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Wien Neêrlands Bloed

Wien Neêrlands bloed (Those in whom Dutch blood) was the national anthem of the Netherlands between 1815 and 1932.

History
At the foundation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, it was decided that a national anthem was needed. The song "Het Wilhelmus" – which is the national anthem today – was already well known in the time of the Dutch Republic. At that time, however, it was more of a party or faction hymn than a national one, being associated with and glorifying the House of Orange – which in the politics of the 17th and 18th century Netherlands had enthusiastic supporters but also bitter foes. In particular, the Wilhelmus was unpopular with the anti-Orangist Patriot party, which dominated the country (under French tutelage) for a considerable time.

Following the fall of Napoleon, with the House of Orange attaining the status of monarchs, which they lacked before, they desired to make a fresh start and adopt a politically neutral hymn rather than what had been their factional song. Moreover, a new song might also be acceptable to the Catholic inhabitants of the Southern Netherlands with which the Dutch were united in 1815 to form the United Kingdom of the Netherlands; the Wilhelmus might be interpreted as expressing Calvinist sentiments.

A competition was accordingly organized by Admiral Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen which was won by the Dutch poet Hendrik Tollens (1780–1856) with his poem Wien Neerlandsch bloed ..., which, after some failed attempts by less gifted composers, was set to music by Johann Wilhelm Wilms (1772–1847), a Dutch-German expatriate living in Amsterdam.

There were two versions: the original, and a changed version created for the reign of Queen Wilhelmina. The latter modernized the language, adapted the text to the fact there was now a queen instead of a king and also replaced the controversial second line van vreemde smetten vrij ("free from foreign taint").

Despite the adoption of the new anthem, Het Wilhelmus remained popular and was played at the investiture of Queen Wilhelmina in 1898.

Wien Neêrlands bloed was officially replaced by Het Wilhelmus on 10 May 1932, although it remained in use by the Royal Netherlands Navy and Army until 1939. The replacement had much to do with the fact the "new" 1815 anthem had become even more controversial than the Wilhelmus had been, with Socialists refusing to sing it.

Official Versions
The national anthem had two official versions. The original version which was in use from 1815 to 1898 was written to honor a king. The second version which was in use from 1898 to 1932 was rewritten and used to honor Queen Wilhelmina.

title: Wien Neêrlands Bloed


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Aum (disambiguation)

Aum (or Om) is an Indian mantra and spiritual symbol.

AUM or aum may also refer to:

Art, entertainment, and media

 * Audiological Medicine (SUAM), a peer-reviewed medical journal
 * August Underground's Mordum, a 2003 exploitation film
 * Aum!, a 2021 Indonesian adventure mockumentary film
 * "Aum", a track from the album Asymmetry (2013) by the Australian band Karnivool
 * AUM Fidelity, a jazz record label
 * Aum (album)
 * "A.U.M.", a track from the album Bleed the Future (2021) by the Canadian band Archspire
 * The magazine Teenset was rebranded as AUM in May 1969, but only put out three issues under that name before folding.
 * Sri Chinmoy's organization published various works under the imprint AUM Publications, as well as a magazine called AUM.

Education

 * American University of Madaba, a private university in Jordan
 * American University of Malta, a private liberal arts university in Malta
 * Auburn University at Montgomery, a public university in Alabama

Other uses

 * Animal unit month
 * Anxiety/uncertainty management
 * Assets under management
 * Aum (unit), a UK unit for hock (German white wine)
 * AUM, an alternate spelling for Um

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aum (disambiguation)


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Anisogamy

Anisogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes that differ in size and/or form. The smaller gamete is male, a sperm cell, whereas the larger gamete is female, typically an egg cell. Anisogamy is predominant among multicellular organisms. In both plants and animals, gamete size difference is the fundamental difference between females and males.

Anisogamy most likely evolved from isogamy. Since the biological definition of male and female is based on gamete size, the evolution of anisogamy is viewed as the evolutionary origin of male and female sexes. Anisogamy is an outcome of both natural selection and sexual selection, and led the sexes to different primary and secondary sex characteristics including sex differences in behavior.

Geoff Parker, Robin Baker, and Vic Smith were the first to provide a mathematical model for the evolution of anisogamy that was consistent with modern evolutionary theory. Their theory was widely accepted but there are alternative hypotheses about the evolution of anisogamy.

Etymology
Anisogamy (the negation or opposite of isogamy) comes from the ancient Greek components an- (a negative prefix), iso (meaning equal) and gamy (meaning marriage). The first known use of the term anisogamy was in the year 1891.

Definition
Anisogamy is the form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes which differ in size and/or form. The smaller gamete is considered to be male (a sperm cell), whereas the larger gamete is regarded as female (typically an egg cell, if non-motile).

There are several types of anisogamy. Both gametes may be flagellated and therefore motile. Alternatively, as in flowering plants, conifers and gnetophytes, neither of the gametes are flagellated. In these groups, the male gametes are non-motile cells within pollen grains, and are delivered to the egg cells by means of pollen tubes. In the red alga Polysiphonia, non-motile eggs are fertilized by non-motile sperm.

The form of anisogamy that occurs in animals, including humans, is oogamy, where a large, non-motile egg (ovum) is fertilized by a small, motile sperm (spermatozoon). The egg is optimized for longevity, whereas the small sperm is optimized for motility and speed. The size and resources of the egg cell allow for the production of pheromones, which attract the swimming sperm cells.

Sexual dimorphism
Anisogamy is a core element of sexual dimorphism that helps to explain phenotypic differences between sexes. Researchers estimate that over 99.99% of eukaryotes reproduce sexually. Most do so by way of male and female sexes, both of which are optimized for reproductive potential. Due to their differently sized and shaped gametes, both males and females have developed physiological and behavioral differences that optimize the individual's fecundity. Since most egg laying females typically must bear the offspring and have a more limited reproductive cycle, this typically makes females a limiting factor in the reproductive success rate of males in a species. This process is also true for females selecting males, and assuming that males and females are selecting for different traits in partners, would result in phenotypic differences between the sexes over many generations. This hypothesis, known as the Bateman's Principle, is used to understand the evolutionary pressures put on males and females due to anisogamy. Although this assumption has criticism, it is a generally accepted model for sexual selection within anisogamous species. The selection for different traits depending on sex within the same species is known as sex-specific selection, and accounts for the differing phenotypes found between the sexes of the same species. This sex-specific selection between sexes over time also leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics, which assist males and females in reproductive success.

In most species, both sexes choose mates based on the available phenotypes of potential mates. These phenotypes are species-specific, resulting in varying strategies for successful sexual reproduction. For example, large males are sexually selected for in elephant seals because their large size helps the male fight off other males, but small males are sexually selected for in spiders for they can mate with the female more quickly while avoiding sexual cannibalism. However, despite the large range of sexually selected phenotypes, most anisogamous species follow a set of predictable desirable traits and selective behaviors based on general reproductive success models.

Female phenotypes
For internal fertilizers, female investment is high in reproduction since they typically expend more energy throughout a single reproductive event. This can be seen as early as oogenesis, for the female sacrifices gamete number for gamete size to better increase the survival chances of the potential zygote; a process more energetically demanding than spermatogenesis in males. Oogenesis occurs in the ovary, a female-specific organ that also produces hormones to prepare other female-specific organs for the changes necessary in the reproductive organs to facilitate egg delivery in external fertilizers, and zygote development in internal fertilizers. The egg cell produced is not only large, but sometimes even immobile, requiring contact with the more mobile sperm to instigate fertilization.

Since this process is very energy-demanding and time-consuming for the female, mate choice is often integrated into the female's behavior. Females will often be very selective of the males they choose to reproduce with, for the phenotype of the male can be indicative of the male's physical health and heritable traits. Females employ mate choice to pressure males into displaying their desirable traits to females through courtship, and if successful, the male gets to reproduce. This encourages males and females of specific species to invest in courtship behaviors as well as traits that can display physical health to a potential mate. This process, known as sexual selection, results in the development of traits to ease reproductive success rather than individual survival, such as the inflated size of a termite queen. It is also important for females to select against potential mates that may have a sexually transmitted infection, for the disease could not only hurt the female's reproductive ability, but also damage the resulting offspring.

Although not uncommon in males, females are more associated with parental care. Since females are on a more limited reproductive schedule than males, a female often invests more in protecting the offspring to sexual maturity than the male. Like mate choice, the level of parental care varies greatly between species, and is often dependent on the number of offspring produced per sexual encounter.

In many species, including ones from all major vertebrate groups females can utilize sperm storage, a process by which the female can store excess sperm from a mate, and fertilize her eggs long after the reproductive event if mating opportunities drop or quality of mates decreases. By being able to save sperm from more desirable mates, the female gains more control over its own reproductive success, thus allowing for the female to be more selective of males as well as making the timing of fertilization potentially more frequent if males are scarce.

Male phenotypes
For males of all species, the sperm cells they produce are optimized for ensuring fertilization of the female egg. These sperm cells are created through spermatogenesis, a form of gametogenesis that focuses on developing the most possible gametes per sexual encounter. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes, a male specific organ that also produces hormones that trigger the development of secondary sex characteristics. Since the male's gametes are energetically cheap and abundant in every ejaculation, a male can greatly increase his sexual success by mating far more frequently than the female. Sperm, unlike egg cells, are also mobile, allowing for the sperm to swim towards the egg through the female's sexual organs. Sperm competition is also a major factor in the development of sperm cells. Only one sperm can fertilize an egg, and since females can potentially mate with more than one male before fertilization occurs, producing sperm cells that are faster, more abundant, and more viable than that produced by other males can give a male reproductive advantage.

