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Fils de France

Fils de France (, Son of France) was the style and rank held by the sons of the kings and dauphins of France. A daughter was known as a fille de France (, Daughter of France).

The children of the dauphin (a title reserved for the king's heir apparent, whether son, grandson or great-grandson of the monarch) were accorded the same style and status as if they were the king's children instead of his grandchildren or great-grandchildren.

Styles
The king, queen, queen dowager, enfants de France (children of France) and petits-enfants de France (grandchildren of France) constituted the famille du roi (royal family). More remote legitimate, male-line descendants of France's kings held the designation and rank of princes du sang (princes of the blood) or, if legally recognised despite a bar sinister on the escutcheon, they were customarily deemed princes légitimés (legitimated princes).

The dauphin, the heir to the French throne, was the most senior of the fils de France and was usually addressed as Monsieur le dauphin. The king's next younger brother, also a fils de France, was known simply as Monsieur, and his wife as Madame.

Daughters were referred to by their given name prefaced with the honorific Madame, while sons were referred to by their main peerage title (usually ducal), with the exception of the dauphin. The king's eldest daughter was known as Madame Royale until she married, whereupon the next eldest fille de France succeeded to that style.

Although the children of monarchs are often referred to in English as prince or princess, those terms were used as general descriptions for royalty in France but not as titular prefixes or direct forms of address for individuals (with the exception of Monsieur le Prince for the senior prince du sang) prior to the July Monarchy (1830–1848). Collectively, the legitimate children of the kings and dauphins were known as enfants de France ("children of France"), while examples abound in reputable works of fils de France and fille de France being converted into other languages as "Prince/Princess of France" (however the same works, as cited, leave the Spanish equivalent, Infante/Infanta de España, untranslated). The illegitimate children of French kings, dauphins, and princes du sang were not entitled to any rights or styles per se, but often they were legitimised by their fathers. Even then, however, they were never elevated to the rank of fils de France, although they were sometimes accorded the lower rank and/or privileges associated with the princes du sang.

All enfants de France were entitled to the style of Royal Highness (altesse royale) from the reign of Louis XIII. However, in practice that formal honorific was less often used than the more traditionally French styles of Monsieur, Madame or Mademoiselle. The styles of the royal family varied as follows:

Titles
Under the Valois monarchs, the titles borne by the sons of kings became regularized. Philip VI made his eldest son Duke of Normandy and his second son Duke of Orléans. Normandy would have become the regular title of the heirs apparent of kings, but the acquisition of Dauphiné and the request of its last count ensured that the heirs apparent would be called Dauphin instead.

John II made his eldest son Duke of Normandy, and his younger sons dukes of Anjou, Berry, and Burgundy. Anjou and Burgundy established long-lived dynasties, while the Duke of Berry lived for a long time. Orléans was reused for the younger son of Charles V, while Berry was reused for the younger son of Charles VII. By the accession of Francis I, all of the cadet branches descended from Valois kings had either succeeded to the throne or become extinct. Thus the king had a wide selection of traditional titles to choose from. Orléans was the most preferred, followed by Anjou.

The Bourbon kings followed the traditional titling, with Berry used for the third son. As lifespans extended, Burgundy was used for the eldest son of the Dauphin, and Brittany for the eldest son of the eldest son of the Dauphin. But as fortune would have it, only the title of Orléans would be transmitted hereditarily until the Revolution.

Monsieur le Dauphin
This was a form of address for the dauphin. The dauphin de France (strictly speaking the dauphin de Viennois), was the title used for the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and then from 1824 to 1830.
 * Louis de France (1661–1711), the only surviving legitimately born son of Louis XIV (1638–1715), was usually not addressed by this style as he was usually referred to at court as either Monseigneur (see more below) or, informally, as le Grand Dauphin.
 * Louis de France, (1682–1712), son of the preceding, who became the dauphin in 1711, was informally known as le Petit Dauphin.

Monseigneur
This was another way of addressing Le Grand Dauphin, the only legitimate son of Louis XIV. After the death of le Grand Dauphin, the heir apparent to the throne of France for half a century, the style of Monseigneur was not used again to describe the dauphin himself. Rather, it became the style used by his sons as prefix to their peerages. During the lifetime of the Grand Dauphin, his three sons were addressed as:

 * Monseigneur le Duc de Bourgogne
 * Monseigneur le Duc d'Anjou
 * Monseigneur le Duc de Berry

Madame la Dauphine
This was the style of the dynastic wife of the dauphin. Some holders of the honorific were:

 * Duchess Maria Anna Christine Victoria of Bavaria (1660–1690), also called Dauphine Victoire, first wife of le Grand Dauphin, and the grandmother of Louis XV (1710–1774)
 * Princess Maria Adélaïde of Savoy (1685–1712), wife of the Dauphin Louis (1682–1712) and mother of Louis XV.
 * Infanta Maria Teresa Antonia Rafaela of Spain (1726–1746), first wife of Louis (1729–1765), the only son of Louis XV, and held the style till her death at age twenty-one.
 * Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731–1767), second wife of the Dauphin Louis, and mother of Louis XVI (1754–1793), Louis XVIII (1755–1824) and Charles X (1757–1836).
 * Archduchess Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna of Austria (1755–1793), known as Marie Antoinette was the dauphine from 1770 until her husband succeeded to the throne in 1774 as Louis XVI.
 * Princess Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (1778–1851); daughter of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, known as Madame Royale, she became the last Dauphine of France when her father-in-law, Charles X, succeeded to the throne in 1824.

Madame Royale
This was the style of the eldest surviving daughter of the king. Those who held this honorific were:
 * Princess Élisabeth of France, eldest daughter of King Henry IV of France (1553–1610) and his second wife, Queen Marie de' Medici (1575–1642). In 1615, Élisabeth was married to the future king, Philip IV of Spain (1605–1665). On her death in 1644, the style reverted to her younger sister, Christine Marie.
 * Princess Christine Marie of France (1606–1663), the second daughter of Henry IV and Marie de' Medici. In 1619, Christine was married to Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (1587–1637). She assumed the style of Madame Royale upon the death of her older sister, the Queen of Spain.
 * Princess Marie-Thérèse of France (1667–1672), the only daughter of Louis XIV and his queen to live beyond infancy.
 * Princess Marie Louise Élisabeth of France (1727–1759), eldest daughter of Louis XV and his queen, Maria Leszczyńska (1703–1768). As a twin, Louise-Élisabeth rarely if ever used this title. She preferred being called Madame Première, to distinguish herself from her younger twin, Henriette-Anne of France (1727–1752), who was referred to as Madame Seconde. See more on this below.
 * Princess Marie-Thérèse of France (1746–1748) eldest daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765) and his first wife Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (1726–1746). Her mother died three days after her birth.
 * Princess Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France, eldest daughter of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Marie-Thérèse was the sole member of her immediate family to survive the French Revolution. She also exerted a great deal of political influence during the Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830).

Between the death, in 1672, of Marie-Thérèse of France, the longest living daughter of Louis XIV and his Queen, and the birth, in 1727, of Louise Élisabeth of France, the eldest daughter of Louis XV, there were no legitimate daughters of a French king. Because of this, the style was occasionally used by the most senior unmarried princess at the French Court during that period. It was briefly used by the eldest niece of Louis XIV, Marie Louise d'Orléans (1662–1689), later known as just Mademoiselle. After her marriage to King Charles II of Spain (1661–1700), in 1679, the style was assumed briefly by her younger sister, Anne Marie d'Orléans (1669–1728), before she married Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia (1666–1732).

Monsieur
This honorific belonged to the oldest living brother of the King. Among those who held this style were:
 * Charles de Valois, Duke of Orléans (1550–1574), younger brother of Francis II (1544–1560), was known as Monsieur at the beginning of the reign of Francis II. He was King of France as Charles IX from 1560 to 1574;
 * Henri de Valois, Duke of Anjou (1551–1589), younger brother of Francis II and Charles IX, was known as Monsieur during the reign of Charles IX. He became King of France as Henry III from 1574 to 1589;
 * François de Valois, Duke of Anjou (1555–1584), youngest brother of Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III, was known as Monsieur during the reign of Henry III;
 * Gaston of France, Duke of Orléans (1608–1660), younger brother of Louis XIII (1601–1643), was known as Monsieur during the reign of Louis XIII and was the first fils de France to assume the use of altesse royale abroad;
 * Philippe de France, duc d'Anjou (1640–1701), Gaston's nephew was known as le Petit Monsieur and Gaston as le Grand Monsieur when Louis XIII died in 1643;
 * Philippe de France, Duke of Orléans (1640–1701) was the younger brother of Louis XIV, and known as Monsieur in 1660 after the death of his uncle, Gaston. He was the founder of the House of Orléans;
 * Louis Stanislas Xavier of France, Count of Provence (1755–1824), younger brother of Louis XVI, known as Monsieur during the reign of Louis XVI, and was later King of France as Louis XVIII from 1814 to 1824;
 * Charles Philippe of France, Count of Artois (1757–1836) was the youngest brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, and known as Monsieur at the beginning of the reign of Louis XVIII, later King of France as Charles X from 1824 to 1830.

Madame
This was the style of the wife of Monsieur. Examples of this were:
 * Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier (1605–1627), first wife of Gaston d'Orléans (Monsieur) and mother of la Grande Mademoiselle (1627–1693).
 * Marguerite of Lorraine (1615–1672), second wife of Gaston.
 * Henrietta of England (1644–1670), the first wife of King Louis XIV's younger brother, Philippe, Duke of Orléans, (Monsieur).
 * Elisabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine (1652–1722), the second wife of Philippe I, duc d'Orléans (Monsieur).
 * Marie Joséphine of Savoy (1753–1810), wife of the Count of Provence, the future Louis XVIII.

Madame Première
King Louis XV and his wife, Marie Leszczyńska, had ten children, eight of whom were girls. To distinguish between these eight princesses, the daughters were known in birth order as Madame 'number', such as Madame Première, Madame Seconde, etc. This style was not a traditional right and was merely a way the court used to distinguish between the many daughters of Louis XV.

 * Princess Marie Louise Élisabeth (1727–1759), twin with her younger sister, Henriette; married Philip, Duke of Parma (1720–1765), who was also an infante of Spain. Before her marriage, she was known as Madame Première. After her marriage she was the Duchess of Parma, and as such was known as Madame Infante, duchesse de Parme.
 * Princess Henriette Anne (1727–1752), twin with her older sister, Louise-Élisabeth, known as Madame Seconde.
 * Princess Marie Louise (1728–1733), known as Madame Troisième.
 * Princess Marie Adélaïde (1732–1800), originally known as Madame Quatrième; after her elder sister died in 1733, she was known as Madame Troisième. Later, she was known as Madame Adélaïde.
 * Princess Louise Marie Thérèse Victoire (1733–1799), originally known as Madame Quatrième, and later as Madame Victoire.
 * Princess Sophie Philippine Élisabeth Justine (1734–1782), Madame Cinquième, known later as Madame Sophie.
 * Princess Marie Thérèse Félicité (1736–1744), known as Madame Sixième.
 * Princess Louise (1737–1787), originally, known as Madame Septième or Madame Dernière; known later as Madame Louise.

