text:
Tipperary South (Dáil constituency)

Tipperary South was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas, from 1948 to 2016, and (per the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023) to again be used for future elections. The method of election was proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

History and boundaries
At the 1948 general election, the former constituency of Tipperary was divided into Tipperary North and Tipperary South. Tipperary South was primarily based around the former county of South Tipperary. The principal population centres were Tipperary, Clonmel, Cashel, Carrick-on-Suir, and Cahir.

The counties of North Tipperary and South Tipperary were abolished in 2014, and succeeded by County Tipperary. The constituency of Tipperary South was abolished at the 2016 general election and replaced by the new Tipperary constituency.

In 2023, the Electoral Commission recommended the establishment of a new three seat constituency of Tipperary South.

For the next general election, the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023 defines the constituency as:

2001 by-election
Following the death of Fine Gael TD Theresa Ahearn, a by-election was held on 30 June 2001. The seat was won by the Fine Gael candidate Tom Hayes.

2000 by-election
Following the death of Labour Party TD Michael Ferris, a by-election was held on 22 June 2000. The seat was won by the Independent candidate Séamus Healy.

1992 general election
Seán Treacy was Ceann Comhairle at the dissolution of the 26th Dáil and therefore deemed to be returned automatically. The constituency was treated as a three-seater for the purposes of calculating the quota.

1989 general election
Seán Treacy was Ceann Comhairle at the dissolution of the 25th Dáil and therefore deemed to be returned automatically. The constituency was treated as a three-seater for the purposes of calculating the quota.

1977 general election
Seán Treacy was Ceann Comhairle at the dissolution of the 20th Dáil and therefore deemed to be returned automatically. The constituency was treated as a two-seater for the purposes of calculating the quota.

title: Tipperary South (Dáil constituency)


text:
Badges of the United States Coast Guard

Badges of the United States Coast Guard are issued by the Department of Homeland Security to members of the United States Coast Guard to denote certain qualifications, achievements, and postings to certain assignments. Prior to 2002, the issuance of such badges was under the authority of the United States Department of Transportation.

In addition to the U.S. Coast Guard badges listed below, uniform regulations also authorize the wear of some specific U.S. Navy insignia as well as some Department of Defense and Executive Branch Identification badges.

The following are the current U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary badges authorized for wear on the Coast Guard uniform:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Badges of the United States Coast Guard


text:
United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 is one of three major drug control treaties currently in force. It provides additional legal mechanisms for enforcing the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The Convention entered into force on November 11, 1990. As of June 2020, there are 191 Parties to the Convention. These include 186 out of 193 United Nations member states (not Equatorial Guinea, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, or Tuvalu) and the Holy See, the European Union, the Cook Islands, Niue, and the State of Palestine.

Background
The 1988 Convention was introduced following the political and sociological developments in the 1970s and 1980s. The growing demand for cannabis, cocaine, and heroin for recreational purposes, mostly in the developed world, triggered an increase of illicit production in geographical areas where cannabis, coca, and opium had been traditionally cultivated. With the rising size of the illicit drug trade, international drug trafficking became a multibillion-dollar business dominated by criminal groups, providing grounds for the creation of the 1988 Convention and the consequential escalation of the war on drugs.

The Preamble notes that previous enforcement efforts have not stopped drug use, warning of "steadily increasing inroads into various social groups made by illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances." It cautions that the drug trade and related activities "undermine the legitimate economies and threaten the stability, security and sovereignty of States." The sense of urgency is underscored by the image of innocent boys and girls being exploited:
 * [C]hildren are used in many parts of the world as an illicit drug consumers market and for purposes of illicit production, distribution and trade in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which entails a danger of incalculable gravity.

Drug manufacture and distribution
Much of the treaty is devoted to fighting organized crime by mandating cooperation in tracing and seizing drug-related assets. Article 5 of the Convention requires its parties to confiscate proceeds from drug offenses. It also requires parties to empower its courts or other competent authorities to order that bank, financial, or commercial records be made available or seized. The Convention further states that a party may not decline to act on this provision on the ground of bank secrecy.

Article 6 of the Convention provides a legal basis for extradition in drug-related cases among countries having no other extradition treaties. In addition, the Convention requires the parties to provide mutual legal assistance to one another upon request, for purposes of searches, seizures, service of judicial documents, and so on.

In addition, Article 12 of the Convention establishes two categories of controlled illicit drug precursor substances, Table I and Table II. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs has power to decide whether to control a precursor substance, and which Table to place it in. The assessment of the International Narcotics Control Board is binding on the Commission, however, as to scientific matters. A two-thirds vote is required to add a substance to a Table.

Article 12 protects the interests of pharmaceutical and chemical companies by requiring the Board to take into account the "extent, importance and diversity of the licit use of the substance, and the possibility and ease of using alternate substances both for licit purposes and for the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances."

Control of amphetamine-type stimulant precursors has become a major UN priority.

Drug possession
Article 3 of the Convention may require nations to ban possession of drugs for personal use:
 * Subject to its constitutional principles and the basic concepts of its legal system, each Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offence under its domestic law, when committed intentionally, the possession, purchase or cultivation of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances for personal consumption contrary to the provisions of the 1961 Convention, the 1961 Convention as amended or the 1971 Convention.

Previous drug control treaties had targeted drug manufacturers and traffickers, rather than users. In their 2003 article, "The Mechanics and Dynamics of the UN System for International Drug Control," David Bewley-Taylor and Cindy Fazey explain that "[t]he 1988 Convention was an attempt to reach a political balance between consumer and producer countries. Consequently, it was not only the duty of producing countries (e.g. the developing countries of Asia and South America) to suppress illicit supply, but also the duty of consumer countries (e.g. the industrialized countries of Europe and North America) to suppress the demand for drugs."

However, it is unclear whether this provision actually does mandate prohibition of drug possession for personal use, due to the caveat that such possession need only be prohibited if it is "contrary to the provisions of the 1961 Convention, the 1961 Convention as amended or the 1971 Convention." The American National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse found that the provisions of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs against possession apply only to possession related to illicit trafficking, while the Canadian Le Dain Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs found otherwise.

Constitutional issues
Several of the Convention's provisions are prefaced with the words, "Subject to its constitutional principles and the basic concepts of its legal system, each Party shall ..." According to Fazey, "This has been used by the USA not to implement part of article 3 of the 1988 Convention." Similarly, if a national prohibition on drug possession violated a nation's constitution, those provisions would not be binding on that country.

Proposed repeal
In 2003, a European Parliament committee recommended repealing the 1988 Convention, finding that:
 * [D]espite massive deployment of police and other resources to implement the UN Conventions, production and consumption of, and trafficking in, prohibited substances have increased exponentially over the past 30 years, representing what can only be described as a failure, which the police and judicial authorities also recognise as such ... [T]he policy of prohibiting drugs, based on the UN Conventions of 1961, 1971 and 1988, is the true cause of the increasing damage that the production of, trafficking in, and sale and use of illegal substances are inflicting on whole sectors of society, on the economy and on public institutions, eroding the health, freedom and life of individuals.

The road to repeal would be difficult. Individual nations could withdraw from the treaty under the provisions of Article 30. However, as former UN drug official Cindy Fazey notes, the Convention has no termination clause, and therefore would remain in effect even if only one signatory remained. The Transnational Radical Party report noted that denunciation is the only route to changing the control regime established by the treaty:
 * As regards the 1988 Convention, written with the main objective of strengthening all aspects of prohibition (also at the level of consumption, establishing the reversal of the burden of proof for persons suspected of carrying forbidden substances), it was deemed not amendable, therefore, the only possible way to go about it would be its denunciation by a substantial number of contracting Parties.

List of controlled drug precursors
Source: INCB Red List (14th Edition, January 2015)

The list of 23 substances is identical to list of EU-controlled drug precursors, except for the different categorization and inclusion of stereoisomers in EU Category 1.

Table I

 * acetic anhydride
 * N-Acetylanthranilic acid
 * ephedrine
 * ergometrine
 * ergotamine
 * isosafrole
 * lysergic acid
 * 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone
 * norephedrine
 * phenylacetic acid
 * 1-phenyl-2-propanone
 * alpha-phenylacetoacetonitrile (APAAN)
 * piperonal
 * potassium permanganate
 * pseudoephedrine
 * safrole

The salts of the substances listed in this Table whenever the existence of such salts is possible.

Table II

 * acetone
 * anthranilic acid
 * diethyl ether
 * hydrochloric acid (hydrogen chloride)
 * methyl ethyl ketone
 * piperidine
 * sulphuric acid
 * toluene

The salts of the substances listed in this Table whenever the existence of such salts is possible.

The salts of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid are specifically excluded from Table II.


text:
USS Lafayette (1848)

The first USS Lafayette was a side wheel steamer, converted to an ironclad ram, in the United States Navy during the American Civil War.

Lafayette was built at St. Louis, Missouri, in 1848 as Aleck Scott (often spelled Alick Scott). She was purchased by the War Department as Fort Henry on 18 May 1862 for use in the western flotilla. She was converted to an ironclad ram at St. Louis by Edward Hartt. Renamed Lafayette on 8 September 1862, she was transferred to the Navy with the entire western flotilla by executive order on 1 October 1862. She was commissioned at Cairo, Illinois, 27 February 1863, with Captain Henry A. Walke in command.

Battle of Vicksburg, April–July 1863
The new ram joined Rear Admiral David Dixon Porter's Mississippi Squadron above Vicksburg in time for the famous dash on 16 April 1863 past the deadly batteries which protected the vital Confederate fortress. The gunboats engaged the southern guns as they shepherded Army transports through the gauntlet to New Carthage. Ram General Sterling Price was lashed to the starboard side of Lafayette for the passage. The ships were covered with heavy logs and bales of wet hay, which proved to be an excellent defense. Each ship, except USS Benton (1861), also towed a coal barge. Lafayette, hampered by the ship lashed to her side, received nine "effective" shots through her casemate and had her coal barge sunk. Although under fire for 2$1/2$ hours, all ships of the squadron were ready for service within half an hour after the passage. The successful steaming of the squadron past the heavy batteries contributed to the early seizure of Grand Gulf, the eventual fall of Vicksburg itself, and ultimately the conquest of the entire Mississippi River.

Five days later Porter, in Lafayette, reconnoitered the Confederate works at Grand Gulf. He found a "strong fort" under construction and shelled the workers out. When Confederate steamer Charm attempted to land supplies for the fort the Union gunboats drove her back up the Big Black River. By the 24th, Porter had stationed his gunboats so that they commanded the upper battery at Grand Gulf and closed off the mouth of the Big Black River.

On the 29th Porter's ships engaged the heavy Confederate works at Grand Gulf, which, the admiral acknowledged, "were very formidable." In the 5$1/2$-hour battle, the gunboats silenced the lower batteries but could succeed in stopping the fire from the upper forts only "for a short time." Meanwhile, Army transports passed safely below the batteries. Though Benton, USS Tuscumbia (1862), and USS Pittsburgh (1861) were "pretty much cut up" in the engagement, the expedition was successful, and the net result was summed up by Porter, "We are now in a position to make a landing where the general [Grant] pleases." The following night Ulysses S. Grant took advantage of this mobility and ferried his troops across the Mississippi and landed them at Bruinsburg for lightning operations to isolate Vicksburg from reinforcements.

On 3 May Porter once again moved his gunboats against the Confederate batteries, but the southerners, finding their position totally untenable after Grant had taken his army into the country back of Grand Gulf, had evacuated. The great land-sea pincer could now close on Vicksburg. As Porter reported to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, "...the Navy holds the door to Vicksburg."

Porter departed Grand Gulf with his gunboat squadron and rendezvoused that evening with the Farragut fleet at the mouth of the Red River. He preceded up the river the next day with Benton, Lafayette, Pittsburg, General Sterling Price, rams USS Switzerland (1854), and USS Ivy (1862). USS Estrella (1862) and USS Arizona (1858) joined en route. The evening of 5 May the ships arrived at Fort DeRussy, "a powerful casemated work" which the Confederates had recently evacuated in the face of the naval threat. Porter pushed past a heavy obstruction in the river and proceeded to Alexandria, Louisiana, which he occupied on the morning of the 7th. Subsequently, turning the town over to Army troops and unable to continue upriver because of the low water, Porter's force returned to Fort DeRussy and partially destroyed it.

As the Union noose around Vicksburg tightened, Lafayette steamed up and down the river gathering information and dispersing Confederate defensive works. With Pittsburg she shelled Simmesport, Louisiana, 4 June, forcing the defenders to abandon strong riverside positions. The gunboats then returned to the mouth of the Red River to resume blockade duty. Exactly a month later, on Independence Day, Vicksburg surrendered, ending a long and valiant siege.

Summer 1863
During the summer and fall Lafayette, with other Union ships, patrolled the river protecting Federal communications. On 29 September she and USS Kenwood (1863) arrived at Morganza, Louisiana, on Bayou Fordeche, to support troops under Major General Napoleon J. T. Dana. There more than 400 Union troops recently had been captured in an engagement with Confederates under Brig. Gen. Thomas Green. The Union ships deterred the Confederates from attacking the smaller force of General Dana, demonstrating the ability of gunboats to vastly strengthen otherwise relatively weak ground forces.

Red River Campaign, 1864
The Mississippi Squadron's next major operation took the gunboats up the Red River to open the two-month campaign aimed at obtaining a lodgment across the border in Texas. Eastport led the way on 12 March 1864, followed by ironclads USS Essex (1856), USS Ozark (1863), USS Osage (1863) and USS Neosho (1863), and wooden steamers Lafayette, USS Choctaw (1856), USS Fort Hindman (1862), and USS Cricket (1862).

When they reached the obstructions which the southerners had taken five months to build below Fort DeRussy, "...our energetic sailors," Porter observed, "with hard work opened a passage in a few hours." Eastport and Neosho passed through and commenced bombarding Fort DeRussy as the Union troops began their assault on the works; by the 14th it was in Union hands. Porter wrote: "The surrender of the forts at Point DeRussy is of much more importance than I at first supposed. The rebels had depended on that point to stop any advance of Army or Navy...."

On the 15th, after ordering Benton and Essex to remain at Fort DeRussy to support the Army detachment destroying the works, Porter convoyed the main body of troops up the Red River toward Alexandria. The Union ships reached Alexandria the next morning and a landing party occupied the town and awaited the arrival of Major General Nathaniel Prentiss Banks' army, delayed by heavy rains. Slowed by low water and obstructions, Porter pushed his vessels up the river. At Grand Encore he left the heavier gunboats behind, including Lafayette, and continued up stream 7 April with three ironclads and three wooden steamers to meet General Banks at Shreveport, Louisiana. Three days later they were stopped at Springfield Landing by a huge steamer, New Falls City, sunk athwart the channel. Before this formidable obstruction could be removed, word arrived that General Banks had been decisively defeated in the Battle of Sabine Cross Roads near Grand Encore and was in headlong retreat. Porter had no choice but to withdraw. Falling water and increasing Confederate fire from the riverbank strained the seamanship and ingenuity of the Union sailors in their desperate struggle to avoid being trapped above the Alexandria Rapids.

After returning to the Mississippi, ships of the squadron were constantly occupied with safeguarding river transportation from southern attack. On 16 May sidewheeler General Sterling Price engaged a Confederate battery which had fired on transport steamer Mississippi near Ratliff's Landing, Mississippi. Lafayette and General Bragg converged upon the battery, and the three heavy steamers forced the Confederate gunners back from the river, enabling the transport to proceed.

After the war, Lafayette decommissioned on 23 July 1865 and was laid up at New Orleans until sold there on 28 March 1866.

title: USS Lafayette (1848)


text:
Michael Stewart (footballer)

Michael James Stewart (born 26 February 1981) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a midfielder. He began his career with Manchester United and played for both Edinburgh derby rivals, Hearts and Hibernian. He also played for Nottingham Forest and Charlton Athletic during his career. Stewart was capped four times for the Scotland national football team.

Manchester United
As a young player, Stewart trained twice a week with Rangers while still at Craigmount High School. Manchester United signed Stewart as a professional in 1998. He made his senior debut for the club on 31 October 2000 against Watford. Later that season, it was agreed that Stewart and two other players (John O'Shea and Jimmy Davis) would be loaned to Belgian feeder club Royal Antwerp, but Stewart decided against the move, believing he would break into the first team more quickly by training with United. Initially, he filled in for a suspended Roy Keane. He struggled to hold down a first-team place, however, and had a disappointing loan spell at Nottingham Forest. His high-tempo style often included landing in trouble, regularly being booked or sent off.

In the summer of 2004, United manager Sir Alex Ferguson indicated Stewart had no future at the club and he was free to leave. Rangers initially showed interest, but after a two-week trial, he was sent back to Manchester. The cost of Stewart's contract with United was seen as a stumbling block to a transfer. A loan deal was reached with Stewart's boyhood favourites Hearts, with Stewart taking a substantial wage drop to facilitate the deal. Stewart failed to match expectations and at the end of a season disrupted by injury, Hearts allowed him to leave.

Hibernian
Desperate for continuity and regular football, Stewart expressed his wish to stay in Edinburgh and signed for Hearts' rivals Hibernian after negotiating the end of his Manchester United contract. After two seasons with Hibs, the club announced in April 2007 that his contract would not be extended and he was free to leave the club. He left Easter Road after the media reported that there was unrest amongst the Hibs squad. Stewart spent a week training with Roy Keane's Sunderland, but he did not earn a contract.

Hearts
On 30 June 2007, Hearts introduced Stewart as a new signing, making him the only player since the Second World War to sign for Hearts, then Hibs and then return to Hearts. Stewart scored his first SPL goal for Hearts against Aberdeen on 12 August 2007. He also scored a penalty for Hearts in a 4–2 win over Rangers in September 2007.

Stewart was appointed Hearts club captain by manager Csaba Laszlo before the start of the 2009–10 season, following the departure of Robbie Neilson. He was sent off, for two bookable offences, 52 minutes into his first competitive game as captain. Stewart left the club by mutual consent on 13 May 2010.

Gençlerbirliği
Stewart then agreed a "lucrative" move to Turkish club Gençlerbirliği signing a one-year contract with the club with the option of a further two years. Stewart picked up an injury early into his spell at Gençlerbirliği, Stewart left the club in January 2011, claiming that they had not honoured his contract since suffering an injury early in the 2010–11 season.

Charlton
Sky Sports reported on 6 February that Stewart had been given a one-week trial with Leeds United. He took part in a training ground friendly match against York City. Stewart's trial period with Leeds was extended, but he did not sign for Leeds and subsequently went on trial at Charlton Athletic. He agreed to sign for Charlton until the end of the 2010–11 season on 22 March.

Under-21
Stewart made his debut for the Scotland under-21 team in the 1−1 draw with Northern Ireland in May 2000. On 1 September, he made his competitive debut in the win against Latvia during qualification for the 2002 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. He featured three more times during qualifying but Scotland failed to progress from their group. Stewart played four matches during qualification for the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, including the 1−0 win away to Germany in September 2003. Scotland ultimately qualified as group winners and progressed to the play-offs. On 16 November, he started the first leg of the play-off tie against Croatia but Scotland lost 2−0 at Stadion Varteks. Two days later, he was an unused substitute in the second leg as Scotland won 1−0 at Easter Road, but were eliminated 2−1 on aggregate. This was Stewart's last involvement with the U21s; overall he made 18 appearances and scored no goals.

B team
Stewart made his debut for the Scotland B team in November 2006 when he played the whole game against the Republic of Ireland B. The game finished 0−0 at Dalymount Park in Dublin. The following November he won a second cap in the 1−1 draw with the Republic of Ireland at Excelsior Stadium.

Senior
Stewart was first called up to the senior Scotland team by Berti Vogts in April 2002. On 17 April, he made his debut in the friendly against Nigeria; he replaced Gareth Williams in the 64th minute of the 2−1 defeat at Pittodrie. He made his full debut the following month when he started against South Korea at the Asiad Main Stadium in Busan. He was replaced by Scott Severin at half-time as South Korea ran out 4−1 winners in their preparations for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Four days later, he earned his third cap in the defeat against South Africa. In August 2008, Stewart was recalled to the Scotland squad and won his first cap in over six years in the goalless draw with Northern Ireland at Hampden Park. This was his last cap for Scotland.

Post-playing career
Stewart has occasionally worked as a pundit for BBC Scotland, BT Sport and The Scottish Sun. He was suspended from appearing on BBC Scotland's football coverage in February 2020, following comments he made about Rangers media officer Jim Traynor.

On 31 December 2014, Stewart announced via Twitter his intention to stand for election as a Scottish National Party MP in the Edinburgh West constituency in the 2015 UK general election. Michelle Thomson won the nomination and was subsequently elected to parliament. On 11 February 2016, Stewart appeared on Thursday Focus on Man United's in-house channel MUTV discussing his life, career and politics.

Honours
Individual
 * Denzil Haroun Reserve Team Player of the Year: 2000–01

title: Michael Stewart (footballer)


text:
Tipperary North (Dáil constituency)

Tipperary North was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas, from 1948 to 2016, and (per the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023) to again be used for future elections. The constituency elected 3 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs). The method of election was proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

History and boundaries
It was created for the 1948 general election when the former constituency of Tipperary was divided into Tipperary North and Tipperary South. It was primarily based around the former county of North Tipperary. The principal population centres were Thurles, Templemore, Nenagh and Roscrea. Tipperary North was a rare example of a bellwether constituency in Ireland; from 1969 onward, with the exception of February 1982, two of the three deputies it returned went on to support the resulting government. The constituency returned at least one TD for Fianna Fáil from 1948 until the 2011 general election.

The counties of North Tipperary and South Tipperary were abolished in 2014, and succeeded by County Tipperary. The constituency of Tipperary North was abolished at the 2016 general election and replaced by the new Tipperary and Offaly constituencies.

In 2023, the Electoral Commission recommended the establishment of new three seat constituencies of Tipperary North and Tipperary South. Tipperary North would include 13 electoral divisions from County Kilkenny.

For the next general election, the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023 defines the constituency as:

title: Tipperary North (Dáil constituency)


text:
Talk:Francisco Franco/to do

 * The structure of the article needs a complete different shape
 * The vocabulary needs a strong cleanup
 * Death
 * Relationship with Miguel Primo de Rivera
 * Legacy (is also a prominate point for the essay)
 * Who he actually was, and his significance to the Second World War.
 * Article is contradictory on whether or to what degree Franco's government was Fascistic

title: Talk:Francisco Franco/to do


text:
Kenny Cooper

Kenneth Scott Cooper Jr. (born October 21, 1984) is an American former soccer player who played as a forward. He began his soccer career with Manchester United but failed to break through to the first team. He went on to play for clubs in Portugal, Germany, England, the United States, and Canada.

Early life
Cooper's father, Kenny Cooper Sr., played professional soccer as a goalkeeper in England before moving to the United States to play for Dallas Tornado of the North American Soccer League. Cooper was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and, under the mentorship of his father, he became an outstanding youth player. After retiring from coaching professional soccer, Cooper's father had settled the family in Dallas, Texas, where Cooper attended high school at Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas. He was the Dallas area high school player of the year while playing, graduating in 2003.

Manchester United
While playing with the Dallas Solar 85 Soccer Club in the Dallas Cup, an international youth tournament, Cooper caught the attention of several former NASL players who contacted Jimmy Ryan, Director of Youth Football at Manchester United. Ryan had also once played with Cooper's father when they were both with the Tornado. Ryan contacted the Coopers and invited Kenny to England for a trial. The fact that Cooper's father was a native of England helped grease the skids for Cooper as United did not need to acquire a work permit for him. Following a successful week-long trial, United signed him on a free transfer. At the time Cooper had intended to attend Southern Methodist University, but decided to forgo playing college soccer in order to pursue his professional career.

FC Dallas
Cooper signed with FC Dallas on February 6, 2006, and made an immediate impact on the team. He made his first MLS appearance on April 1, 2006, and scored his first MLS career goal helping FC Dallas to a 3–2 victory against the Chicago Fire. Cooper made his first MLS start the following week against Real Salt Lake on April 8, 2006, scoring the team's first goal in a 2–1 victory. He finished his first MLS season tied for sixth in goals scored with 11 and made 31 appearances. At the start of the 2007 MLS Season, Cooper scored four goals in the first eight games before he suffered a broken right tibia in a 3–1 win against the Los Angeles Galaxy by a strong tackle from Tyrone Marshall that put him out for a majority of the season. This ended his hopes of playing in the 2007 Copa América and for the national team. Cooper ended the 2007 season with a total of 12 starts out of 14 appearances, four goals, and two assists.

Cooper was linked with a possible move to Cardiff City on July 27, 2008, after the club made a £2,000,000 bid. Norway's Rosenborg bid more than that and also offered a salary of $1.2 million. MLS ultimately rejected both bids and decided to keep him.

In the 2008 MLS season, Cooper led FC Dallas with 18 goals and started all 30 games. He was the only FC Dallas player to appear in all regular season games that year. Cooper finished the season tied for the league lead with four game-winning goals. Fourteen of Cooper's 18 goals either tied or gave FC Dallas the lead, while the other four goals helped increase the team's lead. He was named to his first MLS All-Star First XI selection and MLS Best XI team. He earned back-to-back MLS Player of the Week honors for his two-goal performances against the Los Angeles Galaxy (4–0 win) on July 27, 2008, and Toronto FC (2–0 win) on August 8, 2008. Cooper was also named the MLS Comeback Player of the Year for 2008.

1860 Munich
On July 31, 2009, FC Dallas announced that Cooper had been sold to 2. Bundesliga club TSV 1860 Munich. As per league policy, terms of the deal were not disclosed. However, German teams do disclose the amounts of transfers, Cooper was sold for $700,000 in 2009 it is known that the contract ran for three years. He scored his first goal for 1860 Munich in his debut on August 9, 2009.

Plymouth Argyle
On January 28, 2010, Cooper left Munich to return to England, signing for Plymouth Argyle on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season with a view to a permanent move at the end of the season. However, this option was not taken up by the club.

Portland Timbers
On January 13, 2011, TSV 1860 Munich announced that Cooper would not fulfil his contract which had been set to run until June 2012 and would be joining Portland Timbers on a free transfer. While Timbers technical director Gavin Wilkinson initially cautioned that a deal had yet to be struck, on January 17, 2011, he announced Portland had finally completed Cooper's transfer and that he would be joining the team pending the receipt of his International Transfer Certificate. He scored the first MLS goal for the Portland Timbers in a 3–1 loss on their MLS debut, against Colorado Rapids on March 19, 2011. He scored his third goal of the season in a 1–0 win over Real Salt Lake. This marked the Timbers first shutout win and snapped Salt Lake's 18-game unbeaten streak.

New York Red Bulls
On January 12, 2012, Cooper was traded to the New York Red Bulls for a first-round 2013 MLS SuperDraft pick and an undisclosed amount of allocation money. He made his MLS regular season debut with the New York Red Bulls on Sunday, March 11, and scored his first goal for the Red Bulls against FC Dallas, his former team, at FC Dallas Stadium. Cooper was the top scorer for the team during the 2012 MLS Season.

FC Dallas
Cooper was re-acquired by FC Dallas from New York on February 4, 2013, in exchange for allocation money. He appeared in 31 regular-season games during the 2013 season, scoring 6 goals.

Seattle Sounders FC
Having failed to agree to a new contract with FC Dallas, Cooper was due to be made available in the 2013 MLS Re-Entry Draft. However, on 13 December 2013, prior to the draft, Seattle Sounders FC announced that they had acquired the rights to negotiate a contract with Cooper, as well as allocation money, in exchange for midfielder Adam Moffat, and signed him to a contract on December 19, 2013. In his first season with the club Cooper helped Seattle in capturing the 2014 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup scoring six goals in four games, including a two-goal, two-assist effort in the semifinals against Chicago on August 13. He was named the U.S. Open Cup Player of the Tournament.

Montreal Impact
On April 12, 2015, Cooper moved to Montreal Impact via MLS waivers. He made only one appearance with the club due to an injury.

Cooper had trials with Orlando City SC, New York Red Bulls, Sporting Kansas City, and FC Dallas but no playing contracts were agreed.

International career
After the retirement of Brian McBride, Cooper was considered to be a potential long-term solution at striker for the national team. Cooper got his first cap and first goal for the national team on January 20, 2007, against Denmark where he scored a goal after coming on near the end of the game. He then appeared in a game against Guatemala, which was played in his MLS club's home stadium, Pizza Hut Park, as a second half sub. He was unable to take part in the 2007 Copa América after he was sidelined with a broken right tibia. On November 20, 2008, Cooper got his first World Cup Qualifying start and his first World Cup qualifying-round goal against Guatemala in the final game of the semifinal group stage. On July 18, 2009, Cooper took a boot to the chest from Roman Torres of Panama, resulting in a penalty kick which he took to put the U.S. through to the semifinal round of the CONCACAF Gold Cup. Five days later, Cooper scored near the end of the match against Honduras to give the U.S. a 2–0 lead and to put them safely into the final of the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He has a total of 10 international appearances (caps) with 4 goals.

Personal life
Cooper married Molly Grimm in Charleston, South Carolina on January 7, 2012. Currently, he lives in Charleston where he is involved with youth soccer coaching.

International

 * Scores and results list United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cooper goal.

 * + List of international goals scored by Kenny Cooper
 * style="text-align:center"|1 || January 20, 2007 || Home Depot Center, Carson, United States || || style="text-align:center"|3–1 || style="text-align:center"|3–1 || Friendly ||
 * style="text-align:center"|2 || November 20, 2008 || Dick's Sporting Goods Park, Denver, United States || || style="text-align:center"|1–0 || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification ||
 * style="text-align:center"|3 || July 19, 2009 || Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, United States || 🇵🇦 panama || style="text-align:center"|2–1 || style="text-align:center"|2–1 || 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup ||
 * style="text-align:center"|4 || July 24, 2009 || Soldier Field, Chicago, United States || || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup ||
 * }
 * style="text-align:center"|3 || July 19, 2009 || Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, United States || 🇵🇦 panama || style="text-align:center"|2–1 || style="text-align:center"|2–1 || 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup ||
 * style="text-align:center"|4 || July 24, 2009 || Soldier Field, Chicago, United States || || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || style="text-align:center"|2–0 || 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup ||
 * }
 * }

Honors
Dallas FC
 * Supporters' Shield runner-up: 2006
 * U.S. Open Cup runner-up 2007

Seattle Sounders
 * U.S. Open Cup: 2014
 * Western Conference: 2014

USA
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup runner-up: 2009

Individual
 * MLS Best XI: 2008
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup All-Tournament Team: 2009
 * MLS Comeback Player of the Year Award: 2008

title: Kenny Cooper


text:
Bruce Downey

Bruce Downey is the former chairman and CEO of Barr Pharmaceuticals (bought by Teva Pharmaceuticals) and in 2009 became a partner at New Spring Capital, a venture capital firm.

