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North Carolina Zoo

The North Carolina Zoo, formerly the North Carolina Zoological Park, is a zoo in Asheboro, North Carolina, housing 1,700 animals of more than 250 species, primarily representing Africa and North America. It is one of two state-supported zoos in the United States, with the other being the Minnesota Zoo. With 500 acre developed, it is the world's largest natural habitat zoo. The North Carolina Zoo is a part of the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources.

The Zoo is 75 mi west of Raleigh, 25 mi south of Greensboro, and 75 mi northeast of Charlotte. The zoo is open 363 days a year (closed on Thanksgiving and Christmas) and in 2023 received over one million visitors for the first time. The North Carolina Zoo is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums.

History
In 1967, the North Carolina legislature created the NC Zoological Garden Study Commission to examine the feasibility of a state zoo. The nine-member commission found that a zoo was both feasible and desirable. Following next year, the North Carolina Zoological Society was formed with the goal of raising funds and public support for the zoo project. The same year, the legislature created the NC Zoological Authority to oversee the project. The site in Randolph County was selected from 6 sites after a 2-year search by the zoo commission, led by State Representative Archie McMillan of Wake County. After the selection of the site, its 1371 acre were donated to the state. A $2-million bond was passed and Governor Robert W. Scott dedicated the site in the spring of 1972. Construction of the North Carolina Zoo began in 1974 with the official opening date of August 13, 1976. The first animals, two Galapagos tortoises arrived in 1973 and an Interim Zoo was opened in 1974.

Ground was first broken for the Africa region in the spring of 1976, and the grand opening of the original five habitats took place in the summer of 1980. Today, it is home to a multitude of habitats, including chimpanzees, giraffes, gorillas, zebras, and elephants.

In 1978, Ham, a chimpanzee who became the first hominid in outer space, was moved to the North Carolina Zoo from the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. He lived there until his death in 1983 from a heart attack.

The Zoo has continued to expand ever since. Throughout the 1980s, the habitats of the African region opened. Additionally, the Zoo in 1984 received accreditation from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). In 1993, the first of the North America habitats was completed, home to the animals and habitats of the Sonora Desert. The final North American region opened in 1996.

The Connect NC bond referendum was approved during the March, 2015 primary election. Funds from the bond will be used to construct a new Asia region to attract more than 1 million people a year.

On August 19, 2022, the zoo officially broke ground on the Asia region of the Zoo.

In addition to providing encounters with wild animals living in natural settings, the North Carolina Zoo offers down-to-earth, authentic and memorable ways for North Americans to play and stay together. The Zoo also offers a variety of nature-based, educational programs and camps.

Future plans
On April 1, 2010, the Zoo announced it had acquired adjacent forestland to bring the total land tract to over 2000 acre. The main habitats currently occupy about 500 acre. The North Carolina Zoo was one of many state facilities to receive money from the Connect NC bond referendum, approved during the March 2015 primary election. In June 2018, the Zoo announced that it is in the final planning stages for two new continents: Asia and Australia. Funds from the Connect NC bond will be used to construct the new Asia region which will include tigers, Komodo dragons, Visayan warty pigs, Asian small-clawed otters, cinereous vultures, red-crowned cranes, wrinkled hornbills, king cobras and northern white-cheeked gibbons among others. The Zoo broke ground on the Asia Continent expansion in August 2022. According to the North Carolina Zoo the Asia Expansion will be complete and open in 2026.

Attractions
The North Carolina Zoo is home to 1,700 animals of more than 200 species. The zoo is home to one of the largest chimpanzee troops of any zoo in America as well as the largest collection of Alaskan seabirds in the country. The Zoo is also one of only a few AZA (Association of Zoos & Aquariums) in the U.S. with a breeding pair of polar bears which is part of the Species Survival Plan. As of 2022, the pair have yet to produce any offspring.

Layout
The North Carolina Zoo consists of Africa, North America, and a global Desert. There are parking lots located on each end of Africa and North America, so, during peak season, visitors can start their day from either side. With approximately 5 mi of walking paths, the Zoo also provides trams and air-conditioned buses for visitors.

The North Carolina Zoo's founding philosophy was that of having natural habitats – presenting animals together with plants in habitats that resemble the habitats in which they would be found in the wild. The 40 acre Watani Grasslands habitat alone is as large as many entire zoos.

North America
The Cypress Swamp area is home to American alligators, alligator snapping turtles, cougars and a variety of reptiles and amphibians. The Rocky Coast depicts the rocky coasts of the Pacific Northwest, with North American porcupines, polar bears, harbor seals, Arctic foxes, thick-billed murres, parakeet auklets, and horned puffins. The streams of North Carolina can be seen in the Streamside habitat with bobcats, North American river otters, barred owls, and several snakes including cottonmouths, eastern copperheads and timber rattlesnakes, and fishes. At the Prairie habitat, visitors can see American bison and elk. American black bears, grizzly bears and red wolves also each have their own habitats.

Desert
The flora and fauna of deserts are on display in the glass-domed "Mangum Desert". Outside are ocelots, while inside are a variety of reptiles such as blue-tongued skinks, spiny-tailed monitors, ornate uromastyx, Gila monsters, Mexican beaded lizards, desert tortoises, pancake tortoises, and birds such as burrowing owls, greater roadrunners, Von der Decken's hornbills, laughing kookaburras, white-winged doves, Gambel's quail, white-headed buffalo weavers, and crested couas. A separate enclosure within the dome houses sand cats. A nocturnal section contains common vampire bats, gray mouse lemurs, brush-tailed bettongs, and sidewinders.

Aviary
The R. J. Reynolds Forest Aviary recreated the hot, humid conditions of a tropical forest. The aviary displays more than three thousand tropical plants and allowed visitors to walk among different species of free-flying tropicbirds including, sunbitterns, Victoria crowned pigeons, masked lapwings, Nicobar pigeons, Asian fairy-bluebirds, among many others including Madagascar ibises. The North Carolina Zoo's Aviary was listed among the bird exhibits in the US by USA Today.

On April 21, 2022, the Zoo announced the permanent closure of the R.J. Reynolds Forest Aviary due to structural deterioration caused by high humidity and wet conditions. The aviary had previously been closed since January 2022 due to avian influenza being detected in wild birds in North Carolina. However, efforts are ongoing to potentially rebuild the Aviary in a different part of the zoo.

Africa
The Forest Edge habitat is a 3.5 acre, lightly wooded grassland enclosure with plains zebras and reticulated giraffes. The Watani Grasslands Reserve mimics the great savannas of Africa, totaling 47 acres and is home to a herd of African elephants. Nearby southern white rhinoceroses, Thomson's gazelles, addra gazelles, waterbucks, fringe-eared oryxes, and greater kudu all share a habitat, designed to look as one continuous expanse with the elephants looking out at the rhinos and the antelope. Chimpanzees can be seen in the Kibale Forest habitat. Western lowland gorillas inhabit the Forest Glade exhibit. Lions, hamadryas baboons, and red river hogs each have their own habitats. Red-ruffed lemurs from neighboring Madagascar were also in the Africa region after a refurbishment of the former patas monkey habitat.

Art
The North Carolina Zoo is home to a large collection of art, primarily sculpture. Also murals, mosaics, and paintings. Primarily depictions of animals and their habitats, the artwork uses a variety of materials including marble, steel, bronze, fiberglass, limestone, glass, cement, and others. The Zoo's art is intended to enliven and enrich the guest experience and help fulfill its mission by "promoting individual discovery and new ways of thinking."

The two largest sculptures are located at the Zoo's main entrances. One, "Sum of the Parts" is a pile of large metal cubes, about a yard (1m) on a side. Most of the cubes are shiny and depict extant species, but a few rusted cubes memorialize extinct species. The second, "The Elephant Group" depicts several large elephants in bronze. The works were installed in 1998.

Africa
The NC Zoo is involved in several research and conservation projects. Together with the World Wildlife Fund and the government of Cameroon, the zoo participates in a project to track the movements of elephants through satellite tracking collars in order to expand reserves and parks in a way that protects the most crucial areas of their habitats. The project was recognized in 2008 by the AZA with a Significant Achievement in Conservation Award. Also in Cameroon and its neighbor, Nigeria, the Zoo is working on a project to monitor the rare Cross River gorilla, a subspecies that was thought extinct for many years. Its remote habitat is difficult to access, so with the help of satellite imaging and GPS systems, the Zoo coordinates with park rangers and other conservation groups to map their habitat and movements and assist efforts to ensure their continued survival.

The Zoo also operates projects in Uganda. An education project around Kibale National Park has been in place for over 10 years and aims to educate young people about the purpose of the park and the value of biological conservation. It also supports research at the Ngogo field research site inside the park. Ngogo researchers study primate plant use and rainforest regrowth after logging among other things, and remove illegal snares from the park which can seriously injure or kill protected animals.

North Carolina
A number of projects are also underway in North Carolina. Protection and research of the hellbender salamander, which is globally recognized as near threatened but is classified as "endangered" in several US states including North Carolina, is the target of a project in the Appalachian Mountains. Due to the steep decline in population in the past 30 years, the Zoo conducted a thorough survey, with the help of the AZA, into the hellbender populations of western North Carolina.

The Zoo is also involved in project to restore the population of endangered Schweinitz's sunflower. In 2001, a road expansion project by the North Carolina Department of Transportation threatened a significant population of the flowers. The Zoo partnered with a number of individuals and organizations and successfully managed their transplant to an off-road site, which continues to be managed and monitored by Zoo horticulturalists.

Species Survival Plan
Since 1995, the North Carolina Zoo has been a part of the American Red Wolf Species Survival Plan and reintroduction program. The Zoo is also involved in the gorilla Species Survival Plan and received two female gorillas in early 2010 as part of the effort. As a result of their successful breeding, two male gorillas (Bomassa and Apollo) were born in August 2012. The Aviary was also known for several high-profile hatchings, including the first U.S hatchings of the golden white-eye, the red-faced liocichla, the African pied barbet, the golden-headed manakin, the horned puffin, the parakeet auklet and the thick-billed murre as well as the second US hatchings of the African grey-headed kingfisher and the African spoonbill.

Two southern white rhino calves were born at the North Carolina Zoo during the summer of 2018, with another two born in 2020.

Organization
The Zoo is part of the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. Its operation and development are overseen by a 15-member Zoo Council appointed by the Governor to six-year terms. The director of the North Carolina Zoo is Pat Simmons, formerly the director of Akron Zoo. Simmons took over from long-time director, Dr. David Jones, who retired in 2015. The Zoo's annual operating budget is roughly $18 million. It receives around 60 percent from the state with the remainder being made up of ticket and merchandise sales and donations from the North Carolina Zoological Society, which remains the Zoo's fund-raising and membership arm. The Zoological Society is overseen by its board of directors. The chairman of the board is always a member of the Zoological Council and the two groups meet once annually.

title: North Carolina Zoo


text: User talk:217.15.96.20

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:217.15.96.20


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nicola Lostumbo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETED. dbenbenn | talk 08:07, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

NL
Non-notable page. Six Google hits. Antandrus 04:01, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Content before blanking:

 *  Six Google hits.

 * delete. Mikkalai 04:10, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * DeleteSix Google hits.'' -- Curps 05:57, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:40, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Youngstown, Alberta

Youngstown is a village in southern Alberta, Canada within Special Area No. 3. The village refers to itself as a Sportsman's Paradise due to plenty of wild game and trout fishing in the area.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Youngstown had a population of 171 living in 77 of its 95 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 154. With a land area of 1.11 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Youngstown recorded a population of 154 living in 68 of its 88 total private dwellings, a NaN% change from its 2011 population of 178. With a land area of 1.11 km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

title: Youngstown, Alberta


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Sabretooth (film)

Sabretooth is a 2002 made for television science-fiction-horror film directed by James D.R. Hickox. When a genetically-engineered saber-toothed cat escapes from containment into a forest and starts killing a group of campers, a billionaire and the scientist that created the creature hire a big-game hunter to find it. It premiered as a Sci Fi Pictures TV-movie on the Sci Fi Channel on November 16, 2002.

Plot
Using fossilized DNA, a scientist clones a prehistoric sabretooth cat. However, one night as a janitor prepares to clean the sabretooth's residential quarters, he is subsequently killed after recklessly locking himself in the cage with it. As the fearsome creature is being transported, it breaks free and kills the driver before stalling human prey. Taking its spree into the forested mountains in the Pacific Northwest, the beast kills a vacationing couple, before later continuing to stalk a group of trainee guides learning the area of seniors.

Catherine Viciy (Vanessa Angel), the scientist who created it, and her colleague Anthony Bricklin (John Rhys-Davies), call in Robert Thatcher (David Keith), a big game hunter and tracker, to find the animal, tricking him into believing that it is an African lion, and will offer to pay him $50,000. They go into the mountains to find the cat and come across the cabin where the vacationers were killed. At this point, Thatcher states that "your kitty has an attitude problem." Catherine throws away Thatcher's satellite phone, knowing that he had planned to notify the police and Animal Control. As they continue through the woods, the sabretooth kills Kara, a zoologist working for Catherine, and Thatcher declares that he will kill the sabretooth no matter what.

The next day, Thatcher starts seeing signs of the trainees and sabretooth's tracks corresponding. One night, he hears a camper scream and leaves camp to investigate. He finds the camper's remains and later relates his fate to Casey, the leader of the group, who was searching for him. After they return to the group's camp, Trent, another senior guide, comes in screaming about the death of another trainee and about seeing a sabretooth, to much shock and disbelief. Instructing Casey and the others to a nearby mine to wait for him, Thatcher goes after it, but before he can kill it, Catherine attempts to tranquilize it and misses, scaring it off. Thatcher is fired for trying to kill it instead of catching it, because of all the scientific progress the creature was going to bring, but the sabretooth reappears and slowly kills Anthony, allowing Thatcher and Catherine time to escape.

Though Catherine steals his revolver, Thatcher recovers his rifle and they head for the mine, where only Casey and Trent remain alive, and where the sabretooth has Trent trapped. Thatcher hands Catherine his rifle and tells her to shoot the sabretooth in case it gets past him, then he heads to an opening at the top of the mine. He and Casey tranquilize the sabretooth and Trent escapes. After they are all outside, Thatcher sends them on and tries to kill the sabretooth, but finds that Catherine has unloaded his rifle. As he runs away, he falls and catches his foot in a bear trap. Casey and Trent see him and, after they make spears from saplings, they return to a lake where they find Catherine.

After striking Catherine down for nearly getting him killed, Thatcher prepares to go after the sabretooth once more, but Catherine draws his revolver on him, telling him that she does not want to see her creation destroyed. Before she can kill him, Trent kicks the gun out of her hand but is shot. The revolver slides down the cliff and the sabretooth reappears. Catherine tries to warn the beast off but is killed by her own creation. Thatcher tricks the sabretooth into jumping on his spear and throws it down a ledge, killing it. Later Thatcher, Casey, and Trent head back to the summer camp where Casey works.

Cast

 * David Keith as Robert Thatcher, a professional big-game hunter and tracker who is hired to catch the sabretooth and ultimately kills it with a spear after its creator, Catherine, unloads his rifle.
 * Jenna Gering as Casey Ballenger, the leader of the group of campers in Sierra Nevada who had a relationship with Trent in the past, whom she gets back together with towards the end of the film, and one of the two campers who survives the sabretooth rampage.
 * Josh Holloway as Trent Parks, an experienced camper who had a relationship with Casey in the past, which he resumes towards the end of the film, having come back only to do so, but showed interest in Lola Rodriguez, even being brought to tears when she died. He, along with Casey, is one of the two campers to survive the sabretooth rampage.
 * Vanessa Angel as Catherine Viciy, an ambitious, but cold-hearted scientist who had a relationship with Thatcher in the past and who created the sabretooth and was willing to sacrifice anyone necessary to keep it alive, only to be the final victim of her own creation.
 * John Rhys-Davies as Anthony Bricklin, Catherine's partner, a greedy, but cowardly man who only wanted the sabretooth to be left alive for monetary and glory purposes, but was killed by it after having his eyes gouged out.
 * Lahmard Tate as Leon Tingle, the final camper killed by the sabretooth, as well as the bravest, who faced the sabretooth in physical combat and tried to kill it with knives, but was stabbed in the chest by its claws.
 * Nicole Tubiola as Lola Rodriguez, a camper, the only other female camper besides Casey whose death confirmed the existence of the sabretooth. She was romantically involved with Trent throughout the film and screamed to him for help when she was killed. He seemed to share her feelings as he cried when he couldn't save her.
 * Phillip Glasser as Jason Kimble, a camper, the first camper killed by the sabretooth after getting lost at night.
 * Stefanie Thomas as Kara Harmon, a zoologist on Catherine's team who at first goes along with Catherine's lie about the sabretooth, but ultimately chooses to tell Thatcher the truth, only to be killed by the sabretooth before she could.
 * Todd Jensen as Sean, he and his girlfriend Amanda are spending time at a cabin in the woods. Until they are both attacked by the sabertooth.
 * Allie Moss as Amanda, her and her boyfriend Sean are vacationing in a cabin in the woods. They are both killed by the sabretooth.
 * Scott Vandiver as Nathan, a janitor at the laboratory where the sabretooth was created. He was the first victim killed by the sabretooth after carelessly locking himself in with it after its cage doesn't close.
 * Kelly Nelson as Billy, he is the truck driver transporting the sabertooth to Anthony and Catherine. He crashes the truck and the metal crate holding the sabertooth is ripped open. The sabertooth quickly kills him.
 * James D.R. Hickox as Bob "Silent Bob", he is the mute brother of the gas station attendant. He hears the sabertooth inside the metal crate in the back of the truck it is being transported in.

Reception
On the film-critics aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes. Sabretooth scored 20% positive reviews, out of 5 reviews.

title: Sabretooth (film)


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Ngee Ann Polytechnic

Ngee Ann Polytechnic (NP) is a post-secondary education institution and statutory board under the purview of the Ministry of Education in Singapore.

Established in 1963 by the Ngee Ann Kongsi, NP is renowned for its business programmes and central focus on entrepreneurship education. It is also the only polytechnic in Singapore to be affiliated with a foundation.

NP is famous for producing successful entrepreneurs due to its strong ecosystem in supporting start-ups. NP's alumni include founder and former CEO of Creative Technology Sim Wong Hoo, co-founder and CEO of Carousell Quek Siu Rui, co-founder and President of Carousell Marcus Tan, co-founder and CEO of Secretlab Ian Ang, 18th Golden Horse Award for Best Leading Actor Alan Tam, and 50th Golden Horse Award for Best Narrative Feature and Best Original Screenplay Anthony Chen.

History
Founded in 1963 as the Ngee Ann College by the Ngee Ann Kongsi, Ngee Ann Polytechnic started with 116 students, offering courses in language, commerce, and technology.

In December 1990, Ngee Ann Polytechnic applied for a radio station broadcasting on AM, with its programmes produced by mass communication students, concentrating on talk shows. However, its students were unaware of the existence of stations on the AM band.

Academic schools
There are a total of nine academic schools providing 39 full-time courses:

 * School of Business & Accountancy (BA)
 * School of Design & Environment (DE)
 * School of Engineering (SOE)
 * School of Film & Media Studies (FMS)
 * School of Health Sciences (HS)
 * School of Humanities & Social Sciences (HMS)
 * School of Infocomm Technology (ICT)
 * School of Life Sciences & Chemical Technology (LSCT)
 * School of Interdisciplinary Studies (IS)

The polytechnic also offers part-time programmes for adult learners through the CET Academy. Established in 1985, the CET Academy has now trained more than 180,000 adults.

Programmes and scholarships

 * The NP Youth Academy setup by the polytechnic offers programmes for every student anchored in the areas of leadership, character building, and personal development.
 * The Christieara Programme is a talent development programme for high performing students through initiatives such as Overseas Merit Fellowships and Service Learning trips.
 * The polytechnic awards more than 1,000 scholarships every year, and over 6,000 students benefit from financial grants amounting to about $15 million a year.

Recognition
The polytechnic was conferred the Singapore Quality Class Star Award for demonstrating business excellence. The polytechnic was also awarded the President's Award for the Environment in 2014.

