text:
TurboTax

TurboTax is a software package for preparation of American and Canadian income tax returns, produced by Intuit. TurboTax is a market leader in its product segment, competing with H&R Block Tax Software and TaxAct. TurboTax was developed by Michael A. Chipman of Chipsoft in 1984 and was sold to Intuit in 1993.

The company has been subject of controversy over its political influence and deceptive business practices. Intuit, the maker of TurboTax, has engaged in a multi-million dollar lobbying campaign against the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) creating its own online system of tax filing like those that exist in most other wealthy countries. Intuit is under investigation by multiple state attorneys general, as well as New York State Department of Financial Services.

As part of an agreement with the IRS Free File program, TurboTax allowed individuals making less than $39,000 a year to use a free version of TurboTax; a 2019 ProPublica investigation revealed that TurboTax deliberately made this version hard to find, even through search engines, and that it deceptively steered individuals who search for the free version to TurboTax versions that cost money to use. TurboTax has tricked military service members to pay to use the filing software by creating and promoting a "military discount" and by making the free version hard to find when many service members are in fact eligible to use the software for free.

Overview
Intuit Consumer Tax Group is based in San Diego, California. Intuit Corporation, which owns Intuit, is headquartered in Mountain View, California.

There are a number of different versions, including TurboTax Deluxe, TurboTax Premier, etc. TurboTax is available for both federal and state income tax returns. The software is designed to guide users through their tax returns step-by-step. The TurboTax software provides taxpayers additional support for their self-prepared returns by offering Audit Defense from TaxResources, Inc.

Typically, TurboTax federal software is released late in the year and the state software is released mid-January to mid-February. TurboTax normally releases its new versions as soon as the IRS completes revisions to the forms and approves the TurboTax versions, usually late in the tax year. The process is similar for states that collect income taxes.

In 2001, TurboTax saved financial institution passwords entered by users to servers at Intuit and the home computer. The programming error was reportedly fixed, but as of 2012 TurboTax offers no option to download a data file directly from the financial institution. Instead, it prompts the user for their login name and password at the financial institution or permits the data to be entered by hand.

In 2003, Intuit faced vocal criticism for its TurboTax activation scheme. The company responded by removing the product activation scheme from its product. In 2005 TurboTax extended its offering by allowing any taxpayer to use a basic version of its federal product for free as part of the Free File Alliance. By 2006 that offer has been limited to free federal online tax preparation and e-file for taxpayers whose adjusted gross income is $28,500 or less (or $52,000 for those in the military) and those 50 or under. TurboTax has received a number of complaints regarding its advertising of the free version. For filers who use this basic version of the software, federal filing is free. However, state tax filing is not free, and the cost of using TurboTax to file state returns is not presented to the user until they've already completed entering their information for federal returns.

In 2008, Intuit raised the price of TurboTax for desktop customers by $15 and included a free e-filing for the first return prepared. The company's new "Pay Per Return" policy was criticized for adding a $9.95 fee to print or e-file each additional return after the first, including returns prepared for members of the same household. On December 12, 2008, the company announced that it had rescinded the new policy.

On January 21, 2009, TurboTax received considerable public attention at the Senate confirmation hearing of Timothy F. Geithner to be the United States Secretary of Treasury. Geithner had testified that he used TurboTax to prepare his tax returns for the years 2001 to 2004 but had incorrectly handled the self-employment taxes due as a result of his being employed by the International Monetary Fund. Geithner made it clear that he took responsibility for the error, which was discovered in a subsequent IRS audit, and did not blame TurboTax. Geithner paid $42,702 in back taxes. Intuit responded by releasing a statement saying: "TurboTax, and all software and in-person tax preparation services, base their calculations on the information users provide when completing their returns."

On July 15, 2021, Intuit announced its withdrawal from the Free File Alliance, effective after the tax season concluding in October 2021, stating that "due to the limitations of the Free File program and conflicting demands from those outside the program, we are not able to continue in the program".

International versions
Intuit also addresses Canadian tax returns with an entirely separate product also named TurboTax, but previously called QuickTax. The French version has retained its original name ImpôtRapide until 2017, when it was renamed TurboImpôt.

Blocking search engines from indexing its "free file program" page
Citizens of the US that make up to $72,000 per year are eligible for free preparation and filing of tax forms through the IRS Free File program. However, TurboTax's "free file program" page (https://turbotax.intuit.com/taxfreedom/) contains specific HTML tags (noindex, nofollow) which block search engines from indexing it. TurboTax has been deceiving customers which were eligible for the free submission into signing up for their commercial product. Starting December 30, 2019, under a new agreement from the IRS, TurboTax can no longer hide their free version services from search results.

Writing to the boot track
The 2003 version of the TurboTax software contained digital rights management that tracked whether it had previously been installed on a computer by writing to sector 33 on the hard drive. This allowed it to track if it was on a computer previously, even through reinstalling the operating system. This also caused it to conflict with some boot loaders that store data there, rendering those computers unbootable.

Opposition to return-free filing
Intuit, the owner of TurboTax, spent more than $11 million on federal lobbying between 2008 and 2012. Intuit "opposes IRS government tax preparation", particularly allowing taxpayers to file pre-filled returns for free, in a system similar to the established ReadyReturn service in California. The company also lobbied on bills in 2007 and 2011 that would have barred the Treasury Department, which includes the IRS, from initiating return-free filing. An Intuit spokeswoman said in early 2013 that "Like many other companies, Intuit actively participates in the political process." She said that return-free filing had "implications for accuracy and fairness in taxation." This led journalist Dylan Matthews to propose a boycott of the company in 2017.

In its 2012 Form 10-K, Intuit said that "We anticipate that governmental encroachment at both the federal and state levels may present a continued competitive threat to our business for the foreseeable future."

Repositioning of versions
In January 2015 it became known that the Deluxe version no longer supports IRS Schedules C, D, E, and F in interview mode. Although the Deluxe version still allows entry into those schedules by means of "form mode", doing so may result in the loss of the ability to file electronically. In addition, the Premium version no longer supports Schedule C or F in interview mode. Intuit was widely criticized for these changes and responded with short-term mitigation, although it has not reversed the decision. On February 5, 2015, Intuit sent a second email apology to current and former customers regarding the decision to remove specific schedules from the Deluxe and Premium versions. Intuit also apologized for their poorly received initial apology sent on January 27. In the February 5 message Intuit announced that they would reverse course in their 2015 Deluxe and Premium versions, including the schedules that were historically included in the software.

Fraudulent return claims
In an article by Brian Krebs on February 15, 2015, it was reported that Intuit Inc. temporarily suspended the transmission of state e-filed tax returns due to a surge in complaints from consumers about refunds already claimed in their name.

In a later article on February 22, 2015, Krebs reported that it was alleged by two former employees that Intuit knowingly allowed fraudulent returns to be processed on a massive scale as part of a revenue boosting scheme. Both employees, former security team members for the company, stated that the company had ignored repeated warnings and suggestions on how to prevent fraud. One of the employees was reported to have filed a whistleblower complaint with the US Securities and Exchange Commission.

Diverting stimulus funds away from customers
In 2021, some individuals who used TurboTax for their tax filings were unable to access stimulus checks sent by the government because TurboTax diverted the checks to old and unused bank accounts for the customers.

Deceptive advertising of its "free" tax filing products
On March 29, 2022, the Federal Trade Commission announced that they would take legal action against Intuit, the parent company of TurboTax in response to deceptive advertising of its free tax filing products. The commission reported that the majority of tax filers cannot use any of TurboTax's free products which were advertised, claiming that it has misled customers to believing that tax filers can use TurboTax to file their taxes. In addition, tax filers who earn farm income or are gig workers cannot be eligible for those products. Intuit announced that they would take counter action, announcing that the FTC's arguments are "not credible" and claimed that their free tax filing service is available to all tax filers.

On May 4, 2022, Intuit agreed to pay a $141 million settlement over the misleading advertisements. In May 2023, the company began sending over 4 million customers their settlement checks, which ranged from $30 to $85 USD. In January 2024, the FTC ordered Intuit to fix its misleading ads for "free" tax preparation software - for which most filers wouldn't even qualify.

As of March 2024, Intuit has stopped providing its free TurboTax service.

title: TurboTax


text: User talk:213.5.49.214

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:213.5.49.214


text:
Talk:Exi (subculture)

Exy
Sorry, I meant it to be in Wiktionary, but when I searched Wiktionary I ended up here by mistake. I have in fact put the same article in Wiktionary. --PeterR 18:15, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Is the spelling "Exy" really attested in German? I can only find "Exi".

I've seen both spellings - it seems to be one of these terms that's heard more often than actually seen written down. I agree though that it's unlikely in German for Exy to be the more common spelling. Grutness|hello? 02:07, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Were they only Beatles fans
This article implies that the exies were a small social group who became Beatles fans. My understanding was that young Germans at that time styled themselves either as "rockers" or "exies", so the exies were in fact a rather large group of people, like beatnicks in the US. Am I mistaken?

One or two references of interest
The article refers to terms, such as "Grosse Freiheit" and "pilzkopfrizur", which have not yet been defined. Until they are, I think it should stay.

Deletion?
With no references or backing material whatsoever, should this article be a candidate for deletion? -- Kyle Maxwell (talk) 01:45, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 03:48, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Exi (subculture) → Exi — There is no other page on Wikipedia called "Exi". Exi redirects here. The disambiguation is completely unnecessary.  McLerristarr |  Mclay1  06:38, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * That's fine but it needs a hatnote to Excursion Inlet Seaplane Base. Powers T 13:18, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose I think there should be a dab page, as illustrated with a simple search: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&redirs=0&search=exi&fulltext=Search&ns0=1 . 76.66.203.138 (talk) 05:50, 19 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment The dab page should either be at or , in any case, the two should redirect to a dab page. Note, these two redirects go to different places. 76.66.203.138 (talk) 05:50, 19 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Exi (subculture)


text:
Indian Independence Act 1947

The Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 30) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan. The Act received Royal Assent on 18 July 1947 and thus modern-day India and Pakistan, comprising west (modern day Pakistan) and east (modern day Bangladesh) regions, came into being on 15 August.

The legislature representatives of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and the Sikh community came to an agreement with Lord Mountbatten, then Viceroy and Governor-General of India, on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan.

Attlee's announcement
Clement Attlee, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, announced on 20 February 1947 that:
 * 1) The British Government would grant full self-government to British India by 3 June 1948 at the latest,
 * 2) The future of the Princely States would be decided after the date of final transfer is decided.

Third June Plan
The 3rd June 1947 Plan was also known as the Mountbatten Plan. The British government proposed a plan, announced on 3 June 1947, that included these principles:
 * 1) Principle of the partition of British India was accepted by the British Government
 * 2) Successor governments would be given dominion status
 * 3) Autonomy and sovereignty to both countries
 * 4) Can make their own constitution
 * 5) Princely states were given the right to join either India or Pakistan (with no option to remain independent), based on two major factors: geographical contiguity and the people's wishes.

Provisions
The Act's most important provisions were:
 * Division of British India into the two new dominions – the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan – with effect from 15 August 1947;
 * Partition of the provinces of Bengal and Punjab between the two new countries;
 * Establishment of the office of Governor-General in each of the two new countries, as representatives of the Crown;
 * Conferral of complete legislative authority upon the respective Constituent Assemblies of the two new countries;
 * Termination of British suzerainty over the princely states, with effect from 15 August 1947. These states could decide to join either India or Pakistan;
 * Abolition of the use of the title "Emperor of India" by the British monarch (this was subsequently executed by King George VI by royal proclamation on 22 June 1948);

The Act also made provision for the division of joint property, etc. between the two new countries, including in particular the division of the armed forces.

Salient features

 * 1) Two new dominion states: Two new dominions were to emerge from the Indian empire: India and Pakistan.
 * 2) Appointed Date: 15 August 1947 was declared as the appointed date for the partition.
 * 3) Territories:
 * 4) Pakistan: East Bengal, West Punjab, Sindh, and Chief Commissioner's Province of Baluchistan.
 * 5) The fate of the North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) was subject to the result of a referendum.
 * 6) Bengal & Assam:
 * 7) The province of Bengal as constituted under the Government of India Act 1935 ceased to exist.
 * 8) In lieu thereof two new provinces were to be constituted, to be known respectively as East Bengal and West Bengal.
 * 9) The fate of District Sylhet, in the province of Assam, was to be decided in a referendum.
 * 10) Punjab:
 * 11) The province as constituted under the Government of India Act 1935 ceased to exist.
 * 12) Two new provinces were to be constituted, to be known respectively as West Punjab and East Punjab.
 * 13) The boundaries of the new provinces were to be determined, whether before or after the appointed date, by the award of a boundary commission to be appointed by the Governor-General.
 * 14) Constitution for the New Dominions: until the time of the making of the new constitution, the new dominions and the provinces thereof were to be governed by the Government of India Act 1935. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion).
 * 15) The Governors-General of the new dominions:
 * 16) For each of the new dominions a new Governor-General was to be appointed by the Crown, subject to the law of the legislature of either of the new dominions.
 * 17) Same person as Governor-General of both dominions: if unless and until provision to the contrary was made by a law of the legislature of either of the new dominions, the same person could be the Governor-General of both.
 * 18) Powers of Governor-General: (Section-9)
 * 19) The Governor-General was empowered to bring this Act into force.
 * 20) Division of territories, powers, duties, rights, assets, liabilities, etc., was the responsibility of Governor General.
 * 21) To adopt, amend, Government of India Act 1935, as the Governor-General may consider it necessary.
 * 22) power to introduce any change was until 31 March 1948, after that it was open to the constituent assembly to modify or adopt the same Act. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion.)
 * 23) Governor-General had full powers to give assent to any law.
 * 24) Legislation for the new dominions:
 * 25) The existing legislative setup was allowed to continue as Constitution making body as well as a legislature. (Temporary Provisions as to the Government of Each New Dominion.)
 * 26) The legislature of each dominion was given full powers to make laws for that dominion, including laws having extraterritorial operation.
 * 27) No Act of Parliament of UK passed after the appointed date would be extended to the territories of new dominions.
 * 28) No law and provision of any law made by the legislature of the new dominions shall be void or inoperative on the ground that it is repugnant to the law of England.
 * 29) The Governor-General of each dominion had full powers to give assent in His Majesty's name to any law of the legislature. [Configuration of Pakistan's Constitution Assembly (CAP I): 69 members of the central legislature + 10 immigrant members= 79].
 * 30) Consequences of setting up of the new dominions:
 * 31) His Majesty's Government lost all the responsibility to the new dominions.
 * 32) The suzerainty of His Majesty's Government over the Indian States lapsed.
 * 33) All the treaties or agreements with the Indian States and the tribal areas that were in force at the passing of the act lapsed.
 * 34) The title of "Emperor of India" was dropped from the titles of British Crown.
 * 35) The office of Secretary of State for India was abolished and the provisions of GOI Act 1935 relating to the appointments to the civil service or civil posts under the crown by the secretary of the state ceased to operate.
 * 36) Civil servants: Section 10 provided for the continuance of service of the government servants appointed on or before 15 August 1947 under the Governments of new Dominions with full benefits.
 * 37) Armed Forces: Sections 11, 12, and 13 dealt with the future of the Indian armed forces. A Partition Committee was formed on 7 June 1947, with two representatives from each side and the viceroy in the chair, to decide about the division thereof. As soon as the process of partition was to start it was to be replaced by a Partition Council with a similar structure.
 * 38) First and Second Schedules:
 * 39) First Schedule listed the districts provisionally included in the new province of East Bengal:
 * 40) Chittagong Division: Districts of Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Noakhali and Tipperah.
 * 41) Dacca Division: Districts of Bakarganj, Dacca, Faridpur, and Mymensingh.
 * 42) Presidency Division: Districts of Jessore (except Bangaon Tehsil), and Kustia and Meherpur Tehsils (of Nadia district).
 * 43) Rajshahi Division:Districts of Bogra, Dinajpur (except Raiganj and Balurghat Tehsil), Rajshahi, Rangpur and Nawabganj Tehsil (of Malda district).
 * 44) Second Schedule listed the districts provisionally included in the new province of West Punjab:
 * 45) Lahore Division: Districts of Gujranwala, Lahore (except Patti Tehsil), Sheikhupura, Sialkot and Shakargarh Tehsil (of Gurdaspur district).
 * 46) Rawalpindi Division: Districts of Attock, Gujrat, Jehlum, Rawalpindi and Shahpur.
 * 47) Multan Division: Districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Jhang, Lyallpur, Montgomery, Multan and Muzaffargarh.

Partition
There was much violence, and many Muslims from what would become India fled to Pakistan; and Hindus and Sikhs from what would become Pakistan fled to India. Many people left behind all their possessions and property to avoid the violence and flee to their new country.

Princely states

On 25 July 1947, Mountbatten held a meeting with the Chamber of Princes, where he addressed the question of the princely states, of which there were 562. The treaty relations between Britain and the Indian States would come to an end, and on 15 August 1947 the suzerainty of the British Crown was to lapse. Mountbatten ruled out any dominion status for any of the princely states, and advised them to accede to one or the other of the dominions, India and Pakistan. Though it was technically possible for the states to remain free after 15 August, their dependence on the British government of India for defence, foreign affairs, communication and other matters rendered such freedom meaningless.

India
Lord Mountbatten continued as the first Governor General of independent India. Jawaharlal Nehru became the prime minister and Vallabhbhai Patel became the home minister.

Over 550 princely states, almost all of the states contiguous with the territory of India, acceded to India by 15 August. The exceptions were Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Jammu and Kashmir.

The state of Jammu and Kashmir was contiguous to both India and Pakistan, but its Hindu ruler chose to remain independent (in status quo) "for the time being". Following a Pakistani tribal invasion, he acceded to India on 26 October 1947, and the state was disputed between India and Pakistan.

The state of Junagadh initially acceded to Pakistan but faced a revolt from its Hindu population. India considered the accession of Junagadh invalid because it violated the principle of geographical contiguity of the partition, but Pakistan claimed that the maritime border of Junagadh is connected to Pakistan. Following a breakdown of law and order, its Dewan requested India to take over the administration on 8 November 1947. India conducted a referendum in the state on 20 February 1948, in which the people voted overwhelmingly to join India.

The state of Hyderabad had a majority Hindu population but also a Muslim ruler with a large Muslim minority. The Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to get Dominion status. Hyderabad elected to maintain its independence and lobbied internationally for recognition. However, it faced the pro-communist Telangana Rebellion and agitation by Indian nationalists opposed to its independence. On 13 September 1948, the Indian government launched an invasion of Hyderabad called Operation Polo. The Hyderabadi military was defeated over five days of fighting. With his state about to be over run, the Nizam signed the Instrument of Accession, joining India. The formal integration of Hyderabad into the dominion of India took place much later on January 25, 1950, when the Nizam signed the Instrument of Accession with the central government. A day later, as India became a republic on January 26, the Nizam took over as the Raj Pramukh or governor.

Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor-General of Pakistan, and Liaquat Ali Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Between October 1947 and March 1948 the rulers of several Muslim-majority states signed instruments of accession to join Pakistan. These included Amb, Bahawalpur, Chitral, Dir, Kalat, Khairpur, Kharan, Las Bela, Makran, and Swat. The Khanate of Kalat initially elected to resume its independence, until 27 March 1948 when its ruler acceded to Pakistan.

Repeal
The Indian Independence Act was subsequently repealed in Article 395 of the Constitution of India and in Article 221 of the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956, both constitutions being intended to bring about greater independence for the new states. Although under British law, the new constitutions did not have the legal authority to repeal the Act, the repeal was intended to establish them as independent legal systems based only on home-grown legislation. The Act has not been repealed in the United Kingdom, where it still has an effect, although some sections of it have been repealed.

title: Indian Independence Act 1947


text: Category:Tubular bridges

title: Category:Tubular bridges


text:
User:Pastel-ink

Sorry Can't speak English

I am requesting to change username to User:RadioActive (see meta:Changing username and Changing_username). --Pastel-ink 18:47, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) ja:User:MP3-Navy

title: User:Pastel-ink


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pauline facciano

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 00:27, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Iron ore

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 11 January 2019 and 17 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Joey Stephenson 98. Peer reviewers: A8218054.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:48, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Pyrite
I miss mention of pyrite and other sulfidic iron ores which have been used in iron processing in history.
 * Sulphur compounds are generally the worst ores to refine. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Simba541chui (talk • contribs) 16:55, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

Mining
The Mining section is too North America specific. An overview of iron ore producers would be helpful.

Environmental problems
These large tailings basins pose future environmental problems

This statement has been removed, the basins in MN have been regularly tested and shown not to pose any threat other than taking up large areas of land. The materials that make up the tailings are the same as what was mined less the iron. There is little added that is not removed before being deposited in the basin. The areas of land taken up by these basins have become animal sanctuaries. At HibbTac, a mine near the city of Hibbing there are 4 bald eagles living in the basin, as well as moose, deer, geese, duck, fox, and many wild animals from the area that have found a sanctuary from man, as trespassers are not aloud on property and guns are banned. The goose population out there right now is larger than most other groups of geese in the region. The size of the basin is roughly 16miles in diameter so well large in size the amount of wild life per acre is greater than most forest regions. In there testing process they have been found to contain no carcinogens, and minimal to no toxicity. The basins of the outher mines in the regons are very similer to this one. To say they pose an environmental problem seams to be an assumption based only on the fact that it is industry. Its just a place to store the remaining rock that didn’t get turned into pellets.

 * Hmm... got references to back that up? A 160 - 200 sq. mi. pond of ground up rock is going to have an environmental impact. Will it be a problem for ground water quality ...? I don't know. Was there an environmental impact study? Studies by non-industry scientists? Vsmith 03:24, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I will contact the material testing firm that has dune much of the testing and see if I can get some results, I wont be able to do it right a way but shouldn’t take to long. I also will look into an environmental impact study.  I guess mostly my point isn’t that it is a non threat, but more that its persons causing any damage is all the damage there ever will be.

 * The pond of ground rock is more water than rock. They use water to flow the tailings out into the basin from the mine.  The flow enters onto a portion of the basin that has a 25 to 20 ft elevation difference than the rest.  The water is then directed across a dame into a lower portion of the basin dropping in elevation around 5 ft.  The Course tailings are filtered out at this point and let behind.  They then use these course tailings to maintain the parameter damns.  The water is then directed across another damn into another portion of the basin again at a lower elevation filtering out more materials.  There are 4 such holding ponds with the last one containing a pumping station that pumps water back to the mine to repeat the process.  Over time the water level rises and they use the course tailings to raise the dam.  The final portion is 80ft deep of water that supports northern pike and walleye.  This is only off of personal experience as I have worked on these damns.  Ill look into getting some study data for you.

 * I must concede, I checked with the 2 engineering firms that do testing and such at the mine, and they both told me that the basin was grandfathered in and has had no environmental impact studies. They do routine water sampling of the basin and water that seeps out.  Checking near by lakes and rivers, and they have never found anything.  But alas the potential of environmental damage or impact of some sort can not be ruled out.  I have a hard time saying that knowing what an animal sanctuary it is, granted the wildlife is not tested so there could be some kind of mutation growth or something I guess we just don’t know and therefore I put back the environmental risk statement.

 * Thanks for the update. Grandfathers win again :-) Probably not a lot to worry about, would've been nice to have had an impact study of some kind. Not much in the way of toxic metals & such, just silica & iron oxides mostly and the ground up rock will probably make soil a whole lot faster than the orig bedrock. My ancestors pioneered in N. Minnesota way back when so I'm just a bit interested in the area. Vsmith 03:33, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

 * An area of the basin we call the delta builds up a large quantity of the courser tailings, they have a consistency similar to sand, any ways they grow barley in it to keep erosion down. My ancestors also pioneered this area, and we still do I guess:).Zath42 23:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Actually, iron ore tailings aren't a big problem; maybe you guys were thinking of the slag? But even then, most smelter slag is used in creative and environmentally friendly ways, typically for surfacing roads. Or at least over here in Australia. They, the smelters, have even had to modifty their fluxes to produce a less glassy slag to improve traction in roadbases.

 * In other news I have updated the article as best I can. I've only, as of a month ago, started iron ore geology. Let alone smelting. But at any rate, I hope this was a decent contribution. Rolinator 13:28, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Siderite
magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (Fe2O3), limonite or siderite, all of which are iron oxides.

Siderite isn't oxide, it's iron carbonate. Siim 15:59, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

US Geological Survey 2004
Take a look at the ratings. How can the US (#6 with 54 mln tonnes) be ahead of Ukraine (#7 with 66 mln tonnes). Also look at Mauritania (#14 with 10 mln tonnes) and Mexico (#15 with 12 mln tonnes). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.44.148.10 (talk • contribs)

just what i needed i finaly got my assiment done affer looking for ages this website had every thing thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.168.115.251 (talk • contribs)

Also about the survey, China is listed at number one, Australia and Brazil are tied for second, but this contradicts what is written in the statement directly above the table, which says that Brazil is the largest producer then Australia. Which is correct? --Colourblind 02:35, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well... It does say the Brazilian company is the worlds largest producer - doesn't mean china's production is smaller - just many more smaller players involved!TheErrorEliminator 04:32, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

I am rather confused by the data in the table being from 2006 and the data in the footnote coming from 2004. Where did the updated 2006 data come from since the reference takes one to 2004 data? Zentime 16:16, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Likewise, would like to know where the revised figures for 2006 come from, as some are the same as the US GS, others are not. Also small point: table shows "tons" as unit, whereas US GS data is given in "tonnes" - ie metric, not imperial. MD 15:08, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Mining section
The layout of the section on mining seems a bit awkward, my suggestion is:

•the paragraph on world production

•the US geological survey table

•the paragraph about production in Australia - it is more significant than production in the US or Canada

•the section on mining in US and Canada

Also, more could be added about Brazil and China since they are both major producers. If no one has any objections, I would do this myself, however I am a wiki-novice so help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks, --Colourblind 02:48, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Will attempt it later. Also a point is needed for the FMGL paragraph as there is no discussion about tenements in this section, this combined with the terrible grammar and spelling ("forth"?) leads me to believe that this is actually a cheap plug for FMGL which is raising capital as we speak.TheErrorEliminator 13:31, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

chelsea rocks are only found in chelsea island

The comment about iron ore mining being low margin may have been true in the past...but, it has certainly changed since the emergence of Chinese consumption. The big 3 seaborne companies have margins well above 60% now. Also, the production table is misleading since the 880 mt production in China is of very low grade material (below 30% Fe content compared with over 60% in Brazil and Australia). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eglotzer1122 (talk • contribs) 21:13, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Failings and bias.
I have read the article and the discussion.

I have some reservations.

I will try in the coming months to complete the article.

My reservations are that the article is very biased to todays situation, only really concerns two areas (USA and Australia), contains some facts that may be correct just now but was not correct 50 years ago, and is partly not Iron Ore but iron making.

I confess that my wiewpont is biased to Kiruna mine competition. Seniorsag 14:23, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

I can only agree with the above - much of the article seems (after only a very quick perusal, admittedly) to focus on ferrous metallurgy, rather than on the business of ore itself (geology, deposits, problems of recovery, preparation, etc., etc.). I'm all for a holistic approach, but you still have to draw the line somewhere. Also - my favourite quibble, I admit! - the English could be better. Maelli (talk) 11:40, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

No discussion of depletion?
One of the most basic question that children ask has been left largely unanswered on the mineral resource wiki's. How many kids want to do a school assignment and answer the question, "How much is there?" Now adults might ask further questions, such as "How long will it last at current rates of consumption?" and "How long will it last at exponentially increasing rates of consumption?" and then "What are we going to do as this resource peaks and starts to become ever more expensive to extract?" These issues have largely been ignored. For quality control issues it is time to ask some experts in the various mineral resources the answers to these questions, especially how long a resource has against a low exponential increase (of say 2% a year) against a higher increase (say 10% a year).

Eclipsenow (talk) 09:27, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know the exact answer to these questions world wide, however speaking with mining engineers on Minnesotans Iron Range, they consider the Mesabi Range to be a nearly endless supply, certainly cost will go up as material is extracted from deeper and deeper sources. I guess that as deep as they sample they find material.  Of course this information is original research because I'm able to directly communicate with the mining engineers, and has no place in the article. It would be interesting to see something published about this... Zath42 (talk) 09:35, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

When the article says that somebody "suggested iron ore could run out within 64 years based on an extremely conservative extrapolation of 2% growth per year", it means best case scenario, right?190.31.3.6 (talk) 17:01, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

I know this is an old discussion, but I think a discussion about iron ore exhaustion are a bit pointless, and at best misleading. About 5-6% of the earth's crust is composed of iron. However much we mine, we will never (at least not in scales less than a few million years) mine 5% of the crust. If we limit the discussion to iron ore resources and reserves, the message can be incredibly misleading as new resources and reserves are identified every year. For example, the "pilbara depletion" section of the article says that the pilbara has demonstrated resources of 24 billion tonnes of iron ore, and it could all be mined out within 50 years. This ignores the fact that long before it would be mined out, new resources will be identified. For example, the smallest of the "large" Pilbara producers, FMG, which didn't exist 10 years ago, and hadn't started mining 5 years ago has 20 billion tonnes of iron ore reserves and resourcesFMG Presentation 2011. While I don't know what reserves and resources BHP and Rio have, it is doubtless of a similar scale, which means that the 24 billion tonne value is very much out of date, and any calculation based on that number is meaningless. Any discussion of depletion of iron ore should be made in the context that new resources and reserves are identified every year, and generally the quantity of known reserves and resources grows each year --Blibbler (talk) 15:35, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Hematite vs magnetite
Reading this article i came to wonder about the distinction between hematite ang magnetite that is made in the article. From the text, i get the impression that hematite would be the more valuable of the two, which seems to be totally wrong. The refining of magnetite is considerably much more energy efficient as it oxidates when burnt to pellets and thus contributes a great deal of energy to the process. The grinding cost is negligable by comparison. The only problem with magnetite is that it is not as abundant, and that the remaining deposits are increasingly hard to get to (scattered thinly, or lying deep underground). 90.225.95.17 (talk) 18:26, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I do not think the amount of energy required to smelt eitehr mineral is the crucial factor. It is a matter of what ore isavailable and how much iron it contains, which these days may only be 5%.  Peterkingiron (talk)

Maghemite - thoughts on commerciality
Was wondering what the author(s) opinion is on the iron ore mineral Maghemite. There is little information on the web about this mineral.

I do not want to turn this in a 'stock tip' dicussion so a very brief reason why I am asking.

There is a company in Australia (soon to list) that is currently espousing that they believe they may be able to commercially develop a maghemite resource in New South Wales, despite the ore being very low grade...typically 15%.

The core reason they believe it is feasible is due to maghemite being 'very easily' beneficiated to over 50% by magnetic separation. The other reasons given is that:

1. It is all from surface 2. Rail infrastructure and ports are a non-issue 3. The resource they eventually prove up will be VERY large (billion + tonnes)

They didn't even use the excuse 'higher iron ore prices'.

As far as I know, no maghemite deposits have ever been developed...and this maghemite resource has been known for a very long time (I believe BHP had but then they found the Pilbara...or could have been RIO, cant remember)...which begs the question why no one has ever done anything about it.

Would appreciate your thoughts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.191.11.24 (talk) 09:34, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Rearrangement
In an effort to group related information together, I've unilaterally rearranged some of the content, and have renamed a couple of the sections. – Wdfarmer (talk) 14:01, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me, but I wonder whether the smelting section would not be better being shorter, the remainder of the material being merged with blast furnace. Peterkingiron (talk) 23:47, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Magnetite ores
The article says that banded iron formations are composed of magnetite and silica, yet the article on Banded iron formation correctly notes that they can be either magnetite or hematite. This should be corrected. Plazak (talk) 20:39, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Other iron minerals
Should this article not mention:
 * Limonite - iron carbonate. Historically this was referred to as ironstone or iron mine (rather than iron ore), but argillaceous ironstone from coalfields was an important source of iron in the Industrial Revolution and before, though perhpas not today.
 * Iron pyrites - iron sulphide. This is useless as an ore for the production of iron, but was formerly important as a source for iron compounds?  Peterkingiron (talk) 22:27, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Limonite certainly. The last commercial use of limonite as ore in my neck of the woods was...*clickety-click*...1915 or thereabouts. And limonite beds were responsible for the Lehigh Valley's establishment as a seat of the American iron industry. As for pyrites, I'm not aware of any instance where a pure sulfide ore was mined solely for its iron content. However, pyrites cinder (the residue remaining after burning pyrites as a source of sulfur in sulfuric acid production) was frequently extracted for its content of copper and other metals, and the remaining powdered material, known as "purple ore" or "blue billy" (principally Fe2O3) has been used as an ore. I have some notes stashed away somewhere about the processing of pyrites cinder (Rio Tinto set up an American subsidary, The Pyrites Co., to do this c. 1912), and it seems I'll have to write an article about it sometime. Choess (talk) 01:33, 21 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I look forward to the article. Pyrites will not make good iron, as any significant sulphur content in iron makes it redshort hence unworkable.  Peterkingiron (talk) 19:04, 21 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The roast to make acid, followed by livixiation to extract copper, precious metals, zinc, etc., seems to remove all the sulfur from the material. The problems with "purple ore" seem to have been, first, the presence of lead in the material, which, unless extracted by a second leaching, would damage furnace linings, and second, the fine consistency of the substance. A high ratio of surface area to weight is necessary for efficient leaching, but the residual iron oxide dust has to be sintered into briquettes to make it suitable for use in ironmaking. I suspect but cannot verify that the latter was the principal problem with purple ore; the Steel Company of Scotland was founded based on Siemens' misplaced assurance that he could smelt steel from purple ore alone. Edison's experiments with magnetic concentration encountered similar problems; the lean magnetite ores had to be ground very fine, and the initial shipments of concentrate blew out of the railcars, and what was left blew out of the stack when the furnace was charged. Anyway, after an extensive stoping operation, I have found my notes on the Pyrites Co. in the piles on my desk, so I'll be plotting out an article. Choess (talk) 03:00, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Iron content
Iron content I can see that there all authors have different types of iron content for Goethite, Magnetite, Hematite and Siderite. Do anyone know about any international classification standards on the different types? Or do anyone know about a book that has stated what the most common iron content is for the different types? Krosgaard (talk) 07:23, 24 June 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Krosgaard (talk • contribs)

Iron ore as a commodity
These details were only recently added; prior, the article was stable as it was. Not that we shouldn't attempt to improve, but if the changes were objected to twice, the status quo should stand while the proposed changes are discussed. Here, at talk.

Most of the material has already been incorporated to "Iron ore market". To put it in the lede gives this topic undue weight. Iron ore may indeed be very important as a commodity to be traded. But we should not distract readers from what it is, what it is used for, where we get it from, etc. That information is definitely desirable, but is not worth more than a passing remark in the lede. The lede, afterall, is used to summarize key points in the article, not to discuss issues in detail. The proposed change to the lede is as long as the lede currently is. A good sign that it is being given more attention than it deserves. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 21:20, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Future Pilbara production capacity
It seems the recently added and unsourced section titled Future Pilbara production capacity is rather undue weight for this general article. It would be better used in an article on Pilbara section on iron mines rather than here. Vsmith (talk) 14:40, 20 February 2012 (UTC)

60% or 70%?
Someone recently changed a couple of ore contents from 60% Fe to 70% Fe. Correction or vandalism? I have no way of knowing because much of this article lacks any citations. All I can do is tag a couple of sections. RockMagnetist (talk) 15:30, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Hematite vs Magnetite concentrations
The article states "With the chemical formula Fe3O4, magnetite ore has much lower iron content than hematite ore" (Fe2O3). Based on the formula, my maths has magnetite having the higher percentage of iron vs oxygen, and indeed this is what is stated in the introduction also. My guess is this sentence is supposed to mean something other than what is written, but I'm not sure what that might be. 218.185.0.10 (talk) 02:09, 7 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Removed that recently added, unsourced, redundant and error filled bit. Vsmith (talk) 04:02, 7 January 2015 (UTC)

Spelling/grammar error found in Production and consumption
In the sixth paragraph of the Production and consumption section starts with the following "In Australia iron ore is won from three main sources" I presume that "won" should be "one". I do not like changing pages that are not mine. Like tampering with someones hard work.

Peer Review Lots of useful information, great flow — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tommytb05 (talk • contribs)

Hi. The phrase you point out is correct in its current form. "Iron ore is won" means "iron ore is extracted". If you changed it to "iron ore is one" it would mean "iron ore is singular" which is incorrect. As a side note, please sign your posts on talk pages. Thanks. Railfan23 (talk) 05:18, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

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Spain and manganese
I'm trying to find out if Spanish iron ore was historically manganese-rich. The article begins to hint that it might have been, but where can I find out more? Vince Calegon 11:42, 31 March 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vince Calegon (talk • contribs) Hmm, turns out Iberia was also a kingdom in the Caucasus! Not too difficult to find out that the Caucasus is a good source of manganese. Vince Calegon 14:43, 31 March 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vince Calegon (talk • contribs)

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Mine Tailings
I have added a section called Mine tailings that is about the reclamation and production of iron from iron ore tailings. I have also added information about iron ore mining in the United States, Canada and Brazil. If you have any questions or comments please feel free to leave me a message. Joey Stephenson 98 (talk) 23:33, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

Brazil Section
Clearly the production numbers in the Brazil section are off. The.alex.orange (talk) 21:11, 24 November 2019 (UTC)

 * What seems clear to you is less so to me. Do you have a more reliable source than the one cited in the current version of the article? --Kent G. Budge (talk) 03:53, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

 * No, but the two statements "In 2015 Brazil exported 397 million tons of usable iron ore" and "from December 2007 to May 2018 they exported a monthly average of 139,299 metric tons" are incompatible. It's like if I said that the average number of deaths per day to COVID from Jan 1 2020 - 2029 was 10. I don't know what the right answer is, but it's certainly not 10. Do NOT remove this tag until you have determined which source is incorrect (or has been incorrectly interpreted). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.36.146.99 (talk) 20:28, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * To make this even more clear "There are reliable sources supporting two or more different claims." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.36.146.99 (talk) 20:44, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

I have now totally rewritten the contested section about Brazil's iron ore production, with three references, so the conflict should now be resolved. Thomas Blomberg (talk) 11:40, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Content from Iron ore article used in Mary River Mine article
I added several edits from this article to the Mary River Mine article.Oceanflynn (talk) 21:05, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

Social science
What is iron ore 2401:4900:50A6:3711:9018:E440:F934:1123 (talk) 14:40, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

Citations not working
The link in citation no. 19 does not work. Is it just me or can someone replicate the issue and remove the now-dead link? (For reference: No. 19 is: "Graphic from The "Limits to Growth" and 'Finite' Mineral Resources, p. 5, Gavin M. Mudd") Thanks, Thelas Timpe Rathor (talk) 14:44, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iron ore


text:
Talk:Tickling

source 29 - goat tickling torture
I'm very sceptical about this source. I agree that licking goats and salt water have been used as mentioned, but I heard that this wasn't done for tickling but the rough tongue of the goats led to a situation where the goats licked off the skin and flesh of the prisoner at some point. The salt water on the open skin/flesh added additional pain and if the prisoner survived this could be done as long as the bones where reached. The tickling story may just be an urban legend. Sadly I don't have a reliable source for this available. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.110.229.178 (talk) 20:35, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

sexual harassment
Why is this sentence "It can be a form of or simply mistaken for sexual harassment." under the fetish section? Doesn't that fit better under Society? I will move it if there are no objections.Magdela 16:39, 5 May 2006 (UTC)  Thus creating an unpleasant sensation the no one likes

just a question
anyone here actually ticklish? i was thinking of adding a poll that explains different sexes, age, ethnicity, and other things and how ticklish different people are. —This unsigned comment was added by 24.149.179.44 (talk • contribs) 03:19, 10 December 2005.
 * Yes and no. --^pirate 02:17, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Depends where. Sides feel like getting shocked/stabbed. Wanna backhand people across the room when they do it. 156.34.179.233 (talk) 04:15, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Physical Reactions
This entire section is speculative and unsourced and I am going to delete it unless anyone can improve it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 137.44.1.200 (talk) 05:58, 5 June 2006

otocan

I think we should add more pictures of tickling —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 195.93.21.133 (talk) 08:43, 7 July 2006

I agree with add some more photos. Not like the paintings, but real photos. I tired, but wasn't successful. Jojo Fazbear (talk) 19:06, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

self-tickling
should we add that it is possible to tickle yourself by rubbing the tongue against the roof of the mouth?Pray4javon 00:36, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I would guess that this is a knismesis response, and it seems that "light touching" would cover tickling the roof of the mouth too. Also, it may not be possible for everyone to tickle themselves in this way.--DO11.10 01:14, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

A reason that my daughter said that self tickling does not work is becasue there is no bonding involved. If tickling developed through the bonding of parent child interaction and is still a nervous reaction with other bonding of secure relationships the lack of self tickling makes sense because ther is no bonding associated with it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Parkerko (talk • contribs) 02:01, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

I have read that schizophrenics can tickle themselves, could be due to the phsychological separation that they experience. -Griffonclaw

critique
This quote: "Tickling is perhaps one of the most common human behaviors known. While many people assume that other people enjoy tickling, a recent survey of 84 college students indicated that only 32% of respondents enjoyed being tickled (32% and 36% of respondents, respectively, either gave neutral responses, or stated that they did not enjoy being tickled.)[13]" You can't take a survey of 84 college students and apply it to the entire world, you cant even really apply it to anything. Drawing the conclusion that most people, in general, do not like being tickled based on 84 college students is erroneous. This should be removed as it is irrelevant. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by UnboundShadow (talk • contribs) 18:54, 9 March 2007 (UTC).

 * So according to you, to be relevant, we would have to survey the whole world? Well that seems unlikely to happen. These researchers took a survey, drew some conclusions and reported it, happens all the time. As long as the study is presented in the correct context (which it is) the study is perfectly valid. If you can find something better that can be reliably sourced, I would happily include it here, but that was the best (and only) study published in by a reputable source that I could find.
 * Actually, you drew the conclusion "that most people, in general, do not like being tickled". My conclusion was that 32% of the college students liked it, and that that would probably be surprising to people who assume that others enjoy being tickled.--DO11.10 23:45, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * To me it's actually surprising for the opposite reason - I HATE being tickled and assumed most people did. I find it extremely cruel and very, very unpleasant. A kind of torture if you ask me. Shadowcrow (talk) 15:54, 28 September 2009 (UTC)
 * In my psy 101 textbook, Research Stories for Introductory Psychology, every research study had fewer than 300 people involved in each. I think the largest was 200. College students are common subjects because they are not too old or too young to have age factors that limit their abilities, are legal adults, and generally do not have too many outside influences that prohibit them from taking part in the study (like a family responsibility or a full time job). Smaller numbers are easier to deal with, especially because you can more easily compare data. This is not to say that you can survey 2 people, but 84 is not a bad number to get a general idea of how people react. Every study has problems and every study can be improved. Psychology is not what I would call an exact science. 137.142.181.179 21:44, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Tickling in other species, and is "Tickle Me Elmo" link really appropriate?
I have observed that in my pet (a bearded dragon, thus not even a mammal) when I sometimes stroke his lower feet, he jerks and kicks it, and sometimes scampers away. Originally I thought it was because I perhaps rubbed a scale wrong or because it bothered him when he was shedding, but recently I've been wondering if I've been tickling him. I thought humans were ticklish due to our skin and potentially hair. Are other species ticklish? Is there any way to tell the difference between tickling and hurting?

And I don't see why "tickle me elmo" is linked beyond that it has the word tickle in it.

137.142.181.179 21:57, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

I have observed tickle in dogs. Found the area under their paws, in the middle between their 4 front feet tickleish. The response to the dog was at first none, after 3-5sec it made a squealk, by making a O with it's mouth, alike to the one they make when in pain or scared, but a bit different (not so high-pitched) and not so loud, acompanied with retracting of the paw being tickled. I have observed this behaviour only in 1 dog, the owner showed it to me and I was intrigued. But I haven't tested it on other dogs.

--Fukla (talk) 11:41, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Cats are, like dogs, ticklish between their toes. Stroke the long hairs sticking out gently, and they'll twitch n whatnot. If irritated they'll get up, and move away, sometimes just a fott or two. Sometimes leave the area/room altogether. 156.34.179.233 (talk) 04:12, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Sorority initiations
My step-Mom went to college, and joined a sorority. She said one of her "tasks" was to get "tattooed", she said she was tied down to a pool table and wrote on from her feet (which are insanely ticklish), to her head. She said it was hell, and it took nearly two hours. She still gets the willies talking about it.

Anyone else heard of this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by EveilWeevil (talk • contribs) 07:06, 21 March 2008 (UTC)
 * A picture called [[Image:Sorority_initiation.jpg]] was added by 75.38.50.65, but later removed by 65.95.149.56. It has since been deleted. —  Wen li  (reply here) 01:59, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I need to see this picture. <__<  --    Me   Holla! 16:24, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

tickle
Dr. James Morrison of the washington state university in olimpia proved on Wednesday April 22nd that due to new technology he has found proof that during the early 13th century a small group of people tickled other people to death. archeology

tickle
Dr. James Morrison of the washington state university in olimpia proved on Wednesday April 22nd that due to new technology he has found proof that during the early 13th century a small group of people tickled other people to death. archeology —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.31.40.76 (talk) 17:30, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

griffonclaw: I am a tad annoyed in that, while I don't object to new data being added to these articles I am miffed that the part of this article involving "tickling in popular culture" has been removed. Was there a valid reason that this was deleted? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Griffonclaw (talk • contribs) 20:31, 9 May 2009 (UTC) I wanted to add Luis Avalos's character "The Tickler" from an "Electric Company" Spiderman segment. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Griffonclaw (talk • contribs) 23:49, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

Tickling without touching
This is a common reaction among ticklish people. All one needs to do is wiggle a finger at a ticklish person and make believe that you will tickle them and they have the same reaction as when they are actually touched. This isn't really made clear enough by "very ticklish people often start laughing before actually being tickled.' (Whatever that means, anyway.)  70.112.79.142 (talk) 03:23, 22 December 2009 (UTC) Eric

Only feel ticklish when I let go
When my gf tickles me in "usual" ticklish spots such as the armpits or the sole of the feet, If I concentrate on the spot and "analyze" its touch (force, speed, location) I can will myself not to feel ticklish at all. Or I can activate the ticklish response by "letting go", i.e, won't anticipate when, where the next touch would come, in conjunction with starting a laugh. Especially the laughing seems to activate the ticklish feeling.

Any analysis and explanation will be welcome, and may contribute to the article.

(And, by the way, my personal responses to pain may have something to do with the ticklish response. I am rather accident prone. I cut myself, bumped into something that sometimes drawn blood. Because they happened too often, I learned to usually suppress the useless and superfluous "ouch!" and "f88k!". Thus, I developed a rather high pain threshold. Once, I had to sew two long cuts on my left instep from a broken beer bottle with 18 stitches, using ordinary sewing needle and thread, with cooking salt solution for disinfection. Until that time I have no idea how tough and chewy human skin can be, and steel needle get so sticky with blood that I had to use a small pliers to push it through when stitching. This rather unfortunate self-treatment occurred because there was nobody around at that time. I watched stitching up before, know the similarity of sewing thread to surgical thread for external wounds, know the infection risks.. and why I have to call emergencies and wait, when I can get it done by the time they get to my place?)Life is short, but the years are long! (talk) 18:12, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Griffonclaw: I am still kind of annoyed that they removed the "Tickling in popular culture" part of this article a few years ago. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Griffonclaw (talk • contribs) 21:22, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Changing the photos
Hey there, does anyone know how to add photos on the mobile device Wikipedia. There should be some more photos add. Jojo Fazbear (talk) 19:09, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

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Trying to add this reference, but the system wouldn't accept it
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0063441 RPSM (talk) 09:58, 6 May 2019 (UTC)

"Kitzeln" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Kitzeln. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Hog Farm (talk) 04:56, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tickling


text:
Fred Gage

Fred "Rusty" Gage (born October 8, 1950) is an American geneticist known for his discovery of stem cells in the adult human brain. Gage is a former president (2018–2023) of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where he holds the Vi and John Adler Chair for Research on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disease and works in the Laboratory of Genetics.

Gage concentrates on the adult central nervous system and the unexpected plasticity and adaptability that remains throughout the life of all mammals. His work may lead to methods of replacing brain tissue lost to stroke or Alzheimer's disease and repairing spinal cords damaged by trauma.

Biography
Gage was raised in Frankfurt, Germany, but spent time living in and visiting Italy throughout his upbringing. These experiences influenced his later decision to attend St. Stephen's School Rome for high school, which had been founded by a customer of his stockbroker father.

Gage speaks fondly of his time at St. Stephen's, where, amidst his studies, he met his future wife. Because he was living in the rich historic city of Rome, Gage remembers focusing on art history and humanities throughout high school. However, his sister was a scientist, and she encouraged him to consider the discipline by sending articles and books to Gage over the years.

Following his time in Rome, Gage had no intentions of returning to the United States—but his parents told him otherwise. He ended up choosing University of Florida for his undergraduate studies, since his sister and father had both attended the school. After a year in Florida, Gage was desperate to get back to Europe and he knew he needed to get a job to do so. He joined the University of Florida's research laboratory at the medical school and from then on dedicated his life to science.

Education
Gage graduated from St. Stephen's School in Rome, Italy in 1968. After graduating from high school, Gage received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Florida, where he worked in the brain research laboratory. He then went on to receive his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University, where he continued to focus on neuroscience. In 1976, he had completed his Ph.D. and moved to Texas Christian University as associate director of the school's neuroscience program. In 1981, he left Texas Christian University to complete his postdoctoral research at Lund University in Sweden, under the direction of cell transplantation pioneer Anders Björklund. After completing his research, he remained at Lund University as an associate professor until 1985, when he moved back to the United States.

Career and Research
At the conclusion of his time at Lund University, Gage moved to San Diego, where he became a faculty member in the University of California, San Diego neuroscience department. In 1995, he moved to the Salk Institute, where he still works today.

In 1998, Gage (Salk Institute, La Jolla, California) and Peter Eriksson (Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden) discovered and announced that the human brain produces new nerve cells in adulthood. Until then, it had been assumed that humans are born with all the brain cells they will ever have. Gage’s lab showed that, contrary to years of dogma, human beings are capable of growing new nerve cells throughout life.

Small populations of immature nerve cells are found in the adult mammalian brain, and Gage is working to understand how these cells can be induced to become mature nerve cells. His team is investigating how such cells can be transplanted back to the brain and spinal cord. They have showed that physical exercise can enhance the growth of new brain cells in the hippocampus, a brain structure that is important for the formation of new memories. Furthermore, his team is examining the underlying molecular mechanisms that are critical to the birth of new brain cells—work that may lead to new therapeutics for neurodegenerative conditions.

His lab studies the genomic mosaicism that exists in the brain as a result of “jumping genes,” mobile elements, and DNA damage that occurs during development. Specifically, he is interested in how this mosaicism may lead to difference in brain function between individuals. His lab published work showing that Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) erase aging signatures and hiPSC-derived neurons remain rejuvenated, while direct conversion into induced neurons (iNs) preserve donor fibroblast age-dependent transcriptomic signatures.

Relationship with Phineas Gage
Fred Gage has been said to be a descendant of (or more specifically, the great-grandson of) Phineas Gage, through whose brain an iron bar 1-1/4-inches in diameter was accidentally driven in 1848, transforming him into perhaps the most famous of all brain-injury survivors. However, this proposition faces considerable difficulties, chief of which being that Phineas Gage had no known children.

Awards and honors

 * IPSEN Prize in Neuronal Plasticity, 1990
 * Charles A. Dana Award for Pioneering Achievements in Health and Education, 1993
 * Christopher Reeve Research Medal, 1997
 * Max Planck Research Prize, 1999
 * Metlife Foundation Award for Medical Research in Alzheimer's Disease, 2001
 * President, Society for Neuroscience, 2001
 * MetLife Award for Medical Research, 2002
 * National Academy of Sciences Fellow, 2003
 * The Max Planck Society/Gertrud Reemstma Foundation Klaus-Joachim Zülch Prize, 2003
 * American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, 2005
 * Keio Medical Science Prize, 2008
 * European Molecular Biology Organization Associate Member, 2009
 * American Philosophical Society Member, 2010
 * International Society for Stem Cell Research President, 2011-2012
 * Cátedra Santiago Grisolia Award, 2011
 * George A. Miller Prize in Cognitive Neuroscience, 2013
 * Paul G. Allen Family Foundation Allen Distinguished Investigator Award, 2015
 * Infosys Prize Jury Member, 2015
 * JCN-Wiley W. Maxwell Cowan Award in Developmental Neuroscience, 2017
 * ARCS Foundation Scientist of the Year, 2018
 * Salk Institute for Biological Studies President, 2018-2023
 * International Society for Stem Cell Research Achievement Award, 2020

title: Fred Gage


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bernard Stone

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 11:53, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Bernard Stone
Another 6-word sub-stub. Is this figure "notable enough" to tolerate these types of articles? If so, why? GRider\talk 18:24, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. --Carnildo 20:48, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 00:04, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Again, probably notable, but this article is useless.
 * Do we really have to set things so that we separately handle each of presumably 50 articles like this? Isn't there some way we can combine cases, like the U.S. Supreme Court does?
 * That would be a good idea, yes. Maybe it should be possible to make a sub-nomination for VfD, thus stating that article X is to be deleted if and only if an already nominated article Y is to be deleted. Radiant! 11:57, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Axial pen force

In graphonomics, Axial pen force is the component of the normal pen force that is parallel to the pen. It is dependent upon pen tilt. In the special case of a perfectly vertical orientation of the writing instrument the axial pen force equals the normal pen force.

title: Axial pen force


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Lyman E. Johnson

Lyman Eugene Johnson (October 24, 1811 – December 20, 1859) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and an original member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. He broke with Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon during the 1837–38 period when schism divided the early church. Johnson later became a successful pioneer lawyer in Iowa and was one of the town fathers of Keokuk, Iowa.

Johnson was born in Pomfret, Windsor County, Vermont, to John Johnson, and Elsa Jacobs. The family moved to Hiram, Ohio, in 1818, where they established the John Johnson Farm, a successful 300 acre farm.

Johnson died in 1859, drowning in the Mississippi River in a carriage accident at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. He had at least five children.

Early contact
Johnson was baptized into the Church of Christ by Sidney Rigdon in February 1831. Joseph Smith and Emma Hale Smith moved into the Johnson family home on September 12, 1831. Johnson was then ordained an elder on October 25, 1831 and a high priest of the church on November of that same year. In response to a revelation given on January 25, 1832, Johnson joined Orson Pratt on an evangelizing mission which took them through the eastern United States. The two were successful preachers and brought many converts to Mormonism on this and other missions.

Quorum of the Twelve
In the summer of 1834, Johnson marched with the Zion's Camp expedition which hoped to restore Latter Day Saints in Missouri to their lands in Jackson County. Although the expedition was a failure, many of the veterans of the expedition were soon called to high leadership positions in the church. Among these were Johnson and his brother Luke, who were among the original twelve men called on February 14, 1835, to be "Special Witnesses" or apostles in a "traveling high council" of the church, later known as the Council or Quorum of the Twelve. The chief duty of the apostles was to preside over missionary activities. Johnson continued to operate as a successful missionary from 1835 to 1837. On September 4, 1834, Johnson was married to Sarah Susan Long.

Bank failure
The failure of the Kirtland Safety Society, a bank founded by church leaders, led to widespread dissent in 1837. The church held a high council trial on September 3, 1837, which ejected Johnson, his brother Luke, and John F. Boynton from the Quorum of the Twelve. Boynton explained that his difficulties with the church resulted from "the failure of the bank" which he had understood "was instituted by the will and revelations of God, and he had been told that it would never fail". Despite these difficulties, Johnson and the others temporarily reconciled with church leaders and were restored to their apostleships on September 10, 1837, after which Johnson and his family moved to the Latter Day Saint settlement of Far West, Missouri.

Excommunications
Meanwhile, schismatic strife between the loyalist faction and the dissenting faction continued to divide the church in Kirtland. The schismatic strife followed them, but in Far West, the loyalists were able to keep control by excommunicating the leadership of the Missouri church—David Whitmer, John Whitmer, W. W. Phelps—along with Oliver Cowdery, Johnson, and others. In Johnson's case, a list of seven charges were presented to him by the Far West High Council on April 9, 1838, which included the charge of "saying he would appeal the suit between him & Brother Phineas Young and take it out of the County." Johnson replied on April 12 that "I should not condescend to put my constitutional rights at issue upon so disrespectful a point, as to answer any of those other charges until that is withdrawn & until then shall withdraw myself from your society and fellowship."

title: Lyman E. Johnson


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Casamance River

The Casamance River (French: Fleuve Casamance) flows westward for the most part into the Atlantic Ocean along a path about 200 mi in length. However, only 80 mi are navigable. The Casamance is the principal river of the Kolda, Sédhiou, and Ziguinchor Regions in the southern portion of Senegal. It is located between the Gambia River to the north and the Cacheu and Geba rivers to the south.

There is a bridge at Ziguinchor, one of the most important towns on the river, that connects it to Bignona on the north bank. Other important settlements on its banks include Goudomp, Sedhiou, Diattakounda, Tanaff, and Kolda.

The river is named after the Kasa Mansa, or king of the precolonial Kasa kingdom.

title: Casamance River


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chicago Alderman

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was IRRELEVANT. This isn't WP:CFD. dbenbenn | talk 15:11, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Category:Chicago Alderman
(Grider marked the page for VfD but did not finish the job).
 * Relectant keep. But the articles in this category must be raised above stub level. We have 659 articles for the House of Commons. So allowing 50 for Chicago (population 2,896,016) seems reasonable. "One stereotype about Chicago is certainly true: its citizens love politics" - from Chicago. -- RHaworth 18:27, 2005 Feb 17 (UTC)
 * Other than quoting another article from Wikipedia, how can you substantiate this? Are we being fair, or demonstrating a systemic bias towards articles focused inwardly on local municipalities in the United States?  GRider\talk 19:13, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Can't be systemic bias surely - I am a Brit and totally bored with American politics. The love politics quote was put in to suggest that possibly we will not be inundated with lists for every American municipality. On the other hand, we don't even have cast lists for every UK local government council - still less articles for each member. The Greater_London_Authority covers about 8 million people but I see no list of its members here. Perhaps, for the USA, we should draw the line at the level of State legislatures. But I will leave my vote unchanged. -- RHaworth 03:14, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * As long as the articles exist, KEEP category. I personally don't think this level of politician is encyclopedic, but many have been kept, alas. FWIW, Chicago is notorious across the US as being the most machinistic politially, especially locally, between the Daley machine, and their notorious "vote early, vote often" motto. If the articles get deleted, of course delete the Cat (not that this is normally the place to raise this issue, but since the articles on the cat are being questioned here, might as well keep it all together). Niteowlneils 19:20, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Can you please cite examples where other U.S. or Canadian politicians (or otherwise) of minimal notability were raised on VfD and later kept? GRider\talk 19:24, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Since there's so many non-notable people in this category - how about merging them into a simple list (with birthdate and profession and some other details as needed). Radiant! 20:58, Feb 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with a merge and (maybe) redirect to the Chicago aldermen page. Then the category can be replaced with Category:Chicago, or some such thing. -R. fiend 21:27, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Radiant! and R. fiend, though wiki ought to have a guideline about things like "minimum population of articles that merits a category". It would resolve this kind of thing in the future, and facilitate less moderation time. EggplantWizard 21:32, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, contains many non-notable individuals and stubs, not useful. Megan1967 23:59, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Please read Votes for deletion/Bernie Hansen. Uncle G 00:39, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * This should have gone up on Categories for deletion. I say keep but rename to Category:Chicago aldermen.  -Sean Curtin 01:44, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Sean Curtin. Meelar (talk) 02:35, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete All of the Aldermen should be merged on one page instead of stubs. No need for a category. — Linnwood 07:16, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Get rid of the individual articles and merge them. No need for a category in this case. Carrp | Talk 07:24, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no need for this. JamesBurns 11:21, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Hamilton S. Hawkins

Hamilton Smith Hawkins (November 13, 1834 – March 27, 1910) was a United States Army Major General during the Spanish–American War.

Biography
Hawkins was born in Fort Moultrie, South Carolina on November 13, 1834. He attended the United States Military Academy between 1852 and 1855, but did not graduate with the class of 1856 due to deficient academics. Despite being a South Carolinian, Hawkins served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He fought at several battles, including the Battle of Gettysburg. He remained in the army after the Civil War and participated in campaigns against the Plains Indians. He became Commandant of Cadets at West Point, the only one to have attended the academy and failed to graduate. He served in this position between 1888 and 1892. Hawkins was Commandant of the United States Infantry and Cavalry School, at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas between October 1894 and April 1898.

On May 4, 1898, Hawkins was appointed brigadier general in the volunteer army and was in command of the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, VII Corps stationed in Tampa, Florida when the Spanish–American War began. He was transferred to command the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, V Corps and sailed to Cuba. His brigade landed at Daiquirí, was lightly engaged in the fighting at the Battle of Las Guasimas and spearheaded the assault at the Battle of San Juan Hill.

While the main U.S. attack was pinned down under Spanish artillery on San Juan Hill, Hawkins permitted Lieutenant Jules Garesche Ord to begin an attack on the hill and then rushed to the front of the main body of his brigade yelling "Come on! Come on!" and led his troops up the hill where he was severely wounded in the foot near the crest. On July 8, 1898, Hawkins was appointed major general of volunteers and returned to the United States. He retired on October 4, 1898.

Hawkins died at the Glen Springs Sanitarium in Watkins Glen, New York on March 27, 1910, aged 75.

Battery Hawkins built in 1914 to protect Pearl Harbor was named for him.

Personal
Hawkins was the son of Hamilton Smith Hawkins, an Army surgeon from Maryland who was killed during the Mexican–American War.

His son, Hamilton S. Hawkins III, was an 1894 West Point graduate who commanded the 1st Cavalry Division from 1934 to 1936. His grandson, Hamilton Smith Hawkins IV, was a member of the Military Academy Class of 1926 who received his diploma posthumously after dying in a polo match one month before graduation. His son-in-law Robert Lee Howze and two other grandsons were also West Point graduates.

Hawkins and his wife, Annie Gray Hawkins, were buried in Section I of the West Point Cemetery. His son, daughter-in-law and grandson were buried in Section V. His daughter, son-in-law and grandson, Hamilton Hawkins Howze, were also buried in Section I.

title: Hamilton S. Hawkins


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John F. Boynton

John Farnham Boynton (September 20, 1811 – October 20, 1890) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and an American geologist and inventor. He was one of the original members of the Latter Day Saint movement's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.

Boynton was born in Bradford, Massachusetts, to Eliphalet Boynton and Susan Nichols. He was married to Susan Lowell. In his teenage years, Boynton attended Columbia University and at age 20 began medical school in St. Louis, Missouri.

Church service
Boynton was baptized a member of the Church of Christ by Joseph Smith in September 1832 in Kirtland, Ohio. He was ordained to the office of an elder by Sidney Rigdon.

Boynton proved to be an effective missionary for the church. He initially served in Erie County, Pennsylvania, with Zebedee Coltrin, in 1832. The following December, Smith sent him on a mission to Maine. In an 1834 letter written from Saco, Maine, Boynton states: "I have baptized about forty in this section; Elder Even M. Greene travelled with me from 16 Jan., 1833, till October following; while together we baptized about 130." While in Maine and Massachusetts, Boynton also served with Horace Cowen.

Boynton was chosen as one of the church's apostles at the organization of the initial Quorum of Twelve Apostles on February 14, 1835. He was the only one of the original apostles who had attended university. Soon after, he accompanied the Twelve on their 1835 mission through the church branches in the eastern United States. He attended a conference in Laboro', Upper Canada, with six other members of the Quorum on June 29, 1835. Boynton returned to Ohio in the fall, and preached to a gathering of church members on October 18. After this mission, he began a mercantile business in Kirtland with church associate Lyman E. Johnson.

Despite his dedication to the church's religious message, Boynton broke with Smith and Rigdon during the Kirtland Safety Society banking controversy. In May 1837, U.S. President Andrew Jackson ordered the U.S. Treasury to accept only gold for public land, rejecting privately printed paper money such as the Safety Society and other unchartered community institutions produced. This ultimately caused the Kirtland bank to fail. The failure of the financial institution, founded with the support of church leaders, led to widespread dissent in 1837. Two distinct factions developed in the community, with members of the church's leadership aligned on both sides. Boynton explained that his difficulties with the church resulted from "the failure of the bank" which he had understood "was instituted by the will & revelations of God, & he had been told that it would never fail."

A high council trial disfellowshipped and removed Luke Johnson, Lyman E. Johnson, and Boynton from the Quorum of the Twelve on September 3, 1837. However, the dissenters, led by Boynton, Warren Parrish, Martin Harris, and Luke Johnson, had a strong local following and took physical control of the Kirtland Temple, the major financial asset of the church. They also sought to control the church organization and led a competing high council which excommunicated Smith and Rigdon, who left the city and fled to Far West, Missouri.

In 1838, after Smith had relocated to Missouri, Boynton and other dissident church leaders, including Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and the Johnsons, were excommunicated. Boynton believed Smith to have become a "fallen prophet" and said to Heber C. Kimball, "if you are such a fool as to go at the call of the fallen prophet, Joseph Smith, I will not help you a dime, and if you are cast on Van Diemen's Land, I will not make an effort to help you."

Boynton later became a member of Warren Parrish's reformed "Church of Christ", which took possession of the Kirtland Temple.

Although he never rejoined the faith, Boynton is reported to have later become less antagonistic toward his former associates. His nephew (son of his sister, Olive Boynton Hale), Alma Helaman Hale, of Grantsville, Utah Territory, reported that Boynton visited Brigham Young (also one of the original members of the Quorum of the Twelve) during a visit to Utah Territory and counseled Erastus Snow to continue his efforts and involvement with the church.

Scientific work
After parting ways with the church, Boynton traveled throughout the United States lecturing on natural history, geology, and other sciences. Between 1853 and 1854, he joined a U.S. government geological surveying expedition to California. During the American Civil War, Boynton was employed by the U.S. to design torpedoes and other weapons. He holds 36 patents in the U.S. National Patent Office. Boynton patented: In 1869, Boynton was the first geologist to examine the Cardiff Giant after it was unearthed near Cardiff, New York. Boynton declared that the giant could not be a fossilized man, but hypothesized that it was a statue that was carved by a French Jesuit in the 16th or 17th century in order to impress the local Native Americans. The giant was later determined to be a hoax.
 * A process to generate carbonic acid gas
 * A soda fountain
 * A portable fire extinguisher
 * A vacuum process for extracting gold from ore
 * Several small electrical appliances
 * A process for converting cast iron to malleable steel

Boynton died in Syracuse, New York.

title: John F. Boynton


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International Centre for Diffraction Data

The International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) maintains a database of powder diffraction patterns, the Powder Diffraction File (PDF), including the d-spacings (related to angle of diffraction) and relative intensities of observable diffraction peaks. Patterns may be experimentally determined, or computed based on crystal structure and Bragg's law. It is most often used to identify substances based on x-ray diffraction data, and is designed for use with a diffractometer. The PDF contains more than a million unique material data sets. Each data set contains diffraction, crystallographic and bibliographic data, as well as experimental, instrument and sampling conditions, and select physical properties in a common standardized format.

The organization was founded in 1941 as the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS). In 1978, the name of the organization was changed to the current name to highlight the global commitment of this scientific endeavor.

The ICDD is a nonprofit scientific organization working in the field of X-ray analysis and materials characterization. The ICDD produces materials databases, characterization tools, and educational materials, as well as organizing and supporting global workshops, clinics and conferences.

Products and services of the ICDD include the paid subscription based Powder Diffraction File databases (PDF-2, PDF-4+, PDF-4+/Web, PDF-4/Minerals, PDF-4/Organics, PDF-4/Axiom, and ICDD Server Edition), educational workshops, clinics, and symposia. The ICDD is a sponsor of the Denver X-ray Conference (DXC) and the Pharmaceutical Powder X-ray Diffraction Symposium (PPXRD). The ICDD also publishes the journals Advances in X-ray Analysis and Powder Diffraction.

In 2019, Materials Data, also known as MDI, merged with ICDD. Materials Data creates JADE software used to collect, analyze, and simulate XRD data and solve issues in an array of materials science projects.

In 2020, the ICDD and the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) announced a data partnership. The CCDC curates and maintains the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD).


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Oued Bouaicha massacre

The Oued Bouaïcha massacre took place about 150 miles (240 km) south of Algiers, near Djelfa, on March 26, 1998, during the Algerian Civil War. Forty-seven people, including 27 children under the age of sixteen, were killed at Oued Bouaïcha in the municipality of Bouire Lahdab, near Had Sahary, by about fifteen men carrying axes and knives, who also kidnapped three young women. On the same day, another eleven people were killed on the other side of the country at Youb.

title: Oued Bouaicha massacre