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Talk:Duchess of Cornwall

Title
"The Duchess of Cornwall" is not a courtesy title. A peeress in right of her husband is as much a substantive peeress as a peeress suo jure. Donald Renouf, 02.52 11th Feb. '05 (GMT)
 * When has any woman who acquired a title by being married to the male holder of the title been allowed, on that basis alone, to cast a vote in The House of Lords? If the answer is "never", then what on Earth does the word "substantive" mean? A woman who inherited a title from her father could VOTE (in the House Of Lords), right? But I agree it's not a courtesy-title, which is when a son whose father has more than one title uses one of the lesser titles even though he isn't REALLY the holder of that peerage title. It's a well-known fact to Wikipedia readers that a Writ Of Acceleration might be issued to allow that son to vote, as ACTUAL holder of a junior title instead of mere USER of it. So then, it must follow, then, must it not, that WITHOUT a Writ Of Acceleration the son of "Duke of X, Marquess of Y" has NOT ever been (not without that Writ) allowed to vote (in Lords) as Marquess of Y.2600:1700:6759:B000:1C64:8308:33BC:E2D6 (talk) 10:00, 13 January 2024 (UTC)Christopher Lawrence Simpson

Untitled

 * To quote from Courtesy title:
 * A peer's wife takes her courtesy title based on her husband's rank, unless she herself has a higher title. Thus a baron's wife is called "baroness", an earl's wife is called a "countess", a duke's wife a "duchess", etc. Despite being referred to as a "peeress", she does not, however, become a peer "in her own right": these are 'styles', not substantive titles.
 * James F. (talk) 12:14, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The problem is that there are two conflicting usages of "courtesy title". The title of a peeress is not "substantive" in the way her husband's is (since she only has a title by virtue of being married to him and not in her own right), but neither is it the same as what is usually meant by "courtesy title" - i.e. a title that exists only by custom, and has no real legal basis. The holder of a courtesy peerage, for instance, is "Henry Miles Fitzalan-Howard, Esquire, commonly called Earl of Arundel and Surrey", whereas a peeress is "The Most Noble Georgina Susan, Duchess of Norfolk". Clearly using one term for both these titles is silly. And "courtesy title" implies that such a title only exists by courtesy, which isn't the case for a peeress, whose title is legally hers (and cannot be removed, cf Cowley (Earl) vs Cowley (Countess)). Thus the two-way distinction commonly used between "substantive" and "courtesy" titles is at the very least misleading, and probably completely inaccurate. It would be much simpler and more accurate to say "The title Duchess of Cornwall is held by the wife of the Duke of Cornwall." Proteus (Talk) 12:47, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

from VfD
On 10 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Duchess of Cornwall for a record of the discussion.

Queen Camilla
I know that the statement read something like once Charles becomes King that "it is intended" Camilla will be known as the Princess Consort. But didn't a recent statement from the Government say that they would recgnozie Camilla as Queen?
 * As I understand it, the statement said that there was no legal impediment to her being queen. In other words, she will be queen unless legislation is enacted to prevent it, but whether she uses this title is a different matter. See her article, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall for more. Thryduulf 17:28, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Heiress Presumptive usage?
Would an heiress presumptive also be given the title, Duchess of Cornwall? Did QE2 have it before she became queen? She would not have been created Princess of Wales, just in case the king fathered a son before he died.

 * No, no, and indeed.
 * James F. (talk) 21:17, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Queen was known as HRH The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh but her Duchess title was by marriage only Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay are semi-hereditary titles and are automatically given to the eldest son of the sovereign (if there is one), whereas Prince of Wales is created and is not automatic. Both can only be held by the eldest son, NOT daughter (thats Princess Royal).
 * That's wrong. For instance, Queen Elizabeth was never Princess Royal. She could not be created Princess Royal except by taking the title away from someone who was still alive and held that title. A title is never taken away from a person who has done nothing wrong. Mary (daughter of King George V), was created Princess Royal by her father in 1932. She was still alive until 1965. Since she had never behaved in a manner illegal enough to forfeit the title, it was never possible to take it away from her. And even when the title has been vacant, a Monarch who has a daughter is not OBLIGATED to re-create the title for their oldest daughter. The title became vacant in 1965 upon Mary's death, but was not re-created for Elizabeth II's oldest daughter until 1987. An earlier example is: Before becoming Queen Mary II (of William and Mary), future Mary II had been eligible for the title as daughter of James II&VII, but did not receive it from her father. George I had a daughter, Sophia Dorothea, to whom he could have given the title during a time when it was vacant, but he never did.
 * The part about not forfeiting a title except by wrongdoing is the reason the future Elizabeth II was never given the Wales or Cornwall titles. It was always possible that Elizabeth's mother could become pregnant (it's never officially reported (not only because of manners but because it can never be said with the ABSOLUTE certainty beyond mere "phenomenally unlikely" that a woman is beyond child-bearing years). If not, Elizabeth's mother could die and widower father could then marry a woman who could become pregnant and give birth to a male. Elizabeth would have had to forfeit the Wales and Cornwall titles so that they could be moved to that new younger brother (or half-brother) of hers. Since the fact of someone else having a baby would not have been egregious wrongdoing on ELIZABETH'S part (and in fact not wrongdoing at all), then that would be a circumstance wherein someone was forced to relinquish a title not by their own misconduct, or a Court having found a defect in their possession of the title, but only because someone else was born. The solution to that problem (i.e. the way to fix things so that no such daughter, though innocent of all fault, ever has to give back a title), is to never give the title to a female Heiress Presumptive in the first place. If you never confer the title, you never have to take it back to give it to a future male Heir Apparent.2600:1700:6759:B000:1C64:8308:33BC:E2D6 (talk) 10:00, 13 January 2024 (UTC)Christopher Lawrence Simpson

Dukedom category
I've removed this article from Category:Dukedoms because I find that usage inaccurate. There never has and probably never can be a Duchess of Cornwall in her own right, thus only the male-gender form (Duke of Cornwall) belongs in the category. That's how I see it, at any rate, although someone please correct me if I'm putting a foot wrong here. --Mackensen (talk) 15:18, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Cam2.jpg
Image:Cam2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 04:27, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

The next Duchess of Cornwall
"The next Duchess of Cornwall will be Kate Middleton."

It seems to me this unqualified assertion is unencyclopedic. It assumes that Ms Middleton and the Prince marry. However much one might wish this to happen, should Wikipedia assert that it will happen? Wanderer57 (talk) 16:43, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, it's likely to happen, what with them being engaged, but not certain. It also assumes that the Prince of Wales, Prince William, and Ms. Middleton will all outlive the current queen - that is also likely, but, again, not certain.  (If Charles predeceases his mother, William will not become Duke of Cornwall, a title which can only be held by a son of the monarch; if William predeceases the Queen, then Middleton will never become Duchess, as her husband won't be alive to be duke; obviously, if she predeceases the present queen she will never become duchess).  I agree that this should not be in the article. john k (talk) 04:02, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Rampant Speculation
In most Wikipedia articles this paragraph ---"At present, it is speculated that upon Charles' accession to the throne (if he survives the present sovereign and is then still married to The Duchess of Cornwall), that she will be styled HRH The Princess Consort, rather than the more usual HM The Queen. Alternatively, she may become Queen Consort if and when Prince Charles becomes King, but it is unknown what will transpire in the future, and whether she will openly take up the Queen title in any realm. She will of course legally be Queen whether she uses the title or not." --- would be deleted as being rampant speculation.

