text:
Talk:Electrophorus electricus

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 September 2020 and 11 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Epaulin7.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:24, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Query about voltage
500 volts relative to what? How is this measured? - Omegatron 21:17, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * There are tools that can measure voltage, and experiments have been done. Electriccatfish2 (talk) 14:46, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Presumably one end of the eel relative to the other. It would be good to have more on the physics of how it all works, don't have any refs myself. Stan 00:57, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

When it attacks prey, I would expect the eel would have to contact the prey at two points to deliver a significant-enough shock. I shouldn't think that a one-point contact with a return path through muddy freshwater would deliver enough voltage or current. Does it flip its tail around to touch the prey, or at least to come close, while making a solid bite? Surely some zoologist has written about this creature.216.73.192.204 (talk) 09:02, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

 * River water has a resistivity of 200 Ohm meters, so for every meter of distance between the terminals of an electrical device, there is 200 ohms. Because water acts like a continuous resistor, it's slightly different at every point around the eel, but supposing that an eel is 2 meters long, and a fish is 1 meter to its side, then the electric field line through the point where the fish is would be about 4 meters long, or causing 800 ohms of resistance. The fish itself probably has an internal resistance of 1000 ohms, so altogether 1800 ohms. 500 Volts / 1800 Ohms = 227 mA of current. This is enough to kill pretty much anything. The eel, however, can only maintain this for a few microseconds. --Dusvb (talk) 16:16, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

Any ideas on whether electric eels actually shock each other? Been trying to dig up this little tidbit of information but haven't found much on it. SavannahLion 05:41, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, they can shock each other. Electriccatfish2 (talk) 14:47, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

Other species
You might want to include the Southern Stargazer as a marine fish with electric organelles. 65.8.112.216 16:09, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Well what's stopping you from doing it? --67.50.233.199 23:55, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Inconsistancy
I am seeing that it says 650 volts at the top and then 600 in the section after anatomy. I really need to know as I am doing a report on it -HeatherLion Does the eel produce 650 volts or only 500? The top of the article says 650 and the bottom says 500 --67.50.233.199 23:55, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

--depends on the size and age of the eel. around 6ft I hear they produce 600ish a smaller one of 3-4 feet will produce 4-500 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Monsters#Season_3:_2011 episode 19. Was very interesting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.133.18.67 (talk) 15:54, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

I just saw on NatGeo that electric eels of 2m or bigger (usually never get larger than 2.5m) can produce electroshocks up to 750 volts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.134.186.174 (talk) 23:49, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

In the aquarium of the zoo of Stuttgart, Germany, there is an electric eel with an voltmeter monitor outside for the visitors. On a frequent base it reaches shocks of up to 750 volts. I can't say how accurate this voltmeter is working but I don't think there is a point in fooling visitors. 95.208.116.150 (talk) 11:36, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

The Guardian reported the finding of two new electric eel species, one of them delivers shocks of 860 V.Shocking news: world's most powerful electric eel found in Amazon. Retrieved 11 Sep 2019 Naamloze gebruiker (talk) 10:56, 11 September 2019 (UTC)

Electric Eel song
Here's a silly lyric I wrote about an electric eel:

 * An electric eel, with the zeal of a seal
 * Was trying like me to get out of the sea;
 * When a mermaid appeared, and as we much feared
 * Began living her day in a lack-a-day way, singing:

 * "Electric eel, you have such a good appeal
 * That I just do not feel you are real.
 * So come to me here, I do need you near;
 * I do need your shocks on these rocks."

Matt Stan 08:56, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Electric eels do not live in saltwater.--92.118.191.48 (talk) 00:47, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

ROFL... strangest contribution I've ever seen to a talk page... and that's saying a lot62.107.24.213 (talk) 21:55, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Sometimes, when I'm sad, I come here and read this song. Then I'm a little less sad, and the worlds a little better. GhostJackal (talk) 20:48, 16 August 2017 (UTC)

How long do shocks last
It says the eel can produce 1 Amp of current or 500W of power. These statistics do not make sense without knowing how long the shock lasts.. clearly they can't produce 500W continuously 155.198.32.43 17:39, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

power(watts) = volts x amps. What is being show is that at a rating of 500V at 1.0A, the eel is capable of producing 500 watts (ie. 500 joules of energy per second). So if it produces a shock of 500 volts at 1 amp for 10 seconds, thats 500 x 10 = 5000 joules of energy. Hope that clears things up. --124.182.172.55 (talk) 16:58, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Monsters#Season_3:_2011 episode 19 can shock for around an hour, as discovered by the conquistador that tried to discharge em to capture. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.133.18.67 (talk) 15:56, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Deadliness
There was a sentence that read: "The shock is not deadly for an adult human, while a large electric eel can shock a horse to death."

Now, that makes little sense. Firstly, I'm pretty sure that a horse can survive an electric shock better than a human. Second, the sentence originally did NOT include the word "not", that was changed later. Thirdly, if it IS "not", then the "while" makes no sense, and should be a "but" or something.

I've changed it back to "The shock IS deadly", and I changed the while to an "and" to make the sentence flow better.

I've done this mostly on grammatical comparison and what I hope is common sense. If someone knows better, please fix it, but make it read nicely. Thanks! Trainik 21:23, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Currently the article states without reference: "(Electrocution death is due to current flow; the level of current that is fatal in humans is roughly 0.75A.)" which is incorrect according to my source. Whether the electric eel is capable of producing a fatal shock in humans is a different matter. This should be cited from reports, rather than worked out based on 'theory' using the (also unreferenced) claim: "capable of producing a shock at up to 500 volts and 1 ampere of current" http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~p616/safety/fatal_current.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.210.39.5 (talk) 09:16, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

Fires Electricity
By doing that it creates electricity, and fires it at its prey

I don't believe you can "fire" electricity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.157.8.59 (talk) 03:18, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * To "fire" is a technical term often used in biology to describe what happens when a fast-acting organ or cell does its thing. For instance, neurons "fire"; so do nematocysts (the organs jellyfish and such use to sting prey).  It seems reasonable that firing would also be the term for what an electric eel's electric organs do. 216.75.183.126 (talk) 00:41, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

 * For neurons it makes sense but I think in the context of an electric eel this word suggests some kind of exact aiming at prey in a form of an electric beam. In my mind this sentence produced the image of emperor Palpatine in Star Wars episode VI "firing" at Luke. I think many readers interpret the word "firing" as a form of beam instead of just discharging by touching the prey. 95.208.116.150 (talk) 11:40, 20 September 2013 (UTC)

The organs that an eel has are able to conduct electricity. Is it possible for a human to gain these organs and conduct electricity themselves? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.134.162.191 (talk) 05:05, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Ordinary humans already conduct electricity. That is verifiable by trivial experiment with a digital multimeter.  It is not plausible that an electric eel's electric organs could be transplanted into a human and remain functional so as to give the human the eel's zapping powers.  We don't have anything like that level of transplantation technology. 216.75.183.126 (talk) 00:41, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

electricity
what did they call the electric eel before the discovery of electricity? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.185.80.187 (talk) 21:03, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

i removed the following:

is deadly to an adult human and a large electric eel can shock a horse to death

it is an obvious exaggeration of the truth. first, horses are known to be less resistant to electrical shock than humans. second, there are no known cases of humans killed by electric eels. none what so ever!! (this is incorrect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Monsters#Season_3:_2011 episode 19)

 * lol at this person providing the River Monsters URL. Not only is it ridiculous to use Wikipedia as a source for another Wikipedia article, but Discovery network shows (such as Animal Planet) are the furthest from reliable nowadays.  If you take claims made on River Monsters to be true, you must also conclude Big Foot and the Loch Ness Monster are real, that aliens were responsible for every one of man's great architectural achievements, and that the bible is 100% historically factual (but with all the violence and sexuality removed, of course).  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.65.84.106 (talk) 15:18, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

the all theory behind Electrophorus electricus is severely misunderstood. the values are merely theoretical, the fish itself couldn't resist a 600W jolt. it merely uses it's abilities to stun small fishes. The fact that is has 10.000 electricity, gives a wrong impression. The fish doesn't use them all at once, in fact the number allows the fish a repeating high frequency set of small discharges, which are a lot more efficient against their prey: small, elusive fishes. If anyone is in doubt just consider the likelihood of a small fish having the power to deliver continuous 600W discharges just to kill a fish which wold provide less than that energy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.193.59.146 (talk) 02:00, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

to the guy stating that a horse can stand electric shocks better than a human! Guess again! Having a less isolated nervous system, horses, when submitted to shock conduct electricity directly to the brain, and so are, several times, less resistant to shock than humans. In fact, electric fences have to take this in consideration ,so they only output around 0,1A or less. A man can resist 1.000, 1 Amp CC discharge. Just to put things in perspective, an electric chair has 2.000v 5 amps AC. That's 10.000 Watts and usually it takes several seconds to guarantee death. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.193.59.146 (talk) 02:11, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

logic
water is a good conductor of electricity. Electric eel lives on the sea, and sea is a body of water. When an electric eel discharges some 650 volts / 1 ampere of electricity is there a way that other than its prey some fishes might be shocked or stunned with its charge too? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.127.82.4 (talk) 09:39, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Not really. The (conventional) current will flow from the positive termial of the eel to the neagtive terminal, travelling through the water near to the eel. Most of the current will flow close to the eel, and the current flowing further from the eel will decrease pretty fast as distance increases. However, technically some current will still flow at an arbitrary distance, assuming an unbounded expanse of water (this problem is non-trivial and is similar to an infinite grid of resistors problem), but this will become immesurable extremely quickly (I would hazard on a scale of a few metres).
 * This is in contrast to, say, a lighning strike on water, where a large quantity of current is injected into the water at a point and dissipates. hs This not a true circuit (the electric charge was built up in the clouds and released into the water, but does not return.*), the current will not flow in a locally identifiable loop, and so the current density (i.e. current per m^2 cross section of water) will decrease more slowly. However it will strill decrease further from the strike as the current carriers "spread out".
 * *Yes I know about the return path, but there is still a net transfer of charge. The initial stike provides a path for this to flow TO the cloud. This is the same as tranfer of oppositely charged particles TO the sea.87.194.203.205 (talk) 22:19, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Electric Eels do not live in the sea...174.125.224.66 (talk) 16:07, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

Edible?
Are electric eels edible? 160.39.90.98 (talk) 18:30, 29 January 2008 (UTC) NO!!!! Don't even get near one, however the article does talk about a way to catch them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.251.148.76 (talk) 22:54, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

They are edible, and are considered a delicacy by certain Amazon peoples. The method of catching them is very different to 'tiring' them as described in the article. The tribesmen will temporarily poison ponds by using a certain bark to cause the water to become very white and cloudy - I do not know what plant they use for this.(user from down under, its called the fish kill plant) They are careful not to get the water on themselves. The electric eel and other fish are then forced to the surface where they are speared. This fish is then clubbed when speared out of the water. The tribesmen make sure to never actually let the fish touch them until long after it is dead - for fear of electric shocks. Cerumol2 (talk) 09:57, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

What is it, despite its name?
Despite its name it is not an eel at all but rather a knifefish. [...] Despite its name, the electric eel is not related to eels but is more closely related to catfish. -Koala man (talk) 15:55, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

It is a knifefish, which are closely related to catfish. -173.85.201.28 (talk) 23:14, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

Anatomy image?
I think it would be really interesting to have an image of the anatomy of the fish. Shinobu (talk) 09:20, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Garbled sentence
Just to draw attention to a garbled sentence in the text (current version)

 * These signals are what is thoughare emitted by the main organ [...etc...]

— Alan✉ 20:18, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Removed non-English name "temblador"
Removed mention of the non-English name "temblador" from the lead. This is English-language Wikipedia. AFAIK, good en Wikipedia practice is not to include non-english names in articles. No mention of the name "temblador" (relative to this fish) found in English Google -Wikipedia. -- Writtenonsand (talk) 02:42, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

What was it called by locals? Electricity being european concept. (Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus, 1766) )  (109.240.48.37 (talk) 13:00, 2 December 2016 (UTC))

Edit request from Gymnotus, 31 May 2010
editsemiprotected

Please add the following citation to the section on reproduction:

Assuncao, M.I. da Silva and H.O. Schwassmann, 1995. Reproduction and larval development of Electrophorus electricus on Marajo Island (Para, Brazil). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 6(2):175-184.

Gymnotus (talk) 14:55, 31 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done, thanks! haz (talk) 16:32, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from 195.234.27.10, 18 July 2010
At the end of the article, reference number 5 has, right in the middle, "Expression error: Unrecognised word "jean"" in red. Why is this? Needs to be fixed. 195.234.27.10 (talk) 09:09, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

195.234.27.10 (talk) 09:09, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Algebraist 10:22, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Edit request
In the section Anatomy: "Electrophorus has a well developed sense of hearing. " There is no need for Electrophorus to be bold and italic there. Also I don't see why the subject has to be "electrophorus" instead of "electric eels" or "the electric eel"... This looks quite weird as it is. Rorrima (talk) 11:45, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Macro-scale Energy Synthesis
It can be deduced that since the electric eel is just the result of genetic information that is carried out through cellular dynamics..that this same genetic infomration can be utilized to synthesize a genome of a macro-scale organism that is capable of generating a virtually limit-less wattage potential (an immobile non-intelligent biochemical powerplant)..depending upon the glucose input. It should also be noted that it is theoretically plausible to encode biochemical pathways that are capable of creating the glucose necessary to run the processes of the organism. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Glitterinsewield (talk • contribs) 08:08, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Rubbish (again) about Volts and Amperes
Saying that an eel can deliver 1 Ampere current does not say it will generate a current of 1 Ampere to humans. The current is always calculated using Ohm's I = U / R. The error is often seen where certain sources have a max current. I believe this should be edited. Wezkoh (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 18:09, 10 January 2011 (UTC).

Edit request from Iclemens, 3 February 2011
edit semi-protected

Last link in the article (to projecteel.com) is incorrect.

Iclemens (talk) 10:49, 3 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Thanks. -Atmoz (talk) 14:56, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Are the shocks widly spreadable??? No. they are not — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lithine (talk • contribs) 14:19, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

"Electrocution is due to current flow"
"Electrocution is due to current flow" isn't this phrase redundant? Current is already a flow of electrons. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.136.8.137 (talk) 07:13, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

AC or DC?
I see a lot of argument among amateurs and even sort-of-professionals as to whether the electric eel's current is AC or DC. The article doesn't seem to cover this mystery; which is it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.85.201.28 (talk) 23:11, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

I think that you will find that these creatures create pulses of voltage and not a constant voltage of either AC or DC. What I would love to see added to one of these electric fish pages, in general, is an oscillograph of the pulses. The pulses could be bipolar, i.e. one positive and the next negative which would be more like AC. I also have a feeling that the 500V or 650V created is open circuit voltage and when they supply 1 amp, that this may be loaded down somewhat and not actually at that high voltage. So, what would be needed would be an I-V curve, such as you would find from a photovoltaic solar panel. This information might be located in a marine science journal or something I am guessing. I wonder what their MPP (Maximum Power Point) voltage is ?

boB

boB K7IQ (talk) 01:52, 22 November 2014 (UTC)

 * There's plenty published on this. As you'd expect from theorising about their electrochemistry, the overall waveform is a pulse with an AC aspect to it and little overall DC current flow.
 * ''Evolution of electrosensory and electromotor systems
 * Proximate and ultimate causes of signal diversity in the electric fish Gymnotus''
 * W. G. R. Crampton, A. Rodríguez-Cattáneo, N. R. Lovejoy, A. A. Caputi
 * Journal of Experimental Biology 2013 216: 2523-2541; doi: 10.1242/jeb.083261
 * http://jeb.biologists.org/content/216/13/2523
 * has an interesting comparison chart between species. Andy Dingley (talk) 14:03, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

Defensive behavior
Article about electric eels rising from the water to deliver a stronger shock, apparently in response to their perception of any conductor as a threat: http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/14/550935136/its-like-an-electric-fence-sensation-says-scientist-who-let-an-eel-shock-his-arm 134.204.228.36 (talk) 22:56, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

Poor vision due to eye damage?
I was trying to confirm that the electric eel has poor vision. Remember reading that the repeated shocks damaged its own eyes. Long time ago, but I think the same source mentioned that the electric field could help sense the prey. Shanen (talk) 11:08, 10 March 2019 (UTC)
 * It lives in turbid conditions that are pretty much "liquid mud". Even perfect eyes wouldn't see well. Animals in such environments rarely bother with good eyesight. Andy Dingley (talk) 12:01, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

The eel never sleeps? How can it avoid death from exhaustion that way?
> As obligate air-breathers, electric eels must rise to the surface every ten minutes or so to inhale before returning to the bottom. Nearly eighty percent of the oxygen used by the fish is obtained in this way.

If that was true than the electric eel couldn't ever sleep, needing to run its brain and muscles continously for the frequent surface/dive cycles, but lack of sleep leads to death eventually? 91.83.173.143 (talk) 19:15, 14 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Fish show some signs of behavioral rest and physiological "sleep" but it's not the same as in mammals. See Sleep in fish. If you have sources that would be relevant to electric eels, feel free to add a tidbit about rest. I didn't see anything promising in a very quick search. Rhinopias (talk) 19:37, 15 April 2019 (UTC)

Two proposed new species
An article in Nature Communications proposes two new species, Electrophorus electricus, E. voltai, and E. varii. E. electricus primarily occupies the Guiana Shield, E. voltai the Brazilian Shield, and E. varii the lowland Amazon Basin.

Primary source:

Suggested secondary sources: * This source is not considered reliable davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)  17:20, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I took the liberty of adding the proposed names of the new species . If that's not ok, feel free to revert. ---Sluzzelin talk  22:45, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

Voltai
Somebody should tell C. David de Santana et al. that in Latin the genitive of Volta is Voltae, not Voltai. Sigh! Pasquale (talk) 23:08, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

footnotes and references
I notice there's a section 'footnotes' and a section 'references'. The footnotes are nearly all references which makes it quite a mess, in my opinion. I don't know how to fix it, don't know what is the right way to merge them. Maybe someone can look into this. Cheers. Naamloze gebruiker (talk) 10:59, 11 September 2019 (UTC)

Does this article exist?
Can anyone provide a link to this source or confirm that it is real?

"Wheeler; et al. (1995). "Practical considerations in the handling and care of electric eels". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 43 (9): 53–57."

