text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Hydrochloric acid/archive1

Hydrochloric acid
Note to housecleaners: This entry has been listed for a month, but please consider leaving it for a while longer, as the discussion is quite active! Bishonen | Talk 01:45, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, please, I second Bishonen recommendation Wim van Dorst 21:54, 2005 Mar 18 (UTC)
 * It it time now. I moved it myself. Wim van Dorst 21:16, 2005 Apr 3 (UTC)
 * What the is this?? Why hasn't Wikipedia removed this already.... what a waste of time........

Textual improvement discussion
This article about hydrochloric acid is fairly complete, and covering the important aspects of the chemical. Before nominating it for Featured Article, I start out humbly by asking for a peer review first. Wim van Dorst 17:37, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)

 * This article has some interesting information in it, but at the moment it leaves the reader wanting more. Here's my thoughts: I'm curious as to what it was used for when discovered, what Jabir Ibn Hayyam was expecting when he distilled salt and sulphuric, and whether his discovery was generally known in the middle ages, or independently rediscovered.  The history section does not reach up to the present day - that would be useful.  The 'applications' section could be considerably expanded, perhaps a paragraph on each item listed there.  And the 'trivia' section could probably be named something else, and I'm sure there's more interesting facts that could go there. Worldtraveller 17:52, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the recommendations. The History chapter was elaborated on Jabir, better connect the several historical periods, and link to today. Trivia section renamed (good suggestion!), and I'll up the applications a bit. I don't want to overdo that chapter as that is what the referred-to pages are for. Wim van Dorst 21:04, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
 * Now also the applications section is elaborated Wim van Dorst 21:55, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)

 * Good work! I think the article's much improved now.  Some more thoughts - maybe the intro could be a bit longer, and summarise more of the information from the rest of the article?  The sections about applications are interesting but I still feel a few of them could be expanded more - regeneration of ion exchangers is a little bit confusing at the moment I think.  And in other applications bits, maybe one or two chemical equations showing the reactions that are used?  Finally, perhaps more could be said about HCl in nature?  Presumably it occurs in other digestive systems than ours?  What protects our insides from the corrosiveness of the acid? Worldtraveller 22:59, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree the intro needs expanding. It should be full paragraphs and summarize all important facts about the topic. The rest of the article the writing could use improvement, mostly by making the paragraphs flow better. Eliminating one sentence paragraphs would go a long way towards that. Either expand ideas to stand on their own or merge them together. That is a little hard for this type of topic, but perhaps even more important to make it flow as well as possible. 2) The mention of aqua regia and the alchemists enthusiasm now seems way too broad and even incorrect. Can you find some source to clarify that bit? 3) The production section could use expanding. Those processes cover the obvious simple reactions, but what industrial processes are actually used? Where does the chlorine and hydrogen actually come from? Do they really buy the pure gases and mix them? 4) The facts should probably be named something like other characteristics, and expanded if there are any. In any case the sentence about digestive fluids should be fixed. Do digestive fluids and enzymes really only work on the proteins? - Taxman 22:32, Feb 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Very useful comments, Worldtraveller and Taxman. And thanks for your help in the text (yes, that sentence was indeed as I intented it). After Worldtraveller's recommendation, I already improved the intro-text a great deal, and upon re-affirmation, I further elaborated it. Now I'll be working on the next chapters. PS Sorry that I didn't react sooner, but Wikipedia hasn't allowed me to to editing for the last couple of days, due to 'server recovery'? Wim van Dorst 21:21, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)
 * So, that's an improved intro, improved the applications text, including information chemical reactions (good suggestion!). I also did text flow improvements: have a look whether what you think now. 2) I toned down the aqua regia reference, and removed it from the former 'Facts' paragraph. 3) Yes, you're right, and I did add such information. Remaining problem area, as you correctly point out both: the 'Hydrochloric acid in nature' paragraph. Anybody with additional information? I'm not a biologist. If no addition is forthcoming. what about an 'eradicative text improvement'? Wim van Dorst 22:16, 2005 Feb 24 (UTC)

 * Apologies for a slow response to your work on this. Good work on the article, it's definitely much improved.  The history section is an interesting read.  I have a few more suggestions:
 * The 'in nature' section definitely could do with expansion - if you're not able to research it, then I'd leave it there, I am sure someone with the relevant expertise will see it at some point, it would be a shame to delete it even if it is a stub-section at the moment. If you mark it as a bio-stub section (if that's possible) it might help biologists to find it.
 * I still feel that more could be said about the applications. That section is a little dry at the moment, it could do with some more lively prose (if such a thing is possible when discussing chemical reactions).
 * In industrial applications, the article says solutions of up to 38% by weight are produced. Why that particular percentage?
 * Safety section - have there been any notable industrial accidents involving HCl? Some kind of incident illustrating the possible dangers could really add to this section.
 * There are quite a lot of redlinks - some of them look as if an appropriate article might exist but be incorrectly linked to.Worldtraveller 15:34, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * OK: I did a biosci-stub, which was improved to sect-stub. I hope to even improve that to interest some biologist, and will do more research myself.
 * OK: What red links? ;-). Pfew, that was more work than I anticipated: I had to do some stub articles, but only after extensive searches to alternatives for linking to
 * OK: elaborated the 38% limit: good leading question!
 * DOUBT: applications text. It lists the applications, and with some detail. Should it be elaborated in this hydrochloric acid article? Would not more details be better placed in the applications it references to?
 * TODO: more safety information
 * TODO: perhaps some illustrations? I have some nice pictures in mind, but I'll have to work on getting them in the public domain first.
 * Wim van Dorst 20:44, 2005 Mar 3 (UTC)

 * Excellent work on the red links! And the explanation of the 38% limit is great as well.  The article's looking very good now.  Illustrations would definitely be good, hope you can find some appropriately licensed ones.
 * Thinking about the application section, you're right that subsidiary articles could be appropriate for detailed discussion, but I think just a little bit extra might help here, e.g. how much HCl is used in each of these processes? What companies are involved?  Who uses the products?
 * Congrats again on great work on this article, I've enjoyed learning about HCl from it! Worldtraveller 11:53, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Additional research made it possible to replace the biology stub text with some serious information. And I again elaborated that applications piece (do I seem reluctant ;-). The safety data is forthcoming, and give me a week or so for pictures Wim van Dorst 21:36, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)

 * Very good work, and this is really improving. 1) After that research you've done and the rest to resolve the other above suggestions, why not cite those sources directly to those facts? You've just researched them so it should be easy. Ideally use the automatic method at Footnotes. That method is still in a bit of development, but it does work now and if anything is changed in the future, it will get fixed, so have no fear of using it. 2) Should probably just call the 'in nature' section 'in digestion', since that is all it covers. 3) The only picture I can think of is maybe a standard molecular model representation or diagram of the acid effects. Or I guess a picture of strong HCL acting on something. - Taxman 23:37, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

Discussion about images for the article
--- The research that I did for the biological section was mainly on Wikipedia, and all those sources are linked within the section. Many sources that I used for the rest of the article are documents that I retain from my previous job. As business internal documents, I cannot use them as reference. Where possible I referred to external links on website, and several relevant public sources. --- I renamed the 'in nature' to 'in biology', but I don't like that name either. I would like to have some more references to animal digestive stuff. Further recommendations? Renaming is a good recommendation, but into what? --- For a technical product brochure, I had my hands on some superb non-public domain, copyrighted picture material. Unfortunately it isn't combinable with wikipage publication. Now I'll have to find some other pictures. Sofar I put the Corrosive sign up, and a parchment picture of first discoverer Jabir. I had a dab at drawing a HCl molecule, but that did not turn out well enough for the wikipage. Anybody else better at doing this kind of thing (H white ball, r=1, and Cl green ball, r=4)? I'll be looking for a splash picture for the opening paragraph in the direction of one of the applications. Wim van Dorst 20:11, 2005 Mar 11 (UTC)

 * Okay, people, choose:
 * The pictures focus on the small applications, (from left to right Leather Shoes, Leather Swimsuit, Gelatin Dessert, and the last Sorbets (with Gelatin). IMHO these are the most funny and appealing. I guess that a PVC building pipe is very boring :-) Wim van Dorst 21:02, 2005 Mar 11 (UTC)

 * Great set of images! I like the gelatin dessert one the best I think - illustrative, without being too esoteric I reckon.
 * On the point about references, surely if the company document has a title and named authors, quoting it as a reference would not be a problem? Certainly, it might be the case that no-one else can actually look up the reference, but at least the source is listed, for the record.
 * I tried making a quick drawing of the molecule, but it didn't look very good. Could be worth putting a note on WP:RP?  I'm sure there's dab hands at this kind of thing out there. Worldtraveller 00:07, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I like that one best too, so that settles it: it is up! And I'll add some more elsewhere in the article. Note that I added the HCl schematic drawing (poor as it is) to the hydrogen chloride page, which tickled the next question: scope (see below). PS. Added an (unpublic) reference in the list too. Thanks for re-affirming the need for it. Wim van Dorst 16:57, 2005 Mar 13 (UTC)

These pictures don't have beautiful models or desserts in them, but they may be helpful anyway. Are either of them useful for the page? I kept them small to save bandwidth but can make them bigger if needed. Sorry I couldn't line up the captions. We might need to add a little to the text if the ammonia one is used, by way of explanation- but this is a classic experiment, worth including. I agree that a titration would be nice, but I really don't have time to set that up right now (new baby any day now!). Also a lorry with a one tonne valic of HCl would be nice! Please let me know if there are other simple pix I could do in less than half an hour that might work better. I could do zinc or Al dissolving in HCl or something like that. Meanwhile I will try my hand at editing the chemistry section- I think it's all good stuff but it should be more concise. Walkerma 05:11, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I'm using the HCl-NH3 picture for the article Ammonium, since that article already specifically mentions that reaction forming NH4Cl. I also would like to use the "HCl fumes on pH paper" picture for the Hydrogen chloride article since it effectively shows hydrogen chloride is acidic. H Padleckas 07:55, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I have put up a couple more pictures here and here, these show a BOTTLE of hydrochloric acid (with the old-style etched glass label)- one without and one with the pH paper in the fumes. Perhaps the bottle looks more effective than the beaker. Walkerma 17:32, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * See "titration with acid" picture below on the right side. This image can be added next to the Chemistry section of the Hydrochloric acid article.  H Padleckas 19:41, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hi H, the buret acid titration is excellent for the chemistry section. So much so that I already put it up. How's that for support. And Hi Martin, I like the first 'here' (03) best. The glass jar is photogenic. Could you make a picture like this, with a dark background, from a lower viewpoint, i.e., more level to the label? Such a thing could perhaps be worthwhile for the opening paragraph. Wim van Dorst 22:24, 2005 Mar 18 (UTC)

 * Thanks, H, for the titration image. I will get a "straight on" view of an HCl bottle some time soon.  By the way, are solutions of HCl above about 38% actually stable, or do they slowly lose HCl into the air down till they reach 37-38%? Walkerma 04:57, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Regarding stability of concentrated HCl, I think it's all a matter of degree. If concentrated HCl is exposed to the air and allowed to evaporate away, of course it eventually will evaporate away, like even pure water would eventually evaporate away.  HCl, being the more volatile component, would preferentially evaporate away more quickly, leaving behind a more watery solution.  This preferential evaporation would continue until an azeotrope is reached (or at least approached); then both components evaporate away in the same ratio as the liquid, keeping the solution "stable".  H Padleckas 16:01, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

As requested, I have taken a picture "straight on" of a bottle of HCl (Hydrochloric_acid_05.jpg, on the right). Can this be used? If not, please feel free to edit the picture, or give me advice on what picture you would like. One problem we have is- let's face it- HCl isn't that photogenic! While I've been away the page has started to look really good, everyone...! Walkerma 23:06, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hi, Martin, welcome back. I do like your picture, that is for sure! What if we move the yellow Corrosive sign down to the Safety section, and put this in the top op the table? Anybody comments? Wim van Dorst 22:06, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)

Scope of the article discussion: hydrochloric acid and hydrogen chloride
Should the hydrogen chloride page be included in the hydrochloric acid page, or should it be kept as a separate page? Wim van Dorst 16:35, 2005 Mar 13 (UTC) (Note that the other way around is certainly wrong! WvD)

While I don't have strong feelings on the matter and defer to your judgement, I'd prefer keeping the articles separate and expanding the hydrogen chloride page with physical data, application and history information, all of which would be quite different from the information in the hydrochloric acid article. As long as each of the two articles links to the other one in the opening paragraph, I don't think readers will have a problem locating the information they are after; if all the information were combined in one article, it might become a bit overwhelming. Cheers, AxelBoldt 21:43, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I have improved hydrogen chloride from a stub to a reasonable article. On a side note: this hydrochloric acid article really needs a cleanup! There are several weasel terms, multiple wikilinks for the same article, and images that do not really have something to do with the topic. I am strongly against Gelatindessert.png at such a prominent place. The format of the data table is outdated. Maybe I will find the time to fix some of these. (Sig added later: Cacycle 22:26, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC))

Hi Cacycle, using strong words, I think it would be nice if you also sign the comment. And as this is the Peer Review request page, your improvement suggestions are appreciated, as is your work on the hydrogen chloride page.
 * Please be so kind as to point out where you consider weasel terms to be used, so that the article can be further improved.
 * The images are about the applications (read the captions), so that's not too bad.
 * It is also interesting to learn that apparently there is a data table format. Perhaps you would be so kind as to point out where the current version is to be found?
 * What is wrong with multiple wikilinks for the same article? I presume you mean that in more than one paragraph, some word is linked to the same page? Wim van Dorst 22:13, 2005 Mar 13 (UTC)

Sorry, forgot to sign. I will take care of the points from above tomorrow. Sorry when my comment sounded a bit harsh. The facts are great, but before nominating it for featured article the text needs some polishing and we need more appropriate pictures or illustrations. Cacycle 22:26, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

From the Talk page of Hydrochloric acid, I moved the following Questions to here: --jag123 22:10, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * In this formula, R.H + HF → R.F + HCl, where does the Cl atom come from?
 * What household products use HCl?

The fluoridation reaction is a chlorine replacing reaction. Typo in the formula, now corrected. And the household application that comes to mind is builders cleaner, to take care of mortar stains or so? I'm not detailed familiar with it. It is also bottled under the name of muriatic acid (fortunately low concentration) for unnamed household purposes. Please don't let them throw a dollop in the toilet after they cleaned it with bleach (sodium hypochlorite)... Wim van Dorst 22:42, 2005 Mar 13 (UTC)

 * At least one household toilet bowl cleaning formulation has mainly semi-strong hydrochloric acid in it, Sno-bowl??. H Padleckas 05:57, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The images currently don't have captions; you only get to see the text if you "mouse over". I think it would be good to have the captions visible, and to move the gelatin picture further down to the applications section. As main picture, maybe a photo of a bottle with hydrochloric acid, carrying the common warning label? AxelBoldt 18:31, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I think some of these pictures can be removed. I read the article and don't really remember how HCl is related to jello. The bottle label is a good suggestion and should definitely be used. Maybe a diagram of the reaction of mustard gas producing HCl or a diagram of parietal cells producing HCl. Not the best, I know, but a tad more relevant than a pic of shoes :) --jag123 18:45, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree about removing images, I think the images used brighten up the article, the dessert one particularly. What could be done though, is for their relation to HCl to be made clearer in the text.  Another image that could be interesting, if available, might be a photo of an industrial HCl processing plant. Worldtraveller 23:49, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * We must have two separate pages for hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid, these are both very important commercially and they have different properties. I would argue that hydrochloric acid is in fact hydronium chloride, since there is very little actual undissociated HCl present in a bottle of hydrochloric acid!  That means for example that hydrogen chloride is in fact a much stronger acid than hydrochloric acid.  BTW, I have taken a few pictures of hydrochloric acid itself, I apologise they are really boring, they don't have any models in fancy shoes in them!  I'll upload them ASAP. Walkerma 17:23, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Chemistry section is good idea for Hydrochloric Acid article
My opinion is that a Chemistry section is needed for this Hydrochloric acid article. I'm writing it now. I will add it when I'm finished. H Padleckas 21:33, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * ok, I finished my first crack at the "Chemistry" section in the Hydrochloric acid article. Check it out.  I noticed very recent significant improvements in the data table in this article, some of which I wanted to make myself.  H Padleckas 01:12, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I'm essentially finished with the "Chemistry" section of this article. In case any reviewers think this Chemistry section is lengthy technical overkill for the average Wikipedia reader, I volunteer that the two sentences starting and ending with
 * "This is supported by the fact that ...... completely dissociates in water."

are expendable. Deleting them would not likely cause a great loss to the overall understanding of the article. Also, some of the length comes from short explanations I put in trying to make this a once read-through section (to a practical extent) so the average Wikipedia reader would not have to constantly use links for an understanding of some fundamental terms. If I was writing this for professional chemists, some of those explanations would be omitted.

The data table for hydrochloric acid is significantly improved now after the last two or so edits. I was planning to take some of the information on synthesis and/or production of hydrogen chloride for insertion into the Hydrogen chloride article. As far as I'm concerned, that information can stay in both articles. I plan to put a data table in the Hydrogen chloride article which in many instances contains different data than the Hydrochloric acid article. That project is still in progress. H Padleckas 16:21, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, H, I fully second your proposal of a Chemistry section. And as you worked it out it sure is an asset to the article. It is rather a big chunk of text, so I would think further editing would ??imho?? in my humble opinion be directed at making it more concise. Perhaps a picture to lighten it up? And is the Wikipedia idea that all text ought to be understandable by everybody? I would like it to make various in-depth sections for experts only. And to all who contributed to the new data table: kudos! Wim van Dorst 21:57, 2005 Mar 15 (UTC)

 * My idea is that a picture of a titration with a burette and an Erlenmeyer flask might be appropriate or picturesque near the Chemistry section of Hydrochloric acid if you want to "liven up" the "dry" Chemistry section of this article. I found one such diagram in the titration article and an identical diagram in acid-base titration.  It is a somewhat tall and thin image.  The color inside the Erlemeyer flask shows a newly added droplet turning pink, which would be expected if the titrant was a base, not an acid like HCl.  This color effect should be reversed when HCl is the titrant.  Should I or somebody try to work on this?  There are probably other pics of titrations on the web, but they are likely to be copyrighted, so I did not explore the web.  I looked in Wikimedia Commons, but I did not find a titration picture.
 * I completed the acid titrant picture and placed it here for your viewing. This image can be added next to the Chemistry section of the Hydrochloric acid article.  H Padleckas 19:41, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * My lengthy, philosophical, and not particularly relevant answer to Wim van Dorst's question "Is the Wikipedia idea that all text ought to be understandable by everybody?" has been moved from here to my User page as a philosophical statement, so that this lengthy page may be shortened. H Padleckas 19:00, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wim van Dorst 22:10, 2005 Mar 15 (UTC)
 * The datatable is now about 37% hydrochloric acid, which is not the major concentration worldwide: that is 30%, which has some different numbers and which I used for putting the data in the datatable in the first place. Should we cater for more than one concentration? If so, how, if not which one to use?
 * In my book the R/S statements for hydrochloric acid are R34-27 and S26-45, no S36. Where did that come from? And where is it to go?

