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Duchy of Bavaria

The Duchy of Bavaria (Herzogtum Bayern) was a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom from the sixth through the eighth century. It was settled by Bavarian tribes and ruled by dukes (duces) under Frankish overlordship. A new duchy was created from this area during the decline of the Carolingian Empire in the late ninth century. It became one of the stem duchies of the East Frankish realm which evolved as the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire.

During internal struggles of the ruling Ottonian dynasty, the Bavarian territory was considerably diminished by the separation of the newly established Duchy of Carinthia in 976. Between 1070 and 1180 the Holy Roman Emperors were again strongly opposed by Bavaria, especially by the ducal House of Welf. In the final conflict between the Welf and Hohenstaufen dynasties, Duke Henry the Lion was banned and deprived of his Bavarian and Saxon fiefs by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Frederick passed Bavaria over to the House of Wittelsbach, which held it until 1918. The Bavarian dukes were raised to prince-electors during the Thirty Years' War in 1623, and to kings by Napoleon in 1806. The duchy chaired the bench of the secular princes to the Reichstag of the Empire.

Geography
The medieval Bavarian stem duchy covered present-day Southeastern Germany and most parts of Austria along the Danube river, up to the Hungarian border which then ran along the Leitha tributary in the east. It included the Altbayern regions of the modern state of Bavaria, with the lands of the Nordgau march (the later Upper Palatinate), but without its Swabian and Franconian regions. The separation of the Duchy of Carinthia in 976 entailed the loss of large East Alpine territories covering the present-day Austrian states of Carinthia and Styria as well as the adjacent Carniolan region in today's Slovenia. The eastern March of Austria —roughly corresponding to the present state of Lower Austria— was likewise elevated to a duchy in its own right by 1156.

Over the centuries, several further seceded territories in the territory of the former stem duchy, such as the County of Tyrol or the Archbishopric of Salzburg, gained Imperial immediacy. From 1500, a number of these Imperial states were members of the Bavarian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire.

Older stem duchy
The origins of the older Bavarian duchy can be traced to the year 551/555. In his Getica, the chronicler Jordanes writes: "That area of the Swabians has the Bavarii in the east, the Franks in the west ..."

Agilolfings
Until the end of the first duchy, all rulers descended from the family of the Agilolfings. The Bavarians then colonized the area from the March of the Nordgau along the Naab river (later called the Upper Palatinate) up to the Enns in the east and southward across the Brenner Pass to the Upper Adige in present-day South Tyrol. The first documented duke was Garibald I, a scion of the Frankish Agilolfings, who ruled from 555 onward as a largely independent Merovingian vassal.

On the eastern border, changes occurred with the departure of the West Germanic Lombard tribes from the Pannonian basin to northern Italy in 568 and the succession of the Avars, as well as with the settlement of West Slavic Czechs on the adjacent territory beyond the Bohemian Forest at about the same time. At around 743, the Bavarian duke Odilo vassalised the Slavic princes of Carantania (roughly corresponding with the later March of Carinthia), who had asked him for protection against the invading Avars. The residence of the largely independent Agilolfing dukes was then Regensburg, the former Roman Castra Regina, on the Danube river.

During Christianization, Bishop Corbinian laid the foundations for the later Diocese of Freising before 724; Saint Kilian in the 7th century had been a missionary of the Franconian territory in the north, then ruled by the Dukes of Thuringia, where Boniface founded the Diocese of Würzburg in 742. In the adjacent Alamannic (Swabian) lands west of the Lech river, Augsburg was a bishop's seat. When Boniface established the Diocese of Passau in 739, he could already build on local Early Christian traditions. In the south, Saint Rupert had founded in 696 the Diocese of Salzburg, probably after he had baptized Duke Theodo of Bavaria at his court in Regensburg, becoming the "Apostle of Bavaria". In 798 Pope Leo III created the Bavarian ecclesiastical province with Salzburg as metropolitan seat and Regensburg, Passau, Freising and Säben (later Brixen) as suffragan dioceses.

Carolingians

With the rise of the Frankish Empire under the Carolingian dynasty, the autonomy of the Bavarian dukes, previously enjoyed under the Merovingians, was reduced and subsequently terminated. In 716 the Carolingians had incorporated the Franconian lands in the north, formerly held by the Dukes of Thuringia, whereby the bishops of Würzburg gained a dominant position. In the west, the Carolingian mayor of the palace Carloman had suppressed the last Alamannic revolt at the 746 Blood court at Cannstatt. The last tribal stem duchy to be incorporated was Bavaria in 788, after Duke Tassilo III had tried in vain to maintain his independence through an alliance with the Lombards. The conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne entailed the fall of Tassilo, who was deposed in 788. From that point, Bavaria was administered by Frankish prefects, first of whom was Gerold, who governed Bavaria from 788 to 799.

By establishing direct rule over Bavaria, the Franks provoked the neighbouring Avars. At that time, the eastern Bavarian border, towards the Avars, was situated on the river Enns. Already in 788, the Avars made an incursion into Bavaria, but Franko-Bavarian forces repelled them, and then launched a counterattack towards neighbouring Avarian regions, situated along the river Danube, east of the Enns. The two sides clashed near the river Ybbs, on the Ybbs Field (Ybbsfeld), where the Avars suffered a significant defeat (788).

In order to secure Bavaria's eastern borders, and resolve other political and administrative questions, Charlemagne came to Bavaria in person, during the autumn of the same year (788). In Regensburg, he held a council and regulated issues regarding the Bavarian frontier counties (marches), thus preparing the basis for future actions in the east. In 790, the Avars tried to negotiate a peace settlement with the Franks, but no agreement was reached.

Bavaria then became the main base for the Frankish campaign against the Avars, which was initiated in 791. A large Frankish army, personally led by Charlemagne, crossed from Bavaria in to the Avarian territory beyond the river Enns, and started to advance along the river Danube, divided in two columns, but found no active resistance, and soon reached the region of Vienna Woods, at the very gates of the Pannonian Plain. No decisive battles were fought, since the Avars had fled before the advancing Frankish army.

Frankish acquisition of new eastern regions, particularly those between the river Enns and the Vienna Woods, represented a significant gain for the security of Bavaria. At first, that territory was placed under the jurisdiction of the Bavarian prefect Gerold (d. 799), and subsequently organized as a frontier unit, that became known as the (Bavarian) Eastern March (marcha orientalis). It provided safety for Bavaria's eastern borders, securing as well the main communication between Frankish possessions in Bavaria and Pannonia.

Younger stem duchy

In his 817 Ordinatio Imperii, Charlemagne's son and successor Emperor Louis the Pious tried to maintain the unity of the Carolingian Empire: while imperial authority upon his death was to pass to his eldest son Lothair I, the younger brothers were to receive subordinate realms. From 825 Louis the German styled himself "King of Bavaria" in the territory that was to become the centre of his power. When the brothers divided the Empire by the 843 Treaty of Verdun, Bavaria became part of East Francia under King Louis the German, who upon his death bequested the Bavarian royal title to his eldest son Carloman in 876. Carloman's natural son Arnulf of Carinthia, raised in the former Carantanian lands, secured possession of the March of Carinthia upon his father's death in 880 and became King of East Francia in 887. Carinthia and Bavaria were the bases of his power, with Regensburg as the seat of his government.

Due mainly to the support of the Bavarians, Arnulf could take the field against Charles in 887 and secure his own election as German king in the following year. In 899 Bavaria passed to Louis the Child, during whose reign continuous Hungarian ravages occurred. Resistance to these inroads became gradually feebler, and tradition has it that on 5 July 907 almost the whole of the Bavarian tribe perished in the Battle of Pressburg against these formidable enemies.

During the reign of Louis the Child, Luitpold, Count of Scheyern, who possessed large Bavarian domains, ruled the Mark of Carinthia, created on the southeastern frontier for the defence of Bavaria. He died in the great battle of 907, but his son Arnulf, surnamed the Bad, rallied the remnants of the tribe in alliance with the Hungarians and became duke of the Bavarians in 911, uniting Bavaria and Carinthia under his rule. The German king Conrad I unsuccessfully attacked Arnulf when the latter refused to acknowledge his royal supremacy.

Luitpoldings and Ottonians
The Carolingian reign in East Francia ended in 911 when Arnulf's son, King Louis the Child, died without heirs. The discontinuation of the central authority led to a new strengthening of the German stem duchies. At the same time, East Francia was exposed to the rising threat from Hungarian invasions, especially in the Bavarian March of Austria (marchia orientalis) beyond the Enns river. In 907 the army of Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Pressburg. Luitpold himself was killed in action and his son Arnulf the Bad assumed the ducal title, becoming the first Duke of Bavaria from the Luitpolding dynasty. However, the Austrian march remained occupied by the Hungarians and the Pannonian lands were irrecoverably lost.

Nevertheless, the self-confidence of the Bavarian dukes was an ongoing matter of dispute in the newly established Kingdom of Germany: Duke Arnulf's son Eberhard was deposed by King Otto I of Germany in 938; he was succeeded by his younger brother Berthold. In 948, King Otto finally disempowered the Luitpoldings and installed his younger brother Henry I as Bavarian duke. The late Duke Berthold's minor heir, Henry III, was fobbed off with the office of a Bavarian Count palatine. The last attempt of the Luitpoldings to regain power by joining the rebellion of King Otto's son Duke Liudolf of Swabia was crushed in 954.

In 952 Duke Henry I also received the Italian March of Verona, which Otto I had seized from King Berengar II of Italy. He still had to deal with the Hungarian threat, which was not eliminated until King Otto's victory at the 955 Battle of Lechfeld. The Magyars retreated behind the Leitha and Morava rivers, facilitating a second wave of German Ostsiedlung into the areas of today's Lower Austria, Istria and Carniola. Although ruled by the Ottonian descendants of Henry I, a cadet branch of the Saxon royal dynasty, the conflict of the Bavarian dukes with the German (from 962: Imperial) court continued: in 976, Emperor Otto II deposed his rebellious cousin Duke Henry II of Bavaria and established the Duchy of Carinthia on former Bavarian territory granted to the former Luitpolding Count palatine Henry III, who also became Margrave of Verona. Though Henry II reconciled with Emperor Otto's widow Theophanu in 985 and regained his duchy, the power of the Bavarian dukes was further diminished by the rise of the Franconian House of Babenberg, ruling as Margraves of Austria (Ostarrichi), who became increasingly independent.