I am tempted to delete the paragraph on that ground. Can any editor offer an argument for keeping it? Feedback please. Wanderer57 (talk) 23:05, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Delete. john k (talk) 22:08, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

Put Camilla on top
I realized Diana was much loved, but Camilla is the current Duchess of Cornwall and far more known for the title than Diana ever was. Camilla's pic really ought to be on the top. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.119.205.88 (talk) 06:14, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:37, 17 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Duchess of Cornwall in 2014 (cropped).jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:54, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Diana, Princess of Wales 1997 (2).jpg

This article needs to state what happens when the Heir Apparent is female and has a male spouse
So, the first sentence of this article says that in the event some future female Heir Apparent to the throne marries another female, the spouse will be known as "Duchess Of Cornwall". I rather doubt that. I haven't looked it up but I'm going to GUESS that the Succession to the Throne was changed because Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, etc. wanted it, and this is THEIR Monarch too, but that the titles "Prince Of Wales", "Princess Of Wales", "Duke Of Cornwall", "Duchess Of Cornwall", and the rest are regarded as exclusively British matters about which the U.K. is free to ignore the other Realms' preference for female equality. So the rules governing the Cornwall and Wales titles were probably left alone. And what would the rules be in the event of a female Heir Apparent? It never happened, but the people who devise these rules always knew it COULD happen: A is King, Prince B is King A's male Heir Apparent with no sons, and Princess C is Prince B's female Heiress Presumptive. Then Prince B dies. Princess C instantly becomes King A's female Heir Apparent, because she can miss out on the Throne only by dying before King A dies. She can't miss out on the Throne because someone else is born, and that's what "Apparent" means (as technical jargon). The only person who could reduce her priority in line would be a son of her father Prince B, and once her father Prince B has died it's known that he will never have any sons. This being a foreseeable occurrence despite that it never came to pass, I'm sure that everyone was going to let it happen that Princess C would simply never hold the Cornwall or Wales titles, which would then be left vacant just as they were when George VI was King, and the world kept on turning just fine even without a Duke of Cornwall or a Prince of Wales.
 * Another thing that the architects of these rules would have in mind is that the inheritance would never change based on someone dying before someone else. So the Succession above, from King A to Prince B to Princess C, would be the same as if Prince B had outlived King A. To make it dependent on Prince B outliving King A would be to court disaster in the event that King A and Prince B died in, say, the same explosion. A fact-finding body would have to find out which of them died first. With the rules as they are, it wouldn't matter, although it would matter for purposes of assigning a Roman Numeral to Prince B. If he died a trillionth of a second earlier in that explosion, he was never King and gets no Roman Numeral. If he died a trillionth of a second later, then he was King for that instant and gets the Roman Numeral. We don't want the courts to have to decide who died first in a calamity (just ask any U.S.A. wills-and-estates lawyer), so rules of succession constructed so that it wouldn't matter who died first are very wise.2600:1700:6759:B000:1C64:8308:33BC:E2D6 (talk) 10:00, 13 January 2024 (UTC)Christopher Lawrence Simpson

title: Talk:Duchess of Cornwall


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Football World Cup 2002 (squads)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Carried out by user:Dale Arnett

Football World Cup 2002 (squads)

 * Delete Football Statistics do not belong to an encyclopedia Faethon 08:04, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, organized lists of notable people are kinda useful. Kappa 12:12, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Encyclopaedia etymology is "complete-round education". What kind of education does this football statistics offers to you? Faethon 12:56, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I would tend to go by dictionary definition rather than etymology; in any case wikipedia is a new kind of encyclopedia so its nature is not set in stone. Kappa 16:17, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I suggest you to go read Encyclopedia first. Then read What Wikipedia is not, where it is clearly written in the first line that wikipedia IS an encyclopedia. Can you point to a single online or paper Encyclopedia worldwide that has football squads inside?Faethon 06:58, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Reading Encyclopedia I find that Everything2 is an encyclopedia. A quick search of Everything2 reveals various world cup squads. Kappa 07:59, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Everything2 is NOT an encyclopedia. It is written there that "Everything2 started as an encyclopedia, but it changed and become an online community". Everything2 is what its name says, its everything. Wikipedia is primarly supposed to be an encyclopedia and not an everything2 online community. Thats why football squads and any similar not instructive or not educative articles have to be rejected. Faethon 11:50, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Even if you want to apply the rules from a traditional encyclopedia to this, see the first line of the Encyclopedia article: An encyclopedia (alternatively encyclopaedia) is a written compendium of knowledge. Which is what this article is. But wikipedia is NOT a traditional encylcopedia; in fact, there are various sports encyclopedias out there, just search Amazon.com for "sports encyclopedia" or amazon.co.uk for "football encyclopedia". I don't know why this needs to be argued any further, since this is clearly one person's quest to bring down this article. --Dryazan 14:40, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Look, its not that I dont like football. I just think football squads are not encyclopedic. I think that if you are going to create articles for all football squads from 1930 until today, the admins are going to delete all of them. Do you want to try it? If your articles will survive, then I will create european football cup squads, because I am a european football fun. Faethon2 22:27, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No they won't. That isn't how Wikipedia works. Philip 02:10, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Like these, you mean? Go for it. sjorford// 00:06, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah! like this! Thanks for creating it. well...its not encyclopeadic, but who cares? Wikipedia seems to be a community and NOT an encyclopedia. I think I like it that way too. Faethon11 07:31, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, they do belong. Keep. sjorford// 12:16, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A well organised list for one of the world's largest sporting events (possibly second only to the Olympics in viewers), and easily as notable as any episode guide for a TV series. Average Earthman 12:48, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This does not mean that it is encyclopaedic, unless of course you change encyclopaedia's meanning. Remember, encyclopaedia is a greek word used also by Jean Jacques Rousseau to describe something that surely was NOT football statistics. Faethon 13:00, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * By that logic a book isn't an encyclopedia because it's rectangular, rather than circular.Nateji77 14:15, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately Jean Jacques Rousseau hasn't contributed anything useful to Wikipedia lately.--Centauri 01:38, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - rather tedious Brookie 12:51, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--User:Boothy443 | comhrÚ 12:54, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. THIS IS RIDICULOUS. I just spent a number of hours compling this, and a number of people are helping. There is Football World Cup 1994 (squads), there are multiple numbers of squad pages for Euro 2004, and for Men's Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics (team squads). There are also detailed pages for most important football tournaments. I put this page up because I wanted one central place where all the rosters for the WC could be found. I've been contributing a lot to football (soccer) sections of Wikipedia lately, but if this gets deleted, this is gonna be one sad joke. Also, please note what User:jni wrote at User:Faethon's talk page:  Please do not put to some random articles, that is totally inappropriate. Read the Wikipedia:Deletion policy and other relevant policy pages first! I have also fixed your Votes for Deletion submission. Thanks, jni 11:58, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)  --Dryazan 13:54, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I am sorry about your hard work. It isnt that it is not a good work. I just think that your work has to be moved somewhere else, as long as it is not instructional or educative, and the purpose of an encyclopedia is to be educative. Can you point to a single instructional institute that teaches football squads? Faethon 07:24, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Staffordshire University, with the so-called "David Beckham Studies" degree (a cultural studies degree with emphasis on media and football culture). The Brandenton Acadmey is also an instructional institute.Nateji77 09:52, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry I didnt know that. IMHO those odd studies are not notable. Especially "David Beckam studies" seems to me like advertisement. Even if we accept that these are real studies, I still believe that no student there is forced to learn football squads. Can you point to a lesson named "football squads" or something like that in those academies? And how long shall we keep football squads in wikipedia? Shall we write all squads from 1901 until now? I think an encyclopedia with football squads does not make sense.Faethon 11:50, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * University of Florida 22 March. Lecture: World Cup History Assignment: 4 v 4.Nateji77 14:15, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, not 1901, but 1930, when the first World Cup took place. I wonder what students are forced (FORCED??? -- it's interesting how this champion of education calls it forced) to learn Pokemon characters or Seinfeld episodes? --Dryazan 14:54, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If you'd bothered to look it up you'd know that "David Beckham Studies" was a sensationalist nickname the British press contrived to sell broadsheets, not the official name of the degree.

