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Quercus falcata

Quercus falcata, also called southern red oak, spanish oak, bottomland red oak or three-lobed red oak is an oak (part of the genus Quercus). Native to the southeastern United States, it gets its name the "Spanish Oak" as these are the areas of early Spanish colonies, whilst "southern red oak" comes from both its range and leaf color during late summer and fall. The southern red oak is a deciduous angiosperm, so has leaves that die after each growing period and come back in the next period of growth.

Description
Quercus falcata is a medium to large-sized deciduous tree 25 – tall, with a few forest grown specimens on highly productive sites reaching 35 –, with a trunk up to 1.5 m in diameter, the crown with a broad, round-topped head.

The leaves are 10 – long and 6 – wide, with 3 to 5 sharply pointed, often curved, bristle-tipped lobes, the central lobe long and narrow; the small number of long, narrow lobes is diagnostic, readily distinguishing southern red oak from other red oaks. The base of the leaf is distinctly rounded into an inverted bell shape and often lopsided. They are dark green and shiny above, and rusty and hairy below, particularly along the midrib and veins.

The seed is a short acorn 9–16 mm long, bright orange-brown, enclosed for one-third to half of its length in a flat cup. The acorn matures at the end of its second season. The bark is dark brownish gray with narrow, shallow ridges.

Famous specimens
Queen Anne's County Oak is a southern red oak on record as the largest southern red oak in Queen Anne's County, Maryland. The oak was located on Romancoke Road. It fell on July 23, 2017, due to a tornado. The tree was at least 200 years old, stood 66 feet tall, and had a 31.2 m spread.

Taxonomy
The southern red oak is a member of the beech family (Fagaceae) and 1 of the 207 oak species in the U.S., and is in the section of the Quercus genus Lobatae, the red oaks. Quercus falcata has the following synonyms: Quercus aurea, Q. digitate, Q. elongate, Q. hudsoniana, Q. hypophlaeos, Q. nobilis and Q. triloba. Q. falcata was described in 1801 by Andre Michaux. Several southern red oak hybrids have been described including Quercus × caesariensis (Q. falcata × Quercus ilicifolia) and Quercus × beaumontiana (Q. falcata × Quercus laurifolia).

Etymology
Quercus, is Latin for "oak" and followed by the specific epithet, falcata, which in Latin means "sickle-shaped" in reference to the shape of the lobes that are present on their leaves.

Distribution and habitat
Quercus falcata occurs in sandy, loamy or clay soils of upland sites. These soils are often dry, acidic and nutrient poor. In suitable habitats, the species can be found from southern New York (Long Island) south to central Florida and west to Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. In the northeastern portion of its range the species is relatively rare and found almost exclusively along the coast; its highest prevalence is throughout the piedmont region of the Southeast.

Ecology
Southern red oak has been reported to form occasional hybrids with several other red oaks in the region.

The southern red oak is susceptible to damage as a result of its relatively thin bark. This thinner bark means that fire can easily damage the trees in the form of fire scars and other damage. Bark roughness increases in xeric sites compared to mesic ones potentially an adaptation to fire frequency. The seedlings of southern red oak can survive prescribed fire in winter. The harm caused by fire can leave the tree vulnerable to heart rot.

When exposed to the fungi, Ceratocystis fagacearum, the southern red oak (along with other oak species) will suffer from wilting of leaves, reducing rate of photosynthesis to such a low level that mortality can occur. Fungi invades xylem via infected water, blocking the vessels and prevents normal flow of water up through the tree. This fungus can cause the wilting of oak leaves and eventual death. Oak wilt does not currently appear to be damaging the population, but with the Southern Red Oak being seen as a species of major importance to ecosystems, efforts to prevent oak wilt are being taken. In attempts to manage oak wilt, an integrated approach is adopted, combining root disruption, sanitation, and chemical application to tackle the issue. The goal of root disruption is to prevent any infected trees coming into contact with those that are healthy by root grafts. This means putting trenches, plow line or even a barrier to prevent roots of infected trees coming into contact of those that are healthy. Sanitation measures focus on removing the source of potential spread of disease, the trees that are infected. This can mean just removal of individuals who were infected or even removal of all trees that fall within the infection centre. Finally, there are chemical applications that involve application of fungicides to healthy individuals to prevent them becoming infected, or a therapeutic fungicide that cannot cure the tree but reduces intensity and onset of symptoms. Often the fungicide propiconazole is used.

Cultivation
The southern red oak is cultivated in eastern United States in USDA Zone 5a to USDA Zone 9b. It can survive lows from -23 to -28.8 C and highs of 38 °C.

Uses
The southern red oak is a tree with diverse potential uses, such as for manufacturing of floors, furniture, construction materials and lumber thanks to the sturdy, durable and coarse-grained wood it provides. The southern red oak is vital in the southeastern United States due to its abundance, providing around 8.1% of annual hardwood volume. Southern red oak wood is used as a fuel source because of its high heat value. The southern red oak provides tannin, which is used to preserve and treat leather. The southern red oak has a large root system that provides watershed protection to reduce flood damage and soil stability. Other uses for southern red oak include as shade trees and aesthetic uses in gardens. Southern red oak can provide acorn mast for deer, squirrels, turkeys, song birds and quail.

title: Quercus falcata


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Fran Warren

Frances Wolff (March 4, 1926 – March 4, 2013), known professionally as Fran Warren, was an American singer.

She was born into a Jewish family in the New York City borough of the Bronx. After some time in a chorus line at the Roxy Theater, she joined Art Mooney's big band and worked with Billy Eckstine, who gave her the name "Fran Warren". She spent almost two years with the Charlie Barnet band before achieving some recognition with Claude Thornhill. In 1947, she reached the music charts for the first time with the song "A Sunday Kind of Love" written by her manager, Barbara Belle.

She began a solo career in 1948 when she signed a contract with RCA Victor. She had a hit record with "I Said My Pajamas (and Put On My Pray'rs)", a duet with Tony Martin which reached No. 3 on the charts. During the same year, she sang on the radio program Sing It Again. In the early 1950s, after a number of her records failed to chart, she signed with MGM Records. Her last chart hit was "It's Anybody's Heart" in 1953. Her albums included ''Hey There! Here's Fran Warren arranged by Marty Paich and Something's Coming'' arranged by Ralph Burns and Al Cohn. Warren performed in the musicals Mame, South Pacific, and The Pajama Game and went on tour with the big band of Harry James.

Personal life
She lived in Connecticut until her death on March 4, 2013, her 87th birthday.

Discography

 * Mood Indigo (MGM, 1956)
 * Hey There! Here's Fran Warren (Tops, 1957)
 * Come Rain or Come Shine (Venise, 1959)
 * Something's Coming (Warwick, 1960)
 * Come into My World (Audio Fidelity, 1968)
 * Fran Warren in Nashville (Audio Fidelity, 1969)
 * The Complete Fran Warren with Claude Thornhill Orchestra (Collector's Choice, 2000)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fran Warren


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Two Hit Wonders

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS. Anyone who wants to merge it is invited to, but I'm not going to. dbenbenn | talk 03:30, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Two Hit Wonders
Neologism, unencyclopedic. Delete --BM 21:46, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If that's the case, then why isn't One hit wonder on Vfd? -- Riffsyphon1024 22:12, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Because it isn't a neologism. Average Earthman 01:03, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe that both actually refer to "artists/groups that have had a very small number of succesful hits before disappearing into obscurity". The title we'd use here would be 'one day fly', but I'm not sure if that's international. Hence, merge (otherwise we could also institute three-hit-wonder; and R.E.M. is arguably a 317 Hit Wonder). Radiant! 23:42, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to One hit wonder. One hit wonder is frequently used in the music industry. I have seen the phrase Two Hit Wonder before. But it probably does not need a separate article. Zzyzx11 00:24, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable enough, un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 01:56, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into One hit wonder. Not a neologism. --Andylkl 06:31, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into One hit wonder. May otherwise be recreated. / u p p l a n d 07:09, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Do not merge—A One hit wonder by definition does not have two hits. Otherwise seems like a harmless article for those interested in such things. DialUp 20:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. Several of the listed artists don't actually qualify, BTW.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:21, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Might be a neologism but gets 4,390 hits at Google—at least one in German and one in Norwegian?. I'm not a music aficionado, so don't feel qualified to vote. DialUp 16:33, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Now I'm pissed at this article. It states that both Incubus and Jimmy Eat World are two-hit-wonders. Wtf? Incubus has had at least 4, 5, if not 6, while JEW has another single out ("Pain") that is just as popular as the previous two. Also note that for Incubus, while "Megalomaniac" may not have gotten much airplay because of its content, it sure got alot of radio play. Delete for treating them like that. -- Riffsyphon1024 19:19, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism.  ComCat 08:47, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - otherwise also start Three Hit Wonders, Four Hit Wonders etc...  JeremyA 05:45, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Seaforth Battery

Seaforth Battery, Seaforth, Merseyside, England was built to protect shipping on the River Mersey. Constructed as part of the defences of the Mersey Docks, the battery was designed to engage ships using the Rock Channel head on as well as the other shipping channels. The battery supported Fort Perch Rock, which was located opposite on the Wirral bank of the river. It was completed at the end of 1879 at a cost of £19,109.

The main armament comprised four 12.5-inch RML guns which were mounted in armoured granite casemates. These were installed soon after completion of the battery. These were soon augmented in 1894 with two 4.7-inch Quick Fire guns which were originally sent to arm Fort Perch Rock. These were suitable for engaging fast torpedo boats. In 1898 a fire control centre for the 4.7-inch guns was added at the east end of the battery.

In 1903, the four 12.5-inch RMLs were removed as they were obsolete. In 1907, two of the 12.5-inch RML gun casemates were opened out to mount searchlights.

In 1928, a review of the defences of the Mersey was undertaken and it was decided that Seaforth battery was no longer required. The battery was dismantled and the land returned to the harbour board in 1929.

External sources

 * Victorian Forts data sheet on Seaforth Battery

title: Seaforth Battery


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GreaterSTUFF

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:09, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

GreaterSTUFF
Non-notable. Non-encyclopedic. -- Riffsyphon1024 21:46, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * And pretty blatantly an advertisement as well. Delete.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:14, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. GreaterSTUFF is another online organisation or company using Wikipedia as advertising space to self-promote themselves. Zzyzx11 00:19, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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Mori Ranmaru

Mori Ranmaru (森 蘭丸), also known as Mori Naritoshi (森 成利), was the son of Mori Yoshinari, and had 5 brothers in total, from the province of Mino. He was a member of the Mori Clan, descendants of the Seiwa Genji.

Biography
From an early age, Ranmaru was a retainer to Oda Nobunaga. Recognized for his talent and loyalty, he was appointed to a responsible post. At Ōmi, he was given 500 koku, and after Takeda Katsuyori's death, he was awarded the 50,000 koku at Iwamura Castle.

Ranmaru and his younger brothers defended Oda Nobunaga during the Honnō-ji Incident and allowed him to commit seppuku. Ranmaru and the rest of his retainers ignited the temple in which they had barricaded themselves. The fire killed everyone inside and burned the body of Oda, therefore preventing its capture.

In nanshoku literature of the Edo period, it was commonly depicted that Oda and Mori had a sexual relationship that was commonly found in those times.

Family

 * Father: Mori Yoshinari (1523–1570)
 * Mother: Myōkōni (d. 1596)
 * Brothers:
 * Mori Yoshitaka (1552–1570)
 * Mori Nagayoshi (1558–1584)
 * Mori Bōmaru (1566–1582)
 * Mori Rikimaru (1567–1582)
 * Mori Tadamasa (1570–1634)

In popular culture
Ranmaru has often been the subject of works of art since the Edo period, and continues to be seen in various forms of modern fictional media today. Due to admiration for his loyalty, Ranmaru has been depicted as a loyal page of Nobunaga in various works of classical Japanese art. Such works include ukiyo-e prints by artists such as Kuniyoshi, Yoshitoshi, and Toshihide. He has also been a character in kabuki plays such as Tsuruya Namboku IV's Toki-ha Ima Kikyô no Hataage.

In most modern media his portrayal as a loyal servant to Nobunaga is generally continued. Such portrayals are in historical drama films and television programs such as Akira Kurosawa's Kagemusha and various Taiga dramas, in novels such as Eiji Yoshikawa's Taiko, in manga such as Hyouge Mono and A Chef of Nobunaga, and in video games such as Samurai Warriors, Sengoku Basara, Onimusha 3: Demon Siege and Pokémon Conquest. He is occasionally portrayed as a woman, for instance in the stage play and anime series Nobunaga the Fool, the tokusatsu series Kamen Rider Gaim, and the mobile game Fate Grand Order. Ranmaru has also been the subject of modern music, such as KAT-TUN's 1582 which is written from the perspective of Mori Ranmaru at the Incident at Honnouji. In the Netflix original series Yasuke, Ranmaru is present as an attendant and lover of Nobunaga.

There is a character in The Wallflower known as Ranmaru Mori, as well as a character in Pokémon Conquest going by the name of Ranmaru, with his partner Pokémon being Lucario, who serves under Nobunaga's command. There is also a boss in Maplestory sharing the same name. Ranmaru also appears as a minor character in the anime Mirage of Blaze based on the novel series of the name.

title: Mori Ranmaru


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K (album)

K is the debut album by English psychedelic rock band Kula Shaker, released on 16 September 1996. A concept album, themed on Indian mysticism, it became the fastest selling debut album in Britain since Elastica's debut the previous year, selling over 105,768 copies in the first week. The album reached the number-one position on the UK Albums Chart and number 200 on the US Billboard 200. It was voted number 879 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).

The Grateful Dead's psychedelic rock style is an influence on Kula Shaker's first and second albums. The hidden track after "Hollow Man" is a recording of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, speaking about his own guru.

Artwork
The cover art (by comic-book artist Dave Gibbons) consists of various images related to the letter K, including: John F. Kennedy, Lord Kitchener, Karl Marx, Gene Kelly, Katharine Hepburn, Ken Dodd, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Danny Kaye, Kal-El (Superman), Boris Karloff (as Frankenstein's monster), Krishna, King Kong, Martin Luther King Jr., two Knights (a pair of Keys on one of them), a Kettle, Kali, the Kaiser, Nikita Khrushchev, Grace Kelly, the number 11 (symbolizing K), and Rudyard Kipling's book Kim.

Critical reception
The Independent noted that "Kula Shaker do what they do with so much gall, energy, conviction and dexterity (special honours go to the speedy bass-playing) that you forget to nitpick and imagine you're really hearing a lost masterpiece from 1971."

Personnel
Kula Shaker
 * Crispian Mills – singing, electric and acoustic guitars, tamboura
 * Alonza Bevan – bass, piano, tabla, backing vocals
 * Paul Winterhart – drums
 * Jay Darlington – organ, Mellotron, piano

Guest musicians
 * Wajahat Kahn – sarod (on "Sleeping Jiva")
 * Himangsu Goswami – tabla (on "Govinda" and "Jerry Was There")
 * Gouri Choudhury – backing vocals (on "Govinda", credited as "Gouri")
 * The Kick Horns – horns (on "Start All Over")

title: K (album)


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Living Lutheran

Living Lutheran is the primary publication of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). The editorial offices are at the Lutheran Center at 8765 West Higgins Road in suburban Chicago, Illinois, with the denominational offices. While circulation fulfillment is done by Augsburg Fortress Publishers, the ELCA publishing house located on South Fifth Street in Minneapolis, Minnesota, all editorial, advertising, marketing and online functions are done in the Chicago offices. Originally historically titled The Lutheran with antecedents going back to the 1831, the magazine changed its name in 2016.

History and profile
The Lutheran was established in 1831 (not to be confused with the German-language Der Lutheraner established by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in 1844). The present publication carries the heritage of almost a half-dozen earlier denominational publications of the several merged churches over the previous two centuries, most especially The Lutheran Standard of the former Joint Synod of Ohio (1818) and the two subsequent American Lutheran Churches of 1930 and 1960, before being reestablished using the name of the predecessor United Lutheran Church in America and Lutheran Church in America magazines as a result of the merger that formed the ELCA in 1988.

The current monthly magazine carries news of the ELCA, its institutions, synods, congregations and members; news of global Lutheran churches; news of other U.S. denominations and faith groups; and inspirational stories and columns. Published 12 times a year, Living Lutheran has a circulation of 133,400. The Lutheran was renamed Living Lutheran in April 2016, and is the largest Lutheran publication in the world and the largest denominational periodical in North America. It is distributed in more than 50 countries and is a member of the Associated Church Press.

title: Living Lutheran


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gogodidi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:10, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Gogodidi
Neologism, absurd article. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-19 21:49 Z
 * Delete Pure Neologism. Zzyzx11 00:17, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, delete. Radiant! 14:17, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Islamic festivals

title: Category:Islamic festivals


text:
Talk:Frida Kahlo

Frida was not German as stated, she was jewish
Please correct the entry. Her father was a Jew from Germany. To call him, and her, German, is a huge error. 72.89.219.145 (talk) 15:45, 4 September 2022 (UTC)

 * My mom was Jewish and also born in Germany. She considered herself a German. But she was never a practicing Jew. 2601:881:201:9620:B89F:7AD9:3C99:4481 (talk) 19:58, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

Diego Rivera was Jewish too. They were both friends of Trotsky, who was also Jewish. Lot's of matzoh in the woodpile of Mexico! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:6AE5:2510:0:0:0:46 (talk) 17:50, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

Frida Kahlo should not be recognized as emblematic of Indigenous peoples and their traditions
As stated in the main article, "Kahlo's work has been celebrated internationally as emblematic of Mexican national and Indigenous peoples of Mexico indigenous traditions and by feminists for what is seen as its uncompromising depiction of the female experience and form". Frida Kahlo's status and ability to wear “Indigenismo” as an art practice substantially reflects her cultural role and proximity to whiteness and wealth. Frida Kahlo promoted indigenismo without having clear connections to Indigeneity. While indigenismo was the creation of Indigeneity without Indigenous perspectives, there are now opportunities to create a more inclusive dialogue about Indigeneity by allowing Indigenous perspectives to tell their own stories rather than Frida Kahlo a privileged woman sharing her experience as representation for them. Adysalvatierra1Adysalvatierra1 (talk) 16:00, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source for those claims, or are they just your own personal opinions? I didn't even know that indigeneity and indigenismo were real words. Martinevans123 (talk) 16:07, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Your second sentence was unwarranted, "real words" is a pretty loaded phrase when talking about this issue; Indigenous people are real, as are the words they use to describe themselves. But yes, you are correct, sources are needed to document and verify any disputes surrounding Kahlo's use of Indigenous styles and practices, or surrounding the general anointing by the art historical record of Kahlo as a key example of indigenismo in Mexican art. I would agree with OP that this article needs to be edited to reflect the diversity of thought around Kahlo's practice and legacy, but it requires good sourcing to do so. 19h00s (talk) 18:16, 27 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I have no problem with indigenous. I have no problem with indigenous people. Quite the opposite, in fact. If my admission of a lack of knowledge of the English language has upset you in some way, I can only apologise. I look forward to seeing some reliable sources. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:33, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

Too few pictures of her work, too many pictures of her
She was a painter, there should be more examples of her paintings. 62.73.69.121 (talk) 20:48, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I tend to agree, as only one of her paintings is shown. But do you know of any more that could be used within the limitations of copyright? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:55, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

 * No, unfortunately I don't know enough to solve this. I hadn't thought of the copyright aspect - most painters I have seen Wikipedia articles about died a longer time ago and it just didn't occur to me that her case was different.--62.73.69.121 (talk) 20:30, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Bringing Frida Kahlo to Good Article
I've been thinking of bringing this article to GA status but since its so big I was wondering if anyone is willing to help! Thank you.  The Blue  Rider   22:56, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

Frida Kahlos work will enter the public domain on 1 January 2025 in many parts of the world...
...but not in Mexico and not in the United States. This means that Commons will not be able to host her works until at least 2055 (!). How will the English-language Wikipedia deal with this issue? The German-language Wikipedia community is considering hosting the entirety of her works locally. Happy to hear your thoughts at commons:Talk:Frida Kahlo. Thanks, Gnom (talk) 09:41, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Hopefully her artwork is uploaded locally already, and if not please do so, thanks. Randy Kryn (talk) 09:53, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Speaking for the German-language community, we cannot upload anything until 1 January 2025. For English-language Wikipedia, we can only upload works from before 1929 or what falls under the fair use policy. Gnom (talk) 10:09, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I wonder could you clarify for editors exactly what "hosting locally" and "uploading locally" means? Many thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 10:40, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @Martinevans123: I mean hosting directly on the specific Wikipedia language instance instead of on Commons. Gnom (talk) 11:13, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Which should always be done but isn't. My main complaint with Commons is that when an image is deleted that if it is used on, say, English Wikipedia articles, a copy should be placed on the local site. That should be a policy there. Randy Kryn (talk) 11:17, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Um, because the Wikipedia servers are not located in the US, while the Commons ones are? Martinevans123 (talk) 11:27, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * , have thought they were. This page doesn't make it clear but seems to indicate most servers are in the U.S. Randy Kryn (talk) 11:38, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Then I'm a bit confused as to how this "local uploading" gets around US copyright law. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 12:22, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The idea that U.S. law applies to Wikipedia because the servers are located in the United States is incorrect, but remains a widespread 'legal myth' among Wikipedians. --Gnom (talk) 15:30, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok, so how does "local uploading" help? Martinevans123 (talk) 15:36, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * For example, the German-language Wikipedia has a policy that any and all works hosted locally must adhere to German, Swiss, and Austrian law. Gnom (talk) 18:40, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Ah, ok. So all English-language storage happens in the US? "Locally" actually means all non-English wikis? Martinevans123 (talk) 18:46, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

Magda Pach painting
Why is this Magda Pach painting featured? It's not like there are no photos of Kahlo; there is even already a self-portrait on the page. Replace it with another painting actually by Kahlo. 50.48.129.86 (talk) 14:47, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * It's significant because Walter Pach is notable? Martinevans123 (talk) 15:37, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frida Kahlo


text:
Surfside Buslines

Surfside Buslines was an Australian bus operator on the Gold Coast in Queensland. It operated 56 services under contract to the Government of Queensland under the Translink banner. It also operates nine services in the adjoining Tweed Valley of northern New South Wales under contract to the Government of New South Wales. As of 2022, Surfside Buslines has changed its name as part of a business re-brand by the parent company, Kinetic. Surfside Buslines has now been dissolved into the Kinetic brand with its fleet of buses reflecting this change.

History
Until June 1989, Surfside was owned by Greyhound owner Russell Penfold when it was sold to Joe and Tony Calabro with 56 buses.

In 1993, Tweed Bus Service was purchased with 51 buses, followed by Gold Coast Citybus on 21 February 1995, Springbrook-Mudgeeraba Bus Service with approximately twelve buses on 1 March 1995,

Gold Coast Tourist Shuttle was purchased in September 1998 and Coomera Bus Lines in May 2001.

In 2008, the Calabro's consolidated their bus companies under the Transit Australia Group brand

Gold Coast Tourist Shuttle was sold to Skybus and rebranded as Skybus Gold Coast in November 2017.

In April 2019, Transit Australia Group was purchased by AATS Group, the parent company of SkyBus and majority owned by OPTrust. In August 2019, AATS Group rebranded the Kinetic Group.

In October 2022, battery electric busses (BEBs), were run on the 777 Gold Coast Airport to Broadbeach south line began. running 10 new Volgren Optimus busses, on a BYD D9RA chassis.

In late 2022, Surfside Buslines was officially branded as KINETIC with all new advertising now showing the Kinetic Brand. All new buses will display the Kinetic logo with the current fleet of Surfside Buses slowly being updated to reflect the new brand name. The current website for Surfside Buslines will stay active until early 2023 before it will be deactivated, directing customers to the new Kinetic website.

Service area
Surfside operated from Beenleigh on the north of the Gold Coast as far south as Pottsville in northern New South Wales.

Ticketing
Translink ticketing applies to all Queensland route and school services.

Surfside has its own zone and fare system for New South Wales services.

Queensland fares apply to any travel that originates in Queensland and continues into New South Wales or that originates in New South Wales and continues into Queensland.

Translink's go card cannot be used on Surfside's New South Wales services, but can be used on Queensland services that start or finish at the Tweed Mall.

Fleet
In the 1970s, Surfside built up a fleet of Leyland Nationals. In the 1980s some Volvo B59 and Volvo B10Rs and Volvo B10ML articulateds were purchased. Following the sale to the Calabros, large numbers of ex ACTION Volvo B58s, MAN SL200s and SG192 articulateds were purchased to replace the Leyland Nationals. Amongst the buses purchased with Tweed Bus Service were Leyland Tigers and Hinos. To replace the Gold Coast Citybus fleet, ex Brisbane Transport and TransAdelaide Volvo B59s and ex State Transit Authority Mercedes-Benz O305s were purchased.

From the mid-1990s, Surfside began to standardise on Mercedes-Benz and Volvo chassis for its route bus fleet and Hinos for school buses. Initially bodied by external suppliers, since 1998 all buses have been bodied by the Calabro's Bustech.

Since 2008 all purchases have been Bustech MDi and XDis integral buses. Surfside has also received a steady flow of second hand buses including from the Calabro's Sydney operations, Busabout and Hawkesbury Valley Buses.

Since 2008, all deliveries and repaints have been in Translink colours, with blue body, green ends, a green and blue wavy stripe down each side and the Translink logo toward the back. This is also being applied to the vehicles used in New South Wales to facilitate easy transfer between depots, albeit without the Translink decals. The Gold Coast Tourist Shuttle coaches are painted orange.

In 2007, Australian diecast model company Trax Models released a 1:76 scale model of a Mercedes-Benz 709D Reeve Burgess minibus in Surfside livery.

Since 2013 Surfside Buslines have also received eight Bustech CDis double deck buses.

As at January 2022, the fleet consisted of 423 buses and coaches. Vehicles are registered in both New South Wales and Queensland, although the fleet is utilised interchangeably, particularly the school bus fleet. The only restriction is the different ticket machines used in each state.

Under Russell Penfold ownership, Surfside had an orange with blue stripe livery. The Calabros introduced a blue with yellow livery.

In 2022, 10 new Volgren Optimus busses were acquired by Surfside Bus lines, out of 20 to be introduced in Queensland the same year. They use BYD D9RA chassis, and use battery electric busses (BEBs) technology.

title: Surfside Buslines


text:
CA Brive

Club Athlétique Brive Corrèze Limousin, also referred to as CA Brive, Brive or CAB, is a French professional rugby union club based in Brive-la-Gaillarde, in the Corrèze department.

Brive is a historical member of French rugby union, being one of the clubs that spent the most seasons in the top French domestic competition. "Les Coujous" also won the Heineken Cup in 1997, defeating Leicester Tigers in the final in a 28-9 win.

Many great players, both French and foreign, played for the club currently headed by Simon Gillham, and the youth academy has a good reputation. Brive players who also on to play for France include: Amédée Domenech, nicknamed "Le Duc" ("The Duke") who played there in the 1950s and 60s, and gave his name to the stadium after his death in 2003; prolific flanker Olivier Magne, fly-halves Christophe Lamaison and Alain Penaud, number-eight Jean-Luc Joinel and hooker Michel Yachvili, the father of Dimitri Yachvili, also wore the black and white jersey.

Their home ground is the 14,759-capacity Stade Amédée-Domenech and the club colours are black and white.

History
The club was created on 15 March 1910 established on 12 October 1912. Before the Second World War, Brive changed from rugby union to rugby league but returned to union after the war.

It played regularly in the First Division, and established itself as the stronghold of rugby in Limousin but for many years its only title was a Second Division trophy won in 1957. Brive did not make it to the final of the First Division championship until 1965. On 23 May that year they met SU Agen at Stade de Gerland in Lyon only to lose 15–8. Brive next made it to the final in the 1972 season, where they faced AS Béziers on 21 May in Lyon again, and again the Black and White came out the losers, as Béziers won their second consecutive title (9–0). Brive met AS Béziers in the final again three season later, in 1975. By then, Béziers had become the unbeatable team of the decade, and they won their fifth title, this time by just one point (13–12), at Parc des Princes in Paris.

Brive experienced a resurgence in the middle of the 1990s, first in 1996, when they made their first finals appearance since the mid-1970s in Paris. Brive however went down 20–13 to Stade Toulousain. It was their fourth losing final. Only one club have lost more finals without winning one than them (US Dax, on five). That year however, they won the Challenge Yves du Manoir, defeating Pau 12–6. The following season, they made it to the final of the Heineken Cup where they faced the Leicester Tigers from England at Cardiff Arms Park. Brive finally won a final, defeating the Tigers 28–9. They are the only club to win the European Cup without ever winning their domestic championship.

On 22 February 1997, Brive, as European champions, were pitted against Auckland Blues who had recently won the Super 12. The French team were no competition to an extra powerful Kiwi side which won easily 47–11. In 1998 Brive again reached the final of the Heineken Cup, this time against Bath. They came close to capturing back-to-back titles, losing by just one point, 19–18 at Parc Lescure in Bordeaux.

Since then, however, the club has been in dire straits, as it was subjected to a punitive relegation to the second division in 2000 due to bad financial management. They bounced back two years later but have struggled ever since in the lower echelons of the league table, except in 2004 when they managed to qualify for the playoffs. In 2005, Brive went to the semi-finals of European Challenge Cup, but they lost to Pau. In 2009, after taking the sixth place of the Championship, the Black and White could participate in the Heineken Cup, but the competition was difficult for them, against the Europeans champions Leinster, Llanelli Scarlets and London Irish.

After difficulties and a relegation to the second division in 2012, Brive returned to the Top 14 the following year, after defeating Pau.

Honours

 * Heineken Cup/European Rugby Champions Cup
 * Champions (1): 1997
 * Runners-up (1): 1998

 * French championship Top 14
 * Runners-up (4): 1965, 1972, 1975, 1996

 * Pro D2
 * Champions (1): 1957
 * Runners-up (2): 2013, 2019

 * Promotion play-offs Final/Top 14 Access Match
 * Champions (2): 2012–13, 2018–19

 * Challenge Yves du Manoir
 * Champions (1): 1996
 * Runners-up (2): 1963, 1974

 * French Cup
 * Runners-up (1): 2000

Current squad
The Brive squad for the 2023–24 season is:

Notable former players
The following are players who have represented their country, players who have won a title with the club, players who have played a sufficient number of games to go down in the club history or players who came from the academy and have made a significant career in another team:

 * 🇦🇷 Horacio Agulla
 * 🇦🇷 Lisandro Arbizu
 * 🇦🇷 Christian Martin
 * 🇦🇷 Agustin Figuerola
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Henn
 * 🇦🇷 Alex Moreno
 * 🇦🇷 Eduardo Simone
 * 🇦🇺 Tim Donnelly
 * 🇦🇺 Peter FitzSimons
 * 🇦🇺 Mark Giacheri
 * 🇦🇺 Poutasi Luafutu
 * 🇦🇺 Alfie Mafi
 * 🇦🇺 Chris Tuatara-Morrison
 * 🇦🇺 John Welborn
 * 🇨🇦 Scott Franklin
 * 🇨🇦 John Tait
 * 🏴 Phil Christophers
 * 🏴 Ben Cohen
 * 🏴 Riki Flutey
 * 🏴 Shane Geraghty
 * 🏴 Andy Goode
 * 🏴 Ben Johnston
 * 🏴 Jamie Noon
 * 🏴 Shaun Perry
 * 🏴 Steve Thompson
 * 🏴 Christian Short
 * Filimone Bolavucu
 * Kitione Kamikamica
 * Sisa Koyamaibole
 * Norman Ligairi
 * Tabai Matson
 * Benito Masilevu
 * Peniami Narisia
 * Dominiko Waqaniburotu
 * 🇫🇷 Demba Bamba
 * 🇫🇷 Roger Bastié
 * 🇫🇷 Mathieu Bélie
 * 🇫🇷 Nicolas Bézy
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Bias
 * 🇫🇷 Pascal Bomati
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Bonetti
 * 🇫🇷 Terry Bouhraoua
 * 🇫🇷 Russlan Boukerou
 * 🇫🇷 Jacques Boussuge
 * 🇫🇷 Hugues Briatte
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Brugnaut
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Cabannes
 * 🇫🇷 Benoît Cabello
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Caminati
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Capdevielle
 * 🇫🇷 Georges Carabignac
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Carbonneau
 * 🇫🇷 Alain Carminati
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Carrat
 * 🇫🇷 Florian Cazenave
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Chadebech
 * 🇫🇷 Damien Chouly
 * 🇫🇷 Antonie Claassen
 * 🇫🇷 Valentin Courrent
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Dambielle
 * 🇫🇷 Thierry Devergie
 * 🇫🇷 Amédée Domenech
 * 🇫🇷 Yves Donguy
 * 🇫🇷 Thibault Dubarry
 * 🇫🇷 Fabrice Estebanez
 * 🇫🇷 Roger Fite
 * 🇫🇷 Mickaël Forest
 * 🇫🇷 Gaëtan Germain
 * 🇫🇷 Jérôme Guisset
 * 🇫🇷 Dominique Harize
 * 🇫🇷 Cédric Heymans
 * 🇫🇷 Teddy Iribaren
 * 🇫🇷 Nicolas Jeanjean
 * 🇫🇷 Jean-Luc Joinel
 * 🇫🇷 Virgile Lacombe
 * 🇫🇷 Damien Lagrange
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Laharrague
 * 🇫🇷 Christophe Lamaison
 * 🇫🇷 Benjamin Lapeyre
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Le Devedec
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Magne
 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Mela
 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Mignardi
 * 🇫🇷 Rodolphe Modin
 * 🇫🇷 Vincent Moscato
 * 🇫🇷 Alexis Palisson
 * 🇫🇷 Élie Pebeyre
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Pebeyre
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Péclier
 * 🇫🇷 Alain Penaud
 * 🇫🇷 Maxime Petitjean
 * 🇫🇷 Lucas Pointud
 * 🇫🇷 Jefferson Poirot
 * 🇫🇷 Fabien Sanconnie
 * 🇫🇷 Thomas Sanchou
 * 🇫🇷 Patrick Sébastien
 * 🇫🇷 Atila Septar
 * 🇫🇷 Farid Sid
 * 🇫🇷 Scott Spedding
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Travers
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Vahaamahina
 * 🇫🇷 Ludovic Valbon
 * 🇫🇷 Loïc Van Der Linden
 * 🇫🇷 David Venditti
 * 🇫🇷 Elvis Vermeulen
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Viars
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Villepreux
 * 🇫🇷 Dimitri Yachvili
 * 🇫🇷 Michel Yachvili
 * Tedo Abzhandadze
 * Karlen Asieshvili
 * Soso Bekoshvili
 * Otar Giorgadze
 * Giorgi Jgenti
 * Vasil Kakovin
 * David Khinchagishvili
 * Mamuka Magrakvelidze
 * Irakli Natriashvili
 * Anton Peikrishvili
 * Goderdzi Shvelidze
 * 🇮🇹 Valerio Bernabò
 * 🇮🇹 Luciano Orquera
 * Damian Browne
 * 🇳🇦 Tjiuee Uanivi
 * 🇳🇿 Brad Mika
 * 🇳🇿 Tamato Leupolu
 * 🇳🇿 Viliame Waqaseduadua
 * 🇵🇱 Grzegorz Kacala
 * 🇷🇴 Petru Bălan
 * 🇷🇴 Alexandru Manta
 * 🇷🇴 Sorin Socol
 * 🇷🇴 Petrișor Toderașc
 * Pat Barnard
 * Kevin Buys
 * So'otala Fa'aso'o
 * Terry Fanolua
 * Na'ama Leleimalefaga
 * Simon Lemalu
 * Mike Blair
 * Tom Smith
 * Gregor Townsend
 * Alex Dunbar
 * Suka Hufanga
 * 🇺🇸 Kevin Dalzell
 * 🏴 Barry Davies
 * 🏴 Liam Davies
 * 🏴 Kieran Murphy
 * 🏴 Alix Popham

title: CA Brive


text:
Count Vertigo

Count Vertigo is a supervillain created by Gerry Conway, Trevor Von Eeden and Vince Colletta as an enemy of Black Canary, Batman and later Green Arrow in the DC Comics Universe. Count Vertigo is the last descendant of the royal family that ruled the small eastern European country of Vlatava that was taken over by the Soviets and later became devastated by the Spectre.

Two incarnations of Count Vertigo, Cecil Adams and Werner Zytle, appeared as guest characters in Arrow, portrayed by Seth Gabel and Peter Stormare respectively.

Publication history
Count Vertigo first appears in World's Finest Comics #251 (July 1978) and was created by Gerry Conway, Trevor Von Eeden, and Vince Colletta.

Starting his career
Count Vertigo first appeared in Star City, where he attempted to steal back the jewels his parents had sold when they escaped to England after the war. The victim of a hereditary inner ear defect that affected his balance, Vertigo had a small electronic device implanted in his right temple that compensated for this problem. Tinkering with the device, Vertigo learned he was able to affect other people's balance as well, distorting their perceptions so that they literally couldn't tell up from down, an effect known as vertigo. Donning a costume and taking the name "Count Vertigo", he embarked on a life of crime. This would bring him into conflict with the heroes Green Arrow and Black Canary. Count Vertigo's black and green costume with its insignia of concentric rings, was designed by Trevor Von Eeden. The patterning of the cape's inner lining was a tribute to Steve Ditko's distinctively arcane artwork.

Running with the Suicide Squad
He would later come to join the Suicide Squad in exchange for a shortened prison sentence, and it was revealed that he was plagued by bipolar disorder. After the Suicide Squad disbanded for the first time, Count Vertigo was captured by Vlatavan rebels, who wished to use his powers to overthrow the current Vlatavan government. They used a variety of drugs on him, each with a differing effect on the Count, as he would for example suddenly see himself as an Angel of Vengeance, sent to wreak havoc on the current rulers. Although he largely believed himself master of his own will, his mood swings were completely subject to his captors.

He was captured by Poison Ivy when the Suicide Squad came in and resolved the conflict and Kaligari (then-ruler of Vlatava) was murdered. Count Vertigo was Poison Ivy's slave for a long period of time, during which he grew to hate Poison Ivy and frequently threatened to kill her when he was free of her control. Amanda Waller was able to free Vertigo of her control so that he could stop a group of missiles hitting Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem at the behest of the villain Kobra. If the Dome had been destroyed, innocent lives would have been lost in a resulting war.

Vertigo succeeded, and it turned out that as he went into rehab and expunged the chemicals that had been pumped into his body by both Ivy and the rebels, that he was unwittingly cured of the disorder that had plagued him for so long. This was something he found hard to deal with and he approached Deadshot, one of his teammates, hoping that Deadshot would be willing to end his life. As it happened, Deadshot was unmoved by his teammate's plight, and saw no problem in killing once again. However, he cautioned Vertigo to make up his mind - after all, he would not fail or hesitate. The running subplot would ultimately culminate in the last pages of the first volume of Suicide Squad, in which Deadshot and Vertigo stood across one another, Deadshot ready to kill him. Count Vertigo realized that this was ultimately an indirect suicide, and that would ruin his chances for the afterlife. Deciding for now that he would deal with the disease that now indirectly plagued him, he walked away from the duel.

In the meantime, he was also approached by members of the Vlatavan government, who sought to see Count Vertigo reclaim his rightful place as ruler. He declined, stating that he wasn't fit to rule at this point, as he wasn't even sure if he wanted to live or die.

Vertigo also resolved his grudge with Poison Ivy. During the War of the Gods crossover, he was perfectly willing to let her die when he found her abandoned on an Amazonian island; ironically, she was bound and promised whoever freed her, her undying devotion. Snickering snidely, Vertigo left her to die in the ruins of the collapsing temple they were in. Still, Ivy was saved, and Count Vertigo would later reluctantly work alongside her in the Suicide Squad, leaving their grudge be.

The destruction of Vlatava
Ultimately, Count Vertigo did return to his homeland to ensure that he would once more become its rightful ruler. While his forces were at war with the government's army, the Spectre appeared, and already unhinged, was horrified by the slaughter that occurred. In a fit of rage he deemed the entire country and its inhabitants to be full of sin and decided to cleanse it, leaving behind only Vlatava's president at the time and Count Vertigo.

Grudges and a new Injustice Society
Working for the American government for a while, Count Vertigo eventually sought out his old enemy Green Arrow and after the two had a fight, Count Vertigo decided to leave the vendetta behind and focus on more positive prospects, getting his life back on track. Afterwards he showed up as a member of the new Injustice Society.

He also shows up as an operative of the Suicide Squad when they attempt to dissuade the Justice League from investigating the "Salvation Run" project.

Infinite Crisis, 52 and One Year Later
Count Vertigo was seen among Lex Luthor's ranks in the Secret Society of Super Villains in the pages of Infinite Crisis.

He appeared during the 52-week series, as a member of a Suicide Squad led by Atom Smasher against the Black Marvel Family. He is with Captain Boomerang (Owen Mercer), Persuader, Plastique, and Electrocutioner.

He appears "One Year Later" in the revamped Checkmate title as part of its regular cast as the White Queen's Knight under White Queen Amanda Waller. He is later seen capturing the Rogues responsible for the murder of the Flash, alongside a new Suicide Squad composed of Bronze Tiger, Captain Boomerang (Owen Mercer), Plastique, Multiplex and Deadshot.

Even later, he would feature again as an operative of Waller's Suicide Squad, siding faithfully to her side in destroying a conspiracy to release a violent viral agent, working alongside fellow agent King Faraday. In this capacity, he would also duel against the Secret Six, and briefly take down Black Alice with his vertigo abilities.

During the events of Final Crisis, he is seen defeated as part of a Checkmate squad sent against the forces of Darkseid in Bludhaven. Seen with him is Negative Woman, Mister Bones, and members of the Atomic Knights. The novel version of Final Crisis says Count Vertigo and the others have all been slain.

The New 52 / Werner Zytle
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Count Vertigo made his debut in Green Arrow (vol. 5) #22. Here, he is Werner Zytle, ruler of the tiny nation of Vlatava. Though of noble heritage, his family lost their fortunes and had to flee to Canada. While there, Zytle became involved with organized crime, using the profits from his illegal activities to finance return to Vlatava and reclaim his birthright. Though appearing to be a kind and benevolent monarch, he continues to be involved in organized crime, using the alias Count Vertigo. When Green Arrow travels to Vlatava to rescue a kidnapped Shado, Vertigo notes that the Emerald Archer will have to aim to fight him, and his power will make that impossible. Oliver's allies remotely detonate an EMP arrow in his quiver, giving him and Shado a chance to escape. Green Arrow (vol. 5) #23.1 a "Villains Month" tie-in, also known as Count Vertigo #1, examines Vertigo's youth in Vancouver and his return to Vlatava.

Count Vertigo later appears as a member of Richard Dragon's Longbow Hunters. With a new look in DC Rebirth, Count Vertigo appears in Green Arrow.

Powers and abilities
Being raised in a noble family, Vertigo was trained in classical martial combat and the sports of boxing, fencing, and equestrianism. He has also been trained in judo and general karate.

Upon joining Task Force X and Checkmate, he learned other hand-to-hand combat skills.

His "Vertigo Effect" has long since been internalized through circumstances that have not yet been revealed. He uses his power to disrupt his enemies' balance. In hand-to-hand and melee combat, Vertigo uses his power to disorient his opponents. He also uses the Vertigo Effect to disrupt the aim of gunmen, snipers and the like. The exact range of the power is yet to be determined, seeing as how on one mission, guards watching him in action on camera were also affected by his power. This ability is also capable of disrupting guidance systems on missiles, vehicles, and detection systems of all kind (lasers, cameras, pressure-sensitive floor plates, infrared, thermal, and night vision). Count Vertigo also wears magnetic boots with which he can walk walls or ceilings. He also has in recent years gained the ability of flight.

Ménière's disease
During a fight with the Justice Society of America, Doctor Mid-Nite suggested that the source of Count Vertigo's powers was a condition known as Ménière's disease. This condition causes constant vertigo in those afflicted and in some cases—such as that of Count Vertigo—deafness. Therefore, the hearing aid devices used by Vertigo to inflict his condition on others are necessary for him to be able to hear or maintain his balance, creating a weakness that his opponents can easily exploit.

Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, Vertigo lost his family from the Amazon/Atlantean war. He volunteered to be part of the Resistance to rescue some circus members, Boston Brand, Dick Grayson and Rag Doll for the Resistance. Vertigo then retrieves Doctor Fate's Helm of Nabu from the Amazons' attacks. Vertigo and the other circus members run at the countryside for reinforcements, but Vertigo is killed, impaled on a spear. A dying Vertigo tells Dick to take the Helm and secure it.

Television

 * Count Vertigo, referred to simply as Vertigo, appears in the Batman: The Animated Series episode "Off Balance", voiced by Michael York. This version is a leading member of the Society of Shadows whose "Vertigo Effect" is derived from an eyepatch, which Batman theorizes to be radioactive. After being defeated by Batman and Talia al Ghul, Vertigo is presumed dead.
 * Count Vertigo appears in The Batman episode "Vertigo", voiced by Greg Ellis. This version is a scientist and ex-employee of Oliver Queen who wields a mechanical eyepiece, which he used to strand Queen on a deserted island for years.
 * Count Vertigo appears in Young Justice, voiced by Steve Blum. This version is a member of the Light. Introduced in the episode "Revelation", the Light tasks him with leading the Injustice League to throw the Justice League and the Team off their trail. While the Injustice League is defeated, Vertigo uses his diplomatic immunity to avoid prison. In the episode "Coldhearted", he attempts to assassinate his niece, Queen Perdita Vladek, in the hopes of taking over Vlatava, but is foiled by Kid Flash, has his diplomatic immunity revoked, and is imprisoned in Belle Reve. As of the third season episodes "Royal We" and "Eminent Threat", Vertigo escaped from prison and joined a metahuman trafficking ring in Markovia, only to be defeated by the Team once more.
 * Two incarnations of Count Vertigo appear in Arrow, with both being involved in the distribution of the street drug "Vertigo" and displaying great skill in using it as an offensive weapon via syringes.
 * The first, Cecil Adams, appears in the second season episode "State v. Queen", portrayed by Seth Gabel. While he goes unnamed in the episode, his name is revealed in the fifth season episode "Kapiushon". This version is a secretive drug dealer who initially goes by the street name "The Count", based on the needle marks of his drugs resembling vampire bites, before taking the name "Count Vertigo" and poisoning Starling City's citizens, such as Thea Queen, with his namesake drug. Upon learning of this, Thea's brother Oliver Queen develops a bitter rivalry with Adams as the Arrow, eventually killing him to protect Felicity Smoak.
 * The second is Adams' successor Werner Zytle, portrayed by Peter Stormare. In the third season episodes "The Calm" and "Canaries", he becomes the new "Vertigo" and takes advantage of Queen capturing his mob rivals to rapidly build a criminal empire. Additionally, Zytle modified his namesake drug so that it causes the user to experience their deepest fears. Throughout his appearances, he battles Queen and Laurel Lance, both of whom eventually capture him.

Film

 * Count Vertigo was reportedly featured in David S. Goyer's script for Escape from Super Max as an inmate of the titular metahuman prison.
 * Count Vertigo appears in DC Showcase: Green Arrow, voiced by Steve Blum.
 * Count Vertigo appears in a flashback depicted in Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay, voiced by Jim Pirri. This version was the leader of a previous iteration of the Suicide Squad who formed an alliance with Jewelee in an attempt to betray Amanda Waller, only to be killed by the latter for it.

Video games

 * Count Vertigo appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Count Vertigo appears as a playable character in Lego DC Super-Villains, voiced again by Steve Blum.

Miscellaneous
The Arrow incarnation of Werner Zytle appears in the non-canonical tie-in comic Arrow: Season 2.5.

title: Count Vertigo


text:
Talk:Phaedo (Plato)

 * Old move request removed. Radiant_ >|< 00:22, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Should be merged with Phaidon. Andres 21:51, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Move request
See Category_talk:Dialogues_of_Plato. --Girolamo Savonarola 04:29, 2005 May 16 (UTC)

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. violet/riga (t) 14:32, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Recent move request
'Please debate this move on Category talk:Dialogues of Plato in its full context. Thank you.' --Girolamo Savonarola 21:21, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phaedo (Plato)


text:
Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts

Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts is the second album by the British indie and psychedelic rock band Kula Shaker.

Recording
Initial recording sessions for the album were produced by John Leckie but the band soon decided to bring in producers George Drakoulias and Rick Rubin instead. Eventually Drakoulias and Rubin were rejected by the band and Bob Ezrin was brought in to complete the album. As a result of this, the production credits for the album's lead single, "Sound of Drums", name Drakoulias and Rubin as producers, while the rest of Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts is produced by Ezrin. Like its predecessor, K, the album continues the band's hybrid of 1960s-style psychedelic rock, groovy indie pop, and Indian instrumentation, albeit with a more progressive rock slant than on previous releases. Musically, many of the songs make use of Beatles-influenced psychedelic effects, swirling guitars, and Indian chants. This musical eclecticism prompted the band themselves to refer to Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts as their "kitchen sink album".

The album was partly recorded at the Astoria recording studio, a houseboat-studio owned by Pink Floyd guitarist, David Gilmour. During production, the album was given the working title of Strangefolk, as lead vocalist Crispian Mills revealed during a BBC Radio 2 interview on 10 September 2007. Mills explained that the album's title was only changed to Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts at the last minute before release. However, the rejected album title was later reused for the band's 2007 comeback album, Strangefolk.

In addition, Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts was originally intended to feature the song "Strangefolk", a 10-minute-long track that began with the spoken introduction "In the beginning was the word, and the word was...'Om Keshavaya namah aum'." Ultimately, this track was not released on the album but an excerpt of it was included as a hidden track on the 2002 compilation album, Kollected: The Best of Kula Shaker. Another song entitled "Strangefolk" was included on the 2007 reunion album but despite its identical title, this song is not the same as the Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts outtake. The full version was eventually released on the anniversary edition of the album as a bonus track.

Release and legacy
The album was released on 8 March 1999 and reached #9 in the UK Albums Chart, during a chart stay of 10 weeks. It was less successful in the U.S., however, where it failed to break into the Billboard 200 album chart. It was preceded in April 1998 by the "Sound of Drums" single which reached #3 on the UK Singles Chart. Two further singles were taken from Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts: "Mystical Machine Gun", which was released concurrently with the album and peaked at #14 in the UK, and "Shower Your Love", which was released in May 1999 and also reached #14 on the UK charts. None of the album's accompanying singles charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in America.

Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts was re-released in a 10th Anniversary, 2 CD edition on 20 January 2010. The 10th Anniversary edition included an expanded running order for the original album, with the outtake song "Strangefolk" included, as the band originally intended. It also featured previously unreleased demos, alternate versions of songs, and new artwork.

Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts was placed at number 36 in Q magazine's 2006 list, "The 50 Worst Albums Ever!"

1999 original edition

 * 1) "Great Hosannah" (Crispian Mills)
 * 2) "Mystical Machine Gun" (Crispian Mills, Kula Shaker)
 * 3) "S.O.S." (Crispian Mills, Kula Shaker)
 * 4) "Radhe Radhe" (traditional, arranged by Crispian Mills, Gouri Choudhury)
 * 5) "I'm Still Here" (Crispian Mills)
 * 6) "Shower Your Love" (Crispian Mills)
 * 7) "108 Battles (of the Mind)" (Crispian Mills, Alonza Bevan)
 * 8) "Sound of Drums" (Crispian Mills, Kula Shaker)
 * 9) "Timeworm" (Crispian Mills, Alonza Bevan)
 * 10) "Last Farewell" (Crispian Mills, Kula Shaker)
 * 11) "Golden Avatar" (Crispian Mills, Kula Shaker)
 * 12) "Namami Nanda-Nandana" [aka "Nanda-nandanāṣṭakaḿ"] (traditional, arranged by Crispian Mills)
 * 13) "Stotra" [hidden track]

2010 deluxe edition
On 20 January 2010 a deluxe edition was re-issued by StrangeFOLK Records Band's Label featured:
 * Numbered CD booklet (this edition limited to 3000).
 * 4 postcards of original ideas for the artwork
 * 2010 artwork box and shrink wrapped

Disc 1 – "The Album"
 * 1) "Great Hosannah" (Crispian Mills) – 6:07
 * 2) "Mystical Machine Gun" (Crispian Mills, Kula Shaker) – 5:41
 * 3) "S.O.S." (Crispian Mills, Kula Shaker) – 2:55
 * 4) "Radhe Radhe" (traditional, arranged by Crispian Mills, Gouri Choudhury) – 2:49
 * 5) "I'm Still Here" (Crispian Mills) – 1:31
 * 6) "Shower Your Love" (Crispian Mills) – 3:39
 * 7) "108 Battles (of the Mind)" (Crispian Mills, Alonza Bevan) [new ending!] – 3:15
 * 8) "Sound of Drums" (Crispian Mills, Kula Shaker) – 4:27
 * 9) "Timeworm" (Crispian Mills, Alonza Bevan) – 4:02
 * 10) "Last Farewell" (Crispian Mills, Kula Shaker) – 2:46
 * 11) "Golden Avatar" (Crispian Mills, Kula Shaker) – 4:29
 * 12) "Namami Nanda Nandana" (traditional, arranged by Crispian Mills) – 5:12
 * 13) "Strangefolk" [the original title track] – 5:58
 * 14) "Stotra" [Hidden track] – 2:22

Disc 2 – "Astronauts Anthology"
 * 1) "Sound of Love" (Bearsville Studios Session, which became "Sound of Drums") – 6:10
 * 2) "Avalonia" (B-side) – 2:17
 * 3) "Golden Avatar" (band demo) – 4:32
 * 4) "Strangefolk" (band demo) – 5:05
 * 5) Roger Morton Interview with Crispian and Alonza recorded on 13 November 2009 in London about the making of Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts (Parts 1–9) – 46:03

Personnel
Kula Shaker

 * Alonza Bevan – bass, backing vocals, acoustic guitar loops
 * Paul Winter-Hart – drums, symbols
 * Jay Darlington – Hammond organ, Wurlitzer electric piano, Creamy Analog, Farfisa & Acetone Electric Organs
 * Crispian Mills – vocals, electric and acoustic guitar, harmonica, loud cannon

Additional musicians

 * The Mighty Horn Assortment – brass
 * Brett Findlay, Chakrini, Madhava, Mathura Das, Percy, Shep & Dodge, Yogamaya – mrdunga, kartells, congas, bongos, conches, banging things
 * Graham Pattison – loops and soundscapes

Production

 * Bob Ezrin – producer (with Crispian Mills)
 * Fulton Dingley – engineer
 * East End Management – management
 * Stylorouge – art direction, design
 * Dan Abbott – booklet collages, suit design
 * Paula Keenan – suit styling
 * Tim O'Donnell – suit wearing
 * Jeff Cottenden – photography
 * Tim Hetherington – photography assistance
 * Jill Furmanovsky, Sean Alquist – band photography

title: Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts


text:
Talk:Prior probability

Jaynes statement
The statement: "For example, Edwin T. Jaynes has published an argument [a reference here would be useful] based on Lie groups that if one is so uncertain about the value of the aforementioned proportion p that one knows only that at least one voter will vote for Kerry and at least one will not, then the conditional probability distribution of p given one's state of ignorance is the uniform distribution on the interval [0, 1]." seems highly improbable, unless Jaynes posthumously thought that the elctorate of the United States was infinite. --Henrygb 21:51, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I think I know what's being referred to here. Jaynes wrote a paper, "Prior Probabilities," [IEEE Transactions of Systems Science and Cybernetics, SSC-4, Sept. 1968, 227-241], which I have reprinted in E. T. Jaynes: Papers on Probability, Statistics and Statistical Physics, Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel Publishing Company (1983), pp. 116-130. On p. 128 of my copy (corresponding to p. 239 of the IEEE paper, I presume) Jaynes, after deriving from a group-theoretic argument the prior $$\theta^{-1}(1-\theta)^{-1}$$, remarks: "The prior (60) thus accounts for the kind of inductive inferences noted in the case of the chemical, which we all make intuitively. However, once we have seen at least one success and one failure, then we know that the experiment is a true binary one, in the sense of physical possibility, and from that point on all posterior distributions (69) remain normalized, permitting definite inferences about $$\theta$$."

The reference to "the chemical" in this excerpt refers to Jaynes' example on the previous page, where he discusses a chemical dissolving or not dissolving in water, with the inference that it will do so reliably if it does so once; only when both cases are observed does one strongly think that the parameter might be on (0,1).

I infer from the passage that Jaynes would say that if we have one success and one failure, then for all other observations (excluding these two), the prior would be flat (after applying Bayes' theorem to these two observations using the prior displayed above).

Parenthetically, the Jeffreys prior, which many feel to be the right one in this case, is $$\theta^{-1/2}(1-\theta)^{-1/2}$$--Billjefferys 18:50, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I have expanded the section on uninformative priors and the references.--Bill Jefferys 18:53, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I have replaced the example about voting with the actual example that Jaynes gave. The two are genuinely quite different: in Jaynes' example the variable over which the prior is defined is in itself an epistemic probability, whereas in the voting example it is a frequency of actual events. Jaynes was pretty hot on the distinction, even going as far as to call confusion between the two a logical fallacy. It must have seemed to that section's original author that one could freely translate between the two, but Jaynes gives plenty of good arguments as to why you can't, and in this case confusing the two made a nonsense of his argument. There are also some unattributed arguments in that paragraph, regarding criticism of Jaynes' prior, which I have flagged. I would be genuinely interested if anyone can track them down.

In the voting case the obvious appropriate prior is not the Jaynes/Haldane prior, nor the Jeffrey's prior nor even the uniform prior, but simply to assume that each voter has a 50% probability of voting for each candidate, independently of other voters. This results in a prior proportional to $$p^N(1-p)^N$$, where $$N$$ is the population of the United States. This prior is heavily centred around $$p=0.5$$.

Nathaniel Virgo (talk) 10:24, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Exponents reversed?
In the article, the Jeffrey's prior for a binomial proportion is given as $$p^{1/2}(1-p)^{1/2}$$. However, a number of other sources on the internet give a Beta(0.5,0.5) distribution as the prior. But this corresponds to $$p^{-1/2}(1-p)^{-1/2}$$. Similarly, my reading leads me to believe that the Jaynes' prior would be a Beta(2,2) distribution, corresponding to $$p^{1}(1-p)^{1}$$, rather than the negative exponent.

Is it standard to give a prior in inverted form without the constants, or is there some convention I am unaware of? If so, perhaps it would be good to include it in the page. As a novice, I am puzzled by the introduction of, for example $$p^{-1}(1-p)^{-1}$$, for which the integral over (0,1) doesn't even exist, as a prior, as well.--TheKro 12:50, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right, the exponents should be $$-1/2$$ in the case of the Jeffreys prior (note, no apostrophe, it's not Jeffrey's). The Jaynes prior is correct; it is an improper prior.

 * I have corrected the article. Bill Jefferys 14:41, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * $$p^{-1}(1-p)^{-1}$$ was not original to Jaynes, but that was the form he used. In general the normalizing constant is not vital, as explained in the first part of the improper priors section, since it is implicit for proper priors and meaningless for improper ones.--Henrygb 09:13, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

a priori
Hello all, I found this article after spending quite some time working on the article a priori (statistics). I'm thinking that article should probably be integrated into this one, what do people think? The general article on a priori and a priori (math modeling) are both in need of work, and I thought I would engage some editors from this article into the work. Really, the math modelling article should be integrated as well. jugander (t) 22:02, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes I agree, it would make a more complete view on subject. Alfaisanomega (talk) 10:28, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Haldane prior
"The Haldane prior has been criticized on the grounds that it yields an improper posterior distribution that puts 100% of the probability content at either p = 0 or at p = 1 if a finite sample of voters all favor the same candidate, even though mathematically the posterior probability is simply not defined and thus we cannot even speak of a probability content."

Shouldn't it be "puts 100% of the probability content NEAR either p = 0 or p = 1" because you get a continuous distribution and {0,1} has measure zero? —Preceding unsigned comment added by JumpDiscont (talk • contribs) 17:17, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Such a posterior puts infinite measure on any set of the form (0, ε) no matter how small ε is, and finite measure on any set bounded away from 0. Neither "near" nor "at" really captures this. Michael Hardy (talk) 18:29, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks to whoever is contributing to this article, it has helped me understand a lot. I'm still confused on this point about the Haldane prior.  You can't integrate it from zero (because as you said it would be infinite) - so how can it make sense?  At least in the other distributions, I can integrate from zero to, say, .7, and I get the probability that p < .7.  What would be the probability that p < .7 in this case?  I think the paragraph above is trying to address it, but it's still baffling me. Maxsklar (talk) 18:38, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Acronym
I've found the APP acronym for a priori probability in some works, but I can't find a reference/source for this; sometimes the AAP is used instead. For example, looking for "a priori probability + app" in Google shows differences in usage. What do you think? Alfaisanomega (talk) 10:28, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

I work with Bayesian statistics all the time, but I don't recall ever coming across the acronym "APP." Given that priori and posteriori both start with "p," it seems like it would be a fairly confusing acronym. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 13:31, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Diffuse Prior
The term 'diffuse prior' links to this page but does not appear in the article. I think this is the same idea as an uninformative prior, however because I'm not 100% sure I do not want to edit the article. Would someone who knows more like to confirm or deny this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mgwalker (talk • contribs) 01:05, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

What is an "uncertain quantity"?
Seems like a weasel word, replace by "unknown quantity"? Is it opposed to a "certain quantity"? The word uncertainty is used a lot in Bayesian statistics, but it's not always illuminating. Biker333 (talk) 11:14, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

Improper priors
This section states that the beta prior with parameters (1,1) - which is uniform - is improper. This is wrong. The distribution has finite support and is finite everywhere, so can be integrated. It's a anyway a beta distribution, which can always be normalized. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.74.64.12 (talk) 06:12, 7 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Removed reference to beta(1,1) distribution. – Jt512 (talk) 20:12, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

The paragraph starts with: "If Bayes' theorem is written as ..."

It seems to me that the following formula holds only if $$\sum_j P(A_j) = 1$$ and the events $$A_1, \ldots, A_j$$ are mutually exclusive. Because only then we have $$P(B) = \sum_j P(B \& A) $$. Am I correct? If yes, then I think that this clarification should be added to the paragraph. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.126.102.10 (talk) 09:22, 7 March 2014 (UTC)

Preceeding comment was by me. Because no-one commented, I added the change to document. See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem#Extended_form. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RMasta (talk • contribs) 07:47, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

Problems with first paragraph
The first paragraph said:

 * p is the probability distribution that would express one's uncertainty about p before some evidence is taken into account.

It's circular to say that p expresses ones uncertainty about p. In fact p expresses ones beliefs (which are typically uncertain) about some situation. So, I'll change this to

 * p is the probability distribution that would express one's beliefs about a situation before some evidence is taken into account.

Feel free to improve it, but let's not say p expresses our uncertainty about p.

John Baez (talk) 18:10, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

Improper posterior
The Improper prior section states: "[...] However, the posterior distribution need not be a proper distribution if the prior is improper. This is clear from the case where event B is independent of all of the Aj." I do not see how this makes the posterior improper since the constant term which multiplies the priors is still both in the numerator and denominator of the posterior. Can this be further elaborated on?

Link Mistake? Unconditional Probability linked to Marginal Probability
in the sentence

"Similarly, the prior probability of a random event or an uncertain proposition is the unconditional probability that is assigned before any relevant evidence is taken into account."

unconditional probability goes to marginal probabilities.

My math is not strong as why I am reading this page to understand. so if they are the same please excuse me — Preceding unsigned comment added by Therealmarcuschiu (talk • contribs) 18:42, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

Abominable notation
It's depressing to realize that the benighted notation used throughout this article is widespread in the world. Maybe I'll work on this article further. Michael Hardy (talk) 15:18, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

Weakly informative prior
Could a more international example be found to explain weakly informative prior? I have no feeling at all for Fahrenheit. There must be some units where the US hasn't made up there own standard? 82.39.162.179 (talk) 11:04, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

Short description
The Short description was Probability distribution that would express one's uncertainty before some evidence is taken into account which is 104 characters long and so the article was added to. I have a "reasonable" understanding of stats, but found the article rather difficult to summarise in just a few words. In the end, I shortened the Short description to Distribution of an uncertain quantity, which is 37 characters and so short enough. Is this new Short description "true" enough? — GhostInTheMachine talk to me 10:31, 24 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I would write instead Probability distribution used in Bayesian inference. It's 51 characters, so short enough. We shouldn't try to give a definition, just context. Tercer (talk) 12:50, 24 February 2022 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Strong prior into Prior probability
Would it make more sense to merge in Strong prior and have an expanded article on prior probability altogether? Silvestertaylor (talk) 22:38, 14 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Indeed; a rather obvious case. ✅ Klbrain (talk) 11:51, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prior probability


text:
Roque de los Muchachos Observatory

Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, ORM) is an astronomical observatory located in the municipality of Garafía on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, Spain. The observatory site is operated by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, based on nearby Tenerife. ORM is part of the European Northern Observatory.

The seeing statistics at ORM make it the second-best location for optical and infrared astronomy in the Northern Hemisphere, after Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. The site also has some of the most extensive astronomical facilities in the Northern Hemisphere; its fleet of telescopes includes the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias, the world's largest single-aperture optical telescope as of July 2009, the William Herschel Telescope (second largest in Europe), and the adaptive optics corrected Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope.

The observatory was established in 1985, after 15 years of international work and cooperation by several countries, with the Spanish island hosting many telescopes from Britain, The Netherlands, Spain, and other countries. The island provided better seeing conditions for the telescopes that had been moved to Herstmonceux by the Royal Greenwich Observatory, including the 98 inch aperture Isaac Newton Telescope (the largest reflector in Europe at that time). When it was moved to the island it was upgraded to a 100-inch (2.54 meter), and many even larger telescopes from various nations would be hosted there.

History
The building of the observatory goes back to 1969, with the start of the Northern Hemisphere Observatory project. After ten years of research on the site there was a big international agreement between several nations to establish an international Observatory at La Palma.

The observatory began operation around 1984 with the Isaac Newton Telescope, which was moved to La Palma from the Royal Greenwich Observatory site at Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, England. The move was troubled, and it is widely recognized that it would have been cheaper to build a new telescope on-site rather than to move an existing one.

The observatory was first staffed by representatives from Spain, Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom. Other countries which became involved later include Germany, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands, Finland, Iceland, and the United States.

The observatory was officially inaugurated on 29 June 1985 by the Spanish royal family and six European heads of state. Four helicopter pads were built at the observatory to allow the dignitaries to arrive in comfort. The observatory has expanded considerably over time, with the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope opened in 1987, the Nordic Optical Telescope in 1988 and several smaller solar or specialized telescopes; the Galileo National Telescope opened in 1998 and the Gran Telescopio Canarias opened in 2006, with its full aperture in 2009.

A fire on the mountainside in 1997 damaged one of the gamma-ray telescopes, but subsequent fires in September 2005 and August 2009 did no serious damage to either the buildings or the telescopes.

In 2016, the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory signed an agreement to host Cherenkov Telescope Array’s northern hemisphere array at the ORM.

In 2016, the observatory was announced as the second-choice location for the Thirty Meter Telescope, in the event that the Mauna Kea site is not feasible.

Telescopes/observatories
The Spanish island is host to the premiere collection of telescopes and observatories from around the World, for the northern hemisphere excluding the Hawaiian islands which has a different mix of telescopes. The 10.4 meter Grand Telescope Canarias is the largest single aperture for an astronomical observatory in the world.

 * Carlsberg Meridian Telescope (1984–2013)
 * Dutch Open Telescope
 * First G-APD Cherenkov Telescope (FACT) (2011– )
 * Galileo National Telescope
 * Gran Telescopio Canarias (2007– )
 * Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO-N)
 * HEGRA
 * Isaac Newton Telescope
 * Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope
 * Liverpool Telescope (2003– )
 * MAGIC
 * MASCARA
 * Mercator Telescope
 * Nordic Optical Telescope
 * Swedish Solar Telescope
 * Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP)
 * William Herschel Telescope
 * European Solar Telescope (In project)

title: Roque de los Muchachos Observatory


text:
Talk:Phaidon

Untitled
Should be merged with Plato's Phaedo. Andres 21:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

-

I agree. It should be noted at the beginning, when it is done, that the name of the philosopher is Phaedo or Phaidon, with the Greek spelling for clarification. Apparently, Phaidon seems to be the German rendering/pronunciation of Phaedo's name. (It would be nice to have a phonetic guidance as to how to pronounce the Greek name.) warshy 10:34, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

-

Well, turns out, from looking at the Greek spelling of the dialogue/philosopher's name, that the correct phonetic pronunciation of the Greek name should be

PHEDON (as in 'fact', meaning, phe - don)

Apparently, from the Latin tradition, the Greek vowel E (as in English 'act') is transliterated to Latin languages as AE.

Therefore, PHAEDON, instead of PHEDON.

Still, the correct name should be therefore, PHAEDON, and not PHAEDO. It should also not be PHAIDON, in the German tradition, since the original Greek name would have been pronounced with a short E vowel, not a long one, as in AI.

Would any Greek specialists have any input as to the above? I would certainly appreciate that.warshy 14:27, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

-

The two articles should definitely be merged - partly because we know so little about Phaedo himself.

Re the name - who knows how Ancient Greek was pronounced? I prefer to do as the Germans do and simply transliterate, whether or not the modern Greeks would agree with the implied pronunciation. Though I am no more consistent than Mary Renault - I wouldn't refer to Alexandros the Great....

212.20.234.194 10:28, 8 January 2007 (UTC)Max

-

To the previous user: all nice and well, but I can't see on your message, as far as I understand it, any evidence of your direct, specific Ancient Greek expertise. Can you read Ancient Greek? Can you publish Greek characters here on Wikipedia as I've seen other experts do? If so, you might as well like to create a unique login id for yourself here, which would also make it much easier and clearer for anyone talking to you to know to whom precisely he or she is talking. Thanks.warshy 18:45, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

-

One article is about the person, another is about the Socratic dialogue, they should be two different articles because they are two different things BBnet3000 22:16, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

 * About the philosopher, there already is the article Phaedo of Elis. Andres 06:53, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Good point by Andres. So now, my suggestion would be to look at the three entries, and see what information which is contained here and in Phaedo of Elis, is not contained in the "main" one, namely: Plato's Phaedo. Comments? Thanks, warshy 11:39, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

-

There should be a reference in this article, in the way of a disambiguation page, to Phaedo of Elis, but they should be kept as separate articles since they talk about different subjects: One is about a part of Plato's Dialogues, and the other one about a philosopher. --Xkoalax 18:56, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep in mind that the supposed philosopher Phaedo of Elis is someone whose existence and traits (and biography or history) is assumed and constructed out of Plato's description of "him" in the dialogue of the same name, nothing else. But I can accept your suggestion of as a possible way forward. How would we proceed with that? Also, there is still the question of the spelling of the name in English as discussed above: should it be Phaidon, Phedon, Phaedo, or Phedo? warshy 19:13, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

I went ahead and converted this to a disambiguation page but the wording is kind of clumsy so if anyone can fix it up that would be great. It now distinguishes Phaedo of Elis from the dialogue Phaedo. Regarding other spellings, they can be made as redirects. Tocharianne 23:28, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I fixed all incoming links--they divide evenly and unambiguously between the person, the dialogue and Phaidon Press. Tocharianne 23:36, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phaidon


text:
Narendra Deva

Acharya Narendra Deva (also Dev; 30 October 1889 – 19 February 1956) was one of the leading theorists of the Congress Socialist Party in India. His democratic socialism renounced violent means as a matter of principle and embraced the satyagraha as a revolutionary tactic.

Dev was first drawn to nationalism around 1915 under the influence of B G Tilak and Aurobindo Ghosh. As a teacher he became interested in Marxism and Buddhism. He was active in the Hindi language movement. He was a key leader of the Congress Socialist Party from its founding in 1934 and was imprisoned several times during the freedom struggle. He was at times a member of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly.

He served as Vice Chancellor of University of Lucknow from 1947-1951 and as Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University from December 1951 to 31 May 1954. Helped by Nirmal Chandra Chaturvedi, Executive Councillor and a prominent educationist of the state, he started a number of projects for the expansion of the university.

Narendra Dev advocated the abolition of poverty and exploitation not just through the Marxist materialist dialectic but especially on moral and humanistic grounds. He insisted that "without social democracy political democracy was a sham". Dev was active in the peasant movement and served as president of the All-India Kisan Congress.

He remained associated with the Socialist Party and its successor, the Praja Socialist Party, until his death in 1956.

Legacy
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi said: "Acharya Narendra Dev was one of the greatest sons of India and the nation owes a great debt to him."

The Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology was named in his honour in 1975.

In an emotional obituary in Rajya Sabha, Jawaharlal Nehru said:

 * "The death of Acharya Narendra Dev is something much bigger for many of us and, I think, for the country than just the passing away of an important person. He was a man of rare distinction—distinction in many fields—rare in spirit, rare in mind and intellect, rare in integrity of mind and otherwise.  Only his body failed him.  I do not know if there is any person present here in this House who was associated with him for a longer period than I was.  Over 40 years ago we came together and we shared innumerable experiences together in the dust and heat of the struggle for independence and in the long silence of prison life where we spent—I forget now—four or five years together at various places, and inevitably got to know each other intimately; and so, for many of us, it is a grievous loss and a grievous blow, even as it is a grievous loss for our country.  There is the public sense of loss and there is the private sense of loss and a feeling that somebody of rare distinction has gone and it will be very difficult to find his like again."

He was also the first Principal of Lucknow Montessori Inter College and a professor at Kashi Vidyapeeth. He died at the age of 67 in 19 February 1956 in Madrass.

title: Narendra Deva


text:
Ji Cheng (Ming dynasty)

Ji Cheng (1582 – c. 1642) was a Ming dynasty garden designer.

Ji Cheng was born in the 10th year of the reign of the Wanli Emperor (1582) in Tongli, Wujiang County, Jiangsu province. As a youth, Ji Cheng made a name for himself as a landscape painter and private garden designer, he admired two Northern Song painters: Guan Tong (关仝) and Jing Hao (荆浩).

During his lifetime, he designed numerous private gardens in Southern China. In his late years, he summarized his lifetime experience into a monograph on landscape design: (园冶), Yuanye: The Craft of Gardens, 1631.

Ji Cheng's Yuanye (园冶), is the first monograph dedicated to garden architecture in the world. His work has been translated into many languages.

Ji Cheng's thirty-five room former residence at Hueichuan Bridge, Tongli, is now a tourist attraction.

"The garden is created by the human hand, but should appear as if created by heaven."

title: Ji Cheng (Ming dynasty)


text:
Enclosed cremation cemetery

Enclosed cremation cemetery is a term used by archaeologists to describe a type of cemetery found in north western Europe during the late Neolithic and early Bronze Age. They are similar to urnfield burial grounds in that they consist of a concentration of pits containing cremated remains which have usually also been placed into pottery vessels. However they are also surrounded by a circular or oval bank and outer ditch which gives them their name. The most famous example is Stonehenge which functioned as such a cemetery during its early use when it was a simple earthwork enclosure. Its status has been questioned as its not clear that that was its only use at the time. They are interpreted as being variations on the ritual and funerary practice of enclosing significant sites of activity during the period, also exhibited by henges and stone circles.

title: Enclosed cremation cemetery


text: Template:Band-stub

title: Template:Band-stub


text:
Marina Baixa

Marina Baixa or Marina Baja is a comarca in the Valencian Community, Spain. It is bordered by the comarques of Comtat on the northwest, Marina Alta on the northeast, Alacantí and Alcoià on the west and the Mediterranean Sea on the east.

The interior of this comarca is mountainous, and it is dominated by the Serra d'Aitana whose highest peak is 1,500 m. The local fauna is composed by eagles, hawks, crows, blackbirds, swallows, foxes, wildcats, wild boars and many smaller animals. Rosemaries, pines, medlars and carobtrees are commonplace flora. The terrain is calcareous, so the landscape shows impressive caves and natural archways and fountains.

Tourism is the main economic resource. Fruit trees (especially orange and lemon trees), olive and almond trees are cultivated. The population of this comarca strongly increased in the last twenty years.

Municipalities
The comarca of la Marina Baixa comprises 18 municipalities, listed below with their areas and populations:

title: Marina Baixa


text:
Category:Musical group stubs

 * For classical music orchestras and other musical ensembles use Classical-ensemble-stub or one of its sub types.
 * For individual musicians, use musician-stub or one of its sub types.

title: Category:Musical group stubs


text:
Jeremy Swan

Harold James Charles “Jeremy” Swan (1 June 1922 – 7 February 2005) was an Irish cardiologist who co-invented the Swan-Ganz catheter with William Ganz at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in 1970.

Early life and education
Swan was born on 1 June 1922 in Sligo Ireland. His parents were both physicians, Harold John Swan and Marcella Bertile Swan née Kelly. His mother called him "Jeremy" to limit confusion and the name stuck throughout his life. Swan's early education was at Castle Rock School. He then attended St. Vincent's Castleknock College in Dublin and graduated in 1939. He attended medical school at Trinity College Dublin in Dublin but earned his degree from St. Thomas's Hospital, London, England graduating in 1945. Swan was also an intern and junior resident at St. Thomas's Hospital from 1945 to 1946. He then entered the Royal Air Force medical service from 1946 to 1948, being stationed in Iraq.

Career
Swan worked as a cardiologist in the Mayo Clinic (in Rochester, Minnesota), and later moved to Cedars Sinai Hospital (Los Angeles). His description of the invention of the catheter is said to have derived from watching the wind playing with sails in Santa Monica. He was present at the Mayo around the time they were performing early open heart surgeries in the mid-1950s.

Personal life and death
Swan died on 7 February 2005 from complications following a heart attack after a long period of debilitation from a stroke that he suffered from in 2001.

Award and honors

 * Fellow American College of Cardiology (ACC) - 1968
 * Member of the Executive Committee of the ACC - 1971
 * Member of the Los Angeles County Heart Association Board of Directors - 19661972
 * Chairman of the Research Committee Los Angeles County Heart Association - 19671969
 * Fellow American College of Physicians (ACP) - 1970
 * President ACC - 1973 and 1974
 * Chairman of the Bethesda Conference Committee ACC - 19841989
 * ACC Distinguished Fellow - 1985
 * ACC Distinguished Service - 1999
 * ACC master of the college - 2001
 * ACC Distinguished Scientist - 2003
 * Master of the American College of Physicians - 1985
 * Honorary doctorate from Trinity College in Dublin - 1996
 * Walter Dixon Memorial Award from the British Medical Association
 * Herrick Award for Outstanding Achievement in Clinical Cardiology from the American Heart Association
 * Maimonides Award from the state of Israel
 * Theodore Cummings Humanitarian Award from Cedars-Sinai

title: Jeremy Swan


text:
Balikh River

The Balikh River (نهر البليخ) is a perennial river that originates in the spring of Ain al-Arous near Tell Abyad in the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests ecoregion. It flows due south and joins the Euphrates at the modern city of Raqqa. The Balikh is the second largest tributary to the Euphrates in Syria, after the Khabur River. It is an important source of water and large sections have recently been subjected to canalization.

Geography
The primary source of the Balikh is the karstic spring of Ain al-Arous, just south of the Syria–Turkey border. Additionally, the Balikh receives water from a number of periodic streams and wadis that drain the Harran Plain to the north, as well as the plains to the west and east of the river valley. These streams are the Jullab, the Wadi Qaramogh, and the Wadi al-Kheder.

A few kilometres south of Ain al-Arous, the Balikh is joined by the channel of the Jullab. This small river rises from springs north of Şanlıurfa, but already runs dry at Harran, before it can reach the Balikh. Numerous now dried-up wells in the old city of Harran suggest that the water table may have been significantly higher in the past.

The Wadi al-Kheder drains the plain to the east of the Balikh Valley, and is fed by the Wadi al-Burj and the Wadi al-Hamar, which in turn is fed by the Wadi Chuera. These wadis, as well as the Wadi Qaramogh, can transport considerable amounts of water after heavy rainfall, and large limestone blocks can be found in their lower courses.

History
The Balikh river forms the heart of a rich cultural region. On both banks are numerous settlement mounds dating back in some cases to at least the Late Neolithic, the 6th millennium BCE. In the Bronze Age (3rd millennium BCE) ancient Tuttul (close to present-day Raqqa at the delta of the Balikh) and Tell Chuera in the north (in the Wadi Hamad close to the Balikh) were important cities. Over the millennia the region saw ongoing interaction between nomadic tribes and settled populations. One sometimes got the upper hand over the other.

In classical Antiquity the region was called Osrhoene with the capital at Edessa/Callirrhoe (ar-Ruha'.)  Ar-Ruha' and another prominent ancient town of the Balikh valley, Harran (Roman Carrhae), figure in the Muslim and Jewish traditions respectively in the stories of Abraham and other Hebrew patriarchs (and matriarchs.)  After the Islamic conquest in the 7th century CE the region was known by the name of an Arab tribe Diyar Mudar, the land of the Mudar. In 762, the Caliph al-Mansur built a garrison city at the junction of the Euphrates, Ar-Rafiqa, which merged with the Hellenistic city Kallinikos into the urban agglomeration Raqqa.

Archaeological research in the Balikh River basin
European travellers of the 19th century noted the presence of archaeological remains in the Balikh Valley, but the first investigations were not carried out until 1938, when the English archaeologist Sir Max Mallowan (husband of author Agatha Christie) spent six weeks investigating five archaeological sites dating from the seventh to the second millennium BCE. In 1969, a French team directed by Jacques Cauvin started their investigations, his team exposed eight neolithic occupation levels in a limited sounding on the northern slope of the site. Excavations at Tell Hammam al-Turkman were initiated under the direction of dr Maurits N. van Loon (1981–1986, University of Amsterdam). As per 1988, the project was continued under the direction of dr Diederik J.W. Meijer (1988–2001, Leiden University). The site provided a well-stratified material culture that allowed analysis of the settlement history of the Balikh valley. Later other excavations have complemented the reconstruction of a regional occupation history. One of the oldest sites, Tell Sabi Abyad, is currently being excavated under the leadership of Dutch archaeologist Peter Akkermans.

Incidentally, the Turkish archaeological site of Göbekli Tepe is located on a hill directly north of and overlooking the Harran Plains that feed the Balikh river system.

Excavated archaeological sites in the Balikh River basin

 * Tell Aswad
 * Tell Bi'a (near the confluence of the Balikh with the Euphrates)
 * Tell Balabra (on the Wadi Qaramogh)
 * Tell Chuera (Assyrian Harbe; on the Wadi Chuera)
 * Tell Hammam et-Turkman
 * Tell Jidle
 * Tell Sabi Abyad
 * Tell Sahlan
 * Tell as-Saman
 * Tell Zeidan (near Raqqa Syria)

title: Balikh River


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Talk:Ordnance Survey National Grid

Untitled 1
This article should compare (or at least reference) other national and international grid systems. 18.26.0.18 22:14, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

S, T, N, & H
Does anyone know what significance these letters have? I can guess South, North, and Highlands, but why T (or indeed O)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by PeteVerdon (talk • contribs) 00:18, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The South and North thing is just a coincidence. The first letters follow the same pattern as the 2nd. Eg look at square NS (west central Scotland). To the east is NT, to the north NN, with NO to the east of that, and NH above NN. It's just alphabetic. Grinner 08:33, May 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * There's a map of the top-level grid here . --Heron 18:11, 21 May 2005 (UTC)
 * And, more fully, here . John Wheater 08:49, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Why does it start there then? It's the British National Grid, so surely we should have AA in Britain? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.100.105.162 (talk) 23:03, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

Australia
This page is very good, but could someone make a similar one explaining the Australian grid reference system, or even just tell me which map units options to choose with a Magellan eXplorist 100 GPS to get the coordinate system to agree with a topographical map? Thankyou, Kester Ratcliff. (It would be very nice if you could email me if you know the answer: bh.santi@gmail.com thanks.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.228.51.115 (talk) 23:30, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Query about All-numeric grid references
Under the All-numeric grid references section the article says: " Note that 14 digits may be required for locations in Orkney and futher north". Square HY is over 1000 km north of the origin, square HU (shetland) is over 1100 km north, which explains why the northing all-numeric reference for Sullom Voe starts with 11. It's only between 400 and 500km east of the origin so the easting starts with a 4. That makes 13 digits for the full reference - I can't see why the article quotes 14 for Orkney unless a standardised form requires a "0" to be included. Then the Sullom Voe reference would be 0439668,1175316. Not for me to make the edit though, needs somebody with a better detailed knowledge of OS rules.Mountainwalker (talk) 17:22, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The number of digits for easting and for northing must be the same. This makes it easy to determine where one ends and the other starts. Therefore, the total number of digits must be even. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 21:23, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Though the article says 14 figures may be needed, only 13 are displayed, given that (the bulk of) Shetland appears in the 100x100km square 'HU' whose southwestern corner is 400km east of the grid origin and 1100km north of it. That discrepancy between what is stated and what the reader of Wikipedia sees needs further clarification. Similarly in west Cornwall and Scilly, one will sometimes see fewer digits employed because the initial digit may be a zero. The tidal observatory in Newlyn, to choose a suitable example, is at 146762, 28560 (eleven digits) according to some displays, whereas it could also be portrayed as 146762, 028560 (or indeed SW 46762 28560). The former museum in Hugh Town, Scilly is at 90478, 10539 (ten digits)(or 090478, 010539 or indeed SV 90478 10539). Geopersona (talk) 19:32, 23 October 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, but the point is that the input value must have an even number of digits, because it must be split exactly half-way. How it is displayed is not a factor there. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 20:40, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ordnance Survey National Grid