Career
Downey began his career in the Honors Program of the U.S. Department of Justice. He later worked as a special litigation counsel at the U.S. Department of Energy and then became a partner at the law firm of Winston & Strawn.

In January 1993, Downey was appointed president and chief operating officer of Barr Pharmaceuticals. He became chairman and CEO in 1994 when Barr's founder Edwin A. Cohen stepped down. During Downey's tenure at Barr, the company grew revenue from $60 million to more than $2.5 billion and became the fourth largest global generic drug company. In 2008, Barr Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Teva Pharmaceutical. Downey was named Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year in 2009.

Downey is a member of the board of directors for Cardinal Health and Momenta Pharmaceuticals. He also served as the chairman of the board of directors of the Generic Pharmaceutical Association from 2006 to 2008.

Education
Downey received a bachelor's degree with honors from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He then received a law degree from Ohio State University Moritz College of Law in 1973, where he was an editor of the Ohio State Law Journal and graduated Order of the Coif.

title: Bruce Downey


text:
Haraldur Sigurðsson

Haraldur Sigurðsson or Haraldur Sigurdsson (born May 31, 1939) is an Icelandic volcanologist and geochemist.

Education
Sigurdsson was born in Stykkishólmur in western Iceland. He studied geology and geochemistry in the United Kingdom, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree from Queen's University, Belfast, followed by a PhD under the supervision of George Malcolm Brown from Durham University in 1970.

Career and research
Sigurdsson worked on monitoring and research of the volcanoes of the Caribbean until 1974, when he was appointed professor at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island. He is best known for his work on the reconstruction of major volcanic eruptions of the past, including the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD in Italy and the consequent destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

In 1991, Sigurdsson discovered tektite glass spherules at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary) in Haiti, providing proof for a meteorite impact at the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs. In 2004 he discovered the lost town of Tambora in Indonesia, which was buried by the colossal 1815 explosive eruption of Tambora volcano. In 1999, Sigurdsson published a scholarly account of the history of volcanology. He was also editor in chief of the Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, also published in 1999. He was awarded the Coke Medal of the Geological Society of London in 2004.

Sigurdsson was a key scientist to uncover the sources of lake overturn that took the lives of entire villages nearby Lake Monoun and Lake Nyos in Cameroon. His story was popularized by the Youtuber MrBallen in an episode in January 2023.

Active blogs
Sigurdsson has in recent years been active in blogging in Icelandic on various issues related to his science, geology and geochemistry. There he has also been active in criticizing USA government, world capitalism and activities of Chinese companies in the Arctic. He openly supports the left movement in USA. Sigurdsson has written on the Solarsilicon Project being developed by the US Company Silicor Materials Inc. in Iceland and its pollution. As well as other environmental issues including global warming.

title: Haraldur Sigurðsson


text:
Talk:International Drug Control

Proposed merger
Is there another article this could be merged with? Rad Racer 20:13, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Drug control law Laurel Bush (talk) 15:42, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:International Drug Control


text:
Daniel Nardiello

Daniel Antony Nardiello (born 22 October 1982) is a former professional footballer who played as a forward.

He began his career with Manchester United and made several first team appearances in the EFL Cup and UEFA Champions League. He went on to have an established career in the Football League for Swansea City, Barnsley, Queens Park Rangers, Blackpool, Hartlepool United, Bury, Oldham Athletic, Exeter City, Rotherham United and Plymouth Argyle. He retired in 2017 following a spell with Bangor City.

Born in England, Nardiello represented Wales and was capped three times between 2007 and 2008.

Manchester United
Born in Coventry, West Midlands, Nardiello was a product of the academy of Wolverhampton Wanderers, but signed trainee terms for Manchester United in 1999. They were ordered by the Football League Appeals Committee to pay £200,000 as compensation. He progressed quickly through the club's under-17 and under-19 teams, turning professional on 22 October 1999. He made his debut for them on 5 November 2001 in a 4–0 League Cup defeat to Arsenal. In the 2002–03 season, he played in a UEFA Champions League match against Maccabi Haifa.

After scoring 12 goals for the Manchester United reserves, he was sent on a one-month loan to Swansea City on 24 October 2003 where he scored one goal in a EFL Trophy defeat to Southend United.

Nardiello spent the second half of the 2003–04 season on loan to Barnsley. He made his debut for the Tykes on 27 January 2004, scoring two goals as they beat Blackpool 3–0 at home. He scored seven goals in 16 games during his loan spell at the club before returning to Old Trafford. Having become a firm favourite with the Barnsley fans, he returned again to Oakwell on a season-long loan for the 2004–05 season. Dogged with injuries, Nardiello still managed to play in 30 games, scoring seven goals.

Barnsley
In July 2005, Nardiello signed a two-year permanent contract with Barnsley after being released by Manchester United. He scored two vital goals in Barnsley's League One play-off games. The first was the winning goal against Huddersfield Town in the second leg of the play-off semi-finals on 15 May 2006. The second was the equaliser that forced a penalty shoot-out at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff against the club where he had previously been on loan, Swansea City, which Barnsley won 4–3 on 27 May 2006.

Queens Park Rangers
In June 2007, Nardiello turned down a new contract at Barnsley, and shunned interest from Norwich City to sign a two-year contract with fellow Championship side Queens Park Rangers, in a move that was criticised by Barnsley's then-chairman Gordon Shepherd.

