text:
Suspensura

Suspensura is the architectural term given by Vitruvius to piers of square bricks (about 20 cm × 20 cm) that supported a suspended floor of a Roman bath covering a hypocaust cavity through which the hot air would flow.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Suspensura


text:
Gyorche Petrov

Gyorche Petrov Nikolov born Georgi Petrov Nikolov (April 2, 1865 – June 28, 1921), was a Bulgarian teacher and revolutionary, one of the leaders of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). He was its representative in Sofia, the capital of Principality of Bulgaria. As such he was also a member of the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC), participating in the work of its governing body. During the Balkan Wars, Petrov was a Bulgarian army volunteer, and during the First World War, he was involved in the activity of the Bulgarian occupation authorities in Serbia and Greece. Subsequently, he participated in Bulgarian politics, but was eventually killed by the rivaling IMRO right-wing faction. According to the Macedonian historiography, he was an ethnic Macedonian.

Biography
Born in Varoš (Prilep), Ottoman Empire (today North Macedonia), he studied at the Bulgarian Exarchate's school in Prilep and the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. Later he attended the Gymnasium in Plovdiv, capital of the recently created Eastern Rumelia. Here he joined the Bulgarian Secret Central Revolutionary Committee founded in 1885. The original purpose of the committee was to gain autonomy for the region of Macedonia (then called Western Rumelia), but it played an important role in the organization of the  Unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. In the same year, he was a volunteer in the Bulgarian army during the Serbo-Bulgarian War. Afterwards, Petrov worked as a Bulgarian Exarchate's teacher in various towns of Macedonia. He took part in the revolutionary campaign in Macedonia as well as in the Thessaloniki Congress of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (first name disputed) in 1896. He was among the authors of the organization's new charter and rules, which he co-wrote with Gotse Delchev. He also published an ethnographic study of Macedonia's population, which he described as consisting of Bulgarians, Turks, Albanians, Vlachs (Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians), Jews and Gypsies.

Gyorche Petrov was the representative of the Foreign Committee of the IMRO in Sofia in 1897–1901. He did not approve of the untimely outbreak of the Uprising on Ilinden, August 2, 1903, but he participated as the leader of a cheta (armed band), of which Aromanian revolutionary Ioryi Mucitano was part. After the unsuccessful uprising, Petrov continued his participation in the IMRO. The failure of the Uprising reignited the rivalries between the varying factions of the Macedonian revolutionary movement. The left-wing faction, including Petrov, opposed Bulgarian nationalism but the Centralist's faction of the IMRO, drifted more and more towards it. Petrov was again included in the Emigrant representation in Sofia in 1905–1908. After the Young Turks Revolution of 1908, Petrov together with writer Anton Strashimirov edited the "Kulturno Edinstvo" magazine ("Cultural Unity"), published in Thessaloniki (Solun). In 1911 a new Central Committee of IMARO was formed and the Centralists faction gained full control over the Organization.

During the Balkan wars, Gyorche Petrov was a volunteer in the 5th company of Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps. He was President of the Regular Regional Committee in Bitola for some time during the Bulgarian occupation of Southern Serbia, i.e. Vardar Macedonia, but after the Bulgarian occupation of Northern Greece, became a mayor of Drama. At the end of the war he was one of the initiators of the formation of a new leftist organization called Provisional representation of the former United Internal Revolutionary Organization, and this government set a task of defending the positions of the Bulgarians in Macedonia at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920).

He kept close ties with the new government of Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BANU), especially with war minister Aleksandar Dimitrov and some other prominent Agrarian leaders. BANU rejected territorial expansion and aimed at forming a Balkan federation of agrarian states, a policy which began with a détente with Yugoslavia. As a result, Petrov became a Chief of the Bulgarian Refugees Agency by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Then Petrov had to deal with the problem of Bulgarian refugees who had to leave Yugoslavia and Greece, thus incurring IMRO Centralist faction leaders' hatred upon himself. One of the reasons for this was the open struggle of the IMRO with the government of the BANU, and on the other hand, the interplay between the various refugee organizations and the attempt of IMRO to acquire them.

He was eventually killed by an IMRO assassin in June 1921 in Sofia, on the order of right-wing IMRO leader Todor Aleksandrov. The assassination of Gyorche Petrov complicated relations between IMRO and the Bulgarian government and produced significant dissensions in the Macedonian movement.

To honor his name a suburb of Skopje was named Ǵorče Petrov, or usually shortly referred to only as Ǵorče. The suburb is one of the ten municipalities of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia.

title: Gyorche Petrov


text:
Ninth Cambridge survey at 15GHz

The 9C survey at 15 GHz (9C) is an astronomical catalogue generated from the radio observations of the Ninth Cambridge survey at 15 GHz. It was published in 2003 by the Cavendish Astrophysics Group of the University of Cambridge. The catalogue was originally made in order to locate radio sources which were interfering with observations using the Very Small Array, but the catalogue has also proved useful for other astronomical programs.

Sources are labelled 9CJHHMM+DDMM where HHMM+DDMM are the coordinates in the J2000 system, e.g. 9CJ1510+4138.

title: Ninth Cambridge survey at 15GHz


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Talk:Rise of the Triad

I was bold / Citation really needed?
I got bold and edited the bit about Ludicrous Gibs only happening in cheat mode (which is preposterously untrue).

Also, do we really need a "citation" for the cut bits? The information about the cut characters is presented to the player during the end credits -- I'd say that is a perfectly reliable source. - Torben Frost

Double its
Found the following in the misc. section: "Rise of the Triad is somewhat well known for its one of its most unrealistic features, Gibs.". I suppose this is an error, but am not excactly sure.
 * Fixed. If the grammar looks wrong, be bold and fix it. If you make a mistake, someone can revert or further correct it.--Drat (Talk) 17:39, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Bonuses
Make a list of the single player end-of-level bonuses? I think it's worthy for the article, because of the number of bonuses and the names.--DooMDrat 00:54, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

Another weapon
I remember another weapon, a sort of purple staff, which has a sort of heart seeking spell, as devastating as other weapons of RotT ;) --Serenity-Fr 23:10, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Ahh yes, the Dark Staff. I haven't gotten that far in the game to use it yet. I'll just put in a generic description for now.--Drat (Talk) 03:10, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

unofficial console ports
recently an anon made this edit:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Triad&diff=39897233&oldid=39896495

it seems there are xbox and dreamcast ports but they were unofficial (and the xbox one at least almost certainly illegal). Should unofficial ports get a rott placed in the category of games for those consoles? Plugwash 19:33, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

BBFC rating
I notice that the BBFC rating was just changed from 15 to 12. I have a scan of my box of ROTT, which clearly says 15. I'm a bit short on time right now, so won't do anything about it just this moment. --Dave2 11:55, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, looking at the contents of the package, whilst the CD itself has a 15 logo, the promotional booklet for the Kixx range shows a 12 logo on the ROTT entry. I think this may be a case of Eidos failing it, since the registration card also asks me if I have a "Nintendo Ultra 64", though I guess that could just have been a forward-thinking registration card before the name was switched to Nintendo 64. --Dave2 21:50, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Ludicrous Gibs
This event wasn't just enabled in a cheat mode, it could happen in normal mode, just not very often. Bihal 02:03, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Powerups?
What about a list of the powerups?--Cyhborg 05:19, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Added a list of three powerups I remember. I forget the rest, but I know there is one that made it like you were on drugs, and another one that allowed you to bounce. I forget the name of them --IAmTheRad 08:12, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Shrooms. There were definitely mushrooms you could take. There was a secret level called the The Grand Vomitorium which was just a big indoor room filled with shrooms, trampolines, and some other device/powerup that catapulted you around sideways. 216.243.36.133 (talk) 08:21, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

Added the other powerups. I know there's a better description of them somewhere, but this was all I could think of at the time. --IAmTheRad 05:37, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Cut Elements
In one of the last edits, it was mentioned that "The alternate enemy types is mentioned in the ROTT in Hell article". But I can't find that article in the ROTT article... is it in the external links with another name? Anyway, a note should be placed in that paragraph pointing to that article. Sega381 11:56, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It's mentioned in this page, which is the second page of the ROTT in Hell article included in the last external link. Specifically, this paragraph under the Actors section:
 * There where also other enemies, and they appeared in the manual, but they aren't in the game. "The female guards were removed from the game at the end of development after the manual was already printed." Joe Siegler says in the ROTT FAQ. "The reason for this is that the plan was to have the game randomly pick between a male/female guard of the same type. So, the game would have to keep the sounds/graphics for both the male and female guards in memory at once, and because of this, it really increased the amount of memory needed to play the game. It was impossible to do this and make it work nicely in 8 megs, or AT ALL in 4 megs, so the idea was dropped. However, the manuals were already printed, so there wasn't anything that could be done about it. If you play ROTT all the way through, and finish it (the registered version) the right way, you'll see a (VERY LONG) list of credits. At the end is a list of "Actors who were cut from the game". Since they were already digitized, we made use of a single frame of them, and stuck 'em in. There were alternates to the low guard, the Overpatrol, and the Strike guards. The rest didn't have female counterparts."
 * MarphyBlack 12:12, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Great, thanks! Sega381 13:27, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

Ian Paul Freeley/I. P. Freeley
Has anyone else noticed this? Maybe it's just an in-game joke from the developers, but the character Ian Paul Freeley's name can be shortened to I. P. Freeley, a common prank name. Discuss at will. BurningAfterTheDawn 05:05, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

That's exactly right, at the end of the game in the "character interviews," When he comments he says "I save the freakin' world and all people ask about is my name!" 阿修羅96 20:39, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

I've never played the whole version of the game, I always had the demo so I didn't know what the ending may have been. That's a great little joke they threw in there. 24.31.111.166 01:03, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Developer Balls
What about Developer Balls? What do they give and where can be found? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.77.58.23 (talk) 13:26, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

3D Game Engine
Which 3d game engine did Rise of the Triad use then? At the bottom of the wiki page it states two engines (BUILD by Ken Silverman & Wolf3D engine by ID Software). It could've been a mix/merge between the two.... who knows.. unless someone is acquinted with Wolf3D and Ken Silverman source code.

Quote: "The engine is an enhanced variant of the Wolfenstein 3D engine."

Looks like ROTT was based off Wolf3D engine.. with possibility of some merged code from Ken's BUILD engine.... which means... Duke 3D has some ID SOFTWARE code in it... which effectively mean ALL big 3D FPS games (except Unreal)... came from ID's Wolf3D being the granddaddy of them all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Andwan0 (talk • contribs)

 * All that means is that ROTT uses a combined engine. It doesn't mean that the base build engine necessarily incorporated iD Software code.--Drat (Talk) 04:40, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Further background to ROTT
Hi all, I found this excerpt within the README file, within the source code of ROTT (available form the 3DR website) - there's some good content that we really should add to the article.

A little history... by Scott Miller (Located in: Rise of the Triad (v1.3 CD Version) Source Code Release - December 20, 2002)

ROTT, as it quickly became known, marked a turning point for Apogee. It was our first in-house game since I started the company in 1987 with my home grown Kroz games, the games that started the shareware revolution that resulted in the launch of three of the most successful independent PC developers, Epic, Id, and us -- all three still kicking after 12+ years (as of Dec. '02). It's hard to believe we're among the oldest of all surviving independent PC developers in the world now. Before ROTT, Apogee, as we were then known, solely worked with outside development teams, often funding and helping organize these teams, and helping guide their game designs using our experience. But around 1993 it was evident that this method wasn't going to work out much longer because as games got larger and more complicated to make, team sizes had to grow, too. So, in 1994 we started hiring developers to form our own internal team, with the first of those hires including William Scarboro, Nolan Martin, Mark Dochtermann, Jim Dosé, and the ever creative Tom Hall to run the show.

As Tom notes above, ROTT was originally an Id-approved sequel to Wolfenstein 3-D, using the original Wolf engine. The game was going to be called, Wolfenstein: Rise of the Triad, and explore what happened after Hitler's demise. About 4-5 months into development, though, a surprise call from John Romero ended the project, and we were left with a lot of content specific to the Wolfenstein premise, which had to be rolled into a new game concept so that we didn't waste all that we'd done. The result was a bit of a mish-mash, and as Tom says above, the project probably should've been restarted using our new Build engine, which our second internal team down the hall was using, making Duke Nukem 3D.

ROTT ended up selling several hundred thousand copies and making enough money to keep Duke 3D funded. But it was at this time that we knew we had to make a radical company change to shift with the times, and so we created the 3D Realms label, and began phasing out Apogee, which we were leaving behind with the glory days of shareware, and the arcade-style games Apogee was best known for. 82.108.73.231 (talk) 15:15, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

Reception?
Maybe a reception section would be interesting for this article. --82.170.113.123 (talk) 12:20, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

Music
A few times you can read about the sence of humour that programmers had put into the game, but I don´t read anything about the fact that when the internal clock of your computer was set to the 25th of december, the background-music would turn into christmas tunes...Oxygene7-13 (talk) 12:41, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

Source

 * http://twvideo01.ubm-us.net/o1/vault/GD_Mag_Archives/GDM_FebMar_1995.pdf
 * http://twvideo01.ubm-us.net/o1/vault/GD_Mag_Archives/GDM_AugSept_1995.pdf
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19961222174927/http://www.3drealms.com:80/misc/profile.html

title: Talk:Rise of the Triad


text:
Alternatives to the Standard Higgs Model

Alternative models to the Standard Higgs Model are models which are considered by many particle physicists to solve some of the Higgs boson's existing problems. Two of the most currently researched models are quantum triviality, and Higgs hierarchy problem.

Overview
In particle physics, elementary particles and forces give rise to the world around us. Physicists explain the behaviors of these particles and how they interact using the Standard Model—a widely accepted framework believed to explain most of the world we see around us. Initially, when these models were being developed and tested, it seemed that the mathematics behind those models, which were satisfactory in areas already tested, would also forbid elementary particles from having any mass, which showed clearly that these initial models were incomplete. In 1964 three groups of physicists almost simultaneously released papers describing how masses could be given to these particles, using approaches known as symmetry breaking. This approach allowed the particles to obtain a mass, without breaking other parts of particle physics theory that were already believed reasonably correct. This idea became known as the Higgs mechanism, and later experiments confirmed that such a mechanism does exist—but they could not show exactly how it happens.

The simplest theory for how this effect takes place in nature, and the theory that became incorporated into the Standard Model, was that if one or more of a particular kind of "field" (known as a Higgs field) happened to permeate space, and if it could interact with elementary particles in a particular way, then this would give rise to a Higgs mechanism in nature. In the basic Standard Model there is one field and one related Higgs boson; in some extensions to the Standard Model there are multiple fields and multiple Higgs bosons.

In the years since the Higgs field and boson were proposed as a way to explain the origins of symmetry breaking, several alternatives have been proposed that suggest how a symmetry breaking mechanism could occur without requiring a Higgs field to exist. Models which do not include a Higgs field or a Higgs boson are known as Higgsless models. In these models, strongly interacting dynamics rather than an additional (Higgs) field produce the non-zero vacuum expectation value that breaks electroweak symmetry.

List of alternative models
A partial list of proposed alternatives to a Higgs field as a source for symmetry breaking includes:

 * Technicolor models break electroweak symmetry through new gauge interactions, which were originally modeled on quantum chromodynamics.
 * Extra-dimensional Higgsless models use the fifth component of the gauge fields to play the role of the Higgs fields. It is possible to produce electroweak symmetry breaking by imposing certain boundary conditions on the extra dimensional fields, increasing the unitarity breakdown scale up to the energy scale of the extra dimension. Through the AdS/QCD correspondence this model can be related to technicolor models and to "UnHiggs" models in which the Higgs field is of unparticle nature.
 * Models of composite W and Z vector bosons.
 * Top quark condensate.
 * "Unitary Weyl gauge". By adding a suitable gravitational term to the standard model action in curved spacetime, the theory develops a local conformal (Weyl) invariance. The conformal gauge is fixed by choosing a reference mass scale based on the gravitational coupling constant. This approach generates the masses for the vector bosons and matter fields similar to the Higgs mechanism without traditional spontaneous symmetry breaking.
 * Asymptotically safe weak interactions  based on some nonlinear sigma models.
 * Preon and models inspired by preons such as Ribbon model of Standard Model particles by Sundance Bilson-Thompson, based in braid theory and compatible with loop quantum gravity and similar theories. This model not only explains mass but leads to an interpretation of electric charge as a topological quantity (twists carried on the individual ribbons) and colour charge as modes of twisting.
 * Symmetry breaking driven by non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum fields above the electroweak scale.
 * Unparticle physics and the unhiggs. These are models that posit that the Higgs sector and Higgs boson are scaling invariant, also known as unparticle physics.
 * In theory of superfluid vacuum masses of elementary particles can arise as a result of interaction with the physical vacuum, similarly to the gap generation mechanism in superconductors.
 * UV-completion by classicalization, in which the unitarization of the WW scattering happens by creation of classical configurations.


text:
Talk:Christopher Saxton

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Laura Davies

Dame Laura Jane Davies, (born 5 October 1963) is an English professional golfer. She has achieved the status of her nation's most accomplished female golfer of modern times, being the second non-American to finish at the top of the LPGA money list as well as winning the Ladies European Tour (LET) Order of Merit a record seven times: in 1985, 1986, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2004 and 2006.

As of 2018, Davies has 87 professional wins worldwide, with 20 on the LPGA Tour, including four majors. From 1985 to 2010, she won at least one individual title somewhere in the world every season, except for 2005, and was the first golfer, male or female, to win tournaments on five continents in one year. She is a member of U.S.-based LPGA Tour and a life member of the Ladies European Tour. She was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2015.

Amateur career
A native of Coventry, Davies began as an amateur international player for Great Britain, compiling a notable record. She was the 1983 English Intermediate Champion, the 1984 Welsh Ladies Open Stroke Play Champion and the South Eastern Champion in both 1983 and 1984. She was also a member of the Great Britain and Ireland Curtis Cup Team in 1984. She turned professional in 1985.

Professional career
Davies started her professional career on the WPGET (now Ladies European Tour) in 1985 when she won both Rookie of the Year and Order of Merit titles. She subsequently won the Sports Journalists' Association Peter Wilson Trophy as International Newcomer of the Year 1985. She repeated the Order of Merit win in 1986 having won four titles, one of which was the Women's British Open (prior to it becoming a major).

In 1987 she went to the United States and won the U.S. Women's Open in an 18-hole playoff against Ayako Okamoto and JoAnne Carner. It was a victory that led the LPGA to amend its constitution. Davies was not a member of the LPGA Tour, so the LPGA changed its constitution to grant Davies automatic membership. Davies became the third non-U.S. citizen and the second European player, after Catherine Lacoste in 1967, to win the U.S. Women's Open. For six days, Davies was holder of both the U.S and British Open titles. The 1987 Women's British Open took place the week after the U.S. Women's Open and in her defence Davies finished tied second, one shot behind winner Alison Nicholas.

Since 1988 Laura Davies has played on both the LPGA and Ladies European Tours. In 1988 Davies won twice as a rookie on the LPGA Tour, three times on the Ladies European Tour and once in Japan, becoming the first woman ever to win on all three major Tours in the same year.

In 1990 she was a member of the inaugural European Solheim Cup Team. She returned as part of every European team through 2011, the only player to do so. Davies is the all-time leader in points won in the Solheim Cup, breaking the record of Annika Sörenstam by winning a Saturday fourballs match partnered by Melissa Reid on 24 September 2011. Davies went on the increase her record point total to 25 by halving her singles match with Juli Inkster on 25 September 2011, as the Europeans captured the Solheim Cup for the fourth time.

In 1994 she was the first golfer, male or female, to win on five different golf tours in one calendar year: US, Europe, Asia, Japan and Australia. and became the first European player to be ranked unofficial number one in the world on the Ping Leaderboard. In 1996, she was again ranked number one on the Ping leaderboard.

Davies is the only player to participate in the first 12 Solheim Cup matches (1990–2011) on either the United States or European side. She was appointed as non-playing assistant captain for the European teams at the 2019, 2021 and 2023 Solheim Cup tournaments.

Davies was part of the LPGA team at the Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge three times between 1994 and 1996.

Davies also was part of a mixed team event of PGA Tour and LPGA Tour players at the JCPenney Classic four times between 1996 and 1999. Davies won the event in 1999 alongside John Daly.

Her four consecutive victories at the J Golf Phoenix LPGA International between 1994 and 1997 made Davies the first LPGA player to win the same tournament in four consecutive years.

She represented England at the Women's World Cup of Golf in 2000 (with Trish Johnson when winning individually), 2005 (with Karen Stupples), 2006 (with Kirsty Taylor) and 2007 (with Trish Johnson). She was a Captain's pick for the International Team at the 2006 Lexus Cup.

In 2004 Davies was the first woman to compete in the men's European Tour, entering the ANZ Championship in Sydney, Australia, playing from the same tees as the men. She failed to make the cut, finishing second to last. She currently holds the LPGA Tour record for most eagles in a season, scoring 19 during the 2004 season.

Davies was the first woman to compete in a European Senior Tour event. She played in the 2018 Shipco Masters in Denmark, from the same tees as her male opponents.

In 2018, aged 55, Davies finished runner up at Bank of Hope Founders Cup on the LPGA Tour, including shooting a Saturday round of 63.

On 15 July 2018, Davies claimed the inaugural U.S. Senior Women's Open at Chicago Golf Club by shooting 16-under-par for a 10-shot victory over fellow Hall of Famer Juli Inkster. Then on 17 October, she made the "senior slam" by following that up by capturing her second senior major, the Senior LPGA Championship at French Lick Resort in Indiana with a score of 8-under-par, a four shot margin over Helen Alfredsson and Silvia Cavalleri.

Awards and honours
In 1993 Davies was elected Honorary Lifetime Member of the Ladies European Tour, at the time named the WPGA Tour, for services to the tour.

She was named the Sports Journalists' Association Sportswoman of the Year 1995 and 1996.

Davies won the Sunday Times Sportswomen of the Year Award in 1996.

She was recognized during the LPGA's 50th anniversary in 2000 as one of the top 50 players in the history of the LPGA.

Davies was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1988 Birthday Honours, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2000, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours, all for services to women's golf.

In January 2013, the Golf Writers Association of America announced that Davies would be the year's recipient of the ASAP Sports/Jim Murray Award, which recognises a golfer for "cooperation, quotability and accommodation with the media." The other finalists were Luke Donald and Greg Norman. The award was presented at the annual GWAA dinner at Augusta, Georgia, on 10 April.

In February 2015, Davies was announced as one of seven women, invited as the first female honorary members of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews. The other six women were HRH Princess Anne, Renee Powell, Belle Robertson, Lally Segard, Louise Suggs and Annika Sörenstam. They joined the existing 15 male honorary members, whom included President George H. W. Bush, Peter Thomson CBE, Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer and Gary Player.

She was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2015.

On 18 April 2016, Davies was appointed the first honorary president of the Parliamentary Golf Group, an all-party organisation of MPs working to improve the state of golf in the United Kingdom. On 12 July 2016, Davies was presented with the "Spirit of Golf" Award from the Golf Foundation in a ceremony at Royal Troon. Davies is the first recipient of the prestigious honour.

Off-course activities
Davies published an autobiography in 1996.

Davies enjoys all sports and is an avid football fan and a Liverpool F.C. supporter. She organises the annual football match at the Evian Masters tournament in France  and she has in the past been fined by the Ladies European Tour for watching an England versus Spain European Championship football match on a portable television during the final round of the 1996 Evian Masters in France, a tournament she nevertheless won.

She is also the captain of the Rest of the World team in the annual Rest of the World V Australia cricket match held during the ANZ Ladies Masters.

In 2001, Davies joined the BBC Sport commentary team member at The Open Championship. and has regularly appeared in the commentary box for major golfing events on the BBC.

Davies has built a nine-hole golf course (one full size green and greenside bunker plus nine tees) in the garden of her house.

In 2004, she hosted a celebrity fourball tournament for the charity Sport Relief.

Davies has always had an interest in gambling, having formerly been a bookmaker's assistant, and this interest led to her becoming a racehorse owner.

In 2006 Davies completed a 56-mile charity walk along the Great Wall of China to raise funds for Great Ormond Street Hospital. In 2012, she was named by the Golf Club Managers' Association's Golf Club Management magazine as the 32nd most powerful person in British golf due to her ability to inspire girls and women to play the game.

Football career
In 1997, 33-year-old Davies signed a four-year contract worth $1 as part of a publicity stunt for newly established American soccer team Myrtle Beach Seadawgs in the USISL D-3 Pro League. She played in one league game for the club, a six-minute cameo in a 4–1 loss against New Jersey Imperials on 18 April 1997. The future United States national soccer team international Tim Howard made his away debut in the game. Howard wrote in his book that the Seadawgs had offered a bonus of $500 to any player who could assist Davies score a goal.

LPGA Tour wins (20)
LPGA Tour playoff record (2–8)

LPGA majors are shown in bold.

Ladies European Tour wins (45)

 * Note: Davies won the Women's British Open once before it became co-sanctioned by the LPGA Tour in 1994 and recognized as a major championship by the LPGA Tour in 2001 and the Evian Championship (formerly named the Evian Masters) twice before it became co-sanctioned by the LPGA Tour in 2000 and recognized as a major championship by the LPGA Tour in 2013.

Ladies European Tour playoff record (3–6)

LPGA of Japan Tour wins (7)

 * 1988 (1) Itoki Classic
 * 1994 (1) Itoen Ladies Open
 * 1995 (1) Itoen Ladies Open
 * 1996 (2) Satake Japan Classic, Itoen Ladies Open
 * 1999 (1) Takara World Invitational
 * 2001 (1) Itoen Ladies Open

ALPG Tour wins (8)

 * 1993 (1) Australian Ladies Masters
 * 1994 (1) Australian Ladies Masters
 * 2003 (1) ANZ Ladies Masters1
 * 2004 (1) AAMI Women's Australian Open1
 * 2008 (1) LG Bing Lee Women's NSW Open
 * 2009 (1) Women's Australian Open1
 * 2010 (2) Pegasus New Zealand Women's Open1, Kangaroo Valley Resort Classic

Ladies Asian Golf Tour wins (2)

 * 1993 (1) Thailand Ladies Open
 * 1994 (1) Thailand Ladies Open

Other wins (5)

 * 1996 (1) JCPenney/LPGA Skins Game
 * 1998 (1) JCPenney/LPGA Skins Game
 * 1999 (2) Praia d'El Rey European Cup (Ladies European Tour team event), JCPenney Classic (with John Daly)
 * 2008 (1) Lalla Meryem Cup

Legends Tour wins (4)
Note
 * 1 Co-sanctioned by ALPG Tour and Ladies European Tour

Wins (4)
1 In an 18-hole playoff: Davies 71, Okamoto 73, Carner 74.

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order. ^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001. ^^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013. {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut. WD = withdrew NT = no tournament "T" = tied

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 11 (1992 du Maurier – 1994 U.S. Open)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 3 (1996 PGA – 1996 du Maurier)

LPGA Tour career summary
* Includes match play and other events without a cut. 1 Davies played in 1986 and 1987 as non-member of the LPGA Tour, why her money won was considered unofficial. 2 Davies's earnings of $37,549 at the 2010 Honda PTT LPGA Thailand were considered unofficial under LPGA rules and are not included in this total.
 * official as of 2023 season

Ladies European Tour career summary
1 Davies's 2000 LET appearances, cuts made, wins, top tens, best finish and earnings include her win at the individual event at the 2000 TSN Ladies World Cup Golf with a first prize of £25,000, which was considered unofficial in the Order of Merit but counted among her LET wins. 2 2000–2004 and 2018–2022 LET Order of Merit rankings were decided by a points system. 3 Five tournaments included in 2021 LET earnings, Order of Merit and scoring average, not including 2021 Aramco Team Series - Jeddah. 4 Includes match play and other events without a cut.

Team appearances
Amateur
 * European Lady Junior's Team Championship (representing England): 1983 (winners), 1984
 * Curtis Cup (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 1984

Professional
 * Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 1990, 1992 (winners), 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 (winners), 2002, 2003 (winners), 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 (winners)
 * World Cup (representing England): 2000, 2005, 2006, 2007
 * Lexus Cup (representing International team): 2006
 * Handa Cup (representing World team): 2013 (winners), 2014, 2015
 * The Queens (representing Europe): 2015 (playing captain)
 * European Championships (representing Great Britain): 2018

title: Laura Davies


text:
Supererogation

Supererogation (Late Latin: supererogatio "payment beyond what is needed or asked", from super "beyond" and erogare "to pay out, expend", itself from ex "out" and rogare "to ask") is the performance of more than is asked for; the action of doing more than duty requires. In ethics, an act is supererogatory if it is good but not morally required to be done. It refers to an act that is more than is necessary, when another course of action—involving less—would still be an acceptable action. It differs from a duty, which is an act wrong not to do, and from acts morally neutral. Supererogation may be considered as performing above and beyond a normative course of duty to further benefits and functionality.

Some philosophers have proposed a corresponding concept of suberogation – whereas supererogatory acts are praiseworthy but not morally required, suberogatory acts are morally discouraged but not prohibited. However, the concept is controversial; with some dispute as to whether suberogatory acts genuinely exist.

Catholicism
In the theology of the Roman Catholic Church, "works of supererogation" (also called "acts of supererogation") are those performed beyond what God requires. The Roman Catholic Church holds that the counsels of perfection are supererogatory acts, which specific Christians may engage in above their moral duties. Similarly, it teaches that to determine how to act, one must engage in reasonable efforts to be sure of what the right actions are; after the reasonable action, the person is in a state of invincible ignorance and guiltless of wrongdoing, but to undertake more than reasonable actions to overcome ignorance is supererogatory, and praiseworthy.

According to the classic teaching on indulgences, the works of supererogation performed by all the saints form a treasure with God, the "treasury of merit," which the church can apply to exempt repentant sinners from the works of penitence that would otherwise be required of them to achieve full remission of the temporal punishment due to their sin.

Protestantism
Martin Luther's opposition of this teaching seeded the Protestant Reformation. The Church of England denied the doctrine of supererogation in the fourteenth of the Thirty-Nine Articles, which states that works of supererogation (and the idea of a "treasury of merit")

cannot be taught without arrogancy and impiety: for by them men do declare, that they not only render unto God as much as they are bound to, but that they do more for his sake, than of bounden duty is required: whereas Christ saith plainly, When ye have done all that are commanded to you, say, We are unprofitable servants

Later Protestant movements followed suit, such as in the Methodist Articles of Religion.

Islam
A Muslim must complete a minimum of the five daily prayers, each typically lasting an average of 5 to 10 minutes. Supererogatory prayers beyond these are known as nafl prayers, and praying them is considered to bear additional reward. There are also several other supererogatory acts in Islam, such as fasting outside of the month of Ramadhan, or giving sadaqah (charity, consisting of simple acts of kindness to financial assistance) that is not obligatory.

Parallels have been drawn between the concept of mustahabb in Islamic law and the concept of supererogatory acts in the Western philosophical tradition.

Judaism
In Rabbinic literature this principle is known as lifnim mishurat hadin (לפנים משורת הדין), lit. "beyond the line of the law". See for elaboration, and Hashkafa for general discussion. Additional to its practical implications, the idea is foundational in the formulation of the various sub-philosophies of Orthodox Judaism. Cases where the principle is commonly applied are: returning lost property; sharing a load; damage compensation; limits of competition in business.

Its best known philosophic formulation is by both Rashi and Nachmanides in their respective Torah commentaries. Commenting on Deuteronomy 6.18 “And you shall do that which is right and good in the eyes of God.” They ask "what new instructions does this verse add"? Surely, doing what is “right and good” is already a part of the numerous injunctions already presented there. Both understand this verse to denote a level of behavior that is above the letter of the law.

Although celibacy is generally defined as a sin in Judaism, with no stated exceptions within Reform Judaism, Reform Judaism teaches that the cultural mandate is no longer necessary, so procreation between Jews within this sect of Judaism may be viewed as supererogatory acts.

In law and moral philosophy
Whether an act is supererogatory or obligatory can be debated. In many schools of thought, donating money to charity is supererogatory. In other schools of thought that regard some level of charitable donation to be duty (such as with the tithe in Judaism, zakat in Islam, and similar standards in many Christian sects), only exceeding a certain level of donation (e.g. going above the common 2.5%-of-capital-assets standard in zakat) would count as supererogatory.

In criminal law, it may be observed that state prohibitions on killing, stealing, and so on derive from the state's duty to protect one's own citizens. However, a nation state has no duty to protect the citizens of an adjacent nation from crime. To send a peacekeeping force into another country would be — in the view of the nation doing it — supererogatory.

Some schools of moral philosophy do not include supererogatory acts. In utilitarianism, an act can only be better because it would bring more good to a greater number, and in that case it becomes a duty, not a supererogatory act. The lack of a notion of supererogation in utilitarianism and related schools leads to the demandingness objection, arguing that these schools are too ethically demanding, requiring unreasonable acts.

title: Supererogation


text:
Talk:Apocalyptic folk music

This article seems to be on the same subject as the Neo-folk article. Perhaps the two articles should be merged? neckro 09:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yes, this should be merged with neofolk. The terms aren't identical, but they are too vague to really usefully have two different articles. The only unambiguously "apocalyptic neofolk" band is early-period Current 93; for others, the term "neofolk" has more currency. --Delirium 06:25, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apocalyptic folk music


text:
Rechtaid Rígderg

Rechtaid Rígderg ("red king"), son of Lugaid Laigdech, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing Macha Mong Ruad, daughter of his father's killer, Áed Rúad. He ruled for twenty years, until he was killed by Úgaine Mór, foster-son of Macha and her husband Cimbáeth. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign to that of Ptolemy I Soter (323–283 BC). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 461–441 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters to 654–634 BC.

If a son of the legendary 2nd century AD Lugaid Loígde, Rechtaid Rígderg appears to have been misplaced chronologically by the later medieval synchronists.

title: Rechtaid Rígderg


text:
Supercargo

A supercargo (from Spanish sobrecargo) is a person employed on board a vessel by the owner of cargo carried on the ship. The duties of a supercargo are defined by admiralty law and include managing the cargo owner's trade, selling the merchandise in ports to which the vessel is sailing, and buying and receiving goods to be carried on the return voyage.

The supercargo has control of the cargo unless limited by other contracts or agreements. For instance, the supercargo has no authority over the stevedores, and has no role in the necessary preparatory work prior to the handling of cargo. Sailing from port to port with the vessel to which they are attached, supercargos differ from factors, who have a fixed place of residence at a port or other trading place.

History
During the Age of Sail from the 16th to the mid-19th century, the supercargo was the second-most important person aboard a merchant ship after the captain.

Sweden
On ships of the Swedish East India Company (1731–1813), the supercargo represented the company and was in charge of all matters related to trade, while the captain was in charge of navigation, loading and unloading of cargo as well as the maintenance of the ship. The captain was restricted to following written orders from the supercargo. A new supercargo was always appointed for each journey; he had to keep books, notes and ledgers about everything that happened during the voyage and trade matters abroad. He was to present these immediately to the directors of the Company on the ship's return to its headquarters in Gothenburg. The supercargo was fined for each day the books were delayed. Helping him in all this, he had a staff of assistants: a concierge, a cook, a footman and his own ship's court, consisting of seven persons. According to historical documents, the court remained busy throughout the voyage. The supercargo also had to maintain and run the company's factory at the trading destination.

Having the highest rank aboard the ship, the supercargo also received the highest salary. In addition to this, he received six percent of the value of the cargo which the ship carried home. Every person on board had the right to buy, bring home goods, and sell them in Sweden. The amount of goods permitted was regulated by the person's rank aboard the ship and his financial means. At the top of this list was the supercargo.

title: Supercargo


text:
Úgaine Mór

Úgaine Mór, son of Eochu Buadach, son of Dui Ladrach, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, the 66th High King of Ireland.

Biography
He was the foster-son of Cimbáeth and Macha Mong Ruad and he took power by killing his predecessor (and his foster-mother's killer) Rechtaid Rígderg. The Lebor Gabála Érenn says that, as well as Ireland, he ruled "Alba to the Sea of Wight" – i.e. the whole of the island of Britain – and that "some say" he ruled all of Europe.

He married Cessair Chrothach, daughter of the king of the Gauls, who bore him twenty-two sons and three daughters. He is said to have divided Ireland into twenty-five shares, one for each of his children. For example, his son Lóegaire Lorc ruled Life and Cobthach Cóel Breg ruled Bregia. His daughter Muirisc ruled Mag Muirisce, from which Murrisk is said to have taken its name. This partitioning of the island stood for three hundred years, until the establishment of the provinces under Eochu Feidlech.

The reign of Úgaine Mór was thirty or forty years, until he was killed by his brother Bodbchad. According to the Lebor Gabála, he was succeeded directly by his son Lóegaire Lorc, although the Annals of the Four Masters and Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn say Bodbchad was king for a day and a half until Lóegaire killed him. Cobthach Cóel Breg succeeded his brother Loegaire.

Timeframe
The Lebor Gabála synchronises Úgaine Mór's reign to that of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (281–246 BCE). Roderick O’Flaherty in Ogygia (1685) has his reign begin "the year in which Alexander conquered Darius" and last thirty years (331-301 BCE). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 441–411 BCE and the Annals of the Four Masters to 634–594 BCE.

Issue
The following is a list of children that Úgaine Mór fathered, along with the land he passed unto them. It is said he had twenty-two sons and three daughters. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by John O'Donovan lists twenty-five children (twenty-two sons and three daughters), but does not list another apparent child of Úgaine Mór, a daughter called "Lathar" (not to be confused with Latharn).

 * 1) Cobhthach Cael Breg, High King of Ireland, received "Breagh, or Bregia"
 * 2) Cobhthach Minn, Prince of Ireland, received "Muirtheimhne in the new country of Louth"
 * 3) Laeghair Lorc, High King of Ireland, received "the Lands of the River Liffey, in Leinster"
 * 4) Fuilne, Prince of Ireland, received "Magh-Fea, in the county of Carlow"
 * 5) Nar, Prince of Ireland, received "Magh-Nair"
 * 6) Raighne, Prince of Ireland, received "Magh-Raigne, in Ossory"
 * 7) Narbh, Prince of Ireland, received "Magh-Narbh"
 * 8) Cinga, Prince of Ireland, received "Aigeatross, on the River Nore"
 * 9) Tair, Prince of Ireland, received "Magh-Tarra"
 * 10) Triath, Prince of Ireland, received "Treitherne"
 * 11) Sen, Prince of Ireland, received "Luachair-Deaghaidh, in Kerry"
 * 12) Bard, Prince of Ireland, received "Cluain-Corca-Oiche, in Ui-Fodhgheinte"
 * 13) Fergus Gnoi, Prince of Ireland, received "the southern Deisi"
 * 14) Orb, Prince of Ireland, received "Aidhne, in the diocese of Kilmacduagh"
 * 15) Moen, Prince of Ireland, received "Moenmhag, in Clanrickard, in the now country of Galway"
 * 16) Sanbh, Prince of Ireland, received "Magh-Aei, in the now country of Roscommon"
 * 17) Muireadbach Mal, Prince of Ireland, received "Cliu-Mail"
 * 18) Eochaidh, Prince of Ireland, received "Seolmhagh, now the barony of Clare, county of Galway"
 * 19) Latharn, Prince of Ireland, received "Latharna, in the county of Antrim"
 * 20) Mare, Prince of Ireland, received "Midhe"
 * 21) Laegh, Prince of Ireland, received "Line, or Magh-Line, county of Antrim"
 * 22) Cairbre, Prince of Ireland, received "Corann, the new county of Sligo"
 * 23) Ailbhe, Princess of Ireland, received "Magh-Ailbhe, in the present county of Kildare"
 * 24) Aeife or Eva, Princess of Ireland, received "Magh-Aeife, otherwise called Magh-Feimheann, now Iffa and Offa East, in the county of Tipperary"
 * 25) Muirisc, Princess of Ireland, received "Mag-Muirisce"

 * (–) Lathar, Princess of Ireland
 * "Ugaine reputedly gave Lathar a stretch of land along the coast of County Antrim, from Glenarm to the Inver; which would one day make Larne."

title: Úgaine Mór


text:
Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/National varieties of English/Archive 1

 * Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style
 * Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style--Archive Directory

Different forms of English
I feel we should stop referring to American English v. British English. English is used as a first language in Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, Scotland, the U.S., and Wales, plus smaller outposts. Although a lot of written English-English and Scottish-English is the same, for example, written Scottish-English tends to follow the Oxford English Dictionary, and so will use -ize endings, and yet whenever I read about so-called British-English, I see -ise endings being recommended. I feel that some of the editors working on Wikipedia are basing their knowledge of British-English on what newspapers in England do, but newspaper style guides are often quite different from ordinary usage. In Canada, for example, they are completely different. And in the UK, a newspaper published in London will use quite different rules to the ones taught to a child in Scotland.

I'm not proposing we do a detailed analysis of Commonwealth and American usage because it would be close to impossible, but I feel we shouldn't simply assume there are two kinds of English, one American and one British. It would be preferable always to give a couple of examples when we talk about different usage, depending on context. For example, "check" as used in the U.S. and Canada, or "cheque" as used in Australia, New Zealand and Canadian newspapers, and so on. Slim 22:49, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * How about "Commonwealth English" or "International English", which one sees used in quite a few contexts to describe exactly this, pretty much.
 * James F. (talk)

Hi James, it wasn't me who deleted all the references to "full stop," but I do agree with the deletion, as it seems silly to keep on saying period/full stop. Everyone knows what a period is. While we shouldn't assume readers of this page are linguists, we also shouldn't assume they're stupid. Also, I reinserted America and Canada in the example about the spelling of center, instead of North America, because Canada and American spelling and other usage are sometimes quite different, so the two shouldn't be equated. Many English speakers in Canada do, as a matter of fact, spell center as "center," although some Canadian newspaper style guides spell it "centre." As I said above, I feel we should stop assuming there are two kinds of English. English is used in over 70 countries as a first or second language, and within the UK alone, punctuation, pronunciation and sometimes spelling differ between, say, Scotland and England. Commonwealth English wouldn't work because Canada is the Commonwealth, yet doesn't have the same usage as, say, Australia. I don't see that there's a need to use these categories in the Manual of Style. Examples tell people what they need to know, I feel. Slim 09:40, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * I disagree with using the term "International English" in the style guide. At best, it is ambiguous and I don't see how it is needed. It might be best to make minimal use of labels of various nationalities here. For example, a few months ago, a few people were re-ordering the labels, presumably to put their own country first in the list. Maurreen 15:20, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Slim, not everyone understands Americanisms. Period. (or is that Full Stop?)

On the "International English" front, Maurreen's right, we should not use that term. The style guide should note that any form of standard English may be used in Wikipedia as long as it is used consistently within an article. It should recommend that when terms/words are used that are not universally understood they are either replaced with terms/words that are universally understood, or alternatively are explained. It should recommend (solely for the purposes of trying to avoid edit wars), that where a place, person or subject is linked closely to any one region that an article on that place, person or subject is written a form of standard English that is used in that place. And that is all.

Unfortunately the style guide does not yet recommend this. Though the inconsistency can be fun;) For instance, it does mean I can slate Slim mercilessly for appalling punctuation :)) (see the style guide recommendations on where to place inverted commas!) jguk 17:32, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Where to place inverted commas? Not sure what you're referring to, but if you mean "this," I take it you mean my placement of the comma inside the punctuation marks. If you look around at recently published books on both sides of the Atlantic, you'll find this is increasingly common. It looks neater, in my view, than "this", which to my eyes looks like a comma trying to escape from the sentence.

 * I agree about not referring to "international English," as it's not clear there's any such thing. As for period/full stop, in the UK, journalists use the term "dot" to refer to these - U.S. - and "stop" to refer to period, but they don't use "full stop" because it's too long-winded and brevity matters when you're dictating copy over a dodgy phone line, for instance. From my personal knowledge of British English, I'd say "full stop" is something people use in English schools, but not in all Scottish ones, but then probably don't use after that. And I wouldn't agree that "period" is an Americanism. But this is a very trivial point. Regardless of which terms are used on first reference, we should only use one on second and further reference, because otherwise we're assuming our readers are idiots. Hopefully, not all are, or we're wasting our time here anyway. :-)   Slim 00:29, Dec 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Not to mention that the largest English-as-a-first-language group will very shortly be in India. It is probably inappropriate to use "International English" (although there is a form sometimes called "Simple English"). A comparison of various dialects of the language is suitable for a Wikipedia article, and should be referenced by the style guide, but not reiterated in it. A simple and brief expansion of the terms (such as "period, or full stop,") on first use is suitable where there are multiple common terms, and then the more widely understood term should be used thereafter in that section. Simpler guidelines are to be preferred over complex ones; thus "be consistent in spelling usage" rather than "use southeastern-U.S. dialectical usage when discussing regional topics." - Amgine 07:50, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * To me, “period” seems awfully more ambiguous than “full-stop”. To readers who aren’t familiar with the term could take it to mean a coma or a semi-colon, where as “full-stop”, when it context, is self-explanatory. Should not the term that is more easily understood be used?--211.29.1.34 06:47, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * It is not "self-explanatory". It is not understood in America. We have already established that much. Rmhermen 19:55, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Full stop" really isn't self-explanatory at all. My own view is that "period" is. To the anon user, as a matter of interest, what do you call the mark after ibid. ? Slim 08:22, Jan 8, 2005 (UTC) (sorry, forgot to sign this earlier)


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 19, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 19, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 19, 2005


text:
Ernani Aguiar

Ernani Henrique Chaves Aguiar (born 30 August 1950) is a Brazilian composer, choral conductor, and musicologist.

Life and career
A scholarship winner to the Argentine Mozarteum, Aguiar studied under various composers and conductors in South America and later in Europe, including Sergiu Celibidache. As a musicologist, he has specialized in the revising, editing, and revival of works by composers of the 18th century Minas Gerais School. He has written a number of instrumental pieces, but his most famous works are his choral pieces, such as the fiery Salmo 150, composed in 1975 and published in 1993, which features rhythmic backgrounds with very rapid articulations. Salmo 150 has proved a very popular piece among choral conductors worldwide, particularly within the American Choral Directors Association.

He is currently a professor of music at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, a fellow of the Villa-Lobos Institute, and a member of the Academia Brasileira de Música.

Choral works

 * Cantilena, para coro "a capella"
 * Danças, para barítono e cordas, 1993
 * Falai de Deus, para coro "a capella"
 * Missa Brevis
 * Missa Brevis II in honorem S. Francisci Assisiensis, para coro "a capella"
 * Missa Brevis III
 * O sacrum convivium, para coro misto "a capella"
 * Oração de São Francisco, para coro misto "a capella"
 * Psalm 74
 * Psalmus CL, para coro "a capella"
 * Refrão, para coro misto "a capella"
 * Sacipererê, para coro infantil "a capella"
 * Salmo 150 (Psalm 150), 1993
 * Venid, para coro "a capella"
 * Ave Maria SSATB a capella''

Instrumental works

 * Bifonia nº 1 e nº 2, para flauta e fagote
 * Duo, para violino e cello, 1986
 * Melorritmias, para flauta
 * Miniaturas, para clarineta e piano
 * Sonatina, para piano
 * Toques de cabocolinhos, para piano
 * Três peças, para trompete e piano, 1971
 * Violoncelada, para oito violoncelos, 1993

Operatic works

 * O menino Maluquinho, 1993

Orchestral works

 * Cantata de Natal, para coro e orquestra
 * Cantata O menino maluquinho, para coro e orquestra, 1989
 * Cantos sacros para orixás, para coro e orquestra, 1994
 * Sinfonietta prima, para orquestra sinfônica, 1990
 * "Quatro mementos No 3"

title: Ernani Aguiar


text:
Bodbchad

Badbchaid, son of Eochu Buadach, son of Dui Ladrach, was, according to late sources, briefly a High King of Ireland. The Lebor Gabála Érenn says Bodbchad murdered his brother, the High King Úgaine Mór, who was succeeded directly by his son Lóegaire Lorc. However, Geoffrey Keating and the Annals of the Four Masters agree that, after killing Úgaine, Bodbchad took the throne for a day and a half, after which Lóegaire killed him. The Lebor Gabála synchronises Úgaine's reign to that of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (281–246 BC). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates Bodbchad's reign to 411 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 594 BC.

title: Bodbchad


text: User talk:206.245.176.26

title: User talk:206.245.176.26


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/February 20, 2005


text: Wikipedia:POTD/February 20, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/February 20, 2005


text:
Dajare

Dajare (駄洒落) is a kind of comic Japanese word play, similar in spirit to a pun that relies on similarities in the pronunciation of words to create a simple joke.

Dajare are popular in advertising. Dajare are also associated with oyaji gags (親父ギャグ), oyaji meaning "old man", as an "old man" would be considered by the younger generation most likely to attempt dajare, making them a near equivalent of what would be called "dad jokes" in English.

With one speaker
Example one:
 * アルミ缶の上にあるみかん (arumi kan no ue ni aru mikan)
 * Translation:
 * A tangerine on an aluminum can.
 * Explanation:
 * アルミ (arumi) means "aluminum", 缶 (kan) means "a can", so arumi kan means "an aluminum can". Also ある (aru) means "exists" and みかん (mikan) means "a tangerine (mandarin orange)".

Example two:
 * ウランは売らん (uran wa uran)
 * Translation:
 * I don't sell uranium.
 * Explanation:
 * ウラン (uran) means uranium, and the second 売らん (uran) = uranai (negative form of uru (to sell)) means "not sell".

Example three:
 * ニューヨークで入浴 (nyūyōku de nyūyoku)
 * Translation:
 * Taking a bath in New York.
 * Explanation:
 * ニューヨーク (nyūyōku) means New York, 入浴 (nyūyoku) means taking a bath.

Example four:
 * レモンの入れもん (remon no iremon)
 * Translation:
 * A container for a lemon
 * Explanation:
 * レモン (remon) means "a lemon", 入れもん (iremon) = iremono means "a container".

Example five:
 * 布団が吹っ飛んだ (Futon ga futtonda)
 * Translation:
 * Futon was blown away.
 * Explanation:
 * 布団 (Futon) means "a Japanese style mattress", 吹っ飛んだ (futtonda) means being blown away.

With two speakers
Example one:
 * A: 大食いのたけし君も、宇宙ではあまり物を食べられないよ. (ōgui no takeshi kun mo, uchū dewa amari mono o taberarenaiyo)
 * B: なぜ? (naze)
 * A: 宇宙には空気(食う気)がない. (uchū niwa kūki ga nai)
 * Translation:
 * A: In space, even a glutton like Takeshi can't eat anything.
 * B: Why's that?
 * A: In space, he has no appetite.
 * Explanation:
 * Kūki (くうき) can mean either "air" (空気) or "will to eat" (食う気), thus what sounds like a perfectly reasonable statement – "in space there is no air" – takes on a much stronger meaning when said in context.

Example two:
 * A: 向こうの通りにヘイができたんだってね. (mukou no tōri ni hei ga dekitan datte ne)
 * B: へぇー. (hee...)
 * Translation:
 * A: I hear they finished the wall on the street over there.
 * B: Well!
 * Explanation:
 * The word for "fence" or "wall" here (塀, hei) sounds very similar to the Japanese interjection hee (へえ, similar in usage to the phrases "oh yeah?" and "well!"), thus the answer sounds like a repeat of the information in the initial statement.
 * Another version of this same joke replaces hei with kakoi (囲い), which sounds similar to a word meaning something like "cool" or "looks good" (かっこいい).

Children's dajare (with one speaker)
There are also some jokes mostly used by children that resemble dajare. These are also considered jokes that "everybody knows" in most parts of Japan. These are examples of ginatayomi (ぎなた読み), which relies on ambiguity in where one word ends and another begins.

Example one:
 * A: パンつくったことある？ (pan tsukutta koto aru?)
 * Translation:
 * A: Have you ever made bread before?
 * Can also be interpreted as:
 * A: Have you ever eaten underpants before? (パンツ食ったことある？, pantsu kutta koto aru?)

Example two:
 * A: ねぇ、ちゃんとお風呂入ってる？ (nee, chanto ofuro haitteru?)
 * Translation:
 * A: Hey, have you been taking a bath (regularly)?

Can also be interpreted as:
 * A: Do you take baths with your (older) sister? (姉ちゃんとお風呂入ってる？, nee-chan to ofuro haitteru?; the casual nee combined with the adverb chanto sounds the same as nee-chan to meaning "with your (older) sister".)

title: Dajare


text:
Lóegaire Lorc

Lóegaire Lorc, son of Úgaine Mor, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. The Lebor Gabála Érenn says he succeeded directly after his father was murdered by Bodbchad, although Geoffrey Keating and the Annals of the Four Masters agree that Bodbchad seized power for a day and a half before Lóegaire killed him. He ruled for two years. His brother Cobthach Cóel Breg coveted the throne, and, taking the advice of a druid, pretended to be sick so Lóegaire would visit him. When he arrived, Cobthach feigned death, and when Lóegaire was bent over his body in mourning, stabbed him in with a dagger. Cobthach then paid someone to poison Lóegaire's son Ailill Áine, and forced Ailill's son Labraid to eat his father's and grandfather's hearts and a mouse, before forcing him into exile, supposedly because it was said that Labraid was the most hospitable man in Ireland. The Lebor Gabála synchronises his reign to that of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (281–246 BC). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates Bodbchad's reign to 411–409 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 594–592 BC.

title: Lóegaire Lorc


text:
Talk:Momus (musician)

Nipposexual
Even though I personally feel that the term is a silly one but it was one of those "scandals" and brought about by one of Momus' blog entries/discussions. Perhaps someone more neutral in POV should cover it as it did gain him some notoriety in certain circles.

Image caption
The caption may be from Momus' own page, but on Wikipedia there's a difference between use and mention. It would be appropriate to place the text in the article, in quotation marks, with an explanation of the source; that is, it's OK to mention it. By making it the caption of the photo, however, it looks as though Wikipedia is describing Momus in that way — that we're using that language. If you want, you could insert it in the article in that way, or I could do it (I had thought of doing it, but it seemed kinder to him to leave it out). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 10:05, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right that the description should have been sourced, especially given that it doesn't make much sense otherwise, but I take exception to your implicit notion that there's anything wrong with the language. How could it be unkind to him to provide a caption describing him with his own self-description? The only words that could be construed as negative are conformist, pervert, and poison, but it can at least be assumed that the person in question sees each of these things in himself, kind or not. Aratuk 01:02, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I thought that it was unkind because it made him sound like an arrested adolescent with verbal diarrhoea (and if he's grown up since then he might find it embarrassing to be represented by it in an on-line encyclopædeia). Still, my main point was the positioning of the quotation; if it's in the text as something he wrote, then it's fine (with reservations about its relevance to the article), but if it's the caption of the photo, then I have severe reservations (even if it's given a reference; the reference won't show until the thumbnail's expanded), Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:19, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * With all due repsect, value judgements on a person's lifestyle and use of language have no place in predicating how that person is to be represented in an objective description. Your main point holds quite true, though. An encyclopedia article can't employ such a list of qualifiers with no antecedent bases, and even then they are somewhat "charged" terms that really don't belong as straight discourse from the encyclopedia. I'll see if I can find a fitting way of putting the list back in, as I think it's useful to know how the subject sees himself. Thank you sincerely for your criticism; it has benefitted me. If my solution is still unacceptable, let's try to come to a compromise. Aratuk 03:26, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I've removed the caption and placed it under a new quotes section. While I agree that value judgements have no place in determining an objective description of someone, it did not seem to me appropriate to have it as an image caption. I've changed the caption to read "Momus." As a note, the caption under Frank Zappa's image doesn't say "How weird am I, anyway?" or some similar thing that he's said about himself. It just says his name. --Blackcap | talk 20:30, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Criticism
I removed the following: A. Give one example. If true it shouldn't be hard to find one online. B. What online writing? (Obviously it doesn't refer to his blog and website online writing...?) Hyacinth 09:57, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Momus has often been criticized for his self-promotional style in online writing, which often contains gratuitous links back to his blog and website.

http://imomus.com/index40.html Just curious about why his marriage isn't mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.47.237.169 (talk) 17:29, 1 December 2013 (UTC)

Wired
"Other Momus activities include writing for Wired.com [1]" Actually, Momus was sacked from Wired earlier this year. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.120.96.47 (talk) 13:12, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Wendy Carlos lawsuit
Momus was sued for his song about Wendy Carlos and had to settle out of court. This is referenced on Wendy's wiki page but not here, seems like an oversight.

musical biography
Just to note that the musical biography reads as if he stopped producing albums in 1999 but, as the discography shows, he kept a prolific output up til the present day. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.224.132.177 (talk) 11:51, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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The Hairstyle of the Devil
The Hairstyle of the Devil, which peaked at No. 94 in the UK Singles Chart in May 1989, and was a local hit

Can anyone expand or define local in this case

title: Talk:Momus (musician)


text:
Susarion

Susarion (Greek: Σουσαρίων) was an Archaic Greek comic poet, was a native of Tripodiscus in Megaris (see Megara) and is considered one of the originators of metrical comedy and, by others, he was considered the founder of Attic Comedy. Nothing of his work, however, survives except one iambic fragment (see below) and this is not from a comedy but instead seems to belong within the Iambus tradition.

About 580 BC, he transplanted the Megarian comedy (if the rude extempore jests and buffoonery deserve the name) into the Attic deme of Icaria, the cradle also of Greek tragedy and the oldest seat of the worship of Dionysus. According to the Parian Chronicle, there appears to have been a competition on this occasion, in which the prize was a basket of figs and an amphora of wine.

Susarion's improvements in his native farces did not include a separate actor or a regular plot, but probably consisted in substituting metrical compositions for the old extempore effusions of the chorus. These were intended for recitation, and not committed to writing. But such performances did not suit the taste of the Athenians, and nothing more is heard of them until eighty years after the time of Susarion.

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (in Hermes, ix) considers the so-called Megarian comedy to have been an invention of the Athenians themselves, intended as a satire on Megarian coarseness and vulgarity. The lines attributed to Susarion (in Johann Albrecht Friedrich August Meineke's Poetarum comicorum graecorum fragmenta) are probably not genuine.

Fragment
The following quote, recorded partly by Stobaeus and partly by Tzetzes, is reconstructed here to form the only extant fragment of Susarion's work: "Listen people. These are the words of Susarion, son of Philinus, from Tripodeske in Megara. Women are a bane: but nevertheless it is not possible to live in a household without bane. For to marry or not to marry, either is baneful."

title: Susarion


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leon Fleischer

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was MERGE and REDIRECT to Leon Fleischer. This has already been done by Joyous. —Korath (Talk) 17:29, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Leon Fleischer
A misspelling - ought to be Leon Fleisher of course. Duplicated and ought to be removed. Mandel 10:07, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect it, then. (It seems like a reasonable misspelling, so redirection's probably better than deletion.) Shimeru 10:42, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Zzyzx11 19:09, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect. Academic Challenger 20:33, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Five senses (disambiguation)

Five senses refers to the five traditionally recognized methods of perception, or sense: taste, sight, touch, smell, and sound.

Five senses or The Five Senses may also refer to:

 * Five wits, a categorisation scheme originating in Shakespearean times
 * 5 Senses (album), a 1981 EP by XTC
 * Five Senses (Pentagon EP), 2016 EP by the South Korean male group Pentagon
 * The Five Senses (film), a 1999 Canadian drama film
 * The Five Senses (pair of paintings), a pair of oil paintings made by Jan Brueghel the Elder and others in 1617–18
 * The Five Senses (series), a set of allegorical paintings created at Antwerp in 1617–18 by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens
 * The Five Senses (Ribera), an early 17th-century set of paintings by Jusepe de Ribera
 * The Senses (Rembrandt), c. 1624 or 1625

title: Five senses (disambiguation)