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Zaki al-Arsuzi

Zaki al-Arsuzi (زكي الأرسوزي; June 1899 – 2 July 1968) was a Syrian philosopher, philologist, sociologist, historian, and Arab nationalist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of Ba'athism and its political movement. He published several books during his lifetime, most notably The Genius of Arabic in its Tongue (1943).

Born into a middle-class family in Latakia, Syria, al-Arsuzi studied at the Sorbonne, where he became interested in nationalism. In 1930, he returned to Syria, where he became a member of the League of National Action (LNA) in 1933. In 1938, he moved to Damascus because of his disillusionment with party work, and in 1939, he left the LNA. In Damascus al-Arsuzi established and headed a group consisting of mostly secondary school pupils who would often discuss European history, nationalism and philosophy. Shortly after leaving the LNA, al-Arsuzi established the Arab National Party, an Arab nationalist party with a "defined creed". It was not a success and, on his return to Syria in November 1940 after a brief stay in Baghdad, al-Arsuzi established a new party, the Arab Ba'ath; by 1944, however, most of its members had left and joined Michel Aflaq's and Salah al-Din al-Bitar's Arab Ba'ath Movement, which subscribed to a nearly identical doctrine.

In 1947, the two movements merged, forming a single Arab Ba'ath Party. Despite the merger, Al-Arsuzi neither attended its founding conference nor was given membership.

During the rest of the 1940s and 1950s, al-Arsuzi stayed out of politics and worked as a teacher. He made a comeback during the 1960s power struggle in the Ba'ath Party between Aflaq and al-Bitar on one hand and Salah Jadid and Hafiz al-Assad on the other. When Aflaq and al-Bitar lost the power struggle and were forced to escape from Syria in 1966, al-Arsuzi replaced Aflaq as the main ideologue of the Syrian-led faction of the Ba'ath Party.

Al-Arsuzi's theories about society, language and nationalism, which are collectively part of Ba'athist thought, hold that the Arab Nation will be unified when the Arab people reestablish the Arab identity they have lost over the past 1000 years. The key to Arab unification, according to al-Arsuzi, is through language. In contrast to the Latin language, al-Arsuzi argued, Arabic was far less arbitrary and far more intuitive. Despite his contributions to Ba'athist thought, al-Arsuzi is barely mentioned in Western or Arab scholarship. This omission may be linked to the fact that Sati' al-Husri, a contemporary Arab nationalist, had many of the same ideas as al-Arsuzi but was better able to articulate them.

Childhood and early life: 1899–1930
Zaki Najib Ibrahim al-Arsuzi was born in 1900 or 1901 to a middle-class family of Alawi origins in Latakia on the Syrian coast of the Ottoman Sultanate. His mother, Maryam came from a prominent religious family, while his father, Najib Ibrahim was a lawyer. With his two brothers, one sister and his parents moved to Antioch in 1904. Arsuzi began his studies at a kuttab where he memorised the Quran. Four years later, his parents enrolled him into a rüşdiye to give him a proper Ottoman education. His father was arrested by Ottoman authorities in 1915 for nationalist activities; Arsuzi later believed that this event triggered his interest in nationalist politics. His father was imprisoned for a short period before he and his family were sent to internal exile in the Anatolian city of Konya. After a year in exile, Najib and his family were allowed to move back to Antioch. According to Arsuzi, his father replaced the Ottoman flag with the Hashemite flag on the Antioch government house upon hearing the news that Faisal I of Iraq had entered Damascus. This, however, was never independently verified.

In the aftermath of World War I, Arsuzi began studying at Institut Laïc in Lebanon. It was here that Arsuzi was introduced to philosophy. Also, during his stay, Arsuzi was able to perfect his French. During Arsuzi's period of studying at Institut Laïc, his atheism became notorious, and he was often caught saying "Sons of Earth are more capable of directing their affairs than sons of heaven." After finishing his studies, Arsuzi got a job as a mathematics teacher in a local secondary school in Antioch. However, he later received the job of heading the school district of Arsuz – a job he held from 1924 to 1926. In 1927 Arsuzi received a scholarship from the French High Commission to study at the Sorbonne University in France. He studied there from 1927 to 1930, but never obtained a degree from the Sorbonne. During his stay at the Sorbonne, Arsuzi befriended former French colonial administrator Jean Gaulmier. At the Sorbonne, Arsuzi developed an interest in 19th-century European philosophy; he became attracted to the thoughts of Georges Dumas, Emile Brehier, Leon Brunschvig (his philosophy professor), Henri Bergson and Johann Gottlieb Fichte among others. The books which influenced Arsuzi most at the time were Bergson's L'Evolution créatrice and Fichte's Reden an die deutsche Nation; of these, Fichte is the philosopher Arsuzi identified most with. Both Fichte and Bergson wrote of the importance of education and in the core, there was the nation.

The Alexandretta crisis and the founding of the Ba'ath: 1930–1939
Al-Arsuzi returned to Syria in 1930 and later worked as a teacher in Antioch in 1932. "The awakening was brutal," according to historian Patrick Seale. The French authorities in Syria prohibited al-Arsuzi from teaching his students about European philosophy and the French Revolution among other topics. When he was caught teaching his students about the ideals of the French Revolution—liberty, equality, fraternity—he was forced out of the class. In 1934 al-Arsuzi founded a student club, the Club des Beaux Arts, with the ambition of spreading French culture; the club was frowned upon by the French authorities. Later that year al-Arsuzi began his political career in earnest and became a strident Arab nationalist.

In August 1933, al-Arsuzi and fifty other Arab nationalists established the League of National Action (LNA) in the Lebanese city of Quarna'il. Most of the Arab parties at that time were dominated by the former Ottoman elite or had high levels of Ottoman membership. The LNA was one of the few exceptions; the majority of LNA members were young and had been educated in the West. While LNA initially proved popular with the people, its popularity shrank when its founder Abd al-Razzaq al-Dandashi died in 1935. Al-Arsuzi was the LNA's regional head in Antioch, from the founding of the party in 1933 until 1939.

When Turkey first attempted to annex the province of Alexandretta in the early 1930s, al-Arsuzi became one of the most vocal critics of Turkey's policy towards Syria; he became a symbol of the Arab nationalist struggle. In 1939 France, which controlled Syria, ceded the province to Turkey in order to establish an alliance with that state. Al-Arsuzi left the LNA shortly thereafter.

Al-Arsuzi moved to Damascus in 1938 and began working on his ideas of Arabism and Arab nationalism. Disillusioned with party politics, he gathered several secondary school pupils to establish a learning group. At the group's meetings, al-Arsuzi would talk about, for instance, the French Revolution, the Meiji Restoration, German Unification and Italian Unification, or about the ideas of Fichte, Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Oswald Spengler and Henri Bergson. Shortly after leaving the LNA, al-Arsuzi established the Arab National Party, an Arab nationalist party with a "defined creed". The party did not last long; al-Arsuzi left for Baghdad at the end of the year. During his stay in Baghdad, al-Arsuzi tried, idealistically, to enlighten Iraqis with his thoughts on Arab nationalism, but returned to Syria disappointed in 1940. On 29 November 1940 al-Arsuzi founded the Arab Ba'ath.

The Arab Ba'ath: 1940–1947
Around the same time that al-Arsuzi founded the Arab Ba'ath another group, led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar, established the Arab Ihya Movement. Patrick Seale states that al-Arsuzi issued pamphlets under the name Al-Ba'ath, Al-'Arabi, while the Arab Ilhya Movement published pamphlets under the name al-Ihya, al-'Arabi. While Aflaq and al-Bitar left work to focus on the party organisation, al-Arsuzi worked as a teacher until 1959. There were not many members in the party, and most of them used their time reading, writing and translating works. In June 1941 al-Arsuzi was exiled from Damascus, three members were arrested and the remaining members fled. The following year, in 1942, al-Arsuzi and his associates tried to revitalise the party, but the attempt failed. One of his associates claims that al-Arsuzi had become bitter and even paranoid during his one-year exile, exclaiming that the group "loved the people and hated the individual; [his group] held the whole sacred, but they despised the parts". By 1944 the majority of Arab Ba'ath members had left the organisation for the more active Arab Ihya Movement (renamed to Arab Ba'ath Movement in 1943). Relations between Aflaq and al-Arsuzi were bitter at best; al-Arsuzi accused Aflaq of stealing his party's name.

At the same time, al-Arsuzi's interest in politics was waning, and he spent an increasing amount of his time engaging in philology. In 1943 this work culminated in the publication of a book, The Genius of Arabic in its Tongue, an analysis of the roots and distinctive features of the Arabic language (see the Culture and Language section). Despite this, al-Arsuzi appeared increasingly unbalanced mentally. Several people noted that he became less social, and was more inclined to shun social contacts and friends. He would later suffer from delusions. He was forced to move on again in 1949, this time living in Lattakia and later moving to live with his mother in Tarsus. It was there that his mother would die, poverty-stricken. According to one of his associates, al-Arsuzi himself spent a great deal of time living in "extreme poverty", reduced "to a life of penury and persecution" by the French authorities.

Al-Arsuzi's popularity within his own ranks lessened after Rashid Ali al-Gaylani's coup in Iraq. While Aflaq and al-Bitar founded the Syrian Committee to Help Iraq to support Iraq during the Anglo–Iraqi War, al-Arsuzi opposed any involvement on the grounds that al-Gaylani's policies would fail. While several Arab Ba'ath members agreed with al-Arsuzi's conclusion, the majority were attracted to Aflaq's romanticism. Another reason for the Arab Ba'ath's failure was al-Arsuzi's deep mistrust of others; when a party member had written a manifesto entitled Arab Ba'ath, al-Arsuzi "saw in it an imperialist plot to block his way to the people".

The Arab Ba'ath Movement, led by Aflaq and al-Bitar, was merged into the Arab Ba'ath Party in 1947. During negotiations, Wahib al-Ghanim and Jalal al-Sayyid, not al-Arsuzi, represented the Arab Ba'ath, while Aflaq and al-Bitar represented the Arab Ba'ath Movement. The only policy issue which was discussed in great detail was how socialist the party was going to be. The groups came to an agreement; the Ba'ath movement became radicalised, and moved further to the left. Al-Arsuzi did not attend the founding congress, nor was he given membership in the new party.

