text:
Circa Survive

Circa Survive is an American rock band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that formed in 2004. Founded by singer Anthony Green and guitarist Colin Frangicetto, the band consists of former members from This Day Forward and Taken.

Circa Survive quickly made a name for themselves in the indie music scene in little over two years with their 2005 debut album, Juturna, and second album, On Letting Go, released in 2007. Both albums were released on Equal Vision Records. Their third album, Blue Sky Noise, was released via Atlantic Records in 2010. After parting ways with Atlantic Records, the band's fourth album, Violent Waves, was released independently in 2012. Their fifth album, Descensus, was released by Sumerian Records in 2014, and their sixth, The Amulet, with Hopeless Records in October 2017. The band would follow with two EPs on Rise Records: A Dream About Love in October 2021, and A Dream About Death in February 2022. The band would then announce an indefinite hiatus in October 2022.

Formation and The Inuit Sessions (2004–2005)
Vocalist Anthony Green left the band Saosin, in 2004, later noting "the big thing was that I was just scared. I was scared of committing". Green met up with Colin Frangicetto, a friend with whom he had "jammed" during his stay, and they decided to begin recording and recruiting. Thus, Circa Survive was born.

Frangicetto and Green, with full support from Equal Vision Records, then recruited Brendan Ekstrom. Ekstrom had been Frangicetto's bandmate in This Day Forward, which had recently disbanded. Both Ekstrom and Frangicetto had toured with Taken during their This Day Forward days, and procured Nick Beard, the previous bass guitarist of Taken, as Circa Survive's next member. The band met Stephen Clifford through Vadim Taver of the band Marigold (and also from This Day Forward); "Steve jammed with us for a week and from there it was on," said Frangicetto.

Circa Survive's first release was the EP, The Inuit Sessions, on March 18, 2005. It contained four tracks: "Act Appalled", "Handshakes at Sunrise", "The Great Golden Baby", and "Suspending Disbelief".

Juturna (2005–2006)
Juturna, Circa Survive's first album, was released on April 19, 2005, in the United States and on January 31, 2006, in Japan on Equal Vision Records. It had been initially announced via the band's MySpace page in November 2004. Details as to its sound remained vague, although the band stated they would keep their fans posted via their website, MySpace page, PureVolume page, and YouTube page. Shortly before its official release, the album was posted on their MySpace page in its entirety. Juturna peaked at No. 183 on the Billboard 200. The album was produced by Brian McTernan at Salad Days Studios in Baltimore.

The band drew inspiration for the album from House of Leaves and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. During an online Q&A session on April 20, 2010, Brendan dismissed the claim that Juturna was a concept album based on Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, but did say that there is an underlying concept. That concept is speculated by fans to be vaguely about human memories. "Oh, Hello" exemplifies this with its lyrics. The decision to call the album's bonus track that appears after "Meet Me In Montauk" and the silence that follows it at 8:56, "House of Leaves" was more or less a joint one by the band and their fans. Various members of the band have stated that they have read at least some portion of the book over the years since its 2000 release.

The album's sound is characterized by its prominent utilization of effects-laden, dual guitar melodies over polyrhythmic percussion. The guitarists' approach to songwriting takes on characteristics of jazz and shoegaze music. The album has since gone on to be considered massively influential to the post-hardcore community. Members of the band have recently recognized King Crimson, Björk, Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra, and Godspeed You! Black Emperor as influences on the album's sound.

On Letting Go (2007–2008)
On Letting Go is Circa Survive's second album. Released on May 29, 2007, by Equal Vision Records, the album entered the U.S. Billboard 200 at #24, selling about 24,000 copies in its first week. Up to July 11, 2007, it had sold 51,357 copies in the U.S. alone.

As with previous albums, Esao Andrews designed the artwork and Brian McTernan produced the album. The band's sound did not radically change with this release. It was still polished and refined, with guitars and drums much tighter (but still meandering when needed to) and bass more prominent. Lyrically, the band "...evokes an era when hazy lyricism and reckless introspection were prerequisites for legitimacy and timelessness."

In spring 2008, Circa Survive released an On Letting Go B-side, "1,000 Witnesses", to fans through the charity Invisible Children in an effort to raise money for the cause. In June 2008, they also released the B-side "The Most Dangerous Commercials" as a charity download to help support the relocation of local music shop Siren Records, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania.

Blue Sky Noise and Appendage (2008–2010)
After supporting Thrice and Pelican for their spring 2008 tour, Circa Survive returned to Philadelphia to write for the then-untitled third album. A short leg of shows in the Eastern U.S. occurred in late 2008 and four shows were played in Southern California in February 2009. After that, the band did not tour again until the tentatively planned headlining tour for their forthcoming third album. Anthony Green's growth as a guitarist played a major role on Blue Sky Noise, which the band framed as an entirely "new chapter".

On August 3, Circa Survive stated that they had begun recording their third album in Toronto and had chosen David Bottrill as producer. They also stated, "After completing our contract with Equal Vision we embarked on a long search to find our next home. We met with lots of labels and decided that Atlantic Records is the best place for us to continue our growth as a band and to help us release our music around the world." On Twitter, they stated that they would be recording 16 songs, but that they would not all be on the album. However, they said they would release them all somehow. They posted eight video updates showing some song teases. Studio recording was completed at the end of October 2009 and mixing was completed on February 1, 2010, by Rich Costey.

On February 16, 2010, they announced their new album would be titled Blue Sky Noise, and would be released on April 20, 2010. The album could be pre-purchased, and those who did so received a digital copy of the album a week early, and the first single, "Get Out", instantly. The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 11, the band's highest position.

On October 18, 2010, Myspace Transmissions released a live EP of the band playing five tracks from Blue Sky Noise as well as a cover of the Nirvana song, "Scentless Apprentice".

Circa Survive's second EP, Appendage, was released on November 30, 2010. It contains five tracks: "Sleep Underground" (Demo), "Stare Like You'll Stay", "Everyway", "Backmask" and "Lazarus".

Violent Waves (2012–2014)
On April 16, 2012, Circa Survive began recording their fourth record, "Violent Waves". On June 25, 2012, Circa launched the Violent Waves Pre-Order webpage, officially announcing the album's title and release date, August 28, 2012, along with a new song titled "Suitcase". The band also confirmed that the album would be self-released.

On March 3, 2014, it was announced via Pitchfork that Circa Survive would be releasing a 7-inch vinyl record split with the band Sunny Day Real Estate for Record Store Day 2014 (April 19). The split features "Lipton Witch" by Sunny Day Real Estate - their first new song in 14 years - and "Bad Heart" by Circa Survive, a b-side that was recorded after the release of 2012's "Violent Waves" album.

Descensus (2014–2016)
In mid April 2014, Circa Survive once again entered Studio 4 in Conshohocken, PA to record their fifth album with producer/engineer Will Yip. They recorded 11 songs during the sessions and concluded recording by the end of May. On May 19, 2014, during a Saosin interview at Skate and Surf, Anthony Green stated that Circa Survive "have a new record coming out, hopefully in the fall, I mean I fucking shouldn't even say that, probably". On April 19, 2014, the band released a split EP release with Sunny Day Real Estate titled Sunny Day Real Estate / Circa Survive Split 7".

On August 15, 2014, the band announced their signing to Sumerian Records for the release of the fifth album and also a reissue of their fourth album Violent Waves. In an Alternative Press interview published in August 2014, Green said, "Well, the next Circa record is done. We’re in the final process of getting the final mixes right now." "It’s definitely the most aggressive Circa record we’ve ever made. It’s the first record of ours I’ve been able to listen to front to back without having that song that I’m like, 'Yeah, I could’ve done better here.' Every song has this moment in it that makes me feel ridiculous. I feel like I just outdid myself. I feel like we did better than we did before."

The album, entitled Descensus was released on November 24, 2014. The album art was once again made by Esao Andrews. On October 27, 2014, the band released the first single and music video from Descensus titled "Schema". The second single "Only the Sun" was shown on November 5, 2014. Its video features visuals used in the tour for the album with Title Fight, Tera Melos and Pianos Become the Teeth.

In January 2017 the band began a tour to celebrate ten years of 'On Letting Go' with support from MewithoutYou and Turnover.

The Amulet (2017–2021)
On July 10, 2017, the band announced their next LP The Amulet. Alongside the announcement they released a single titled "Lustration" with accompanying music video. The album was released on September 22, 2017, through Hopeless Records. On August 10, 2017, the band released its second music video single "Rites of Investiture". On August 30, 2017, they released their third and title track single "The Amulet". Shortly before the LP's release on September 14, 2017, the band released its final music video single "Premonition of the Hex".

The band announced a co-headlining tour with Thrice, accompanied by Balance and Composure and Chon, across North America beginning in San Jose on November 2.

In October 2018, the band released two songs called "Dark Pools" and "Indras Net" for the upcoming deluxe edition of "The Amulet" on November 2, 2018. As well as a video for the song "Flesh and Bone".

Two Dreams and hiatus (2021–2022)
On June 4, 2021, the band teased a new single during the credits of the Live Sky Noise livestream. On October 8, the band would release the single as Imposter Syndrome and announced an EP coming later that month.

On October 22, 2021, the band released A Dream About Love, followed by A Dream About Death on February 4, 2022. These EPs represent a slight departure from the band's established sound, embracing a more electronic approach.