I've been trying to find it somewhere online but had no luck so far. The volume/issue numbers in the citation don't seem to make sense, considering the journal started in 1904 and was in the neighborhood of 270 volumes by 1995. So unless I'm looking in the wrong places, I'm not sure we can rely on it or the information about the shock being equivalent to that of a stun gun. --StarStuffScience (talk) 23:00, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * nice catch. This is the list of articles by "Wheeler" in the journal - no dice. And I can't find any mention of that title anywhere, except in Wikipedia mirrors. So this looks to be a fake. Feel free to remove the passage entirely, or I can do it. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 23:19, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I knew that biology degree would finally come in handy. If you could remove the passage and the fake reference, I would appreciate it. I just made this account so it doesn't yet have permission to edit semi-protected pages. I suggest deleting everything after the first sentence of the paragraph that starts with "In the electric eel, some 5,000 to 6,000..." and then merging that first sentence with the paragraph below it. Feel free to ignore me though and change it however you see fit. --StarStuffScience (talk) 20:53, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
 * While you're at it, you may or may not consider removing reference [10] "The Guardian: Shocking news: world's most powerful electric eel found in Amazon. Retrieved 11 Sep 2019" if you want. It's just a guardian article about reference [2] "de Santana, C. David (2019)", so it may just be a redundant secondary source. I'm still learning wikipedia's best practices so I apologize if that's a silly suggestion. --StarStuffScience (talk) 20:53, 24 November 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 22:34, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

Proposed split
Since there are three species is is only logical that there be two more articles created — Preceding unsigned comment added by TheDarkMaster2 (talk • contribs) 01:34, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Not necessarily. Not every named species gets its own wikipedia article. There are about 1.15 million names species, and enwiki has 6.26 million articles..if one sixth of all the articles on enwiki were individual biological species, that would be a bit ridiculous. Firejuggler86 (talk) 19:18, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Agree with . There is now content which refers to only one of the three species (and I'm sure more can be found), and IMO this article should now be renamed to the species name, the general stuff moved to the genus article, and "Electric eel" should refer to the genus. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 04:05, 23 May 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 23 May 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved, with Electrophorus (fish) also being moved to Electric eel. (closed by non-admin page mover) Elli (talk | contribs) 04:07, 10 June 2021 (UTC)

Electric eel → Electrophorus electricus – See above. I think this one needs to be species-specific, and "Electric eel" should redirect to Electrophorus (fish). It'll only get worse over time if it's not done now. Also, large sections of this article probably rightly belong in the genus article. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 04:11, 23 May 2021 (UTC) —Relisting. Elli (talk | contribs) 04:55, 3 June 2021 (UTC)
 * If Electric eel should redirect to Electrophorus (fish) as the primary redirect, then Electrophorus (fish) should probably just be moved to Electric eel as the common name. Rreagan007 (talk) 19:06, 23 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, good point, . I think that this article would probably first need to be moved to Electrophorus electricus, then the appropriate content moved out of that one into the genus article, and then get the genus article moved over the remaining redirect (i.e. this page - Electric eel). This way all article histories will more accurately reflect what's occurred. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 05:51, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support Electric eel → Electrophorus electricus, Electrophorus (fish) → Electric eel, if possible makes sense to do all the moves at once.
 * Support Electric eel → Electrophorus electricus and Electrophorus (fish) → Electric eel. Rreagan007 (talk) 17:50, 3 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electrophorus electricus


text:
Lewis Trondheim

Lewis Trondheim (born Laurent Chabosy,, on 11 December 1964) is a French cartoonist and one of the founders (in 1990) of the independent publisher L'Association. Both his silent comic La Mouche and Kaput and Zösky have been made into animated cartoons. He explained his choice of pseudonym after the Norwegian city of Trondheim as follows: "As a last name I wanted to use a city's name, but Lewis Bordeaux or Lewis Toulouse didn't sound so good. Then I thought about this city, Trondheim… Maybe someday I will publish a book under my real name, in order to remain anonymous."

Biography
Lewis Trondheim was first known as the author of Les formidables aventures de Lapinot (later to be translated to English as The Spiffy Adventures of McConey). He invented the character in the late 1980s as a way to learn cartooning. The result was an initial 500 page graphic novel, Lapinot et les carottes de Patagonie. All the while, he was publishing short stories for the satirical French magazine Psikopat.

After his book Slaloms was awarded what was then called the Alph'Art Coup de coeur (First comic book prize) in 1993, Trondheim was offered to bring his burgeoning series to a major publisher, Dargaud, while he continued churning out more personal books for L'Association and other independent French publishers such as Cornélius. From there onwards, Trondheim began to enjoy a steady rise in popularity.

The following years represented a period of increasing activity, as Trondheim began to work on many different projects. He first created La Mouche ("The Fly") for the Japanese market, and then redrew a French version from scratch, after which the character was adapted as an animated cartoon.

Trondheim's greatest breakthrough after Lapinot is arguably Dungeon (in French, Donjon), an ambitious series which he created with Joann Sfar, and which has enjoyed a fair amount of popular success.

In 1993, he married Brigitte Findakly, a comic colorist and screenwriter.

Trondheim's "retirement"
In 2004, after a long and intensive period during which he steadily released new books at a frantic pace, Lewis Trondheim announced he was more or less retiring from the world of comic strips, stating he did not want his passion to become a "job". He did draw and write a few stories within the following year, including a book reflecting on his decision to slow down, though the releases occurred at a much slower pace.

It was speculated he used this time partly to create another ambitious work, Le blog de Frantico, which was a blog BD (French webcomic in blog format) published daily on the web for a whole year under the Frantico pseudonym. In interviews and on his web sites, Trondheim alternately admits and denies having written Le blog de Frantico, though another author, Sébastien Lesage eventually stepped up and claimed to be the real author, saying he had asked Trondheim to help him maintain the mystery. To this day however, the true identity of Frantico remains unconfirmed.

Another recent Trondheim occupation is that of editorial director at Delcourt, where he manages Shampooing, a collection of comic books for young readers.

In 2006, Trondheim was awarded the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, arguably the most prestigious award in the field.

Awards

 * 1994: Award for First Comic Book at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France
 * 1999: 2 nominations for the Harvey Award for Best American Edition of Foreign Material
 * 2000: Best German-language Comic—Import at the Max & Moritz Prizes, Germany
 * - Inkpot Award, United States
 * - nomination for the Harvey Award for Best American Edition of Foreign Material
 * - nominated for Best Long Comic Strip at the Haxtur Awards, Spain

 * 2001: nomination for the Harvey Award for Best American Edition of Foreign Material
 * - nomination for the Humour Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
 * - nomination for Outstanding Story at the Ignatz Awards, USA

 * 2002: nomination for the Harvey Award for Best Presentation of Foreign Material
 * - nomination for the Dialogue Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival

 * 2004: Best International Series at the Prix Saint-Michel, Belgium
 * - nomination for the Series Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival

 * 2005: Series Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival
 * - nomination for the Prize for Artwork at the Angoulême International Comics Festival

 * 2006: Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême, France
 * 2007: nominated for the Ignatz Awards for Outstanding Series
 * 2008: nominated for the Eisner Awards for Best Short Story and Best Lettering
 * 2010: nominated for the Eisner Awards for Best Publication for Kids and Best U.S. Edition of International Material
 * - nominated for the Award for Best Youth Comic at the Prix Saint-Michel

 * 2016: Rudolph-Dirks-Award for Best Scenario for Ralph Azham and Herr Hase

English translations
Two volumes of McConey have been published in English by Fantagraphics in editions close to the original. In 2018, Dargaud also began releasing English translations with the title The Marvelous Adventures of McConey under the Europe Comics label. As of April 2018, three volumes have been published.

Fantagraphics has additionally published a range of shorter pieces by Trondheim in the comic The Nimrod. NBM has published Dungeon, both in comic book and graphic novel formats, as well as Little Nothings, a collection of autobiographical one-page vignettes. English versions of A.L.I.E.E.N. (retitled A.L.I.E.E.E.N.) and Le Roi Catastrophe (retitled Tiny Tyrant) have been published by First Second.

The complete Ralph Azham series has been published in four volumes by Super Genius, an imprint of Papercutz.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lewis Trondheim


text:
Stanisław Ferdynand Rzewuski

Stanisław Ferdynant Rzewuski (1737–1786) was a Polish noble (szlachcic). Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, awarded on 1760.

Born and raised in Marshal, he was the son of Hetman Wacław Rzewuski and Anna Lubomirska. He married the daughter of Hetman and Court Marshals  Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł, Katarzyna Karolina Radziwiłł on 13 June 1758 in Nieśwież. They had six children together: Seweryn Rzewuski, Adam Wawrzyniec Rzewuski, Teofilia Rzewuska, Anna Rzewuska, Franciszka Rzewuska and Karolina Rzewuska.

He was Rotmistrz Pancerny since 1755, Great Podstoli of Lithuania since 1759, Great Chorąży of Lithuania from 1762 to 1782, starost of Chełm and Field Marshal of Austria.

title: Stanisław Ferdynand Rzewuski


text: Category:Professional wrestling stubs

title: Category:Professional wrestling stubs


text:
Malcolm Jones III

Malcolm Jones III (1959–1996) was an American comic book artist best known as an inker on The Sandman, where he added his illustrative line and textures to the work of pencillers such as Mike Dringenberg, Kelley Jones, and Colleen Doran. He was also known for inking Denys Cowan's pencils on The Question.

Early life
Jones attended the High School of Art and Design with future Milestone Media co-founder Michael Davis. Later, he graduated from Pratt Institute.

Career
Jones made his professional comics debut inking Dennis Yee's pencils on "Cheap Labor", one of four stories in the DC Comics anthology comic book New Talent Showcase #15 (March 1985). His first regular job was as the inker on DC's Young All-Stars #1-20, in addition to Young All-Stars Annual #1 (1988) (though he did not ink issue #17).

He also pencilled his own work, including a Spider-Man story for Marvel Comics Presents, and the unpublished Coldblood mini-series for Marvel Comics.

Death
Jones died by suicide in 1996.

title: Malcolm Jones III


text:
Parkway Forest

Parkway Forest is a neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the north of the city, in the former suburb of North York. Parkway Forest is bounded on the west by Don Mills Road, on the north by Sheppard Avenue, on the east by the Don Valley Parkway, and on the south by Highway 401. It is contained within the city's officially designated neighbourhood of Henry Farm, although it is distinct in character from the residential community of that same name west of Don Mills Road. Parkway Forest is part of Ward 17 in the Toronto City Council, part of the new Don Valley North federal electoral district, and part of the Don Valley East provincial electoral district.

