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Thomas Spence

Thomas Spence ( 1750 – 8 September 1814) was an English Radical and advocate of the common ownership of land and a democratic equality of the sexes. Spence was one of the leading revolutionaries of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He was born in poverty and died the same way, after long periods of imprisonment, in 1814.

Life
Born in 1750 to a Presbyterian family, Spence later left Newcastle for London in 1787. He kept a book-stall in High Holborn. In 1794, with other members of the London Corresponding Society, he spent seven months in Newgate Gaol on a charge of high treason, and in 1801 he was sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment for seditious libel. He died in London on 8 September 1814.

Land reform and Spence's Plan
The threatened enclosure of the common land known as Town Moor in Newcastle in 1771 appears to have been key to Spence's interest in the land question and journey towards ultra-radicalism. His scheme was not for land nationalization but for the establishment of self-contained parochial communities, in which rent paid to the parish (wherein the absolute ownership of the land was vested) should be the only tax of any kind. His ideas and thinking on the subject were shaped by a variety of economic thinkers, including his friend Charles Hall.

At the centre of Spence's work was his plan, which argued for:
 * 1) The end of aristocracy and landlords;
 * 2) All land should be publicly owned by 'democratic parishes', which should be largely self-governing;
 * 3) Rents of land in parishes to be shared equally amongst parishioners, as a form of social dividend;
 * 4) Universal suffrage (including female suffrage) at both parish level and through a system of deputies elected by parishes to a national senate;
 * 5) A 'social guarantee' extended to provide income for those unable to work;
 * 6) The 'rights of infants' [children] to be free from abuse and poverty.

Spence's Plan was first published in his penny pamphlet Property in Land Every One's Right in 1775. It was re-issued as The Real Rights of Man in later editions. It was also reissued by, amongst others, Henry Hyndman under the title of The Nationalization of the Land in 1795 and 1882.

Spence explored his political and social concepts in a series of books about the fictional Utopian state of Spensonia.

"Rights of man"
Spence may have been the first Englishman to speak of 'the rights of man'. The following recollection, composed in the third person, was written by Spence while he was in prison in London in 1794 on a charge of high treason. Spence was, he wrote,

 * the first, who as far as he knows, made use of the phrase "RIGHTS OF MAN", which was on the following remarkable occasion: A man who had been a farmer, and also a miner, and who had been ill-used by his landlords, dug a cave for himself by the seaside, at Marsdon Rocks, between Shields and Sunderland, about the year 1780, and the singularity of such a habitation, exciting the curiosity of many to pay him a visit; our author was one of that number. Exulting in the idea of a human being, who had bravely emancipated himself from the iron fangs of aristocracy, to live free from impost, he wrote extempore with chaulk above the fire place of this free man, the following lines:

 * Ye landlords vile, whose man's peace mar,
 * Come levy rents here if you can;
 * Your stewards and lawyers I defy,
 * And live with all the RIGHTS OF MAN

This is in reference to the story of "Jack the Blaster" at Marsden Grotto.

Spelling reform
Spence was a self-taught radical with a deep regard for education as a means to liberation. He pioneered a phonetic script and pronunciation system designed to allow people to learn reading and pronunciation at the same time. He believed that if the correct pronunciation was visible in the spelling, everyone would pronounce English correctly, and the class distinctions carried by language would cease. This, he imagined, would bring a time of equality, peace and plenty: the millennium. He published the first English dictionary with pronunciations (1775) and made phonetic versions of many of his pamphlets.

Examples of Spence's spelling system can be seen on the pages on English from the Spence Society.

Rights of children
Spence published The Rights of Infants in 1797 as a response to Thomas Paine's Agrarian Justice. In this essay Spence proposes the introduction of an unconditional basic income to all members of the community. Such allowance would be financed through the socialization of land and the benefits of the rents received by each municipality. A part of everyone’s earnings would be seized by the State, and given to others.

Spence's essay also expresses a clear commitment to the rights of women, although he appears unaware of Mary Wollstonecraft's 1792 Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

Memorial and legacy
Spence is listed on the Reformers Memorial in Kensal Green Cemetery in London.

His admirers formed a "Society of Spencean Philanthropists," of which some account is given in Harriet Martineau's England During the Thirty Years' Peace. The African Caribbean activists William Davidson and Robert Wedderburn were drawn to this political group.