Petit-fils de France

Petit-fils de France ("Grandson of France"). This was the style and rank accorded to the sons of the fils de France, who were themselves the sons of the kings and dauphins of France. However, as surnames, they used the paternal main peerage title. Females had the style petite-fille de France ("Granddaughter of France").

The petits-enfants de France, like the enfants de France, were entitled to be addressed as son altesse royale ("His/Her Royal Highness"). Additionally, they traveled and lodged wherever the king did, could dine with him, and were entitled to an armchair in his presence.

Yet as hosts, they only offered armchairs to foreign monarchs—whom they addressed as Monseigneur rather than "Sire". Nor did they pay visits to foreign ambassadors, nor extend to them a hand in greeting. They only wore full mourning for deceased members of the royal family.

When entering a town, they were greeted with a presentation of arms by the royal garrison, by the firing of cannon, and by a delegation of local officials. However, only the sons and daughters of France were entitled to dine au grand couvert, that is, alone on a canopied dais amidst non-royal onlookers.

Mademoiselle
This style was usually held by the eldest daughter of Monsieur and his wife, Madame. Those who held this style were:

 * Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans (1627–1693), the eldest daughter of Gaston de France.
 * Marie Louise d'Orléans (1662–1689), the eldest daughter of King Louis XIV's younger brother, Philippe I, duc d'Orléans; later the wife of King Charles II of Spain.
 * Anne Marie d'Orléans (1669–1728) held the style (along with Madame Royale) after the marriage of her sister Marie Louise. She was the mother of Princess Maria Adelaide of Savoy - later the Dauphine of France.
 * Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (1674–1744), youngest child of Philippe I, duc d'Orléans and his second wife. Married to the Duke of Lorraine, she was the paternal grandmother of Queen Marie Antoinette.
 * Louise Anne de Bourbon (1695–1758), fourth child of Louis III, Prince of Condé, was given the style of Mademoiselle as her cousin Louis d'Orléans had no daughter. When Louis's daughter Louise Marie was born in 1726, the title went to her. Louise Marie died in 1728 and the style reverted to Louise-Anne.
 * Louise Marie d'Orléans (1726–1728), only daughter of Louis d'Orléans and his wife Margravine Auguste Marie Johanna of Baden-Baden; died in childhood.
 * Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans (1750–1822), daughter of the Duke of Orléans, was known as Mademoiselle from her birth. She was the sister of Philippe Égalité.
 * Sophie d'Artois (1776–1783) was the first daughter of Princess Maria Theresa of Savoy (1756–1805) and her husband, born Charles Philippe of France (1757–1836).

Younger daughters of Monsieur were named after one of his appanages, e.g. Mademoiselle de Chartres (1676–1744), the third surviving daughter of Philippe I, duc d'Orléans.

This custom was not confined to the royal family. Even untitled noble families followed the same habit.

La Grande Mademoiselle
After 1662, Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, who was originally called Mademoiselle as the eldest daughter of Gaston duc d'Orléans, became known as la Grande Mademoiselle at court, in order to distinguish her from her younger cousin, Marie Louise d'Orléans, now also called Mademoiselle, as the daughter of Anne's first cousin, the new Monsieur. After her death in 1693, the style of Grande Mademoiselle was not used again. Thus, this was not an official style but simply a means the court used to distinguish between the two princesses who held the style of Mademoiselle at the same time.

title: Fils de France


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Class Act

Class Act is a 1992 American comedy film directed by Randall Miller and starring hip-hop duo Kid 'n Play. An urban retelling of Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper, the film was written by Cynthia Friedlob and John Semper from a story by Michael Swerdlick, Richard Brenne and Wayne Allan Rice. Filmed at Van Nuys High School in the San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles, it is the third of five films starring Kid 'n Play, following House Party (1990) and House Party 2 (1991), and preceding House Party 3 (1994) and House Party: Tonight's the Night (2013).

Plot
Genius high school student Duncan Pinderhughes is getting ready for graduation, but is somewhat disheartened to find out that, despite his perfect SAT score and 4.0 GPA, prestigious Hafford University (parody of Harvard University) will not admit him unless he can pass phys. ed. Ex-convict Michael "Blade" Brown is released from jail, and told by his parole officer that the condition of his release is satisfactory graduation from high school. A mishap results in their pictures being swapped on their permanent school records. In effect, Blade is surprised to find out that he is being placed in gifted classes, while Duncan is shocked to be placed in minimal classes with substandard conditions and miscreants for classmates.

Blade realizes this and sees Duncan as his ticket permanently out of jail, since Duncan could pass his classes with ease. He transforms Duncan into a version of himself with dreadlocks, and does his best to teach Duncan how to act and talk like himself. Having no grasp of hip hop culture, Duncan's parents begin to worry about their son's new "friend"; his father especially, beginning to suspect Duncan is gay.

Blade manages to smooth-talk his way through his advanced classes, even successfully executing a dissertation on sexual intercourse (one of his favorite subjects). Duncan ends up running into trouble with a high school thug named Wedge, but also discovers an uncanny ability to kick field goals, and joins the school's football team. Both Blade and Duncan end up with girlfriends that the other would have, with Blade smooth-talking the intelligent but excitement-seeking Ellen and Duncan being pursued by the wild Damita (Alysia Rogers).

A drug dealer named Mink was told by his employee Wedge that Blade has been stepping into his territory and a chase involving the guys and their girlfriends and one of Duncan's new buddies ensues. The gang briefly lose Wedge and Mink and go to Damita's workplace (a wax museum), but are discovered by Mink and Wedge. Once there, the girlfriends realize that their men are swapped, and both guys eventually end up dumped. Still, Duncan manages to knock out Wedge in the museum, while Blade handles Mink, but they all end up in jail.

After the mix-up is corrected, Blade, Duncan and company are all set free. In an anti-climax, Duncan and Blade both enter a Knowledge bowl in an effort to get Blade back with Ellen. They succeed when Blade answers a tiebreaker question to win the competition, recalling a choice tidbit Ellen once told him. Afterward, both couples end up together. In a final scene, Duncan's father walks in on him and Damita having sex, which relieves his initial worries about Duncan's sexuality.

Walking in each other's shoes dramatically changed the lives of both Duncan and Blade. In the epilogue, the audience learns that Blade graduated from high school and attended Hafford (even wearing preppy attire), while Duncan attended Stanford on a football scholarship.

Cast
Cameo appearances by:
 * Christopher "Kid" Reid – Duncan Pinderhughes
 * Christopher "Play" Martin – Michael Charles "Blade" Brown
 * Karyn Parsons – Ellen
 * Thomas Mikal Ford – Mink
 * Rick Ducommun – Parole Officer Reichert
 * Alysia Rogers – Damita
 * Andre Rosey Brown – Jail Guard
 * David Basulto – Go-Go
 * Doug E. Doug – Popsicle
 * George Alvarez – Tommy
 * Lamont Johnson – Wedge
 * Loretta Devine – Ms. Brown
 * Mariann Aalda – Mrs. Pinderhughes
 * Meshach Taylor – Mr. Pinderhughes
 * Michael Whaley – Tyrone
 * Patricia Fraser – Mrs. Ipswitch
 * Pauly Shore – Julian Thomas (uncredited)
 * Raye Birk – Principal Kratz
 * Reginald Ballard – Fruity
 * Simply Marvalous – Ms. Jackson
 * John Hostetter – Football Coach
 * Lance Crouther – Bad Dude #1
 * Rhea Perlman – Joanne Simpson
 * Sam McMurray – Skip Wankman
 * Baldwin C. Sykes – Bad Dude #2

Box office
The film debuted at No.7 at the US box office. It went on to earn a total of $13,272,113.

Critical response
The film received negative reviews, but after release on VHS and DVD, it became a cult favorite.

Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both found it silly, but the former gave the film a "Thumbs Up" and the latter a "Thumbs Down" and thought little of the film's portrayal of women and class level.

Janet Maslin of The New York Times said that "the movie doesn't aspire to much more than cartoonish verve, but Kid 'n' Play easily hold it together. Their comic timing is right, and their humor manages to be both traditional and current. (An argument about whether one of them is "deaf" or "def" unfolds in the best "Who's on first?" fashion.) The film easily incorporates a crowd-pleasing rap and dance episode featuring both of them, and it meanders only when taking on anything more complicated. A chase sequence through a wax museum only confuses matters by becoming too crowded, and temporarily losing track of the stars."

Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers said that "first-time director Randall Miller guides [the actors] over every predictable comic misstep with a timeout for a hip-hop number. Kid'n Play have charm, but it's disturbing to see them settle for the slick. Their rap used to stand for something; now it's just easy listening."

Home media
The film was made available on DVD on May 18, 2010.

Soundtrack

 * 1. B Angie B – A Class Act I (5:42)
 * 2. Monie Love – Full Term Love (4:45)
 * 3. Jade – I Wanna Love You (4:33)
 * 4. Tara Kemp – Anything You Ask (5:03)
 * 5. Vassal Benford – Blade's Theme (4:28)
 * 6. Penthouse Players – A Class Act II (Rap Version) (3:24)
 * 7. Kid 'N Play – Get It Right (4:07)
 * 8. Lord Finesse – Set It Off Troop (4:16)
 * 9. Cold Premiere – That Body (4:50)
 * 10. Lisa Taylor – Better Late Than Never (4:01)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Class Act


text: User talk:213.66.187.199

title: User talk:213.66.187.199


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Ranganatha

Ranganatha, also known as Ranganathar, Rangan, Aranganathar, Sri Ranga, and Thenarangathan, is a Hindu deity with his origin in southern India, serving as the chief deity of the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam. The deity is a resting form of Vishnu, recumbent on the great form of the serpent god Adishesha, the king of the serpents. His primary consort is the goddess Lakshmi, also known as Ranganayaki. The two other consorts seen next to his recumbent figure are Bhudevi and Nila Devi. Most of the deities portray a 'smiling' lord in a sleeping or reclining position over the celestial serpent Adishesha in the sea of cosmic dissolution (pralaya). This is the form in which he is open to listening to all of his devotees' woes, and blesses them. Apart from being worshipped by all Hindus, this form is of particular importance to the Sri Vaishnava community. His name in Sanskrit means "leader of the place of assembly", coined from the two Sanskrit words ranga (place) and natha (lord or leader).