Later life and death: 1948–1968
After his return from Baghdad in 1940, al-Arsuzi had gained a position teaching philosophy, but he was soon dismissed from it. From 1945 until 1952 he worked again as a secondary teacher, first in Hama and then in Aleppo, and from 1952 until his retirement in 1959, he taught in a teacher training college.

In 1963, in the wake of the Sixth National Congress of the Ba'ath Party and the party's gradual alienation from its founders Aflaq and Bitar, Hafez al-Assad arranged for Arsuzi to help with Ba'athist ideological formation in the army, and later ensured that he was granted a state pension. Al-Arsuzi was elected to a seat in the National Command of the Ba'ath Party in 1965. Salah Jadid, the Ba'ath Party strongman at the time, opposed Aflaq's and al-Bitar's leadership of the party and, because of it, wanted al-Arsuzi to replace them as the original founder of Ba'athist thought. Following the Ba'ath Party split of 1966 (the party split into two branches, one Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party and one Syrian-led Ba'ath Party) al-Arsuzi became the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party's main ideologue, while Aflaq was the de jure ideologue of the Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party. From 1966 to 1968 al-Arsuzi acted as al-Assad's and Jadid's personal ideological mentor. Al-Arsuzi died in Damascus on 2 July 1968.

Arab Nation
Al-Arsuzi's central thought was the unification of the Arab Nation. He believed that the Arab Nation could trace its roots to the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods of Arab history. The historical link to an Arab Nation was more important to al-Arsuzi than it was to other Arab nationalists and Ba'athists. The only way to create a new Arab Nation in the Modern Age was to reestablish a link between the Arab people of the past and those of the present through language—the only true remnant of the old Arab identity. In short, language was the key to regain what had been lost (the Arab Nation) and reinvigorate the Arab identity. Al-Arsuzi believed that the Arabs lost their common identity when they allowed non–Arabs to participate in government. The result was that several laws had non-Arab characteristics—these laws, and other changes brought by non-Arabs, weakened Arab identity.

Culture and language
Al-Arsuzi paid considerable attention to cultural matters, and Batatu records that the only condition of membership in his organisation was "to write or translate a book contributing to the resurrection [ba'ath] of Arab heritage." He has been described as a proponent of the "linguistic image of Arab nationalism", and in 1942 published one of his most important works, Abqariyyat al-'arabiyya fi lisaniha (The Genius of Arabic in its Tongue). His approach was distinguished by its emphasis on philology, but he did also pay attention to problems of the modern state and to questions of democracy and the locus of power. Batatu has also described al-Arsuzi as having a racist outlook, which proved in the end intellectually sterile and unsatisfactory to his followers, and as having been deeply influenced in his thought by the tenets of his Alawi religious background.

Al-Arsuzi argued that unlike the Latin language, which is conventional and uses arbitrary signs to explain certain objects, the Arabic language formed words derived from the vocalism of its syllables and "in its expression of a direct representation of a natural object" – unlike Latin, Arabic is essentially in conformity with nature. Arabic is, according to al-Arsuzi, an intuitive language; there is "a natural sympathy" between the pronunciation of Arabic words and their meaning: an Arabic word is united with its meaning by definition of a referent, which is absorbed in such an operation. For al-Arsuzi, the identity of the Arab Nation is embodied in the Arab language; it is the language that forms the source of the nationalist spirit. According to al-Arsuzi's theory, European nationalism is based on the principle of causality, while Arab nationalism is based on the principle of spontaneity. Al-Arsuzi's definition of language is in contrast to that of Socrates and other thinkers.

Nationalism
Al-Arsuzi attributed the rise of European nationalism to revolutions in intellectual, social and economic domains. The first revolution came to being under the feudal system, which gave birth to human casual and relative relationships. The second revolution, the Scientific Revolution, led by Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei, ended the conception of nature developed during the Medieval Ages. These events created the foundations of modern rationality. On this subject, al-Arsuzi said, "man was qualified to know the truth, since what is constructed by reason can be verified by experiment". Al-Arsuzi summed up this particular view of human behaviour and civilization with René Descartes's words: "Common sense or reason is naturally equal to man". In al-Arsuzi's view, if humans were rational creatures, each would wish to organise themselves according to his or her own sense of reason, and hence would want to take over the affairs of state from oppressors (colonists). The colonists acted as a barrier to such "rational" change.

Modern life existed because of two things—science and industry. Science eliminated superstition, and replaced it with facts; and Industry enabled civilization to create a more strong, organised society where liberty, equality and democracy could become permanent. The experiences of the English and French Revolutions proved this; the revolutions gave the individual certain rights, so that the individual "could conduct his own affairs according to his will". The demand for liberty would eventually evolve into the demand for independence, literally nationalism. Nationalism had, according to al-Arsuzi, manifested itself in all walks of life, from the rule of law to the arts; everything in a nation was the manifestation of that particular nation's identity. Al-Arsuzi's thesis marked a dividing line between the Medieval Ages and the Modern Age.

Legacy
Al-Arsuzi's work and thought are almost unknown and barely mentioned in Western scholarship on Arab nationalism. When he is actually mentioned in a text, it is predominantly on his irredentist views of the unified Arab Nation. Although his collected works have been published since the mid-1970s, al-Arsuzi's work on the Arabic language, which is central to al-Arsuzi's nationalist thought, is rarely mentioned at all. The study of al-Arsuzi's ideas in Arabic scholarship is also lacking. Academic Yasir Suleiman gives the principal reason for this as the similarity of al-Arsuzi's works to those of Sati' al-Husri, a contemporary. Suleiman goes on to explain Al-Arsuzi's eclipsed legacy as the combination of a number of factors: firstly, in contrast to al-Husri's idea of language, al-Arsuzi's theory is self-defeating because it excluded other theories instead of including them. Secondly, his work was written with an elitist slant, rather than the populist one which al-Husri managed to convey. Thirdly, and in contrast to al-Husri's work, al-Arsuzi's work seemed old-fashioned, due to his use of old words and historical texts; moreover, while al-Arsuzi wrote about the symbolic need of an Arab Nation, al-Hustri wrote about the practical role of an Arab Nation—al-Arsuzi was obscure where al-Husri was transparent. Whereas Al-Husri was able to prove his arguments with empirical data, al-Arsuzi was unable. Thus, Suleiman writes, al-Husri appeared more informed than al-Arsuzi, when really he was not. The lack of empirical data in al-Arsuzi's work made it look parochial at times, while at other times his conclusions bordered on machoistic nationalism, which in turn could be interpreted as racism. Another reason for his "negligible" impact, according to Suleiman, was al-Arsuzi's idea of the need to replace the traditional Arabic grammar system with a new one. The Center for Research and Documentation on World Language Problems agrees with Suleiman's conclusion, but further claims that al-Arsuzi's work was "often far-fetched and 'airy-fairy'".

Several Ba'athists, mostly from the Syrian-led Ba'ath Party, have denounced Aflaq as a "thief"; these critics claim that Aflaq had stolen the Ba'athist ideology from al-Arsuzi and proclaimed it as his own. Whatever the case may be, al-Arsuzi was hailed by Hafiz al-Assad, the Ba'athist leader of Syria, as the principal founder of Ba'athist thought, following the 1966 Ba'ath Party split. The Iraqi branch, however, still proclaims Aflaq as the founder of Ba'athism. Al-Assad has referred to al-Arsuzi as the "greatest Syrian of his day" and claimed him to be the "first to conceive of the Ba'ath as a political movement." The Syrian Ba'athists have erected a statue in al-Arsuzi's honour; it was erected following the 1966 coup. Even so, the majority of Ba'athists still agree that Aflaq, not al-Arsuzi, was the principal founder of the Ba'ath movement. Despite this, Keith David Watenpaugh believes Ba'athism was conceived by the "trio" consisting of al-Arsuzi, Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar, and not one principal founder.

Selected works

 * The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue (published 1943)
 * Al-Umma al-Arabiyya (English: The Arab World, published 1958)
 * Mashakiluna al-Qawmiyya (English: Our Nationalist Problems, published 1958)

title: Zaki al-Arsuzi


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Talk:KNHC

KNHC; Korea National Housing Corporation-World's BEST city and housing entity
1. Introduction of KNHC

Korea National Housing Corporation was established in 1962 in order to construct, improve, supply, and manage housing. It is a 100% Government-owned corporation and as a result it has a strong support from the Government. KNHC is to promote stable public / housing welfare and the balanced development of the nation on behalf of the Korean Government.

2. Business Perspectives

Korea has become the world’s 11th largest trading nation and witnessed substantial growth in economic wealth which has driven demand for higher quality housing. Korea has significantly low housing supply rate compared to other developed nations. Quantitative housing development will be continuously implemented by the government through KNHC.

3. Current Condition of Housing Construction by KNHC

Since it's establishment, KNHC has constructed a total of 1.55 million housing units, which accounts for 12% of total housing in Korea as of December 31, 2004.

KNHC has provided various types of housing such as public bunyang(Housing for Sale), public rental, permanent rental, national rental, and workers’ housing to stabilize living of all income levels. KNHC is expected to focus on constructing rental housing for residence of low-income people and bunyang housing to generate revenue which contributes to rental housing construction.

The next core business segment is the new town development.

In the 1960s and 70s, the rapid expansion in Seoul Metropolitan area resulted in urban deterioration and housing shortage. As a solution, KNHC began the first stage of new town developments in areas such as, Bucheon Jungdong, Seoul Sanggye, Gwacheon, Sanbon etc. in the 1970s and 80s. The ongoing second stage which started in the late 1990s, is executed in areas such as Paju, Pankyo, Asan, Osan Saegyo to promote city planning and environment-friendly designs.

In line with the mandate to improve quality of life, KNHC has introduced the Master Architecture and Master Plan schemes to develop planned new towns strategically. Such communities are fast becoming models that optimally incorporate nature and urbanized culture.