Parkway Forest is primarily residential, with luxury condominiums, high-rise rental apartment buildings, low-rise rental apartment buildings and townhouse complexes. The community has a large open park (Parkway Forest Park), a firehouse, a community center with outdoor pool, a shopping plaza (Parkway Forest Plaza) consisting of the neighbourhood's main grocery store (Foodland), and a public school (Forest Manor Public School) which goes from junior kindergarten to Grade 5. During the summer months, you can find many families with children playing in the large open park.

It sits directly to the south of the Fairview Mall shopping centre, and is served by the Don Mills subway station on the Toronto Transit Commission's Sheppard subway line.

Parkway Forest was initially developed as a "garden city" beginning in the late 1960s, with a mix of high- and low-rise apartments and townhouses. The majority of the neighbourhood's high-rise buildings were constructed between 1966 and 1972. An additional "affordable-housing development" was constructed at 121 Parkway Forest Drive in 2006, occupying what was previously the heavily wooded Forest Manor Park.

In early 2005, the North York Community Council committee of the Toronto City Council rejected a proposal to replace many of the low-rise apartment buildings and townhouses by seven high-rise condominium towers ranging in height from 39 to 49 storeys. A more modest proposal for neighbourhood redevelopment was later accepted as a new development called Emerald City. This plan included the demolition of mid-rise apartment buildings and townhouses with replacement units built as in-fill developments elsewhere in Parkway Forest. New condominium units were to be built to a maximum height of 36 storeys. In July 2009, construction of two 9-storey replacement rental towers began at the corner of Parkway Forest Drive and Sheppard Avenue. Construction has continued since that time; primarily with the addition of new townhouse, mid-rise, and high-rise residential buildings, but also with a new community centre, and public art.

Parkway Forest has a community association called the Parkway Forest Community Association, which represents local residents and seeks to address issues and opportunities within the neighbourhood.

title: Parkway Forest


text:
User talk:Benk625

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
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 * Policy Library
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 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. About, Help desk, and Village pump are also

a place to go for answers to general questions. To read up on the latest wikinews,

have a look at the Wikipedia Signpost.

You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

(Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 21:19, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Benk625


text:
James C. Scott

James C. Scott (born December 2, 1936) is an American political scientist and anthropologist specializing in comparative politics. He is a comparative scholar of agrarian and non-state societies, subaltern politics, and anarchism. His primary research has centered on peasants of Southeast Asia and their strategies of resistance to various forms of domination. The New York Times described his research as "highly influential and idiosyncratic".

Scott received his bachelor's degree from Williams College and his MA and PhD in political science from Yale. He taught at the University of Wisconsin–Madison until 1976 and then at Yale, where he is Sterling Professor of Political Science. Since 1991 he has directed Yale's Program in Agrarian Studies. He lives in Durham, Connecticut.

Early life and career
Scott was born in Mount Holly, New Jersey, in 1936. He attended the Moorestown Friends School, a Quaker Day School, and in 1953 matriculated at Williams College in Massachusetts. On the advice of Indonesia scholar William Hollinger he wrote an honors thesis on the economic development of Burma. Scott received his bachelor's degree from Williams College in 1958, and his PhD in political science from Yale University in 1967.

Upon graduation, Scott received a Rotary International Fellowship to study in Burma, where he was recruited by an American student activist who had become an anti-communist organizer for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Scott agreed to do reporting for the agency, and at the end of his fellowship, took a post in the Paris office of the National Student Association, which accepted CIA money and direction in working against communist-controlled global student movements over the next few years.

Scott began graduate study in political science at Yale in 1961. His dissertation on political ideology in Malaysia, which was supervised by Robert E. Lane, analysed interviews with Malaysian civil servants. In 1967, he took a position as an assistant professor in political science at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His early work focused on corruption and machine politics.

As a Southeast Asia specialist teaching during the Vietnam War, he offered popular courses on the war and peasant revolutions. In 1976, having earned tenure at Madison, Scott returned to Yale and settled on a farm in Durham, Connecticut, with his wife. They started with a small farm, then purchased a larger one nearby in the early 1980s and began raising sheep for their wool. Since 2011, the pastures on the farm have been grazed by two Highland cattle, named Fife and Dundee.

Scott's first books were based on archival research. He is an influential scholar of ethnographic fieldwork. He is unusual for conducting his primary ethnographic fieldwork only after receiving tenure. To research his third book, Weapons of the Weak, Scott spent fourteen months in a village in Kedah, Malaysia between 1978 and 1980. When he had finished a draft, he returned for two months to solicit villagers' impressions of his depiction, and significantly revised the book based on their criticisms and insight.

In 2011, Scott, along with other Burmese and Western scholars, convened at Yale University with the goal of re-establishing the Journal of the Burma Research Society for scholars. The journal's successor, named the Independent Journal of Burmese Scholarship (IJBS), published its first issue in August 2016.

Major works
James Scott's work focuses on the ways that subaltern people resist domination.

The Moral Economy of the Peasant
During the Vietnam War, Scott took an interest in Vietnam and wrote The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (1976) about the ways peasants resisted authority. His main argument is that peasants prefer the patron-client relations of the "moral economy", in which wealthier peasants protect weaker ones. When these traditional forms of solidarity break down due to the introduction of market forces, rebellion (or revolution) is likely. Samuel Popkin, in his book The Rational Peasant (1979), tried to refute this argument, showing that peasants are also rational actors who prefer free markets to exploitation by local elites. Scott and Popkin thus represent two radically different positions in the formalist–substantivist debate in political anthropology.

Weapons of the Weak
In Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (1985) Scott expanded his theories to peasants in other parts of the world. Scott's theories are often contrasted with Gramscian ideas about hegemony. Against Gramsci, Scott argues that the everyday resistance of subalterns shows that they have not consented to dominance.

Domination and the Arts of Resistance
In Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (1990) argues that subordinate groups employ strategies of resistance that go unnoticed. He terms this "infrapolitics." Scott describes the public interactions between dominators and oppressed as a "public transcript" and the critique of power that goes on offstage as a "hidden transcript." Groups under domination—from bonded labor to sexual violence—thus cannot be understood merely by their outward appearances. In order to study the systems of domination, careful attention is paid to what lies beneath the surface of evident, public behavior. In public, those that are oppressed accept their domination, but they always question their domination offstage. On the event of a publicization of this "hidden transcript", oppressed classes openly assume their speech, and become conscious of its common status.

Seeing Like a State
Scott's book Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (1998) saw his first major foray into political science. In it, he showed how central governments attempt to force legibility on their subjects, and fail to see complex, valuable forms of local social order and knowledge. Scott argues that in order for schemes to improve the human condition to succeed, they must take into account local conditions, and that the high-modernist ideologies of the 20th century have prevented this. He highlights collective farms in the Soviet Union, the building of Brasília, and Prussian forestry techniques as examples of failed schemes.

The Art of Not Being Governed
In The Art of Not Being Governed, Scott addresses the question of how certain groups in the mountainous jungles of Southeast Asia managed to avoid a package of exploitation centered around the state, taxation, and grain cultivation. Certain aspects of their society seen by outsiders as backward (e.g., limited literacy and use of written language) were in fact part of the "Arts" referenced in the title: limiting literacy meant lower visibility to the state. Scott's main argument is that these people are "barbaric by design": their social organization, geographical location, subsistence practices and culture have been carved to discourage states to annex them to their territories. Addressing identity in the Introduction, he wrote: "... All identities, without exception, have been socially constructed: the Han, the Burman, the American, the Danish, all of them ... To the degree that the identity is stigmatized by the larger state or society, it is likely to become for many a resistant and defiant identity. Here invented identities combine with self-making of a heroic kind, in which such identifications become a badge of honor ..."

Against the Grain
Published in August 2017, Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States is an account of new evidence for the beginnings of the earliest civilizations that contradict the standard narrative. Scott explores why we avoided sedentism and plow agriculture; the advantages of mobile subsistence; the unforeseeable epidemics arising from crowding plants, animals, and grain; and why all early states are based on millets, cereal grains and unfree labor. He also discusses the "barbarians" who long evaded state control, as a way of understanding continuing tension between states and non-subject peoples.

Other works
In Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play from 2012 Scott says that "Lacking a comprehensive anarchist worldview and philosophy, and in any case wary of nomothetic ways of seeing, I am making a case for a sort of anarchist squint. What I aim to show is that if you put on anarchist glasses and look at the history of popular movements, revolutions, ordinary politics, and the state from that angle, certain insights will appear that are obscured from almost any other angle. It will also become apparent that anarchist principles are active in the aspirations and political action of people who have never heard of anarchism or anarchist philosophy."

