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Christodoulos of Athens

Christodoulos (17 January 1939 – 28 January 2008) (Χριστόδουλος, born Christos Paraskevaidis, Χρήστος Παρασκευαΐδης) was Archbishop of Athens and All Greece and as such the primate of the Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Greece, from 1998 until his death, in 2008.

Early life and career
Christodoulos was born in Xanthi, Thrace, Northern Greece in 1939. His civil name was Christos Paraskevaidis. When he was two years old, his family moved to Athens to escape German and Bulgarian occupation of the area during World War II. His father subsequently returned to Xanthi following the war and ran a successful bid for mayor.

Christodoulos attended high school at the Roman Catholic Marist Leonteion Lyceum of Athens. He then studied law at the University of Athens, graduating in 1962, after having been ordained a deacon in the Orthodox Church in 1961.

He also attended a graduate school at the University of Athens for a degree in theology. Christodoulos was ordained a priest in 1965 and graduated from the School of Theology in 1967. He worked as a parish priest in Palaio Faliro, a suburb of Athens, between 1965 and 1974. During that time he also became Chief Secretary of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece. In 1974, he was elected bishop of Demetrias in Volos, Thessaly, a post which he held until his election as Archbishop of Athens in 1998.

Christodoulos was a Doctor of Theology, had a degree in French and English, and also spoke Italian and German. He was the author of a number of theological books and received Honorary Doctorates from the University of Craiova and the University of Iasi. Due to Christodoulos' attending a Catholic high school, he felt open to dialogue between the Orthodox and Catholic churches having experienced both sides.

Tenure as Archbishop
Christodoulos succeeded Archbishop Seraphim to the seat of the Prelate of the Greek church in 1998. At 59 years of age, he was the youngest Archbishop to head the Greek Church. His chief rivals in ballot were Metropolitan Anthimos of Alexandroupolis and Metropolitan Ieronymos of Thebes. The latter would eventually succeed him in 2008.

Supporting the existing Church social services, he launched new services to face social issues such as the welfare of drug addicts and immigrants, the support for single mothers and abused women, the care for the victims of trafficking, the establishing of a chain of nurseries and infant schools, the provided assistance to poor families and families with many children. He also established "Solidarity", an NGO of the Church of Greece, which allowed a humanitarian intervention of the Church on an international level in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe. "Solidarity" caused several controversies, such as the case where it received 5.6 million Euros from the Greek State in order to send humanitarian relief to Iraq. Instead, "Solidarity" only spent 740 thousand Euros to buy food, which it kept in storage houses without ever sending it to Iraq, and kept the rest in a bank account. After the death of Archbishop Christodoulos, the Greek Church started an investigation of the financial activities of "Solidarity" and found gross irregularities.

In 2003, he fell out with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew over who should have the final say in the appointment of bishops in northern Greece. As a result, Christodoulos' name was stricken off the Diptych of the Church as a punishment. He was reinstated three months later, as the conflict seemed to be coming to a resolution. The rift was mended a month later.

The visit of Pope John Paul II in Athens and Archbishop Christodoulos' visit to Pope Benedict XVI in Rome were significant steps towards the cause of Church unity.

On May 20, 2001, Konstantinos Poulios (Κωνσταντίνος Πούλιος in Greek), an Old Calendarist, attacked Christodoulos and slapped him in the face, while the Archbishop was giving an interview to a TV crew outside the Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens. The attack was broadcast on live television; Poulios was arrested by Christodoulos' police bodyguards, but in the end he faced no charges.

Support for Serbia
The Archbishop played a leading role in supporting Serbia (a mainly Orthodox country), and stoking public opposition to NATO and the Kosovo War of 1999 in which Greece, as a NATO member, played a significant, though largely non-interventionist, role. He also spoke out strongly against the intention of the Greek government under Costas Simitis to follow EU directives, especially where they clashed with what he regarded as traditional Greek policies. Shortly after his swearing in, Christodoulos stated that it was "a disgrace for the modern Greeks to decide on the basis of what directives from Brussels might ask, at one time or another.

Identity cards controversy
In 2000, a major clash between church and state erupted when the then Greek socialist government sought to follow a decision of the Greek Data Protection Authority, by removing the "Religion" field from the national ID cards carried by Greek citizens. Christodoulos opposed the decision, complaining that socialist prime minister Costas Simitis did not consult with the Greek Church on the matter and saying that it was part of a wider plan to marginalise the Church from Greek public life; he also stated that the decision was "put forward by neo-intellectuals who want to attack us like rabid dogs and tear at our flesh". The archbishop organised two demonstrations in Athens and Thessaloniki, alongside a majority of bishops of the Church of Greece, supporting the inclusion of religious data on a voluntary basis, and asked for a referendum on the matter. For this purpose, he was greatly supported as more than three million Greek citizens signed and asked for a referendum.

In 2001, Christodoulos prompted international criticism after saying that the ID decision had been instigated by Jews. The Central Board of the Jewish Community in Greece subsequently sent him a letter on 20 March 2001, asking him to clarify the matter and expressing their opposition to the mandatory writing of religious status in identity cards. The Archbishop replied in a letter that his source was the official web site of the USA Jewish Community where it was stated that the US Jewish Community had asked the Greek Government to remove religious status from Greek identity cards. He also said that in Israel, the writing of religious status in identity cards is mandatory. The official position of the Greek Church became that the writing of religious status on identity cards should be optional. However, the Greek Government proceeded to remove the writing of religious status completely from new identity cards.

Military junta
It emerged the same year that despite Christodoulos' saying that he had no knowledge of nor involvement with human rights violations by the Greek military junta of 1967-1974, because those seven years he was busy studying to become a priest, he had been present in the swearing-in ceremony of the new regime while he held the office of Arch-Secretary of the "Holy Synod", the collective council of Metropolitan bishops of the Church of Greece. At the same time, he was serving as chief advisor to Archbishop Hieronymus, a regime appointee and supporter.

Ecumenical relations
Christodoulos consented in 2001 to the Greek government's decision to allow Pope John Paul II to visit Greece. He commented that he would not "close the door" on the Pope, because he was coming to the country as a pilgrim. The two men met for discussions during the Papal visit in May 2001, though they did not pray together. After a private 30-minute meeting, the two spoke publicly. Christodoulos read a list of "13 offences" of the Catholic Church against the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Schism, including the pillaging of Constantinople by crusaders in 1204, and Christodoulos' decision led to major controversy in Greece, where many Orthodox Christians regard the Pope (and the Catholic Church as a whole) as a schismatic heretic. He also consented in 2002 to the construction of a mosque in Athens, to end the fact that Athens is the only EU capital without a Muslim place of worship. On the other hand, he asked that the mosque will be outside the city center, a wish that was granted by the government who chose a site 20 km outside Athens against the wishes of the Muslim community.

Archbishop Christodoulos visited Pope Benedict XVI in Rome in 2006. They issued a common proclamation together that included the statement that: "We look forward to a fruitful collaboration to enable our contemporaries to rediscover the Christian roots of the European Continent which forged the different nations and contributed to developing increasingly harmonious links between them. This will help them live and promote the fundamental human and spiritual values for all people, as well as the development of their own societies"

Role of the clergy in Greek schools
In 2006, Greek newspapers reported the Archbishop's displeasure at a decision by the centre-right government of New Democracy under Kostas Karamanlis to discontinue the practice of allowing Greek Orthodox priests to use public schools for confessionary purposes, that is to hear student's confessions on a voluntary basis. The vast majority of students in Greek public schools were pracisitng Orthodox and the Archbishop was concerned for their access to the Sacraments and their spiritual welfare. Until then, calling in priests to hold private confession sessions within schools, was at the discretion of local educational authorities; these opportunities for the Sacrament of Confession took place on a voluntary basis for young Greeks in high school and primary school. Greek media reported that the Archbishop characterised the move a "hostile act" against the Church, while the Synod of the Greek Orthodox Church, presided by Christodoulos, sent a letter of complaint to the Ministry for National Education and Religious Affairs under Marietta Giannakou. The decision, however, was applauded by representatives of the Greek Teachers' Association, who supported it as a measure that safeguarded freedom of belief and fostered respect for cultural and religious differences in schools.

Greek politics
Christodoulos supported views on Greek politics and culture that were criticized by The New York Times, an American newspaper, as conservative and nationalist and supported by others as "standing up" for Greece and Greek culture. He led protests in 2002 against Greece's version of the television programme Big Brother, urging followers to "pray for the young kids" on the shows and to "turn off our television sets".

Greek history
The Archbishop attacked the authors of the Greek elementary schools' official state sixth-grade history book, accusing them of attempting to "enslave Greek youth" and conceal the Church's role in defending Greek national identity during Ottoman occupation. In reference to the same issue, he has castigated the "yannisaries" (i.e. traitors to the Greek nation) "who dare raise an audacious head and question unimpeachable things". The state issued textbook was later removed in 2007 by the Greek Government, after the Athens Academy, a Legal Entity of Public Law supervised by the Ministry of National Education and Religion, as well as a number of Greek historians and intellectuals also criticised the book for historical inaccuracies.

Globalization
The Archbishop was intensely critical of globalisation, to which he referred, on repeated occasions, in disparaging terms as a global, or alternatively, "foreigner" plot to deprive people of their national identities. In 2004 he criticized globalisation as a "bulldozer that is out to demolish everything, on account of those who want to rule the world without resistance or obstacles", adding that Greeks live in a paradise compared to other Europeans, because "they have a strong faith, they build churches, follow traditions, and resist globalisation". In 2006, he castigated globalisation as a "crime against humanity" and "a vehicle to Americanise the life of all humankind". He has also said that "globalisation wants to turn us into gruel, soup, sheep, or better yet, turkeys, so that we may be led with a cane".

In 2002, he asked students in a Greek school whether they wanted to be "mince meat or meat", explaining that "foreigners want to turn us into the meat-grinder, while meat is a solid thing". On another occasion he stated that "the forces of Darkness cannot stand it [that Greece is a predominantly Orthodox country], and for this reason they want to decapitate it and flatten everything, by means of globalization, the novel deity that has appeared alongside another deity called human rights, and on account of which they expect us to curtail our own rights". In 2006, he decried the establishment of the monotonic orthography, as a "globalization plot" to impose "cultural uniformity" and "support the sale of multi-national Olivetti's typewriters". He also sarcastically referred to the lawmakers' "kindness of relieving our race from the darkness of Aristophanes", with regards to the same matter.

Human rights
Some comments by the archbishop on human rights also raised controversy. During a 2006 speech, Christodoulos stated that the Church is bound to "come into many conflicts with the movement for human rights", despite the fact "it not only does not oppose human rights, but supersedes them". His proposed reason for these conflicts is that "the Church cannot accept what the Lord of This World is promoting through the human rights movement : the abolishment of sin". The Archbishop has attributed human rights to a ploy by Satan on a second occasion, stating that "the forces of Darkness cannot stand it [that Greece is a predominantly Orthodox country], and for this reason they want to decapitate it and flatten everything, by means of globalization, the novel deity that has appeared alongside another deity called human rights, and on account of which they expect us to curtail our own rights".

The Archbishop was also criticised for frequently judging the internal and foreign policies of the elected Greek governments, usually during sermons in the liturgy. In 1999, he complained during a sermon that the Education Ministries were "experimenting on students" with their continuous innovations on the educational system, causing the dissatisfaction of then Minister Gerasimos Arsenis, who was pushing substantial changes in secondary education at the time.

Enlightenment philosophy
Christodoulos frequently criticized the principles and values of what he characterized "the atheist Enlightenment", and which he contrasted to Christian values.

Turkey and the European Union
Christodoulos created a major controversy in 2003 when he denounced proposals to let Turkey enter the European Union, calling the Turks "barbarians". Despite the fact a number of Greeks are also opposed to Turkey's entrance (as, indeed, are many other Europeans), Christodoulos' statements were seen as an unwarranted intervention in foreign affairs, based on a discriminatory and racialist logic. Statements to the same effect had been made—and retracted—in the past by former Foreign Affairs Minister Theodoros Pangalos.

The Archbishop was accused of fusing ethnic stereotypes and homophobic ideas when, on another occasion, he proclaimed that "Because we are not German, neither French, far more not English, but manful Greeks, we are Orthodox Christians".

Relations between Greece and Europe
In 1998 he declared that "when our ancestors gave the lights of civilization, they [Europeans] were living up in trees". In 2003 he said that "history teaches us Europeans were always out to harm us. Long before the sack of Constantinople, Hellenism had been subjected to the horrible experience of the Franks, who wanted to achieve, by any means possible, its extinction." The latter sentence seems to indicate that the Archbishop extrapolates attitudes of the excommunicated Western sackers of 1204 AD, to all Western Europeans, of all times.

September 11 attacks
After the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001, parts of the public were shocked to hear the Archbishop attribute the attacks to "despondent men" who acted "out of despair caused by the injustices of the Great Powers". Critics attacked the Archbishop for what they considered to constitute an underhanded justification of the terrorist act. Christodoulos denied the allegation and responded that he condemned the attacks. In the fifth anniversary of the attacks, in 2006, and while speaking to an audience of High School students, Christodoulos characterized the September 11, 2001 attacks "a hideous crime that cost the lives of thousands of innocent people" and attributed them to "man failing to discern between good and evil, and being unable to posit himself responsibly towards the problems of the world".

Science
In 2004, Christodoulos published a brief article in, Efimerios, the journal of the Holy Synod of the Greek Church. This does not count as an official church document but does give a rare testimony about the official position of the Holy Synod.

"All of us have once heard that "god has created the world ex-nihilo." This is for some people a problem. Not all are ready to accept this answer to the question, "how has the world been created?" The problem of who has created and how he has created the world is a central problem of our life. We all know the great progress that science has done in this domain. Many sciences complete each other in a common effort to discover the principles of life. We are grateful to science for its efforts to reach the limits of knowledge and throw light in all the secrets of creation. We, believers, should not fear the progress of science; on the contrary, we should expect conclusions and proposals from it which strengthen our faith. Nevertheless, we do not ignore that in the past, and precisely in the preceding century, the distrust of scripture came from certain laboratories and lasted a long time. It was the period of the myth that science is omnipotent and can give answers to the main human queries... Then, when one believes in the omnipotence of man on earth, comes accidents such as Challenger or Soviet Chernobyl to demonstrate the weakness of man... Science is a holy gift, but within limits. It stands in between physics and metaphysics. With the means of observation, experiment and mathematics, it tries to explore events that cannot be perceived. But its horizon is always limited. Nevertheless the query for atheist arguments in scientific results has not ceased even today to be a phenomenon, not of course in science laboratories, but in the imagination of some people who pretend that science has the status and authority to decide on whether God exists or not."

Chrysopigi
In 1958 along with Kallinkos Karusos and Athanasios, Christodoulos established the religious fraternity Panagia Chrysopigi. In 1973 via a royal edict, Christodoulos managed to lodge the fraternity of Chrysipigi on prime land just outside Athens. The edict also gave authority of the monastery, not to the local bishop, but to the Holy Synod itself.

Illness
In June 2007, Archbishop Christodoulos was hospitalised in Aretaeion Hospital in Athens and diagnosed with colonic adenocarcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma in the right lobe of his liver.

Following colonic tumor resection, transplantation specialist Andreas Tzakis of the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine announced that the archbishop would be transferred to Jackson Memorial Hospital in Miami to undergo a liver transplant. On October 8, 2007, however, the transplant was cancelled because of metastases and, following suggestions from his attending physicians, Christodoulos returned to Athens on October 26 for continued medical treatment.

Death and burial
In his final days, the Archbishop refused to be hospitalised, preferring to remain at his home in Psychiko, where he died on 28 January 2008, one week and four days after his 69th birthday. After his death the Greek government announced a four-day national wake during which his body lay in state at the chapel of the Cathedral of the Annunciation.

His funeral was held on 31 January 2008. It was presided over by the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem, Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria, Patriarch Daniel of Romania, and was also attended by the Archbishop of Cyprus Chrysostomos II and the Archbishop of America Demetrios. The election of his successor was carried out by the Synod of the Metropolitans of the Church of Greece on 7 February 2008.

Despite the criticism, Archbishop Christodoulos proved to be one of the most popular archbishops in Greek history, having a particular rapport with young people.

Quotes

 * The Archbishop has been taped saying, referring to the Justinian era of Christianity: Early Greek Christians blessed and honored the Ancient Greek temples, in which pagans and heathens dwelled, by recycling the materials (stones and dirt) from the Ancient Greek Temples to build Christian temples.

title: Christodoulos of Athens


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James Storm

James Allen Cox (born June 1, 1977) is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring name James Storm. He is best known for his time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

He started his career in 1997 and after working on several independent promotions, he began to wrestle for the newly created NWA: Total Nonstop Action promotion. Storm participated in TNA's first event and became a tag team with Chris Harris, America's Most Wanted (AMW). AMW became one of the best tag teams in the promotion, winning 6 times the NWA World Tag Team Championship. He also won the NWA World Tag Team Championship one more time with Christopher Daniels. After the team disbanded in 2006, Storm started a singles career, crowning himself as the TNA World Beer Drinking Champion.

In 2008, Storm formed Beer Money, Inc. with Bobby Roode. Together they became 4 time TNA World Tag Team Champions and joined the Fortune stable. In 2011, Storm defeated Kurt Angle to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, his first world title. During the following years, Storm won the TNA World Tag Team Championship two more times with Gunner in 2013 and Abyss in 2014, as well as the TNA King of the Mountain Championship once. He would leave TNA in 2015. Storm returned in 2016, winning the TNA World Tag Team Championship one more time with Bobby Roode as Beer Money. After leaving TNA in 2018, Storm worked for several independent promotions, most notably National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), where he won the NWA World Tag Team Championship once (with Eli Drake), and NWA National Championship once.

Early life
James Allen Cox was an amateur wrestler while in high school. In addition, he was a talented basketball player, and was awarded a scholarship to Austin Peay State University (which he was forced to relinquish after injuring his shoulder).

Early career (1997–2002)
Cox's professional wrestling career began when he was trained by Wolfie D, a veteran tag team wrestler, in 1995. His training was hampered by a broken shoulder, and Cox eventually dropped out of Slash's training school. He resumed training with Shane Morton after his shoulder had healed.

Cox toured the south-east independent circuit before being signed to a World Championship Wrestling (WCW) developmental deal in 2000. Cox made several appearances for World Championship Wrestling on WCW Worldwide and WCW Saturday Night in 2000 as an enhancement talent, where he assumed the ring name "James Storm".

Storm returned to the independent circuit after WCW was sold to the World Wrestling Federation in March 2001.

America's Most Wanted (2002–2006)
Storm wrestled his future tag team partner, Chris Harris, on a "Legends Night" show on June 1, 2002. As a result of the match, both wrestlers were hired by the upstart Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion. The pair were expected to wrestle as singles wrestlers, but were instead placed into a tag team. They named themselves "America's Most Wanted" (AMW) because, according to Storm the name was a reference to his "little trouble with the law".

On the inaugural TNA pay-per-view on June 19, 2002, Storm and Harris were in two different matches in their TNA debuts (Storm teamed up with Psicosis against The Johnsons, while Harris took part in the Gauntlet for the Gold battle royal for the vacant NWA World Heavyweight Championship). The pair wrestled together for the first time on the second ever TNA pay-per-view a week later. Storm and Harris quickly became mainstays of the promotion and teamed regularly over the next few years. Splits were teased in early 2003 and again in 2004, but nothing came of them.