4. KNHC in 2000s - HOUSING WELFARE

With the advent of 21C, KNHC foresaw and acknowledged the importance of the social security of residence for low-income people. KNHC newly organized a seperate system to help them. First, KNHC has been in the service of NRH (National Rental Housing), which is designed to be provided to the low-income people and it is funded by the National Housing Fund and Central government. The maximum rental period is 30 years.

Second, KNHC is buying the existing housings in the downtown area and letting the low-income people to have their home at a minimum rent fee or free. This system is effectively successful because the mojority of low-income people does want to have their home near their work.

Third, KNHC is supplying free Jeonsei housing (rent by the annual interest of the deposit) to child-only household and the hosehold who lost their parents due to a tragic traffic accident.

Other housing welfare services include Rental housing for the old, Supporting tenants of bankrupted privated rental housing, etc.

Dear Sirs : to the Staff member of KNHC (Radio Station)
Hi My name is Sohn young hoon working in KNHC (Korea National Housing Corporation)

I've been here several times in 2007 and found out that the 'KNHC' keyword in wiki needs to be revised through 'disambiguation'.

Not having very much information on Wikipedia, I had to leave some comment on my company(KNHC) to the discussion session of wiki,

And I think it's good for me to send you a message first since your article of KNHC has been here much earlier than my comment.

I'm not very good at handling various code and processes of 'disambiguation'.

If it is OK with you, please add the disambiguation link to the hatmmessage of the first page of KNHC.

Waiting for your comment and expecting your help.

Thanks so much. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tapaza (talk • contribs) 06:17, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not maintained by "Staff member of KNHC (Radio Station)". If you feel that Korea National Housing Corporation meets Wikipedia's notability requirements, simply create the article. 75.92.135.196 (talk) 10:48, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:KNHC


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Happy Feet

Happy Feet is a 2006 animated jukebox musical comedy film directed and produced by George Miller and written by Miller, John Collee, Judy Morris and Warren Coleman. It stars the voices of Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Brittany Murphy, Hugh Jackman, Nicole Kidman, Hugo Weaving, Anthony LaPaglia, Magda Szubanski and Steve Irwin. An international co-production between the United States and Australia, the film was produced at Sydney-based visual effects and animation studio Animal Logic for Warner Bros. Pictures, Village Roadshow Pictures and Kingdom Feature Productions. It is the first animated film produced by Kennedy Miller and Animal Logic. Set in the cold land of Antarctica, the film follows Mumble (Wood), an emperor penguin who is able to tap dance brilliantly despite lacking the ability to sing a heartsong to attract a soulmate. After being continuously ridiculed and rejected by peers and his own father (Jackman), Mumble departs on a journey to learn what is causing the local fish population to decline — and to find himself along the way.

As an initial inspiration for the film, Miller cited an encounter with a grizzled old cameraman whose father was Frank Hurley of the Shackleton expeditions, while partially inspired by earlier documentaries such as the BBC's Life in the Freezer. Although primarily a computer-animated film, the film incorporates motion capture of live-action humans in certain scenes. Composer John Powell composed the score, while the film features more than ten popular songs, usually to fit with the mood of the scene or character.

Happy Feet was released in North American theatres on 17 November 2006, and in Australian theatres on 26 December 2006. It was simultaneously released in both conventional theatres and in IMAX 2D format. The studio had hinted that a future IMAX 3D release was a possibility. However, Warner Bros., the film's production company, was on too tight of a budget to release Happy Feet in IMAX digital 3D.

Happy Feet received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for its visuals, storyline and songs, and grossed $384 million against its $100 million production budget, becoming the tenth-highest-grossing film of 2006. It earned the recipient of the inaugural BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film, and the fourth non-Disney or Pixar film to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. It was nominated for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature and the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film, both losing to Cars. A sequel, Happy Feet Two, was released in 2011.

Plot
Emperor penguins attract a mate by singing a unique "heartsong". If the male penguin's heartsong matches the female's song, the two penguins mate. Norma Jean, a female penguin, falls for Memphis, a male penguin, and they become mates. They lay an egg, which Memphis cares for while Norma Jean leaves with the other females to fish. While the males struggle through the harsh winter, Memphis briefly drops the egg. The resulting chick, Mumble, is unable to sing but can tap dance. Nevertheless, he is enamored with Gloria, a female penguin who is regarded as the most talented of her age. One day, Mumble encounters a group of hostile skua, with a leader who is tagged with a yellow band, which he says is from an alien abduction. Mumble narrowly escapes the hungry birds by falling into a crevice.

Now a young adult, Mumble is frequently ridiculed by the elders and their leader Noah. After escaping from a leopard seal attack, Mumble befriends five Adelie penguins named Ramón, Nestor, Lombardo, Rinaldo and Raul, collectively known as "the Amigos", who embrace Mumble's dance moves and assimilate him into their group. After seeing a hidden human excavator in an avalanche, they opt to ask Lovelace, a rockhopper penguin, about its origin. Lovelace has the plastic rings of a six pack entangled around his neck, saying that they have been bestowed on him by mystic beings.

For the emperor penguins, it is mating season, and Gloria is the center of attention. The Amigos unsuccessfully attempt to help Mumble win her affection by having Ramón sing a Spanish version of "My Way" behind Mumble, with the latter lip syncing. After Mumble desperately begins to tap dance in synch with her song, she falls for him, and the youthful penguins join in for singing and dancing. The elders are appalled by Mumble's conduct, which they see as the reason for their lean fishing season. Memphis begs Mumble to stop dancing, for his own sake, revealing that when he was still in his egg, Memphis dropped Mumble (implying that this is the reason for both Mumble's lack of a heartsong and his dancing), but when Mumble refuses, he is exiled.

Mumble and the Amigos return to Lovelace for answers regarding the aliens, which Mumble concludes might have knowledge about the fish shortage, but find him being choked by the plastic rings. Lovelace confesses that they were snagged on him while swimming off the forbidden shores, beyond the land of the elephant seals. The group decide to take Lovelace with them to remove the rings. Not long into their journey, Gloria encounters them, wishing to become Mumble's mate. Fearing for her safety, he ridicules Gloria, driving her away.

At the forbidden shore, Mumble, Lovelace and the Amigos are attacked by two orcas, during which Lovelace is freed from the plastic rings. After escaping, they find a fishing boat. Mumble exhaustingly pursues it alone, eventually washing up on the shore of Florida, where he is rescued and kept at Marine World with Magellanic penguins. After a long and secluded confinement in addition to fruitlessly trying to communicate with the humans, Mumble nearly succumbs to madness. When a girl attempts to interact with Mumble by tapping the glass, he starts dancing, which attracts a large crowd.

Mumble is returned to the wild with a tracking device attached to his back. He returns to his colony and challenges the will of the elders. Memphis reconciles with him as a research team arrives, verifying Mumble's statements of "aliens" existing. The entire colony engages in dance in front of the research team, whose expedition footage prompts a worldwide debate, which eventually leads to the banning of all Antarctic overfishing, satisfying both the emperor penguins and the Amigos.

Voice cast

 * Elijah Wood as Mumble
 * E. G. Daily as baby Mumble
 * Robin Williams as Ramón, Cletus, Lovelace, and the narrator
 * Brittany Murphy as Gloria
 * Alyssa Shafer as baby Gloria
 * Hugh Jackman as Memphis
 * Nicole Kidman as Norma Jean
 * Hugo Weaving as Noah the Elder
 * Fat Joe as Seymour
 * Cesar Flores as baby Seymour
 * Anthony LaPaglia as Skua Boss
 * Magda Szubanski as Miss Viola
 * Miriam Margolyes as Mrs. Astrakhan
 * Steve Irwin as Trev
 * Carlos Alazraqui as Nestor
 * Lombardo Boyar as Raul
 * Jeffrey Garcia as Rinaldo
 * Johnny Sanchez as Lombardo
 * Richard Carter as Barry
 * Roger Rose as Leopard Seal
 * Lee Perry as Elder and Zoo Penguin
 * Dee Bradley Baker as Maurice
 * Chrissie Hynde as Michelle

Production
As an initial inspiration for the film, George Miller cited an encounter with a grizzled old cameraman whose father was Frank Hurley of the Shackleton expeditions, during the shooting of Mad Max 2. "We were sitting in this bar, having a milkshake, and he looked across at me and said, 'Antarctica'. He'd shot a documentary there. He said, 'You've got to make a film in Antarctica. It's just like out here, in the wasteland. It's spectacular.' And that always stuck in my head." Happy Feet was also partially inspired by earlier documentaries such as the BBC's Life in the Freezer.

In 2001, during an otherwise non-sequitur meeting, Doug Mitchell impulsively presented Warner Bros. studio president Alan Horn with an early rough draft of the film's screenplay, and asked them to read it while he and Miller flew back to Australia. By the time they had landed, Warner Bros. had decided to provide funding on the film. Production was slated to begin sometime after the completion of the fourth Mad Max film Fury Road, but geopolitical complications pushed Happy Feet to the forefront in early 2003.

The animation is invested heavily in motion capture technology, with the dance scenes acted by human dancers. The tap dancing for Mumble was provided by Savion Glover, who was also co-choreographer for the dance sequences. The dancers went through "Penguin School" to learn how to move like a penguin, and also wore head apparatus to mimic a penguin's beak.

Happy Feet needed an enormous group of computers, and Animal Logic worked with IBM to build a server farm with sufficient processing potential. The film took four years to make. Lighting Supervisor and VFX Department Supervisor Ben Gunsberger said that this was partly because they needed to build new infrastructure and tools. The server farm used IBM BladeCenter framework and BladeCenter HS20 blade servers, which are extremely dense separate computer units, each with two Intel Xeon processors. Rendering took up 17 million CPU hours over a nine-month period.

According to Miller, the environmental message was not a major part of the original script. "In Australia, we're very, very aware of the ozone hole," he said, "and Antarctica is literally the canary in the coal mine for this stuff. So it sort of had to go in that direction." This influence led to a film with a more environmental tone. Miller said, "You can't tell a story about Antarctica and the penguins without giving that dimension."

The film is dedicated to the memory of Nick Enright, Michael Jonson, Robby McNeilly Green and Steve Irwin.