Members of the Society of Spencean Philanthropists (including Arthur Thistlewood) maintained contacts with United Irish exiles in Paris, notably with the veteran conspirator William Putnam McCabe, and were implicated in the Spa Field riots of 1816 and the Cato Street Conspiracy of 1820.

Selected publications

 * The Real Rights of Man (1793)
 * End of Oppression (1795)
 * Rights of Infants (1796)
 * Constitution of Spensonia (1801)
 * The Important Trial of Thomas Spence (1807)
 * Giant Killer or Anti-Landlord (1814)

title: Thomas Spence


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Marty Burns

Marty Burns, former child-star, general wise-ass and sometimes detective, is the fictional creation of Jay Russell. Marty made his debut in the novel Celestial Dogs (1996), working as yet another low-rent, Los Angeles detective. The novel is a mix of hardboiled detective and supernatural horror, laced with heavy doses of humor and Hollywood in-jokes. Marty has appeared in two subsequent novels - Burning Bright (1997) and Greed & Stuff (2001) - as well as a series of short stories. His most recent literary appearance was in the novella Apocalypse Now, Voyager (2005).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marty Burns


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Talk:William James Sidis

His parents' methods
"raised in a particular manner" ... "their methods of parenting" ... "Sidis's manner of upbringing": excruciatingly vague phrases paired with noisy apologetics for that which is not stated. Enough teasing! Just what were his parents' methods? Did they beat him? Ground him? What? 67.180.143.89 (talk) 05:52, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Yeah this article has some vagueness about it. Jjazz76 (talk) 18:39, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

IQ Score
IQ is a ranking score, that states the ratio of people that a smarter than you

an IQ of 100 have a frequency of 1:2, meaning that 1 in 2 persons will have a higher G-factor (generalized intelligence) than that individual.

an IQ of 130 have a frequency of 1:50 (Mensa level)

an IQ of 180 have a frequency of 1:20 million

an IQ of 200 have a frequency of 1:75 billion

an IQ of 210 have a frequency of 1:9 trillion

an IQ of 220 is hard to calculate as you reach the numerical maxima of double precision computation

In other words.. No, 250 is just not possible and would be in the ballpark of 1:observable universe given all planets in it were inhabited as densely as earth. 84.238.46.248 (talk) 23:23, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Yeah, these articles about individual savants on Wikipedia and other places are always full of improbable and ridiculous claims. There also seems to be COIs sometimes even on long dead subjects. You almost have to treat it as a pseudoscientific field. This isn't to say though that modern research on human intelligence isn't legitimate. — THORNFIELD HALL (Talk) 07:11, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah - got to agree with. Sidis is interesting because he is well documented and went to Harvard. But I added the part about his grades because he did decent, but not fantastic, while there. Jjazz76 (talk) 03:38, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed, it's nonsensical. Like claiming someone lived to a thousand or they're 50 feet tall. There's no good evidence (obviously given the sensational claim) for it other than his family members claiming as such. Is there any scholarly treatment of this? All that I see are junk articles that at best reference this Wiki page. Mathlogsci (talk) 23:10, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Amount of detail in Writing and Research section
The amount of detail in this section feels like it gives "authority" to his ideas - especially the "found notes" section. Perhaps this would be best deleted unless any of it is peer-reviewed literature or summaries of peer-reviewed literature? I'm honestly not sure what the standard is for inclusion in these sections. 2601:1C2:1600:22E0:1426:54D7:F14B:679 (talk) 02:08, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:William James Sidis


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Complex text layout

Complex text layout (CTL) or complex text rendering is the typesetting of writing systems in which the shape or positioning of a grapheme depends on its relation to other graphemes. The term is used in the field of software internationalization, where each grapheme is a character.

Scripts which require CTL for proper display may be known as complex scripts. Examples include the Arabic alphabet and scripts of the Brahmic family, such as Devanagari, Khmer script or the Thai alphabet. Many scripts do not require CTL. For instance, the Latin alphabet or Chinese characters can be typeset by simply displaying each character one after another in straight rows or columns. However, even these scripts have alternate forms or optional features (such as cursive writing) which require CTL to produce on computers.

Characteristics requiring CTL
The main characteristics of CTL complexity are:
 * Bi-directional text, where characters may be written from either right-to-left or left-to-right direction.
 * Context-sensitive shaping and ligatures, where a character may change its shape, dependent on its location and/or the surrounding characters. For example, a character in Arabic script can have as many as four different shape-forms, depending on context.
 * Ordering, where the displayed order of the characters is not the same as the logical order. For example, in Devanagari, which is written from left to right, the grapheme for "short i" appears to the left of ("before") the consonant that it follows: in कि ki, the ि -i should render on the left, its bow reaching until above the क k- to the right.

