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Pygmy mammoth

The pygmy mammoth or Channel Islands mammoth (Mammuthus exilis) is an extinct species of dwarf mammoth native to the northern Channel Islands off the coast of southern California during the Late Pleistocene. It was descended from the Columbian mammoth (M. columbi) of mainland North America, which are suggested to have colonised the islands around 250-150,000 years ago. At only 1.72 - 2.02 m tall at the shoulder, it was around 17% the size of its mainland ancestor. The species became extinct around 13,000 years ago, co-inciding with major environmental change and the arrival of humans in the Channel islands.

Discovery
Mammoth remains have been known on the northern Channel Islands of California since 1856. They were first reported in scientific literature in 1873.

In 1994 the National Park Service called in scientists to inspect an uncovered, unidentified skeleton found on the northeast coast of Santa Rosa Island. They found bones of the axial skeleton of a large land vertebrate and decided to excavate and dig up the skeleton. They recovered 90% of a mature male pygmy mammoth's skeleton. The mammoth was about 50 years old when it died. The small bones were preserved in life position, which represented that it had died where it was found rather than being scattered around the island. The bones were returned to the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. After the discovery of the skeleton, a pedestrian survey of the island began. This resulted in the discovery of 160 new locations of mammoth remains, the vast majority being found on Santa Rosa Island. This was the first discovery of a nearly complete specimen of the pygmy mammoth. Fortunately, the skeleton was only missing a foot, a tusk, and a couple of vertebrae. The remains were covered by a sand dune, which prevented the bones from scattering and kept them intact.

Distribution
Remains of M. exilis have been discovered on three of the northern Channel Islands of California: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel, which together with Anacapa were the highest portions of the now mostly submerged superisland of Santa Rosae which existed during times of lowered sea level. The area of the combined island has been estimated at 2200 km2, though the area of the island fluctuated as a result of glacial cycles.

Evolution
The oldest fossil of mammoths on the Channel Islands is a tusk found on a marine terrace on Santa Rosa Island, which has been dated based on surounding corals as 83,800 ± 600 – 78,600 ± 500 years old. It is suggested that their Columbian mammoth ancestors colonised the islands either around 250,000 or 150,000 years ago, when sea levels were considerably lower than they are today. During these times, the distance to the mainland was reduced to a minimum of 7 km, though there was never a land bridge as has often historically been suggested. Mammoths like living elephants, were probably good swimmers and able to swim this distance. The reduction in body size was the result of insular dwarfism as a result of the smaller land area of the Channel Islands relative to the mainland, which is observed in other island animal species, such as dwarf elephants known from islands in the Mediterranean.

Description
M. exilis was on average, 1.72 - 2.02 m tall at the shoulders and 760 - 1350 kg in weight, making it around 17% of the body size of its 3.72 - 4.2 m tall, 9.2 - 12.5 t ancestor. Like other mammoths, the species exhibited sexual dimorphism, with males being larger than females. The limb bones of the species show isometric growth (preserving length-width ratio) from juveniles to adults, similar to those of living African elephants. In comparison to Columbian mammoths, the femur has a rounded rather than elliptical cross-section, and lacks a lateral tuberosity. The tusks are relatively straight and are around 50% the length and diameter of those of Columbian mammoths.

Habitat and ecology
During the Last Glacial Period, the mega-island of Santa Rosae is thought to have been forested with coniferous trees of cypress, douglas fir and pine. Dental microwear analysis suggests that species had a primarily browsing based diet on leaves and twigs, as opposed to the more grazing focused diet of its Columbian mammoth ancestors. In comparison to its larger ancestor, it likely had the ability to ascend somewhat steeper slopes. The island exhibited a depauperate fauna that lacked large predators. The Channel Islands fox was not present on the islands during the time of the pygmy mammoth, having only arrived on the islands around 7,300 years ago.

Extinction
The youngest records of the species date to around 13,000 years ago. This time coincides with the reduction of the area of Santa Rosae as a result of rising sea level, the arrival of humans in the Channel Islands (as evidenced by Arlington Springs Man) and climatic change resulting in the decline of the previously dominant conifer forest ecosystems and expansion of scrub and grassland, possibly induced by wildfires. It is therefore difficult to disentangle the precise causes of its extinction, though the pygmy mammoths had likely survived a greater reduction in island area during the preceeding Last Interglacial/Sangamonian.

title: Pygmy mammoth


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jewish Refusenicks

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Gamaliel 19:23, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Jewish Refusenicks
Spelled wrong, Refusenik (Soviet Union) already exists. Squidwina 12:01, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename and/or redirect. You don't need VfD for this. Kappa 12:31, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I've redirected it to the existing article. Deb 13:11, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps should redirect to Refusenik instead? The other refuseniks are also Jewish. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:39, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Irish illustrators

title: Category:Irish illustrators


text:
Gateway Load Balancing Protocol

Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that attempts to overcome the limitations of existing redundant router protocols by adding basic load balancing functionality.

In addition to being able to set priorities on different gateway routers, GLBP allows a weighting parameter to be set. Based on this weighting (compared to others in the same virtual router group), ARP requests will be answered with MAC addresses pointing to different routers. Thus, by default, load balancing is not based on traffic load, but rather on the number of hosts that will use each gateway router. By default, GLBP load balances in round-robin fashion.

GLBP elects one AVG (Active Virtual Gateway) for each group. Other group members act as backup in case of AVG failure. In case there are more than two members, the second best AVG is placed in the Standby state and all other members are placed in the Listening state. This is monitored using hello and holdtime timers, which are 3 and 10 seconds by default. The elected AVG then assigns a virtual MAC address to each member of the GLBP group, including itself, thus enabling AVFs (Active Virtual Forwarders). Each AVF assumes responsibility for forwarding packets sent to its virtual MAC address. There could be up to four AVFs at the same time.

By default, GLBP routers use the local multicast address 224.0.0.102 to send hello packets to their peers every 3 seconds over UDP 3222 (source and destination).

Cisco implemented IPv6 support for GLBP in IOS release 12.2(33)SXI.

title: Gateway Load Balancing Protocol


text:
Talk:Dutchism

 * "Dutchism" (193 hits from Google, mostly generated by this entry) is a neologism and a barbarism on the level of "Frenchism" or "Polishism". Product of a "tin ear" as they say in musical circles. --Wetman 12:09, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I was tempted to make it into a redirect outright to words of Dutch origin. There really is nothing that can be said here that cannot be better said elsewhere, where there is more context.  But it would have to redirect to two places, given the text.  If you are bolder than I, I won't object. ☺ Uncle G 12:56, 2005 Mar 1 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dutchism


text:
Albania (placename)

The toponym Albania may indicate several different geographical regions: a country in Southeast Europe; an ancient land in the Caucasus; as well as Scotland, Albania being a Latinization of a Gaelic name for Scotland, Alba; and a city in the U.S. state of New York.

Albania (Southeast Europe)
Albania is the name of a country in Southeast Europe, attested in Medieval Latin. The name has derived from the Illyrian tribe of the Albanoi and their center Albanopolis, noted by the astronomer of Alexandria, Ptolemy, in the 2nd century AD. Linguists think that the element *alb- in the root word, is an Indo-European term for a type of mountainous topography, meaning "hill, mountain", also present in Alps. Through the root word alban and its rhotacized equivalents arban, albar, and arbar, the term appears as the ethnonym of Albanians in Medieval Greek documents as Albanoi and Arbanitai, and in Medieval Latin as Albanenses and Arbanenses, gradually entering in other European languages.

Arbon
The toponym Arbon (Ἄρβων or Ἀρβών) or Arbo (Άρβωνα) is mentioned by Polybius in the History of the World (2nd century BC). It was perhaps an island in Liburnia or another location within Illyria. Stephanus of Byzantium in the 6th century AD, in his important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica (Εθνικά), cites Polybius, saying it was a city in Illyria and gives a topical name for its inhabitants, calling them Arbonios (Greek: Αρβώνιος) and Arbonites (Greek: Αρβωνίτης).

Albanopolis
Albanopolis was an ancient Illyrian city in the Roman province of Macedon, the center of the Illyrian tribe of Albani, noted by the astronomer of Alexandria, Ptolemy, during 150 AD in his famous work Geography. It was located in the Zgërdhesh hill-fort near Krujë, central Albania. The city may have a continuation with the name of the city of Albanon or Arbanon, mentioned during the Middle Ages.

Albanoi (Ἀλβανόί) reappeared in Byzantine documents in the 11th century, around 1043, as the exonym of the Albanians. During the late Byzantine period the names Albanoi, alongside Arbanitai, were used interchangeably, and gradually entered other European languages, in which similar derivative names emerged. The national ethnonym of the Albanians has derived from this Illyrian tribe.

Arbanon
Arbanon, or Albanon, originally, was a region in the mountainous area to the west of Lake Ohrid and the upper valley of the river Shkumbin, in the 11th century AD.

The Albanians are mentioned in Anna Comnena's account Alexiad, as Arbanites, because of their fights against the Normans in the region of Arbanon, during the reign of her father Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118). Before that, in the book History written in 1079–1080, Byzantine historian Michael Attaliates was first to refer to the Albanoi as having taken part in a revolt against Constantinople in 1043 and to the Arbanitai as subjects of the duke of Dyrrachium. In later Byzantine usage, the terms Arbanitai and Albanoi, with a range of variants, were used interchangeably, while sometimes the same groups were also called by the classicising name Illyrians.

In the 12th to 13th centuries, Arbanon (Άρβανον) appears as a principality in Byzantine sources. In 1190 the Principality of Arbanon (Albanian: Principata e Arbërit) became the first Albanian state during the Middle Ages. Its capital was the city of Krujë, the region in which the town of Arbanon originally was located and from which the principality got its name. It seems that this toponym has survived continuously since antiquity in this area. This suggests that probably the toponym "Arbanon" has derived from the ancient city of Albanopolis.

In Latin documents the territory was known as Arbanum and later as Albaniae. It appears in Bulgarian chronicles as Arbanas. In medieval Serbian sources, the toponym of the country underwent linguistic metathesis and was rendered as Raban and Rabanski for the people. This is a typical metathesis in Slavic languages, for example the island of Arba in Croatia now is known as Rab. However, in later Serbian references the ethnonym for Albanians would appear as Arbanasi.

Meanwhile, the Albanians, during the Middle Ages, referred to their country as Arbëria (Arbënia) and called themselves Arbëreshë (Arbëneshë). In Southeast Europe, a similar term is still used today by the Aromanians, who call the Albanians in their language Arbineshi.

The medieval ethnonym Arbanitai and its corresponding modern ethnonym Arvanites have the same etymology as Albanians, being derived from the stem Alb- by way of a rhotacism, Alb- → Arb- (based on the root *alban- and its rhotacized variant *arban-). In fact, the term Arvanitis (Ἀρβανίτης) [singular form] was established in  modern Greek language from the original name Alvanitis (Άλβανίτης), who in return derived from Alvanos (Ἀλβανος). Compare the rhotacism of alb- into arv- in the Neapolitan dialect of Italy.

Albania (Caucasus)
Albania as the name of Caucasian Albania, a state and historical region of eastern Caucasus, that existed on the territory of present-day republic of Azerbaijan and partially southern Dagestan.

However, unlike the names of the other two European countries, this name was an exonym given to them by the Romans, as no one knew what the local inhabitants of the region of Caucasian Albania called themselves at the time. Compare also the land in Caucasus called Iberia, and the Iberian peninsula in Europe.

The Udi people and their language, the Udi language, are descendants of the ancient people of Caucasian Albania.

Alba (Scotland)
Alba, a Gaelic name for Scotland, may be related to the Greek name of Britain Albion, Latinized as Albania during the High Medieval period, and later passed into Middle English as Albany.

Albion (Great Britain)
Albion (Ancient Greek: Ἀλβίων) is the oldest known name of the island of Great Britain. Today, it is still sometimes used poetically to refer to the island. The name for Scotland in the Celtic languages is related to Albion: Alba in Scottish Gaelic, Albain in Irish, Nalbin in Manx and Alban in Welsh, Cornish and Breton. These names were later Latinised as Albania and Anglicised as Albany, which were once alternative names for Scotland. New Albion and Albionoria ("Albion of the North") were briefly suggested as possible names of Canada during the period of the Canadian Confederation.

Albany (New York)
Albany is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. The name originates from the Scottish Duke of Albany, whose title comes from the Gaelic name for Scotland, Alba.

When New Netherland was captured by the English in 1664, they changed the name Beverwijck to Albany, in honor of the Duke of Albany. This was a Scottish title given since 1398, generally to the second son of the King of Scots. Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original Thirteen Colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States.

title: Albania (placename)


text:
Pulttibois

Pulttibois (Finglish for "Bolt Boys"; also a play on words of pultti pois – "to have a screw loose") was a popular Finnish sketch comedy television show that premiered on MTV3 in 1989 and which starred a two-man cast of comedic actors – Pirkka-Pekka Petelius and Aake Kalliala. Both Petelius and Kalliala had been previously known for their work on YLE sketch comedies during the 1980s. In Pulttibois, Petelius and Kalliala created a compilation of over the top sketches, eventually leading to a large cult following.

Three seasons of the show were made between 1989 and 1991, after which the show ended. It was succeeded by the similarly conceived, though less popular Manitbois.

The show can still be seen in reruns on MTV3 and SubTV and has been released on DVD.

Comedy
Pulttibois featured characters that had been modified from those originated in Petelius and Kalliala's previous shows, such as the jolly drunk Laplanders, the overemotional gentlemen, the pair of gypsy boys and the unnecessarily loud pair of army officers but also emphasized original characters. The show's breakout character was the bizarre James Potkukelkka (played by Petelius) who would find himself panicking for some reason or another (such as getting stuck in a stopped escalator) and would require "rescuing" by the character played by Kalliala.

In addition, impersonations of celebrities, specifically musicians, were included in the form of lip-synching in front of a computer-generated background. The singers chosen for these impersonations ranged from popular Finnish artists of various eras to foreign (particularly American) artists and from the second season onwards would always be used as the bumper for the commercial breaks with the featured song usually reappearing over the credits.

Production
The series' production was overseen and supported by Spede Pasanen. Due to Pasanen's insistence, overt swearing and adult humour was avoided, though occasional mild swearing and innuendo was used. The show was produced on a relatively low budget often utilizing whatever locations the film-crew was permitted to use and very frequently shooting skits against a blue screen background. The show's lip-sync segments most often featured computer generated backgrounds. In one such of the lip sync sketch, Kalliala lip-synched to the song Muistan sua Elaine, originally performed by Petelius during his stint on the popular YLE sketch show Velipuolikuu.

The show had a number of variations made to its intro as the program went on. The very earliest version of the intro had Petelius and Kalliala make their way to the studio while wearing sun-glasses, fedoras and trench-coats with the film sped up for comical effect. Two variants of the intro with the same music were shot, one in the Winter and one in early Spring. A third intro had the Petelius and Kalliala appear as ministers taking a helicopter ride back to their apartment to retrieve a misplaced box of matches. Starting with the show's second season, the theme song became MARRS' 1987 hit Pump up the Volume. This song was accompanied by Petelius and Kalliala dancing and doing physically silly things to the beat of the music as well as mouthing the lyrics "Brothers and sisters! Pump up the volume!" against a red background. Variants of this intro appeared all through the second and third seasons, including a reversed version of the intro and versions with still-images from past skits in-between Kalliala and Petelius dancing.

At the beginning of the show's third season the James Potkukelkka's yell was changed from apuva! to jelppivä derived from the Swedish word for help, hjälp. In an interview, Petelius said that this was due to critics saying that the popularity of the character would lead no-one to take a cry of help (apua) seriously.

title: Pulttibois


text: User talk:203.101.61.7

title: User talk:203.101.61.7


text: Category:Irish installation artists

title: Category:Irish installation artists


text:
User talk:Ncrossland

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title: User talk:Ncrossland


text:
User talk:V8rik

24.215.95.182 (talk) 19:12, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

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File:Kinugasa reaction.png missing atom in reactant
The terminal alkyne in the first structure ends with just an explicit "C". Should it should have an explicit H (as a neutral organic reactant prior to reaction with CuI), or else a Cu bonded to it (the 3+2 reaction is of the copper acetylide)? DMacks (talk) 20:10, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I have made a change. Does not look pretty but it is effective. The peer-review time for images apparently is 9 years but I do not carry around the raw files for that length of time V8rik (talk) 20:41, 4 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Looks good enough, thanks. I rarely save mine either. DMacks (talk) 21:26, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for October 5
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

NiOOH
This note is about a set of articles that you created. They are being reorganized because I am fairly sure that all oxidized nickel oxides are really NiOOH, including nickel peroxide. I am not 100% certain, but the inorganic aspects are very specialized. The important thing which we need to flesh out is that somehow these things are related to batteries. In any case content was not lost. I hope you are going to continue to edit around here, BTW. --Smokefoot (talk) 18:51, 29 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi Smokefoot, your edits make sense to me, keep up the good work! V8rik (talk) 16:24, 31 January 2016 (UTC)

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MILS series
Please look at Articles for deletion/Metal Ions in Life Sciences and comment if you wish. Petergans (talk) 20:02, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

Uvitic acid
Hi there!

