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Huaraz

Huaraz (from Quechua: Waraq or Waras, "dawn"), founded as San Sebastián de Huaraz, is a city in Peru. It is the capital of the Ancash Region (State of Ancash) and the seat of government of Huaraz Province. The urban area's population is distributed over the districts of Huaraz and Independencia. The city is located in the middle of the Callejon de Huaylas valley and on the right side of the Santa river. The city has an elevation of approximately 3050 meters above sea level. The built-up area covers 8 square kilometers and has a population of 120,000 inhabitants, making it the second largest city in the central Peruvian Andes after the city of Huancayo. It is the 22nd largest city in Peru. Huaraz is the seat of the province's Roman Catholic Bishop and the site of the cathedral.

Huaraz is the main financial and trade center of the Callejón de Huaylas and the main tourist destination of Ancash region. Moreover, it is one of the biggest towns in the Peruvian Andes. Huaraz is the main destinations for winter sports and adventure. Many visitors from around the world come to the city for practicing sports as climbing, hiking, mountain biking and snowboarding, and also to visit the glaciers and mountains of the Cordillera Blanca, mainly Mount Huascarán, which is considered the tallest mountain in tropics, all of them located in Huascarán National Park which UNESCO declared a nature world heritage site in 1985.

The city was founded before the Inca Empire when humans settled around the valley of the Santa River and Qillqay. Its Spanish occupation occurred in 1574 as a Spanish-indigenous reducción. During the wars for the independence of Peru, the whole city supported the Liberating Army with food and guns, earning the city the title of "Noble and Generous City" granted by Simón Bolívar. In 1970, 95% of the city was destroyed by an earthquake that damaged much of Ancash Region. 25,000 people died. The city received much foreign assistance from many countries. For this reason the city was named a capital of International Friendship.

The main economic activities in the city are farming, commerce and tourism. Since Huaraz has tourist infrastructure supporting the Ancash Highlands, the city is the main point of arrival for practitioners of adventure sports and mountaineering. Along with the snowy peaks of the Cordillera Blanca, one can visit archaeological sites like Chavín de Huantar and the eastern highlands of Ancash, known as Conchucos.

Etymology
The name of the city comes from the Quechua word "Waraq", which means "sunrise". The pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the area had a god called "Waraq quyllur", which means "morning star" or the planet Venus, because it is the star that is seen at sunrise.

Location

Huaraz is in north-central Peru, about 420 km north of Lima, and at an altitude of 3052 m. It is the largest population center in the agriculturally important Callejón de Huaylas valley. The Callejón (in Spanish roughly meaning large valley or corridor) is a north–south valley bounded on the east by the Cordillera Blanca (permanent white snowcaps and glaciers) and on the west by the Cordillera Negra (no permanent snowcapped peaks or glaciers, hence black). The Cordillera Blanca includes Huascarán, the highest mountain in Peru at 6768 m and the third highest in the Western Hemisphere. Huascarán and the adjacent peak Huandoy in fair weather are clearly visible from Huaraz.

The Santa River flows north through Huaraz. It is not commercially navigable but has always furnished the city with good water. The river is a rocky-bottom narrow stream of glacier-fed cold water that flows generally west of center in the Callejón, running north to the valley's north end. There it rushes downward through the narrow Cañón del Pato (Duck Canyon), turns westward at the town of Huallanca, and continues to the coast where it enters the Pacific Ocean south of the city of Chimbote. The Santa River is the traditional western boundary of Huaraz, although part of the city's population has lived on the west bank there for as long as two centuries.

The nominal north boundary of Huaraz is along a westward flowing creek that empties into the Santa River. The creek, whose watershed is the westward facing nearby foothills and slopes of the Cordillera Blanca, has twice since 1940 been the channel of devastating earthquake-precipitated floods (see below).

The most recent devastating flood and avalanche along this creek bed was a result of the 1970 earthquake. The avalanche of 1941 had filled the creek valley with debris, covering the new suburb on the city's north edge. The 1970 avalanche and floodwaters down this creek valley destroyed the city's north-side subdivision, which had been partially rebuilt by the late 1960s. The 1970 avalanche debris also created a temporary natural dam across the Santa River, which caused flooding throughout much of the city. The quake damaged almost all the city's major buildings. Over the next few days the city was devastated by flooding from both the creek and the river and by water-borne earthquake debris.

Orography

The urban area of Huaraz is located at the Santa River basin. The environment of the city is characteristic of an Andean valley. Huaraz is located in the Callejón de Huaylas valley, surrounded by the Cordillera Blanca and Cordillera Negra as its system mountains. The main river is the Santa, which crosses the city from south to north, and also the Qillqay river that crosses the urban area from east to west, flowing to the Santa river.

The territory surrounding Huaraz is heterogeneous, mountainous and rough; because of that its slopes have gradients varying between 2% and 25% in the central zone and 15% and 45% in the outskirts.

Layout

Huaraz in its beginning had an architecture composed of circular houses, after that, they were demolished in order to build square houses and narrow streets on a grid plan. The main square used to be wide and was signed at downtown, it was surrounded by the Big Cathedral, the city hall, the jail, the governor in colonial times established his residence in Huaraz, for that reason the city was elevated to the category of region capital.

Of the quiet, silent, old city with big mansions made of mud and gabled-roofs with narrow streets, only José Olaya street remains. It was declared a national heritage site, because the 1970s earthquake destroyed 95% of the city and all the traditional and colonial architecture disappeared, except Olaya Street, robbing the city of its traditional identity.

The grid plan of Huaraz has changed and disappeared the original composition of four neighbourhoods, as La Soledad (downtown), Belén, Huarupampa and San Francisco. For its rebuilding after the earthquake, the government had to demolish the damaged houses. After that, the city was planned with a modern physiognomy like wide streets and avenues with central gardens. Colonial architecture doesn't exist, it was modernized in its own Andean style of gabled roofs. The city has a modern and planned design, made for Gunther-Seminario Company. Despite that the city grows in a disorganized way. On the other hand, the city had a great commercial movement, and high-quality tourist services. Nevertheless, the rapid urbanization resulted in irregular neighbourhoods.

The city grew in a longitudinal way from north to south, Only in central downtown there are buildings with more than 3 or 4 floors. Many of the buildings were modified, in order to rent apartments and lofts.

Neighborhoods
The metropolitan area is composed of two districts, Huaraz and Independencia. These are also divided into neighborhoods and settlements, and they also are divided in two or more parts. the majority of neighborhoods are located in Huaraz District, especially the traditional areas like La Soledad, Belén, Huarupampa and San Francisco, that are surrounding the downtown, and its residents are in 60% the traditional citizens of Huaraz. This neighbourhoods, are in great part from middle class. On the other hand, surrounding these areas, there are other settlements that have developed without planning. In the District of Independencia there are other middle- and upper-class neighborhoods. Centenario is the most extensive area in the city. At this area many rural migrants has established developing informal neighbourhoods. The tendency of city's growing is on the north-east part of the city. In north direction has developed areas of recent creation, especially for people searching an ecological area for establish.

Climate
Huaraz has a warm moderated weather of tropical mountain. It is sunny and dry during the morning and cold past the evening, with temperatures between 11 and 17 °C and maximum temperatures that can exceed 21 °C. During the rainy season, from December to March, rainfall can be between 500 mm and 1000 mm. The dry season, spanning from April to November, is also known as "Andean summer".

Pre-Columbian era
There is a little knowledge about the history of Huaraz before the arriving of Spaniards. In 1533, the Spanish Army arrived in this area under the command of Hernando Pizarro, and provided the first description of the qualities of the area, describing it as possessing a green fertile soil, with significant livestock in the highlands and prosperous villages.