House of Welf

The last Ottonian duke, Henry IV of Bavaria, was elected King of the Romans in 1002 as Henry II. At different times, the duchy was ruled by the German kings in personal union, by dependent dukes, or even by the emperor's sons, a tradition maintained by Henry's Salian successors. This period saw the rise of many aristocratic families, such as the Counts of Andechs and the House of Wittelsbach. In 1061, the dowager empress Agnes of Poitou enfeoffed the Saxon count Otto of Nordheim with the Duchy. Nevertheless, her son King Henry IV seized the duchy on fallacious grounds, which ultimately led to the Saxon Rebellion of 1073. Henry entrusted Bavaria to Welf, a scion of the Veronese margravial House of Este and progenitor of the Welf dynasty, which intermittently ruled the duchy for the next 110 years.

Only with the establishment of Welf rule as dukes from 1070 by Henry IV was there a re-emergence of the Bavarian dukes. This period is characterized by the Investiture Controversy between Emperor and Pope, which strengthened Welf rule through siding with the pope's position.

After Henry V, the last of the Salian emperors, died in 1125, Lothair III of the House of Supplinburg was elected to the thrown; the Bavarian duke Henry the Proud had married Lothair's daughter Gertrude, and was thus promised her inheritance. When conflict arose with anti-king Conrad III, nephew of Henry V and member of the Swabian House of Hohenstaufen, the Bavarian duke threw his support behind Lothair, further increasing his social capital and increasing his chances of election as King of Germany as well as Duke of Saxony in the aftermath of Lothair's death. However, Conrad III was successfully elected as King of Germany in 1138; fearing Henry's power, Conrad denied Henry his investiture with the Duchy of Saxony, claiming that it was unlawful for a duke to hold two duchies. This, compounded with his bitterness for being denied the throne, prompted Henry to refuse to swear his oath of allegiance to Conrad. As a consequence, he was dispossessed of all of his territories, and Bavaria was given to his Babenberg half-brother Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria in 1139.

The Duchy of Swabia consisted largely of countryside during the reign of the Staufer king, while Franconia became the center of Staufer power, having been invested with the title dux Francorum orientalium, in 1115 by Henry V. This lasted until 1168, when the Bishop of Würzburg acquired the diocese of Bamberg and thus became the Duke of Franconia. The Hohenstaufen Frederick I Barbarossa attempted reconciliation with the Welfs and, in 1156, gave back the Duchy of Bavaria to the Welf Henry the Lion; however, the East Mark remained in Babenberg hands, and it was thus elevated to the Duchy of Austria as compensation for the loss of Bavaria. The elevation of the Marcha Orientalis under the Babenbergs to a Dukedom established it as the nucleus of the later state of Austria (Ostarrichi).

Henry the Lion founded numerous cities, including Munich in 1158. Through his strong position as ruler of the two duchies of Saxony and Bavaria, he came into conflict with Frederick I Barbarossa. With the banishment of Henry the Lion and the separation of the March of Styria from Bavaria—raised to the Duchy of Styria in 1180 under Margrave Ottokar IV—the younger tribal duchy came to an end.

Wittelsbachs

From 1180 to 1918, the Wittelsbachs were the rulers of Bavaria, as dukes, later as electors and kings. When Count Palatine Otto VI. of Wittelsbach became Otto I, Duke of Bavaria in 1180, the Wittelsbach treasury was rather low. In the following years it was significantly augmented by purchase, marriage, and inheritance. Newly acquired land was no longer given as a fief, but managed by servants. Also, powerful families, such as the counts of Andechs, died out during this period. Otto's son Ludwig I of Wittelsbach was enfeoffed in 1214 with the County Palatine of the Rhine.

Since there was no preference for succession of the firstborn in the Wittelsbach dynasty, in contrast to many governments of this time, there was in 1255 a division of the land into Upper Bavaria with the Palatinate and the Nordgau (headquartered in Munich) and Lower Bavaria (with seats in Landshut and Burghausen). There is still today a distinction made between upper and lower Bavaria (cf. Regierungsbezirke).

Despite renewed division after a short time of reunification, Bavaria gained new heights of power with Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, who became the first Wittelsbach emperor in 1328. The newly gained areas of Brandenburg (1323), Tyrol (1342), the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland and Friesland and the Hainaut (1345) were, however, lost under his successors. In 1369, Tyrol fell through the Treaty of Schärding to the Habsburgs. The Luxemburgish rider followed in 1373 and the Dutch counties fell to Burgundy in 1436. In the 1329 Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis divided ownership in a Palatine region, with the Rhine Palatinate, and a later so-called Upper Palatinate. Thus, the electoral dignity for the line was passed onwards to the Palatinate. With the recognition of the limits of domination by the Bavarian Duke in the year 1275, Salzburg of Bavaria went into their final phase. When the Salzburg Archbishop issued its own country regulations in 1328, Salzburg become a largely independent state within the Holy Roman Empire.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, upper and lower Bavaria were repeatedly subdivided. Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392: Bavaria-Straubing, Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Munich. These dukes often waged war against each other. Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria-Munich united Bavaria in 1503 through war and primogeniture. However, the originally Bavarian offices Kufstein, Kitzbühel and Rattenberg in Tirol were lost in 1504.

In spite of the decree of 1506, Albert's oldest son William IV was compelled to grant a share in the government in 1516 to his brother Louis X, an arrangement which lasted until the death of Louis in 1545. William followed the traditional Wittelsbach policy of opposition to the Habsburgs until in 1534 he made a treaty at Linz with Ferdinand I, the king of Hungary and Bohemia. This link strengthened in 1546, when the emperor Charles V obtained the help of the duke during the war of the league of Schmalkalden by promising him in certain eventualities the succession to the Bohemian throne, and the electoral dignity enjoyed by the count palatine of the Rhine. William also did much at a critical period to secure Bavaria for Catholicism. The reformed doctrines had made considerable progress in the duchy when the duke obtained extensive rights over the bishoprics and monasteries from the pope. He then took measures to repress the reformers, many of whom were banished; while the Jesuits, whom he invited into the duchy in 1541, made the Jesuit College of Ingolstadt, their headquarters in Germany. William died in March 1550 and was succeeded by his son Albert V, who had married a daughter of Ferdinand I. Early in his reign Albert made some concessions to the reformers, who were still strong in Bavaria; but about 1563 he changed his attitude, favoured the decrees of the Council of Trent, and pressed forward the work of the Counter-Reformation. As education passed by degrees into the hands of the Jesuits, the progress of Protestantism was effectually arrested in Bavaria.

The succeeding duke, Albert's son, William V, had received a Jesuit education and showed keen attachment to Jesuit tenets. He secured the Archbishopric of Cologne for his brother Ernest in 1583, and this dignity remained in the possession of the family for more than 200 years. In 1597 he abdicated in favour of his son Maximilian I.

Maximilian I found the duchy encumbered with debt and filled with disorder, but ten years of his vigorous rule effected a remarkable change. The finances and the judicial system were reorganised, a class of civil servants and a national militia founded, and several small districts were brought under the duke's authority. The result was a unity and order in the duchy which enabled Maximilian to play an important part in the Thirty Years' War; during the earlier years of which he was so successful as to acquire the Upper Palatinate and the electoral dignity which had been enjoyed since 1356 by the elder branch of the Wittelsbach family. The Electorate of Bavaria then consisted of most of the modern regions of Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, and the Upper Palatinate.

title: Duchy of Bavaria


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Suchy Las

Suchy Las (, "dry forest") is a village in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Suchy Las. It lies just north of the regional capital Poznań, approximately 9 km from the city centre.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Suchy Las


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sejarah olahraga

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 01:01, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Sejarah olahraga
Moved from Pages needing translation into English:
 * Indonesian? Sietse 19:50, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, Indonesian. Bart133 20:10, 15 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * No activity after nearly 3 weeks, and it looks to me like it could easily be a copyvio: if someone thinks it's worth transwiki'ing to the Indonesian Wikipedia, fine by me, but as far as English goes, delete -- Jmabel | Talk 21:10, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic, possible copyright violation. Megan1967 02:02, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Since no one has bothered to translate it. JoaoRicardo 02:37, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as, uhm, unencyclopedic. Wyss 23:51, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Companies of Venezuela

title: Category:Companies of Venezuela


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User talk:Jvp101

Julie Patrick

title: User talk:Jvp101


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User:Jvp101

Julie Patrick

title: User:Jvp101


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San Diego Flash

San Diego Flash was an American soccer team based in San Diego, California, United States. Founded in 1998, the team returned to competitive play in 2011 and most recently played in the Southern Conference of the West Division of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. For the 2001 season the team was known as San Diego F.C..

The team originally spent four years playing in the A-League, but spent almost a decade away from competitive soccer following its withdrawal from that league in 2001. Spearheaded by the efforts of former English Premier League footballer Warren Barton with former Flash player, Jerome Watson as assistant coach, general manager Travis Chesney and former US national team striker Eric Wynalda, the team returned to the field as an exhibition team in 2010 leading to its return to competitive league play in 2011. The Flash dissolved before the 2018 NPSL season, dissolving with the passing of the team owner.

A-League Flash (1998–2001)
The original Flash played in the A-League between 1998 and 2001, having acquired the franchise from the defunct Colorado Foxes. The club's founders were president Yan Skwara and Vice-president/general manager Sam Kaloustian, and during the A-league years its head coaches included Ralf Wilhelms, Costa Skouras, Papo Santos, and Colin Clarke.

The club averaged approximately 2,500 fans per game when playing its home games at Southwest College and San Diego Mesa College. The largest crowd for a Flash match was 6,500 at Mesa College for a US Open Cup match against Major League Soccer's Los Angeles Galaxy in 2000. In 2001, the La Jolla Nomads took over operation of the team and renamed it San Diego FC.

The Flash were fairly successful during their short stint in the league, winning the Pacific Division in 1998 and 1999, finishing second in 2000 and 2001, progressing to the quarter-finals of the A-League playoffs in 2001, and reaching the third round of the US Open Cup on two separate occasions. After the 2001 season the team folded due to management and financial problems.

Rebirth and the NPSL (2010–2015)
The club was resurrected in 2010 by a new ownership group, the San Diego Soccer Partners, Inc., which is headed by former Flash part owner Clenton A. Alexander, former English Premier League footballer and Fox Soccer Channel analyst Warren Barton, former US national team striker Eric Wynalda, and former San Diego Boca FC General Manager Travis Chesney.

The team resumed exhibition play in 2010 with the goal of returning to league play in 2011 in a league below Major League Soccer with Barton as head coach. In November 2010, during their final exhibition season game, the club announced that they would be returning to competitive league play in 2011 in the National Premier Soccer League, and that the team was being sponsored by Umbro. In January 2011 it was revealed that the team would be playing in the revived Southwest Division of the NPSL and the team would be playing their home games at the football/soccer stadium on the campus of Westview High School on the north side of San Diego. The move from their exhibition location in downtown San Diego was the decision of Flash Soccer CEO; Clent Alexander, for the team to play in a more modern facility.

2011 season
The Flash had a successful first season in the National Premier Soccer League going 12–1–1 on the field (10–3–1 officially due to two forced forfeits on technicalities). Their record was good enough to place first in the NPSL Southwest Division and home field for the first round of the 2011 playoffs. The Flash however were unable to defeat the defending NPSL champion Sacramento Gold in the first round of the playoffs losing 2–1.

2012 season
The 2012 season did start on a somewhat sour note for the Flash having been eliminated from the US Open Cup by their crosstown rival San Diego Boca FC. However, the Flash's second campaign in the NPSL ended up proving just as successful as the first with the team going 11–2–1 with a 13-game unbeaten streak, including having gone unbeaten at home, that was not ended until the last game of the season. For their second NPSL year the team moved from Westview High School to the stadium at Del Norte High School near Poway. The Flash developed several players over the course of the season who earned trials with the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer. Near the end of the season the team itself enjoyed its two largest home crowds to that point and also began exploring the possibility of moving to the Division 2 North American Soccer League with Alexander presenting a letter to and meeting with the NASL. The team did suffer from a second consecutive early exit from the playoffs in the divisional semi-final losing to the Sonoma County Sol on penalty kicks 5–3 after the game ending in a 2–2 draw.

2013 season
2013 began for the Flash with the departure of coach Warren Barton and his replacement by Jerome Watson.

2012 NPSL Roster
As of July 18, 2012

Notable former players

 * 🇺🇸 Joe Cannon
 * 🇺🇸 Jimmy Conrad
 * 🇺🇸 Ryan Guy
 * 🇷🇴 Mugurel Dumitru
 * 🇧🇷 Thiago Martins
 * 🇲🇽 Jorge Medina
 * 🇺🇸 Geoff Huber

Honors

 * NPSL West Division-Southern Champions – (3) 2011, 2012, 2015
 * USL A-League Pacific Division champions – 1999
 * USISL A-League Pacific Division champions – 1998

Head coaches

 * Colin Clarke (2000)
 * 🇺🇸 Costa Skouras
 * 🇺🇸 Papo Santos
 * 🇺🇸 Ralf Wilhelms
 * 🏴 Warren Barton (2010–2012)
 * 🇺🇸 Jerome Watson (2013)

Stadiums

 * Stadium at Southwestern College; Chula Vista, California (1998–2000)
 * Stadium at San Diego Mesa College; San Diego, California (2001)
 * Balboa Stadium; San Diego, California (2010)
 * Stadium at Westview High School; San Diego, California (2011)
 * Stadium at Del Norte High School; San Diego, California (2012–2013)
 * Stadium at Mira Mesa High School; San Diego, California (2014–present)

San Diego Derby
The San Diego Derby is an annual contest that developed between the San Diego Flash and their crosstown rivals San Diego Boca FC. The derby was first contested between the two teams on the Flash's entry into the National Premier Soccer League in 2011. The rivalry however has its roots in the management of the A-League edition of the San Diego Flash that ceased play in 2001 with both the Flash ownership and the SD Boca ownership group having come from fractious portions of the A-League Flash's ownership. The Derby ended with the folding of the Boca franchise after the 2013 season.

title: San Diego Flash


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Wide Awake in America

Wide Awake in America is a four-track extended play by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 20 May 1985 through Island Records. It combines two live performances of songs from the group's 1984 album The Unforgettable Fire with two B-sides from the era, which had previously been available only in the United Kingdom. Wide Awake in America was originally released only in North America and Japan but it charted in the UK as an import. It was re-released internationally in 1990.

The EP's centerpiece, "Bad", a song about heroin addiction, would become a staple of their live set, particularly after an extended performance at Live Aid in which lead vocalist Bono danced with a woman in the audience. Radio programmers often chose this Wide Awake in America version over the original studio recording for airplay. The EP's title is inspired by the chorus of "Bad", with its refrain, "Wide awake / I'm wide awake / I'm not sleeping."

Song notes
"Bad" was produced by the band and recorded live from the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham, England on 12 November 1984, as part of the Unforgettable Fire Tour. Guitarist the Edge misplayed the final note of this song, but U2 decided to use this version anyway, and the error was fixed during mixing. Rolling Stone magazine had been critical of the album version of "Bad" and other songs on The Unforgettable Fire album, which it described as "unfocused". In its review of Wide Awake In America, it said that the album's songs benefited from the transition to live performance and that "Bad" was a "show stopper."

"A Sort of Homecoming" is live from Wembley Arena in London on 15 November 1984. The song was produced by Tony Visconti and recorded during a soundcheck at the concert, with the crowd noise mixed in later during post-production at Good Earth Studios.

"The Three Sunrises" (also listed as "Three Sunrises") was produced by the band with Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois. It can also be found on the B-sides disc of the limited edition version of The Best of 1980–1990 compilation from 1998.

"Love Comes Tumbling" was produced by the band and also appears, as a slightly edited version with four bars immediately preceding the vocal deleted, on the B-sides disc of The Best of 1980–1990.

All tracks except "Bad" originally appeared on "The Unforgettable Fire" single, released in April 1985 outside the U.S. The mix on "A Sort of Homecoming" from that single is different on this release and includes some studio-dubbed backing vocals by the Edge.

The EP was released in the United Kingdom on 19 October 1987.

Charts and certifications
In the U.S., Wide Awake in America debuted at No. 37 on the Top Pop Albums chart. However, the following week, Billboard declared the EP ineligible for the album chart because it contained only four songs and had a retail price of US$4.98. Billboard policy stated that to appear on the album chart, "a disk must list for at least $5.98 and contain more than four cuts, or the equivalent in terms of minutes of music."

Album

Songs

Personnel

 * Bono – vocals
 * The Edge – guitar, keyboards, vocals
 * Adam Clayton – bass
 * Larry Mullen Jr. – drums

title: Wide Awake in America


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Albert Todd

Albert Todd may refer to:

 * Albert Todd (Missouri politician) (1813–1885), American politician and lawyer
 * Albert M. Todd (1850–1931), businessman and politician from the U.S. state of Michigan
 * Albert E. Todd (1878–1928), Canadian politician
 * Albert Wheeler Todd (1856–1924), American architect

title: Albert Todd


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Colorado Foxes

The Colorado Foxes were a professional soccer team, based in Commerce City, Colorado, that played in the American Professional Soccer League, and later in the A-League, between 1990 and 1997. The Foxes won two APSL titles, in 1992 and 1993. In 1992 they won the regular season as well as the Professional Cup, giving them a minor treble.

The Foxes defeated English Premier League side Norwich City F.C. 3–2 in a Four Nations Cup exhibition match on July 18, 1993, placing third in the tournament. They had previously lost to 1. FC Kaiserslautern of Germany.

When Major League Soccer started and the Colorado Rapids became the region's premier team, the Foxes tried to stay afloat for two years, before relocating, becoming the San Diego Flash. Players that played for the Foxes and then went on to play in MLS include Marcelo Balboa, Robin Fraser, Brian Haynes, Chad Ashton, Tom Soehn, Ted Eck, Scott Benedetti, and Mark Dodd.

title: Colorado Foxes


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Aughagower

Aughagower or Aghagower is a small village in rural County Mayo in western Ireland. It is 6 km south-east of Westport. Aughagower has around forty houses, a pub and a shop, with a clear view of Croagh Patrick from Reek View. It is also at the centre of Aghagower civil parish which covers an area of 86.1 square miles. The village is known for its links to Saint Patrick and Tóchar Phádraig, the pilgrimage route from Ballintubber Abbey to Croagh Patrick.

Middle Ages
Aughagower came to prominence in 441 when St. Patrick founded a church and bishopric, and placed over it Bishop Senach; the Book of Armagh states that bishops still dwelt there in the time of the writer (early part of the ninth century). Senach was one of St. Patrick's closest followers, originally from Armagh, who traveled with him to Aughagower and Croagh Patrick as part of his household.

St. Patrick is recorded as having stayed in Aughagower where he built a church and anointed the parish's first bishop, Senach, on his journey to Croagh Patrick. Aughagower lies mid-way along Tóchar Phádraig, formerly a part of the royal processional route from Cruachan (the ancient capital of Connacht), and later an important pilgrimage route from Ballintubber Abbey to Croagh Patrick. Senach founded a church, and his daughter Mathona, a nunnery. These were situated approximately 100 yards north of the medieval round tower and abbey, alongside the 'Temple of the Teeth' the site of an earlier stone church, presumed to have been built atop an original wooden church founded by St. Patrick.

Since its formation by St. Patrick as a bishopric in the 5th century, Aughagower represented one of the most populous and influential parishes in Umhaill. The jurisdiction of Aughagower extended over the "Owles", the territory around Clew Bay, comprising the modern deanery of Westport. But after several centuries these churches and their lands were absorbed first into the Diocese of Mayo and afterwards granted to the Archbishop of Tuam. The importance of the parish was still evident six centuries after St. Patrick departed, as seen when in 1215 competing claims by the Archbishops of Tuam and Armagh to the church and lands of Aughagower arose, with Pope Innocent in Rome being called upon to settle the dispute, and did so in favour of Tuam.

Early modern
The importance of Aughagower parish in these warring episodes is seen by the defensive forts of Doon Castle in the townland of Dooncastle and MacPhilbin's castle in Aille (ruins of both are still standing), which were controlled by the MacPhilbin (also rendered as McPhilipin) clan, a scion of the powerful Bourke family, descending from Philip, brother of William Liath de Burgh (Bourke). The Bourkes initially battled fiercely with the Kingdom of Ireland forces. The revered Grace O'Malley Gráinne Ní Mháille of the powerful O'Malley (surname) dynasty that ruled Umhaill married into the Bourke family, with her second marriage, to Risdeárd an Iarainn Bourke. In later centuries the Bourke family became part of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy, among their descendants were the Brownes of Westport House, holding the titles of Earl of Altamount and Marquess of Sligo.

In the 15th and 16th centuries Umhaill and Aughagower saw intense internecine struggles between warring clans and the Tudor Kingdom of Ireland, led by Sir Richard Bingham who sought to establish control of the area, forcing local clans such as the Bourke clan to submit their titles and claims of land to the monarchy, and swear allegiance to the crown, after which their lands would be re-granted to them for their loyalty, under the policy of surrender and regrant.

Late modern and contemporary
A great part of the population of the parish of Aughagower was lost in the Great Famine, and traces of ruins of deserted houses exist in several parts of the parish.

The Carrowkennedy ambush took place in Carrowkennedy, in the south of Aughagower parish. One of the few encounters of the Irish War of Independence to take place in Connacht, the Carrowkennedy ambush was carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) on 2 June 1921, during the Irish War of Independence. An IRA flying column, commanded by Michael Kilroy, ambushed a mobile patrol of the Royal Irish Constabulary Special Reserves (Black and Tans) at Carrowkennedy, near Westport, County Mayo. It resulted in the deaths of eight of the RIC, including some who were killed by their own rifle grenade. After two hours the RIC surrendered and their weaponry and ammunition were seized by the IRA. The RIC prisoners were not executed, but released upon their surrender, and this led many members of the successful ambush to seek refuge in the network of safe-houses throughout the counties of Mayo and Galway.

Round tower and Abbey
The ruins of a medieval church adjoins the graveyard of the town's modern Catholic church. It has a well-preserved tenth-century Irish round tower, with the exception of its topmost section and capstone.

The tower was built between 973 and 1013, a period during which the round tower proliferated, wherein they provided a defensive vantage point, a place of safety for church riches and fortification against raids from the north by the Danish, Norse-Gaels and raiding Irish clans. According to legend, the round tower's capstone was struck by lightning, and landed half a mile away on the hill of Tavenish. A local woman is said to have carried the heavy cap stone in her apron to the church, where it still remains today The tower was partly restored in 1969 and leans slightly to the north.

Ancient monuments and legends
There are a number of ancient monuments in Aughagower, some of which are locally reputed to trace their origin to the time of St. Patrick's ministry in the parish.

Leaba Phádraig (Patrick's bed) is said to have been a place where St. Patrick rested, which it has been suggested may have housed a hut or tent, used in the daytime as place of work for St. Patrick. Dabhach Phádraig (Patrick's vat or tub) is a circular bath surrounded by a stone wall, where pilgrims may have washed their feet, and which may have been used by St. Patrick and his household as a washing place. Due to local drainage the well is now dry except in extremely wet weather. A sheela na gig (Irish: Sighle na gCíoch) was found in a nearby ditch, and the Mayo Historical Society organised for it to be fitted to the outside wall of Dabhach Phádraig in 2001. It was moved in 2017 to an internal wall for security and to make it easier to find (the light conditions affect how easily the figure can be made out), and it now forms part of Dabhach Phádraig's eastern wall.

St. Patrick's Knee is a small stone in the graveyard with a small recess carved out of it, which is filled with water. Local legend states that St. Patrick kneeled on this rock and left the imprint, and the water that gathers in it is thought to be holy.

Tobair na Deocháin (the Well of the Deacons), now dried up, was where pilgrims drank water while performing the pilgrimage. A tree growing over Dabhach Phádraig was said to have curative powers. The soil was applied in a poultice, and when the ailment was cured the soil must be returned.

Cloughundra (Also rendered as 'Cloch Andra'). There is a large stone of approximately 150 kg, named Cloughundra, which is currently on display on the village green. The local folk-tale states that there was once a giant in Aughagower who used to throw the stone over his shoulder and would throw it "as far as another man would send a pebble. The stone is there yet and the trace of his fingers in it. A great many strongmen spend their leisure time trying to lift the stone".

Leacht Tomaltaigh is an ancient monument on the Gorteen-Aughagower townland boundary, just south of where the Tóchar Phádraig passes. Its mythical origin relates to a tale from St. Patrick's time, that a man tested the claims of the generosity of St. Patrick's household, where nobody in need of food would be turned away. The housekeeper is said to have told himthat there was a cake in the oven, and that when it was baked he could have some. He pretended to be angry and left saying the claims of hospitality were untrue, after a few hundred yards he fell from his horse to his death and a monument was raised to mark the spot of his death. The explanation of the myth is unlikely for a number of reasons and it is thought that this monument marks the grave of one of St. Patrick's charioteers, Totmael ('bald poll') who is recorded in the Book of Armagh and The Tripartite Life of St. Patrick as having died whilst St. Patrick and his household were travelling to Croagh Patrick, along the Tóchar. The monument is still standing in its repaired and mortared form. It stands approximately 2.5 feet tall, although it was once a much larger monument, at a height of 6 feet.

Lankill Standing Stone is a standing stone and National Monument located in County Mayo, Ireland. It stands in a field 2.7 km west-southwest of Aughagower, south of Knappaghbeg Lough. Toberbrendan, an early monastic site, is immediately to the southwest. The stone possibly dates to the Bronze Age period but was Christianised centuries later with a cross carved on it. The purpose of standing stones is unclear; they may have served as boundary markers, ritual or ceremonial sites, burial sites or astrological alignments. The stone is a spike of shale 2.5 m tall. On the west face is a cross with a V-shaped ornament beneath it, and on the east face is a Latin cross in a double circle and four concentric circles; this probably indicates a "pagan" monument that was later appropriated by Christians.

Cloondacon is a townland in the Parish of Aughagower and Barony of Burrishoole in County Mayo. It is bordered to the northeast by Mace South, to the south by Tevinish East, to the southwest by Aughagower, to the west by Gorteen, and to the northwest by the Deerpark. Cloondacon is situated on Tochar Phádraig, the ancient route from Ballintubber Abbey through Aughagower to Croagh Patrick. The name Cluain Dá Chon refers to an ancient legend according to which a pagan chieftain set two wolfhounds on Saint Patrick. Instead of attacking Patrick, the hounds licked his hands. The chieftain was moved by this and became a Christian. According to an alternative version, St. Patrick made the sign of the cross over them, and the two hounds were swallowed up in an oval shaped hole called Poll na gCon (the hole of the hounds).

title: Aughagower


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Fanad

Fanad (official name: Fánaid) is a peninsula that lies between Lough Swilly and Mulroy Bay on the north coast of County Donegal, Ireland. The origin of the name Fanad derives from the Irish language word Fána for "sloping ground". It is also referred to as Fannet or Fannett in older records. There are an estimated 700 people living in Fanad and 30% Irish speakers.

Fanad encompasses the parishes of Clondavaddog, Killygarvan and parts of Tullyfern and Aughinish. It measures approximately 25 km north–south measured from Fanad Head to the town of Ramelton and approximately 12 km east–west measured between the townlands of Doaghbeg and Glinsk. The southern boundary of Fanad has been the subject of some dispute over the centuries. In the 16th century, during the time of the MacSuibhnes as rulers of Fanad, it was stated that the territory of Fanaid stretched as far south as the River Lennon between Kilmacrennan and Ramelton. In 1835, the surveyor John O'Donovan referred to Rathmullan as the capital of Fanad, and he also refers to Clondavaddog as "the most northern parish of Fanaid", suggesting that Fanad included parishes other than Clondavaddog. O'Donovan also noted that "The inhabitants of Inishowen state that Fanaid extends from Rathmeltan to Mulroy Lough, but the natives of the Parishes of Killygarvan, Tully and Aughnish, who considered themselves civilised, deny that they themselves are of the men of Fanaid". It consists of small villages such as Tamney, Rossnakill and has a bordering village called Kerrykeel.

Family names commonly recorded in Fanad since the mid-19th century include Blake, Callaghan, Cannon/Canning, Carr/Kerr, Coll, Coyle, Deeney, Doherty, Friel, Fealty, Gallagher, Martin, McAteer/McIntyre, McConigley/McGonigle, McGinley/McKinley, Shiels/Shields and Sweeney/McSwyne.

Geology and geography
Geological maps of County Donegal show rock alignments running south-west to north east across the Fanad peninsula. The underlying rock in the peninsula is mostly of Dalradian meta-sedimentary rocks, which have been exposed by weathering and erosion over the millennia There are areas of Granodiorite igneous rocks across the northern end of the peninsula from Ballywhoriskey to Fanad Head, but the greater part of Fanad consist of Middle-Dalradian Quartzite and some Pellite rocks with local occurrences of Schists and Tillites – the latter mostly concentrated around the northern inlet of Mulroy Bay.

The cliffs around Fanad Head are of exposed Grandiorite, whereas the higher ground running south from Fanad Head to Portsalon is a band of Quartzite. Knockalla Mountain is also formed of Quartzite.

The landscape of Fanad has been shaped by geological processes which include the effects of periodic covering with ice sheets and glaciers as recently as 14,000 years ago. The retreat of the ice sheet had a major impact on Fanad and surrounding areas. It is speculated that much of Lough Swilly was may have been dry land which was flooded due to a rise in sea level within the last 10,000 years. Mulroy Bay may have been similarly formed at this time. The peat outcrops on the foreshore at White Strand north of Rathmullan contain the remainder of trees which were submerged by the advance of the sea in this area. Many of the beaches on the Fanad shoreline were formed at this time by glacial deposits which were subsequently reworked by the actions of waves and currents.

In common with much of the rest of Ireland, the post-glacial landscape gradually changed with rises in temperature from open tundra to one dominated by forests of pine, oak, alder, hazel and birch, with breaks in the canopy on the edges of the intervening expanses of lake and bog. This was probably the landscape which greeted the earliest settlers who ventured along the coastline in the late Mesolithic Period, possibly about 5,000 BC. There is archaeological evidence of human occupation of coastal areas of Inishowen at Dunaff and west of Horn Head during this period and it is reasonable to assume that Fanad also saw some transient occupation at this time.