I have noticed your interest in the chemistry-related articles. I have recently created Uvitic acid, and need both professional and peer reviews as I am not than proficient with the subject of chemistry.

Cheerz! Lamro (talk) 16:04, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

Correlation diagram listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Correlation diagram. Since you had some involvement with the Correlation diagram redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. DMacks (talk) 16:13, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

Ann. listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Ann.. Since you had some involvement with the Ann. redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. --Nevé–selbert 02:21, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Reference errors on 31 January
Hello, I'm ReferenceBot. I have automatically detected that an edit performed by you may have introduced errors in referencing. as follows: Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/RBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/RBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=ReferenceBot%20–%20&section=new report it to my operator]. Thanks, ReferenceBot (talk) 00:22, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
 * On the Pentazole page, [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=762965945 your edit] caused an unsupported parameter error (help) . ([ Fix] | [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:ReferenceBot/helpform&preloadtitle=Referencing%20errors%20on%20%5B%5BSpecial%3ADiff%2F762965945%7CPentazole%5D%5D Ask for help])

Replaced reference in Perovkite solar cells
Hi. I have replaced the Collavini reference for a more recent, interesting and accurate secondary source reference from Kamat.

I have seen that you included Collavini reference for first time and I would like to know that my change is ok for you.

ps: It was my first edition in Wikipedia. I will continue reviewing this entry about Perovskite solar cells. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Perovskitor (talk • contribs) 08:46, 11 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi Perovskitor, I would see no reason to remove the first citation and replace it with another. Add all the citations you think are relevant but add them to the existing ones V8rik (talk) 19:23, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi V8rik,

I roughly estimate around 200 reviews in perovskite solar cell topic published currently in traditional scientific journals. Some of them dealing with more specific issues, another ones (majority) covering general aspects. I was wondering why specifically such 2-pages review was opening the wikipedia article on perovskite solar cells. It is not wrong of course, but it is lightly outdated and cover a very specific issue on perovskite solar cells as the (no) excitonic nature of this light harvester. In my opinion, there is 199 better review references to introduce perovskite solar cells to general audience or scientists looking for information about it. I personally have chosen the Kamat's review because probably it was the last one that I read and summarizes well the current trends of the topic in 56 pages.

However, you are right. Who am I to remove references here? I decided to put back the reference in a more useful place related to the specific issue that they are covering in the review. Perovskitor (talk) 15:59, 18 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your consideration! V8rik (talk) 17:44, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

You may be interested in this
Notifying you, since you've made a lot of edits to the article. Banedon (talk) 07:40, 15 February 2017 (UTC)

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Chemical diagram mistake
On File:Fenestranes.png, the middle diagram is missing a second H on each corner. DMacks (talk) 01:05, 16 March 2017 (UTC)
 * grrrrr, a replacement is in the making... V8rik (talk) 17:35, 16 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Fixed V8rik (talk) 09:46, 18 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks (belatedly...forgot to watchlist this)! DMacks (talk) 02:29, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

Help Requests
Hi! Attention is drawn to bond-dissociation_energy as once you had posted there. Bkpsusmitaa (talk) 02:31, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

Reflist|4
Hi. Just letting you know that reflist|2/3/4 are all deprecated per Template:Reflist. If you don't know the best ways to format these are:
 * reflist|35em for 2 columns
 * reflist|30em for 3 columns
 * reflist|40em for 4 columns

Most of the time, 4 columns don't really need to be used unless an article has well over 200 or so refs. thanks --Jennica ✿ / talk 10:18, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

 * got it! V8rik (talk) 15:15, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

File:3-Quinuclidinone hydrochloride.svg
Hi... I think you originally uploaded the File:3-Quinuclidinone hydrochloride.svg. In the synthesis, there is a formula for what I think is meant to be potassium ethoxide, and if it is, it is missing a hydrogen atom (ie. instead of ). Are you willing and able to upload a corrected version? Thanks. EdChem (talk) 08:43, 20 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Done! V8rik (talk) 10:02, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

propene - HBr reaction not balanced
In the reaction shown in MarkovnikovRulePropeneHBr.svg, there should be 2 propene and 2 HBr molecules to balance the equation.
 * Good catch! A replacement is underway. V8rik (talk) 17:14, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

Updating the Saponification diagram
Hi there. I saw the that you did, and I was wondering if it is possible for a remake of this diagram by replacing the English word "Heat" with the more universal symbol for it, Δ...it would save a lot on translation compatibility for other language Wikis that might use this diagram.

Sincerely,

Anumengelamun (talk) 07:43, 8 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Hello, I have just made the change that you suggested. I hope it's ok for V8rik. --Hbf878 (talk) 21:05, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi, thanks for making the change! V8rik (talk) 19:15, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

Thanks man! Means a lot to me. Have a great weekend! V8rik (talk) 18:37, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Fullerenes in popular culture for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Fullerenes in popular culture is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. — Bilorv(c)(talk) 00:24, 20 March 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Molecular spacer

The article Molecular spacer has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unable to find evidence that this is a real term of significance."

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. — swpb T go beyond 14:55, 25 April 2018 (UTC)

CramruleOfAsymmetricInduction.png
Hi! I just wanted to point out that on the, the Fischer projections 2a and 2b show the wrong enantiomers. Please flip the positions of "H" and "Ph" in all streogenic centers. Thanks!

Discussion at c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:PentaceneSynthesis.png
You are invited to join the discussion at c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:PentaceneSynthesis.png. Ron h jones (Talk) 20:52, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

"Iron, pentacarbonyl-" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Vitamin B12 total synthesis: MAJOR revision
Dear v8rik,

at long last I was able to finish my revision of your Vitamin B12 article - I just uploaded it. The long delay is due to the fact that I found it necessary to re-read most publications (and a lot of ETH theses) in order to provide precise citations for verification.

Given the length and complexity of this article, my "unusual" application of Show/Hide, and the number of sources and citations, I deemed it essential to comment on this in the talk page.

Best regards, Bert Easyloc (talk) 20:12, 29 February 2020 (UTC)

Hi Bert,

Extensive amount of work done! Congratulations! I am going to review the new work, I will leave comments not here but on the vitamin talkpage => Talk

Rik

Image discussion
commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:TwistedAcene.png is one of your images. DMacks (talk) 13:37, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

"Fractional charge" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Nomination of Chemical chirality in popular culture for deletion
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File:EliminationReactionGlycerol2Acrolein2.svg

What does it mean in the image: "OS I:15"? Д.Ильин

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Proposed deletion of Cyanimide

The article Cyanimide has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Cannot find a consistent attestation to this term, which seems to vary in meaning across the literature."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Nomination of Cyanimide for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Cyanimide is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. –Laundry</b><b style="color:#fb0">Pizza</b><b style="color:#b00">03</b> ( d c̄ ) 21:58, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

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Nomination of Chirotechnology for deletion
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Nomination of Methanol economy for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Methanol economy is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Methanol economy until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Chidgk1 (talk) 11:56, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:V8rik


text:
User talk:Bingoboy

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

Image source problem with Image:Bsix logo.jpg
This is an automated message from a robot. You have recently uploaded Image:Bsix logo.jpg. The file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 19:24, 15 September 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. If you believe you received this message in error, please notify the bot's owner. OsamaKBOT 19:24, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bingoboy


text:
User talk:Poltak

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | [[User_talk:Utcursch|Talk to me]

Edit summaries
Please leave edit summaries in the designated edit summary box. This helps other users know what you have done to the page. It is only considered a guideline, but please do so. Phoenix2 8 July 2005 00:02 (UTC)

title: User talk:Poltak


text:
Supermolecule

The term supermolecule (or supramolecule) was introduced by Karl Lothar Wolf et al. (Übermoleküle) in 1937 to describe hydrogen-bonded acetic acid dimers. The study of non-covalent association of complexes of molecules has since developed into the field of supramolecular chemistry. The term supermolecule is sometimes used to describe supramolecular assemblies, which are complexes of two or more molecules (often macromolecules) that are not covalently bonded. The term supermolecule is also used in biochemistry to describe complexes of biomolecules, such as peptides and oligonucleotides composed of multiple strands.

title: Supermolecule


text:
Waltons

Waltons can refer to:

 * Waltons (department store), an Australian department store chain
 * Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher, a contracts case involving the department store
 * Waltons (Canadian band)
 * Residents in the Walton Well Road area of Oxford, England

title: Waltons


text: User talk:62.128.169.139

title: User talk:62.128.169.139


text:
User:Buxtehude

My alias is derived from the composer Dieterich Buxtehude.

nl:Gebruiker:Buxtehude

title: User:Buxtehude


text:
Case-hardening

Case-hardening or carburization is the process of introducing carbon to the surface of a low carbon iron or much more commonly low carbon steel object in order to enable the surface to be hardened.