Athletes

 * Hariharan Krishna, Singaporean athlete, 2023 Southeast Asian Games competitor

Academia

 * Richard Yeo, American scientist, and founder of SuperUSA Nutrition Inc & Multi Sensing Inc
 * Natasha Sng, Assistant Research Scientist at the University of Florida
 * Leow Yi Ning, PhD candidate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Business

 * Sim Wong Hoo, founder and former CEO of Creative Technology
 * Quek Siu Rui, co-founder and CEO of Carousell
 * Marcus Tan, co-founder and President of Carousell
 * Ian Ang, co-founder and CEO of Secretlab
 * Aaron Tan, co-founder and CEO of Carro
 * Clara Lee, Vice President of Brand at Neste
 * Gerry Eng, co-founder and CTO of Coinhako
 * Isabel Elizabeth Francis (1991–2022), Singaporean murder victim and Deliveroo assistant manager

Entertainment

 * Alan Tam, 18th Golden Horse Award for Best Leading Actor
 * Anthony Chen, 50th Golden Horse Award for Best Feature Film, Best New Director, and Best Original Screenplay
 * Alaric Tay, Mediacorp actor
 * Andie Chen, Mediacorp actor
 * Nick Teo, Mediacorp actor
 * Richie Koh, Mediacorp actor
 * Shane Pow, former Mediacorp actor
 * Derrick Hoh, singer
 * Vanessa Fernandez, singer
 * Boo Junfeng, film producer
 * Tzang Merwyn Tong, film producer
 * Cruz Teng, television presenter
 * Hazlina Abdul Halim, television presenter
 * Dennis Chew, radio DJ and actor
 * Gerald Koh, radio DJ
 * Jean Danker, radio DJ
 * Joshua Simon, radio DJ
 * Vernetta Lopez, actress and radio DJ
 * Maddy Barber, radio DJ
 * Jamie Yeo, actress and model
 * Yeo Siew Hua, film director
 * Shazza, singer

Politics

 * Mohd Fahmi, Mayor of South East District (2020–present) and Member of Parliament for Marine Parade GRC (2020–present)
 * Don Wee, Member of Parliament for Chua Chu Kang GRC (2020–present)
 * Lee Li Lian, Member of Parliament for Punggol East SMC (2013–2015)

title: Ngee Ann Polytechnic


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Killary Harbour

Killary Harbour or Killary Fjord is a fjord or fjard on the west coast of Ireland, in northern Connemara. To its north is County Mayo and the mountains of Mweelrea and Ben Gorm; to its south is County Galway and the Maumturk Mountains.

Structure
The flooded valley is 16 km long, and in the centre over 42 - 45 m deep; the sea level is higher outside its mouth, as is normal for a fjord. For nearly half its length, it runs south east from the Atlantic, and then it crooks and runs directly east. It narrows after the infall of the Bundorragha River, and then widens in the vicinity of Leenane. In its innermost section, it becomes very narrow, widens where a small river comes in from the south, and ends with the line of the valley of the River Erriff. The river itself does not enter on the main line of the Harbour but curves northwards and then runs south into the inlet.

The northern shore rises sharply to a much greater extent than the southern, which is in places merely hilly. On that northern shore lies the mountain Mweelrea, Connacht's highest, rising to 814 m, and the sides of which fall steeply into the inlet, with Uggool Beach at its western edge. To the south rise the Maumturk Mountains and the Twelve Bens. The island of Inishbarna is situated at the mouth of Killary Harbour. The area contains some of Ireland's most dramatic scenery.

Nature
Killary has for centuries been known as a fjord - "the only fjord in Ireland" or sometimes "one of 2–4 fjord-type inlets" on the island. There has been argument in at least one peer-reviewed paper that it is in fact one of three glacial fjards (shallower than true fjords) in Ireland, the others being Lough Swilly and Carlingford Lough. A key point in such argument is that it lacks extensive steep cliff walls, but this does not take full account of the underwater sides of the valley, and the shape of its bed. The matter was considered in a dedicated peer-reviewed paper, "An Oceanographical Survey of Killary Harbour...," that concluded that Killary was a fjord. The landform was shaped by a massive glacier, carving its way from the land to the Atlantic Ocean.

Rivers and streams
The Erriff River flows into the head of the inlet, and multiple smaller rivers and streams enter along its length. These include the Bunanakee River flowing across Uggool Beach near the mouth, the Bundorragha River (with tributaries including the Owennaglogh, Sruhaunboy, Owengar from Finlough to Doolough, Glenummera), and the Lahill River at Leenaun, and others. On the Erriff River just above Killary are the Aasleagh Falls.

Flora and fauna
The Harbour is a sheltered waterway, and otter are sometimes found. Both grey and harbour seals, and dolphins, and sharks, can be sighted, and on at least one occasion there was a bearded seal sighting. Salmon and sea trout are also encountered, and provide food for the seals. Some bird species frequenting the area include mallard duck and other breeds of duck, grey heron, barnacle goose, mute swan and whooper swan, and plover.

Marine zoology study
The sea-loch has attracted naturalists studying marine zoology. Irish naturalist, writer, and historian Emily Lawless, in an essay from 1898, recalled renting a cottage by the 'Greater Killary' on a research trip, in order to "extract . . . every wriggling, writhing, prickly, slimy, glassy . . . creature" from its waters, to document and analyse them.

Settlement
There are today two minor settlements nearby. On the southern side near the mouth of the Harbour lies the hamlet of Rosroe, between Killary and Little Killary, while the village of Leenaun (Leenane) lies two thirds of the length of the valley inland to the east. Leenaun has a hotel and guesthouses and there are one more of each at Delphi, in a valley running down to Killary Harbour from the north.

Close to Rosroe there is an old building which now houses a hostel. This building was formerly a modest house which was used by Ludwig Wittgenstein, the famous philosopher, as a quiet place to write shortly after World War II. A plaque acknowledging this was unveiled by President Mary Robinson in 1993.

Near to Rosroe begins the so-called Green Road, a rough roadway running along the side of the valley back east towards Leenaun. It stretches for approximately nine kilometres and was part of the famine relief program during the 19th century. This road passes the last remnants of the hamlet of Foher, which disappeared in the period of the Great Famine.

A second "lost village" – Uggool – lay just north-east of the mouth of the inlet, above Uggool Beach.

Economy
Killary draws considerable tourist traffic and a catamaran service run by "Killary Fjord Boat Tours" from April to mid-October is a notable local employer. Aquaculture is also important locally with a salmon farm based at Rosroe while mussel rafts are a common sight further to the east.

title: Killary Harbour


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Dibra

Dibra is an Albanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Abdurrahman Dibra (1885–1961), Albanian politician
 * Arenc Dibra (born 1990), Albanian footballer
 * Dino Dibra (1975–2000), Australian suspected murderer
 * Fuad Dibra (1886–1944), Albanian politician and nationalist
 * Gëzim Dibra (born 1956), Albanian politician
 * Ilir Dibra (born 1977), Albanian footballer
 * Isuf Dibra (died 1927), Albanian politician
 * Izet Dibra (1878–1964), Albanian politician
 * Klejdi Dibra (born 1992), Albanian footballer
 * Muhamet Dibra (1923–1998), Albanian footballer
 * Petrit Dibra (born 1953), Albanian footballer
 * Ridvan Dibra (born 1959), Albanian writer
 * Vehbi Dibra (1867–1937), Albanian mufti, theologian and publicist

title: Dibra


text:
User:Gazoombo

Hi.

I'm Mike English, aka gazoombo.

title: User:Gazoombo


text:
File:Sabretooth-dvd.jpg

Fair use in Sabretooth (film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Sabretooth-dvd.jpg


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Values In Design

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 03:15, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Values In Design
Some kind of rant, non-encyclopedic. Mikkalai 04:08, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Although the phrase results in Google hits, there seems to be no set "values" in design. Perhaps it could be listed as a theory on some design entry. Kat, Queen of Typos 07:36, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * The article boils down to "There are values in system design. They have to be taken into account.  It's hard.  We don't know anything about it.".  Delete, and start afresh if and only if there is anything informative to say upon the topic. Uncle G 13:31, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * Yes, there are informative things to say on the topic. See here and here, for example. I can agree with the deletion of the current entry, but I will work on a more appropriate submission. --michael zimmer 15:24, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * IMO the only thing can be said is kind of promotional and boasting stuff. The term implies that the rest of the design doesn't care about any values, and only these smart guys (who coined the term) decided to put (or find) some value into mindless and valueless world of design. Mikkalai 21:03, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "valueless world of design"?? sounds like your criticism is just that you don't agree with the premise of this perspective. that's a POV, but not a reason to omit an entry. that'd be like deleting the entry on postmodernism just becuase you don't agree with the theory. Having an entry on VID is not "promotional" nor "boasting" - its a multi-disciplinary academic field that deserves description. Its practioners don't imply that the "rest of the design" (whatever you mean by that) doesn't care about values - the purpose of the field is make the value-implications of design apparent. Just as scholars of participatory design might be interested in "usability," scholars interested in Values In Design also point to the importance of "autonomy," "freedom from bias," "trust" or other values of moral/ethical import in the design of a technology. Again, I'll work on a new article.--michael zimmer 21:23, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research and personal essay unless good, verifiable references are provided, prior to expiration of VfD, that show that at least of three people listed as proponents—Lewis Mumford, Langdon Winner, Thomas Hughes, Donald Mackenzie, Madelaine Akrich, Bruno Latour, Helen Nissenbaum, Philip Brey, Batya Friedman, Lawrence Lessig—actually haved used this term with the stated meaning. Dpbsmith (talk) 22:47, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Helen Nissenbaum and Batya Friedman  definitely use "this term with the stated meaning." The rest, to my understanding, recognize the political & value biases within technology, but wouldn't be considered direct proponents/conributors of the field, with the possible exception of Bruno Latour. --michael zimmer 23:26, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps a better article would be for "Value Sensistive Design" - a perspective that is better and conceptualized alongside fields such as participatory design, computer supported cooperative work, computer ethics or human computer interaction--michael zimmer 23:31, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * That makes more sense as a term. But we are discussing a different article. "ViD" doesn't look like established discipline. Of course, if a couple of notable persons use this term as term, not as a headline, then OK with me. It remains to be proven, though. The idea under the term is clear, but is the term widely accepted? Mikkalai 02:15, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Must a term be "widely accepted" to be included in Wikipedia? Is the point to make Wikipedia a place to find entries of only "widely accepted" ideas, or any idea that a person might come across, no matter how obscure or controversial?--michael zimmer 03:02, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Absolutely not: Wikipedia is very explicitly not a place for "any idea that a person might come across, no matter how obscure." Wikipedia is intended to be an encyclopedia within the recognizable meaning of the word. It is a secondary source which documents well understood, well accepted, knowledge. A controversial topic may be encyclopedic by virtue of being widely held or notable;  complex belief systems that are held by large numbers of people are covered in detail. Emerging concepts, new artistic movements, promising bands, recently released political books, and "memes on the rise" are not. See What Wikipedia is not and, particularly, Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base. Dpbsmith (talk) 11:03, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * First, please be more careful with words: "term" vs "idea". The term may be acepted, while the idea may not. Second, wikipedia is for things of notablility, not a junkyard of all possible ideas. But we are discussing the specific article. I claim that the term "ViD" is hardly notable. I can coin scores of such: "virtue in design", "humanity in design", etc., all relecting basically the same idea. the question is: if the idea is notable, what is the notable term for it? Mikkalai 03:35, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No evidence that this term has currency. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:53, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Clare Island

