text:
Talk:USS Long Beach (CGN-9)

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for USS Long Beach. Photos clearly show the ship is NOT at the coordinates shown.

— — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mountshadow (talk • contribs) 04:38, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
 * see comment on your tp regarding this issue. Thanks -  wolf  06:17, 3 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I've removed the coordinates and the mentions of the ship's continued existence from the article. Deor (talk) 17:02, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

'Last Cruiser Hull'
I have tried to tame the claim made in this section of the opening, as it clearly needed verification and I've tried to create a 'certain point of view' work-around. But it still might be unacceptable and weasel-worded, so revert away if necessary. Personally, I'm not all that happy with the edit.

The reason for this is that, frankly, the claim makes no real sense:

Long Beach had a hull with a LBR of over 10:1, like a destroyer, and a pronounced knuckle at the bow, unlike either a WW2 destroyer or a WW2 cruiser of the Cleveland or Baltimore classes (which also had LBRs of just less than 10:1).

All the succeeding 'destroyer leaders', 'frigates' and so on were of much larger (and very different) type to WW2 destroyers, while Long beach did not typify the WW2 cruiser hull-form, so really I don't understand what this whole "last cruiser hull in the USN" is actually all about?

Perhaps this is actually an element ripe for deletion, since it seems to be very conjectural or just based on opinion. 2A00:23C7:3119:AD01:F5FA:9036:757D:DC83 (talk) 18:09, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * That specific sentence has been tagged as needing a source, and the article as whole is tagged as well. - w o lf  02:08, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Long Beach (CGN-9)


text:
List of cities in Taiwan

In the structural hierarchy of the administrative divisions in Taiwan, there are three types of administrative divisions with the Chinese word shì (市, "city") in their names.

Cities in Taiwan
There are 23 cities on the island of Taiwan. Most of them are located within Taiwan Province:

Alphabetical list of all cities and townships
List of all cities and townships in the Republic of China, consisting of six special municipalities and two provinces without administrative function.
 * For the subdivisions under special municipalities and cities, see District (Taiwan)
 * For the subdivisions sort by county, see Township (Taiwan)

A

 * Alishan (阿里山) Chiayi County

B

 * Baisha (白沙) Penghu County
 * Baozhong (褒忠) Yunlin County
 * Baoshan (寳山) Hsinchu County
 * Beidou (北斗) Changhua County
 * Beigan (北竿) Lienchiang County
 * Beigang (北港) Yunlin County
 * Beinan (卑南) Taitung County
 * Beipu (北埔) Hsinchu County
 * Budai (布袋) Chiayi County

C

 * Caotun (草屯) Nantou County
 * Changbin (長濱) Taitung County
 * Changhua [Zhanghua] (彰化) Changhua County
 * Changzhi (長治) Pingtung County
 * Chaozhou (潮州) Pingtung County
 * Checheng (車城) Pingtung County
 * Chenggong (成功) Taitung County
 * Chiayi [Jiayi] (嘉義)
 * Chishang (池上) Taitung County
 * Chunri (春日) Pingtung County
 * Cimei (七美) Penghu County
 * Citong (莿桐) Yunlin County

D

 * Dacheng (大城) Changhua County
 * Dacun (大村) Changhua County
 * Dahu (大湖) Miaoli County
 * Dalin (大林) Chiayi County
 * Dapi (大埤) Yunlin County
 * Dapu (大埔) Chiayi County
 * Daren (達仁) Taitung County
 * Datong (大同) Yilan County
 * Dawu (大武) Taitung County
 * Donggang (東港) Pingtung County
 * Donghe (東河) Taitung County
 * Dongshan (冬山) Yilan County
 * Dongshi (東石) Chiayi County
 * Dongshi (東勢) Yunlin County
 * Dongyin (東引) Lienchiang County
 * Douliu (斗六) Yunlin County
 * Dounan (斗南) Yunlin County

E

 * Emei (峨眉) Hsinchu County
 * Erlin (二林) Changhua County
 * Erlun (二崙) Yunlin County
 * Ershui (二水) Changhua County

F

 * Fangliao (枋寮) Pingtung County
 * Fangshan (枋山) Pingtung County
 * Fangyuan (芳苑) Changhua County
 * Fanlu (番路) Chiayi County
 * Fengbin (豐濱) Hualien County
 * Fenglin (鳳林) Hualien County
 * Fenyuan (芬園) Changhua County
 * Fuli (富里) Hualien County
 * Fuxing (福興) Changhua County

G

 * Gaoshu (高樹) Pingtung County
 * Gongguan (公館) Miaoli County
 * Guangfu (光復) Hualien County
 * Guanshan (關山) Taitung County
 * Guanxi (關西) Hsinchu County
 * Gukeng (古坑) Yunlin County
 * Guoxing (國姓) Nantou County

H

 * Haiduan (海端) Taitung County
 * Hemei (和美) Changhua County
 * Hengchun (恆春) Pingtung County
 * Hengshan (橫山) Hsinchu County
 * Houlong (後龍) Miaoli County
 * Hsinchu [Xinzhu] (新竹)
 * Hualien [Hualian] (花蓮) Hualien County
 * Huatan (花壇) Changhua County
 * Hukou (湖口) Hsinchu County
 * Huwei (虎尾) Yunlin County
 * Huxi (湖西) Penghu County

J

 * Jiadong (佳冬) Pingtung County
 * Ji'an (吉安) Hualien County
 * Jianshi (尖石) Hsinchu County
 * Jiaoxi (礁溪) Yilan County
 * Jiji (集集) Nantou County
 * Jincheng (金城) Kinmen County
 * Jinfeng (金峰) Taitung County
 * Jinhu (金湖) Kinmen County
 * Jinning (金寧) Kinmen County
 * Jinsha (金沙) Kinmen County
 * Jiuru (九如) Pingtung County
 * Juguang (莒光) Lienchiang County

K

 * Kanding (崁頂) Pingtung County
 * Kaohsiung [Gaoxiong] (高雄)
 * Keelung [Jilong] (基隆)
 * Kouhu (口湖) Yunlin County

L

 * Laiyi (來義) Pingtung County
 * Lanyu (蘭嶼) Taitung County
 * Lieyu (烈嶼) Kinmen County
 * Ligang (里港) Pingtung County
 * Linbian (林邊) Pingtung County
 * Linluo (麟洛) Pingtung County
 * Linnei (林内) Yunlin County
 * Lioujiao (六腳) Chiayi County
 * Liuqiu (琉球) Pingtung County
 * Lucao (鹿草) Chiayi County
 * Lüdao (綠島) Taitung County
 * Lugu (鹿谷) Nantou County
 * Lukang [Lugang] (鹿港) Changhua County
 * Lunbei (崙背) Yunlin County
 * Luodong (羅東) Yilan County
 * Luye (鹿野) Taitung County

M

 * Mailiao (麥寮) Yunlin County
 * Majia (瑪家) Pingtung County
 * Magong (馬公) Penghu County
 * Manzhou (滿州) Pingtung County
 * Meishan (梅山) Chiayi County
 * Miaoli (苗栗) Miaoli County
 * Mingjian (名間) Nantou County
 * Minxiong (民雄) Chiayi County
 * Mudan (牡丹) Pingtung County

N

 * Nan'ao (南澳) Yilan County
 * Nangan (南竿) Lienchiang County
 * Nantou (南投) Nantou County
 * Nanzhou (南州) Pingtung County
 * Nanzhuang (南庄) Miaoli County
 * Neipu (内埔) Pingtung County
 * New Taipei [Xinbei] (新北)

P

 * Pingtung [Pingdong] (屏東) Pingtung County
 * Pitou (埤頭) Changhua County
 * Puli (埔里) Nantou County
 * Puxin (埔心) Changhua County
 * Puyan (埔鹽) Changhua County
 * Puzi (朴子) Chiayi County

Q

 * Qionglin (芎林) Hsinchu County

R

 * Ren'ai (仁愛) Nantou County
 * Ruisui (瑞穗) Hualien County

S

 * Sandimen (三地門) Pingtung County
 * Sanwan (三灣) Miaoli County
 * Sanxing (三星) Yilan County
 * Sanyi (三義) Miaoli County
 * Shengang (伸港) Changhua County
 * Shetou (社頭) Changhua County
 * Shitan (獅潭) Miaoli County
 * Shizi (獅子) Pingtung County
 * Shoufeng (壽豐) Hualien County
 * Shuili (水里) Nantou County
 * Shuilin (水林) Yunlin County
 * Shuishang (水上) Chiayi County
 * Sihu (四湖) Yunlin County
 * Su'ao (蘇澳) Yilan County

T

 * Tai'an (泰安) Miaoli County
 * Taibao (太保) Chiayi County
 * Taichung [Taizhong] (臺中)
 * Taimali (太麻里) Taitung County
 * Tainan (臺南)
 * Taipei [Taibei] (臺北)
 * Taitung [Taidong] (臺東) Taitung County
 * Taiwu (泰武) Pingtung County
 * Taixi (臺西) Yunlin County
 * Taoyuan (桃園)
 * Tianwei (田尾) Changhua County
 * Tianzhong (田中) Changhua County
 * Tongluo (銅鑼) Miaoli County
 * Tongxiao (通霄) Miaoli County
 * Toucheng (頭城) Yilan County
 * Toufen (頭份) Miaoli County
 * Touwu (頭屋) Miaoli County
 * Tuku (土庫) Yunlin County

W

 * Wandan (萬丹) Pingtung County
 * Wangan (望安) Penghu County
 * Wanluan (萬巒) Pingtung County
 * Wanrong (萬榮) Hualien County
 * Wufeng (五峰) Hsinchu County
 * Wujie (五結) Yilan County
 * Wuqiu (烏坵) Kinmen County
 * Wutai (霧臺) Pingtung County

X

 * Xianxi (線西) Changhua County
 * Xihu (溪湖) Changhua County
 * Xihu (西湖) Miaoli County
 * Xikou (溪口) Chiayi County
 * Xiluo (西螺) Yunlin County
 * Xincheng (新城) Hualien County
 * Xinfeng (新豐) Hsinchu County
 * Xingang (新港) Chiayi County
 * Xinpi (新埤) Pingtung County
 * Xinpu (新埔) Hsinchu County
 * Xinyi (信義) Nantou County
 * Xinyuan (新園) Pingtung County
 * Xiulin (秀林) Hualien County
 * Xiushui (秀水) Changhua County
 * Xiyu (西嶼) Penghu County
 * Xizhou (溪州) Changhua County

Y

 * Yanping (延平) Taitung County
 * Yanpu (鹽埔) Pingtung County
 * Yilan (宜蘭) Yilan County
 * Yizhu (義竹) Chiayi County
 * Yongjing (永靖) Changhua County
 * Yuanchang (元長) Yunlin County
 * Yuanli (苑裡) Miaoli County
 * Yuanlin (員林) Changhua County
 * Yuanshan (員山) Yilan County
 * Yuchi (魚池) Nantou County
 * Yuli (玉里) Hualien County

Z

 * Zaoqiao (造橋) Miaoli County
 * Zhongliao (中寮) Nantou County
 * Zhongpu (中埔) Chiayi County
 * Zhuangwei (壯圍) Yilan County
 * Zhubei (竹北) Hsinchu County
 * Zhudong (竹東) Hsinchu County
 * Zhunan (竹南) Miaoli County
 * Zhuolan (卓蘭) Miaoli County
 * Zhuoxi (卓溪) Hualien County
 * Zhuqi (竹崎) Chiayi County
 * Zhushan (竹山) Nantou County
 * Zhutang (竹塘) Changhua County
 * Zhutian (竹田) Pingtung County

Alphabetical list of all cities and townships (Tongyòng Pinyin)
Tongyòng Pinyin was the standard of Chinese romanization of Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. Although the standard was shifted to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn from 1 January 2009, the change to signs and documents using Tongyòng Pinyin is not complete. There are still some signs using Tongyòng Pinyin on highways and roads.

