text:
Mariposa (fictional town)

Mariposa is a fictional Canadian town created by Stephen Leacock as the setting for a series of short stories. Commissioned by The Montreal Star newspaper, they were later collected and published in one volume as Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town. Since then, many attempts have been made to expand the canon, present it in a different form or make reference to it.

Although the author publicly denied it, the town is closely modelled on the town of Orillia, Ontario, and its inhabitants. He named it after one or more nearby communities, which had borne versions of that name in real life, and have since disincorporated: Mariposa, Ontario, and Mariposa Beach. Leacock was a professor of political economy at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, but he had a summer home at Old Brewery Bay. The names of the characters in the stories were altered to avoid potential libel lawsuits when the stories were published in book form in 1912.

Mariposa has been a subject of academic research in a number of fields, such as small town heritage preservation, and in literary studies of Leacock writings.

The remainder of this article will provide information on Mariposa in the form of a regular geographic entry as if it really existed, with references to the facts associated with the non-fictional models.

Geography
Mariposa, Ontario, nicknamed Hull Town, is situated between Lake Ossawippi and Lake Wissanotti (modelled on Lake Couchiching and Lake Simcoe, although with features that radically depart from both). The Ossawippi River joins these two lakes, and the Lower Ossawippi River feeds into the northern end of Lake Wissanotti. The community is located on the Canadian Shield and hence the soil is rocky and supports mostly slow-growing evergreen trees.

Politically, Mariposa is located in Missinaba County (modelled on Simcoe County and possibly taking its name from the Missinaibi River near Chapleau, Ontario) which was surveyed in a grid pattern. The town is the metropolis of surrounding rural Tecumseh Township (modelled on Tecumseth Township in Simcoe County), from which it was created in the 19th century, and serves as the judicial district but not county seat. It is only one hundred miles north of the provincial metropolis (modelled on Toronto).

Demographics
The official census conducted by the federal government lists a population of about five thousand, not counting outlying districts such as Tecumseh Corners, Nichols Corners, Third Concession and Fourth Concession. Other ordinarily reliable sources, including the local agent for the collection of Ontario's vital statistics and the town's two newspapers, estimate that the population is as high as nearly ten thousand.

The ethnic origins of most residents are from the British Isles, the descendants of whom have overwhelmed the indigenous Missinabi population. Major sources of in migration are the Maritime provinces, northern Ontario and Massachusetts. Major destinations of out migration, especially for educational and economic reasons, are the nearby provincial metropolis.

Mariposans follow diverse Christian denominations according to their ethnic origins, but the Anglicans are clearly most dominant, followed in no particular order by Presbyterians, Salvationists, Methodists and Roman Catholics. Mallory Thomkins of the Times-Herald newspaper is the only outspoken agnostic or atheist.

Economy
There are several sectors of the economy, and each will be discussed in turn.

Primary industry and agriculture
Mariposa was attractive to its first inhabitants as a source of primary industries. Swampy areas near the Ossawippi River and nearby shallow reedy areas on Lake Wissanotti itself provided excellent homes for waterfowl and excellent killing grounds for duck hunters. Both fowl and human feasted on abundant bass, chub and the native maskinonge (piscis mariposis) fish.

The townsite was occupied by pine and hemlock woods and its reduced remains still ring the town. Choice hardwoods like elm and maple are south of Mariposa, while north of town are tamarack and willow. Although Mariposa is south of Spanish River lumber country, it still maintains a planing factory or sawmill on the lakeshore near the railway siding and every spring there is a huge influx of rough lumbermen.

In the immediate vicinity of Mariposa, there are some fair crop farms, but in the extremities of Tecumseh Township and Missinaba County, forbidding rocks, fetid swamps and dense forests of the north country of the Canadian or Laurentian Shield make the soil large scale cultivation of grains or fruits impractical. Livestock farming is somewhat more successful, and the Mariposa Packing Company is always kept busy.

Secondary industry, commerce and finance
Excluding the sawmill, there is very little industry in town, notably only the Mariposa Carriage Co. This may be partly explained by the erratic nature of the distribution of hydro-electric power generated by the dam on the Lower Ossiwipi River nineteen miles (30 km) north at the rapids.

Only on official occasions is the forty or so foot wide bustling downtown thoroughfare of Mariposa called by its proper name, Missinaba Street (after the county and based on Mississaga Street in Orillia), rather than Main Street. Among the many shops there are Pharmaceutical Hall (Jim Eliot's drug store), Pete Glover and Alf McNichol's co-located hardware and paint stores and Ed Moore's photo shop. Similarly, services downtown include lawyers, doctors, dentists, Jefferson "Jeff" Thorpe's barbershop and, when it is all over, Golgotha Gingham's funeral home.

Mariposa boasts two branches of major banks: the Commercial Bank (modelled on what is now the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce) and the Exchange Bank (modelled on what is now the National Bank of Canada). Robertson's Coal and Wood Office was divided to serve as Mariposa Mining Exchange during the investment boom in junior mining companies.

Thorpe earned 5312% profit after investing in Northern Star mine in northern Ontario. Trying to continue his financial success, he invested his profits in the Cuban Land Development Company whose corporate headquarters was a P.O. box in New York City. Unfortunately, police discovered this to be a fraud and Thorpe lost not only his own money but undertook to repay Mariposans whom he had helped to invest in the dubious scheme.

Tourism
In recent years, tourism has become the backbone of the town as city folk take the short train trip north. Town architecture is preserved and enhanced, mainly through the activity of hotelier Josh Smith who not only rebuilt and expanded his own property but also replaced the façade of the Anglican church.

Smith's hotel has long been a fixture of the town, and when he bought it around 1908. The hotel has borne many names both before and after his acquisition of it, in approximate order: the Royal Hotel, the Queen's Hotel, the Alexandria Hotel, Smith's Ladies’ and Gent's (sic) Café, Smith's Summer Pavilion, Smith's Tourists’ Emporium, Smith's Northern Health Resort, Smith's Northern Health Resort and Home of the Wissanotti Angler, and Smith's British Arms. Clearly, Josh Smith dominates the hospitality industry, but visitors may also stay at the Continental Hotel, operated by Pete Robinson, or Mariposa House, containing a billiard room. There are also seven short-stay cottages located along Lake Wissanotti.

Communications
Although it is a small town located in a rural county, Mariposa maintains close connections with the rest of Ontario, Canada and the world. The downtown post office, with Alf Trelawney as its postmaster, served impartially under Liberal government of Alexander Mackenzie as well as the Conservative government of John A. Macdonald.

The town took to advanced technology very early, having a telephone exchange staffed with four women operators in 1912. The telegraph office, operated by Billy Rawson, linked Mariposa by telegraph wires along Main Street to the nearby county seat (modelled on Barrie) and the provincial metropolis.

For such a small town, the fourth estate is amply represented by two widely read newspapers (modelled on the Orillia Packet-Times and the Owen Sound Sun-Times). The Mariposa Newspacket supports the Conservative Party and its editor wears his blue temperance ribbon of the Knights of Pythias. The Mariposa Times-Herald supports the Liberal Party and its editor published the famous partisan screed from Patriotus Canadiensis.

Transportation
Mariposa has good transportation networks. Rail transit is provided by the transcontinental trains which roll through the town, usually at night. Unfortunately, scruffy miners and coiffed millionaires from the city rarely stop to offload or load. For that, one must board the Mariposa Local which links the town to the city one hundred miles to the south.

Once commercial travellers from the city arrive from the 6:30 a.m. express train, or before they wish to leave the Main Street hotel strip to catch the 5:30 p.m. train to the city, they take the hotel shuttle into downtown. Otherwise, there is no common carrier public transit in town so even bank employees use their feet or bicycles.

Since 1972, the stationary dining cars of the Ossawippi Express have served as a reminder of the area's proud railway history, and given residents and visitors a classy place to eat out.

Mariposa Belle was the name of its notoriously unseaworthy steamship which cruised at 4 mi/h. Its only scheduled departures from the wharf built by the federal government were for scenic cruises on May 24 and July 1 (that is, Victoria Day and Canada Day). Many locals and visitors took chartered day excursions twenty miles (32 km) north to Indian Island (modelled on Georgina Island Indian reserve on Lake Simcoe and Chiefs Island of the Rama Indian Reserve on Lake Couchiching) on Lake Wissanotti. Locals groups, including Knights of Pythias and Sons of Temperance, also take day trips to local option dry townships in Missinaba County.

In 1987, a new paddlewheeled cruise ship also called Mariposa Belle began operating in Toronto. In contrast to its namesake, conspicuous and considerable consumption of food and alcohol is the sole purpose of this ship.

Government and services
Judicial oversight is provided by Judge Philip Pepperleigh, a staunch Conservative, has sat on the bench of the Mariposa Court House for years since emigrating from the Maritimes. Sometimes, it seems more like judicial oversight when he ignores the arguments of Macartney, the prosecuting (i.e., Crown) attorney. For example, Pepperleigh acquitted his own son for hitting a prominent Liberal and fined publican Josh Smith for not opening his bar after hours to accommodate His Honour.

The greatest threat to public safety is fire, so the volunteer fire brigade was organized by townsmen. Its lone fire engine is parked at the Fire Hall at the main intersection, and both are funded by proceeds of the Firemen's Ball held each winter.

The only other safety and health organizations in town are the marine life station on Lake Wissanotti and the Mariposa Hospital. The former's 14-man Mackinaw rescue boat was rescued by the Mariposa Belle when both sank. The latter's source of income is almost exclusively public subscription.

However, the greatest source of the threat to public safety proved to be Josh Smith, de facto chief of the volunteer fire department. Witnesses told detectives brought up from Toronto that they saw Smith in suspicious circumstances before a fire destroyed the debt-ridden Anglican church and that only later did he return to organize the fire fighting effort. Nonetheless, Judge Pepperleigh acquitted Smith of arson and insurance fraud.

Other minor officialdom is stabled at the county seat, where the License Commissioners grant or withdraw liquor licences based in part on the adherence to an 11 p.m. last call. Undertaker Golgotha Gingham doubles as the provincially appointed collector of vital statistics.

Public education is directed by the School Board which operates several primary schools in the township (e.g., Tecumseh Corners School House and Concession School House) and one high school. Mariposa High School offers a full spectrum of instruction including English literature, drama, music and biology. The Mariposa Mechanics’ Institute, blessed with Gallagher collection donated by one of the town's most learned men, provides adults with opportunities for self-education and continuing education.

Politics
Municipal politics are normally sedate, with several leading members of the council and community such as businessman Pete Glover taking turns annually as mayor. The only incumbent known outside the town was Harry J. Boyle, concurrently the chairman of the CBC in 1967. The only moderately controversial feature of municipal politics is the local option on Prohibition, which even temperance organizations sometimes find inconvenient.

