )_{S,N}
 * width="80"|
 * $$~ \left ( {\partial T\over \partial p} \right )_{S,N}
 * $$~ \left ( {\partial T\over \partial V} \right )_{p,N}
 * $$~ \left ( {\partial T\over \partial V} \right )_{p,N}
 * width="80"|
 * $$~ \left ( {\partial T\over \partial p} \right )_{V,N}
 * }

Material properties
Second derivatives of thermodynamic potentials generally describe the response of the system to small changes. The number of second derivatives which are independent of each other is relatively small, which means that most material properties can be described in terms of just a few "standard" properties. For the case of a single component system, there are three properties generally considered "standard" from which all others may be derived:

 * Compressibility at constant temperature or constant entropy $$ \beta_{T \text{ or } S} = -{ 1\over V } \left ( {\partial V\over \partial p} \right )_{T,N \text{ or } S,N}$$
 * Specific heat (per-particle) at constant pressure or constant volume $$ c_{p \text{ or } V}= \frac{T}{N}\left ( {\partial S\over \partial T} \right )_{p \text{ or } V} ~$$
 * Coefficient of thermal expansion $$\alpha_{p} = \frac{1}{V}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T}\right)_p$$

These properties are seen to be the three possible second derivative of the Gibbs free energy with respect to temperature and pressure.

Thermodynamic property relations
Properties such as pressure, volume, temperature, unit cell volume, bulk modulus and mass are easily measured. Other properties are measured through simple relations, such as density, specific volume, specific weight. Properties such as internal energy, entropy, enthalpy, and heat transfer are not so easily measured or determined through simple relations. Thus, we use more complex relations such as Maxwell relations, the Clapeyron equation, and the Mayer relation.

Maxwell relations in thermodynamics are critical because they provide a means of simply measuring the change in properties of pressure, temperature, and specific volume, to determine a change in entropy. Entropy cannot be measured directly. The change in entropy with respect to pressure at a constant temperature is the same as the negative change in specific volume with respect to temperature at a constant pressure, for a simple compressible system. Maxwell relations in thermodynamics are often used to derive thermodynamic relations.

The Clapeyron equation allows us to use pressure, temperature, and specific volume to determine an enthalpy change that is connected to a phase change. It is significant to any phase change process that happens at a constant pressure and temperature. One of the relations it resolved to is the enthalpy of vaporization at a provided temperature by measuring the slope of a saturation curve on a pressure vs. temperature graph. It also allows us to determine the specific volume of a saturated vapor and liquid at that provided temperature. In the equation below, $$L$$ represents the specific latent heat, $$T$$ represents temperature, and $$\Delta v $$ represents the change in specific volume.

 * $$\frac{\mathrm{d} P}{\mathrm{d} T} = \frac {L}{T \Delta v}$$

The Mayer relation states that the specific heat capacity of a gas at constant volume is slightly less than at constant pressure. This relation was built on the reasoning that energy must be supplied to raise the temperature of the gas and for the gas to do work in a volume changing case. According to this relation, the difference between the specific heat capacities is the same as the universal gas constant. This relation is represented by the difference between Cp and Cv:

Cp – Cv = R

title: Thermodynamic equations


text:
User talk:IndyGreen

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- AllyUnion (talk) 03:28, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:IndyGreen


text:
Talk:Memo Aguirre

Untitled
Some information:
 * Aguirre didn't sang the Candy Candy opening song, because it was dubbed in Argentina.
 * Aguirre performed both Captain America and Captain Future opening songs.

Regards, -- Pjimenez 03:30, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Memo Aguirre


text:
Banting

Banting is a town and the seat of Kuala Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. Banting has a population of 93,497. The postal code for Banting is 42700 and is administered by the Zone of 15 and 19 of the Kuala Langat Municipal Council. It is situated on the banks of Langat River (Sungai Langat in Malay). It is a Rest Town or Bandar Persinggahan of Federal Route 5. The historical Jugra, a former royal town of Selangor is situated near Banting. Banting is located near the beaches of Morib, as well as hills, forest and farms. Banting is an agricultural hub. Its main agricultural resources include oil palm plantations, poultry farms, betel leaves and it has a number of industrial areas. It is also the home town of the Malaysian badminton player Rashid Sidek.