America's Most Wanted turned heel in late 2005 by helping Jeff Jarrett defeat Raven for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. They went on to join Jarrett's Army, acquiring the managerial skills of Gail Kim in the process. At Bound for Glory, AMW successfully retained their titles against The Naturals. Storm's penchant for wearing cowboy hats resulted in the team often being jeered as "Brokeback Mountain", a reference to the movie about homosexual cowboys, during their heel run. In mid-2006, they again teased their split due to miscommunication during their matches, most notably when Harris accidentally hit Storm with a garbage can during a No Disqualification match against Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon). During their run as a team, the duo won the NWA World Tag Team Championship six times.

On the December 14, 2006 episode of Impact!, America's Most Wanted came to an end after a feud-ending match with The Latin American Xchange (Homicide and Hernandez) when Storm hit Harris with a beer bottle, temporarily "blinding" Harris's right eye. Storm went on to feud with Petey Williams before turning on Gail Kim and aligning himself with the returning Jacqueline Moore. He then went on a huge winning streak, coming out victorious in matches against Petey Williams, Eric Young, and former partner Chris Harris in his return match, among several others. At the Sacrifice pay-per view, Storm was defeated by Harris in a Texas Death Match, which ended his long-running winning streak. The two faced each other again in a King of the Mountain qualifying match, in which both men hit each other with weapons and caused each other to bleed from the head. Harris speared Storm through the tunnel and both men were counted out.

Singles competition (2006–2008)
After this, he teamed with Robert Roode to defeat Eric Young and Rhino. He and Jacqueline celebrated a tag team victory against Rhino by pouring beer into his mouth, which set off Rhino due to the instant reminder of a history of alcohol abuse that he overcame, thus sparking a feud between them. As the weeks continued, Storm taunted Rhino about "knowing he likes alcohol" every chance he got, and continue to try and pour beer in Rhino's mouth any time he defeated him. Storm was able to defeat Rhino at the Victory Road 2007 after hitting Rhino with a beer bottle. Their feud continued with Storm again defeating Rhino in a Bar Room Brawl at Hard Justice. For several weeks, Storm would be included in vignettes where he would try to find Rhino at local bars. Rhino then challenged Storm to a match at No Surrender. Rhino defeated Storm by pinfall after he gored Storm through a table. At Bound for Glory, James Storm took part at the Reverse Battle Royal, which was won by Eric Young.

After Rhino was injured, Storm started a feud with Eric Young over who was the better drinker. Young won Storm's World Beer Drinking Championship (a title unrecognised by TNA, actually a WWE Championship toy belt decorated with beer bottles) and held it for two months before losing it back to Storm in a ladder match. Following this, Rhino made his return from injury and proceeded to deliver a Gore to Storm, challenging him to an Elevation X match. As the ladder match with Eric Young had demonstrated, Storm had a (kayfabe) fear of heights, a major disadvantage in Elevation-X. After teasing a walk-out Storm did in fact compete in the match and after attempting to hide inside of the scaffold structure, Storm ended up losing the match and falling through a table in the ring below. Following a couple of weeks off to (kayfabe) heal his injuries, Storm returned on the live March 27 episode of Impact! and attacked Sting with a beer bottle. On the April 4 episode of Impact!, Matt Morgan allowed Storm to join Team Tomko making it a five on four match (until Matt Morgan himself joined Team Cage). At Lockdown, Storm, along with Team Tomko lost their match against Team Cage. Storm was then announced as one of the "Egotistical Eight" to participate in the Deuces Wild Tournament, and he would have to team up with a random partner, who was later to be revealed as his bitter rival, Sting. Storm then faced Sting in a "No Disqualification" match that Sting won. At Sacrifice, Sting and Storm lost to Team 3D.

Beer Money, Inc. (2008–2011)
On the June 12 episode of Impact, Storm, alongside Robert Roode, challenged LAX for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. Storm and Roode were successful in winning the match following a Last Call from Storm to Hernandez with a belt wrapped around his boot. Hector Guerrero (LAX's manager), who was at ringside however, informed the referee about what happened and the match was restarted. LAX ended up retaining the titles following a Border Toss from Hernandez to Storm. After the match, Storm, Roode and Jacqueline handcuffed LAX to the ring posts, and then proceeded to whip them with leather belts. The next week on Impact!, LAX challenged Storm and Roode to a Fan's Revenge Match at Victory Road for the titles. The team of Storm and Roode (now known as "Beer Money") lost to The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) in one match and Samoa Joe and Kevin Nash in another match later in the July 3 episode of Impact!. At Victory Road, LAX retained the titles. At Hard Justice, Beer Money defeated LAX after Storm hit Homicide with a beer bottle and won the TNA World Tag Team Championship for the first time individually and as a team. At No Surrender Beer Money, Inc. defeated LAX to retain the titles and two weeks later on Impact! they defeated LAX in a six-person tag team match and as a result Hector Guerrero was forced to leave LAX. At Bound for Glory IV, Beer Money, Inc. won the Monster's Ball Match against Matt Morgan and Abyss, Team 3D and LAX to retain the titles. On the January 8 episode of Impact! they lost the titles to Jay Lethal and Consequences Creed, after Lethal cashed in his "Feast or Fired" briefcase. At Genesis Beer Money Inc. won back the TNA World Tag Team Championships when James Storm and Robert Roode defeated Matt Morgan and Abyss and Jay Lethal and Consequences Creed in a 3-way match. Beer Money, Inc. faced Creed and Jay Lethal at Against All Odds, after Lethal and Creed won a number one contenders match against Matt Morgan and Abyss. Eventually Beer Money retained the title after Storm hit the Last Call on Lethal. At Lockdown 2009, Beer Money lost the TNA Tag Team titles to Team 3D in a Philadelphia Street Fight, where Team 3D's IWGP Tag Team Titles were also on the line.

On May 15, 2009, Jeremy Borash announced that Cox had signed a new multi-year deal with TNA the previous day. That same month, Beer Money entered the Team 3D Invitational Tag Team Tournament, during which they turned face. At Sacrifice, Beer Money defeated The British Invasion (Brutus Magnus and Doug Williams) to win the tournament and earn the right to challenge Team 3D for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. At Slammiversary, Beer Money defeated Team 3D to win the World Tag Team Title for the third time. The following month at Victory Road, Beer Money lost the titles to Booker T and Scott Steiner of The Main Event Mafia. The two teams would see their feud intervene with that of Team 3D and The British Invasion, causing a four-way war that would last the next three months. Beer Money would go on to lose to the British Invasion in an IWGP Tag Team Championship match at Hard Justice, win a Lethal Lockdown match at No Surrender (teaming with Team 3D against the Mafia and the Invasion), and lose a four-way Full Metal Mayhem match at Bound for Glory for both the TNA and IWGP Tag Team Championships, with Team 3D winning the IWGP Tag Team Title and the British Invasion winning the TNA World Tag Team Title. Beer Money were permitted one last title shot the following Impact!, where they fought the British Invasion in a Six Sides of Steel match. Brutus Magnus would have his team disqualified by punching the referee, causing him and Doug Williams to retain the championship. On the November 12 episode of Impact! Beer Money defeated the British Invasion in a non-title match to join the Motor City Machineguns in the Tag Team Title match at Turning Point. At the Pay-Per-View The British Invasion managed to retain their titles after Kevin Nash nailed Storm with the TNA Global Championship belt. At Genesis Storm and Roode scored an upset victory over The Band of Kevin Nash and Syxx-Pac.

With Hulk Hogan and Eric Bischoff taking over TNA at the beginning of 2010, Beer Money's TV time was significantly reduced. Upon their return to Impact!, Beer Money turned heel on the March 8 episode of Impact! by first volunteering to face Jeff Jarrett in a handicap match and then defeating him after a low blow and the DWI, claiming it was the only way they were going to get noticed by the new management. Storm and Roode have since acted as Bischoff's henchmen, taking on wrestlers he's had problems with, often in two-on-one situations. At Destination X Beer Money challenged Matt Morgan and Hernandez for the TNA World Tag Team Championship, but were unable to dethrone the defending champions. At Lockdown Beer Money, along with Sting and Desmond Wolfe, represented Team Flair in the annual Lethal Lockdown match, where they were defeated by Team Hogan (Abyss, Jeff Jarrett, Rob Van Dam and Jeff Hardy). They then started a feud with the newly formed team of Jeff Hardy and Mr. Anderson, known collectively as The Enigmatic Assholes, who would go on to defeat them at Slammiversary VIII. On the following episode of Impact! Ric Flair, who had aligned himself with Storm, Roode, A.J. Styles, Desmond Wolfe and Kazarian, announced that he would reform the Four Horsemen under the new name Fourtune, stating that each of them would have to earn their spots in the group and that in order for Storm and Roode to earn their spots, they needed to become the Ole Anderson and Tully Blanchard of the group. After the TNA World Tag Team Championship was vacated in June, Beer Money entered a four–team, two–week-long tournament to decide who would get to face The Motor City Machine Guns for the titles at Victory Road. Beer Money advanced to the title match at the pay-per-view by defeating Team 3D and Ink Inc. (Jesse Neal and Shannon Moore). At Victory Road Beer Money was defeated by the Motor City Machine Guns in the match for the World Tag Team Championship. After Victory Road Beer Money entered a Best of Five Series with the Motor City Machine Guns, contested for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. Beer Money won the first two matches, a ladder match and a Street Fight, after knocking their opponents out with beer bottles. On the July 29 episode of Impact!, Ric Flair announced that Storm and Roode, who were just one victory away from becoming four–time TNA World Tag Team Champions, had earned the right to join himself, Styles and Kazarian to become the final two members of Fourtune. However, Shelley and Sabin came back to win the two following matches in the Best of Five Series, a steel cage match and an Ultimate X match, to even the score to 2–2 and set up a deciding match for the August 12 episode of Impact!. On the August 12 episode of Impact! Beer Money, Inc. was defeated in a Two Out of Three Falls match and as a result lost the Best of Five Series 2–3. Later that night Douglas Williams and Matt Morgan were added to Fourtune, as the stable attacked EV 2.0, a stable consisting of former Extreme Championship Wrestling performers. In the weeks leading to Bound for Glory, the stable's name was tweaked to Fortune to represent the expansion in the number of members in the group. At Bound for Glory Storm, Roode, Styles, Kazarian and Morgan were defeated in a Lethal Lockdown match by EV 2.0 members Tommy Dreamer, Raven, Rhino, Sabu and Stevie Richards. On the following episode of Impact! Fortune formed an alliance with Hulk Hogan's and Eric Bischoff's new stable, Immortal. At Turning Point Fortune defeated EV 2.0 in a ten-man tag team match and, as a result, EV 2.0's Sabu was released from TNA. The following month at Final Resolution, Storm and Roode returned to the TNA World Tag Team Championship picture by defeating Ink Inc. in a number one contender's match. On January 9, 2011, at Genesis, Beer Money, Inc. defeated the Motor City Machine Guns to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship for the fourth time.