However, normally staid federal politics become very important and divisive at election time. Religious solidarity is torn apart. The Rev. Mr. Rupert Drone, the Anglican priest, preaches the Conservative message from his pulpit despite the fact his brother Edward Drone ran as an Independent on an anti-corruption platform. Likewise the Presbyterian minister supports the Conservative Party regardless of the fact that twenty-year veteran Liberal MP John Henry Bagshaw is a co-religionist and is seen as a supporter of that community.

Professional solidarity is also rent asunder, as Judge Pepperleigh is a Conservative, Dr. Gallagher is a Liberal and Dr. Joe Milligan is a Conservative. Business solidarity is also rather tenuous. The Continental Hotel is used as Conservative election headquarters while Mariposa House is used by the Liberals. Prior to the 1911 election, Josh Smith maintained his hotel as a politically multi-partisan (or Independent-Liberal-Conservative-Imperialist) place.

After Smith won his liquor license back, he gained political favour by operating the best hotel in town and donating $100 to each of the established political parties, the Mariposa Hospital and other worthy charities. He paid the touring amusement ride operator enough cash so that all children could ride for free that day.

Based on his growing popularity, Smith unexpectedly became the conservative candidate in the federal election of 1911. The main election issues were reciprocity and Naval Service, but Smith deftly sat on the fence on these issues. He deftly deflected all the mud the incumbent MP slung his way, and through deft manipulation of the mob mentality and telecommunications Smith achieved an electoral upset by defeating Bagshaw. He was, however, silent in victory.

Culture and entertainment
Culture and entertainment are intimately entwined in Mariposa. They are organized mainly along religious denominational lines but also in secular fraternal and civic societies, so these two components will be treated separately.

Religious culture and entertainment
The dominant religion is Anglicanism, and the Church of England Church (as it is locally known) is the venue for most Anglican pastimes Its programs include the Mother's Auxiliary, the Girls Auxiliary, the Infants School, the Book Club, the Bible Study Class, a choir, and Willing Workers of the Church of England and its youth wing the Early Workers’ Guild.

Dean Drone has served the church since about 1870, but his financial acumen is dubious. When he tore down the original stone church and erected a wooden replacement, the debt crushed the congregation. The Whirlwind Campaign designed to retire debt achieved only 0.04% of its ambitious $250,000 goal. The lay leadership including Gingham, Nivens and Mullins forced Drone to accept a curate to take over most of his duties, except the Infants School.

Protestants are also active on the Mariposa cultural and religious scene. The Salvation Army conducts its street ministry at the main intersection downtown, and solicits funds as Smith's Hotel even though it is the watering hole in town. The Methodist Social has poetry readings, and the Presbyterian Church will even accept Anglicans like Zena Pepperleigh, the district judge's daughter, as curious visitors to its divine services.

Roman Catholics understandably keep a low profile in town, since every July 12 the Orangemen's Parade is celebrated by Mariposans with flourish. St. Patrick's Day, St. Andrew's Day, St. George's Day, Independence Day and July 1 are also popularly celebrated. Despite the overt activity of the Orangemen, Catholics hold an annual summer picnic at which the Salvation Army band plays. Anglicans are also known to drop in on Catholic masses, but only in the city where their attendance is anonymous and will not lead to social complications.

Secular culture and entertainment
In addition to overt or primarily religious organizations operating directly as part of the diverse Christian denominations of Mariposa, there are many secular or ecumenical organizations the civic-minded resident may join. The Young Men's Christian Association offers a physical and spiritual outlet for Mariposians, especially those like bank clerk Peter Pupkin who moved to the town from away.

Organized amateur sports are very popular in Mariposa. One may join the Ball Club, Lacrosse Club, Curling Club, Mariposa Canoe Club, Snow Shoe Club, and the Mariposa Tennis Club (behind Dr. Gallagher's house). Foot races are organized on Indian Island during Mariposa Belle excursions. Sleigh riding, sport fishing and duck hunting are also very popular solitary or small group pastimes.

Music and dancing are incorporated into many secular activities, since these are often very circumscribed if not outright banned in a religious environment (except for the Salvation Army, which makes music a central part of its ministry). The uniformed town band, with at least ten members, plays its coronets every Wednesday in the municipal park. The Mariposa Quartette, the Oddfellows’ Brass Band and the Knights of Pythias band are also active. The fundraising Firemen's Ball is the highlight of the winter social season, eclipsing even the Oyster Supper of Knights of Pythias.

The usual fraternal societies were active in the town: Freemasons, Oddfellows, Foresters. More regional or local cross-denominational or secular organizations are: Knights of Pythias (which has Dean Drone as chaplain), Sons of Temperance (whose members sometimes stray) and The Girls’ Friendly Society (since they are barred from the Pythians).

References and external links

 * Andrew, Allan. (prod.) “Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town,” Stage 47. December 1, 1946. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), Toronto.
 * Ferris, Ina. ”The Face in the Window: Sunshine Sketches Reconsidered," Studies in Canadian Literature. 1978. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton.
 * Katz, Stephen. (Prod. and dir.) "The Great Mariposa Train Robbery," Morningside. March 17, 1989. CBC, Toronto.
 * Leacock, Stephen. Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town. Ms. Library and Archives Canada still images and compendia.
 * Leacock, Stephen. Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town. 1912. Bell and Cockburn, Toronto. Republished various times, among them ISBN 0-7710-9984-3, ISBN 1-896133-34-7, ISBN 1-55111-178-0 and ISBN 1-894003-20-9.
 * Leacock, Stephen. Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town. Gutenberg Project electronic version
 * Leacock, Stephen. ‘’Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town." LiteratureClassics.com electronic version
 * Legate, David M. Stephen Leacock: A Biography. 1970. Doubleday, Toronto. Especially pp. 61–64.
 * Ossawippi Express. 1972-. Railway car restaurant, Orillia.
 * Packet & Times. 1874-. Newspaper, Orillia.
 * Rae, Johnny. (Prod.) "The Hero of Mariposa," CBC Wednesday Night. March 31, 1954. CBC, Toronto.
 * Tweed, Tommy. (Prod.) "The Great Election," CBC Wednesday Night. March 9, 1949. CBC, Toronto.
 * Tweed, Tommy. (Prod.) "The Hostelry of Mr. Smith," CBC Wednesday Night. Nov. 30, 1949. CBC, Toronto.

title: Mariposa (fictional town)


text:
Brighton Line

Brighton Line can refer to:
 * BMT Brighton Line, a rapid transit line of the New York City Subway
 * Brighton Main Line, a railway line between London and Brighton, England

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brighton Line


text:
Liffey Valley

Liffey Valley Shopping Centre is a shopping centre located in Dublin 22, Ireland which comprises 80 stores and 20 restaurants. The centre opened on October 14, 1998 and is located near the junction of the M50 motorway and N4 road closely surrounded by Lucan to the west, Palmerstown Village to the east and Clondalkin to the south. The centre was a scaled-down replacement for a much larger complex once mooted for the site, known as Quarryvale, the development of which was highly controversial.

Tenants
Anchor tenants at the centre are Ireland's largest Marks & Spencer, Dunnes Stores, Next, and Ireland's largest Boots. In 2010 large H&M and New Look fashions stores opened in the centre of the mall. The centre is home to Vue Dublin cinemas (formerly Ster Century Dublin). One of the anchor tenants at the time of opening was Ireland's only branch of C&A, which closed when the parent firm exited the UK market. This unit was taken by Dunnes Stores.

An associated retail park, The Retail Park, Liffey Valley, is nearby, with several warehouse-style stores, these include; McDonald's, MaxiZoo, Carpetright, The Range, Party City & Currys

Renovations
In February 2015, Liffey Valley announced that it was to begin a €26 million expansion of the shopping centre. The expansion had brought six new restaurants to the shopping centre including Prezzo and TGI Fridays, as well as expanding the Vue cinema and building a new Penneys which opened on 6 December 2016. Tesco opened in the summer of 2018, and was expected to create 450 new jobs.

The construction of the Penneys Store marked the first new store opening in a decade, leading the branch at Liffey Valley to be more modernized, incorporating an Insomnia cafe within the confines of the shop. The general extensions at Liffey Valley attracted significant media interest, and have rejuvenated the local economy. Further extensions were refused planning permission by An Bord Pleanala as they would be detrimental to traffic congestion.

In April 2020 property group Hines submitted a €135 million plan for a major extension to the Liffey Valley Centre in Dublin. The mixed leisure, entertainment and retail extension will include a large public plaza, and creating a new east-west street at the centre. There will also be two large retail units on either side of the plaza.

A new TK Maxx has been built beside the new entrance beside Penneys and opened in 2021.

Transport
Liffey Valley Shopping Centre is served by Dublin Bus routes C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, P29, L53, X25, X26, X27, X28, X30, X31, X32, 26, G2, and Go-Ahead Ireland routes L51, S4, W2 and W4.

On the 19th of February 2023, a brand new "Bus Plaza" opened serving routes G2, 26, 76, 76a, L51 and L53. It is located 100 feet from the front entrance of the shopping centre and is part of the BusConnects programme.

Note that the C-spine routes, P29, X routes and W4 do not operate to the shopping centre building, but rather to stops on the N4 dual carriageway which is linked to the shopping centre via a footbridge.

Planning impropriety
For two decades an actual "town centre" had been planned in a central location to serve the Lucan, Clondalkin and Palmerstown areas. But Liffey Valley was built to the northeastern extremity of the area it was originally planned to serve. This meant, as noted by Jerry Barnes, chairman of the Royal Town Planning Institute, that the residents of Lucan, Clondalkin and Palmerstown "have been left for 20 years without an appropriately centrally located town centre which is easily accessible to all. This has very serious long-term implications for thousands of people".

Thirty Dublin councillors were investigated by the Mahon Tribunal over allegations about accepting bribes relating to the rezoning of land in Quarryvale. Seán Ardagh was named in the tribunal's report as having received contributions from lobbyist Frank Dunlop and developer Owen O'Callaghan, and the report names other councillors as "hopelessly compromised" due to their associations with the project.

Reviews

 * TripAdvisor reviews

title: Liffey Valley


text: User talk:63.207.54.241

title: User talk:63.207.54.241


text:
Undermining (chess)

Undermining (also known as removal of the guard, or removing the defender) is a chess tactic in which a defensive piece is captured, leaving one of the opponent's pieces undefended or under-defended. The opponent has the unpalatable choice of recapturing or saving the undefended piece. A possible response is to sacrifice the piece whose defense was undermined before capturing the piece which just took the defender.

