text:
Talk:Face perception

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Article cited incorrectly
Section Development: "A face that is perceived to have a negative emotion is processed in a less holistic manner than a face displaying a positive emotion." This is wrong, the stimuli used in Curby et al. (2012) wear neutral expressions. Holistic processing is inhibited if the encoding person is in a negative affective state.

I am currently cleaning up this section. Trying not to remove anything but a lot of the citations are not only extremely old... but misplaced in context of the claims being made. I also am working hard on making the language less definitive, as a lot of the things have not been empirically proven, but are just findings with suggestive data. A lot of the stuff mentioned is mentioned as if it is fact, and I am making sure to not remove said statements, but to just make it more clear that these are cumulative findings. Michehobson (talk) 01:11, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Greebles
Hi, the "greebles" weren't computer generated nonsense figures, per se, but sets of stimuli created to form different "races" or "kinds" of greebles noticeable only by experts. Greebles themselves did not activate the fusiform in anyone, but only in Greeble experts. That was the significant finding, that the fusiform was activated in greeble experts, but little activation in novices.

Oh, and sorry about sounding too academic, I paraphrased lines from my honours thesis! - PSYCH 09:50, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi there,
 * I think Gauthier's greebles would probably be best described as 'nonsense shapes' to the non-expert reader (examples here and here), but thanks for the correction of the findings. I've updated the page with a more accurate description.
 * - Vaughan 10:35, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the update. - PSYCH 11:47, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Chinese Words As Faces
Is there any evidence to suggest that human face perception is linked to reading Chinese words?McDogm--172.162.33.57 20:15, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

I somehow doubt it. EamonnPKeane 14:40, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

See my anecdotal report below. G. Robert Shiplett 00:48, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

Image
I'm not certain the caption is very accurate. If a person is exposed to this image, it may not appear to be a face. The caption, however, is a self-fulfilling prophecy in the sense that once someone is told that the image "is" a face, then it becomes clear that a face is in the image. After looking at this image at first, I did not see a face; It was not my first reaction to see a face. After reading the caption, the face was visible. I have a very good ability at distinguishing faces, and so we can rule out prosopognosia :). I understand the intent, but I am not convinced that seeing faces in every configuration that can be interpreted as a face is universal. Perhaps a more "face-like" image can be used? --

Links
| Youtube, Morphable 3D Face Model —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nadyes (talk • contribs) 12:23, 3 March 2007 (UTC).

What about Faceblindness?
We take for granted that we would recognize the face of a loved one we see on a daily basis, but what if? http://www.abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3361813&page=1

when racism is politically correct
"evidence that the other-race effect is larger among White subjects than among African American subjects" Did I miss something or is African American now just a synonym for black or negro? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.216.218.147 (talk) 10:12, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

How is that racist? Do you deny there is MUCH greater diversity in White peoples appearance than other races? Racial differences are a reality! And yes, black and negro are synonyms for "african-american" Just the un-pc versions!, but then you don't hear American whites calling themselves European-Americans do you.Christopedia (talk) 14:57, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

I don't think the effect can be characterised as reflecting greater diversity in "white people's appearance", but rather the influence of experience with other race-faces.Ninahexan (talk) 00:10, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Own-race effect unclear
This section is a bit unclear to me.
 * Differences in own- versus other-race face recognition have been shown across a series of studies. This phenomenon is often referred to as the own-race effect.

I cut out a bunch of stuff, but basically it mentions there is a "difference", but not what the difference is exactly. I'm assuming it's easier for people to recognize faces of people of similar race, but it doesn't say that.
 * A meta-analysis, Mullen found evidence that the other-race effect is larger among White subjects than among African American subjects, whereas Brigham and Williamson obtained the opposite pattern.

That isn't very informative unless you know what the difference is exactly. I think it means one study found that one group is better at recognising faces of people of another race, and the other with the other group is better. This should be clarified. Retodon8 (talk) 15:32, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Animals?
I've seen facial perception/recognition talked about from animals (specifically crows and bees). Would this be the correct article to add such information? MiltonT (talk) 05:00, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I think yes absolutely. I added to the beginning that the article is mostly focusing on human perception, but I think it would be completely appropriate to add a section going over facial recognition displayed in other animals. Michehobson (talk) 02:27, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

what is the scientific term for the face recognition instinct
It should be included in the article walk victor falktalk 18:32, 24 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Pareidolia? walk victor falktalk 05:33, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

Help!
This doesn't make sense; "While there is no question that most face perception skills are not present in babies, there is evidence of an innate tendency to pay attention to faces from birth." This obviously means that the salient fact - that a face is a face - is innate. And what about all these tags? Redheylin (talk) 15:51, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Face Components
It might be interesting to include aspects of the face that help process emotion, or help perceive faces that need more than just holistic appraisal. This might include sclera, the whites of the eyes that help determine emotion and attention. In addition the brow and cheek muscles are also important indicators of emotion and would be relevant to face perception and its uses. Nguyen.M.T (talk) 22:31, 8 February 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nguyen.M.T

Artificial face perception
The last para of this Sec read as personal research by a non-English speaker : I have tried to render it in more standard English, but I was unable to give meaning to the term "pose" in the context and have deleted the term.

Personal note: I have difficulty recognizing faces but have learned to recognize Japanese kanji largely in terms of their component radicals and my own and others mnemonics. If I become fluent and a competent reader, it will be my 4th language (I have a smattering of several others.) My difficulties reading after CHT have not impacted my learning the Russian or Greek alphabets, or my appreciation of art and recognition of familiar works of art. I am also an amateur astronomer using my own and suggested asterisms, looking off the fovea (where my amblyopia seems an asset) etc.

Efforts to read with what had formerly been my dominant eye are as curious as swapping eyes and refocussing a telescope: almost a different book and definitely a different field of view (detail, contrast) Is there research on impaired facial recognition in amblyopia?

G. Robert Shiplett 00:46, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

I feel like Artificial Facial recognition should have its own page - I think it does... cuz though a lot of artificial systems use human perception as a "inspiration point" the actual function of the two systems is entirely different. I feel like having such an in-depth description of an entirely different subject on a page, I dunno feels kind of out of place? Because of how informative it is, in my opinion, it ends up kind of muddling the difference between the cognitive experience of perception and facial recognition systems used by computers. I feel like if it was mentioned in the article, it should be briefer and be constricted to highlighting the differences between the "functionality" of the two. However that's just my opinion, everyone might disagree Michehobson (talk) 16:53, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Autism and Face Perception
Hello All, Katie Stephans and I have been working on a post focusing of the deficits and abnormalities individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder have in facial perception and recognition. We have written our post and will most likely be posting tomorrow (3/21) or Friday (3/22). We welcome your feedback and suggestions.

For now I will post our outline as well as the sources we are using. Most of our sources are review articles and books; however, we have included some primary sources that we found important or that have been heavily cited by other researchers and reviews.

 * Overview
 * definition (Schreibmann 1988)
 * general face processing difficulties
 * Processing
 * abnormalities effects (Dawson, 2005)
 * holistic vs. part based
 * focus on part based (Behrmann 2006; Riby 2009)
 * lower face/mouth preference (Langdell 1978; Joseph, 2003; Grelotti 2002; Spezio 2007; Riby 2009)
 * lack of face prototype (Weigelt 2012)
 * difficulty in perceptual binding which is essential for prototype formation (Dawson, 2005)
 * Memory for faces (Weigelt 2012; Boucher 1992; Huack 1998)
 * Implications
 * Social cognition constraints
 * Debate over whether perceptual problems came first or social interaction problems
 * Grelotti: no social interest so facial perception does not develop
 * Perceptual problems came first
 * infants need joint attention to develop socially, this is where austistic individuals are lacking (Dawson 2005)
 * problems with eye contact evident as early as 9 months
 * Theory: typically developing are more motivated to recognize faces (Grelotti 2002)
 * Compensation strategies (Dawson, 2005; Wright 2008)
 * Neurological correlates
 * research focusing on neuroimaging studies
 * Fusiform gyrus and amygdala abnormal in autistic individuals
 * Reduced volume of fusiform (Pierce 2001)
 * ASD individuals process faces in areas where typically developing individuals processes objects (Grelotti 2002)

1) Schreibmann, Laura (1988). Autism. Newbury Park: Sage Publications. p. 14-47. ISBN 0803928092.

2) Weigelt, Sarah; Koldewyn, Kami; Kanwisher, Nancy (2012). "Face identity recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral studies". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 36: 1060-1084. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.008.

3) Dawson, Geraldine; Webb, Sara Jane; McPartland, James (2005). "Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies". Developmental Neuropsychology 27: 403-424..

4) Kita, Yosuke; Inagaki, Masumi (2012). "Face recognition in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder". Brain and Nerve 64: 821-831..

5) Behrmann, Marlene; Avidan, Galia; Leonard, Grace L.; Kimchi, Rutie; Beatriz, Luna; Humphreys, Kate; Minshew, Nancy (2006). "Configural processing in autism and its relationship to face processing". Neuropsychologia 44: 110-129. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.04.002.

6) Grelotti, David; Gauthier, Isabel; Schultz, Robert (2002). "Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing". Developmental Psychobiology 40: 213-235. doi:10.1002/dev.10028.

7) Riby, Deborah; Doherty-Sneddon Gwyneth (2009). "The eyes or the mouth? Feature salience and unfamiliar face processing in Williams syndrome and autism". The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62: 189-203. doi:10.1080/17470210701855629.

8) Joseph, Robert; Tanaka, James (2003). "Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 44: 529-542. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00142.

