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John A. Stormer

John Anthony Stormer (February 9, 1928 – July 10, 2018) was an American Protestant anti-communist author, best known for his 1964 book None Dare Call It Treason. Both a pastor and a Christian school superintendent, his books have sold millions, warning America about the communist infiltration of American society, politics and culture. He has been called by the conservative political commentator, Daniel Pipes, "the man who may be the most popular U.S. backstairs author of all time." Richard Hofstadter in The Paranoid Style in American Politics called it a "masterful piece of folkish propaganda."

Biography
Stormer was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania, on February 9, 1928, the son of Regis and Mary Ann (Forr) Stormer. He attended Pennsylvania State University and served as an Air Force editor and historian during the Korean War. After the war, he graduated from California's San Jose State University with a B.A. in journalism. He served for several years as editor and general manager of an electrical magazine. In 1962, he left the business world for studying and writing about communism. He founded Liberty Bell Press in 1963.

Stormer was involved in the Republican party, serving on the Missouri Republican State Committee and as state chairman of the Missouri Federation of Young Republicans from 1962 to 64. In 1964, he was a member of the Missouri delegation to the Republican Convention which nominated Barry Goldwater as presidential candidate. In the 1990s, he was a member of the Council For National Policy.

In 1965, Stormer was born again and soon started to preach the gospel and to write for the Fundamentalist Christian Beacon. He served as pastor of Heritage Baptist Church and superintendent of Faith Christian School in Florissant, Missouri, for 31 years. He was also president of the Missouri Association of Christian Schools for 10 years. Beginning in 1977, he conducted weekly Bible studies for members of the Missouri State Legislature. He published a periodic newsletter, Understanding the Times, which focused on foreign policy, politics, education, religion, and economics. After his retirement, he continued to speak regularly in Bible conferences and Understanding the Times seminars.

Stormer credited George S. Benson with playing a major part in his awakening and political transformation. He also ascribed the selling of millions of copies of None Dare Call It Treason largely to the work of those who were awakened and trained by Benson and others in the previous few years.

Stormer had honorary degrees from Manahath School of Theology (1965) and Shelton State Community College (1976). He was a member of the John Birch Society, but he abstained from the kind of conspiracy theories which the society is known for and talked instead of a "conspiracy of shared values."

Stormer visited Vietnam twice, first in 1965, and toured many other world trouble spots on fact-finding missions.

He married Elizabeth in 1954. They settled in Florissant, Missouri, and had one daughter. Stormer died on July 10, 2018, in Troy, Missouri, at the age of 90.

Writing career
Stormer's main book, None Dare Call It Treason, argued that America was losing the cold war because it was being betrayed by its elites, who were pro-communist. The title of the book is derived from an epigram of Sir John Harington: "Treason doth never prosper. What's the reason? Why if it prosper, none dare call it treason." It was published in 1964, during Barry Goldwater's bid for the presidency, and sold over one million copies in the first six months. It was distributed in bulk quantities and during the campaign six million copies were circulated. It was immensely influential with the harder-line sections of the American Right and has been described as a cult classic of the New Right. Because it was published by a private imprint, however, it never appeared on best-seller lists.

In the 1968 sequel The Death of a Nation, Stormer linked collectivism to the work of the Antichrist and discussed signs of the end times.

In 1990, Stormer published None Dare Call It Treason... 25 Years Later, which contained the original book expanded with an equally-long update. In 1989, he also wrote that perestroika and glasnost were merely Soviet propaganda tools, drawing on KGB-defector Anatoliy Golitsyn's New Lies for Old. In 1984, Golytsin predicted that some degree of retreat from hardline communism would be used by the Soviets as a way to fool the West.

His 1998 book, None Dare Call It Education, was an account of how education reforms are undermining academics and traditional values. Written from the point of view of Republican politics and evangelicalism, it claimed, with the help of statistics, a failure of American public schools to perform their stated mission.

Another book, Growing Up God's Way, a guide for getting children ready for school and life from birth on, published in 1984, is now in its 10th printing. Spanish and Russian versions have been issued. His final book, Betrayed by the Bench, detailed how judicial decisions have transformed the US Constitution, courts, and culture.

title: John A. Stormer


text:
Yeyo

Yeyo may refer to:

Terminology

 * Yeyo, a slang term for cocaine

People

 * Aurelio Cano Flores (b. 1972), Mexican drug lord, nicknamed "Yeyo"
 * Alessandro Bertoli (b. 2004), Italian basketball player, nicknamed "tig 3s Yelo" tanginamo

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yeyo


text:
Ball Square

Ball Square is a neighborhood primarily in Somerville, Massachusetts, United States, but also extending into Medford, at the intersection of Boston Avenue and Broadway, located between Powder House Square and Magoun Square. It is primarily a residential area with a handful of shops and restaurants along Broadway. Located on the edge of the neighborhood surrounding Tufts University, Ball Square contains a mix of businesses serving the student and academic populations as well as those reflecting the more blue-collar neighborhoods to the east.

The Brown School, opened in 1900, is located on Willow Avenue and serves the neighborhood's children from kindergarten to fifth grade. It is the only K-5 school in the Somerville School District.

Ball Square station on the MBTA Green Line is located adjacent to the square.

History
Ball Square was named for John Nichols Ball (1835–1901). Following in the path of his uncle, Ball opened an insole factory in 1883 at 686 Broadway, between Josephine and Rogers Avenues. A respected businessman, Ball took up politics in 1895. That year, he began his term as a member of Somerville's Common Council. In 1897, Ball was elected to the Somerville Board of Aldermen and by the next year served as board president. Ball was discussed as a potential Republican candidate for mayor. Instead, he chose to enter state politics, running successfully as Representative for the 7th Middlesex District in 1900. Ball was well liked enough in his first term that he was reelected to the House in 1901. His burgeoning political career was cut short, however, by his death that October at age 66.

Ball Square was formerly the site of the storied Willow Jazz Club. In the 1990s, a fire destroyed several commercial businesses on Broadway, and as those businesses were replaced, an economic transformation began that continues today, with long-time businesses such as Lyndell's Bakery, which dates to the 19th century, along the same stretch as newcomers.

The Medford Branch of the Green Line Extension opened on December 12, 2022, with Ball Square station one of five new stations.

title: Ball Square


text:
User talk:Copkilla

Re Mexico City -- Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. –Hajor 15:50, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Copkilla


text: User:Ryan Anderson/TestTemplate

title: User:Ryan Anderson/TestTemplate


text:
Saturn 3

Saturn 3 is a 1980 British science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Donen, and starring Farrah Fawcett, Kirk Douglas and Harvey Keitel. The screenplay was written by Martin Amis, from a story by John Barry. Though a British production, made by Lew Grade's ITC Entertainment and shot at Shepperton Studios, the film has an American cast and director.

Saturn 3 was a box office bomb and earned largely negative reviews. Keitel's biographer called the film the "nadir of his career".

Plot
In the distant future, an overcrowded Earth relies on research conducted by scientists in remote stations across the Solar System. Contact is maintained by spaceships shuttling between the stations and large orbiting space stations. Captain James is preparing to depart from one of these stations when he is murdered by Captain Benson. Benson, who was rated "potentially unstable" on a mental exam, kills James and departs from the station using his cargo ship for a small, remote experimental hydroponics research station on Saturn's third moon. Arriving there, he finds the station run solely by Adam and his younger colleague and lover Alex. Adam, Alex, and their dog, Sally, enjoy their isolation far from an overcrowded and troubled Earth. Alex has spent all her life in space, and only knows Earth from what Adam has told her. It falls to Benson to more fully educate Alex as to the habits and mores of humans who live on Earth, which include drug use.

Alex and Adam's idyll is broken when Benson reveals his mission is to replace at least one of the moon's scientists with a robot. The robot—named Hector—is among the first of its kind, a "Demigod Series", relying on "pure brain tissue" extracted from human fetuses and programmed using a direct link to Benson's brain. Adam tells Alex that he is the likely candidate for removal, being that he's close to "abort time" and will have to leave anyway.

With Hector assembled, Benson begins preparing the robot, using the neural link implanted in his spine. Thus connected to Benson, Hector quickly learns of Benson's failure of the psychological stability test, and also of his murder of James. With little barrier between the robot's brain and Benson's, Hector is soon imprinted with Benson's homicidal nature and his lust for Alex. The robot rebels. Adam and Benson manage to disable the robot while it's recharging, and remove the brain.

Believing the danger over, Adam accuses Benson of gross incompetence, ordering him to dismantle the robot and return to Earth when an eclipse ends (this eclipse also prevents communication to other stations). Unknown to Benson, Adam and Alex; Hector remains functional enough to take control of the base's older robots, using them to reassemble his body and reconnect his brain. Unaware of Hector's resurgence, Benson attempts to leave the station while dragging Alex with him. Resuscitated, Hector murders Benson before he can leave with Alex. Hector destroys Benson's spacecraft before the scientists can escape in it, trapping them all on Saturn 3, and assumes control of the station's computer.

Trapped in the control room, both Alex and Adam are surprised to see Benson's face on their monitor. The two are directed by a voice they recognize as Benson's to leave the control room, both surprised that Benson is even alive. To their shock, the two are confronted by Hector, now wearing Benson's severed head.

A short time later, Alex and Adam wake in their own rooms. To her horror, Alex finds that Hector has installed a brain link at the top of Adam's spine, much like the one that Benson had, and one which will give Hector direct access to Adam's brain. Hector explains that he can 'read' but taking control of Adam 'comes later'. This causes Adam to rebel and he destroys Hector by tackling him into a waste pit, and sacrificing himself with a grenade.

In the final scene, Alex is shown aboard a passenger ship returning to Earth. She declines an offer of narcotics from a stewardess, and instead looks out of a window for her first glimpse of Earth.

Cast

 * Farrah Fawcett as Alex
 * Kirk Douglas as Adam
 * Harvey Keitel as Captain Benson
 * Voice dubbed by Roy Dotrice (uncredited)
 * Ed Bishop as Harding
 * Douglas Lambert as Captain James (uncredited)
 * Christopher Muncke as 2nd Crewman (uncredited)

Scripting
The project was based on an idea by John Barry, one of the leading production designers of the 1970s, whose credits included A Clockwork Orange, Star Wars and Superman. He pitched it to Stanley Donen when they were making Lucky Lady together and Donen suggested he produce while Barry direct (Donen had no experience in science fiction prior to this).

The script was written by novelist Martin Amis, who did it for a fee of £30,000. According to Amis' biographer, the original script "is at once heroic and pitiable, his various attempts at wit, rhetorical bravado, even elegance, being shoe-horned into a directorial enterprise as boorish as The Vikings."

Donen was making the b-movie spoof Movie Movie for Lew Grade and gave Grade a copy of the script to read. Grade read it while on a plane with Farrah Fawcett. He gave the script to Fawcett who was interested, and Grade agreed to make the movie when the plane landed. Donen later said: "The script wasn't thoroughly realized at the point we signed Farrah Fawcett. We had a starting date when Lord Grade got off that airplane but no script."

Donen later said: "I was rather surprised she said yes in the first place because in the early scripts hers wasn't that big a part."

Fawcett later said the script was originally called The Helper. "It was a very interesting story about how a robot took on the mind of the guy who created him," she said. "So, when the Harvey Keitel character would look at me, the robot he created would look, too. It was a very interesting script, so creative."

The script changed once Fawcett became involved. "We went through all sorts of thoughts," said Donen. "There were times when we had a story where no one was the villain. But I think there was always an age difference between Farrah and the man with whom she was working. I think we were looking for an older rather than a younger man in every version of the story. Yet I don't feel that the script was changed to accommodate the casting of Kirk Douglas."

Other people worked on the script. Amis said that most of the final script was written by Frederic Raphael.

The film was accused of being similar to Alien, but Donen pointed out Barry had the idea several years before that film came out. "It's a pity we didn't get it out first. There is the similarity of the monster villain, but ours doesn't take on the guise of a monster. Ours is beautiful to look at—in a strange way. The alien was a sort of organic reptile with a steel mouth. Ours looks more human—it has legs. And we show ours."

Donen said: "It's probably closer to the real Frankenstein story than an Hitchcock thriller... It's meant to frighten you in an unusual way and give you a sense of relief at the way that it comes out. It's science fiction but not comic-strip... It's also a film that is both sensuous and sensual."

ITC was also producing Raise the Titanic at the same time. As that film went over schedule and over budget, and ultimately failed at the box office, the production of Saturn 3 was cut back.

Casting
Fawcett's casting was announced in June 1978 (the press release said Donen was directing) and she was paid $750,000. The first choices for the male lead were Sean Connery and Michael Caine, but they turned the part down; Kirk Douglas accepted. Harvey Keitel was cast at a fee of $90,000.

Shooting
Filming started in late January 1979. Donen says there were difficulties with the actors. "It was my fault, not John's," said Donen. "The truth is John had hardly ever been on a set, which I didn't realize. He was such a terrific talent but ... he knew next to nothing about staging a scene or handling actors. The film started floundering." Donen decided he had to be on set with Barry, but says Barry refused and quit the project. "There was no question of his being fired," said Donen.

Reportedly, the cause was a dispute with Kirk Douglas.

Fawcett said that when Donen started directing, "this film that had been going in one direction, took off in another. Suddenly, there were hair and costume changes, and the story changed."

Stanley Donen was dissatisfied with Harvey Keitel, and the two men had a poor working relationship.

The film cost over $10 million. "That's a lot for a film with three characters," admitted Donen. "The robot cost a lot more than we expected. It was slower to photograph than we thought it would be. And when John couldn't finish directing the picture, that took time."

The director added: "The limitations of the surroundings was another problem. It was like making a movie in a rowboat. To give the movie variety in that one complex where the characters live was very difficult."

In screenwriter Martin Amis's subsequent novel Money, the main character, John Self, is based in part on John Barry (Self's father is named Barry Self as well). The aging film star "Lorne Guyland", obsessed with his own virility, is based on Douglas. Similarly, the project that John Self attempts to complete is as wracked with disaster, as was the production of Saturn 3.

Filming took 15 weeks, after which Fawcett also announced her separation from husband Lee Majors.

Post-production
Donen wanted Keitel's character to have an upper class veneer to appear more threatening. Because Keitel refused to take part in post-production looping, Keitel's voice is dubbed over by British actor Roy Dotrice who, for this performance, adopted a mid-Atlantic accent.

Two scenes that had been filmed for the production were edited out, due to Lew Grade objecting to their subject matter. These were a dream sequence that involved both Adam and Alex killing Benson and a scene where Hector ripped apart Benson's dead body on a table in one of the colony's laboratories. A scene where Fawcett appeared in a leather outfit with garters, which was on the original poster, is not in the final film. These cuts, among others, reduced the running time to 87 minutes.

Regardless of these cuts, the film received an MPAA rating of "R", for scenes of violence and brief nudity. In the UK, the film was given a more relaxed "A" certificate by the BBFC for its theatrical release, though subsequent home video releases were given a "15" certificate.

Death of John Barry
Barry went back to production design, joining the crew of The Empire Strikes Back. During pre-production, he suddenly fell ill and died of meningitis.

Reception
The film was released by AFD, a new company formed by Lew Grade to distribute his films in the US.

Box office
Lew Grade pre-sold the film to NBC for $4 million, which helped minimize its losses. He wrote in his memoirs: "the effects and the performances were fine but ... the finished product parted company with my original expectations." The film was a financial disappointment and contributed to the collapse of Grade's filmmaking operations.

Critical response
P. J. Snyder reviewed Saturn 3 in Ares, and commented that: "Saturn 3 is a sloppy, shoddy production, of the sort that someone out there thinks SF fans just eat up. One hopes the producers and directors working the genre will realize this audience demands more than a leggy blond being chased by a robot. They may have such limited visions, but the audience doesn't."

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 33% approval rating based on 15 reviews. On Metacritic, the film holds a 9/100 based on reviews from eight critics, indicated as "overwhelming dislike". Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film one star in his review, criticizing its screenplay for having a "shockingly low" level of intelligence, citing moments disregarding the laws of physics, the love triangle between Douglas, Fawcett and Keitel, as well as other details.

Home media
Saturn 3 was released on VHS by CBS/Fox Video and on laserdisc by CBS/Fox Video, Magnetic Video and ITC Home Video.

The film was released on DVD by Artisan Entertainment, Geneon Entertainment and Pioneer Entertainment, and again on 3 December 2013 on Blu-ray and DVD by Shout! Factory.

Re-issue
When the film was broadcast on NBC in mid-1984, a number of scenes that had been edited out the original print had been restored: Adam offering to take Alex to Earth; Alex voicing her concern to Adam about taking Hector outside of the complex; Adam taking Hector outside in the moon buggy; Benson asking how Alex's eye was after her accident; Adam leaving Hector near the shuttle probe; Hector re-entering the colony and sabotaging the outer airlock mechanism to prevent Adam from coming back inside; an extended scene of Benson walking down a corridor; Adam trying to re-enter Saturn 3 and blowing the outer airlock door off with an explosive adhesive; an extended scene of Adam in the decontamination chamber; Alex voicing her worry that Hector might have killed Adam; Alex being dragged away by Benson and yelling at him; Adam embracing Alex and watching Hector drag away Benson's dead body; Adam holding a towel to his head after Benson had hit him with a pipe and claiming that "Hector is no humpty-dumpty"; both Adam and Alex wondering how Hector managed to reassemble itself; and finally both Adam and Alex sharing a laugh over a humorous incident while hiding in the communications room.

Additional music cues were also added to scenes involving the opening credits and Benson's death; in fact, much of Elmer Bernstein's score was removed or reedited.

Awards and nominations

 * 1st Golden Raspberry Awards
 * Nominated: Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture
 * Nominated: Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor (Kirk Douglas)
 * Nominated: Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress (Farrah Fawcett)
 * 1980 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards
 * Nominated: Worst Actress (Farrah Fawcett)
 * Nominated: Worst On-Screen Couple (Kirk Douglas and Farrah Fawcett)

title: Saturn 3


text:
Talk:Nye Committee

Initial comments
The second paragraph seems at odds with the actual Nye Report. Without any accusation of npov or the like I think it would be good to: PeterGrecian 15:55, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) find a better source for the Nye Report
 * 2) find some minutes from the comittee sessions
 * 3) expand the article so a better "conclusion" can be drawn

I corrected the false info that stated the Nye Committee did not find fault with the arms industry. Source for the correction: Women for Peace by Marlene Targ Brill (1997).

Citations Needed
This article should report the conclusions of others on this controversial topic and needs expanding, especially with citations.

There are two aspects to the enquiry. 1) was the arms industry corrupt 2) did the arms industry influence the American entry into the 2nd World War.

On the first www.mtholyoke.edu says 'American munitions companies investigated have at times resorted to such unusual approaches, questionable favors and commissions, and methods of "doing the needful" as to constitute, in effect, a form of bribery of foreign governmental officials or of their close friends in order to secure business'.

On the latter www.senate.gov] says "Committee members found little hard evidence of an active conspiracy among arms makers".

It would be also good to find another source for the Nye Report.PeterGrecian 13:16, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Questionable Objectivity
I stumbled across this article and was a little surprised that there was so little about the Nye Committee. I wrote my undergraduate history thesis on the Nye Committee, and, in the process, combed through hundreds of pages of committee testimony, dozens of era newspaper articles, and all of the (few) books and other scholarly works on the subject. Although my conclusions were indeed my own, there are a few objective problems I have with the article as it currently exists. The specific passage I find questionable:

"It found that bankers had pressured Wilson to intervene in the war in order to protect their loans abroad. Also, the arms industry was at fault for price fixing and held excessive influence on American foreign policy leading up to and during World War I."

These were certainly some of the assumptions the committee (and general public) had when the investigation first began. However, the official conclusions of the committee failed to include any significant link between bankers and the war (especially as to whether the bankers had any affect on Wilson's decision to go to war). Regarding the arms industry, the committee found countless incident of "unethical behavior" (e.g., bribes, selling weapons against peace agreements, selling weapons to questionable states), to say that the committee found that "the arms industry...held excessive influence on American foreign policy" goes beyond the committee's findings and, more importantly, overlooks the nuance of the varying industries, industrialists, etc. While some certainly do interpret the committee's findings in such a way, it is essential to note that such is indeed an interpretation, and that there are sources which conclude otherwise. In other words, if you are going to make such a conclusion beyond the text of the committee's actual findings (which is linked to the article), it needs to be sourced.

I am in the process of digging up all of my old research, and I will make significant additions to the article ASAP. However, I am a WikiNovice, so please forgive my mistakes while I begin the learning process. Republicandor (talk) 04:37, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nye Committee


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kuzzey Buskirk

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 02:44, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Kuzzey Buskirk
Almost 100% overlap with Gundam Seed. See also Romero Pal --InShaneee 15:55, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Gundamcruft. Wyss 19:22, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fancruft, article duplication. Megan1967 01:21, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Tia Mowry

Tia Dashon Mowry (July 6, 1978) is an American actress. She first gained recognition for her starring role as Tia Landry in the sitcom Sister, Sister (1994–1999), opposite her twin sister Tamera Mowry. The sisters then starred together in the fantasy comedy film Seventeen Again (2000) and voiced the LaBelle sisters in the animated series Detention (1999–2000). The two also starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Twitches (2005) and its sequel, Twitches Too (2007). They were featured in the reality series Tia & Tamera from 2011 to 2013.

Mowry voiced Sasha in the animated series Bratz (2005–2006). She starred as Melanie Barnett in the comedy-drama series The Game (2006–2015), Stephanie Phillips in the sitcom Instant Mom (2013–2015) and Cocoa McKellan in the sitcom Family Reunion (2019–2022).

Mowry had starring roles in the teen comedy film The Hot Chick (2002), the musical comedy film The Mistle-Tones (2012), the romantic comedy film Baggage Claim (2013) and the drama film Indivisible (2018).

Mowry and her sister, Tamera, formed a singing group in the early 1990s called Voices. The group debuted their first single, "Yeah, Yeah, Yeah!", in 1992 and it charted at No. 72 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Early life
Tia Dashon Mowry was born in Gelnhausen, West Germany, on July 6, 1978. Her mother, Darlene Renée Mowry (née Flowers), managed her children's careers when they were in the group Voices and also worked as a security guard. Her father, Timothy John Mowry, was in the U.S. Army at the time of her birth and later became a correctional officer with the City of Glendale Police Department, when the family moved to California.

Her father is of British and Irish ancestry and her mother is of Afro-Bahamian descent. Her parents met in high school, in Miami, Florida. Both joined the U.S. Army and eventually reached the rank of Sergeant. Her family is "close-knit" and "very spiritual," as the sisters became born-again Christians when they were eight.

Tia is two minutes younger than her twin sister, Tamera. Tamera was born first, at 4:30pm, followed by Tia at 4:32pm. She also has two younger brothers, actor Tahj Mowry and musician Tavior Mowry, who played college football for University of California, Davis.

Career
Mowry and her sister began entering pageants and talent shows while their family was stationed at Fort Hood, Texas. At age 12, they convinced their mother to move to California with them so they could pursue acting. She agreed, on the condition that they land an acting job within the first month of their stay. In 1990, their family moved to California permanently, settling in Los Angeles, and she and her sister began appearing in commercials and small roles.

She is well known for playing Tia Landry, a twin separated at birth and reunited with her sister as a teenager in the show Sister, Sister. The series was developed for them after a producer spotted them on the set of Full House, a show on which their brother made regular appearances. Sister, Sister was initially on ABC but was cancelled by the network after two years and picked up by The WB, where it ran for another four years. During its run, they guest-starred on the Sister, Sister crossover episode of The Jamie Foxx Show and appeared on an episode of their brother Tahj Mowry's sitcom Smart Guy and did voice-over work for the Kids' WB series Detention.

After the show ended, both Mowry and her sister studied psychology at Pepperdine University. She also went to Europe to study humanities and Italian for a period. Both she and her sister appeared in the Rob Schneider comedy film The Hot Chick, playing cheerleaders. Mowry also did voice-overs for the 4KidsTV cartoon Bratz as the voice of Sasha. In 2005, Mowry and her sister both starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Twitches and reprised their roles in its sequel, Twitches Too and before co-starred in the 2000 movie Seventeen Again. Tia also appeared on an episode of her sister's television show, Strong Medicine, in January 2006, playing the role of Keisha, the twin sister of Tamera Mowry's character, Dr. Kayla Thornton. Mowry has a starring role in the BET television series The Game as Melanie Barnett. Mowry has been nominated for a Teen Choice Award and a NAACP Image Awards for best actress in a comedy.

In the Blue's Clues episode "Blue's Birthday", Mowry and her sister make a cameo appearance as two of the celebrities wishing Blue a happy birthday. Their only line is said in unison: "Happy Birthday, Blue!" Beginning in July 2011, the Style Network began airing Tia & Tamera, a reality show which follows the day-to-day lives of the twins; Tia being pregnant and Tamera planning her wedding. Mowry and her sister are both singers. They have showcased their vocal abilities on episodes of Sister Sister, including covers of "You Can't Hurry Love", "Amazing Grace" and "I'm Going Down", which Tamera performed. They also sang the theme song during season five and six.

In May 2012, Mowry published her first book, Oh, Baby: Pregnancy Tales and Advice from One Hot Mama to Another, about her pregnancy and being a working mother. In May 2012, Mowry revealed on Twitter that she would not be returning to The Game, for a sixth season. From 2013 to 2015 she starred in the NickMom/Nick at Nite series Instant Mom.

From 2015 to 2017, Mowry starred in her Cooking Channel series Tia Mowry at Home, where she made everything from macaroni and cheese, cake, pie, curry chicken, collard greens, shakshuka, potato, galette and various types of cocktails. Some of her guest stars included her The Game co-stars Hosea Sanchez, Wendy Raquel Robinson, and Brittany Daniel, as well as Lilly Singh from YouTube and singer Kelly Rowland.

In 2016, Mowry started a podcast on PodcastOne called Mostly Mom with Tia Mowry. On April 29, 2016, she appeared with her twin sister on the daytime talk show The Real, where she promoted her new book Twintution. Since 2019, she has starred on the Netflix comedy series, Family Reunion. The show has been nominated for Outstanding Children's Program three years in a row at the NAACP Image Awards, winning in 2020 and 2021.

In September 2021, Mowry released her second cookbook, The Quick Fix Kitchen, published by Rodale Books. The book includes mealtime hacks, tips to bring joy and balance to the kitchen and easy, delicious and healthy recipes the entire family will love. In 2021, Tia partnered with Gibson to release an extensive homeware collection, ''Spice! by Tia Mowry. In 2023, Mowry launched a haircare line named 4u by Tia''.

Personal life
Mowry met actor Cory Hardrict on the set of their film, Hollywood Horror. The two dated for six years, then became engaged on Christmas Day 2006. They married in California on April 20, 2008. On January 11, 2011, People announced that Mowry and Hardrict were expecting their first child; Mowry made the announcement herself on 106 & Park. The pregnancy was documented on the show Tia & Tamera featuring her sister, Tamera Mowry, on the Style Network. She gave birth to a son in 2011. On November 8, 2017, Mowry announced that she was pregnant with her second child, a girl. Their daughter was born in 2018.