The subsequent evolution of the landscape in Fanad probably owes more to human intervention than to natural forces, reflecting the shift from visits by Mesolithic hunters, fishers and gatherers to the introduction of primitive farming during the Neolithic period from 4,000 BC onwards. The tree-covered landscape of the Mesolithic period would have given way gradually to a more open countryside in arable areas, marking the beginning of the contemporary landscape of Fanad, with its mixture of arable land at lower levels, with scrub and gorse covered uplands, and bogs interspersed with occasional lakes and streams.

Mesolithic and Neolithic periods
There is no specific evidence of human occupation of Fanad during the Mesolithic period (8,000–4,000 BC) though as noted already, it is reasonable to assume that there was some temporary occupation of coastal locations during this period. The earliest evidence of human settlement in Fanad is probably the existence of Megalithic court tombs in a variety of locations including Tyrladden, Drumhallagh Upper and Crevary Upper dating possibly from circa 4,000–3,500 BC. There are also portal tombs or dolmens from the Neolithic period including examples at Gortnavern south of Kerrykeel and above Saltpans on the Lough Swilly side of the peninsula. These are suggested as dating from circa 3,800–3,200 BC.

Bronze Age and Iron Age
Evidence of the occupation of Fanad during the Bronze Age (2,000 – 500 BC) continues in the form of tombs and related monuments. Three possible stone circles probably belonging to the Bronze Age have been identified near Rathmullan. Several cist burial sites which are thought to date from the Bronze Age were discovered in Fanad including a now destroyed group at a cairn at Killycolman near Rathmullan.

Ring forts (Cashels) and ornately carved stonework are features of Iron Age Donegal (500 BC – 400 AD) including such major monuments as Grianan Aileach. Evidence of ring forts has been found in 35–40 locations in Fanad, principally in coastal locations on both the Swilly and Mulroy coasts.

Early medieval period
Bealoideas and the earliest records suggest that Fanad was originally occupied by the Corpraige from whom St. Colmcille's mother Eithne is said to have come. The Corpraige may have occupied a territory as far south as the River Swilly and Binswilly Mountain including Gartan.

In the early 7th century, the Cenel Conaill, one of the tribes of Donegal said to be descended from Niall of the Nine Hostages (Gaelic: Niall Noigiallach) and who originated at Mag nItha in the Lower Finn Valley, started to expand into Fanad, possibly forcing the northward retreat of the Corpraige. All traces of the Corpraige had disappeared from the area by the 12th century. Congal Cennemigher Mac Fergus Fanad was high king of Ireland from 700 AD until his death in 710 AD. It is held that the royal seat of Cenel Connell power in Fanad was at Cashelmor in "between the waters" in the north-west of Fanad. The Cenel Conail were subsequently reduced in power by the expansion of the Cenel Eoghain from Inishowen during the 8th century, particularly following the battle of Clóitech in 789 when the Cenél Conaill withdrew to territories south of Barnesmore. With the reduction of power of the Cenel Conaill, the territory of Fanad came under the control of the O'Breslins who were descended from Congel Cennemigher's son. During this era, there are records of attacks by Vikings on Fanad– specifically in Mulroy Bay at Kinnaweer near Milford in 921 AD.

Late medieval period
The power of the O'Breslins in Fanad lasted until sometime after 1263 when the Chieftains of Tir Conaill, the O'Donnells, granted the sub-chieftaincy of Fanad to the MacSweeneys (Gaelic: MacSuibhne) in return for their support of certain O'Donnell families in their struggle for chieftaincy of the clan. The MacSweeneys who were galloglasses, (mercenary warriors) from Scotland, were responsible for the building of the castle and the Carmelite Monastery at Rathmullan at the end of the 16th century. The MacSweeneys were also responsible for the building of the tower house at Moross on the upper stretches of Mulroy Bay in about 1532.

17th and 18th centuries
The power of the MacSweeneys as Lords of Fanad ended with the Flight of the Earls in 1607 and the subsequent Plantation of Ulster, though they continued to hold some lands in Fanad as proprietors until the 1641 rising, following which all remaining MacSweeney lands were confiscated. The "hereditary commandery" of Fanad remains in the MacSweeney's families.Leabhar Clainne Suibhne

Lands in Fanad were granted principally to servitors (Crown servants including veterans of the Nine Years War). Settlers noted in the 1654 Civil Survey include Richard Perkins at BelliclanmcCallen (sic), William and David Lyne at Bunintyne (Bunnaton?), John Rowly at Ballymastocker, Craveross (Croaghross?) and Magherawarden, Thomas Stewart at Carlan, Knockbrack and Drumfad, William Patton at Croghan, Colin and Patrick Campbell at Moross and Luke Ashe at Ballyhork. Some lands at Tullynadall were granted to the Provost and Fellows of Trinity College, Dublin.

Rathmullan was initially granted to Sir Ralph Bingley but was soon passed to his son-in-law, Bishop Knox. Rathmullan was incorporated as a town and in 1618, Knox modified the Carmelite Friary to serve as a manor house. It remained as the residence of the Knox family until the late eighteenth century. Also notable at this stage was the building of the Church of Ireland in Rosnakill in 1693.

Despite the plantation, Fanad retained its majority native population and Gaelic ways and Irish remained the principal spoken language of the peninsula – a situation that remained generally unchanged until the mid 19th century. The 18th century saw the introduction into Fanad of rural industry with a corresponding improvement in infrastructure. Rearing cattle commercially, herring fishing, flax growing and linen production came to feature in the local economy from the mid-18th century.

19th century
By the early 19th century, manufacture of bent hats, shoes and kelp production were also evident. Rathmelton was a major focus of the linen industry and was stated to have had the largest bleaching green in Donegal during the late 18th century and early 19th century – a time of major prosperity in the town. It also thrived as a port at this time. However, linen and domestic shoe production went into decline by the 1820s and the herring fisheries had also declined. As a result, emigration became a greater feature of life as the local population increased.

Improvements in local infrastructure and facilities during the early part of the 19th century included the construction of a lighthouse at Fanad Head in 1818 in response to the sinking of the frigate Saldanah in Lough Swilly in 1804. A Workhouse was constructed at Milford about 1840 and a network of National Schools emerged, some sponsored by landlord and some by churches and religious organisations. The early 19th century also saw the building of Roman Catholic places of worship starting with the building of the chapel at Massmount near Tamney about 1780 on a site donated by the Pattons of Croghan. Further building continued throughout the period including a chapel of ease in Fanavolty circa 1840.

In 1837, Samuel Lewis published a topographical dictionary which included the following contemporary description of the Parish of Clondavaddog: ''CLONDEVADOCK, or CLONDEVADOGUE, a parish, in the barony of KILMACRENAN, county of DONEGAL, and province of ULSTER, 15½ miles (N. by E.) from Letterkenny; containing 9595 inhabitants. This parish, which comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 27,367¼: statute acres, of which 627¾ are water, is situated on the north-western coast; it comprehends the greater part of the peninsular district of Fannet, or Fanad, extending northward into the ocean, and terminating in the points called Maheranguna and Pollacheeny.'' ''The surface is for the most part occupied by mountains of considerable altitude, among which Knockalla is 1196 feet above the level of the sea: these are separated by deep and narrow vales, of which the soil is tolerably good, consisting of a brown gravelly mould, sometimes inclining to clay, on a basis of white gravel, brownish or reddish clay, slate of various colours, and sometimes soft freestone rock. The parish contains about 60 quarter lands of good arable and bad pasture, with much waste and barren land: many acres have been covered and destroyed by the shifting sands. The point of Fannet is in lat. 55° 15' 50" (N.) and lon. 7° 39' (W.): it is on the western side of the entrance of Lough Swilly, and a lighthouse has been erected on it, of which the lantern has an elevation of 90 feet above the level of the sea at high water; it consists of nine lamps, displaying a deep red light towards the sea, and a bright fixed light towards the lough or harbour, and may be seen in clear weather from a distance of 14 nautical miles. The seats are Croohan House, the residence of R. H. Patton, Esq.; Greenfort, of H. Babington, Esq.; and Springfield, of M. Dill, Esq.''

''The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Raphoe, and in the patronage of the Provost and Fellows of Trinity College, Dublin: the tithes amount to £463.5.4½. The glebe-house was built by aid of a loan of £100 from the late Board of First Fruits, in 1795; the glebe comprises 240 acres, of which 160 are uncultivated. The church is a plain structure, towards the repairs of which the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £371.10.3. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church, and contains two large chapels. There are five schools, one of which, the parochial school, is partly supported by annual donations from the rector and the late Col. Robertson's school fund. In these about 250 boys and 130 girls are instructed; and there are two pay schools, in which are about 70 boys and 11 girls, and five Sunday schools.''

The landscape evolved to reflect the development of local estates during this time. The existence of picturesque seascapes induced many local landowners to site "big houses" in parkland settings overlooking Lough Swilly and Mulroy Bay. In addition to the great houses listed by Lewis, other notable houses built during this era included Drumhalla House (1789) by Dr. Knox, Fort Royal in Rathmullan (1807) by Charles Wray, Rathmullan House (1820) by Lt. Col. Knox of Prehen and Glenalla House (1810) north of Rathmullan which was built by the Hart family.

The 19th century was furthermore a time of great change and upheaval in farming practice. In the first half of the century, many landowners began to introduce "improvements" to their holdings which effectively saw the end of the clachans and the old ways of farming based around the old Rundale system. The farm landscape of Fanad as we know it today, with small individual holdings and regularised boundaries was imposed from the 1830s onwards, often against the wishes of the tenant farmers. The introduction of these "improvements" saw the demise of some major centres of population in Fanad including the well established large villages of Doaghbeg and Glinsk. Emigration continued and grew as a response to the significant growth in population, and in response to the famine and food shortages including the Great Famine of the late 1840s. Fanad's population, which was estimated possibly about 4,000 in 1766, was 10,344 and rising in 1841. However, it had fallen to 8,244 by 1851 and continued to decline to a figure of 5,778 in 1891.