Since females are often the limiting factor in a species reproductive success, males are often expected by the females to search and compete for the female, known as intraspecific competition. This can be seen in organisms such as bean beetles, as the male that searches for females more frequently is often more successful at finding mates and reproducing. In species undergoing this form of selection, a fit male would be one that is fast, has more refined sensory organs, and spatial awareness.

Some secondary sex characteristics are not only meant for attracting mates, but also for competing with other males for copulation opportunities. Some structures, such as antlers in deer, can provide benefits to the male's reproductive success by providing a weapon to prevent rival males from achieving reproductive success. However, other structures such as the large colorful tail feathers found in male peacocks, are a result of Fisherian runaway as well as several more species specific factors. Due to females selecting for specific traits in males, over time, these traits are exaggerated to the point where they could hinder the male's survivability. However, since these traits greatly benefit sexual selection, their usefulness in providing more mating opportunities overrides the possibility that the trait could lead to a shortening of its lifespan through predation or starvation. These desirable traits extend beyond physical body parts, and often extend into courtship behavior and nuptial gifts as well.

Although some behaviors in males are meant to work within the parameters of female choice, some male traits work against it. Strong enough males, in some cases, can force themselves upon a female, forcing fertilization and overriding female choice. Since this can often be dangerous for the female, an evolutionary arms race between the sexes is often an outcome.

History
Charles Darwin wrote that anisogamy had an impact on the evolution of sexual dimorphism. He also argued that anisogamy had an impact on sexual behavior. Anisogamy first became a major topic in the biological sciences when Charles Darwin wrote about sexual selection.

Mathematical models seeking to account for the evolution of anisogamy were published as early as 1932, but the first model consistent with evolutionary theory was that published by Geoff Parker, Robin Baker and Vic Smith in 1972.

Evolution
Although its evolution has left no fossil records, it is generally accepted that anisogamy evolved from isogamy and that it has evolved independently in several groups of eukaryotes including protists, algae, plants and animals. According to John Avise anisogamy probably originated around the same time sexual reproduction and multicellularity occurred, over 1 billion years ago. Anisogamy first evolved in multicellular haploid species after different mating types had become established.

The three main theories for the evolution of anisogamy are gamete competition, gamete limitation, and intracellular conflicts, but the last of these three is not well supported by current evidence. Both gamete competition and gamete limitation assume that anisogamy originated through disruptive selection acting on an ancestral isogamous population with external fertilization, due to a trade-off between larger gamete number and gamete size (which in turn affects zygote survival), because the total resource one individual can invest in reproduction is assumed to be fixed.

The first formal, mathematical theory proposed to explain the evolution of anisogamy was based on gamete limitation: this model assumed that natural selection would lead to gamete sizes that result in the largest population-wide number of successful fertilizations. If it is assumed that a certain amount of resources provided by the gametes are needed for the survival of the resulting zygote, and that there is a trade-off between the size and number of gametes, then this optimum was shown to be one where both small (male) and large (female) gametes are produced. However, these early models assume that natural selection acts mainly at the population level, something that is today known to be a very problematic assumption.

The first mathematical model to explain the evolution of anisogamy via individual level selection, and one that became widely accepted was the theory of gamete or sperm competition. Here, selection happens at the individual level: those individuals that produce more (but smaller) gametes also gain a larger proportion of fertilizations simply because they produce a larger number of gametes that 'seek out' those of the larger type. However, because zygotes formed from larger gametes have better survival prospects, this process can again lead to the divergence of gametes sizes into large and small (female and male) gametes. The end result is one where it seems that the numerous, small gametes compete for the large gametes that are tasked with providing maximal resources for the offspring.

Some recent theoretical work has challenged the gamete competition theory, by showing that gamete limitation by itself can lead to the divergence of gamete sizes even under selection at the individual level. While this is possible, it has also been shown that gamete competition and gamete limitation are the ends of a continuum of selective pressures, and they can act separately or together depending on the conditions. These selection pressures also act in the same direction (to increase gamete numbers at the expense of size) and at the same level (individual selection). Theory also suggests that gamete limitation could only have been the dominant force of selection for the evolutionary origin of the sexes under quite limited circumstances, and the presence on average of just one competitor can makes the 'selfish' evolutionary force of gamete competition stronger than the 'cooperative' force of gamete limitation even if gamete limitation is very acute (approaching 100% of eggs remaining unfertilized).

There is then a relatively sound theory base for understanding this fundamental transition from isogamy to anisogamy in the evolution of reproduction, which is predicted to be associated with the transition to multicellularity. In fact, Hanschen et al. (2018) demonstrate that anisogamy evolved from isogamous multicellular ancestors and that anisogamy would subsequently drive secondary sexual dimorphism. Some comparative empirical evidence for the gamete competition theories exists, although it is difficult to use this evidence to fully tease apart the competition and limitation theories because their testable predictions are similar. It has also been claimed that some of the organisms used in such comparative studies do not fit the theoretical assumptions well.

A valuable model system to the study of the evolution of anisogamy is the volvocine algae, which group of chlorophytes is quite unique for its extant species exhibit a diversity of mating systems (isogamy and anisogamy) in addition to its extremes in both unicellularity and multicellularity with a diversity of forms in species of intermediate ranges of sizes. Marine algae have been closely studied to understand the trajectories of such diversified reproductive systems, evolution of sex and mating types, as well as the adaptiveness and stability of anisogamy.

title: Anisogamy


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Orbit (American band)

Orbit is an American, Boston, Massachusetts-based rock band. Formed in 1994, the band went on hiatus in late 2001. Their initial releases were on drummer Buckley's own Lunch Records label before the band moved to major label A&M Records in the summer of 1995. The three members of the original trio (Robbins, Buckley, Brookner) signed the deal with A&M.

Career
In 1997, Orbit released their debut album Libido Speedway, which produced the modern rock hit, "Medicine", a spot on the Lollapalooza tour and a Boston Music Award for debut album of the year.

The band completed recording their second major label album, Guide To Better Living in 1998, but it was never released by A&M due to the Polygram-Seagrams merger. The band then moved back to Lunch Records for the remainder of their releases. They also had the song, "XLR8R", included on the soundtrack of the PlayStation 2 game, FreQuency, and the song "Colored Water" in the 1996 Winona Ryder and Lukas Haas film, Boys.

On December 31, 2001, Orbit played their final show before going on hiatus at the Burlington Memorial Auditorium, as part of First Night Celebrations in Burlington, Vermont.

Orbit played two reunion shows on December 28 and 29, 2007, at the Paradise Rock Club in Boston, with Boston indie rock group The Sheila Divine.

In January 2011, A&M released Guide to Better Living re-titled as The Lost Album, which sparked the band to play a series of shows in Boston, Chicago and at SXSW. On June 30, 2012, Orbit performed at the Paradise Rock Club in Boston, as part of a tribute to the closing of Boston Alternative rock radio station WFNX (101.7FM).

On July 23, 2015, Orbit performed as part of the final week of shows before the closing the Cambridge, Massachusetts rock club, TT the Bear's Place.

On October 9, 2020, Orbit released the album Vapor Trails - a collection of unreleased recordings on Lunch Records.

On August 24, 2023, the band announced its first live show in over eight years on its official Facebook page with reunion show at the Brighton Music Hall with The Sheila Divine on November 22, 2023.

Members

 * Jeff Lowe Robbins, lead singer and guitarist
 * Paul Buckley, drummer
 * Mark Brookner, bassist (1994–1995)
 * Wally Gagel, bassist (1996–1998)
 * Linda Bean, bassist (1999–2001)
 * Fred Archambault, guitarist (2000-2001)

Original band members Jeff Robbins and Paul Buckley were the only constant band members during Orbit's active years. Fred Archambault and Linda Bean joined before the release of Tonedeaf. Since the band went on hiatus, Robbins and Bean formed the band WELL and Paul Buckley drums for Dear Leader, and runs independent record label, Lunch Records.

Studio albums

 * Libido Speedway (1997, A&M Records)
 * Guide to Better Living (1999, A&M Records) not released until 2011, under the title The Lost Album (2011, A&M Records)
 * XLR8R (2001, Lunch Records)
 * Vapor Trails  (2020, Lunch Records)

EPs

 * La Mano (1995, Lunch Records)
 * Medicine (1997, A&M Records)
 * I Wanna Make You (1998, Lunch Records)
 * Tonedeaf (2000, Lunch Records)

Singles

 * "Motorama" (1994)
 * "Purge" (1995)
 * "Come Inside" (1996)
 * "Medicine" (1997) #29 Mainstream Rock Tracks, #32 Modern Rock Tracks (Billboard)
 * "Bicycle Song" (1997)
 * "Fade Away" (2000)
 * "See The Light" (2020)
 * "More I Bother" (2020)
 * "One In Your Eyes" (Coming July 30, 2021)

Videos

 * "Come Inside" (1995) Directed by Spencer Tunick
 * "Medicine" (1997) Directed by Gavin Bowdin
 * "I Wanna Make You" (1999) Directed by Mike Gioscia and Kurt St. Thomas

title: Orbit (American band)


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Jacques Jasmin

Jansemin (born Jacques Boé and also known as Jasmin in French) (16 March 1798 – 4 October 1864) was an Occitan poet.

Life
He was born at Agen, his family name being Boé. His father, who was a tailor, had a certain facility for making doggerel verses, which he sang or recited at fairs and other such gatherings; Jacques, who generally accompanied him, was thus early familiarized with the role of the poet. At 16, he found employment at a hairdresser's shop, and subsequently started a similar business of his own on the Gravier at Agen.

In 1825 he published his first volume of Papillotos (Curl Papers), containing poems in French (a language he used with a certain sense of restraint), and in the familiar Agen variety of the Occitan language, the popular speech of the working classes in which he was to achieve all his later literary triumphs. Jasmin was the most famous forerunner, in Provençal literature, of Frédéric Mistral and the Félibrige. His influence in rehabilitating, for literary purposes, his native dialect, was particularly exercised in the public recitals of his poems he gave. His poetic gift, as well as his fluent voice and fluid bearing, fitted him admirably for this double role of troubadour and jongleur. In 1835, he recited his "Blind Girl of Castel-Cuill" at Bordeaux, and in 1836 at Toulouse, and he met with an enthusiastic reception in both of these important cities. Most of his public recitations were given for benevolent purposes, the proceeds being contributed by him to the restoration of the church at Vergt and other good works.

Four successive volumes of Papillotos were published during his lifetime, and contained amongst others the following remarkable poems, quoted in order: "The Charivari", "My Recollections" (supplemented after an interval of many years), "The Blind Girl", "Francounetto", "Martha the Simple", and "The Twin Brothers"; With the exception of "The Charivari", these are all touching, carefully elaborated pictures of humble life.

Jansemin was not a prolific writer, and, in spite of his impetuous nature, would work a long time at one poem, striving to ensure he gave each feeling its most natural and lucid expression. A verse from his poem, "The Third of May", written in honour of Henry IV of France, and published in the first volume of Papillotos, is engraved on the base of the statue erected to that king at Nérac.

In 1852, Jansemin's works were crowned by the Académie Française, and a pension was awarded him. The medal struck on the occasion bore the inscription: Au poète moral et populaire. He received the title of Maistre es Jeu from the Academy of Toulouse; a distinction only conferred on illustrious writers. Pope Pius IX sent him the insignia of a knight of St Gregory the Great, and he was made chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.

He spent the latter years of his life on a small estate which he had bought near Agen and named Papillotos, and which he describes in "Ma Bigno" ("My Vine"). Though invited to represent his native city, he refused to do so, preferring the pleasures and leisure of a country life; wisely judging that he was no really eligible candidate for electoral honours. He died in 1864, and his last poem, an answer to Ernest Renan, was placed between his folded hands in his coffin.

title: Jacques Jasmin


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Cecil Beck

Sir Arthur Cecil Tyrrell Beck (3 December 1876 – 22 March 1932) was a British Liberal Party politician.

Background
He was born in Bloemfontein South Africa and was the son of Arthur William Beck and Annie Tyrrell. He was educated at Haileybury and the Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1922 he married Lillian Clare Charteris Rickards. They had no children.

Professional career
In 1898 he qualified as a Barrister and was called to bar at Lincoln's Inn, but he never practised. He did serve as a Justice of the peace. He was an Under-writer at Lloyds.

Political career
From 1905 to 1906 he served as Mayor of St Ives, Huntingdonshire. He was Liberal candidate for the Wisbech division of Cambridgeshire at the 1906 General Election. It was already a Liberal seat and he comfortably held it in that election;

He only served for one parliament as MP when the Liberals replaced him as their candidate for the January 1910 General Election. He managed to find another seat to contest, the Conservative seat of Chippenham in Wiltshire. Chippenham's Conservative MP since 1892 had joined the Liberals in 1904 and had retained his seat as a Liberal in 1906. He had since taken a seat in the House of Lords and Beck was given the tough job of trying to hold the seat. He was unsuccessful. Another General election came along in December 1910 and Beck tried his luck with a different constituency, Saffron Walden in Essex. This was a traditional Liberal seat that had been marginally lost to the Conservatives at the January 1910 elections. Beck narrowly regained the seat;

In parliament he started off his governmental career in 1912 working as Parliamentary Private Secretary for Percy Illingworth who was the Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury. In 1912 he became Chairman of the Liberal Insurance Committee. Also in 1912 he was appointed one of the Commissioners on the Royal Commission of Inquiry into methods of appointment in the Civil Service. He was made a Lord of the Treasury in the Liberal government of H.H. Asquith in February 1915, then was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household on the formation of the wartime coalition government in May 1915. He continued in this post until June 1917, when he was appointed one of the Parliamentary Secretaries and Controller of Finance to the Ministry of National Service. He was one of the minority of Liberal MPs who agreed to continue serving in the Coalition Government when David Lloyd George took over as Prime Minister. When the 1918 General Election came along, as an office holder in the Coalition Government, Beck received the endorsement of Lloyd George and had no Unionist opponent, making his re-election easy;

The National Service Ministry was abolished in December 1919. Beck was knighted in the 1920 New Year Honours. In August 1921 Beck resigned the Coalition Whip to join the Independent Parliamentary Group, a new right wing group led by Horatio Bottomley. Beck intended to contest a London constituency rather than defend his seat at the 1922 General Election, but he did not stand for parliament again. Beck died in London on 22 March 1932, aged 55, and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.

title: Cecil Beck


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hishiv Shah

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 14:21, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hishiv Shah
Non notable. Possibly vanity. Inter 13:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Agree with above. Enochlau 13:27, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Not notable. Longhair 13:28, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. utcursch 13:46, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity or attack, and spectacularly non-notable. 2 Google hits, neither of which seem to be the person described. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:51, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. jni 15:58, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I concur with the previous comments. Zzyzx11 20:26, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 00:06, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)


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Technogaianism

Technogaianism (a portmanteau word combining "techno-" for technology and "gaian" for Gaia philosophy) is a bright green environmentalist stance of active support for the research, development and use of emerging and future technologies to help restore Earth's environment. Technogaianists argue that developing safe, clean, alternative technology should be an important goal of environmentalists and environmentalism.

Philosophy
This point of view is different from the default position of radical environmentalists and a common opinion that all technology necessarily degrades the environment, and that environmental restoration can therefore occur only with reduced reliance on technology. Technogaianists argue that technology gets cleaner and more efficient with time. They would also point to such things as hydrogen fuel cells to demonstrate that developments do not have to come at the environment's expense. More directly, they argue that such things as nanotechnology and biotechnology can directly reverse environmental degradation. Molecular nanotechnology, for example, could convert garbage in landfills into useful materials and products, while biotechnology could lead to novel microbes that devour hazardous waste.

While many environmentalists still contend that most technology is detrimental to the environment, technogaianists point out that it has been in humanity's best interests to exploit the environment mercilessly until fairly recently. This sort of behavior follows accurately to current understandings of evolutionary systems, in that when new factors (such as foreign species or mutant subspecies) are introduced into an ecosystem, they tend to maximize their own resource consumption until either, a) they reach an equilibrium beyond which they cannot continue unmitigated growth, or b) they become extinct. In these models, it is completely impossible for such a factor to totally destroy its host environment, though they may precipitate major ecological transformation before their ultimate eradication. Technogaianists believe humanity has currently reached just such a threshold, and that the only way for human civilization to continue advancing is to accept the tenets of technogaianism and limit future exploitive exhaustion of natural resources and minimize further unsustainable development or face the widespread, ongoing mass extinction of species. The destructive effects of modern civilization can be mitigated by technological solutions, such as using nuclear power. Furthermore, technogaianists argue that only science and technology can help humanity be aware of, and possibly develop counter-measures for, risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth such as a possible impact event.

Sociologist James Hughes mentions Walter Truett Anderson, author of To Govern Evolution: Further Adventures of the Political Animal, as an example of a technogaian political philosopher; argues that technogaianism applied to environmental management is found in the reconciliation ecology writings such as Michael Rosenzweig's Win-Win Ecology: How The Earth's Species Can Survive In The Midst of Human Enterprise; and considers Bruce Sterling's Viridian design movement to be an exemplary technogaian initiative.

The theories of English writer Fraser Clark may be broadly categorized as technogaian. Clark advocated "balancing the hippie right brain with the techno left brain". The idea of combining technology and ecology was extrapolated at length by a South African eco-anarchist project in the 1990s. The Kagenna Magazine project aimed to combine technology, art, and ecology in an emerging movement that could restore the balance between humans and nature.

George Dvorsky suggests the sentiment of technogaianism is to heal the Earth, use sustainable technology, and create ecologically diverse environments. Dvorsky argues that defensive counter measures could be designed to counter the harmful effects of asteroid impacts, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Dvorksky also suggest that genetic engineering could be used to reduce the environmental impact humans have on the earth.

Environmental monitoring
Technology facilities the sampling, testing, and monitoring of various environments and ecosystems. NASA uses space-based observations to conduct research on solar activity, sea level rise, the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans, the state of the ozone layer, air pollution, and changes in sea ice and land ice.

Geoengineering
Climate engineering is a technogaian method that uses two categories of technologies- carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses a cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset the effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.

Earthquake engineering is a technogaian method concerned with protecting society and the natural and man-made environment from earthquakes by limiting the seismic risk to acceptable levels. Another example of a technogaian practice is an artificial closed ecological system used to test if and how people could live and work in a closed biosphere, while carrying out scientific experiments. It is in some cases used to explore the possible use of closed biospheres in space colonization, and also allows the study and manipulation of a biosphere without harming Earth's. The most advanced technogaian proposal is the "terraforming" of a planet, moon, or other body by deliberately modifying its atmosphere, temperature, or ecology to be similar to those of Earth in order to make it habitable by humans.

Genetic engineering
S. Matthew Liao, professor of philosophy and bioethics at New York University, claims that the human impact on the environment could be reduced by genetically engineering humans to have, a smaller stature, an intolerance to eating meat, and an increased ability to see in the dark, thereby using less lighting. Liao argues that human engineering is less risky than geoengineering.

Genetically modified foods have reduced the amount of herbicide and insecticide needed for cultivation. The development of glyphosate-resistant (Roundup Ready) plants has changed the herbicide use profile away from more environmentally persistent herbicides with higher toxicity, such as atrazine, metribuzin and alachlor, and reduced the volume and danger of herbicide runoff.

An environmental benefit of Bt-cotton and maize is reduced use of chemical insecticides. A PG Economics study concluded that global pesticide use was reduced by 286,000 tons in 2006, decreasing the environmental impact of herbicides and pesticides by 15%. A survey of small Indian farms between 2002 and 2008 concluded that Bt cotton adoption had led to higher yields and lower pesticide use. Another study concluded insecticide use on cotton and corn during the years 1996 to 2005 fell by 35600000 kg of active ingredient, which is roughly equal to the annual amount applied in the EU. A Bt cotton study in six northern Chinese provinces from 1990 to 2010 concluded that it halved the use of pesticides and doubled the level of ladybirds, lacewings and spiders and extended environmental benefits to neighbouring crops of maize, peanuts and soybeans.

Related environmental ethical schools and movements
• Biopunk/Do-it-yourself biology

• Solarpunk

• Bright green environmentalism

• Biomimetics

• Communalism

• Eco-communalism

• Prometheanism

• Reconciliation ecology

• Social ecology

• The Zeitgeist Movement

• Viridian design movement

title: Technogaianism


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Jam tin grenade

The '''double cylinder, Nos. 8 and No. 9 hand grenades, also known as the "jam tins'''", are a type of improvised explosive device used by the British and Commonwealth forces, notably the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) in World War I. The jam tin, or bully beef tin, was one of many grenades designed by ANZACs in the early part of the First World War in response to a lack of equipment suited to trench warfare.

The grenade was an inner can of explosive with an outer can of metal fragments or bearing balls. The heavier pattern No. 9 grenade contained more high explosive and more metal fragments.

The fuse was ignited by a friction device or a cigarette.

Initially when demand for grenades was at its greatest, engineers were encouraged to improvise their own grenades from the tins containing the soldier's ration of jam, hence the name. Incidents with the improvised form and the supply of superior grenades led to official withdrawal of the design.

Jam tin grenades were used as booby traps by ANZACs, by rigging it to a pressure trigger and leaving it under a body or other heavy object to keep it unarmed until it was disturbed.

During the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia (Dec.1915–Apr.1916), the Royal Engineers in General Townshend's force improvised jam pot mortar shells to be used with equally creative mortars devised from the cylinders of a Gnome 80 hp rotary engine (credit to Capt. R.E. Stace, RE). (The engine came from a Martinsyde S.1 scout plane, likely damaged or otherwise unable to evacuate.)

title: Jam tin grenade


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User talk:Gstiler

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
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 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
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I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:Gstiler


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George Gale (journalist)

George Stafford Gale (22 October 1927 – 3 November 1990) was a British journalist who was editor of the British political magazine The Spectator from 1970 to 1973.

Life
The son of George Pyatt Gale, a clerk in the National Insurance Audit Department and second lieutenant in the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers during World War I, and Annie Watson (née Wood), Gale was descended from the Gale family of Scruton Hall, Yorkshire; he was raised a Presbyterian. Gale was educated at the independent Royal Grammar School, Newcastle, and Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he graduated with a double-first in history. He also studied at the University of Göttingen, retaining an interest in German philosophy throughout his life.

In 1951 Gale joined the Manchester Guardian as a leader writer and reporter on Labour Affairs. On assignment in 1954 to cover the British Labour Party Delegation on its visit to China, he logged his own critical impressions of the emerging bureaucratic style under Mao Zedong's post-revolution regime. These observations would become the basis for his 1955 book, No Flies In China.

In 1955 Gale moved to the Daily Express where he remained until 1967 (he returned there 1976–86) when he joined the Daily Mirror for three years until he took up the position at The Spectator.

His time at The Spectator is best remembered for his support of Enoch Powell and his appointment of Peter Ackroyd as its literary critic. After Auberon Waugh changed Gale's name in the published list of contributors to either "Lunchtime O'Booze" or "Lunchtime O'Gale" (accounts vary, but "Lunchtime O'Booze" is the Private Eye term for the archetypal drunken journalist), Waugh was sacked from The Spectator by its then editor Nigel Lawson. Gale, ironically, invited Waugh back after he had become editor.

He also enjoyed a long stint as a columnist on the Daily Express and in the mid-1980s was a regular panellist on the revived version of television's What's My Line. Gale's fondness for alcohol was also reflected in Private Eye's habit of referring to him as "George G. Ale".

In 1987 Gale called for the recriminalisation of homosexual relations, stating: "Aids should be made a notifiable disease and buggery, almost certainly the main way of transmitting it, should once more become a criminal offence.” This was in the context of the then rampant AIDS epidemic.

Gale also presented a morning phone-in programme from 1973 until about 1976 for LBC, a commercial radio station in London.

In 1951 Gale married his first wife, Patricia, daughter of cable manufacturer Charles Francis Holley and later the wife of the historian Maurice Cowling. There were four sons of their 32-year marriage. His second wife was Mary Dillon-Malone, formerly film critic at the Daily Mirror.

title: George Gale (journalist)


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Removal of Internet Explorer

The idea of the removal of Internet Explorer (IE) from Windows was proposed during the United States v. Microsoft Corp. case. Later, security advocates took up the idea as a way to protect Windows systems from attacks via IE vulnerabilities.

The process of removing Internet Explorer from a personal computer has changed over the browser's version history, but the nature of many of its upgrades and installation methods has been a matter of public interest. The first version to be included was version 2 with Windows 95 in late 1996. Later, users who upgraded to IE3 (which came out in 1996), could still use the last IE, because the installation converted the previous version to a separate directory. However, Internet Explorer 4 created a controversy with its shell integration with Windows Explorer. With later versions, removal (or inability to do so) became more complicated. With the release of Internet Explorer 7, shell integration began being reduced, such as changing ActiveX hosting and a different look than Windows Explorer.

It was proposed that a special version of Windows 7, Windows 7 E, would be shipped without Internet Explorer in Europe as a result of EU antitrust investigations against Microsoft. However, in July 2009, Microsoft canceled the Windows 7 E editions due to negative reactions from computer manufacturers. In 2015, Microsoft released Microsoft Edge which firstly based on EdgeHTML on launch along with Windows 10, until it became Chromium-based in 2020 which replaced IE's status as the default browser in Windows 10. IE 11 is still available and preinstalled on Windows 10, but users setting up their computers for the first time have to actively seek it from the Windows Accessories folder in the Start menu since it is not pinned to the taskbar by default. The main reason for keeping Internet Explorer in Windows 10 is to run websites based on legacy HTML technologies which are not or improperly supported in Microsoft Edge.

On May 19, 2021, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer will be no longer supported on June 15, 2022 and as part of transition, IE mode will be available on the new Microsoft Edge which allows launch older ActiveX controls and legacy websites until at least 2029. Internet Explorer was removed upon the release of Windows 11, although it was disabled and some of its files are still stored in Windows' Program Files folder. Users that are trying to run  via Run command will be redirected to Microsoft Edge. Additionally, if it is run for the first time since the release of Edge Chromium, IE11 will now open a new tab that redirects to Edge's website, with a notice that "some websites no longer support Internet Explorer". Internet Explorer is also disabled on Windows 10 Semi-Annual Channel after installing February 14, 2023 security update. Visual references of the browser were originally designated to be removed on Windows 10 on June 13, 2023, however on May 19, 2023, Microsoft withdrew the change due to objection by organizations.

Since mid-2023, around a year after IE was retired, the MSN website has removed all compatibility with Internet Explorer, resulting in a fallback experience on IE11.

Overview
Internet Explorer comes as an integrated component of Windows that cannot be uninstalled. Newer versions of Internet Explorer are sometimes released for existing operating systems, replacing the older version. Optionally, users may later choose to revert this upgrade. Starting with Windows 2000, it is possible to disable Internet Explorer: The user can no longer launch it but its web browser engine remains operational for applications that use it.

This is not unique to Windows: Safari, the default browser on macOS, is similarly integrated into the operating system. While it is possible to delete the application itself without problem, Safari is in fact merely a front-end for Apple's open source WebKit framework, which is heavily integrated into the operating system and cannot be removed.

The idea of removing Internet Explorer was proposed during the United States v. Microsoft Corp. case. One of Microsoft's arguments during the trial, however, was that removing Internet Explorer from Windows may result in system instability.

Definition
It is unclear what it means to "remove IE" because such a removal depends on being able to determine which files or functions on an installed Windows system are part of IE — that is, to draw a line between IE and the rest of Windows. Microsoft has held that this is not meaningful; that in Windows 98 and newer versions, "Internet Explorer" is not a separate piece of software but simply a brand name for the web browsing and HTML rendering capacities of the Windows operating system. In this view, the result of removing IE is simply a damaged Windows system; to have a working system without IE one must replace Windows entirely.

In contrast, some programmers and security writers have held that it is possible to have a useful and working Windows system with IE excised. These people include consultant Fred Vorck, who advocates that consumers should have the choice to remove "integrated" features of Microsoft Windows and participates in the HFSLIP project; Dino Nuhagic, who is the creator of nLite, a product that allows users to remove Windows components like Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player; and Shane Brooks, who created 98lite and XPLite to remove and manage Windows components after the installation of the operating system. Some people have suggested the use of alternative browsers instead of Internet Explorer, to try reduce the risk of vulnerabilities.

Methods
Methods have been developed by these programmers and others to remove Internet Explorer from Windows 95 after installing, as well as before install time. Removing Internet Explorer from Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 is also possible at installation time.

Australian computer scientist Shane Brooks demonstrated that Windows 98 could in fact run with Internet Explorer removed. Brooks made his work available as a freeware removal utility called IEradicator, which removes all versions of IE from all versions of Windows 9x, but leaving the rendering engine and some other components behind for application compatibility. Brooks went on to develop a more sophisticated program for Windows 98 and Windows ME, marketed as 98lite, which turns IE, along with several other "mandatory" Windows components, including the IE components left behind by IEradicator, into optional components that can be added or removed from the OS at will. He later created XPLite, which renders many parts of Windows 2000 and XP into optional components. Both of Brooks's programs can remove IE after the installation of the operating system.

Another programmer named Bruce Jensen published a similar utility called "Revenge of Mozilla", which was freeware and removed many other Windows 98 components identified as "bloatware" or as being of questionable value. Although Revenge of Mozilla asked the user to supply some files from the Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2 version of the Windows Explorer shell (necessary for compatibility with the FAT32 file system) that did not have the "Windows Desktop Update" that came with Internet Explorer 4/Windows 98. As a result of the shell replacement, Windows used significantly fewer resources than normal, the shell didn't leak resources like Windows 98's version did, and Windows crashed less. In 98Lite, using Explorer from Windows 95 OSR 2 was optional.

There are other methods of removing IE based on modifying the Windows installation process so that IE is never installed in the first place. 98lite can be used in this way. A method developed by Fred Vorck manually alters the setup scripts for Windows 2000 to prevent the installation of IE. His process has been automated as a feature of HFSLIP. nLite and HFSLIP are automated programs that allow users to modify the Windows installation process, both to incorporate patches and updates and to exclude IE and many other Windows components from installation as desired.

Impacts
Removing Internet Explorer does have a number of consequences. Some programs bundled with Windows, such as Outlook Express, and some basic Windows components, such as Help and Support, depend on libraries installed by IE in order to function. Before Windows Vista, it was not possible to run Windows Update without IE because the service used ActiveX technology, which no other web browser supports. With IE removed they fail to work, either partially or entirely. In addition, third-party web browsers based on MSHTML engine require IE and stop working without it.

title: Removal of Internet Explorer


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A. Ross Eckler Jr.

Albert Ross Eckler Jr. (August 29, 1927 – December 9, 2016) was an American logologist, statistician, and author, the son of statistician A. Ross Eckler. He served in the US Army from 1946 – 1947. He received a BA from Swarthmore College with High Honors in 1950 and a PhD in mathematics from Princeton University in 1954.

Biography
While at Bell Labs (1954–1984), Eckler co-authored Mathematical Models of Target Coverage and Missile Allocation with Stefan A. Burr.

Eckler was the publisher and editor of Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics. In 1996 he published a book on logology entitled ''Making the Alphabet Dance. Recreational Wordplay''.

He was also the author of The National Puzzlers' League, The First 115 Years, a history of the National Puzzlers' League (NPL). He and his wife Faith were married for more than 50 years, and were former NPL editors under the collective pen name "Faro" (with variant forms "FAro" for Faith and "faRO" for Ross).

Eckler's hobbies were genealogy and supercentenarian research. Eckler disproved exaggerated age claims such as those of Charlie Smith and George Fruits while authenticating others such as Delina Filkins (1815–1928). He was an avid hiker, leading hikes for the Appalachian Mountain Club between 1978 and 1997, a member (and trail maintainer) of the New York–New Jersey Trail Conference and researched portions of the Lawrence Line starting in 1996. He was also an active recreational caver starting in 1952; he joined the National Speleological Society in 1957, and became a life member in 1962. From 1963 to 1965 was editor of Speleo-Themes, the Northern NJ Grotto publication. He served as the carillonneur at St. Peter's Episcopal Church in Morristown, New Jersey from 1964 to 1988 and was a member of The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America.

He died on December 9, 2016, at the age of 89.

title: A. Ross Eckler Jr.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Evolution (painting)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:06, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Evolution (painting)
Short description on the possible meanings of a particular painting. Radiant! 13:31, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete I try to be kind to artistic and cultural articles, but this one doesn't even say what artist painted it! It is not, to my knowledge, a famous painting.  Due to its lack of context, delete. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:40, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I tried like hell to find this piece of art: the title without the artist is completely meaningless, and all the works I could find on art.com and the artcyclopedia were clearly not this work. I have a feeling the work described is not notable, but even if it is, the article as it is, is about nothing because of the lack of artist information, in my opinion. HyperZonktalk 17:08, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Without either citing the artist or the piece of art in question, this article is meaningless. Zzyzx11 20:28, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no image - no context, unverifiable. Megan1967 00:10, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. a) Patent nonsense, b) original research/personal essay. In present form, there is actually no context and it fits the second definition of patent nonsense, "Stuff that, while apparently meaningful after a fashion, is so completely and irremediably confused that no intelligent person can be expected to try to make head or tail of it." This technical makes it a speedy candidate, but since the problem could be remedied if the painting were identifiable, it is reasonable to put it up for discussion here. However, even if the painting were identified, no sources for the "simple analysis" are given, so it's deletable as original research/personal essay. Dpbsmith (talk) 03:11, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC) P. S. At first I thought of M. C. Escher but the description does not fit his black-and-white lithograph, Evolution Cyclique.


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Talk:Upper Normandy

Numbers
Can someone check the number of population and density in the table? There are some mistakes! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.148.16.29 (talk) 21:40, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

The controversy continues over whether Normans should fly three leopards or two, but unless the supporters of les treis cats have recently won the argument in Haute-Normandie, the heraldry of this region should surely be the same as Basse-Normandie? Man vyi 13:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You are right, I am from Haute-Normandie and flags used in the region feature two leopards. Les treis cats are only used by Norman autonomists. Mlab.

Fair use rationale for Image:HNlogo.gif
Image:HNlogo.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 06:30, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Population?
Okay, I'm guessing that the 1999 census should read SIX million, not SIXTY-SIX. But what about all the decimals? Mnmazur (talk) 00:01, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

International relations
I have deleted the section which claimed that Upper Normany and the London Borough of Redbridge were twinned. No reference has ever been given for this. It is most unlikely that a French rėgion (second tier authority) would be twinned with a London Borough (third tier), but, more significantly, the Redbridge article doesn't mention it, the French WIkipedia version of this article does mention it but without references, List of twin towns and sister cities in France doesn't mention it. In fact, I can't find a single reliable mention anywhere, which suggests it is completely false. If anyone can find the evidence, please reinsert with references. Emeraude (talk) 10:08, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

So far I have looked at the following sites: Emeraude (talk) 10:40, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Official website of the region Haute Normandie - search site for "Redbridge" - nothing.
 * Official website of London Borough of Redbridge - search for "Normandy" produces nothing relevant to twinning.
 * Complete France magazine gives a list of twins: says they're twinned but no reference given (but there are several inaccuracies in this list anyway)

title: Talk:Upper Normandy


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Powellism

Powellism is the name given to the political views of Conservative and Ulster Unionist politician Enoch Powell. They derive from his High Tory and libertarian outlook.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word Powellism was coined by The Economist on 17 July 1965. However, the day before, Iain Macleod had reviewed a book of Powell's speeches entitled A Nation Not Afraid in The Spectator in which he mentioned the word:

"Enoch Powell has the finest mind in the House of Commons. The best trained and the most exciting. There is an attitude of mind which can be called 'Powellism' and it is excellent that now we have the evidence collected in a book."

The word was originally used to describe Powell's views on economics, and Powell offered his own definition: "[Powellism is] an almost unlimited faith in the ability of the people to get what they want through peace, capital, profit and a competitive market".

Nationalism
Powell was a romantic British nationalist and viewed the nation state as "the ultimate political reality". He believed the British Parliament to be the expression of the British nation and his opposition to British membership of the European Economic Community stemmed from his belief that it would abolish the sovereignty of the British nation state.

