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Sound system (Jamaican)

In Jamaican popular culture, a sound system is a group of disc jockeys, engineers and MCs playing ska, rocksteady or reggae music. The sound system is an important part of Jamaican culture and history.

History
The sound system concept first became popular in the 1940s, in the parish of Kingston. DJs would load up a truck with a generator, turntables, and huge speakers and set up street parties. Tom the Great Sebastian, founded by Chinese-Jamaican businessman Tom Wong, was the first commercially successful sound system and influenced many sound systems that came later. In the beginning, the DJs played American rhythm and blues music, but as time progressed and more local music was created, the sound migrated to a local flavour. The sound system remained successful when the conservative, BBC-modeled Jamaican establishment radio refused to play the people's music, while DJs could play whatever they wanted and favored local sounds such as reggae. The sound systems were big business, and represented one of the few sure ways to make money in the unstable economy of the area. The promoter or DJ made his profit by charging admission and selling food and alcohol; often thousands of people were in attendance.

By the mid-1950s, sound systems were more popular at parties than live musicians, and by the second half of the decade, custom-built systems began to appear from the workshops of specialists such as Hedley Jones, who constructed wardrobe-sized speaker cabinets known as "House[s] of Joy". It was also around this time that Jamaica's first superstar DJ and MC, Count Machuki, rose to prominence. As time progressed, sound systems became louder—capable of playing bass frequencies at 30,000 watts or more, with similar wattage attainable at the mid-range and high frequencies—and far more complex than their predecessors. Competition between these sound systems was fierce, and eventually two DJs emerged as the stars of the scene: Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, and Duke Reid. Besides the DJ, who rapped over the music, there was also a selector, who selected the music/rhythm tracks.

The popularity of a sound system was mainly contingent on one thing: having new music. In order to circumvent the release cycle of the American record labels, the two sound system superstars turned to record production. Initially, they produced only singles for their own sound systems, known as "Exclusives" or Dubplates—a limited run of one copy per song. What began as an attempt to replicate the American R&B sound using local musicians evolved into a uniquely Jamaican musical genre: ska. This shift was due partly to the fact that as American-style R&B was embraced by a largely white, teenage audience and evolved into rock and roll, sound system owners created—and played—a steady stream of the singles the people preferred: fast-shuffle boogies and ballads. In response to this shift in supply, Jamaican producers introduced to their work some of the original elements of the Jamaican sound: rhythm guitars strumming the offbeat and snare-drum emphasis on the third beat, for example. As this new musical form became more popular, both Dodd and Reid began to move more seriously into music production. Coxsone Dodd's production studio became the famous Studio One, while Duke Reid founded Treasure Isle.

As sound systems continued to gain in popularity through the 1960s and 1970s, they became politicized in many instances. The DJs would often satirize current affairs and local events, taking on a “singing newspaper” role. Many sound systems, and their owners, were labelled as supporters of a particular political party (such as the PNP or the JLP), but most of the sound systems tried to maintain political neutrality. Nevertheless, as a cultural and economic phenomenon, the sound system was affected by the vast socio-political changes taking place in Jamaica at this time.

An important part of sound system culture is the sound clash, an organized battle between two systems. The Guinness Sounds of Greatness is one of many such clashes. In 2009, the Guinness clash was organized into three parts: a "juggling" round, where each system gets 15 minutes to get the crowd going; a "tune fe tune" exchange of "commercial releases"; and a "dub-fe-dub", when the systems alternate "specials done specifically for the sound system playing the recording".

The culture of the Sound System was brought to the UK with the mass immigration of Jamaicans in the 1960s and 1970s. Notable UK Sound Systems include Sir Coxsone Outernational, Jah Shaka, Channel One, Aba Shanti-I, Jah Observer, Quaker City, Irration Steppas, Fatman International and Saxon Studio International. One of the first sound systems in the United States was Downbeat the Ruler, founded in Bronx, New York, in the late 1970s.

DJ Kool Herc, known as the Father of Hip-Hop, was responsible for importing many of the elements of Jamaican sound system culture to New York. Having immigrated with his family to the Bronx from Kingston at the age of 12, Herc grew up around dancehall parties, and despite being too young to enter, he would hang out outside the parties and listen to the music. When he started hosting his own parties in New York, he was known for having the loudest and most impressive sound system of anyone in the city, which heavily emphasized bass. He also introduced MCs (Masters of Ceremony) to the Bronx party scene, who are considered by some to be the first hip-hop rappers, as they emulated the toasting style of Jamaican reggae deejays.

Sound systems were the method in which Jamaican migrants were able to maintain their cultural connection with their roots. They broadcast the remixed samples of reggae beats and created an underground music culture. This culture was separate from the larger population which relied on the radio to provide popular music. These sound systems were played in warehouses, clubs, and street corners. This was not simply just music played on the radio for a few people to hear, but a culture that involved many people was developed out of being consumed by sound through large sound systems. Sound system culture presented what Julian Henriques refers to as sonic dominance. He is strategic in his usage of the word dominance because it is visceral and this term embodies the "power and the pleasure of the sonic" (452). The sound is an "enveloping, immersive, and intense experience" (451). The experience is so strong that "sounds carry people, as much as people carry sounds; 'vibes' find bodies to move" (230). Dance acts as a natural, immediate response to dancehall sounds, and as Henriques puts it, "bodies have no musical burden to bear; rather they are borne along, even berthed, by music."

According to Henriques, the sound system has also played an influential role in the global influence of Jamaican music internationally. It has "proved itself to be one of the most efficient of musical distribution mechanisms," (218) which has resulted in Jamaican music's influence on genres such as Hip hop, Jungle, and Dubstep. While part of its influence can literally be credited to its superior audio fidelity over radio, the sound system also acts as a symbolic transmitter of shared experiences across the African diaspora.

In popular culture
The 1978 Jamaican film Rockers featured authentic culture, characters and mannerisms of the 1970s Jamaican reggae scene, featuring Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace with his wife and children and in his own home, and the Harry J Studios in Kingston.

The film Babylon, released in 1980, so accurately captured the raw smoldering tensions between White and British Afro-Caribbeans centered around Brixton in the 1970s and 1980s, that it would be given an X rating in the UK and blacklisted in the United States, due to its depiction of institutional racism. Believed to be too incendiary for general distribution, it would be buried and forgotten following its premiere at Cannes, and would take another 40 years before it would be re-released by Kino Lorber in 2019 and made available in the United States on The Criterion Channel in 2020.

Menelik Shabazz's 2011 documentary The Story of Lover's Rock tells the story of the intimate dance, soundsystems, and social backdrop of the Afro-Caribbean community of South London in the ’70s and ’80s.

Lovers Rock, part of the 2020 Amazon anthology series Small Axe, is Steve McQueen's paean to the lovers rock genre and its influences across space and between the diaspora communities of the "Black Atlantic" culture of the British West Indian community of 1980s London.

title: Sound system (Jamaican)


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Talk:Glitching

Untitled
Actually, "glitching" is a real word. However, this article doesn't seem well-written enough to be allowed to stay. o_O --Ketsuban
 * It does sound like a neologism, doesn't it? I'll give a look around for sources and if I can't find any (and none are added in a week or two) we'll discuss it on AfD. Flakeloaf 16:19, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Note from creator
Yeah, I just thought I'd get this page started. I'm new and it definitely needs some editing, but I don't yet have the skills or time to do so. So I invite anyone to add or edit the information in this article. WikiDaily 00:35, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Creator again...
I think I did a good job wikifying this page and adding my own images, but I'd still like to see some new information and if someone could verify for me whether or not it is the B button that cancels a sword lunge in Halo 2...I'm only 50% sure. WikiDaily 01:23, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

From andykandy409 yes it is the b button dude. Andykandy409 03:10, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Original Research
I'll nip this one in the bud now and say that WP:OR was meant to curb crackpot scientific theories, not to stop people from writing about verifiable information they've observed. With that said, reliable links to good sources explaining the existence of these bugs is probably a good idea sooner or later. I'd do it myself but the office thinks poorly of browsing game-related sites. Flakeloaf 16:19, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Fuzz Testing?
why the two way links between Fuzz testing and game glitching. i fail to see the connection. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 189.172.38.108 (talk) 22:21, 10 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Agreed, I arrived at this page hoping to find some kind of connection.--Loplin 10:18, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Too large and too many images. It looks unproffesional. DJLarZ 18:35, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

I think...
that we should add The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time to the "examples" section. Ask anyone who's played that game a few times, and they can vouch for the fact that it is one of the glitchiest games of all time. Take for example, the Swordless Link Trick.--The4sword 01:00, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Arcade gaming
Hi,

I believe this article has a huge section missing on Arcade gaming. Competitive arcade gaming has allowed (in so far, forced) players to find glitches and other unintentional effects to use to thier advantage - especially in fighting games. Its universally agreed that the combo system originated out of a glitch in SF II, and glitches are commonly exploited in high-level play of games (unless they become banned, which would be something else to look into.)  Arcade gaming did this long before Live gained popularity, though maybe not in US/Europe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.186.50.185 (talk) 18:27, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Creator commentary
Yo...It's me again! I changed names. Ummm...good feedback on my page since the last time I checked it! If someone wanted to add the section proposed about glitching in arcade games I'd be very happy to se it added! I'm not as big of an arcade gamer as a console gamer so I do not feel qualified enough to write a good article on it, but I'd be glad to take a look at the work of someone else and help integrate it into the main page. I'd also like to remind everyone here to post things that are true to this definition of glitching. Also I agree that there is no connection between glitching and fuzz testing...I'll try to renovate the page tonight and change those things that do not improve upon the article. Wikidaily2 23:01, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Do Not Redirect
Recently I noticed that my article had been redirected to Glitch. Please do not do this. I do not care whether it was done by an admin or not...it was obviously done without consulting on the discussion page or without any forethought. The content on the Glitch page has almost nothing to do with glitching in this form and thus a seperate page is needed...if there is something wrong with this page (and thanks to the destruction of my page, the style has been crippled since I had to manually revert) please fix it through conventional means...if this page is destroyed by admins again I will not interfere again and will accept your decision, but please don't be jerks and just destroy my work w/o any foreword...I worked hard on this and now it needs even more work. I'm not using this page to 'promote' anything or whatever you think it is. Please if my page is to be removed again...at least let the decision be made by a mod who knows even the slightest thing about gaming or video games...and don't redirect to glitch because it is unrelated. Wikidaily2 (talk) 01:44, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

needs major grammatical and puncuation help
This article was recently vandalized (by an admin I think though ^_^), but nonetheless it was destroyed and I was unable toi retrieve the info other than by copy/pasting it from the deletion log. This action has riddled the article with dashes and asteriks and inappropriate spaces and blank areas...suffice it to say, the article was crippled by deletion. I may come back later and do this, but I can't right now so if you have some time please revise the article and try to tidy it up a bit. The article needs enough help in terms of new sources, information, clarification and stylizing without having it full of blemishes from it's ugly resurrection. I believe that the deletion was the result of an ignorant administrator trying to redirect to "similar sounding words" by redirecting to a hominimous page title glitch which has little if any relevant information to the topic of this article...that page is devoted to the archaic use of the word glitch to describe physical errors in a game that cause awkward effects...this page is about the new activity in gaming subculture of using conventional means to find areas of a game that were seemingly unintended to be found. Also my pictures were seemingly deleted due to unpublicness or something...even though they were taken by me on a digital camera...go figure! Well anyway we need more pictures, so please help with that too. thanks. Wikidaily2 (talk) 02:12, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