 * S36 is from my Aldrich catalog. Data for more than one concentration seems a bit overkill. Anyway, it would only affect density, melting point, and boiling point. The CAS number is probably for plain HCl. I have chosen 37% because this is the highest possible concentration and is kind of a 'chemical standard'. Cacycle 23:00, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hi Padleckas, I like the titration picture proposal. Give the huge range of pH indicator and very nice colour changes they can give, this is a nice idea. It is a pity that it emphasizes the laboratory use which for the commercial market is negligible. And also for Cacycle, the 37% is a chemical standard only in the laboratory, and even then it is not THE standard: 36% and 38% are just as common for concentrated hydrochloric acid. And in the industrial 30% is the real big thing, hence my choice for that as the reference material for the table. So if you would insist on only one concentration, I would recommend 30% instead of 37%. But the important conclusion that I drew is not either/or: I think it not overkill but necessary to have more than one concentration. Apart from the properties that you mention, also vapour pressure, pH, and viscosity are highly dependent on the concentration. I therefore propose to add a table with chemical and physical properties for various concentrations: 5% 10% 20% 30% 32% 34% 36% and 38% seem reasonable. Perhaps also a 0% for reference? I'll work on this tomorrow or so. Wim van Dorst 00:17, 2005 Mar 18 (UTC)

 * If you do a table, one important concentration to put in is that of constant boiling HCl, i.e. what you get if you distil conc. hydrochloric acid. I think it's about 20% from memory- but I'm sure you know, Wim!  I hope you approve of my rewrite of the chemistry section, I tried to make it clearer without taking away any real content. Walkerma 06:30, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The table is a good idea, but I would either make a diagram with curves or concentrate on a few important values (10, 20%, 30%, 37%) and put also the molarity in there. The constant boiling one is 20.2%, bp 109 / 110 °C. The maximum seems to be 72% at 20°C. It seems that there is nothing special about the 37% as I always thought. Or is it?

 * Given the question about which solution is stable (actually only the 0% is :-), and the reference to only one of hydrochloric acid's several eutectica* I really should get my hands on a usable phase diagram. The one I have is copyrighted, but I hope I can draw one myself for the public domain (perhaps based on that same data). I wish there would be a possibility to use copyrighted material, as the one I had made for my commercial brochure is imho very insightful. Work on the table has started (off-line editing first) Wim van Dorst 11:14, 2005 Mar 19 (UTC)

 * *eutectic or azeotrope? An azeotrope is a constant-boiling liquid mixture (to vapor at a certain temp.) at a certain % for each component. A eutectic is something similar for solids melting.  I have added a sentence at the end of the Chemistry section and in the table on the 20.2% HCl-H2O azeotrope.  The azeotrope should also be stable as far as evaporation is concerned, as well as the individual components when they are separate, of course.  Any eutectics of HCl-H2O would be of less interest for practical purposes and may be omitted for a general information article such as this.  H Padleckas 16:01, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * There is a table of data on HCl in the it:Acido cloridrico article in the Italian Wikipedia, to which I already added a link to in the English Hydrochloric acid article. The Italian table includes %HCl, g HCl/100 ml water, molarity, and density.  There is also a fairly simple equation there correlating a couple of properties.  H Padleckas 18:00, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The reference data for the Italian pages gives quite some remarkable info, e.g., Toxic; All these R and S statements (they not a free choice, you know); rather arkane production method. As my Italian is below-par, I cannot judge the rest of the text, but overall I'd rather not use the data as-is. My table is based on solid references, so that's reliable. I like the molarity/molality info. I'll try to put my hands on reliable data.
 * The cristallization information is highly relevant for people who want to store hydrochloric acid in a tank outside. If it freezes over at -10°C, the acid supply to the production plant stops, and something unpleasant could happen to the whole site. So, knowing that there is a deep eutecticum between 20 and 30 wt% is very important. You could leave this out of lab chemical description, but not out of the description of a major industrial chemical description as hydrochloric acid. Wim van Dorst 21:03, 2005 Mar 19 (UTC)

Is the specific heat capacity important for the table? If so we should elaborate on it. Boiling and melting points would be interesting values to add to the table. I also like the orange symbols on the italian article. Cacycle 13:30, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I added the mp and the bp to the table, but you deleted them again. WHY??? I didn't make a typo. Did you? Wim van Dorst 18:33, 2005 Mar 20 (UTC)

 * Oops, that was not intentionally. Strangely, I can't remember any edit conflict page!? Anyway, I have put your changes back in. I will try to make the table smaller. I'll also check if it looks better to move °C into the value cells. Cacycle 21:54, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Your table work is outstanding: content is very good of course (imHo), but the presentation is giving it the best result. Compliments. Where do you get the information about these parameters that you used? PS. You (probably unintentionally?) undid my reshuffling of the MSDS references. Would you mind clarifying if you did it intentionally, and if not put it back? PPS. Where you the one too to re-insert the categories on the bottom, which I had removed to prevent double listing? Note that I don't mind at all if my changes are undone, just as long as there is a good reason (which I can challenge if I disagree). Wim van Dorst 09:30, 2005 Mar 21 (UTC)

 * Which parameters? I have simply calculated the molarity from molecular weight, concentration, and density. I'm not sure what you mean with "reshuffling of the MSDS references", so it was probably unintentionally :-) As for the categories: Category:Chlorides doesn't put a page into a category but merely generates a link (simple link, not a category: Category:Chlorides). Cacycle 14:21, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, you are refering to CSS and HTML? You can find some tricks by following the Editing help pages, e.g. in Picture tutorial. The rest is trial and error using css and html code. Cacycle 14:21, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

HF is not weak
Saying HF is weak is not really accurate. It may not dissociate easily in water, but unlike the others HX, it's the only one that can etch glass. It's only weak in terms of dissociating in water, which doesn't really mean much.

This discussion should really be moved to the article's talk page, where it should have started to begin with. The peer review subpage is not the place to discuss everything but to alert people what needs to be looked at. --jag123 14:52, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

You're right in pointing out that the strong/weak acid text needed improvement: I changed it to better indicate which monoprotic acid is what. That HF can etch glass is true, but has nothing to do with its acid strength. I disagree that this discussion should be elsewhere: the directive on top of the Peer Review page clearly states that any comments are to be added to the specific section. You'd better be happy that there is this lively discussion about a page under Peer Review. Wim van Dorst 17:07, 2005 Mar 20 (UTC)

I know etching of glass isn't a gauge of acid strength, but I still think characterizing HF as weak is misleading. The chemistry re: HF is pretty much unique, because of the high electronegativity and especially the entropy / ordering of water molecules around HF (which is really something like FHFHFH..., unlike the other HX). Weak/strong acids is purely a chemistry qualification. HF may not dissociate fully in water, but it'll dissociate if it comes into contact with other elements. People shouldn't assume that HF is weak, like vinegar (which many people do). HCl, on the other hand, is a strong acid, both in the chemistry and "practical" sense. Anyway, I've removed the last sentence, and I don't think it changes the article. On top of it, I had/have a problem with "common halogens". Astatine isn't common partly because it's useless; half-life of longest living isotope is 8 hours.

And yes, I am happy that there is peer reviewing on these types of articles. There needs to be more FA regarding science. --jag123 13:22, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Hi Jag123 (couldn't find your normal name), your final change to the text first took me by surprise, but after all I actually like it: the paragraph is more hydrochloric acid focussed as a result, and therefore I think also better. Good change. Perhaps you can do a little editing to pages such as strong acid and weak acid, where the arguments you bring forward will have a better acceptance. And at the rate of change the hydrochloric acid page is still being improved, it looks like it may never be stable enough for FA status :-). Wim van Dorst 16:43, 2005 Mar 21 (UTC)

I'm glad you like my changes. I'm not trying to convert the world regarding weak/strong acids, but I just didn't think that sentence was important enough to the article to leave it in. I guess I keep thinking this will be eventually an FA and want to keep the average person in mind. Hopefully I don't pass off as being too anal, but this "HF is weak" thing is somewhat of a pet peeve of mine :) --jag123 19:19, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I admit I reinserted the sentence on halogen acids stating HF is weak, then modified it to say that the other 3 are strong acids and HF is an acid that does not fully dissociate. I think this is probably my last shot at it and you guys can keep it, change it, or take it out. H Padleckas 21:18, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I still don't see why this is important to mention, but whatever. --jag123 22:49, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, Padleckas, but I agree with Jag123 here: the wordiness of the paragraph doesn't add to the article about hydrochloric acid. I recommend that this information be moved to a dedicated page about monoprotic acids. Wim van Dorst 23:17, 2005 Mar 21 (UTC)
 * I expanded the "Chemical characteristics" section of the Acid article to discuss monoprotic, diprotic, triprotic, etc. acids. H Padleckas 05:57, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cool images
Here is a German page with cool images: http://www.seilnacht.com/Chemie/ch_hcl.htm Unfortunately the images are copyrighted and it doesn't look as if we could convince the guy to put some of them under GPL or into PD. BTW, I have uploaded all orange hazard symbols to the Wikimedia Commons. Cacycle 20 Mar 2005

Yes, there are plenty of very nice pictures around, but then nearly always copyrighted. I saw that you uploaded the correct one to the approporiate place already: good idea. I was thinking about doing the same. Wim van Dorst 18:33, 2005 Mar 20 (UTC)

Anyone know what the color of a common indicator that is used with HCl? It's really easy to change the color in titration picture, but I don't know which color is best. --jag123 13:26, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the most common indicator used in acid-base titrations is phenolphthalein, which is colorless in acidic solution and magenta in basic, as shown in the above picture. The titration shown here with an acidic titrant, such as HCl, is the reverse of the original picture in titration, in which apparently a basic titrant is used with phenolphthalein.  However, many different acid-base indicators can be used in an HCl titration, at least a couple dozen kinds.  This variety of indicators covers most of the pH range.  These indicators have a variety of different colors at both acidic and basic pH.  About a dozen have been listed in the Wikipedia article on indicators.