Example
Kramnik–Topalov in the seventh round of the 2004 Linares chess tournament reached the diagrammed position with White to play. The black knight on a4 is defended only by the black pawn on b5. White undermined the knight with '''1. Bxb5'''. The game continued '''1... Rxb5 2. Rxa4''', with a net gain of a pawn for White.

Black may attempt 1...Nxb2, disposing of the unguarded knight and hoping for 2.Kxb2 Rxb5+ to regain the lost pawn. After 2.Rb3, however, Black can only save the knight with 2...Rxb5 3.Rxb5, leaving White an exchange up instead of just a pawn.

title: Undermining (chess)


text: User talk:69.68.106.211

title: User talk:69.68.106.211


text:
Portal:Astronomy/Did you know/Archive 1

...that a Bok globule is a dark cloud of dense dust and gas, first observed by astronomer Bart Bok in the 1940s, in which star formation is taking place within the H II region?

...that Kordylewski clouds are large concentrations of dust that orbit Earth at the distance of the Moon?

...that the trans-Planckian problem refers to the appearance of unlikely quantities beyond the Planck scale in black-hole physics and inflationary cosmology?

...that most contemporary robotic telescopes are in the hands of amateur astronomers?

...that the Milky Way's galactic halo contains many globular clusters?

...that pole stars change over time because stars exhibit a slow but distinct drift with respect to the Earth's axis?

...that gravitational collapse is a leading cause of star death?

...that the biggest telescope in the Southern Hemisphere will be the Southern African Large Telescope, opening later this year?

...that scientists are testing Einstein's theory of general relativity with Gravity Probe B, an artificial satellite?

title: Portal:Astronomy/Did you know/Archive 1


text:
House band

A house band is a group of musicians, often centrally organized by a band leader, who regularly play at an establishment. It is widely used to refer both to the bands who work on entertainment programs on television or radio, and to bands which are the regular performers at a nightclub, especially jazz and R&B clubs. The term can also refer to a group that plays sessions for a specific recording studio. House bands on television shows usually play only cover songs instead of originals, and they play during times that commercials would be seen by the home viewing audience. Therefore, only those present in the studio during the show's taping see their full performances.

History
House bands emerged with jazz music in Chicago during the 1920s. The practice of using regular backing musicians during studio sessions became customary as a means for record companies to save money and add convenience at a time when the music industry had seen increased studio costs and musical specialization. With the advent of television in the 1950s, bands from the swing era of jazz typically performed on variety show programs as house bands, starting a television institution that survives to the present. One of the best-remembered, and longest-running, house bands was the NBC Orchestra of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and his predecessors. Late-night television offered security and survival for the big band, led by trumpeter Doc Severinsen, while the trends in popular music continually changed around them. Late Night with David Letterman, which began in 1982, featured Paul Shaffer and The World's Most Dangerous Band, who, unlike previous house bands, incorporated contemporary rhythm and blues and rock music. The band continued that blend with Letterman when he left for CBS to start Late Show in 1993. House bands remain a late-night talk show fixture, with many of them also serving as straight men for the host's jokes, musically introducing guests, playing in and out of commercials, composing original pieces of music for sketches, and backing up musical guests. The Roots became the first hip hop house band on late-night television when they joined Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in 2009.

Association with record labels and studios
Record labels have often employed a core group of musicians to serve as a house band or house orchestra, specifically for recording sessions. These groups can come to be regarded as an important component of a label's distinctive "sound". This use of house bands, first popularized in the 1920s, was revived during the 1960s, most notably at Motown and at Stax Records. Some of these house bands, such as Booker T. & the M.G.'s (Stax), had parallel careers as main artists in their own right.

title: House band


text:
Crosstown Line

Crosstown Line may refer to the following transit lines:

New York City

 * IND Crosstown Line in New York (rapid transit)
 * Crosstown Line (Brooklyn surface) (bus, formerly streetcar)
 * 39th Street Crosstown Line on Church Avenue in Brooklyn (bus, formerly streetcar)

Toronto

 * Line 5 Eglinton, an under-construction rapid transit line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, also known as the Crosstown Line

Washington D.C.

 * Crosstown Line (Washington, D.C.) (bus line)

title: Crosstown Line


text:
Talk:List of films set in Los Angeles

Untitled
Does anyone else think that the arrangement of this article makes no sense? I mean, Magnolia listed under "Post-apocalyptic movies set in LA"? That's insane! I think we should model the article after List of movies set in New York City, which is arranged by year. Jason One 22:46, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree...I think we should do it. Squeemu

There, I have done it now. I hope people like it! Squeemu

Isn't 'Leaving Las Vegas' mostly set in Las Vegas? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Trinity1013 (talk • contribs) 12:28, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure
I just changed it to 1988 because I have the DVD of it. -- Mike Garcia | talk 21:05, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That apparently wasn't the RELEASE date, which seems to be what we're going by for consistancy. -- Infrogmation 02:08, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure is not set in Los Angeles. It's set in San Dimas, which is at least ten miles east of LA. I don't think it should be on this list.173.196.138.166 (talk) 19:55, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of films set in Los Angeles


text:
User talk:Leeshipley

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -68.98.242.107 22:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Adding images
To add an image to an article, simply edit the article and include. Once you've added the image let me know and I'll see how it looks. Sometimes it's useful to thumbnail the image also, using. If you're still stuck, let me know which image you've uploaded and I'll help out. -- Longhair 22:57, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Leeshipley


text:
Talk:John Dowland

Pronunciation
I have been playing Dowland's music for 20 years and have never heard his name pronounced to rhyme with "Roland". I've always pronounced it to rhyme with "cow-land" or, more like "cow-lnd", without much of a vowel in the second syllable. Is it possible that I have been getting it wrong all this time and that everyone I speak to is just humouring me by adopting my incorrect pronunciation too? Or are there several different pronunciations in use around the world....and is there evidence for which one is 'correct'?

 * FWIW, I've also known and played his music for quite a long time, and I've never once heard Dowland rhyme with Roland. It's done either to rhyme with "Cowland", or pronounced "Doo-land" (I've noticed radio announcers are starting to do it this way).  Antandrus  (talk) 15:44, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * In the booklet of a CD that I own, it is claimed that his name was at that time pronounced to rhyme with Roland, enabling him – who always wallowed in self-pity for his unfortunate life – for his kind of wordplay in the title "Semper Dowland semper dolens". Does make sense to me. Moreover, I reckon Lachrimae antiquae to not be based on Flow my teares, but just the other way around. He had this one original Lachrimae pavan and later added six more to it to form the Seven Teares, additionally writing Flow my teares and I Saw my lady weepe, which are supposed to belong together.

 * Interesting! My comment was based on an earlier version of this article which began with the statement "John Dowland (pronounced to rhyme with "Roland")" which is quite a sweeping statement to make without any supporting evidence. I think there are two considerations: one is the accepted modern pronunciation in the English-speaking world, and the other is how it was pronounced in Elizabethan times. With regard to the former, there is plenty of evidence for "non-Roland" pronunciation. In England, where I live, I generally hear his name rhyming with "cow-land" (though with a very weak vowel sound in the second syllable) and have certainly heard that usage on the BBC radio (who usually take a lot of care over pronunciation). I have even heard it used by people speaking the "Semper Dowland semper dolens" quote, too! I have also heard Doo-land, which Antandrus mentions, above. With regard to the Elizabeth pronunciation, that is more difficult, owing to the vowel shift that has taken place since that time. I'm certainly no expert in this area, but I understood that -ow- was pronounced more like -oo-, or possibly as a dipthong -uh-oo-. (Actually, in the fairly rural part of England where I live, the local accent still does this: "now" is pronounced "nuh-oo".) To cut a long story short, my vote would be to omit any reference to the pronunciation: I think the alternative would be to give a serious discussion on the subject, which would detract from the focus on the man and his music. Bluewave 09:51, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * My family pronounce it cow-land also -- although many phone callers assume "dough-lund" and similar. Jon Dowland 22:34, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

The name dowland is pronounced "dow" just like you would hear "dow jones" in the stock market or "dow" in endowment. It does ryhme with cow. The ending vowel is pronounced but it is used mildly. Similar to "lind" Joeldowland (talk) 14:25, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, when I've heard this question discussed by programmers on NPR classical music stations in California, the "Cow-land" variant has generally been disparaged, with opinions split on the other two. So it's interesting and amusing to see that there is so much support here for "Dow-land". I guess we shall have to ask Dr. Who to drop in on Mr. Dowland and get it straight from the horse's mouth. :) Cgingold (talk) 12:25, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The "Cow-land" pronunciation is certainly the prevalent version amongst musicians in England, though that does not make it historically correct, just as the modern pronunciation of [Henry Purcell]'s surname is generally thought to be wrong. The question of how the first syllable in "Dowland" corresponds to that of "dolens" is interesting, since this is usually pronounced "dollens" by English classicists. Semper "Dolland" semper "dollens" seems unlikely, however. TFM04 (talk) 11:14, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll step in and muddy the waters by pointing out that pronouncing Dowland to rhyme with 'dolens' in the 'semper dowland semper dolens' phrase hinges upon how precisely the word 'dolens' was pronounced in the 16th century (and by which group of Latinists), and this is a highly contentious issue! InfernoXV (talk) 12:58, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, then that's the source of the answer. Dowland is known to have signed himself as "Jo:dolandi de Lachrimae", suggesting that he did, in fact, rhyme is name with "dolens". He was in Nuremberg at the time. TFM04 (talk) 15:38, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Err, sorry, I don't quite follow what you mean. Yes, we know he pronounced his name to rhyme with 'dolens', but how 'dolens' was pronounced at his time will depend on place. InfernoXV (talk) 19:00, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I mean that the source of the answer is how "dolens" was pronounced in the courts of northern Europe at the turn of the 17th century TFM04 (talk) 13:37, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Sorry to be blunt, but this discussion is going nowhere. Until somebody can provide hard evidence about how Dowland's name was pronounced, the article will continue to omit any guide to the pronunciation of its name. It's no good saying that Dowland's name rhymed with another word the pronunciation of which we are equally ignorant about. I will personally go on pronouncing his name as though it rhymes with 'COW-lənd', but that's just the way I pronounce it. Incidentally, I grew up in the Dublin village (Dalkey) that Dowland is sometimes erroneously supposed to have come from. In a park in Dalkey, a mosaic embedded in a rocky outcrop commemorates Dowland, who we can be reasonably sure didn't come from there and who probably never came within miles of the place. Lexo (talk) 00:05, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

I caught the end of a 'making-of' doco on STing's album, which featured Sting, Karamazov, and some others. To my ears, it sounded like 'Darlen', but there were accents everywhere... 59.101.15.31 (talk) 23:49, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