On October 4, 2022, Mowry announced via her Instagram account that she and Hardrict were separating after 14 years of marriage due to irreconcilable differences.

In April 2023, Mowry and Hardrict finalized their divorce after 15 years of marriage.

Music videos
The Voices Yea Yea Yea

Honors

 * 1998: Inducted into the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Hall of Fame with her sister Tamera Mowry

title: Tia Mowry


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Romero Pal

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. dbenbenn | talk 02:50, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Romero Pal
100% overlap with Gundam Seed. See also Kuzzey Buskirk --InShaneee 15:58, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Gundamcruft. Wyss 19:22, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Brim 22:48, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fancruft, article duplication. Megan1967 01:22, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Category:Separation axioms

In general topology, the separation axioms are a set of topological properties that describe the extent to which various sets can be "separated" or distinguished by the topology.

title: Category:Separation axioms


text:
Indo-Aryan peoples

Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent. Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language. The early Indo-Aryan peoples were known to be closely related and belonging to the same Indo-Iranian group that have resided north of the Indus River; an evident connection in cultural, linguistic, and historical ties. Today, Indo-Aryan speakers are found south of the Indus, across the modern-day regions of Bangladesh, Nepal, eastern-Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and northern-India.

Proto-Indo-Iranians

The introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of Indo-Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia. Another group of Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria; (c. 1500–1300 BC) the other group was the Vedic people. Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun, an Indo-European Caucasoid people of Inner Asia in antiquity, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.

The Proto-Indo-Iranians, from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE), and the Andronovo culture, which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea, present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians, moved south through the Bactria-Margiana Culture, south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the Levant and north-western India. The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennium BCE. The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.

The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India. Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.

Genetically, most Indo-Aryan-speaking populations are descendants of a mix of Central Asian steppe pastoralists, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and, to a lesser extent, South Asian hunter-gatherers—commonly known as Ancient Ancestral South Indians (AASI). Dravidians are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers and Iranian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent, Central Asian steppe pastoralists. South Indian Tribal Dravidians descend majorly from South Asian hunter-gatherers, and to a lesser extent Iranian hunter-gatherers. Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.

Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.

List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples

 * Anga
 * Bahlikas
 * Bharatas
 * Caidyas
 * Dewa
 * Gāndhārīs
 * Gangaridai
 * Gurjara-Pratihara
 * Gupta
 * Kambojas
 * Kalinga
 * Kasmira
 * Kekaya
 * Khasas
 * Kikata
 * Koliya
 * Kosala
 * Kurus
 * Licchavis
 * Madra
 * Magadhis
 * Malavas
 * Mallakas
 * Mātsyeyas
 * Moriya
 * Nishadhas
 * Odra
 * Pakthas
 * Pala
 * Panchala
 * Paundra
 * Puru
 * Salva
 * Salwa
 * Saraswata
 * Sauvira
 * Shakya
 * Shunga
 * Sindhu
 * Sudra
 * Surasena
 * Trigarta
 * Utkala
 * Vanga
 * Vatsa
 * Vidarbha
 * Videha
 * Yadava
 * Yadu

Contemporary Indo-Aryan people

 * Assamese people
 * Awadhi people
 * Banjara people
 * Bengali people
 * Bhil people
 * Bhojpuri people
 * Bishnupriya Manipuri people
 * Brokpa people
 * Chakma people
 * Deccani people
 * Dhivehi people
 * Dogra people
 * Garhwali people
 * Gujarati people
 * Halba people
 * Haryanvi people
 * Jaunsari people
 * Kalash people
 * Kashmiri people
 * Khas people
 * Kho people
 * Kohistani people
 * Konkani people
 * Kumauni people
 * Kutchi people
 * Magahi people
 * Muhajir people
 * Maithil people
 * Marathi people
 * Marwari people
 * Nagpuria people
 * Odia people
 * Palula people
 * Pashayi people
 * Pahari people
 * Punjabi people
 * Rajasthani people
 * Romani people
 * Rohingya people
 * Sadan people
 * Saraiki people
 * Saurashtra people
 * Shina people
 * Sindhi people
 * Sinhalese people
 * Thari people
 * Tharu people
 * Thori people
 * Tirahi people
 * Torwali people
 * Warli people

title: Indo-Aryan peoples


text:
Propelling control vehicle

A propelling control vehicle (PCV) is a type of British railway carriage for carrying mail. They were converted from Class 307 driving trailers and have a cab at one end which allows slow-speed movement control. PCVs are unpowered but the controls allow mail trains to be reversed at low speed, using the power of the locomotive at the other end of the train. Similar BR Class 91 driving van trailer (DVT) used on the ECML differ by being fully equipped for high-speed train control.

Forty-two PCVs were converted by Hunslet-Barclay in Kilmarnock from 1994 to 1996. The rebuilding work including removal of the windows and slam-doors, the fitting of roller shutter doors, and modernisation of the cab. The vehicles were given the TOPS code NAA and numbered 94300–94327 and 94331–94345. The first two vehicles converted were prototypes, and were extensively tested to iron out any problems. The subsequent 40 vehicles incorporated modifications as a result of this testing. At the same time these vehicles were converted, the Class 47/7 locomotives that hauled mail trains were modified to be able to work in push-pull mode with the PCVs.

When first converted the vehicles were used by the Rail Express Systems parcels sector of British Rail. They were painted in Rail Express Systems red/grey livery with light blue flashes. PCVs were marshalled at either end of mail trains that worked into London termini, which removed the need for the locomotive to run round the train at its destination. Trains were propelled only at low speed, not for long distances.

In 1996 Rail Express Systems was sold to EWS, who continued to operate mail trains on behalf of Royal Mail. PCVs were used on trains between London and Norwich, Plymouth, Bristol, Swansea, Newcastle and Glasgow. PCVs were also used on travelling post office trains from London to Plymouth, Newcastle, Norwich, Carlisle and Glasgow.

The two prototype PCVs, nos. 94300/1, were non-standard. Consequently, they were used as standard mail coaches on a new high-speed mail train from Walsall to Inverness, painted in EWS maroon/gold livery and renumbered 95300/1.

In early 2004, EWS lost the contract to transport mail. As a result, all PCVs except initially 95300/1 were withdrawn from service, pending new traffic, sale or scrapping. After a limited amount of residual traffic, and trials for possible use for the movement of secure goods, 95300 and 95301 were also withdrawn. 94320 was preserved by the Mid-Norfolk Railway in April 2009, with 95301 being preserved at the Andrew Briddon Locomotives site at Darley Dale in September 2016.

Fleet details
The table below shows details of the fleet, including numbering and disposition.

title: Propelling control vehicle


text:
Ben Bussey

Ben J. Bussey is an American planetary scientist.

He earned a PhD in planetary geology at University College London, England. In 2001, during his post-doctorate work at the University of Hawaii, he joined the ANSMET (Antarctic Search for METeorites) expedition to recover meteorites from the Antarctic glaciers. He worked at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston and the European Space Agency, before joining the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and becoming a senior staff scientist at that facility. Bussey later joined National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as the Chief Exploration Scientist of its Human Exploration & Operations Mission Directorate.

Bussey is specialized in the remote sensing of the surfaces of planets. He participated in the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous-Shoemaker (NEAR) mission as a research scholar at Northwestern University. He co-authored an atlas of the Moon based on data and images from the Clementine mission, which allowed the team, which Bussey led, to identify the best location to place a Moon base. He has a particular interest in the lunar poles, using the Clementine images to locate crater cold traps for hydrogen deposits and mapping the peaks of eternal light. The team was able to develop a map of the Moon's north pole, making it possible to identify the percentage of time that the surface is illuminated by the Sun during the Lunar day. This provided the information that yielded possible locations for future lunar habitat.

Bussey was awarded the NASA Group achievement award for his contribution the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission.