Iron which has a carbon content greater than ~0.02% is known as steel. Steel which has a carbon content greater than ~0.25% can be direct hardened by heating to around 600C and then quickly cooling, often by immersing in water, this being known as quenching. Hardening is desirable for metal components because it gives increased strength and wear resistance, the trade off being that hardened steel is generally more brittle and less malleable than when it is in its softer state.

In order to produce a hard skin on steels which have less than ~0.2% carbon, carbon can be introduced into the surface by heating steel in the presence of some carbon rich substance such as powdered charcoal or hydrocarbon gas. This causes carbon to diffuse into the surface of the steel. The depth of this high carbon layer depends on the exposure time, but 0.5mm is a typical case depth. Once this has been done the steel must be heated and quenched to harden this higher carbon 'skin'. Below this skin, the steel core will remain soft due to its low carbon content.

History
Early iron smelting made use of bloomeries which converted iron ore into metallic iron by heating it in a furnace which burnt wood and charcoal. Because the temperatures that could be achieved by this method were generally below the melting point of iron, it was not truly smelted, but instead converted into a spongy metallic iron/slag matrix. This matrix then required re-heating and hammering to extract as much of the slag as possible, in order to produce a low-carbon malleable wrought iron which could then be forged into tools etc. Due to its low carbon content, wrought iron is quite soft, so something like a knife blade could not be kept very sharp; it would blunt quickly and bend easily.

As smelting techniques improved, higher furnace temperatures could be achieved which were sufficient to fully melt iron. However, in the process, the iron picked up carbon from the charcoal or coke used to heat it. This resulted in molten iron with a carbon content of around 3%, which was termed cast iron. This liquid iron could be cast into complex shapes, but due to its high carbon content, it was very brittle, not at all malleable, and totally unsuitable for something like a knife blade. Further processing was required to remove the excess carbon from cast iron and create malleable wrought iron (the ultimate developments of this being the Bessemer converter and the Siemens process).

After the removal of almost all carbon from cast iron, the result was a metal that was very malleable and ductile but not very hard, nor capable of being hardened by heating and quenching. This led to the introduction of case hardening. The resulting case-hardened product combines much of the malleability and toughness of a low-carbon steel core with the hardness and resilience of the outer high-carbon steel skin.

The traditional method of applying the carbon to the surface of the iron involved packing the iron in a mixture of carbon-rich material such as ground bone and charcoal or a combination of leather, hooves, salt and urine, all inside a well-sealed box (the "case"). This carburizing package is then heated to a high temperature—but still under the melting point of the iron—and left at that temperature for a length of time. The longer the package is held at the high temperature, the deeper the carbon will diffuse into the surface. Different depths of hardening are desirable for different purposes: sharp tools need deep hardening to allow grinding and resharpening without exposing the soft core, while machine parts like gears might need only shallow hardening for increased wear resistance.

The resulting case-hardened part may show distinct surface discoloration, if the carbon material is mixed organic matter as described above. The steel darkens significantly and shows a mottled pattern of black, blue, and purple caused by the various compounds formed from impurities in the bone and charcoal. This oxide surface works similarly to bluing, providing a degree of corrosion resistance, as well as an attractive finish. Case colouring refers to this pattern and is commonly encountered as a decorative finish on firearms.

Case-hardened steel combines extreme hardness and extreme toughness, which is not readily matched by homogeneous alloys since hard homogeneous steels tend to be brittle, especially those steels whose hardness relies on carbon content alone. Alloy steels containing nickel, chromium, or molybdenum can have very high hardness, strength, or elongation values, but at a greater cost than a case-hardened item with a low-carbon core.

Chemistry
Carbon itself is solid at case-hardening temperatures and so is immobile. Transport to the surface of the steel was as gaseous carbon monoxide, generated by the breakdown of the carburising compound and the oxygen packed into the sealed box. This takes place with pure carbon but too slowly to be workable. Although oxygen is required for this process it is re-circulated through the CO cycle and so can be carried out inside a sealed box (the "case"). The sealing is necessary to stop the CO either leaking out or being oxidised to CO2 by excess outside air.

Adding an easily decomposed carbonate "energiser" such as barium carbonate breaks down to BaO + CO2 and this encourages the reaction:
 * C (from the donor) + CO2 <—> 2 CO

increasing the overall abundance of CO and the activity of the carburising compound.

It is a common knowledge fallacy that case-hardening was done with bone but this is misleading. Although bone was used, the main carbon donor was hoof and horn. Bone contains some carbonates but is mainly calcium phosphate (as hydroxylapatite). This does not have the beneficial effect of encouraging CO production and it can also introduce phosphorus as an impurity into the steel alloy.

Modern use
Both carbon and alloy steels are suitable for case-hardening; typically mild steels are used, with low carbon content, usually less than 0.3% (see plain-carbon steel for more information). These mild steels are not normally hardenable due to the low quantity of carbon, so the surface of the steel is chemically altered to increase the hardenability. Case-hardened steel is formed by diffusing carbon (carburization), nitrogen (nitriding) or boron (boriding) into the outer layer of the steel at high temperature, and then heat treating the surface layer to the desired hardness.

The term case-hardening is derived from the practicalities of the carburization process itself, which is essentially the same as the ancient process. The steel work piece is placed inside a case packed tight with a carbon-based case-hardening compound. This is collectively known as a carburizing pack. The pack is put inside a hot furnace for a variable length of time. Time and temperature determines how deep into the surface the hardening extends. However, the depth of hardening is ultimately limited by the inability of carbon to diffuse deeply into solid steel, and a typical depth of surface hardening with this method is up to 1.5 mm. Other techniques are also used in modern carburizing, such as heating in a carbon-rich atmosphere. Small items may be case-hardened by repeated heating with a torch and quenching in a carbon rich medium, such as the commercial products Kasenit / Casenite or "Cherry Red". Older formulations of these compounds contain potentially toxic cyanide compounds, while the more recent types such as Cherry Red do not.

Flame or induction hardening

Flame or induction hardening are processes in which the surface of the steel is heated very rapidly to high temperatures (by direct application of an oxy-gas flame, or by induction heating) then cooled rapidly, generally using water; this creates a "case" of martensite on the surface. A carbon content of 0.3–0.6 wt% C is needed for this type of hardening. Unlike other methods, flame or induction hardening does not change chemical composition of the material. Because it is merely a localized heat-treatment process, they are typically only useful on high-carbon steels that will respond sufficiently to quench hardening.

Typical uses are for the shackle of a lock, where the outer layer is hardened to be file resistant, and mechanical gears, where hard gear mesh surfaces are needed to maintain a long service life while toughness is required to maintain durability and resistance to catastrophic failure. Flame hardening uses direct impingement of an oxy-gas flame onto a defined surface area. The result of the hardening process is controlled by four factors:

 * Design of the flame head
 * Duration of heating
 * Target temperature to be reached
 * Composition of the metal being treated

Carburizing
Carburizing is a process used to case-harden steel with a carbon content between 0.1 and 0.3 wt% C. In this process iron is introduced to a carbon rich environment at elevated temperatures for a certain amount of time, and then quenched so that the carbon is locked in the structure; one of the simpler procedures is repeatedly to heat a part with an acetylene torch set with a fuel-rich flame and quench it in a carbon-rich fluid such as oil.

Carburization is a diffusion-controlled process, so the longer the steel is held in the carbon-rich environment the greater the carbon penetration will be and the higher the carbon content. The carburized section will have a carbon content high enough that it can be hardened again through flame or induction hardening.

It is possible to carburize only a portion of a part, either by protecting the rest by a process such as copper plating, or by applying a carburizing medium to only a section of the part.

The carbon can come from a solid, liquid or gaseous source; if it comes from a solid source the process is called pack carburizing. Packing low carbon steel parts with a carbonaceous material and heating for some time diffuses carbon into the outer layers. A heating period of a few hours might form a high-carbon layer about one millimeter thick.

Liquid carburizing involves placing parts in a bath of a molten carbon-containing material, often a metal cyanide; gas carburizing involves placing the parts in a furnace maintained with a methane-rich interior.

Nitriding
Nitriding heats the steel part to 482 – in an atmosphere of ammonia gas and dissociated ammonia. The time the part spends in this environment dictates the depth of the case. The hardness is achieved by the formation of nitrides. Nitride forming elements must be present for this method to work; these elements include chromium, molybdenum, and aluminum. The advantage of this process is that it causes little distortion, so the part can be case-hardened after being quenched, tempered and machined. No quenching is done after nitriding.

Cyaniding
Cyaniding is a case-hardening process that is fast and efficient; it is mainly used on low-carbon steels. The part is heated to 871 – in a bath of sodium cyanide and then is quenched and rinsed, in water or oil, to remove any residual cyanide.

 * 2NaCN + O2 → 2NaCNO
 * 2NaCNO + O2 → Na2CO3 + CO + N2
 * 2CO → CO2 + C

This process produces a thin, hard shell (between 0.25 and 0.75 mm) that is harder than the one produced by carburizing, and can be completed in 20 to 30 minutes compared to several hours so the parts have less opportunity to become distorted. It is typically used on small parts such as bolts, nuts, screws and small gears. The major drawback of cyaniding is that cyanide salts are poisonous.

Carbonitriding
Carbonitriding is similar to cyaniding except a gaseous atmosphere of ammonia and hydrocarbons is used instead of sodium cyanide. If the part is to be quenched, it is heated to 775 –; if not, then the part is heated to 649 –.

Ferritic nitrocarburizing
Ferritic nitrocarburizing diffuses mostly nitrogen and some carbon into the case of a workpiece below the critical temperature, approximately 650 C. Under the critical temperature the workpiece's microstructure does not convert to an austenitic phase, but stays in the ferritic phase, which is why it is called ferritic nitrocarburization.

Applications
Parts that are subject to high pressures and sharp impacts are still commonly case-hardened. Examples include firing pins and rifle bolt faces, or engine camshafts. In these cases, the surfaces requiring the hardness may be hardened selectively, leaving the bulk of the part in its original tough state.

Firearms were a common item case-hardened in the past, as they required precision machining best done on low carbon alloys, yet needed the hardness and wear resistance of a higher carbon alloy. Many modern replicas of older firearms, particularly single action revolvers, are still made with case-hardened frames, or with case coloring, which simulates the mottled pattern left by traditional charcoal and bone case-hardening.

Another common application of case-hardening is on screws, particularly self-drilling screws. In order for the screws to be able to drill, cut and tap into other materials like steel, the drill point and the forming threads must be harder than the material(s) that it is drilling into. However, if the whole screw is uniformly hard, it will become very brittle and it will break easily. This is overcome by ensuring that only the surface is hardened, and the core remains relatively softer and thus less brittle. For screws and fasteners, case-hardening is achieved by a simple heat treatment consisting of heating and then quenching.

For theft prevention, lock shackles and chains are often case-hardened to resist cutting, whilst remaining less brittle inside to resist impact. As case-hardened components are difficult to machine, they are generally shaped before hardening.

title: Case-hardening


text:
Talk:Knanaya Christians

 * The Copyvio tag was put up on this page on the 28th of Jan 2005, but it had not been listed on the wikipedia:copyright problems page. I have already written an alternative page at Knanaya, so after deleting this page, it could be redirected to that page. Robin klein 12:26, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Knanaya Christians


text:
Heading

Heading can refer to:
 * Heading (metalworking), a process which incorporates the extruding and upsetting processes
 * Headline, text at the top of a newspaper article
 * Heading (navigation), the direction a person or vehicle is facing, usually similar to its course
 * Aircraft heading, the direction that the aircraft's nose is pointing
 * Double-heading, the use of two locomotives at the front of a train
 * Subject heading, an integral part of bibliographic control
 * Using one's head to move an airborne football or volleyball
 * Heading off, (especially with regard to livestock, sports or military action), circling around to prevent livestock or opponents from fleeing. See Heading dog.
 * Heading date, a parameter in barley cultivation
 * Heading, part of a flag used to attach it to the halyard; see Flag.

title: Heading


text:
GSK

GSK may refer to:
 * Galatasaray S.K., a Turkish sports club based in Istanbul
 * Glycogen synthase kinase
 * Golden State Killer, a California serial rapist and murderer
 * GSK plc, formerly GlaxoSmithKline, a multinational pharmaceutical corporation
 * GTK Scene Graph Kit, a rendering pipeline

title: GSK


text:
Vmobile

Vmobile was a Nigerian mobile phone network provider with close to a million subscribers in 2004. The company was previously owned by Econet Wireless Nigeria, but after a shareholder dispute was purchased (for a month) by Vodacom of South Africa. The Vodacom deal was short-lived, and the operator soon thereafter began trading as VMobile Nigeria, owned by Vee Networks Limited. The name Vee was based on Vee from Vodacom after Vodacom pulled out of the deal. Vodacom's South African staff was retained by the Nigerian Investors, to run the now called VMobile network. Willem Swart was appointed as CEO, with several previous Econet staff as directors.

The company claimed that all investors were Nigeria-based. They included the state governments of Lagos, Delta, and Akwa Ibom. On April 16, 2006, Celtel made a conditional offer for Vmobile and in May 2006, Vmobile was bought by Celtel for US$1.005. billion after Celtel acquired a controlling stake of 65% in Vmobile

During its time, Vmobile branded itself as the network for the Nigerian people, with the catchphrase being "it's all about you".

title: Vmobile


text:
Voice box

Voice box may refer to:
 * The larynx (plural larynges), colloquially known as the voice box, an organ in the neck of land vertebrates involved in protection of the trachea and (in some of them) sound production and vibration of the larynx
 * A mechanical larynx, used by people who have lost their voice box due to disease or smoking-associated ailments of the mouth and the voice

title: Voice box


text:
Western Australian Legislative Council

The Western Australian Legislative Council is the upper house of the Parliament of Western Australia, a state of Australia. It is regarded as a house of review for legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly, the lower house. The two Houses of Parliament sit in Parliament House in the state capital, Perth.

Effective on 20 May 2005, for the election of members of the Legislative Council, the state was divided into six electoral regions by community of interest – three metropolitan and three rural – each electing six members to the Legislative Council. The 2005 changes continued to maintain the previous malapportionment in favour of rural regions. Legislation was passed in 2021 to abolish these regions and increase the size of the council to 37 seats, all of which will be elected by the state-at-large. The changes will take effect in the 2025 state election.

Since 2008, the Legislative Council has had 36 members. Since the 2013 state election, both houses of Parliament have had fixed four-year terms, with elections being held every four years on the second Saturday in March, though the term of the Legislative Council not expiring until May after the election. In the current Legislative Council, elected at the 2021 election, Labor has majority control of the chamber—the first time any party gained the majority in the upper house since 1983.

Six members of the Legislative Council are elected from each of the six regions under a proportional and preferential voting system using the single transferable vote method. Each council region overlaps with a varying number of Assembly seats. Because of the proportional representation system in place as well as the malapportionment in favour of rural regions, the Legislative Council has traditionally been controlled by a coalition of the Liberal and National parties, and minor parties and independents have been more easily elected.

Current distribution of seats
The current composition of the Legislative Council, elected at the 2021 state election, is as follows:

 * 19 votes as a majority are required to pass legislation.

History
Western Australia's first representative parliament was the Legislative Council, first created in 1832 as an appointive body. Initially it consisted only of official members; that is, public officials whose office guaranteed them a place on the Council. The initial appointees were the Governor, James Stirling, the Senior Military Officer next in command to the Governor, Frederick Irwin, the Colonial Secretary, Peter Broun, the Surveyor-General, John Septimus Roe, and the Advocate-General, William Mackie. The Legislative Council first met on 7 February 1832.

Three years later, an attempt was made to expand the Council by including four unofficial members to be nominated by the governor. However, the public demand for elected rather than nominated members was so great that implementation of the change was delayed until 1838.

In 1850, the British Parliament passed an act that permitted the Australian colonies to establish legislative councils that were one-third nominated and two-thirds elected, but only under the condition that the colonies take responsibility for the costs of their own government. Because of this provision, Western Australia was slow to adopt the system. In 1867, the governor responded to public demand for representative government by holding unofficial elections and subsequently nominating each elected person to the Council. Three years later, representative government was officially adopted and the Legislative Council was changed to consist of 12 elected members and 6 members nominated by the governor. Suffrage was limited to landowners and those with a prescribed level of income.

When Western Australia gained responsible government in 1890, a bicameral system was adopted and the Legislative Council became a house of review for legislation passed by the popularly elected Legislative Assembly. This Council consisted of 15 members, all nominated by the governor. However, it was provided that once the population of the colony reached 60,000, the Legislative Council would become elective. The colony was expected to take many years to reach a population of 60,000 but the discovery of the eastern goldfields and the consequent gold rush caused that figure to be reached by 1893. The constitution was then amended to make the Legislative Council an elective house of 21 seats, with three members to be elected from each of seven provinces. The first election to the Council was held following the dissolution of parliament in June 1894.