Clare Island ( or Oileán Chliara), also historically Inishcleer, is a mountainous island guarding the entrance to Clew Bay in County Mayo, Ireland. Historically part of the kingdom of Umhaill, it is famous as the home of the 16th century pirate queen Gráinne O'Malley. The population of the island is 138 according to the 2022 census. To the south-west lies Inishturk (inhabited) and Caher Island (uninhabited), and to the north is Achill Island.

History
Through the Middle Ages, Clare Island was part of the lands of the O'Malley family. The ruins of an O'Malley tower-house, known as Granuaile's Castle because of its most famous resident, are close to the pier at the eastern edge of the island. Clare Island Abbey near the south coast of the island was founded by the O'Malleys and contains the O'Malley Tomb, a possible burial site of Gráinne O'Malley. The Abbey is known for its rare medieval roof paintings. In 1588, a ship from the Spanish Armada was wrecked on Clare Island and its men were killed by the O'Malleys.

A very prominent landmark of the island is the Clare Island Lighthouse, established by John Denis Browne, the 1st Marquess of Sligo, in 1806. On 29 September 1813 a fire, caused by careless disposal of the oil-lamp wicks, destroyed part of the tower and the lantern. The rebuilt light was ready in 1818.

In 1834, the tower was struck by lightning. After 159 years of faithful service the lighthouse was taken out of service on 28 September 1965, replaced by the modern Achillbeg Island lighthouse on the south side of Achill Island.

Clare Island Lighthouse has been refurbished and is now an upmarket guesthouse, while its optic is on permanent rotating display at the World of Glass museum and visitor centre in North West England.

Demographics
The table below reports data on Clare Island's population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.

Fauna and Flora
Between 1909 and 1911, the Belfast naturalist Robert Lloyd Praeger led an exhaustive biological survey of the island, the Clare Island Survey, which was unprecedented at the time and served as a template for future studies. A new study of the Island was made in 1990 to 2005 and the results were published in six volumes, the last of which was published in 2007. This is reputedly the only survey of its kind in Europe and is serving as a model for measuring the effects of climate change on environment.

Algae
Three species of freshwater red algae have been recorded from Clare Island: Batrachospermum atrum (Hudson) Harvey, B. turfosum Bory and Lemanea fucina Bory.

Transportation and Infrastructure
Clare Island is accessible by daily ferry services from Roonagh Pier near Louisburgh. The island has a hostel, a few bed and breakfasts and a yoga and meditation centre. The island also has a bicycle rental facility.

The island has its own primary school and a post office. Children go to the mainland for secondary school education. The harbour, located on the SE of the island, offers good shelter in all winds with West in them, but is completely open to easterly winds. The piers are not suitable for yachts to come alongside but in the summer Mayo county council maintains a number of moorings for visiting yachts. The inner harbour dries out with a sandy bottom.

Culture
The island features in the song "Clare Island" by the Irish folk-rock band, the Saw Doctors from their 1996 album, Same Oul' Town. In the song, the island is described as a haven from hectic city life. It is also mentioned in the lyrics of the song "The Green and Red of Mayo".

Clare Island is the setting for Bob Quinn's film Budawanny (1987). He also shot a documentary on Clare Island, titled The Island, in 1966.

Clare Island is the setting for the Michael Morpurgo book The Ghost of Grania O'Malley.

The Clare Island Film Festival has been run annually since 2014.

title: Clare Island


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Proton Wira

The Proton Wira (Malay, "hero" ) is a car manufactured by Malaysian carmaker Proton from 1993 to 2009. It was produced in four-door saloon and five-door hatchback models, and is based on the Mitsubishi Lancer platform.

History
Development of a second, all new Proton model began as early as the middle of 1988. The Wira was introduced on 21 May 1993 as a four-door saloon, based on the CB2A–CB4A-CD9A platform shared with the 1991 Mitsubishi Lancer, with slightly modified styling to distinguish it. Modifications includes a Proton designed dashboard, front grille and bonnet, headlights, front bumper and front fenders from the Mirage and tail lights from the 1987 Galant hatchback. At launch, 3 variants were available: 1.5 GL MT, 1.5 GL AT and 1.6 XLi AT.

The frontal design continues the styling first shown in the Proton Iswara with a fluted bonnet that tapers towards the Proton badge on the grill. Rear disc brakes, front and rear armrests, electric mirrors, folding rear seats and electric windows on all doors were features available on the 1.6 variant.

In October 1993, a five-door hatchback version (initially badged as the Wira Aeroback, in a similar fashion as the five door Saga hatchback) was introduced with two variants, 1.6XLi MT and 1.6XLi AT. At the same time, both saloon and hatchback models launched in the UK.

In 1994, both 1.3 GL MT saloon and 1.5 GL AT hatchback variants joined the range in Malaysia.

In 1995, the Wira received new grille and tail lights with clear indicators. This coincided with the introduction of diesel powered Wira variants. Wira 1.3's are not equipped with a rev counter.

In 1995, the Wira 1.8 EXi joined the range available with an automatic transmission, available with sedan or Aeroback bodywork and a single overhead cam engine. The 1.8 EXi automatics also came standard with ABS brakes. There was also a limited edition Wira 1.8 EXi DOHC with a manual transmission dubbed "FIA Homologated Special Edition", built to meet the homologation requirement of at least 2,500 units set by the World Rally Championship. A total of 2,450 cars finished in Majorca Black and another 50 RS versions painted solid white were produced. The Wira 1.8 EXi DOHC used a unique grill design and the engine produces 103 kW. Non-RS variants featured AAC 14" wheels, Recaro seats, Momo steering wheel and leather gear knob, larger disc brakes, larger anti roll bars, extra welding reinforced chassis, twin tip exhaust muffler and a rear spoiler. The RS variant interior was more on par with the 1.3 GL variant for weight savings but with 15 inch ROH rally wheels.

In 1999, the 1.8 grille design was introduced to 1.5 and 1.6 variants. This coincided with the upgrade from carburetor to fuel injection on the 1.3 and 1.5 variants. The Wira 1.3 and 1.5 was now known as Wira 1.3 GLi and 1.5 GLi respectively.

In 2001, Proton replaced the Mitsubishi EFi module with a Siemens VDO unit in the 1.3 / 1.5 GLi variants. 1.6 XLi and 1.8 EXi variants were discontinued to avoid overlap with the Waja in the Proton range. The Wira also received suspension tuning from Lotus.

In 2004, Proton Wira received a new grille, front bumper and alloy rims which is similar to Proton Arena. Also introduced was Wira Special Edition or WiSE based on the Wira 1.5 GLi Aeroback but had unique front seats with hollow out headrests, modified exhaust system, larger wheels, aluminium pedals and red finish and accents to various interior pieces.

Several Proton models released following the Wira's debut sported frontal stylings that were derivatives of the Wira's. Among them, the original Satria three door hatchback, the Putra two door "sports" coupé, and the Arena coupe utility.

The Wira was replaced by two similar in house designed Proton cars: the Gen-2 and the Persona. The Gen2, codenamed Wira Replacement Model (WRM) was launched in 2004 as a replacement for the Wira Aeroback while the Persona launched in 2007 as a replacement for the Wira sedan.

The last Proton Wiras were produced in June 2009. Proton sold 14,908 units of the Wira in Malaysia for 2007, and a further 1,907 and 1,974 were sold in 2008 and 2009 respectively. The last Proton Wiras were registered as late as 2012 in the Malaysian market. Additionally, the last two Proton Wiras were registered in the United Kingdom in 2006, and 76 Wiras were sold in Indonesia in 2010. The last three units of the Iranian assembled Wira were sold in 2011.

Powertrains
At launch, the Mitsubishi 4G15 1.5-litre 12-valve engine used in the Iswara and its predecessor the Saga, was carried over unchanged for the Wira 1.5 GL. The Mitsubishi 4G92 113 PS 1.6L 16 valve SOHC engine with multi-point fuel injection was introduced together with a four speed automatic transmission for the Wira 1.6 XLi. This variant was the first Proton with power windows for all four doors and electronic fuel injection.

The multi point injection versions were badged as MPi, although this was only used on the engine, and never on the trim levels (unlike 1.5 MPi GLS with the Saga, the trim levels were simply 1.5 GLS and so forth). Additionally, a small number of Wira units were exported with the twin cam 4G91 1.5L.

The Wira 1.3 GL launched in 1995 uses the Mitsubishi 4G13 1.3 litre twelve valve engine which is also used in the Saga.

Also in 1996, a 2.0 litre diesel powered variant (badged as the 2.0D, D, TD, TDi or SDi depending on the market) was also offered. In the Malaysian domestic market this was phased out in later years due to lack of interest from consumers, a result of a road tax rate which was higher on diesel-powered private vehicles than gasoline-powered ones of equivalent displacement (until the tax was revised in 2008).

The Wira 1.8 EXi in 1996 used a 138 bhp 1.8L 16 valve DOHC engine with multi point fuel injection, making the Wira the first Proton car to be powered by a DOHC engine.

1.3 Wira's were sold with 5-speed manual transmissions only. 1.5 Wira's were sold with either a 5-speed manual or 3-speed automatic transmission. 1.6 and 1.8 Wira's were sold with either a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission.

Safety
Like most other Proton cars of its time, the Proton Wira did not offer any safety features other than the standard three-point safety belts with pretensioners and laminated windshield. Export models however saw a much better build quality with safety features such as a driver airbag, door intrusion bars and ABS, which were also available as options in the later Malaysian models.

Exports
The Wira remains the company's most widely exported model to date, spanning over seventy countries in Asia, Australasia, Europe, Africa, The Middle East and Latin America.

The Wira was also the first Proton to be assembled outside its home country, Malaysia. It was assembled in neighbouring Indonesia, Vietnam and Philippines, as well as Iran. Proton had planned to assemble the Wira in India, Egypt and other markets, but was held back by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.

The Wira saw its British debut in November 1993, where it was renamed Proton Persona. The Persona effectively replaced the original Proton and the Mpi facelift in the British market, although both Mpi and Persona models were sold in parallel for a further three years, until Mpi imports ended in 1996. As with the Mpi, the Persona used multi point fuel injection to comply with the Euro emissions standards.

Personas converted to LPG fuel were used extensively by Humberside Police, with the force operating a total 120 Personas delivered between 1997 and 2002 for general purpose and unmarked use, as well as a number of Proton Compacts. A Compact GTI, developed in conjunction with Lotus Cars with a 1.8-litre engine capable of producing 133 bhp, was also trialled with Humberside in 1999. The force aimed to convert most of its entire fleet to LPG fuel for cost-saving purposes upon the delivery of the Personas, subsequently going on to take bi-fuel petrol-LPG Impians from 2002 onwards.

Between 2001 and 2004, the Wira in the UK used VDO-Siemens engine management systems. The saloon was offered with two variants: 1.3 Li and 1.5 Lxi while the aeroback was offed with four variants: 1.3 Li, 1.5 Lxi, 1.5 Lux and 1.6 Exi.

The Persona was later complemented by a three-door hatch called the Persona Compact, as well as the two door Persona Coupé. From August 2000, the Satria and Wira nameplates were extended to the British market, and the Coupé was discontinued there when production ended in 2001. The Wira was subsequently replaced by the all new Proton GEN•2 in the end of 2004.

The Wira was launched into the Australian market in May 1995, and was renamed to Proton Persona in November 1996.

The Wira is the only Proton model to be offered with a diesel engine, namely Mitsubishi's 2.0 L Sirius 4D68 in-line four engine. Proton needed a diesel engine to further establish themselves in Europe, where diesel engined passenger cars are popular. The 4D68 diesel was produced in both naturally aspirated and turbocharged offerings, where the former produced 64 hp and the latter managed 80 hp.

However, the turbocharged 4D68 could produce 172 Nm of torque, more than any other engine offered in the Wira range, and compared to just 123 Nm without the turbocharger. Most European markets received the turbo diesel, but a handful, such as Germany received the naturally aspirated diesel as well, in both four door and five door guises. In Malaysia, Proton sold the naturally aspirated diesel as the Wira 2.0D, but it was limited to the four door sedan.

In 2005, Zagross Khodro began assembly of Wira complete knock down units for the Iranian market as part of a deal with Proton.

Export Proton Wiras used a different Proton badge compared to the badge found on Wiras for the Malaysian market.

title: Proton Wira


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Homoeroticism

Homoeroticism is sexual attraction between members of the same sex, including both male–male and female–female attraction. The concept differs from the concept of homosexuality: it refers specifically to the desire itself, which can be temporary, whereas "homosexuality" implies a more permanent state of identity or sexual orientation. It has been depicted or manifested throughout the history of the visual arts and literature and can also be found in performative forms; from theatre to the theatricality of uniformed movements (e.g., the Wandervogel and Gemeinschaft der Eigenen). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it is "pertaining to or characterized by a tendency for erotic emotions to be centered on a person of the same sex; or pertaining to a homo-erotic person."

This is a relatively recent dichotomy that has been studied in the earliest times of ancient poetry to modern drama by modern scholars. Thus, scholars have analyzed the historical context in many homoerotic representations such as classical mythology, Renaissance literature, paintings and vase-paintings of ancient Greece and Ancient Roman pottery.

Though homoeroticism can differ from the interpersonal homoerotic—as a set of artistic and performative traditions, in which such feelings can be embodied in culture and thus expressed into the wider society —some authors have cited the influence of personal experiences in ancient authors such as Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius in their homoerotic poetry.

Overview and analysis
The term "homoerotic" carries with it the weight of modern classifications of love and desire that may not have existed in previous eras. Homosexuality as known today was not fully codified until the mid-20th century, though this process began much earlier:

Following in the tradition of Michel Foucault, scholars such as Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and David Halperin have argued that various Victorian public discourses, notably the psychiatric and the legal, fostered a designation or invention of the "homosexual" as a distinct category of individuals, a category solidified by the publications of sexologists such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902) and Havelock Ellis (1859–1939), sexologists who provided an almost-pathological interpretation of the phenomenon in rather Essentialist terms, an interpretation that led, before 1910, to hundreds of articles on the subject in The Netherlands, Germany, and elsewhere. One result of this burgeoning discourse was that the "homosexual" was often portrayed as a corrupter of the innocent, with a predisposition towards both depravity and paederasty—a necessary portrayal if Late-Victorian and Edwardian sexologists were to account for the continuing existence of the "paederast" in a world that had suddenly become bountiful in "homosexuals."

Despite an ever-changing and evolving set of modern classifications, members of the same sex often formed intimate associations (many of which were erotic as well as emotional) on their own terms, most notably in the "romantic friendships" documented in the letters and papers of 18th- and 19th-century men and women. These romantic friendships, which may or may not have included genital sex, were characterized by passionate emotional attachments and what modern thinkers would consider homoerotic overtones.

Aesthetic philosopher Thomas Mann argued in a 1925 essay that homoeroticism is aesthetic, while heterosexuality is prosaic.

Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, held viewpoints on sexual orientation embedded in his psychoanalytic studies on narcissism and the Oedipus complex, where "rather than being a matter only for a minority of men who identify as homosexual or gay, homoeroticism is a part of the very formation of all men as human subjects and social actors." Freud believed humans to be naturally bisexual, however also expressed interest in "the organic determinants of homoeroticism".

Male–male
Male–male examples, in the visual fine arts, range through history: Ancient Greek vase art; Ancient Roman wine goblets (The Warren Cup). Several Italian Renaissance artists are thought to have been homosexual, and homoerotic appreciation of the male body has been identified by critics in works by Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. More explicit sexual imagery occurring in the Mannerist and Tenebrist styles of the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in artists such as Agnolo Bronzino, Michel Sweerts, Carlo Saraceni and Caravaggio, whose works were sometimes severely criticized by the Catholic Church.

Many 19th century history paintings of classical characters such as Hyacinth, Ganymede and Narcissus can also be interpreted as homoerotic; the work of 19th-century artists (such as Frédéric Bazille, Hippolyte Flandrin, Théodore Géricault, Thomas Eakins, Eugène Jansson, Henry Scott Tuke, Aubrey Beardsley and Magnus Enckell); through to the modern work of fine artists such as Paul Cadmus and Gilbert & George. Fine art photographers such as Karl Hammer, Wilhelm von Gloeden, David Hockney, Will McBride, Robert Mapplethorpe, Pierre et Gilles, Bernard Faucon, Anthony Goicolea have also made a strong contribution, Mapplethorpe and McBride being notably in breaking down barriers of gallery censorship and braving legal challenges. James Bidgood was also an important pioneer in the 1960s, radically moving homoerotic photography away from simple documentary and into areas that were more akin to fine art surrealism.

In Asia, male eroticism also has its roots in traditional Japanese shunga (erotic art), this tradition influenced contemporary Japanese artists, such as Tamotsu Yatō (photography artist), Sadao Hasegawa (painter) and Gengoroh Tagame (manga artist).

Female–female

Female–female examples are most historically noticeable in the narrative arts: the lyrics of Sappho; The Songs of Bilitis; novels such as those of Christa Winsloe, Colette, Radclyffe Hall, and Jane Rule, and films such as Mädchen in Uniform. More recently, lesbian homoeroticism has flowered in photography and the writing of authors such as Patrick Califia and Jeanette Winterson.

Female homoerotic art by lesbian artists has often been less culturally prominent than the presentation of lesbian eroticism by non-lesbians and for a primarily non-lesbian audience. In the West, this can be seen as long ago as the 1872 novel Carmilla, and is also seen in cinema in such popular films as Emmanuelle, The Hunger, Showgirls, and most of all in pornography. In the East, especially Japan, lesbianism is the subject of the manga subgenre yuri.

In many texts in the English-speaking world, lesbians have been presented as intensely sexual but also predatory and dangerous (the characters are often vampires) and the primacy of heterosexuality is usually re-asserted at the story's end. This shows the difference between homoeroticism as a product of the wider culture and homosexual art produced by gay men and women.

Notable examples in writing
The most prominent example in the Western canon is that of the sonnets by William Shakespeare. Though some critics have made assertions, some in efforts to preserve Shakespeare's literary credibility, to its being non-erotic in nature, no critic has disputed that the majority of Shakespeare's sonnets concern explicitly male–male love poetry. The only other Renaissance artist writing in English to do this was the poet Richard Barnfield, who in The Affectionate Shepherd and Cynthia wrote fairly explicitly homoerotic poetry. Barnfield's poems, furthermore, are now widely accepted as a major influence upon Shakespeare's.

The male–male erotic tradition contains poems by major poets such as Abu Nuwas, Walt Whitman, Federico García Lorca, Paul Verlaine, W. H. Auden, Fernando Pessoa and Allen Ginsberg.

Elisar von Kupffer's Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltlitteratur (1900) and Edward Carpenter's Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship (1902) were the first known notable attempts at homoerotic anthologies since The Greek Anthology. Since then, many anthologies have been published.

In the female–female tradition, there are poets such as Sappho, "Michael Field", and Maureen Duffy. Emily Dickinson addressed a number of poems and letters with homoerotic overtones to her sister-in-law Susan Huntington Gilbert.

Letters can also be potent conveyors of homoerotic feelings; the letters between Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville-West, two well-known members of the Bloomsbury Group, are full of homoerotic overtones characterized by this excerpt from Vita's letter to Virginia: "I am reduced to a thing that wants Virginia [...] It is incredible to me how essential you have become [...] I shan't make you love me any the more by giving myself away like this --But oh my dear, I can't be clever and stand-offish with you: I love you too much for that." (January 21, 1926)

Religion
Although the idea is spread by some Christian circles that non-heteronormative orientation is a sin, some theologians and historians have concluded that Jesus of Nazareth had a non-heteronormative behavioral pattern, in some cases based on apocryphal texts. Some also include the apostles John and Simon Peter.

Some speculate that John the Baptist had homosocial or homoerotic behavior. In the Gospel of John (3:22–36), John the Baptist speaks of himself as the “friend of the bridegroom,” implying that the bridegroom of Christ (Matthew 9:15) is coming to meet his bride, though nothing specific to identify the bride. Jesus was a rabbi, a teacher, and all the rabbis at that time were married; there is no reference to a possible marriage.

Some theologians and scholars claim that other Biblical figures engaged in non-heterosexual behavior such as Jacob and David and Jonathan, as well as the canonized saints Francis of Assisi and Saint Sebastian.

In cinema
Most notable are positive portrayals of homoerotic feelings in relationships, made at feature length and for theatrical exhibition, and made by those who are same-sex oriented. Successful examples would be: Mädchen in Uniform, Germany (1931); The Leather Boys, UK (1964); Scorpio Rising, U.S. (1964); Death in Venice, Italy (1971); The Naked Civil Servant, UK (1975); Sebastiane, UK (1976); Outrageous!, Canada (1977); My Beautiful Laundrette, UK (1985); Maurice, UK (1987); the Talented Mr. Ripley, US (1999); Summer Vacation 1999, Japan, (1988); Mulholland Drive, U.S. (2001); Brokeback Mountain, U.S. (2005); Black Swan, U.S. (2010); Carol, UK/U.S. (2015) and most recently Moonlight U.S. (2016), and Call Me by Your Name, U.S./Italy (2017). Also of note is the 1990 feature-length BBC adaptation of Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit.

See: List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films.

Key introductory books
Classical and medieval literature:
 * Murray & Roscoe. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature (1997)
 * J. W. Wright. Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature (1997)
 * Rictor Norton. The Homosexual Literary Tradition (1974) (Greek, Roman & Elizabethan England)

Literature after 1850:
 * David Leavitt. Pages Passed from Hand to Hand : The Hidden Tradition of Homosexual Literature in English from 1748 to 1914 (1998)
 * Timothy d'Arch Smith. Love In Earnest; some notes on the lives and writings of English 'Uranian' poets from 1889 to 1930 (1970)
 * Michael Matthew Kaylor, Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde (2006), a 500-page scholarly volume that considers the major Victorian writers of Uranian poetry and prose (the author has made this volume available in a free, open-access, PDF version).
 * Mark Lilly. Gay Men's Literature in the Twentieth Century (1993)
 * Patricia Juliana Smith. Lesbian Panic: Homoeroticism in Modern British Women's Fiction (1997)
 * Gregory Woods. Articulate Flesh – male homoeroticism and modern poetry (1989) (USA poets)
 * Vita Sackville-West. Louise DeSalvo, Mitchell A. Leaska, editors. Vita Sackville-West The Letters of Vita Sackville-West to Virginia Woolf (1985)
 * Virginia Woolf. Congenial Spirits: The Selected Letters of Virginia Woolf Joanne Trautmann Banks, editor (Harcourt Brace, 1991)
 * Joe Dowson. Past Thoughts and Precognition: Eroticism Through My Eyes (Self Published, co-author by D.Cameron, 2013)

Visual arts:
 * Jonathan Weinberg. Male Desire: The Homoerotic in American Art (2005)
 * James M. Saslow. Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts (1999)
 * Allen Ellenzweig. The Homoerotic Photograph: Male Images, Delacroix to Mapplethorpe (1992)
 * Thomas Waugh. Hard to Imagine: Gay Male Eroticism in Photography and Film from Their Beginnings to Stonewall (1996)
 * Emmanuel Cooper. The Sexual Perspective: Homosexuality and Art in the Last 100 Years in the West (1994)
 * Claude J. Summers (editor). The Queer Encyclopedia of the Visual Arts (2004)
 * Harmony Hammond. Lesbian Art in America: A Contemporary History (2000) (Post-1968 only)
 * Laura Doan. Fashioning Sapphism: The Origins of a Modern English Lesbian Culture (2001) (Post-WW I in England)

Performing arts:

 * Ramsay Burt. The Male Dancer: Bodies, Spectacle, Sexualities (3rd Revised Edition 2022)

title: Homoeroticism


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Talk:Bosanska Krajina

original research tag
, it looks like I reverted this edit and this edit just now. The article is indeed described as original scientific research, but it's part of a published journal, hence there's a presumption that journal editors reviewed it before publishing. Internally, that article references the next sentence after the disputed one to an earlier 2009 article by the same author, published in a different publication, and in turn articles from other authors from 1970, 1983, 2000. This makes it likely to be a secondary source. You should probably address any issues with this source separately. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 18:58, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I have no objections. It's on me. Regards. Mhare (talk) 20:26, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bosanska Krajina


text:
World Challenge Expeditions

World Challenge is a for-profit UK provider of overseas adventure travel programs targeted at schools. The company was founded when a young army captain took a team of soldiers on a training mission to the snow-capped Hindu Kush mountain range in Pakistan in 1985. He realised that the personal development and camaraderie learned there would shape the team for years to come. World Challenge was later born from this experience in 1988, which created the school expedition industry.

The company operates in North America, Australia, Middle East, South East Asia and Europe. As a brand within the Travelopia Holdings Limited group, World Challenge is owned by KKR.

Carbon Negative Trips
World Challenge are the world's first climate positive (carbon negative) student travel company and pride themselves on providing sustainable travel. They also produce an impact report every year which calculates their impact on the environment, students, local communities and projects plus much more.

Impact Report 2022

Student-Led Expeditions of 1 to 4 weeks
Depending on the experience selected, the students are in charge of picking the destination and activities from curated lists. They also take it in turns to lead the trip and manage the budget, to empower and develop them outside of the classroom.

Earning It
World Challenge encourages the students to raise as much of their expedition fees as possible, giving guidance and ideas along the way.

Journeys 1 to 2 weeks
A newer offering from World Challenge is the Journey product focussing on global citizenship and cultural literacy. Aside from being shorter the focus is more on community engagement and some rest and relaxation activities. Students have an opportunity to live and work in a local community as well as take a look around the destination they are in. The groups are led by local guides with leaders and teachers adding to the trip supervision.

Sports & Curriculum Tours
World Challenge Australasia now offer sport and curriculum tours, covering subjects like Art, History and Geography, as well as sports like cricket, rugby and netball.

The tours combine the subject or sport into a World Challenge style trip overseas including R&R time and adventurous activities.

Incidents
Vietnam 2001: In July 2001, a 17-year-old student from High Wycombe died after falling over 500m off a mountain whilst on a World Challenge expedition to Vietnam. A report commissioned by Buckinghamshire County Council found the student fell after slipping on a tree root during a storm and her death was ruled to be an accident. Both Buckinghamshire Council and the student's parents criticised the planning and risk assessment of the climb up Mount Fansipan, Vietnam's highest peak, saying that the group leaders did not have any knowledge of the route and should have turned back when they found the route was more steep, exposed and treacherous than they had expected - something that multiple students on the trek had expressed unease about. World Challenge stated, however, that if the group leader "had known every track, it would be against the developmental process".

South Africa 2008: In July 2008, a number of students from Wootton Bassett were swept out to sea whilst playing rugby on a beach near Durban, South Africa during the "Rest and Relaxation" potion of their trip. Their 24-year-old expedition leader, Sean Foxcroft entered the water to try and save them, but despite helping save all the students, he was dragged out to sea and presumed to have drowned.

Morocco 2012: In July 2012, while trekking through the Moroccan Atlas Mountains, a 17-year-old student from Bexley collapsed as temperatures reached 40°C. Despite contacting World Challenge, no arrangements were made for an ambulance or medical transportation and instead, a minibus with no medical personnel arrived over an hour after the student's collapse to transport him to a hospital. Despite attempts at CPR and first aid, the student died on the minibus. At an inquest into the student's death, a teacher on the expedition claimed that a World Challenge ground agent that she had called for help during the incident had later told her; "You can’t say you had a guide because I could be held responsible and I could go to prison". The inquest into the death ruled the cause as misadventure, resulting in dehydration or hyponatremia and criticised World Challenge for their inadequate emergency arrangements and providing inadequate and misleading information about fitness requirements. The students' parents also criticised the company for its lack of fitness and health checks for participants.

Ecuador 2017: In July 2017 a student at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, died while white-water rafting on a World Challenge trip to Ecuador. The company then suspended all white water rafting activity while an investigation took place.

Vietnam 2019: In September 2019 a student with Type 1 diabetes died after becoming ill on a World Challenge trip to Vietnam. A coroner's inquest in the students home country of Australia heard that World Challenge staff and teachers from the student's school failed to recognise the seriousness of his condition and opportunities were missed for appropriate care to be provided.

title: World Challenge Expeditions


text:
Proton Waja

The Proton Waja is a saloon car manufactured by Malaysian automotive company, Proton, it was launched in May 2000 by fourth Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.

The name Waja, which means (strong as) steel in Malay has both physical and abstract connotations. In the United Kingdom, it was sold as the Proton Impian, in which Impian was another derivative of the Malay language, meaning dream.

The Proton Waja was heralded as the first indigenously-designed Malaysian car upon its debut. However, it was later revealed that the Waja's chassis is a modified adaptation of the Mitsubishi Carisma / Volvo S40 platform. Furthermore, early Waja models were powered by Mitsubishi and Renault engines, as the development of Proton's own Campro engine did not complete in time for the Waja's launch frame.

Over 292,556 Proton Wajas were sold between 2000 and 2012. Waja variants powered by the 1.6 litre Mitsubishi 4G18 engine made up for the bulk of total sales, followed by the 1.6 litre Proton CamPro S4PH / CPS and lastly, the 1.8 litre Renault F4P.0.2em

History
The Proton Waja was launched on 8 May 2000, together with the introduction of Proton's new corporate logo. Early batches of the Waja had no airbags, ABS, and came with fabric seats only.

On Saturday, 6 October 2001, the Proton Waja 1.6X was launched. It was only available with an automatic transmission and was equipped with more luxurious items like a semi automatic air conditioning system, ABS with Brake Assist (BA) and Electronic Brake Force Distribution (EBD), auto flip mirror, a semi wood steering wheel, wood grain interior, full leather seats and door trim. The audio system was upgraded to a Clarion PX1676AA, with a built in CD player and six disc CD changer.

Proton made minor changes to the seats by adding rear armrest with cup holder (which the standard Waja lacked), rear seats adjustable head rest and lumbar support for driver seats. Safety features were also added such as a driver's airbag and ABS.

In 2002, Proton launched the Proton Waja 1.8X. It was powered by the Renault F4P engine, which was also found in the Renault Laguna. Its equipment was mostly shared with the Proton Waja 1.6X. However changes included a passenger airbag and larger front discs brakes.

In conjunction with the 20th anniversary since the launch of the Proton Saga in 1985, a limited edition Waja called the Proton Waja 20th Anniversary was launched sometime in 2005. Also known as P20Y or Proton's 20 year, this limited edition was powered by the Mitsubishi 4G18 engine and featured leather seats with 20th anniversary logo embossed. The front grill got a U-shaped chrome surround and wheels identical to that later used with CPS powered Waja's.

At the end of 2005, Proton additionally introduced another variant of the Waja, known as Proton Chancellor. It was used by representatives of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) during the meeting of ASEAN leaders in the KLCC, shortly before its launch in 2006. The Chancellor had a longer wheelbase and a 2.0 litre Mitsubishi 6A12 V6 engine, similar to that used in Proton Perdana V6. The car was only available with a four speed automatic transmission.

In January 2006, the Proton Waja was updated. The major change was the Campro S4PH engine. Other changes included leather seats, a beige and brown interior color, a new meter cluster, redesigned air-condition vents and a new double-DIN CD player with MP3 support. These models also have a new rims which it has been stop using on the facelift version and used back in the CPS models. Models with Campro engine were more expensive though sold alongside the Mitsubishi 4G18 equipped Waja initially.

In June 2006, the Proton Waja exterior was updated with a new honeycomb lower grille, new headlamps, new rear taillights nicknamed thermometer taillights, the Waja lettering moving to above the number plate and new alloy wheels.

Proton's motorsports division, Race Rally Research (R3) launched the commemorative special edition duo of the Proton Waja MME Edition and Proton GEN.2 MME Edition in August 2006. They were built to celebrate Protons R3 Amprex team emerging victorious as Overall champions and Class O champions completing 279 laps in a specially-built Lotus Exige 300RR. Only 200 units of each car available, and each car will have a serial number and name plate due to its limited edition run. MME stood for Merdeka Millenium Endurance edition.

Details changes includes:

 * 1) Available only in Deep Burgundy Colour and Manual Transmission
 * 2) R3 five piece Zerokit Bodykit (Wau Bumper Design)
 * 3) R3 Dark Titanium Xenon HID Headlamps
 * 4) R3 Cat-Back Performance Exhaust System for the Campro engine with a stylish oval tip
 * 5) R3 Performance Spark Plug Cables
 * 6) R3 Zerokit seven spoke wheels 16 inch size with emblem
 * 7) R3 Performance Slotted Rear Brake Discs
 * 8) R3 Performance Spring Kit
 * 9) R3 Aluminium Front strut bar
 * 10) R3 Red Alloy CamPro engine cover
 * 11) R3 Red MME gearknob
 * 12) R3 Floor mats
 * 13) R3 12 MME Sticker on each side fender
 * 14) Headunit with Bluetooth and iPod support with iPod Nano 1GB with R3 ensign.

In 2007, the Proton Waja was facelifted with new headlamp, new fog lamp, new hood and garnish, new bumper, new grill and new front turn signal lamp. Two variants were available: 1.6M/T and 1.6A/T with five color options: Twilight Blue, Iridescent White, Burgundy, Metal Grey and Brilliant Red.

In 2008, the Waja received the 125 PS CamPro CPS engine. The exterior was given minor changes, such as a new grille and new tail lights and the rims from the original Campro version Waja. The 2008 Waja CPS also includes both ABS and airbag as standard for the Malaysian market, which were previously optional equipment.

Throughout the 11 year production, many enhancements, revision to equipment and running changes took place.

British Touring Car Championship

The British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) is a touring car racing series held each year in the United Kingdom. Proton formerly participated in the BTCC between 2002 and 2004 under the official team name, Petronas Syntium Proton (Team PSP). The team in the 2002 and 2003 BTCC seasons was headed by Scottish and English drivers David Leslie and Phil Bennett respectively in two heavily modified BTC-T Proton Impian touring cars.

Both drivers were succeeded by South African Shaun Watson-Smith and Malaysian Fariqe Hairuman in the 2004 season. Team PSP proved largely unsuccessful in the BTCC, with just two wins out of a grand total of 95 races, and finally withdrew altogether after the conclusion of the season of 2004.

Australia
The Waja made its international debut in Australia in November 2000 during the 2000 Sydney Motor Show. There, it was called simply as the Proton GX and was announced to be on sale in the second quarter of 2001 with a 1.8-litre engine. The Waja finally went on sale a year in Australia as the Waja powered by the Mitsubishi 4G18 engine. Two variants were offered: 1.6 and 1.6X with the latter being more equipped than the former variant. Critics praised its handling characteristics and standard equipment list, but lamented its underpowered engine and build quality. Sales projections were for 1000-1500 per year, but just 441 Wajas were sold in Australia in total.

United Kingdom
The Proton Waja was sold in the United Kingdom where it was rebadged as the Impian, did not begin until April 2001, and it has continued virtually unchanged until sales ceased in 2008. The Impian was only available with RHD, while LHD models were available elsewhere in Europe.

The Proton Impian was offered with two variants mostly throughout its time in the United Kingdom: GLS and GLX. Both offering manual and automatic transmissions and the GLX being the more premium variant of the two.

Bi-fuel Proton Impians were bought extensively by Humberside Police from 2002 to 2010. These police Impians were delivered with engines converted to run both liquefied petroleum gas and petrol, as part a cost-saving scheme scheme by Humberside to convert the majority of its fleet to LPG power. Humberside Police had previously purchased 120 Proton Personas between 1997 and 2002, which were also converted to bi-fuel powered engines.

Sales were not strong, as it was behind the best of the competition at its launch and virtually all of its competitors were all replaced since. Its decent ride and handling, generous equipment levels, competitive asking price and comprehensive aftersales package were perhaps the only things that kept it going with British buyers.

Indonesia
The Proton Waja was launched in Indonesia in July 2007 at the 15th Indonesia International Motor Show by PT Proton Edar Indonesia. Only available with one variant with either manual or automatic transmissions with the Campro S4PH engine.

Iran
5,000+ Proton Waja (Impian) were exported to Iran to be used as taxis.

Pakistan
The Proton Waja was exported to Pakistan as the Proton Impian where it launched in September 2006 and was available in one variant with either a manual or an automatic transmission.

Safety

 * 🇪🇺 - Euro NCAP -

The Proton Waja / Impian was the first and thus far only Proton car to be officially crash tested by the Euro NCAP in 2002. It scored a three star rating for adult occupant safety, but only one star for pedestrian safety. The tested configuration included four SRS airbags (dual front and dual side), a configuration which was limited to a handful of developed markets such as the United Kingdom and Australia. Malaysian market Proton Wajas never received side airbags.

Proton claimed the Impian was the first of a new generation of cars that were designed to Euro NCAP standards, but after the Impian's disappointing performance, Proton promised to improve on future designs. Ten years later, that promise was fulfilled when the Proton Prevé was awarded the full five stars by Australia's ANCAP, an organization whose methods closely align with that of the Euro NCAP.

Top Gear aired a segment which featured a damaged Proton Waja alongside a damaged Toyota Avensis, to showcase the difference between a three star and a five star Euro NCAP car after a head-on collision with a deformable steel concrete wall.

Problems
Early models had their centre air con vents fail to blow cold air to the front passenger due to a design flaw. Redesigned air con vents in later models solved the problem. Its fuel pump, power windows and exterior door handles proved to be problematic in the early models. Subsequent models, with the redesigned "thermometer" styled taillights were prone to water leaking into their housing and into the rear boot.

It was soon discovered that heat from the brake lights melted the inner plastic housing. The Proton Waja was also subjected to two recalls. The first recall affected only the manual transmission variants, where the bolts used for the manual transmission were incorrectly tightened. The subsequent recall in 2005, involved approximately 3000 units due to defective alloy wheels.

title: Proton Waja


text: Category:Gay art

title: Category:Gay art


text:
Glenans Ireland

Glenans Irish Sailing Club (GISC) was a non-profit sailing school affiliated to, but independent of the larger French Les Glénans sailing school. The Irish club was founded in 1969 as part of the French school. It gained independence in 1985, operating successfully for 25 years, but following an economic downturn it was reintegrated with the French school in 2010. Glenans Irish Sailing Club offered courses in cruisers, catamarans, dinghies and windsurfing. The sailing bases were in Lawrence Cove on Bere Island County Cork, Collanmore Island in Clew Bay, and the club's original base (founded in 1969) at a converted railway station in Baltimore, County Cork. The Baltimore and Collanmore bases were re-integrated as part of the Les Glénans school but subsequently closed in 2013.

The club operated largely using volunteer instructors, backed by a small professional staff on the bases and in the Baltimore office.

A successor organisation, Baltimore Maritime Centre was formed in 2014 with a view to continuing sail training in Baltimore.

title: Glenans Ireland


text:
LMLK seal

LMLK seals (with LMLK meaning 'of the king') are ancient Hebrew seals stamped on the handles of large storage jars first issued in the reign of King Hezekiah (circa 700 BC) and discovered mostly in and around Jerusalem. Several complete jars were found in situ buried under a destruction layer caused by Sennacherib at Lachish. While none of the original seals have been found, some 2,000 impressions made by at least 21 seal types have been published. The iconography of the two and four winged symbols are representative of royal symbols whose meaning "was tailored in each kingdom to the local religion and ideology".

Text
LMLK stands for the Hebrew letters lamedh mem lamedh kaph (vocalized, lamelekh; Phoenician lāmed mēm lāmed kāp — 𐤋𐤌𐤋𐤊 ), which can be translated as:

 * "[belonging] to the king" (of Judah)
 * "[belonging] to King" (name of a person or deity)
 * "[belonging] to the government" (of Judah)
 * "[to be sent] to the King"

As a prepositional prefix, the lāmed (𐤋) has either a genitive or dative function, and the "to" in each of the above readings can also be read as "for" or "of". The other three letters form the word "melech"; as shown above, its translation can refer to a specific king, to any king, or to the king's government.

A number of jars say "lmlk Ziph", "lmlk Hebron", "lmlk Socoh" and "lmlk mmst" (whose identification is unknown). These jars were all manufactured in a single site in the Shfela, possibly Lachish, under the authority of the king (alluded to in 1 Chronicles 4:23, thus 'lmlk' means 'belonging to the king'), and from there they were sent to each one of the four administrative region indicated by either the name of the town on the jar (these being Ziph, Hebron, Socoh and MMST).

Sites and quantities
Though most of these stamped jar handles have been found in the southern kingdom (71 sites in the ancient territory assigned to the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Simeon), some have also been found in the northern kingdom (four sites in the northwest region). Over 2,000 stamped jar handles have been found. The 20 sites where the most specimens have been found are:

 * Khirbet Qeiyafa: 693
 * Lachish: 415
 * Jerusalem: 281
 * Ramat Rahel: 163
 * Mordot Arnona: 124
 * Gibeon: 92
 * Mizpah: 88
 * Beth Shemesh: 71
 * Moresheth-Gath: 39
 * Gezer: 37
 * Khirbet el-Burj (northwest suburb of modern Jerusalem): 24
 * Mareshah: 19
 * Azekah: 18
 * Timnah: 15
 * Gibeah: 14
 * Tel Erani: 13
 * Hebron: 13
 * Sokho (Khirbet Abbad NW of Hebron, not the Sokoh SW of Hebron): 13
 * Beth Zur: 11
 * Arad: 9

Theories
Beginning with the editio princeps by Charles Warren in 1870, a diverse assortment of theories has been promulgated to explain their function. Since the landmark excavations at Lachish by David Ussishkin during the 1970s, which established the date of the seals to the reign of Hezekiah, the number of feasible explanations has narrowed down to these (all associated with Hezekiah.
 * Military rations collected as an emergency during a short period (several months to a few years at most) preceding the Assyrian invasion by Sennacherib
 * Government taxes collected throughout the majority of Hezekiah's reign (either 14 or 26 years depending on chronological interpretations) as a long-term economic buildup until the Assyrian invasion by Sennacherib
 * Religious tithes collected throughout Hezekiah's 29-year reign in response to his worship reformation following his accession (completely irrespective of the Assyrian invasion by Sennacherib)

In support of the first two theories are the inscriptions, which can be read as the names of four places; in support of the third theory are the geographic statistics, which do not associate any of the four words to a particular place or region other than the entire southern kingdom of Judah. Furthermore, approximately 10–20 percent of the excavated jars and jar handles were stamped.

Depending on which of the above theories are preferred, several other aspects of the operation need interpretation:
 * The people who performed the stamping were either government officials working directly for King Hezekiah or Levites and/or priests associated with Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.
 * The icons symbolize either royal stature or a religious nature (,, , , , , and ).
 * The super-inscription, LMLK, denotes the Judean government or a specific, divine being (consider its application to the Israelite YHWH as in, , and ).
 * The sub-inscriptions (Hebron, MMST, Socoh, and Ziph) record either 4 places or 4 votive statements.

Engraving styles indicate at least two, possibly five, people made the seals. The 21 types can be grouped together in five or six sets, but they may have been created or utilized in pairs based on quantities of their impressions found so far.

Researchers frequently use a lowercase "x" as a wildcard character when referring to a series such as x4C instead of using an uppercase "G", "H", "M", "S", or "Z" for the first letter designator. Likewise, an "x" can be used for the second letter designator when referring to all seals with the same word, such as H2x in lieu of H2D, H2T, and H2U.

Thus far, significant quantities of x4C, x4L, and x2U stamps have been excavated from below the destruction layer caused by the Assyrian conquest of Sennacherib, but only a single specimen each of the G2T and M2D stamps (excavated from Jerusalem, which was not destroyed by Sennacherib). This suggests that 12 of the 21 seals were made prior to the attack, and the remaining 9 afterwards. The first significant evidence to support this datum came from the landmark excavations at Timnah led by George L. Kelm and Amihai Mazar.

Personal seals
Several hundred seal impressions made on the same type of jar handle have been found in the same contexts as the LMLK stamps. Over 50 types have been documented, and most of them have a 2-line inscription divided by two somewhat parallel lines. Some have an icon in addition to the inscription; others are strictly anepigraphic (Vaughn 1999).

Incisions
In addition to the seals, which were stamped in the wet clay before being fired in a kiln, certain other marks were incised on these jar handles:

 * Concentric circles (usually two—sometimes only one; sometimes applied to unstamped handles but it is uncertain whether they were ever incised on unstamped jars)
 * Plus marks (resembling "+" or "t" or "X")
 * Hole marks (resembling the central anchor dot of the concentric circles)
 * Drag marks (probably attempts to cancel or obliterate the LMLK stamp)

Hundreds of the handles with the circles have been found, but only a few of the plus, hole, and drag marks. Several LMLK stamps may have had additional inscriptions incised over them containing marks resembling the letters "I V" (hence "Ivy incisions"); however, one or more of these handles may just contain stray Drag marks resembling the letters "I V" with no literate semantics intended.

Israeli postage
In 1948, Israel's postal authority chose the Z2U seal design for the first series of postage stamps to include the name of the renascent state. Five multicolored values (3, 5, 10, 20, and 65-mil denominations; Scott catalog numbers 10-4) were printed in sheets of 300 (six panes of 50). Otte Wallish designed the stamps, which have distinctive tabs written in Hebrew declaring: Flying Scroll: "LMLK" Seal Stamped on the Wine and Oil Jugs Given as Tax to the King. Israel released the stamps on September 26, 1948 in time for the October 4 observance of Rosh Hashanah 5709, the Jewish New Year, and thereby inaugurated its annual series of holiday stamps.

Drawings
Types of LMLK seals according to George M. Grena's typology:

title: LMLK seal


text:
Sergio Livingstone

Serjio Robert "Sergio" Livingstone Pohlhammer (26 March 1920 – 11 September 2012) was a Chilean goalkeeper, who later became a well-regarded journalist. He was nicknamed "El Sapo" ("the toad") for his typical posture in the goal. From 1938 to 1959 he played primarily for CD Universidad Católica in Santiago. With Chile he took part in seven Copa América and one FIFA World Cup.

Career
Serjio (later Sergio) Livingstone's family hailed from Scotland. His father Juan Livingstone, who played for Santiago National, was a pioneer of the game in Chile and his mother, Ana Pohlhammer Caamaño, died when Sergio was 11 years old. Livingstone originally joined Unión Española in 1936, after Luis Tirado watched him in a match between St. Ignatius College, where he studied, and English Institute of Santiago. He abandoned football to study law at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Soon he acquainted himself with the university's football team, and from 1938 he began to establish himself as the goalkeeper of CD Universidad Católica. He debuted in the national team at the 1941 South American Championship which took place in Chile, winning 5–0 against Ecuador. By the end of the tournament Chile ended third, and Livingstone was considered the best player of the tournament. Altogether, Livingstone played between 1941 and 1954 in 52 matches for Chile, which made him the country's record international until 1962, participating in five more South American Championships, totaling 34 matches in this competition, which remains record. He also took part in the FIFA World Cup 1950 in Brazil, where Chile exited after the first group phase.

At club level he spent 1943 in Argentina playing 30 matches for Racing Club. He cut short his time in Argentina for sentimental reasons and rejoined Católica in 1944, winning the national championships of 1949 and 1954. After the second title the club had the misfortune to be relegated in the season immediately thereafter, but managed to return to the first division as quickly. After a brief spell on loan in 1957 with Colo-Colo he once more returned to Universidad Católica where he finished his career in 1959. Following his football career, he became a well-known sports journalist and television personality with Televisión Nacional de Chile, where he remained until his death (more than 60 years).

Legacy
In 2009, a street in the district of Independencia in Santiago was named for Livingstone.

Honours

 * Championship of Chile: 1949, 1954

title: Sergio Livingstone


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Reveal Codes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REDIRECT. dbenbenn | talk 07:48, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Reveal_Codes

 * Delete. The information in this page is found in the WordPerfect page. Therefore, this page should have been merged. --BenWilson 04:14, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * So what is your reason to request deletion rather than redirect? (no vote yet) Rossami (talk) 05:45, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I opine the need to leave a redirect exists when there may be other pages that point to the page in question. I did a intra-wiki Google search and found two pages that contain "reveal code;" WordPerfect and Corel_WordPerfect. Of these pages, the latter redirects to the former. Therefore, only one page WordPerfect links to the page in question. As there is only one page presently linking to the page in question, there appears to be no need for redirect.--BenWilson 06:25, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Additionally, the information presented in the page in question exists in WordPerfect. Therefore, since the information exists elsewhere, there is no need for this page.--BenWilson 06:25, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Pointless branch, but an article title likely to be used. And at least it isn't a mis-spelling, a search-engineism, or simply ungrammatic like pope hat.  There is nothing to merge, so Redirect to WordPerfect. Uncle G 16:22, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)
 * Redirect to WordPerfect. Megan1967 01:07, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Gafaddict

Search user languages

G'morning/evening/night/afternoon. My name is Gafaddict, a wikipedian from Manhattan, New York.

I have not made very massive contributions to Wikipedia, I'm more of a wikignome, fixing spelling & gramattical errors, and adding images to pages where needed.

title: User:Gafaddict


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/January 2005

This page contains the Peer review requests that are older than one month, are not signed, or did not follow the "How to use this page" principles in some way. If one of your requests has been moved here by mistake, please accept our apologies and copy it back to the main Peer review page with your signature ( ~ ).

For the other archives, see Peer review.

The most recent topics appear on top.

title: Wikipedia:Peer review/January 2005