Symbolic representation of Ranganatha and Nataraja has been compared as the meaning of both is the same except for their locations. In Ranganatha, ranga means "stage" and which in the broadest sense refers to "the world, the cosmos or better still of the body and the senses". Nataraja also means the "Lord of the Stage" and in this case his stage is in ‘Chidambaram’ meaning the "sphere of wisdom", while Ranganatha rests on the Ocean of milk or Thiruparkadal, which is a metaphysical or esoteric concept which is not easy to interpret as it is perceived in different ways by different people. The name "Nataraja" is more usually taken to mean Lord of the Dance in reference to the dance of dissolution, or pralaya, or alternatively the dance of illusion by which the material sphere is manifested, and is therefore a name for Shiva, as distinct from Vishnu.

There is also a famous temple dedicated to Shree Ranganatha swamy in Shakarayapatna in Chikmagalur district in the southern region of Karnataka.

Temples
The Pancharanga Kshetrams are the five most sacred Ranganatha temples that are located on the banks of the Kaveri River, also spelled as Cauvery. The five Pancharanga Kshetrams in the order of their successive locations, on the banks of the Kaveri River are: The Srirangapatna (Karnataka) called the Adi Ranga, the first temple on the banks of the Kaveri River from the upstream side; the Srirangam, Trichy in Tamil Nadu known as Antha Ranga (the last temple), Appalarangam or Koviladi at Tiurppernagar in Tamil Nadu, and Vatarangam near Sirkazhi, also listed as Sri Renganatha Perumal Temple, Vadarengam, Tamil Nadu, 609108. The Sarangapani temple at Kumbakonam is mentioned in place of Vatarangam in some references.

Parasara Battar, well known poet of the times who has written a commentary on "Vishnu Sahasranama" (thousand names of Lord Vishnu) has noted the beautiful image of Ranganatha at Srirangam temple as ornamented with basil (tulsi) garland on the chest (favorite of Vishnu), Kaustubha, Vaijayanthi hara (a necklace) and a few other ornaments, which once formed the divine jewelry of Krishna, the avatar (incarnation) of Vishnu, are also decorating the image of Ranganatha.

The Ranganatha temple is also the religious center of Sri Vaishnavism propagated by Saint Ramanuja from Srirangam. The temple worship at the Ranganatha Swamy temples is done traditionally in the Tamil and Sanskrit scriptures written by the 12 Alvars and Ramanuja.

Also, the Kaveri River forms three small sacred islands in its river stretch in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu at Adi Ranga, at Srirangapatna, Madhya Ranga at Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Shivanasamudra and Antya Ranga or Adya Ranga at Srirangam where Ranganatha temple is located.

Also among the 108 Divya Desams (sacred places of worship of Lord Vishnu), the reclining posture of the God can be found in many temples. Some of these temples are at Thirumayam, Thirukoshtiyur, Koviladi, Kapisthalam, Thiruneermalai, Tiruvallur, Anbil, Appokudathan, Mayiladuthurai, Srivilliputhur, and Padmanabhaswamy temple at Tiruvanathapuram.

There are many other Ranganatha temples spread over many towns and villages of South India and to mention a few are: Pallikonda Ranganatha where his three consorts Shri Devi, Bhudevi and Nila Devi are also deified next to Ranganatha; At Singavaram, a rock cut reclining image of Ranganatha, which measures 7.5 m. Other notable temples of Ranganatha are at Nellore, Namakkal and Bangalore, Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple Doddenahalli, Arasikere, Hassan District, Karnataka, and Sri Varadhahastha Aanjaneya Swamy Sametha Sri Ranganatha Swamy Temple, Narasambhudhi, Agali Mandal, Ananthapuramu District, Andhra Pradesh.

There are also temples dedicated to Lord Ranganatha outside of the Indian Subcontinent. For example, there is a Sri Ranganatha Temple at the village of Pomona in New York. Another Sri Ranganatha Temple at Skanda Vale, in the United Kingdom. Another famous Sri Ranganatha temple is located at Sri Rangapuram village in Wanaparthy district in Telangana State. The Perumal is Swyambhu here and very ancient temple of historical importance. Another Shree Ranganathar Temple is located in Greenwood Park, Durban, South Africa.

title: Ranganatha


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Talk:Class Act

Untitled
I wrote a replacement stub for the article at Class Act/Temp. This new version is most definitely not a copyvio because I wrote the article from my memory, having seen this film a number of times on TV. --b. Touch 07:09, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please expand the article --Cute 1 4 u 02:54, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Removal of "needs infobox" tag
This article has had its infobox tag removed by a cleanup using AWB. Any concerns please leave me a message at my talk page. RWardy 19:35, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120316215018/http://www.wbshop.com/Class-Act/1000156754,default,pd.html?adid=C to http://www.wbshop.com/Class-Act/1000156754,default,pd.html?adid=C

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title: Talk:Class Act


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Talk:Presiding bishop

ECUSA
I believe that Episcopal Church also has 'Presiding Bishops'. Would it be better to cover them here, or would separate articles, disambigs, etc, be preferable? Alai 07:10, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that it should be done here. I'll do the structure, you fill in the details.  Val42 03:02, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Non-American non-Episcopalian here, not sure how many details I have to fill in. I'll see what I can dig up... Alai 04:56, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * American non-Episcopalian here. Between us, we've added some information today. Val42 05:31, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Good additions --John Hamer 19:43, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Anglicanism
A new WikiProject focussing on Anglicanism and the Anglican Communion has just been initiated: WikiProject Anglicanism. Our goal is to improve and expand Anglican-related articles. If anyone (Anglican or non-Anglican) is interested, read over the project page and consider signing up. Cheers! Fishhead64 06:43, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Presiding bishop


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File:Kw dover shawnee ks1.jpg

Main street Dover, Kansas. Date unknown Creator unknown. Looking west down modern day 57th street.

title: File:Kw dover shawnee ks1.jpg


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UEP Subang Jaya

UEP Subang Jaya (commonly called "USJ") is a major affluent township located in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It is located within the Mukim (sub-district) of Damansara in the district of Petaling.

History
The construction of USJ started in 1988 after the completion of Subang Jaya (started in the 1970s). USJ consists of USJ1 to USJ27. In the late 1990s, many new developments were growing rapidly in USJ. However, due to the economic crisis in 1997, it resulted in three large abandoned high-rise projects. By 2010, these abandoned projects had been revived and completed construction. In recent years, there were plenty of mixed commercial developments around the township to cater to the affluent population.

Almost 80% of USJ was developed by Sime UEP. USJ has been under the jurisdiction of the Subang Jaya City Council since 1997. The first batch of residential communities was ready in the early 1990s. Since then, USJ has expanded into 27 sections (from USJ 1 to USJ 27) along with newer upscale areas like USJ Heights, Subang Heights and Tropicana Metropark. The residential neighborhoods of the USJ township mainly consist of landed houses such as terraces, semi-detached houses and bungalows.

Politics
USJ is covered under N31 Subang Jaya (which includes SS12-19, USJ 1-22 and PJS 7, 9, 11) in the Selangor State Assembly. The State Assemblyman (Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri, ADUN) is Democratic Action Party (DAP)'s Michell Ng who took over the seat from Democratic Action Party Hannah Yeoh since 9 May 2018.

In Parliament, USJ is under the P104 Subang constituency. The current Member of Parliament (MP) is Wong Chen of Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) who replaced Loh Gwo Burne (which previously P104 Subang are known as P104 Kelana Jaya until 2018) in 2013 and Tan Seong Lim of Barisan Nasional. Loh Seng Kok of BN-MCA was MP from 2004 to 2013.

Commerce
USJ has grown rapidly in recent years but has paid a price in terms of traffic congestions and a shortage of parking spaces. The main commercial hubs in USJ are USJ Taipan (a.k.a. USJ 10) and Subang Business Centre USJ 9 respectively. USJ Taipan is the township's central business area, which is a prominent commercial area in the Klang Valley. Almost all major banks have an office branch in the area. There are two high-rise office buildings in USJ Taipan which are Wisma TNB and Wisma Conlay.There is a wide variety of shopping malls situated within the township. In USJ 1, there are malls such as Da Men, The Summit and hypermarkets, Giant and Mydin. Da Men and The Summit are two prominent landmarks of the township. In USJ 21, there is a shopping mall called The Main Place. It consists of a high-rise serviced residence above the shopping mall. Opposite of The Main Place is an integrated development known as One City at USJ 25. It is a mixed commercial development consisting of office suites, a shopping mall, a cinema, a hotel, and a high-rise serviced residence. For alternate shopping options, there are Empire Subang, Subang Parade, Sunway Pyramid, SS15 Courtyard, Paradigm Mall, Citta Mall, Oasis Ara Damansara, IOI Mall Puchong, and Aeon Shah Alam located within a 5 km radius.

The oldest and most well-known hotel in USJ is the 3-star Summit Hotel adjoining The Summit shopping mall, which consists of 332 guest rooms. On the southern side of the township in One City, there is a 4-star business class hotel, eCity Hotel, which consists of 243 guest rooms. For budget hotels, there are plenty of other alternatives within the township. Alternatively, there are many other hotels located in adjacent Subang Jaya.

Industrial Area

The industrial areas are located in USJ 1 through USJ 8 and USJ 19. Some of these industrial areas include Ultramine and Sungai Penaga Industrial Park, Subang Industrial Park, Subang Hi-Tech Industrial Park and Sime UEP Industrial Park, involving in light and heavy industry.

Lotus Cars and the Malaysian headquarters of PROTON (Centre of Excellence), and many other major international companies are located in UEP Industrial Park. The Proton Headquarters in USJ is connected to its Shah Alam manufacturing plant and test track through a private tunnel.

In 1999, Faber-Castell established its Malaysia headquarters in UEP Industrial Park. The World's Longest Pencil, Castell 9000, is located here.

Education
USJ is home to many local, private and international schools. Education is available from primary right up to the tertiary level. Sekolah Wawasan school located in USJ was opened in 2002 with commitments as a "Vision" government school. It is one of the only 3 "Vision" schools in Malaysia.

Primary

 * At-Tamimi Islamic International School
 * Fairview International School
 * GEMS International School
 * Sri Kuala Lumpur
 * Sekolah Wawasan USJ 15
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Dato Onn Jaafar
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Tun Tan Cheng Lock
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Chee Wen
 * Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Tamil) Tun Sambathan
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Seafield 3
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan USJ 12
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Seafield (USJ 6)
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan USJ 2
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan USJ 20
 * Sekolah Kebangsaan Seri Selangor USJ 4
 * Sekolah SJK (C) Lick Hung SS19
 * Sunway International School
 * UCSI International School

Secondary

 * Fairview International School (Sime UEP Industrial Park)
 * GEMS International School
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Seafield (USJ 2)
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan USJ 8
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan USJ 12
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan USJ 13
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan USJ 23
 * Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan USJ 4
 * Sekolah Agama Menengah Bestari USJ 5
 * Sirius Scholar Study Skills (USJ Sentral)
 * Sunway International School
 * Sri Kuala Lumpur
 * UCSI International School

Tertiary

 * SEGi University College
 * Cilantro Culinary Academy
 * Sunway University
 * Sunway College
 * Monash University Malaysia
 * INTI International College
 * Taylor's College
 * Taylor's Lakeside University
 * The One Academy
 * Kolej CQ-TEC
 * Kasturi International College
 * Imperia College
 * Alfa College

Healthcare
USJ is a township well-served with many medical facilities. There are plenty of health clinics sprawling within various commercial and residential areas.

The main private hospitals serving the township are Sime Darby Medical Centre Subang Jaya in SS12 and Sunway Medical Centre in Bandar Sunway where there are world-class medical facilities. Alternatively, there is a smaller medical centre at the Subang Business Centre USJ 9, namely the QHC Medical Centre.

Recreation
The Subang Jaya Municipal Council Sports Complex in USJ 5 has a football turf and an athletic running track which are compliant to international standards, grandstands to accommodate 800 spectators and floodlights for night games. In every residential neighborhood, there are landscaped parks, recreational fields, basketball courts, jogging tracks and children's playgrounds.

Accessibility
The township of USJ is strategically connected to many major highways such as Federal Highway, New Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE), North–South Expressway Central Link (ELITE), Shah Alam Expressway (KESAS), Damansara–Puchong Expressway (LDP) and New Pantai Expressway (NPE). It is only a mere 20 minutes drive from USJ to the Kuala Lumpur city centre by using the New Pantai Expressway (NPE) through SMART Tunnel.

The two major roads serving the township are Persiaran Kewajipan and Persiaran Tujuan. Most of the road systems in USJ are made of three lanes dual carriageway connecting to smaller roads. The major gridlock of traffic normally occurs at the junction between KESAS highway and Persiaran Kewajipan. However, two new U-turn ramps have been built to improve the traffic gridlock at this KESAS-Kewajipan junction.

In terms of public transportation, there are buses, taxis, elevated bus rapid transit (BRT), and public light-rail transit (LRT) trains serving around the township. RapidKL has buses plying between Subang Jaya, USJ and Putra Heights. RapidKL bus number BET3 and 770 are some of the buses that connect Kuala Lumpur to and from the township.

The BRT Sunway Line in the township provides an integrated transit service which connects between Bandar Sunway and USJ without any traffic congestion. In total, there are two main BRT stations serving the township. The USJ 7 station is an interchange to the Rapid KL's LRT Kelana Jaya Line.

LRT Extension Development
The Kelana Jaya Line extension opened on 30 June 2016 from the existing route from Kelana Jaya LRT Depot, passing through Lembah Subang (near the NZX commercial centre, another near Dana 1 commercial centre) in Kelana Jaya, to Kelana Centre Point, then to Subang Jaya station (interchange station to KTM Subang Jaya Komuter station), to SS15 LRT station, to SS18 LRT station, then connect to USJ at USJ 7 station, to Taipan LRT Station, to Wawasan LRT Station, then lastly to USJ21 LRT Station. The terminal station is located at Putra Heights LRT station, which serves as an interchange station between Ampang Line and Kelana Jaya Line.

title: UEP Subang Jaya


text:
Christopher Reid (writer)

Christopher John Reid, FRSL (born 13 May 1949) is a British poet, essayist, cartoonist, and writer. In January 2010 he won the 2009 Costa Book Award for A Scattering, written as a tribute to his late wife, the actress Lucinda Gane. Beside winning the poetry category, Reid became the first poet to take the overall Costa Book of the Year since Seamus Heaney in 1999. He had been nominated for Whitbread Awards in 1996 and in 1997 (Costa Awards under their previous name).

Biography
Reid was born in Hong Kong. A contemporary of Martin Amis, he was educated at Tonbridge School and Exeter College, Oxford. He is an exponent of Martian poetry, which employs unusual metaphors to render everyday experiences and objects unfamiliar. He has worked as poetry editor at Faber and Faber and Professor of Creative Writing at the University of Hull.

Books

 * Arcadia (1979) – 1980 Somerset Maugham Award, Hawthornden Prize
 * Pea Soup (1982)
 * Katerina Brac (1985)
 * In The Echoey Tunnel (1991)
 * Universes (1994)
 * Expanded Universes (1996)
 * Two Dogs on a Pub Roof (1996)
 * Mermaids Explained (2001)
 * For and After (2003)
 * Mr Mouth (2005)
 * A Scattering (2009) – Book of the Year, 2009 Costa Book Awards
 * The Song of Lunch (2009)
 * A Box of Tricks for Anna Zyx (2009)
 * Selected Poems (2011)
 * Nonsense (2012)
 * Six Bad Poets (2013)
 * Anniversary (2015)
 * The Curiosities (2015)
 * The Late Sun (2020)

 * For children
 * All Sorts: poems, illustrated by Sara Fanelli (London: Ondt & Gracehoper, 1999)
 * Alphabicycle Order, ill. Fanelli (Ondt & Gracehoper, 2001)
 * Old Toffer's Book of Consequential Dogs, illustrated by Elliott Elam — companion book to T.S. Eliot's Old Possum's Practical Cats — (Faber & Faber, 2018)

 * As editor
 * The Poetry Book Society Anthology 1989-1990 (1989)
 * Sounds Good: 101 Poems to be Heard (1990)
 * The May Anthology of Oxford and Cambridge Poetry 1997 (1997)
 * Not to Speak of the Dog: 101 Short Stories in Verse (2000)
 * Selected Letters of Ted Hughes (2007)
 * The Letters of Seamus Heaney (2023)

title: Christopher Reid (writer)


text:
Christopher Martin (Mayflower passenger)

Christopher Martin (c. 1582–1621) and his family embarked on the historic 1620 voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower on its journey to the New World. He was initially the governor of passengers on the ship Speedwell until that ship was found to be unseaworthy, and later on the Mayflower, until replaced by John Carver. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact. He and his family all perished in the first winter at Plymouth Colony.

Early life
Christopher Martin first appears in the records of Great Burstead, Essex, England, with his 1607 marriage to a widow by the name of Mary Prowe.

Per Banks, according to Bradford he "came from Billirike (Billericay was then a hamlet in Gt. Burstead) in Essex, from which parties came sundrie others to go with them."

He was a merchant by trade, but without the required seven year apprenticeship, which caused him problems when he was sued, probably in 1607 in Quarter Sessions Court, by another merchant George Hilles. The result of the suit is not known, but Martin did manage to build his estate significantly over the following years.

Martin and his wife Mary had their only child together, Nathaniel, born probably in 1609 in Great Burstead. To their marriage Mary also brought a son from her prior marriage, Solomon Prowe, probably a young child. In 1609 Christopher Martin was one of those men with property holdings who were selected to appear at the archdeacons Visitation of that year.

In 1611 Martin was appointed churchwarden at Great Burstead, a position of which he may have been appointed on an involuntary basis. At Easter in 1612, Martin and his wife refused to kneel at the Easter Service and to take Holy Communion. This refusal to participate in Anglican church ceremonies indicated very early his Puritan views. This particular incident did not seem to cause issues for him within the community since a month later he was admitted as a land owner of three properties in Great Burstead by the Manorial Court.

The records of the Virginia Company in London state that on January 15, 1616/17 Christopher Martin paid for the transportation of two people with a man named Ralph Hamor. It is unknown who Martin paid to transport to the Colony of Virginia.

Records indicate that he was residing in Billericay in 1620 and it is noted that his family was having problems with the church again, this time for the behavior of his son Nathaniel and step-son Solomon. This was in regard to the boys' contrary answers to questions put to them by the vicar during their confirmation ritual. On March 3, 1620, Martin was prosecuted in the Archidiaconal Court "for suffering his son (Solomon Prowe) to the answer (the Archdeacon) that his father gave him his name." Then Martin himself was cited by church officials for not providing the financial accounts he maintained during the time he was the churchwarden. Problems with financial records would follow him later with the Mayflower voyage preparations.

About this time, presumably in early 1620, Martin was making arrangements for his family to emigrate to America on the Mayflower. Why his son Nathaniel did not travel with the family on the Mayflower is unknown – although the possibility exists that he had died, there is also speculation per Stratton that Nathaniel may well have been alive in England in 1620 and just did not accompany the family when the Mayflower departed. Nothing further is known of him.

Christopher Martin had begun selling off his land holdings, in preparation for departure from England, several years before he boarded the Mayflower. One such sale was dated June 22, 1617 and the last sale was June 8, 1620.

Due to his somewhat wealthy estate, interest in emigrating to the Colony of Virginia and being at odds with the Anglican Church, Martin associated himself with the London merchants, known as Merchant Adventurers, who were providing financial investment and arranging the emigration and settlement in America of the Leiden congregation.

Voyage preparations
The Leiden congregation, knowing that passengers from all over England would be joining their party who were not members of their church, thought it would be prudent to appoint one of the "Londoners" to join in London the agents of the Leiden church, John Carver and Robert Cushman. The work to be done required the procurement of all needed goods and supplies for the Mayflower, and at the time Speedwell, voyage and for the provisions needed by the settlement afterwards. Christopher Martin, as "treasurer agent", was assigned to this task and he immediately took to the job with alacrity, with the Leiden congregation as well as the Mayflower company would coming to regret his involvement in anything that required the handling of their scarce funds. In his later historic writings, Bradford gives some of the thinking behind the Martin's involvement in voyage preparations – the Leideners thinking it be useful that one of the "Strangers" sent by the (Merchant) Adventurers would complement well the work done by their agents John Carver and Robert Cushman in receiving monies and purchasing provisions in England for the voyage, "not so much for any great need of their help, as to avoid all suspicion, or jealousy of any particularities." Good intentions were found to not work on the personality of Christopher Martin.

Martin immediately began to abuse his authority, since with the power to purchase supplies, separately from Carver and Cushman, Martin began to purchase whatever goods he wished and without considering what was a fair price to pay for such goods. Martin, along with Carver and Cushman, was required to purchase supplies and foodstuffs such as beer, wine, hardtack, salted beef and pork, dried peas, fishing supplies, muskets, armor, clothing, tools, trade goods for Indians, and the screw-jack which would prove to be useful in ship-structure support prior to their arrival in America. Carver and Cushman collected provisions in London and Canterbury with Martin doing as he wished in Southampton, the major port on England's south coast, contrary to the others wishes. He did not ask for (or take) advice and when funds began to run short, just prior to the sailing for America, he was questioned about his financial records and became quite enraged over suspicions that the Leiden church had and refused to show his records to anyone.

On the Speedwell
What is unknown, is why, despite serious concerns that the Leiden congregation had about Martin, they still assigned him to be the governor of the passengers scheduled to embark on the Speedwell, the smaller companion ship of the Mayflower. The Leideners also came to regret this, but not for very long as the Speedwell did not make the voyage. Part of the record from one of those on the Speedwell, Robert Cushman, in writing a letter to a friend in London about Christopher Martin – relating the following about him – "insulted our poor people with such scorn and contempt as if they were not good enough to wipe his shoes"; and "if I speak to him, he flies in my face, as mutinous and saith no complaints shall be heard..."; and he was afraid if any passengers were to go ashore, they would not return – "...but he will not hear them, nor suffer them to go ashore lest they should run away."; "The sailors also are so offended at his ignorant boldness, in meddling and controlling, in things he knows not what belongs to; as that some threaten to mischief him, others say they will leave the ship, and go their way; but at best this cometh of it, that he makes himself a scorn and laughing stock unto them." The Speedwell proved to be unseaworthy for the Atlantic voyage, and many of them quit the voyage to return to London often at great financial loss, or transferred over to the Mayflower which became quite over-crowded.

On the Mayflower
Bradford indicates that initially, prior to the Mayflower sailing, Martin was the passenger governor for that ship – (Christopher Martin) "was governor in the bigger ship, and Mr. Cushman assistant." Robert Cushman did not, in the end, sail with the Mayflower.

Bradford does not state who was ship governor when the Mayflower sailed alone, but somewhere along the way on the Atlantic voyage, the Leideners had had enough of Christopher Martin and chose to be governed on the Mayflower by the more popular John Carver.

Christopher Martin had embarked in the Mayflower in company with his wife Mary, her son (and servant) Solomon Prower and Martin's servant John Langmore, all possibly residents of Essex at the time of embarkation.

The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30–40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship's timbers to be badly shaken with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill. This, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, contributed to the eventual death of many travelers, especially the majority of women and children. On the way there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter.

On November 9/19, 1620, after about three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. And after several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.

Upon arrival at Cape Cod, Christopher Martin was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, but his step-son Solomon, being still in his teens, was not old enough to sign. His servant John Langemore, also believed to be in his teens at the time, also did not sign the Mayflower Compact.

Family
The family information stated here replaces previous information due to new research in England by Mayflower researcher and biographer Caleb Johnson. The research reported the first family of Mary Prower and children of that marriage, most of whom were previously unreported. Present-day descendants of several of those children may be qualified as newly found Mayflower descendants.

Christopher Martin married widow Mary Prowe [Prower] in Great Burstead parish, Essex, on February 26, 1606/07.

Mary (______) Prower may have been born in the mid-1570s due to her first child having been born about 1594. Her ancestry is unknown. After extensive research, Author Caleb Johnson believes the name of her first husband was Edward Prower who first appears in Billericay, Essex, about 1586, possibly from Hallingbury. He married Mary (_____) about 1592.

Edward and Mary Prower had the following children, all born or baptized in Great Burstead:

Although no burial record or probate exists for Edward Prower, Johnson believes that he died between 1603 (had infant buried in October 1603) and February 1606/07, when his widow Mary married Christopher Martin.
 * 1) Edward Prower (Jr), born about 1594. Possibly named for his father. No baptism record for him or his brother Solomon in Great Burstead parish as no records exist from 1579 through 1596.
 * 2) Solomon Prower, born possibly between 1595 and 1598. He was a Mayflower passenger with Bradford referring to him as a servant. He died in Plymouth on December 24, 1620.
 * 3) John Prower, baptized December 2, 1599, buried December 11, 1599.
 * 4) Mary Prower, baptized June 21, 1601. Possibly named after her mother.
 * 5) Unnamed child, buried October 26, 1603.

Author Caleb Johnson additionally states that since Mary (Prowe) Martin came as a passenger on the Mayflower, her five children are rightfully Mayflower descendants. It is known that her son Solomon came on the Mayflower as a "singleman" and died in December 1620. Two other children – John and an unnamed child, died in infancy.

Johnson further states that if there are any descendants of Mary (Prowe) Martin alive today, they must be descendants of eldest son Edward Prower (Jr.) or daughter Mary Prower. Johnson has found no record to prove that daughter Mary survived, but he states that there is proof that Edward Prower did survive, married and had several children. There is a record that on August 19, 1621, that Edward Prower and his wife Dorothy registered the baptism of their first child at Great Burstead, naming him Solomon Prower. Johnson believes that Edward had heard about the death of his brother Solomon in Plymouth seven months earlier and had named his first-born for him. This infant died in January 1622, so in memory Edward Prower named his next child, baptised in November 1622, also Solomon. In August 1628 they baptised a daughter Martha.

It is possible that the grandchildren of Mayflower passenger Mary (Prower) Martin did survive to adulthood, married, and left descendants behind who may be ancestors of persons alive today in England or elsewhere.

Death of Christopher Martin and family
Martin's step-son Solomon Prowe died on December 24, 1620, just as the exploration of Plymouth Harbor had commenced.

By early January, 1621 Christopher Martin had become quite ill and on January 6 (or 7) Governor John Carver returned to the Mayflower from a trip ashore to discuss accounts and business with Martin. Christopher Martin is believed to have died the following day, January 8, 1621. Mary Martin died a few days later on January 11. Both were categorized as dying in the "general sickness." Their servant John Langmore also died that winter.

Bradford wrote that "Mr. Martin, he and all his, dyed in the first infection; not long after the arivall." The death of Christopher Martin removed what might have been a source of future trouble in the life of Plymouth colony.

Christopher Martin was buried in the Coles Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth. The burial place of his wife Mary was also Coles Hill Burial Ground. The family is memorialized on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, Coles Hill, Plymouth. The three entries for them on the Tomb are "Christopher Martin and his wife", "Solomon Prower" and their servant John Langemore/Langerman named as "John Langmore". Solomon Prower and John Langerman most likely were also buried on Coles Hill, as were all on the Mayflower who died the first winter after the ship moved from its Cape Cod anchorage.

In 1920, at the three-hundredth anniversary of the Mayflower sailing, a plaque was unveiled in the United Reformed Church in Billericay, Essex, England, to commemorate the Martin family, Mayflower emigrants from that town. The plaque names Christopher Martin, Marie Martin, Solomon Prower and John Langerman.

Servants traveling with the Christopher Martin family on the Mayflower

 * Solomon Prowe. Servant and step-son of Christopher Martin. He did not sign the Mayflower Compact indicating he had not yet reached the age of twenty-one, possibly being born between 1600 and 1606. He seems to have been from Essex, from where the Martin family probably originated. All members of the Martin family died during the first few months the Mayflower was in the New World. Solomon Prower died on December 24, 1620, just days before the exploration of Plymouth Harbor for the Pilgrim settlement.
 * John Langemore. Servant to Christopher Martin. Probably in his teens as he did not sign the Mayflower Compact. Almost nothing is known of his ancestry although he may have come with the Martin family from Essex. He died the first winter, as did all members of the Martin family.


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User:Omar Filini

Man 35 Earth

title: User:Omar Filini


text:
Biblical Archaeology Review

Biblical Archaeology Review is a magazine appearing every three months and sometimes referred to as BAR that seeks to connect the academic study of archaeology to a broad general audience seeking to understand the world of the Bible, the Near East, and the Middle East (Syro-Palestine and the Levant). Since its first issue in 1975, Biblical Archaeology Review has covered the latest discoveries and controversies in the archaeology of Israel, Turkey, Jordan and the surrounding regions as well as the newest scholarly insights into both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament. The magazine is published by the nonsectarian and nonprofit Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS).

Sister publications
Bible Review was also published by BAS from 1985 to 2005, with the goal of communicating the academic study of the Bible to a broad general audience. Covering both the Old and New Testaments, Bible Review presented critical and historical interpretations of biblical texts, and "reader-friendly Biblical scholarship". After 2005, Bible Review merged into BAR.

Archaeology Odyssey was published from 1997 to 2005.

Online access
The full runs of both Bible Review and Archaeology Odyssey, plus every issue of BAR since 1975, are available to Biblical Archaeology Society All Access Members in the BAS Library.

Editors-in-chief
From its founding in 1975 until 2017, the editor-in-chief was Hershel Shanks. After Shanks' retirement at the end of 2017, Robert R. Cargill was selected as the next editor. Cargill stepped down in March 2021 and was replaced by Glenn J. Corbett.

 * Hershel Shanks (1975–2018)
 * Robert R. Cargill (2018–2021)
 * Glenn J. Corbett (since 2021)

Publishers

 * Hershel Shanks (1975–2003)
 * Susan Laden (since 2004)

title: Biblical Archaeology Review


text:
Talk:Lower Canada Tories

Old talk
JillandJack, why did you insert the "bias" template on this page? What is the problem? Adam Bishop 07:15, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
This is highly biased and has no references. The Chateau Clique were Scots and practiced Civil Law themselves. This shows a poor understanding of systems of private law.

First, the Château Clique was a lobby group.

 * Generally, they wanted the French Canadian majority of Lower Canada to assimilate to English culture. This included the abolition of the seigneurial system, replacing French civil law with British Common law,
 * Do encyclopedias give vague labels such as "generally" in place of facts?
 * Why did these business people want these changes?
 * and replacing the established Roman Catholic Church with the Anglican Church.
 * the Roman Catholic Church was the "established" Chutrch?

 * Their efforts lead to the Union Act, which ultimately failed to assimilate all French Canadians but succeeded in preventing their political and economic interest to prevail on that of Britain.
 * This is a derogatory, broad, and unsubstantiated generality.

 * His struggles against the Clique and the Lieutenant Governor, Lord Gosford, led to the Patriots Rebellion in 1837.
 * All by himself? No one else had issues?

 * While the English-speaking population became the majority, the British-appointed governors general still attempted to force the French Canadian population to assimilate.
 * They did? What about facts to support this assertion?