Despite that, there is evidence of human presence since 10,000 B.C, when the inhabitants were hunters and gatherers. Evidence of this is found in the Guitarreros cave across from the town of Mancos. Since that age Huaraz had to pass, by different changes with the development of farming in the zone of Vicuas and Villaqui.

During the ancient age, the Chavín culture developed the urban growing, So, the village of Waras were created, with its ceremonial center located at Pumacayan hill. In the middle age, can be located the Recuay culture. After that, the area of Huaraz was conquered by the Wari culture, this empire built the archaeological rests of Wilcahuain and Waullac. Finally, the area was annexed to the Inca Empire.

Colonial era
Francisco Pizarro, known as the Spanish conquistador of Peru, in 1538 granted the right to collect taxes in the area within what is now the province of Huaraz to his subordinate Sebastián de Torres. Alonso de Santoyo founded on 20 January 1574 a Hispanic Indigenous reduction (Reducción Hispano Indígena) with the name of Pampa Huarás de San Sebastián, with 14 quarters. Later its political creation, dated on 12 February 1821, while General José de San Martín was staying in Huaura (city north from Lima) founded 4 Departments, including Huaylas as one of them, with its capital, the city of Caraz. Finally on 1857, it was split in two, giving birth to the new young province of Huaraz with its capital, the nowadays, City of Huaraz.

From the beginning the Spaniards began exploiting the mineral wealth of the region. Several deposits of metal ores were discovered: silver, lead, and tin, among others. Availability of these metals for mining and smelting locally was the primary attraction of the Callejón area to Spain. Hundreds of the native Quechua-speakers by the 1570s were laboring in the mines.

As in other areas of Spanish settlement in the Andean countries most agricultural works such as native irrigation canals and terraces were appropriated or destroyed by the colonial administrators. The Spaniards did not call their tactics slavery, though in fact the effects were the same. Disappearances and unexplained deaths were common for resistors. The entire population of some villages was forcibly marched long distances and resettled. To identify those who tried to return to their prior homes, the native peoples were required to wear distinctive clothing identifiable by areas or provinces. The Spanish patron or hacendado often chose for those people under his control a costume copied from his home region in Spain. These costumes are now a source of regional and national pride among many Andeans who identify with their native ancestry.

Contemporary times

Much of the north side and a large part of the center of the city was destroyed in 1941 by floodwaters and avalanche debris because of a burst reservoir from Lake Palcacocha that was the city's municipal water supply. The reservoir dam was about 6 km east of the town and more than 200 meters elevation above it. The dam failed because of sudden overflow pressure from an avalanche of glacier ice probably caused by a localized tremor (earthquake). Within a few minutes the stream bed was filled with an avalanche of water, mud, boulders, and associated debris whose crest by the time it reached the city may have exceeded 15 meters height above the stream bed. In as few as four minutes after the dam burst the avalanche obliterated and covered the city's most modern suburb and destroyed most of the north half of the city. 4,000 died. After the 1941 disaster the old reservoir dam was repaired but not replaced. Doubts about the safety of the dam were largely responsible for abandonment of that area for redevelopment. The creek valley upstream from the city in the mid-1960s exhibited scarred inner banks several meters higher than the normal water level. The scarring caused by the avalanche was increasingly higher above the stream bed on the creek valley walls nearer the reservoir. The scoured appearance of the creek valley indicated the mass and power of the avalanche gaining momentum as it crashed down the narrow valley, accumulating debris as it descended.

By 1965 fewer than a half dozen buildings had been rebuilt in the creek valley adjacent north of the city. The valley was still filled by as many as three meters of soil and debris deposited by the 1941 avalanche. Giant boulders lay about, some protruding as many as four meters above the 1965 creek bed level. Many boulders from the 1941 avalanche were strewn down to the confluence of the creek with the Santa River. Huaraz area residents who remembered the disaster of 1941 said in 1965 that the river itself was diverted by avalanche debris for some days until eroded away and carried downstream (northward), and there were boulders on the west bank that had come with the avalanche.

On 31 May 1970 the same reservoir dam burst during the Ancash earthquake, which had a moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). Down the creek valley, again came an avalanche, eerily similar to that of 1941. In the prior four years or so, the suburb had begun to again be redeveloped: numerous residences were built atop the 1941 avalanche deposit within the at-risk creek valley. Within its duration of 45 seconds, virtually every structure of consequence in the city's center was destroyed. A few minutes later, the north half of the city, particularly in the creek valley, was obliterated by an avalanche of icy mud carrying boulders and other debris.

As many as 20,000 people were killed within the city; there were reported only 91 survivors within the city itself. The historic structures along the narrow streets, particularly the big adobe casonas (large houses) roofed with ceramic tiles, were reduced to rubble. The main square was evident by the dearth of rubble; the city was rebuilt around it. Where once stood the old casonas and their high-walled compounds now there are smaller buildings. The narrow streets had been deathtraps during the quake; the post-1970 city design has wider, more modern streets.

Demographics
, the Huaraz metropolitan area has a population of 118,836. After the earthquake that the city suffered in 1970, fifty percent of people in the city died. Nonetheless, the city was rebuilt and attracted internal migrants, especially from rural areas in the region. During the decade of the 1990s, the Pierina gold mine was established in the region, attracting people from other parts of the country to settle in the city.

The official language in the city is Spanish, which is spoken for the majority of Huaraz's residents. A minority of people speaks Quechua, especially in rural areas where it is more predominant.

Economy

Presently, mining is the main economic activity. Since the foundation of Pierina gold mine in 1996, for the Canadian company Barrick Gold Corporation. Industry is composed of medium and small companies dedicated to food industry, as the elaboration of soft drinks, beer, cheeses and milk derivates, and this activity occupies a 13% of the economically active population. Also exist companies dedicated to the building and housing industry. Those kind of companies are spread by different parts of the metropolitan area and Callejón de Huaylas basin.

Fifty percent of economical active population is dedicated to commerce and is service-oriented. Since the 1990s, have been increasing the number of small and medium companies, as a result, of the economical crisis and in order to survive the index of unemployment. Is important to notice that the laboral force of the small managements which impulse other activities as tourism and handicrafts industry. Moreover, Huaraz have ever been the center of business, commerce, and finances in the Callejón de Huaylas and the Andean part of Ancash, as if the city is the main supplier industry of farming products in the Region.

Despite tourism always was the main economic activity, for that reason Huaraz is one of the main tourist destinations of Peru, receiving every year 200,000 visitors between Peruvian and foreigners. Huaraz as main city of the region, has the majority of tourist services like good-quality hotels, restaurants, and pubs. Visitors are expected to visit the Huascarán National Park, also known as the biggest glacier in the tropics, and other historical sites as Chavín de Huantar.

Sports and recreation
Soccer is one of the most played sports in the city. There are many soccer fields in the city, located in the various neighbourhoods. Basketball and volleyball are also played, especially popular among women.

Adventure sports and mountaineering are also popular in the city, especially among young people and tourists. Adventure sports include trekking, rock climbing, trail running and mountain biking. Small half day walks to Rataquenua viewpoint and Pukaventana hills are also common.

Sports
As in all of Peru, soccer is the most popular sport in Huaraz. The Rosas Pampa Stadium is the main site for soccer tournaments like the Peruvian Soccer League. This stadium has a capacity for 20,000 people. The most representative soccer team in the city is Sport Ancash, the only Huaraz team to participate in Peruvian first division soccer league from 2005 to 2009.

Roads
Huaraz is connected to the Pacific coast by three highways. One goes generally westward, another goes south then west, and the other goes north then west. All three roads go from the Andes down into the desert coastal region.

The westward route rises into the Cordillera Negra, crests at about 4000 m (ca. 13,100 ft), then winds downward in altitude to the coastal city of Casma on the Pan American Highway. (Casma is the largest population center between the cities of Lima and Chimbote.)

The southward route from Huaraz goes about 40 km toward the town of Recuay, where it turns west. It rises to about 4,300 m (ca. 14,000 ft) where it crests the south part of the Cordillera Negra. From there the narrow winding highway in a distance of about 80 km (ca. 60 miles) descends to the town of Huarmey (south of Casma) on the coast. Here it connects with the Pan-American Highway (187 km north of Lima).

The northward route going north from Huaraz follows the Rio Santa to the north end of the Callejón de Huaylas, where it branches into two. The minor branch goes steeply westward up to the ancient town of Huaylas and then northwestward down to the coast. The main highway goes north beside the Cañón del Pato through a dozen one-lane tunnels, precipitously descends several thousand meters by switch-backs and hairpin curves on the one-lane rocky roadway, and arrives at the town of Huallanca. Here there is a connection with the Santa Railway. The highway again splits. The most heavily traveled fork continues generally west to the coastal city of Chimbote where it connects with the Pan-American Highway. The other fork goes from Huallanca northward and upward into the northern Peruvian Andes.

Travel by vehicle via any of the three highway routes from Huaraz to the coast generally requires seven to eight hours to either Lima or Chimbote.

Public transportation

Huaraz's mass transit is operated by private companies authorized by city hall and the Transportation Secretary of Peru. The system includes vans and buses, that has organized routes but in an informal way. People commute on them or in their private cars. Taxis can be taken at designated stops, and in comparison to another big Peruvian cities, is cheaper but depending on the distance the price can increase. Also there are colectivos (commuter taxis) that have routes similar to buses and can be shared with other passengers in comparison to taxis.

Air transportation
Less than 40 minutes drive north from Huaraz lies the Comandante FAP Germán Arias Graziani Airport located in the village of Anta; the airfield serves small planes from the two largest mining companies in the region.

Tourism
In the city, prairies, forests and snow peaks can be seen from the urban center. But inside Huaraz, there are some tourist sites to visit. At La Soledad, there is the Lord of Soledad Chapel, which contains crucified Christ, that was founded during colony times. Also there are pre-Hispanic ruins, 3 miles from the city in Wilcahuain, where there are stone palaces of Wari culture. Other ruins are located 1 mile from Huaraz in Waullac, surrounded by big prairies with views of snow peaks and mountains.

At downtown across from the Plaza de Armas (main Square) is located the Museum of Ancash, which contains a lot of value pieces of the Recuay culture, and in this museum there is the Monolithic Park, which is considered one of the largest in America.

8 miles north from Huaraz, the Monterrey Baths are located, which contain hot springs with medicinal properties, and also is an ecological place surrounded by forests, where there are lodges and some upscales hotels.

Huaraz is the touristic operation center of the region, drawing thousands of visitors that practice adventure and winter sports. Also, Huascarán National Park, which is considered a biosphere reserve, is a destination for tourists.

The peaks of the region have for many decades been the testing grounds for mountain climbers anticipating future expeditions into the Himalayas. Huaraz is a base for expeditions into the Cordillera Blanca and the Huayhuash mountain range south of the Callejón del Huaylas.

In the streets surrounding the farmers' market, the paraditas (street markets) of local sellers offer handicraft products such as ponchos, alpaca textiles (carpets, sweaters, etc.); jewelry made of locally mined tin, copper, and silver; cuarteados (a typical dessert from the nearby town of Caraz made by mixing manjarblanco and fruit cake); boxes of manjarblanco, butter, cheese, honey, smoked and salty hams, jerky (Quechua charqui), etc.

Huaraz is known as the 'Switzerland of the South' because of the mountain peaks that are visible from the city centre.

Pre-Inca trail trekking is most popular in the region, featured by its stone paved trail that leads to Chavin, and also uses llamas for packing while on trekking.

Museum and the arts
Huaraz is home to some museums. Across from Main Square is located the Archaeological Museum of Ancash. This museum presents three levels divided in four rooms, and in each one, there is an exhibition of cultural manifestations made by the different human groups have inhabited the Ancash Region. At this museum there is the Monolithic Park, that is considered the biggest stone park in South America.

Huaraz also is home of the Cultural Center of Huaraz that became a new arts hub. It opened in 2012 and it is considered one of the biggest theaters of Peru.

Cuisine
The cuisine of Huaraz is considered to be one of the most recognized in the Peruvian Andes. Among the most popular dishes are Picante de Cuy (a roasted guinea pig in a sauce of red spices, served with boiled potatoes), Llunca de gallina (a chicken soup prepared with boiled wheat and yellow spices), Charqui de Chancho and res (roasted pork and beef salted and dried), Pachamanca (a dish prepared on the ground with hot stones, made of different kind of meats as beef, chicken, pork with baked corn and potatoes), Pataska (a hot soup, made with boiled corn and pork or beef skin), Ceviche de Chocho (raw fish marinated in lemon juice served with chocho, a typical legume), and Jamón Huaracino (salty and dried ham). There are some desserts like Api de Calabaza (sweet cream made of mashed pumpkin) and beverages, such as Chicha de Jora (sour yellow corn).

Media
Huaraz has many local newspapers and three local television channels that run in the early morning. Most media organizations are located around the main square in the Municipality of Huaraz and share information during the day. Governmental information comes from the office Imagen. There are many printing companies, most of which specialize in business cards and leaflets. You can find them crossing the bridge towards Centenario or on Gamarra Street. The national post service, can be found on the Plaza de Armas. Channel three and thirteen are the local TV channels that operate in the morning.

Newspapers
Most national newspapers as El Comercio, Peru 21 and Correo can be purchased early in the morning as those are flown in from Lima. Among the newspapers published in the city of Huaraz; one is Diario Ya, another newspaper is Prensa Regional.

English language newspaper
Since the beginning of April 2012, Huaraz also had a free English language newspaper called The Huaraz Telegraph, read by students of the language schools and tourists. The newspaper covered the story of a missing Canadian backpacker, Jesse Galganov.

title: Huaraz


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Delphi (online service)

Delphi Forums is a U.S. online service provider and since the mid-1990s has been a community internet forum site. It started as a nationwide dialup service in 1983. Delphi Forums remains active as of 2024.

History
The company that became Delphi was founded by Wes Kussmaul as Kussmaul Encyclopedia in 1981 and featured an encyclopedia, e-mail, and a primitive chat. Newswires, bulletin boards and better chat were added in early 1982.

Kussmaul recalled:

"Delphi was actually launched in October 1981, at Jerry Milden's Northeast Computer Show, as the Kussmaul Encyclopedia--the world's first commercially available computerized encyclopedia. (Frank Greenagle's Arête Encyclopedia was announced at about the same time, but you couldn't buy it until much later.) The Kussmaul Encyclopedia was actually a complete home computer system (your choice of Tandy Color Computer or Apple II) with a 300-bps modem that dialed up to a VAX computer hosting our online encyclopedia database. We sold the system for about the same price and terms as Britannica. People wandered around in it and were impressed with the ease with which they could find information. We had a wonderful cross-referencing system that turned every occurrence of a word that was the name of an entry in the encyclopedia into a hypertext link—in 1981..."

In November 1982, Wes hired Glenn McIntyre as a software engineer primarily doing internal systems. Glenn brought in colleagues Kip Bryan and Dan Bruns. Kip wrote the software that became Delphi Conference and Delphi Forums. Dan upon finishing his MBA at Harvard, become President and subsequently CEO when Wes moved on to form Global Villages.

On March 15, 1983, the Delphi name was first used by General Videotex Corporation. Forums were text-based, and accessed via Telenet, Sprintnet, Tymnet, Uninet, and Datapac. In 1984, it had 4 million members.

Delphi was extended to Argentina in 1985, through a partnership with the Argentine IT company Siscotel S.A.

Delphi partnered with ASCII Corp. of Japan to open online services in 1991.

Delphi provided national consumer access to the Internet in 1992. Features included E-mail (July 1992), FTP, Telnet, Usenet, text-based Web access (November 1992), MUDs, Finger, and Gopher. "To a lot of people at the time, we seemed to be in an enviable position" says Dan Bruns, Delphi's CEO. "But we didn't have a lot of financing to fuel our growth..."

In 1993, Delphi was sold to Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. News Corporation recognized that there would be growth in consumer use of the internet and attempted to use Delphi as its vehicle. It had 125,000 text-based customers in 1995 and had 150 employees. Murdoch hired away IBM's director of high-performance computing and communications, Alan Baratz, in 1994 to run Delphi. Under Baratz Delphi acquired space in Cross Point an office complex in Lowell, Massachusetts constructed for Wang Laboratories and built a large state-of-the-art server farm. Bruns and General Manager Rusty Williams stayed on. Delphi peaked with 500,000 paid subscribers and about 600 employees.

By 1995, Delphi had lost many of its subscribers, and Bruns left Delphi. In 1996, NewsCorp decided to exit the online business, was laying off almost half of Delphi's employees and wanted to sell or close Delphi. Dan Bruns and some of Delphi's original investors bought Delphi from NewsCorp for an undisclosed amount. With only 50,000 paying subscribers left, Delphi was back to its pre-NewsCorp size. "We were on the same growth slope, but this time we were going down instead of up," he says. "It felt a little poetic."

In 1996, Delphi launched a free, ad-supported managed-content website with associated message boards and chat rooms, under the management of a team led by Dan Bruns and which included Bill Louden, who had headed GEnie during its heyday. For a period of time, both text-based and web-based community services were available. After a year as a managed content site, Delphi reinvented itself as a community-driven service that allowed anyone to create an online community.

Prospero Technologies was formed in January 2000 as the merger of Delphi Forums and Wellengaged. Webpages for forums were discontinued.

In 2001, Rob Brazell purchased Delphi Forums, merged it with eHow and Idea Exchange, and formed Blue Frogg Enterprises. The Delphi.com domain was sold to Delphi Corporation, the auto parts manufacturer. Prospero was sold to Inforonics.

In 2002, Prospero reacquired Delphi Forums, joining it with Talk City to form Delphi Forums LLC.

In 2008, online community developer Mzinga acquired Littleton-based Prospero Technologies LLC, which was then owned by Bruce Buckland, chairman and CEO of Mallory Ventures. In March 2009, a Forrester Research analyst reported on Twitter that Mzinga was having financial difficulties after it had completed a second round of layoffs. On September 1, 2011, Mzinga sold Delphiforums back to early owner Dan Bruns.

In January 2012, Delphi Forums resigned from the Better Business Bureau in protest of their support for the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA).

In February 2013, Delphi Forums celebrated its 30th anniversary. Delphi owner Dan Bruns said, "It's true that the Delphi that launched in 1983 was very different from today's internet," Bruns said, "but one thing remains the same: places like Delphi Forums provide a friendly, comfortable setting for people to share common interests and passions and to build lasting friendships. If we keep that simple truth in mind, we have a terrific legacy to build on going forward."

During 2014, Delphi Forums began a beta test of a new forum interface, called Zeta. The current long-time format, now called Classic, also remains, and hosts may use either interface.

Additional sources

 * Delphi Forums History Project
 * Boston Globe: Zitner, Aaron May 04, 1995 Delphi will move to N.Y., Lowell
 * NewsCorp moves Delphi staff to Crosspoint Building in Lowell

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Delphi (online service)


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User talk:EddieX

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User:BernieK24

 * Name: Bernd Kroeppel
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Iurii Cheban

Yuriy Volodymyrovych Cheban (Юрій Володимирович Чебан; born 5 July 1986 in Odesa, Ukraine) is a retired Ukrainian sprint canoeist. He is the 2012 and 2016 Olympic champion in C-1 200 metres.

Career
In 2003, despite being a year younger than many of his rivals, he was a world junior silver medallist at Komatsu, Japan in the Canadian canoe C-1 1000 m and also finished fourth in the C-1 500 m event. Having won the 2004 European Junior Championships at both the C-1 500 m and C-1 1000 m in Poznań, Poland, Cheban was selected to represent Ukraine in both C-1 events at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Competing against much more experienced canoeists, he placed sixth in his initial heat of the C-1 500 m with a time of 2:00.238, qualifying for the semifinals. In the semifinal, he again placed sixth with a time of 1:53.385, and did not advance to the finals.

In C-1 1000 m, Cheban finished sixth in his heat with a time of 4:00.637. He was disqualified in the semifinal.

In 2005, Cheban and partner Petro Kruh won the European under-23 C-2 1000 m title in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. At the senior World Championships in Zagreb, Croatia they were the youngest of the C-2 1000 m finalists, placing ninth.

In 2006 Cheban returned to the individual C-1 event and it proved to be his most successful season yet. In July he took the C-1 500 m bronze medal at the 2006 European Championships in Račice, Czech Republic – his first senior medal. The following month he went one better, winning the silver medal at the World Championships in Szeged. Cheban would win gold in the C-1 200 m event at the 2007 championships in Duisburg.

He won a bronze medal in the C1 500m event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He is a member of the Yuzhne club.

At the 2010 championships, Cheban won two medals with a silver in the C-1 4 × 200 m and a bronze in the C-1 200 m (tied with Canada's Richard Dalton).

While at the 2012 Olympics in London, he won the C-1 200m event, beating his opponent Ivan Shtyl' from Russia. He succeeded in defending his title four years later at the 2016 Olympics, defeating his former teammate, Valentin Demyanenko, who competed for Azerbaijan.

title: Iurii Cheban


text:
Freshwater crocodile

The freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnstoni), also known commonly as the Australian freshwater crocodile, Johnstone's crocodile, and the freshie, is a species of crocodile native to the northern regions of Australia. Unlike its much larger Australian relative, the saltwater crocodile, the freshwater crocodile is not known as a man-eater, although it bites in self-defence, and brief, nonfatal attacks have occurred, apparently the result of mistaken identity.

Taxonomy and etymology
When Gerard Krefft named the species in 1873, he intended to commemorate the man who first reported it to him, Australian native police officer and amateur naturalist Robert Arthur Johnstone (1843–1905). However, Krefft made an error in writing the name, and for many years, the species has been known as C. johnsoni. Recent studies of Krefft's papers have determined the correct spelling of the name, and much of the literature has been updated to the correct usage, but both versions still exist. According to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the epithet johnstoni (rather than the original johnsoni) is correct.

Evolution
The genus Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas, although an Australia/Asia origin has also been considered. Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative, the extinct Voay of Madagascar, around 25 million years ago, near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.

Phylogeny
Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data, as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay.

Description
The freshwater crocodile is a relatively small crocodilian. Males can grow to a total length (including tail) of 2.3 - 3.0 m, while females reach a maximum size of 2.1 m. Males commonly weigh around 70 kg, with large specimens up to 100 kg or more, against the female weight of 40 kg. In areas such as Lake Argyle and Katherine Gorge, a handful of confirmed 4-metre (13-foot) individuals exist. This species is shy and has a slenderer snout and slightly smaller teeth than the dangerous saltwater crocodile. The body colour is light brown with darker bands on the body and tail. These bands tend to be broken up near the neck. Some individuals possess distinct bands or speckling on the snout. Body scales are relatively large, with wide, close-knit, armoured plates on the back. Rounded, pebbly scales cover the flanks and outsides of the legs.

Distribution and habitat
Freshwater crocodiles are found in Western Australia, Queensland, and the Northern Territory. Main habitats include freshwater wetlands, billabongs, rivers, and creeks. This species can live in areas where saltwater crocodiles cannot, and are known to inhabit areas above the escarpment in Kakadu National Park and in very arid and rocky conditions (such as Katherine Gorge, where they are common and are relatively safe from saltwater crocodiles during the dry season). However, they are still consistently found in low-level billabongs, living alongside the saltwater crocodiles near the tidal reaches of rivers.

In May 2013, a freshwater crocodile was seen in a river near the desert town of Birdsville, hundreds of kilometres south of their normal range. A local ranger suggested that years of flooding may have washed the animal south, or it may have been dumped as a juvenile.

A population of freshwater crocodiles has been repeatedly sighted for a number of decades in the Ross River that runs through Townsville. The predominant theory is that the heavy flooding common to the area may have washed a number of the animals in to the Ross River Catchment area.

Biology and behaviour
They compete poorly with saltwater crocodiles, but are saltwater tolerant.

An individual being eaten by an olive python has been filmed; it was reported to have succumbed after a struggle of around five hours.

Reproduction
Eggs are laid in holes during the Australian dry season (usually in August) and hatch at the beginning of the wet season (November/December). The crocodiles do not defend their nests during incubation. From one to five days prior to hatching, the young begin to call from within the eggs. This induces and synchronizes hatching in siblings and stimulates adults to open the nest. If the adult that opens a given nest is the female which laid the eggs is unknown. As young emerge from the nest, the adult picks them up one by one in the tip of its mouth and transports them to the water. Adults may also assist young in breaking through the egg shell by chewing or manipulating the eggs in its mouth.

Diet
Feeding in the wild, freshwater crocodiles eat a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate prey. These prey may include crustaceans, insects, spiders, fish, frogs, turtles, snakes, birds, and various mammals. Insects appear to be the most common food, followed by fish. Small prey is usually obtained by a 'sit-and-wait' method, whereby the crocodile lies motionless in shallow water and waits for fish and insects to come within close range, before they are snapped up in a sideways action. However, larger prey such as wallabies and water birds may be stalked and ambushed in a manner similar to that of the saltwater crocodile.

Digestive system
The crocodiles have teeth that have adapted for capturing and holding prey, and food is swallowed without chewing. The digestive tract is short, as their food is relatively simple to swallow and digest. The stomach has two compartments - a muscular gizzard that grinds food, and a digestive chamber where enzymes act on the food. The crocodile's stomach is comparatively more acidic than that of any other vertebrate and contains ridges that lead to the mechanical breakdown of food. Digestion takes place at a faster pace at high temperatures.

Circulation system
The hearts of other reptiles are designed to contain three sections, including two atria and one ventricle. The right atrium, which collects the returned deoxygenated blood and the left atrium, which collects the oxygenated blood collected from pulmonary arteries of the lung, takes the blood to a common ventricle. When just one ventricle is available to receive and mix oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and pump it to the body, the mixture of blood the body receives has relatively less oxygen. Crocodiles have a more complex vertebrate circulatory system, with a four-chambered heart, including two ventricles. Like birds and mammals, crocodiles have heart valves that direct blood flows in a single direction through the heart chambers. When under water, the crocodile's heart rate slows down to one to two beats a minute, and muscles receive less blood flow. When it comes out of the water and takes a breath, its heart rate speeds up in seconds, and the muscles receive oxygen-rich blood. Unlike many marine mammals, crocodiles have only a small amount of myoglobin to store oxygen in their muscles.

Conservation status
Until recently, the freshwater crocodile was common in northern Australia, especially where saltwater crocodiles are absent (such as more arid inland areas and higher elevations). In recent years, the population has dropped dramatically due to the ingestion of the invasive cane toad. The toad is poisonous to freshwater crocodiles, although not to saltwater crocodiles, and the toad is rampant throughout the Australian wilderness. The crocodiles are also infected by Griphobilharzia amoena, a parasitic trematode, in regions such as Darwin.

Relationship with humans
Although the freshwater crocodile does not attack humans as potential prey, it can deliver a nasty bite. Brief and rapidly abandoned attacks have occurred, and were likely the result of mistaken identity (mistaking a part of the human as a typical prey item). Other attacks have occurred in self defense when the crocodile was touched or approached too closely. No human fatalities are known to have been caused by this species. A few incidents have been reported where people have been bitten whilst swimming with freshwater crocodiles, and others incurred during scientific study. An attack by a freshwater crocodile on a human was recorded at Barramundi Gorge (also known as Maguk) in Kakadu National Park and resulted in minor injuries; the victim managed to swim and walk away from the attack. He had apparently passed directly over the crocodile in the water. In general, though, swimming with this species is still considered safe, so long as they are not aggravated. There has, however, been a freshwater crocodile attack at Lake Argyle.

title: Freshwater crocodile


text:
Talk:Sutton, Dublin

Gaeilge anyone?
Is there anybody who knows the Irish name of this town? --Pationl 04:40, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It's Cill Fhionntáin - Fintans' cell (a religious hermits' home).

Autarch 18:22, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

note: Image:Sutton.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Looking north from Sutton towards Ireland's Eye was removed and deleted in December 2005 for lack of source citation. But the Image tag remained up until now. The current photo named Sutton.jpg from the FBI is not relevant to this article. Please select a different name for any new photo matching this caption here. I have left the caption alone, as previously existing, for the value of its descripion.Steven Russell 05:55, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

portmarnock?
there's no relevance to linking the portmarnock sub-aqua club here. it's already on the portmarnock page, so i'm removing it here. JXM 18:31, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

St. Fintan's High School
I'd just like to point out that St Fintan's High School is in the parish of Baldoyle. Maybe that should be noted with it even if the address says Sutton. Gibsoninside 18:56, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Interesting point. You mean the Catholic parish? In terms of civic location, while we are not crediting sometimes absurd attempts to bring "Sutton" into Kilbarrack / Bayside, it has for centuries extended to the Baldoyle Road / Coast Road junction, and so does include the High School. Skir77 20:32, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Photo
I added this photo from Commons and it states it was taken at Sutton Beach; I wonder?? Sun indicates we are looking at Howth Head from the southwest across the bay; this seems more likely Sandymount Strand. Sarah777 (talk) 16:57, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * No, it's correctly labelled. It is taken from the Burrow Beach (a.k.a. the Hole-in-the-Wall Beach) on the north side of Sutton, looking north towards Lambay, with the edge of Ireland's Eye just visible at the extreme right of the photo. Lambay profile is similar to Howth Head OK, but not quite the same! Snalwibma (talk) 20:03, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that! At least I got the direction of the sunlight right :) Sarah777 (talk) 08:10, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Merge content from Greenfield Road and make Greenfield Road a redirect to Sutton, Dublin? Yes of course. Just do it. SNALWIBMA ( talk - contribs ) 11:06, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Now done, per WP:BOLD. SNALWIBMA ( talk - contribs ) 11:10, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Good move! I reckon "snalwibma" is an anagram or something; else your parents had a wicked sense of humour :) Sarah777 (talk) 23:47, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Saint Fintan's Well
The final sentence of the Religion section says: "Uphill from the older graveyard, in a wooden hut on private grounds, is the still-flowing holy well of St. Fintan. [13]"

Reference [13] actually says: "Up from the cemetery is a waste ground area that has had much infill with a very stony topsoil and gavel. It is now badly overgrown with much building rubble and high grass with tangled briar's. The spot where the holy well used to be has been much disturbed and covered with stony rubble and poor topsoil. Nothing of the well remains."

