text:
User talk:Macquigg

License tagging for File:ThorCon Can.png
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File permission problem with File:ThorCon Can.png
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Your submission at Articles for creation: ThorCon nuclear reactor (March 9)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Nirmaljoshi was:

The comment the reviewer left was:

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nirmal (talk) 13:14, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: ThorCon nuclear reactor (March 13)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reasons left by Mako001 were:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.

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Mako001 (C) (T)  🇺🇦 08:06, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:ThorCon Can.png

A tag has been placed on File:ThorCon Can.png requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F9 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the file appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images taken from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use it — which means allowing other people to use it for any reason — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. The same holds if you are not the owner but have their permission. If you are not the owner and do not have permission, see Requesting copyright permission for how you may obtain it. You might want to look at Wikipedia's copyright policy for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Mako001 (C) (T)  🇺🇦 08:10, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

Existing article for the reactor
See TMSR-500. We already have an article about the reactor. You can add more information there. StarryGrandma (talk) 16:35, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:ThorCon nuclear reactor - draft
Hello, Macquigg. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:ThorCon nuclear reactor - draft, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

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Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 03:02, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:FC-MSR nuclear reactor
Hello, Macquigg. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:FC-MSR nuclear reactor, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

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Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 18:04, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:ThorCon nuclear reactor - draft

Hello, Macquigg. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "ThorCon nuclear reactor - draft".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 02:50, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:FC-MSR nuclear reactor

Hello, Macquigg. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "FC-MSR nuclear reactor".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 17:51, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Macquigg


text:
American School of Recife

The American School of Recife (Escola Americana do Recife, or EAR) is an American school in the city of Recife, Brazil.

The school, founded in 1957, is a private, non-profit, coeducational day school. It offers an instructional program from early childhood through grade 12 for students of all nationalities. The School does not have any religious affiliation. The school year comprises 2 semesters extending from early August to mid-December and from early February to mid-June.

Organization
The American School of Recife is a private, non-profit, co-educational day school founded in 1957. The school offers a Nursery through Grade 12 instructional program for students currently representing 17 nationalities. The two semesters comprising the school year extend from August to December and from January to June. The school is accredited by AdvancED-SACS in the United States and by the State of Pernambuco Ministry of Education and Recife Municipal Education Council in Brazil. The school is a member of the Association of American Schools in Brazil (AASB), the Association of American Schools in South America (AASSA), and the Association for the Advancement of International Education (AAIE). Class hours are 7:50 a.m.-3:15 p.m., and extra-curricular activities start at 5h p.m. The school has no religious affiliation.

The School is governed by a seven-member Board of Directors elected for a two-year term by the General Assembly composed of the parents of children enrolled in the school. The School is not incorporated in the United States. It is officially registered in the State of Pernambuco as a Civil Society with tax-exempt status under Brazilian law.

Curriculum
The school provides a U.S. standards-based, college preparatory curriculum that enables students to successfully enter universities in the U.S., Brazil, and throughout the world. Instruction is in English, with Portuguese language study beginning in Pre-Kindergarten. Support is provided for language learning difficulties and mild learning disabilities. Electives include Spanish, French, computer science, art, music, photography, Virtual High School online courses, and a wide variety of Advanced Placement courses. Extra-curricular activities may include soccer, volleyball, basketball, indoor soccer, tennis, dance, drama, math club, chess club, Eco Club, robotics, Knowledge Bowl, National Honor Society, and Model United Nations.

The school is accredited by Cognia in the United States and by the State of Pernambuco Ministry of Education and Recife Municipal Education Council in Brazil. The school is a member of the Association of American Schools in Brazil (AASB), the Association of American Schools in South America (AASSA) and the Association for the Advancement of International Education (AAIE).

Facilities
The School occupies 8.5 acres (34,000 m2) in a preferred residential area of Recife. The pre-school, elementary school, and secondary school divisions are in separate buildings. Facilities include 48 classrooms, science lab, biology lag, music room, small theater, technology lab, two libraries, two dining areas, two faculty resource centers, infirmary, administrative offices, four playgrounds, three multi-sport covered courts, a tennis court, a soccer field and two beach volleyball courts.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: American School of Recife


text:
User talk:Gamall

Welcome!

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Speedy deletion nomination of GMS (organization)
A tag has been placed on GMS (organization) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a club, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guidelines for people and for organizations. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

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title: User talk:Gamall


text:
Talk:Mikhail Baryshnikov

Inconsistent Wikipedia Entries for Marital Status
This article says Baryshnikov and Lisa Rinehart are not married. The Wikipeia entry for Lisa Rinehart says Rinehart is married to BaryshnikovTomandzeke (talk) 07:01, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

How old was Baryshnikov when he started dancing?
He joined his first dance academy at age 12 in 1960.

His nationality
While the article says he was born in Latvia, he is called a Russian. Can anyone clarify? Alpheus 23:25, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

 * From what I can gather from this interview he was born and raised in Latvia to a Russian father who was one of the "occupiers" (Baryshnikov's word). So you could make a case that he is Latvian or Russian.  Just to confuse things further, he's now an American.  He's been an American citizen for decades, and he lives and works (mostly) in the USA.  What are the Wiki standards for refering to the nationality of immigrants? SnappingTurtle 16:15, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

Let's not confuse nationality as belonging to a specfic country or region, and ethnicity as being a member of a particular ethnic group. Just because he was born and raised in Latvia, it does not make him Latvian in the ethnic sense - he is Russian by ethnicity because his parents were Russian. I was born in the former USSR as well. My birthplace is Belarus, but I lived in Uzbekistan from the time I was three and until 22 - when we moved to US. My primary language is Russian (well, it was - until I came here.) What does it make me? Ethnically, I am neither Belarussian, or Uzbek, or Russian... Ellochka 03:48, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Can you (or anyone else) provide evidence that both his parents are / were Russian? Then that can be added to the article. At the moment, it is ambiguous in that he is described as Russian, yet born in Latvia. Parentage is relevant, so should be on the article. In addition, it should be stated whether he has siblings, and whether his parents are dead or alive. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 04:26, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Cultural depictions of Mikhail Baryshnikov
I've started an approach that may apply to Wikipedia's Core Biography articles: creating a branching list page based on in popular culture information. I started that last year while I raised Joan of Arc to featured article when I created Cultural depictions of Joan of Arc, which has become a featured list. Recently I also created Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great out of material that had been deleted from the biography article. Since cultural references sometimes get deleted without discussion, I'd like to suggest this as a model for the editors here. Regards,  Durova  15:59, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, here they are his actual appearance on film and television. I don't think they'll be deleted, though I like your concept. --  Zanimum 17:29, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Aleksandr Pushkin
The link on the page leads to famous russian poet who lived way before Baryshnikov was born. If somebody has information on Baryshnikov's teacher, please write the correct info, or it least this link should be taken away.

Dead link
The link "Backstage with Baryshnikov" appears to be a parked page; link should be removed. 76.171.136.203 18:10, 31 January 2007 (UTC) william turner, independent scholar

Birthday
I've edited his birthdate, as it was incorrectly given as January 28th, instead of the 27th. I know, because I share my birthday with him (and it is given as the 27th on pretty much any other website about him). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.170.148.130 (talk) 12:39, 20 March 2007 (UTC).
 * It is the 28th according to his biography on the Iconoclasts website. --PhantomS 13:58, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Encylopedia Brittanica and IMDB  also give the 28th, though Oxford Dictionary of Dance has the 27th. And in an interview with Details magazine  they remind him that he shares a birthday with Mozart, January 27, and he doesn't say that's the wrong date. ThomWatson (talk) 19:39, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

Misha's Birthday is on the 27th of January, according to the book, Baryshnikov in Black and White and most other biography's will tell you also. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.242.149.76 (talk) 14:07, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

I agree! His birthday is on the 27th not 28th. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.242.149.76 (talk) 12:26, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Restaurant
Doesn't he own a Russian restaurant in the city? I don't remember the name, it's across the street from the russian vodka room. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.192.56.42 (talk) 14:18, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Yes, he does it is called the russian Samovar http://www.russiansamovar.com/ he partly owns it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.242.149.76 (talk) 14:09, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Desperate need of expansion
I rewrote the lead (and removed the tag in the To-Do list above) and added some biographical details. It do think it is borderline criminal that the section of on "Film and Television" takes up a third of the article, while the section on "Dance" consists of three lines, one of which harps on his stature! Expansion of discussion on his work as a Dancer and Choreographer would be greatly appreciated! - Eliezg (talk) 00:40, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Classical, for this Baryshnikov recently said something about:

On a lighter note, one attendee observed that a younger generation knows Baryshnikov not as a brilliant dancer but as Aleksandr Petrovsky,  Carrie Bradshaw’s love interest in the popular television series Sex  and the City. “Isn’t that a horrifying thought!” laughed Baryshnikov before explaining that although he enjoyed this acting gig, he does not  miss playing the role. From: http://www.danceinisrael.com/2010/06/mikhail-baryshnikov-and-ana-laguna-to-perform-in-israel/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Talgalili (talk • contribs) 21:13, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Various quotes to add to the article
Hi all,

Baryshnikov recently visited Israel to perform. During that time he attended a press conference where he gave various quotes reflecting his take on various issues. I am unsure as to where to add these quotes, since the article is mostly devoid of them.

