text:
User talk:Mario Profaca

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! P.S.: From the first few I looked at, it seems to me that while the external links you added may be appropriate, adding your name with an article link may not be. -- Infrogmation 18:29, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Links
Please stop spamming articles with links to your own book. This is considered advertising, and is inappropriate on Wikipedia (and will be deleted.) --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 18:36, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I agree. Some of the links you have added are not directly relevent to the specific article you have added them to. Wikipedia is not a link farm. Please take time to familiarize yourself with our policies and practices if you wish to edit articles here. Thanks. -- Infrogmation 18:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mario Profaca
I've taken the liberty of moving this article to your user page. Autobiographies are inappropriate on Wikipedia, as they are inherantly a non-neutral point of view. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 18:49, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I am new one here, and I do added a couple of links, but no one is a link to any book (anyway I don't have my own book at all). I added just some links to some of my related pages, and it's not "making a link farm" but, anyway, no hard feelings, please; Right now I will stop doing that at all, and you simply feel free to delete anything I added to Wikipedia so far.

Well then, It wasn't my autobiography at all. The text is quoted from OSS.net, a sort of introduction to my Golden Candle Award. But, never mind; I think I better delete it myself and unsubscribe from Wikipedia as I have never been here :) I really don't need it so much. All the best to Wikipedia and you personally - Mario Profaca p.s. Done. Now, please do REMOVE all images I uploaded (current and old versions) as well as "User:Mario_Profaca". Thanks and good bue!.

-- Mario Profaca

Your Uploaded Images
I have listed Image:07mario.jpg and Image:Mario Profaca.jpg for deletion because they seem to be redundant or in fact the same image. Please let me know if I am overlooking something. hydnjo talk 22:01, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Epilogue
Thanks hydnjo talk for your kind answer. I made these images "redundant" when I realized I could not delete it myself, as I did deleted all remained links I have added because I didn't want it to be used by Wikipedia since you have censored external links like CIA: Use of journalists, my Golden Candle Award (falsely proclaimed by jpgordon∇∆∇∆ as "Autobiography inappropriate on Wikipedia, inherantly a non-neutral point of view" and moved to my user page), and other external links.

Interestingly, Infrogmation wrote he agreed with jpgordon|∇∆∇∆ and his spamming halucinations about my "links to (my) own book", although I have no books at all and so I couldn't "spam" Wikipedia with links to something that doesn't exist at all.

"I agree." Infrogmation wrote "Some of the links you have added are not directly relevent to the specific article you have added them to. Wikipedia is not a link farm. Please take time to familiarize yourself with our policies and practices if you wish to edit articles here. Thanks." -- With that funny excuse Infrogmation deleted "external link" CIA: Use of journalists which I added to Wikipedia CIA article, and so, in fact, he made me familiar with your "policies and practices" :)

Other images remained for deletion are:
 * [Image:Honorable_Steve_Edwards.jpg]
 * [Image:Golden_Candle.gif]
 * [Image:Robert_David_Steele.jpg]

Anyway, thanks for interesting experience indeed.

It could be very interesting thread for discussion in my Spy News forum / discussion group.

If you ever wish to see uncensored web site, feel free to visit my Global Intelligence News Portal (another "external link" censored in your Wikipedia).

 * Mario Profaca 05:51, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Who's Who in this discussion
Just in case somebody had no idea who's who here, and who was to decide in Wikipedia to allow or delete (censor) Mario Profaca's contributions (articles, links etc.) related to politics, intelligence and war:

Of course It was me (Mario Profaca), but I wasn't unlogged user (your sysadmin could check in your system log), I just failed to sign my name using three or four tides (~). You could also check and find out that "some of my edits" were NOT reverted or changed "by others" as you are claiming now. No, it was deleted and censored by you, Wikipedia administrators immediately after Josh Gordon announced it in his baseless coment:

''Please stop spamming articles with links to your own book. This is considered advertising, and is inappropriate on Wikipedia (and will be deleted.) --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 18:36, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)'' And, indeed, several external links I have added were deleted immediately after that message (as I have seen being online all the time), although - I must repeat because saying it once wasn't enaugh for you - I have no book of my own at all! You see, I am Croatian not so good in English language, watching American movies I have learned a lot of dirty words, but - instead - I only wrote you were halucinating that "book".

''I agree. Some of the links you have added are not directly relevent to the specific article you have added them to. Wikipedia is not a link farm. Please take time to familiarize yourself with our policies and practices if you wish to edit articles here. Thanks. -- Infrogmation 18:42, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)''

So, as "not directly relevant to the specific articles", you also deleted several links I added (just to mention two of them):
 * 1) Link CIA: Use of journalists I added to the CIA article;
 * 2) Link Navajo Code Talkers I added to the Navajo Language article.

Of course these were links to my pages (I have 6000+ of them so far), but these are pages considered the most comprehensive references related to the subject, and deleting it had nothing to do with Wikipedia "policies on such things as autobiographic articles and plugging personal webpages". These are not "personal pages" like you made with galeries of birthday and wedding photos (e.g. my Navajo Code Talkers page is promoting The Navajo code talkers. They took part in every assault the U.S. Marines conducted in the Pacific from 1942 to 1945. They served in all six Marine divisions, Marine Raider battalions and Marine parachute units, transmitting messages by telephone and radio in their native language -- a code that the Japanese never broke. But, yes, it was me, an ocean away Croatian journalist, who made that web page and went to Phoenix, Arizona, to make photos of The Navajo Code Talkers Monument. Interestingly, you claimed it was "not directly relevant to the specific article" and deleted that link I added to Wikipedia Navajo language article!

Now, once again jpgordon|∇∆∇∆ wrote:

Wikipedia is not a self-promotion vehicle -- and that's why your article about yourself got moved to your user page; and that's why your dozens of links to your own web articles got reverted also.

You see, talking to Wikipedia administrator looks like winking at blind man; I don't know how many times I should tell you Mario Profaca article wasn't my article about myself. It was Golden Candle Award OSS.Net founder and CEO Robert David Steele Vivas article (falsely proclaimed by jpgordon∇∆∇∆ as "Autobiography inappropriate on Wikipedia, inherantly a non-neutral point of view".

Mario Profaca 06:55, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC) Then Josh P. Gordon, The lead trumpet for the Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo comes again: Other than for whatever reason saying "book" instead of "website", I stand by my actions; if you think they were inappropriate, which is entirely possible, please enter a "request for comment"; also note that what I did wasn't some privilege administrators have -- anyone could have done the same, and you can undo what I did easily (though you'll need a bit of technical assistance to undo the page move). See, we get a large amount of spam and other non-encyclopedic stuff here, and one of the more common situations is a new user misunderstanding the purpose of Wikipedia and creating a page about themselves and/or putting a whole bunch of links to promote their websites (or just because they think their personal creations should be pointed to.) That sort of stuff tends to get removed on sight, and yours looked exactly like that. I suspect you'll find the consensus here will support what I did, though some will feel I acted hastily. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 07:19, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

● See, once again he didn't get the point. Anyway, how one can expect he would; If he had no idea why he personally wrote something (e.g. saying "book" instead of "website") how we could expect he was able to understand something I wrote here! Of course he stands by his actions, and though they were inappropriate, I didn't ask neither him nor anybody else to comment. (See I wrote few days ago.) This User_talk:Mario_Profaca page had just educative purpose for new users who didn't know Wikipedia that anyone can edit is also one where anyone can be administrator and remove on sight anything looking exactly like something they thought. It helps [Wikipedia] preserving more bandwidth for promoting [nudity] as they call it, because - to them - it "look's exactly like that" :). Mario Profaca 06:04, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mario Profaca


text: User talk:168.9.18.2

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:168.9.18.2


text:
Slavery in Sudan

Slavery in Sudan began in ancient times, and had a resurgence during the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005). During the Trans-Saharan slave trade, many Nilotic peoples from the lower Nile Valley were purchased as slaves and brought to work elsewhere in North Africa and the Orient by Nubians, Egyptians, Berbers and Arabs.

Starting in 1995, many human rights organizations have reported on contemporary practice, especially in the context of the Second Sudanese civil war. According to reports of Human Rights Watch and others, during the war the government of Sudan was involved in backing and arming numerous slave-taking militias in the country as part of its war against the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). It also found the government failed to enforce Sudanese laws against kidnapping, assault and forced labor, or to help victims' families locate their children.