 * I'm also not sure where you get the idea that encyclopediae are equivalent to textbooks and only supposed to include information that will be taught in schools, since that seems to be your yardstick of relevance. I don't see a lot of high school freshman memorizing the List of geological features on Triton, but that is something that belongs in wikipedia. Students might not use the list for class (they also might; it would be very relevant to an undergraduate sociology paper on say, German-Dutch or Anglo-Argentine fan animosity), but fans and sports journalists can use it as reference.Nateji77 14:07, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Lists and tables are helpful. Given that Faethon also slapped to What Wikipedia is not and to few other odd places, I must question his judgement about what should be included/deleted, and I have a hard time taking this nomination seriously. jni 15:10, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Samaritan 15:51, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — I think it's VERY appropriate to have squad lists for truly major competitions such as the World Cup, European Championships, and the like. Dale Arnett 17:03, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful, of course. bbx 22:17, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This is ridiculous, I agree. KEEP, OBVIOUSLY.  GRider\talk 22:54, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Bogus VFD.--Centauri 01:35, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I don't even like soccer (football) and I say keep. It's just as valid as if someone posted full rosters of the Super Bowl teams of American football. --Woohookitty 01:41, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This is a ridiculous snobbish nomination. Philip 02:44, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Sports statistics do belong. There's professional companies like Elias, but it's just as relevant to wikipedia.Nateji77 09:52, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Summarizes a great deal of information, and ties together links on a lot of existing player articles.  Certainly seems to do no harm, and the World Cup is a big event.  This isn't a list of high school football players.  --TenOfAllTrades 16:12, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A decent resource of note. Qwghlm 16:20, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Although I do wonder why you didn't use an external link to FIFA or something (OTOH, the player hyperlinks are rather nice). Junes 00:49, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Exactly, the point of this was to group all the players together, as TenOfAllTrades said above. --Dryazan 03:22, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. And I hate football. James F. (talk) 12:35, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is one of the advantages of Wikipedia over conventional encyclopedias. — Knowledge Seeker দ (talk) 01:58, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As informative and useful as any other article we have. And I'm not a football fan either. -- Necrothesp 04:28, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Yangjian

Yangjian is a town in Xishan District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China. , it administers Yangjian Residential Neighborhood and the following eight villages:
 * Yangjian Village
 * Nan Village (南村)
 * Wanshan Village (宛山村)
 * Langxia Village (廊下村)
 * Nanfeng Village (南丰村)
 * Yanjiaqiao Village (严家桥村)
 * Li'an Village (丽安村)
 * Longfengxiang Village (龙凤巷村)

title: Yangjian


text:
File:Jaysonwhelpley.jpg

user:Jaysonwhelpley I, the creator of this image, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide.

title: File:Jaysonwhelpley.jpg


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Tom Keith

Thomas Alan Keith (December 21, 1946 – October 30, 2011) was a radio personality who worked for Minnesota Public Radio in St. Paul, Minnesota. He was the engineer for Garrison Keillor when the latter began his early morning radio show from the St. John's University, Collegeville, Minnesota studio. Keillor wanted dialogue during the program and Keith was about the only other person around at that early hour. Keith was one of the primary sound effects performers for the radio show A Prairie Home Companion and was often an actor in sketches written by Keillor. Keillor created the persona of Jim Ed Poole for Keith on the old early morning show. Jim Ed was said to have grown up in West St. Paul, Minnesota and graduated from Henry Sibley High School.

After serving in the Marine Corps, Keith earned a degree from the University of Minnesota. When production of the radio program moved to St. Paul, Tom Keith continued to play Jim Ed who lived in the Hotel Transom with his pet chicken, Curtis. When Keillor left the morning program, Keith was joined on The Morning Show by Dale Connelly. He maintained the Jim Ed Poole persona and developed several other characters (like Dr. Larry Kyle of Genway Laboratories and B. Marty Barry the self-described "bottomless well of wellness") in cooperation with Connelly. Keith developed his vocal and sound effects skills on the morning program and later on A Prairie Home Companion.

On October 15, 2008, Keith announced his intention to retire on December 11. The Morning Show was discontinued after a final live performance at the Fitzgerald Theater in St. Paul that morning.

Death
Minnesota Public Radio announced that Keith died October 30, 2011, at his home due to a massive pulmonary embolism. He was 64 years old.

In 2012, A Prairie Home Companion released Tom Keith - Sound Effects Man, a CD collecting eleven of his featured performances from the live radio show.

title: Tom Keith


text:
Category:Welsh athletes

 * Athletes from Wales.

title: Category:Welsh athletes


text:
User:Zanimum/Print media distributed in Toronto

Printed in Toronto, for Toronto - Printed outside Toronto, for an area including Toronto - Printed in Toronto, for an area including Toronto

 * 24 Hours
 * The Globe and Mail
 * The Hofbräuhaus News
 * Metro Today
 * The Toronto Star
 * The Toronto Sun


text:
Alagille syndrome

Alagille syndrome (ALGS) is a genetic disorder that affects primarily the liver and the heart. Problems associated with the disorder generally become evident in infancy or early childhood. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, and the estimated prevalence of Alagille syndrome is 1 in every 30,000 to 1 in every 40,000 live births. It is named after the French pediatrician Daniel Alagille, who first described the condition in 1969. Children with Alagille syndrome live to the age of 18 in about 90% of the cases.