 * Also, I didn't see any good reason for removing the sentence on the 4 common halogen acids of the form HX from the Hydrochloric acid article, so I reverted your edit. H Padleckas 19:36, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * See end of section "HF is not weak" above. H Padleckas 21:18, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Thansk for your answer. It didn't really click that the analyte was changing from pink to colorless. --jag123 01:11, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Are we converging towards FAC status yet?
Hi all, since February 12 the hydrochloric acid page has seen on average between five and ten smaller and (mostly) bigger changes on a daily basis. It is my humble opinion that most significant suggestions from the beginning (read up higher here) have either been implemented or else discussed out of the article. Some things have been found to be unachievable within this short timeframe such as eloquent pictures, but worthwhile other things have been added unexpectedly (at least for me) such as the Chemistry and the Chem Phys properties table. Obviously, the page won't ever be finished. Could we then suggest that we close the Peer Review and put the page up for Featured Article Candidate? Or are important things still missing, pictures still forthcoming RSN, battling discussions to be finalized? Wim van Dorst 19:59, 2005 Mar 21 (UTC)

 * I still have a significant suggestion for a change to make in the HCl acid article. A couple of days ago, a new table with physical properties was added with the first column containing the Conc. (w/w) apparently being the independent variable on which all the other values in the table are based.  Of the properties given in the table, Conc. (w/v), Density, Molarity, and Specific Heat depend on temperature and Viscosity and Vapor Pressure depend quite strongly on temperature.  I can't find any reference temperature listed in or near the table at which these values are true.  There should be a reference temperature given for this data.  Such a temperature should be listed wherever the data was originally obtained from.  It might be something simple like 25°C or 0°C, but it should be provided for the properties I just mentioned.  No reference temperature is applicable to the Boiling and Melting points, but the reference pressure is probably 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa).  You could probably nominate the article for FAC, then look for the reference temperature, but for correctness, it should be added sooner or later.

 * Also, the first sentence in the Physical properties section refers to the table at right. On my computer screen, this table does not appear to the right of the sentence, but far above it.  Of course, you may decide to refer to the table below it instead.  H Padleckas 20:48, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi H, this was an easy addition, both already done (it was 20 °C and 1 atm) . I take it you support the move to FAC, then? Wim van Dorst 21:17, 2005 Mar 21 (UTC)

 * Someday, I plan to take some information directly related to the history, synthesis, and production of hydrogen chloride from Hydrochloric acid and add it to Hydrogen chloride. I might start a new section in Hydrogen chloride article called "History, Synthesis, and Production".  This does not mean that this information has to be deleted in the HCl acid article; the information can stay in both articles as far as I'm concerned, although somebody may say that's a duplication of text in 2 articles.  Other than this final observation, I think Hydrochloric acid is ready for FAC nomination.  H Padleckas 22:35, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I have essentially finished doing the above, i. e. I've taken info from Hydrochloric acid and placed it into Hydrogen chloride. For more details, see the hydrogen chloride article and Talk:Hydrogen chloride.  Now you can decide how this info should be distrubuted between the 2 articles.  Also see my hopefully final comments on Hydrochloric acid below.  H Padleckas 05:57, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the support, Padleckas. Nonetheless, your long text in the footnote doesn't add information. I recommend the intentionally short sentence. Wim van Dorst

 * Before this goes to FAC, I'd like to clean up the biology section a bit. I think there's a bit more info that can be added here. (Iirc, there's a beetle that uses HCl [or a mixture of acids including HCl] as a defense mechanism.) I want to double check academic journals to see if there's been changes/developments in the HCl synth mechanisms in parietal cells, and if there's no difference, at least find a journal that I can use as reference for what's there. I'd like to find something that can be complemented with a picture, which would ideally replace the shoes (which I think are not really relevant). --jag123 01:07, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Considering the current pace of changes I would wait with FC nomination until contributions slow down. There are a still a few facts I would like to add (e.g. use to make hydrochlorides) or would like to see improved (e.g. biology section, images, the confusing uses section). Before nomination, when all facts are in place, we should proofread and polish the article in a concerted action (e.g. remove unimportant or redundant facts, words, and sentences, improve sentence-to-sentence flow, make the final layout). Cacycle 09:38, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Indeed I now see the convergence stepping in over the whole article: good housekeeping has been done on biology, references and other sections; final (as if they are ever) text improvements are added; and the good toothcombing work is also being done now by Cacycle and Padleckas (thanks, others invited to participate of course). Overall, the additions are slowing down (or is it just Easter?), so I propose to move to FAC in a week from now. And remember that future additions, elaborations and other improvements remain possible, even as a FA. Wim van Dorst 10:25, 2005 Mar 28 (UTC)

Different layout
Different layout I've moved the history section above the chemistry section because the tables were one on top of the other on my end (1024x768, IE6). I also think it flows better, since the chemistry, production & application sections follow each other. If this looks worse than before for anyone, revert. --jag123 01:24, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Good idea to change the sequence. I also had the tables clashing. And the text indeed flows better.
 * Why to explicitly add the section for other languages? Isn't that extra: they are already listed in the left Wikipedia-column. Considering that the Categories are also listed at the bottom, I was actually considering to take these extra things out too. Please comment?
 * Which Uses do you mean to be unclear: the last paragraph of the Chemistry section or the Applications section?
 * As already pointed out, I am no biologist. Any improvement (with images) to the Biology section is worthwhile!
 * I won't put it up for FAC yet, with this update rate. But I wondered whether we are converging... Wim van Dorst 20:50, 2005 Mar 22 (UTC)

 * The idea was to have the names in other languages in the article, the links to the other wikipedias are just a gimmick (some languages (like Latin) where I have found the name do not yet have an article on hydrochloric acid). I have not yet found such a list on the web, but I will try to figure out the names in some missing more important languages. Cacycle 23:18, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the names in other languages should be moved to the first paragraph, or given a separate paragraph in the intro section? Regardless, I think it somewhat pointless to include links to other Wikipedias, mainly due to redundancy.   →Iñgōlemo←   talk 23:26, 2005 Mar 22 (UTC)

 * More upwards it would be too confusing and crowding. I like it there, close to the safety section (it is somehow safety-relevat to know the name of a chemical in other languages) and some other bulleted list. I see no reason not to link the names. Sometimes it just makes sense to have more than one link to another article, especially in tables and lists and if the link words are different. Cacycle 00:39, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been mostly peripheral to this review, but I wanted to say that the article does look very nice to me, and pretty close to being ready. My only suggestion might be to try making the other languages section more compact (perhaps a table, with one column per group of languages?)- currently that section fills one whole screen on my PC.  This is a minor point, though and I think overall it looks pretty finished.  Great job, everyone! Walkerma 06:12, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hopefully my final comments
I'm sorry it took me (H Padleckas) several days to finish writing these explanatory comments up. My hopefully final review of the Hydrochloric acid article results in these comments:
 * I've decided to strike out those comments for which satifactory (in my opinion, of course) changes in the article have already been made, like this: comment . H Padleckas 17:38, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Is the phrase "sizing nowadays" in the introductory section good style?

It took me three read-throughs to catch the style error: you're eagle-eyed, Padleckas. Obviously, it is reworded now.Wim van Dorst 18:02, 2005 Apr 1 (UTC)

 * The last sentence in the introductory section is clumsy ; i. e. gelatin production is not a food ingredient; gelatin is a food ingredient. Reword how you want to.

Yes, it certainly was clumsily worded. Wim van Dorst 18:02, 2005 Apr 1 (UTC)

 * I changed the neutralizing reaction in the section "pH control and neutralization" to:
 * OH- + HCl → H2O + Cl-

 * to show that it's HCl acid that does the neutralizing and that after neutralizing Cl- is present. The previous reaction was just the reverse of the water ionization reaction.

 * There is practically nothing about "metal surface treatment" in the link to Metallurgy in the "Pickling of steel" section. I suggest removing the link.

Yes, indeed, there is very little information about the topic. I searched some more and did find some better references to the detailed techniques, although not to the generic term. I reworded the paragraph, removing the offending link, and inserted a few better ones. Wim van Dorst 18:23, 2005 Apr 1 (UTC)

 * In the "Pickling of steel" section, the previous link to scale gave a disambiguation page with no applicable article written. The chem. reaction shows Fe2O3 + Fe reacting with HCl.  According to the Wikipedia, rust is Fe2O 3.  Fe is definitely not scale but metal.  When I think of "scale", I think of deposits on surfaces (such as inner surfaces of pipes), typically coming from hard water and possibly soaps/detergents, which usually consist of calcium/magnesium carbonates, phosphates, or soap scum.  Hydrochloric acid can help dissolve carbonates, the most likely form of scale.  Therefore, I changed "scale" to "rust or scale".

Actually, as I understood it from extruders, whereas it chemically is rust, it is also named 'scale'. Your text change was therefore very good. Wim van Dorst 21:06, 2005 Apr 1 (UTC)

 * MDI and TDI for polyurethane are not defined/explained in this article, although they are mentioned twice. The link to polyurethane doesn't explain them either.  MDI is methylene diphenyl 4,4'-diisocyanate and TDI is toluene diisocyanate.  They are both isocyanate monomers for the production of polyurethane polymers.  I made links for TDI and MDI redirected to Isocyanate where I am currently in the process of writing about these compounds.

