text:
Talk:Ohio Wesleyan University/Archive 3

NPOV?
"The accolades and lavish praise really belongs in a sub-section of its own towards the bottom of the listing."

You are raising good points. They are in a separate section now anyway. Everything is NPOV. All articles mention rankings and some kind of numbers about the colleges. Check out Oberlin College, Kenyon College, Wesleyan University. Nothing is against Wiki's policy. Unfortunately, unless there is some kind of policy in Wiki that says that references to publications can not be here, they can stay. I suggest we expand the section about academic departments. You seem to know a lot about the college. Would you like to contribute in the section about academic departments? Thanks.

rananim 02:22, 3 jan 2005 (UTC)

I do not believe the article is written from a neutral point of view. It's style and content are designed to advertise, rather than inform. The worst error is the style, using complex organization and sentence structures and off-topic factoids in the style of brochures.

Bad organization :

 * General facts about students, like how many there are, where they come from, and so on are scattered throughout the article. This leads to such absurdities as the number of current home states and countries of students appearing in the History section.
 * "Wesleyan's reputation of being one of the liberal arts colleges with highest percentage of international students among liberal arts colleges in the United States" or something similar is mentioned in full detail in two different places.

Bad style :

 * a considerable percent of international students from all over the world. International students, are, by common assumptions, from all over the world.
 * is among the oldest of the numerous Methodist universities in the U.S. and abroad. This can easily be shortened to the much better "is one of the oldest Methodist universities".
 * The Leon A. Beeghly Library houses a central collection of more than 480,000 items, including rare books, manuscripts, art, microfilm, and federal government publications. Its Audio Visual Center includes a learning laboratory, multimedia classrooms, and individual viewing/listening rooms. Listing items found in most university libraries is not informative.
 * Wesleyan's acceptance rate is 68%, but the application pool is undoubtedly stronger than many schools with lower rates as shown in Princeton Review's analysis of peer schools, defined by the number of students applying to similar institutions. According to the 2005 edition of Princeton Review,many of these students applying to Ohio Wesleyan University are also applying to schools like Harvard, Cornell, Vassar and Kenyon. This can easily be simplified.

Unsupported assertions :

 * An extraordinary percentage of students participate in volunteer initiatives on and off campus. What percentage according to who ?
 * A general sense of community service and activism permeates the campus. The school has passed resolutions or adopted formal policies committing themselves not to invest in World Bank bonds" according to the Center for Economic Justice in Washington, DC. How exactly does avoiding one investment support the first sentence ?

These aren't the only instances, they indicate the general problems with the article. The article needs to be reorganized so that related ideas aren't flung throughout and it needs succinct writing. It doesn't have to be against the college or even uninteresting, but its first goal is to impartially inform. It can never be verbose, factoid-tossing advertising copy, as it is now.

68.112.220.182 19:54, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dear user:68.112.220.182 I don't know who you are, but I love you for making the above observations. Thank you, thank you, thank you!

If you will read back through the correspondence that I have had with user:rananim (and his various IP address Identities) his intent has been not facts, but what he thinks the article should be; in some cases he has eliminated facts because he thinks it reads better his way. Frankly, I don't care who overhauls this, but I will help anyone who is interested in making this fact based instead of having it written to "impress".

In wikiworld, is this considered Avoid peacock terms?

Votes for Deletion Ohio Wesleyan Building Entries
Hi all, this is just a heads-up that I've listed all the stubs of the OWU buildings (Bigelow-Rice Hall, Wesleyan, Edgar Hall, Wesleyan, Sturges Hall, Wesleyan, University Hall, Wesleyan, Elliott Hall, Wesleyan, Slocum Hall, Wesleyan, Conrades•Wetherell Science Center, Wesleyan, Phillips Hall, Wesleyan) at Votes for deletion/Ohio Wesleyan buildings. You should feel free to make your voices heard there if you care one way or the other. — Asbestos | Talk 18:48, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Asbestos- Thanks for addressing these listings.  I'm voting for their deletion.  [[user: stude62 talk:stude62]] 19:05, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The result of the VfD was to merge. The articles have been placed on this page, and, now, here, they can be edited as would any other part of the article (e.g. further merged into a single section, or have not-as-important buildings removed). The original articles have been deleted and turned into redirects. — Asbestos | Talk 22:16, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion: Template:Wesleyan
I have listed Template:Wesleyan for deletion. It was used incorrectly in the article and serves no real purpose considering that it has been suggested that the building articles that this references are in VFD.

You can place your vote at Templates for deletion

[[user: stude62 talk:stude62]] 01:55, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Look whose back!
Apparently our friend Rananim, Ranamim, etc. is back trying to return this article to a subjective format.[[user: stude62 talk:stude62]] 02:33, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Re: Look who is back
I am not sure what the right grammar of "Look whose back" but that says a lot about you. Check the IP before you make strange accusations.

208.131.191.117 21:39, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Facts
Recent reverts were made with the intent to bring this artcile toward NPOV. Facts should be current and relevent to the article. A previous contributor, acting as the articles guardian has tried to move this article away from fact and more towards their expirience and personal feelings regarding to the school. Wikipedia is not a place were personal biases should govern factual content. Factual content must be kept as current as possible. The logical progression of the article must make sense. Once someone begins to fabricate what they "feel" is the truth, (even when it is in conflict with 150+ years of documented history) the integrity of the article is no longer trustworthy.

To the user who has appeared under various I.P. Addresses and user names, I invite you to settle on one user name (instead of identity shifting as have been documented as doing) and post your personal feelings about OWU there, where they can live on without causing a conflict with facts. user: stude62 talk:stude62 18:03, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)

User Stude62
Your accusations about username Rananim is very impolite and insulting. I will start a page with request for comments about user Stude62 because your allegations in all of your posts have never been proven. You have deleted a lot of information which is not about feelings but factual information from PR and various other sources. They have been most recently added back by various users which can be seen in the history.

I will start a page about user Stude62 to ensure that his behavior is not systematic with other pages that he vandalizes.

Patnaik 22:40, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * My, Patnaik, you've had a good first day of edits. You went straight to Ohio Wesleyan University and immediately "defended" Rananim (here's your edit history in case you wanted to see yourself). Congratulations!
 * Seriously though, Ranamim, I've stayed out of your arguments since our scuffle ended up getting you unnecessarily blocked, but, what is this, your fourth pseudonym? Ranamim, John69, Rananim, Patnaik... Grow up a little. The username Ranamim was only blocked for 24 hours, so there was never any need to create new users.   — Asbestos | Talk 23:37, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

____

 * Patnaik- I also find it interesting that not only did you just begin your "Wikipedia" user name January 20, 2004, but that the only things that you have interacted on is the OWU article (8 times) and two edits against me, personally. You also do seem to defend Rananim, and you also write, edit and attack others as he does, how odd. I'm amused by you finding my conversations with and comments on Rananim, (in which I call him/her on the carpet for shape shifting and subjective trivial edits) "insulting"; if anyone has a right a right to take umbridge with me, its Rananim, not you!  This is exactly why I feel that you (and the I.P. addresses that show up just to restore Rananim's handy-work in this) is all a charade.  I suspect sock puppet tactics; and the FACT pattern that Rananim (et.al.) creates, points exactly in that direction.

 * As for the content of the article that you find not to your liking, its much more compliance with university's media relations department and NPOV standards on Wikipedia than Rananim's handiwork. I asked user:Silsor to make an edit on the article in order to have a totally neutral third party get input into the entry.  If Silsor had found value in Rananim's SPOV ramblings, then he would have restored the article to a state it was at the end of Rananim's rambles.  user: stude62 talk:stude62 15:37, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Re: Asbestos, Stude62
What is odd? That people edit the page about OWU? I have not defended anyone. User Stude62 does exactly what he accuses Rananim of doing...vandalizing, deleting and changing the text to his own taste. He has made a lot of meaningful contributions (not to the OWU pages) but a lot of it has been plain vandalizing to the Ohio Wesleyan page. Not to add that he seems to be unrelated to the university, so his knowledge about facts is based on ....hmmmmmmm...what? Yes, is it very strange that there are other students and alumni of Ohio Wesleyan who feel they can have a voice on this article, but do not contribute to other pages? Absurd? Right? 20,000alumni and if anyone of them makes a change to this page that doesn't suit your taste, it is Ranamim, Rananim and whoever else a paranois person suspects to be usernames for the same person?

Asbestos, as for your pseudonyms comment...Just because one makes changes that you don't like (and Stude62), be it from Delaware (and from wherever else the other IPs came from)...yes, it is the same super-user capable of teleporting in various locations to suit your theory..and make changes to a single page on the internet. What will you say if one accused you of the same thing about you, Stude62, RickR and the many users that happen to defend on a particular issue?

My job is done here...

However, I will start a comments page and see what other people have to say about Stude62. Asbestos, feel free to add your positive comment about the username. This is primarily to ensure that Stude62's behavior is not systematic and he does not vandalize which some users on the OWU page feel he has been doing.

user:Patnaik talk:Patnaik 15:37, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Patnaik - I'm humored by your pseudonym comment - no one ever mentioned half of those locations.  What I do know about this monkey business is far more than you give me credit for. You can start a comment page on me, and I will do the same to you and all of your IDs. But no matter what you attempt to do to me, the facts surrounding you looks very strange, and even stranger that someone would just drop out of the sky, into Wikipedia, start making the same types of reverts that Rananim makes and then go for my throat.  You know what else looks odd?  How Rananim, just like, all his other personalities has disapeared, just to be replaced by you. Isn't that queer? Do we see a pattern? Imagine that! user: stude62 talk:stude62 01:17, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * "This is primarily to ensure that Stude62's behavior is not systematic and he does not vandalize which some users on the OWU page feel he has been doing."  Patnaik, can I ask who these other users are, aside from Rananim and you?  user: stude62 talk:stude62 01:40, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Silsor - great edit!
Silsor - Great edit and clean up on the alumni section!user: stude62 user talk:stude62 13:49, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Silsor - bad edits!
Your edits correcting the typos are much appreciated! Your efforts to remove "plagiarism" (since when a word or two in edits like "Asian expert" constitute plagiarism?!?) were rather BAD. For example:

Edit 1: Ezra Vogel: removing "regarded as an expert on Asian issues" and leaving "tenured professor" is rather stupid. Not only that it removes what is widely accepted as a fact in the scholarly community in Asian Studies (I, myself, have happened to read a lot of Vogel's work in my development classes on Asia), but it leaves only the text "tenured professor" which by itself is hardly anything to note anywhere...you might as well include the hundreds of other OWU alumni who happen to be tenured professors elsewhere...

Edit 2: James F. Huhn...removed "a pioneer in the development of plastics and synthetic fibers" and left just his name...how would anyone know what this guy James F. Huhn is notable for?!

Note that pretty much all of your edits removed the part that makes one notable and pretty much left just names. Again, if this isn't obviously odd in a section called Notable Alumni, then...

A general note about the direction of arguments on this page:

I don't wish to waste my time in arguing about issues of this sort...I mean I believe your efforts are perhaps guided by some personal animosity due to the Edinburgh "astronomer" and the so-called journalist or something...well, good for you. I can contribute (and perhaps occasionally do so here) in places where my efforts are not obstructed by people of questionable capabilities on topics that they know nothing about. This applies to Stude62, who somehow claims to be a journalist, yet, every other sentence on this page contains a grammatical error; his edits to the OWU page introduced quite a few typos in the article. Believe me, I very much appreciate well-reasoned criticism offered by smart people, especially on topics where I feel I know something about. Nothing more rewarding about this kind of "challenge". Sadly, most of the people who side with Asbestos on arguments related to this article have no knowledge whatsoever about OWU and therefore this a battle among people of very different cadres. Of course, the long-awaited edits by the Media Relations department at Wesleyan (which was probably supposed to be some kind of threat offered by Stude62 to make me shit in my pants) will never come because there is nothing to correct that was claimed to be a subjective opinion of mine...he can feel comfortable making such edits since he never went to OWU, never worked for OWU or never knew anything about OWU as opposed to me who is related to the university...Therefore, we never heard WHAT SPECIFICALLY was subjective. (I am very curious how they blew him off after hearing his absurd claims). Instead, there was restructuring of the article around topics that fitted Stude62's tastes. That's fine. I wish you could make the same kind of edits on college pages where a lot more "stakeholders" are involved. For instance, notice the super POV language in the very first two paragraphs of Wesleyan (CT). Guess why you won't have the guts to go there?

Finally, Asbestos and Stude62, I haven't disappeared...I posted as Rananim (I didn't know that I could still post with this nick) and that's all..that's why it was amusing for me to see your accusations about other people (really). Some people call this kind of phenomenon paranoia...I am not an expert in this area, so I will not qualify your comments and their psychological significance. I simply refused to get involved in your pointless "discussions". A simple internal cost-benefit analysis prevents me from spending my time in such a way.

Ranamim 06:05, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, could you repeat that? silsor 06:11, Jan 26, 2005 (UTC)

Repeat what? Can't you read? Ranamim 06:15, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems your only objection to my edits is that I removed pieces of text saying what people are notable for. If you want to rewrite them then be my guest, but I don't see how I am obligated to rewrite the text that other people have stolen when I remove it.  Yes, those were instances of plagiarism, because plagiarism is representing other people's work as your own.  If you copied more than three or four words without attribution for a paper in a course for this university you seem to like so much, you would be lucky if your professor only tore it up. silsor 20:17, Jan 26, 2005 (UTC)

What?!?
Are you saying that "regarded as an America's top Asian expert" in reference to Vogel is plagiarism just because you found it or found a similarly worded sentence somewhere as someone else's "opinion"? Excuse me, but this is neither original nor a revolutionary idea to qualify for plagiarism at all.

Guess what...would you say "George W. Bush is the current president of the U.S." is plagiarized just because you found it on 100 Internet pages (even though I just came up with this super brilliant idea in less than a second...)?

I can not come up with anything that doesn't say what you found about Vogel simply because he IS regarded as a top expert on Asia...if you are nitty-picky about the definition of plagiarism you should remove anything that paraphrases this into anything similar since it captures the same idea. If that's your definition of plagiarism, I am afraid I should tell you that you will never be able to produce anything original since you will be reinventing the wheel over and over again...and hence lose sight of what it is that you borrow (since it either makes absolutely no sense to reinvent it again or it widely regarded as truth) and what it is that you produce by yourself.

In reference to this, telling me that an alumni list is plagiarised from somewhere is like telling me that someone plagiarized from the phone book!!! When you hear that from someone who is not a programmer or not cognitively challenged, then you can tell me that I sound like a buffoon.

Ranamim 00:17, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) You have no idea what you're talking about
 * 2) Incidentally, searching for "George W. Bush is the current president of the U.S." on Google returns zero results
 * 3) Yes, copying short phrases word-for-word is plagiarism, if you did it in school you'd face academic punishment
 * 4) Just because anybody can edit Wikipedia doesn't mean our standards are low
 * 5) You're using an awful lot of words to avoid saying this one little thing: "Yes, silsor, I did copy and paste those unique phrases from other web sites!"

silsor 00:53, Jan 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Silsor, Ranamim, it seems to me like the way to avoid plagiarism is simply to cite your sources. For example, instead of removing "Originator of lighted night football games.", which was copied from, you could simply add that web site to a new "References" section at the bottom of the article.  Whether some text is copied word-for-word or rephrased, you're still supposed to cite your sources to aviod plagiarism.  dbenbenn | talk 20:33, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Re: Silsor

 * 1) Perhaps
 * 2) Literal-minded people? I love them.
 * 3) Really? If they are names??
 * 4) You surely know a lot about high standards.
 * 5) See my response from last week, "buddy".

Ranamim 19:03, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Edits in Academics

 * In the Academic section, I removed tenured on the listing above - Its immaterial. I also removed "widly used" from Applegate's listing because "widley used" is subjective.  Stating that the book is in its fourth edition speaks to its popularity and its based on fact. user: stude62 user talk:stude62 00:53, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

stude62 and Dyslexia, etc.
stude62, I find it very amusing to see that you are admitting to your dyslexia just right before I was about to make a "comment" about how dyslectic and "anemic" the OWU article became after your involvement. It reads like a draft with random one line sentences all over the place. In fact, the logical order of information is questionable. I don't see one-sentence or two-sentence paragraphs with typos all that often. And if I do, they rarely constitute a good model for writing, even in encyclopedias. I suppose that's some kind of innovative way of writing, which one day will get you a literary award. For the record: I realize there are limitations that you have and I am not making fun of them. We are all imperfect in some ways. However, the way I deal with my own imperfections is by staying out of areas that involve a heavy use of them. (and I certainly don't emphasize how great I am in them because there are a lot of areas that I am quite incompetent). It seems to me that you are doing the opposite. You even claimed that you "improved" the pages. Perhaps you get some short-term pleasant feeling of getting what you want but objectively, the writing is not only horrible but also contains a lot of errors. I will correct them when I find the time. For the time being, you seem to revert edits from me...so I'll let other people find your grammar errors and correct them so that you don't accuse me of "protecting" the page or adding subjective information. In the real world, the market corrects involvements of such types by pricing them at their worth (writers included)...so I am not that worried about the long-term outcome.

Requests: Please don't change my message titles and what I write because I don't do the same with what you write. In fact, it is to my advantage that I leave them the way you write them so people can see them as indicators of your "improvements" wherever and whatever they might be. Also, please address me with the nick that I use to sign my messages since I have never requested or allowed you to address me with other names. In the internet world, there are always good reasons to use nicks and not real names...I noticed you share this opinion on your own profile.

Ranamim 19:23, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Ranamim, I can underdstand posting this on my talk page, but copying your pysch games and posting them here posting them again, here is not only childish, but also immaterial to the article at hand. It reflects worse on you then on me.user: stude62 user talk:stude62 20:47, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Bad writing & Stude62
What?!?

All I am saying is that you introduced LOTS of typos and your contributions added a rather bad style of writing (For instance, I've never seen good writing with one-sentence paragraphs and lack of any logical links between paragraphs, which were added by YOU).

You blame it on some kind of mental disability. All I am saying is: Fine, I am sorry to hear that you have it, but please don't claim that you improve an article by making it obviously worse due your dyslexia which somehow happens to be exhibited in just about every sentence that you edit.

Adding my comment here is perfectly alright. This is what this page is about: OWU, its article and its contributors. My comments concern your additions to this article. I don't really care about a discussion on your profile. It is much more relevant here! And please don't call me childish. I understand why you want to sound like two of the people who I've had arguments with (Jmabel and Asbestos) but my accusations are neither childish not unreasonable. This is a rather serious issue which warrants no accusations of this calibre.

Ranamim 02:17, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

My son has dyslexia. What a horrible thing to say to somebody, and childish! Shame on you! Jrossman 02:35, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I am off. Which part do you find particularly "horrible"? If you mean blunt=childish, then I agree that I am "childish". Or do you think that what I say is true, but insensitive? If that's the case, I have to say that Wikipedia is a place where people come to make improvements and contributions to a page, not to seek help or support for their disabilities. I am nice to the extent possible with everyone who comes with the goals stated above but it will be irrational for me to encourage someone like user:Stude62 to continue editing pages in the same fashion and attack me at the same when he simply makes a page much WORSE for one reason or another after me spending lots of hours editing it.

