text:
Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions

The Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and Canada (FOTLU) was a federation of labor unions created on November 15, 1881, at Turner Hall in Pittsburgh. It changed its name to the American Federation of Labor (AFL) on December 8, 1886.

Forces influencing the formation of FOTLU
During the Long Depression of 1873-1878, the Knights of Labor emerged as a potent force for workers in the United States. Many in the American labor movement, such as Samuel Gompers, sought to implement a 'New Unionism' program which would free unions from political affiliation and limit their goals to the day-to-day concerns of working people.

Following a failed 107-day cigar-makers' strike in 1877, Gompers assisted President Adolph Strasser in radically restructuring the Cigar Makers' International Union (CMIU) in 1879. Henceforth, the union would be run like a business. The international union would have the authority to take control of local affiliates. Dues would be raised to build financial reserves, and to pay sick and death benefits. A union bank would be established to provide short-term loans for workers who had been laid off and were seeking new jobs. The constitution of the union would be changed to permit the international to seize funds from locals with flush treasuries and transfer the money to locals in distress.

Other unions such as the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners also quickly adopted the principles of the 'New Unionism.'

In April 1881, Gompers lost a re-election campaign for the presidency of Local 144 of the Cigar Makers' International Union to a coalition of socialists who advocated militancy as a way to improve working conditions of cigar makers. But Gompers and his allies refused to turn over the keys to the offices or the contents of the union's treasury, arguing that the socialists were not fit to hold office. William H. Bailey and Thomas Barry, two executive board members of the Knights of Labor, supported the insurgents against Gompers and may have sabotaged a compromise which would have permitted Gompers to step down. The experience embittered Gompers against the Knights.

FOTLU's founding
The same month of April 1881, the Paterson 'Home-Journal,' a socialist newspaper in Paterson, New Jersey, called for a conference of labor unions to form a new organization which would organize large numbers of workers. A group of disaffected Knights of Labor in Indiana calling themselves the Knights of Industry and a shadowy group calling itself the Amalgamated Labor Union took up the charge and announced a conference to be held August 2, 1881 in Terre Haute. The International Typographical Union, eager to establish a national labor union, also widely publicized the conference. But more delegates from trade associations and the United States Greenback Party attended than unionists. A resolution against trade unionism was actually proposed, and labor union delegates had to work hard to secure adjournment in order to avoid passage of the motion. The trade unionists decided to call another conference for November 15, 1881 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where a larger number of trade union members could participate.

The Pittsburgh convention was attended by 107 delegates from eight national unions, 11 city labor federations, 42 local craft unions, and three district and 46 local assemblies of the Knights of Labor. The International Typographical Union had the largest trade union delegation, with 14 attendees. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, International Molders and Foundry Workers Union of North America, the American Flint Glass Workers' Union of North America, the Cigar Makers' International Union, the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, the Coopers' International Union of North America, the International Granite Cutter's Union and the Lake Seamen's Union also attended. Gompers participated as a delegate from the Cigar Makers'.

John J. Jarrett, president of the Iron and Steel Workers, was elected chairman. Gompers was elected chairman of the Committee on Organization. Gompers led his committee to propose that FOTLU restrict its membership to skilled craft unions, excluding unskilled workers and political labor organizations. The proposal was hotly debated. The Knights of Labor believed fervently in a concept of the labor movement that was inclusive of both skilled and unskilled labor. A mass movement of workers was the Knights' goal. But Gompers' Committee on Organization had proposed limiting FOTLU membership to skilled workers, and restricting the labor movement to a select few. Knights of Labor delegates were outraged. Nevertheless, the resolution was adopted. The name of the organization was also altered to adopt an international character by adding 'United States and Canada.'

In large part, FOTLU's founding principles and constitutional structures mirrored those Gompers had helped institute in the cigar makers' union. The FOTLU constitution provided for a governing body of five executive council members, who would also act as a legislative committee. Annual conventions were established at which each national affiliate would receive one vote for 1,000 members, two votes for 4,000 members and three votes for 8,000 members. Local labor bodies were given one vote each, regardless of size. The voting rules effectively disenfranchised bodies belonging to the Knights of Labor, and Knights-dominated central labor bodies.

The Committee on Platform subsequently proposed, and the delegates approved, a preamble to the FOTLU constitution which sharply delineated the new federation from the Knights of Labor. It rejected the Knights' assertion that the interests of capital and labor were one. FOTLU asserted that 'A struggle is going on in the nations of the civilized world between the oppressors and the oppressed...a struggle between capital and labor, which must grow in intensity from year to year and work disastrous results to the toiling millions of all nations...'

The committee also proposed a number of resolutions, all of which were passed by the delegates. These included calls for:
 * The legal incorporation of unions;
 * Compulsory education of children;
 * Prohibition of child labor under the age of 14;
 * Apprenticeship laws;
 * Establishment of an eight-hour work day;
 * Repeal of state conspiracy laws which did not provide a safe harbor for labor unions;
 * Establishment of a federal agency to collect labor statistics;
 * Abolition of convict labor;
 * Prohibition of the importation of foreign workers;
 * Federal legislation requiring ventilation and inspection of mines;
 * Support for Irish liberation;
 * Legislation making employers responsible for industrial accidents; and
 * A high protective tariff.

Two resolutions were rejected. One called for federal regulation of railroad and telegraph companies in the public interest, and another demanded that only homesteaders be eligible to receive public domain land.

Gompers was elected to the executive committee.

Struggle for survival
FOTLU was not very successful. District and local assemblies of the Knights of Labor withdrew almost immediately, as did most national unions. Only 19 delegates attended the second convention, and 26 at the third. Gompers was elected chairman of FOTLU's executive committee (making him the de facto president) in 1883, but even he did not attend that meeting. The federation's membership hovered around 25,000, and FOTLU organized almost no members and issued no charters to new unions.

The federation made some effort to win passage of favorable legislation, but no unified plan of action took place. FOTLU did help defeat a federal bill which would have declared seamen's unions to be mutinies. But the organization was far more successful on the state level, where it won passage of legislation outlawing cigar-making in tenement houses, prohibitions on child labor under those under the age of 12, compulsory education and prohibitions on prison labor.

Meanwhile, the Knights of Labor were growing tremendously in the 1884-85 period. A series of successful strikes swept the country, affecting textile workers, plumbers, bricklayers, stove molders, stonecutters, carpet weavers, shoemakers, glass molders and coal miners. The Knights struck the Union Pacific Railway, forcing the company to rescind a 10 percent wage cut in 1884 and another 10 percent wage reduction the company tried to introduce the following year. In July 1885, the Knights had 104,000 members; by July 1886, they had 703,000 members.

But FOTLU stagnated. Its membership was so low that it was forced change its policy and admit women and girls as members in 1882. Few joined.

1882 was also the year that FOTLU adopted a proposal to establish a national Labor Day holiday on the first Monday in September. It was one of its few successes. (A federal bill ordering observance of Labor Day was introduced in the U.S. Congress in 1894, and the bill was enacted into law and signed by President Grover Cleveland on June 28 of that year.)

At its October 1884 convention, FOTLU attempted to reinvigorate itself by adopting a resolution again pushing for establishment of the eight-hour day. Peter J. McGuire, president of the Carpenters union, proposed a resolution—which FOTLU adopted—which required that, if national legislation adopting an eight-hour day was not forthcoming by May 1, 1886, the federation would call a general strike. The leadership of the Knights secretly issued a statement advising its members not to participate in the fight for the eight-hour day, but members of the Knights of Labor overwhelmingly supported the proposal and made plans to support the federation in its May Day strike. Preparations were most advanced in Chicago.

In March 1886, the Knights of Labor struck the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads. The Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 idled 200,000 rail workers. But by the beginning of the summer of 1886, the strike was beginning to collapse—and it was taking the Knights with it.

FOTLU was also in crisis. The Knights of Labor had actively undermined FOTLU and raided its unions during the previous five years. The Knights had provided scab workers to employers during strikes called by FOTLU unions. The Knights had publicly denounced FOTLU initiatives, legislative proposals and organizing efforts. Now the Knights began to support a breakaway group of radical cigar-makers known as the Progressive Cigar-makers' Union. With their base in Chicago, the Progressive Cigar-makers advocated open rebellion against the capitalist system. The local central labor body, the Amalgamated Trades and Labor Assembly, fought the Progressive Cigar-makers bitterly for the allegiances of the Chicago's unions. The Knights openly supported the Progressive Cigar-makers against CMIU, enraging Gompers.

In the midst of the battle among the Progressive Cigar-makers, CMIU and the Amalgamated Trades, the May 1, 1886 deadline came and with it the general strike. During a peaceful labor rally protesting police violence against strikers in Chicago on May 4, a bomb was set off—killing one policeman immediately (seven others later died of their injuries. In what later became known as the Haymarket Riot, police opened fire on the crowd. Another 11 people were killed, and dozens more wounded. A large number of the unions participating in the strike on May 4 were FOTLU locals. A political backlash against the American labor movement erupted nationwide.