Not all occurrences of these characteristics require CTL. For example, the Greek alphabet has context-sensitive shaping of the letter sigma, which appears as ς at the end of a word and σ elsewhere. However, these two forms are normally stored as different characters; for instance, Unicode has both and, and does not treat them as equivalent. For collation and comparison purposes, software should consider the string "δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς" equivalent to "δῖοσ Ἀχιλλεύσ", but for typesetting purposes they are distinct and CTL is not required to choose the correct form.

Implementations
Most text-rendering software that is capable of CTL will include information about specific scripts, and so will be able to render them correctly without font files needing to supply instructions on how to lay out characters. Such software is usually provided in a library; examples include:
 * Core Text for macOS
 * Uniscribe (with Universal Shaping Engine) and DirectWrite for Microsoft Windows
 * HarfBuzz, a cross-platform library
 * Pango, a cross-platform library which nowadays incorporates HarfBuzz

However, such software is unable to properly render any script for which it lacks instructions, which can include many minority scripts. The alternative approach is to include the rendering instructions in the font file itself. Rendering software still needs to be capable of reading and following the instructions, but this is relatively simple.

Examples of this latter approach include Apple Advanced Typography (AAT) and Graphite. Both of these names encompass both the instruction format and the software supporting it; AAT is included on Apple operating systems, while Graphite is available for Microsoft Windows and Linux-based systems.

The OpenType format is primarily intended for systems using the first approach (layout knowledge in the renderer, not the font), but it has a few features that assist with CTL, such as contextual ligatures. AAT and Graphite instructions can be embedded in OpenType font files.

title: Complex text layout


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Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans

Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of Saint Albans (25 March 1605 (baptised) – January 1684) was an English Royalist politician, diplomat, courtier and property developer.

Jermyn sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1625 and 1643 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Jermyn. Having formed an intimate friendship with Henrietta Maria of France in the 1630s, he constantly devised and promoted schemes to involve foreign powers in the restoration of the monarchy, both before and after the execution of Charles I in 1649. A long-standing advocate of pro-French policies, he became one of the most influential courtiers of the Interregnum and reign of Charles II.

Early life
Jermyn was the fourth but second surviving son of Sir Thomas Jermyn (1572–1645) of Rushbrooke, Suffolk, Vice-Chamberlain to Charles I, and his wife Catherine, daughter of Sir William Killigrew of Hanworth, Middlesex (a sister of Sir Robert Killigrew). He was baptised at St Margaret's Lothbury, London on 25 March 1605.

In 1618 he undertook a tour of Europe for three years and in 1623 he became a member of the household of the Earl of Bristol in Madrid. While living in Spain he met the Duke of Buckingham and Jermyn "abounded in the expression of his joy for the honour and favours done him" by the duke.

Politician and courtier
In 1625, while still underage, Jermyn was elected Member of Parliament for Bodmin on the interest of his uncle Sir Robert Killigrew, and was re-elected MP for the seat in 1626. He made no contribution to parliamentary proceedings in either year. In around 1627, he came to the attention of Henrietta Maria, Queen consort of Charles I of England, and was appointed a gentleman usher in her private household. In July 1627 he was sent to France by the queen to convey her condolences to Louis XIII on the death of the duchess of Orléans. He became Henrietta Maria's vice-chamberlain in 1628 and the same year he was elected as the MP for Liverpool on the nomination of Humphrey May. During the parliamentary recess, Jermyn was seconded to Jersey to train the island's militia.

In 1632 Jermyn was again sent to Paris, this time to congratulate the queen's mother, Marie de' Medici, on surviving a coach accident. In 1633 he jeopardised his position when Eleanor Villiers, one of the queen's ladies in waiting, gave birth to his illegitimate child. Jermyn was sent abroad by Charles I, but was allowed to return and resume his role at court in August 1634. His favour with Henrietta Maria was undamaged and in 1639 his dominant position in her household was confirmed when he was appointed her Master of the Horse.

Civil War and exile
In April 1640, Jermyn was elected MP for Corfe Castle in the Short Parliament together with his brother Thomas. The brothers were both elected MPs for Bury St Edmunds in the Long Parliament in November 1640 and were active and ardent Royalists. Jermyn took a prominent part in the First Army Plot of 1641 and on its discovery he fled to France. In 1642, he joined Henrietta Maria in The Hague where he assisted her to raise loans, buy weapons and recruit troops for the Royalist cause. Returning to England in 1643, he resumed his personal attendance on the queen and was appointed colonel of her bodyguard. On 8 September 1643 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Jermyn of St Edmundsbury, ostensibly so that, should he fall into Parliamentarian hands, he would be beheaded, and not hanged, drawn and quartered. The same year he was made a colonel of horse in the king's army. In 1644 he became the queen's chamberlain. A few months later he accompanied Henrietta Maria to France, where he continued to act as her secretary and confidant, and attempted to raise support for the Royalist war effort.

In 1645, Jermyn was made Governor of Jersey. He came into conflict with Sir Edward Hyde when he brought the Prince of Wales from Jersey to Paris, against Hyde's advice. In 1647, Jermyn advised the king to promise a Presbyterian church in England in order to gain Scottish assistance against parliament. Charles I made Jermyn his ambassador to France and the Dutch Republic prior to his execution in 1649. Jermyn advocated for the Royalist alliance with Scotland which led to the Anglo-Scottish war of 1650 to 1652. In 1651 he was appointed to the Privy Council of England.

In France, Jermyn became the leading figure in the 'Louvre faction', a group of English royalists who had attached themselves to Henrietta Maria's court-in-exile, based initially out of the Louvre Palace. Following The Fronde, in 1653 the Queen Dowager swapped accommodation with Anne of Austria and her court relocated to the Palais-Royal. Other members of the faction included Henry Wilmot, Lord John Byron, Kenelm Digby, George Digby, Henry Percy, John Colepeper and Charles Gerard. The group was marked by their close adherence to Henrietta Maria, their pro-French outlook and their opposition to the influence of Hyde over Charles II. Jermyn proposed to Charles a plan to cede the Channel Islands to France in exchange for military aid. Jermyn succeeding in getting large grants from the king's allowance and was able to live in relative luxury, despite the court itself being impoverished. When Charles went to Breda, Jermyn remained in Paris with Henrietta Maria, who persuaded her son to create him Earl of St Albans on 27 April 1660.

Restoration
At the Restoration in May 1660, St Albans was appointed to the Court of Chancery and made a justice of the peace for Suffolk and Middlesex. However, Hyde ensured that Jermyn was kept out of government. In 1663 he was present at the birth of James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge. He acted as Charles II's ambassador to France throughout the 1660s and was supportive of the policy of friendship towards Louis XIV of France. He contributed largely to the close secret understanding between Charles II and Louis XIV, arranging the preliminaries of the Secret Treaty of Dover in 1669. St Albans' obvious affinity with France was controversial at court; the Italian diplomat Lorenzo Magalotti wrote that he was "a man who is wholly devoted to French interests and who acts with no other purpose than to promote the vast projects of that crown at whatever cost to England".

St Albans witnessed the death of Henrietta Maria in France in August 1669 and was an executor of her will. That same year he hosted Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany at his London townhouse. In 1672 he was appointed Lord Chamberlain, the most senior officer in the king's household, and was made a Knight of the Garter. He briefly served in the First Danby ministry as Lord Chamberlain, but left office in 1674 after which he largely retired from public life. In 1683, the year before his death, he was described by John Evelyn as "a prudent old courtier and much enriched since his majesty's return".

Founder of the West End
In September 1662, St Albans obtained a leasehold on a grant of land at Pall Mall Field in London north of St James's Palace. He began the development of the field with the construction of grand houses in the classical style at what would soon become St. James's Square. The City of London, which feared for its water supply, was hostile to the plan, but the support of Charles II for the development discouraged opposition. The grant by Charles of the freehold of the new square and other adjacent property to trustees for the Earl of St Albans was made on 1 April 1665. A ground-rent of £80 per annum was reserved. The Earl of St Albans built his own townhouse, St Albans House (later the site of Norfolk House), on the square at a cost of £15,000.

The surrounding streets, including Jermyn Street, King Street, Duke Street St James's and Charles II Street, were completed soon afterwards, an area which would become called St James's. St Albans market was built on a site later cleared for the construction of Regent Street and Waterloo Place. It was a grand design in itself, and from its inspiration grew the whole of the West End of London, so much so that the Survey of London acknowledges Henry Jermyn as the 'Founder of the West End'. In the 1660s he also owned Soho Fields, of which he leased 19 out of the 22 acres (89,000 m2) to Joseph Girle, who was granted permission to develop the land. In August 1674, further grants of freehold land were unsuccessfully sought on behalf of St Albans.

Personal life
He was a friend and patron of Abraham Cowley and Sir William Davenant. Magalotti wrote that St Albans was "an extremely handsome young man, and for that reason was always pleasing to the ladies". He was much addicted to gambling, which was a very popular pastime in his era, and had several romances at court. The 1636 play The Platonick Lovers was dedicated to him by Davenant. His entry in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica described him as a "man of dissolute morals".

Gossip which the historian Henry Hallam accepted as authentic, but which is supported by no real evidence, asserted that Jermyn was secretly married to Queen Henrietta Maria during their exile in France. It was further rumoured during Jermyn's lifetime that he may have been the true father of at least one of her children, even perhaps of Charles II himself. The Domestic State Papers for 13 August 1660 contain a report by Capt. Francis Robinson of Nathaniel Angelo, a Windsor clergyman, asserting that "all the royal children were Jermyn's bastards."

St Albans died at his house in St James's Square in January 1684. At his own request, he was buried with his ancestors at Rushbrooke. As he was unmarried, the earldom of St Albans became extinct at his death, while the barony of Jermyn of St Edmundsbury passed by special remainder, together with his property, to his nephew Thomas Jermyn (1633–1703), and after the latter's death to Thomas's brother Henry, Lord Dover (1636–1708). The fate of his illegitimate daughter with Eleanor Villiers is unknown. In January 1684, immediately after St Albans' death, Charles II granted Jermyn's territorial designation to one of his illegitimate sons, Charles Beauclerk, as the first Duke of St Albans.

title: Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans


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Wedderburn, New Zealand

Wedderburn is a community in Central Otago, New Zealand. It is located 15 kilometres northwest of Ranfurly, and was at one time close to the centre of a thriving gold and coal mining area. The name of Wedderburn was given to the area by John Turnbull Thomson, and is one of the names in his infamous "Thomson's Barnyard", wedder being Northumbrian dialect form of the word wether, meaning a castrated sheep.

Wedderburn is on State Highway 85 close to the Otago Central Rail Trail. Originally a coaching stop, Wedderburn became a terminus on the Otago Central Railway in 1921 and was the headquarters for the Public Works Department during construction of this section of the line. The section through Wedderburn was eventually abandoned due to a decline in traffic. The line was sustained during the 1980s carrying materials for the Clyde Dam, which inundated the stretch of the line between Clyde and Cromwell, but when the dam was finished, the traffic on the line was below sustainable levels and it was officially closed.

Following the closure of the railway, the Otago Excursion Train Trust and Dunedin City Council bought the track through the scenic Taieri Gorge up to Middlemarch to form the Taieri Gorge Railway Ltd. The remaining track was removed and this section became the 150 kilometres long Otago Central Rail Trail from Middlemarch to Clyde for recreational use by cyclists and walkers. This trail passes through Wedderburn and past the Wedderburn goods shed.

Artist Grahame Sydney made the Wedderburn railway goods shed famous in his 1975 painting of the shed in an austere Otago landscape representing the economic and social changes brought about by railways. The shed was subsequently removed to a site five kilometres away but later returned following public protest. The shed is now being conserved and has been restored to its recognisable green colour.

title: Wedderburn, New Zealand


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Talk:Horse Guards Road

 * 1) Do we have a map of this road (and the park in general?)
 * I added a link to the Google map which shows both. BuzzWeiser196 (talk) 17:53, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

Ojw 12:15, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Is there a stub-template which doesn't use US interstate highway symbols for an article about London?

Removed "contains no sources" template
Greetings Wikipedians! With today's revisions, I believe the article now contains enough references to reputable sources to warrant its removal. Cordially, BuzzWeiser196 (talk) 17:53, 16 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horse Guards Road


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Garrigues

Garrigues may refer to:

 * Garrigues, Hérault, a commune in the Hérault department of France
 * Garrigues-Sainte-Eulalie, a commune in the Gard department of France
 * Garrigues, Tarn, a commune in the Tarn department of France
 * Garrigues (comarca), a county in Catalonia, Spain
 * Garrigues (law firm), a law firm headquartered in Madrid, Spain

People

 * Anabel Medina Garrigues, Spanish professional tennis player
 * Chantal Garrigues (1944-2018), French actress
 * Charles Harris Garrigues (1903–1974), California journalist
 * Charlotte Garrigue (1850–1923), wife of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia
 * Daniel Garrigue (born 1948), member of the National Assembly of France
 * Henry Jacques Garrigues (1831–1912), American doctor
 * Jean Garrigue (1912–1972), American poet
 * Malvina Garrigues (Schnorr von Carolsfeld) (1825–1904), Danish-German operatic soprano
 * Richard Garrigues, naturalist, writer and videographer, author of The Birds of Costa Rica
 * Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850-1937), first president of Czechoslovakia

title: Garrigues


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Youth & Young Manhood

Youth & Young Manhood is the debut album from American rock band Kings of Leon, released on July 7, 2003, in the United Kingdom and on August 19, 2003, in the United States.

Recording and release
The album was recorded at Shangri-La Studios in Malibu, Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, and Ocean Way Studios in Nashville.

"Molly's Chambers", "Wasted Time", and "California Waiting" were released as singles. "Red Morning Light" was featured in a Ford Focus commercial and used as the opening song in the video game FIFA 2004 by EA Sports. "Spiral Staircase" was featured in the PS3 game MotorStorm. "Holy Roller Novocaine" was featured in the film Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby and included on the soundtrack.

Reception
Critical reception for the album was generally favorable, as evidenced by its score of 79, based on 21 reviews, at Metacritic, a website that assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics. Many appreciated the band's punk- and garage rock-influenced revival of the southern rock genre, with NME hailing the album among the "best debuts of the past 10 years". AllMusic claimed the album was not "sonically adventurous", but that "in the new-millennium pop realm, some greasy licks sure sound good". James Hunter of The Village Voice called the album "2003's finest rock debut", saying the band had built on its first EP. Greg Kot wrote a favorable review in Rolling Stone, in which he declared that the band knew "when to lay back and let things simmer", as well as "when to jump up and testify with tambourines banging". At the end of the year, Rolling Stone critics named the album the tenth-best of 2003 and NME named it the seventh best. Later, it was ranked at number 80 in Rolling Stone's Top 100 Albums of the Decade list and included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

The album peaked at number 3 in the United Kingdom, but fared worse in the band's homeland, where it peaked outside the top hundred. The band's popularity spiked in Australia during the weeks of September 22 and 29, 2008, when all four of their studio albums were in the top 50 on the charts. With this, Youth and Young Manhood made its first top 50 chart appearance since its release in 2003, peaking at number 46

Personnel

 * Caleb Followill – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Matthew Followill – lead guitar, piano on "Talihina Sky"
 * Jared Followill – bass guitar, piano on "Trani"
 * Nathan Followill – drums, percussion, background vocals
 * Richard Causon – piano on "Joe's Head"

Singles

 * "Red Morning Light"
 * Released: December 30, 2002
 * Chart positions: #22 (UK Singles Chart)
 * "Molly's Chambers"
 * Released: August 11, 2003
 * Chart positions: #23 (UK Singles Chart)
 * "Wasted Time"
 * Released: October 20, 2003
 * Chart positions: #51 (UK Singles Chart)
 * "California Waiting"
 * Released: February 16, 2004
 * Chart positions: #61 (UK Singles Chart)

title: Youth & Young Manhood


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221 Eos

Eos (minor planet designation: 221 Eos) is a large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on January 18, 1882, in Vienna. In 1884, it was named after Eos, the Greek goddess of the dawn, to honour the opening of a new observatory that was hoped to bring about a new dawn for Viennese astronomy.

The asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a semimajor axis of $103.87 km$, a period of 5.22 years, and an eccentricity of 0.1. The orbital plane is inclined by 10.9° to the plane of the ecliptic. It has a mean cross-section of 104 km, and is spinning with a rotation period of 10.4 hours. Based upon its spectral characteristics, this object is classified as a K-type asteroid. The orbital properties show it to be a member of the extensive Eos asteroid family, which is named after it. The spectral properties of the asteroid suggest it may have come from a partially differentiated parent body.

title: 221 Eos


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Petru Lucinschi

Petru Lucinschi (born 27 January 1940) is a former Moldovan politician who was Moldova's second President from 1997 to 2001. He currently serves as the founder and head of the Lucinschi Foundation of Strategic Studies and International Relations.

Early life and education
Petru Lucinschi was born on 27 January 1940 in Rădulenii Vechi village, Soroca County, Kingdom of Romania (now Florești district) into the family of Kirill Vasilievich Lucinschi. Lucinschi carries a transcribed version of the Polish surname Łuczyński, but has never publicly identified with a Polish heritage. In 1962, he graduated from Chisinau State University. During his studies, he was the secretary of the local Komsomol. From 1963 to 1964, he was engaged in Komsomol work in the Soviet Army. He has a PhD in Philosophy (1977) from the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.

Career in the Communist Party
In 1964, he was admitted to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. From 1971, Lucinschi was a member of the Executive Committee (Politburo) of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in Moldavian SSR. He was the only native Moldovan in the leadership of Communist Party of Moldova at that time, when the leadership of Moldavian SSR was almost completely in the hands of people from outside the republic or Transnistrians.

From 1978 to 1989, he was First Secretary of Chișinău City Committee of the Communist Party of Moldova. In 1978, Ivan Bodiul sent him to work for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow, where Lucinschi remained until 1986. From 1986 to 1989, Lucinschi was second secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Upon his return to Moldavian SSR in 1989, he became first secretary of the Communist Party of Moldova. His appointment followed the civil unrest on 7 November during the 72nd anniversary celebrations of the Great October Socialist Revolution.

In early 1991, he was appointed Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, so he again left Moldavian SSR for Moscow.

Immediate post-Soviet career (1991–1997)
In 1991, he was appointed as Ambassador of Moldova in Russia. On 4 February 1993, he was elected as Speaker of the Moldovan Parliament, being re-elected on 29 March 1994 for a new term. He held the position until 1997.

Presidency (1997–2001)
Lucinschi was elected Moldova's second president in November 1996. Upon his assumption to office, many Western media outlets portrayed him as a Moscow man who remained oriented toward the Soviet past. He was often seen as the lesser evil to Vladimir Voronin from the Party of Communists. Under his leadership, the reforms started by his predecessor Mircea Snegur were continued. It also marked the beginning of Moldova's distance from the nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States and closer relations with the European Union. Over his four years in power, the Lucinschi administration was marked by fierce confrontations in Parliament. He served until 2001, when he called a snap election, and the Parliament voted in favour of Vladimir Voronin.

Russia and CIS
During his presidency, he advocated for close ties with Russia. He was friendly with Azerbaijani leader Heydar Aliyev, as they had worked together in the Soviet government and had been acquainted as leaders of their republics since 1970, when Lucinschi visited Baku.

Post-presidency
Since leaving office, he has continued to meet with his former counterparts, including Azerbaijani leader Ilham Aliyev, Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev, Estonian president Arnold Rüütel, and Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk. Upon the death of former Russian president Boris Yeltsin, he described him as a politician who "paid a lot of attention to the national aspirations of countries of the USSR conglomerate", saying in addition that he "played an essential role for young independent states like Moldova". In 2018, he published his book Pyotr Kirillovich Luchinsky – Member of the Politburo and President, authored by Russian writer Mikhail Lukichev. In early 2019, President Igor Dodon invited Lucinschi together with ex-president Mircea Snegur on a tour of the newly renovated Presidential Palace, which was in need for repairs for over a decade. In 2020, Lucinschi, along with 49 fellow members of the Nizami Ganjavi International Center based in Baku, called for international action to tackle new waves of the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, he was personally assisted Ukrainian families in settlling down in Chisinau.

Personal life
Lucinschi was married to Antonina (d. 2006), a retired schoolteacher, and has two sons, Sergiu and Chiril. Chirill is a businessman and politician who was as member of parliament as well as a professional basketball player.

Domestic

 * Order of the Republic (27 January 2005)
 * Order of Ștefan cel Mare, II Degree (Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova, February 9, 2010)
 * Om Emerit (28 January 2015)

Soviet

 * Order of the Red Banner of Labor (twice)
 * Order of Friendship of Peoples

Foreign

 * Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France, 1998)
 * Order of Redeemer (Greece, 1999)
 * Grand Order of the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre (Greek Orthodox Church, Jerusalem, 2000)
 * Medal "Bethlehem 2000" (Palestinian National Authority, 2000)
 * Order "Star of Romania" (Romania, 2000)
 * Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow" (Russia, 6 September 1997)
 * Honorary Citizen of the City of Astana

title: Petru Lucinschi


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