text:
Talk:Baby colic

Shaken Baby Syndrome
Just wondering if there has been any correlation with colic to incidences of shaken baby syndrome. It's a pretty terrible thing and I think most people should have enough common sense not to shake a baby (not to be confused with making a swinging motion) to soothe the child) but I also could see where a sleep deprived person with temper problems or self control issues might do something like that; even though it is certainly not an excuse to do it, I wonder if durress (spelling?) might also be a problem caused by colic (which could result in shaken baby syndrome) and should therefore be mentioned here. What do you think?

 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.224.0.151 (talk) 08:10, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Cite a source and add the information if there's a reliable source for it. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 23:00, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Broken link fix
Hey, there was a broken link to Pediatric Research article. I found the article (took a bit of work, the reference wasn't very helpful), but there isn't a clear url to link to. Maybe this works?:

http://www.pedresearch.org/pt/re/pedresearch/abstract.00006450-200101000-00015.htm

Anyway, it seems like proper references would be better, they are more stable. So I put one in for this article. Trouble is, it makes a bit of a mess for the footnoting. But I can't fix this now. So sorry, but there you go. Peace and Love. Pigkeeper 18:09, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * See Template:Cite web. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 23:00, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Abdominal pain
Um, the disambig page at Colic specifically says that Baby colic is "caused by severe abdominal pain," which this article doesn't mention. Also, our article on Lead says something about lead being a "poisonous metal that ... can cause nephropathy, and colic-like abdominal pains". This article merely states that an "otherwise healthy baby cries incessantly without any apparent reason". I mean, I know we can't actually ask a baby if it is experiencing abdominal pains, but surely there is some reason why these other articles seem to think that it has something to do with abdominal pain. Just wondering. func (talk) 03:51, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The disambiguation page no longer mentions abdominal pain. - Anarchofascist

 * And the article does now mention abdominal pain. —  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 22:58, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Isn't "colic" a misnomer if a connection with the colon, or the abdomen at all, is dubious?

Allergies - unreferenced
I removed the following text because it is has no medical references, but appears to be giving medical advice and making scientific claims. -- Beland 03:24, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Colic can be caused by allergies in the mother and/or baby. If breastfeeding, the mother's diet can be restricted: some mothers omit dairy, egg, soy, and processed foods (including spices and caffeine) from their diet, drink only water and increase their intake of other foods and supplements for missing nutrients such as calcium.  This will not necessarily "cure" colic, which seems to cure itself after a period of time, but it may reduce the symptoms.

Isn't it ridiculous to even suggest that whether you have dairy in your diet affects the amount of dairy in your breast milk??? ... For those of you who put that he article, and thus probably weren't breast fed enough yourselves, milk is dairy. And regarding the acid reflux theory, apparently leaving the baby on its back makes it worse, while putting them on their stomach basically kills them... so has no-one thought to prop the baby's upper-half up on a pillow? I have acid reflux and that always helps me sleep. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.70.113 (talk) 05:44, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Dairy in the above text, refers to cow's milk products, which contain both lactose, (milk sugar) and milk proteins, such as casein, which many people cannot digest because they do not have the enzymes to digest these molecules. Calves do. This does not affect all people, but certainly should not be ruled out in cases of colic, because these types of allergies can trigger various immune responses, including an increase in histamine. (Actually, human foremilk is very high in lactose and is often tolerated well by babies. The hindmilk is full of milk proteins too, albeit perhaps not the same ones as found in bovine milk.)

Putting a young baby on a pillow unsupervised is very dangerous and is absolutely made clear to parents that it is a potential cause of suffocating or cot death. If the pillow was to end up over the baby, it does not have the coordination or strength to move it. A newborn baby's neck, also cannot support it's head, so lying on their back is safest. It cannot move it's head if it's face ended up flat down.( F.E.G.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.85.186.222 (talk) 07:07, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Old wives' tale?
More than 10 years ago, I read an article that suggested that the entire concept of "baby colic" is utter nonsense according to modern medicine. The article suggested that doctors, on the aggregate, now consider "colic" to be a folkloric term* for any of a great number of conditions which can cause infant discomfort and lead to extended crying, and that continuing to think of a baby as "colicky" instead of suffering from a specific and identifiable and treatable problem is in fact quite dangerous. I find it a little disturbing that a decade later this WP article neither takes the same position, nor, alternatively, cites a reliable source against this view and in favor of "baby colic" as a legitimate medical diagnosis.

 * Cf. "the vapors", "leeching", "humours", "bad air" and various other discredited medical ideas from the Victorian age and earlier.

—  SMcCandlish  [talk] [cont] ‹(-¿-)› 23:10, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I blame you for not entering the relevant information into the article with a citation. 70.112.162.19 (talk) 19:28, 11 April 2010 (UTC) forgot to log in: Orthografer (talk) 19:29, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Not a marketing page for Happiest Baby Class
In the Treatment section, there is reference to some questionable success future parents may have when attending a Happiest Baby course. The citation just links to a study on happiestbaby.com. Regardless of who wrote the actual study, happiestbaby.com can't cite itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.240.26.119 (talk) 15:40, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Additionally, this article consists of the arguments and opinions (not scientific facts) contained in Harvey Karp's book, "The Happiest Baby on the Block," which results in this article acting as an advertisement for his books and videos. 71.239.173.28 (talk) 23:05, 3 November 2010 (UTC)tb 11/03/10

Unencyclopedic Language
"Tooting"? "Pooping"? What cutesy site for mothers was this text cut'n'pasted from? 218.191.194.125 (talk) 15:39, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

I also found the abbreviation "BM" rather twee. Does this mean bowel movement? It's all rather cryptic! Ian (talk) 18:25, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

I agree with concerns regarding tone. I would make the changes myself but I'm too lazy. I hope someone else takes on a general edit.

I also suspect (but can't provide citations offhand) that the entire article should be prefaced by a qualification to the effect that colic is a out-of-date concept which conflates any number of unrelated causes for infant discomfort, and is only really of historical interest. --Hughstimson (talk) 01:24, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

Tone
"...your baby..." and "All of us...." Please change this section to use neutral, encyclopedic tone, not the tone of literature directed to calm parents, useful as that may be in another context. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.169.43.24 (talk) 16:53, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Effect on family
There's a section about the effect on the family. One section mentions at-risk parents, in such a way that it seems to suggest that only babies whose parents are drug addicts or teenagers get Colic. It just seems a way off what you would expect from a quality encyclopaedia, and a little insensitive. Suggested re-wording:

(groups of parents particularly at risk) include teens, drug addicts, military families, foster parents, parents of premies and parents of multiples. Families living in dense housing projects, such as apartment blocks, may also suffer strained relationships with neighbors and landlords if their babies cry loudly for extended periods of time each day. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.239.158.146 (talk) 00:47, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

infacol link
The sentence "A medicine often suggested for use is infacol." links to the manufacturers website, this seems somewhat non-neutral. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Smason79 (talk • contribs) 16:29, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Forgot to sign and say that it comes from 80.1.152.128 at 18:44, 21 July 2012. This resolves to somewhere in south london about 15 miles away from manufacturers listed address. Smason79 (talk) 16:32, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Association Between Childhood Migraine and History of Infantile Colic
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1679399 "Conclusion and Relevance The presence of migraine in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years was associated with a history of infantile colic. Additional longitudinal studies are required."

This should be included in "Causes" indicating a correlation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.230.82.212 (talk) 00:10, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

Why can't I refute a secondary source with a primary source?
Medref You seem to delete primary sources, just because those primary sources argue with authorities that I do not recognize. The wind haz been taken from beneath your wings, because the template which told you to delete primary sources haz been watered down. Poorly sourced material does not necessarily include primary research. Primary research is not original research. Ohio State University recently published an industry-funded and industry-promoted review saying that breastmilk may be equal to formula. I do not trust it. One double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study on cow's milk passing through breastfeeding mothers to CAUSE baby colic trumps ANY and ALL secondary sources that claim dietary changes are not necessary. I will leave that remark IN for now. If you delete my primary source refuting this ignorance, then YOU WILL PROMPT AN EDIT WAR. [mailto:brewjay@spamcop.net] 108.181.137.147 (talk) 05:33, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Because consensus is against this. Secondary sources are more reliable than primary ones. We do not generally allow primary sources for medical content. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 07:13, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Consensus is against what? How do you know that secondary sources are more reliable than primary ones? Show me an example of where a reviewer correctly ignores a primary source. "We means you and me. Who are we. Speak for yourself." Policy explicitly allows primary sources to be used for anything. 108.181.137.147 (talk) 09:25, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * My 2¢ is that I think you both raise valid points. Yes, we should try to devoid our sources from clear conflicts of interest, but at the same time we need to use reviews where possible. Like sometimes there are no other reliable sources than primary sources and hence we're left having to use them and in those cases, well I think it's alright but where secondary sources exist we should use them. The reason why is that secondary sources require review by experts in their respective field in order for them to fit the definition. I think what James means by "consensus" is that WP:MEDRS says: Individual primary sources should not be cited or juxtaposed so as to "debunk" or contradict the conclusions of reliable secondary sources.
 * Fuse809 (talk) 09:54, 28 February 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a great example of why we do not typically allow primary sources. It does not take into account all the available research. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 19:01, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * It's better that primary sources be juxtaposed with the material that they contradict. The other choice is to put contradiction where it won't be obvious. There are already contradictions in this document.75.152.124.107 (talk) 07:00, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

 * WIKIPEDIA ALLOWS PRIMARY RESEARCH! The review I am debunking excludes a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, which is the gold standard in experimental design. Exclude it at the expense of your credibility. Exclude several such studies to make people suspect that you are industry-funded. The only criterion for inclusion is verifiability. Primary research is easier to verify, because you can read their method in the abstract. Conversely, by the time a review iz condensed to an abstract, you do not hav rationale for excluded studies, nor do you hav rationale for weights. Don't get me wrong. Some reviews hav good abstracts. One iz here: . In this case, I do not see a shred of systematic method to prove that diet does not cause colic. I find it hard to believe that a doctor would be so willing to prefer opinionated gloss over gold standard design. [mailto:brewjay@spamcop.net Bohgosity BumaskiL]

 * Re "The only criterion for inclusion is verifiability." -- Nope.   05:22, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

You are off topic
75.152.124.107 (talk) 03:22, 2 March 2014 (UTC) You have been reverted by three editors now. Persisting may result in being blocked. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 05:44, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Not if you are trying to slowly blank the page. You cut it down to a quarter of its size with skeptical reviews. 75.152.124.107 (talk) 07:20, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

Restored this content
"Dietary changes by infants are generally not needed." As ref says "The American Academy of Pediatrics’ Committee on Nutrition does not recommend changing to soy formula in the management of colic" and "Feeding changes usually are not advised." Doc James (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 01:58, 5 March 2014 (UTC)
 * What wording do you think would be better. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 20:40, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

This article needs attention
This article needs attention. Colic is NOT crying for three hours aday! Crying is what a baby does when it feels discomfort or pain. In this case it feels pain, and the pain is caused by the colic. And three hours, times three days times .... that's a rule of thumb NOT a definition! Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 00:03, 4 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Did you try reading the sources or do you have high quality sources that say different? Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 09:52, 4 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't think any amount of sources is going to help if what we want to defend that colic is "episodes of crying for more than three hours a day for more than three days a week for three weeks". Surely YOU OF ALL PEOPLE would know that that is wrong. Crying is the manifestation, not the condition. If you look up migraine, it does not say it is an "episode of whimpering, irritability, nausea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting". Those are manifestations and symptoms, they are not the condition itself. I trust you can see the difference between cause, symptoms, outword manifestations and behavioural changes. As for the 3 by 3 by 3, that's the kind of stuff you say in popular magazines and tv shows and parenting websites. You will also find in those sources lots of stuff on "the common flu" and "seasonal flu", yet as a medically trained person you woud know that that is just a convenient way to handle the terminology. Wessel made up that magic one-sze-fits-all 3x3x3 formula in the 50s. If in 60 years we have nothing better to offer, then it is really a sad endictment of the progress of science. But it does not have to be - there a are plenty of proper good sources out there. So, which one would we rather emulate - a popular magazine or a Lancet?

 * So, the least we can do is say what we know and that is that medical science still does not know what colic is or what causes it. I am sure that we can agree on that. Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 11:10, 4 August 2014 (UTC)
 * It would be best if suggestions to improve the article include sources (WP:MEDRS) that would be used to support changes, rather than pontificate on the subject itself. Yobol (talk) 21:31, 4 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi Yobol. I am not pontificating. Yes, I could add sources, but I would have thought people who write about medicine would know these sources by hard, just like I know what a good source is in areas of my expertise. What would be the point of me searching for such sources and then be told that these are known fringe sources, or known for a speficic type of opinion or position? I did find quite a few sources with defintions of colic, some pointing to a definition by a certain Ronald Barr, who appears to know what he is talking about. I see now that Barr is cited three times in the artcle, which confirms my assessment that he is a good source, which means that sources are there, it is merely a question of reading the article and fixing what is wrong with it. I could easily go and fetch Barr's definition and put it right on top and rephrase 3x3x3 to indicate its value as a an indication, a symptom, but like I said, there are people better qualified to do that. I don't write where I am not qualified to except for obvious corrections to do with language, typos etc. DocJames wouold be able to confirm, I have twice before asked for his opinion on medical articles. Yes, I agree that the section title was a bit harsh and have now changed it. Best regards, Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 11:45, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

Removed sentence lacks relevance as currently phrased
This information seems fine but is irrelevant. It stood alone as an individual one-sentence paragraph before I removed it and placed it here. It doesn't imply anything about babies with colic as it stands. I'm placing it here instead of deleting it because it seems it's possibly well-cited and perhaps is relevant to the topics of babies with colic and if rephrased that relevance would become apparent. Perhaps some day someone will check the citation and see if it contains relevant info and include it in the article. I don't have the time to do so, so one step at a time for now.

Here's the removed sentence:

Most babies have mild acid reflux, often referred to as "spitting up."

makeswell (talk) 12:39, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Agree off topic and removed. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) (if I write on your page reply on mine) 01:37, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

"potentially serious side effects, including death"
Yes, death has the potential to be rather serious...this needs to be re-phrased. 2.31.36.39 (talk) 23:39, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

Text
User:Djkoutdoors Per this "Colic results from organic disease in less than 10% of babies "

Specifically diagnosis involves ruling out organic causes so it does not really make sense. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 18:45, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

 * And it would be "fewer" in any case. Alexbrn (talk) 18:47, 24 October 2017 (UTC)
 * This is why the ref says "The colicky crying pattern results from organic disease in <10%." Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 18:47, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

Facts About Colic
Talk to any number of pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologists and they will tell you that acid and spitting up needs to be part of any colic discussion. It's why most prescribe PPIs and H2 antagonists with success (albeit without enough consideration for the adverse events). If you DocJames and others want to keep this excluded from this article that is fine but please know that you are not doing any service to those folks who get to their pediatrician and then are offered acid lowering therapy. Given that you are much better at policing this article than I could ever be, i will leave you to do the research and add to this article as you see fit. Djkoutdoors (talk) 19:00, 24 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Looking at this.
 * We have two reviews, one from 2006 and one from 2016
 * Why use the 2006 one instead of the 2016 one?
 * We do not need to talk to peds gastroenterologists when we can read their most recent published statements which says "Despite widespread use of treatments for gastroesophageal reflux to reduce infant crying, there is no evidence that GERD causes infants to cry, or and there is evidence that treatments for reflux are ineffective in reducing crying"
 * Will add this so that the peds docs who do not realize this can read Wikipedia and hopefully change their practice. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 19:02, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

 * again it's not about the use of PPIs - I don't advocate that.
 * its about people understanding why the doc would recommend the PPI
 * if its not there already you should add that PPIs don't work - I'm all for that
 * but you can't delete the concept behind why they think it might work
 * this helps people better understand what is going onDjkoutdoors (talk) 19:10, 24 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Will add that reflux is not related to baby colic. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 19:11, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

So no interest in giving context for why someone might be offered a PPI by their pediatrician? I give up. . . you have worn me down. You are clearly the dictator of this article. Well, at least I can say that I did try to volunteer for Wiki but friction and entropy win out. Congratulations DocJames. Take Care Djkoutdoors (talk) 19:17, 24 October 2017 (UTC)
 * User:Djkoutdoors we base article on recent high quality sources. And we work to reflect those sources. Could we add a discussion regarding why PPIs are given inappropriately for colic? Sure I guess, you have sources? Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 19:21, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

Affected percentage
Lead says "affects 10–40% of children", epidemiology section says "5–25% of children". Either a clarification or consistency needed. Brandmeistertalk  20:26, 24 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Updated. Ref in lead was newer than in body. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 01:56, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

Useful reliable? source?
Is this a useful reliable source? https://cdn.journals.lww.com/jpgn/Fulltext/2016/05000/Infant_Colic_What_works___A_Systematic_Review_of.3.aspx?exportImagesToPpt=true&fbclid=IwAR2gOWLCAW7ejKB7cVe4vB45H5yfQGafBe9HRvBtsjZs1ILo9LE_mAcbGTw It shows that probiotics and fennel are useful.

I assume that this article is not acceptable: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965229918309452?fbclid=IwAR0Rmxgxvz4qLtABJ52Uf16oEuhK6qDHYbIKktggGfK6Pdsfv7H1LIHOUzQ KFvdL (talk) 14:07, 19 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Yup first source is good. Second one is not sufficient for WP. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 12:21, 22 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Pity, as the last source is spectacular in its results.... KFvdL (talk) 14:12, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

Colic
When baby's get colic 2601:8C0:C81:E40F:B802:CEC:638E:81F4 (talk) 02:49, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baby colic


text:
File:Sports Barnstar4.png

Candidate 4 for Sports Barnstar, a slightly modified version of Image:Original Barnstar.png, with a silver star and yellow face.

Source and licensing
"Image may be used elsewhere without restriction," says SunirShah, creator, on BarnStar. Original image from Barnstar Subterfuge (currently not available online).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Sports Barnstar4.png


text:
Antipatrid dynasty

[[Image:Diadochen1.png|thumb|right|{{legend|#5C5|Kingdom of [[Cassander]]}} Other Diadochi {{legend|#CC3|Kingdom of Seleucus}} {{legend|#C94|Kingdom of Lysimachus}} {{legend|#88B|Kingdom of Ptolemy}} {{legend|#C47|Epirus}} Other {{legend|#B7C|Carthage}} {{legend|#7BC|Rome}} {{legend|#8B5|Greek colonies}}
 * 333x333px]]

The Antipatrid dynasty (Ἀντιπατρίδαι) was a Dorian Greek dynasty of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon founded by Cassander, the son of Antipater, who declared himself King of Macedon in 302 BC. This dynasty did not last long; in 294 BC it was swiftly overthrown by the Antigonid dynasty.

Members of the Antipatrid dynasty:

 * Antipater, regent, not king
 * Cassander (302–297 BC)
 * Philip IV of Macedon (297 BC)
 * Alexander V of Macedon (297–294 BC)
 * Antipater I (296–294 BC)
 * Antipater II Etesias (279 BC)

title: Antipatrid dynasty


text:
Maranda

Maranda may refer to:

 * A city in the video game Final Fantasy VI
 * Maranda, India
 * Maranda, Zimbabwe
 * Falconar AMF-14H Maranda, Canadian amateur-built aircraft
 * Falconar AMF-S14 Super Maranda, Canadian amateur-built aircraft

People with the surname

 * Kazimierz Maranda (born 1947), Polish middle-distance runner

title: Maranda


text:
File:Sports Barnstar5.png

Candidate 5 for Sports Barnstar, a slightly modified version of Image:Original Barnstar.png, with a silver star and white face.

Source and licensing
"Image may be used elsewhere without restriction," says SunirShah, creator, on BarnStar. Original image from Barnstar Subterfuge (currently not available online).

title: File:Sports Barnstar5.png


text:
User talk:MikeDockery

Welcome to my Talk page! If you leave me a message here, I will reply on this page to avoid fragmenting the discussion. If I leave you a message I will watch your Talk page, so you can reply there if you wish.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 04:01, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Japanese mythology infobox
It's being worked on. I'm not happy with the colors either (hell, I don't even know what they mean), but I'm not the one who came up with it. I'll see what we can do. If you've got some suggestions, please feel free to give them over at the template's talk page. Thanks.--み使い Mitsukai 14:11, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Got the majority of it done. Let me know what you think of it.  Also, I was considering seeing about making the Japanese mythology pages a Wikipedia project.  What do you think of that idea?--み使い Mitsukai 15:16, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Japanese mythology
The project is now live, if you're still interested in joining.--み使い Mitsukai 02:11, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Sandbox
I moved MikeDockery/Sandbox to User:MikeDockery/Sandbox. I'm guessing that's what you were trying to do. That page clearly does not belong in the namespace. If you have any questions, drop me a line. savidan(talk) (e@) 02:38, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks, Mike
The reason I was asking about theophany, my Wife was killed in a hit-and-run in Tokyo on February 12, and there are some things I simply can't explain since then. Chris 23:55, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * ps-Mike, how does one get a job out there, so I can be in the place she loves so much? (feel free to e-mail me) Chris 01:06, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

In Japan
Hey, Mike. You're in Japan, aren't you? If you don't mind my asking, what do you do over there? I interviewed with the Jet Program(me) a few weeks ago and am now awaiting a thumbs up or thumbs down from them. I should hear back by early April. In case it's rejection, any advice on getting over there to work for a year or two? — BrianSmithson 23:12, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yep, I've been in Japan for almost three years. I'm teaching English through a Sister City program, but it's almost identical to the JET program, just administrated locally instead of nationally. If you don't make the JET Program, you may want to check to see if your city has a similar program with a city in Japan. Also, there are Sister State programs as well. Other than that, you could try a private company - either a ALT-placement company like InterAct, or a conversation school like NOVA. The pay and benefits won't be as good (you generally have to pay your own plane fare and find your own apartment and stuff) but you'll be in Japan. If you go with an ALT-placement company, the job will be exactly the same as JET; you'll be teaching in a Junior High or High School. The conversation schools are different, you'll work with adults more than children, I think. MikeDockery 04:13, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

wiktionary tag
Doesn't matter to me where it is, as I've seen them both on the top of articles and the bottom. I just placed it on there, as I felt it would aid the article. But I can easily move it to the bottom. ^_^--み使い Mitsukai 17:57, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Lord Capulet
Hey bro, thanks for consulting me on the article. You have no idea what that means to me, too many people on Wikipedia seem to rush straight into decisions without thinking at all. I made a comment on the Japanese mythology talk page, hopefully it will clear up your concerns. If they don't feel free to talk to me more and I'll address whatever thoughts you may have. - VanillaX 05:13, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

JET Programme
Hi there. I saw on your Talk page that you're in Japan doing a similar job to a JET. If that's the case, you might be interested in my idea about creating a new wiki related to the JET Programme over at Wikia.com. It is just in the idea stage at the moment but I'd be interested to hear what you think. Cheers, Bobo12345 12:20, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Novelas 2years ago,you left Novelas.I'm wondering...was it because it was too inactive?Well,it is doing better now...why not chk it out?User:Serprex 21:13, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

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Please let me know if you have any questions, and thank you for helping out! ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjoe 00:48, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Akaname

A tag has been placed on Akaname requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, contest the deletion by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". Doing so will take you to the talk page where you will find a pre-formatted place for you to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. — c y b e r p o w e r  ( Talk to Me  ) ( Contributions  )     02:00, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Asian 10,000 Challenge invite
Hi. The WikiProject Asia/The 10,000 Challenge has recently started, based on the UK/Ireland The 10,000 Challenge and WikiProject Africa/The 10,000 Challenge. The idea is not to record every minor edit, but to create a momentum to motivate editors to produce good content improvements and creations and inspire people to work on more countries than they might otherwise work on. There's also the possibility of establishing smaller country or regional challenges for places like South East Asia, Japan/China or India etc, much like The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). For this to really work we need diversity and exciting content and editors from a broad range of countries regularly contributing. At some stage we hope to run some contests to benefit Asian content, a destubathon perhaps, aimed at reducing the stub count would be a good place to start, based on the current WikiProject Africa/The Africa Destubathon which has produced near 200 articles in just three days. If you would like to see this happening for Asia, and see potential in this attracting more interest and editors for the country/countries you work on please sign up and being contributing to the challenge! This is a way we can target every country of Asia, and steadily vastly improve the encyclopedia. We need numbers to make this work so consider signing up as a participant! Thank you. -- Ser Amantio di Nicolao Che dicono a Signa?Lo dicono a Signa. 05:24, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:MikeDockery


text:
Camaná Province

Camaná is a province in the Arequipa Region, Peru. It borders the provinces of Caravelí, Condesuyos, Castilla, Caylloma, Arequipa and Islay.

The province was struck by the 2001 southern Peru earthquake, which occurred on June 23, 2001.

Political division
The province is divided into eight districts (Spanish: distritos, singular: distrito):

 * Camaná (Camaná)
 * José María Quimper (El Cardo)
 * Mariano Nicolás Valcárcel (Urasqui)
 * Mariscal Cáceres (San José)
 * Nicolás de Piérola (San Gregorio)
 * Ocoña (Ocoña)
 * Quilca (Quilca)
 * Samuel Pastor (La Pampa)

Ethnic groups
The province is inhabited by indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Spanish is the language which the majority of the population (84.02%) learnt to speak in childhood, 13.30% of the residents started speaking using the Quechua language and 2.57% using Aymara (2007 Peru Census).

title: Camaná Province


text:
Rayen Castle

The Rayen Castle ( Arg-e Rāyen) is a historic adobe fortress situated on the outskirts of the Hezar Masjed Mountains, about 100 kilometers south of Kerman province, Iran. The castle and the mudbrick city it protects display numerous architectural elements and design strategies recognized as hallmarks of Iranian citadels. The complex is well preserved despite numerous natural disasters that have destroyed similar structures nearby, including Arg-e Bam, which was destroyed in an earthquake in December 2003.

Rayen is assumed to have been inhabited until 1868. Although believed to be at least 1,000 years old, it may have foundations dating to the pre-Islamic Sassanid era, with later additions and renovations during the Islamic period. According to contemporary documents, it was situated on an important trade route and was a centre for trading valuable goods and quality textiles, as well as for sword and knife manufacturing and, later, guns. During the reign of the Sassanian king Yazdegerd III, the Arabs failed to conquer the city presumably due to its high walls. Today, Rayen Castle is a popular tourist destination, with efforts being made to preserve its cultural significance and secure its proposed inclusion on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

title: Rayen Castle


text:
Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water

Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) is an isotopic standard for water, that is, a particular sample of water whose proportions of different isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen are accurately known. VSMOW is distilled from ocean water and does not contain salt or other impurities. Published and distributed by the Vienna-based International Atomic Energy Agency in 1968, the standard and its essentially identical successor, VSMOW2, continue to be used as a reference material.

Water samples made up of different isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen have slightly different physical properties. As an extreme example, heavy water, which contains two deuterium (2H) atoms instead of the usual, lighter hydrogen-1 (1H), has a melting point of 3.82 C and boiling point of 101.4 C. Different rates of evaporation cause water samples from different places in the water cycle to contain slightly different ratios of isotopes. Ocean water (richer in heavy isotopes) and rain water (poorer in heavy isotopes) roughly represent the two extremes found on Earth. With VSMOW, the IAEA simultaneously published an analogous standard for rain water, Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation (SLAP), and eventually its successor SLAP2. SLAP contains about 5% less oxygen-18 and 42.8% less deuterium than VSMOW.

A scale based on VSMOW and SLAP is used to report oxygen-18 and deuterium concentrations. From 2005 until its redefinition in 2019, the kelvin was specified to be $1/273.16$ of the temperature of specifically VSMOW at its triple point.

History and background

Abundances of a particular isotope in a substance are usually given relative to some reference material, as a delta in parts per thousand (‰) from the reference. For example, the ratio of deuterium ($2$H) to hydrogen-1 in a substance x may be given as

 * $$\delta\,^2\mathrm{H}_{x/\text{reference}}\text{ (in ‰)} = \left(\frac{(^2\mathrm{H} / ^1\mathrm{H})_x}{(^2\mathrm{H} / ^1\mathrm{H})_\text{reference}}-1\right)\cdot 1000$$,

where $$(^2\mathrm{H} / ^1\mathrm{H})_x$$ denotes the absolute concentration in x.

In 1961, pursuing a standard for measuring and reporting deuterium and oxygen-18 concentrations, Harmon Craig of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, California, proposed an abstract water standard. He based the proportions on his measurements of samples taken by of ocean waters around the world. Approximating an average of their measurements, Craig defined his "standard mean ocean water" (SMOW) relative to a water sample held in the United States' National Bureau of Standards called NBS-1 (sampled from the Potomac River). In particular, SMOW had the following parameters relative to NBS-1:

 * δ 2H SMOW/NBS-1 = 50‰, i.e., an enrichment of 5%;
 * δ 18O SMOW/NBS-1 = 8‰, i.e., an enrichment of 0.8%.

Later, researchers at the California Institute of Technology defined another abstract reference, also called "SMOW", for oxygen-18 concentrations, such that a sample of Potsdam Sandstone in their possession satisfied.

To resolve the confusion, November 1966 meeting of the Vienna-based International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recommended the preparation of two water isotopic standards: Vienna SMOW (VSMOW; initially just "SMOW" but later disambiguated) and Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation (SLAP). Craig prepared VSMOW by mixing distilled Pacific Ocean water with small amounts of other waters. VSMOW was intended to match the SMOW standard as closely as possible. Craig's measurements found an identical 18O concentration and a 0.2‰ lower 2H concentration. The SLAP standard was created from a melted firn sample from Plateau Station in Antarctica. A standard with oxygen-18 and deuterium concentrations between that of VSMOW and SLAP, called Greenland Ice Sheet Precipitation (GISP), was also prepared. The IAEA began distributing samples in 1968, and compiled analyses of VSMOW and SLAP from 45 laboratories around the world. The VSMOW sample was stored in a stainless-steel container under nitrogen and was transferred to glass ampoules in 1977.

The deuterium and oxygen-18 concentrations in VSMOW are close to the upper end of naturally occurring materials, and the concentrations in SLAP are close to the lower end. Due to confusion over multiple water standards, the Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights recommended in 1994 that all future isotopic measurements of oxygen-18 (18O) and deuterium (2H) be reported relative to VSMOW, on a scale such that the δ18O of SLAP is −55.5‰ and the δ2H of SLAP is −428‰, relative to VSMOW. Therefore, SLAP is defined to contain 94.45% the oxygen-18 concentration and 57.2% the deuterium concentration of VSMOW. Using a scale with two defined samples improves comparison of results between laboratories.

In December 1996, because of a dwindling supply of VSMOW, the IAEA decided to create a replacement standard, VSMOW2. Published in 1999, it contains a nearly identical isotopic mixture. About 300 liters was prepared from a mixture of distilled waters, from Lake Bracciano in Italy, the Sea of Galilee in Israel, and a well in Egypt, in proportions chosen to reach VSMOW isotopic ratios. The IAEA also published a successor to SLAP, called SLAP2, derived from melted water from four Antarctic drilling sites. Deviations of 17O, and 18O in the new standards from the old standards are zero within the error of measurement. There is a small but measurable deviation of 2H concentration in SLAP2 from SLAP—δ2HSLAP2/VSMOW is defined to be −427.5‰ instead of −428‰—but not in VSMOW2 from VSMOW. The IAEA recommends that measurements still be reported on the VSMOW–SLAP scale.

The older two standards are now kept at the IAEA and no longer sold.

Measurements
All measurements are reported with their standard uncertainty. Measurements of particular combinations of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes are unnecessary because water molecules constantly exchange atoms with each other.

VSMOW
Except for tritium, which was determined by the helium gas emitted by radioactive decay, these measurements were taken using mass spectroscopy.

 * Deuterium (2H / 1H) – 155.76 ± 0.05 ppm, about 1 in 6420 hydrogen atoms
 * Tritium (3H / 1H) – 18.5 ± 3.6 TU = 1.85 ± 0.3610-11 ppm, measured on 16 September 1976, about 1 in 5.401016 hydrogen atoms
 * Oxygen-18 (18O / 16O) – 2005.20 ± 0.45 ppm, about 1 in 499 oxygen atoms
 * Oxygen-17 (17O / 16O) – 379.9 ± 0.8 ppm, about 1 in 2640 oxygen atoms

SLAP
Based on the results of, the IAEA defined the delta scale with SLAP at −55.5‰ for 18O and −428‰ for 2H. That is, SLAP was measured to contain approximately 5.55% less oxygen-18 and 42.8% less deuterium than does VSMOW, and these figures were used to anchor the scale at two points. Experimental figures are given below.

 * 2H / 1H – 89.02 ± 0.05 ppm, δ := −428.5 ± 0.4‰, about 1 in 11230 atoms
 * 3H / 1H – 374 ± 9 TU = 3.74 ± 0.0910-10 ppm, measured on 16 September 1976, about 1 in 2.671015 atoms
 * 18O / 16O – 1893.91 ± 0.45 ppm, δ := −55.5‰, about 1 in 528 atoms
 * 17O / 16O –, about 1 in 3700 atoms

VSMOW2 and SLAP2
The concentrations of 17O, and 18O are indistinguishable between VSMOW and VSMOW2, and between SLAP and SLAP2. The specification sheet gives the standard errors in these measurements. The concentration of 2H is unchanged in VSMOW2 as well, but is slightly increased in SLAP2. The IAEA reports:

 * δ2HSLAP2/VSMOW = −427.5 ± 0.3‰, (Compare −428‰ for SLAP.)

On 6 July 2007, the tritium concentration was 3.5 ± 1.0 TU in VSMOW2, and 27.6 ± 1.6 TU in SLAP2.

GISP

 * δ 2H GISP = −189.5 ± 1.2‰
 * δ 18O GISP = −24.66 ± 0.09‰
 * δ 17O GISP = −12.71 ± 0.1‰

Reporting isotopic ratios
The VSMOW–SLAP scale is recommended by the USGS, IUPAC, and IAEA for measurement of deuterium and 18O concentrations in any substance. For 18O, a scale based on Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite can also be used. The physical samples, which are distributed by the IAEA and U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, are used to calibrate isotope-measuring equipment.

Variations in isotopic content are useful in hydrology, meteorology, and oceanography. Different parts of the ocean do have slightly different isotopic concentrations: δ 18O values range from –11.35‰ in water off the coast of Greenland to +1.32‰ in the north Atlantic, and δ 2H concentrations in deep ocean water range from roughly –1.7‰ near Antarctica to +2.2‰ in the Arctic. Variations are much larger in surface water than in deep water.

Temperature measurements
In 1954, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) established the definition of the Kelvin as 1/273.16 of the absolute temperature of the triple point of water. Waters with different isotopic compositions had slightly different triple points. Thus, the International Committee for Weights and Measures specified in 2005 that the definition of the kelvin temperature scale would refer to water with a composition of the nominal specification of VSMOW. The decision was welcomed in 2007 by Resolution 10 of the 23rd CGPM. The triple point is measured in triple-point cells, where the water is held at its triple point and allowed to reach equilibrium with its surroundings. Using ordinary waters, the range of inter-laboratory measurements of the triple point can be about 250 μK. With VSMOW, the inter-laboratory range of measurements of the triple point is about 50 μK.

After the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the kelvin is defined in terms of the Boltzmann constant, which makes its definition completely independent of the properties of water. The defined value for the Boltzmann constant was selected so that the measured value of the VSMOW triple point is identical to the prior defined value, within measurable accuracy. Triple-point cells remain a practical method of calibrating thermometers.

title: Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water


text: User talk:67.8.242.50

title: User talk:67.8.242.50


text:
Spirit of place

Spirit of place (or soul) refers to the unique, distinctive and cherished aspects of a place; often those celebrated by artists and writers, but also those cherished in folk tales, festivals and celebrations. It is thus as much in the invisible weave of culture (stories, art, memories, beliefs, histories, etc.) as it is the tangible physical aspects of a place (monuments, boundaries, rivers, woods, architectural style, rural crafts styles, pathways, views, and so on) or its interpersonal aspects (the presence of relatives, friends and kindred spirits, and the like).

Often the term is applied to a rural or a relatively unspoiled or regenerated place — whereas the very similar term sense of place would tend to be more domestic, urban, or suburban in tone. For instance, one could logically apply 'sense of place' to an urban high street; noting the architecture, the width of the roads and pavements, the plantings, the style of the shop-fronts, the street furniture, and so on, but one could not really talk about the 'spirit of place' of such an essentially urban and commercial environment. However, an urban area that looks faceless or neglected to an adult may have deep meaning in children's street culture.

The Roman term for spirit of place was Genius loci, by which it is sometimes still referred. This has often been historically envisaged as a guardian animal or a small supernatural being (puck, fairy, elf, and the like) or a ghost. In the developed world these beliefs have been, for the most part, discarded. A new layer of less-embodied superstition on the subject, however, has arisen around ley lines, feng shui and similar concepts, on the one hand, and urban leftover spaces, such as back alleys or gaps between buildings in some North-American downtown areas, on the other hand.

The western cultural movements of Romanticism and Neo-romanticism are often deeply concerned with creating cultural forms that 're-enchant the land', in order to establish or re-establish a spirit of place.

Modern earth art (sometimes called environment art) artists such as Andy Goldsworthy have explored the contribution of natural/ephemeral sculpture to spirit of place.

Many indigenous and tribal cultures around the world are deeply concerned with spirits of place in their landscape. Spirits of place are explicitly recognized by some of the world's main religions: Shinto has its Kami which may incorporate spirits of place; and the Dvarapalas and Lokapalas in Hinduism, Vajrayana and Bonpo traditions.

title: Spirit of place


text:
Étienne Tshisekedi

Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a Congolese politician and the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), formerly the main opposition political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). A long-time opposition leader, he served as Prime Minister of the country (then called Zaire) on three brief occasions: in 1991, 1992–1993, and 1997. He was also the father of the current President, Felix Tshisekedi.

Tshisekedi was the main Congolese opposition leader for decades. Although he served in the government of Mobutu Sese Seko in various positions, he also led the campaign against Mobutu, and was one of few politicians who challenged the dictator.

Tshisekedi and his UDPS party boycotted the 2006 elections organized in Congo on claims that elections were fraudulent and were systematically rigged in advance.

He was a candidate for President of Congo in the 2011 elections that many national and international observers, notably the Carter Center, have said lacked credibility and transparency. Having officially lost to incumbent Joseph Kabila, Tshisekedi nevertheless declared himself the "elected president" of Congo. Policemen and Kabila's presidential guards were subsequently stationed at every corner that gives entrance to Tshisekedi's residence, placing him under unofficial house arrest. His son Félix became president in 2019.

Early life and education
In 1932, Étienne Tshisekedi, son of Alexis Mulumba and his wife Agnès Kabena, was born in Luluabourg, Belgian Congo (now called Kananga, Kasai-Occidental, Democratic Republic of the Congo). Ethnically, he was a member of the Luba people. Tshisekedi attended primary school at Kabaluanda (West Kasai) and obtained a doctorate diploma in 1961 at the Lovanium University School of Law in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa); he was the first Congolese to ever get a doctorate diploma in law.

Political career
Tshisekedi's career was intertwined with the political history of his country; Congo won independence in 1960 from Belgium.

1960 to 2001
Advisor to Patrice Lumumba of the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), Tshisekedi left the MNC to follow Albert Kalonji on his secessionist adventure in Kasai, acting as Minister of Justice in the newly autonomous State of South Kasai.

On 3 January 1961 President Joseph Kasa-Vubu appointed Tshisekedi Director General of the National School of Law and Administration.

In November 1965, Tshisekedi took part in the second Mobutu coup which led to the dismissal of President Kasavubu and his prime minister Kimba. Tshisekedi approved the execution of Kimba and his companions on the day of Pentecost, 2 June 1966.

He was a high-ranking member of the various governments formed by dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who was president from 1965 to 1997. Tshisekedi helped amend the Congolese Constitution in 1967. After the second coup of Mobutu, in 1965, Tshisekedi held ministerial positions. As such, Tshisekedi was instrumental in managing the country, allegedly based on the misappropriation of public funds and neutralization of all opposition. Tshisekedi remained in the Central Committee of the Popular Movement of the Revolution (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution, MPR) until the early 1980s.

Relations with Mobutu ruptured around 1980, and Tshisekedi was removed from Mobutu's government. At that time, Tshisekedi formed the country's first opposition party, the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), to counter the ruling MPR. Tshisekedi thus became the main voice for opponents of the dictatorship, in the country that was then called Zaire. That status enabled him to mobilize public opinion and the international community, and he continued advocating for change during Mobutu's tenure. In 1980, Tshisekedi was thrown in prison for criticism of Mobutu's repressive regime; he was imprisoned numerous times by Mobutu's government.

In 1989, during Mobutu's rule, several cases of his detention were described as unlawful by the United Nations Human Rights Committee.

On 15 February 1982, Tshisekedi co-founded the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS). The party remains popular in Congo's capital Kinshasa, the two Kasai and Bas-Congo provinces as well as other provinces, with its main goal being a non-violent change to democratic rule.

According to Kapinga (vice-president of the MPR), Mobutu kept a number of Congolese tribes happy through the "sharing of money" with the tribes' power brokers. Under Mobutu's regime, Aponet Potia (Secretary General of the MPR) tried delivering money to Tshisekedi in the middle of the night, but Tshisekedi refused it. Mobutu tried and failed on several occasions to persuade Tshisekedi to take the money.

With the country in economic turmoil in the early 1990s, partly due to Mobutu's loss of Western support after the Cold War, Mobutu bowed to pressure and promised a transition to multiparty democracy. Tshisekedi, who was Mobutu's most determined and popular rival, became Prime Minister on three separate occasions. The first lasted only one month (29 September 1991 – 1 November 1991) before Mobutu sacked him, and the second only seven months (15 August 1992 – 18 March 1993). Both times, Tshisekedi asserted that he was prevented from functioning properly by Mobutu. The third term, while Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rebel forces were marching on Kinshasa, lasted only a week (2 April 1997 – 9 April 1997) and was again ended by Mobutu's lack of cooperation. A month later Laurent Kabila overthrew Mobutu, in connection with the First Congo War.

Laurent Kabila ruled by decree and banned party politics until general elections planned for 1999. In 1998, a constitutional committee drew up a list of 250 people who would not be allowed to run for president, including Tshisekedi. He was sent into internal exile in February 1998, after he was accused of violating the ban on party politics.

President Laurent Kabila was assassinated in 2001, and was succeeded ten days later by his son, Joseph Kabila. Tshisekedi refused to enter the government of Joseph Kabila, or the previous government of his father, and likened them to Mobutu.

2005–2006 elections
In the run-up to the 2006 national elections, Tshisekedi decided to boycott the electoral process and the constitutional referendum because he believed they were rigged in advance.

Joseph Kabila won the presidential election. Tshisekedi considered the elections of 2006 to be a "masquerade" and claimed that Kabila's election was decided in advance by influential people outside Congo. Kabila defeated Jean-Pierre Bemba, with Tshisekedi on the sidelines.

2011 elections
At a UDPS meeting in April 2009, the party indicated that it would participate in the 2011 election, and asked that Tshisekedi be their presidential candidate. He officially confirmed his candidacy in December 2010 at a congress of his party in Kinshasa, which was the first official party congress since the party formed in 1982.

In August 2011, Tshisekedi sought to negotiate with other opposition parties to form a joint effort against incumbent Joseph Kabila. This is Tshisekedi's first bid for the presidency since forming the country's first opposition party in 1982. Candidates campaigned relatively freely, and Tshisekedi held large rallies. But neither candidate was prepared to admit defeat."

Tshisekedi pointed not only to lack of democracy, but also lack of water and electricity, as reasons to elect him. He said that a vote for him would be a vote for a 30-year fight to uphold the rule of law and good governance in Congo. Tshisekedi was supported by about 80 political parties, but he had adversaries within the opposition, such as Vital Kamerhe, Nzanga Mobutu (son of the former dictator), and Senate president Kengo Wa Dondo. Tshisekedi said that none of them had been in the opposition long enough to be credible.

This time around, Bemba (the 2006 presidential candidate) was sidelined, on trial at the International Criminal Court in The Hague for alleged war crimes in 2002–2003. The election was held on 28 November 2011.

Many national and international observers, notably the Carter Center, said the election was marred with serious irregularities and lacked credibility and transparency. Tshisekedi rejected the results announced by the CENI, the body responsible for the organization of elections, saying that they did not reflect the will of the people, and declared himself the "elected president" of Congo. Tshisekedi held a private inauguration ceremony after police used tear gas to disperse a public inauguration.

Vital Kamerhe, a former ally of President Kabila, rejected the results announced by the CENI and said that Tshisekedi had actually won the election. Several other opposition candidates recognized Tshisekedi as the victor, and called for the election to be annulled.

In addition to the Carter Center, an observer mission from the European Union noted lack of transparency, and the archbishop of Kinshasa, Cardinal Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya claimed that the results announced by the CENI did not reflect the will of the people. These and other observations compromised the integrity of the presidential election, according to the Carter Center. MONUSCO, the peacekeeping mission of the United Nations, also voiced concern about the results.

The election result was confirmed by the Supreme Court of the Democratic Republic of Congo. A day after holding a hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs on governance in the DRC, Senators Chris Coons (D-Del.) and Johnny Isakson (R-Ga.) of the United States Senate expressed deep concern about the ruling of the Congolese Supreme Court. Then, on 20 December 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton expressed serious disappointment with the Congolese supreme court decision.

Tshisekedi urged the armed forces to disobey Kabila, and added that he would offer a "great prize" to anyone who captured President Joseph Kabila.

Post-2011 election
Tshisekedi's party headquarters was burglarized after his inauguration. Tshisekedi was said to be under house arrest.

The rebel March 23 Movement, which captured the city of Goma in November 2012, listed the release of Tshisekedi as one of their demands and claimed to be willing to leave the provincial capital of North Kivu if he was granted freedom of movement, among other things.

Amidst rumors of serious health problems, Tshisekedi was flown to Belgium for treatment on 16 August 2014. Responding to the rumors about his condition, his party said that he was not seriously ill. On 9 January 2016, Tshisekedi, who was still in Brussels and apparently still ill, released a video message in which he vowed that he would "soon be among you so we can unite our efforts to win". Observers noted that the opposition leader seemed "frail" and had trouble speaking. He finally returned to Congo on 27 July 2016 and was greeted by a massive crowd of supporters upon arrival at the airport in Kinshasa. At a massive rally in Kinshasa on 31 July, Tshisekedi demanded that elections proceed on schedule before the end of 2016, contrary to suggestions from the authorities that a delay might be necessary, allowing Kabila to remain in office.

Death
On 24 January 2017, Tshisekedi left the DRC to travel to Belgium for medical treatment. The 84-year-old died a week later on 1 February in Brussels.

title: Étienne Tshisekedi


text:
King University

King University is a Presbyterian-affiliated private university in Bristol, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1867, King is independently governed with covenant affiliations to the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC).

History
In April 1866, the Holston Presbytery assembled at the old Pleasant Grove Church in Bristol, Tenn., to establish a Christian college. The college was built on 25 acre of land in Bristol that had been donated by Reverend James King, in whose honor it is named. The first classes were offered in August 1867.

When the college outgrew its small campus, King's grandson Isaac Anderson donated land on a hillside east of Bristol and in 1917, the college moved to its present location.

In January 2013, King College announced that it would change its name to King University. The name change reflects the master's-level, comprehensive benchmark that King has reached in recent years. Becoming a university was the natural unfolding of King's strategic plan, unveiled in 1998, to create an even broader mix of programs based on a university model. On June 1, 2013, King College officially became King University. In December 2013, King University was granted a Level V designation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC), after a two-year application and review process. As a result, King University began its first doctoral program, a Doctorate of Nursing Practice, in the Fall 2014.

Campus
The King University campus is located on 135 acre approximately 1.7 mi from downtown Bristol, Tennessee. All main buildings on campus are brick and of Georgian-style architecture. King University also has three additional Tennessee campuses located in Kingsport and Knoxville. There are 10 additional instructional locations across Southwest Virginia and Tennessee.

Accreditation and memberships
King University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACSCOC)

King is a member of numerous associations, including the Appalachian College Association (ACA), the Tennessee Independent Colleges and Universities Association (TICUA) and the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU).

Academics
King University offers more than 80 undergraduate majors, minors and pre-professional programs. Several professional studies programs are offered for working professionals and most programs are available in face-to-face and online formats. King also offers several graduate programs: Master of Social Work (MSW), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Education (MEd), Master of Science in Nursing (MSN), and Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP).

Schools
King University is organized into six schools:
 * College of Arts and Sciences
 * Peeke School of Christian Mission
 * The School of Health and Professional Sciences
 * The School of Business, Economics and Technology
 * The School of Education
 * The School of Nursing

Libraries

 * E.W. King Library (main campus): The E.W. King library contains a collection of over 140,000 items and is located on the north side of the campus Oval.
 * Kingsport Information Resource Center: This center serves the college's students who attend classes in Kingsport, TN, and the surrounding area.
 * Knoxville Learning Center: This center serves the college's Adult and Graduate Studies (AGS) students who attend classes in Knoxville, TN, and the surrounding area.

Curriculum
The Core Curriculum of King University underwent its last major revision by the faculty during Spring 2009. The Core is composed of a Common Experience, four semester hours of courses that all tradition undergraduates must take at the college, and General Education, thirty-eight hours of courses that span the traditional liberal arts.

Experience DC
As part of the university's First Year Experience Program, each year the entire freshman class travels to Washington, D.C. for an experiential learning trip known as Experience DC. During the trip, students visit offices of legislators, national museums, international organizations, art galleries and various public venues. Participants are challenged to explore their views on the arts, religion, varying cultures and issues facing humankind. The trip also helps students examine career options.

Institutes of King University
Institute of Security and Intelligence Studies. The King Institute for Security and Intelligence Studies (KISIS) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization dedicated to the scholarly study and advancement of security and intelligence issues.

Institute for Regional and Economic Studies. The King Institute for Regional Economic Studies (KIRES) was established in 2012 to expand the scope of the King University Regional Economic Studies (KCRES) team. A small KCRES team was formed in 2010 within King's School of Business to provide analysis of economic problems and opportunities confronting the region served by King University.

Institute for Faith & Culture. The King Institute aims to cultivate a conversation that is both artful and substantial on issues of Christian faith and culture, creating spaces for students and community members to find friendship and shared purpose.

Student government
The Student Government Association (SGA) is the formal representative entity for the student body, consisting of elected executive officers (President and Vice President) and a Senate representing each class (Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, and Senior). The SGA serves as the voice of the students to the board of trustees, administration, faculty, and staff. The SGA also charters, funds, and oversees other student organizations.

Student organizations
Academic organizations include: STEA-KE (Education), History & Political Science Society, Psy Chi Honor Society, Forensic Science Club, Marketing Club, Finance Club, ENACTUS (formerly SIFE), and a collegiate chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery.

Performing arts-related organizations include: Collegium Musicum (Chamber Choir), Symphonic Choir, Men's Ensemble (All the King's Men), Women's Ensemble (Queen's of King), Jazz/Gospel Choir, Symphonic Band, 250 Jazz (Combo Jazz Ensemble - plays at basketball games occasionally), Chapel Band, and The King University Players (K.U.P.)

General interest organizations include Alpha Phi Omega, the Newman Club, a collegiate chapter of the International Justice Mission, the International Student Organization, College Republicans, College Democrats, TISL, and a computer/video gaming club.

Student publications
Students have the opportunity to work in journalism and publishing. The Kayseean is the student newspaper. The Kayseean transitioned to an online format in 2019. The school yearbook is The Tornado.

Student activities
The Student Life Activities Committee at King (SLACK) is a student group responsible for organizing and executing student activities under the direction of the Director of Student Life. Events in the past have included: concerts, dances, movies, outdoor adventures (canoeing, caving, ropes courses), overnight trips, International Fair, Oktoberfest, a late night exam breakfast, an end-of-the-year luau, Safe Spring Break promotion, and bingo nights.

A program of intramural sports, called SLACK Sports, is offered to students. Typical sports include: indoor soccer, flag football, volleyball, dodgeball, bowling, and ultimate frisbee. In addition, intramural video game tournaments, Texas Hold'em poker tournaments, chess tournaments, and board game nights are also held throughout the year.

Residence halls
King's campus offers separate men's and women's residence halls. High-speed internet and cable television are available in the residence halls.

 * Parks Hall: Parks Hall houses women and features a formal parlor, a casual lobby with big screen television as well as kitchenettes, laundry facilities, and a guest room. Parks is the only residence hall that does not have air conditioning.
 * Liston Hall: Liston Hall is a five-story residence hall. The top three floors are generally referred to as Liston Hall. The first subfloor houses women and is referred to as the Lower Liston Hall. The second subfloor houses men and is known as the Liston Honors Suites. Liston contains laundry facilities, a guest room, and a central lobby on the main floor. All rooms are air-conditioned.
 * Lower Liston Hall: Lower Liston Hall houses women and is located on the first subfloor of Liston Hall. Lower Liston is separated from the men's halls by a series of doors, which are closed at all times, and only accessible in case of emergency. Lower Liston Hall features free laundry facilities, kitchen, and a television lounge. All rooms are air-conditioned.
 * Liston Honors Suites: Liston Honors Suites houses men and is located on the lowest level of Liston Hall. Those living in Liston Honors Suites are selected based on GPA, class standing, and personal commitment to upholding college policies. Liston Honors Suites contains free laundry facilities, a common area, and suite style-rooms with semi-private bathrooms. All rooms are air-conditioned.
 * Mitchell Hall: Mitchell Hall is a townhouse-style residence hall for students located on the west part of campus. Each of the five units can house either men or women. Mitchell has generally housed women, but one or more units of housing men have been more common in recent years. Each Mitchell Hall unit has free laundry facilities and a television lounge. All rooms are air-conditioned.
 * Hyde Honors Hall: Hyde Hall houses women and offers semi-private bathrooms shared by four suite mates. It contains free laundry facilities, a television lounge, a fully equipped kitchen, and a formal lobby. Those living in Hyde are selected based on GPA, class standing, and personal commitment to upholding university policies.

Athletics
The King athletic teams are called the Tornado. The university is a member of the NCAA Division II ranks, primarily competing in the Conference Carolinas (CC) since the 2011–12 academic year. They were also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the Mid-East Region of the Division I level. The Tornado previously competed as an NCAA D-II Independent from 2009 to 10 to 2010–11; and in the Appalachian Athletic Conference (AAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2001 to 02 to 2008–09.

King competes in 25 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross-country, golf, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, volleyball and wrestling; while women's sports include acrobatics & tumbling, basketball, cross-country, golf, softball, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, triathlon, volleyball and wrestling; and co-ed sports include bass fishing, cheerleading, cycling, dance and Esports.

University nickname
The university nickname, the Tornado, was adopted in 1922 following a 206–0 football win over North Carolina rival Lenoir College (now Lenoir–Rhyne University). The local newspaper covering the event wrote the headline "King College's Victory Was 'Tornado' Of Week's Games" and began referring to the football team as the "Tornado". This is a record score which stands in the annals of collegiate football as one of the highest ever won on the gridiron.

University mascot
Twister, a lion, was unveiled as the university's new mascot on September 2, 2011. Twister is a fearless lion that represents the determination and courage reflected in King's adventure as an NCAA Division II institution. Equipped with his King colors of navy blue and scarlet red, Twister dons the number 11 on his back while rallying those in Tornado Athletics and the King University community.

Spiritual life
Students have many opportunities to explore Christian beliefs and spiritual traditions. Opportunities abound with chapel, the King Institute for Faith and Culture, Christian ministry groups, and service projects. Each year, student teams also travel nationally and internationally for a range of mission and study abroad trips.

All traditional King students are required to obtain fourteen chapel, convocation, or community service credit hours per semester.

Chapel
Chapel is held every Wednesday at 9:15 a.m. and led by the Chaplain.

The King University Institute for Faith and Culture
Inaugurated in 2008 and dedicated to the work and example of Frederick Buechner, the Buechner Institute at King University explored the relationship between faith and culture. In 2015, after the death of Dr. Dale Brown, founding director, and at the request of the Buechner Literary Assets, LLC, the Buechner Institute became the King Institute for Faith and Culture. The King Institute for Faith and Culture is a continuation of conversations between faith, art, and culture started by the Buechner Institute.

The King Institute for Faith and Culture sponsors on-campus convocations (generally on Mondays at 9:15 a.m.) as well as evening lectures either on campus or in community venues, that feature speakers from a variety of backgrounds to examine the ways in which faith informs art and public life and cultivate conversation about what faith has to do with books, politics, social discourse, music, visual arts, and more.

Notable alumni

 * Christian H. Cooper - author, trader, and member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
 * Patricia Cornwell - bestselling author
 * Cylk Cozart - actor
 * Rodney D. Fogg - General
 * Mike Helton - former president of NASCAR
 * William R. Laird, III - United States Senator from West Virginia
 * Jason Mumpower - former Tennessee State Representative and Comptroller of the Treasury of Tennessee
 * Katherine Paterson - author of Bridge to Terabithia and other children's novels

title: King University


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User talk:Freshwind~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

I replied at Talk:Derivative, see the very bottom of that page. Oleg Alexandrov 04:17, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Freshwind. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Freshwind~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:02, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:02, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Freshwind~enwiki


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Andrew Sabiston

Andrew Sabiston is a Canadian-American actor, voice actor, writer, story editor and multi-award nominated Canadian children's television series developer, with over 1100 episodes to his credit. His mother is artist Carole Sabiston.

Early career
An early start as a stage actor in his childhood with the Belfry Theatre, Bastion Theatre and Phoenix Theatre in his native Victoria, BC, led to being cast in Paul Almond's 1983 film Ups and Downs alongside classmate Leslie Hope which was filmed at their high school, St. Michaels University School. He soon landed a starring role on the multiple award-winning Disney Channel/CBC television series The Edison Twins which ran for six seasons, was widely syndicated and earned him a Young Artist Award nomination for Best Young Actor in a Cable Family Series. Andrew Sabiston's first writing credit (Story Idea by) was for the Home Sweet Home episode of The Edison Twins, which aired in 1984.

Other film and television roles included starring in Paul Saltzman’s coming-of-age film When We First Met opposite Amy Linker in 1984, guest starring on MacGyver in 1987 (Hell Week; Season 3, Episode 9) alongside John Cameron Mitchell and appearing as a juror in the 1994 thriller Trial by Jury starring Gabriel Byrne, Armand Assante and Joanne Whalley.

Developer
Many of the children's television series in which Andrew Sabiston has been involved are multiple award-nominees and/or winners airing internationally. As of 2019, series that he has created, developed or co-developed include: The Remarkable Mr. King (based on the Mr. King book series by author-illustrator Geneviève Côté, Kiki & Nuna, Super Wings (Seasons 3,4 and 5), Ranger Rob and The Moblees.

Writer
Series with a writing credit include all of the above and Agent Binky: Pets of the Universe, Hatchimals, The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!, Max & Ruby, The Adventures of Napkin Man,  Dot., Trucktown, Justin Time, You & Me by Jason Hopley on CBC, The Travels of the Young Marco Polo, My Big Big Friend, Franklin and Friends, Monster Math Squad, Animal Mechanicals, Pirates: Adventures in Art, Bo on the Go!, Strawberry Shortcake’s Seaberry Beach Party, Turbo Dogs and Lunar Jim.

Voice
Series that Andrew Sabiston has voiced leading characters and guest roles on include: Corn & Peg, Little Bear (as Cat), Henry's World (as Cupid), Mike the Knight, Arthur, Bo on the Go!, Little Charmers (as Seven and Mr. Charming), Donkey Kong Country, Go Away, Unicorn!, BeyWheelz, Polka Dot Shorts, The Amazing Spiez, Totally Spies!, Super Why! (as the Eraser), Artopia, Toot & Puddle, Roboroach, Knights of the Zodiac, Rescue Heroes, Air Master, Tales From the Cryptkeeper, The Future Is Wild, What It’s Like Being Alone, Care Bears Movie: Journey to Joke-a-Lot, Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventures, The Neverending Story, Star Wars: Droids, Super Mario World, Stickin' Around, Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs, Babar and the Adventures of Badou, and Wish Kid.

Theatre
For the theatre, Andrew Sabiston is the lyricist and co-book writer with composer Timothy Williams for the musical Napoleon which was first produced in 1994 at The Elgin Theatre in Toronto under the direction of John Wood. It was subsequently produced in 2000 at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London under the direction of Francesca Zambello. In 2009, a new version was first presented in concert at Talk Is Free Theatre in Barrie, Ontario under the direction of Richard Ouzounian. This marked the beginning of a reimagining of the musical as an intimate, behind-the-scenes political drama with a cast half the size of the original productions and a new book and musical numbers. The new Napoleon debuted at the New York Musical Theatre Festival in July 2015.

In July 2017, a generous new production opened at the Charlotte Theatre in Seoul for a limited three-month run. It featured a cast of 54 including K-pop artists B.A.P's Daehyun and BtoB's Changsub alongside famous musical actors such as Im Tae-kyung, Michael K. Lee, and Han Ji-sang. It was directed by Richard Ouzounian and presented in Korean.

title: Andrew Sabiston


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User:Hanfei

Announcement on Contributions to Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions
Hi. I'm Hanfei Wang from Lawrenceville, GA. With the announcement of the Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions, I will make contributions to that page. Go Ken Jennings!

My Interests
I'm interested in Jeopardy!, golf, and trivia. In fact, I have a Jeopardy! game on my PS2, and currently I have 48 wins and $600,400 on it.

Pages you should see me on
Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions

Ken Jennings

To Do
Jeopardy! Help contribute to that page.

New J! Related Article
Hey -- some anonotwerp has created List of greatest Jeopardy! champions and it's rife with factual errors. What do you think -- do you think it's more appropriate to clean up or send to AFD? OntarioQuizzer 00:21, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Hanfei


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Regal Cinema

The Regal Cinema is an Art deco movie theatre located at Colaba Causeway, in Mumbai, India. Built by Framji Sidhwa, the first film to be aired at the Regal was the Laurel and Hardy work The Devil's Brother in 1933.

According to the Limca Book of Records, it is the first air conditioned theatre of India.

History
The Regal Cinema was built during the cinema boom of the 1930s during which Plaza Central, New Empire, Broadway, Eros and Metro all opened in Mumbai. Opened in 1933, Regal was designed by Charles Stevens, the son of the famous 19th century architect F. W. Stevens. Its interiors with extensive mirror-work were designed by the Czech artist Karl Schara. The main auditorium had a motif of sunrays in pale orange and jade green. Its interiors were designed to create an impression of airiness, coolness and size in harmony with the modern simplicity of the exteriors. The Regal was built completely in reinforced concrete cement (RCC), fully air conditioned, and had an underground parking lot for patrons. The elevator up from the parking area was a major innovation at the time.

The cinema was the third venue to host the Filmfare Awards night. Today, it is a multi-use building combining a cinema with shops at street level.

The Regal Cinema was the lead theatre hosting the 17th Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI), held in 2015, starting from Friday, 29 October 2015. Also, The Regal Cinema was the lead theatre hosting the 18th. Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI), held in 2016.

title: Regal Cinema


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User talk:Hanfei

Ken Jennings' Placement

 * Second of all, there's really no way of telling how much of a run a player can go on unless you have the statistics from their games to plug into a complicated model that takes everything to account. Hey, for all we know, Ken could have gone on for 100 games! And I agree with the people seeded into Round 2, including Tom Walsh and Sean Ryan. Sean was the first to win more than 5, and Tom Walsh broke the winnings records. I felt that the Jeopardy! producers had the most subjective formula possible -- and I applaud them for it. --OntarioQuizzer 18:03, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I see your point but would you think other people would have similar stamina to endure 75 games? I'm sorry that I expressed that Tom Walsh and Sean Ryan shouldn't be starting in Round 2. They were the forerunners for contestants going more than 5 games. But as Ken Jennings said, it was luck that won him 75 games and $2,520,700. I think he should have a bye, but not to the finals.--Hanfei 22:36, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hanfei


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Rhode Island Route 3

Route 3 is a 30.1 mi state highway in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. Route 3 serves as a local alternative to Interstate 95 (I-95) as it parallels I-95 for almost its entire length. Route 3 in West Warwick was the site of The Station nightclub fire.

Route description
Route 3 starts at US 1 in Westerly. It begins heading north, and it has a partial interchange with the Westerly Bypass. Route 3 continues north, intersects I-95 at exit 1, and turns to the northeast to parallel I-95. After two more interchanges with I-95, Route 3 passes through downtown Coventry. Continuing east into West Warwick, Route 3 terminates at Route 2 on the West Warwick/Warwick town line.

History
In about 1835, the New London Turnpike was established as the primary road between Providence, Rhode Island and New London, Connecticut. As such, it was one of the earliest interstate highways in the country. The New London Turnpike proved a viable alternative to the Old Post Road, which followed the coastal route, as it was more direct and faster.

The New London Turnpike (also called New London Avenue in parts of Rhode Island and the Gold Star Highway in Connecticut) was a primary route until the advent of automobiles in the early 20th century. The increased need for roadways led to the development of a more improved interstate highway system. The Connecticut portion of the New London Turnpike is now Route 184, and in Rhode Island parts of the New London Turnpike are on Routes 2 and 3.

In 1922, the Westerly–Providence road was assigned New England Interstate Highway 1A, as an alternate to New England Interstate Highway 1. The road was only paved north of Nooseneck Hill. When NE 1 became US 1 in 1927, NE 1A became Route 1A (now assigned to a different route).

The original NE 1A alignment differed from the current Route 3 alignment in the following places:

From there, the main road used Route 33 to where the Meshanticut Interchange is now, and then roughly Route 2 (though the exact route is unclear; it may have originally used Cranston Street into Westminster Street) to end concurrent with US 1 and Route 2 in Providence, possibly at Broad Street (former Route 117).
 * On a 1922 map, the main road appears to follow Route 3 out of downtown Westerly and then Potter Hill Road, and either Maxson Street and Route 3 or Laurel Street into Ashaway.
 * Maxson Hill Road and Town House Road from Ashaway to Hopkinton.
 * Bank Street, Arcadia Road, Route 165, Black Plain Road and Austin Road from Locustville to Austin. An old bridge still exists over a creek just north of Route 165, a bit east of the intersection with Arcadia Road.
 * Weaver Hill Road and Kitts Corner Road north of Nooseneck Hill.
 * Lake Drive and Mishnock Road, and then Maple Root Road and Route 118.
 * South Main Street and Route 117 through Washington.

By 1934, the number had been changed to Route 3, and it was on its current alignment (though still extending north to Providence, via Route 2 and US 1), and was fully paved with concrete except for a bit in downtown Westerly (and along Route 2 and US 1 north of Route 12). Route 3 was part of a major through route, serving as a cutoff for US 1, along with Rhode Island–Connecticut Route 84. In fact, in 1947, Connecticut proposed moving US 1 to this route, but RIDOT declined, wanting US 1 to continue through the shore towns. RIDOT offered US 1A as a compromise, but this was never signed. The old alignment through Washington to the Meshanticut Interchange site became Route 3A and later Route 33; by 1939 this was on its current alignment, bypassing Washington.

1952 and 1953 saw the building of a new high-speed relocation of Route 3 from Route 84 to north of Wyoming, where Route 3 left the New London Turnpike. This was built as a four-lane surface road, with interchanges at the Route 3/Route 84 split and Route 138.

When the Huntington Expressway was built in 1959, Route 2 was moved onto it, leaving Route 3 as the only road on Reservoir Avenue north of the Expressway. Later the Expressway was designated Route 10, and Route 2 was moved back. At or after that time, Route 3 was truncated to Route 2.

In 1957 and 1958, the Kent County Freeway was built, splitting from Route 3 near Nooseneck Hill and heading east to Route 2. The original designation of this is unknown. However, the westernmost section carried Route 3, at least southbound, due to southbound access along the old road being cut off at the merge. This access was brought back in 1969 when the freeway extension was built to the south.

1959 also saw the assignment of the Interstate Highways, including I-95 along the Route 3 corridor. Route 84 and Route 3 were temporarily designated Route 95 from Connecticut to the beginning of the Kent County Freeway, which was I-95. Route 3 was moved back to the old alignment at the 1952–1953 relocation.

The southernmost several blocks in Westerly may have at one time used Canal Street and one of the diagonal streets to cut over to current Route 3.

title: Rhode Island Route 3


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Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton

Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton, (12 July 1669 – 31 March 1725) was an Anglo-Irish Whig politician who sat in the Irish House of Commons from 1692 to 1695 and in the English and British House of Commons between 1689 and 1710. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Secretary of State, and after he was raised to the peerage as Baron Carleton, served as Lord President of the council.

Biography
Boyle was the son of Charles Boyle, 3rd Viscount Dungarvan, and his first wife Lady Jane Seymour, daughter of William Seymour. He was educated at Westminster School and travelled abroad from 1685 to 1688, attending Padua University in 1685. He entered the army under the auspices of his uncle, the Tory politician Lord Rochester. However, Boyle himself became a Whig, and in 1688 deserted the army of James II in favour of the Prince of Orange. In 1689, he was elected Member of Parliament for Tamworth, but was defeated the next year. He spent the next two years in Ireland managing the family estates and represented County Cork in the Irish House of Commons in 1692. Also in 1692, he was returned as MP for Cambridge University at a by election on 21 November 1692, having been admitted at Trinity College, Cambridge on 9 November, and was awarded MA in 1693. He became a prominent spokesman of the "country" opposition, but in 1697 he switched to the court party. Here he advanced quickly, becoming a Lord of the Treasury in 1699 and Chancellor of the Exchequer of England in 1701.

Boyle picked up other offices during his career, becoming Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire and Lord Treasurer of Ireland in 1704, and was elected member for Westminster at the 1705 English general election. With the departure of Harley and his followers from the government, Boyle became Secretary of State for the Northern Department and Lord Treasurer Godolphin's principal lieutenant in the Commons. His and Godolphin's dominance in the ministry was increasingly overshadowed by the power of the Junto of Whig aristocrats, however, and in 1710 he retired from office and withdrew from politics with the arrival of Harley's new Tory ministry.

Baron Carleton
With the Hanoverian succession in 1714, Boyle was raised to the peerage as Baron Carleton, and became Lord President in 1721, an office in which he continued until his death in 1725.

Carlton Way, a road in north Cambridge that follows the path of the Roman Akeman Street, and the public house The Carlton Arms on the same road, are named after him.

title: Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton