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Guy Simonds

Lieutenant-General Guy Granville Simonds, (April 23, 1903 – May 15, 1974) was a senior Canadian Army officer who served with distinction during World War II. Acknowledged by many military historians and senior commanders, among them Sir Max Hastings and Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, as one of the best Canadian generals of the war, Simonds, after serving the first few years of the Second World War mainly as a staff officer, commanded the 1st Canadian Infantry Division with distinction in Sicily and Italy from July 1943 until January 1944, and later II Canadian Corps during the Battle of Normandy from June−August 1944 and throughout the subsequent campaign in Western Europe from 1944, towards the end of which he temporarily commanded the First Canadian Army during the Battle of the Scheldt, until victory in Europe Day in May 1945. The historian J. L. Granatstein states the following about Simonds: "No Canadian commander rose higher and faster in the Second World War, and none did as well in action. Simonds owed his success wholly to his own abilities and efforts—and those of the men who served under him."

After the end of the war, he went to the Imperial Defence College (IDC) in London, initially as a student and later as an instructor, before returning to Canada to command the National Defence College, Canada. In 1951, at the age of just 48, he was appointed Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the head of the Canadian Army, a post he held for four years, including during the Korean War, before retiring in 1955.

Family background
Guy was born in Ixworth, near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England on April 24, 1903.

Simonds came from a military family: his great-grandfather had been in the army of the Honourable East India Company, his grandfather had been a major-general in the British Indian Army and his father an officer in the British Army's Royal Regiment of Artillery. The Simonds family was related to Ivor Maxse and Lord Milner. On his maternal side, his grandfather William Easton was a wealthy Virginian horse breeder, who had moved to England, renting Ixworth Abbey. Eleanor "Nellie" Easton, his mother, was one of five daughters, four of whom married army officers.

His father Cecil, a major, resigned from the British Army in fall 1911 (when Guy was 8) and moved his family to British Columbia, working as a surveyor for a railway. Cecil's expectations of having his own survey company were frustrated by the requirement to pass local professional examinations. Re-joining the army at the start of World War I, Cecil was wounded in 1918, and demobilized in 1919 with the rank of colonel. The family spent the war in a rented house in Victoria. Guy's mother sold family possessions to make ends meet. Guy had to quit school for two years at age fourteen to help support the family. Graham speculates that the period of fatherlessness made him a "loner" and self-reliant.

Simonds had three siblings, Cicely, Peter and Eric. Eric (anecdotally an excellent rifle shot, having won prizes at Bisley) became a test pilot, but died in an air accident off Felixstowe in July 1937 in a Miles Magister while serving with the A&AEE in England. Cicely worked as a secretary in the Admiralty during the war. She and her daughter were killed by a V-1 (flying bomb) attack in June 1944, during World War II.

Education and early military career
Simonds attended Collegiate School in Victoria and then Ashbury College in Ottawa beginning in 1919. The college's dining hall is named after him.

He studied at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario between 1921 and 1925, cadet number 1596. Simonds' class was the last to be selected from nationwide exams (Simonds having been placed second) and the first after the recently ended First World War to enter a four-year course. At graduation he was awarded the Sword of Honour, judged the best "all rounder", placed second academically, and was generally considered the best horseman in the class.

He joined the Canadian Militia and was commissioned in 1925 as a second lieutenant into the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery, serving first with B Battery of the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery in Kingston, then C Battery in Winnipeg. In September 1932 (just weeks after his wedding) with the rank of brevet captain, he attended the Long Gunnery Staff Course in England. He was accompanied to England by his wife, and his first child was born there. He returned to Kingston in 1934. In 1936 and 1937 he attended the Staff College, Camberley in England. Major-General Lord Gort was the commandant at the time, although he was soon replaced by Major-General Sir Ronald Adam, while the instructors included the likes of Lieutenant Colonel William Slim. He worked extremely hard and thoroughly enjoyed his time there and he was deemed by his superiors to have one of the outstanding students on the two-year course. Furthermore, had he been a British officer, he would have specially selected for an accelerated promotion in order that he may return to the college to serve as an instructor.

This was not to be, however. Promoted to major, he returned to the Royal Military College of Canada as an associate professor of artillery and later as instructor in tactics. The college's commandant at the time was Brigadier Harry Crerar, a fellow gunner officer who was to play a significant part in Simonds's future military career, and with whom he had served under towards the end of the 1920s. Historian J.L. Granatstein writes of the two men:

"The two were not friends — a major and a brigadier could not be friends — but the older man developed some sense of Simonds's worth. That would be important in the war that began for Canada on 10 September 1939."

During the pre-war years, Simonds and E. L. M. Burns, a future corps commander, debated concepts in the pages of Canadian Defence Quarterly.

United Kingdom 1939−1943
On September 10, 1939 Canada declared war on Nazi Germany and officially entered the Second World War. Almost immediately Simonds received orders to report to Ottawa where he was appointed to the newly raised 1st Canadian Infantry Division, as its General Staff Officer Grade 2 (GSO2). His first duties as GSO2 were to supervise the operations and training of the division, as well as for its organization and equipment. Together with most of the rest of the division, Simonds went overseas to the United Kingdom in December 1939.

There his job was to consume him in the weeks and months ahead, so much so that he scarcely wrote to his wife, Kay. Colonel Ernest William Sansom, a fellow officer in the 1st Division, had heard about Kay's misgivings about never hearing from her husband, wrote to his wife, stating that he was not surprised, and claimed that Simonds, "is working very hard and doing an excellent job as GSO II."

Simonds's job brought him into frequent contact with the 1st Division's General Officer Commanding (GOC), "Andy" McNaughton, a fellow gunner officer who had previously been Chief of the General Staff (CGS). Simonds was with the GOC on 16 May 1940, six days after the Battle of France began, when McNaughton was summoned to a conference by General Sir Edmund Ironside, the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), about the situation in France, which was not good and seemed to be deteriorating rapidly. The briefing stated the situation as being critical but not completely hopeless, and urged commanders to teach bayonet fighting to instil in their men a fighting spirit. The briefing also urged that German paratroopers were not to be made prisoners of war.

On 20 July 1940, after being promoted to lieutenant colonel, he went on to be commanding officer of the 1st Field Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery, his first command since leaving C Battery.

In November 1940 he was appointed commandant of the Canadian Junior War Staff Course (an intensive 14-week program that compressed one year of the Camberly course), intended to fill the shortage of trained staff officers. He then became GSO I with the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division under Victor Odlum, a veteran of both the Second Boer War and the First World War in his sixties who was really too old to command in this newer conflict. Despite this, Odlum came to admire the younger man, informing McNaughton of Simonds's, "splendid work" and that he had, "never had an officer on my staff who gave better service."

Shortly thereafter, on 7 August 1941 he was promoted again, now to brigadier, and made acting Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of I Canadian Corps under McNaughton and later George Pearkes. Later he was confirmed as brigadier and stayed in the BGS role under Harry Crerar until mid-July 1942. Crerar, however, had opposed Simonds' appointment and considered his removal. During his time as BGS, numerous exercises, including Bumper in September 1941 and Tiger in May 1942 were conducted, with Simonds catching British Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery's eye on both occasions.

In July and August 1942 Simonds was involved in planning for an abortive Churchill-inspired attack on Norway, codenamed "Jupiter", thereby avoiding the Dieppe Raid debacle. It was somewhat typical of many of the plans created by the British Prime Minister. Simonds's plan for "Jupiter" required so many ground troops, together with significant air and naval forces in support, that Churchill was forced to abandon the idea. Although the operation was aborted, Simonds received praise for his help in writing the appreciation, with the British Chiefs of Staff Committee informing McNaughton that "This was one of the clearest and most ably worked out appreciations that they had ever had before them."

In September 1942, he was made commander of the 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade, part of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, now commanded by Major-General H. L. N. Salmon. The brigade was sent to Inverary in Scotland in December 1942, where it took part in training for combined operations.

In January 1943 Simonds became chief of staff of the First Canadian Army, again serving under McNaughton, with Brigadier Howard Graham assuming command of the 1st Brigade. The Army performed poorly in Exercise Spartan (March 1943). Simonds suggested that McNaughton separate his "political" functions (CMHQ) from "fighting" headquarters (First Canadian Army). McNaughton grew angry, and within 48 hours Simonds was on attachment to the British Eighth Army, under Montgomery, then fighting in Tunisia.

Sicily 1943
On April 20, 1943 (three days before his fortieth birthday) Simonds was promoted to major-general and appointed General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, having risen from major to major-general in three-and-a-half years–faster than any other officer in the Canadian Army. A senior officer had described Simonds to Colonel James Ralston, the Defence Minister, as, "a most outstanding officer but not a leader of the type that will secure the devotion of his followers", although he, "has undoubted ability and will fight his Division and make few mistakes." Simonds's new division had sustained extremely heavy casualties the year before at Dieppe under its previous commander, Major-General John Hamilton Roberts, and was still recovering from its losses.

Just nine days later, however, he was suddenly transferred to the 1st Canadian Infantry Division as its GOC, replacing Major-General Salmon, who had been killed in a plane crash earlier that day over Devonshire while planning for Operation Husky, codename for the Allied invasion of Sicily. British Rear Admiral Philip Mack, Lieutenant Colonel Chuck Finlay and several other members of Salmon's staff were among the casualties.

In this last post he led the 1st Canadian Division through the invasion of Sicily, which started on July 10, 1943. The division was placed under the command of British XXX Corps, serving alongside the veteran 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, commanded by Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese. XXX Corps was part of the British Eighth Army, under the command of General Sir Bernard Montgomery. Aged just 40, he was the youngest Canadian officer to lead a division in action at that time. He came under fire for the first time on July 16, 1943, after nearly 17 years of service in the Canadian Army.

