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Prairie School

Prairie School is a late 19th and early 20th-century architectural style, most common in the Midwestern United States. The style is usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands, integration with the landscape, solid construction, craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament. Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide, flat, treeless expanses of America's native prairie landscape.

The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in sympathy with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement, with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production.

History
The Prairie School developed in sympathy with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement begun in the late 19th century in England by John Ruskin, William Morris, and others. Along with the kindred American Craftsman movement it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as a reaction against the new assembly line mass production manufacturing techniques, which was felt to create inferior products and dehumanize workers.

The Prairie School was also an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture that did not share design elements and aesthetic vocabulary with earlier styles of European classical architecture. Many talented and ambitious young architects had been attracted by building opportunities stemming from the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair) of 1893 was supposed to be a heralding of the city of Chicago's rebirth. But many of the young Midwestern architects of what would become the Prairie School were offended by the Greek and Roman classicism of nearly every building erected for the fair. In reaction, they sought to create new work in and around Chicago that would display a uniquely modern and authentically American style, which came to be called Prairie.

The designation Prairie is due to the dominant horizontality of the majority of Prairie style buildings, which echoes the wide, flat, treeless expanses of the mid-Western United States. The most famous proponent of the style, Frank Lloyd Wright, promoted an idea of "organic architecture" (p. 53), the primary tenet of which was that a structure should look as if it naturally grew from the site. In the words of Wright, buildings that appeared as if they were "married to the ground." (p. 53) Wright also felt that a horizontal orientation was a distinctly American design motif, in that the younger country had much more open, undeveloped land than found in most older and highly urbanized European nations.

Prairie School architects
The Prairie School is mostly associated with a generation of architects employed or influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright or Louis Sullivan, though usually not including Sullivan himself. While the style originated in Chicago, some Prairie School architects spread its influence well beyond the Midwest. A partial list of Prairie School architects includes:

 * John S. Van Bergen
 * Lawrence Buck
 * Ransom Buffalow
 * Barry Byrne
 * Alfred Caldwell
 * William Drummond
 * George Grant Elmslie
 * Marion Mahony Griffin
 * Walter Burley Griffin
 * Henry John Klutho
 * George Washington Maher
 * Mason Maury
 * John Randal McDonald
 * George Mann Niedecken (Interior)
 * Dwight Heald Perkins
 * William Gray Purcell
 * Isabel Roberts
 * Francis Conroy Sullivan
 * Claude and Starck
 * William LaBarthe Steele
 * Trost & Trost
 * Andrew Willatzen
 * Taylor Woolley
 * Frank Lloyd Wright

Prairie School influence
Prairie School houses are characterized by open floor plans, horizontal lines, and indigenous materials. These were related to the American Arts and Crafts movement and its emphasis on hand craftsmanship, simplicity, and function. Both were alternatives to the then-dominant Classical Revival Style of Greek forms with occasional Roman influences. Some firms, such as Purcell & Elmslie, which accepted the honest presence of machine worked surfaces, consciously rejected the term "Arts and Crafts" for their work. The Prairie School was also heavily influenced by the Idealistic Romantics who believed better homes would create better people, and the Transcendentalist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson. In turn, Prairie School architects influenced subsequent architectural idioms, particularly the less is more ethos of Minimalists and form following function in Bauhaus, itself a mixture of De Stijl grid-based design and Constructist emphasis on the structure itself and its building materials.

Architectural historians have debated the reasons why the Prairie School went out of favor by the mid-1920s. In her autobiography, Prairie School architect Marion Mahony suggests:

"The enthusiastic and able young men as proved in their later work were doubtless as influential in the office later as were these early ones but Wright's early concentration on publicity and his claims that everybody was his disciple had a deadening influence on the Chicago group and only after a quarter of a century do we find creative architecture conspicuously evident in the United States."

Prairie School buildings

An example of Prairie School architecture is the aptly named "The Prairie School", a private day school in Racine, Wisconsin, designed by Taliesin Associates (an architectural firm originated by Wright), and located almost adjacent to Wright's Wingspread Conference Center. Mahony's and Griffin's work in Australia and India, notably the collection of homes at Castlecrag, New South Wales, are fine examples of how the Prairie School spread far from its Chicago roots. Isabel Roberts' Veterans' Memorial Library in St. Cloud, Florida, is another. The House at 8 Berkley Drive at Lockport, New York was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

The Oak Circle Historic District is a historic district in Wilmette, Illinois, United States. It primarily consists of fifteen single-family homes representative of the Prairie School and Craftsman styles of architecture constructed between 1917 and 1929. The Oak Circle Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 2001; it was the first historic district to be designated in Wilmette.

The Rock Crest–Rock Glen Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Mason City, Iowa. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. All of the buildings are houses designed in the Prairie School style, and are a part of a planned development. Mason City is also home to The Historic Park Inn Hotel and City National Bank, two adjacent commercial buildings designed in the Prairie School style. Completed in 1910, the Historic Park Inn Hotel is the last remaining Frank Lloyd Wright-designed hotel in the world, of the six for which he was the architect of record. The Dr. G.C. Stockman House is another example of Frank Lloyd Wright's Prairie School style found in Mason City, Iowa. Built in 1908, the Stockman House was the first Wright-designed Prairie School-style house in Iowa. Today, the house functions as a museum welcoming visitors and architectural enthusiasts from all around the world.

Modern interest
Interest in the ideas and designs of the Prairie School artists and architects has grown since the late 1980s, thanks in large part to celebrity collecting habits and high-profile auction results on many of the decorative designs from buildings of the era. In addition to numerous books, magazine articles, videos and merchandise promoting the movement, a number of original Prairie School building sites have become public museums, open for tours and special interactive events. Several not-for-profit organizations and on-line communities have been formed to educate people about the Prairie School movement and help preserve the designs associated with it. Some of these organizations and sites are listed in the External links section below.

General and cited references

 * Brooks, H. Allen, Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School, Braziller (in association with the Cooper-Hewitt Museum), `New York 1984; ISBN 0-8076-1084-4
 * Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School, W. W. Norton, New York 2006; ISBN 0-393-73191-X
 * Brooks, H. Allen (editor), Prairie School Architecture: Studies from "The Western Architect", University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo 1975; ISBN 0-8020-2138-7
 * Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1972; ISBN 0-8020-5251-7
 * Brooks, H. Allen (editor), Writings on Wright: Selected Comment on Frank Lloyd Wright, MIT Press, Cambridge MA and London 1981; ISBN 0-262-02161-7
 * Visser, Kristin, Frank Lloyd Wright & the Prairie School in Wisconsin: An Architectural Touring Guide, Trails Media Group; 2nd Rev edition (June, 1998). ISBN 1-879483-51-3.

title: Prairie School


text:
Blair Tefkin

Blair Tefkin is an American actress, singer, and songwriter.

Life and career
Blair Tefkin was born in Los Angeles, California. She is best known for her role as Robin Maxwell on the 1983 science fiction miniseries V (replacing Dominique Dunne, who was murdered while the show was in pre-production), the 1984 sequel V: The Final Battle, and V: The Series. Other notable television roles include Chris Elliott's love interest, Charlene, on Get a Life. Blair co-starred with Martin Mull on the CBS sitcom, His & Hers. Film roles include Pat Bernardo in Fast Times at Ridgemont High (credited as Blair Ashleigh), Three for the Road with Charlie Sheen, A Sinful Life, Inside Monkey Zetterland, Fright Night Part 2, S.F.W., and Dream Lover with James Spader. In The Anniversary Party with Jennifer Jason Leigh and Alan Cumming, Tefkin also performs an original song, "If Your Love Is True". Her song, "Troubles" appears on the movie's soundtrack as well. In 2010 she played opposite Ben Stiller in Noah Baumbach's Greenberg.

Blair was a member of The Sunday Company at L.A.’s renowned improv theatre, The Groundlings where she also starred in the hit play Just Like The Pom Pom Girls for which she won both L.A. Weekly and Dramalogue awards.

As a songwriter, Tefkin was signed to a publishing and development deal with PolyGram Publishing in 1996 and formed the indie band Lucie Gamelon, in which she sang and played bass. Lucie Gamelon was a fixture on the L.A. music scene and played major dates on the 1998 Lilith Fair tour sharing the stage with Patty Griffin and Morcheeba among others. Lucie Gamelon released a six-song EP: Everything Is Nice, In 2001, Tefkin released her solo CD Shocked and Devastated.

In 2004, Tefkin performed her one-woman show In the Land of the Giants: A Tragicomedy With Music at the Blank Theatre in Hollywood which the L.A. Times described as "witty, poignant and often hilarious."

During the 2020 pandemic, Tefkin posted a new song, “What’s The Point of It All” on YouTube and @Blairtefkinmusic. A new EP, I Like It When You're Down is slated for a 2021 release.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blair Tefkin


text:
Carvin Corporation

Carvin Corporation is a family-owned San Diego, California, manufacturer of guitar amplifiers and audio equipment. The company is known for its early work using plastics in the 1940s, making electric guitars from Resinox.

History
Founded by Lowel C Kiesel as the L.C. Kiesel Company, in 1946 in San Diego, California. The company's first self-manufactured items were guitar pickups, which were wound using an old sewing machine. Manufacturing then shifted to producing entire steel guitars.

