text:
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus

The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (Paris, National Library of France, Greek 9) designated by the siglum C or 04 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 3 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manuscript of the Greek Bible, written on parchment. It contains most of the New Testament and some Old Testament books, with sizeable portions missing. It is one of the four great uncials (these being manuscripts which originally contained the whole of both the Old and New Testaments). The manuscript is not intact: its current condition contains material from every New Testament book except 2 Thessalonians and 2 John; however, only six books of the Greek Old Testament are represented. It is not known whether 2 Thessalonians and 2 John were excluded on purpose, or whether no fragment of either epistle happened to survive.

The manuscript is a palimpsest, with the pages being washed of their original text, and reused in the 12th century for the Greek translations of 38 treatises composed by Ephrem the Syrian, from whence it gets its name Ephraemi Rescriptus.

The lower text of the palimpsest was deciphered by biblical scholar and palaeographer Constantin von Tischendorf in 1840–1843, and was edited by him in 1843–1845.

Description
The manuscript is a codex (the forerunner to the modern book), written on parchment, measuring 12¼ x 9 in (31.4-32.5 x 25.6-26.4 cm). It has 209 leaves extant, of which 145 belong to the New Testament and 64 to the Old Testament. The letters are medium-sized uncials, in a single column per page, 40–46 lines per page. The text is written continuously, with no division of words (known as Scriptio continua), with the punctuation consisting of only a single point, as in codices Alexandrinus and Vaticanus. The beginning sections have larger letters which stand out in the margin (similar to those in codices Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Basilensis). Iota (ι) and upsilon (υ) have a small straight line over them, which serves as a form of diaeresis. The breathings (utilised to designate vowel emphasis) and accents (used to indicate voiced pitch changes) were added by a later hand. The nomina sacra (special names/words considered sacred in Christianity - usually the first and last letters of the name/word in question are written, followed by an overline; sometimes other letters from within the word are used as well) tend to be contracted into three-letter forms rather than the more common two-letter forms.

A list of chapters (known as κεφαλαια / kephalaia) is preserved before the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John. One may deduce from this that the manuscript originally contained chapter lists for the Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Mark too. The chapter titles (known as τιτλοι / titloi) were apparently not placed in the upper margin of the page; however it is possible the upper margins once contained the titles in red ink, which has since completely faded away; another possibility is the upper portions of the pages have been over-trimmed. The text of the Gospels is accompanied by marginal notations indicating the Eusebian canons (an early system of dividing the four Gospels into different sections, developed by early Christian writer Eusebius of Caesarea), albeit the numerals for the Eusebian Canons were likely written in red ink, which unfortunately have completely vanished. There are no systematic divisions in the other books.

The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53–8:11) was likely missing from the original codex. The two leaves which contain John 7:3–8:34 are not extant, however by counting the lines and calculating how much space would be required to include John 7:53-8:11 (presuming there’s no other large omission), it can be demonstrated they did not contain sufficient space to include the passage. The text of Mark 16:9–20 is included on folio 148r.

It is difficult to determine whether Luke 22:43–44 (Christ's agony at Gethsemane) was in the original codex; unfortunately the leaves containing the surrounding verses are not extant. is not included.

 * Missing Chapters/Verses
 * Gospel of Matthew: 1:1–2; 5:15–7:5; 17:26–18:28; 22:21–23:17; 24:10–45; 25:30–26:22; 27:11–46; 28:15-fin.;
 * Gospel of Mark: 1:1–17; 6:32–8:5; 12:30–13:19;
 * Gospel of Luke: 1:1–2; 2:5–42; 3:21–4:25; 6:4–36; 7:17–8:28; 12:4–19:42; 20:28–21:20; 22:19–23:25; 24:7–45
 * Gospel of John: 1:1–3; 1:41–3:33; 5:17–6:38; 7:3–8:34; 9:11–11:7; 11:47–13:7; 14:8–16:21; 18:36–20:25;
 * Acts of the Apostles: 1:1–2; 4:3–5:34; 6:8; 10:43–13:1; 16:37–20:10; 21:31–22:20; 23:18–24:15; 26:19–27:16; 28:5-fin.;
 * Epistle to the Romans: 1:1–3; 2:5–3:21; 9:6–10:15; 11:31–13:10;
 * First Epistle to the Corinthians: 1:1–2; 7:18–9:6; 13:8–15:40;
 * Second Epistle to the Corinthians: 1:1–2; 10:8-fin.
 * Epistle to the Galatians: 1:1–20
 * Epistle to the Ephesians: 1:1–2:18; 4:17-fin.
 * Epistle to the Philippians: 1:1–22; 3:5-fin.
 * Epistle to the Colossians: 1:1–2;
 * First Epistle to the Thessalonians: 1:1; 2:9-fin.;
 * Second Epistle to the Thessalonians entirely
 * First Epistle to Timothy: 1:1–3:9; 5:20-fin.;
 * Second Epistle to Timothy: 1:1–2;
 * Epistle to Titus: 1:1–2
 * Epistle to Philemon: 1–2
 * Epistle to the Hebrews: 1:1–2:4; 7:26–9:15; 10:24–12:15;
 * Epistle of James: 1:1–2; 4:2-fin.
 * First Epistle of Peter: 1:1–2; 4:5-fin.;
 * Second Epistle of Peter: 1:1;
 * First Epistle of John: 1:1–2; 4:3-fin.
 * Second Epistle of John entirely;
 * Third Epistle of John: 1–2;
 * Epistle of Jude: 1–2;
 * Book of Revelation: 1:1–2; 3:20–5:14; 7:14–17; 8:5–9:16; 10:10–11:3; 16:13–18:2; 19:5-fin.

In the Old Testament, parts of the Book of Job, the Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom, and Sirach survive.

Text

The New Testament text of the codex has been considered primarily as a representative of the Alexandrian text-type, although this affiliation varies from book to book. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine. It has a Byzantine affiliation in Matthew, a weak Alexandrian connection in Mark, and is considered an Alexandrian witness in John. In Luke its textual character is unclear. Textual critics Brooke Foss Westcott and Fenton J.A. Hort classified it as a mixed text; Hermann von Soden classified it as an Alexandrian witness.

According to textual critic Kurt Aland, it agrees with the Byzantine text-type 87 times in the Gospels, 13 times in Acts, 29 times in Paul, and 16 times in the Catholic epistles. It agrees with the Nestle-Aland text 66 times (Gospels), 38 (Acts), 104 (Paul), and 41 (Cath.). It has 50 independent or distinctive readings in the Gospels, 11 in Acts, 17 in Paul, and 14 in the Catholic epistles. Aland placed the text of the codex in Category II of his New Testament manuscript text classification system. Category II manuscripts are described as being manuscripts "of a special quality, i.e., manuscripts with a considerable proportion of the early text, but which are marked by alien influences. These influences are usually of smoother, improved readings, and in later periods by infiltration by the Byzantine text." According to the Claremont Profile Method (a specific analysis method of textual data), its text is mixed in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20.

In the Book of Revelation, the codex is a witness to the same form of text as seen in 02 and.

The manuscript is cited in all critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3, UBS4, NA26, NA27). In NA27 it belongs to the witnesses consistently cited of the first order. The readings of the codex correctors (C1, C2, and C3) are regularly cited in critical editions.

Notable readings
Below are some readings of the manuscript which agree or disagree with variant readings in other Greek manuscripts, or with varying ancient translations of the New Testament. See the main article Textual variants in the New Testament.
 * Interpolations

 * και υποστρεψας ο εκατονταρχος εις τον οικον αυτου εν αυτη τη ωρα ευρεν τον παιδα υγιαινοντα (and when the centurion returned to the house in that hour, he found the slave well - see )
 * incl. - C *$, c2b$ N Θ ƒ$1$ 33 545 g$1$ sy$h$
 * omit - Majority of manuscripts

 * ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἒνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὖδορ καὶ αἳμα (the other took a spear and pierced His side, and immediately came out water and blood - see )
 * incl. - C B L Γ 1010 1293 pc vg$mss$
 * omit - Majority of manuscripts

 * και διαλεγομενων αυτων παρρησια επεισαν τους οχλους αποστηναι απ' αυτων λεγοντες, οτι ουδεν αληθες λεγουσιν αλλα παντα ψευδονται - C 6 36 81 104 323 326 453 945 1175 1739 2818 sy$h(mg)$
 * και πεισαντης τους οχλους - Majority of manuscripts

 * Some corrections

 * δια (by) - C* B D P W Z Δ Θ 0233 ƒ$13$ 33
 * δυο (two) - C$3$ L ƒ$>1$ Byz

 * του κυριου (of the Lord) - C* D E Ψ 33 36 453 945 1739 1891
 * του κυριου και του Θεου (and God) - C$c$ P 049 326 1241 2492 Byz

 * εν τω αυτω πνευματι (in His spirit)
 * omit - C*
 * incl. - C$3$ Majority of manuscripts

 * ὅς ἐφανερώθη (He was manifested) - C* * A* F G 33 365 1175
 * θεός ἐφανερώθη (God was manifested) - C$2$ $3$ A$2$ Majority of manuscripts

 * λογου (of the word) - C* Majority of manuscripts
 * νομου (of the law) - C$2$ 88 621 1067 1852

 * Some other textual variants

 * αγαμος - C
 * νυμφων - B* L 0102 892 1010  sy$h(mg)$
 * γαμος - Majority of manuscripts

 * οι δυο υιοι Ζεβεδαιου (the two sons of Zebedee) - C B sa bo
 * οι υιοι Ζεβεδαιου (the sons of Zebedee) - Majority of manuscripts

 * γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων επιστολην περιεχουσαν ταδε (they wrote by their hands the letter containing this) - C gig w geo
 * γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων (wrote by their hands) - $(vid)$ $(vid)$ * A B bo eth
 * γραψαντης δια χειρος αυτων ταδε (they wrote this by their hands) - Majority of manuscripts

 * Ιουνιαν, Νηρεα - C* F G
 * Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα - C$c$ Majority of manuscripts

 * omit - C   A B 5 811 263 623 1739 1838 1962 2127 it$z$ vg$ww$ sa bo eth$ro$ Origen$lat$
 * incl. - Majority of manuscripts

 * μυστηριον (secret) - C א* Α 88 436 it$a,r$ syr$p$ bo
 * σωτηριον (savior) - ℓ 598 ℓ 593 ℓ 599
 * μαρτυριον (testimony) - Majority of manuscripts

 * τη προσευχη (prayer) - C  * A B D G P Ψ 33 81 104 181 629 630 1739 1877 1881 1962 it vg co arm eth
 * τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) - $c2$ Majority of manuscripts

 * Γαλλιαν - C 81 104 326 436 sa bo$pt$
 * Γαλατιαν - Majority of manuscripts

 * κυριος (Lord) - C
 * ο κυριος (the Lord) - Majority of manuscripts
 * ο θεος (God) - 4 33$(vid)$ 323 2816$(vid)$ 945 1739 vg sy$p$
 * omit - A B Ψ 81 ff sa bo

 * λυσαντι ημας εκ (freed us from) - C $c$ A 2020 2081 2814
 * λουσαντι ημας εκ (washed us from) - Majority of manuscripts

 * εξακοσιαι δεκα εξ (six hundred sixteen / 616) - C ; Ir$lat$
 * εξακοσιαι εξηκοντα εξ (666) - Majority of manuscripts

History

The codex's place of origin is unknown. Tischendorf tentatively suggested Egypt. Tischendorf also proposed the manuscript was produced by two scribes: one for the Old Testament, and one for the New Testament. Subsequent research indicates there may've been a third scribe involved. The text has been corrected by three correctors, designated by C1, C2, and C3 (Tischendorf designated them by C*, C**, and C***). Sometimes they are designated by Ca, Cb, and Cc. The first corrector (C1) worked in a scriptorium, but the exact location where any of the correctors worked is unknown. The first corrector's corrections are not numerous except in the Book of Sirach.

The third and last corrector (C3) likely wrote in the 800's, possibly in Constantinople (modern day Istanbul in Turkey). He conformed readings of the codex to ecclesiastical use, inserting many accents, breathings, and vocal notes. He also added liturgical directions in the margin, and worked extensively on the codex. The codex was subsequently washed of its text, had the pages scrapped (howbeit imperfectly), and reused in the twelfth century.

After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the codex was brought to Florence by an émigré scholar. It belonged to Niccolo Ridolpho († 1550), Cardinal of Florence. After his death it was probably bought by Piero Strozzi, an Italian military leader, for Catherine de' Medici. Catherine brought it to France as part of her dowry, and from the Bourbon royal library it came to rest in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. The manuscript was rebound in 1602.

The older writing was first noticed by Pierre Allix, a Protestant pastor. Jean Boivin, supervisor of the Royal Library, made the first extracts of various readings of the codex (under the notation of Paris 9) to Ludolph Küster, who published Mill's New Testament in 1710. In 1834–1835 potassium ferricyanide was used to bring out faded or eradicated ink, which had the effect of defacing the vellum from green and blue to black and brown.

The first collation of the New Testament was made in 1716 by Johann Jakob Wettstein for Richard Bentley, who intended to prepare a new edition of the Novum Testamentum Graece. According to Bentley's correspondence, it took two hours to read one page, and Bentley paid Wettstein £50. This collation was used by Wettstein in his own Greek New Testament of 1751–1752. Wettstein also made the first description of the codex. Wettstein examined the text of the Old Testament only occasionally, but he did not publish any of it. Various editors made occasional extracts from the manuscript, but Tischendorf was the first who read it completely (Old and New Testament). Tischendorf gained an international reputation when he published the Greek New Testament text in 1843, and the Old Testament in 1845. Although Tischendorf worked by eye alone, his deciphering of the palimpsest's text was remarkably accurate. The torn condition of many folios, and the ghostly traces of the text overlaid by the later one, made the decipherment extremely difficult. Even with modern aids like ultraviolet photography, not all the text is securely legible. Robert W. Lyon published a list of corrections to Tischendorf's edition in 1959. This was also an imperfect work.

According to Edward Miller (1886), the codex was produced "in the light of the most intellectual period of the early Church."

According to Frederic Kenyon, "the original manuscript contained the whole Greek Bible, but only scattered leaves of it were used by the scribe of St. Ephraem's works, and the rest was probably destroyed".

Swete only examined the text of the Old Testament. According to him the original order of the Old Testament cannot be reconstructed. The scribe who converted the manuscript into a palimpsest used the leaves for his new text without regard to their original arrangement. The original manuscript was not a single volume.

It is currently housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Grec 9) in Paris.

title: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus


text:
Mongolian tögrög

The tögrög or tugrik (Mongolian Cyrillic: төгрөг, Mongolian script:, transcription: tögürig; sign: ₮; code: MNT) is the official currency of Mongolia. It was historically subdivided into 100 möngö (мөнгө / ). Currently, the lowest denomination in regular use is the 10-tögrög note, and the highest is the 20,000-tögrög note. In Unicode, the currency sign is.

In 2010, the tögrög rose 15% against the US dollar, due to the growth of the mining industry in Mongolia. However, its exchange rate eroded by 24% from early 2013 to June 2014 due to falling foreign investment and mining revenue.

Etymology
The word tögrög (төгрөг) refers to "circle", or a "circular object" (i.e., a coin). Today, it is rarely used outside of referring to the currency, with the exception of the phrase tögrög sar (төгрөг сар), meaning 'full moon'.

History
The tögrög was introduced on December 9, 1925, at a value equal to one Soviet ruble, where one ruble or tögrög was equal to 18 g of silver. It replaced the Mongolian dollar and other currencies and became the sole legal currency on April 1, 1928.

Möngö coins are no longer in circulation as currency, owing to their negligible value. Today, they are sold online and to tourists as collectibles.

Coins
During socialism, the tögrög coin denominations were 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50 möngö, and 1 tögrög. After the Mongolian People's Republic came to an end in 1992 and inflation surged, möngö coins were abandoned and larger tögrög values introduced.

Banknotes
Like coins, the tögrög banknotes were very similar to the Soviet ruble during the Mongolian People's Republic era. The similarities included color theme, overall design, and the lineup of the denominations, which were 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 tögrög unless stated otherwise. The color for each value is Formerly, all banknotes were printed in the Soviet Union. Modern tögrög banknotes are generally printed in the United Kingdom.
 * 1 tögrög: brown
 * 3 tögrög: green
 * 5 tögrög: blue
 * 10 tögrög: red
 * 20 tögrög: green
 * 25 tögrög: lilac
 * 50 tögrög: green
 * 100 tögrög: brown

Remarks

 * 1) Images shown are the earliest variations of each value
 * 2) Issued dates are listed for up to 2003. It is known that there is a 2005 edition of 10 tögrög, but it is yet unclear whether or not it was the only value for the 2005 edition.
 * 3) Lower value notes (10 ~ 500 tögrög) issued in 2000 and after have line-patterned color underprint on the entire note, where the previous edition had near-white solid color. But one exception to the rule is the 2000 edition of 500 tögrög.
 * 4) High value notes (500 ~ 10,000 tögrög) issued in 2002 and after have a patch on the lower right hand side of obverse as an improved anti-counterfeit device, which used to be printed only on the two highest values. The new patch is also more sophisticated than the ones in the 1990s. The Soyombo symbol was upgraded to a hologram on the two highest values. On series 2018 5000 tögrög, the hologram was changed to an OVMI ink.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mongolian tögrög


text:
Talk:Güyük Khan

Untitled
Is'nt the first emperor of the Yuan dynasty Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan?

