text:
Rimrock

Rimrock is the sheer rock wall at the upper edge of a plateau, canyon, or geological uplift. It may refer to either the rock formation or to the rock itself. Rimrock may be composed of almost any stone—basalt, gneiss, granite, sandstone, etc.—and is frequently layered. Many times it overlays a softer stone which erodes away underneath. American Indians in the West often used cavities found below rimrock to construct dwellings and granaries.

Geographic placenames
The geologic formation has lent its name to many places in the western United States.

Communities:
 * Rimrock, Arizona; Yavapai County, northeast of Camp Verde.
 * Rimrock, California; San Bernardino County, east of San Bernardino.
 * Rimrock, Montana; Yellowstone County, west of Billings.
 * Rimrock, Washington; Yakima County, near Rimrock Lake on the Tieton River west of Yakima.
 * Rim Rock Colony, Montana; Toole County, north of Helena.

Canyons:
 * Rim Rock Canyon, Orange County, California
 * Rimrock Valley, Modoc County, California
 * Rimrock Gulch, Moffat County, Colorado
 * Rimrock Canyon, Nye County, Nevada
 * Rim Rock Canyon, Lincoln County, New Mexico
 * Rimrock Draw, Washakie County, Wyoming
 * Rim Rock Draw, Johnson County, Wyoming

Cliffs:
 * Rimrocks, Yellowstone County, Montana
 * Rimrock, El Paso County, Texas
 * The Rimrocks, Kane County, Utah

Lakes:
 * Rimrock Lake, Modoc County, California
 * Rimrock Lake, Carbon County, Montana
 * Rimrock Lake, Colfax County, New Mexico
 * Rimrock Lake, Marion County, Oregon
 * Rimrock Lake, Yakima County, Washington
 * Rimrock Lake, Teton County, Wyoming
 * Rimrock Lake, British Columbia, Canada

Mountains:
 * Rimrock, Kootenai County, Idaho
 * Rimrock Butte, Glacier County, Montana
 * Rimrock Mountain, Hidalgo County, New Mexico

Ridges:
 * Rim Rocks, Routt County, Colorado
 * Rim Rock, Grant County, New Mexico
 * Rim Rock, Elko County, Nevada
 * Rim Rock, Hood River County, Oregon

High Schools:
 * Rimrock High School in Bruneau, Idaho

title: Rimrock


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Free countries

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:46, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Free_countries
Not suitable for Wikipedia (cannot be made neutral) --MatthewJ 03:24, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Everyone has different definitions of free. Foobaz · ✐  05:29, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A clear and precise definition of "free" cannot be made neutral. Zzyzx11 06:05, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No country is actually "free", and trying to come up with a short and sweet definition of "freedom" just isn't going to work. Even if all the countries listed generally meet the stated criteria, there will be enough exceptions in all of them to cause endless debates. -R. fiend 06:26, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It could be made neutral by using using an "Index of freedom" like http://www.freedomhouse.org/ratings/ Kappa 10:22, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, can be made neutral. Grue 11:34, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This article is subjective and cannot be made NPOV. An Index of freedom article could be acceptable. Carrp | Talk 14:50, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as it's propagandatic by nature. Radiant! 20:45, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agree that the creation of NPOV Index of Freedom or Indexes of Freedom would be the way to go about handling this topic. Eggplant Wizard 04:03, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC) Can't sustain a log in session, so I show in the history as a dynamic IP - will confirm my activity on Tuesday via my user page
 * This is an inherently POV title if the article contains a list of countries considered "free". If someone wants to write an encyclopedic article about the concept of free countries, go ahead, but this is unworkable, so delete it. — Ливай | ☺ 08:44, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There are also some interesting omissions. All EU members are included except Latvia, Lithuania, and Greece. That's sure to rile up the Europhiles. Japan and South Korea are missing; that wouldn't go over well with a lot of readers. And I'm sure Fidel Castro and Hu Jintao have completely different definitions of freedom altogether, and Wikipedia content has to be just as valid for them as it is for anyone else. — Ливай | ☺ 08:55, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Change of vote. Keep the reworked article. — Ливай | ☺ 09:57, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I believe my edits to the page have fixed all of the major issues, but it should properly be moved to List of Free Countries.  Daniel Quinlan 09:36, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this one, but something based on a single freedom ranking and clearly identified as such would be acceptable. The most worrisome aspect of this article for me is how it "combines" two rankings. Plus, as others have said, declaring that such-and-such country is "free" is inherently POV. There's no way anyone can agree on what countries belong on a list like this. Szyslak 10:13, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * POV is NOT a reason for deletion (see Deletion_policy). If you think the article is POV, make it less so. "Free country" is a valid concept and most of the people can tell if the country is free or not, there are no borderline cases. You can make a separate lists for each of these organisations, but the countries would be the same, so there is no point. Grue 13:42, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * POV is a reason for deleltion if the subject matter is inheirently POV, as in this case. A List of totally awesome bands should be deleted regardless of who is listed on it. Such is the case with this article. -R. fiend 21:02, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research and POV as presented.  It is original research because the article editors have arbitrarily chosen the measures of freedom to include, and decided what the cutoff scores on each measure should be for inclusion in the list of 'free' countries.  If someone wants to write a Measures of freedom article (or better, include it as a section in the Freedom article itself) then write about these metrics; don't process them further.  It's also worth noting that full data for two of the three metrics (the Index of Economic Freedom and the Worldwide Press Freedom Index are already included in Wikipedia.  The third (Freedom in the World) is linked from the Freedom House article.  The article as it stands leaves you wondering about the countries left off the list—were they excluded due to a lack of social freedom, economic freedom, press freedom...or all of the above?  Why is mostly free an acceptable level of economic freedom?  Deciding that a specific threshold on these metrics is 'free' is irredeemably POV. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 17:17, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * But even if the list is discarded, is not the description of various indices of freedom encyclopedic? — Ливай | ☺ 17:34, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete All POV considerations aside, this article totally overlaps with the existing articles Index of Economic Freedom and Freedom House.  Visitors who wish to find information regarding the relative freedom of nations in the opinion of those organizations can use the external links.
 * So why not make this a short page that sends readers to those articles? I feel there ought to be something at this title, if not to help people looking for information on the relative freedom of nations, then at least to prevent another list like this from being submitted. — Ливай | ☺ 21:15, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually that is a good point, 'free country' and plural thereof should point somewhere (maybe a disambig is best, listing the various types of freedom and redirecting to those pages). If not, somebody is bound to make a new article here sooner or later. Radiant! 21:30, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a redirect to Freedom, then? That's probably where these measures should be mentioned. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 21:27, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inherently POV.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:08, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename, although some qualifications for what the sources determine is or is not "free" would be helpful. -Sean Curtin 00:22, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia cannot work with these subjective categorization schemes. 172 09:35, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Souris, Manitoba

Souris (2021 population: 1,970 ) is an unincorporated urban community in the Municipality of Souris-Glenwood within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held town status prior to the Manitoba municipal amalgamations on January 1, 2015. It is located within the municipality at the confluence of Plum Creek and Souris River, from which it takes its name. Before 1882, the town was called Plum Creek.

The community is home to Canada's longest historic cable-stayed footbridge at 177 m long, known as the Swinging Bridge, which spans the Souris River that divides the community. The Swinging Bridge was built in 1904 as a means of transportation over the Souris River, later floods destroyed the original swinging bridge and in 2013 a modern cable bridge was installed.

History
The area of Souris was first explored by Europeans when La Vérendrye arrived in 1738, when it seems he initially mistook the Souris River for the Missouri River. The area of the townsite was later explored by David Thompson in 1797-98 and Alexander Henry the younger in 1805. Detailed accounts of life on the Souris plains in the early 1800s were diarized in detail by a Captain John Rogers. His diaries remain saved with the Government of Manitoba's Archive Division today. Rogers was later killed in the Battle of Seven Oaks, ending his exploration of the area. In the years after, considerable fur trade continued in the area, documented by Peter Garrioch in 1843-44. Buffalo still roamed these plains in the early 1800s before the herds were killed out.

From the mid-century to the late 1800s, only the Assiniboine roamed these areas. The first permanent settlers to the area arrived in 1880 when Captain Gilbert Wood, his wife, and two children came to the area. They travelled to Winnipeg by way of Chicago, from there they took a buckboard wagon west, pulled by oxen while a steamship carried their goods up the Assiniboine River. Captain Wood had heard of a man named Lang who told him the land at Plum Creek and the Souris River was a beautiful place to settle. Wood, curious by this notion, hired a guide by the name of Bangs and they set out to see the area for themselves. This resulted in a 3-4 day round trip from their camp at Millford which is on the south bank of the Assiniboine at Treesbank. When they returned his wife asked him what he thought of the area, to which he replied that it was a beautiful district, the best he had seen in all their journeys. To this Mrs. Wood replied "Then take me to Plum Creek."

They would arrive to the area on August 28, 1880. While setting up a homestead there they encountered a man, Squire Sowden from Millbrook, Ontario. Sowden was shocked to find a woman and children in what was then the middle of nowhere. The Woods would build a shanty on the shores of Plum Creek that would serve as a landing place for many new settlers to the area. Mrs. Wood later recounted a time when as many as 21 people were sleeping in their 12 x sod shanty. Captain Wood lived until 1903 while Mrs. Wood died in 1928.

The first large settlement was led by Squire Sowden. In 1880 he was appointed head of a Colonization Syndicate in Millbrook by a group of businessmen looking to settle the area. He explored the area of Plum Creek at Souris, adventuring as far west as today's Gainsborough, Saskatchewan. This is the time when Squire met the Woods, while exploring the area in early fall 1880. The sites were good and he selected several surveyed townships for their future settlement. Sowden and the businessmen sent a proposal to Ottawa which was accepted and the venture was begun. Sowden and the men arranged for land to be purchased at $3.00 an acre and each settler paid $25.00 for a receipt which was to be presented at the Land Office at the mouth of the Souris River when they completed their registration. The settlers travelled from Ontario to Detroit by train, then travelling from there to Chicago, next to Saint Paul, Minnesota, before eventually reaching Saint Boniface, Manitoba. Here they would travel the rough roads west by cart and storing their heavier goods until they could be shipped to the mouth of the Souris River when navigable. When the settlers reached the land at last, they saw the land was good and set to work establishing their homesteads.