I ended up just adding the link at the "external links" section: http://www.danceinisrael.com/2010/06/mikhail-baryshnikov-and-ana-laguna-to-perform-in-israel/

Although I am not sure it should be there, but rather some parts of it should be extracted into the article itself.

What do you think? Talgalili (talk) 21:19, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Inconsistent Wikipedia Entries for Marital Status
This article says Baryshnikov and Lisa Rinehart are not married. The Wikipeia entry for Lisa Rinehart says Rinehart is married to BaryshnikovTomandzeke (talk) 06:59, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

Art Not War
Should we include information about his work with the organization Art Not War? -- Willthacheerleader18 (talk) 20:48, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

"Mariinsky Ballet" vs "Kirov Ballet"
The third paragraph says that Baryshnikov started with the Mariinsky Ballet. That is the current name of the company. At the time he was with them, it was still called the Kirov Ballet. (Even the Wikpedia article on the Mariinsky Ballet says "Internationally, the Mariinsky Ballet continues to be known by its former Soviet name the Kirov Ballet.")

Also, he had more than "a promising start" at the Kirov. He had a career there. The article about him at Biography.com calls him "An experienced and respected ballet dancer in the Soviet Union during the 1960s". I saw him perform with the Kirov in Amsterdam in 1970, in a famous solo created especially for him.

Dudley Brooks (talk) 17:51, 13 November 2018 (UTC)

Vladimir Vasiliev, Greatest male ballet dancer?
Sorry if this offends, but anyone with this distinction should be much more widely known. Nijinksy, Nureyev, and Baryshnikov all had impacts on ballet the world over. Vasiliev is not really talked about, not outside of Russia anyway. His Wikipedia page has very little information. What is his inclusion in this short list based on? Alliwalk (talk) 22:30, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, the Russian Wikipedia article has more there, including his numerous awards which outnumber Baryshnikov etc. If you just goole "vladimir vasiliev" greatest dancer you'll see plenty of non-Russian sources that mention he's among the great dancers if not the best dancer of all time. Just because someone's Wikipedia article isn't lengthy enough doesn't mean it is not important.  on camera  01:03, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The question is not whether he is or isn't important. The question is his importance in the world wide history of ballet dancing, respective to male dancers. I'm sure he's important to Russian ballet and I'm sure he was a great dancer. My question is if he one of the greatest male ballet dancers in history. Obviously if I search for the exact name, his name will show up in the results. When I search for "greatest male ballet dancer", I expect his name to appear at the top of the list. It doesn't. There are other male dancers whose names do show up: Carlos Acosta, Peter Martins, Alexander Godunov, Roberto Bolle, Ethan Stiefel. Based on the fact that a casual search for "greatest male ballet dancer" does not result in his name, my question is still, what is his inclusion based on? If he was only important to Russian ballet, then by definition, he cannot be one of the greatest male ballet dancers because his influence is limited only to Russia. Respectfully, I suggest that this name be removed from the list. Alliwalk (talk) 15:22, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, in reality that sentence is not: sourced at all so the whole sentence should be deleted unless you find sources that mention Baryshnikov is among the greatest.  on camera  17:42, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

 * You made a good point. I removed the sentence and added a reference from Britannica.com. Alliwalk (talk) 20:43, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

RfC on nationality in lead
Should the lead sentence say "Latvian-born American", "Latvian and American", or some other option? Thedarkknightli (talk) 01:00, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

 * According to the MOS:CITIZEN, we should use "and" between them. oncamera  (talk page) 04:22, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with @Oncamera here. Citizenship is what counts here, no ethnicity. He’s a dual citizen, right? So, either “Latvian and American” or “American and Latvian.” If he resides in Latvia currently I’d use the former; otherwise, the latter. Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 14:35, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * But I think we should stick to his notable period so "Latvian-born American" may be better. Omitting his nationality from the first sentence while describing it in the second one sounds ok to me too. Thedarkknightli (talk) 17:30, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * No, on MOS:CITIZEN it says to avoid writing such things as "Latvian-born". He is an actual Latvian citizen besides being born there too. oncamera  (talk page) 17:34, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think the Tina Turner page currently provides an excellent example of what could be done here. Rather than beginning with a reductive description of her as an "American-born Swiss singer," its first paragraph puts her accomplishments up front while still containing important biographical information about her nationality. It would be nice to do the same thing here, somehow. Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 16:01, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The MOS says not to use "-born". Baryshnikov never relinquished his Latvian birthplace when he fled the USSR... Tina Turner's case is different since she relinquished her American citizenship. And it doesn't list her nationality at all in the opening sentence. You're suggesting this Baryshnikov article shouldn't list a nationality? oncamera  (talk page) 18:50, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * No, not at all. If you look elsewhere on the page you'll see what I suggested. I just think that a holistic approach should be taken to the entire lead paragraph. Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 20:38, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes His Latvian citizenship is sufficiently relevant to use it in the opening sentence. "Latvian-born" would be incorrect. -- Random person no 362478479 (talk) 21:14, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Latvian and American per Qflib. Edward-Woodrow :) [ talk ] 21:51, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Latvian and American per MOS:NATIONALITY and the comments above about avoiding "born." Nemov (talk) 13:32, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Latvian and American (...) of Russian origins, his Russian descent is clearly relevant to his biography and should be mentioned. Marcelus (talk) 18:16, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Ethnicity isn't to go into the lead sentence per MOS:ETHNICITY though. The second paragraph opening could be edited to "Born in Riga, Latvian SSR to Russian parents, Baryshnikov had a promising start..." as a compromise. I see it written like this in other articles. oncamera  (talk page) 19:15, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * MOS:ETHNICITY: Ethnicity, religion, or sexuality should generally not be in the lead unless relevant to the subject's notability; I can see him also be called Russian-American dancer etc. as many sources do that, and Russia is the country were he gained notability for the first time. His Russian background absolutely needs to be mentioned in the lead one way or another. Marcelus (talk) 20:28, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't say he is prominent because of his ethnicity though. You could mention the style of Russian ballet he performed in the lead, but he also learned a neoclassical version of it while in the USA under George Balanchine, who wasn't Russian. Native American dancer Maria Tallchief rose to fame under the same style of neoclassical style of Russian ballet and it didn't matter if she wasn't Russian to do so. Anyone could learn the style. Unless he did more to promote Russian culture, I don't know if it is a prominent feature. He defected from the USSR and was Soviet-born. oncamera  (talk page) 20:49, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Russia is definitely more important in the context of his biography and achievements, as it was in Russia that he became one of the most prominent living dancers and achieved his first successes. Latvia has a completely episodic significance for his biography. Marcelus (talk) 21:42, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Call him like he's called on Latvian Wikipedia - an American ballet dancer, ballet master and actor originating from Latvia's Russians. I agree with Marcelus about the importance of mentioning the Russian origin. His name and surname are entirely Russian and reading that he is Latvian without mentioning that he is ethnically Russian would confuse readers.--Cukrakalnis (talk) 15:28, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * American and Latvian dancer, choreographer, and actor of Russian origin - per logic of and, and it best meets WP:ASTONISH. A significant part of this amazing artist's fame is wrapped up with his Russian ballet career and defection to the West. Cheers, Last1in (talk) 12:47, 28 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, this is the sort of thing I'd like to see as well. Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 20:40, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