This system was retained until 1962 when, over the next two years, the Council was reformed, creating a series of two-member electorates. Members were elected for six years with provision for re-election of one every three years. Universal suffrage was also granted in order to bring the Council into line with the Assembly. This arrangement remained until 10 June 1987 when the Burke Labor government, with the conditional support of the National Party, introduced the present system of multi-member electorates and a method of proportional representation which is, however, 'weighted' to give extra representation to rural constituents. The legislation was made possible because the Australian Democrats in 1986 negotiated an election preference flow to Labor in return for an explicit undertaking on Legislative Council electoral reform, which resulted in the defeat of a number of Liberal councillors who were committed to opposing such reform.

Until 2005 the state used a zonally weighted electoral system for both houses of parliament. In effect, this meant that the vote of a Perth voter counted for less than that of a rural voter. The difference was less marked in the Assembly than in the Legislative Council, whose metropolitan regions are numerically weighted so that up to two rural members are elected by the same number of votes needed to elect a single member from Perth. This style of weighting has not been adopted by any other Australian state.

While the Liberal Party and Labor Party were both advantaged and disadvantaged by this system, it strongly benefited the National Party. During the 1990s, Liberal Premier Richard Court considered changing the system along the lines of that in place in South Australia, but backed down in the face of National Party opposition.

Effective on 20 May 2005, for the election of members of the Legislative Council, the State was divided into 6 electoral regions by community of interest, 3 metropolitan and 3 rural, each electing 6 members to the Legislative Council. The regions were defined geographically and functionally, and also included partial requirements for equal numbers of Legislative Assembly districts. However, all previously elected members remained until the following election on 6 September 2008. Even with the reforms, rural areas are still significantly overrepresented. According to ABC election analyst Antony Green, the rural weighting is still significant enough that it is all but impossible for a Liberal premier in Western Australia to govern without National support, even if the Liberals win enough Legislative Assembly seats to theoretically allow them to govern alone.

In 2021, the government passed a substantial reform of the Council electoral system. Starting with the 2025 general election, all seats will be elected in a statewide electorate.

Malapportionment
While Perth accounts for 70% of the state's population, only 30% of the state's population is located in towns and small settlements across an area of over 2.6 million square kilometres outside the Perth metropolitan area.

However, until 2005, the state used a zonally weighted electoral system for both houses of parliament. In Legislative Council elections, this meant a vote in Perth was worth around 47% of a rural vote.

The WA Legislative Council is the last remaining State or Territory chamber in Australia to have a significant rural overweighting.

For example, the Mining and Pastoral Region has 16% of the average number of electors in the three metropolitan regions, which on paper gives Mining and Pastoral voters six times the voting power of those in the city of Perth. However, according to Green, the actual bias is greater due to historically lower turnout in the Mining and Pastoral region.

1870–1890: Electoral districts
The Legislative Council Act 1870, which took effect the same year, created ten electoral districts for the Legislative Council, electing twelve members in total. Three later acts of parliament (in 1874, 1883, and 1887) established four more electoral districts, created from the territory of existing districts.

 * Albany
 * Fremantle (two members)
 * Gascoyne (1883)
 * Geraldton
 * Greenough
 * Kimberley (1887)
 * Murray and Williams (1874)

 * The North (1874; two members from 1883)
 * Perth (two members)
 * Swan
 * Toodyay
 * Vasse
 * Wellington
 * York

1894–1989: Electoral provinces
In 1890, following the creation of the Legislative Assembly, the Legislative Council returned to being a completely appointed body, with 15 members. The Constitution Act Amendment Act 1893 was subsequently passed, taking effect in 1894, to provide for seven electoral provinces, each electing three members. Additional provinces were created in 1897 and 1900, and a further reorganisation occurred in 1950 (following the passage of the Electoral Districts Act 1947 establishing an independent electoral commission).

 * Central Province
 * East Province (1894–1950)
 * Metropolitan Province
 * Metropolitan-Suburban Province (1900–1950)
 * Midland Province (1950)
 * North Province

 * North-East Province (1897)
 * South-East Province
 * South Province (1900)
 * South-West Province
 * Suburban Province (1950)
 * West Province

The Constitution Acts Amendment Act (No.2) 1963, effective from the 1965 state election, abolished the ten existing three-member provinces, replacing them with 15 two-member provinces. One new province was added at the 1977 state election. Some of the new provinces bore the same names as the previous provinces.

 * Central Province
 * East Metropolitan Province (1977)
 * Lower Central Province
 * Lower North Province
 * Lower West Province
 * Metropolitan Province
 * North-East Metropolitan Province
 * North-Central Metropolitan Province
 * North Metropolitan Province

 * North Province
 * South-East Province
 * South-East Metropolitan Province
 * South Metropolitan Province
 * South Province
 * South-West Province
 * Upper West Province
 * West Province

1989–2025: Electoral regions
The Acts Amendment (Electoral Reform) Act 1987, which took effect at the 1989 state election, created six electoral regions to replace the previous electoral provinces. Initially, the South West and North Metropolitan regions each returned seven members, while the other regions each returned five. This arrangement was changed to have each region return six members for the 2008 state election.

 * Agricultural
 * East Metropolitan
 * Mining and Pastoral

 * North Metropolitan
 * South Metropolitan
 * South West

From 2025: State-wide electorate
After the 2021 state election, in which the Labor Party won a majority in both houses of parliament, the state government formed a commission to explore reform to the Legislative Council electoral system. The committee recommended the abolition of the six electoral regions in favour of a single state-wide electorate and the abolition of group voting tickets, among other changes. The Electoral Legislation Amendment (Electoral Equality) Bill 2021 was passed in November 2021 and established a "one vote, one value" system in the Legislative Council for the first time. The electoral regions were abolished and replaced by a single state-wide electorate of 37 members, while GVTs were replaced by optional preferential voting. The changes will take effect in the 2025 state election. Voters will be required to vote for one or more preferred parties above the dividing line on the ballot paper, or at least 20 candidates below the dividing line.

title: Western Australian Legislative Council


text:
Gaudi (The Alan Parsons Project album)

Gaudi is the tenth album by The Alan Parsons Project, released in 1987. Gaudi refers to Antoni Gaudí, the Catalan Spanish architect, and the opening track references what is probably Gaudí's best known building, the Sagrada Família.

Project regular David Paton was unable to undertake bass duties on this recording due to a prior touring commitment with Elton John. Saxophonist-keyboardist Richard Cottle's brother, Laurie, was recruited to play bass. The album was recorded at the Grange in Norfolk and Mayfair Studios in London using a pair of Sony 3324 DASH digital tape recorders and mixed to a digital master.

This was the final canonical Alan Parsons Project studio album, as well as vocalist Lenny Zakatek's final contribution to any Parsons album. Although the album The Sicilian Defence was released in 2014, it was originally recorded in 1979 and was never intended to be heard by the public.

During the writing of what would have been the follow-up, Eric Woolfson turned that album into a rock opera, eventually released as Freudiana in 1990. Alan Parsons continued as a solo artist in 1993 with Try Anything Once, an album which completes the musical evolution that started with this album.

A musical by Woolfson with the same name, and based on the songs of this album, was released in 1993 in Germany with the songs sung in English.

Use on television
The songs "Closer to Heaven" and "Money Talks" were used in an episode of the third season of the TV series Miami Vice; an instrumental version of "Standing on Higher Ground" was used as background music in some scenes of an episode of the sitcom "Roomies."

Personnel

 * Eric Woolfson – pianos, keyboards, vocals
 * Alan Parsons – synthesizer, programming, producer, engineer
 * Ian Bairnson – guitars
 * Laurie Cottle – bass
 * Stuart Elliott – drums, percussion
 * Richard Cottle – synthesizers, saxophones
 * John Miles - vocals
 * Lenny Zakatek - vocals
 * Geoff Barradale – vocals
 * Chris Rainbow – backing vocals
 * Andrew Powell – orchestral arrangements
 * John Heley – cello on "La Sagrada Familia"
 * David Cripp – horns conductor on "La Sagrada Familia" and "Paseo de Gracia"
 * Bob Howes – The English Chorale conductor, timpani on "La Sagrada Familia" and "Paseo de Gracia"

Musical
Gaudi was Eric Woolfson's second foray into the world of musical theater. It debuted in Aachen in June 1993. In 1995, a musical cast album was released on CD which, however, omitted a few tracks.

In 2021, a download version of the musical has been released featuring differing versions to the CD release and three more tracks.

The three bonus tracks, which are all instrumental, were originally played between the vocal numbers. Due to a mastering error, the first note of "Standing on Higher Ground" is actually at the end of "Las Ramblas/It Isn't Funny If It Happens To You", indicating that this track, which incorporates "Paseo de Gracia" from the original Alan Parsons Project album, originally preceded "Standing on Higher Ground". A vocal version of "It Isn't Funny...", again preceding "Standing on Higher Ground", was performed during the ZDF broadcast, but isn't on any audio release. The same broadcast also includes "Garden of the Warriors" following "Closer to Heaven". According to the Scene by Scene overview, "Gaudi Visions" (which is not included in the broadcast) opened the second act, preceding "Inside Looking Out".

title: Gaudi (The Alan Parsons Project album)


text:
Jorge Luis Borges bibliography

This is a bibliography of works by Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet, and translator Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986).

Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in literature" article (for prose) or "[year] in poetry" article (for verse).

Original book-length publications
This list follows the chronology of original (typically Spanish-language) publication in books, based in part on the rather comprehensive (but incomplete) bibliography online at the Borges Center (originally the J. L. Borges Center for Studies & Documentation at the University of Aarhus, then at the University of Iowa, now—as of 2010—at the University of Pittsburgh). The following list focuses on book-length publication of original work (including collaborative work): it does not include individual short stories, poems, and translations published in magazines, nor does it include books (such as anthologies of fantasy and of Argentine literature) that Borges edited or co-edited. It also excludes several chapbooks, privately printed editions, etc. of under 50 pages each and does not attempt to identify first publication dates of individual stories, poems, etc. ISBNs refer to recent editions, not original publications. (Many English-language titles and ISBNs still missing. Some of the volumes might be better classified in terms of genre.)
 * Fervor de Buenos Aires, 1923, poetry.
 * Inquisiciones, 1925, essays. English title: Inquiries.
 * Luna de Enfrente, 1925, poetry.
 * El tamaño de mi esperanza, 1925, essays.
 * El idioma de los argentinos, 1928, essays.
 * Cuaderno San Martín, 1929, poetry.
 * Evaristo Carriego, 1930, a tightly linked collection of essays on the Argentine poet Evaristo Carriego. An expanded edition was published in 1955, with essays on other Argentine topics (ISBN 84-206-3345-3).
 * Discusión, 1932, essays and literary criticism. An expanded version was published in 1957.
 * Historia universal de la infamia (in English: A Universal History of Infamy), 1935, short non-fictional stories and literary forgeries (ISBN 84-206-3314-3). The edition of 1958 adds a prologue and several more literary forgeries; 1972, (ISBN 84-206-1309-6). Several web sources mis-attribute this as Historia universal de la infancia (which would be A Universal History of Childhood).
 * Historia de la eternidad, 1936, essays.
 * El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan, 1941, short stories. English title: Garden of Forking Paths, published as a section of Ficciones.
 * Seis problemas para don Isidro Parodi, 1942, comic detective fiction, written with Adolfo Bioy Casares, originally published under the name H. Bustos Domecq. English title: Six Problems for Don Isidro Parodi, 1981. (ISBN 0-525-48035-8)
 * Poemas : 1922-1943, 1943, poetry. This was a complete republication of his three previous volumes of poetry, plus some additional poems. Some of the republished poems were modified for this edition.
 * Ficciones, 1944, short stories, an expanded version of El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan, 1941. The 1956 edition adds 3 stories. US title Ficciones, 1962 (ISBN 0-394-17244-2). Also published in the UK as "Fictions" (ed. and trans. Anthony Kerrigan: Calder and Boyars, 1965), and later in a translation by Andrew Hurley (ISBN 0-14-118384-5).
 * Un modelo para la muerte, 1946, detective fiction, written with Adolfo Bioy Casares, originally published under the name B. Suarez Lynch. The original publication was a private printing of only 300 copies. The first commercial printing was in 1970.
 * Dos fantasías memorables, 1946, two fantasy stories, written with Adolfo Bioy Casares. Like Un modelo para la muerte, the original publication was a private printing of 300 copies, with no commercial printing until 1970.
 * El Aleph, 1949, essays and short stories. A slightly expanded edition was published in 1957. English title: The Aleph and Other Stories 1933-1969 (ISBN 0-525-05154-6). The English-language edition is an incomplete translation of the Spanish-language book, but contains an autobiographical essay originally written for The New Yorker. Borges's Spanish-language Autobiografía (2000) is simply a translation of this English-language essay into Spanish.
 * Aspectos de la poesía gauchesca, 1950, literary criticism.
 * Antiguas literaturas germánicas, 1951, literary criticism, written with Delia Ingenieros.
 * La muerte y la brújula, 1951, short stories selected from earlier published volumes.
 * Otras inquisiciones 1937-1952, 1952, essays and literary criticism. English title: Other Inquisitions 1937-1952, 1964 (ISBN 0-292-76002-7).
 * Historia de la eternidad, 1953, essays, short stories, and literary criticism.
 * El "Martín Fierro", 1953, essays on the epic Argentine poem Martín Fierro, written with Margarita Guerrero, ISBN 84-206-1933-7.
 * Poemas : 1923-1953, 1954, poetry. Essentially the same as Poemas : 1922-1943, but with the addition of a few newer poems.
 * Los orilleros; El paraíso de los creyentes, 1955, 2 screenplays, written with Adolfo Bioy Casares.
 * Leopoldo Lugones, 1955, literary criticism, written with Betina Edelborg.
 * La hermana de Eloísa, 1955, short stories. This slim book consists of two stories by Borges, two by Luisa Mercedes Levinson, and the title story, on which they collaborated.
 * Manual de zoología fantástica, 1957, short pieces about imaginary beings, written with Margarita Guerrero.
 * Libro del cielo y del infierno, 1960, essays and one poem, written with Adolfo Bioy Casares. Some of this material comes from Antiguas literaturas germánicas, 1951.
 * El Hacedor, 1960, poetry and short prose pieces, first published as the ninth volume in his Obras completas (Complete Works), a project which had begun in 1953. English title: Dreamtigers, 1964. (ISBN 0-292-71549-8)
 * Antología Personal, 1961, essays, poetry, literary criticism, some of it not previously published in book form. English title: A Personal Anthology, 1967 (ISBN 0-330-23345-9).
 * El lenguaje de Buenos Aires, 1963, long essays, written with José Edmundo Clemente. The 1968 edition adds several new essays by Clemente.
 * Introducción a la literatura inglesa, 1965, literary criticism, written with María Esther Vázquez.
 * Para las seis cuerdas, 1965, lyrics for tangos and milongas. An expanded edition came out in 1970, but all of the poems in either edition can also be found in El otro, el mismo, 1969. Ástor Piazzolla composed the music for these tangos and milongas, the result of which was a record praised by Borges.
 * Literaturas germánicas medievales, 1966, literary criticism, written with María Esther Vázquez. This is a reworking of Antiguas literaturas germánicas, 1951.
 * Crónicas de Bustos Domecq, literary forgery/essays, 1967, written with Adolfo Bioy Casares. An odd book: deliberately pompous critical essays by an imaginary author. English title: Chronicles of Bustos Domecq, 1976. (ISBN 0-525-47548-6)
 * Introducción a la literatura norteamericana, 1967, literary criticism, written with Esther Zemborain de Torres. English title: An Introduction to American Literature, 1971, (ISBN 0-8052-0403-2).
 * El libro de los seres imaginarios, 1967, expansion of Manual de zoología fantástica, 1957, written with Margarita Guerrero. English title: The Book of Imaginary Beings, 1969 (ISBN 0-14-018023-0); the English-language volume is actually a further expansion of the work.
 * Conversations with Jorge Luis Borges, 1968, with Richard Burgin, originally published in English. ISBN 1-57806-076-1.
 * Nueva Antología Personal, 1968, essays, poetry, literary criticism, some of it not previously published in book form. This includes quite a few previously unpublished poems, and has very little intersection with Antología Personal, 1961.
 * Museo, 1969?, poetry (ISBN 950-04-2413-4).
 * Elogio de la Sombra, 1969, poetry. English title In Praise of Darkness, 1974. (ISBN 0-525-03635-0)
 * El otro, el mismo, 1969, poetry, including a complete reprint of Para las seis cuerdas, 1965.
 * El informe de Brodie, short stories, 1970. English title: Dr. Brodie's Report, 1971.
 * El congreso, 1971, essays.
 * Nuevos Cuentos de Bustos Domecq, 1972. Borges, a Reader, 1977, written with Adolfo Bioy Casares.
 * El oro de los tigres, 1972, poetry. English title: The Gold of the Tigers, Selected Later Poems, 1977. The English-language volume also includes poems from La Rosa Profunda.
 * El libro de arena, 1975, short stories, English title: The Book of Sand, 1977.
 * La Rosa Profunda, 1975, poetry.
 * La moneda de hierro, 1976, poetry.
 * Diálogos, 1976, conversations between Borges and Ernesto Sabato, transcribed by Orlando Barone.
 * Que es el budismo, 1976, lectures, written with Alicia Jurado, (ISBN 84-206-3874-9).
 * Historia de la noche, 1977, poetry.
 * Prólogos con un prólogo de prólogos, 1977, a collection of numerous book prologues Borges had written over the years.
 * Borges El Memorioso, 1977, conversations with Antonio Carrizo (ISBN 968-16-1351-1). The title is a play on Borges's story "Funes El Memorioso", known in English as "Funes, the Memorious".
 * Rosa y Azul: La rosa de Paracelso; Tigres azules, 1977, (short stories).
 * Borges, oral, 1979, lectures.
 * Siete noches, 1980, lectures. English title, Seven Nights.
 * La cifra, 1981, poetry. English title: The Limit.
 * Nueve ensayos dantescos, 1982, essays on Dante.
 * Veinticinco de Agosto de 1983 y otros cuentos, 1983, short stories (also entitled La memoria de Shakespeare, English: Shakespeare's Memory)
 * Atlas, 1984, stories and essays, written with María Kodama.
 * Los conjurados, 1985, poetry.
 * Textos cautivos, 1986, literary criticism, book reviews, short biographies of authors, translations. Edición de Enrique Sacerio-Garí y Emir Rodríguez Monegal. This book includes selected reviews, essays and notes Borges wrote in the popular Buenos Aires magazine El Hogar 1936-1939.
 * This Craft of Verse, 2000, lectures, edited by Călin-Andrei Mihăilescu, a collection of six originally English-language lectures by Borges dating from 1967–1968, transcribed from recently discovered tapes. (ISBN 0-674-00820-0).
 * Professor Borges: A Course on English Literature, ed. Martín Hadis and Martin Arias (English trans. New Directions 2013), transcriptions of the twenty-five lectures Borges gave in 1966 at the University of Buenos Aires, where he taught English literature.

There are also 1953, 1974, 1984, and 1989 Obras completas (complete works) with varying degrees of completeness and a 1981 Obras completas en coloboración (complete collaborative works).

Several bibliographies also choose to include a collection of previously published essays, published in 1971 under the name Narraciones.

Some web-based lists misattribute El Caudillo, (1921 novel), to Borges. It was actually written by his father, also a Jorge Borges.

Screenplays

 * Los Orilleros (The Hoodlums) (published in Spanish 1955) (with Adolfo Bioy Casares)
 * El Paraíso de los Creyentes ("The Paradise of Believers") (published in Spanish 1955) (with Adolfo Bioy Casares)
 * Invasión, 1968, directed by Hugo Santiago.

Other works of note

 * Los mejores cuentos policiales, 1943, with Adolfo Bioy Casares. Primarily translations of English-language detective fiction, plus one originally French-language piece and some Spanish-language pieces (including Borges's own "La muerte y la brújula").
 * El compadrito: su destino, sus barrios, su música 1945, anthology of Argentine writers, including articles and a prologue by Borges himself, and articles by Evaristo Carriego and Adolfo Bioy Casares. Edited with Silvina Bullrich.
 * Los mejores cuentos policiales; 2da serie, 1962, with Adolfo Bioy Casares. Primarily translations of English-language detective fiction, plus one of their own Bustos Domecq stories.
 * El matrero, 1970. This anthology of Argentine writers, edited by Borges, contains several pieces overtly by Borges, but also contains three short Borgesian literary forgeries, "Un hijo de Moreira", "Otra versión del Fausto", and "Las leyes del juego."
 * Libro de sueños, 1976, mostly translations and paraphrases of short excerpts from world literature. Some are narrations of dreams, some are about dreams, some merely dreamlike. There are a small number of original pieces and other Spanish-language pieces as well.
 * Poesía Juvenil de J.L. Borges, 1978, a collection of poems written 1919–1922, with an extensive introduction (rather longer than the poems) by Carlos Meneses.
 * Textos recobrados 1919 - 1929, 1997, previously unpublished early works, both prose (in a variety of genres) and poetry (ISBN 84-7888-337-1).
 * Textos recobrados 1931 - 1955, 2002, previously unpublished stories, essays, poems, newspaper articles, book and movie reviews, etc. (ISBN 950-04-2326-X).

Short stories and prose poems
The translations of the titles are from Collected Fictions, translated by Andrew Hurley. The information is compiled from the Bibliografía cronológica de la obra de Jorge Luis Borges by Annick Louis and Florian Ziche. Not all of these works can be classified as short stories. For example, "The Dread Redeemer Lazarus Morell" is largely factual, but it reads like a work of fiction. Conversely, the fictional "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote" is written in a style resembling an essay in literary criticism.

The groupings represent books in which these were first published; they are listed by the English translation of the original Spanish-language book.

Others

 * "Odín" (with Delia Ingenieros); excerpt from Antiguos literaturas germánicas (1951)

Essays

 * "Partial Magic in the Quixote", Labyrinths

English-language publication
Borges's work was first published in book form in English in 1962, with the translation and publication of Ficciones (1944) and the collection known as Labyrinths.

In 1967, Borges began a five-year period of collaboration with the American translator Norman Thomas di Giovanni, after which he became better known in the English-speaking world. Di Giovanni would continue to be his primary English-language translator from that time forward.

Translations of original collections

 * Norman Thomas di Giovanni, translator, A Universal History of Infamy (1972). Translation of Historia universal de la infamia.
 * Andrew Hurley, translator, A Universal History of Iniquity (Penguin Classics, 2004). Translation of Historia universal de la infamia.
 * Anthony Kerrigan, editor, Ficciones (Grove Press, 1962), with translations by Anthony Bonner, Alastair Reid, Helen Temple, and Ruthven Todd. Published later in the UK as Fictions (Calder & Boyars, 1965).
 * Norman Thomas di Giovanni, translator, The Aleph and Other Stories 1933-1969 (E. P. Dutton, 1970). Translation of El Aleph. This English-language edition is an incomplete translation of the Spanish-language book, but contains an autobiographical essay originally written for The New Yorker. Borges's Spanish-language Autobiografía (2000) is simply a translation of this English-language essay into Spanish.
 * Andrew Hurley, translator, The Aleph and Other Stories (Penguin Classics, 2004). Translation of El Aleph.
 * Ruth L.C. Simms, translator, Other Inquisitions 1937-1952 (University of Texas Press, 1975). Translation of Otras inquisiciones 1937-1952.
 * Mildred Boyer and Harold Morland, translators, Dreamtigers (University of Texas Press, 1964). Translation of El Hacedor.
 * Anthony Kerrigan, editor, A Personal Anthology (Grove Press, 1967). Translation of Antología Personal.
 * Norman Thomas di Giovanni, translator, Chronicles of Bustos Domecq (Dutton, 1976). Translation of Crónicas de Bustos Domecq.
 * L. Clark Keating and Robert O. Evans, translators, An Introduction to American Literature (University Press of Kentucky, 1971). Translation of Introducción a la literatura norteamericana.
 * Norman Thomas di Giovanni, translator, The Book of Imaginary Beings (Dutton, 1969). Translation of El libro de los seres imaginarios. The English-language volume is actually a further expansion of the work.
 * Andrew Hurley, translator, The Book of Imaginary Beings (Penguin Classics, 2006).
 * Norman Thomas di Giovanni, translator, In Praise of Darkness (Dutton, 1974). Translation of Elogio de la sombra.
 * Alistair Reid, translator, The Gold of the Tigers: Selected Later Poems (1977).
 * Norman Thomas di Giovanni, translator, The Book of Sand (1977).
 * Andrew Hurley, translator, The Book of Sand and Shakespeare's Memory (Penguin Classics, 2007).
 * Eliot Weinberger, Seven Nights (New Directions, 2009). Translation of Siete noches.
 * The Limit
 * Shakespeare's Memory

Collections originally in English
This is a listing of book-length English-language volumes that are reorganizations of Borges' works; translations of original collections are listed above.
 * Labyrinths, 1962. This English-language anthology draws from numerous of his Spanish-language works.
 * Extraordinary Tales, 1967, with Adolfo Bioy Casares. (ISBN 0-285-64712-1).
 * Selected Poems 1923-1967, a bilingual edition.
 * Borges, a Reader, 1981.
 * Everything and Nothing, 1997, several stories from Ficciones combined with two lectures from Seven Nights.
 * Collected Fictions, 1998. Translated by Andrew Hurley. ISBN 0-14-028680-2.
 * Selected Non-fictions, 1999. Edited by Eliot Weinberger. ISBN 0-670-84947-2, ISBN 0-14-029011-7.
 * Selected Poems, 1999. Edited by Alexander Coleman. ISBN 0-14-058721-7.

Book-length interviews

 * Conversations with Jorge Luis Borges, 1969, by Richard Burgin
 * Borges on Writing, 1973, edited by Norman Thomas diGiovanni, Daniel Halpern, and Frank MacShane

title: Jorge Luis Borges bibliography