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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Nafaanra language

Nafaanra language
This is easily the most comprehensive web resource on this fascinating language. Gone through Peer Review, all feedback incorporated (see its request). Self-nomination. Mark Dingemanse
 * Support, perfect, and extremely interesting. As I said already on peer review, I find especially the sample sentences wonderfully illuminating. The article was excellent and comprehensive even before Mark found the 1904 linguistic map: now it's sublime. (Modesty is good, Mark, but I've added your sig to the nomination.) Bishonen | Talk 23:21, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Everyking 01:54, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Fascinating. It would be even more fascinating if some ogg files can be made available to hear how this language sounds. --Zappaz 06:44, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * support, great! dab (ᛏ) 11:49, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, though I have a question on the last sentence of the second paragraph: ...60% cognate relationship on the Swadesh list with Tenere (Senara), 59% with Central Senari,... There is no "Central Senari" listed on Senufo languages, so I wonder if this a reference to the umbrella group "Central Senufo"?  Clarification would be appreciated.  Otherwise a truly great article.  (50=20x2+10?) - BanyanTree 16:40, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Good catch. I've tried to clarify it, please check it out. I think it's too long for the lead now, so I moved it down. (fúloe shiin na kɛ? Or lafɛɛ shiin na fúloe shiin?)  — mark ✎ 17:50, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent - BanyanTree 19:04, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Excellent work. I agree with Zappaz that sound recordings (as much as possible, as we now have Commons for this sort of thing) would be the icing on the cake, but without them it's still definitely worthy of featured status. — Trilobite (Talk) 17:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support — This is an excellent and well researched article that broadens the horizons of Wikipedia. Gareth Hughes 14:50, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Looks great, and yes I would have to say sample ogg sound files would be an amazing addition. - Taxman 16:45, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Nice map. - XED . talk  17:02, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Re: Zappaz, Trilobite & Taxman — I didn't walk into a Nafaanra speaker in the Netherlands yet, but if I'm ever going to be around there (and there is a chance), of course I will not omit recording some Nafaanra (and some Ligbi, Dompo, Gonja and Deg along with it, I suppose).  — mark ✎ 17:56, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Well we weren't necessarily saying you would go and do it, but maybe someone in the area could be contacted and make a recording, or maybe a native speaker of it is outside the area and can be contacted somehow. - Taxman 15:22, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)


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Canadian Judicial Council

The Canadian Judicial Council (CJC; Conseil canadien de la magistrature) is the national council of the judiciary of Canada, overseeing the country's federal judges.

The Council has 41 members, composed of chief justices and associate chief justices. It is chaired by the Chief Justice of Canada, currently Justice Richard Wagner.

History
The council was created in 1971 by the Parliament of Canada following years of discussion about the need to coordinate professional development and judicial conduct matters for judges, in a way that would respect the judiciary as an independent branch of government. The review of complaints had previously usually been coordinated by the Department of Justice, with the occasional involvement of local Chief Justices.

Landreville case
A key factor that facilitated the creation of the council was the case of justice Leo Landreville. He was charged with a criminal offence. Those charges were dismissed, but allegations of impropriety continued to be made by some. This gave rise to quite a bit of public debate; some in the legal profession criticized the fact that the judge was still sitting. A Committee of the Law Society, despite not having jurisdiction over a federally appointed judge, produced a negative report without even notifying Landreville of its proceedings.

There being no defined process to formally inquire into the conduct of a judge, the government then constituted a one-man Royal Commission headed by former Supreme Court Justice Ivan Rand. In his report, Rand found some improprieties and was critical of Justice Landreville. However, some said Mr Rand was biased and famous constitutional lawyer J.J. Robinette who represented Justice Landreville before the Commission was seriously critical of the process.

After the Rand report became public, a joint Committee of Parliament eventually recommended the judge's removal and he resigned.

There were many who came to a view that the process which had been followed was flawed: the absence of a process defined in legislation to review the conduct of a judge left too much room for review by the law societies, government or Parliament, of even other bodies without necessarily involving the judiciary.

Professor William Kaplan, in his book Bad Judgment, wrote that "[w]ithout a doubt, the Landreville case figured prominently in the decision to establish the council." He quotes the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Justice who spoke during second reading of the Bill that created the Council: "Because the independence of the judiciary is an integral part of the Canadian democratic process, it is important that the judiciary become, to some extent, a self-disciplinary body."

According to Martin Friedland, "There is no doubt that the awkwardness and uncertainty of the Landreville proceeding was a factor motivating Parliament to adopt this new procedure."

Organization and activities
The CJC's activities have been characterized as seeking to investigate complaints about judicial misbehaviour and on the other hand protecting the reputation of judges against unfounded accusations.

Members
The Council has 41 members, composed of chief justices and associate chief justices. It is chaired by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, currently Justice Richard Wagner.

Review of Complaints
The Canadian Judicial Council was granted power under the Judges Act to investigate complaints made by members of the public or the Attorney General about the conduct of federally appointed judges. After its review and investigation of a complaint, the Council can make recommendations to Parliament through the Minister of Justice that a judge be removed from office.

Canada is one of the very few countries where a complaint can be made against the Chief Justice in the same way as any other judge. The Chief Justice is not involved in the review of complaints.

List of public inquiries
While the majority of complaints are dealt with quickly and without a public hearing, there are some instances where a judge's conduct is considered to be of sufficient concern that further inquiry is warranted.

Since its inception in 1971, the CJC has referred a total of 14 complaints (one involving three judges) to an inquiry committee:

Limited removals
In its 40-year history, the CJC has only ordered 11 public inquiries and only twice recommended that a judge be removed from the bench. In the 145 years since Confederation, only five superior court judges have been recommended for removal from the bench. All but one resigned before being removed.

The CJC has declined to recommend removal even in cases where there was a finding of inappropriate conduct. In 2008, a CJC inquiry panel recommended removing Ontario Superior Court Justice Theodore Matlow from the bench, but a majority of the full CJC overruled the removal recommendation despite agreeing there was misconduct. Rocco Galati criticized the difficulty of removing judges, saying that "it's easier to get a constitutional amendment than to remove a judge."

After a full panel of the CJC ignored its committee recommendation and recommended that Quebec judge Michel Girouard should remain on the bench, federal Justice Minister Jody Wilson-Raybould and Quebec Justice Minister Stéphanie Vallée ordered the CJC to reconsider its decision.

The CJC has said that misconduct should not guarantee the judge's removal, and the gravity of the misconduct must be determined. Osgoode Hall Law School professor Trevor Farrow said that the rarity of removals reflects the high value that is placed on independence for judges in Canada.

Makeup of CJC
The CJC is composed only of judges. Galati criticized the makeup of the CJC, pointing out that judges are the only truly self-regulating profession in Canada, and has urged public participation in the process. Osgoode Hall Law School professor Allan Hutchison argued that the CJC should include members of the public, and criticized the hypocrisy of judges calling for natural justice in other professions. University of Calgary Faculty of Law professor and Canadian Association for Legal Ethics president Alice Wooley said including laypersons in the CJC would ensure that the process is less insular and more transparent.

Secrecy
In September 2003, the Canadian Justice Review Board, a non-governmental advocacy group and "coalition of citizens," expressed concern that the CJC is too secretive. Wooley criticized the CJC for not clearly articulating what constituted misconduct worthy of sanctions.

Range of sanctions
Some critics have pointed out that the only available sanction of removal may not be appropriate in some circumstances.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Canadian Judicial Council


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Silverfish (band)

Silverfish were a UK-based indie rock band which formed in the late 1980s and first performed in Camden in 1988. The band split up in 1993.

Their lead singer was Scottish-born Lesley Rankine. The band had a high octane, indie punk metal sound that was set alight by Rankine's distinctive vocals and strongly feminist views. Famous lyrics "Hips, Tits, Lips, Power" from the single "Big Bad Baby Pig Squeal" adorned a popular T-shirt of the time.

The other members of the band were; guitarist Andrew "Fuzz" Duprey; bassist Chris P Mowforth; and drummer Stuart Watson. Founding member Fuzz was a regular "face" at London indie gigs of the time, and is now a regular DJ at the Dublin Castle pub in Camden Town, London. The band stood out from many of their scene-contemporaries with a lineup that was mixed in terms of both gender and ethnicity and a setlist that was more liberally strewn with expletives than that of anyone else. Silverfish were the main focus of the so-called 'Camden Lurch' scene, a term invented by the music press to describe the fact that many of the prominent indie bands (outside of the dominant alternative dance and shoegazing scenes) of the time resided in Camden, and that they lurched.

The band's 1980s EPs were collected in a 1990 compilation album called Cockeye. The following year, they released their debut album, Fat Axl, and toured with the band Pigface. In 1992, the group gained wider acclaim with their second album, Organ Fan, and supported the band 7 Year Bitch. During the broadcast of a Peel session, BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel summed up their level of success: "If they were from New York, we'd be mad for them of course".

When the band split up in 1993, Rankine moved to Seattle and formed the band Ruby with Mark Walk.

Albums

 * Fat Axl (1991)
 * Organ Fan (1992) – UK #65

Compilations

 * Cockeye (1990) [includes Dolly Parton & T.F.A.]

EPs

 * Dolly Parton (1989)
 * T.F.A. (1990)
 * Fuckin' Driving or What? E.P. (1991)
 * Silverfish with Scrambled Eggs E.P. (1992)
 * Crazy (1993)
 * Damn Fine (1993)

title: Silverfish (band)


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Peter Cook (disambiguation)

Peter Cook (1937–1995) was a British comedian.

Peter Cook may also refer to:

 * Peter Cook (MP), Member of Parliament for Leominster, 1390 and 1391
 * Peter Cook (antiques) (1924–2003), Australian antique dealer and For Love or Money panelist
 * Peter Cook (English footballer) (1927–1960), English footballer
 * Peter Cook (Australian footballer) (born 1932), Australian footballer for Melbourne
 * Peter Cook (architect) (born 1936), British architect
 * Peter Cook (Australian politician) (1943–2005), Australian senator
 * Peter Cook (jockey) (born 1950), retired Australian jockey
 * Peter Cook (born c. 1959), architect and fourth husband of Christie Brinkley
 * Peter Cook (press secretary), financial news anchor and press secretary
 * Peter Mackenzie (born Peter Cook, 1961), American actor
 * Peter Samuel Cook (1928–2004), British serial rapist

title: Peter Cook (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Frankie Armstrong

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title: Talk:Frankie Armstrong


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Sweethearts (candy)

Sweethearts (also known as conversation hearts) are small heart-shaped sugar candies sold around Valentine's Day. Each heart is printed with a message such as "Be Mine", "Kiss Me", "Call Me", "Let's Get Busy", or "Miss You". Sweethearts were made by the New England Confectionery Company, or Necco, before being purchased by the Spangler Candy Company in 2018. They were also previously made by the Stark Candy Company. Necco manufactured nearly 8 billion Sweethearts per year. Similar products are available from Brach's and other companies. A similar type of candy is sold in the UK under the name Love Hearts; while similar in formulation to Sweethearts, Love Hearts are round, with the heart design and message embossed on their surface.