Music
Happy Feet is a jukebox musical, taking previously recorded songs and working them into the film's soundtrack to fit the mood of the scene or character. Two soundtrack albums were released for the film; one containing songs from and inspired by the film, and another featuring John Powell's instrumental score. They were released on 31 October 2006 and 19 December 2006, respectively.

Prince's "Song of the Heart" won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. The film won Golden Trailer Award for Best Music. The song was written by Prince specifically for Happy Feet shortly after he was given a private screening of the film to gain his approval for the use of his song "Kiss" in a musical number. Prince enjoyed the film, gave his approval for the use of "Kiss" and offered to write an original song for the production, which he completed a week later.

Soundtrack
Happy Feet: Music from the Motion Picture is the lyrical soundtrack album from the 2006 animated film Happy Feet. As of March 2007, the original soundtrack sold more than 272,627 copies in the US.

Box office
The film opened at number one in the United States on its first weekend of release (17–19 November), grossing $41.6 million and beating Casino Royale for the top spot. It remained number one for the Thanksgiving weekend, making $51.6 million over the five-day period. In total, the film was the top grosser for three weeks, a 2006 box-office feat matched by only Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. As of 8 June 2008, Happy Feet had grossed $198.0 million in the US and Canada, and $186.3 million in other countries, making approximately $384.3 million worldwide. Happy Feet was the third-highest-grossing animated film of 2006 in the US, behind Cars and Ice Age: The Meltdown. The film was released in an estimated 35 territories at the close of 2006.

The production budget was $100 million.

Critical reception
Happy Feet received generally positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 76% approval rating, based on 170 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's consensus reads: "Visually dazzling, with a thoughtful storyline and catchy musical numbers, Happy Feet marks a successful animated debut from the makers of Babe." Metacritic reports a 77 out of 100 rating, based on 30 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on a scale of A+ to F.

Marjorie Baumgarten, film critic for The Austin Chronicle, wrote a positive review, saying, "Happy Feet treads material common to kids films and cartoons, most notably Dumbo: A young animal stands out from his herd or flock because of his inability to perform like the other animals, although he seemingly compensates for this defect by demonstrating a certain skill that sets him apart from the others, who ostracize him for his weirdness." Baumgarten also said that the CGI recreation of Antarctica is "stunning, allowing the film to shift among glorious long shots of the ice and penguin population and midshots and close-ups of the character interactions".

James Berardinelli, film critic for ReelViews, praised its musical numbers (particularly "Kiss" and "Boogie Wonderland") and Robin Williams's performance by awarding the film three out of four, saying, "The ingredients for greatness are there. It's too bad the movie lost its way on the approach to the finish line. I recommend Happy Feet, but not as enthusiastically as I wish I could."

Analysis
Film critic Yar Habnegnal wrote an essay in Forum on Contemporary Art and Society that examines the themes of encroachment presented throughout the film, as well as various other subtexts and themes, such as religious hierarchy and interracial tensions. Vadim Rizov of IFC sees Mumble as just the latest in a long line of cinematic religious mavericks. Some Christians have also considered the film to be anti-Christian (or antireligious in general) due to the imagery and behaviours of various characters.

On a technical or formal level, the film has also been recognised for its innovative introduction of Miller's roving style of subjective cinematography into contemporary animation.

Home media
Happy Feet was released on home media on 27 March 2007, in the United States in three formats: DVD (in separate widescreen and pan-and-scan editions), Blu-ray, and an HD DVD/DVD combo pack. Overall, Happy Feet was the third-best-selling film of 2007, with 12.2 million units sold, earning a revenue of $196.9 million.

Among the DVD's special features is a scene that was cut from the film, in which Mumble meets a blue whale and an albatross while pursuing the fishing boat. The albatross was Steve Irwin's first voice role in the film before he voiced the elephant seal in the final cut. The scene was finished and included on the DVD in Irwin's memory. This scene is done in documentary style, with the albatross describing the other characters in the scene, and the impact people are having on their environment. Another special feature included on the DVD is the 1936 Merrie Melodies short I Love to Singa.

Accolades
The film appeared on numerous critics' top-ten lists of the best films of 2006.

Video games
A video game based on the film was developed by A2M and published by Midway Games. It has the same main cast as the film. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS and Wii.

Artificial Life, Inc. has also developed a mobile game for the Japanese market.

Sequel
Happy Feet Two was produced at Dr. D Studios and released on 18 November 2011.

4-D attraction
Happy Feet 4-D Experience is a 12-minute 4D film shown at various 4D theatres around the world. It retells the condensed story of Happy Feet with the help of 3D projection and sensory effects, including moving seats, wind, mist and scents. Produced by SimEx-Iwerks, the 4D experience premiered in March 2010 at the Drayton Manor Theme Park. Other locations included Sea World (2010–2011), Shedd Aquarium (2010–2012), Moody Gardens (2010–2011), Nickelodeon Suites Resort and Adventure Aquarium.

title: Happy Feet


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User:Petertc

@Taipei, Taiwan.

title: User:Petertc


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Talk:Modular form

Lattice
We need an article on fundamental pair of periods that reviews all of the properties of a 2D lattice so that this article and the elliptic function article (and the Jacobi & Wierestrass elliptic articles) can reference it. linas 05:10, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that would be excessive. A fundamental pair of periods is just an ordered pair of complex numbers that are linearly independent over the real numbers, and so form a basis for C as vector space over R. Charles Matthews 08:15, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, yes, but, ... as currently written, the intro isn't accessible to anyone who doesn't already know what a lattice is. My philosophy is that the article should be accessible to a diligent undergrad or an adult reader of "average mathematical intelligence" (e.g. professors working in other unrelated fields).  An article that defines a lattice and explains that SL(2,Z) is a natural symmetry of the generator vectors would go along ways at making this article accessible. linas 17:29, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I have added material to make the section more explicit. Charles Matthews 18:05, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! ... I haven't read it yet, but after reading it, I'm sure I will be sorely tempted to move it to its own article, since I suspect that the defintion is cluttering this page (which is why you didn't put it there in the first place). linas 18:48, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Well, no, there is no need for that. There might be a reason to add to the lattice (group) article material spelling this out for the n-dimensional case. Charles Matthews 19:16, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

You might want to add that modular forms need not be defined as complex analytic functions on the upper halfplane. Once you use the algebro-geomtric definition, you can consider sections of the analogous line bundles over modular curves that are defined over more general rings, for example over p-adic numbers, fields of positive characteristic, or over the integers if you invert some things. For details, see Katz' paper in the Antwerp volumes. For example, there's a lot of work done on overconvergent p-adic modular forms these days. But the reason that modular forms enter into number theory at all, in some sense, is exactly because modular curves can be defined over schemes other than Spec C. With the exception of some analytic number theory, most number theorists working with modular forms do not define them solely as analytic functions over C. They either use the algebro-geometric definition or they work with certain quotients of GL_2 over the adeles, for which their manifestation as complex analytic functions is only relevent at the infinite primes. I understand you want to keep it simple and accessible! So I don't want to (and don't know how to) edit the page. But maybe just mention other ground rings? Because, as it stands, the definition isn't the one used by many (probably most?) mathematicians who work with modular forms. (Maybe this is "POV"? Ha ha. I might be biased since I work with modular forms almost everywhere but C.) Thanks!

complex multiplication
On complex multiplication it is written that modular forms would explain the exp( pi sqrt(163) ) thing, but I can't find here any hint about how. Please elucidate me. — MFH: Talk 00:18, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the book by Borwein and Borwein "Pi and the AGM" covers this topic. linas 00:58, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've fixed this on Heegner number, which now explains it. Nbarth 19:04, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Meaningless first sentence
"In mathematics, a modular form is a (complex) analytic function on the upper half-plane satisfying a certain kind of functional equation and growth condition."

Any function satisfies a functional equation and some growth condition. This introductory sentence is not very good. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.206.33.88 (talk) 22:17, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Why are they interesting/how do they effect things?
It would be nice if this article explained to a greater extent how they can be used and what they do.. I still don't really understand. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.243.76.147 (talk) 20:17, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

Better definition needed
In the article, condition two for a modular form f of weight k is expressed as follows:

(*)    f((az + b)/(cz + d))  =  (cz+d)k f(z)

for all (az+b)/(cz+d) such that the 2x2 matrix ((a, b), (c, d)) is a member of SL2(Z).

But cz+d is not well-defined in terms of the fractional linear transformation T(z) = (az+b)/(cz+d); it is defined only up to sign. (T'(z) = 1/(cz+d)2.) Hence for odd k, equation (*) above is not, a priori, well-defined.

So a more fine-tuned definition would be better. By someone knowledgeable in this subject, which excludes me.70.231.249.36 (talk) 22:25, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

 * It's true that the fractional linear transformation T(z) does not determine the matrix g = ((a,b),(c,d)) uniquely, but that is not relevant here. The quantity cz+d is perfectly well-defined, since the matrix g is an element of SL_2(Z).  I think the confusion arises because of the unnecessary "for all (az+b)/(cz+d)".

 * I added a comment on this right after the definition, I used the comment after Definition 1 in as a reference. Evilbu (talk) 14:46, 19 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Evilbu (or whoever wrote it; I can't tell, thanks to the lack of signatures or maybe the poor formatting), this quote:

 * "It's true that the fractional linear transformation T(z) does not determine the matrix g = ((a,b),(c,d)) uniquely, but that is not relevant here. The quantity cz+d is perfectly well-defined, since the matrix g is an element of SL_2(Z)"

 * from your post makes no sense to me. Can you please explain exactly how "The quantity cz+d is perfectly well-defined"? Because as far as I can tell, it is only defined up to sign, which would contradict the well-definedness of the condition (*) above.

 * The map from SL2(Z) to linear fractional transformations {(az+b)/(cz+d)} (with a, b, c, d integers such that ad-bc = 1) is two-to-one, with the inverse image of any specific (az+b)/(cz+d) being two matrices in SL2(Z) that differ by the signs of all four integers a, b, c, d. This means that, given (az+b)/(cz+d), the expression cz+d is defined only up to sign.Daqu (talk) 05:33, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

 * But you know the sign of c and d, so what's the problem, exactly? 67.198.37.16 (talk) 23:09, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

"Holomorphic at the cusp"
It says it will be explained later in the article, but it isn't. Can someone who understands this please add it? Dhirsbrunner (talk) 17:11, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

Elliptic curve
The part "Definition_in_terms_of_lattices_or_elliptic_curves" doesn't refer to elliptical curves at all, at least not recognizably so. unsigned

Are we trying to make readers play guessing games???
I really don't like to see things like this:

"A celebrated conjecture of Ramanujan asserted that the qp coefficient for any prime p has absolute value ≤ 2p<sup?11/2 . This was settled by Pierre Deligne as a result of his work on the Weil conjectures."