 * American and Latvian, and make some reference that he was formerly Soviet as well, as I think it's relevant.--Ortizesp (talk) 20:33, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Do you think that his Russian ancestry is less relevant than the fact that he was born in Latvia? Why? Marcelus (talk) 21:04, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * He says his first 16 years in Latvia set his interests in the arts, it's also where he first learned ballet when his mother introduced him to it (she's also buried there). He hasn't been back to Russia (and says he was just a guest in that country anyway) in almost 50 years and left because he wanted creative freedom. He's not a promoter of Russian culture like other dancers. Three of his children don't speak any Russian. There's some obsession to proclaim him as Russian, but I don't think he feels that way. He was born in the USSR. He now has US and Latvian citizenship which he is proud of. oncamera  (talk page) 21:33, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That's incorrect; for example in 2012 he starred in the play "In Paris" by Ivan Bunin, he played in his native Russian . Recently he founded a True Russia foundation so it's rather clear that he still considers himself Russian and want to represent Russia, specifically anti-Putin Russia. And he didn't leave Russia specifically, but the Soviet Union, it's not like Latvia was at that time any better. Also his feeling about Latvia aren't that strong: Though his parents were Russian, he did not move to Russia until he was sixteen: “I was guest there, always.” As for Latvia, it was his birthplace, but his parents were “occupiers” (his word) there. “The minute plane set down, the minute I stepped again on Latvian land, I realized this was never my home. My heart didn’t even skip one beat. Marcelus (talk) 22:09, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That's an outdated quote from his first time returning to Latvia, he has spoken more since then about his Latvian birthplace which is linked in the article. Here's a recent quote from his "True Russia" address to Putin, where he says he's a man of the free world and that other people consider him Russian. He doesn't apply that label to himself, which he would have if he thought so. "In my childhood, the role of occupant was imposed upon me, the son of a Russian officer in Latvia, yet it didn’t stick. I learned the Latvian language, and at the age of 26, rejected all roles that your thin-necked precursors tried to impose upon me. I rejected them forever. I have lived as a person of the free world for almost 50 years now – with no roles forced onto me by others, and without fear, but people still consider me Russian, as they consider my friend Boris Akunin a Russian writer, and Sergei Guriev a Russian economist." - source The second paragraph can mention he's the son of Russian parents but I don't think it belongs in the opening sentence since he doesn't seem to own it the way other dancers like Ukrainian-born Sergei Polunin, whose has multiple citizenships but clearly says he's always regarded himself as Russian. oncamera  (talk page) 22:21, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * As I said "of Russian origins" Marcelus (talk) 20:54, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * And that can go into the second paragraph of the lead, as I said. "Born in Riga, Latvian SSR, to Russian parents, Baryshnikov had a promising start..." That is how defines himself, son of Russian parents. oncamera  (talk page) 21:18, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

 * American and Latvian (Brought here from WP:RFC/A) Seems there is consensus per both MOS:ETHNICITY & MOS:NATIONALITY
 * MaximusEditor (talk) 18:25, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mikhail Baryshnikov


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Wadi Rum

Wadi Rum (وادي رم Wādī Ramm, also Wādī al-Ramm), known also as the Valley of the Moon (وادي القمر Wādī al-Qamar), is a valley cut into the sandstone and granite rock in southern Jordan, near the border with Saudi Arabia and about 60 km to the east of the city of Aqaba. With an area of 720 km2 it is the largest wadi (river valley) in Jordan.

Several prehistoric civilizations left petroglyphs, rock inscriptions and ruins in Wadi Rum. Today it is a tourist attraction, offering guided tours, hiking and rock climbing. The Wadi Rum Protected Area has been a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2011.

Toponym
Wadi Rum or Wadi Ramm is believed to get its name from the early name of Iram of the Pillars (also called Irum (إرم)), a lost city mentioned in the Quran.

Geography
The area is centered on the main valley of Wadi Rum. The highest elevation in Jordan is Jabal Umm ad Dami at 1840 m high (SRTM data states 1854 m), located 30 kilometers south of Wadi Rum village. It was first located by Difallah Ateeg, a Zalabia Bedouin from Rum. On a clear day, it is possible to see the Red Sea and the Saudi border from the top.

Jabal Ram or Jebel Rum (1734 m above sea level) is the second highest peak in Jordan and the highest peak in the central Rum, rising directly above Rum valley, opposite Jebel um Ishrin, which is possibly one meter lower.

Khaz'ali Canyon in Wadi Rum is the site of petroglyphs etched into the cave walls depicting humans and antelopes dating back to the Thamudic times. The village of Wadi Rum itself consists of several hundred Bedouin inhabitants with their goat-hair tents and concrete houses and also their four-wheel vehicles, one school for boys and one for girls, a few shops, and the headquarters of the Desert Patrol.

Geology
Wadi Rum is located within the Sandstone Mountain and Valley Region of southern Jordan the area is characterized by tall, near vertical mountains of iron-rich, erosion resistant, Umm Ishrin Sandstone, separated by flat-bottom valleys of alluvial sediments, aeolian sands, and salt pans. The Umm Ishrin is the thickest formation in the Lower Palaeozoic-Upper Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone, underlying the Disi and Umm Sahn sandstone formations, and overlying the Salib Arkosic Formation. The Salib in turn overlies the eroded Aqaba Complex of plutonic granitoids. An aquifer forms along this lithologic contact, with springs forming on the eastern mountain slopes. Alluvial fans compose most of the alluvial sediments. Aeolian systems include tafoni, natural bridges, and sand dunes. Sand dunes include barkhans, climbing dunes consisting of sand ramps that reach the tops of hills, and echo dunes consisting of sands that have crawled over a hill to be deposited on the lee side.

History
Various human cultures have inhabited Wadi Rum since prehistoric times, with many cultures–including the Nabataeans–leaving their mark in the form of petroglyphs, inscriptions, and temple ruins. Currently, the majority is made up by the Zalabieh Bedouins who arrived to the region around 1980. The word "Bedouin" comes from the Arabic word for desert, pronounced badiya in the Arabic language. The root of this word is bad’a, which translates to "clear" and "obvious" in Arabic. One central characteristic for Bedouin tribes is the sense of belonging that tribe members feel.

When they first arrived, the Zalabieh bedouins lived in tents. Their village held about 700-800 people. 80% of those people were either retired from the army or the police.

The camel is the favorite animal of the Zalabieh bedouins. It is a symbol for male pride. Camel racing is an important sport for the Bedouins. These races allow Bedouins to engage in male competition, and establish manhood and power within the community.

Wadi Rum was documented by British officer T. E. Lawrence, who passed through several times during the Arab Revolt of 1917–18. In the 1980s one of the rock formations in Wadi Rum, originally known as "Jabal al-Mazmar" (The Mountain of (the) Plague), was named "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom," after Lawrence's book penned in the aftermath of the war, though the 'Seven Pillars' referred to in the book have no connection with Rum.

Lawrence described his entrance into the Valley of Rumm: "The hills on the right grew taller and sharper, a fair counterpart of the other side which straightened itself to one massive rampart of redness. They drew together until only two miles divided them: and then, towering gradually till their parallel parapets must have been a thousand feet above us, ran forward in an avenue for miles. The crags were capped in nests of domes, less hotly red than the body of the hill; rather grey and shallow. They gave the finishing semblance of Byzantine architecture to this irresistible place: this processional way greater than imagination."

Lawrence also described his encounter with the spring, Ain Shalaaleh, "On the rock-bulge above were clear-cut Nabathaean inscriptions, and a sunk panel incised with a monogram or symbol. Around and about were Arab scratches, including tribe-marks, some of which were witnesses of forgotten migrations: but my attention was only for the splashing of water in a crevice under the shadow of the overhanging rock. I looked in to see the spout, a little thinner than my wrist, jetting out firmly from a fissure in the roof, and falling with that clean sound into a shallow, frothing pool, behind the step which served as an entrance. Thick ferns and grasses of the finest green made it a paradise just five feet square."

The discovery of the Nabataean Temple (located walking distance from the Rest House) in 1933 briefly returned the spotlight to the desert. A French team of archaeologists completed the excavations in 1997.

Tourism
Desert scenes of Wadi Rum in Lawrence of Arabia from 1962 kick-started Jordan's tourism industry.

Wadi Rum is one of Jordan's most popular tourist sites, attracting 162,000 tourists in 2017. Wadi Rum is home to the Zalabieh tribe, who developed eco-adventure tourism and services throughout the protected area. Using local guides and services brings many benefits to the protected area. In particular, it enables people to continue earning a living from the land and helps to ensure that the protected area remains protected.

Bedouins in Wadi Rum allow tourists to stay overnight in their traditional camps, and provide activities, meals and transport throughout the desert. They also run restaurants and small shops in the villages that provide meals and basic supplies for visitors. Popular activities in Wadi Rum include 4x4 tours, camel rides, hiking, and camping.

Dima and Lama Hattab coordinate an annual marathon in the region called Jabal Ishrin.

Rock climbing
Local Bedouin have climbed in the sandstone mountains of Wadi Rum for many generations. Many of their 'Bedouin Roads' have been rediscovered and documented by modern climbers. Several are included in the climbing guidebook by Tony Howard, and online by Liên and Gilles Rappeneau.

In 1949, Sheikh Hamdan took surveyors to the summit of Jabal Ram. The first recorded European ascent of Jabal Ram took place in November 1952, by Charmian Longstaff and Sylvia Branford, guided by Sheik Hamdan. The first recorded rock climbs started in 1984, with the first of many visits by English climbers Howard, Baker, Taylor and Shaw. This group repeated many of the Bedouin routes, accompanied by locals and independently, including, in 1984, Hammad's Route on Jebel Rum, and, in 1985, Sheikh Kraim’s Hunter’s Slabs and Rijm Assaf on Jebel Rum. Many new routes were climbed in the 1980s, by this team, French guide Wilfried Colonna, by the Swiss Remy brothers, and by Haupolter and Precht. The first dedicated climbing guide book, Treks and Climb in Wadi Rum, by Tony Howard, was first published in 1987. Some of the many Bedouin routes have been documented online by Lien and Gilles Rappeneau. A new routes book for climbers is held at the Wadi Rum Guest House.