He is married to Cari Corrigan.

title: Ben Bussey


text:
Wikipedia talk:Administrators' noticeboard/Archive 1

Letting other admins know about this board
What's the best way of doing this? I can't send another message to all admins, because that will be seen as spam. So how do we let older admins know about this board? - Ta bu shi da yu 05:37, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Post about it on other pages in the Wikipedia: and Wikipedia talk: namespaces, and you can let some of your admin friends know on their talk pages, because if they're your friends they probably won't get mad. Feel free to tell me about it on my talk page! even though I already know, since I'm here.... Andre ( talk )A| 05:58, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've done this... :P I've posted about this board on a few notices. We might want to let all new admins know about it. Sorry to all older admins who discover this later that you didn't get messaged by me as I'm not allowed to do this. Clearly. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:50, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You've advertised on the Village Pump. Anyone who might be interested has seen it.-gadfium (talk) 07:04, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Not necessarily true. Had I not known about it already, I wouldn't know about it from the Village Pump because I don't check the Village Pump. I assume at least some others are the same. Andre ( talk )A| 07:12, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * Exactly. I didn't find out about this on WP:VP, or the mailing list, or any of the usual ways, because I don't have the time to keep up with those. I happened to read about it on someone's talk page when I went to post a reply on another matter. Noel (talk) 12:34, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I rarely also check the VP because the page is just too large. I think other admins will feel the same way. Anyway, I've added to a few other places and told a few people who I don't think would mind if I messaged them. - Ta bu shi da yu 07:16, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Having this board is a good idea. -- Infrogmation 08:06, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Me too! Noel (talk) 12:34, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * How about popping it in your signature for a few days? --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 10:07, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Edits to Wikipedia talk:Administrators alerted me to this page. Doesn't every administrator have that in their watchlist?  How else would you know what you are suppose to be doing?   8-P  --ssd 13:53, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Erm, I've never seen this page! Mark Richards 21:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I suppose that as issues come up, admins will just get directed here. For example, I contacted TBSDY about an admin related issue and he directed me here.  Most admins have 10 or so odd other admins that they ask for advice on tricky issues right now, so if everyone here just starts redirecting those advice questions to this board, the word of mouth should spread pretty quickly.  I think it's a great idea, in the past when i had questions i would just pick a few names off the admin list and copy and paste questions on all of their talk pages.  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 18:59, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Redirect gone on talk page?
Hey, why did this get removed? Most noticeboards have redirected the talk page to the normal page... after all a noticeboard is a page that's ONLY a discussion page! Unless we're going to discuss our discussions :-) can we put the redirect back again? Ta bu shi da yu 09:16, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, I've put it back. Our talk is already fragmenting! - Ta bu shi da yu 11:42, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * As it should, IMO. The chatter should go on talk. -- Infrogmation 19:17, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Purpose
I'm curious what the purpose is of this board, is it merely for admins to facilitate in inter-admin communcation, or also for regular users who require assistance of some random admin? -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 11:21, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * I intend it for admins to talk about admin related things. Wikipedians already have Requests for sysop attention. I've created it because there is a need for admins to communicate with one another and I have not been able to communicate things by messaging all admins. Apart from it being totally impractical to ask these things in general (we have to use the mailing list, and IMO these things should be left for Wikipedia), it's frowned upon to message all admins anyway when asking for help. Little admin "cliques" are formed of admins who know one another and communicate things, so different ideas on adminship are thought out. This board gives us a forum to talk about admin related tasks and issues, that way we can see what's going on and communicate thoughts on a pretty tough job. I don't mind normal users talking on the board though. We Are Not An Elite Club (aka We Are Not A Cabal). - Ta bu shi da yu 11:39, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There already seems to be a tendency to use this board chiefly for complaints and that does not seeem right. We have Requests for sysop attention/commment/arbitration/mediation/whatnot. Can we please agree to keep complaints about individuals or their actions out of this place. Thank you. Kosebamse 21:24, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you're referring to the discussion about Sam Spade, I'd like to point out that I posted that to get some feedback from fellow-admins before performing a block. It wasn't meant to be a complaint. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 21:27, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

Spamming all admins
Well, shooting for the whole admin list feels pretty spammy to me too, tho i question a block as response. But the notice bd is a good plan; i've gotta add that to my bookmarks. --Jerzy(t) 07:20, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)

Regarding your mass admin message on the matter, I'm not really sure why people are so upset about it, but I do think there are more efficient ways to contact all the admins. Maybe we need an Admin village pump. What really surprises me is that you had the patience to go through and paste the same message on 200-odd talk pages. My slack drive would kick in around the 20th. :) Andre ( talk )A| 04:49, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * He blocked you? That makes an astounding amount of nonsense. I don't think it's worth getting upset about, though. I see you took my idle advice (or maybe someone else mentioned it as well) and made an admin notice board - good work! Andre ( talk )A| 05:56, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Archiving RfC-VfD discussion
When the discussion below subsides, please do archivt it all to make this page a reasonable size again... Noel (talk) 12:34, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, sounds like a plan :-) Ta bu shi da yu 12:48, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page
I think you should advertise this page everywhere, making it clear that while it is mainly for admins, anyone can edit it. Let's not feed the cabal theorists. Filiocht 12:17, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sure, I agree :-) I've updated the top of the page to try to reflect what's its all about. Where else can we advertise it? Can someone post to the mailing list? - Ta bu shi da yu 12:38, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe we should "spam" all the admins on their talk pages? I never even knew about this page until Sam Spade directed me to it. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 18:51, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * ROTFLMAO! See the "Spam" header further up the page. This page got created precisely because of a spam to all admins. Although in this case, it might be OK. (Everyone who's already posted here should be avoided, of course...) Noel (talk) 20:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Talk and main page
I would like the distinction between this page and the talk page restored, rather than having the talk page be a redirect to this page. IMO the page would be, well, notices about things of interest or importance to admins. The talk would be for discussion about the nature of the page, what goes on it, how to promote it, etc. (This discussion should go on talk.) -- Infrogmation 19:15, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK, done. - Ta bu shi da yu 22:19, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The name
Shouldn't this be Administrators' noticeboard, in the sense of a noticeboard for administrators? Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 03:53, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Technically you're right; not sure if it's worth changing it now. Noel (talk) 17:51, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Done it & fixed double redirects. -- ALoan (Talk) 18:08, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Are people finding this useful?
So far, it seems to me like one additional, duller, area of the Village Pump. -- Jmabel | Talk 07:07, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Which is exactly what some of us want! I don't monitor VP because it's too big (and therefore takes too long to load), there's way too much going on for me to possible keep up (I do so much janitor stuff it's already having a serious impact on my ability to write content), etc. I want a place where I can stay in touch with the community on the most important issues, without having to spend a lot of time/energy on it. Noel (talk) 12:53, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Just so. The Pump is entirely unmanageable now. Filiocht 14:36, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Dittoed. Just like VfD, the pump isn't scaling. I stick to the community portal and mailing lists for important news. Johnleemk | Talk 15:23, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree, this page is quite useful. Rdsmith4— Dan | Talk 17:06, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it's a bit early to say. A lot of people still have to find their way here. But I'm pretty sure most will find a central place to contact admins very useful. It's much better than picking one from the list and hoping they're online. I say we leave the link where appropriate like talk pages of people who misplaced requests to admins and such. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 08:31, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * (raising hand) I fiind it useful. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 17:14, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Question: if people used the noticeboard to tell you they didn't find the noticeboard useful, would they be lying? --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 17:34, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I only found this page yesterday. I don't know if it's useful yet. I, personally, would have appreciated a talk page notification. Maybe if we don't want to spam, a good way would be to ask, at the top of the main page, that every administrator here personally contact one other administrator who doesn't appear to have been here? (I guess that might look like soliciting spam, though.) -[[User:Aranel|Aranel (" Sarah  ")]] 19:24, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think everyone has been wary of telling multiple people things on their talk pages things after TBSDY spammed all the admins on another issue and got blocked, thus the creation of this page. Hopefully all the admins will find it eventually. I find it useful. Andre ( talk )A| 22:48, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

I find it moderately useful, and feel it will become more useful as time goes on. Jayjg 23:11, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * First let me say I am *not* an admin. However, I would like to submit something for your consideration.  It seems to me that Discussions about most issues could be kept on other pages, and this page could be used more for Pointers to those discussions; this would avoid redundant pages and make this page easier for admins to monitor.  For instance, a discussion about double-blocking could be held at Wikipedia Talk:Blocking policy, with a note here like "Please see my question at Wikipedia Talk:Blocking policy about checking IPs before blocking, to avoid double-blocking.  ~ "  The Talk: page already fills the need for a place to discuss the issue; this page would fill the need to get attention of more admins, which is what prompted Ta bu to create this page in the first place.  The way this is being used so far, I can see two things happening.  First, we will have "also see the discussion at WP:AN/archive576" notes all over the Talk: pages, and discussions will be split between the Talk: page and here, making them harder to follow.  Second, WP:AN will be so large and busy that many admins won't bother watching it.  Reserve this page for short Pointers, and you keep the actual discussions unsplintered where they belong, while having an efficient place to get the attention of many admins at once.  I suspect more admins would watch/monitor this page if it were used for short occassional pointers to other places, than the number that will watch/monitor the page if it is used for lengthy discussions changing many times a day.  Put one more way: this page was created to get admins' attention; keep using it for exactly that, getting attention, then redirect the actual discussion to the Talk: page it would have been on anyway.  Just my $0.02 worth.  Charm ©† 06:44, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

 * this is insightful. We need to avoid spreading discussion of one topic over several pages. dab (ᛏ) 10:37, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree, this is a very good point. I'll add a note to this effect to the head of the page (after my kids open their Christman presents :-). Noel (talk) 12:51, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Er, do note that there are some cases where there are no places to offload discussion. For example, some people may want to request specific assistance from an administrator. Johnleemk | Talk 13:23, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * To request specific assistance from an administrator, see Requests for sysop attention. To request assistance from a specific administrator, see User Talk:Whoever .  Maybe discussion of User:Sam Spade's 12-15-2004 blocking could have been off-loaded to User Talk:Sam Spade or User Talk:MacGyverMagic; maybe not.  I'm willing to concede that WP:AN may turn out to be the best place to hold certain discussions; however, I think most discussions are better off held somewhere else, and announced here.  Another thought: a discussion that is being held on WP:AN, which becomes lengthy, might be moved to WP:AN/Discussion_Title.   Charm ©† 20:39, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

I found this page very useful in co-ordinating response to my unfortunate block. Without such a discusion forum I'm not sure that things would have gone as well as they did. Sam Spade wishes you a merry Christmas! 13:59, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
We Were Soldiers Once… and Young

We Were Soldiers Once...and Young: la Drang - The Battle That Changed the War in Vietnam is a 1992 book by Lt. Gen. Harold G. Moore (Ret.) and war journalist Joseph L. Galloway about the Vietnam War. It focuses on the role of the First and Second Battalions of the 7th Cavalry Regiment in the Battle of the Ia Drang Valley, the United States's first large-unit battle of the Vietnam War; previous engagements involved small units and patrols (squad, platoon, and company sized units). It was adapted into the 2002 film We Were Soldiers.