JillandJack 21:30, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Note for User:Oven Fresh
 * The NPOV notice exists for a reason. If people were required to correct NPOV writing, then there would be no need to have such a template. Please refrain from your actions and abide by Wikipedia policy and good manners. If not, we can take this to Dispute resolution JillandJack 22:32, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have a possibly nitpicky question about James McGill - how is he a member of the Chateau clique, which "gained prominence after the War of 1812," when he died in 1813? (Ianvitro (talk) 03:38, 20 March 2008 (UTC))

title: Talk:Lower Canada Tories


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Cannabis rescheduling/archive1

Cannabis rescheduling
Interesting piece, that I would like to revise so it can become a Featured Article. Thc420 07:17, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * A topical comment: The sidebar is huge. I would suggest either restyling it so it's less obtrustive (I can do that if you want me to) or making it a separate article. I haven't found any other major issues with the article on my first read. – flamurai (t) 07:36, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Kudos to flamurai for making the sidebars look awesome! 69.243.41.28 08:28, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree! Wow! - Ta bu shi da yu 23:57, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Some pictures would help. Also, IMHO you might consider restructuring the article. What I would want to see if I opened the page, would be 1)background 2)Arguements for and against rescheduling 3)Process needed for resceduling 4)History of attempts to reschedule in chronological order (not split to legislative and administrative). Sayeth 16:18, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm, interesting idea. I have seen timelines before like what you are talking about. See The History of Medical Marijuana, Rotten.com timeline, History of Medical Marijuana Research. The latter seems to be the most relevant to this article. It shouldn't be too hard to merge the Administrative and Legislative aspects into one timeline. 205.217.105.2 21:05, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I reorganized it. Radracer 16:45, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In response to your question regarding what pictures to use, if you can't find pictures of Congressional hearings, protesters marching for medicinal marijuana or legalization would make an easily findable illustration - use search terms on Google like "Prop. 215 California protest" or do a search on indymedia.org for "marijuana legalization". I was able to find several pics on the atlanta.indymedia.org website, but I couldn't find their copyright policy. Sayeth 22:36, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I've gotten burned by copyright issues in the past. Prop. 215 might not be too relevant to rescheduling, since rescheduling is a federal issue. Hmm, what do you think? 205.217.105.2 15:11, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I wonder whether there is too much overlap between:
 * cannabis rescheduling
 * Controlled Substances Act
 * medical marijuana
 * Legal issues of cannabis
 * After writing the former, I noticed that the CSA article had a lot of the same info about the rescheduling process. 205.217.105.2 15:11, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I found some pics:, of a lady getting arrested for barricading the doors of the DEA, and then there's one here of a joint and Marinol pill side by side; unfortunately, the resolution is poor. Let me know if you find anything better, thanks, Rad Racer 19:53, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The article is all about the situation in the United States. Various other countries have tried different approaches to the classification of cannabis. Therefore, the article suffers from limited geographical bias. The big fix would be to make the US information one part in a larger, more comprehensive article. The quick fix would be an honest renaming to Cannabis rescheduling (US). Gareth Hughes 11:36, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It would be interesting to cover international drug scheduling (i.e. under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs), since that is an oft-neglected issue. Rad Racer 12:37, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Seventh Star

Seventh Star is the twelfth studio album by English rock band Black Sabbath. Released on 28 January 1986 in the United States and on 21 February 1986 in the United Kingdom, it features founding guitarist Tony Iommi alongside musicians Geoff Nicholls, Eric Singer, and Dave Spitz, playing keyboards, drums, and bass, respectively, and Glenn Hughes, ex-Deep Purple and ex-Trapeze vocalist, as lead singer. The album was the group's first release without bassist and primary lyricist Geezer Butler, who left the band in 1984 after the Born Again tour. It was originally written, recorded, and intended to be the first solo album by Iommi. Because of the pressures from Warner Bros. Records and the prompting of band manager Don Arden, the record was billed as Black Sabbath featuring Tony Iommi. Despite the issues behind the release's production, it earned moderate commercial success, reaching #27 in the UK and #78 on the Billboard 200 chart.

Album information
As was the case with its predecessor, Born Again, this album was not intended to be a Black Sabbath record. Last-minute pressure from Warner Bros. stemmed from the belief that it was likely to sell more with the famous name. Its sound is a drastic (and intentional) departure from the trademark Sabbath sound. Many of the songs have a very hard rock sound, while some contain a bluesy feel (especially "Heart Like a Wheel"). Seventh Star was the first album to feature long-time keyboardist Geoff Nicholls as an official band member.

"It seemed to me like the band was on its last legs and my heart just went out to Tony," recalled former drummer Bill Ward. "I thought, 'God, how much more can he take?' or 'How much more does he want?'… What I saw was a great band I just felt was diminishing."

The promo-single and video version of "No Stranger to Love" had additional harmony vocals added by Hughes to make it more "radio-friendly". Actress Denise Crosby, who would later portray Tasha Yar in Star Trek: The Next Generation, was featured in the video.

A tour for the album featured Hughes only at the first few shows. He was fired five dates into the tour, and replaced by Ray Gillen, who completed the North American and European legs of the tour, though several dates in the US were cancelled. W.A.S.P. and Anthrax were opening acts on the North American tour.

Hughes has performed "No Stranger to Love", "Seventh Star" and "Heart Like a Wheel" at some of his live concerts. "I really like Seventh Star," Tony Martin told Sabbath fanzine Southern Cross, "mainly because I admire Glenn Hughes' voice."

Seventh Star was rereleased in Europe on 1 November 2010, as a two-disc special edition. Disc 2 includes a concert recorded in 1986, with Gillen on vocals. The single version of No Stranger to Love is a bonus track on disc 1.

Reviews and reception
The album peaked at #78 on the Billboard 200 chart. Some retrospective critical assessments of the album have been negative; for example, The New Rolling Stone Album Guide rated the release only two out of five stars.

However, critic Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic gave Seventh Star a mixed to positive review, praising what he saw as the "fiery tunefulness" that makes "aggressive hard rockers like "In for the Kill," "Turn to Stone," and "Danger Zone" uncommonly catchy". However, he argued that the songwriting and vocal work fell flat on songs such as the album's title track. He stated generally that he found the release an "often misunderstood and underrated album".

Reviews from the period were more positive. A reviewer for the magazine Kerrang! gave Seventh Star a perfect score of five out of five.

Standard Edition
Music by Tony Iommi; lyrics by Tony Iommi, Glenn Hughes, Geoff Nicholls and Jeff Glixman.

2010 Deluxe Edition disc 2
Recorded at Hammersmith Odeon in London, England on 2 June 1986, featuring Ray Gillen performing vocals

A contemporary South Korean release sported a much reduced and reordered track listing.

Personnel
Black Sabbath
 * Tony Iommi – guitars
 * Glenn Hughes – vocals
 * Eric Singer – drums
 * Dave "The Beast" Spitz – bass
 * Geoff Nicholls – keyboards

Additional musician
 * Gordon Copley – bass (on "No Stranger to Love")

title: Seventh Star


text:
Eddie Palmieri

Eddie Palmieri (born December 15, 1936) is an American Grammy Award-winning pianist, bandleader, musician, and composer of Corsican and Puerto Rican ancestry. He is the founder of the bands La Perfecta, La Perfecta II, and Harlem River Drive.

Childhood
Palmieri's parents moved to New York from Ponce, Puerto Rico, in 1926 and settled in the South Bronx, a largely Jewish neighborhood. There, he and his elder brother Charlie Palmieri were born. He accompanied Charlie and participated in many talent contests when he was eight years old.

Palmieri continued his education in the city's public school system where he was constantly exposed to jazz music. He took piano lessons and performed at Carnegie Hall at the age of eleven. Influenced by Thelonious Monk and McCoy Tyner, and inspired by his older brother, he determined to someday form his own band — which he accomplished in 1950 when he was fourteen years old. During the 1950s, Palmieri played in several bands including Tito Rodríguez's.

Career
In 1961, Palmieri founded the band Conjunto La Perfecta, which featured singer Ismael Quintana. Apart from the big bands, at the beginning of the decade the Pachanga was the Latin dance craze. Essential to the Charanga style is the five key wooden flute and at least two violins. Palmieri decided to replace the violins with two trombones for a heavier sound.

Two key elements to the 'Palmieri' sound were trombonist Barry Rogers as well as guitarist Bob Bianco with whom Palmieri studied the advanced harmonic concepts of Russian music theoretician Joseph Schillinger. Rogers would also expose Palmieri to the work of then John Coltrane pianist McCoy Tyner whose use of chord voicings in fourths became a signature of Palmieri's sound. Rogers alongside Brazilian-born José Rodrígues were also responsible for many of the 'head' arrangements, mambos and moñas that the band employed in live performances and eventually recorded. George Castro (flute), Manny Oquendo (bongó and timbales), Tommy López (conga) and Dave Pérez (bass) rounded out the group. To this day, the group is known as one of the swingingest, most danceable, innovative and influential groups of that period.

Palmieri experimented by employing a jazz aesthetic both in live performance and on his recordings based on the Cuban "descarga" (jam session) concept. He "opened up" the arrangements by featuring his band members as soloists. In addition he began incorporating a newly developed post Castro Cuban rhythm known as mozambique. Lo Que Traigo Es Sabroso (What I Bring is Saucy) and Mozambique are just two examples of his use of this rhythm. Discontent among several members and seeking a bigger and punchier sound, Palmieri disbanded the band in 1968 reforming it with legendary Cuban trumpeter Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros, timbalero Nicky Marrero, conguero Eladio Perez, bongocero Tomas 'Choki" Lopez, and bassist Andy Gonzalez.

In 1971, Palmieri recorded Vamonos Pa'l Monte (Let's go to the Mountain) with his brother Charlie at the organ. That same year he also recorded Eddie Palmieri & Friends in Concert, At the University of Puerto Rico. In 1975, Palmieri won the first Grammy Award for Best Latin Recording with The Sun of Latin Music (produced by Harvey Averne and arranged by René Hernández, long-time pianist with the orchestra led by Machito, and Barry Rogers (Un Día Bonito)). On July 21, 1979, he appeared at the Amandla Festival along with Bob Marley, Dick Gregory and Patti LaBelle, among others.

In the 1980s, Ismael Quintana returned to the band, which also included Cheo Feliciano. Palmieri won two Grammys for the recordings of Palo Pa' Rumba and Solito. He also recorded the album La Verdad (The Truth) with salsa singer Tony Vega in 1987. The next year, his brother Charlie died suddenly.

In the 1990s, Palmieri had participated in various concerts and recordings with the Fania All-Stars and the Tico All-Stars; he also introduced La India with the production of Llegó La India via Eddie Palmieri (La India has arrived via Eddie Palmieri), released in 1992. In 1998, Palmieri received an honorary doctorate from the Berklee College of Music. In 2000, Palmieri announced his retirement from the world of music. However, he recorded Masterpiece with Tito Puente and won two Grammys; additionally he was also named the "Outstanding Producer of the Year" by the National Foundation of Popular Culture. Palmieri has won a total of 9 Grammy Awards in his career, most recently for his 2006 album Simpático. On November 6, 2004, Palmieri directed a "Big Band Tribute" to his late brother Charlie at Avery Hall at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.

La Perfecta
Palmieri's La Perfecta departed from the traditional Cuban sources of salsa instrumentation by introducing a new stylistic device into the New York Latin sound. Their signature sound relied heavily on two trombones and a flute instead of trumpets. On the liner notes of their first album, Eddie's brother Charlie dubbed this combination the 'trombanga', referring to the trombones and the still popular charanga which typically featured the flute. The combination helped to give La Perfecta a rich and bold sound which contributed to Palmieri's success with his new band. The trombone-based sound was later adopted by salsa band leaders Willie Colón and Manny Oquendo, among others.