CORRECTION
I have relooked at my page and aparently it was ruined by 'project mod studios' people who used it to promote themselves, but instead of fixing the vandalism some admin decided to remove it instead...f&%#ing project mod studios...they are responsible...I will remove their crap immediately! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikidaily2 (talk • contribs) 02:14, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

URL Error in references
The first reference, " ethikal1 (February 8, 2005). "ESPN College Hoops 2K5 Review". IGN. Retrieved 2008-06-29. "Fun, until it started glitching"" who target http://rr.ps2.ign.com/rrview/ps2/espn_college_hoops_2k5/683882/23375/ seems to be wrong actually. " ERROR The requested URL could not be retrieved " Thanks to move it (i can't) or update the link!

Cheers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.50.159.70 (talk) 15:51, 30 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090211163311/http://uk.psx.ign.com/articles/064/064422p1.html to http://uk.psx.ign.com/articles/064/064422p1.html

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Requested move 4 March 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the page at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 20:04, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

Glitching → Video game glitch – "Glitching" is an overly vague term that can also refer to inducing glitches in other types of digital media, like videos, photos and music, as well as non video game computer programs. This is a much clearer term. "Glitching" should simply redirect to Glitch. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 11:15, 4 March 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. — usernamekiran (talk)  11:43, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:PRECISE and WP:NEO. "Glitching" in this sense is too jargon-y to be an encyclopedia entry. The more established meaning seems to refer to a device that undergoes an unintended glitch. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 12:53, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Hmm. While I think the arguments above make sense, I'm not sure "video game glitch" is a better name. Would a majority of the use of that term not be for people who are looking for a glitch in a video game, rather than the described concept in this article of exploiting video game glitches for specific purposes? Could Video game glitching be a better topic?--Yaksar (let's chat) 19:04, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * WP:NOTGAMEGUIDE. The article should be about notable types of video game glitches, like the "out of bounds" glitch and "wrong warp" glitch, etc., not a guide on how to "glitch" video games.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 19:19, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Apologies, but I'm not sure how that ties in to my comment.--Yaksar (let's chat) 21:06, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose - this topics describes the action taken by a player to exploit a bug in a game, so the -ing ending is important. Its not about the bugs themselves. Also, we already have Glitch, and so the rename would be out of place anyway just because we could merge to the existing article. I think this article could use a cleanup and organization pass. I'd like to see sections like "Out of bounds", etc. for each style/purpose of glitching. Also we need some notable specific examples, like the recent Overwatch server crashing]. -- Netoholic @  10:43, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Support many human beings exist who are not gamers and naturally "glitching is" refers to all kinds of glitching not just in gaming. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:55, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose. From my experiences with video game culture, the word "glitching" refers to players purposely exploiting glitches in a video game to beat the game either easier or quicker than the programmers intended, and a "video game glitch" is a glitch or bug that renders the game unplayable to gamers attempting to play the game normally. In fact, Video game glitch currently doesn't redirect to Glitching; it redirects to Glitch which describes the type of glitch I would expect to find when looking for video game glitches. In fact, after reviewing Glitching, in its current state, it jumps around both topics, which is unclear; these are essentially two separate topics. Steel1943  (talk) 22:37, 6 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose – I'm am familiar with the noun "glitch" in engineering, but "glitching" seems to be restricted to this narrower topic. So the present name seems OK. Dicklyon (talk) 05:31, 8 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Apparently not, see GBooks. So we're talking about glitching (video games) and? In ictu oculi (talk) 18:24, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Glitching (circuits) In ictu oculi (talk) 18:26, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * : I'm becoming really concerned about how often you create questionable stubs during move discussions. -- Netoholic @ 22:26, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Well unfortunately move discussions often arise because a user (as is the case here Zxcvbnm) has noticed that an article is occupying a baseline space by dint of selective coverage on en.wp, in this case our coverage of entertainment topics is better than our coverage of electronics topics. When we look in books we see that there are two meanings for glitching. Now it may well be that the best way to serve this is not a standalone article on the missing topic, but content in an existing article. In this case I'd assume that the "glitching" content in books should be placed in an existing article about integrated circuit problems (exactly where is something to be decided). But to be really concerned that books have content that en.wp articles don't have is the wrong concern, the project should serve all potential readers - and watch out for our own editor base bias to entertainment/recent content. In ictu oculi (talk) 08:40, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Uhh... Isn't "glitching (circuits)" just a present tense form of glitch? I am not sure it needs its own article. I simply noted that "glitching" should redirect to "glitch" as a generic term (e.g. "my computer is glitching out", "this program is glitching up", etc.)ZXCVBNM (TALK) 17:04, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I entirely agree but Glitching in books is not the same as Glitching (video games), so the question is really why Glitching here doesn't have (video games) on it? In ictu oculi (talk) 22:32, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Two subjects
Quote lead:
 * Glitching is an activity in which a person finds and exploits flaws or glitches in video games to achieve something that was not intended by the game designers. Gamers who engage in this practice are known as glitchers. Glitches can help or disable the player.
 * "Glitching" is also used to describe the state of a video game undergoing a glitch

As Dicklyon comment above, how are the active editors on this article going to sort this out? This article is about glitching (video game "cheat"), and not glitching (video game error)? The article doesn't seem clear what it is about. In ictu oculi (talk) 22:37, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

I think the best way to go about differentiating this article from the other glitch article is the player's intent of manipulating the game. The kinds of glitches that are discussed in this article are ones where the player's specific intention is to glitch, such as for speedrunning, demonstrating a game's underlying mechanics, or just for fun. The second definition (video game error) is irrelevant to this article. 〜 ♥ (˘꒳˘ ) Teafed, (she/her) (talk) 01:45, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

This article now seems to have more in common with video game exploit (the use of a bug or glitch, or use elements of a game system in a manner not intended by the game's designers, in a way that gives a substantial unfair advantage to players using it). Should these two articles be merged? --Belbury (talk) 15:55, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

Please help with references!
Hi guys, a few things: Since speedrunning and competitive gaming is kinda mainstream now, I figured it'd be good to focus on this article as it's a notable element in both scenes and in the gaming world in general. To be honest the article is in a pretty sorry state at the moment and looks more like a place where people share their favorite glitches. I tried organizing the overview, removed irrelevant information, and added sections discussing hardware manipulation, ACE, etc. I also nearly entirely rewrote the introduction paragraphs, but they still need some work and prolly be reworded. I'd ideally like to see more of an emphasis on glitch hunting and making more sections for the common types of glitches instead of piling is all under "Overview", and maybe eventually creating an additional "Examples" section. I also wanna get the references in order, the introduction I wrote needs some. Some of my references I used could probably be from a better source as well. I'd like to know what you all think about this uwu, please give suggestions if you have any, I could also use some guidance. 〜 ♥ (˘꒳˘ ) Teafed, (she/her) (talk) 03:32, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Glitching


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Ice Warrior

The Ice Warriors are a fictional extraterrestrial race of reptilian humanoids in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. They were originally created by Brian Hayles, first appearing in the 1967 serial The Ice Warriors where they encountered the Second Doctor and his companions Jamie and Victoria. In Doctor Who, the Ice Warriors originated on Mars, which within the series narrative is a dying world. Their early appearances depict the Ice Warriors as attempting to conquer the Earth and escape their planet as early as Earth's Ice Age. A frozen group are discovered by an Earth scientific team, one of whom, Walters, dubs them 'Ice Warriors' in their first appearance. Despite this not being the name of their species, an Ice Lord later refers to his soldiers as Ice Warriors in the 1974 serial The Monster of Peladon. Similarly there is a fleeting reference to themselves as such in The Curse of Peladon. Although originally appearing as villains, subsequent appearances have depicted Ice Warriors that have eschewed violence and even ally themselves with the Doctor. They have also been featured in flashback and cameo appearances, in addition to appearing frequently in spin-off media such as novels and audio releases.

Serials were planned for both 1986 and 1990 that were to have featured the Ice Warriors: Mission to Magnus featuring the Sixth Doctor and the villain Sil, and Ice Time featuring the Seventh Doctor. In both instances, the series was placed on a hiatus and the serials scrapped; however, Mission to Magnus was novelised by Target and adapted as an audio drama by Big Finish, as was Ice Time, retitled Thin Ice in audio form.

The Ice Warriors returned in the revived series in the seventh series episode "Cold War" (2013) and the tenth series episode "Empress of Mars" (2017).

Creation
The fourth season of Doctor Who ended with The Evil of the Daleks, a serial intended to retire the Daleks from the series; their creator Terry Nation intended to produce a spin-off in America. The production office was keen to find new recurring monsters to be used instead of the retired Daleks and alongside the popular Cybermen. Brian Hayles was approached to create a suitable monster that could be used as a new recurring antagonist for the Doctor. He drew from newspaper reports of a baby mammoth found in 1900 in the Siberian ice, and from his interest in Mars, to create his monster. James Chapman suggests that director Derek Martinus drew from the Christian Nyby film The Thing from Another World in realising Hayles' scripts, particularly the concept of an alien frozen in ice near an isolated science base.