On the February 3 episode of Impact!, Fortune turned face by attacking Immortal, when they interfered in a TNA World Heavyweight Championship match between Mr. Anderson and Jeff Hardy. Ric Flair, who did not take part in Fortune's turn due being out with a torn rotator cuff, returned at the February 14 tapings of the February 17 episode of Impact!, turning on Fortune and jumping to Immortal. On April 17 at Lockdown, Storm, Roode, Kazarian and Christopher Daniels, who replaced an injured A.J. Styles, defeated Immortal representatives Ric Flair, Abyss, Bully Ray and Matt Hardy in a Lethal Lockdown match. The following month at Sacrifice, Beer Money, Inc. successfully defended the TNA World Tag Team Championship against Immortal representatives Matt Hardy and Chris Harris, who had made his surprise return to TNA on the previous episode of Impact!. On the following episode of Impact Wrestling, Immortal assaulted Roode, sidelining him with a storyline shoulder injury. Two weeks later, Eric Bischoff attempted to strip Beer Money, Inc. of their TNA World Tag Team Championship due to Roode's injury, but was interrupted by the champions' former rival Alex Shelley, who agreed to take Roode's spot in the title defense against the British Invasion at Slammiversary IX. At the pay-per-view, Storm and Shelley were successful in their title defense. Roode made his in-ring return on the June 23 episode of Impact Wrestling, in a tag team match, where he and Storm were defeated by Crimson and Matt Morgan. On July 13, Beer Money, Inc. became the longest reigning TNA World Tag Team Champions in the title's history, breaking the previous record of 184 days set by A.J. Styles and Tomko in 2007. On August 7 at Hardcore Justice, Beer Money, Inc. successfully defended the TNA World Tag Team Championship against Mexican America (Anarquia and Hernandez). Two days later, at the tapings of the August 18 episode of Impact Wrestling, Mexican America defeated Beer Money, Inc. in a rematch, following interference from Jeff Jarrett, to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship, ending Storm's and Roode's record-setting reign at 212 days.

TNA World Heavyweight Championship pursuits (2011–2013)
From June to September, Storm was one of the twelve participants in the Bound for Glory Series to determine the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. When the group stage of the tournament concluded, Storm finished in the top four and thus advanced to the finals at No Surrender along with Robert Roode, Bully Ray and Gunner. On September 11 at No Surrender, Storm was disqualified in his match against Bully Ray, eliminating him from the tournament. After Roode, who went on to win the tournament, had failed to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship from Kurt Angle at Bound for Glory, Storm received his shot at the title and on October 18 at the tapings of the October 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, defeated Angle to become the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion. Just eight days later, at the tapings of the November 3 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm lost the title to Bobby Roode, after he used Storm's own beer bottle against him, turning heel in the process and effectively dissolving Beer Money, Inc. Storm and Roode had a rematch for the title the following week. As a result of a backstage attack, Storm came into the match bleeding and eventually lost, after passing out due to blood loss. On the November 17 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm was attacked by the returning Kurt Angle, who in the process revealed that he had also attacked him prior to the previous week's title match. On December 11 at Final Resolution, Storm defeated Angle in a singles match. On January 8, 2012, at Genesis, Storm was defeated by Angle in a rematch. On the following episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm defeated Angle to become the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. However, the following week Storm was entered into another number one contender's match with Jeff Hardy, which ended in a no contest, following interference from Bully Ray and Bobby Roode. On February 12 at Against All Odds, Storm was unable to capture the TNA World Heavyweight Championship from Roode in a four-way match, which also included Bully Ray and Jeff Hardy. On the February 16 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm defeated Bully Ray to become the number one contender to Roode's TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Lockdown. On March 18 at Victory Road, Storm defeated Bully Ray in a rematch to retain his spot as the number one contender. On April 15 at Lockdown, Storm failed to regain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship in a steel cage match, after accidentally superkicking Roode out of the cage for the win.

After a two-month break from TNA, Storm returned on June 10 at Slammiversary, answering Crimson's open challenge, defeating him in a singles match and ending his undefeated streak in TNA. On the following episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm entered the 2012 Bound for Glory Series to get another shot at the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, defeating ten other men to win a gauntlet match and take the early lead in the tournament. On the August 30 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm wrestled his final group stage match and, for the second year in a row, finished in the top four, advancing to the finals of the tournament. On September 9 at No Surrender, Storm was eliminated from the tournament, after losing to Bully Ray in his semifinal match, following interference from Bobby Roode. On the September 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm challenged Roode to a match as part of the Open Fight Night. The match ended in a no contest, when referee Brian Hebner was unable control the two brawling rivals. The rivalry between Storm and Roode culminated on October 14 at Bound for Glory in a street fight, with King Mo serving as the special guest enforcer, which was won by Storm. On November 11 at Turning Point, Storm defeated A.J. Styles and Bobby Roode in a three-way match to become number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. However, on the following episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm lost his number one contendership to Roode.

On December 9 at Final Resolution, Storm defeated Kazarian in a singles match, and again on the January 3, 2013, episode of Impact Wrestling, beginning a rivalry with him and Christopher Daniels. On January 13 at Genesis, Storm was defeated by Daniels in a number one contenders match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On March 10 at Lockdown, Team TNA, consisting of Storm, Eric Young, Magnus, Samoa Joe, and Sting defeated the Aces & Eights, consisting of Devon, DOC, Garett Bischoff, Mike Knox, and Mr. Anderson in a Lethal Lockdown match. On the March 14 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm defeated former rival Christopher Daniels in a singles match. Afterwards, he was attacked by both Daniels and Kazarian before being saved and ultimately assaulted by the returning A. J. Styles. In the following weeks, Storm demanded Styles to explain his actions, but Styles remained mute. Storm finally faced Styles in singles competition on the April 18 episode of Impact Wrestling, where Styles won via submission. On April 26, 2013, Storm unsuccessfully challenged Devon for the TNA Television Championship during a house show in Erie, Pennsylvania.

Storyline with Gunner (2013–2014)
At Slammiversary, Storm was paired with Gunner to face the teams of Bad Influence, Aries and Roode, and the TNA World Tag Team Champions Chavo Guerrero Jr. and Hernandez in a four-way elimination match for the title, where they won, giving Storm his fifth individual reign. They would held the titles until on October 20 at Bound for Glory, where they lost it to The BroMans in their first title defense. Storm and Gunner received their rematch on the October 31 episode of Impact Wrestling, but were again defeated.

After losing the TNA World Tag Team Championships, Storm began a feud with Gunner when Gunner pulled the Feast or Fired briefcase from Storm, which contained the TNA World Heavyweight Championship match. On the January 2 episode of Impact Wrestling, for the first time in over two years, Storm teamed with his former Beer Money partner, Bobby Roode, to defeat Gunner and Kurt Angle in a tag team match. After the match, Storm further taunted Gunner. On the January 30 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm apologized to Gunner for his previous actions, and later won a tag team match that night with Gunner against Bad Influence. On the February 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm cost Gunner his Feast or Fired match against Magnus for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, turning heel in the process. Storm would be defeated by Gunner at Lockdown in a steel cage Last Man Standing match and Sacrifice in an "I Quit" match.

On the May 1 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm started a feud with Mr. Anderson after he cost Anderson a TNA World Heavyweight Championship opportunity when Storm tried to attack Anderson's opponent Gunner and inadvertently hit Anderson, culminating at Slammiversary, Storm lost to Anderson. But in a rematch on the June 26 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm defeated Anderson after reversing the Mic Check in a Last Call.

The Revolution (2014–2015)
In June 2014, Storm would begin a program where he would confront, and verbally run down Sanada. Following Sanada's loss of the X Division Championship to Austin Aries, Storm would confront Sanada backstage, berate Sanada's mentor The Great Muta, while slapping him in the face as a way to break Sanada down, multiple weeks in a row. On the July 24, 2014 edition of Impact, Storm would confront The Great Muta, calling him a fraud, and proclaim himself to be "The Legend" (which in the following weeks replaced his longtime nickname of "The Cowboy"). After spitting beer in Muta's face, Sanada would run Storm out of the ring, before attacking Muta himself with a steel chair, and bowing to Storm, revealing an unknown alliance between them. The following week Storm would proclaim himself as Sanada's new mentor, and master. In the following weeks, TNA would air vignettes of Storm having a cult like hold over Sanada, portraying Storm having him tied up, breaking him down physically and mentally, and proclaiming that "The Revolution is coming". On the August 27 Impact Wrestling, Sanada accompanied by Storm debuted the new ring name "The Great Sanada" and a look inspired by The Great Muta, before defeating Austin Aries with help from Storm. On the September 3 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm and Sanada abducted former X Division Champion Manik following his loss in a 6-man #1 Contendership match for the X Division Championship. On the following Impact, Storm was shown initiating Manik, much like he did Sanada into his new faction. On the September 17, 2014 edition of Impact Wrestling, Storm and The Great Sanada attacked X Division Champion Samoa Joe, and were joined by Manik, now sporting an all new look, joining Storm's group. On the October 8, 2014 edition of Impact Wrestling it was announced that James Storm and The Great Sanada would battle The Great Muta and Tajiri in the main event of Bound for Glory. This marked James Storm's first appearance in the Bound For Glory main event, as well as the first time in company history that the main event was not contested for the company's World Heavyweight Championship. At Bound For Glory, Storm and The Great Sanada were defeated by Tajiri and The Great Muta. After the match Manik joined in attacking Muta until Team 3D made the save.