To make an analogy, when I realized that I couldn't sing, I stopped going to the choir instead of claiming thaat everyone else in the choir sang badly. Is that horrible as well? Or just Pareto optimal? :)

Thanks. Ranamim 02:29, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems to me that your withdrawal from the choir, in the example above, was self motivated. Your 'Post hoc ergo prompter hoc reasoning' doesn't give you license to mock people with learning disabilities. I maintain that your comments are not meant to be constructive or helpful. Jrossman 13:34, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Discussion

 * The example was simply supposed to illustrate that I do not participate in activities in which my capabilities are in doubt. My comments concerned a person who had neither the rights nor the evidence to attack me. In that sense, I can not positively reinforce his contributions. My comments were probably not helpful but they certainly were NOT unhelpful. I was being honest. Even if he didn't attack my edits as being subjective WITHOUT any evidence and he was a complete stranger, I'd still maintain that his contributions to the article were at best mediocre. This is not a forum where the Suzuki method of learning is the norm. On the contrary, it should be a place where everyone specializes in what they are best at. The guy (Stude62) has/had questionable knowledge on the topic (i.e. Wesleyan) and apparently claims that lacks the writing/spelling skills due to another reason. So, what else does one need to question the comparative advantage of his contributions? Your accusations are probably more abstractly targetting my not being a bit nicer, or unnecessarily nice and encouraging to him, but if I were, I'd have to go against what I really thought about his contributions (and that's even worse because it'd be unrealistic and would encourage other dilettantes) and go back home sad that what I learned about efficient allocation of labor and contributions was not true. User:ranamim 21:02, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Your example had nothing to do with user:Stude62. I believe was simply an attempt to validate you behavior towards him. Over the weekend we watched the movie Rebecca'.  If you haven't seen it, you should.  Your advice to Stude62 reminded me a great deal of Mrs. Danvers egging the second Mrs. de Winter to quit, to jump, to end the torment of trying to do something that one could never master.  I think if you care to continue this exchange, we should move it to a user talk page, since it has nothing to do with OWU.  Jrossman 15:31, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll see it. Maybe I'll disagree but I'll check it out. Rananim 20:17, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Protection requested
This article,, has been listed on Requests for page protection by stude62. However, protecting articles is a serious matter, and should not be taken lightly. The protection of an article is when the assumption of good faith has been broken. Before this page is protected, please try to use the dispute resolution process. If there is evidence of further disruptive edits, vandalism, and/or an edit war in progress, this may result in this page being protected. Please keep in mind that the Wikipedia has a three revert rule and may cause you to be blocked if you make more than three revisions within a 24 hour period, not counting revisions due to vandalism. The Wikipedia would like to assume good faith, and ask editors to calmly and rationally approach a resolution before the article is protected. Should this page be protected, please request for its unprotection also at Requests for page protection. -- AllyUnion (talk) 22:34, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Re:
AllyUnion-

Frankly, I don't know what it is about. user: stude62 just posted:

"No revert war, but over the past several weeks we have worked hard to get the article to a NPOV state, and now its been edited to [Rananim]'s liking, not facts. Again, I'm just trying to ensure that entry is factual and correct for everyone, not just one persons feelings. user: stude62 user talk:stude62 00:30, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)" I will be more than happy if he states JUST ONE THING that shows how my edits are to my liking and not factual. All I did was added Ohio Wesleyan's majors. Is that not factual? Or alternatively, what's wrong with posting them? It seems user: stude62 does not like Wesleyan for some reason which he does not wish to disclose and therefore lies. I can't think of anything else. I am not in a fight with anyone. All I want to do is improve Wikipedia and this guy is not letting me do it because he constantly posts lies here and there. I'd be more than happy if you jump in and help. Rananim 03:08, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not a mediator, nor do I wish to be. If you two have a problem with each other, like, I said, try the dispute resolution process. -- AllyUnion (talk) 01:24, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ohio Wesleyan University/Archive 3


text:
Cameron Mitchell

Cameron Mitchell may refer to:

 * Cameron Mitchell (actor) (1918–1994), American actor
 * Cameron Mitchell (singer) (born 1989), American singer-songwriter
 * Cameron Mitchell (American football) (born 2001), American football player
 * Cameron Mitchell (Stargate), a fictional character in the series Stargate SG-1

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cameron Mitchell


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tabetsu

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:55, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Tabetsu
This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Not suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia. Enochlau 00:54, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. slang, and even non-english. Mikkalai 01:20, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Dic def. Transwiki to wiktionary of language this originates from. Mgm|(talk) 12:44, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to List of ethnic slurs; not sure how to cross list with dabizi tho. Nateji77 14:11, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not exactly Wikipedia material. --Sn0wflake 18:38, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unhelpful dicdef or whatever. Wyss 20:45, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, slang dictionary definition. Megan1967 02:32, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tabetsu


text:
Joseph Owens (Jesuit)

Joseph Owens, S.J. (Father Joseph Owens) is a Roman Catholic priest, social worker, and educator who has worked for many years in the Caribbean and Central America. He is the author of Dread, The Rastafarians of Jamaica (1974), written from 1970 to 1972 while working and living with members of the Rastafari movement in Kingston, Jamaica, during which period he discussed theological and philosophical issues with them in order to write a book examining their beliefs in relation to Judaism, Christianity and the Bible. In the book he attempts to allow the Rasta to explain their doctrines in their own words, examining all key doctrines in different chapters. The book is a rich and unique source of material about Rastafarian beliefs in the developmental stage of the religion.

Owens studied philosophy at Boston College, United States and divinity at Weston College School of Theology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Owens has worked for many years in the Jesuit colleges of Central America in Managua, Nicaragua. In recent years he has done numerous translations. He is the translator of the recently published work The Gospel of Faith and Justice by Antonio Gonzalez as well as the 2013 book by Pope Francis, Open Mind, Faithful Heart.

In 2019, Owens was listed on a list of Jesuits credibly accused of sexual abuse of minors. According to the document, Owens admitted to this abuse, which allegedly took place in the 1970s and 1980s. After a report in 1992, Owens' ministry was restricted in 1993. He continued work in Honduras, including with the organization Fe y Alegría. His ministry was then impeded in 2002, although he continued work in Honduras at UCA until 2006.

Published works

 * "Literature on the Rastafari, 1955-1974", Savacou 11-12 (1975):86-115. (Republished in New Community 6:1/2, 1977/78.)
 * Dread, The Rastafarians of Jamaica (1974). ISBN 0-435-98650-3
 * The Gospel of Faith and Justice (2005), auth. Antonio Gonzalez, transl. Joseph Owens. ISBN 978-1-57075-611-5
 * Open Mind, Faithful Heart: Reflections on Following Jesus (2013), auth. Pope Francis, transl. Joseph Owens. ISBN 9789996599057

title: Joseph Owens (Jesuit)


text: File:Azumanga daioh ending.jpg

title: File:Azumanga daioh ending.jpg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Saxe-Eisenach

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 01:17, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Saxe-Eisenach

 * Delete. looks like someone just pasted their geneology from the net. rubbish. Enochlau 00:57, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mikkalai 01:29, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It could develop --219.77.78.170 12:13, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * just gave us Hamburger of Truth and Votes for deletion/Hamburger of Truth. Uncle G 12:36, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a genealogy database. Delete. Uncle G 12:36, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)
 * Agree with UncleG, Wikipedia is not a genealogy database. Delete. Mgm|(talk) 12:45, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Apart from Wikipedia not being a genealogy database, this looks like it may be a copyvio from somewhere else (yes, all these people are long dead, but surely we still can't just go and cut and paste like this). Average Earthman 13:43, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, genealogy, WP not a datadump. Wyss 20:38, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup: The genealogy of ruling and former ruling houses is inherently encyclopedic, at least in outline. Why do we have pages on every British peerage or a page for somebody who is No. 161 in the line of succession to the British throne? There may be other reasons to delete this (it being a copyvio, for instance, which hasn't been shown), but it being genealogy is not a valid reason in this case. (I'll change my vote if a copyvio can be established.) / up+land 19:00, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hasn't been proved? It's clearly cut and paste from a website elsewhere. Just because we can't find where exactly doesn't change the fact that it has clearly been written since HTML was invented, so unless the original author has explicitly released it, we can't keep it. The 'more about' lines are a dead giveaway that it is originally from a website. Average Earthman 10:54, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — Agreed. This article is also cross-linked from other useful pages. — RJH 20:11, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a genealogy database. JoaoRicardo 00:08, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a genealogy database. Rossami (talk) 04:23, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The so-called article actually deals with the maternal descent and relatives of Caroline of Ansbach, Queen consort of George II of Great Britain. It only reaches to her maternal grandfather. User:Dimadick
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 06:21, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable ruling house. JamesBurns 09:04, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Mary F. Lyon

Mary Frances Lyon (15 May 1925 – 25 December 2014) was an English geneticist best known for her discovery of X-chromosome inactivation, an important biological phenomenon.

Early life and education
Mary Lyon was born on 15 May 1925 in Norwich, England as the eldest out of three children of a civil servant and a schoolteacher. She was educated at a grammar school in Birmingham. During that time, she said, she became interested in science thanks to a good schoolteacher and nature books she won in an essay competition. During the Second World War in 1943, she began her studies at Girton College, Cambridge at the University of Cambridge, where she read zoology, physiology, organic chemistry and biochemistry, with zoology as her main subject. At this time, only 500 (less than 10%) female students were allowed to study at the university, in contrast to more than 5,000 men. Furthermore, despite doing the same work as male students, female students received only “titular" degrees, rather than full Cambridge degrees that would make them members of the university. During her studies at Cambridge, she became interested in embryology. She went on to do her PhD with Ronald Fisher, who was Professor of Genetics in Cambridge, where she characterised a mutant mice strain with a 'pallid' mutation and published the research. During the course of her PhD she moved to the University of Edinburgh, where she completed her studies under the direction of Douglas Falconer.

Research and career
After her PhD (awarded 1950 ), Lyon joined the group of Conrad Hal Waddington, with whom she worked in the last part of her PhD. The group was funded by the Medical Research Council, and she worked with TC Carter to investigate mutagenesis and the genetic risks of radiation. In addition to the 'pallid' mutation mice, she studied mutations such as 'ataxia' (a nervous mutation which caused walking difficulties in the mice) and 'twirler' (a mutation which induced inner ear issues, causing the mice to shake their heads and walk in circles due to lack of balance).

In 1955, her group moved to the MRC radiobiology unit in Harwell, where there was room for more mouse facilities. There she continued to investigate the mouse mutations. She also scrutinised a 'mottled' mutant, which had a different effect on male and female mice: male embryos sometimes died, and the surviving males had white coats, but females lived and were variegated. Through calculated and deliberated breeding of mutants, she investigated the transition of the mutation and concluded that the mutation was positioned on the X chromosome. This, together with new findings at that time concerning the X chromosome, led her to hypothesize about X chromosome silencing.

Lyon published many papers on radiation and chemical mutagenesis and on studies of mutant genes. She also did extensive work on the mouse t-complex.

She was head of the Genetics Section of the MRC Radiology Unit at Harwell from 1962 to 1987. Although she retired from research in 1990, according to an interview from 2010, she was still active in the laboratory a few times a week.

X-inactivation
It was while working on radiation hazards in 1961 that she discovered X-chromosome inactivation, for which she is best known, and the phenomenon is sometimes known as Lyonization in her honour. Her subsequent research helped elucidate the genetic control mechanisms of the X chromosome and helped explain why female 'carriers' of X-linked genetic disorders can display mild symptoms.

Awards and honours
Lyon was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1973, a Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences, and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1994 she won the Mauro Baschirotto Award in Human Genetics, in 1997 the Wolf Prize for Medicine, for her hypothesis concerning the random inactivation of X-chromosomes in mammals. In 1997 she also received the Amory Prize, for genetic discoveries relating to mammalian sex chromosomes. In 2004 she was awarded the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology. In 2006 she received the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize awarded by the Rockefeller University. Since 2015 The Genetics Society has awarded the Mary Lyon Medal in her honour.

Other awards and honours include:

 * In 1973 Mary Lyon was elected Fellow of the Royal Society.
 * In 1979 she became Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences.
 * In 1984 she won the Royal Medal of the Royal Society.
 * In 1994 she won the Mauro Baschirotto Award in Human Genetics.
 * In 1997 she was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine.
 * In 1997 she also received the Amory Prize.
 * In 2003 Mary was awarded the Mendel Medal by The Genetics Society.
 * In 2004 she was awarded the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology.
 * In 2006 she received the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize.
 * In 2006 she was awarded the Rosenstiel Award, jointly with Davor Solter and Azim Surani.

Her nomination for the Royal Society reads:

Legacy
In 2018, the International Mammalian Genome Society established the Mary Lyon Award in recognition her role as a mentor and her remarkable career which began in a time period where very few women became scientists. The award is presented annually to early- and mid-stage independent female researchers.

title: Mary F. Lyon


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Dinocephalia

Dinocephalians (terrible heads) are a clade of large-bodied early therapsids that flourished in the Early and Middle Permian between 279.5 and 260 million years ago (Ma), but became extinct during the Capitanian mass extinction event. Dinocephalians included herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous forms. Many species had thickened skulls with many knobs and bony projections. Dinocephalians were the first non-mammalian therapsids to be scientifically described and their fossils are known from Russia, China, Brazil, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania.

Description
Apart from the biarmosuchians, the dinocephalians are the least advanced therapsids, although still uniquely specialised in their own way. They retain a number of primitive characteristics (e.g. no secondary palate, small dentary) shared with their pelycosaur ancestors, although they are also more advanced in possessing therapsid adaptations like the expansion of the ilium and more erect limbs.

They include carnivorous, herbivorous, and omnivorous forms. Some, like Keratocephalus, Moschops, Struthiocephalus and Jonkeria were semiaquatic, others, like Anteosaurus, were more terrestrial.

Dinocephalians were among the largest animals of the Permian period; only the biggest caseids and pareiasaurs reaching them in size.

Size
Dinocephalians were generally large. The biggest herbivores (Tapinocephalus) and omnivores (Titanosuchus) may have massed up to 2 tonne, and were some 4.5 m long, while the largest carnivores (such as Titanophoneus and Anteosaurus) were at least as long, with heavy skulls 80 cm long, and overall masses of around a half-tonne.

Skull
All dinocephalians are distinguished by the interlocking incisor (front) teeth. Correlated features are the distinctly downturned facial region, a deep temporal region, and forwardly rotated suspensorium. Shearing contact between the upper and lower teeth (allowing food to be more easily sliced into small bits for digestion) is achieved through keeping a fixed quadrate and a hinge-like movement at the jaw articulation. The lower teeth are inclined forward, and occlusion is achieved by the interlocking of the incisors. The later dinocephalians improved on this system by developing heels on the lingual sides of the incisor teeth that met against one another to form a crushing surface when the jaws were shut.

Most dinocephalians also developed pachyostosis of the bones in the skull, which seems to have been an adaptation for intra-specific behaviour (head-butting), perhaps for territory or a mate. In some types, such as Estemmenosuchus and Styracocephalus, there are also horn-like structures, which evolved independently in each case.

Evolutionary history
The dinocephalians are an ancient group and their ancestry is not clear. It is assumed that they must have evolved during the earlier part of the Roadian, or possibly even the Kungurian epoch, but no trace has been found. These animals radiated at the expense of the dying pelycosaurs, who dominated during the early part of the Permian and may have even gone extinct due to competition with therapsids, especially the short-lived but most dominant dinocephalians. Even the earliest members, the estemmenosuchids and early brithopodids of the Russian Ocher fauna, were already a diverse group of herbivores and carnivores.

During the Wordian and early Capitanian, advanced dinocephalians radiated into a large number of herbivorous forms, representing a diverse megafauna. This is well known from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Southern African Karoo.

At the height of their diversity (middle or late Capitanian age) all the dinocephalians suddenly died out, during the Capitanian mass extinction event. The reason for their extinction is not clear; although disease, sudden climatic change, or other factors of environmental stress may have brought about their end. They were replaced by much smaller therapsids; herbivorous dicynodonts and carnivorous biarmosuchians, gorgonopsians and therocephalians.

Taxonomy

 * Class Synapsida
 * Order Therapsida
 * Suborder Dinocephalia
 * ?Driveria
 * ?Mastersonia
 * Family Estemmenosuchidae
 * Estemmenosuchus
 * Molybdopygus
 * ?Parabradysaurus
 * ?Family Phreatosuchidae
 * Phreatosaurus
 * Phreatosuchus
 * ?Family Phthinosuchidae
 * Phthinosuchus
 * ?Phthinosaurus
 * Family Rhopalodontidae
 * ?Phthinosaurus
 * Rhopalodon
 * Clade Anteosauria
 * Family Anteosauridae
 * Family Brithopodidae
 * Family Deuterosauridae
 * Clade Tapinocephalia
 * ?Dimacrodon
 * ?Driveria
 * ?Mastersonia
 * Family Styracocephalidae
 * Family Tapinocephalidae
 * Family Titanosuchidae

title: Dinocephalia


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Instituto Cervantes

Instituto Cervantes (, the Cervantes Institute) is a worldwide nonprofit organization created by the Spanish government in 1991. It is named after Miguel de Cervantes (1547–1616), the author of Don Quixote and perhaps the most important figure in the history of Spanish literature. The Cervantes Institute is the largest organization in the world responsible for promoting the study and the teaching of Spanish language and culture.

This organization has branched out to 45 countries with 88 centres devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American culture and Spanish language. Article 3 of Law 7/1991, of March 21, created the Instituto Cervantes as a government agency. The law explains that the ultimate goals of the Institute are to promote the education, the study and the use of Spanish universally as a second language; to support the methods and activities that would help the process of Spanish language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures throughout non-Spanish-speaking countries.

Functions
The functions and services of the Cervantes Institute are:

 * It designs Spanish language courses, offering two kinds of courses: general and special.
 * It offers the Diplomas of Spanish as Foreign Language (DELE) examinations on behalf of the Spanish Ministry of Education. This is an official qualification certifying levels of competence in the Spanish language, and is the only certificate for non-native Spanish speakers that is officially recognised in Spain. The diplomas are subdivided into six levels, each one corresponding to a certain proficiency level as described by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2.
 * It improves the methods of Spanish education.
 * On-line Spanish language learning environment Ex) AVE (Aula Virtual de Español)
 * Creating a social, cultural and educational environment in each centre
 * A student-centred plan, focusing on the dialogues between teacher and student over objectives and contents
 * It supports Hispanists and "Hispanism", which is the study of the culture of Spain and Hispanic America.
 * Sponsors lectures, book presentations, concerts, art exhibitions, The Spain Film Festival and Festival of Flamenco. Supported by other organisations and communities.
 * It organises and promotes the program to spread the Spanish language throughout the world.
 * The institute works with Spain's national radio and television to deliver Spanish language courses.
 * Publications, on-line bibliographies, library holdings, the hosting of major conferences on the state of the Spanish language.
 * It administers the Constitutional and Sociocultural Knowledge of Spain (CCSE) examinations worldwide, which are a legal requirement for the acquisition of Spanish nationality.
 * It establishes libraries and centres.
 * It also publishes the Anuario del español to analyse and report on the situation and development of the Spanish language in different places.
 * It supports the Centro Virtual Cervantes on the internet since 1997.

Academic programme
General language courses are offered at four different levels: elementary, intermediate, advanced and high advanced.