Historical Places
Among the places, popular in Banting are: Jugra - former Selangor's Capital (ibu negeri) before Kuala Lumpur - Sultan Abdul Samad ibni Almarhum Tengku Abdullah Bandar Temasha - former Sultan of Selangor Royal Town - Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Syah ibni Almarhum Raja Muda Musa- the place of birth Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamudin Alam Syah

Schools
Among the schools, colleges and others institution in Banting are:

Primary schools

 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Permatang Pasir
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Bandar
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Sungai Buaya
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Pulau Carey
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Seri Lanang, Kelanang
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Kah Wah
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Sri Langat (Integ)
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Kampong Busut Asli
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Jugra
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Kanchong Tengah
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Sungai Lang
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Morib
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Tg Sepat
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Batu Laut
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan (Asli) Bukit Cheding
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (T) Pusat Telok Datok
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (T) Sungai Sedu
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (T) Ladang Jugra
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Tiong Nam
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Bukit Changgang
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Olak Lempit
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Bukit Tadom
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Simpang Morib
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Choong Hua
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Methodist
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Telok Panglima Garang
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Sijangkang
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Kg. Medan
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (C) Jenjarom
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Jenjarom
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Saujana Putera

Secondary schools

 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Banting
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Telok Datok
 * Sekolah Agama Menengah Tinggi Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Sg. Manggis (SAMTTAR)
 * Sekolah Agama Menengah Unwanus Saadah, Kanchong Darat (SAMUSKD)
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Jugra
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Bandar Banting
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Jenjarom
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Telok Panglima Garang
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Batu Laut
 * Sekolah Menengah Methodist
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sungai Manggis
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Mirza Faris

International School:
 * Victoria International School, Banting (VIS)

Fully Residential School:
 * Sekolah Menengah Sains Banting

College:
 * Kolej Vokasional Sultan Abdul Samad, Banting
 * Kolej Komuniti Kuala Langat, Banting
 * College MCS, Bandar Sg. Emas, Banting Selangor http://mcs.edu.my

Fully Residential College:
 * Kolej Matrikulasi Selangor

Polytechnic
 * Politeknik Banting

Other Institutions
 * Institut Kemahian Belia Negara(IKBN) Kuala Langat, Banting
 * Institut Latihan & Perindustrian (ILP) Banting

Notable People from Banting or Kuala Langat District

 * DYMM Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamudin Alam Syah, 11th King of Malaysia (26 April 1999 - 21 November 2001) and late Sultan Of Selangor
 * Misbun Sidek, former badminton player
 * Razif Sidek, former badminton player
 * Jailani Sidek, former badminton player
 * Rahman Sidek, former badminton player
 * Rashid Sidek, former badminton player
 * Thamil Arasu Ambumamee, footballer
 * Zulfahmi Khairuddin, motorcycle racer

title: Banting


text:
User talk:Jimsmith

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title: User talk:Jimsmith


text:
Niyyah

Niyyah (Arabic: نِيَّةٌ, variously transliterated niyyah, niyya, "intention") is an Islamic concept: the intention in one's heart to do an act for the sake of God (Allah).

The general Islamic principle of niyyah is laid out in Chapter 33 (Al-Ahzab) of the Quran in Ayat (Verse) 5: "There is no blame on you for what you do by mistake, but (only) for what you do intentionally. And Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful."

According to Ibn Rajab's Commentary on Imam Nawawi's Forty Hadith: Hadith #1, actions are judged according to intentions: "'Umar b. al-Khattab narrated that the Prophet said: Deeds are [a result] only of the intentions [of the actor], and an individual is [rewarded] only according to that which he intends."

Correspondingly, one's niyyah or intention is of the utmost importance among the requirements of an act of ritual prayer. There is some debate as to the necessity of an audible utterance of niyyah. Most scholars agree, however, that as niyyah is spoken from the heart, it does not have to be uttered. Additionally, there is no evidence that the Islamic prophet Muhammad or any of his companions ever uttered a niyyah aloud before prayer.

A Muslim must have niyyah before commencing salat (prayer), and in order to commence the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).

title: Niyyah


text: User talk:69.180.135.200

title: User talk:69.180.135.200