On August 30, 2022, the band announced that their members would be transitioning away from Circa Survive as their full-time job, leading to speculation on the band’s future. Green would clarify on his Twitter page that the group had not disbanded. However, on October 18, 2022, the band confirmed they were taking an indefinite hiatus.

A statement from the band was shared:

"Many of you have asked where things stand with us and to be totally transparent, our future is currently uncertain. For the time being, we're considering Circa on an indefinite hiatus. We want to thank you for all your love and support, especially over the last few years which were the hardest we have ever had to endure. Extra special thanks to the creatures."

On October 19, 2022, Circa Survive announced they would combine both "Dream" EPs and re-release them as the band's seventh studio album titled Two Dreams due out December 16, 2022. The album release will be accompanied by live session videos.

Influences
According to lead singer Anthony Green, Circa Survive have been influenced by Deftones, Thrice, Paul Simon, dredg, and Björk. Green cites Nirvana as a major influence, with Circa Survive frequently performing covers of Nirvana songs. Green stated that one of his favorite albums is Mapping an Invisible World by Days Away.

Throughout their musical career, but particularly with respect to their first album Juturna, the 2004 film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind has been a large influence on Circa Survive. The album's hidden track is based on the Mark Z. Danielewski novel House of Leaves, lending it an unofficial title. Lyrically, their third album Blue Sky Noise is based on Green's struggles with mental illness, with many of the lyrics written during his voluntary three-week stay in a mental health facility.

Band members
Current members

Session/touring members
 * Anthony Green - lead vocals
 * Colin Frangicetto - rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Brendan Ekstrom - lead guitar
 * Nick Beard - bass, backing vocals
 * Steve Clifford - drums, percussion
 * Keith Goodwin - keyboards (2021-2022)

Touring and performing
Circa Survive has toured on several occasions, including national tours within the United States. They toured in winter 2005 with My Chemical Romance and Thrice. That summer they co-headlined a tour. Circa Survive has also opened for Mutemath, Mae and Dredg on each of their headlining tours. Circa Survive played The Bamboozle festival in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2011 in New Jersey. They also played a few dates on The Vans Warped Tour in 2005. In early 2006, they embarked on a tour of Europe with Coheed and Cambria and Thrice, after having previously completed a tour in September 2005 with Motion City Soundtrack. They also toured with Saves The Day, Moneen and Pistolita. In summer 2006, they embarked on their first headlining tour, The Twilight Army Tour, with The Receiving End of Sirens, Days Away, Portugal. The Man, YouInSeries and Keating. Then in fall 2006, they went on tour with Thursday, Rise Against and Billy Talent. The band also played on the Rockstar Alternative Press Tour headlining with Cute Is What We Aim For, and with supporting act As Tall As Lions.

In April 2007, Circa Survive played at the Coachella arts and music festival in Indio, California. In summer 2007, the band played the entire Vans Warped Tour alongside bands such as Coheed and Cambria, The Used, Anberlin and Bad Religion. Circa Survive opened for My Chemical Romance's 2007 shows in Worcester and Australian and New Zealand shows as well. Circa Survive opened as the main support for Thirty Seconds to Mars September 14, 2007, at the Brixton Academy. Circa Survive completed touring with Ours, Fear Before, with Dear and the Headlights and The Dear Hunter in November, 2007. On New Year's Eve 2007 they had a coming home show with Thursday and The Gaslight Anthem played at The Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey. The band is in the Kerrang! 2008 Tour with Madina Lake, Coheed and Cambria and Fightstar. It was announced on January 24, 2008, that Circa Survive would be going on a spring 2008 tour with Thrice and Pelican.

Circa Survive has been known to incorporate other visual elements to performances. Anthony Green frequently wore dresses to outdoor music festivals, most notably The Bamboozle in 2006 and The Vans Warped Tour in 2007. The band's on Letting Go tour included a silent film projected above the band.

In 2010, after mixing for Blue Sky Noise was completed in February, Circa Survive began performing shows in the midwest United States in March, often accompanied by Good Old War and The Christmas Lights. The band performed at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas, from March 18 to 24. They also performed in Anaheim at the Hoodwink Festival on March 26 and at The Bamboozle on March 27. One month later, following the release of Blue Sky Noise on April 20, Circa Survive embarked on an extended tour with Coheed and Cambria and Torche, beginning in Charlotte, North Carolina, on April 22 and ending on May 29 in Atlantic City. On June 19, 2010, Circa Survive performed at Santa Monica Beach at the Pac Sun Beach Ballyhoo event, which was shut down early due to overcrowding before the band could perform their last two songs. After an eleven-day U.S. west coast tour in late July, Circa Survive embarked on a September European tour with Middle Class Rut, beginning in Hamburg, Germany, on September 6 and ending in Nottingham, England, on September 18. Their show in London on September 15 was streamed live over the Internet and attracted more than 43,000 viewers online.

They then went on their U.S. Blue Sky Noise tour with Animals as Leaders, Dredg and Codeseven. The tour began on October 15, 2010, in Hartford, Connecticut, and concluded on December 13 in Bakersfield, California. They begin touring with Anberlin and Foxy Shazam in January 2011. On February 17, 2011, Circa Survive performed with Timeout Jimmy at the Rutgers Student Center at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. They also opened for Linkin Park during the A Thousand Suns Tour for their shows in Dallas and Houston, Texas.

Circa Survive toured with My Chemical Romance as their opening act along with Architects. Both bands opened for My Chemical Romance for the North American leg of The World Contamination Tour.

Circa Survive went on their Violent Waves tour, which began on September 13, 2012, in New Haven, Connecticut, and ended on October 27, 2012, in Sayreville, New Jersey. Balance and Composure, O'Brother, and Touché Amoré went along as their opening acts. They had 33 shows for this tour. After 6, they played in Atlanta, Georgia for the Nervous Energies Session. They then continued the Violent Waves tour. They had 2 Record Release shows for the new album, both in August.

In April 2013, Circa Survive toured Malaysia, Singapore and the Pulp Summer Slam XIII "Til Death Do Us Part" rock festival in Manila, Philippines, on April 27, 2013. The Manila concert featured Circa Survive along with Dragonforce, Amoral, Cannibal Corpse, Coheed and Cambria, As I Lay Dying, A Skylit Drive and 4 local Filipino bands. On April 26, 2013, Circa Survive attended a press conference with Dragonforce and Amoral to promote the Manila rock festival.

Circa Survive announced that they would be co-headlining with Minus the Bear, along with opening act Now, Now, in the "Waves Overhead" tour. This tour began March 6, 2013, and ended March 30, 2013.

On October 16, 2013, Circa Survive announced a special end-of-the-year show on Saturday, December 28, 2013, at the Shrine Expo Hall in Los Angeles. The band will be "playing an extended set of favorites from all of our albums, along with a few rarities and special guests" and will be filming the show for release in 2014. The show was released on DVD included with the Violent Waves reissue released by Sumerian Records on September 9, 2014.

On January 6, 2015, it was announced that Circa Survive would perform on Day 3 (April 12 & 19) of the Coachella Valley Music & Arts Festival in Indio, California.

On January 29, 2015, the band announced they would be touring in the Spring of 2015 with Balance and Composure again and Chon.

On October 11, 2016, the band announced their On Letting Go Ten Year Anniversary Tour with MewithoutYou and Turnover. On this tour, the band's setlist was composed of the songs from On Letting Go, in the same order as they are presented on the album, interspersed with B-sides and unreleased songs from the writing process.

Discography

 * Juturna (2005)
 * On Letting Go (2007)
 * Blue Sky Noise (2010)
 * Violent Waves (2012)
 * Descensus (2014)
 * The Amulet (2017)
 * Two Dreams (2022)

Music videos

 * "Act Appalled" (live montage) (2005) from Juturna
 * "Act Appalled" (2006) from Juturna
 * "In Fear And Faith" (live montage) (2006) from Juturna
 * "The Difference Between Medicine and Poison Is in the Dose" (2007) from On Letting Go
 * "Get Out" (Live Montage) (2010) from Blue Sky Noise
 * "Imaginary Enemy" (2010) from Blue Sky Noise
 * "Suitcase" (2012) from Violent Waves
 * "Sharp Practice" (2012) from Violent Waves
 * "Schema" (2014) from Descensus
 * "Only the Sun" (2014) from "Descensus"
 * "Child Of The Desert" (2015) from Descensus
 * "Lustration" (2017) from The Amulet
 * "Rites of Investiture" (2017) from The Amulet
 * "The Amulet" (2017) from The Amulet
 * "Premonition of the Hex" (2017) from The Amulet
 * "Flesh and Bone" (2018) from The Amulet
 * "Imposter Syndrome" (2021) from A Dream About Love EP
 * "Electric Moose" (2022) from A Dream About Death EP

Guitar Rig & Signal Flow

 * Brendan Ekstrom plays Melancon hand made guitars which are located near New Orleans U.S.A.
 * A detailed gear diagram of Brendan Ekstrom's 2011 Circa Survive guitar rig is well-documented.

title: Circa Survive


text:
Talk:Mile End tube station

Tube?
Is Mile End actually a "tube" station? ie, one with bored tunnels. Or is it "cut & cover"?- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.137.57.25 (talk) 18:24, 24 February 2005 (UTC)

 * It's cut and cover.- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.185.240.120 (talk) 01:49, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Reaching any station with only one change
I removed this snippet:
 * ...it is unique as any London Underground station can be reached with a maximum of one change over, however with the exception of Chesham on the Metropolitan Line as 'through' trains only operate at peak times.