Always a supporter of Simonds, Montgomery was impressed with the way the younger man had commanded 1st Division throughout the brief but bitter campaign in Sicily, marking him out as a man destined for higher command. Morton noted that Simonds had proven himself to Montgomery in Sicily as "...an able field commander. No other Canadian would ever quite meet Monty's standards." At Agira and Regalbuto, Simonds won "costly, difficult battles" over the Wehrmacht who used the mountainous terrain of Sicily to their advantage. The victories were not cheap, as the 1st Division had suffered 2,310 casualties in Sicily, losing 562 men killed in action or dying of their wounds, with the rest being wounded or taken prisoner.

Italy 1943−1944
The campaign in Sicily was over by mid-August and, after a brief rest, on September 3, 1943, Simonds and the 1st Canadian Division, now serving alongside the British 5th Infantry Division as part of British XIII Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey (whom Simonds was to form a high opinion of), landed on the mainland of Italy in Operation Baytown, part of the Allied invasion of Italy. Meeting light resistance, the division suffered only nine casualties on the first day. Falling ill on September 22, he was replaced as commander of the 1st Canadian Division by Brigadier Christopher Vokes, the former commander of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade.

Subsequently, he replaced Major-General Charles Stein as GOC of the recently arrived 5th Canadian (Armoured) Division when it arrived on the Italian Front in November 1943. Simonds viewed this, along with the arrival of Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar and I Canadian Corps, as something of a comedown, although this was not the intent of CMHQ. Montgomery had wanted Simonds to command an armoured division to give him experience with commanding tanks, though the mountainous terrain of Italy was hardly the best place.

Simonds was furious when he learned that, to save shipping, his new division would have to take old equipment from the veteran British 7th Armoured Division (famous in the Western Desert as the Desert Rats). Crerar nixed an idea to use 3,350 brand-new I Corps headquarters vehicles to equip the 5th Canadian Armoured Division. The division would not be fully equipped until the end of January 1944.

His initial meeting with Crerar went poorly (possibly strained by Simonds' illness), and relations further deteriorated when Simonds ejected an officer sent by Crerar to measure his headquarters caravan. Crerar was fascinated by Simonds's caravan, and sent an officer to take its measurements without informing Simonds, who expelled the officer when he discovered him in his caravan. Crerar had become jealous of Simonds, who had enjoyed more battlefield success and media attention as the general officer commanding (GOC) of 1st Infantry Division and then as 5th Armored Division in Italy than he had.

Crerar attempted to sack Simonds because of this incident, writing to Simonds that he felt his "nerves were over-stretched" and complained about the "personal discourtesy" in expelling the captain from his caravan. Crerar took the matter to General Montgomery, the Eighth Army commander, but found little support. On 11 December 1943 Crerar sent a memo to Montgomery declaring he had "serious cause to doubt...the suitability of Simonds for higher command", going on to write that he believed that Simonds was mentally ill, saying that Simonds had "always been high strung...with a tendency to be introspective rather than objective, when faced with acute problems". Montgomery wrote back that he had the "highest opinion of Simonds" and rejected Crerar's claims that he was mentally ill. However, Crerar discussed the event with army psychiatrists, the temporary commander of the Canadian First Army in England, Lieutenant-General Kenneth Stuart, and post-war pushed for Charles Foulkes to be selected as Chief of the General Staff (CGS) over Simonds.

Simonds's only battle in command of 5th Division was the so-called "Arielli Show", an offensive launched on 17 January 1944 against the German 1st Parachute Division's strong-points southeast of the Arielli River in central Italy. After being defeated by the 1st Canadian Division in the Battle of Ortona in December 1943, the 1st Parachute Division had retreated back to the Riccio River north of Ortona. The Canadians brought down heavy artillery fire first on the left flank of the Germans to allow the Perth Regiment to advance and then on the right flank to allow the Cape Breton Highlanders to advance. As the 1st Parachute Division was well dug in, the heavy Canadian artillery fire did not have the desired results and the assaults by the Perth Regiment and the Cape Breton Highlanders reached about 200 yards of their objectives before being stopped.

Northwest Europe 1944−1945

In January 1944 he was recalled to the United Kingdom and, after being promoted to lieutenant-general on 6 January, was made General Officer Commanding II Canadian Corps, which went on to take part in the Battle of Normandy and the subsequent advance through France. At the age of just forty, Simonds was purported to be the youngest corps commander in the British Empire. Simonds made numerous personnel changes: The Chief Engineer, Chief Medical Officer and the Commander Corps Royal Artillery (CCRA) were sacked, and F. F. Worthington was replaced as commander of the 4th Canadian (Armoured) Division. Talented officers such as George Kitching, Bruce Matthews and Geoffrey Walsh were brought by Simonds from Italy to II Corps. In his instructions to his officers in February 1944, Simonds noted that the Wehrmacht always fought its defensive battles the same way; namely a thinly manned series of outposts, behind which were a series of strongly held dug-in positions that could bring down interlocking machine gun and mortar fire. Simonds further noted the Wehrmacht would always launch aggressive counter-attacks in face of an Allied attack, stating: "...success of the offensive battle hinges on the defeat of the German counter-attacks, with sufficient of our own reserves in hand to launch a new phase as soon as the enemy strength has spent itself. The defeat of these counter-attacks must form part of the original plan of attack which must include arrangements for artillery support and forward moves of infantry-supporting weapons—including tanks—on the objective." As Simonds had been trained as a "gunner", as artillerymen were known in the Canadian Army, artillery played a significant role in his planning for offensives with the divisions attacking along narrow points as divisional artillery was only capable of supporting one brigade at a time.

Simonds, by his own admission, was bad-tempered, unable to tolerate those he regarded as fools, and had a headstrong streak, which he attempted to check by maintaining a cold "glacial" composure. Simonds always spoke with a strong English accent, and his personality never inspired any affection from the men under his command who regarded him as a "cold Englishman." One Canadian brigadier wrote that Simonds "was not a man one could love. In my heart I knew, however, that I would rather serve under his type than under a kindly, but less driving commander; the former is much more likely to win battles." Simonds had a long-standing feud with his fellow British immigrant Charles Foulkes, going back to their days as students at the Staff College where Simonds had received greater recognition than Foulkes. Both Foulkes and Simonds were ambitious men with strong ruthless streaks, and together with Lieutenant General Harry Crerar, who had "a nasty streak of his own", the three officers were the ones most responsible for the command decisions of the Canadians in the Normandy campaign. Relations between Simonds and Crerar, were very poor as Crerar had attempted to sack Simonds as commander of the 5th Canadian Division in December 1943. However, Simonds was a favorite of Bernard Law Montgomery, who viewed Simonds as the most talented Canadian general in the entire war, and Montgomery blocked Crerar's attempts to send Simonds back to Canada.

Once II Corps was activated, Simonds would direct four major attacks during the Battle of Normandy in five weeks: Operations Atlantic (the Canadian part of Operation Goodwood), Spring, Totalize and Tractable. After Operation Spring, Simonds tried to sack Foulkes as commander of 2nd Canadian Division, writing that Foulkes "did not [show] the right qualities to command 2nd Division", but was blocked by Crerar, who kept Foulkes on to nettle Simonds. Simonds has often been criticized for his reliance on heavy bombers to "blast" open a way for Operation Totalize, but the Canadian historian Jody Perrun argued that the marked inferiority of the Sherman tanks to the Panther and Tiger tanks of the Germans meant that Simonds had no other choice, but to use air power to even the odds given that both the Panthers and Tigers had more powerful guns and heavier armor than the Shermans. Perrun has charged too many historians have taken at face value the disparaging remarks about Simonds's command by SS-Brigadeführer Kurt "Panzer" Meyer, the commander of the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, who spoke as if the Sherman tanks were the equal of the Tiger and Panther tanks, and charged that the Canadians were insufficiently aggressive in armored operations and too reliant upon air support. A principal problem for Simonds was that his tank crews were loath to face the Panthers and Tigers on open ground given their guns could not knock either type of tank except at very close range while the guns of the Panthers and Tigers could knock a Sherman at long range. Perrun argued that Meyer's claims that Simonds lacked aggression failed to take into account the weaknesses of the Sherman tanks, and Simonds designed his operations with the aim of counter-acting the flaws of the Shermans by providing for air and artillery support to even the odds.

For Totalize (beginning August 7, 1944), which involved a night attack, numerous navigation aids were devised, along with heavy bomber support. Having learned from Operation Spring, Simonds devised the "Kangaroo", an early armoured personnel carrier converted from non-operational armoured vehicles "defrocked Priests". Granatstein characterizes the plan as "brilliant if too complicated", in that it did not account for the inexperience of the troops. The two commanders of the armored divisions tasked with leading the assault, George Kitching and Stanisław Maczek both objected to Simonds's plans for a "mailed fist" assault on narrow fronts as allowing the Germans to concentrate their forces for counter-attack, but Simonds argued the planned heavy bombing attack by American bombers would disorganize the Germans enough to allow a breakthrough. As Maczek's English was very poor and Simonds spoke no Polish, the two generals spoke in French, in which Maczek was fluent. Simonds insisted that his French was not that good and so Kitching translated for him. Kitching later accused Simonds of being better at French than what he pretended as the interval for translations gave him more room to develop arguments to dismiss Maczek's concerns.

During Operation Totalize, the American bombers who were supposed to hit the German lines instead carpet-bombed the II Canadian Corps's artillery and assembling areas, badly disorganizing the offensive. While the offensive was derailed by the American "friendly fire", the aggressive Meyer took advantage of the pause to stop the advances of both the 1st Polish Armored Division at St. Aignan and the 4th Canadian Armored Division at Langannerie. Simonds's plan for Totalize had called for Canadian heavy and medium artillery to support the Canadian and Polish tanks as they advanced, but the accidental American bombing of the Canadian artillery had robbed the Allied armor of the expected fire support. Simonds, knowing of the weakness of the Sherman tanks, which were both under-armored and under-gunned, had planned for his artillery to knock out Meyer's Tigers and Panthers, and expected the Germans to counter-attack at once with their armor. The next day, Simonds sent the Worthington Force, comprising a battlegroup of the British Columbia regiment and the Algonquin regiment, which however took a wrong turn, and was annihilated by Meyer who sent his Tiger and Panther tanks against the Shermans.