By 1947, operations briefly moved to Kiesel's home town of Gothenburg, Nebraska and back to Southern California in 1949, where Kiesel named the company Carvin, a portmanteau derived from the first names of his two eldest sons, Carson and Gavin.

From 1950 to 1970, Carvin manufactured and assembled several types of guitars and amplifiers. They were an authorized manufacturer and reseller for Fender and Martin guitars, DeArmond pickups, and Sonola accordions. In the 1960s and early 1970s, they used Höfner necks on guitars they made.

Starting in the 1970s, Carvin developed a niche in the musical instrument world by selling directly to the public via mail order.

In the late 1970s, Carvin began the production of their own instrument parts and expanded their product lines to include professional audio gear, amps, recording equipment, lighting, and other stage and studio equipment. Later on, Carvin switched to manufacturing through-neck guitars, attracting metal players such as Jason Becker and Marty Friedman.

In the 1980s, they began to offer customized guitars and basses, based on available body shapes, woods, colors, electronics, and other features.

On December 28, 2009, it was announced that the founder of Carvin Guitars/Kiesel Guitar, Lowell C. Kiesel, had died.

In 2015, Carvin Corporation split off the guitar business to a new company, Kiesel Guitars, which continues to build electric and acoustic guitars, MIDI synth guitars, bass guitars and other instruments under the Carvin Guitars brand as well as new, Kiesel branded instruments. Carvin Corporation continued to operate the brands Carvin Amplifiers and Carvin Audio, which manufactured guitar and bass amplifiers as well as other professional audio gear. In October 2017, Carvin Audio announced that their California factory would be closing its doors after over 70 years.

On January 23, 2018, Carvin Amps and Audio announced the relaunch of their website. On June 14, 2018 Carvin announced the warehouse has been moved to a centralized USA location to offer customers faster shipping countrywide.

title: Carvin Corporation


text:
The Kudlow Report

The Kudlow Report was a news television program about business and politics hosted by Larry Kudlow, that aired on the CNBC television channel at 7pm ET until March 28, 2014. The show began airing on January 26, 2009. It was a successor to Kudlow & Company, which aired from 2005 until October 2008. Kudlow & Company was a spinoff of the show Kudlow & Cramer which Kudlow co-hosted from 2002 to 2005. Kudlow & Cramer was called America Now from 2001 to 2002.

Transcripts of Kudlow's comments on the program are available on Kudlow's blog, Kudlow's Money Politic$.

On October 10, 2007, CNBC moved Kudlow & Company from the 5pm ET to the 7pm ET timeslot, being replaced by Fast Money.

During the show's opening, Kudlow recited the "Kudlow creed", summarizing the show's politico-economic inclination: "We believe that free market capitalism is the best path to prosperity!"

On March 7, 2014, CNBC announced that The Kudlow Report would end its run on the network at the end of March 2014. Kudlow then became a senior contributor on the network.

Segments

 * View from the Hill: Kudlow usually interviewed a prominent politician or politicians.
 * Kudlow's Money Politic$ (same name as Kudlow's blog): Kudlow analyzed the relationship of Washington politics and the economy, especially the stock markets. The transcript of this segment was usually found on his blog.
 * Money Makers: Kudlow interviewed a group of analysts, whom he usually introduced as, "[Our] money makers, our all-star know-it-alls. They're here to make you a bundle." A frequent guest was Mike Holland, chairman of Holland and Co., based in Stamford, Connecticut.
 * Econ-o-Rama: The guest was usually a well-known economist.

Notable guests
The following prominent guests appeared on the show:

 * George W. Bush, President of the United States
 * Dick Cheney, Vice President of the United States
 * Barry Diller, Chairman and CEO of IAC/Interactive and Chairman of Expedia, Inc.
 * Chuck Hagel, U.S. Senator from Nebraska
 * Henry Kissinger, Former Secretary of State under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford
 * Bill Richardson, Governor of New Mexico, Former Secretary of Energy
 * Charles Schumer, U.S. Senator from New York

The show also featured many recurring guests, including:

 * Robert Reich, Former Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton
 * Ana Marie Cox, the blogger of Wonkette
 * John Fund, The Wall Street Journal writer
 * Frank Gaffney, Washington Times writer
 * Elaine Garzarelli, technical analyst
 * Ann Coulter, conservative political columnist/author
 * Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University professor
 * Jeremy Siegel, finance professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
 * Ben Stein, Republican Party politician and former speechwriter under President Nixon
 * Peter Schiff, investment analyst
 * T. Boone Pickens, analyst of crude oil prices
 * Arthur Laffer, creator of the Laffer Curve
 * Roger G. Ibbotson, Yale School of Management professor

title: The Kudlow Report


text: Talk:The Kudlow Report

title: Talk:The Kudlow Report


text: User talk:68.53.117.39

title: User talk:68.53.117.39


text:
Talk:Robert H. Goddard

New York Times, patents, early work
At present (13 May 2006), there is too much coverage of the New York Times' criticism of Goddard's work, too little coverage of the major patents Goddard was awarded (and their importance), and too little on Goddard's early research (esp. his groundbreaking work A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes).

The New York Times section currently takes up as much as 20 percent of the writeup of this article. While the lack of vision by the New York Times is important to understand in viewing Goddard's legacy, it is still only an amusing anecdote in Goddard's life. Therefore, it needs to be viewed in the larger context of Goddard's career, and that should mean giving greater emphasis to what he accomplished.

It is important to understand Goddard's major patents, which are hardly mentioned at all in this article, and his pioneering book, which until recently had not even been mentioned in the body of the article. Clearly, there are a number of improvements to be made to bring up the quality of this article. -- Christopher Nieman 19:14, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Excellent; everybody looks forward to seeing what you add! - DavidWBrooks 22:23, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

I removed much of the Times quotation and the point is still made. This article had a large part in causing his "secrecy" and labeling him "mad scientist"-far from an amusing anecdote. Orbitnut (talk) 16:45, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

"Religious Beliefs"
Does anyone have any information on what Goddard's view on religion was, if any? - JyL 28 February 2007

Goddard and the V-2
I hate to write speculative information into an article, and the quotation from the wolfram site about the A-1 and A-2 being based on Goddard's work is questionable. So I will make a few comments here.

Goddard's work was well known in the 1920s and 1930s. He was somewhat mysterious, but it was known that he performed experiments and built rockets -- he was not, like dozens of others, just writing articles that theorized and fantasized about spacetravel. In the mid 1930s, German intelligence supplied von Braun with information about Goddard's work, but it may not have been much more than what was available in American publications and newspapers.

The A-1 and A-2 were built in 1933 and 34, and used an internal spin-table to stabilize the rocket. It's an unusual idea, and Goddard had done the same thing in 1927. This was before German spying in the USA, but perhaps von Braun knew of it from other sources. The A-3, built in 1936 contained a gyroscopic guidance system and was steered by vanes in the exhaust, the same as Goddard's 1932 rocket. Did von Braun know that? The concept of gyroscopic guidance may have independently occured to the Germans (and also GIRD in 1936 in Russia for their cruise missiles), because people were aware that underwater torpedos used gyroscopes.

Goddard had difficulty with engine burn-through and although he built a regeneratively cooled engine in 1923, he abandoned the idea. In this regard, Klaus Reidel's engines and later work was much superior. Reidel attempted Oberth's idea of immersing the engine in the fuel tank (the Kegelduese) which caused an explosion. Then they tried encasing the engine in standing water. And eventually Reidel had the idea of regenerative cooling by fuel.

Goddard's work was sophsticated, much more so than VfR or even GIRD, but he could not compete with the massive effort that Germany began in the late 1930s, with military funding and teams of professional engineers. It's not the case that something like the V-2 comes about from a single genius or some stolen secrets, it is a massive effort and the real secret is systems management, which is what von Braun did. DonPMitchell (talk) 22:26, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * By this edit a new user has "[d]eleted the oft-repeated myth that the German rocketeers stole their technical advances from Goddard." The new user has also deleted at least one reference.  This is not Wikipedia style.  If the importance of Goddard's work in the development of the German rockets is a matter of some controversy, then we don't decide which side is right and which is wrong, adopting one view and suppressing the other.  We present both, as fairly as possible, with attribution.  See WP:NPOV.  We need to integrate the information added by the new user so that it doesn't simply displace what was there before -- even if one Wikipedian considers the former text a "myth". JamesMLane t c 10:36, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Goddard was so secretive that beyond the revolutionary nature of actually flying a liquid fuelled rocket, he hardly influenced even the US efforts with hard-engineering innovations. Of course he "inspired" everyone from Von Braun to Dan Dare onwards, and that's reported as such in the two refs removed (one of which is interesting as it's in period, but neither is a good WP:RS). The real evidence for inspiration from Goddard to the V2 rests on two aspects: regenerative cooling with fuel - was this inspired by Goddard and do German sources support this? and Goddard's own claims after inspecting a V2. I don't have to WP:AGF in regards to Goddard, so I'd have to suspect, "Well he would say that, wouldn't he?". The notion of "being the inspiration for the V2" is the second-biggest myth around Goddard, and there's an absence of support for it. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:52, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