Palmieri formed a new band, La Perfecta II, with whom he recorded the CD Ritmo Caliente (Hot Rhythm). On April 30, 2005, "Mi Día Bonito", a tribute to Eddie Palmieri celebrating his 50 years in the world of music, took place at the Rubén Rodríguez Coliseum in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. The event included the participation of Lalo Rodríguez, Ismael Quintana, Cheo Feliciano, La India, Hermán Olivera, Jerry Medina, Luis Vergara and Wichy Camacho.

In November and December 2005, Palmieri teamed up with longtime trumpeter and band member Brian Lynch to record the Artistshare CD release The Brian Lynch/Eddie Palmieri Project: Simpático. This CD and accompanying multimedia web site features music by an all-star roster of jazz and Latin jazz artists, including Phil Woods, Lila Downs, Donald Harrison, Conrad Herwig, Giovanni Hidalgo, Gregory Tardy, Mario Rivera, Boris Kozlov, Rubén Rodríguez, Luques Curtis, Robby Ameen, Dafnis Prieto, Pedro Martínez, Johnny Rivero, Edsel Gómez, Yosvany Terry. In 2007, the recording was awarded a Grammy as the best Latin Jazz Recording.

Other work
Palmieri returned to the studio to record three songs for the soundtrack to Doin' it in the Park: Pickup Basketball NYC. The documentary, co-directed by Bobbito García and Kevin Couliau, explores the relationship between NYC playgrounds, basketball, arts and culture.

In 2022, Eddie Palmieri appeared in a feature-length documentary titled Santos - Skin to Skin.

Discography

 * La Perfecta (Alegre, 1962)
 * El molestoso (Alegre, 1963)
 * Lo que traigo es sabroso (Alegre, 1964)
 * Echando pa'lante (Straight Ahead) (Tico, 1964)
 * Azúcar pa' ti (Sugar for You) (Tico, 1965)
 * Mambo con conga es Mozambique (Tico, 1965)
 * El Sonido Nuevo (Verve, 1966) – with Cal Tjader
 * Bamboléate (Tico, 1967) – with Cal Tjader
 * Molasses (Tico, 1967)
 * Champagne (Tico, 1968)
 * Justicia (Tico, 1969)
 * Superimposition (Tico, 1970)
 * Vamonos pa'l monte (Tico, 1971)
 * In Concert at the University of Puerto Rico (Coco, 1971)
 * Harlem River Drive (Roulette, 1971) – with Harlem River Drive
 * Recorded Live at Sing Sing Vol. 1 (Tico, 1972) – with Harlem River Drive
 * Recorded Live at Sing Sing Vol. 2 (Tico, 1972, released 1974)
 * Sentido (Coco/Mango, 1973)
 * Sun of Latin Music (Coco, 1974) – with Lalo Rodríguez
 * Unfinished Masterpiece (Coco, 1975)
 * Eddie's Concerto (Tico, 1976)
 * Festival 76 (Coco, 1976)
 * Lucumí, Macumba, Voodoo (Epic, 1978)
 * Eddie Palmieri (Barbaro, 1980)
 * Timeless (Coco, 1981)
 * Palo pa' rumba (Musica Latina International, 1984)
 * Solito (Musica Latina International, 1985)
 * The Truth / La verdad (Fania, 1987)
 * Sueño (Intuition, 1989)
 * Llegó La India Via Eddie Palmieri (Soho Sounds, 1992) – with La India
 * Palmas (Elektra Nonesuch, 1994)
 * Arete (RMM, 1995)
 * Vortex (1996)
 * El rumbero del piano (RMM, 1998)
 * Live (1999)
 * Masterpiece / Obra maestra (RMM/Universal, 2000) – with Tito Puente
 * En Vivo Italia (2002)
 * La Perfecta II (Concord, 2002)
 * Ritmo caliente (Concord Picante, 2003)
 * Listen Here! (Concord Picante, 2005)
 * Simpático (ArtistShare, 2006) – with Brian Lynch
 * Eddie Palmieri Is Doin' It in the Park (2013)
 * Sabiduría / Wisdom (2017)
 * Full Circle (Uprising, 2018)
 * Mi Luz Mayor (2018)

title: Eddie Palmieri


text: User talk:69.159.45.187

title: User talk:69.159.45.187


text:
Bridges in art

A bridge can play many roles in art, such as a work of art in itself in addition to any functional considerations; as a focal point for a novel or film; as a metaphor in song or poetry; as the subject of a painting or photograph; or as a home for other works of art, such as sculptures.

Poems

 * The nursery rhyme "London Bridge is falling down"
 * William McGonagall's 1880 poem on "The Tay Bridge Disaster"
 * Wordsworth's famous sonnet "Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802", opening with the famous lines, referring to the view from the bridge,
 * Earth has not anything to show more fair:
 * Dull would he be of soul who could pass by
 * A sight so touching in its majesty.
 * Julia A. Moore's poem on the Ashtabula Disaster:
 * Have you heard of the dreadful fate
 * Of Mr. P. P. Bliss and wife?
 * Of their death I will relate,
 * And also others lost their life;
 * Ashtabula Bridge disaster,
 * Where so many people died
 * Without a thought that destruction
 * Would plunge them 'neath the wheel of tide. (1879)

Motion pictures

 * Bridge (1922)
 * The Bridges of Madison County (1995)
 * The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1929, 1944, 2004)
 * The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
 * Die Brücke ("German – The Bridge", 1959)
 * Un pont entre deux rives (The Bridge) (1999)
 * A Bridge Too Far (1977)
 * The Bridge at Remagen (1969)

Songs

 * The Simon and Garfunkel song (using the term metaphorically), "Bridge Over Troubled Water".
 * The song "Ode to Billie Joe", which became a hit for Bobbie Gentry (1967)
 * The Divine Comedy's "Painting the Forth Bridge", the title being a colloquial term for an unending task, a reference to the Forth Bridge
 * The Pogues' "Misty Morning, Albert Bridge": Albert Bridge is a bridge across the Thames river
 * MC Frontalot's song "Floating Bridge" is literally about different types of bridges.
 * Andy Partridge (of XTC) and Harold Budd – "Tenochtitlan's Numberless Bridges": Tenochtitlan was an Aztec island city with many waterways, canals, and bridges
 * Harpers Bizarre – "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)": The bridge of the title, also known as the Queensboro Bridge, links Manhattan with Queens
 * T'Pau – "Bridge of Spies": The title refers to Glienicke Bridge in Germany, called the Bridge of Spies because three times during the Cold War, released agents were exchanged there.

Other works

 * Iain Banks' 1986 novel The Bridge
 * Ernest Hemingway's 1940 novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, concerning the destruction of a bridge by guerrillas during the Spanish Civil War
 * Bridges TV cable TV station seeking to "bridge" Middle East and West.
 * In Chinese and other East Asian ivory carvings the arch of the tusk with the central portion upward suggests naturally a bridge, and often a bridge is a central cultural element when a large sculpture is formed from a single tusk.

Paintings

 * Canaletto – various bridges in London and Venice, including the Rialto Bridge
 * Hiroshige – various bridges in Japan, including several stations on the Tōkaidō road
 * Hokusai – various bridges in Japan, including the color print series Views of Famous Bridges and Views of Lu-chu Islands
 * Leonardo da Vinci – bridge in background in the Mona Lisa
 * Claude Monet – Waterloo Bridge, Westminster Bridge, and in his Water Lilies paintings
 * Camille Pissarro – various bridges in Paris, including "le Pont Neuf"
 * J. M. W. Turner – bridges in Venice, England and Scotland, including the famous Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway.
 * Vincent van Gogh – including "le Pont de la Grande Jatte" over the Seine
 * James Abbott McNeill Whistler – his Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket depicts fireworks over old Battersea Bridge, London

Homes to sculpture and other art
Bridges are often used as locations for sculptures. Especially popular are animals such as lions, perhaps serving as guardians. Examples are the 485 carved stone lions of the Marco Polo Bridge in China, which was first constructed in 1192, and the four Centre Street Bridge lions of Calgary, which date to 1917.

Another well-known example of a bridge hosting statues is the Charles Bridge in Prague, which is home to 30 statues and statuaries, mostly baroque, dating to around 1700.

An example of a bridge graced with extensive mosaic art is the Larry Monroe Forever Bridge in Austin, Texas.

title: Bridges in art


text:
User:Static3d

About me
My name is Matt, born August 13, 1983, and I'm from Syracuse, New York. I am a guitarist (musician), skateboarder, snowboarder, electronics technician, and a C/C++ programmer.

I am a big-time music buff. I respect music that takes true virtuosity, natural genius, and hard work to make. I've always been a punk, but my musical interest runs very deep. I think music's true purpose in life is to entertain, educate, enlighten, and provide a soundtrack to our daily lives, that we can choose to our liking. Real music can make you laugh or cry, uplift, depress, and impart any feeling or emotion it attempts to (or may by accident.) Music plays such a huge part in every person's life for a reason. It defines generations and societies, creates fads and styles, and can change a person's life forever the first and successive times a piece is heard. Writing a song is easy. Writing a song that can do the things I mentioned before takes true understanding of life in general. Music is life recorded.

I do like a lot of rap music, but at the same time realize that not much really goes into it. Anyone can make a nifty beat with a computer program or synth, and write tough-guy rhymes on a sheet of paper. However, I really respect alternative rap artists like Talib Kweli (whose Reflection Eternal album i consider one of the greatest rap albums of all time), Mos Def, The Roots, De La Soul, and generally anybody who trys to be truly poetic, original, and intuitive with their music.

Aside from that, my true love lies in rock music, especially innovative artists who are not afraid to try new things and push the envelope. My favorite artists include Pink Floyd, Primus (anything by Les Claypool in general), Maynard James Keenan (Tool and A Perfect Circle), Metallica, Rage Against the Machine, The Beatles, The Doors, Ween, The Grateful Dead, Frank Zappa, Jimi Hendrix, Sublime (Bradley Nowell was a true genius), The White Stripes, and shitloads of others I can't think of at the moment.

I also dig a lot of the classic soul and rhythm and blues from the sixties and seventies, by people like Marvin Gaye (What's Going On), and The Temptations. Funk bands like Sly and the Family Stone and P-Funk, who were directly inspired by this kind of music, also kick serious ass.

I have made contributions on all sorts of random pages, but most of my contributions are to music, programming, and computer game-related pages. I take a specific liberty in updating anything Primus-related. I started Todd Huth's and Jay Lane's pages.

I have an ever-unrequited love for tremolo picking and octaves, ala Ler LaLonde. Excessive pinch harmonics are for people who need to mask the fact that they can't play.

Thou shalt not diss the whammy bar.

Ceast and desist
I'm getting really fucking tired of attempting to read or edit pages written by people who have absolutely horrible English grammar. While I'm no novelist, I do know how to write in a manner that is informative, to-the-point, and grammatically correct. The absolute worst of this are edits made by people who do not speak English natively. Edit your own language's version of Wikipedia! If you're not completely confident in your ability to write content that is encyclopedia caliber, cease and desist.