Excellent!!! I tried to find MDI/TDI information at the beginning of this editing spell, but didn't find any. Your change is spot-on! Wim van Dorst 21:06, 2005 Apr 1 (UTC)

 * The Hydrochloric acid article has become quite long (30 kilobytes) and could stand to be somewhat shortened. This can be done by taking out unnecessary detail in the "Hydrochloric acid and living organisms" section and transferring it to shorter articles.  The discussion on parietal cells in "Digestion" can be shortened by moving the details to parietal cells, a much shorter article.  The discussion on osteoclasts in "Bone resorption" can be shortened by moving the details to osteoclasts, which is presently just a stub.  The same applies to the phosgene discussion in "Chemical weapons".  Also, most Wikipedia articles simply include the links to corresponding articles in other languages on the left side margin, instead of at the end of the article proper like here.  The article can be shortened by deleting the foreign language links section and using the side links only.
 * I always thought using the term HCl in regards to biology, especially digestion and bone resorption was somewhat innacurate, compared to the industrial uses. It's only HCl because Cl- is a common negative ion that gets included to offset the positive charges. Without getting into lengthy discussions on evolution, the fact that it's HCl is somewhat arbitrary. I won't touch anything until Wim gives his input, but I agree with the above. --jag123 20:48, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually the biology section is more written by Cacycle and others. I do support Padleckas' recommendations, though, for reducing that section. Anyone knowledgeable in biology to do it? And notably I support the recommendation that we delete the language section: I liked quite a bit seeking for those outrageous languages, and re-organizing the section itself, but it is a bit of an odd one out. Wim van Dorst 21:56, 2005 Apr 1 (UTC)
 * I've went ahead and shifted the information to other appropriate articles, and written an extremely short summary of what used to be here. I've left the chem weapons section intact because it looks like it can't easily be copied into their respective articles, and I don't want to remove info without copying it elsewhere first. I also went ahead and removed the language pages, and added greek in the interwiki language section. --jag123 22:42, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * In the discussion about chlorine and phosgene in the "Chemical weapons" section, "carbon monoxide" was previously changed to "carbon dioxide" for consistency with the phosgene article. In that article, CO and Cl2 are used to produce phosgene, but the reaction with water gives CO2 and 2 HCl.  This is also consistent with the "Chemical Warfare_v2.pdf" webpage of this external reference |Chemical warfare, and my understanding of organic chemistry.  The reaction with chlorine gas also cannot produce any carbon oxides, and the mention of chlorine was also suspect in this paragraph.  So I technically agree with the edit made by Cacycle on this topic.  However, my suggestion is to shorten this article by shortening the phosgene discussion to be similar to the mention I originally made.  Also, a mustard gas molecule has only 2 Cl atoms and cannot give 3 HCl, as the first external reference in the mustard gas,, states.  I believe that reference is incorrect about reacting with water to give 3 HCl molecules.  I made a correction to fix this in Hydrochloric acid.
 * Also, one may want to see my remarks in Talk:Hydrogen chloride to coordinate any information common to both articles, if you haven't seen them already. As time permits, I plan to add a little more info not mentioned in Hydrochloric acid to the Hydrogen chloride article.  H Padleckas 05:57, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

That's it then
Ok, guys (I believe no female participation sofar? Women invited, though): Changes have been structural to the discussion, there are no open issues at present, the article has been updated, enlarged, comprised, reduced, enhanced, elaborated, augmented, illustrated, completed, and improved. Thanks to you all! I'll now move it to the FAC page, to see what others think of it. Wim van Dorst 20:54, 2005 Apr 3 (UTC)
 * yay!!! :-)   I wonder how you knew I'm male. H Padleckas 21:47, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

High five!! It's now a highly rated FEATURE ARTICLE! Congratulations to Wim van Dorst and all other contributors and reviewers. H Padleckas 08:35, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)


text:
Gazprom Neft

Gazprom Neft (Газпром Нефть; formerly Sibneft, Сибнефть) is the third largest oil producer in Russia and ranked third according to refining throughput. It is a subsidiary of Gazprom, which owns about 96% of its shares. The company is registered and headquartered in St. Petersburg after central offices were relocated from Moscow in 2011.

By the end of 2012 Gazprom Neft accounted for 10% of oil and gas production and 14.6% of refining activities in Russia. Production volumes in 2012 increased by 4.3% in comparison with 2011, refining throughput grew by 7%, revenue was up 19.5% with EBITDA and net profit advancing by 7.7% and 9.9% accordingly.

History
Gazprom Neft was created under the name Sibneft (Сибнефть) in 1995 by the transfer of state owned shares in Noyabrskneftegas (production unit), the Omsk Refinery (Russia's largest oil refining complex), Noyabrskneftegasgeophysica (exploration) and Omsknefteprodukt (oil products distribution network) from Rosneft.

In 1996 and 1997, Sibneft was privatised through a series of loans-for-shares auctions. Roman Abramovich and Boris Berezovsky acquired the company for US$100 million, after bidding through several front companies that had been set up for this specific purpose. Each partner paid US$100 million for half of the company, above the stake's stock market value of US$150 million at the time, and the company value rapidly increased to billions. The fast-rising value of the company led many observers, in hindsight, to suggest that the real cost of the company should have been in the billions of dollars (it was worth US$2.7 billion at that time). Abramovich later admitted in court that he paid billions of dollars of bribes to government officials and gangsters to acquire and protect his assets.

Initially controlled by Berezovsky, Sibneft later came under the control of Abramovich.

Sibneft twice unsuccessfully attempted a merger with Yukos that would have created Russia's largest oil company, Yuksi or YukosSibneft. The first attempt in 1998 failed due to a management dispute and the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis, while the second attempt ended when Sibneft's shareholders called off the deal in November 2003 after the federal government cracked down on Yukos despite the process already being well under way.

In September 2005, Gazprom bought 75.7% of Sibneft's shares from Millhouse Capital (Roman Abramovich's investment vehicle) for US$13.1 billion  in Russia's largest corporate takeover. In May 2006, Sibneft was renamed Gazprom Neft.

In 2006, Alexander Dyukov was elected as CEO of the company, and in 2008, he was also appointed chairman of the management board. His contract was extended for a further five years in December 2011.

In 2011, Berezovsky brought a civil case against Abramovich in the High Court of Justice in London, accusing Abramovich of blackmail and breach of contract over the privatisation of Sibneft, claiming that he had been a co-owner of Sibneft and seeking over £3 billion in damages. This became the largest civil court case in British legal history. The court dismissed the lawsuit, concluding "that the sum of $1.3 billion paid by Mr. Abramovich to Mr. Berezovsky and Mr. Patarkatsishvili did not represent the sale price of Mr. Berezovsky’s and Mr. Patarkatsishvili’s alleged Sibneft interest, but rather was a final lump sum payment in order to discharge what Mr. Abramovich regarded as his krysha obligations."

In 2017, Gazprom Neft became one of Russia's top three oil producers (62.3 million tonnes of oil).

Private army
In February 2023, Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin signed an order, giving Gazprom Neft the right to form its own private army.

Owners and management
The principal owner of Gazprom Neft is OAO Gazprom, which controls 95.68% of the company's shares, while the remaining 4.32% are publicly traded. 20% of Gazprom Neft's shares were originally owned by the Italian oil and gas company Eni before being purchased by Gazprom for $4.1 billion in April 2009. Alexander Dyukov is CEO and chairman of the management board. Alexey Miller is chairman of the board.

Reserves and production
As of 31 December 2012, Gazprom Neft and its subsidiaries hold the mineral rights to 74 license areas located in 11 regions of Russia. In Serbia, the Gazprom Neft's subsidiary Naftna Industrija Srbije, holds 69 licenses. Based on an audit of reserves conducted by DeGolyer and MacNaughton and according to the Petroleum Resources Management System standards, the company's proven reserves at the end of 2012 totaled 1.2 billion tonnes of oil equivalent, and its reserve replacement ratio was over 286%.

Most of the company's oil production operations in Russia are carried out by three subsidiaries: Gazpromneft-Noyabrskneftegaz, Gazpromneft-Khantos and Gazpromneft-Vostok. These companies are developing fields in the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi autonomous areas and the Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen and Irkutsk regions. Gazprom Neft also holds 50% stakes in three dependent companies: Slavneft, Tomskneft and Salym Petroleum Development. Together with Novatek it owns Arktikgaz.

Refining
In 2012, Gazprom Neft refined 43.3 million tonnes of oil. The company wholly or partly owns 5 oil refineries (the Omsk Refinery, Moscow Refinery, and Slavneft-Yaroslavnefteorgsintez (YANOS) in Russia, along with two oil refineries in Pančevo and Novi Sad in Serbia that belong to Naftna Industrija Srbije).

Sales
The company operates around 1,100 filling stations in Russia under the 'Gazpromneft' trademark (unlike the name of the company, the filling station brand is written as one word). In total, the company's retail network consists of more than 1,600 filling stations, including in Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Ukraine and Serbia (mostly under the NIS brand). According to research by Romir Holding, the Gazpromneft brand is one of the top 3 filling station brands in Russia. In April 2011, it won the "Brand of the Year/Effie" award. In 2013 the company's own fuel brands, G-Drive and G-Energy, also received this award. Nielsen, a global information and measurement company, named both Gazpromneft and G-Drive among the top three most popular brands in their categories.

The company also owns a number of distribution companies in the bunkering (Gazpromneft Marine Bunker) and aviation fuel (Gazpromneft-Aero) businesses, as well as a fuel and lubricant production business (Gazpromneft-Lubricants). Production of motor oils under the G-Energy premium brand began in 2010. British actor Jason Statham became the face of G-Energy's advertising campaign in 2011. In addition to G-Energy, the company's oils and lubricants are also sold under the Gazpromneft (industrial oils and lubricants), SibiMotor (light vehicles and commercial transport) and Texaco (marine oils, produced under Chevron's license) brands with over 300 trade names.

Performance indicators
The company's production volume in 2012 increased by 4.3% to 59.8 tonnes of oil equivalent.

In 2012, Gazprom Neft switched from US GAAP reporting in dollars to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) reporting in rubles.