9) Langdell, Tim (1978). "Recognition of Faces: An approach to the study of autism". Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (Blackwell) 19: 255-265. Retrieved 2/12/2013.

10) Spezio, Michael; Adolphs, Ralph; Hurley, Robert; Piven, Joseph (28 Sept 2006). "Abnormal use of facial information in high functioning autism". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37: 929-939. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0232-9.

11) Revlin, Russell (2013). Cognition: Theory and Practice. Worth Publishers. p. 98-101. ISBN 9780716756675.

12) Triesch, Jochen; Teuscher, Christof; Deak, Gedeon O.; Carlson, Eric (2006). "Gaze following: why (not) learn it?". Developmental Science 9: 125-157. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00470.x.

13) Volkmar, Fred; Chawarska, Kasia; Klin, Ami (2005). "Autism in infancy and early childhood". Annual Reviews of Psychology 56: 315-316. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070159.

14) Harms, Madeline; Martin, Alex; Wallace, Gregory (2010). "Facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral and neuroimaging studies". Neuropsychology Review 20: 290-322. doi:10.1007/s11065-010-9138-6.

15) Wright, Barry; Clarke, Natalie; Jordan, Jo; Young, Andrew; Clarke, Paula; Miles, Jermey; Nation, Kate; Clarke, Leesa; Williams, Christine (2008). "Emotion recognition in faces and the use of visual context Vo in young people with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders". Autism 12: 607-. doi:10.1177/1362361308097118.

16) Pierce, Karen; Muller, R.A., Ambrose, J., Allen, G.,Chourchesne (2001). "Face processing occurs outside the fusiform 'face area' in autism: evidence from functional MRI". Brain 124: 2059-2073.

Thanks everyone! Sehamilton (talk) 21:52, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I forgot to add that we are doing this as part of our Cognitive psychology course at Davidson College.

 * Thanks again Sehamilton (talk) 21:59, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

 * To our peer reviewers, for our post see the edit made on Friday, March 22 around 10:45-10:50.

Ethnicity - Include this paper?
I think, in addition to Walker studies, the paper by Webster et al. (Nature, 2003 - Adaptation to natural facial categories) should be mentioned. It tests for adaptation effects in the domain of facial perception, especially in terms of ethnicity and gender. The paper suggests that race, as well as gender effects in face perception can be accounted for by adaptation effects; meaning that depending on you and your daily routines, the perception and judgment of face changes. It's a very nice and straight forward approach and I think it is particular valuable because it shows very similar effects for different kind of facial categories, which leads to an unbiased view on the perception of different ethnicities. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Urbansonnet (talk • contribs) 18:13, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

The Face Advantage
Hi all. I was hoping to create a new sub-section underneath Adult Face Perception involving the advantage of face perception as opposed to voice recognition in the retrieval of semantic information. I would like to know if this is an appropriate article for such a subject, as I am doing this for a college course. Here are some of the references that I would be using to create this section. Hanley, R. J., & Damjanovic, L. (2009). It is more difficult to retrieve a familiar person’s name and occupation from their voice than from their blurred face. Memory, 17(8). 830-839.

Hanley, R. J., Smith, T. S., & Hadfield, J. (1998). I recognize you but I can’t place you: An investigation of familiar-only experiences during tests of voice and facial recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 51A(1). 179-195.

Yarmey, D. A., Yarmey, L. A., & Yarmey, M. J. (1994). Face and voice identifications in showups and lineups. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8(5). 453-464.Jabrumbaugh (talk) 00:09, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Improvements: A new section about Face Advantage--Ditheodorou (talk) 01:58, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi Jabrumbaugh and Ditheodorou, and welcome to Wikipedia! Two of the sources you mention are quite old, and as far as I checked, your sources are all WP:primary sources, that is, results of single studies. However, Wikipedia is not an academic paper or essay. Wikipedia articles should preferably be based on reliable, published secondary sources (for instance, journal reviews and professional or advanced academic textbooks) and, to a lesser extent, on tertiary sources (such as undergraduate textbooks). WP:MEDRS describes how to identify reliable sources for medical information, which is a good guideline for many psychology articles as well. So please, reconsider your choice of sources and use secondary sources instead! With friendly regards,  Lova Falk     talk   15:02, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm the instructor for these two users, and we discussed in class how to use secondary sources for Wikipedia. Thanks for the help.  Greta Munger (talk) 20:37, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

Super recognisers
An interesting on-line test devised by the University of Greenwich: It's reported by the BBC here: "The Metropolitan Police has a team of super-recognisers - police officers who are very good at recognising faces in a crowd who can identify people committing crimes on CCTV. Academics say fewer than 1% of people have the innate ability to be super-recognisers - and they are keen to discover more of them out there." Does anyone have a source for that 1% of people? Martinevans123 (talk) 19:11, 16 October 2015 (UTC)

Nonfunctional links and questionable section
I noticed two links in the External links section that don't work: Are Faces a "Special" Class of Objects? Perceptual Expertise Network (PEN)

Also, I'm not sure if the "Artificial" section is needed. If so, we should probably expand on it, but since there is a disclaimer at the top of the page directing people to a different page for computer-based facial recognition it seems pointless to include in this article. I would consider adding it to the computer-based facial recognition article if the contents of this section are not already in there. Camjohnson (talk) 19:16, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes "legalnorms.com" is a domain now up for sale, so I'll remove it. The vanderbilt.edu (Isabel Gauthier) link has moved to here, but looks a bit general. There are two studies on faces reported at the research page, so maybe replace? Tend to agree about the Artificial section, but open to other views. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:28, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

Development section out of order
While reading the development section I noticed that it seems to skip forward and backward regarding the age groups talked about (it goes from information about five-year-olds to seven-month olds to nine-month olds). This made the section a little more difficult to follow than if the age groups were cited in chronological order.

Also, one brief correction I would make is to give a quick description of what ERPs are. I know the word is linked to its own page, but a short explanation of what ERPs are could allow non-experts to continue reading the article without having to be distracted by going to another wiki page just to find out what ERPs are in general.Dustin Runzo (talk) 18:37, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree - I tried to restructure some of the sentencing and make some of the statements a little less "definitive", but as I continued on I realized I'll need more time to actually check the sources they are citing and seeing if they even correlate to the claims they are making. Hoping to do that a little later today. Also, the lines are being heavily blurred between psychology and cognitive science throughout this section I feel like that needs some clean up as well. Michehobson (talk) 16:57, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

I am currently try to cleaning up this section. Trying not to remove anything but a lot of the citations are not only extremely old... but also misplaced or sometimes even completely misquoted. I also am working hard on making the language less definitive, as a lot of the things that are getting talked about have NOT been empirically proven, but are being stated as absolute fact - which I think is adding to the confusion. Another thing that was confusing is that it was talked about in a manner that made it seem like this was all one study built off one another, as if the people conducting the experiements were directly working with each other or referencing each others work, which was not the case at all (upon checking the citations). Again, I am making sure to not remove the content, but modify the language to make it more clear that not only are these suggestive findings at best, but also define the seperate studies and how their findings actually differ and contradict with each other, as opposed to proving each other correct. So far I basically broke that whole section up into dates, and listed each study conducted and their disputed findings under their respective date. I plan on going back in later and grouping the information by IDEA oe AGE as opposed to date the study was conducted. I feel like that next step will make the whole thing flow better, while also keeping a clear separation between the studies, and highlight contradicting theories as opposed to claiming they're all on the same page. It took a while to comb through everything as each citation needed to be checked and moved around... alot of the time the references given were misquoted as well. :/ But yeah I also put at the top just to make it clear, like there is no concrete evidence proving any of the studies that are listed below.Michehobson (talk) 17:28, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

TL;DR basically the reason this section didn't make sense is because it didn't. There is not an agreed upon "main theory" or any concrete evidence in regards to how face perception develops at young age, to this day. What we do have is an assortment of studies, with interesting, yet suggestive, findings - many of which contradict one another. The person who wrote this section, however, spoke about the topic as if all evidence pointed to one conclusion,and used disputing claims as if they were proving each other correct. (Sometimes giving references claiming it was supporting evidence, when it was actually doing the complete opposite.) I broke up this section into dates, but planning on going back through and organizing the way you originally said. Michehobson (talk) 17:28, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Face perception in people with schizophrenia
I'm planning on adding a section to this article about face perception in individuals with schizophrenia. Here are the sources that I have found so far for this new section: 1. Megreya, A. M. (2016). Face perception in schizophrenia: A specific deficit. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 21(1), 60-72. doi:10.1080/13546805.2015.1133407

2. Tang, D. Y., Liu, A. C., Lui, S. S., Lam, B. Y., Siu, B. W., Lee, T. M., & Cheung, E. F. (2016). Facial emotion perception impairments in schizophrenia patients with comorbid antisocial personality disorder. Psychiatry Research, doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.005

3. Soria Bauser, D., Thoma, P., Aizenberg, V., Brüne, M., Juckel, G., & Daum, I. (2012). Face and body perception in schizophrenia: A configural processing deficit?. Psychiatry Research, 195(1-2), 9-17. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.017

4. Onitsuka, T., Niznikiewicz, M. A., Spencer, K. M., Frumin, M., Kuroki, N., Lucia, L. C., & ... McCarley, R. W. (2006). Functional and Structural Deficits in Brain Regions Subserving Face Perception in Schizophrenia. The American Journal Of Psychiatry, 163(3), 455-462. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.455

Dustin Runzo (talk) 00:53, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

 * The section you've added looks very good. I've added some links to the journals. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:33, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

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Removing improvement tags
I'm removed the tags for copyediting and the lead section being too short. Feel free to reintroduce them if you think the article still needs serious work on those fronts. Telemachus12389 (talk) 13:54, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

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Talk:Friedrich Hund

Untitled
The article goes from Hund to Heisenberg, and should be cleaned up

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Timeline Gap
There seems to be a gap in the biography between 1927 and 1946. Just out of curiosity, did anything notable happen during the period? https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.881943 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.11.36.194 (talk) 14:29, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

 * A lot of prominent Germans seem to have gaps in their resume around this period, probably nothing unusual?
 * The German article includes the hilarious / brutal anecdote from this period that his course with Heisenberg was advertised as "Heisenberg mit Hund" ("Heisenberg with dog"), rather than "Heisenberg und Hund"; I know I've seen this referenced in an english-language source (probably Cassidy or Mehra-Rechenberg), but can't find one at the moment.
 * If nothing else he did during that period was notable, his defense of his master from Stark's attacks (taking specific exception to Heisenberg being compared to the "traitor" Ossietzky) provides some color.
 * 2600:1702:6D1:28B0:6469:AB6F:3C19:5A57 (talk) 02:25, 23 September 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Friedrich Hund


text:
The Amateur Championship

The Amateur Championship (sometimes referred to as the British Amateur or British Amateur Championship outside the UK) is a golf tournament which has been held annually in the United Kingdom since 1885 except during the two World Wars, and in 1949 and 2019 when Ireland hosted the championship. It is one of the two leading individual tournaments for amateur golfers, alongside the U.S. Amateur. It normally has the widest international representation of any individual amateur event, with 38 golf federations from all six continents represented in the 2018 championship.

Before World War II it was regarded as one of golf's major championships, but given the modern dominance of the sport by professional golfers, this is no longer the case. Two Amateur Championship winners in the post-World War II era have gone on to win professional major championships: José María Olazábal and Sergio García, both Spaniards.

History
The inaugural tournament was organised by the Royal Liverpool Golf Club in 1885. It was played on 20, 21 and 23 April and was "open to all amateur members of recognised golf clubs". The format was match-play. All players were included in the draw for each round, any extra player receiving a bye. If a match was halved after the 18 holes both players progressed to the next round, playing each other again. There were 49 entries from 12 different clubs, although only 44 were included in the draw and four of these players did not turn up. Of the 22 first-round matches, 2 were halved, meaning that there were 12 matches in the second round. There were no more halved matches in the following rounds which meant that 3 players reached the semi-final stage. John Ball beat his father, also called John, in the third round. Allan Macfie received a bye at the semi-final stage with Horace Hutchinson beating Ball 2 up in the only semi-final match. After his morning round, Hutchinson played badly in the afternoon and Macfie won 7&6. Each player paid a 1 guinea entry fee. This, together with 25 guineas from the Royal Liverpool club, was used for prizes. The losing finalist received £10 with the remainder being used to buy plate for the winner. The final amount for the winner was about £60 or £70. By comparison the winner of the 1885 Open Championship received £10. For many years the 1885 event was not regarded as the first Amateur Championship. It was only in 1922 that the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews decided "to place on record the name of Mr. A. F. Macfie as the winner of the Amateur Championship of 1885".

Despite the unusual format of the 1885 event, it was regarded as a success. A meeting was arranged in 1886 where it was decided to start an amateur championship, to be held alternately at St Andrews, Hoylake and Prestwick. A number of clubs subscribed to buy a perpetual trophy for the championship. In addition, gold and silver medals were presented to the winner and runner-up, with bronze medals for the losing semi-finalists. The format became a simple knockout, with extra holes played in case of a tie after 18 holes. Otherwise the format remained the same as for the 1885 event. Because of the late arrangements the inaugural championship was not held until late September. With 42 entries, six rounds were needed which were completed in three days with the semi-finals and final on the last day. John Ball again lost in the semi-finals, 7&6 to Henry Lamb, but Lamb lost the final against Horace Hutchinson by the same score.

Entry, format
Entry to the Championship is now given to the most-qualified 288 applicants from around the world, with perhaps half the places reserved for top players from the United Kingdom and Ireland. Qualifying rounds for all players were first introduced in 1983, when the popularity of the championship led to the number of applicants increasing to unmanageable levels. Major golf nations are allocated entries on what amounts to a quota basis for their top applicants, with each applicant's national federation cooperating with the R&A on selection. For example, the 2010 entry list included players from the British Isles (England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Northern Ireland), mainland Europe (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Slovenia, Switzerland, Austria, Iceland), North America (USA, Canada, Mexico), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Peru), Asia (China, India, South Korea, Japan, Singapore), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand) and Africa (South Africa).

The first stage of the Championship involves 288 players, each of whom plays two rounds of 18 holes, one on each of two courses, over the first two days. The 64 lowest scores over the 36 holes, and ties for 64th place compete in the match play stage of the Championship, on the event's principal course, and are seeded by qualifying scores. Each match consists of one round of 18 holes, except for the Final, which is over 36 holes. Since there are generally more than 64 qualifiers from the stroke play stage, the first round of the match play involves a small number of matches to reduce the number of qualifiers to exactly 64. In 2024 exactly 64 players qualified, ties for the final places being decided by a sudden-death playoff. Tied matches are broken by sudden death over extra holes. The event is played in June, normally with a Monday to Saturday schedule.

The winner receives invitations to three of the major championships, namely the following month's Open Championship, and the following year's Masters Tournament and U.S. Open, provided he remain an amateur prior to each major. The Amateur Championship is open to amateur golfers of any nationality in good standing with their national federations. Briton John Ball won the most career titles, with eight. Ball was still competing in the event as late as 1921 at Royal Liverpool Golf Club. In modern times, Briton Michael Bonallack's five titles lead. The most famous American winner of the competition was Bobby Jones, whose 1930 victory was part of his Grand Slam.

Multiple winners
Sixteen players have won more than one Amateur Championship, as of 2024:

 * 8 wins: John Ball
 * 5 wins: Michael Bonallack
 * 4 wins: Harold Hilton
 * 3 wins: Joe Carr
 * 2 wins: Horace Hutchinson, Johnny Laidlay, Freddie Tait, Robert Maxwell, Ernest Holderness, Cyril Tolley, Lawson Little, Frank Stranahan, Trevor Homer, Dick Siderowf, Peter McEvoy, Gary Wolstenholme

Three players have won both the Amateur and the Open Championship:
 * John Ball – 1888, 1890, 1892, 1894, 1899, 1907, 1910, 1912 Amateurs; 1890 Open
 * Harold Hilton – 1900, 1901, 1911, 1913 Amateurs; 1892, 1897 Opens
 * Bobby Jones – 1930 Amateur; 1926, 1927, 1930 Opens

Stroke-play qualifying
Stroke-play qualifying was introduced in 1983. 36 holes are played, using two courses, with the leading 64 and ties advancing to the match-play stage. From 1983 to 1985 exactly 64 players qualified, ties for the final places being decided on countback. In 2020 qualifying was reduced to one round. In 2024 exactly 64 players qualified, ties for the final places being decided by a sudden-death playoff. The leading qualifiers are given below:

 * 1983 Philip Parkin (140)
 * 1984 Philip Parkin (141)
 * 1985 Dana Banke (137)
 * 1986 Dana Banke (142)
 * 1987 Andrew Hare (136)
 * 1988 Stephen Dodd+, Liam McNamara (145)
 * 1989 Jim Milligan (141)
 * 1990 Adam Hart (138)
 * 1991 Fredrik Andersson, David Duval+ (141)
 * 1992 Michael Welch (148)
 * 1993 Craig Watson (141)
 * 1994 Stephen Gallacher (145)
 * 1995 Gary Clark (139)
 * 1996 Warren Bladon+, Jody Fanagan (138)
 * 1997 Matt Carver (145)
 * 1998 Mark Hilton (137)
 * 1999 Simon Dyson (139)
 * 2000 Tim Rice+, Michael Thannhäuser (139)
 * 2001 Nick Dougherty (135)
 * 2002 Richard Finch (137)
 * 2003 David Inglis (134)
 * 2004 James Heath+, Kevin McAlpine (135)
 * 2005 Damian Ulrich (135)
 * 2006 Llewellyn Matthews (142)
 * 2007 David Horsey (132)
 * 2008 Sam Hutsby (139)
 * 2009 Matteo Manassero (135)
 * 2010 Tommy Fleetwood (135)
 * 2011 Greg Eason (139)
 * 2012 Daniel Jennevret (136)
 * 2013 Craig Hinton, Adrian Meronk+ (140)
 * 2014 Dan Brown (133)
 * 2015 Ryan Chisnall, Craig Howie+ (135)
 * 2016 Connor Syme (136)
 * 2017 Caolan Rafferty (132)
 * 2018 Wilco Nienaber (133)
 * 2019 John Axelsen, Thomas Plumb+ (139)
 * 2020 Ruben Lindsay (67)
 * 2021 Matthew Clark (134)
 * 2022 Jonathan Broomhead+, Barclay Brown (135)
 * 2023 Ben Van Wyk (132)
 * 2024 Connor Graham (136)

+ Number one seed. If two or more players are tied, the seeding is decided on countback using the combined scores on the last 9 holes of both qualifying rounds.

Host courses
The Amateur has been played at the following courses, listed in order of number of tournaments hosted (as of 2024):
 * 18 Royal Liverpool Golf Club
 * 16 St Andrews Links
 * 14 Royal St George's Golf Club
 * 11 Prestwick Golf Club
 * 11 Muirfield
 * 7 Royal Porthcawl Golf Club
 * 6 Royal Troon Golf Club
 * 5 Carnoustie Golf Links, Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club
 * 4 Formby Golf Club, Turnberry Golf Club, Royal Birkdale Golf Club,
 * 3 Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club, Ganton Golf Club, Hillside Golf Club, Royal Portrush Golf Club, Royal North Devon Golf Club
 * 2 Royal County Down Golf Club, Portmarnock Golf Club, Nairn Golf Club
 * 1 Royal Aberdeen Golf Club, Royal Dornoch Golf Club, Ballyliffin Golf Club

Future sites

 * 2025 – Royal St George's Golf Club and Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club

title: The Amateur Championship


text:
Kinky Boots (song)

"Kinky Boots" is a song written by Herbert Kretzmer and David Lee for an episode of the television programme That Was The Week That Was in 1963, and subsequently recorded in 1964 by Patrick Macnee and Honor Blackman, stars of another television series, The Avengers.

Background
The song was commissioned by Ned Sherrin for the satirical television series That Was the Week That Was and used in a sequence featuring the titular footwear, which were then fashionable, and performed by Millicent Martin on the show's November 2 1963 episode. The recording by Macnee and Blackman was released by Decca in February 1964.

The song was not initially a hit, but one re-release of 1990 reached the top ten of the British Singles Chart in December of that year, after the song was promoted by BBC Radio One DJ Simon Mayo.

The single peaked at No.5 (on Deram records label KINKY 1) and remained on the chart for seven weeks. Prior to this, in 1977, it was placed at No.22 in the "Bottom 30" of Kenny Everett's World's Worst Wireless Show. The song is quite short: just one minute and thirty seven seconds long.

Critical reception
Upon the 1990 re-release, Jon Wilde from Melody Maker recalled that "When first released in 1964, this record caused questions to be raised in the Commons and a national controversy was only averted when PM Harold Wilson went on record as saying that he dreamed nightly about Honor "Cathy Gale" Blackman's sexy leather outfits and slick judo moves in The Avengers, along with the normal things like goldfish and skeletons. An inspired reissue then for this magnificent high camp curiosity. Few things in life charm quite like Patrick "John Steed" MacNee's dandified enthusiasm for "frumpy little beat girls" and "sexy little schoolgirls". His matter-of-fact delivery of the line "Leather is so kinky" remains one of the great landmarks in pop history."

title: Kinky Boots (song)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Larry the Noodle Maker

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDY DELETE. —Korath (Talk) 18:24, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Larry the Noodle Maker
A Google search for "Larry Wong" "Hong Kong" (noodle OR noodles) gave only this very marginal hit:. Seems non-notable, and completely unverifiable. The page author seems to be User:Box of Rice, whose other contributions include Cabbage Hit and Hamburger of Truth, both of which are also on VfD and by the likes of it will soon be on BJAODN. I would recommend deletion. -- Brhaspati (talk, contribs) 09:58, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Delete. No, it won't be on BJAODN, because the author wants it there. (He seems to crave attention.) -- Hoary 10:06, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Comment. Yes I must agree with User:Hoary. I nominated this for VfD and was about to move to Cabbage Hit, which I found already nominated by the author himself. I did think that it might be some unusual edit conflict at first due to his denying creating that article, but now it does seem to be attention-craving. -- Brhaspati (talk, contribs) 10:14, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)

Hey! You cant brainwash people into making the vote that you want! --Box of Rice 10:16, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

And also- someone PLEASE EXPAIN what is wrong with this article? Its a nirmal article about the sturrgles of a noodle maker. --Box of Rice 10:18, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Unverifiable, possible hoax. I don't think that "Larry" is really a very common name among Hong Kong natives. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  12:50, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non notable. Advert masquerading as an article. jni 14:50, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The contribution history, the article content, and the discussion contributions, lead me to believe that this is silly vandalism. Speedy delete under criterion G3. Uncle G 15:14, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * Speed deleted as silly vandalism. The image was copied from a photographer's web site where it bears the caption A chef at a Chinatown restaurant in Washington DC makes noodles the old fashion way...by hand ! So much for Larry the noodle maker in Hong Kong. I've deleted the image as well. Wile E. Heresiarch 17:51, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Mint Records

Mint Records is a Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada-based independent record label founded in 1991, by friends and campus radio enthusiasts Randy Iwata and Bill Baker. Mint has put out over 150 releases, several of which have won Juno Awards.

History
Iwata and Baker started working together at CITR-FM, the University of British Columbia radio station. Three years after graduation, they left the station, and founded Mint Records in January, 1991 to release the music of up-and-coming bands in Vancouver.

One of their earliest successes was a band called cub who, alongside Bunnygrunt and labelmates Maow, helped pioneer the vein of indie pop known as cuddlecore. Neko Case, performed in both Cub and Maow, released her first solo album on Mint.

In the late 1990s, the label was heavily affected by the financial crisis at and eventual bankruptcy of distribution company Cargo Records, when Cargo's failure to pay the label for Gob's album Too Late... No Friends led to the band, then Mint's most lucrative act, defecting to rival label Nettwerk.

In the year 1998, Mint Records album Get Outta Dodge by Huevos Rancheros was nominated for a Juno Award in the Best Alternative Album category,

Mint achieved Billboard chart success in the early 2000s with Neko Case and The New Pornographers. In 2001, the band's album Mass Romantic won the Juno Award for Best Alternative Album. Mass Romantic was listed at #17 in the 2001 Village Voice Pazz & Jop poll, and later ranked at #24 in Blender's 100 Greatest Indie Rock Albums Ever list.

By its tenth anniversary Mint had released 32 albums, 23 singles and five EPs.

Electric Version by The New Pornographers was listed at #7 in the Village Voice Pazz & Jop poll of 2003. In 2009, the album was ranked at #79 on Rolling Stone's 100 Best Albums of the Decade list. New Pornographers album Twin Cinema was voted the #9 album of 2005 in the Pazz & Jop poll of 2005, and PopMatters ranked the album at #1 on their Best Music of 2005 list. It was later shortlisted for the Polaris Music Prize in 2006, while Pitchfork Media placed Twin Cinema at number 150 on their list of the Top 200 Albums of the 2000s.

In October 2006, in conjunction with Exclaim! magazine and CBC Radio 3, Mint Records mounted a cross-Canada tour called the "Exclaim! Mint Road Show!" with headliners The New Pornographers along with Immaculate Machine and Novillero (except the final show in Vancouver, which featured Young and Sexy and Bella).

In 2010, Mint Records album Let's Just Stay Here by Carolyn Mark and NQ Arbuckle was nominated for a Juno Award in the Roots & Traditional Album of the Year category.

In 2011, a book about Mint Records by Kaitlin Fontana was published by ECW Press. It is titled Fresh at Twenty: The Oral History of Mint Records.

Current artists
• The Evaporators

• Faith Healer

• Heaven for Real

• Kellarissa

• Nardwuar

• Peach Kelli Pop

• Renny Wilson

• Sook-Yin Lee

• Wares

Past artists
• Andrew W.K.

• Atomic 7

• The Awkward Stage

• Bella

• The Buttless Chaps

• Carolyn Mark

• The Choir Practice

• The Corn Sisters

• cub

• Duotang

• Duplex!

• fanshaw

• The Gay

• Geoff Berner

• gob

• The Groovie Ghoulies

• The Handsome Family

• The Hanson Brothers

• Hot Panda

• Huevos Rancheros

• I Am Spoonbender

• Immaculate Machine

• John Guliak

• Kid Champion

• Lou Barlow

• Maow

• Mark Kleiner Power Trio

• The Mr. T Experience

• Needles // Pins

• Neko Case

• The New Pornographers

• New Town Animals

• Novillero

• Operation Makeout

• The Organ

• P:ano

• The Pack A.D.

• Pansy Division

• Pick A Piper

• Pluto

• The Ramblin' Ambassadors

• Riff Randells

• The Sadies

• The Smugglers

• The Stand GT

• Tankhog

• The Tennessee Twin

• Vancougar

• Volumizer

• Windwalker

• Young and Sexy

title: Mint Records


text:
User talk:Jankaspar

Please don't add links to www.centreurope-us.org to all country pages, such a mass addition is considered spam. --Joy [shallot]   10:02, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jankaspar


text:
Alice Hamilton

Alice Hamilton (February 27, 1869 – September 22, 1970) was an American physician, research scientist, and author. She was a leading expert in the field of occupational health, laid the foundation for health and safety protections, and a pioneer in the field of industrial toxicology.

Hamilton trained at the University of Michigan Medical School. Her residency at Hull House in Chicago from 1887 to 1919 put her in contact with an extensive demographic of working-class households, and the work-life dangers they faced. She also became a professor of pathology at the Woman's Medical School of Northwestern University in 1897. In 1919, she became the first woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University.

Her scientific research focused on the study of occupational illnesses and the dangerous effects of industrial metals and chemical compounds. In addition to her scientific work, Hamilton was a social-welfare reformer, humanitarian, and peace activist. She received numerous honors and awards, including the Albert Lasker Public Service Award. Her work led to improvements in safety and regulation, and is sometimes credited with leading to the founding of the United States' Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Early life and family
Hamilton, the second child of Montgomery Hamilton (1843–1909) and Gertrude (née Pond) Hamilton (1840–1917), was born on February 27, 1869, in Manhattan, New York City, New York. She spent a sheltered childhood among an extended family in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where her grandfather, Allen Hamilton, an Irish immigrant, had settled in 1823. He married Emerine Holman, the daughter of Indiana Supreme Court Justice Jesse Lynch Holman, in 1828 and became a successful Fort Wayne businessman and a land speculator. Much of the city of Fort Wayne was built on land that he once owned. Alice grew up on the Hamilton family's large estate that encompassed a three-block area of downtown Fort Wayne. The Hamilton family also spent many summers at Mackinac Island, Michigan. For the most part, the second and third generations of the extended Hamilton family, which included Alice's family, as well as her uncles, aunts, and cousins, lived on inherited wealth.

Montgomery Hamilton, Alice's father, attended Princeton University and Harvard Law School. He also studied in Germany, where he met Gertrude Pond, the daughter of a wealthy sugar importer. They were married in 1866. Alice's father became a partner in a wholesale grocery business in Fort Wayne, but the partnership dissolved in 1885 and he withdrew from public life. Although the business failure caused a financial loss for the family, Alice's outspoken mother, Gertrude, remained socially active in the Fort Wayne community.

Alice was the second eldest of five siblings that included three sisters (Edith, Margaret, and Norah) and a brother (Arthur "Quint"), all of whom were accomplished in their respective fields. The girls remained especially close throughout their childhood and into their professional careers. Edith (1867–1963), an educator and headmistress at Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore, became a classicist and renowned author for her essays and best-selling books on ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Margaret (1871–1969), like her older sister Edith, became an educator and headmistress at Bryn Mawr School. Norah (1873–1945) was an artist, living and working at Hull House. Arthur (1886–1967), the youngest Hamilton sibling, became a writer, professor of Spanish, and assistant dean for foreign students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Arthur was the only sibling to marry; he and his wife, Mary (Neal) Hamilton, had no children.

Education
Hamilton's parents homeschooled their children from an early age. Following a family tradition among the Hamilton women, Alice completed her early education at Miss Porter's Finishing School for Young Ladies (also known as Miss Porter's School) in Farmington, Connecticut, from 1886 to 1888. In addition to Alice, three of her aunts, three cousins, and all three of her sisters were alumnae of the school.

Although Hamilton had led a privileged life in Fort Wayne, she aspired to provide some type of useful service to the world and chose medicine as a way to financially support herself. Hamilton, who was an avid reader, also cited literary influence for inspiring her to become a physician, even though she had not yet received any training in the sciences: "I meant to be a medical missionary to Teheran, having been fascinated by the description of Persia in [Edmond] O'Donovan's The Merv Oasis. I doubted if I could ever be good enough to be a real missionary, but if I could care for the sick, that would do instead."

After her return to Indiana from school in Connecticut, Hamilton studied science with a high school teacher in Fort Wayne and anatomy at Fort Wayne College of Medicine for a year before enrolling at the University of Michigan Medical School in 1892. There she had the opportunity of studying with "a remarkable group of men" – John Jacob Abel (pharmacology), William Henry Howell (physiology), Frederick George Novy (bacteriology), Victor C. Vaughan (biochemistry) and George Dock (medicine). During her last year of study she served on Dr. Dock's staff, going on rounds, taking histories and doing clinical laboratory work. Hamilton earned a medical degree from the university in 1893. In 1893–94, after graduation from medical school, Hamilton completed internships at the Northwestern Hospital for Women and Children in Minneapolis and at the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Roxbury, a suburban neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, to gain some clinical experience. Hamilton had already decided that she was not interested in establishing a medical practice and returned to the University of Michigan in February 1895 to study bacteriology as a resident graduate and lab assistant of Frederick George Novy. She also began to develop an interest in public health.

In the fall of 1895, Alice and her older sister, Edith, traveled to Germany. Alice planned to study bacteriology and pathology at the advice of her professors at Michigan, while Edith intended to study the classics and attend lectures. The Hamilton sisters faced some opposition to their efforts to study abroad. Although Alice was welcomed in Frankfurt, her requests to study in Berlin were rejected and she experienced some prejudice against women when the two sisters studied at universities in Munich and Leipzig.

When Alice returned to the United States in September 1896, she continued postgraduate studies for a year at the Johns Hopkins University Medical School. There she worked with Simon Flexner on pathological anatomy. She also had the opportunity to learn from William H. Welch and William Osler.

Early years at Chicago's Hull House
In 1897 Hamilton accepted an offer to become a professor of pathology at the Woman's Medical School of Northwestern University. Soon after her move to Chicago, Illinois, Hamilton fulfilled a longtime ambition to become a member and resident of Hull House, the settlement house founded by social reformer Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. While Hamilton taught and did research at the medical school during the day, she maintained an active life at Hull House, her full-time residence from 1897 to 1919. On how Hull House had helped Hamilton to find her true self she said; It "satisfied every longing, for companionship, for the excitement of new experiences, for constant intellectual stimulation, and for the sense of being caught up in a big movement which enlisted my enthusiastic loyalty." Hamilton became Jane Addams' personal physician and volunteered her time at Hull House to teach English and art. She also directed the men's fencing and athletic clubs, operated a well-baby clinic, and visited the sick in their homes. Other inhabitants of Hull House included Alice's sister Norah, and her friends Rachelle and Victor Yarros. Although Hamilton moved away from Chicago in 1919 when she accepted a position as an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, she returned to Hull House and stayed for several months each spring until Jane Addams's death in 1935.

Through her association and work at Hull House and living side by side with the poor residents of the community, Hamilton witnessed the effects that the dangerous trades had on workers' health through exposure to carbon monoxide and lead poisoning. As a result, she became increasingly interested in the problems the workers faced, especially occupational injuries and illnesses. The experience also caused Hamilton to begin considering how to merge her interests in medical science and social reform to improve the health of American workers.

When the Woman's Medical School closed in 1902, Hamilton took a position as bacteriologist with the Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases, working with Ludvig Hektoen. During this time, she also formed a friendship with bacteriologist Ruth Tunnicliffe. Hamilton investigated a typhoid epidemic in Chicago before focusing her research on the investigation of industrial diseases. Some of Hamilton's early research in this area included attempts to identify causes of typhoid and tuberculosis in the community surrounding Hull House. Her work on typhoid in 1902 led to the replacement of the chief sanitary inspector of the area by the Chicago Board of Health.

The study of industrial medicine (work-related illnesses) had become increasingly important because the Industrial Revolution of the late nineteenth century had led to new dangers in the workplace. In 1907 Hamilton began exploring existing literature from abroad and noticed that industrial medicine was not being studied as much in America. She set out to change the situation and published her first article on the topic in 1908.

Medical Investigator
Hamilton began her long career in public health and workplace safety in 1910, when Illinois governor Charles S. Deneen appointed her as a medical investigator to the newly formed Illinois Commission on Occupational Diseases. Hamilton led the commission's investigations, which focused on industrial poisons such as lead and other toxins. She also authored the "Illinois Survey," the commission's report that documented its findings of industrial processes that exposed workers to lead poisoning and other illnesses. The commission's efforts resulted in the passage of the first workers' compensation laws in Illinois in 1911, in Indiana in 1915, and occupational disease laws in other states. The new laws required employers to take safety precautions to protect workers.

By 1916 Hamilton had become America's foremost authority on lead poisoning. For the next decade she investigated a range of issues for a variety of state and federal health committees. Hamilton focused her explorations on occupational toxic disorders, examining the effects of substances such as aniline dyes, carbon monoxide, mercury, tetraethyl lead, radium, benzene, carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide gases. In 1925, at a Public Health Service conference on the use of lead in gasoline, she testified against the use of lead and warned of the danger it posed to people and the environment. Nevertheless, leaded gasoline was allowed. The EPA in 1988 estimated that over the previous 60 years, 68 million children suffered high toxic exposure to lead from leaded fuels.

Her work on the manufacture of white lead and lead oxide, as a special investigator for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, is considered a "landmark study." Relying primarily on "shoe leather epidemiology" (her process of making personal visits to factories, conducting interviews with workers, and compiling details of diagnosed poisoning cases) and the emerging laboratory science of toxicology, Hamilton pioneered occupational epidemiology and industrial hygiene. She also created the specialized field of industrial medicine in the United States. Her findings were scientifically persuasive and influenced sweeping health reforms that changed laws and general practice to improve the health of workers.

During World War I, the US Army tasked her with solving a mysterious ailment striking workers at a munitions plant in New Jersey. She led a team that included George Minot, a professor at Harvard Medical School. She deduced that the workers were being sickened through contact with the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT). She recommended that workers wear protective clothing to be removed and washed at the end of each shift, solving the problem.

Hamilton's best-known research included her studies on carbon monoxide poisoning among American steelworkers, mercury poisoning of hatters, and "a debilitating hand condition developed by workers using jackhammers." At the request of the U.S. Department of Labor, she also investigated industries involved in developing high explosives, "spastic anemia known as 'dead fingers'" among Bedford, Indiana, limestone cutters, and the "unusually high incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis" among tombstone carvers working in the granite mills of Quincy, Massachusetts, and Barre, Vermont. Hamilton was also a member of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of the Mortality from Tuberculosis in Dusty Trades, whose efforts "laid the groundwork for further studies and eventual widespread reform in the industry."

Women's rights and peace activist
During her years at Hull House, Hamilton was active in the women's rights and peace movements. She traveled with Jane Addams and Emily Greene Balch to the 1915 International Congress of Women in The Hague, where they met Aletta Jacobs, a Dutch pacifist, feminist, and suffragist. She also visited German-occupied Belgium.

Hamilton returned to Europe with Addams in May 1919 to attend the second International Congress of Women at Zürich, Switzerland. In addition, Hamilton, Addams, Jacobs, and American Quaker Carolena M. Wood became involved in a humanitarian mission to Germany to distribute food aid and investigate reports of famine.

Assistant professor, Harvard Medical School
In January 1919, Hamilton accepted a position as assistant professor in a newly formed Department of Industrial Medicine (and after 1925 the School of Public Health) at Harvard Medical School, making her the first woman appointed to the Harvard University faculty in any field. Her appointment was hailed by the New York Tribune with the headline: "A Woman on Harvard Faculty—The Last Citadel Has Fallen—The Sex Has Come Into Its Own". She commented, "yes, I am the first woman on the Harvard faculty—but not the first one who should have been appointed!"

During her years at Harvard, from 1919 to her retirement in 1935, Hamilton never received a faculty promotion and held only a series of three-year appointments. At her request, the half-time appointments for which she taught one semester per year allowed her to continue her research and spend several months of each year at Hull House. Hamilton also faced discrimination as a woman. She was excluded from social activities, could not enter the Harvard Union, attend the Faculty Club, or receive a quota of football tickets. In addition, Hamilton was not allowed to march in the university's commencement ceremonies as the male faculty members did.

Hamilton became a successful fundraiser for Harvard as she continued to write and conduct research on the dangerous trades. In addition to publishing "landmark reports for the U.S. Department of Labor" on research related to workers in Arizona copper mines and stonecutters at Indiana's limestone quarries, Hamilton also wrote Industrial Poisons in the United States (1925), the first American textbook on the subject, and another related textbook, Industrial Toxicology (1934). At a tetraethyl lead conference in Washington, D.C. in 1925, Hamilton was a prominent critic of adding tetraethyl lead to gasoline.

Hamilton also remained an activist in social reform efforts. Her specific interests in civil liberties, peace, birth control, and protective labor legislation for women caused some of her critics to consider her a "radical" and a "subversive." From 1924 to 1930, she served as the only woman member of the League of Nations Health Committee. She also visited the Soviet Union in 1924 and Nazi Germany in April 1933. Hamilton wrote "The Youth Who Are Hitler's Strength," which was published in The New York Times. The article described Nazi exploitation of youth in the years between the two world wars. She also criticized the Nazi education, especially its domestic training for girls.

Later years
After her retirement from Harvard in 1935, Hamilton became a medical consultant to the U.S. Division of Labor Standards, and she maintained her connections at Harvard as professor emerita. Her last field survey, which was made in 1937–38, investigated the viscose rayon industry. In addition, Hamilton served as president of the National Consumers League from 1944 to 1949.

Hamilton spent her retirement years in Hadlyme, Connecticut, at the home she had purchased in 1916 with her sister, Margaret. Hamilton remained an active writer in retirement. Her autobiography, Exploring the Dangerous Trades, was published in 1943. Hamilton and coauthor Harriet Louise Hardy also revised Industrial Toxicology (1949), the textbook that Hamilton had initially written in 1934. Hamilton enjoyed leisure activities such as reading, sketching, and writing, as well as spending time among her family and friends.

Death and legacy
Hamilton died of a stroke at her home in Hadlyme, Connecticut, on September 22, 1970, at the age of 101. She is buried at Cove Cemetery in Hadlyme.

Hamilton was a tireless researcher and crusader against the use of toxic substances in the workplace. Within three months of her death in 1970, the U.S. Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act to improve workplace safety in the United States.

Recognition and awards

 * Hamilton was awarded honorary degrees from the University of Michigan, Mount Holyoke College, and Smith College.
 * She was included in the American Men in Science: A Biographical Dictionary (1906).
 * In 1935 Eleanor Roosevelt presented Hamilton with the Chi Omega women's fraternity's National Achievement Award.
 * In 1947 Hamilton became the first woman to receive the Albert Lasker Public Service Award for her public service contributions.
 * In 1948 Hamilton received the Donald E. Cummings Memorial Awards from the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). In 1993, the AIHA established an award in her honor to recognize the contributions of outstanding women in the field of occupational and environmental hygiene.
 * In 1956 she was named TIME magazine's "Woman of the Year" in medicine.
 * In 1973 Hamilton was posthumously inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
 * On February 27, 1987, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health dedicated its research facility as the Alice Hamilton Laboratory for Occupational Safety and Health. The institute also began giving an annual Alice Hamilton Award to recognize excellent scientific research in the field.
 * In 1995 the U.S. Postal Service honored Hamilton's contributions to public health with a 55-cent commemorative postage stamp in its Great Americans series.
 * In 2000 the city of Fort Wayne, Indiana, erected statues of Alice, her sister, Edith, and their cousin, Agnes, in the city's Headwaters Park.
 * On September 21, 2002, the American Chemical Society designated Hamilton and her work in industrial toxicology a National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of her pioneering role in the development of occupational medicine.
 * Hamilton has been heralded as a pioneering female environmentalist. The Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, sponsors an annual lecture named in recognition of her achievements in these areas. Since 1997 the American Society for Environmental History has annually awarded the Alice Hamilton Prize for the best article published outside the Environmental History journal.
 * On September 26, 2018, one bust of Alice Hamilton was placed in the foyer of the François-Xavier Bagnoud Building of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and another bust, also by local sculptor Robert Shure, was placed in the Atrium in the Tosteson Medical Education Center of the Harvard Medical School.
 * Annually, the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health's Committee on the Advancement of Women Faculty (CAWF) sponsors the annual Alice Hamilton lecture and award to recognize especially promising junior faculty women.

Selected published works
Books:
 * Industrial Poisons in the United States (1925)
 * Industrial Toxicology (1934' rev. 1949)
 * Exploring the Dangerous Trades: The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, M.D. (1943).

Articles:
 * "Hitler Speaks: His Book Reveals the Man," Atlantic Monthly (April 1933)
 * "The Youth Who Are Hitler's Strength," New York Times, 1933
 * "A Woman of Ninety Looks at Her World," Atlantic Monthly (1961)

title: Alice Hamilton


text: User talk:216.55.149.21

title: User talk:216.55.149.21


text:
Downtown Tunnel

The Downtown Tunnel on Interstate 264 (I-264) and U.S. Route 460 Alternate (US 460 Alt.) crosses the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River in the South Hampton Roads area of Virginia, US. It links the independent City of Portsmouth with the independent City of Norfolk. In conjunction with the Berkley Bridge, the Downtown Tunnel connects to Interstate 464 to the City of Chesapeake and a continuation I-264 to the downtown and Waterside areas of Norfolk, and on to Virginia Beach. Owned by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), it is operated and maintained by Elizabeth River Crossings under a 58-year public–private partnership concession agreement. Formerly a toll-free facility, open road tolling was implemented on February 1, 2014 by VDOT to help finance repairs and expansion to the tunnel.

History
In the mid-1940s, Virginia legislators wanted to replace the aging vehicle ferry system that transported its motorists over the waterways in the state. Authorized by a revenue bond act passed earlier by the General Assembly, the commission decided during the 1946-47 fiscal year to construct toll bridges to replace ferry crossings on the York River at Yorktown and the Rappahannock River at [Grey’s Point] and to acquire from private owners the ferries that carried vehicles across Hampton Roads between the Norfolk and Lower Peninsula areas. Shortly thereafter in 1952, VDOT opened a two-lane tunnel (then named the Norfolk-Portsmouth Bridge-Tunnel). It was the first fixed crossing directly between Portsmouth and Norfolk across the Elizabeth River, predating the Hampton Roads Bridge Tunnel by five years. It was financed and built by the Elizabeth River Tunnel Commission with toll revenue bonds and was completed in 1952. Tolls at the time were 25 cents.

In 1988 and 1989, during an expansion of I-264, the Downtown Tunnel was expanded to two tunnels (one two-lane tunnel in each direction), and the nearby Berkley Bridge was rebuilt and expanded to eight lanes, connecting I-264 to I-464, just short of (and above) the tunnel entrance. Tolls were also removed at that time.

Between 2019 and 2022 there have been increased occurrences of fake toll violations to drivers. Many of the drivers who received these notices have never crossed the river, or even, been to the state of Virginia. EZ-Pass has been criticized for failing to address the fraudulent toll violations.

Public-Private Partnership and 2013 Rehabilitation
In 2004, VDOT sent out an informal request for information to private entities to gauge interest in pursuing a public-private partnership to help build the parallel Midtown Tunnel and extend the MLK Freeway to I-264. At the time, the project did not include any work at the Downtown Tunnel. Of the three companies that responded, two of the companies, one being the company that ultimately bid on the current project (Skanska), referred to a study funded earlier in the year noting that the only possible way of making the project financially feasible was to toll the Downtown Tunnel as well as the Midtown Tunnel for construction costs. VDOT then began soliciting bids from private companies to partner with the state in executing the Elizabeth River Tunnels Project, which now included the rehabilitation of the Downtown Tunnel) through Virginia's Public Private Transportation Act.

Elizabeth River Crossings, the company formed by interested party Skanska with additional capital by Australian investment company Macquarie Group, submitted their proposal to VDOT. After the lengthy review process required under the PPTA, then-Governor Bob McDonnell and VDOT executed the Comprehensive Agreement with ERC on December 5, 2011.[15][16] Under the agreement, VDOT retains ownership and oversight of the tunnels, while ERC finances, builds, operates and maintains the facilities for a 58-year concession period.

Under the agreement, the work on the Downtown Tunnel consisted of different items based on NFPA 502 standards, work which includes:

 * Removing the suspended ceiling of the eastbound tunnel (the westbound tunnel suspended celling was removed in 2011 due to safety concerns)
 * Removing old lighting and replacing with energy-efficient LED lighting
 * Installing a new longitudinal ventilation system with eight sets of jet fans (16 total each tunnel),
 * Removing police booths and other cosmetic level rehab work.

Work on the westbound tunnel began on August 9, 2013. Rehabilitation work on the eastbound tunnel began on July 25, 2014. The completion date of the Downtown Tunnel rehabilitation work was November 3, 2016.

title: Downtown Tunnel


text:
Sanae Kikuta

Sanae Kikuta (菊田 早苗) is a Japanese mixed martial artist currently competing in the Welterweight division. A professional competitor since 1996, he has competed for the UFC, PRIDE Fighting Championships, Pancrase, DREAM, World Victory Road, DEEP, Shooto, and Vale Tudo Japan. He is the former Pancrase Light Heavyweight Champion (2001–2003) and the winner of the ADCC 88 kg class in 2001.

Early life
Kikuta became a student at the Super Tiger Gym when he was in the 6th-grade elementary school, learning Shooto under Satoru Sayama, but he left the feeling that he wasn't being given enough attention in the combative aspect. Kikuta started training in Judo in his junior high school. In 1986, he won the junior high school judo Kantō tournament in the 78 kg class. In 1989, he won the championship (as a member of the Tokyo team) in the judo boys' team division at the National Athletic Meet. He also learned under Toshihiko Koga at the Nippon Sport Science University.

During his university tenure, Kikuta also tried Professional Wrestling, failing to enter New Japan Pro-Wrestling, but being accepted in Union of Wrestling Forces International and training with them for a time before leaving. After considering finding a job as a Judo teacher, Kikuta applied again to the entrance exam for NJPW, but he failed for a second time, this time due to showing dehydration symptoms during a sparring with fellow examinee Kenichi Yamamoto. Kikuta left college and went to train Kickboxing under Stan Longinidis in Australia. Upon his return to Japan, Kikuta started training at Seidokaikan and won the All Japan amateur Shootboxing heavyweight championship. However, after watching Royce Gracie win the first Ultimate Fighting Championship events, he became interested in Mixed Martial Arts.

Mixed martial arts career
Kikuta had his MMA debut for the first tournament hosted in 1996 by Lumax Cup, which featured the use of keikogi. Kikuta won after beating Egan Inoue and Masanori Suda. He then went to compete in the Vale Tudo Japan event, but was defeated by Mushtaq Abdullah by forearm choke. After returning to Lumax Cup, he won the 1997 tournament, too, defeating Suda again.

PRIDE Fighting Championships
Kikuta made his worldwide MMA debut for the PRIDE promotion at its second event, where he faced Brazilian jiu-jitsu expert Renzo Gracie in a special rules match. The fight turned out to be a slow, methodical bout which lasted six fifteen minutes rounds, whose end saw Renzo submitting Kikuta via guillotine choke at the sixth one.

Kikuta returned to PRIDE to face Takada Dojo understudy Daijiro Matsui. Again, the fight was a technical battle, ending with a draw after none of the fighters could finish the other.

At PRIDE 20, Kikuta fought Alexander Otsuka. This time the fight was a controversial one, with Otsuka throwing several knees to the groin which weren't penalized. Despite so, Sanae controlled the match with dominant positions and soccer kicks, and won by unanimous decision.

At UFO Legend, Kikuta fought PRIDE competitor Antonio Rodrigo Nogueira. The two grappling specialists exchanged assaults on the ground, with the Brazilian taking down Kikuta and attacking his half guard before the Japanese capitalized on a failed calf slicer to switch positions. Kikuta pressed from the top, but Nogueira regained full guard and scrambled to switch positions again, where the Japanese defended again from half guard. At the second round, Kikuta looked to take the match to the ground again, but it took a sudden twist when Nogueira landed a surprising right hook, knocking Sanae out completely. Nogueira was declared the winner.

Sanae fought again for PRIDE in the event Shockwave 2005, taking on Makoto Takimoto, judo gold medalist and apprentice to Hidehiko Yoshida. Kikuta opened the fight pulling guard, after which the two judoka traded positions and submission attempts with Sanae coming over in most of them. Having maintained the advantage for all of the three rounds both standing and on the ground, Kikuta was given the unanimous decision win.

Pancrase
After a single match for Shooto, Kikuta joined the Pancrase fighting organization in April 1994. He scored big victories over veterans Minoru Suzuki and Ryushi Yanagisawa, and shortly after he founded the Grabaka team along with Genki Sudo, Eiji Ishikawa and Hiroo Matsunaga. Kikuta also participated in the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship in April 2001 and won its 88 kg class. In September 2001 he won the title of Pancrase Light Heavyweight Champion.

He currently runs the Grabaka gym in Nakano, Tokyo, which trains fighters such as Kazunori Yokota, Akihiro Gono, and formerly Genki Sudo, and Kazuo Misaki.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
In his sole apparition for Ultimate Fighting Championship, Kikuta took part in the event Ultimate Japan III in April 2000. He defeated Eugene Jackson in dominant fashion, taking him down and locking an armbar for the submission.

World Victory Road
On January 4, 2009, at World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku Rebellion 2009, Kikuta faced fellow judoka Hidehiko Yoshida. The bout started characteristically slow, with Kikuta taking Yoshida down and tentatively exchanging strikes with him. At the second round, Kikuta opted for pulling guard and pursuing an ankle lock, but Yoshida remained on top and landed several punches through his guard. Afterwards, however, Kikuta reversed and got the mount, unloading ground and pound until the end of the round. The third round saw Yoshida stunning Kikuta with a punch and scoring a judo throw, but Sanae took his back and kept striking on him for the rest of the match, eventually winning the decision.

Grappling

 * Abu Dhabi Combat Club
 * ADCC 2001 88 kg class winner (April 2001)

Judo

 * Kantō region Judo Middleweight winner
 * The National Athletic High School Meeting, Judo 86 kg class Winner

Mixed martial arts

 * Lumax Cup
 * Tournament of J'96 Winner
 * Tournament of J'97 Winner
 * Pancrase
 * Pancrase Light heavyweight Champion (One time)
 * Tokyo Sports
 * Technique Award (2001)

Shootboxing

 * Japan Shootboxing Association
 * All Japan Amateur Shoot boxing Championship Heavyweight Winner

Submission grappling record
KO PUNCHES
 * - style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Method
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Event
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Time
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Renzo Gracie || Points || ADCC 2017 –88 kg|| 2017|| Overtime|| ||
 * Draw||🇯🇵 Minoru Suzuki and 🇯🇵 Daiju Takase || Draw || The Contenders X-Rage Vol.1|| December 14, 2001|| 1|| 15:00||Partnered with 🇯🇵 Takeshi Yamazaki
 * Win||🇧🇷 Saulo Ribeiro || Points || ADCC 2001 –88 kg|| 2001|| || ||
 * Win||🇯🇵 Egan Inoue || || ADCC 2001 –88 kg|| 2001|| || ||
 * Win||🇺🇸 Chris Brown || || ADCC 2001 –88 kg|| 2001|| || ||
 * Win||🇺🇸 Evan Tanner || || ADCC 2001 –88 kg|| 2001|| || ||
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Rigan Machado || Points || ADCC 1999 –99 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 10:00||
 * Win||🇯🇵 Egan Inoue || || ADCC 2001 –88 kg|| 2001|| || ||
 * Win||🇺🇸 Chris Brown || || ADCC 2001 –88 kg|| 2001|| || ||
 * Win||🇺🇸 Evan Tanner || || ADCC 2001 –88 kg|| 2001|| || ||
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Rigan Machado || Points || ADCC 1999 –99 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 10:00||
 * Win||🇺🇸 Evan Tanner || || ADCC 2001 –88 kg|| 2001|| || ||
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Rigan Machado || Points || ADCC 1999 –99 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 10:00||
 * Loss||🇧🇷 Rigan Machado || Points || ADCC 1999 –99 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 10:00||

title: Sanae Kikuta


text:
Talk:Black Hill (Peak District)

Isn't the other boundary with Cheshire, not Derbyshire? (don't think it's changed since 1968?) Linuxlad 10:08, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Digital mapping, including Streetmap, my digital Anquet map, and OS's getamap, all show it as clearly being on the border with Derbyshire, with an area north of the A628 (now?) within Derbyshire. There is also the potential for confusion here - there is a Black Hill on the Cheshire border (and just outside the Peak District), but not the Black Hill (Peak District) being discussed here. I have reverted the page to say Derbyshire, but if there is a further, more recent source, please do update. StephenDawson 12:14, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Although one site lists Black Hill (Peak District) as the Cheshire county top, every other source I've seen gives the highest point in the county as Shining Tor. Since Shining Tor is only 559 m, it stands to reason that Black Hill (Peak District), at 582 m, must be outside Cheshire. I have also got a map on which Cheshire is shown to reach right up to Black Hill, but it is an old map, and a German one at that. I don't know exactly how old it is, but certainly from before local government reform in 1974. I wouldn't expect any border to be the same now as it was then; everything has changed since 1968, in terms of county boundaries at least. Stemonitis 15:55, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hmm - looks like they changed the boundary post-1980 (the date of my 'Dark Peak' map - on wear resistant paper so I've never needed an update :-)) - my map shows the Derby boundary running all the way up the Woodhead Valley and the River Etherow to Far Small Clough, then over to Swains Head and to the River Derwent. I guess you're right and they tidied up the Cheshire bulge in the late 90s (?, but NOT 1974*) when the unitaries were created (though down here, around old Avon, they studiously left all such boundaries alone). (*Very significant revisions of the county boundaries _had_ been mooted in the Maud report in the late 60s IIRC, but the eventual 1974 changes left most counties intact - that was their point!)

Thanks for picking it up. Linuxlad 16:36, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * This would have been the Tintwistle Rural District which did indeed change hands in 1974. If it had remained part of Cheshire it would have been cut off from the rest of Cheshire by Greater Manchester.   Morwen - Talk 16:19, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Hill (Peak District)


text:
User talk:Box of Rice

silly articles
This is where you write silly articles. Don't do such things as writing an article and then nominating it for VfD; it merely wastes people's time. If you persist, you'll be blocked. -- Hoary 10:10, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)

You created Cabbage hit. You then quickly put it up for VfD. Its deletion was speedied. Now you've written it again. You are wasting people's time. Please stop this silliness. -- Hoary 09:45, 2005 Feb 23 (UTC)

vandalism
Do not vandalize or you will be prevented from editing. Lupo 09:35, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

why did you accuse me of vandalism? Bluemoose 09:46, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

bye bye troll
You are gone. --Zero 10:41, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Box of Rice


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Christian liturgical year

Some Wikipedians have formed a project to better organize information in articles related to the Christian liturgical year. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. If you would like to help, please inquire on the talk page and see the to-do list there.

Title
WikiProject on the Christian liturgical year

Scope
This WikiProject aims at producing a standard for all articles relating to the Christian liturgical year.

Parentage
This WikiProject is, in some ways, descended from the more general WikiProject Holidays.

Descendant WikiProjects
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

Similar WikiProjects
No similar WikiProjects have been named.

Participants

 * Gareth Hughes
 * SportsFan411- February 2006
 * Wesley 13:04, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * --Tremont30 02:51, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Hierarchy definition
No classification of this project has been defined.

Goals

 * 1) Give a unity of presentation to all articles that relate to the Christian liturgical year as practiced in each tradition.
 * 2) Avoid bias towards the Roman Catholic Church in Western Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy in Eastern Christianity, by using broad terminology where possible, and making minority traditions visible.
 * 3) Establish a hierarchy of articles from liturgical year (should this be renamed Christian liturgical year?) at the top, through Western Christian liturgical year (for example), through Lutheran liturgical year (for example), and/or through Eastertide (for example), down to a specific Second Sunday of Easter (for example).
 * 4) Produce a single navigational template which carries the top level of the heirarchy, and broadens out as one moves to lower levels of the hierarchy.

General strategy and discussion forums

 * /General — this is list of links to articles to work on.
 * /Strategy

Infoboxes


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/January 16

Copied from Talk: January 16:

Is there any "best practice" for dates? The attack on Iraq in 1991 started at 3am local time (January 17), 7pm Washington time (January 16). If you consider Operation Desert Storm more as media event, then Jan 16 is correct as the starting date. But I personally would prefer local time for local events, and GMT for global ones. What do you think --zeno 07:08 Jan 16, 2003 (UTC)
 * 7pm on Jan.16 in Washington is 0h on Jan.17 by UTC. So, January 17 is preferred, I suppose. -- PFHLai 09:50, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)
 * BBC says its January 17th (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/861164.stm). -- PFHLai 09:56, 2005 Feb 21 (UTC)

MLK Day for 2006
I moved MLK Day and copyright safe picture for MLK day from Jan 17 Ahseaton 02:40, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:08, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (appears on November 23)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Abd-ar-Rahman III (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Ivan the Terrible, Don Quixote (ineligible—maintenance), Zimmermann Telegram (ineligible—maintenance), League of Nations, Führerbunker
 * Included: Mattu Pongal (first appearance), Augustus (7th appearance, last in 2010), Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780) (first appearance), Benny Goodman (first appearance), Jan Palach (3rd appearance, last in 2009)
 * Repeats: Marcha Real (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)
 * Addendum: Magen David Day deleted (does not seem to exist). — howcheng  {chat} 04:48, 18 January 2012 (UTC)

Does "Magen David Day" exist?
I never heard of it and anyway most Israeli days are linked to Jewis, not Gregorian, calander, so it's even less likely to be real. DGtal (talk) 23:30, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Yeah, a Google search turns up nothing reliable. Deleted now. — howcheng  {chat} 04:47, 18 January 2012 (UTC)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 12:06, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Ivan the Terrible (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780); Jan Palach; Marcha Real
 * Included: Battle of Corunna (4th appearance, last in 2010); Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (3rd appearance, last in 2010); Führerbunker (2nd appearance, last in 2011)
 * Repeats: Augustus (2nd consecutive appearance, 8 total); Benny Goodman (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 75th anniversary)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:55, 15 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Augustus; Battle of Corunna; Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution; Benny Goodman; Führerbunker
 * Included: Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780) (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Hartley Colliery Disaster (first appearance); League of Nations (8th appearance, last in 2011); TWA Flight 3 (first appearance); Hello, Dolly! (musical) (first appearance; 50th anniversary)
 * Addendum: Augustus was added to August 19 for the bimillennium of his death. — howcheng  {chat} 16:11, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:47, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Internet Engineering Task Force
 * Omitted: League of Nations; TWA Flight 3; Hello, Dolly! (musical)
 * Included: Augustus (10th appearance, last in 2013 (was on August 19, 2014 for death anniversary)); Führerbunker (3rd appearance, last in 2013; 70th anniversary); Jan Palach (4th appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780) (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total); Hartley Colliery Disaster (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 11:50, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780); Hartley Colliery disaster; Führerbunker; Jan Palach
 * Included: Battle of Corunna (5th appearance, last in 2013); Benny Goodman (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Internet Engineering Task Force (first appearance; 30th anniversary); Marcha Real (3rd appearance, last in 2012)
 * Repeats: Augustus (2nd consecutive appearance, 11 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:03, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Hartley Colliery disaster (maintenance); Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Augustus; Battle of Corunna; Benny Goodman; Internet Engineering Task Force; Marcha Real (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Rungholt (first appearance); Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780) (4th appearance, last in 2015); League of Nations (9th appearance, last in 2014); TWA Flight 3 (2nd appearance, last in 2014); Hello, Dolly! (musical) (2nd appearance, last in 2014)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 04:29, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Augustus (maintenance); Benny Goodman (maintenance); Jan Palach (maintenance)
 * New articles (unused): Frank McGee (ice hockey)
 * Omitted: Rungholt; Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780); League of Nations; TWA Flight 3; Hello, Dolly! (musical) (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Battle of Corunna (6th appearance, last in 2016); Hartley Colliery disaster (3rd appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible); Führerbunker (4th appearance, last in 2015); Internet Engineering Task Force (3rd appearance, last in 2016); 2016 Ouagadougou attacks (first appearance); Guru Har Rai (first appearance); Miguel Ángel Mancera (first appearance); Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri (first appearance)

Protected edit request on 17 January 2018
Change "twenty-one United States-government-funded researchers" to "21 United States government–funded researchers" Holy (talk) 22:41, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Nope, per WP:MOSNUM, Integers greater than nine expressible in one or two words may be expressed either in numerals or in words (16 or sixteen, 84 or eighty-four, 200 or two hundred). Numbers between 21 and 99 are hyphenated (including when part of a larger number): fifty-six or fifty-six thousand but five hundred or five thousand. The Rambling Man (talk) 22:44, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 17:15, 16 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Battle of Corunna; Hartley Colliery disaster; Führerbunker; Internet Engineering Task Force; 2016 Ouagadougou attacks; Guru Har Rai; Miguel Ángel Mancera; Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri
 * Included: Augustus (12th appearance, last in 2016; rescued from Ineligible); Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780) (5th appearance, last in 2017); Frank McGee (ice hockey) (first appearance); League of Nations (10th appearance, last in 2017); Hello, Dolly! (musical) (3rd appearance, last in 2017; rescued from Ineligible); Nikephoros Choumnos (first appearance); William Hall-Jones (first appearance); Pauline Phillips (first appearance)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:37, 17 January 2020 (UTC)
 * New articles (unused): Jose Calugas; Mrauk U riot
 * Omitted: Augustus; Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780); Frank McGee (ice hockey); Hello, Dolly! (musical); Nikephoros Choumnos; William Hall-Jones; Pauline Phillips
 * Included: Rungholt (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Battle of Corunna (7th appearance, last in 2018); Führerbunker (7th appearance, last in 2018; 75th anniversary); Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I) (first appearance); Edward Gibbon (5th appearance, last in 2015; moved from October 15); Marjorie Williams (first appearance)
 * Repeats: League of Nations (2nd consecutive appearance, 11 total; 100th anniversary)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:27, 19 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Internet Engineering Task Force (maintenance)
 * New articles (ineligible): Richard Goodwin Keats (maintenance); John C. Breckinridge (TFA for 2021)
 * Omitted: Rungholt (deleted—date unknown); Battle of Corunna; League of Nations; Führerbunker; Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I); Edward Gibbon; Marjorie Williams
 * Included: Hartley Colliery disaster (4th appearance, last in 2018); Jose Calugas (first appearance); Hello, Dolly! (musical) (4th appearance, last in 2019); Mrauk U riot (first appearance); Anton Schindler (first appearance); Miguel Ángel Mancera (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Lorna Kesterson (first appearance)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:57, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Hartley Colliery disaster; Jose Calugas; Hello, Dolly! (musical); Mrauk U riot; Anton Schindler; Miguel Ángel Mancera
 * Included: Bigod's rebellion (first appearance); Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780) (6th appearance, last in 2019); Frank McGee (ice hockey) (2nd appearance, last in 2019); TWA Flight 3/Carole Lombard (Flight: 3rd appearance, last in 2017; Lombard: first); 2016 Ouagadougou attacks (2nd appearance, last in 2018); John C. Breckinridge (first appearance); Osip Brik (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Lorna Kesterson (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 10th anniversary)