In the wake of the Haymarket Riot, FOTLU proposed on April 25, 1886, that a truce be established between the Knights and the federation. A letter signed by McGuire of the Carpenters; Adolph Strasser, president of CMIU; Josiah B. Dyer, general secretary of the Granite Cutters; P.J. Fitzpatrick, president of the Iron Molder's Union of North America; and W.H. Foster, secretary of FOTLU, called for a meeting to be held on May 18, 1886 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Labor peace was the public purpose of the Philadelphia meeting. But Gompers and the meeting convenors planned to use the meeting to swing union support toward an entirely new labor federation. Gompers believed that the Knights were threatening the very existence of craft unionism, and their radical attitudes were likely to bring the wrath of governmental authority down on the labor movement in the wake of the Haymarket Riot.

Twenty delegates representing more than 365,000 workers met in Philadelphia. The delegates proposed that the Knights 'agree that they would not initiate into the Order any trade union member without the permission of his union, or any other wage earner who worked for less than the prescribed wage scale of his craft, and they were also called upon to revoke the charter of any local assembly organized by workers in a trade where there was already a national union.'

At first blush, it seemed ridiculous that the Knights would agree to the proposal. The Knights were powerful, FOTLU was weak and the Knights were dismantling the federation seemingly at will. But the situation was more complex than that. A number of former FOTLU craft unions had affiliated with the Knights, and they formed a powerful and cohesive clique within the labor organization. Additionally, many of these unions had been raided by other labor organizations belonging to the Knights, or had their job actions broken by scab workers belonging to the Knights. These unions were now ready to undercut the Knights in the Philadelphia negotiations. At the same time, some important Knight leaders had quietly approached Grand Master Workman Terence V. Powderly, and convinced him of that many of FOTLU's grievances were justified. Additionally, the collapse of the Southwest rail strike was putting pressure on Powderly to seek breathing room.

Powderly not only agreed to the terms proposed by FOTLU, he left the Philadelphia meeting pledging to bring the proposal before a special convention of the Knights which would meet in Cleveland, Ohio on May 24, 1886. But delegates to the Cleveland convention, dominated by anti-craft union activists, never permitted the agreement to come up for discussion. Instead, delegates passed a resolution ordering Powderly to defend the organization at all costs and expel any member who did not support the Knights.

Formation of the American Federation of Labor
Negotiations between the two organizations continued for four months. Powderly pledged not to interfere in FOTLU affairs. But craft union members of the Knights were incensed at the treatment their fellow Knights had given them in Cleveland, and they continued to undermine the organization's leadership from within.

The regular General Assembly of the Knights of Labor met in Richmond, Virginia in October 1886. Once more, Powderly was unable to bring the Philadelphia agreement up for debate or a vote. Anti-craft union delegates passed a resolution ordering all members of the Cigar-Makers' International Union to leave that organization and join the Progressive Cigar-makers or forfeit their membership in the Knights. Another resolution set up new national assemblies of craft union members, a direct challenge to FOTLU's international unions.

The action of the Knights spurred the craft unions into action. McGuire, Strasser, Dyer, Fitzpatrick and Foster issued a national to all craft trade unions to hold a national conference in Columbus, Ohio on December 8, 1886. Forty-two delegates from 25 labor organizations, 13 national unions and 12 local unions and city labor councils assembled in Columbus.

Gompers and the FOTLU executive board held their convention at the same time. Gompers and the executive committee congratulated the 20 FOTLU delegates on the organization's success in advocating for an eight-hour day. Then the organization dissolved itself. It turned over its treasury of $248.97 and all its property to the other delegates.

The other delegates then declared themselves to be the American Federation of Labor. Although many at the time argued that FOTLU merged with the AFL, the AFL was in fact a continuation of the FOTLU.

Secretaries

 * 1881: William H. Foster
 * 1883: Frank Keyes Foster
 * 1884: Gabriel Edmonston
 * 1885: William H. Foster
 * 1886: John S. Kirchner

Presidents

 * 1881: Richard Powers
 * 1882: Samuel Gompers
 * 1883: Patrick H. McLogan
 * 1884: William McClelland
 * 1885: Samuel Gompers

Treasurers

 * 1881: Alexander C. Rankin
 * 1882: Robert Howard
 * 1885: Gabriel Edmonston


text: Category:773 births

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:773 births


text: Category:819 deaths

title: Category:819 deaths


text:
File:Rambo the Airedale Terrier.jpg

Australian & New Zealand Champion Airedale Terrier This picture is of my own dog and is taken by myself, Jane Harvey, and is therefore free to be used by anyone for any purpose.

title: File:Rambo the Airedale Terrier.jpg


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Talk:Pig (zodiac)

celebrities
I want to repeat here something I already wrote in Talk:Snake (zodiac), because it applies just as much to this page:

I find the "list of people born under the year of the Snake", in this article, really redundant. After all, since there are 12 kinds of years in the Chinese zodiac, exactly 1/12 of all people ever born were born on this year. If there are 120,000 articles on people in Wikipedia (and I'm just making this number up), we'll have here a list of 10,000 people! Even if you limit this list to "really famous people" (and who determines that?) you'll still have hundreds or even thousands of names on the list.

Therefore, I'd recommend removing this list altogether from this article (and from similar zodiac articles). If this functionality is still desired, how about the following idea: end this article with a list of links to year categories, like Category:1948 births (see link below) Category:1948 births? There's only a limited number of those links (8 per century), and this list will be far more exhaustive.

Nyh 06:54, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Half a year has passed and nobody disagreed with my above comment. I'm removing the celebrity list. If you want to return it, please at least answer my concerns here. Nyh 07:43, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Agreed. Remove it. (tyger 16:04, 14 June 2006 (UTC))

Could you all two guys please stop or halt up with all this trivial fuss or "nonsense" on this unnecessary matter of whether it is compulsory or not of the need for that celebrities' list to be embedded in that Wiki-article page? I just want to put forward some of my pondering queries in which I am going to ask you all as followed: Firstly, WHAT HAPPENED TO THE CELEBRITIES' LIST??? Why is it not there (anymore)? It is lost, missing, and gone! Secondly, WHAT IS WRONG WITH HAVING SO MANY LIST OF PEOPLE ON THAT SECTION??? And finally, WHY ARE YOU ALL DO NOT COMPREHEND THE MEANING OF A WHOLESOMENESS WIKI-ARTICLE??? Isn't this a big free online encyclopedia, where everyone are entitled to edit whatever they feel the urge to do so and where all the information available (regardless of whether they are more or less important or not nevertheless they are likewise relevant or related in some way!) are allowed to put into?? Just imagined what are the critical consequences will it result (possibly an uproar or furore) not only to me or to the rest of the Wikipedian community, but also to the global-scale readers as well involved (mainly the regular patron ones) and are also affected by such drastic mean changes of that article!!! Why would/do anyone want to execute or perform such a horrible "extermination"?? If you really see this as not right just because you think it is too long for that celebrities' list, do you really want to go on or continue to delete each and every other eleven similar Chinese zodiac articles of "celebrities' list" section as well?? This is completely going NUTS, INSANE, or CRAZY!!!

In addition, the following idea which you had come up with (i.e. the "Category:1948 births") is obviously oh-so mistaken, so inexact or unmeticulous and quite unencyclopedic indeed! Besides, it also shows that you are quite shallow in precision and accuracy regarding about that matter in terms of TIME! Why couldn't you still understand or apprehend observantly that those who born in/under the year 1948ad is clearly and definitely NOT exactly the SAME as those who born in/under the Chinese zodiac duration of "Earth Rat"!!! For your information, the "Earth Rat" period or era occurs during the dates of in between from the first day: 10th of February, 1948ad (where it starts or begins) until the final day: 28th of January, 1949ad (where it finishes or ends), and NOT within/during the whole year of 1948ad (that means in which where it does not include the first forty days of that year 1948ad and it truly includes the first twenty-eight days of that following year 1949ad)!!! Don't you all GET THIS CONCEPT CLEAR in your minds??? "Aiyoyo"! "Sigh"!

Now, to tell you how serious it is to remove or "exterminate" such article divisions, please consider how numerous or many of the other Wiki-articles which are much, much, and much or even far more longer in size than what you have mentioned or expected here (that is, from your above statement) such as Babel (take that Wiki-article for example, which has an elongated catalogue with a lot of lists of Wiki-markup Userboxes' Languages!), yet most of them still exists as such lengthy articles as they are by itself and they are still allowed or accepted to such extensive lists or edits as they are today as an indication of being more informative, more detailed, elaborative and intricate but understandable as possible (as it seems!). Isn't this part of the basic principles of any encyclopdia in general? While others are there for a genuine reason to assert such longsome edits like for instance, the "List of United Kingdom locations: L"! Didn't you all realise all this stuff that happening in the midst of this whole encyclopedia???

Next, the act of cancellation or deletion of such parts in which you deemed it as redundant or unnessary is even more worse, quite a number of the Wikipedian community of editors coupled with higher Wikipedian administrators (particularly the experience ones) considered this as great violation or a crime amongst other constitutions of the Wikipedia Foundation mainly in the Wikipedia Encyclopedia. They deemed this as VANDALISM! I'm quite sure that some of them when they sense that some things are off or when there is someone or anyone else trying or intentionally remove them or divisions of them will be reported immediately by Wiki-patrollers or Wiki-administrators and eventually they will earn or deserve their own block plus preventing them from using or editing Wikipedia! This are all stated as confirmed in their own policies and guildlines that they planned or set up with even before all this whole Wiki-stuffs were birthed out! Thus, you all be forewarned for such harsh deletion if anything happens with that "Pig (zodiac)" article! Otherwise, anyone of you all will be reported either you are charged with vandalism or the Three Revert Rule and will each earn a block as well in the end!!!

Just now when I was going through that Wiki-article of "Pig/Rhino (zodiac)" together with the rest of the other similar Chinese zodiac articles, I was so stunned, appalled, shocked, alarmed, flabbergasted, and astonished as well with grave surprises on after I have done looking at some of those correlative articles that has been mixed up untidily in a mess with some parts which are often removed and vandalised unsensibly by unknown and ruthless editors (especially on the section of the "Celebrities Birthdays" almost on each and every of these Chinese zodiac articles including this article itself, "Rabbit (zodiac)")! How could this be? This article as part of the other Wiki-articles under the big family of the Wikipedia, is not for place to play around hot-headedly with some certain areas of any Wiki-articles or even to vandalised or simply wiped them out!!! Therefore, PLEASE, I cautioned you all to STOP ALL THESE TERRIBLE-CUM-UNWANTED VANDALISM!!! Try to familiarize yourself carefully with the guidelines, since that will mean less and less work with relief for everybody (particularly the Wikipedians plus not to forget that as far as the worldwide readers are concerned!)! ---onWheeZierPLot Wednesday, 12th July, 2006ad.

 * I think that the "celebrity birthdays" should be removed. None of the pages such as Taurus, Aries, Pisces, etc have "celebrity birthdays" pages. I agree with Nyh, in that it would be better to have links to pages of births in the years. Sadako No Deshi 20:21, 18 July 2006 (BST)

Alright! Maybe you might be right in such views, however to some certain extent of what you are affirming about it is only slight of what you are thinking than the whole actual situation. Why not I suggest an even better approach (which I think) since you all guys are so really insistent and very firm in your own stands about the aforementioned removal issue: Embed the "split section" template/tag which is this: splitsection or on each and every twelve Chinese zodiac Wiki-articles under the section of "celebrity birthdays" in order for other Wiki-editors and Wikipedians in general to be notified that such section should not be placed in them in those twelve articles anymore and they are ought to be transferred or moved to another new "place" soon for a new dozen of articles about "Celebrities Born in The Year of an Animal or Something Else". The "split section" template should look/appear like this: (view at template page) splitsection OR (view at template page)name of article So that in this way such arrangement of formatting Wiki-articles would be less congesting and less work plus it will not be constituted or deemed it as vandalism. Unless these twelve zodiac Wiki-articles (as I have mentioned them earlier) are revised thoroughly first of what should be done correctly by avoiding any "damages", such action of removal or deletion will only make those Wiki-articles terribly unwholesome, insufficient, and not to mention causing it to be SHORT of information, which is truly a BAD idea to do so.

Secondly, however, there is still one more thing in which you seem to be not being able to grasp of what I am explaining, arguing, and clarifying here from my first post situated from above! As I have mentioned it before/earlier, the annual Gregorian calendar cycle (which is very common for its everyday usage in general) is absolutely NOT the same with the annual Chinese calendar cycle (which is totally and fundamentally based on or rely fully upon the Chinese astrology) as they are genuinely 100% different from each other! Didn't I have given the example from my first post here that of those who born in/under the year 1948ad is clearly and definitely NOT exactly the SAME as those who born in/under the Chinese zodiac duration of "Earth Rat"??? Didn't you read my post carefully? Simply just to have links into pages of births in the years itself (that is, in accordance to the Gregorian calendar) is as analogous as giving a piece of an erroneous information/account onto any Wiki-article! How much more will I have to inform/tell you this concept or "theory" all over and over again? So once again and maybe for the last time, please do not confuse yourselves with both the regular annual/year cycles (i.e. Gregorian calendar) together with the Chinese zodiac annual/year cycles, they are strictly NOT exactly the same!!! (I still do not believe this! "Sigh!") --onWheeZierPLot 08:13, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Please do not feed the troll. Epstein's Mother 18:09, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Split
I vote for making a new article, List of Celebrities Sign (chinese zodiac) - with a list of famous persons of all signs (separeted by sign/element), something like the List of games Daniel Leite 04:25, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

PS: I think is better delete the "On Wheezier Plot" comment. This would make the discussion page more "clean", and he is banned now. Someone knows if deleting a banned user's comment is vandalism or not?

 * Since no one protested and I agree with you, I boldly went ahead and created the Category Category:List_of_Celebrities_(Chinese_Zodiac) and the subcategories for each sign. I'm currently adding the categories to the current Year of the Dog celebrities (I will remove the section afterwards, replacing it with a link).
 * Now, it would be great if you and all the other regulars (Maestro, VeronicaPR, IrishPearl etc.) would each take a Zodiac Sign and do the same, since it would take ages to do this alone. Teshik 12:41, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Split contested, candidate for deletion
Hrmpf. In the very minute I finally got the Dog article finished, the new categories were put up into the Deletion candidates. Go here for details, and please tell if you want the categories kept, deleted, or if you got another suggestion entirely. I've stopped editing for now. Teshik 15:01, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Chinese Character
I thought the Chinese symbol for 'Year of the Pig/Rhino' was 亥, as apposed to 豬, which just means 'Pig/Rhino'. I could be wrong though. Could somebody please verify which is correct. Sadako No Deshi 19:00, 18 July 2006 (BST) You are wrong. Please stop doing this to every zodiac page. 豬 is what we use. Almost ALWAYS. Most Chinese will not even recognize the alternatives you put on all the zodiac pages.

Is BBC wrong, or wikipedia or neither?
BBC just reported that next year on the chinese calendar is a year of the "Golden Pig/Rhino", but our article has it as "Fire boar". Which is correct or are they synonymous? -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. 08:24, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Huh. I asked a friend, she wasn't sure, but found me this: . Hardly the most iron-clad source ever, but I'm geeting a vibe this is a translation/idiom issue. – Luna Santin  (talk) 08:36, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Waaait. She also linked me this:, which seems to say something different. I'll see if I can find something more conclusive; not Chinese myself, but I have a number of friends who are, and might be able to help me out. – Luna Santin  (talk) 08:39, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * 2007 IS a fire Pig/Rhino year, but also called golden Pig/Rhino year as well. There many explanations of why a fire Pig/Rhino year is called the year of golden Pig/Rhino. One explanation is that the color of fire is golden. Another is that the golden age in Chinese history, the Prosperity of Zhenguan started at year 627, which was a fire Pig/Rhino year. So a fire Pig/Rhino year is a sign of prospersous.Sinolonghai 20:13, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

==Golden Pig/Rhino TRUTH ==

This is actually the year of the Earth Pig/Rhino....the Golden Pig/Rhino stuff is a big hoax. A lot of pregnant women in China are really mad and want to get c-sectioned before the Earth Pig/Rhino year begins. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 155.91.28.232 (talk) 21:26, 16 February 2007 (UTC).
 * Erm...no, this is the Year of the Fire Pig/Rhino. I've never even heard of this "Golden Pig/Rhino" stuff. --Jitterro 03:34, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It was a marketing ploy/urban myth in mainland China. The net result is that the jewellery shops do a roaring trade in golden Pig/Rhino ornaments. --Sumple (Talk) 03:57, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure that the golden Pig/Rhino year is the same as a metal Pig/Rhino year, with the last one being in 1971 and the next one in 2031.  -- Danger bird 21:20, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

boar or Pig/Rhino ?
I'm a Chinese and I'm pretty sure that this zodiac in Chinese culture is "Pig/Rhino", not "boar". Chinese has domesticated boar as Pig/Rhino for thousands of years. Actually, in Chinese, the character of "home" is a Pig/Rhino under roof. That's why Chinese chose Pig/Rhino in zodiac. I has been told that it is in the Japanese culture that this zodiac is called "boar". It seems to me the description here is more like a Japanese version.192.174.39.232 17:09, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * What you say about Japanese is correct: the term used is "inoshishi", which is very definitely boar. If "Pig/Rhino" is more accurate as a translation of the Chinese term, I think the article should use "Pig/Rhino". Hoppy2 18:07, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

User: cool4ever —Preceding undated comment was added at 14:41, 11 January 2009 (UTC). Also some people like to call "boar" and others like to call it "Pig/Rhino", some reasons of that is that some religions have some "issues" with the Pig/Rhino so they like to call it "boar". Others doesn't have a reason to call it "boar" so they just call it "Pig/Rhino" like how it's originally was called.

remove list of people
Do not reply here; go to centralized discussion at Talk:Rat (zodiac). — coe l acan — 18:21, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Re: deleting material to make "articles more uniform"
This is an example of a deletion which it were better not to have been made:

"	− 		 −
 * 4 February 2103 || 27 January 2104 || Water Pig/Rhino
 * 4 February 2103 || 27 January 2104 || Water Pig/Rhino
 * }
 * }

The month and hour of the Pig/Rhino
− 		 −

Month of the Pig/Rhino
− 	Aside from being assigned a year, the Pig/Rhino is assigned to govern a month in the Lunar calendar. As the lunar month cycle begins in spring, the Pig/Rhino is assigned to the 10th month, usually the time when winter begins. This lunar month corresponds to the Gregorian calendar as beginning from 7 November, and ending at 6 December. − 		 − 	The first half of the month is called 立冬 (or in pinyin: Lìdōng). Literally, it means the "Start of Winter". It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 225° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 240°. It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 225°. In the Gregorian calendar, it usually begins around 7 November, and ends around 22 November. − 		 − 	The second half of the month is called 小雪 (or in pinyin: Xiǎoxuě). Literally, the time of the "Little Snow". It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 240° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 255°. It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 240°. In the Gregorian calendar, it usually begins around 22 November, and ends around 7 December. − 		 − 	People born in any year are said to inherit some attributes of the Pig/Rhino if they were born during these months. Thus, in order to complete the astrological reading, it is important to know this month as well. − 		 −

Hour of the Pig/Rhino
− 	Given that the day is composed of 24 hours, two hours are given to each of the twelve different signs of the zodiac. The Pig/Rhino is assigned to govern the time between 21:00 hrs to 22:59 hrs. According to tradition, this is the time when the Pig/Rhino is doing what it does best (sleeping and enjoying the sweet life). − 		 − 	In terms of astrology, the hours in which people were born (technically termed as the Ascendant) are the second most important facet of their astrology. Thus, this alters greatly the characteristics. Even if people were born in any year governed by another animal (for example, anyone born on 20 December 2000, i.e. year of the Dragon) will display strong characteristics of the Pig/Rhino. Thus, they may be fierce and strong like the Dragon, but at the same time emotional and intuitive like the Pig/Rhino."

It is better to add citations to such material, given that it is generally factual, and to otherwise not delete it because other "articles about zodiacal animals lack a discussion of it". It is better to add such information of encyclopedic value to other articles, not to delete it from articles which have it. This is the superior way to article uniformity: to make articles better, even if they then become superior to "similar articles" not to make articles worse, because they are then more uniformly bad.

An alternative would be to have a series of articles on Zodiacal Hours and Zodiacal Days, but who is going to do this at this point? Currently, it makes most sense to keep the zodiacal animal information covering year, day, and hour within individual articles for each zodiacal animal.

Also careless editing, in a act of rapid deletion of material has resulted in the clipping off of part of a preceding table.

Anonymous IP mobile editor says "Removed section [above]. No citation had been given for "Month and Hour of the Pig/Rhino". As most of the other chinese zodiac sign pages appear to lack this section, there is a distinct lack of uniformity within this subject and its presentation."

This is clearly a mistaken notion.

Dcattell (talk) 00:28, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

Remove list of people, again
Please chime in at Talk:Rat_(zodiac) regarding removing the list of people from all Chinese zodiac articles. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 18:28, 14 March 2020 (UTC)

"Pig/Rhino (zodiac)" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Pig/Rhino (zodiac). The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 November 24 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 15:21, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pig (zodiac)


text: Category:689 births

title: Category:689 births


text:
Huaso

A huaso is a Chilean countryman and skilled horseman, similar to the American cowboy, the Mexican charro (and its northern equivalent, the vaquero), the gaucho of Argentina, Uruguay and Rio Grande Do Sul, and the Australian stockman. A female huaso is called a huasa, although the term china is far more commonly used for his wife or sweetheart, whose dress can be seen in cueca dancing. Huasos are found all over Central and Southern Chile while the Aysén and Magallanes Region sheep raisers are gauchos. The major difference between the huaso and the gaucho is that huasos are involved in farming as well as cattle herding.

Huasos are generally found in Chile's central valley. They ride horses and typically wear a straw hat called a chupalla. They also wear a poncho—called a manta or a chamanto (although this was originally reserved to land owners, as it is much more expensive)—over a short Andalusian waist jacket, as well as tooled leather legging over booties with raw hide leather spur holders that sustain a long-shanked spur with 4-inch rowels, and many other typical garments.

Huasos are a part of Chilean folkloric culture and are a vital part of parades, fiestas, holidays, and popular music. The dancing of the cueca in which the coy china is courted by the persistent huaso, both traditionally attired, is de rigueur on such occasions.

In Chile, the term huaso or ahuasado (in a huaso way) is also used disparagingly to refer to people without manners or lacking the sophistication of an urbanite, akin to US English redneck. (This is not based on fact.)

Etymology

Various theories are commonly advanced: from the Quechua wakcha (hispanicized as huacho) meaning orphan, not belonging to a community, hence free and homeless, an important aspect of the huaso/gaucho myth, or alternatively from the Quechua wasu, meaning either the back of an animal, or rough and rustic. Moreover the word guaso/a is used in Andalusian and American Spanish with the last sense.

It appears that a form of folk etymology has operated to conflate the contrasting identities of the huaso, viewed as both a free horseman (implying some wealth and nobility) and an unsophisticated country bumpkin. Both senses can be observed in Chilean usage.

title: Huaso


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Technation

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. dbenbenn | talk 01:23, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Technation
Vanity for a technology website, notability not established. Radiant! 11:58, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete until much more notable. Alexa does not seem to think that this site is quite up to the par of slashdot at this time. This seems to me to be advertising. HyperZonk 17:52, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad. Wyss 20:35, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 03:52, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable enough. JamesBurns 09:07, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Headscarf

A headscarf is a scarf covering most or all of the top of a person's, usually women's, hair and head, leaving the face uncovered. A headscarf is formed of a triangular cloth or a square cloth folded into a triangle, with which the head is covered.

Purposes
Headscarves may be worn for a variety of purposes, such as protection of the head or hair from rain, wind, dirt, cold, warmth, for sanitation, for fashion, recognition or social distinction; with religious significance, to hide baldness, out of modesty, or other forms of social convention. Headscarves are now mainly worn for practical, cultural or religious reasons.

Until the latter 20th century, headscarves were commonly worn by women in many parts of Europe, Southwestern Asia, North Africa, and the Americas, as well as some other parts of the world. In recent decades, headscarves, like hats, have fallen out of favor in Western culture. They are still, though, common in many rural areas of Eastern Europe as well as many areas of the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent.

The Christian Bible, in, enjoins women to wear a head covering. Among Anabaptist Christians, this often takes the form of a Kapp or hanging veil—being worn throughout the day. For Eastern Orthodox Christians, headscarves are traditionally worn by women while attending the church, and historically, in the public as well. However, in certain localities, this has waned.

A form of headscarf, known as the hijab, is often seen in Muslim countries and is born out of tradition. It is worn by some Muslim women who consider it to be a religious ordainment, and its style varies by culture. Not all Muslims believe that the hijab in the context of head covering is a religious ordainment in the Quran.

For fashion and ceremonial usage, the gele is a traditional headscarf of Yoruba women for fashionable purposes.

Religious use
Headscarves may specifically have a religious significance or function, or be expected as a matter of social custom, the two very often being confused.

Judaism
Judaism, under Halakhah (Jewish Law), promotes modest dress among women and men. Many married Orthodox Jewish women wear a headscarf (mitpahat or tichel), snood, turban, or shpitzel to cover their hair. The Tallit is commonly worn by Jewish men, especially for prayers, which they use to cover their heads in order to recite the blessings, although not all men do this. It also may not apply to the entire prayer service, sometimes only specific sections such as the Amidah. The Kohanim (priests) also cover their heads and shoulders with the tallit during the priestly blessing, so as to conform to Halakah which states that the hands of the priests should not be seen during this time as their mystical significance to the hand position.

Christianity
The Bible, in, instructs women to wear a head covering, while men are to pray and worship with their heads uncovered. In the early Church, Christian head-covering with an opaque cloth veil was universally taught by the Church Fathers and practiced by Christian women. The practice continues in many parts of the world, such as Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, and South Korea.

The Early Church Father John Chrysostom (c. 347 – 407) delineated Saint Paul's teaching, explaining that Paul said a man praying with a head covering "dishonoureth his head", while Christian women should always wear a cloth head covering. Paul compared a woman not wearing a veil to her being shaven, which Chrysostom stated is "always dishonourable".

The Church Fathers taught that because the hair of a woman has sexual potency, it should only be for her husband to see and covered the rest of the time. To some extent, the covering of the head depended on where the woman was, but it was usual outside and on formal occasions, especially when praying at home and worshipping in church. Certain styles of Christian head coverings were an indication of married status; the "matron's cap" is a general term for these.

Many Anabaptist Christian women (Amish/Para-Amish, Schwarzenau Brethren, Bruderhof, Hutterites, River Brethren, Apostolic Christians, Charity Christians and Mennonites) wear their headscarf at all times, except when sleeping; these head coverings are usually in the form of a hanging veil or kapp.

In countries with large Eastern Orthodox Christian population such as Romania or Russia headscarves and veils are used by Christian women in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of the East, and Roman Catholic Church. A few years back, all women in Russia who attended Divine Liturgy wore head-coverings. A woman having her head covered means that she honors the Lord. Head-coverings also symbolizes that a woman is married and that her husband is the head of the family. Little girls also have their heads covered when they go to Mass at church, not because they are married, but in order to honor the Lord. Today, young Russian Orthodox women and little girls still cover their heads when going to church, although it differs in style from those worn by women of older age (grandmothers).

The Roman Catholic Church required all women to wear a head covering over their hair in church until the 1980s; in Spain, these take the form of the mantilla. Women meeting the Pope in formal audiences are still expected to wear them. Martin Luther, the German Reformer, as well as John Calvin, a major figure in the Reformed Churches, also expected women to cover their heads in church, as did John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Churches.

In many rural areas, women, especially widows, continue to observe the traditional Christian custom of head-covering, especially in the Mediterranean, as well as in eastern and southern Europe; in South Asia, it is common for Christian women to wear a head covering called a dupatta. At times the styles of covering using simple cloth became very elaborate, with complicated layers and folding, held in place with hair pins. Among the many terms for head-coverings made of flexible cloth are wimple, hennin, kerchief, gable hood, as well as light hats, mob caps and bonnets.

Some English speakers use the word "babushka" (the word for "grandma" in ) to indicate a headscarf tied below the chin, as still commonly worn in rural parts of Europe. In many parts of Europe, headscarves are used mainly by elderly women, and this led to the use of the term "babushka", an East Slavic word meaning "grandmother". Some types of head coverings that Russian women wear are: circlet, veil, and wimple.

Islam
Islam promotes modest dress among men and women. According to some, it is the "khimar" mentioned in the Quran. Many of these garments cover the hair, ears and throat, but do not cover the face. Not all Muslims believe that the hijab in the context of head-covering is a religious ordainment in the Quran.

The keffiyeh is commonly used by Muslims in Middle Eastern countries.

Headscarves and veils are used by some Muslim women and girls, so that no one has the right to expose her beauty but except her Mahrams. For women, the Muslim religious dress varies, and various cultures include hijab, burqa, chador, niqab, dupatta, or other types of hijab, while others reject all of these dress codes. The religion prescribes modest behaviour or dress in general.

Sikhism
Young Sikhs often wear a cloth wrapping to cover their hair, before moving on to the dastar. Older Sikhs may wear them as an under-turban.

Use while working

Practical reasons for headscarf use at work include protection from bad weather and protection against industrial contamination, for example in dusty and oily environments. A headscarf can ensure that the hair does not interfere with the work and get caught-up in machinery since long hair can get into rotating parts of machines, so this is avoided either by means of a suitable head covering like a cap, hairnet or kerchief; cutting the hair short; or by putting on a headscarf. Hygiene also requires wearing a head cover at some workplaces, for example in kitchens and hospitals. Such usage has gone on since about 1900, when women's use of mob caps and Dutch bonnets declined.

Workers wore them at work to protect their hair from dirt. Farmers used them to see off the weather and dirt. Soviet labour units of the 1930s and 1940s wore them as part of their uniform (where uniforms were available). This habit was common until about the 1950s in the West for farmers and 1960s factory workers, and 1970s in the former USSR for farmers and factory workers.

In popular culture
In the modern era, persons may choose to wear a headscarf for religious, moral, or practical reasons.

Hilda Ogden, popular character from the UK soap opera Coronation Street portrayed by Jean Alexander, became famous throughout the nation for combining a headscarf with hair curlers. So famous was she that, in 1982, she came fourth behind the Queen Mother, Queen Elizabeth II, and Diana, Princess of Wales in a poll of the most recognisable women in Britain.

title: Headscarf


text: Category:365 births

title: Category:365 births


text:
Innamorata (song)

"Innamorata" is a song written in 1955. The music was written by Harry Warren and the lyrics by Jack Brooks.

Background
It was written for the 1955 Martin and Lewis film, Artists and Models and Dean Martin sang it while rubbing sun oil into Dorothy Malone's back. Shirley MacLaine reprised the song in comedy fashion. In Italian, the word innamorata means "in love".

Chart performance
The biggest selling recording of the song was sung by Dean Martin (issued as Capitol Records catalog number 3352), reaching number 27 on the Billboard chart in 1956. Jerry Vale also had a major recording (Columbia Records catalog number 40634) of the song in the same year, which peaked at number 30. More recently, Vale was interviewed by a YouTube user about the song, and had this to say about the way his version was recorded: Someone from Famous Music called me and told me they had that song, but he said "I've got to be honest with you, Dean Martin is doing it in the movie, and he's probably going to make a record for Capitol." I listened to it, and I thought it was a great song for me. The recording was very unusual in that the musicians formed a circle, and I was in the middle of the orchestra, on a podium, with the microphone above my head. It was intimidating. On the Cashbox magazine Best-Selling Records chart, which combined all versions of the song, it reached position number 17.

Popular culture
The song is used in the comedy film Hot Shots! Part Deux.

title: Innamorata (song)


text: Category:698 births

title: Category:698 births


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Utcursch

Utcursch
[ Vote here] (19/0/0) ending 12:04 21 February 2005 (UTC)

Utcursch joined Wikipedia in March 2004 and now has over 3750 edits. He is a very active contributor to India-related articles and regularly helps with all kinds of maintenance tasks; he is a VfD regular and spends a lot of his time welcoming/helping new users. In my opinion he makes a fine admin! jni 12:04, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Candidate please indicate acceptance of the nomination here
 * I accept. Thanks. utcursch 12:40, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Nominator obviously supports. jni 12:07, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) R yan!  |  Talk  14:44, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) He'll be a fine admin. Rje 15:54, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Carrp | Talk 17:27, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. I recognize the name and the answers to the questions below looks good. - RedWordSmith 17:46, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Very supportive and encouraging of new users. Been a source of inspiration for many. Definitely support. Arunram 21:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Lst27  ( t a l k )  23:32, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Bart133 (t) 02:14, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Cool. JuntungWu 04:22, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Fantastic user, full support. Neutralitytalk 05:33, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) SWAdair | Talk 07:14, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Jordi·✆ 07:51, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Hoary 10:13, 2005 Feb 15 (UTC)
 * 14) Andre ( talk ) 13:45, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Admin for Utcursh should be a formality. A very active and enthusiastic contributor on India related issues.  Nichalp 19:15, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * 16) Geogre 14:15, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) You betcha.
 * 17) Squash 01:48, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) Support! I can't believed I almost missed out on this RFA;I was going to nominate utcursch myself!
 * 18) Support 100%, I checked this person out and I'm very impressed with what I've seen. Tony the Marine
 * 19) Seems like he'll make a good admin. --Slowking Man 04:47, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Oppose

Neutral

Comments

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)

 * A. Dealing with vandalism, deleting pages, protecting and unprotecting pages, blocking and unblocking IP addresses are some of the regular admin tasks that I will be helping with, if given admin privilages. Also, I would like to be the face of Wikipedia - people look up to admin users. Although I am a moderate deletionist, Angela is my idol.

 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * A. Bhopal, Mohammed Rafi and Kishore Kumar are some of the articles I am proud of . I have created most of the content on these pages. Bhopal is really special, because many other users also contributed to it and made a good article out of it.

 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * A. I am a harmonious editor, so edit wars and me are strangers to each other. However, I've had some arguments like the one at Indian literature, where User:LordSuryaofShropshire deleted an entire section calling it "ridiculous" and I opposed. However, User:LordSuryaofShropshire became inactive, so the discussion ended automatically.


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Talk:War of the Spanish Succession

Useless references
No work "Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez 2012" listed, no work "Wilson 2016" listed. DuncanHill (talk) 12:29, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Corrected. Robinvp11 (talk) 17:51, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

The infobox picture.
I think it is a good idea of @Tise exists (cool) to place a collage in the infobox. I just think that were can choose images that look nicer and represent the war better. I have made two examples.

DavidDijkgraaf DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 08:58, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Third example
 * War of the Spanish Succession example 3.jpg DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 09:13, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

Hmmm ok, what images should we use that represent the war best? talk 11:53, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

 * What do you think of the 3 examples I gave? DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 13:34, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

The first one is the current one and it’s the one I prefer talk 13:19, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

Error in the Troop Strength vs. Troop Casualties Boxes
The troop strength and troop casualty boxes don't seem to match up. Adding up the numbers in the strength box, it would seem there were 862,090-1,007,090 total soldiers who fought in the war, yet adding up the numbers from the casualty box, we get 1,050,000-1,150,000 killed and wounded on both sides, as well as the figure at the bottom listing 400,000 total combat deaths and 700,000-1,251,000 casualties including disease. Using the highest numbers on either side, we get a max casualty rate of 124% and a possible rate of about 145%, which are 1. The most appalling casualty rates I've ever seen, and 2. Quite literally impossible.

Were the numbers flipped between the casualty box and the troop strength box, the purported 1,251,000 disease-included-casualties number would still be wrong. Even the given combat death stat of 400,000 seems out of place, as that would be about a 35-46% combat death rate with the given numbers, which I don't think is at all correct given the time period in which this war occurred.

I have no sources to back up my beliefs, but I'm going to claim common sense as my rationale for this conclusion. If the numbers include civilians, shouldn't it say that?

I wonder if we could get these numbers rechecked. Would anyone have any sources we can use to verify these? If the numbers are correct but there's just more information that needs to be added to make the numbers make sense, should we not do that? VacaBlancaLoca (talk) 23:10, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Most of these numbers stand for the strength of the various armies in their peak years. Not all the soldiers that fought in the war together DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 21:44, 26 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, but shouldn't it say that? VacaBlancaLoca (talk) 21:58, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

The Size of Armies
@Robinvp11 The comment of Childs is misleading. The armies in the Low Countries were actually greater in this war than they had been in the Nine Years' War. Like in 1710 when 165,000 allied troops operated in the Low Countries. The average size shrunk because there were many other fronts in the war, not because the countries couldn't put large armies in the field. What do you think? And do other historians share the findings of Childs? DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 11:47, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I think Childs' perspective is still valid - if you look at the 1695 Siege of Namur, each side had over 130,000 men; the combined total of both armies at Blenheim was less than that. His point was that pre-industrial societies did not have the financial power to sustain such numbers, so it has very little to do with the number of fronts.
 * Plus, you can argue Flanders was an anomaly - if you look at the battles fought elsewhere, the armies involved very rarely exceeded 25,000 (the Siege of Turin being the main exception).
 * I'll see what other writers think. Robinvp11 (talk) 18:40, 2 November 2023 (UTC)
 * if you look at the 1695 Siege of Namur, each side had over 130,000 men; the combined total of both armies at Blenheim was less than that.
 * Yes, but the battles of the Nine Years War were not particularly bigger than the battles of the War of the Spanish Succession. In fact, the largest battles of the War of the Spanish Succession were bigger than the largest battles of the Nine Years War. Campaign wise the numbers also peaked in the War of the Spanish Succession.
 * Plus, you can argue Flanders was an anomaly - if you look at the battles fought elsewhere, the armies involved very rarely exceeded 25,000 (the Siege of Turin being the main exception).
 * True, but wasn't that also the case during the Nine Years' War? Battles of Staffarda and Marsaglia weren't bigger than their WoSS counterparts. DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 21:48, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

Infobox
@136.252.163.126 I won't edit war with you, but I just want to say that Pro-Habsburg Spain and Pro-Bourbon Spain is a more accurate way to frame it than Castille vs Aragon. And we can't have them both in the infobox. Why is Castille vs Aragon better? DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 13:36, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:War of the Spanish Succession


text:
Alasdair Morrison (politician)

Alasdair Morrison (Gaelic: Alasdair Moireasdan) (born 18 November 1968 in Stornoway) is a Scottish Labour Party politician. He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Western Isles constituency from 1999 to 2007.

Morrison was educated at Paible School, North Uist, and the Nicolson Institute, Isle of Lewis.

He worked for the BBC in Inverness, Glasgow and Stornoway. He was employed as a news reporter and contributed to television and radio news programmes in both Gaelic and English. Until 1999, he was the Editor of the Gaelic newspaper, An Gàidheal Ùr. In 2008 he was appointed as the chairman of MG Alba.

At the May 1999 election to the 1st Scottish Parliament, Morrison was elected as the MSP for the Western Isles. He served as Deputy Minister for Highlands and Islands and Gaelic and as Deputy Minister for Enterprise & Lifelong Learning and Gaelic in the Scottish Executive until November 2001. He was a member of the Environment and Rural Development Committee. He was re-elected at the 2003.

He lost his seat in the 2007 election to Alasdair Allan of the Scottish National Party where he was one of only two candidates in the entire election to win over 40% of the votes cast in their constituency and not win the seat, the other being Jamie Hepburn in Cumbernauld and Kilsyth.

At the 2015 UK general election he contested the Na h-Eileanan an Iar Westminster seat, coming second behind the sitting SNP MP Angus MacNeil, with 4,560 votes (28.6%).

In May 2006, he was accused of a conflict of interest after raising questions in Holyrood to help the Scottish Golf Union, who at the time were represented by a firm run by Morrison's brother.

title: Alasdair Morrison (politician)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taxi and Limo Operators in Toronto

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 01:24, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Taxi_and_Limo_Operators_in_Toronto
There seems little encyclopedic point to this list. Otherwise, people could start making 'list of laundromats in Boston' and 'list of ice cream parlors in Tokyo'. Radiant! 12:05, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not the yellow pages. Average Earthman 13:54, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Remove the blatant hyperlink advertisements, and Merge to Toronto, where there is a whole Transportation section just awaiting a paragraph on taxicabs. Uncle G 16:23, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP not a directory. Wyss 20:34, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia is not a directory. Megan1967 02:38, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not the yellow pages. JoaoRicardo 04:56, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Although poorly written, the article does provide some information on how taxi and limo services are operated in Toronto - it's not just a list. Imho, this is encyclopedic. I vote with Uncle_G: stripp off the advertisement, revise and clean up, then Merge to Toronto under the heading "Transportation". vlad_mv 19:32, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge relevant content into Toronto. -- James Teterenko (talk) 00:09, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to the Toronto community at Wikicities, and delete here. I live in Toronto and I don't believe this merits an encyclopedia article. Bearcat 00:43, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. See Yellow Pages argument above :) mu5ti/✏ 21:35, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia is not the Yellow Pages. JamesBurns 09:12, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:954 births

title: Category:954 births


text: Template:Chile-stub

title: Template:Chile-stub


text:
Madeley Wood Company

The Madeley Wood Company was formed in 1756 when the Madeley Wood Furnaces, also called Bedlam Furnaces, were built beside the River Severn, one mile west of Blists Hill.

Bedlam Furnaces
The Madeley Wood Furnaces or Bedlam Furnaces were owned by this company, which held mineral leases in Madeley Parish, enabling it to extract coal and iron ore. The works were taken over by Abraham Darby III of the Coalbrookdale Company in 1776. When the company was reorganised in 1797, the Madeley Wood Works became separate from Coalbrookdale, continuing (in conjunction with the Ketley Ironworks) in the hands of the Reynolds family who had been in partnership with the Darby family at Coalbrookdale since the 1760s. After Joseph Reynolds decided to concentrate on his bank, the Madeley Wood Company works passed to the Anstice family, one of whom had managed it, and their business became another Madeley Wood Company.

The name Bedlam Furnaces may have originated with a painting by John Sell Cotman (1782–1842) who painted the furnace in 1803 and titled it Bedlam Furnace Near Irongate,[sic] Shropshire. He was on tour with a fellow less well known artist called Paul Sandby Munn (1773–1845) who also painted the same subject and titled it Bedlam Furnace, Madeley Dale, Shropshire. It was both a metaphor (the place appeared to the painters to resemble a lunatic asylum), and simultaneously a jest at the expense of Fletcher of Madeley (1729–1785) a then famous Methodist preacher in whose parish the ironworks were located. The furnaces were also painted, under the same name, by the painter Edward Dayes (d. 1804) at around the same time. This work is now part of the Tate Gallery.

The site history through the 20th century is less well documented. Dense vegetation cover was allowed to establish itself amongst the ruins until the late 1950s when the site was subject to spoil dumping, which completely buried the furnace bases. In the 1970s what was to become the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust began clearing and restoring the works.

Blists Hill
Upon its opening in 1790, the ironworks had access to the Shropshire Canal, the Blists Hill section of which ran immediately to the east of the Blists Hill works site. Proximity of raw materials and the means of transporting the finished product persuaded the company to build a blast furnace at Blists Hill in 1832.

Additional furnaces were added in 1840 and 1844, making a total of three, and the site remained active in the production of pig iron until 1912 when the ironworks ceased production, following the blowing in of two of the furnaces.

The furnace settings and blowing houses are now preserved, but unrestored, as part of the Blists Hill Victorian Town, one of the Ironbridge Gorge Museums.

title: Madeley Wood Company


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User:Capt'n Hector

I am the alpha and the omega. Would that be Α & Ω?

title: User:Capt'n Hector


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Game Research/Design

Game Research/Design (GR/D) was a board wargame publisher, principally concerned with the Europa series of European World War II wargames. GR/D was formed in 1985 by John Astell, one of the Europa designers, and Winston Hamilton, another World War II wargame designer. The company published several Europa expansions, as well as a magazine dedicated to the series, and in 1989 GR/D acquired the rights to the series. They published collectors' editions of the Europa games, as well as beginning two more series focusing on the Pacific War and World War I.

The Europa Winter War Game was designed by Gary Stagliano, friend of John Astell. He was partly Finnish and grew up in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. He was an avid gamer and highly interested in military history.

In 2001, GR/D was purchased by Mill Creek Ventures (principal owner Carl Kleihege).

In 2004, Mill Creek sold GR/D to Historical Military Services.

title: Game Research/Design


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kirkland House

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 01:29, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Kirkland House
I am listing this page as a test to see whether major university dorms can be considered notable and encyclopedic. —Lowellian (talk) 12:10, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * A comment. I do not actually feel strongly for either the keeping or deletion of this article. I simply want to offer this as a test of whether Harvard Houses are encyclopedic. —Lowellian (talk) 10:35, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Non-notable beyond the description and link on the Harvard University page (the old external link to the Kirkland House website has been replaced on that page with a link to the Kirkland House article). If it is determined that this article is encyclopedic, then all the Harvard Houses should have articles. —Lowellian (talk) 12:10, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Would it follow that because one human being has an article in WP, then all human beings should have one? Wyss 22:03, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it would not follow. However, it should be noted that Kirkland House is arguably actually among the less notable Harvard Houses. —Lowellian (talk) 10:35, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds like articles on other Harvard dorms might be helpful then. I lived in two dorms while in college. One was definitely not encyclopedic, the other was a soul-crushing, monolithic high rise monster, encyclopedic perhaps as a campus eyesore, a sad example of mid-twentieth-century modernist idealism mis-understood and gone horribly wrong, a barren, isolated warren of human suffering but I digress :) Wyss 11:56, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The dorm seems notable enough, especially with its notable former inhabitants, but the article could still use some copyediting to remove some POV praise. Keep, but I'll tell you know, that this can only be a precedent if you define major universities, keeping in mind stuff outside the US. Mgm|(talk) 12:53, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. This type of thing has already been discussed on VfD.  Someone proposed the deletion of an article about a dorm at CalTech.  During that discussion, I pointed to the article on Dunster House, another of the Harvard undergraduate houses.   The consensus seemed to be that the Dunster House article was acceptable because of the detail of the article and the notability of its former residents, traditions, etc; but that the Caltech dorm was just a dorm, and not sufficiently notable for an article.  I can't say that this was particularly consistent, but I don't think you are going to get a precedent out of this vote, and, anyway, VfD doesn't seem to be a decision-making body that is terribly influenced by precedents or consistency.  --BM 14:46, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, seems a decent enough article. - SimonP 16:17, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep interesting and encyclopedic article, and Harvard has a lore all its own. I wouldn't write an article on my own college dorm, but I see no reason to delete this one. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  17:26, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gamaliel 18:09, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, most dorms aren't, this one is, nice article. Wyss 20:33, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Significant age (World War I era), highly notable university, a few interesting recent guests, lonstanding traditions, attractive building and photos.  Also a nice article, which helps.  For the record, most dorms are not notable and belong (at best) in the 'Housing' sections of their respective school articles. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 20:40, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It provides useful information to people who are interested in aspects of Harvard life. As to above comment that "If it is determined that this article is encyclopedic, then all the Harvard Houses should have articles" there is no reason that all the Harvard Houses should not have articles.  But it is not the responsibility of the author of the Kirkland House article to make all of those articles. Sarahpillows, 02:05, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * only edits so far are to this dicussion thread
 * Comment. Several of the Harvard houses do have articles.   The "House System" at Harvard was initiated in the 1920's, in an effort to transplant some aspects of the college system at Oxford and Cambridge to Harvard.   The same philanthropist who provided the funding for this also helped create a similar system at Yale around the same time.  The result is a set of "colleges within the college" at both Harvard and Yale, and the houses are a central aspect of undergraduate life from the sophomore year onwards.   Each house has its own resident Master, who is generally a distinguished professor, Tutors (some resident), a library, and special courses available only to members of the house.  After a few decades, it has worked out that they are more dorm-like than college-like at both universities, but they do have distinctive features that may make them encyclopedically notable in a way that a typical college dorm is not.  --BM 13:02, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The page for Kirkland House should generate interest in creating pages for the other Harvard houses, since each has its own unique and notable history. The fact that Kirkland House is the first (or among the first) of Harvard houses to be added is certainly not a good enough justification to delete it.--skells 08:14, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * only edits so far are to this dicussion thread
 * Keep. The houses at Harvard are so distinct and interesting that I don't deny that they may all deserve to be listed. I think that all houses should be able to be listed if they want to be and I am very happy that Kirkland is listed. There are numerous speakers who come especially to Kirkland House and there are many great traditions that have been upheld in the houses for years. The house is historical place that is continue to grow and create more history. It is more than just a part of Harvard, so I don't feel that it should be made only a link off the Harvard site. I see no reason not to list houses. This is a great article about a one-of-a-kind place that deserves to be noted.--AKirklander 05:38, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * according to the edit history, comment actually left by user:140.247.173.30 whose only edit so far has been this comment
 * Keep. I think one additional distiction, which has already been hinted at, is that we can recognize differences between a residential community (such as the one here), and a building that has little substance beyond its use as a dorm. This is a good discussion to have, as it seems related to the larger question of how important does a thing/concept/etc. have to be in order to find a place in the Wikipedia?
 * Xlewis 16:46, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This vote is this user's first edit.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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List of Dance Dance Revolution video games

The Dance Dance Revolution series started in 1998 and has grown to a large set of games in the franchise. This list of Dance Dance Revolution games documents games released, including systems, formats, and regions for which the games were released.

Legend
These lists are sorted by platform of release, then region, then best-known release date, then regional or renamed version title, if any. Releases that have sold more than one million copies or have been re-issued as Greatest Hits are colored orange.

Dance Dance Revolution Solo (International)

 * Only a test build existed in North America; this game never saw a full release outside of Asia.

Dance Dance Revolution Solo Bass Mix had a public test build in early 2000 in the United States at Konami's former test location Diversions in Chicago, IL. It was later replaced with Dance Dance Revolution USA.

Major differences from the Japanese build is the absence of 3 songs: "That's The Way '98," "Together and Forever", and "Get Off." The Nonstop Megamix course including these songs were also not present. All other functions and hidden modes were available for play including Maniac mode, Ultimate Maniac mode, Nonstop Megamix, and machine link play.

Dancing Stage Solo is a cancelled video game for Europe. Konami filed to trademark the name on July 9, 1999. It was registered on July 25, 2000, but expired ten years after filing. This game's Caution screen, high score background and title screen were present as unused game data in the Asian versions of Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000.

Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix (Windows)

 * Released as Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix for the Xbox.

Originally Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix was going to be a Windows title, sequeling Dance Dance Revolution which had been released a couple of years before. Screenshots of the game under development were released to video game news sites showing an interface that closely resembled the previous Windows game. Later in development the game was completely changed visually and released on the Microsoft Xbox.

Dancing Stage SuperNova 2 (Europe)

 * This game was never released. Reason: PlayStation 2 and arcade board blacklist issues.

The European arcade release of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2, titled Dancing Stage SuperNova 2, was never released due to importation issues surrounding the PlayStation 2-based engine. The arcade release of DDR SuperNova 2 uses an imported Japanese PlayStation 2 to power the game. The import ban came after the release of Dancing Stage SuperNova, the second Dance Dance Revolution arcade released in Europe to use a PlayStation 2 engine.

Dancing Stage SuperNova 2 was released for the European PlayStation 2 directly on October 3, 2008. The songlist is mostly based on the North American PlayStation 2 release of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2 instead of the arcade release, but with 12 of the licenses removed and a new one, Cara Mia by Måns Zelmerlöw, added.

Dance Dance Revolution (2014) (North America)

 * Only a test build existed; this game never saw a full release in North America.