The "also" syndrome
I'm getting really fucking tired of seeing "also" everywhere. People just randomly slap sentences in the middle of paragraphs, or in their own single-sentence paragraphs, that stick out like a sore thumb. I think everyone knows exactly what I'm talking about here. Doing this just turns articles into a list of trivia sentences, and it completely murders what were previously well-written paragraphs.

Womens' basketball on TV
I'm not sexist; women are capable of doing anything a man can do. But please, ESPN, stop trying to cram womens' basketball down our throats! No one watches it. No one. There aren't even people in the stands during the NCAA tournament! Stop trying to be fair and politically correct, you fucking assholes.

The Curse of Wikipedia
Unfortunately, The Curse of Wikipedia will always be, in my mind, the ability for ABSOLUTELY anyone to edit pages; its just too difficult to even attempt to maintain. You try hard to maybe keep some facts straight on a certain page, and somebody insists that their objective, bullshit opinion is fact. What can you really do to correct this? Nothing. They can even cite some bullshit website that happens to echo their opinion.

It's too open to really be taken seriously. People can slip in bullshit facts and figures without anyone sometimes even noticing.

title: User:Static3d


text:
Bethal

Bethal is a farming town in Mpumalanga, South Africa. The farms in the region produce maize, sunflower seeds, sorghum, rye and potatoes. The town lies 155 km east of Johannesburg on the N17 national route.

History
The town originated on an old farm called Blesbokspruit. The town, established in on 12 October 1880, was named after the combined names of the wives of the owners of the farm, Elizabeth du Plooy and Alida Naude. It became a municipality in 1921.

Agriculture
Bethal is famous for its potato industry, and the annual National Potato Festival was held there in early May, but discontinued in 2007. Other agriculture includes maize, sunflower seeds, sorghum, rye, oats and barley. Animal husbandry includes cattle, dairy and sheep farming. Bethal was once the headquarters of AFGRI, and agricultural firm, now based in Centurion but its flour mill remains in the town.

Mining
Bethal lies in South Africa's coal mining region and there are mines close by. Exxaro acquired the Total Coal South Africa in 2014 and has five mines in the area. Apart from exports, the coal is used in the Eskom power stations that dot the region.

Geography
The Olifants River has its origin near Bethal. The river eventually flows into the Limpopo River in Mozambique.

Law and government
Bethal lies in the Govan Mbeki Local Municipality (formerly Highveld East Local Municipality) situated in the Gert Sibande District, of Mpumalanga.

Roads
Bethal is the crossroads of three main roads. The R38 leads out north-east to Carolina and south-west to Standerton. The R35 leads north to Middleburg 80 km away while the R35 connects south to Amersfoort 80 km away. The N17 connects westwards to Johannesburg and eastwards to Ermelo and Eswatini.

Notable people

 * Andries Coetzee – South Africa national rugby team player
 * Llewellyn Herbert – 2000 Summer Olympics 400 metres hurdles bronze medal winner
 * Basil Hirschowitz – gastroenterologist and inventor
 * Qedani Mahlangu – Gauteng MEC for Health
 * Busisiwe Mkhwebane – Public Protector of South Africa
 * Josia Thugwane – 1996 Summer Olympics marathon gold medal winner. South Africa's first black athlete to win an Olympic gold medal
 * Riaan Dempers - South African sprinter and former record holder in the 200 meters

title: Bethal


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Annie bodowski

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 20:15, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Annie bodowski
Google search for "United Malay States" yields only 4 hits. Adding the name "Bodowski" to that search brings the total to zero. While the U.M.S. may have some notability, I don't see what this woman has to do with it. If reason is found to keep it, the article needs some serious cleanup. Dismas 07:28, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - zero Google hits, possible vanity or hoax. Megan1967 08:24, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probably written when drunk.  I'd wager he or she doesn't even remember doing it.  BTW, there is no such thing as "United Malay States" HowardB 09:25, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsense. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  13:23, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, reads like nonsense, no evidence of encyclopedic content here. Wyss 19:45, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Prawn Song Records

Prawn Song Records is an independent record label owned by Les Claypool of Primus. The name and logo are a parody of Led Zeppelin's label Swan Song Records.

Prawn Song is based in San Francisco, California, and distribution is handled by RED Distribution in the United States and Essential Music & Marketing in Europe.

History
The label was created in 1989 for the initial limited release of the Primus live album Suck On This. The band borrowed three thousand dollars from Claypool's father to fund the release and pressed one thousand vinyl copies of the record. They then used the profits from those sales to keep pressing the album, one thousand copies at a time, and signed a distribution deal with Rough Trade Records. The album was later licensed to be reissued by independent record label Caroline Records in 1990, the same label that released the Frizzle Fry album the same year. Primus then signed to Interscope Records, who released the band's third album Sailing the Seas of Cheese in 1991 and all of their subsequent records for the next twenty years.

Prawn Song was resurrected in 1993 as a subsidiary of Interscope (at the time 50% owned by Atlantic Records, the parent company of the original Swan Song label) for the use of Claypool's side projects: Sausage and The Holy Mackerel. At this point, Prawn Song was also made a sister label to the Atlantic imprint Mammoth Records, working together with them to launch the musical projects of many of Claypool's friends and former bandmates, including M.I.R.V. (featuring Mark "Mirv" Haggard), the Charlie Hunter Trio (featuring Jay Lane), Alphabet Soup (also featuring Lane), Porch (featuring Todd Huth), and Laundry (featuring Tim Alexander). During this time, Primus' albums were released in CD and tape formats by Interscope, with double-LP pressings of the albums issued on Prawn Song.

In 1998 and '99, Primus started utilising the Prawn Song imprint to release the EP Rhinoplasty and the album Antipop, respectively. By 2001, Prawn Song had dropped its association with Mammoth and branched out from Interscope to become a fully independent label, while also co-operating with Interscope for the release of the Primus EP/DVD Animals Should Not Try to Act like People in 2003. The 2006 compilation album They Can't All Be Zingers was released only by Interscope, separate from Prawn Song. Claypool alleged in 2018 that Mammoth severed ties with Prawn Song as a result of their refusal to release an album by his side project Beanpole, which he worked on with Larry LaLonde, Adam Gates and Mark Greenberg among others. The album was later released by Prawn Song and Sean Lennon's imprint, Chimera Music in 2018.

As an independent label, Prawn Song reissued the early, out-of-print, pre-Interscope Primus albums, as well as DVDs of some of their recent live tours. The label also released material from Claypool's more recent side projects Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade and Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains, his solo albums,  and Gabby La La's debut Be Careful What You Wish For..., on which Claypool produces and provides the rhythm section. The Oysterhead album The Grand Pecking Order, however, was released by Elektra Records.

In 2011 Prawn Song partnered with ATO Records for a joint release of the Primus album Green Naugahyde, and together they subsequently released the band's 2014 album Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble, and the Duo de Twang album Four Foot Shack.

Inception

 * RED 22 – Primus – Suck on This (1989)

As a subsidiary of Interscope Records

 * INTD-92361 – Sausage – Riddles Are Abound Tonight (1994)
 * INTD-90085 – Les Claypool and the Holy Mackerel – Highball with the Devil (1996)
 * 490214-2 – Primus – Rhinoplasty (1998)
 * INTV-90302 – Primus – Videoplasty (1998)
 * 490414-2 – Primus – Antipop (1999)
 * 0602498613603 – Primus – Animals Should Not Try to Act like People (2003)

As an associate of Mammoth Records

 * MR0065-2 – M.I.R.V. – Cosmodrome (1994)
 * MR0066-2 – Charlie Hunter Trio – Charlie Hunter Trio (1993)
 * MR0082-2 – Alphabet Soup – Layin' Low in the Cut (1995)
 * MR0094-2 – Porch – Porch (1994)
 * MR0098-2 – Laundry – Blacktongue (1994)
 * MR0102-2 – Eskimo – The Further Adventures of Der Shrimpkin (1995)

As an independent label

 * PSR-0001-2 – Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade – Live Frogs Set 1 (2001)
 * PSR-0002-2 – Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade – Live Frogs Set 2 (2001)
 * PSR-0003-2 – Primus – Suck On This (reissue, 2002)
 * PSR-0004-2 – Primus – Frizzle Fry (reissue, standard release, 2002)
 * PSR-0005-2 – The Les Claypool Frog Brigade – Purple Onion (standard release, 2002)
 * PSR-0006-2 – Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains – The Big Eyeball in the Sky (2004)
 * PSR-0007-2 – Primus – Hallucino-Genetics: Live 2004 (limited release, 2004)
 * PSR-0008-2 – Primus – Hallucino-Genetics: Live 2004 (standard release, 2004)
 * PSR-0009-2 – Gabby La La – Be Careful What You Wish For... (2005)
 * PSR-0010-2 – Les Claypool – 5 Gallons Of Diesel (2005)
 * PSR-0011-2 – Les Claypool – Of Whales and Woe (standard release, 2006)
 * PSR-0012-9 – Primus – Blame It on the Fish: An Abstract Look at the 2003 Primus Tour de Fromage (2006)
 * PSR-0013-9 – Les Claypool – Fancy DVD (2007)
 * PSR-0014-2 – Les Claypool – Of Fungi and Foe (standard release, 2009)
 * PSR-0015-1 – Les Claypool – Of Fungi and Foe (limited vinyl release, 2009)
 * PSR-0016-1 – Primus – Frizzle Fry (reissue, limited vinyl release, 2009)
 * PSR-0017-1 – The Les Claypool Frog Brigade – Purple Onion (limited vinyl release, 2009)
 * PSR-0018-1 – Les Claypool – Of Whales and Woe (limited vinyl release, 2009)
 * PSR-0019-2 – Primus – Green Naugahyde (joint release, 2011)

As an associate of ATO Records

 * ATO0113 – Primus – Green Naugahyde (joint release, 2011)
 * ATO0223 – Duo de Twang – Four Foot Shack (2014)
 * ATO0250 – Primus – Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble (2014)
 * ATO0404 – Primus – The Desaturating Seven (2017)

title: Prawn Song Records


text:
Prince d'Orléans

Prince d'Orléans (French for 'Prince of Orleans') is a title generally used by junior members of the Royal House of France instead of or in addition to the traditional Petit-fils de France. The current French royal family are descended in the male line from Philippe I, Duke of Orléans the younger son of Louis XIII of France. Accordingly, they are often called the House of Bourbon-Orléans. Since the title Petit-fils de France meaning "Grandson of France" is not understood by non-French speakers (or even by French speakers unfamiliar with their history) it can cause confusion in the modern world. Prince d'Orléans conforms with the standard usage in most surviving monarchies so it is easier for people to understand. In any case, those entitled Prince d'Orléans or Petit-fils de France use the style Royal Highness.

title: Prince d'Orléans