Following Bound For Glory, the stable, now known as The Revolution began to recruit members of the TNA roster, beginning with one half of the World Tag Team Champions Davey Richards. After teasing tension between Richards and his partner Eddie Edwards, on the November 12, 2014 edition of Impact Wrestling, The Revolution demanded Davey's decision. When Davey turned down the Revolution's offer to join, they would attack The Wolves, leaving them vulnerable for Storm to bring out his forgotten Feast or Fired Briefcase, guaranteeing him a Tag Team Championship opportunity, anytime, anyplace. In a further twist, Abyss would reveal himself as Storm's partner, and the newest pledge to The Revolution, subsequently defeating The Wolves for the TNA World Tag Team Championships, making Storm a record six-time champion. At Lockdown, The Revolution successfully retained their titles against The Hardys. On January 30, 2015, The Revolution lost the titles against The Wolves. On April 3, 2015, Storm seemingly broke character and confronted Bram when he attempted to attack Mickie James with a steel chair during Bram's match against Magnus, hinting a possible face turn. However, Magnus and Mickie James confronted Storm after the match, to which Storm replied he was merely looking out for an old friend, hinting he was still a heel. However, this all turned out to be a ruse, as Storm wanted Mickie James to join his Revolution stable. She refused, and security cameras recorded him nudging her onto train tracks, causing a concussion, and fully retaining his status as a heel. Storm defeated Magnus at Slammiversary in a non-sanctioned match. On the July 29 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm revealed the new member of The Revolution, who was Serena Deeb. However, Storm and Serena were defeated by Magnus and Mickie James. Later, James Storm entered in a feud against his former partner Khoya, now known as Mahabali Shera, by attacking him after having failed him over and over. At No Surrender, Storm defeated Shera by disqualification. On the September 30 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm was defeated by Shera in a No Disqualification match, after an interference of Abyss and Manik. Storm's contract with TNA expired on June 30, but he continued making appearances for the promotion until September 30, 2015, under a pay-per-appearance deal. During October and November (taped in July, before his departure), he participated in the TNA World Title Series. Storm ended third of his block, failing into advance to the finals.

New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2009–2011)
Through TNA's working relationships with various Japanese promotions, Storm has competed in Japan numerous times, beginning in 2009 when he and Roode, as Beer Money, debuted in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), defeating Legend (Akira and Masahiro Chono). They returned to New Japan in October 2010, first defeating Bad Intentions (Karl Anderson and Giant Bernard), and then No Limit (Tetsuya Naito and Yujiro Takahashi). Storm and Roode made their debuts in the Tokyo Dome on January 4, 2011, at Wrestle Kingdom V, taking part in a three-way tag team match for the IWGP Tag Team Championship, won by Bad Intentions.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2015)
Storm debuted in WWE's developmental branch NXT during the October tapings, which aired on the October 21 episode of NXT, defeating Danny Burch. Storm also appeared on the December 2 episode of NXT, defeating Adam Rose. In late December 2015, Storm opted to not sign with WWE, in favor of returning to TNA.

Beer Money reunion and Death Crew Council (2016–2017)
On January 5, 2016, episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm returned to TNA, helping his long-time tag team partner Bobby Roode fight off Eric Young and Bram, before reuniting as Beer Money, Inc, after Storm telling Roode that he wanted to "get back to having fun" and drink beer with him, turning Storm face in the process. At One Night Only: Live! event, Beer Money defeated Eric Young and Bram and once again at Lockdown in a Six Sides of Steel match, thus ending the feud. On the January 26 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm grabbed the TNA World Tag Team Championship briefcase during the Feast or Fired match. On February 9 episode of Impact Wrestling Beer Money attempted to cash in their title shot against champions The Wolves, but in their attempt to cash in, Decay (Abyss, Crazzy Steve, Rosemary) stopped them and mysteriously asked them to join their path. They eventually challenged the group to a match, but it ended in disqualification when Abyss pulled the referee out of the ring and began choking him. Beer Money cashed in their Feast or Fired contract and defeated The Wolves to re-capture the titles on the March 8 episode of Impact Wrestling. They successfully retained their titles against The BroMans on the March 22 episode of Impact Wrestling and against Decay, The BroMans and Eric Young and Bram on the April 12 episode of Impact Wrestling. Their feud against Decay culminated at Sacrifice in a Valley of Shadow match, which Decay won, winning the TNA World Tag Team Championship. In late-March, Beer Money were disbanded upon Roode leaving TNA.

On the May 10 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm announced that he would return to singles competition. At Slammiversary he challenged and defeated Braxton Sutter. On the June 28 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm was the guest of the Eli Drake segment Fact of Life, who resulted by Storm hitting Drake with a Superkick. On the August 4 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm defeated Eli Drake to win the TNA King of the Mountain Championship. The following week, he lost the King of the Mountain Championship in a Title vs. Title match against Lashley. On the August 18 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm called the official for that match Brian Hebner to the ring to show him how he missed a three-count on Lashley that should have amounted to Storm winning all the titles instead, while complaining to Hebner, TNA President Billy Corgan came down to the ring and interjected himself into the discussion with Storm. Corgan insulted Storm and suggested that Storm "may not be able to win the big one." This set Storm off and he confronted and cornered Corgan, threatening to use Corgan to satisfy his bucket list goal of "kicking a rockstar's ass". Storm then left the ring and on the way up the ramp, Corgan yelled "James Storm is suspended indefinitely".

In October, Storm turned heel when he was revealed as one of the masked wrestlers of the newest group known as Death Crew Council (DCC), with Bram and Kingston. Death Crew Council made their debut on the October 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, when they attacked The Tribunal, following the latter's loss to TNA World Tag Team Champions, The Broken Hardys. DCC continued their assault on TNA wrestlers, including a 3-on-2 Handicap match against Jeff Hardy and TNA World Champion Eddie Edwards. On December 15, Storm would appear at the Hardy Compound as a participant in the Tag Team Apocalypto match for Total Nonstop Deletion. DCC would be eliminated by Decay, when a man whom Decay assault during "Delete or Decay" claimed to be Storm's partner and was knocked unconscious by Crazzy Steve and pinned by Abyss.

On the January 5, 2017 episode of Impact Wrestling, DCC started a feud with Decay when Storm and Bram smashed beer bottles over Abyss and Crazzy Steve's heads, with Bram issuing a threat to Rosemary afterwards. On the January 12 episode of Impact Wrestling, Bram and Kingston would face Decay in a losing effort, after James Storm attacked Abyss, resulting in a disqualification. After TNA was bought by Anthem Media and renamed Impact Wrestling, they were defeated by new tag teams Reno SCUM and LAX, disbanding the team.

Final feuds (2017–2018)
On the March 30 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm interrupted Ethan Carter III saying that he wanted a world title shot. The following week on Impact Wrestling, Storm was interrupted by Bram and Kingston as Kingston spat in Storm's face, and Storm laid both guys out with superkicks, turning him face in the process. On the April 13 episode of Impact Wrestling, Bruce Prichard came out to announce the number one contender for the Impact World Championship. It was determined by a fan vote which was agreed upon the previous week by Storm and Ethan Carter III. Prichard announced that the fans decided that Storm will be facing Lashley for the Impact World Championship. The following week, Storm failed to win the title after he was hit with a beer bottle by Carter, allowing Lashley to win the match. On the May 11 episode of Impact Wrestling, Carter came out dressed as a cowboy and proceeded to berate Storm. Storm then tried to attack Carter, but Carter retaliated by lashing Storm over 30 times with a leather belt causing significant injury to the back of Storm. The following week, Storm defeated Carter by disqualification after Carter brutally lashed the referee. At Slammiversary, Storm was defeated by Carter in a Strap match. During the match, Storm suffered a 3rd grade concussion.

Storm would return on the September 21 episode of Impact Wrestling, by saving Eddie Edwards and Ethan Carter III from El Hijo del Fantasma, Pagano and Texano. Storm shook Eddie Edwards's hand but refused to shake Carter's hand. During the special Victory Road episode of Impact Wrestling on September 28, EC3 made the save for Storm after the latter was attacked by Fantasma and Texano. Storm offered to shake Carter's hand, at first Carter refused and walked away, but soon returned to the ring and shook Storm's hand. On the October 4 episode of Impact Wrestling, Storm and Ethan Carter III lost to El Hijo del Fantasma and Texano. At Bound for Glory, Storm, Edwards and Carter defeated Team AAA (El Hijo del Fantasma, Pagano and Texano) in a six-man tag team match. On the November 16 episode of Impact Wrestling, James Storm saved Moose from Lashley and the American Top Team and says that he is tired of Dan Lambert causing chaos on Impact and disrespecting professional wrestling. Two weeks later, after his victory against Texano, Storm was attacked and beaten down by Lashley and American Top Team, but he was saved by Moose. This led to a tag-team match the following week, which Storm and Moose were defeated by Lashley and Lambert. On the November 9 taping of Impact Wrestling which aired on January 4, 2018, Storm was defeated by Dan Lambert after being assaulted by the entire American Top Team and was forced to leave Impact Wrestling.

Pro Wrestling Noah (2017)
On March 12, 2017, Storm debuted in Pro Wrestling Noah, defeating Kaito Kiyomiya.

Independent circuit (2017–2018)
Storm faced Keith Lee in Whatculture Pro Wrestling's Pro Wrestling World Cup USA 1st Round, which resulted in Storm losing the match, and therefore being eliminated from the tournament.