The Cervantes Institute offers comprehensive Spanish language classes to:
 * 1) Improving specific language skills, such as reading, speaking, and writing
 * 2) Teaching Spanish for specific purposes, such as business, medical, legal, or translation
 * 3) Learning about the literature and cultures of the Spanish-speaking countries
 * 4) Preparation for Diplomas of Spanish as Foreign Language
 * 1) Develop the student's ability to use the language in a variety of contexts, paying special attention to the differences of Spanish accents.
 * 2) To provide different resources, including Spanish on-line, to improve the teaching.
 * 3) To allow the students to use any of the facilities of the Cervantes Institute around the world.
 * 4) To issue Spanish language diplomas and certificates

Administration

The administration of the Cervantes Institute is subdivided into three parts. A commitment and interest in planning the activities and direction of the Institute are managed by a high-profile membership.

 * 1) Patronato (Board of Trustees): The Cervantes Institute is overseen by its governing body, the Patronato.  The Patronato normally includes the King of Spain, Felipe VI as the honorary president and the Prime Minister of Spain, as well as representatives from the world of culture and letters in Spain and in the Americas. The executive presidency is held by the Secretaries of State of Education and Science, Culture, the president and vice-president of the Council of Administration, the Director of the institute, 25 elected members from cultural and language institutions.  It gives general directions for the activities of the Institute and informs on its annual activities.
 * 2) The Consejo de Administración (Board of Directors) is a management body and approves the general plans and projects of the institute. It consists of representatives from the ministries of Foreign Affairs, Education, Culture and Sport, Treasury, and Home Affairs, as well as from the Patronato. This is presided by the Secretary of State of International Cooperation and consists of two vice-presidents (Undersecretary of the Science and Education Department and the Undersecretary of the Department of Culture), two advisers of the Patronato, and four advisers from the Secretaries of State, Education and Science, Culture and of Economy and Treasury and the Director of the institute.
 * 3) The Director is appointed by the Council of Ministers of Spain. The Director is in charge of guiding the management of the institute, and other pertinent executive and administrative tasks.

Virtual presence
Centro Virtual Cervantes is an online service that was created in December 1997 by the Instituto Cervantes of Spain to contribute to the diffusion of the Spanish language and Hispanic cultures. It became one of the most important reference sites devoted to Spanish language and culture, having reached an average of over 100,000 visitors a month, including both professionals and the general public. It offers resources and services to teachers, students, translators, journalists and other professionals involved with the Spanish language, and as well as to Hispanists throughout the world, who study Hispanic cultures, and to any person who is interested in the language and Hispanic cultures. It also includes announcements of cultural events (Actos Culturales), four discussion forums, each of which focuses on a specific topic, and the language classroom, Aula de Lengua, designed for both teachers and learners of Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes also has a virtual presence in the 3D virtual world Second Life.

Centro de Formación de Profesores
On 13 December 2004, the Cervantes Institute formed its Centro de Formación de Profesores in its headquarters, located in Alcalá de Henares, where Cervantes was born. This institution was founded to encourage the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language and to provide useful resources to its members. Throughout the year, it organises the specific activities and programmes for the centre, with several different goals, which include teaching, providing the resources to the teachers to use in their education field, and developing specialised knowledge of the Spanish language for educational purposes. The centre supports the future teachers of Spanish through its 'Master of Education in Spanish as a Foreign Language', in collaboration with the International University Menéndez Pelayo. For teachers already involved in teaching, the Centre provides advanced activities that produce a deeper knowledge, focusing on research or discussion in the classroom, and improving the students’ skills in Spanish language for them to become responsive in any communicational situations.

Free translator service
The Automatic Translator Service of the Cervantes Institute, "Portal de las Tecnologías Lingüisticas en España", was launched by the Cervantes Institute on 10 January 2005. It is a free service of machine translation sponsored by Telefónica. Since its launch, demand has steadily increased monthly to 55%, and it has performed more than 582,000 free translations. The Cervantes Institute's purpose in creating this service was to facilitate the access of Spanish to those information technology contents developed in other languages, and so people who speak other languages can have access to contents that are only available in Spanish. This service permits translation of texts and text files, as well as web pages, from Spanish to Catalan, French, Galician, English or Portuguese and vice versa. The pairs of language percentages used are as follows: English–Spanish, 23.47% of the total; Spanish–Catalan, 21.12%; Spanish–English, 13.64%; Portuguese–Spanish, 12.63%; Spanish–Portuguese, 10.39%; Catalan–Spanish, 6.48%; Spanish–French, 6.24%, and French–Spanish, 6.03%.

Publications
Since 1998, the Instituto Cervantes has published the annual El español en el mundo highlighting the state of Spanish in the world, and current trends. This publication also includes the annual report Spanish: A Living Language, which quantitatively analyzes the situation of the Spanish language worldwide.The Instituto has also run the Internet-based Centro Virtual Cervantes since 1997.

Recognition
In 2005, along with the Alliance française, the Società Dante Alighieri, the British Council, the Goethe-Institut, and the Instituto Camões, the Instituto Cervantes was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for outstanding achievements in communications and humanities.

Locations

The Instituto Cervantes has developed its educational project on a system of local institutions and centres:

 * 1) Centros Cervantes (full-fledged centres)
 * 2) Aulas Cervantes (inside universities with "lecture halls, sometimes with teaching and cultural activity")
 * 3) Centros Acreditados. They are Spanish teaching centers, whose quality has been expressly recognized by the IC, by meeting the requirements established by the ELE Center Accreditation System of the Cervantes Institute. There are 196 centers in Spain ( Cadiz, Cordoba, Granada, 22 in Malaga, 9 in Seville, Zaragoza, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Cantabria, Toledo, Avila, Burgos, Salamanca, Soria, Valladolid, 18 in Barcelona, Gerona, 24 in Madrid, Navarra, 6 in Alicante, Castellon, 16 in Valencia, A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya. ). In Latinoamerica: Argentina ( Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Mendoza ), Brasil ( Caxias do Sul ), Chile, Colombia ( Barranquilla, Bogota, Cartagena de Indias, 2 in Medellin ), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico ( Mexico City, 2 in Guadalajara, 2 in Playa del Carmen ), Panama, Uruguay. Outside Iberoamerica: Canada ( Edmonton ), China ( Hong Kong ), United Arab Emirates ( Dubai ), United States ( Scottsdale ), India ( Mumbai ), Iran ( Teheran ), Poland ( Wroclaw ), Russia ( Saint Petersburg ), Singapore, Switzerland ( Geneva ), Turkey ( Ankara ).

A representative list follows, the most recent and complete list can be found at www.cervantes.es.

 * Centros Cervantes
 * Africa
 * (Algiers, Oran)
 * 🇪🇬 (Cairo, Alexandria)
 * 🇲🇦 (Casablanca, Fes, Rabat, Tangier, Tétouan, Marrakesh)
 * 🇹🇳 (Tunis)
 * Americas
 * 🇧🇷 (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasília, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Recife, Curitiba)
 * 🇨🇦 (Calgary - University of Calgary, Toronto
 * 🇺🇸 (Albuquerque, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Boston – Harvard University, Seattle – University of Washington )
 * Asia
 * 🇨🇳 (Beijing, Shanghai)
 * 🇮🇳 (New Delhi)
 * 🇯🇵 (Tokyo)
 * 🇵🇭 (Manila, Makati)
 * 🇰🇷 (Seoul)
 * 🇮🇩 (Jakarta)
 * 🇲🇾 (Kuala Lumpur - HELP University )
 * 🇻🇳 (Hanoi - University of Hanoi )
 * Europe
 * 🇦🇹 (Vienna)
 * 🇧🇪 (Brussels)
 * 🇧🇬 (Sofia)
 * 🇨🇿 (Prague)
 * 🇫🇷 (Bordeaux, Lyon, Paris, Toulouse)
 * 🇩🇪 (Berlin, Bremen, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Munich)
 * (Athens) – the original Athens Cervantes Institute opened in 1992; in March 2010, Greek-born Queen Sofía of Spain opened its new building.
 * 🇭🇺 (Budapest)
 * 🇮🇪 (Dublin) – 53.34198°N, -6.25157°W
 * 🇮🇹 (Milan, Naples, Palermo, Rome)
 * 🇳🇱 (Utrecht)
 * 🇵🇱 (Warsaw, Kraków)
 * (Lisbon)
 * (Bucharest)
 * 🇷🇺 (Moscow)
 * 🇷🇸 (Belgrade)
 * 🇸🇪 (Stockholm)
 * 🇬🇧 (Leeds, London, Manchester)
 * 🇭🇷 (Zagreb - University of Zagreb ))
 * 🇸🇰 (Bratislava - Comenius University )
 * 🇸🇮 (Liubliana)
 * 🇹🇷 (Istanbul)
 * West Asia
 * 🇨🇾 (Nicosia)
 * 🇮🇱 (Tel Aviv)
 * 🇯🇴 (Amman)
 * 🇱🇧 (Beirut, Kaslik, Tripoli)
 * 🇸🇾 (Damascus)
 * 🇹🇷 (Istanbul)
 * Oceania
 * 🇦🇺 (Sydney)

title: Instituto Cervantes


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Turkmen alphabet

The Turkmen alphabet (Türkmen elipbiýi / Tүркмен элипбийи / تۆرکمن الیپبییی) refers to variants of the Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet, or Arabic alphabet used for writing of the Turkmen language.

The modified variant of the Latin alphabet currently has an official status in Turkmenistan.

At the start of the 20th century, when Turkmen started to be written, it used the Arabic script, but in Soviet Turkmenistan in 1928, the Latin script was adopted. In 1940, the Russian influence in Soviet Turkmenistan prompted a switch to a Cyrillic alphabet and a Turkmen Cyrillic alphabet (shown below in the table alongside the Latin) was created. When Turkmenistan became independent in 1991, President Saparmurat Niyazov immediately instigated a return to the Latin script. When it was reintroduced in 1993, it was supposed to use some unusual letters, such as the pound (£), dollar ($), yen (¥) and cent signs (¢), but these were replaced by more conventional letter symbols in 1999. The political and social forces that have combined to bring about these changes of script, then modifications of the Latin script, have been documented by Victoria Clement (2008).

Turkmen is still often written with a modified variant of the Arabic alphabet in other countries where the language is spoken and where the Arabic script is dominant (such as Iran and Afghanistan).

Turkmen Arabic Alphabet
The development of a Modern Standardized Turkmen Arabic Alphabet has been an ongoing project in Iran in the past 4 decades. Persian Alphabet, without modification or standardization is of course not suitable for Turkmen as 1. it contains multiple letters for the same consonant sounds, for example there are two letters for the sound [t] (ت، ط), and 2. Persian Alphabet does not have letters and diacritics for many of the vowels used in Turkmen and other Turkic languages. Modern Standardized Turkmen Arabic Alphabet was first developed by late Dr. Hamid Notqi and published in Iranian-Azerbaijani-Turk Varlyq magazine. Since then, this system has been adopted by Iranian-Turkmens, and has been used for the publication of Turkmen Language publications such as "Yaprak" and "Sahra", as well as Turkish State Media TRT (see this link for the Turkmen TRT website). In the year 2010, Mahmyt Atagazly, Iranian-Turkmen literaturist and linguist has compiled Modern Standardized Turkmen Arabic Alphabet in a booklet called "Guideline for Writing Turkmen Correctly" (, Turkmen: تورکمن یازۇو قادالاری, Turkmen Ýazuw Kadalary). In this booklet, not only has Atagazly presented the Alphabet, he also has reviewed Turkmen phonology and the rules of writing Turkmen to reflect this phonology correctly.

Vowels
In Turkmen Arabic alphabet, 9 vowels are defined.

Vowel Harmony
Like other Turkic languages, Turkmen has a system of vowel harmony. Turkmen's system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system. This means that all vowels in a word must be ones that are pronounced either at the front or at the back of the mouth. In Turkmen there are two suffixes that make a plural. It's either ـلِر / ler and ـلار / lar, front and back vowels respectively. The same variety of options for suffixes exist across the board in Turkmen. Here is how vowel harmony works, in an example of a word in which the vowels are all frontal: And below are examples for back vowels:
 * The word for dog is ایت / it. The word for dogs will be ایتلِر / itler (ایتلار / itlar is incorrect)
 * The word for four is دؤرت / dört, thus the word for all four of us will be دؤردیمیز / dördimiz
 * The word for mountain is داغ / dag, thus the word for mountains will be داغلار / daglar

Another sort of vowel harmony that exists in Turkmen is the system in which each syllable is required to have one, and only one vowel. This rule even applies to loanwords, who have their pronunciation altered in order to match this rule.

Roundness of vowels
In Turkmen, there's a rule that words do not end in rounded vowels (unlike Azerbaijani Language).

The round vowels o / اوْ and ö / اؤ can only exist in the first syllable. Even if they are heard in pronunciation in other syllables, they should be written as a / ـا or e / ــِـ ە respectively.

The round vowels u / اوُ and ü / اۆ can only exist in the first and second syllable.

Compound words as well as loanwords, are exceptions to these rules.

Vowel Orthography
Of the two forms of the vowels above, some of them happen to have the letter ا in one of their forms, but not the other. These vowels, if at the beginning of the word, will universally be accompanied with ا, but if they happen to be in the middle or end of a word, then the ا will be dropped. The vowel corresponding to the Latin letter u is shown as اوُ / وُ. See examples below for words including this vowel:
 * The word for flour is اوُن / un. It is incorrect to spell it as وُن.
 * The word for wheat is بوُغدای / bugdaý. It is incorrect to spell it as باوُغدای

In Turkmen, there are two types of syllables, open-ended syllables, which end in a vowel, and close-ended syllables. Open-ended syllables are ones that end in a vowel, i.e. they're in a V or cV form. Close-ended syllables are those that end in a consonant, i.e. they're in a Vc or cVc form. This generally doesn't matter, with the exception of the vowel that represents the same sound as the Latin letter "E". If the syllable is close-ended, the diacritic form of the vowel, ــِـ is used. But if the syllable is open-ended, the ە form is used (similar to how this letter is used as a vowel in Kurdish and Uyghur). Below are examples for the two:
 * Close-ended syllable: The word dessan (meaning: story) is broken down to two close-ended syllables, des-san. Thus, the diacritic form of the vowel "e" is used: دِسسان. It is worth noting that similar to Persian and Arabic, diacritics are often omitted from writing.
 * Open-ended syllable: The word erteki is broken down to three syllables, er-te-ki. Thus, the "e" vowel in the second syllable is written as ە, the word is spelt as ارتەکی.

There is one exception to this rule, and that is the suffix "leri", which indicate that a noun is plural and in an objective or possessive case. Despite the suffix consisting of an open-ended syllable, it is written as ـلری.

The Latin letter a is generally written as آ / ـا. This is universally true for words of Turkmen origin. However, loanwords, since they're mostly from Persian or Arabic, and already have a proper and familiar spelling, can retain their original spelling. In Persian or Arabic, the same sound can be represented either by the diacritic ــَـ, or by the letter ع, either with diacritic as عَـ or as عا.

Consonants
While Turkmen Latin Alphabet has 9 vowels and 21 consonants, Turkmen Arabic Alphabet has 32 consonants, as there are sounds that are represented by more than one consonant. The two letters, نگ are treated as one letter, as they are pronounced as a single sound.

tashdid
Similar to Persian and Arabic, tashdid diacritic (ــّـ) can be used to mark that a consonant is to be geminated, functionally similar to writing double consonants in Italian and Spanish. There are two exceptions to where tashdid can be used. Firstly, if the double consonant is produced as a result of creating a compound word or addition of a suffix, then tashdid cannot be used and both consonants need to be written. For example, the word سۆممک / sümmek is produced by adding the suffix -mek to the verb root süm. Thus, the correct spelling would be سۆممک, and it is incorrect to spell the word as سۆمّک.
 * قصّه / Kyssa
 * ینگّه / Ýeňňe

The second exception is, if a word has two consecutive identical consonants as a result of shift in pronunciation of a word, then both consonants need to be written. For example, the word بوْسسان / bossan cannot be written as بوْسَان. This word is a Persian loanword, originally written as بوستان.

Letter names and pronunciation
The Turkmen alphabet has 30 letters.

Long vowels are not shown in the writing. The names for c, q, v and x are se, ku, türk we and iks respectively.

Sample text (Article 1 of the UDHR)

 * All human beings are born equal in dignity and rights. They are given a mind and a conscience, and they must treat each other in a spirit of brotherhood. (English)
 * Hemme adamlar öz mertebesi we hukuklary boýunça deň ýagdaýda dünýä inýärler. Olara aň hem wyždan berlendir we olar bir-birleri bilen doganlyk ruhundaky garaýyşda bolmalydyrlar. (Latin 1999–present)
 * همَه آداملار او‌ٔز مرتبسی و حوقوقلری بوْیوُنچا دنگ یاقدایدا دۆنیا اینیألر. اوْلارا آنگ هم وجدان بەرلەندیر و اولار بیر-بیرلری بیلن دوقانلیٛک روُحُنداکیٛ قاراییٛشدا بوْلمالیٛدیٛرلار. (Standardized Turkmen Arabic Alphabet)
 * Hemme adamlar öz mertebesi we hukuklary boÿunça deñ ÿagdaÿda dünÿä inÿärler. Olara añ hem wyſdan berlendir we olar bir-birleri bilen doganlyk ruhundaky garaÿy¢da bolmalydyrlar. (Latin 1993–1999)
 * Hemme adamlar qz mertebesi we hukuklarx boyunca deng yagdayda dvnyea inyearler. Olara ang hem wxjhdan berlendir we olar bir-birleri bilen doganlxk ruhundakx garayxshda bolmalxdxrlar. (Latin 1992–1993)
 * Хемме адамлар өз мертебеси ве хукуклары боюнча дең ягдайда дүнйә инйәрлер. Олара аң хем выждан берлендир ве олар бир-бирлери билен доганлык рухундакы гарайышда болмалыдырлар. (Cyrillic)
 * Hemme adamlar өz merteʙesi ve hukuklarь ʙojunca deꞑ jagdajda dynjә injәrler. Olara aꞑ hem vьƶdan ʙerlendir ve olar ʙir-ʙirleri ʙilen doganlьk ruhundakь garajьşda ʙolmalьdьrlar. (Latin 1927–1940)
 * Hemme adamlar öz mertebesi ve huquqları boyunça deñ yağdayda dünyä inyärler. Olara añ hem vıjdan berlendir ve olar bir-birleri bilen doğanlıq ruhundaqı qarayışda bolmalıdırlar. (Common Turkic Alphabet)
 * [he̞mːe̞ ɑːd̪ɑmɫ̪ɑɾ ø̞ːz me̞ɾt̪e̞be̞si βe̞ huquqɫ̪ɑɾɯ bo̞junt͡ʃɑ d̪e̞ŋ jaʁd̪ɑjd̪ɑ d̪ynjæː iːnjæːɾl̪e̞ɾ ‖ o̞ɫɑɾɑ ɑːɴ he̞m βɯʒd̪ɑːn be̞ɾl̪e̞nd̪iɾ βe̞ o̞ɫ̪ɑɾ biːɾbiːɾl̪e̞ɾi bil̪e̞n d̪o̞ʁɑnɫ̪ɯq ruːhund̪ɑːqɯ ɢɑɾɑjɯʃd̪ɑ bo̞ɫmɑɫ̪ɯd̪ɯɾɫ̪ɑɾ ‖] (IPA transcription)

title: Turkmen alphabet


text:
User talk:Antigua

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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chocolateboy 01:02, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

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title: User talk:Antigua


text:
Marc Weissbluth

Marc Weissbluth is an American pediatrician who has written several books on infant sleep. He is a sleep disorders specialist at the Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago.

Education and early research
Weissbluth was born in Brooklyn, New York and graduated from Palo Alto High School in California. He received his B.A. from Stanford University with Department of Biology Science Honors in 1965. Weissbluth graduated from Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine and was Chief Resident at St. Louis Children’s Hospital.

Career
From 1973 to 1978 Weissbluth practiced solo general pediatrics in Chicago’s Chinatown. In 1978, he joined the full-time faculty at Children’s Memorial Hospital, and did research on sleep in children in the Sleep Disorders Clinic that he founded. In 1983, he returned to private practice and founded The Northwestern Children's Practice.

He conducted research in children’s sleep and discovered associations between infant colic and infant sleep and separately, between temperament in children and children’s sleep. His research also showed that moving the bedtime earlier significantly reduces the frequency of night awakenings in a child. In the Sleep Disorders Clinic, he developed a program consisting of several separate elements to help parents solve their child’s sleep problems. He called this program "sleep training", a term he introduced in Healthy Sleep Habits, Healthy Child. Subsequently, this term has been popularized as shorthand for a specific sleep solution called ‘extinction’.

Publications

 * Crybabies
 * Sweet Baby: How to Soothe Your Newborn
 * Your Fussy Baby
 * Healthy Sleep Habits, Happy Child
 * Healthy Sleep Habits, Happy Twins

title: Marc Weissbluth


text:
CFCL

CFCL may refer to:

 * Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd - Australian company producing solid oxide fuel cells
 * CFCL-TV, a defunct television station (channel 6) in Timmins, Ontario, Canada, now operating as CBLT-7
 * CHYK-FM, a radio station (104.1 FM) licensed to Timmins, Ontario, Canada, which held the call sign CFCL from 1951 to 1990

title: CFCL


text:
Guadalupian

The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ± 0.5 – 259.1 ± 0.4 Mya. The series saw the rise of the therapsids, a minor extinction event called Olson's Extinction and a significant mass extinction called the end-Capitanian extinction event. The Guadalupian was previously known as the Middle Permian.

Name and background
The Guadalupian is the second and middle series or epoch of the Permian. Previously called Middle Permian, the name of this epoch is part of a revision of Permian stratigraphy for standard global correlation. The name "Guadalupian" was first proposed in the early 1900s, and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996. References to the Middle Permian still exist. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains in New Mexico. The International Chronostratigraphic Chart V2021/07 provides a numerical age of 273.01 ± 0.14 – 259.51 ± 0.21 mya.

Biodiversity
Therapsids became the dominant land animals in Guadalupian, displacing the pelycosaurs. Therapsids evolved from a group of pelycosaurs called sphenacodonts. Therapsida consists of four major clades: the dinocephalians, the herbivorous anomodonts, the carnivorous biarmosuchians, and the mostly carnivorous theriodonts. After a brief burst of evolutionary diversity, the dinocephalians died out in the later Guadalupian.

A mass extinction occurred in the early Guadalupian before the larger Permian–Triassic extinction event. This extinction was originally called Olson's Gap because it was thought to be a problem in preservation of fossils. Since the 1990s it has been renamed Olson's Extinction. This extinction event occurred near the beginning of the epoch and led to an extended period of low diversity when two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost worldwide. Global diversity rose dramatically by the end probably the result of disaster taxa filling empty guilds, only to fall again when the end-Guadalupian event caused a diversity drop in the Wuchiapingian.

There is no agreed cause for the Olson's Extinction. Climate change may be a possible cause. Extreme environments were observed from the Permian of Kansas which resulted from a combination of hot climate and acidic waters particularly coincident with Olson's Extinction. Whether this climate change was a result of Earth's natural processes or exacerbated by another event is unknown.

Climate
The climate resembled that of much of central Asia today. Pangea was a supercontinent and had very hot dry summers and cold bitter winters. At this time on the equator there was a desert that reached 74 degrees Celsius. The coasts were tropical and had monsoons.

The first two-thirds of the epoch were the continuation of a temperate and tropical climate. This started to dry out and the coal forming of the previous epoch stopped. The change in climate also provided a new environment for new tetrapods, reptiles, fish, plants, and invertebrates.

In the last third the temperature started to drop and many coral reefs died out. If that was not enough, increased volcano activity brought a reduction in oxygen, a greenhouse and mass extinction.

Subdivisions
There are three stages in the guadalupian, they are the Roadian, Wordian, and Capitanian.

Roadian
The Roadian Stage was between 272.3 ± 0.5 – 268.8 ± 0.5 Mya.

Olson's Extinction was a worldwide loss of terrestrial vertebrate life that occurred during the Roadian and Wordian.

Fauna did not recover fully from Olson's Extinction before the impact of the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Estimates of recovery time vary, where some authors indicated recovery was prolonged, lasting 30 million years into the Triassic.

Several important events took place during Olson's Extinction, most notably the origin of therapsids, a group that includes the evolutionary ancestors of mammals. Further research on the recently identified primitive therapsid of the Xidagou Formation (Dashankou locality) in China of Roadian age may provide more information on this topic.

Wordian
The Wordian Stage was between 268.8 ± 0.5 – 265.1 ± 0.4 Mya.

The base of the Wordian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Jinogondolella aserrata first appear. The global reference profile for this stratigraphic boundary is located at Getaway Ledge in the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas.

The top of the Wordian (the base of the Capitanian Stage) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the conodont species Jinogondolella postserrata first appears.

Capitanian
The Capitanian Stage was between 265.1 ± 0.4 – 259.8 ± 0.4 Mya.

The Guadalupian ended with a deteriorating environment, Greenhouse conditions, and several series of mass-extinctions; both the great dinocephalians, other taxa on land and various invertebrates in the sea. They would be succeeded by new types of therapsids, especially the gorgonopsians among others.

A significant mass extinction event (the End-Capitanian extinction event) occurred at the end of this epoch, which was associated with anoxia and acidification in the oceans and possibly caused by the volcanic eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps. This extinction event may be related to the much larger Permian–Triassic extinction event that followed about 10 million years later.

Carbon isotopes in marine limestone from the Capitanian Age show an increase in δ13C values. The change in carbon isotopes in the sea water reflects cooling of global climates.

This climatic cooling may have caused the end-Capitanian extinction event among species that lived in warm water, like larger fusulinids (Verbeekninidae), large bivalves (Alatoconchidae) and rugose corals, and Waagenophyllidae.

Other subdivisions
Subdivisions that are sometimes used are,

 * Kazanian or Maokovian (in Europe) [270.6 ± 0.7 – 260.4 ± 0.7 Mya]
 * Braxtonian (in New Zealand) [270.6 ± 0.7 – 260.4 ± 0.7 Mya]

title: Guadalupian


text:
Soltero (musician)

Soltero is the musical project of songwriter Tim Howard. Howard started performing as Soltero while living in Boston. He currently resides in Brooklyn, NY.

Production history
Howard started playing music while attending Wesleyan as a film major in the late 1990s. Soltero has had several incarnations, including a five-piece band (with trumpet and Rhodes piano) and a four-piece band, as well as solo and duo acoustic lineups. The first full-length Soltero album, entitled Science Will Figure You Out, was recorded with members of the Mobius Band and self-released in August 2001. April 2003 saw the release of Defrocked and Kicking the Habit on Handsome Records. The Tongues You Have Tied. an album recorded winter 2003/04 on reel-to-reel 8-track, was put out on Three Ring Records in June 2004. Soltero's 2005 album, Hell Train, was the first to prominently feature his live band of three years. It was first self-released in March, and then released more widely by Three Ring Records in November 2005. Soltero's fifth record, You're No Dream, found Howard returning to the solo recording dynamic of earlier work. Recorded in Philadelphia using an array of borrowed instruments, the album was released in 2008. The band's sixth album, 1943, was recorded at Junxt Studio in Brooklyn and was selected by French production company Microcultures as a featured project for release in late 2011.

Career history
Tim Howard graduated from Wesleyan University CT in 2000. During a trip through Latin America in 2009, he decided to pursue a career in public radio. He applied for an internship at Radiolab and began working there in part because producer Lulu Miller was a fan of his music. Howard currently works for the Gimlet Media podcast Reply All and continues to write and record music in his spare time. Sometimes Howard's two careers overlap, like when Soltero's cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Green River" was used in Radiolab's 2012 "Colors" episode.

Albums

 * Science Will Figure You Out (2001)
 * Defrocked and Kicking the Habit (2003)
 * The Tongues You Have Tied (2004)
 * Hell Train (2005)
 * You're No Dream (2008 on La Société Expéditionnaire in the US and Messie Murders in France)
 * 1943 (2012, on Microcultures in Europe, self-released through Bandcamp in the US.)
 * Jamming the Gaydar (2013)
 * Western Medicine Blues (2017)

Collections

 * Best Hits (self-released, 2013, compiles tracks from Soltero's first six albums)

title: Soltero (musician)


text:
Freddie Perren

Frederick James Perren (May 15, 1943 – December 16, 2004) was an American songwriter, record producer, arranger, and orchestra conductor. He co-wrote and co-produced songs including "Boogie Fever" by the Sylvers, "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor, and "Shake Your Groove Thing" by Peaches & Herb.

Early life
Perren was born on May 15, 1943, in Englewood, New Jersey, and graduated from Englewood's Dwight Morrow High School with future songwriting partner Alphonse Mizell in 1961. Perren attended Howard University in Washington, D.C. graduating in 1966. It was here he met future Capitol Records R&B A&R executive Larkin Arnold. He met Christine Yarian in 1967, and they married in 1970. They remained married until his death. She also co-wrote some songs with him.

Motown and The Jackson 5
Shortly after moving to California from Washington, D.C., in 1968, Perren and bassist Alphonzo Mizell met guitarist Deke Richards. They started writing songs together. In 1969 Motown president Berry Gordy invited them to be part of his collective the Corporation, a collection of songwriters and record producers for the Jackson 5. "I Want You Back" was the first hit from this new collaboration, going to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1970. They wrote and produced more Jackson 5 hits such as "ABC", "The Love You Save", "Mama's Pearl", and "Maybe Tomorrow", among others. Perren and the Corporation continued their work for Motown on soundtracks such as Hell Up in Harlem and Cooley High, which featured "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday" (later a hit for Boyz II Men).

The birth of disco and a break with Motown
Perren then moved into the disco arena with the hits "Do It Baby" and "Love Machine" for The Miracles. By 1976, Perren had left Motown and headed over to Capitol Records where another old college friend, Larkin Arnold, was now vice-president. In the next two years, Perren had success with The Sylvers, producing their first two Capitol albums. They had two gold singles, "Boogie Fever" and "Hot Line", and a top ten single "High School Dance".

Tavares and Fever
Also successful collaborations for Perren were Tavares, for whom he produced three albums—Sky High!, Love Storm, and Future Bound. Commercial highlights of his work with the group include co-writing and producing the number-one disco hits "Don't Take Away the Music" and "Heaven Must Be Missing An Angel", and producing the group's take on The Bee Gees' "More Than A Woman". Both groups' versions were featured in the landmark 1977 movie and soundtrack to Saturday Night Fever. The Bee Gees recorded another of their own compositions, "If I Can't Have You", for the film and its soundtrack, but after hearing the Perren-produced version by Yvonne Elliman, preferred it to their own, which was relegated to a b-side. The Elliman production topped the Hot 100 and went gold for U.S. sales over one million. The Saturday Night Fever soundtrack album sold over 15 million copies and, in 1979, Perren received a Grammy Award for Album of the Year for his contribution, the first of two back-to-back Grammys he earned.

MVP Productions and "Reunited"
In 1978, Perren signed Peaches & Herb to his production company, MVP Productions. Through him, the duo inked a deal with Polydor Records. Their first Polydor album, 2 Hot, included the gold single and top five pop and R&B hit "Shake Your Groove Thing", as well the number-one crossover smash "Reunited" and third single "We've Got Love". 2 Hot went platinum on the strength of those three hits, occupying the number-two pop albums spot for six weeks in early 1979. Peaches & Herb follow-up Twice the Fire went gold and yielded the singles, "Roller Skate Mate (Part 1)", and "I Pledge My Love".

"Survive": the peak and death of disco
He received his second accolade from the Recording Academy by winning the first Grammy Award for Best Disco Recording in 1980 for Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive." Gaynor's recording went to number one in both the U.S. and the UK, eventually being certified double platinum by the RIAA for sales of over four million copies in the U.S. The song became a disco classic and has been recorded by dozens of artists in the decades since its debut, including charting versions by Cake, Chantay Savage, and Diana Ross. However, the disco craze had been so overwhelming in some quarters that it caused a backlash so strong that the Recording Academy reacted by omitting the category before the following year; this, then, was the only Grammy specifically awarded for the disco genre. After leaving Polydor in 1981, Perren attempted to produce acts on other labels such as Warner Bros. Records (for Atkins in 1982) and Atlantic (for The Spinners' 1982 album Grand Slam and Johnny Gill's self-titled debut).

Later years
Perren last worked with New Edition in 1986 on their Under the Blue Moon, but by the end of the decade he was largely inactive as a writer and producer. In the 1990s, Perren experienced a resurgence of success as the boyband phenomenon sought musical credibility and instant recognizability with covers of 1970s soul-disco hits. Boyz II Men eclipsed the success of the G.C. Cameron original with their cover of Perren's "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday", hitting number two on the Hot 100 and the top spot on the Hot R&B Singles chart. The song was later covered by Irish boyband Westlife. In 1998, British boyband 911 took a cover of "More Than a Woman" to number two in the UK Singles Chart.

In 1993, Perren suffered a massive stroke. He died 11 years later at the age of 61 in his home in Chatsworth, Los Angeles. He is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills).

title: Freddie Perren


text: User talk:68.234.144.31

title: User talk:68.234.144.31


text:
Félix Delastelle

Félix-Marie Delastelle (2 January 1840 – 2 April 1902) was a French cryptographer, best known for inventing the bifid cipher, first presented in the Revue du Génie civil in 1895 under the name of "cryptographie nouvelle". This cipher combines fractionation with transposition, and was an early cipher to implement the principles of confusion and diffusion. David Kahn described it as a "system of considerable importance in cryptology."

Delastelle's other polygraphic substitution ciphers included the trifid and four-square ciphers. The last of these is a variant on the earlier Playfair cipher: Delastelle may have been unaware of Playfair, but he had certainly read of the fractionating cipher described by Pliny Chase in 1859.

There are few biographical details. Félix-Marie's father, a master mariner, was lost at sea in 1843. Félix attended the College of Saint-Malo until 1860. After leaving school, he worked in the local port, as a bonded warehouseman, for forty years, and pursued his interest in amateur cryptography as a hobby.

Following his retirement in 1900, he rented a single room in a holiday hotel where he wrote a 150 page book Traité Élémentaire de Cryptographie which he completed in May 1901. On hearing news of his brother's sudden death, he collapsed and died in April 1902. His book appeared three months later, published by Gauthier-Villars of Paris.

Delastelle is unusual for being an amateur cryptographer at a time when significant contributions to the subject were made by professional soldiers, diplomats and academics.

title: Félix Delastelle


text:
Duco

Duco was a trade name assigned to a product line of automotive lacquer developed by the DuPont Company in the 1920s. Under the Duco brand, DuPont introduced the first quick drying multi-color line of nitrocellulose lacquers made especially for the automotive industry. It was also used in paintings by American artist Jackson Pollock.

It is now used by Nexa Autocolor — formerly ICI Autocolor and now a division of Pittsburgh-based PPG Industries — as a tradename for automotive enamels in Asia.

Duco is still used as an Australian colloquialism for automotive paint. It is currently widely used in the same way in Egypt (دوكو). It was (and partly still is) used in Hungarian as dukkó (noun) and dukkóz (verb). Also in Romania the term was in use with the same meaning until beginning of 2000.

Duco was the finish applied to National String Instrument Corporation brand of resonator guitars c. 1930.

A DuPont Duco nitrocellulosic lacquer was also applied on early Fender Telecaster guitars ("butterscotch" or honey color) : that ultra thin finish was a significant contribution to this guitar specific resonance and sound.

Duco coated is used in the plumbing industry to describe lacquered floor drains and other similar products.

Other uses
Duco Cement is also a brand of nitrocellulose all-purpose adhesive originally trademarked by DuPont and now marketed in the U.S. by ITW Devcon.

An unrelated company with the same name designs and manufactures subsea umbilical cable systems. It is a subsidiary of the Technip Group, under the trademark Technip Umbilical Systems. The name Duco originates from Dunlop and Coflexip, when the Coflexip-Stena Offshore group acquired the subsea umbilical systems activity of the Dunlop group. The company has four locations: Newcastle (UK), Houston (US), Lobito (Angola), and Tanjung Langsat (Malaysia).

title: Duco


text:
Feering

Feering is a village and civil parish in the Braintree district of Essex, England. The parish is between Colchester and Witham. The village, which lies at the south-west edge of the parish, is conjoined to the neighbouring village of Kelvedon. Within the parish are the hamlets of Stocks Green, Skye Green and Langley Green.

Amenities
Feering village has two public houses, the Sun Inn and The Bell Inn, and a restaurant, The Blue Anchor which also functions as a hotel. The Blue Anchor was previously The Old Anchor which, on 14 July 2008, suffered major damage caused by a fire which required eight fire crews to contain and lasted over 3 hours. Prested Hall is an historic house which dates back the 14th Century and which now provides hotel accommodation for special events.

Large businesses have offices or trade points in Feering. The nearest post office and convenience store to the village is in Kelvedon; the Old Post Office and shop which was situated on the village green ceased trading in the early 2000s.

The village has footpath links which run through surrounding fields and rural landscape. The Essex Way is not far from the Northern boundary of the parish.

Transport
Feering is close to the A12 and M11 (the latter via the A120). The village has recently been affected by the A120 proposal to construct a dual carriageway to the north of the village. This extension of the dual carriageway section of the A120 will stretch from the current A12 near Marks Tey to Braintree. The Highways Agency has not released information concerning new routes, which has angered some local residents, who oppose the new proposals.

From 1904 to 1951 the village was served by a halt on the Kelvedon and Tollesbury Light Railway.

Religion
The ecclesiastical parish Church of All Saints is part of the United Benefice of Kelvedon and Feering. The church provides two services, Holy Communion on Sundays, and Family Services monthly. The church has stood at the centre of Feering village for 850 years, and is an English Heritage Grade I listed building.

Feering Mission is an independent village church, opened in October 1907, on Little Tey Road. It is part of the Fellowship for Evangelising Britain's Villages (FEBV). The church currently serves the local community, working closely with the Scope Home Drummonds, Feering Childminders' Association, and Feering Primary School, and has a link with Co-op funeral services in Kelvedon.

title: Feering


text:
Category talk:Forms of water

Should "Desani" be under the "Forms of water" page? Surely as being merely a brand of bottled mineral water it doesn't deserve to be among this section. Being linked from the mineral water page (and mineral water is on the Forms of Water page) should be good enough.

Otherwise, just free advertising - and no reason why the hundreds of other brands of mineral water wouldn't seek to add their link here. Kyle R.

I agree. Please don't make this site a marketing tool. The less "branded" product names the better.

Jurgen K.

Forms of water
Flames have the same molecules. Would that not make fire a form of water. Because. I say yes. And %100pure water does exist on earth. I can prove it. Jesus is not a ghost. 68.147.78.194 (talk) 04:21, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Human form he said .I think I never read the bible. 68.147.78.194 (talk) 04:23, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Forms of water