Looks like a complete contradiction to me, but I'm not in a position to verify if the well remains or not. My inclination is to go with what the reference says, since the statement that the holy well is still flowing and inside a building has no supporting citation. Tt 225 (talk) 23:52, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Very interesting, thanks for catching that. The statement in the article is correct, and the description given is wrong, but this needs to be referenced.  Will look into it.  SeoR (talk) 15:11, 29 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Read reference, and it is from an interested person but one not familiar with the area or well, trying to find it. They simply looked in slightly the wrong place.  There are several books with relevant references, will locate one within next few days. SeoR (talk) 15:14, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

Quality assessment
Could someone please reaccess this article TMN81 (talk) 14:44, 3 December 2017 (UTC)

Citation
Could someone please clean up the citations TMN81 (talk) 21:58, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

Photos
More photos of the area are needed this includes uploading photos from where the website permits.Any help would be appreciated. (TMN81 (talk) 17:44, 3 February 2018 (UTC))

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:52, 30 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Sutton from howth.jpg

title: Talk:Sutton, Dublin


text: Category:Former municipalities of Denmark


text:
User talk:King of Hearts/Archive/2

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

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Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

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Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 04:42, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC) (Yes, I am a real person)

Pythagoras
I removed several of the links you inserted on that page. I mean, come on, making links to common meals, exercise, religious study, etc, is not very helpful in this context. This is just an opinion, it could be hard to say for sure which way to go. So I trimmed just some of the links you put, and left most in place. Cheers, Oleg Alexandrov 05:24, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Football (elliptical)
Hi Tony, I moved that page back to "Football". Although your Template:redirect is very useful (I already inserted it in a number of places), it is not the right place to have it in that article (and therefore change the name). The name of "Football" and "Football (soccer)" have been debated ad nauseum, and this is the conscensus many have come up with. --Dryazan 02:56, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Voting for BJAODN suggestions
Hi Tony Jin, thanks for making suggestions on the BJAODN page. I'm always pleased to see someone new contributing! However, we do have a couple of rules on the page that I would like to point out.

 * 1) First, do not sign your own suggestions. The consensus of users on the page is that we don't want everyone to be staking out territory. A suggestion should stand or fall on its own weight, not because of who suggested it. Plus, if every suggestion was signed, the size of this already long page would almost double.
 * 2) Second, users should not vote on their own suggestions until someone else has voted on it. The reason for this is, if you vote on your own suggestion, it's pretty much the same as claiming it as your own. By having this rule, one knows that the first person to vote isn't the suggested title's author.

I have removed your vote from you "house divided" suggestion for these reasons. It's a good suggestion! And if someone else votes in favour of it, then you're free to vote, but please don't do so until then.

Rule-mongering aside, please feel free to make suggestions. We need the input on BJAODN!

Regards,   -- Kevyn (talk) 04:16, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

History of music on peer review
Hi, Tony, thanks for listing History of music on peer review. Unfortunately, nothing seems to have been done to fix the objections made last time the article was on FAC, and you have not made any reply to the user who complains about this on peer review. For these reasons, it is very unlikely that any other peer reviewer will comment. Could you please reply to Piotrus' criticism? If there is no response from you, I'm afraid I'll have to remove the listing as an inactive request. --Bishonen | talk 14:04, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, since you haven't replied to Piotrus or me, I've had to remove the listing. I do appreciate your wanting to see articles improved and listing them on peer review, but it's important that they are articles that you intend to work on yourself, and try to get up to Featured status, while dialoguing with the people who post advice. (Compare also Ludwig van Beethoven.) The list is not intended for asking other people to improve articles; it tends to become overlong and "dead" if it's used for that, and then the reviewers lose interest in posting comments. That's the reason "housekeepers" like me remove inactive requests. Please don't let it discourage you from listing articles that you do want to work on!--Bishonen | talk 12:38, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

COTW
Please note that the rules of voting for Collaboration of the Week candidates have changed. It is now allowed to vote for only three users on the list. I am not removing the votes you already gave, but any further votes will be removed if the rules are not followed. Any further discussion should take place on the Talk page of the project. Thanks. --Eleassar777 07:27, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Culture of Ancient Rome, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

Proposed deletion of Four-letter abbreviation

The article Four-letter abbreviation has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * Not a proper thing

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Amisom (talk) 12:40, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Four-letter abbreviation for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Four-letter abbreviation is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Four-letter abbreviation until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Amisom (talk) 18:38, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:King of Hearts/Archive/2


text:
Darwin Correa

Darwin Correa (born 23 August 1977) is an Uruguayan sprint canoer who competed in the mid-2000s. He won a bronze medal in the C-1 1000 m event at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo.

Correa also competed in the C-1 500 m and the C-1 1000 m events at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, but was eliminated in the semifinals of both events.

title: Darwin Correa


text:
User talk:Pationl

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 04:42, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC) (Yes, I am a real person)

eerste nl.wikimedia.org ontmoeting
ik zou iedereen graag willen uitnodigen te overwegen of zij een rol willen en/of kunnen spelen in de oprichting van een nederlandse wikimedia-organisatie. een eerste ontmoeting wordt momenteel georganiseerd, zie daarvoor hier, op de nl.wikimedia.org wiki. er zijn nog vele stappen te nemen, en meer wikianen nodig, om e.e.a. op verantwoorde wijze verder te ontwikkelen. Radiant_ >|< 10:50, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, ik kijk daar regelmatig, bedankt! --Patio 08:52, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling to someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Smile to others by adding {{subst:smile}}, {{subst:smile2}} or {{subst:smile3}} to their talk pages. Happy editing!

Sutton
Apologies for the delay in replying. Glad to hear that the name for Sutton was of interest. I think Irish may also have been influenced by Ecclesiastical Latin or Medieval Latin, particularly in relation to religion, so that may also be a topic you might be interested in. Autarch 18:03, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Message in Wikiquote
Dear Pationl, I've posted on your user talk page in wikiquote a notice about use of minor edit button, edit summaries and about uncited claims about a living person. Andjam (talk) 13:17, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

RE: Utopia pic
Hello Patio! It is actually a great news to know that my work is being used around! — Delemon (talk) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.15.177.55 (talk) 22:53, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you for correcting my user page.

Mark Coenraats (talk) 22:03, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Verrek, ik heb nou pas door dat jij het bent! Alles goed? Ik kom hier af en toe buurten en ik kwam via de NL-kroeg Archaic Dutch declension tegen. Wat een gedrocht! Ik heb op de OP aldaar een kritiek gezet, maar nog geen reactie. Zie je snel! Groet, Mark Coenraats (talk) 22:06, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Transparent Getronics logo.gif
 Thanks for uploading File:Transparent Getronics logo.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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title: User talk:Pationl


text:
User talk:Hard Raspy Sci

With justifiable lack of warning, I have moved....send any comments or communications to:

 * User talk:HRS IAM

Environmental preservation
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Environmental preservation, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add  to the top of Environmental preservation. Fléêťflämẽ U-T-C 01:25, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of List of environmental topics (0-9)
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article List of environmental topics (0-9), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * Based on the discussion here, the contents of this list have been incoporated into List of environmental topics, thus making this list redundant.

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. — G716  <T·C> 03:04, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Weather wars

A tag has been placed on Weather wars requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about something invented/coined/discovered by the article's creator or someone they know personally, and it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. FriarTuck1981 (talk) 07:17, 27 February 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Weather war

The article Weather war has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Only 1 ref. and doesn't meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for neologisms"

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Nomination for deletion of Template:Space-based meteorological observation
Template:Space-based meteorological observation has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. fgnievinski (talk) 04:27, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hard Raspy Sci


text:
User talk:Houchun007

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Welcome, newcomer!

Here are some useful tips to ease you into the Wikipedia experience:

 * First, take a look at the Wikipedia Tutorial, and perhaps dabble a bit in the test area.
 * When you have some free time, take a look at the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines. They can come in very handy!
 * Remember to use a neutral point of view!
 * If you need any help, feel free to post a question at the Help Desk
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Also, here are some odds and ends that I find useful from time to time:

 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can most easily reach me by posting on my talk page.

You can sign your name on any page by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~~~~.

Best of luck, and have fun!