Tractable, on August 14, used a smoke screen in an attempt to shield armour from German anti-tank weaponry. The Canadian historian Desmond Morton wrote that Operation Tractable should have been a disaster as the Wehrmacht had captured a copy of the Canadian operations plan the night before, but despite this, the assault by the II corps under the cover of smoke ended with the Canadians taking Falaise on 16 August 1944. Afterwards, Simonds had the task of closing the "Falaise Gap" with the 1st Polish Armored Division under Major General Stanisław Maczek leading the way and engaging in desperate fighting at the Maczuga (Mace) as the Poles called Hill 262 as the German Army Group B sought to escape from Normandy. Though the 1st Polish Division was nearly destroyed several times as the Germans pushed their way out of Normandy, the Poles at the Maczuga and the Canadians at St. Lambert finally closed the "Falaise Gap" on 21 August 1944. Despite its name, the II Canadian Corps had Polish and British divisions operating under Simonds's command.

In September 1944, Simonds temporarily took charge of the First Canadian Army from Lieutenant-General Harry Crerar, who was recovering from a bout of dysentery, and led the liberation of the mouth of the Scheldt River. "By most accounts, Simonds’ assumption of command reinvigorated the army HQ; where Crerar managed, Simonds commanded." When Crerar resumed command with the First Army, Simonds resumed his command of II Canadian Corps for the liberation of North-Western Europe.

Post-war Army

Simonds was "undoubtedly deeply hurt" when he was passed over for Charles Foulkes as Chief of the General Staff (CGS) in August 1945. In 1946 he went to London where he attended the Imperial Defence College (IDC). He "found that work at the IDC engaged his alert intelligence. He met and talked to leading politicians, industrialists, and servicemen of the Western Alliance." From 1946 to 1949 he was Chief Instructor there, "a signal honour for a Canadian". He returned to Canada in 1949 to take a role as Commandant of the Canadian Army Command and Staff College and the National Defence College, Canada. In 1951 he was appointed Chief of the General Staff. In 1950, it was widely believed that the North Korean invasion of South Korea was meant to be a distraction to get American forces bogged down in Korea as the prelude to a Soviet invasion of West Germany. When China entered the Korean War in October 1950, it was believed the world was on the brink of World War III, and on 16 January 1951, the NATO Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, visited Ottawa to ask Canada for help. The Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent agreed to send two Canadian divisions to West Germany. Simonds wrote at the time that, since the shipping was not available to move two divisions to Europe, the Canadians best be there before World War III started.

Simonds clashed with Foulkes, the chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee about where to station the Canadians in West Germany. The continentalist Foulkes, who wanted to move Canada closer to the United States, wanted the Canadians to serve with the U.S. Army forces in southern West Germany. Simonds by contrast argued that for historical reasons the Canadians should serve with the British forces in northern West Germany, arguing that the Canadians would fight better with them if the Red Army should invade West Germany. Simonds stated that the Canadians had fought alongside the British successively in the Boer War, the First World War, the Second World War, and the Korean War, and moreover the Canadian Army was closely modelled after the British Army right down to having British-style uniforms and ranks and the same regimental structure; for all these reasons, Simonds felt that placing the Canadians with the British in northern West Germany would be a better fit. As the Canadian decision-makers had been "shocked by the American performance in Korea" while the British forces fighting in Korea had fought well, Simonds won the debate and it was agreed that the Canadians would serve as part of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), though Foulkes was able to ensure the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) units would serve with the U.S Air Force (USAF) instead of the Royal Air Force (RAF).

At the same time, Simonds had to oversee the build-up of the Canadian military for the new commitments in West Germany and for the Korean War; the defence budget had risen to $1,907 million dollars by 1953, ten times what it had been in 1947. From 1950 to 1953, the military went from having 47,000 service personnel to 104,000. Simonds spoke of bringing in conscription to meet NATO commitments, but was silenced by the defence minister, Brooke Claxton, who warned him with the polls showing 83% of the Quebecois opposed to conscription that the subject was too politically toxic for the government to contemplate. In 1952, the Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean was opened to provide training in French for French-Canadian officer candidates; previously all officer candidates were trained in English at the Royal Military College in Kingston. Besides the Royal 22e Régiment and the 8th Canadian Hussars, the Canadian Army in the 1950s made little acknowledgement of the "French fact", but the Army was more open to French-Canadians than either the Royal Canadian Air Force or the Royal Canadian Navy, where the language of command was English.

Simonds believed that esprit de corps was the key to maintaining morale, and felt that regimental pride in the history and traditions was what motivated soldiers to fight. For this reason, as part of the army's expansion, Simonds had militia regiments like the Black Watch of Montreal, the Fort Garry Horse of Winnipeg, and the Queen's Own Rifles of Toronto taken on as regular regiments instead of creating new ones, arguing the histories and traditions of these regiments would provide greater regimental pride for the men serving in them than a new regiment would. Simonds also created a Regiment of Canadian Guards which closely resembled the Brigade of Guards in London, right down to having scarlet uniforms and bearskin hats. Morton wrote that a "more practical aid to morale, opposed by Simonds, was a decision to allow families to join Canadian service personnel in Europe".

Retirement and later years
After retiring from the Canadian Army, he worked for Halifax Insurance Company, and Toronto Brick and Associates. He was active with Royal Life Saving Society of Canada, the Gurkha Appeal, the Canadian Corps of Commissionaires and was chairman of the National Ballet of Canada.

He criticized the government for seeking closer ties with the United States, and opposed the reliance on nuclear weapons, advocating strong conventional forces. Simonds proposed the use of aerial supply to reduce the vulnerability of army divisional supply chains. Skeptical of air-power advocates, he foresaw the increasing use of missiles. He believed in the "integration" of defence headquarters, but opposed the Hellyer "unification" of the armed forces. Simonds wrote at the time that each service required a distinctive leadership style for officers; stating that for a pilot alone in his jet decided by himself to fight or flee when faced with an enemy; for a naval officer holding the equivalent rank as the pilot, the decision to fight or flee was made by the captain of his ship; and for an army officer holding the equivalent ranks as the air force and naval officers had to decide for himself to fight or flee and motivate the men under his command to do the same. Simonds concluded that the plans of the Defence Minister Paul Hellyer to unify the services would never work as it was based on the assumption there was really no difference between war on land, at sea and in the air and a common service could handle all three. At the same time, Simonds also opposed Hellyer's plans to "Canadianize" the military by scrapping the traditional British style uniforms and ranks of all three services and impose an American style uniform and ranks on the unified Canadian Forces, warning this attack on the traditions on the Canadian military would hurt morale.

A street is named after him in Antwerp ("Generaal Simondslaan"). Simonds was honorary colonel of the Royal Regiment of Canada at the time of the regiment's 100th anniversary in October 1962. He was offered an honorary degree from RMC which he declined, as he had opposed the degree program, fearing the long tenure of civilian instructors would unduly influence the curriculum. On October 29, 1971, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.

Diagnosed with lung cancer, he died in Toronto on May 15, 1974. He was buried in Toronto's Mount Pleasant Cemetery after a service at Grace Church-on-the-Hill.

Married life
On August 17, 1932, he married Katherine "K" Lockhart Taylor, the daughter of a Winnipeg businessman. K was a spirited young woman, having taken flying lessons, a motor mechanics course, and eventually teaching Guy how to drive. As a subaltern, Simonds had to ask special permission to marry. They had a daughter, Ruth, born in England in June 1933, and a son, Charles, born in Kingston in 1934.

While overseas in World War II, Simonds had an affair, which K subsequently discovered while in England in 1946. They separated shortly thereafter.

Shortly before retirement, Simonds met Dorothy "Do" Sinclair (the widow of George Graham "Gus" Sinclair) whom he married on January 16, 1960.

Assessment
Randall Wakelam says, "Canadian biographies and memoirs carry two themes: innovative and hard driving commander; cold and uninspiring leader." Terry Copp suggests, "overwhelming self-confidence and a degree of arrogance which did not encourage expressions of dissent. Simonds did not attempt to lead; he sought only to command." The American General of the Army Omar Bradley called Simonds the "best of the Canadian generals" while the British Lieutenant-General Sir Brian Horrocks described Simonds as "a first class commander with a most original brain and full of initiative." Simonds's friend and superior for much of the last two years of the war, General Sir Miles Dempsey, believed Simonds in Normandy to be "the best of my Corps Commanders."

In his book, The Normandy Campaign, Victor Brooks lists Simonds as the most effective corps-level commander of the Allied Forces in Normandy. He wrote: "The corps commander among the units that comprised the 21st Army Group who most likely had the largest personal impact on the Normandy campaign was Lieutenant General Guy Simonds. This senior officer of the II Canadian Corps created one of the most effective tank-infantry teams in the Allied forces through a high degree of improvisation during the drive from Caen to Falaise. This general was versatile and imaginative but was not able to generate the momentum that would have more fully closed off the Falaise gap at an earlier date. Despite this drawback, Simonds deserves credit for his effective command."

Sir Max Hastings states: "one of the outstanding Allied corps commanders in Europe, a dour, direct officer who brought unusual imagination to bear on every operational plan for which he was responsible."

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Cape Breton Highlands

The Cape Breton Highlands (Plateau du Cap-Breton, Àrd-thalamh Cheap Bhreatainn), commonly called the Highlands, refer to a highland or mountainous plateau across the northern part of Cape Breton Island in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

Considered a subrange of the Appalachian mountain chain, the Highlands comprise the northern portions of Inverness and Victoria Counties.

The Highlands are surrounded by water with the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Cabot Strait to the north and east, the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the north and west, and Bras d'Or Lake to the south. Elevations average 350 metres at the edges of the plateau (at the above-mentioned water bodies), and rise to more than 500 metres at the centre, including the highest elevation point in the province at White Hill, at 533 metres.