Signs and symptoms
The severity of the disorder can vary within the same family, with symptoms ranging from so mild as to go unnoticed, to severe heart and/or liver disease that requires transplantation. It is uncommon, but Alagille syndrome can be a life-threatening disease with a mortality rate of 10%. The majority of deaths from ALGS are typically due to heart complications or chronic liver failure.

Liver
Signs and symptoms arising from liver damage in Alagille syndrome may include a yellowish tinge in the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice), itching (pruritus), pale stools (acholia), an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) and deposits of cholesterol in the skin (xanthomas). A liver biopsy may indicate too few bile ducts (bile duct paucity) or, in some cases, the complete absence of bile ducts (biliary atresia). Bile duct paucity results in the reduced absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), which may lead to rickets or a failure to thrive. Cirrhosis and eventual liver failure is fairly common among ALGS patients, and 15% of those with severe hepatic manifestations require a liver transplant. Hepatocellular cancer has been reported in a small number of cases, but it is extremely rare.

Other
Other presentations of Alagille's syndrome include butterfly vertebrae, ophthalmic defects, and distinct facial structures. The butterfly vertebrae can be detected with an x-ray, but there typically are no symptoms from this abnormality. Other skeletal defects common in ALGS patients are spina bifida and the fusion of vertebrae. Most of the ophthalmological defects affect the anterior chamber of the eyeball, including Axenfeld's anomaly and Rieger anomaly, but retina pigment changes are also common. These anomalies can be beneficial in diagnosing Alagille syndrome. Many people with ALGS have similar facial features, including a broad, prominent forehead, deep-set eyes, and a small pointed chin. While these distinct facial features are often presented in ALGS patients, the features are presumably not due to Alagille syndrome, but they are characteristic of patients with intrahepatic cholestatic liver disease. So while these facial characteristics are extremely common in ALGS patients, it is because many patients experience extreme liver complications or liver failure, but it is not caused by the disease itself. The kidneys may also be affected because the mutations in JAG1 and NOTCH2 often lead to renal dysplasia, deformed proximal tubules, or lipidosis caused by the hindrance of lipid metabolism.

Genetics
ALGS is caused by loss of function mutations in either JAG1 (Jagged1) or NOTCH2 (Notch homolog 2). In the majority of people with ALGS, the gene mutation occurs in the JAG1 gene. The JAG1 mutation is either intragenic and found on chromosome 20p12, or it is a deletion of the entire JAG1 gene. Mutations in NOTCH2 are much less likely to cause Alagille syndrome, but the primary type of ALGS-causing mutation in NOTCH2 is a missense mutation. A missense mutation is a point mutation that changes one nucleotide, which results in a codon that codes for the wrong amino acid. Alagille syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene is sufficient to cause the disorder. The "autosomal" aspect of the disease means that the gene mutation occurs in an autosome, which is one of the 44 chromosomes in the human body that is not a sex chromosome (chromosome X or Y). Although the majority of cases are due to the autosomal dominant gene, there have been reports of a rare, autosomal recessive version of the disease. In the autosomal recessive case, the ALGS patient must inherit two mutated genes: one from each parent. Although about 40% of the mutations are inherited from affected parents, most cases result from new, acquired mutations. These are caused by environmental factors that mutate one copy of the gene. Environmental factors that can result in gene mutations may include radiation such as ultraviolet rays from the sun, or chemicals such as benzene, which is found in cigarette smoke.

Pathophysiology
JAG1 and NOTCH2 encode for proteins that are crucial to the notch gene–signaling cascade. Specifically, JAG1 encodes for a surface-binding ligand that regulates the notch signaling pathway. It plays a crucial role in cell signaling during embryonic development. If the pathway is disrupted due to mutations, an infant will not develop properly. Alagille syndrome causes bile duct paucity, which is characterized by narrow and malformed bile ducts. Bile duct paucity causes bile to build up in the liver, resulting in scarring of the liver which hinders the liver's normal functions, like blood filtration and drug metabolism.

Diagnosis
Alagille syndrome can be extremely difficult to diagnose. While people are born with ALGS, it is almost always diagnosed later during childhood. The diagnosis can be difficult because the severity of the disease varies widely among patients. Some common clinical tests that are run in order to diagnose the disease include vertebral x-rays, heart exams to detect any defects such as a heart murmur, and a liver biopsy to detect liver disease or any precursors. If a patient presents with multiple symptoms such as jaundice, heart murmur, and the characteristic facial features discussed above (deep set eyes, broad brow, etc.), they are likely to be diagnosed with Alagille syndrome. A more calculated and specific diagnosis can be done with genetic testing. Next-generation sequencing can be utilized to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the affected gene(s). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) can detect large deletions and/or insertions and microarray comparative genomic hybridization is used to improve the accuracy of MLPA.

Treatment
Early treatment is possible once the disease is diagnosed. Treatments of Alagille syndrome typically involve medications, therapies, and/or surgical procedures. All treatments aim to improve bile excretion from the liver, reduce pain caused by the disease, and help improve nutritional deficiencies. Diet can also be a crucial factor in improving quality of life when living with ALGS.

Medication
Several medications are used to improve bile flow, including ursodiol (Actigall or Urso). These medications differ in their rates of success. Certain drugs may be used to reduce itching (pruritus), such as cholestyramine and rifampin. While these medications can reduce pruritus, the itching often is reduced when bile flow is improved via ursodiol or liver transplant.

Many patients with Alagille syndrome have nutritional and/or malabsorption issues which often hinders normal growth. Patients benefit from vitamin A, D, E, and K supplements because the reduced bile flow makes it difficult to absorb and utilize these vitamins. A high-calorie diet is very important, and often requires a gastrostomy tube to maintain the high caloric intake.

Maralixibat (Livmarli) was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2021.

Surgery
Surgery is common in more severe cases on Alagille syndrome, especially for patients with liver disease or end-stage liver failure. Liver transplants can either be a complete liver transplant from a deceased organ donor, or a partial transplant from a living donor.

Partial biliary diversion has been used to significantly reduce pruritus, jaundice, and xanthoma caused by poor bile flow in patients with bile duct paucity. A portion of the bile produced by the liver is directed through a surgically created stoma into a plastic pouch on the patient's lower right abdomen. The pouch is periodically drained as it fills with bile. Patients with biliary atresia may require a Kasai procedure to improve bile drainage; however, later liver transplantation is still often necessary.

title: Alagille syndrome


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/From Edge to Edge

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:37, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

From Edge to Edge
I can't find any record of this comic on Yahoo. This query return hits but none appear to match the comic. A Google query for '+"From Edge to Edge" +london comic' return 48 hits of which about 5 may be related to the comic in question. It may be a good comic, but I don't see evidence of notibility. Carrp | Talk 03:00, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose on grounds that it appears to be a perfectly valid article. --YixilTesiphon 03:03, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If we can't verify that such a thing exists, how can it be a valid article? Zero Google hits for "justin white" "From Edge to Edge".  Delete.  RickK 05:38, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Oppose, it appears to be a valid article. --MangaXIII
 * Note: This is the user's first edit. Carrp | Talk 04:06, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete without more evidence of notability. "Oppose" voter(s) might want to read the top of Votes for deletion. Kappa 05:51, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if it can't be verified. Also see Justin White. -- Antaeus Feldspar 06:02, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. JimmyShelter 08:29, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not verifiable. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:35, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless verified. While I'm happy to assume good faith, there are a couple of things about this that look rather like an attempt at pre-release publicity. Andrewa 14:31, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless some Wikipedian from London or therabouts can verify it. Radiant! 10:30, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Modified GNU General Public License

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record.