History
Oliver R. Chase invented a machine in 1847 to cut lozenges from wafer candy, similar to Necco Wafers, and started a candy factory. Daniel Chase, Oliver's brother, began printing sayings on the candy in 1866. He designed a machine that was able to press on the candy similar to a stamp. The candy was often used for weddings since the candies had witty saying such as: "Married in pink, he will take a drink", "Married in White, you have chosen right", and "Married in Satin, Love will not be lasting".

The candies were originally in the shape of a seashell and were large enough to carry a longer message. The heart-shaped conversation candies to be called Sweethearts got their start in 1901. Other shapes formerly produced include lozenges, horseshoes, and baseballs. Line extensions carrying the Sweethearts brand include chocolates and sugar-free hearts.

In the 1990s, Necco vice-president Walter Marshall wanted to update some of the sayings and retire others. For example, the outdated "Fax Me" was retired, and the more modern "Text Me" was added. The romantic expressions continue to be revised for young Americans. Necco received hundreds of suggestions a year on new sayings. The most sought-after motto is "Marry Me".

Necco produced the hearts year-round, but mixing of colors and packaging were ramped up beginning in September to meet the demand for the product at Valentine's Day. Approximately 100000 lb of hearts were made per day, which sells out in about six weeks. The company produces 8 billion hearts per year. As a Valentine candy, it is second in popularity only to chocolate. The largest market is related to school celebrations on Valentine's Day.

Flavor change
In 2010, the classic pastel candy formula was abandoned. Sweethearts were made softer with vivid colors and new flavors. These new flavors included sour apple and blue raspberry. The changes to the flavors and messages were unpopular with some fans.

Bankruptcy and return
In 2018, Necco declared bankruptcy. The original plant closed and their candy brands were sold off. The rights to Sweethearts were acquired by Spangler Candy Company. With the purchase of the brand by Spangler, Sweethearts were unavailable for Valentine's Day 2019 as Spangler set up production of the confections in a new plant. Sweethearts returned in 2020 with the original flavors from before Necco's 2010 change, but due to equipment problems, the familiar sayings were largely either incomplete or missing entirely.

Ingredients
The main ingredients are corn syrup, sugar, gelatin, and various types of food coloring.

title: Sweethearts (candy)


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Breca the Bronding

Breca (sometimes spelled Breoca or Brecca) was a Bronding who, according to the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf, was Beowulf's childhood friend. Breca defeated Beowulf in what, by consensus, is described as a swimming match.

While dining, Unferth alludes to the story of their contest as a reproach to Beowulf's impulsiveness and foolhardiness, and Beowulf then relates it in detail, explaining how he needed to stop and defeat multiple sea monsters (nicors) during the match, so, although he arrived at the goal after Breca, his was the more worthy journey.

In line 522 of Beowulf, Breca is identified as lond Brondinga (“of the Brondings’ land"). Breca is also mentioned in Widsith, an Anglo-Saxon poem (also known, usually by the translations of Benjamin Thorpe, as The Skôp, or The Gleema's Tale, or The Skald's Tale) known only from a 10th-century copy, as the ruler (in some unspecified previous century) of the Brondings (line 25 of Widsith):
 *  Cassere weold Creacum, ond Caelic Finnum, ...    Caesar rules the Greeks, and Caelic the Finns, ...
 *  Meaca Myrgingum, Mearchealf Hundingum,             Meaca the Myrinings, Marchalf the Hundings,
 *  þeodric weold Froncum, þyle Rondingum,               Theodoric ruled the Franks, Thyle the Rondings,
 *  Breoca Brondingum, Billing Wernum, .....                 Breca the Brondings, Billing the Wernas, .....

This is presumably the same Breca as mentioned in Beowulf. In Beowulf, Breca is further identified, in line 524, as sunu Bēanstānes (“Beanstan’s son”), as if the name Breca and the mention of Beanstan would be familiar enough to Unferth's audience to adequately identify him (although Beanstan is not otherwise mentioned in any surviving document ).

It was long ago theorized that the Brondings and Breca lived on the island of Brännö outside of modern Gothenburg (the second largest city in Sweden). On the other hand, from the mention in Widsith, with the Brondings mentioned immediately before the Wernas (and the Wernas supposedly being the Varini on the Elbe), it has been suggested that the Brondings might have located near them, perhaps in Mecklenburg or Pomerania. It has even been suggested that the Brondings, whose name suggests the crashing of waves, are entirely mythical.

The nature of the contest
Some scholars have debated whether Beowulf and Breca competed in a swimming match or a rowing match. Ambiguities in the translation of Beowulf have left scholars with multiple interpretations for the Beowulf-Breca “swimming” episode. Karl P. Wentersdorf of Xavier University writes, “An adventure in which two youths spend seven days and nights swimming at sea is more than extraordinary, particularly since they are carrying heavy iron swords and wearing cumbersome coats of chain mail.” Such a remarkable feat would not, however, be very incongruous with the poem's other portrayals of Beowulf's heroic prowess. Unferth describes this as a foolhardy contest or race, but when Beowulf offers his own version of events, it becomes a youthful confidence-building or team-building shared challenge, much like a camping or mountaineering trip, in which the two participants endeavored to stay together rather than one leave the other far behind.

According to Wentersdorf, the trouble with translation “results from the ambiguity of the word sund in the lines ymb sund flite (line 508) and he þeaet sunde oferflat (lines 517-518).” Sund, though often translated by scholars as “swim” could, through evolution of language, be interpreted as “rowing”. Beowulf and Breca could have been rowing together or competing to see who was the more prodigious rower. The Old English term rēon, used twice in this portion of Beowulf (namely lines 513 and 540), is not translated as “swim” in any other Anglo-Saxon poetry. The kennings earmum þehton (line 514, þeccean “to cover, conceal”) and mundum brugdon (line 515a, bregdan “to pull, move quickly, swing, draw”), used by Unferth to describe Beowulf's match against Breca, are applicable to both swimming and rowing. Twice in this portion (lines 514 and 540) that sund is used is in the same lines as rēon, and both times forming the three-word phrase on sund rēon, which would seem to mean "rowing on the sea" – but there is an Anglo-Saxon word, onsund, which means “sound, physically strong, uninjured”, in most transcriptions of the Beowulf text it does not occur, but in the original manuscript, at line 513 on and sund have apparently been rewritten after being scraped from the parchment and seem slightly closer together than two separate words ordinarily are (although Zupitza's transcription treats them as two separate words), and in line 540 the manuscript clearly uses onsund as a single word and Zupitza transcribes it as a single word – although he drew a thin line of separation after on, which may indicate that he did not know that onsund was a word with a meaning of its own. Onsund is found in a lot of other Anglo-Saxon artifacts. In Icelandic, at least, sund requires a preposition, not found here in Beowulf, to mean swimming rather than merely something aquatic.

Unferth also uses the phrases wada cunnedon (line 509), “made trial of the waters”, and glidon ofer garsecg (line 515), “glided over the sea” during his description of Beowulf's match against Breca. Both terms are equally applicable to swimming and rowing. Rowing was, as much as swimming or water-wrestling, an essential skill for warriors during the Anglo-Saxon era, so a rowing competition between Beowulf and Breca would not have been out of the question. Although there are Nordic tales of swimming competitions, no other has characteristics of such extreme duration and danger as this – which, strictly speaking, was not a race but merely a testing of their own strength. Moreover, the duration of the challenge seems to make rowing more likely than swimming; seven days and nights immersed in Scandinavian waters, in winter no less (line 516), evidently without food nor an opportunity to go ashore for sleep or warmth, seems lethal (and certainly more arduous than Diana Nyad’s five attempts – only the last one successful – to swim from Cuba to Miami, each effort lasting only 2½ days).

Additionally, the text refers to Beowulf as fleotan (line 543) – “floating”, and being on sidne sæ (line 508), and on deóp wæter (line 510) – “upon the wide sea” and “upon the deep water” and similar expressions—putting him consistently atop or above the water, rather than in or under the water. In line 515, he is described as having glidon ofer garsecg – “glided over / above the surf”; again, an image more in keeping with rowing than swimming. Further, in line 581, fatigued from his struggles with the sea monsters, Beowulf was carried by the currents to the land of the Finns (presumably a great distance) – and here the original manuscript's text clearly reads wudu weallendu – wudu, a word related to “wood” and often meaning “boat” (or perhaps “raft”), as it does in lines 216, 298 and elsewhere, so that Beowulf was carried to the Finns on a tossing, quaking boat; however, several editors and translators saw an obscure difficulty (between the masculine wudu and the neuter weallendu) and insisted on changing the wudu (“boat”) to wadu (“water”), making it appear that Beowulf was carried to the Finns on “surging water” (and, naturally, translators relying on the printed Anglo-Saxon text worked up by such editors were innocently led to the same result).

Significance of the story
The story of the aquatic adventure with Breca is introduced into the Beowulf saga for a number of reasons. First, we are introduced to Unferth, evidently a significant member of Hrothgar's court, but we are immediately encouraged to dislike him, because we are told he is motivated by envy and wishes to embarrass Hrothgar's honored guest. Second, it enables the introduction of a separate story (coming before the confrontation with Grendel) attesting, after a fashion, to Beowulf's strength, courage, and resourcefulness. Third, it tells us that Beowulf has already overcome monsters other than Grendel – several of them – so that he is suited for the challenge he faces. When he tells his side of the story, Beowulf manages to include some rude rebuffs to Unferth (the mention of Unferth killing his kin may be nothing more than slanging, just as modern American patois uses an accusation of ‘a particular form of incest’). Further in the saga, when Heriot is being attacked by Grendel's Mother, we shall see Unferth approach Beowulf in humility, offering his own family's heirloom sword.

In popular culture

 * Breca appears as a main character, portrayed by Gísli Örn Garðarsson, in Beowulf: Return to the Shieldlands, which depicts him and Beowulf as having become companions as adults after Beowulf saved Breca from a lynch mob.

title: Breca the Bronding


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Janice Dean

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 17:43, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Janice Dean
I'm not sure that this news announcer is notable. Gazpacho 23:08, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Since she announces the weather on Fox, she may be notable as the rare Foxie who's not a right-wing ideologue. But that's feeble notability indeed. Delete. -- Hoary 02:17, 2005 Feb 13 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not establish notability. Megan1967 02:49, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete until she does something encyclopedic. Wyss 11:47, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - hopless vanity rubbish. Brookie 19:35, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
BCRU

BCRU may refer to:
 * Bath Cancer Research Unit, a cancer research association in Bath, England
 * British Columbia Rugby Union, the provincial administrative body for rugby union in British Columbia

title: BCRU


text:
Yankee Squadron

The Yankee Squadron was a group of mercenary American military aviators who flew for the Spanish Republican Air Force during the Spanish Civil War.

History
In November 1936, representatives of the Second Spanish Republic (Spanish Republicans, or Loyalists) began a campaign to hire American pilots to fight in the Spanish Civil War. They used a New York lawyer to find American pilots. Time magazine reported on December 21, 1936, that six U.S. fliers were on the ocean liner SS Normandie, headed for Spain, to join their leader, Bert Acosta. They were to be paid $1,500 a month, plus $1,000 for each Aviación Nacional plane destroyed.

Time reported that the six men were: "[h]ilariously celebrating in the ship's bar of the Normandie with their first advance pay checks from Spain's Radical Government ... en route last week for Madrid to join Bert Acosta, pilot of Admiral Byrd's transatlantic flight, in doing battle against Generalissimo Francisco Franco's White planes."

British and French pilots were given two weeks of training, but the Americans were expected to fly as soon as they arrived. Another American flyer, Hilaire du Berrier, was already in Spain by time they arrived. Frederic Ives Lord became their squadron commander, and he tried to convince the Loyalist authorities that the planes they were given were too dilapidated to fly. When the commandant insisted that the planes were safe, Lord took him up for a test flight, and at two thousand feet up one of the four wings broke off. The commandant motioned Lord to climb higher so they could escape by using their parachutes. Lord wanted to try to land with the remaining lower wings intact. He landed the plane safely but was arrested at the airfield. An airplane mechanic intervened and explained that his loss of the wing was accidental, and was not intentional. The pilots went to Valencia, Spain to complain to the Second Spanish Republic air ministry, but nothing changed. Acosta, Schneider and Lord planned to escape from Bilbao to Biarritz, France by motorboat after they had been refused a promised Christmas leave. Their plan was discovered and the pilot of their boat was arrested and executed. The pilots were then jailed for 18 hours. They then returned to the United States.

Return to United States
Four of them resigned and returned to the United States in January. The Associated Press reported that "the flyers protested they were given nothing but unarmed sports planes with which to fight, while Russian pilots were assigned "regular American army planes." The Spanish Air Force had no US-built planes; the main fighters used by the Republicans during the war were the Soviet-built Polikarpov I-15 and I-16. The latter was often mistaken for the Boeing P-26, but was not related to it. The flyers said both the socialist and fascist air forces in Spain were staffed almost entirely by foreigners.

The fliers later told the Washington Post that they had quit because "'it would be suicide to continue' and because their actions 'might not be in tune with the spirit of neutrality'... While other airmen – British and French – were afforded a two-week courtesy for training, American fliers were just shown to loyalist hangars, given a plane and ordered to do their stuff. 'We were flying old crates,' Acosta said, 'while other nationalists [sic] were given modern ships. But for the protection afforded us by Soviet pursuit planes we would not be alive now to tell you this tale.'"

Eddie August Schneider explained his motives in flying for the Republic: "I was broke, hungry, jobless ... yet despite the fact that all three of us are old-time aviators who did our part for the development of the industry, we were left out in the cold in the Administration's program of job making. Can you blame us for accepting the lucrative Spanish offer?" The flyers had their passports confiscated, and they were to be returned when they attested that they had never withdrawn their allegiance to the United States.

The flyers claimed that they were not paid what was promised them by the Spanish government. Acosta and Berry started legal proceedings against the Spanish steamship Mar Cantabrico to try to collect the back pay that was due each of them. The consul general for the Spanish government, Luis Careaga, arrived in the US and paid some of the money, and declared that they were now paid in full. Their lawyer, Lewis Landes, claimed Acosta and Berry were still owed $1,500 and Schneider $1,200.

Members

 * Bertrand Blanchard Acosta (1895–1954), co-pilot on America, the third candidate for the Orteig prize(1927).
 * Gordon Berry (1898–?), he is sometimes listed as "George F. Berry" or "Gordon K. Berry" or "Gordon O. Berry". He was a 39-year-old flying and drinking companion of Bert Acosta, who served in the RAF towards the end of World War I. He was from New York.
 * Frederic Ives Lord (1897–1967), a.k.a. Frank I. Frederick Lord
 * Eddie August Schneider (1911–1940)
 * Eddie Semons, sometimes listed as "Edwin Semons" or "Edwin L. Semons". He may have helped recruit other pilots.

title: Yankee Squadron


text:
4th & B'way Records

4th & B'way Records (pronounced and spelled out completely as Fourth and Broadway Records in the UK) is a US-based subsidiary of Island Records that specialised in street-oriented music such as hip hop. Established in 1984, it was the flagship label of the Island Trading Company, the independent-distribution parent company of Island's other record labels that operated in the US. However, 4th & B'way was not distributed through major-label channels—the flagship Island label was distributed by Atlantic Records at that time—until the label and distribution company were acquired by PolyGram Records in 1989, when Island Trading became a unit of PolyGram Group Distribution and was renamed Independent Label Sales (ILS). It was also one of several US-based Island labels that were named after nearby New York City streets when Island's US headquarters were located at 14 East 4th Street in Manhattan, the same building that held the legendary East Village branch of Tower Records, and also nearby at 400 Lafayette Street. When Island moved its headquarters to the Worldwide Plaza Building at 825 8th Avenue in 1995, where PolyGram's US headquarters were also located, the empty 4th Street offices became the headquarters of V2 Records.

In the UK, Fourth and Broadway was established in 1992, and it had a roster different from its American version, although it did release titles from its American cousin and vice versa. 4th & B'way was shut down in 1998, shortly after Chris Blackwell left Island Records, and before the merger of the PolyGram and MCA label families that became Universal Music Group. 4th & B'way's remaining hip hop artists would be transferred to Def Jam Recordings.

"Pump Up the Volume" by MARRS was distributed by 4th & B'way in the US. Other notable artists included Eric B and Rakim and Noel.

On April 12, 2013, The Island Def Jam Music Group reactivated the label as a dance-oriented imprint with Cazzette as its first artist on the reactivated imprint, and has also signed Route 94, Kiesza, and Loote

On November 17, 2020, Island Records relaunched the label again, naming LaTrice Burnette as the president of 4th and Broadway. Burnette will also continue her role as executive vice president of Island. After being previously distributed by Island and strategically aligned with Republic Records in 2020, it was announced February 2022, 4th and B'way switched distribution to former sister label Def Jam Recordings.

title: 4th & B'way Records


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Talk:Carnival Air Lines

Untitled
Does somebody know what ever happened to Carnival Airlines Air Training School? Does that school still exist under any other name or authority? It was based at Fort Lauderdale Hollywood International Airport, Miami. You may place your answer here or send it to alexglibin@mail.ru. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.178.187.129 (talk • contribs) 23:11, 12 February 2005

carnival airlines JFK terminal
Which terminal at JFK did Carnival Airlines use? Was it the famous TWA terminal designed by Eero Saarinen? 65.78.22.20 (talk) 23:58, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Carnival Air Lines


text: Category:Kamen Rider

title: Category:Kamen Rider


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Donegore

Donegore (historically Dunogcurra, ) is the name of a hill, a townland, a small cluster of residences, and a civil parish in the historic barony of Antrim Upper, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Donegore lies approximately 5 miles (8 km) east of Antrim town. 154 acres of the townland lies in the civil parish of Grange of Nilteen (also in Antrim Upper).

The largest settlement in the parish is the village of Parkgate. Donegore Hill stands prominently above the Six Mile Water valley, with views to the east, south, and most notably the west, where it overlooks Lough Neagh and the Sperrins beyond.

History
The area was the site of main camp of the United Irishmen prior to the Battle of Antrim, in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Weaver poet, James Orr wrote a poem entitled Donegore Hill on the subject. The parish contains fortified earthworks and other archaeological remains, both ancient (including a neolithic causewayed enclosure) and mediaeval.

The Church of Ireland (Anglican) parish church, St. John's, dates back at least to the 14th century. The churchyard is the burial site of (among others) poet and artist Sir Samuel Ferguson. Since 1922, the Church of Ireland parish has been united with the adjacent parish of Templepatrick. The parish is served also by two Presbyterian churches: First Donegore in Parkgate and Second straddling the boundary of Dunamuggy and Ballywee.

Townlands in the Parish of Donegore

 * Ballyclaverty
 * Ballygowan
 * Ballynoe
 * Ballysavage
 * Ballywee
 * Ballywoodock
 * Browndod
 * Cromy and Taggarts Land
 * Donegore
 * Drumagorgan
 * Dunamuggy
 * Durham's Land
 * Ferguson's Land
 * Freemanstown
 * Halftown
 * Rathbeg
 * Rathmore
 * Tobergill

title: Donegore


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Sweethearts

Sweethearts may refer to:

Films and television

 * Sweethearts (1938 film), a MGM film starring Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy
 * Sweethearts (1990 film), an Australian film
 * Sweethearts (1996 film), a film by Birger Larsen nominated for the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film
 * Sweethearts (1997 film), an independent film starring Janeane Garofalo
 * Sweethearts (2019 film), a German film
 * Sweethearts (upcoming film), a romantic-comedy directed by Jordan Weiss
 * Sweethearts (British game show), a British version hosted by Larry Grayson
 * Sweethearts (American game show), an American version hosted by Charles Nelson Reilly

Music

 * Sweethearts (music group), an Australian new soul group
 * Sweethearts (musical), a 1913 operetta by Victor Herbert
 * The Sweethearts, or Sweethearts of Sigma, an American trio of backing singers

Other

 * Sweethearts (book), a book by Sharon Rich, the full title being Sweethearts: The Timeless Love Affair Onscreen and Off Between Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy
 * Sweethearts (candy), a heart shaped candy
 * Sweethearts (comics), a romance comic published first by Fawcett Publications from 1948 to 1953 and continued by Charlton Comics from 1954 to 1973
 * Sweethearts (play), a two-act 1874 comedy by W.S. Gilbert based on a song of the same name by Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan
 * "The Sweethearts; or, The Top and the Ball", an 1843 fairytale by Hans Christian Andersen

title: Sweethearts


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Dino-Riders

Dino-Riders is an animated television series that first aired in 1988. The cartoon was primarily a promotional show to launch a new Tyco toy line. Only fourteen episodes were produced, three of which were produced on VHS for the United States. The show aired in the U.S. as part of the Marvel Action Universe programming block.

The series focuses on the battle between the heroic Valorians and the evil Rulon Alliance on prehistoric Earth. The Valorians were a superhuman race, while the Rulons comprised several breeds of humanoids (ants, crocodiles, snakes, and sharks were the most common). Both races came from the future but were transported back in time to the age of dinosaurs. Once on Earth, the Valorians befriended dinosaurs, while the Rulons brainwashed them.

Ownership of the series passed to Disney in 2001 when Disney acquired Fox Kids Worldwide, which also includes Marvel Productions.

Overview
The Valorians were a species of peaceful humanoids who lived on the planet Valoria until they were invaded by the predatory Rulons. A group of Valorians led by Questar attempted to escape the Rulon invasion using a spaceship equipped with their "Space Time Energy Projector" (S.T.E.P.); however, something went wrong. They were sent back in time and space, to the planet Earth 65 million years back in the age of the dinosaurs. Unknown to them, the Rulon flagship, the Dreadlock, locked in with a tractor beam, was also sent back through time when the S.T.E.P. was activated.

After successfully landing on prehistoric Earth, the Valorians used their AMP ("Amplified Mental Projector") necklaces to telepathically communicate with the dinosaurs they encountered and eventually befriended them. On the other hand, the Rulons—led by the warlord Krulos—used brainwashing devices known as brain-boxes to control dinosaurs for their own needs. The Rulons then launched an attack on the Valorians, who called upon their dinosaur friends to assist them in fighting back. After ultimately defeating the Rulons, the Valorians renamed themselves Dino-Riders.

In regard to the dinosaur (and other animal) species present, the series is extremely anachronistic, showing late-Cretaceous species like Tyrannosaurus rex alongside species from earlier eras such as dinosaurs from the Triassic, and Jurassic, including the Permian genus Dimetrodon, which lived 200 million years earlier, before dinosaurs existed.

It also show several ice age animals such as the Woolly Mammoth and Smilodon, living alongside Archaeotherium, which lived during the Eocene 16 million years before the Ice Age. Plus, it shows Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons coexisting with Smilodon, and the Megatherium which lived in North and South America, while Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons lived in Eurasia.

Valorians
The Valorians are a race of superhumans from the planet Valoria who were renamed as the Dino-Riders and the main protagonists of the series.
 * Questar (voiced by Dan Gilvezan) – The leader of the Valorians who is strong-willed and courageous.
 * Mind-Zei (voiced by Peter Cullen) – A blind elderly warrior with a sixth sense for detecting people around him, and who's an expert at hand-to-hand combat. He offers advice to Questar and is also Serena's grandfather.
 * Yungstar (voiced by Joe Colligan) – Young and eager for action, is prone to letting pride get in his way. He rides a Deinonychus and flies a Quetzalcoatlus in later episodes.
 * Serena (voiced by Noelle North) – Able to heal other beings and can sense when someone is in trouble. She is also the granddaughter of Mind-Zei.
 * Turret (voiced by Charlie Adler) – A technician and scientist. Turret is in charge of the S.T.E.P. crystal.
 * Llahd (voiced by Stephen Dorff) – The youngest of the Dino-Riders.
 * Gunnur (voiced by Peter Cullen) – A hardened war veteran and high-ranking official who often helps train other Dino-Riders.
 * Tagg (voiced by Wally Burr) – A mid-level official who also helps instructs in the training of the Dino-Riders. He rides a Pachycephalosaurus.
 * Ikon (voiced by Cam Clarke) – A statistician as well as a pragmatist. Ikon is one of Questar's top advisors. He possesses a staff that allows him to answer Questar's questions almost instantly.
 * Vector (voiced by Dan Gilvezan) – Vector is one of Questar's top advisors. He is a general contractor who has a computerized wrist strap that allows him to assess projects that need carried out such as camp expansion and infrastructure repair.
 * Aero (voiced by Cam Clarke) – The competitive rival of Yungstar. He flies a Quetzalcoatlus and can maneuver it better than anyone.
 * Tark (voiced by Cam Clarke) – A high-ranking Dino-Rider official. Questar would often consult with Tark on a number of important matters, his years of experience, and his vast amount of knowledge has earned him respect from his peers.
 * Ayce – He usually teaches training and equipment familiarization classes.
 * Aries – Aries is a young warrior who is frequently unsure of himself and is always seeking guidance from the other Valorians. He mainly mans the artillery of the Diplodocus.
 * Neutrino – He assists in various training courses. Although much of Neutrino's time is spent training others, Neutrino is more than capable on the battlefield.

Commandos
The Commandos are a special forces military unit within the Dino-Riders.

 * Astra (voiced by Townsend Coleman) – A hardened war veteran and leader of the Commandos. Formerly a teacher at the Valorian University and once counted Questar as a student.
 * Bomba (voiced by Peter Cullen) – An explosives expert who is utilized to make clearings or remove obstacles.
 * Kameelian (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – Specializes in surveillance and reconnaissance. Kameelian is a master of disguise.
 * Glyde (voiced by Frank Welker) – Aerial reconnaissance and artillery cover. Uses a glider to navigate through the air.
 * Faze (voiced by Rob Paulsen) – Artillery expert.
 * Rok – Expert in crossing rocky terrain such as mountains.

Cro-Magnons
The Valorians have also made allies with a tribe of Cro-Magnons after the Commandos were accidentally sent into the Ice Age. Among the known Cro-Magnons are:

 * Zar (voiced by Townsend Coleman) – Leader of a clan of Cro-Magnons. He leads his clan against the evil Neanderthals of Grom and refuses to succumb to his powers like the other tribes before him.
 * Kub (voiced by Ike Eisenmann) – A young but courageous Cro-Magnon who lost his father during an earlier attack by Grom. He helps the Valorians in their fight with the Rulons ever since going with them to the past to reunite with the Dino-Riders.
 * Maya (voiced by Liz Georges) – Maya is a compassionate Cro-Magnon who is the Cro-Magnon equivalent of Serena as she is the healer of the tribe.

Rulons
The Rulons are a race of aliens that are the enemies of the Valorians and the main antagonists of the series.

 * Emperor Krulos (voiced by Frank Welker) – The evil leader of the Rulons who rules them with fear. Krulos is a frog-like humanoid creature in an armored suit who seeks world domination. He mostly uses a Tyrannosaurus when going into battle.
 * Rasp (voiced by Frank Welker) – Rasp is a cobra-like creature who is the leader of the Viper group and Krulos' second-in-command. Rasp always tries to usurp Krulos's place while keeping Hammerhead and Antor from trying to take his status.
 * Hammerhead (voiced by Charlie Adler) – Hammerhead is a hammerhead shark-like creature who is the leader of the Sharkmen and one of Krulos' top generals. Hammerhead usually vies with Rasp and Antor for second-in-command status.
 * Antor (voiced by Peter Cullen) – Antor is an ant-like creature who is the leader of the Antmen and one of Krulos' generals. Antor usually vies with Hammerhead and Rasp for second-in-command status.
 * Krok (voiced by Cam Clarke) – A crocodile-like creature and one of Krulos' generals. He is entirely obedient to Krulos and focuses on serving his master rather than getting involved in the petty squabbling in which his fellow generals engage.
 * Skate (voiced by Frank Welker) – Skate is a manta ray-like creature who is a low-ranking official of the Rulons.
 * Lokus (voiced by Charlie Adler) – Lokus is a locust-like creature who is a low-ranking official of the Rulons.
 * Algar – A crocodile-like creature
 * Buzz – A locust-like creature
 * Dedeye – A Sharkman
 * Demon – An Antman
 * Drone – An Antman
 * Fang – A member of the Viper Group
 * Finn – A Sharkman
 * Fire – An Antman
 * Gill – A Sharkman
 * Gorr – A crocodile-like creature
 * Gutz – A crocodile-like creature
 * Kraw – A crocodile-like creature
 * Mako – A Sharkman
 * Pox – A locust-like creature
 * Rattlar – A member of the Viper Group
 * Rayy – A manta ray-like creature
 * Sidewinder – A member of the Viper Group
 * Six-Gill – A Sharkman
 * Skwirm – A member of the Viper Group
 * Sludj – A manta ray-like creature
 * Snarrl – A crocodile-like creature
 * Squish – A locust-like creature
 * Sting – An Antman
 * Termite – An Antman

Neanderthals
Zar's tribe of Cro-Magnons have been at war with a rogue tribe of Neanderthals and eventually threatens the Commandos after they were sent to the Ice Age by accident. Among the known Neanderthals are:

 * Grom (voiced by Jack Angel) – Grom is the leader of a deadly clan of Neanderthals who seeks to control or annihilate all neighboring tribes. He has ruled his tribe for years and has struck fear into the hearts of many rival Neanderthal tribes. Following the fight against the Dino-Riders, Grom was accidentally pulled back to the Dino-Riders' time and runs off to join the Rulons. He is the Neanderthal equivalent of Krulos.

Episodes
The Dino-Riders series consisted of a single season of 14 episodes. The first two episodes were produced for release on VHS as standalone specials, the first in 1987 and the second in 1988. Also in 1988, the series transitioned to television, with a further 11 episodes being produced and added to the specials to create a standard season's worth of 13 episodes. Lastly, in 1990, an additional VHS special was produced to promote the new range of "Ice Age" figures, released as "Ice Age Adventure" (but with the on-screen title "Dino-Riders in the Ice Age"). Below is a list of each episode along with the date it first aired.

Cast

 * Charles Adler – Turret, Hammerhead, Lokus
 * Jack Angel – Grom (in "Ice Age Adventure")
 * S. Scott Bullock –
 * Wally Burr – Narrator, Tagg
 * Cam Clarke – Aero, Ikonn, Krok
 * Townsend Coleman – Astra (in "Ice Age Adventure"), Zar (in "Ice Age Adventure")
 * Joe Colligan – Yungstar
 * Peter Cullen – Gunnur, Antor, Mind-Zei, Bomba (in "Ice Age Adventure")
 * Shawn Donahue
 * Stephen Dorff – Llahd
 * Ike Eisenmann – Kub (in "Ice Age Adventure")
 * Liz Georges – Maya (in "Ice Age Adventure")
 * Dan Gilvezan – Questar, Vector
 * Noelle North – Serena
 * Rob Paulsen – Faze, Kameelian
 * Patrick Pinney –
 * Frank Welker – Emperor Krulos, Rasp, Glyde

Crew

 * Wally Burr – Voice director
 * Stephen Hahn – Director (eps 1,14)
 * Ray Lee – Supervising director (eps 2–13)
 * Kayte Kuch, Larry Parr, Sheryl Scarborough – Story editors

Toys
In total, there were four series of Dino-Riders toys: Series 1 (1988), Series 2 (1989), Series 3 and Ice Age (1990). The Ice Age line focused on ice age mammals rather than dinosaurs.

The larger toys in the range also had a motorized walking action with the dinosaur's head swaying from side to side. Each Rulon faction toy came with a different self-automated trap.

The dinosaurs were acclaimed for their highly detailed bodies and color, and impressed the Smithsonian Institution, who contacted Tyco to reproduce the dinosaurs (without the motorized mechanisms and wheels) for their "Dinosaur and other Prehistoric Reptile Collection". Dinosaur illustrator William Stout was credited for dinosaur design on the show's credits. Paleontologist Robert T. Bakker was hired as a consultant.

Series 1 (1988)
The release of the first series of Dino-Riders toys was timed to coincide with the cartoon series on television. It initially consisted of 5 Valorian and 6 Rulon toys, along with eight two-figure packs. A sixth Valorian toy, Torosaurus, would be released at the end of the series. The Diplodocus, Torosaurus, Tyrannosaurus rex, and Triceratops all had motorized walking mechanisms.

Action figures
 * Questar / Krulos
 * Proto / Rattlar
 * Orion / Six-Gill
 * Mind-Zei / Fire
 * Quark / Finn
 * Nova / Demon
 * Mercury / Fang
 * Boldar / Termite

Series 2 (1989)
The second series of Dino-Rider toys consisted of 7 new Valorian toys and 3 new Rulons, along with eight more two-figure packs as well as 6 "Commandos". The Commandos consisted of a human figure with unique weapons and accessories.

The most notable toy from this series was the Brontosaurus, which was the largest toy in the entire range, measuring 34 in long and 15 in tall. In an effort to keep costs down, Tyco had to abandon several features that were originally intended to be part of the figure. These included motorized walking action, four figures instead of three, and an entirely different weapons system.

The Stegosaurus toy had motorized walking action, while the Pachycephalosaurus and Saurolophus both had a mechanism that allowed their bodies to thrust from a horizontal position with their tail in the air into a vertical position with their tail on the ground.

Action figures
 * Questar / Krulos
 * Serena / Skwirm
 * Yungstar / Dedeye
 * Mind-Zei / Sludj
 * Hondo / Drone
 * Ursus / Snarrl
 * Neutrino / Poxx
 * Graff / Kraw

Series 3 (1990)
The third series of Dino-Riders toys was split into two assortments: 3 new dinosaurs for the regular series and 4 prehistoric mammals for the new "Ice Age" concept. The dinosaur sets are among the rarest of the entire range due to a limited production run.

The Quetzalcoatlus, originally released as a Valorian in Series 1, was re-released as a Rulon with a new yellow-and-spotted-black paint scheme. The Pachyrhinosaurus had motorized walking action.

Ice Age
The Ice Age subline was unique in that all of the animals produced belonged to the Valorian faction and, with the rest of the Series 3, are very hard to find. This line also included six more two-figure packs. The Woolly Mammoth, the largest figure in the range, had motorized walking action.

Action figures
 * Onk / Buzz
 * Tor / Gorr
 * Urg / Rayy
 * Agga / Gill
 * Ecco / Squish
 * Wizz / Gutz

Rulon Warriors Battle Pack (2020)
In 2020, Mattel released an Entertainment Earth exclusive battle pack, called the Rulon Warriors Battle Pack, modeled after Army Men. The kit, designed for children aged 6 and up, is described as:

"It's the heroic Valorians versus the evil Rulon Alliance in this exciting Dino-Riders Rulon Warriors Battle Pack—Entertainment Earth Exclusive. Recreate epic battle sequences inspired by the 1980s toy line and Dino-Riders animated series or create your own new adventures! This special edition collection contains 6 dinosaurs and 15 other figures, including such classic characters as Rulon leader Krulos, Bitor, Boldar, and Dino-Riders hotshot Llahd. Whether you're discovering Dino-Riders for the first time or you've been a fan since you were a kid, you do not want to miss this sensational opportunity to Harness the Power of Dinosaurs! Each figure measure approximately 1 inch tall and the dinos measure approximately up to 7 inches long" (Entertainment Earth)

Comics
Apart from the miniature comics included with each of the dinosaur toys, Marvel released a 3-part miniseries of Dino-Rider comics. The comics' storylines were considered to be much darker than the cartoon, sometimes focusing on conflicts between the Valorians. For instance, one storyline involves Questar being accused of murdering his jealous, scheming brother, Tark. Tark himself was captured by the Rulons and made into a human/dinosaur hybrid in the storyline directly following Questar's trial.

The first comic book issue, "The Path", was released in February 1989 and was 23 pages long. A Dino-Riders Annual was later released as a hardcover book that contained both the first and second issues in one collection.

Film adaptation
In October 2015, Tracking Board reported that Mattel has teamed with Solipsist Film to develop a live-action Dino-Riders movie with Alissa Phillips and Stephen L'Heureux producing. As of 2018, there is no indication in the media that the film is going forward.

In other media

 * In addition to the toys and comics, there were a number of other products released during the Dino-Riders run on television. These were primarily child-oriented products such as colouring books, puzzles, and crayons, but also included clothing, kites, stickers, and costumes. Tyco also released a number of Super Dough play sets.
 * Some of the dinosaur shots in the French B movie Dinosaur from the Deep were made with a Dino-Riders walking T. Rex toy.
 * Rex, the dinosaur toy (voiced by Wallace Shawn) from the Toy Story movies, is based on the Dino-Riders Tyrannosaurus toy. In the first film, when the toys all meet Buzz Lightyear and talk about where they came from, Rex says, "And I'm from Mattel, Well, I'm not actually from Mattel, I'm actually from a smaller company that was purchased in a leveraged buy-out"; this is a reference to Mattel's acquisition of Tyco.
 * In the South Park cartoon episode "Imaginationland Episode III", a Rulon Dino-Rider on a Tyrannosaurus can be seen for several seconds marching in the background with the other evil characters.
 * In the Robot Chicken cartoon episode "G.I. Jogurt", the Dino-Riders have a rock song that is performed by Sebastian Bach. This theme song depicts the Dino-Riders treating the dinosaurs like weapons, running a labor camp to have the primitives make the Dino-Riders' stuff, and feeding babies to an armored Tyrannosaurus. Astra (voiced by Seth Green) quotes "hey, at least we don't have sex with the dinosaurs" while Bomba (also voiced by Seth Green) quotes "speak for yourself, bro."

title: Dino-Riders


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Lightray (character)

Lightray (Solis) is a DC Comics superhero. Created by Jack Kirby for the Jack Kirby's Fourth World meta-series, he first appeared in New Gods #1 (February 1971). Lightray was a major character in New Gods volume 1 (1971–1978), as well as volume 2 (1984), volume 3 (1989–1991) and volume 4 (1995–1997). He has also appeared with Orion in the Cosmic Odyssey limited series (1988–1989), Jack Kirby's Fourth World (1997–1998) and Orion (2000–2002).

Seven years after the character's creation, Lightray's origin story was revealed in DC Special Series #10, a Secret Origins of Super-Heroes issue that was published in January 1978.

The version of the character in current DC continuity was introduced in Green Lantern/New Gods: Godhead #1 in December 2014.

Characterization
For the fourth volume of New Gods created by in 1995, Rachel Pollack and Tom Peyer discussed with Back Issue magazine how Lightray changed after Darkseid is killed by Orion in issue #2:

"The most telling effect of this event is that it drives many of the residents of New Genesis slightly insane, none more so than Lightray, who becomes extremely violent and seems to enjoy cruelty. In their first issue, the writing duo had emphasized Lightray's... lightness, if you will, making him a very jovial, happy character. As it turns out, this was not an accident. "To me, Lightray is not so much childish as innocent. He sees only the light", Pollack tells Back Issue. "That's why he was so easily corrupted". Tom Peyer agrees, feeling: "I think the main purpose Kirby gave Lightray was to make Orion seem grim and dark by comparison. So we probably played Lightray's notes loudly to make the contrast obvious"."

Walt Simonson, who wrote the Orion series starting in 2000, says that his conception of Lightray and Orion was based on the relationship that Kirby established in New Gods volume 1. In 2018, Simonson said: "I saw Lightray as a strategist, whereas Orion is more a tactician. Jack actually had Orion refer to Lightray as a planner at the climax of the Deep Six story, "The Glory Boat!" (New Gods #6, Jan. 1972). I tried basing my notions of Lightray primarily on that story".

In Superheroes of the Round Table, Jason Tondro characterizes Lightray's place in Kirby's New Gods work: "We have characters like... the amazing Lightray, a denizen of New Genesis who embodies light with all of its creativity, bright humor, and intelligence... Lightray embodies illumination". Tondro says Lightray "and other characters, both good and evil, hint at the full dimensions of Kirby's epic pantheon".

Fictional character biography
Lightray is the shining star of New Genesis and a high-spirited New God. Unlike his grim friend Orion, Lightray is cheerful and optimistic and prefers to solve problems through compromise rather than combat. He uses the speed of light to his advantage in eluding foes.

Lightray has served one stint as a member of the Justice League. He joined the international branch along with Orion on the same night as a membership drive failed to find other new recruits. The difference between the two was illustrated in battle. While Lightray desires a minimum of fuss in battle by dispatching his foe Crowbar with a simple expenditure of energy to the man's face, Orion preferred to destroy the pavement around Blackrock, only to then be angered when his opponent surrendered instead of fighting to the death.

In this same issue, Lightray demonstrates his knowledge of chess. Lightray's long hair causes him to be mistaken for a girl by the old-fashioned General Glory. They stay with the team until just after the battle with General Glory's old foe the Evil Eye.

As Solis his idea of fun is protecting New Genesis from Apokolips, Darkseid, and his minions. He resides on New Genesis and is active in adventuring. He returns to Earth briefly in JLA #27 (March 1999), as part of an emergency expansion of the Justice League. The team battles the android Amazo in the Florida Everglades. Most of them are subdued and their powers copied, Lightray included. Amazo loses his powers when Superman, as the chairman, officially disbands the League, thus ending Lightray's membership.

He would appear again to aid the League alongside Orion and Big Barda when the planet Qward attacked Earth with a giant ship.

In Countdown #48, Lightray falls to Earth after an off stage fight with the New Gods Killer (later revealed to be Infinity-Man). He dies holding Jimmy Olsen's hand, repeating the word "infinite" and glowing brighter.

In Final Crisis #7, Lightray is depicted standing alongside Barda and Mister Miracle following the reincarnation of New Genesis on the ruins of Apokolips.

Powers and abilities
Like all the New Gods, Lightray is functionally immortal and possesses great superhuman strength, endurance and reflexes. Lightray is able to lift several tons with ease. His reflexes and durability are also more than amazing and he has a limited degree of invulnerability. Lightray flies at the speed of light or even faster, and can generate and project solar energy. Thus, he can create brilliant light and extraordinarily high levels of heat. He can focus his solar energy into beams of laser-like intensity. Lightray can also use his powers of light to create life-like illusions. Using his power to the maximum, he can generate a huge sun or a nova explosion. Although Lightray has a pacifist personality and isn't a highly experienced warrior, he is well trained in hand-to-hand combat, but he prefers to use his solar powers in battle. In his headgear Lightray carries one of the powerful "living computers" called Mother Box.

Seven Soldiers of Victory
Lightray makes several brief, non-speaking appearances in Grant Morrison's Seven Soldiers of Victory series, where his human form is a frail man on crutches.

Captain Carrot
In the miniseries Captain Carrot and the Final Ark, Lightray's counterpart in the "New Dogs" is an anthropomorphic dog named Lightstray.

JLA: The Nail
In the 1998 Elseworlds JLA: The Nail, Lightray is depicted fighting in a war between New Genesis and Apokolips.

Influence
Jack Kirby's 1971 design for Lightray's costume influenced the look of artist Al Milgrom's creation of Firestorm in 1978. In an interview from 2019, Milgrom admitted: "The facemask on Firestorm, the way it comes around the chin, was probably inspired by Lightray more than anything... I liked the [Lightray] head-covering thing; I said, "I'm stealin' it!"

A July 1971 New Gods story featuring Lightray has been noted as an example of racial bias in 1970s superhero storytelling. In "Death and the Black Racer" (New Gods #3), Lightray — a blond white man — is running desperately to escape the Black Racer, portrayed as a person of color. José Alaniz and Scott T. Smith noted in Uncanny Bodies: Superhero Comics and Disability that the story "suggests a racial dichotomy... in which blackness presents as a threatening force".

Television

 * Lightray appears in series set in the DC Animated Universe (DCAU):
 * Lightray makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Legacy".
 * Lightray appears in the Justice League two-part episode "Twilight", voiced by Rob Paulsen. Batman and Wonder Woman meet him after arriving on New Genesis, and he later accompanies them and Orion in meeting Highfather.
 * Lightray makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Destroyer". Lex Luthor and the Secret Society encounter him after Darkseid destroys their base, subsequently stealing his Mother Box to return to Earth and help thwart Darkseid's invasion.
 * Lightray was originally planned to appear in the Harley Quinn episode "Inner (Para) Demons" where Darkseid would have killed him for his incompetence, but DC Comics objected and his cameo was replaced by Forager.
 * Lightray appears in Young Justice, voiced by Nolan North.

Film

 * An alternate universe version of Lightray appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Trevor Devall.

title: Lightray (character)


text:
Pennsylvania Western University, Edinboro

Pennsylvania Western University, Edinboro (abbreviated as PennWest Edinboro) is a public university in Edinboro, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Pennsylvania Western University.

History
Edinboro University was founded as the Edinboro Academy, a private training school for Pennsylvania teachers in 1857, by the region's original Scottish settlers. It is the oldest training institution west of the Allegheny Mountains and the second-oldest in Pennsylvania.

Edinboro initially consisted of a modest two-story building, including six classrooms. The school began with three instructors, 110 students, and a principal. That original building Academy Hall is currently used as the undergraduate admissions office.

In 1861, the Edinboro Academy affiliated with the state government of Pennsylvania to become the second State Normal School in Pennsylvania, occasionally known as the Northwest State Normal School.

In 1914, the state purchased the school from the original stockholders and renamed it the Edinboro State Normal School.

By 1927, the advancement of academic programs to include liberal arts study required the school to rename itself Edinboro State Teachers College. Further development of the liberal arts to include degree programs outside the field of education resulted in Edinboro becoming Edinboro State College in 1960. Continued development of undergraduate liberal arts programs and advanced graduate degrees earned Edinboro university status in 1983, and was known as Edinboro University of Pennsylvania.

In July 2021, the university was officially merged with fellow Western Pennsylvania institutions Clarion University of Pennsylvania and California University of Pennsylvania. On October 14, 2021, the state officially adopted the new name of the combined universities: Pennsylvania Western University.

Campus
The campus is located 18 mi from Erie, Pennsylvania and within 5 mi of the educational and population centers of McKean, Waterford, and Albion. The main campus has 42 buildings on a 585 acre campus which includes a 5 acre lake, open fields and woods, 11 on-campus residence halls (Highlands 1~8, Rose Hall and Earp Hall (used for summer sports camps) and Towers (only one being used currently)) for approximately 2,500 students, and the seven-story Baron-Forness Library. Edinboro University offers 150 degree programs and 57 minors. The student-faculty ratio is 18:1.

In 2007, the university announced a plan to build dormitories for $115 million. The Highland Complex had eight halls, with the first four beginning operations in 2008 and 2009 and the remainder doing so in 2010 and 2011. They opened at a time when enrollment peaked. By 2022 enrollment had sharply declined and Edinboro University was merging with other universities. That year the university announced that Buildings 7 and 8 of the Highland Complex were to be sold; at the time the two buildings had no students.

Athletics
Edinboro University offers 17 varsity sports: women's basketball, cross country, lacrosse, volleyball, swimming, soccer, softball, tennis, and indoor and outdoor track and field, and men's football, wrestling, cross country, basketball, swimming, tennis, wheelchair basketball, and outdoor track and field. All but the wrestling and wheelchair basketball are NCAA Division II programs and members of the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference. Wrestling competes on the NCAA Division I level, and as of the 2019 season will no longer actively compete against Division II level PSAC wrestling programs as a result of their new affiliation with the Mid-American Conference in wrestling. Its wheelchair basketball team competes in the NWBA Intercollegiate Division.


text:
List of musical pieces which use extended techniques

This is a list of musical compositions that employ extended techniques to obtain unusual sounds or instrumental timbres.
 * Hector Berlioz
 * "Dream of Witches' Sabbath" from Symphonie Fantastique. The violins and violas play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings.

 * Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber
 * Battalia (1673). The strings play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings, in addition to numerous other techniques.

 * François-Adrien Boieldieu
 * Le calife de Bagdad (opera, 1800), strings play col legno.

 * Benjamin Britten
 * Passacaglia from Peter Grimes, rehearsal 6, "agitato", (pp. 16–17 of the score). The violins and violas play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings.

 * John Cage
 * prepared piano pieces (1938)

 * Nicolas-Marie Dalayrac
 * Une heure de mariage (opera, 1804). Strings use col legno.

 * Pascal Dusapin
 * Watt, concerto for trombone and orchestra (1994). Features "ample use of extended techniques".

 * Carlo Farina
 * Capriccio stravagante (from Ander Theil newer Paduanen, Gagliarden, Couranten, französischen Arien, 1627). The violins play glissando, pizzicato, tremolo, and in double stops, and use particular effects such as col legno (striking the wood of the bow on the strings) and sul ponticello (bowing close to the bridge), in order to imitate the sounds of a cat, a dog, a hen, the lyre, clarino trumpet, military drum, Spanish guitar, etc..

 * Tobias Hume
 * "Harke, Harke", from First Part of Ayres (1605). The viol da gamba plays col legno, with the instruction "Drum this with the back of your Bow".
 * Charles Ives
 * Concord Sonata, use of a 14+3/4 in piece of wood to create a cluster chord in the "Hawthorne" movement.

 * Helmut Lachenmann
 * After TemA (1968), almost all works make extensive use of extended techniques.

 * Gustav Mahler
 * Symphony No. 1 in D major, third movement (p. 91 of the UE score) first violins, divisi a 3, play col legno tratto, stroking the strings with the wood of their bows.
 * Symphony No. 2 in C minor, first movement, bars 304–306, all the strings play col legno (some of the strings continue through 307), striking the wood of their bows on the strings.

 * Gioacchino Rossini
 * Il Signor Bruschino, in the overture, the second violins rhythmically tap their bows on their music stands

 * Camille Saint-Saëns
 * Danse macabre, the strings play col legno to suggest the rattling of skeletons

 * Arnold Schoenberg
 * Gurrelieder (1911), makes use of Sprechstimme
 * Die glückliche Hand (1910–1913), makes use of Sprechstimme
 * Pierrot Lunaire Op. 21 (1912) makes use of Sprechstimme
 * Moses und Aron (1930–1932), makes use of Sprechstimme
 * String Quartet No. 4, op. 37 (1936). Fourth movement (Allegro), bars 882–888, all four instruments play col legno battuto, col legno tratto, and col legno tratto ponticello, on single notes and in double stops, tremolo, and in harmonics.
 * String Trio, op. 45 (1946). The violin and cello play col legno battuto; the violin plays col legno tratto in double stops; all the instruments play col legno tratto ponticello, double stops; violin and viola play col legno tratto ponticello in double stops, which are also played tremolo

 * Igor Stravinsky
 * The Firebird, the strings occasionally play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings

 * Heitor Villa-Lobos
 * Assobio a játo (1950), requires the flute to play "imitando fischi in toni ascendenti" (imitating whistles in rising tones), accomplished by blowing into the embouchure "as if one were warming up the instrument on a cold day".
 * Chôros No. 8 (1925), for orchestra and two pianos, requires one or both of the pianos to insert paper between the strings for a passage.


text:
List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions

This is an incomplete list of musical pieces composed in the twelve-tone technique and pieces that use serialism.

List of musical pieces composed in the twelve-tone technique

 * Second Viennese School
 * Alban Berg
 * Kammerkonzert, for piano, violin, and winds (1923–25)
 * Lyrische Suite, for string quartet (1925/26)
 * Der Wein, concert aria for soprano and orchestra after a poem by Charles Baudelaire (1929)
 * Lulu, opera after Die Büchse der Pandora by Frank Wedekind (1928–35)
 * Violinkonzert, for violin and orchestra (1935)
 * Hanns Eisler
 * Palmström, song cycle op. 5 (1923/24)
 * Zeitungsausschnitte (Newspaper Clippings), song cycle op. 11 (1926)
 * "14 Arten den Regen zu beschreiben" (1940, for the 1929 short documentary Regen)
 * Arnold Schoenberg
 * Waltz from 5 Klavierstücke, op. 23
 * Serenade, op. 24
 * Suite for Piano, op. 25
 * Wind Quintet, op. 26
 * Four Pieces for mixed voices, op. 27
 * Suite for piano, piccolo clarinet, clarinet, bass clarinet, violin, viola, and cello, op. 29
 * String Quartet No. 3, op. 30
 * Variations for Orchestra, op. 31
 * Von heute auf morgen, op. 32
 * Klavierstück, op. 33a
 * Klavierstück, op. 33b
 * Moses und Aron (incomplete)
 * Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielscene [Accompanying music to a film scene], op. 34
 * Concerto for Violin and Orchestra, op. 36
 * String Quartet No. 4, op. 37
 * Concerto for Piano & Orchestra, op. 42
 * String Trio, op. 45
 * A Survivor from Warsaw, op. 46
 * Fantasy for Violin & Piano, op. 47
 * Anton Webern
 * Three Lieder, op. 17 (1924–1925)
 * Three Lieder, for voice, E flat clarinet and guitar, op. 18 (1925)
 * Two Lieder, for mixed choir, celesta, guitar, violin, clarinet and bass clarinet, op. 19 (1926)
 * String Trio, op. 20 (1927)
 * Symphony, op. 21 (1928)
 * Quartet for violin, clarinet, tenor saxophone and piano, op. 22 (1930)
 * Three Songs on Hildegard Jone's Viae inviae, for voice and piano, op. 23 (1934)
 * Concerto for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, trumpet, trombone, violin, viola and piano, op. 24 (1934)
 * Three Lieder on texts by Hildegard Jone, for voice and piano, op. 25 (1934–35)
 * Das Augenlicht, for mixed choir and orchestra, on a text by Hildegard Jone, op. 26 (1935)
 * Variations, for solo piano, op. 27 (1936)
 * String Quartet, op. 28 (1937–38) – the tone row of this piece is based around the BACH motif
 * Cantata No. 1, for soprano, mixed choir and orchestra, op. 29 (1938–39)
 * Variations, for orchestra, op. 30 (1940)
 * Cantata No. 2, for soprano, bass, choir and orchestra, op. 31 (1941–43)

 * Milton Babbitt
 * Virtually all published works after 1947
 * John Cage
 * Sonata for Clarinet (1933)
 * Carlos Chávez
 * Soli II for wind quintet (1961)
 * Variations for Violin and Piano (1961)
 * Aaron Copland
 * Piano Quartet (1950)
 * Piano Fantasy (1957)
 * Connotations for orchestra (1961)
 * Inscape for orchestra (1967)
 * Henry Cowell
 * Variations for Orchestra (1959)
 * Luigi Dallapiccola
 * Virtually all published works after 1942
 * Benjamin Frankel
 * Film score for The Curse of the Werewolf (1961)
 * His 8 symphonies (see e.g. the article on Symphony No.1 (Op.33, 1958)) either use the twelve-tone technique, or serial techniques with other kinds of rows, or both
 * Lou Harrison
 * Rapunzel (1952)
 * Symphony on G (1952)
 * Josef Matthias Hauer
 * All works written after August 1919 (though the twelve-tone technique used is not Schoenberg's system)
 * Zwölftonspiele (approximately one thousand works) (after 1940)
 * Ernst Krenek
 * Karl V
 * Maurice Le Roux
 * 2 pieces dodecaphoniques, pour piano seul (1945/46)
 * Luigi Nono
 * Composizione no.1, for orchestra (1951)
 * Variazioni canoniche sulla serie dell’op. 41 di A. Schönberg, for chamber orchestra (1950)
 * Walter Piston
 * Chromatic Study on the Name of Bach, for organ
 * Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra
 * Concerto for Flute and Orchestra
 * Fantasy for Violin and Orchestra
 * Ricercare for Orchestra
 * String Quartet No. 5
 * Symphony No. 1
 * Symphony No. 8
 * Variations for Cello and Orchestra
 * Leonard Rosenman
 * The Cobweb (1955)
 * Humphrey Searle
 * All works from the Intermezzo for eleven instruments, Op. 8 (1946), onwards
 * Roger Sessions
 * Virtually all published works after 1953 (exceptions include his Mass, and the twelve-tone technique used rarely follows Schoenberg's system)
 * Karlheinz Stockhausen
 * Drei Lieder for alto voice and chamber orchestra, Nr. 1/10 (1950)
 * Sonatine, for violin and piano, Nr. ⅛ (1951)
 * Igor Stravinsky, works from 1952 forward:
 * Cantata (1952)
 * Three Songs From Shakespeare (1953)
 * In Memoriam Dylan Thomas (1954)
 *  Canticum Sacrum (1955)
 * Agon (1957)
 * Threni (1958)
 * Movements for Piano and Orchestra (1958–59)
 * A Sermon, a Narrative and a Prayer (1961)
 * The Flood (1962)
 * The Dove Descending Breaks the Air (1962)
 * Variations: Aldous Huxley in memoriam (1963–64)
 * Requiem Canticles (1966)
 * Van der Graaf Generator
 * "After the Flood" (1970, from the album The Least We Can Do Is Wave to Each Other) – includes a twelve tone piece arranged by David Jackson
 * Egon Wellesz
 * Symphony No. 5, Op. 75 (1955–56)
 * Charles Wuorinen
 * Most mature works
 * Frank Zappa
 * Waltz for Guitar (1958)

List of pieces that use serialism
Organized by composer:

 * Tadeusz Baird
 * Cassazione per orchestra (1956)
 * String Quartet (1957)
 * Four Essays (1958)
 * Erotyki (1961)
 * Jean Barraqué
 * ... Au delà du hasard (premier "commentaire" de "Affranchi du hasard" et du "Temps restitué") for four instrumental groups and one vocal group (1958–59)
 * Chant après chant for six percussionists, voice and piano (1966)
 * Concerto for six instrumental groups and two solo instruments (vibraphone and clarinet) (1962–68)
 * Étude for 3-track tape (1952–53)
 * Séquence for voice, percussion and chamber ensemble (1950–55)
 * Sonata for Piano (1950–52)
 * Le Temps restitué for soprano, chorus and orchestra (1956–68)
 * Pierre Boulez
 * Anthèmes, for violin solo (1991/94)
 * Anthèmes II, for violin and live electronics (1997)
 * Cummings ist der Dichter, for chorus and ensemble (1970/1986)
 * Dérive 1, for six instruments (1984)
 * Dérive 2, for eleven instruments (1988/2002/2006)
 * Domaines, for clarinet solo or for clarinet and six instrumental groups (1968)
 * Études (2), musique concrète (1951–52)
 * ...explosante-fixe...
 * for flute, clarinet, and trumpet (1971–72)
 * for flute, clarinet, trumpet, harp, vibraphone, violin, viola, cello, and electronics (1973–74)
 * version for vibraphone and electronics (1986)
 * for solo MIDI flute, two "shadow" flutes, chamber orchestra, and electronics (1991–93)
 * version for vibraphone and electronics (1986)
 * Figures—Doubles—Prismes, for orchestra (1957–58/1964/1968)
 * Improvisé—pour le Dr. K, for flute, clarinet, piano, violin, and cello (1969; revised 2005)
 * Incises, for piano (1994/2001)
 * Livre, for string quartet (1948); two movements reworked for string orchestra (1968/1989)
 * Le marteau sans maître (1955–57)
 * Messagesquisse, for solo cello and six cellos (1976)
 * Notations
 * for piano (1945)
 * I–IV and VII for orchestra (1978–1984/1997)
 * Poésie pour pouvoir, for tape and 3 orchestras (1955/58, withdrawn)
 * Polyphonie X (1950–51)
 * Sonata No. 1, for piano (1946)
 * Sonata No. 2, for piano (1947–48)
 * Sonata No. 3, for piano (1958–63, unfinished)
 * Pli selon pli (1957–62)
 * Répons, for six soloists, chamber orchestra, and live electronics (1981–84)
 * Rituel in Memoriam Bruno Maderna, for large chamber ensemble in eight groups (1974–75)
 * Sonatine, for flute and piano (1946)
 * Structures, book I for two pianos (1952)
 * Structures, book II for two pianos (1961)
 * Sur incises, for 3 pianos, 3 harps, and 3 mallet percussion instruments (1996/1998)
 * Jacques Calonne
 * Orbes for orchestra (1965)
 * Benjamin Frankel
 * Film score for The Prisoner (1955, starring Alec Guinness)
 * Alexander Goehr
 * Piano Sonata (1952)
 * The Deluge (1958)
 * Karel Goeyvaerts
 * Nummer 1, Sonata for two pianos (1950–51)
 * Nummer 2, for thirteen instruments (1951)
 * Nummer 3 met gestreken en geslagen tonen, for chamber ensemble (1952)
 * Nummer 4 met dode tonen, electronic music (1952)
 * Nummer 5 met zuivere tonen, electronic music (1953)
 * Nummer 6 met 180 klankvoorwerpen (1954)
 * Nummer 7 met convergerende en divergerende niveaus, electronic music (1955)
 * Ernest Gold
 * Score for On the Beach (1959)
 * Jerry Goldsmith
 * Freud (1962)
 * Planet of the Apes (1968)
 * The Illustrated Man (1969)
 * Music for Orchestra (1969)
 * Christus Apollo (1970)
 * The Mephisto Waltz (1971)
 * Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)
 * Wojciech Kilar
 * Riff 62 (1962)
 * Gottfried Michael Koenig
 * Zwei Klavierstücke, for piano solo (1957)
 * Quintet for Woodwinds, for flute, oboe, cor anglais, clarinet, and bassoon (1958–59)
 * String Quartet 1959 (1959)
 * Ernst Krenek
 * String Quartet No. 6 (for example)
 * Witold Lutosławski
 * Symphony No. 1 (1947)
 * Five Songs to Words by Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna for soprano and piano (1957); Arrangement with Orchestra (1958)
 * Musique funèbre (1958)
 * Trois poèmes d'Henri Michaux (1963)
 * Livre pour orchestre (1968)
 * Cello Concerto (1970)
 * Mi-parti (1976)
 * Grave: Metamorphoses for Cello and Piano (1981)
 * Symphony No. 3 (1983)
 * Johnny Mandel
 * Point Blank (1967)
 * Luigi Nono
 * Canti per tredeci, 13 instruments, (1954–55)
 * Il canto sospeso (1955–56)
 * Cori di Didone, for chorus and percussion (1958)
 * Diario polacco: Composizione no. 2 (1958–59)
 * Due espressioni, for orchestra (1953)
 * Incontri, for 24 instruments (1955)
 * Polifonica—monodia—ritmica, for seven instrumentalists (1951)
 * Varianti, for violin, woodwinds, and strings (1957)
 * Krzysztof Penderecki
 * St Luke Passion (Penderecki) (1966)
 * Henri Pousseur
 * Apostrophe et six Réflexions for piano (1964–66)
 * Aquarius-Mémorial (in memoriam Karel Goeyvaerts)
 * I. Les Litanies d'Icare for piano (1994)
 * II. Danseurs Gnidiens cherchant la Perle clémentine for chamber orchestra (1998)
 * III. Les Fouilles de Jéruzona for orchestra  (1995)
 * IV. Icare au Jardin du Verseau for piano and chamber orchestra (1999)
 * La Guirlande de Pierre for soprano, baritone and piano (1997)
 * At Moonlight, Dowland's Shadow passes along Ginkaku-Ji for shakuhachi, shamisen, and koto (1989)
 * Ballade berlinoise for piano solo (1977)
 * Canines for voice and piano (1980)
 * Caractères for piano (1961)
 * Chroniques berlinoises for piano and string quartet with baritone ad lib. (1975)
 * Chroniques canines for two pianos with soprano ad lib (1984)
 * Chroniques illustrées for large orchestra with baritone ad lib. (1976)
 * Couleurs croisées for large orchestra (1967)
 * Crosses of Crossed Colors for vocal soloist, two to five pianos, six tape-recorder operators, two turntablists, and two radio operators (1970)
 * Déclarations d'Orage for reciter, soprano, baritone, three improvising instruments (alto saxophone, tuba, synthesizer), large orchestra and tape (1988–89)
 * Dichterliebesreigentraum for soprano, baritone, two solo pianos, choir and orchestra (1992–93)
 * Les Éphémérides d'Icare 2 for a soloist, three-part concertino, and four instrumental quartets (1970)
 * Die Erprobung des Petrus Hebraïcus chamber opera in three acts, libretto by Léo Wintgens after Michel Butor (1974). Several "satellite" works are related to this opera:
 * Flexions IV for viola solo (1980)
 * Humeurs du Futur quotidien for two reciters and chamber orchestra (1978)
 * Les Icare africains for solo voices, ad lib. choir, and orchestra (2002)
 * Leçons d'Enfer music theatre for 2 actors, 3 singers, 7 instruments, tape, and live electronics; texts by Arthur Rimbaud and Michel Butor (1990–91)
 * Madrigal I for clarinet (1958)
 * Madrigal II for 4 early instruments (flute, violin, viola da gamba, harpsichord) (1961)
 * Madrigal III for clarinet, violin, cello, 2 percussionists, and piano (1962)
 * Mnémosyne monody solo voice or instrument, or unison choir (1968)
 * Mnémosyne II for variable media (1969)
 * Mobile for two pianos (1957–58)
 * Navigations for harp (2000)
 * Ode for string quartet (1960–61)
 * La Paganania for solo violin (1982)
 * La Paganania seconda for solo cello (1982)
 * Paraboles-Mix electronic music (1972)
 * Pédigrée for female voice and seven instruments (1980)
 * Phonèmes pour Cathy for mezzo-soprano solo (1966)
 * Prospection for three pianos tuned in sixths of a tone (1952–53)
 * Quintette à la memoire d'Anton Webern for clarinet, bass clarinet, violin, cello, and piano (1955)
 * Rimes pour différentes sources sonores for orchestra and tape (1958)
 * Scambi electronic music (1957)
 * Séismogrammes electronic music (1954)
 * Seize Paysages planétaires ethno-electroacoustical music (2000)
 * Sept Versets des Psaumes de la Pénitence for four vocal soloists or mixed choir (1950)
 * Symphonies à 15 Solistes (1954–55)
 * Tales and Songs from the Bible of Hell four singers with real-time electronic transformation and pre-recorded 4 track tape (1979)
 * Trois Visages à Liège electronic music (1961)
 * Votre Faust (1960–68), opera for five actors, four singers, twelve instruments, and electronic music, libretto by Michel Butor. Plus related "satellite" works:
 * Miroir de Votre Faust (Caractères II) for solo piano and (optional) soprano (1964–65),
 * Jeu de Miroirs de Votre Faust for piano, soprano and tape (1964–65)
 * Echos de Votre Faust for mezzo-soprano, flute, cello, and piano (1961–69),
 * Les Ruines de Jéruzona for mixed choir and "rhythm section" (1978),
 * La Passion selon Guignol for amplified vocal quartet and orchestra (1981),
 * Parade de Votre Faust for orchestra (1974)
 * Aiguillages au carrefour des immortels for 16 or 17 instruments (2002)
 * Il sogno di Leporello: Parade 2 (de Votre Faust) for orchestra (2005)
 * Vue sur les Jardins interdits for saxophone quartet (1973)
 * Miklós Rózsa
 * King of Kings (1961)
 * David Shire
 * The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974)
 * Karlheinz Stockhausen
 * Adieu, for wind quintet (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn), Nr. 21 (1966)
 * Alphabet für Liège, Nr. 36 (1972)
 * Am Himmel wandre ich ("In the Sky I Am Walking", American Indian Songs), Nr. 36½ (1972)
 * Amour, 5 pieces for clarinet, flute, or saxophone Nr. 44 (1976)
 * Atmen gibt das Leben, choral opera with orchestra (or orchestra on tape), Nr. 39 (1974/76–77)
 * Aus den sieben Tagen ("From the Seven Days"), 15 texts for intuitive music (performable separately), Nr. 26 (1968)
 * Bassetsu-Trio, for basset horn, trumpet, and trombone, Nr. 3. ex 70 (1997). Arranged from Mittwoch aus Licht, scene 4: Michaelion
 * Carré, for 4 orchestras and choirs, Nr. 10 (1959–60)
 * Dr K–Sextett, for flute, bass clarinet, percussionist (tubular chimes and vibraphone), piano, viola, and cello, Nr. 28 (1968–69)
 * Konkrete Etüde, musique concrète, Nr. 1/5 (1952)
 * Europa-Gruss, Nr. 72 (1992/2002)
 * Expo, for 3 players or singers with 3 short-wave receivers, Nr. 31 (1969–70)
 * Formel, for small orchestra, Nr. 1/6 (1951)
 * Fresco, for 4 orchestral groups, Nr. 29 (1969)
 * Für kommende Zeiten, 17 texts for intuitive music, Nr. 33 (1968–70)
 * Gesang der Jünglinge, electronic and concrete music, Nr. 8 (1955–56)
 * Gruppen, for 3 orchestras, Nr. 6 (1955–57)
 * Harlekin, for clarinet, Nr. 42 (1975)
 * Der kleine Harlekin, for clarinet, Nr. 42½ (1975)
 * Helikopter-Streichquartett, for string quartet and 4 helicopters, Nr. 69 (1992–93) [Scene 3 of Mittwoch aus Licht]
 * Herbstmusik, musical theatre for 4 performers, Nr. 40 (1974)
 * Laub und Regen, duet for clarinet and viola, Nr. 40½
 * Hymnen, 4-channel electronic and concrete music (also version with soloists, and Third Region with orchestra), Nr. 22 (1966–67)
 * In Freundschaft, for clarinet (and versions for most other instruments), Nr. 46 (1977)
 * Inori, adorations for 1 or 2 soloists and large orchestra, Nr. 38 (1973–74)
 * Vortrag über HU, for a singer, Nr. 38½ (1974)
 * Jubiläum, for orchestra, Nr. 45 (1977)
 * Klang ("Sound", the 24 Hours of the Day), Nr. 81– (2004–2007)
 * First Hour: Himmelfahrt (Ascension), for organ (or synthesizer), soprano, and tenor, Nr. 81 (2004–05)
 * Second Hour: Freude (Joy), for 2 harps, Nr. 82 (2005)
 * Third Hour: Natürliche Dauern 1–24 (Natural Durations 1–24), for piano, Nr. 83 (2005–06)
 * Fourth Hour: Himmels-Tur (Heaven's Door), for a percussionist and a little girl, Nr. 84 (2005)
 * Fifth Hour: Harmonien (Harmonies), Nr. 85, versions for:
 * bass clarinet, Nr. 85.1 (2006)
 * flute, Nr. 85.2 (2006)
 * trumpet, Nr. 85.3 (2006)
 * Sixth Hour: Schönheit (Beauty), for flute, bass clarinet, and trumpet, Nr. 86 (2006)
 * Seventh Hour: Balance, for flute, English horn, and bass clarinet, Nr. 87 (2007)
 * Eighth Hour: Glück (Bliss), for oboe, English horn, and bassoon, Nr. 88 (2007)
 * Ninth Hour: Hoffnung (Hope), for violin, viola, and cello, Nr. 89 (2007)
 * Tenth Hour: Glanz (Brilliance), for oboe, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, tuba, and viola, Nr. 90 (2007)
 * Eleventh Hour: Treue (Fidelity), for E-flat clarinet, basset horn, and bass clarinet, Nr. 91 (2007)
 * Twelfth Hour: Erwachen (Awakening), for soprano saxophone, trumpet, and cello, Nr. 92 (2007)
 * Thirteenth Hour: Cosmic Pulses, electronic music, Nr. 93 (2006–07)
 * Fourteenth Hour: Havona, for bass voice and electronic music, Nr. 94 (2007)
 * Fifteenth Hour: Orvonton, for baritone and electronic music, Nr. 95 (2007)
 * Sixteenth Hour: Uversa, for basset-horn and electronic music, Nr. 96 (2007)
 * Seventeenth Hour: Nebadon, for horn and electronic music, Nr. 97 (2007)
 * Eighteenth Hour: Jerusem, for tenor and electronic music, Nr. 98 (2007)
 * Nineteenth Hour: Urantia, for soprano and electronic music, Nr. 99 (2007)
 * Twentieth Hour: Edentia, for soprano saxophone and electronic music, Nr. 100 (2007)
 * Twenty-first Hour: Paradies (Paradise), for flute and electronic music, Nr. 101 (2007)
 * Klavierstücke
 * Klavierstücke I–IV, Nr. 2 (1952)
 * Klavierstücke V–X, Nr. 4 (1954–55/61)
 * Klavierstück XI, Nr. 7 (1956)
 * Klavierstück XII, ex Nr. 49¾ (1979/83)
 * Klavierstück XIII, Nr. 51½ (1981)
 * Klavierstück XIV, ex Nr. 57⅔ (1984)
 * Synthi-Fou (Klavierstück XV), ex Nr. 61⅔
 * Klavierstück XVI, Nr. 63½ (1995)
 * Klavierstück XVII, 7½ ex Nr. 64 (1994/99)
 * Klavierstück XVIII, Nr. 73⅔ (2004)
 * Klavierstück XIX, Nr. 80 (2001/2003)
 * Kontakte ("Contacts"), for electronic sounds, Nr. 12 (1958–60); Kontakte, for electronic sounds, piano, and percussion, Nr. 12½ (1958–60); Originale, musical theatre with Kontakte, Nr. 12⅔ (1961)
 * Kontra-Punkte ("Counter-Points"), for 10 instruments, Nr. 1 (1952–53)
 * Kreuzspiel, for oboe, bass clarinet, piano, and 3 percussionists, Nr. 1/7 (1951)
 * Kurzwellen, for 6 players with live electronics, plus sound director, Nr. 25 (1968)
 * Licht, Nr. 47–80 (1977–2003)
 * Licht-Ruf, Nr. 67 (1995)
 * Litanei 97, Nr. 74 (1997)
 * Mantra, for 2 pianists (with wood blocks and antique cymbals) and electronics, Nr. 32 (1970)
 * Mikrophonie I, for tamtam (2 players), 2 microphones, 2 filters with potentiometers, and 4 pair of loudspeakers, Nr. 15 (1964)
 * Mikrophonie II, for 12 voices, Hammond organ (or synthesizer), 4 ring modulators, and tape, Nr. 17 (1965)
 * Mixtur, for orchestra, 4 sinewave generators, and 4 ring-modulators, Nr. 16 (1964)
 * Musik im Bauch, for 6 percussionists and music boxes, Nr. 41 (1975)
 * Momente, for soprano solo, 4 choirs, and 13 instrumentalists, Nr. 13 (1962–64/69)
 * Oktophonie (1990/91) electronic music of Tuesday from Light
 * Plus-Minus, 2 x 7 pages for realization, Nr. 14 (1963)
 * Pole, for 2 players or singers with 2 short-wave radios, Nr. 30 (1969–70)
 * Prozession, for 6 players with live electronics, Nr. 23 (1967)
 * Punkte ("Points"), for orchestra, Nr. ½ (1952/62/66/93)
 * Quitt ("Even"), for alto flute, clarinet, and trumpet, Nr. 1 ex 59 (1989)
 * Refrain, for piano (+ 3 woodblocks), vibraphone (+ 3 alpine cowbells and keyboard glockenspiel), and celesta (+ 3 antique cymbals), Nr. 11 (1959)
 * Rotary Wind Quintet, for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn, Nr. 70½ (1997)
 * Schlagtrio ("Percussive Trio") [originally Schlagquartett], for piano and 2 x 3 [originally 3 x 2] timpani, Nr. ⅓ (1952)
 * Sirius, electronic music with trumpet, soprano, bass clarinet, and bass voice, Nr. 43 (1975–77)
 * Solo, for a melody instrument and feedback (live electronics with 4 technicians, 4 pair of loudspeakers), Nr. 19 (1965–66)
 * Spiel ("Play"), for orchestra, Nr. ¼ (1952)
 * Spiral, for a soloist with short-wave receiver and live electronics with sound director, Nr. 27 (1968)
 * Sternklang ("Star Sound"), park music for five groups, Nr. 34 (1971)
 * Stimmung ("Tuning"), for 6 vocalists, Nr. 24 (1968)
 * Stop, for small orchestra in 6 groups, Nr. 18 (1965)
 * Strahlen ("Rays"), for a percussionist and ten-channel sound recording, Nr. 80½ (2002)
 * Studie I, electronic music, Nr. 3/I (1953)
 * Studie II, electronic music, Nr. 3/II (1954)
 * Sukat, for alto flute and basset-horn, Nr. 2 ex 60 (1989)
 * Telemusik, electronic and concrete music, Nr. 20 (1966)
 * Thinki, for flute, Nr. 1 ex 70 (1997)
 * Tierkreis ("Zodiac"), 12 melodies of the star signs, for a melody and/or chording instrument, Nr. 41½ (1974–75)
 * Trans, for orchestra and tape, Nr. 35 (1971)
 * Traum-Formel ("Dream Formula"), for basset-horn, Nr. 51⅔ (1981)
 * Trumpetent (aka "Trompetent"), for 4 trumpeters, Nr. 73 (1995)
 * Türin, for Tür (door), rin, and speaker (versions in German and English), with electronics (2006)
 * Unsichtbare Chöre, 16-channel recording of a cappella choir, for 8-channel playback, ex Nr. 79 (1979)
 * Vibra-Elufa, for vibraphone, Nr. 9¾ ex 64 (2003)
 * Xi, for a melody instrument with microtones, Nr. 1 ex 55 (1986)
 * Ylem, for 19 players, Nr. 37 (1972)
 * Ypsilon, for a melody instrument with microtones, Nr. 2 ex 59 (1989)
 * Zeitmaße ("Time Measures"), for oboe, flute, cor anglais, clarinet, and bassoon, Nr. 5 (1955–56)
 * Zyklus ("Cycle"), for a percussionist, Nr. 9 (1959)
 * Gilles Tremblay
 * Cantique de durées (1960)