The plateau consists of numerous broad, gently rolling hills bisected with deep valleys and steep-walled river canyons. The southern and the western edges of the plateau give way to broad valleys with soils resulting from glaciation and provide some of Cape Breton's best agricultural lands. Most of the interior and southern edges of the plateau are covered with damp, cool deciduous forests which makes for spectacular colours during autumn foliage. Southward facing slopes above 300 metres in elevation generally only support Balsam Fir, as a result of the short growing season and harsh winter climate. The northern and western edges of the plateau, particularly at high elevations, resemble arctic tundra.

The west coast of the Highlands meets the Gulf of St. Lawrence in steep cliffs whereas the east coast borders the Atlantic Ocean with a gently-sloping coastal plain, low headlands, and several beaches.

In 1936 the federal government established the Cape Breton Highlands National Park covering 950 km2 across the northern third of the Highlands. The Cabot Trail scenic highway also encircles the coastal perimeter of the plateau. While the coastal areas of Inverness and Victoria counties along the plateau are home to several dozen small fishing and tourism-related communities, the interior of the plateau has no public roads and very little human presence, making it one of Nova Scotia's largest wilderness areas.

Wreck Cove Hydroelectric System is the largest hydroelectric plant in Nova Scotia with a generating capacity of 215.8 MW. Constructed from 1975 to 1978, south of the Cape Breton Highlands National Park, Wreck Cove collects drainage water from 216 square kilometres (83 sq mi) of the Cape Breton Highlands plateau to generate renewable electricity.

title: Cape Breton Highlands


text:
Advanced Perl Programming

Advanced Perl Programming is a 1997 book by Sriram Srinivasan which covers complex techniques needed in production level Perl.

The second edition, by Simon Cozens and edited by Allison Randal, was published in 2005. It contains a different set of high-level programming techniques intended for practical use, and is described at www.oreilly.com.

Related books include Programming Perl, Perl Cookbook, and Perl Hacks.

Reception
Charles Stross called Advanced Perl Programming sections on networking and object-oriented programming "well-nigh indispensable". Eric S. Raymond called Sriram Srinivasan's commentary on the Perl language "uniformly intelligent, incisive and tasteful". Donald Bryson of Network Computing magazine called the book "full of useful information, well written, beautifully set, and technically accurate".

title: Advanced Perl Programming


text:
Heinkel He 116

The Heinkel He 116 was an extremely long-range mail plane designed to deliver airmail between Germany and Japan. Several examples were built for this role, as well as a small batch to be used in the long-range reconnaissance role.

Development and design
The design started in response to a 1936 request by Lufthansa, which planned a route over the Pamir Mountains in Afghanistan. This was the primary difficulty in producing an aircraft able to meet the range requirements, because the aircraft would have to lift its large fuel load to 7600 m to clear the mountains. At the time there were simply no engines available with that sort of altitude performance, although Hirth was working on one in the 500 hp class. The Günter brothers proposed to adapt their basic He 70 Blitz airframe to carry four of these engines to provide enough power for the massive fuel load.

The He 116 would use a modified version of the He 70's two-spar elliptical planform, skinned (like the He 70) with plywood. The fuselage was all-new, consisting of a semi-monocoque duralumin body with watertight bulkheads in case the aircraft were forced down over water. The design shared enough construction with the He 70 that the first prototype He 116 V1 was completed in early 1937. The new engines were not ready at this point, so the prototype was instead fitted with the much smaller Hirth HM 508C of 240 hp.

Registrations names and designations

 * V1 Lübeck:apparently remained unregistered.
 * V2 Schlesien D-JAIE: operated by Lufthansa.
 * V3 Rostock D-ARFD: (He-116A-03 / He 116R) the third prototype modified for record breaking long-distance flights.
 * V4 Hamburg D-ATIO: (He 116A-02) operated by Lufthansa.
 * V5 Nogi J-BAKD: Delivered on 29 April 1938 to Japan in a six-day flight covering 15,251 km in 54 hours 17 minutes of flight time. For use by Manchurian Air Transport on the Tokyo-Xinjing route.
 * V6 Tojo J-EAKF: Delivered on 29 April 1938 to Japan in a six-day flight covering 15,251 km in 54 hours 17 minutes of flight time. For use by Manchurian Air Transport on the Tokyo-Xinjing route.
 * V7 & V8: converted to He 116B standard as long-range reconnaissance aircraft.
 * V9 to V14: (He 116B-0) Six un-armed long-range reconnaissance aircraft, relegated to photo-mapping duties.

Variants

 * He 116A:High-speed long-range Mail-plane / courier aircraft, with conventional stepped windscreen: eight aircraft built (V1 to V8)

 * He 116B: V7  and V8 were modified for the long-range reconnaissance role with a fully glazed un-stepped nose similar to the Heinkel He 111, tested during 1938 with generally favourable results. Six additional aircraft based on the V7 pattern were then ordered, designated He 116B-0, although they also received prototype numbers V9 to V14. The B-0 s were intended to operate at extremely long range, outside the range of enemy fighters, and therefore had no defensive armament fitted. All eight (V7 through V14) were issued to reconnaissance units prior to the war, but by that time the idea of a slow-moving unarmed plane providing any useful information seemed unlikely. Instead they were used over German territory providing mapping services.

 * He 116R:V3 was removed from the line to be converted into a record-breaking prototype. The modifications included a larger 75.6 m2 wing with a 25 m span, and increased fuel tankage in the fuselage. The 240 hp Hirth HM 508H engines provided a better fuel economy through operation at lower rpm. For take-offs with maximum fuel the He 116R, Rostock, was fitted with four RATO units. On its first record flight attempt one of the rockets tore loose and hit the wing, requiring extensive repairs. After repairs were completed a second attempt was made on 30 June 1938, successfully covering 9942 km unrefueled, at an average speed of 214 km/h.

Operators

 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * Luftwaffe
 * Lufthansa
 * Manchukuo
 * Manchuria Aviation Company

title: Heinkel He 116


text:
Talk:Macrophilia

It's 2022, not 1953.
Can we please finally accept, in the year 2022, that

1. Not everyone is a small straight male into female giants.. ergo: small women exist. Men who are into giant men exist. And women into giant women And 2. Some people prefer being the giant

It's really not difficult to change the language to be more gender neutral and say "people" rather than specifically "men" and it's incredibly excluding. Other articles on fetishes I have seen are neutral it's literally just this 92.40.177.118 (talk) 14:34, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi, I've only just noticed this but I feel that as an experienced editor I can chime in.
 * First off, welcome to Wikipedia!
 * Second off, unfortunately a wiki article simply having an apparent gendered bias is not in itself a reason to change it, additionally as you can see in the the talk page archives for this page many people have already tried to get this edited to be more gender neutral and have failed because some certain die hard editors want to continue to insist that this article is different from other paraphilia articles and should specifically mention the male lean of the fetish despite it being WP:CONSENSUS that paraphilia's in general are overwhelmingly male to begin with and thus mentioning it specifically in articles is redundant as the reader will assume as much already.
 * I don't know why these editors are like this, but then again, one of die hard editors I spoke off was (prior to her leaving wikipedia) well known in the community for WP:BATTLEGROUND behaviour and even canvassed off site for editors to campaign against certain transgender editors, so I suppose some people are just *really* passionate about sex and gender related topics. Take from it what you will, I myself previously sought to change the article to be more gender neutral on the above basis but two die harders did not even seem interested in entertaining the idea and it was turning into a flamewar type deal so I reclused myself from the discussion.
 * If you want to try again however, you are welcome to do so but if those die harders come again, your only option might be a WP:RFC to get a resolution, because they wont hear it from anyone else.
 * If you do wish to argue that point, I suggest reading up on wikipedia's policies on WP:CONSENSUS, WP:FALSEBALANCE, WP:RSPSOURCES, WP:FRINGE and WP:REDFLAG. Also, others may be more receptive if you create an account and not talk as an IP address.
 * Good luck! (Name Blanked for Privacy)
 * Absolutely inappropriate to be making such accusations here.
 * That fact about paraphilias in general doesn't tell us about how to cover this topic; only sources on this topic do. People who read this article may not read a particular other one. The article does not say that it is male-only, so I don't see any problem. Per WP:Due weight, it should be described the way sources do rather than in a misleading gender-neutral way. Crossroads -talk- 03:55, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I don't usually edit articles on paraphilias so I'm unfamiliar with this, but where was a consensus established that mentioning a paraphilia being mostly male is redundant? Is that on one of the talk pages for the sex and sexuality wikiproject? Erinius (talk) 04:49, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * It reeks of sexism and homophobia. The (same) people who are undoing every attempt to include the female and/or homosexual side of the topic hide behind false claims that there are no sources of male giants. While multiple references very clearly mention female AND male giants. I also tried to add coiledfist.com, a large if not THE largest organized macrophilia community on the internet which is exclusively about male giants. But the mere mention of it next to giantess websites and artists got removed immediately. I find this scandalous.
 * Wikipedia isn't about majority opinions. It should reflect reality and be a fair and nuanced representation of the sources. But reading the wiki article as is, one could come to the conclusion that macrophilia is synonymous with "Giant women fetish", which it verifiably isn't.
 * Isn't there anything we can do? Szalinskikid (talk) 08:52, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I'd be careful with accusations of sexism and homophobia, especially if you're talking about specific editors. As Crossroads said, the article doesn't say it's male-only, and no one here has suggested that there are "no sources of male giants". Instead the article says that it's most commonly giantesses.
 * Wikipedia isn't about majority opinions. It should reflect reality and be a fair and nuanced representation of the sources - agree, and that's what the sources in the lead state. — Czello 09:03, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * No, they do not. You are cherry-picking, and that's not ok. "Most commonly giantesses" does not mean Macrophilia is SYNONYMOUS with "giant women fetish" only. Reference 2 by an actual psychologist very clearly states that it's about giant males AND females. Reference 5 talks about giant HUMANS. Men are humans. Reference 13 is literally called "Gay Macrophilia".
 * What's the more nuanced take from this? A) macrophilia is about male and female giants or B) macrophilia is about female giants?
 * The entire wikipedia article reads like it's an exclusive heterosexual male fetish. In the "Internet/Community" category, you even removed my mention of coiledfist.org, THE single largest, organized macrophilia forum which happens to be exclusively about male giants. Why do that?
 * This is homophobia. Szalinskikid (talk) 09:16, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The first source says Simply put, male macrophiles -- and almost all macros are men -- get turned on by giant women and the second says The overwhelming majority of macrophiles are thought to be heterosexual males that are sexually attracted to female giantesses. Again, the article doesn't say it's exclusively this way, just that this is the most common application.
 * However, I need to ask you for clarification - what are you saying is homophobia, exactly? My justification/edits? — Czello 09:24, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The first source is a single opinion piece in an online newspaper. The second source is actually a psychologist's article in Psychology Today. And again, you're cherry-picking here. The very first paragraph says "Such fantasies may include the macrophiles themselves shrinking in front of a normal-sized person (male or female)."
 * The object of desire for macrophiles are MALE or FEMALE. Of course most macro content is giantess related. Heterosexuality is the majority sexuality. "Most common" does not equal "the only". The problem is not that the wiki article mentions "giantesses" as the most common form of macropholia. The problem is that the article ignores the fact that macrophilia isn't an exclusively heterosexual fetish. Macrophilia does not translate to "female giant fetish", it's not its definition. And yet the entire article reads like it does. The article doesn't allow for diversity and a truthful depiction of the topic.
 * By that logic, we should change the "Human Sexuality" wiki entry and say that "the human sexuality is heterosexuality". The logic: people are most commonly heterosexual.
 * It doesn't work that way though.
 * The homophobia/sexism isn't that the article mentions the "giantess fetish" as the most common form of macrophilia; the homophobia/sexism is that any attempt to include the homosexual/hetero female view (male giants) gets removed completed, even though it's reflected in the sources numerous times (as stated above).
 * Also, as already said, several giantess websites and artists are listed in the article. I added ONE gay/male macro website. The one macro website that is even larger than any single GTS site. You removed it with your edit.
 * If all of this isn't homophobia and sexism then what is it? Szalinskikid (talk) 09:39, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

Doctor Psycho from Harley Quinn
In DC's Harley Quinn TV show, the character Doctor Psycho is portrayed as having Macrophilia, as he is attracted to the character Giganta, as well as Poison Ivy when she grows big at the end of season 1

This is a notable example, and should thus be listed in the examples section — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.16.33.75 (talk) 16:09, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Macrophilia


text:
Salina Journal

The Salina Journal is a daily morning newspaper based in Salina, Kansas, United States. It is delivered in north-central and north-western Kansas. Circulation is reported at 20,364 in 2019.

History
The Journal was founded in 1871. It was purchased by Hutchinson, Kansas-based Harris Enterprises in 1949. In November 2016, GateHouse Media purchased the Journal and the five other Harris newspapers.

The current publisher is M. Olaf Frandsen.

333 Line
The 333 Line is a feature of Salina Journal's editorial page. People can telephone their comments which are recorded by automation. Some of these comments appear, verbatim, on the paper's editorial page. In 2004 the Salina Public Library conducted a poll that suggests that the 333 line is a controversial subject for some members of the community.

title: Salina Journal


text:
Rabo de Peixe

Rabo de Peixe (Portuguese for "fish tail") is a civil parish in the municipality of Ribeira Grande in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The population in 2011 was 8,866, in an area of 16.96 km2. It is the most populous and most densely populated parish in the municipality. It contains the localities Charco, Custódio, Labardas, Nogueira, Pico da Madeira, Pico da Varanda, Pico do Bode, Pico do Refugio, Rebentão, Santana, São Sebastião, Senhora da Conceição and Tulha.

History
It is uncertain when the territory was settled, although it is assumed that the settlement of Ribeira Grande may have directly affected colonization of the area. Local sources put the colonization at around the 15th century, by Flemish and Moorish settlers.

Its toponomy was first defined by Father Gaspar Frutuoso during the 16th century, who reflected on the fact that the area received its name owing to the physical topography. As he indicated, the terrestrial physiography, and specifically the land around one of its bays resembled a fish tail, or in Portuguese rabo de peixe (literally tail of the fish). Similarly, another reference by the priest and chronicler indicated that the area was also known for the discovery of the tail of a large unknown species of fish, and may have received its name from this legendary account.

The Church of Senhor Bom Jesus was constructed in the 18th century: the project was started in 1690 and concluded in 1735 in the Baroque style typical of the islands.

In the locality of Santana, a fertile plain that extends from Rabo de Peixe until the edge of the town of Ribeira Grande was used during the era of the Second World War as a military airfield. Following 1946, it was transformed into the islands first civilian airport, before being abandoned in favour of the Ponta Delgada-Nordela air strip along the southern coast.

Rabo de Peixe was elevated to the status of town on 25 April 2004.

Owing to the importance of the port the economy and life of the civil parish, on the 19 August 2012, then-president Carlos Cesar announced the remodelling and extension of the port facility, which includes two new wings: a 285 m southern dock, and the a 45 m northern dock, that runs perpendicular. The project who allow the shelter of ships and equipment within a 3.5 ha area. In addition, the port facility would include a 100 m floating dock and three piers, in addition to expansion of port facilities to include ramps and docks for the repair of boats, fish-houses and a new 600 m roadway that would circle the complex (linked to the main roadway).

Economy
Essentially, the parish's economy is driven by primary resource production that includes fishing and agriculture, with secondary industries associated with these sectors, including civil construction, fish-processing and some milk-processing facilities.

Culture
Owing to its history, Rabo de Peixe is an area of strong heritage and cultural traditions, that includes traditional festivals, folklore, music and a large architectural patrimony. The religious festivals are valued by the local population, and attract many visitors throughout the year. The begin immediately on the first day of the New Year, with the ‘’Festa do Senhor Bom Jesus’’, the patron saint, but also include the devotional celebrations associated with the Holy Spirit throughout the summer after Pentecosts.

The ‘’Festa da Bandeiras’’ (literally ‘’Festival of the Flags’’) is one of the more expressive celebrations and includes both the commemorations of the ‘’Festas da Beneficência’’ (associated with the ‘’Flag of Charity’’) and the ‘’Festas da Caridade’’ (analogous with the ‘’Flag of the Holy Trinity’’). Accompanying these flags are the ‘’Despensas’’ and ‘’Bailinhos’’, two dances typical of the historical Rabo de Peixe.

There are six coronations associated with the celebrations to the Holy Spirit in Rabo de Peixe: São Sebastião, São João, São Pedro, Dos Inocentes, Santíssima Trindade and Rosário.

On the first Sunday in October is the celebration of the Feast of Nossa Senhora do Rosário (‘’Our Lady of the Rosary’’), marked by a ceremonial procession through the town. The following day, there is also procession which winds through the main roads, which is comparable to the procession through the streets of Ponta Delgada during the festival of Senhor Santo Cristo dos Milagres.

Celebrations in honour of Santa Cecília and Nossa Senhora da Conceição, patron saints of the local philharmonic bands also result in processions, as well as the processions celebrating São Sebastião (on the second-to-last Sunday of January), Senhor dos Passos (third Sunday after Easter), Ramos (Sunday following Easter), Senhor Morto (evening of Good Friday), Senhor Ressuscitado (Easter Sunday), Enfermos (first Sunday after Easter) and São Pedro Gonçalves (on the sixth Sunday after Easter).

The feasts of the Holy Spirit (Espírito Santo) include the folkloric ‘’Despensas’’ (a local dance) that is different then the traditional dances on the island, that include the ‘’Balho dos Homens da Terra’’ and the ‘’Balho dos Homens do Mar’’, which are danced solely by men, accompanied by castanhetas. Throughout the dance women do participate, but they never begin the dance with the men.

The two philharmonic bands of Rabo de Peixe both have a century of existence: the ‘’Sociedade Filarmónica Lira do Norte’’ (founded in 1867) and the ‘’Filarmónica Progresso do Norte’’ (established in 1888).

In popular culture
The Portuguese TV series Turn of the Tide was filmed in Rabo de Peixe. Rabo de Peixe is the original title of the series in Portuguese.

Notable citizens

 * António José Moniz ( Rabo de Peixe; 24 May 1868 -  Rabo de Peixe; 26 October 1930), a Franciscan priest, orator and colonial missionary, known as Father António do Presépio (António of the Manger);
 * Paul José Tavares (Rabo de Peixe; 25 January 1920 - Lisbon; 12 June 1973), priest and, later, Bishop of Macau (1967-1973), where he shifted the attention of the clergy in the Asia away from the traditional Luso-dominated conclaves to Asian-born clergy;
 * Manuel António Vasconcelos (Pilar da Bretanha - Rabo de Peixe), journalist and founder of the newspapers Açoriano Oriental and O Temp;
 * Ruy Galvão de Carvalho (Rabo de Peixe, 3 November 1903 — Ponta Delgada; 29 April 1991), poet, author, essayist and professor, who was notable for his biography of the life and published works of Antero de Quental, and a diverse literary collection under the pseudonym Abd-el Kader, as well as his Antologia Poética dos Açores
 * António Tavares Torres (Rabo de Peixe; 13 June 1856 — Rabo de Peixe, 28 September 1936), a self-taught intellectual, journalist, poet, lyricist (responsible for the first regional anthem Autonomia dos Açores) and politician (member of the Partido Progressista, president of the Municipal Council of Ribeira Grande and Junta Geral);
 * José Amaral da Luz (13 June 1879 - ), poet and recognized "King" of the Cavalhadas de São Pedro da Ribeira Seca;
 * António Raposo de Amaral (born unknown - died Porto; 23 June 1987), poet, author and bibliophile;
 * António Tavares Penacho (1888 - 13 November 1960), founder of the typography studio Insular e Gerente da Oficina de Artes Gráficas, printing the newspaper A Ilha;
 * José Vieira (Rabo de Peixe;18 June 1913 - Ponta Delgada; 2 April 1987), a set designer responsible for constructing a large removable stage that allowed the Revistas Lanterna Mágica e Bota to travel throughout the island putting on plays, and who, along with Santo Figueira and Vítor Cruz, was responsible for the great dances in the Coliseu theatre in Ponta Delgada;
 * Francisco Manuel Raposo de Almeida (17 August 1817), editor of the Tribuno do Povo (between Novembro 1838 and March 1839), who in the middle of the 19th century emigrated to Brazil, where he was involved in other newspapers, before becoming an author, playwright and historian;

title: Rabo de Peixe


text:
User:Cataclysm

A shy and retiring Anthropoid of the Genus Homo.

I was born in Chelmsford, Essex on May 1st, 1981 (though gestated in Whitburn) and raised in Ayrshire, Massachusetts, and Kent.

I studied Mathematics, Logic and Physics and worked as a software engineer for a telecoms company in Massamá, Portugal (living in Cascais) until the dot-com stock market bubble burst. I'm currently working for a TwoFour Studios - writing Interactive Media software in C, living in Plymouth and working in Devon. I play guitar (badly) and violin (even worse). I seem to be becoming an expert in video systems.

 * See my Contributions

title: User:Cataclysm


text:
Schio

Schio is a town and comune in the province of Vicenza (region of Veneto, northern Italy) situated north of Vicenza and east of the Lake Garda. It is surrounded by the Little Dolomites (Italian Prealps) and Mount Pasubio.

History
Its name comes from Latin: escletum was a wood of oaks and it was first used in a document of some Benedictines from Vicenza. The first settlements were around two old hills, where now there are respectively the ruins of an old castle and a majestic neoclassical cathedral.

By the 12th century Schio had become an important centre of prosperous wool manufacturing. The city was ruled by the Venetian Maltraversi family until 1311.

Schio is now an industrial town thanks to Alessandro Rossi, who founded the biggest Italian wool firm (Lanerossi) in the 19th century. Rossi also arranged the building of houses, nurseries, schools, theatres and gardens for his workers. The most important textile factories in Schio were Lanerossi, Conte and Cazzola. Schio was called "Manchester of Italy", because it was the focal point of the northern wool trade like the British city.

After World War II, the Italian resistance movement committed the Schio massacre in a temporary prison building in July 1945, killing 54 inmates.

Main sights

 * The Weaver’s Monument, erected in 1879 by Alessandro Rossi who dedicated it to his workers. The inhabitants of Schio call it L’Omo (a dialect word for "man"). It is a statue representing a man who holds proudly in one hand the shuttle of his loom, the emblem of his craft and indeed of the whole textile industry.
 * A tower of the Castle, demolished in 1514.
 * San Francesco (St Francis’) church, dating from the early 15th century. The church is now part of a complex of buildings, superimposed in time, which were used formerly by the Monastery dei Frati Minori (1437-1806) and then by Schio's civil hospital (the Baratto Institute 1807–1959) and now a home for the elderly.
 * The little church of St Mary in the Valley, originally a column erected in 1511 after a plague. It became a church in 1580.
 * Toaldi-Capra Palace. This building dates from the 15th century or earlier; some frescoes have been recovered in the interior. It first belonged to the Toaldi family; it then passed to Enrico Capra, a noble from Vicenza, before becoming the Town Hall until 1913. It was recovered and carefully restored in 1981, and now houses the civic Musical Institute as a centre for cultural activities.

Main events

 * In 2019, the TEDx Conference event was introduced for the first time, a significant step forward for the community.

Twin towns

 * 🇩🇪 Landshut, Germany, since 1981
 * 🇭🇺 Kaposvár, Hungary, since 1990
 * 🇱🇺 Pétange, Luxembourg, since 1992

Notable people

 * Josephine Bakhita, F.D.C.C. (ca. 1869 – 8 February 1947), was a Sudanese-Italian Canossian religious sister who lived in Italy for 45 years, after having been a slave in Sudan. In 2000 she was declared a saint by the Catholic Church.
 * Olinto de Pretto, an industrialist who published a mass-energy equivalence equation in 1903, two years before Einstein
 * Arianna Carollo, a famous neuroscientist who is best known for looking like a cute underground creature

title: Schio


text:
Talk:John Lavery

Untitled
The following letter was advertised for sale. I believe Sir John Lavery was president, in 1933, of the Royal Academy of Art. I infer that it had been proposed to exhibit a picture of Hitler at the Royal Academy and that the Jewish portraitist Flora Lion was enlisting her influential colleagues to put a stop to it. Can anyone shed more light on the incident and the outcome of the special Council meeting? Fishface.

BIRLEY, Sir Oswald (1880-1952). Painter. Autograph Letter Signed to fellow-artist Flora Lion, 1 page 4to, The Corner House, 62 Wellington Road, 20 November 1933. Discussing a portrait of Hitler, explaining that he has talked to Sir John Lavery about it and that a special Council meeting has been called, prior to which it will not be exhibited. £75 [No: 7621]

Dear Mrs. Flora Lion I had a talk with Sir John Lavery about this Hitler portrait after our talk on the telephone. He has no wish to upset anyone & is calling a special Council meeting to consider it & of course there can be no question of this picture being exhibited before the meeting takes place. I am ?/  Oswald Birley

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title: Talk:John Lavery


text: User talk:62.231.54.178

title: User talk:62.231.54.178


text: User talk:70.19.108.148

title: User talk:70.19.108.148


text:
River Moy

The River Moy is a river in the northwest of Ireland.

Name
Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century AD) described a river called Λιβνιου (Libniu, perhaps from *lei- "flow" ) which probably referred to the River Moy.

The Moy is first named in Adomnán's Life of Columba (c. 700) as Modam fluvium. Later spellings include Muaide, Muadam, Múed, Múaid; the name An Mhuaidh is used in modern Irish. The name is possibly derived from the Old Irish word muad, meaning "noble."

Geography
The Moy rises at the foot of the Ox Mountains in County Sligo. It flows for 110 km. For the greater part of its length, it flows southwestward, entering County Mayo and passing near Swinford before passing through Foxford then turning north near the village of Kilmore and heading for the town of Ballina, where it enters the Atlantic Ocean at Killala Bay. The Moy Estuary is 5 mi long beginning at Ballina and running into Killala Bay. The catchment area of the River Moy is 2,086 km2. The long term average flow rate of the River Moy into Killala Bay is 61.5 cubic metres per second (m3/s)

The Moy valley, with its ancient churches and abbeys, is a prominent tourist destination.

The entrance to the River Moy from an 1860 chart, showing turbulent water over the bar.

Economics
The river was once among the best salmon fisheries in Europe; however, in recent times, drift net fishing off the coast caused a huge decline in salmon numbers. According to central fisheries board statistics, 101,231 returning salmon were taken by drift nets off the west coast of Ireland in 2005. In the same year, 29% (6,675) of all rod-caught salmon in Ireland were taken in the Ballina district as a result of a weir which keeps salmon trapped in the ridge pool near the mouth of the river during the summer. Drift netting for salmon was banned in November 2006 and the ban came into force on 1 January 2007.

title: River Moy


text:
Lolita No.18

Lolita No.18 (ロリータ18号) is a Japanese all-girl punk rock band formed in 1989, known for their cartoony, high-pitched vocals.

Members

 * Masayo Ishizaka (石坂マサヨ) - vocals (1989-)

Former members

 * Kim*Rin (キム☆リン) - original bassist (-2001)
 * Enazo (エナゾゥ) - original guitarist (-2001)
 * Aya Bow (アヤ坊 ) - drum & chorus (-2001)
 * TO-BU - drums (2007-2015)
 * Gorô (ゴロー) - second guitarist (-2005)
 * Tacchamen (タッチャメン) - guitar (2002-2009)
 * Light (ライト) - guitar (2009-2010)
 * Kick - guitar (2010-2017)
 * Takochi (たこち) - bass (2002-2018)
 * Chi-chan - drums (2015-2018)

Discography

 * 1995 - カラテの先生 (Karate Teacher)
 * 1996 - 姉さん裸走り (Sister Run Naked)
 * 1997 - 髭忍者 (Hige-Ninja)
 * 1998 - 父母�NY (FUBO LOVE NY) produced by Joey Ramone
 * 1999 - ヤリタミン (YALITAMIN)
 * 1999 - TOY DOLL (produced by Olga of the Toy Dolls)
 * 2000 - ロリータ18号ライブ1995-1996 (Lolita No.18 Live 1995-1996)
 * 2000 - 副隊長 (fukutaichou)
 * 2000 - TOY DOLL TOUR 2000
 * 2000 - 鳥人間 (toriningen, released in UK as Angel of The North) produced by Olga of the Toy Dolls
 * 2001 - THE GREAT ROCK'N'ROLL FESTIVAL!!
 * 2002 - BEST OF LOLITA No.18
 * 2003 - DESTROIN
 * 2004 - LOLITA LET’S(ラ)GO!GO!!GO!!!
 * 2005 - CHECK THE MARTEN
 * 2005 - NUTS THE ANIMAL
 * 2010 - アキラメルカ？ (AKIRAMERUKA?)
 * 2012 - Yes, Punk Rock, Call With Me!!!
 * 2016 - LOLITAAA！！！

title: Lolita No.18


text: User talk:80.162.247.22

title: User talk:80.162.247.22


text: User talk:68.211.178.52

title: User talk:68.211.178.52


text:
List of settlements in the Magnesia regional unit

This is a list of settlements in the Magnesia regional unit, Greece.

 * Achilleio
 * Aerino
 * Afetes
 * Agia Triada
 * Agioi Theodoroi
 * Agios Dimitrios Piliou
 * Agios Georgios Feron
 * Agios Georgios Nileias
 * Agios Ioannis, in Almyros municipality
 * Agios Ioannis, Pelion
 * Agios Lavrentios
 * Agios Onoufrios
 * Agios Vlasios
 * Agria
 * Aidini
 * Alli Meria
 * Almyros
 * Amaliapoli
 * Anakasia
 * Anavra
 * Anilio
 * Ano Lechonia
 * Ano Volos
 * Anthotopos
 * Argalasti
 * Dimini
 * Drakeia
 * Drymonas
 * Efxeinoupoli
 * Glafyra
 * Kala Nera
 * Kalamaki
 * Kanalia
 * Kato Lechonia
 * Katochori
 * Keramidi
 * Kerasia
 * Kissos
 * Kofoi
 * Kokkotoi
 * Kroki
 * Lafkos
 * Lampinou
 * Makrinitsa
 * Makryrrachi
 * Metochi
 * Mikro Perivolaki
 * Mikrothives
 * Milies
 * Milina
 * Mouresi
 * Nea Anchialos
 * Nea Ionia
 * Neochori
 * Perivlepto
 * Fylaki
 * Pinakates
 * Platanos
 * Portaria
 * Pouri
 * Promyri
 * Pteleos
 * Rizomylos
 * Sesklo
 * Sourpi
 * Stagiates
 * Stefanovikeio
 * Syki
 * Trikeri
 * Tsagkarada
 * Velestino
 * Volos
 * Vrynaina
 * Vyzitsa
 * Xinovrysi
 * Xorychti
 * Zagora


text:
Young Communist League of Sweden

Young Communist League of Sweden or Sveriges Kommunistiska Ungdomsförbund may refer to:

 * Young Left (Sweden), formerly known as Sveriges Kommunistiska Ungdomsförbund 1921-1958
 * Young Communist League of Sweden (1977), a youth wing founded in 1977 by the Arbetarpartiet Kommunisterna (APK)
 * Young Communist League of Sweden (2000), a youth wing founded in 2000 by the Communist Party of Sweden (the successor of APK)

title: Young Communist League of Sweden


text:
Joachim Johansson

Joachim Johansson (born 1 July 1982) is a former professional male tennis player from Sweden. He reached the semifinals of the 2004 US Open, won 3 singles titles and achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 9 in February 2005.

Background
Johansson was born in Lund and currently lives in Södertälje, Sweden. His father, Leif Johansson, was also a tennis player and represented Sweden in the Davis Cup in the 1970s. He goes by the nickname "Pim Pim", which he has been called since he was a newborn. His elder brother pronounced Joachim as "Joapim" which later became "Pim Pim". In 2005, Swedish hurdler Jenny Kallur became his girlfriend but in August 2008 they separated. Lleyton Hewitt's sister, Jaslyn Hewitt, was his girlfriend for five years from 2000 to 2005. He is married to Johanna Westerberg, a Swedish professional golfer on the Ladies European Tour, and they have one child.

He is not related to fellow Swedish tennis player Thomas Johansson.

2000–2003
Johansson competed in his first professional tour match in the 2000 Wideyes Swedish Open, where he retired against Markus Hipfl. He then claimed his first win in a Challenger event in Sweden, defeating Alexander Peya. He then competed in the 2000 Scania Stockholm Open losing to Bohdan Ulihrach.

In 2001 Johansson focused on Challengers and only competed in one ATP tour tournament: the 2001 Stockholm Open, losing to Andreas Vinciguerra. He however reached two Futures semifinals, in Great Britain and New Zealand, and two finals in Germany and Austria. He won his first Futures tournament in Australia, defeating Todd Perry.

In 2002 Johansson won three Futures events: in Poland, in Austria, and Sweden, and reached a final in Poland. He also won his first ATP Tour level match in his home tournament in the 2002 Stockholm Open, defeating Albert Portas before losing to Fabrice Santoro.

In 2003 Johansson made his Grand Slam Debut in the 2003 Australian Open losing to American Mardy Fish. He then represented Sweden against Australia in the Davis Cup, however he lost to Wayne Arthurs. He then competed in Newport losing to Zack Fleishman. In his US Open debut he once again lost to Mardy Fish. He competed once again for the fourth straight year in the 2003 Stockholm Open where he reached his first quarterfinals where he defeated his first top 30 opponent, world no. 25 Fernando González in the second round before losing to Davide Sanguinetti. He won two Challengers and reached two finals that year.

2004
2004 was the breakthrough year for Johansson. In his first tournament in the 2004 Adidas International, he got his first win over a top 10 player in Rainer Schüttler world no. 6 by that time before losing to Arnaud Clément. He followed it up with his first Grand Slam win in the 2004 Australian Open defeating Alexander Popp and Alberto Martín before losing to then world no. 3 Juan Carlos Ferrero in four sets. He subsequently competed in 2004 Siebel Open where he lost to eventual champion Andy Roddick in the quarterfinals. Johansson continued his good form by winning his first ATP title in the 2004 Kroger St. Jude defeating en route James Blake, Mardy Fish and German Nicolas Kiefer in the finals. However his good run was disrupted winning only two matches in his next seven tournaments defeating Mark Philippoussis and compatriot Robin Söderling. His losses included his debut in the 2004 French Open loss against Fernando Verdasco, Mario Ančić and Juan Mónaco. He then went to the 2004 Wimbledon losing to Florian Mayer in the fourth round after defeating Arnaud Clément, Mardy Fish and Jonas Björkman. He then reached his first Masters series quarterfinal at the 2004 Canada Masters losing to compatriot Thomas Johansson. His biggest career win came at the 2004 U.S. Open. He upset the defending champion, Andy Roddick, in five sets in the quarterfinals. An unusual aspect of the match was that Roddick won 24 points more than Johansson, but was defeated nonetheless. Johansson subsequently lost his semifinal against Lleyton Hewitt in straight sets. He ended the year with four straight quarterfinal appearances: in the 2004 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon losing to eventual champion Robin Söderling; in the 2004 Kremlin Cup; in the 2004 Madrid Masters; and in the 2004 Stockholm Open. Johansson ended the year no. 12 in the world.

Plagued by injuries (2005–2007)
Johansson began 2005 with a nice start winning in the 2005 Next Generation Adelaide International defeating Taylor Dent in the finals in two sets, reaching the fourth round of the 2005 Australian Open losing to Andre Agassi 7–6, 6–7, 6–7, 4–6 and winning the Open 13 event defeating Ivan Ljubičić in the finals which jumped him into the top 10 at number 9. He however only won five matches in his next 12 tournaments with wins in 2005 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, Davis Cup, 2005 Estoril Open, and his only back-to-back win in the 2005 Wimbledon. He then underwent shoulder surgery in July 2005, forcing him to stop playing the rest of the year. In 2006 he added physical rehabilitation and development practice with coach Agne Bergvall together with Swedish track and field stars Carolina Klüft, Susanna and Jenny Kallur. Despite playing only in half of the year he ended at no. 45 still. In February 2006, he played in the SAP Open in San Jose but sustained another injury. He was forced to skip tournaments in Indian Wells and Miami, until beginning a second comeback in July 2006 by playing Challenger and Futures tournaments.

In October 2006, Johansson made a triumphant return to the ATP Tour in the Stockholm Open. He defeated Davide Sanguinetti in the first round, as a wildcard. He stunned the top seed and world number two, Rafael Nadal, in straight sets in the second round. In that match, Johansson fired 17 aces, and announced his return to the top of the game, calling it his "greatest win ever." Johansson made it to the semifinals of the tournament before losing to fifth-seeded Jarkko Nieminen in three sets. In his next tournament, the Madrid Masters, Johansson pulled off another upset in the second round, defeating fifth-seeded Nikolay Davydenko in three sets. He was forced to withdraw from his next match due to a throat infection.

In 2007 Johansson only competed in 4 tournaments in the 2007 Next Generation Adelaide International reaching the Semifinals before losing to Novak Djokovic, 2007 Australian Open retiring in the first round to Guillermo García-López 1–1 in the first set. He then underwent right shoulder surgery on 23 Feb. in Milan and did not return again until September for a Davis Cup SF tie against U.S. (l. to Roddick in opening rubber). Only lost his serve once in three sets to No. 5-ranked American. After the Davis Cup, he played one tournament in the 2007 Stockholm Open defeating Carlos Berlocq in the first round before withdrawing from the second round due to illness against eventual champion Ivo Karlović.

2008–present (retirement and return)
Johansson retired from professional tennis on 1 February 2008 due to his persistent shoulder injury. Johansson said there was "no other option" than to quit. But on 3 October 2008 he announced that he will return to the world of tennis and that his shoulder injury had healed. He was given a wild card to compete in the 2008 Stockholm Open. He stamped his return by beating Nicolas Mahut in the first round before losing to David Nalbandian in the second round.

In 2009, he competed in the Challengers events reaching the semifinals in Izmir, Turkey before withdrawing against Andrea Stoppini. He then got a wildcard entry at the Malaysian Open and made a surprise win over Lleyton Hewitt in the first round before losing to Richard Gasquet. Next, he competed in the 2009 If Stockholm Open after receiving a wildcard. He defeated Peter Luczak and Juan Mónaco but then lost to Thomaz Bellucci.

In 2010, Johansson played his first match of 2010 in singles during the 2010 Davis Cup tie against Argentina, which he lost in four sets to Argentine Leonardo Mayer.

He received a wildcard at a Challenger Tour at the 2011 Internazionali di Tennis di Bergamo Trofeo Trismoka. He played in the Davis Cup against Russia. In October 2013, Johansson announced a mini-comeback to qualify for the 2013 If Stockholm Open. Given a wildcard to the qualifying draw by tournament director, Thomas Johansson, Johansson defeated world number 450 Erik Chvojka in the first round and world number 142 Matthias Bachinger in the second round. He defeated Alejandro Falla in the first round of the main draw, before losing to Milos Raonic.

Records
He held the record for the most aces served in one match, with 51 against Andre Agassi, in the 4th round of the 2005 Australian Open (though he still lost the match in four sets). Johansson said in the post-match press conference, that

he felt that he could have served better. Ivo Karlović equalled the record on 21 June 2005 at Wimbledon against Daniele Bracciali, and at the 2009 French Open. Karlovic broke the record with 55 aces against Lleyton Hewitt in the first round, but he lost in five sets. Johansson still had a record – most aces served in 4-set match (51) until July 2014, when John Isner broke this record in the Wimbledon tournament. Isner served 52 aces, but he lost too.

title: Joachim Johansson


text:
National Monument of Scotland

The National Monument of Scotland, on Calton Hill in Edinburgh, is Scotland's national memorial to the Scottish soldiers and sailors who died fighting in the Napoleonic Wars. It was intended, according to the inscription, to be "A Memorial of the Past and Incentive to the Future Heroism of the Men of Scotland".

The monument dominates the top of Calton Hill, just to the east of Princes Street. It was designed during 1823–6 by Charles Robert Cockerell and William Henry Playfair and is modeled upon the Parthenon in Athens. Construction started in 1826 and, due to the lack of funds, was left unfinished in 1829. This circumstance gave rise to various nicknames such as "Scotland's Folly", "Edinburgh's Disgrace", "the Pride and Poverty of Scotland" and "Edinburgh's Folly".

Proposals
As early as 1816, the Highland Society of Scotland called for the construction of a national monument to commemorate the fallen in the Napoleonic Wars. Initially The Mound was considered as a site, but was rejected in favour of Calton Hill.

In January 1822, a proposal was put forward to 'erect a facsimile of the Parthenon' at a cost of some £42,000. The appeal found support amongst many prominent Edinburgh residents such as Sir Walter Scott, Henry, Lord Cockburn and Francis, Lord Jeffrey. The leading man behind the campaign to model the new monument specifically on the Athenian Parthenon was Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, who had controversially removed many of the temple's sculptures (now known as the Elgin Marbles) a decade earlier and brought them to Britain. In July 1822 the Royal Association of Contributors to the National Monument of Scotland was incorporated by an Act of Parliament. The foundation stone was laid, amid great pomp and ceremony, the following month.

Sixteen months after the initial appeal, only £16,000 had been found with the possibility of a £10,000 grant from Parliament. In 1826, the building was finally commissioned and work began. The builder contracted to execute the work was Messrs William Wallace & Son.

Originally, the building was planned to have extensive catacombs in the area supporting the main structure, to provide a burial place for significant figures, intended as a "Scottish Valhalla". A minute of the Royal Association in 1826 stated that the building was:

"to adopt the Temple of Minerva or Parthenon of Athens, as the model of the Monument, and to restore to the civilised world that celebrated and justly admired edifice, without any deviation whatever, excepting the adaptation of the sculpture to the events and achievements of the Scottish Heroes, whose prowess and glory it is destined to commemorate and perpetuate, and part of which monument or building must, in terms of the said Act, be appropriated as a church or place of Divine worship, to be maintained in all time coming by the said Association"

Laying of the foundation stone
The foundation stone, which weighs 6 tons, was laid on 27 August 1822, during the visit of George IV to Scotland.

The Duke of Hamilton (the most senior non-royal Scottish noble and the Grand Master of Scotland) led a procession of masonic lodges, royal commissioners and other dignitaries from Parliament Square to the top of Calton Hill. The procession was escorted by the Scots Greys and the 3rd Dragoons.

The deposition of the inscription plates in the stone was accompanied by cannon salutes from Edinburgh Castle, Salisbury Crags, Leith Fort and the royal squadron on Leith Roads.

Ideas for completion
Early proposals for completion work tended to focus on following the original plans; however, during the early 20th century several alternative plans were proposed:
 * as a monument to Queen Victoria (1901)
 * as a monument commemorating the 1707 Act of Union with England (1907)
 * as a new Scottish National Gallery (1907)
 * as a Scottish Parliament building (1908)
 * as a memorial to those who fell in the Great War (1918, George Washington Browne)

Subsequent attempts to 'complete' the National Monument have never borne fruit for reasons of either cost or lack of local enthusiasm. A proposal in 2004 met with a mixed reception.

The monument was repaired in December 2008, repositioning one of the stone lintels that had moved out of alignment. The cost was £100,262.

Protection
The National Monument was classified as a Category A Listed building in 1966. It is not a scheduled monument.

title: National Monument of Scotland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/High Game

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 19:21, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

High Game
Breaks the "Please do not create an article to promote yourself, a website, a product, or a business (see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not)." rule. Could also be considered to be a vanity page.

--Defragged 16:51, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - no content of note Brookie 17:37, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nothing notable or useful Zzyzx11 19:38, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. RJFJR 22:02, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, platform for a link. Wyss 01:25, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 17:54, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Roger Williams (puritan)

Roger Williams (puritan) is the same person as Roger Williams (theologian). Logophile 16:51, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roger Williams (puritan)


text:
Talk:Vassili Zaitsev

Someone's been watching too many movies. Zaitsev was indeed a Soviet sniper in the battle of Stalingrad; "Major König" and "Commissar Danilov" are fictional characters, however, which means that 90% of the present article is complete crap. How sad that young Americans seem to get their history education exclusively in cinemas. --Kolt 16:51, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vassili Zaitsev


text:
User talk:Greg973

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Note: Your user page is at User:Greg973; you created it in the main article space at "Greg973". I took care of moving it for you. Take a bit of time reading the above links and you'll catch on. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 16:51, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Greg973


text:
Talk:Roger Williams (disambiguation)

Comments
[Roger Williams (puritan)]] is the same person as Roger Williams (theologian). Logophile 16:54, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Untitled

 * O.K. But I'm gonna leave the two on the dissambig page for just a little while, unless someone else doesn't think that its necessary. WB2 30 June 2005 04:45 (UTC)

 * Please note that Roger Williams ([puritan) has been merged with Roger Williams (theologian). Logophile 1 July 2005 03:51 (UTC)

hi —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.165.224.151 (talk) 23:10, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Primary topic
Please see Talk:Roger Williams (theologian) for a discussion of whether or not the theologian and colonial founder is the primary topic for Roger Williams. –Roscelese (talk ⋅ contribs) 00:55, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

Requested move 06 December 2014

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move the disambiguation page to Roger Williams (disambiguation) and the article on the theologian to Roger Williams, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 07:20, 14 December 2014 (UTC)

Roger Williams → Roger Williams (disambiguation) – Make way for move of Roger Williams (theologian), the primary topic, to the title. – –Roscelese (talk ⋅ contribs) 05:15, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:04, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

 * But IS he the primary topic to most people? Page Roger Williams lists 16 men and 3 other things. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:04, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose - not more notable than all other Roger Williams in world history combined. In ictu oculi (talk) 06:24, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * He is way, way more notable, and the stats at Talk:Roger Williams (theologian) show it. The article gets seven times more hits than the second-most frequented page of that title, and over one hundred times more hits than a number of the other ones. –Roscelese (talk ⋅ contribs) 17:30, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support: I expected to oppose this but on Googling (in UK) I find he look like the Primary Topic - namesake of a University, and the wikipedia hits cited at Talk:Roger_Williams_(theologian) are pretty persuasive. Pam  D  15:20, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment: Per Anthony Appleyard and IIO, we should not just consider the next most popular topic, but all the other topics. One of those is a current U.S. congressman and another is a pianist who produced the only piano instrumental to reach #1 on the Billboard popular music chart (and another top-ten hit). That seems like pretty tough competition for a 17th-century theologian, although I'm surprised to see that the theologian does seem to get a lot of views. (Those views follow a strong weekly pattern; few people seem to look at that article on Saturdays and Sundays.) When considering both the congressman and the pianist, the ratio is perhaps 4:1 (although I haven't bothered to actually calculate it), and less on weekends. Note that this should probably be listed as a multimove request, since there is also a request here to move the page for the theologian. —BarrelProof (talk) 19:05, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The theologian gets over twice as many hits as every other topic combined, if you want to talk all other topics. –Roscelese (talk ⋅ contribs) 21:23, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * "few people seem to look at that article on Saturdays and Sundays": looks like schoolwork assignment. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 23:28, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Support both moves per nom, i.e. WP:PRIMARYTOPIC (see these stats) bolstered by the spirit of WP:RECENTISM. I would suggest that those who dismiss "a 17th-century theologian" read the article to understand Williams's critical role in American politics, American history, linguistics, religious pluralism, and abolitionism.  —  AjaxSmack   03:54, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Support both this and the move of Roger Williams (theologian) to Roger Williams. The Williams currently designated as "theologian" meets both criteria for WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. As to usage,  provides a compelling argument over at Talk:Roger Williams (theologian), specifically here. As to long-term significance, it would be short-sighted to dismiss him as just "a 17th-century theologian". Williams played an important role in the founding of  Rhode Island and was an early advocate of religious tolerance in the American colonies, an uncommon position at the time even among religious minorities that would become an important national value when the US was founded. The other Roger Williamses specifically cited as challenges to this significance are a musician with a single #1 hit (that it was the only piano instrumental to do that seems like trivia to me) and a first-term Representative whose article lists no significant legislative activity in Congress – indeed, no activity at all – and which generates so little interest that his bid for re-election on November 4 is still referred to as an upcoming event here on December 8. Egsan Bacon (talk) 16:42, 8 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per clear primary historic importance. bd2412  T 18:01, 8 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support -- Appears to have both historical significance, and the stats show he is the one most are looking for in WP. 1bandsaw (talk) 19:24, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Rogers, William

 * William Rogers (disambiguation) should be added as a see also section -- 67.70.35.44 (talk) 22:51, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
 * ✅ Anthony Appleyard (talk) 10:01, 7 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roger Williams (disambiguation)