There can be no doubt about the correct (i.e. continental) pronunciation of the latin word dolens in the 16th Century. It was as in the English words "dole, doleful" (as in "go"). If Dowland himself wrote "Jo:dolandi" when staying in Germany, he must have pronounced "dolandi" in the continental way. Therefore, "Semper Dowland semper dolens" makes a perfect rhyme. Dowland most certainly wasn't a cow, he was a bow and arrow, piercing our hearts with his wonderful music. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DA 80.101.108.206 (talk) 19:40, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

 * …and yet his name was most certainly given to him before he was a famous musician, such that the correct pronunciation, and indeed the name's derivation, have nothing to do with his profession, bows, arrows or anything of the sort. 188.222.50.68 (talk) 11:02, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Of the three major English treatises on orthographic reform written during Dowland's lifetime, all of which urged that written English be changed to more accurately reflect its pronunciation, none provide any rendering of ow which maps to the modern pronunciation of "cow": All of these sources rather strongly indicate that Dowland's name was pronounced to rhyme with "Roland", rather than "Cowland". 98.223.132.75 (talk) 16:04, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
 * In De recta et emendata linguae Anglicae scriptione (1568), Sir Thomas Smith renders "bow" (flectere, genuflect, bend, persuade, etc.), "mow" (meta foeni, haystack), "sow" (sus femina, a female pig) as differing from "bow" (arcus, arc, coil, arch), "mow" (metere, to reap, cut down) and "sow" (seminate, to plant seeds; and also suere, to sew) only in the duration of the first vowel in the diphthong, not the sound used to produce it (fo.17r). The first vowel in the diphthong was that which Smith called O Latina, which in its longa form was the same sound as in "go", and in its brevis form was only a shorter version thereof (fo.11v).
 * In An Orthographie (1569), John Hart (who of the three came the closest to a system like the IPA, where each letter represented only one sound, with diacriticals under the vowels to indicate duration) consistently renders ow diphthongs as starting with the vowel sound contained in "go" - with the exceptions of "yowe", which he renders ieu, and "bowy", rendered buei - neither of which is even close to the modern sound of "cow" (ff.39v, 40r). Regarding the sound of o, Hart indicates that it is the same sound as in Latin principio and Italian riputatione, and further indicates that it has the same sound as in Spanish and German (ff.34r,v). For that matter, Hart rendered the word "vowel" (which in modern times has the same ow sound as "cow") as voel (fo.47r) - /ˈvoʊəl/, rather than /ˈvaʊəl/ as it is pronounced today.
 * Most tellingly, in Bullokars Booke at large, for the Amendment of Orthographie for English speech (1580), William Bullokar quite helpfully instructs that "When :w: is in diphthong with any vowell before it, then is the vowell perfectly sounded, and :w: is lightly touched, except in :ew: where bothe are like sounded" (p.24) - which is to say, that following any vowel with the letter w does not change the pronunciation of the vowel from its "perfect" (Latinate) form; and greater emphasis is given to the sound of the vowel than to the w, the latter letter contributing little to the sound of the diphthong.
 * English was pronounced differently then, than now. Back then although John Dowland might have pronounced his name [dəulənd], ie. to our ears "Doland", it is most "accurate" to simply pronounce Dowland as it looks to be pronounced, since his and our accents are different by a few hundred years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.162.100.208 (talk) 04:04, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

Erroneous portrait
According to File:Dowland.jpg the pictured man is not John Dowland at all, and this is a common misattribution. For additional evidence, see File:Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury by John De Critz the Elder.jpg and its source website. Should we modify the caption or remove the image accordingly, or is there disagreement over this? Dcoetzee 02:51, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Death date needs clarification
The way it reads now is, "(1563 – buried 20 February 1626)." (emphasis mine). This suggests that there is no record for his actual date of death. It would help if the article reflects/explains this (or anything about his life aside from his reputation as a composer). Wellesradio (talk) 19:39, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Groves Dictionary says "His court pay ceased on 20 January 1626, which suggests that that was the day he died, but there was apparently an error of some sort, for his burial at St Ann Blackfriars was not recorded until a month later, on 20 February." Very likely these are the only sources of evidence of his date of death...unless anyone knows otherwise... Bluewave (talk) 20:55, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Source for year of birth
If we know next to nothing about his early life, including not even being sure whether he was born in London or Dublin, how does anyone know he was born in 1563?

Should this perhaps read c. 1563? --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  19:13, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

His wife
Do we know who she was? Barbara Touburg (talk) 20:26, 3 December 2015 (UTC)
 * According to Diana Poulton's authoritative biography (second edition, University of California Press, 1982, p. 28), there is a "complete mystery that surrounds the identity of Mrs. Dowland."—Jerome Kohl (talk) 01:22, 4 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Jerome. Barbara Touburg (talk) 19:30, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

Complete Catalogue?
The article states "There is no complete catalogue of Dowland's works" but lists several artists as having "recorded the complete works of John Dowland" *I paraphrase). How can this be? Stub Mandrel (talk) 16:30, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on John Dowland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/magazine/composers/2005/2/38613_print.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090714135321/http://www.sting.com/news/interview.php?uid=4694 to http://www.sting.com/news/interview.php?uid=4694
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150529034057/http://home.comcast.net/~collaros623/bohemianRhapsodies.pdf to http://home.comcast.net/~collaros623/bohemianRhapsodies.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:20, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

'The Orpheus Books'
I am in the process of reading it, but I can't seem to find out any information regarding 'The Orpheus Books', supposedly discovered behind a mantlepiece in Ireland which contained old books and a letter addressed to 'Rob D' and written by John Dowland. Is this a work of fiction, or an actual thing that happened? I would love to know more, as I remember my sister telling me the story of the 'doscovery' when I was a child and I have been fascinated ever since. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7F:DA06:FF00:39A5:845E:84C9:9941 (talk) 18:04, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Dowland (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:05, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

Pilgrimes Solace not more contrapuntal, though he complains about new music in preface
Hello, this phrase is demonstrably untrue: Pilgrimes Solace 'seems have been conceived more as a collection of contrapuntal music than as solo works' since 7 of the 21 songs in the book are for solo voice, sometimes with an obligato viol, or have long sections for one voice with a chorus - that's 7 more solo songs than the 1st and 3rd Books and I think only one less than the 2nd Book. Additionally, songs in PS like Disdaine me still and Sweet stay are very declamatory. I think whoever wrote these words in the over half a century old The New Oxford History of Music, Volume IV: The Age of Humanism 1540–1630 has read the 'address to the reader' and not, you know, counted the solo songs. I will take this out in a couple of weeks despite having a footnote, as long as nobody objects. I could footnote 7 different links to descriptions of the songs Poulton's book but that does seem like overkill. It does seem that taking as 'authorities' things written over half a century when there's been rather a lot of work done on early music in the intervening period might be something to not do.Je9671111 (talk) 22:02, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

End matter
Currently there is a section entitled "Notes" which includes a mixture of footnotes (particularly (1) and (4)), hand coded short references ("Warlock 1970, p.32"), citations ("Mathew Spring ...") and a bare URL (though this latter is a dead URL). The next section entitled "Bibliography" is mainly title-first, hand coded and not in order. I would like to:
 * 1) Rename "Notes" to be "References" and create a new section "Notes" to hold the extended footnotes using the efn mechanism. ✅
 * 2) Convert the Bibliography to use citation templates and put it in alphabetical order. ✅
 * 3) Move citations from the references list into the bibliography.
 * If, and only if, consensus can be achieved, convert the references to use the sfn mechanism.

Rationale

 * 1) Separates additional information from the purely mechanistic sourcing of statements.  The page layout is improved and the reader can see at a glance what the sections are offereing.
 * 2) Some sorting is essential.  Trying to resolve "Warlock" for instance takes quite a bit of hunting.  Most bibliographies use author-first (and indeed last,first), and this is the form in which the references link to the citations.  Sorting is thereby easier to do and to use.
 * 3) This should be the least contentious move.  There is a mixture of methods where there should by only one within the page.
 * 4) I know some people dislike sfn, though I've never understood why.  Personally I find it much easier, but I am aware that there are alternatives: and hand coding.  If I'm giving the page a thorough gnomish revision I'd like to do the job properly.

Consensus
This represents a change in citation method and so WP:CITEVAR applies and consensus is required. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 10:22, 6 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Concur (reluctantly). Your problem, Martin, is that you are not only completely sensible, but also scrupulous about seeking consensus. I have wracked my brain, but I cannot think of a single thing in your proposal to which I can object. Perhaps another editor will succeed where I have failed.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 16:23, 6 September 2019 (UTC)

It's not clear if he wrote the words
It's not clear from the article if the words of his songs were written by him or others.

12:39, 6 June 2023 (UTC) 47.210.170.233 (talk) 12:39, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * He is not documented having written any lyrics.--Aristophile (talk) 13:20, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Dowland


text: User talk:65.11.43.245

title: User talk:65.11.43.245


text:
Nicolae Grigorescu

Nicolae Grigorescu (15 May 1838 – 21 July 1907) was one of the founders of modern Romanian painting.

There is a metro station named after Grigorescu in Bucharest. It was given his name in 1990, before which it was named after Communist army general Leontin Sălăjan. Romanian currency features Grigorescu on the 10 Lei bank note.

Biography
He was born in Pitaru, Dâmbovița County, Wallachia now called Romania. In 1843 his family moved to Bucharest. At a young age (between 1846 and 1850), he became an apprentice at the workshop of the Czech painter Anton Chladek and created icons for the church of Băicoi and the. In 1856 he created the historical composition Mihai scăpând stindardul (Michael the Brave saving the flag), which he presented to the Wallachian Prince Barbu Ştirbei, together with a petition asking for financial aid for his studies.

Between 1856 and 1857, he painted the church of the Zamfira monastery, Prahova County, and in 1861 the church of the Agapia monastery. With the help of Mihail Kogălniceanu, he received a scholarship to study in France.

In the autumn of 1861, young Grigorescu left for Paris, where he studied at the École des Beaux-Arts. He also attended the workshop of Sébastien Cornu, where he had as a colleague Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Knowing his weaknesses, he concentrated drawing and composition. However, he soon left this workshop and, attracted by the artistic concepts of the Barbizon school, he left Paris for that village, where he became the associate of artists such as Jean-François Millet, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet and Théodore Rousseau. Under the influence of the movement, Grigorescu looked for new means of expression and followed the trend of en plein air painting, which was also important in Impressionism. As part of the Universal Exposition of Paris (1867), he contributed seven works. Then he exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1868 the painting Tânără ţigancă (Young Gypsy girl).

He returned to Romania a few times and starting in 1870 he participated in the exhibits of living artists and those organized by the Society of the Friends of the Belle-Arts. Between 1873 and 1874 he traveled to Italy, Greece and Vienna.

In 1877 he was called to accompany the Romanian Army as a "frontline painter" in the Romanian War of Independence. During the battles at the Grivitsa Strongpoint and Oryahovo, he made drawings and sketches which later used in creating larger-scale works.

In 1889 his work was featured in the Universal Exhibition in Paris and at the Romanian Atheneum. Centerpiece exhibits took place at the Romanian Atheneum would follow in 1891, 1895, 1897, 1902, and 1905.

From 1879 to 1890 he worked in France, especially in Vitré, Brittany, and in his workshop in Paris. In 1890 he settled in Câmpina and started depicting pastoral themes, especially portraits of peasant girls, pictures of ox carts on dusty country roads and other landscapes. He was named honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 1899.

At the time of his death, Grigorescu had been working on his Întoarcerea de la bâlci (The Return from the Fair). His house in Câmpina opened as the Nicolae Grigorescu Memorial Museum in 1957.

title: Nicolae Grigorescu


text:
Triangulation (chess)

Triangulation is a tactic used in chess to put one's opponent in zugzwang (a position in which it is a disadvantage to move). Triangulation is also called losing a tempo or losing a move.

Triangulation occurs most commonly in endgames with only kings and pawns when one king can maneuver on three adjacent squares in the shape of a triangle and maintain the basic position while the opposing king only has two such squares. Thus, if one king triangulates by using three moves to return to the original square and the opposing king cannot do the same, he has lost a crucial tempo and reached the same position with the other player to move. Triangulation can occur in other endgames and even in some middlegames.

Example
Consider this position, with White to move. Here, Black has the opposition and is keeping the white king out. However, if White had the opposition (i.e. it were Black's move in this position), the black king would have to move away from d7 and allow the white king to advance. Black's king must stay close to where it is; he must prevent the c-pawn from advancing, and he must not let himself be driven to the edge of the board. The squares d5 and d7 are corresponding squares; when White's king is on d5, Black's king must be on d7, with White to move in order for Black to prevent the advance of the White king. White has a triangle of squares available: d5, e5, and d4. White can win by the following maneuver:
 * 1. Ke5! (if 1. c6+ then 1... Kc8 draws. If 1... bxc6+ then 2. Kc5 wins, see king and pawn versus king endgame.)
 * 1... Kc6 (if 1... Ke7 then 2. c6 and white wins by promoting the b pawn)
 * 2. Kd4 Kd7
 * 3. Kd5

and now the triangulation is complete and we have the same position but with Black to move. White has gained the opposition and Black is now in zugzwang. There may follow:
 * 3... Kc8
 * 4. Ke6! (diagonal opposition) Kd8
 * 5. Kd6 (vertical opposition) Kc8
 * 6. Ke7 Kb8
 * 7. Kd7 Ka8
 * 8. c6

and White will win. (There are other ways for White to win after her third move.)

Triangulation with the king
In this 1978 game between Lev Alburt and future World Champion Garry Kasparov, Black wins by triangulating:
 * 55... Kf5!
 * 56. Kg1 Ke5

and White resigned. After 57. Kf1 Ke4! 58. Kf2 Kf4 59. Kf1 Kg3, Black wins the white pawn.

Second example
Triangulation can occur in endgames other than king and pawn endgames, such as this game in the 1965 Candidates Tournament, in which future World chess champion Boris Spassky defeated former world champion Mikhail Tal and won the right to challenge the then-current champion Tigran Petrosian. White would be in zugzwang if it were his move. Black achieves this through triangulation:
 * 64... Kd2
 * 65. Re4 Kc3!
 * 66. Rh4 Kd3
 * 67. 0-1

Now it is back to the same position, but with White to move, and now White is in zugzwang. White must lose the rook or allow the f-pawn to advance towards promotion.

Example in king and pawn endgame
Usually when a king triangulates in a king and pawn endgame, it is close to the other king and triangulation gains the opposition, putting the opponent in zugzwang. This position (from analysis of a game between Alexey Shirov and Alexander Grischuk in New Delhi in 2000) shows an example when the kings are far apart. White triangulates to put Black in zugzwang:
 * 1. Kh2! Kf7
 * 2. Kg3 Ke8
 * 3. Kg2!

and amazingly Black is in zugzwang. The game could continue:
 * 3... g4
 * 4. Kg3 Kf7
 * 5. Kf4 Ke8
 * 6. Ke5 Kf7 (Black cannot allow White to move Ke6)
 * 7. Kd5 g3
 * 8. Kc6 g2 (If 8... Ke8 9. d7+ Kxe7 10. Kc7 and White wins easily)
 * 9. Kd7 g1=Q
 * 10. e8=Q+

and White wins.

Triangulation with other pieces
For an example of triangulation with a queen, see the queen versus rook position at Philidor position. The game Fischer versus Taimanov, fourth match game shows a similar tactic with a bishop. A rook can also perform the maneuver, but a knight cannot.

Example with a rook
In this game between future FIDE World Champion Veselin Topalov and former world champion Anatoly Karpov, White triangulates with his rook to put Black in zugzwang:
 * 1. Rh7+! Kd8
 * 2. Rh8+ Kd7
 * 3. Rh6

back to the same position and Black is in zugzwang. The game continued:

 * 3... Kd8
 * 4. Rh7 zugzwang again
 * 4... Rb4
 * 5. Ka7 Ra4+
 * 6. Kb6 1-0

title: Triangulation (chess)


text:
Talk:Blessed (Hillsong album)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:49, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Blessed (Hillsong album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140705185958/http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Hillsong to http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Hillsong

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:22, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blessed (Hillsong album)


text:
Charles Robert Cockerell

Charles Robert Cockerell (27 April 1788 – 17 September 1863) was an English architect, archaeologist, and writer. He studied architecture under Robert Smirke. He went on an extended Grand Tour lasting seven years, mainly spent in Greece. He was involved in major archaeological discoveries while in Greece. On returning to London, he set up a successful architectural practice. Appointed Professor of Architecture at the Royal Academy of Arts, he served in that position between 1839 and 1859. He wrote many articles and books on both archaeology and architecture. In 1848, he became the first recipient of the Royal Gold Medal.

Background and education
Charles Robert Cockerell was born in London on 27 April 1788, the third of eleven children of Samuel Pepys Cockerell, educated at Westminster School from 1802, where he received an education in Latin and the Classics. From the age of sixteen, he trained in the architectural practice of his father, who held the post of surveyor to East India House, and several London estates. From 1809 to 1810 Cockerell became an assistant to Robert Smirke, helping in the rebuilding of Covent Garden Theatre (the forerunner of today's Royal Opera House).

Grand Tour
On 14 April 1810 he set off on the Grand Tour. Due to the Napoleonic Wars much of Europe was closed to the British, so he headed for Cadiz, Malta and Constantinople (Istanbul); from there he went to Troy, finally arriving in Athens, Greece by January 1811. In Constantinople he met John Foster (architect) who would accompany him on his tour. In April 1811 he was in Aegina where he helped excavate the Temple of Aphaea (which he called the Temple of Jupiter), finding fallen fragmentary pediment sculptures (these are now in Germany), which he discovered were originally painted. On 18 August 1811 he set out with three companions from Zakynthos on a tour of Morea, aiming for the temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae in Arcadia. The magnificent Bassae Frieze that Cockerell discovered at the temple was eventually excavated and sold to the British Museum. His tour continued visiting, Sparta, Argos, Tiryns, Mycenae, Epidaurus and Corinth returning to Athens. It was there that he met Frederick North, who persuaded Cockerell and Foster to accompany him to Egypt, setting off in late 1811, they travelled via Crete, where North abandoned the idea, so Cockerell and Foster decided to visit the Seven churches of Asia and visit Hellenistic sites along the way, the itinerary was: Smyrna, Pergamon, Sardis, Ephesus, Priene and Side. They arrived in Malta on 18 July 1812, where Cockerell was confined to bed for three weeks with a fever. By 28 August 1812 they were in Sicily, where they stayed several months studying the chief Greek temples, drawing a reconstruction of the Temple of the Olympian Zeus, Agrigento. From December 1813 to February 1814 he was in Syracuse, Sicily working on drawings for a projected book on Aegina, Phigalia and the Bassae Frieze, he left to return to Athens where he continued work on the book, only to fall ill again on 22 August, he was still ill on 10 November, when he wrote to his sister. On his recovery he continued his travels, in January 1814 he was in Ioannina, where he had an audience with Ali Pasha. Returning to Athens, before going on in May 1814 to Zakynthos to attend the sale of the Bassae Frieze. Back in Athens he met an old school friend John Spencer Stanhope and his brother, between August and October he was struck down by the fever again, but was well enough to attend a celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of Salamis at Piraeus on 25 October. In December 1814 he returned to the Temple of Aphaea for a fortnight to check and correct his drawings. In a letter of 23 December 1814 he details his re-discovery of entasis, he enclosed a sketch for Robert Smirke of one of the Parthenon columns showing its outline.

Thanks to the abdication of Napoleon in April 1814, the Kingdom of Sicily and Rome were now open to the British, so on 15 January 1815 Cockerell left for Naples in the company of Jakob Linckh, they visited Pompeii and only reached Rome on 28 July. The circle he mixed with in Rome included: Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Antonio Canova, Bertel Thorvaldsen, Peter von Cornelius, Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, Heinrich Maria von Hess, Ludwig Vogel, Johannes Riepenhausen, Franz Riepenhausen and the Knoering brothers. Writing to his father in August 1815 he said 'I should be out of my wits at the attention paid me here, I have an audience daily of savants, artists & amateurs who come and see my drawings; envoys and ambassadors beg to know when it will be convenient for me to show them some sketches; Prince Poniatowski and Prince Saxe-Gotha beg to be permitted to see them...'. Much of his time in Rome was spent on preparing his drawings for publication. Writing to his father on 28 December saying he had purchased copies of Domenico Fontana's Della transportatione dell'obelisco Vaticano e delle fabriche di Sisto V and Martino Ferraboschi's Architettura della basilica di S. Pietro in Vaticano. In 1816 Cockrell moved on to Florence. Cockerell was presented to Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany and was awarded the diploma of Academician of the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno. While in Florence in early 1816 Cockerell produced a design for Wellington Palace for Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, it would have been in the style of Greek Revival architecture on a scale to rival Blenheim Palace, though in the end nothing came of the proposal. In June he suffered another bout of ill health. From Florence Cockerell continued his tour visiting Pisa for a month, returning to Florence, he set out on 13 September for Bologna, Ferrara, then travelling by boat along the Po to Venice where he stayed three weeks. From Venice, Cockerell visited Andrea Palladio's buildings along the Brenta (river) and at Vicenza, passing on to Mantua and the Palazzo del Te, Parma, Milan, Genoa and back to Rome from where he set off in March 1817 to return home via Paris.

Return to England
Cockerell returned to London on 17 June 1817, over seven years since his departure, originally the plan had been for a three-year Grand Tour. Cockerell set about preparing his drawings of Greek antiquities for exhibition at the Royal Academy. Cockerell was living and working at 8 Old Burlington Street, it was owned by his father, where his office remained until 1830, he lived elsewhere on marrying in 1828. From 1832 to 1836 he rented as his office 34 Savile Row (which was at the bottom of the garden of 8 Old Burlington Street). Cockerell was a member of three gentlemen's clubs: Athenaeum Club, Travellers Club (he was a founder member, 5 May 1819) and Grillion's to which he was elected in 1822.

In 1819 he was appointed Surveyor of the Fabric of St Paul's Cathedral, where his works included the replacement, in 1821, of the ball and cross on the dome.

With Jacques Ignace Hittorff and Thomas Leverton Donaldson, Cockerell was also a member of the committee formed in 1836 to determine whether the Elgin Marbles and other Greek statuary in the British Museum had originally been coloured (see Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects for 1842).

He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy on 2 November 1829, and an academician on 10 February 1836, his diploma work being his design for the Palace of Westminster competition. In September 1839, he was appointed Professor of Architecture at the Academy, following the death of William Wilkins. He won the first Royal Gold Medal for architecture in 1848 and became president of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1860.

In 1833, following the resignation of Sir John Soane, he became surveyor to the Bank of England, and made additions to its London building, as well as designing branch offices in Manchester, Liverpool, Bristol, and Plymouth.

His exhibits at the Royal Academy included reconstructions of ancient Rome and Athens and a capriccio entitled "Tribute to the Memory of Sir Christopher Wren, being a Collection of his Principal Works"; these became well known through published engravings

As an archaeologist, Cockerell is remembered for removing the reliefs from the temple of Apollo at Bassae, near Phigalia, which are now in the British Museum. Replicas of these reliefs were included in the frieze of the library of the Travellers Club.

The Royal Academy of Arts composed a brief commemorative biography of Cockerell, including the following sentiment which speaks of his great work as a student of architecture: At the heart of Cockerell's emotional experience of the power of the antique to fire the imagination lay an extraordinary visual sensitivity to the mass and volume of the components of architecture, which for him were never mere abstract, weightless forms or quotations borrowed from the past, but acted together as a constantly renewable expression of man's innate need to create beauty on earth.

Architectural career
Cockerell had grave doubts about the wisdom of using Greek Revival architecture in nineteenth-century England, in his diary of 1821 he had this to say: Until the attention of the world was drawn to the study of Greece by the spirit of the last century by Barthélemy's Anacharsis & thence to the study of Greek architecture by the researches of Stuart & Revett architecture had for its guide this Country the Old Italian masters & their valuable commentaries & publications of the anc[ien]t arch[itectur]e of Rome and Italy. No great enormities could arise under such guidance, but since the rage for Greek has been amongst us all the rules which formerly protected us are now set aside & we are at sea without compas ...we stick a slice of an anc[ien]t Greek Temple to a Barn which is called breadth & simplicity, than which nothing can be more absurd, as the Greek Houses were certainly of wood & brick & plaister [Sic] painted & temporary things. I am sure that the grave & solemn arch[itectur]e of Temples were never adopted to Houses, but a much lighter style, as we may judge by the vases, the object being space & commodiousness.

Cockerell's first building (1818–20) was in the style of Tudor architecture, the brick building at Harrow School, now known as the 'old schools' has twin crow-stepped gables. His next commission was the classical Hanover Chapel (1821–25) Regent Street, with its twin towers and projecting tetrastyle Ionic portico, later demolished (1896).

Personal life
On 23 March 1828 he proposed marriage to, and was accepted by, Anna Maria Rennie (daughter of John Rennie the Elder) while strolling in the grounds of Dalmeny House, Scotland, she was twenty-five, and he was nearly forty. The engagement ring was bought for £27 10s 0d in Edinburgh on 29 March and the wedding took place on 4 June 1828 in St James's Church, Piccadilly, the Bishop of London William Howley officiating. The honeymoon started at Liphook, moving on to Chichester, the Isle of Wight, crossing to Portsmouth where they toured the Dockyard, and finally on 14 June The Grange, Northington. The couple set up home at 87 Eaton Square. In 1838 the family moved to Ivy House, North End, Hampstead.

The first of their ten children, a son, Robert Charles was born in 1829 but died five years later, followed in 1832 by the second son John Rennie, a daughter in 1832, then in 1833 a son Frederick Pepys Cockerell who became an architect, followed in 1834 by Robert who became a soldier and died aged twenty in the Battle of Alma, then two more daughters and three sons, the youngest Samuel Pepys (1844–1921) would edit and publish in 1903 his father's travel diaries.

By 1851 Cockerell was in poor health and spent that summer recuperating at his sister Anne Pollen's house in Somerset, from this time on his architectural practice virtually ceased. The family moved to 13 Chester Terrace, where he died on 17 September 1863, aged 75. He was buried in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, a perk of being the cathedral's surveyor, his marble tomb consists of his profile portrait, suspended from an Ionic column, surrounded by rich embellishment.

Freemasonry
Whilst in Edinburgh and working on the National Monument with fellow Freemason, William Henry Playfair, Cockerell was Initiated into Scottish Freemasonry in Lodge Holyrood House (St Luke's), No.44 on 18 May 1824.

Published works
Cockerell's published works include:
 * Travels in Southern Europe and the Levant, 1810–17 : the Journal of C.R. Cockerell, R.A., S.P. Cockerell Ed 1903
 * Progetto di collocazione delle statue antiche esistenti nella Galleria di Frienza che rappresentano la Favola di Niobe, Firenza 1816
 * 'Le Statue della Favola di Niobe dell' Imp.eR. Galleria di Firenza situate nella primitiva loro disposizione da C.R. Cockerell'', Firenza 1818
 * On the Aegina Marbles, Journal of Science and the Arts, VI 327-31
 * On the Labyrinth of Crete, in Travels in Various Countries, Robert Walpole Ed 2 vols, 1817 and 1820 vol. II Pages 402–9
 * An Account of Hanover Chapel, in Regent Street, in The Public Buildings of London, J. Britton & A.C. Pugin 2 vols, 1825–28 vol. II pages 276–82
 * The Temple of Jupiter Olympius at Agrigentum, supplement to Stuart & Revetts Antiquities of Athens, 1829
 * The Pediment Sculptures of the Parthenon, as part VI of A Description of the Collection of Ancient Marbles in the British Museum, 1830
 * Plan and Section of the New Bank of England Dividend, Pay and Warrant Offices and Accountant's Drawing Office 1835
 * The Architectural Works of William of Wykeham, Proceedings of the Archaeological Institute at Winchester, 1845
 * Ancient Sculptures in Lincoln Cathedral, in Proceedings of the Archaeological Institute, 1850
 * Iconography of the West Front of Wells Cathedral, with an appendix on the Sculptures of other Mediaeval Churches in England, 1851
 * Illustrations, Architectural and Pictorial of the Genius of M.A. Buonarroti with descriptions of the plates by C.R. Cockerell, Canina 1857
 * Statement by Mr Cockerell on the Wellington Monument Competition, The Builder XV p. 427, 1857
 * Address, Royal Institute of British Architects, Session, 1859–60, 111–13, 1859
 * On the Painting of the Ancients, in the Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, XXII p42-44 & 88–91, 1859
 * Presidential Address, Royal Institute of British Architects, Session, 1861–62, 1860
 * The Temples of Jupiter Panhellenius at Aegina and of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae, 1860
 * Architectural Accessories of Monumental Sculpture, in the Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, XXIV p333-6, 1861
 * A Descriptive Account of the Sculptures of the West Front of Wells Cathedral photographed for the Architectural Photographic Association, 1862

1820s

 * 1818–20 – Old Schools, Harrow School, in Tudor Gothic, brick with stone dressings
 * 1819-36 – Oakly Park, Shropshire, remodelling work
 * 1820–26 – Loughcrew House, County Meath, Ireland.
 * 1821 – Tower and facade of St. Mary's church Banbury, in classical style, the body of the church is by his father
 * 1821 – Library and Chapel, Bowood House, Wiltshire
 * 1821 – Hanover Chapel, Regent Street, London (demolished)
 * 1822–27 – The Saint David's Building, University of Wales, Lampeter.
 * 1824–28 – Langton House, Dorset, (demolished)
 * 1824–29 – The National Monument, Edinburgh, with William Henry Playfair, unfinished.
 * 1827-28 - Newbridge Lodge, Wynnstay, North Wales
 * 1829 – Church of Holy Trinity, Hotwells, Bristol.

1830s

 * 1831 – Westminster, Life and British Fire Office, London, (demolished)
 * 1835 – The Bank of England, Courtney Street, Plymouth.
 * 1836–37 – Cambridge University Library, only the north wing of the quadrangular design was built.
 * 1837 – London and Westminster Bank, City of London, (demolished)
 * 1838 – The Chapel, Killerton, in a Neo-Norman style
 * 1838 – London & Westminster Bank, Lothbury, London (with William Tite).
 * 1839–45 – The Ashmolean Museum and Taylor Institution, Oxford University.

1840s

 * 1840 – Seckford Hospital, Woodbridge, Suffolk.
 * 1841 – Sun Fire Office, London (demolished)
 * 1844–47 – The Bank of England, Bristol.
 * 1845 – The Bank of England, King Street, Manchester.
 * 1845–48 – The Bank of England, Castle Street, Liverpool.
 * 1848 – Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge University, designed the interiors after the death of the architect George Basevi.
 * 1848 – Bank Chambers, Cook Street, Liverpool (demolished)

1850s

 * 1851–54 – St. George's Hall, Liverpool, designed the interiors after the death of the architect Harvey Lonsdale Elmes.
 * 1855-57 – Liverpool, London and Globe Building, Liverpool

title: Charles Robert Cockerell


text:
Myrtle Avenue Line

Myrtle Avenue Line may refer to the following public transit lines:
 * BMT Myrtle Avenue Line, a fully elevated line of the New York City Subway
 * Myrtle Avenue Line (surface), a surface transit line on Myrtle Avenue, Brooklyn, New York
 * Q55 (New York City bus), or Richard Hill Line, a surface transit line on Myrtle Avenue in Queens, New York

title: Myrtle Avenue Line


text:
Tomas Kalnoky

Tomas Kalnoky (born December 24, 1980) is a Czechoslovak-born American musician. He is the lead singer/guitarist and songwriter of the bands Streetlight Manifesto and Bandits of the Acoustic Revolution, and goes by the pseudonym Toh Kay as a solo performer. He is the former lead singer/guitarist for 3rd-wave ska band Catch 22, but left the band after making only one album (their debut, Keasbey Nights) to attend Savannah College of Art and Design in Savannah, Georgia, for visual art. According to the booklet of Somewhere in the Between, Kalnoky attended Rutgers University. He is the owner of Pentimento Music Company, a record company.

Biography
Raised in East Brunswick, New Jersey, he graduated in 1997 from East Brunswick High School.

Kalnoky's first foray into the music world began with the punk band Gimp, with whom he released one cassette, Smiles for Macavity, before moving onto Catch 22 (with fellow Gimp members drummer Chris Greer and bassist Jason Scharenguivel). It was in Gimp that Kalnoky first wrote the song "Supernothing" which later appeared on the Catch 22 demo Rules of the Game (EP) and the album Keasbey Nights. However, the original version is a much slower acoustic song, which features Kalnoky's brother Achilles on violin (Achilles would later appear on the Bandits EP A Call to Arms, as well as on the first volume of "99 songs of Revolution").

After Kalnoky departed Catch 22, three ex-members of Catch 22, Tomas Kalnoky, Josh Ansley, and Jamie Egan, joined with three ex-One Cool Guy members, Stuart Karmatz, Dan Ross, and Pete Sibilia, to form Streetlight Manifesto. Despite the horn section, Kalnoky is hesitant to brand them "ska" saying, "Ska is something that you have to tread so lightly with because there are so many, ironically, Nazi-like purists out there who will rip you apart because you don't fit the part of the 'ska band'".

Kalnoky's influences are many, the blending of which creates Streetlight's signature sound. Kalnoky cites The Drifters as a favorite band. Other musical influences include Bad Religion, Nirvana, The Suicide Machines, Squirrel Nut Zippers, and The Dead Milkmen. He has mentioned Czech folk singer Jaromir Nohavica as one of his musical heroes. During one of his early interviews, Kalnoky cited American pop-folk singer Mason Jennings as one of his current CDs playing in his car. Streetlight Manifesto recorded Jennings' Birds Flying Away as a track on "99 Songs of Revolution."

During the 2009 Van's Warped Tour Kalnoky fractured his arm in a bicycle accident, rendering him incapable of playing guitar. While his arm healed, Kalnoky continued to take up the microphone and sing the band's set, with Sean P. Rogan of Big D and the Kids Table filling in on guitar.

Kalnoky is a self-proclaimed perfectionist, explaining the persistent delay of Streetlight Manifesto's second original album, Somewhere in the Between, and the next album by the Bandits of the Acoustic Revolution, which he said in 2007 "will be released by the end of this decade." As of 2024, said BOTAR album has not been released.

In 2010, Streetlight Manifesto released the first volume of 99 Songs of Revolution, the first of "...8 or so records that focus entirely on playing music that other musicians have written." One of the songs however, "They Provide the Paint for the Picture Perfect Masterpiece that You Will Paint on the Insides of Your Eyelids," is originally written by Kalnoky and performed by his "side project," Bandits of the Acoustic Revolution. The project/record was originally planned to be solely by Bandits of the Acoustic Revolution, but, as time went on, it faded into a project containing both Streetlight and BOTAR, as well as 2 other potential bands. For this reason, BOTAR has been called "the single least prolific musical group on the face of the planet," by the Pentimento Music Company, a member of the RISC Group. Also in 2010, Kalnoky released a split CD with Dan Potthast of MU330 entitled You By Me: Vol. 1, under the pseudonym "Toh Kay." The first official Toh Kay music video is his interpretation of "I've Set Sail," originally by Potthast, animated by Eric Power of Inked Reality.

On January 29, 2013, Kalnoky announced that he would perform seven shows as part of The Revival Tour alongside Chuck Ragan, Dave Hause of The Loved Ones, Jenny Owen Youngs, Rocky Votolato, Jenny O., and Tim McIlrath of Rise Against. He would later announce 5 additional dates.

Gimp

 * Smiles for Macavity (Cassette) (1996)

Catch 22

 * Rules of the Game (EP) (Cassette) (1997)
 * Keasbey Nights (1998)

Bandits of the Acoustic Revolution

 * A Call to Arms (EP) (2001)

Streetlight Manifesto

 * Streetlight Manifesto Demo (EP) (2002)
 * Everything Goes Numb (August 26, 2003)
 * Keasbey Nights (March 7, 2006)
 * Somewhere in the Between (November 13, 2007)
 * 99 Songs of Revolution: Vol. 1 (March 16, 2010)
 * The Hands That Thieve (April 30, 2013)

Toh Kay

 * You By Me: Vol. 1 (With Dan Potthast of MU330 and The Stitch Up) (November 16, 2010)
 * Streetlight Lullabies (November 22, 2011)
 * The Hand That Thieves (April 30, 2013)
 * You By Me: Vol. 2 (with Sycamore Smith, formerly of the Muldoons) (August 12, 2014)

title: Tomas Kalnoky


text:
Portal talk:Astronomy

Featured portal
I think it has reached a good standard and should be a featured portal. --Extra999 (talk) 22:19, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Cluster picture
Hi, I just wanted to tell that I uploaded one of the newest images of NASA's WISE project to WikiCommons. It shows NGC 6726, NGC 6727, NGC 6729, IC 4812 and NGC 6723. Unfortunately I forgot to give it a catchy name and to be honest I have no idea for a name either. Maybe one of you can rename it and has a great idea for use and name. Hive001  contact  15:44, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The name is almost perfect, and should be kept. But in order to easier find the pic on commons, it needs categorization, f.ex. astronony, IR, globular clusters, dust nebulae etc.. I'll see what I can do. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 06:56, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Mostly already done, obviously. I strictified star cluster to globular cluster and added reflection nebula. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 07:03, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Astrological signs?
I propose that this new box be removed. Let's not confuse astronomy with astrology. -- John of Reading (talk) 15:23, 13 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think the same as well. extra 999  ( talk ) 15:33, 13 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreeing. Pseudo-science has no place in a portal pertaining to a natural science.  I reverted the addition twice, on the basis of its being off-topic and irrelevant.  Each time it came right back.  The originating editor was warned about edit warring and invited to use this talk page.  A consensus for removal seems to be developing here.  If that proves to be clearly the case, the astrology addition should be speedily removed.  We might want to give the discussion a little time, to allow others to comment, but not too much time. Hertz1888 (talk) 03:42, 14 June 2012 (UTC)
 * all Signs in Astrology but 12 signs (30°+ 30° ...=360° of Ecliptic or zodiac) are in astronomy and Astrology. -- Hamedvahid (talk) 11:16, 14 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Astronomers do not employ "signs" and astrology is not part of astronomy. Readers looking for information on astrology will find numerous articles and Portal:Astrology.  A section on astrology does not belong here. Hertz1888 (talk) 11:52, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

[Copied from Hamedvahid's talk page] The problem is that the astrological signs are at best tangentially related to the science of astronomy. The astrological signs are distinct from the constellations (e.g. the constellations are crossed by the ecliptic in segments of various length, while the signs by definition divide the ecliptic into equal segments - not to mention that there exists the thirteenth ecliptical constellation, Ophiuchus, which does not correspond to an astrological sign). [This is discussed further in the article zodiac.] In general, astronomers regard astrology as pseudoscience. - Mike Rosoft (talk) 18:05, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

 * In fact This Astrological sign are the signs of starting the seasons of the year such as Spring (Vernal equinox) - Summer (Revolution Summer) - Autumn (autumnal equinox) - Winter (Revolution Summer). And are months of an almanac Astronomy. They are more astronomical. To a lesser degree. Astrological. Hamedvahid (talk) 09:42, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

 * What is "almanac astronomy"? Perhaps you mean that some almanac (which one?) included both astronomical phenomena and astrological signs. That doesn't mean that astrological signs are used in astronomy - it means that its author has conflated astronomy and astrology. (Indeed, in the past astronomy and astrology were largely indistinguishable.) - Mike Rosoft (talk) 06:12, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The very distant past. Hertz1888 (talk) 08:38, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * ok. I agree. tanks you for helping me. exquse me to i can not speake English vell. Hamedvahid (talk) 12:33, 17 June 2012 (UTC)

Collapsar and Collapsar model
I am requesting input from those "in the know" about the difference between a collapsar (a stellar-mass black hole) and the collapsar model (a model of hypernova formation), if any. There is currently ambiguity in how these terms are used in astronomy articles. A clear definition should be established. What is the consensus opinion of the following? "The word collapsar, short for collapsed star, was formerly used to refer to the end product of stellar gravitational collapse (i.e. a Type II supernova), a stellar-mass black hole. The word is now sometimes used to refer to a specific model for the collapse of a fast-rotating star, as a hypernova." Attention also needs to be given to the articles linked above, but also to related articles and redirects to these articles, Thank you for your help. Senator2029 “let's talk”  08:16, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

spectra of stars
I recorded some spectra of stars. They are listed on. Some are quite usable, and I'm hoping to add more with improved quality in the future. Anyway, how do you like the idea of adding them to the articles about each star? It would be helpful, to label some lines, of course. --Duff06 (talk) 18:47, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

NML Cygni
Question moved to Reference desk/Science -- Moxy (talk) 08:18, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

Could somebody pay attention to the 'Did you know...' about AL-Khazini
The 'Did you know...?' linking to Al-Khazini may need attention due to miss-used sources by Jagged 85 in the article referred to. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.85.227.134 (talk) 23:09, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Object naming convention

 * (Not sure if this is the right place for this question: feel free to move it if you know of a better place)

I recently created M82X-2 using the name found in both the Caltech and a NASA articles I used as sources. I also found there was an article on a similar object at M82 X-1. There is a link to this second page in the article on ULXs, where the name in the link is explicitly changed to M82-X1. I tried to find out if there was a convention on the use of spaces and dashes in such names, but was unable to find anything. It appears people just use whatever they feel like.

My questions: — SkyLined (talk) 13:06, 9 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Are there any standards on the use of spaces and dashes in names?
 * Should Wikipedia have one either way?

 * I'm not an astronomy buff, but the Web favors the space in M82 X-1 37-to-1 and the space in M82 X-2 79-to-1. M82-X1 occurs half as often as M82X-1, making that explicit change look dubious. Unless there's an authoritative science source to the contrary, it seems that's the answer. It also seems unlikely the Web would disagree with an authoritative source, especially to such a large degree.
 * As a practical matter it would seem desirable to visually separate the object from the galaxy, which M82X-2 does not do.
 * Even non-buffs like myself are familiar with things like Cygnus X-1, and I've never seen it as CygnusX-1 or Cygnus-X1. Its article is Cygnus X-1 and it notes a common abbreviation Cyg X-1.
 * And finally, here are a few reliable sources for M82 X-2. There are more available via Google Search. The first two below are NASA and Caltech, showing that they are not consistent in their use of M82X-2.

 * NASA

 * Caltech

 * nature.com

 * The Space Reporter

 * Univ of Cambridge Inst of Astronomy ‑‑ Mandruss (talk) 12:55, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your opinion. I'm not sure if a Google search qualifies as a standard though :). May I assume you agree with me that Wikipedia should have one regardless of whether one exists at all? I agree that M82 X-1 is easiest to read of the three options, and I also find it more logical in cases such as Cygnus X-1.
 * 83.84.60.13 (talk) 15:21, 10 October 2014 (UTC) (SkyLined, to lazy to log in)

 * I don't think Wikipedia should have a stated convention in this area. We name things according to their common names, and we let the rest of the world worry about consistency in naming. If the world is inconsistent, we are too. In this case, the world seems to be fairly consistent in naming astronomical objects such as this one. 97% of the Web prefers M82 X-1 to M82X-1, and 98% prefers M82 X-2 to M82X-2. Those are overwhelming majorities, and an extremely high degree of agreement. Besides, do you know of any other case where Wikipedia has an explicit naming convention for something in science? ‑‑ Mandruss (talk) 16:08, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Um, we definitely do have guidelines on naming astronomical objects: Naming conventions (astronomical objects) Modest Genius talk 16:19, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I absolutely agree with Mandruss' conclusions above. And while Google may not be considered authoritative, it does provide good insight into popular naming. If for some reason you're hesitant to make these changes yourself, SkyLined, I'll be more than happy to. — Huntster (t @ c) 16:56, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * That sounds very reasonable. I'd like personally there to be a naming convention, used outside of Wikipedia as well. I understand Wikipedia is not the right place to introduce one if there is none. I'll move M82X-2 to M82 X-2 for now, leaving a redirect and update the page that explicitly mentions M82X-1. (FYI. I was thinking along the lines of the Manual of Style on large numbers, where we there's been numerous discussions before deciding upon a Wikipedia wide convention on spacing, bracketing, etc... as implemented in val) — SkyLined (talk) 10:20, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * A number is not the name of something, so COMMONNAME doesn't apply. That's an MOS issue, as you indicated. ‑‑ Mandruss (talk) 11:29, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment this is the wrong place for the discussion, it should be at WT:ASTRO (first choice) or WT:AST (second choice). -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 12:12, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

 * The SIMBAD Dictionary of Nomenclature entry for X (scroll down to the second last entry) indicates that the scientifically correct way to write these is 'CCC X-N' where CCC is the (possibly abbreviated) name of the constellation or name of host galaxy, and N is a number. The page for ULX is even less clear, but says e.g. 'M74 X-N'. So, space before the X, and hyphen immediately afterwards. Modest Genius talk 16:17, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

WISEPA_J132233.66-234017.1
When I typed in the letter W in search, then ^ this appeared. Owing to its strange title, I pressed to get the article, but only got redirected to a list of brown dwarfs. After inquiring, I learned from the article's most recent useful edition that this was about a brown dwarf, and the article was strangely removed as "non-notable" (without any prior discussion at Talk), and made into a redirect to List of brown dwarfs. I think this article should be reinstated. - Mardus /talk 02:58, 15 December 2015 (UTC)

Great set of photos in Commons
About 250 photos in c:Category:Files from Giuseppe Donatiello Flickr stream waiting to be used and categorized. Much more in Giuseppe Donatiello Flick but without the proper licence for Commons (maybe you can ask the owner to change the license). Furthermore please informe similar portals in other Wikipedias to help in the job JotaCartas (talk) 17:48, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

Add Citizen science to categories?
Can I add the category Citizen science to the list? CS has been involved with astronomy for many years; even more so in the recent decades with internet-based projects. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citizen_science. Richard Nowell (talk) 09:09, 23 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Have added CS category.Richard Nowell (talk) 12:18, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

Status report from the Portals WikiProject
WikiProject Portals is back!

The project was rebooted and completely overhauled on April 17th, 2018.

Its goals are to revitalize the entire portal system, make building and maintaining portals easier, and design the portals of the future.

As of April 29th, membership is at 56 editors, and growing.

There are design initiatives for revitalizing the portals system as a whole, and for each component of portals.

Tools are provided for building and maintaining portals, including automated portals that update themselves in various ways.

And, if you are bored and would like something to occupy your mind, we have a wonderful task list.

From your friendly neighborhood Portals WikiProject. — The Transhumanist  03:23, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

Wikimedia links
I have a link from v:Portal:Astronomy to this portal. I'd like to put a link from this portal to v:Portal:Astronomy, suggestions? --Marshallsumter (talk) 03:56, 7 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Also, there are s:Portal:Astronomy and d:Portal:Astronomy! --Marshallsumter (talk) 14:33, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

Erde 2018 - 3,5 Milliarden Kinder und Teenies im Alter bis 25 Jahren (65 Prozent der Menschheit Jahr 2018)
Die Deutsche Bundesregierung, der Deutsche Bundestag im Berliner Reichstag, der Deutsche Bundesrat Leipziger Platz/Potsdamer Platz in Berlin plant eine weltweite Digitale Deutsche Schule Unterichtsfach Astronomie (Wissenschaft und Mathematik der Grossen Zahlen) zum Preis von 5 Milliarden Euro. Diese 5 Miliarden Euro sollen in die Gehirne der 3,5 Milliarden Menschen investiert werden. Deutscher Gesetzgeber:
 * 1) https://www.bundestag.de/service/suche?suchbegriff=kmk+Grundgesetz%C3%A4nderung
 * 2) https://www.bundestag.de/mediathek?videoid=4064974#url=L21lZGlhdGhla292ZXJsYXk=&mod=mod536668
 * 3) https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2014/kw45_pa_bildung/337288
 * 4) https://www.bundestag.de/presse/hib/2018_06/-/558206
 * 5) https://www.bundestag.de/service/suche?suchbegriff=Artikel+91b+des+Grundgesetzes+
 * 6) 192.121.232.253 (talk) 07:24, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Please see WP:SPEAKENGLISH --hulmem (talk) 14:07, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

Neil Degrasse Tyson
There is an ongoing discussion that may be of interest to the members of this board at [] ResultingConstant (talk) 18:09, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

Proposal to delete all portals
The discussion is at Village pump (proposals). Voceditenore (talk) 15:19, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

Possible merger with Outer Space
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Outer space is discussing options including a merger into this portal. Certes (talk) 11:58, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Anniversaries - updated
At NASA's website, this page contains several tables of anniversaries by month. Last nite, I gleaned several entries to update month of June. Anyone interested is welcome to add more anniversary dates for Astronomy portal. JoeNMLC (talk) 12:48, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

Portal size
The portal is not a flex element and it goes out of bounds (when you view the portal in a small window, the view is so wide that a horizontal scroll bar is displayed). GoldRoger487 (talk) 16:40, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Portal talk:Astronomy


text:
Sixth Avenue Line

Sixth Avenue Line may refer to any of the following transit lines in Manhattan, New York City:
 * IRT Sixth Avenue Line, often called the Sixth Avenue Elevated or Sixth Avenue El, constructed in the 1870s, closed in 1938 and razed in 1939
 * IND Sixth Avenue Line, a subway line established 1936–1940 to replace the Sixth Avenue Elevated
 * Sixth Avenue Line (Manhattan surface), a streetcar line opened in 1852 and replaced in 1936 by bus service, later rerouted to Broadway and absorbed into the M5 route
 * Uptown Hudson Tubes, a PATH line that was built in 1908 and is now located between the IND Sixth Avenue Line

title: Sixth Avenue Line


text:
Miami Valley Career Technology Center

The Miami Valley Career Technology Center (MVCTC) is a public career technology school in Englewood, Ohio. It serves five southwestern Ohio counties (Montgomery, Warren, Preble, Darke, and Miami). Prior to 1994, it was known as the Montgomery County Joint Vocational School.

Students from 27 partner high schools attend classes daily in one of 40 career programs. Students from districts outside the 27 participating schools may attend MVCTC by applying for admission and then by adhering to open enrollment guidelines.

The high school division is approved and accredited by the Ohio Department of Education and North Central Association of Colleges and Schools as a two-year public career technical school. The division offers secondary preparation with in-school and cooperative education programs.

Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship opportunities at MVCTC allows students to work and earn a paycheck while learning skills and earning certifications.

College Partners

 * Clark State Community College
 * Edison State Community College
 * Sinclair Community College
 * Sinclair Community College
 * Sinclair Community College

Adult education programs
MVCTC Adult Education offers adult students full-time career programs, short-term courses, and education and training services such as GED, ASPIRE, and ESOL classes. MVCTC is a full-service adult career technical education and occupation school, a University System of Ohio Technical Center under the Ohio Department of Higher Education (ODHE), and a member of the University System of Ohio Talent Development Network.

Adult Ed Short Term Courses
MVCTC Adult Education offers Short-Term Courses in Medical Programs, Public Safety, Robotics and Advanced Manufacturing, Service Programs, Trades and Machining, and Veterinary Assistant.

Adult Education Aspire
Ohio's Aspire programs provide free services for individuals who need assistance.

title: Miami Valley Career Technology Center


text:
West End Line

West End Line may refer to:

 * BMT West End Line, a line of the New York City Subway
 * West End Line (Brooklyn surface), a former surface transit line in Brooklyn, New York City

title: West End Line


text:
User:Muksitul

www.ru.ac.bd

Md. Muksitul Haque

Assistant Professor

Deptt. of COmputer Science & Engineering

University of Rajshahi

Rajshahi-6205

Bangladesh

title: User:Muksitul


text:
Category:Paramilitary organizations based in the United States

The category paramilitary organizations based in the United States includes private militias in the United States "militia movement", which are organized privately by armed individuals who establish their own leaderships and lines of responsibility. While members of some such groups believe such militias are approved or endorsed by law, particularly by the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, they are in no way public authorities or organized military or National Guard units of the country or their state. They are private citizens, in voluntary association, and self-funded. The United States Armed Forces do not recognize them as constituents, or relate with them, and such militias are often highly controversial.