Hayles had envisioned the Ice Warriors as cybernetic creatures, but designer Martin Baugh, fearing comparisons to the established Cybermen, instead designed costumes with vaguely reptilian features. After their first appearance, in 1967's The Ice Warriors, they were a success and were brought back in 1969 for a second serial. Peter Bryant, the producer of Doctor Who by 1969, also felt that a second appearance might better justify the expensive Ice Warrior costumes employed in their debut serial.

Physical characteristics
Martin Baugh was the costume designer for The Ice Warriors and was responsible for the decision to make the Ice Warriors reptilian humanoids. As a costume designer, Baugh preferred to work with new materials, with Piers D Britton and Graham Sleight noting that, in designing the look of the monsters, Baugh crafted the armour from fibreglass. Sleight further comments that the sculpting of this armour is reflective of crocodile skin, suggesting their reptilian nature.

Actors like Bernard Bresslaw (who portrayed the Ice Warrior Varga in their first appearance) used a sibilant whisper to demonstrate both the reptilian qualities of the monsters as well as to suggest that the Martian atmosphere is composed differently from that of Earth. The hissing voice is believed to have been developed by Bresslaw. Ice Warriors also have sonic weaponry built into their wrists. The Seeds of Death introduces an officer caste often referred to as Ice Lords. They are less armoured than their soldier counterparts and lack their mounted sonic weaponry. Common to both the Ice Warriors and Ice Lords are claw-like gloves.

For the return of the characters in 2013's "Cold War", these became three-fingered gloves, similar to another Doctor Who alien, the Sontarans.

Neill Gorton chose to make the creatures appear "beefier and stronger", redesigning the Ice Warrior armour to resemble plating. Urethane rubber was used, which is more flexible and comfortable than fibreglass. Mark Gatiss says that he insisted on remaining true to the original Ice Warriors' design for their return appearance.

"Cold War" also depicts an Ice Warrior removing its armour for the first time within the series, something that the Doctor says is the ultimate disgrace for an Ice Warrior. The episode does not feature an entirely unclothed Ice Warrior; however it includes shots of clawed hands in scenes that some reviewers have compared with Alien, in addition to a revealing of the Ice Warrior's face during the episode's climax. "Cold War" also reveals that the Ice Warrior armour is a bio-mechanical shell intended to protect the Ice Warrior from the cold; as a cold-blooded species, they are susceptible to temperature fluctuations. The shell can be controlled remotely using sonic technology.

History
The Ice Warriors first appeared in the 1967 story The Ice Warriors, set during a future ice age in the year 3000. A scientific team sent to halt the advance of the glaciers discovers a spacecraft buried underneath the ice, where it has lain for thousands of years together with its Ice Warrior crew. The Martians are revived and attempt to take over the scientific base, but are defeated by the Second Doctor (Patrick Troughton) and their ship destroyed as it tries to take off.

They returned in the 1969 serial The Seeds of Death, which takes place in the mid-21st century. In this story, the world has grown dependent on the matter transmission system T-Mat, which an Ice Warrior strike force intends to exploit to conquer Earth. After seizing the T-Mat relay on the Moon, they use it to send seeds that are intended to reduce the atmosphere's oxygen, resembling the Martian atmosphere and making the Earth hospitable for Martian life. This plan is foiled by the Second Doctor and his companions Jamie (Frazer Hines) and Zoe (Wendy Padbury), and the invading Martian fleet is sent into an orbit around the Sun.

When the Ice Warriors returned in 1972, in The Curse of Peladon, it was decided by the production team to subvert the audience's expectations, featuring them as allies of the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) rather than villains. The serial depicts the Ice Warriors having renounced violence and become members of a Galactic Federation that, besides Mars, also includes Earth, Alpha Centauri and Arcturus. They had been sent as members of a delegation to negotiate for the planet Peladon to join the Federation, where the Third Doctor encounters them after he and his companion Jo Grant (Katy Manning) are mistaken for the delegates from Earth. The Doctor initially suspects that the Ice Warriors are behind attempted sabotage to the proceedings; however, he accepts that the Ice Warriors have changed when they save his life. With the help of the Ice Warriors, the Doctor uncovers a plot by the High Priest, Hepesh (Geoffrey Toone), and the delegation from Arcturus, a world which is an old enemy of Mars, each with their own motives, to prevent Peladon's admission to the Federation.

A sequel, The Monster of Peladon, aired in 1974 and was set 50 years after the events of The Curse of Peladon. Here, the Ice Warriors are depicted serving as Federation peacekeeping troops. The Ice Lord Azaxyr, however, leader of this force, was working with Galaxy 5, which was at war with the Federation. Seeking a return to the race's warrior past, he tried to impose martial law and take over Peladon but was stopped by the Peladonians, who were aided by the Third Doctor.

As popular recurring monsters, the Ice Warriors have appeared in flashbacks and been referred to throughout the series history. During the Second Doctor's trial during The War Games, he lists the Ice Warriors as among many threats he has defended the universe against. During the Third Doctor serial The Mind of Evil, when forced to confront his fears by the Keller Machine, he sees images of his past enemies, including the Ice Warriors. The newly-regenerated Fifth Doctor (Peter Davison), during a moment of initial instability, makes mention of the Ice Warriors and the Brigadier in the 1981 serial Castrovalva. This has been seen as perhaps alluding to an unseen adventure. When confronted by alien sentient water in the 2009 episode "The Waters of Mars", the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) theorizes that the Ice Warriors froze it in an underground glacier to prevent its escape, testing the virus by addressing it in Ancient North Martian as it reacts to his words, referring to them as "a fine and noble race who built an empire out of snow".

The 2013 episode "Cold War" is the first to depict the Ice Warriors in the revived series and features the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) encountering Grand Marshal Skaldak, a legendary warrior who had been trapped in the ice for 5000 years, on a sunken Soviet submarine. It is also the first televised story to depict an Ice Warrior without its armour. After Skaldak escapes from the ice, the crew manage to subdue him, which under Martian Law he believes is a declaration of war by humanity. After failing to communicate with his fleet for rescue or reinforcements, Skaldak leaves his armour and tears apart crew members to forensically study the weaknesses of human anatomy. One crew member, Stepashin (Tobias Menzies), reveals to Skaldak that the submarine is armed with nuclear missiles that could destroy the planet. Upon returning to his armour, Skaldak prepares to fire the missiles. However, he relents and is rescued by an Ice Warrior spaceship that pulls the submarine through the ice to the surface. Before the spaceship leaves, Skaldak deactivates the warheads. The Ice Warriors reappear alongside the Twelfth Doctor in the 2017 episode "Empress of Mars," featuring the first female Ice Warrior. While female Ice Warriors have been mentioned before, this marks their first onscreen appearance. In the episode, a crew of soldiers in the Victorian era help an Ice Warrior who they nickname Friday to get home after his crashed ship is salvaged and he is awoken from suspended animation, only for him to discover the planet is dead. Friday awakens the Ice Queen, Iraxxa, who wants to kill the humans. Despite a rebellion by one of the soldiers, Colonel Godsacre, the mission's true commander, negotiates his death as long as she spares the rest of his men and the Earth. Iraxxa is impressed with his bravery, and offers him the chance to join their ranks. Iraxxa awakens several dormant Ice Warriors, and the Doctor calls the Galactic Federation's Alpha Centauri to pick up the remaining Ice Warriors, realizing this is the beginning of the Ice Warrior golden age.

Prose
Target released a novelisation of Mission to Magnus in 1990 written by Phillip Martin. This is based on a serial intended for Season 23, but this was scrapped after the series was put on an 18-month hiatus in March 1985. The novel features the Ice Warriors allying themselves with the villain Sil and facing the Sixth Doctor and Peri. They intend to move the planet Magnus Epsilon away from the sun, shifting it into a perpetual winter and turning it into their new home planet. After the Ice Warriors abandon Sil as unnecessary to the completion of their plans, he offers to help the Doctor and Peri defeat them. The Ice Warriors are ultimately destroyed when Magnus Epsilon returns to its original orbit.

After the cancellation of Doctor Who in 1989, Virgin Publishing secured a license to publish original Doctor Who fiction continuing the adventures of the Seventh Doctor. The Ice Warriors make several appearances in the Virgin New Adventures. The 1992 Ben Aaronovitch novel Transit is set after a war between humanity and the Ice Warriors called the "Thousand Day War" and depicts a war veteran, Old Sam, making a gesture of peace at the novel's conclusion. Craig Hinton's 1996 novel GodEngine novel follows on from this, depicting humans and Ice Warriors entering a new era of cooperation after the defeat of a faction allied with Daleks who had recently invaded the Earth. This novel also explores the influence of the Osirians on Martian culture. The titular GodEngine in particular is shown as an Ice Warrior creation using Osirian technology, with the Daleks intending on replacing the Earth's magnetic core with the GodEngine after an Ice Warrior faction has completed it.

Legacy by Gary Russell, released in 1994, is a sequel to the Peladon stories. It features the Doctor and Ice Warriors dispatched by the Galactic Federation to find a murderer hiding himself in the crowds of a Peladonian ceremony. The novel depicts a strained relationship between the Doctor and the Ice Warriors; he remains suspicious of their motives, and the Ice Lord Savaar is irritated by this suspicion. After the Doctor is implicated in murder, Savaar asks to personally execute the Doctor so as to avenge previous Ice Warrior defeats. The two manage to reconcile and work together to defeat the real killer. Savaar was among a group of Ice Warriors who later attended Bernice Summerfield's wedding in the 1996 novel Happy Endings by Paul Cornell.

The Dying Days depicts the Eighth Doctor preventing an Ice Warrior invasion in 1997, with the aid of the Brigadier and Bernice Summerfield. The novel reveals that, after the Mars Probe missions, depicted in the 1970 serial The Ambassadors of Death, Earth made inadvertent hostile contact with the Ice Warriors, which was covered up by British intelligence services. Lord Greyhaven, the minister in charge of the novel's missions to Mars, has been in contact with the Ice Warriors and aids in their take-over of the United Kingdom. Greyhaven is killed by the Ice Warriors after rethinking his actions and wiping out the Argyre Ice Warrior clan. The invasion attempt is ultimately defeated by the military.

The BBC Eighth Doctor Adventures novel The Last Resort features numerous conflicting alternate timelines in which the Martian race has either been enslaved by humans or else has exterminated all but a select human elite to prevent their enslavement. In these realities, Martian life began as a result of bacteria from the decaying corpses of millions of temporal duplicates of a time-travelling teenager called Jack Kowaczski, arriving from millions of parallel timelines on the uninhabitable surface of Mars and dying, changing the Martian atmosphere and evolving. With the timeline breaking down due to the temporal complications of the Martians' existence, the Doctor averts the existence of these Martians by going back in time and taking an infant version of Jack Kowaczski back in time to be raised somewhere he can never build his time machine.

The Past Doctor Adventures Fear Itself (which is set shortly after humans colonise Mars) mentions that native Martians (never named explicitly as Ice Warriors) have been forced into poverty and homelessness by humans, except for a few who have resorted to terrorism to reclaim their planet.

In 2011, as part of the New Series Adventures range, a novel called The Silent Stars Go By was released. It was written by Dan Abnett and features the Eleventh Doctor, together with companions Amy Pond and Rory Williams. The TARDIS crew accidentally find themselves on an Earth-like planet during winter, sometime in the future. There they come into contact with the Ice Warriors, who are seeking a new home for themselves as both Earth and Mars are currently uninhabitable, but complications arise when they discover that this planet is the subject of an Earth terraforming project.

Audio
In the Big Finish audio play Red Dawn, NASA's first crewed mission to Mars encounters a small band of surviving Ice Warriors who had been placed in suspended animation to defend the tomb of Izdaal, the greatest warrior of the Martian race. According to this story, previous uncrewed Mars probes had brought back fragments of alien technology and DNA, and scientists had gone so far as to create human/Martian hybrid clones. This story, set in the 21st century, appears to depict the first full contact between humans and Ice Warriors. This is difficult to reconcile with The Dying Days, and may support the idea that the novels and audios take place in separate parallel universes.

Another audio play, Frozen Time, sees the Seventh Doctor and a human expedition discovering a group of Ice Warriors frozen in the Antarctic. These are revealed to be criminals deliberately imprisoned there as punishment. Also, The Bride of Peladon saw the Fifth Doctor, Peri and Erimem encountering an Ice Warrior on Peladon, the Ice Warrior investigating the recent death of his sister on Peladon, culminating in him sacrificing his life to trap the Osiran responsible for his sister's death.

The Ice Warriors made an appearance in the Bernice Summerfield audio The Dance of the Dead, and the new gardener on the Braxiatel Collection is an Ice Warrior named Hass.

The Fifth Doctor meets the Ice Warriors yet again in the audio play The Judgement of Isskar. This serves as a sort of origin story for them. The Doctor lands on Mars, looking for a segment of the Key to Time. At this point, Martians are a peaceful communal community who do not even know the meaning of the word "warrior". But, when the segment is taken away, the Martian atmosphere slowly erodes. They become desperate scavengers and, eventually, Ice Warriors.

In the 2010 Deimos / The Resurrection of Mars, it is explained that many Ice Warriors went into cryogenic suspension after Mars was rendered inhospitable. Some of these vaults were on the Martian moon Deimos and others were in the Asteroid Belt. Centuries later, some of these Ice Warriors were revived and eventually discovered a new home world. The planet was a beautiful, civilized utopia called Halcyon. The Ice Warriors killed all of the twenty billion inhabitants and renamed it New Mars. The Doctor's old foe the Monk attempts to wake the Martians up centuries in advance so that they can re-colonise Mars at the cost of the human colonists on the planet at this time, arguing to the Doctor that this will save the inhabitants of Halcyon later. The Doctor prevents this plan to preserve history, but the Monk uses this scheme to manipulate the Doctor's current companion Tamsin to join him (not revealing to Tamsin that he was the reason the Ice Warriors woke up in the first place).

In Lords of the Red Planet, the Second Doctor encounters the Ice Warriors at an early point of their history. This, along with The Judgment of Isskar, serves as an origin story for the Ice Warriors, with Lords essentially depicting their genetic origin while Judgement depicted their cultural growth. This story is from an unproduced script of Patrick Troughton's final season as the Doctor, re-created by Big Finish Productions. In this version of their origin, the Ice Warriors were the products of genetic engineering by the original inhabitants of Mars to act as a security force, augmenting a race of turtle-like creatures to serve the more lizard-esque Martians, but the research project that created the Ice Warriors was taken over by a psychopath who sought to create her own power base. Guided by the Doctor's example, her Ice Warriors are destroyed through the sacrifice of an early Ice Lord and a prototype Ice Warrior, with only a few examples of the species left alive, leaving it open whether the Ice Warriors depicted here will become the Ice Warrior culture witnessed in the show or if her creations will 'die out' and the familiar species will naturally evolve from the turtle-like creatures later.

In Doctor Who: The Tenth Doctor Adventures Volume Two- Cold Vengeance, the Tenth Doctor and Rose Tyler land on an asteroid that is being used as one of several freezer storage shops for the planet below, but learn that it was created from ice taken from another planet in this system, the other planet having previously been an Ice Warrior colony before the humans destroyed most of its population and forced the survivors to freeze themselves and hide. When a raid on the asteroid turns off the coolant system, a group of Ice Warriors hidden in the ice defrost enough to escape, attempting to crash the asteroid and another spaceship into the planet below in revenge for their past treatment, but the Doctor is able to destroy both asteroid and ship before they can crash. The last Ice Lord learns that some of his people survive on the colony below, living in the ghettos of the human city, but he attempts to destroy the Doctor with his suit's self-destruct systems rather than accept that his vengeance has been for nothing.

Comics
In the Doctor Who comic strip published in the Radio Times in 1996, an Ice Warrior named Ssard became a companion to the Eighth Doctor, together with the human Stacy Townsend. Ssard's introductory strip dealt with a "medieval" period of Mars's history. Stacy and Ssard reappeared in the BBC Books novel Placebo Effect by Gary Russell, where the two were married. In the monthly Doctor Who comic strips, an Ice Warrior named Harma is part of Abslom Daak's Dalek-killing band, the Star Tigers. Another Doctor Who Weekly back-up strip, Deathworld (#15 and #16), featured a conflict between the Ice Warriors and the Cybermen. In the story 4-Dimensional Vistas (Doctor Who Monthly #78-83), the Fifth Doctor and his new companion Gus Goodman discover the Ice Warriors at an Arctic Base, allied with the Meddling Monk and planning to use a giant crystal to create a sonic cannon. The Seventh Doctor faced the Ice Warriors in the comic "A Cold Day in Hell" with Frobisher as the companion. The comic was printed in "Doctor Who Magazine"(130-133).

Television

 * The Ice Warriors (1967)
 * The Seeds of Death (1969)
 * The Curse of Peladon (1972)
 * The Monster of Peladon (1974)
 * "Cold War" (2013)
 * "Empress of Mars" (2017)

Cameos

 * The War Games (1969)
 * The Mind of Evil (1971)
 * "Face the Raven" (2015)

Target Books

 * Mission to Magnus – Target novelisation of the unmade serial by Philip Martin – 1990

Virgin New Adventures (the Doctor)

 * Legacy by Gary Russell – 1994
 * GodEngine by Craig Hinton – 1996
 * Happy Endings by Paul Cornell – 1996
 * The Dying Days by Lance Parkin – 1997

Virgin Missing Adventures

 * The Empire of Glass by Andy Lane – 1995

Virgin New Adventures (Bernice Summerfield)

 * Beige Planet Mars by Lance Parkin and Mark Clapham – 1998

New Series Adventures

 * The Silent Stars Go By by Dan Abnett – 2011

Other

 * Cold (Doctor Who Storybook 2009) by Mark Gatiss – 2008

Audio plays

 * Red Dawn – 2000
 * Bang-Bang-a-Boom! (cameo) – 2002
 * Professor Bernice Summerfield: The Dance of the Dead – 2002
 * Frozen Time – 2007
 * The Bride of Peladon – 2008
 * The Judgement of Isskar – 2009
 * The Prisoner of Peladon – 2009
 * Mission to Magnus – 2009, audio adaptation of the unmade serial
 * Deimos / The Resurrection of Mars – 2010
 * Thin Ice – 2011, audio adaptation of the unmade serial
 * Lords of the Red Planet – 2013
 * Cold Vengeance – 2017
 * Cry of the Vultriss – 2020
 * Ice Heist – 2023

 * Video games
 * Destiny of the Doctors

title: Ice Warrior


text:
1941 Committee

The 1941 Committee was a group of British politicians, writers and other people of influence who got together in 1940. Its members comprised liberals, and those further left, who were not generally involved with a political party. Its immediate purpose was to press for more efficient production in order to enhance the war effort. This swiftly developed into discussion of the methods and mores by which the United Kingdom would be governed after World War II. The members met at the home of Edward Hulton, the publisher of Picture Post.

Members
The committee's members included:
 * Richard Acland
 * David Astor
 * Thomas Balogh
 * Vernon Bartlett
 * Violet Bonham Carter
 * Tom Driberg
 * Michael Foot
 * Raymond Gauntlett, Secretary
 * Victor Gollancz
 * Eva Hubback
 * Edward Hulton
 * Julian Huxley
 * Margaret Storm Jameson
 * Douglas Jay
 * David Low
 * Kingsley Martin
 * Christopher Mayhew
 * J. B. Priestley, chairman
 * Ritchie Calder
 * Peter Thorneycroft
 * Richard Titmuss
 * H. G. Wells
 * Kitty Wintringham
 * Tom Wintringham
 * Konni Zilliacus

The Nine-Point Plan
In May 1942 the committee published a Nine Point Plan on which it had agreed, calling for works councils and the publication of post-war plans for the provision of full and free education, employment and a civilized standard of living for everyone. This plan was the basis for the successful election campaign of Tom Driberg as an independent in the Maldon by-election. Shortly after, Priestley and most of the moderate members left, and under the guidance of Richard Acland the committee merged with his organisation 'Forward March' to create the Common Wealth Party in July 1942.

Committee members were responsible for the publication of two anonymous best-selling books: Guilty Men by Cato (Michael Foot, Frank Owen, and Peter Howard) and Your M.P. by Gracchus (Wintringham), both published by Gollancz, which exposed pro-fascist sympathies amongst Conservative politicians.

title: 1941 Committee


text:
Talk:Buford Pusser

The stick
Moved from the article:

 * Although many believe he carried a "big stick" to bash criminals in his own form of justice, he did not. The big stick was a fictitious part of the movies about his life.

A reader has commented (via e-mail) that this stick is not fictitious and can be seen at the Police Museum in Pigeon Forge. I found a link confirming the existence of the stick but it says there that the stick was "used in personal appearances" - suggesting it may have been a prop adopted later, rather than something he used before the publicity. Perhaps someone can clarify and replace if necessary -- sannse (talk) 23:58, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Somebody sent you an e-mail rather than just removing it or stating it here on talk? Sometimes you'd forget this was a wiki...oh well, good catch on his or her part. Everyking 03:58, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * He carried a few sticks, but rarely on his person. Often he simply carried one in his vehicle or kept one at his house. Most were axe handles, minus the actual head of the axe. --Robbyappleton 16:36, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

The stick should be mentioned in the article in any case. It is featured in the Museum website listed at the bottom of the article.--Jack Upland (talk) 09:32, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

I'm from McNairy County, and by all accounts, the stick is Hollywood fiction. The fact that it appears in a museum on the other end of the state proves nothing. That doesn't detract from Pusser's toughness. He roughed up plenty of people while he was sheriff, but from what I've read, he generally did it bare-knuckle. 67.45.112.174 (talk) 13:31, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

Controversy
What is it with the statement about him being corrupt? Does anyone have a source for this, because otherwise, it should be removed. Any takers? Alex43223Talk 05:54, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

There are a few books on Buford Pusser that have not been mentioned, and yes, one of his major quarrels with "toehead" was based on a woman whom they both shared relations with. The books are as follows: "The State-Line Mob" "The Twelfth Of August" These may be beneficial to to your queery about him being corrupt. My family is from Michie, TN, right outside of Corinth, MS. There is a "museum" for Mr. Pusser in the basement of the McNairy Co. City Hall, located in Selmer, which consists of some police trade tools, a few pictures, and some literature. I beleive it is his old office. VERY interesting, because it is also where parts of the movie were filmed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.43.255.202 (talk) 23:40, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Carl "Toehead" White
Carl "Toehead" White, not "Towhead". Carl was called "Toehead" because of the swift kick to the head that he would use during fights.

Basic Training versus Boot Camp

I am loathe to change the original text, but Marines go to Boot Camp, soldiers go to Basic Training. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.118.91.242 (talk) 05:48, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Reassess

 * This article is seriously lacking in references and needs a lot of work on its tone before it can be considered a "B" class article. I've reassessed it to reflect this. bwmcmaste (talk) 06:19, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

"Drunk"?
If they did no autopsy on Pusser, how did they know he was drunk when he was killed? I don't think there was any foul play involved in his death, but that doesn't mean he was drunk. The highway where he was killed has a lot of twists and turns. It's easy to have a wreck there if one is not careful, and most people who knew Pusser said he drove like a maniac. In all likelihood, he simply had a wreck and killed himself. 67.45.112.174 (talk) 13:35, 16 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buford Pusser


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daniel Carver

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 12:15, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

I count five keeps (including Kappa), four merges, and two deletes. Further attempts to establish a consensus whether to merge should be continued on the articles' talk pages. —Korath (Talk) 12:15, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Daniel Carver
Is this a case of KKK-kruft or notability? Are individuals who are actively participating in the Ku Klux Klan and make appearances on the Howard Stern radio show noteworthy and encyclopedic? If yes, why? GRider\talk 23:58, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Megan1967 00:48, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Stern's show is notable, so his regular guests should be explained somewhere. Prefer "Keep" if he's senior in the KKK or notorious outside Howard Stern, if not prefer merge (not delete) to The Wack Pack or somewhere. Based on the article, prefer merge. Kappa 01:33, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. He is apparently an Imperial Wizard and Grand Dragon of the KKK. Megan1967 03:53, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Rhobite 02:19, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. ComCat 02:55, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. --Sn0wflake 03:14, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, NN. --iMeowbot~Mw 13:21, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep and expandXpendersx 20:58, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to the The Wack Pack, see also Votes for deletion/Beetlejuice the Dwarf --nixie 12:09, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, probably. Although I work on our coverage of neo-Nazi and white supremacist movements, I'm reluctant to give too much coverage to individual members unless they achieve verifiable note of some sort. This guy probably passes, though - David Gerard 23:58, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. See criteria for inclusion of biographies. --Pjacobi 00:51, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Merge to The Wack Pack. Subject clearly doesn't conform to the criteria of inclusion on his own.  The subject is distasteful to many, but that doesn't mean he shouldn't be included. Fernando Rizo 01:02, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ice Warriors

Ice Warriors may refer to:

 * Ice Warrior, alien race in the BBC television series Doctor Who
 * The Ice Warriors, Doctor Who story in which the alien race makes its debut
 * Ice Warriors (game show), a TV game show on ITV
 * Global Warrior Project, a long-term project founded by arctic explorer Jim McNeill

title: Ice Warriors


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/NYLF Liberal Caucus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 16:09, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

NYLF Liberal Caucus
Vanity article about some kind of group which seems to only contain a handful of members and whose purpose it's hard to decipher. It generates 0 hits on google, an impressive feat. --Preisler 00:02, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, not notable, promo, possible vanity. Megan1967 00:50, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another non-notable promo. I love the line "the specifics of which escape me at the moment". Zzyzx11 00:57, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * An (apparently failed) attempt to use Wikipedia as a chat room and general workplace for transacting the business of a political group within the NYLF. Speedy Delete.  Uncle G 01:06, 2005 Feb 19 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat 02:55, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The very definition of vanity. --Sn0wflake 03:10, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Survivor: Palau

Wanda and Jonathan's tribes
Even when they both had been eliminated before the tribes were divided, in the serie's intro Wanda is in Koror and Joathan in Ulong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wednom (talk • contribs) 02:37, 26 May 2015 (UTC)

Coby Domestic Abuse
In one episode, Coby revealed he is a victim of domestic abuse, and I can't remember which one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.47.42.194 (talk) 13:53, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

Survivor jury vote table discussion
There is a proposal at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Television/Survivor task force to list the vote totals in the same order as the names in the finalist row immediately above the vote totals. All interested editors are invited to join that discussion. Since the Survivor task force appears to be inactive, I'm notifying Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Television/Reality television task force and the talk pages for each Survivor season in order to reach interested editors. Schazjmd  (talk)  16:40, 29 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Survivor: Palau


text:
The Sarah Balabagan Story

The Sarah Balabagan Story is a 1997 Philippine biopic directed by Joel Lamangan. The film stars Vina Morales as Sarah Balabagan, an OFW who was sentenced to death in the United Arab Emirates for killing her employer who was attempting to rape her.

Plot
Sarah Balabagan (Vina) a 14-year old goes to work as a maid in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates or "Saudi", then an umbrella term for countries in the Middle East among Overseas Filipino Workers.

Balabagan a minor, her recruiter lied about her age so she can work abroad. Balabagan only knew about this when she was already in Dubai. She receives unsolicited sexual advancements from her employer and his family. In one episode, Balabagan killed her employer who was attempting to rape her.

She was put on trial and was charged for manslaughter in a secular court, but the employer's family appealed who called for a death penalty for Balabagan. She was sentenced to death by an Islamic court. Her case became a publicized and the Philippine government attempted to save her from death row. Her sentenced was reduced to a year of imprisonment and 100 lashes following an appeal to the royal family.

Cast

 * Vina Morales as Sarah Balabagan
 * Elizabeth Oropesa as Sarah's mother
 * Robert Arevalo as Sarah's father - Kareem
 * Chinggoy Alonzo as Ambassador Roy Señeres
 * Tony Mabesa as Secretary of Foreign Affairs Domingo Siazon
 * Menggie Cobarrubias as Atty. Didagen Dilangalen
 * Rey Serrano as Mokammad
 * Angel Baldomar as Ali
 * Zandro Gatdula as Padua
 * Jerome Reyes as Brando
 * Irvin Era as Usman
 * Marial Al-Mutawa as Samrah
 * Teresa Loyzaga as Doctor
 * Keempee de Leon as Ahmad
 * Jennifer Sevilla as Mona
 * Rolando Tinio as Sarah's grandfather
 * Caridad Sanchez as Sarah's aunt
 * Renato del Prado as Sarah's uncle
 * Denise Borromeo as Bai
 * Jim Pebanco as Mouraon
 * Rita Avila as Amy
 * Timmy Cruz as Mely
 * Melissa Mendez as Helen
 * Mina Bernales as Dina
 * Eugene Domingo as Lucille
 * Gloria Sevilla as Mommy Ines
 * Cherry Pie Picache as Gina
 * Pinky Amador as Carmi
 * Tonia Dizon as Presentacion
 * Ana Bautista as Rio
 * Marie Barbacui as Maria

Production
On September 13, 1996, Vic del Rosario Jr., Teresita Cruz and Vic Jose announced that Viva Films acquired the film rights to Sarah Balabagan's story. Balabagan was initially skeptical about turning her life into a film, but later on accepted the offer after consulting her advisers and realizing the positive reception gathered by The Flor Contemplacion Story. On October 21, 1996, Vina Morales was chosen to portray Balabagan in the film, as suggested by the latter.

Release
The film's released was delayed for at least three times. It was slated to be part of the 1996 Metro Manila Film Festival, but did not make it to the cutoff. It was initially scheduled to be premiered on February 17, 1997, with the opening day to be held two days later but was delayed reportedly due to protests from the government of the United Arab Emirates.