The route Guerre Sainte was climbed in 2000 by Batoux, Petit and friends. This was the first route in Wadi Rum to be entirely equipped using bolt protection. The route, on the East Face of Jebel Nassarani North, is 450 m long, and graded F7b or F7aA0.

Filming location
The area has been used as a background setting in a number of films. Filmmakers are particularly drawn to it for science fiction films set on Mars.

The Location Managers Guild recognized the Jordanian Royal Film Commission with its LMGI Award for Outstanding Film Commission in 2017 for its work on Rogue One, which was filmed at Wadi Rum. The RFC was previously nominated for its work with The Martian.

 * Lawrence of Arabia – David Lean filmed much of this 1962 film on location in Wadi Rum.
 * Prometheus – scenes for the Alien Planet
 * The Last Days on Mars – filmed for exterior shots representing the surface of the titular planet for this 2013 film.
 * The Martian – filming for the Ridley Scott film began in March 2015, for shots that stood in for the surface of Mars. Matt Damon on Wadi Rum:
 * Theeb – Filmed mostly in Wadi Rum, as well as Wadi Araba.
 * Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, used for scenes set on Jedha.
 * Aladdin, 2019 live action remake of the 1992 Disney animated film of the same name.
 * Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker, used for the desert planet Pasaana.
 * Dune (2021), used as a location for the desert planet Arrakis. Timothée Chalamet on Wadi Rum:
 * Dune: Part Two, used as a filming location.
 * Aadujeevitham – The desert scenes of the 2024 Malayalam film were mostly shot on locations in Wadi Rum.
 * Moon Knight (2022), used for the scenes outside Ammit's tomb.
 * The Amazing Race 34
 * John Wick: Chapter 4 (2023), used for a desert scene while John Wick is on the move.

title: Wadi Rum


text:
Talk:Squirt-gun

If I have some spare time I can expend it into a history of.

If anyone else has a few moments and feels like doing the research, then by all means fill in the blanks.

It could go into the Wiktionary site as well but I'd actually be interested in reading the history of the Squirt-gun!

This is actualy a duplicate page, I'm adding a redirect for it.

title: Talk:Squirt-gun


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Belief system

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 09:18, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Belief system
This was constructed on 13 Sep 04 and abandoned the following day--SqueakBox 01:37, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC) Right now there is nothing to merge. Write something and I would merge it or the article could then be left alone. --SqueakBox 14:57, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC) I guess the title could become an empty section, and the talk page could be copied to the talk page of Belief? --SqueakBox 04:07, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, some will make it again if necessary, hopefully with content --nixie 05:35, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, empty article. Megan1967 06:35, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trilobite (Talk) 10:42, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * redirect to belief or religon dab (ᛏ) 11:53, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Spinboy 21:17, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --SqueakBox 00:36, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to belief. There's a bit on talk:belief system if somebody feels like using that to write an actual article, though.  -Sean Curtin 01:37, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No content, should have been speedied.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:40, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: no content. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:22, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jayjg (talk) 05:29, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No content. Perhaps redirect to Nihilism. Carrp | Talk 06:49, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no content... -- Riffsyphon1024 06:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge the talk section to the talk section of talk:belief, and add ==Belief system== to the main article. Use  .  Eric Herboso  04:03, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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American open-wheel car racing

American open-wheel car racing, generally known as Indy car racing, or more formally Indianapolis car racing, is a category of professional automobile racing in the United States. As of 2024, the top-level American open-wheel racing championship is sanctioned by IndyCar. Competitive events for professional-level, open-wheel race cars have been conducted under the auspices of various sanctioning bodies, tracing its roots as far back as 1902. A season-long, points-based, National Championship of drivers has been officially recognized in 1905, 1916, and each year since 1920 (except for a hiatus during WWII). As such, for many years, the category of racing was known as Championship car racing (or Champ car racing for short). That name has fallen from use, and the term Indy car racing (derived from the Indy 500) has become the preferred moniker.

The machines, typically referred to as "Indy cars", are a formula of single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, purpose-built race cars. They compete on a variety of circuits, including ovals, road courses, street circuits, and combined road courses. The most famous and most important event of the season is the Indianapolis 500, held on Memorial Day weekend in late May. Over the decades, Indy cars have been generally similar to those in Formula One, though there are important differences. Though the IndyCar Series is U.S.-based, international races have occasionally been held; in such places as Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Japan, Australia, as well as Europe.

This form of racing experienced considerable growth and popularity in the decades after World War II. The "Golden Era" of the front-engined roadsters was followed by a decade of innovation and transition in the 1960s. By the late-1960s and early-1970s, the cars had rapidly evolved to rear-engined, formula-style machines. Speeds climbed on the superspeedways to over 200 mph, while international participation also increased. The sport saw much success, exposure, and popularity particularly during the 1980s–1990s under the sanctioning of Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART). Organizational disputes in 1979 and 1996 split participants and the fanbase among two separate sanctioning bodies. The sport was re-unified in 2008, and in late 2019, IndyCar was bought by Roger Penske and Penske Entertainment.

AAA (1902–1955)
The national championship was sanctioned by the Contest Board of the American Automobile Association (AAA). The AAA first sanctioned automobile motorsports events in 1902. At first it used the rules of the Automobile Club of America (ACA), but it formed its own rules in 1903. It introduced the first track season championship for racing cars in 1905. Barney Oldfield was the first champion. No official season championship was recognized from 1906 to 1915, however, many races were held. Official records regard 1916 as the next contested championship season. Years later, retroactive titles were named back to 1902. These post factum seasons (1902–1904, 1906–1915, and 1917–1919) are considered unofficial and revisionist history by accredited historians.

Racing did not cease in the United States during WWI, but the official national championship was suspended. The Indianapolis 500 itself was voluntarily suspended for 1917–1918 due to the war. In 1920, the championship officially resumed, and despite the difficult economic climate that would later follow, ran continuously throughout the Depression. Shortly after Pearl Harbor, all auto racing was suspended during World War II. From 1942 to 1945 no events were contested, banned by the U.S. government primarily on account of rationing. Racing resumed in full in 1946. The 1946 season is unique, in that it included six Champ Car events, and 71 "Big Car" races, as organizers were initially unsure about the availability of cars and participation.

AAA ceased participation in auto racing at the end of the 1955 season. It cited a series of high-profile fatal accidents, namely Bill Vukovich during the 1955 Indianapolis 500, and the 1955 Le Mans disaster.

Through 1922 and again from 1930 to 1937, it was commonplace for the cars to be two-seaters, as opposed to the aforementioned standard single-seat form. The driver would be accompanied by a riding mechanic (or "mechanician").

USAC (1956–1978)
The national championship was taken over by the United States Auto Club (USAC), a new sanctioning body formed by the then-owner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Tony Hulman. Championship racing continued to grow in popularity in a stabilized environment for over two decades, with the two traditional disciplines of paved oval tracks and dirt oval tracks. During the 1950s, front-engined "roadsters" became the dominant cars on the paved oval tracks, while "upright" Champ Dirt Cars continued to dominate on dirt tracks. In the 1960s, drivers and team owners with road racing backgrounds, both American and foreign, began creeping into the series and the paved oval track cars evolved from front-engine "roadsters" to rear-engine formula-style racers. Technology, speed, and expense climbed at a rapid rate. The schedule continued to be dominated by oval tracks, but a few road course races were added to assuage the newcomers. Dirt tracks were dropped from the national championship after 1970.

During the 1970s, the increasing costs began to drive some of the traditional USAC car owners out of the sport. The dominant teams became Penske, Patrick, Gurney, and McLaren, all run by people with road racing backgrounds. There was a growing dissent between these teams and USAC management. Events outside Indianapolis were suffering from low attendance, and poor promotion. The Indy 500 was televised on a same day tape delayed basis on ABC, however, most of the other races had little or no coverage on television.

Towards the end of the decade, the growing dissent prompted several car owners to consider creating a new sanctioning body to conduct the races. Meanwhile, two events had a concomitant effect on the situation. Tony Hulman, president of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and founder of USAC, died in the fall of 1977. A few months later, eight key USAC officials were killed in a plane crash. By the end of 1978, the owners had broken away and founded Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) to wrest control of Championship racing away from USAC.

CART & USAC (1979–1981): First open-wheel "split"
Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) was formed by most of the existing team owners, with some initial assistance from the SCCA (in order to be recognized by ACCUS). Therefore, there were two national championships run each by USAC and CART. The Indianapolis 500 remained under USAC sanction. The top teams allied to CART, and the CART championship quickly became the more prestigious national championship. USAC ran a "rump" 1979 season, with few big name drivers — the only exception being A. J. Foyt. In 1979, USAC denied several of the entries from the CART teams at the 1979 Indianapolis 500. The controversy saw a court injunction during the month, which allowed the CART-affiliated entrants to participate.