The cover features Lt. Rick Rescorla, a British-American Vietnam War veteran who served for both countries during the war. Rescorla was uncomfortable about being portrayed as a war hero and chose not to read it when he saw that its cover featured a combat photograph of him. When he learned that the book was being made into a film starring Mel Gibson, he told his wife Susan that he had no intention of seeing it, as he felt uncomfortable with anything that portrayed him or other survivors as war heroes, commenting, "The real heroes are dead." Rescorla later served as the director of security for Morgan Stanley and is credited with saving nearly 2,700 lives during the September 11 attacks, dying in the process.

Reception
The book was a New York Times best-seller. David Halberstam called it, "A stunning achievement—paper and words with the permanence of marble. I read it and thought of The Red Badge of Courage, the highest compliment I can think of."

General H. Norman Schwarzkopf said, "We Were Soldiers Once...and Young is a great book of military history, written the way military history should be written."

Since at least 1993, the book has been on the Marine Corps Commandant's Reading List for Career Level Enlisted.

title: We Were Soldiers Once… and Young


text:
Radix tree

In computer science, a radix tree (also radix trie or compact prefix tree or compressed trie) is a data structure that represents a space-optimized trie (prefix tree) in which each node that is the only child is merged with its parent. The result is that the number of children of every internal node is at most the radix $r$ of the radix tree, where $r$ = 2$x$ for some integer $x$ ≥ 1. Unlike regular trees, edges can be labeled with sequences of elements as well as single elements. This makes radix trees much more efficient for small sets (especially if the strings are long) and for sets of strings that share long prefixes.

Unlike regular trees (where whole keys are compared en masse from their beginning up to the point of inequality), the key at each node is compared chunk-of-bits by chunk-of-bits, where the quantity of bits in that chunk at that node is the radix $r$ of the radix trie. When $r$ is 2, the radix trie is binary (i.e., compare that node's 1-bit portion of the key), which minimizes sparseness at the expense of maximizing trie depth—i.e., maximizing up to conflation of nondiverging bit-strings in the key. When $r$ ≥ 4 is a power of 2, then the radix trie is an $r$-ary trie, which lessens the depth of the radix trie at the expense of potential sparseness.

As an optimization, edge labels can be stored in constant size by using two pointers to a string (for the first and last elements).

Note that although the examples in this article show strings as sequences of characters, the type of the string elements can be chosen arbitrarily; for example, as a bit or byte of the string representation when using multibyte character encodings or Unicode.

Applications
Radix trees are useful for constructing associative arrays with keys that can be expressed as strings. They find particular application in the area of IP routing,  where the ability to contain large ranges of values with a few exceptions is particularly suited to the hierarchical organization of IP addresses. They are also used for inverted indexes of text documents in information retrieval.

Operations
Radix trees support insertion, deletion, and searching operations. Insertion adds a new string to the trie while trying to minimize the amount of data stored. Deletion removes a string from the trie. Searching operations include (but are not necessarily limited to) exact lookup, find predecessor, find successor, and find all strings with a prefix. All of these operations are O(k) where k is the maximum length of all strings in the set, where length is measured in the quantity of bits equal to the radix of the radix trie.

Lookup
The lookup operation determines if a string exists in a trie. Most operations modify this approach in some way to handle their specific tasks. For instance, the node where a string terminates may be of importance. This operation is similar to tries except that some edges consume multiple elements.

The following pseudo code assumes that these methods and members exist.

Edge
 * Node targetNode
 * string label

Node
 * Array of Edges edges
 * function isLeaf

function lookup(string x) { // Begin at the root with no elements found Node traverseNode := root; int elementsFound := 0; // Traverse until a leaf is found or it is not possible to continue while (traverseNode != null && !traverseNode.isLeaf && elementsFound < x.length) {        // Get the next edge to explore based on the elements not yet found in x Edge nextEdge := select edge from traverseNode.edges where edge.label is a prefix of x.suffix(elementsFound) // x.suffix(elementsFound) returns the last (x.length - elementsFound) elements of x // Was an edge found? if (nextEdge != null) {            // Set the next node to explore traverseNode := nextEdge.targetNode; // Increment elements found based on the label stored at the edge elementsFound += nextEdge.label.length; }        else {            // Terminate loop traverseNode := null; }    }     // A match is found if we arrive at a leaf node and have used up exactly x.length elements return (traverseNode != null && traverseNode.isLeaf && elementsFound == x.length); }

Insertion
To insert a string, we search the tree until we can make no further progress. At this point we either add a new outgoing edge labeled with all remaining elements in the input string, or if there is already an outgoing edge sharing a prefix with the remaining input string, we split it into two edges (the first labeled with the common prefix) and proceed. This splitting step ensures that no node has more children than there are possible string elements.

Several cases of insertion are shown below, though more may exist. Note that r simply represents the root. It is assumed that edges can be labelled with empty strings to terminate strings where necessary and that the root has no incoming edge. (The lookup algorithm described above will not work when using empty-string edges.)

Deletion
To delete a string x from a tree, we first locate the leaf representing x. Then, assuming x exists, we remove the corresponding leaf node. If the parent of our leaf node has only one other child, then that child's incoming label is appended to the parent's incoming label and the child is removed.

Additional operations

 * Find all strings with common prefix: Returns an array of strings that begin with the same prefix.
 * Find predecessor: Locates the largest string less than a given string, by lexicographic order.
 * Find successor: Locates the smallest string greater than a given string, by lexicographic order.

History
The datastructure was invented in 1968 by Donald R. Morrison, with whom it is primarily associated, and by Gernot Gwehenberger.

Donald Knuth, pages 498-500 in Volume III of The Art of Computer Programming, calls these "Patricia's trees", presumably after the acronym in the title of Morrison's paper: "PATRICIA - Practical Algorithm to Retrieve Information Coded in Alphanumeric". Today, Patricia trees are seen as radix trees with radix equals 2, which means that each bit of the key is compared individually and each node is a two-way (i.e., left versus right) branch.

Comparison to other data structures
(In the following comparisons, it is assumed that the keys are of length k and the data structure contains n members.)

Unlike balanced trees, radix trees permit lookup, insertion, and deletion in O(k) time rather than O(log n). This does not seem like an advantage, since normally k ≥ log n, but in a balanced tree every comparison is a string comparison requiring O(k) worst-case time, many of which are slow in practice due to long common prefixes (in the case where comparisons begin at the start of the string). In a trie, all comparisons require constant time, but it takes m comparisons to look up a string of length m. Radix trees can perform these operations with fewer comparisons, and require many fewer nodes.

Radix trees also share the disadvantages of tries, however: as they can only be applied to strings of elements or elements with an efficiently reversible mapping to strings, they lack the full generality of balanced search trees, which apply to any data type with a total ordering. A reversible mapping to strings can be used to produce the required total ordering for balanced search trees, but not the other way around. This can also be problematic if a data type only provides a comparison operation, but not a (de)serialization operation.

Hash tables are commonly said to have expected O(1) insertion and deletion times, but this is only true when considering computation of the hash of the key to be a constant-time operation. When hashing the key is taken into account, hash tables have expected O(k) insertion and deletion times, but may take longer in the worst case depending on how collisions are handled. Radix trees have worst-case O(k) insertion and deletion. The successor/predecessor operations of radix trees are also not implemented by hash tables.

Variants
A common extension of radix trees uses two colors of nodes, 'black' and 'white'. To check if a given string is stored in the tree, the search starts from the top and follows the edges of the input string until no further progress can be made. If the search string is consumed and the final node is a black node, the search has failed; if it is white, the search has succeeded. This enables us to add a large range of strings with a common prefix to the tree, using white nodes, then remove a small set of "exceptions" in a space-efficient manner by inserting them using black nodes.

The HAT-trie is a cache-conscious data structure based on radix trees that offers efficient string storage and retrieval, and ordered iterations. Performance, with respect to both time and space, is comparable to the cache-conscious hashtable.

A PATRICIA trie is a special variant of the radix 2 (binary) trie, in which rather than explicitly store every bit of every key, the nodes store only the position of the first bit which differentiates two sub-trees. During traversal the algorithm examines the indexed bit of the search key and chooses the left or right sub-tree as appropriate. Notable features of the PATRICIA trie include that the trie only requires one node to be inserted for every unique key stored, making PATRICIA much more compact than a standard binary trie. Also, since the actual keys are no longer explicitly stored it is necessary to perform one full key comparison on the indexed record in order to confirm a match. In this respect PATRICIA bears a certain resemblance to indexing using a hash table.

The adaptive radix tree is a radix tree variant that integrates adaptive node sizes to the radix tree. One major drawback of the usual radix trees is the use of space, because it uses a constant node size in every level. The major difference between the radix tree and the adaptive radix tree is its variable size for each node based on the number of child elements, which grows while adding new entries. Hence, the adaptive radix tree leads to a better use of space without reducing its speed.

A common practice is to relax the criteria of disallowing parents with only one child in situations where the parent represents a valid key in the data set. This variant of radix tree achieves a higher space efficiency than the one which only allows internal nodes with at least two children.

Implementations

 * FreeBSD Implementation, used for paging, forwarding and other things.
 * Linux Kernel Implementation, used for the page cache, among other things.
 * GNU C++ Standard library has a trie implementation
 * Java implementation of Concurrent Radix Tree, by Niall Gallagher
 * C# implementation of a Radix Tree
 * Practical Algorithm Template Library, a C++ library on PATRICIA tries (VC++ >=2003, GCC G++ 3.x), by Roman S. Klyujkov
 * Patricia Trie C++ template class implementation, by Radu Gruian
 * Haskell standard library implementation "based on big-endian patricia trees". Web-browsable source code.
 * Patricia Trie implementation in Java, by Roger Kapsi and Sam Berlin
 * Crit-bit trees forked from C code by Daniel J. Bernstein
 * Patricia Trie implementation in C, in libcprops
 * Patricia Trees : efficient sets and maps over integers in OCaml, by Jean-Christophe Filliâtre
 * Radix DB (Patricia trie) implementation in C, by G. B. Versiani
 * Libart - Adaptive Radix Trees implemented in C, by Armon Dadgar with other contributors (Open Source, BSD 3-clause license)
 * Nim implementation of a crit-bit tree
 * rax, a radix tree implementation in ANSI C by Salvatore Sanfilippo (the creator of REDIS)

title: Radix tree


text:
Anomura

Anomura (sometimes Anomala) is a group of decapod crustaceans, including hermit crabs and others. Although the names of many anomurans include the word crab, all true crabs are in the sister group to the Anomura, the Brachyura (the two groups together form the clade Meiura).

Description
The name Anomura derives from an old classification in which reptant decapods were divided into Macrura (long-tailed), Brachyura (short-tailed) and Anomura (differently-tailed). The alternative name Anomala reflects the unusual variety of forms in this group; whereas all crabs share some obvious similarities, the various groups of anomurans are quite dissimilar.

The group has been moulded by several instances of carcinisation – the development of a crab-like body form. Thus, the king crabs (Lithodidae), porcelain crabs (Porcellanidae) and hairy stone crab (Lomisidae) are all separate instances of carcinisation.

As decapods (meaning ten-legged), anomurans have ten pereiopods, but the last pair of these is reduced in size, and often hidden inside the gill chamber (under the carapace) to be used for cleaning the gills. Since this arrangement is very rare in true crabs (for example, the small family Hexapodidae), a "crab" with only eight visible pereiopods is generally an anomuran.

Evolution
The infraorder Anomura belongs to the group Reptantia, which consists of the walking/crawling decapods (lobsters and crabs). There is wide acceptance from morphological and molecular data that Anomura and Brachyura (true crabs) are sister taxa, together making up the clade Meiura. Anomura likely diverged from Brachyura in the Late Triassic period, with the earliest discovered Anomuran fossil Platykotta akaina dating from the Norian–Rhaetian aged Ghalilah Formation of the United Arab Emirates.

The cladogram below shows Anomura's placement within the larger order Decapoda, from analysis by Wolfe et al. (2019).

Some of the internal relationships within Anomura can be shown in the cladogram below, which shows Hippidae as sister to Paguroidea, and resolves Parapaguridae outside of Paguroidea:

Classification
The infraorder Anomura contained seven extant superfamilies:

The oldest fossil attributed to Anomura is Platykotta, from the Norian–Rhaetian (Late Triassic) Period in the United Arab Emirates.

title: Anomura


text:
Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon

Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (titular Duke of Bouillon, jure uxoris, comte de Montfort et Negrepelisse, vicomte de Turenne, Castillon, et Lanquais) (28 September 1555 – 25 March 1623) was a Protestant member of the powerful House of La Tour d'Auvergne, the Prince of Sedan and a marshal of France.

Biography
The vicomte de Turenne was born at the castle of Joze-en-Auvergne, near Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne. His parents were François de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne and Éléonore de Montmorency, eldest daughter of Anne, 1st Duc de Montmorency.

After the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572 he participated in the siege of La Rochelle, but subsequently re-converted to Protestantism. Compromised in the conspiracy of La Mole and Coconnat in 1574, he joined the party of the Malcontents headed by François, Duke of Alençon (younger brother of kings Charles IX and Henry III) in 1575.

In 1576 he joined the Protestant party of Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV), negotiating the Peace of Nérac between Protestants and Catholics in 1579. Appointed lieutenant general of Upper Languedoc in 1580, he took part in the siege of Paris in 1590 after the accession of Henry IV to the throne, and conquered Stenay from the Catholic League in 1591.

In 1591 Henry IV married him to Charlotte de La Marck, heiress to the duchy of Bouillon and of the Principality of Sedan. In 1592 Henry IV made him Marshal of France.

After the death of his wife in 1594, he married Elisabeth of Nassau, a daughter of William the Silent, by his third wife Charlotte de Bourbon, in 1595. In 1593 and 1595, Henry and the Dutch Republic conducted two unsuccessful campaigns against Spanish-held Luxemburg.

Defeated at Doullens, Picardy in 1595 by Fuentes, governor of the Spanish Low Countries, he was sent to England to renew the alliance of France with Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1596. Compromised in the conspiracy of Biron in 1602, he fled to Geneva the following year and had to accept a French protectorate over his duchy of Bouillon in 1606.

At the death of Henry IV, he entered the Council of Regency during the minority of Louis XIII, and intrigued against Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully and Concini, the latter a favourite of the queen dowager and regent Marie de' Medici.

In April 1612 the Duke came to London as the ambassador of Marie de' Medici. He was received at court in state, and brought 100 or 250 followers. His lodgings at the Charterhouse were hung with tapestries, including rooms for his teenage nephew Henri de La Trémoille. He was brought to his first reception at the Banqueting House at Whitehall Palace by the Duke of Lennox in a convoy of 30 coaches. The court was wearing black mourning for the death of Anne Catherine wife of Christian IV of Denmark.

According to the Venetian ambassador, Antonio Foscarini, his instructions included an offer of a marriage between Princess Christine, the second Princess of France, and Prince Henry. Anne of Denmark told one of his senior companions that she would prefer Prince Henry married a French princess without a dowry than a Florentine princess with any amount of gold.

He died in Sedan in 1623.

Issue
Henri married on 19 November 1591, Charlotte de La Marck, suo jure Duchess of Bouillon. They had a son who was born and died on 8 May 1594.

Henri married secondly Elisabeth of Orange-Nassau on 15 April 1595.

 * Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne (August 1596 – November 1607);
 * Marie de La Tour d'Auvergne (1599 – 24 May 1665) married Henri de La Trémoille, Duke of Thouars and Prince de Talmont, titular King of Jerusalem (1605–1674) and had issue;
 * Juliane Catherine de La Tour d'Auvergne (8 October 1604 – 6 October 1637) married François de La Rochefoucauld, Count of Roucy, and had issue;
 * Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne (22 October 1605 – 9 August 1652) married Eleonora Catharina van den Bergh and had issue;
 * Élisabeth de La Tour d'Auvergne (1606 – 1 December 1685) married Guy de Durfort, mother of Jacques and Guy;
 * Henriette Catherine de La Tour d'Auvergne (died 1677) married Amaury Gouyon, marquis de La Moussaye and had issue;
 * Henri, vicomte de Turenne, (11 September 1611 – 27 July 1675) married Charlotte de Caumont, daughter of Armand-Nompar de Caumont, duc de la Force.

Children by Adèle Corret, mistress;

 * Henri Corret, ancestor of Théophile Corret de La Tour d'Auvergne.


text:
Afrinat International Airlines

Afrinat International Airlines was an airline headquartered in Bakau, the Gambia. It was founded in 2002, and provided scheduled services within West Africa out of Banjul International Airport. In 2004, the airline ceased to exist.

History
Afrinat International Airlines was created in 2002 by West African businessmen looking to fill the gap left by the disparition of Air Afrique by directly connecting New York's JFK Airport to West African cities. Its first president was Samule Ofori. Afrinat was originally based in the USA.

Afrinat started with 2 aircraft: 1 Boeing 747 (411 passengers, 32 in business) and 1 Boeing 767 (250 passengers, 32 in business).

In April 2003, Afrinat started daily flights connecting New York and Banjul, and serving as a regional hub to West African countries (Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, and Cameroon).

Fleet
The Afrinat International Airlines fleet consisted of a single McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 jet aircraft.

Destinations
As of 2004, Afrinat served the following destinations:
 * The Gambia
 * Banjul (Banjul International Airport)
 * Ghana
 * Accra (Kotoka International Airport)
 * Guinea
 * Conakry (Conakry International Airport)
 * Mali
 * Bamako (Senou International Airport)
 * Senegal
 * Dakar (Dakar-Yoff-Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport)
 * Sierra Leone
 * Freetown (Lungi International Airport)

title: Afrinat International Airlines


text:
Marques Houston

Marques Barrett Houston (born August 4, 1981) is an American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. A member of the R&B group Immature/IMx from 1990 to 2002, Houston went solo in 2003. As an artist, Houston has released one studio album that went platinum in the United States. As an actor, he is best known for his role as Roger Evans in the television comedy series Sister, Sister.

Early life
Houston was born on August 4, 1981, in Los Angeles, California, to Michael and Carolyn Houston.

Music beginnings
In 1992, Houston became a founding member of the R&B group Immature (also known as IMx). The members of the group include Jerome "Romeo" Jones and Don "Half Pint" Santos (later replaced by Kelton "LDB" Kessee), along with Chris Stokes, who is their manager. During this period, Houston went by the nickname "Batman". In 1999, the group underwent a name change, releasing two albums under the name IMx: Introducing IMx (1999) and IMx (2001). The group also branched out into acting and appeared on shows such as A Different World and Sister, Sister. They recorded songs for soundtracks to the films House Party 3 and House Party 4: Down to the Last Minute, before disbanding in 2002.

2003–2005: MH and Naked
In 2003, Houston began pursuing a solo career. Using his birth name, Marques Houston, he released his debut album, MH, on October 21, 2003. The album featured the singles "That Girl", "Clubbin'" (featuring Joe Budden and R. Kelly), "Pop That Booty" (featuring Jermaine Dupri) and "Because of You". In the United States charts, MH peaked at number 20 on the Billboard 200 and at number 5 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. On May 24, 2005, Houston released his second solo album, Naked. The album featured the singles "All Because of You" (featuring Young Rome), "Naked" and "Sex Wit You". In the United States, Naked peaked at number 13 on the Billboard and peaked at number 5 on Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

2006–2008: Veteran
Houston released his third solo album, Veteran, on March 20, 2007. The album featured the singles "Like This" (featuring Yung Joc), "Favorite Girl", "Circle" and "Wonderful". In the United States, Veteran debuted (and peaked) at number 5 on the Billboard 200 and debuted at number 1 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, marking this release as Houston's first number-one solo album.

2009–2011: Mr. Houston, Mattress Music and IMx reunion
Houston released his fourth solo album, Mr. Houston on September 29, 2009. It featured the singles, "I Love Her" and "Sunset". Videos for the album tracks "Body" and "Date" were released online by the singer in 2008. "How I Do" and "Case of You" received video premieres in 2009, followed by a video for "Tonight" in 2010. On September 14, 2010, Houston released his fifth studio album, Mattress Music, which contained the singles "Kickin' & Screamin'" and "Pullin' On Her Hair". A video for a third single, "Ghetto Angel" premiered in 2011. Houston announced on 106 & Park that IMx planned to record another group album together that year. This plan was eventually scrapped.

2012–2013: Famous
In October 2012, Houston announced a new studio album, Famous, was slated for release on August 27. Marques released the song "Speechless" as a promotional preview via free digital download. The first single off the album, made available on iTunes, was "Give Your Love a Try" featuring Problem.

2014–present: White Party, soundtracks and Me
Following the release of his previous album, Houston reunited with IMx and did some touring. Changing their name back to Immature, the band released a new single called "Let Me Find Out" in late 2014. Their comeback EP titled Remember was released in early 2015. Later that year, Houston released the solo single "Need You" from the soundtrack of his film Will to Love.

In 2016, Houston released a new single "Complete Me" to digital/streaming outlets. He premiered a music video for the song in September. The track was slated to be the first single off his album White Party, set for release later that year. However, this album never materialized. In 2017, Houston recorded a trio of new songs for the film 'Til Death Do Us Part, for which he wrote the screenplay. His song "Together" was released as a single from the soundtrack.

After nine years, Houston released a new album titled Me on February 4, 2022. His follow up EP, Me: Dark Water, was released on November 4, 2022.

Acting career
Houston made his acting debut in the animated comedy film Bebe's Kids (1992) in which he was the voice of Khalil, the leader and oldest child of the titular "Bebe's Kids". Houston later appeared in House Party 3 (1994), where he played a fictional version of himself along with fellow Immature bandmates Jerome "Romeo" Jones and Don "Half Pint" Santos. In the film, they portrayed Kid's trouble-making younger cousins who aspire to become musicians.

Houston's breakthrough role came when he won the part of Roger Evans in the television comedy show Sister, Sister, playing the next-door neighbor of identical twin sisters Tia Landry and Tamera Campbell (Tia and Tamera Mowry). Marques played the role for five of the show's six seasons. The show wrote his character out of the script during the fifth season, but he made a guest appearance in the series finale.

In 1997, he had a brief cameo in the movie "Good Burger", a spin-off from a sketch on the Nickelodeon show "All That" starring Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell. He played Jake, Kenan's friend. Houston and his IMx (formerly Immature) band members made an appearance in Destiny's Child's music video for the single "No, No, No Part 1" off their 1998 self-titled debut album.

In 2000, shortly after Houston's run on Sister, Sister ended, Marques had a brief cameo in Destiny's Child's video rendition of The Writing's on the Wall single "Jumpin', Jumpin'" directed by Joseph Kahn.

He also played the character Elgin Barrett Eugene Smith III in the 2004 film You Got Served. Following You Got Served, in both live-action and voice-over, he portrayed Dumb Donald in the film adaptation of Fat Albert, based on Bill Cosby's popular cartoon series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids.

From 2005 to 2006, Houston starred as Kevin Barnes in his own television series, Cuts, which was a spin-off of One on One. Despite substantial ratings, the show only lasted two seasons due to UPN merging with The WB to become The CW which caused Cuts along with many other UPN shows to get cancelled.

In 2007, Houston starred in the horror film Somebody Help Me. He then starred in the sequel, Somebody Help Me 2, in 2010.

In 2012, Houston starred in a kids hip hop dance battle film, Battlefield America. He portrayed Sean Lewis, an ad executive who serves as a dance teacher after receiving a sentence of community service; however, he does not dance in the film.

In 2015, Houston reunited with Sister, Sister co-star Tamera Mowry on the daytime talk show The Real (also with Tia Mowry in 2017) for two episodes.

He also starred in 2016's A Weekend With The Family, alongside Karrueche Tran.

He later reunited with his IMx bandmates for a brief storyline appearance on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood in 2019.

Film producing career
Houston began his journey into the behind the scenes world of filmmaking in 2010, partnering with longtime music manager Chris Stokes, who directed most of the films he wrote and produced.

Houston is currently the CEO of a film production company, Footage Films, in California, along with fellow IMx bandmate Young Rome (Jerome Jones) as president and relative Jarell Houston, (J-Boog of B2K) as vice president. Chris Stokes is the chairman of the board and directs the majority of the productions. Marques serves as an executive producer and writer. The majority of the films are mostly made-for-TV features. Following in the paths of filmmakers John Waters, John Singleton and Spike Lee's casting tradition, Houston and Stokes often cast some of their actors more than once in different films portraying different roles. His first full writing and executive producer credit was the 2015 film Will to Love, starring Keisha Knight Pulliam, Draya Michele, and himself, respectively.

He produced a thriller, Running Out of Time, starring Tasha Smith, RonReaco Lee and Telma Hopkins, that aired in December 2018 on BET. Since the start of this new career, he has written and produced over ten films so far, including one he co-wrote with Stokes that was released to theaters in 2017, titled 'Til Death Do Us Part starring Taye Diggs, Stephen Bishop, Annie Ilonzeh and Malik Yoba. Houston produced, wrote and starred in a thriller film alongside Love and Hip Hop star Erica Mena titled "The Stepmother" which premiered on Tubi in June 2022. A sequel was announced in November 2022.

Personal life
Houston's mother died from lymphoma in 1997. He became one of Jehovah's Witnesses in 2016. Houston and his wife, Miya Dickey, have two children.

Relationships
Houston previously dated singer Jamila "Mila J" Chilombo and My Wife and Kids actress Jennifer Freeman, with whom he had starred in the 2004 film You Got Served. Rumors surfaced in November 2007 that Freeman and Houston had gotten engaged, but they broke up a few months later.

He began a relationship with Marlena Campbell in 2008. Houston confirmed their relationship publicly in March 2010, celebrating their second anniversary on his Twitter page. The couple reportedly split in 2015.

Marriage and age gap controversy

In March 2019, Houston became engaged to Miya Dickey, whom he met and began dating in 2018. They were married on August 24, 2020 in Corona, California. Houston's relationship with Dickey, who is 19 years his junior, caused social media backlash due to their age gap, with users accusing Houston of pedophilia, coercion and predatory behavior. Although Houston defended his marriage and personal reputation,  his response received more criticism and calls for the MeToo movement to cancel his entertainment career.

Discography
Studio albums
 * MH (2003)
 * Naked (2005)
 * Veteran (2007)
 * Mr. Houston (2009)
 * Mattress Music (2010)
 * Famous (2013)
 * Me (2022)

title: Marques Houston