The result of the debate was No consensus. 2 keeps, 3 deletes. dbenbenn | talk 04:02, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Modified GNU General Public License
Nobody actually uses this term, and it's not the official name. Novalis 03:00, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, We have many other redirects which performs the same function as this. Same with below entry. Inter 09:56, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect. If it is to be deleted it should be listed on redirects for deletion anyway, not here. But fix the double redirect. Andrewa 14:25, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect. Consider adding Template:R_from_alternate_name (if these are working) Courtland 03:26, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)
 * Delete. Do not redirect.  This article is a (broken) double-redirect to an article about the License of GNU Ada.   GNU Ada has a short one-clause modification to the standard GNU GPL  which clarifies the licensing status of user code which instantiates generics in the licensed code, an Ada feature.   This is a small change, and it is debatable whether an entire encyclopedia article about this tiny clause is warranted.   However, for that article about a non-standard clause in Ada open-source license to then take over the titles Modified GNU General Public License and GNU Modified General Public License in the article titlespace, seems completely unnecessary, and misleading, not to say stupid and absurd.  --BM 14:38, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No Redirect. Agree with BM - Who is actually going to search for this? waste of namespace EggplantWizard 21:37, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MGPL

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record.

The result of the debate was No consensus. dbenbenn | talk 04:05, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

MGPL
Nobody actually uses this term, and it's not the official name. Novalis 03:00, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

GNAT Licence
All Ada programmers know the Licence under the name of "Modified GPL" and the shortcut "MGPL". This is because - just like the Linux kernel - GNAT has a build in licence check via the pragma License command and  is used activate the licence check.

So while your naming is prehaps politicly correct - it's not what the user will type into the search box.

Also, not all of Ada is Modified GPL - i.E. packages derived from ISO 8652 are "unrestriced".

The reason for the MGPL and pragma License is clear: GNAT is closed source projects as well. And we are quite happy with that - those closed source users pay quite a lot of money which then goes into the further development of GNAT.

My votes:

 * delete Modified GNU General Public License - mistake of mine - delete.
 * keep The rest should stay as redirect.

 * Keep MGPL as redirect. If this is proposed for deletion, it should go to redirects for deletion anyway, not here. Andrewa 14:21, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect of type Template:R from abbreviation Courtland 03:30, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)
 * Delete. This refers to the modified GPL used by GNU Ada.  It is a double redirect to License of GNU Ada.   Misleading acronym which is not of encyclopedic interest, even if the minor modification to the GPL contained in the Ada License is, which is very debatable.  --BM 02:35, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Actualy there are 4 pages to be discussed here MGPL, Modified GNU General Public License, GNU Modified General Public License and License of GNU Ada. Partly my mistake (is't there a shortcut for deleting pages resulting of a typing mistake). --Krischik 08:03, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MGPL


text:
Ravne Castle

Ravne Castle (Grad Ravne, Streiteben) is a castle near the town of Ravne na Koroškem, in the Carinthia region of northern Slovenia.

History
The castle's German name is derived from the name of the Hebenstreit family, who built the castle in the 16th century. It is located on a gravelly terrace above the center of the town of Ravne na Koroškem, on the Ravne plateau near the banks of the Meža (Eben) River.

In the mid-17th century, the castle passed into the hands of the Sichten family, and a foundry was established on the terrace beside the river. From 1700 on it was owned by the Gačnik (Schlangenberg) family. In 1809 it was purchased by the Counts of Thurn, who rebuilt it into its current neo-Baroque form in 1863 and established the surrounding park.

The historian Johann Weikhard von Valvasor included an etching of the castle in his 1688 Topographia Archiducatus Carinthiae, the image likely reflecting the appearance of the original Hebenstreit building.

The castle's most recent renovation was conducted with respect to its cultural value. Since 1949 it has housed the Dr. Franc Sušnik Central Carinthian Library (Koroška osrednja knjižnica dr. Franc Sušnik). The Art Salon (Likovni salon) shares the site, operating (under the auspices of the Ravne Museum) exhibits on the history of the town and the Meža Valley, as well as regular art exhibits. Since 1969, artistic retreats have been held at the castle; as a result, the castle exhibits include a rich collection of paintings and small sculptures.

title: Ravne Castle


text:
User talk:Deeahbz

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Landless Workers' Movement
You put an NPOV tag on Landless Workers' Movement; you need to explain on its talk page what your issues are, or the tag will simply be removed. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:01, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

On removing The free software category
I appreciate the effort you are making to trim down the overused free software category. However, there are a number of non-Free programs available for Linux, such as Applix Word and WordPerfect. That in mind, I have created a new category: Free Linux Software, which will list all of the free Linux software.

I'm working on revising things so that free Linux software points to this category. This allows people to see the libre/non-libre status of a program very quickly. Samboy 04:20, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Share (software)
I see you recently made Share (software), but the only thing there is a category, and so I had to delete it. Feel free to recreate it again later with some content.--Pharos 05:30, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Artrage
Be sure to check and update the artrage "windows-only" entry to windows and mac once the OS X version is released. Kyhwana

Bryce Harrington
Hi -- Since you've worked on the Inkscape article, I thought you might be interested in the fact that the Bryce Harrington article is up for deletion.--Bcrowell 03:41, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nodezilla up for deletion
The article Nodezilla is up for deletion I noticed, and saw that you helped edit the article. You may want to come and take a look at the deletion process since the project of Nodezilla has some inconsistancies that make it unusual so people are investigating.

If you have any knowledge of this article perhaps you can come and comment, goto the article then click on the deletion link at the top. Thanks, --ShaunMacPherson 08:54, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Scribus screenshot.png)
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Everything...
.....you add at our day of the year articles is very interesting, but please have a look at this; your additions might be too detailed (or not belong there in the first place, according to existing policy). Cheers and happy editing. Lectonar (talk) 20:59, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history
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Nomination of Galago (software) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Galago (software) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Galago (software) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Imcdc (talk) 04:20, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Deeahbz


text:
J. P. McCarthy

'''Joseph Priestley "J.P." McCarthy II''' (March 22, 1933 – August 16, 1995) was a radio personality best known for his over 30 years of work as the morning man and interviewer on station WJR in Detroit, Michigan.

Early life
J.P. McCarthy was born in New York City to John Priestley McCarthy. and Martha Mary Barber McCarthy. The family moved to Detroit when McCarthy was in elementary school. He graduated from De La Salle Collegiate High School in Detroit. It was there he started to perfect the art of conversation by participating in debates. McCarthy briefly attended the University of Detroit, participating in a co-op program with early aspirations to be a draftsman.