The film's premiere was then rescheduled to March 6, 1997, but was postponed again due to protests from Muslim Screenwriters' Club who reportedly says that the film may potentially damage the public's views on the Muslim culture and traditions. Director Lamangan responded to the criticism that he was secure on the way on how he portrayed the story of Sarah Balabagan, the Middle East, and Islam and laments that Muslim critics of the film is barring a film they have never seen before. Balabagan herself together with Lamangan attended the March premiere which was cancelled in the last minute because the film didn't have a permit.

In mid-March, then-President Fidel V. Ramos postponed the showing of the film, saying it may damage the country's relationship with the UAE and it may jeopardize the efforts of the government to save another Overseas Filipino Worker, John Aquino who was sentenced to death in 1989. A retrial was called for Aquino in December 1996.

The film was finally released on October 15, 1997. Prior to that, Viva Films agreed with the government of the UAE to delete 22 scenes from the biopic in order for it to be released to theaters.

Reception
Vina Morales received three Best Actress nominations for her role as Sarah Balabagan.

title: The Sarah Balabagan Story


text:
Helion

Helion may refer to:

People and characters

 * Helion (magister officiorum) (5th century)
 * Hélion de Villeneuve (c. 1270 – 1346), medieval knight
 * Jean Hélion (1904–1987), French painter
 * Helion, character in John C. Wright's trilogy The Golden Age

Groups, companies, organizations

 * Helion Energy, an American company pursuing fusion power
 * Helion Lodge
 * Helion (publisher), a Polish publisher.

Other uses

 * Helion (chemistry), helium nucleus
 * Helion (meteoroid), meteoroids that seemingly coming out of the Sun

title: Helion


text:
ILo Technologies

Launched in 2004, iLo technologies is a Wal-Mart consumer electronics house brand. Wal-Mart sells many low cost, entry-level consumer electronics products under the iLo name in stores and on Walmart.com. As with many house brands, no single company manufactures all iLo products.

CyberHome USA, an electronics manufacturer of iLo products, currently has their intellectual property, trademarks and domain names for sale, including www.iloservice.com, after their California warehouse was raided by law enforcement in June 2006. A task force of local, state and federal agencies—led by the FBI—seized over 20,000 CyberHome-branded DVD players which Philips claimed used their patents without a license. The estimated retail value of the seized players is more than US$2 million.

title: ILo Technologies


text:
The Alliance (professional wrestling)

The Alliance, also known as Team WCW/ECW and The Coalition, was a villainous professional wrestling stable in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) and the Heartland Wrestling Association (HWA) that existed during the Invasion storyline from May to November 2001.

The stable came about as a result of the WWF's purchase of World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in March 2001. The Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) name was brought in later to help boost the presence of WCW after the original ECW promotion closed in April 2001.

History
The original plan for The Invasion storyline was WCW being a babyface group, led by Shane McMahon (who was the owner of WCW during the angle) to go against the heel owner of the WWF, Mr. McMahon. During May and June 2001, wrestlers identified as being "under contract to WCW" (such as Lance Storm and Mike Awesome) "invaded" WWF programming, by performing several run-ins during matches. The ultimate goal, reportedly, was for WCW to "take over" WWF's flagship show Raw Is War and rebrand it as its own television program, while the WWF would retain control of SmackDown! as their own show. To test the waters for this, the final twenty minutes of the July 2 edition of Raw Is War was given over to WCW, which (in kayfabe) brought in its own commentators (Scott Hudson and Arn Anderson), ring announcer (Stacy Keibler), referee (Nick Patrick), ring apron, and Chyron graphics, to present a match between Booker T and Buff Bagwell for Booker's WCW Championship (which he had won on the final episode of Nitro). This continued later that week on SmackDown!, where Gregory Helms lost the WCW Cruiserweight Championship to Billy Kidman and Booker defended the WCW Championship against Diamond Dallas Page.

The Booker/Bagwell title match, however, was very poorly received both by television viewers and the live crowd in the arena; sports journalist Michael Landsberg reported that many have called the bout "the worst match ever". The two other WCW matches also received a negative fan reaction. The decision was thus made to make WCW a heel group who was out to destroy the WWF. On the July 9 episode of Raw Is War, when then-face WCW owner Shane was scheduled to face Page in a street fight, the two instead attacked The Undertaker, turning Shane heel (Page had already debuted in WWF as a heel, as part of a stalker angle with Undertaker and his wife).

Later that night, during a tag team match pitting Chris Jericho and Kane against WCW's Lance Storm and Mike Awesome, former Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) stars Rob Van Dam and Tommy Dreamer interfered and attacked Jericho and Kane. Justin Credible, Raven, Tazz, Rhyno, and The Dudley Boyz (all ECW alumni) came to the ring shortly thereafter and joined Van Dam and Dreamer in attacking Jericho and Kane, and Raw Is War color commentator Paul Heyman announced that together, he was forming an ECW team to take on the feuding WWF and WCW factions.

Later that evening, Vince and Shane agreed to put aside their differences and join forces to take out ECW once and for all in a twenty-man brawl between Team WWF (Hardcore Holly, Big Show, APA, and Billy Gunn), Team WCW (Chris Kanyon, Chuck Palumbo, Sean O'Haire, Shawn Stasiak, and Mark Jindrak), and the ECW invaders. When the WCW and ECW wrestlers faced off in the ring, however, they did not fight but rather congratulated each other and attacked the WWF wrestlers. It was revealed that ECW had merged with WCW to form a "supergroup" to more effectively challenge the WWF and that Stephanie McMahon had purchased the defunct company. This combined group was originally referred to as "WECW" on WCW.com and then as "Team WCW/ECW," but the rights to ECW's assets (including the ability to use of its name on-air) were still being debated in bankruptcy court at that time, so the name of the group was changed to "The Alliance". The Alliance also extended to the WWF's developmental territory the Heartland Wrestling Association (HWA), itself a former WCW developmental territory, where members appeared as "Team WCW".

At the Invasion pay-per-view, Team Alliance (Booker T, Diamond Dallas Page, Rhyno, and The Dudley Boyz) defeated Team WWF (Stone Cold Steve Austin, The Undertaker, Kane, Kurt Angle, and Chris Jericho) in a ten-man tag team match billed as the "Inaugural Brawl". During the match, Austin turned on the WWF and joined The Alliance, helping them score the victory, after about a week of teasing a face turn.

Over the next few months, the two sides fought back and forth. Except for the feuds for select wrestlers (X-Factor and Christian, for example), every feud on WWF programming involved a WWF wrestler facing an Alliance wrestler. Ten combined WWF and WCW championships were defended among all the wrestlers in the various feuds. Over time, numerous WWF wrestlers would defect to The Alliance, including Test, William Regal, Ivory, and Christian. Former ECW and WCW wrestler Steven Richards would belatedly defect to The Alliance, bringing WCW alumni KroniK with him. In return, Chuck Palumbo and Torrie Wilson defected from The Alliance to the WWF. Kurt Angle also defected to The Alliance on the October 29 episode of Raw.

In late October, both sides agreed to end things once and for all. A "Winner Take All" classic Survivor Series elimination tag team match was set for the Survivor Series pay-per-view, with the losing company going out of business forever. In addition, two title unification matches were signed, as the WCW Tag Team Championship and the WWF Tag Team Championship were to be unified in a match between The Dudley Boyz (WCW) and The Hardy Boyz (WWF), while Edge and Test would meet in a match to unify Edge's WCW United States Championship with Test's WWF Intercontinental Championship. Further, 20 WWF and Alliance members would square off in what was called the "Immunity Battle Royal", with the winner of the match keeping his job for one year regardless of whether his side won or not.

In the end, Team WWF (The Rock, Chris Jericho, The Undertaker, Kane, and Big Show) defeated Team Alliance (Stone Cold Steve Austin, Kurt Angle, Rob Van Dam, Booker T, and Shane McMahon) when Angle double-crossed The Alliance by turning on Austin while he was fighting The Rock during the closing stages of the match. The Rock then pinned Austin, not only putting The Alliance out of business, but also being a symbolic victory of WWF's dominance over its former rivals. Earlier in the night, The Dudley Boyz defeated The Hardy Boyz to unify the tag team championships while Edge defeated Test to win the Intercontinental Championship. Despite his loss, Test entered the Immunity Battle Royal later that night and won.

With The Alliance's loss, nearly all of their members lost their jobs in storyline following the match. Exceptions were made for Stone Cold Steve Austin, then-WWF Champion; The Dudley Boyz, who won the WWF Tag Team Championship; Stacy Keibler, the Dudleys' manager; Rob Van Dam, who at the time was the Hardcore Champion; Christian, who at the time was the European Champion; Immunity Battle Royal winner Test; and Alliance Commissioner William Regal, who was forced to join the "Mr. McMahon Kiss My Ass Club" to keep his job. Some of them would be hired back over the next few months, with the majority of them returning when the brand extension began. The WWF Light Heavyweight Championship, which was held at the time by X-Pac, was quietly retired and replaced with WCW's Cruiserweight Championship.

The next night on Raw, Mr. McMahon celebrated his victory by making a slow return to his villain character, aligning himself with The Alliance members that kept their jobs. Later that night, he resumed his rivalry with Austin, who turned face by attacking Angle and aligning himself with a returning Ric Flair, who was revealed, in storyline, to have bought Shane and Stephanie's stock in the company prior to Survivor Series, making him the new co-owner of the WWF, along with McMahon. After being "fired", Shane walked out on his own and congratulated his father for his victory, and spent most of the next eighteen months away from television; he would return to feud with Kane in 2003. Stephanie blamed Shane for everything and was escorted out of the arena by security, but unlike Shane she made a quick return and began appearing again shortly after the return of her then on-screen husband Triple H in January, which led to a three-month-long feud that ended shortly after WrestleMania X8.

One of the more important changes following Survivor Series was the removal of the WCW branding from The Rock's WCW Championship, with the title becoming known simply as the World Championship. Co-owners McMahon and Flair decided that, since there were now two world championships in the company, a tournament would be set up at Vengeance in December to crown an Undisputed WWF Champion. Current WWF Champion Stone Cold Austin was to take on Kurt Angle while World Champion The Rock was to take on Chris Jericho, with the winners then facing off to become the first undisputed champion in company history. Jericho, who had been feuding with The Rock over the WCW Championship dating back to October, won the World title while Austin defeated Angle to retain his WWF Championship. Jericho, thanks to a returning Booker T, defeated Austin to become the first Undisputed WWF Champion. Following the crowning of the inaugural Undisputed WWF Champion, mentions of WCW and The Alliance ceased on WWF programming.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Heartland Wrestling Association
 * HWA Cruiserweight Championship (1 time) – Jamie Knoble
 * HWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – E. Z. Money
 * HWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Evan Karagias and Shannon Moore
 * World Wrestling Federation
 * WCW Championship (2 times) – Booker T
 * WCW Cruiserweight Championship (3 times) – Gregory Helms (1), and Billy Kidman (2)
 * WCW United States Championship (4 times) – Booker T (1), Chris Kanyon (1), Rhyno (1), and Kurt Angle (1)
 * WCW Tag Team Championship (3 times) – Chuck Palumbo and Sean O'Haire (1), Booker T and Test (1), and The Dudley Boyz (1)
 * WWF Championship (2 times) – Stone Cold Steve Austin
 * WWF European Championship (2 times) – The Hurricane (1), and Christian (1)
 * WWF Hardcore Championship (4 times) – Mike Awesome (1), and Rob Van Dam (3)
 * WWF Intercontinental Championship (3 times) – Lance Storm (1), Christian (1), and Test (1)
 * WWF Tag Team Championship (4 times) – The Dudley Boyz (2), Diamond Dallas Page and Chris Kanyon (1), and Booker T and Test (1)

title: The Alliance (professional wrestling)


text:
Metaxas

Metaxās or Metaxa may refer to:

Places

 * Metaxas Line, fortifications in northeastern Greece in 1935–1940
 * Metaxas, Greece, a village in the Greek region of Macedonia
 * Metaxas Regime or 4th of August Regime, a short-lived authoritarian regime in Greece from 1936 to 1941

People with the surname

 * Anastasios Metaxas (1862–1937), Greek architect and competitive marksman
 * Andreas Metaxas (1790–1860), Greek politician
 * Konstantinos Metaxas (1793–1870), Greek fighter of the Greek War of Independence and politician from Cephalonia
 * Christina Metaxa (born 1992), Cypriot singer
 * Dimitris Metaxas, Greek-American computer scientist
 * Doris Metaxa (1911–2007), French tennis player
 * Eric Metaxas (born 1963), American author
 * Georges Metaxa (1899–1950), Romanian singer and actor
 * Ioannis Metaxas (1871–1941), Greek general, prime minister and dictator
 * Nemone Metaxas (born 1972), English DJ, presenter, producer, and athlete
 * Nikolas Metaxas (born 1988), Cypriot singer

Other uses

 * Metaxa, a Greek brandy-based liqueur

title: Metaxas


text:
Aladdin (animated TV series)

Aladdin: The Series (also known as Disney's Aladdin: The Series) is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation that aired from February 6, 1994, to November 25, 1995, concluding exactly three years to the day from the release of the original Disney's 1992 animated feature film of the same name on which it was based. Despite the animated television series premiering four months before the first sequel, the direct-to-video film The Return of Jafar, it takes place afterward. The second and final animated sequel was the 1996 direct-to-video film, Aladdin and the King of Thieves.

The TV series was produced by Alan Zaslove and Tad Stones, who were already renowned for their work on Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers and Darkwing Duck. Many of the films' stars provided the voices of their TV counterparts, with the notable exceptions of Dan Castellaneta filling in for Robin Williams in The Genie role (like in The Return of Jafar), until Williams later returns to reprise his role in Aladdin and the King of Thieves, and Val Bettin as the Sultan (who replaced Douglas Seale following the original film).

The TV series originally aired as a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994, and in September of that year it began airing concurrently on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block and on Saturday mornings on CBS (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from 1997 until 2000. The show was shown on Toon Disney from April 1998 until December 2008.

Plot
The series is set in the fictional sultanate of Agrabah. It takes place one year after the original film, and is set after the second film. Aladdin, now engaged to Princess Jasmine, embarks on numerous adventures with his companions, both within and outside of Agrabah. These adventures often include solving mysteries, finding treasures, and encountering various enemies, such as Abis Mal (a childish and incompetent thief), Mechanicles (a mad Greek inventor), Mozenrath (a young evil power-hungry sorcerer), and Mirage (an evil cat-like enchantress).

Episodes
A total of 86 episodes were produced, making this series one of the few exceptions to Disney's then-limit of 65 episodes. The direct-to-video film Aladdin and the King of Thieves serves as the series finale. It was followed by a guest appearance on November 24, 1998, in "Hercules and the Arabian Night", an episode of Hercules: The Animated Series.

Main

 * Aladdin (voiced by Scott Weinger) was originally a street urchin who stole food to survive, but his life changed when he met and fell in love with Jasmine, the Princess of Agrabah. Aladdin is engaged to marry Jasmine and will eventually become Prince and eventually Sultan. He learns of his future responsibilities while protecting the kingdom from monsters, sorcerers and other dangers.
 * Genie (voiced by Dan Castellaneta) is one of Aladdin's best friends. Freed from his lamp and able to use his magic freely, Genie helps Aladdin in his adventures to protect Agrabah. However, Genie's magic does not always work successfully, as his powers had been reduced once he was freed. He describes his powers as "semi-phenomenal, nearly cosmic".
 * Princess Jasmine (voiced by Linda Larkin) was forced by her father to marry a prince, but her life changed for the better when she ran away from home and met and fell in love with the man of her dreams, Aladdin. Jasmine is no ordinary princess as she is strong-willed, independent, defiant yet loving and caring. She is quite flirty and seductive. She wants to live a life where she is free to make her own choices and to not let others control her. Now with more independence, Jasmine starts to experience things that she had never done before.
 * Iago (voiced by Gilbert Gottfried): Though he may have cleaned up his act, Iago is still very greedy and constantly wishes to have riches and power in his life. Iago sometimes causes trouble for the gang as he leads them on treasure hunts that turn out to be dangerous. Though he may be quick-tempered, Iago has a good heart deep down and always does the right thing in the end. Iago also has the talent of being able to imitate other peoples' voices.
 * Abu (voiced by Frank Welker) is the charming, mischievous, yet closest friend of Aladdin. Abu is known to be a master thief and has his eyes set on gold and jewels. Abu and Iago have become good friends and work together on many occasions to gain money and riches beyond their wildest dreams.
 * Magic Carpet is a loyal friend who was once a resident of the Cave of Wonders' treasure room. He is the mode of transportation for Aladdin and his friends, as well as a constant games partner for Genie.
 * The Sultan (voiced by Val Bettin) is Jasmine's kind-hearted father, ruler of Agrabah, who allowed the engagement between her and Aladdin.

Other characters and villains

 * Eden (voiced by Valery Pappas)
 * Dhandi (voiced by Debi Derryberry)
 * Abis Mal (voiced by Jason Alexander)
 * Haroud Hazi Bin (voiced by James Avery)
 * Sadira (voiced by Kellie Martin)
 * Mozenrath (voiced by Jonathan Brandis)
 * Amin Damoola / Queen Deluca's Brother #1 (voiced by Jeff Bennett)
 * Mechanicles (voiced by Charlie Adler)
 * Razoul / Prince Wazoo / The Sand Monster / Dominus Tusk / Hamar / Akbar / Queen Deluca's Brother #2 (voiced by Jim Cummings)
 * Rajah / Hakim / Fazal / Nahbi / Xerxes / Queen Deluca's Brother #3 (voiced by Frank Welker)
 * Arbutus / General Gouda (voiced by Ron Perlman)
 * Khartoum (voiced by Tony Jay)
 * Fasir (voiced by Ed Gilbert)
 * Mirage (voiced by Bebe Neuwirth)
 * Aziz (voiced by Michael Bell)
 * Minos / King Zahbar (voiced by Keith David)
 * Fatima (voiced by Charity James)
 * Uncouthma (voiced by Tino Insana)
 * Chaos (voiced by Matt Frewer)
 * Saleen (voiced by Julie Brown)
 * Malcho (voiced by Héctor Elizondo)
 * Caliph Kapok / Amok Mon Ra (voiced by Tim Curry)
 * Thundra (voiced by Candi Milo)
 * Queen Deluca (voiced by Tress MacNeille)
 * Ayam Aghoul (voiced by Hamilton Camp)
 * Magma (voiced by Tone Loc)
 * Sootinai / Merc (voiced by Dorian Harewood)
 * Ajed Al Gebraic (voiced by Jonathan Harris)
 * Nefir Hasenuf (voiced by René Auberjonois)
 * Queen Hippsodeth (voiced by Kate Mulgrew)
 * Sultan Pasta Al Dente (voiced by Stuart Pankin)
 * Scara (voiced by Susan Tolsky)
 * Shaman (voiced by Malcolm McDowell)
 * King Mamood (voiced by Tahj Mowry)
 * Kwanseer (voiced by Ron Glass)

Animation
The animated television series was animated by Walt Disney Television Animation (Australia) Pty. Limited, Walt Disney Animation Japan, Inc., Toon City Animation, Inc., in Manila, Philippines, Kennedy Cartoons in Manila, Philippines and Kennedy Cartoons in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Guimarares Productions in São Paulo, Brasil, Moving Images International (working with Toon City on the show's episodes) in Manila, Philippines, Animal-ya (also known as Animal House), Tama Productions, Wang Film Productions Co., Ltd., Sunwoo Animation Co., Ltd., Jaime Diaz Producciones S.A., and Pacific Rim Productions, Inc. The additional production facilities for Walt Disney Animation (Japan) Inc.-animated episodes are Tama Production, Jade Animations, Light Foot, Nakumara Productions, Studios CATS, Studios Fuga, Studios Robin, Takahashi Productions, and Unlimited Energee.

VHS and LaserDisc releases
Nine VHS cassettes and two double-feature LaserDiscs containing eighteen episodes of the series were released in the United States and Canada (including four VHS cassettes of the Princess Collection: Jasmine's Enchanted Tales set, which contain eight episodes).

Princess Collection - Jasmine's Enchanted Tales

Australia and New Zealand releases
Twelve VHS cassettes containing 24 episodes of the series were released in Australia and New Zealand. The series' home video releases from North American and Europe were also available on VHS, LaserDisc and Video CD in Asia, the Middle East, South Africa, and South America.

DVD releases
The series has not been fully released on DVD, but on March 14, 2005, three episodes of the series were released on the Jasmine's Enchanted Tales: Journey of a Princess DVD release. Also, four episodes were released as part of the Disney Princess DVD releases.

Video on demand
Following the launch of the Disney+ video on demand streaming service in November 2019, Aladdin along with The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show are the only two Disney Afternoon series not available on the platform as of February 2024.

International releases
The entire series is available for purchase on Amazon Prime Video in Germany.

title: Aladdin (animated TV series)


text:
File talk:Black circle.jpg

Correct Dating
I have with me three books. The first one: Malevich: Suprematism and Revolution in Russian Art 1910-1920-Larissa A. Zhadova states that Black Circle was painted sometime after 1920, the book itself was published in 1978. The second book: Malevich-Serge Fauchereau, published in 1992, states that the composition was painted in 1913, and labeled 1923-29. Finally, the third and most recent (2003) book, Kazimir Malevich: Suprematism-Matthew Drutt, states that the painting as a 1915 work. Correct dating of this work is critical, because it may or may not predate Mondrain's first completely non-representational works. Jansen writes that black circle, exhibited in 1915, was painted in 1913. --Mr. Moogle

title: File talk:Black circle.jpg


text:
I129

I129 or I-129 may refer to:

 * Interstate 129, an auxiliary Interstate Highway which connects South Sioux City, Nebraska to Interstate 29 in Sioux City, Iowa
 * Iodine-129 (I-129 or 129I), a radioactive isotope of iodine
 * Form I-129 (Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker) filed by employers for workers seeking a temporary nonimmigrant worker classification such as the H-1B visa, H-2A visa, H-2B visa, or L-1 visa

title: I129


text:
Axial flow valve

The axial flow valve, or Thayer valve, is a brass instrument valve design patented in 1978 by Orla Ed Thayer. Designed with assistance from Zigmant Kanstul, it was originally intended to replace the traditional rotary valve on the French horn, but instead revolutionized the design of trombone valve attachments. Combined with open-wrap tubing, it eliminates the impedance caused by tight tubing bends, improving the airflow through the instrument and the open "feel" perceived by the player.

Problem
When engaged, a rotary valve deflects the air flow through extra valve tubing, using tight, small radius bends of at least 90° angles, leading to a stuffy response and audible tone colour changes, compared to the "open" instrument. These drawbacks are especially noticeable on the trombone, since its characteristic timbre results directly from its cylindrical bore and almost completely straight construction. Valve tubing aside, there are only two bends, one each in the slide and bell section. In contrast, the distinctly softer sound of other brass instrument families like the horns, saxhorns, and tubas is at least partially a result of their conical bore and their intricate construction with many bows and bends.

The change in timbre and response in the valve section was also made more pronounced by the wrap of the valve tubing, traditionally in several tight loops to fit the length of tubing within the bell section, that was the norm until the 1980s.

Invention
The Thayer Valve uses a conical rotor (although the 1978 patent and early prototypes were cylindrical), with its spindle rotation axis parallel to the incoming and outgoing tubing. The airflow undergoes a maximum of 28° of deflection through the valve, which makes an F attachment's open-wrap tubing even more efficient. As a result, the response, tone colour and other playing characteristics are nearly unchanged from those of the open instrument, even on bass trombones with two independent valves fitted.

Criticism
There were several problems with early Thayer valve designs, noted by players and instrument repairers.

Valves sometimes suffered from galvanic corrosion due to the use of unsuitable metals in the manufacture of different parts of the valve. Early valves used cast brass for the rotors, which made them heavy and slow to actuate; an initial solution to this problem was to use aluminium and other metal alloys for the rotor to try to reduce its mass.

The conical rotor's spindle was only anchored at the wide end of the cone, the other end free to rotate inside the casing. This "floating" tip of the conical rotor would undergo precession or "wobble", which caused wear where it meets the inside of the valve casing, becoming loose as a result, and leading to further problems such as air leaks and lubricant loss. Thus, the Thayer valve can have higher cleaning, maintenance and lubrication requirements than other valve designs. They can also be more difficult to disassemble and clean than a standard rotary valve, especially on double-valve bass trombones.

Some players, especially bass trombonists, claim that more resistance enhances the response of low notes on the valve side (below E♭). This group finds playing open flowing designs like the axial flow valve to be more of a strain.

Evolution and improvement
Thayer filed several further patents in the 1980s which attempted to solve some of the initial design problems, as well as other innovations to reduce costs of manufacture and improve the speed of action. These involved using spring tensioners to hold the rotor against the casing to prevent air leaks, and using materials such as plastic or Teflon for the rotor, to reduce its mass and prevent corrosion issues.

Cristian Bosc, Italian brass instrument maker, has improved the axial flow valve design by fabricating both the rotor and the valve casing from single pieces of solid brass with no soldered parts. This was to address leakage and corrosion problems.

A 2011 patent granted to Michael Olsen of Instrument Innovations also greatly improved the valve by (among other things) mounting bearings at both ends of the rotor spindle. This increased the speed and reliability of the action, and eliminated the "floating rotor" design problem and its associated wear and precession issues. Vincent Bach use this design for their "Infinity Valve" on their "AF" trombones, which replaced their "T" trombones that used the older Thayer design.

Aftermath
The invention of the Thayer Valve kicked off an "arms race" among trombone designers and manufacturers that continues today. Newer valve designs include the relatively successful Swiss Hagmann valve found on trombones from many European manufacturers, the Christian Lindberg valve from Conn, the S.E. Shires Tru-Bore valve, the Balanced Valve System or "K" valve from Bach in the 1990s, as well as less successful designs like the Miller valve and the Yamaha "V" valve.

This activity has also spurred many patents and refinements in traditional rotary valve designs for other instruments as well as trombones, such as the Willson Rotax valves found on many French horns and tubas, the Lätzsch "Full Flow" valve, the Greenhoe valve, the Kanstul "Controlled Resistance" valve, and the Edwards AR-1 valve.

title: Axial flow valve


text:
Talk:Hammock

Self supporting hammocks
I included a pic of one. Quadzilla99 02:31, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * And many others. Quadzilla99 03:04, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

May we contribute?
Why are all contributions to this article deleted without posting the reasoning? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zebracobra (talk • contribs) 13:52, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

They shouldn't be. Make sure to sign your edits, and note who has made the reversion.. --APDEF (talk) 05:09, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Health
They look awfully unhealthy to the back. Are there sources? --Leladax (talk) 20:16, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

You'd have to try one to really judge; I just set one up and it feels great for my back; I came here wondering if there was anything about health benefits or otherwise... --APDEF (talk) 05:11, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Unfortunately, the scientific research on the subject seems to be pretty limited. There is evidence from a recent study that shows that a rocking motion, like one experiences in a hammock, leads to better sleep quality. Other than that, the article "Study of cradle and pendulum motion for applications to health care" by Warren Frisina looks like it is probably the best candidate for information about the health characteristics of hammocks, if anyone can hunt down a copy at a university library. There's an article in Russian on their use in treating spinal fractures, and one in Portuguese on their use in a rural hospital, but someone who speaks those languages would need to get a hold of a copy of those articles to see if they have any pertinent information. The only other research I found was an article that seems to suggest that hammocks contain as many allergens as regular bedding, and there were a few articles showing that insecticidal hammocks reduce the incidence and prevalence of malaria in tropical countries    I, Podius (talk) 01:42, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

History
A claim is made that a student of Socrates invented the hammock. And then two lines later, that claim is contradicted by the statement that Christopher Columbus introduced it to Europe. Can we please see if that claim even has scholarly validity? I understand that people in the 19th and 20th century may have been saying it... but did they really know? Johansosa (talk) 02:39, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
 * There is also a file in Commons dated 1328 which I believe was before Columbus' time. I'll tag the claim dubious. --Thrissel (talk) 06:20, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The painting shows a hanging cradle, not exactly a hammock. --Sitacuisses (talk) 21:28, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I was mislead by its categorization (I see you corrected that as well). Still, I think it would be good to have a reference for the statement - for one thing because of the following paragraph, for another because even if it was introduced to Europe from America, it still need not necessarily have been by Columbus. --Thrissel (talk) 09:07, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Hanging cradle or hammock - aren't they essentially the same thing? Of course, adapting a cradle to use by sailors might be a stretch... Kortoso (talk) 21:43, 15 September 2017 (UTC)
 * No, it's a different kind of construction. Hammocks are suspended more or less horizontally, and it's the horizontal tension that creates the lying surface. In the painting from 1328, the cradle is suspended vertically, an even lying surface is created by means of a wooden frame. --Sitacuisses (talk) 12:32, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

"Hammocks were developed by native inhabitants of the Americas for sleeping, as well as the English.[1]" I don't have access to the source referenced, but I'm listening to In Search of a Kingdom: Francis Drake, Elizabeth I, and the Perilous Birth of the British Empire. The author, Bergreen contradicts the notion that it was "developed ... [by] the English." Specifically, he says that Drake noted at the time the novel cotton slings that the natives used, i.e., hammocks. One would think that if they had been "developed" in England, Drake would already be aware of it. If by "developed," one means that the idea was taken from native inhabitants of the Americas and commercialized by the British, then that should be stated more explicitly. Vargob (talk) 19:05, 16 May 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
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Better introduction pictures
Both hammocks in the first two pictures of the articles have spreader bars, which mostly only exist in the US.

These bars make sleeping in a hammock impossible, and considering that is the primary purpose of a hammock in most places, these images are poorly representative of hammocks in general.

Wiremesh hammocks are also mostly american, and while cheaper, considered less comfortable.

Just one in a thousand articles stating the same: https://www.treklightgear.com/blogs/trek-life/sleeping-in-a-hammock-guide

I'd suggest having three pictures, a Brazilian hammock, a non-wiremesh spreader-bar hammock, and maybe a sari hammock or a chair hammock.

Ceandros (talk) 16:24, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hammock


text:
User:Hadley

This is the page User:Hadley.

Thanks for stopping by.

title: User:Hadley