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Stony Batter

Stony Batter is a historic defence installation at the north-eastern end of Waiheke Island, Auckland, New Zealand. It is sited within a 50-acre (200,000 m2) scenic reserve of the same name, owned by the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). The park serves double duty as a historical (Category 1 Historic Place) and nature reserve, containing unusual rock formations, associated with an extinct volcano, three significant bush blocks and three concrete gun emplacements with an extensive tunnel system, reputed to be the largest in New Zealand.

Geography

Stony Batter is located in the remote north-east of Waiheke Island, in a hilly area strewn with volcanic basalt. The location has a wide view over Waiheke Island and the Hauraki Gulf.

History
Stony Batter was part of a counter-bombardment battery system progressively being installed in the Hauraki Gulf from the 1930s. Composed of various gun batteries, such as at Whangaparaoa, Motutapu Island and at Stony Batter, as well as having observation posts such at Rangitoto Island (command post) and Tiritiri Matangi Island, it was supposed to engage enemy naval forces entering the inner gulf. Ranges would have been too far beyond the line of sight (over 30 km, thus the need for a complex set of observation points and communication lines), as well as at least initially beyond the range of most enemy ships' ability to retaliate.

While approved in 1939, construction was delayed for cost reasons until German raiders were sighted in New Zealand waters during 1940–1941, as well as the war entry of Japan in late 1941, suddenly turned it into a high-priority project. In 1942, the site on Waiheke was chosen, but it took until early 1943 before the Public Works Department was finally tasked with construction after other contractors declined the job. Construction began in October 1943, and it was initially thought that the battery would take 12 months to complete. Delays were caused by the remote location, which at first had no road access, and also by the fact that the project was kept in strict secrecy, requiring with a large degree of self-sufficiency during the construction period, complete with its own living facilities and machine shops. The new battery was generally referred to only as A2, to conceal its location.

The tunnels and underground chambers were quarried by hand, with formwork for the walls and ceilings, then filled with concrete (reinforcing steel was not used due to shortages). Aggregate was obtained from the prominent rocky outcrops, giving Stony Batter its name. The tunnels and chambers were designed based on plans of the Tawa Flat railway tunnels project. The work on the installations, sans guns, was completed behind schedule in 1944, and had by then ballooned from initial estimates of £140,000 to £327,966, excluding the costs of the guns. By 1945, the immediate threat of war had subsided, and many of the workers were transferred to work on the hydroelectric plants built on the Waikato River. By 1955, all material that could be deteriorated was removed from the site. Construction of the battery was, however, considered a major feat of engineering, carried out under particularly difficult circumstances. As the tides of war turned, only two BL 9.2-inch Mk IX – X naval guns were installed, one in 1944, and one in 1948. The third gun was cancelled before shipment. Never fired except for testing and training purposes, the guns were dismantled and sold for scrap in 1961.

An extensive vineyard on the surrounding privately owned farm is also named after the installation. For almost two decades, the farm's owner had a dispute with Auckland City over public access to the reserve, finally resolved in 2002 by the Privy Council agreeing with the council's case providing public access. If one examines the lead up to the access dispute, one finds that the land owner alleged he was suffering losses through theft of his farm stock, some of which were barbecued on site, and others were trucked off the farm to be butchered elsewhere on the island. The thefts were of such a magnitude, said to be tens of thousands of dollar value per annum, that the viability of the stock fattening part of the landowner's business was being jeopardised. John Spencer, the landowner at the time, took one of the few options open to him and blocked access to his property.

The battery is now in the hands of a preservation society, which keeps it open for the public under a concession from DOC. The preservation society is currently trying to source an appropriate artillery piece to restore at least one gunpit to a similar state as it would have appeared in late World War II.

Characteristics

The 9.2 inch guns that were once installed in two of the gun pits had ranges of 31,300 yards (over 30 km) and a possible rate of fire of one round per minute. This made them the largest guns ever used in New Zealand. Their mountings could swivel them 360° and elevate up to 35°. They were served by ammunitions storage lockers in the base of each gun pit, which were in turn fed by large electric hoists from underground ammunition dumps.

Next to the gun pits, which can be accessed at any time, the site also contains around a kilometre of tunnels, most of which are accessible by guided tour. These connected the gun pits with each other and with their ammunition stores, a plotting room, an engine room providing electricity, as well as with storerooms and barrack (located aboveground).

Open to The Public. In June 2020 DoC issued a Concession Lease to operate guided tours to Fort Stony Batter Heritage Park Ltd. Tours commenced in December 2020 Wed thru Sunday until May 2021. After which the Tunnels will close temporarily to the public for winter restoration work- reopening again in December 2021. For more details www.stonybattertunnels.nz

title: Stony Batter


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Wigner–Seitz cell

The Wigner–Seitz cell, named after Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz, is a primitive cell which has been constructed by applying Voronoi decomposition to a crystal lattice. It is used in the study of crystalline materials in crystallography.

The unique property of a crystal is that its atoms are arranged in a regular three-dimensional array called a lattice. All the properties attributed to crystalline materials stem from this highly ordered structure. Such a structure exhibits discrete translational symmetry. In order to model and study such a periodic system, one needs a mathematical "handle" to describe the symmetry and hence draw conclusions about the material properties consequent to this symmetry. The Wigner–Seitz cell is a means to achieve this.

A Wigner–Seitz cell is an example of a primitive cell, which is a unit cell containing exactly one lattice point. For any given lattice, there are an infinite number of possible primitive cells. However there is only one Wigner–Seitz cell for any given lattice. It is the locus of points in space that are closer to that lattice point than to any of the other lattice points.

A Wigner–Seitz cell, like any primitive cell, is a fundamental domain for the discrete translation symmetry of the lattice. The primitive cell of the reciprocal lattice in momentum space is called the Brillouin zone.

Background
The concept of Voronoi decomposition was investigated by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, leading to the name Dirichlet domain. Further contributions were made from Evgraf Fedorov, (Fedorov parallelohedron), Georgy Voronoy (Voronoi polyhedron), and Paul Niggli (Wirkungsbereich).

The application to condensed matter physics was first proposed by Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz in a 1933 paper, where it was used to solve the Schrödinger equation for free electrons in elemental sodium. They approximated the shape of the Wigner–Seitz cell in sodium, which is a truncated octahedron, as a sphere of equal volume, and solved the Schrödinger equation exactly using periodic boundary conditions, which require $$d \psi/d r=0$$ at the surface of the sphere. A similar calculation which also accounted for the non-spherical nature of the Wigner–Seitz cell was performed later by John C. Slater.

There are only five topologically distinct polyhedra which tile three-dimensional space, $ℝ^{3}$. These are referred to as the parallelohedra. They are the subject of mathematical interest, such as in higher dimensions. These five parallelohedra can be used to classify the three dimensional lattices using the concept of a projective plane, as suggested by John Horton Conway and Neil Sloane. However, while a topological classification considers any affine transformation to lead to an identical class, a more specific classification leads to 24 distinct classes of voronoi polyhedra with parallel edges which tile space. For example, the rectangular cuboid, right square prism, and cube belong to the same topological class, but are distinguished by different ratios of their sides. This classification of the 24 types of voronoi polyhedra for Bravais lattices was first laid out by Boris Delaunay.

Definition
The Wigner–Seitz cell around a lattice point is defined as the locus of points in space that are closer to that lattice point than to any of the other lattice points.

It can be shown mathematically that a Wigner–Seitz cell is a primitive cell. This implies that the cell spans the entire direct space without leaving any gaps or holes, a property known as tessellation.

Constructing the cell
The general mathematical concept embodied in a Wigner–Seitz cell is more commonly called a Voronoi cell, and the partition of the plane into these cells for a given set of point sites is known as a Voronoi diagram. The cell may be chosen by first picking a lattice point. After a point is chosen, lines are drawn to all nearby lattice points. At the midpoint of each line, another line is drawn normal to each of the first set of lines. The smallest area enclosed in this way is called the Wigner–Seitz primitive cell.

For a 3-dimensional lattice, the steps are analogous, but in step 2 instead of drawing perpendicular lines, perpendicular planes are drawn at the midpoint of the lines between the lattice points.

As in the case of all primitive cells, all area or space within the lattice can be filled by Wigner–Seitz cells and there will be no gaps.

Nearby lattice points are continually examined until the area or volume enclosed is the correct area or volume for a primitive cell. Alternatively, if the basis vectors of the lattice are reduced using lattice reduction only a set number of lattice points need to be used. In two-dimensions only the lattice points that make up the 4 unit cells that share a vertex with the origin need to be used. In three-dimensions only the lattice points that make up the 8 unit cells that share a vertex with the origin need to be used.

Composite lattices
For composite lattices, (crystals which have more than one vector in their basis) each single lattice point represents multiple atoms. We can break apart each Wigner–Seitz cell into subcells by further Voronoi decomposition according to the closest atom, instead of the closest lattice point. For example, the diamond crystal structure contains a two atom basis. In diamond, carbon atoms have tetrahedral sp3 bonding, but since tetrahedra do not tile space, the voronoi decomposition of the diamond crystal structure is actually the triakis truncated tetrahedral honeycomb. Another example is applying Voronoi decomposition to the atoms in the A15 phases, which forms the polyhedral approximation of the Weaire–Phelan structure.

Symmetry
The Wigner–Seitz cell always has the same point symmetry as the underlying Bravais lattice. For example, the cube, truncated octahedron, and rhombic dodecahedron have point symmetry Oh, since the respective Bravais lattices used to generate them all belong to the cubic lattice system, which has Oh point symmetry.

Brillouin zone
In practice, the Wigner–Seitz cell itself is actually rarely used as a description of direct space, where the conventional unit cells are usually used instead. However, the same decomposition is extremely important when applied to reciprocal space. The Wigner–Seitz cell in the reciprocal space is called the Brillouin zone, which contains the information about whether a material will be a conductor, semiconductor or an insulator.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wigner–Seitz cell


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219 Thusnelda

Thusnelda (minor planet designation: 219 Thusnelda) is a typical S-type Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on September 30, 1880, in Pola and was named after Thusnelda, wife of Germanic warrior Arminius.

In 1982, the asteroid was observed using photometry from the La Silla Observatory to generate a composite light curve. The resulting data showed a rotation period of 1.24 days (29.8 h) with a brightness variation of 0.2 in magnitude.

title: 219 Thusnelda


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220 Stephania

Stephania (minor planet designation: 220 Stephania) is a dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 km in diameter. It was discovered on 19 May 1881, by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Vienna Observatory. The C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 18.2 hours. It was named after Princess Stéphanie of Belgium.

Classification and orbit
Stephania is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population, when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,315 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic.

Discovery and naming
Stephania was discovered by Johann Palisa on May 19, 1881, in Vienna. It was the first discovery he made after transferring to the observatory from Pola.

The name honours Crown Princess Stéphanie (1864–1945), wife of the heir-apparent Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. The couple was married the year the asteroid was discovered. It was the first time that a naming commemorated a wedding and was given as a wedding gift. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 27).

Spectral type
In the Tholen classification, this asteroid's spectrum is ambiguous, close to an X-type and somewhat similar to that of a carbonaceous C-type asteroid (CX). A French spectroscopic survey that observed two dozens of these X-types classified by Tholen, determined that Stephania is in fact a carbonaceous C-type asteroid (rather than an X-type). The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) has also characterized it as a primitive P-type asteroid.

Lightcurves
Lightcurve data has also been recorded by observers at the Antelope Hill Observatory (H09), which has been designated as an official observatory by the Minor Planet Center.

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Stephania measures between 31.12 and 38.46 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.03 and 0.075. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0607 and a diameter of 31.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2.

title: 220 Stephania


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James Doyle

James Doyle may refer to:

The arts

 * James Francis Doyle (1840–1913), British architect
 * James S. Doyle (born 1935), American journalist
 * James William Edmund Doyle (1822–1892), English illustrator and antiquary
 * Jimmy Doyle (musician) (1945–2006), Australian guitarist

Politics and public service

 * James Doyle (mayor) (1938–2016), mayor of Pawtucket, Rhode Island
 * James Doyle (New Brunswick politician), member of the New Brunswick Legislative Assembly
 * James Doyle II (born 1972), American state legislator in Rhode Island
 * James Edward Doyle (1915–1987), United States federal judge in Wisconsin
 * James H. Doyle (1897–1982), admiral in the United States Navy
 * James H. Doyle Jr. (1925–2018), admiral in the United States Navy
 * Jim Doyle (Canadian politician) (born 1943), politician in British Columbia, Canada
 * Jim Doyle (James Edward Doyle, born 1945), former governor of Wisconsin

Sports

 * James Doyle (jockey) (born 1988), English flat racing jockey
 * James 'Chick' Doyle (1930–1985), Irish badminton player
 * Jamie Doyle (footballer, born 1961), Scottish football player (Partick Thistle, Motherwell, Dumbarton)
 * Jamie Doyle (footballer, born 1985), Scottish football player
 * Jim Doyle (baseball) (1881–1912), American Major League Baseball infielder
 * Jimmy Doyle (1939–2015), Irish retired hurler
 * Jimmy Doyle (boxer) (1924–1947), American welterweight boxer

Other

 * James Doyle (Ferns), Roman Catholic priest; involved in the Ferns Report, an Irish government inquiry
 * James Edwin Doyle (1902–1989), advertising entrepreneur
 * James Warren Doyle (1786–1834), Irish bishop

title: James Doyle


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Marcia Davenport

Marcia Davenport (née Glick; June 9, 1903 – January 16, 1996) was an American writer and music critic. She is best known for her 1932 biography of composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the first American published biography of Mozart. Davenport also is known for her novels The Valley of Decision and East Side, West Side, both of which were adapted to film in 1945 and 1949, respectively.

Early life and education
Marcia Davenport was born Marcia Glick in New York City on June 9, 1903, the daughter of Bernard Glick and the opera singer Alma Gluck. Her family is of Romanian-Jewish descent. Around 1911, when Marcia was 8, her parents separated. Her mother remarried Efrem Zimbalist, a concert violinist. With Zimbalist as a step-father, Marcia had two half-siblings: Efrem Zimbalist Jr. (who became an actor) and Maria Virginia Zimbalist Bennett.

She described her childhood as very lonely, apart from music and books (she always knew she wanted to write). Her mother made her continue piano lessons as discipline throughout childhood despite her being very bad at it.

Growing up, Marcia traveled extensively with her parents. Intermittently, she was educated at the Friends School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the Shipley School in Bryn Mawr. She began studies at Wellesley College but eloped to Pittsburgh after two years to marry her first husband, Frank Delmas Clarke. After their divorce in 1925, she travelled abroad to complete her B.A. at the University of Grenoble.

Career
After her divorce from Clarke in 1925, Davenport took an advertising copywriting job to support herself and her daughter. From 1928 - 1930, she worked on the editorial staff of The New Yorker.

From 1934 - 1939, Davenport worked as the music critic of Stage magazine. From 1936 - 1937, she also worked as a radio commentator on the Metropolitan Opera broadcasts. Through her opera-singing mother and violinist stepfather, Davenport had close ties to the classical music world, particularly the operatic world of Europe and America.

Biography of Mozart
In 1930, Davenport travelled to Prague to research the life of composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart up close. In 1932, she published her first book, Mozart, which was also the first American published biography of the composer Mozart. Widely praised, the book, which became Davenport's best known work, has remained continuously in print since its publication.

Novels
In 1936, Davenport published her novel, Of Lena Geyer. The story is a portrait of an opera singer, told through the eyes of a devoted fan, her French duke lover, a platonic female friend, her maestro, and others. It is thought that inspiration for the book was taken from Davenport's mother, Alma Gluck. Gluck was born in Romania as Reba Feinsohn; Alma Gluck later became her stage name as a soprano opera singer. She was well known for being one of the 20th century's premier concert and recording artists. If Of Lena Geyer is not based on Alma Gluck, it is possible Davenport took inspiration from her personal life experience, or from the tales of another opera singer, Olive Fremstad. Lena's intense relationship with a conductor may have been based on a relationship between Gluck and Toscanini. Suggestions of a lesbian relationship are not supported by the contents of the novel.

In 1942, Davenport published her most popular fiction novel, The Valley of Decision, a historical fiction saga which traces the Scott family, prototypical owners of an iron works in Pittsburgh, from 1873 to the events of World War II. Davenport lived in Pittsburgh shortly after her first marriage with Frank Delmas Clarke, later using that background for her novel, along with further research on the steel industry, for the 788-page bestseller. Portions of the book are set in 1930's Prague, depicting the increasingly grim atmosphere up to the Munich Agreement and the Nazi Occupation of Czechoslovakia. In this Davenport made use of her knowledge of Prague, gained during the research for the Mozart book.

In 1947, East Side, West Side was published, also becoming a best-seller. It was one of the last works edited by Maxwell Perkins of the Charles Scribner's Sons publishing house.

Her memoir Too Strong for Fantasy (1967) describes the people, the music, the places and the political forces which shaped her life. Of particular interest is her telling of the events leading up to the death of the Czech diplomat and foreign minister Jan Masaryk in the Czernin Palace in Prague in 1948 and of her close relationship with Masaryk over many years.

Film adaptations
Two of Davenport's novels have been made into films, both released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer: The Valley of Decision and East Side, West Side. The Valley of Decision starred Greer Garson, Gregory Peck, Donald Crisp, Lionel Barrymore, Preston Foster, Marsha Hunt, Gladys Cooper, Reginald Owen, Dan Duryea and Jessica Tandy. The film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Greer Garson) and Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture.

East Side, West Side starred James Mason, Barbara Stanwyck, Van Heflin, and Ava Gardner.

My Brother's Keeper (1954), based on the Collyer brothers, was optioned for films to various individuals over decades, but no film was ever produced.

Radio
During the 1930s, Davenport was a regular commentator on the radio broadcasts of the Metropolitan Opera, though she appeared infrequently in subsequent decades, with her final Met broadcast being in 1966. During the 1940s, she was heard on various radio panel discussion shows. On January 23, 1943, she was serving as a panelist on The People's Platform with Rex Stout and Alexander Woollcott when the latter suffered a heart attack during the broadcast and subsequently died before his arrival at Roosevelt Hospital.

In 1967, Davenport appeared on the NBC radio program Toscanini: The Man Behind the Legend, paying tribute to the legendary Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini, with whom she had a love affair.

Personal life
Davenport married Frank Delmas Clarke in April 1923. Her first child, Patricia Delmas Clarke, was born in 1924. In 1925, she and Clarke divorced.

On May 13, 1929, she married Russell Davenport, and changed her name to Marcia Davenport. Russell Davenport became editor of Fortune magazine soon after marrying Marcia. The couple never had to worry about money, and together they travelled abroad to Europe often. The couple had homes in Milan, Lake Como, Salzburg, and Vienna. In an interview with the New York Times, Marcia Davenport said that once, Russell Davenport gave her a lion as a gift. Marcia and Russell Davenport had a daughter, Cornelia Whipple Davenport, in 1934. Her marriage to Russell Davenport ended in 1944.

During the later part of the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia, Marcia Davenport became a close friend of the refugee Czech statesman, Jan Masaryk. Davenport lived in Prague with Masaryk from 1945 to 1948, until the Communists seized power. Davenport thereupon returned to London, where she and Masaryk planned to be married as soon as he could join her, but only a few days later he was found dead under mysterious circumstances.

Death
In the last years of her life, Davenport lived in Pebble Beach, California. She died on January 16, 1996, at a hospital in Monterey, at the age of 92. She was survived by her younger daughter Cornelia Davenport Schwartz, six grandchildren, and seven great-grandchildren. Davenport's papers are archived at the University of Pittsburgh and in the Library of Congress.

Honors
A memorial plaque dedicated to Marcia Davenport at Loretánská Street 13 in Prague.

Non-fiction

 * Mozart (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932)
 * Garibaldi: Father of Modern Italy (New York: Random House, 1956)
 * Too Strong for Fantasy (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1967) (Memoir)
 * Jan Masaryk: Posledni Portret (Czechoslovakia: 1990) (Memoir)

Fiction

 * Of Lena Geyer (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936)
 * The Valley of Decision (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1942)
 * East Side, West Side (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1947)
 * My Brother's Keeper (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1954)
 * The Constant Image (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1960)

title: Marcia Davenport


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Beta Scorpii

Beta Scorpii (β Scorpii, abbreviated Beta Sco, β Sco) is a multiple star system in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. It bore the traditional proper name of Acrab, though the International Astronomical Union now regards that name as applying only to the β Scorpii Aa component.

Components
Observed through a small telescope, Beta Scorpii appears as a binary star with a separation between the two components of 13.5 arcseconds and a combined apparent magnitude of 2.50. This pair, designated β¹ Scorpii and β² Scorpii, form the top branches of a hierarchy of six orbiting components.

Hierarchy of orbits in the β Scorpii system β¹ Scorpii, the brighter of the pair, consists of two sub-components, designated β Scorpii A and β Scorpii B, orbiting at an angular separation of 0.3 arcseconds with an orbital period of 610 years. β Scorpii A is itself a spectroscopic binary, with the two components designated β Scorpii Aa (also named Acrab ) and β Scorpii Ab. They are separated by 1.42 milliarcseconds and have an orbital period of 6.82 days.

β² Scorpii also has two sub-components, designated β Scorpii C and β Scorpii E, orbiting at an angular separation of 0.1328 arcseconds with an orbital period of 39 years. β Scorpii E in turn is a spectroscopic binary with components designated β Scorpii Ea and β Scorpii Eb and having an orbital period of 10.7 days.

Component β Scorpii D is the unrelated seventh magnitude star HD 144273, 520" away. Some authors have also referred to component Ab as D.

A companion to component B, β Scorpii G, has been proposed to account for missing mass in the system, but no further evidence of its existence has been found. β Scorpii F refers to a theorised companion to component E.

Nomenclature
β Scorpii (Latinised to Beta Scorpii) is the star's Bayer designation; β¹ and β² Scorpii, those of its two components. The designations of the sub-components - β Scorpii A, Aa, Ab, B, C, E, Ea and Eb - derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

Beta Scorpii bore the traditional names Acrab, Akrab or Elacrab, all deriving from the Arabic name (العقرب) al-'Aqrab 'the Scorpion' for the whole constellation, as well as Graffias, Italian for "the claws", a name it shared with Xi Scorpii.

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Acrab for the component β Scorpii Aa on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

In Chinese, 房宿 (Fáng Xiù), meaning Room, refers to an asterism consisting of both of β1 Scorpii and β2 Scorpii, π Scorpii, ρ Scorpii and δ Scorpii,. Consequently, the Chinese name for both of β1 Scorpii and β2 Scorpii is 房宿四 (Fáng Xiù sì), "the Fourth Star of Room".

Namesake
USS Graffias (AF-29) was once a United States navy ship named after the star.

Properties
The β Scorpii system is a kinematic member of the Upper Scorpius subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus association, a group of thousands of young stars with mean age 11 million years at distance 470 light years (145 parsecs). Analysis of β1 Scorpii as a single star derived an evolutionary age between 9 and 12 million years, but analysis of the β Scorpii system as a whole suggest an age closer to 6 million years.

The two components of β Scorpii A are the most massive members of the system, and  respectively. The combined spectral type is B1 V. The individual spectral types cannot be clearly measured, but are estimated to be B0.5 and B1.5. Component Aa is evolving slightly away from the zero age main sequence and its luminosity class is estimated to be intermediate between subgiant (IV) and main sequence (V). Component Ab has a main sequence luminosity class, a temperature of 26,400 K, and a luminosity of.

Component B is over 20 times fainter than the combined component A stars and a clear spectral type has not been measured. Its mass is estimated to be approximately.

Component C has a stellar classification of B2 V and a mass of. It has an effective surface temperature of 24,000 K, a radius of and a bolometric luminosity of.

Component E is determined to have a temperature of 13,000 K, radius of, and luminosity of. It is chemically peculiar, with high abundances of manganese and strontium. It is possibly a mercury-manganese (HgMn) star, but abundances of other metals are unexpectedly low.

Beta Scorpii is 1.01 degree from the ecliptic and can be occulted by the Moon and, very rarely, by planets. On December 9, 1906, it was occulted by Venus. The last occultation by a planet took place on 13 May 1971, by Jupiter.

In culture
Beta Scorpii appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Maranhão.

title: Beta Scorpii


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User talk:John05

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

title: User talk:John05


text:
Administrative divisions of Russia in 1744–1764

Major events

 * 1744—Vyborg Governorate was formed on the recently acquired parts of Finland; also included portions of St. Petersburg Governorate.
 * 1744—Orenburg Governorate was created from the lands annexed from Siberian and Astrakhan Governorates.

Subdivisions (as of 1763)

 * Archangelgorod Governorate (Архангелогородская губерния)
 * subdivided into 4 provinces:
 * Archangelgorod Province (Архангелогородская провинция)
 * Galich Province (Галицкая провинция)
 * Ustyug Province (Устюжская провинция)
 * Vologda Province (Вологодская провинция)
 * Astrakhan Governorate (Астраханская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province
 * Belgorod Governorate (Белгородская губерния)
 * subdivided into 3 provinces:
 * Belgorod Province (Белгородская провинция)
 * Oryol Province (Орловская провинция)
 * Sevsk Province (Севская провинция)
 * Kazan Governorate (Казанская губерния)
 * subdivided into 6 provinces:
 * Kazan Province (Казанская провинция)
 * Penza Province (Пензенская провинция)
 * Simbirsk Province (Симбирская провинция)
 * Solikamsk Province (Соликамская провинция)
 * Sviyazhsk Province (Свияжская провинция)
 * Vyatka Province (Вятская провинция)
 * Kiev Governorate (Киевская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province (with 12 regiments in Little Russia)
 * Moscow Governorate (Московская губерния)
 * subdivided into 11 provinces:
 * Kaluga Province (Калужская провинция)
 * Kostroma Province (Костромская провинция)
 * Moscow Province (Московская провинция)
 * Pereyaslavl-Ryazan Province (Переяславль-Рязанская провинция)
 * Pereyaslavl-Zalessk Province (Переяславско-Залесская провинция)
 * Suzdal Province (Суздальская провинция)
 * Tula Province (Тульская провинция)
 * Uglich Province (Угличская провинция)
 * Vladimir Province (Владимирская провинция)
 * Yaroslavl Province (Ярославская провинция)
 * Yuryev Province (Юрьевская провинция)
 * Nizhny Novgorod Governorate (Нижегородская губерния)
 * subdivided into 3 provinces:
 * Alatyr Province (Алатырская провинция)
 * Arzamas Province (Арзамасская провинция)
 * Nizhny Novgorod Province (Нижегородская провинция)
 * Novgorod Governorate (Новгородская губерния)
 * subdivided into 5 provinces:
 * Belozersk Province (Белозерская провинция)
 * Novgorod Province (Новгородская провинция)
 * Pskov Province (Псковская провинция)
 * Tver Province (Тверская провинция)
 * Velikiye Luki Province (Великолуцкая провинция)
 * Orenburg Governorate (Оренбургская губерния)
 * subdivided into 4 provinces:
 * Iset Province (Исетская провинция)
 * Orenburg Province (Оренбургская провинция)
 * Stavropol Province (Ставропольская провинция)
 * Ufa Province (Уфимская провинция)
 * Revel Governorate (Ревельская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province (Estland)
 * Riga Governorate (Рижская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province
 * St. Petersburg Governorate (Санкт-Петербургская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province
 * Siberian Governorate (Сибирская губерния)
 * subdivided into 3 provinces:
 * Irkutsk Province (Иркутская провинция)
 * Tobolsk Province (Тобольская провинция)
 * Yenisei Province (Енисейская провинция)
 * Smolensk Governorate (Смоленская губерния)
 * was considered subdivided into 1 province
 * Voronezh Governorate (Воронежская губерния)
 * subdivided into 5 provinces:
 * Bakhmut Province (Бахмутская провинция)
 * Shatsk Province (Шацкая провинция)
 * Tambov Province (Тамбовская провинция)
 * Voronezh Province (Воронежская провинция)
 * Yeletsk Province (Елецкая провинция)
 * Vyborg Governorate (Выборгская губерния)
 * subdivided into 3 uyezds


text:
Sulgrave

Sulgrave is a village and civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England, about 5 mi north of Brackley. The village is just south of a stream that rises in the parish and flows east to join the River Tove, a tributary of the Great Ouse.

The village's name means 'grove in a gully' or perhaps, 'pit/trench in a gully'. Alternatively, the specific may be a personal name, 'Sula'.

Prehistory
Just over 1 mi north of the village is Barrow Hill, a bowl barrow beside Banbury Lane between Culworth and Weston. The barrow is oval, about 130 ft long, 80 ft wide and up to 6+1/2 ft high. It is Bronze Age and may date from between 2400 and 1500 BC. It may have been surrounded by a ditch, but this can no longer be traced. The mound may have been re-used in the Middle Ages as the base for a windmill. The barrow is largely intact, although it has been partly disturbed by badgers. It is a scheduled monument.

Castle
Castle Hill, at the west end of the village southwest of the church, is the earthwork remains of a Saxon and Norman ringwork castle. The northern part of the ringwork was excavated in 1960 and 1976.

Evidence was found suggesting that the first construction on the site was a timber-framed hall about 80 ft long and a detached stone and timber building, probably built in the late 10th century. They seem to have been an Anglo-Saxon manor house and separate kitchen. This was followed by the building of the earthen rampart, which is now rounded but may originally have been a straight-sided pentagon.

After the Norman conquest of England in 1066 the original hall was replaced with a stone one about 40 ft long and 18 ft wide. Small timber buildings were also added. The earthen ramparts were increased in height in the middle of the 11th century, and again early in the 12th century. The site seems to have been abandoned about 1140. It is a scheduled monument.

East-south-east of Sulgrave is Gallow Field, within Stuchbury, the site of the Anglo-Saxon moots for the Domesday-era hundred of Alboldstow. Sulgrave was within the adjoining hundred of Warden.

After the Norman Conquest Sulgrave was one of the manors granted to Ghilo or Gilo, brother of Ansculf de Picquigny. The Domesday Book of 1086 records that three tenants; Hugh, Landric and Othbert; held Sulgrave of him. In the 12th century the manor of "Solegrave" was still in the fee of Gilo. On both occasions the manor was assessed at four hides. In the middle of the 12th century the manor was granted to the Cluniac Priory of St Andrew at Northampton, and the ringwork site was abandoned as a manorial seat.

Sulgrave Manor
In, 1538 St Andrew's Priory was suppressed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries and surrendered all its estates to the Crown.

The Washington family
In 1539 or 1540 the Crown sold three manors, including Sulgrave, to Lawrence Washington, a wool merchant who in 1532 had been Mayor of Northampton. Washington's descendants retained the manor until 1659, when one of them sold it. In 1656 a descendant, John Washington of Purleigh, Essex, emigrated to the Colony of Virginia. He is notable for being the great-grandfather of George Washington, who from 1775 commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War and in 1789 was elected first President of the United States.

Lawrence Washington had Sulgrave Manor house built in about 1540–60. It is at the northeast end of the village, built of local limestone, with a southwest front, a kitchen and buttery, a great hall, and above it a great chamber and two smaller private chambers. The great hall has a stone floor, and its Tudor fireplace contains a salt cupboard carved with Lawrence Washington's initials.

The house has a projecting two-storey southwest porch, over the doorway of which are set in plaster the royal arms of England and initials "ER" for Elizabeth Regina commemorating Elizabeth I, who acceded to the English throne in 1558. The doorway spandrels are decorated with the Washington family arms: two bars and three mullets or spur-rowels.

The Hodges family
In about 1673 Sulgrave Manor passed to the Rev Moses Hodges, from whom it passed to his son John Hodges. The lands of Sulgrave manor had become divided into three estates, but John Hodges reunited them. Behind the great hall is a staircase with twisted balusters that was added late in the 17th century. In about 1700 John Hodges had the house rebuilt and enlarged by adding a north-east wing at right angles to the original Tudor building. Hodges also had a separate brewhouse built at the same time. The Hodges family had the west part of the original house demolished in about 1780. The Hodges sold the house in 1840, by which time it was a dilapidated farmhouse.

Restoration and museum
In 1914 the house was bought by public subscription to celebrate a century of peace between the UK and USA since the War of 1812. Under the direction of the architect Sir Reginald Blomfield the house was restored in 1920–30 and a new west wing was added in 1921 in symmetry with the surviving east wing. The house is open to the public and is administered by the Sulgrave Manor Trust (formerly Sulgrave Manor Board). It is a Grade I listed building.

Church of England
The Church of England parish church of St James the Less was built in the 13th and 14th centuries. The Cluniac St Andrew's Priory, Northampton held the advowson from the 13th century until 1538, when the priory was suppressed. St James' church is a Grade II* listed building. It is part of the benefice of Culworth, with Sulgrave and Thorpe Mandeville, and Chipping Warden, with Edgcote and Moreton Pinkney.

Baptist and Methodist
In the 19th century a Baptist chapel was built in Little Street and a Methodist one was built in Manor Road. They were used for worship until about 1970. The Methodist chapel has been converted into a house; the Baptist one was demolished in 1976 and replaced with a house.

Economic and social history
The village has an unusual layout, with two streets (Magpie Road/Manor Road and Little Street) running parallel roughly and joined in a figure of eight. In three places there are traces of former medieval or post-medieval buildings. At the southwest corner of the village, south of the church, are traces of what may have been houses but are more likely to have been part of the manor complex based around the ringwork. Behind houses on the northwest side of the village are low banks and shallow ditches that suggest closes larger than the current gardens. In the northeast part of the village, on the south side of Manor Road, are traces of house platforms and earth banks that surrounded their closes.

About 1/2 mi southeast of the village is a pillow mound about 40 ft long, 23 ft wide and only 10 in high, and bounded by a ditch 6+1/2 ft wide. It is the remains of an artificial warren for farming rabbits, which the Normans introduced to Britain from mainland Europe.

Traces of traditional ridge and furrow ploughing survive in much of the parish, and particularly south-east of the village. They are evidence of the open field system of farming that prevailed in the parish until 1767, when Parliament passed the Inclosure Act for Sulgrave.

John and Mary Hodges founded Sulgrave school in the early 18th century as a charity school for poor boys of the parish. The school building, at the corner of Magpie Road and Stockwell Lane, is a stone building which according to its date stone was completed in 1720. It was probably remodelled in the 19th century. It is now the village hall.

A water mill on the stream just north of the village was built in the 18th century and enlarged in the 19th century. In 1788 the miller was a John Brockliss, who ordered machinery from Boulton and Watt. The mill is now a private house but is said to retain an iron mill-wheel made in about 1840. The mill-pond survives.

There was a tower mill about 600 yd northwest of the village. By the 1970s it was derelict but the tower has since been restored as part of a private house.

The parish stocks survive. They are on The Green, at the junction of Magpie Road and Park Lane, and are probably 19th century.

Railways
In 1872 the Northampton and Banbury Junction Railway was opened between Blisworth and Farthinghoe. It passed roughly east–west through Greatworth parish about 1+1/4 mi south of Sulgrave, and its nearest station was at Helmdon about 2+1/4 mi away. In 1910 it became part of the Stratford-upon-Avon and Midland Junction Railway (SMJR).

In the 1899 the Great Central Main Line to London Marylebone was built through the east of Sulgrave parish, passing about 3/5 mi east of the manor house. The Great Central Railway opened its own Helmdon station, causing confusion with the SMJR's existing Helmdon station. The London and North Eastern Railway succeeded the GC in 1923 and renamed the main line station "Helmdon for Sulgrave" in 1928.

British Railways closed the SMJR station and line in 1951, the GC main line station 1963 and the GC main line in 1966.

Amenities
The Star Inn was built in the 18th century and is now a public house.

Sulgrave Village Shop Association Limited (SVS) is an industrial and provident society, owned by the residents of Sulgrave, to run a shop and post office. Under its constitution, profits are not for distribution to its members but must be reinvested in the enterprise to continue and develop its services to the community.

title: Sulgrave


text:
User talk:Fernsworth

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 22:08, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fernsworth


text:
Graffias

Graffias ("claws") is a traditional name for several stars in the constellations between Scorpius and Libra.

It can refer to:
 * β Sco; later transferred from ξ Sco.
 * ξ Sco (also 51 Lib); applied to Bayer's star list in his Uranometria.
 * Burritt's ξ of Libra; applied to Burritt's star map.
 * ζ Sco; applied to Becvar's star list, as Grafias.

title: Graffias


text:
King's Inns

The Honorable Society of King's Inns  is the "Inn of Court" for the Bar of Ireland. Established in 1541, King's Inns is Ireland's oldest school of law and one of Ireland's significant historical environments.

The Benchers of King's Inns award the degree of barrister-at-law necessary to qualify as a barrister and be called to the bar in Ireland. As well as training future and qualified barristers, the school extends its reach to a diverse community of people from legal and non-legal backgrounds offering a range of accessible part-time courses in specialist areas of the law.

History
The King's Inns society was granted a royal charter by King Henry VIII in 1541, 51 years before Trinity College Dublin was founded, making it one of the oldest professional and educational institutions in the English-speaking world. The founders named their society in honour of King Henry VIII of England and his newly established Kingdom of Ireland. Initially, the society was housed in a disused Dominican friary in Dublin and secured a lease of lands, originally called "Blackfriars", at Inns Quay on the north bank of the River Liffey in Dublin.

The society was reconstituted in 1607 after a period of inactivity and lost possession of its original premises twice, once at the end of the 16th century and again in the mid-18th century. A period of recovery in the 1780s led to the acquisition of the present Constitution Hill site.

In 1790, the Inns Quays site was acquired for the purposes of the Four Courts; the foundation stone at the present building at the top of Henrietta Street was laid on 1 August 1800, with James Gandon being commissioned as the architect. The building was completed by his pupil Henry Aaron Baker. Turn Again Lane, adjacent to the grounds, was renamed King's Inns Street.

For much of its history, the society functioned more as a club than an educational institution. Irishmen who wished to practise as barristers were primarily educated at the English Inns of Court in London until the late 19th century. It was only from the mid-18th century onwards that courses of legal education were provided at King's Inns.

Some academics have cited the early history of the King's Inns as an instrument by the colonial power for controlling Irish lawyers due to its practice of excluding Catholics from legal practice until the late 18th century until the overturning of Penal laws.

King's Inns initially hoped the 1920–1922 partition of Ireland would not end its all-island remit, and it set up a "Committee of Fifteen" Northern Ireland benchers in 1922. These sought more independence, and separatism was fuelled by King's Inns admitting in 1925 as a barrister Kevin O'Higgins, who had not sat the exams but was Minister for Justice in the Irish Free State. In 1926, a separate inn of court in Northern Ireland catered for the Bar of Northern Ireland. In 1929, Hugh Kennedy succeeded in making knowledge of Irish compulsory for admission to King's Inns.

Profile

The society had generally kept a low profile in current affairs in Ireland, though it did come to prominence in 1972, when financial difficulties led to it selling a considerable stock of non-legal books it had in its library. The library collection dates from the end of the 18th century (when it also adopted its motto 'Nolumus mutari' ), and was based in part on that of Christopher Robinson, senior puisne judge of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland), who died in 1787. Books were sold at auction at Sotheby's, London, and a considerable stock of them was sold to clients outside Ireland. This was seen at the time as a major cultural outflow, as many of the books were of historical and cultural significance. In addition, its library had received an annual grant since 1945 for the upkeep of the books from the Irish Exchequer.

A King's Inns team or individual has often won the Irish Times National Debating Championship, and in 2010 won the European Universities Debating Championships. In 2006 the Inns' hurling team competed in and won the Fergal Maher Cup (3rd Level Division 3) in their inaugural year and subsequently reached the final and semi-final.

The Hungry Tree, a London Plane that is encapsulating a park bench, lies in the grounds of the King's Inns, near the south gate.

Architecture and Facilities
The King's Inns complex, situated near Henrietta Street in Dublin, is considered a significant example of neo-Classical architecture. It is often cited as an integral part of Dublin's architectural heritage.

Initial Design and Construction
The complex was initially designed by architect James Gandon, who was well known for his work on the Custom House and Four Courts. Construction began in 1800, with the first stone laid by Lord Chancellor John FitzGibbon, Earl of Clare on 1 August of that year. Gandon's original design featured two parallel buildings connected by a narrow bridge-like structure at the west front. This structure had three openings and was crowned by a cupola—a domed structure supported by columns.

Due to various delays and funding issues, Gandon resigned from the project in 1808. His assistant, Henry A. Baker, took over and completed the project by 1816.

Extensions and Modifications
The complex underwent extensions in the mid-19th century. Architect Frederick Darley added three bays to the north end in 1846, while Jacob Owen extended the south end by three bays in 1849. These extensions were designed to include fireproof strong rooms for storing records, toilets, a carpenters' shop, and a book binder.

Architectural Features
The King's Inns complex is notable for its use of Portland stone caryatids, which symbolise themes like Plenty, Bacchante, Security, and Law. The building also features a copper dome, a design element that Gandon popularised in Dublin.

Reception, Renovations, and Conservation
The architecture of King's Inns has been the subject of various opinions. Some consider its gable end to be in the style of Louis Sullivan, a renowned architect known for his work in Chicago.

In 1998, a major refurbishment project was carried out in the Registry of Deeds. This renovation included updates to the entrance lobby and conservation work on the staircase, windows, and roof.

Notable alumni and academics
• Henry Grattan (1746 - 1820)

• Bartholomew Thomas Duhigg (1750?–1813)

• Theobald Wolfe Tone (1763 - 1798)

• Daniel O'Connell (1775 - 1847)

• Christopher Palles (1831-1920)

• The Baron Carson (1854 - 1935)

• John Redmond (1856 - 1918)

• Patrick Pearse (1879 - 1916)

• John A. Costello (1891 - 1976)

• Averil Deverell (1893 - 1979)

• Frances Kyle (1893 - 1958)

• V. V. Giri (1894 - 1980)

• Jack Lynch (1917 - 1999)

• Liam Cosgrave (1920 - 2017)

• Charles Haughey (1925 - 2006)

• Mella Carroll (1934 - 2006)

• Catherine McGuinness (1934 - )

• Mary Robinson (1944 - )

• Mary Laffoy (1945 - )

• Susan Denham (1945 - )

• John Bruton (1947 - 2024)

• Mary Irvine (1956 - )

• Hazel Chu (1980 - )

title: King's Inns


text:
Air Jamaica Express

Air Jamaica Express was an airline based in Kingston, Jamaica, which, before folding, operated as a subsidiary of Air Jamaica. It operated domestic and inter-island scheduled flights and charter services. The airline was established in 1973 as Jamaica Air Taxi, and later operated as Trans-Jamaican Airlines until it was taken over by business man Gordon "Butch" Stewart, who also controlled Air Jamaica in 1994.

When Air Jamaica was renationalized in December 2004, responsibility for Air Jamaica Express remained with Stewart and his organization. The airline struggled financially and after attempts to reorganize and secure additional capital were unsuccessful, the airline ceased operations on October 14, 2005. The JQ code assigned by the IATA was later reassigned to Jetstar Airways.

Services
In 2002, Air Jamaica Express served the following destinations:

Prior to Air Jamaica Express, predecessor air carrier Trans-Jamaican Airlines was operating ATR 42 turboprop service on a routing of Montego Bay - Kingston - Grand Cayman - Belize City, Belize - Cancun, Mexico twice a week in 1994.

Fleet
In 2002, Air Jamaica Express was operating the following twin turboprop aircraft types:

The airline also previously operated Short 360 turboprop aircraft and Dornier 228 aircraft as well as the following STOL capable piston engine prop aircraft during its existence:
 * Britten-Norman Islander
 * Britten-Norman Trislander

In addition, predecessor air carrier Trans-Jamaican Airlines operated ATR 42 turboprop aircraft.

title: Air Jamaica Express


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Cutler Majestic Theatre

The Cutler Majestic Theatre at Emerson College, in Boston, Massachusetts, is a 1903 Beaux Arts style theater, designed by the architect John Galen Howard. Originally built for theatre, it was one of three theaters commissioned in Boston by Eben Dyer Jordan, son of the founder of Jordan Marsh, a Boston-based chain of department stores. The Majestic was converted to accommodate vaudeville shows in the 1920s and eventually into a movie house in 1956 by Sack Cinemas. The change to film came with renovations that transformed the lobby and covered up much of John Galen Howard's original Beaux-Arts architecture.

The theater continued to show movies until 1983 as the Saxon Theatre. By then, the theater began to deteriorate both in appearance and in programming. On January 15, 1961, American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell and a fellow Nazi Party member attempted to picket the local premiere of the film Exodus at the Saxon while staying at the Hotel Touraine directly across Tremont Street. After Boston Mayor John F. Collins (1960–1968) declined to deny Rockwell the right to picket, members of the local Jewish Defense League chapter organized a counterdemonstration of 2,000 Jewish protestors in response on the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets on the day of the premiere, which forced police to converge on the theater and force Rockwell into a police cruiser that took him to Logan International Airport where Rockwell was then boarded a flight to Washington, DC.

In the mid-1980s Emerson College purchased the theater and restored it to its original Beaux-Arts appearance and reopening it in 1987. The theater today is a performing arts center for both Emerson College and the community at large. It was the home base of Opera Boston and is now used by Boston Lyric Opera. It is frequently staging shows by New England Conservatory, Teatro Lirico D'Europa, Celebrity Series of Boston, Emerson College's Emerson Stage company and the Boston Gay Men's Chorus. In 2003 the theater was again renamed the Cutler Majestic Theatre, after donors Ted and Joan Benard-Cutler.

It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (as part of the Piano Row District), the Massachusetts Register of Historic Places, and was designated a Boston Landmark in 1986. The theatre is located at 219 Tremont Street in the Boston Theater District. It seats just under 1,200 people.

title: Cutler Majestic Theatre


text:
User talk:Viames

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews, have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 22:10, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image tagging for File:Pedro-correia.jpg
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Antonio Broso
Hi! It seems you recently created an unreferenced biography of a living person: Antonio Broso. The community has decided that all new biographies of living persons must contain a reliable source that supports at least one statement made about the person in the article as per our verifiability policy. Please add references as soon as possible. Thanks! --LaraBot (talk) 00:10, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Lost Reality

A tag has been placed on Lost Reality requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. New England Cop (talk) 16:51, 4 December 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Viames


text:
Nu Scorpii

Nu Scorpii (ν Scorpii, abbreviated Nu Sco, ν Sco) is a multiple star system in the constellation of Scorpius. It is most likely a septuple star system, consisting of two close groups (designated Nu Scorpii AB and CD) that are separated by 41 arcseconds. Based on parallax measurements, it is approximately 470 light-years from the Sun.

The component Nu Scorpii Aa is formally named Jabbah. (Contrast the similar-sounding Dschubba, Delta Scorpii.)

Location
Nu Scorpii is the system that causes the reflection nebula cataloged as IC 4592 and known as the Blue Horsehead nebula. Reflection nebulae are actually made up of very fine dust that normally appears dark but can look quite blue when reflecting the light of energetic nearby stars.

Since it is near the ecliptic, Nu Scorpii can be occulted by the Moon and, very rarely, by planets. Mercury occulted it on 14 December 1821, but will not occult it again until 2 December 2031. The last occultation by Venus took place on 27 December 1852 and the next will take place on 30 December 2095. On 29 July 1808 there was an occultation by Neptune.

Nomenclature
ν Scorpii (Latinised to Nu Scorpii) is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of its two constituent groups as Nu Scorpii AB and CD; of the component Nu Scorpii Aa, and of other components similarly lettered, derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

Nu Scorpii bore the traditional name Jabbah, possibly from the Arabic Iklīl al Jabhah (إكليل الجبهة 'the crown of the forehead'). In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Jabbah for the component Nu Scorpii Aa on 30 June 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.

In Chinese astronomy, Nu Scorpii is called 鍵閉, Pinyin: Jiànbì, meaning Door Bolt, because it is marking itself and standing alone in the Door Bolt asterism, Room mansion (see : Chinese constellations). 鍵閉 (Jiànbì), westernized into Keen Pi, but that name (meaning "the Two Parts of a Lock") was ascribed to the pair Lambda Scorpii (Shaula) and Upsilon Scorpii (Lesath) by R.H. Allen.

Multiplicity

Hierarchy of orbits in the ν Scorpii system Nu Scorpii is a septuple star system. It is one of only two such known systems, the other being AR Cassiopeiae. Higher-multiplicity star systems are uncommon because they are less stable than their simpler counterparts, and often decay into smaller systems.

Nu Scorpii is split into two groups, Nu Scorpii AB and Nu Scorpii CD. Nu Scorpii CD is located 41 arcseconds away from Nu Scorpii A, and is also known as HR 6026.

Nu Scorpii A
Nu Scorpii A is the brightest member of the system. It has an apparent magnitude from 4.35, meaning that it can be seen with the naked eye. However, Nu Scorpii AB and CD cannot be resolved using the naked eye, but it can be resolved using a telescope.

Nu Scorpii A is itself a triple star system. The main component of Nu Scorpii A is known as Nu Scorpii Aab, and it is a single-lined spectroscopic binary. Its components cannot be resolved but the stars' movements cause periodic Doppler shifts in their spectra. "Single-lined" means that light from only one of the stars can be detected. The pair has an orbital period of 5.5521 days and an eccentricity of 0.11, and an estimated separation of about 1.057 milliarcseconds. The brighter component, Nu Scorpii Aa, has a spectral type of B3V implying a B-type main sequence star. The fainter component, Nu Scorpii Ab, is thought to have an apparent magnitude of 6.90.

Nu Scorpii Ac is the third component of the Nu Scorpii A subsystem. 63 milliarcseconds away, it has an apparent magnitude of 6.62.

Nu Scorpii B
Nu Scorpii B is part of the Nu Scorpii AB sub-system and orbits Nu Scorpii A. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.40, but its spectral type is unknown. Nu Scorpii A and B are separated by 1.305 arcseconds; this translates to an orbital period of over 452 years, so no orbital motion has been detected.

Nu Scorpii CD
Nu Scorpii CD is also a triple star system. The primary component of the system, Nu Scorpii C, is a late B-type giant with a spectral type of B9III. With an apparent magnitude of 6.90, it outshines its fainter companion, Nu Scorpii D, which only has an apparent magnitude of 7.39. The two are separated by about 2 arcseconds.

Nu Scorpii D, with an apparent magnitude of 7.39, is the faintest component of the Nu Scorpii system. It is one of a class of chemically peculiar stars known as Ap/Bp stars; in particular, it has strong silicon emission lines. It too is likely also another spectroscopic binary: Nu Scorpii Da is another B9III-type star, similar to Nu Scorpii C, but very little is known about Nu Scorpii Db.

title: Nu Scorpii


text:
Long Forties

Long Forties is a zone of the northern North Sea that is fairly consistently 40 fathom deep.

Extent
Long Forties are between the northeast coasts of Scotland and the southwest coast of Norway, centred about 57°N 0°30′E; compare to the Broad Fourteens.

Forties
The Shipping Forecast area Forties approximates to Long Forties, though with neater boundaries. The north of the latter falls in Viking.

Fladen Grounds
Fladen Grounds is the next more northern, eastern and deeper part of the sea. The Dutch weather service KNMI, and Norwegian equivalent, use their tongues' similar names for and meaning Fladen Grounds instead of Forties and most of Viking. The Swedish weather institute, which reported for this zone until 2005 followed these leads.

Etymology
When depth sounding (originally fathoming with rope and plumb weight), the recorded depth would for a long haul remain 40 fathoms. On a traditional imperial measurements nautical chart a great zone with many "40"s appears.

Geology
The Forties Oil Field is the largest oil field of the sea, 110 mi east of Aberdeen. It was discovered in 1970 and first produced oil in 1975 under ownership of British Petroleum.

The Forties Formation consists of a lower Shale Member and an upper Sandstone Member, which were deposited in a "middle and lower submarine fan environment". The initial development plan included a "complete replacement seawater injection system" starting in 1975. When the field was sold in 2003, reservoir engineers estimated the STOIIP (original oil in place) was 4.2 Goilbbl.

title: Long Forties


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Parry Peak

Parry Peak, elevation 13397 ft, is a summit in the Front Range of central Colorado. The peak is on the continental divide southeast of Winter Park in the Arapaho National Forest. The name honors Charles Christopher Parry, a botanist who made extensive studies of the Colorado mountain flora in the 1860s. It is one of the 637 thirteeners (peaks over 13,000 ft elevation) in the state of Colorado and lies along the Continental Divide Trail.

Parry Peak is also the highest peak of the James Group of the Front Range of Colorado.

title: Parry Peak


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God and Man at Yale

God and Man at Yale: The Superstitions of "Academic Freedom" is a 1951 book by William F. Buckley Jr., based on his undergraduate experiences at Yale University. Buckley, then aged 25, criticized Yale for forcing collectivist, Keynesian, and secularist ideology on students, criticizing several professors by name, arguing that they tried to break down students' religious beliefs through their hostility to religion and that Yale was denying its students any sense of individualism by forcing them to embrace the ideas of liberalism. Buckley argued that the Yale charter assigns the authority for oversight of the university to the alumni, and that because most alumni of Yale believed in God, Yale was failing to serve its "masters" by teaching course content in a matter inconsistent with the beliefs of the alumni. Buckley eventually became a leading voice in the American conservative movement in the latter half of the twentieth century.

Reviews and legacy
God and Man at Yale received some mixed or harsh reviews when it was first published, including those of Peter Viereck and McGeorge Bundy.

Many American academics and pundits underestimated the ultimate impact that the book and its author would have on American society, thinking that it would quickly fade into the background. Quite the opposite happened, as Buckley used it as a launching pad into the public eye. Buckley himself credited the attention his book received to its introduction, written by John Chamberlain, saying that it "chang[ed] the course of his life" and that the famous Life editorial writer had acted out of "reckless generosity". Buckley went on to be an active force in the conservative movement through the political magazine he started, National Review, and his television show Firing Line. The magazine and its creator played a crucial role in tying together the different factions of the arising conservative movement to form a potent political force.

George Will called the book "a lovers' quarrel with his alma mater". In 2002, the work was featured in the C-SPAN original series American Writers: A Journey Through History, which focused on American writers of significance over the society's first 400 years, in an episode entitled "Writings of Kirk and Buckley".

Assessments in 2011, sixty years after publication of the book include:
 * "All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books" of Time magazine on "the 100 best and most influential [books] written in English since 1923" (the first publication year of Time)
 * a National Review symposium on the book.

title: God and Man at Yale


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Template talk:Modernism

Web of influences visualization

 * How can we make this look more like this? (or, better yet, improve upon it.) Dystopos 05:16, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You're kidding, right? Hyacinth 01:39, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * No. I'm not kidding. The use of "preceded by" and "followed by" to discuss artistic styles is a gross oversimplification of what is historically a complex web of influences. The untangling of this web is the Sisyphian task of untold thousands of art history post-grad students. A discussion of Barr's "Art Chart" and other analytical issues in causal diagrams can be found in EdwardTufte.com Q&A section. Dystopos 05:57, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Modernism or contemporary series
As the history of western architecture is a very long series, anyone want to help with another template, to list 20th century movements in architecture? Some title proposals are 20th century architecture, modern architecture, and contemporary architecture. It would list, modern architecture, postmodern architecture, deconstructivist architecture, critical regionalism, sustainable architecture, futurist architecture, and others. DVD+ R/W 19:59, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Main subjects only
This template should be restricted to articles which have an overview of a genre in modernism, e.g. "Modern art", rather than movements within that. Otherwise there is a duplication with other templates such as Western art movements. The different genres, such as modern music, modern art etc, should have their own specialised templates to complement this one. Tyrenius 13:10, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Modernism's Modernism
Isn't it redundant to show the link to modernism twice? I removed it, now it's back, so why does it need that twice?--FlammingoHey 08:56, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It's easy to miss the fact that the word in the title bar is also a link, so I don't think it does any harm to include it. I've moved it to the first link. Tyrenius 12:31, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

scope
what is the scope of this template? it looks like the number of links has increased by about 20% just in the past week, and perhaps it should be split? Frietjes (talk) 15:07, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I just wanted to be encyclopedic on all the major and close-to-major modernists. This template can be split if it is getting too unwieldly. --Dagko (talk) 03:30, 2 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I began to expand it initially in November 2011, and with Dagko and others I think it got maxed. At this point it probably can be trimmed a little. However we can split it into Modernist Literature - containing literature, prose, poetry, theater, criticism; Modernist Visual Arts - containing painting, sculpture, film; Modernist Music containing composers, musicians, dance, choreography; etc. if needs be...Modernist (talk) 11:55, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

Too gigantic!
I don't think any editor is actually going to add this template to an article because it would take up most of the page! It is way too over-sized. Have you thought of breaking up the sections into separate templates? Even the individual areas are too lengthy but all put together it's overwhelming. Templates aren't meant to be completely comprehensive. Liz Read! Talk! 22:09, 19 February 2014 (UTC)

 * You're right. I've been adding things for a while now. I'll split it in a few hours when I have the time. I'll do something like the Beatles templates where there are multiple open/close steps. --Dagko (talk) 22:12, 19 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually, I'll just delete some of the bloat. --Dagko (talk) 00:56, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 April 2023
Remove full name for Ed Wood link! 2804:7F2:6A2:CF45:469:2280:17C3:A414 (talk) 11:54, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Lightoil (talk) 12:49, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Modernism


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Par value

In finance and accounting, par value means stated value or face value of a financial instrument. Expressions derived from this term include at par (at the par value), over par (over par value) and under par (under par value).

Bonds
A bond selling at par is priced at 100% of face value. Par can also refer to a bond's original issue value or its value upon redemption at maturity.

Stock
The par value of stock has no relation to market value and, as a concept, is somewhat archaic. The par value of a share is the value stated in the corporate charter below which shares of that class cannot be sold upon initial offering; the issuing company promises not to issue further shares below par value, so investors can be confident that no one else will receive a more favorable issue price. Thus, par value is the nominal value of a security which is determined by the issuing company to be its minimum price. This was far more important in unregulated equity markets than in the regulated markets that exist today, where stock issuance prices must usually be published. The par value of stock remains unchanged in a bonus stock issue but it changes in a stock split.

In accounting, the par value allows the company to put a de minimis value for the stock on the company's financial statement. Par value is also used to calculate legal capital or share capital.

Many common stocks issued today do not have par values; those that do (usually only in jurisdictions where par values are required by law) have extremely low par values (often the smallest unit of currency in circulation), for example a penny (USD$0.01) par value on a stock issued at USD$25.00/share. Most jurisdictions do not allow a company to issue stock below par value.

Even in jurisdictions that permit the issue of stock with no par value, the par value of a stock may affect its tax treatment. For example, Delaware permits the issue of stock either with or without a par value, but by choosing to assign a par value, a corporation may significantly reduce its franchise tax liability.

No-par stocks have "no par value" printed on their certificates. Instead of par value, some U.S. states allow no-par stocks to have a stated value, set by the board of directors of the corporation, which serves the same purpose as par value in setting the minimum legal capital that the corporation must have after paying any dividends or buying back its stock.

Also, par value still matters for a callable common stock: the call price is usually either par value or a small fixed percentage over par value.

The shares in a corporation may be issued partly paid, which renders the owner of those shares liability to the corporation for any calls on those shares up to the par value of the shares.

Currency
The term "at par" is also used when two currencies are exchanged at equal value (for instance, in 1964, Trinidad and Tobago switched from the British West Indies dollar to the new Trinidad and Tobago dollar, and that switch was "at par", meaning that the Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago replaced each old dollar with a new one).

Par value also refers to the official gold content of a currency. The Act to Amend the Par Value Modification Act of 1973 of September 21, 1973 lowered the par value of the dollar against gold from $35 to $42.2222 where it remains today. This is why the face value of a 1 oz gold coin is $50, reflecting the par value of the dollar in gold.

title: Par value


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Beta Librae

Beta Librae (β Librae, abbreviated Beta Lib, β Lib), formally named Zubeneschamali, is (despite its 'beta' designation) the brightest star in the zodiac constellation of Libra. From parallax measurements, its distance can be estimated as 185 ly from the Sun.

The apparent visual magnitude of this star is 2.6. According to Eratosthenes, Beta Librae was observed to be brighter than Antares. Ptolemy, 350 years later, said it was as bright as Antares. The discrepancy may be due to Antares becoming brighter, but this is not known for certain. It could simply be caused by Beta Librae being a variable star, showing a present-day variability of 0.03 of a magnitude.

Name
β Librae (Latinised to Beta Librae) is the star's Bayer designation.

It bore the traditional name Zubeneschamali (less common renderings, or corruptions, are Zuben Eschamali, Zuben el Chamali, Zubenesch, Zubenelg), derived from the Arabic الزُّبَانَى الشَمَالِي (al-zubānā al-šamāliyy) meaning "the northern claw". This name originated in a time when Libra was viewed as representing the "claws of the scorpion". There was also Kiffa Borealis, from the Arabic al-kiffah aš-šamāliyy "the northern pan (of the scales)" and the Latin equivalent Lanx Borealis. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Zubeneschamali for this star on 21 August 2016 and it is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

In Chinese, 氐宿 (Dī Xiù), meaning Root, refers to an asterism consisting of β Librae, α2 Librae, ι Librae and γ Librae. Consequently, the Chinese name for β Librae itself is 氐宿四 (Dī Xiù sì), "the Fourth Star of Root".

Properties
Based upon the features of its spectrum, Beta Librae has a stellar classification of B8 V, making it a B-type main-sequence star. It is about 130 times more luminous than the Sun and has a surface temperature of $3.5$, double that of the Sun. This high temperature produces light with a simple spectrum, making it ideal for examining the interstellar gas and dust between Earth and the star. Like many stars of its kind, it is spinning rapidly, over 100 times faster than the Sun with a projected rotational velocity of 250 km·s−1. The measured angular diameter of the primary star is 0.801 mas. At the estimated distance of this system, this yields a physical size of about 4.9 times the radius of the Sun.

This type of massive, hydrogen-fusing star often appears blue-white, and is usually stated to be white or bluish by modern observers, but earlier observers often described Beta Librae as the only greenish star visible to the naked eye. There seems to be no generally accepted explanation for why some observers see it as green. The small periodic variations in the magnitude of Beta Librae suggest the presence of a companion star which is not directly observable from Earth. However, it is categorized as a single star.

title: Beta Librae


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Cope rearrangement

The Cope rearrangement is an extensively studied organic reaction involving the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes. It was developed by Arthur C. Cope and Elizabeth Hardy. For example, 3-methyl-hexa-1,5-diene heated to 300 °C yields hepta-1,5-diene.

The Cope rearrangement causes the fluxional states of the molecules in the bullvalene family.

Mechanism
The Cope rearrangement is the prototypical example of a concerted sigmatropic rearrangement. It is classified as a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement with the Woodward–Hoffmann symbol [π2s+σ2s+π2s] and is therefore thermally allowed. It is sometimes useful to think of it as going through a transition state energetically and structurally equivalent to a diradical, although the diradical is not usually a true intermediate (potential energy minimum). The chair transition state illustrated here is preferred in open-chain systems (as shown by the Doering-Roth experiments). However, conformationally constrained systems like cis-1,2-divinyl cyclopropanes can undergo the rearrangement in the boat conformation.

It is currently generally accepted that most Cope rearrangements follow an allowed concerted route through a Hückel aromatic transition state and that a diradical intermediate is not formed. However, the concerted reaction can often be asynchronous and electronically perturbed systems may have considerable diradical character at the transition state. A representative illustration of the transition state of the Cope rearrangement of the electronically neutral hexa-1,5-diene is presented below. Here one can see that the two π-bonds are breaking while two new π-bonds are forming, and simultaneously the σ-bond is breaking while a new σ-bond is forming. In contrast to the Claisen rearrangement, Cope rearrangements without strain release or electronic perturbation are often close to thermally neutral, and may therefore reach only partial conversion due to an insufficiently favorable equilibrium constant. In the case of hexa-1,5-diene, the rearrangement is degenerate (the product is identical to the starting material), so K = 1 by necessity.

In asymmetric dienes one often needs to consider the stereochemistry, which in the case of pericyclic reactions, such as the Cope rearrangement, can be predicted with the Woodward–Hoffmann rules and consideration of the preference for the chair transition state geometry.

Examples
The rearrangement is widely used in organic synthesis. It is symmetry-allowed when it is suprafacial on all components. The transition state of the molecule passes through a boat or chair like transition state. An example of the Cope rearrangement is the expansion of a cyclobutane ring to a cycloocta-1,5-diene ring:

In this case, the reaction must pass through the boat transition state to produce the two cis double bonds. A trans double bond in the ring would be too strained. The reaction occurs under thermal conditions. The driving force of the reaction is the loss of strain from the cyclobutane ring.

An organocatalytic Cope rearrangement was first reported in 2016. In this process, an aldehyde-substituted 1,5-diene is used, allowing "iminium catalysis" to be achieved using a hydrazide catalyst and moderate levels of enantioselectivity (up to 47% ee) to be achieved.

A number of enzymes catalyze the Cope rearrangement, although its occurrence is rare in nature.

Oxy-Cope rearrangement and related variants
In the oxy-Cope rearrangement, a hydroxyl group is added at C3 forming an enal or enone after keto-enol tautomerism of the intermediate enol.

In its original implementation, the oxy-Cope reaction required high temperatures. Subsequent work showed that the corresponding potassium alkoxides rearranged faster by 1010 to 1017. By virtue of this innovation, reaction proceed well at room temperature or even 0 °C. Typically potassium hydride and 18-crown-6 are employed to generate the dissociated potassium alkoxide:

The diastereomer of the starting material shown above with an equatorial vinyl group does not react, providing evidence of the concerted nature of this reaction. Nevertheless, the transition state of the reaction is believed to have a high degree of diradical character. Consequently, the anion-accelerated oxy-Cope reaction can proceed with high efficiency even in systems that do not permit efficient orbital overlap, as illustrated by a key step in the synthesis periplanone B:

The corresponding neutral oxy-Cope and siloxy-Cope rearrangements failed, giving only elimination products at 200 °C.

Another variation of the Cope rearrangement is the aza-Cope rearrangements.

title: Cope rearrangement


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Gamma Virginis

Gamma Virginis (γ Virginis, abbreviated Gamma Vir, γ Vir), officially named Porrima, is a binary star system in the constellation of Virgo. It consists of two almost identical main sequence stars at a distance of about 38 light-years.

Name
γ Virginis (Latinised to Gamma Virginis) is the star's Bayer designation.

The traditional name Porrima derives from Ancient Rome: Porrima, also known as Antevorta, was one of the Camenae or goddesses of prophecy. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Porrima for this star.

In the catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, this star was designated Laouiyet al Aoua, which was translated into Latin as Angulus Latratoris, meaning 'the angle of the barker'. This star, along with Beta Virginis (Zavijava), Eta Virginis (Zaniah), Delta Virginis (Minelauva) and Epsilon Virginis (Vindemiatrix), were Al ʽAwwāʼ, the Barker.

In Chinese, 太微左垣 (Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán), meaning Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure, refers to an asterism consisting of Gamma Virginis, Eta Virginis, Delta Virginis, Epsilon Virginis and Alpha Comae Berenices. Consequently, the Chinese name for Gamma Virginis itself is 太微左垣二 (Tài Wēi Zuǒ Yuán èr, the Second Star of Left Wall of Supreme Palace Enclosure.), representing 東上相 (Dōngshǎngxiāng), meaning The First Eastern Minister. 東上相 (Dōngshǎngxiāng), westernized into Shang Seang by R. H. Allen and the meaning is "the High Minister of State".

Properties
Gamma Virginis is a binary star, consisting of two stars of nearly equal apparent magnitudes 3.65 and 3.56, and of spectral type F0V. With an orbital period of 168.93 years, it was an easy object for amateur astronomers until the beginning of the 1990s, but in 2011 the smaller apparent distance between the stars requires a larger telescope or special techniques such as speckle interferometry,  adaptive optics or optical interferometry to resolve the individual components. The last time they were at periapsis was in 1836. The distance became wide enough in 2020 to view with a small telescope. The star system has a combined apparent magnitude of 2.9. The system is 39 light-years away from the Sun.

Gamma Virginis is 2.8 degrees north of the ecliptic, so it can be occulted by the Moon and (rarely) by planets. In June 2011 Saturn passed a quarter of a degree south of Porrima.

Based upon X-ray emissions—an indicator of the strength of the stellar magnetic field—this system has an estimated age of 1.14 billion years.

Changes of distance and position angle
This table shows the apparent distance between the two stars and their relative position angle: the first three columns show data predicted from an orbit calculated in 1937, the next two columns show in 2006, the next three columns show observations reported by the Hanwell Community Observatory.

title: Gamma Virginis