Nothing in this article mentions that Deligne "settled" the conjecture in the affirmative. Or does someone erroneously believe the word "settled" means "settled in the affirmative"? It does not.

Would it really have been that hard to add those three words, enlightening the mystified reader as to what Wikipedia is trying to say?Daqu (talk) 05:14, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

Eisenstein series definition needs to be fixed.
Lambda isn't a number, it's a vector. So its (-k)-th power isn't a number either, and the sum doesn't mean anything. Instead of lambda, what's needed is, depending on convention, either the length of lambda, or the square of that. Getthebasin (talk) 01:56, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

 * 2-dimensional euclidean lattices can be viewed as discrete subgroups of $$\mathbb C$$, as noted in the paragraph preceding the definition. So the series makes sense. jraimbau (talk) 16:04, 6 March 2019 (UTC)

Oh, you're right of course. I missed "Two-dimensional". Carry on! Getthebasin (talk) 19:48, 7 March 2019 (UTC)

Trivial nebentypus assumption
I am somewhat concerned that our article works only with trivial character throughout, allowing for the presence of automorphic factors at bottom billing in the generalisations section. As a result, the (very significant) work of Deligne and Serre associating l-adic representations with modular forms cannot be understood. The assumption also means that some statements which are not quite true fly under the radar. The article claims you can ascertain dimensions of modular form spaces via the Riemann-Roch theorem. It doesn't mention that this is not true for weight 1, but it gets away with this because if the character is trivial the dimension of any weight 1 space is 0. Treating modular forms in full generality from the start is definitely not the answer. Does anyone have other ideas how this issue might be addressed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Awoma (talk • contribs) 09:33, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Growth condition
In the definition of modular form, item 1 says: For any $$\gamma \in \Gamma$$ there is the equality $$f(\gamma(z)) = (cz + d)^kf(z)$$, and then item 2. says: For any $$\gamma \in \text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$$ the function $$(cz + d)^{-k}f(\gamma(z))$$ is bounded for $$\text{im}(z) \to \infty$$. But according to item 1, $$(cz + d)^{-k}f(\gamma(z))$$ is just $$f(z)$$, so why state it this way? Why can we not say $$f(z)$$ is bounded for $$\text{im}(z) \to \infty$$? Thanks for any clarification. Vda47 (talk) 15:19, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

Level = group?
Please excuse a non-expert trying to make sense out of this. Under "Definition", it is stated that "given a subgroup $$\Gamma \subset \text{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z})$$ of finite index, called an arithmetic group, a modular form of level $$\Gamma$$ and weight $$k$$ is"... Hang on. $$\Gamma$$ is obviously a subgroup. The level is an integer number, right? A group can't be a number (at least not as a general rule). Is there some kind of shorthand being employed here? Wdanbae (talk) 14:16, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

 * When \Gamma is a congruence subgroup it has a well-defined level which is an integer (the largest n such that \Gamma contains the principal congruence subgroup of level n). However there are many congruence subgroups with the same level so it may be clearer to use the subgroup itself as the level to disambiguate. On the other hand, in context it is often clear which family of congruence subgroups is used (usually the Hecke groups \Gamma_0) and in this case using only an integer is more convenient. This is explicitly said in the the article : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_form#Definition_2. jraimbau (talk) 17:28, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modular form


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Port San Carlos

Port San Carlos is located on the northern bank of the inlet known as Port San Carlos, off San Carlos Water on the Western coast of East Falkland, in the Falkland Islands. It is sometimes nicknamed "KC" after former owner Keith Cameron.

The port takes its name from the ship San Carlos which visited in 1768.

It is north of its namesake San Carlos.

History
It is most noted for being the first landing place of British forces during the 1982 Falklands War; it was codenamed "Green Beach", and was part of Operation Sutton.

title: Port San Carlos


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Unfair labor practice

An unfair labor practice (ULP) in United States labor law refers to certain actions taken by employers or unions that violate the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (49 Stat. 449) (also known as the NLRA and the Wagner Act after NY Senator Robert F. Wagner ) and other legislation. Such acts are investigated by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).

Definition of "unfair labor practice"
The NLRB has the authority to investigate and remedy unfair labor practices, which are defined in Section 8 of the Act. In broad terms, the NLRB makes it unlawful for an employer to:

 * interfere with two or more employees acting in concert to protect rights provided for in the Act, whether or not a union exists;
 * Examples of concerted, protected activity includes:
 * Picketing
 * Collective Bargaining
 * Attempting to Enforce an active Collective Bargaining Agreement
 * Filing an Unfair Labor Practice (ULP) charge with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
 * Testifying in ULP proceedings at the direction of the NLRB.
 * Campaigning for Union Elections, or elections for union representatives
 * Distributing newsletters about right to work laws, voter registration, minimum wage issues, etc.
 * Any other right listed in Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act.
 * dominate or interfere with the formation or administration of a labor organization;
 * interfere with a union election or a union campaign;
 * discriminate against an employee from engaging in concerted or union activities or refraining from them;
 * discriminate against an employee for filing charges with the NLRB or taking part in any NLRB proceedings; or
 * refuse to bargain with the union that is the lawful representative of its employees.

The Act similarly bars unions from:

 * restraining or coercing employees in the exercise of their rights or an employer in the choice of its bargaining representative;
 * causing an employer to discriminate against an employee in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964;
 * refusing to bargain with the employer of the employees it represents;
 * engaging in certain types of secondary boycotts;
 * requiring excessive dues;
 * engaging in featherbedding (requiring an employer to pay for unneeded workers);
 * picketing for recognition for more than thirty days without petitioning for an election;
 * entering into "hot cargo" agreements (refusing to handle goods from an anti-union employer); or
 * striking or picketing a health care establishment without giving the required notice.

Applying this general language to the real world requires, in the words of Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter, "distinctions more nice than obvious". The substantive law applied by the NLRB is described elsewhere under specific headings devoted to particular topics.

Not every unfair act amounts to an unfair labor practice; as an example, failing to pay an individual worker overtime pay for hours worked in excess of forty hours in a week might be a violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act, but it is unlikely to amount to an unfair labor practice as well. Similarly, a violation of a collective bargaining agreement, standing alone, may not constitute an unfair labor practice unless the employer has not only violated the contract but repudiated all or part of it.

Filing of a charge
While the employees of the NLRB may assist individuals in filing charges, the employees of the NLRB cannot file charges on their own. Under the Act, "any person" (except an employee of the Board) may file a charge with the NLRB.

Such charges must be filed and served within six months of the events that constitute the basis of the charge. This deadline may be extended in some cases, e.g., if the party fraudulently conceals its violations of the law. Charges may also be amended if done so within six months of the alleged violation.

Investigation and processing of the charge
The General Counsel of the NLRB is responsible for investigating unfair labor practice charges and making the decision whether to issue a complaint. This job is delegated to the Regional Director of the region of the NLRB in which the charge has been filed; the Regional Director in turn assigns it to an employee of the region. It is the responsibility of the charging party to identify the witnesses who can support its charge; should it fail to do so the Regional Director will typically dismiss the charge.

The Regional Director generally seeks to reach a decision as to whether to issue a complaint or to dismiss the charge within thirty days of the filing of the charge. The Region may also ask the charging party to amend its charge to eliminate unsupported claims in an otherwise meritorious charge or to add new claims uncovered by the Region in the course of its investigation.

A party unsatisfied with the Regional Director's decision to dismiss its charge can appeal the dismissal to the office of the General Counsel. The General Counsel's decision to dismiss a charge is not subject to further appeal and cannot be challenged in court.

If the issues raised by an unfair labor practice charge could also be resolved through the grievance and arbitration procedure of the collective bargaining agreement covering these employees, then the General Counsel may defer the case to arbitration. In those cases the General Counsel does not dismiss the charge, but holds it in abeyance while the parties to the contract arbitrate their contractual dispute.

Issuance of complaint and settlement
If the Region finds merit in the charge it will file a formal complaint setting out the violations of the law allegedly committed by the respondent. While the Act requires that the original unfair labor practice be filed within six months, there is no comparable statute of limitations for issuance of a complaint. The complaint may also be amended in some circumstances to include other alleged violations of the Act not specified in an unfair labor practice charge.

The Region will usually renew its attempts to settle the matter after it has made the decision to issue complaint but before it has actually done so. It can settle unfair labor practice charges unilaterally, i.e., without the agreement of the charging party.

The Board draws a distinction between formal and informal settlements, i.e., those that call for issuance of a formal Board order and those that do not. A party unhappy with the Regional Director's settlement of its unfair labor practice charges can appeal a formal settlement to the Board itself, which must approve any formal settlement in any case, but can only appeal an informal settlement to the General Counsel.

The Board will set aside an informal settlement agreement if the employer violates the agreement or commits other violations of the Act after the agreement. The Board can, by contrast, enforce a formal settlement like any other Board order by petitioning the Court of Appeals for an order enforcing it.

The Board will also accept non-Board settlements, in which the charging party withdraws its charge in return for promises from the other side. The Board is not, however, obliged to accept the parties' settlement agreement or to allow withdrawal of the charge.

Interim injunctive relief
If the General Counsel believes that there is cause to issue complaint, then he can seek injunctive relief from a federal district court under Section 10(j) of the Act. Injunctive relief is usually ordered when necessary to preserve the status quo pending the Board's decision on the complaint or to prevent employees from suffering irreparable harm. Any injunction lapses once the NLRB issues its decision.

The General Counsel does not have to prove that the allegations in the complaint are well-founded, but only that he has some evidence, together with an arguable legal theory, to support his claims. Even so, the General Counsel rarely uses this power to seek relief while complaints are pending, other than in secondary boycott cases, in which the Act commands the General Counsel to seek injunctive relief.

Hearing and decision
If the case is not settled following issuance of a complaint, then the case will proceed to hearing before an Administrative Law Judge of the NLRB. The Regional Director has the power to issue subpoenas for use by any party prior to the hearing; the Administrative Law Judge has that power once the hearing commences. The hearing is governed by the same rules of evidence that would apply in a federal court trial.

The General Counsel functions as the prosecutor in these proceedings. Just as only the General Counsel can decide whether to issue a complaint, the General Counsel has exclusive authority to decide what charges to pursue. Interested parties may, however, intervene in these proceedings to present evidence or offer alternative theories in support of the charges that the General Counsel has alleged and to seek additional or different remedies than those that the General Counsel has proposed.

The Administrative Law Judge issues a recommended decision, which becomes final if not appealed to the NLRB. While the Administrative Law Judge's credibility determinations are ordinarily given great weight by the Board, they are not binding on it. The Board likewise is free to substitute its own view of the law for that of the Administrative Law Judge and frequently reverses its own precedents.

Review by the courts
A party that is aggrieved by a decision of the NLRB can seek review by petitioning in the Court of Appeals. The Act gives parties a good deal of latitude as to which court they want to hear their case: either the Circuit in which the hearing was held or the Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia or any Circuit in which one of the parties against whom the complaint was brought resides or does business. The NLRB, as a matter of policy, only petitions in the Circuit in which the hearing was held.

The NLRB's decisions are not self-executing: it must seek court enforcement in order to force a recalcitrant party to comply with its orders. The Court of Appeal reviews the Board's decision to determine if it is supported by substantial evidence and based on a correct view of the law.

While the courts are obligated in theory to give deference to the NLRB's interpretation of the Act, they do not always do so. The court may direct the NLRB to reconsider its decision or reverse it outright if it is convinced that the Board is in error. The court may also reverse Board actions that it considers to be an abuse of the NLRB's discretion, typically in the choice of remedies to be applied.

Any aggrieved party may also ask the Supreme Court to review a decision of the Court of Appeals. Such review by the Supreme Court is, however, discretionary and rarely granted.

Compliance
If the Court of Appeals enforces the Board's order then the case will return to the Region for it to monitor the respondent's compliance. In those cases in which the Board's order requires payment of backpay, the Region will commence compliance proceedings if it is not able to resolve all disputes over the amount of backpay. These compliance proceedings are also held before an Administrative Law Judge, based on the compliance specification filed by the Region. The same procedural rights apply in these proceedings as in the earlier proceedings on the merits of the charge.

title: Unfair labor practice


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Juliette Bergmann

Juliette Bergmann (previously Meijer) (born November 30, 1958) is a Dutch female bodybuilding champion.

Early years and education
Bergmann (born Juliette Maria Suzanna Bergmann) was born in Vlaardingen, Netherlands, from a Dutch mother and an Indonesian father. She is one of five children, with one older brother, two younger brothers and one younger sister (three brothers and one sister). Her younger sister is a bodybuilder much like herself. During her childhood she lost two brothers, causing much grief to her mother, who laid a larger responsibility on Juliette, the oldest living child. That period in her life, she believes, made her a disciplined and responsible person.

After finishing school she went on to study financial management, journalism and fitness training. She got married (married name – Meijer) in 1975, but divorced in 1985.

Amateur career
She began training in bodybuilding to lose weight in 1981 with her ex-husband after attending a female bodybuilding contest where she got a very good impression of the competitors. In 1982, she would enter her first competition, where she placed first. In 1983, she decided to become a bodybuilder after she visited a bodybuilding contest in 1983 and noticed how good the girls looked.

1984-2000
In 1984, she won the Dutch National Championship and repeated as champion in 1985. After her 7th place at the 1984 IFBB European Championships, she got a new coach, Jim Lensveld, Vice President of the Dutch National Bodybuilding and Fitness Federation. Later that same year she qualified for the World Amateur Championship, where she achieved first place. By the end of 1985 she competed in her first Ms. Olympia, but did poorly with a 14th placing. However, she achieved significant success in 1986 by winning the Pro World Championship, placing second (by one point) in the Ms. International, and sixth in the Ms. Olympia. At the 1988 World Pro Championships, just an hour before the show, she was told that she tested positive in the drug test and was disqualified. After 1989, she planned to take a year off from competition and compete again in 1991, but her plans were derailed when she suffered a badly broken ankle from a (Doberman) dog attack. She was not able to train seriously again for a couple of years. Since 1991, she has been a pro-judge and secretary/treasurer of the NBBF (Dutch Bodybuilding and Fitness federation).

2001-2003
In 2001, Bergmann returned to competition after a 12-year absence, during which she worked as a judge for the International Federation of BodyBuilders (IFBB). Entering the Ms. Olympia contest, she took first place in the lightweight class, and defeated heavyweight class winner Iris Kyle to win the overall title, the only time in Ms. Olympia history the lightweight class winner has won the overall title. She repeated as the Ms. Olympia lightweight class winner in 2002 and 2003, losing the overall title to Lenda Murray both years.

Retirement
After the 2003 Ms. Olympia, Bergmann retired from bodybuilding.

Legacy
Currently, Bergmann is one of the most successful Dutch bodybuilders in the world, by being the only Dutch bodybuilder to win the Ms. Olympia. From October 26, 2001 to February 28, 2003, she ranked 1st on the IFBB Women's Bodybuilding Professional Ranking List. Bergmann has been cited as the "Grecian Ideal" wherein biceps, calf and neck measurements are similar as are waist and thigh measurements. In January 2009, Juliette was inducted into the IFBB Hall of Fame. Since 2009, she became president of the IFBB in the Netherlands (Dutch Bodybuilding and Fitness Federation), director IFBB Thailand, a member of the I.F.B.B. executive council, and chairwoman of the EBFF fitness committee.

Contest history

 * 1982 Ms. Randstad – 1st (LW)
 * 1982 Twentse Open Championship – 1st (LW)
 * 1983 Ms. Elegance – 2nd
 * 1983 Dutch Grand Prix – 3rd
 * 1983 Davina Challenge Cup – 3rd
 * 1983 Gold Cup – 2nd
 * 1983 Dutch Championships – 3rd
 * 1984 Dutch Grand Prix – 2nd
 * 1984 IFBB European Championships – 7th (LW)
 * 1984 Dutch Championships – 1st (LW & overall)
 * 1985 Dutch Championships – 1st (LW & overall)
 * 1985 IFBB European Championships – 1st (LW)
 * 1985 IFBB World Amateur Championships – 1st (LW)
 * 1985 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 15th
 * 1986 IFBB Pro World Championship – 1st
 * 1986 IFBB Pro World Championship mixed pairs (with Tony Pearson) – 1st
 * 1986 Ms. International – 2nd
 * 1986 Los Angeles Pro Championship – 2nd
 * 1986 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 6th
 * 1986 IFBB Pro World Championship – 7th
 * 1986 IFBB Pro World Mixed Pairs – 2nd
 * 1987 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 9th
 * 1988 IFBB Pro World Championship – Disqualified
 * 1988 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 13th
 * 1989 IFBB Pro World Championship – 15th
 * 2001 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1st (LW & overall)
 * 2002 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1st (LW)
 * 2003 IFBB Ms. Olympia – 1st (LW)

Personal life
In 1985, she moved to Middelharnis, Netherlands, where she lived with her sister and friend. She had a publishing company, travel agency, and attends Ironman Gym. When she is not traveling, she is at the office during the daytime and in the evenings works at the gym. She travels a lot and also does a lot of guest posing. She currently lives in Netherlands and Thailand with her partner.

title: Juliette Bergmann


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Mexa Channel

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:34, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The Mexa Channel
Ad for non-notable web forum of 21 people started last month. Delete. Gazpacho 05:22, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * ditto, delete. -- Hoary 05:26, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)
 * Delete, Non notable. Inter 10:58, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad, almost a speedy. Wyss 11:22, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Furry–hurry merger

Does the merger only occur for the word "hurry", or does it apply to others? Kappa answered, thank you.

title: Talk:Furry–hurry merger


text:
Alan Crawford

Alan Crawford may refer to:

 * Alan Crawford (Australian rules footballer) (1916–1988), Australian rules footballer
 * Alan Crawford (English footballer) (born 1953), English footballer and manager
 * Alan Pell Crawford (born 1953), American author and journalist
 * Allan Crawford (music publisher) Australian music publisher who formed the sales and programming company for Radio Atlanta

title: Alan Crawford


text:
Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway

The Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway (KPE) is the third newest of Singapore's network of expressways. The southern (Kallang) section of the expressway opened first, on 26 October 2007, with the remaining (Paya Lebar) section opened on 20 September 2008.

Connecting East Coast Parkway (ECP) in the south and Tampines Expressway (TPE) in the north-east, the six-lane (2x3) expressway extends for twelve kilometres, with approximately 8.5 km of main cut and cover tunnels running some 10 kilometres underground when fully completed. Built at a cost of approximately S$1.8 billion (USD$1 billion), it is the longest subterranean road tunnel in Southeast Asia. The KPE is also believed to be the world's sixth longest underground road project at its time under construction. In all, the dual-carriageway expressway with three lanes in each direction will have eight interchanges, eleven on-ramps, and twelve off-ramps. The south end of the KPE also connects directly to the Marina Coastal Expressway which opened on 29 December 2013.

The Land Transport Authority (LTA) has awarded a contract for the expansion of the KPE/TPE interchange at the north end of the expressway and construction of a new road connection to Punggol Central, providing a new and more direct link to and from the KPE and TPE, and alleviating the traffic congestion of the TPE between the current KPE ramps and Punggol ramps. The work would involves the design and construction of roads, three new vehicular bridges crossing Sungei Serangoon and Sungei Blukar, a new flyover across TPE and other associated ramps. Construction works commenced in the second quarter of 2015.

History
A 2.8 km-long Kallang Expressway (KLE) was envisioned as early as 1981, serving as a link between the Pan Island Expressway (PIE) and East Coast Parkway (ECP). It would have become the shortest expressway in Singapore if it was built.

The modern Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway (KPE) was first conceptualised in the preliminary plans of 1997, merging the KLE and the Paya Lebar Expressway (PLE) into a single expressway.

Construction on KPE started in the year 2001, and was fully completed in 2008. On 23 June 2007, the northern end of the expressway between Tampines Road from the new Defu Flyover and the Tampines Expressway was opened to traffic, and was temporarily named Tampines Service Road. Tampines Road will therefore no longer connect with the Tampines Expressway at the Tampines Flyover. The Defu Flyover along Tampines Road, along with the traffic signals, were commissioned on the same day from 1000 hours.

On 27 July 2007, the LTA announced the opening of the southern ECP-PIE section of the expressway (Phase 1) to traffic on 26 October that year. The entire expressway opened to traffic on 20 September 2008. An official opening was held on 19 October.

Route
The Kallang section of the expressway starts from eastern end of the Marina Coastal Expressway, where it also interchanges with the East Coast Parkway near the fourteen-kilometre mark of the ECP in a northward direction, goes underground below the Geylang River, cuts across the Kallang Sports Complex to the west of the National Stadium, comes to an interchange at the Mountbatten Road/Nicoll Highway/Guillemard Road junction, crosses the East West MRT line, before ending with an interchange with the Pan Island Expressway at the thirteen-kilometre mark of the latter. It adds along some slip roads and minor roads.

The Paya Lebar section continues from where the Kallang Section leaves off beneath the Kallang River and Pelton Canal past MacPherson Estate, comes to an interchange with Paya Lebar Road, Upper Paya Lebar Road, MacPherson Road and Airport Road, crosses over the Circle MRT line which was under construction at the same time as the expressway, and continues for almost three and a half kilometres underground beneath Airport Road and the Paya Lebar Air Base, emerges at ground level near Defu Lane 3, goes on an elevated interchange over Tampines Road. It meets Buangkok East Drive at an interchange before continuing towards the existing Tampines Flyover to meet with Tampines Expressway. It replaces one of the fish farms at Tampines Road.

On 27 July 2007, the LTA announced an extension of the KPE from East Coast Parkway to the Ayer Rajah Expressway via Marina South. The stretch was named Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE). The Marina Coastal Expressway officially opened on 29 December 2013.

List of interchanges and exits
! scope="row" style="text-align: right" | 0.0 ! scope="row" style="text-align: right" | 0.0
 * rowspan="7" | Kallang
 * colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | Start of KPE underground tunnel section

! scope="row" style="text-align: right" | 8.5 ! scope="row" style="text-align: right" | 8.5 km
 * colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | End of KPE underground tunnel section

Public education and congestion management
In 2006, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) engaged an advertising agency to embark on a public education programme, to inform and educate the public on the proper way to use the KPE – the first time it has done so for a road project. British firm Bartle Bogle Hegarty (BBH) has been appointed to publicise safety messages needed to prepare users for the KPE. BBH, which in turn appointed British public relations firm Grayling, clinched the contract for S$2.81 million. Its campaign started in the second quarter of 2007, consisting of a website and an album Sounds of the Underground of ten songs for the purpose.

The LTA has also put up a tender calling for consultants to develop congestion management systems in the KPE. The call has drawn three submissions. It also rolled out the first dedicated team of Traffic Marshals, with the primary role of rapid deployment to any incident within the tunnels. The annual contract was awarded to Certis CISCO, who would deploy six marshals on motorcycles around the clock in the KPE, to be expanded to 28 motorcycles and three cars across all expressways by the end of 2008.

Speed cameras
KPE's underground section is fitted with digital speed cameras that operate 24 hours throughout the day to enforce the 80 km/h speed limit (lower if safety advisories display so).

In the first week of phase 1 operation 3,400 motorists were caught speeding in the KPE, consisting of 3% of the total traffic which alarmed the traffic police. 45 of the speed violators which were in excess of 40 km/h received court summons, while others received either a traffic summons or a warning letter from the Land Transport Authority.

The speed cameras are easily spotted in the middle section of the tunnel and are found under the main via ducting. There have been no instances of speed cameras flashes indicating a violating vehicle exceeding the limit, as the luminosity in the tunnel does not require additional light source.

title: Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway


text: User talk:68.65.23.41

title: User talk:68.65.23.41


text:
Daimonion

Daimonion may refer to:

 * Daimonion (Socrates), similar to a daemon
 * Daimonion (band), a Polish rock band
 * Daimonion (Daimonion album), 2007
 * Daimonion (Project Pitchfork album), 2001

title: Daimonion


text:
Pan Island Expressway

The Pan Island Expressway (Abbreviated as: PIE) is the oldest and longest expressway in Singapore. It is also Singapore's longest road. The expressway runs from the East Coast Parkway near Changi Airport in the east to Tuas in the west and has a total length of 42.8 km.

Initially conceived by the Public Works Department in the 1960s as part of road expansions for handling rising traffic volumes, work on the PIE commenced in 1964. The first section, Jalan Toa Payoh, was completed by 1969. Construction of the other segments of the expressway were carried out in the 1970s. The initial expressway, from Jalan Boon Lay to the East Coast Parkway, was completed in June 1982. The PIE was then realigned and extended further westward to Tuas between 1991 and 1993. By the 1990s, the expressway was able to handle large amounts of traffic. The expressway and the interchanges along its route were expanded in the 1990s and 2000s to alleviate traffic congestion.

Route
The Pan Island Expressway measures 42.8 km and is the longest expressway in Singapore. Beginning at a junction with the East Coast Parkway near Changi Airport, the expressway runs northwest to intersect the Tampines Expressway. It then curves southwest, passing through Tampines, Bedok and Geylang before intersecting the Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway and curving northwest, before heading west and running along the southern edge of Toa Payoh. From Toa Payoh, the expressway runs along the northern edge of Bukit Timah, curving southwest to meet the Bukit Timah Expressway, before heading west once again at Clementi Avenue 6. The PIE then travels along the northern edges of Clementi, Jurong East and Jurong West before ending at a junction with the Ayer Rajah Expressway at Tuas Road.

Plans
The PIE was initially conceived by the Public Works Department as part of plans to expand Singapore's road network in the 1960s to cope with a predicted large rise in traffic volume over the next two decades. It was the result of a four-year planning study conducted in 1967 by the Singaporean government and foreign planning consultants. The study was funded by the United Nations Development Programme.

Intended to connect Singapore's satellite towns and industrial estates, it would act as the main connector between the parts of Singapore and would handle high traffic volumes.

Construction
Construction of the PIE started in 1964 and took place in four phases. Jalan Toa Payoh, a 2 mi long segment of the expressway between Thomson Road and Woodsville Circus, was completed in June 1969 and the segment between Woodsville Circus and Jalan Eunos, named Jalan Kolam Ayer and Paya Lebar Way, was completed by 1970. Work on the 8 miles long section between Jalan Anak Bukit and Thomson Road began in March 1970. During the construction of this section of the expressway, rocks had to be excavated near Adam Road. Also, Kampong Chantek Bahru, off of Bukit Timah Road, was cleared to make way for the expressway.

In January 1975, the section of the expressway between Jalan Eunos and Kallang Bahru was completed, and Jalan Kolam Bahru, between Kallang Bahru and Woodsville Circus, was improved to form a part of the expressway. The section between Adam Road and Jalan Anak Bukit was opened in October 1976 and construction of the eastern part of the PIE, between Jalan Eunos and Changi Airport, started in 1976.

Work was started in November 1977 to expand Whitley Road to six lanes, along with the construction of a grade-separated interchange to link it with the PIE. The section of the expressway between Adam Road and Whitley Road was completed by 1978 and was opened to traffic in 1979. Construction from Jalan Anak Bukit to Boon Lay Road was started in 1978. To connect this section to the rest of the PIE, a $15.2 million viaduct over Jalan Anak Bukit and Upper Bukit Timah Road was built.

On 10 January 1981, the 10 km segment of the PIE between Jalan Eunos and the East Coast Parkway was officially opened by Teh Cheang Wan, the then Minister of National Development, having cost $50 million to construct. The section of the expressway between Upper Bukit Timah and Corporation Road was opened soon after on 31 January 1981 by Lee Yiok Seng, the Parliamentary Secretary of National Development at the time. With the completion of two flyovers across Aljunied Road and Paya Lebar Road in June 1982—three months ahead of schedule—the PIE was fully opened.

Impact and expansions
Upon its opening, the Pan Island Expressway had a positive impact on traffic flow in certain areas by alleviating traffic, as was reported by a preliminary Public Works Department study in October 1981. From 1983 to 1984, two lanes, one in each direction, were added to the 16.4 km section of the expressway between Mount Pleasant Road and Jalan Boon Lay.

By the early 1990s, the expressway was handling considerable traffic but experienced traffic congestion during peak hours. To alleviate this, portions of the PIE, such as the Woodsville interchange and the intersection with the Central Expressway, were upgraded in May 1991 at a cost of $180 million. In addition, service roads were constructed along the expressway near Toa Payoh and at the Woodsville interchange.

Work began on an 8 km extension of the expressway from Hong Kah Circle to Tuas in October 1991, with a northward realignment and extension of the expressway from Hong Kah Circle to Pioneer Road North. Intended to serve as a connection to the Jurong industrial estate and Jurong West, the extension cost $81.3 million and was opened in December 1993.

As the amount of traffic using the KJE and PIE to the Jurong industrial estate increased, the Land Transport Authority upgraded the stretch of the PIE between Tengah Flyover and Tuas Road to a four-lane dual carriageway from the previous three lanes. The work started in March 2004 and was finished in March 2006.

Plans to connect the PIE together with Bedok North Avenue 3 were planned since September 2005, with construction began in May 2006 and completed on 29 November 2008, which provides a direct connection from Bedok to the PIE, after complaints over many years.

Beginning July 2011, the stretch of the PIE between Clementi Avenue 6 and Adam Road was widened; one lane was added to both sides of the expressway. As well, the Eng Neo, Chantek and Anak Bukit Flyovers were structurally expanded. The widened portions were progressively opened to traffic from July 2013.

In July 2019, PIE Exit 26A (Dunearn & Clementi Rd), known for its exit being on the right instead of being sited at the left, began construction for relocation of its exit to be relocated on the left as many faced confusion and some being unable to filter to the rightmost lane to exit, thereby missing the exit. The new relocated exit on the left opened to public on 28 May 2023, with a new vehicular underpass being built to integrate traffic seamlessly back to Jln Anak Bukit, where the old exit leads to. Despite the process of the relocation construction, there were no diversions or delay of traffic.

title: Pan Island Expressway


text:
User talk:Regoarrarr

Norwood Lateral
Hi - you wrote:  [Thanks for] updating that Ohio State Highway 562 page and Norwood Lateral page, making the latter redirect to the former.
 * I was just sorting through the stubs, working on the letter N and O. I changed the Norwood one, then a few minutes later came across the other one. It just seemed to make sense for them to go together. Glad you weren't annoyed! Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 05:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

File:Map of visiting all 88 Ohio counties in 24 hours.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Map of visiting all 88 Ohio counties in 24 hours.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Hirolovesswords (talk) 16:45, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Regoarrarr


text:
Hadamard three-circle theorem

In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Hadamard three-circle theorem is a result about the behavior of holomorphic functions.

Let $$f(z)$$ be a holomorphic function on the annulus

 * $$r_1\leq\left| z\right| \leq r_3.$$

Let $$M(r)$$ be the maximum of $$|f(z)|$$ on the circle $$|z|=r.$$ Then, $$\log M(r)$$ is a convex function of the logarithm $$\log (r).$$ Moreover, if $$f(z)$$ is not of the form $$cz^\lambda$$ for some constants $$\lambda$$ and $$c$$, then $$\log M(r)$$ is strictly convex as a function of $$\log (r).$$

The conclusion of the theorem can be restated as

 * $$\log\left(\frac{r_3}{r_1}\right)\log M(r_2)\leq

\log\left(\frac{r_3}{r_2}\right)\log M(r_1) +\log\left(\frac{r_2}{r_1}\right)\log M(r_3)$$ for any three concentric circles of radii $$r_1<r_2<r_3.$$

History
A statement and proof for the theorem was given by J.E. Littlewood in 1912, but he attributes it to no one in particular, stating it as a known theorem. Harald Bohr and Edmund Landau attribute the theorem to Jacques Hadamard, writing in 1896; Hadamard published no proof.

Proof
The three circles theorem follows from the fact that for any real a, the function Re log(zaf(z)) is harmonic between two circles, and therefore takes its maximum value on one of the circles. The theorem follows by choosing the constant a so that this harmonic function has the same maximum value on both circles.

The theorem can also be deduced directly from Hadamard's three-line theorem.

title: Hadamard three-circle theorem


text:
Hannover Principles

The Hannover Principles is a set of statements about designing buildings and objects with forethought about their environmental impact, their effect on the sustainability of growth, and their overall impact on society. They were first formulated by William McDonough and Michael Braungart for planning Expo 2000 in Hanover and are presented in a copyrighted 1992 document.

The principles are:
 * 1) Insist on the right of humanity and nature to co-exist in a healthy, supportive, diverse and sustainable condition.
 * 2) Recognize interdependence.
 * 3) Respect relationships between spirit and matter.
 * 4) Accept responsibility for the consequences of design decisions upon human well-being, the viability of natural systems and their right to co-exist.
 * 5) Create safe objects of long-term value.
 * 6) Eliminate the concept of waste.
 * 7) Rely on natural energy flows.
 * 8) Understand the limitations of design.
 * 9) Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge.

title: Hannover Principles


text:
Talk:Digital cable

SCTE and CEA standards
The article says:

 * In the U.S., digital cable systems with more than 750 MHz activated channel capacity are required to comply with a set of SCTE and CEA standards, and to provide CableCARDs to customers that request them.

Required by whom? 18.26.0.18 05:30, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Compression Artifacts
Is there anyway we could modify the article to include a note that because it's digitally compressed artifacts are present due to the [poor] encoding?I'm pretty sure anyone with digital cable has seen them on some channels and some time,if not everyday.
 * I have Time Warner digital cable and constantly complain that the compression artifacts make the picture look worse than when I had regular analog cable TV a few years ago. I don't understand it...why is the video so heavily compressed?  Is it because their HD signals are using up most of the bandwidth? 69.203.64.174 02:55, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
 * The compression artifacts are IMO the limitations of MPEG-2 compression that they use. In fast-motion and areas with high contrast, they're clearly visible but overall the digital picture is more better for most people though I too disagree. I would also like to have someone add more info on how and what type of physical cables carry the digital signal. Is an RF coaxial cable, for instance, capable of carrying digital and analog signal over the same cable? Is an RF coaxial capable of carrying a digital signal in the first place? - 221.128.201.22 (talk) 17:27, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

FCC Transition
Shouldn't there be a note that the FCC transition to digital over-the-air broadcasts doesn't affect cable subscribers since cable subscribers will still receive an analog signal over cable? The presence of that section in this article is misleading in implying that transition affects cable subscribers that don't subscribe to digital cable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.62.102.43 (talk) 04:00, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Microblocking.jpg
The image Image:Microblocking.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --06:47, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Cable is technically Satellite
All the cable boxes in a certain zone hook up to one big satellite, so really, it isn't true cable, unless it was hooked up directly to the broadcasting station and the shows were sent through the wiring to the cable box. Just though this should be pointed out on the main page. Flynn58 (talk) 18:16, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

channel requesting and possible massive privacy breach
I was unable to find answer anywhere: Is digital cable broadcasting all channels at once, or is the set-top box actually sending requests to cable operator whenever subscriber changes a channel?

If latter is the case, then cable provider knows what each subscriber watches at any particular moment - which is enabling surveillance and profiling similar to tracking on the Web and social networks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.148.209.217 (talk) 18:23, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Usually [always?] all channels are sent and box selects locally. But that doesn't preclude some boxes signalling back a change of channel selection. - Rod57 (talk) 09:05, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

change title
Confusing name - article seems to refer to a TV distribution technology rather than a type of electrical cable - Could we rename/redirect to digital cable television ? ie move this content to digital cable television and make this page into a disambiguation page - Rod57 (talk) 08:53, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Digital cable. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080303131803/http://broadband.motorola.com:80/business/heritage.html to http://broadband.motorola.com/business/heritage.html

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title: Talk:Digital cable


text:
Doug La Follette

Douglas J. La Follette (born June 6, 1940) is an American academic, environmental scientist, and politician who served as the 30th secretary of state of Wisconsin from 1983 to 2023. He is a member of the Democratic Party. At the time of his retirement, La Follette was the longest-serving statewide elected official (excluding U.S. senators) in the United States; he was narrowly re-elected in 2022 to an unprecedented 12th term in office, but retired shortly after the start of the new term. He previously served as the 28th secretary of state from 1975 to 1979, and in the Wisconsin Senate from 1973 to 1975.

Early life and career
A distant relative of the prominent Wisconsin La Follette family, La Follette was born in Des Moines, Iowa. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Marietta College, his Master of Science in chemistry from Stanford University, and his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from Columbia University. He began a teaching career as an assistant professor at University of Wisconsin–Parkside in Kenosha. La Follette also served as a research associate at University of Wisconsin–Madison. He also owned a small business.

Known as an environmentalist before running for public office, he was a Wisconsin organizer of the first Earth Day for Gaylord Nelson in 1970 and co-founded Wisconsin's Environmental Decade (now known as Clean Wisconsin) with Peter Anderson.

His great-grandfather has been described as an uncle of Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette by the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and Chemical & Engineering News, while Dissent Magazine referred to the great-grandfather as Robert La Follette's brother. WKOW News and WEAU News state that Robert La Follette was Doug's great-uncle. Robert's grandson, former Wisconsin Attorney General Bronson La Follette, has described Doug La Follette as a "second cousin, three times removed" from Robert La Follette. Alternatively, Milwaukee Magazine has noted Doug as a first cousin three times removed of Robert La Follette. According to professor and author Nancy Unger, Doug is a third cousin of Bronson. Doug went on to serve with Bronson from 1975 to 1979 and from 1983 to 1987.

Political career
La Follette first ran for office in the 1970 U.S. House of Representatives election, losing to Les Aspin in the Democratic primary for Wisconsin's 1st congressional district. La Follette served in the Wisconsin State Senate for Kenosha in 1973 and 1974.

La Follette was elected Secretary of State of Wisconsin in 1974. He unsuccessfully ran for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin on a ticket with Governor Martin Schreiber in 1978. In 1982, he was again elected secretary of state, defeating incumbent Vel Phillips in the primary.

During his time in office, the Wisconsin legislature repeatedly reduced the office's duties and budget.

In his campaigns for Secretary of State, among other campaigns, La Follette shunned fundraising in the style of former Wisconsin Senator William Proxmire. In 1990, his opponent, Madison attorney and radio personality Stuart Levitan, campaigned on a promise to eliminate the secretary of state's office, whose duties had been reduced and transferred to other agencies (including the State Board of Elections) by the state legislature, under La Follette's tenure.

Since being elected secretary of state, La Follette has run twice for federal office. In 1988, he ran for the U.S. Senate, losing the primary to Herb Kohl. In 1996, he made another bid for the U.S. House of Representatives, losing in the Democratic primary for Wisconsin's 1st congressional district to Lydia Spottswood, who went on to lose the general election to Mark Neumann.

In 2012, La Follette ran in the Democratic primary in the special election to recall Scott Walker.

In 2023, La Follette resigned as secretary of state. Governor Tony Evers appointed former State Treasurer Sarah Godlewski to the position. At the time of his retirement, La Follette was the longest serving non-federal statewide elected official in the United States holding the same office, having served from January 3, 1983 to March 17, 2023.

Other roles

 * La Follette is the author of the 1991 book The Survival Handbook: A Strategy for Saving Planet Earth.
 * He has also served on the board of directors of Friends of the Earth and the Union of Concerned Scientists.
 * In 2003 he ran for, and was elected to, the board of directors of the Sierra Club for a three-year term. He did not seek reelection in 2006.
 * He was a Fulbright Distinguished American Scholar in 2003.

title: Doug La Follette