text:
Shusha District

Shusha District (Şuşa rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Khojaly, Lachin, and Khojavend. Its capital and largest city is Shusha. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 34,700. Finally villages of Malıbəyli, Aşağı Quşçular and Yuxarı Quşçular were transferred to Khojaly District according to passing law in 5 December 2023.

History
The district was formerly part of the Shusha District of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) of Azerbaijan SSR during the Soviet times. It was the only district of NKAO to have an Azerbaijani majority with a significant Armenian minority.

The district came under the control of the Armenian forces during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and was made part of the Shushi Province of the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh. However, in 2020, parts of the district, including its capital, Shusha, were recaptured by Azerbaijan in November 2020 following a 44-day battle during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. Remaining part of it was put under Russian peacekeeping control. After the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh, the entire district fell under the control of Azerbaijan after the capitulation of the Artsakh Defence Army in the area.

Notable residents

 * Mir Mohsun Navvab, artist and poet
 * Khurshidbanu Natavan, poet
 * Sadigjan, musician, inventor of the Azeri variety of tar
 * Gasim bey Zakir, poet
 * Khudadat bey Malik-Aslanov, scientist and politician
 * Najaf bey Vazirov, playwright and journalist
 * Bulbul, folk and opera singer
 * Bulbuljan, folk singer
 * Muratsan (1854–1908), Armenian writer and novelist.
 * Leo (1860–1932), Armenian historian.
 * Stepan Aghajanian (1863–1940), Armenian painter.
 * Hambardzum Arakelian (1865–1918), Armenian journalist and public activist.
 * Alexander Atabekian (1868–1933), prominent Armenian anarchist.
 * Vartan Sarkisov (1875–1955), Soviet-Armenian architect.
 * Freidun Aghalyan (1876–1944), Armenian architect.
 * Tuman Tumanian (1879–1906), Armenian liberation movement leader.
 * Abdurrahim Hagverdiyev, dramatist
 * Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli (12 September 1887 to 3 January 1943 in the GULAG, near Gorky, Russia), core author of the novel Ali and Nino, published under the pseudonym Kurban Said
 * Karim bey Mehmandarov, doctor and social activist
 * Khan Shushinski, folk singer
 * Shamsi Badalbeyli, theatre director and actor
 * Suleyman Sani Akhundov, Azerbaijani playwright, journalist, children's author, and teacher (3 October 1875, Shusha – 29 March 1939, Baku)
 * Ahmad Agdamski, Azerbaijani opera singer, mugam singer and actor (5 January 1884, Shusha – 1 April 1954 Agdash)
 * Soltan Hajibeyov, Azerbaijani composer and People's Artist of the USSR (5 May 1919 Shusha – 19 September 1974 Baku)
 * Uzeyir Hajibeyov (1885–1948), founder of Azerbaijani composed music
 * Jabbar Garyagdioglu, Azerbaijani folk singer (khananda) (31 March 1861 Shusha – 20 April 1944 Baku)
 * Seyid Shushinski, Azerbaijani folk singer (khananda) (12 April 1889, Horadiz – 1 November 1965, Baku)
 * Arsen Terteryan (1882–1953), Soviet-Armenian scientist.
 * Artashes Babalian (1886–1959), a politician of the First Republic of Armenia.
 * Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan (1886–1937), Soviet-Armenian statesman.
 * Hayk Gyulikekhvyan (1886–1951), Armenian literary critic.
 * Ashot Hovhannisyan (1887–1972), Soviet-Armenian statesman and historian.
 * Mikael Arutchian (1897–1961), Soviet-Armenian painter.
 * Ivan Knunyants (1906–1990), Soviet-Armenian chemist.
 * Gevork Kotiantz (1909–1996), Soviet-Armenian painter.
 * Shamsi Badalbeyli (1911–1987), Soviet-Azerbaijani actor and theatre director.
 * Nelson Stepanyan (1913–1944), Soviet-Armenian pilot and Lieutenant–Colonel of the Red Army.
 * Gurgen Boryan (1915–1971), Soviet-Armenian poet and playwright.
 * Seyran Ohanyan (born 1962), Armenian politician and military commander.
 * Aram Manukian (1879–1919), Armenian revolutionary leader
 * Feyzullah Mirza Qajar (1872–1920), prince of Iran's Qajar dynasty. Major general in the Russian Empire and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, later military figure and politician in Iran.
 * Latif Karimov, Azerbaijani carpet designer known for his contributions to a variety of artistic fields.(17 November 1906, Shusha – 1991, Baku)
 * Avan Yuzbashi, (1670s–1735), Armenian military and political leader during Davit Bek uprising (1720s)
 * Molla Panah Vagif, Poet the minister of foreign affairs in the Karabakh Khanate
 * Ibrahim Khalil Khan (1732–1806), Azerbaijani khan of the Karabakh Khanate.
 * Mehdigulu Khan Vefa, lyrical poet of Azerbaijan, lieutenant colonel in the Russian Army, son of a famous Karabakh poet Khurshidbanu Natavan (1855 Shusha – 1900 1900 Tiflis)
 * Mir Hasan Vazirov, Azerbaijani revolutionary and one of the 26 Baku Commissars

title: Shusha District


text: Portal:Astronomy/Things you can do

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Portal:Astronomy/Things you can do


text:
Anatomy Act 1832

The Anatomy Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 75) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that gave free licence to doctors, teachers of anatomy and bona fide medical students to dissect donated bodies. It was enacted in response to public revulsion at the illegal trade in corpses.

Background
The 19th century ushered in a new-found medical interest in detailed anatomy thanks to an increase in the importance of surgery. In order to study anatomy, human cadavers were needed and thus ushered in the practice of grave robbing. Before 1832, the Murder Act 1752 stipulated that only the corpses of executed murderers could be used for dissection. By the early 19th century, the rise of medical science – coinciding with a reduction in the number of executions – had caused demand to outstrip supply.

Around 1810, an anatomical society was formed to impress upon the government the necessity for altering the law. Among its members were John Abernethy, Charles Bell, Everard Home, Benjamin Brodie, Astley Cooper, and Henry Cline. The efforts of this body gave rise in 1828 to a select committee to report on the question. The report of this committee led to the Bill. Public revulsion at the recent West Port murders swayed opinion in favour of a change in the law. In 1831 public outcry at the activities of the London Burkers caused further pressure for a Bill.

Passage of the Bill
Public sentiment notwithstanding, there was substantial opposition to the Bill.

In 1829 the Royal College of Surgeons petitioned against it, and it was withdrawn in the House of Lords owing to the opposition of the Archbishop of Canterbury William Howley.

A new Anatomy Bill was introduced in 1832. Though strongly opposed by Hunt, Sadler, and Vyvyan, it was supported by Macaulay and O'Connell. It was passed by the House of Lords on 19 July 1832.

Provisions of the Act
The Act provided that anyone intending to practise anatomy had to obtain a licence from the Home Secretary. Usually, one or two teachers in each institution took out this licence and hence were known as licensed teachers. They accepted responsibility for the proper treatment of all bodies dissected in the building for which their licence was granted.

Regulating these licensed teachers, and receiving constant reports from them, were four inspectors of anatomy, one each for London, the rest of England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, who reported to the Home Secretary, and knew the whereabouts of every body being dissected.

The principal provision of the Act was section 7, which stipulated that a person having lawful possession of a body could permit it to undergo "anatomical examination" (dissection) provided that no relative objected. Most of the other sections were subsidiary, detailing the methods for carrying section 7 into effect.

Also, section 16 repealed parts of sections 4 and 5 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1828, which had consolidated several provisions from several earlier statutes and had retained the provision of 1752 that the bodies of murderers were to be hung in chains or dissected after execution. Section 16 provided instead that such bodies were to be either hung in chains or buried within the precincts of the last prison in which the deceased had been confined. The provision for hanging in chains was repealed by the Hanging in Chains Act 1834, and the whole section was repealed and replaced by section 3 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861.

The Anatomy Act provided for the needs of physicians, surgeons, and students by giving them legal access to corpses that were unclaimed after death – in particular, corpses of those who had died in hospital, prison, or a workhouse.

Further, a person could donate the corpse of a next of kin in exchange for burial at the expense of the anatomy school. Occasionally a person, following the example of Jeremy Bentham, left their own body for dissection in the name of the advancement of science; but even then, if the person's relatives objected, it was not received.

Before the Act, anatomical research was difficult; for example, the anatomy of the nervous system was poorly understood.

The Act was effective in ending the practice of resurrectionists, who robbed graves as a means of obtaining corpses for medical study.

Mobs continued to protest against the Act into the 1840s, in the belief that it still failed to prevent the sale of paupers' bodies for medical research without their consent. An anatomical theatre in Cambridge was vandalised late in 1833 "by an angry mob determined to put a stop to the dissection of a man; this wave of popular protest alarmed the medical profession who resolved to hide its activities from the general public, and to a greater or lesser extent it has been doing so ever since".

Extent
The original extent was specified as Great Britain and Ireland. The Act (less any amendments) remains in force in Scotland and the Republic of Ireland.

Scotland
The Act remains in force, with amendments, under the Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006; Scotland retains an Inspector of Anatomy.

Republic of Ireland
The Act remains in the Irish Statute Book

England and Wales
The Act was repealed by the Anatomy Act 1984, which was in turn repealed by the Human Tissue Act 2004. Access to corpses for the purposes of medical science is now regulated by the Human Tissue Authority.

Northern Ireland
The Act was repealed by the Anatomy (Northern Ireland) Order 1992, itself later repealed.

title: Anatomy Act 1832


text:
Khachmaz District

Khachmaz District (Xaçmaz rayonu; Хъачмаз район) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the northeast of the country and belongs to the Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qusar, Quba, Shabran, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Khachmaz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 179,800.

History
Khachmaz is one of the border districts of Azerbaijan in the north of the republic. The district was established on August 8, 1930, as an administrative territory. It was a town-type settlement during 1936–1937. In 1963, the Khachmaz region was abolished and its territory included to Guba and Gusar districts. In 1995 the district was restored.

Location
Being the most northeastern region of Azerbaijan, Khachmaz is between the Caucasus Mountains and borders Caspian Sea to the east. The southern border greets Shabran and the region stretches north to Russia. Khachmaz city is located toward the bottom third of the region. It is about 10 km from the Caspian Sea and the border to Shabran. About half that distance to the Quba border to Khachmaz's west. It is a substantially greater distance to the northern border.

Population
According to the State Statistical Committee of the country, in 2000, the total number of population of the region was 145,6. In 2018, this figure increased by about 30,000.

Education
There are 123 secondary schools, 25 preschools, 2 out-of-school institutions, one vocational high school and one vocational school in the region.

Climate
The climate is generally moderate to warm, humid temperate and subtropical, and Khachmaz sees an average yearly precipitation of 1300–1350 mm and average temperatures of 25-30 °C in July and 1-2 °C in January.

Cultural
The Khachmaz region is rich with monuments of history, culture and architecture. Some of the most significant are Sarkartapa, the ancient city-fortress Khudat, a 4th-century Albanian church, the 16th-century mosque-madrasa of Shah Abbas of the 15th-16th century in Garaqurtlu, a village in Khachmaz, ancient settlements and the barrows of the Bronze Age, the famous “Iron gate” of Derbent fortress becoming a symbol of its inaccessibility. The fortifications “Baba-al-Abvat” were constructed in the 8th-7th centuries B.C and protected from invasion of the northern boundaries of Azerbaijan. Today Khachmaz borders with Russia here. In the village of Shykhlar the tourists can see the earliest monument of the mausoleum of the Middle Ages- a mosque of Sheikh Yusif (15th century). At the top of the mountain Galadag, the ruins of the Gaurgala fortress have been kept.

Museums

 * Regional Ethnography Museum: this museum is located in the city centre. The museum is very rich with over 4,000 archaeological findings from the different periods of Khachmaz's history. Of especial interest are the original scientific works of the orientalist Abuabdullah Mahammad-bin Albukhari contained in the "Aljazaily sani" as well as the "Classification of Koran," authored by the mathematician, philosopher from Chilaqyr Hajaly Efendi.
 * Veteran's Museum: 8,739 Khachmaz residents fought in World War II for the Red Army and some 2,800 of them perished. This museum also remembers 230 people who died in the ethnic conflict with Armenia during the early 1990s.
 * Heydar Aliyev's Museum: a personality cult shrine to independent Azerbaijan's first ruler.
 * The Museum of Prominent Figures: open-air museum in a park filled with fountains and numerous statues of prominent Azerbaijanis.
 * Carpet Museum: contains many ancient carpets along with carpet weaving implements, designs, dolls dressed in ancient national style, and a picture gallery.

Parks

 * Heydar Aliyev Park: contains trees, flowers, fountains, lights, cafes, and tea-houses. The Heydar Aliyev Museum, the Khazar Cinema-Clubare all located in this park.
 * Park of Culture and Rest: contains statues of different animals, artificial ponds stocked with colourful fish, rivers, and fountains. Khachmaz city library, Carpet Museum, Post Office, and several cafes are located within the park.

title: Khachmaz District


text:
Zagatala District

Zagatala District (Zaqatala rayonu; Закатала мухъ; Tsakhur: Закаталайни район / Zakatalayni rayon) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country and belongs to the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Balakan, Qakh, as well as the Kakheti region of Georgia and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Zagatala. As of 2020, the district had a population of 129,800.

Overview
The Zagatala district has not suffered the intense environmental damage of other, nearby areas. Zagatala is famous for its hazelnuts and walnuts. Mulberry trees are well adapted to the area, allowing Zaqatala to preserve the ancient tradition of silkworm breeding, brought with the hordes of Timur.

North of the town there is an important wildlife and nature preserve, the Zagatala Nature Reserve, which is home to brown bears, boars and west Caucasian tur. The Caucasus Mountains provide it with natural protection from the north winds. The wooded mountainsides, with frequent waterfalls, offer great hiking opportunities. Due to its climate, the town became a mountain health resort.

The Zagatala District is also of historic interest, particularly around the main city, built in the 1830s by the Russians, which only became famous in the early-20th century. The villages of Aliabad and Mosul have interesting 19th-century mosques. Ancient fortifications are to be found in the villages of Kebeloba, Matsekh, Ekhedi Chardakh, Shaitan-kala and Jar.

The economy of Zagatala District has an agricultural base - mainly cash crops and sheep. There is a tea factory, a tobacco transformation plant, a large food combine and a silk cocoon drying plant. The local honey is known across Azerbaijan.

Zagatala newspaper is published in the region.

Geography
Zagatala district is situated in the north-west of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Ganykh Ayrichay valley of the southern slopes of the Major Caucasus. It borders Kakheti, Georgia in the south, Dagestan, Russia in the north and Balaken and Gakh districts in the west and east. Zagatala city is the centre of the district. The city is located at a height of 535 meters above sea level, 445 kilometres away from the capital of Azerbaijan.

Municipalities
Zagatala has 31 municipalities. Zagatala municipality embraces Zagatala, Aliabad municipality covers Aliabad settlement. A number of municipalities embrace more than one village For example: Makov municipality includes Makov, Yolayrydj, Pashan, Vohtala, and Abaali villages;

Goyem municipality comprises Goyem, Chokek, Sumayly, Dardoggaz villages;

Dombabina municipality includes Dombabina, Mamgabina, Bozbina, Mudjagbina, Musgarabina, Gasanbina, Khanmamedbina villages;

Chobankol municipality comprises Chobankol, Gymyr and Bazar villages and others. On the whole 31 municipalities include a city, a settlement and 59 villages.

The district accounted for 110,830 people as of January 1, 2004, including 83,297 people living in rural areas.

Ethnic groups
Azerbaijanis, Avars, Tsakhurs and Georgians inhabit both Zagatala city and the surrounding district.

Population
According to the State Statistics Committee, the total number of population in 2010 is 108,3 thousand. In 2018, this indicator increased by 19.5 and reached 127.8 thousand.

Institutions
There are 48 secondary, 14 basic, 4 primary schools, 1 humanitarian subjects, 39 pre-school children's educational institutions, 6 out-of-school establishments, branches of two high schools (Azerbaijan Teachers' Institute and Baku Islamic University), 1 college, 1 vocational school, 81 libraries, 36 clubs, 27 cultural houses, 1 theater, historical and architectural reserve, historical and ethnographical museum, 1 musical school, sports school for children, chess school, creative center for children, 10 hospitals, 21 village clinics, 23 mosques, 1 inn and 4 hotels.

Attractions

 * Heydar park – founded in 1947 on an area of 13 hectares is a popular resort zone of people of Zagatala named after late president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev. It has numerous attractions to the children as well as the adults.
 * Zarifa Aliyeva Park – founded in 2008 features a statue to the Azerbaijani academician and spouse of former president Heydar Aliyev Zarifa Aliyeva, a stage and a few fountains.
 * Dada Gorgud square – known as "Chinar square" associated with the 750-year-old pine tree of which trunk's diameter was 6–7 meters located in the center of the park. 128 staircases built in 1946 and called by local people as "Tower staircases" are also located here.
 * Zagatala Stairs- these are the historical stairs that lead to the Zagatala castle, and Heydar Park which was built in 1946 and consist of 126 stairs. It is a popular attraction for visitors as well as the locals.
 * Zagatala Historical-Cultural Reserve (Zagatala Castle)- located in the Zagatala fortress built in 1830. The rebels of the "Patyomkin" battleship were detained as prisoners in this castle. Later on, for a while, it was used as an army training centre by Azerbaijanis. The width of the wall of the tower is 1.5 meters. There are more than 20 historical monuments inside the tower. It is now used as a museum and open to entry every working day.
 * Zagatala Art Gallery - located within the reserve. It has been operating since 1989. The exposition of the Gallery consists of the works of schoolchildren in addition to the paintings of prominent Azerbaijani artists.
 * Car village – located in the north of Zagatala, on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains. Bekmez and Zilban rivers flow through the village. It has an area of 1314 hectares and a population of 3244 people. There is a historical mosque (17th century) and Cigiz tower with a height of 10–12 meters (16th century) in this village.
 * Qebizdere waterfall- It is a 15m high waterfall that is nearby the Qebizdere village, on the north of Mazix village. Fortress of Peri.jpg
 * Yukhari Chardaqlar – the village with an area of 1293 hectares and a population of 2141 people is located 14 km away from the centre of the district, on the southern part of the Greater Caucasus. There is a tower that dates back to the 13th century, remains of Albanian church, a mosque built in the 19th century. Another popular attraction of this village is "Parigala" belonging to the 3-4th centuries. Reaching this caste is quite difficult, as without special equipment almost impossible. Visitors would only see it from afar and not enter.
 * Zagatala State Reserve - established in 1929 is located in the Caucasus mixed forests ecoregion. 3 rivers (Mazimchay, Balakanchay and Katekhchay) flow through the area of the reserve taking its source from the Greater Caucasus. There are sub-Alpine plants of southern slopes of the Major Caucasus, and the natural complexes of Alpine and naval zones preserved.
 * Yukhary Chardakhly village in Zagatala Rayon of Azerbaijan.jpgZagatala Olympic Sports Complex – opened in 2006 features a swimming pool, sport halls, a stadium with the capacity of 3500, a tennis court and other facilities for different kind of sporting activities.

Festivals
As the district is contributing mostly to the hazelnut production in Azerbaijan, Zagatala started to host annual Hazelnut Festival since 2017. During the festival, a wide range of activities such as displaying various species of hazelnut, walnut and chestnut, as well as numerous products made of them, moreover, handicrafts exhibitions and contests, field trips to hazelnut garden and walnut processing plant take place.

Religion
Majority Islam (Sunni).

Minority Eastern Orthodox.

Villages

 * Ashagi Tala
 * Uzuntala
 * Muxax
 * Car
 * Aliabad
 * Mazikh
 * Mosul
 * Yukhari Cardakhlar
 * Bahmetli
 * Zeyem
 * Yeni Suvagil
 * Yengiyan
 * Qandakh
 * Muganli
 * Maqov
 * Mamrukh
 * Lakhic
 * Kepenekchi
 * Kebeloba
 * Gozbarakh
 * Goyem
 * Phaldarli
 * Dombabine
 * Danachi
 * Cobankol
 * Ashagi Chardaklar
 * Yukhari Tala
 * Daghli

title: Zagatala District


text:
Tartar District

Tartar District (Tərtər rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Kalbajar, Goranboy, Yevlakh, Barda, and Aghdam. Its capital and largest city is Tartar. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 104,700. In March 2023, Azerbaijan began resettling the part of the district that was previously controlled by Armenian forces. Resettlement of the village by Azerbaijan began in March 2023, with 20 families moving back to Talish.

History
The district was expanded to include the eastern part of the Mardakert District of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast following its abolishment, however only a small part of it remained under the control of Azerbaijan following the First Nagorno-Karabakh war. Azerbaijan recaptured Talish and Madagiz villages of Tartar during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war and the rest of the district was put under the control of the Russian peacekeepers.

Some Azerbaijani IDPs from Nagorno Karabakh and the surrounding occupied regions were moved into tent settlements in the district following the First Nagorno-Karabakh war. Most of them now live in new houses built by the government.

The district became the center of the notorious Tartar treason case, as mass torture took place in the old administrative building of the district, where soldiers were taken and tortured during interrogations.

title: Tartar District


text:
Talk:Military operation plan

I have added the cleanup-rewrite and limitedgeographic scope tags because this article refers to specific plans by the United States military prior to WWII rather than war plans in general. The content is duplicated at U.S. Color-coded War Plans. War plans are standard procedure for militaries and this article needs to describe what they are, how they are created, that kind of information. GabrielF 06:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Duplicated articles merged; stub left here for future expansion... ~

 * How can something be pre-prepared????

title: Talk:Military operation plan


text:
User talk:EF

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 06:19, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:EF


text:
Erich Mendelsohn

Erich Mendelsohn ; 21 March 1887 – 15 September 1953) was a German-British architect, known for his expressionist architecture in the 1920s, as well as for developing a dynamic functionalism in his projects for department stores and cinemas. Mendelsohn was a pioneer of the Art Deco and Streamline Moderne architecture, notably with his 1921 Mossehaus design.

Biography
Mendelsohn was born to a Jewish family in Allenstein, East Prussia, Germany, now the Polish town of Olsztyn. His birthplace was at the former Oberstrasse 21, now no. 10 Staromiejska street. A plaque embedded on the wall on the side of Barbara street commemorates his place of birth. He was not related to the Mendelssohn family.

He was the fifth of six children; his mother was Emma Esther (née Jaruslawsky), a hatmaker and his father David was a shopkeeper. He attended a humanist Gymnasium in Allenstein and continued with commercial training in Berlin. In 1906, he took up the study of national economics at the University of Munich. In 1908, he began studying architecture at the Technical University of Berlin; two years later he transferred to the Technical University of Munich, where in 1912 he graduated cum laude. In Munich he was influenced by Theodor Fischer, an architect whose own work fell between neo-classical and Jugendstil, and who had been teaching there since 1907; Mendelsohn also made contact with members of Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke, two groups of expressionist artists.

From 1912 to 1914, he worked as an independent architect in Munich. In 1915, he married the cellist Luise Maas. Between 1910 and 1953, they corresponded with each other; these materials provide insight into the lives of an artist and couple who experienced a changing international landscape, including their fleeing from the Third Reich in Germany in 1933. Through his wife, he met the cello-playing astrophysicist Erwin Finlay Freundlich. Freundlich was the brother of Herbert Freundlich, the deputy director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie (now the Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society in the Dahlem district of Berlin). Freundlich wished to build a suitable astronomical observatory to experimentally confirm Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Through his relationship with Freundlich, Mendelsohn had the opportunity to design and build the Einsteinturm ("Einstein Tower"). This relationship and also the family friendship with the Luckenwalde hat manufacturers Salomon and Gustav Herrmann helped Mendelsohn to an early success. From then until 1918, what is known of Mendelsohn is, above all, a multiplicity of sketches of factories and other large buildings, often in small format or in letters from the front to his wife, Louise Mendelsohn (née Maas; 1895–1980). The 2011 documentary film by Duki Dror titled "Incessant Visions" is about Erich Mendelsohn and his wife, in which Dror animates the memoirs of Louise and the letters.

Architecture career
At the end of 1918, on his return from World War I, he settled his practice in Berlin. The Einsteinturm and the hat factory in Luckenwalde established his reputation. The Hat Factory was commissioned in 1921, Mendelsohn's design included four production halls, a boiler, a turbine house, two gatehouses and a dyeing hall. The dyeing hall became a distinctive feature of the factory, the building was shaped with a modern ventilation hood that expelled the toxic fumes used in the dyeing process. The structure even ironically resembled a hat.

As early as 1924, Wasmuths Monatshefte für Baukunst (a series of monthly magazines on architecture) produced a booklet about his work. In that same year, along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius, he was one of the founders of the progressive architectural group known as Der Ring.

His practice employed as many as forty people, among them, as a trainee, Julius Posener, later an architectural historian. Mendelsohn's work encapsulated the consumerism of the Weimar Republic, most particularly in his shops: most famously the Schocken Department Stores. Nonetheless, he was also interested in the socialist experiments being made in the USSR, where he designed the Red Banner Textile Factory in 1926 (together with the senior architect of this project, Hyppolit Pretreaus). His Mossehaus newspaper offices and Universum cinema were also highly influential on art deco and Streamline Moderne.

In 1926, he bought an old villa, and in 1928, he designed Rupenhorn, nearly 4000 m2, which the family occupied two years later. With an expensive publication about his new home, illustrated by Amédée Ozenfant among others, Mendelsohn became the subject of envy.

In the spring of 1933, in the wake of growing antisemitism and the rise of the Nazis in Germany, he fled to England. His assets were seized by the Nazis, his name struck from the list of the German Architects' Union, and he was excluded from the Prussian Academy of Arts. In England he formed an architectural practice with Serge Chermayeff, which continued until the end of 1936 and together they designed two important private houses – Cohen House and Shrubs Wood – and the De La Warr Pavilion, an entertainment and arts complex in the seaside town of Bexhill-on-Sea, commissioned and paid for by the local landowner.

Mendelsohn had long known Chaim Weizmann, later President of Israel. At the start of 1934 he began planning on Weizmann's behalf a series of projects in Mandatory Palestine during the British Mandate. In 1935, he opened an office in Jerusalem and planned Jerusalem stone buildings in the International Style that greatly influenced local architecture. In 1938, he dissolved his London office. At that same time he and his wife received British citizenship and he changed his name to "Eric"; the new citizenship also allowed them to issue guarantees and thus bring other family members to Britain. In Mandatory Palestine, Mendelsohn built many now-famous buildings: Weizmann House and three laboratories at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Anglo-Palestine Bank in Jerusalem, Hadassah Hospital on Mount Scopus, Rambam Hospital in Haifa and others.

From 1941 until his death, Mendelsohn lived in the United States and taught at the University of California, Berkeley. Until the end of World War II his activities were limited by his immigration status to lectures and publications. However, he also served as an advisor to the U.S. government. For instance, in 1943 he collaborated with the U.S. Army and Standard Oil in order to build "German Village", a set of replicas of typical German working-class housing estates, which would be of key importance in acquiring the know-how and experience necessary to carry out the firebombing of Berlin. In 1945, he established himself in San Francisco. From then until his death in 1953 he undertook various projects, mostly for Jewish communities.

Buildings (selected)

 * Taharah building in Allenstein (1913), today known as the Mendelsohn house.
 * Work hall of the Herrmann hat factory, Luckenwalde (1919-1920)
 * Einsteinturm (solar observatory on the Telegraphenberg) in Potsdam, 1917 or 1920-1921 (building), 1921-1924 (technical equipment). The tower's expressionist form is suggestive of concrete as a building material, but it is mostly brickwork, rendered. Mendelsohn explained this was because of delivery problems; however, there may have been difficulties in constructing the formwork for poured concrete.
 * Steinberg hat factory, Herrmann & Co, Luckenwalde (1921-1923) with a strict, angular form
 * Mossehaus, conversion of the offices and press of Rudolf Mosse, Berlin (1921-1923)
 * Schocken department store, Nuremberg (1925-1926)
 * Red Flag Textile Factory, Leningrad, 1926. Mendelsohn authored the building of the power station of the factory; the other buildings were authored by S. O. Ovsyannikov, E. A. Tretyakov, and Hyppolit Pretreaus, who was the senior architect of this project. The complex of buildings of this factory is included in the List of the objects of historical and cultural heritage issued by the government of Saint Petersburg in 2001 (with additions of 2006).
 * Extension and conversion of Cohen & Epstein department store, Duisburg (1925-1927)
 * Schocken department store, Stuttgart (1926-1928). The department store, together with the Tagblatt-Turm (1924-1928) of Ernst-Otto Oßwald across the way, constituted an impressive ensemble of modern architecture, and was damaged only lightly in World War II. In 1960, the city of Stuttgart demolished the store, despite international protest. In its place today stands Egon Eiermann's unremarkable department store building (Galeria Kaufhof, previously Horten).
 * Exhibition pavilion for the Rudolf Mosse publishing house at the Pressa in Cologne (1928)
 * Woga-Komplex and Universum-Kino (cinema), Berlin (1925-1931)
 * Schocken department store, Chemnitz (1927-1930), known for its arched front with horizontal strips of windows.
 * His own home, Am Rupenhorn, Berlin (1928-1930)
 * Columbushaus, Potsdamer Platz, Berlin (1928-1932). Burnt out during the June 1953 uprising and demolished in 1957 (sometimes confused with the “Columbia-Haus" camp in Berlin-Tempelhof, demolished 1937).
 * Bachner department store in Ostrava (1932-1933)
 * Jewish youth center, Essen (1930-1933)
 * Nimmo House (later renamed Shrubs Wood by former owner Bridget D'Oyly Carte), Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire, England (1933–1934). In collaboration with Serge Chermayeff.
 * The De La Warr Pavilion, The Promenade, Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England (1934). Commissioned by Earl De La Warr and designed in partnership with Serge Chermayeff.
 * Cohen House, Old Church Street, Chelsea, London (1934-1936). Designed in partnership with Serge Chermayeff. Later renamed Hamlyn House and restored and extended by Sir Norman Foster
 * Weizmann House, Weizmann Institute campus, Rehovot near Tel Aviv (1935-1936)
 * Built around the same time: a cluster of three buildings on the Weizmann Institute campus, presently housing high-resolution NMR, biological MRI, and the Kimmel Center for Archeology, respectively
 * Hebrew University, Jerusalem (1934-1940)
 * Synagogue B'Nai Amoona, now Center of Creative Arts, University City, Missouri (1946-1950)
 * Maimonides Hospital, San Francisco (1946-1950)
 * Park Synagogue, Cleveland Heights, Ohio (1947-1951)
 * Beth El Synagogue, Baltimore, Maryland (1948)
 * Russell House, San Francisco, California (1951)
 * Mt. Zion Temple, St. Paul, Minnesota (1950 – 1956). Construction completed after his death.

Published works (German)

 * Erich Mendelsohn: Amerika. Bilderbuch eines Architekten (1976) Berlin: Nachdruck Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-70830-2
 * Erich Mendelsohn: Rußland – Europa – Amerika. Ein architektonischer Querschnitt. (1929) Berlin
 * Erich Mendelsohn: Neues Haus – Neue Welt. Mit Beiträgen von Amédée Ozenfant und Edwin Redslob (1932) Berlin. Reprinted, with an afterword by Bruno Zevi (1997) Berlin

title: Erich Mendelsohn


text:
Zangilan District

Zangilan District (Zəngilan rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-west of the country and belongs to the East Zangezur Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qubadli, Jabrayil, the Syunik Province of Armenia and the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Zangilan. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 45,200.