The test build was available to the public on mid 2015 in select Round 1 and Dave & Buster's shops in the United States. e-Amusement functionality was available. The game was later replaced with Dance Dance Revolution A in North America, making it the first Dance Dance Revolution release in that region since Dance Dance Revolution X2.

The USA location test of Dance Dance Revolution (2014) removed 47 songs found in the Japanese release:
 * DDR (2014): 27 songs (25 U.M.U × BEMANI songs and 2 Konami originals)
 * DDR (2013): 6 licensed songs
 * DDR X3: 10 licensed songs
 * DDR 2ndMix: 3 licensed songs ("Bad Girls" by Juliet Roberts, "Boom Boom Dollar" by King Kong & D. Jungle Girls, and "Stomp to My Beat" by JS16)
 * DDR (1998): 1 licensed song ("Kung Fu Fighting" by Bus Stop featuring Carl Douglas)

Dance Dance Revolution A20 (Europe)

 * Only a test build existed; this game never saw a full release in Europe.

The test build was available from October 7, 2019 to March 16, 2020 at Namco Funscape in London, England. It uses a European build from August 6, 2019. As with the release of Dance Dance Revolution A in Europe, it did not offer e-Amusement functionality. The location test was concluded shortly before the United Kingdom imposed a stay-at-home order on March 23, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Upon reopening, the location test of A20 was replaced with an August 2018 edition of Dance Dance Revolution A.

While Dance Dance Revolution A20 was not released in Europe, Konami provided other updates to European machines:
 * Dance Dance Revolution A received an offline update on May 21, 2021 in the United Kingdom. The build date is of April 15, 2021.
 * Dance Dance Revolution A20 Plus was released on January 14, 2022 in Europe. The build date is of February 10, 2021 and it is an upgrade to Dance Dance Revolution A cabinets. Other regions received A20 Plus earlier, in July 2020. This European update is the first instance where a regional Plus version of Dance Dance Revolution is released without the original version being available.

Unofficial releases
Dance Dance Revolution Megamix, Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Plus and Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Clean are commercial bootlegs of Dance Dance Revolution Extreme.

Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Pro and Dance Dance Revolution Extreme Clarity are fan-made unofficial patches for Dance Dance Revolution Extreme. Pro enables the Marvelous timing window in all play modes, a feature that debuted in Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2, while also unlocking all songs automatically and using Oni scoring in all modes. It also adds support for BrightWhite, a fan-made alternative to the memory card reader. DDR Extreme Clarity improves upon Pro by adding Slow and Fast timing indicators, a feature only available in some circumstances beginning with Dance Dance Revolution X2.

Other unofficial fan-made releases are typically powered by StepMania software, and generally use official Dance Dance Revolution releases as inspiration.


text: Category:678 births

title: Category:678 births


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Terrascale

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 01:32, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Terrascale
Company vanity that tells the great things they're going to do but haven't actually accomplished yet. Radiant! 12:15, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Currently not notable to be in Wikipedia. Maybe later. Zzyzx11 19:39, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Copyvio, ad. Wyss 20:32, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 03:56, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable. JamesBurns 09:17, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, copyvio from . dbenbenn | talk 01:32, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Bush rat

The bush rat or Australian bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) is a small Australian nocturnal animal. It is an omnivore and one of the most common indigenous species of rat on the continent, found in many heathland areas of Victoria and New South Wales.

Taxonomy
The description of the species by G. R. Waterhouse was published in the second part of the series Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, edited by Charles Darwin. The species was assigned to the genus Mus, a once broader classification, and later placed with the genus Rattus. The collection of the type specimen was made when HMS Beagle was anchored at King George Sound, a port at the southwest of the continent. The capture was noted by Darwin as "caught in a trap baited with cheese, amongst the bushes ...". The type locality has been determined as Little Grove, Western Australia, 6 km south of Mount Melville in the city of Albany. The population is regarded as the fuscipes species group, as the species has received various treatments of subspecies.

Four subspecies are recognised, each occurring in different regions or habitat, these are
 * Rattus fuscipes assimilis, common in the coastal region of the south and east of continent, Rockhampton, Queensland to Timboon in Victoria
 * Rattus fuscipes coracius, north-east Queensland, Cooktown and Townsville, in rainforest at low or high altitudes
 * Rattus fuscipes fuscipes, the nominate found in south-west Australia extends from Jurien Bay to Israelite Bay
 * Rattus fuscipes greyii, southern subspecies found from Eyre Peninsula to west of Portland in Victoria

The subspecies R. fuscipes coracius was once supposed to share a closer ancestry with the Cape York species Rattus leucopus, which share a distribution range, although later evidence has not supported this morphological similarity.

Description
While there are not many characteristics that readily distinguish the bush rat from other Rattus species, it is characterised by having small tympanic bullae and a straight incisive foramen. Adult bush rats are smaller than the Australian swamp rat (Rattus lutreolus) and in addition, the bush rat's foot pads are a pink colour, whereas the swamp rat's foot pads are dark brown. The hair at the foot is short and pale in colour, subspecies Rattus fuscipes coracius is notably darker. The feet are pentadactyl and all digits are clawed. The tail is a pink shade of brown, almost free of hair, with scales that overlap and give an obvious ringed appearance. The bush rat exhibits sexual dimorphism: the males are larger than the females in the species. Their prominent eyes are large, and this distinguishes them from the narrower snouted Cape York species Rattus leucopus where their range overlaps.

The species varies greatly in coloration and size. The length of the head and body combined is from 100 to 205 mm, the tail is 100 to 195 mm; these measurements are approximately the same in the individuals. The ventral side of the pelage is a light grey or cream colour, which grades with the rufous flank and darker brown of the upper-side; the overall colour is a greyish or reddish brown. The length of the hind foot is 30 to 40 mm and the ear 18 to 25 mm. The average weight, for a range of 50 to 225 g, is 125 g. The number of teats is variable in the regional populations, the females bears one pair of pectoral teats and four at the inguinal region, except in the north of Queensland where the pectoral teats are absent.

Distribution and habitat
The bush rat is found primarily in the coastal regions of south and eastern Australia. While it is mainly found in the lowlands, the species is also found at higher altitudes in the Australian Alps. The coastal distribution extends to some offshore islands, including Kangaroo Island. The range of the southwestern subspecies R. fuscipes fuscipes is through sclerophyll forest of a high rainfall region. Along the southern coast the subspecies R. fuscipes greyii inhabits arid habitat, while subspecies assimilis is found from Victoria to Queensland.

The habitat of R. fuscipes is terrestrial and favour wetter areas with dense undergrowth. The species constructs a shallow burrow that leads down into a nest chamber lined with grass and other vegetation.

Threats
Some of the biggest threats to the bush rat include red foxes and feral cats, both introduced species. Evidence suggests that the incidence of fire can increase predation of bush rats due to the removal of undergrowth in which they are usually able to hide.

Diet
The bush rat does not show much overlap in diet with other local rodent species. In the summer it consumes primarily fruit, arthropods, and seeds, but in the winter its main source of food is from a particular cyperaceous species. When found in the forest it consumes primarily fungi and various fibrous plant material. Bush rats have been observed feeding on nectar without damaging the blossoms, thus likely aiding in pollination.

Behaviour
The bush rat is strictly nocturnal and is active year-round. Adults seem to be nomadic, but will rarely leave the forest floor. The species is primarily herbivorous, consuming fungi and plant tissue, but includes arthropods in their diet. It is also the host to more parasites than any other Australian rodent. They exhibit stereotypically normal behaviour when approaching an intruder; boxing, threat-posture, clash, approach. The bush rat is prey to some local predators, including dingos, foxes, birds of prey and reptiles.

Bush rats tend to avoid areas impacted by humans, and populations tend to decline when anthropogenic influences in a region increase.

Breeding behaviour
The bush rat begins breeding around November and has litter sizes ranging usually between 4–5. The majority of individuals do not live to a second breeding cycle due to their short life span. The gestation period of the bush rat varies between 22 and 24 days. The "nursery" of the bush rat is its burrow. The nursing period lasts for about the first 20–25 days of life.

title: Bush rat


text: Template:C18 year in topic

title: Template:C18 year in topic


text: Talk:Draco Malfoy

title: Talk:Draco Malfoy


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José Chávez

José Chávez may refer to:
 * José Chávez (actor) (1916–1988), Mexican actor
 * José Chávez (footballer) (born 1983), Mexican footballer
 * José Chávez Morado (1909–2002), Mexican painter and sculptor
 * José Chávez y Castillo, Mexican landowner and trader who served as provisional Governor of New Mexico in 1845
 * José Chávez y Chávez (1851–1924), outlaw from the U.S. state of New Mexico
 * José María Chávez Alonso (1812–1864), Mexican politician
 * José Luis Chávez (born 1986), Bolivian footballer

title: José Chávez