The first building in the town was erected in 1881. The next few years saw the townsite continue to grow as more and more settlers reached the area. Many of the settlers returned home the first winter in 1881 to Ontario, but the following year they returned with more goods, and many more settlers followed them. The town grew at an exceptional rate in 1882. Many of the settlers were now arriving at the town from Brandon via the Canadian Pacific Railway rather than the Boundary Commission Trail located to the south. Many of the settlers were coming from the "old countries" of the United Kingdom and particularly from Ireland.

Sowden had originally chosen the Plum Creek site because he wanted to build a mill there and this he completed in those early years. The mill was successful and despite drought years in that decade, the products of the mill became quite popular in the area and country. As the grain became popular, local farmers would have to bring their wheat to Brandon or Alexander as there was no rail service in Souris. Beginning in 1890 negotiations were made with the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to bring the railway to the town and in 1892 the Glenboro Line was completed to the town. This brought further and increased growth to the community as many towns of the era hitched their prosperity to the railway. Before the turn of the century five grain elevators stood alongside the railway. In 1902 a brickyard was established in the community, it only operated for a few short years, but 40 of the town's major brick commercial and residential buildings were built by these bricks. Many of these buildings are still standing today. As a result of this exceptional growth, the community was incorporated as a town in 1904 as the population neared a thousand people.

Geography
Souris is located at the conjunction of Plum Creek and the Souris River on the Canadian Prairies. A dam lies at the east of town on the Souris River in order to maintain recreational usage water levels. In the past the dam was meant to keep waters high enough for operation of the flour mill. With Souris residing in Palliser's Triangle the region can be prone to regular and lengthy droughts. The city of Brandon is located 30 km to the northeast. Souris lies between the Brandon Hills located to the northeast and the Turtle Mountain Plateau located approximately 80 km south of the town. Whitewater Lake, an endorheic basin lies between the Turtle Mountains and the town.

Economy
As a small agrarian town, about 28% of the town's jobs are located in the agricultural sector, the second largest sector is the health and social assistance sector making up 20% of Souris jobs, and education makes up the third largest group at 10% of local area jobs. Statistically the economy appears healthy in the Souris region with job growth from 2014-19 showing a 23.5% increase with 346 new jobs created over the five-year period. Average household income in the community is $68,000, below both the provincial ($79,500) and the municipality ($72,500) averages. Agriculture in the region is led by growing crops such as wheat, corn, canola, and soybeans. Livestock is also important in the town's agricultural economic region with cattle, swine, and sheep being farmed commercially in the Souris area.

Demographics
In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Souris had a population of 1,970 living in 871 of its 960 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 1,974. With a land area of 3.35 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Attractions
The Souris Swinging Bridge was destroyed in the 1976 flood and again in the flood of 2011. A new, higher, swinging bridge opened during the summer of 2013. A new swimming pool was constructed in 2010 and is located in Victoria Park, along with numerous walking trails and a bird sanctuary known for its flock of peacocks.

Sports
Souris is home to the Southwest Cougars, an ice hockey team which plays in the Manitoba U-18 'AAA' Hockey League. It is also home of the Souris Sabres, which is part of the Souris School athletics program, and a member of the Manitoba High School Athletic Association.They participate in 15 sports, including; hockey, basketball, volleyball, football, and rugby.

Another local hockey team is the Souris Elks, which is a senior team in the Tiger Hills Hockey League.

Notable people

 * Alice Masak French, an Inuvialuk author
 * Andy Murray, former St. Louis Blues and Los Angeles Kings coach
 * Emily Tuttosi, a member of the women's Canadian national rugby team

title: Souris, Manitoba


text: Category:Politics of North Korea

title: Category:Politics of North Korea


text:
Talk:List of Oregon state parks

Infobox that can be used for parks
Obviously change for your park and fill in only info available. Aboutmovies 05:46, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * View at Saddle Mountain State Natural Area.
 * Cool. I've thought I'd like something like this for OSP.  And the protected areas infobox didn't seem quite right - too grand, I guess.
 * For people less familiar with the coordinates templates, there's more info at Template:Main coordinates templates. See also a new template that's in testing at Template:Coord.  However, relying on the coordinates templates like that is not too user-friendly.  Can this parks infobox be modified to accept coordinates the way Template:Infobox nrhp does?
 * -Ipoellet 16:20, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm sure it could be modified, but its a standard infobox that someone else made. The coordiantes could be left out and added under external links, or use the version that EncMstr used below. Though if you ever want the other coordinates, just enter either into Google maps in the search box and it will give you both. Aboutmovies 20:22, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Check out my usage of coor d at Whale Watching Center. Also, for the image, I'm especially happy that the image size parameter can be consistent with WP:IMAGE by specifying  .  —EncMstr 18:32, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Complete list of parks
There was some discussion somewhere about where to find a complete list of parks. Well, I figured out the other day that I happen to work across the street from Parks and Rec, so today I picked up the 2006-2007 Oregon Parks & Heritage Guide. Thus I can double check the entries if need be. Also, there's a new park opening in June: L.L. "Stub" Stewart State Park. I have the brochure about it. A DYK might be in order--it's "the first full-service park in more than 30 years to join Oregon's state park system." Mr. Stewart needs an article too--something for you politicos to do... Katr67 17:31, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

COTW
For the WikiProject Oregon collaboration of the week, I'll be going by some of the gorge parks. I'll be sure to stop at a few of them and take photos for an article. Don't know which ones, though since there are 21 entries, I doubt I'll do too many. :-) —EncMstr 20:24, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll take Bald Peak. Aboutmovies 20:50, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll do a short piece on Holman, not sure about images--Polk County closed the place down for Senator Craig-style behavior... I may be able to do a couple others in the Salem area, I need to talk to my hikey and bikey comrades. Katr67 22:30, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion
Several state park articles (Ecola, Fort Stevens and Sunset Beach) redirect to Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks where there is very little on the actual state parks. I've always thought the state parks should be broken out from this article, if anybody feels like tackling that and/or is heading for Astoria this weekend. I asked about it on the talk page and no one has stepped up to explain why the articles needed to be redirected. Katr67 22:39, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Thompson's Mills State Heritage Site
This needs to be added to the list but I'm too lazy to deal with the formatting today. See Shedd, Oregon for more info. Katr67 (talk) 07:32, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

More parks?
There are some listed on that do not appear on this list:
 * Rocky Butte State Scenic Corridor
 * Dalton Point State Recreation Site
 * McLoughlin State Natural Area
 * Bonneville State Scenic Corridor
 * Sheridan State Scenic Corridor
 * Lang Forest State Scenic Corridor
 * Lindsey Creek State Scenic Corridor
 * Pengra Access
 * Floras Lake State Natural Area
 * Port Orford Cedar Forest State Scenic Corridor
 * Buena Vista Ocean Wayside
 * Yoakum Point State Natural Site
 * Neahkanie-Manzanita State Recreation Site
 * Rockaway Beach State Recreation Site
 * Twin Rocks State Natural Site
 * Klamath Falls-Lakeview Forest State Scenic Corridor
 * Thompson's Mills State Heritage Site

--NE2 23:50, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I have yet to see a single source that comprehensively lists all Oregon State Parks sites - it's kind of maddening. The best I've come across is a printed guide by OPRD, but I know it has holes. Of this list, it only has Thompson's Mills. OAR is a good source, but bear in mind that it's not ideal under Wikipedia guidelines because it's a primary source rather than secondary. This state parks list begs for good footnoting, because of number of different sources that must be relied on. Ipoellet (talk) 07:05, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Is the list in, copied to /full list?, a full one (possibly with incorrect names)? --NE2 20:10, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * On User:NE2/OR parks I split them by what's on the state parks site and what's not. There are a few missing ones from the .doc, including a few recent additions, a few that may be parts of others, and the Historic Columbia River Highway State Trail. There's also the State Capitol State Park which isn't on our list. --NE2 21:22, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Apparently the grounds of the Oregon State Capitol are now managed as a state park, per http://www.oregon.gov/OPRD/PARKS/state_capitol_park.shtml. I've created a redir. Katr67 (talk) 22:43, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, here's the law creating it: --NE2 23:04, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

appears to have every state park except for the most recently-created ones. I've listed and sorted them all at User:NE2/OR parks. --NE2 03:48, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

I guess this is the explanation:
 * "What it boils down to is a big dose of bureaucracy from Salem. State Parks doesn't like something being called a state park if it doesn't meet certain standards. And that makes sense. I wouldn't want someone showing up at Fishing Rock looking for a place to plug in their RV."

--NE2 21:21, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Template:Protected Areas of Oregon now includes all parks I can confirm. --NE2 21:33, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I chatted with a park ranger at Oregon Gardens yesterday and she said that the waysides and such don't really count as state parks. The reason they're under OPRD jurisdiction is that they took over management of the parks from ODOT at some point (late 1980s?), which is why there are so many road-related things on the list... Katr67 (talk) 22:40, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, some of them (like Alderwood State Wayside) have separate pages on the parks department site, so they may be small parks but the OPRD doesn't really consider them differently. --NE2 21:40, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

I work across the street from Parks and Rec and just got my hands on the latest version of the Oregon Parks and Heritage Guide. The receptionist, after I mentioned Wikipedia and the question of what counts as a park, suggested I come in and talk to one of their staff members, so I'll probably take her up on that at some point, just to get the info direct from the source. Hopefully what I find out is also published somewhere. I won't consider it time wasted, but it will be original research. Katr67 (talk) 18:56, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Oooooh! I'd love to hear what you find out, OR or not. Ipoellet (talk) 21:42, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * You should also ask if they have a full list of parks (or land owned/operated by OPRD, or whatever it would be). --NE2 04:22, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm going to consider the Parks and Heritage Guide, coupled with the website, as the complete list, though I will certainly ask for more information. I looked over the links NE2 provided. The billing code list (which consists of the internal numbers used by state agencies for payroll and procurement purposes) is outdated. It's from 03/06, and I can see one example, Ben & Kay Dorris Park, which has been turned over to county jurisdiction. Though it's difficult to find information on jurisdiction changes and renaming, I'd say the other state documents provided are also out of date. The business of the parks department is to promote the use of its parks. I can see no reason they would want to keep any of their parks secret. The billing codes list does point out that we need an article on the Willamette River Greenway, whose landings are apparently under Parks jurisdiction. Parks is also in charge of promoting the Willamette Valley Scenic Bikeway and there are probably a few other stray non-park things floating around too. Parks seems to be doing a good job these days, they got the Oregon State Fair turned over to them, so other things may get handed over to them. Katr67 (talk) 07:49, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Rationale for my updates
The list is now complete, as far as I can tell. Here is what I did to update the page:

 * 1) Checked every park against both the 2008 Parks & Heritage Guide (PHG) and oregonstateparks.org (upping the park number in the URL one by one to make sure I didn't miss any--note that there are many gaps in the sequence)
 * 2) Did some minor formatting of capitalization
 * 3) I arbitrarily arranged the parks by the number in their URLs--since this is a sortable list, the order shouldn't matter too much, and I think it will be easier to maintain that way (that the new ones will always go on the bottom), and it was easier for me to cross-reference
 * 4) Changed the location of some according to the arrangement in PHG--they clump the Portland area and the Gorge together, but it might be better to separate them, if it is clear to which region each park should belong
 * 5) Made the intro dry and boring and made the region descriptions fit what is in PHG
 * 6) I changed the type to reflect the actual title of the park, except for the handful of odd ones
 * 7) Renamed the articles according to PHG and the pdfs of parks brochures on the individual park's webpage and not by the title of the webpage--a spot-check of the Internet wayback machine shows that the text and titles of the pages have not been updated as far back as the wayback machine goes (about 2002, I think), the PHG has a pub. date of October 2007 and a press release announcing its publication was posted in February 2008, and a spot-check of brochures shows 2007 pub. dates, so my rationale is thus: I stepped into the P&R office and they enthusiastically pressed the newest PHG on me. This is their flagship publication, so I believe that they would want the most up-to-date information in it.

8.These sites are on the website, but not in the PHG:
 * Tokatee Kloochwan SNS
 * George W. Joseph SNA
 * Heritage Landing (Deschutes)
 * Mary S. Young SRA
 * Maples Rest Area
 * Prineville Reservoir State Park
 * Unity Forest SSC
 * Wallow River Rest Area
 * South Jetty (South Beach)

I'm not sure if this is due to budget constraints or to some sites being less equal than others, though some are closely related to other sites (which I have noted). Occasionally sites get turned over to other jurisdictions.

Also URL 240 used to link to the Officer's Inn Bed and Breakfast at Fort Stevens, which was sold to a private party in 2005

9. These state parks have been "downgraded" (note that I think its rare for them to be upgraded)
 * Harris Beach State Recreation Area
 * Valley of the Rogue State Recreation Area (note that when I worked the East Evans Creek Fire in 1992, the fire camp was located in "Valley of the Rogue State Park" and I think it unlikely they would change it to an SRA and then back to a state park)
 * Hilgard Junction State Recreation Area
 * Wallowa Lake State Recreation Area

I suspect that there is some rebranding occuring here...

 * Also, per PHG Fall Creek State Recreation Area is now a Recreation Site (the brochure says "area", but it's pub. date was 06/06). Munson Creek SNS is now Munson Creek Falls SNS, Clay Myers SNA lost its "at Whalen Island"

Oregon State Capitol State Park is not in PHG, it's too new. In PHG but not online are Silver Falls Conference Center (I've opted to leave it off the list), Ochoco SSV, Warm Springs SRS, Dyer State Wayside and Pete French Round Barn SHS.

Let me know if you need me to provide additional references. If necessary I'll see if I can secure the applicable internal memos that announce the name changes, though I'm not sure those would be admissible as evidence reliable sources.

If you hate it, revert it and I'll move on to other things. Katr67 (talk) 07:10, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I've tried to make a list at User:NE2/OR parks 2 of what's in other sources. (The ODOT maps column is not yet complete.) The name changes you note above do seem to be confirmed by other sources. While some in that table do not seem to have any good sources to write an article about (beyond the location), others do, such as Bowers Rock State Park and Sheridan State Scenic Corridor. I'm really hoping someone can get a full list from OPRD, because the PHG is not one. It's probable that in at least some cases, like Bowers Rock, they don't want the public visiting a park with no amenities. --NE2 09:47, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * And it's not because those are no longer state parks: an interpretive sign was just placed in Sheridan less than a year ago, and Bowers Rock State Park is shown in the Willamette River Recreation Guide (pp. 10 and 21) and Luckiamute State Natural Area Master Plan (p. 15). --NE2 10:14, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Here's another good example: Luckiamute State Natural Area. --NE2 09:53, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for throwing me a bone, re: the renames. I do try not to be too full of crap most of the time and government agencies do pay me to do fact-checking for them, but I digress. I think PHG should be considered a reliable source. I know the state owns certain properties that aren't developed yet. What good would it do this list to add undeveloped, proposed and future sites that aren't yet open to the public or that the public isn't encouraged to visit? Luckiamute, according to the link, is referred to as "state park lands". Even if state parks owns land, I don't think that makes it a state park until they develop it. All it really is until then is a piece of land and a title. In the meantime, they could run out of money and the land will remain undeveloped, they could turn the property over to another jurisdiction, etc. Bowers Rock is refed in the Dem-Herald, which is a good source, but the article does say "The Legislature designated the area as a state park in 1972, but no development of the area has taken place." So we need to come to a consensus about whether we will include undeveloped sites in this list. If there are undeveloped sites designated as parks as early as 1972, then a search of the law of Oregon is needed. Oregon Revised Statutes is online and searchable, but it only goes back to 1995. Someone would need to be willing to do a great deal of research in hard copy of ORS and Oregon Laws if you really want this done right. I think that sounds like a pain in the ass. If parks isn't forthcoming about their undeveloped parks, I think we should just include the developed ones. Progress, not perfection... Katr67 (talk) 17:47, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I, for one, would welcome undeveloped state parks. Unless there are surrounding fences, they might be ideal destinations for a backpack and tent, or maybe a hike in solitude.  Each is most likely in scenic locations, and undeveloped probably means most people wouldn't think of going there and its very likely true to its nature.  —EncMstr (talk) 18:40, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It appears that the Sheridan State Scenic Corridor is developed; it has a paved trail through it. On the other hand, is the George W. Joseph State Natural Area developed? --NE2 19:43, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Would a county column be a good addition to the list? --NE2 19:51, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Sure. Katr67 (talk) 20:20, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm all in favor of a county column. But, I'd recommend deleting the region column at the same time. I've always been uneasy with the region column, because I don't regard the region divisions as supported by a reliable source - they get redrawn from one edition of the PHG to the next, suggesting to me that they're just inserted based on what OPRD's PR people think will be useful to that year's crop of tourists. The counties would fill a similar function of giving Wikipedia readers an idea of where in the state the park is, but is easily supported by reliable sources.  Ipoellet (talk) 23:46, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm opposed to removing regions from the list, and slightly opposed to adding counties. I think I know where all the counties are, more or less, but I've been around for awhile—newer folks find them much murkier.  Counties are mildly archaic divisions, and do not reflect how Oregonians think spatially:  Ah—yeah—I live in Clackarmas County, and we sure are a damn sight better than them thar rednecks over in Warshington County....
 * Reliable sources are not indicated: the locations of these places are not likely to be challenged, nor are they controversial.   What might be challenged (or confused) is whether Barlow Pass State Scenic Wayside (fictitious) is in Central Oregon or the Willamette Valley, or so close to the Columbia Gorge that it belongs there.  Deciding which county (Clackamas or Hood—maybe even Wasco) it's in would be challenging, and useless, since it's probably in both.  —EncMstr (talk) 00:31, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 *   This sounds just like a discussion we had over a year ago. At least, it's good to see that you and I are consistent in our opinions. Ipoellet (talk) 00:49, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed: no wishy-washiness between us!  —EncMstr (talk) 01:07, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * There's no reason we can't list it as being in both counties... and usually we can easily find the boundaries from an online mapping service or ODOT county maps. --NE2 01:23, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Like EncMstr, I tend to have a predilection toward including the undeveloped state parks. Everything Katr76 says about the tentativeness of the undeveloped parks may be true in a whole bunch of cases, but it's equally possible that any given undeveloped park is stable and specifically being managed that way, and therefore definitely should be included. And developed parks get closed and transferred too. And unless we can find a reliable, presumably scholarly, source that takes a look at each park and assigns it to a well-defined "developed" or "undeveloped" category, then we don't have a verifiable way to draw a line for Wikipurposes. Ipoellet (talk) 00:45, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm unwatchlisting this. I worked for hours on the revamp and I honestly don't think there are dozens of undeveloped parks lurking out there, and again, I don't consider the outdated state gov docs to be reliable sources as far as a current list. Our government sometimes moves at a glacial pace as far as updating things. If the (handful of, I suspect) undeveloped parks can be backed with sources like the newspaper one, I'm all for including them, though I'm kind of feeling all-or-nothing about it, that is, if we can't find a definitive source for all the undeveloped parks, I'd rather not include any of them. I'm also opposed to removing the the region listing while simultaneously opposing using it as a citation for regions anyplace else (where it is unconnected with the explanation that they are Parks & Rec designations only). If anybody would like me to follow up with a visit to parks and rec, I can arrange something for the week after next as I'll be on vacation. Let me know on my talk page, and we can formulate the right questions to ask. Katr67 (talk) 01:14, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * By "undeveloped" I guess I mean "We (the Parks Dept.) don't want you to know about it" and/or the state owns the land but there is no indication on that land of its status. (Do they put up "coming soon" signs?) Developed can certainly mean that all that is there is a dirt path through it and a sign. Katr67 (talk) 01:51, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Do we know that the parks not on the site or in PHG actually don't have signs? --NE2 02:05, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * According to, Fishing Rock has a "tiny parking area that state park marks with a sign". --NE2 02:28, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Interesting. I'm inclined to think that an agency which publicizes the extent of their territory would be more deserving of additional funding. I wonder why they would have properties as poorly cataloged as they do? Sign or not, trail or not, they ought to be on some public record somewhere. Maybe there's an article and/or book in that?: Hidden Oregon Treasures of OSP:  An investigative mystery. —EncMstr (talk) 02:15, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

The Oregon State Parks Trust says there are 235 parks; several state publications agree. Some other sources say 233, 231, 230; obviously the number changes when parks open or are leased. --NE2 03:17, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

I emailed OPRD, and got in response: "Properties that do not have public facilities such as adequate parking or restrooms are not included on our web site." --NE2 20:27, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

I just wrote Sheridan State Scenic Corridor and added it to the list. --NE2 23:01, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

A book that might be useful
Can anyone get ahold of this book? --NE2 10:22, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

Collaboration of the Week
So, I just created three stubs (for the Frenchglen Hotel, Deschutes State Scenic Area, and George W. Joseph natural area.) Also created a couple redirects. If there are some kind of standards desired by those who called for this CotW, I'm not aware of them. Can somebody take a look at what I've done, and let me know if I left out anything important? Thanks! -Pete (talk) 23:15, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I looked at the Deschutes one, and once some more info is added I'll add an infobox. This book has a some history for each park that could probably be added. Note it is via WorldCat via Southern Oregon University, so I don't know if it will always download. Also, it a pretty big file so it takes a little while to download even with a cable modem. Aboutmovies (talk) 23:27, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

New park

 * http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_258.php Katr67 (talk) 05:37, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on List of Oregon state parks. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080117114142/http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_136.php to http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_136.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:36, 19 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Oregon state parks


text:
Royall Tyler

Royall Tyler (June 18, 1757 – August 26, 1826) was an American jurist, teacher and playwright. He was born in Boston, graduated from Harvard University in 1776, and then served in the Massachusetts militia during the American Revolution. He was admitted to the bar in 1780, became a lawyer, and fathered eleven children. In 1801, he was appointed a Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. He wrote a play, The Contrast, which was produced in 1787 in New York City, shortly after George Washington's inauguration. It is considered the first American comedy. Washington attended the production, which was well-received, and Tyler became a literary celebrity.

Early life
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, on June 18, 1757, he was the son of wealthy merchant and political figure Royall Tyler (died 1771) and Mary (Steele) Tyler. He attended Boston Latin School and Harvard University, where he earned a reputation as a quick-witted joker. His roommate at Harvard was Christopher Gore.

Military service
After graduating from Harvard in 1776, Tyler briefly served in the Massachusetts militia during the American Revolution, including taking part in John Hancock's Rhode Island expedition.

Start of career
In late 1778, he began to study law with Francis Dana. He was admitted to the bar in 1780 and practiced in Portland, Maine, before moving to Braintree, Massachusetts.

In Braintree Tyler lodged with Mary and Richard Cranch. Mary Cranch was the sister of Abigail Adams, and Tyler soon met John Quincy Adams, with whom he became friendly, and Abigail ("Nabby"), whom he courted. Tyler had developed a reputation as a profligate while in college, supposedly squandering half his inheritance on parties, in grog shops and pursuing women after the death of his father. In a letter to her husband John Adams, Abigail noted that despite having "a sprightly fancy, a warm imagination and an agreeable person," Tyler was "rather negligent in pursueing (sic) his business ... and dissipated two or 3 more years of his Life and too much of his fortune to reflect upon with pleasure; all of which he now laments but cannot recall." John Quincy Adams apparently enjoyed Tyler's company, but questioned his integrity and did not think him suitable marriage material. Nabby Adams eventually ended the relationship, to the approval of her parents and brother.

Tyler served again in the militia in 1787, as aide de camp to Benjamin Lincoln during the suppressing of Shays's Rebellion. After the rebels fled he was dispatched to Vermont to negotiate for the arrest of the rebels.

Tyler was friendly with Joseph Pearce Palmer (a son of the Revolutionary War brigadier general Joseph Palmer) and Palmer's wife Elizabeth Hunt, and resided in their Boston boarding house. In 1796 Tyler married their daughter Mary, who was eighteen years younger, and they moved to Guilford, Vermont. They moved to Brattleboro in 1801, and were the parents of eleven children: Royall (Born 1794, died in college); John (b. 1796); Mary (b. 1798); Edward (b. 1800); William (b. 1802); Joseph (b. 1804); Amelia (b. 1807); George (b. 1809); Charles Royall (b. 1812); Thomas (b. 1815); and Abiel (1818–1832). Several Tyler children had prominent careers, including four who became members of the clergy.

Mary Palmer Tyler lived to age 91. She died in Brattleboro on July 13, 1866, and was buried next to her husband.

Later career
A Federalist, Tyler served as Windham County State's Attorney. In 1801, he was appointed a Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court, even though the Vermont House of Representatives was controlled by the Democratic-Republican Party. In 1807 he became Chief Justice, and served until 1812.

In 1812 he ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate as a Democratic-Republican, losing the legislative election because by then the Federalists controlled Vermont General Assembly.

From 1811 to 1814 Tyler was a Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of Vermont.

From 1815 to 1821 he was Windham County's Register of Probate.

Career as author
In 1787, his comedy The Contrast was performed in New York City, the first American comedy to be performed by professional actors. The play's first public showing was shortly after George Washington's inauguration and Washington and several members of the First Congress attended. The play was well-received, and Tyler became a literary celebrity.

Tyler continued to write, and frequently collaborated with his friend Joseph Dennie, including co-writing a satirical column which appeared in Dennie's newspaper The Farmer's Weekly Museum. He published The Algerine Captive in 1797 and wrote several legal tracts, six plays, a musical drama, two long poems, many essays, and a semifictional travel narrative, 1809's The Yankey in London.

Personal life
In later life Royall Tyler admitted to his youthful arrogance and profligate conduct, but said he regretted only the limitations which his past placed upon his career and later ambitions.

He was believed to have fathered a child with Katharine Morse, the cleaning woman in the Harvard College buildings when Tyler was a student. This son, Royal Morse, was born in 1779 and came to public attention as a leader of the 1834 anti-Catholic riots in Cambridge.

According to Palmer family descendants, Tyler fathered one daughter, and possibly two, with his landlady and mother-in-law Elizabeth Palmer while her husband, Joseph Pearse Palmer was away. The girls were Sophia, born in 1786, and Catherine, born in 1791.

Tyler was accused of starting a sexual relationship with Mary Palmer before she was old enough to marry. In her version of events, her neighbors believed that she was pregnant before she married Royall Tyler because the neighbors didn't know that they had married in secret.

Death and burial
Tyler died in Brattleboro, Vermont, on August 26, 1826, as the result of facial cancer that he had suffered from for ten years. He was buried in Brattleboro's Prospect Hill Cemetery.

Legacy
Tyler has been identified as the model for Jaffrey Pyncheon in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The House of the Seven Gables. Hawthorne's wife Sophia Peabody was a daughter of Nathaniel Peabody and Elizabeth “Eliza” Palmer, and a granddaughter of Joseph Pearce Palmer and Elizabeth Hunt. The Palmer family preserved stories of Tyler's sexual misbehavior as a young man, some of which were known to Hawthorne, and which he used in his novel.

The main theater at the University of Vermont is named for him.

His great-grandson Royall Tyler (1884–1953) was a prominent historian.

His descendant Royall Tyler (born 1936) is a well known scholar and translator of Japanese literature.

Additional sources

 * Carson, Ada Lou, "Thomas Pickman Tyler's 'Memoirs of Royall Tyler': An Annotated Edition," University of Minnesota Ph.D. (University Microfilms), 1985.
 * Carson, Ada Lou and Herbert L. Carson, "Royall Tyler," Twayne Publishers: 1979.
 * Lauter, Paul, Ed. The Heath Anthology of American Literature.  Vol. 1. 4th ed. Houghton Mifflin Co.: Boston, 2002.
 * Dame, Frederick William, Roots of American Character Identity, Volume 2, Chapter 9: The Role of the American Dramatist-Jurist Royall Tyler (1757-1826) in Developing American National Identity (pages 261-325), The Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston NY: 2009.

title: Royall Tyler


text:
Talk:Rimrock

Copyvio
Moved from Copyright problems End moved text
 * Rimrock is a dicdef directly from - Lucky 6.9 04:49, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not as far as I can tell, it isn't. Am I missing something? --rbrwr± 11:13, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Never had a copyvio template on it; I suggest it can be removed from this page. --rbrwr± 22:36, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Old versions did have copyvio from the source listed and the copyvio template. Offending revisions deleted. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:25, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rimrock


text:
Dülmener

The Dülmener or Dülmen is a German breed of small feral horse. It was formerly known as the Merfelderbrücher. A herd of approximately 300 head lives in feral conditions in an area of about 3.5 km2 in the Merfelder Bruch, near the town of Dülmen in the Kreis of Coesfeld in north-western Nordrhein-Westfalen, in north-western Germany.

It is gravely endangered; in 2014 it was the "endangered breed of the year" of the Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen, and in 2021 was classified in category I, extrem gefährdet (extremely endangered) on the Rote Liste of that association.

Use
Most Dülmener mares live in unmanaged feral conditions in the Merfelder Bruch. Once a year, at the end of May, the horses are rounded up and some colt foals are separated from the herd to be sold at auction. Once trained, these may make good riding or driving horses.

title: Dülmener


text:
Mexican Spanish

Mexican Spanish (español mexicano) is the variety of dialects and sociolects of the Spanish language spoken in the United Mexican States. Mexico has the largest number of Spanish speakers, more than double any other country in the world. Spanish is spoken by over 99% of the population, being the mother tongue of 93.8%, and the second language of 5.4%.

Variation
The territory of contemporary Mexico is not coextensive with what might be termed Mexican Spanish, since linguistic boundaries rarely coincide with political ones. The Spanish spoken in the southernmost state of Chiapas, bordering Guatemala, resembles the variety of Central American Spanish spoken in that country, where voseo is used. Meanwhile, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo led to a large number of Mexicans residing in what had become US territory, and many of their descendants have continued to speak Spanish. In addition, the waves of 19th- and 20th-century migration from Mexico to the United States, have contributed greatly to making Mexican Spanish the most widely spoken variety of Spanish in the United States. Finally, the Spanish spoken in coastal areas often exhibits certain phonetic traits in common with the Caribbean rather than with that of central Mexico, and the Spanish of the Yucatán Peninsula is quite distinct from other varieties. It should also be noted that there is great variation in intonation patterns from region to region within Mexico. For instance, the Spanish of northern Mexico, including the traditional Spanish of New Mexico, is characterized by its own distinct set of intonation patterns.

Regarding the evolution of the Spanish spoken in Mexico, the Swedish linguist Bertil Malmberg points out that in Central Mexican Spanish—unlike most varieties in the other Spanish-speaking countries—the vowels lose strength, while consonants are fully pronounced. Malmberg attributes this to a Nahuatl substratum, as part of a broader cultural phenomenon that preserves aspects of indigenous culture through place names of Nahuatl origin, statues that commemorate Aztec rulers, etc. The Mexican linguist Juan M. Lope Blanch, however, finds similar weakening of vowels in regions of several other Spanish-speaking countries; he also finds no similarity between the vowel behavior of Nahuatl and that of Central Mexican Spanish; and thirdly, he finds Nahuatl syllable structure no more complex than that of Spanish. Furthermore, Nahuatl is not alone as a possible influence, as there are currently more than 90 native languages spoken in Mexico.

Affricates
Due to influence from indigenous languages, such as Nahuatl, Mexican Spanish has incorporated many words containing the sequences $⟨tz⟩$ and $⟨tl⟩$, corresponding to the voiceless alveolar affricate and the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate, present in many indigenous languages of Mexico, as in the words tlapalería  ('hardware store') and coatzacoalquense  ('from [the city of] Coatzacoalcos'). Mexican Spanish always pronounces the and  in such a sequence in the same syllable, a trait shared with the Spanish of the rest of Latin America, that of the Canary Islands, and the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, including Bilbao and Galicia. This includes words of Greek and Latin origin with $⟨tl⟩$ such as and. In contrast, in most of Spain, the would form part of the previous syllable's coda, and be subject to weakening, as in,.

Some claim that in Mexican Spanish, the sequence is really a single phoneme, the same as the lateral affricate of Nahuatl. On the other hand, José Ignacio Hualde and Patricio Carrasco argue that is best analyzed as an onset cluster on the basis that Mexicans take the same amount of time to pronounce  as they do to pronounce  and. They predicted that if were a single segment, it would have been pronounced quicker than the other clusters.

Fricatives
In addition to the usual voiceless fricatives of other American Spanish dialects, Mexican Spanish also has the palatal sibilant , mostly in words from indigenous languages—especially place names. The, represented orthographically as $⟨x⟩$, is commonly found in words of Nahuatl or Mayan origin, such as Xola (a station in the Mexico City Metro). The spelling $⟨x⟩$ can additionally represent the phoneme (also mostly in place names), as in México itself ; or, as in the place name Xochimilco—as well as the  sequence (in words of Greco-Latin origin, such as anexar ), which is common to all varieties of Spanish. In many Nahuatl words in which $⟨x⟩$ originally represented, the pronunciation has changed to (or )—e.g. Jalapa/Xalapa.

Regarding the pronunciation of the phoneme, the articulation in most of Mexico is velar , as in caja ('box'). However, in some (but not all) dialects of southern Mexico, the normal articulation is glottal (as it is in most dialects of the Caribbean, the Pacific Coast, the Canary Islands, and most of Andalusia and Extremadura in Spain). Thus, in these dialects, México, Jalapa, and caja are respectively pronounced, , and.

In northwestern Mexico and rural Michoacan,, represented by $⟨ch⟩$, tends to be deaffricated to , a phonetic feature also typical of southwestern Andalusian Spanish dialects.

All varieties of Mexican Spanish are characterized by yeísmo: the letters $⟨ll⟩$ and $⟨y⟩$ correspond to the same phoneme,. That phoneme, in most variants of Mexican Spanish, is pronounced as either a palatal fricative or an approximant  in most cases, although after a pause it is instead realized as an affricate. In the north and in rural Michoacan, is consistently rendered as an approximant and may even be elided when between vowels and in contact with  or, as in gallina 'hen', silla 'chair', and sella 'seal'.

As in all American dialects of Spanish, Mexican Spanish has seseo, so is not distinguished from. Thus, casa 'house' and caza 'hunt' are homophones.

Present in most of the interior of Mexico is the preservation, or absence of debuccalization, of syllable-final. The fact that the areas with the strongest preservation of final are also those with the most frequent unstressed vowel reduction gives the sibilant  a special prominence in these dialects. On the other hand, -weakening is very frequent on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and is also fairly frequent in northern and northwestern Mexico, and in parts of Oaxaca and the Yucatán peninsula. In all these regions, -weakening acts as a sociolinguistic marker, being more prevalent in rural areas and among the lower classes. The prevalence of a weakened syllable-final in so many peripheral areas of Mexico suggests that such weakening was at one point more prevalent in peripheral areas, but that the influence of Mexico City has led to the diffusion of a style of pronunciation without -weakening, especially among the urban middle classes.

-weakening on both the Pacific and the Gulf Coast was strengthened by influences from Andalusian, Canarian, and Caribbean Spanish dialects.

Also, the dialects spoken in rural Chihuahua, Sonora, and Sinaloa, like that of New Mexico, have developed aspiration of syllable-initial, as in words like pasar 'to pass' and señor 'sir'.

Despite the general lack of s-aspiration in the center of the country, is often elided before  or, and the phrase buenas noches is often pronounced without the first.

Stops
There is a set of voiced obstruents—,, , and sometimes —which alternate between approximant and plosive allophones depending on the environment.

often becomes, especially in more rural speech, such that abuelo and bueno may be pronounced as agüelo and güeno. In addition, is often assimilated to.

Speakers from the Yucatán, especially men or those who are older, often pronounce the voiceless stops with aspiration.

Vowels
Like most Spanish dialects and varieties, Mexican Spanish has five vowels: close unrounded front, close rounded back , mid unrounded front , mid rounded back , and open unrounded.

A striking feature of Mexican Spanish, particularly that of central Mexico, is the high rate of reduction, which can involve shortening and centralization, devoicing, or both, and even elision of unstressed vowels, as in (trastes, 'cooking utensils'). This process is most frequent when a vowel is in contact with the phoneme, so that + vowel + is the construction when the vowel is most frequently affected. It can be the case that the words pesos, pesas, and peces are pronounced the same. The vowels are slightly less frequently reduced or eliminated in the constructions + vowel +, so that the words pastas, pastes, and pastos may also be pronounced the same.

Morphology
Mexican Spanish is a tuteante form of the language (i.e. using tú and its traditional verb forms for the familiar second person singular). The traditional familiar second person plural pronoun vosotros—in colloquial use only in Spain—is found in Mexico only in certain archaic texts and ceremonial language. However, since it is used in many Spanish-language Bibles throughout the country, most Mexicans are familiar with the form and understand it. An instance of it is found in the national anthem, which all Mexicans learn to sing: Mexicanos, al grito de guerra / el acero aprestad y el bridón.

Mexicans tend to use the polite personal pronoun usted in the majority of social situations, especially in Northern Mexico. In the north, children even address their parents with usted.

In rural areas of Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Tlaxcala, many people use a number of distinct non-standard morphological forms: 2nd person preterite verb forms ending in -ates, ites, imperfect forms such as traiba, creiba instead of traía, creía 'brought, believed', a merger of -ir and -er verb conjugations such that 'we live' is vivemos instead of vivimos, verb roots other than haiga (instead of haya) with non-standard such as creigo 'I believe' for creo, an accent shift in the first person plural subjunctive forms váyamos instead of vayamos 'we go', and a shift from -mos to -nos in proparoxytonic third person singular verb forms (cantaríanos instead of cantaríamos 'we sing'). These same verb forms are also found in the traditional Spanish of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado.

Suffixes
Central Mexico is noted for the frequent use of diminutive suffixes with many nouns, adverbs, and adjectives, even where no semantic diminution of size or intensity is implied. Most frequent is the -ito/ita suffix, which replaces the final vowel on words that have one. Words ending with -n use the suffix -cito/cita. Use of the diminutive does not necessarily denote small size, but rather often implies an affectionate attitude; thus one may speak of "una casita grande" ('a nice, big house').

When the diminutive suffix is applied to an adjective, often a near-equivalent idea can be expressed in English by "nice and [adjective]". So, for example, a mattress (un colchón) described as blandito might be "nice and soft", while calling it blando might be heard to mean "too soft".

In some regions of Mexico, the diminutive suffix -ito is also used to form affectives to express politeness or submission (cafecito, literally "little coffee"; cabecita, literally "little head"; chavito "little boy"), and is attached to names (Marquitos, from Marcos; Juanito, from Juan—cf. Eng. Johnny) denoting affection. In the northern parts of the country, the suffix -ito is often replaced in informal situations by -illo (cafecillo, cabecilla, morrillo, Juanillo).

Frequent use of the diminutive is found across all socioeconomic classes, but its "excessive" use is commonly associated with lower-class speech.

The augmentative suffix -(z)ote is typically used in Mexico to make nouns larger, more powerful, etc. For example, the word camión, in Mexico, means bus; the suffixed form camionzote means "big or long bus". It can be repeated just as in the case of the suffixes -ito and -ísimo; therefore camionzotototote means very, very, very big bus.

The suffix -uco or -ucho and its feminine counterparts -uca and -ucha respectively, are used as a disparaging form of a noun; for example, the word casa, meaning "house", can be modified with that suffix (casucha) to change the word's meaning to make it disparaging, and sometimes offensive; so the word casucha often refers to a shanty, hut or hovel. The word madera ("wood") can take the suffix -uca (maderuca) to mean "rotten, ugly wood".

Other suffixes include, but are not limited to: -azo as in carrazo, which refers to a very impressive car (carro) such as a Ferrari or Mercedes-Benz; -ón, for example narizón, meaning "big-nosed" (nariz = "nose"), or patona, a female with large feet (patas).

Nicknames
It is common to replace with  to form diminutives, e.g. Isabel → Chabela, José María → Chema, Cerveza ("beer") → Chela/Cheve, Concepción → Conchita, Sin Muelas ("without molars") → Chimuela ("toothless"). This is common in, but not exclusive to, Mexican Spanish.

Syntax
Typical of Mexican Spanish is an ellipsis of the negative particle no in a main clause introduced by an adverbial clause with hasta que:
 * Hasta que me tomé la pastilla se me quitó el dolor. (Until I took the pill, the pain did not go away.)

In this kind of construction, the main verb is implicitly understood as being negated.

Mexico shares with many other areas of Spanish America the use of interrogative qué in conjunction with the quantifier tan(to):
 * ¿Qué tan graves son los daños? (How serious are the damages?) (Compare the form typical of Spain: "¿Hay muchos daños?" (Is there a lot of damage?))
 * ¿Qué tan buen cocinero eres? (How good a cook are you?) (Compare Spain's "¿Eres buen cocinero?" (Are you a good cook?))

It has been suggested that there is influence of indigenous languages on the syntax of Mexican Spanish (as well as that of other areas in the Americas), manifested, for example, in the redundant use of verbal clitics, particularly lo. This is more common among bilinguals or in isolated rural areas.

Mucho muy can be used colloquially in place of the superlative -ísimo, as in:
 * Este tipo de tratamientos son mucho muy caros (That type of treatment is really expensive.)

Mexican Spanish, like that of many other parts of the Americas, prefers the preposition por in expressions of time spans, as in
 * "Fue presidente de la compañía por veinte años" (He was the president of the company for twenty years)—compare the more frequent use of durante in Spain: "Fue presidente de la compañia durante veinte años."

A more or less recent phenomenon in the speech of central Mexico, having its apparent origin in the State of Mexico, is the use of negation in an unmarked yes/no question. Thus, in place of "¿Quieres...?" (Would you like...?), there is a tendency to ask "¿No quieres...?" (Wouldn't you like...?).

Lexicon
Mexican Spanish retains a number of words that are considered archaic in Spain.

Also, there are a number of words widely used in Mexico which have Nahuatl, Mayan or other native origins, in particular names for flora, fauna and toponyms. Some of these words are used in most, or all, Spanish-speaking countries, like chocolate and aguacate ("avocado"), and some are only used in Mexico. The latter include guajolote "turkey" < Nahuatl huaxōlōtl (although pavo is also used, as in other Spanish-speaking countries); papalote "kite" < Nahuatl pāpālōtl  "butterfly"; and jitomate "tomato" < Nahuatl xītomatl. For a more complete list see List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin.

Other expressions that are common in colloquial Mexican Spanish include:

 * : "soon; in a moment". Literally "right now". E.g. Ahorita que acabe, "As soon as I finish (this)". Considered informal.
 * : "fight" or "problem". Literally "aggressive woman or girl, or wild female animal". Commonly used among young people.
 * : "wild, untame". E.g. leche bronca: "unpasteurized milk".
 * : "bus"
 * : darn.
 * : "brother" or "bro"
 * : cheap, of bad quality.
 * (chava); (chamaca); : "a child, teen, or youngster". Also  (huerca),  (morra), and  are used in northern Mexico. All these terms except chilpayate are also found in their diminutives: chavito, chamaquito, huerquito, morrito. Considered informal.
 * : "to check (verify)"
 * (s): "breast(s)". From Nahuatl chīchīhualli . Considered informal.
 * : "cool, attractive, fun, etc." A variant common in the Northwest is, sometimes spelled and pronounced shilo.
 * : "trash; crap". Considered vulgar. Derived from.
 * : In northern Mexico, equivalent to the English term gangsta; in the rest of Mexico, equivalent to the Spanish term pandillero ("hooligan", "gang member"), which refers to young slum-dwellers living in conditions of extreme poverty, drug dependency, and malnutrition.
 * : "peach"
 * En un momento: "Just a minute", "Hold on a second", etc. Literally "in a moment".
 * : "a bratty child" or "squirt". From Nahuatl itzcuīntli, "dog".
 * : a filler word, similar to American English "um, uh". Literally, "this". Also used in other countries.
 * : The name of the letter X. Coming from the use of X as a variable in math, equis can be a noun modifier meaning "some", it can mean something is unimportant, or it can be an exclamation, used to show indifference towards the truth value of something previously said.
 * : messed-up
 * : a fair-haired or fair-skinned person. Derived from a term meaning "egg white".
 * güey, wey or buey: "dude", "guy" (literally, "ox"). As an adjective, "dumb", "asinine", "moronic", etc. Not to be confused with "Huey" from the Aztec title "Huey Tlatoani", in which "Huey" is a term of reverence.
 * hablar con: "to talk with (on the telephone)". Used in place of the standard llamar.
 * : red tomato, in contrast to tomatillos.
 * : "manly". Applied to a woman (macha): "manly" or "skillful". From macho, male.
 * : stuck up, arrogant. Considered vulgar.
 * : dumb, foolish. Euphemistic in nature.
 * naco: "a low-class, boorish, foolish, ignorant and/or uneducated person". Pejorative.
 * : (1) similar to English "Wow!" (2) "Okay". (3) Exclamation of surprised protest. Abbreviated ¡Ora! by low-class people in their uneducated variety. May be considered rude.
 * : used as an adjective to denote something "cool", attractive, good, fun, etc. E.g. Esta música está muy padre, "This music is very cool." Literally, "father".
 * : "problem" or "fight". Literally "fart". Also, in a greeting, ¿Qué pedo, güey? ("What's up, dude?"). As an adjective, "drunk", e.g. estar pedo, "to be drunk". Also the noun peda: "a drunken gathering". All forms are considered vulgar for their connection to pedo, "fart".
 * pelo chino: "curly hair". The word derives from the Spanish word cochino, "pig". The phrase originally referenced the casta (racial type) known as chino, meaning a person of mixed indigenous and African ancestry whose hair was curly. Sometimes erroneously thought to be derived from Spanish chino, "Chinese".
 * : "damned", "lousy", more akin to "freaking". E.g. Quita tu pinche música de aquí. ("Take your lousy music from here"). As a noun, literally, "kitchen assistant". Considered vulgar.
 * : "drinking straw". From Nahuatl popōtl, the name of a plant from which brooms and drinking straws are made, or the straws themselves.
 * : "to rent"
 * ¿Cómo la ves?: "What do you think about it?" Literally "How do you see it?"
 * : An exclamation, used variously to express surprise, frustration, etc. From hijo de... ("son of a..."). Also ¡Híjoles!.
 * : "Beg your pardon?". From mandar, "to order", formal command form. ¿Cómo? (literally "How?"), as in other countries, is also in use. The use of ¿Qué? ("What?") on its own is sometimes considered impolite, unless accompanied by a verb: ¿Qué dijiste? ("What did you say?").
 * : "What's up?". Literally, "What's the vibe?".
 * : to be worthless. Literally "to be worth (a) mother".

Most of the words above are considered informal (e.g. chavo(a), padre, güero, etc.), rude (güey, naco, ¿cómo (la) ves?, etc.) or vulgar (e.g. chingadera, pinche, pedo) and are limited to slang use among friends or in informal settings; foreigners need to exercise caution in their use. In 2009, at an audience for the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Mexico and the Netherlands, the then Crown Prince of the Netherlands, Willem-Alexander, made a statement to the audience with a word that, in Mexican Spanish, is considered very vulgar. Evidently oblivious to the word's different connotations in different countries, the prince's Argentine interpreter used the word chingada as the ending to the familiar Mexican proverb "Camarón que se duerme se lo lleva la corriente" (A sleeping shrimp is carried away by the tide), without realizing the vulgarity associated with the word in Mexico. The prince, also unaware of the differences, proceeded to say the word, to the bemusement and offense of some of the attendees.

Similar dialects
New Mexico Spanish has many similarities with an older version of Mexican Spanish, and can be considered part of a Mexican Spanish "macro-dialect". The small amount of Philippine Spanish has traditionally been influenced by Mexican Spanish, as the colony was initially administered from Mexico City before being administered directly from Madrid. Chavacano, a Spanish-based creole language in the Philippines, is based on Mexican Spanish. To outsiders, the accents of nearby Spanish-speaking countries in northern Central America, such as El Salvador and Guatemala, might sound similar to those spoken in Mexico, especially in central and southern Mexico.

Influence of Nahuatl
The Spanish of Mexico has had various indigenous languages as a linguistic substrate. Particularly significant has been the influence of Nahuatl, especially in the lexicon. However, while in the vocabulary its influence is undeniable, it is hardly felt in the grammar field. In the lexicon, in addition to the words that originated from Mexico with which the Spanish language has been enriched, such as tomate "tomato", hule "rubber", tiza "chalk", chocolate "chocolate", coyote "coyote", petaca "flask", et cetera; the Spanish of Mexico has many Nahuatlismos that confer a lexical personality of its own. It can happen that the Nahuatl word coexists with the Spanish word, as in the cases of cuate "buddy" and amigo "friend", guajolote "turkey" and pavo "turkey", chamaco "kid" and niño "boy", mecate "rope" and reata "rope", etc. On other occasions, the indigenous word differs slightly from the Spanish, as in the case of huarache, which is another type of sandal; tlapalería, hardware store, molcajete, a stone mortar, etc. Other times, the Nahuatl word has almost completely displaced the Spanish, tecolote "owl", atole "cornflour drink", popote "straw", milpa "cornfield", ejote "green bean", jacal "shack", papalote "kite", etc. There are many indigenismos "words of indigenous origin" who designate Mexican realities for which there is no Spanish word; mezquite "mesquite", zapote "sapota", jícama "jicama", ixtle "ixtle", cenzontle "mockingbird", tuza "husk", pozole, tamales, huacal "crate", comal "hotplate", huipil "embroidered blouse", metate "stone for grinding", etc. The strength of the Nahuatl substrate influence is felt less each day, since there are no new contributions.

 * Frequently used Nahuatlismos: aguacate "avocado", cacahuate "peanut", cacao "cocoa", coyote "coyote", cuate "buddy", chapulín "chapulin, chicle "gum", chocolate "chocolate", ejote "bean", elote "corn", huachinango "huachinango", guajolote "turkey", hule "rubber", jitomate "tomato", mayate "Mayan (used for people of African descent)", mecate "rope", milpa "cornfield", olote "corn husk", papalote "kite", petaca "flask" (per suitcase), piocha "goatee", zopilote "buzzard."
 * Moderately frequent Nahuatlismos: ajolote "axolotl", chichi "boob" (for female breast), jacal "shack, hut" xocoyote "youngest child", tecolote "owl", tianguis "street market", tlapalería "hardware store", zacate "grass."
 * Purépechismos or Tarasquismos: huarache "sandal", jorongo "poncho", cotorina "jerkin", soricua, tacuche "bundle of rags" (slang for suit), achoque "salamander", corunda pirecua.
 * Other non-Mexican indigenismos: arepa "flatbread corn", butaca "armchair", cacique "chief, headman", caimán "alligator", canoa "canoe", coatí "coati", colibrí "hummingbird", chirimoya "custard apple", naguas "rags", guayaba "guava", huracán "hurricane", iguana "iguana", jaguar "jaguar", jaiba "crab", jefén "jefen", loro "parrot", maguey "agave", maíz "corn", mamey "mammee", maní "peanut", ñame "yam", ñandú "rhea", papaya "papaya", piragua "canoe", puma "puma", tabaco "tobacco", tapioca " yuca "cassava."

Influence on phonology
The influence of Nahuatl on phonology seems restricted to the monosyllabic pronunciation of digraphs -tz- and -tl- (Mexico: / Spain : ), and to the various pronunciations of the letter -x-, coming to represent the sounds ', ', ', ' and . In the grammar, one can cite as influence of Nahuatl the extensive use of diminutives: The most common Spanish diminutive suffix is -ito/-ita. English examples are –y in doggy or -let in booklet. It can also be cited as influence of Nahuatl the use of the suffix -Le to give an emphatic character to the imperative. For example: brinca "jump" -> bríncale "jump", come "eat" -> cómele "eat", pasa "go/proceed" -> pásale "go/proceed", etc. This suffix is considered to be a crossover of the Spanish indirect object pronoun -le with the Nahua excitable interjections, such as cuele "strain." However, this suffix is not a real pronoun of indirect object, since it is still used in non-verbal constructions, such as hijo "son" -> híjole "damn", ahora "now" -> órale "wow","¿que hubo?" "what's up?" -> quihúbole "how's it going?", etc.

Although the suffix -le hypothesis as influence of Nahuatl has been widely questioned; Navarro Ibarra (2009) finds another explanation about -le intensifying character. The author warns that it is a defective dative clitic; instead of working as an indirect object pronoun, it modifies the verb. An effect of the modification is the intransitive of the transitive verbs that appear with this -le defective (ex. moverle "to move" it is not mover algo para alguien "to move something for someone" but hacer la acción de mover "to make the action of moving"). This intensifier use is a particular grammatical feature of the Mexican Spanish variant. In any case, it should not be confused the use of -le as verbal modifier, with the different uses of the pronouns of indirect object (dative) in the classical Spanish, as these are thoroughly used to indicate in particular the case genitive and the ethical dative. In what is considered one of the founding documents of the Spanish language, the poem of Mio Cid written around the year 1200, you can already find various examples of dative possessive or ethical.

Influence of English
Mexico has a border of more than 2,500 kilometers with the United States, and receives major influxes of American and Canadian tourists every year. More than 63% of the 57 million Latinos in the United States are assumed as of Mexican origin. English is the most studied foreign language in Mexico, and the third most spoken after Spanish and the native languages taken together. Given these circumstances, anglicisms in Mexican Spanish are continuously increasing (as they are also in the rest of the Americas and Spain), including filmar "to film", béisbol "baseball", club "club", coctel "cocktail", líder "leader", cheque "check", sándwich "sandwich", etc. Mexican Spanish also uses other anglicisms that are not used in all Spanish-speaking countries, including bye, ok, nice, cool, checar "to check", fólder "folder", overol "overalls", réferi "referee", lonchera "lunch bag", clóset "closet", maple "maple syrup", baby shower, etc.

English influence, at least in border cities, may result in lower use of the subjunctive, as indicated by a study finding that, among residents of Reynosa, greater contact with the American side correlated with lower use of the subjunctive. This parallels a greater reduction in the use of the subjunctive among Mexican-Americans.

The center of Hispanic Linguistics of UNAM carried out a number of surveys in the project of coordinated study of the cultured linguistic norms of major cities of Ibero-America and of the Iberian Peninsula. The total number of anglicisms was about 4% among Mexican speakers of urban norms. However, this figure includes anglicisms that permeated general Spanish long ago and which are not particular to Mexico, such as buffete, náilon "nylon", dólar "dollar", hockey, rimel, ron "rum", vagón "railroad car", búfer "buffer", and others.

The results of this research are summarized as follows:

 * Nouns are more likely to be loaned from English than other parts of speech.
 * Anglicisms in general use: O.K. (oquéi), bistec "(beef) steak", bye (bai), chequera "checkbook", clic "click", basquetbol "basketball", bate "baseball bat", béisbol "baseball", box(eo) "boxing", cláxon "horn", clip, clóset "closet", clutch, coctel "cocktail", champú or shampoo (shampú), cheque "check", DJ (diyei, disk jockey), romance, smoking or esmoquin, exprés "express", football (futból), gol "goal", hit, jonrón (homerun), jeep, jet, van, nocaut or knockout, líder "leader", náilon or nylon, overol "overalls", panqué "poundcake", pay "pie", pudín "pudding", baby shower, rating or ráting, reversa "reverse", rin (rim), round (raund), set, shorts, show, strike (stráik or estráik), suéter "sweater", pants, tenis (tennis shoes), thinner, super "super market", fólder "folder", tenis or tennis, vóleibol "volleyball", vallet parking, and güisqui or whisk(e)y.
 * Frequent Anglicisms: bar, bermudas (for Bermuda shorts), birra "beer", sport (type of clothing), switch.
 * Moderately used Anglicisms: barman "waiter", King/Queen size, grill, manager, penthouse, pullman, strapless, ziper or zipper.

Some examples of syntactic anglicisms, which coexist with the common variants, are:

 * Using the verb apply/applying. ("Apliqué a esa universidad", I applied to that university, instead of "Postulé a esta universidad", I applied to this university)
 * Using the verb to assume with suppose. ("Asumo que sí va a ir a la fiesta", I assume he is going to the party, instead of "Supongo que sí va a ir a la fiesta", I guess he will go to the party)
 * Using the verb access with access to. ("Accesa a nuestra página de internet", Access our website, instead of "Accede a nuestra página de internet", Access our website).

title: Mexican Spanish


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Janusz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:05, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Janusz
The introduction states, "One could ask, what is "Janusz". Well, this all started in the year 2005 between January and Febraury, and was thought up by the grade 8 students (gifted program of Mr. Prugo) of St. Jerome, located on Paisley Road in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada." I state, "Vanity neologistic toilet humor, of no interest whatsoever to anybody." —Korath (Talk) 03:27, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, trivial essay, un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 05:35, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Jonathunder 05:38, 2005 Feb 19 (UTC)
 * Delete. Well, this all started in the year 2005 between January and Febraury. -- Too new and not notable. Zzyzx11 05:40, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm trying to remember the name of the month between January and February, but it's not coming to me. Anyway, 'delete this as someone's personal slang. I've made up dozens of new terms, but you don't see me writing articles about them (though it has been my goal to introduce the word "hirsh" to the English language). -R. fiend 06:18, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yet another group of schoolchildren so eager to immortalize their neologism by putting it in the dictionary ... that they add it to the encyclopaedia instead. Delete. I point out moreover that the final paragraph makes the page a copyright problem, as the page's author is not licencing the copyright on what xe wrote according to the GFDL. Uncle G 01:54, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)
 * Keep. If slang is not allowed in Wikipedia then why is there a definition for "Yo" as in "Yo, what's up?". In the English language, Janusz is an interjection. It is linguistically interchangeable with other words. If you have a problem with this, then complain about "Yo" as well, otherwise take this Janusz somewhere else. 24.100.250.167 08:30, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * slang is allowed. Junk someone just made up isn't. -- John Fader 20:41, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, the problem is not that it's an interjection, the problem is that this word appears to have no general currency. Kappa 08:49, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it--nixie 12:14, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This "article" is turning into a chat page.  should have been speedy deleted.  RickK 00:04, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The subject of the article falls below the threshold for notability, and the article itself contains no encyclopedic facts. -- John Fader 00:10, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)'
 * Keep'.It is a very informative article on the life of schoolchildren. Psychologists could use this in their research.It is a good, informative, and legitimate article. Otherwise, the article on "Yo" would be removed as well. (comment added by User:199.43.172.254)
 * Keep. This is just as justified as anything else on wikipedia. Slang is allowed, so should be Janusz. Please take this Janusz somewhere else. (comment added by User:199.43.172.254, same as vote above)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Janusz


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rimrock

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:26, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Rimrock
Dicdef, formerly a copyvio dicdef. Wiktionary and delete. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:27, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and transwiki. Inter 12:05, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or delete --but it's now a geology stub as well as a disambig . 12.74.168.165 20:32, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Changed mind. 12.74.168.228 00:07, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's a decent stub now. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 00:12, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Much less dicdef than before. Withdrawing my deletion vote. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:55, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rimrock


text:
Barry Burton

Barry Burton (バリー・バートン) is a character in Resident Evil (Biohazard in Japan), a survival horror video game series created by the Japanese company Capcom. He was first introduced as a supporting character in the original Resident Evil (1996) and became a player character in Resident Evil: Revelations 2 (2015).

Created by director Shinji Mikami and designer Isao Ohishi, Billy Burton was added to the first Resident Evil game later in development. They originally designed a muscular cyborg named Gelzer, before deciding that the game should emphasize horror instead of science fiction. Burton re-used some of Gelzer's design and story elements, such as his massive stature, military background, and status as a member of Special Tactics and Rescue Service.

Video game publications have described Barry as among the best and most likable characters in the Resident Evil franchise. Several publications also praised the character's writing, and he has gained popularity due to his awkward dialogue in the original Resident Evil game.

Concept and design
Barry Burton was introduced in Capcom's 1996 survival horror video game Resident Evil. The character was originally created by director Shinji Mikami and designer Isao Ohishi. Unlike mainstay characters Chris Redfield and Jill Valentine, Burton was not included in the original game design. According to writer Kenichi Iwao, he had designed a cyborg character named Gelzer, before deciding that his science fiction elements were inappropriate for the game's horror aesthetic. Some of Gelzer's design elements were recycled into Burton, including his large stature and military experience. Burton also took on some of the story elements previously intended for Gelzer, such as supporting the ceiling in the shotgun trap area to save the player from being crushed.

Iwao wanted a name that was easy to remember, so he chose the alliterative name Barry Burton. Initially, Iwao wanted Burton to be a black character, but his final design became white after opposition from designer Hideki Kamiya. For the first Resident Evil, designer Jun Takeuchi helped create Burton's in-game character model. He suggested giving Barry a red vest to help differentiate him from the other characters. Mikami thought Burton's model data was too slim, so he made him a little fatter, but not so much that the character became unrealistic. Then they "made him look tough outside, and motion is "old man" to make balance." While making Resident Evil: Revelations 2, Michiteru Okabe responded to Burton's popularity by adding his daughter, Moira, as a playable character.

Voice-over and live-action actors
Barry Gjerde voiced Barry Burton in his initial appearance in the American release of the original Resident Evil. In the original Resident Evil, which uses live-action cinematics, Barry is played by a retired principal, Greg Smith. Smith recalls earning the role due to his resemblance to the character design, as well as his ability to act as a "rudimentary character that stifles around, stiff-legged. [...] It was close to 2000 dollars American a day or something. It was good money back in 1995."

The character was later voiced by Ed Smaron in the remake of Resident Evil, Michael McConnohie in Resident Evil: Revelations 2, and Jamieson Pric in both Resident Evil 5 and Resident Evil: The Mercenaries 3D. In Japan, he was voiced by Yusaku Yara for both the original Resident Evil and its remake, as well as Resident Evil: Revelations 2. For the animated film Resident Evil: Retribution, Burton was voiced by Kevin Durand.

In the Resident Evil series
In the Resident Evil series of games, Barry Burton appears as a member of the Special Tactics and Rescue Service (S.T.A.R.S.) alpha team. He makes his first appearance in the first Resident Evil game, which is set in a mansion near the fictional town of Raccoon City in 1998. Burton and his team search the mansion for their colleagues, working more closely with the player character if they select Jill Valentine. Burton helps discover that the property is a façade for a biological warfare laboratory operated by the Umbrella Corporation, and its undead occupants are the scientists who developed the T-virus mutagen. Their commander, Albert Wesker, is revealed to be a double agent for Umbrella. Burton, Valentine, and Chris Redfield are among the five survivors of the incident, who form a strong relationship around their shared opposition to bioterrorism. Burton returns in Resident Evil 3: Nemesis (1999), where he helps Valentine and Carlos Oliveira escape from Raccoon City as it is destroyed.

Burton becomes a playable character in the spinoff game Resident Evil: Revelations 2 (2015). Set in 2013, Burton travels to an island after receiving a distress call from his estranged daughter, Moira, who is trapped with Redfield's sister, Claire. Soon after arriving, Barry meets a young girl called Natalia Korda, who search for Moira and Claire among many monsters. Natalia had met the two women, but was separated from them by antagonist Alex Wesker. Burton arrives in time to interrupt Wesker's efforts to transfer her soul into Natalie, and leading to the game's main conflict. As Burton begins to believe that Wesker killed Moira, he eventually kills Alex with the help of Moira and Claire. It is revealed in the "good ending" that Alex succeeded in transferring her soul into Natalia so she may live on.

Burton appears as a playable character in the mobile game Resident Evil: Genesis (2001), the Game Boy Color game Resident Evil Gaiden (2001), and Resident Evil: The Mercenaries 3D (2011). There is also a Mercenaries Reunion minigame in Resident Evil 5: Gold Edition (2015), where Burton is also a playable character.

Other media
Barry appears in the non-canon live-action Resident Evil film Resident Evil: Retribution (2012). Several comic books based on the games were released, and he is a character in Bandai's Resident Evil Deck Building Card Game (2011). Capcom's themed restaurant Biohazard Cafe & Grill S.T.A.R.S., which opened in Shibuya, Tokyo, in 2012, sold a noodle dish named after him.

Reception
Barry has received mostly positive reviews. Barry has been called as one of the greatest Resident Evil characters by Zac Thompsons of Bloody Disgusting. He claimed to have taken on the role of Jill in his first Resident Evil game; a decision that gave his encounter a majestic aspect that he would not have otherwise had. The majesty manifested in Barry Burton's "flowing red beard, flawed logic, compulsive confusion, tactical prowess, and eloquence encapsulated." No other character in the series, according to Zac, arouses as much anticipation with just their appearance. Zac also referred him to be the Adam West of the Resident Evil universe, and claimed that "his memory still burns in the minds of his many fans". Barry is among the most loved characters in the history of the franchise, according to Aoife Wilson of Eurogamer. In the end, Wilson referred to him as a "big confused cult-wielding teddy bear" and said that he is incredibly quotable, has always been there for Jill when she needs him, and frequently shows up at the right times. According to Melissa Sarnowski of Screen Rant, Barry Burton's debut in the first Resident Evil made him the best non-player character. She went on to say that Barry's clever one-liners and well-rounded biography helped him establish himself as Resident Evil's greatest non-player character very fast. Maxwell McGee of GamesRadar+ called Barry a "comedy goldmine." He added that Barry "has always been a fan-favorite among Resident Evil fans, most notably for his voice actor's amazing work in the original Resident Evil. IGN staffs described Barry as one of the best playable Resident Evil characters, saying that "he’s a charismatic buffoon with a heart of gold, and out of all the characters you’ll meet playing Resident Evil, he’s the most likeable."

The first Resident Evil game, according to digital media scholar Esther MacCallum-Stewart, gained notoriety for its "very clunky dialogue and voice acting, an element which lent the otherwise suspenseful game an element of charm that endeared it to players." Although she explains that the weak dialogue might be attributed to poor translation of the original Japanese text, she said this inadvertently helped differentiate the series from its rivals. Several lines from the game achieved enduring popularity: "You were almost a Jill sandwich", a remark made by Barry in an unnatural voiceover after a falling ceiling trap nearly crushes Jill, was brought back to life as an Internet meme ten years after the game's debut. Multiple sources have also noted that line. Capcom referenced the line in several of their later games, including Dead Rising (2006), Resident Evil: Uprising (2009), and Resident Evil: Revelations 2 (2015). Another piece of dialogue spoken by Barry – "Jill, here's a lock pick. It might be handy if you, the master of unlocking, take it with you" – also gained notoriety. The quote has been also parodied for containing an excessive amount of silence between words. It was removed from later editions.

title: Barry Burton


text:
Mintaka Pass

The Mintaka Pass or Mingteke Pass or Mintika Pass is a mountain pass in the Karakorum Mountains, between northern Pakistan and Xinjiang in China. In ancient times, the Mintaka Pass and the nearby Kilik Pass, 30 km to the west, were the two main access points into Gojal (the upper Hunza Valley) from the north. The Hunza Valley is a mountainous valley near Gilgit in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. In addition, the two passes were also the routes used to reach Chalachigu Valley and Taghdumbash Pamir from the south. The name of the pass – Mintaka means "a thousand ibex" in Kyrgyz.

History
During ancient times, Mintaka Pass and Kilik Pass were the shortest and quickest ways into Northern India from the Tarim Basin and were usually open all year, but extremely dangerous and only suited for travellers on foot. From Tashkurgan one travelled just over 70 km south to the junction of the Minteke River, modern day Chalachigu River. Heading some 80 km west up this valley one reached the Mintaka Pass, (and 30 km further, the alternative Kilik Pass), which both led into upper Hunza, from where one could travel over the infamous rafiqs or "hanging passages" to Gilgit and, from there, on to either Kashmir, or to the Gandharan plains.

Laden animals could be taken over the Mintaka and Kilik passes into upper Hunza (both open all year), but then loads would have to be carried by coolie (porters) to Gilgit (an expensive and dangerous operation). From there, cargoes could be reloaded onto pack animals again and taken either east to Kashmir and then on to Taxila (a long route), or west to Chitral which provided relatively easy access to either Jalalabad, or Peshawar via Swat.

The "Sacred Rock of Hunza" has numerous petroglyphs depicting mounted horseman and ibex along with Kharoshthi inscriptions that mention Saka and Pahlava rulers. Historians assess that Maues must have used the Karakorum route via Mintaka or Kilik passes to capture Taxila in the first century BCE.

Mintaka Pass was the main route used until the recent advance of glaciers. After the glaciation of Mintaka Pass, Kilik Pass has been favoured by caravans coming from China and Afghanistan as it is wider, free of glaciers and has enough pasture for caravan animals.

Current status
In 1966, when the Karakoram Highway connecting Pakistan and China was being constructed, Pakistan initially favored routing through Mintaka Pass. However, China, citing the fact that Mintaka was more susceptible to air strikes, recommended the steeper and higher Khunjerab Pass instead. Eventually, the new Karakoram Highway was built through the Khunjerab Pass.

As of late 2010s, on the Pakistani side, there are some trekking companies that offer tours to Mintaka Pass. On the Chinese side, the entire valley around Mintaka Pass is closed to visitors; however, local residents and herders from the area are permitted to access.

title: Mintaka Pass


text: Category:High schools in South Korea

title: Category:High schools in South Korea