Another report (by the International Eminent Persons Group) found both the government-backed militias and the rebels (led by the SPLA) guilty of abducting civilians, though the abducting civilians by pro-government militias was "of particular concern" and "in a significant number of cases", led to slavery "under the definition of slavery in the International Slavery Convention of 1926". The Sudanese government maintained that the slavery is the product of inter-tribal warfare, over which it had no control.

According to the Rift Valley Institute, slave raiding and abduction "effectively ceased" in 2002, although an "unknown number" of slaves remained in captivity. "Slave" is a racial epithet directed towards darker-skinned Sudanese.

History of slavery in the Sudan
Slavery in the region of the Sudan has a long history, beginning in the ancient Nubian and ancient Egyptian times and continuing up to the present.

Prisoners of war were a regular occurrence in the ancient Nile Valley and other parts of Africa. During times of conquest and after winning battles, Egyptians were taken as slaves by the ancient Nubians. In turn, The ancient Nubians took slaves after winning battles with the Libyans, Canaanites, and Egyptians.

Soon after the Arab conquest of Egypt, the Arabs attempted to conquer the kingdoms of Christian Nubia on multiple occasions, but utilizing strategic warfare, the significantly smaller Christian Nubia defeated the larger Arab forces. Eventually, given their unsuccessful efforts, the Arabs signed the 600-year Baqt treaty with the Christian Nubian kingdom of Makuria. As a part of the treaty, the Nubians, already involved in the burgeoning East African slave trade, agreed to trade 360 slaves annually to their northern neighbors in exchange for spices and grains.

After the Nubian kingdoms' fall in 1504, the Muslims conquered most of Nubia, while the Funj conquered much of modern-day Sudan from Darfur to Khartoum; the Funj began to use slaves in the army in the reign of Badi III ((r. 1692 – 1711)). Later, Egyptian slavers began raiding the area of southern Sudan. In particular, the ruler Muhammad Ali of Egypt attempted to build up an army of southern Sudanese slaves with the aid of the Nubian slavers. Attempts to ban slavery were later attempted by British colonial authorities in 1899, after their victory in the Mahdi War.

According to British explorer and abolitionist Samuel Baker, who visited Khartoum in 1862, six decades after the British authorities had declared the slave trade illegal, slavery was the industry "that kept Khartoum going as a bustling town". Baker described the practice of slave raiding of villages to the south by Sudanese slavers from Khartoum: An armed group would sail up the Nile, find a convenient African village, surround it during night and attack just before dawn, burning huts and shooting. Women and young adults would be captured and bound with "forked poles on their shoulders", hand tied to the pole in front, children bound to their mothers. To render "the village so poor that surviving inhabitants would be forced to collaborate with slavers on their next excursion against neighboring villages," the village would be looted of cattle, grain, ivory, with everything else destroyed.

Modern-day slavery
The "modern wave" of slavery in Sudan reportedly began in 1983 with the Second Sudanese Civil War between the North and South. It involved large numbers of Sudanese people from the southern and central regions, "primarily the Dinka, Nuer and Nuba of central Sudan," being captured and sold "(or exploited in other ways)" by Northern Sudanese who consider themselves as Arabs. The problem of slavery reportedly became worse after the National Islamic Front-backed military government took power in 1989, the Khartoum government declared jihad against non-Muslim opposition in the south. The Baggara were also given freedom "to kill these groups, loot their wealth, capture slaves, expel the rest from the territories, and forcefully settle their lands."

The Sudan Criminal Code of 1991 did not list slavery as a crime, but the Republic of Sudan has ratified the Slavery Convention, the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, and is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Nonetheless, according to the imam of the Ansar movement and former prime minister, Sadiq al-Mahdi, jihad "requires initiating hostilities for religious purposes. [...] It is true that the [NIF] regime has not enacted a law to realize slavery in Sudan. But the traditional concept of jihad does allow slavery as a by-product [of jihad]."

Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International first reported on slavery in Sudan in 1995 in the context of the Second Sudanese Civil War. In 1996, two more reports emerged, one by a United Nations representative and another by reporters from the Baltimore Sun, just one of many "extensive accounts of slave raiding" in Sudan provided by Western media outlets since 1995.

Human Rights Watch and others have described the contemporary form of slavery in Sudan as mainly the work of the armed, government-backed militia of the Baggara tribes who raid civilians—primarily of the Dinka ethnic group from the southern region of Bahr El Ghazal. The Baggara captured children and women who were taken to western Sudan and elsewhere. They were "forced to work for free in homes and in fields, punished when they refuse, and abused physically and sometimes sexually". The government of Sudan "arm[ed] and sanction[ed] the practice of slavery by this tribal militia", known as muraheleen, as a low cost way of weakening its enemy in the Second Sudanese Civil War, the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), which was thought to have a base of support among the Dinka tribe of southern Sudan.

According to a 2002 report issued by the International Eminent Persons Group, (acting with the encouragement of the US State Department) both the government-backed militias and the rebels (led by the SPLA) have been found guilty of abducting civilians, but "of particular concern" were incidents that occurred "in conjunction with attacks by pro-government militias known as murahaleen on villages in SPLA-controlled areas near the boundary between northern and southern Sudan." The Group concluded that "in a significant number of cases", abduction is the first stage in "a pattern of abuse that falls under the definition of slavery in the International Slavery Convention of 1926 and the Supplementary Convention of 1956."

Estimates of abductions during the war range from 14,000 to 200,000. One estimate by social historian Jok Madut Jok is of 10–15,000 slaves in Sudan "at any one time", the number remaining roughly constant as individual slaves come and go—as captives escape, have their freedom bought or are released as unfit for labor, more are captured. Until 1999, the number of slaves kept by slave taker retains after the distribution of the human war booty was usually "three to six and rarely exceeded ten per slave raider". Although modern slave trading never approached the scale of nineteenth-century Nilotic slavery, some Baggara "operated as brokers to convert the war captives into slaves", selling slaves "at scattered points throughout Western Sudan", and "as far north as Kharoum". Illegal and highly unpopular internationally, the trade is done "discreetly", and kept to a "minimal level" so that "evidence for it is very difficult to obtain." "Slave owners simply deny that Southern children working for them are slaves."

According to a January 25, 1999, report in CBS news, slaves have been sold for $50 apiece.

Writing for The Wall Street Journal on December 12, 2001, Michael Rubin said:

"What's Sudanese slavery like? One 11-year-old Christian boy told me about his first days in captivity: "I was told to be a Muslim several times, and I refused, which is why they cut off my finger." Twelve-year-old Alokor Ngor Deng was taken as a slave in 1993. She has not seen her mother since the slave raiders sold the two to different masters. Thirteen-year-old Akon was seized by Sudanese military while in her village five years ago. She was gang-raped by six government soldiers, and witnessed seven executions before being sold to a Sudanese Arab.

Many freed slaves bore signs of beatings, burnings and other tortures. More than three-quarters of formerly enslaved women and girls reported rapes.

While nongovernmental organizations argue over how to end slavery, few deny the existence of the practice. ...[E]stimates of the number of blacks now enslaved in Sudan vary from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands (not counting those sold as forced labour in Libya)..."

The Sudanese government has never admitted to the existence of "slavery" within their borders, but in 1999, under international pressure, it established the committee to Eradicate the Abduction of Women and Children (CEAWC). 4,000 "abducted" southerners were returned to South Sudan through this program before it was shut down in 2010.

End of trade
According to the Rift Valley Institute, slave-raiding, "abduction … effectively ceased" in 2002. "A significant number" of slaves were repatriated after 2005 the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005, but "an unknown number" remain in captivity. The Institute created a "Sudan Abductee Database" containing "the names of over 11,000 people who were abducted in 20 years of slave-raiding" in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal state in southern Sudan, from 1983 to 2002. The January 2005 "North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)" peace treaty that ended the Sudanese civil war put an end to the slave raids, according to Christian Solidarity International, but did not provide a "way home for those already enslaved." The last Human Rights Watch "Backgrounder on Slavery in Sudan" was updated March 2002.

Christian Solidarity International slave redemption efforts
Efforts to "redeem" or to buy the freedom of slaves in Sudan are controversial. Beginning in 1995, Christian Solidarity International began "redeeming" slaves through an underground network of traders set up through local peace agreements between Arab and southern chiefs. The group claims to have freed over 80,000 people in this manner since that time. Several other charities eventually followed suit.

In 1999, UNICEF called the practice of redeeming slaves 'intolerable', arguing that these charities are implicitly accepting that human beings can be bought and sold.

UNICEF also said that buying slaves from slave-traders gives them cash to purchase arms and ammunition. But Christian Solidarity said they purchase slaves in Sudanese pounds, not US dollars that could be used to purchase arms.

As of 2015, Christian Solidarity International stated that it continues redeeming slaves. On its website, the group stated that it employs safeguards against fraud, and that allegations of fraud "remain today unsubstantiated".

Legacy
Racial abuse is commonplace in Sudan where Skin whitening is relatively common. In 2020, Al-Intibaha newspaper called a female football coach a slave. During Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, a number of Sudanese social media users racially abused a well-known black Sudanese footballer Issam Abdulraheem and a fair-skinned Arab make-up artist Reem Khougli, following their marriage. Glorification of past Slave traders is common in Sudan. al-Zubair Pasha Rahma, a slave trader, has a street named after him in the capital.

title: Slavery in Sudan


text:
TK90X

The TK90X was a Brazilian ZX Spectrum clone made in 1985 by Microdigital Electrônica, a company from São Paulo, that had previously manufactured ZX80 (TK80, TK82) and ZX81 clones (TK82C, TK83 and TK85).

Reported TK90X sales in October 1986 were 2500 machines per month.

Technical details
The case was a little taller than the original Spectrum and the keyboard placement was equal to the original keyboard, except for some additional Sinclar BASIC commands that did not exist in the Spectrums ( for user defined characters in the place of the £ sign - including specific Portuguese and Spanish characters such as ç and ñ, as well as accented vowels -  and the   function).

There were two versions of the machine, with 16 and 48 KB of RAM. They contained the same Z80A processor running at 3.58 MHz, ROM chip and RAM chips (dynamic RAMs 4116 and 4416).

Microdigital reverse engineered a CMOS integrated circuit (IC) with similar functionality to the original bipolar IC ULA from Sinclair/Ferranti. Most software written for the Spectrum ran on the TK90X, with some minor incompatibilities.

The TV modulator was tuned to VHF channel 3, with the TV standard being hardware selectable to PAL-M (60 Hz) as used in Brazil, PAL-N (50 Hz) as used in Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay and NTSC (60 Hz) as used in USA and many other countries.

An improvement over the original ZX Spectrum was the sound output via modulated RF direct to the TV set instead of the internal beeper.

Peripherals
Three peripherals were released by Microdigital: a joystick, a light pen interface and a parallel printer interface.

A Beta Disc Interface was available by third party companies, called  'C.A.S. disk drive interface'  (a near-clone from the original Beta Disc interface),  'C.B.I. disk drive interface'  (with an included printer interface) and  'IDS91'  (with an included printer interface made by Synchron) or  'IDS2001ne' (also with an included printer interface made by Synchron, but exclusively compatible with the TK90X and TK95).

TK95
The TK90X was replaced by the TK95, which had a different keyboard and case (identical to the Commodore Plus4), while the circuit board and schematics remained unchanged (the motherboard was marked as TK90X). It also used the same ULA as the TK90X, with only digital logic ports and the analogue part outside the ULA chip.

This machine had a few ROM differences that made it more compatible with the original ZX Spectrum (e.g., the game Mikie runs only on the TK95, not on the TK90X). Some users created a switch the enabled choosing between the original TK90X, TK95 or ZX Spectrum ROM internally, in order to be able to run all of the Spectrum's software.

Export model
During the 1980s Brazilians were not allowed to import computers and therefore the TK90X became the first affordable color computer in the market. It was successful in other Latin American countries, such as Uruguay and Argentina, as an export model using a different circuit board and schematics, and the same Ferranti ULA as the ZX Spectrum.

Because of its affordability in Latin America, many commercial software programs were developed locally for small business use and millions of users had their first computer experience with the TK90.

There's an active user base of enthusiasts of this computer, with dedicated websites discussing software preservation, peripherals and homebrew development and modifications.

title: TK90X


text:
Template talk:Infobox ethnic group

Flag Pics
Is there a standard for whether flag pictures should be next to countries of residence in ethnic groups? I know with other Infoboxes, such as Template:Infobox settlement, it is considered visually distracting to have these flags next to regions, but I personally think it looks nice and adds relevant information with little bother/material take-up.

Some pages, such as Armenians, do not have flags listed next to regions while others, such as Arabs, do. Any thoughts on standardizing this? Jg.lamp (talk) 17:54, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

Add a short description
This infobox would make perfect sense for a short descriptions generator of simply "ethnic group", just like the name of the infobox. It would be easily implemented by just adding this to the top of the template: -1ctinus📝 🗨  14:18, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 21 May 2024
add to automatically generate a short description for ethnic groups  -1ctinus📝  🗨  00:28, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ – Jonesey95 (talk) 00:39, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Infobox ethnic group


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bion Franklin

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 07:56, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Bion Franklin
Non-notable. Gamaliel 18:31, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree. Totally non-notable. LizardWizard 19:11, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete As the article says : not famous JoJan 19:16, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Easy call. "He was not famous in anyway" says it all. Zzyzx11 21:11, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * In case it's not already there, merge into articles of parents. Mgm|(talk) 22:12, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 23:37, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: there's a redlink in Madeleine L'Engle to Bios Franklin. Kappa 05:21, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The sentence about Bios Franklin was added to her article by the same anonymous IP who started this article. Since there is absolutely no evidence that he is encyclopedic (under either spelling), I have reverted it from her article.  Unless other evidence can be found, delete this as a probable prank.  Rossami (talk) 00:15, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Brookie 20:08, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:81.193.35.92

title: User talk:81.193.35.92


text:
Talk:Subrogation

New version of article
I recently made large changes to the article for the purpose of improving readability and accuracy. The changes were made just after joining, so my apologies for any errors in protocol. If someone from a civil law jurisdiction is interested, it would be worth incorporating some comparative analysis of analogous doctrines from civil law jurisdictions. Similarly for the US context Jason246xy March 2016

Missing Information
There's no mention in the page of where this is the law. Shouldn't any article about legal concepts say where it applies? I'm sure it can't apply in every country in the world —Preceding unsigned comment added by 32.97.110.142 (talk) 22:51, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

One key concept in the application of subrogation rights is that it attaches only to legal obligations, i.e., if an insurance carrier pays it's insured for vehicle damage and adds a certain sum that it is not legally obligated to pay, that carrier cannot expect the tortfeasor to be responsible for that certain sum. This is most commonly seen in total loss settlements, and waivers of betterment. The amount over and above the actual cash value of a vehicle that a carrier may pay to arrive at a settlement with an insured amounts to a gift, and therefore not subject to subrogation. If a wearable part is replaced with new, and the carrier does not apply normally due betterment as appropriate, that unapplied betterment is also a gift to the insured, not subject to subrogation.

Typical citations: 29 U.S.C.#1001 et seq. "Morris V. Crete Carrier Corp.", 105 F.3d 279 (6th Cir. 1997) "Greater N.Y. Mutual Ins. Co.", 85 F.3d 1088 (3d Cir. 1996) Black's Law Dictionary, 1427 (6th ed 1990)

Many more citations available.

Waiver of Subrogation
What does it mean when insurance companies want a waiver of subrogation in favor of insured parties when a policy is in joint names?

Tidy up and consolidation?
This article has grown in a slightly ad hoc fashion. It seems have to starting talking about insurance subrogation, and then half-heartedly been expanded to cover other areas. It might be a good time to have a really thorough resetting, doing the general principles/law at the top (which at the moment isn't really covered at all, at least not in any depth), and then sub-categories for the 5 accepted legal categories of subrogation know to law below (which will vary in length, insurance being the longest, obviously). Does anyone have any views on that proposal? Legis 07:20, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Per my last post in July (above), I have now done a re-write of this article, and the draft can be found at User:Legis/sandbox/draft 1. I am taking any last comments/suggestions/objections, but subject to any serious objections, I am proposing to amend and restate the article in the form of the draft. Legis 13:20, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I will assume that silence means acquiesence rather than indifference and make the edit. Legis 10:29, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Why only "common law"? Subrogation exists also in civil law traditions. See for example articles 1651-1659 of the Civil Code of Quebec, which deal with subrogation in the Quebec (civil) law. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User:67.71.70.67 (talk • contribs) 01:57, 9 December 2006

 * Put it in. I am only a common law lawyer, so obviously I can only write what I know about, but feel free to add the civil law perspective as appropriate. Legis (talk - contributions) 11:51, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Etymology
I added a footnote with some references to dictionaries showing the etymology of the subject term for the article. Hopefully this will make clearer how the sense of the term has changed from the original Latin to its present day legal sense. Yours, Famspear 17:40, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Identity of Claiming Party
In the example in the intro, it is stated that the insurer claims against the third party that caused the loss. Certainly in English law this is not the case, (not sure what law is being talked about here). In English law, the claim form, (or what used to be called a writ), is issued by the assured and the action is in the assured's name, not the insurer's name. 81.187.144.14 (talk) 22:18, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Personal Planning Point
this is not a small issue when it hits home. I have tried to note this. I am a newcomer if I violated convention please contact me @ roitmanlaw.com Howardrrr (talk) 20:12, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Spelling
This article uses British spellings. 71.6.70.242 (talk) 23:06, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

No mention of use for Medicare and Medicaid
I see no mention of the use of subrogation for either Medicare or Medicaid when they use it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.222.180.90 (talk) 17:09, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Subrogation


text: User talk:68.171.108.103

title: User talk:68.171.108.103


text:
User:Mirv

I do not log in much any more: the site is too high-profile and the fun is mostly gone. I still edit anonymously on occasion, and I'll use this account if I want to create or move a page.

Licensing:

If a jurisdiction does not recognize the public domain:

title: User:Mirv


text:
Matilde Moisant

Matilde Josephine Moisant (September 13, 1878 – February 5, 1964) was an American pioneer aviator, the second woman in the United States to obtain a pilot's license.

Early life
Moisant was born on September 13, 1878, in Earl Park, Indiana, to Médore Moisant and Joséphine Fortier. Both places exist in records, but her license from the Aero Club of America shows Earl Park. Both parents were French Canadians. Her siblings include George, John, Annie M., Alfred Moisant, Louise J. and Eunice Moisant. John and Alfred were also aviators. In 1880, the family was living in Manteno, Illinois, and her father was working as a farmer.

Career
Moisant learned to fly at Alfred's Moisant Aviation School on Long Island, New York. On 13 August 1911, a few weeks after her friend Harriet Quimby received her pilot's certificate, Matilde Moisant became the second woman pilot certified by the Aero Club of America. She pursued a career in exhibition flying, known as barn storming. In September 1911, she flew in the air show at Nassau Boulevard airfield in Garden City, New York and, while competing against Hélène Dutrieu, Moisant broke the women's altitude world record and won the Rodman-Wanamaker trophy by flying to 1200 ft.

Retirement
Moisant stopped flying on April 14, 1912, in Wichita Falls, Texas when her plane crashed (the same day that the Titanic struck an iceberg and only two days before her friend, Harriet Quimby, became the first woman to pilot an aircraft across the English Channel). A few months later on 1 July 1912, Quimby was killed when she was thrown from her plane. Although Moisant recovered from her injuries, she gave up flying. During World War I she volunteered at the front in France. She spent several years dividing her time between the U.S. and the family plantation in El Salvador, before returning to the Los Angeles area.

Death
Matilde Moisant died in 1964 in Glendale, California, aged 85, and was interred in the Portal of Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery, North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.

Timeline

 * 1878 Birth in Indiana
 * 1880 Living in Manteno, Kankakee, Illinois
 * 1880 US Census in Manteno, Illinois
 * 1900 US Census in California
 * 1910 Death of her brother
 * 1911 Received pilot's certificate
 * 1911 Won Rodman-Wanamaker altitude trophy
 * 1912 Crash in Texas on April 14
 * 1920 Living in Los Angeles, California
 * 1920 US Census in Los Angeles, California
 * 1930 US Census in La Crescenta, California
 * 1964 Death in California
 * 1964 Burial In Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery

title: Matilde Moisant


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Category talk:Pre-Indo-Europeans

Untitled
this category is not well-defineable and misleading, and may in the extreme lead to fruitless edit-warring. it should be deleted. dab (ᛏ) 18:36, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * With all due respect, I feel that it has its uses. I have taken the liberty of adding quite a few pages which seem clearly relevant. Richard Keatinge (talk) 11:53, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

I suppose that the definition, as actually used, would be languages or cultures in any Eurasian area later speaking an Indo-European language. This covers a wide range of interesting archaeology and linguistics. Richard Keatinge (talk) 10:19, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Pre-Indo-Europeans