A

 * Alishan (阿里山) Chiayi County

B

 * Baisha (白沙) Penghu County
 * Baojhong (褒忠) Yunlin County
 * Baoshan (寶山) Hsinchu County
 * Beidou (北斗) Changhua County
 * Beigan (北竿) Lienchiang County
 * Beigang (北港) Yunlin County
 * Beinan (卑南) Taitung County
 * Beipu (北埔) Hsinchu County
 * Budai (布袋) Chiayi County

C

 * Caotun (草屯) Nantou County
 * Changbin (長濱) Taitung County
 * Changhua [Jhanghua] (彰化) Changhua County
 * Changjhih (長治) Pingtung County
 * Chaojhou (潮州) Pingtung County
 * Checheng (車城) Pingtung County
 * Chenggong (成功) Taitung County
 * Chiayi [Jiayi] (嘉義)
 * Chihshang (池上) Taitung County
 * Chunrih (春日) Pingtung County
 * Cihtong (莿桐) Yunlin County
 * Cimei (七美) Penghu County
 * Cyonglin (芎林) Hsinchu County

D

 * Dacheng (大城) Changhua County
 * Dacun (大村) Changhua County
 * Dahu (大湖) Miaoli County
 * Dalin (大林) Chiayi County
 * Dapi (大埤) Yunlin County
 * Dapu (大埔) Chiayi County
 * Daren (達仁) Taitung County
 * Datong (大同) Yilan County
 * Dawu (大武) Taitung County
 * Donggang (東港) Pingtung County
 * Donghe (東河) Taitung County
 * Dongshan (冬山) Yilan County
 * Dongshih (東石) Chiayi County
 * Dongshih (東勢) Yunlin County
 * Dongyin (東引) Lienchiang County
 * Douliou (斗六) Yunlin County
 * Dounan (斗南) Yunlin County

E

 * Emei (峨眉) Hsinchu County
 * Erlin (二林) Changhua County
 * Erlun (二崙) Yunlin County
 * Ershuei (二水) Changhua County

F

 * Fangliao (枋寮) Pingtung County
 * Fangshan (枋山) Pingtung County
 * Fangyuan (芳苑) Changhua County
 * Fanlu (番路) Chiayi County
 * Fenyuan (芬園) Changhua County
 * Fongbin (豐濱) Hualien County
 * Fonglin (鳳林) Hualien County
 * Fuli (富里) Hualien County
 * Fusing (福興) Changhua County

G

 * Gaoshu (高樹) Pingtung County
 * Gongguan (公館) Miaoli County
 * Guangfu (光復) Hualien County
 * Guanshan (關山) Taitung County
 * Guansi (關西) Hsinchu County
 * Gukeng (古坑) Yunlin County
 * Guosing (國姓) Nantou County

H

 * Haiduan (海端) Taitung County
 * Hemei (和美) Changhua County
 * Hengchun (恆春) Pingtung County
 * Hengshan (橫山) Hsinchu County
 * Houlong (後龍) Miaoli County
 * Hsinchu [Sinjhu] (新竹)
 * Hualien [Hualian] (花蓮) Hualien County
 * Huatan (花壇) Changhua County
 * Hukou (湖口) Hsinchu County
 * Husi (湖西) Penghu County
 * Huwei (虎尾) Yunlin County

J

 * Jhongliao (中寮) Nantou County
 * Jhongpu (中埔) Chiayi County
 * Jhubei (竹北) Hsinchu County
 * Jhuci (竹崎) Chiayi County
 * Jhudong (竹東) Hsinchu County
 * Jhunan (竹南) Miaoli County
 * Jhuolan (卓蘭) Miaoli County
 * Jhuosi (卓溪) Hualien County
 * Jhushan (竹山) Nantou County
 * Jhutang (竹塘) Changhua County
 * Jhutian (竹田) Pingtung County
 * Jiadong (佳冬) Pingtung County
 * Ji-an (吉安) Hualien County
 * Jianshih (尖石) Hsinchu County
 * Jiaosi (礁溪) Yilan County
 * Jiji (集集) Nantou County
 * Jincheng (金城) Kinmen County
 * Jinfong (金峰) Taitung County
 * Jinhu (金湖) Kinmen County
 * Jinning (金寧) Kinmen County
 * Jinsha (金沙) Kinmen County
 * Jiouru (九如) Pingtung County
 * Jyuguang (莒光) Lienchiang County

K

 * Kanding (崁頂) Pingtung County
 * Kaohsiung [Gaosyong] (高雄)
 * Keelung [Jilong] (基隆)
 * Kouhu (口湖) Yunlin County

L

 * Laiyi (來義) Pingtung County
 * Lanyu (蘭嶼) Taitung County
 * Lieyu (烈嶼) Kinmen County
 * Ligang (里港) Pingtung County
 * Linbian (林邊) Pingtung County
 * Linluo (麟洛) Pingtung County
 * Linnei (林內) Yunlin County
 * Lioujiao (六腳) Chiayi County
 * Liouciou (琉球) Pingtung County
 * Lucao (鹿草) Chiayi County
 * Lugu (鹿谷) Nantou County
 * Lukang [Lugang] (鹿港) Changhua County
 * Lunbei (崙背) Yunlin County
 * Luodong (羅東) Yilan County
 * Luye (鹿野) Taitung County
 * Lyudao (綠島) Taitung County

M

 * Mailiao (麥寮) Yunlin County
 * Majia (瑪家) Pingtung County
 * Magong (馬公) Penghu County
 * Manjhou (滿州) Pingtung County
 * Meishan (梅山) Chiayi County
 * Miaoli (苗栗) Miaoli County
 * Mingjian (名間) Nantou County
 * Minxiong (民雄) Chiayi County
 * Mudan (牡丹) Pingtung County

N

 * Nan-ao (南澳) Yilan County
 * Nangan (南竿) Lienchiang County
 * Nanjhou (南州) Pingtung County
 * Nanjhuang (南庄) Miaoli County
 * Nantou (南投) Nantou County
 * Neipu (內埔) Pingtung County
 * New Taipei [Sinbei] (新北)

P

 * Pingtung [Pingdong] (屏東) Pingtung County
 * Pitou (埤頭) Changhua County
 * Puli (埔里) Nantou County
 * Pusin (埔心) Changhua County
 * Puyan (埔鹽) Changhua County
 * Puzih (朴子) Chiayi County

R

 * Ren-ai (仁愛) Nantou County
 * Rueisuei (瑞穗) Hualien County

S

 * Sandimen (三地門) Pingtung County
 * Sansing (三星) Yilan County
 * Sanwan (三灣) Miaoli County
 * Sanyi (三義) Miaoli County
 * Shengang (伸港) Changhua County
 * Shetou (社頭) Changhua County
 * Shihtan (獅潭) Miaoli County
 * Shihzih (獅子) Pingtung County
 * Shoufong (壽豐) Hualien County
 * Shueilin (水林) Yunlin County
 * Shueili (水里) Nantou County
 * Shueishang (水上) Chiayi County
 * Siansi (線西) Changhua County
 * Sihhu (四湖) Yunlin County
 * Sihu (溪湖) Changhua County
 * Sihu (西湖) Miaoli County
 * Sijhou (溪州) Changhua County
 * Sikou (溪口) Chiayi County
 * Siluo (西螺) Yunlin County
 * Sincheng (新城) Hualien County
 * Sinfong (新豐) Hsinchu County
 * Singang (新港) Chiayi County
 * Sinpi (新埤) Pingtung County
 * Sinpu (新埔) Hsinchu County
 * Sinyi (信義) Nantou County
 * Sinyuan (新園) Pingtung County
 * Sioushuei (秀水) Changhua County
 * Sioulin (秀林) Hualien County
 * Siyu (西嶼) Penghu County
 * Su-ao (蘇澳) Yilan County

T

 * Tai-an (泰安) Miaoli County
 * Taibao (太保) Chiayi County
 * Taichung [Taijhong] (臺中)
 * Taimali (太麻里) Taitung County
 * Tainan (臺南)
 * Taipei [Taibei] (臺北)
 * Taisi (臺西) Yunlin County
 * Taitung [Taidong] (臺東) Taitung County
 * Taiwu (泰武) Pingtung County
 * Taoyuan (桃園)
 * Tianjhong (田中) Changhua County
 * Tianwei (田尾) Changhua County
 * Tongluo (銅鑼) Miaoli County
 * Tongsiao (通霄) Miaoli County
 * Toucheng (頭城) Yilan County
 * Toufen (頭份) Miaoli County
 * Touwu (頭屋) Miaoli County
 * Tuku (土庫) Yunlin County

W

 * Wandan (萬丹) Pingtung County
 * Wang-an (望安) Penghu County
 * Wanluan (萬巒) Pingtung County
 * Wanrong (萬榮) Hualien County
 * Wufong (五峰) Hsinchu County
 * Wujie (五結) Yilan County
 * Wuciou (烏坵) Kinmen County
 * Wutai (霧臺) Pingtung County

Y

 * Yanping (延平) Taitung County
 * Yanpu (鹽埔) Pingtung County
 * Yijhu (義竹) Chiayi County
 * Yilan (宜蘭) Yilan County
 * Yongjing (永靖) Changhua County
 * Yuanchang (元長) Yunlin County
 * Yuanli (苑裡) Miaoli County
 * Yuanlin (員林) Changhua County
 * Yuanshan (員山) Yilan County
 * Yuchih (魚池) Nantou County
 * Yuli (玉里) Hualien County

Z

 * Zaociao (造橋) Miaoli County

Historical

 * History of the administrative divisions of China (1912–1949)
 * List of cities in China

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of cities in Taiwan


text:
Carmine Nigro

Carmine Domenico Nigro (January 2, 1910 – August 16, 2001) was former World Champion Bobby Fischer's first chess teacher, from 1951 to 1956.

Biography
"Mr. Nigro was possibly not the best player in the world, but he was a very good teacher." – Bobby Fischer

Nigro was an American chess expert of near master strength and an instructor. Nigro was President of the Brooklyn Chess Club. This is where he met Bobby Fischer and in 1951 became his first chess teacher. Nigro (rated 2028) hosted Fischer's first chess tournament at his home in 1952.

Nigro introduced Fischer to future grandmaster William Lombardy, and, starting in September 1954, Lombardy began coaching Fischer in private.

In 1956, Nigro moved to Florida and became a professional golf instructor. He did not give up teaching chess, though, and in 1996 he taught chess at the Meyer Jewish Academy. In 1999, Nigro moved to Peachtree City, Georgia, to be close to his son Bill Nigro. He died in 2001, at the age of 91.

In film
In the 2014 American biographical film Pawn Sacrifice, Carmine Nigro was played by Conrad Pla.

title: Carmine Nigro


text:
User talk:Wormeister

Signing
Just to let you know, you have forgotten to sign your post on Category talk:National liberation movements. You can do that by typing ~, at the end of your post. Beta m (talk)

title: User talk:Wormeister


text:
Jazz Profiles

Jazz Profiles was an American radio show produced by NPR and hosted by jazz singer Nancy Wilson. It featured hour-long retrospectives on the lives of famous jazz musicians, or sometimes on famous albums such as Miles Davis' Kind of Blue. The show covers a wide range of jazz musicians, from the very famous to the lesser known but still notable ones, such as Jon Hendricks. It won a Peabody Award in 2002 "for an innovative presentation of the world of jazz, honoring the works and the great artists of this unique American musical form."

The show began in 1995 when lead producer Tim Owens and host Nancy Wilson teamed up to create a weekly documentary series. The first episode, broadcast in August 1995, was a two-hour program celebrating the 75th birthday of jazz legend Charlie Parker. Most subsequent shows ran one hour and most focused on the life of one jazz musician. Exceptions included a special about the Village Vanguard, a two-part series about Miles Davis, a three-part exploration of lyricism in jazz, and a two-part special about Nat King Cole.

The show ran seven years until its ending in 2002. Over 200 episodes were aired.

title: Jazz Profiles


text:
Talk:Welsh cake

Comments
Surely Welsh cakes are called "pice ar y maen" in Welsh, not "teisen lap", which is something different. Deb 16:56, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I've always heard it as teisen Gymraeg. Is this a north/south thing? Vashti 16:47, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Finding Welsh cakes
I've just moved to London, and I expected to be able to find Welsh cakes in every Sainsbury's and Tesco... Where can I buy Welsh cakes!? Thanks. LordAmeth 21:17, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * ...you can't get them in London? They're in every supermarket here in Cardiff - maybe you should consider a day trip. :) Vashti 09:03, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, see, that's what I was surprised about. Okay, well, the Canolfan Cymry Llundain is just around the corner. Maybe I'll go bother them. LordAmeth 09:22, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I have made these with my grandmother since I was born it seems :) The recipe is farely easy, and it makes A LOT of them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.130.9.188 (talk) 00:59, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

With jam and a pot of tea?
With jam and a pot of tea? Really? Buttered? Split? Never come across anything like that and I can't help but think that this refers to scones rather than proper Welsh Cakes. Still, it does say it's a Valleys thing, in which case can someone from the Valleys give a reference (I want proof!) DewiMR (talk) 23:03, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

Welsh speaker needed...
This article describes Welsh cakes, in Welsh, as picau ar y maen, pice bach, cacen gri or teisen radell. And yet the article at cy:WP uses the words teisennau cri. What's the explanation for the different words? Ghmyrtle (talk) 22:42, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

Yeast cake section?
If they use self-raising flour, why are they listed in the Yeast Cake section of the Cake catagory? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.70.170.48 (talk) 15:46, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

July 2013
The BBC link is broken. 13 Jul 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.219.245.230 (talk)
 * Now fixed. Ghmyrtle (talk) 09:45, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

"Variations" section
I've just removed the variations section as I can find no reliable source for any of the material therein. The entire section was lifted without citation from this itself-uncited Facebook post and Googling these variations, I can find no indication that any of them exist or have ever existed. Goyston talk, contribs 01:49, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Welsh cake


text:
Nii Ōshima

Nii Ōshima (新居大島), or sometimes just Ōshima (大島), is an inhabited island located roughly 1.5 kilometers northeast of the city of Niihama (which it is officially a part of) in Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

Geography
Nii Ōshima is located in the Seto Inland Sea. It has a circumference of approximately 8 kilometers and a total area of 2.13 sqkm. The island is mostly hilly, with its highest point at 146.48 meters above sea level. The northern part of the island is covered with dense forests, has many cliffs. The main settlement is in the southern part of the island. There is a ferry that runs between Nii Ōshima and Niihama approximately once every hour, taking fifteen minutes to complete a one-way journey. At one point, there was the possibility that a bridge might be built to connect Ōshima and Shikoku, but these plans are now considered unlikely. There is no public transportation on the island, but there is a road that circles the island.

History
Nii Ōshima was the birthplace of Murakami Yoshihiro (d.1374), founder of the "Murakami Navy", who ruled the Seto Inland Sea in the Muromachi and Sengoku period. On the southern side of the island sit the remains of Ōshima Castle, which was one of the Murakami strongholds. The island became Ōshima Village in Ehime Prefecture, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system on December 15, 1889. The village was absorbed by Niihama City on May 3, 1953. Due to its rapidly aging population and its geographic isolation from Niihama and the main island of Shikoku, Nii Ōshima faces serious problems of rural depopulation. At the time of 1950 census, the population of the island was 1838 people. However, per Niihama City residency records, the population as of March 31, 2013, was only 280, with half the population over the age of 70. The primary occupations on the island include shrimp farming and agriculture, particularly mikan and a distinctive type of white potato.

title: Nii Ōshima


text: User talk:70.111.36.139

title: User talk:70.111.36.139


text:
Jean "Binta" Breeze

Jean "Binta" Breeze MBE (11 March 1956 – 4 August 2021) was a Jamaican dub poet and storyteller, acknowledged as the first woman to write and perform dub poetry. She worked also as a theatre director, choreographer, actor, and teacher. She performed her work around the world, in the Caribbean, North America, Europe, South-East Asia, and Africa, and has been called "one of the most important, influential performance poets of recent years".

Biography
Born as Jean Lumsden in rural Jamaica, to a mixed-race couple, she grew up in Patty Hill, a small village in the hills of Hanover Parish, and for a time was raised by her grandmother and great-aunt while her parents were studying and working. She attended Rusea's High School, taking A-levels in Spanish, geography and English literature, and soon after leaving in 1974, she married Brian Breese, a Welsh teacher whose name she would later adapt to Breeze. She began teaching at the local Little London high school while also working for the Jamaica Cultural Development Commission, planning local events for the Jamaican festival, held in August each year.

She moved to Kingston in 1978, after her marriage ended, and studied for a year at the Jamaican School of Drama, where she met Michael Smith and Oku Onuora. She then lived for three and a half years in the Clarendon hills as a member of the Rastafarian religion, also becoming an early participant in the Sistren Theatre Collective, campaigning to advance gender equality. She went on to become known as Jamaica's first female dub poet after she performed onstage in 1981 with Mutabaruka, who recorded her work, including her on the compilation album Word Sound 'ave Power performing "Aid Travels with a Bomb" and "To Plant or Not to Plant". She first visited London early in 1985, at the invitation of Linton Kwesi Johnson, to make her debut UK performance at the International Book Fair of Radical Black and Third World Books on 19 March that year. Returning to London in September 1985, she earned a certificate of education at Garnett College (1987), taught Theatre Studies at Brixton College, but left after two years of teaching in order to be able to perform full-time.

She wrote in various media. Her first book of poetry, Riddym Ravings, was published in 1988 by the Race Today Collective, with the title poem, also known as "The Mad Woman's Poem", being described by Linton Kwesi Johnson as "a classic in contemporary Caribbean poetry" and featuring in Margaret Busby's 1992 anthology Daughters of Africa. Breeze appeared on Channel 4's New Voices series in 1988, and went on to write the screenplay for Hallelujah Anyhow, a co-production of the British Film Institute screened at the British Film Festival in 1990. Her work was featured on Channel 4's series Bandung File in a 1990 documentary called "Moods and Moments". She also released several albums, contributing to Woman's Talk (1986), and recording Tracks in 1991 with Dennis Bovell's Dub Band.

Among her later collections are The Arrival of Brighteye and Other Poems (2000), which includes a Brixton Market version of Chaucer's "The Wife of Bath's Tale", The Fifth Figure (2006), about five generations of black British women, and Third World Girl: Selected Poems (2011).

Her theatrical appearances included leading roles, in 1987, in Edgar White's play The Moon Dance Night, and in Ntozake Shange's The Love Space Demands in 1992, for Talawa Theatre Company, directed by Yvonne Brewster, who also directed her in One Love by Kwame Dawes (Bristol Old Vic, 2001), as well as appearing in other productions such as The Prayer, directed by Michael Buffong at the Young Vic in 2000, and Geraldine Connor's Carnival Messiah at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in 2001.

She had schizophrenia from her early 20s and wrote poetry about what she herself called "madness". In April 2006, on the BBC Radio programme The Interview, Breeze gave her perspective on mental illness and advocated increased attention to the needs of people with schizophrenia who may not be given as much leeway as someone with a "talent" like hers.

She presented her work throughout the world, including tours performing in the Caribbean (notably at Jamaica's Calabash International Literary Festival), North America, Europe, South East Asia, and Africa, and was once described as a "one-woman festival". In her later years she lived between Leicester in England and Jamaica. On the publication in 2016 of her collection The Verandah Poems, released in March 2016 to mark her 60th birthday, Breeze explained its origin to David Katz in an interview for Caribbean Beat magazine: "I got very ill in England....As a matter of fact, I had two strokes and was in a coma for five days. So I decided to come and spend a year in Jamaica, to just get better. And when I came home, I spent all of my time sitting on the verandah, and I thought, why not write some verandah poems?"

Personal life
Born Jean Lumsden, she married Brian Breese in 1974 (adapting his surname to Breeze) and the couple had a son, before the marriage ended in 1978. Her son Gareth became a West Indies cricketer. She also had two daughters, Imega and Caribe. She married Simon Feathestone in 1998.

Explaining her nickname, Breeze said in a 2009 interview: "In the seventies in Jamaica when we were all beginning to chant in Kingston, we all chose African names. I told my friends: 'I want one that I can spell and pronounce!' One day a friend of mine, who is a famous comedian now, called Blakka, came to me and told me he found a name suited for me: Binta. When I asked him what it meant, he replied: 'Close to the heart.' Now when I came to England, I met some Irish people and they told me in Ireland bint means 'young girl' or 'prostitute'. Then I went to South-Africa and one of the tribal people over there told me in their culture a binta was a kind of a bag to travel with. In West-Africa binta is a popular name derived from Arabic and meaning 'daughter of', so these days I say I'm Jean, daughter of the breeze!"

Breeze died on 4 August 2021 of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at her home in Sandy Bay, Jamaica. Michael Rosen, who had appeared along with Breeze at the Ledbury Poetry Festival, paid tribute to her: "Her poetry and performance was an announcement about womanhood, ethnicity, colour, nationhood and in particular Jamaica." Carolyn Cooper wrote: "Breeze has left a legacy of poems, short stories, scripts for theatre and film as well as numerous recordings of her vibrant performances that will, indeed, endure. Her exceptional body of work confirms her place as a major figure in Caribbean literature. From the sturdy roots of dub poetry, Breeze branched out into other literary genres. But she never forgot the power of performance that is such a fundamental element of dub poetry."

Archives
The Bloodaxe Books Archive in Newcastle University's Special Collections and Archives holds a Jean "Binta" Breeze collection. It consists of letters and proofs relating to her published poetry works.

Honours and recognition
In 2003 Breeze was awarded a NESTA Fellowship of two years, to be held in Cambridge.

In 2004, she featured in the photograph "A Great Day in London" taken at the British Library of 50 Black and Asian writers who have made major contributions to British literature.

She was an Honorary Creative Writing Fellow at the School of English, University of Leicester.

Breeze was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2012 Queen's Birthday Honours, for services to literature.

In August 2018, Breeze's poem "dreamer" was among those by six poets (the others being James Berry, Kwame Dawes, Lorna Goodison, Grace Nichols, and Andrew Salkey) that were displayed on the London Underground in a set entitled "Windrush 70, A Celebration of Caribbean poetry" to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the arrival in Britain of the ship Empire Windrush from Jamaica in June 1948, which marked the beginning of the most significant West Indian post-World War II migration.

In 2018, Breeze received an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of Leicester, a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Jamaican Poetry Festival, and a silver Musgrave Medal from the Institute of Jamaica.

Books of poetry

 * Answers (Masani Productions, 1983)
 * Riddym Ravings and Other Poems (Race Today Publications, 1988, ISBN 9780947716141) edited by Mervyn Morris
 * Spring Cleaning (Virago Press, 1992, ISBN 9781853812538)
 * On the Edge of an Island (Bloodaxe Books, 1997, ISBN 9781852244057)
 * Song Lines (Gecko Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0952406785)
 * The Arrival of Brighteye and Other Poems (Bloodaxe Books, 2000, ISBN 9781852245382)
 * The Fifth Figure (Bloodaxe Books, 2006, ISBN 9781852247324)
 * Third World Girl: Selected Poems (Bloodaxe Books, 2011, ISBN 9781852249106), with live performances DVD
 * Third World Girl: Selected Poems (Bloodaxe Books, 2016, ISBN 9781780372853)

Albums
Source:
 * Riddym Ravings (1987), ROIR
 * Tracks (1991), LKJ Records
 * Hearsay (1994), 57 Productions
 * Riding on de Riddym (1997), 57 Productions
 * Eena Me Corner (2010), Arroyo Rec.

title: Jean "Binta" Breeze


text:
Crempog

The crempog (plural: crempogau) is a Welsh pancake made with flour, buttermilk, eggs, vinegar and salted butter. Traditionally made on bakestones or griddles, the crempog is one of the oldest recipes in Wales. They are also known as ffroes, pancos and cramoth and are normally served thickly piled into a stack and spread with butter. It is traditionally served at celebrations in Wales, such as Shrove Tuesday and birthdays.

Name
The word "crempog" has its origins in the Welsh language, but is similar to the Breton word krampouezh, which is also a type of pancake. Comparisons are often drawn between the two Celtic languages which share ancestry in the Brittonic language, though the krampouezh is more dainty than the crempog and is today closer to a crêpe than a pancake.

The English word crumpet may be derived from crempog or Cornish krampoeth.

History
The history of food in Wales is poorly documented, and much of what is known lies in verbal and archaeological evidence. Wales has a long history of baking using a bakestone (Welsh: maen), a large round portable flatstone. The flagstone was replaced by a metal plate known as a gradell (griddle), and these appeared among the list of objects made by blacksmiths in the Laws of Hywel Dda (13th century). Bakestones were commonly used throughout rural Wales for making flatbreads with evidence of their use found in farmhouses and in the homes of landed gentry. Early flat stones were placed on a tripod over an open fire, though in many areas, especially in south-west Wales, a specially designed circular iron frame with a half hoop handle was used. By the early decades of the twentieth century built-in wall ovens were common throughout kitchens in Wales, though these would be wood and coal burning. The tradition of using a bakestone coexisted with these newer ovens. Heating the large ovens was generally confined to one day a week and was used to make bread and cakes to last the family until the next week. These were augmented with whatever could be cooked over the open fireplace using the bakestone. Common foods cooked using this method were cacen radell (griddle cake), bara crai' (unleavened bread), cacen gri (speckled cakes) and crempog.

Although there is no documented evidence of the earliest crempog recipe, the basic ingredients, readily available in Wales suggests a long history. The recipe for crempog reflects very old cookery traditions that were once common throughout Britain. Bobby Freeman, writing in 1980, states that crempog, along with cawl, is the one Welsh ingredient to have endured from past times. Despite crempog being a staple of Welsh cuisine due to its ease of preparation in past times, it is also connected to traditional celebrations. Crempog was served on Shrove Tuesday throughout Wales and was associated with birthdays, especially in south Wales, where the stack of pancakes are cut down in wedges and served like a cake.

Preparation
For the standard crempog recipe, butter is melted in warm buttermilk and then poured into a well of flour and beaten. The mixture is meant to stand for a few hours. A second mixture is made using sugar, bicarbonate of soda, vinegar and beaten eggs. The mixtures are then combined to make a smooth, dense batter.

The thick batter is poured onto a hot bakestone or griddle, over a moderate heat. The crempog is cooked until golden on both sides and served in a stack with butter spread on each pancake.

Variants
In Anglesey and Caernarfonshire crempogau were prepared as crempog furum, a pancake made with yeast, or crempug wen where the normally coarse flour was replaced with refined flour. These pancakes were meant for the family of the house with the servants of the house being served crempog surgeirch or bara bwff, an oatmeal-based pancake.

Although crempog is the term most commonly associated with Welsh pancakes they were known by different names around the country. Crempog was the term most often used in north Wales, while in parts of Carmarthenshire and Glamorgan they were known as cramwythen (singular: cramoth). In other parts of Glamorgan they were known as ffrosen (plural: ffroes), while in Cardiganshire they were called poncagen (plural: poncagau). In some areas of both Cardiganshire and Carmarthenshire they were known as pancosen.

As with most meals there are no specific recipe for crempog. The Glamorganshire ffroes are almost identical to Scottish pancakes (drop scones), which may have been brought to the region by Scottish labourers during the industrialization of the south Wales coalfields, but the piling of them into a stack smothered in butter harks to Welsh traditions.

In poetry
A Welsh verse sung by children refers to crempogau:

 * Modryb Elin Enog
 * Os gwelwch chi'n dda ga i grempog?
 * Cew chithau de a siwgr brown
 * A phwdin lond eich ffedog
 * Modryb Elin Enog
 * Mae 'ngheg i'n grimp am grempog
 * Mae Mam rhy dlawd i brynu blawd
 * A Sian yn rhy ddiog i nol y triog
 * A 'nhad yn rhy wael i weithio
 * Os gwelwch chi'n dda ga i grempog

In English:

 * Auntie Elin Enog
 * Please may I have a pancake?
 * You can have tea and brown sugar
 * And your apron full of pudding
 * Auntie Elin Enog
 * My mouth is parched for pancakes
 * My mum is too poor to buy flour
 * And Sian is too lazy to get the treacle
 * And my father's too sick to work
 * Please may I have a pancake?

title: Crempog


text:
Infrared Optical Telescope Array

The Infrared Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) was a stellar interferometer array. IOTA began with an agreement in 1988 among five Institutions, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Harvard University, the University of Massachusetts Amherst, the University of Wyoming, and MIT/Lincoln Laboratory, to build a two-telescope stellar interferometer for the purpose of making fundamental astrophysical observations, and also as a prototype instrument on which they could perfect techniques which could later lead to the development of a larger, more powerful array. On site construction went on for all 1993 and 1994, with first fringes in December 1993. It is located at Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory.

In 2000 the third telescope came online providing closure phase observations, allowing aperture synthesis imaging to be performed for the first time at IOTA. The array was decommissioned and disassembled in summer 2006 due to lack of funding.

title: Infrared Optical Telescope Array


text:
Codex Astensis

The Codex Astensis is a medieval catalog of documents concerning the Asti region. Dating to the 14th century, it describes events related to the medieval commune of Asti from 1065 to 1353 CE.

History
The manuscript, which is called Malabayla, was discovered in February 1876 by Quintino Sella, the Italian ambassador to Austria at the time, in the archive of emperor Francis Joseph. When asked for a copy, the Austrian minister of foreign affairs officially gave Sella the manuscript, citing its historical importance.

After returning to Italy, Sella proposed its publication to the Accademia dei Lincei. The code was published in 1880. Four years after Sella's death, his heirs donated the Codex to the municipality of Asti as a gift.

title: Codex Astensis


text:
The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail

The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail (虎の尾を踏む男達) is a 1945 Japanese period drama film written and directed by Akira Kurosawa, based on the kabuki play Kanjinchō, which is in turn based on the Noh play Ataka. It depicts a famous 12th century incident in which Yoshitsune and a small group of samurai cross into enemy territory disguised as monks.

The film was initially banned by the occupying Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), likely due to its portrayal of feudal values. Kurosawa blamed bureaucratic sabotage by the wartime Japanese censors, who also disapproved. It was later released in 1952 following the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco.

Plot
In 1185, the Heike clan fights against the Minamoto clan. After a bloody naval battle in the Seto Inland Sea, Yoshitsune Minamoto defeats the enemy and the survivors commit suicide. When the triumphant Yoshitsune arrives in Kyoto, his brother, the Shogun Yoritomo, is uneasy and orders his men to arrest Yoshitsune. However, Yoshitsune escapes with six loyal samurai led by Benkei and they head to the country of his only friend Hidehira Fujiwara. Near the border, after crossing the forest disguised as monks, their porter discovers that they are Yoshitsune and the six samurai and advises that the fearful Kajiwara and his soldiers are waiting for them at the border to arrest them. Yoshitsune disguises himself as a porter and at the barrier, Benkei has to convince Kajiwara that they are six monks traveling to collect donations to repair the Todai temple in Nara.

Cast

 * Denjirō Ōkōchi as Benkei
 * Tadayoshi Nishina as Yoshitsune
 * Susumu Fujita as Togashi
 * Masayuki Mori as Kamei
 * Takashi Shimura as Kataoka
 * Ken'ichi Enomoto as porter
 * Akitake Kōno as Ise
 * Yoshio Kosugi as Suruga
 * Dekao Yokoo as Hitachibo
 * Yasuo Hisamatsu as Kajiwara's messenger
 * Shōji Kiyokawa as Togashi's messenger

Production
According to Stephen Prince, Akira Kurosawa was in preproduction on a film about the Battle of Nagashino and Oda Nobunaga's use of firearms to defeat an enemy clan mounted on horseback with swords and spears, but his vision surpassed his resources. In the last years of World War II, Japan was suffering from extreme privation and Toho had to make do with severely restricted means, such as spotty electricity often leaving them unable to light their sets. So Kurosawa switched to a new film, writing the script for The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail in a single night and promising the studio he would need only one set to make it.

Prince writes that Kurosawa subverts the famous twelfth-century incident that the film adapts by depicting Benkei in full Noh-style costume and "furnishing the seriousness and reverence that everyone expects from the story" with Noh flute and drum music throughout. The director also radically adds a new character in the porter played by comedian Ken'ichi Enomoto, whose "jabbering undercuts the pomposity of the feudal rituals". According to Prince, Japanese censors found it rude that Kurosawa was making fun of a sacred historical incident and, perhaps because of this, they did not give their file on the film to the censors of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers.

Release
Japanese censors failed to give a file on the film to the censors of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, thus 1945's The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail was banned as an "illegal, unreported" production. It was not released in Japan until 1952.

The Criterion Collection has released The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail on DVD in North America as part of two 2009 Kurosawa-centered box sets; The First Films of Akira Kurosawa, the 23rd entry in their Eclipse series, and AK 100: 25 Films by Akira Kurosawa.

Analysis
Critic David Conrad has said that the character of the porter, who does not exist in the original Noh or kabuki plays, prefigures Kurosawa's later commoner characters like the woodcutter in Rashomon and the villagers in Seven Samurai. "The presence of a low-class character among the high and mighty helps anchor the story in familiar ground, and the porter is free to express thoughts that proper samurai leave unsaid... Each of Kurosawa's later jidaigeki, and many of his gendaigeki as well, would use characters of different castes and classes to achieve something similar to this dynamic. His stories play out in three-dimensional social worlds, allowing him to explore events and themes from multiple perspectives."

title: The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail


text:
Antonine Itinerary

The Antonine Itinerary (Itinerarium Antonini Augusti, "Itinerary of the Emperor Antoninus") is an itinerarium, a register of the stations and distances along various roads. Seemingly based on official documents, possibly in part from a survey carried out under Augustus, it describes the roads of the Roman Empire. Owing to the scarcity of other extant records of this type, it is a valuable historical record.

Almost nothing is known of its author or the conditions of its compilation. Numerous manuscripts survive, the eight oldest dating to some point between the 7th to 10th centuries after the onset of the Carolingian Renaissance. Despite the title seeming to ascribe the work to the patronage of the 2nd-century Antoninus Pius, all surviving editions seem to trace to an original towards the end of the reign of Diocletian in the early 4th century. The most likely imperial patron—if the work had one—would have been Caracalla.

Iter Britanniarum
The British section is known as the Iter Britanniarum, and can be described as the 'road map' of Roman Britain. There are 15 such itineraries in the document applying to different geographic areas.

The itinerary measures distances in Roman miles, where 1,000 Roman paces equals one Roman mile. A Roman pace was two steps, left plus right, and was conventionally set at 5 Roman feet (0.296m), resulting in a Roman mile of approximately 1,480 m.

Examples
Below are the original Latin ablative forms for sites along route 13, followed by a translation with a possible (but not necessarily authoritative) name for the modern sites. A transcriber omitted an entry, so that the total number of paces did not equal the sum of paces between locations.

Below are the original Latin names for sites along route 14, followed by a translation with a possible (but not necessarily authoritative) name for the modern sites.

A confounding factor
De Situ Britanniae (made available c. 1749, published 1757) was a forgery by Charles Bertram that provided much spurious information on Roman Britain, including "itineraries" that overlapped the legitimate Antonine Itineraries, sometimes with contradicting information. Its authenticity was not seriously challenged until 1845, and it was still cited as an authoritative source until the late nineteenth century. By then, its false data had infected almost every account of ancient British history, and had been adopted into the Ordnance Survey maps, as General Roy and his successors believed it to be a legitimate source of information, on a par with the Antonine Itineraries. While the document is no longer cited since its authenticity became indefensible, its data has not been systematically removed from past and present works.

Some authors, such as Thomas Reynolds, without challenging the authenticity of the forgery, took care to note its discrepancies and challenge the quality of its information. This was not always so, even after the forgery was debunked.

Gonzalo Arias (died 2008) proposed that some of the distance anomalies in the British section of the Antonine Itinerary resulted from the loss of Latin grammatical endings, as these had marked junctions heading towards places, as distinct from the places themselves. However, Arias may not have taken account of earlier work indicating that distances were measured between the edges of administrative areas of named settlements as opposed to centre-to-centre, thereby explaining supposed distance shortfalls and providing additional useful data on the approximate sizes of such areas.

Hispania
There are 34 routes in the itinerary for the provinces of Hispania.

title: Antonine Itinerary


text: Category:Nancy Drew books

title: Category:Nancy Drew books


text:
Talk:History of African Americans in the Civil War

Text of the article was obtained from public domain site. Darwinek 17:03, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The current content is more reflective of "History of African Americans in the Union Army", rather than the Civil War in totality. Some additions from other public domain sources to make a reasonable balance for both sides would be nice. This article makes no mention of Black soldiers fighting on the Confederate side of the conflict. I know for a fact that there were blacks, both slave and free, fighting on both sides. While I'm not in any kind of position to prove it, there are sources of information out there. JD 20:17, 4 Mar, 2005 (CST)

The more info, the better.

I'm quite a bit more satisfied with the additions that've been made since I questioned the neutrality. I'll see if I can't dig anything up from folks this summer. --JD 09:53, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Ricetto

A ricetto was a small fortified area used in medieval Italian villages for storing agricultural products, livestock, and working tools. It was also sometimes used for protection of the residents in case of attack, particularly from marauders and bands of soldiers and mercenaries from invading armies. A ricetto typically consisted of multiple buildings enclosed within a thick pentagonal perimeter, sometimes accompanied by a guard tower.

title: Ricetto


text:
Bump 'n' Jump

Bump 'n' Jump is an overhead-view vehicular combat game developed by Data East and originally released in Japan as Burnin' Rubber (バーニンラバー). Distributed in North America by Bally Midway, the arcade version was available as both a dedicated board and as part of Data East's DECO Cassette System. The goal is to drive to the end of a course while knocking enemy vehicles into the sides of the track and jumping over large obstacles such as bodies of water.

The arcade game was a commercial success in Japan and North America. The game was ported to the Atari 2600, Intellivision, ColecoVision, Nintendo Entertainment System, and Sharp X1. The Famicom version of Burnin' Rubber was published as Buggy Popper (バギー・ポッパー) in Japan in October 1986.

Gameplay
The enemy vehicles are cars and trucks. Cars can be bumped into obstacles or jumped upon and destroyed, while trucks cannot be bumped; they can only be jumped upon to destroy them, and will sometimes drop obstacles that will destroy the player or one extra life. At the end of each level players receive bonus points for the number of enemy vehicles crashed. Going from one level to another is characterized by a change of seasons. Players get points for bumping other cars and causing the other cars to crash.

When a large obstacle which needs to jumped over, such as a body of water, is approaching, then the game displays a flashing exclamation point as a warning.

Ports

Mattel Electronics licensed Bump 'n' Jump from Data East and in 1983 released an Intellivision version and then a version for the Atari 2600. They also produced a version for ColecoVision distributed by Coleco in 1984.

Data East released a port of Burnin' Rubber as Buggy Popper for the Famicom in Japan in October 8, 1986. It was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America by Vic Tokai in December 1988 as Bump 'n' Jump. Adding a level of complexity, the NES version of the game also requires that players pick up cans of gasoline that are interspersed throughout each course, as their car uses up fuel steadily throughout the game if the car goes too fast.

Reception
In Japan, Burnin' Rubber was the ninth highest-grossing arcade game of 1982. In the United States, Bump 'n' Jump was among the thirteen highest-grossing arcade games of 1983.

Legacy
In 1996, Next Generation listed it as number 65 on their "Top 100 Games of All Time", lauding the innovative jumping and bumping mechanics, the variety of cars, and the strong sensation of speed and tension.

The arcade version was made available on the PlayStation Portable in North America by G1M2 with its original title. The game also appears on the Data East Arcade Classics compilation with its original name.

Two clones were released for the Commodore 64. Burnin' Rubber in 1983 uses the chorale parts of Johann Sebastian Bach's Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben cantata for the soundtrack. Bumping Buggies was produced in 1984.

High scores
On 25 December 2011, Charlie Wehner of Missouri beat the arcade version's world record with a score of 3,175,880. On 14 September 2013, John McNeill of Brisbane, Australia claimed the world record with a score of 5,869,264 but due to ownership issues with Twin Galaxies at the time, the score was not officially recognised until 5 January 2015.

The world record using MAME was achieved by John McNeill of Brisbane, Australia on 2 March 2012 with a score of 2,531,168.

title: Bump 'n' Jump


text:
361 Bononia

361 Bononia is a very large, resonant  Hilda asteroid located in the outermost region of the asteroid belt. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably composed of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 11 March 1893, in Nice, and assigned the prov. designations and.

title: 361 Bononia


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User:Wikipedian231/extrapage

"“Ireland has a drugs problem. But beyond this simple statement we must also recognise that Ireland's drugs problem is primarily an opiates problem — mainly heroin. And beyond this, we must recognise that Ireland's heroin problem is principally a Dublin phenomenon.” — Pat Rabbitte"

1970
Heroin use in Ireland has always centred around Dublin, and to a lesser extent Cork city. Heroin abuse became a major problem in inner-city Dublin in the late 1970s. Prior to the 70s, there was no evidence of anything more than isolated use of heroin. In December 1968, the then Minister for Health, Seán Flanagan, established a working party to investigate the extent of drug abuse at the time and advise the government. Their 1971 report couldn't find any evidence of significant use of heroin, which they attributed to the difficulty of obtaining supplies at that time. Drug use was limited mostly to cannabis and LSD. These drugs were seen as part of student subculture; Dr. Hugh Byrne, a TD debating what was to be the 1977 Misuse of Drugs Act, described Trinity College Dublin as “a nest and a hive for the production of LSD [...] leaflets containing the formula of LSD have been freely sold around the campus”. He blamed this activity on foreign students in areas of “advanced study”

The main treatment centre for drug users was at Jervis Street Hospital. The National Drug Advisory and treatment Centre was founded there in 1969. In 1973, the Coolmine therapeutic community was founded as a voluntary body to provide a structure for people to “maintain a drug-free existence”.

In 1979, there was a dramatic increase in supply of heroin to Western Europe, usually attributed to the fall of the Shah in Iran and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This marked the start of an epidemic in inner-city Dublin.

1980
The number of heroin users in Dublin continued to grow in the early 1980s. The 1983 Bradshaw Report found that in north central Dublin, 10% of 15—24 year olds had used heroin within the previous year, the figure was 12% for 15—19 year olds and 13% for females of the latter age group. The report also confirmed Dublin as a centre for heroin use, with only three or four heroin users in Cork and Galway.

Following this report, the government created a Special Governmental Task Force on Drug Abuse in April 1983. Their report recommended funding community facilities in deprived areas, but this was at odds with government policy and the time, so the report went unpublished. The government's position at the time was that drug abusers were primarily victims of their own choices, rather than their socio-economic circumstances. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1984 was enacted to provide for tougher punishments than the 1977 Act.

The 80s also saw the rise of community groups which organised themselves to rid their local areas of drugs. Priests, politicians and even IRA figures took part in residents' associations in areas such as Fatima Mansions, the Hardwicke Street flats, St. Teresa's Gardens and Dolphin House. Groups met to name and shame drug dealers, giving them the choice to either stop dealing or to get out of the area. These actions moved onto patrols by residents, checkpoints to search vehicles for drugs, forced evictions and other vigilante actions. These local groups got together and adopted a constitution in February 1984, naming themselves ‘Concerned Parents Against Drugs’.

The Drug Treatment Centre Board moved to Trinity Court in 1988 following the closure of Jervis Street hospital.

The most significant event of the decade was the arrival of the HIV/AIDS epidemic to Ireland. The first diagnosed case of AIDS was in 1982. Early cases before 1987 were found in homosexual men, this soon spread to intravenous drug users, overtaking cases amongst homosexual men. A survey by the Department of Health in 1986 found that 30% of IV drug users were HIV positive.

1990
There were an estimated 13,460 opiate users in Ireland in 1996. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ireland was most active in the intravenous drug user population. Treatment in centres such as Trinity Court required a commitment from the patient to achieve abstinence from drugs. In light of the HIV epidemic, this policy was revised in 1992 to one of harm reduction. This different approach recognised that the harms of drug use, such as the spread of HIV, were of a greater danger to society than drug use itself. Harm reduction was implemented in the form of methadone maintenance and needle exchange programmes.

The first needle exchange opened in 1989 and there were about eleven others by the end of the 90s. There are now plans to offer needle exchange services at pharmacies.

title: User:Wikipedian231/extrapage


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362 Havnia

Havnia (minor planet designation: 362 Havnia) is a typical Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 12 March 1893 in Nice, France.

It is spinning with a rotation period of 16.92 hours. The inferred shape of this object resembles a Maclaurin spheroid.

title: 362 Havnia


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Treehouse of Horror IV

"Treehouse of Horror IV" is the fifth episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons and the fourth episode in the Treehouse of Horror series of Halloween specials. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 28, 1993, and features three short stories called "The Devil and Homer Simpson", "Terror at $5 1/2$ Feet", and "Bart Simpson's Dracula".

The episode was co-written by Conan O'Brien, Bill Oakley, Josh Weinstein, Greg Daniels, Dan McGrath, and Bill Canterbury, and directed by David Silverman. As with the rest of the Halloween specials, the episode is considered non-canon and falls outside the show's regular continuity. The episode makes cultural references to television series such as The Twilight Zone, Night Gallery, and Peanuts, as well as films such as The Devil and Daniel Webster, Bram Stoker's Dracula and The Lost Boys. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 14.5, and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired.

Plot
In the wraparound, Bart introduces each of the three segments by walking through a gallery of paintings and each time choosing one of them as the focus of his story.

In "The Devil and Homer Simpson", Homer sells his soul to the devil, who takes the form of Ned Flanders, for a donut. After Marge and Lisa plead with Ned, he agrees to put Homer on trial. At the trial, Marge saves Homer from being sent to Hell by displaying a photo from their wedding day. On the back of the photo, Homer has written that, in return for Marge giving him her hand in marriage, he pledges his soul to her forever; therefore, it was not his property to sell at the time of his deal with Ned. The case is dismissed, and Ned frees Homer, but Ned gets his revenge by turning Homer's head into a donut.

In "Terror at $5 1/2$ Feet", Bart tries to warn the passengers on the school bus that a gremlin is loosening the lug nuts on one of the wheels, but nobody can see the gremlin. In desperation, Bart climbs halfway out the window to scare off the gremlin with an emergency flare. As Bart is pulled back into the bus by Principal Skinner and Groundskeeper Willie, he drops the flare on the gremlin, who catches fire and falls from the bus, but is found by Ned. Even though everyone sees the damage when they make it to school, Bart is sent to a psychiatric hospital for his disruptive behavior. Bart is relieved as he is finally able to rest, but is once again petrified when the gremlin appears in the back window of the ambulance, holding Ned's severed head.

In "Bart Simpson's Dracula", the Simpson family is invited to Mr. Burns' castle in Pennsylvania for a midnight feast. Bart and Lisa discover a secret staircase descending to a basement with coffins. Vampires emerge from the coffins and encircle them while Lisa reads through Burns' autobiography Yes, I Am a Vampire. Lisa escapes and tries to warn her parents that Burns has bitten Bart, but Homer and Marge pay little attention until Bart tries to bite Lisa later that night. Homer drives a stake through Burns' heart, and kills him, as Lisa believes doing so will restore Bart. The next morning, Lisa discovers that everyone else in the Simpson family is a vampire, and Marge is their leader. The family breaks the fourth wall and wishes the audience a happy Halloween; they then begin humming "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing".

Credits
In all Simpsons Treehouse of Horror shows, the names on the credits include middle name nicknames, in quotation marks, which reflect some association with Halloween or horror.

Conan O'Brien's credits all reference his new role as host of Late Night with Conan O'Brien, including a credit that says "Watch Conan O'Brien" and another which says "Watch My Show" as his "middle" name. O'Brien had just begun his tenure on September 13, 1993, roughly a month before the 1993 Treehouse of Horror episode aired.

Production

"Treehouse of Horror IV" was directed by David Silverman and co-written by Conan O'Brien (his final assignment for The Simpsons; by the time this episode aired, his brand-new late night show on NBC had been on for a little over a month), Bill Oakley, Josh Weinstein, Greg Daniels, Dan McGrath, and Bill Canterbury. O'Brien worked on the "wrap-arounds" of Bart introducing each segment to make sure that they "pulled" the episode together. The wrap-arounds are based on Rod Serling's television series Night Gallery, in which Serling appears at an art gallery and introduces each episode by unveiling paintings depicting the stories. Executive producer James L. Brooks loved the show, so it was "great fun" for him to do the parody. Show runner David Mirkin thought the Treehouse of Horror episodes were the hardest episodes to do because the staff had to fit in all three stories in only 22 minutes. Mirkin said, "Things had to happen really fast. They're really just crammed with jokes and story beats and everything."

"The Devil and Homer Simpson" was written by Daniels and McGrath. The first time Devil Flanders appears, he resembles the devil Chernabog from Fantasia (1940); Silverman particularly admired the animation in that sequence. Oakley loved the idea of Flanders being the Devil because he was the character whom viewers would least expect. He also thought Harry Shearer did a good job of playing Flanders in a much darker way, while remaining very true to the character. Many scenes had to be cut to shorten the segment, including one that showed Homer's severed head being used as a bowling ball by a demon in hell. This scene later appeared in the clip show episode "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular", which aired in the show's seventh season.

"Terror at $5 1/2$ Feet" was written by Oakley and Weinstein. It was inspired by The Twilight Zone episode "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet", in which William Shatner's character is inside an airplane watching a gremlin tear apart the wing. Silverman watched the episode to get inspiration for Bart's facial expressions. Oakley said there was a lot of work put into the design of the gremlin in "Terror at $5 1/2$ Feet" to make him scary "within The Simpsons universe". Mirkin said he felt the gremlin was well-done because he looked scary and "yet it looks like a completely organic Simpsons character". Üter, a German exchange student, makes his first appearance in this segment; he was conceived as a one-time joke, but reappeared in later episodes because Mirkin felt he was "such a perfect stereotype".

"Bart Simpson's Dracula" was written by Canterbury and based on Francis Ford Coppola's film Bram Stoker's Dracula. Mirkin was a big fan of the film and pushed for a segment inspired by it. He liked the final result and felt Mr. Burns was perfect in the role of Dracula. Dracula and his castle were designed by Silverman. Mirkin, a "big" Peanuts fan, came up with the idea for the ending of "Bart Simpson's Dracula".

Cultural references
The wrap-around segments are a reference to Rod Serling's Night Gallery. The paintings seen in these segments are parodies of well-known works, including van Gogh's Self-Portrait, September 1889, Munch's The Scream, Magritte's The Son of Man, David's The Death of Marat, Dalí's The Persistence of Memory, Picasso's Three Musicians and Escher's Ascending and Descending, all featuring members of the Simpson family. (The last painting, shown before "Bart Simpson's Dracula", is Dogs Playing Poker.) Marge says that the following episode is scary, and that maybe viewers should listen to the War of the Worlds broadcast instead.

"The Devil and Homer Simpson" is a parody of Stephen Vincent Benét's story "The Devil and Daniel Webster". The first time the Devil appears, he resembles the demon Chernabog from Fantasia. After Homer discovers a technicality and boasts that he's "smarter than the devil" the Devil turns into the Chernabog-esque demon and intones, "I'll see you in Hell yet, Homer Simpson!" The scene in Hell where Homer is fed all the doughnuts in the world, and asks for more, is a direct parody of the cartoon Pigs is Pigs, in which the character Piggy is taken in by a scientist and forced to eat all the food in the world. The demon who feeds Homer all the donuts in the world says: "I don't understand it. James Coco went mad in fifteen minutes!" Coco was an actor known for his culinary talents and best-selling cookbooks. The "jury of the damned" includes John Wilkes Booth, Lizzie Borden, John Dillinger, Blackbeard, Benedict Arnold, Richard Nixon (who points out that he is not yet dead) and the starting lineup of the 1976 Philadelphia Flyers, a reference to their days as the Broad Street Bullies, when they were notorious for their violent playing style.

"Terror at $5 1/2$ Feet" is a parody of The Twilight Zone episode "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet", later remade as the final segment of Twilight Zone: The Movie. In the school bus, Martin wears a shirt reading Wang Computers. Bart tells Otto there's a gremlin on the side of the bus. Hans Moleman is beside the bus driving an AMC Gremlin. Otto, assuming this is what he's referring to, sags "No problemo, Bart dude!" and runs Moleman off the road.

"Bart Simpson's Dracula" is a parody of Francis Ford Coppola's Bram Stoker's Dracula. At Burns' castle, Lisa notices a tome resting on a stand in the basement: ''Yes, I Am a Vampire, by Monty Burns. Foreword by Steve Allen''. Shortly after she finds the tome, she mistakes Bart's fearful attempts at getting her attention as impressions of Shemp and Curly Howard of the Three Stooges. Bart floating outside Lisa's bedroom window is a parody of The Lost Boys as well as Stephen King's novel Salem's Lot. The family's plan to kill the head vampire is also a reference to both the film and novel. In particular, the twist revelation that Burns is not the head vampire is also a reference to the twist ending of The Lost Boys. The segment ends with the family singing "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" à la A Charlie Brown Christmas.

Alf Clausen's closing credits composition is a version of the Simpsons theme that combines the electric guitar used in The Munsters theme with the harpsichord and clicking from The Addams Family theme.

Reception
In its original American broadcast, "Treehouse of Horror IV" finished 17th in the ratings for the week of October 25 to October 31, 1993, with a Nielsen rating of 14.5, translating to 13.6 million households. The episode was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week.

Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, said the episode included many notable sequences and was "probably the best" Treehouse of Horror episode. They particularly liked the scenes in Hell where Homer is punished by the Devil, and Chief Wiggum's attempts to deal with Dracula (who he thinks is a mummy) by ordering the Egyptian wing of the Springfield museum to be destroyed. DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson thought "Terror at $5 1/2$ Feet" was the best segment of the episode. Jacobson praised "The Devil and Homer Simpson" as clever funny, and described "Bart Simpson's Dracula" as "easily the least effective", claiming it, "presents some good moments but never quite takes flight". Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode an A grade and called it "one of the very best" Halloween specials, although said "Treehouse of Horror V" was better. Central Michigan Life's John Thorpe named it the tenth best episode of the series, and wrote: "The best part comes when Homer decides not to eat the last part of the doughnut, thus saving him from hell. Hilarious." DVD Talk's Bill Gibron gave the episode a 4 out of 5 score.

Kim Nowacki of Yakima Herald-Republic named "Treehouse of Horror IV" her "all-time favorite" episode. She praised the parodies of The Twilight Zone and A Charlie Brown Christmas. The episode's reference to Bram Stoker's Dracula was named the 32nd greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film ' s Nathan Ditum. James Whitbrook of Gizmodo called "Bart Simpson's Dracula" the "best sketch in what is the best Treehouse of Horror."

title: Treehouse of Horror IV


text:
363 Padua

Padua (minor planet designation: 363 Padua) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 17 March 1893 in Nice. It was named after the city of Padua, near Venice, Italy.

Richard P. Binzel and Schelte Bus further added to the knowledge about this asteroid in a lightwave survey published in 2003. This project was known as Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey, Phase II or SMASSII, which built on a previous survey of the main-belt asteroids. The visible-wavelength (0.435-0.925 micrometre) spectra data was gathered between August 1993 and March 1999.

Lightcurve data has also been recorded by observers at the Antelope Hill Observatory, which has been designated as an official observatory by the Minor Planet Center.

title: 363 Padua


text:
364 Isara

Isara (minor planet designation: 364 Isara) is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 March 1893, by French astronomer Auguste Charlois at the Nice Observatory in southeast France. The asteroid was named after the Isère River in France.

Orbit and classification
Isara is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.

It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,209 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Vienna Observatory in April 1900, seven years after to its official discovery observation at Nice.

Physical characteristics
In the Tholen classification, Isara is a common stony S-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type of the Flora family.

Rotation period
In 2009, photometric observations of Isara were made by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado, by amateur astronomer René Roy at Blauvac Observatory (627) in France, and by a group of Polish astronomers led by Agnieszka Kryszczyńska of the Polish Astronomical Society. The resulting asymmetrical lightcurves showed a synodic rotation period between 9.151 and 9.157 hours with a brightness variation between 0.30 and 0.40 in magnitude (U=3/3/2+).

The results agree with the first rotational lightcurve was already obtained in the 1960s (U=2).

Spin axis
In 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 9.15751 hours and found two spin axis of (282.0°, 44.0°) and (86.0°, 42.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (Q=2).

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Isara measures between 25.901 and 35.209 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1625 and 0.300.

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopt the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2566 and a diameter of 27.99 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.86.

364 Isara has been observed to occult 4 stars between 2002 and 2023.

Naming
This minor planet was named after the Isère River in south eastern France. ("Isara" is an early name for this river.) The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 40).

title: 364 Isara


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Neighbourhood (mathematics)

In topology and related areas of mathematics, a neighbourhood (or neighborhood) is one of the basic concepts in a topological space. It is closely related to the concepts of open set and interior. Intuitively speaking, a neighbourhood of a point is a set of points containing that point where one can move some amount in any direction away from that point without leaving the set.

Neighbourhood of a point
If $$X$$ is a topological space and $$p$$ is a point in $$X,$$ then a neighbourhood of $$p$$ is a subset $$V$$ of $$X$$ that includes an open set $$U$$ containing $$p$$, $$p \in U \subseteq V \subseteq X.$$

This is equivalent to the point $$p \in X$$ belonging to the topological interior of $$V$$ in $$X.$$

The neighbourhood $$V$$ need not be an open subset of $$X.$$ When $$V$$ is open (resp. closed, compact, etc.) in $$X,$$ it is called an  (resp. closed neighbourhood, compact neighbourhood, etc.). Some authors require neighbourhoods to be open, so it is important to note their conventions.

A set that is a neighbourhood of each of its points is open since it can be expressed as the union of open sets containing each of its points. A closed rectangle, as illustrated in the figure, is not a neighbourhood of all its points; points on the edges or corners of the rectangle are not contained in any open set that is contained within the rectangle.

The collection of all neighbourhoods of a point is called the neighbourhood system at the point.

Neighbourhood of a set
If $$S$$ is a subset of a topological space $$X$$, then a neighbourhood of $$S$$ is a set $$V$$ that includes an open set $$U$$ containing $$S$$,$$S \subseteq U \subseteq V \subseteq X.$$It follows that a set $$V$$ is a neighbourhood of $$S$$ if and only if it is a neighbourhood of all the points in $$S.$$ Furthermore, $$V$$ is a neighbourhood of $$S$$ if and only if $$S$$ is a subset of the interior of $$V.$$ A neighbourhood of $$S$$ that is also an open subset of $$X$$ is called an  of $$S.$$ The neighbourhood of a point is just a special case of this definition.

In a metric space
In a metric space $$M = (X, d),$$ a set $$V$$ is a neighbourhood of a point $$p$$ if there exists an open ball with center $$p$$ and radius $$r>0,$$ such that $$B_r(p) = B(p; r) = \{ x \in X : d(x, p) < r \}$$ is contained in $$V.$$

$$V$$ is called a uniform neighbourhood of a set $$S$$ if there exists a positive number $$r$$ such that for all elements $$p$$ of $$S,$$ $$B_r(p) = \{ x \in X : d(x, p) < r \}$$ is contained in $$V.$$

Under the same condition, for $$r > 0,$$ the $$r$$-neighbourhood $$S_r$$ of a set $$S$$ is the set of all points in $$X$$ that are at distance less than $$r$$ from $$S$$ (or equivalently, $$S_r$$ is the union of all the open balls of radius $$r$$ that are centered at a point in $$S$$): $$S_r = \bigcup\limits_{p\in{}S} B_r(p).$$

It directly follows that an $$r$$-neighbourhood is a uniform neighbourhood, and that a set is a uniform neighbourhood if and only if it contains an $$r$$-neighbourhood for some value of $$r.$$

Examples
Given the set of real numbers $$\R$$ with the usual Euclidean metric and a subset $$V$$ defined as $$V := \bigcup_{n \in \N} B\left(n\,;\,1/n \right),$$ then $$V$$ is a neighbourhood for the set $$\N$$ of natural numbers, but is a uniform neighbourhood of this set.

Topology from neighbourhoods
The above definition is useful if the notion of open set is already defined. There is an alternative way to define a topology, by first defining the neighbourhood system, and then open sets as those sets containing a neighbourhood of each of their points.

A neighbourhood system on $$X$$ is the assignment of a filter $$N(x)$$ of subsets of $$X$$ to each $$x$$ in $$X,$$ such that
 * 1) the point $$x$$ is an element of each $$U$$ in $$N(x)$$
 * 2) each $$U$$ in $$N(x)$$ contains some $$V$$ in $$N(x)$$ such that for each $$y$$ in $$V,$$ $$U$$ is in $$N(y).$$

One can show that both definitions are compatible, that is, the topology obtained from the neighbourhood system defined using open sets is the original one, and vice versa when starting out from a neighbourhood system.

Uniform neighbourhoods
In a uniform space $$S = (X, \Phi),$$ $$V$$ is called a uniform neighbourhood of $$P$$ if there exists an entourage $$U \in \Phi$$ such that $$V$$ contains all points of $$X$$ that are $$U$$-close to some point of $$P;$$ that is, $$U[x] \subseteq V$$ for all $$x \in P.$$

Deleted neighbourhood
A deleted neighbourhood of a point $$p$$ (sometimes called a punctured neighbourhood) is a neighbourhood of $$p,$$ without $$\{p\}.$$ For instance, the interval $$(-1, 1) = \{y : -1 < y < 1\}$$ is a neighbourhood of $$p = 0$$ in the real line, so the set $$(-1, 0) \cup (0, 1) = (-1, 1) \setminus \{0\}$$ is a deleted neighbourhood of $$0.$$ A deleted neighbourhood of a given point is not in fact a neighbourhood of the point. The concept of deleted neighbourhood occurs in the definition of the limit of a function and in the definition of limit points (among other things).

title: Neighbourhood (mathematics)


text:
365 Corduba

Corduba (minor planet designation: 365 Corduba) is a very large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 21 March 1893 from Nice. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 6.551 ± 0.002 hours and a brightness variation of 0.05 in magnitude. This differs somewhat from a 2004 study that gave a period of 6.354 hours, but this difference may be explained by the small magnitude variation which tends to increase the randomizing effect of noise in the data.

title: 365 Corduba


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Battle of Lwów (1920)

During the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 the city of Lwów (modern Lviv, Ukraine) was attacked by the forces of Alexander Ilyich Yegorov. Since mid-June 1920 the 1st Cavalry Army of Semyon Budyonny was trying to reach the city from the north and east. At the same time Lwów was preparing its defenses. The inhabitants raised and fully equipped three regiments of infantry and two regiments of cavalry as well as constructed defensive lines. The city was defended by an equivalent of three Polish divisions aided by one Ukrainian infantry division. Finally after almost a month of heavy fighting on August 16 the Red Army crossed the Southern Bug River and, reinforced by additional 8 divisions of the Red Cossacks, started an assault on the city. The fighting occurred with heavy casualties on both sides, but after three days the assault was halted and the Red Army retreated. With the crushing defeat of the main forces of the Red Army in the battle of Warsaw, and the Polish victories at Komarów and Zadwórze, the Russian forces were forced to retreat from Lwów.

For the heroic defense with large units of locally raised volunteers the city was awarded with the Virtuti Militari medal on 11 November 1920.

Commanders and forces
Polish commanders included Czesław Mączyński, Domaszewicz (240), Zagórski (240), Tatar-Trześniowski (240), Abraham (cavalry), Krynicki, Śniadowski (artillery), Wit Sulimirski. Rómmel (1st Cavalry Division). Units: 240 Volunteers. Size: volunteers ~12,000. 1st Cavalry Division.

Soviet commanders included Semyon Budyonny, Jakira (cavalry), Grigory Kotovsky (cavalry). Budyonny's insistence (bordering on insubordination) on capturing Lwów has led to weakening Soviet forces near Warsaw and was a factor in their eventual defeat.

The battle
Around the time of Battle of Radzymin in mid-August, the Polish line of defense in the upper Bug River region had been breached by the Red Army. Polish units in that region had begun a series of delaying maneuvers (like the battle of Zadwórze) and retreated towards Lwów. Polish 1st Cavalry Division engaged Soviet units under Budyonny near Artasowo and Żółtańce.

On 12 Aug., Budyonny received orders for the Konarmiya "to destroy the enemy on the right bank of the Bug in the shortest possible time and, having forced the river, to follow on the heels of retreating Third and Sixth Polish Armies and seize the city of Lwow." Budyonny started a three prong attack on 13 Aug., and was at Lopatyn on 14 Aug. On 15 Aug., his 6th Cavalry Division swam the river and came within nine miles of Lwow, despite being counter-attacked by the Poles, which included twenty planes. However, on 16 Aug., he received orders from Tukhachevsky ordering Budyonny to march to Ustilug-Wlodzimierz. Budyonny continued to advance so that Lwow was surrounded on three sides. Yet on the evening of 19 Aug., Budyonny received news of the Polish counter-offensive, and abandoned the siege of Lwow on 20 Aug.

Related battles
Several battles near Lwów were decisive for the outcome of the entire war. They included:
 * The Battle of Zadwórze on 17 August ended in the near total destruction of Polish forces, but at the same time halted the Soviet advance preventing the forces of Siemion Budionnyi from either advancing towards unprepared Lwów or breaking off and helping the Soviet forces fighting in the Battle of Warsaw.
 * The Battle of Komarów on 31 August 1920, the world's largest cavalry battle, since 1813 and the last great battle in which cavalry was used as such and not as mounted infantry. The Battle of Komarów was a complete disaster for the Russian 1st Cavalry Army which sustained heavy casualties and barely avoided being totally surrounded. After that battle, the 1st Cavalry Army morale had collapsed and the army which was one of the most feared of the Soviet troops was no longer considered an effective fighting force.

title: Battle of Lwów (1920)


text:
Air Nova

Air Nova was a Canadian regional airline based in Enfield, Nova Scotia, Canada that became part of Air Canada Regional in 2001. In 2002 the merger of Air BC, Air Ontario, Air Nova and Canadian Regional Airlines was merged into a new airline named: Air Canada Jazz.

History
After the consolidation of Air Alliance, Air Nova served 28 destinations throughout eastern Canada and the United States.

Air Nova was a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada.

Fleet
During Air Nova's service they operated the following aircraft:

title: Air Nova


text:
Swansea Castle

Swansea Castle (Welsh: Castell Abertawe) is located in the city centre of Swansea, Wales, UK. It was founded by Henry de Beaumont in 1107 as the caput of the lordship of Gower. The castle is now ruined and only two blocks remain, though the site has been improved in the 2010s for use as a public space.

Location
Swansea Castle is located on the east side of the city centre, facing Castle Square (the River Tawe used to flow a short distance east on what is now the Strand). Originally covering 4.6 acre, the surviving remains of the square castle include residential blocks, together with a section of parapet wall forming an L-shape to the southeast. There are five tunnel-vaulted basement rooms.

The first castles
Henry de Beaumont was granted the Lordship of Gower in 1106 and he began to solidify the control of the Normans in the area. A timber castle existed in Swansea in 1116, when it was recorded as being attacked by Welsh forces who destroyed the outer defences.

The original castle seems to have been a sub-rectangular/oval enclosure overlooking the River Tawe on the east, surrounded on the north, west and south sides by a larger sub-rectangular outer bailey. The inner bailey probably contained a motte but the other view is that it was a ring work. The motte (or ring work) was 52 m in diameter (only second in size to Cardiff Castle) and survived to the early 20th century.

The castle was besieged and captured in 1192 by Rhys ap Gruffydd, Prince of Deheubarth. Despite 10 weeks of starvation the castle was saved.

After various other unsuccessful attacks the castle fell in 1217 but was restored to the English in 1220 as part of the settlement between Llywelyn ap Iorwerth and Henry III of England.

The castle was rebuilt in stone, probably between 1221 and 1284 (described now as the "New Castle"), firstly the inner castle with at least one tower, finally the large outer bailey.

The only visible remains today, two sides of the rectangular South East corner of the "new castles outer bailey, were built in the late 13th or early 14th century. The south face (which ends in a tall garderobe tower) is capped with an elegant series of arcades at the wall-head, which are similar to structures at the Bishop of Saint David's palaces at Lamphey and St David's.

14th to 19th centuries
By the 14th century the castle was losing its military importance. Alina de Mowbray ruled the Gower until 1331 when her son John de Mowbray took over as Lord of Gower. He was probably responsible for adding the arcaded parapet walk to the castle.

Despite the Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr, which saw a number of English castles attacked in the early years of the 1400s, it is not known whether Swansea fell to these forces. Swansea Castle's account books only record that two men were sent north to gather intelligence on Glyndŵr's activities.

The castle owners were subsequently absentee landlords. By 1650 the castle was described as "a decayed Buildinge". By the 1670s the square tower was being used as a bottle factory and, in 1700, a town hall was built in the castle courtyard. By the mid 1700s the Great Hall had become Swansea's workhouse. The town hall was replaced by a post office in the 1800s and, by 1850, a military Drill Room had replaced the workhouse. The River Tawe, which had flowed near to the castle, was straightened and diverted during the 1840s.

20th and 21st centuries
Part of the interior of the castle, in particular the large motte, was demolished 1909–1913 for the construction of a newspaper office. In the very early 1930s, poet Dylan Thomas worked for the South Wales Daily Post at the castle site. The newspaper offices were removed in 1976 and the remains of the castle were later consolidated and opened up to view from the street.

As a Scheduled Ancient Monument, it was given a Grade I heritage listing in 1952.

The castle was fenced off and only opened to the public on rare occasions, most recently for public tours in 2012 to coincide with St Davids Day. In the early 2010s a project was launched, funded by the European Regional Development Fund and Welsh Government, to open up the castle to the public on a more permanent basis with a stone paved courtyard and information panels. Demountable stairs were planned, to access the upper floors. The intention was to have public tours, events such as markets and for the castle to feature as part of a Swansea castle trail.

title: Swansea Castle


text:
Thomas Murphy (Irish republican)

Thomas Murphy (Tomás Mac Murchaidh: born 26 August 1949), also known as Slab, is an Irish republican, believed to be a former Chief of Staff of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. His farm straddles County Armagh and County Louth on the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In December 2015, Murphy was found guilty on nine counts of tax evasion following a lengthy investigation by the Criminal Assets Bureau of the Republic of Ireland. In February 2016, Murphy was jailed and sentenced to 18 months in prison. One of three brothers, Murphy is a lifelong bachelor who lived on the Louth side of his farm before his imprisonment.

IRA involvement
Murphy was allegedly involved with the South Armagh Brigade of the IRA before being elected chief of staff by the IRA Army Council. Toby Harnden (ex-correspondent for the Daily Telegraph) named him as planning the Warrenpoint ambush of 1979, in which 18 British soldiers were killed, and he was also allegedly implicated in the Mullaghmore bombing the same day, which killed four people (including two children and Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma). Murphy was involved in smuggling huge stockpiles of weapons from Libya in the 1980s and was a member of the Army Council that decided to end its first ceasefire with the 1996 Docklands bombing in London that killed two men.

Accused by the Sunday Times of directing an IRA bombing campaign in Britain, in 1987 Murphy unsuccessfully sued the paper for libel in Dublin. The original verdict was overturned by the court of appeal because of omissions in the judge's summing up and there was a retrial, which Murphy also lost. At the retrial, both Sean O'Callaghan and Eamon Collins, former members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, testified against Murphy, as did members of the Gardaí, Irish customs officials, British Army and local TD Brendan McGahon. Collins, who had also written a book about his experiences, Killing Rage, was beaten and killed by having a spike driven through his face, near his home in Newry eight months later. In 1998, a Dublin court dismissed Murphy's case after a high-profile trial, during which Murphy stated that he had: "Never been a member of the IRA, no way" and claimed not to know where the Maze prison was. The jury ruled, however, that he was an IRA commander and a smuggler.

The Sunday Times subsequently published statements given by Adrian Hopkins, the skipper who ferried weapons from Libya to the IRA, to the French authorities who intercepted the fifth and final Eksund shipment. Hopkins detailed how Murphy met a named Libyan agent in Greece, paid for the weapons to be imported, and helped unload them when they arrived in Ireland. According to A Secret History of the IRA by Ed Moloney, Murphy has been the IRA Army Council's chief of staff since 1997. Toby Harnden's Bandit Country: The IRA & South Armagh also details Murphy's IRA involvement.

On 20 September 2016 the BBC's Spotlight aired a programme in which an alleged British spy who had infiltrated the IRA claimed that in 2006, Murphy had demanded the killing of Denis Donaldson – an IRA member and British informer – in order to maintain discipline. The BBC said it had tried to contact Murphy but had received no reply. He has yet to respond to the allegation. On 23 September 2016, the Donaldson family's solicitor said that the allegation was "absolute nonsense." He also said that "It does not marry in any way with the lines of inquiry that have been progressed by the Garda or by the Police Ombudsman".

Smuggling allegations and denials
In October 2005, officers of the British Assets Recovery Agency and the Irish Criminal Assets Bureau carried out raids on a number of businesses in Manchester and Dundalk. It was extensively reported in the media that the investigation was aimed at damaging the suspected multi-million-pound empire of Murphy, who according to the BBC's Underworld Rich List, has accumulated up to £40 million through smuggling oil, cigarettes, grain and pigs, as well as through silent or partial ownership in legitimate businesses and in property.

A large, purpose-built underground chamber that Gardaí believe the IRA used for interrogation was discovered close to Murphy's home.

In his first-ever press release, issued on 12 October 2005, Murphy denied he owned any property and denied that he had any links with co-accused Cheshire businessman Dermot Craven (Frank Murphy, Thomas' brother, was a client of Cravens). Thomas Murphy stated:

"'I have been a republican all my life and fully support the peace process. I will continue to play whatever role I can, to see it work.'"

Furthermore, Murphy claimed that he had to sell property to cover his legal fees after his failed libel case against the Sunday Times, and that he made a living from farming. He went on to say:

"'There is absolutely no foundation to the allegations about me which have been carried in the media for some time, and repeated at length over the past week, I want to categorically state, for the record, that all of these allegations are totally untrue.'"

On 9 March 2006, police, soldiers and customs officials from both sides of the Irish border launched a large dawn raid on his house and several other buildings in the border region. Three persons were arrested by the Gardaí, but were released three days after. A fleet of tankers, computers, documents, two shotguns, more than 30,000 cigarettes and the equivalent of 800,000 euros in sterling bank notes, euro bank notes and cheques were seized. Four diesel laundering facilities attached to a major network of storage tanks, some of which were underground, were also found. The Irish Criminal Assets Bureau later obtained seizure orders to take possession of euro cash and cheques and sterling cash and cheques, together worth around one million Euros.

Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams made a public statement in support of Murphy following the March 2006 raids. Under political and media pressure over allegations of the IRA's continued presence in South Armagh, Adams said:

"'Tom Murphy is not a criminal. He's a good republican and I read his statement after the Manchester raids and I believe what he says and also and very importantly he is a key supporter of Sinn Féin's peace strategy and has been for a very long time.'"

He also said:

"'I want to deal with what is an effort to portray Tom Murphy as a criminal, as a bandit, as a gang boss, as someone who is exploiting the republican struggle for his own ends, as a multimillionaire. There is no evidence to support any of that.'"

Commenting in Armagh on Murphy's imprisonment for tax fraud, Arlene Foster, First Minister of Northern Ireland said:

"'Whilst some people refer to Murphy as a 'good republican' the people of this area know him to be a criminal.'"

Assets seizure and settlement
Murphy was arrested in Dundalk, County Louth on 7 November 2007 by detectives from the Criminal Assets Bureau, on charges relating to alleged revenue offences. The following day, he was charged with tax evasion under the Tax Consolidation Act. Murphy was later released on his own bail of €20,000 with an independent surety of €50,000.

On 17 October 2008, in an agreed legal settlement, Murphy and his brothers paid over £1 million in assets and cash to the authorities in Britain and the Republic in settlement of a global crime and fraud investigation relating to proceeds of crime associated with smuggling and money laundering. After an investigation involving the Irish Criminal Assets Bureau and the UK's Serious Organised Crime Agency, more than 625,000 euros (£487, 000) in cash and cheques was confiscated by the Republic's courts, while nine properties in northwest England worth £445,000 were confiscated by British courts. Murphy was still fighting a claim in the Republic's courts for tax evasion, relating to non-completion of tax returns for eight years from 1996.

On 26 April 2010, he was further remanded on bail.

In 2011, there were claims that Murphy had become disillusioned with the Northern Ireland peace process and that he had fallen out with Sinn Féin. However, there is no evidence to support he is sympathetic to any dissident republican groups. In March 2013, the Garda and the PSNI, along with members of the Irish Customs Authority and HMRC, raided Murphy's farm on the Louth-Armagh border. The Sunday World reported that two hours prior to the raid, at approximately 4am, fire was seen coming from Murphy's yard. There were serious concerns within the Garda and PSNI that a mole may have tipped off Murphy about the raid hours prior to it, as "Laptops, computer disks and a large amount of documentation had been destroyed in the fires." As a result, an internal Garda investigation took place.

Tax evasion conviction
On 17 December 2015, Murphy was found guilty on nine charges of tax evasion by a three-judge, non-jury Special Criminal Court trial sitting in Dublin, lasting nine weeks. He was tried under anti-terrorist legislation due to the belief by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) that there would not be a fair trial because of the potential of the intimidation of prosecution witnesses and jurors, and the security surrounding the trial (in 1999, a man who testified against Murphy in court was bludgeoned to death after a trial).

Murphy was found guilty on all charges of failing to furnish tax returns on his income as a "cattle farmer" between 1996 and 2004. He was prosecuted following a 14-year-long CAB investigation, which during a raid of his property uncovered bags with more than €250,000 and more than £111,000 sterling in cash, along with documents, diaries and ledgers. He was remanded on bail until early 2016 for sentencing.

On 26 February 2016, Murphy was sentenced to 18 months in prison. None of the jail term was suspended. Following sentencing, he was immediately transferred from court to Ireland's highest-security prison, Portlaoise Prison, reserved for terrorists, dissident republicans and serious gangland criminals, under a heavily armed Garda and Irish Army escort due to security concerns.

Murphy appealed against the conviction in November 2016. His lawyer, John Kearney, claimed that the tax Murphy hadn't paid had in fact been paid by his brother, Patrick. The Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal on all grounds in January 2017.

In January 2017, and scheduled for release in April 2018, Murphy was moved from Midlands Prison in Portlaoise to the Loughan House low-security prison in County Cavan.

title: Thomas Murphy (Irish republican)


text:
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