text:
Talk:Holstein Friesian

Friesian Cattle1
The UK Friesian is a different breed to the Holstein. This needs to be sorted. Slipperyfishman (talk) 13:47, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

 * 😂😂😂😂😂 2403:3800:5289:62DD:1611:14FF:FE8A:E50B (talk) 02:28, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

I found it very confusing to be reading about one type of cow and then coming upon a different type mid-article. Is this a botched merge of some sort?? 173.164.86.190 (talk) 19:26, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Weight Section
The weight section states "While Holstein bulls will may reach over 2,000 pounds (900 kg)." Should it be will reach, or may reach? I would change it, but I'm not sure which. GavinTing 09:27, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

I think "may reach" is the right thing; according to the breeding rules, they may not be to big, or to small, or else, the Holstein breed will, in time, get weaker. -The Bold Guy- 10:34, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

both breeds and crossbreeds
UK Parliament 1990-07-13 Written answers:

 * AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES AND FOOD Dairy Herd

 * Mr. Denzil Davies : To ask the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food what percentage of the United Kindom's total dairy herd is comprised of (a) Friesian cattle and (b) Holstein cattle.

 * Mr. Maclean : Friesian and Holstein cattle together constitute 90 per cent. of the United Kingdom's total dairy herd. It is not possible to determine separate figures for each breed. Many dairy herds contain both breeds together with Friesian/Holstein crossbreeds.

See also:
 * British Friesian Breeders Club Registration & Classification
 * Holstein UK is Europe's largest independent breed society

So according to the UK department of Agriculture, Holstein and Friesian are not the same breed. This suggests that the wikipedia article is not as accurate as it might be --Philip Baird Shearer 23:39, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've added this information to the article as I think it is worth having, at least until such time as someone writes an article about the Friesian. Hairy Dude 20:49, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * And? It was the US department of Agricultue that came up with the idea to call those animals Holstein in the first place. The difference between a Friesian and a Holstein in this context is rather whether the animal is a descendant of an (in)direct import in the UK from the US or the Netherlands. For your information, the British Friesian is itself considered a separate breed too.ThW5 12:19, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

This animal is usually used also for cross breading with Angus to increase the angus production. This is poor for the consumer in that it thins out the bloodline and makes the animal LESS pure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.108.250.135 (talk • contribs) 13:24, 14 April 2006

Historically, Friesians and Holsteins have the same origins. During the 19th Century, the best stock were exported everywhere as foundation stock. 2 things happened:

1. US purchasers knew the breed as Holsteins while in Europe the name Friesian was used, but the cattle were the same breed.

2. During the following 100 years the two continents pursued different breeding aims; the North Americans, having a seperate specialist beef industry, saw the "Holstein" as a pure dairy cow while the Europeans used them as "dual-purpose" for meat and dairy production.

This is why nowadays the Friesian is a smaller, hardier breed with reasonable meat qualities while the Holstein is a taller, finer animal with a better milk production performance and poor meat qualities. Modern agriculture has increased the demand in Europe for better specialist milking cattle and so North American bloodlines are heavily used, leading to "Holstein-Friesians" and eventually pure Holstein stock.

As it is not necessary to breed all dairy cattle to produce herd replacements, a large proportion must be bred to beef breeds. Friesians are better for this, but with the increased performance of Continental beef breeds, the shortcomings of Holsteins are largely irrelevant. For example, a Belgian Blue x Holstein will be a more profitable beef animal than an Angus x Friesian.

This article could do with some work, I think part of the problem is that there are no good web references, I'll look into this if you all agree. Tractorboy60 21:59, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Famous Advertising Cow?
When Milton Hershey first started his chocolate company, his delivery cars were painted with Holstein Cows. Considering how widely known the Hershey Brand Name is, maybe this should be added to the article. Also, there's large amount of dairy commercials that use the Holstein in America. Does this carry over to Europe too? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Distrot (talk • contribs) 22:36, April 25, 2006 (UTC)

 * I was unaware of the Hershey cow, but I did add some notes in that Holstein are seen as the stereotypical 'cow'. This suggests they are used in advertising (Gateway 2000 and Chik-fil-a), but I didn't say that explicitly.  You might want to add the Hershey cow thing there.  Also, check the linked article at Cattle, since most of those 'cows' are Holsteins. --Mdwyer 02:42, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Holstein cow image
As a registered breeder who shows Holstein cows, I have to say, the currently posted image of a Holstein cow is a terribly poor representation of what Holstein cattle look like today. I hope this image is replaced soon, with a much more conformationally correct one! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mellogirl (talk • contribs) 03:36, July 11, 2006 (UTC)

 * I hope you are able to take a picture of one of your prize-winning animals and upload it -- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.152.97.125 (talk) 15:43, July 26, 2006 (UTC)

Replaced Holstein cow image
I replaced the Holstein cow image with a more accurate representation of what high-quality Holstein cattle look like today. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mellogirl (talk • contribs) 18:10, August 3, 2006 (UTC)

Redirect
I changed the title of a redirect; it must be "Frisian", instead of "Friesian", and I now have improved the spelling. Note, that the page still redirects to the Holstein (cattle)-page. -The Bold Guy- 10:32, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

Only 4 spotted breeds?
Are we absolutely sure that there are only 4 spotted dairy breeds? During a quick scan through the list of breeds of cattle I already found one more. The article for Montbeliard Cattle shows pictures of spotted cows, and the article mentions it's use for meat and milk; so it's a dairy breed too, right? So do we cancel the statement that there are only 4 spotted breeds, or do we recheck all the cattle breeds and make a proper counting of the number of spotted dairy breeds? Secondly, I am not sure what the relevance of the number of spotted dairy breeds is. Why not include all spotted breeds (dairy and non-dairy) in the counting, or, what I propose: simply say something like "....although a considerable numer of cattle breeds does not have spots...." ?? RagingR2 21:47, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Yes,and arguably, the Normande is another. I don't think the point has any relevance. Nearly all the article has higher priorities than this, or sweets and ice cream for that matter. Tractorboy60 22:08, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Just thought of another one. Maine-Anjou cattle Tractorboy60 14:23, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

History
I reorganized the beginning of the article into its relevant sections and added UK history from the Holstein UK website. I removed the reference to not being able to tell the difference between Holstein and Friesian in the 90% population as it was misinterpreted. What the reference meant was that they were unable to allocate a proportion of the population to Holstein, Friesian or Holstein Friesian because of cross-breeding. Also it is from 1990. Since then Holstein and Friesian societies have merged but there is still a distinct type, notably from die-hard Friesian breeders. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tractorboy60 (talk • contribs) 07:37, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

USA
The reference to BST production hormone and lifetime yield are fair enough but not referenced. Other reasons why production is higher in the US are 3 x a day milking, and the fact that European black and whites include Friesian crosses. I'll try to find improved data for this.Tractorboy60 19:22, 25 September 2007 (UTC) Now done. Tractorboy60 14:10, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Production in the USA
Having found web resources for 3x a day milking in the US I was obliged to tag my own work with "citation needed" as I doubt that nearly 50% of cows are miked 3x over the whole of the US and can't find any info on this. The same applies to the UK, as it is one thing to know that the vast majority are milked 2x, but another to demonstrate it. Tractorboy60 19:33, 27 September 2007 (UTC) Now done. Tractorboy60 14:10, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Name of Article
We need to write a section on Friesian cattle here, re: WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Skysmith's list of missing articles/Animals. Does anyone know why the article name was changed so's not to reflect the name Friesian? Maybe we should revert? You've all probably already had a discussion about this.If so, sorry. Tractorboy60 21:20, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Indeed. Given that the cow is from Friesland not Holstein and almost everyone outside the US seems to call them Friesians, to entitle the article as "Holstein" seems ridiculously Americocentric. Gmackematix —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.23.208.14 (talk) 19:15, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

Agreed. Holstein alone does not reflect the animal's history. Who changes it? Bushop (talk • contribs) 14:50, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

The History chapter is more like a story
The information on the History part of the page is written more like a story than an encyclopedia or anything like that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.180.236.219 (talk) 22:22, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree, I need to make it more succinct and spend more time on this. I'm sure you'll agree the Red Holstein part has the same problem. Tractorboy60 06:49, 2 October 2007 (UTC) I think this is now sorted. Tractorboy60 14:03, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Reference for "not from Holstein?"
This is definitely missing a reference. Frisia includes "North Frisia" which later became part of "Holstein" and then "Schleswig-Holstein" in Germany. Stilt house remains, now submerged under the North sea date back quite a bit. What source indicates that the Frisians limited raising cattle to their western lands? Lisa4edit (talk) 22:12, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Added citation needed tag since no one has replied. 71.236.26.74 (talk) 12:56, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

In the 19th an 20th century the Dutch (Western Frisia, and Holland) breeders where famous. Early 19th-century their cows where red (A famous example is the "The bull"). Because of an outbreak of mouth and claw disease cattle was imported from Holstein. Because black is very dominant, soon all cows became black. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Frank.wijnans (talk • contribs) 20:40, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

Friesians and Holsteins
The article is quite confused as to naming.

There is, first of all, a tug-of-war between Holstein (as American usage) and Friesian (as non-American usage). This causes the two terms to be used interchangeably (and inconsistently) through the article. If the two terms are synonymous, one term should be stuck to throughout the article, no matter how unnatural or grating it seems to British or American ears. The best solution is probably to go to the earliest incarnation of the article and use that name. If Friesian was originally used and this has later been moved to Holstein, it should be moved back. If Holstein was used from the start, it should stay at Holstein. One-upmanship on either side is destructive of good article-writing.

However, there is some suggestion that the two terms are not synonymous. At a couple of places in the article it is noted that Holstein and Friesian are indeed different terms with somewhat different meanings (U.S. bloodlines vs European bloodlines). If that is the case, the nonchalant and interchangeable use of Holstein and Friesian is not merely confusing, it is downright incorrect. If the use of Holstein referred invariably to the American variety, and Friesian to the non-American, it might be reasonable to switch between the two terms, but this does not appear to be the case. The article needs a cleanup and some attempt at consistency in order to elevate it to the level of information rather than misinformation.

58.108.66.214 (talk) 09:12, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

 * The whole discussion is as off as the article. Holstein-Friesian (HF) cattle are a cattle breed that was bred in the US from stock imported by North-Eastern Dutch and North German immigrants.  The base race was what is called "schwarz-buntes Niederungsrind" (black patch low country cattle) in German.  (The Dutch name is "Fries-Hollands".)  It was re-imported to there and to the Netherlands because of the high milk production and low fat milk the US breeders had achieved (documented for 1876).  The re-imports were then cross bred with the original local stock and started displacing them from the 1960s.  Red Holstein cattle (which should be added to the article) were bred from a cross of re-imported Holsteins (HF) and "rotbuntes Niederungsrind" (red patch low country cattle). 71.236.26.74 (talk) 13:42, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

The breed only exists as it's recorded in the studbook. The Dutch founded those in the early 20th century, to sell bulls to the US(they sold bulls before, but with a studbook they got better prices). In the first half of the 20th century, the Dutch started to pay according to fat and protein-content (now the price/litre is negative with plusses for fat and protein). So breeding started to turn to high fat and protein production.(Low fat has never been a pro for milk: it is skimmed before consumption. Because of the quota-system low fat compared to protein is good: the quotum is on fat). Next to that, the big, meatless cow was vulnerable to disease (And meat-rices where good in the middle of the 20th century). Acording to the book: "De koe" (the Cow) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Frank.wijnans (talk • contribs) 20:29, 31 July 2011 (UTC)

Missing central info on genetic diseases
I find a long laundry list of notable sires, but no mention of CVM and BLAD. Pitke (talk) 21:29, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

HF and FH
In the Dutch dairy world we know the Holstein Frisian, HF. And the Dutch-Friesian, FH, and FH is the one they imported North-Holland (west-Frisia) and partly from Fryslân and from the North-German coast Black Pied German or German Niederungsrind (East and North Frisia in Holstein).

We can give this black pied cow a hundred names, but I think this black pied cow should deserve the name =Friesian= 100% above all others, like the Finnish Friesian, British Friesian. The state of Frisia once was a tribe that lived from South-Holland to Southern Jutland (Germany) all along the (western) coastline, even the Romans knew the Frisians, long before people even heard of "German/Deutsch", "Dutch/Hollands" or "Holstein".

And the Black Pied Friesian is definately a different cow than the Holstein, as the Holstein is a taller and bred mainly for milk and the Friesian is a bit smaller and also for meat.

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070102005035/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/vetsurveillance/reports/pdf/cattle-gb010405.pdf to http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalH/diseases/vetsurveillance/reports/pdf/cattle-gb010405.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080308055724/http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/123456789/16239/1/os02ba02.pdf to http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/123456789/16239/1/os02ba02.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080207082932/http://www.moomilk.com:80/archive/nutrition-14.htm to http://www.moomilk.com/archive/nutrition-14.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071006175830/http://www.co.loudoun.va.us/prcs/lhfm/exhibit/round.htm to http://www.co.loudoun.va.us/prcs/lhfm/exhibit/round.htm

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20071003075145/http://www.holstein.ca:80/English/Animalinq/animalinq.asp to http://www.holstein.ca/English/Animalinq/animalinq.asp

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Bos primigenius
Is there a reason Bos primigenius is added in the infobox? I was going to replace it for Bos taurus, but I cannot access the text where the info is stored. I'm not sure if that is a protected section, or why is it not available to edits as the other parts of the infobox are. MGatta (talk) 08:45, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holstein Friesian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Daniel Bennett

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:07, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

Daniel Bennett
Bassist for the Rock Band Panzerschreck. no evidence given that the band or the bassist are notable. -- Antaeus Feldspar 20:53, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Schrecklich! Dbiv 22:47, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable - fails Google Test (zero hits for "Daniel Bennett" with "Panzerschreck"), possible vanity. Megan1967 02:27, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. promo. --Zappaz 00:46, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with a Vengeance. Edeans 01:35, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, does not meet WikiProject:Music's guidelines for inclusion. Tuf-Kat 16:31, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Attitude (magazine)

Attitude is a British gay lifestyle magazine owned by Stream Publishing Limited. It is sold worldwide as a physical magazine and as a digital download. The first issue of Attitude appeared in May 1994. A separate Thai edition was published from March 2011 to April 2018, a Vietnamese edition launched in November 2013, and editions in Belgium and the Netherlands launched in February 2017.

Circulation
According to marketing news website The Drum, "Attitude 's circulation is not audited by ABC and it does not declare its figures, but it promotes itself as the UK's best-selling gay magazine." Attitude and Gay Times are considered the top gay men's magazines. Attitude describes its typical reader as "a gay male professional, typically in his 20s or 30s"

Content
In 1997, art historian Reina Lewis wrote that Attitude was "notable for its glossy and gorgeous fashion editorial and [...] generally more visual-led [than other gay and lesbian magazines]". Lewis also wrote that Attitude used both male and female photographers, and that photographers' sexuality was not made clear: "we do not know if the photographer is gay, although they are certainly gay-literate". In 1999, academic Paul Skidmore wrote that Attitude "has explicitly pitched itself at the cross-over point between gay and straight men’s fashion using at times androgynous and ambiguous images in its fashion shots" In 2003, it was characterized as "a gay (and less laddish) version of GQ".

Describing the contents of Attitude, Boy George said: "It's not just full of cock and arse. There is some intellect in there. Most gay magazines are all nipple rings and eight-inch penises and pecs. [Attitude has] a bit of that, it has to be said, but there is stuff to read."

Attitude has published issues with themes, including a Naked Issue. The 2014 Naked Issue featured Dan Osborne on the cover. In July 2005, the magazine launched fashion supplements as a spin-off publication. The March" 2010 issue was themed as the titles first Older Issue with EastEnders star John Partridge on the cover. The February 2017 edition was the first Body Issue.

Covers
Attitude features a mixture of gay and straight cover stars. , Attitude had published 280 issues with more than 300 covers. More than half of the cover stars have been gay. The longest stretch straight celebrities have not appeared on the cover is three months. Then-Editor Matthew Todd previously suggested there were not enough famous gay people to have them on the cover constantly and has made a point of putting celebrities on the cover such as Beth Ditto (first lesbian woman on an Attitude cover) and Kele Okereke (first black gay man on an Attitude cover).

In 2016, Prince William became the first member of the British royal family to appear on the cover of a gay magazine when he appeared on the cover of the July issue of Attitude; in the cover story, he also became the first British royal to openly condemn the bullying of the gay community.

In the January 2020 issue, Yasmin Benoit and Anick Soni became the first asexual and intersex people on cover of Attitude respectively.

History
Attitude began publication in 1994 as part of the Northern & Shell group owned by Richard Desmond. Attitude was founded by a straight couple, Tim Nicholson and Jane Phillips, with gay writers Paul Burston and Pas Paschali.

In 2004, Attitude bought by Simon Robinson, who then formed Remnant Media. In 2008, Attitude and other Remnant titles were bought by Trojan. Attitude was acquired in September 2016 by Stream Publishing.

Notable interviews
Tony Blair gave the first interview a serving Prime Minister has ever given a gay publication in May 2005. He gave his second ever gay press interview to mark Attitude's 15th birthday in May 2009. In the 2009 interview, Blair questioned the Pope's attitude towards homosexuality, arguing that religious leaders must start "rethinking" the issue.

For the August 2009 issue, Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe gave his first interview to a gay publication in which he announced his support for British political party the Liberal Democrats. He said, "I just loathe homophobia. It's just disgusting and animal and stupid and it's just thick people who can't get their heads around it and are just scared. I grew up around gay people entirely. I was the only child in my class who had any experience of homosexuality or anything like that."

In February 2010, former Conservative party leader David Cameron appeared on the cover of Attitude giving his first interview to a gay publication.

In a 2016, Prince William was photographed exclusively for the cover of Attitude, marking the very first time a member of the British Royal Family had posed for on appeared on or in a gay magazine. Inside, the Prince met nine LGBT people who had experienced homo, bi or transphobic abuse growing up and had suffered mental health problems as a result. The issue made headlines all over the world on news and television media including BBC, NBC, ITN, Sky News and many more.

Achievements
In 2005, former editor Adam Mattera won Best Men's Magazine editor of the year at the BSME awards. It was the first time that a gay magazine editor won the prize. Mattera was short-listed again for the prize in 2006. In April 2008, Attitude's fashion director was named in The Times as one of the UK's top 20 star-makers for his contribution to the music industry, alongside Simon Cowell. Attitude was later edited by Matthew Todd, a long-time associate editor and former deputy editor and writer of the play Blowing Whistles. Todd was nominated as Best Men's Magazine Editor of the Year at the BSME awards 2009 and 2010, the only gay magazine to have been nominated. He went on to win the award in 2011 and 2015 and won BSME Scoop of the Year in 2016 for his Prince William edition. Todd left in 2016 on publication of his book  Straight Jacket: How to be gay and happy , about LGBT mental health, something he began writing about in Attitude in 2010.

The digital edition of Attitude had a circulation of 9,966 for the period of July–December 2013 according to ABC. None of the gay titles reveal print ABC figures (although Bent used to, placing its readership at 42,347 when it was last audited by ABC in 2004) but Press Gazette has named Attitude as the biggest-selling in the sector.

Thai edition
GMM Publishing began publishing the Thai edition of Attitude in March 2011. It featured Thailand's top celebrities including Ananda Everingham, Mario Maurer, Nadech Kugimiya, Utt Panichkul and Jiho Lee. Until early 2013, the edition had the local column Straight Guy We Love by Thai photographer Haruehun Airry. The magazine ceased publication with the April 2018 edition.

Attitude Vietnam: Thái độ sống
Based in Ho Chi Minh City, and published monthly by Thanh Nien Publishing House in association with Skyharp Media & Entertainment Co. Ltd, Vietnamese edition of Attitude was released in Vietnam on 25 November 2013. This edition focuses on supporting on gay rights movement and raising awareness among people.

title: Attitude (magazine)


text:
19th Street Gang

The 19th Street Gang was a New York City predominantly Irish street gang during the 1870s known as a particularly violent anti-Protestant gang.

The 19th Street Gang, made up mostly of young pickpockets, muggers, and sneak thieves, was led by a young man known as Little Mike. Operating around New York's 19th Street to 34th Street, known as "Poverty Lane", the gang mainly robbed defenseless victims, such as the elderly, as well as women and children; however, the gang was sometimes said to spare local Catholics, often asking victims to give their baptismal name, recite psalms, their local church, and other questions.

By the end of the 1880s, the gang had disappeared entirely.

title: 19th Street Gang


text: User talk:82.44.103.4

title: User talk:82.44.103.4


text:
These Boots Are Made for Walkin'

"These Boots Are Made for Walkin' is a hit song written by Lee Hazlewood and recorded by American singer Nancy Sinatra. It charted on January 22, 1966, and reached No.1 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 and in the UK Singles Chart.

Subsequently, many cover versions of the song have been released in a range of styles: metal, pop, rock, punk rock, country, dance, and industrial. Among the more notable versions are the singles released by Megadeth, Billy Ray Cyrus and Jessica Simpson.

Nancy Sinatra version
The song was written by Lee Hazlewood; it was inspired by a line spoken by Frank Sinatra in the comedy-western film 4 for Texas (1963): "They tell me them boots ain't built for walkin'."

Nancy Sinatra's version of the song was released as a single in December 1965, as the second song to be taken from her debut album, Boots (1966), and was a follow-up to the minor hit "So Long, Babe". The song became an instant success and, in late February 1966, it topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a move it replicated in similar charts across the world.

Billboard described the song as "fine folk-rock material" and praised Sinatra's vocal performance and "the Billy Strange driving dance beat." Cash Box described it as a "funky, slow-shufflin' folk-rocker about a gal who serves notice on her boyfriend that she can't be pushed around."

In 2020, the 1965 recording of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Recording
Lee Hazlewood intended to record the song himself, saying that "it's not really a girl's song", but Sinatra talked him out of it, saying that "coming from a guy it was harsh and abusive, but was perfect for a little girl to sing". Hazlewood agreed. Sinatra's recording of the song was made with the help of Los Angeles session musicians known as the Wrecking Crew. This session included Chuck Berghofer on double bass, providing the notable bass line with its quarter-tone descent. The session was held on November 19, 1965, at United Western Recorders in Hollywood, and additionally produced the songs "Foursome" and "The City Never Sleeps at Night".

Promotional film
In the same year, Sinatra recorded a promotional film, which would later be known as the music video, for the song. It was produced for Color-Sonics and played on Scopitone video jukeboxes. The film was directed by choreographer Robert Sidney and was produced by Official Films at Paramount Studios in Hollywood. In 1986, for the song's 20th anniversary, cable station VH1 played the video.

Sinatra told Alison Martino that other videos and performances are from TV shows like The Ed Sullivan Show, Hullaballoo and Shindig! These other videos featured Sinatra wearing an iconic pair of red leather boots.

In popular culture
The song was used by Stanley Kubrick for a scene in his 1987 film Full Metal Jacket, where a South Vietnamese prostitute in a miniskirt propositions a couple of American GIs.

A part of the song was sung by Juliette Lewis in Natural Born Killers.

The song was featured in the 1997 film Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery.

In Family Guy season eight, episode 18, "Quagmire's Dad", Quagmire's father, Lt. Dan Quagmire used this song to make an entrance when meeting Peter and Joe.

The song was featured in the 2001 film, The Mexican.

In 2006, Pitchfork Media selected it as the 114th best song of the 1960s. Critic Tom Breihan described the song as "maybe the finest bitchy kiss-off in pop history".

Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company used portions of the song for its 1960s ad campaign promoting its "wide boots" tires. Nancy Sinatra unsuccessfully sued Goodyear for using the song, claiming that it had violated her publicity rights.

The song was featured in the 2018 film Ocean's Eight.

A portion of the song was used in the 2021 Disney film Cruella.

During the 1993 standoff in Waco, Texas between David Koresh and the FBI, the FBI played Sinatra's recording of the song on a loudspeaker in an attempt to torment Koresh and his followers in hopes they would surrender.

The song was interpolated and sampled on Beyoncé's 2024 Cowboy Carter on the song "Ya Ya."

Track listing

 * UK promotional single
 * 1) "These Boots Are Made for Walkin – 3:03
 * 2) "The City Never Sleeps at Night" – 2:54

Personnel
Other personnel, as seen in the American Federation of Musicians (AFM) contracts for the session include:

 * Chuck Berghofer – double bass
 * Nick Bonney – guitar
 * Eddie Brackett Jr. – engineer
 * Roy V. Caton – (contractor) trumpet
 * Jerry Cole – guitar
 * Donald R. Frost – drums
 * Lee Hazlewood – supervisor
 * Plas Johnson – tenor sax
 * Carol Kaye – Fender Precision bass
 * Don Lanier – guitar
 * William Miller – (no instrument listed)
 * Oliver Mitchell – trumpet
 * Lou Norell – guitar
 * Richard Perissi – French horn
 * William Pitman – guitar
 * Don Randi – keyboard
 * Emil Richards – percussion
 * Billy Strange – arranger, conductor, and guitar

Despite multiple claims by Wrecking Crew drummer Hal Blaine that he played drums on the track, the contract shows he was not present at the session. Rather, it was Donald "Richie" Frost.

Billy Ray Cyrus version
In 1992, Billy Ray Cyrus covered the song and included it on his debut album, Some Gave All (1992). Later, the cover was included on the compilations De Nationale Voorjaars CD 1993, Alle 40 goed – Country and The Definitive Collection.

Track listing
CD-maxi
 * 1) "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" – 2:48
 * 2) "Ain't No Good Goodbye" – 3:22
 * 3) "Could've Been Me" (acoustic mix) – 3:45

Jessica Simpson version
Jessica Simpson recorded her own version of "These Boots Are Made for Walkin (and added her own lyrics) for the soundtrack to the film The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). The version was also included in the international version of her fifth studio album, A Public Affair (2006). Simpson's cover was co-produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and was released as the soundtrack's first single on June 20, 2005. It became Simpson's fifth top-20 single in the United States, and its music video drew controversy because of its sexual imagery.

Recording and release
Simpson's version of the song is performed from the point of view of her character in The Dukes of Hazzard, Daisy Duke, and it has several major differences from Sinatra's version. The song's lyrics were changed almost completely as Simpson felt that they did not accurately convey the feelings needed for the film; in the original Sinatra dealt with a cheating boyfriend, while in the new version Simpson explored Daisy Duke's personality and experiences. She rewrote the majority of the lyrics herself, although some elements were retained such as the opening line "You keep saying you got something for me..." and the spoken "Are you ready, boots? Start walkin.

Simpson also added some new music to her version of the song. Whereas the original version did not have a bridge, she created one for the cover. A risqué rap-like/spoken breakdown was added after the bridge. Because of the legalities of songwriting, Simpson has not been credited for the new music or lyrics that she wrote. The production of the song was altered as well. Producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis gave the cover a country-inspired production because of its relationship to the film The Dukes of Hazzard, but they also added a more hip hop-like beat.

Chart performance
"These Boots Are Made for Walkin peaked at fourteen on the US Billboard Hot 100, and in late 2005 the RIAA certified the single Gold for 500,000 legal downloads or more. Its digital downloads were high, but radio airplay was low. Due to this, it is the song that reached the lowest chart position on the Billboard Hot 100 for a song topping the Hot Digital Songs chart. It reached the top ten on Billboard 's Pop 100 chart, and was Simpson's first single to appear on the chart. On July 23, 2005, the song jumped from 8 – 1 on Hot Digital Songs charts in its second week with 43,000 downloads. On December 11, 2006, the single was certified Gold by the RIAA again, this time by Epic Records. In total, the single has received 1 million digital downloads.

Internationally it was a success, reaching top 5 in several European countries. It became her biggest hit in Australia, where it reached number two and remained in the top forty for twenty-four weeks. In Ireland, the single also reached number 2. The song also cracked the top five in the United Kingdom, where it reached number four and is to date, her highest peaking single in Britain. It reached the top ten in the chart European Hot 100 Singles, Belgium, and New Zealand and the top twenty in Austria, Switzerland, and Germany. As the end of the year 2005, the single had sold 69,500 copies in UK.

Music video
The music video, directed by Brett Ratner, caused controversy because of its sexual imagery. It famously presents "footage of Simpson writhing suggestively in a bikini against a suds-soaked motor vehicle".

Track listing

 * 1) "These Boots Are Made for Walkin (Radio edit) – 4:10
 * 2) "With You" (Live from Universal Amphitheater)
 * 3) "Take My Breath Away" (Live from Universal Amphitheater)
 * 4) "I Think I'm in Love with You" (Live from Universal Amphitheater)
 * 5) "These Boots Are Made for Walkin (Video clip)

Megadeth version
American thrash metal band Megadeth covered the song on their 1985 debut album Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!, which is track four on the original release and eight on the 2002 re-release. Their version (entitled "These Boots") featured altered lyrics, and was produced more as a parody than a true cover.

When the album started selling well, the writer of the song, Lee Hazlewood, began demanding that the song be omitted, due to its being a "perversion of the original". In the liner notes of the album's 2002 reissue, Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine was strongly critical of Hazlewood, noting that he had received royalties for almost ten years before he objected to the altered version. The song was included as a bonus track on that version, with many lyrics censored (mostly Mustaine's variations, but some other lines were also censored for comedic effect). In 2011, an uncensored live version recorded in 1987 was released as part of the 25th anniversary edition of the album Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?. In 2018, the song was released with the original Lee Hazlewood lyrics on the remixed and remastered version of ''Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!''

In 1987, Megadeth re-recorded the song as part of the soundtrack for Penelope Spheeris' film Dudes, changing the title to "These Boots Are Made for Walkin. This version of the song was the last song the band recorded with Gar Samuelson and Chris Poland, as the two would be kicked out later in the year for their drug habits. (Poland would later record with the band in 1990 and 2003–2004).

Personnel
Production and performance credits are adapted from the liner notes of Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!.

Megadeth
 * Dave Mustaine – rhythm guitar, lead vocals
 * David Ellefson – bass, backing vocals
 * Chris Poland – lead guitar
 * Gar Samuelson – drums

Production
 * Produced and mixed by Dave Mustaine and Karat Faye
 * Co-produced by Megadeth
 * Pre-production by Jay Jones

2002 remix and remaster The Final Kill 2018 remix and remaster
 * Mixed by Bill Kennedy
 * Pro Tools by Chris Vrenna
 * Mastered by Tom Baker
 * Mixed by Mark Lewis
 * Mastered by Ted Jensen

title: These Boots Are Made for Walkin'


text:
John Todd (Virginia soldier)

John Todd (March 27, 1750 – August 19, 1782) was an American military officer and politician who fought during the Revolutionary War and became the first administrator of the Illinois County of the U.S. state of Virginia before that state ceded the territory to the federal government.

Early life
Todd was born in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, the son of David Todd and the brother of Robert and Levi Todd, the latter being grandfather of Mary Todd Lincoln. He was educated in Virginia at a school run by his uncle, the Rev. John Todd. After obtaining a license to practice law, Todd settled in Fincastle, Virginia. He and his two brothers all owned slaves.

Career
In 1774, Todd served in the Battle of Point Pleasant, which was fought near present-day Point Pleasant, West Virginia and is celebrated in West Virginia as the first battle in the American Revolutionary War. He was then drawn west into the recently opened frontier of Kentucky where he purchased land near Lexington.

Todd served in the Virginia legislature in 1776 and then participated in the expedition led by George Rogers Clark against Kaskaskia and Vincennes that captured the Illinois Country from the British in 1778. With Clark as commandant of the entire territory north and west of the Ohio river, Todd was appointed as County Lieutenant and Civil Commandant of "Illinois County", which had been organized by the Virginia legislature in 1778 with the government based in Kaskaskia.

In 1780, Todd returned to Richmond, Virginia, as a delegate from the Kentucky County to the Virginia Legislature, where he married Jane Hawkins. His wife settled on their property in Lexington, while he left to administer affairs in Illinois County. Because of his duties on the frontier, he was seldom home. In 1780, the Virginia Legislature divided the original Kentucky County into three counties: Lincoln, Jefferson, and Fayette. Colonel Todd was placed in charge of Fayette County militia with Daniel Boone as lieutenant colonel.

In 1782, Todd was killed fighting in the Battle of Blue Licks in Robertson County, Kentucky, one of the last battles of the Revolutionary War.

Legacy
Todd County, Kentucky is named after him.

title: John Todd (Virginia soldier)


text:
Province of Oristano

The province of Oristano (provincia di Oristano; provìntzia de Aristanis) is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia, Italy. Its capital is the city of Oristano. It has an area of 3040 km2, a total population of 160,746 (2016), and a population density of 53.7 people per square kilometer. There are 87 comuni (: comune) in the province.

It is bordered with on the north by province of Sassari, on east by the province of Nuoro, on south by the province of South Sardinia and it is bathed from the Sea of Sardinia to the west.

History
The province of Oristano is the smallest province in Sardinia and was formed from sections of the provinces of Cagliari and Nuoro. It occupies roughly the same area as the Giudicato of Arborea of the High Middle Ages. It borders Nuoro, Cagliari and the Sea of Sardinia. A large area of the province's coastline is part of the gulf of Oristano, and the land in the province is mainly flat and there is some marshland. The province contains Santa Giusta (commune) and Tharros (former city), which both date from the Carthaginian Republic's rule of the area.

The town of Arborea was founded by Benito Mussolini's fascist regime as Mussolinia to be an experimental town, for which, farmers were moved from Emilia Romagna and Veneto. The River Tirso flows through the province of Oristano from the province of Nuoro, and its mouth is located at the Gulf of Oristano. Temo is the only other river to flow through the province. The town of Bosa is located in the region alongside a river and its medieval fortifications remain. The province of Oristano was formed in 1975 and had been largely unaffected/undamaged by tourism.

Comuni
The province has a total of 87 comuni (: comune), the largest of which are:

title: Province of Oristano


text:
Talk:Legend of the Five Rings Roleplaying Game

untitled
Your listing of the designers is incomplete, both for earlier editions and the current one. Just an FYI. :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.172.219.205 (talk) 03:09, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Well, I think I've added all of the books through the end of Second Edition. If I missed one, feel free to correct me. --WestonWyse 20:56, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"Way of the" books
I object your choice not to put "Way of the Shadowlands" in the "Way of" list. Unlike "The Way of Shadow", it *does* relate to character creation of a specific faction. It is intended to provide players with information to create tainted characters. It definitely should belong to that list.

Now for something more personal, I guess : I wouldn't list all the "Way of the" books as a single batch. Up to "Way of the Nezumi", they relate to faction-specific information (including character creation). The next books, however, relate to professions, and are a fully different matter. If you do separate the "Secrets of" books, I think you should also separate these. Perhaps a division between "Way of the [Faction]" and "Way of the [Profession]" would make more sense.

(please forgive me for not logging in and generally screwing up - it's my first time writing around here)

 * Shadowlands was about a 50/50 for me, so that's no problem. As for splitting the rest, I peronally don't see the point.  The later books, instead of dealing with one clan, deal with all of them.  Other than that, the idea is mostly the same -- to provide additional resources for making player characters.  Besides, the first book to cover a profession was Way of Shinsei -- monks are not faction-specific.  And the only reason any of these books are separate from any of the other ones is because grouping similar titles is more pleasing to the eye.  With the exception of the adventure serieses, there is no official series.  They could all be listed numerically by product number, but this way makes it easier to read. --WestonWyse 03:09, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Page Title
I should have realized that my explanation would be cut off in the History, so let me restate it here for posterity.

The title of the roleplaying game is "Legend of the Five Rings Roleplaying Game". Since that is what the article is about, there seems to be no reason to have moved it to a dismabig page. For verification, here is the book listed at Alderac and Amazon, though the latter lists it with an unpublished colon. WestonWyse 09:14, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

Heroes of Rokugan
I added an external link to the Heroes of Rokugan page. If I get a chance (or if someone else wants to) I will try and a small section about it in the article (it used to be Living Rokugan). Argel1200 (talk) 00:14, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

System
System: Custom

I think you'll find it's Roll and Keep, you roll X dice but only get to keep Y. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.75.159.78 (talk) 13:16, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's the basic system, using only 10 sided dice. Argel1200 (talk) 23:11, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

L5R Open Beta
At current, the "official website" link does not work. It looks like the old versions of the rpg may have been removed from the L5R website and replaced with an open beta. I couldn't find any mention of this open beta on this page. Does anyone know where it came from, or what happened to the old rpg editions? Have they been discontinued? SeymourTheLlama (talk) 20:44, 30 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Updated the website to point to the new site. All old editions are discontinued, and the Open Beta is for the new edition by Fantasy Flight Games as mentioned in the lead section. Canterbury Tail talk 22:53, 30 December 2017 (UTC)


text:
Gold prospecting

Gold prospecting is the act of searching for new gold deposits. Methods used vary with the type of deposit sought and the resources of the prospector. Although traditionally a commercial activity, in some developed countries placer gold prospecting has also become a popular outdoor recreation. Gold prospecting has been popular since antiquity. From the earliest textual and archaeological references, gold prospecting was a common thread for gaining wealth.

Prospecting for placer gold
Prospecting for placer gold is normally done with a gold pan or similar instrument to wash free gold particles from loose surface sediment. The use of gold pans is centuries old, but is still common among prospectors and miners with little financial backing.

Deeper placer deposits may be sampled by trenching or drilling. Geophysical methods such as seismic, gravity or magnetics may be used to locate buried river channels that are likely locations for placer gold. Sampling and assaying a placer gold deposit to determine its economic viability is subject to many pitfalls.

Once placer gold is discovered, the gold pan is usually replaced by sluices or mechanical devices to wash greater volumes of material. Discovery of placer gold has often resulted in discovery of hardrock gold deposits when the placers are traced to their sources.

Prospecting for hardrock gold deposits
Prospectors for hardrock, or lode gold deposits, can use many tools. It is done at the simplest level by surface examination of rock outcrops, looking for exposures of mineral veins, hydrothermal alteration, or rock types known to host gold deposits. Field tools may be nothing more than a rock hammer and hand lens.

Hardrock gold deposits are more varied in mineralogy and geology than placer deposits, and prospecting methods can be very different for different types of deposits. As with placer gold, the sophistication of methods used to prospect for hardrock gold vary with the financial resources of the prospector. Drilling is often used to explore the subsurface. Surface geophysical methods may be used to locate geophysical anomalies associated with gold deposits. Samples of rocks or soil may be collected for geochemical laboratory assay, to determine metal content or detect geochemical anomalies. Hardrock gold particles may be too small to see, even with a microscope.

Most gold today is produced in large open-pit and deep underground mines. However, small-scale gold mining is still common, especially in developing countries.

A 2012 study by Australian scientists found that termites have been found to excrete trace deposits of gold. According to the CSIRO, the termites burrow beneath eroded subterranean material which typically masks human attempts to find gold, and ingest and bring the new deposits to the surface. They believe that studying termite nests may lead to less invasive methods of finding gold deposits. Herodotus reported about gold-digging ants.

Recreational prospecting
Small-scale recreational prospecting for placer gold has been seen in many parts of the world including New Zealand (especially in Otago), Australia, South Africa, Wales (at Dolaucothi and in Gwynedd), in Canada and in the United States especially in western states but also elsewhere.

title: Gold prospecting


text:
New York City Police Museum

The New York City Police Museum (NYCPM) is a museum about the history and contributions of the New York City Police Department. Founded in 1999, the museum is located in Lower Manhattan in New York City. While one of the museum's primary focuses is a memorial to the September 11 attacks, the museum contains a wide range of information on the history of the NYPD. It also allows visitors to simulate a police firefight, and judges whether or not the shooting was correct, allowing civilians to have some understanding of situations that police face.

Planning
On February 16, 1998, plans for a police museum were unveiled when then-Police Commissioner Howard Safir and the Alliance for Downtown New York (the local Business improvement district) made $5 million available for the museum in return for a new police substation in Lower Manhattan. Funding for the museum was criticized and classified by some as the buying of police protection for a given area at the expense of another that could not afford to broker a similar deal. As a result, Mayor Rudy Giuliani cancelled the funding for the museum two days later. In March of the same year, the New York City Police Museum non-profit corporation was created, and in April 1999, the museum opened, although the official unveiling was not held until January 19, 2000.

Collection and programming
Among the items in the items in the museum's collection are the original New York Yankees logo, which was designed by Louis Tiffany and predates the team's existence. Throughout its history, the museum's locations have included a 1972 Plymouth Fury, a model of a jail cell, a timeline of transportation, lock-picking tools belonging to Willie Sutton, an extensive exhibit on September 11 that occupies the museum's third floor, and a Hall of Heroes that includes the name and badge of every NYPD officer killed in the line of duty, starting with David Martin on August 6, 1861. The exhibit that the museum assembled for the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks allowed visitors to gain an immediate impression of the physical damage caused by the attacks and the debris that fell around Ground Zero. The museum was also known for its long-running car show.

Locations
The museum, which was originally a gallery housed at the New York City Police Academy on East 20th Street has operated in a number of temporary and semi-permanent locations in Manhattan during its history. As of 2023, the museum is without a permanent home following flood damage at 100 Old Slip due to Hurricane Sandy. In 2019, the loss of the museum was cited as a part of the increased lack of understanding about policing in New York City and beyond.

Broadway location
From its January 2000 opening at 26 Broadway near Bowling Green, the museum was privately run with support from the city, including more than ten years of free rent and staffing by police officers. Private donors provided more than $2 million for the construction of the museum, while the city contributed $1 million. The museum has been criticized by some who believe it glosses over some of the low moments of the department in its quest to show the good work of the Department.

The new museum replaced a small gallery that had been housed in the police academy on East 20th Street. Among the exhibits at the new location were: a display of the evolution of police uniforms since their inception in 1853, a gun used by Al Capone's gang in the 1928 murder of Frankie Yale, the first machine gun used in a gangland killing in New York, and a gift from Italy to the City of New York following the assassination of Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino in Sicily in 1909, the only member of NYPD to be killed in the line of duty on foreign soil. Other exhibits include a green and white radio car, antique firearms and a wooden desk from the 46th Precinct in the Morris Heights neighborhood of the Bronx.

Old Slip location
In January 2002, the museum re-opened in a new location on Old Slip, closer to South Street Seaport. The new premises, appropriately, were the old First Precinct Building, designed by the partnership of Richard Howland Hunt and Joseph Howland Hunt and built in 1909-11. The landmarked building was a model precinct house in its time. From 1884 to 1973 this Florentine Renaissance palazzo with its bold rusticated facades was the home of the First Precinct, which one historian called "the most important police precinct in the world." That precinct closed due to a corruption scandal in 1977, and museum officials saw a move to this location as an opportunity to connect with the department's history. Construction and renovation of the new space cost more than $4 million and exhibition space grew by nearly 45%.

Subsequent locations
In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused substantial damage at 100 Old Slip, and the museum reopened on October 24, 2013 in a temporary space at 45 Wall Street. That location closed in 2014, In summer 2017, the museum was housed in a pop up on Governors Island.

Controversy
Although recognized for its importance in documenting NYPD's archives, the museum has been mired in controversy since its start. Then-police chief Howard Safir faced criticism for a deal, later rejected, with a business group that offered to pay for renovations at the museum in exchange for a police substation in the financial district. In 2001, museum director Sgt. Thomas Gambino and a lieutenant were revealed to be driving expensive automobiles leased by the museum, a private institution. They were also using prime office space near the museum without paying rent, another violation of police regulations that prohibit officers from accepting gifts. They were, along with several officers, reassigned to other police duties.

title: New York City Police Museum


text:
Talk:EuroBillTracker

Referer links
I'm removing the "referrer" portion of the external link, again. It may be nice for you on the Eurobilltracker site, but that is not the purpose of the link from Wikipedia. The purpose is to provide Wikipedia users the link to the site. It is not to give you higher statistics there. - UtherSRG 20:58, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree completely, and besides, I'm the current maintainer of EBT so my opinion should have some weight on this matter. I've told those users to stop being childish. Sorry for the spam. - Avij 13:55, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

Where's Where's Willy?
I don't think Canadian Where's Willy served as an inspiration to Eurobilltracker (EBT). On the site's credits, EBT only acknowledges inspiration ("initial idea") on American Where's George. The sentence on Where's Willy was added by Kaiser matias (a Canadian user, by the way). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lmviterbo (talk • contribs) 19:25, 4 March 2005 (UTC)

 * And I see someone has added that it was influenced more by Canadian Money Tracker (which is true, as I am a member of CMT and remember their mention of us when they started up). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.72.89.168 (talk • contribs) 19:26, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This is Giro speaking, the creator of the site. Originally, I was inspired by Where's Georges because I had used that site while in the US. Of course, in the process of building the site and developing it I discovered many other such sites for other currencies, including CMT... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.224.222.132 (talk • contribs) 22:19, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Site split?
What's the stance of the Wikipedia community on the subject? (Relevancy links: .eu position .com position —Preceding unsigned comment added by Argymeg (talk • contribs) 13:25, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * The split has ended, see http://www.eurobilltrackerforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=10510 . The official address for the site remains the old www.eurobilltracker.com Avij (talk) 19:48, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

That colored card
Seems quite outdated, Shouldn't it be updated or removed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.115.208.80 (talk) 05:25, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Stamp?
Are EuroBillTracker bills stamped like WheresGeorge bills? I'm assuming they are but the article doesn't mention it. --50.137.171.62 (talk) 06:04, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Usually not, as stamping will reduce the lifetime of the bills. Some people write the URL of the website or stamp the bill, if the bill is very worn and will likely get destroyed soon anyway. Avij (talk) 20:05, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:EuroBillTracker


text: Category:Schools in the United Kingdom

title: Category:Schools in the United Kingdom


text:
User talk:Blizzy~enwiki

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. CryptoDerk 20:59, Feb 1, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Blizzy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Blizzy~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:36, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:07, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Blizzy~enwiki


text:
Ameloblast

Ameloblasts are cells present only during tooth development that deposit tooth enamel, which is the hard outermost layer of the tooth forming the surface of the crown.

Structure
Each ameloblast is a columnar cell approximately 4 micrometers in diameter, 40 micrometers in length and is hexagonal in cross section. The secretory end of the ameloblast ends in a six-sided pyramid-like projection known as the Tomes' process. The angulation of the Tomes' process is significant in the orientation of enamel rods, the basic unit of tooth enamel. Distal terminal bars are junctional complexes that separate the Tomes' processes from ameloblast proper.

Development
Ameloblasts are derived from oral epithelium tissue of ectodermal origin. Their differentiation from preameloblasts (whose origin is from inner enamel epithelium) is a result of signaling from the ectomesenchymal cells of the dental papilla. Initially the preameloblasts will differentiate into presecretory ameloblasts and then into secretory ameloblasts which lay down the tooth enamel. The differentiation from preameloblasts to ameloblasts occurs during the first stage of amelogenesis, called the pre-secretory (or inductive) phase.

The ameloblasts will only become fully functional after the first layer of dentin (predentin) has been formed by odontoblasts. The cells are part of the reduced enamel epithelium after enamel maturation and then subsequently undergo apoptosis before or after tooth eruption. These stages occur during the third and final stage of amelogenesis, called the maturation phase.

There are various factors which can affect the differentiation and development of ameloblasts, causing abnormalities to form within the tooth structure. One example is the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein,) which has an important role in ameloblast differentiation. When follistatin, a BMP inhibitor, is over expressed in the epithelium of developing teeth, the ameloblasts do not differentiate and no enamel forms. Another example includes the conditional deletion of dicer-1 in the epithelium of developing teeth, which may cause impaired differentiation of ameloblasts resulting in deficient enamel formation.

Life cycle
The life cycle of ameloblasts consists of six stages: The murine ALC (ameloblast like cell) cell line is of ameloblastic origin.
 * 1) Morphogenic stage
 * 2) Organizing stage
 * 3) Formative (secretory) stage (Tomes' processes appear)
 * 4) Maturative stages
 * 5) Protective stage
 * 6) Desmolytic stage Ameloblast_life_cycle_&_Amelogenesis.jpg

1. Morphogenic stage
In this morphogenic stage, the morphology of the cells are short, columnar with large oval nuclei. The golgi apparatus and centrioles are located in the proximal end of the ameloblasts, and mitochondria are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.

2. Organizing stage
In this stage, the ameloblast cells become longer and the nucleus migrates towards the proximal end. In contrast to this, the Golgi apparatus and centrioles migrate towards the distal end. This change is referred to as "reversal of polarity". During this stage, the odontoblasts start laying down dentin.

Reversal of nutrition - as long as the ameloblasts are in contact with the dental papilla, they receive nutrient material from the blood vessels of the tissue, but due to formation of this dentin the original source of nutrition is cut off and the ameloblasts are supplied by capillaries penetrating the outer enamel epithelium. This change in nutrition source is referred to as "reversal of nutrition".

3. Formative stage
In this stage, formation of enamel matrix begins. During the formation of enamel matrix, the ameloblasts retain approximately the same length.

4. Maturative stage
After the formation of enamel matrix, mineralisation of enamel takes place which is known as maturation. During this stage, the ameloblasts are slightly reduced in length. The stratum intermedium cells lose their cuboidal shape and assumed to be as spindle shape. During this stage, ameloblasts also exhibit microvilli at their distal extremities.

5. Protective stage
In this stage, enamel is completely developed and fully calcified. Now the cell layers form a stratified epithelial covering of enamel, which is known as reduced enamel epithelium. This reduced enamel epithelium protects the mature enamel.

6. Desmolytic stage
In this stage, the reduced enamel epithelium proliferates and induce atrophy. The reduced enamel epithelium releases enzymes which destroy the connective tissue, in a process known as desmolysis.

Function
Ameloblasts are cells which secrete the enamel proteins enamelin and amelogenin which will later mineralize to form enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. Ameloblasts control ionic and organic compositions of enamel. It is theorized that a circadian clock (24-hour) probably regulates enamel production on a daily cycle by the ameloblasts (similar to osteoblasts in production of bone tissue). Ameloblasts adjust their secretory and resorptive activities to maintain favorable conditions for biomineralization.

Clinical significance
These cells are sensitive to their environment. One common example is illustrated by the neonatal line, a pronounced incremental line of Retzius found in the primary teeth and in the larger cusps of the permanent first molars, showing a disruption in enamel production when the person is born. High fevers in childhood are also an example of bodily stressors causing interruptions in enamel production.

Another possible example of this sensitivity (stress response pathway activation) may be the development of dental fluorosis after childhood exposure (between the ages of 2 and 8 years old) to excess consumption of fluoride, an elemental agent used to increase enamel hardness and as a result, prevent dental caries.

title: Ameloblast


text:
Province of Sassari

The province of Sassari (provincia di Sassari; provìntzia de Tàtari; prubìnzia di Sàssari; província de Sàsser; pruvincia di Sassari) is a province in the autonomous island region of Sardinia, Italy. Its capital is the city of Sassari. , the province had a population of 493,357 inhabitants.

History
In ancient times, between 1600 and 1500 BC, the Nuragic civilization was at its peak in this area. During the Roman domination, the Logudoro region was one of the main grain suppliers of the Western Roman Empire, and was the seat of several legions. In the Middle Ages, the Logudoro region was the center of one of the four quasi-kingdoms in which Sardinia was divided, the Giudicato di Torres or Logoduro, the first capital being Ardara, later replaced by Sassari. The numerous countryside Romanesque basilicas date from this period. After the conquest by the House of Aragon, Logoduro declined, but later, under the House of Savoy rule as part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, it grew in significance. In the 20th century the construction of roads and railways brought more prosperity, but at the same time destroyed the large forest heritage of the region.

The Province of Sassari was founded in 1859, even before the unification of Italy in 1861, with an area which until 1927 included the entire head of the island, making it the largest province in the country at the time. The modern University of Sassari dates to around the same time that the province was created. Since 1878 the province has been administered from the Palazzo della Provincia in Sassari.

Geography
Facing the Sardinian Sea to the north and west and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the east, the Province of Sassari is bordered to the south by the provinces of Nuoro and Oristano. It has an area of 7692 km2, and a total population of 493,357 (2017). There are 92 comuni (municipalities) in the province, the largest of which are Sassari, Olbia, Alghero, Porto Torres, Tempio Pausania, Sorso, Ozieri, Ittiri and Sennori. Another town of note, Pattada, is particularly known for its handmade knives.

In the province is the only natural lake in Sardinia, Lake Baratz, and one of the largest artificial lakes, Lake Coghinas in the western part which (before the re-organization of Sardinian provinces) formed the boundary with the abolished province of Olbia-Tempio. In this territory is one of the largest plains in Sardinia, Nurra. The province contains some of the most famous resorts of Sardinia including Castelsardo, Porto Torres, Alghero, the Riviera del Corallo, Stintino and others. Stintino is located on the peninsula of the same name, running from the Nurra plain to  the Asinara Island, part of the Asinara National Park. Among the notable beaches of the Province of Sassari is Balai in Porto Torres, Pelosa Beach in Stintino, and others such as Alghero il Lido, Maria Pia, Bombarde, and Mugoni. The inner part of the province in the traditional Logoduro region is characterized by a hilly and mountainous landscape, with soft volcanic terrains. The town of Ozieri is its most important center for culture and history away from the coast, noted for its production of tools and pottery from ancient times.

Administrative divisions
See also List of municipalities of the Province of Sassari

The province includes 92 comuni (: comune). The largest by population are Sassari (127,217 inhabitants), Olbia (60,181) and Alghero (43,945).

title: Province of Sassari


text: User talk:70.179.64.117

title: User talk:70.179.64.117


text:
Category:Schools in Berkshire

Schools located in the county of Berkshire.

title: Category:Schools in Berkshire


text:
Lord Speaker

The Lord Speaker of the House of Lords is the presiding officer, chairman and highest authority of the House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The office is analogous to the Speaker of the House of Commons: the Lord Speaker is elected by the members of the House of Lords and is expected to be politically impartial.

Until July 2006, the role of presiding officer in the House of Lords was undertaken by the Lord Chancellor. Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, the position of the speaker of the House of Lords (as it is termed in the Act) became a separate office, allowing the position to be held by someone other than the Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor continued to act as speaker of the House of Lords in an interim period after the Act was passed while the House of Lords considered new arrangements about its speakership.

The current Lord Speaker is John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith. To date four people have held the role.

History
In 2003, following the decision to disaggregate the roles performed by the Lord Chancellor (originally Prime Minister Blair's aim was to abolish the office altogether), a select committee of the House of Lords looked into the proposed new office of its presiding officer, including the title for the elected speaker of the Lords. Following their recommendations, the new speaker was named "Lord Speaker", and the number of deputy speakers has fallen from 25 to twelve. "Lord Speaker" was chosen in part because it was already in use in the Standing Orders and the Companion.

Functions
The main functions of the Lord Speaker are to take the chair in debates held in the chamber of the House of Lords, to advise the House of Lords on procedural rules, to take formal responsibility for security in the areas of the Palace of Westminster occupied by the House of Lords and its members, to speak for the House of Lords on ceremonial occasions, and to represent the House of Lords as its ambassador in the UK and overseas.

The role has less power than the Speaker of the House of Commons. The House of Lords is largely self-governing, and its presiding officer has traditionally taken a less active role in debates than the Speaker of the House of Commons. For example, unlike the Speaker, the Lord Speaker does not call the House to order, determine who is to speak when two individuals rise at the same time, rule on points of order, discipline members who violate the rules of the House, or select amendments to bills—all these functions are performed by the House of Lords as a whole. Similarly, whereas speeches in the House of Commons are addressed directly to the Speaker, those in the House of Lords are addressed to the House as a whole; i.e., speeches begin "My Lords" instead of "Mr Speaker". In practice, the only task of the Lord Speaker in the Chamber is to formally put the question before a vote, to announce the result of any vote, and to make certain announcements to the House (e.g., announcing the death of a member). Also, the Lord Speaker may end the adjournment of the House (or "recall" the House) during a public emergency.

The Lord Speaker has assumed most of the duties that the Lord Chancellor used to have in relation to his parliamentary role. However, the Lord Chancellor continues to hand the speech to the King during the State Opening of Parliament, representing the Government in doing so. When peers debated the creation of the office, there was debate as to whether the new speaker should have additional powers and responsibilities that the Lord Chancellor does not have, ultimately resolved in the negative.

The debate was renewed with proposals put forward by a Leader's Group (an ad hoc committee) led by Alastair Goodlad. The proposals include allowing the Lord Speaker, during Question Time and ministerial statements, to take on the role of advising the House which party should speak next when there is a dispute. The Leader of the House of Lords, a Government minister, currently handles this task. The decision of who should speak would ultimately remain with the House. A similar proposal was made by the committee that initially discussed the new office. A further option would allow the Speaker even more power during Question Time, but it was not recommended by the Leader's Group. The Group's report has yet to be approved.

Like the Speaker of the House of Commons, but unlike the Lord Chancellor (who was also a judge and a government minister), the Lord Speaker is expected to remain non-partisan whilst in office. On election, the Lord Speaker resigns the party whip or crossbench group and certain outside interests to concentrate on being an impartial presiding officer.

Election
The Lord Speaker is elected for a maximum term of five years, and may serve a maximum of two terms. The election is conducted using the alternative vote method. Under amendments made on 3 May 2011, elections must be held by 15 July of the final year of a term, with the new term beginning on 1 September. When Helene Hayman, Baroness Hayman, was elected the first Lord Speaker, the Clerk of the Parliaments (the chief clerk of the House of Lords) announced the result, and the Lord Chamberlain announced the Queen's confirmation of the choice. The Lord Speaker thus elected then replaced the Lord Chancellor on the Woolsack.

Perquisites and ceremony
By Royal Warrant on 4 July 2006, the Queen declared that the Lord Speaker would have rank and precedence immediately after the Speaker of the House of Commons. The Lord Speaker earns a salary of £104,360, less than the Speaker of the House of Commons, though the Speaker of the House of Commons' salary includes £81,932 paid for being an MP. The Lord Speaker, like the Speaker of the House of Commons, is entitled to a grace and favour apartment in the Parliamentary Estate.

Like the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Speaker wears court dress with a plain black silk gown while presiding over the House and a black silk damask and gold lace ceremonial gown on state occasions. To date holders of the office have chosen not to wear a wig, as the Lord Chancellor previously did, though they do have the option. When presiding over debates, the Lord Speaker sits on the Woolsack.

Before each day's sitting of the House of Lords, the Lord Speaker forms part of a procession that marches from the Lord Speaker's residence to the Lords Chamber. The Lord Speaker is preceded by the Deputy Serjeant-at-Arms or Principal Doorkeeper of the House (who bears the Mace). The procession is joined by the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in the Prince's Chamber. Together, they move through the Not-content Lobby, entering the Chamber below the bar, and finish by walking up the Temporal (opposition) side toward the Woolsack. The Mace is placed on the Woolsack, where the Lord Speaker sits after a bishop has led the House in prayers.

When the Sovereign appoints Lords Commissioners to perform certain actions on his or her behalf (for example, to open or prorogue Parliament, or formally declare Royal Assent), the Lord Speaker is one of them. The other Lords Commissioners, by convention, are the Leader of the House (who has acted as the principal Commissioner since the Lord Chancellor's functions were transferred to the Lord Speaker), the leaders of the other two major parties in the Lords, and the Convenor of the Crossbenches.

New peers, upon being introduced in the House of Lords, shake hands with the Lord Speaker after taking the oath (or making affirmation).

title: Lord Speaker


text:
Guano Apes

Guano Apes are a German rock band formed in 1994 in Göttingen. The band consists of Sandra Nasić (vocals), Henning Rümenapp (guitars, backing vocals), Stefan Ude (bass, backing vocals), and Dennis Poschwatta (drums, backing vocals).

AllMusic calls the quartet alt-rock and their sound a fusion of metal, pop, and rap. They have released five studio albums, one live album, two compilation albums, and five video albums.

Formation and Proud Like a God (1994–1999)

Guano Apes were formed in 1994 in Göttingen, Germany, by guitarist Henning Rümenapp, bassist Stefan Ude, and drummer Dennis Poschwatta. Female lead singer Sandra Nasić joined the band later that same year.

The band's career took off in 1996 after they won the "Local Heroes" competition held by VIVA, beating out over 1,000 competitors with their song "Open Your Eyes". The song was their first and most successful single, followed by the release in October 1997 of their debut album Proud Like a God on BMG and GUN/Supersonic Records. The album peaked at number 4 in Germany and was certified platinum. The songs "Lords of the Boards" and "Rain" were also issued as singles, with the former being specifically commissioned for the 1998 European Snowboarding Championship.

The release of their debut album was followed by an 18-month tour of Europe and the United States. "Open Your Eyes" appeared in the Warren Miller movie Fifty (1999) and Crusty 2000: The Metal Millennium (2000). The non-album single "Don't You Turn Your Back On Me" was contributed to the Meschugge film soundtrack in 1999.

Don't Give Me Names and Walking on a Thin Line (2000–2005)
In November 2000, Guano Apes released their second studio album, Don't Give Me Names, on BMG and GUN/Supersonic Records. The songs "Big in Japan", "No Speech", "Living in a Lie", and "Dödel Up" were issued as singles. "Big in Japan" (an Alphaville cover) and "No Speech" received a lot of airplay and the album was certified gold in Germany. A concert at Paradiso, Amsterdam was filmed and released on VHS and DVD, also called Don't Give Me Names.

In 2001, Guano Apes collaborated with German comedian Michael Mittermeier on the song "Kumba Yo!", which reached No. 3 on the German charts. Also, Sandra Nasić contributed vocals and lyrics to the song "Path Vol. 2" by Finnish cello quartet Apocalyptica.

Guano Apes' third studio album, Walking on a Thin Line, was released in March 2003 on BMG and GUN/Supersonic Records. It reached number one on the German album charts and, just like its predecessor, was certified Gold. The album was supported by the singles "You Can't Stop Me", "Pretty in Scarlet", and "Quietly".

In November 2003, Guano Apes released the album Live, which was recorded during a concert in Cologne earlier that same year. The limited edition contained a DVD with video footage of the entire concert.

In November 2004, the best of album Planet of the Apes was released, which included the new single "Break the Line". A DVD by the same name was released in February 2005, containing a documentary, concert footage, and several music videos, among other things.

Breakup and new projects (2005–2009)

Due to escalating personal differences among members, Guano Apes planned a farewell tour in February 2005 and subsequently disbanded. Dennis Poschwatta gave more details on the reason for their breakup in an interview:

""Basically, it was all about money. That is the most common problem that bands break up over. If someone thinks he is a born rock star or whatever, if you just lose your footing - that's what I could call it now. It was also not possible to bring Sandra back down to earth. And if your environment and lawyers encourage stupid opinions or actions, it becomes difficult. It's like a marriage or a relationship - at some point there's a fight, then it just doesn't work anymore.""

Poschwatta subsequently focused on his band Tamoto, in which he played guitar (and drums while in the studio) and shared vocal duties with Markus Gumball, a.k.a. G-Ball. Tamoto released the album Clemenza in August 2005, which was supported by the singles "Beware" and "On My Mind". Stefan Ude and Henning Rümenapp were among the musicians who participated in the recording of the album. In 2007, Tamoto released the mini album Crudezza.

In 2006, Rümenapp, Ude, and Poschwatta formed a new band named IO, together with American singer Charles Simmons. IO went on the road several times and released their debut album, For the Masses, on 1 August 2008. The project was put on hold after Guano Apes reunited in 2009.

In December 2006, GUN Records released the compilation album Lost (T)apes, which contains a selection of previously unreleased demo tracks recorded in 1994 and 1995. Lost (T)apes was also released as part of the 2CD package The Best and the Lost (T)apes.

In October 2007, Nasić released a solo album titled The Signal.

Reunion and Bel Air (2009–2014)
In 2009, Guano Apes reunited and played a string of concerts in Europe, starting in Sofia, Bulgaria, and also including Braga, Portugal, Nickelsdorf, Austria, Przystanek Woodstock, Poland, and Rock im Park, Germany, and Bucharest, Romania. In Bucharest, the band announced they were working on a new album.

In April 2011, the group released their fourth studio album, Bel Air, on Columbia Europe. The album entered the German album charts at number one. They released four singles from this record: "Oh, What a Night", "Sunday Lover", "This Time", and "When the Ships Arrive".

Sony Music released the DVD Live @ Rockpalast in 2012. It contains footage of two concerts from 1997 and 2011, both recorded for the long-running German TV show Rockpalast.

Offline and Proud Like a God XX (2014–2017)
On 28 February 2014, Guano Apes released their first single in two years, titled "Close to the Sun", as well as a teaser trailer for their fifth album, titled Offline, and confirmed that the record would be released on 2 May 2014. A music video for "Close to the Sun" was released on 2 April. Later that month, it was announced that the release of Offline had been pushed back to 30 May.

To celebrate the 20th anniversary of Proud Like a God, Guano Apes released Proud Like a God XX on 6 October 2017. The album contains newly mixed versions of ten songs that appeared on the original album, plus the previously unreleased track "Score". The deluxe edition comes with a bonus CD containing reworked "2017 versions" of six songs from Proud Like a God (with a guest appearance by Danko Jones on the 2017 version of Open Your Eyes), as well as three cover songs, including the first single, "Lose Yourself" (originally performed by Eminem). Music videos for "Lose Yourself" and the 2017 version of "Suzie" were released on 6 October and 10 November 2017, respectively.

Discography

 * Proud Like a God (1997)
 * Don't Give Me Names (2000)
 * Walking on a Thin Line (2003)
 * Bel Air (2011)
 * Offline (2014)

Awards
!Ref.
 * align=center|1998
 * rowspan="4"| Guano Apes
 * Viva Comet Award for Newcomer National
 * Won
 * align=center|1998
 * MTV Select – Central
 * Nominated
 * align=center|1999
 * rowspan="2"| MTV Europe Music Award for Best German Act
 * Nominated
 * align=center|2000
 * Won
 * align=center|2001
 * Sandra Nasić
 * 1LIVE Krone Award for Best Singer
 * Won
 * align=center|2003
 * Guano Apes
 * 1LIVE Krone Award for Best Band
 * Won
 * align=center|2001
 * Sandra Nasić
 * 1LIVE Krone Award for Best Singer
 * Won
 * align=center|2003
 * Guano Apes
 * 1LIVE Krone Award for Best Band
 * Won
 * Guano Apes
 * 1LIVE Krone Award for Best Band
 * Won

title: Guano Apes


text:
Talk:High culture

pop culture
I think that they are both equal. There is simularites of high culture in in pop culture and the othere way around.

 * Your viewpoint is not uncommon and represents the inverse of elitism, and someone sharing this view would not use terms like high culture vs popular culture at all. Nixdorf 10:29, 2005 Feb 4 (UTC)

It is generally assumed that a distinction exists between High culture and Low culture in that Low culture is easily accessible but shows obvious flaws that the devotees of High Culture find objectionable.

It seems that something is high culture if it

(1) is antiquarian in appeal or else is 'timeless'

(2) has appeal across national lines and across age groups

(3) requires a high level of intellectual effort to create or perform

(4) is difficult to imitate

(5) gets respect from other artists

(6) does not have populist distortions, as in Kitsch, and

(7) is competent in execution.

A provincial effort such as American country music is generally not considered High culture. If it is old and amateurish and it appears in any esthetic context, it appears more likely in archeology than in art. Note well that most medieval European art is not considered High culture because it ordinarily falls short of the professionalism that one associates with the High Renaissance and later times. It can contain folk elements, as in sting quartets of Béla Bartók and Dmitri Shostakovich.

If it has only transitory appeal, it is not High culture. This separates fads from the more lasting High culture. Can artistic efforts become High culture after having been derided at the time of their execution? Sure; such was so with Impressionist painting. Can it disappear and be rediscovered? In music, such was the fate of the music of J.S. Bach and Gustav Mahler.

Can something go from populist appeal to High art? Sure. Jazz. It could be that the paintings of Norman Rockwell, easily accessible to mass audiences when he was alive and active, won't be so obviously accessible 50 years after his death.

Country music is not likely to be considered High art unless it shows something characteristic of High Art -- like virtuosity in performance, as by Roy Clark.

So let us look at the paintings of Hokusai: which of those criteria describe them?

(1)Those paintings are old now even if they seem current.

(2)They are clearly not works intended solely for children.

(3) Do you think that anyone else, anywhere, at any time, could paint like that?

(4) See #3.

(5) European Impressionist artists learned a few things from his paintings.

(6) They are definitely not kitsch, and

(7) they fit the normal rules of esthetics.--Paul from Michigan (talk) 01:08, 17 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Aesthetic looks and ethical behaviour are part of high culture together with the money. Thus so many beauty parlors, haute couture shops and luxury spas are patronized by celebrities striving to belong to high culture.

elaborate
Someone needs to elaborate more on the changes in high culture (i.e all forms of theatre was once shunned). This article also needs to be less eurocentric. Perhaps more sections on what is/was considered high culture in other cultures like China, Japan, ancient Egypt?--Countakeshi 12:26, 10 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The article is much better now. While Europe has been and will be the cultural magnet for many people, Japan and Egypt will never be forgotten. America with Hollywood emerged as another epicenter of high culture, but commercialization and mass market orientation are eroding the essence of high culture, that is now a problem that needs to be reflected in the article.

questionable
Every single sentence of this article is questionable, or demonstrably wrong. Questionable, for example, is the idea that high culture has anything to do with the renaissance: there was a distinction between sophisticated and vulgar culture in antiquity and the middle ages, and the renaissance did not introduce any new distinction. Wrong, for example, is the statement that high culture is the culture of the upper classes: that ceased to be true in the 18th century. In fact, the self-conscious emphasis on protecting high culture from lowbrow culture was the peculiar invention of the 19th century middle class. This whole article seems to have been created out of whole cloth by people who have never even looked into the subject.68.118.61.219 06:56, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Reliable. In 15 years after this comments this page eventually evolved into a reliable encyclopedic article.

source?
What are the sources for this article, other than the author's opinion?? 28 MArch 2006 Kemet

 * I agree - the phrase presumably has a German C18/19 origin & well-established history (Lessing? Goethe?), which someone who knows what they are talking about should write up.

The related "High Art" should be covered too Johnbod

re-write article
I have now wholly replaced the old text, but it could do with plenty of expansion, and references Johnbod 20:06, 6 January 2007 (UTC) Insert non-formatted text here
 * What sources were used, or based on already known knowledge? -- Stbalbach 15:12, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

dead white males
Regarding this sentence:
 * In America, Harold Bloom has taken a more exclusive line in a number of works, as did F.R. Leavis earlier - both, like Arnold, being mainly concerned with literature, and unafraid to champion vociferously the Dead white males of the Western canon.

I understand what is being said within a certain context, but for most people it will probably not pass the NPOV test, it seems to disparage the Great Books as "dead white males" - which sadly many people do as a reason not to read them. Can we remove dead white males, or source it, or re-phrase more gently to the western canon? -- Stbalbach 15:12, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I put it in as a link, and something of a balancing item in the context of mentioning Bloom & Leavis. Maybe putting it in quotes also would be enough? I'll do that. The talk page on the dwm article claims, plausibly I think, that the term is now mainly used by supporters of the Western canon rather than opponents. But cut it if you like. Johnbod 16:14, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * How about if we just said:

 * In America, Harold Bloom has taken a more exclusive line in a number of works, as did F.R. Leavis earlier - both, like Arnold, being mainly concerned with literature of the Western canon.

 * For Wikipedia purposes it is more neutral and doesn't cast a value judgment one way or another about the nature or worth of the western canon. Not saying it's "better", just more neutral, I can see this being a problem with other editors in the future. -- Stbalbach 16:46, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

As a casual observer I've edited the Dead White Males link to Western Canon as the article itself discusses this aspect and not using the official article name on a controversial article implies some level of bias from editors — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.194.179.166 (talk) 10:39, 26 April 2016 (UTC)

weird edit
Regarding this edit of mine - very strange. The only thing I did was add a link to classic literature. I didn't delete anything, and I didn't change the section header to "Sociology" (if you want to change it go ahead) - no idea what happened there. Ghost in the machine. -- Stbalbach 16:35, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

No problem - I didn't think it was like you. It goes back to a previous edit of mine - conceivably we were doing them at the same time in an edit conflict that slipped under the wire  Johnbod 16:39, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Year of Beginning of High Art for Japan
I put the year which high arts could be considered to have produced for Japan from "about 1,000 AD" to "about 700AD". The reasoning for this is that this is roughly the start of Nara period, and with a wide adoption of Chinese characters, poems were written down for the first time and this was done not only to preserve praises of rulers, but to record the beauty of poems. Also, the construction of Tōdai-ji was started among other attempts to create arts, so there was multiple developments by many rather than a whim of a ruler. --Revth 06:56, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Japanese painting circa 1800 has influenced non-Japanese painting, so Japan certainly belongs upon the list of countries associated with High culture. --Paul from Michigan (talk) 01:11, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Film
Can cinema be considered High culture? Sure, there is much cinematic dreck, but nobody would ever confuse Casablanca with Gigli -- right?--Paul from Michigan (talk) 01:11, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Definitive Definition
"High culture" will never find a definitive definition but generalizations can be made to encapsulate how the term is used.

The term "high culture" is commonly used to mean:

- created by well-trained, talented people and therefore is higher quality than low culture

- less crude or more refined than low culture

- embedded with intellectual or moralistic concepts lacking in low culture which provides pleasure only

- a repository of cultural history and traditions

None of these generalizations hold true in all cases and I'm sure anger people who find high culture snobbish and boarding (yet more generalizations), but I think even those who dislike these generalizations must agree this is how the term "high culture" is used.
 * Anger is not high culture, but a sign of low culture. No place for anger here. The article is getting better with the passage of time, just like the true high culture itself.

Merge
Merging High culture into Fine art is probably a better solution. Hafspajen (talk) 13:01, 12 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Beter than what? Anyway, no because Fine art (singular) usually just means vsual art, whereas high culture includes all the humanities and maybe more. Johnbod (talk) 13:23, 12 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The terms high culture and highbrow do not overlap each other entirely, so a merge would be meaningless. --Omnipaedista (talk) 08:22, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Johnbod and Omnipaedista are right.

Relation to branding
Is there any source covering its relation with state-level "branding" approaches (which sometimes has emphasis on technological superiority too)? If yes, can someone please add respective sources, so that the approach of the article from considering ancient stuff as high-culture be balanced to cover modern stuff too. --Shahreman (talk) 12:24, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Did you make it as far down as the promotionsection? Johnbod (talk) 14:25, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:High culture


text:
Odal, Norway

Odal or Odalen is a valley and traditional district in Innlandet county, Norway. The district encompasses the area around the lake Storsjøen in the north and to the areas around the river Glåma in the south. The district is currently divided between the two municipalities of Sør-Odal and Nord-Odal. A person from Odalen is commonly called an odøling.

Geography
The Glommadal (or Glåmdalen) valley is a designation for the valley formed by the river Glomma (or Glåma), which is the longest and largest river in Norway. From the lake Aursund in the north on southwards to Elverum, the valley is called the Østerdalen. From that point and further south until Kongsvinger, the valley is referred to as Solør. As the river turns and heads west from Kongsvinger all the way to the border with Nes Municipality, the valley is called the Odalen (Nes is part of the district of Romerike). These designations are traditional districts, reflecting the designations that the locals have historically used for their valleys.

History
The name Odalen is derived from the Old Norse name Ódalr. The first part of the name comes from the Old Norse word Ó or À, which means 'river' (here referring to the Glomma river). The last element is dalr, which means 'valley' or 'dale'. The name can be documented to have been in use since 1386. Traces of human habitation dating back to the Nordic Bronze Age, between 1500 and 500 BCE. The first farms were probably cleared close to the lake about 500 BCE, in the early Iron Age. Settlement spread slowly around the lake and inland, and by the year 800, there may have been as many as 50 farms in the area. Settlement accelerated in the Viking Age, increasing the number of farms by as much as an order of magnitude. Increased mobility in the Norwegian population likely changed the character of the society in Odalen, and there is evidence the area was under the administration of the Thing in Eidsvoll.

When the region was Christianized around 1030, several churches were built, including locations at Oppstad, Strøm, Ulleren, Mo and Trøftskogen. The area became politically more autonomous. The valley may have become overpopulated until the Black Death and following plagues, when a huge proportion of the population died. Farms were abandoned and consolidated during this time, and it took at least 200 years for the population to reach its previous levels. During the 17th century, Odalen suffered economic setbacks as a result of taxation and general economic downturns. Forestry rose as a complementary source of income to agriculture. By all accounts, the agricultural sector has not grown appreciably in the area since the 18th century. Trautgruva iron ore mine was operated until 1830.

title: Odal, Norway