Storm made his ICW in ring debut as a face on February 11 against Jack Jester at the 7th Annual Square Go in a number one contender's match for the ICW World Heavyweight Championship, in which Storm came out victorious. It was announced on April 4 that Storm would compete on April 29 at Barramania 4, teaming up with Ravie Davie against Bram and Iestyn Rees. During that match Storm turned on Davie, hitting him with two beer bottles and a Last Call superkick, turning him heel in the process.

On July 9, 2018, Amazon Video released a series called Dojo Pro Wrestling which features a tournament of 12 pro wrestlers, including James Storm.

National Wrestling Alliance (2019–2021)
After Billy Corgan purchased National Wrestling Alliance, Storm became a regular member of the roster. He wrestled Nick Aldis for the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship at NWA New Year Clash, but he was defeated. After Colt Cabana defeated Willie Mack and won the NWA National Heavyweight Championship, Storm challenged him to a title match. The match happened during the ROH television program on June 29, 2019, with Storm winning the title. However, he lost the title against Cabana on October 1, 2019, during the NWA Power television tapings. On January 24, 2020, at the Hard Times PPV Storm and his tag team partner Eli Drake won the NWA World Tag Team Championship. On September 18, 2020, Storm's contract expired with NWA and he became a free agent. On November 10, 2020, Storm and Drake lost the NWA World Tag Team Championships to Aron Stevens and JR Kratos at UWN Primetime Live.

At 73rd Anniversary Show, Storm lost to Chris Adonis in a match for the NWA National Heavyweight Championship failing to win the title. on the October 5 episode of NWA Power, Storm defeated Judais.

Second Return to Impact Wrestling (2020–2021, 2022, 2023)
On October 24, 2020, at Bound for Glory, Storm made an unannounced appearance as a participant in the Call Your Shot gauntlet match, which he failed to win as he was eliminated by Sami Callihan. At Turning Point on November 14, Storm teamed with Chris Sabin to defeat XXXL (Acey Romero and Larry D). On the January 19, 2021 episode of Impact, Storm returned as a tag team partner for Chris Sabin in a loss to Private Party in a number one contender's match. At No Surrender, Storm and Sabin competed in a three-way tag team match for the Impact World Tag Team Championship, which was won by The Good Brothers. On the March 9 episode of Impact, Storm and Sabin defeated Rohit Raju and Mahabali Shera. At Sacrifice, Storm and Sabin lost to Violent By Design (Deaner and Joe Doering) due to Rhino interfering in the match. On the March 30 episode of Impact, Storm competed in his 1000th Match where he defeated Eric Young. At Rebellion, Storm, Chris Sabin, Eddie Edwards and Willie Mack lost to Violent By Design (Deaner, Joe Doering, Rhino and W. Morrissey).

At Slammiversary, Storm and long-time tag team partner Chris Harris made his return after the tag team title match confronting the Good Brothers and the Briscoes. at Against All Odds, America's Most Wanted, Heath and the Good Brothers defeated Honor No More (Eddie Edwards, Kenny King, Matt Taven, Mike Bennett, and PCO). On the July 14 episode of Impact, Storm lost to Steve Maclin.

At Impact 1000, America's Most Wanted (Storm and Harris) and Team Canada (Scott D'Amore and Eric Young) defeated The Design (Deaner and Kon), Kenny King, and Sheldon Jean in an eight-man tag team match.

Ohio Valley Wrestling (2022)
On July 7, 2022, Storm made his Ohio Valley Wrestling debut, where he defeated Mahabali Shera to become the new OVW National Heavyweight Champion. On 27 August, Storm defeated Omar Amir at OVW The Big One to become the new OVW Heavyweight Champion. On October 17, edition of OVW, Storm lost both titles to Ca$h Flo.

Other media
Cox starred in the 2011 horror film Death from Above, alongside fellow wrestlers Kurt Angle, Sid Eudy, Matt Morgan, Terry Gerin and Jessica Kresa.

In 2011, Cox starred in the music video for his theme "Longnecks & Rednecks," which also featured country music duo Montgomery Gentry.

He is a playable character in TNA Impact!, TNA Impact!: Cross The Line and TNA Wrestling Impact!.

Personal life
Cox married Dani McEntee on March 30, 2011. They have two sons. He has a daughter from a previous relationship.

Championships and accomplishments

 * 3XWrestling
 * 3XWrestling Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * The Baltimore Sun
 * Tag Team of the Year (2009) – with Robert Roode
 * Canadian Pro-Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2023 – as member of Beer Money, Inc.
 * Crash Test Wrestling
 * CTW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * MWA Pro Wrestling
 * MWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Masters of Ring Entertainment
 * Masters of Ring Championship (1 time)
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA National Championship (1 time)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Eli Drake
 * NWA North American Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Shane Eden
 * NWA Shockwave
 * NWA Cyberspace Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chris Harris
 * Ohio Valley Wrestling
 * OVW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * OVW National Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Tag Team of the Year (2004) with Chris Harris
 * Tag Team of the Year (2008, 2011) with Robert Roode
 * Ranked No. 12 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012
 * Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 * TNA King of the Mountain Championship (1 time)
 * TNA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * TNA World Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Robert/Bobby Roode (5), Gunner (1) and Abyss (1)
 * TNA World Beer Drinking Championship (2 times)1
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Chris Harris (6), Christopher Daniels (1)
 * Feast or Fired (2016 – World Tag Team Championship contract)
 * Gauntlet for the Gold (2002 – Tag Team) – with Chris Harris
 * Team 3D Invitational Tag Team Tournament (2009) – with Robert Roode
 * TNA Anarchy Alliance Tag Team Tournament (2003) – with Chris Harris
 * TNA Joker's Wild (2013)
 * TNA Tag Team Championship Series (2010) – with Robert Roode
 * TNA World Cup (2013) – with Christopher Daniels, Kazarian, Kenny King and Mickie James
 * TNA Year End Awards (3 times)
 * Match of the Year (2004) – with Chris Harris vs. Triple X (Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper) at Turning Point
 * Tag Team of the Year (2003, 2004) – with Chris Harris
 * USA Pro Wrestling
 * USA Pro Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
 * World Wrestling Council
 * WWC World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Cassidy Riley and Chris Harris (1)
 * Wrestle Birmingham
 * Wrestle Birmingham Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Tag Team of the Year (2005) with Chris Harris
 * Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact!
 * Worst Worked Match of the Year (2007) vs. Chris Harris in a Six Sides of Steel Blindfold match at Lockdown

1 Championship not officially recognized by TNA. 2 Storm won the Championship with Riley, but defended it with Chris Harris.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: James Storm


text:
Roll center

The roll center of a vehicle is the notional point at which the cornering forces in the suspension are reacted to the vehicle body.

There are two definitions of roll center. The most commonly used is the geometric (or kinematic) roll center, whereas the Society of Automotive Engineers uses a force-based definition.

Definition

 * Geometric roll center is solely dictated by the suspension geometry, and can be found using principles of the instant center of rotation.
 * Force based roll center, according to the US Society of Automotive Engineers, is "The point in the transverse vertical plane through any pair of wheel centers at which lateral forces may be applied to the sprung mass without producing suspension roll".

The lateral location of the roll center is typically at the center-line of the vehicle when the suspension on the left and right sides of the car are mirror images of each other.

The significance of the roll center can only be appreciated when the vehicle's center of mass is also considered. If there is a difference between the position of the center of mass and the roll center a moment arm is created. When the vehicle experiences angular velocity due to cornering, the length of the moment arm, combined with the stiffness of the springs and possibly anti-roll bars (also called 'anti-sway bar'), defines how much the vehicle will roll. This has other effects too, such as dynamic load transfer.

Application
When the vehicle rolls the roll centers migrate. The roll center height has been shown to affect behavior at the initiation of turns such as nimbleness and initial roll control.

Testing methods
Current methods of analyzing individual wheel instant centers have yielded more intuitive results of the effects of non-rolling weight transfer effects. This type of analysis is better known as the lateral-anti method. This is where one takes the individual instant center locations of each corner of the car and then calculates the resultant vertical reaction vector due to lateral force. This value then is taken into account in the calculation of a jacking force and lateral weight transfer. This method works particularly well in circumstances where there are asymmetries in left to right suspension geometry.

The practical equivalent of the above is to push laterally at the tire contact patch and measure the ratio of the change in vertical load to the horizontal force.

title: Roll center


text:
Talk:Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)

What does "findspot" mean? RickK 21:37, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)


text:
Talk:Irish initial mutations

Untitled
I have begun moving information from my website at, where I can no longer edit it, to Wikipedia. This information is mine, so there are no copyvio problems. --Angr 21:38, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Eclipsis
In the following sentence:

Ná cuir an bosca ar an mbord.

mbord is eclipsed. I was unable to find an explanation of why that's the case. Does the "ar an" combination trigger the eclipsis or is there some other rule not outlined in the eclipsis section of the article? Help will be much appreciated.--204.193.71.8 20:34, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In Connacht and Munster, most preposition + singular definite article combinations trigger eclipsis. See Irish initial mutations. --Angr/undefined 20:45, 12 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, I missed that section. Thanks much!--204.193.71.8 20:52, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

unusual mutuation in Northern dialects
In Pedersen's A concise comparative Celtic Grammar (1961) p.60 line 5 for the word 'rod' is given Arran dialect forms with lenited as hlat and "with the article  ", and then the Donegal dialect's equivalent forms with lat and tlat. I don't see any such mutations in this article - is this correspondence sl - hl - tl  seen in other dialects? Examples? It strikes me as quite puzzling if one wished to explain where the t in tl- comes from. Jakob37 13:58, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The "l" has nothing to do with it. /h/ is the usual lenition of /s/, and /t/ is an exceptional lenition of /s/ after the definite article an (see Irish initial mutations, toward the bottom of the subsection After the definite article. In the orthography, /hlat/ is spelled shlat and /tlat is spelled tslat. —Angr'' 14:37, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting! Are there other initial sounds which undergo "exceptional lenitions"? With s, it seems to be a case (in terms of generative phonology) of the preceding nasal (of the article) containing a stop feature which spreads to the s. Jakob37 04:00, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Except that it only applies when lenition would be expected. I'm pretty much convinced (and have published a paper to this effect) that the Celtic initial mutations cannot be explained by means of phonological rules or constraints at all; rather, they are entirely morphological phenomena. —Angr 05:31, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * May I have a reference to your paper? (altho finding it here in Taiwan may be another matter...)Jakob37 09:59, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

Lenition of emphatic N and L
These are not listed in the article. I would add them myself but I don't have my books with me and I'm not sure about the corrct IPA symbols. ComhairleContaeThirnanOg (talk) 13:04, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

S > Z
In Munster I believe there is evidence for nasalization of /s/ to /z/, as Sasana > i zSasana. Should this be described in this article? -- Evertype·✆ 12:59, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Sure, if you got a source for it. It can go in Munster Irish, too. Aɴɢʀ (talk) 09:35, 31 August 2013 (UTC)
 * This seems to be confined to the dialect of Cape Clear Island off the southern coast of County Cork. See Gaeilge Chléire in the series An Teanga Bheo, © 2003 Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, § 2.11, pp. 10-11.  Kostaki mou (talk) 04:04, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Using the Irish grammatical terms
English has standardised words for these mutations: lenition and eclipsis. These terms were also always used in this article until some dimwit changed it in 2018. This was a very bad idea that must necessarily be reverted in my opinion. First of all, the only reason that ever justifies using foreign-language terms is the absence of a standardised native nomenclature, which is not the case here. But even if the terms "lenition" and "eclipsis" were not generally excepted, they would still be preferable because they mean something. At least "lenition" is readily understood by anybody with a bit of phonological knowledge. The Irish terms mean nothing (to the non-Irish English-speaker) and are hence very difficult to remember. 88.64.225.98 (talk) 14:33, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

 * to clarify a possible reason someone made that decision - everyone in Ireland who has studied Irish (it's obligatory in primary and secondary education, so, everyone basically) will have learned the words séimhiú (lenition) and úrú (eclipsis). No one, unless they study linguistics in college, will recognise or think to look up the English terms lenition or eclipsis. So I imagine someone made that change to make this article on Irish more accessible to Irish people and those learning Irish in Ireland.
 * Of course your argument for why it should be in standardised English still stands, but I thought maybe this information could clarify the intentions of the person who changed it, apart them from being "some dimwit". 2001:861:5700:4370:D037:A416:B2AD:4014 (talk) 20:03, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Possible error in list on séimhiú
The current article text has the following on séimhiú, among other things:

All the other slender (or palatalized) consonants that undergo séimhiú (without being deleted) change into other palatal(ized) sounds.

Also, according to several sources, among which http://nualeargais.ie/gnag/lenition.htm, both broad and slender t change into h.

So, could there be an error in the list? And should the items quoted above be changed into:

Thanks for the answer of a knowledgeable person!Redav (talk) 23:53, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

 * There is a slight difference. As with all broad/slender prononciation changes - the slender th is pronounced with the back of the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth, making more of a /hʲ/ sound, while the tongue drops for the broad th, making a /h/ sound. In spoken language they sound almost identical I guess, but they are formed slightly differently, and in isolation you can hear that difference. 2001:861:5700:4370:D037:A416:B2AD:4014 (talk) 19:56, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Examples under "In modifier + head constructions"
This section is missing clarification and examples, could someone add some? The link, "Blocked Lenition" gives examples that already fall into other categories on this article, or in languages other than Irish. 2001:861:5700:4370:D037:A416:B2AD:4014 (talk) 19:52, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Irish initial mutations


text:
Rectilinear

Rectilinear means related to a straight line; it may refer to:

 * Rectilinear grid, a tessellation of the Euclidean plane
 * Rectilinear lens, a photographic lens
 * Rectilinear locomotion, a form of animal locomotion
 * Rectilinear polygon, a polygon whose edges meet at right angles
 * Rectilinear propagation, a property of waves
 * Rectilinear Research Corporation, a now defunct manufacturer of high-end loudspeakers
 * Rectilinear style, the third historical division of English Gothic architecture
 * Rectilinear motion or linear motion is motion along a straight line
 * Rectilinear prophecy, where a straight line can be drawn from the prophecy to the fulfillment without any branches as in the case of typological interpretations
 * Near-rectilinear halo orbit, a highly-elliptical orbit around a Lagrangian point of a moon, that due to the moons orbital movement, will be nearly rectilinear in some frames of reference.

title: Rectilinear


text:
Talk:Letter to Brezhnev

Untitled
Thanks for your contribution. I've tried to put it into the form required for the encyclopedia. Sorry to have destroyed some of the lyricism, but it wasn't demonstrably factual enough. I hope you'll help me to rectify this by sharing your knowledge.

 * surprisingly interesting, if formulaic and predictable.

What makes it interesting? What makes it formulaic? Whose formula is being employed?

 * To an extent, it reflected the constraints on working class womens' aspirations
 * or perhaps lit up the fact that many people do not get the chance to aspire to anything other than the humdrum lives they walk in to as they walk away from school.

I've put this into the article

 * ...which transported me back to my childhood when at the end of shift, the mainly female workforce would spill onto Bridle Road in their blood stained whites, lighting up their fags and sqinting at the sun if it was out.

Do you know of any documented accounts of such occurences (e.g. in the local history dept of a nearby library)? Those could be referenced and quoted. You might write an article on "chicken factories". Then you could link to it from Northern foods or similar.

Mr. Jones 21:39, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

WHAT A MESS!

The VFD discussion for this article can be found at Votes for deletion/Letter to Brezhnev. sjorford →•← 15:53, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Letter to Brezhnev


text:
U.S. Amateur

The United States Amateur Championship, commonly known as the U.S. Amateur, is the leading annual golf tournament in the United States for amateur golfers. It is organized by the United States Golf Association and is currently held each August over a 7-day period.

History
In 1894, there were two tournaments called the "National Amateur Championship". One of them was played at Newport Country Club and was won by William G. Lawrence, and the other took place at Saint Andrew's Golf Club and was won by Laurence B. Stottard. This state of affairs prompted Charles B. Macdonald of the Chicago Golf Club to call for the creation of a national governing body to authorize an official national championship, and the Amateur Golf Association of the United States, which was soon to be renamed the United States Golf Association, was formed on December 22 of that year. In 1895 it organized both the first U.S. Amateur Championship and the first U.S. Open, both of which were played at Newport Country Club.

There are no age or gender restrictions on entry, but players must have a handicap index of 2.4 or less. Originally, entry was restricted to members of USGA-affiliated private clubs (and, presumably, international players who were members of private clubs affiliated with their nations' golf governing bodies), a restriction that was not lifted until 1979. The tournament consists of two days of stroke play, with the leading 64 competitors then playing a knockout competition held at match play to decide the champion. All knockout matches are over 18 holes except for the final, which consists of 36 holes, separated into morning and afternoon 18-hole rounds. Nowadays it is usually won by players in their late teens or early twenties who are working towards a career as a tournament professional. Before World War II more top-level golfers chose to remain amateur, and the average age of U.S. Amateur champions was higher.

Many of the leading figures in the history of golf have been U.S. Amateur Champion, including Bobby Jones five times, Jerome Travers four times, Jack Nicklaus twice and Tiger Woods three times (all consecutive; the only player to win three in a row). Woods' first win, as an 18-year-old in 1994, made him the youngest winner of the event, breaking the previous record of 19 years 5 months set by Robert Gardner in 1909. In 2008, New Zealander Danny Lee became the youngest ever winner, only to be eclipsed by 17-year-old An Byeong-hun the following year. Before the professional game became dominant, the event was regarded as one of the majors. This is no longer the case, but the champion still receives an automatic invitation to play in all of the majors except the PGA Championship. In addition, the runner-up also receives an invitation to play in the Masters and the U.S. Open. The golfers must maintain their amateur status at the time the events are held (unless they qualify for the tournaments by other means). The USGA added an exception starting with the 2019 U.S. Amateur Championship in that the tournament winner only may turn professional and keep his berth for the ensuing U.S. Open.

With the growth in professional golf through the latter half of the 20th century, the U.S. Amateur has become dominated by younger players destined to soon become professionals. In 1981 the USGA established a new championship called the U.S. Mid-Amateur for amateurs aged at least 25 years old in order to give players who had not joined the professional ranks, and those who had regained their amateur status, a chance to play against each other for a national title.

Field
While most players at the U.S. Amateur advance through sectional qualifying, many players are exempt each year. Below are the exemptions:

 * 1) Winners of the U.S. Amateur each of the last ten years.
 * 2) Runner-up of the U.S. Amateur each of the last three years.
 * 3) Semi-finalists of the U.S. Amateur each of the last two years.
 * 4) Quarter-finalists of the U.S. Amateur the previous year.
 * 5) Any player who qualified for the current year's U.S. Open.
 * 6) Those returning 72 hole scores from the previous year's U.S. Open.
 * 7) The amateur with the lowest score from the current year's U.S. Senior Open.
 * 8) From the U.S. Mid-Amateur: winner each of the last two years and runner-up from the previous year.
 * 9) From the U.S. Amateur Public Links: winner each of the last two years and runner-up from the previous year. Because the Amateur Public Links was discontinued after its 2014 edition, the runner-up exemption disappeared after the 2015 U.S. Amateur, and the winner's exemption disappeared after 2016.
 * 10) From the U.S. Junior Amateur: winner each of the last two years and runner-up from the previous year.
 * 11) From the U.S. Senior Amateur: winner each of the last two years and runner-up from the previous year.
 * 12) Playing members of the two most recent Walker Cup teams.
 * 13) Playing members of the two most recent U.S. Eisenhower Trophy teams.
 * 14) Playing members of the current year's U.S. Men's Copa de las Américas team.
 * 15) Winner of the current year's individual NCAA Division I Championship.
 * 16) Winner of the British Amateur Championship each of the last five years.
 * 17) Top hundred golfers in World Amateur Golf Ranking.
 * 18) Winner of the current year Latin America Amateur Championship.

In all cases, the exemptions only apply if the player has not turned professional as of the tournament date.

Multiple winners
Twelve players have won both the U.S. Amateur and U.S. Open Championships, through 2023:
 * Jerome Travers: 1907, 1908, 1912, 1913 Amateurs; 1915 Open
 * Francis Ouimet: 1914, 1931 Amateurs; 1913 Open
 * Chick Evans:^ 1916, 1920 Amateurs; 1916 Open
 * Bobby Jones:^ 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1930 Amateurs; 1923, 1926, 1929, 1930 Opens
 * Lawson Little: 1934, 1935 Amateurs; 1940 Open
 * Johnny Goodman: 1937 Amateur; 1933 Open
 * Gene Littler: 1953 Amateur; 1961 Open
 * Arnold Palmer: 1954 Amateur; 1960 Open
 * Jack Nicklaus: 1959, 1961 Amateurs; 1962, 1967, 1972, 1980 Opens
 * Jerry Pate: 1974 Amateur; 1976 Open
 * Tiger Woods: 1994, 1995, 1996 Amateurs; 2000, 2002, 2008 Opens
 * Bryson DeChambeau: 2015 Amateur; 2020 Open
 * Matt Fitzpatrick: 2013 Amateur; 2022 Open

Thirteen players have won both the U.S. Amateur and British Amateurs, through 2023:
 * Walter Travis: 1900, 1901, 1903 U.S.; 1904 British
 * Harold Hilton:^ 1911 U.S.; 1900, 1901, 1911, 1913 British
 * Jess Sweetser: 1922 U.S.; 1926 British
 * Bobby Jones:^ 1924, 1925, 1927, 1928, 1930 U.S.; 1930 British
 * Lawson Little:^ 1934, 1935 U.S.; 1934, 1935 British
 * Willie Turnesa: 1938, 1948 U.S.; 1947 British
 * Dick Chapman: 1940 U.S.; 1951 British
 * Harvie Ward: 1955, 1956 U.S.; 1952 British
 * Deane Beman: 1960, 1963 U.S.; 1959 British
 * Bob Dickson:^ 1967 U.S.; 1967 British
 * Steve Melnyk: 1969 U.S.; 1971 British
 * Vinny Giles: 1972 U.S.; 1975 British
 * Jay Sigel: 1982, 1983 U.S.; 1979 British

Two players have won both the U.S. Amateur and U.S. Junior Amateur through 2023:
 * Tiger Woods: 1994, 1995, 1996 Amateurs; 1991, 1992, 1993 Junior Amateur
 * Nick Dunlap: 2023 Amateur; 2021 Junior Amateur

Two players have won both the U.S. Amateur and U.S. Amateur Public Links in the same year, through 2023:
 * Ryan Moore: 2004
 * Colt Knost: 2007

^ Won both in same year. Bobby Jones won the Grand Slam in 1930, winning the U.S. Amateur, U.S. Open, British Amateur, and British Open.

Most times hosted

 * Six
 * Merion Golf Club (1916, 1924, 1930, 1966, 1989, 2005)
 * The Country Club (1910, 1922, 1934, 1957, 1982, 2013)
 * Oakmont Country Club (1919, 1925, 1938, 1969, 2003, 2021)
 * Five
 * Pebble Beach Golf Links (1929, 1947, 1961, 1999, 2018)
 * Four
 * Chicago Golf Club (1897, 1905, 1909, 1912)
 * Garden City Golf Club (1900, 1908, 1913, 1936)
 * Baltusrol Golf Club (1904, 1926, 1946, 2000)

Future sites
Source

Exemptions
The U.S. Amateur results lead to exemptions into other tournaments. Except for the U.S. Open exemption for the winner, the exemption holds only if the golfer retains their amateur status. All the exemptions listed below pertain to only the winner of the U.S. Amateur, unless otherwise stated.

Here are the major exemptions:

 * The next 10 years of the U.S. Amateur
 * The next 3 years of the U.S. Amateur (runner-up)
 * The next 2 years of the U.S. Amateur (semi-finalists)
 * The following year's U.S. Amateur (quarter-finalists)
 * The following year's U.S. Open (winner and runner-up) (winner is permitted to turn professional before the tournament)
 * The following year's Masters Tournament (winner and runner-up)
 * The following year's Open Championship
 * The next 10 years of the Amateur Championship

Here are the other exemptions:

 * The following year's Monroe Invitational (top 8 + top 20 stroke portion)
 * The following year's Northeast Amateur (top 8)

title: U.S. Amateur


text:
Empire biscuit

An Empire biscuit (Imperial biscuit, Imperial cookie, double biscuit, German biscuit, Belgian biscuit, double shortbread, Empire cookie or biscuit bun) is a sweet biscuit eaten in Scotland and some Commonwealth countries. It is also popular in Northern Ireland, as well as Canada (particularly iconic in Winnipeg and Hamilton).

History
The Empire biscuit was originally known as the "Linzer biscuit", and later as the "Deutsch biscuit". With the outbreak of the First World War it was rechristened the Empire biscuit in England. The biscuit was also renamed in Scotland and New Zealand to the Belgian biscuit, as a result of the invasion of Belgium. Despite this, in Northern Ireland it remains known as the German biscuit or biscuit bun. In Scotland the name varies depending on the region, with the North-east few people call it a double shortbread and the West an Empire biscuit. In Northern Ireland it is commonly found with a jam and coconut topping. It is also known as the "Belgian biscuit", due to being topped in a similar way to a Belgian bun, which is made of pastry or dough. There also exists a biscuit similar to the Jammie Dodger which is referred to as a Linzer biscuit.

Ingredients
The typical Empire biscuit has a layer of jam in between two biscuits, typically shortbread. The top is covered with white water icing, usually decorated with a glace cherry in the centre, but Dew Drops are common too. They are derived from the Austrian Linzer Augen, a similar shortbread cookie sandwich which has 1-3 small round cut outs (the "eyes") in the upper cookie and is dusted with powdered sugar. The empire biscuit does not have a cut-out section on the top and is decorated with white icing.

Similar products
Empire biscuits are similar to Viennese whirls.

New Zealand
Known as a "Belgium" or as a "Belgian biscuit" in New Zealand, this type of biscuit gained popularity towards the end of the Great War and is now typically found either in biscuit or slice form. Typically, spiced biscuits are filled with raspberry jam and topped with pink or white icing, with raspberry jelly crystals scattered on top instead of the cherry. These are quite different to the Empire biscuit, which bears more similarity to a New Zealand 'Shrewsbury'. The name Belgian biscuit refers to a similar biscuit with a distinct appearance.

title: Empire biscuit


text:
GPT

GPT may refer to:

Computing

 * Generative pre-trained transformer, a type of artificial intelligence language model
 * ChatGPT, a chatbot developed by OpenAI, based on generative pre-trained transformer technology
 * GUID Partition Table, a computer storage disk partitioning standard

Biology

 * Alanine transaminase or glutamate pyruvate transaminase
 * Goniopora toxin
 * UDP-N-acetylglucosamine—undecaprenyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase

Companies

 * GEC Plessey Telecommunications, a defunct British telecommunications manufacturer
 * GPT Group, an Australian property investment company
 * GPT, subsidiary of Airbus SE

Other uses

 * Gulfport–Biloxi International Airport, in Mississippi
 * General-purpose technology, in economics
 * Generalized probabilistic theory, a framework to describe the features of physical theories
 * Grounded practical theory, a social science theory

title: GPT


text:
Christo Proykov

Christo Proykov (Христо Пройков) (born 11 March 1946 in Sofia) is the Bulgarian Greek Catholic Bishop of Sofia. He was ordained a priest on 23 May 1971, then appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Sofia and Titular Bishop of Briula on 18 December 1993. On 6 January 1994 Proykov was ordained bishop and on 5 September 1995 he became Bishop of Sofia.

Biography
Born in Sofia on 11 March 1946. On 6 September 1970 he was ordained a deacon by Bishop Cyril Kourtev, and on 23 May 1971 - a priest by Bishop Methodius Stratiev. In 1980–1982, he specialized canon law at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome, Italy. In 1982, he was a parish priest at the Cathedral of the Dormition in Sofia. In December 1991, he refounded the newspaper "Truth - Veritas", a continuation of the newspaper "Truth".

On 18 December 1993 is preconized as Bishop of Sofia-coadjutor Apostolic Exarchate and titular bishop of Briun. On 6 January 1994 was ordained a bishop in the Basilica "St. Peter" in Rome by Pope John Paul II, in co-service with Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re and Archbishop Josip Uhach.

Manages the Catholic Exarchate of 5 September 1995 Bishop Christo Proykov chairman of the Episcopal Conference of Bulgaria by 1995. The Episcopal Conference of Bulgaria is chairman of these committees:

On 15 May 2009 he was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI as a consultant to the Dicastery for the Eastern Churches of the Roman Curia.
 * Commission for Clergy
 * Commission for Catholic Education and for titles
 * Council for pastoral care over migrants and travelers
 * Council for pastoral care health service

Awards
On 15 November 2007 a ceremony was held of the Grand Cross "Pro piis meritis Melitensi" Order of Malta of Mgr. Proykov. Through awards Order of Malta expresses its gratitude to the Catholic Church in the country for helping to introduction of medicins as humanitarian aid during the 1990s.

The name and titles of Exarch Proykov in Latin are the following: Exc.mus ac Rev.mus D.nus Christo Proykov, Dei et Sedis Apostolicæ gratia Episcopus titularis Briulitanus, Exarcha Apostolicus Sophiæ pro catholicis ritus byzantini-slavi in Bulgaria commorantibus, Præses Conferentiæ Episcopalis Bulgariæ.

title: Christo Proykov