His views on Britain's relations with the rest of the world derived ultimately from the belief in the independent nation state. The United Nations, to Powell, was an "absurdity and a monstrosity" by its very nature because it sought to preserve the international status quo without the use of force, whereas he believed that war was necessary for sovereign nations to exist.

Immigration
Powell's opposition to mass immigration derived from his belief that the majority of immigrants could not be decisively assimilated and from his nationalist outlook.

Northern Ireland
Roy Lewis stated that for Powell, the situation in Northern Ireland "went down to the roots of his position on nationhood, on British national identity, on the uniqueness of parliamentary government". Powell considered the unionist majority in Northern Ireland to be "part of the nation which inhabits the rest of the United Kingdom" and that Northern Ireland should remain in the United Kingdom.

Powell considered those who committed crimes because they believed, "however mistaken", that they were thereby helping to safeguard their country's integrity and their right to live under the Crown to be "breaches the peace". Powell also disagreed with the notion that members of the British Army were "glorified policeman", designed solely to keep order between two warring sides.

Powell, despite earlier supporting the Northern Irish Parliament and even redrawing the Irish border to reduce the number of Northern Ireland's Irish nationalists, advocated that Northern Ireland should be politically integrated with the rest of the United Kingdom, treated no differently from its other constituent parts. He believed that successive British governments, under American pressure, were determined to make Northern Ireland join an all-Ireland state, one way or another.

European Economic Community
Powell had supported British membership of the EEC in 1961, when then Conservative Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, applied unsuccessfully for Britain to join, as Powell believed it to be a way to make Britain liberalise its economy. However, Powell changed his mind soon after when investigating the EEC's origins and methods in greater detail, and believed that Britain joining the EEC would extinguish Britain's ability to be a self-governing nation. Powell said that the question of British membership of the EEC "must be the question which subtends all others...for – in peace as in war, it is the great, the ultimate, question for any nation".

The EEC question was the issue that would cause Powell to leave the Conservative Party on 23 February 1974, as Conservative Prime Minister, Edward Heath, had taken Britain into the EEC on 1 January 1973 without an electoral mandate from British voters. Powell leaving the Conservative Party came just 5 days before the general election took place. After his resignation, Powell then shocked his former Conservative colleagues by calling on the public to vote for the Labour Party, as Labour were offering a referendum on EEC membership. Powell placed the EEC question above all other matters since it eroded national sovereignty in an unprecedented way that had not been known since the English Reformation; EEC law had primacy over law made in the British Parliament, which Powell considered to be the true representation of the British nation, with the British monarch as its head.

Devolution
Powell opposed devolution to Scotland and Wales because of his British nationalism and because he believed devolution to be incompatible with the unitary nature of the British state. Powell stated that it was impossible for the same electorate to be represented in two legislative houses unless Britain became a federal state. Powell wanted the British nation to be represented in one parliament. Powell believed that they should become independent sovereign states outside the United Kingdom if the Scottish and Welsh considered themselves to be separate nations from the English and the Northern Irish.

British Empire and the Commonwealth
Powell had originally supported the British Empire and wanted to keep British rule in India. After he had failed, he opposed British membership in the empire's successor, the Commonwealth of Nations. He believed that by leaving the empire and becoming independent, the new countries' affairs were no longer Britain's responsibility or in its national interest. Powell believed that after the end of the empire, patriotism should be derived from the patria, the nation state, regardless of the racial composition of foreign states.

Mau Mau Rebellion
Powell was one of the few MPs who campaigned against the brutality of British troops in combating the Mau Mau rebellion. He called for British troops guilty of atrocities to be punished.

United States
Powell believed that the US was against Northern Ireland being part of the UK because it wanted a united Ireland within NATO to help combat the Soviet Union. Powell thought that Northern Ireland should be integrated with the rest of the UK and treated no differently from the rest of it. He also blamed the US for the dissolution of the British Empire and for the British decline of influence in international affairs.

Unilateral nuclear disarmament
Powell earlier supported British owning their own nuclear weapons. However, after his ministerial career, he rejected the view given by successive British government that nuclear weapons deterred Russia from conquering the countries of Western Europe and that as the nuclear weapons were mainly American, British security rested on "the American alliance and American armament".

Powell believed that even if the Soviet Union had wanted to, it would not have dared to invade Western Europe "for one simple overwhelming reason: it would have meant a war they couldn't expect to win" against the United States. Powell said that the nuclear deterrent was "a pretend deterrent" and argued that the existence of separate nuclear weapons for France and the United Kingdom showed that they believed that the United States would not risk a nuclear war over Western Europe. He also said that they were "victims to their own reasoning" since neither would themselves use nuclear weapons in the event of an invasion because the consequences of nuclear war would be too horrific. Powell supported unilateral nuclear disarmament also because he disagreed with the notion that nuclear weapons prevented nuclear blackmail since Britain would have to choose between "unlimited devastation" or surrender.

Economic views
Powell was staunchly anti-interventionist in economic and monetary affairs. He believed that business interests should be looked after by the people that best understood them – businessmen – not politicians. Having criticised conventions on business practice organised or funded by the government, he was the first major politician to call for de-nationalision of public services in the 1960s. However, while Powell was very much a monetarist, he also supported the welfare state, the National Health Service, and labour unions.

Social views
Powell's social views differed from those of his conservative allies in that he supported no-fault divorce and other aspects of the (so-called) permissive society put forth by Labour. Powell supported the maintenance of monarchy, established religion and hereditary peers in governance. He voted to decriminalise homosexuality and did not regard "it as a proper area for the criminal law to operate".

His views on forms of punishment, judiciary and educational were not those of most contemporary or even present-day Conservatives. He described the death penalty as "utterly repugnant" and voted consistently against corporal punishment in schools.

Differences From Thatcherism
The former Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, based many of her defining policies along the lines of Powell's rhetoric. However, while they shared between them a desire for the denationalization of industries, their methods of going about this were considerably different. Thatcher desired to severely limit the power of trade unions by defeating them in open industrial showdowns, most notably with the miners' strike showdown against the NUM, whereas Powell defended labour unions and desired to build unity with the working class by winning over trade unionists to monetarist policies through logic, intelligence and political arguments that were in opposition to socialist arguments.

Enoch Powell advocated for the voluntary repatriation of Commonwealth immigrants, arguing that generous payments should be put in place by the government of the day to encourage non- white immigrants to return back to the countries of their birth. This is something the governments of Margaret Thatcher never advocated for or introduced from 1979 to 1990.

The biggest schism of all between Powell and Thatcher, however, lies in foreign affairs. Powell's sentiment on Britain as part of the wider world would be more in line with Salisbury's "splendid isolation" than Thatcher's Atlanticism. Powell was a well-travelled man who spoke over a dozen languages, but his foreign policy of supporting Britain the nation state did not align with the stereotypical view some may hold of a man who was well-travelled and spoke so many languages. While Thatcher was a strong believer in the special relationship with the United States, Powell saw the United States and Britain as rivals, and not as allies.

Another foreign policy divide between Powell and Thatcher concerned their opinions and timings on the European Economic Community (EEC), as Thatcher was an enthusiastic supporter of Britain being a member of the EEC in the 1970s and the early 1980s, including being one of the figureheads behind the winning "Yes" campaign for Britain to stay in the EEC during the 1975 referendum, whereas Powell had been one of the figureheads of the losing "No" campaign to leave the EEC during the 1975 referendum. It was not until the late 1980s and into 1990 that Thatcher started expressing her increasing concern about the EEC's project to political and monetary union, whereas this was something that Powell had been warning about since the mid 1960s when he started openly opposing the EEC and the loss of British sovereignty that would result, showing Powell's stronger foresight into the matter.

Powell distanced himself philosophically from Thatcher. Notably, when it was remarked to him that she was a convert to Powellism, Powell replied: "A pity she never understood it!"

Divergence from libertarianism
Ralph Harris of the Institute of Economic Affairs wrote to Powell claiming that his views on immigration were antagonistic to the rest of his generally-libertarian views, but Powell disagreed with that notion.

Books on Powellism

 * Rex Collings (ed.), Reflections of a Statesman: The Writings and Speeches of Enoch Powell (London: Bellew, 1991).
 * Roy Lewis, Enoch Powell: Principle in Politics (London: Cassell, 1979).
 * T. E. Utley, Enoch Powell: The Man and his Thinking (London: William Kimber, 1968).
 * John Wood (ed.), A Nation Not Afraid: The Thinking of Enoch Powell (B. T. Batsford, 1965).

title: Powellism


text:
Talk:Removal of Internet Explorer

Seems Pointless
This article seems to originated in a wave of 'FireFox, Yeah!' a few years ago, and the content here is a combination of outdated, crudely written material that would best belong in the main IE article itself, and verbatim replication of sources with conjection. This is like having different pages for diseases and their treatments, something highly admonished around these parts. Wikipedia is not a DIY guide for operating system maintainence, and if this kind of article is suitable next we'll have 'Replacing Gnome in Ubuntu' as an article...

-Steve Gray 81.105.191.57 18:43, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

It is notable since this was a central point in the anti-trust case. Many people have shown that Microsoft's claims were false. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.250.2.10 (talk) 15:25, 28 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Being a central point doesn't mean its worth a page unto itself. The citations are a mess of self-published sites which means it needs clean up.--Crossmr (talk) 06:12, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Firefox fancruft? The Junk Police (reports|works) 02:02, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Do people want to add material to this?
OK, I realise that this isn't terrible NPOV, but it's an initial stab. Do people want to add material to this? - Ta bu shi da yu 13:33, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * an initial stab ? Trying to stab Microsoft is indeed POV. :-) Bogdan | Talk 13:45, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * lol! Silly rabbit :-) Ta bu shi da yu 13:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I wonder why the Internet Exploer article doesn't link to this article...... I suggest Vfd since the content of this article is essentially copied from Internet Explorer article. --minghong 18:13, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

While it's true you can drag Safari to the trash and flush it, it's nearly exactly the same as IE on the PC. Safari is just a frontend to "WebKit", which you can't readily remove without breaking a whole helluva lot of other stuff. We should probably mention this.
 * Yes, I completely agree. Internet Explorer is a thin client for the HTML rendering functionality built into the OS, which I'm sure parallels the functionality of WebKit. Look at browsers like Avant Browser(essentially another browser based on the same basic web rendering engine), and you'll see that this is true. This article hasn't changed recently, but I may try to bring it up to a higher level of technical correctness. Timbatron 17:33, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

I'd definitly like to see something on the extent of removal and (potential) damages caused by removing IE in the ways mentioned. That would be a good addition. fel64 21:02, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

I think article must have link to Fred Vorck's site. --LogicDaemon 14:04, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

I added link to Bold Fortune's guide. I don't know if I'm allowed to do this, if not, then, please, remove it. --Vaidelotis 21:54, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
Soo... I've been looking into upgrading my parents computer, Win98, to something else now that MS has removed support for it. So I stumbled upon Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs, apparently it doesn't even install IE. Haven't checked it out totally yet, but why does MS first say that Windows might become unstable if IE is removed, and then they remove it themselves. :) --ReCover 17:24, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

You get closest to the point. When most people say they want to remove Internet Explorer, they simply mean the web browser. When Microsoft thinks of removing Internet Explorer, they think of the web browser and every other program it uses. What most people never realize is that Microsoft had 3 different programs all called "Explorer". One was the GUI, or the basic blue screen, tool bar, cursor and all that most think of as "Windows". The second one was the File Manager. This "Explorer" is called "My Computer". The 3rd explorer is called "Internet Explorer", or the web browser. All 3 use many of the same programs, and if you take out all of the ones "Internet Explorer" uses, the computer is almost useless. IE isn't a program installed on the OS, it is the OS, much like a Chromebook. I say "was" in this because I stopped using Microsoft just after Windows 10 came out. I found a better solution to removing explorer, having mandated updates, and several other things I personally take issue with. I use Debian Linux now.-maxnort108.52.119.247 (talk) 19:17, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

Windows 7?
As Windows 7 and IE8 were now meant to be separated completely, I am unsure why thre is no possibility to uninstall IE in Win7. -NeF (talk) 15:56, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I have windows 7, the first thing I did was uninstall IE. Just go to 'Control Panel\Programs\Programs and Features' and click 'Turn Windows Features on or off.' and turn IE off. Afterwards, it'll go through a quick loading screen and it'll permanently remove the executable from the 'Internet Explorer' folder. After that, just take ownership of the folder in program files and delete it. (九尾の氷狐 not logged in)65.191.181.113 (talk) 06:45, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Opinionated, uneducated guess
This statement (see below) seems biased, and whoever wrote this paragraph doesn't know the difference (please research b4 posting) between browsing engine (API, core) and web browser (GUI, thin client, shell). The core/engine is the API (unseen code) through which the OS can access the internet/network, and the actual web browser is the GUI/interface/shell/client that renders the core/engine into a graphical format understood by humans. The 2 don't have to be related, and should not be tied to each other [proprietary versus standard]. This is the same as Firefox/Mozilla/Seamonkey (browsers) using Gecko (engine), Safari/Chrome (browser) using WebKit (engine), and Opera (browser) using Presto (engine).

 * [quote]
 * "Ironically, to download another browser requires that some form of browser be installed to access the web - something the EU didn't take into account. The same applies to the request that Windows Media Player :be removed. An alternative free download would require some form of browser, and if Explorer had been removed it would again be impossible to install an alternative media player."
 * [/unquote]

Obviously removing IE (browser/GUI/interface/client/executable) or only the desktop IE shortcut (which does not remove any files, just the link to the exe) from Vista/2008/7 (they are quite similar in design) will not remove the browsing engine/core/API, which is tied deep into the OS, and cannot be completely removed without impairing functionality. So by just removing/uninstalling the exe/GUI, one can still access the internet, all one has to do is install another interface [Maxthon (popular IE skin = free) comes to mind, if IE-style UI is a personal preference] or an entire different core API + browser UI [Firefox, Mozilla, Chrome, Opera, Safari, etc], *before* uninstalling the IE executable/shortcut.

Even easier way... a plain word processor [OpenOffice, MS Office Word, AbiWord] or a plain text/ASCII editor [Win32Pad] can access web sites from embedded URLs [all that is required is the RTF (Rich Text Format) DLLs installed, and they are installed by all MS Windows OSes since Win95, and also by all Office-style suites], using the default browser [user configured], which does not have to be IE. Same goes for WMP (Windows Media Player), just another GUI to audio/video/DVD/multimedia playback, which can be successfully replaced with any other free(ware)/open source/GPLed/etc alternative. And even if one rushes to delete the IE executable before installing another browser, there still are many ways to install a new browser/UI: ftp a file [FileZilla (free GPL) comes to mind as a good ftp client/UI], Mozilla + Opera have public ftp sites, have a CD-ROM/DVD-ROM ordered thru the phone [i.e. Mozilla foundation + Opera LLC will gladly send you a CD for the tiny price of covering shipping expenses] and sent snail mail, or borrow a CD/USB stick/external HD/memory stick/etc from a relative/friend/coworker with internet access, or have some1 over for coffee with a connected laptop, etc, etc. HTH [Hope This Helps]

MDGx ☹☺ 10:09, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 23:44, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

The first line of Overview
a) The first line of Overview "While a major upgrade of Internet Explorer can be uninstalled if the users do not deleted required backup files, the matter of uninstalling the stock version of the browser is not supported, " does not make sense. Maybe it should have read "if the users do not delete required backup files". b) Even so one wonders which specific backup files are required to be kept. c) Maybe uninstallation "is not supported" however it would be good to add under Overview that turning IE off is supported. viz "go to 'Control Panel\Programs\Programs and Features' and click 'Turn Windows Features on or off.' and turn IE off." as a previous submitter usefully wrote.

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title: Talk:Removal of Internet Explorer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Exchange Arcade

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:06, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Exchange Arcade
Local mall in Nottingham. Radiant! 13:33, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:40, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Brookie 19:04, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Zzyzx11 20:29, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Neigel von Teighen 20:31, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 00:14, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Dpbsmith (talk) 02:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Eyuboglu Koleji

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

I count 13 clear "delete" votes and 19 valid "keep" votes. 2 votes were too ambiguous to call and 3 votes were discounted as either anonymous or trollish. Rossami (talk) 08:09, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Eyuboglu high school
Turkish IB high school with 'various facilities'. Radiant! 13:34, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 00:17, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Even I, an ardent fan of school articles, can find little reason to keep this one. Delete unless verifiability can be found A link is good enough. GRider is right about the International Baccalaureate making it really quite worth an article - David Gerard 14:00, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Jonathunder 22:00, 2005 Feb 27 (UTC)
 * When David Gerard says delete on a school article, there's no other argument needed. Delete. Jayjg (talk)  21:46, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've changed my mind ;-) - David Gerard 14:04, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Indrian 04:42, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. This Turkish school offers the International Baccalaureate which makes it distinctively noteworthy.  GRider\talk 01:02, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Eyuboglu High School, -- R yan! |  Talk  11:35, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Notice to reviewing administrator: There was an attempt to vote stack on this article. See GRider's contributions.  Votes beyond this point need to be reviewed carefully and considered carefully. -- AllyUnion (talk) 02:45, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Users must consider all policies and former consensus before commenting for consensus: Please note, Deletion policy, is not the only policy to consider.
 * Votes for deletion/Precedents
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * What's in, what's out

Considerations should also be made to the following as well:
 * Google test
 * Importance

Users should remember that the Wikipedia is not an experiment in democracy. -- AllyUnion (talk) 02:45, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Many, many schools have IB programs. In my state there's probably about one per county. Gamaliel 20:01, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Notice to AllyUnion: Seeing as I'm not a newcomer, bite me. My vote stands and I thank G-Rider for bringing it to my attention!  I almost missed this one.  —RaD Man (talk) 03:15, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep but expand.--BaronLarf 19:27, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Deletioncruft. I've categorised it to Turkey. Categorising such articles to improve their chances of evolving is a better use of time than nominating them for deletion. Wincoote 19:57, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable school. Gamaliel 20:01, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Single lines about unremarkable schools are unusable, uninformative, and a hindrance. This is not a Yellow Pages, and being IB is not that remarkable.  I taught at an IB school, went to the conferences, heard the sales pitches.  It's a good program, but by itself it doesn't make a school a vital entry to an encyclopedia.  Geogre 20:02, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but expand.--Oarias 21:34, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand.Drw25 21:36, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as I always say on articles on these matters. Non-notable (I've corrected the tally to 5 to 6 in favor of deleting) --Neigel von Teighen 21:39, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, BEEFSTEW score 1. (And just delete the tally next time.  See here.) —Korath (Talk) 22:33, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, or meet your maker. RaD Man (talk) 22:38, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. --L33tminion | (talk) 22:45, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, high schools and beyond are inherently encyclopedic (and I shan't get started on all the video game nano-cruft that lurks around here). Wyss 23:01, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Has potential to become encyclopedic. --Andylkl 23:33, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all high schools with "various facilities", especially twin observatories. Kappa 00:54, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting school stub, wikipedia is not paper. --ShaunMacPherson 01:44, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Very notable. -CunningLinguist 02:59, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable enough to me. - Mailer Diablo 12:19, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. JuntungWu 12:53, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. high schools are notable RustyCale 13:30, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I think schools are inherently notable. Further, "notability" is not listed in Deletion policy (even though I wish it were, and have tried to include it), so isn't grounds for deletion anyway. Dan100 17:52, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * 'keep' Yuckfoo 23:07, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Another time-wasting deletioncruft nomination.--Centauri 23:32, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. School. LukeSurl 23:39, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 *  KEEP  all REAL places -RickK^h^h^h^h^h. Schools are inherantly notable and this belongs on Wiki.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 03:43, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: In regards to claims of vote-stacking, their are large amounts of people who beleive well-written articles for schools are inherently notable. Merely bringing an article to someones attention is no more votestacking than providing a link for someone is. If you'll notice, GRider's contributions were far and wide and not concentrated on any bloc or mailing list group. Speaking for myself, I evaluated the article and voted to keep it out of sincere belief that it deserved to be kept and not out of any votestacking motivation. I have faith that the majority of the other voters did as well. Thank you for your time. -CunningLinguist 03:56, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: In defence of GRider, I agree with what CunningLinguist has said. --Andylkl 04:47, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 'comment: echo what cunninglinguist said as well> Yuckfoo 23:26, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not notable. --Carnildo 05:05, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - SimonP 17:47, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Interesting. Potential for growth. Useful link. Notable in having the baccalaureate. --cfp 18:26, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a real place, Mark Richards 21:01, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * As per Geogre Delete. Uncle G 16:51, 2005 Mar 9 (UTC)
 * Delete. WIth regard to the international baccalaureate, 1,468 schools offer this program, according to the IBO, including about 500 in the U. S. It's not unique or rare. It is not a college degree or even advanced placement. It is a "pre-university course of study that leads to examinations... [which] has earned a reputation for rigorous assessment, giving IB diploma holders access to the world’s leading universities." Those interested in the program are well served by the complete and up-to-date information available at the IBO website, particularly the IBO World Schools Directory. Wikipedia is not a directory. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:41, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * CommentThe stub label is there as an invite to any Wikipedian from the local community or the school who knows more about the school than is on the website to update the page using their personal expertise. It is not correct to delete articles just because they are currently stubs, this appears to be a summary of all the arguments to delete this page.

 * I would invite Wikipedians voting on this, and all schools in VfD to look at the many succesful school articles on Wikipedia to see what can be achieved. An example quite close to home for me is the development of Adams' Grammar School--LukeSurl 00:38, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Chuck Billy

Charles Billy (born June 23, 1962) is an American singer who is best known as the lead vocalist for thrash metal band Testament.

Testament
Billy joined Legacy in 1986, replacing vocalist Steve "Zetro" Souza who would later join Exodus. After Legacy changed its name to Testament, the band released their debut album The Legacy in 1987, which featured one song written by Billy entitled "Do or Die". Testament has since released twelve more studio albums, and toured consistently, including sharing the stage with notable acts such as Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Black Sabbath, Lamb of God, Devin Townsend, Kiss, Megadeth, Slayer, Anthrax, Exodus, Overkill, Korn, Sepultura, Suicidal Tendencies, Pantera, White Zombie, Primus, D.R.I. and Pro-Pain.

Although Testament's lineup has changed over the years, Billy is one of the two constant members of the band along with guitarist and founder Eric Peterson; they are the only two members of Testament to appear on all of the band's studio albums. His vocal style has changed considerably over the years from a clear, high-pitched thrash style to a lower register approaching a death grunt. Since the Low album, he has mixed both styles, sometimes within the same song.

Work outside of Testament
Billy's influences reportedly include Rob Halford, Ronnie James Dio, Bruce Dickinson, Phil Mogg, James Hetfield, Ozzy Osbourne, Geddy Lee, Bon Scott, Steven Tyler, Alice Cooper, Robert Plant, Phil Lynott and Klaus Meine.

Prior to Legacy and Testament, Billy was the vocalist for a local metal band called Guilt which also featured future Hericane Alice and Medicine Wheel guitarist Danny Gill. No records by the band exist but they recorded one demo in 1984 and contributed the song "Down to the City" to the U.S. Metal Vol. IV compilation on Shrapnel Records. He also played in high school bands.

Around 1996, Billy auditioned for lead vocals with Sepultura as the replacement for Max Cavalera, but lost that position to Derrick Green.

Billy has also appeared on the solo projects of James Murphy, playing on both albums as a guest musician.

In 2006, Billy provided vocals on the Sadus song "Crazy" and, along with several other musicians from other bands, did a cover of Iron Maiden's "Fear of the Dark" for their Numbers from the Beast tribute album. On Light This City's 2008 release, Stormchaser, he provides vocals on the song "Firehaven."

He also joined with musicians including his brothers Eddie and Andy Billy, Steve Souza, Greg Bustamante, Steve Robello, Dan Cunningham, Willy Lange to form the band Dublin Death Patrol.

In 2008, Billy did the vocals for Silent Night on the album of Christmas carols We Wish You a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year with the likes of Scott Ian, Jon Donais, Chris Wyse and John Tempesta. In 2009, Billy appeared on the song "Live My Dream" from the band Susperia's album, Attitude.

For the live presentation of the album Ziltoid the Omniscient by Devin Townsend, he provided the voice of the Planet Smasher on the track of the same name. This happened at Tuska Open Air Metal Festival 2010 in Helsinki.

In 2014, Billy provided guest vocals on the song "Trend Killer" on Swedish melodeath band The Haunted's album Exit Wounds.

In 2014, Billy appeared on fellow thrash metal band Exodus’s Blood In, Blood Out and provided guest vocals on the track "BTK." He had previously filled in Zetro on vocals for Exodus' performance on October 28, 2004, at the Warfield Theatre in San Francisco, where the band opened for Megadeth.

In 2015, Billy appeared on Metal Allegiance's self-titled album and provided featured vocals on the track "Can't Kill the Devil."

Billy and Jake Oni contributed vocals to the song "The Never" from Lamb of God guitarist Mark Morton's debut solo album Anesthetic, released in March 2019.

In 2019, Billy appeared as the singer on the song, "Waiting to Die" from the album Imperium by the band Walls of Blood.

In 2019, Billy appeared as a featured artist on the Killswitch Engage song "The Crownless King" from their album Atonement.

In 2020, Billy appeared on the Lamb of God song "Routes" from their self-titled album.

In 2021, Billy provided additional voices for the Disney+ television series "What If...?", part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

In 2022, Billy appeared on the Matt Heafy song "Behold Our Power".

In 2022, Billy appeared on deathcore band Shadow of Intent's new album Elegy released on January 14.

Possible solo album
In an August 2021 interview on The Jasta Show, Billy revealed that he might release a solo album in the future and hinted that its musical direction would be different from the traditional thrash metal style of Testament.

Awards and honors
In 2013, California State Assemblyman Jim Frazier honored Billy on the State Assembly floor for his positive influence on the Native American community.

Billy became the first Native American to be permanently featured in the memorabilia display at the Hard Rock Hotel in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 2013. He is also recognized in the National Museum of the American Indian exhibit in the Smithsonian Institution titled "Up Where We Belong: Native Musicians in Popular Culture", which was on display through January 2, 2011.

Personal life
Billy was born to a Native American father and a Mexican mother. He is of the Pomo Native Americans, an indigenous people of Northern California, and is proud of his Native American heritage, sometimes giving a shoutout to his "Native brothers and sisters" in the audience. The song "Trail of Tears" is a tribute to his heritage, as are "Allegiance" and "Native Blood". Billy is first cousins with Stephen Carpenter, co-founder and lead guitarist of alternative metal band Deftones.

In 2001, Billy was diagnosed with germ cell seminoma; his was a rare medical situation since this type of cancer usually manifests in men's testicular region, while in Billy's case the tumor appeared in the chest region near his heart. In August 2001, friends organized the Thrash of the Titans benefit concert, held to raise money for Billy's medical expenses. Following chemotherapy, he has since been given a clean bill of health and continued to work with Testament.

In March 2020, Billy and his wife Tiffany tested positive for COVID-19 following the completion of The Bay Strikes Back tour in Europe; he was the third person to have returned home sick from the aforementioned tour, following Will Carroll of Death Angel and Gary Holt of Exodus. Testament confirmed the testings in a statement that he had been quarantined in his home.

title: Chuck Billy