McCarthy was drafted into the United States Army and was stationed in Fairbanks, Alaska. There he got his first taste of broadcasting for Armed Forces Radio. He served in the Army from 1953 to 1956, and was a corporal when he became his interest in radio.

During his early years in radio, he gained experience at KFAR in Fairbanks (as a part-time job while still in the Army). It was also there that he met and married his first wife, Sali Thompson. They would have five children together: John, Susan, Diane, and twins Kathleen and Kevin.

Early radio career
When his service was up, McCarthy returned to Michigan, settling in Flint. He got a job at Flint radio station WTAC. While at WTAC he frequently auditioned for WJR, a leading radio station in Detroit, with a 50,000-watt clear-channel signal that could be heard in much of the Eastern United States and Canada. After frequent auditions, McCarthy was hired by WJR as a staff announcer in 1956.

The position of staff announcer was merely straight forward announcing, and McCarthy aspired to do more in radio. When Marty McNealy, the host of WJR's Morning Music Hall, left for WKMH in 1958, McCarthy was chosen to replace him. The station promoted him heavily, and he was soon the #1 rated radio show in Detroit.

Sojourn in San Francisco
WJR did not pay particularly well, and J.P. was offered the opportunity to do commercials for Stroh's, the top brewery in Detroit. Station management would not allow it, and after some discussion McCarthy left Detroit for KGO in San Francisco, where he took the morning show from #6 to #3.

In 1964, Goodwill Stations sold WJR to Capital Cities Broadcasting and the president, Dan Burke, asked station manager Jim Quello why they lost McCarthy. After explaining the situation, Quello re-recruited McCarthy to return to WJR, with a raise and the right to do commercials for anybody he wanted. J.P. returned to WJR in December 1964.

WJR
Upon his return to Detroit, McCarthy hosted the Morning Music Hall from 6:15 to 9 and the Afternoon Music Hall from 3:15 to 6. Eventually, McCarthy's duties were changed to morning drive, and a noontime interview program, "Focus". It wasn't long before McCarthy's morning show was #1 in Detroit, a position that he held for about 30 years until his death, a feat unmatched in Detroit radio.

McCarthy divorced upon his return to Detroit and soon after met Judy Buttorf, who worked at General Motors headquarters, which at the time were across the street from the Fisher Building where the WJR studios are located. They married in 1965 and stayed together until McCarthy's death. They had one son together, James (Jamie).

McCarthy's morning show included a mix of music, news, and sports, but his greatest fame was as an interviewer (both on his morning show, and on "Focus"). One morning during the 1992 presidential election, he interviewed President George H. W. Bush and candidates Bill Clinton and Ross Perot all within one hour. Dick Vitale – whom McCarthy was the first to christen "Dicky Vee" – was a regular and friend of the program. Eventually, the music component of the show would be phased out so McCarthy would have more time to concentrate on the news of the day or any topic that would interest him. Former producer Hal Youngblood once said "Everyone is interested in what J. P. is interested in because he makes them interested in it." His curiosity ranged between business, current events, history, entertainment, and other topics.

McCarthy had a great love for sports, especially the Detroit Tigers. He interviewed Tiger managers Billy Martin, Ralph Houk and Sparky Anderson on his shows daily during the baseball season. In 1975, he served as a color commentator on WJR's Detroit Lions broadcasts.

McCarthy occasionally had dialogue with a series of characters created by his friend Robert "Fat Bob" Taylor. Taylor, an aspiring opera singer who earned a living as a plumber, first appeared on the "Focus" show in 1966. Over the years, he developed characters like "Luigi at the Car Wash", and "Mrs. Pennyfeather" (a witty elderly woman). "Grosse Pointe Charles" (a snooty aristocrat), was generally believed to be Taylor, but, according to JPMcCarthy.net, was a real person from one of the "Pointes". Taylor would eventually host his own weekend show on WJR and the morning show at WAAM in Ann Arbor. He died in June 1995.

McCarthy thrived on call-ins, which were rarely screened, with features like "The Answer Man", where he answered callers' questions in a comical voice, "Winners and Losers Of The Day", where callers would nominate local newsmakers for the winner or loser of the day, and "What's Bothering You?", where callers would gripe about what was in the news or issues like rudeness or unscrupulous businesses. But, most popularly, McCarthy would take calls from Detroit executives and celebrities who were his friends.

McCarthy also was known for the stock phrases he would intersperse into his radio show. He opened every show at 6:15 a.m. with the greeting to listeners, "Good mornin' world," and his phrases "They're playing golf somewhere," "It's not the money, it's the amount," "It's brass monkey weather," and "Remember my name in Cheboygan -- just don't tell 'em where I am," were only a few that endeared him to his listeners.

Hobbies and interests
McCarthy had plenty of interests, and he would easily discuss them at great length on his morning show, and generate a little criticism in the process. One of McCarthy's passions was golf. He played it frequently as an adult and was an authority on the game and its rules. He belonged to multiple private country clubs, and for a time served as president of the Bloomfield Hills Country Club. He had PGA golfers on his show and broadcast his show from many golf tournaments. One annual event that was dear to him was the annual fundraiser of the Detroit Police Athletic League, where he persuaded professional golfers to participate in pro-ams.

Another McCarthy interest was sailing. He owned several private boats over the course of his life and would frequently chart courses on the Great Lakes. He even broadcast his show in 1987 from Fremantle, Australia, when American skipper Dennis Conner reclaimed the America's Cup from Australia.

McCarthy would also broadcast his show live from the Tokyo Motor Show, Geneva Motor Show, and the Paris Auto Show, chatting with automotive luminaries and reporting on obscure European and Asian makes. He also hosted the televised charity preview at the Detroit Auto Show.

McCarthy was proud of his Irish-American heritage. One highlight of each year was McCarthy's annual St. Patrick's Day broadcast, where he would invite local celebrities and politicians to drop by. The event began in the lobby of WJR at the Fisher Building and blossomed, until one thousand invitees showed up at the Fox Theatre in 1995. The broadcast is still a major event on WJR.

Illness and death
By 1995, McCarthy had dropped the "Focus" interview program from his duties to concentrate on the morning show. He had been in talks to take his program into national syndication through a production company he started with his producer, Michael Patrick Shiels.

But in the early summer of that year, McCarthy began feeling rundown and tired. He had lost color in his face and was clearing his throat frequently. He also began experiencing bloody gums and nosebleeds. He sought medical help after he was too tired to go sailing over the Fourth of July weekend. Blood tests showed that McCarthy had a lack of platelets, and he was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome, a condition that frequently develops into leukemia.

McCarthy continued to host his show for a short time, but he became more absent, until he left the air completely at the end of July. His plight became public, and soon bone marrow drives were held all over the Detroit area where thousands of people took tests in hope that their bone marrow would help McCarthy recover. In August, McCarthy flew to New York City where he was supposed to meet with doctors at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, but his illness had become so severe that he was admitted.

J.P. McCarthy died of pneumonia in his sleep on the afternoon of August 16, 1995, with his entire family at his bedside. He was 62.

The end
Grief swept his fans in the Detroit area; McCarthy's remains were flown back to Detroit and the Detroit media gave the story extensive coverage. Two days after McCarthy's death, most radio stations in Detroit and Windsor, Ontario observed a simultaneous one minute of silence as a tribute to the local legend. His funeral was held with more than a thousand mourners in attendance at St. Hugo of the Hills Catholic Church in Bloomfield Hills. McCarthy was buried on August 19 at White Chapel Memorial Cemetery in Troy, Michigan.

title: J. P. McCarthy


text:
Robert Hunter (journalist)

Robert Lorne Hunter (October 13, 1941 – May 2, 2005) was a Canadian environmentalist, journalist, author and politician. He was a member of the Don't Make a Wave Committee in 1969, and a co-founder of Greenpeace in 1971 and its first president. He led the first on-sea anti-whaling campaigns in the world, against Russian and Australian whalers, which helped lead to the ban on commercial whaling. He campaigned against nuclear testing, the Canadian seal hunt and later, climate change with his book Thermageddon: Countdown to 2030. He was named by Time as one of the "Eco-Heroes" of the 20th century.

Biography
Born in St. Boniface, Manitoba, Hunter's career in journalism began in the 1960s at the Winnipeg Tribune and the Vancouver Sun, where he focused on the counterculture as well as environmental issues. Beginning in 1988, he worked as a commentator and reporter for Toronto's Citytv and, since its launch, its all-news sister channel CP24. He created many documentaries about Canada's north that are still often aired on CP24 during off-peak hours. He was also the longtime "Enviro" columnist in Toronto's eye weekly.

Environmental activism
Robert Hunter was on the first expedition of the Don't Make a Wave Committee in 1971, titled Greenpeace I. This was a halibut seiner by the name of Phyllis Cormack, chartered to travel to Amchitka in an unsuccessful attempt to halt the underground nuclear bomb test codenamed Cannikin by the United States military beneath the island of Amchitka, Alaska.

In 1975 Robert Hunter led the Greenpeace expedition against the Soviet whaling fleet, along with lifelong friend and activist Paul Watson and Patrick Moore. The expedition chartered the Phyllis Cormack again, and pioneered using inflatable zodiacs as a shield between the harpoon and the whale.

He participated on many Greenpeace and Sea Shepherd Conservation Society campaigns, and was on the advisory board for the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society for several years. A Sea Shepherd vessel was named for him after his death.

Politics
Hunter surprised many when he entered politics as a candidate for the Ontario Liberal Party in a 2001 provincial by-election in Beaches—East York. Hunter's environmentalism had led many to assume that his politics were more in line with the New Democratic Party or the Greens, and he had frequently criticized Liberal politicians in his columns. The by-election campaign became bitter in its final days when sections of Hunter's 1988 travelogue On the Sky were faxed to Hunter's opponents. (The origin of the fax was never confirmed.) The excerpt were used by a New Democratic opponent, Marilyn Churley, to attack Hunter's personal integrity.

In the end, Hunter lost by almost 4,000 votes to Michael Prue of the NDP. However, despite these results, Hunter in 2002 called for the Liberals and the Green Party of Ontario to form an electoral alliance.

Author
Hunter wrote numerous books on environmental subjects. In 1991, he won the Governor General's Award for literature for his book Occupied Canada: A Young White Man Discovers His Unsuspected Past. He also wrote on matters relating to aboriginal rights in Canada and remained in contact with Greenpeace and other environmental groups until his death.

Death
Hunter was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1998. After his doctor told him that his prostate cancer was incurable, Hunter went to the Hospital Santa Monica, in Mexico, founded by Kurt Donsbach, an American naturopathic doctor and chiropractor. Hunter started treatment in December 2004, and reported progress, but died on May 2, 2005.

His ashes were scattered in northern Canada near the Arctic on a canoeing trip, at Tortuga Bay in the Galapagos Islands, and on top of an Antarctic iceberg during the 2005/2006 Sea Shepherd campaign against whaling by the Japanese whaling fleet in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary.

He is survived by his wife Bobbi, and his four children Emily, Will, Conan and Justine. Hunter had four grandchildren at the time of his death.

Legacy
In 2015 a documentary film was released at Sundance Film Festival titled How to Change the World, directed by Jerry Rothwell. The film is about the legacy of Robert Hunter and the origins of Greenpeace. A review by IndieWire says, "In How to Change The World, director Jerry Rothwell unearths extraordinary footage to tell a story about fighting for a cause — both by outlining the terms of the fight and the people engaged in it."

Bob Hunter Memorial Park in Markham was named in his honour. Part of the Rouge Park system, the park is bounded by a rail corridor, west of Ninth Line and east of Reesor Road, south of Highway 407 and north of Steeles Avenue East.

The park was opened by his family and Premier Dalton McGuinty on August 21, 2006.

title: Robert Hunter (journalist)


text:
The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception

The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception or Mystic Christianity (also known as Western Wisdom Teachings) is a Rosicrucian text by Max Heindel, first published in 1909.

Contents overview
The author talks about the true man and his journey through involution, spiritual evolution and epigenesis, presenting practical methods to help the development of latent potentials in each one of us and how to transmute our latency into dynamic powers in order to achieve, according to the author, direct knowledge and conscientious work in the inner planes.

It deals with many esoteric topics and also metaphysics, physiology and cosmology (the visible and invisible worlds, human evolution, death and rebirth, nutrition, esoteric training, ...). It contains a history of the evolution of the human spirit and related bodies (from before awareness, through various incarnations of our planet on various planes, and into the future development) and of animal, vegetable and mineral life waves (the myriad life forms and types of consciousness on this physical plane, experiencing their own points in evolution). It also presents an esoteric interpretation about the mission of Christ and an occult analysis of Biblical texts which include the fall of man, the Law of Cause and Consequence and Bible and rebirth, and many other themes which were further developed in the subsequent books, lectures and lessons given by the author at the time (1910s) in the United States.

Main themes
The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception is divided in three parts: Part I: the Visible and the Invisible Worlds, Man and the Method of Evolution, Rebirth and the Law of Cause and Effect; Part II: the scheme of Evolution in general and the Evolution of the Solar System and the Earth in particular; Part III: Christ and His Mission, Future Development of Man and Initiation, Esoteric Training and a Safe Method of Acquiring Firsthand Knowledge.

The Rosicrucian conception of God and the scheme of evolution
According to the Western Wisdom Teachings, in the beginning of a Day of Manifestation a certain collective Great Being, God, limits Himself to a certain portion of space, in which He elects to create a Solar System for the evolution of added self-consciousness.

In God there are contained hosts of glorious Hierarchies and lesser beings of every grade of intelligence and stage of consciousness, from omniscience to an unconsciousness deeper than that of the deepest trance condition. During the current period of manifestation these various grades of beings are working to acquire more experience than they possessed at the beginning of this period of existence. Those who, in previous manifestations, have attained the highest degree of development work on those who have not yet evolved any consciousness.

The period of time devoted to the attainment of self-consciousness and to the building of the vehicles through which the spirit in man manifests, is called "Involution". The succeeding period of existence, during which the individual human being develops self-consciousness into divine omniscience, is called "Evolution". Every evolving being has within him a "force" which makes evolution not to be a mere enfoldment of latent germinal possibilities but a process where each individual differ from that of every other. This force, called "Epigenesis", provides the element of originality and gives scope to the creative ability which the evolving being is to cultivate that he may become a God.

The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception describes that in the Solar System, God's Habitation, there are seven Worlds differentiated by God, within Himself, one after another. These Worlds have each a different "measure" and rate of vibration and are not separated by space or distance, as is the Earth from the other planets. They are states of matter, of varying density and vibration (as are the solids, liquids and gases of the physical Earth). These Worlds are not instantaneously created at the beginning of a day of Manifestation, nor do they last until the end. The evolutionary scheme is carried through five of these Worlds in seven great Periods of manifestation, during which the evolving virgin spirit becomes first human and then a God. The highest Worlds are created first, and as involution is to slowly carry the life into denser and denser matter for the building of forms, the finer Worlds gradually condense and new Worlds are differentiated within God to furnish the necessary links between Himself and the Worlds which have consolidated. In due time the point of greatest density, the nadir of materiality, is reached. From that point the life begins to ascend into higher Worlds, as evolution proceeds. That leaves the denser Worlds depopulated, one by one. When the purpose has been served for which a particular World was created, God ends its existence, which has become superfluous, by ceasing within Himself the particular activity which brought into being and sustained that World.

The Rosicrucians teach that the above referred seven Worlds belong to the lowest of the seven "Cosmic Planes". The Worlds and Cosmic Planes are not one above another in space, but the seven Cosmic Planes inter-penetrate each other and all the seven Worlds. They are states of spirit-matter, permeating one another, so that God and the other great Beings pervade every part of their own realms and realms of greater density than their own, including our world: "in Him we live and move and have our being". Proceeding from the physical world to the inner worlds, God - the "Architect of the Solar System", the Source and goal of human existence – is found in the highest division of the seventh Cosmic Plane: this is His World. In order to trace the origin of the Architect of the Solar System, one must pass to the highest of the seven Cosmic Planes: the "Realm of the Supreme Being", Who emanated from "The Absolute". The Absolute is beyond comprehension and, as manifestation implies limitation, He may be best described as "Boundless Being": the "Root of Existence".

From The Absolute proceeds the Supreme Being, at the dawn of manifestation: this is The One, the "Great Architect of the Universe". The first aspect of the Supreme Being may be characterized as Power, from this proceeds the second aspect, the Word, and from both of these proceeds the third, aspect, Motion. From the threefold Supreme Being proceed the "seven Great Logoi". They contain within Themselves all the great Hierarchies which differentiate more and more as they diffuse through the various Cosmic Planes. In the Highest World of the seventh Cosmic Plane dwells the God of the solar systems in the Universe. These great Beings are also threefold in manifestation, like the Supreme Being. Their three aspects are Will, Wisdom and Activity.

The author's perspective
By Max Heindel in A Word to the Wise:

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 * If the book is "weighed and found wanting," the writer will have no complaint. He only fears a hasty judgment based upon lack of knowledge of the system he advocates—a hearing wherein the judgment is "wanting" in consequence of having been denied an impartial "weighing." He would further submit, that the only opinion worthy of the one who expresses it must be based upon knowledge.
 * Yet he is convinced that The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception is far from being the last word on the subject.
 * The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception is not dogmatic, neither does it appeal to any other authority than the reason of the student.
 * The Rosicrucian Brotherhood has the most far-reaching, the most logical conception of the World-Mystery (...)
 * It is emphatically stated that this work embodies only the writer's understanding of the Rosicrucian teachings concerning the World-Mystery (...)
 * What is said in this work is to be accepted or rejected by the reader according to his own discretion.
 * Now, perhaps you will understand my attitude towards the Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception. I admire and marvel at its wonderful teaching more than anyone else, and can do so without violating proper modesty for the book is not mine—it belongs to humanity.

A critical essay
By Charles Weber in The Mystic and Occult in Max Heindel's Writings:

 * The Cosmo’s author has "an unswerving desire, a burning thirst for knowledge", which is "the first and central requisite the aspirant to occult knowledge must possess", but with this qualification, that "the supreme motive for seeking this occult knowledge must be an ardent desire to benefit humanity" (22). "Another prerequisite to this first-hand knowledge, however, is the study of occultism second-hand" (23). It is the purpose of the Cosmo to make that second-hand study of occultism possible. Occult science is the science of what occurs occultly insofar as it is not perceived in external nature, but in that region toward which the soul turns when it directs its inner being toward the spirit.
 * Heindel emphasizes the facticity of the Cosmo’s contents and the rigor and objectivity of his sources by using the term occult scientist(s) thirty times and occult science twenty-five times. The occultist (used twenty times) "knows" and "sees" what he is reporting on. "The occult scientist uses concentration in preference to prayer because the former is accomplished by the aid of the mind, which is cold and unfeeling, whereas prayer is usually dictated by emotion" (463). That is, concentration is more impersonal, and therefore more reliable. However, when emotion is replaced by a mystic’s "pure unselfish devotion to high ideals, prayer is much higher than cold concentration" (ibid).

Modern perspective
The first edition was printed in 1909 and has changed little since then.

Publication history
The first edition was printed in November 1909. The order of publication was placed by Max Heindel on the New Moon of November 1909 and the book was published a couple of weeks later by the Full Moon, some 5 short weeks before the end of the first decade of the 1900s. It has little changed since then and it is considered to be Max Heindel's magnum opus. It is a reference work in the Christian mysticism practice and in the Occult study literature, containing the fundamentals of Esoteric Christianity from a Rosicrucian perspective. The Cosmo contains a comprehensive outline of the evolutionary process of man and the universe, correlating science with religion. It is, till current days, the basic book for the philosophy courses of the school, the Rosicrucian Fellowship, founded by the author on August 8, 1909.

The first dedicatory
The first edition of this work, containing more than 700 pages of in depth teachings into the major themes of the occult science, was dedicated to a knowledgeable lecturer of the occult field called Rudolf Steiner, to whom Max Heindel felt greatly indebted. It had the subtitle "Occult Science" instead of "Mystic Christianity" and just above the message and mission ("A Sane Mind, a Soft Heart and a Sound Body", "Service") there was a quotation from Paul of Tarsus: "PROVE ALL THINGS". In the subsequent edition, Heindel removed the initial dedication and changed the mentioned elements. The first dedication became a controversial issue among some students of both teachers down to the present. However, as both Heindel and Steiner appear to have been influenced by the same Elder Brother of the Rose Cross, to some extent and at some stage of their lives, it becomes an accessory issue that may only be unveiled through the discernment of the student along her/his path of spiritual unfoldment.

title: The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception