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Shankar–Jaikishan

Shankar–Jaikishan (also known as S-J), were an Indian composer duo of the Hindi film industry, working together from 1949 to 1971. They are widely considered to be one of the greatest ever music composers of the Hindi film industry.

After Jaikishan’s death in 1971, Shankar continued as a music director alone until his own death in 1987. During this solo career, he was still credited as 'Shankar–Jaikishan'. Shankar–Jaikishan, along with other artists, composed "everlasting" and "immortal melodies" in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s. Their best work was noted for being "raga-based and having both lilt and sonority".

Shankar
Shankar Singh Ram Singh Raghuvanshi (15 October 1922 – 26 April 1987) was from Hyderabad, British India. During his formative years, Shankar played the tabla and learned the art formally from Baba Nasir Khansahib. For many years, Shankar studied as a disciple of the legendary composer Khawaja Khurshid Anwar, in whose orchestra he performed. Shankar started his career with a theater group run by Satyanarayan and Hemawati, before shifting to Prithvi Theatre where he played tabla and performed some minor roles in plays. It was at Prithvi Theatre that he learnt to play and mastered several other instruments like Sitar, Accordion and Piano etc. Besides his work at Prithvi Theatre, he also started working as an assistant to the leading composer duo of Husnlal Bhagatram and nurtured the ambition of becoming an independent music director.

Jaikishan
Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal (4 November 1929 – 12 September 1971) was born to Dahyabhai Panchal and his wife. As a child he lived in Bansda (Vansada), a town in the present-day state of Gujarat. Jaikishan was adept at playing the harmonium. Subsequently, he obtained his musical lessons from Sangeet Visharad Wadilalji and later from Prem Shankar Nayak. After moving to Mumbai, he became a disciple of Vinayak Tambe.

Formation of the composer duo
Apart from working at Prithvi Theatre, Shankar used to frequently visit the office of a Gujarati director, Chandravadan Bhatt, who had promised Shankar a break as composer when he produced a film. It was outside the office of Bhatt, that Shankar saw Jaikishan a number of times. He started a conversation one day and discovered that Jaikishan was a harmonium player, and also visiting the same producer in search of work. Shankar later recollected that they developed a liking for each other and it was he who then and there assured Jaikishan of the job of a harmonium player at Prithvi Theatre (without asking Prithviraj Kapoor, fondly referred to as 'Papaji'). Papaji honoured Shankar's selection and gladly accepted Jaikishan as a harmonium player at Prithvi. Soon, the two developed very close friendship to the extent that the people started to referring them 'Ram-Lakshman' and by several similar-meaning nicknames. Apart from following their musical pursuits, they also used to play significant roles in various plays including the famous play Pathan.

While working in Prithvi Theatre, Shankar and Jaikishan used to compose tunes and were in touch with Raj Kapoor, who was working as an assistant to the famous director Kidar Sharma and was aspiring to be an actor/director. Thus, the three had met at Prithvi Theatre.

Barsaat: the first break
Raj Kapoor made his debut as a director with the film Aag in 1948. Its music director Ram Ganguly was assisted by Shankar and Jaikishan. However, during the recording of a song for his new venture Barsaat, Raj Kapoor had some serious differences with Ram Ganguly and decided to assign its music to Shankar who insisted on taking Jaikishan as his partner. Thus came into existence the new pair of music directors 'Shankar-Jaikishan' who would become a permanent feature in Raj Kapoor films in near future.

Himself being a trained singer (he and Mukesh learned vocal music from the same Guru), Raj Kapoor thus took on board this new team of composers Shankar and Jaikishan with lyricists Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri (a former bus conductor). On the insistence of Shankar, they co-opted the upcoming singing talent Lata Mangeshkar, and repeated Mukesh as Raj Kapoor's ghost voice for the songs of Barsaat.

The film also had the distinction of featuring two firsts in Hindi cinema — a title song ("Barsaat Mein Humse Mile") and a cabaret ("Patli Kamar Hai"), which were also the first two songs written by Shailendra.

Early works between 1949 – 1959
The two became known in the public by the acronym "S-J".

Their early works include Barsaat (1949), Awara (1951), Badal (1951), Poonam (1952), Nagina, Aurat, Parbat, Kali Ghata, Aah, Patita, Shikast, Badshah, Mayurpankh, Naya Ghar, Seema, Shree 420 (1955), Basant Bahar, Halaku, Rajhath, New Delhi, Kathputli, Anari, Chori Chori, Daag, Begunah, Yahudi (1958), Main Nashe Mein Hoon, Kanhaiya, Boot Polish, Choti Behan, Shararat, Love Marriage and Ujala.

Musical collaborators
S-J formed a core team with lyricists Shailendra (himself regarded as perhaps the greatest modern day Hindi film music lyricist) and Hasrat Jaipuri and with singers Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle. SJ had two other lifelong companions who worked as their assistants: Dattaram Wadkar and Sebastian D'Souza, the former supervising their rhythm section and the latter writing musical notations for all SJ compositions (during SJ's musical sittings as can be seen in a number of photographs of such sessions) and then rehearsing all the musicians of the grand SJ orchestra according to SJ's compositions and directions. SJ also patronized the immensely talented singer Manna Dey, who sang his best songs with them and used Mukesh's silken voice as playback for Raj Kapoor. Among the directors, they worked most closely with Raj Kapoor and were considered the kingpins of his legendary banner RK Films.

They were commercial geniuses in addition to be wonderfully god-blessed in music. They led the Bollywood music in spite of tough competition from maestros like Naushad, C Ramchandra, Roshan, SD Burman, OP Nayyar, Salil Choudhury and Madan Mohan and remained on the top much to the chagrin of very highly talented music directors.

S-J worked with almost all singers of their time. They had a good working relationship with all of them and were masters in extracting the very best from every one of them. They were steady as a team with Hasrat Jaipuri and Shailendra as their lyricists; but after the demise of Shailendra, they worked with a host of other lyricists such as Indeevar, Gulshan Bawra, Gopaldas Neeraj, Verma Malik, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Vithhal Bhai Patel and Rajinder Krishan, to name a few.

S-J were the "house composers" for RK Films and were on their payroll till the end. Raj Kapoor used to maintain a music bank where he stored compositions of S-J. Even after the termination of the professional association between Shankar and Raj Kapoor (Jaikishan had died by then), the latter had used a number of S-J's earlier compositions (which were in his custody) for all his films though the credits were given officially to other composers, e.g., Laxmikant-Pyarelal (Bobby, Satyam Shivam Sundaram, Prem Rog) and Ravindra Jain (Ram Teri Ganga Maili). S-J also worked with other stars like Kishore Kumar, Shammi Kapoor, Rajendra Kumar, Dev Anand, Sunil Dutt, Manoj Kumar, Biswajeet, Joy Mukherjee and Dharmendra. Beside them S-J combo worked above all with Mohammed Rafi and secondly Mukesh, and produced numbers of hits and unmatchable gems. Mohammed Rafi was their favourite singer despite having good reputation with other playback singers of the time.

Most of S-J's films show Dattaram and Sebastian as their assistants. Dattaram handled the percussion section of the orchestra while Sebastian handled the rest. Dattaram met Shankar in a Gym when the latter was already working at Prithvi Theatre as a musician. After listening to Shankar's Tabla at the Gym and being highly impressed by his virtuosity, Dattaram became his disciple and remained with S-J throughout. As recalled by Dattaram, Sebastian used to write the musical notations of S-J's compositions and also conducted the orchestra.

Composition style
Shankar-Jaikishan's compositions broke new ground in Hindi film music. Apart from relying upon their knowledge of Indian classical music, they also employed western beats and orchestration. Shankar-Jaikishan were the pioneers in establishing the role of the orchestra in song compositions as a medium to express and enhance the meanings and feelings of songs rather than using it just as a `filler' as per the prevalent practice before their advent on the scene. They made use of the orchestra and musical instruments (often dozens or hundreds of them) in their songs which consisted of the following format: The song starts with a `prelude' (preparatory music to create and introduce the environment and mood for the beginning of the song), then the mukhda starts and is followed by 'interlude' containing music pieces on the orchestra. With very few exceptions ("Ye mera deewana pan hai" is a good example), they always used different interludes before each stanza. 'Multi-layered music studded with counter melodies' played by the orchestra accompanied while the 'mukhda' or the 'antara' of a song was being sung and finally came the `epilogue' – the music with which the song ended after the singer(s) had finished their singing.

Shankar-Jaikishan made a significant contribution in promoting Indian classical music throughout their career. It was their established practice to have at least one song in a movie based on semi-classical style. These included songs like `Jhanak-jhanak tori baje payaliya' (Mere Huzoor), `Chham chham baje re payaliya' (Jane-anjane), `Radhike tune bansari churayi' (Beti Bete), `Manmohana bade jhoothe' (old `Seema'), `Koi matwala aya mere dware' (Love in Tokyo), `Ajahu na ayae baalma, sawan beeta jaye' (Sanjh aur Savera), `Lapak jhapak tu aa re badarwa' (Boot polish), `Ye barkha bahar sautaniya ke dwar' (Mayur pankh), `Re man sur mein ga' (Lal pathar), `Sooni sooni sans ke sitar par' (Lal Patthar), `Kate na kate raina' (Mera naam joker), Hone Lagi Hai Raat Jawaan ( Naina) and numerous others. Their music in both `Basant Bahar' and Amrapali had every song based upon Indian classical music. While "raga Bhairavi" remained their perennial favorite, SJ used a variety of Raagas in their compositions.

Shankar Jaikishan also used the western classical-based waltz rhythm in a number of songs.

Shankar-Jaikishan gave a new style and meaning to the genre of sad songs by composing them on a fast tempo. Songs like "Zindagi Mein Hardam Rota Hi Raha" (Barsaat), "Tera Jana Dil Ke Armanon" (Anari), "Haye Tu Hi Gaya Mohe Bhool Re" (Kathputli), "Aye Mere Dil Kahin Aur Chal' (Daag) and "Andhe Jahan Ke Andhe Raate" (Patita) demonstrated this. The last two songs, along with many others (notably "Awaara Hoon" from the film Awaara), also demonstrate the composers’ use of musical instruments – a harmonium is used to produce the effect of a piano accordion.

Working styles: 'SJ' were two composers in one name
While working as a team, Shankar and Jaikishan used to compose their songs separately. Generally, Shankar liked to work with Shailendra and Jaikishan with Hasrat Jaipuri though there are notable instances where Shankar worked with Hasrat and Jaikishan with Shailendra. Of course there are a number of songs done jointly in which both of them contributed. Between the two, Shankar was the senior partner and hence, he would usually arrange the orchestra, even for Jaikishan's songs. There was a gentleman's agreement between them for not identifying the actual composer of the song. As a result, it has been a popular pastime for S-J aficionados to try to tell a Shankar song from a Jaikishan song. Dance numbers, title/theme songs and soulful songs were Shankar's forte while Jaikishan was a master of composing background score, apart from romantic songs (he is generally regarded as the best ever in this genre) and simple, catchy compositions which became instant hits ("Ehsaan Mere Dil Pe" being a typical example of such songs). However, Shankar was no smaller in this aspect of devising simple 'straight line' tunes: "Mera Joota Hai Japani" (Shri 420, 1955), Yeh Mera Deewanapan Hai (Yahudi, 1958) Awaara Hoon (Awaara, 1951), Kisi ke Muskurahaton (Anari, 1959), also being the best example of this genre.

It is said that Jaikishan would count some numbers on his fingers before coming up with the background score for a particular scene on the spot! Two of S-J's films, viz., Sangam (1964) and Mera Naam Joker (1971) are regarded even today as having some of the best background musical scores of Hindi films till date. Although, by and large, it was Jaikishan who used to work on background music of SJ movies as per their mutually agreed division of work, it may be an over-simplification to presume that therefore, whatever went in background scores was solely Jaikishan's creation. Since SJ had a common pool of tunes in their stock, made by either of them during their numerous music sessions/sittings (Riyaz), it was perfectly legitimate and natural for Jaikishan to have used tunes created by Shankar also wherever needed. This is also one of the reasons why he was able to finish this job in a few days' time. It is understood that in RK films, Shankar and Jaikishan both used to work on the background scores. On the other hand, both Shankar and Jaikishan were equally proficient in scoring western music based songs.

Despite their distinct working styles and preferences, it is very difficult, if not altogether impossible, to ascribe most of their songs to only one of them. In most of the songs, they invariably contributed to one another's creation, either in the form of improvisation of tune or of orchestration, thus, making their compositions truly a joint effort. Furthermore, each of the two could compose in the other's style now and then thereby making the identification still more difficult.

Contrary to the popular mis-conception that 'it was Jaikishan who used to handle the public relations and business/financial aspects of the duo's career', the fact is that it was Shankar who had the final say on all financial/business aspects of the SJ-team. After Jaikishan's very early death in September 1971, Shankar flew the SJ flag which had been rampant in Bollywood ever since Barsaat's release in 1949. However, he was never able to regain the popularity that Shankar - Jaikishan once enjoyed after Jaikishan's death.

Raaga-jazz style
Shankar Jaikishan made a major contribution towards the development of jazz music in India and the new genre Indo jazz. Their 1968 album Raaga-Jazz style is the earliest Indo-jazz recording in India. In this album, considered to be one of the most innovative, SJ created 11 songs based on Indian Ragas with saxophone, trumpet, sitar (by Rais Khan), tabla, bass etc.

Awards
During their career, Shankar-Jaikishan won Filmfare Best Music Director Awards nine times. The last three awards were won in three successive years, thereby making them the first composers to score a hat trick of these awards.

S-J also came out tops in Binaca Geetmala, the legendary countdown radio program on Hindi film music, where their compositions were declared the most popular on six occasions (a record later equalled by Laxmikant Pyarelal). These songs were "Mera Joota Hai Japani" in 1955 (Shree 420), "Teri Pyari Pyari Surat Ko" in 1961 (Sasural), "Ehsaan Tera Hoga Mujh Par" in 1962 (Junglee), "Bol Radha Bol" in 1964 (Sangam), "Baharon Phool Barsaao" in 1966 (Suraj), and "Zindagi Ek Safar Hai Suhana" in 1971 (Andaaz). In 1959, seven of the top ten songs for the year were composed by S-J, a sort of record that stands perhaps to this date, though the top honors for that year went to S. D. Burman.

Government recognitions

 * 1968 – Shankar-Jaikishan was honoured with the Padmashri by the Government of India.
 * 2013 – A postage stamp, bearing their faces, was released by India Post to honour them on 3 May 2013.

Filmfare Awards
FILMFARE AWARDS STARTED DURING 1954 FOR BEST MUSIC DIRECTOR:

Shankar-Jaikishan were the Winners for the films listed below:

The Sur-Singar Awards
Winner
 * 1968 – For the song "Jhanak Jhanak Toree Baje Payaliya" of the film Mere Huzoor
 * 1971 – For the song "Re Man Sur Mein Ga"of the film Lal Patthar

Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards
Winner
 * 1968 – Best Music Director for the film Brahmachari
 * 1971 – Best Music Director for the film Andaz

Alleged disputes between Shankar and Jaikishan
In a signed article in Filmfare, Jaikishan identified unwittingly the song "Yeh Mera Prem Patra Padh Kar" (Sangam) as his composition. This led to a lot of bitterness between the two, as Shankar considered it a violation of the unwritten agreement between them. At about the same time, Shankar gave a break to singer Sharda and started promoting her as the new singing sensation in preference over Lata Mangeshkar. Jaikishan, however, stuck to Lata Mangeshkar for his compositions. In this period, Shankar and Jaikishan started taking individual contracts for films though every such film continued to show them together as the composers. Mohd. Rafi intervened and helped them settle their differences; however, it is conjectured that their relationship was not the same as earlier and this impacted the quality of their compositions which had started exhibiting a decline (which is clearly noticeable in the movies released during the last phases of Jaikishan's lifetime and those released just after his demise).

On the other hand, Jaikishan, Hasrat and Shankar all had denied, whenever quizzed on this topic, that there ever was any rift between them. In fact, according to Hasrat, the division of work was by mutual agreement to cope up with the heavy work load so that Shankar and Shailendra looked after one part of the work while Jaikishan and Hasrat on the other part but this division was not rigid; there was a lot of give and take between them even during this phase. Towards the end (just before Jaikishan's untimely demise), in several of their last movies such as Jane Anjane (1971), Andaaz (1971), Ankhon Ankhon Mein, Shankar and Jaikishan were known to be working together. In retrospect, it appears that the so-called rift between Shankar and Jaikishan was blown out of proportion by the media and vested interests and was used later to downgrade Shankar in his post-Jaikishan years.

Since Shankar continued to support Sharda (post Sangam era) and even ghost-composed music for her film and non-film albums, it is said that Lata Mangeshkar became angry with him and discontinued singing for him. Whereas there may be some truth in this assertion, the other fact is that Lata Mangeshkar had stopped working with him after Sangam due to her anger against both Raj Kapoor and Shankar in making her sing "Budhha Mil Gaya" from Sangam which she was not keen as she did not feel comfortable with the lyrics of the song. Later on she sang in Sanyasi, Duniyadari and Atmaram. Nevertheless, she continued singing for Jaikishan even after Sangam and till the end.

Standing in the industry
S-J enjoyed an unrivalled position in the Hindi film industry. During their heyday and even toward the later part of their career, they were the highest paid music directors in the industry. Barring stray exceptions, they were paid more than the leading actors and the promotional material of their films would give them more prominence than anyone else.

Jaikishan's death and SJ's post-Jaikishan era
Jaikishan died on 12 September 1971 due to cirrhosis of liver, a disease caused by excessive consumption of alcohol. At the time of his death, the duo enjoyed an unparalleled popularity which was underlined by a massive turnout at his funeral procession. Gaylord, a restaurant at Churchgate (Mumbai) where Jaikishan used to be a regular visitor, mourned the death of its illustrious patron by lighting a candle on his favorite table for one month and keeping it out of bounds for other guests with the sign "Reserved for Mr. Jaikishan".

After Jaikishan's death, Shankar carried on with the banner of Shankar-Jaikishan alone (as per their mutual understanding made during their lifetime that in case of the demise of any one of them, the surviving partner will continue to work with the same team name). He was clearly hampered by numerous reasons such as the departures of his soul-mate Jaikishan and his favourite lyricist Shailendra, the continued Shankar-bashing and false propaganda by his rivals and lack of motivation on his own part due to which his music appeared to suffer in comparison to S-J's own high standards. Also, in spite of his continued experimentation on music, the projects themselves for which he worked did not turn out to be commercial successes due to which even his good scores went largely unnoticed. After 1970, when Raj Kapoor's personal project Mera Naam Joker did not do very well, he became superstitious and thought that this was because Lata Mangeshkar did not sing in the film. Lata got on very well with Jaikishan but not with Shankar, and Raj Kapoor chose Lata over Shankar. This was ironic, as Lata's big break was in the 1949 superhit Barsaat, where Shankar and Jaikishan were the music directors.

According to Lata Mangeshkar herself, it was the late Mohd. Rafi who brought about a rapprochement between the two and she did start singing again for Shankar starting from Sohan Lal Kanwar's `Sanyasi' and several other films later. Although Shankar's creations during this period for Lata as well as other singers like Kishore, Rafi, Manna Dey were quite good, most of these went unnoticed due to non-descript status of such films which bombed at the box office. His most-successful musical hit was Sanyasi in 1975 for which he scored all songs and the entire background score based upon SJ's favorite Raag Bhairavi to prove the point that SJ's Bhairavi was as much Shankar's as that of Jaikishan.

After Sanyasi, although some of Shankar's later songs did exhibit flashes of the old maestro's brilliance, overall, these films Aatmaram, Garam Khoon, Chorni, Eint ka Jawab Pathar) did not succeed in endearing him to leading production houses, though there were some exceptions. For example, actor Dharmendra had signed Shankar to compose the score for his film Bichchoo'', however, since Shankar did not accept Sai's (who was more keen in having Raj Kamal as MD) interference in his work, he opted out of the project. Eventually, the project itself was abandoned by Dharmendra. However music albums of Do-Jhooth, Papi Pet Ka Sawal Hai became popular.

Shankar was in the running for Raj Kapoor's film Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978), but was overlooked in favour of Laxmikant Pyarelal whose candidature was supported vigorously by Mukesh. Ironically, Mukesh owed his standing in the film industry primarily to S-J's compositions.

Shankar was also considered for Raj Kapoor's proposed film Param Vir Chakra (his case was supported by Raj Kapoor's sons), but the project did not see the light of day and Shankar never returned to the RK camp.

Shankar's death
Shankar died on 26 April 1987. His death received little media coverage and his funeral was attended only by his family and some friends. The film industry was hardly present at his funeral, thus reinforcing the stereotype of its fickle-natured loyalties, when compared to Jaikishan's death in 1971, which drew the entire film industry. After Shankar died, the nearly 40 year old SJ banner came to an end, which was the end of what is widely regarded as the best music direction in Bollywood history.

Raj Kapoor later paid glowing tributes to Shankar in a televised interview. However, it was only after Raj Kapoor's own death in 1988 that the significance of his association with Shankar–Jaikishan was brought out in great detail.

Chandrakant Bhosle first noticed Shankar, as Shankar was popularly known among his friends, in Mumbai in 1945 when Shankarji arrived in Mumbai with ballet troupe of guru Krishnankutty and dancer Hemawati. Bhosle was a tabla player and had become closely associated with Shankar. He used to play rhythm in Shankar's orchestra from 1949 until Shankar's death. On the night of April 25, 1987, Shankar dropped Bhosle near Charni Road railway station where Bhosle stayed and drove off to his own residence at Churchgate. On 26 April Bhosle was, as usual, waiting for Shankar at around 10.00 a.m. to take him to the studio, but Shankar did not turn up so Bhosle went to the studio by taxi. All the musicians waited the whole day for Shankar in the studio but he did not turn up. The next day, Bhosle read the news of Shankar's death. Unfortunately, family members with whom Shankar was staying did not inform Bhosle, Raj Kapoor or anybody from the film fraternity about Shankar's death.

It was Mr. Gokhale, who was once a cook in Shankarji's house, who later became Pujari in Gora Ram Mandir at Thakurdwar, Mumbai, who informed people that Shankarji was cremated hastily on the day of his death, without the knowledge of others.

Achievements

 * Their regular lyricists were Shailendra, Hasrat Jaipuri. They wrote maximum number of songs for them.
 * They also worked with lyricists like Anand Bakshi, Indeevar, Neeraj, Anjaan, Varma Malik, Ramesh Shastri, Jalal Malihabadi, Gulzar, Prem Dhawan, VisheshwAr Sharma, Vitthal Bhai Patel, MG Hashmat, Singer, Virendra Mishra, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Bharat vyas, Kaifi Azmi, Rajendra Krishna, Farooq Kaiser, Nida Faili.
 * They were regular composers for Raj Kapoor's banner, RK Films from the start of their career till 1971 (Jaikishan's death).
 * Barsaat has been rated the best soundtrack ever by Planet Bollywood on their "100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks". Other soundtrack in the list include Awaara, Sangam, Shree 420, Junglee, Chori Chori, Mera Naam Joker, Suraj, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai, Anari.

title: Shankar–Jaikishan


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/CheeseDreams 2/Evidence

Are events on the Swedish Wikipedia any business of the English arbcom? Doesn't sv: have its own methods of dealing with troublesome users? Can any of the English arbitrators even read Swedish? I'd imagine that the Swedish community might be irritated if a committee they had no voice in selecting were to make decisions about their internal affairs. —Charles P. (Mirv) 21:03, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * That's correct; we have no jurisdiction over sv:. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 21:06, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)

 * That said, evidence from outside of en.wikipedia can be submitted and may give us a wider insight into the actions of a user. But, as Grunt says, we have no jurisdiction over actions not on en. -- sannse (talk) 23:15, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * With regards to the evidence submitted, I have a query about formatting. The sv evidence is not via individual edits one day at a time, the history shows lots of days for that anonymous user. Do the arbitrators want evidence in a specific format? - Ta bu shi da yu 03:06, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Edit by edit is ideal - clearer and less arguable, and stuff falls further back on a history page with time. Though I found that history page reasonably obvious myself - David Gerard 19:58, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Does the AC need someone to officially introduce into evidence the rejected arbitration requests made by CD in the last few days, or should it be assumed that you have access to them and are considering them as you make your decision? If you would prefer to have them introduced as evidence, I will happily oblige. Thanks, Jwrosenzweig 00:08, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * My view, as an interested observer who is not an ArbCom member is that it would be useful to explicitly introduce it as evidence. From a historical view, particularly for any possible precedents this case might produce, it will be much clearer to have diffs and summaries with the rest of the evidence rather than someone who was not involved searching through potentially thousands * of RFAr page edits to find those dating from February 2005. Having found the relevant edits they will then have to make sense of them, possibly at several years distance. Thryduulf 01:59, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * * The number of edits is going to number in the many hundreds of thousands after a few years - by my count there have been 542 edits to the main RFAr page in the past calendar month alone. Thryduulf 02:04, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think the links on the evidence page are useful. As Thryduulf says, this is sensible for future reference if nothing else -- sannse (talk) 11:03, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Moved from the main page
Comments moved here should be restored only by contributors to their own evidence section. Please do not edit other contributors evidence sections.

[In response to evidence by Sandor]

Context - Sandor is a sock puppet of banned user Rienzo. Technically all edits by Sandor should be reverted - including the above. CheeseDreams 14:29, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Correction: CheeseDreams cannot possibly know that for certain as she is not a developer. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:53, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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[In response to evidence by Ta bu shi da yu (heading "1 February - harassing Ta bu shi da yu")]

 * (response to above evidence by CheeseDreams) - correction of FACT - I can't have recieved an unsatisfactory reply from Dante Alighieri BEFORE I asked him - check the times, TBSDY
 * So in other words, you accused me of being a sockpuppet before asking to have this verified. That only makes this worse! - Ta bu shi da yu 01:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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[In response to evidence by Ta bu shi da yu (heading "Katoomba Christian Convention")]

No, I did not remove a copyvio. The link was red, TBSDY.
 * In that case CheeseDreams, you had no right to add text that was not about the article to the main namespace. You've been here long enough to know that, and what you did was deliberately disruptive and a personal attack. I'm not sure what you think in your reply is actually meant to show you in a good light! - Ta bu shi da yu 01:53, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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[In response to evidence by Ta bu shi da yu (heading "1 February - harasses Bacchiad")]

 * (Response to the above by CheeseDreams) - Correction of CONTEXT - Bacchiad had just asked CheeseDreams to edit Osiris-Dionysus, then immediately CheeseDreams did so, Bacchiad asked for CheeseDreams to be banned for allegedly violating an ArbCom order, i.e. behaving as if Bacchiad had deliberately set CheeseDreams up (which is odd for a neutral editor to do, and more likely the action of someone CheeseDreams has encountered previously).

End of text moves

Regarding the remaining dialogue on the evidence page
To CheeseDreams and Thryduulf: At the moment your evidence is a dialogue rather than separate sections presenting the facts as you see them. It's difficult for me to refactor without loosing too much information. I considered moving the whole section here, but I'll leave it for a while to give you a chance to correct this to give the required information in separate evidence sections of your own. Thanks -- sannse (talk) 11:54, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Comments by Thryduulf moved from evidence page by Thryduulf
Following Sannse's comment above, I have refactored my comments on the main page. This has included moving some here:

first response to accusations of being User:Rienzo's sockpuppet from User:CheeseDreams

 * I am not Rienzo. I have these pages on my watchlist (I follow many Arbritration cases), and when I saw Curps' edit summary "(Reverted edits by CheeseDreams to last version by Sandor)" I decided to take a look. I saw that nobody had yet presented the reversions as evidence, I decided to do so. My edit to this page was at 08:07, over 30 minutes late than the reversion

detailed responses to additional accusations

 * I am not User:Rienzo, and I explicitly invite the arbitration committee to investigate this. my contribution history, Rienzo's contribution history. It can be noted that we have never both edited the same page (with the singular exception of one edit each to RickK's user talk page Rienzo's edit (July 2004 - 6 months before my first ever edit), my edit (Jan 2005)).

Taking the points separately (and in no particular order):

username
My user name is Anglo-Saxon rather than Scandinavian and has the following story behind it: Ages (years) ago a new forum was set up for fans of history and archaeology, because some members of an existing forum were sick of all the off-topic postings (this site is now sadly defunct). For some reason the regulars all chose historical names, prinicpally Roman. The Romans have never been a particular interest of mine, and wanting to be a bit different I decided to go with an Anglo-Saxon name (I'm English, btw). I searched the net for Anglo-Saxon names, and found a site (I've not been able to find this online now) with a huge list of them, I browsed the list and decided I liked the look of the name Thryduulf, and so I chose that as my username. I've used it intermittently since. My other (more regular) username is Awkward42 (because I am awkward, and as Awkward was taken at hotmail, I chose Awkward42 (42 being The Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything). User:Awkward42 on here is also me, as I have clearly explained on both user pages.

timing of first edit (boxing day 2004)
pure coincidence. Truly there is nothing more to it than this. I have been browsing Wikipedia for some time, and that was the time that I came accross something I wanted to respond to (the Self desctructive sub-cultures section of the Internet article''), and decided to register then.

IP address
my IP Address is currently 80.46.169.211 (as reported by http://www.whatismyip.net). I am currently editing from my home computer, which is connected to Tiscali's broadband network in the UK. I don't know if that IP is static, dynamic or a proxy.

 * Now you play that like you don't know what static/dynamic/proxy means, but yet you know about IP lookup websites, which imply contradictory levels of IT knowledge. Rienzo has enough IT knowledge to find open/anonymous proxies. I am currently editing from China, which is not close to where I am working. user:218.22.44.244
 * I do know what static/dynamic/proxy mean. I just don't know which my connection is. I found the IP address lookup website with a very simple google search for "what is my ip" or words to that effect (I don't keep a history of my searches and so I can't look it up). I know what open and anonymous proxies, and I could probably find one if I tried - I have just never needed to use one. Thryduulf 00:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * As for my level of IT knowledge, I have a moderate-high technical knowledge and ability, depending on the area. I have GCSEs and A-levels in Computing, lived with computer scientists at university and am an active life member of the computer society of the university I attended (Swansea). Thryduulf 00:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have also eddited from work (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). I don't know what my IP address is there, but a ping to defra.gov.uk gives the ip 148.252.1.40 so I assume it will be something similar to that. Next week I will be staying with my uncle, and may do some editing from there. I don't know what his internet connection is, but that will be a different IP (one I've never edited wikipedia from before).
 * You see, the thing about that is its a complete lie. Although DEFRA use the IP 148.252.1.40 for their website, which happens to have some open proxy issues, all UK government outgoing connections use the GSN (Secure network). But you wouldn't know that if you were Rienzo. user:218.22.44.244
 * I know about the Government Secure Intranet and Government Secure Network. I don't know what their IP range is or whether their outgoing is different from their internal. I have never needed to know (my job doesn't involve IT issues), and other than when I am at work, I have no way of finding out. 00:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

immediacy of response
When the message on my talk page was posted, I was editing the proposed re-working of List of songs whose title includes geographical names at user:Thryduulf/Geonamesongs. Doing this involves looking up lots of place name articles, and so I saw the orange 'You have new messages' banner very soon after you posted. When I finished the section I was working on (English Ph-Pz) I read the message and responded. After this afternoon I will only have intermittent access to the internet unitl Thursday evening (all GMT) and so I needed to get it done.
 * I was referring to the editing elsewhere - i.e. immediacy of response to pages other than your talk page. Most people take a while. user:218.22.44.244
 * I react to things when I see them, whenever that happens to be. You are from the UK, I am from the UK, it follows therefore it is not unlikely we will be editing WP at similar times. Also, every page I edit is in my watchlist, which is always the first page I view when begining a WP session, and I refresh it many times during a session (yes, I'm a Wikipediaholic). Thryduulf 00:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

similarity of behaviour to Rienzo
I don't know what Rienzo's edits are like or what his or her behaviour has been, outside of comments in this RFAr. The check of contribution histories shows we've never been involved with the same article (see below) so I've never come accross them previously.
 * Contribution histories being different is what I would expect from a planned sock puppet - throws people off the scent. Rienzo's contributions are quite different from sv:User:LouiseR, yet they are the same person. What is important in matching identity is behaviour.user:218.22.44.244
 * By that logic I could accuse you of being a planned sockpuppet of me, or user:JeffQ of being a sockpuppet of user:Nickj. You cannot claim that both similarity of edits and differences in edits as being inidcators of the same thing. You have failed to give any examples of when my behviour has been alledgly similar/the same as user:Rienzo. Thryduulf 00:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

persuit of CheeseDreams
I deny that I have been persuing you. I follow many RFAr cases, and if I can provide any evidence to the committee I do so (as is specifically asked). Previous to this case I had no interaction with you at all.
 * Previous to this case you had no interaction with RFAr at all. Secondly, Rienzo had no interaction with me prior to his abrupt appearance on WP:RFC, so that is hardly proof at all, quite the contrary. user:218.22.44.244
 * Your first point is not backed up by facts. See

and other edits. I cannot comment on your interactions with Rienzo as I have no involvement with them (outside of this Arbitration request). Thryduulf 00:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

14th feb edit to RFAr page
You asked for opinions from non-admin and non-arbcom members. I fit the criteria, and so gave mine.
 * So does Rienzo. user:218.22.44.244
 * So do >99.99% of the registered users of wikipedia. Thryduulf 00:22, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

top-level comments by Thryduulf 11:17, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Homburg hat

A homburg is a semi-formal hat of fur felt, characterized by a single dent running down the centre of the crown (called a "gutter crown"), a wide silk grosgrain hatband ribbon, a flat brim shaped in a "pencil curl", and a ribbon-bound trim about the edge of the brim. It is traditionally offered in black or grey.

The name comes from Bad Homburg in Hesse, in the German Empire, from where it originated as hunting headgear. It was popularised in the late 19th century by the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII, as a less formal alternative to the prevalent top hat along with the bowler hat and the boater hat. The original homburg conceived in the 19th century was of slightly more generous proportions than seen in 21st-century versions. Although the homburg is traditionally associated with semi-formal wear, it has been extensively applied also to informal attire.

As with other hats, it largely fell out of everyday use of Western dress codes for men in the 1960s.

Use
The homburg was popularised in the 1890s by the future Edward VII after he visited Bad Homburg in Hesse, Germany, and brought back a hat of this style. He was flattered when his hat style was mimicked, and at times he insisted on being copied.

Anthony Eden made the black homburg so fashionable in the 1930s that it became known as "the Anthony Eden hat" on Savile Row in London. At his 1953 inauguration, Dwight D. Eisenhower broke with tradition by wearing a black homburg instead of a top hat. He also wore a homburg at his second inauguration, a hat that took three months to craft and was dubbed the "international homburg" by hatters, since workers from ten countries participated in its making.

Like other formal Western male headgear, the homburg ceased to be as common in the 21st century as it once was. Al Pacino gained some renewed fame for the homburg by wearing a grey one in the film The Godfather, for which reason the hat is sometimes called a "Godfather". Some Orthodox Jewish rabbis wear black homburgs to the rekel, though this practice is also in decline. The homburg was always considered to be more traditional and distinguished than the fedora.

It was sometimes jocularly referred to as a "hamburger", notably by actor Edward Brophy in the 1958 film The Last Hurrah.

In Italy it is known as a Lobbia, from who famously was wearing one when he was assaulted.

title: Homburg hat


text:
Carib expulsion from Martinique

The Carib Expulsion from Martinique was the French-led ethnic cleansing that removed most of the Kalinago (Island Carib) population in 1660 from the island of Martinique. This followed the French invasion in 1635 and its conquest of the Caribbean island that made it part of the French West Indies.

History
The Carib people had migrated from the mainland to the islands about 1200 AD according to carbon dating of artifacts.

In 1635 the Carib were overwhelmed by French forces led by the adventurer Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc and his nephew Jacques Dyel du Parquet, who imposed French colonial rule on the indigenous Carib peoples. Cardinal Richelieu of France gave the island to the Saint Christophe Company, in which he was a shareholder. Later the company was reorganized as the Company of the American Islands. The French colonists imposed French Law on the conquered inhabitants, and Jesuit missionaries arrived to convert them to the Roman Catholic Church.

Because the Carib people resisted working as laborers to build and maintain the sugar and cocoa plantations which the French began to develop in the Caribbean, in 1636 King Louis XIII proclaimed La Traite des Noirs. This authorized the capture or purchase of slaves from Africa, who were then transported as labor to Martinique and other parts of the French West Indies.

In 1650, the Company liquidated and sold Martinique to Jacques Dyel du Parquet, who became governor until his death in 1658. His widow then took control of the island for France. As more French colonists arrived, they were attracted to the fertile area known as Cabesterre (leeward side). The French had pushed the remaining Carib people to this northeastern coast and the Caravalle Peninsula, but the colonists wanted the additional land. The Jesuits and Dominicans agreed that whichever order arrived there first, would get all future parishes in that part of the island. The Jesuits came by sea and the Dominicans by land, with the Dominicans' ultimately prevailing.

When the Carib revolted against French rule in 1660, the Governor Charles Houel sieur de Petit Pré retaliated with war against them. Many were killed; those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island.

On Martinique, the French colonists signed a peace treaty with the few remaining Carib. Some Carib had fled to Dominica or St. Vincent, where the French agreed to leave them at peace. However, following the British conquest of these islands, the Caribs would eventually be expelled to Central America after losing the Second Carib War.

title: Carib expulsion from Martinique


text:
Accord and satisfaction

Accord and satisfaction is a contract law concept about the purchase of the release from a debt obligation. It is one of the methods by which parties to a contract may terminate their agreement. The release is completed by the transfer of valuable consideration that must not be the actual performance of the obligation itself. The accord is the agreement to discharge the obligation and the satisfaction is the legal "consideration" which binds the parties to the agreement. A valid accord does not discharge the prior contract; instead it suspends the right to enforce it in accordance with the terms of the accord contract, in which satisfaction, or performance of the contract will discharge both contracts (the original and the accord). If the creditor breaches the accord, then the debtor will be able to bring up the existence of the accord in order to enjoin any action against him.

If a person is sued over an alleged debt, that person bears the burden of proving the affirmative defense of accord and satisfaction.

Illustration
Accord and satisfaction is a settlement of an unliquidated debt. For example, a builder is contracted to build a homeowner a garage for $35,000. The contract called for $17,500 prior to starting construction, to disburse $10,000 during various stages of construction, and to make a final payment of $7,500 at completion. At completion, the homeowner complained about inferior work quality and refused to make the final payment. After a mutual settlement agreement, the builder accepted $4,000 as full payment. Thereby, a new contract was formed by offer, acceptance, and consideration. The consideration is that for a $3,500 savings, the homeowner gives up that which he is entitled, a well-constructed garage. The builder gives up his right to full price to avoid suit for inferior performance. When accord and satisfaction has occurred, the homeowner has given up his right to sue for inferior performance, and the builder has given up his right to sue for the full $7,500 due under the original contract.

Another example would be where a lender agrees to lend $100,000 at 5.0% interest for 30 years, and at the closing the loan documents are all drawn up for a loan with a 6.0% interest rate. If the lender agrees to reduce the closing costs by an extra $1000 and the borrowers agree, then there has been an accord and satisfaction. If the borrowers later sue for breach of contract, the settlement (offer and acceptance of the $1000) constitutes an accord and satisfaction and is a valid defense to the borrower's lawsuit.

The accord agreement must be transacted on a new agreement. It must therefore have the essential terms of a contract, (parties, subject matter, time for performance, and consideration). If there is a breach of the accord there will be no "satisfaction" which will give rise to a breach of accord. In this instance the non-offending party has the right to sue under either the original contract or the accord agreement.

Consideration
In an accord contract it is typical (though not legally necessary) that the consideration supplied is less than bargained for in the original contract. Some accord contracts also substitute payment in cash for payment in kind (e.g. rather than paying a cash sum, the debtor gives the creditor something of value, such as a car, boat, real estate, stocks, etc.)

title: Accord and satisfaction


text:
Universidad Católica

Universidad Católica, Spanish for "Catholic university", may refer to:

Argentina

 * Universidad Católica Argentina, in Buenos Aires
 * Universidad Católica de Córdoba, in Córdoba

Bolivia

 * Universidad Católica Boliviana, La Paz

Chile

 * Universidad Católica de Chile, in Santiago
 * Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, in Valparaíso
 * Universidad Católica del Maule, in Talca
 * Universidad Católica del Norte, in Antofagasta
 * Universidad Católica de Temuco, in Temuco
 * Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción

Colombia

 * Catholic University of Colombia, Bogota
 * Universidad Católica de Oriente, Rionegro

Costa Rica

 * , in San José

Cuba

 * Universidad Católica de Santo Tomás de Villanueva, in Havana

Dominican Republic

 * Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, in Santiago de los Caballeros
 * Universidad Católica Santo Domingo, in Santo Domingo

Ecuador

 * Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, in Quito
 * Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil

Honduras

 * Universidad Católica de Honduras, in Tegucigalpa

Nicaragua

 * Catholic University Redemptoris Mater, Managua

Panama

 * Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua, Panama City

Paraguay

 * Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, in Asunción

Peru

 * Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, in Lima
 * Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae, in Lima
 * Universidad Católica de Santa María, in Arequipa
 * Universidad Católica de San Pablo, in Arequipa

Spain

 * Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, in Murcia

Uruguay

 * Universidad Católica del Uruguay Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga, in Montevideo

Venezuela

 * Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, with its main campus in Caracas

title: Universidad Católica


text:
Rydberg atom

A Rydberg atom is an excited atom with one or more electrons that have a very high principal quantum number, n. The higher the value of n, the farther the electron is from the nucleus, on average. Rydberg atoms have a number of peculiar properties including an exaggerated response to electric and magnetic fields, long decay periods and electron wavefunctions that approximate, under some conditions, classical orbits of electrons about the nuclei. The core electrons shield the outer electron from the electric field of the nucleus such that, from a distance, the electric potential looks identical to that experienced by the electron in a hydrogen atom.

In spite of its shortcomings, the Bohr model of the atom is useful in explaining these properties. Classically, an electron in a circular orbit of radius r, about a hydrogen nucleus of charge +e, obeys Newton's second law:

 * $$ \mathbf{F}=m\mathbf{a} \Rightarrow { ke^2 \over r^2}={mv^2 \over r}$$

where k = 1/(4πε0).

Orbital momentum is quantized in units of ħ:

 * $$ mvr=n\hbar $$.

Combining these two equations leads to Bohr's expression for the orbital radius in terms of the principal quantum number, n:

 * $$ r={n^2\hbar^2 \over ke^2m}. $$

It is now apparent why Rydberg atoms have such peculiar properties: the radius of the orbit scales as n2 (the n = 137 state of hydrogen has an atomic radius ~1 μm) and the geometric cross-section as n4. Thus, Rydberg atoms are extremely large, with loosely bound valence electrons, easily perturbed or ionized by collisions or external fields.

Because the binding energy of a Rydberg electron is proportional to 1/r and hence falls off like 1/n2, the energy level spacing falls off like 1/n3 leading to ever more closely spaced levels converging on the first ionization energy. These closely spaced Rydberg states form what is commonly referred to as the Rydberg series. Figure 2 shows some of the energy levels of the lowest three values of orbital angular momentum in lithium.

History
The existence of the Rydberg series was first demonstrated in 1885 when Johann Balmer discovered a simple empirical formula for the wavelengths of light associated with transitions in atomic hydrogen. Three years later, the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg presented a generalized and more intuitive version of Balmer's formula that came to be known as the Rydberg formula. This formula indicated the existence of an infinite series of ever more closely spaced discrete energy levels converging on a finite limit.

This series was qualitatively explained in 1913 by Niels Bohr with his semiclassical model of the hydrogen atom in which quantized values of angular momentum lead to the observed discrete energy levels. A full quantitative derivation of the observed spectrum was derived by Wolfgang Pauli in 1926 following development of quantum mechanics by Werner Heisenberg and others.

Methods of production
The only truly stable state of a hydrogen-like atom is the ground state with n = 1. The study of Rydberg states requires a reliable technique for exciting ground state atoms to states with a large value of n.

Electron impact excitation
Much early experimental work on Rydberg atoms relied on the use of collimated beams of fast electrons incident on ground-state atoms. Inelastic scattering processes can use the electron kinetic energy to increase the atoms' internal energy exciting to a broad range of different states including many high-lying Rydberg states,

 * $$ e^- + A \rarr A^* + e^- $$.

Because the electron can retain any arbitrary amount of its initial kinetic energy, this process results in a population with a broad spread of different energies.

Charge exchange excitation
Another mainstay of early Rydberg atom experiments relied on charge exchange between a beam of ions and a population of neutral atoms of another species, resulting in the formation of a beam of highly excited atoms,

 * $$ A^+ + B \rarr A^* + B^+ $$.

Again, because the kinetic energy of the interaction can contribute to the final internal energies of the constituents, this technique populates a broad range of energy levels.

Optical excitation
The arrival of tunable dye lasers in the 1970s allowed a much greater level of control over populations of excited atoms. In optical excitation, the incident photon is absorbed by the target atom, resulting in a precise final state energy. The problem of producing single state, mono-energetic populations of Rydberg atoms thus becomes the somewhat simpler problem of precisely controlling the frequency of the laser output,

 * $$ A + \gamma \rarr A^*$$.

This form of direct optical excitation is generally limited to experiments with the alkali metals, because the ground state binding energy in other species is generally too high to be accessible with most laser systems.

For atoms with a large valence electron binding energy (equivalent to a large first ionization energy), the excited states of the Rydberg series are inaccessible with conventional laser systems. Initial collisional excitation can make up the energy shortfall allowing optical excitation to be used to select the final state. Although the initial step excites to a broad range of intermediate states, the precision inherent in the optical excitation process means that the laser light only interacts with a specific subset of atoms in a particular state, exciting to the chosen final state.

Hydrogenic potential

An atom in a Rydberg state has a valence electron in a large orbit far from the ion core; in such an orbit, the outermost electron feels an almost hydrogenic Coulomb potential, UC, from a compact ion core consisting of a nucleus with Z protons and the lower electron shells filled with Z-1 electrons. An electron in the spherically symmetric Coulomb potential has potential energy:

 * $$U_\text{C} = -\dfrac{e^2}{4\pi\varepsilon_0r}$$.

The similarity of the effective potential "seen" by the outer electron to the hydrogen potential is a defining characteristic of Rydberg states and explains why the electron wavefunctions approximate to classical orbits in the limit of the correspondence principle. In other words, the electron's orbit resembles the orbit of planets inside a solar system, similar to what was seen in the obsolete but visually useful Bohr and Rutherford models of the atom.

There are three notable exceptions that can be characterized by the additional term added to the potential energy:

 * An atom may have two (or more) electrons in highly excited states with comparable orbital radii. In this case, the electron-electron interaction gives rise to a significant deviation from the hydrogen potential.  For an atom in a multiple Rydberg state, the additional term, Uee, includes a summation of each pair of highly excited electrons:

 * $$U_{ee} = \dfrac{e^2}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\sum_{i < j}\dfrac{1}{|\mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{r}_j|}$$.

 * If the valence electron has very low angular momentum (interpreted classically as an extremely eccentric elliptical orbit), then it may pass close enough to polarise the ion core, giving rise to a 1/r4 core polarization term in the potential. The interaction between an induced dipole and the charge that produces it is always attractive so this contribution is always negative,

 * $$U_\text{pol} = -\dfrac{e^2\alpha_\text{d}}{(4\pi\varepsilon_0)^2r^4}$$,

 * where αd is the dipole polarizability. Figure 3 shows how the polarization term modifies the potential close to the nucleus.

 * If the outer electron penetrates the inner electron shells, it will “see” more of the charge of the nucleus and hence experience a greater force. In general, the modification to the potential energy is not simple to calculate and must be based on knowledge of the geometry of the ion core.

Quantum-mechanical details

Quantum-mechanically, a state with abnormally high n refers to an atom in which the valence electron(s) have been excited into a formerly unpopulated electron orbital with higher energy and lower binding energy. In hydrogen the binding energy is given by:

 * $$ E_\text{B} = -\frac{\rm Ry}{n^2}$$,

where Ry = 13.6 eV is the Rydberg constant. The low binding energy at high values of n explains why Rydberg states are susceptible to ionization.

Additional terms in the potential energy expression for a Rydberg state, on top of the hydrogenic Coulomb potential energy require the introduction of a quantum defect, δl, into the expression for the binding energy:

 * $$E_\text{B} = -\frac{\rm Ry}{(n-\delta_l)^2}$$.

Electron wavefunctions
The long lifetimes of Rydberg states with high orbital angular momentum can be explained in terms of the overlapping of wavefunctions. The wavefunction of an electron in a high l state (high angular momentum, “circular orbit”) has very little overlap with the wavefunctions of the inner electrons and hence remains relatively unperturbed.

The three exceptions to the definition of a Rydberg atom as an atom with a hydrogenic potential, have an alternative, quantum mechanical description that can be characterized by the additional term(s) in the atomic Hamiltonian:

 * If a second electron is excited into a state ni, energetically close to the state of the outer electron no, then its wavefunction becomes almost as large as the first (a double Rydberg state). This occurs as ni approaches no and leads to a condition where the size of the two electron’s orbits are related; a condition sometimes referred to as radial correlation. An electron-electron repulsion term must be included in the atomic Hamiltonian.
 * Polarization of the ion core produces an anisotropic potential that causes an angular correlation between the motions of the two outermost electrons. This can be thought of as a tidal locking effect due to a non-spherically symmetric potential.  A core polarization term must be included in the atomic Hamiltonian.
 * The wavefunction of the outer electron in states with low orbital angular momentum l, is periodically localised within the shells of inner electrons and interacts with the full charge of the nucleus. Figure 4 shows a semi-classical interpretation of angular momentum states in an electron orbital, illustrating that low-l states pass closer to the nucleus potentially penetrating the ion core.  A core penetration term must be added to the atomic Hamiltonian.

In external fields
The large separation between the electron and ion-core in a Rydberg atom makes possible an extremely large electric dipole moment, d. There is an energy associated with the presence of an electric dipole in an electric field, F, known in atomic physics as a Stark shift,

 * $$E_\text{S} = -\mathbf{d}\cdot\mathbf{F}.$$

Depending on the sign of the projection of the dipole moment onto the local electric field vector, a state may have energy that increases or decreases with field strength (low-field and high-field seeking states respectively). The narrow spacing between adjacent n-levels in the Rydberg series means that states can approach degeneracy even for relatively modest field strengths. The theoretical field strength at which a crossing would occur assuming no coupling between the states is given by the Inglis–Teller limit,

 * $$F_\text{IT} = \dfrac{e}{12\pi\varepsilon_0a_0^2n^5}.$$

In the hydrogen atom, the pure 1/r Coulomb potential does not couple Stark states from adjacent n-manifolds resulting in real crossings as shown in figure 5. The presence of additional terms in the potential energy can lead to coupling resulting in avoided crossings as shown for lithium in figure 6.

Precision measurements of trapped Rydberg atoms
The radiative decay lifetimes of atoms in metastable states to the ground state are important to understanding astrophysics observations and tests of the standard model.

Investigating diamagnetic effects
The large sizes and low binding energies of Rydberg atoms lead to a high magnetic susceptibility, $$\chi$$. As diamagnetic effects scale with the area of the orbit and the area is proportional to the radius squared (A ∝ n4), effects impossible to detect in ground state atoms become obvious in Rydberg atoms, which demonstrate very large diamagnetic shifts.

Rydberg atoms exhibit strong electric-dipole coupling of the atoms to electromagnetic fields and has been used to detect radio communications.

In plasmas
Rydberg atoms form commonly in plasmas due to the recombination of electrons and positive ions; low energy recombination results in fairly stable Rydberg atoms, while recombination of electrons and positive ions with high kinetic energy often form autoionising Rydberg states. Rydberg atoms’ large sizes and susceptibility to perturbation and ionisation by electric and magnetic fields, are an important factor determining the properties of plasmas.

Condensation of Rydberg atoms forms Rydberg matter, most often observed in form of long-lived clusters. The de-excitation is significantly impeded in Rydberg matter by exchange-correlation effects in the non-uniform electron liquid formed on condensation by the collective valence electrons, which causes extended lifetime of clusters.

In astrophysics (Radio recombination lines)
Rydberg atoms occur in space due to the dynamic equilibrium between photoionization by hot stars and recombination with electrons, which at these very low densities usually proceeds via the electron re-joining the atom in a very high n state, and then gradually dropping through the energy levels to the ground state, giving rise to a sequence of recombination spectral lines spread across the electromagnetic spectrum. The very small differences in energy between Rydberg states differing in n by one or a few means that photons emitted in transitions between such states have low frequencies and long wavelengths, even up to radio waves. The first detection of such a radio recombination line (RRL) was by Soviet radio astronomers in 1964; the line, designated H90α, was emitted by hydrogen atoms in the n = 90 state. Today, Rydberg atoms of hydrogen, helium and carbon in space are routinely observed via RRLs, the brightest of which are the Hnα lines corresponding to transitions from n+1 to n. Weaker lines, Hnβ and Hnγ, with Δn = 2 and 3 are also observed. Corresponding lines for helium and carbon are Henα, Cnα, and so on. The discovery of lines with n > 100 was surprising, as even in the very low densities of interstellar space, many orders of magnitude lower than the best laboratory vacuums attainable on Earth, it had been expected that such highly-excited atoms would be frequently destroyed by collisions, rendering the lines unobservable. Improved theoretical analysis showed that this effect had been overestimated, although collisional broadening does eventually limit detectability of the lines at very high n.. The record wavelength for hydrogen is λ = 73 cm for H253α, implying atomic diameters of a few microns, and for carbon, λ = 18 metres, from C732α, from atoms with a diameter of 57 micron.

RRLs from hydrogen and helium are produced in highly ionized regions (H II regions and the Warm Ionised Medium). Carbon has a lower ionization energy than hydrogen, and so singly-ionized carbon atoms, and the corresponding recombining Rydberg states, exist further from the ionizing stars, in so-called C II regions which form thick shells around H II regions. The larger volume partially compensates for the low abundance of C compared to H, making the carbon RRLs detectable.

In the absence of collisional broadening, the wavelengths of RRLs are modified only by the Doppler effect, so the measured wavelength, $$\lambda$$, is usually converted to radial velocity, $$v \approx c(\lambda -\lambda_0)/\lambda_0$$, where $$\lambda_0$$ is the rest-frame wavelength. H II regions in our Galaxy can have radial velocities up to ±150 km/s, due to their motion relative to Earth as both orbit the centre of the Galaxy. These motions are regular enough that $$v$$ can be used to estimate the position of the H II region on the line of sight and so its 3D position in the Galaxy. Because all astrophysical Rydberg atoms are hydrogenic, the frequencies of transitions for H, He, and C are given by the same formula, except for the slightly different reduced mass of the valence electron for each element. This gives helium and carbon lines apparent Doppler shifts of −100 and −140 km/s, respectively, relative to the corresponding hydrogen line.

RRLs are used to detect ionized gas in distant regions of our Galaxy, and also in external galaxies, because the radio photons are not absorbed by interstellar dust, which blocks photons from the more familiar optical transitions. They are also used to measure the temperature of the ionized gas, via the ratio of line intensity to the continuum bremsstrahlung emission from the plasma. Since the temperature of H II regions is regulated by line emission from heavier elements such as C, N, and O, recombination lines also indirectly measure their abundance (metallicity).

RRLs are spread across the radio spectrum with relatively small intervals in wavelength between them, so they frequently occur in radio spectral observations primarily targeted at other spectral lines. For instance, H166α, H167α, and H168α are very close in wavelength to the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen. This allows radio astronomers to study both the neutral and the ionized interstellar medium from the same set of observations. Since RRLs are numerous and weak, common practice is to average the velocity spectra of several neighbouring lines, to improve sensitivity.

There are a variety of other potential applications of Rydberg atoms in cosmology and astrophysics.

Strongly interacting systems
Due to their large size, Rydberg atoms can exhibit very large electric dipole moments. Calculations using perturbation theory show that this results in strong interactions between two close Rydberg atoms. Coherent control of these interactions combined with their relatively long lifetime makes them a suitable candidate to realize a quantum computer. In 2010 two-qubit gates were achieved experimentally. Strongly interacting Rydberg atoms also feature quantum critical behavior, which makes them interesting to study on their own.

Current research directions
Since 2000's Rydberg atoms research encompasses broadly five directions: sensing, quantum optics,     quantum computation,    quantum simulation  and quantum matters. High electric dipole moments between Rydberg atomic states are used for radio frequency and terahertz sensing and imaging, including non-demolition measurements of individual microwave photons. Electromagnetically induced transparency was used in combination with strong interactions between two atoms excited in Rydberg state to provide medium that exhibits strongly nonlinear behaviour at the level of individual optical photons. The tuneable interaction between Rydberg states, enabled also first quantum simulation experiments.

In October 2018, the United States Army Research Laboratory publicly discussed efforts to develop a super wideband radio receiver using Rydberg atoms. In March 2020, the laboratory announced that its scientists analysed the Rydberg sensor's sensitivity to oscillating electric fields over an enormous range of frequencies—from 0 to 1012 Hertz (the spectrum to 0.3mm wavelength). The Rydberg sensor can reliably detect signals over the entire spectrum and compare favourably with other established electric field sensor technologies, such as electro-optic crystals and dipole antenna-coupled passive electronics.

Classical simulation

A simple 1/r potential results in a closed Keplerian elliptical orbit. In the presence of an external electric field Rydberg atoms can obtain very large electric dipole moments making them extremely susceptible to perturbation by the field. Figure 7 shows how application of an external electric field (known in atomic physics as a Stark field) changes the geometry of the potential, dramatically changing the behaviour of the electron. A Coulombic potential does not apply any torque as the force is always antiparallel to the position vector (always pointing along a line running between the electron and the nucleus):

 * $$|\mathbf{\tau}|=|\mathbf{r} \times \mathbf{F}|=|\mathbf{r}||\mathbf{F}|\sin\theta $$,

 * $$\theta=\pi \Rightarrow \mathbf{\tau}=0 $$.

With the application of a static electric field, the electron feels a continuously changing torque. The resulting trajectory becomes progressively more distorted over time, eventually going through the full range of angular momentum from L = LMAX, to a straight line L=0, to the initial orbit in the opposite sense L = -LMAX.

The time period of the oscillation in angular momentum (the time to complete the trajectory in figure 8), almost exactly matches the quantum mechanically predicted period for the wavefunction to return to its initial state, demonstrating the classical nature of the Rydberg atom.

title: Rydberg atom


text:
User:CPES/sandbox

User CPES sandbox

 * Serotonin Syndrome 2013_10_26 ***************************

Notable cases
The most notorious case of serotonin syndrome involved the death of 18-year-old Bennington College freshman Libby Zion on March 5, 1984.

She had an ongoing history of depression, and came to the Manhattan hospital. The emergency room physicians were unable to diagnose her condition definitively, but admitted her for hydration and observation. Her death was caused by a combination of pethidine (aka meperidine [Demerol]) and phenelzine. A medical intern prescribed the pethidine. The case had an impact on graduate medical education and residency work hours. Limits were set on working hours for medical post graduates, commonly referred to as interns or residents, in hospital training programs, and they also now require closer senior physician supervision.

BING 2013_09_11

 * edited 2013_09_11*************************

Bing is a web search engine from Microsoft, who advertised it as a "decision engine"

Microsoft CEO, Steve Ballmer, unveiled Live Searchon May 28, 2009, at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego, California. The release date was June 1, 2009.

Helps People Make Better Decisions: Decision Engine goes beyond search to help customers deal with information overload |publisher=Microsoft |accessdate=29 May 2009}} Notable changes include the listing of search suggestions while queries are entered and a list of related searches (called "Explore pane") based on semantic technology from Powerset, which Microsoft purchased in 2008.

 * original 2013_09_11************************

Bing (known previously as Live Search, Windows Live Search, and MSN Search) is a web search engine (advertised as a "decision engine" ) from Microsoft.

Bing was unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28, 2009, at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego, California, for release on June 1, 2009. Notable changes include the listing of search suggestions while queries are entered and a list of related searches (called "Explore pane") based on semantic technology from Powerset, which Microsoft purchased in 2008.

On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners were expected to have made the transition by early 2012.

In October 2011, Microsoft stated that they were working on new back-end search infrastructure with the goal of delivering faster and slightly more relevant search results for users. Known as "Tiger", the new index-serving technology has been incorporated into Bing globally since August 2011. In May 2012, Microsoft announced another redesign of its search engine that includes "Sidebar", a social feature that searches users' social networks for information relevant to the search query.

MSN Search
MSN Search was a search engine by Microsoft that consisted of a search engine, index, and web crawler. MSN Search first launched in the third quarter of 1998 and used search results from Inktomi. In early 1999, MSN Search launched a version which displayed listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a short time in 1999 when results from AltaVista were used instead. Since then Microsoft upgraded MSN Search to provide its own self-built search engine results, the index of which was updated weekly and sometimes daily. The upgrade started as a beta program in November 2004, and came out of beta in February 2005. Image search was powered by a third party, Picsearch. The service also started providing its search results to other search engine portals in an effort to better compete in the market.

Windows Live Search
The first public beta of Windows Live Search was unveiled on March 8, 2006, with the final release on September 11, 2006 replacing MSN Search. The new search engine used search tabs that include Web, news, images, music, desktop, local, and Microsoft Encarta.

In the roll-over from MSN Search to Windows Live Search, Microsoft stopped using Picsearch as their image search provider and started performing their own image search, fueled by their own internal image search algorithms.

Assassination of FF http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria

Kingdom of Serbia
Under the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, Austria-Hungary received a mandate to occupy and administer the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina while the Ottoman Empire retained sovereignty. Under the treaty, Serbia was at last recognized by the great powers as a sovereign state, the Kingdom of Serbia. Initially, Serbia was content to live within its small borders, which encompassed only a fraction of the ethnic Serbians living in the Balkan area.

This changed in 1903 when Serbian military officers led by Dragutin Dimitrijević stormed the Serbian royal palace. After a fierce battle in the dark they captured General Laza Petrović, head of the palace guard, and forced him to reveal that King Alexander Obrenović and his wife, Queen Draga, were hiding in a clothes closet.

The killers shot the King thirty times, the Queen eighteen. MacKenzie writes, "The royal corpses were then stripped and brutally sabred." Then the two bodies were thrown out of a palace window, ending any threat that loyalists would mount a counter attack. They then killed Petrović. At a later date, Vojislav Tankosić organized the murder of Queen Draga's brothers, Nikola and Nikodije Lunjevica. The conspirators installed Peter I of the House of Karađorđević as the new king. In 1913–1914, Dimitrijević and Tankosić were to figure prominently in the plot to assassinate Franz Ferdinand.

Serbian nationalism
The Karađorđević dynasty was more nationalistic, and strongly supported by Russia. It was also less friendly to Austria-Hungary. In 1906, Serbia ordered arms from the French rather than from the Bohemian Skoda works. Austria-Hungary retaliated by banning the import of Serbian livestock. As pigs were Serbia's main export to Austria-Hungary, this became known as the "Pig War".

Over the next decade, Serbia's moves to build its power and reclaim its 14th century empire caused friction with its neighbors. The Bosnian crisis of 1908–1909, when Serbia protested about Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, ended in a Serbian climb-down in March 1909. Following this, in the two Balkan wars of 1912–1913, Serbia conquered Macedonia and Kosovo, taking these provinces from Turkey and Bulgaria.

Serbia's military successes and their outrage about Austro-Hungaria's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina emboldened nationalistic Serbs both in Serbia and in Austria-Hungary - where they chafed under Austria-Hungarian rule and were stirred by Serbian "cultural" organizations. In the five years before 1914, lone assassins – mostly Serbians living under Austria-Hungarian rule – made a series of unsuccessful attempts on the lives of Austro-Hungarian officials in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The assassins received only sporadic support from Serbia. The most notorious was Bogdan Žerajić's attempt to murder the iron-fisted Governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, General Marijan Verešanin, on 15 June 1910. Žerajić was a 22-year-old orthodox Serb from Nevesinje, Herzegovina, who made frequent trips to Belgrade. Just 12 days before the attempt on Verešanin, Žerajić had aborted an attempt on the life of Emperor Franz Joseph.

Verešanin became vehemently hated by the Serbs when he used the army to crush the last Bosnian peasant uprising in the second half of 1910. The five bullets Žerajić fired at Verešanin and the fatal bullet he put in his own brain made Žerajić an inspiration to future Serbian assassins, including Gavrilo Princip and his accomplice Nedjelko Čabrinović. Princip said that Žerajić "was my first model. When I was seventeen I passed whole nights at his grave, reflecting on our wretched condition and thinking of him. It is there that I made up my mind sooner or later to perpetrate an outrage."

Franz Ferdinand advocated trialism, whereby Austria-Hungary would incorporate the Slavic lands as a third kingdom. This would have been a bulwark against Serb irredentism, therefore the nationalists saw Franz Ferdinand as a threat to their extreme objectives. Gavrilo Princip later told the court that one of his motivations for assassinating Franz Ferdinand was to prevent the Archduke's planned reforms.

Royal visit
In late June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited Bosnia to observe military maneuvers and open the state museum in Sarajevo in its new premises. He was accompanied by his wife. As a "Czech countess [she] was treated as a commoner at the Austrian court". Emperor Franz Joseph had only consented to a morganatic marriage so that their descendants would never ascend the Austrian throne. Their 14th wedding anniversary was on 28 June 1914 and they were happy to celebrate it far from Vienna. As historian A. J. P. Taylor observes:

"[Sophie] could never share [Franz Ferdinand's] rank ... could never share his splendours, could never even sit by his side on any public occasion. There was one loophole ... his wife could enjoy the recognition of his rank when he was acting in a military capacity. Hence, he decided, in 1914, to inspect the army in Bosnia. There, at its capital Sarajevo, the Archduke and his wife could ride in an open carriage side by side ... Thus, for love, did the Archduke go to his death."

After Mass, on 28 June 1914, Franz Ferdinand and his party travelled by train from Ilidža Spa to Sarajevo. It was 28 June which Serbians call Vidovdan in commemoration of the 1389 Battle of Kosovo against the Ottomans. At the conflict the Sultan was assassinated in his tent by a Serb. Vidovdan is an occasion for Serbian patriotic observances.

=WIP=

Franz Ferdinand
As a "Czech countess [she] was treated as a commoner at the Austrian court". Emperor Franz Joseph had only consented to a morganatic marriage so that their descendants would never ascend the Austrian throne. Their 14th wedding anniversary was on 28 June 1914 and they were happy to celebrate it far from Vienna. As historian A. J. P. Taylor observes:

"[Sophie] could never share [Franz Ferdinand's] rank ... could never share his splendours, could never even sit by his side on any public occasion. There was one loophole ... his wife could enjoy the recognition of his rank when he was acting in a military capacity. Hence, he decided, in 1914, to inspect the army in Bosnia. There, at its capital Sarajevo, the Archduke and his wife could ride in an open carriage side by side ... Thus, for love, did the Archduke go to his death."

Kingdom of Serbia
Under the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, Austria-Hungary received a mandate to occupy and administer the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina while the Ottoman Empire retained sovereignty. Under the treaty, Serbia was at last recognized by the great powers as a sovereign state, the Kingdom of Serbia. Initially, Serbia was content to live within its small borders, which encompassed only a fraction of the ethnic Serbians living in the Balkan area.

This changed in 1903 when Serbian military officers led by Dragutin Dimitrijević stormed the Serbian royal palace. After a fierce battle in the dark they captured General Laza Petrović, head of the palace guard, and forced him to reveal that King Alexander Obrenović and his wife, Queen Draga, were hiding in a clothes closet.

The killers shot the King thirty times, the Queen eighteen. MacKenzie writes, "The royal corpses were then stripped and brutally sabred." Then the two bodies were thrown out of a palace window, ending any threat that loyalists would mount a counter attack. They then killed Petrović. At a later date, Vojislav Tankosić organized the murder of Queen Draga's brothers, Nikola and Nikodije Lunjevica. The conspirators installed Peter I of the House of Karađorđević as the new king. In 1913–1914, Dimitrijević and Tankosić were to figure prominently in the plot to assassinate Franz Ferdinand.

Nationalism
The Karađorđević dynasty was more nationalistic, and strongly supported by Russia. It was also less friendly to Austria-Hungary. In 1906, Serbia ordered arms from the French rather than from the Bohemian Skoda works. Austria-Hungary retaliated by banning the import of Serbian livestock. As pigs were Serbia's main export to Austria-Hungary, this became known as the "Pig War".

Over the next decade, Serbia's moves to build its power and reclaim its 14th century empire caused friction with its neighbors. The Bosnian crisis of 1908–1909, when Serbia protested about Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, ended in a Serbian climb-down in March 1909. Following this, in the two Balkan wars of 1912–1913, Serbia conquered Macedonia and Kosovo, taking these provinces from Turkey and Bulgaria.

Serbia's military successes and their outrage about Austro-Hungaria's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina emboldened nationalistic Serbs both in Serbia and in Austria-Hungary - where they chafed under Austria-Hungarian rule and were stirred by Serbian "cultural" organizations. In the five years before 1914, lone assassins – mostly Serbians living under Austria-Hungarian rule – made a series of unsuccessful attempts on the lives of Austro-Hungarian officials in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The assassins received only sporadic support from Serbia. The most notorious was Bogdan Žerajić's attempt to murder the iron-fisted Governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, General Marijan Verešanin, on 15 June 1910. Žerajić was a 22-year-old orthodox Serb from Nevesinje, Herzegovina, who made frequent trips to Belgrade. Just 12 days before the attempt on Verešanin, Žerajić had aborted an attempt on the life of Emperor Franz Joseph.

Verešanin became vehemently hated by the Serbs when he used the army to crush the last Bosnian peasant uprising in the second half of 1910. The five bullets Žerajić fired at Verešanin and the fatal bullet he put in his own brain made Žerajić an inspiration to future Serbian assassins, including Gavrilo Princip and his accomplice Nedjelko Čabrinović. Princip said that Žerajić "was my first model. When I was seventeen I passed whole nights at his grave, reflecting on our wretched condition and thinking of him. It is there that I made up my mind sooner or later to perpetrate an outrage."

Franz Ferdinand advocated trialism, whereby Austria-Hungary would incorporate the Slavic lands as a third kingdom. This would have been a bulwark against Serb irredentism, therefore the nationalists saw Franz Ferdinand as a threat to their extreme objectives. Gavrilo Princip later told the court that one of his motivations for assassinating Franz Ferdinand was to prevent the Archduke's planned reforms.

Royal visit
In late June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited Bosnia to observe military maneuvers and open the state museum in Sarajevo in its new premises. He was accompanied by his wife.

After Mass, on 28 June 1914, Franz Ferdinand and his party travelled by train from Ilidža Spa to Sarajevo. It was 28 June which Serbians call Vidovdan in commemoration of the 1389 Battle of Kosovo against the Ottomans. At the conflict the Sultan was assassinated in his tent by a Serb. Vidovdan is an occasion for Serbian patriotic observances.

Sarajevo trial

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Name ! Sentence ! Outcome ! Remarks
 * Gavrilo Princip
 * 20 years in prison
 * Died of tuberculosis in prison 28 April 1918
 * Killer
 * Nedjelko Čabrinović
 * 20 years in prison
 * Died of tuberculosis in prison 23 January 1916
 * Threw bomb
 * Trifun Grabež
 * 20 years in prison
 * Died of tuberculosis in prison February 1918
 * Vaso Čubrilović
 * 16 years in prison
 * Released November 1918 (died 1990)
 * Cvjetko Popović
 * 13 years in prison
 * Released November 1918
 * Lazar Djukić
 * 10 years in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Danilo Ilić
 * Death by hanging
 * Executed 3 February 1915
 * Veljko Čubrilović
 * Death by hanging
 * Executed 3 February 1915
 * Nedjo Kerović
 * Death by hanging
 * Commuted to 20 years in prison by Kaiser Franz Joseph based on Finance Minister's recommendation
 * Mihaijlo Jovanović
 * Death by hanging
 * Executed 3 February 1915
 * Jakov Milović
 * Death by hanging
 * Commuted to life in prison by Kaiser Franz Joseph based on court and Finance Minister's recommendation
 * Mitar Kerović
 * Life in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Ivo Kranjcević
 * 10 years in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Branko Zagorac
 * 3 years in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Marko Perin
 * 3 years in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Cvijan Stjepanović
 * 7 years in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Nine Defendants
 * Acquitted
 * }
 * Mitar Kerović
 * Life in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Ivo Kranjcević
 * 10 years in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Branko Zagorac
 * 3 years in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Marko Perin
 * 3 years in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Cvijan Stjepanović
 * 7 years in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Nine Defendants
 * Acquitted
 * }
 * Served sentence
 * Cvijan Stjepanović
 * 7 years in prison
 * Served sentence
 * Nine Defendants
 * Acquitted
 * }
 * Nine Defendants
 * Acquitted
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

title: User:CPES/sandbox


text:
Elmer

Elmer is a name of Germanic British origin. The given name originated as a surname, a medieval variant of the given name Aylmer, derived from Old English æþel (noble) and mær (famous). It was adopted as a given name in the United States, "in honor of the popularity of the brothers Ebenezer and Jonathan Elmer, leading supporters of the American Revolution." The name has declined in popularity since the first decades of the 20th century and fell out of the top 1,000 names used for American boys in 2009. However, it continues in use for newborn boys in the United States, where 167 boys born there in 2022 received the name. The name is common in the United States and Canada. Elmar, a variant, was among the 10 most popular names for newborn boys in Iceland in 2021.

Notable people with the name include:

Mononym

 * Eilmer of Malmesbury (or Elmer), 11th-century English Benedictine monk
 * Elmer (rapper), Dutch rapper Merel Pauw
 * In North American amateur radio subculture, an Elmer is a mentor to a newcoming amateur radio operator

Given name

 * Elmer L. Andersen (1909–2004), American businessman, philanthropist, and the 30th governor of Minnesota
 * Elmer Austin (1949–2023), American basketball player
 * Elmer Batters (1919-1997), American fetish photographer
 * Elmer Bernstein (1922–2004), American composer
 * Elmer Bischoff (1916–1991), American painter
 * W. Elmer Brandon (1906–1956), Canadian politician, known by his middle name
 * Elmer Davis (1890–1958), American news reporter, author, director of the United States Office of War Information during World War II
 * Elmer Dessens (born 1971), major league baseball relief pitcher
 * Elmer Diktonius (1896–1961), Finnish writer and composer
 * Elmer E. Ellsworth (1837–1861), lawyer and soldier, and the first conspicuous casualty of the American Civil War
 * Elmer Flick (1876–1971), American hall-of-fame baseball player
 * Elemér Gorondy-Novák (1885–1954), Hungarian military officer, who served as commander of the Hungarian Third Army during the Second World War, leader of Hungarian forces during Invasion of Yugoslavia
 * Elmer Gedeon (1917–1944), American baseball player
 * Elmer Grey (1872–1963), American architect and artist
 * Elmer E. Hall, brigadier general in the United States Marine Corps
 * Elmer Beseler Harris (1939–2019), American businessman and politician
 * Elmer Cameron Hawley (1905–1969), American novelist
 * Elmer Keith (1899–1984), American firearms cartridge designer and author
 * Elmer Kelton (1926–2009), American journalist and writer, particularly of Western novels
 * Elmer Lach (1918–2015), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Elmer Layden (1903–1973), commissioner of the National Football League and head football coach at the University of Notre Dame
 * Elmer Lowry (1919–1989), American actor and vaudevillian
 * Elmer MacKay (born 1936), Canadian politician
 * Elmer McCurdy (1880–1911), American outlaw whose corpse was put on exhibit
 * Elmer Drew Merrill (1876–1956), American botanist
 * Elmer "Geronimo" Pratt (1947–2011), Vietnam veteran and high-ranking member of the Black Panther Party
 * Elmer Rees (1941–2019), Welsh mathematician
 * Elmer Rice (1892–1967), American playwright
 * Elmer Riddle (1914–1984), baseball player for the Cincinnati Reds
 * Elmer Snowden (1900–1973), American jazz musician
 * Elmer Ambrose Sperry (1860–1930), American inventor and entrepreneur
 * Elmer Steele (1886–1966), American baseball player
 * Elmer Valo (1921–1998), major league baseball player, coach, and scout
 * Uncle Elmer (1937–1992), American wrestler, born Stanley Frazier

Surname

 * Adolph D. E. Elmer (1870–1942), American botanist
 * Birger Elmér (1919–1999), Swedish military and intelligence officer, head of the Swedish secret intelligence agency, known as IB (1965–1975)
 * Charles Elmer (1872–1954), American amateur astronomer, co-founder of the Perkin-Elmer optical company
 * Ebenezer Elmer (1752–1843), American politician and physician
 * Edwin Romanzo Elmer (1850–1923), American painter
 * Emma Osterman Elmer (1867–1956), American librarian and author
 * Greg Elmer (born 1967), British-born Professor of Professional Communication at Ryerson University
 * James Elmer (born 1971), Australian Olympic field hockey striker
 * James C. Elmer (1882–1920), American college football player
 * John Elmer (footballer) (1905–1993), Australian rules footballer
 * Jonas Elmer (director) (born 1966), Danish film director, screenwriter and actor
 * Jonas Elmer (born 1988), Swiss footballer
 * Jonathan Elmer (1745–1817), American politician
 * Kenneth Elmer (born 1948), Canadian Olympic middle-distance runner
 * Lachlan Elmer (born 1969), Australian Olympic field hockey player
 * Lucius Elmer (1793–1883), American Democratic politician, U.S. Representative from New Jersey (1843–1845)
 * Philip Elmer-DeWitt (born 1949), American computer journalist
 * Rico Elmer (born 1969), Swiss ski mountaineer and mountain runner
 * Rudolf Elmer, Swiss banker, whistleblower who released documents about Swiss bank Julius Bär
 * Stephen Elmer (baptised 1715–1796), English painter
 * Terri-Rae Elmer (born 1956), Los Angeles radio broadcaster
 * Wally Elmer (1898–1978), Canadian ice hockey player
 * William Elmer (1869–1945), American silent film actor
 * William P. Elmer (1871–1956), U.S. Representative from Missouri (1943–1945)

Fictional characters

 * Elmer the Patchwork Elephant, the title character in a series of children's picture books by David McKee
 * Elmer, a comic book by Gerry Alanguilan
 * Elmer, a fictional bull, "husband" of Elsie the Cow
 * Elmer, a character from The Fairly OddParents
 * Elmer Fudd, a Looney Tunes character
 * Elmer Elephant, the titular character of a Disney Silly Symphonies short
 * Elmer Gantry, the title character in a novel by Sinclair Lewis
 * Elmer C. Albatross, in the Baccano! light novel series
 * Elmer, the ventriloquist dummy used by Western film actor Max Terhune
 * Elmer, on Pappyland
 * Elmer Phitts, a character in the Brandon Rogers Cinematic Universe

title: Elmer


text:
Guildford Spectrum

Guildford Spectrum is a leisure complex in Guildford, Surrey, England. Owned by Guildford Borough Council, it was opened on 23 February 1993 at a cost of £28 million. It is the home of ice hockey teams the Guildford Flames and the Guildford Phoenix, Aldwych Speed Club (short track speed skating) and other sports clubs. In addition to its large indoor sports arena, it has an Olympic size ice rink, three swimming pools and a high diving pool, a tenpin bowling centre, squash courts and a football/athletics stadium.

The stadium adjoining the complex has 135 seats under cover as well as having a standing capacity of around one thousand.

In 2011, operation of Spectrum was outsourced to Freedom Leisure as part of a ten-year deal with Guildford Borough Council.

title: Guildford Spectrum


text:
Catholic University of Santa María

The Catholic University of Santa María (UCSM) (Universidad Católica de Santa María) is a local private University in Arequipa, Peru, and has been in continuous operation since it was founded on 6 December 1961. It was founded by William Daniel Morris Christy, an American priest from St. Louis, Missouri.

The University first came to the attention of various archaeological research teams after the American archaeologist, Dr. Johan Reinhard, discovered in 1995, the body of a 500-year-old Inca mummy later named "Juanita" on the top of Mount Ampato near Arequipa. The mummy was later brought to the University for further research and is currently encased in a special glass box and kept at constant cold temperatures to conserve her body.

Founding
The Catholic University of Santa Maria was founded by William Daniel Morris Christy, who was born on 4 November 1910 in St. Louis, Missouri. He founded the university on 6 December 1961.

It is the second oldest private university in Peru, after the Catholic University of Lima (Today PUCP).

USCM Radio has been broadcasting since 1999.

title: Catholic University of Santa María


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Canadian Pacific Railway

Canadian Pacific Railway
Self-nomination, as well as my first FAC. It's been on Peer Review for a few weeks and I think it's ready for FAC now. JYolkowski 21:26, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Support - Ta bu shi da yu 10:57, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I commented on this during peer review already so have nothing further to add. --JuntungWu 16:01, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - Could do with a good shot of a modern locomotive in the current red livery. The CPR locomotive is relatively iconic in towns across Canada, and were this to make the front page box I could only see the corporate logo serving as a halfway-useful accompanying image.  -The Tom 19:18, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * To clarify, are you more interested in having a picture of a modern locomotive added, or in having a picture of a modern locomotive added so that the image can be used on the Main Page if/when the article is there? The reason that I ask is that I don't have any photos of CPR locomotives in my personal photo collection (and it would be somewhat inconvenient to get one right now) and I can't find any suitable PD/GFDL images on the Internet.  I probably could find an image at http://www.trainweb.com/ or find something to claim as fair use at CPR's corporate website but neither would be suitable as Main Page images.  Also, I'm getting ahead of myself here, but personally I think the photo at Craigellachie would make a better Main Page image.  JYolkowski 22:12, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Since I'm modeling the former Milwaukee Road's LaCrosse Division (which was purchased by Soo Line and is now CP's mainline across Wisconsin), I've made a few trips to the line to take some research photos. I know I took some photos of CP trains on my last trip.  I'll see if I can find something suitable this week... slambo 15:16, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Cool! Thanks in advance, JYolkowski 22:32, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I do have a couple photos that would work, but don't have electronic copies of them. I'm a bit busy this weekend displaying my models at the Mad City Model Railroad Show, but if I can get to a scanner, I'll upload a couple.  slambo 14:58, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems ready to me. Support.  Edeans 02:56, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support This is a great article!--User:naryathegreat(t) 18:51, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --Spinboy 21:19, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --DanielNuyu 07:00, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Virutally all of the remaining red links have been eliminated, remainder will be gone within hours. This is a rich and fascinating history, well documented - especially JYolkowski's efforts.  Definitely feature article worthy.Fawcett5 05:47, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC))