text:
Talk:EMD F59PH

Article creation
There seems to be no article to go with this picture. Joyous 17:58, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Unsourced paragraph
I have removed the following unsourced paragraph:

 * The EMD F59PH suffers from excessive wax build-up on the upper cooling fans. The increased use of sweet high sulpher diesel leads to large deposits that require caution when removed.  The engine exhaust design did not take into account the common use of rattan in evaporative cooling pads and thus the deposit of wax was accelerated.  EMD has subcontracted an Iranian/Turkish firm to remove the sweet wax from the rattan baskets and remarket the by-products.

Please find a source for this (and some clarification might be nice too). Matthew Brown (Morven) (T:C) 00:39, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Weight?
How much do they weigh? A rather important (and basic) bit of information in an article about a locomotive. 64.185.130.217 (talk) 16:06, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

Fleet updates for both locomotives
The following has taken place for both fleets, but of course no one's allowing me to add it until I find the sources. If someone finds the proper sources, please add the following information:

 * Metrolink has retired all of its F59PHs AND F59PHIs, except for one that is now used solely as a switcher.
 * Metra 94-96 are rumored to have been delivered and now in service, so there should be 6 in the fleet. If that's not true, please change the numbers back to 97-99 until 94-96 arrive and enter revenue service.

--Davidng913 (talk) 01:57, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

Discrepancies
I've noticed two discrepancies while copyediting the article:
 * It's fairly well established that GO Transit bought 49 F59PH locomotives and Metrolink 23 - a total of 72. However, the article previously said 73 were produced. I think that's just an error and the actual value is 72.
 * Reliable sources do not agree on whether the F59PHI has 3,000 or 3,200 horsepower:
 * 3,000: FRA study, Metrolink fleet plan, Brian Solomon re Sound Transit
 * 3,200: Amtrak history, Brian Solomon, GM ad, Railway Age, WSDOT fleet plan
 * I'm not quite sure what to do here. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 01:45, 6 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Greg McDonnell's The Field Guide to Modern Diesel Locomotives says both the F59PH and F59PHI have 3,000 horsepower. Meanwhile, the foamers at the locomotive fandom site claim that the F59PH is 3,000 hp, while the F59PHI is 3,200 hp. "The differences between these two locomotives are only skin-deep. Most features introduced on the F59PH, like the separate HEP genset, were carried over to the F59PHI. However, differences include: A lighter, streamlined body (made of fiberglass and composite material) An increase in horsepower (12V710G3C-EC engine compared to the F59PH's 12V710G3A) 3200hp vs 3000hp" I wonder if some were re-engined to 3200 hp? Trainsandotherthings (talk) 02:33, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:EMD F59PH


text:
Talk:Director of National Intelligence

About that John Ratcliffe section
I think we should reconsider whether to have a whole section on Ratcliffe's proposed nomination. Sure, it was newsworthy at the time, but now it's yesterday's news - didn't even really pass the one-week test. And we don't have any detail in this article AT ALL about the nominations of the previous directors. Or in most other articles about cabinet level positions. I think we should reconsider whether this section even belongs here or whether it should be removed as WP:NOTNEWS. -- MelanieN (talk) 01:54, 4 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I added it and I think it should go now. My bad. soibangla (talk) 01:56, 4 August 2019 (UTC)
 * You didn't know how it would turn out. -- MelanieN (talk) 02:12, 4 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree, and removed it. The article doesn't discuss any other nominee, it's out of place. 173.217.182.134 (talk) 22:48, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

So Ratcliffe is in now I believe. Not entirely sure because my understanding of bureaucracy is sort of poor. Funny that I still use this site given that. Here are some articles. puggo (talk) 00:57, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

Capitalization
In the lede, "The director of national intelligence (DNI)" should have lowercase "d", "n", and "I" per the closed RfC at RfC: First mention in the first sentence... (MOS:JOBTITLES). — Eyer (If you reply, add   to your message to let me know.) 21:44, 6 March 2020 (UTC)

I disagree. That RfC closed with No consensus moreso, this article clearly is used to talk about the entity that is The Director, not just a director. If you disagree, then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and plethora of others should be changed too. Bulhis899 (talk) 07:52, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

 * If "the president of the United States" ins't capitalized (per MOS:JOBTITLES), then why would "the director of national intelligence" be capitalized? — Eyer (If you reply, add   to your message to let me know.) 11:05, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

 * If "the director of national intelligence" isn't capitalized, then why should "the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency", "the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency", "the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff", and plethora of others should be? Anyway, as per your linked RfC, there is clearly broad dissatisfaction with the guideline in its current form. I'll resign and wait if there are any changes due to consensus with regards to MOS:JOBTITLES. Bulhis899 (talk) 15:42, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Further addendum: in case you didn't catch it, I conceded to your edit on undoing my capitalization on "director" only because there is no clear community consensus on which standards Wikipedia should adhere to with regards to this issue. My edit was for consistency with other articles on this wiki about directors, secretaries, and other entities of a significant leadership role which is why I linked the above example articles.

Wikipedia uses MOS:JOBTITLES, not government sources, to determine capitalization. — Eyer (If you reply, add   to your message to let me know.) 01:19, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

I agree with Eyer here. And the parallels suggested are not very parallel. "National intelligence" is not the name of an org like "Central Intelligence Agency" and "Joint Chiefs of Staff" are, so those get caps. But "director" only does when attached to a name, like it says at JOBTITLES. Dicklyon (talk) 03:21, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes. See MOS:JOBTITLES and innumerable previous discussions (including very similar ones at what is presently Talk:Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (but should be moved to lower-case "chairman"). Unless it's prefixed to the person's name, the title is "director of national intelligence" in encyclopedic writing. Just in case anyone misunderstands the OP, see also MOS:ABBR: This stuff has nothing to do with how the initialism is rendered. Except for conventionalized cases that are near-universally rendered lower-case in English (e.g. "e.g." and "scuba"), or more rarely in mixed case (e.g. "DoJ"), acronyms and initialisms are always given in upper case regardless of the casing of the words that make up the acronym/initialism.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  15:13, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

NIP acronym undefined
The acronym NIP is used twice but is not defined anywhere on the page. It’s first referenced in the lines about the 2013 and 2014 budgets where MIP is also used. It’s hard for me to know whether NIP is a typo of MIP or something else. Christopher.Eagan (talk) 20:58, 7 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Fixed (it's the National Intelligence Program).

Nomination date of Avril Haines
I have added President-elect Biden’s nomination of Avril Haines to the article. But the date of her nomination is a bit ambiguous: Biden’s intention to nominate her first leaked to the press on Saturday, November 21, was confirmed by multiple sources on November 22, was confirmed by the transition office on November 23, and formally announced at an event in Wilmington with other national security nominees on Tuesday, November 24.

I have included the November 23 date in the article, given that this is the date when a) the incoming administration confirmed her nomination to the press, and b) the press referred to her as “nominated”, past tense. If there’s a more-correct official date to use, that should be substituted in the article. Informal words like “announced”, “named”, or “presented” could allow the use of the 22nd or 24th, but would mostly just increase the ambiguity in my opinion.

(Addendum: Also, in looking for sources to cite, I only found reputable news articles from Nov 23, using the past tense for “nominated”; it would be rather odd to cite a news source as authoritative when referring to an event that wouldn’t happen until after its publication—even if that event had since occurred.) TreyHarris (talk) 21:54, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

November 2020
Inappropriate to add Bidens' selections at this time. He is NOT the presidential successor yet, nor is he the president-elect. The president-elect will not be selected by electors PER the Constitution of the United States until Jan 6th

THus this section has been removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.255.168.210 (talk) 02:13, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

 * As the unsigned commenter’s edit has already been reverted, this is needless to say to experienced editors, but just in case anyone else might feel the same urge and stumble across this talk comment (unlikely, I know, but still—good to document):

 * The text I added was a row appended to the list of DNI’s (clearly reading “Nominated” under Avril Haines’ name), below text that read (boldface added here for emphasis):
 * "On November 23, 2020, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Avril Haines to assume the office in January 2021. If confirmed, she will become the first woman to hold the position."

 * This text suffers merely from not being future-proof, which (as always on Wikipedia) is impossible when dealing with current events. We prefer to include useful information that we know will “become stale”, especially if its “expiration date” is clearly marked, than to delete such information entirely because at some future time it may become dated.
 * It’s reasonable to think that someone wanting to know if Joe Biden has made a choice for DNI, and if so, who that was, would come to this article looking for that information. It’s hard to imagine any other article that would reliably carry it; any given Biden nomination or hiring may—or may not—be notable enough to include in, say, the “Presidential transition of Joe Biden” article, and one wouldn’t check “Avril Haines” unless one already knew her nomination was a likely possibility.

 * If the pedantry being requested by the unsigned commenter were actually required of Wikipedia articles, we couldn’t include the current DNI in the present tense, or have the list-by-tenure section at all, without clumsy  annotations everywhere. We don’t do that. We simply use the present tense and, when possible, mention future dates after which we know certain information will become stale.
 * I won’t get into the politics surrounding Biden’s election but to mention that the traditionally-trusted secondary sources we use called the election on Nov. 7, and the General Services Administration ascertained Biden to be President-elect on Nov. 23. There is no reason for this article to host accommodate a view unsupported by fact (i.e., the idea that Biden is not actually President-elect as of December 1, 2020). TreyHarris (talk) 19:26, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:52, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Avril Haines portrait 2.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Director of National Intelligence


text:
Congreve (crater)

Congreve is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon relative to the Earth, and lies across the lunar equator. It lies to the west-northwest of the massive walled plain Korolev. To the southeast is the crater Icarus, and due north is Zhukovskiy.

The rim of this crater is worn by impact erosion, particularly along the eastern side where a pair of small crater lie along the edge. The rim and inner wall are more prominent to the west and north, while it forms only a shallow ridge to the southeast. The interior floor is marked by a cluster of small craters in the northeastern part, and tiny craterlets scattered across the remainder.

Congreve is a crater of Nectarian age.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Congreve.

title: Congreve (crater)


text:
Talk:Grand Inquisitor

Silence
Why does Christ remain silent and not answer the Grand Inquisitor's questions? --Anon.

 * I think that is the central mystery. --maru (talk) contribs 00:31, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grand Inquisitor


text:
Talk:Glasser's choice theory

[Untitled]
Why have the "external links" been removed from the article? I would like to see that edit reverted by an admin. frankatca Oct. 25, 2005

frankatca
 * 1) I find psychotherapy accurate but somewhat limiting since there is a VERY much broader use of Choice Theory, particularly in counseling and training. For example, see the soon-to-be created Better Choices, Inc. program described at: http://BetterChoicesNow.Org that is devoted entirely to the huge problem of reducing recidivsim, i.e. parolees returning to prisons, repeatedly. The Better Choices program is stictly one of education, NOT counseling and not therapy, i.e. TEACHING Choice Theory as a route to giving the largely angry and unhappy people who populate our prisons insight into building better relationships with the people  who matter most in their lives, taking responsibility for their CHOICES, behavioral choices, that will make a difference in how they ACT and THINK, and ulitmately will save SOME percentage of them from returning to prison.  As a society that matters: in Massachusetts where I live, just a 1% reduction in recidivism equates to something of the order of $1 million a year in savings to the state and its taxpayers.

 * 1) I categorized this under 'psychotherapy' instead of 'psychology' because from what I've read about it, most of its application is in therapy. Very few articles on psychology need to be at the top level category; most should fall under 'self', 'personality', 'memory', 'cognition', 'social psychology', 'psychotherapy', etc. Maybe 'psychotherapy' is the wrong subcategory?
 * 2) I also categorized this under 'popular psychology' since nearly all the author's publications have been books, and very few peer-reviewed articles, at least according to PsycINFO and scholar.google.com.

--Johnkarp 18:00, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) I categorized this under 'psychotherapy' instead of 'psychology' because from what I've read about it, most of its application is in therapy. Very few articles on psychology need to be at the top level category; most should fall under 'self', 'personality', 'memory', 'cognition', 'social psychology', 'psychotherapy', etc. Maybe 'psychotherapy' is the wrong subcategory?
 * 2) I also categorized this under 'popular psychology' since nearly all the author's publications have been books, and very few peer-reviewed articles, at least according to PsycINFO and scholar.google.com.

--Johnkarp 18:00, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Where he says, in part: "Since I wrote my first book in 1961 and gave it the title, Mental Health or Mental Illness, I have been thinking about the section of that book that I called Mental Hygiene. By using that term, I was following the dictionary definition of hygiene which is the establishment and maintenance of health. In this instance, mental hygiene would translate into mental health. "But today, psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, social workers and counselors, all of whom call themselves mental health professionals, only pay lip service to that term. Mental Health, as an important concept, completely separate from mental illness, plays no part in what they actually do. Relying almost completely on the DSM-IV, all these professionals use the medical model to diagnose and treat what they call mental illnesses and disorders. "In the booklet I have just published, Treating Mental Health as a Public Health Problem, I do something mental health professionals rarely do. I define mental health as an entity completely separate from mental illness. Then I explain that as long as we use the Medical model we have been using for years, we will be unable to deliver the mental health so many people desperately need at a cost they can afford. "What I will explain in the booklet is that there is another model much better suited to delivering mental health than the Medical model. This is the Public Health Model that has been successfully delivering physical health to millions of people for hundreds of years. I also explain how this model could be expanded into a low cost Public Mental Health Delivery Model that could easily be put into practice by all mental health professionals. All the Mental Health Associations that dot the country could use this model by hiring mental health professionals to deliver mental health without diagnoses and without drugs directly to people who contacted the Association. "I urge all mental health professionals who are interested in delivering mental health directly to their clients to read this booklet..."
 * 1)  This is a tough call. Glasser himself would agree that Choice Theory has a place in counseling, and indeed he has a book on such, and by extension "therapy"; however that term is somewhat limiting. If you read his book CHOICE THEORY what you will find is a far more comprehensive theoretical  basis for behavior that is overarching with respect to psychology, counseling and therapy.
 * 1)  It is fair to say that although Glasser is widely admired he is hardly taken as "seriously" as Jung, Freud, and a host of others. Most iconolclasts are fair game for traditionalists.
 * 2)  Dr. Glasser's most recent jeremiad is aimed at the psychiatric and mental health community in a small booklet published by the Glasser Institute entitled: ''Treating Mental Health as a Public Health Problem:  A New Leadership Role for the Helping Professions.  ( See: http://www.wglasser.com/A%20New%20Booklet%20with%20scanned%20booklet%20cover.pdf )

frankatca Frank Ferguson f2@cainc.com Feb. 19, 2005

I do not know whether this is an appropriate place to say, but to my knowledge, majority of people think of economics or decision analysis when they hear the term "choice theory".

Anonymous Apr 22, 2005

Suggestions
Dec 2015 - The big problem here is assuming-equating Glasser's Quality schools were like Summerhill, student free-for-alls with no structure. Anyone thinking this has not read much Glasser nor followed his career.

I think it's his second Quality School book, The Quality Teacher, which offers many examples from schools he supervised. He was an innovator of more humanism between teacher, students and learning--not a Summerhill radical.

I also eliminated many of the unnecessary and clumsy "that"s. Is every Wikipedia article required to have 100 unnecessary and stilted-sounding "that"s?

- Bruce Dickson, HealingToolbox.org — Preceding unsigned comment added by Healing toolbox (talk • contribs) 07:14, 19 December 2015 (UTC)

In the list of 10 axioms, these two items should be clarified somehow. (The way they are currently written require a frame of reference which is [a] not provided within the article or [b] is known only to people who have studied the theory already.)

3. All long-lasting psychological problems are relationship problems.
 * What is a "Relationship problem" exactly - does the theorist provide a definition of this?

10. All Total Behavior is designated by verbs and named by the part that is the most recognizable.
 * Perhaps an example would help? Or some explanation of what is meant by "most recognizable"
 * or perhaps some discussion about why we'd want to "designate" behaviour? (Must we designate our behaviours just in order to discuss or measure or analyse them? or is there some other purpose that we must "designate" our behaviour?)

I am writing this as a person who has just recently come to learn of the Choice Theory. As a newcomer, this article would be much better if the above items were clearer. Ciao.Regards. (talk) 21:51, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Hey! Another suggestion here: I think the article could be expanded to cover a wider range of topics, as well as improved in its relevance, if it were to discuss choice theory as it relates to stages of physiological brain development. Piaget has some interesting ideas that could be connected to this article, specifically his theories on Basic Cognitive Development. Junderland (talk) 19:38, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Notability
Notability is an important criteria, but there are varying degrees and when something is of lesser notability to the general public but of marked notability in academic fields - particularly to those studying speech theory or psychology - it really should be given the benefit of the doubt. My two cents, I will leave it to the community to decide if this should be deleted or the question of notability removed. 22 Apr 2011. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.211.243.48 (talk) 15:47, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

I know this is sometimes used in therapy and what not, so perhaps it would be important to leave up for people to look up what it is? (What brought me here, in fact). Oh, I forgot to log in, but look me up as "zanotam" (I always forget how to do a name linky without using 149.169.107.36 (talk) 05:01, 27 November 2011 (UTC), sorry)

Veracity of statement
"Sudbury schools choose to recognize that students are personally responsible for their acts, in opposition to virtually all schools today that deny it." Really? When was the last time you spent time in other types of schools? As a current graduate teacher, I've taught in many types of schools in the last year from private, to religious, to state schools and this does not represent them in any way203.29.107.155 (talk) 05:11, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

He does tend to make some sweeping statements to prove his points, doesn't he? I agree with his general premise, that it is better to respect the freedom of others as opposed to trying to manipulate them into compliance with a specific orthodoxy. This thinking has some flaws, of course, as some restraints have to be put on individuals for society to function. Letting murderers run around without restraint just doesn't work, but since most people are not murderers or rapists by default, respecting the free will of others within reason tends to result in better friendships, family relationships, etc. This based, of course, on purely anecdotal evidence with my own family in trying out Glasser's teachings as an experiment. Take it for what it's worth. PresidentLonestar (talk) 11:02, 24 February 2022 (UTC)

ad
while the final section does add some WP:NPOV to the article, most of it is written based on primary sources and with obvious non-neutral language like "the culmination of some 50 years of theory and practice" etc. Someone not using his real name (talk) 09:35, 28 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Looking on google books and scholar using the parameters Glasser + "choice theory" yields alot of primary sources. I am not sure whether there are sufficient secondary sources in peer-reviewed papers to justify its existence. Will look more tomorrow. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 14:35, 31 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glasser's choice theory


text:
User talk:IronyWrit

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title: User talk:IronyWrit


text:
267 Tirza

Tirza (minor planet designation: 267 Tirza) is a fairly sizeable, very dark Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 27 May 1887 in Nice. It was his first asteroid discovery.

It was named after Tirzah, a woman in the Bible.

title: 267 Tirza


text:
Lords of the Congregation

The Lords of the Congregation (Lairds o the Congregatioun), originally styling themselves the Faithful, were a group of Protestant Scottish nobles who in the mid-16th century favoured a reformation of the Catholic church according to Protestant principles and a Scottish-English alliance.

Historical events
In December 1557 a group of Scottish lords opposed the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots to the Dauphin of France (who became King Francis II of France from 1559 to 1560). The group signed the 'First Band' or Covenant to work to make Scotland Protestant. The initial members were the Earl of Argyll, his brother Colin Campbell, the Earl of Glencairn, the Earl of Morton, and John Erskine of Dun, though others, such as William Douglas of Whittinghame quickly followed.

Following religious riots in Perth, the Lords gained support and provided military help to John Knox in opposing the troops of Mary of Guise, who was the Regent of Scotland. They wrote letters to the French commanders, Henri Cleutin, and to Mary of Guise outlining their case on 22 May. The letter for Mary of Guise was placed on the cushion of her seat in the Chapel Royal of Stirling Castle. She found it and tucked it discretely into the pocket of her gown.

In June, at Cupar Muir, in Fife, the Lords fielded enough military strength to face off a French and Scottish army jointly led by the Duke of Châtelherault (who as Regent had supported the French match) and by Henri Cleutin the French king's lieutenant. By July 1559 the Lords of the Congregation had taken Edinburgh. As Edinburgh Castle held out against them, the Lords withdrew under the terms of the truce of the Articles of Leith (25 July 1559). In September, Châtelherault, now joined by his son, the Earl of Arran, changed sides and became leader of the Congregation Lords.

Mary of Guise, who had earlier offered a degree of religious tolerance, maintained that their motives were secular in part. Queen Mary and King Francis wrote to her in November 1559, declaring that the lords were acting maliciously under the name and cloak of religion. French re-inforcements pushed the Lords and their Protestant army back to Stirling and Fife.

By the Treaty of Berwick in February 1560 the Lords brought in an English army to resist the French troops. The armed conflict now centred on the Siege of Leith. After the death of the Queen Regent in June and the conclusion of hostilities at Leith by the Treaty of Edinburgh in July, the Scottish Reformation took effect in the Parliament of Scotland in August 1560.

Personnel
William Kirkcaldy of Grange and John Knox gave a list of members of the Congregation who expelled the troops of Mary of Guise from Perth in June 1559 and moved on Edinburgh, including:

 * Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll
 * James Stewart, Prior of St Andrews, later to become Regent Moray
 * Andrew Leslie, 5th Earl of Rothes
 * John Graham, 4th Earl of Menteith
 * Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven
 * James Ogilvy, 5th Lord Ogilvy of Airlie
 * David, 2nd Lord Drummond
 * Patrick Lindsay, Master of Lindsay
 * William Douglas, Laird of Lochleven
 * John Wishart, Laird of Pitarro
 * William Murray, Laird of Tullibardine
 * Colin Campbell, Laird of Glenorchy.

These were joined in Edinburgh in July 1559 by: Alexander Cunningham, Earl of Glencairn; the Earl of Morton; Lord Erskine; Robert, Lord Boyd; Lord Ochiltree; Hugh Campbell, Sheriff of Ayr; and the Laird of Calder.

Knox and Kirkcaldy gave the names of another six lords who had not yet declared their alliance in July 1559; William Keith, 4th Earl Marischal; the Earl of Athol; Lord Forbes; and James Douglas, Laird of Drumlanrig; the Laird of Lochinvar; and the Laird of Garlies.

A list of the council for policy of the Lords of October 1559 includes; the former Regent Arran; his son the 3rd Earl of Arran; the Earl of Argyll; the Prior of St Andrews; the Earl of Glencairn; Lord Ruthven; Robert, 4th Lord Boyd; Lord Maxwell; Erskine of Dun; Wishart of Pitarrow; Henry Balnaves of Halhill; Kirkcaldy of Grange; and James Halyburton Provost of Dundee.

The congregation received guidance in religious matters from:

 * Alexander Gordon, Bishop of Galloway
 * John Knox
 * Master Christopher Goodman of England
 * John Willock.

Manifesto and rhetoric
Several letters and bonds signed by the Lords set out and justify their aims. A letter sent to enlist the help of George Hay, Earl of Erroll, Hereditary Constable of Scotland, written 24 January 1560 focused on their secular goal to expel the French garrisons and justifies their request for English military support. The letter fell into French hands and would have been used against them;"We wrote ... how we were handled and suppressed by strangers and already invaded by fire and sword for the debating of the true ministry of God's word and liberty of this realm, which as we may see is now taken effect in the most cruel and ungodly manner by the fortifying of the principal port of this realm (Leith) and the intended fortification of St Andrews And they have in their progress used such cruelty on those that gave them most credit and were assured by them that all others may take example, And yet they intend no less than to bring us, if God will permit them, to most wild slavery and bondage and to make plain conquest under a coloured authority to the utter extermination of us and our posterity And because we saw them continue in their unjust persecution and our force is so small to resist their tyranny we thought good to seek support of our neighbours of England, which they have granted to us as may now be manifestly seen by the army already come by sea, and by the land host that will march on the day appointed." This letter was signed by James Hamilton the former Regent, Argyll, Glencairn, Rothes, Ruthven, Menteith and Boyd.

title: Lords of the Congregation


text:
User talk:Maglibra

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 18:02, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sandy dumont
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Spam in Image consultant
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Image consultant, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Image consultant is blatant advertising for a company, product, group, service or person that would require a substantial rewrite in order to become an encyclopedia article. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Image consultant, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 22:00, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * To save you the bother, it was me.  WEBURIEDOURSECRETS  INTHEGARDEN  22:01, 26 December 2007 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by WeBuriedOurSecretsInTheGarden (talk • contribs)

title: User talk:Maglibra


text:
268 Adorea

268 Adorea is a very large main belt asteroid, about 140 km in width. It was discovered by A. Borrelly on 8 June 1887 in Marseilles. This asteroid is a member of the Themis family and is classified as a primitive carbonaceous F-type/C-type asteroid. It is orbiting the Sun at a distance of $144.585 km$ with an orbital eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.14 and a period of 1985.5 days. The orbital plane is tilted at an angle of 2.44° to the plane of the ecliptic.

From February 23 until March 2, 2006, photometric measurements were taken of the asteroid. These were used to produce a light curve showing a rotation period of $139.57 km$ with a brightness variation of $3$ in magnitude. This result is consistent with some, but not all previous results. Some studies had suggested a longer rotation period of $0.041$; double the time measured. However, the new data is inconsistent with the longer period.

In May 1979, 268 Adorea was positioned in proximity of the galaxy NGC 4517 and as a bright new light source it was identified as a potential supernova. However, the light was missing from a second photographic plate taken ten days later, and the source was soon identified as the asteroid.

The name refers to adorea liba, the Latin name for spelt cakes produced from meal and salt offered by the Romans as a sacrifice; the name was controversial among astronomers, as all previous asteroids had been named for humans or mythological figures.

title: 268 Adorea


text:
The Lizardman (performer)

Erik Sprague (born June 12, 1972), known professionally as the Lizardman, is an American freak show and sideshow performer. He is best known for his body modification, including his sharpened teeth, full-body tattoo of green scales, bifurcated tongue, subdermal implants and green-inked lips.

Early life
Sprague was born in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and was a Ph.D. candidate at the University at Albany before beginning his transformation. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy from Hartwick College in Oneonta, New York.

Career
As a professional freak, Sprague became famous for his heavy body modifications, including tongue bifurcation and tattooing. He regularly performs many classic sideshow acts such as the human blockhead, fire eating and breathing, gavage, sword swallowing, the bed of nails, the Human Dartboard, the cranial corkscrew, and the insectivore.

Sprague participates in many public and private flesh hook suspension groups and events, and is highly involved in the body modification community. He also writes articles on the Body Modification E-zine. His rock band, LIZARD SKYNYRD, released an album in late 2010 and performed in many tours around the world.

Sprague gained the official Guinness World Record for 'heaviest weight lifted and spun with pierced ears' on the set of Lo Show dei Record in Milan, Italy on 19 Jun 2014. He also regularly performs with other sideshow celebrities and world record holders such as The Space Cowboy.

He is featured in many of the "Ripley's Believe It Or Not" books and TV shows. As part of his work with the company, there is a life size statue of him in many of the company's museums.

Sprague has toured with The Jim Rose Circus and hosted the Jägermeister Music Tour, with bands including Disturbed, Slayer, and Slipknot.

Personal life
Sprague resides in Austin, Texas, with his wife Meghan and their pet ferrets.

title: The Lizardman (performer)


text: Talk:Scotland (disambiguation)

title: Talk:Scotland (disambiguation)


text:
269 Justitia

Justitia (minor planet designation: 269 Justitia) is a fairly sizeable main belt asteroid around 50 km in diameter

It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 21 September 1887 in Vienna.

The asteroid was named after Justitia, the Roman equivalent of Themis, the Greek goddess of justice (she also has an asteroid named after her, 24 Themis).

As discovered in 2021, the asteroid has a very red color due to tholins on its surface, similar to trans-Neptunian objects. It is therefore thought to have formed in the outer Solar System despite its current orbit within the asteroid belt.

The asteroid will be visited by the United Arab Emirates' MBR Explorer mission, which will attempt to land on its surface in 2034.

title: 269 Justitia


text:
270 Anahita

Anahita (minor planet designation: 270 Anahita) is a stony S-type Main belt asteroid. It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on October 8, 1887, in Clinton, New York, and was named after the Avestan divinity Aredvi Sura Anahita.

In 2001, the asteroid was detected by radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 0.92 AU. The resulting data yielded an effective diameter of 47 ± 7 km.

title: 270 Anahita


text:
Assimilation (biology)

Assimilation is the process of absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food as part of the nutrition of an organism. In humans, this is always done with a chemical breakdown (enzymes and acids) and physical breakdown (oral mastication and stomach churning). Chemical alteration of substances in the bloodstream by the liver or cellular secretions. Although a few similar compounds can be absorbed in digestion bio assimilation, the bioavailability of many compounds is dictated by this second process since both the liver and cellular secretions can be very specific in their metabolic action (see chirality). This second process is where the absorbed food reaches the cells via the liver.

Most foods are composed of largely indigestible components depending on the enzymes and effectiveness of an animal's digestive tract. The most well-known of these indigestible compounds is cellulose; the basic chemical polymer in the makeup of plant cell walls. Most animals, however, do not produce cellulase; the enzyme needed to digest cellulose. However, some animals and species have developed symbiotic relationships with cellulase-producing bacteria (see termites and metamonads.) This allows termites to use the energy-dense cellulose carbohydrate. Other such enzymes are known to significantly improve bio-assimilation of nutrients. Because of the use of bacterial derivatives, enzymatic dietary supplements now contain such enzymes as amylase, glucoamylase, protease, invertase, peptidase, lipase, lactase, phytase, and cellulase.

Examples of biological assimilation

 * Photosynthesis, a process whereby carbon dioxide and water are transformed into a number of organic molecules in plant cells.
 * Nitrogen fixation from the soil into organic molecules by symbiotic bacteria which live in the roots of certain plants, such as Leguminosae.
 * Magnesium supplements orotate, oxide, sulfate, citrate, and glycerate are all structurally similar. However, oxide and sulfate are not water-soluble and do not enter the bloodstream, while orotate and glycerate have normal exiguous liver conversion. Chlorophyll sources or magnesium citrate are highly bioassimilable.
 * The absorption of nutrients into the body after digestion in the intestine and its transformation in biological tissues and fluids.

title: Assimilation (biology)


text: User talk:68.50.165.38

title: User talk:68.50.165.38


text:
User talk:TheEmissary

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Spinboy 18:05, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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The Need
I took at look at the artcile, usually it says the article links to itself. Really, I wouldn't worry about it, it's probably something the admin's or sysop's need to worry about. --Spinboy 21:38, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

great work
Great work on the list of queercore bands page and the other music pages. I added Radio's post-Need bands to the Need page. I also sent out a link to the queercore bands page to the queer-punk email list on Yahoo.

Larry --Larrybob 18:12, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

CfD nomination of Category:All-women bands
I have nominated all-women bands for renaming to all female bands. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. — ξ xplicit  06:24, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Sister George

The article Sister George has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Non notable band long tagged for notability

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Nomination of Three Dollar Bill for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Sister George

The article Sister George has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Does not satisfy WP:NBAND. The band have small mentions in the media but nothing in-depth to prove them to be notable. Has been in CAT:NN for 11 years, hence the PROD."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. – DarkGlow • 13:55, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:TheEmissary


text:
User talk:Nep

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Spinboy 18:06, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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dell battery
thank you so much! --Appleboy Talk 21:09, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Stockwell Day
Re; wikilinking Jim Hart in the new section; I was going to do so but I realised he'd been wikilinked at the top of the article already; isn't it convention to only wikilink once in an article? Anchoress 18:54, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

If that's wikipedia convention then that's fine -- in my experience, when there's such a large separation between a link on first and second reference, and when intervening material is so different, a link would be appropriate. But if someone removes the link, I won't argue. nep 09:02, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Organic To Go
A tag has been placed on Organic To Go, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia per CSD A7.

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add  on the top of the article and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

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WikiProject Vancouver
You are receiveing this message because your name appears on the WikiProject Vancouver registration list but not on the Members list. The WikiProject Vancouver is currently having a roll-call; if you are still interested in participating, please visit WikiProject_Vancouver/Members and place your name in alphabetically. Also the WikiProject is currently discussing some proposed changes on the talk page. Thank you for your time. Mkdw talk 08:51, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Vancouver Meetup Invite
Regards, Mkdw talk 22:16, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Truthdig

The article Truthdig has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Notability."

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title: User talk:Nep


text:
User talk:Burdfield

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Spinboy 18:06, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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Welcome
I see you are a recent recruit to "schools" project. I looked at St. George Catholic School for Boys and saw that you had tried an assessment. Well done. Be bold ... however you misunderstood, i think the categories. If you look at schools ... and then go to assessment... you will see where and how this is done. I hope this doesnt put you off .. im trying to offer help and encouragement Victuallers 09:28, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Here you go!
Congratulations! Camaron1 | Chris 19:55, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Random note
Hey, I just happened to notice the message you left on Doc Glasgow's talk page re Bitterne Park Secondary School. By sheer coincidence, I attended that school in what must have been the mid-late 1980s. There's probably not much I can do to help if you do recreate it -- it was a long time ago and I've moved from Southampton -- but I'd be interested to read the article if you do, especially if it has gained notability in any way. Best wishes, Jakew 21:51, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Hi
keep up the good work! MasterEditor99 19:47, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Bitterne Park school.jpg
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Nomination of Grove Park Business and Enterprise College for deletion
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title: User talk:Burdfield


text:
User talk:Egg

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 18:08, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Image:Felicien Rops 69.jpg
Hello. I removed the speedy tag you added to Image:Felicien Rops 69.jpg because "improper content" is not a criteria for SD. You could try listing it on WP:IFD, but I don't think you'd be succesful in deleteing a work of art under these grounds. Thanks. The JPS  talk to me  17:33, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I didn't mean to delete the image. Anyway, it's on Commons. The improper content was the local text about Erato Koutsoudaki's sexual life. You replaced it by image description, OK. --Egg ✉ 20:16, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, OK. Yes, that text was very much improper! The JPS   talk to me  20:56, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Hi, Egg. I moved Miloš Jakeš to Milouš Jakeš, even though the talk page did not have the appropriate notice and place for discussion. In the future, please follow the directions how to make them on Requested moves. The easiest way to do it is to copy and paste the text. Thanks, Kjkolb 08:54, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay, thank you. I'll read the directions more carefully. --Egg ✉ 12:14, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

¨

Luboš Motl
As a contributor to Articles for deletion/Luboš Motl back in 2005, you may be interested to know it has been re-nominated for deletion. Your comments are welcome at Articles for deletion/Luboš Motl (3rd nomination). Robofish (talk) 16:37, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Egg


text:
Clare (Dáil constituency)

Clare is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects four deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

History
Clare is historically a Fianna Fáil stronghold. The party founder Éamon de Valera served the constituency for 38 years, from 1921 to 1959, for many years of that time as Taoiseach and then, on his resignation as a TD, as president of Ireland. From 1917 to 1922 he had been Sinn Féin Westminster MP for the preceding constituency of East Clare. His granddaughter, Síle de Valera, represented the constituency from 1987 to 2007. Other notable former deputies include Patrick Hillery (later president 1976–1990), the long-serving Ceann Comhairle (chairperson of the Dáil) Patrick Hogan and Moosajee Bhamjee, the first Muslim TD.

Boundaries
The constituency was created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and has been in use for Dáil elections since the 1921 election. The constituency's boundaries have varied since its formation in 1921. From the 2020 general election, the constituency spans the entire area of County Clare. The Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017 defines the constituency as:

The Constituency Review Report 2023 of the Electoral Commission recommended that no change be made at the next general election.

1968 by-election
Following the death of Fine Gael TD William Murphy, a by-election was held on 14 March 1968. The seat was won by the Fianna Fáil candidate Sylvester Barrett.

The surplus votes of the elected candidate were distributed after being declared elected because there was a possibility another candidate could have reached the threshold of a third of a quota which would have meant their election deposit was returned to them.

1965 general election
The reason for the third count was the possibility of a candidate reaching a third of the quota in order to save their deposit.

1959 by-election
Following the election of Éamon de Valera as President of Ireland, a by-election was held on 22 July 1959. The seat was won by the Fianna Fáil candidate Seán Ó Ceallaigh.

1957 general election
The third count occurred because there was the possibility that surplus votes of elected candidates could have resulted in another candidate reaching the threshold of a third of a quota which would have meant their election deposit was returned to them.

1945 by-election
Following the death of Fine Gael TD Patrick Burke, a by-election was held on 4 December 1945. The seat was won by the Fianna Fáil candidate Patrick Shanahan.

1943 general election
Hughes, Seán Hogan and Halpin were eliminated on successive counts, but separate figures for the 3rd and 4th Counts are not available.

1937 general election
There is no record of any further counts, even though the difference between the votes of Hogan, the last elected candidate, and Shalloo, the runner up, after the seventh count was less than the sum of the undistributed surpluses.

1921 general election

 * }

title: Clare (Dáil constituency)


text:
Step test

Step test can refer to:

 * STEP Eiken: Japan's national English exam, the Eiken Test in Practical English Proficiency, produced by the Society for Testing English Proficiency (STEP), Inc.
 * Sixth Term Examination Paper, an examination set by the University of Cambridge to assess potential undergraduate mathematics applicants.
 * The step test was a cardiac fitness test formerly administered by the U.S. Forest Service as a physical fitness test for wildland firefighters. It has been replaced by the Work Capacity Test (WCT), also known as the pack test.
 * Harvard step test, a type of cardiac stress test for detecting and/or diagnosing cardiovascular disease and measure fitness.

title: Step test


text:
271 Penthesilea

Penthesilea (minor planet designation: 271 Penthesilea) is a mid-sized main belt asteroid that was discovered by Viktor Knorre on 13 October 1887 in Berlin. It was his last asteroid discovery. The asteroid was named after Penthesilea, the mythical Greek queen of the Amazons.

Photometric observations of this asteroid were made in early 2009 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The resulting light curve shows a synodic rotation period of 18.787 ± 0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.32 ± 0.04 in magnitude.

title: 271 Penthesilea


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272 Antonia

Antonia (minor planet designation: 272 Antonia) is a main belt asteroid that was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 4 February 1888 in Nice.

Photometric observations of this asteroid made during 2008 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, gave a light curve with a short rotation period of 3.8548 ± 0.0001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.43 ± 0.04 in magnitude.

title: 272 Antonia


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Hell's Ditch

Hell's Ditch is the fifth studio album by The Pogues, released on 1 October 1990, and the last to feature frontman Shane MacGowan as a member.

Overview
Hell's Ditch continued the group's slow departure from Irish music, giving more emphasis to rock and straight folk rock, and forsaking their earlier staples of traditional compositions almost entirely. MacGowan parted with the band after the release of the album, owing to the decline of his reliability as a performer, which was caused by his abuse of alcohol and drugs.

Several of the songs on the album have Asian themes, in sound or in content, including "Summer in Siam", "The House of Gods" and "Sayonara". The song "Lorca's Novena" draws on MacGowan's affinity for Spain (particularly Almería, which he had discovered years earlier when filming Straight to Hell), and the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca. It tells of the poet's murder by Francisco Franco's Nationalist supporters in the Spanish Civil War, and how his body, never having been recovered, was said to have walked away. "The Wake of the Medusa" is a first-person narrative inspired by Théodore Géricault's painting "The Raft of the Medusa", which had appeared on the cover of the band's second album, Rum, Sodomy, and the Lash. The title track is based largely on the life and writings of French author and playwright Jean Genet, in particular The Miracle of the Rose and Our Lady of the Flowers, with its description of squalid prison life.

The album was produced by the Clash's Joe Strummer, who later served as a temporary replacement for MacGowan when the band went on tour. The cover art for the album was designed by Joshua Cheuse, who also designed the cover for the Clash on Broadway box set as well as album covers for Strummer and Big Audio Dynamite.

Standard edition

 * 1) "Sunny Side of the Street" (Shane MacGowan, Jem Finer) – 2:44
 * 2) "Sayonara" (MacGowan) – 3:07
 * 3) "The Ghost of a Smile" (MacGowan) – 2:58
 * 4) "Hell's Ditch" (MacGowan, Finer) – 3:03
 * 5) "Lorca's Novena" (MacGowan) – 4:40
 * 6) "Summer in Siam" (MacGowan) – 4:06
 * 7) "Rain Street" (MacGowan) – 4:00
 * 8) "Rainbow Man" (Terry Woods) – 2:46
 * 9) "The Wake of the Medusa" (Finer) – 3:04
 * 10) "House of the Gods" (MacGowan) – 3:46
 * 11) "5 Green Queens & Jean" (MacGowan, Finer) – 2:35
 * 12) "Maidrin Rua" (Traditional) – 1:47
 * 13) "Six to Go" (Woods) – 2:58

Bonus tracks (2005 reissue)

 * 1) "Whiskey in the Jar" (Traditional) (B-side to "Jack's Heroes") – 2:41 (with the Dubliners)
 * 2) "Bastard Landlord" (Finer) (B-side to "Summer in Siam") – 3:09
 * 3) "Infinity" (MacGowan) (B-side to "Sayonara" 12") – 2:48
 * 4) "The Curse of Love" (Finer) (B-side to "Sayonara") – 2:43
 * 5) "Squid Out of Water" (MacGowan) (B-side to "A Rainy Night in Soho") – 3:47
 * 6) "Jack's Heroes" (Woods, Spider Stacy) (A-side single) – 3:06 (with the Dubliners)
 * 7) "A Rainy Night in Soho" (1991 version) (MacGowan) (A-side single) – 4:48

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album liner notes, except where noted.

The Pogues
 * Shane MacGowan – vocals
 * Jem Finer – banjo, mandola, hurdy-gurdy, saxophone, acoustic guitar, lap steel guitar, shaker
 * Spider Stacy – tin whistle, harmonica, lead vocals on "The Wake of the Medusa"
 * James Fearnley – accordion, piano, banjo, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, violin, electric sitar, kalimba
 * Terry Woods – mandolin, cittern, concertina, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, accordion, auto harp, lead vocals on "Rainbow Man", "Maidrin Rua" and "Six to Go"
 * Philip Chevron – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, accordion, backing vocals
 * Darryl Hunt – bass guitar, bells, congas, backing vocals
 * Andrew Ranken – drums, tambourine, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 * The Pogues – percussion on "Hell's Ditch", "Maidrin Rua" and "Six to Go"
 * Siobhan Sheahan – harp on "Summer in Siam"
 * Fiachra Trench – string arrangement on "A Rainy Night in Soho"
 * Spider Stacy, Terry Woods, Darryl Hunt, Andrew Ranken, John Sheahan, Eamonn Campbell, Paul Verner, Jim Hand, Frank Murray – chorus on "Jack's Heroes"

Technical
 * Joe Strummer – producer
 * Paul Cobbold – engineer
 * Joshua Cheuse – cover art
 * Dave Jordan – producer on "Jack's Heroes" and "Whiskey in the Jar"
 * Terry Woods – producer on "Jack's Heroes" and "Whiskey in the Jar"
 * Steve Lillywhite – producer, mixing on "A Rainy Night in Soho"
 * Chris Dickie – engineer on "Jack's Heroes", "Whiskey in the Jar" and "A Rainy Night in Soho"
 * Eamonn Campbell – mixing on "Whiskey in the Jar"
 * John Sheahan – mixing on "Whiskey in the Jar"

Hell's Ditch demos
The Hell's Ditch demos (commonly known as the Falconer demos, after the studio in which they were tracked) were recorded prior to this album. "Murder Ska" and "Redemption Song" are both unreleased tracks featuring Spider Stacy on lead vocals. "Victoria" and "Lust for Vomit" are both instrumental versions of songs that later appeared on Shane MacGowan and the Popes' 1994 debut album The Snake, the latter retitled "A Mexican Funeral in Paris". "NW3" and "Murder Ska" were played live as early as 1988 but never properly recorded. A studio version of "NW3" was recorded for inclusion on Hell's Ditch, but MacGowan was unable to deliver a satisfactory vocal performance, leaving the track as an unfinished instrumental. Thus, "NW3" is an early version of "Mother Mo Chroi", which was released on MacGowan's second solo effort, 1997's The Crock of Gold. "NW3" or "Mother Mo Chroi" appears to be very similar in sound and structure to The Pogues' original song "Rake At The Gates of Hell" (released on the 1987 Straight To Hell soundtrack album).

The Falconer demos are widely available on the Internet, and unlicensed copies occasionally surface on the online auction site eBay. They also appear on the Pogues box set of rare and unreleased material released by Rhino Entertainment on 17 March 2008.

Track listing

 * 1) "Murder Ska" (unreleased track)
 * 2) "Ghost of a Smile"
 * 3) "Bastard Landlord"
 * 4) "Summer in Siam"
 * 5) "Wake of the Medusa"
 * 6) "NW3" (early instrumental version of Shane MacGowan and the Popes' 1997 "Mother Mo Chroi")
 * 7) "Victoria" (instrumental version)
 * 8) "Redemption Song" (unreleased track)
 * 9) "Lust for Vomit" (early instrumental version of Shane MacGowan and the Popes' 1994 "A Mexican Funeral in Paris")
 * 10) "Five Green Queens & Jean"

title: Hell's Ditch


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273 Atropos

Atropos (minor planet designation: 273 Atropos) is a typical Main belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on 8 March 1888 in Vienna.

Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 23.852 ± 0.003 hours and a brightness variation of 0.60 ± 0.03 in magnitude.

title: 273 Atropos


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274 Philagoria

Philagoria (minor planet designation: 274 Philagoria) is a typical Main belt asteroid.

It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 3 April 1888 in Vienna. He named it for Philagoria, a club in Olmütz (Olomouc).

title: 274 Philagoria


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275 Sapientia

Sapientia (minor planet designation: 275 Sapientia) is a very large Main belt asteroid that was discovered by Johann Palisa on 15 April 1888 in Vienna. It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material. It is named for the Roman personification of wisdom, Sapientia.

Observations performed at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during 2007 produced a light curve with an estimated period of $3$ hours with a brightness range of $14.766$ in magnitude. A 2014 study found a period of $0.11$ hours with a variation of $14.931$ in magnitude. The light curve was found to be irregular, suggesting the asteroid has an irregular shape. On September 30, 2015, the asteroid was observed occulting the 7th magnitude star HIP 14977 from multiple sites in Europe. The resulting chords showed a nearly circular prolate spheroid profile.

title: 275 Sapientia


title: File:Jadg01.gif


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Theodor Fliedner

Theodor Fliedner (21 January 1800 – 4 October 1864 ) was a German Lutheran minister and founder of Lutheran deaconess training. In 1836, he founded Kaiserswerther Diakonie, a hospital and deaconess training center. Together with his wives Friederike Münster and Caroline Bertheau, he is regarded as the renewer of the apostolic deaconess ministry. His work in nursing was pioneering for Florence Nightingale, who spent a few months in Kaiserswerth in 1850.

Background
Fliedner was born in Eppstein in Hesse, Germany. He was the son of a Lutheran minister, and studied theology at the University of Giessen and the University of Göttingen as well as at Herborn Academy, the theological seminary in Herborn. He was, for a time, a house teacher. In 1821 he assumed the pastorate in the poor municipality of Kaiserswerth (now in Düsseldorf). When the town could no longer support church and ministry due to an economic crisis, he undertook journeys to collect donations. Beginning in Westphalia, these travels also took him to the Netherlands and England.

Career
In the Netherlands he became acquainted with the ancient church office of deaconess while spending time among the Moravian Church, which had revived the institution in 1745. In England he met with English social reformer, Elizabeth Fry, who demonstrated her work among her nation's impoverished and imprisoned people. He returned home not only with a large financial collection for his municipality but also with new ideas about social work among the disadvantaged. He began by working among inmates at the Düsseldorf Prison, preaching the Gospel and ministering to spiritual and physical needs. He walked to and from Düsseldorf every other Sunday until a regular prison chaplain was appointed. The German prisons were then in a very bad state; but those interested in their improvement banded together, and in 1826, Fliedner created the Rhenish-Westphalian Prison Society (Rheinisch-Westfälische Gefängnisgesellschaft). Fliedner realized that the first step must be toward looking after the prisoners on their release, and accordingly, in 1833, he opened at Kaiserswerth a refuge for discharged female convicts. To better support and teach Kaiserwerth's children, he founded a school in 1835 which became the venue for a women teachers' seminar.

Deaconess Training
In many cities, there were no hospitals at that time. Following somewhat the model of the early Christian Church's diaconate, incorporating ideas learned from Fry and the Mennonites, and applying his own thoughts, Fliedner developed a plan whereby young women would find and care for the needy sick. For this, he needed to create Kaiserswerther Diakonie, an institute where women could learn both theology and nursing skills. He opened the hospital and deaconess training center in Kaiserswerth on 13 October 1836. Deaconesses took vows to care for their poor and sick charges, but they could leave their work and return to outside life if they so chose. Between 1836 and 1847 Fliedner also opened an infants' school and one for their teachers, a girls' orphanage, and a women's asylum.

Gertrud Reichardt was the first deaconess commissioned by the new school. Florence Nightingale trained there as a nurse in 1850. One of the associated Kaiserwerth professional schools was later named in her honor. Another noted student was the Swedish Maria Cederschiöld, a pioneer of nursing in her country.

After his wife, Friederike, died in 1842, he found a new life companion (and important employee) in Caroline Bertheau. They opened institutes for the diaconate in 1844 in Dortmund and in 1847 in Berlin with the support of King Frederick William IV of Prussia, and his wife Queen Elizabeth. Fliedner's attention became completely focused on this aspect of the ministry and in 1849 he resigned his pastorate and turned completely to working with the diaconate, including increasing activity abroad, founding "mother houses" across central and Eastern Europe, and as far as Jerusalem. Fliedner's movement has been cited as the model for the Inner Mission movement which Johann Hinrich Wichern developed. In 1855 Fliedner received the degree of Doctor of Theology from the University of Bonn, in recognition of his practical activities.

Legacy
Because of these efforts, deaconess institutes arose in Paris, Oslo, Strasbourg, Utrecht, and elsewhere. By the time of his death in 1864, there were 30 motherhouses and 1,600 deaconesses worldwide. By the middle of the 20th century, there were over 35,000 deaconesses serving in parishes, schools, hospitals, and prisons throughout the world.

A sign of the international respect Fliedner garnered is that his most famous pupil came from outside Germany. English nursing reformer Florence Nightingale first visited in 1841. She was impressed by the religious devotion and noted most of the deaconesses were of peasant origin. She graduated from the facility in 1851. Today, one of Düsseldorf's hospitals (Florence-Nightingale-Krankenhaus) bears her name.

He is commemorated as a renewer of society in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 4 October and by the Evangelical Church in Germany on 5 October.

Selected works
Fliedner's writings were almost all of a practical, rather than theological nature. Included were:
 * Kollektenreise nach Holland und England (1831)
 * Liederbuch für Kleinkinderschulen (1842)
 * Kaiserswerther Volkskalender (from 1842), a yearly almanac of Kaiserswerther
 * Armen- und Krankenfreund (from 1849), with information from his various institutions
 * Buch der Märtyrer und anderer Glaubenszeugen der evangelischen Kirche (1850)
 * Kurze Geschichte der Entstehung der ersten evangelischen Liebesanstalten in Kaiserswerth (1856)

Other sources

 * Calder, Jean McKinlay (1971) The Story of Nursing ( Methuen; 5th edition)
 * Kruczek, Dietmar (1999) German Theodor Fliedner: Mein Leben, für das Leben. Eine Biographie über den Gründer der Kaiserswerther Diakonie  (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Aussaat)
 * Sticker, Anna (1989) German Theodor und Friederike Fliedner  (R. Brockhaus Bildbiographien)
 * Wentz, Abdel Ross (1936) Fliedner the Faithful, Biography of Theodore Fliedner (The Board of Publication of the United Lutheran Church in America)
 * Winkworth, Catherine (2008) Life of Pastor Fliedner of Kaiserwerth (1867) (Kessinger Publishing, LLC.)

title: Theodor Fliedner


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Jaydy Michel

Jaydy Michel Brixon (born December 20, 1975) is a Mexican actress and fashion model.

Early life
Born to a Mexican father and an American mother, Jaydy Michel grew up in Puerto Vallarta, although she was born in Guadalajara, the capital of the state of Jalisco.

Career
She began her modeling career in Mexico, first in beauty pageants such as Miss Jalisco.

A friend of her mother recommended that she go to Europe. Michel went to Spain in 1994, beginning her career as an international model. Since then, she has been featured in many top magazines and fashion shows, both in Mexico and Europe.

She made her debut as an actress in the Spanish movie Isi/Disi, starring Santiago Segura and Florentino Fernández.

In 2007, she started working in the Spanish series Los Serrano, until its end in 2008. She played the role of an English teacher named Celia, replacing the deceased Lucía.

In 2013, she began hosting the fourth season of Mexico's Next Top Model.

Personal life
Michel and Spanish singer Alejandro Sanz married in Bali on December 30, 1999; however, this marriage was never legally recognized in either of their home countries. The couple divorced in 2005. Their daughter, Manuela Sánchez Michel, was born in 2001. Michel divides her time amongst Mexico, Spain, and Miami.

On January 4, 2011, she married Mexican international football player Rafael Márquez on the beach in Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico and had one child named Leonardo Márquez Michel (born 2016 ).

title: Jaydy Michel


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276 Adelheid

Adelheid (minor planet designation: 276 Adelheid) is a dark Alauda asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 121 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at Vienna Observatory on 17 April 1888. The meaning of the asteroids's name is unknown.

Classification
Adelheid is a member of the Alauda family (902), a large family of typically bright carbonaceous asteroids and named after its parent body, 702 Alauda.

Physical characteristics
Photometric observations in 1992 gave a lightcurve with a period of 6.328 ± 0.012 hours and a brightness variation of 0.10 ± 0.02 in magnitude. The curve is regular with two maxima and minima.

In the Tholen classification, its spectrum has been characterized as that of an X-type asteroid, while polarimetric observations refined its classification to a primitive P-type.

Naming
Any reference of this minor planet's name to a person or occurrence is unknown.

Unknown meaning
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Adelheid is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between and  and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth.

title: 276 Adelheid


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Toronto Public Library

Toronto Public Library (TPL) is a public library system in Toronto, Ontario. It is the largest public library system in Canada, and in 2023 had averaged a higher circulation per capita than any other public library system internationally, making it the largest neighbourhood-based library system in the world. Within North America, it also had the highest circulation and visitors when compared to other large urban systems. Established as the library of the Mechanics' Institute in 1830, the Toronto Public Library now consists of 100 branch libraries and has over 26 million items in its collection.

History
The first subscription library service to open in the city was on 9 December 1810, at Elmsley House. During the Burning of York in April 1813, several American officers under Commodore Issac Chauncey's command looted books from the library. Discovering his officers were in possession of the stolen books after they returned to Sackets Harbor, Chauncey ordered the looted books returned to York. The stolen books were returned in two crates, although by the time they arrived, the library had already closed. The books were auctioned off in 1822. In 1830, a library was established in the York Mechanics' Institute. In 1882, the provincial legislature, under Premier Oliver Mowat, passed The Free Libraries Act, 1882. A public campaign for a free library in Toronto preceded a referendum on the question, held on 1 January 1883, in which Torontonians voted in favour of creating a city library. Alderman John Hallam, whom historian Barbara Myrvold describes as having an "almost idolatrous regard for books", was a principal booster for the new library.

In 1884, the Mechanic's Institute's collection became the Toronto Public Library. James Bain was the first chief librarian and he supplemented the collection with $15,000 worth of books purchased on a trip to England in late 1883.

Between 1907 and 1916, ten libraries were built with funds from the Andrew Carnegie Trust. Several of these Carnegie libraries continue to be used by the public library; one, the original Central Reference Library, is now the Koffler Student Centre at the University of Toronto.

Henry Cummings Campbell was Chief Librarian of the Toronto Public Library from 1956 to 1978, and the first Chief Librarian to hold a professional library degree. He is credited with having contributed to the expansion of the library and its adaptation to an increasingly dynamic and multicultural city.

During the amalgamation of Metropolitan Toronto in 1998, the individual library systems of all the Metro municipalities and of Metro itself were merged into the Toronto system: This made the Toronto Public Library the largest library system in North America, serving a population of 2.3 million people with 98 branches at the time.
 * East York Public Library, established 1967, 5 branches
 * Etobicoke Public Library, established 1950, 13 branches
 * North York Public Library, established 1955, 19 branches
 * Scarborough Public Library, established 1955, 19 branches
 * York Public Library, established 1967, 6 branches
 * Metropolitan Toronto Public Library, established 1967, 1 branch
 * The old Toronto Public Library, established 1883, 33 branches

In 2004, a new library was opened in the St. James Town neighbourhood of Toronto, bringing the total number of branches to 99. In 2014, the city's 100th library was constructed and opened in Scarborough City Centre.

On 27 October 2023, a ransomware attack was detected which brought down various online services, including the TPL website. While the library remained open with wireless internet available, public computers and services on its website were offline. Confidential information of some staff members was exposed in the breach.

Governance
The Toronto Public Library is governed by a board appointed by Toronto City Council. The board is composed of eight citizen members, four city councillors and the mayor or his or her designate.

Collections
The library's collection count is over 12 million items.

Special collections
Toronto Public Library's special collections is located in several branches throughout the city. A number of special collections are housed at the Marilyn & Charles Baillie Special Collections Centre in the Toronto Reference Library. Special collections at the reference library includes the Arthur Conan Doyle Collection, and the Baldwin Collection of Canadiana.

Special collections located at other branches of the Toronto Public Library Merril Collection of Science Fiction, and the Osborne Collection of Early Children's Books, located at Lillian H. Smith branch. The Rita Cox Black and Caribbean Heritage Collection is spread throughout four branches of TPL, Malvern, Maria A. Shchuka, Parkdale, York Woods branch.

Bookmobiles

The TPL operates two Bookmobile buses (24' Blue Bird CS), targeting communities who lack easy access to a neighbourhood branch. There are 32 regular Bookmobile stops in Toronto, including one on Ward's Island. The bookmobile concept was previously used in the library systems of the former municipalities of North York and Scarborough as well as in Toronto as far back as 1948.

Musical instruments
Since April 2016, the Parkdale branch has a collection of musical instruments including guitars, violins, keyboards, percussion instruments, and others that can be borrowed for free with a library card.

tpl:map
Adult residents of Toronto can reserve a pass to a number of Toronto attractions with their library cards — one pass each per year to each participating destination. On the first of each month, a limited number of dates become available for the succeeding month (i.e. September passes become available on August 1), and eligible card holders make a reservation for a specific date. The number of visitors who can share a pass varies according to the attraction. Passes for popular sites, such as the Toronto Zoo, the ROM (Royal Ontario Museum) and the Ontario Science Centre, are often in very high demand.

Technology
The Toronto Public Library technology services include public access computers and free wireless internet access in all branches. The Library also provides access to e-books, music, movies, and other electronic collections. All libraries also include at least one black-and-white printer where users are charged $0.15 per page. The Toronto Reference Library holds the only public colour printer in the system. The Toronto Public Library website allows users to reserve materials and have them transferred to the user's preferred branch. The library also operates a Dial-a-Story telephone hotline, which reads stories to children in sixteen languages.

The library system uses NFC pads on each book where users only need to place the book on a table and checks out without scanning.

Eight branches of the Toronto Public Library also house Digital Innovation Hubs, where patrons can reserve a workstation or equipment and attend workshops to bring new and emerging technology to the community.

Digital content
Toronto Public Library cardholders can digitally borrow books, music and movies since 2014 by creating an account on the online platform Hoopla. Also, since 2018, the Toronto Public Library has partnered with Kanopy, a streaming platform with over 30,000 films and documentaries, that lets the library users stream up to eight items per month after registering using their library card.

The library's Digital Archive provides instant access to historical images—including photographs from the Toronto Star Photograph Archive—postcards, maps, rare digitized books and more.

The Toronto Public Library offers audiobook, e-book, and eMagazine services, including OverDrive eBooks & eAudiobooks, Zinio eMagazines, OneClick Digital eAudiobooks, Safari Tech & Business Books Online, TumbleBook Library, Ebsco eBooks, delivered via the library's website.

As of June 2024, the Toronto Public Library's website is blocked in mainland China.

Budget
The Toronto Public Library had an operating budget of $206,880,105 in 2019.

The Toronto Public Library had an operating budget of $217,334,410 in 2020.

The Toronto Public Library had an operating budget of $221,576,307 in 2021.

The Toronto Public Library had an operating budget of $228,305,383 in 2022.

The Toronto Public Library had an operating budget of $234,610,258 in 2023.

title: Toronto Public Library


text:
User:Lmno

Name:Lmno Organisation: indexed sequential Location: UK

This user...
stil thinks that Wikipedia is a useless piece of crap

title: User:Lmno


text:
Fernand de Brinon

Fernand de Brinon, Marquis de Brinon (26 August 1885 – 15 April 1947) was a French lawyer and journalist who was one of the architects of French collaboration with the Nazis during World War II. He claimed to have had five private talks with Adolf Hitler between 1933 and 1937.

In 1933, when there were calls in France for a preventive war to put an end to the Nazi regime while Germany was still more-or-less disarmed, Hitler met with Brinon, who wrote for the newspaper Le Matin. During the meeting, Hitler stressed what he claimed to be his love of peace and his friendship toward France. Hitler's meeting with Brinon had a huge effect on French public opinion and helped to put an end to the calls for a preventive war. It convinced many in France that Hitler was a man of peace.

Brinon was a high official of the collaborationist Vichy regime. During the liberation of France in 1944, remnants of the Vichy leadership fled into exile, where Brinon was selected as president of the rump government in exile. After the war was over, he was tried in France for war crimes, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed.

Early life and marriage
Born into a wealthy family in the city of Libourne in the Gironde département, Fernand de Brinon studied political science and law at university but chose to work as a journalist in Paris. After the First World War, he advocated a rapprochement with Germany. He became friends with Joachim von Ribbentrop.

De Brinon married Jeanne Louise Rachel Franck, the Jewish former wife of Claude Ullmann. She converted to Roman Catholicism.

1930s Paris
The Brinons became leading socialites in 1930s Paris, and close friends of the political right-wing elite and of socialist leader Édouard Daladier. In co-ordination with Ribbentrop's personal representative in Paris, Otto Abetz, Brinon headed the France–Germany Committee, which was designed to influence France's political and cultural establishment in a pro-German direction. That was Nazi Germany's main propaganda technique in its attempt to influence French politics before the Second World War. During the Munich Crisis, Brinon sent accounts of the discussions of the French Cabinet that were obtained from two ministers to the German government.

Occupied Paris
A leading advocate for collaboration following France's defeat by Germany in the Second World War, in July 1940 Brinon was invited by Pierre Laval, Vice-Premier of the new Vichy regime, to act as its representative to the German High Command in occupied Paris. Brinon's seat was the confiscated Hôtel de Breteuil in Paris (12 avenue Foch). Brinon benefited from his long acquaintance with the German ambassador Otto Abetz. In September 1940 he also established the Groupe Collaboration to help establish closer cultural ties between Germany and France. In 1942, Philippe Pétain, head of the Vichy regime, gave him the title of Secretary of State.

As the third-ranking member of the Vichy regime and because of his enthusiastic support for the fascist cause, Brinon's importance to the Nazis was such that he was able to obtain a special pass for his Jewish-born wife that exempted her from deportation to a German concentration camp.

Katyn Massacre

De Brinon was invited by the German supreme general staff to the Eastern Front, as president of the committee of the Legion of French Volunteers against Bolschevism (LVF), to visit the exhumation of the bodies of the Polish victims in the Katyn forest in April 1943.

Vichy government in exile
In the face of the Allied invasion of France in June 1944, the remnants of the Vichy regime fled to Sigmaringen, Germany, in September 1944, where the Germans set up the French Governmental Commission for the Defense of National Interests as a government in exile.

The Germans wished to project a facade of legality for the commission, and enlisted de Brinon to serve as president, and other Vichy officials, including Joseph Darnand, Jean Luchaire, Eugène Bridoux, and Marcel Déat as members.

Arrest and trial
De Brinon was eventually arrested by the advancing Allied troops. He and his wife were both held in Fresnes prison, but she was eventually released. De Brinon was tried in the épuration légale by the French Court of Justice for war crimes, found guilty and sentenced to death on 6 March 1947. He was executed by firing squad on 15 April at the military fort in the Paris suburb of Montrouge.

In 2002, French historian Gilbert Joseph published Fernand de Brinon : L'Aristocrate de la collaboration. In 2004, Bernard Ullmann, Lisette de Brinon's son from her first marriage, broke his 60-year silence and told his family's story in his book, Lisette de Brinon, Ma Mère.

title: Fernand de Brinon


text:
People's Progressive Party

There are several parties named People's Progressive Party:

 * People's Progressive Party (Anguilla)
 * People's Progressive Party (Gambia)
 * People's Progressive Party (Guyana) (and previously British Guiana)
 * People's Progressive Party (Malaysia)
 * People's Progressive Party (Nepal)
 * People's Progress Party (Papua New Guinea)
 * People's Progressive Party (Saint Lucia)
 * People's Progressive Party (Solomon Islands)
 * People's Progressive Party (Uganda)
 * People's Progress Party (Vanuatu)
 * United People's Progressive Party, Bulgaria
 * Croatian People's Progressive Party from the Croatian parliamentary election, 1906

title: People's Progressive Party