text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Stub sorting/Archive 2

Script-running request
The following is copied from WP:HD: I don't know how to go about running a script or bot on Wikipedia, and don't want to start figuring out how. But I've found something that needs a bot/script1 to be run. So I'm requesting that it be done (see next paragraph). Thanks much! If this is wrong place to ask, someone please direct me to the right place, and I'll repost this there; thanks.
 * Any article that includes   and also includes    should be modified as follows:
 * * If the article is in Category:Hebrew Bible/Tanakh or any of its subcategories, then should be replaced with   .
 * * If the article is not in Category:Hebrew Bible/Tanakh or any of its subcategories, but is in Category:Christianity or any of its subcategories, then should be replaced with   .
 * This won't be perfect, but will be almost perfect. As it is, there are quite a few article that include both and.

1  I don't know whether there's a difference between a bot and a script on Wikipedia, so I'm using both terms. —msh210 18:52, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Bots (which is what you want in this case) are described at Bots. I count around 300 uses of that template - frankly that's probably below the point at which using a bot (writing it, getting it approved, and babysitting it while it runs) would be the more efficient strategy.  I'd probably take a hefty intake of breath and start doing it by hand (I did several hundred Gray's Anatomy images last month, using Firefox's tabbed browsing to help).  Bot or not, I'd wait until wikipedia isn't running so slowly. -- John Fader 19:46, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, actually, it's more than 300 articles, as one can actually change to  based on category. But I am moving this discussion to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Stub sorting; please continue it there (if at all).   —msh210 04:07, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

As long as the stub is sorted correctly, I have no personal objections at this time. However, there may be a cause for restructuring of the stub sorting project, using full name stubs rather than their abbreviated short forms. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:12, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see why there would need to be such a restructuring. The bot can run as follows (I'm using my own made-up pseudocode), with perhaps a lookup table:

IF article hasn't THEN move to the next article. ENDIF IF article is in Category:Hebrew Bible/Tanakh THEN ->  ELSE IF article is in Category:Minerals THEN ->  ELSE IF article is in ...
 * and new lines can be added to the bottom of this list as desired, with the bot running constantly (or periodically, however these things work on Wikipedia).

 * Note that this would assign a single "stub" to each stub; if an article is in two categories, it'll assign the one nearer the top of the lookup table or instructions. (I don't know programming; I'm assuming this can be done so it works as I described.)  —msh210 01:57, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * No, there was a discussion on whether all the NAME-stub should be renamed. -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:01, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Edit summary
I use the following edit summary:  Stub-sorting. You can help! . I see YUL89YYZ uses Sort the stub and Ssd, Edward, Alsocal, Grendelkhan and Viriditas use  [foo]-stub . Another I've seen is:  stub -> [foo]-stub . What do you all use? If everyone posts his own, then we can all get good ideas.

Incidentally, I assume stub-sorts should be marked as minor, and have been doing so. Do you all agree?  —msh210 01:45, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been using "sort stub", and minor, when I've come across them. —Korath (Talk)

 * I mark it with the name of the stub template, the same as I would for tagging a category with cfd or for that matter, marking it a generic stub. ("Stub" is usually sufficiently explanatory, as is "cfd".) This is more problematic with templates that are not obvious template names. (For example, "tolkienstub" and "geo-stub" are fairly obvious, but "PBS stub" is apparently a bit confusing.) -Aranel (" Sarah ") 21:15, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I use use more specific stub-tag foo-stub. grendel|khan 17:21, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)

Where do you put stub tags?
Now that placing the stub tag after categories will cause the stub category to show up last (instead of template categories always going first), where do you put it? I'm inclined to favor putting the stub tags at the end, since the stub category is usually the least important to the contents of the article. Is there any policy on this yet? -Aranel (" Sarah ") 21:26, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Traditionally, it IS suppose to be at the end of the article. That way, it is not disruptive to the article. -- AllyUnion (talk) 07:10, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Category/stub ordering is a no-win situation. The stub category should come last in the category list, but placing the stub tag after categories produces excessive ugly whitespace visible in the article itself (e.g. see Otto August Rosenberger). —Korath (Talk) 08:04, Jan 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * You could do this: -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:07, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I like that solution, thanks. Courtland 02:24, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)
 * ...but someone else doesn't -- see User_talk:Ceyockey Courtland 18:51, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)

You're right I don't like it. I separate categories one-per-line whenever I see them and so does any bot I hear. You lose a lot of ease in maintainability to......save some whitespace? No thanks. Each change of a page creates a diff. The diff engine used for wikipedia isn't that smart and only looks at lines. So a change on a line requires the diff to include the old and new line in the diff. This is why I break paragraphs into one sentence per line; categories one per line; and interwiki links one per line and there's no presentable difference.

So this condensing pretty much goes against the thousands of articles I've seen and the only good reason you have is to save some whitespace. If anything, you should get the wiki code changed to not put in the whitespace instead.

As for stub location: I guess I don't see it as worth squabbling over. Stubs are the temporary item and the more time spent on it means the less time you spend on making articles non-stub. Cburnett 19:06, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"pi" image in Template:Math-stub
There is some debate over the use of a "pi" image in Template:Math-stub; there's small edit war going on. Please see Template talk:Math-stub if you care to voice an opinion. (Please do not discuss this here; discuss it there; thanks.)  —msh210 04:47, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Finding stubs to sort
For those of us (e.g., myself) who spend time going through lists of stubs and sorting them, there are essentially two ways I've found of doing so:
 * going through the list at Whatlinkshere/Template:Stub;
 * going through the list at Category:Stub.

For those who prefer the latter, but get bored with the beginning of the alphabet (well, symbols, actually) that's depicted at the page Category:Stub, I've made a little template that you can use to go to stubs that start with, e.g., the letter F. It's at User:msh210/catstub and can be included in any page by using  . E.g., I've done so on User:msh210.

 * If there's broad interest in this, which I doubt, we can move it so it's a subpage of here; e.g., to Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Cat:Stub broken down by initial letter.  —msh210 19:47, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I have also found Google to be a useful tool for finding stubs. (It won't find all of the stubs for a particular category, but it will find some of them.) Do a site search (en.wikipedia.edu) with some key words + "stub" (or "this article is the stub" or the text of a specific stub). This will usually help you to find enough to figure out what other key words you might want to look up. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 21:18, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a problem with using Category:Stub. Because that category grew to be so huge that is caused major system performance problems, the connection between Template:Stub and Category:Stub was removed, so many of the Wikipedia articles that have the stub template are NOT in the stub category. The only was to find them is to do a site-search at Google or some other search engine (which will find all those articles except the ones created after the last time Google spider the Wikipedia website). Instead of just searching on "stub", it is probably better to use "This article is a stub". Here is the URL for a Google site-search which finds "about 21,300" webpages.  BlankVerse  ∅  13:44, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * That might be so, but there are still plenty of stubs present that are real and in need of sorting in the Category:Stub bin. A way I've found recently that leads to targeted stubbing is to follow live wikilinks from stubs ... about half of the stubs I categorized yesterday were found by link following, and some of those were not stubbed but should have been.  The categorical lists added via templates are also useful; for instance, the Template:Places in Singapore ... I only made it through the 1st 1/3rd of this listing and found that many should be stubbed or are already and are in need of categorization.  Courtland 12:43, 2005 Feb 14 (UTC)

 * From the Village Pump: Stub Finder.

Archiving
I archived some old or irrelevant material. While I think some more could be archived, I decided to leave it at that. How about we separate all discussion of hierarchy/creation/deletion of stub categories to WikiProject Stub sorting/organization or some similarly named page?--Circeus 21:49, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * The Criteria page was supposed to be used for that purpose. -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:59, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I shall move it to there (or to the talk page?). The sooner a final hierarchy is decided upon, the sooner we can really start working. --Circeus 18:36, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. also moved new/deleted stub discussions.

Getting the subcategories right
I know that it's probably individuals not connected to this group, but I'm getting annoyed with people working their way through the stub category and putting things into seemingly random subcategories. I've just gone through today's additions to the geography stubs which had been moved from general stubs, and found (among otherws) a series of books, a prehistoric tribe, a police force, and a biography of a mathematician. Sorting into the wrong category is just making this job harder - please be careful how you recategorise things! Grutness|hello? 05:11, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And today, an advertising slogan for an anti-litter campaign. Sigh. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 07:36, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Stub sorting
I must admit that I started to move sorting through the Category:stub yesterday (and hope I wasn't the one who did this above, but if I was, sorry about that), but I'm getting confused about the sometimes haphazardly tagging of the stubs, too; I found 3 or 4 articles which were stubbed in 4 categories. Is this common policy, or does one just choose the most appropriate one Lectonar 08:56, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't think you were, offhand... Can't speak for others, but I often use more than one stub, although four would be excessive. For instance, a mountain range along the Polish/Czech border might conceivably get a a Poland-geo-stub and a Czechia-geo-stub, or someone who was both a mathematician and astronomer might bet two stubs. With 90% of articles one stub message will probably automatically seem the most likely. Troubvle is there are now so many categories (but given the number of articles, they're all needed, and there will probably need to be more soon, too). Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 09:21, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Stub sorting script
I've made a script that helps with my stub sorting and I thought I'd share: User:Jag123/StubScript.js. It only works when the page has an existing stub, and is being edited. It adds a link in the toolbox section (What Links Here, Related Changes, etc) on the left. When you click on this link, it shows a list of stubs (which you can define). Once you click on a list item, it automatically changes the existing stub tag in the article to the new stub tag, adds the summary (which you can define), selects minor edit (can be turned off/on) and "clicks" save page (can be turned off/on). I've only tried it with IE6 and monobook skin. --jag123 13:41, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * An how do we implement this? Onco p53 00:49, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Copy it to User:YourName/monobook.js (if you're using the monobook skin). --jag123 01:09, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I tried it but it only works in IE not mozilla, but it does work very well. Onco p53 01:28, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

What Stubs Are
I'm on something of a solo crusade to remove stub tags from articles that aren't stubs. And I thought that it would make my life easiest if I asked for your help. When you are sorting stubs, please try to untag things that are merely "short articles" and not stubs, remembering that a stub is hardly ever more than a paragraph and very often only one or two sentences. If it's not a stub, don't tag it. It'll make everybody's life easier. :) Snowspinner 13:31, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, but let's keep in mind that stubs can be long. I recently did a stub that was basically a couple of sentences and a list.  Long, but needed a stub tag, I thought.
 * And while we're on the subject, what about articles that are stubs by virtue of the fact that the subject matter is so huge that outlining it or tackling one facet really doesn't form an article--stub or no stub?
 * Quill 21:15, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * There seems to be a simplistic way of looking at stubs that says short=stub, long=no stub. Yet you can get quite long articles that are still definitely stubs because they don't cover many aspects of a subject. Take Dhaka for instance. Several paragraphs long, but nowhere near enough of an article for one of the world's biggest cities. On the other hand, you can get a far shorter article that says everything very succinctly in a couple of short paragraphs, like the far shorter Chimes_of_Freedom:_The_Politics_of_Bob_Dylan%27s_Art. Personally, I'm also of the opinion that every article should have at least one category code, and if it doesn't it is de jure a stub, irrespective of length (of course, in those cases, it's far better to find a suitable category for it than add a stub template) Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 03:07, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is my exact issue, actually - an article that needs expansion is not necessarily a stub, and a stub does not necessarily need expansion. Something being a permastub is very often a reason for deletion or merging into something else. But in any case, the two categories are very different things. Snowspinner 21:54, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Windscreen wiper is a good example I think. This was stubbed, but the stub had been applied when it was 2 or 3 lines long; now the article has significant (though not comprehensive) information, and I removed the stub the other day.  I guess this would be a test case for "should this be stubbed or not".  What do you think ... should I revert my stub-removal, or leave it "de-stubbed"?  Courtland 23:01, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)
 * I would definitely not consider that article a stub. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 23:05, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Me neither. Looks pretty comprehensive. mIt's worth remembering that we do have a Template:Sect-stub for use when the aticle is long but one section needs work (I'd be tempted to put that on the history section here, but it would be a borderline case). Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 00:12, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Working with Wikiprojects, etc.
Although it would make the above table of the Science stubs too wide, it would be nice to have some way of noting which stubs match up with which WikiProjects.

Keeping with the idea of WikiProjects (along with the Regional notice boards, etc.): When there are any proposed additions or deletions of topic stubs, there should probably be a note added to the Talk page for any appropriate WikiProjects. For existing and newly created stubs, the appropriate topic stubs should be mentioned on the WikiProject's or Regional notice board's main page. Since most of them follow a similiar format, there should be some standardized format and location for adding stub information to a WikiProject page. BlankVerse 06:36, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * It turns out that one of the Regional notice boards has already added a section for the appropriate stubs to their main page. Take a look at Notice board for India-related topics. BlankVerse  ∅  14:01, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Two of them at least - I can remember adding the Africa-geo-stub to the Africa WikiProject page after finding out that the Africa-stub was already listed there. Grutness|hello? [[Image:Grutness.jpg|25px|]] 12:57, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Stubs currently on tfd/cfd
In line with the suggested policies, here is information on the three stubs currently on Templates/Categories for deletion: Grutness|hello? 12:19, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Template:us-geo-stub. This is a duplicate of the well-used template US-geo-stub that was accidentally created by a user who did not know about the latter template. The category is empty and the likely outcome is a delete for that and either a delete or redirect for the template.
 * Template:Car-stub. Another (if slightly more useful) duplicate. The template now redirects to Auto-stub, and the accompanying category looks likely to be deleted.
 * Template:City-stub. Largely redundant now that geography stubs go primarily to country/region subcategories. Only about a dozen articles used this stub, many of which were not cities (most of which were in Brazil for some reason - they now have Brazil-geo-stubs instead). The category is now empty, and the votes so far have all been for delete.

Updated science stub census
The table here includes information provided previously by gK and Jag123. Courtland 11:02, 2005 Feb 9 (UTC) Others providing input: msh210; BlankVerse.


text:
Category:Crusader castles

This category contains castles founded or occupied during the crusades. See also Crusader state, List of Crusader castles.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Crusader castles


text: Talk:Fuller Potter

title: Talk:Fuller Potter


text:
Talk:First Congo War

Accuracy questionned
I must put in doubt the total accuracy of the information on the beginning of this war. That the Anti-Mobutu forces simply gathered up is not true. They were propted and financed to gather by Rwanda and Uganda, who had military, political and financial interests in asserting some level of control at least on the Eastern part of the country, if not the whole country. Many of these rebels had converted to smugling businesses, and such. They had no standing to fight Mobutu, without the APR of Kagame, and the UPDF of Museveni. As mch as the resulting departure of Mobutu was at face value beneficial to the country, the motivations were NOT to liberate the country - it was more of a welcomed side-effect of an opportunistic operation, that sought to use the alleged persecution of the Banyamulenge (who have indeed been dealt pretty raw and painful cards by the Mobutu regime), to justify military presence in The Eastern Congo, by two occupying powers. When they realized it was not going to fly, they engineered a puppet rebellion, made up of a vast majority of Banyamulenge people, and a few old-guard nominal anti-Mobutu resistants, to sell their invasion as a Liberation. A purely politically motivated manufactured rebellion... that just happened to be succesful, as Mobutu's apparatus was already rotten to the core. And so they went ahead, all the way to Kinshasa. The creation turned against its creator, however, when they felt legitimized, and realized the extent of the manipulation (the very official Congolese Armed Forces Chief of Staff was an officer of Rwanda's Army, namely James Kabarebe) - hence, the Second Congo War. Please discuss.

Themalau 14:30, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Themalau, I partially agree. The "financial interests" certainly existed at his early state, but the overwhelming concern was the destabilizing effect of the genocidaire attacks, as described at Great Lakes refugee crisis.  The degree to which the rebellion was planned should be clearer here than it is.  (It's easier to see at Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo.)  While the resource extraction clearly becomes very important soon after the invasion, I don't see a lot of evidence that it was as important as the initial security interests.  Certainly the overthrow of Mobutu seems to have been opportunistic after the clearing of the border refugee camps, which perhaps explains why Uganda doesn't enter this story in a big way until after the opening act.  I disagree with your lines of causation for the start of the Second Congo War.  The heavy foreign influence was delegitimizing to Kabila's government and positioning himself as a fighter against foreign occupation was legitimizing, so the causation is the reverse that you describe.  He did not rebel against Uganda and Rwanda because he was legitimate; he gained legitimacy because of his fighting.  I'm not as knowledgeable about the financial deals as I should be, but there are hints in what I have read that Kabila aligned with Mobutu, et al, as they had stakes in the eastern mines.  Regardless, the current article is clearly inadequate, especially in its description of the formation of the conflict, so your additions would be much appreciated. Cheers, BanyanTree 16:50, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

A report here states
 * While these groups undoubtedly threaten the security of Congolese people at the local level, the security arguments put forward by the Rwandan and Ugandan governments are questionable. In particular, the Rwandan army’s activities on the ground have not appeared to be consistent with their posited security concerns.  Evidence suggests that, in the Kivus, the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) and RCD have ignored information as to the locations of the Interahamwe.  On various occasions, local sources have given evidence of collusion between the RPA/RCD and Interahamwe over the extraction and trading of minerals in eastern DRC

If the Rwandan Army is collaborating with the Interahamwe to loot mineral wealth from Congo, you can be pretty sure Rwanda's claims about wanting to root out Interhamwe are not to be taken at face value.

Didier Gondola, author of "The History of the DRC", has mentioned to me in an email that "Opération Turquoise" needs to be mentioned as one of the causes of the trouble in the East. I'm sure he won't mind if I paste his main points about the Congo War articles here:
 * ''This is a great set of articles well researched and very well balanced. Just a few suggestions:

-Xed 19:56, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * 1)  If there's room you should mention "Opération Turquoise" imposed by the French to Mobutu. It is important to mention it because it prompted the refugee crisis in eastern Congo.
 * 2)  Joseph Kabila was appointed with a unanimous vote from the Congolese Parliament. To make it more understandable to the general audience there's a need to say that the Congolese parliamentaries were, for the most part, handpicked by Laurent Kabila and therefore could only plebiscite his son.  Readers need to understand that the choice of Joseph Kabila was disapproved by the majority of Congolese, given that he speaks neither French nor Lingala and may not even be the biological son of Laurent Kabila.  The majority of Congolese balked at the fact that once more they were imposed a leader that wouldn't have certainly won had democratic elections been held.  I sensed that frustration still lingering during a visit to Kinshasa last summer.
 * 3) Under the heading "Effects" it states that the war "has destroyed the economy of an already poor region."  You may need to qualify that the very reason why eastern Congo is the theater of this protracted conflict has to do with the fact that this a rich area (in terms of resources) with a poor economy.
 * 4) I am surprised the botched transitional formula of 1-4 (one president and four vice-presidents) is not covered in the final segments.  This is one of the main obstacles to peace and democracy in Congo.

 * Hi Xed. Long time, no speak.  I note that the linked report you quote from is from 2002, while I am arguing about the primary motivation of the invasion six years earlier.  I do not contest that Uganda and Rwanda were primarily interested in resource extraction by the start of the Second Congo War in 1998, but I have not seen evidence that it was their primary motivation in late 1996.  We shouldn't assume that motivations detailed late in the conflict would be the same as motivations in the beginning.

 * I'm pleased that Dr. Gondola was positive overall about the Congo War articles. In response to his bullet points:
 * I have not seen an account that blames the French operation for the refugee crisis. It is clear from the sources I used to start Great Lakes refugee crisis that the Hutu government was coordinating a massive exodus in front of the RPF advance.  While I haven't researched Opération Turquoise itself, there was clearly going to be refugee outflow into Zaire and the main role of the French operation was to delay the inevitable.  I would need clarification/sources before making making these edits.
 * I have modified the relevant sentence at Second Congo War.
 * Good point Given that Dr. Gondola is describing a contributing factor of the conflict rather than a result, I don't think that is proper section to modify. There is quite a lot of information on resource extraction in Second Congo War and I'm not sure where else it can be mentioned.  I occasionally think that a Role of resources in the Second Congo War article would be useful.
 * I'm afraid I have heard of this but have almost zero background knowledge. BTW, our article on Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is in need of help. I don't suppose we can get Dr. Gondola to come back?  ;)
 * Regards, BanyanTree 21:15, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The motivations changed, but I still think getting control of Congo's resources was an important part of Rwanda and Ugandas (and L Kabilas) plan at the start of the First War. But you're right that the looting became more intense in the Second. If you look at maps of minerals and maps of the areas that the Rwandan/Ugandan backed forces initially targeted you can see how they intersect. The mineral story is not too well told on Wikipedia at the moment. There's a UN report on it ("several members of the U.N. panel that prepared the report have since received death threats").
 * Don't know anything about Turquoise, but google turns up a few things. Didier Gondola is wrong about Kabila not speaking French I think, but I have read from diff sources that he was adopted by Kabila. Also that he is half-Tutsi (there was some sort of leak of an internal Belgian document a while ago which said this, it caused some diplomatic tension between the two governments). The French version of the Transitional government article seems more complete. Didier Gondola seems a bit of a busy man, but I have invited him to edit if he has the time. Actual experts writing articles - isn't that a bit radical for Wikipedia? - Xed 01:04, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Friends, it took me a while to come back here, but I wanted to address some of the things you all said.
 * First of all, I did not say that Kagame, Museveni et al. only wanted Congolese resources. That was not my point at all. In fact, I am quite certain that the main motivation - for Kagame at least - was survival of their regime, and the creation of a buffer zone between the former Rwandan Forces, and interahamwe that were staging small attacks on their territory. The financial/resources motives were very important, but secondary to the "survival and control" aims.
 * The only reason why I have not introduced some of these things, is that I want to make sure to put it in a NPOV way. And speaking of that, Didier Gondola - with all the respect that he well deserves - is doing A LOT of POV in his suggestions, especially about 1+4 for example. Yes, it has been a burden in the efforts towards peace, but it is also the compromise that made the peace-deals work, so it's not a black or white issue.
 * About L. Kabila's legitimacy, maybe it is my english that is a problem. But what I meant was that when Kabila felt he had enough personal, and independent gripo on power, and a clear opportunity to stand on his own, with popular support, he took the actions that would garantee it. So yes rebelling against his masters gave him new legitimacy in the eyes of the people; but it was a liegitimacy that he had been building earlier, and his asking foreign forces to leave simply reinforced that legitimacy.
 * At some point here, and in Second Congo War, we need to address more in depth, the ethnic aspect of these conflicts, and the very contentious - and IMHO not very well/fairly discussed here - issue of the Banyamulenge (actually in the actual Banyamulenge article, I think things are given a more accurate explanation. We also need to look into this new Ivorian importation of "Congolity"...
 * In Great Lakes refugee crisis, it is important to state that the interahamwe et al, were a small minority among the Hutu refugees, that used them to shield themselves. Not every Hutu is a genocidal maniac - which is the general feeling one gets from many of the articles on this era. And the RPF did not invade to end the genocide. At the time the genocide started, the RPF already controled the north of the country (Byumba, Ruhengeri, Muranvia, etc). And they had more than a thousand troops in Kigali itself, headquartered at the Parliament complex. It needs to be clarified. Considering that it is one of the causes of this war, It is relevant don't you think?
 * Themalau 10:59, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Statements about Lumumba
The article has this "Soviet-backed leaders like Patrice Lumumba, who had been deposed in 1960 with Belgian and CIA assistance." I take two issues with this, although I dont know enough about the topic to edit the article.

1 Is it true that Lumumba really was Soviet-backed? In my research, he had saught the help of the Soviets just as he had western countries, but was on the whole unsuccessful on both fronts. The US perception was that Lumumba was either in league with the Soviets or volunerable to that, but the article makes it sound like he uncertainly was.

2 The deposition of Lumumba, again, in my research, seems to have had relatively little to do with the CIA and almost everything to do with the Belgians, along with the UN. The CIA certainly had plots against him, but none came to pass. Can anybody verify this? -- Yinon 18:27, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The US certainly thought he was aligned with the Soviets and I have rephrased this bit. The fate of Lumumba is certainly notable, but not entirely relevant to the subject of the article and I have removed mention of it here.  What do you think? - BanyanTree 18:50, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks like a good solution. Indeed the US perception is the thing to note here.  Your edits read a bit awkwardly to me, so I reworded them a bit.  I hope its a bit clearer this way. Yinon 20:41, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Seems alright. I changed "whom" to "which" to make sure the reader knows that we're adding the clause to US and not Mobutu.  I admit that my eyes are beginning to glaze over when I read that sentence now so hopefully that is not horrible. Cheers, BanyanTree 20:51, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * You could add to that, Lumumba seems entirely irrelevant to a war in the 1990's.   The controversy about Lumumba belongs somewhere else.Eregli bob (talk) 07:21, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Rwanda
It has long been a mystery to me,  how a broken down pissant tiny state like Rwanda  could exert so much influence over Zaire/Congo ? How does that happen ?? Explaining that issue would be a very welcome enhancement to this article.Eregli bob (talk) 07:23, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

It stated in the section recounting the Rwandan genocide that it was the Hutu that ruthlessly massacred the Tutsi but I was always taught to believe that both massacred each other equally, even though there were far more Hutu than Tutsi. I could be incorrect, but if I am not, this seems like a pretty biased and large oversight.Human 9474 (talk) 14:48, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

"First" war
Is this really the "first" Congo War? What about the Congo Crisis? If that wasn't a war, I don't know what is. Brutannica (talk) 04:22, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

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Unreferenced and NPOV intro
The introduction of this article is unreferenced and is NPOV. I tagged it but it was reverted saying the references are later in the article but this isn't how it works, the references need to to be added to the intro and the NPOV statement needs to be strongly referenced Gnevin (talk) 22:55, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
 * No. First of all, the intro usually does not need to have references if said information is referenced in the article. Secondly, the intro is not NPOV either. Anyway, to prevent another tag-bombing, I will add references. Applodion (talk) 08:26, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:09, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Laurent-Désiré Kabila cropped.jpg

Eritrea's Involvement in First Congo War
Hello I wish to bring into question the involvement of Eritrea in this war. I highly doubt that this took place and all references to this points to a Martin Plaut. Martin has been known documented history of levelling baseless accusations against Eritrea. I wish to ask that either this be reviewed or that another source that doesn't reference Martin Plaut either directly or indirectly be used referred to. Ericandude (talk) 16:01, 23 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Plaut is a highly reliable author, and you are making unsubstantiated accusations. Just google Eritrea + Congo war, and you find dozens of other sources stating the same, for example Jonathan Fisher's book "East Africa After Liberation" published by Cambridge University Press. Applodion (talk) 18:23, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Congo War


text:
User talk:Darkside88

The Dark Side was created by a dude name TDSR who was bored one day and decided to build another site. The site is still growing in members and will hopefully continue to grow.

The story behind The Dark Side

http://tds-forum.tk is the message board where you can go and join the Dark Side. You can post and thing you want on the board. On the Story board,(here) is where you can add a story that you have wrote.

The Dark Side is the END of the internet. There is nothing else out there after this................

Thank you,

TDSR

title: User talk:Darkside88


text:
Freestyle (roller coaster)

Freestyle is a stand-up roller coaster operating at Cavallino Matto in Tuscany, Italy. It opened as the park's fifth roller coaster on July 18, 2015. Freestyle originally opened at Canada's Wonderland in 1985 as SkyRider and closed in 2014. Built by TOGO, it was the second stand-up roller coaster from the company following the now-defunct King Cobra, which opened the previous year at Kings Island.

On August 6, 2014, Canada's Wonderland announced that the ride would close permanently on September 1, 2014. The coaster accommodated nearly 23 million guests during its lifespan. In the Fall of 2014, SkyRider was sold, dismantled and relocated overseas to Cavallino Matto. It was reassembled and opened in 2015 as Freestyle. Yukon Striker, a Bolliger & Mabillard Dive Coaster, is currently located in the space vacated by SkyRider.

SkyRider Memories Contest
In August 2014, Canada's Wonderland announced it would be holding a special contest for thrill seekers before the ride's official retirement. The contest was held on Canada's Wonderland official Twitter page under the banner "SkyRiderMemories", where 24 lucky winners were invited to have the final ride on SkyRider before its official closing on September 1, 2014 at 8pm. The winners were also given one of SkyRider's roller coaster wheels to keep as a souvenir.

Similar rides
While SkyRider was relocated in 2014, King Cobra was put in storage at sister park Kings Island before the start of the 2002 season and eventually scrapped in 2008. Freestyle is the second oldest stand-up roller coaster in operation. Shockwave at Kings Dominion had a similar track layout until the second camelback hill, where instead of a trick track and a turn to the right, the ride immediately turned to the left and went over one bunny hill before entering the brake run. As the last TOGO stand up and the oldest Stand Up in North America, Shockwave closed on the 9th of August, making room for Delirium, a HUSS Giant Frisbee.

In Japan, the Pink Typhoon Standing Coaster at Washuzan Highland also has a similar layout to Freestyle until after the second camelback hill, where the trip back to the brake run is shorter and does not feature a banked section of straight track. Unlike Freestyle, only one of the two trains used on Star Jet has riders standing up. The second train is a standard TOGO sit-down train that has rider's facing backwards throughout the ride.

title: Freestyle (roller coaster)


text:
Polytomous choice

In economics, polytomous choice is a setting (model) with more than two choices; contrast to dichotomous choice. The use of the term polychotomous is also in common usage in the prior research literature; however, polytomous is the more technically correct spelling.

title: Polytomous choice


text:
Talk:Ammanford

Untitled
Ammanford is not the third largest town in Carmarthenshire. The largest is Llanelli, Carmarthen town second, Burry Port third and Ammanford fourth (2001 census).

This is also not an advert for an unofficial town web site. While it is a worthwhile link and as such is kept but it does not warrant a paragraph of its own.

Can you provide proof to back up your claim that Burry Port is bigger than Ammanford other than mentioning the census? I've been to both places, and Burry Port sure feels smaller. Also as evidence, the attendance of the secondary school in Burry Port is about 750 and in Ammanford is about 1600. 04 Nov 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.66.36.42 (talk) 03:06, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Go with the census data rather than which town you 'feel' is smaller.

Hi I made the previous comment. What I mean is, whack "2001 census" Burry Port into Google and the population comes out as 4 thousand and something. Do the same for Ammanford and it comes out at two thousand and something. So something is wrong, either 1) those two numbers are right and the population needs to be changed here (if Ammanford has less than 3000 people then I'm a goat), 2) The burry port number is right and the ammanford one is actually 5299, in which case Ammanford is 3rd, or 3) The burry port number is wrong too, which is why I asked for evidence (of the census data). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.69.5.37 (talk) 00:21, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

Famous people
I thought Shane Williams lived in Capel Hendre and Noel Magee in Betws.

Ewen 19:12, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

shane williams, trevor evans and john cale (velvet underground) all lived just outside ammanford in the cwmamman area but attended amman valley comprehensive school, —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.152.156.109 (talk) 20:54, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

References to "King of the North" and "King of Westeros" are bogus. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.4.117.203 (talk) 19:01, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

Population
The start of the article says:

"Ammanford [...] is a town and community [...] with a population 5,293 according to the Office for National Statistics (2001)." The facts box says:

"Population	23,709 (2011 census)"

This needs som explanation. Either the numbers refer to 2 different areas, i.e. town vs. district/built up area, or the population has grown a lot (4x) in 10 years which in itself is worthy of an explanation.

--Ohedland (talk) 11:02, 31 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Checking the ONS just now gives a 'usual resident population' figure of 12615 for Ammanford in the 2001 census. cheers Geopersona (talk) 22:48, 19 November 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ammanford


text:
Air Creebec

Air Creebec Inc. is a regional airline based in Val-d'Or, Quebec, Canada. It operates scheduled and charter services to 16 destinations in Quebec and Ontario. Its main base is Val-d'Or Airport, with a hub at Timmins Victor M. Power Airport.

History
The airline was established in June 1982 and started operations on 1 July 1982. At that time the Cree owned 51% of the company and Austin Airways owned the remaining 49%. In 1988 the Cree purchased all the airline assets in the largest commercial deal to that date performed by any aboriginal group in Canada, making Air Creebec owned entirely by the Cree.

On 23 March 2012, Air Creebec discontinued its service to La Grande Rivière Airport.

Destinations
Air Creebec operates services to the following Canadian domestic scheduled destinations (as of August 2019):

Fleet
As of April 2024 Transport Canada listed 20 aircraft and Air Creebec listed 18

Affinity programs
The airline offers Aeroplan rewards points, both to collect and to redeem.

title: Air Creebec


text:
User talk:Bujudude

Welcome!
Hi Bujudude, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 18:51, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hello! Just a note to welcome you and to point out that articles that aren't more than weblinks aren't really, well, articles. Do feel free to write an article in your own words and add the link to the website at the bottom. In the meantime, Mailer Diablo has left you with plenty of reading material. Enjoy!! - Lucky 6.9 01:41, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bujudude


text:
User talk:Perturbedsolace

Welcome!
Hi Perturbedsolace, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

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Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 18:51, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nonsensical articles
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Hadal 18:59, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * One more polite request: Please do not post nonsense articles to Wikipedia.  Since you've taken the time to establish an account, please use it for the benefit of the site. - Lucky 6.9 19:04, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Perturbedsolace


text:
User talk:Mattd4u2nv

Welcome!
Hi Mattd4u2nv, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 18:51, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:The Sun.gif listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded, Image:The Sun.gif, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. — J3ff 23:11, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:GQ Lupi.jpg
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title: User talk:Mattd4u2nv


text:
User talk:RogerBarnett

Roger Barnett
I'm me. Not that much more to write, really :)

wikiversity
If you cast a wikiversity vote, please make a link at your Wikimedia meta-wiki user page linking back to your wikipedia user page. If you do not do so, your vote will not count. --JWSchmidt 14:22, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Spellbinder.jpg
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If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 05:36, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Cambridge meetup
The second Cambridge meetup is confirmed for this Saturday, 3pm, at CB2 on Norfolk Street: Meetup/Cambridge 2. Hope to see you there. Charles Matthews (talk) 15:46, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:RogerBarnett


text:
Adam Kuper

Adam Jonathan Kuper (born 29 December 1941) is a South African anthropologist most closely linked to the school of social anthropology. In his works, he often treats the notion of "culture" skeptically, focusing as much on how it is used as on what it means.

Background
Kuper was the son of Simon Meyer Kuper and Gertrude Hesselman. He was raised in Johannesburg and attended Parktown Boys' High School. He took his first degree at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. His doctorate, from the University of Cambridge, was based on field research in the Kalahari desert in what is now Botswana. After graduation he returned to Africa, doing further fieldwork in Botswana and Uganda. The sociologist Leo Kuper and anthropologist Hilda Kuper were his uncle and aunt.

He married Jessica Cohen (1944-2013) of Johannesburg in 1966 and taught from 1967 to 1970 at Makerere University in Kampala. From 1970 to 1976 he taught at University College London. From 1976 to 1985 he was professor of African anthropology at Leiden University in the Netherlands. From 1985 to 2008 he was a professor at Brunel University, where he was the first head of the Department of Human Sciences, and latterly head of the Anthropology Department. In 2000 and in 2007 he was, respectively, awarded the Rivers Memorial Medal and the Huxley Memorial Medal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. Kuper was a Visiting Professor at Boston University, 2011–14, and a Centennial Professor, London School of Economics, from 2013-14 where he still holds a visiting appointment.

He has lived in Muswell Hill for over 25 years. The football writer Simon Kuper is his son.

Research
In the early 1970s Kuper did fieldwork in Jamaica, on attachment to the National Planning Agency in the Office of the Prime Minister. However his main ethnographic focus continued to be the societies of Southern Africa, on which he has published several books. In 1973 he published a history of British social anthropology, and since then he has continued to study and publish on the intellectual history of anthropology, most recently a book on the idea of culture in the anthropological tradition. He was awarded a Leverhulme Major Research Grant for two years (2003-5) which allowed him to spend more time on research. The topic was cousin marriage and incest in nineteenth century England.

He has supervised many PhD students on Southern African ethnography, history of anthropology, family business, and kinship.

Retirement dispute
In January 2009 it was revealed that Brunel had reneged on an agreement to let him stay until 2010. Instead, he was forcibly retired in late 2008, just after the census date for publications submitted to the Research Assessment Exercise had passed. Kuper responded by suing the university for breach of contract. In 2011, employment laws were changed to permit phased retirements past the age of 65. This was because of changes to the 2006 Employment (Age) Regulations making mandatory retirement imposed by the employer unlawful.

Selected publications

 * Wives for Cattle: Bridewealth and Marriage in Southern Africa, (Routledge, 1982)
 * The Invention of primitive society: Transformations of an Illusion, (Routledge, 1988)
 * The Chosen Primate: Human Nature and Cultural Diversity, (Harvard University Press, 1994)
 * Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School, (Routledge, 3rd edn, 1996)
 * The Social Science Encyclopaedia Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.). (Taylor & Francis, 1996)
 * Culture: The Anthropologists' Account, (Harvard University Press, 1999)
 * Incest and Influence: The Private Life of Bourgeois England, (Harvard, 2009, ISBN 978-0-674-03589-8)
 * The Museum of Other People. From Colonial Acquisitions to Cosmopolitan Exhibitions, (Profile Books, 2023, ISBN 978-1-800810-91-4)

title: Adam Kuper


text:
Graeae Theatre Company

Graeae Theatre Company, often abbreviated to Graeae (pronounced "grey-eye"), is a British organisation composed of deaf and disabled artists and theatre makers. As well as producing theatre which it tours nationally and internationally to traditional theatres and outdoor spaces, Graeae run a large and varied Creative Learning and training programme for emerging, young and mid-career deaf and disabled artists.

Graeae was founded in 1980 by Nabil Shaban, a disabled actor, writer and director, and Richard Tomlinson, a life-long disability advocate. The two met at Herewood College for the Disabled, were Shaban was a student and Tomlinson was a lecturer with a passion for the arts. They named their company after the Graeae of Greek mythology. In 1981 the company was offered the use of an office, rehearsal space and facilities for 18 months by the West End Centre, an Arts Centre in Aldershot in Hampshire. During that year, the Company became eligible to receive full funding from the Arts Council of Great Britain. Graeae are currently a National Portfolio Organisation of Arts Council England.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, while live theatres were closed in the UK, the company produced two series of short video plays written by disabled artists entitled Crips Without Constraints. The first series were monologues while the second series were two-person plays. In March 2021, the company announced that an archival recording of their 2017 co-production of The House of Bernarda Alba with the Royal Exchange Theatre would be made available online for a limited time.

Jenny Sealey
Jenny Sealey MBE has been artistic director and CEO since 1997, and Amit Sharma joined as associate director in 2011. Sharma's first involvement with Graeae was as a participant on an actor training course, set up by Sealey, addressing the lack of deaf and disabled people in theatre. Sealey began her career as a deaf actor but made the transition to directing after applying for a Trainee Director position with the company Interplay. She was awarded an MBE in 2009 for her work around disability in the arts. She also co-directed the London 2012 Paralympic Opening Ceremony alongside Bradley Hemmings. Nickie Miles-Wildin took over the role of associate director from Amit Sharma in 2019 and was a performer in the 2012 Paralympic Opening Ceremony.

Repertoire
Actors who have appeared with the company include Nadia Albina, Genevieve Barr, Laurence Clark, Mat Fraser, Beth Hinton-Lever, Arthur Hughes, Cherylee Houston, Aaron Virdee, Melissa Johns, John Kelly, Garry Robson, Nabil Shaban and Kiruna Stamell.

Graeae has produced plays by Jack Thorne, Sarah Kane, Jackie Hagan, Jo Clifford, David Ireland, Kaite O'Reilly, Lorca, Paul Sirett, Glyn Cannon and Sam Boardman-Jacobs.

Graeae has performed at the National Theatre, Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Birmingham Repertory Theatre, Soho Theatre, Theatre Royal Stratford East, Traverse Theatre Edinburgh, Dundee Rep, Derby Theatre and Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester.

Productions

 * Deck the Stalls- 2013
 * The Limbless Knight - A Tale of Rights Reignited- 2013
 * Signs of a Diva- 2014
 * The Threepenny Opera- 2014
 * Cosmic Scallies by Jackie Hagan- 2015
 * Graeae's The Rollettes Christmas Show- 2016
 * The Solid Life of Sugar Water by Jack Thorne - 2016
 * The Garden- 2016
 * Reasons To Be Cheerful by Paul Sirett- 201
 * The House of Bernarda Alba by Federico García Lorca- 2017
 * Graeae's Midwich Cuckoos- 2017
 * Aruna and the Raging Sun- 2018
 * Graeae's Ensemble 2018- Hurricane Protest Songs- 2018
 * Courage Everywhere: And Others- 2018
 * This Is Not For You- 2018
 * Amy Dorrit- 2018
 * Blasted by Sarah Kane- 2019
 * One Under- 2019
 * Three Sisters Rewired by Polly Thomas and Jenny Sealey- 2019
 * Bartholomew Abominations by Paul Sirett- 2020
 * 10 Nights by Shahid Iqbal Khan- 2021
 * Night of the Living Flatpacks by Shahid Iqbal Khan, Michael Southan, Kathryn Golding, Anita Karla Kelly and Leanne Allen - 2021
 * Kerbs by Michael Southan- 2022
 * The Paradis Files- 2022
 * This Woven O by Oliver Macdonald- 2022
 * The Chatterleys by Mike Kenny- 2023
 * The Festival of Rights: work in progress- 2023
 * High Times and Dirty Monsters- 2023
 * Self Raising by Jenny Sealey - 2024

Awards
In 1984 the Graeae Theatre Company won a Special Award in the Evening Standard Awards, and has since won numerous awards, including the Promotion of Diversity Award at the UK Theatre Awards 2012. It also won the Euan's Guide Most Accessible Production for Jack Thorne's The Solid Life of Sugar Water at the 2015 Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

title: Graeae Theatre Company


text:
Line of sight (disambiguation)

Line of sight (adjectival form line-of-sight) is the unobstructed line between an observer and a subject of interest.

Line of sight or Line of Sight may also refer to:

 * Sightline (architecture), an unobstructed line-of-sight between a subject and object in a construction
 * Line of sight (video games), visibility on a gaming field, i.e. who can see what
 * Line of Sight (film), a 1960 French drama film
 * Line of Sight (novel), a techno-thriller novel
 * Line of Sight: Vietnam, a video game
 * "Line of Sight", a song by Odesza from A Moment Apart
 * Line-of-sight: Leonardo da Vinci's term for the path that light follows to reach the fovea

title: Line of sight (disambiguation)


text:
Predetermined variables

Predetermined variables are variables that were determined prior to the current period. In econometric models this implies that the current period error term is uncorrelated with current and lagged values of the predetermined variable but may be correlated with future values. This is a weaker restriction than strict exogeneity, which requires the variable to be uncorrelated with past, present, and future shocks.

A common example of a predetermined variable is consumption in models with credit constraints and rational expectations. Here, consumption is predetermined but not strictly exogenous. An unpredictable negative income shock will be uncorrelated with past (and potentially current) consumption, but will surely be correlated with future consumption—the individual will be forced to adjust their future consumption to accommodate their poorer state, inducing correlation. If the shock affects current consumption, predeterminedness (defined now as lags only) provides potential instruments--lagged values of the variable.

Predeterminedness, or sequential exogeneity, is commonly invoked in dynamic panel models.

Predetermined variables can be shown as: E(uis|xit) =0 where s > t.

The presence of predetermined variables is a motivating factor in the Arellano–Bond estimator.

title: Predetermined variables


text:
V. Rama Rao

V Rama Rao (12 December 1935 – 17 January 2016) served as Governor of Sikkim from 2002–2007. He started his political career in 1956 when he joined Jana Sangh and went on to become a National Leader of Bharatiya Janata Party and was elected to Andhra Pradesh State Legislative Council from Hyderabad Graduates' Constituency for four consecutive terms in 1966, 1972, 1978 and 1984. He served as a Party Floor Leader in council during his last term.

Political life
V Rama Rao was born on 12 December 1935 in a Telugu Brahmin Family in a place, near Machilipatnam situated in present-day Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. He was a lawyer by profession and practised at the Andhra Pradesh High Court. In his early career, he was active in trade union litigations and served as President, Employees and Workers Unions of several State and Central Public Sector Undertakings and Corporations, such as AP State Finance Corporation, A.P. State Small Scale Industries Development Corporation, South Central Railways Employee Union etc.

He joined Jana Sangh in 1956 as a member and went on to serve as a Member of the National Executive of Bharatiya Jana Sangh for a number of years. Moving into Bharatiya Janata Party from erstwhile Jana Sangh, he went on to serve as State Unit President for Andhra Pradesh for two consecutive terms (1993-2001) and as Party National Vice President (2002 - 2007). He also served as a senate member of Osmania University.

As MLC
Rao was elected to Andhra Pradesh State Legislative Council from Hyderabad Graduates' Constituency four consecutive times in 1966, 1972, 1978 and 1984. He served as a Party Floor Leader in council during his last term.

As Governor of Sikkim
In October 2002, he was appointed by President of India as the Governor of Sikkim.

Death
He died while undergoing treatment at Apollo Hospitals Hyderabad on 17 January 2016.

title: V. Rama Rao


text:
User talk:Input junkie

Welcome!
Hi Input junkie, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 18:57, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Input junkie


text:
User talk:DaveTheRed

Hello, This is my talk page. If you have a message for me, this is the place to write it.

Hi there!
May I just say, welcome to Wikipedia! It's always good to have new blood here, whether on the expansive side of writing new articles, or on the organizing side of categorisation and VfD. If I may make a suggestion, if you happen to feel bored about whenever, you can always go the 'stub' category (or even 'substub') (Category:Stubs), select five or six articles entirely at random and add them to the appropriate categories (simply by adding ' ' or '<  ' or something similar). That way people working on those categories will find them.

As you may have noticed, VfD tends to occasionally turn into a shouting match (in particular whenever a high school is mentioned, as there is no current consensus on the notability thereof and both sides tend to be rather outspoken :) ). Anyway what I wanted to say is don't let it get you down if people shout at you or call you names for nominating something they like. That happens sometimes, and it usually means that you were right (because if you weren't, they would have found a better argument against you than simply dissing you). Usually, it turns out that some people support you, and some people don't, and the Wiki wins. Enjoy your stay here! Radiant! 21:34, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the welcome. I've been enjoying my time at wikipedia, both editing existing articles and at the VfD board. Thanks also for the heads up about VfD. I generally don't let arguments bother me. In fact, that's what drew me to the boards. I enjoy an opportunity to pick a position on a topic and debate it :-). See you around. DaveTheRed 21:54, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of golf categories
You have nominated a number of golf articles which I created. I see that you have only just registered, and it may be that you have no knowledge of the range of articles which are included on Wikipedia. It also appears that you know little or nothing about professional golf. The person who has supported the nomination is a vandal who is known for his attempts to get legitimate articles removed as a "sport". I have written many scores of articles on golf and numerous other subjects, most of them text based, but I consider these lists to be absolutely fundamental to Wikipedia's coverage of professional golf. They list the most widely used objective criteria for assessing golfers' achievements. I would be grateful if you would familiarise yourself with Wikipedia's policies, review my explanations of the value of the articles, which are not in the least bit arbitary if one understands professional golf, and considered withdrawing the nominations. Wincoote 17:14, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Dave, Please do not be put off Wikipedia by Windcoote, there are actually some quite pleasant helpful people here (like me!). Poor old Windcoote just has a tendency to snap and snarl if cornered.  Nominate what you like for what you like, so long as you feel it meets the criteria of the section  concerned.  Remember the Wikipedia motto be bold!. Have fun here.  Regards Giano 10:51, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I second Giano. I've just read through this nightmare/fiasco, call it what you will. I'm sorry you had to go through that debacle and in your first tender week no less! Please do not be put off by Wincoote, he has, as Giano says, a tendency to snarl a bit. Have fun and remember, Be Bold! Inter 13:41, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If Wincoote starts insulting you again please let me know. He has a tendency to keep long grudges against people who disagree with him for whatever reason (check his talk page archive if you don't believe me). I've given him final warning to stop attacking other Wikians. Radiant! 22:32, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Postal districts
Hi there! Since consensus seems to have been achieved, I've closed the discussion at Deletion policy/Postal district. Could you please read the conclusions posted there and add a short msg to its talk page if you agree? Thanks. Radiant! 10:27, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

Comment on VfD
In answer to your comment There are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 reasons why. TAS 12:57, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, name one of them. DaveTheRed

Notability of Porn stars
It's hard to say, it would probably have to be a case by case basis. Do they have a website? What's its alexa rating? How many videos have they made? That sort of stuff. RickK 06:41, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you give me even a rough estimate? Is, say, five videos enough? How about a dozen? DaveTheRed 06:59, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Not really. I don't know what the averge number of porn videos is.  :)  I suppose Google hits would be of more significance.  RickK 09:33, Mar 14, 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Star Patel
Seriously, you don't see the irony?

The memorial wiki has attracted a lot of criticism by not opening its doors to Madrid train bombing victims, 2004 tsunami victims etc. I referenced this in a (hopefully) humorous way by proposing to move a dog's memorial there. A serious point + a humorous approach = irony.

Well, it's not funny anymore when I explain it, but I hope you get the idea now. GeorgeStepanek\talk  09:32, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah, I wasn't aware of the controversy. That makes a little more sense now. :-) DaveTheRed 17:57, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

GRider
Regarding GRider's 'Socratic' VfD nominations and the ensuing reactions by voters, please read and comment on Requests for comment/GRider2. Thanks. Radiant_* 10:29, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

Saleel
I'd like to know why you voted to delete, rather than improve, Saleel. Can you tell me why exactly you don't think the Saleel network, which numbers in the thousands of members deserves even a mention? or is it that you dislike the layout, in which case I'd ask what do you believe could be done to improve it ? --Irishpunktom\talk 11:24, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

Vote Garnering
Hi there! From the VfD vote it seems there would not be consensus for a policy against vote garnering. That is unfortunate imho since it has potential of changing WP discussion into a mere shouting match (new policies require something like an 80% majority vote to enact). It would make sense to take this, and any future attempts at vote stacking, to 'policy consensus' and/or RFC. Ironically, if this were about anything other than schools, people would be a lot more likely to agree with the point. Radiant_* 21:58, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that getting a policy consensus against vote garnering would be useful. However, it is going to be hard to define 'vote garnering' - one or two user messages like "please look into this vote" are probably okay, and several dozens probably aren't. Radiant_* 08:36, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I don't think putting an (arbitrary) limit of two people would work. Well, actually it would work but people wouldn't like it. GRider's is the only case I know of blatant and obvious vote garnering. I think the two criteria here are 1) a 'large' number of people is contacted, and 2) these people are generally on the same side of the issue. The tone of the message is not important; GRider's messages are (relatively) neutral. What is important is the fact that he only notifies people whom he believes will agree with him (and the majority, but not all, do). Radiant_* 08:36, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * As an alternative, how about proposing that copy/pasting a vote under several nominations is grounds for discounting all of them? Radiant_* 09:28, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, good point - for instance it would invalidate nearly all of Megan's votes, which would be unfair. I would support your idea against vote garnering, though. Radiant_* 14:18, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

User
I think you've noticed that User:24.60.128.48 keeps adding erroneous information. Hm... what should be done about it? --Jtalledo (talk) 22:33, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Listing topics on vfd
Have you considered condensing all those planned towers vfd entries into a single vfd-entry? Sjakkalle 07:00, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I have consolidated these to Votes for deletion/Planned towers. Sjakkalle 07:20, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Fair enough. I have posed a question about this on the vfd talkpage, Wikipedia_talk:Votes for deletion. Sjakkalle 06:22, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I have posted an answer on the Wikipedia_talk page on how to make a group nomination. For the record, my answer was

''The way I did it was by creating a VfD-page with a different title. This "big" VfD-page had a list of all the pages nominated for deletion, and a reason for deleting the whole lot of them. As for the "this page's entry" links on the individual VfD-tags, I redirect them to the to "big" VfD-page. Then I added the big VfD-page to the vfd-listing in the regular manner. That is how I did it anyway, and for what I know it might be the utterly wrong way, but it has worked. ''

Hope that helps! Sjakkalle 09:35, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Your VFD vote on OurColony
I hope you'll reconsider. The Ourcolony page was created subsequent to my VFD nomination of OurColony.net as a way to circumvent the vote. · Katefan0(scribble) 01:25, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

And I ask you to reconsider... again. If you check the Ourcolony history page you'll see it was created on Apr 8th. That's 2 days prior to Katefan0's VfD. - Jonamerica 07:12 (UTC) on Monday, April 11 2005

The issue of notability of ourcolony.net
If ourcolony.net was just another website, I'd agree with you that the low Alexa rating would indicate that it isn't notable. For example my personal website would be a bad entry for wikipedia, as nobody ever visits or would even care to read about it.

However ourcolony.net is both a website and an ARG. In terms of games, the ARG is a realatively new genre, which currently has a small following and a small number of similar games. For this reason I feel it is more important to judge the ourcolony article as reporting on a game, or other forms of entertainment, rather than a website.

If you take some time to browse through the board game category you'll see that there are over two hundred games listed, and I would venture to say that more than a few of these games are not only obscure, but fairly unpopular and unnoted by the mainstream.

We could also touch on the subject of books, art, independent movies and music, documentaries, etc. If the number of "hits" were an important measure for these subjects I'm sure we'd find out some staggering results based on library checkouts and bookstore sales. But popularity is a poor judgement of a book or movie's notability.

If ourcolony.net were just another site, another search engine or another blog, I'd say the Alexa rating is of utmost importance to the site, especially if the same information can be found on other, more popular sites. But ourcolony.net is more than just a site and its notability must be judged in a way more befitting its nature.

I feel it is important to document ourcolony.net as an ARG and an example of viral marketing, both very new mediums, so that as these mediums grow people can reseach this and other early examples and judge their success or failure.

 * -Jonamerica 20:28, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I can see how you may have gotten that impression from my last paragraph. I'm not arguing that ourcolony should be kept to explain what an ARG is, but to record the history of this specific game. It is impossible to tell at this early stage what effect ARGs will have on future gaming, and it would be a shame to lose information because something is simply not popular. We're lucky that so much is remembered about the game pong, but there are possibly several early and highly influential computer games that have been entirely forgoten.

 * I guess what I'm asking is that a new, more lenient standard be adopted for this still young genre, and not to simply apply a standard for other catagories that don't take into consideration all them elements of these games.

 * -Jonamerica 22:39, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey Dave, I wanted to give you an update on the notability of OurColony.net in hopes that you would reconsider your vote. Recently Haunted_Apiary was nominated for a Webby award. This is an award for websites that show excellence in web design, creativity, usability and functionality, and are presented by the International_Academy_of_Digital_Arts_and_Sciences.

 * In its heyday ilovebees.com had a peak of about 130 people per million (daily reach) and a max rank of about 11,000. So far, and the game will continue to be played till May 12th, OurColony.net has a daily reach of about 220 and a 1 wk rank average of 4,868. If at its peak Haunted_Apiary was notable enough to gain the attention of the IADAS, let alone be nominated for an award, than I'd submit that OurColony.net, with its higher daily reach and rank, is notable.

 * -Jonamerica 00:10, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Liberty Belle
Can I convince you to rescind your delete vote on Liberty Belle now that the article's been rewritten to be about the actual character? DS 20:43, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you. You too.

Mass voting
Hi there! Some people on VfD are using templates for voting... I've talked with Netaholic, and it seems like a good idea to get a global policy barring votes that aren't plaintext (e.g. ). However, this is a related topic to vote garnering, so we may want do put up several proposals on one page regarding this and several related ideas, and let people vote. If you have comments or suggestions, Please let me know. Yours, Radiant_* 15:25, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes - but what I meant is that often, a bunch of variant wordings and other variations are proposed, so that people can pick the best of them. Check WP:CSD's talkpage for examples. Both have to do with the voting process, and it's probably bad form to crowd WP with policy discussions. Radiant_* 08:41, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll see what I can do. I can think of a number of voting-related suggestions that might be useful for policy (e.g. votes with templates/personal attacks/spurious reasoning/by anons/... are invalid/should be stricken out). However, on second thought I have the feeling that most of them will be rejected as unfeasible. Making vote garnering count as vandalism may be useful. Any other suggestions for controversial voting behavior? Radiant_* 10:11, Apr 15, 2005 (UTC)

This account is going mostly offline
I'll still watch occasionally from the sidelines, but for the most part this account should be considered mostly innactive for reason's entirely outside my control. I've had a wonderful time working with everyone here. Dave the Red (talk) 02:37, May 7, 2005 (UTC)

Disrupting Wikipedia vote
You voted once for the policy at Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point. Despite a 75% support that vote was rejected by the minority. A new vote has been called with a two week limit at Wikipedia talk:Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point. Please take a moment to participate. Thanks. - Tεx  τ  urε  17:12, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

List_of_songs_about_masturbation is in it's 5th AfD
List_of_songs_about_masturbation is up for it's fifth AfD. You participated in an earlier one. If you wish to participate again, please go to Articles_for_deletion/List_of_songs_about_masturbation_%285th_nomination%29 -- Lentower 03:47, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:DaveTheRed


text:
The Crypt (Kings Island)

The Crypt was an indoor Giant Top Spin ride located at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio. Former park owner Paramount Parks collaborated with HUSS Park Attractions to design and manufacture the ride, which opened as Tomb Raider: The Ride on April 5, 2002. The flat ride featured a variety of special effects that correlated with the theme of the 2001 film Lara Croft: Tomb Raider from Paramount Pictures. Under new ownership by Cedar Fair, Kings Island removed all references to the film from both the ride and its indoor queue line following the 2007 season. It reopened as The Crypt in 2008. An outdoor, smaller version of the ride opened at sister park Kings Dominion in 2005 as Tomb Raider: FireFall and closed in 2019.

History
During the 2000 season, Kenton's Cove Keelboat Canal, a log flume water ride, gave its last ride. For the beginning of the 2001 season, the area around Kenton's Cove Keelboat Canal was fenced in, with the phrase, "An exciting new adventure is coming in 2002" written along the fence. Paramount's Kings Island officially announced Tomb Raider: The Ride on July 2, 2001, by placing the 17 ft Hindu goddess Brahma prop used in the first movie (and later, in the ride's pre-show) in front of the park's Eiffel Tower and Royal Fountains. After the Paramount Parks were sold to Cedar Fair and all licensing rights were dropped, the rides within the park continued to operate with the Paramount movie names for the 2007 season. However, on January 21, 2008, Kings Island's main web site replaced the name Tomb Raider: The Ride with The Crypt.

The ride cost approximately $20 million to build, making it one of the most expensive rides the park has ever constructed. The Crypt was the world's first and only Giant Top Spin, performing two inversions in a cycle that lasted 1:10.

Tomb Raider: The Ride (2002–2007)
In the attraction's Tomb Raider: The Ride incarnation, the attraction's entry plaza featured a special edition Land Rover Defender parked by the ride's entrance to represent Lara Croft's presence at the site. Atmospheric music (some sampling the movie's score) played throughout the plaza and into the queue. Upon entering the building, guests found themselves walking on catwalks over artifacts and rubble while passing under ceilings supported by a seemingly temporary bamboo structure. A large antechamber, featuring large stone monkey warrior statues from the film, sectioned off one cycle's worth of guests into three rows. As the ride's original score intensified, ancient gears could be heard tumbling into place as a light aligned to illuminate the Triangle of Light featured on the elaborately-carved door located in front of riders. Once the light is aligned, the door began to slide open with accompanying sound and fog effects, allowing guests to enter the pre-show room. Once in the pre-show area, the door would slide closed.

The pre-show room featured the statue of Brahma used in the film and a large oval projection screen that raised out of the altar beneath the statue. A video played to explain the foundation of Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, establishing the ride's storyline to be centered around the Triangle of Light, an ancient artifact capable of controlling time, which is sought by Croft in the film. Once the pre-show video had ended, the entire left wall of the room rose, revealing the "secret" entrance to the sixty-foot-tall altar chamber of the god Shiva and allowing riders to board the vehicle, maintaining the same rows from the prior room.

The ride featured an original soundtrack composed by Rob Pottorf, sound effects from The Bakery, and voiceovers from Angelina Jolie, along with other members of the film's cast.

The ride lifted riders up toward the eyes of a carving of Shiva on the forward wall. His eyes (embedded with automated lights) scanned the car, and fire and ice emblems held in two of his six hands illuminated. The ride then flipped through the darkness before stopping with riders looking straight up at razor-sharp icy stalactites on the ceiling. It released, flipped again, and came to a stop, holding riders looking straight down on "lava pits", pools of water cascading from a massive volcano stretching up the chamber's back wall. In time with the music, the lava would begin to jump up, as fountains narrowly avoided splashing riders.

After another flip through the darkness, the ride circled around the bottom of its arc, looking up at the god on the wall. As fog and lights filled the room, the fire and ice effects went off at once as, in time with the audio track, the god screamed and her fire, ice, and eyes went dark. He appeared to "wake up" once more as one final blast of fog emanated from the base of the ride structure, nearly contacting riders before fading away (this used as a device to keep riders engaged during the ride's lengthy homing procedure before the bridges could lower to allow guests to disembark).

For the majority of its time as Tomb Raider: The Ride, the ride included four inversions, extended "hang time" over the lava pits, a god with piercing eyes and fire and ice emblems, fog effects, and a synchronized musical score composed specifically for the ride, lasting 2:30.

The Crypt (2008–2011)
In June 2006, Cedar Fair Entertainment Company purchased all five Paramount Parks from Viacom. After the 2007 season, the parks removed all references to Paramount and their licensed film properties from rides and attractions. At Kings Island, this led to a change in the name of Tomb Raider: The Ride which became The Crypt.

The name change coincided with a change in theme, as many film aspects of the original ride were removed. The Shiva goddess statue in the Heart of the Tomb, a feature in the line queue, was painted over. The ride's water and fog effects were also removed. The Giant Top Spin's 77-seat gondola was reduced in size with the removal of the first row of seats, reducing the capacity by one third. The ride performed a nine-inversion cycle like its sister ride at Kings Dominion for the 2008 season and for a month of the 2009 season. Beginning in 2009, the ride was reprogrammed to perform a less intensive cycle with only two inversions – half the number previously performed when it was known as Tomb Raider: The Ride.

The Crypt was changed and updated several more times over the years. Following its operation in 2008 with a techno soundtrack in complete darkness, the soundtrack was changed to howling wind and beating drums. Gradually, more of the theatrical lighting used on Tomb Raider: The Ride returned to the ride. The queue line, which had its Tomb Raider: The Ride musical score removed earlier, began playing an album of atmospheric music from the Midnight Syndicate until 2011, when both the queue and ride were outfitted with music from the score of the 2010 film Inception. Also in 2011, new lighting and props were added to the queue line, and manual doors were retrofitted in place of the original "vault door" that would raise and lower to let riders in. In the middle of the season, the red, amber, and yellow underwater lights that formerly illuminated the "lava pit" were turned back on, and would stay illuminated throughout the ride. In addition, blue lights were installed on the goddess statue and would begin flashing as the gondola reversed direction halfway through the ride cycle.

The Crypt gave its last ride October 30, 2011. The following year on January 20, 2012, The Crypt was removed from the park's website without explanation. Park officials confirmed the following month on Twitter that The Crypt "has reached the end of its service life", and that it would "be replaced by an all-new Halloween Haunt experience".

Halloween Haunt Attraction (2012–present)
The Crypt has been transformed into Madame Fatale's Cavern of Terror. This attraction is themed to a museum of oddities and wax.

Design
The show elements for Tomb Raider: The Ride were designed by Technifex, a special effects company specializing in themed entertainment. Scenic design was handled by Weber Group with lighting designed by Visual Terrain. The soundtrack was composed by Rob Pottorf of RPMusic while The Bakery handled sound design.

The Travel Channel aired a behind-the-scenes special dedicated to the mechanics and story of the original ride.

The Crypt is a higher-capacity version of the highly popular smaller Top Spin located at many amusement parks. Initially, Tomb Raider: The Ride accommodated 77 riders. When it was rebranded The Crypt, its capacity was reduced to 46 (by removing the first row of the gondola).

title: The Crypt (Kings Island)


text:
Jedediah Peck

Jedediah Peck (January 28, 1748 – August 15, 1821) was an American farmer, surveyor, Revolutionary War soldier, and New York State legislator described as a father of the common school system of the State of New York. He was a man of limited education and had no gift as a debater or speaker, but he was a skillful organizer. (His first name has occasionally been spelled Jedidiah or Jedadiah in the literature.)

An outspoken opponent of the John Adams administration and the Federalist Party in New York State, Peck was arrested by Federalist Judge William Cooper for circulating a petition against the Adams-era Alien and Sedition Acts and taken to jail in chains; massive protests from Peck supporters and opponents of the administration won his release without trial.

Biography
Peck was born in Lyme, Connecticut, one of thirteen children of Elijah Peck and Hepzibah Pierson. He was raised on the family farm, and his formal education was limited to attending a country grammar school, but he taught himself by reading the Bible many times over. In 1771 at about age 23, Peck returned from a sea voyage to learn that his parents, three brothers and a sister had died. He became extremely depressed and wrote in his journal that he longed for:

"Days and times past when may father and Mother and all my bretherin and Sisters were about me in helth and prosperity but alas! trubel and Sorow hath Sorounded me and I am a poor Disconsolate Cretur. There is no place that Seemes to be home to me."

He kept that journal in a secret drawer in his desk throughout the remainder of his life, and from that time he became quite evangelical about his faith.

He served four years as an enlisted man in the American Revolutionary Army. In 1790 he settled in what was to become the town of Burlington, Otsego County, New York. When Burlington was formed from a part of the Town of Otsego in 1792, Jedediah Peck became Burlington's first Town Supervisor and remained in that job for eight years. He is said to have been elected to the position three times, the latest in 1820, when he would have been 73.

He also worked as a surveyor and millwright, studied law, was appointed as a judge, wrote political tracts, and conducted religious services on request. He is said to have been seen as an awkward figure, with his "drawling, nasal, yankee twang" and his saddle-bags "filled with political papers and scraps" that he distributed to all who would listen.

Peck was a strong anti-Federalist, and in 1798, Judge William Cooper, an ardent Federalist, had him arrested by a United States Marshal under the Alien and Sedition Acts for circulating petitions against those very acts. Peck was taken in irons to be tried in New York City. The spectacle of the martyred war hero being transported in chains only served to help the Republican cause. Peck was soon released without trial.

He was a member of the New York State Legislature for eleven years, in the Assembly (1798–1804) and in the Senate (1804 to 1808). In 1801 he submitted an amendment, forerunner to the Twelfth Amendment, to adopt designations for the votes for president and vice president.

His granddaughter, Anna Peck Sill, was the founder and principal of Rockford Female Seminary.

Father of the Common School System of New York State
While in the State Assembly (in 1801, 1803 and 1804), Jedediah Peck sponsored bills to establish common schools in the state, but each resolution was rejected. In 1811, after Peck's retirement from active politics, Governor Daniel D. Tompkins appointed Peck chairman of a five-man commission to study the problem of public school education. In five months the commission reported the fundamental principals of New York's educational system. In 1812, a bill become law and the basic foundation of the state's public school system was established. The law requires:
 * that there be a division of towns into school districts;
 * that there be trustees in each district to superintend those schools;
 * that each town raise taxes as much as it received from the state school fund;
 * that the funds be divided among the various towns on a population basis, and then subdivided among the school districts.

In addition to his work in establishing the common school system of New York, he introduced a bill for the abolition of imprisonment for debt which later became a law.

Although nearly seventy years of age at the time, he served in the War of 1812, and took part in the Battle of Queenston Heights. He died at age 74 and is buried at the in the Town of Burlington, New York. A New York State Historical Marker at the site reads:

"In memory of Hon. Jedediah Peck, a Revolutionary Patriot, who died Aug 15, 1821, in the 74th year of his age. The annals of the State bear record of his public usefulness and the recollection of his virtues bear testimony of his private work."

title: Jedediah Peck


text:
Talk:List of authors by name: C

Clemens (Mark Twain)
I listed Sam Clemens (Mark Twain) here, even though this list usually puts writers under their pseudonym rather than real name, because he's so well known by Clemens that it seemed appropriate. He's also under Twain ... - DavidWBrooks

Can I add my link?
I am an author, with six published books and a website: leahhagercohen.com Is it possible for me to get added to your list of authors at Wikipedia? What should I do? Thank you.

Leah

 * I would favor it (note to others here: published by WW Norton, well-reviewed); you should know, though, that unless you have a bio on the system so your name is not a red link, it is likely to be deleted from the women writers list. Sam 19:33, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of authors by name: C


text:
User:RogerBarnett

Your everyday standard wikipedia user. Well, not quite.

Postgraduate student at Cambridge University, studying electrochemistry and metallurgy. Interested in retro gaming, classical music, board games, good food and good drink.

Most of my contributions are in nice obscure areas, like older computer games, and suchlike. Am also getting into article cleanup more recently - it's a nice productive thing to do when bored.

title: User:RogerBarnett