Geography
Zangilan city is located in south-western Azerbaijan, in the northern part of the Aras River and borders Armenia and Iran.

There exists a Mesozoic relief and cretaceous, volcanic and sedimentary rocks are spread in the territory of the district. Remains of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods spread in mountainous territories are dated back to a period of 150-200 thousand years ago. There are Barbar and Salafir (2270 meters) summits in the territory and this mountain range passes Aras ravine near Aghbend, Vegnali. There is another mountain range in the direction of Sobu-Top-Dallakli villages, beginning from Shukurataz upland and it lowers near to Aras.

The Susan Mountains between the Okhchu and Bargushad Rivers lower in the direction of south-east and make Aghgoyun flat land. This locality consists of sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous periods. There are Karst caves on both coasts of the Okhchu River. Karabakh mountain ridge is located in the north-eastern part of the district. This ridge creates Goyan valley as it becomes lower.

Forests spread in the mountainous territory of the district. Broad-leaved forests spread at the heights of 1800–2000 meters, gradually become lower and create subalpine and alpine meadows. The territory of the district is rich with healing plants and springs. There are also sources of construction materials, marble, clay, etc. in the district.

Weather conditions of climate and complex relief created the uncommon climate. In a territory along the Aras River with semidesert and dry steppes winter passes drily, and in higher territories, the climate is mildly warm. The territory is rich in minerals – molybdenum, gold, construction materials, limestone and others. The largest plain forest in Europe is also located in the district.

History
Zangilan district was famed under the name of Grakhmu castle located there in the medieval centuries.

Only Achanan volost and the western part was included in the Kapan district of Armenia, but the eastern and more favourable territories were included in the Azerbaijan SSR while determining borders of the Soviet Republics. In 1930, the administrative district of Zangilan was created there.

On October 29, 1993, the district came under the occupation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

There are historical monuments in the territory of the district: a circular tower in Khadijally village, an octagonal mausoleum of Yahya ibn Muhammad al-Haj (1304–1305) in Məmmədbəyli village.

On 20 October 2020, the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, announced that Azerbaijani military forces recaptured some settlements in Zangilan district, namely, Havali, Zarnali, Mammadbayli, Hakari, Sharifan, Mughanli villages, as well as Zangilan city itself. On October 21, 2020, it was announced that Minjivan settlement and 12 more villages of Zangilan district have been recaptured. Azerbaijani authorities announced the capture of 13 more villages and Aghband settlement of Zangilan district on October 22, 2020. The recapture of Aghband settlement was highlighted for the reason that full control over the state border between Azerbaijan and Iran was established after the recapture.

On 19 July 2022, the first residents returned to Ağalı village after 29 years. The village has a school, post office, health centre, bank, market and café. It is expected that 1300 people will live in the village.

Demographics
On 1 Jan. 1979, the population was 28,400, counting 83 settlements.

According to other sources, 29,377 people lived in 1979 in the district. Ethnic composition of the 29,377 people: Number of inhabitants rose to 32,698 people in 1989.
 * Azerbaijanis 97,6% (28.685)
 * Russians 2,0% (590)
 * Armenians 0,1% (35)

title: Zangilan District


text:
Tovuz District

Tovuz District (Tovuz rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north-west of the country and belongs to the Gazakh-Tovuz Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Gadabay, Shamkir, Samukh, Agstafa, as well as the Tavush Province of Armenia and Kakheti region of Georgia. Its capital and largest city is Tovuz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 177,200. A major train line runs through the center, stopping at Tovuz Station.

In July 2020, Tovuz became the main site for the clashes with Armenia.

Geography
Tovuz covers 412 km2. The rayon is mountainous in the south, where it is crossed by the Lesser Caucasus mountains.

The region includes rich deposits of ores and precious metals, notably gold.

The region is located in the north-west of the Republic, bordering Georgia to the north, Armenia to the west, Gadabay to the south and south-west, Shamkir to the east, Samukh from north-east to the north.

The southern part of the district is located in the lowlands, the northern part lies in low mountainous and foothill zone, where positive and negative relief forms are shifted. There are three climate areas in the district:

 * Dry subtropical climate. Characterized by soft summers and hot springs.
 * Mild hot dry climate. This is a climate up to place less than 1000 meters high. The winter is mild and the spring is warmer.
 * Mild cold, forest climate. This climatic hill covers the area from 1,000 to 2,000 meters. The spring is cool, and the winter is a bit frosty.

The river network:

 * the Kur River in the north
 * the Tovuz River in the central part
 * the Akhunca River,
 * the Asrik River,
 * the Zayam River in the eastern part and its small arms,

The Kur River divides the region into two parts. The left coast is used as the main pasture for cattle breeding. The right bank of the river is used for agriculture, occupies the forest fund of the region and the meadow grassland. The annual rainfall is 40–70 mm.

Villages
There about 20 main villages in the district. They are Quşçu, Öysüzlü, Ayıblı, Alakol, Yuxarı Öysüzlü, Abulbəyli, Düz Qırıqlı, Düz Cırdaxan, Yanıqlı, Qəribli, Azaplı, Bozalqanlı, Dönük Qırıqlı, İbrahimhacılı, Dondar Quşçu, Kirən, Əlibəyli villages and Qovlar settlement. Qovlar settlement is more populated area among them.

Population
According to the statistics urbanization is low in the district. 26968 people live in the city and 130907 people live in the village. According to census of 2019, Tovuz has over 175.5 thousand people, out of which 1531 are war veterans.

Over 25536 are students and currently are in process of education.

According to census of 2012 quantity of people from different nations were divided in this way:

Cultural centers
In Tovuz district, there are 4 museums, 13 cultural centers, 6 libraries and a Photo Gallery.Mədəniyyət - TOVUZ RAYON Icra Hakimiyyəti. Museums include Heydar Aliyev Center, History and Local Lore Museum, Ozan Ashug Museum and State Symbols Museum.

Archaeology
The ancient village of Goytepe (Göy Tepe) is one of the largest archaeological monuments in Tovuz District, and in Ganja – Gazakh region. It is located 2 km to the northeast from the village of Aşağı Quşçu, and well south of the current course of Kura river, but closer to Tovuz river which is flowing into Kura.

Starting in 2008, “Tovuz Archaeological expedition” conducted new archaeological investigations at Goytepe, and also at the Mentesh tepe ancient settlement nearby. This is a joint investigation of archaeologists from Azerbaijan, Japan and France.

In this same area of Azerbaijan are also located the ancient sites of Shomu Tepe, Soyuq Bulaq, and Boyuk Kesik. Shulaveris Gora is just across the border in Georgia.

Mentesh tepe
Mentesh tepe is located close to Zeyem river about 10km east of Goytepe. The excavations of Neolithic levels at Mentesh Tepe have brought to light a material culture related to the Shulaveri-Shomu culture, with some similarity to Baba-Dervish site. The earliest levels of Mentesh represent an advanced Neolitic culture with full domestication of cereals and animals. The pottery is also found, although in small numbers.

The occupation at Mentesh continued for a long period to the end of the Early Bronze Age. Local metallurgy here started already in the first half of the 6th millennium, and developed further during the second half of the 5th millennium.

Economy
The region is dominated by agriculture. Wine, fruit, vegetables and grain crops are all produced along with cattle.

Stock raising is one of the main revenue source of this region: There are 24 entities which operate in industrial and agricultural sphere: Where the sown areas for agricultural plants are:

2020 Tovuz clashes
According to Azerbaijani MOD, in the afternoon of July 12, Armenian Armed Forces started to fire on Azerbaijani State Border Service positions in Tovuz region using artillery mounds. Thus, clashes between the Armenian Armed Forces and Azerbaijani Armed Forces broke out on July 12.The skirmishes resumed on 13 July and are ongoing with varying intensity, having resulted in at least 16 military and one civilian casualties. Among Azerbaijani military casualties were one major general (Polad Hashimov), one colonel (Ilgar Mirzayev) and two majors (Anar Novruzov and Namig Ahmadov). However, the fighting has decreased, the situation in the region is still considered as volatile.

Notable natives

 * Ganira Pashayeva, Member (MP) of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan for Tovuz District and journalist

title: Tovuz District


text: Category:English art collectors

title: Category:English art collectors


text:
Khizi District

Khizi District (Xızı rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. Located in the east of the country, it belongs to the Absheron-Khizi Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Siyazan, Shabran, Quba, Shamakhi, Gobustan, and Absheron-Khizi. Its capital and largest city is Khizi. As of 2020, the district had a population of 17,100, making it the least populated district of Azerbaijan.

Etymology
Azerbaijanis and Tats compose the main ethnic background of Khizi. There are preconceptions about the etymology of the word "Xızı" which was previously used to represent a small village. Many experts assume that this name is from the Sassanid Empire. In the early Middle Ages (3rd–4th centuries), the Iranian tribes were transferred here to spread the Zoroastrianism, the official religion of the Empire, in northern territories of the empire, to combat Christianity and protect the northern borders from Hun, Peach and Khazar tribes. This process further strengthened after the Shirvanshahs were defeated by the Safavids. The tribes who moved here were mainly from Khuzistan. The name was gradually transformed into the form of Khizi in our time.

According to another version, the toponym Khizi is derived from the word "Khazar". From history it is known that for several centuries the Khazars dominated the territories of the Caspian, Black and Baltic seas. As the 8th-century Arab historian Ibn Fadlan writes, the Muslim part of the Turkic-speaking Khazar people was headed by one of the representatives of the Khizi tribe. The Khizi tribe lived in the northern part of Azerbaijan in the 2nd century BC. According to another version, the Turkic word "khyz" - quickly, rapidly, hastily gave the name of the area.

Geography
The climate of the district is mild and the air is dry. A large part of the district territory is covered with forests. On the flat Caspian coast there are irrigated cattle and chicken-breeding lowlands around Shurabad. West of Gilazi, the Khizi road climbs through the colourful semi-desert landscapes known as the Candy Cane Mountains. Around 10 km west of Khizi town, the green, heavily forested hills around Alti Agach which has been declared an Altyaghach National Park. The national park is home to the rare East Caucasian tur, a mountain-dwelling goat antelope found only in the eastern half of the Caucasus Mountains.

The eastern part of the Khizi plateau flows through the Gilazi to the Caspian Sea. Khizi, the centre of the district, is 104 km from Baku. The region is surrounded by the Varsat ridge, Takhtayilak ridge in the north, and Aladadash ridge to the east.

The main mountains are the Dübrar (2205m), Kemchi (1026m), Sharaku (958m), Beybayim (935m), Shihandag (801m) and Great Siyaku (786m) mountains. The main rivers are Atachay, Jangichay, Kanda, Tugchay, Dizavarchay, Kerban and Garabulag rivers. There are Altiagac National Park and Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in the district.

Landscape
Khizi District is one of the most forested districts of Azerbaijan with about 9931 ha or 6% of the district being converted in forests. The area has a rich biodiversity, landscape and ecosystem diversity. Forests, semi-deserts, steppe, desert, gray mountains, subalpine and alpine ecosystems are present in the area. Forest dendroflora consists mainly of Iberian oak, oriental oak, oriental peanut, pine, juniper. Trees and shrubs such as spruce pear, hawthorn, and blackberry grow in sparsely wooded forests. The fauna of the area is also rich. Species include European caterpillars, brown bears, pigs, gray rabbits, foxes, wolves.

The district is famous for the Beshbarmak mountain. The mountain's name is a reference to the resemblance of the mountain to an open palm. The Candy Cane Mountains are also located in Khizi.

Historical monuments
There is a graveyard dating to 300–500 years in the former Shikhlar village cemetery located near the village of Tikhli. This tomb is likely to be the Sheikh Heydar's Tomb (15th century). According to some sources, Sheikh Heydar's tomb is the grave of Sheikh Heydar, the father of Ismayil I, the founder of the Safavid Empire. In 1483 and 1487 he launched two campaigns - in Dagestan and Shirvan, which alarmed all the rulers of the region, including Sultan Yagub. In order to prevent further strengthening of the positions of Sheikh Heydar, Sultan Yagub helped Shirvanshah Farrukh Yasar to resist him. Sheikh Heydar Shirvanshah died in the Battle of Tabasaran (1488) and was buried in the area opposite the sacred Beshbarmak mountain. Later, Ismayil Safavi, who defeated the Shirvanshahs state, built a tomb on his father's grave, attacked the Shikhlar village and declared the mausoleum a sacred sanctuary. The tower of Beshbarmag, the remains of the lost city of the 5th century, the mausoleum of Sheikh Heydar, the remains of the fallen stone fence of the tower of Khizi relating to 5th century, the 15th-century sanctuary in the village of Khialandzh are all examples of historical monuments.

Population
According to the State Statistics Committee, as of 2018, the population of the city recorded 16,800 persons, which increased by 3,600 persons (about 27 percent) from 13,200 persons in 2000. 8,300 of the total population are men, 8,500 are women. More than 25,5 percent of the population (about 4,300 persons) consists of young people and teenagers aged 14–29.

title: Khizi District


text:
Khojavend District

Khojavend District (Xocavənd rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country in the Karabakh Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Lachin, Shusha, Khojaly, Aghdam, Aghjabadi, Fuzuli, Jabrayil, and Qubadli. Its capital and largest city is Khojavend. As of 2020, the district had a nominal population of 44,100.

Armenian control (1990s-2020)
Most of the area of the district was under the effective control of the self-declared Republic of Artsakh since the First Nagorno-Karabakh War from the early 1990s until late 2020, with the exception of the easternmost part, which remained under Azerbaijani control. Within Artsakh, its northeast half was administratively part of Martuni Province and the rest as part of Hadrut Province.

Return to Azerbaijani control
An armed conflict erupted between the Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan in late September 2020 which saw more parts of the district return to Azerbaijani control.

On October 9, 2020, it was announced that the city of Hadrut and eight villages (one of them is part of Khojavend district) had been recaptured by the Azerbaijani Army The town of Hadrut was subsequently declared as the provisional administrative centre of the district.

On October 14, 2020, the President of Azerbaijan announced that Bulutan, Malikjanli, Kamartuk, Taka and Taghaser villages of the district had been recaptured by the Azerbaijani Army.

On October 16, 2020, it was announced that Azerbaijan had taken control of three more villages in the district.

On October 20, 2020, the President of Azerbaijan announced the recapture of five more villages (Aghjakand, Mulkudara, Dashbashi, Gunashli (formerly known as Norashen), and Vang of the district from Armenian forces.

On October 23, 2020, it was announced that Azerbaijan recaptures villages of Dolanlar and Bünyadlı.

On November 7, 2020, it was announced that Azerbaijan had taken control of Ataqut and Tsakuri villages of the district along with 14 ones of Fuzuli, Jabrayil, Khojaly, Qubadli and the Zangilan districts.

On November 9, 2020, the President of Azerbaijan announced the recapture of Susanlıq, Domi, Tuğ, Akaku, Azıx, Böyük Tağlar, Salakətin, Zoğalbulaq, Aragül, Tağavard, Böyük Tağavard, Zərdanaşen and Şəhər villages along with 58 villages of Fuzuli, Khojaly, Qubadli, Zangilan and Lachin districts

Following the 2023 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes, Khojavend came under control of Azerbaijani forces on 26 September 2023. The monument of Armenian revolutionary hero Monte Melkonian was removed by the Azeris upon taking over the region.

title: Khojavend District


text:
Yardimli District

Yardimli District (Yardımlı rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the south-east of the country and belongs to the Lankaran-Astara Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Jalilabad, Masally, Lerik, and the Ardabil Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Yardimli. As of 2020, the district had a population of 68,000.

History
The district was called the village Vargaduz, part of Lankaran Uyezd from 1920 to 1930. Since 1930, it has been renamed the Vargaduz district. It has been named Yardimli region since 1938 and the center of the district was Yardimli.

Geography
The rayon borders upon Iran (length of the state border in the south and west is equal to 96 km) and Lerik District (40 km), Masally District (11 km), Jalilabad District (20 km) of Azerbaijan. Yardimli is located within the mountainous region in the southern-eastern part of Azerbaijan, within 39 ° -38 ° north longitude, 48 ° -49 ° east longitude. The length of the border with Lerik from the south is 40 km, from east to Masalli is 11 km, from north-east to Jalilabad region is 20 km. The length of the state border with the northern and western is 96 km with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Vilesh River is the longest and full-flowing river of the rayon. Its length is equal to 11 km. Talysh Mountains (Shahnishin Mountain equal to 2490 m is its highest summit), mountains of Peshtasar Mountain ridge (its highest summit is 2244 m) and mountains of Burovar Mountain ridge occupy the territory of the rayon.

The region covers 66.720 hectares of land. Forest in the district covers 20,536 hectares. Yardimli land zones consist of mountain-forest-brown soils, brown-mountain-forest lands, mountain-meadow lands. The mechanical components of the soils are overwhelming gill, clay, medium gill. The Vilash Stream is the biggest waterway in the district. Allar, Peshtasar, Solgard, and Valishli waterways are the valleys of the Vilash Stream. The area consists of the Talysh Mountains (the highest peak of the locale, in height 2490 m), Pashtasa mountain range (the tallest peak within the locale is Pechtasar, in height 2244 m) and is encompassed by Mount Burwar.

Within the woods, valuable trees are beech, hornbeam, mammoth birch, rainbow, bushes, hips, oak, gulls. Within the timberlands, there are wild animals such as foxes, wolves, pigs, squirrels, jackals and badgers, as well as wild cat and beech.

Climate
Climate is warm, ordinary, sodden, winter is delicate, spring is hot. The average yearly temperature is +11.9 degrees C, the rainfall is 586 mm, the wind is west-south, the average speed is 1.6meters per second, the depth of groundwater is 4,5 meters, and the seismic rating is 7 points.

Population
According to the State Statistics Committee, as of 2019, the population of city recorded 67,000 persons, which increased by 17,000 persons (about 34 percent) from 50,000 persons in 2000. 34,300 of total population are men, 32,700 are women. In 2018, more than 29,6 percent of the population (about 19,600 persons) consists of young people and teenagers aged 14–29.

Economy
In 2015, 94 million 583 thousand manats gross product was produced in the region, which is 8.8% more than compared with the same period last year and 10.3 times more than in comparison with 2003. Per capita production increased by 3.64 times compared to 2003, by 7% compared with the previous year and amounted to 1471 manat.

Institution
There are 80 secondary schools in the district, including 42 full-time secondary schools, 22 secondary schools, 16 primary schools, 3 pre-schools and 5 out-of-school institutions.

title: Yardimli District


text:
Yevlakh District

Yevlakh District (Yevlax rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country and belongs to the Central Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Qakh, Shaki, Agdash, Barda, Tartar, Goranboy, and Samukh. Its capital and largest city is Yevlakh. As of 2020, the district had a population of 129,700.

History
Yevlakh was called as a Yevlakh village of Elisabethpol Governorate on official documents belonging to the beginning of the 19th century, was called as Dzhevanshirsky Uyezd during the years between 1920 and 1935. The Yevlakh region was created on February 20, 1935, by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR. Yevlakh became a city on February 1, 1939, according to the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR.

Yevlakh-Khankendi, Yevlakh-Balakan railway, Yevlakh Airport, Khaldan village secondary school, Chess school, Children's youth sports school, 19 secondary schools with 10535 seats, 15 kindergartens with 840 seats, a hospital, educational establishments, multi-storey residential buildings were commissioned and put into operation.

On 26 December 1962, the Yevlakh area was cancelled and its domain was exchanged to Agdash, Barda and Gasim Ismayilov district by the choice of the 10th session of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR and turned into the industrial city of Yevlakh republic. Yevlakh has been a free region since 1965.

On 6 January 1965, Yevlakh was included in the list of subordinated cities and the development of industrial undertakings has been started in Yevlakh by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR.

Economy
Yevlakh is one of the important agricultural districts of the country. The grain and cotton growing, as well as cattle breeding sectors have played an important role in the city economy. The farmers grow potato, vegetable, water-melon and fruits, as well.

Yevlakh city is also rich with natural resources like clay mixture sand deposits, as well as clay, sand and gravel deposits needed for brick making.

Baku-Gazakh highway, Yevlakh-Balakan, Baku-Tbilisi railway, Baku-Supsa gas and Baku-Tbilisi-Jeyhan oil pipeline extend through the territory of the district. Yevlakh city also has a domestic airport.

Relief
Yevlakh is 293 km far from Baku on the right bank of the Kura waterway. (South-east of Ganja-Gazakh plain, the north-western portion of Shirvan and Garabagh fields). Yevlakh is on the old Silk Way. There are a mild-warm semi-desert and dry field climate within the winter. Kura waterway, Inchachay, Korchay and Alican passes through the domain. In the south eastern portion of Mingachevir water store, the Varvara water store is found in Yevlakh. Upper Garabagh and Upper Shirvan canals are within the district.

Population
Table of population of the district.

Education
There are 57 general education schools in the region. Ten of these schools are located in the city and 47 are in the settlements and villages of Yevlakh district. 26 kindergartens operate in Yevlakh district; 7 of them are located in the city and 19 in the villages. In addition, there are 5 educational institutions such as two Children's Youth Sports Schools, Chess School, Children's Creative Center and Technical Creative Center.

title: Yevlakh District


text:
Goygol District

Goygol District (Göygöl rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the west of the country and belongs to the Ganja-Dashkasan Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Goranboy, Kalbajar, Dashkasan, Shamkir, Samukh, and the city of Ganja. Its capital and largest city is Goygol. As of 2020, the district had a population of 64,600.

History
Formerly known as Khanlar, the region was renamed "Göygöl" after Lake Göygöl, the famous blue lake, by the decision of the Parliament of Azerbaijan on April 25, 2008.

The administrative centre of the district, Goygol city was established in 1819 by German settlers who came from Kingdom of Württemberg and was called Helenendorf. Houses were built in German style, streets were laid down, a school, a kindergarten and a music school were established. The main building of the current Agrarian Industry Plant was constructed as a winery by the Fohrer brothers who were dealing with wine and cognac production there.

In the area of Goygol district, Narimanov district was established in August 1930 of which centre was Helenendorf. Narimanov district was renamed Khanlar district and its centre Helenendorf was called Khanlar city since November 1938. The territory of the district was divided into 2 districts - Samukh district was created in addition to Khanlar district in February 1992. The names of the district and its centre were changed again in 2008 according to the Presidential Decree dated 7 May 2008 and have been called Goygol district and Goygol city respectively.

Access to the southern portions of the rayon is restricted due to its proximity to Nagorno-Karabakh and the armistice line there.

Location
Goygol district is located on the mountainous and foothill zone in the west of Azerbaijan, 364 km away from Baku. Its highest point is 3724 metres above the sea level. Goygol raion borders on administrative districts of Samukh to the north, Goranboy to the east, Kalbajar to the south, Dashkasan to the west, Shamkir to the north-west and Ganja city to the north. It has an area of 920 km2 and population of 63,400.

Administrative divisions
There are 27 administrative territorial units in Goygol district including a city (Goygol city), 5 towns (Khanlar, Gizilgaya, Hajimelik, Ashaghi Zurnabad and Firuzabad) and 39 villages such as Balchili, Gushgara, Chayli, Mollajalilli, and Topalhasanli.

Culture
There are 15 cultural centers, 15 cultural clubs, 41 libraries, 2 music schools (in Goygol city and Khagani village), 2 museums – Heydar Aliyev Museum Center and History and Ethnography Museum, as well as 3 parks in the Goygol district.

There are a number of historical buildings in the district, such as the castle in the south of Zurnabad village dates to the 12th century, the sepulcher dates to the 16th century in Gushgara village, Anaid Temple (16th century) and St. Mary church in Chaykend village, German Lutheran church (1854-1857) in Goygol city, Gabriel Church (1674) and others.

Sport
There is Goygol Olympic Sports Complex opened in January 2014, Goygol Central City Stadium and other sporting facilities in Goygol.

Infrastructure
There are 5 bridges in the district: Agh bridge dates to 12th century in Topalhasanli village on Ganjachay river, Birgozlu and Ikigozlu bridges date to the 16th century in Dozular village and in Goygol city on Kurekchay river and Ganjachay river respectively, Uchgozlu bridge dates to 1896 in Uchtepe village on Ganjachay and Stone bridge with two arches on Ganjachay.

Nature
Goygol and 7 identical lakes – Maralgol, Zaligol, Aghgol, Shamligol, Ordekgol, Jeyrangol and Garagol are located in the territory of Goygol district. Lake Goygol is situated on the foothill of Mount Kapaz at an altitude of 1556 meters. The length of the lake is 2450 meters, and its width is 595 meters, the deepest point is 95 meters. Maralgol is located 1902 meters above the sea level. It has an area of 23 hectares with the deepest point of 60 meters. The lake is surrounded with sub-alpine grasslands.

The main rivers flowing through the district are Kurekchay, Ganjachay and Goshgarchay. Kurekchay river is the longest with 108 km length. The second longest river is Ganjachay with 98 kilometers length. The rivers are mainly used for irrigation. Water level in the rivers increases during summer.

Flora
The forests rich with Oriental beech, Caucasian Hornbeam, Caucasian oak and Oriental oak trees cover 17.3% of the territory of the Goygol district. There are separate or mixed forests on various slopes of mountainous areas. Horn-beam in southern slopes, beech, beech-hornbeam in northern slopes, Caucasian and Oriental oaks, also oak-hornbeam in the upper forest zone are in abundance. Pine trees grow on limestone rocks. There are also birches in upper areas of forests and different types of other trees and shrubs such rosa canina, honeysuckles, sorbus, raspberries, crataegus, euonymus, cherry plum in the lower parts of forests.

Goygol National Park

Goygol National Park was founded in April 2008 on the base of Goygol State Nature Reserve established in 1925, in the territories of administrative raions of Goygol, Goranboy and Dashkasan.

Goygol National Park is located at an altitude between 1100 and 3065 meters. It has a total of 12755 hectares area including 6739 hectares of Goygol State Reserve, 1577 hectares forests, 3909 hectares of Goygol district, 300 hectares of Dashkasan district and 230 hectares of Goranboy district.

There are 76 types of trees and shrubs in the forest of Goygol National Park including Oriental beech, Oriental oak, Caucasian hornbeam, hook-shaped pines, birchs, maples, cornelian cherry, elderberry, blackberry, rosa canina, common hazel and medlar. The fauna of the National park is diverse with Caucasian deer, roe deer, badger, forest cat, sable, lynx, hare, squirrel, fox, hedgehog, grey partridge and others.

Minerals
There are pyrites, uranium, marble, limestone, and mineral water in the territory of the Goygol district.

title: Goygol District


text: Category:British art collectors

title: Category:British art collectors


text: User talk:69.166.252.103

title: User talk:69.166.252.103


text:
Abdelmadjid Sidi Said

Abdelmadjid Sidi Said (born 1949 in Michelet) is an Algerian politician, and the President of the General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) since 1997.

Biography
Abdelmadjid Sidi Said started working as a welder and machinist in Sonatrach in 1965. In 1993, he became the head of the UGTA for the petroleum industry. In February 1997, he became the interim President of the UGTA following the assassination of his predecessor Abdelhak Benhamouda. He is elected President of the UGTA in 21 October 2000.

In September 2018, Abdelmadjid Sidi Said announced he was hit by a cancer and soon stepping down from his position as head of the UGTA.

On May 12, 2022, he was placed under arrest warrant for corruption cases.

title: Abdelmadjid Sidi Said


text:
Julfa

Julfa, Jolfa or Culfa may refer to:
 * Jolfa, Iran, a city in the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran
 * Julfa, Azerbaijan (city), the capital of the Julfa Rayon
 * Jolfa County, an administrative subdivision of East Azerbaijan Province of Iran
 * Julfa District, a region in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan
 * New Julfa, an Armenian quarter in Isfahan, Iran
 * Armenian cemetery in Julfa, a destroyed Armenian cemetery in Julfa

title: Julfa


text:
Sadarak District

Sadarak District (Sədərək rayonu) is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the district of Sharur, as well as the Iğdır Province of Turkey, Ararat Province of Armenia and the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital is Heydarabad and largest settlement is Sadarak. As of 2020, the district had a population of 16,100.

Sadarak is the only Azerbaijani district bordering Turkey. The Umut Bridge over the Aras, also called the "bridge of hope", links Azerbaijan with Turkey, where the Nakhchivan-Istanbul bus route passes. Sadarak District also includes the Karki exclave which has been controlled by Armenia since the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Etymology
There are different theories about the word's origin. Some say Sadarak means three valleys in Farsi. Indeed, there are three valleys in Sadarak: Chanagchichay, Chahannamdara, Bagirsag. Linguists link the word to "sed rang", i.e. a hundred colours. Sedrak means a place inhabited by many people in Arabic. In the 14th century, it was inhabited by the Saadli tribe. Local etymology suggests that Sadarak is made up of steel and garak (flood-prone). Researchers believe that the word relates to a place called Sakrak mentioned in the Book of Dede Korkut.

History
The Barda-Erevan-Nakhchivan-Julfa-Tabriz section of the Great Silk Way linking Azerbaijan's north with Middle Eastern countries passed through Sadarak. During the 1722 attack of Peter the Great on the Caucasus, including Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan fell under the influence of the Ottomans, while following the 1828 Turkmenchay agreement it was passed on to Russia to become part of Erevan province. In a letter to Gen Paskevich from 23 September 1828, A. Griboyedov provided information about the Nakhchivan population. Under the 1828 decree of Czar Nicolas the First, the Armenian Oblast was established in part of the Armenian Highlands, on the territory of the former Erivan and Nakhchivan khanates; about 130,000 Armenians resettled there to their former homes from Iran and Turkey.

31 December 1989 saw an extraordinary event in USSR history as state borders called "the metal grating" were knocked down enabling people to cross the Aras. In early 1990, the Supreme Council of the Nakhchivan SSR passed a shocking decision to secede from the USSR. Proceeding from the Kars agreement, the autonomous republic's legislature asked Turkey, Iran, the UN and other international organizations for help. The decision came like thunder from a clear sky. It was the first time in USSR history when a decision to break away from it was passed by an autonomous republic, not even a fully-fledged republic. Sadarak acquired district status after detaching from Sharur District on August 28, 1990. On 19–20 January 1990, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, local Armenian forces seized Sadarak's Karki village.

Historical sites
Sadarak was an important medieval settlement on the Yerevan-Nakhchivan trade road. There are remains of the Sadarak fortress 955 meters above sea level, three medieval mosques, ruins of defence structures, a caravansary, the Agoglan shrine, and a 19-20th century bath-house here. Sadarak's archaeological sites were registered in 1958. The best-known of them is the Agoglan shrine attributed to the 7-11th centuries.

Archaeology
An important archaeological site in the district of Sadarak is an ancient settlement of Chalcolithic period that stretches over five acres. The settlement is located on the plain, east of the village of Karaagaç. It is known as Kultepe Sadarak, and is of remarkable importance because of its multiple cultural layers that go back to the late Paleolithic period.

Many ceramic products were unearthed here, such as chaff faced pottery, and tableware with painted red lines. The settlement is a testimony of local culture in the V millennium BC, and it brings in new information about the Paleolithic Period in Nakhchivan.

Proto Kura-Araxes pottery is found here, black-burnished pottery, as well as all the other types of Kura-Araxes pottery which followed later. Other related Nakhchivan sites with similar early pottery are Ovcular Tepesi, and Khalaj (archaeology).

Geography
Sadarak District borders Turkey in the south-west (the only bordering zone with Turkey and Azerbaijan is here - 11 km), with Armenia in the north-west – 24 km and Sharur District in the south-east – 27 km.

The climate of Sadarak is continental with hot summer and cold winter. Mineral water springs similar to Istisu and Jeleznovodsk were discovered in Sadarak in 1980.

The territory of the district consists of plains, surrounded by the Ujubiz, Aghdakan, Validag and Tekgar massifs. The Aras River flows along the border between Turkey and Sadarak District.

Population
According to the State Statistics Committee, as of 2018, the population of the region recorded 15.9 thousand persons, which increased by 3.7 thousand persons (30 percent) from 12.2 thousand persons in 2000. 8.1 thousand of total population are men, 7.8 thousand are women.

Transportation
In 2023, Baku and Ankara agreed on building a railway transport between Turkey and Azerbaijan which would pass from Sadarak.

title: Sadarak District


text:
Sharur District

Sharur District (Şərur rayonu) is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Kangarli, Sadarak, as well as the Vayots Dzor and Ararat provinces of Armenia and the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Sharur. As of 2020, the district had a population of 117,600.

Etymology
The district was known as Norashen from 1930 to 1964, then Ilich or Ilichyovsk from 1964 to 1991 in honour of Vladimir Ilich Lenin. It was finally renamed to its original name Sharur upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan.

History
Following the disestablishment of the Nakhichevan Khanate upon the region's annexation into the Russian Empire in 1828, the Sharur area was included into the Nakhichevan Uyezd of the Armenian Oblast, and later, the Erivan Governorate. In 1870, the Sharur and Daralayaz mahals of the Nakhichevan district were detached into a separate district, becoming known as the Sharur-Daralayaz Uyezd. According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, the area of Sharur Daralayaz district, the centre of which is now Jalilkend, is 29,723 sq.m. km, the population was 76,551 people. The population of Sharur-Daralayaz district, which borders Iran and Turkey, was mainly engaged in agriculture, horticulture, viticulture, cotton growing and beekeeping.

After the brief independence of Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1918–1920, the Sharur area—which was mostly under the control of the local Azerbaijanis—was assigned to the Nakhichevan ASSR within the Azerbaijan SSR. On 8 August 1930, the Sharur Uyezd of Nakhichevan was reorganised into the Norashen raion. On 28 February 1991, the former name of the territory, Sharur, was restored to the district. In its current form, the Sharur District is bordered by the Vayots Dzor and Ararat provinces of Armenia to the northeast and the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran to the southwest. The administrative center of the district is the city of Sharur.

Historical monuments
Sharur is one of the most ancient and the largest settlements of the Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan. The favourable geographical position of Sharur created conditions for the settlement of people in ancient times. The researches showed that the people settled in the area in the late glacial period. The territory of Sharur with its full water rivers, fertile soils were favourable for the development of plant-growing. The historical researches defined the settlement of the people in Sharur before Christ. The archaeological excavations on the territory of Sharur which is mentioned as Sharuk in the epos of "The Book of Dede Korkut" dating back to the period 1300 ago revealed the settlement and burial places of the Neolithic, Bronze Age as well as Antique period. The settlement Oghlangaya covering an area of 40 hectares of the Garatepe Mountain of the region dates back to the 2-1st millenniums B.C. The region accounts for a number of archaeological monuments and settlements rich in the patterns of material culture reflecting the activity and lifestyle of ancient people. These are the ancient, settlement, towers, cemeteries, Kurgans and architectural monuments. The researches of 1980-1990 revealed the cultural remnants of the dug cave of the Stone Age including a great many instruments made of stone and wine-tree. The monuments of the mid Bronze Age was revealed in the Araz River, Arpachay and its branches (Shortepe, Kheledj mountain, Kultepe, Djennettepe and others).

Population
According to the State Statistics Committee, as of 2018, the population of city recorded 115,600 persons, which increased by 3,500 persons (about 3 percent) from 112,100 persons in 2000. 57,400 of total population are men, 58,200 are women. More than 27 percent of the population (about 31,500 persons) consists of young people and teenagers aged 14–29.

title: Sharur District


text:
Babek District

Babek District (Babək rayonu) is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Julfa, Shahbuz, Kangarli, Nakhchivan city, as well as the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia and the East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan provinces of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Babek. As of 2020, the district had a population of 76,200.

History
It was formerly known as Nakhchivan District (till 1978). The district named in honour of Babak Khorramdin, an Iranian who led a 23-year-long uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate in Iranian Azerbaijan.

Overview
The Babek region was founded under the initiative of the National Leader of the Azerbaijani people Heydar Aliyev in 1978. Tezekend, located 6 km south-east from Nakhchivan, was determined as the centre of the region and named the settlement Babek. Babek is a settlement of urban type. The region of Babek is bordered with the regions Kangarli in the west, Shahbuz in north-east and Julfa in the east, The Islamic Republic of Iran in the South and Armenia in the north-east.

Geography
The south mountain foot of the chain Daralayaz in the north, the hills and highlands the tail of mountain Zangazur in the south-east, Nakhchivan slanting plain in the south and Gulustan plain in the south-east make the relief of the region. The highest peak is the mountain Buzgov (2475). The territory of the region Babek is rich in minerals, such as stone, salt and building materials. The mineral springs Sirab, Vaykhir, Jahri, Gahab and others are also found in this region. The main rivers of the region are Nakhchivanchay which divides the territory of the administrative region and its flow Jehrichay. They play important role in irrigation. One can also find in the region reservoir of Araz Water Junction, also reservoirs Uzunoba, Nehram, Sirab, Jahri and Gahab and irrigation canals.

Administrative changes
Since June 9, 2009, by the decree of the President of the Azerbaijan Republic, the Bulqan, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul and Haciniyyət villages of the Babek District were given to the administration of the administrative territorial unit of Nakhchivan city.

On November 28, 2014, by the decree of the President of Azerbaijan Republic, the Nəhəcir and Göynük villages of the Julfa District were given to the administration of the Babek District.

In 2015, by decree of President of Azerbaijan Republic, Qoşadizə village was liquidated and added into the administrative territory of the city of Babek.

Population
According to the State Statistics Committee, as of 2018, the population of city recorded 75,000 persons, which increased by 2,500 persons (about 0.03 percent) from 72,500 persons in 2000. 37,400 of total population are men, 37,600 are women. More than 26,2 percent of the population (about 19,700 persons) consists of young people and teenagers aged 14–29.

title: Babek District


text:
Nakhchivan (city)

Nakhchivan (Naxçıvan ; ) is the capital and largest city of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, a true exclave of Azerbaijan, located 450 km west of Baku. The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan, the settlement of Əliabad and the villages of Başbaşı, Bulqan, Haciniyyət, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul, Qarağalıq, and Daşduz. It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of 873 m above sea level.

Toponymy
The city's official Azerbaijani spelling is "Nakhchivan" (Naxçıvan). The name is transliterated from Persian as Nakhjavan. The city's name is transliterated from Russian as Nakhichevan' (Нахичевань) and from Armenian as Nakhijevan.

The city was first mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography as Naxuana (Ναξουὰνα, Naxuana). The older form of the name is Naxčawan (Նախճաւան). According to philologist Heinrich Hübschmann, the name was originally borne by the city and later given to the surrounding region. Hübschmann believed the name to be composed of Naxič or Naxuč (probably a personal name) and awan, an Armenian word (ultimately of Iranian origin) meaning "place, town".

In the Armenian tradition, the name of the city is connected with the Biblical narrative of Noah's Ark and interpreted as meaning "place of the first descent" or "first resting place" (as if deriving from նախ and իջեւան) due to it being regarded as the site where Noah descended and settled after the landing of the Ark on nearby Mount Ararat. It was probably under the influence of this tradition that the name changed in Armenian from the older Naxčawan to Naxijewan. Although this is a folk etymology, William Whiston believed Nakhchivan/Nakhijevan to be the Apobatērion ("place of descent") mentioned by the first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus in connection with Noah's Ark, which would make the tradition connecting the name with the Biblical figure Noah very old, predating Armenia's conversion to Christianity in the early fourth century.

Classical period
In the Armenian tradition, Nakhchivan was founded by Noah after the Flood, and was the place of his death and burial. According to the Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi, King Tigranes I of Armenia settled Median prisoners of war at Nakhchivan in the second century BC. Nakhchivan is first mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia as Naxuana (Ναξουὰνα).

Nakhchivan was destroyed by Shahanshah Shapur II in 363 and its Armenian and Jewish population was deported to Iran. Emperor Heraclius travelled through the city en route to Atropatene in 623 during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628.

Medieval period
The Arab siege of Nakhchivan in 650AD led Theodore Rshtuni to conclude a truce. After the rebellion of 703AD Muhammad ibn Marwan had the rebel nobles burnt alive in churches in Nakhchivan and Goghtn in 705. Nakhchivan temporarily came under the control of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in c. 900, but was swiftly taken by Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj. The city was the temporary refuge of Atabeg Nusrat al-Din Abu Bakr after his defeat at the Battle of Shamkor in 1195, and Nakhchivan was conquered by the Kingdom of Georgia in 1197.

The city and its surroundings were ruled either directly or indirectly by Zakarid Armenia from 1201 to 1350, but more often than not they only had partial independence and often were vassals of other Empires. In 1225, Nakhchivan was occupied by al-Maleka al-Jalāliya, daughter of Atabeg Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan. In 1236 Nakhchivan was occupied by the Mongol Empire and later the Ilkhanate forcing Zakarid Armenia to pay taxes to the Mongol lords as well as owing them loyalty and troops. Genoese merchants were known to trade in the city by 1280. The city was conquered by Timur in 1401, but was taken by King George VII of Georgia in 1405.

Modern period

Nakhchivan was conquered by Shahanshah Ismail I in 1503. Shahanshah Abbas I of Persia reconquered Nakhchivan from the Ottoman Empire in 1603–1604. Later the city served as the capital of the Nakhichevan Khanate.

Nakhchivan Khanate was annexed to the Russian Empire per the Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828. The city became the centre of the Nakhichevan uezd of the Erivan Governorate in 1849. In 1896, Nakhchivan had a population of 7,433, roughly two-thirds of which were Azeri-speaking Muslims and one-third Armenian Christians. According to the 1897 census, Nakhchivan had the status of a county town (у. г. / уездный город).

After the February Revolution of 1917, a soviet was formed in Nakhchivan, but the city was under the control of the Special Transcaucasian Committee from March to November 1917, and its successor the Transcaucasian Commissariat from November 1917 to March 1918. Turkey occupied Nakhchivan from June until November, after which the city was occupied by British soldiers in January 1919, and a military governor was appointed to administer Nakhchivan. It was decided that Nakhchivan would be granted to Armenia on 6 April 1919, and the city was annexed on 6 June 1919, however, some months later the city became the center of a regional Muslim uprising and pogrom against its Armenian inhabitants. Britain, France, Italy, and the US, with approval from Armenia and Azerbaijan, agreed on 25 October 1919 to appoint American Colonel Edmond D. Daily as General-Governor of Nakhchivan, elections would be held, and both Armenia and Azerbaijan would withdraw its forces from the territory. However, in March 1920, Turkish forces led by Kâzım Karabekir occupied Nakhchivan.

Soviet Russia took control of Nakhchivan on 28 July 1920, and the city became part of the newly formed Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Treaty of Moscow of 16 March 1921, and later the Treaty of Kars of 21 October 1921, between Soviet Union and Turkey agreed that Nakhicheva would be an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan and delimited its borders with Turkey. In February 1923, the city formed part of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Krai within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR), but later became the capital of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the ASSR in March 1924.

When Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union, Nakhchivan remained part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, a trilateral ceasefire was signed between Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia. According to the agreement, Azerbaijan will gain a road access to Nakhchivan through Armenia which will be secured by Russian peacekeepers.

Since 9 June 2009, the Bulqan, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul and Haciniyyət villages of the Babek District are included in the scope of the administrative-territorial unit of the Nakhchivan city.

Ecclesiastical history
The bishop of Mardpetakan resided at Nakhchivan, and the Armenian historian Tovma Artsruni records Sahak Vahevuni as bishop of Nakhchivan and Mardpetakan and brother of Apusahak Vahevuni.

Geography
The city is spread over the foothills of Zangezur chain, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of almost 1,000 m. The floods and soil erosion spiked because of the decreased forest cover along riverbanks. As a result, reforestation projects implemented in the city to encourage tree planting.

Climate
Nakhchivan has a continental semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with short but cold, snowy winters and long, dry, very hot summers.

Population
According to the State Statistics Committee of Azerbaijan, the number of population of city was 63,8 thousand in 2000.

Economy
Traditionally, Nakhchivan was home to trade industry, handicraft, shoemaking and hatmaking by Azerbaijanians. These industries have been largely replaced. The restoration enterprises and development industry, liberalization of foreign trade and the extension of the customs infrastructure, which has been largely responsible for Nakchivan's growth in the last two decades, are now major parts of Nakchivan's economy.

Culture
The city has a wide range of cultural activities, amenities and museums. Heydar Aliyev Palace, which has a permanent local painting exhibition and a theatre hall for an audience of 1000 people, and a recently restored Soviet-time Opera Theatre where the Nakhchivan State Musical Drama Theatre realises theatre plays, concerts, musicals and opera.

Many of the city's cultural sites were celebrated in 2018 when Nakhchivan was designated an Islamic Culture Capital.

Architecture
The city is home Momine Khatun Mausoleum, Gulustan Mausoleum, Noah's Mausoleum, Garabaghlar Mausoleum, Yusif ibn Kuseyir Mausoleum, Imamzadeh mausoleum and Mausoleum of Huseyn Javid mausoleums.

The main sight in the city is the heavily restored 12th-century Momine Khatun Mausoleum, also known as Atabek Gumbezi. Momine Khatun was the wife of Eldegizid Atabek Jahan Pahlivan, ruler of the Atabek Eldegiz emirate. The 10-sided monument is decorated with intricate geometrical motives and Kufic script, it uses turquoise glazed bricks. It shares the neighbourhood with a statue of its architect – Ajami Nakhchivani – and a bust of Heydar Aliyev. Also from the 12th century and by the same architect, is the octagonal Yusuf Ibn Kuseir tomb, known as Atababa, half abandoned near the main cemetery.

In 1993, the white marble mausoleum of Hussein Javid was built. The Azerbaijani writer died in the Gulag during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. Both the mausoleum and his house museum are located east of the theatre. Although being a recent construction, Huseyn Javid's mausoleum is of great iconic importance, representing the ability of the exclave to live despite the Armenian embargo and becoming a symbol of Nakhchivan itself.

The mausoleums of Nakhchivan were entered for possible inclusion in the List of World Heritage Sites, UNESCO in 1998 by Gulnara Mehmandarova – president of Azerbaijan Committee of ICOMOS—International Council on Monuments and Sites.

Cuisine
Nakchivan’s signature cuisine includes shirin plov (sweet rice with gravy; made with mutton, hazelnuts, almonds and dried fruits), dastana, komba, tendir lavash and galin.

Lavash is made with flour, water, and salt. The thickness of the bread varies depending on how thin it was rolled out. Toasted sesame seeds and/or poppy seeds are sometimes sprinkled on before baking. It is impossible to imagine any table without bread in Azerbaijan and also in Nakhchivan. In connection with this, the assortment of bread in Nakhchivan is different; the tendir lavash as thin as paper, galin (thick), dastana, and komba (ash cake). If prepared to saj it was called lavash, "Juha salmag" – spread Juha, lavash bread on saj, and if prepared in the tandir, the "llavash yapmag" lavash bread stick. The fact is that it was necessary to stick lavash bread on the hot inner walls of the tandir. it is impossible to fight with lavash bread, as the proverb reads "Gyaldi lavash – Bitdili Savas" – "Came lavash – the end of the war". There are many people’s ideological expressions about lavash "Yavash-yavash -pendir- lavash " "Quietly (slow) – cheese lavash " or "Khamrali hash – bagryna bass", "Khamraliev" (kind of bread) push to the chest, i.e. . lavash bread – eat slowly. "Of lavash folk sandwiches are made in a roll shape – durmek. In the village where children ran out to play or school they were supplied with these sandwiches. Inside durmeks – rolls was put butter and jam, cheese, cottage cheese and butter, cheese with herbs, potatoes, boiled eggs, etc."

Sacrificial monument Ashabi-Kahf
Ashabi-Kahf is a sanctuary in a natural cave which is located in the eastern part of the city of Nakhchivan, between the mountains of Ilandag and Nahajir in Azerbaijan.Since ancient times Ashabi-Kahf is considered as a sacred place.It is known not only in Nakhchivan, but also in other regions of Azerbaijan and countries of the Middle East.Each year ten thousands of people make a pilgrimage to this place.

Museums and galleries
The city also has many historical museums, the literature museum of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Nakhchivan State History Museum, The Nakhchivan State Carpet Museum, and the house museums of Jamshid Nakhchivanski and Bahruz Kangarli. There is also an archaeological museum found on Istiqlal street. The city has a few interesting mosques, particularly the Juma mosque, with its large dome.

Modern museums in Nakchivan include the Museum under Open Air, Heydar Aliyev Museum and the Memorial Museum (Xatıra Muzeyi), dedicated to the national strife between Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Music and media
The regional channels Naxçıvan TV and Kanal 35, and newspaper Sharg Gapisi are headquartered in the city.

Sports
Araz Naxçivan one of the top futsal clubs in the European futsal arena and regularly participates in UEFA Futsal Cup.

Nakhchivan had one professional football team, Araz-Naxçıvan, which competed in the top-flight of Azerbaijani football, the Azerbaijan Premier League.

In 2014, the city hosted Masters Weightlifting World Cup.

Festivals
Nakhchivan is known for its "Goyja" fruit, sort of a cherry-plum, and hosts a traditional Goyja festival at the Nakhchivangala Historical-Architectural Museum Complex. Products made from goyja—jam, compote (drink), pickles, dried, lavasha (bread) – are shown at the festival.

Another festival organized annually in Nakhchivan is associated with kata (kətə) – flat pie with greens, which is made with shomu (wild spinach), mixed greens, desert candle, pumpkin, asphodel, nettle, bean or lentil in a dough wrapped in the shape of an envelope and cooked in a tandir. Kata festival is aimed to show and promote the preparation manner of various types of the kata specific to different regions of NAR. The festival is held at the Historical-Architectural Museum Complex "Nakhchivangala" in April.

Education
There are 3 professional, 6 musical, 22 secondary schools and a military cadet school in Nakhchivan administered by the city council.

Universities and colleges
Nakhchivan is home to numerous universities:
 * Nakhchivan State University
 * Nakhchivan Private University
 * Nakhchivan Teachers Institute

Public transport
Nakhchivan's trolleybus system consisted of three lines at its height and existed until 2004.

Air
Nakhchivan International Airport is the only commercial airport serving Nakhchivan. The airport is connected by bus to the city center. There are domestic flights to Baku and international service to Russia and Turkey.

Rail
Currently, a light rail line operates from Nakhchivan southeast to Ordubad and northwest to Sharur.

Notable residents
The city's notable residents include: president of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, Huseyn Javid – poet and playwright, founder of the progressive romanticism in Azerbaijani literature, writer Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, opera singer Azer Zeynalov, film director Rza Tahmasib, generals Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski and Jamshid Nakhchivanski, artist Bahruz Kangarli and architect Ajami Nakhchivani.

Twin towns
Nakhchivan is twinned with various cities.
 * Batumi, Georgia, (since 2012)

title: Nakhchivan (city)


text:
Ordubad District

Ordubad District (Ordubad rayonu) is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the district of Julfa, as well as the Syunik Province of Armenia, and the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Ordubad. As at 2020, the district had a population of 50,200.

Etymology
Ordubad is a name of Turco-Persian origin and means, "city of army" (from Turkic ordu (army) and Persian bad (city)), which implies that the city was founded during the period of the Mongol, or the ensuing Il-Khanid rule.

History
Ordubad region was a part of the khanates of Erivan and Nakhchivan, which were dependencies of Qajar Iran, with Ordubad forming the main town of the district of Aza-Jeran in the eastern part of the khanate of Nakhchivan. After the Russo-Persian War and the Turkmanchay Treaty of 1828, the region was ceded by Iran to Imperial Russia, becoming part of the newly formed Armenian Oblast. It subsequently became part of the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate, and then the Nakhchivan Uyezd of the Erivan Governorate. Since 1921 Ordubad was a part of Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1990 became the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic within the Azerbaijan Republic.

Ordubad district was established in 1930. In 1963, the district was abolished and given to the Julfa region. Since 1965, it has been an independent district.

Population
According to the State Statistics Committee, as of 2018, the population of city recorded 49,700 persons, which increased by 8,500 persons (about 20.6 percent) from 41,200 persons in 2000. 24,700 of total population are men, 25,000 are women. More than 25,9 percent of the population (about 12,900 persons) consists of young people and teenagers aged 14–29.

title: Ordubad District