Awards and fellowships
Scott is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been awarded resident fellowships at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Study, and the Science, Technology and Society Program at M.I.T. He has also received research grants from the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Guggenheim Foundation, and was president of the Association for Asian Studies in 1997. In 2020 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

Selected bibliography
(Note: excludes edited volumes.)
 * Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. 2017
 * Decoding subaltern politics. Ideology, disguise, and resistance in agrarian politics. Routledge, 2012 (Critical Asian scholarship; 8) ISBN 978-0-415-53975-3
 * Two Cheers for Anarchism: Six Easy Pieces on Autonomy, Dignity, and Meaningful Work and Play. Princeton University Press, 2012 ISBN 978-0-691-15529-6
 * The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. Yale University Press, 2009 ISBN 978-0-300-15228-9
 * Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale University Press, 1998 ISBN 978-0-300-07016-3
 * Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. Yale University Press, 1990 ISBN 978-0-300-04705-9
 * Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. Yale University Press, 1985 ISBN 978-0-300-03336-6
 * The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. Yale University Press, 1979 ISBN 978-0-300-01862-2
 * Comparative Political Corruption. Prentice-Hall, 1972 ISBN 978-0-13-179036-0

title: James C. Scott


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vrumpski

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mackensen (talk) 05:20, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Vrumpski
Rubbish. – Kpalion (talk) 21:21, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Idem as Kpalion --Neigel von Teighen 21:25, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- SGBailey 22:05, 2005 Feb 16 (UTC)
 * Delete -- It is not-notable enough to be Wikipedia, even if it was made famous by David Chapelle. Zzyzx11 23:30, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. JoaoRicardo 05:43, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, neologism. Megan1967 09:27, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Mark O'Meara

Mark Francis O'Meara (born January 13, 1957) is an American professional golfer. He was a tournament winner on the PGA Tour and around the world from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s. He spent nearly 200 weeks in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking from their debut in 1986 to 2000. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2015.

Early years
O'Meara was born in Goldsboro, North Carolina, but grew up in southern California, specifically in Mission Viejo. He took up golf at age 13, sneaking on to the nearby Mission Viejo Country Club. O'Meara later became an employee of the club and played on his high school golf team. He was an All-American at Long Beach State, and won the U.S. Amateur in 1979, defeating defending champion John Cook, 8 and 7, in the final. He also won the California State Amateur Championship that year.

O'Meara was a former resident of Orlando, Florida and once lived in the same neighborhood as Tiger Woods. The two became good friends and frequently golfed together during this time. Today, O'Meara resides in Southern Highlands, Nevada.

Professional career
After graduating with a degree in marketing in 1980, O'Meara turned professional and would win 16 events on the PGA Tour, beginning with the Greater Milwaukee Open in 1984, and the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am five times. His best year as a professional golfer came relatively late in his career – in 1998 at age 41 – when he won two majors: The Masters and the British Open. O'Meara's victory in The Masters came during his 15th attempt. O'Meara attributed this resurgence partly to the inspiration of working with Tiger Woods, the new superstar of the game at the time, with whom O'Meara had become good friends. In the same year, he won the Cisco World Match Play Championship and reached a career best of second in the Official World Golf Ranking.

O'Meara is known for competing outside the United States more often than most leading American golfers, and has won tournaments in Europe, Asia, Australia and South America. A man with a genial demeanor, he is one of the most popular figures in international golf. In the new millennium his form took a downturn and he began to struggle with injuries, but in 2004 he won an official tour event for the first time since 1998, taking the Dubai Desert Classic title, which despite being played in the Middle East is a European Tour event.

After the European Tour tournament Lancome Trophy at Golf de Saint-Nom-la-Bretèche, 30 km west of Paris, France in September 1997, which was won by O'Meara, he was involved in a controversy. Runner-up was Jarmo Sandelin of Sweden. A television viewer in Sweden observed that, on the 15th green in the final round, O'Meara, facing a two and a half foot putt, had replaced his ball half an inch closer to the hole than had been indicated by his marker. Sandelin wrote to O'Meara in March 1998, sent a video recording of the incident and asked for an explanation. O'Meara insisted he had not intended to gain any advantage and sought advice from the PGA and European Tours, who informed him that the tournament was over and the result stood. Sandelin went public with the story and demanded that O'Meara should hand back the trophy and the prize money. O'Meara admitted in April 1998, he may, without intention, have broken the rules of golf on his way to winning the 1997 Lancome Trophy.

Champions Tour
In 2007, O'Meara began play on the Champions Tour; he had many top-10 finishes in his first three seasons including several runner-up finishes, but no wins. In 2010, he broke through with a win in the Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf with Nick Price, followed by his first senior major victory in the Constellation Energy Senior Players Championship. O'Meara was sidelined by a rib injury for several months starting in April 2012; he missed the majors on both tours and did not compete until August.

O'Meara has begun to develop a golf course design practice and enjoys fishing in his off time. He is currently a brand ambassador for Pacific Links International. In March 2019, O'Meara won the Cologuard Classic in Tucson, Arizona. He shot a final round seven-under 66, to win by four shots. This win ended an eight-year win drought on the PGA Tour Champions.

Awards and recognition
Following his two major wins in 1998, O'Meara received that year's BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year, an award given to a non-British sportsperson considered to have made the most substantial contribution to a sport in a year. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2015.

Amateur wins

 * 1979 U.S. Amateur, California State Amateur Championship

PGA Tour wins (16)
PGA Tour playoff record (3–4)

European Tour wins (5)
European Tour playoff record (1–0)

South American Tour wins (1)

 * 1994 Argentine Open

Other wins (8)
Other playoff record (3–0)

PGA Tour Champions wins (3)
PGA Tour Champions playoff record (2–2)

Wins (2)
1Defeated Brian Watts in 4-hole playoff: O'Meara (4-4-5-4=17), Watts (5-4-5-5=19)

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 11 (1995 Masters – 1999 Masters)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1998 Open Championship – 1998 PGA)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf Championships
1Cancelled due to 9/11 {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" = Tied WD = Withdrew NT = No tournament

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order before 2022. {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

U.S. national team appearances
Professional
 * Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1985, 1986, 1987, 1996 (winners), 1997, 1998, 1999
 * Ryder Cup: 1985, 1989 (tie), 1991 (winners), 1997, 1999 (winners)
 * Nissan Cup: 1985 (winners)
 * Presidents Cup: 1996 (winners), 1998
 * World Cup: 1999 (winners)
 * UBS Cup: 2001 (winners), 2002 (winners), 2003 (tie)

title: Mark O'Meara


text:
Air Fiji

Air Fiji was an airline based in Nausori, Fiji. It operated inter-island services to destinations within the Fijian Islands. Its main base was Nausori International Airport, Suva, with a base at Nadi International Airport.

Before being headquartered in Nausori, Air Fiji was headquartered in Suva.

History
The airline was established in 1967 and started operations on 10 July 1967 as Air Pacific. On 29 March 1971, Air Pacific was renamed Fiji Air and again renamed to Air Fiji in February 1995. It was owned by Aviation Investments (55%), government of Fiji (11%) and other shareholders (34%).

It had 229 employees (at March 2007). Air Fiji suspended operations for two weeks in 2008. Air Fiji ceased operations on 1 May 2009 due to financial issues.

Destinations
Air Fiji operated the following services (at June 2008):

 * Fiji
 * Cicia - Cicia Airport
 * Gau - Gau Airport
 * Kadavu - Kadavu Airport
 * Koro - Koro Airport
 * Labasa - Labasa Airport
 * Lakeba - Lakeba Airport
 * Levuka - Levuka Airfield
 * Malolo Lailai - Malolo Lailai Airport [occasional charter]
 * Mana - Mana Island Airport [occasional charter]
 * Moala - Moala Airport
 * Nadi - Nadi International Airport (Base)
 * Nausori - Nausori International Airport (Base)
 * Rotuma - Rotuma Airport
 * Savusavu - Savusavu Airport
 * Taveuni - Matei Airport
 * Vanuabalavu - Vanuabalavu Airport
 * Tuvalu
 * Funafuti - Funafuti International Airport

Terminated destinations
 * Fiji
 * Ba - Ba Airport
 * Bua - Bua Airport
 * Deuba - Pacific Harbour Airport
 * Korolevu - Korolevu Airport
 * Natadola - Natadola Airport
 * Ono-i-Lau - Ono-i-Lau Airport
 * Rabi - Rabi Airport
 * Saqani - Biaugunu Airport
 * Vatukoula - Vatukoula Airport
 * Wakaya Island - Wakaya Island Airport

Fleet
The Air Fiji fleet included the following aircraft (at December 2008):

Accidents and incidents

 * Air Fiji Flight 121 - All 17 occupants were killed when this flight, flown on a Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante aircraft, struck a mountain near Delailasakau, during a domestic flight from Suva to Nadi, July 24, 1999.

title: Air Fiji


text:
Mercury(II) oxide

Mercury(II) oxide, also called mercuric oxide or simply mercury oxide, is the inorganic compound with the formula HgO. It has a red or orange color. Mercury(II) oxide is a solid at room temperature and pressure. The mineral form montroydite is very rarely found.

History
An experiment for the preparation of mercuric oxide was first described by 11th century Arab-Spanish alchemist, Maslama al-Majriti, in Rutbat al-hakim. It was historically called red precipitate (as opposed to white precepitate being the mercuric amidochloride).

In 1774, Joseph Priestley discovered that oxygen was released by heating mercuric oxide, although he did not identify the gas as oxygen (rather, Priestley called it "dephlogisticated air," as that was the paradigm that he was working under at the time).

Synthesis

The red form of HgO can be made by heating Hg in oxygen at roughly 350 °C, or by pyrolysis of Hg(NO3)2. The yellow form can be obtained by precipitation of aqueous Hg2+ with alkali. The difference in color is due to particle size; both forms have the same structure consisting of near linear O-Hg-O units linked in zigzag chains with an Hg-O-Hg angle of 108°.

Structure
Under atmospheric pressure mercuric oxide has two crystalline forms: one is called montroydite (orthorhombic, 2/m 2/m 2/m, Pnma), and the second is analogous to the sulfide mineral cinnabar (hexagonal, hP6, P3221); both are characterized by Hg-O chains. At pressures above 10 GPa both structures convert to a tetragonal form.

Uses
Mercury oxide is sometimes used in the production of mercury as it decomposes quite easily. When it decomposes, oxygen gas is generated.

It is also used as a material for cathodes in mercury batteries.

Health issues
Mercury oxide is a highly toxic substance which can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. The substance is irritating to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract and may have effects on the kidneys, resulting in kidney impairment. In the food chain important to humans, bioaccumulation takes place, specifically in aquatic organisms. The substance is banned as a pesticide in the EU.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible. HgO decomposes on exposure to light or on heating above 500 °C. Heating produces highly toxic mercury fumes and oxygen, which increases the fire hazard. Mercury(II) oxide reacts violently with reducing agents, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, magnesium (when heated), disulfur dichloride and hydrogen trisulfide. Shock-sensitive compounds are formed with metals and elements such as sulfur and phosphorus.

title: Mercury(II) oxide


text:
Category:Xenosaga

Articles related to the Xenosaga series.

title: Category:Xenosaga


text:
688 BC

The year 688 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 66 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 688 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Traditional date for the founding of Gela in Sicily by colonists from Rhodes and Crete.

Sports

 * Greece's games of the 23rd Olympiad are held at Olympia; boxing is added to the Olympic Games that are more and more intended as preparation for war.

title: 688 BC


text:
In Bed with Medinner (series 4)

This is a list of episodes of In Bed with Medinner, in broadcast order (where known), from series 4.

title: In Bed with Medinner (series 4)


text:
Dan Crane

Daniel Bever Crane (January 10, 1936 – May 28, 2019) was an American dentist and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois. A Republican, he served in the House from 1979 to 1985. In 1983, Crane was censured by the House for having sex with a 17-year-old page.

Early life, education, and military service
Crane, a native of Cook County, Illinois, was born on January 10, 1936. Crane attended Chicago public schools. He received his B.A. from Hillsdale College in 1958 and his D.D.S. from Indiana University in 1963. After doing graduate work at the University of Michigan in 1964 and 1965, Crane joined the United States Army in 1967, serving until 1970. Crane's military service included service in Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

Career
Crane was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican in 1978. He was re-elected in 1980 and in 1982. During his House tenure, he represented Illinois's 22nd and 19th congressional districts, respectively. According to The New York Times, in his campaigns, Crane "portrayed himself as a solid, churchgoing, family man, a conservative Republican who set himself apart from what he described as the fast-living 'Washington set'". Crane supported prayer in schools and opposed abortion rights.

On July 14, 1983, the House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct recommended that Crane and Rep. Gerry Studds (D-MA) be reprimanded for having engaged in sexual relationships with teenagers. Crane had engaged in sex with a 17-year-old female House page in 1980. He acknowledged the accuracy of the charges and supported his own censure. The full House voted to censure Crane on July 20, 1983. Crane was defeated for re-election in 1984 and returned to the practice of dentistry.

Personal life
Crane was the brother of Philip Crane, also a Republican congressman from Illinois.

Crane married his wife, Judy, in 1970. The couple had six children. Judy Crane died in 2012. Crane died on May 28, 2019, at the age of 83.

title: Dan Crane


text: Category:Airlines of Fiji

title: Category:Airlines of Fiji


text:
Dancing Stage (video game)

Dancing Stage is a music video game, developed by Konami, released in European arcades on March 9, 1999. In North America, the game was released as Dance Dance Revolution on the same date, and it received a PlayStation port on March 6, 2001. It is the first international release of the game. The arcade version features 13 songs, with 11 of these available on the PlayStation port, while Dancing Stage Internet Ranking adds another three exclusive songs to arcades.

Gameplay
The core gameplay involves the player stepping their feet to correspond with the arrows that appear on screen and the beat. During normal gameplay, arrows scroll upwards from the bottom of the screen and pass over a set of stationary arrows near the top (referred to as the "guide arrows" or "receptors", officially known as the Step Zone). When the scrolling arrows overlap the stationary ones, the player must step on the corresponding arrows on the dance platform, and the player is given a judgement for their accuracy of every streaked note.

Music
All versions include the following songs:

 * "AM-3P" by kTz
 * "Boom Boom Dollar" by King Kong & D.Jungle Girls
 * "Brilliant 2U" by Naoki
 * "Brilliant 2U (Orchestra-Groove)" by Naoki
 * "Have You Never Been Mellow" by The Olivia Project
 * "Make It Better" by mitsu-O!
 * "My Fire" by X-Treme
 * "PARANOiA" by 180
 * "Put Your Faith In Me" by UZI-LAY
 * "Put Your Faith In Me (Jazzy Groove)" by UZI-LAY
 * "Trip Machine" by De-Sire

"Butterfly" by Smile.dk and "Make It Better (So-Real Mix)" by mitsu-O! are exclusive to the arcade release.

180, kTz, mitsu-O! and UZI-LAY are pen names for Naoki Maeda. Songs with "Groove" or "Mix" in the title require certain criteria to be unlocked by the player.

Dancing Stage Internet Ranking was released exclusively in Europe. It adds another three licensed covers, credited with the original artists:
 * "It's Like That" (cover of Run–D.M.C. vs. Jason Nevins)
 * "Last Thing On My Mind by Step Ahead (cover of Steps)
 * "Uh La La La" by Party All Night (cover of Alexia)

Reception
It was a runner-up for GameSpot's annual "Best PlayStation Game" and "Best Music/Rhythm Game" awards, which went to Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 and Frequency, respectively.

title: Dancing Stage (video game)


text:
Herron School of Art and Design

Herron School of Art and Design, officially IU Herron School of Art and Design, is a public art school at Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) in Indianapolis, Indiana. It is a professional art school and has been accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design since 1952.

The art school was founded in 1902 as the John Herron Art Institute, operating as an independent institution until its acquisition by Indiana University in 1967. In 2005, Herron relocated to Eskenazi Hall on the IUPUI campus after more than 100 years in the Herron–Morton Place neighborhood of Indianapolis.

Herron includes five galleries that exhibit contemporary works of art by national and international contemporary artists and designers, as well as the work of Herron faculty, alumni, and students; and the Basile Center for Art, Design, and Public Life, which enriches educational and interdisciplinary activities through civic engagement and community partnerships. and was ranked 73rd overall by U.S. News & World Report among graduate schools of fine arts in 2022.

History
The Art Association of Indianapolis, formerly the Indiana School of Art, was established in 1883. In 1895, John Herron bequeathed most of his fortune (almost $250,000) to the Association, which was headed by suffragette May Wright Sewall. Herron, who had moved to Indianapolis about 15 years earlier, owned several rental properties on the near north side and a large farm in Franklin County, Indiana. His gift came as a complete surprise to Art Association of Indianapolis members. Herron stipulated that the money be used to build a museum and art school in his name. (Due to inflation, $250,000 in 1895 would be equivalent to about $7 million in 2014). As a result of Herron's gift, the John Herron Art Institute was formed in 1902 to serve as an art museum and an art school. The Institute's Herron Museum, an Italian Renaissance Revival-style building, was designed by Vonnegut and Bohn architects and located at 1701 North Pennsylvania Street in the present-day Morton Place. The institute's main building was designed by Paul Philippe Cret in 1929 and was the second facility in the nation designed specifically for art education.
 * 1800s
 * 1900s

The first core faculty included Indiana Impressionist painters of the Hoosier Group: T.C. Steele, J. Ottis Adams, William Forsyth, Richard Gruelle, and Otto Stark. The sculptor Rudolph Schwarz was also in the first core faculty.

Fesler Hall, constructed in 1962, was a major addition to the John Herron Art Institute site along N. Pennsylvania St. It was Indianapolis architect Evans Woollen III's first civic commission. The three-story academic building was a freestanding wing addition that connected via a covered walkway to the original, Cret-designed main building. Both of these structures are still standing. Woollen's addition was noted for its use of reinforced concrete and exposed columns, typical of Brutalist architecture, and its deeply coffered ceilings. The project was funded through a bequest of Caroline Marmon Fesler, a former board member and president of the Indianapolis Art Association.
 * 1960s

In 1967, the Herron School of Art became a school of Indiana University. Two years later, it became part of IUPUI, located near downtown Indianapolis. In 1970, the Indianapolis Museum of Art separated from the school, taking with it a majority of Herron's art collection. The Herron School of Art and Design launched a capital campaign to raise funds for new buildings in 1999, and in 2000 a ceramic arts facility was opened.
 * 2000s

In 2000, Herron School of Art and Design was among the earliest tenants to set up residency in the recently established Harrison Center.

In 2003, The Herron Chronicle was published detailing the past 100 years of the school's history.

In 2005, Eskenazi Hall, the current home of the school, was completed. This 169000 sqft facility tripled the amount of space available to Herron students and includes a 5500 sqft library, a 240-seat auditorium, 4200 sqft of gallery space, and several computer labs.

Since 2006, Herron's original academic buildings have housed Herron High School, a classical liberal arts charter high school.

Degrees offered
Bachelor of Arts
 * Art History

Bachelor of Art Education Bachelor of Fine Arts
 * Ceramics
 * Furniture Design
 * Drawing and Illustration
 * Integrative Studio Practices
 * Painting
 * Photography
 * Printmaking
 * Sculpture
 * Visual Communication Design

Master of Art Therapy Master of Fine Arts
 * Visual Communication Design
 * Visual Art

Minors and Certificates
 * Art History Minor
 * Book Arts Minor
 * Design Production Minor
 * Design Thinking for Collaborative Innovation Certificate
 * Pre-Art Therapy Certificate
 * Studio Art & Technology Minor

Benefactors
Caroline Marmon Fesler: The daughter of local industrialist and automobile manufacturer Daniel W. Marmon, she studied painting in Europe. Later, she became a well-known art collector, especially of 20th-century modernist works, many of which she later gave to the Herron Museum—including Grey Hills by her friend, Georgia O'Keeffe. Along with Sullivan, Fesler propelled the Herron Museum into the era of modern art.

Herman C. Krannert: Founder and president of Inland Container Corporation, Krannert agreed to take charge of the Art Association in 1960, at a point when the organization was struggling to stay afloat. Krannert insisted the group reorganize its board and its way of doing business, including creating the position of board chairman—he became the first person to have that title and he held it for 12 years. His tenure culminated in relocating the museum from the Herron campus at 16th and Pennsylvania streets to its current site at W. 38th St. and Michigan Rd., and the Art Association's name was changed to the Indianapolis Museum of Art.

title: Herron School of Art and Design


text:
Al Wusta

Al Wusta (from Arabic الوسطى, 'central') may refer to:

 * Central Governorate, Bahrain
 * Central Region, Bahrain
 * Al Wusta Governorate (Oman)
 * Wusta, a former district in Libya prior to 1995

title: Al Wusta


text:
James Scott

James Scott may refer to:

Entertainment

 * James Scott (composer) (1885–1938), African-American ragtime composer
 * James Scott (director) (born 1941), British filmmaker
 * James Scott (actor) (born 1979), British television actor
 * James Scott (Shortland Street), character on the TV soap opera Shortland Street
 * James Honeyman-Scott (1956–1982), British guitarist and member of The Pretenders

Military

 * James Scott (marine) (died 1796), Sergeant of Marines in the New South Wales Marine Corps
 * James Scott (Royal Navy officer) (1790–1872), British naval officer
 * James Bruce Scott (1892–1974), officer in the British Indian Army
 * James Robinson Scott (died 1821), Scottish naval surgeon and noted amateur botanist
 * James Stanley Scott (1889–1975), Royal Canadian Air Force officer

United Kingdom

 * James Scott of Balwearie (died 1606), Scottish landowner and supporter of the rebel earls
 * James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (1649–1685), noble recognized by some as James II of England
 * James Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (1674–1705), English nobleman and politician
 * James Scott (1671–1732), British MP, 1710–1711
 * James Scott (British Army officer, died 1747) (c. 1672–1747), MP for Kincardineshire 1713–1734
 * James Scott (Bridport MP) (1776–1855), British MP, 1820–1826
 * James Winter Scott (1799–1873), MP for North Hampshire, 1832–1837
 * James Scott (Liberal politician) (1876–1939), British MP, 1929–1931
 * Sir James Sibbald David Scott, 3rd Baronet (1814–1885), 3rd Scott baronets, of Dunninald
 * Sir James Sibbald Scott, 1st Baronet (died 1819), 1st Scott baronets, of Dunninald

Elsewhere

 * James Scott (Australian politician) (1810–1884), member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
 * Jim Scott (Australian politician) (James Alan Scott), Australian politician
 * James Scott (American politician), Arizona state senator
 * James A. Scott (born 1942), member of the Florida Senate
 * James F. Scott (West Virginia), delegate to the Second Wheeling Convention of 1861
 * James Reid Scott (1839–1877), explorer and colonial administrator in the Australian colony of Tasmania
 * James George Scott (1851–1935), colonial administrator in Burma
 * James M. Scott (Canadian politician) (1860–1943), Canadian politician
 * Jim Scott (Virginia politician) (James Martin Scott, 1938–2017), member of the Virginia House of Delegates

Sports

 * James Scott (basketball) (born 1972), American professional basketball player
 * James Scott (cricketer), English cricketer
 * James Scott (footballer, born 1881) (1881–?), Scottish footballer
 * James Scott (footballer, born 1882) (1882–?), Scottish footballer
 * James Scott (footballer, born 1895) (1895–1916), Scottish footballer
 * James Scott (footballer, born 1905) (1905–?), Scottish footballer
 * James Scott (footballer, born 2000), Scottish footballer for Motherwell
 * James Melvin Scott (1911–2001), Senior Olympian, author, inventor
 * James Scott (boxer) (1947–2018), American light heavyweight fighter
 * James Scott (gridiron football) (born 1952), NFL wide receiver
 * James Scott (rugby union) (born 1999), English rugby union player

Other

 * James Scott (antiquarian) (1733–1818), minister in Perth and antiquarian
 * James Brown Scott (1866–1943), American authority on international law
 * James C. Scott (born 1936), political scientist and agrarian studies scholar
 * James F. Scott (1942–2020), American physicist and FRAM pioneer
 * James Hope-Scott (1812–1873), English barrister and Tractarian
 * James Maurice Scott (1906–1986), British explorer and writer
 * James Robb Scott (1882–1965), Scottish architect
 * James Scott (cardiologist) (born 1946), British cardiologist
 * James Scott (criminal) (born 1969), convicted of contributing to the Great Flood of 1993
 * James Scott (obstetrician) (1924–2006), Scottish obstetrician and gynaecologist
 * James Scott (police officer) (1899–1966), Irish police officer
 * James Scott (political writer) (1733–1814), English cleric and academic, known for his "Anti-Sejanus" letters
 * James Scott (priest) (died 1912), Irish Anglican priest
 * James V. Scott, minister in the United Church of Canada
 * James Scott (judge), American lawyer, judge, and politician from Indiana

title: James Scott


text: User talk:209.161.245.219

title: User talk:209.161.245.219


text:
Loizidou v. Turkey

Loizidou v. Turkey is a landmark legal case regarding the rights of refugees wishing to return to their former homes and properties.

The European Court of Human Rights ruled that Titina Loizidou, and consequently all other refugees, have the right to return to their former properties. The ECHR ruled that Turkey had violated Loizidou's human rights under Article I of Protocol I of the European Convention on Human Rights, that she should be allowed to return to her home and that Turkey should pay damages to her. Turkey initially ignored this ruling.

On 22 July 1989 a Cypriot national Loizidou filed an application against Turkey to the European Court of Human Rights, represented by Greek-Cypriot lawyer Achilleas Demetriades. Loizidou had been forced out of her home during Turkey's invasion of Cyprus in 1974 along with around 200,000 other Greek-Cypriots. During more than 20 years, she made a number of attempts to return to her home in Kyrenia but was denied entry into the Turkish occupied part of Cyprus by the Turkish army.

Her application resulted in three judgments by the European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg) which held Turkey responsible for human rights violations in the northern part of Cyprus, which is under overall control of the Turkish armed forces.

The U.S. Department of State commented on this case as follows:

"In 1996 the European Court of Human Rights ruled 11 to 6 that Turkey committed a continuing violation of the rights of a Greek Cypriot woman by preventing her from going to her property located in north Cyprus. The ruling reaffirmed the validity of property deeds issued prior to 1974. The Court also found in this case that "it was obvious from the large number of troops engaged in active duties in northern Cyprus that the Turkish army exercised effective overall control there. In the circumstances of the case, this entailed Turkey's responsibility for the policies and actions of the 'TRNC. In July the Court ordered Turkey to pay the woman approximately $915,000 in damages and costs by October 28. Initially Turkey declined to pay the damages awarded. The Turkish Government stated that it cannot implement the Court's decision, which it contends is a political decision, and argued that the land in question is not Turkish but is part of the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus". The Council of Europe (COE) during 1999 continued to call on the Turkish Government to comply with the Court's decision. In October the COE Committee of Ministers' Deputies voted to deplore Turkey's lack of compliance. A number of similar cases have been filed with the ECHR."

The court also stated expressly that the damages awarded were not compensation for the property per se, but only for the denial of the ownership and use of the property, and that Loizidou retains full legal ownership of her property.

In 2003 Turkey paid Loizidou the compensation amounts (of over $1 million) ruled by the European Court of Human Rights.

Precedent
The case serves as important precedent for judgments in international courts of law regarding the Cyprus dispute. Similar cases have been brought to the ECHR are awaiting judgement and two have been concluded in a similar fashion:
 * May 2007: Myra Xenides v. Turkey, where Myra Xenides was awarded damages for loss of use of her property in Famagusta.
 * April 2008: Demades v. Turkey, where Ioannis Demades was awarded damages amounting to €835,000 for loss of use of his Kyrenia property.

The Loizidou case was also cited in the 2001 judgment on the interstate case Cyprus v. Turkey.

title: Loizidou v. Turkey


text:
Emilios T. Harlaftis

Emilios T. Harlaftis (Αιμίλιος Χαρλαύτης; 29March 1965 – 13February 2005) was an astrophysicist.

Harlaftis obtained an undergraduate degree in physics from the University of Athens in 1987, and a PhD degree from the University of Oxford in 1991, under the supervision of Phil A. Charles. His thesis title was "Disc structure and variability in dwarf novae". From 1991 to 1995 he worked as a support astronomer at the Isaac Newton Group of telescopes of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, placed at the Observatory of Roque de los Muchachos (owned by the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias at the island of La Palma. He then worked as a research assistant (1995–1997) at the University of St. Andrews and as a research fellow (1997–1998) at the Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the National Observatory of Athens, where he was appointed to a position of a tenure track researcher in 1999.  He held a series of posts as a visiting scientist at the University of Sheffield, and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (1999), and two years as a temporary Reader at the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of St. Andrews (2001–2002).

His main research contribution is the co-discovery of spiral waves in a solar-size accretion disk, pioneering analysis determining mass ratios of black hole systems using the Keck-I telescope, contribution to accretion disc physics and finally extensive analysis and image processing using the Doppler tomography technique with applications on interactive binaries resolving emission components such as the inner face of the companion star, the gas stream and the impact region of the gas stream on the accretion disk (bright spot). The article on this topic he co-wrote has been cited 140 times.

Death and legacy
In 2005, Harlaftis was participating in an expedition to Mount Menalon organized by the Athens Climbing Club (Oreivatikos Syllogos) when the party was caught in an avalanche. Five members of the expedition, including Harlaftis were killed.

After the accident, his colleagues at the Aristarchos 2.3 m Telescope on Chelmos mountain where he was principal investigator, suggested naming the telescope after him.

In 2020, the Hellenic Astronomical Society, decided to accept a generous offer of the Harlaftis family and renamed the best PhD thesis prize awarded biennially to a junior member of the Society,  to "Best PhD thesis prize - Emilios Harlaftis".

title: Emilios T. Harlaftis


text:
Eduard Friedrich Poeppig

Eduard Friedrich Poeppig (16 July 1798 – 4 September 1868) was a German botanist, zoologist and explorer.

Biography
Poeppig was born in Plauen, Saxony. He studied medicine and natural history at the University of Leipzig, graduating with a medical degree. On graduation, the rector of the university gave him a botanical mission to North and South America. He was helped out financially by a small group of friends and scientists in Leipzig, that included botanist Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen, who in exchange, received sets of specimens. He subsequently worked as a naturalist in Cuba (1823–24) and Pennsylvania (1824–26). In 1826 he departed for Valparaiso, Chile, and spent several years performing scientific exploration throughout Chile, Peru and Brazil. As a result of his journey in South America, he published "Reise in Chile, Peru und auf dem Amazonenstrome, während der Jahre 1827-1832 " (2 volumes).

In the autumn of 1832, he returned to Germany with significant zoological and botanical collections — several hundred stuffed animals, a collection of ethnographic objects, and more than 17,000 dried plants. During the following year, he became an associate professor at the University of Leipzig, where in 1834 he was named director of its zoological museum. In 1846 he attained a full professorship at Leipzig, a position he maintained until his death in 1868. He contributed to the establishment of a scientific museum in Leipzig, and bequeathed to it some of his collections, with the remainder being sent to museums in Berlin and Vienna.

In South America he described numerous new species of plants. His botanical magnum opus, Nova genera ac Species Plantarum quas in regno, Chiliensi, Peruviano, ac Terra Amazonica, anni 1827-1832 lectarum, was published in three volumes. In it he described 31 new genera, and 477 new species. For the first two volumes he collaborated with Stephan Endlicher.

Eponymy
The plant genus Poeppigia is named after him, as are taxa with the specific epithets of poeppigi, poeppigii, and poeppigiana, a few examples being: the silvery woolly monkey (Lagothrix poeppigii ), the snake Atractus poeppigi, the toad Rhinella poeppigii, the orchid Campylocentrum poeppigii (Rchb. f.) Rolfe, and the angiosperm species Guatteria poeppigiana Mart..

Written works
Poeppig was a primary contributor of ethnological, geographical, and biological articles about the Americas for the Allgemeine Encyclopaedie, edited by Ersch and Gruber.
 * Fragmentum synopseos plantarum phanerogamarum, (1833). (in Latin).
 * Selbstanzeige der Reisebeschreibung in Blätter für literarische Unterhaltung, (1835). (in German).
 * Reise in Chile, Peru und auf dem Amazonenstrome während der Jahre 1827–1832 (Travel in Chile, Peru, and on the Amazon river during the years 1827–1832), 2 volumes (1834-36). (in German).
 * Nova genera ac species plantarum, quas in regno Chilensi Peruviano et in terra Amazonica: annis MDCCCXXVII ad MDCCCXXXII (with Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher), (1835–45). (in Latin).
 * Reise nach den Vereinigten Staaten (Travel to the United States), (1837). (in German).
 * Über alte und neue Handelswege nach der Westküste Amerikas (On old and new trade routes to the west coast of the Americas), (1838). (in German).
 * Landschaftliche Ansichten und erlauternde Darstellungen (Views of countryside with explanation), (1839). (in German).

title: Eduard Friedrich Poeppig


text:
Anti-fairy

Anti-Fairy may refer to:
 * Anti-Fairies, villain characters in The Fairly OddParents
 * Anti-fairy tale, a fairy tale that has a tragic ending

title: Anti-fairy


text: User talk:68.84.229.117

title: User talk:68.84.229.117


text:
User talk:80.229.161.217

As horrible as pedophilia is, you don't get to just blank out an article on it on your own initiative. Wikipedia has a democratic procedure for getting rid of articles that don't belong at Votes for deletion. Why don't you register a username for yourself and start contributing? Katefan0 21:35, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.229.161.217


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Loizidou vs Turkey

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP and CLEANUP. —Korath (Talk) 03:24, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Loizidou vs Turkey
Is this article worth??? --Neigel von Teighen 21:36, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Should be merged into the main article on the Cyprus conflict. Also deserves a /notenglish/ tag because it's in legalese. Radiant! 22:25, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Since it does actually seem to be a precedent-setting case, a better-worded version of the info should be kept somewhere. Cyprus dispute is currently 30K, but could probably hold it. Keep/cleanup or merge. Niteowlneils 22:33, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Meant to mention the first paragraph appears to be a copyvio from . Niteowlneils 22:38, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, cleanup and expand. It's a notable court case. Cyprus dispute article is already to large to merge with. Megan1967 05:55, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. Articles on high-profile court cases are ok, but this needs sending to cleanup. It's unfortunate the author didn't have much to say about it and just inserted a State Department quote verbatim. We could do with some context and analysis. Trilobite (Talk) 10:09, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As with cleanup and expand. Notable and worthy enough to be in its own article. --Andylkl 08:57, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Darwinek 13:45, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
File:Dadsarmy 1.jpg

Information
Dad's Army screenshot of characters

Source

 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/images/400/dadsarmy_1.jpg

Fair Use rationale for use in Dad's Army

 * 1) The screenshot is of a low resolutions, and any copies will be of poor quality
 * 2) Most of those pictured above are now dead, and a free image is impossible to obtain
 * 3) The use of the image does not prevent the BBC profiting from sale of material relating to Dad's Army
 * 4) Its use on wikipedia is for identification purposes only
 * 5) The screenshot forms a tiny fraction of the total production, and therefore its use is not believed to detract from the original production in any way

Fair Use rationale for use in List of Dad's Army characters

 * 1) The screenshot is of a low resolutions, and any copies will be of poor quality
 * 2) Most of those pictured above are now dead, and a free image is impossible to obtain
 * 3) The use of the image does not prevent the BBC profiting from sale of material relating to Dad's Army
 * 4) Its use on wikipedia is for identification purposes only
 * 5) The screenshot forms a tiny fraction of the total production, and therefore its use is not believed to detract from the original production in any way

title: File:Dadsarmy 1.jpg


text:
FXT1

FXT1 is a texture compression scheme for 3D graphics, invented by the hardware vendor 3dfx Interactive and offered as an open source rival standard to S3TC in September 1999, a year after S3TC had been adopted by Microsoft as part of DirectX. Limited vendor hardware support has been a barrier to its acceptance. Notably, despite being open source, FXT1 was not adopted by Nintendo for the GameCube, nor by Sony for the PlayStation 3, in both cases losing out to the established S3TC standard. Another possible reason for its lack of adoption is that the CC_MIXED mode (see below) probably infringes the S3TC patent.

Four different compression algorithms are used by FXT1, chosen at a block level to optimize visual quality. Having to select an optimal path for each texture ensured FXT1 was relatively slow at compression, making it unsuitable for real-time compression in applications.

The original white paper did not follow well-known scientific rules, being actually a commercial presentation. The lack of theoretical guidance from the inventors might have been the cause of badly optimized compression scheme selection code, and despite potentially better performance due to four available compression schemes instead of one (as in S3TC), FXT1 did not show any quality improvements to S3TC, being inferior to it in most test cases.

In hindsight, FXT1 might have been more successful if 3dfx spent more effort examining optimization of the CC_MIXED compression mode, more similar to S3TC, and dropped the other three codecs from the standard. 3dfx was subsequently taken over by Nvidia who have continued to support S3TC as their preferred compression tool.

Compression algorithms
Four different compression algorithms are set out in the original white paper:

 * CC_MIXED (similar to other S3TC): A 4x4 texel block is represented by two bits-per-texel for opaque textures. Additionally, each block has two 16-bit colors stored in an RGB 565 format. The two RGB 565 colors and two additional colors (created by interpolating between the two RGB 565 colors) form the primary colors for this texel block and its associated four color lookup table. A 2-bit index is used to determine which color from the lookup table will be used for each texel in the 4x4 block. Transparent textures are created by making one of the four colors transparent.
 * CC_HI (best for spatial resolution): A 4×8 texel block is represented by three bits-per-texel for opaque and transparent textures. Each block stores two 15-bit colors in an RGB 555 format. The two RGB 555 colors and five additional colors (created by interpolating between the two RGB 555 colors) form the primary colors for this texel block. Additionally, an eighth color is defined to be the transparent color. A 3-bit index is used to determine which color from the 8-entry lookup table will be used for each texel in the 4x8 block.
 * CC_CHROMA (good at complex color areas): A 4×8 texel block is represented by two bits-per-texel for opaque textures. Each block stores four 15-bit colors in an RGB 555 format. All four colors are used directly with no interpolation to form a 4-entry lookup table. The 2-bit index assigned to each texel in the block is used to determine which of the four colors is assigned to each individual texel. Note that Colors4 only applies to opaque textures, as it does not support transparency.
 * CC_ALPHA (gives the best control over complex alpha transparencies at four bits-per-texel): A 4×8 texel block is represented by two bits-per-texel for opaque and transparent textures. Each block stores three 20-bit colors stored in a 5555 format. The first and second 20-bit colors are used for the primary colors of the left 4x4 block, while the second and third colors are used for the primary colors of the right 4×4 block. Two additional colors are created in each block by interpolating between the two primary colors for that block. A 2-bit index is assigned to each texel in the block and a lookup table is used to determine which color is applied to each texel.

title: FXT1