Rural tourism emerged about this time – Fanad features in an 1849 traveller's guide which notes, inter alia, that ''There are a few more romantic spots than Ramelton and its vicinity. The town contains three Presbyterian meeting-houses, a Methodist chapel and a church: the Roman Catholic chapel is at some distance. There are corn mills and stores, a brewery and a bleach green. Although there is no pier, some exports are made in such small vessels as sail up the harbour. Ramelton contains some good houses and two small inns at which cars can be hired...... Rathmullan, in its single street, church, battery and some vestiges of ecclesiastical and castellated ruins offers but little to arrest the attention of the traveller...Milford contains one or two public houses, a few shops, some respectable dwellings and in its vicinity a union workhouse.....The village of Rosnakill will not detain the traveller, it chiefly consists of poor cabins but it contains the parish church, some small retail shops and one or two public houses.......A good inn at Ballyvicstocker, one of the most lovely of all our sea bays and which is admirably suited to bathing, and where B. Barton Esq., the proprietor of the Greenfort Estate and one or two others have built comfortable villas, together with good roads from Ramelton and Rathmullan would tend to induce strangers to visit Fanad''.

The second half of the 19th century witnessed a developing infrastructure of schools and other public buildings in the area. By c. 1858, schools had been established in a number of locations including Ballymichael, Doaghbeg, Ballyhiernan, Cashel Glebe, Tullyconnell, Croaghross, Leatbeg, Ballina, Muineagh, Drumfad and Glenvar. There was also a coastguard stations, police barracks and a dispensary and session house at Tamney. The second half of the 19th century was marked by the killing of Lord Leitrim in 1878, who was assassinated by three men named Neil Shiels, Michael McElwee and Michael Heraghty. One of the major local landowners in Fanad and a man much reviled for his strictness in his dealing with his tenants, Leitrim held much of the northern part of Fanad, with holdings stretching from Glinsk to Doaghbeg. The time of Leitrim's death coincided with the Land War which ended the era of landlord domination of Fanad. In the decades that followed and with the passing of various Irish Land Acts, ownership of much of the land in Fanad passed from landlords to their tenant farmers. Other major landowners whose lands passed into the ownership of their tenants included the Bartons who owned large tracts and land in and around Portsalon, Henry Letham whose holdings were principally on the Mulroy side of the peninsula, north of Kerrykeel and Thomas Norman whose lands were situated around Tamney and Rosnakill, immediately north of Henry Letham's holdings.

20th and 21st centuries
During the first half of the 20th century, Fanad, in common with other coastal areas of Donegal, settled into a pattern of subsistence farming. Employment outside of agriculture was very limited, leading to continuing high levels of migration both permanent and seasonal, some overseas to the UK and to the US, and some to cities in Ireland including Derry and to a lesser extent, Belfast and Dublin. The drop in population continued, with the population recorded as 2,846 in 1961 approximately a quarter of that recorded in the 1840s.

The 2006 Census recorded a combined population of 2,131 for the electoral districts of Carrowkeel, Rosnakill, Fanad North and Fanad West. By this time, farming had declined significantly with limited livestock rearing as the main component of local agriculture. Local rural industry had grown to some extent with fish farming in Mulroy Bay and in Lough Swilly as the main local source of employment, albeit for a time in the late 20th century and early 21st century, construction was arguably a major source of local income reflecting the increase in the provision of holiday homes and a general upgrading of the local housing stock and infrastructure both in Fanad and in other areas of Donegal.

A notable addition to the local infrastructure was the construction of a major road bridge at the northern end of Mulroy Bay in 2009, allowing for improved access from Fanad westwards to Carrigart, Downings and other towns and villages along the northern coast. Tourism also provided some limited seasonal employment.

Some consolidation of local facilities has occurred over the last half century, reflecting the decline in population. There has been a consolidation of the National School network into a small number of larger facilities. Many local shops have closed, partly due to the population decline but also arguably due to the greater mobility of the population who now have the option to shop at the larger centres of population e.g. Letterkenny.

Sport
The local association football club, Fanad United, play in the Ulster Senior League. They are the league's most successful club, having won fourteen titles. At national level they have won both the FAI Intermediate Cup and the FAI Youth Cup. The local GAA club is Fanad Gaels (Gaeil Fhánada).

People

 * Neil Blaney, politician

title: Fanad


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Hershey Wildcats

Hershey Wildcats were a professional soccer team, based in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States, that played in the USL A-League between 1997 and 2001. The team was owned by Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company. The team played in Hersheypark Stadium, located at Hersheypark, and received its name from the Wild Cat roller coaster. In the Wildcats' 5-year history, the average attendance was 3,189 per game.

History
The Wildcats were moderately successful in their short existence, with Bob Lilley coaching the team for its entire five-year run, leading the Wildcats to the playoffs in each season. In 2001, Hershey reached the A-League finals but were defeated 2–0 by the Rochester Raging Rhinos.

Less than a week after the championship match, in October 2001, Hershey Entertainment announced that the Wildcats were folding. Weak attendance, including a crowd of only 750 for the 2001 playoff semifinal, was a factor in the decision to fold the team. With the league unable to find a new owner for the club, the players became free agents.

Notable players that played for the Wildcats and then went on to play in Major League Soccer or other professional leagues include Jon Busch and Christof Lindenmayer.

title: Hershey Wildcats


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Jerry Porter (American football)

Jerry Porter (born July 14, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the West Virginia Mountaineers and was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the second round of the 2000 NFL Draft. Porter also played for the Jacksonville Jaguars.

Early years
Porter attended Coolidge High School in Washington D.C., and was a star in football, basketball, baseball, and track. In football, he was a Blue Chip All-American selection and also won All-State honors. He was often called "Superman" by the West Virginia scouts, because he could play quarterback, wide receiver, fullback, halfback, defensive end, and defensive back during three varsity seasons. He was also reported to possess a 40-inch vertical jump, ability to throw a football 80 yards with one hand and 50 yards with his other while on his knees, and run a 4.4 40 yard dash.

College career
Porter came into West Virginia as a freshman, and coach Don Nehlen was uncertain of his final position. Porter was an All-Big East selection as an all-purpose back.

As a freshman, he saw action as a free safety in the first five games and filled in as the emergency quarterback against Rutgers, then finished the second half of the season as a wide receiver. For the season he recorded 28 tackles and an interception that was returned 68 yards for a touchdown. He also blocked a kick and recorded 311 yards and four touchdowns receiving as well. As a sophomore, he caught 13 passes for 280 yards and three touchdowns. As a junior, Porter started every game at free-safety, recording five interceptions.

Oakland Raiders
Porter was drafted in 2000 during the second round by the Oakland Raiders. For three years, from 2000 to 2003, Porter was looked to as a third receiver behind veterans Tim Brown and Jerry Rice. Porter's best season came in 2004, when he recorded 998 yards and 9 touchdowns from quarterback Rich Gannon.

During the 2004 season, Porter was basically the starting receiver in front of Rice. Porter recorded a career-high 998 yards off of 64 receptions and 9 touchdowns for the season, the best of his career. However, the Raiders finished the season 5–11 and veteran quarterback Rich Gannon retired after suffering a serious neck injury.

With Jerry Rice's retirement after the 2004 season, it looked as if Porter would be new quarterback Kerry Collins' primary receiver. But just before the NFL Draft, the Raiders traded linebacker Napoleon Harris and draft picks for all-star receiver Randy Moss. With Moss on team, Porter would have the role as the secondary receiver. Even though he was not the primary receiver, he still managed to record a 942-yard, 5 touchdown season (2nd best of his career).

Entering the 2006 season, Porter publicly voiced his dissatisfaction with newly hired head coach Art Shell, and during training camp, demanded to be traded. Porter's conflict with Shell occurred very early in training camp, when Shell announced that champagne would no longer be allowed at the training facility. In addition to his public complaints, he reportedly parked in owner Al Davis's personal parking spot. As a result of his attitude, Coach Shell deactivated him "until further notice".

During his suspension, Porter was reportedly seen "laughing and pumping his fist" on the sidelines when teammate Aaron Brooks was sacked for the 7th time by the San Diego Chargers. He later denied these allegations, saying that he was not paying attention to the game and was interacting with fans in the seats.

Having still not played in a game in 2006, Porter was officially suspended/inactivated without pay for four games (the maximum allowable) by Coach Shell on October 15 for "conduct detrimental to the team" after he made disparaging and disrespectful remarks during a regular team practice. When the suspension was announced the NFL Players Association filed a grievance on Porter's behalf, and the Raiders reduced the suspension to two games on the 25th and he was allowed to return to practice. He dressed for and played in his first game of 2006 on October 29 – a Raiders home win over the Pittsburgh Steelers – during which he recorded one catch for 19 yards.

With Moss traded to the New England Patriots and Art Shell fired, Porter became the primary receiver on the Raiders in 2007.

Jacksonville Jaguars
On February 29, 2008, Porter was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars to a six-year contract worth $30 million. The contract contained $10 million in guaranteed money. In May, he underwent surgery on his hamstring. He missed the rest of training camp and that preseason, and should have been back for the season opener against the Tennessee Titans. However, he did not play until the fourth game of the season in a 30–27 win over the Houston Texans, when he had a reception for 6 yards. He recorded no stats for the following three games, before totaling two catches for 38 yards in a loss to the Cincinnati Bengals in week 9. He finished the season with 11 receptions for 181 yards and a touchdown in 10 games. On February 11, 2009, Porter was cut by the Jaguars.

Final seasons
Porter remained unsigned throughout the 2009 season. He then tried out for the Washington Redskins in 2010 but was not signed to a contract or invited to any training camps.

On February 15, 2011 the CFL's Montreal Alouettes signed Porter to a two-year contract. However, Porter tore his Achilles tendon in training camp, requiring season-ending surgery. He was subsequently released.

title: Jerry Porter (American football)


text:
Talk:Kishinev pogrom

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Merge or share
The following piece removed from History of the Jews in Bessarabia. Please merge.

''A young Christian Russian boy, Michael Ribalenko, was found murdered in the town of Dabossary (Dubasari in Romanian), about 25 miles north-east of Kishinev; the town is situated on the left bank of the river Dnister, and formally was not a part of Bessarabia. Although it was clear that the boy had been killed by a relative (who was later found), the government chose to call it a ritual murder plot by the Jews. The mobs were incited by Pavolachi Krusheven, the editor of the anti-Semitic newspaper "Bessarabetz", and the vice-governor Ustrugov. They used the age-old calumny against the Jews (that the boy had been killed to use his blood in preparation of matzo). Viacheslav Plehve, the Minister of Interior, supposedly gave orders not to stop the rioters. During three days of rioting, the government-organized Kishinev pogrom against the Jews took place. Forty seven (some say 49) Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded, 500 slightly wounded and over 700 houses destroyed. This pogrom is considered the first state-inspired action against Jews in the 20th century. Despite a world outcry, only two men were sentenced to seven and five years and twenty-two were sentenced for one or two years. This pogrom was instrumental in convincing tens of thousands of Russian Jews to leave to the West and to Palestine.''