 * Kublai Khan is the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. However, he posthumously placed Güyük Khan on the official record of the dynasty as Emperor Dingzong.--Choulin (talk) 22:29, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

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Religion
George Vernadsky and Jack Weatherford have written that he became a Nestorian Christian around the time of his coronation, but it seems to be up in the air. Should a section be added in?3Kingdoms (talk) 19:14, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

To add to article
Shouldn't mention of André de Longjumeau's diplomatic visit be added to this article? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 09:44, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Güyük Khan


text: User talk:65.95.229.116

title: User talk:65.95.229.116


text:
Siege of Candia

The Siege of Candia (now Heraklion, Crete) was a military conflict in which Ottoman forces besieged the Venetian-ruled capital city of the Kingdom of Candia. Lasting from 1648 to 1669, or a total of 21 years, it is the second-longest siege in history after the siege of Ceuta. It ended with an Ottoman victory, but the effort and cost of the siege contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, especially after the Great Turkish War.

Background
In the 17th century, Venice's power in the Mediterranean was waning as Ottoman power grew. The Republic of Venice believed that the Ottomans would use any excuse to pursue further hostilities.

In 1644, the Knights of Malta attacked an Ottoman convoy of sailing ships on its way from Constantinople to Alexandria. They landed at Candia with the loot, which included the former Chief Black Eunuch of the Harem, the kadi of Cairo, among other pilgrims heading to Mecca.

In response, 60,000 Ottoman troops led by Yusuf Pasha disembarked on Venetian Crete with no apparent target, with many suspecting them heading for Malta. Instead, the Ottomans surprisingly struck against Crete in June 1645, besieging and occupying La Canea (modern Chania) and Rettimo (modern Rethimno). Each of these cities took two months to be conquered. Between 1645 and 1648, the Ottomans occupied the rest of the island and prepared to take the capital, Candia.

Siege
The siege of Candia began in May 1648. The Ottomans spent three months laying siege to the city, cutting off the water supply, and disrupting Venice's sea lanes to the city. They would bombard the city for the next 16 years to little effect.

The Venetians, in turn, sought to blockade the Ottoman-held Dardanelles to prevent the resupply of the Ottoman expeditionary force on Crete. This effort led to a series of naval actions. On 21 June 1655 and 26 August 1656, the Venetians were victorious, although the Venetian commander, Lorenzo Marcello, was killed in the latter engagement. However, on 17–19 July 1657, the Ottoman navy soundly defeated the Venetians. The Venetian captain, Lazzaro Mocenigo, was killed by a falling mast.

Venice received more aid from other western European states after the 7 November 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees and the consequent peace between France and Spain. However, the Peace of Vasvár (August 1664) released additional Ottoman forces for action against the Venetians in Candia.

In 1666, a Venetian attempt to recapture La Canea failed. The following year, Colonel Andrea Barozzi, a Venetian military engineer, defected to the Ottomans and gave them information on weak spots in Candia's fortifications. On 24 July 1669, a French land/sea expedition under Francois de Beaufort not only failed to lift the siege, but also lost the fleet's vice-flagship La Thérèse, a 900-ton French warship armed with 58 cannons, to an accidental explosion. This dual disaster was devastating to the morale of the city's defenders.

Chastened by their failed relief effort and the loss of so valuable a warship, the French abandoned Candia in August 1669, leaving Captain General Francesco Morosini, the commander of Venetian forces, with only 3,600 fit men and scant supplies to defend the fortress. He, therefore, accepted terms and surrendered to Ahmed Köprülü, the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire on 27 September 1669. However, his surrender without first receiving authorization from the Venetian Senate made Morosini a controversial figure in Venice for some years afterward.

As part of the surrender terms, all Christians were allowed to leave Candia with whatever they could carry. At the same time, Venice retained possession of Gramvousa, Souda and Spinalonga, fortified islands that shielded natural harbors where Venetian ships could stop during their voyages to the eastern Mediterranean. After Candia's fall, the Venetians somewhat offset their defeat by expanding their holdings in Dalmatia.

Proposed biological warfare attack
Data obtained from the Archives of the Venetian State, relating to an operation organized by the Venetian Intelligence Services, describes a plan aimed at lifting the siege by infecting the Ottoman soldiers with plague; this was to be done by attacking them with a liquid made from the spleens and buboes of plague victims. "Although the plan was perfectly organized, and the deadly mixture was ready to use, the attack was ultimately never carried out." According to a scholar from the USA's National Defense University, this attack was previously unknown to historians of biological warfare until published in December 2015.

Other participants

 * Knights of Malta fought at the siege of Candia (in Crete) in 1668
 * François de Beaufort, who died there
 * Philippe de Montaut-Bénac, marshal under the duke of Beaufort
 * Philippe de Vendôme, the nephew of the duke of Beaufort
 * Vincenzo Rospigliosi, admiral of the fleet and Pope Clement's nephew
 * Georg Rimpler, German engineer
 * Charles de Sévigné
 * Louis de Buade de Frontenac

In fiction
The siege of Candia is an integral part of the background to the historical novel An Instance of the Fingerpost, where a significant protagonist is a Venetian veteran of that siege and several plot developments become clear through extensive flashbacks to the Candia events.

In season 6, episode 3 of the HBO series Silicon Valley, Gilfoyle (incorrectly) states that the Siege of Candia was only ended by use of biological warfare, where the Ottomans were defeated when they became infected with the plague infested lymph nodes of the dead.

title: Siege of Candia


text:
Tydfil

Saint Tydfil (Welsh: Tudful; martyred c. 480) is the legendary dedicatee of Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. The old parish church of St Tydfil, Merthyr Tydfil, is dedicated to her and is reputed to be the site of her death.

According to legend, Tydfil was the twenty-third daughter of Brychan, king of Brycheiniog, by his fourth wife. Tydfil was murdered with her brother Rhun in Merthyr Tydfil, by either Welsh pagans or Anglo-Saxon pagans, and buried in the town. No trace remains of her holy well Ffynnon Dydfil, which is thought to have been near the southern end of Well Street in Merthyr Tydfil. The daughter church of St Tydfil's Well is in the area of Merthyr Tydfil known as 'The Quar' (quarry).

St Tydfil's Church in Llysworney in the Vale of Glamorgan is dedicated to her, as was a chapel in Llantwit Major church until it was given to Tewkesbury Abbey.

title: Tydfil


text:
Talk:Addison Township, Michigan

Untitled
Does anyone remember the old names of the grocery store at Campbells Corners - the one on the southeast corner - 32 mile and Rochester Rd? I know previously to it being moved it was S & M Market, previous to that it was owned by the Snover family but I don't remember the name. Before Snovers, it was owned by the Watts family that I think lived on Cranberry Lake.

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text:
Inside the Soviet Army

Inside the Soviet Army (ISBN 0-241-10889-6; Hamish Hamilton, 1982; also published in the United States, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-02-615500-1), is a book by Viktor Suvorov (published under his pseudonym), which describes the general organisation, doctrine, and strategy of the Soviet armed forces (the term "Army" being used to cover not only the land force, but also strategic rocket, air defence, air, and naval forces). United States military reviewers described this book as one of the most important in its field published in the previous decade.

Suvorov was a veteran of the Soviet armed forces and military intelligence. He had defected to the United Kingdom in 1978 and published his first book there in 1981. All of his books have first been published in Russian; several have been translated into English, as these first two were.

Description
Suvorov, a Russian-Ukrainian who was a former veteran and intelligence agent in the Soviet Union before defecting to the United Kingdom in 1978, explains his view on Soviet political realities. He portrays the military as an institution in which everything is subordinated to maintaining the communist regime's dominance, thus explaining the rationale behind Soviet strategic planning. Marxism is treated as a science to govern military strategy as well. He notes that at the time, three forces were always at work with the military: the Party, through the Politburo; the KGB; and the Soviet Army officers and hierarchy.

He describes the organisation of the Soviet armed forces, from the top down, emphasizing the land forces/Soviet Army. Technical details are presented when they are useful, but he is primarily concerned with explaining the underlying philosophy and culture. He often contrasts these with the Western military approach.

Suvorov concludes with descriptions of the daily life inside the Soviet Army for the soldier and the officer, including the bullying and the hazing known as dedovshchina. This was almost unknown in the West when he published his book. It has since been reported as notorious in the Russian Ground Forces of the post-Soviet period and contributing to poor morale.

First published in Russian, this book was translated into English and published in editions in the UK and US.

Critical reception
In "An Insider's Warning to the West", published in 1983, Lt. Col. Gregory Varhall and Major Kenneth M. Currie note that in this second book, Suvorov "regards the Soviet military as a formidable adversary despite its shortcomings." They describe this book as one of the most important in its field published in the previous decade (1970s-to early 1980s), and say that it gave the "first comprehensive look inside the Soviet military since The Penkovsky Papers." (These were published in 1965, a compilation of material smuggled by the late Soviet agent Oleg Penkovsky, who was executed in 1963 in the USSR for espionage.)