 * WP:AGF doesn't apply here. Per WP:NPOV, we report facts about opinions.  If Goddard expressed the opinion that his work was the basis for the V-2, we should report that -- not by saying his work was the basis for the V-2, but by saying that he expressed that opinion.  We should also, of course, report any notable contrary opinion, along with all the important facts cited by both sides in support of their argument. JamesMLane t c 14:47, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Goddard had a very important impact, despite his later secrecy. His use the de Laval nozzle was widely noted and was a critical invention.  His publication influenced the first big public movement for space exploration, which was in the Soviet Union in the early 1920s (Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel).  The historian Asif Siddiqi discusses this in his paper "Deep Impact: Robert Goddard and the Soviet 'Space Fad' of the 1920s".  In terms of technological sophistication, I believe Goddard was not surpassed until the German A-3 rocket. 24.16.88.14 (talk) 19:37, 12 March 2010 (UTC) DonPMitchell (talk) 19:44, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * there are 4 questions that need to be solved on this Goddard vs V-2: (1) the same base theories that made Goddard create his rocketry fundaments were avaliable to other phsyics? If yes, it is very likely that similar theories would arise - like Oberth; (2) How Dr. Goddard answered the "techincal questions" from the germans? If he adopted secrecy it would be more likely that he misinformed or not even answered such questions (heck he didnt even talked about his work with fellow americans); (3) Why the US military chose to import nazi cientist instead using the technicians who worked with Goddard and Caltech? Goddard died August 1945 (3 month after Germany surrender) and Cold War only started 1947; and (4) how it is possible that in 1934 the germans already had a better rocket that any proposed or made be Dr. Goddard? If the germans had copied Goddard work, how they could have made a "copy" better than the "original"? One thing is to draw a rocket and write it will go to the moon, other completely diferent is to actually make a rocket able to go to the moon. I think that Dr. Goddard work without doubt influenced the birth of Rocket Science, but i doubt he was alone in it.201.79.40.54
 * It is easy to overestimate the importance of Nazi scientists on the US missile program. The Army employed Von Braun and a hundred or two of his people at MSFC, where their Redstone missile represented a continuation of the V-2 technology.  Meanwhile the Navy built the Vanguard rocket (not especially great work), and the Air Force built America's most successful rockets, like Karel Bossart's innovative Atlas.  Work on rocket engine design quickly abandoned the large but not very good engine in the V-2, replacing them with light-weight tubular cooled high-pressure engines.  The most important and lasting technical contribution from Germany was probaby the gyro stabilized platform.
 * As for Von Braun calling Goddard's rockets "crude", that is not really a fair description of his concurrent work in the 1930s. 1937 Rocket  Goddard's work was comparable or superior to the A-3, and only really surpassed with the A-4 (V-2).  This is not a magic property of German scientists, it is about professional engineers, experienced corporations like Siemens, and money.  The V-2 was developed in Germany (and not England or America) for ironic reasons, because in fact it was a bad decision to build it.  An expensive inaccurate missile to deliver conventional warheads was just not a good weapon system.  When the US military refused to build Goddard's proposed rocket weapons, they were actually right.  It was the advent of the atomic bomb that changed the game completely and made long-range missiles important. DonPMitchell (talk) 02:39, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

"The Peenemünde rocket group led by Wernher von Braun may have benefited from the pre-1939 contacts [with Goddard] to a limited extent, but had also started from the work of their own space pioneer, Hermann Oberth"

 * Oberth was not an engineer and offered little if any sound practical advice about how to build a working rocket. George Sutton discusses the serious problems with Oberth's "kegelduese" engine, with its fuel injectors placed near the outlet of the nozzle.  It must necessarily have expelled most of its fuel before it had a chance to burn in the combustion chamber.  He also had no good ideas about cooling, the kegelduese was immersed in a bucket of water while operated.  The engines used in the A-3 and A-4 evolved from design concepts of Heylandt engineers, not from the extremely ineffcient Oberth and the VfR engines.

 * Oberth receives are too much credit, while engineers like Walter Riedel should get much more credit. DonPMitchell (talk) 20:11, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

(talk) 17:51, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

With regard to German information about Goddard, I suspect his patents were more important than any of the dodgy spying activity. Take a look at the fuel-curtain cooling system on the V-2 engine, and then look at the diagram in Goddard's 1939 patent 2,217,649. The similarity is dramatic. But I do not think it is appropriate to insert that sort of speculation into this Wikipedia article. It's just something to take note of. DonPMitchell (talk) 07:06, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

See the Viking (rocket) article. Rosen credits the V-2, ARS,Goddard for contributions to its design. Von Braun praised it as the most advanced at the time. Goddard and navy lab at Annapolis had some influence on RMI. Germans had access to Goddard's early patents. People keep saying he had no or lttle influence. Not so. Orbitnut (talk) 18:12, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

Pedro Paulet
Does anyone have any good evidence that this guy made a liquid rocket first? My understanding is that there's no good evidence that he did get there first. It might be worth mentioning that this is the case though, but at some points in its history the article has stated that Pedro Paulet definitely invented it first; it's not my understanding that, overall, the literature on liquid rockets states this, and hence I intend to remove any such claim, unless somebody can come up with really solid references.- Wolfkeeper  21:58, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, there is no evidence for Paulet's claim. He simply stated, long after this was well known technology, that he had invented it first.  Personally, I think it is risky to admit such claims.  It is simply not fair to people who have done proven work, because there is the very real possibility that Paulet is a fraud. 24.16.88.14 (talk) 19:29, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

 * false, werner von braun had already said the same about paulet be pioneer and not goddard..já tinha dito o mesmo sobre paulet ser o pioneiro e não goddard.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 177.48.117.116 (talk) 07:55, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

There is a pretty good discussion of Paulet in Sutton's book on the history of Liquid Fuel Rocket Engines. DonPMitchell (talk) 06:55, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

 * "Today historians discount this claim because it was not published until 25 years after the event, because there were no witnesses or substantiating documentation and no identification of the test location."

 * Seems to me that thinking up some idea, and actually getting it to work, are two different things. Many people might have thought about, or even made drawings of, liquid fueled rockets. Goddard actually built and flew them. Gah4 (talk) 22:28, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

Brother
I found a page from Clark University that mentions his brother. Is this good enough to cite?

http://www.clarku.edu/research/archives/goddard/faqs.cfm 99.156.135.206 (talk) 19:03, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

His brother died young. Orbitnut (talk) 21:28, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

Was he first
I think that sentence:

He was the first not only to recognize the scientific potential of missiles and space travel but also to bring about the design and construction of the rockets needed to implement those ideas.[12]

should be changed, because clearly Tsiolkovski was first in this field. Goddard was first only in america. I haven't read the related bibliographical possition. Can anyone comment on that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.51.46.186 (talk) 11:05, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Sentence changed. Good catch. Orbitnut (talk) 22:40, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

filed
Recent edits relate to filing patents after death. As far as I know, there is no rule against it, being filed by his estate (or wife, as it says in the article). But presumably also, some filed before death were awarded after death. We should get this right. Gah4 (talk) 22:15, 12 April 2019 (UTC)

Prove vacuum by static test?
This line is confusing, and needs some clarification:
 * First to prove, by actual static test (emphasis added), that rocket propulsion operates in a vacuum, that it needs no air to push against, which was doubted by physicists of the time. (1915–1916)

Even though the cited NASA source says: "It was during this period that he proved his theory, by static laboratory test, that a rocket would perform in a vacuum and was therefore capable of operating in space."

A static test means by definition, that the rocket is tested by firing it while held down on a test stand (see the several references to static testing in this article). Most such test stands are outdoors (certainly the one Goddard used had to be, as rockets were in their infancy at the time). I doubt that Goddard tested his engine in a vacuum chamber in 1915. He must have used mathematics to deduce the vacuum thrust, possibly based on measurements, but certainly the claim was not empirically proved until the first rocket reached space (which proably would have been von Braun's V2?) JustinTime55 (talk) 12:29, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Actually, according to Goddard's article in September 1924 Popular Science, Goddard did fire a very small rocket in a vacuum chamber, but it is exremely misleading to call this a "static rocket test" as it is commonly understood. JustinTime55 (talk) 13:58, 22 May 2019 (UTC)

Goddard did test in a near vacuum in an evacuated tube in the lab at Clark. The small rocket engine barely moved so he could measure the thrust and prove that it would be propelled in a vacuum, so it was a static test in every sense. Call it a lab test if you want. Orbitnut (talk) 23:52, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

 * A recent edit removed (which was doubted by physicists of the time) from the article, with a summary that no physicist since Newton questioned it. Do we have a WP:RS one way or the other?  But more, even if no physicist questioned it, it seems that many others did. How about scientists and engineers that were not physicists?  How about newspaper reporters?  Gah4 (talk) 07:30, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Coordinates of launch location at Roswell
Can someone please add the coordinates of the site where Goddard launched rockets at Roswell. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:DF:1F25:4667:396A:FCC3:9106:2B8B (talk) 01:13, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

Founding Fathers of the United States
Some time ago, I was third opinion for Founding Fathers of the United States, as it seems that there is some question about who, exactly qualifies as a founding father. Different sources say different things. Most publications don't have room for all, so report on a select few. It seems the exact same problem here. Who, exactly, should be the Founding Fathers of rocketry. (Now there is a link, so someone can write the article.) Gah4 (talk) 03:38, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert H. Goddard


text:
User:ElfWord/101 in 1001

ElfWord's 101 Goals in the Next 1001 Days
1. Have made at least 5 shirts for myself.

2. Visit a college friend in a far-away city.

3. Travel to another country.

4. Visit New York City. Goals 2 and 4 cannot be both satisfied with one visit.

5. Take a photo everyday for a year.

6. Write in a journal everyday for a year. (If I absolutely cannot write in a journal, online or off, for a day, have a guest writer make an entry for me.)

7. Write a full play and have it produced.

8. Start and maintain a blog on a topic of interest, such as Instant Messaging.

9. Learn to breakdance.

10. Master three accents.

11. Master writing in Theban.

12. Have an article published in a magazine.

13. Order parts for a computer I assemble myself. Help from friends is allowed.

14. Donate blood at least 3 times.

15. Drink a cup of coffee made from beans I have roasted myself.

16. Collect a business card for every goal I complete.

17. Have at least $10,000 in my bank account by the time I complete this list.

18. Campaign for a political official.

19. Raise money for a charity.

20. Develop a website for at least 3 businesses.

21. Watch a sunset and sunrise without sleeping in between.

22. Compile a list of my 100 favourite songs.

23. Write 101 letters of any kind to anyone.

24. Be involved in the production of an independent film.

25. Buy a digital portable music player.

26. Eat at every restaurant in a city.

27. Get an ISSN.

28. Build a personal portfolio website of professional quality.

29. Create an add-on program for AIM.

30. Read a book a day for a month.

31. Write a song and have it recorded. Preferably with a music video.

32. Buy a new wallet.

33. Improve my breath control.

34. Get something posted on SlashDot, BoingBoing, and MetaFilter.

35. Write something(poem, short story, note) for each of my closest friends.

36. Vote in a local election.

37. Acquire 50 more roleplaying books than I currently have.

38. Sell a photo I have taken.

39. Attend three conferences/convention from the following list: a gaming convention, a sci-fi convention, a fantasy convention, a books convention, a web conference, a political conference, a technology conference, a journalism conference, a writing convention.

40. Go to a concert and buy a CD.

41. Take a girl on an honest-to-higher-power date.

42. People-watch at a busy location.

43. Thoroughly learn a method of divination. Tarot card reading, rune casting, palm reading, etc.

44. Improve my handwriting and/or learn to write legibly with my left hand.

45. Learn Flash. (and use it)

46. Become an expert on something historical, be it a time period, object, person, battle, piece of culture, etc.

47. Visit a library in every state and country I go to from this day forth.

48. Create a plan for retirement and start saving.

49. Meet five people I talk to online.

50. Get a six-pack. Muscles, not beer.

51. Complete 5 photography projects.

52. Either not be involved in a fight, or thoroughly kick ass if I must be involved.

53. Have a printed photo of myself with each friend I have.

54. Complete a certification process involving some type of technology.

55. Complete a list each year of things I would buy if I had $1,000,000.

56. Learn to play a song on a musical instrument I can’t yet play. Preferably piano, harmonica, or guitar.

57. Master one piece of Macromedia software, and one piece of Adobe software other than Photoshop.

58. Finish one of my old SWRPG d20 projects.

59. Attend a friend’s graduation.

60. Get several of my friends to also accomplish one of the goals on this list.

61. Achieve financial independence from my mother.

62. Cook a meal for at least two people including myself entirely out of 100% organic foods.

63. Do something crazy with my hair for a week.

64. Skinnydip at night.

65. Be able to quote at least 10 philosophers and/or playwrights from memory.

66. Start a stock portfolio.

67. Kiss in the rain.

68. Create and maintain an inventory of the books I own.

69. Write a children’s book for Astrid.

70. Learn to mix 5 specialty drinks.

71. Meet a blogger I read regularly. (Goals 71 and 49 cannot count toward each other.)

72. Go to a large competitive tournament of some kind.

73. Do some kind of Urban Exploration.

74. Write messages on my money for a month.

75. Read 5 classic novels, and also War & Peace.

76. Master CSS.

77. Start an organized archive of articles. Digital or physical. Rent storage if necessary.

78. Wear a tuxedo once more. Look damned good in it.

79. Attend a protest.

80. Buy five of the following: .org, .net, .nu, .tk, .name., .info., .biz, .us, .ms, and .ws .tv, and .cc domain names for my personal website.

81. Make 12 mix-CDs for myself and/or friends.

82. Come up with 5 ideas for a PhD thesis and start researching.

83. Have a romantic dinner and a movie. Emphasis on romantic.

84. Consistently recycle aluminum.

85. Spend a night on an island, one unreachable by car or foot.

86. Cook a meal for a friend every day for a week.

87. Always have a list of 10 books I don’t own and haven’t read but would like to.

88. Start and maintain a scrapbook.

89. Improve my knowledge of world history.

90. Spend 24 hours in a Waffle House.

91. Gamble at a casino.

92. Create an acting and/or directing and/or stage managing resume.

93. Consistently photograph graffiti and other kinds of street art.

94. One semester, learn the names of everyone in all of my classes.

95. Start using more complicated passwords for everything.

96. Improve my memory.

97. Learn two acting styles.

98. Join/Contribute to the ACLU, EFF, and AI.

99. Find more kinds of sushi I enjoy.

100. Get personalized stationary.

101. Start a new list immediately after all goals on this list are completed.

title: User:ElfWord/101 in 1001


text:
Nele Kantule

Nele Kantule Iguibilikinya (1868–1944) was a famous chief and medicine man of the Kuna indigenous tribe of Panama.

Biography
He was born in Putorgandi, in what is today Ustupu Island, Panama. He was a leader of the Kuna from early in the twentieth century until his death.

His life was described by Erland Nordenskiöld, in his 1938 book on the Kuna, An historical and ethnological survey of the Cuna Indians.

title: Nele Kantule


text:
User talk:CGally81

Hi CGally81, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk ) 01:43, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

Pitfall 2 "poster image"
Thanks for your comments and for pointing out that image. You're right, it makes a nice addition to the article. I did some Photoshop magic and uploaded it. Noidner 00:02, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Katiebrownell2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Katiebrownell2.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image tagging for Image:Myst IV Yeesha.jpg
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Myst IV Yeesha.jpg)
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Fair use rationale for File:Alice11-g.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:CGally81


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of people believed to have been affected by bipolar disorder

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. dbenbenn | talk 01:33, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

List of people believed to have been affected by bipolar disorder
Too speculative and Possiblly Libelous. Should be removed ASAP. Nick Catalano 01:45, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ejrrjs | What? 01:52, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete this list cannot be verified in any way (except for the living people on record as bipolar), so it really doesn't belong in wikipedia --nixie 02:29, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Possiblly libelous Longhair 02:35, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm sure this was on VfD before. Anyone remember? Dpbsmith (talk) 03:12, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There's no record of vfd on the talk page, there have been similar lists up for vfd recently, like the list of republican celebrities etc --nixie 03:25, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, because it may cause problems. -- Riffsyphon1024 03:15, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless, prior to expiration of VfD, a) sources are provided for at least twenty people on the list, and b) no more than ten of those sources are from or closely connected to Kay Redfield Jamison's book Touched with Fire, and c) all names for which no sources are provided are moved to the article's talk page and not placed in the article until a source is provided. I think this page is a currently a mixture of rumor, speculation, and Jamison. Jamison's book is fascinating, respectable and credible, but speculative. We should acknowledge it as the source whenever it is the source, and we shouldn't base an article solely on her work. Dpbsmith (talk) 03:22, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete All the reasons above, and it has no encyclopedic value. --DaveTheRed 03:30, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and then undergo a verification proccess. Just a comment, though: because it may cause problems doesn't seem like an awfully good reason to remove something from an encyclopedia. For all we know, bread might cause problems with people who dislike it. --Sn0wflake 03:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Dammit, on a topic as sensitive as this, this should be verify first. No entries should have ever gone onto this list without a verifiable source. Given that the list was created in July 2004 and has been slowly and continuously edited since then, I don't think it matters if it hangs around for another week or so, but the outcome of this VfD should be something that ensures that any "highly speculative and inaccurate" entries will be removed from the main namespace reasonably quickly. Dpbsmith (talk) 14:16, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Gee, I can't recollect any bread suits, but I can certainly remember a lot of libel suits over false and/or reckless charges of mental illness. --Calton 04:01, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I once tried on a breadsuit and, man, was it a bad idea. Surprised I got out of the park alive. Anyway, delete this list. Any list that readily admits it's bullshit does not belong here. -R. fiend 04:04, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Here is a highly speculative and inaccurate list? People believed to have been affected? This is a reckless list atht should be deleted ASAP. --Calton 04:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV, non-encyclopedic. Jayjg (talk)  04:46, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Kaibabsquirrel 06:17, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but if we must keep this article (which isn't likely right now), I strongly suggest we keep living or recently living people off. Just think of how much this would offend them, or their families. Plus there are some serious libel issues. Szyslak 06:26, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "Believed"???. If someone has not been diagnozed with the BPD or admitted that they have it, everything is speculation and potentially derogatory. Delete - Skysmith 11:21, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --BM 14:23, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment I have just made a bold and ruthless edit. The previous version of the article, which is the subject of the discussion above the line, is this revision. I have moved the unsourced entries to the Talk page. Since currently all of the entries are unsourced, that means all the entries. I have changed the lead sentence which formerly read "Here is a highly speculative and inaccurate list" to read "This is a list of people who have been cited by a credible source as probably having bipolar disorder. Each entry is accompanied by the source." Dpbsmith (talk) 14:28, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a celebrity gossip rag, and even a celebrity gossip rag would find itself slapped with a libel suit if they accused someone of having bipolar disorder without any proof. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:54, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons listed above. — RJH 17:46, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment On the main bipolar disorder page is a link to a list of famous persons with mental disorders from the national alliance for the mentally ill. It contains about 20 names which I will transfer to this list in the next few minutes. LukeSurl 18:49, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe the page now is worthy of a keep LukeSurl 19:09, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've consulted a second source, namely [bipolarworld.net. I belive this gives the list extra validity. However, due to the nature of Bipolar disorder it is inevitable that this list is going to be questionable, therefore I have added in the article an admission of this:

"The nature of the condition means it is near impossible to obtain an definative list of bipolar persons, hence this is a list of those that are believed to be so. The fact that it contains many artistic geniuses can be interpreted in two ways, either that bipolar disorder occurs fequently in artistic geniuses or that people frequently associate mental disorder with genius in error, not understanding the nature of the gift."

I believe the list can be interpreted as a mirror on popular perception of bipolar disorder and not necessarily a definative list and such warrent its ambiguous title.

Furthermore I have excluded any living persons from the list to avoid controversy LukeSurl 20:33, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Whatever the sources, it should still be deleted. I just looked at the pages referenced from which appear equally "highly speculative and inaccurate". For one reason or other most mental health pressure groups appear to collect spuriously referenced lists of highly speculative nature of famous people suffering their particular illness/condition. Probably worth an article...Beethoven turns up on every such list, whether autistic/ asperger, bipolar whatever, probably he was just an alcoholic, Schumann suffered from tertiary syphilis and not BPI(as per reference provided, etc, Again, please delete asap.Refdoc 20:42, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, these lists are collected by those with a vested interest but doesn't that increase this articles validity on how Bipolar disorder is percieved? Perhaps the page could be moved to List of people claimed to have been affected by bipolar disorder with a brief discussion on the bias of said organisations?LukeSurl 21:05, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, bipolarity and alcholism or syphillus are not mutually exclusive. Biopolarity, switching from depression to manic may be a cause, or an effect of alcholism, Schumann's syphillus may have caused a bipolar nature. "Bipolar disorder" was previously called "manic depression", and is therefore much easier to speculate on than first appears. For a person to have Bipolar II disorder requires only one major depressive episode in their lives. This is possible to determine with reasonable accuracy from historical records. Yes, if this is to be closer to a definate list then it should be reviewed on a case by case basis, but not deleted. LukeSurl 22:54, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This is possible to determine with reasonable accuracy from historical records This is wrong. While the criteria are laid out in stuff like ICD 10] ]and [[DSM IV, any such diagnosis requires huge medical skills, is often in doubt for a long time and may need to be revised at some stage. To make such a diagnosis form review of incomplete biographical data is presumptoous to say the least.Refdoc 00:10, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Nevertheless, it could be perfectly encyclopedic to say "Byron was profiled as a probable manic-depressive by Kay Redfield Jamison." It all depends on whether you think Kay Redfield Jamison's views rise to the level of encyclopedic authority. We shouldn't present our personal speculation as fact, but it's perfectly reasonable to present well-sourced, authoritative speculation as long as we identify the source and led the reader assess credibility. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:18, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, I just thought of one person who certainly can go on the list! Dpbsmith (talk) 01:24, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, as long as it lists only the people who, have admitted to having BD, such as Adam Ant or Vivien Leigh for example, and keeps out the more speculative ones. G-Man 00:07, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as quickly as possible. This is grotesquely offensive, both to those on the list and to those who actually suffer from bipolar disorder. Non-encyclopedic, possibly grounds for libel. DocSigma 04:32, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) I didn't even notice the massive edits that have been done. When I first saw this list, it was completely unsubstantiated (which is why I found it offensive). I change my vote to Keep. DocSigma 04:50, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * This is false. It is not offensive to those who suffer from bipolar disorder. The sources for the current version of the article are all people with bipolar disorder (Jamison, the members of NAMI, the participants at bipolarworld.net). I have bipolar disorder, and I love lists of famous people with bipolar disorder. I'm sure that somebody with bipolar disorder is offended by such lists, but they don't speak for me! -- Toby Bartels 00:01, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'm another bipolar Wikipedian who is not offended by this list. -- Karada 11:19, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I would like to see the opinion of a specialist on this article. After the cleanup, the issue seems to be merely whether or not the list is speculative. I'm no psychiatrist, but one or two books I've read by very notable authorities on this field gave me the impression it is not really considered speculation to produce a diagnosis based only on historical data, or even in fictional material. By the way, Ben Stiller is still listed with no indication of source. vlad_mv 01:14, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not very happy with the "cleanup." The so-called sources are web pages which themselves are very poorly sourced. The NAMI list is simply a list of people with "mental illness." The current page includes Faulkner, gives BPW as the source, but notes that Faulkner was "alcoholic." The BPW does list him as "bipolar" but really presents no evidence or sources at all. Being alcoholic and being bipolar are not the same thing! Dpbsmith (talk) 03:01, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added "TWF" initials to all persons listed in "Touched with fire" as well as a few links to relavent biographies of a few individual persons. Kay Redfield Jamison includes many more persons on her list but I decided not to add any more names. I've also got a quote from Ben Stiller himself who is very open about his condition, making him the only living person on the list. LukeSurl 16:53, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The only living person besides Jamison herself, that is. She's still alive AFAIK. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:20, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's perfectly without the mandate of an NPOV encyclopaedia to report that a famous person is commonly believed, or credibly cited, to have a particular medical condition. This goes for deceased persons as well, as long as we make it clear that the diagnosis is merely an estimate based on historical material. Everything should be sourced; random contributor's personal speculations are not verifiable. The current article meets these requirements. -- Toby Bartels 00:01, 2005 Feb 28 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Darwinek 10:48, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but tighten up on citing of source material: and yes, I believe Jamison to be a good source. As an aside, I wonder how many bipolar Wikipedians there are? With bipolar disorder affecting 0.1%-1% of the population (depending on your definition), there must be quite a few. -- Karada 11:01, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm one! I was offended by the list back when it was unsubstantiated, but no longer am. DocSigma 04:50, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- Zarkov 21:01, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Drw25 00:01, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Dunkirk, Kent

Dunkirk is a village and civil parish between Faversham and Canterbury in southeast England. It lies on the Canterbury Road between Boughton under Blean and Harbledown. This was the main Roman road from the Kentish ports to London, also known as Watling Street.

Toponymy
The origin of the village's name is still not very clear, but it is understood to come from a house called "Dunkirk", lived in by a Fleming from Dunkirk on the border between France and Belgium.

History
In 1800, according to Edward Hasted, the village was once part of the king's ancient forest of Blean in the 'hundred of Westgate'.

Dunkirk's main claim to fame is that in 1838 it was the scene of the last armed rising on British soil, the Battle of Bossenden Wood to the north of the village. Eleven men died when a band of farm labourers were intercepted by a detachment of soldiers.

In 1940 during World War II, the RAF Chain Home radar station in Dunkirk was bombed several times by the Luftwaffe.

In 2011, the villagers had an official opening of their replacement Village Hall. £230,000 was raised to pay for the new hall.

title: Dunkirk, Kent


text:
User talk:Johnschreimann

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 01:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Johnschreimann


text:
Mad Money

Mad Money is an American finance television program hosted by Jim Cramer that began airing on CNBC on March 14, 2005. Its main focus is investment and speculation, particularly in public company stocks.

Cramer defines "mad money" as the money one "can use to invest in stocks ... not retirement money, which you want in 401K or an Individual retirement account, a savings account, bonds, or the most conservative of dividend-paying stocks."

Mad Money replaced Dylan Ratigan's Bullseye for the 6 p.m. Eastern Time slot. On January 8, 2007, CNBC began airing reruns of the show at 11 p.m. Eastern Time, on Monday through Friday, and at 4 a.m. Eastern Time, on Saturdays.

In March 2012, the program became a part of what was formerly branded as NBC All Night in the nominal 3:07 a.m. ET/2:07 a.m. timeslot on weeknights, replacing week-delayed repeats of NBC's late night talk shows. In that form, only the video for the program was presented on a 16:9 screen with gray branded windowboxing and pillarboxing, with all enhanced business information, including the CNBC Ticker, removed. The continuing movement of morning local newscasts, and with it Early Today further into what is known as the graveyard slot eventually began to interfere with the airing of Mad Money in this late slot, especially if they aired at 4 a.m., and in the Eastern and Pacific time zones (meaning seven minutes would have to be cut-off Mad Money to fit in Early Today and a local newscast starting at 4:30 a.m.). On July 31, 2017, Early Today began to first record at 3:00 a.m. ET, and without any room on the schedule, the NBC version of Mad Money was discontinued on this date.

On August 4, 2014, Mad Money was first broadcast in full-screen 1080i HD, resulting in the removal of the sidebar that was seen on all of CNBC's other trading-day programming, until the sidebar itself was permanently removed altogether on October 13, 2014. The NBC presentation displayed the native widescreen HD picture, albeit with the CNBC Ticker space still filled in with gray windowboxing.

Opening
Cramer usually starts his shows saying this, or an alternative version of this phrase after opening credits: "Hey, I'm (Jim) Cramer, welcome to Mad Money, welcome to Cramerica, some people want to make friends [at this point, Cramer adds an extra, original statement], I just want to make you money (hits the "Ka-ching" sound effect multiple times in most episodes since 2022), because my job is not just to entertain you, but to educate and teach you, so call me at 1-800-743-CNBC or tweet me @jimcramer."

Show medium
Cramer is usually standing up with the fisheye lens Steadicam close to his face, while providing stock picks and investing advice. His voice inflection often changes from calm to shouting then back to a calm tone. Cramer also throws various objects around the set. Whenever one of his books is mentioned by a caller, he grabs the book, flashes it, and tosses it to the floor as a plug gag. In addition, he has a panel of oversized red buttons, which activate various sound effects. The online version of the show's sound board is available at cnbc.com.

He also has small, plastic bulls and bears which he has incorporated into his shows. After a large gain in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Cramer, dressed as a chef, chopped off the heads of the bears with a knife and placed them into a pan with onions and tomatoes. He called it a "bear stir-fry" or a "bear souffle". On February 28, 2006, he put his toy bulls through various kitchen appliances. And on May 17, 2006, after a steep plunge of the Dow, Cramer cooked toy bulls through a rotisserie oven. The studio has also featured Cramer bobblehead dolls which utter phrases such as "Are You Ready Skee-Daddy?", callers can receive a free bobblehead upon request.

Also, Cramer has National Football League yellow penalty and red coach's challenge flags that he throws whenever he believes a company has behaved unethically (penalty) or when he questions a stock decision (coach's challenge), respectively. He will also throw the flag when a caller unethically uses the national television audience to promote a stock for self-interest. If a caller rambles on about a stock, Cramer will lie down on the floor of the set with a pillow and blanket and act as if he is going to sleep.

Other props used include a box of Uncle Ben's Rice with Chair of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke's picture, an audio version of Jim Cramer's Real Money, a Louisville Slugger baseball bat, and pink Mad Money pigs.

On the May 19, 2006, episode, Cramer had a monkey named Ka-ching make an appearance on the show. Ka-ching wore a CNBC T-shirt, sat in Cramer's chair, pressed the buttons that made sound effects, and threw the foam bulls around the set.

In October 2006, a customized Daktronics BB-2122 scoreboard was installed, featuring drawings of bulls on the left and bears on the right. The scoreboard usually displays a score from the previous night's sporting events, usually a high-profile game (e.g. Monday Night Football, or a score from a general NFL, MLB, game). The scoreboard also shows the date, but in the discontinued Sudden Death segment, the date would turn into a countdown clock to the end of the segment. The scoreboard was not used during "Back to School" road shows.

In June 2011, the Mad Money set's original glass panels (with the word "MAD" painted on them) were replaced with video walls.

On April 23, 2013, the show introduced the second-generation Mad Money set, which replaced a variation of the original set that had been used since the show's 2005 debut.

On July 18, 2022, Mad Money relocated to the New York Stock Exchange, where an entirely new set debuted.

Segments
The general format of the show starts with two segments, where Cramer recommends one or more stocks in a group with his rationale for choosing them. At the end of each segment, Cramer will take one or two calls from viewers with questions about either the stock he recommended, or another stock in the same industry or which the viewer thinks may benefit from the topic discussed.

The third segment is the "Lightning Round". Segments four and five will feature either one of the segments listed below or another recommendation. Cramer does not take calls on these later segments except for the "Am I Diversified?" segment.

Mad Money regularly includes the following segments:
 * Lightning Round : See below.
 * Game Plan : A Friday segment in which Cramer draws up his game plan to prepare you for the week ahead. He lays out all the plays you will need to make Mad Money when the bell rings on Monday morning.
 * Sell Block : A Thursday segment in which Cramer puts the stocks he recommended in past shows in the "Sell Block". From stocks that are lost causes or moneymakers, Cramer tells the viewers when it's time to pocket the proceeds and put those stocks in the "Sell Block".
 * Am I Diversified? : A Wednesday segment in which Cramer reviews five stocks in each caller's portfolio and suggests how they might consider enhancing their diversification. This is the only segment, as a rule, where Cramer is sitting in the chair.
 * Mad Mail : Cramer answers viewer emails.

The other segments featured on Mad Money (some of which are no longer current) include the following:
 * Sudden Death : Seen at the end of most shows, this Booyah-free zone gives viewers one last chance to name their stock and get Cramer's feedback. But this rapid-fire Q&A ends when the clock reaches zero and the show's over. Launched by the phrase, "There goes swifty!", this segment is very similar to the "Lightning Round". Cramer will hang up on callers who attempt Booyahs, pleasantries, and the like. This segment was discontinued in 2009.
 * Pick of the Week : A segment in which Cramer picks a stock which he feels should be bought or at least studied carefully, usually before it is widely known or praised by others.
 * Beating the Racket : An occasional feature where Cramer argues "nose to nose" with fellow financial columnist Herb Greenberg (in person or via satellite) in which Greenberg focuses mainly on stocks that could lose money, usually a stock Cramer recommended. This segment has been discontinued.
 * Cramer vs Cramer : A segment in which Cramer checks the accuracy of his stock predictions from previous weeks. Generally aired on Fridays.
 * Danger Zone : An occasional feature in which Cramer profiles a stock that he feels does not have sound investment fundamentals but may appear attractive to investors.
 * The Week That Was : A video montage featuring various moments from the current week, aired at the end of the program in place of the "Sudden Death" segment on Fridays.
 * Pimpin' All Over The World : A segment (not actually using this title, but Cramer will reference the song by Ludacris of the same name) where Cramer profiles a potential play in an international market. Usually the play is not a direct investment – Cramer considers many of those to be too dangerous due to lack of accurate financial insight, especially in emerging stock markets – but a derivative, often another foreign company with ADR's traded on the American markets with significant investments in the emerging market, though in some cases Cramer will advise against the ADR's (if they trade on the pink sheets, which Cramer believes do not have significant volume to generate profits) and recommend actually buying the stock in the foreign exchange.
 * Stump the Cramer : A segment in which callers name a stock they believe Cramer does not know anything about; if successful, the caller receives an autographed copy of one of his most recent books. This segment has been discontinued.
 * Mad Cow Disease : Cramer pretends he is suffering from mad cow disease. While mimicking a mad cow he presses the show's sound buttons with his head.
 * Am I Nuts? : A feature which premiered on the first "Main Event" special in which Cramer "evaluates a patient" (from the live audience) to figure out, just as the segment's namesake, if the person is nuts in owning a certain stock, and then gives them a "prescription". This segment is considered to be a "Main Event" exclusive.
 * Know Your IPO : An occasional segment in which Cramer spotlights a stock's upcoming IPO.
 * Executive Decision : In this segment, Cramer talks to the CEO, CFO, or an officer of a company, who joins the show either by telephone, on set or via satellite. In a variation of the segment, Cramer donned a cow bell and counted down to the market close. At close he would ring his cow bell by shaking left and right and then select a random stock to be "executed."
 * Pin Action : This segment may stand alone or is integrated within the show amongst his recommended picks. In this segment, Cramer explains how he has come up with a "play" to take advantage of news from other stocks as a sort of "pin action" play. Often when explaining his theory, he uses the sound effect of a bowling ball knocking down pins.
 * Under the Radar : Cramer crawls under the middle desk on set and pretends he is not present. The cameraman has to dramatically search the room but does not get to find Cramer. It's because he is under the radar.
 * Student Stock Pitch : A feature in which college students (from the live audience) pitch a stock to Cramer. This segment is considered to be a "Back to School" exclusive.

Subtitles
Subtitles are frequently used to underscore some of the "bullet points" in Cramer's presentations. They are also used to explain some of the off-topic, obscure historical, literary, or pop-cultural references he may make. Subtitles are also used for disclosure stocks owned by Cramer's charitable trust, ActionAlertsPlus.com, for disclaimers related to any claims made by callers (such as how listening to Mad Money has made the caller mad money), and to show callers' names.

Lightning Round
The only segment which appears on every Mad Money show is the "Lightning Round" segment, where viewers call in (on live shows, they stand before a microphone in the audience) and ask Cramer about a specific stock.

Cramer's object is to showcase his encyclopedic knowledge of stocks and give callers a second opinion on their stock ideas. He takes as many calls as possible before a buzzer goes off to indicate the end of the round. When this happens, Cramer gets upset and usually takes a few more calls. After this, the Daktronics buzzer goes off at his signal, and the segment is over.

In the past, prior to beginning of the segment, Cramer would abuse the office chair provided for him by throwing it on top of other "victims" (damaged office chairs), also damaging the studio's wall and glass displays as well. The damage was made apparent by a caller in the "Lightning Round" on March 1, 2006, which prompted Cramer to throw his chair again at the glass display, causing it to crack even more. Cramer has said that the reason why he throws chairs is because he hates sitting down on the job. He often had to be at his old hedge fund by 4:30 a.m., and if his employees sat down they would often try to go to sleep, so chairs became "the enemy".

The segment usually airs between 25 and 30 minutes past the hour for approximately 8 minutes. Additionally, a new "Overtime" session debuted at the end of "The Lightning Round" on the March 2, 2006, episode. In conjunction with the buzzer going off, a siren was heard, the "On Air" light flashed repeatedly, and the monitors around the set had Cramer rotating infinitely with lightning and siren images merged into the background, that latter also displayed on the viewer's TV screen at random intervals. Cramer took 5 more calls after this. However, the "Overtime" session was discontinued, starting with the "Mad Money 1st Anniversary" show on March 14, 2006. The newer "Sudden Death" segment at the end of the show used any time remaining at the end of the show for an even more rapid "Overtime"-like session. That too, was discontinued in February 2008.

On February 25, 2008, Cramer introduced a Web-only version of the "Lightning Round", dubbed "Lightning Round Overtime". This feature had additional stock picks that were not seen on the television broadcast. "Lightning Round Overtime" was viewed only on the program's Website (high-speed Internet connection required). "Lightning Round Overtime" was eliminated July 2011.

Catchphrases
On May 24, 2005, a viewer asked Cramer by e-mail on Mad Money's "Mad Mail" segment what his boo-yah! catchphrase means, and he said did not have a clue. On the next day, viewers e-mailed him claiming that Cramer's boo-yah! catch phrase is similar to the Booyah registered trademark of the Booyah Bait Company or to the phrase of SportsCenter ' s Stuart Scott, but Cramer answered that his phrase is not copied from that company nor from Stuart Scott, and means "Are you ready to make some money?"

On the August 19, 2005, episode of Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Cramer explained the origin of boo-yah: "Here's what happened: A guy calls me on my radio show, and he says 'You made me a 100 smackers on K-Mart – a hundred points...' – he's from New Orleans – '...and we have one word for that down here and it's boo-yah. Then the next guy calls and he says 'you know you made me a lot of money on [a stock] so: boo-yah!' And now they all say it. It's not my rap".

Another featured catchphrase is "Are you ready, skee-daddy?" Another commonality is for a caller to ask "Hows momma doin'?" to which Cramer replies "Momma doin' fine."

In June 2005, a viewer explained to Cramer by e-mail the difference between a pig and a hog, which is a domesticated pig, so Cramer changed one of his catch phrases to "Bulls make money. Bears make money. Hogs get slaughtered."

Graphics
On May 2, 2007, the program unveiled its second-generation on-air graphics package, replacing what was used – including its opening graphic sequence – since its March 14, 2005, debut. In the previous graphics package, the program's lower third changed its background color from red to yellow on November 26, 2007.

On April 23, 2013 - the same day the program's second-generation set was introduced - Mad Money unveiled a new, cleaner-looking, on-air graphics presentation, replacing a variation of what had been used since May 2, 2007. The program's lower third background color is now white, just like all of the other CNBC business-day programs at the time. Also, 2 new sound-button animations were introduced, and they featured photos of bulls and bears with the words "BULL" and "BEAR" at the bottom of their respective photos. They replaced the old cartoon-like bulls and bears that had been used since the "1st Anniversary Show" on March 14, 2006.

As part of CNBC's network-wide switch to a 16:9 widescreen format on October 13, 2014, the on-air graphics were reformatted for the 16:9 presentation.

To coincide with the program's move to the NYSE on July 18, 2022, new on-air graphics debuted for the first time in 9 years. The program's lower third is now a variant of CNBC's graphics package used since October 2014, with Gotham now used as the dominant font just like all of CNBC's other business-day programming. The program's logo changed as well.

On December 11, 2023, the graphics were changed again. This time, they are aligned with those that launched on all of CNBC's other programs on the same day.

Disclaimer
Jim Cramer has been quoted as saying that Mad Money "is a show that is about education, entertainment and making money". The show features a disclaimer at the start of the program to that effect.

Special broadcasts
Mad Money has featured special broadcasts, the first four in 2005 and 2006, respectively, were referred to as "Mad Money Main Event", while the 2006–present shows (other than the July 12, 2006, edition, which was also referred to as "Mad Money Main Event") was referred to as "Mad Money Back to School".

Main events
The first "Mad Money Main Event" was broadcast on July 20, 2005. Cramer had his show taped in front of a live studio audience of about 150 guests. The show was promoted on CNBC using commercials that showed Cramer locked up in a padded room in a straitjacket and tape over his mouth, as if in a mental institution (a reference to Cramer's book, the subtitle of which is "Sane Investing in an Insane World"). The "Main Event" was introduced by boxing announcer Michael Buffer with his catch phrase "Let's get ready to rumble!". The featured guest on the show was then-New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer (a classmate of Cramer at Harvard Law School). Cramer went into the crowd and gave high fives to audience members who claimed to have had made money by following his stock tips. True to the commercials, it featured a segment titled "Am I Nuts?", which had audience members asking Cramer about their stocks. Mad Money was expanded to a special 90 minute edition for this occasion.

"Mad Money Main Event II" premiered on October 26, 2005. In the commercials, Cramer is now a surgeon instead of a patient, who performs surgery on the crippling economy (in this case, from the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, yet there were other factors). While "operating", Cramer proclaims "The bull's alive!" signifying that he was successful. It featured special guest Donald Trump. It ran for only 60 minutes and brought back "Am I Nuts?" from the first "Main Event"; this has been the trend for future shows.

"Mad Money Main Event III" was broadcast on November 30, 2005, and featured Mel Karmazin, CEO of Sirius Satellite Radio (now Sirius XM Satellite Radio). Cramer entered the studio as a surgeon.

"Mad Money Main Event IV" premiered on January 11, 2006, with guest Les Moonves, CEO of CBS. This episode featured Cramer coming out in the straitjacket.

The fifth "Mad Money Main Event" show was broadcast on July 12, 2006. Like the second and third "Main Event" shows, Cramer entered the studio as a surgeon. His featured guest in the fifth edition was Jeff Zucker, CEO of NBC Universal.

"Mad Money Ladies' Night" was broadcast on January 22, 2008, and featured an all-female studio audience. This show also brought back the rarely seen "Am I Nuts?" segment. Unlike all of the prior "Main Event" and "Back to School" shows that aired, there was no featured guest.

On each of the Main Events thus far, significant stock market activity has coincidentally occurred (e.g. Google reaching a price of 350, which Cramer had predicted, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average attaining a 4-year high.)

Back to School (2006)
The first "Mad Money Back to School" event was broadcast on February 1, 2006, from Harvard University, Cramer's alma mater. Cramer's special guest was then-New York Attorney General and future New York State Governor Eliot Spitzer, who was a classmate of Cramer's at Harvard Law School.

The second "Back to School" broadcast originated from the University of Michigan on April 25, 2006.

Originally, the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania was Cramer's second stop on the tour with an air date of March 29, 2006, but this visit was canceled due to "logistics." Cramer's special guest on the second "Back to School" broadcast was Dave Brandon, CEO of Domino's Pizza.

The third "Back to School" broadcast originated from Columbia University in New York City on May 16, 2006, again promoted by the aforementioned "Britney" commercials. In that episode, a female audience member assisted Jim in throwing a beach chair at the start of the Lightning Round. Cramer's special guests were George David, CEO of United Technologies, and Raymond Milchovich, CEO of Foster Wheeler.

The fourth "Back to School" edition was broadcast from Boston College on September 20, 2006. Cramer's special guest on the fourth "Back to School" show was Tim Russert, and his son, Luke Russert, who was a student at Boston College.

The fifth "Back to School" edition was broadcast from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., on September 29, 2006, the final stop for the 2006 leg of the "Mad Money Back to School" college tour. Cramer's special guest was NBC News chief White House correspondent David Gregory.

Back to School (2007)
The "Mad Money Back to School" college tour resumed on February 7, 2007. The first stop in the 2007 leg of the tour was at the Darden Graduate School of Business Administration at the University of Virginia. Cramer's special guest was Celgene President and Chief Operating Officer (COO), Robert J. Hugin.

The second stop in this leg was on March 20, 2007, at the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas, Austin. Cramer's special guest was William R. Johnson, President, Chairman, and CEO of Heinz.

The third stop in this leg was on April 4, 2007, at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The show was actually broadcast from the school's basketball arena, Assembly Hall. Cramer's special guest on the eighth edition was Mark Cuban, owner of the NBA's Dallas Mavericks and a 1981 Indiana University graduate.

The fourth stop in this year's tour was on September 7, 2007, at the Marshall School of Business at USC. Cramer's special guest on the ninth "Back to School" edition was Bob Iger, president and CEO of The Walt Disney Company.

The fifth stop in this year's tour took place on October 18, 2007, at the Georgia Institute of Technology College of Management located in Atlanta. It was originally scheduled to take place on April 24, 2007, but was postponed and rescheduled, due to the on-campus shooting deaths at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia on April 16, 2007. Cramer's special guest on the tenth edition was E. Neville Isdell, CEO of The Coca-Cola Company. Incidentally, Cramer's interview with Isdell was filmed on location at that company's headquarters in Atlanta. This is the first Mad Money to be filmed outdoors and was filmed in the center atrium of the Management Building in the new Tech Square section of the campus. Georgia Tech was the final stop for the 2007 leg of the "Back to School" college tour.

Back to School (2008)
The "Back to School" college tour resumed on March 26, 2008, at the Smeal College of Business at Penn State University. This was the first stop on the 2008 leg of the college tour and the 11th "Back to School" broadcast overall.

The 12th "Back to School" show aired on November 12, 2008, at the University of Iowa. This was also the second and final stop of the college tour for the year.

Back to School (2009)
On Earth Day, April 22, Jim resumed the "Back to School" college tour at Ohio State University Fisher College of Business in Columbus, Ohio. Jim's special guest was Toll Brothers Chairman and CEO Robert I. Toll, who joined the show via satellite remote.

The "Mad Money Back to School" tour was at the University of Oklahoma on October 30, 2009. Jim's special guests were the late Chesapeake Energy CEO Aubrey McClendon (on set) and Devon Energy Chairman and CEO J. Larry Nichols. This program also covered that day's 250-point plunge on the Dow.

Back to School (2013)
On April 25, 2013, the 15th "Back to School" edition – and the 1st since October 30, 2009 – originated from Villanova University in Philadelphia.

Others

 * "1st Anniversary Special": On March 14, 2006, the 1st Mad Money Anniversary show occurred. The episode was a mix of answering stock questions with many clips from previous episodes. The anniversary special also introduced two new sound button animations, replacing the original bull and bear animations with more animated, cartoon-like bulls and bears, but retaining the green and red backgrounds. (Green means up, and red means down on a ticker.) Also, during the "Lightning Round", when callers made mention of the book (Jim Cramer's Real Money: Sane Investing in an Insane World), they were greeted by 4 dancing girls holding large cardboard cutouts of the front cover.
 * "2nd Anniversary Special": On March 14, 2007, the 2nd Mad Money Anniversary show occurred. The episode looked at highlights from the show's sophomore year, including clips of guests Cramer has interviewed on the show.
 * "500th episode": The 500th episode of Mad Money aired on June 11, 2007. The episode featured memorable clips from some of the first 499 episodes, as well as a mix of call-ins and stock questions.
 * "Mad Money: It's a Family Affair": The first of the special Father's Day episodes of Mad Money aired on June 14, 2007. "Mad Money: It's a Family Affair", features children (10 years and older) and parents in the studio audience. Ken Cramer (Jim's father) made a special guest appearance on that first "Mad Money: It's a Family Affair" show in 2007. This special show is aired annually on the Friday before Father's Day.
 * "3rd Anniversary Special": The 3rd Mad Money Anniversary show aired on March 14, 2008. This episode was taped in front of a live studio audience (just like the previous "Main Event" and "Back to School" shows) and featured memorable clips from the first 3 years of the show. The rarely seen "Am I Nuts?" segment also returned.
 * "Mad Money at the Half": These special half-hour editions of Mad Money were aired live at 1:30 p.m. ET during the 2008 Summer Olympics over two weeks, from August 11, 2008, to August 22, 2008. Due to CNBC's Olympics coverage, Fast Money Now (1pm ET) and Mad Money at the Half (1:30pm ET) were both seen in place of the second hour of Power Lunch, while original episodes of Fast Money and Mad Money were shown in the 9pm ET and 11pm ET timeslots, respectively.
 * "1,000th episode": The 1,000th episode of Mad Money aired on April 8, 2009. This episode was taped in front of a live studio audience (just like in the "Main Event" & "Back to School" shows). Andy Reid, head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles, made a surprise appearance as he joined the show by phone during the "Lightning Round".
 * "5th Anniversary Special": On March 15, 2010, the 5th Anniversary show was broadcast from Studio 8H at 30 Rockefeller Plaza (NBC Studios) in New York and featured a live studio audience, similar to the "Back to School" shows. Cramer's guest was Brian Williams, anchor of the NBC Nightly News.
 * "2,000th episode": The 2,000th episode of Mad Money aired on October 1, 2013. This episode was taped outside the New York Stock Exchange Building in front of a live audience. Cramer was presented with a replica of the Ford Fairmont.
 * "MMX": A special episode to celebrate the show's 10th anniversary was taped in front of a live audience and aired on March 12, 2015. This was also the first special episode of Mad Money to be broadcast in full-screen 1080i high-definition.

Production
Mad Money was recorded in CNBC's headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. On July 18, 2022, Mad Money's studio was moved to the New York Stock Exchange Building. CNBC is a national cable television network owned by NBCUniversal and parent company Comcast.

The show is recorded occasionally with a live studio audience around 4 p.m. most weekdays for air that night, to be repeated occasionally when a live show is not viable. As the show is being ingested digitally in the Thomson SA Grass Valley MAN, the show is assembled by the editor and television producer to be made into the air product viewers watch Monday through Friday at 6 p.m. and 11 p.m. (ET). When difficulties arise, the show is occasionally "hot-rolled".

Among the many Mad Money contributors are executive producer Regina Gilgan; producer Kat Ricker; line producer, George Manessis; head writer Cliff Mason; tape producer Chris Schwarz, responsible for creating and delivering the final show to air. Stage Manager Kareem Bynes, camera operators Shaun Frullo, William Moore. Segment producers include Kate Welsh and Heather Butler, as well as assistant producers, Candy Cheng and Jackie Fabozzi, who compile elements needed for air, and help determine the show's editorial direction. Avid Adrenaline edited elements are created by CNBC Staff Avid Editors such as Darren Kotler, Conrad deVroeg, Nick Stantzos, and Steven Banton, and the show is constructed with CNBC Staff Grass Valley NewsEdit Editors Keri Conjura, Vanessa DiPietro, Julie Lajterman, Marc Telesca, Jared Kindestin, and Cosimo Camporeale.

Original music for Mad Money, including the "Lightning Round," was composed and performed by Willie Wilcox.

Mad Money was licensed for a brief fictional segment in the 2008 film version of Iron Man by Paramount Pictures and Marvel Studios. In the segment, shortly after Tony Stark (played by Robert Downey, Jr.) declares Stark Industries will no longer manufacture weapons, Jim Cramer is shown on Mad Money advising people in his trademark flair to sell off stock in Stark Industries.

Mad Money was also licensed for a brief fictional segment in the 2010 film Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps by 20th Century Fox. In the segment, Jacob Moore (played by Shia LaBeouf) spreads rumors about the nationalisation of an African oil field Hydra Offshore owned by Churchill Schwartz. Jim Cramer is shown on Mad Money advising people in his trademark flair to sell off stock in Hydra Offshore.

Reception
According to Nielsen Ratings, on July 7, 2008, the show had 228,000 viewers for its 6 PM airing and 133,000 viewers for its 11 PM rebroadcast. On March 9, 2009, the show had 328,000 viewers for 6 PM and 176,000 viewers for 11 PM.

In January 2006, Joseph Nocera, a business columnist at The New York Times, opined that the "people who are watching Mad Money and following Cramer's advice are fools." In late January 2007, Henry Blodget – himself indicted for civil securities fraud in 2002 and banned for life from the securities industry – criticized Cramer for overstating his abilities as a market forecaster, noting that in 2006 Cramer's suggested portfolio lost money "despite nearly every major equity market on earth being up between about 15% and 30%". In August 2007, Cramer called for the Federal Reserve to support hedge funds that were losing money in the subprime mortgage crisis, prompting Martin Wolf, the chief economics commentator for the Financial Times, to accuse Cramer of advocating an offensive and catastrophic "socialism for capitalists". In March 2009, during the Jon Stewart–Jim Cramer conflict, Jon Stewart of Comedy Central's The Daily Show questioned CNBC's reporting practices and what should have been done to possibly aid in preventing the economic crisis occurring at the time.

title: Mad Money


text: Talk:Mad Money

title: Talk:Mad Money


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Kirovograd

Kirovograd (Кировогра́д) or Kirovohrad (Кіровогра́д) may refer to:
 * Kropyvnytskyi, a city in Ukraine formerly named Kirovohrad
 * Kirovohrad Oblast, of which Kropyvnytskyi is the administrative center
 * Ganja, Azerbaijan, a city in Azerbaijan formerly named Kirovograd
 * SS Kirovograd, a Soviet cargo ship

title: Kirovograd


text: User talk:138.78.20.2

title: User talk:138.78.20.2


text:
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the Younger or Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor (died 30 BC) was a son of triumvir Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and his wife Junia Secunda, a half-sister of Caesar's assassin and friend Brutus.

Lepidus was executed by Octavian, the future Roman Emperor, in 30 BC, as a leader in a conspiracy against him. Velleius says that his wife Servilia committed suicide after her husband's death by swallowing burning hot coals.

Family
Lepidus had at least one younger brother and possibly a sister. He was likely the son whom his father had once engaged to Mark Antony's eldest daughter Antonia. He sat in the Roman Senate and was married to Servilia, who may have been the daughter of the Caesarian P. Servilius Isauricus and Junia Prima, his aunt.

title: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor


text: User talk:69.170.20.193

title: User talk:69.170.20.193