In 1980 USAC and CART jointly formed the Championship Racing League (CRL) to jointly run the national championship, but IMS management disliked the idea. USAC pulled out of the CRL arrangement in July. CART continued with the schedule for the remainder of the season. Both CART and USAC awarded separate national championship titles that year, and Johnny Rutherford happened to win both.

In 1981–1982, the Indianapolis 500 remained sanctioned by USAC. The preeminent national championship was now the one being sanctioned by CART. The Indy 500 field would consist largely of CART teams, as well as numerous independent, "Indy-only" teams. Indianapolis was not included as a points-paying round of the CART national championship. In addition, by that time USAC had designated Indianapolis an "invitational" race, offering entries only to invited teams. That moved in part to prevent the uproar over denied entries which occurred in 1979. One further race in 1981 was run by USAC at Pocono. This race was not supported by many CART teams, and featured a mixed field filled out by converted dirt track cars. USAC soon stopped sanctioning championship races outside the Indianapolis 500.

CART & USAC (1982–1995)
Stability returned and the national championship was now run by CART full-time. The Indianapolis 500 was sanctioned singly by USAC, but points were paid towards the CART season championship. The cars and engines used in the CART races and USAC-sanctioned Indy 500 were the same, with only relatively minor rules differences. The Indy 500 field would consist of the CART regulars, and numerous one-off ("Indy only") entries. On occasion, some of the "Indy only" entries also elected to participate in the Michigan 500 and Pocono 500 (both sanctioned by CART) given the increased stature and exposure of those two events.

One of the more noticeable rule differences by USAC was allowing "stock block" engines a higher level of turbocharger boost. While most full-time CART-based teams utilized their V-8 quadcam engines at Indy, some of the smaller or "Indy only" teams elected to run stock block engines, attracted by the boost rules.

USAC's Gold Crown Championship continued, settling into an unusual June through May schedule calendar. This provided that the Indianapolis 500 would be the final race of the respective season. However, between the 1984–85 season and its final season in 1994–95 seasons, the USAC Gold Crown Championship never included an additional race outside of the Indianapolis 500, meaning the winner of the Indy 500 would win the USAC Gold Crown Championship by default.

CART & IRL (1996–2003): Second open-wheel "split"
In 1994, Tony Hulman's grandson, Tony George, president of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, founded the Indy Racing League (IRL), to begin competition in 1996. It would exist as a separate championship, and leveraged the fame of the Indianapolis 500, which was placed as its centerpiece. After the IRL announced that 25 teams that competed in IRL races would get automatic qualifications to the race, making it impossible for the majority of the CART field to make the race, CART teams boycotted the 1996 Indy 500. It was the beginning of the second open-wheel "split". Initially, USAC sanctioned the IRL, however after officiating controversies in 1997 at Indianapolis and Texas, the USAC was replaced by the IRL's in-house officiating.

CART, which had been licensing the trademarked "IndyCar" name for several seasons, subsequently entered into a legal battle with the Indianapolis Motor Speedway (the trademark owner) over the use of the moniker. Eventually a settlement was reached in which CART gave up use of the name, but the IRL in turn could not use it until 2003. CART rebranded themselves with the CART name, and began referring to their machines as Champ Cars.

CART's existing national championship remained dominant after the split for some time, initially retaining the top drivers, teams, and sponsors. However, in 2000, CART teams began to return to the Indy 500, eventually defecting permanently to the IRL. For 2003, it lost title sponsor FedEx and engine providers Honda and Toyota to the IRL.

IRL IndyCar Series & Champ Car World Series (2004–2007)
After steadily losing teams and drivers, sponsors, and manufacturers, and after a series of major financial setbacks, CART filed for bankruptcy in 2003. The assets were purchased by a consortium called Open Wheel Racing Series (OWRS) in 2004 and the series was renamed the Champ Car Open Wheel Racing Series, later renaming it to the Champ Car World Series. However, the sanctioning body continued to be plagued by financial difficulties, In 2007, CCWS's presenting sponsors Bridgestone and Ford Motor Company withdrew.

During this time, the IRL was now operating under the moniker IndyCar Series, and slowly beginning to establish itself as the more preeminent national championship trail. In 2005, the IRL added road/street courses, and began picking up several former CART venues. And in 2007, Champ Car raced in Europe for the first time since 2003, with races in The Netherlands and Belgium and a planned round in Spain in 2008 before the unification.

IndyCar (2008–2019): Unification era
Prior to the start of the 2008 season, the CCWS Board authorized bankruptcy and Champ Car was absorbed into the IRL, creating a unified series for the national championship for the first time since 1978. The unified series competed under the name IndyCar Series. The two calendars were merged into one schedule, with the top Champ Car races such as Long Beach (which was a CCWS-sanctioned event with IRL points before being an official round of the IRL in 2009), Edmonton and Surfers Paradise in Australia surviving, later being replaced with an A1GP event in 2009 that never happened before the focus was changed to the Australian Supercars Championship in 2010. Some of the other races from the Champ Car schedule were dropped or put on hiatus for a few seasons. All historical record and property of CART/CCWS was assumed by the IRL.

Randy Bernard was announced as the new IRL CEO in February 2010. In 2011, the sanctioning body dropped the Indy Racing League name, becoming IndyCar to reflect the merged series. The new Dallara DW12 racecar was introduced for the 2012 season. Bernard was replaced by Mark Miles in 2012. The series operated under the name IZOD IndyCar Series from 2010 to 2013, then became known as the Verizon IndyCar Series from 2014 to 2018, and the NTT IndyCar Series since 2019.

IndyCar (2020–present): Penske era
In 2020, the IndyCar Series, as well as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and other holdings, was sold to Penske Entertainment Corp., a subsidiary of the Penske Corporation, owned by Roger Penske.

Car names and trademarks
The race cars participating in national championship events have been referred to by various names. Early nomenclature was to call the machines "Championship Cars", which was later shortened to "Champ Cars". The term "Big Cars" saw some limited use; a term that identified the machines as larger and faster than junior formulae such as sprints and midgets. That term disappeared from use and was instead largely used for Sprint cars. Since some promoters continued to advertise their championship events with the term "Big Cars", some which leads to some inconsistencies. In the post-World War II era, the term "Speedway Cars" saw limited use; a loosely descriptive term, distinguishing the machines as those driven at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and other major speedways, as opposed to those driven at smaller tracks, for instance. Nevertheless, the term "Championship/Champ Cars" prevailed as the preferred moniker.

In most years since the USAC era, the term "Indy cars" (after the Indy 500) has taken over as the preferred moniker. Apropos to that, when CART was founded in 1979, its acronym stood for Championship Auto Racing Teams, a reflection of the historical use of the term "Championship Car". From its onset, CART started marketed itself with the two-word "Indy Car" term, advertising itself as the "CART Indy Car World Series".

Through the mid-1990s, the term "Indy car" referred to machines used to compete in events sanctioned by CART, as well as the machines competing in the Indianapolis 500 (sanctioned singly by USAC).

In 1992, the CamelCase term "IndyCar" was trademarked by IMS, Inc. It was licensed to CART from 1992 through 1996. After the inception of the Indy Racing League in 1996, the terms of the contract were voided after a lawsuit. As part of the settlement, the term was shelved by a six-year non-use agreement. Following the settlement, and the lack of connection to the Indy 500, CART decided to revert to the former term. It re-assumed the name CART, and the machines would be referred to again as "Champ cars". This continued after CART was reorganized into CCWS.

Complicating the situation resulting from the open-wheel split, CART/Champ Car races held outside the United States were still permitted to use the Indy moniker (e.g., Molson Indy Toronto and Lexmark Indy 300). Foreign venue promoters took advantage of the marketing power of the Indy 500 name for their events, even though the Champ Car series they were promoting no longer had any ties to that race. The exceptions created confusion, and Champ Car gradually phased out the usage to distance itself further from the IRL.

After the settlement expired in 2003, the IndyCar term was brought back. The Indy Racing League was re-branded as the "IRL IndyCar Series". The machines in the series were also referred to as "Indy cars". Despite the official acknowledgment, media and fans alike would continue to use the term "IRL" to describe the series, and to a lesser extent, "IRL cars" to describe the machines. Removing the "IRL" term from use proved difficult.

With two series (IndyCar and Champ Car) still competing parallel, the umbrella terms "Open Wheel Cars" and "Open Wheel Racing" saw increased use during the split and post-split era. Many drivers had logged starts in both series at one time or another during their careers. The term was used as a way to combine a driver's career accomplishments without being series/machine specific. It also served to link the lineage of events, teams, drivers, etc., even as they switched sanctioning bodies.

In 2008, when Champ Car World Series was merged into the Indy Racing League, the term "Champ Car" was permanently retired. The unified racing series fell under the "IndyCar" name, and the machines would be known as "Indy cars". On January 1, 2011, the names "Indy Racing League" and "IRL" were officially retired. The sanction body was re-branded as INDYCAR LLC, and the premier touring series was named the IndyCar Series (currently known as the NTT IndyCar Series for sponsorship reasons).

Comparison with Formula One
At first, American and European open-wheel racing were not distinct disciplines. Races on both continents were mostly point-to-point races, and large ovals tracks emerged on both continents. But in America, racing took off at horse-race tracks and at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, while in Europe, racing from point to point and around large circuits gained in popularity. Grand Prix racing (which became Formula One) and rallying then diverged in Europe. Formula One was established after World War II as the World Championship for road racing, and F1 cars became increasingly specialized and high-tech.

In the 1960s, road racing gained popularity in North America, and Formula One-style design ideas changed IndyCars, which until then had all been classic-styled front-engined roadsters. When North America's road racing championship, Can-Am Challenge, collapsed in the 1970s, the IndyCars were ready to fill the void. IndyCar was a combination road- and oval-racing championship from this time until the Split. Compared to F1 cars, IndyCars were partly specialized for oval-racing: they were larger and had other safety features, and were designed to run at the higher speeds necessary for oval racing. Because IndyCars were usually "customer" cars that the teams purchased from constructors, and because of rules to contain costs, they were considerably less expensive than F1 cars, each model of which was designed by the team that used it. After the Split in the 1990s, CART maintained the old formula while the IRL drifted toward the "spec" design that has been the only IndyCar model since 2003 (which changed in 2012, with specialized aero kits available from 2015 to 2017).

As engine formulas have changed, and as engine technology has developed over time, F1 cars and IndyCars have each produced more power than the other at different times. But for the foreseeable future, F1 cars will have considerably more power than the spec IndyCar.

Alex Zanardi, who drove both in F1 and CART, said that the lighter, naturally aspirated F1 car was more responsive and accelerated off the turns faster, while the turbocharged CART car was more stable and accelerated to top speed faster.

More recently Formula 2 drivers Callum Ilott and Christian Lundgaard, who are both also test and reserve drivers for Alpine F1 and Scuderia Ferrari respectively, have stated that the modern Dallara DW12 spec car used in the IndyCar Series sits in between a Formula 2 and a Formula One car on road and street courses in terms of performance. Both Ilott and Lundgaard have stated that the IndyCar's lack of power steering combined with the lower downforce levels and roughly 100 horsepower advantage make the IndyCar harder to drive than a Formula 2 car. Both noted however that around a road or street course the Formula One car would be significantly faster than an IndyCar.

There is debate on which series is more demanding. Some point out that champions that retired from F1 have won CART championships: e.g., Emerson Fittipaldi and Nigel Mansell. Drivers who did not excel in F1 have continued their careers in IndyCar with varying levels of success. Some successful IndyCar drivers have tried but failed to get a seat in even a low level Formula One team. A handful of notable IndyCar drivers, however, found subsequent success in F1, including Mario Andretti and Jacques Villeneuve, who became Formula One champions, and Juan Pablo Montoya, who won several F1 races. Conversely, some point to the different track designs of IndyCar (see below) as a bigger challenge to the drivers. Former Haas F1 driver Romain Grosjean stated in 2021 that a modern IndyCar is more physically exerting to drive than a modern Formula One car but that the Formula One car was more mentally taxing due to all its additional complexity, horsepower, and downforce levels compared to the IndyCar as well as the need to manage fuel levels given that Formula One cars do not refuel during the race while IndyCar racing allows refueling during races.

Open-wheel cars

 * "Indy car" is a generic name for championship open-wheel auto racing in the United States. "Indy car" initially described an open-wheel car that participated in the Indianapolis 500-Mile Race. Originally, the cars were generally referred to as "Championship cars". However, as the result of the Indianapolis being the most notable race on the calendar, many people started to apply the "Indy car" designation for the entire American open-wheel class of cars in order to differentiate those from other types of open-wheel cars, such as those used in Formula One.
 * In general, IndyCars of both CART and IndyCar are slower on street and road courses, being less expensive and technology-centric platforms than their Formula One counterparts. This was even the case during the CART PPG era during the mid to late 1990s. With the bid to keep costs down around teams in IndyCar, a competitive Indy car team like Newman/Haas Racing operated on approximately US$20 Million per season, while the McLaren-Mercedes F1 team had an annual budget of US$400 million in 2008. With the budget cap in Formula One which was introduced in 2021, a team now can spend a maximum of US$145 Million on developing their car.
 * The Formula One chassis was required to be built by their respective team/constructor since 1981, whereas an Indy car chassis could be purchased. The dominance of a select few manufacturers has essentially turned the IndyCar Series into a spec series. CART/CCWS became a spec series more intentionally for cost savings purposes.

Racing description

 * Indy car racing historically tended to take place on high speed ovals, while Formula One used primarily permanent road courses. However, Champ Car had no oval tracks for the 2007 season (which was its last), while the IRL added road/street courses to what was originally an all-oval series, and IndyCar has had a nearly equal balance of ovals and road/street courses in some years. Currently, the IndyCar Series has fewer ovals on its schedule than road/street courses due to safety concerns; the 2021 season had only four oval races, out of 16 overall.
 * Indy car racing was dominated by North American drivers until the 1980s and 1990s, which saw the debuts of drivers from Europe, South America, and Japan, many of whom had previously competed in Formula One. This led to Tony George forming the IRL in order to promote American drivers. Conversely, American drivers have not found much success in Formula One since the 1970s; the last American driver to date to have won a Formula One race or the World Drivers' Championship was Mario Andretti, who accomplished both in 1978. Andretti was born in Italy and later became an American citizen.
 * Due partly to the lack of American drivers and teams, Formula One struggled to establish itself in that market, with the United States Grand Prix not being part of the Formula One season in some years. However, since the 2023 season, the Formula One calendar featured three Grands Prix taking place in the United States. In a parallel, Indy car racing has made little headway outside of the United States and Canada, despite occasionally having races overseas.

Types of circuits
The American National Championship is notable for the wide variety of racetracks it has used compared to other series, such as Formula One and the various forms of Endurance sports car racing. The mainstays of the championship are as follows:
 * Paved ovals and tri-ovals (e.g. Indianapolis, Texas)
 * Permanent (or "Natural") road courses (e.g. Barber, Mid-Ohio)
 * Temporary street circuits/courses (e.g. Long Beach, St. Pete)
 * Combined road course (e.g. IndyCar Grand Prix)

Until 1970 the championship frequently raced on dirt and clay tracks, but all such tracks were removed permanently by USAC before the 1971 season.

From 1915 to 1931 board tracks were frequently used for championship races, however safety concerns and cost of maintenance, especially with the onset of the Great Depression, and nearly all were demolished in the 1930s.

The Pikes Peak Hillclimb was a round of the championship in the years 1947—1955 and 1965–1969.

In 1909 a point-to-point race from Los Angeles to Phoenix was included in the championship.

Airport runways have also been used to create temporary circuits. The most notable used for open-wheel racing was the Cleveland Grand Prix at Burke Lakefront Airport. St. Pete and Edmonton also utilize airport runways for parts of the course, however, they lead back to streets for the rest of the lap.

Events outside the United States
For the majority of the national championship, the races have been held inside the United States. American championship cars raced at the Monza oval in 1957 and 1958 alongside Formula One and sports cars in the non-championship Race of Two Worlds. Also, in 1966 there was a non-championship USAC race at Fuji Speedway in Japan. The first championship events outside the U.S. took place in 1967 at Mosport and Saint-Jovite in Canada. In 1971, the USAC season-opening race was held at Rafaela. In the autumn of 1978, two races were held in England, the first at Silverstone, then a week later at Brands Hatch.

Beginning in the mid-1980s, CART expanded throughout North America, venturing into Mexico (Mexico City) and Canada (Sanair, Toronto and Vancouver). In the 1990s and early 2000s, international expansion reached overseas with events at Surfer's Paradise, Rio de Janeiro, Motegi, Lausitz, and Rockingham.

Towards the end of its run, Champ Car ran races at European tracks such as TT Circuit Assen and Zolder Circuit, intentionally scheduled in regions and dates that would not compete with Formula One.

Astor Cup
In 2011 IndyCar revived the Astor Cup, first awarded in 1915 as the series championship trophy. A black granite base has been added displaying the names of all the American Championship car racing series winners since 1909.

Vanderbilt Cup
The 1916, 1936 and 1937 Vanderbilt Cup races were included in the national championship. The 1909–1915 races were retrospectively added to the championship in 1926. CART resurrected the Cup in 1996 as the winner's trophy for the US500 race. When that race was discontinued in 2000, the Cup changed roles and became the championship trophy. Champ Car retained the rights to use the trophy after CART's bankruptcy, but use of the trophy was discontinued after Champ Car's merger with the Indy Racing League.

Indianapolis 500 as part of the national championship
From its inception in 1911, the Indianapolis 500 has been considered the marquee event of Championship/Indy car racing. The race has been held every year from 1911, with the exception of 1917–1918 (World War I) and 1942–1945 (World War II). The Indianapolis 500 has been part of an official national championship in 1916, 1920–1941, and since 1946. In the years from 1911 to 1915, as well as 1919, the race was held as a formally sanctioned event, but an official national championship was not recognized in those years. Therefore, those six editions of the race were not attached to an officially recognized national championship.

Winning the Indianapolis 500 has frequently been considered at near or equal profile to winning the national championship. However, direct comparisons are difficult as many of the national champions are also Indy 500 winners in their own right. In many instances, drivers have won both the 500 and the championship in the same calendar year.

During the first USAC/CART open-wheel "split", which encompasses the period from 1979 to 1995, the status of the Indianapolis 500 as part of the national championship changed somewhat. The Indy 500 was sanctioned by USAC, and during that time, was officially part of the USAC Gold Crown Championship calendar. However, the bulk of the field was CART-based teams and drivers. The Indy 500 paid points to the CART title in 1979 and 1980, but did not count towards the CART title in 1981 and 1982. By 1983, an arrangement was made such that the Indy 500 would continue to be sanctioned singly by USAC, but be it would be recognized on the CART schedule, and pay championship points towards the CART title.

Starting in 1996, the Indianapolis 500 became part of the new Indy Racing League championship. All ties to the CART championship were severed. It was the beginning of the second open-wheel "split". In 2008, when the two series unified as IndyCar, ending the "split", the Indianapolis 500 was now part of the unified IndyCar Series national championship. Since 2014, the Indy 500 has paid double points towards the IndyCar Series points championship, and additional championship points are awarded based on Indy 500 qualifying results.

Notable drivers

 * The driver with the most championship titles and race wins is A. J. Foyt. From 1959 to 1981 Foyt won 67 USAC championship races and seven USAC titles.
 * Mario Andretti is the most successful driver born outside the United States with 52 total wins (33 USAC & 19 CART) and 4 titles (3 USAC & 1 CART).
 * New Zealand's Scott Dixon is the most successful non-U.S. driver with 6 championship titles and holds the record for IndyCar race wins (49). He sits 3rd all time behind A. J. Foyt and Mario Andretti with a total of 50 race wins (includes 1 CART/Champ Car win in 2001).
 * Michael Andretti has won the most CART/Champ Car-sanctioned races (42).
 * Tony Bettenhausen (19) is credited with the most AAA championship race wins.
 * Danica Patrick is the only woman to ever win a national championship-level open-wheel race (Motegi, 2008). Sarah Fisher was the first female driver to win a pole position (Kentucky, 2002).
 * Four drivers have held the crowns of CART Champion and Formula One World Driving Champion.
 * Mario Andretti, Emerson Fittipaldi, Nigel Mansell, Jacques Villeneuve
 * Six other drivers have won both a national championship race as well as at least one Formula One Grand Prix. They are as follows:
 * Peter Revson, Dan Gurney, Jim Clark, Graham Hill, Juan Pablo Montoya, Jackie Stewart

Notable fatalities in competition

 * Jimmy Murphy, champion in 1922 and 1924, died after crashing at the Syracuse, New York in September, 1924.
 * Ted Horn, champion in 1946-1947-1948, died after crashing at the DuQuoin dirt track in late 1948.
 * Defending Indianapolis 500 winners Floyd Roberts and Bill Vukovich were killed during the 1939 and 1955 Indy 500s respectively.
 * 1951 and 1958 champion Tony Bettenhausen was killed in a crash at Indianapolis in May 1961.
 * Eddie Sachs and Dave MacDonald were killed during the 1964 Indianapolis 500.
 * Art Pollard (practice) and Swede Savage (race) died of injuries suffered during the 1973 Indianapolis 500.
 * Gordon Smiley was killed while attempting to qualify for the 1982 Indianapolis 500.
 * 1996 Indianapolis 500 pole-sitter Scott Brayton was killed May 17, 1996, during a practice session for the Indianapolis 500.
 * Gonzalo Rodríguez was killed September 11, 1999, during a qualifying in the IndyCar Monterey Grand Prix at Laguna Seca.
 * Greg Moore died after an October 31, 1999, crash in the Marlboro 500 at Fontana.
 * Paul Dana died during practice for the first race of the 2006 IndyCar Series season, at Homestead-Miami Speedway on March 26, 2006.
 * 2005 IndyCar Series champion and two-time Indianapolis 500 champion Dan Wheldon died after a 15-car pile-up on the 11th lap of the IZOD IndyCar World Championships at Las Vegas on October 16, 2011.
 * Justin Wilson died on August 24, 2015, the day after a crash on lap 180 of the 2015 ABC Supply 500 at Pocono Raceway.

National champions

 * From 1979 to 1995 the Indianapolis 500 and the national championship were sanctioned by separate organizations, USAC and CART, respectively. USAC continued to sanction their own national championship series until 1981, when they formed the USAC Gold Crown Championship.
 * From 1985 to 1995 the USAC Gold Crown Championship consisted solely of the Indianapolis 500, thus making such championship winners indistinguishable from Indianapolis winners. IndyCar does not recognize winners of the USAC Gold Crown Championship as full season champions.

In fiction

 * Films
 * The Crowd Roars (1932)
 * Speed (1936)
 * Indianapolis Speedway (1939)
 * The Big Wheel (1949)
 * To Please a Lady (1950)
 * Roar of the Crowd (1953)
 * Winning (1969)
 * Super Speedway (1997)
 * Driven (2001)
 * Turbo (2013)

 * Video games

title: American open-wheel car racing


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Quark (TV series)

Quark is a 1977 American science fiction sitcom starring Richard Benjamin. Broadcast on Friday nights at 8:00–8:30 p.m. on NBC, the pilot aired on May 7, 1977, and the series followed as a mid-season replacement in February 1978. The series was cancelled in April 1978. Quark was created by Buck Henry, co-creator of the spy spoof Get Smart.

Plot
The show was set on a United Galaxy Sanitation Patrol Cruiser, an interstellar garbage scow operating out of United Galaxy Space Station Perma One in the year 2226. Adam Quark, the main character, works to clean up trash in space by collecting "space baggies" with his trusted and highly unusual crew. Quark draws heavily from Star Trek as a source of parody. In its short run, specific episodes also satirized such science fiction as Star Wars, 2001: A Space Odyssey, Buck Rogers, and Flash Gordon. Three of the episodes were direct parodies of Star Trek episodes.

Characters

 * Adam Quark (Richard Benjamin) is a Commander who longs for a glamorous, important assignment and ends up collecting trash instead. He is skilled and competent, but extraordinarily unlucky.
 * Betty I and Betty II, a.k.a. The Bettys (Cyb and Patricia Barnstable) are the navigators and pilots of the ship. They are completely identical, with identical red-hot passions for Quark. One of them is a clone of the other, but each claims the other one is the clone. They have a tendency to speak in perfect unison and have exactly the same thought at exactly the same time. Quark, when describing his crew, explains that he is "extremely fond" of Betty, but he is not sure which one.
 * Gene/Jean (Tim Thomerson) is a "transmute", a humanoid being with a complete set of both male and female chromosomes. He/she serves as the ship's engineer. The gender confusion manifests in a split personality—when Gene's macho male side is in control, he is gung-ho, angry and violent with a pathological hatred of the Klingon-like "Gorgons", while the much more mild-mannered Jean personality is stereotypically feminine and demure, pacifistic and a bit of a coward. He/she will frequently switch personalities with no warning, and usually at the worst possible time.
 * O.B. Mudd (Douglas V. Fowley) is the research and equipment specialist, an old "mad scientist" type who only appears in the pilot episode and is introduced as spending much of his spare time working to perfect Andy (see below).
 * Ficus Pandorata (Richard Kelton) is Quark's Spock-like science officer and is a "Vegeton", a member of a race of sentient plant life (Ficus pandorata or pandurata is better known as Ficus lyrata, the fiddle-leaf fig). He is of completely human appearance although he tends to shrivel up when he gets dehydrated. While he is extremely intelligent, observant and always calmly rational, he is incapable of any sort of human emotion, including both fear and tact. He frequently finds the behavior of the rest of the crew difficult to understand, his curiosity leading him to have philosophical debates about the human condition with Quark, usually at the most inopportune moments.
 * Andy (Bobby Porter) is a not-at-all-human-looking robot, made from spare parts, with a cowardly and neurotic personality.
 * Otto Bob Palindrome (Conrad Janis) is in charge of Perma One, and gives Commander Quark his assignments. He is a stereotypical bureaucrat who gives new definition to the word "petty" — a nightmare tyrant to his underlings and a quivering toady towards his superiors. Palindrome seems to take a special delight in making Quark's life miserable, although deep down he does seem to have a certain well-hidden affection for Adam. His first name, "Otto", is a palindrome, as is his middle name, "Bob."
 * Dink is a diminutive and very hairy alien aide to Palindrome who resembles a curly blond version of Cousin Itt. His voice is a xylophone-like electronic warble. He often provides a foil for Palindrome's concerns about his job and about Quark, both of whom he comes to for dating advice. There is another member of his species on Perma 1 called Dook whose masses of long hair resemble brown and red wool.
 * The Head (Alan Caillou) is the being to whom Palindrome answers. He is usually seen as a disembodied head with an enormous cranium. He is detached from day-to-day events, has a low tolerance for failure, and a tendency to come up with bizarre tasks for Quark to accomplish — usually at the worst possible time. His trademark sign-off is "The galaxy, ad infinitum!"
 * Interface (Misty Rowe) is a four-armed alien woman who functioned as an operator for all interstellar calls. The perfect example of a communications bureaucrat, she is more concerned about correct charges for lasergrams than about saving the Galaxy. Appeared only in the pilot but is mentioned in at least one later episode.
 * Ergo is a multi-eyed little blob that was Quark's pet, paralleling Pinback and the Alien from the movie Dark Star. In the pilot, the colorless and translucent Ergo seemed intent on killing Quark, but in the final episode when he appeared again he was much more subdued and pea soup green in color.

Awards
The series won one Emmy Award nomination, for costume designer Grady Hunt's work in the episode "All the Emperor's Quasi-Norms, Part 2".

In popular culture
In the television series Breaking Bad, the character Gale Boetticher creates a music video of himself singing "Major Tom (Coming Home)" by Peter Schilling with footage of Quark in the background. It originally appeared in short in the episode "Bullet Points," but the full music video was later released online by AMC.

Home media
The complete series was released on DVD on October 14, 2008.

title: Quark (TV series)


text:
Republic of Korea Army

The Republic of Korea Army (ROKA; ), also known as the ROK Army or South Korean Army, is the army of South Korea, responsible for ground-based warfare. It is the largest of the military branches of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces with 365,000 members. This size is maintained through conscription: All able-bodied South Korean males must complete military service (18 months for the army, auxiliary police, and marines, 20 months for the navy and conscripted firefighters, 21 months for the air force and social service, and 36 months for alternative service) between the ages of 18 and 35.

History
The Republic of Korea Army traces its lineage back to the Gwangmu Reform, when the Pyŏlgigun was established by Emperor Gojong in 1881.

The 1st of every October is celebrated in South Korea as Armed Forces Day. It commemorates the day during the Korean War when 3rd Infantry Division of the ROK Army first crossed the 38th Parallel, thus leading the UN coalition into North Korean territory for the first time.

The National Security Guard of South Korea was originally formed out of the ROK Army. This organization was created during the United States-led occupation period from 1945 to 1948. The National Security Guard was initially a reserve unit of the National Police. In addition, some Nationalist Chinese and former soldiers of the Manchukuo Imperial Army also contributed to the force. The National Defense Force was established on January 15, 1946, replacing the United States lead constabulary from 1945.

The outbreak of the Korean War caught the ROK forces unprepared, requiring the United Nations to intervene with US-led forces. The South Korean military rapidly developed during the Korean War, suffering enormous casualties and loss of equipment. As the Soviets had armed North Korea, the United States armed and trained the South Korean military throughout the Korean War.

Current operational status
The Republic of Korea Army is structured to operate in both the mountainous terrain native to the Korean Peninsula (70% mountainous ) and in North Korea with its 950,000 strong Korean People's Army Ground Force, two-thirds of which is permanently garrisoned in the frontline near the DMZ. The current administration has initiated a program over the next two decades to design a purely domestic means of self-defense, whereby South Korea would be able to fully counter a North Korean attack.

The ROK Army was formerly organized into 3 armies: the First Army (FROKA), the Third Army (TROKA), and the Second Operational Command, each with its own headquarters, corps, and divisions. The Third Army was responsible for the defense of the capital as well as the western section of the DMZ. The First Army was responsible for the defense of the eastern section of the DMZ whereas the Second Operational Command formed the rearguard.

Under a restructuring plan aimed at reducing redundancy, the Second ROK Army was converted into the Second Operations Command in 2007, and the First and Third ROK Armies were merged as the Ground Operations Command in 2019.

Equipment
The army consists of 365,000 troops, approximately 2,200 tanks, 3,100 armored fighting vehicles, 5,600 artillery pieces, 60 guided missile systems, and 620 helicopters as of 2022. Main battle tank types include: 400 M48 Patton series and its upgrades such as the M48A3K, M48A5, and M48A5K, 33 Soviet T-80U and 2 T-80UK (given by Russia to pay off debt), as well as 1,511 K1A1 and K1 tanks, which bear a 120mm smoothbore gun and are of local manufacture. The future replacement for the K1 and K1A1 MBTs has been named the K2 Black Panther (흑표;黑豹 Heukpyo), which will be fitted with a 1500hp MTU-based engine, 55-caliber 120mm main gun with autoloader. The new tank will also feature radar equipment as well as all-bearing laser detection and defense systems, anti-missile active protection, and heavy reactive armor and sensor package comparable to the American M1A2 Abrams and the German Leopard 2A6. The ROK Army is planning to field approximately 443 Black Panthers.

In addition, the Republic of Korea manufactures the K-9 howitzer which has been exported to Turkey as the T-155 howitzer as well as the ZMA series TIFV's which saw action in UN peacekeeping operations (PKO) as part of the Malaysian peacekeeping forces. A variation of the K200, the KAFVs can be retrofitted to bear a 90mm cannon, 40 mm grenade turret, M230-1 Chaingun Turret, or MK-30 Chaingun Turret. A replacement for the K200 series IFVs are currently being tested, designated as the K21 KNIFV (Korea Next Generation Infantry Fighting Vehicle), which will have various capabilities for both land and naval warfare. The initial production is set for 2008, with the ROK Army planning to field approximately 600 units.

The K21 KNIFV's chassis will be constructed entirely out of fiberglass, reducing the vehicle's load and enabling it to travel at higher speeds without bulky and powerful engines. When constructed, the NIFV will be lighter than other IFVs, including the American Bradley series and Russian BMP series, increasing both speed and payload.

The ROK Army also fields the mobile K-SAM "Pegasus"(천마/天馬; Cheonma), fitted with 8 missiles that fly at maximum speeds of Mach 2.6, and the K-30 "Biho" series, which features a 30mm twin gun system for anti-aerial fire support.

Besides having vehicles and equipment of their own design as well as American models, the ROK Army also possesses inventories of Russian-built AFVs, including BMP-3 IFVs and T-80U MBTs, given by the Russian government to pay off the financial debt owed to South Korea. Other notable foreign equipment in service with the ROK Army includes the Mistral MANPADS.

In 2015, it was reported by South Korean lawmakers that more than 58,000 out of 100,549 South Korean soldiers at the Korean Demilitarized Zone lacked body armor capable of protection from North Korean firearms. The possession of only 42,030 body armor sets leaves 58,519 soldiers without body armor, and only 3,147 of the 42,030 sets are capable of protection from the AK-74, the standard assault rifle of the Korean People's Army.

A new infantry rifle, the Daewoo K11, entered service in 2010. The overall concept of this weapon is more advanced to the American OICW, however its production has been halted and weapon discontinued in 2020 due to excessive issues involving its targeting component and the quality of ammunition, to focus on fixing the issues which have been quickly resolved. Inspection of military equipment in June 2021 found that 26% of components involving the Warrior Platform program for modernization of South Korean infantry is defective.

Organization
On 1 December 2020, all subordinate regiments of each divisions in the Republic of Korea Army reorganized into brigades.

As of July 2023, Republic of Korea Army has 2 Field armies, 6 Corps, 34 Divisions.

Ranks
In officer ranks, "So" (少) equals lower; "Jung" (中) equals medium; "Dae" (大) equals higher. "Jun" (准) equals equivalent, used for warrant officer and 1 star generals to ensure that they are regarded as officers/generals, although these ranks are lower than the same grade with "So" rank. "Wo" (元) equals principal, only used for Won-Su, General of the Army. Each of these is coupled with one of the following: "wi" (尉) equals company grade, "ryung" (領) equals field grade, and "jang" (將) equals general.

NCO rank is similar to officer. "Ha" (下) equals lower; "Jung" (中) equals medium; "Sang" (上) equals higher; "Won" (元) equals principal, because this title is named after Won-Su, to ensure that this rank is higher than Sang-sa. Each of these is coupled with "Sa" (士) equals sergeant, although actual 'sergeant' rank is "Byeong-jang".

This system is due to the Hanja or Sino-Korean origin of the names.

 * Commissioned officer ranks

 * Warrant officer ranks

 * Other ranks

title: Republic of Korea Army