Novoportovskoye field
The recoverable C1+ C2 reserves of the Novoportovskoye oil and gas condensate field total over 230 million tonnes of oil and over 270 e9m3 of gas. The field is located in the Yamal District of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area, 30 km from the Gulf of Ob. The license for the Novoportovskoye field belongs to Gazprom Neft Novy Port with Gazprom Neft as the operator of the project. In spring 2011, Gazprom Neft confirmed the viability of year-round supply from the field by sea.

The Novoportovskoye field will be developed in two phases, first focussing on the southern part of the field where peak production will reach 5 mln tonnes of oil per year. The second phase will look at the northern part of the field, where peak production is expected to reach 3 mln tonnes of oil per year.

Messoyakha fields
The Messoyakha Group of oil and gas fields consists of the West-Messoyakha and East-Messoyakha sites. Messoyakhaneftegas, an equally owned joint venture with TNK-BP, holds the licenses for both blocks with Gazprom Neft as operator. The recoverable C1+C2 reserves of both blocks total 620 million tonnes of primarily heavy oil.

The fields were discovered in the 1980s and are the most northern-located onshore Russian fields. The Messoyakha oil and gas fields are located on the Gyda Peninsula in the Tazovsky District of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area - an Arctic climate zone with undeveloped infrastructure.

By 2020, the Messoyakha fields are expected to be producing eight million tonnes per year, with the first million produced by 2016.

International projects

 * Serbia. Naftna industrija Srbije. NIS is the largest international asset of Gazprom Neft which owns 56.15% of share capital. NIS's main hydrocarbon production centres are located in Serbia, Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary and Romania with total volume of 1.233 mln tonnes of hydrocorbones produced in 2012. The company operates two refineries in the towns of Pancevo and Novi Sad with a total refining capacity of 7.3 mln tonnes per year and has a network of over 480 petrol stations and oil storage facilities.
 * Angola. The company gained a presence in Angola in 2009 after acquiring NIS.
 * Venezuela. Development of the Junin-6 field together with PDVSA. Reserves: 10.96 billion barrels.
 * Iraq. Development of the Badra field. The Badra oil field is situated in Wasit Province in Eastern Iraq. The geologic reserves at Badra field have been determined to amount to 3 billion barrels of oil.

The service contract for development of the oil field was signed in the beginning of 2010. The winning bid was submitted by a consortium of companies consisting of:
 * Gazprom Neft (Russian Federation, the Project operator);
 * KOGAS (Korea);
 * PETRONAS (Malaysia);
 * TPAO (Turkey);
 * The Iraqi Government, represented by the Iraqi Oil Exploration Company (OEC).

The Badra oil field development project is scheduled to last 20 years with a possible five-year extension. Production is expected to reach 170,000 barrels of oil per day, which is around 8.5 million tons a year by 2017, and it will remain at this level for seven years.

Over a short period, new infrastructure for the field's commercial development has been installed at the oil field. It allowed for the commercial production of oil to begin in May 2014.

The first line of the central processing facility (CPF) has already been put into operation with a capacity of 60 thousand barrels per day. Oil gathering and preparation are carried out at this industrial facility. The Badra field was connected to the main Iraqi oil pipeline system by a 165-kilometer-long pipeline.

In the Iraqi's point of view, the Badra oil field in one of the most difficult in the region, primarily due to geological circumstances. The geological structure of the deposit can be compared with a "layer cake": argillaceous deposits are interleaved by limestone, which makes drilling difficult. Therefore, specialists are facing a more labor-intensive task. At the moment all these difficulties have been successfully overcome. Three development wells have now been constructed, successfully tested and their outputs have exceeded planned expectations.

New innovative technologies are applied at Badra. Among them are:
 * smart wells system (smart completion), which allows controlling of each individual layer of the drilling well, and adjusting the equipment remotely;
 * CPF SCADA system (central processing facility supervisory control and data acquisition);
 * PLDS (pipe leak detection system);

Solar panels can be another example of the usage of modern technologies. They allow the block valve station to work independently from electricity.

The Badra oil field development consortium annually invests in education, medicine and other social projects in Iraq. In 2013 Gazprom Neft donated some buses to the University in Kut, allowing students from the surrounding villages to regularly attend classes. In Badra City additional buildings for three secondary schools have been built in 2014. Moreover, Gazprom Neft provided modern computer equipment to the schools of the city. Gazprom Neft financed the renovation of the town medical clinic in Badra and supplied an emergency medical care unit with modern medical equipment. Also, the renovation and construction of power grids in Badra was financed in 2013.

For the town of Badra the oil field is, in fact, a local economic mainstay, as almost 30% of its residents work at the production field. The company is conducting a program of the retraining of Iraqi professionals to work in the field. Selection is made on a competitive basis. Prospective employees undergo a special 2-year profession and language training program. Today, more than 90 Iraqis have already been employed at the field.

Gazprom Neft launched the project from the initial stage and in a short period of time was able to complete work necessary for the commencement of commercial production at one of the most challenging fields in Iraq. International experience gained in Badra will be extremely useful for future international projects of Gazprom Neft.

Acquisition of interest in the Garmian (40%) and Shakal (80%) projects in Kurdistan region in 2012. In 2013, the company entered the Halabja project (80% share) with reserves of 90 million tonnes of oil.
 * Italy. Gazprom Neft acquired an oil and lubricant plant in the city of Bari in 2009.
 * Cuba. A 30% stake in a project for the development of four shelf blocks with reserves of 450 million tonnes. First appraisal well was drilled in 2011.

Sponsorship
Sibneft was the official sponsor of the CSKA Moscow football team. However, Gazprom Neft cancelled this deal in 2005 after Gazprom bought a majority stake in fellow Russian Premier Division football side, Zenit Saint Petersburg.

Gazprom Neft also sponsors the Avangard Omsk and SKA ice hockey clubs, and a variety of running, five-a-side football, Nordic skiing and motorcross events. In 2010, Gazprom Neft and Gazprombank sponsored Russian racing driver Mikhail Aleshin during his championship-winning year.

Sanctions
In March 2022, as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the EU imposed sanctions on Gazprom Neft.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gazprom Neft


text:
User:Fixxxer7

This is my page

title: User:Fixxxer7


text:
User talk:SC Hasmato

If you leave me comments, I'll probably ignore them

SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO JOIN

title: User talk:SC Hasmato


text:
User:SC Hasmato

SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO JOIN

title: User:SC Hasmato


text:
Talk:Elastica (band)

Untitled
This page has ridiculous POV on it. It is obviously a subjective fan write-up. The word 'glorious' appears several times, which absolutely does not belong in an encyclopedia article on music.

"Connection" was even more famous as the theme tune to Dom Joly's "Trigger Happy TV"... but when was this? - Pete
 * 2003. Proto t c 15:28, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Took out the last "glorious." --Magyar1970 23:08, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

I think it ought to be thrown in that the song Connection was used in an episode of American Dad!

Seems like something to go under trivia, if there were a trivia section...Chewbacca1010 08:08, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elastica (band)


text:
Billy Fiske

William Meade Lindsley Fiske III (4 June 1911 – 17 August 1940) was an American combat fighter pilot and Olympic bobsledder. At the 1928 and 1932 Winter Olympics, Fiske won gold as driver for the US bobsledding team, also acting as the American Olympic flagbearer in 1932.

When World War II broke out in 1939, Fiske traveled to the UK and joined the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, claiming to be Canadian in order to be permitted to enlist. He would participate in the Battle of Britain, before being killed in action on 17 August 1940. After Jimmy Davies, Fiske was the second American-born pilot killed in action during World War II, but Fiske has the distinction of being the first American-citizen pilot to be killed in action during World War II. His plaque was unveiled in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, London. The inscription reads: An American citizen who died that England might live.

Between his Olympic career and his military service, Fiske was instrumental in the early development of the Aspen ski resort. Fiske and his partner built the first ski lift and lodge in the remote Colorado mountain town. Others would continue their work after the war.

Early life
Fiske was born in Chicago in 1911, the son of Beulah and William Fiske, a New England banking magnate. He attended school in Chicago, and then went to school in France in 1924, where he discovered the sport of bobsled at the age of 16. Fiske attended Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 1928 where he studied Economics and History.

In 1936 Ted Ryan, an heir of Thomas Fortune Ryan, brought some photographs of mountains near Aspen, Colorado, to Fiske. They had been given to Ryan by a man trying to interest him in investing in a mining claim. Fiske and Ryan, however, saw in them ideal terrain for downhill skiing, and the ski resort the pair had been talking about establishing in the United States, similar to those in the Alps where Fiske had competed in the Olympics.

Fiske and Ryan visited Aspen, then a faded mining town decades removed from its boomtown years in the 1880s. Many of the abandoned properties around town were available for very low prices. Fiske bought an option on one, and he and Ryan had blueprints drawn up for a ski lodge. For the next season, they hired guides, including Swiss ski champion André Roch, then studying at Reed College in Oregon. The lodge opened at the end of 1937, and a few weeks later the Boat Tow, an early ski lift, opened. These events are considered the beginning of skiing in Aspen.

Fiske then worked at the London office of Dillon, Reed & Co, the New York bankers. Fiske married Rose Bingham, Countess of Warwick, in Maidenhead.

Bobsled career
In 1928, as driver of the first five-man US Bobsled team to win the Olympics, Fiske became the youngest gold medalist in any winter sport (he was not eclipsed until 1992 by Toni Nieminen), aged just 16 years at the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland. His American team-mates were Geoffrey Mason, Nion Tocker, Clifford Gray and Richard Parke.

Fiske competed again at the 1932 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, New York, USA, where he carried the United States' flag at the opening ceremony. The format of the race was altered to a four-man team, but again Fiske and his team-mates, Clifford Gray, Eddie Eagan, and Jay O'Brien took gold.

Fiske was invited, but declined to lead the bobsled team in the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Germany. It is believed by some that this decision was due to his disagreeing with the politics in Germany at the time, which may also explain his later decision to join the war effort in 1940.

Fiske was also a Cresta Champion, and was well known for jumps from the Badrutt's Palace Hotel's bar chandelier in St. Moritz.

World War II
Shortly before the outbreak of World War II, Fiske was recalled to the New York offices of Dillon, Reed & Co, but on 30 August 1939 he returned to England aboard the Aquitania accompanying a bank colleague who was also a member of No. 601 (County of London) Auxiliary Air Force Squadron. Fiske was one of seven US aircrew personnel who fought in the Battle of Britain, although due to the neutrality of the United States, Fiske pretended to be a Canadian. He joined the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve and was promoted to the rank of Pilot Officer on 23 March 1940.

Fiske undertook his flying training at No. 10 Elementary Flying Training School at RAF Yatesbury, Wiltshire, before moving to RAF Brize Norton, Oxfordshire, for advanced flying training. As an American citizen, he "duly pledged his life and loyalty to the king, George VI," and was formally admitted into the RAF. In his diary, a joyous Fiske wrote, "I believe I can lay claim to being the first U.S. citizen to join the RAF in England after the outbreak of hostilities."

On 12 July 1940, Fiske joined No. 601 Squadron RAF, a Hawker Hurricane unit, at RAF Tangmere, West Sussex, the so-called "Millionaires' Squadron", carrying out his first sorties with the squadron on 20 July, when he flew two patrols. On 16 August 1940, in the midst of the Battle of Britain, No. 601 Squadron RAF were scrambled to intercept a squadron of German dive-bombers. Fiske was flying Hurricane serial number P3358. The Squadron destroyed eight Junkers Ju 87 Stukas, but after just 15 minutes of flying time, a German gunner put a bullet through Fiske's fuel tank.

With his aircraft badly damaged and his hands and ankles burnt, instead of bailing out, Fiske nursed his Hurricane home, gliding over a hedgerow to the airfield. Although he landed his aircraft safely back at Tangmere, Fiske had to be extracted from the aircraft by ambulance attendants. Shortly after, his fuel tank exploded. Fiske was taken to the Royal West Sussex Hospital in Chichester for treatment, but he died from surgical shock shortly afterwards, on 17 August. Fiske was 29 years old.

Fiske's funeral took place on 20 August 1940. Six members of Tangmere's ground staff carried Fiske to his final resting place. His coffin, covered in the Union Jack and the Stars and Stripes, was borne on a bier to Boxgrove Priory Church and buried.

Of Fiske's role in the Battle of Britain, Bill Bond, founder of the Battle of Britain Historical Society, wrote:

"...although Billy made several sorties he didn't shoot anything down, so that his impact on the battle in that respect was negligible, but he is most definitely still very much a hero in our book."

Fiske's Flight Commander, Sir Archibald Philip Hope, 17th Baronet, added: "Unquestionably Billy Fiske was the best pilot I've ever known. It was unbelievable how good he was. He picked up so fast it wasn't true. He'd flown a bit before, but he was a natural as a fighter pilot. He was also terribly nice and extraordinarily modest, and fitted into the squadron very well."

Memorials and tributes
Fiske is buried in St Mary and St Blaise churchyard in Boxgrove, Sussex. The inscription on his gravestone reads simply: He died for England. The funeral was publicized for propaganda purposes. A memorial stained glass window was dedicated to him on 17 September 2008 at Boxgrove Priory. At the dedication service, a number of former colleagues attended and his green Bentley car was on display. Fiske is listed on the Battle of Britain Monument in London and the Battle of Britain Memorial, Capel-le-Ferne.

On 4 July 1941, a plaque was unveiled in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, London. The inscription reads: An American citizen who died that England might live. The decision to unveil this plaque on American Independence Day was probably a political one; the United States had not officially joined the war and the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, was keen to popularise Fiske's story. The plaque was unveiled by Sir Archibald Sinclair, the Secretary of State for Air. He said at the ceremony:

Here was a young man for whom life held much. Under no kind of compulsion he came to fight for Britain. He came and he fought and he died. Other tributes to Fiske include a memorial tablet dedicated to him in the crypt of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York. The United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation also created the Billy Fiske Memorial Trophy as a posthumous tribute to him. The trophy is awarded to the national champion four-man bobsled team each year.

In addition to a 2005 documentary (American Warrior: Billy Fiske), Red Valley Productions performed a new play based on his life called Billy Fiske: King of Speed at the Alexandra Theatre, Bognor Regis from 20–25 July 2010.

On June 4, 2024 the Billy Fiske Foundation unveiled and dedicated the Billy Fiske statue at the U.S. embassy in London, UK. Remarks were presented at the private event by The Honorable Matthew W Barzun, 66th Ambassador to the Court of St James, sculptor Jenna Gearing as well as by Billy Fiske Foundation President Kevin Billings, HGC, OBE. Gearing was commissioned to create the work of art, which is sculpted in bronze. The statue will reside inside the embassy, at the entrance to the Office of Defense Cooperation.

title: Billy Fiske


text:
Ogilvy

The name Ogilvy may refer to:

 * Ogilvy (name)
 * Clan Ogilvy
 * Ogilvy (department store), in Montreal, Canada
 * Ogilvy (agency), an advertising agency, formerly known as Ogilvy & Mather
 * Ogilvy Renault, Canadian law firm
 * Ogilvy's, defunct department store in Ottawa, Canada

title: Ogilvy


text:
John Seabrook

John Seabrook is an American writer.

He graduated from St. Andrew's School (DE) in 1976, Princeton University in 1981 and received an M.A. in English Literature from Oxford. He began his career writing about business and published in a wide variety of magazines and newspapers, including Harper's, Vanity Fair, GQ, The Nation, The Village Voice, and the Christian Science Monitor. To date, he has published four books besides contributing numerous articles to The New Yorker. A feature film based on his 2008 book Flash of Genius was released on October 3, 2008. His new book, The Song Machine: Inside the Hit Factory was published in October, 2015.

Essays and reporting

 * Tim Maia.
 * Tim Maia.
 * Tim Maia.
 * Tim Maia.
 * Tim Maia.
 * Tim Maia.
 * Tim Maia.
 * Tim Maia.

Critical studies and reviews of Seabrook's work
———————
 * Nobrow
 * The song machine
 * The song machine
 * Notes

title: John Seabrook


text:
WWE Day of Reckoning

WWE Day of Reckoning is a 2004 professional wrestling video game released for the GameCube console by THQ. The game is based on World Wrestling Entertainment and many of the wrestlers who were on the WWE roster at the time of release were included as player characters. The game also features the option to create wrestlers.

The game's single player mode involves the player guiding a created wrestler through the ranks as a rookie and into main event stardom on either of WWE's brands Raw or SmackDown!.

Gameplay
The game features a control system similar to that of AKI's Nintendo 64 wrestling games with weak/strong grappling attacks and strikes. Players are also able to counter their opponents' attacks with a timed button press. One of the game's unique features is the "Momentum Shift" move - a desperation attack that gives a character an instant advantage during the match. The game's Exhibition mode allows players to wrestle in various match types including Hell in the Cell and Iron Man matches. The game's Story Mode allows players to take a created wrestler from WWE developmental to main event status by achieving various goals during matches.

Plot
The player creates a new WWE developmental superstar and assumes their role for the game. The created superstar starts off as a new wrestler signed to a WWE contract attempting to work his way up to the main roster. After this series of matches and cutscenes, the superstar is allowed to perform on Sunday Night Heat, before he finally is allowed to join the main roster. There are two different brands to choose from (Raw or SmackDown!), each with their own distinct roster of wrestlers. As an effect, this will also choose which stable they will join. Choosing Raw results in joining Triple H's Evolution. Choosing SmackDown! results in joining The Undertaker's New Ministry.

The superstar goes on and works his way up the "rungs of the ladder" in a series of matches, ultimately resulting in the acquisition of the show's World Championship. If the player has chosen Raw, the World Heavyweight Championship will be awarded. If SmackDown! was chosen, the WWE Championship will be awarded.

As the story progresses, Triple H or The Undertaker starts kicking people off the team as they fail him or (as in the case of the created superstar) become a threat to his championship. The final battle is an Iron Man match at WrestleMania XX for the championship.

The story is continued in the sequel, WWE Day of Reckoning 2, though under the assumption that the superstar chose Raw.

Reception
GameSpot's Alex Navarro lauded the game for its improved story mode and graphics compared to the WWE's previous GameCube game WWE WrestleMania XIX, as did IGN's Matt Casamassina. However, both sites found fault with the game's limited selection of wrestlers. The game itself received "favorable" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one eight, one seven, one eight, and one six, for a total of 29 out of 40.

Sequel
The game was followed by a sequel released in 2005, titled WWE Day of Reckoning 2.

title: WWE Day of Reckoning


text:
Barb Hendee

Barb Hendee is an American fantasy author.

She is co-author with her husband J. C. Hendee of the Saga of the Noble Dead.

Vampire Memories

 * 1) Blood Memories (1999, ISBN 1-887038-06-X)
 * 2) Hunting Memories (2009, ISBN 978-0-451-46291-6)
 * 3) Memories of Envy (2010, ISBN 978-0-451-46353-1)
 * 4) In Memories We Fear (2011, ISBN 978-0-451-46422-4)
 * 5) Ghosts of Memories (2012, ISBN 978-0451464842)

Ghosts of Memories is the last volume in the Vampire Memories series.

Saga of the Noble Dead
Phase 1:
 * 1) Dhampir (2003, ISBN 0-451-45906-7) with J. C. Hendee
 * 2) Thief of Lives (2004, ISBN 0-451-45953-9) with J. C. Hendee
 * 3) Sister of the Dead (2005, ISBN 0-451-46009-X) with J. C. Hendee
 * 4) Traitor to the Blood (2006, ISBN 0-451-46066-9) with J. C. Hendee
 * 5) Rebel Fay (2007, ISBN 978-0-451-46121-6) with J. C. Hendee
 * 6) Child of a Dead God (2008, ISBN 978-0-451-46187-2) with J. C. Hendee

Phase 2:
 * 1) In Shade and Shadow (2009, ISBN 978-0-451-46250-3) with J. C. Hendee
 * 2) Through Stone and Sea (2010, ISBN 978-0-451-46312-8) with J. C. Hendee
 * 3) Of Truth and Beasts (2011, ISBN 978-0-451-46375-3) with J. C. Hendee

Phase 3:
 * 1) Between Their Worlds (2012, ISBN 978-0-451-46435-4) with J. C. Hendee
 * 2) The Dog in the Dark (2012, ISBN 978-0-451-46493-4) with J. C. Hendee
 * 3) A Wind in the Night (2014, ISBN 978-0451465672) with J. C. Hendee
 * 4) First and Last Sorcerer (2015, ISBN 978-0-451-46931-1) with J. C. Hendee
 * 5) The Night Voice (2016, ISBN 978-0-451-46932-8) with J. C. Hendee

Mist-Torn Witches:
 * 1) The Mist-Torn Witches (May 7, 2013, ISBN 0-451-41415-2)
 * 2) The Witches in Red (May 6, 2014, ISBN 978-0451414168)
 * 3) Witches with the Enemy (May, 2015, ISBN 978-0-451-47133-8)
 * 4) To Kill a Kettle Witch (May, 2016, ISBN 978-0-451-47134-5)

Sidestories:
 * Homeward
 * 1) The Game Piece (April 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-0-4)
 * 2) The Feral Path (June 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-2-8)
 * 3) The Sapphire (July 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-3-5)
 * 4) The Keepers (August 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-4-2)
 * 5) The Keepers
 * 6) Captives (April 2013, ISBN 9780985561680) by Barb Hendee and J.C. Hendee
 * 7) Claws (June 2013, ) by Barb Hendee and J.C. Hendee
 * 8) The Sleeping Curse (July 2013, ) by Barb Hendee and J.C. Hendee
 * 9) Silent Bells (August 2013, ) by Barb Hendee and J.C. Hendee
 * 10) The Reluctant Guardian (September 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-5-9)
 * Tales of Misbelief
 * 1) The Forgotten Lord (February 2013, ISBN 9780985561673) by Barb Hendee and J.C. Hendee
 * 2) The Forgotten Mistress (September 2013, ISBN B00F8OL8Z4) by Barb Hendee and J.C. Hendee
 * Sagecraft
 * 1) Puppy Love (June 2013, ) by Barb Hendee and J.C. Hendee

title: Barb Hendee


text:
J. C. Hendee

J. C. Hendee is an American author. With his wife Barb Hendee, he is author of The Saga of the Noble Dead, the fantasy novel series.

Saga of the Noble Dead
series one:
 * Mass market trilogy

 * 1) Dhampir (2003, ISBN 0-451-45906-7) with Barb Hendee
 * 2) Thief of Lives (2004, ISBN 0-451-45953-9) with Barb Hendee
 * 3) Sister of the Dead (2005, ISBN 0-451-46009-X) with Barb Hendee
 * Hardcover trilogy
 * 1) Traitor to the Blood (2006, ISBN 0-451-46090-1) with Barb Hendee
 * 2) Rebel Fay (2007, ISBN 0-451-46143-6) with Barb Hendee
 * 3) Child of a Dead God (2008, ISBN 0-451-46221-1) with Barb Hendee

series two:
 * 1) In Shade and Shadow (2009, ISBN 0-451-46302-1) with Barb Hendee
 * 2) Through Stone and Sea (2010, ISBN 0-451-46318-8) with Barb Hendee
 * 3) Of Truth and Beasts (2011, ISBN 0-451-46402-8) with Barb Hendee

series three:
 * 1) Between Their Worlds (2012, ISBN 0-451-46435-4)  with Barb Hendee
 * 2) The Dog in the Dark (2012, ISBN 978-0451464934) with Barb Hendee
 * 3) A Wind in the Night (2014, ISBN 978-0451465672) with Barb Hendee

sidestories:
 * Bones of the Earth
 * 1) Karras the Kitten (May 2012, ISBN 978-0-9855616-1-1)
 * 2) Karras the Cat (October 2012, )
 * Sagecraft
 * 1) Puppy Love (June 2013, )

spin-offs:
 * Codex of the Noble Dead (planned)

title: J. C. Hendee


text: File:Royalcanadianregt.jpg

title: File:Royalcanadianregt.jpg


text: User talk:165.138.141.15

title: User talk:165.138.141.15


text: User:Marvelvsdc

title: User:Marvelvsdc


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pholtus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge into list of Greyhawk deities. Since no such article yet exists, I've moved this page to that title so it can be the start of the new article. Rossami (talk) 07:21, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Pholtus
The article does not say so; but I think this is about a deity from the Grayhawk role-playing game universe. --BM 17:46, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete.  Too low a level of detail for a general encyclopedia. --BM 17:46, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge or keep if it's official, not fancruft. Kappa 19:42, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's from Living Greyhawk, which basically means made up by a fan. Delete. For comparison, check google ratings for Pholtus, and a D&D god from an official campaign setting, such as Lathander or Takhisis. Radiant! 22:12, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unencyclopedic. Carrp | Talk 21:53, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Saint Pholtus isn't a very significant deity, although he is from the old Greyhawk campaign, not Living Greyhawk. Ben Standeven 00:38, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment — Page actually has more detail than most of the entries on List of deities of Dungeons & Dragons. So if this is deleted, the others need good justification to exist. Personally I'd go for a summary page, one paragraph each, of the entire list of "lesser dieties" and then flush the sundry miscellanea. — RJH 20:20, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Interesting point. I think a 'Merge into a summary page is a good idea. Radiant! 22:17, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into a list of Greyhawk deities. -Sean Curtin 17:22, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pholtus


text:
Talk:Put (biblical figure)

Removal
I am removing the following on the grounds that is quite pointless:

 * The sound of a slight explosion, sometimes used as a spelling for such noises as the exhaust noise of a petrol or diesel engine with a slow rotation speed.

—Nefertum17 17:47, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Suggest Name Change to Put
Any translation, Bible dictionary, or scholarly word in the last fifty years that refers to this guy will call him Put. Would a name change be in order?Alephb (talk) 05:34, 17 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Since I suggested this two years ago today, and no one commented, I went ahead and did it. Alephb (talk) 01:31, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Put (biblical figure)


text: User talk:62.66.247.22

title: User talk:62.66.247.22


text:
Oiron

Oiron is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Plaine-et-Vallées.

The Château d'Oiron is located there.

title: Oiron


text:
Tabaldak

Tabaldak is the androgynous creator among the Abenaki and Algonquian people of northeastern North America. Their name means "The Owner" who "created all living things but one". Tabaldak created people out of stones, but thought these people's hearts were too cold. They broke up these stones and left them scattered over the Abenaki land. Next they tried wood, and out of these came the Abenaki people.

The only creature Tabaldak did not create was Odzihodo, whose name means "He Makes Himself from Something." Initially Odzihodo only had his hand, and as he was not a creator of things, required help from Tabaldak. By the time he was fully formed, Odzihodo had already transformed the world to his vision.

To do this, he piled dirt to make mountains, and dug lines for rivers. He took great care in forming Lake Champlain, and happy with his work, turned into a stone.

title: Tabaldak


text:
Malsumis

Malsumis (sometimes Malsum or Malsom) is thought by some to be the highly malevolent spirit or god of chaos in Abenaki mythology, an Algonquian people of northeastern North America. Some Wabanaki believe that he is not Gluskab's brother at all, or agree that he was not evil.

Mythology
According to legend, after Tabaldak created humans, the dust from his hand created Gluskab and some versions say that he also created Gluskab's twin brother, Malsumis.

Tabaldak gave Gluskab the power to create a good world. Malsumis, on the other hand, did the opposite, and still seeks evil to this day. While he and Gluskab both had the power to do good, Malsumis used his power for evil and trickery, like putting thorns on plants. Gluskab protects man, but Malsumis uses his power to plot the end of man to this very day.

Malsumis is sometimes associated with wolves, but many Wabanaki claim that this is not true. They are also unsure if he is even a real figure or if folklorists have confused him with other Abenaki spirits.

The most widely-circulated version of Malsumis and his brother Gluskab can be credited to Charles Leland. The origins of the rendition itself and its legitimacy have been debated.

A passage of note that highlights discrepancies between popularized and arguably authentic versions of this myth:

"Now the great lord Glooskap, who was worshiped in after-days by all the Wabanaki, or children of light, was a twin with a brother. As he was good, this brother, whose name was Malsumsis, or Wolf the younger, was bad. Before they were born, the babes consulted to consider how they had best enter the world. And Glooskap said, 'I will be born as others are.' But the evil Malsumsis thought himself too great to be brought forth in such a manner, and declared that he would burst through his mother's side."

As compared to an account offered by Gabriel Acquin—one of the two Maliseet sources that Leland had at the time he wrote his rendition of the Gluskap-Malsumis story—Leland's makes a concerted effort to paint Malsumis as explicitly malicious. The two accounts of the Maliseet storytellers do not call "the twin [Malsumis] 'wicked' or 'evil'." Nor do either of the Maliseet sources make Malsumis into a wolf; in fact, the wolf is portrayed as a sympathetic character who mourns Gluskab.

In Popular Culture
In Bleach (S) Abridged by Project Mouthwash (a Canadian multimedia entertainment studio), Malsumis is referenced frequently by the character Chad. Malsumis is referred to as the god who "makes all the little things in nature that are inconvenient and mean." The earliest example of what is the work of Malsumis includes an elaborate explanation in episode 2 regarding bees that are trapped in a cheesecake and might be either alive or dead from poison.

title: Malsumis