ClockworkSoul 04:42, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Houchun007


text:
Australian rodeo

Rodeos have long been a popular competitor and spectator sport in Australia, but were not run on an organised basis until the 1880s.

History
The term buck-jumping, as a regular activity involving horses, was in use in Australia by 1855. Newspaper reports recorded public roughriding events that took place in Victoria during the 1880s. These events included competitions for roughriding and bullock-throwing which was accomplished by riding up to bullock, grabbing its tail and throwing it off balance and then tying its legs. This competition arose from the stockman's skill in capturing feral or wild cattle.

The National Agricultural Society of Victoria ran one of the earliest recorded events in 1888, when a roughriding competition was held at their annual show.

During the 1890s there were many Australian and some international Wild West shows travelling the country. Wirth's Wild West Show travelled Australia until the banks' crash in 1893. They then toured England, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa and South America.

Proprietors such as Thorpe McConville, plus the outstanding buckjump riders; Lance Skuthorpe, Australian Indigenous roughrider Billy Waite, the Gill family, Bibby Bros and Colin McLeod ran travelling roughriding shows. These shows increased the popularity of roughriding throughout much of Australia. In 1908 the Australian Buckjumpers Limited were formed and featured celebrated roughriders including Waite, Jack Dempster, Fred Morton and Cecil Miller. The travelling rodeos provided displays of riding bucking horses and bullocks, whipcracking, performing dogs and ponies and rope-spinning. By 1930 the Great Depression left only a few of these travelling shows on the road.

The equipment used by early roughriders consisted of a poley saddle or exercise pad, without stirrups or a crupper and a chest rein that ran from the girth to the rider's hand, leaving him without any control of the buckjumper's head. Bullock and bareback riders were still permitted to use two hands at this stage. During 1927 a rodeo organised in Adelaide, South Australia attracted an estimated 50,000 spectators. Melbourne staged a Wild West Show in 1934 which hired top Australian riders as well as a number of visiting cowboys. Following the success of the rodeo events at the Melbourne show the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales (NSW) planned an international rodeo for its 1935 Sydney Royal Easter Show and continued to invite international cowboys to its show.

Bushmen's Carnivals, the Australian equivalents of American rodeos, originated in Northern New South Wales in the 1920s and were well established by the 1930s. In 1930 Warwick, Queensland added the American-style contests of clowns, ropers and trick riders to its programme to promote more public interest. These carnivals were sports days that held the main event of campdrafting, plus buckjumping, bullock (or steer) riding and bullock throwing. During World War II many Queensland towns such as Charters Towers, Goondiwindi, Hughenden, Ingham, Rockhampton and Toowoomba held rodeos to raise money for hospitals and returned soldiers. The end of the war saw a revival of the carnivals and the birth of the tradition of donating proceeds to local charities, service organisations and sporting clubs. Some small town rodeos such as those held at Burketown, Queensland (population 173) have donated around $36,000 to the Royal Flying Doctor Service. Bushmen's carnivals are held in the main country towns of the cattle country across the eastern states of Australia and South Australia.

In 1944 Sydney was the centre of rodeo being the home to the Ladies' Rodeo Club, and competitions that attracted all of the top roughriders, plus American cowboys from Arizona, California and Texas.

By the late 1960s Australian roughriders were known as cowboys and rode broncs instead of buckjumpers. American clothing now, too, replaced the previously worn R.M. Williams clothing. Americans and Canadians were many decades ahead of Australia in developing and promoting rodeo as a professional sport and entertainment.

Mount Isa, Queensland staged a major rodeo in 1977 which attracted 30,000 people and in September 1978 riders from the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia competed in the World Rodeo Titles at the showground for prize-money totalling $60,000. The Royal Agricultural Society (RAS) Show in Sydney held rodeo competitions in 1980 between Australian and Canadian roughriders and have continued to have other international competitions. In 1982 an Australian Bushmen's Carnival Association team competed in the North American Rodeo Commission's championships in Denver, Colorado, finishing sixth overall.

Events
Original events included buckjumping (saddle broncs), bullock riding, campdrafting, bulldogging, wild-cow milking, wild bullock races, wild horse races and releasing the surcingle. Other common sporting events such as flag and bending races (similar to pole bending) were held for the competitors' horses.

Later the term "rodeo" became more commonly used, with American saddles used and the events took on American naming patterns. The ABCRA now affiliates the sports of campdrafting, roughriding (also known as the roughstock events -- saddle bronc and bareback riding, steer and bull riding) and timed rodeo events: barrel races (ladies and junior), rope and tie (known as calf roping in North America), steer wrestling, junior calf riding, team roping and breakaway roping (ladies).

The wild horse race begins with untamed horses in the chutes. Teams of three people then run to the chutes and saddle the horses. One member of the group must then ride the horse across a finish line in the arena, ahead of any other riders. The wild bullock race is conducted in a similar manner to the wild horse race. In the steer undecorating event a competitor has a hazer to keep the steer running straight, while the woman attempts to remove a ribbon from the steer's shoulder as fast as possible.

In 1977 Mrs. Irene Kinast of Warwick Queensland, was the driving force behind the establishment of the national Miss Rodeo Australia Contest, with the first Miss Rodeo Australia being Sharon McTaggart from Victoria. Irene Kinast went on to build close links with Miss Rodeo America, Miss Rodeo Canada and also helped to commence Miss Rodeo New Zealand. She remained chairman and organiser for 10 years, securing major sponsorship and prizes. During this time reciprocal visits between Australia, America and Canada were undertaken by the winners of the national pageant in each country.

In 1992 the National Rodeo queen Quest was founded by the National Rodeo Council of Australia to promote and encourage young women into the sport of Rodeo.

Carnivals and rodeos typically take place during the spring and summer, and are usually arranged to avoid date clashes, so that competitors may take part in as many events as possible. The prize money is obtained from donations and entry fees, with the main prize money being for the open campdraft event.

The biggest rodeos are in Queensland, with the National Titles Rodeo held on the Gold Coast, the Mount Isa Rotary Rodeo, Mareeba rodeo and Warwick Rodeo where there are prestigious campdraft events in addition to rodeo events. Some of the large events in New South Wales are at Tamworth which runs a big rodeo at the Australian Equine and Livestock Events Centre, Sydney has the large (RAS) show and Walcha holds a four-day campdrafting and rodeo competition annually. Omeo, Victoria also holds a large rodeo, with lucrative prize money for the bronc riding competition.

Livestock
Some of the outstanding early buckjumpers were "Bobs", "Rocky Ned" and later the grey mare, "Curio". "Rocky Ned" was known as the "four-legged fury" and became somewhat a legend with several riders including Jack Reilly, Gordon Attwater and Lyn Smith claiming to be the first or only one to ride him. Gordon Attwater is the one rider who has an undisputed claim to success, when he rode "Rocky Ned" in 1929 at Grafton, New South Wales. Attwater suffered for several days afterwards, though. At 27 years of age, "Rocky Ned" was still Australia's most famous buckjumper. He was bucked at the Thorpe McConville shows from 1934 to 1940 and was unridden during this time.

During the early days of bushmen's carnivals the local committees owned their own buckjumpers (broncos) which were agisted by local graziers. Local residents also supplemented these mobs with rogue buckjumpers that were difficult to ride. The cattle, bullocks, steers and calves were and still are owned by local graziers that lend them for the campdrafting and rodeo events. Nowadays stock contractors supply both associations with buckjumpers, bulls, dogging steers and calves for the roping events. Contract stock has produced a more uniform range of bucking stock which are also quieter to handle.

Chainsaw was one of Australia's most famous bucking bulls. Only nine contestants scored on him and he won the Australian national title of Bull of the Year a world record eight times during 1987 to 1994.

There are strict standards for the selection, care and treatment of rodeo livestock, arenas, plus equipment requirements and specifications.

Riders
The early buckjumper riders were known as roughriders. Australian cowboys at that time were the youths or old men that handled the milking cows on stations and did general duties around the homestead.

Some of the top roughriders of the 1920s included Alan McPhee, Colin McLeod, Dan Edwards, Hilton McTaggart and Jack Stanton. In 1964 Queenslander, Doug Flanigan, became the first Australian to win a major competition when he won the bareback ride at the Calgary Stampede.

The Australian Bushmen's Campdraft & Rodeo Association (ABCRA) members who are winners and placegetters in recognised events are awarded points that are used to determine inductees into the annual National Champions Hall of Fame. John Caban, Glenn Morgan, Ron Raynor and Kevin Cooper are among the most successful inductees with at least ten awards each. Top riders from the APRA include Bernie Smythe jnr., Bonnie Young, Vic Gough, Ray Crawford, John Duncombe, Doug Flanigan, Shane Kenny, Darren Clarke, Brad Pierce, Scott Fraser and Jim McGuire who was All-Round Champion Cowboy five times (1967, 1969, 1970, 1975 and 1976). In 1988 Dave Appleton from Clermont, Queensland won the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association All-Around Rodeo Championship in America. Bernie Smythe won Australian titles before gaining international successes during 1990 and 1992, in Canada, where he now lives. In 1997 and 1998 Australian, Troy Dunn became the top bull rider of the world. Glenn O'Neill from NSW, moved to the United States and dramatically increased his earnings there, before becoming the world champion bronco rider in 2002 and a runner-up the following year.

Carl Green from Walcha, New South Wales was a winner of the 2009 National High School Finals Rodeo "All Around Rookie Cowboy" at Farmington, New Mexico.

Violet Skuthorpe was an outstanding lady roughrider, who in 1938, was invited to join the McCoy's Wild West Show in America and she (then 15) toured there along with her mother and brother Lance, 19. Also travelling with the show were three other Australians, Art Creasy, Jack Watson and Ron McPhee. Violet was billed as the "World's Champion Lady Buckjump Rider" after the American tour. Kitty Gill, Gladys Gill and Beryl Riley were other notable lady roughriders. In 1947 the ARRA decided that women competitors should have their stirrups tied. It is estimated that there were about 20 to 25 women who regularly competing in about 1944 to 1951. Later more there were more women competing as rodeos became more popular. Nowadays the women's events consist of barrel racing, breakaway roping and steer undecorating. Marie Edwards won the ABCRA All-Round Cowgirl a record five times from 1988 to 1994.

Governing organisations
In August 1944 the Australian Bushmen's Carnival Association (ABCA) was formed by the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales, as a result of the increase in the number of bushmen's carnivals. The purpose of this formation was to standardise regulations and rules, but insufficient support was given and the association was terminated in 1947. Another national association, for professional riders, the Australian Rough Rider's Association (ARRA) was formed on 1 January 1945 with Ron Boardman as chairman and R. M. Williams as secretary. Later that year this association adapted and adopted American rules and regulations for their competitions. They held their first rodeos in South Australia and the "Hoofs & Horns" magazine publicised and supported this group. The ARRA adopted a standard saddle, for the buckjumping, which had a 15-inch tree, 2¼ inch kneepads and was held in place with a crupper and girth. In 1988 the ARRA changed their name to the Australian Professional Rodeo Association (APRA).

On 28 March 1946 the Northern (N.S.W.) Bushmen's Carnival Association was founded at Maitland, New South Wales. The name was again changed in 1960 to the Australian Bushmen's Carnival Association. On 17 July 1985 the association became a company limited by guarantee, and had yet another name change, to the Australian Bushmen's Campdraft & Rodeo Association (ABCRA). The ARRA had more good roughriders though, and in 1957 in a Sydney Royal Show competition between the top 25 roughriders from each association the ARRA riders won all of the events.

These two associations gained considerable support and most local bodies are affiliated with one or other of them. They provided affiliated committees by co-ordinating and assisting all carnivals with standard gear, rules for events and a form of insurance against injuries sustained in competitions. The ABCRA has over 4,800 members and many more 'day competitors', which makes it the largest rodeo and campdraft organisation in Australia. This association has approximately 200 affiliated committees across the country running events that attract numerous competitors and many hundreds of thousands of spectators annually.

In May 1992 the National Rodeo Council of Australia (NRCA) was formed to further the sport of rodeo and has represented the following associations:
 * Australian Bushmen's Campdraft & Rodeo Association (ABCRA)
 * Australian Professional Bull Riders Association (APBA)
 * Central Rodeo Cowboys Association (CRCA)
 * Indigenous Rodeo Riders Australia (IRRA)
 * National Student Rodeo Association (NSRA)
 * National Rodeo Association (NRA)
 * Northern Cowboys Association (NCA)
 * Queensland Rodeo Association (QRA)
 * Rodeo Services Association (RSA)
 * West Coast Rodeo Circuit (WCRC)

title: Australian rodeo


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Talkback
Northamerica1000(talk) 14:21, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

Please don't tag works in progress
Your recent drive-by tagging of the OA&PS article is unneeded. I assume you didn't see the history, which would have demonstrated this to be a work in progress. Maury Markowitz (talk) 14:51, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

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 * to cycling activities, the club has featured skating, baseball ,[Ice hockey], curling, and ten-pin bowling. In 1953, the club decided to focus exclusively on curling

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your past blog: http://donwatcher.blogspot.ca/2009/09/elevated-wetlands.html
Hi, I realize that this was quite some time ago, but I found some information in my teacher resource searching that led me to your past blog. In case you didn't already know the history (which I doubt), here are a couple of pages from a Teacher Resource booklet sponsored by a Council of the Canadians Plastic Industry Association (hopefully attached, but the name is "The Elevated Wetlands: Teaching Resource: Grade 6,7,8"). One has to be aware of the obvious bias in the mentioned resource book, but it is still interesting why the "wetlands" were created, and that they probably do do an okay job of filtering the water from the Don. Is there a plaque or anything describing what is happening in the "wetlands"? The trees seem small for their age... they would have been 12 years old at the time of your blog. Brian

A heads-up
You moved Castle Frank to Castle Frank Brook.

I think this was a bad idea. Castle Frank is now, and was then, a notable topic, meriting a standalone article.

I looked at the version you redirected, and I do not agree that it was mainly about the brook. Geo Swan (talk) 04:28, 11 June 2019 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Atrian


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User talk:Miq

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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ClockworkSoul 04:44, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hello. Think that Fruska Gora National Park should not be if you provided correct link. That site is official site of Serbian gov. According Copywrith Law of Serbia products of gov. bodies should be. --Ninam 21:18, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the heads up. I reverted and removed the note from CP page. Miq 22:59, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sharpeville Six
Nice stub! Always good to see another link on List_of_missing_Africa_topics go blue... --Dvyost 22:14, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Question
I see you redirected Outrage! to OutRage!. I think it might be better if this were left in its previous state as a redirect to Outrage (a disambiguation page) since there is also a board game called "Outrage!". I would love to hear your thoughts on this! Thanks, Dar-Ape 18:32, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Doh! Didn't bother to check the history, it's reverted now. Miq 18:43, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Vruk
I have added a "" template to the article Vruk, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached.--Matt 11:57, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Stop your vandalism
Please stop vandalizing the leg warmers page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.117.206.101 (talk) 21:29, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

I didn't vandalize anything. why did you simply accuse me of something I didn't do? I have a dynamic IP and it was not me who made changes to any of the pages you mentioned. My user name is aj1976122.164.54.30 (talk) 04:51, 21 October 2008 (UTC)
 * By vandalism I meant this and this edit. I'm sorry for the inconvenience but there's no other way of warning vandals using dynamic IP. Miq (talk) 13:09, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Miq