Mikkalai 21:22, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Mikkalai: It can be in both articles as long as it's set up right. IZAK 09:34, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Ribalenko and Bessarabetz
For reports on Riabalenko case with quotes from "Bessarabetz" and other newspapers see: www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/137/gordon.htm

 * Sorry, I don't know Russian. Are you claiming that Krusheven and Ustrugov had not incited the mobs ? bogdan | Talk 09:11, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Krusheven incited the mobs, he published false report on Riabalenko case. As for Ustrugov - he did'not incite mobs. I will add information about Krusheven. --DonaldDuck 09:28, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

 * 1903 April 19, KISHINEV (Bessarabia)
 * Riots broke out after a Christian child, Michael Ribalenko, was found murdered (Feb. 16). Although it was clear that the boy had been killed by a relative, the government chose to call it a ritual murder plot by the Jews. The mobs were incited by Pavolachi Krusheven, the editor of the anti-Semitic newspaper Bessarabetz, and the vice governor, Ustrugov. Vyacheslav Von Plehve, the Minister of Interior, supposedly gave orders not to stop the rioters. During three days of rioting, forty-seven Jews were killed, ninety-two severely wounded, five hundred slightly wounded and over seven hundred houses were destroyed. Despite a world-wide outcry, only two men were sentenced to seven and five years and twenty-two were sentenced for one or two years for this. This pogrom was instrumental in convincing tens of thousands of Russian Jews to leave Russia for the West and for Eretz Israel. The child's real murderer was later found.
 * from jewishhistory.org.il.

Summary: 1. Russian government never called it a ritual murder 2. Bessarabetz published a report that Ribalenko was lost after going to the jewish shop, thus inciting anti-Jewish riots. 3. Boy was killed by a relative (who was later found) --DonaldDuck 08:59, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I am still waiting to see some evidence from you that there was no government action, or that Ustrugov awas involved. Ustrugov acted as press censor, and chose not to censor reports.  The government was certainly involved: "For three days the mob raged, while police and army stood by and watched. The Governor of the province, von Raaben, who resided in Kishinev, vanished for the duration. He was not seen in public until the third day of rioting[10]. It was not until strict orders were issued from St Petersburg that the unrest was to be put down, using firearms if necessary, that the pogrom was stopped. In the event, no shots were fired. Police and army had previously intervened only to suppress Jewish self-defence[11]. This behaviour on the part of the authorities strengthened the conviction held by the marauding masses - and later to become the common property of all pogromshchiki[12] - that the Tsar had granted them three days to beat the Jews[13].... The rumour, widespread in Kishinev, that the Bessarabets was financially subsidised by the Ministry of the Interior, should not be dismissed out of hand, for it managed to secure such a subsidy after 1905. At any event, Krushevan's second newspaper received financial support from the government[29]. Thus, the prevailing impression among the population was that the government wanted a pogrom[30]. This is also apparent from testimonies, which reached Petersburg in the form of protocols forwarded to the Ministries[31]. The people could not help but see the preferential treatment accorded in Petersburg to individual pogromshchiki, for example Pronin, one of the chief instigators and protagonists in the pogrom[32]. Even after the pogrom, Pronin was able to make use of his connections with Interior Minister Pleve in order to try and apply pressure to the new Governor of Bessarabia, Prince Sergei D. Urusov[33]. "
 * And, while you are right that the government did not conclude that the events were ritual murder, they did support the accusation before the pogrom: "Pollen, Procurator of the Odessa court district left the Governor of Bessarabia in no doubt as to the undesirable influence of Bessarabets and asked him in future to suppress any further agitatory articles[17]. This was aimed at the censorship which was under the control of Vice-Governor Ustrugov, a violent anti-Semite[18]. The Minister of Justice, too, was informed[19]. Yet nothing happened. On the contrary, I. G. Shcheglovitov and A. A. Khvostov - each destined to become Minister of Justice and at the time working on the staff of the Ministry - drew the Minister's attention to the "interesting case" in Dubossary[20]. The Minister's reaction can only be partially reconstructed from the documents. What is clear, however, is that the Ministry of Justice requested the assistance of the Ministry of the Interior in making enquiries about fanatical Jewish sects apparently thought capable of committing ritual murder[21]. The same judicial officer who, not long before, had asserted that ritual murder could be ruled out, re-opened the case that had been closed earlier[22]. The Minister, Murav'ev, was kept personally informed of the progress of investigations. Certainly he had not displayed any sign of disapproving of the re-opening of proceedings. One official of the Odessa court district actually had close connections with the Bessarabets[23] and tried to get those of his colleagues who were involved in the investigations to pass interesting snippets of information to the newspaper, anonymously if need be. By "interesting" he meant of course information which would support the ritual murder theory. Anyone co-operating in this way was to receive a free subscription as a token of thanks[24]."
 * --Goodoldpolonius2 14:07, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * First of all, please read quotations from "Bessarabetz" (www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/137/gordon.htm)
 * >And, while you are right that the government did not conclude that the events were ritual murder. That's why I changed the arcticle. There was no statements, ukases, decrees by the government about a "ritual murder". Government didn't call it a "ritual murder".

If your are sure that government called it a "ritual murder" please cite official government document to prove it. --DonaldDuck 14:40, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I can't read Russian, but I did not state that the government called it ritual murder, but the sources above indicate that there were open investigations into ritual murder by the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of the Interior. I clarified this in the article.  You keep deleting more than just this one point, by the way, and have now been reverted three times.  Hopefully, the latest clarifications will appease you, but, if not, do not make changes before discussing on Talk. --Goodoldpolonius2 16:26, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If you can't read Russian, why are you editing wiki articles about russian history? Wihtout knowledge of russian you can get only very distorted understanding of it.
 * Well, I will try to make a short summary of Riabachenko (in some sources he is called Riabalenko, supposedly just a typo) case.

 * 1. On Feb. 13, 1903, corpse of 14-year old Mikhail Rybachenko, bruised and covered with stab wounds was found.

 * 2. "Bessarabetz" published misleading report on this murder. Quote from "Bessarabetz" :" ...Two boys returned to Dubossary. One of them, Rybachenko, entered a jewish shop on his way to home. Another waited outside of the shop. Some time later, jew went outside the shop and asked the boy what he was whaiting for. Jew told boy "Go home. Your friend will follow you..". Thus Pavolachi Krushevan insinuated that boy was killed by the jews and incited riots.

 * 3. Police investigation found that boy was killed by his relative. Rybachenko was one of the heirs of the big inheritance and this inheritance could not be divided between heirs until Rybachenko reached his adulthood.

 * 4. On March 19, "Bessarabetz" published refutation of its earlier articles.

My sources: www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/137/gordon.htm www.sem40.ru/anti/history/1559/

 * About your link: Pogrome in Rußland 1903-1905/6 Heinz-Dietrich Löwe

Löwe makes reference to Dubnov [19][20][21], but Simon Dubnov is heavily biased historian. He called for organising armed jewish groups to kill anti-jewish rioters. So your link should not be taken into account. --DonaldDuck 11:03, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Many, many problems with your response: You need to engage with the information presented, and refute it, rather than simply substituting your own timeline or smearing a source for now reason at all. In line with Wikipedia guidelines, please find some English-language sources that back up your view, or at least address the facts presented. --Goodoldpolonius2 14:18, 8 August 2005 (UTC)
 * First, you have violated the WP:3RR, do not revert again.
 * Also, you don't need to speak Russian to edit articles, espcially since many historians have written on this subject. English Wikipedia relies on English sources.
 * As for your objection, this makes no sense - the material is a scholarly essay that quotes many people, and you object because he cites Dubnov. This is silly because the article also cites other sources. It is also silly because Dubnov is very well respected, he is well-regarded by the International Congress of Historians (an essay about him begins "Simon Dubnov (1860-1941) was a great Jewish historian") and many other sources. Besides you have not indicated that anything is factually incorrect in the essay.
 * Your article (as you translated) merely give a chronology, from what I can see, you have not engaged with ANY of the information I provided above. Of course Riabalenko was involved, but all the above information is also true, so why do you keep removing it?

You have also violated WP:3RR.
 * First, you have violated the WP:3RR, do not revert again.

Well, you don't really need to speak russian to edit articles, but your edits will be distorted and heavily biased. If you are not able to read inciting passages from "Bessarabetz" you have to rely on secondary sources.
 * Also, you don't need to speak Russian to edit articles, espcially since many historians have written on this subject. English Wikipedia relies on English sources.

Did you read my objection? I have pointed to references concerning government involvment [19][20][21].
 * As for your objection, this makes no sense - the material is a scholarly essay that quotes many people, and you object because he cites Dubnov. This is silly because the article also cites other sources.

I will try to make compromise version. --DonaldDuck 09:12, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Your article (as you translated) merely give a chronology, from what I can see, you have not engaged with ANY of the information I provided above. Of course Riabalenko was involved, but all the above information is also true, so why do you keep removing it?

 * DonaldDuck, I appreciate the attempts at compromise. The issue of government involvement is still important, though, and it is important for you to provide outside sources saying the government was not involved, merely smearing Dubnov is not enough.  At the same time, I will wait before adding more material about Ustrugov until I get a chance to read something defininitive (Easter in Kishinev: Anatomy of a Pogrom by Edward H. Judge, for example) so I will stick with your compromise version for now (although I might clean up the language a little). --Goodoldpolonius2 14:05, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Reversion
I've recently reverted this anonymous edit. I can find no other online mention of a "Jaacov ben Menachem HaLevi" and no source was cited. If this is legitimate, please restore with a citation. Thanks. - Jmabel | Talk 18:31, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Recent page move
I reverted the recent page move to Chisinau pogrom. The most commonly known English-language term is "Kishinev pogrom". If someone disagrees, please present your arguments.Staszek Lem (talk) 23:25, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. In most if not all research I have come across in reference to this pogrom, it has always been referred to as Kishinev(or Kishineff).  Coffeegirlyme  ( talk )  ·   20:21, 4 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed as well. Toddst1 (talk) 20:22, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

It also has to be said that the mayor of Cisinau Schmidt - he was a member of the German community - retreated from his post three days after the pogrom took place. This was his form of protest against the riots. --92.206.13.110 (talk) 13:32, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

Old or new calendar dates?
It is not made clear in the article whether the dates are referenced to the old or new calendar dates (October 17 O.S. = October 30). That has important bearing on whether the following statement is accurate:

 * "This Pogrom was part of a much larger movement of 600 pogroms that swept the Russian Empire after the October Manifesto of 1905."

If the dates of the pogrom are O.S. dates, the statement is (barely) accurate. If the dates are under the current calendar system, they are not. My understanding is that the October Manifesto was a response to, not the cause of, the 1905 uprising. If someone interpreted the October 19-20 dates of the pogrom as O.S. dates, that could explain the impression that they occurred after the October Manifesto. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.208.11.42 (talk) 21:21, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

Contemporary NYT is WP:PRIMARY
And quoting it verbatim without WP:RS social, political, economic context is UNDUE.

First thing first, this NYT piece got the number of the victims wrong (understandably so, see the dates).

See https://www.jstor.org/stable/23877915 and more for details. I have added this caveat. Zezen (talk) 04:29, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
 * The New York Times report is referred to by later sources, for example the one you added. The text added was a perversion of the source that writes: "On April 28, 1903, the Times reprinted from the Yiddish Daily News a report smuggled out of Russia which stated that "the anti-Jewish riots in Kishinev, Bessarabia, are worse than the censor will permit to publish."--Astral Leap (talk) 09:28, 27 September 2020 (UTC) strike sock

Undiscussed move
There's no discussion nor consensus for the change in article's title. The overwhelming majority of sources refer to the "Kishinev pogrom", back then the town was an integral part of the Russian empire. Somebody please revert the unilateral move. I don't know how to do it properly.--Watchlonly (talk) 17:10, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * , please start a move request. If the result is to move back to "Kishinev pogrom", I'll respect it. But note that there were two in Chișinău. The name "Kishinev pogrom" is ambiguous. Super   Ψ   Dro  17:16, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Did you make a move request before changing the article's title? Because I think there was no previous discussion in talk page, not even a basic explanation.--Watchlonly (talk) 17:18, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I gave a short edit summary. I still don't see a reason to use the Russian name of the article instead of the native Romanian/Moldovan one which is used anywhere else in Wikipedia. No other articles apart from this one used "Kishinev" in their titles, not even historic ones (with the exception of the Jassy–Kishinev Offensives). Super   Ψ   Dro  17:21, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I understand, but maybe you should have opened a discussion before moving. An edit summary is not necessarily enough.--Watchlonly (talk) 17:29, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was a rather controversial action. That's why I am not opposing a move request now. Super   Ψ   Dro  17:31, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Look, all the other Wikipedias use the name "Kishinev" for this pogrom (Pogroms de Kichinev, Pogromo de Kishinev, פרעות קישינב), because that's how sources name this event, both contemporary and present. Could you please consider moving it back to 'Kishinev'?--Watchlonly (talk) 17:33, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Not all Wikipedias use this name, there are some others that use Chișinău (Pogrom de Chișinău, Chisinau-pogromen, Pogrom di Chișinău, Pogrom Chisinau, Chisinau-pogromen). Also, Kishinev pogrom has more than one edit in its history meaning that my edit perms don't allow me to move it again. That a name is more used does not always justify a move. This can be seen for example in Kyiv, named "Kyiv" although "Kiev" is still more common . Super   Ψ   Dro  17:46, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Ok, you are right. Sorry for overreacting at the beginning. Please clean up the mess that I left when I tried to move the article's name back.--Watchlonly (talk) 17:50, 2 February 2021 (UTC) strike sock
 * No problem, it is fixed already. Thanks for understanding. Super   Ψ   Dro  17:53, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 3 February 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved (closed by non-admin page mover) BegbertBiggs (talk) 13:44, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

Chișinău pogrom (1903) → Kishinev pogrom – Overwhelming COMMONNAME; the name "Chișinău pogrom" doesn't even register on Google NGRAMS (see below). Likewise, the overwhelming primary topic of this name is the 1903 pogrom rather than the 1905 one, which could be a hatnote if an article existed (Google Scholar results below, the 1905 pogrom is not mentioned in the first three pages of results). Although I respect User:Super Dromaeosaurus as an editor, they should be trouted for making this undiscussed move which has no basis in Article titles policy and has caused unnecessary work for other editors. (t · c)  buidhe  12:31, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Ngrams Google scholar (t · c)  buidhe  12:31, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Very well, I assume responsability over this so I am not going to oppose it, but I think that the "(1903)" should be kept. Although most sources refer to the 1903 pogrom, "Kishinev pogrom" is still an ambiguous name. To put an example (I can't think of a more international and well-known one), there were three Battles of Oituz, but the vast majority of sources talk about the third and most important one. Still, its article isn't just titled "Battle of Oituz", but "Third Battle of Oituz". Super   Ψ   Dro  14:20, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * There's no separate article on the 1905 pogrom and consequently nothing to disambiguate. Even if there were, I believe WP:PRIMARYTOPIC would still apply. (t · c)  buidhe  14:38, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

Oh, great. I love wasting my time and working for nothing! Now we'll have to revert all the following changes we made once the article's name is changed back to "Kishinev pogrom":

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism&diff=prev&oldid=1004457686

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire&diff=prev&oldid=1004458203

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania&diff=prev&oldid=1004458780

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire&diff=prev&oldid=1004459098

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Ben-Gurion&diff=prev&oldid=1004460838

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pogrom&diff=prev&oldid=1004461377

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uganda_Scheme&diff=prev&oldid=1004531391

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion&diff=prev&oldid=1004545655

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Jewish_history&curid=146223&diff=1004456223&oldid=1004262565

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Aliyah&curid=5585018&diff=1004456328&oldid=1001639065

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_Europe&type=revision&diff=1004601781&oldid=1004541858

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&curid=8049532&diff=1004456773&oldid=1002737537

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zionism&curid=14098762&diff=1004456973&oldid=1001875756

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_libel&type=revision&diff=1004597900&oldid=1004311320

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism_in_Christianity&type=revision&diff=1004597912&oldid=1002169682

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaim_Zhitlowsky&diff=prev&oldid=1004456647

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Evans-Gordon&diff=prev&oldid=1004456587

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephraim_Moses_Lilien&diff=prev&oldid=1004456857

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%27nai_B%27rith&type=revision&diff=1004597976&oldid=1003301476

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky&type=revision&diff=1004597988&oldid=1002442834

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relationship_of_American_Jews_to_the_U.S._Federal_Government_before_the_20th_century&type=revision&diff=1004598043&oldid=741126074

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Krushevan&type=revision&diff=1004598145&oldid=992931312

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barukh_Binah&type=revision&diff=1004598353&oldid=994306838

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_sheep_to_the_slaughter&type=revision&diff=1004598408&oldid=989300864

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century&type=revision&diff=1004598419&oldid=994968109

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Korolenko&diff=prev&oldid=1004456253

User:Super Dromaeosaurus, did you change the title of this pogrom in any other article?--Watchlonly (talk) 15:25, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Jewish_history&diff=prev&oldid=1004456223, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Jewish_history&diff=prev&oldid=1004456223, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Korolenko&diff=prev&oldid=1004456253, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Aliyah&diff=prev&oldid=1004456328, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Evans-Gordon&diff=prev&oldid=1004456587, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaim_Zhitlowsky&diff=prev&oldid=1004456647, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Territorial_Organization&oldid=1004456773, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephraim_Moses_Lilien&diff=prev&oldid=1004456857, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_antisemitism&diff=prev&oldid=1004457894, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zionism&diff=prev&oldid=1004456973. Don't just directly revert them, I did some fixes on the pages (such as removing "Kishineff", which is an invention, or disambiguating between the 1903 and the 1905 pogroms). You should do this once this RM ends anyway. Super   Ψ   Dro  15:56, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Support a move with the spelling Kishinev but also with the year. I'm generally happy to use modern Romanian/Ukrainian etc spellings but as people have said this historical event is known by that name in English. And I would include the year, even if there is no article about the 1905 one at the moment, IMO the fact that there are multiple ones means it helps clarify to say the year in the article title. Dan Carkner (talk) 16:39, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per and . When I saw the first notices I had no idea what progrom this was referring to. But once here one realizes that this is one of the most famous (city) names of pogroms in Russian Jewish history. The addition of the year also helps avoid future confusion. Thank you, warshy (¥¥)  19:42, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Support since the overwhelming majority of sources refer to the "Kishinev pogrom", back then the town was an integral part of the Russian empire.--Watchlonly (talk) 01:45, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per all preceding. Name of town at time and name by which the event is most commonly known Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 08:40, 10 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Support Policy preference for "Kishinev" is overwhelming. Zerotalk 10:45, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

 * I don't understand why is the ambiguity of this term being completely ignored. Nor the year in the title nor the disambiguation page were kept. Super   Ψ   Dro  21:31, 10 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Disambiguation pages may only be created if there are multiple articles to disambiguate. (t · c)  buidhe  21:48, 10 February 2021 (UTC)
 * So, if the article about the 1905 pogrom existed, the disambiguation page would have been kept and this page would have been renamed to "Kishinev pogrom (1903)"? Super   Ψ   Dro  22:05, 10 February 2021 (UTC)
 * , It's not clear to me if the 1905 event meets WP:NEVENT. Assuming that it does, then the 1903 pogrom would be the primary topic, and "Kishinev pogrom" would either be that article or redirect there. There would be a hatnote to "1905 Kishinev pogrom". (t · c)  buidhe  22:10, 10 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I am still doubting whether PT would apply on these historical events (as I stated with the example with battles I gave above), but since the 1905 pogrom does not have an article (and after looking rapidly about it in Google Scholar, might not even be that notable), I have nothing to complain about. Thanks for the clarification. Super   Ψ   Dro  22:16, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kishinev pogrom