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Abu Bakr ibn Umar

Abu Bakr ibn Umar ibn Ibrahim ibn Turgut, sometimes suffixed al-Sanhaji or al-Lamtuni (died 1087; أبو بكر بن عمر) was a chieftain of the Lamtuna Berber Tribe and Amir of the Almoravids from 1056 until his death. He is credited to have founded the Moroccan city of Marrakesh, and under his rule the heretic Barghawatas were destroyed. In 1076, he conquered Koumbi Saleh capital of the Ghana Empire, and is credited to have brought Islam in this Western Sub-Saharan Africa region. In November of 1087, Abu Bakr died of a poisoned arrow in what is now Mauritania.

Background
Abu Bakr ibn Umar was a member of the Banu Turgut, a clan of the Lamtuna Berbers. His uncle, Yahya Ibn Ibrahim was the chieftain of the Lamtuna who, together with the Maliki scholar Abdallah ibn Yasin, launched the Almoravid (murabitūn) movement in the early 1040s.

Amir al-Muslimin
Upon the death of Yahya ibn Umar in the spring of 1056 at the Battle of Tabfarilla, the spiritual leader Abdallah ibn Yasin appointed Abu Bakr as the new military commander and amir of the Almoravids. That same year, Abu Bakr recaptured Sijilmassa from the Maghrawa of the Zenata confederation. The city had been taken earlier by Yahya, but subsequently lost; Abu Bakr recaptured it definitively for the Almoravids in late 1056.

In order to ensure they did not lose Sijilmassa again, Abu Bakr launched a campaign to secure the roads and valleys of southern Morocco. He immediately captured the Draa valley, then moved along the Wadi Nul (along the edge of the Anti-Atlas, picking up the adherence of the Sanhaja tribes of the Lamta and the Gazzula (Jazzula) to the Almoravid movement. Abu Bakr led the conquest of the Sous valley of southern Morocco, seizing the local capital of Taroudannt in 1057. By negotiation, Abdallah ibn Yasin secured an alliance with the Masmuda Berbers of the High Atlas, which allowed the Almoravids to cross the mountain range with little incident and seize the critical Zenata-ruled citadel of Aghmat in 1058 with little opposition. Delighted at the apparent ease of their advance, Abdallah ibn Yasin ventured into the lands of the Berghwata of western Morocco with only a light escort and was promptly killed. Abu Bakr, who was then mopping up the area north of Aghmat, wheeled the Almoravid army around and conquered the Berghwata in a brutal campaign of revenge.

The death of the spiritual leader Abdallah ibn Yasin left the Almoravids under the sole command of Abu Bakr. Abu Bakr continued carrying out the Almoravid program without assuming the pretence of religious authority in himself. Abu Bakr, like later Almoravid rulers, took up the comparatively modest title of amir al-Muslimin ("Prince of the Muslims"), rather than the caliphal amir al-Mu'minin ("Commander of the Faithful").

Abu Bakr married the wealthiest woman in Aghmat, Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah, who helped him navigate the complicated politics of southern Morocco. But Abu Bakr, a rustic desert warrior, found crowded Aghmat and its courtly life stifling. In 1060/61, Abu Bakr and his Sanhaja lieutenants left the city and pitched their tents on the pastures along the Tensift River, setting up an encampment for their headquarters, as if they were back in the Sahara desert. Stone buildings would eventually replace the tents, and the encampment would become the city of Marrakesh, an unusual-seeming city for the time, evocative of desert life with planted palms and an oasis-like feel.

Abu Bakr placed his cousin Yusuf ibn Tashfin in charge of Aghmat, and assigned him the responsibility of maintaining the front against the Zenata to the north. In a series of campaigns through the 1060s, while Abu Bakr held court in Marrakesh, Yusuf directed Almoravid armies against northern Morocco, reducing Zenata strongholds one by one. In 1070, the Moroccan capital of Fez finally fell to the Almoravids. Discontent, however, had arisen in the Almoravid ranks, particularly among the desert clans back in the Sahara, who regarded these distant northern campaigns as expensive and pointless. The Guddala tribe, who had earlier broken away from the Almoravid coalition, began urging other desert tribes to follow suit. After the fall of Fez, feeling Morocco was now secure, Abu Bakr decided it was time to return to the Sahara to quell the dissension in the desert homelands. He placed Yusuf ibn Tashfin in charge of Morocco in his absence. As was common among the Sanhaja tribes before extended military campaigns, Abu Bakr divorced Zaynab before he left, advising her to marry Yusuf if she needed protection.

Southern Campaigns and Death
Having quelled the discontent back in the Sahara, Abu Bakr returned north to Morocco in 1072. But Yusuf ibn Tashfin had enjoyed his taste of power, and was reluctant to give it up. Pushed by his new wife, Zaynab, Yusuf met Abu Bakr in the plain of Burnoose (between Marrakesh and Aghmat) and, by negotiation (rather than force), persuaded him to abdicate the northern dominions to him. As a courtesy to his former leader, Yusuf kept Abu-Bakr's name on the Almoravid coinage until his death.

Abu Bakr returned to the Sahara desert to command the southern wing of the Almoravids. He launched a new set of campaigns against the dominions of the Ghana Empire in 1076. In 1083, his forces reached as far as Tadmekka and Gao.

Abu Bakr ibn Umar died in 1087, and his dominions were partitioned among his sons and nephews (the sons of Yahya) after his death.

Mauritanian oral tradition claims Abu Bakr was killed in a clash with the "Gangara" (Soninke Wangara of the Tagant Region of southern Mauritania), relating that he was struck down by a poisoned arrow from an old, blind Gangara chieftain in the pass of Khma (between the Tagant and Assab mountains, en route to Ghana). His grave is at Maksam in Tagant region, it is 15 km from Quddiya on the outskirts of Tidjikja. According to Wolof oral tradition, a Serer bowman named Amar Godomat killed him near lake Rkiz (Godomat's name apparently originates with this death). It goes on to note that Abu Bakr left a pregnant Fula wife, Fâtimata Sal, who gave birth to a son, the legendary Amadou Boubakar ibn Omar, better known as Ndiadiane Ndiaye, who went on to found the Wolof kingdom of Waalo in the lower Senegal river. This is clearly ahistorical, however.

title: Abu Bakr ibn Umar


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Upbeats and Beatdowns

Upbeats and Beatdowns is the first full-length album of the band Five Iron Frenzy. It was originally released independently on November 29, 1996 before receiving a national release on April 8, 1997, on Five Minute Walk, under the SaraBellum imprint, with distribution from Warner Bros. Records.

Overview
The lyrics were generally received as being "relevant and forceful;" one reviewer commented that the band offered praise and worship "by the pound." The first track, "Old West", begins one of many themes that would recur on the band's subsequent releases. The track is critical of the ill treatment of Native Americans in the name of Christ, and the liner notes implore us to learn from the Sand Creek and Meeker massacres.

According to the Five Iron Frenzy MySpace blog, "Milestone" is often given the title "Nintendo" due to an incorrectly named mp3 distributed on file-sharing networks.

"A Flowery Song," was nominated for a Dove Music Award in the "Short Form Music Video of the Year" category. The video was filmed in Albuquerque, south of the band's hometown of Denver. Its content included an unusually energetic, raucous scene, in which volunteers wearing colorful costumes danced down a suburban street. These costumes were not obviously connected to the lyrical content of the video, and ranged from Disney princesses skipping to an Ace of Hearts aggressively dance-punching the air.

Track listing
All music written by Scott Kerr and Dennis Culp and all lyrics written by Reese Roper, except where noted otherwise.

Personnel
Five Iron Frenzy
 * Leanor Ortega - saxophone, background vocals
 * Nathanael Dunham - trumpet, background vocals
 * Dennis Culp - trombone, background vocals, lead vocals on "Beautiful America"
 * Scott Kerr - guitar, background vocals
 * Keith Hoerig - bass
 * (Andrew Verdecchio) - drums
 * Micah Ortega - guitar
 * Reese Roper - lead vocals

Additional personnel
 * Jamie Awbrey – rooster crow on "A Flowery Song"
 * Masaki Liu – producer, mixing, background vocals on "Beautiful America"
 * Edith Bunker – background vocals on "I Feel Lucky"
 * Frank Tate – executive producer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Upbeats and Beatdowns


text:
Talk:Chalcedony

Deleted advertising
Advertizing deleted. Wikipedia is not for free advertizing. Vsmith 02:45, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Etymology Section
the Greek word χαλκεδονιος is found more than once. See, e.g., the Acts of Thomas 108. 128.36.154.202 (talk) 18:08, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Also the Bauer-Danker lexicon (p. 1076) says that Pliny (NH 37, 7, 92ff) calls Jasper and a "certain kind of emerald" Chalcedonian Ll1324 (talk) 20:56, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Needs more information about etymology - it gives the Latin word chalcedonius but not what that means! I always assumed it was named after the city of Chalcedon but maybe not.Gymnophoria (talk) 13:34, 21 September 2014 (UTC)

Varieties Section
I have created a "Varieties" section which systematically considers each variety in turn. It still needs a lot of work (to add a fuller description of each variety), and I will improve on it later. (I have also moved some content into a "History" section.) Hyperdeath (talk) 12:50, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

'Blood Stone'
"Plasma is a bright to emerald-green chalcedony that is sometimes found with small spots of jasper resembling blood drops; it has been referred to as blood stone or heliotrope."

Is it possible that the link to haematite (also sometimes known as 'blood stone') is incorrect? As far as I'm aware, haematite does not fit the description of a 'bright to emerald-green chalcedony'.
 * Done - missed that before, thanks, Vsmith 02:51, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

etiquette???
Sorry about the posting. I don't know the etiquette of adding things to pre-existing pages. But I'd like to add some basic applied geochemistry to this page if thats possible. Cheers.

Composition of Chalcedony
The article provides an outdated theory as to chalcedony's composition, namely that it's a form of quartz. It is now known to contain moganite: http://www.mindat.org/min-960.html Hyperdeath 18:00, 27 April 2007 (UTC) (time approximate -- forgot to add signature)

Added a reference for the moganite info. Rickert 03:38, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

I have edited the geochemistry section to reflect the fact that chalcedony and quartz are not crystallographically identical. Hyperdeath 11:37, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Varieties
I have cleaned up the varieties section slightly. Hyperdeath 11:37, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Aventurine
I have tagged Aventurine with a merge to Chalcedony tag. All of the information in the Aventurine article is unreferenced and much duplicates the information that is here. --Kevmin (talk) 02:46, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Gem-fanat (talk) 19:38, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I have been bold and undone the merge. I agree with the concerns raised about the article, but dumping the content here is not the answer. It is just too long to fit into what is essentially an index to variety sub-articles.  It disrupts the flow of the article. If anyone strongly objects to this, I would be happy to help improve the aventurine article.—  H y p e r d e a t h ( Talk ) 20:45, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

Aventurine is not a variety of Chalcedony
It should not appear on this page. Chalcedony is a microcrystalline quartz whereas aventurine is a crystalline quartz with small inclusions of other materials. I have consulted the "Glossary of Geology" and the "Dictionary of Gems and Gemology" to confirm this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.101.250.87 (talk) 20:59, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Possible conflict of facts?
Hey, I just wanted to point out that in the intro block of this page, the following statement occurs: "according to the OED a connection with the town of Chalcedon in Asia Minor is 'very doubtful'". Then, later on under "History" it reads, "The term chalcedony is derived from the name of the ancient Greek town Chalkedon in Asia Minor, in modern English usually spelled Chalcedon...". The latter statement has no citation; it might be worth finding one, and rewording things to point out this conflict in opinion Opensourcejunkie (talk) 18:52, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

Artificial "cats eye?"
I notice a header about imitations? I saw this "synthetic" bracelet at http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/642218093/Synthetic_gemstone.html Model Number: SHSB-034, Gemstone Type:  Mineral Gemstones, Gemstone Material: Chalcedony,  Treatments Applied:  Other, Optical Special Effects: Pleochroic/Pleochroism, material:  cat eyes stone. There are many variations nearby. Photos look like tiger eye. --68.127.93.12 (talk) 23:07, 23 March 2013 (UTC)Doug Bashford

Pliny vs Revelations?
Just to remark that the Intro section implicitly dates Pliny's work prior to the book of Revelations. "Natural History" is confidently dated about 78AD but Revelations is hard to date. It seems to me that the latest authoritative dating is J.A.T Robinson's "Redating the New Testament" (1976), and he dates Revelations c.61AD. Thus Revelations was prior to Pliny. I have adjusted to wording to reflect this. C.jeynes (talk) 16:36, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

Hapax Legomenon
I never heard the term "hapax legomenon," and found the sentence distracting and confusing. I would have preferred to remove it in my latest revision [02:53, 30 June 2016] https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chalcedony&oldid=727610801. But I only clarified the sentence, deferring to the judgment of a more experienced contributor. Just because there is a formal term for what one is describing does not mean it needs to be introduced, to create a teaching moment. In summary: "found nowhere else" is educational but I don't think the Greek term itself adds to the value of the page and should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cab.jones (talk • contribs)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080309094336/http://fgms.home.att.net:80/moganite.htm to http://fgms.home.att.net/moganite.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080530134400/http://www.geo.vu.nl/users/ima-cnmmn/MINERALlist.pdf to http://www.geo.vu.nl/users/ima-cnmmn/MINERALlist.pdf

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Fluorescent Chalcedony (could use image)
Sometimes white chalcedony is flourescent from uranium. Bluish under long wave, green under short wave. There is an image from wikimedia upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Quartz-159524.jpg that a logged in person could put on the main page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.90.99.62 (talk) 19:57, 27 December 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes it does fluoresce ... these are the images from commons:
 * Seems we would need a solid reference before calling it a variety and giving it a separate article section. Vsmith (talk) 01:53, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

Redirect discussion
There is a discussion at related to this page. Please join in the discussion. Primefac (talk) 11:42, 3 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chalcedony


text:
User:Marc omorain

Hello!

title: User:Marc omorain


text:
Talk:The Mack

{{dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment | course = Wikipedia:Wiki_Ed/University_of_New_Orleanss/Black_Power_in_Film_and_History_(Fall_2017) | assignments = [[User:Mpuou|Mpuouiop-////

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dbenson14.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:06, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Mackerel
I removed the following unreferenced claim: "Popular urban myth holds that the vernacular term "Mack" is a corruption of the word mackerel, originally derived from French, but is used as slang for a pimp due to the mackerel's tendency to guide other fish to their mates." If someone can document this, feel free to add it back into the article in an appropriate section. --Junius49 (talk) 18:55, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Pimp
The article states: "the main character was actually a real life former pimp". Is Max Julien a former pimp, or is the character he played based on a real-life former pimp? Please clarify. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 12:51, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I've removed that claim (per WP:BLP). --Junius49 (talk) 19:00, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Rewrite
This article is poorly developed, sourced, and consists mostly of a plot summary. It needs to be rewritten with information on the film's production and release added to the article as well as the plot section needing to be trimmed down significantly. There should also be more reviews from notable critics added to the article as well and uncited sources either deleted or given proper citations. There is so much work that is needed in order for this article to meet Wikipiedia's guidelines and standards of a well developed, and properly sourced article.--Paleface Jack (talk) 17:18, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

"The Mack (film)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect The Mack (film). Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. ___CAPTAIN MEDUSA talk   12:17, 24 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Mack


text:
Permanent secretary

A permanent secretary is the most senior civil servant of a department or ministry charged with running the department or ministry's day-to-day activities. Permanent secretaries are the non-political civil service chief executives of government departments or ministries, who generally hold their position for a number of years (thus "permanent") at a ministry as distinct from the changing political secretaries of state to whom they report and provide advice. The role originated in the civil service of the United Kingdom and has been adopted in several Commonwealth countries as well as other countries influenced by the Westminster system.

Australia
In Australia, the position is called the "department secretary", “secretary of the department”, or “director-general of the department” in some states and territories.

Canada
In Canada, the senior civil service position is a "deputy minister", who within a government ministry or department is outranked only by a Minister of the Crown. Federally, deputy ministers are appointed by the Prime Minister on the advice of the Secretary to the Cabinet (the Head of Canada's civil service). They are considered to hold equal rank with Parliamentary Secretaries or Assistants – legislators appointed to assist Ministers in their duties – and are entitled to several privileges, including the use of diplomatic passports.

Germany
In Germany, the equivalent office is called "Staatssekretär" (state secretary). It is not to be confused with the "parliamentary state secretary", who serves as deputy to a minister, often with a more specialised field of responsibilities. The parliamentary state secretary is always a political position, and not part of the civil service.

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, heads of policy bureaux, secretaries, were filled by civil servants until their titles were changed to permanent secretaries in 2002, when political appointees filled the positions of secretaries under the second Tung Chee Hwa government. Since August 2005, the Office of the Chief Executive also has a permanent secretary. His ranking is, however, lower than most other permanent secretaries according to the pay scale.

India
In India, the equivalent position is called "secretary to the Government of India" and is the highest-ranking permanent civil servant in a department. With the exception of departments within the Ministry of External Affairs, which are headed by Indian Foreign Service officers, all Secretaries to the Government of India are drawn from cadres of the Indian Administrative Service.

These officers directly report to Ministers of the Union within their respective ministry, and oversee all day-to-day operations of their departments. Within the civil service, they are outranked only by the Cabinet Secretary of India or the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India when the latter is granted the rank of Cabinet Secretary (as has been the case under Prime Minister Narendra Modi).

Indonesia
In Indonesia, the equivalent position is called Secretary-General (Sekretaris Jenderal, abbreviated Sekjen), one of the highest-ranking permanent civil servants in a ministry, leads the General Secretariat (Sekretariat Jenderal, abbreviated Setjen). These officers directly report to the minister in their respective ministry or to the respective leader in state bodies.

Ireland
In the Civil service of the Republic of Ireland, the position of Secretary General of a Department of State is almost identical to that of a Permanent Secretary in the British Civil Service, except that the position is not permanent, having a term of seven years. This limit was introduced by the Strategic Management Initiative of the mid-1990s, when also the title was changed from "Secretary". Irish government departments may also have a "second secretary", which is equivalent to the Second Permanent Secretary grade in the British civil service.

Israel
In Israel, the equivalent office is called מנהל כללי, a term which is ordinarily translated as "chief executive officer. The official English translation for the government post is "Director General". Directors General of ministries are nominated by the relevant minister and confirmed by the Government, and serve at the pleasure of the ministers above them.

Italy
In Italy, the highest civil service official in a ministry or department is either a segretario generale (secretary-general) or a direttore generale (director-general), while the position of sottosegretario di stato (under-secretary of state) is a political one and ranks below the ministro segretario di stato (minister-secretary of state, the head of a ministry or department) or the vice ministro (deputy-minister), both political posts as well.

Japan
The Japanese equivalents are the administrative vice-ministers.

Kenya
In Kenya, the equivalent office is called "principal secretary", which is a position established by the Constitution of Kenya as an office in the country's civil service. Principal Secretaries serve as the administrative head of a state department within a ministry and are responsible for the department's daily affairs. A Principal Secretary is nominated by the President of Kenya from a group of persons recommended by the country's Public Service Commission and upon approval by the country's National Assembly, is appointed to office by the President.

The Constitution of Kenya grants the President the power to re-assign a Principal Secretary.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, a permanent secretary refers to the administrative head of a ministry in the states of Sabah and Sarawak. The administrative head of a federal ministry is called "secretary general".

Mauritius
On the island state of Mauritius, which is a former British colony, there are a number of Permanent Secretaries who report to the Secretary to Cabinet and Head of the Civil Service. In the Prime Minister's Office there are 2 Permanent Secretaries, assisted by 3 Deputy Permanent Secretaries as well as 4 Assistant Permanent Secretaries. There are at least 147 Assistant Permanent Secretaries, 86 Deputy Permanent Secretaries and 37 Permanent Secretaries in the various Ministries of the Government of Mauritius.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, the civil service head of a ministry is ordinarily entitled "chief executive", although there are still some positions which carry the title of secretary (Secretary of Education, Secretary of Justice, Secretary of Transport). In some cases (such as the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, Ministry for Primary Industries, Department of Conservation, Ministry of Health) the title is "director-general". Organisations with enforcement powers, such as the Inland Revenue Department and the New Zealand Police, are headed by commissioners. The New Zealand Customs Service is headed by the Comptroller of Customs. Civil service heads are officially employed by the State Services Commission, further separating them from the politicians who hold ministerial positions.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, the equivalent position is called Federal Secretary and is the highest ranking permanent civil servant in a federal ministry.

Singapore
In Singapore, permanent secretaries have to retire after a ten-year term even if they are younger than the official retirement age of 62. This was introduced in 2000 as part of the Public Service Leadership scheme, to provide opportunities for younger officers from the Administrative Service — the elite arm of the Civil Service — to rise up the ranks.

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, a "Secretary to the Ministry" (also known as Ministry Secretary or simply Secretary) is the administrative head of a ministry and is appointed by the President of Sri Lanka. The post of permanent secretary was created under the Ceylon (Constitution and Independence) Orders in Council 1947 when Ceylon gained self-rule from Britain in 1948. Permanent secretaries were commonly appointed from the Ceylon Civil Service, with a few exceptions such as the permanent secretary to the ministry of justice which would be an officer of the judicial service. Anandatissa de Alwis was the first person from the private sector to be appointed as permanent secretary. The Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972, changed the title to secretary to the ministry. Traditionally if the appointee is a serving member of the public service, he or she would leave the service for the duration they hold the appointment. In the recent past it has been common for ministry secretaries to be appointed from outside the public service, with some on political grounds at the discretion of the president on the advice of the minister in charge. Major General Sanjeewa Munasinghe became the first serving military officer from the regular force to be appointed a ministry secretary in 2020.

United Kingdom
The title permanent secretary, or, in some departments permanent under-secretary of State, is the most senior civil servant of a government department in the United Kingdom.

The role originated in 1830 has been adopted in several Commonwealth countries as well as other countries influenced by the Westminster system.

title: Permanent secretary


text: User talk:64.229.237.33

title: User talk:64.229.237.33


text:
User talk:68.225.171.78

Proposed deletion of EarthForce

The article EarthForce has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of stand-alone notability (WP:GNG, WP:NFICTION). Consider soft redirecting to List of Babylon 5 organizations..."

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:28, 4 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of High Guard

The article High Guard has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

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Nomination of High Guard for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article High Guard is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Nomination of Mondas for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Mondas is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:68.225.171.78


text:
Atomic lattice

Atomic lattice may refer to:
 * In mineralogy, atomic lattice refers to the arrangement of atoms into a crystal structure.
 * In order theory, a lattice is called an atomic lattice if the underlying partial order is atomic.
 * In chemistry, atomic lattice refers to the arrangement of atoms in an atomic crystalline solid.

title: Atomic lattice


text:
George Herman (journalist)

George Edward Herman (January 14, 1920 – February 8, 2005) was a veteran CBS journalist. He was a correspondent for more than 40 years, 15 of them as the moderator of Face the Nation.

Biography
Herman was good friends and roommates with Walter Lippmann, graduated from Dartmouth College with a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1941, and received a master's degree in journalism in 1942 from Columbia University.

He first worked for the New York classical music station WQXR, which was gaining a reputation for news since hiring reporter and commentator Quincy Howe. He left the radio station when it was purchased by The New York Times and applied to Paul White, director of CBS News and a member of the Columbia University faculty.

Herman traveled to Asia in 1949 with a 16mm camera and audio recorder, and provided CBS with its first sound-and-film reports from overseas. He was CBS television correspondent during the Korean War before returning to the United States as CBS White House correspondent for the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations. He made several appearances as an interviewer during the 1950s on the news show, Longines Chronoscope with Larry LeSueur. Herman was also the first reporter to broadcast coverage of the burglary of the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in 1972.

He was a long-standing moderator for the Face the Nation program and interviewed hundreds of politicians and celebrities, including Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran and Muhammad Ali. He also made regular appearances on the CBS Evening News as a correspondent. Herman died February 8, 2005, at age 85.

title: George Herman (journalist)


text:
Tara Nelson

Tara Nelson is a Canadian television journalist and news anchor, and most recently was the European bureau chief for Global Television Network's news division. In 2010, Nelson assumed the role as the anchor of the News at 6 at CTV Calgary, replacing Barb Higgins, who left the position after joining the mayoral race in Calgary.

Nelson previously worked as a reporter and anchor for CITV-DT in Edmonton, CHEK-DT in Victoria and CHAN-DT in Vancouver before joining Global National as a reporter. From 2005 to 2008, she served as the program's weekend anchor and primary weekday substitute anchor.

title: Tara Nelson


text:
Titania's Palace

Titania's Palace is a miniature castle (dollhouse) that was hand-built in Ireland by James Hicks & Sons, Irish Cabinet Makers, who were commissioned by Sir Nevile Wilkinson from 1907 to 1922. Wilkinson's daughter Guendolen claimed to have seen a fairy running under the roots of a tree, in a wood beside their home at Mount Merrion House. It is said that Guendolen felt sorry for the fairies, who have to live in caves.

In the early 1930s, Wilkinson loaned the miniature to the NSPCC, who exhibited the item around the country, in an effort to raise funds. While exhibited in Croydon in the UK, Titania's Palace was visited by 4,882 people and led to over £150 (a sum equivalent to approximately £10,000 in 2017 prices) being donated to the Croydon Branch of the NSPCC.

In 1978, Titania's Palace went up on auction at Christie's but was lost to Ireland in a bidding war to Denmark where it remains on display today.

The palace consists of 18 rooms and salons, is 4'1" tall, is built in a 12" to 1" scale (1:12)and contains hand-carved mahogany furniture. There are 3000 tiny works of art and miniatures from around the world on display inside the palace. When the palace was purchased at auction in London in 1978, the purchaser was revealed to be Legoland in Denmark. It stayed on display at Legoland until 2007. In 2006 Count Michael Ahlefeldt-Laurvig-Bille made a loan agreement with Lego to display Titania's Palace at Egeskov Castle in Denmark from 2007 onwards. It remains at Egeskov Denmark.

The underbidders at the London auction were disappointed at Titania's Palace being lost to Ireland. They commissioned a new palace, a dollhouse called Tara's Palace, which is on display in the Tara's Palace Museum of Childhood, located in Powerscourt Estate, near Enniskerry, County Wicklow, Ireland.

Other notable dollhouses
Other notable dollhouses include Tara's Palace, which is on display in Ireland at the Tara's Palace Museum of Childhood in Powerscourt; the Stettheimer dollhouse in New York City, which is primarily known for its original miniature artwork; Astolat Dollhouse Castle, appraised at $8.5 million; and Colleen Moore's fairy castle, housed in Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry.

title: Titania's Palace


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User talk:Lapkitten3

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 02:39, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Lapkitten3


text:
User talk:Tertiary7

Orphaned non-free image File:Gataca Movie Poster B.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image File:Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom PosterB.jpg
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title: User talk:Tertiary7


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The Gospel According to Spiritism

The Gospel According to Spiritism (L'Évangile Selon le Spiritisme in French), by Allan Kardec, is a book published in 1864 that relates the teachings of Jesus to Kardecist Spiritism, the moral and religious philosophy that Kardec had been preaching. It is intended to demonstrate that Spiritism clarifies and extends the most important teachings of Jesus. It is one of the five fundamental works of Kardecist Spiritism.

Kardec wrote in The Gospel According to Spiritism that he viewed Spiritism as "the new science that would reveal to men, by means of irrefutable proofs, the existence and nature of the spiritual world and its relationship with the material world". He incorporated ideas from positivism, evolution, and empiricism, as well as Hindu teachings on karma and reincarnation, and applied them to spiritualism.

The book attracted a lot of reaction from the Catholic Church and was indexed (added to the List of Prohibited Books). The first edition had been titled Imitation de l'Évangile (An Imitation of the Gospels), but the third, and definitive edition (1865) had the book renamed and profusely corrected (mostly typos or supposed mistakes in channeling), edited and expanded.

Contents
The book, the best documented and the most organised of the five fundamental works of Kardecist Spiritism, contains one introductory part and 28 chapters. The first 27 are each dedicated to dissecting one particular verse of the Gospels and the last one is a collection of prayers inspired by elevated spirits.

Kardec looked forward to basing his teachings in biblical knowledge, as well as the messages he received from his guiding spirits. Therefore, the first part of the Gospel According to Spiritism is dedicated to a series of observations and clarifications intended to situate its arguments and doctrine so that those more familiar with exegesis would find their way throughout it more easily.

Introduction
The first item of the introduction argues that the currently existing translations of the Gospels were imperfect and were effectively unintelligible without proper relation to scholarly research about the culture and the customs of the peoples of the Middle-East. As the entirety of the message of Christ cannot be easily grasped from the existing texts about his life, Kardec argues that instead of handpicking the details, we should pay more attention to his teachings and more significant deeds. This is what he tries to do in this book.

The second item argues that Spiritism is based on the highest and truer Christian morality: that it descends directly from the key teaching of Jesus. Kardec also argues that what makes the spiritist doctrine reliable is that it is not self-contradictory: the elevated spirits, channeled by mediums of goodwill all gave the same message and this message is logically consistent both internally and with what Christ taught.

The third part is a rough guide to the Gospels, explaining the meaning of foreign concepts and new words only found there.

The fourth part explains that even before Christ theories similar to Spiritism could be found in the Greek philosophy, notably in Socrates and Plato (Spiritists have both philosophers in high esteem and consider them as precursors of Christ).

Chapters
These observations are followed by 27 doctrinal chapters which are comments on quotes of Christ.

The last chapter is a collection of prayers channeled by elevated spirits, intended as examples of how we are supposed to pray.

Doctrinal Principles
The key aspects of the Gospel According to Spiritism are:

 * The revelation of God is continuous because mankind is slowly evolving to a higher level, making it necessary to perfect the doctrine. The first revelation was through Moses, the second through Christ (modern Spiritists argue that it was previously tried in Greece with Socrates but failed), and the third one was from God himself through his messengers, the several spirits that worked on the Codification (Spiritism).
 * Spirits are immortal and live several lives (reincarnations) to perfect their moral and their intelligence until they are able to be in the presence of God.
 * Every revelation elaborates on the previous, instead of revoking it.
 * Morality is mostly based on love (spiritual love, that is, not carnal love) for everyone and anyone.
 * Love must be put to practice.
 * Charity (the practice of love) must not seek retribution.
 * Religion must be free.
 * Marriage is not indissoluble, if there is no agreement, nor fidelity to the former love anymore, this proves that the couple is no longer bounded, so the divorce would be the final and natural act of separation for those who choose it.
 * Outside charity there is no salvation. This is the main motto of Spiritism.
 * Everyone will eventually be saved, though it may take an unimaginably long time for some (see universal reconciliation).

title: The Gospel According to Spiritism


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alexander Marquardt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 21:38, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Alexander Marquardt

 * Looks like some vanity page for a mba student, Delete--User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 02:40, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that this is nothing more than power-tripping by a user Boothy443 with nothing better to do than discuss the content of someones page. Would the page for "Jennifer Lopez" not also be considered a vanity page. But because you happen to feel the opinions of Hollywood adds validity to documenting the accomplishments and life of this woman that she deserves a page over a published author in an MBA program?
 * [Posted by 205.200.75.128; I also indented the comments. —tregoweth]
 * "Vanity page" means an article posted by its subject, which is discouraged. If you are reasonably significant, someone will create an article about you sooner or later. —tregoweth 03:14, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity, non-notable. Delete. —tregoweth 03:14, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, looks like vanity to me. Rje 03:19, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity and non-notable 208.51.105.139 04:03, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, though the law student in me is more bothered by his false claims of having registered his name as a trademark.  Postdlf 05:10, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, taking a pic without a shirt on is definately vanity :) --The Jacobin 05:41, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:54, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Alexander (or whoever posted the article), please see Vanity page, Importance and What Wikipedia is not. (And delete.) Samaritan 16:23, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it fine, if Sheryl Crow has a page than why not this guy? Maybe he has done more important things than her don't delete unsigned comment left at the top of the page by user:Piceaspruce whose only contributions so far are to this discussion.
 * Well, yes... maybe he does have four multi-platinum albums in a row, numerous top-20 singles, and several Grammy awards... but unfortunately neither this article nor any other information available in this reality establishes that. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 22:44, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probable vanity, and has been attracting vandalism.  No encyclopedic notability established.  Also, attempts to deflect the discussion to some other article always get negative style points from me, particularly when the other articles are examples as silly as the ones used here. -- Antaeus Feldspar 19:56, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Rub it off er, delete... Wyss 20:59, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. clear vanity. --Urbanguy1 00:46, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I heard about this on CIUT - 89.5 FM - Toronto, ON (University of Toronto)! Keep it.  It might become part of the blog phenonm.   Darryl -Toronto, Ontario. -- this vote by 69.195.44.238, whose three edits are all to the article or to this VfD.
 * Gee, somebody deleted my comment -very demcratic -Darryl Toronto, Ontario -- the fourth edit by 69.195.44.238.
 * Urg, too much information.."chronic masturbators"..mind going blank...Delete, please.... humblefool® 03:02, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * He is a notable scholar and contributor to the development of several commonly use microprocessors. The basis for this high speed design was the nonlinear Levenberg-Marquardt regression. which resulted in new strides forward in quatum computing. You may delete him now, but he'll be back later. However the vandalism has surely been meant to put doubt on his character. ROLL back the changes -- This is 198.163.10.210's only edit.
 * Sweet jumping mother of delete. A fully wikified vanity article within styling conventions is a first in my experience here.  Alex, if you're for real, get a user page.  Put this info on it.  Contribute something useful on computer-related subjects.  And unravel the sockpuppets.  They aren't exactly helping your cause. - Lucky 6.9 23:29, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Ohmygod, this is, like, the perfect vanity page. Delete.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:82.217.24.242

title: User talk:82.217.24.242


text:
Yarrow oil

Yarrow essential oil is a volatile oil including the chemical proazulene. The dark blue essential oil is extracted by steam distillation of the flowers of yarrow (Achillea millefolium).

It kills the larvae of the mosquito Aedes albopictus.

title: Yarrow oil


text: User talk:69.242.123.31

title: User talk:69.242.123.31


text:
Talk:CTV Television Network

Untitled
Could someone add info on CTV's HD channels to this article? CTV HD East & CTV HD West.

To whoever added CFCN-5, CKNY-11, etc. to the article: a rebroadcast or semi-satellite transmitter does not merit its own article independently of its originating station, unless it's a former originating station that can be categorized under Category:Defunct Canadian television stations. They may be noted in the originating station's article. Bearcat 02:42, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Why do not have CTV stations at Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut?
As far as I know, there have never been originating CTV stations or affiliates in northern Canada. Northern communities getting CTV would be picking them up from the major urban centres like Vancouver or Toronto because Whitehorse, Yellowknife and Iqaluit are too small to support other originating TV stations beyond CBC North and APTN. Starbuck-2 06:37, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * CTV, being a private corporation, would not bother setting up to broadcast to such a small population as exists in the Canadian North. This was the reason for the CBC's existence. To provide news to areas in Canada that a private corporation would not bother with even if it were not conducive to profits to do so.Celynn (talk) 06:39, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

MTV Canada
CTV is now in partnership with MTV. CTV runs MTV programing late nights on Saturdays. They run shows like Wild Boyz, etc.. It should be noted somewhere on the page. I just don't know where. Mr. C.C. 06:45, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

"CTN"???
I'm tempted to just go ahead and change this, but let's thrash this out yet again first. I've yet to see ANY firm evidence that the network went to air under the name CTN. Gittins' book makes it quite clear: Caldwell wanted to CALL the network CTN, the CBC objected, and when the network launched it was with the name CTV, which officially stood for nothing. Can anyone prove otherwise? (If the only source is the article at broadcasting-history.ca, I'm just plain skeptical of that article.) Surely if the network broadcast as CTN, there would have been a logo -- press kits -- photos -- anything! All right, I'm done. Brithgob 07:09, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Found the 2 October 1961 Globe and Mail article on the CTV launch and added the reference and info from the article. That item made no mention of the network being called CTN, it was referred to as CTV from the first night. Perhaps other editors with access to other paper archives (Toronto Star, or for other cities, as may be available through libraries) could corroborate this. Dl2000 00:24, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Discription of the Biennial Liberal Convention
I don't have a varifiable source for this, but CTV has been erroneously discribing (coverage Nov 29-Dec 1), the Biennial Liberal Convention as the Liberal Leadership Convention. The Liberal Leadership Convention begins on Dec. 2. Could or should, anyone with a source, add this CTV mistake to the article? GoodDay 19:55, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Mistake or not, CTV is not the only outlet to call it that, and I would not consider it a notable issue in any event. — stickguy (:^›)— || talk || 20:15, 1 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Alright, I'll agree with that. GoodDay 20:26, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

CTV radio network
with CTVGlobemedia buying CHUM will they lauch CTV radio national news.spiddy 23:16, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * There was a "CTV Radio News" on the radio some years back, but it was syndicated by CTV to individual radio stations across Canada as a vehicle for CTV News at the time. Since CTV's origins are in television, however, I don't think "CTV radio network" will be used as a name per se for the current CHUM stations once CTVglobemedia buys CHUM (pending CRTC approval), but they might go with something else. Starbuck-2 05:31, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * It's certainly possible; just as possible would be a TSN-branded national sports radio network. Let's wait and see. Bearcat

Treehouse
I need my memory fixed. Was there a CTV kids show called 'Treehouse'? I know there's a Canadian kids show called that. If so, could it be added (with a varifiable link). GoodDay 22:56, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Treehouse (or Tree House?) was a local CKCO-TV (CTV affiliate) children's show. Can't determine if it was ever broadcast on the full CTV network or syndicated to other affiliates, though. Some indirect refs:  Dl2000 01:56, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for jogging my memory, Letters, we get letters, we get lots'n lots of letters. GoodDay 17:32, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

a show did exist although i do not know the full name. the host was a blonde burley fellow who played guitar, told stories and had both puppets and children on the show. I believe in ran from the late 1970's to the early 1980's. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.103.161.1 (talk) 22:06, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:CTV80s.jpg
Image:CTV80s.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:55, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Ratings
Re: television ratings — being the #1 network is defined by the overall aggregate audience over the entire schedule, not by merely happening to have the single most-watched show. Accordingly, CTV's claim to #1 status is not disputable, as the network does currently have a higher aggregate audience than Global, and it violates both POV and original research rules to propose an alternate reading of the Nielsen numbers. Bearcat 21:16, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Because CTV British Columbia will go off-air,
I see the following (Indicated with precision):
 * CTV signs off at 04:30 or later only on nights when there is a movie, and signs on at 05:01.

Do any other CTV owned and operated (Not including CITL, CHFD and CJBN) CTV stations sign off? And if so, which ones? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Fair use rationale for Image:CTV 66.gif
Image:CTV 66.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 12:10, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:CTValt.PNG
Image:CTValt.PNG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 12:18, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Special Olympics
Hi My name is Julia and I have a concern I would like to share with CTV. At the special olympics in Yarmouth there was a injustice done. The team from Bridgewater was treated unfair, the B team won every game they played in their devision and told to leave when they were asked to play an A team and refused as their players could not play rough like the A team. So the players are being taught if they play to their best then they are penalized! Please look into this as I beleive this should not go on. Thank You Julia —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.138.17.201 (talk) 16:33, 27 February 2009 (UTC)
 * This isn't the place to communicate with CTV; it's only a place for Wikipedia users to discuss changes to our article. If you want to get in touch with CTV over a potential news story, then you need to contact CTV directly through their website, not ours. Bearcat (talk) 07:40, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Mideast conflict
It would be interesting if we could gather information on the CTV's editorial policies on the Mideast conflict, which is a controversial topic in contemporary journalism. ADM (talk) 22:57, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

Individual channel articles behind on Transmitter information by a single detail each...
It looks as though many individual articles for the channels themselves owned by CTV still say that they will be shut down on or before August 31, 2009. It's September 18th when I'm writing this, the articles were last updated on September 10th, and it still looks like they are behind the times. The main exception being the Ottawa affiliate which says that the repeaters are still broadcasting. Mechamind90 (talk) 05:41, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
 * We don't know if all of the transmitters have shut down yet. I believe CTV is still operating the repeaters, even though they promised to shut them down. єmarsee  •  Speak up!  05:43, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. EdJohnston (talk) 16:13, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

CTV Television Network → CTV Television – Simpler name; additionally, as indicated in the article, for the purposes of CRTC licensing CTV is not legally considered a television network. ViperSnake151  Talk  00:16, 13 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose - The common name would be CTV and it would be consistent with the likes of NBC, CNN, and CBS but since CTV is a disambiguation page, it is better to leave page name as it is. --MicroX (talk) 06:49, 17 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment: Also as a note, their Twitter account officially uses just "CTV Television" as the name. ViperSnake151   Talk  00:53, 19 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Orphaned references in CTV Television Network
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of CTV Television Network's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "ctv": From 2010 Winter Olympics:  From CraveTV: '19-2' star Jared Keeso to helm original scripted comedy for CraveTV. CTV News, March 5, 2015.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 13:01, 21 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on CTV Television Network. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120530005959/http://50yearsofnews.ctv.ca/ to http://50yearsofnews.ctv.ca/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110323010123/http://50yearsofnews.ctv.ca/index.php/background/ to http://50yearsofnews.ctv.ca/index.php/background/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100622162722/http://50yearsofnews.ctv.ca/index.php/about/ to http://50yearsofnews.ctv.ca/index.php/about/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100707112545/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/networks/networks_CTV_Television.html to http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/networks/networks_CTV_Television.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:17, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Morning show
The article says "The network also has the country's longest-running national morning news show, originally titled Canada AM, (now called Your Morning since 2016)". The change in 2016 was virtually complete. New name, new hosts, new format. Other than it occupying the same timeslot on the same channel, by what standard do we call it the same show? Until we have an answer I've removed the statement. DJ Clayworth (talk) 19:07, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

Remembrance day program
Very good coverage o the ceremonies in Ottawa. It would have been nice if a commentator could have identified the various groups marching in the procession 24.156.237.108 (talk) 23:09, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

Subtitles
I use subtitles because of my hearing difficulties but the subtitles on CTV are completely useless. No language I recognize despite me stipulating English. Can this not be rectified? 208.96.65.112 (talk) 12:11, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

FREE cricket world cup2024 IN USA NOW
P 103.98.78.154 (talk) 16:11, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:CTV Television Network


text:
User:Iwonderandiwander

Just a start here. I'm interested in a couple of projects;

User:Iwonderandiwander/Gardelegen (war crime)

title: User:Iwonderandiwander


text:
User:STAREYe

hello want to help me find my banana hoard

title: User:STAREYe


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User talk:Qwertysafim

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Francs2000 | Talk 02:43, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

 * Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism.  If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox.  Thank you. -- Francs2000 | Talk  02:54, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing. -- Francs2000 | Talk  02:58, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Qwertysafim


text:
User talk:Commtt

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title: User talk:Commtt


text: User talk:69.141.84.131

title: User talk:69.141.84.131


text:
Geometrical frustration

In condensed matter physics, the term geometrical frustration (or in short: frustration ) refers to a phenomenon where atoms tend to stick to non-trivial positions or where, on a regular crystal lattice, conflicting inter-atomic forces (each one favoring rather simple, but different structures) lead to quite complex structures. As a consequence of the frustration in the geometry or in the forces, a plenitude of distinct ground states may result at zero temperature, and usual thermal ordering may be suppressed at higher temperatures. Much studied examples are amorphous materials, glasses, or dilute magnets.

The term frustration, in the context of magnetic systems, has been introduced by Gerard Toulouse in 1977. Frustrated magnetic systems had been studied even before. Early work includes a study of the Ising model on a triangular lattice with nearest-neighbor spins coupled antiferromagnetically, by G. H. Wannier, published in 1950. Related features occur in magnets with competing interactions, where both ferromagnetic as well as antiferromagnetic couplings between pairs of spins or magnetic moments are present, with the type of interaction depending on the separation distance of the spins. In that case commensurability, such as helical spin arrangements may result, as had been discussed originally, especially, by A. Yoshimori, T. A. Kaplan, R. J. Elliott, and others, starting in 1959, to describe experimental findings on rare-earth metals. A renewed interest in such spin systems with frustrated or competing interactions arose about two decades later, beginning in the 1970s, in the context of spin glasses and spatially modulated magnetic superstructures. In spin glasses, frustration is augmented by stochastic disorder in the interactions, as may occur experimentally in non-stoichiometric magnetic alloys. Carefully analyzed spin models with frustration include the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick model, describing spin glasses, and the ANNNI model, describing commensurability magnetic superstructures. Recently, the concept of frustration has been used in brain network analysis to identify the non-trivial assemblage of neural connections and highlight the adjustable elements of the brain.

Magnetic ordering

Geometrical frustration is an important feature in magnetism, where it stems from the relative arrangement of spins. A simple 2D example is shown in Figure 1. Three magnetic ions reside on the corners of a triangle with antiferromagnetic interactions between them; the energy is minimized when each spin is aligned opposite to neighbors. Once the first two spins align antiparallel, the third one is frustrated because its two possible orientations, up and down, give the same energy. The third spin cannot simultaneously minimize its interactions with both of the other two. Since this effect occurs for each spin, the ground state is sixfold degenerate. Only the two states where all spins are up or down have more energy.

Similarly in three dimensions, four spins arranged in a tetrahedron (Figure 2) may experience geometric frustration. If there is an antiferromagnetic interaction between spins, then it is not possible to arrange the spins so that all interactions between spins are antiparallel. There are six nearest-neighbor interactions, four of which are antiparallel and thus favourable, but two of which (between 1 and 2, and between 3 and 4) are unfavourable. It is impossible to have all interactions favourable, and the system is frustrated.

Geometrical frustration is also possible if the spins are arranged in a non-collinear way. If we consider a tetrahedron with a spin on each vertex pointing along the easy axis (that is, directly towards or away from the centre of the tetrahedron), then it is possible to arrange the four spins so that there is no net spin (Figure 3). This is exactly equivalent to having an antiferromagnetic interaction between each pair of spins, so in this case there is no geometrical frustration. With these axes, geometric frustration arises if there is a ferromagnetic interaction between neighbours, where energy is minimized by parallel spins. The best possible arrangement is shown in Figure 4, with two spins pointing towards the centre and two pointing away. The net magnetic moment points upwards, maximising ferromagnetic interactions in this direction, but left and right vectors cancel out (i.e. are antiferromagnetically aligned), as do forwards and backwards. There are three different equivalent arrangements with two spins out and two in, so the ground state is three-fold degenerate.

Mathematical definition
The mathematical definition is simple (and analogous to the so-called Wilson loop in quantum chromodynamics): One considers for example expressions ("total energies" or "Hamiltonians") of the form
 * $$\mathcal H=\sum_G -I_{k_\nu, k_\mu}\,\,S_{k_\nu}\cdot S_{k_\mu}\,,$$

where G is the graph considered, whereas the quantities Ik ν,kμ are the so-called "exchange energies" between nearest-neighbours, which (in the energy units considered) assume the values ±1 (mathematically, this is a signed graph), while the S'k ν ·S'k μ are inner products of scalar or vectorial spins or pseudo-spins. If the graph G has quadratic or triangular faces P, the so-called "plaquette variables" PW, "loop-products" of the following kind, appear:
 * $$P_W=I_{1,2}\,I_{2,3}\,I_{3,4}\,I_{4,1}$$ and $$P_W=I_{1,2}\,I_{2,3}\,I_{3,1}\,,$$ respectively,

which are also called "frustration products". One has to perform a sum over these products, summed over all plaquettes. The result for a single plaquette is either +1 or −1. In the last-mentioned case the plaquette is "geometrically frustrated".

It can be shown that the result has a simple gauge invariance: it does not change – nor do other measurable quantities, e.g. the "total energy" $$\mathcal H$$ – even if locally the exchange integrals and the spins are simultaneously modified as follows:
 * $$I_{i,k}\to\varepsilon_i I_{i,k}\varepsilon_k ,\quad S_i\to\varepsilon_i S_i ,\quad S_k\to \varepsilon_k S_k\,.$$

Here the numbers εi and εk are arbitrary signs, i.e. +1 or −1, so that the modified structure may look totally random.

Water ice
Although most previous and current research on frustration focuses on spin systems, the phenomenon was first studied in ordinary ice. In 1936 Giauque and Stout published ''The Entropy of Water and the Third Law of Thermodynamics. Heat Capacity of Ice from 15 K to 273 K'', reporting calorimeter measurements on water through the freezing and vaporization transitions up to the high temperature gas phase. The entropy was calculated by integrating the heat capacity and adding the latent heat contributions; the low temperature measurements were extrapolated to zero, using Debye's then recently derived formula. The resulting entropy, S1 = 44.28 cal/(K·mol) = 185.3 J/(mol·K) was compared to the theoretical result from statistical mechanics of an ideal gas, S2 = 45.10 cal/(K·mol) = 188.7 J/(mol·K). The two values differ by S0 = 0.82 ± 0.05 cal/(K·mol) = 3.4 J/(mol·K). This result was then explained by Linus Pauling to an excellent approximation, who showed that ice possesses a finite entropy (estimated as 0.81 cal/(K·mol) or 3.4 J/(mol·K)) at zero temperature due to the configurational disorder intrinsic to the protons in ice.

In the hexagonal or cubic ice phase the oxygen ions form a tetrahedral structure with an O–O bond length 2.76 Å (276 pm), while the O–H bond length measures only 0.96 Å (96 pm). Every oxygen (white) ion is surrounded by four hydrogen ions (black) and each hydrogen ion is surrounded by 2 oxygen ions, as shown in Figure 5. Maintaining the internal H2O molecule structure, the minimum energy position of a proton is not half-way between two adjacent oxygen ions. There are two equivalent positions a hydrogen may occupy on the line of the O–O bond, a far and a near position. Thus a rule leads to the frustration of positions of the proton for a ground state configuration: for each oxygen two of the neighboring protons must reside in the far position and two of them in the near position, so-called ‘ice rules’. Pauling proposed that the open tetrahedral structure of ice affords many equivalent states satisfying the ice rules.

Pauling went on to compute the configurational entropy in the following way: consider one mole of ice, consisting of N O2− and 2N protons. Each O–O bond has two positions for a proton, leading to 22N possible configurations. However, among the 16 possible configurations associated with each oxygen, only 6 are energetically favorable, maintaining the H2O molecule constraint. Then an upper bound of the numbers that the ground state can take is estimated as Ω < 22N($6⁄16$)N. Correspondingly the configurational entropy S0 = kBln(Ω) = NkBln($3⁄2$) = 0.81 cal/(K·mol) = 3.4 J/(mol·K) is in amazing agreement with the missing entropy measured by Giauque and Stout.

Although Pauling's calculation neglected both the global constraint on the number of protons and the local constraint arising from closed loops on the Wurtzite lattice, the estimate was subsequently shown to be of excellent accuracy.

Spin ice
A mathematically analogous situation to the degeneracy in water ice is found in the spin ices. A common spin ice structure is shown in Figure 6 in the cubic pyrochlore structure with one magnetic atom or ion residing on each of the four corners. Due to the strong crystal field in the material, each of the magnetic ions can be represented by an Ising ground state doublet with a large moment. This suggests a picture of Ising spins residing on the corner-sharing tetrahedral lattice with spins fixed along the local quantization axis, the cubic axes, which coincide with the lines connecting each tetrahedral vertex to the center. Every tetrahedral cell must have two spins pointing in and two pointing out in order to minimize the energy. Currently the spin ice model has been approximately realized by real materials, most notably the rare earth pyrochlores Ho2Ti2O7, Dy2Ti2O7, and Ho2Sn2O7. These materials all show nonzero residual entropy at low temperature.

Extension of Pauling’s model: General frustration
The spin ice model is only one subdivision of frustrated systems. The word frustration was initially introduced to describe a system's inability to simultaneously minimize the competing interaction energy between its components. In general frustration is caused either by competing interactions due to site disorder (see also the Villain model ) or by lattice structure such as in the triangular, face-centered cubic (fcc), hexagonal-close-packed, tetrahedron, pyrochlore and kagome lattices with antiferromagnetic interaction. So frustration is divided into two categories: the first corresponds to the spin glass, which has both disorder in structure and frustration in spin; the second is the geometrical frustration with an ordered lattice structure and frustration of spin. The frustration of a spin glass is understood within the framework of the RKKY model, in which the interaction property, either ferromagnetic or anti-ferromagnetic, is dependent on the distance of the two magnetic ions. Due to the lattice disorder in the spin glass, one spin of interest and its nearest neighbors could be at different distances and have a different interaction property, which thus leads to different preferred alignment of the spin.

Artificial geometrically frustrated ferromagnets
With the help of lithography techniques, it is possible to fabricate sub-micrometer size magnetic islands whose geometric arrangement reproduces the frustration found in naturally occurring spin ice materials. Recently R. F. Wang et al. reported the discovery of an artificial geometrically frustrated magnet composed of arrays of lithographically fabricated single-domain ferromagnetic islands. These islands are manually arranged to create a two-dimensional analog to spin ice. The magnetic moments of the ordered ‘spin’ islands were imaged with magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and then the local accommodation of frustration was thoroughly studied. In their previous work on a square lattice of frustrated magnets, they observed both ice-like short-range correlations and the absence of long-range correlations, just like in the spin ice at low temperature. These results solidify the uncharted ground on which the real physics of frustration can be visualized and modeled by these artificial geometrically frustrated magnets, and inspires further research activity.

These artificially frustrated ferromagnets can exhibit unique magnetic properties when studying their global response to an external field using Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect. In particular, a non-monotonic angular dependence of the square lattice coercivity is found to be related to disorder in the artificial spin ice system.

Geometric frustration without lattice
Another type of geometrical frustration arises from the propagation of a local order. A main question that a condensed matter physicist faces is to explain the stability of a solid.

It is sometimes possible to establish some local rules, of chemical nature, which lead to low energy configurations and therefore govern structural and chemical order. This is not generally the case and often the local order defined by local interactions cannot propagate freely, leading to geometric frustration. A common feature of all these systems is that, even with simple local rules, they present a large set of, often complex, structural realizations. Geometric frustration plays a role in fields of condensed matter, ranging from clusters and amorphous solids to complex fluids.

The general method of approach to resolve these complications follows two steps. First, the constraint of perfect space-filling is relaxed by allowing for space curvature. An ideal, unfrustrated, structure is defined in this curved space. Then, specific distortions are applied to this ideal template in order to embed it into three dimensional Euclidean space. The final structure is a mixture of ordered regions, where the local order is similar to that of the template, and defects arising from the embedding. Among the possible defects, disclinations play an important role.

Simple two-dimensional examples
Two-dimensional examples are helpful in order to get some understanding about the origin of the competition between local rules and geometry in the large. Consider first an arrangement of identical discs (a model for a hypothetical two-dimensional metal) on a plane; we suppose that the interaction between discs is isotropic and locally tends to arrange the disks in the densest way as possible. The best arrangement for three disks is trivially an equilateral triangle with the disk centers located at the triangle vertices. The study of the long range structure can therefore be reduced to that of plane tilings with equilateral triangles. A well known solution is provided by the triangular tiling with a total compatibility between the local and global rules: the system is said to be "unfrustrated".

But now, the interaction energy is supposed to be at a minimum when atoms sit on the vertices of a regular pentagon. Trying to propagate in the long range a packing of these pentagons sharing edges (atomic bonds) and vertices (atoms) is impossible. This is due to the impossibility of tiling a plane with regular pentagons, simply because the pentagon vertex angle does not divide 2$\pi$. Three such pentagons can easily fit at a common vertex, but a gap remains between two edges. It is this kind of discrepancy which is called "geometric frustration". There is one way to overcome this difficulty. Let the surface to be tiled be free of any presupposed topology, and let us build the tiling with a strict application of the local interaction rule. In this simple example, we observe that the surface inherits the topology of a sphere and so receives a curvature. The final structure, here a pentagonal dodecahedron, allows for a perfect propagation of the pentagonal order. It is called an "ideal" (defect-free) model for the considered structure.

Dense structures and tetrahedral packings

The stability of metals is a longstanding question of solid state physics, which can only be understood in the quantum mechanical framework by properly taking into account the interaction between the positively charged ions and the valence and conduction electrons. It is nevertheless possible to use a very simplified picture of metallic bonding and only keeps an isotropic type of interactions, leading to structures which can be represented as densely packed spheres. And indeed the crystalline simple metal structures are often either close packed face-centered cubic (fcc) or hexagonal close packing (hcp) lattices. Up to some extent amorphous metals and quasicrystals can also be modeled by close packing of spheres. The local atomic order is well modeled by a close packing of tetrahedra, leading to an imperfect icosahedral order.

A regular tetrahedron is the densest configuration for the packing of four equal spheres. The dense random packing of hard spheres problem can thus be mapped on the tetrahedral packing problem. It is a practical exercise to try to pack table tennis balls in order to form only tetrahedral configurations. One starts with four balls arranged as a perfect tetrahedron, and try to add new spheres, while forming new tetrahedra. The next solution, with five balls, is trivially two tetrahedra sharing a common face; note that already with this solution, the fcc structure, which contains individual tetrahedral holes, does not show such a configuration (the tetrahedra share edges, not faces). With six balls, three regular tetrahedra are built, and the cluster is incompatible with all compact crystalline structures (fcc and hcp). Adding a seventh sphere gives a new cluster consisting in two "axial" balls touching each other and five others touching the latter two balls, the outer shape being an almost regular pentagonal bi-pyramid. However, we are facing now a real packing problem, analogous to the one encountered above with the pentagonal tiling in two dimensions. The dihedral angle of a tetrahedron is not commensurable with 2π; consequently, a hole remains between two faces of neighboring tetrahedra. As a consequence, a perfect tiling of the Euclidean space R3 is impossible with regular tetrahedra. The frustration has a topological character: it is impossible to fill Euclidean space with tetrahedra, even severely distorted, if we impose that a constant number of tetrahedra (here five) share a common edge.

The next step is crucial: the search for an unfrustrated structure by allowing for curvature in the space, in order for the local configurations to propagate identically and without defects throughout the whole space.

Regular packing of tetrahedra: the polytope {3,3,5}
Twenty irregular tetrahedra pack with a common vertex in such a way that the twelve outer vertices form a regular icosahedron. Indeed, the icosahedron edge length l is slightly longer than the circumsphere radius r (l ≈ 1.05r). There is a solution with regular tetrahedra if the space is not Euclidean, but spherical. It is the polytope {3,3,5}, using the Schläfli notation, also known as the 600-cell.

There are one hundred and twenty vertices which all belong to the hypersphere S3 with radius equal to the golden ratio (φ = $1 + √5⁄2$) if the edges are of unit length. The six hundred cells are regular tetrahedra grouped by five around a common edge and by twenty around a common vertex. This structure is called a polytope (see Coxeter) which is the general name in higher dimension in the series containing polygons and polyhedra. Even if this structure is embedded in four dimensions, it has been considered as a three dimensional (curved) manifold. This point is conceptually important for the following reason. The ideal models that have been introduced in the curved Space are three dimensional curved templates. They look locally as three dimensional Euclidean models. So, the {3,3,5} polytope, which is a tiling by tetrahedra, provides a very dense atomic structure if atoms are located on its vertices. It is therefore naturally used as a template for amorphous metals, but one should not forget that it is at the price of successive idealizations.

title: Geometrical frustration


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