The consensus on the Tube Challenge forum was that this might conceivably been true at some point in the past, but Liverpool Street also satisfies this criterion (including for Chesham), and if you include the occasional through services to Olympia and Roding Valley, so do the entire Hammersmith and City and Jubilee lines and most of the Circle line. unsigned (User:Slovakia 23:22, 12 April 2006)

 * I think it might be worth mentioning that it isn't true --Dtcdthingy 04:36, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Only xchange deep/cut
I am going to remove this. I have just been on the district line (cut and cover) and was able to do a cross-platform change at hammersmith to the pic line (deep level).- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.12.111.19 (talk) 04:49, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

getting from any station to another in two stops if one of them is mile end
You write:

 * ... It is possible to travel between any two stations on the London Underground making only two changes if one of them is at Mile End.

Is this really true? How would you get from Green Park to Borough making two changes, one of them at Mile End?

Wikimicmic 22:20, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

More stations that offers cross-platform interchange between 'tube' and 'sub-surface'
"Mile End is the only subterranean station on the network that offers cross-platform interchange between 'tube' (Central Line) and 'sub-surface' (District and Hammersmith & City Line) trains, one of three stations on the whole network to offer such a connection (the others being Finchley Road and Wembley Park, with transfers between the Metropolitan Line and the Jubilee Line)."

What about Hammersmith station (District and Picadilly) and the others around that area (eg. Turnham Green and possibly Acton Town)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.11.74.133 (talk) 20:44, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

I think the "one of only three stations" bit should be removed. There are plenty of other cross-platform interchanges between tube and sub-surface lines - Acton Town, Hammersmith, Barons Court, Rayners Lane, Ealing Common (though at the last two the lines share the same platform, so not really "cross-platform"). Also Turnham Green early mornings and late evenings. Plus as mentioned in the article Wembley Park and Finchley Road. So there's at least 6, depending on whether you count the shared platforms and Turnham Green. The "only sub-terranean" part is true. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Frinton100 (talk • contribs) 21:50, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Mile End tube station


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Boroughs of Quebec City

Quebec City is divided into six arrondissements or boroughs. These boroughs are the result of several waves of amalgamation and reorganization of the political boundaries of Quebec City.

 * La Cité-Limoilou
 * Les Rivières
 * Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge
 * Charlesbourg
 * Beauport
 * La Haute-Saint-Charles

The six boroughs are further divided into 36 quartiers ("neighbourhoods"), which are numbered instead of named.

2002–2009
From January 1, 2002 to October 31, 2009, the city had eight boroughs: La Cité, Les Rivières, Sainte-Foy–Sillery, Charlesbourg, Beauport, Limoilou, La Haute-Saint-Charles and Laurentien. The boroughs of La Cité and Limoilou were merged on November 1, while the borough of Laurentien was dissolved and divided between Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge and La Haute-Saint-Charles.

Former
Formerly, Quebec was divided into administrative districts, named quartiers, which were redivided amongst arrondissements at the time of the 2002 city mergers in Quebec.

 * Cap-Blanc
 * Duberger
 * Lairet
 * Lebourgneuf
 * Les Saules
 * Maizerets
 * Montcalm
 * Neufchatel
 * Saint-Roch
 * Saint-Jean-Baptiste
 * Saint-Sacrement
 * Saint-Sauveur
 * Vieux-Québec–Basse-Ville
 * Vieux-Québec–Haute-Ville

Former cities
Former cities are still commonly referred to by their former names even though their administrative structures no longer exist. This list includes cities that were merged in 2002. They are not boroughs, but many would be considered neighbourhoods.

 * Beauport
 * Bourg-Royal
 * Cap-Rouge
 * Charlesbourg
 * Charlesbourg-Est
 * Château-d'Eau
 * Château-Bigot
 * Courville
 * Giffard
 * L'Auvergne
 * Lac-Saint-Charles
 * Le Plateau
 * Loretteville
 * Montmorency
 * Notre-Dame-des-Laurentides
 * Orsainville
 * Parc-L'Ormière
 * Saint-Joseph
 * Saint-Bonaventure
 * Saint-Émile
 * Sainte-Thérèse-de-Lisieux
 * Sainte-Foy
 * Sillery
 * Val-Bélair
 * Val-Saint-Michel
 * Vanier
 * Villeneuve

title: Boroughs of Quebec City


text:
Indro Montanelli

Indro Alessandro Raffaello Schizogene Montanelli (22 April 1909 – 22 July 2001) was an Italian journalist, historian, and writer. He was one of the fifty World Press Freedom Heroes according to the International Press Institute. A volunteer for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and an admirer of Benito Mussolini's dictatorship, Montanelli had a change of heart in 1943, and joined the liberal resistance group Giustizia e Libertà but was discovered and arrested along with his wife by Nazi authorities in 1944. Sentenced to death, he was able to flee to Switzerland the day before his scheduled execution by firing squad thanks to a secret service double agent.

After World War II, Montanelli continued his work at Corriere della Sera, where he started working in 1938, and distinguished himself as a staunch conservative columnist for many decades. An intransigent, anti-conformist, and anti-communist, he defended the idea of another political right, which was sober, cultured, pessimistic, and distrustful of mass society. In 1977, the Red Brigades terrorist group kneecapped him; years later, he forgave them. He was also a popular novelist and historian, especially remembered for his monumental Storia d'Italia (History of Italy) in 22 volumes.

After leaving the Corriere della Sera in 1973 due to a perceived turn to the left, Montanelli worked as the editor-in-chief of Silvio Berlusconi-owned newspaper il Giornale for many years but was opposed to Berlusconi's political ambitions, and quit as editor of il Giornale, which he founded as il Giornale nuovo in 1974, when Berlusconi officially entered politics in 1994. He returned to the Corriere della Sera in 1995 and worked there until his death. Both the Italian centre-left and centre-right tried to reclaim his figure; the former, which overlooked his conservatism and anti-communism, emphasized his anti-Berlusconist militancy while the latter, after having portrayed him as a useful idiot of the post-communist left, underplayed his opposition to Berlusconi.

Early life and education
Montanelli was born in Fucecchio, near Florence, on 22 April 1909. His father, Sestilio Montanelli, was a high-school philosophy teacher and his mother, Maddalena Doddoli, was the daughter of a rich cotton merchant. The name Indro was chosen by his father after the Hindu god Indra.

Montanelli obtained a law degree from the University of Florence in 1930, with a thesis on the electoral reform of Benito Mussolini's Italian fascist regime. Allegedly, in this thesis, he maintained that, rather than a reform, it amounted to the abolition of elections. According to him, it was during his permanence in Grenoble, while he was taking language lessons, that he realized that his true vocation was that of a journalist.

Early journalistic career
Montanelli began his journalistic career by writing for the fascist newspaper Il Selvaggio ("The Savage"), then directed by Mino Maccari, and in 1932 for the Universale, a magazine published only once fortnightly and that offered no pay. Montanelli admitted that in those days he saw in fascism the hope of a movement that could potentially create an Italian national conscience that would have resolved the social and economic differences between the north and the south. This enthusiasm for the fascist movement began to wane when in 1935 Mussolini ordered the suppression of the Universale along with other magazines and newspapers that expressed critical opinions on the nature of fascism. It was in 1934, in Paris, that Montanelli began to write for the crime pages of the daily newspaper Paris-Soir, then as a foreign correspondent in Norway, where he fished for cod for a bit, and later in Canada, where he ended up working on a farm in Alberta.

From there, Montanelli began a collaboration with Webb Miller of the United Press in New York. While working for the United Press, he learned to write for the lay public in an uncomplicated style that would distinguish him within the realm of Italian journalism. One lesson he took to heart from Miller was to "always write as if writing to a milkman from Ohio". This open and approachable style was something he never forgot and he had often recall that very quote during his long life. Another notable anecdote from Montanelli's time in the United States occurred while he was teaching a course. One of the students had asked him to explain the meaning of the essay that Montanelli had just read out. Montanelli told him he would repeat it since he clearly did not understand. Hitting the table, the red-faced student cut him off and angrily told him, as a matter of fact, that if he had not understood Montanelli's essay, then it was Montanelli who was the imbecile and needed to change it. It was then that he realized that he, who had come from the authoritarian regime of Fascist Italy, had just had a confrontation with democracy. During this time, Montanelli conducted his first interview with a celebrity, Henry Ford, who surprised him by admitting he did not have a driver's license. During the interview, surrounded by American art depicting pastoral and frontier subjects, Ford began to reverentially talk about the Founding Fathers of the United States. Looking at the decor, Montanelli asked him how he felt about having destroyed their world. Puzzled, Ford asked what he meant. Undaunted, Montanelli pressed on that the automobile and Ford's revolutionary assembly line system had forever transformed the country. Ford looked shocked, and Montanelli realized that, like all geniuses, Ford had not had the slightest idea of what he had really done.

Reporter in Abyssinia
When Mussolini invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935 with the intent of making Italy an empire (Second Italo–Abyssinian War), Montanelli immediately abandoned his collaboration with the United Press and became a voluntary conscript for this war. Aged 23, Montanelli was put in charge of a 100-strong army of local men. He later said: "It was a beautiful two years." He said he believed then that this was the chance for Italy to bring civilization to the perceived savage world of Africa. While stationed in east Africa, Montanelli bought and married a 12-year-old Bilen child to act as his sex slave, a common practice of Italian soldiers in Abyssinia.

Montanelli began writing about the war to his father who, without Montanelli's knowledge, sent the letters to one of the most famous journalists of those times, Ugo Ojetti, who published them regularly in the most prestigious Italian newspaper, the Corriere della Sera.

Reporter during the Spanish Civil War
On his return from Abyssinia, Montanelli became a foreign correspondent in Spain for the daily newspaper Il Messaggero, where he experienced the Spanish Civil War on the side of Francisco Franco's Nationalist troops. In this period, he shared a room with Kim Philby who, decades later, would reveal himself to the world as one of the greatest Soviet mole spies that ever existed and that one day disappeared. Years later, Montanelli received a mysterious note from Philby saying: "Thanks for everything. Including your socks." After the capture of the city of Santander, Montanelli wrote that "it had been a long military walk with only one enemy: the heat". This judgement contrasted with the propaganda of the times that painted that battle as a glorious bloodshed on the side of the Italian contingent. In fact, the only casualty he noted but never reported was a single death in the Alpini regiment caused by a mule kick that threw the trooper down into a dry river bed. For this article, he was repatriated, tried, and expelled from the National Fascist Party (PNF) and from the official organization of Italian journalists. When in the trial he was asked why he had written such an unpatriotic article, he replied: "Show me a single casualty of that battle: because a battle without casualties is not a real battle!" The trial ended with an acquittal.

Eastern and Northern Europe
The stand Montanelli took against fascism led him to his first serious conflicts with the Italian authorities. His PNF membership was revoked thereafter and Montanelli did nothing to regain this important document that at the time conferred a series of important privileges on its holders; the country was dominated by Mussolini's fascist movement. To avoid the worst, the then minister of culture Giuseppe Bottai offered in 1938 to Montanelli the job of director of the Institute of Culture in Tallinn, Estonia, and lecturer in Italian at the University of Tartu, Estonia. In this period, Aldo Borelli, the then director of the Corriere della Sera, asked Montanelli to engage in a collaboration as a foreign correspondent; he could not be employed as a journalist because this had been forbidden by the fascist regime. Montanelli began to correspond for this newspaper from Estonia and Albania during the Italian annexation of this country.

On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Montanelli was sent to report from the front in a Mercedes accompanied by German state functionaries. In the vicinity to the city of Grudziądz, the car was stopped by a convoy of German tanks. On one of these stood Adolf Hitler himself a few feet from Montanelli. When Hitler was told that the only person in casual clothes was Italian, he jumped out of the tank. Eyeing Montanelli like a madman, he began a ten-minute hysterical speech followed by a military salute and exit. Albert Speer, who had also been in the convoy with fellow artist Arno Breker, corroborated the story in 1979. Apart from this episode, which Montanelli was forbidden to report, there had been little to report because the invasion of Poland was completed so rapidly that it was over within weeks. It was allegedly he who reported about the Skirmish of Krojanty and created a myth from it.

Montanelli was not welcome in Italy, and decided to move to Lithuania. The joint Nazi German–Soviet invasion of Poland instinctively told him that more was brewing on the Soviet Union border. His instinct was correct because shortly after his arrival in Kaunas, the seat of the Lithuanian government, the Soviet Union issued its ultimatum to the Baltic republics. At this point, Montanelli continued to travel towards Tallinn as it was his wish to see the last of a free and democratic Estonia, which was soon invaded by the Soviet Union. At this point, Montanelli was not popular in Italy nor Germany because of his pro-Estonian and pro-Polish articles, and had been expelled by the Soviet Union for being a foreigner. Thus, he was forced by the events to cross the Baltic Sea and reach Helsinki, the Finnish capital.

In Finland, Montanelli began writing articles about the Sámi and the reindeer, although this was not for long as Vyacheslav Molotov had made requests on the Finnish government for the annexation of part of the Finnish land to the Soviet Union. The Finnish delegation, headed by Juho Kusti Paasikivi, had refused to give in to these requests and on their return it was clear that war was in the air. Montanelli was not able to write about the details of the talks between the Soviet and Finnish delegations, as they were shrouded in strict secrecy; he was able to interview Paasikivi, who was happy to fill him in on everything except for the content of the talks.

Throughout the Winter War that ensued, Montanelli wrote hotly pro-Finnish articles both from the front and from bomb-stricken Helsinki, writing about the almost mythical enterprises of the battle of Tolvajärvi, and of men like captain Pajakka who, with 200 Sámi, successfully confronted 40,000 Russians in the region of Petsamo. Back in Italy, Montanelli's stories had been followed with great enthusiasm by the public but not so enthusiastic was the response of the fascist leaders who were committed to an alliance with the Soviet Union. When Borelli, director of the Corriere della Sera, had been ordered to censor Montanelli's articles, he had had the courage to reply that "thanks to his articles the Corriere increased its sales from 500,000 to 900,000 copies: are you going to reimburse me?" When the Winter War was over and the non-aggression pact was signed between the Soviet Union and Finland, Montanelli was personally thanked by the elusive Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim himself for writing in favour of the Finnish cause.

Invasion of Norway
Before his return to Italy, Montanelli witnessed the Operation Weserübung (the Nazi German invasion of Norway), and was arrested by the German army for his hostility towards the German–Italian alliance. He escaped with the help of his friend Vidkun Quisling and made a run for the north of the country where the English and the French were disembarking their troops at Narvik. He was met by the one-eyed, one-armed Major Carton de Wiart who explained that there were no more than 10,000 Allied troops in Norway, many of them not even trained for battle. Nobody seemed to know where their garrison was. The British wanted to go inland and attack the Germans, but the French wanted to stay put and consolidate their positions. After having seen the clockwork invasion of Poland by the German troops, Montanelli found this disarray a worrying sight. When the Germans began bombing these positions the Allies were forced to embark once again and beat a hasty withdrawal to England.

Balkans and Greece
With Italy's entrance in the war (June 1940), Montanelli was sent to France and the Balkans. He was assigned the responsibility of following the Italian military campaign from Greece and Albania as correspondent. Here, he recounted to have written little: "I remained at that front various months, writing almost nothing, a small reason was because I fell ill with typhus and a huge one because I refused to push as a glorious military campaign the quaking pummeling that we caught down there." An article published on 12 September 1940 issue of Panorama was considered defeatist by the censors of Minculpop (Ministry of Popular Culture), who in turn ordered the closure of the periodical.

Arrest and death sentence
After witnessing war and destruction in the Balkans and the disastrous Italian invasion of Greece, Montanelli decided to join the Italian resistance movement against the fascist regime by joining the liberal Giustizia e Libertà clandestine group. Here, he met socialist leader Sandro Pertini, who would later become president of Italy from 1978 to 1985. Montanelli was eventually once again captured by the Germans, tried, and sentenced to death. In the Milanese prison of San Vittore, he met Mike Bongiorno, who would later become one of the most famous Italian television personalities. In prison, he also made the acquaintance of General Della Rovere, who was said to have been arrested while on a secret mission on behalf of the Allies. In fact, this man was a thief called Giovanni Bertoni, a spy for the Germans. Bertoni was so taken in by the military character he was playing that he refused to relay any information to his German captors and was executed like a real enemy official. After the war, Montanelli dedicated a book to this incident, Il generale Della Rovere (1959), which later turned into a Golden Lion-winning movie directed by Roberto Rossellini and starring Vittorio De Sica.

Salvation came at the end of 1944 with the help of unknown conspirators who arranged for his transfer to a prison in Verona. The transfer was then transformed into a dash for the Swiss border. The identity of these conspirators remained a mystery until decades later when it appeared that it had been the result of collusion by several agencies. Among them, Marshal Mannerheim allegedly put pressure on his German allies. To Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, the commander of the German troops stationed in Finland, he said: "You are executing a gentleman." This resulted in Berlin's opening of an inquiry. In 1945, while hiding in Switzerland, he published the novel Drei Kreuze (Three Crosses), which later appeared in Italian with the title Qui non-riposano (Here They Do Not Rest). Inspired by Thornton Wilder's The Bridge of San Luis Rey, the story begins on 17 September 1944 when a Val d'Ossola priest buries three unknown corpses and commemorates them with three anonymous crosses.

Corriere della Sera
Throughout the post-war years, Montanelli retained an idiosyncratic and particularly undiplomatic style, even when this made him very unpopular among his peers and employers. This is well illustrated in his book La stecca nel coro, which translates as "The False Note in the Chorus" with the meaning of "Going Against the Current", and that is a list of leading articles he composed between 1974 and 1994.

After the war, Montanelli resumed his career at the Corriere della Sera, famously authoring deeply sympathetic articles from Hungary during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. His first-hand reportages inspired him to write the play I sogni muoiono all'alba (Dreams Die at Dawn), which was later adapted to film. In 1959, Montanelli interviewed for the first time in history a pope, office at the time held by Pope John XXIII; the pope declared that he picked Montanelli exactly because he was an atheist and not a Catholic sympathizer. From the mid-1960s, after the death of the newspaper's owners, Mario and Vittorio Crespi, and the serious illness of the third brother, Aldo, the ownership of the newspaper passed upon Aldo's daughter, Giulia Maria. Under her tight control, earning her Montanelli's moniker the czarina, the daily took a sudden turn to the left. This new launch took place in 1972 with the abrupt dismissal of director Giovanni Spadolini. Montanelli expressed a cutting indictment of the procedure in an interview on L'Espresso, declaring: "A director is not sent away like a thieving house-servant." Turning to the Crespi family, he branded their "authoritarian, bullying junta ways that they have chosen in order to impose their decision".

Founding of il Giornale nuovo
After breaking with the Corriere della Sera, which he perceived as having moved too much to the left, Montanelli founded and directed a new conservative daily, il Giornale nuovo, from 1973 to 1994, together with Enzo Bettiza. In his last interview before his death in 2017, Bettiza said that Montanelli despised the bourgeoise he defended and admired the communists he attacked. About the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, Bettiza said that Montanelli was convinced the revolt was due to workers wanting true socialism.

Kneecapped by the Red Brigades
On 2 September 1977, Montanelli was shot four times in the legs by a two-man commando of the Red Brigades, outside the Milanese head-office of Corriere della Sera. The terrorists made sure to give him non-mortal wounds. His friend and surgeon was amazed at how "four shots could hit those [long, thin] chicken legs of his and still completely miss a major artery or nerve bundle". In his typical ironical and satirical vein, he thanked Il Duce. He credited his indoctrination as a child in the Balilla fascist youth and its mantra, "to die on your feet", for saving his life. He maintained that had he not held on to the railing during the incident the fourth shot would have surely hit him in the stomach. In what supporters of Montanelli saw as a petty instance of insult to injury, the Corriere della Sera dedicated an article to the incident omitting his name from the title ("Milan ... journalist kneecapped"), for which the paper's editor Piero Ottone received criticism. This was not limited to the Corriere della Sera, as it happenend during a period in which the Red Brigades were targeting journalists through the use of kneecapping, without murdering them, and two other journalist suffered the same fate in the matter of days.

In later years, Montanelli said that he expected the attack and was not surprised by it, and came to forgive the terrorists, who saw him as a servant of the regime, as well as of multinational corporations. In il Giornale, he wrote days after the attack that "the prose of the Red Brigades does not differ much from that of certain weekly magazines which point to me as 'the watchdog of the bourgeoisie'."

Quarrel with Silvio Berlusconi and final years
When Silvio Berlusconi, who since 1977 had held the majority of shares in il Giornale, entered politics with the founding of a new populist political party, Forza Italia, Montanelli came under heavy pressure to switch his editorial line to a position favourable to Berlusconi. Montanelli never hid his bad opinion of Berlusconi, saying: "He lies as he breathes." In the end, protesting his independence, he founded a new daily, for which he resurrected the name La Voce ("The Voice"), which had belonged to a renowned newspaper run by Giuseppe Prezzolini. La Voce, which had garnered a devoted but limited readership, folded after about a year, and Montanelli returned to the Corriere della Sera. In 1994, Montanelli was awarded the International Editor of the Year Award from the World Press Review.

From 1995 to 2001, Montanelli was the chief letters editor of Corriere della Sera, answering a letter a day on a page of the newspaper known as "La Stanza di Montanelli" ("Montanelli's Room"). Montanelli spent his last years vigorously opposing Berlusconi's politics. He was a mentor to a significant group of colleagues, followers, and students including Mario Cervi, Marco Travaglio, Paolo Mieli, Roberto Ridolfi, Andrea Claudio Galluzzo, Beppe Severgnini, and Roberto Gervaso. Montanelli died on 22 July 2001 at the La Madonnina clinic in Milan. The following day, the Corriere della Sera published a letter on its front page titled "Indro Montanelli's farewell to his readers".

Legacy
Montanelli had been nicknamed "The Prince of Journalism" by his own colleagues while he was still alive, gaining large esteem and consent even from liberals and political left-oriented journalists; Enzo Biagi, Giorgio Bocca, Aldo Grasso, Gianfrancesco Zincone, and many others considered him a master of the profession and his objectivity and attention to history as a model to teach and replicate. As a result, both the Italian centre-left and the Italian centre-right tried to reclaim Montanelli for themselves. Politically, Montanelli was an anti-communist who defended the idea of another political right, which was an alternative to that of Silvio Berlusconi, whom he opposed. Since his death, the political left emphasized Montanelli's anti-Berlusconism over his anti-communism and conservatism, while the political right minimized his opposition to Berlusconi after having accused him of being a useful idiot of the post-communist left.

A polarizing figure, Montanelli's journalism was distinct from both the prevailing pro-government journalism, which was linked to the ruling Christian Democracy, and to the liberal-democratic journalism of the likes of Mario Pannunzio, whom Montanelli admired. In his letters, Montanelli once said: "If you lack the holy fire inside, if you're not made for this work, if you lack a natural appendice with a typewriter... it's pointless to do this job." He left for posterity a number of first-person reportages and interviews with important historical figures, including Charles de Gaulle, Benito Mussolini, Pope John XXII, and Winston Churchill.

Angelo Del Boca, the historian who first researched Italian war crimes in Ethiopia and made Montanelli acknowledge the use of poison gas in 1996 that he had previously denied, retained great esteem for Montanelli and defended his marriage with the young girl. He said: "It makes no sense [to call him a racist and rapist], it was an act of integration, especially since Montanelli kept a good relationship with her for years. At the time, but maybe even nowadays, it was normal to marry women of that age in Africa; it was initially encouraged as an element of fraternization." Giuseppe Sala, Milan's mayor of the centre-left Democratic Party, refused to remove the statue on the grounds that it was to honour his journalistic contributions. He said: "He was a great journalist who fought for freedom of the press. When we judge our own lives, can we say that ours is spotless? Lives must be judged in their complexity." He argued that "lives should be judged in their totality", while recognizing his dismay at the lightness of the way Montanelli spoke about his actions in Abyssinia. Among others, the group Sentinelli di Milano had asked Sala to remove Montanelli's statue from the gardens of Porta Venezia because "until the end of his days, Montanelli proudly claimed the fact that he had bought and married a twelve-year-old Eritrean girl years to be his sex slave."

Controversies
During his long career, Montanelli was involved in several controversies, the most notable being his child bride.

While working as a journalist for the fascist magazine Civiltà Fascista, Montanelli had argued that under no circumstances soldiers should fraternize with black people, at least "until they had been given a culture." In March 2019, the feminist group Non Una Di Meno poured pink paint on the statue erected in honour of Montanelli, who had bought an Eritrean child as a wife. In June 2020, a statue of Montanelli in Milan was vandalized by activists in the context of the Black Lives Matter movement. The activist group Rete Studenti Milano labelled Montanelli "a colonialist who made slavery an important part of his political activity" and said he "cannot and should not be celebrated in the public square". This was also done to highlight the fact that, when aged 24 and working in Italian Ethiopia (former Abyssinia), he married a young girl, by buying her from her family, as was customary among locals, and in his interviews affectionately referred to her as "a little docile animal". The marriage falls into what was known as the madamato practice, a relationship between Italian men and local women that was commonplace in the then Italian colonies. The next day, Rete Studenti Milano and Laboratorio universitario Metropolitano revendicated a street painting dedicated to the memory of the young girl by the street artist Ozmo.

In a 1969 episode of the talk show L'ora della verità (The Hour of the Truth), Montanelli told host Gianni Bisiach of his child bride: "I think I chose well. She was a beautiful girl of 12 years. I'm sorry. But in Africa it's different." During the interview, his account was interrupted by a question from the feminist and journalist Elvira Banotti, who asked him how he could justify his marriage to a child, since marriage in Europe to a 12-year-old girl would be considered abhorrent; Montanelli replied that "in Abyssinia that's how it works", and that "at 12 years they normally marry, they are women already". In a 1982 interview with Biagi, Montanelli called her "a little docile animal", and said that he bought her for ₤500. According to Montanelli, the relationship was never violent or nonconsensual, and both the family and the girl always reported as agreeing to it; the girl still showed affection towards Montanelli years after their separation by naming her first-born child Indro. Details are confused and Montanelli was inconsistent when talking about it. Initially, he stated that she was 12 years old; later on, he described her as 14 years old. At times, she was referred to as Destà; other times, she was known as Fatima. Marco Travaglio, one of Montanelli's students, defended him. He said: "He was not a paedophile. He loved that little girl, he wanted to become Abyssian, and adapted to a tradition."

During the global 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, Montanelli came under scrutiny for his racist attitudes and actions. While working at the fascist magazine Civiltà Fascista, Montanelli wrote many articles expressing racist ideas, declaring the superiority of the white race, and supporting colonialist ideals. While stationed in Italian Ethiopia during the Ethiopian War, Montanelli married a 12-year old Eritrean girl (as it was custom for the institution of the madamato), who later married an Eritrean officer of his platoon. Due to those controversies, protesters defaced a statue erected for him in Milan and demanded it be removed in the wake of the Black Lives Matter movement. He also denied the use of poison gas during the war in Ethiopia; he acknowledged their use in 1996.

His intervention and diatribe with Banotti continued for the whole episode of Bisiach's talk show L'ora della verità. The practice of the madamato, which Montanelli referred to in the interview, was a temporary more uxorio relationship (as husband and wife) between Italian citizens and local women, often girls between 8 and 12 years of age, which was legal at the time in the Italian colonies; it was abolished by the Fascist Racial Laws that prohibited miscegenation. About his child bride, Montanelli stated: "I struggled a lot to overcome her smell, due to the goat tallow with which her hair was soaked, and even more to establish a sexual relationship with her because she had been infibulated at birth, which, in addition to putting up an almost insurmountable barrier to my wishes (it took the mother's brutal intervention to demolish it), rendered her completely insensitive." Although those facts were known and had been discussed into the 21st century, as Montanelli openly discussed the events, they achieved international attention and further scrutiny in the wake of the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests.

Another notable controversy of Montanelli's career was related to his statements regarding the Nazi–Fascist and World War II years. In 1996, he sent a letter to the former Nazi officer Erich Priebke, whom he revered as "Mr. Captain", after the first 15-year sentence that he considered to be senseless. He sympathized, and said: "As an old soldier, and even if from an army very different from his, I know very well that you could not do anything different from what you did." About the Ardeatine massacre, he reclaimed the death of Giuseppe Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo and Filippo de Grenet as "two of my old and dear friends" to whom he compared himself in his detention in the San Vittore Prison, where he said "I could suffer the same fate as the hostages of the Ardeatine". He said that "even among us Italians there are men who think right...even when those who think and see unfair are the masters of the square", and concluded: "Best wishes, Mr. Captain."

In 1999, during the trial of the Nazi captain Theodor Saevecke for the Piazzale Loreto massacre, Montanelli was cited by the defence as a witness. He attributed all responsibility to the fascists. He said: "In San Vittore, it was known that the reprisals had been carried out by the repubblichini [supporters of the Italian Social Republic]. And the ways in which it happened confirm this: the Germans used to act ruthlessly but according to the regulations, instead the one in Piazzale Loreto was a slovenly operation, the fascists made the prisoners get off the trucks and made them start running, then shot them in the shoulders." When pressed on the possibility of taking fifteen prisoners without the consent of the SS officer, he replied: "Yes, because in prison the prisoners were divided into those 'hostages' of the repubblichini and those in the hands of the Germans, and each had his own freely." He retorted: "The interrogations of the Germans were long, unnerving, but neither I nor anyone else was subjected to brutality." The public prosecutor then exhibited a letter of his from that period in which he wrote that "with a particularly delicate caress the Germans broke my rib and injured my liver". In response, Montanelli justified himself by contradicting himself, and said: "It wasn't me who was beaten, but Gasparini. And it wasn't the Germans who beat up but the repubblichini." For the first time, he reduced the role of the cardinal Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster in his release from prison to attribute it to the OVRA spy Luca Osteria (at the time, he was known as Ugo Osteria), without clarifying his permission to expatriate by Saevecke. To the indignation of the victims' families throughout his deposition, he concluded: "They may as well make noises, I don't give a damn about their noises. I don't tell lies."

Awards and decorations

 * ITA OMRI 2001 GC BAR.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Rome, 15 December 1995.
 * FIN Order of the Lion of Finland 2Class BAR.png First Class Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland, 1992.
 * Grande_ufficiale_OMRI_BAR.svg Grand Official of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, 27 December 1963.
 * MeritoMilitare.png War Merit Cross, Struga, Macedonia; Santorini, Aegean Sea, Lettigue, April 1941. "A volunteer war correspondent, he fulfilled his delicate task with admirable ability and enthusiasm. He participated in various war actions with the most advanced elements and with them he entered the conquered territories, giving proof of serene courage and contempt of danger."
 * FronteNord+.png Commemorative Medal of Military Operations in East Africa
 * Commemorative_Medal_for_the_Operations_in_the_Italian_East_Africa_BAR.svg War Volunteer Commemorative Medal of Military Operations in East Africa (1935–1936)

title: Indro Montanelli


text:
Bou Craa

Bou Craa (also transliterated as Bo Craa, Bu Craa or Boukra) (بوكراع, Berber: ⴱⵓⴽⵔⴰⵄ, Bucraa) is a town in Western Sahara, south-east of the main city of El Aaiún. It is inhabited almost exclusively by employees of phosphate company Phosboucraa, a subsidiary of Morocco's OCP Group.

Historically located in the Saguia el-Hamra region, Bou Craa is the site of a phosphate deposit of over 1.7 billion tons. Mining operations by Phosboucraa started in 1972. During the Spanish colonization of the area (see Spanish Sahara), many early recruits of Sahrawi nationalist movements such as the Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab and Polisario Front were workers in the phosphate mines.

The town became part of the Moroccan-controlled zone in the April 1976 partition resulting from the Madrid Accords. It has remained in Moroccan hands, though mining was paused in 1976 as a result of Polisario guerilla attacks. During the Western Sahara War, the Polisario sabotaged and disabled this transportation system several times. These attacks gradually ceased in the early 1980s when the town become enclosed by the Moroccan Wall, which consolidated Moroccan control over the north-western part of Western Sahara (the so-called "Useful Triangle" ). Mining resumed on a reduced scale in July 1982.

Today, the mine produces around 3 million tonnes annually, which represents 10% of Morocco's total production. The phosphates are transported to the coast by an automated conveyor belt. Approximately 100 km long, the belt is the longest in the world and dust blown from it is visible from space.

Twin towns

 * Castro Urdiales, Spain
 * Llodio, Spain

title: Bou Craa


text:
Jane Kramer

Jane Kramer (born August 7, 1938) is an American journalist. She began her writing career at the Village Voice, moving to The New Yorker in 1964, where she remains a staff writer. Her books Allen Ginsberg in America (1969) and Honor to the Bride (1970), based on her travels in Morocco, were developed from long-form New Yorker articles.

Beginning in the 1970s, much of Kramer's reporting has been from various European locales, and since 1981 she has written a regular "Letter from Europe" for the New Yorker. Books based upon her European reporting include Europeans (1988) and The Politics of Memory (1996). Other books are The Last Cowboy (1977) and Lone Patriot (2003), the latter about a militia in the American West. Both books also explore downward mobility in America.

Biography
Kramer was born in Providence, Rhode Island. She has a B.A. in English from Vassar College and an M.A. in English from Columbia University.

For the first paperback edition of The Last Cowboy, Kramer received a 1981 National Book Award for Nonfiction.

Her other awards include an Emmy Award for documentary filmmaking, National Magazine Award, Front Page Award, and the fr:Prix européen de l'essai Charles Veillon.

Kramer is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and a founding director of the Committee to Protect Journalists. She has taught at Princeton University, Sarah Lawrence, CUNY, and the University of California, Berkeley.

Since 2006, Kramer has been a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur. In 2016, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Essays and reporting
———————
 * Notes

title: Jane Kramer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toni Preckwinkle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. However, pending the final outcome of Deletion_policy/Local_politicians, it may become appropriate to recreate this article either in full or as a redirect. Rossami (talk) 07:13, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Toni Preckwinkle
((PERSONS NAME)) is a ((JOB TITLE)). Does this meet the requirements for speedy deletion, or are these the kind of article contributions Wikipedia should encourage? GRider\talk 19:35, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The option of merging of all these articles is being discussed in Deletion_policy/Local_politicians.
 * Keep. An alderman for a city of 3.9 million people is in IMO. Minimal but adequate stub. If it subsequently becomes a redirect to a consolidated article, that doesn't require VfD. Just do it. Andrewa 23:52, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An alderman in a city of 3.9 million, one of a group of 50. Not good enough. --Calton 02:07, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, as per my previous votes on these aldermen. Megan1967 00:13, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge (and redirect) into the greater List of Chicago Aldermen. No reason to delete, no reason to keep.  —RaD Man (talk) 02:34, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. Alphax (t) (c) (e) 04:19, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * With this minimal content, merge and redirect. Keep if expanded. Meelar (talk) 04:20, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, already on the list--nixie 05:00, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: not an article. Willing to reconsider if expanded. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:52, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not an article.  ComCat 09:01, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Jayjg (talk) 17:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I note that the merge and redir votes are not being counted at all in the tally box. The result of this is IMO to give a misleading view. At present IMO there is no consensus to delete, as four votes (mine to keep and three to merge) would keep the entry, as opposed to six who would delete it. This is not a terribly important article, the mechanism is probably more important. Food for thought? No change of vote. Andrewa 20:20, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Chicago aldermen. See also Deletion_policy/Local_politicians. Android79 00:53, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence presented that this person meets the recommended criteria for inclusion of biographies.  Rossami (talk) 06:29, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as yet another one of those contentless non-articles regarding Chicago aldermen. It's just a sentence. - Lucky 6.9 22:52, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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Hood (band)

Hood are an English post-rock band from Wetherby, formed in 1990, but have been on an indefinite hiatus since 2005. The band consists of brothers Chris and Richard Adams, and friends (including, at times, Craig Tattersall and Andrew Johnson of The Remote Viewer, and Nicola Hodgkinson of Empress).

History
Hood's first releases were very limited vinyl singles on various small independent record labels.

In 1994, record labels Fluff and Slumberland Records released Hood's first full length album, Cabled Linear Traction. Slumberland also released 1996's Silent '88, and the following year Happy Go Lucky Records released Structured Disasters, a compilation of tracks from singles. All featured a large number of short tracks (many of less than a minute), a mixture of indie rock, noise experiments reminiscent of Sonic Youth or Pavement, and an increasing interest in electronics.

In 1997, Domino Records signed Hood and released the single "Useless". Produced by Matt Elliott (better known as the Third Eye Foundation), it was a far more straightforward and tuneful song than any they had released so far. Elliott toured with the band, and produced the albums Rustic Houses, Forlorn Valleys and The Cycle of Days and Seasons. Like the single, these abandoned the short songs and instrumental snippets for longer pieces, with a pastoral sound similar to Bark Psychosis or Talk Talk. The band continued to release singles for other labels; "The Weight", for 555 Recordings, was a return to the older style with eight tracks on a 7" disc.

Collaborating with friends Doseone and Why? from the Anticon collective, Hood released their fifth album, Cold House in 2001. The work combined elements of post-rock, IDM, and indie with Doseone and Why?'s lyrical talents and featured the single "You Show No Emotion At All".

In 2003, most of the band's single and compilation tracks from the years since Structured Disasters were collected on Singles Compiled (a double CD), and Compilations 1995-2002. Neither contains any of the tracks recorded for Domino, but some unreleased material is included on the singles collection.

In early 2005, after additional line-up changes, Hood released Outside Closer. The tracks 'The Lost You' and 'The Negatives' were released as singles.

Since the release of Outside Closer, Hood has toured with Why? promoting his album Elephant Eyelash and released various remixes: including 'The Negatives' with vocals by British MC Jehst. Chris also has a solo side project called Bracken, and in 2007 released the album We Know About the Need on Anticon.

In 2007 Richard Adams formed a side project The Declining Winter, releasing a 7" single, The Future Sound of Hip Hop parts 1 & 2, and an album Goodbye Minnesota and further albums on a variety of labels.

In 2012, Domino Records released a six disc compilation box set called Recollected to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the release of Cold House.

Studio albums

 * Cabled Linear Traction (1994)
 * Silent '88 (1996)
 * Rustic Houses, Forlorn Valleys (1998)
 * The Cycle of Days and Seasons (1999)
 * Cold House (2001)
 * Outside Closer (2005)

Compilation albums

 * Structured Disasters (1997)
 * Compilations 1995-2002 (2003)
 * Singles Compiled (2003)
 * Recollected (six CD box set) (2012)

Singles

 * "Sirens" (1992)
 * "Opening into Enclosure" (1993)
 * "57 White Bread" (1994)
 * "Carmine" (split) (1995)
 * "A Harbour of Thoughts" (1995)
 * "Hem" (split) (1995)
 * "Lee Faust's Million Piece Orchestra" (1995)
 * "I've Forgotten How to Live" (1996)
 * "Secrets Now Known to Others" (Earworm Records, 1996)
 * "Useless"' (1997)
 * "Filmed Initiative" (1998)
 * "The Year of Occasional Lull" (1998)
 * "(The) Weight" (1998)
 * "Steward" (split) (2000)
 * "Home is Where it Hurts" (2001)
 * "Photographers" (2001)
 * "You Show No Emotion at All" (2002)
 * "Themselves" (split) (2004)
 * "The Lost You" (2004)
 * "The Negatives" (2005)

title: Hood (band)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Even Piell

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Merge and redirect to Minor Jedi characters in Star Wars. I count 3 merge, 1 keep, and 3 delete. Since the merge was already done, I will redirect this article to preserve the edit history. Deathphoenix 03:18, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Even Piell
Very minor character from a Star Wars film. Radiant! 18:56, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge somewhere or keep, if it's a minor character. Kappa 19:54, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Is every fictional character in the "Jedi Council" noteworthy enough for their own article on Wikipedia?  How is notability calculated and determined?  "Even Piell" turns up precisely 390 unique google hits.     No vote. GRider\talk 20:02, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I am merging this with Minor Jedi characters in Star Wars. -- Riffsyphon1024 20:06, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Someone should now make this a redirect page to Minor Jedi characters in Star Wars. -- Riffsyphon1024 23:04, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have redirected it to the aforementioned article. -- Riffsyphon1024 21:42, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge (preferred) or keep. I have an action figure of that guy! Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  21:58, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Megan1967 00:02, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The place to expand on this character is the Minor Jedi page I am linking to. I've already put him on there. This Vfd should be lifted and the page redirected to the link. -- Riffsyphon1024 02:18, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. You could make an action figure of anything with the name 'Star Wars' on it and someone will buy it. Average Earthman 00:26, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * You're correct. http://www.starstore.com/acatalog/R1_G4_figure.jpg Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 15:47, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Then does that make him eligible for the Minor droids in Star Wars article? -- Riffsyphon1024 05:28, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Fancruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 07:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Starcruft. --Bucephalus 14:40, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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KDLD

KDLD is a commercial FM radio station in Santa Monica, California, broadcasting to the Greater Los Angeles area on 103.1 MHz. KDLE is a commercial FM radio station in Newport Beach, California, broadcasting to the Orange County area on 103.1 MHz.

KDLD and KDLE simulcast a Mexican cumbia music format branded as "Viva 103.1" on their analog and main HD Radio signals. The two stations' studios are located in Los Angeles on the Miracle Mile. The KDLD transmitter is located in Baldwin Hills, while KDLE's transmitter is based in Irvine.

History
Prior to 1991, the 103.1 frequencies in Los Angeles and Orange County operated as two separate stations, KSRF in Santa Monica and KOCM in Newport Beach.

KSRF in Santa Monica
KSRF began broadcasting on December 22, 1960, and was the area's first easy listening formatted FM station. The station was branded "K-Surf". It was located in the lobby of King Neptune's Kingdom at Pacific Ocean Park, and featured brightly hued plastic panels, illuminated by changing lights. It was almost entirely automated, utilizing advanced technology for the era. In addition to easy listening music, the station broadcast stock market and weather reports.

Originally owned by the Santa Monica Broadcasting Company, owned by J.D. and C.D. Funk, the station was sold in 1962 to Pacific Ocean Broadcasting, which was a subsidiary of Pacific Ocean Park, for $49,183. In 1965, the station was sold to the Santa Monica Broadcasting Company for $135,000, with controlling interest owned by George Baron, who had been general manager of KSRF since its founding. The station's studio was moved out of Pacific Ocean Park in 1969, and in 1971 its transmitter was moved to the Lawrence Welk Plaza building in Santa Monica. In 1985, KSRF dropped its beautiful music format, and adopted a soft adult contemporary format. Radio Broadcasters, Inc., acquired KSRF in 1986 for $5,250,000.

(The KSRF call letters are now assigned to a Contemporary Hawaiian and Reggae station in Poipu, Hawaii.)

KOCM in Newport Beach
103.1 MHz in Newport Beach was issued its construction permit in 1958, as KAJS, named for its owner, Arnold J. Stone. Stone sold the station to Western Enterprises Limited for $2,500 the following year. In 1960, KAJS was sold to Newport-Costa Mesa Broadcasting for $3,000, and its call sign was changed to KNBB the following year. The station began broadcasting on January 8, 1962.

Success Broadcasting acquired KNBB for $34,750 in 1964 and changed its call letters to KOCM (later said to stand for "Orange County Music" ) on January 28 of that year. KOCM aired an easy listening format. In 1979, Hutton Broadcasting purchased the station for $2 million. In 1981, the station was sold to Donrey Media Group for $2 million. In 1986, the station began to play more vocals and fewer instrumentals, and shifted to a soft AC format. When Donrey opted to focus on its newspapers and sell its six radio stations in 1986, the station was sold to Financial Capital Broadcasting Co. of Miami for $2.95 million.

(Since 2007, the KNBB calls have been assigned to a sports-formatted station in Dubach, Louisiana.)

Mars-FM
In 1991, Ken Roberts, former owner of KROQ-FM, bought KSRF and KOCM for $17.8 million and immediately expressed his desire to convert the two stations, which interfered with each other, into a simulcast. Former KROQ engineer Frank Martin installed new transmitters and the TFT "Reciter" synchronization system to accomplish the simulcast. Stan Salek at Hammett and Edison of San Francisco published a paper at the 1992 National Association of Broadcasters convention on the case study for synchronization of KSRF and KOCM.

On May 24, 1991, the two stations began simulcasting a techno-rock format as "Mars-FM". Club DJ Swedish Egil left KROQ-FM to join the new Mars-FM as music director, along with fellow KROQ alum Freddy Snakeskin, who became Mars-FM's program director. On-air personalities at "Mars-FM" included "Big" Ron O'Brien, Raechel Donahue, Don Bolles, Rob Francis, Holly Adams, Tony Largo, Christian B, Mike Fright (Mike Ivankay) and Dave Alexander. On August 19, 1992, Mars-FM's format was changed and the entire air-staff was let go.

Jazz FM
On September 7, 1992, the 103.1 simulcast became a jazz station as "Jazz FM 103.1" using the call letters KAJZ/KBJZ. Air-staff included Dave Fennoy, Brooke Jones, and China Smith. In June 1994, the stations' call signs were changed to KACD/KBCD as a promotional tie-in to a service the station offered, where one could purchase a CD of music played on the station by dialing an 800 number. In October 1994, the station began airing Egil Aalvik Music Co.'s syndicated programs "Groove Radio International", "The House Groove", and "Planet Reggae", Friday and Saturday nights.

(KBJZ is now a low-power jazz and variety station in Juneau, Alaska.)

CD 103.1
On April 24, 1995, the station adopted a hot AC format, branded as "CD 103.1". Music from the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s was played in 15-minute blocks.

Groove Radio
On June 21, 1996, at 6 p.m., the station adopted a dance music format, branded "Groove Radio". Swedish Egil returned as program director. Groove Radio had a morning drive time show hosted by Jim "The Poorman" Trenton, an L.A. radio veteran and one of the two original co-hosts of the radio show "Loveline" on KROQ. Other on-air personalities included Joe "The Boomer" Servantez, Holly Adams, Christian B, China Smith, and Swedish Egil.

In August 1997, Egil was forced out of the station after the owners once again decided that they wanted the station to go in a mainstream direction, and the station was rebranded "Groove 103.1", since Egil owned rights to the "Groove Radio" name. On September 18, 1997, the owners switched it to a rhythmic contemporary format, but after the flooding of negative feedback crashed their voicemail system, they brought the Dance format back a week later, continuing with an electronica-intensive dance hits format for a year. In 1998, KACD and KBCD were sold to Jacor Communications for $35 million, and on October 12, 1998, at Noon, after playing "Children" by Robert Miles, the stations began simulcasting Jacor's KIIS-FM.

Channel 103.1
At 5 p.m. on October 19, 1998, the simulcast ended and the station adopted an adult album alternative (AAA) format, programmed by Nicole Sandler. The format was launched with a speech by Sandler. The first song played was "People Get Ready" by Ziggy Marley. The station was branded "Channel 103.1" with the slogan "World Class Rock". Program director Nicole Sandler was also afternoon DJ and Andy Chanley, previously with KLYY (Y107), handled the morning shift.

In 2000, after Clear Channel merged with AMFM, the company would own too many stations in the Los Angeles area, according to Federal Communications Commission rules. It was decided that KACD and KBCD would be sold, due to their small listenership, the fact that they counted as two stations, and the fact that they did not cover the entire Los Angeles market. Channel 103.1 would continue to be heard on the internet, on a full-time web stream at channel1031.com and worldclassrock.com, which lasted until August 2001. "Channel 103.1" also began to air on AM 850 KACD in Thousand Oaks, California, primarily for the purposes of music-licensing, and to keep the station listed in Arbitron.

Super Estrella
KACD and KBCD were sold to Entravision Communications, a company known for its Spanish language outlets, for $85 million. At 9 a.m. on August 28, 2000, the stations adopted a Spanish hits format as "Super Estrella" (Super Star), as part of a simulcast with 97.5 KSSE in Riverside, California. In 2001, the stations' call signs were changed to KSSC and KSSD.

KDL 103.1
In January 2003, Entravision moved the "Super Estrella" format to the newly acquired 107.1 signals from Big City Radio, which today use the call letters KSSE/KSSC/KSSD. The 103.1 FM simulcast was flipped back to dance once again, this time as "KDL 103.1" using the call letters KDLD and KDLE. The format was modeled after KKDL in Dallas. In December 2003, Entravision entered into an agreement with Clear Channel, wherein Clear Channel would sell the advertising on KDLD and KDLE, and on December 22, the station began airing Christmas music, with plans on switching to an alternative rock format after December 25, eliminating the competition with Clear Channel's KIIS and directing it toward CBS Radio's KROQ.

Indie 103.1

On December 25, 2003, at 11 PM, KDL suddenly rang out with the song "James Brown is dead!" and "Indie 103.1" was launched, with The Ramones' "We Want The Airwaves" and The Clash's "This Is Radio Clash" being the first two songs played, which were followed by a series of new songs that had never seen commercial airplay before, setting the tone for what would become a musically adventurous and rebellious radio station. The station was launched by program director Michael Steele, music director Mark Sovel, and disc jockey TK.

For a month, the station ran with no commercials or disc jockeys and featured only the voices of listeners from phones messages left on the request line voice mail. Many of the phone messages were angry listeners yelling "You guys suck!" and "What happened to 'KDL the party station'".

The logo for "Indie 103.1" was designed by "André the Giant Has a Posse/OBEY Giant" street artist Shepard Fairey, who would later achieve fame as the designer of Barack Obama's "Hope" poster for his 2008 presidential campaign.

On February 10, 2004, at Noon, the first live DJ appeared on "Indie 103.1": Steve Jones — guitarist, songwriter, and founding member of the Sex Pistols. His program, Jonesy's Jukebox, became famous for its freeform music and Jones' unorthodox delivery style which included long pauses, belches, and the frequent whistling of songs. Jonesys' producer (Indie 103.1 music director Mark Sovel) was dubbed "Mr. Shovel" by Jones and became his on-air foil. The second DJ to appear was TK. Steele actively recruited L.A. based music notables for the airstaff. Within its first year, "Indie" (as it came to be known) was airing live original programs hosted by Rob Zombie, Henry Rollins, The Crystal Method, Christian B and Dave Navarro.

Indie 103.1 quickly grew in popularity among listeners around the Los Angeles area and around the world, although due to limited signal range it was never a ratings winner. In 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine declared Indie 103.1 "America's Coolest Commercial Station", and in April 2008, the same publication voted Indie the "Best Radio Station" in the country.

In March 2006, Dicky Barrett of The Mighty Morning Show was dismissed by the station. He was replaced by Joe Escalante, who called his show "The Last Of The Famous International Morning Shows". Escalante's morning show included daily appearances by film director David Lynch, who served as weatherman, and actor Timothy Olyphant, who served as a sports commentator. The show also featured a weekly wine tasting and education hour called "Wino Wednesday", and hosted a number of celebrity guests including Crispin Glover, Christina Ricci, Pat Buchanan, Will Ferrell, Maynard James Keenan, Werner Herzog, Phil Donahue, Kristen Stewart, Harry Shearer, Dennis Hopper, and Andy Dick.

In February 2007, program director Michael Steele left and was replaced by Max "Mad Max" Tolkoff of XETRA-FM (Tijuana/San Diego, "91X") fame. On August 19, 2008, station manager Dawn Girocco announced her departure from the station. Starting in October 2008, longtime specialty shows were either dropped ("Feel My Heat", "Community Service", "Head Trip", "Big Sonic Heaven", "Camp Freddy Radio") or moved to weekends ("Harmony in My Head"). Upon the cancellation of his roots music show "Watusi Rodeo," Chris Morris accused the station of "now being styled as KROQ Jr." in an effort to increase the station's ratings.

In November 2008, Escalante stated he was giving up the morning show but would continue to host an expanded two-hour version of his legal-advice show, "Barely Legal Radio."

On January 15, 2009, Entravision made the decision to drop the "Indie" format. At 10 a.m. that day, after departing station personalities bade farewell to listeners, "Indie" signed off with versions of "My Way" by both Frank Sinatra and Sid Vicious. A 5-song loop and a pre-recorded message urging listeners to listen to the station online was then repeated on the air until midnight on January 17, 2009.

References to "Indie 103.1" were seen in the Fox TV show The O.C., the movie Grandma's Boy, and the MTV show Punk'd.

Spanish language formats
After the demise of "Indie", the simulcast flipped to regional Mexican as "103.1 El Gato". The format would later shift to Spanish adult hits as "José". On January 8, 2018, KDLD and KDLE dropped Spanish adult hits and reverted to the regional Mexican format as "La Tricolor".

On July 26, 2018, at 10:04 a.m., "Super Estrella" returned on 103.1 featuring a Rock en español format.

On December 16, 2019, KDLD/KDLE changed their format to Mexican cumbia, branded as "Viva 103.1".

Signal coverage
When the signals were synchronized, they consisted of a 3,000-watt directional signal in Santa Monica and 2,570-watt non-directional signal in Newport Beach. However, in late 2005, an attempt was made to improve signal coverage by adding an extra 700 watts to the Santa Monica transmitter and removing the gain antenna to provide a non-directional signal. The transmitter in Newport Beach was moved a few miles south to a mountain south of Newport Beach, downgrading power to 300 watts but tripling the height. The Newport Beach transmitter was made directional, sending the signal northeast and southwest. This fixed the problem of poor signal along the coastal cities and in Orange County, California. Nevertheless, the combined signals still have poor coverage in some areas of Los Angeles County, notably so in the San Fernando and San Gabriel valleys.

title: KDLD


text:
Comparison of DOS operating systems

This article details versions of MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS, and at least partially compatible disk operating systems. It does not include the many other operating systems called "DOS" which are unrelated to IBM PC compatibles.

Historical and licensing information
Originally MS-DOS was designed to be an operating system that could run on any computer with a 8086-family microprocessor. It competed with other operating systems written for such computers, such as CP/M-86 and UCSD Pascal. Each computer would have its own distinct hardware and its own version of MS-DOS, a situation similar to the one that existed for CP/M, with MS-DOS emulating the same solution as CP/M to adapt for different hardware platforms. So there were many different original equipment manufacturer (OEM) versions of MS-DOS for different hardware. But the greater speed attainable by direct control of hardware was of particular importance, especially when running computer games. So very soon an IBM-compatible architecture became the goal, and before long all 8086-family computers closely emulated IBM hardware, and only a single version of MS-DOS for a fixed hardware platform was all that was needed for the market. This specific version of MS-DOS is the version that is discussed here, as all other versions of MS-DOS died out with their respective systems. One version of such a generic MS-DOS (Z-DOS) is mentioned here, but there were dozens more. All these were for personal computers that used an 8086-family microprocessor, but which were not fully IBM PC compatible.

title: Comparison of DOS operating systems


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Euroislam

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:35, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Euroislam
Neologism. Doesn't google. (note, translated from German wikipedia) Radiant! 19:19, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable neologism. Megan1967 23:58, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Google is giving me 4620 hits, but some of the top websites point to this article to prove their definition. Definitely a neologism, perhaps someone using WP to grind their own axe. HyperZonktalk 18:20, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like a neologism. - Mustafaa 22:01, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with above --Neigel von Teighen 22:02, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete DJ Clayworth 04:21, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.