The reviewers note that Suvorov emphasizes how different the "experiential and cognitive basis" is for Soviet actions, compared to those of the US. He claimed the Soviets learned about US character by watching films of the Western genre.

Allan Weeks noted in footnote #16 to his article, "The Soviet View Toward Prognostication" (1983), that Suvorov had emphasized in this second book, in Part 5: "Strategy and Tactics," that the Soviets' offensive strategy was directed at using what they believed to be their superior prediction skills to catch the US and other Western nations off guard. Suvorov noted their success in the surprise invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, and said that there was a Chief Directorate for Strategic Camouflage.

title: Inside the Soviet Army


text:
User:BlueCanoe/SFO

Sigurd F. Olson (April 4, 1899 - January 13, 1982) was an American author, ecologist, environmentalist, and advocate for the protection of wilderness. Olson best known for writing about the natural history, ecology, and outdoor life in and around the Quetico - Superior wilderness of western Ontario and northern Minnesota. He was also a leading proponent of the protection and expansion of the U.S. National Park system. Olson remains the only person ever to have received the highest honor from the Izaak Walton League, the National Wildlife Federation, the Wilderness Society, and the Sierra Club.

Biography
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Sigurd Olson grew up on a farm in northern Wisconsin where he developed his life-long interest in the outdoors. After studying agriculture, botany, geology, and ecology at Northland College, the University of Wisconsin, and the University of Illinois, he moved to the small northern Minnesota town of Ely. Olson began teaching biology at the local Junior College in 1926 and acted as dean from 1936 to 1947. Olson also worked as a canoe guide during the summer months, becoming a part-owner a canoe outfitter.

The 1950s saw Sig Olson's prominence in national conservation efforts increase, as he became involved with the international commission working on protecting large tracts of wilderness lakes and forests on either side of the Minnesota-Ontario border. He took the title of Wilderness Ecologist for the Izaak Walton League, and soon joined the board of the National Parks Conservation Association. During this time, Olson spent much of his time either in Washington, D.C. or traveling to speak to conservation groups or to tour national parks or other areas being considered for protection.

With the passage of the Wilderness Act of 1964, wilderness advocates such as Olson saw their efforts rewarded. The Boundary Waters Canoe Area became protected as a legally-defined wilderness area and remains so today.
 * The pinnacles of his advocacy career came as president of the National Parks Conservation Association from 1953 to 1959, and president of the Wilderness Society from 1968 to 1971.
 * He also helped establish Voyageurs National Park in northern Minnesota.
 * a "John Muir of the north woods"
 * contemporary of David Brower, Aldo Leopold
 * Friend of U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas

Environmental philosophy
Sigurd Olson preferred the term conservationist over environmentalist, probably both from his classical training in ecology as well as his belief in the importance of balance between wilderness and modern civilization.
 * He was often criticized in his wilderness advocacy roles by both opponents and proponents for being too much of an extremist, when in reality he was guilty only of favoring realistic compromises over ideological rigidity.
 * belief in civilization's & individual's need for wilderness, healing power of wild, natural places; "biological memory" of living in the wild
 * Connection between God and wilderness, conservation as moral imperative

Books

 * The Singing Wilderness (1956)
 * Listening Point (1958)
 * The Lonely Land (1961)
 * Runes of the North (1963)
 * Open Horizons (1969)
 * The Hidden Forest (1969)
 * Wilderness Days (1972)
 * Reflections From the North Country (1976)
 * Of Time and Place (1982)
 * Songs of the North. Howard Frank Mosher, ed. (1987)
 * The Collected Works of Sigurd F. Olson: The Early Writings, 1921-1934. Mike Link, ed. (1988)
 * The Collected Works of Sigurd F. Olson: The College Years, 1935-1944. Mike Link, ed. (1990)
 * The Meaning of Wilderness: Essential Articles and Speeches. Edited and with an Introduction by David Backes. (2001)
 * Spirit of the North: The Quotable Sigurd F. Olson. Edited and with an Introduction by David Backes. (2004)

title: User:BlueCanoe/SFO


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rui Yang

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 00:51, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Rui Yang
non-notable high school student's resume — J3ff 04:17, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete Vanity page, this is pretty standard deletion material (maybe even candidate for speedy deletion? Agriculture 04:20, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Greatest achievement is Honor Roll, which is somewhat below the bar; delete. Samaritan 04:41, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non notable, vanity page Glaurung 08:08, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I give him 0/10 for failing the reading test - since he failed to understand the instruction not to write articles about himself. Average Earthman 10:47, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable vanity. --Idont Havaname 00:20, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - fails Google test, possible vanity. Megan1967 06:06, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Thomas W. Chittum

Untitled
Chittum's a bit off, but using words like "rants" (among other things written in the article) to describe his views shows obvious bias. Perhaps something along the lines of this should be used? cornince 22:16, 6 Feb 2005 CST
 * Good idea. Go for it. Cheers, -Willmcw 04:39, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Chittums's not a bit off for anyone who has any knowledge of what happens when a country is immersed in the tribalizing concepts of pluralism and multicultural diversity. Wikipedia also claims Chittum to be a white separatist. In reading Chittum's book, "Civil War II", such is clearly not the case. The book speaks to the natural result of the tribalizing concepts of pluralism and multicultural diversity (the hynpenated society). One of the first experiments in multicultural diversity was the former Yugoslavia which broke up along ethnic lines. It should be a lesson to America who seems to be deaf and blind. Warring tribes along ethnic lines did not emerge in America until the idea of pluralism and multicultural diversity (as opposed to the melting pot concept of "we are all Americans" not hyphenated Americans) became pervasive. Chittum is on the mark about where those concepts will lead America. --216.255.192.46 17:46, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Chittum's Website Down?
http://firebaseskull.com/

This website does not appear to be functional. I heard about this person via an Amazon book he sells, but the official website (if firebaseskull.com is his) is just timing out on me. Can anyone else confirm it before we remove it from the article?--Saintlink 08:25, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Can We Get a Link?
The report mentioning Chittum as a possible war criminal--can we possibly get a link to that? Perhaps the poster can go back and get it or tell us how to get it.66.21.213.254 06:44, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Mercenary?
Chittum's own bio describes him as a "rifleman". The Wikipedia defintion for mercenary is:

A mercenary is a soldier who fights or engages in warfare primarily for private gain, usually with little regard for ideological, national, or political considerations, however, when the term "mercenary" is used to refer to a soldier of a national, regular army, it usually is an insult, epithet or pejorative.

I think it is clear that Chittum had specific ideological reasons for fighting in Rhodesia, at least, and maybe Croatia. It is not at all clear to me that he was not a regular member of the army.

Unless someone has specific knowledge that would allow them to make this charge (which, as our definition notes is pejoritive) it should be changed to something more neutral such as "soldier" or "infantryman".

More background:

''In the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions (GC) of 12 August 1949and the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977 it is stated:

Art 47. Mercenaries

1. A mercenary shall not have the right to be a combatant or a prisoner of war. 2. A mercenary is any person who: (a) is specially recruited locally or abroad in order to fight in an armed conflict; (b) does, in fact, take a direct part in the hostilities; (c) is motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material compensation substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks and functions in the armed forces of that Party; (d) is neither a national of a Party to the conflict nor a resident of territory controlled by a Party to the conflict; (e) is not a member of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict; and (f) has not been sent by a State which is not a Party to the conflict on official duty as a member of its armed forces.''

Chittum appears?
Chittum apparently put this in the main article and I moved here:
 * I am Thomas W Chittum, and I have never even heard of the Citizens Alliance Party. Also, I am not and never have been a member of the American Nationalist Union, but I have contributed articles to their publication.

 * The reports of me being involved in that Medac pocket business are total baloney. I had left Croatia MONTHS PRIOR to that incident. My writings can be found at America First Books.

 * My address is PO Box 83961 Gaithersburg MD 20878

Per WP:LIVING, I have removed the aforementioned material, which is uncited. Yakuman (数え役満) 03:41, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That's fine, but the remaining material in the article is uncited too. Unless we can find some reasonable sources that establish the notability of the subject we should think about deleting the article. -Will Beback · † · 04:43, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The remainder is a stub. Yakuman (数え役満) 05:08, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, but even stubs have to be sourced and concern notable topics. -Will Beback · † · 05:12, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You can make a ref tag as well as I can. Yakuman (数え役満) 05:14, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I've already added "fact" and "notability" tags. If nothing is added to address those issues then we should think about deleting the article. -Will Beback · † · 05:20, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

In the time you've spent complaining, I solved one problem (notability via significant media coverage) and most of the second. Yakuman (数え役満) 05:26, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * How did you obtain the citations so quickly? They don't appear to be available online. -Will Beback · † · 05:33, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I made the changes earlier, assuming that someone would step in and cleanup the article. You start talking about notability, forcing that "someone" to be me.   So I fired up my private database account.  It comes in handy when nailing down facts.Yakuman (数え役満) 05:39, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know what you mean by "private database account". Are these citations online, but only avaialbe after paying an archive fee? If so can you provide the quotes which substantiate Chittum's notability? Simply being mentioned in an article doesn't meet the standards of WP:BIO. -Will Beback · † · 05:44, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * The cites are there in periodicals mentioned.  Your insinuation that I'm making stuff up does not deserve a response.  I only jumped in out of fear that some admin tricks like speedy delete were coming.  I'm not endorsing the guy, but he's certainly notable.Yakuman (数え役満) 05:51, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not insinuating you made it up, but I'd like to see what they say that makes the guy notable. What is this private database account that you're referring to? Can I get access? As for notability, please see WP:BIO. Also, I doin't know what you mean by "admin tricks" but that doesn't sound like a nice thing. -Will Beback · † · 06:08, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas W. Chittum


text:
Wolfeius

Wolfeius was a hermit at St Benet Hulme in the English county of Norfolk.

He is known from the writings of William Worcester, who recorded him as the first hermit of St Benet Hulme. He died, possibly sometime in the eleventh century, on 9 December which thus became his feast day.

title: Wolfeius


text: User talk:69.156.150.60

title: User talk:69.156.150.60


text: Category:Education in New Zealand

title: Category:Education in New Zealand


text: User talk:12.144.227.182

title: User talk:12.144.227.182


text:
Postal village

A postal village or post village (p.v., P.V., PV or p-v) is generally a settlement that has a post office.

Definition and abbreviation
In North American usage, the term "post village" refers to a small community (a village) which has a post office. The definition is similar to that of "postal town": "a town having a main post office branch".

Other sources have slightly different definitions for post villages. Colina Stanton of the Chapman Center for Rural Studies at Kansas State University states, "early atlases often use the term “post village” to refer to towns founded with little more than a post office and a store."

In India, a postal village is distinct from other types of villages (such as revenue or census villages), being designated for mail delivery.

When referring to postal villages, the abbreviation PV or p.v. has sometimes been used. Webster's 1896 Collegiate Dictionary explained this as standing for "post village".

title: Postal village


text:
Sakaisuji-Hommachi Station

Sakaisuji-Hommachi Station (堺筋本町駅) is a railway station on two lines of the Osaka Metro in Chūō-ku, Osaka, Japan.

Lines
Sakaisuji-Hommachi Station is served by the following two Osaka Metro lines:
 * (K15)
 * (C17)

Layout
The station has two side platforms serving two tracks for the Sakaisuji Line on the second basement, between the third and fourth buildings of Semba Center Building, and an island platform serving two tracks for the Chuo Line under the Sakaisuji Line. The platform for the Chuo Line is about 40 m wide because it is located under the second basement floor of Semba Center Building.

"Semba-higashi (船場 東 )" has been shown on the station signs since October 2011 to revive the traditional "Semba Brand" in the center of the city of Osaka. "Semba-nishi (船場 西 )" is shown on the station signs at adjacent Hommachi Station.

History
The station opened on 6 December 1969.

Surrounding area

 * Chuo Ward Office
 * Osaka Prefectural Police Higashi Police Station
 * Teijin
 * Marubeni
 * Semba Center Building
 * Mydome Osaka
 * The Osaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry
 * Hanshin Expressway Route 1 Loop Line
 * Hanshin Expressway Route 13 Higashi-Osaka Line

title: Sakaisuji-Hommachi Station


text:
Talk:Studnet

I just entered this article and thought it would be informative. Similar to a "cow orker" typo. Just type studnet on google and you'll see lots of entertaining typos.

Okay, so I created a login. Please don't just delete this, it's my first entry. At least tell me why you want to delete it first.

from VfD
On 7 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Studnet for a record of the discussion.

title: Talk:Studnet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bresenham's line algorithm Visual basic code

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 01:05, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Bresenham's line algorithm Visual basic code
Same reasoning applies to four pages: Bresenham's line algorithm Delphi code, Bresenham's line algorithm Python code, Bresenham's line algorithm C code, Bresenham's line algorithm Visual basic code. All are just implementations of Bresenham's line algorithm. They might belong in a textbook on computer graphics (perhaps at Wikibooks), but are beyond the scope of an encyclopedia. (There already is an implementation in the Bresenham's line algorithm, to boot.) jdb ❋ 04:27, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete Different implementions aren't needed. JimmyShelter 09:41, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the code in the main article doesn't describe the algorithm clearly enough, improve it. Gazpacho 04:28, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Implementations of this algorithm in different languages aren't helpful. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:15, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiSource. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:39, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Varunb

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

There is a Notice board for India-related topics. We're working on a Indian collaboration of the week.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:Varunb


text:
Shola

Sholas are the local name for patches of stunted tropical montane forest found in valleys amid rolling grassland in the higher montane regions of South India, largely in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamilnadu. These patches of shola forest are found mainly in the valleys and are usually separated from one another by undulating montane grassland. The shola and grassland together form the shola-grassland complex or mosaic. Not all such high-elevation grasslands have sholas in their valleys, especially if they are isolated from other such meadows, such as the meadows found in the Idamalayar Reserve Forest in Ernakulam district of Kerala. The word 'Shola' is probably derived from the Tamil language word cōlai (சோலை) meaning grove.

The shola-forest and grassland complex has been described as a climatic climax vegetation with forest regeneration and expansion restricted by climatic conditions such as frost or soil characteristics while others have suggested that it may have anthropogenic origins in the burning and removal of forests by early herders and shifting agriculturists.

Distribution and origin

Shola forests are found in the higher elevation hill regions of the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, around Anamudi, Palni hills, Meghamalai, Agasthyamalai to the south and the Malnad and associated ranges in parts of Wayanad, Coorg, Baba Budangiri, Kudremukh up the north, to Goa, Satara district and Sindhudurg district in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Although generally said to occur above 2000 meters above sea level, shola forests can be found at 1600 meters elevation in many hill ranges (e.g. Biligiriranga Hills).

The origin of the shola forest and grassland complex has been the subject of scientific debate. Some early researchers suggested that the floristic composition represents a stable final state or climax vegetation. This stability is maintained by climatic conditions such as frost which allow the grass to grow but kill off any forest seedlings. Others have suggested that the grassland may have been created and maintained by early pastoralists and point out that fire has a major role in the maintenance of the grassland. There is evidence for both and several features of the forest trees and the grasslands that have been considered and debated. Pollen analysis from bogs in the Nilgiris suggest that the complex of grassland and forest existed 35,000 years ago, long before human impact began. Long-term studies on the dynamic processes of vegetation change continue.

Fauna
Due to their isolation, elevation, and evergreen character, shola forests are home to many threatened and endemic species. Some of the species found here have close relatives only in the distant evergreen forests of Northeast India, the Himalayas and Southeast Asia. Some others are found nowhere else in the world.

The Western Ghats are one of the globally recognized biodiversity hotspots. Colias nilagiriensis is a species of butterfly endemic to shola grasslands above 2000m, sometimes being considered a subspecies of Colias erate. Like most other species in the genus Colias, it is found at high elevations and subtropical climate. However, this is the only one found in South India. Among the many larger animals inhabiting a shola-grassland mosaic are tigers, leopards, elephants and gaur. The endangered Nilgiri tahr (of the family Bovidae, which includes gazelles, antelopes, and wild buffaloes) is endemic to the shola-grassland, and its range is now restricted to a 400-km stretch of shola-grassland mosaic, from the Nilgiri Hills to the Agasthyamalai Hills. Laughingthrushes, Nilgiri woodpigeons, shortwings, and some of the endemic flycatchers (black-and-orange flycatcher and Nilgiri flycatcher) are some of the 300+ species of birds that inhabit this area. The area shows high endemicity and is rivaled only by the forests in northeast India; 35 percent of the plants, 42 percent of the fish, 48 percent of the reptiles, and 75 percent of the amphibians, and about 13 percent of the insects, about 25 percent not being found east of Bangalore, that live in these forests are endemic species.

Flora
At least 25 types of trees are present in the major sholas of the Nilgiri Hills. The dominant trees in this type of forest are Magnolia nilagirica, Bischofia javanica (bishop wood), Calophyllum tomentosum, Toona ciliata (Indian mahogany), Eugenia (myrtle) spp., Ficus glomerata (atti or cluster fig tree or gular fig tree) and Mallotus spp. Shola forests have an upper storey of small trees, generally Prunus ceylanica, Heptapleurum racemosum, Chionanthus ramiflorus, Syzygium spp., Rhododendron arboreum subsp. nilagiricum, Berberis napaulensis, Elaeocarpus recurvatus, Ilex denticulata, Magnolia nilagirica, Actinodaphne bourdillonii, and Litsea wightiana. Below the upper story is a low under story and a dense shrub layer. Strobilanthes kunthiana, known as Kurinji or Neelakurinji in Tamil, is a well known shrub endemic to Western Ghats that blossoms only once in 12 years. There is a thick concentration of mosses growing on the under story and many ferns in the sunlit narrow transition to grassland. Shola forests are interspersed with montane grasslands, characterized by frost- and fire-resistant grass species like Chrysopogon nodulibarbis, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Arundinella ciliata, Arundinella mesophylla, Arundinella tuberculata, Themeda tremula, and Sehima nervosa.

Threats
Invasive introduced species are a serious threat to this high elevation ecosystem. Some, like Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus globulus are the consequence of commercial plantation and afforestation drives, especially in the Nilgiri Mountains. Other threatening invasive species include Lantana camara and Ageratina adenophora.

Conservation
Periodic fires have been considered to help maintain the grassland, however, excessive burning has led to a shrinkage of forest patches and the growth of invasive species.

The shola biome has a high water retention capacity and exists as the primary source of the water for the high elevation organisms is the origin of many streams and rivers in the Western Ghats.

title: Shola


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bresenham's line algorithm C code

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 01:17, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Bresenham's line algorithm C code
Same reasoning applies to four pages: Bresenham's line algorithm Delphi code, Bresenham's line algorithm Python code, Bresenham's line algorithm C code, Bresenham's line algorithm Visual basic code. All are just implementations of Bresenham's line algorithm. They might belong in a textbook on computer graphics (perhaps at Wikibooks), but are beyond the scope of an encyclopedia. (There already is an implementation in the Bresenham's line algorithm, to boot.) jdb ❋ 04:29, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Keep, the implementations are in different languages, and are simple enough for novice programmers to decipher. Very few other sites provide all these implementations, and when they do, the code is not simple.
 * Keep, I agree with the vote above. Besides, I found the code very useful when building a renderer, and the code isn't on Wikibooks (where the word 'Bresenham' draws a blank)-- TrojanSirius 02:36, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * All the more reason to move it to a book there. (Note that the last two votes were entered by IP 128.125.13.207 within fifteen minutes of each other). jdb ❋ 05:48, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. Megan1967 05:34, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The code is already explained in Pascal in the article on Bresenham's line algorithm. I do not understand why  you think it merits four additional implementations. It's like having four different recipies for fried flounder -- they might belong in the Wikibooks Cookbook, but not here. jdb ❋ 05:56, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually I do have four recipes on fried flounder, but my vote was a mistake (wrong VfD article). I've struck it out. Megan1967 09:33, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not encyclopic. The algorithm has it's own page, different implementations aren't needed. JimmyShelter 09:39, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the code in the main article doesn't describe the algorithm clearly enough, improve it. Gazpacho 04:28, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I dont´t think a code listing by itself makes a relevante article. Perhaps these could be incorporated into the main article, or (better) on a Wikibook. --Marx Gomes 04:36, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Implementations of this algorithm in different languages aren't helpful. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:16, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete ComCat 01:49, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiSource. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:38, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Matthew Flinders

Random Talk
In one sentence it says 'Australia holds a large collection of statues erected in Flinders' honour, second only in number to statues of Queen Victoria', but that's obviously wrong. Flinders is someone who made great and valuable contributions, but there are obviously many more statues of Jesus and Mary. If the author meant public statues, then this could be clarified. Even then, I'd have my doubts. It needs to be referenced.
 * I agree with what you are saying and I can't find a reference so I'll delete the bit about second to Queen Victoria. Kerry (talk) 15:06, 8 April 2017 (UTC)

In this listing Flinders is listed as "Captain RN". Both Matthew Flinders and James Cook never reached the rank of Captain in the Navey - they only reached the rank of Post Captain.By placeing RN after their names you should list there rank as a Navil Officer. --Asitwas (talk) 08:41, 19 February 2012 (UTC) wasn't flinders cat eaten by humans cause they were staving to death and wanted food. Trim went missing, he could have been eaten!--Asitwas (talk) 08:41, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

Dagedude 01:50, 25 January 2007 (UTC)I don't know, but HOLY CHEESECAKES, he is my ancestor, I am Nathan Flinders, living in TX

Trim is the cat in question and is possibly more famous in Australia than his owner.petedavo 11:49, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * One vote for no. Was taught about Flinders in school, never heard of his cat. -Graham, Sydney, Australia. GraL (talk) 16:05, 11 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I am in sympathy for Dagedude and the loss of his ancestor, Trim. Petedavo must read only children's books if they think a cat more famous than Flinders.

Flinders' occupation, as in the Biography, is more properly; 'Royal Navy Ships Officer'. 'Naval Explorer of Australia' is ludicrous, and description of part of his career only. So i have changed it. He was employed by the Royal Navy to explore New Holland, as the RN described Australia at that time. Flinders was Commissioned command HMS Investigator on 19 January 1801, the name of the vessel being changed by this commission. 15 February 1801, Promoted to rank of Commander. (A Voyage to Terra Australis, Chapter 1.) A Voyage to Terra Australis is not, 'probably the first work on early Australian exploration'. Flinders describes how he collected 'most of the books of voyages to the South Seas' for Investigator's library. 7Mar5ha11 (talk) 18:36, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

Hmm. I don't believe Graham lives in Sydney. Even I saw the Trim Statue at the Mitchel Library when I visited there in the 70's and was told about Trim when learning about Matthew Flinders as part of grade 7 history in Primary School in Western Australia.  Petedavo talkcontributions  03:02, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

"A bronze statue of Trim by sculptor John Cornwell stands on a window ledge of the Mitchell Library in Macquarie Street, Sydney, Australia; it's directly behind the statue of his master that was erected in 1925 when his grandson donated Flinders' papers to the library. The cat statue, commissioned by the North Shore Historical Society and unveiled in March 1996 by Rear-Admiral David Campbell, is very popular, and the library café is named after Trim."

Anyway Trim has his own wikipedia entry.  Petedavo talkcontributions  03:02, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

The explorer's remains where identified in an excavation underway at Euston Station London — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.171.28.50 (talk) 22:08, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

Naming Australia
This section contains great information. Only one problem - almost all of it doesn't belong here, only the bit that's relevant to Flinders. Very few people would think to look under "Matthew Flinders" to find such an extensive background to the name of the country. So, whatever its quality, the info is probably going to waste here. They might look under Australia, and some of this info is there, but not all of it. That is its spiritual home, not here. JackofOz 12:50, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Matthew Flinders
Did he die? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.180.205.106 (talk) 08:08, 25 October 2007 (UTC) MF was nearly killed by the governor of Mauritius, when he was caught banging the governor's 15yo daughter. It is now known that this is why he was thrown out of the colony. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.213.63.82 (talk) 08:39, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * No mention of wife or family in the Decaen article. Flinders coached the two sons. Perhaps we could have reference. Valetude (talk) 22:58, 14 February 2020 (UTC)

Brother Samuel
Flinders had a brother named Samuel, who served with him as a navigator. If you believe Miriamm Estensen's book, Samuel was was something of a zipperhead. There's probably enough information about brother Samuel to justify an article.Dugong.is.good.tucker (talk) 01:15, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * There's probably enough information for an article on Trim too. ;-) Hesperian 01:59, 26 August 2008 (UTC)
 * P.S. I'm not stalking you; we must have a lot of shared interests, as the articles you're editing are all on my watchlist. Hesperian 01:59, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Trim
Trim had 16 references in Miriam Estensen's biography of Flinders. Is there a picture or drawing? If there was a league ladder for well-known, named domestic animals prior to 1805, Trim would be high on the list. Dugong.is.good.tucker (talk) 13:22, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

The Mitchell Library has posted a lot of info about Trim here http://www.pinterest.com/statelibrarynsw/trim-the-cat/  Petedavo talkcontributions  03:00, 2 July 2014 (UTC)

General thoughts
The more I read this article the more I realise it needs a lot more in-line references added. This is especially true when it comes to the recent deletion of a paragraph regarding Flinders' first usage of the word "Australia". The paragraph is deleted with no explanation when the best result would have been to leave it in place and to add a tag to the whole article. And that is what I am about to do. --Perry Middlemiss (talk) 22:28, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I removed it because I didn't think it fitted in there, as there is another whole section which covers that below. - 3mta3 (talk) 09:48, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Date of death
The lead says 19 July, but the infobox says 18 July. Which is correct? -- JackofOz (talk) 13:03, 12 August 2009 (UTC)
 * 19th July. billinghurst  sDrewth  15:20, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Biography
'A Voyage to to Terra Australis' is not nearly the first book about exploration in Australia. Flinders describes many works is his text on this subject, the earliest of which seems to be an account of Dirk Hartog's voyage of the Dutch vessel, Endragt, from 1616, which is described in 'Tasman's Instructions'. See 'A Voyage to Terra Australis, Section II'. 7Mar5ha11 (talk) 22:46, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
 * If you are after some of these, then we have started hosting them over at Wikisource ... s:Category:Exploration of Australia billinghurst  sDrewth  15:12, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders, R.N. available at Wikisource
Hi all, We are in the very final stages of reproducing The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders with its images in the right places, linked index, and anchors through the work. We invite you to utilise it for your works, and do direct links to the places that you want to be. :-) billinghurst  sDrewth  15:16, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

added Pending-changes protection
Added light pending changes protection to this page. billinghurst  sDrewth  07:51, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Hobby's
anyone know what he liked —Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.95.18.30 (talk) 23:32, 4 May 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from Melbamacca, 18 September 2011
Please change "In Victoria, eponymous places include Flinders Street in Melbourne, the suburb of Flinders, the federal electorate of Flinders, and the Matthew Flinders Girls Secondary College in Geelong." to "In Victoria, eponymous places include Flinders Street in Melbourne, the suburb of Flinders, the federal electorate of Flinders, Flinders Christian Community College and the Matthew Flinders Girls Secondary College in Geelong

Source for Flinders Christian Community College: www.flinders.vic.edu.au

Melbamacca (talk) 23:54, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I can't see how that specific example adds to encyclopaedic understanding of the topic (ie M Flinders) - if you disagree, please elaborate. For now, this request is not done. Thanks,  Chzz  ► 04:17, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

Battle of Ushant
How could he fight in the Battle ofUshant in 1781 if he was born in 1774? IS this verified? Visitor — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.16.220.16 (talk) 13:38, 2 April 2013 (UTC)

Indigenous contribution
I undid a revision from an anonymous IP address regarding indigenous contribution - refer to history. I did this on the basis that Flinders may have indeed been the first human to circumnavigate Australia, is there any evidence of any indigenous circumnavigation? Also, mentioning a native guide is probably not relevant in the header, because you would need to mention his crew who were also of great value. I would think that could be included elsewhere in the discussion. Including in the lead as it was seems to move the article away from the neutral perspective.
 * As I see it, everyone on board was "first " (unless someone has any evidence of any earlier circumnavigation) and that includes Bungaree who is notable and who ADB says was the first Indigenous person to circumnavigate, so I see no reason to mention Bass in the lede for the Tasmanian circumnavigation but not mention Bungaree for the Australian circumnavigation. Yes, there were other crew, but do any of them have Wikipedia articles apart from Flinders and Bungaree? I have changed the article to be clear that Flinders was the leader of the first circumnavigation rather than the "first" person and added Bunagaree in a similar way to Bass. Kerry (talk) 10:05, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles about other crew members include John Allen (miner), Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose), Ferdinand Bauer, Peter Good, Robert Merrick Fowler, John Franklin and William Westall. Regards Cowdy001 (talk) 10:59, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Then we probably should mention them too? And also in HMS Investigator (1801)? and I note that in their individual articles, the word circumnavigation is only mentioned in one of them (Ferdinand Bauer) and that is in reference to accompanying Flinders's circumnavigation (which seems to imply, as written, that Bauer himself did not although everything suggests he did circumnavigate? Am I missing something here? Sure, Flinders was the leader but why aren't the others getting mention in the article body (and probably in the lede) for being on the first circumnavigation? Kerry (talk) 21:47, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Given the article is about Flinders, are the others relevant to the article? I would suggest that perhaps we are crossing two things, ie Matt Flinders and the Circumnavigation, and perhaps all those other people belong in the Circumnavigation article and that it is mentioned here that Flinders was its leader?Jamesbushell.au (talk) 23:45, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I think you are right. The problem is that we don't have an article on the Circumnavigation of Australia. The topic gets discussed here in the Flinders article and in the HMS Investigator (1801) article and forms (part of) the notability claim of both articles (without mentioning any of the other folks). Maybe a new article is warranted. There are many Wikipedia articles that discuss circumnavigation of Australia by all modes of transports (and doubtless with male/female, oldest/youngest and other variations). Kerry (talk) 05:09, 18 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Flinders_Map_v1P.png

The other thing that vaguely troubles me is "where exactly did the circumnavigation begin and end". When I look at this map, it shows the circumnavigation as the pink line Sydney-to-Sydney, but in terms of Flinders (and perhaps some of his crew), it looks to me like Flinders and the ship had completed a circumnavigation where the pink and blue lines intersect. If so, Bungaree (who joined in Sydney) was not on the first circumnavigation but completed one on arrival at Sydney. Kerry (talk) 05:09, 18 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Firstly, I had added some extra names to the list of articles about HMS Investigator that I added several days ago - this bring the tally of articles about members of the expedition whose original compliment was numbered at 88 to seven. Secondly, a quick look at a kindle version of A Voyage to Terra Australis (i.e. the reprint prepared by the State Library of South Australia in 1966) indicates that two indigenous men, Bongaree (sic) and Nanbaree, came aboard the Investigator in July 1802 at Port Jackson.  While Nanbaree is not mentioned again, there are several references to Bongaree.  It would appear that he continued with the part of the expedition's compliment who decided to return to the UK in the HMS Porpoise (1799), Cato (1800 ship) and Bridgewater in order to obtain a new ship (one of the options suggested by Governor King) after the declaration of the unseaworthiness of the Investigator at Port Jackson during June 1803.  A number of people stay in the colony of New South Wales including Robert Brown who return to the UK in about 1805.  Thirdly, I support the notion of an article about the circum-navigation as this would assist in tidying up other articles associated with the expedition, i.e. Matthew Flinders and HMS Investigator (1801).  Regards Cowdy001 (talk) 05:42, 18 June 2016 (UTC)

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School he attended?
There isn't much agreement in the sources:
 * Boston Grammar School
 * Donington Free School and Horbling Grammar School (named author)
 * Horbling Grammar School
 * Donington Grammar School (named author)
 * Donington Free School (now Thomas Cowley High School) do claim him as one of their students

And there is no way of telling where these sources got their information or which (if any) we might deem reliable. Only two of the sources have a named author, although that may or may not indicate anything. The Australian Dictionary of Biography (the 4th URL) is somewhat fussy about its authors (see ) and generally they are reliable but I have found errors in them so not 100% reliable. The level of detail in the 2nd makes me incline towards it and the 3rd and 4th and 5th are somewhat consistent to it ("half the story"). The Boston Grammar claim seems an outlier. Kerry (talk) 22:51, 5 July 2017 (UTC)
 * It seems George Bass, Flinder's partner in exploration, attended Boston Grammar School. Maybe some confusion has crept in because of that? Kerry (talk) 23:06, 5 July 2017 (UTC)

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Praise for his Atlas
I believe the Admiralty was overwhelmingly impressed with the Atlas. It might be fitting to record some of the reactions. Valetude (talk) 17:49, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

???
How long did he serve the British Navy 120.18.11.65 (talk) 05:06, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matthew Flinders


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bresenham's line algorithm Python code

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 01:12, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)

Bresenham's line algorithm Python code
Same reasoning applies to four pages: Bresenham's line algorithm Delphi code, Bresenham's line algorithm Python code, Bresenham's line algorithm C code, Bresenham's line algorithm Visual basic code. All are just implementations of Bresenham's line algorithm. They might belong in a textbook on computer graphics (perhaps at Wikibooks), but are beyond the scope of an encyclopedia. (There already is an implementation in the Bresenham's line algorithm, to boot.) jdb ❋ 04:30, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC) Delete. Nothing encyclopedic in here. If the author wants to move it to WikiSource, even better. Oleg Alexandrov 00:28, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete Different implementions aren't needed. JimmyShelter 09:41, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the code in the main article doesn't describe the algorithm clearly enough, improve it. Gazpacho 04:28, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Implementations of this algorithm in different languages aren't helpful. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:15, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * delete ComCat 01:49, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiSource. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:38, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bresenham's line algorithm Delphi code

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Rje 15:46, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Bresenham's line algorithm Delphi code
Same reasoning applies to four pages: Bresenham's line algorithm Delphi code, Bresenham's line algorithm Python code, Bresenham's line algorithm C code, Bresenham's line algorithm Visual basic code. All are just implementations of Bresenham's line algorithm. They might belong in a textbook on computer graphics (perhaps at Wikibooks), but are beyond the scope of an encyclopedia. (There already is an implementation in the Bresenham's line algorithm, to boot.) jdb ❋ 04:30, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. --Vik Reykja 05:11, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Different implementions aren't needed. JimmyShelter 09:40, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the code in the main article doesn't describe the algorithm clearly enough, improve it. Gazpacho 04:29, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Implementations of this algorithm in different languages aren't helpful. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:15, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (same for the other languages). The algorithm described in the main article is sufficient, and ports to any other computer language can be made based on this code.  An alternative to deleting is moving to Wikisource. — Brim 08:06, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Transwiki to WikiSource. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:39, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
California State Route 84

State Route 84 (SR 84) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that consists of two unconnected segments, one in the San Francisco Bay Area and the other primarily in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta area.

The first section is an east–west arterial road running from SR 1 in San Gregorio to Menlo Park, across the Dumbarton Bridge through Fremont and Newark and ending at I-580 in Livermore. The segment between Marsh Road and the Dumbarton Bridge has been upgraded to an expressway and is known as the Bayfront Expressway. The segment from the eastern end of the Dumbarton Bridge to the interchange with I-880 has been upgraded to a freeway.

The other section is a north-south arterial road that begins at SR 12 in Rio Vista, passes through Ryer Island (where it connects to SR 220), and ends in West Sacramento. The Ryer Island Ferry provides the crossing over Cache Slough from Rio Vista to Ryer Island. The ferry is a diesel-powered boat operated by Caltrans, and is in operation twenty-four hours per day and charges no toll.

There are no plans to connect the two unconnected segments of SR 84 at this time. A proposed toll road called the Mid-State Tollway along the proposed route was abandoned in 2001 due to local opposition.

Southern section
The route begins at SR 1 on the Pacific coast near San Gregorio. It then heads northeast through San Mateo County, following San Gregorio Road and La Honda Road and crossing the Santa Cruz Mountains. As it enters Woodside, it intersects SR 35, also known as Skyline Boulevard. From the juncture of La Honda Road with Portola Road to US 101 it follows Woodside Road. It passes through downtown Woodside After intersecting I-280, it enters Redwood City, where it intersects SR 82, which carries El Camino Real through the South Bay. A few miles later, it interchanges with US 101, which it overlaps for a few miles.

Upon routing eastward, it enters the city of Menlo Park as an expressway, called the Bayfront Expressway, which features traffic signals at Menlo Park streets, at driveways serving Facebook headquarters, and at intersections with SR 114 and SR 109. The Marsh Road intersection, in 2013, was the site where a car fatally struck cyclist Sam Felder, a Facebook employee. The SR 114 (Willow Road) intersection was the site of a car crash in which author David Halberstam was killed on April 23, 2007.

SR 84 then becomes a freeway at the south end of San Mateo County as it crosses as the Dumbarton Bridge over the San Francisco Bay. Midway over the bridge, it enters Alameda County. In Alameda County, it runs northward through the city of Newark, where it begins a concurrency southwards with I-880 for about one mile. Both interchanges with I-880 are partial cloverleaf interchanges. Upon separation, however, the route is not built to freeway standards as it enters the city of Fremont, following the streets of Thornton Avenue, Fremont Boulevard, Peralta Boulevard, and Mowry Avenue, which after, it has a short concurrency northwards with SR 238.

SR 84 then leaves Fremont through the historic Sunol Valley. Parts of the valley are extremely narrow and are referred to as Niles Canyon; this part of the route is officially a scenic route. The section is known as Niles Canyon Road, and there are legends of a Niles Canyon ghost inhabiting the area.

After exiting the valley, it begins an overlap with I-680. After separating, it runs through Vallecitos Valley. It then goes over grasslands until it reaches a pass, then enters the city of Livermore with Ruby Hill development on the left. SR 84 then runs along Isabel Avenue until it meets I-580, as the end of its southern section. SR 84 is unconstructed from I-580 to SR 12.

Northern section
The second section of SR 84 starts in Rio Vista at SR 12. It then follows the Ryer Island Ferry, which carries the route across the Cache Slough. When it leaves the ferry, it intersects SR 220. It continues northward and meets the end of state maintenance at the West Sacramento city limit, about six miles east of an intersection with CR E19. It then enters the city of West Sacramento in Yolo County. It then interchanges with I-80 Business, also signed as US 50. As it continues northward, it ends at I-80. From north of West Sacramento, SR 84 has been relinquished and was given to the city of West Sacramento in 2003.

SR 84 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and from I-280 to the eastern Fremont city limits and from the southern terminous of Isabel Avenue in Livermore to I-580 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 84 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, and is designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation from SR 238 to I-680 in Alameda County, meaning that it is a substantial section of highway passing through a "memorable landscape" with no "visual intrusions", where the potential designation has gained popular favor with the community.

Original routing
Until recent years, all of CA-84 consisted of narrow, two-lane roads in California. This has remained almost unchanged except for urban areas and the CA-84 widening project in the Tri-Valley.

Mid-State Tollway
Route 84 is legally defined to continue from I-580 to SR 4 in Antioch, but there are currently no plans in place to bridge the gap at this time. A plan to build a $600 million toll road called the Mid-State Tollway along the proposed route was suspended in 2001 due to local opposition.

CA-84 widening project
In the late 2000s and 2010s, a widening project began on Route 84 from I-680 near Sunol to I-580 in Livermore. This included a better connection between Stanley Boulevard and Isabel Avenue. The project was to be done in five phases: Costs were estimated to be between $400 and $500 million.
 * 1) Isabel Avenue/I-580 interchange
 * 2) Jack London Boulevard to Concannon Boulevard, including connections to Stanley Boulevard
 * 3) Concannon Boulevard to Vallecitos Road intersection and southern Ruby Hill entrance
 * 4) Northern side of pass
 * 5) Southern side of pass to I-680

As of mid 2019, phases 1, 2, 3 and 4 are complete. This still leaves the southern section of CA 84 in its original condition.

Ryer Island Ferry
Both the Ryer Island Ferry and the Howard Landing Ferry along Route 220 are the only state-run ferries, and there are no plans to replace them with bridges due to the low traffic numbers around Ryer Island. The only road bridge connecting Ryer Island is on its north side, which results in longer commutes for residents if one or both ferries shutdown.

title: California State Route 84


text:
Talk:Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration

Is there a good reason why some math pages have an annoying message in front about what to do if you don't understand the article? It seems rather condescending and insulting to me. Gene Ward Smith 04:32, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it's because many people would be quite confused if they arrived at such pages through, say, the Random page feature. The message suggests places they could look to gain some background to the topic, as a compromise between including high-level mathematical content and an audience that is (presumably) not so mathematically-minded.  I think that it is a good idea, but this is not to say that it couldn't be improved.  Ben Cairns 07:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC).

 * I am also for removing that message "an audience that is (presumably) not so mathematically-minded" -> that would apply to every particular topic in science. Diego Torquemada 09:09, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

example
could you please show me some simple example of Lebesgue-Stieltjes integration?

Added example Oded (talk) 21:17, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Lebesgue-Stieltjes additive set function
where is that?

Right. This is really unexplained. I will try to put this in sometime this week. Oded (talk) 15:17, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Rewrote definition Oded (talk) 19:09, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Definition wrong?
The definition seems to be wrong: \mu_g[s,t]=g(t)-g(s) would imply that the measure is always continuous, which it isn't. On the other hand, this is a direct consequence of the sup-minus-inf thing, which leads me to suspect that this is also wrong (but I can't verify it because I've never seen this particular formulation of it before). The usual way of defining it is \mu_g(s,t]=g(t)-g(s), or swapping the open and closed sides; you have to pick the left or right endpoint to leave out in order to make intervals add up without double counting. I'm editing it without consultation because the article seems to be rarely updated. Pirsq (talk) 04:41, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Problem at lower bound
The way the measure \mu is defined on (s,t] intervals is insensitive to the value of w({a}). Therefore there is no way the Caratheodory extension for \mu on [a,b] is unique, because the value of \mu({a}) is unconstrained.  I therefore added take w({a})=0.  I think sometimes the convention w({a})=g(a) is used, so you could change it to this if you feel strongly.  It is equivalent to essentially assuming that g was 0 'just before' a.  Obviously this will affect the value of the integral, e.g. \int_a^a f(x)dg(x) = f(a)g(a).  I'm not sure if people find this desirable or not. --Wstrong (talk) 05:19, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Integration by parts
If a function is "regular" at a discontinuity, then it isn't right continuous there. So the integral in the "Integration by parts" section isn't defined in these cases. I think the correct formulation is that we should be integrating the 'regularized' U against dV, and the 'regularized' V against dU, but I'm not sure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.216.229.73 (talk) 02:17, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Or rather, the measure corresponds to the right continuous 'de-regularization' of the function. I'll try to clarify it.
 * Also, the phrase "Under a slight generalization of this formula, the extra conditions on U and V can be dropped" is unclear. Where are 'the extra conditions'? In the source I see generalizations to (a) infinite a or/and b, and (b) complex-valued functions (which also includes non-increasing real-valued functions, while the theorem in the source is formulated for increasing real-valued functions). I'll correct it, too. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 09:11, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I did. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 19:48, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure is a regular Borel measure,
The statement "The Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure is a regular Borel measure, and conversely every regular Borel measure on the real line is of this kind." is wrong. regular Borel measure is defined on the sigma-algebra of Borel subsets while the Lebesgue–Stieltjes measure is the unique extension of the Borel measure in question onto the sigma algebra of the corresponding Lebesgue-measurable subsets due to the standard Lebesgue expansion procedure. Thus, they are defined on differents algebras and they cannot be the same. 193.136.33.223 (talk) 15:50, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lebesgue–Stieltjes integration