In January 2008, Nardiello returned to Barnsley on loan, signing until the end of the 2007–08 season. After scoring just one goal in 13 appearances, he returned to QPR in May 2008.

Blackpool
Back at Loftus Road, Nardiello was linked with a move in July 2008 to fellow Championship side Blackpool, after struggling to make an impact at QPR. It was believed that QPR offered Nardiello's teammate Zesh Rehman on loan, £250,000 as well as Nardiello himself in return for highly rated Blackpool defender Kaspars Gorkšs. The move was completed on 30 July when Nardiello signed a two-year contract with the Seasiders.

After being injured shortly after coming on in a pre-season friendly at Tranmere Rovers, Nardiello made his league debut for the club on 13 September, when he came on as a second-half substitute as Blackpool beat his former club, Barnsley, 1–0 at Bloomfield Road. He finally made his full debut for the Seasiders on 9 January 2009, again after recovering from injury, in their 1–0 FA Cup defeat to Conference National club Torquay United.

After missing most of the Seasiders' campaign through injury, on 29 January 2009 he joined League One club Hartlepool United on loan until the end of the season. Despite scoring three goals in eight starts he returned to his parent club at the end of the loan period.

Nardiello scored his first goal for the Seasiders in a 2–1 win over Crewe Alexandra in the first round of the 2009–10 League Cup on 11 August 2009. Four days later, he made his first league appearance for Blackpool since 16 September 2008, as a second-half substitute in a 1–1 draw with Cardiff City at Bloomfield Road.

He then underwent an operation to cure a hip problem and did not play first-team football again until he joined League Two side Bury on a one-month loan on 13 November. He scored on his debut the following day in a 3–3 draw with Notts County at Gigg Lane. He was denied a second goal when his shot stuck in a puddle, inches from the goal line, allowing County goalkeeper Kasper Schmeichel to retrieve the ball. He scored again in his second game, a 1–1 draw with Shrewsbury Town at the New Meadow on 21 November. His third goal came in his fifth match on 5 December, a 2–0 home win over Barnet. After scoring four goals in six league games, Nardiello was recalled by Blackpool on 14 December to cover for injuries.

On his return to Blackpool, Nardiello was an unused substitute in a number of games, before making his second league appearance of the season on 9 January 2010 as a 77th-minute substitute in a 1–1 draw with Cardiff City at the Cardiff City Stadium. He made a late substitute appearance in the 2–2 home draw with Queens Park Rangers on 16 January, then three days later he made his first league start for Blackpool – over 17 months after he signed for the club – in the 2–1 defeat at home to Sheffield Wednesday.

On 4 March, he joined League One side Oldham Athletic on loan until the end of the season. Two days later, he made his debut in the 1–1 draw with Exeter City at St James Park. Three days later, on his home debut at Boundary Park against Leyton Orient, Nardiello tore his hamstring early in the second half and was stretchered off the pitch.

Nardiello was allowed to leave Blackpool at the end of the 2009–10 season.

Exeter City
On 5 July 2010, it was announced that Nardiello had signed for League One side Exeter City. He scored his first league goal for the club on 21 August 2010 at home to Bristol Rovers. He scored a last-minute winner against arch-rivals Plymouth Argyle in a EFL Trophy match on 9 November. Nardiello signed a new contract at Exeter City in June 2011.

Rotherham United
On 10 May 2012, Nardiello joined Rotherham United on a two-year deal. His first goal for the club was on his league debut, a penalty in the fourth minute, in a 3–0 opening day victory over Burton Albion. He helped fire the Millers to promotion by scoring 18 goals in 36 matches, becoming the club's top scorer, as they finished second.

Despite being the club's top scorer in 2012–13, he started 2013–14 on the bench behind Kieran Agard, Alex Revell and new loan signing Matt Tubbs. Nevertheless, he scored on his first appearance of the season, the equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Shrewsbury Town after being on the pitch for only three minutes, only to get sent off in the fifth minute of stoppage time. On his first start of the season against Oldham Athletic on 14 September, he scored a hat-trick, the first of his professional career, in a 3–2 win.

Bury
On 15 November 2013, he rejoined League Two side Bury on loan until January 2014. He scored the first goal of his return on 26 November 2013 with the only goal in a 1–0 win over Hartlepool. On 29 January 2014, Nardiello chose to stay on at Bury, signing an 18-month contract.

Bangor City
On 8 August 2016, Nardiello joined Welsh Premier League side Bangor City. Nardiello made his debut on 12 August 2016 in a 2–1 victory against Cefn Druids, scoring his first goal for the club. He was released by the club on 5 October 2017.

International career
Because of his mixed heritage, Nardiello could have played international football for Wales (his father's birthplace), England (his own birthplace) or Italy (his grandparents' birthplace). He played at under-15 and under-16 levels for England. However, in the end he decided to follow in the footsteps of his father, Donato, who played twice for Wales in the early 1980s. He made his first appearance for Wales in a friendly against New Zealand on 26 May 2007, coming on as a 65th-minute substitute for Robert Earnshaw. He made one more appearance that year, as a substitute against Bulgaria in August 2007, before making his final appearance, again as a substitute, against Luxembourg in March 2008.

Personal life
Born in England, he is the son of former Wales international Donato Nardiello, and made three appearances for the Wales national team between 2007 and 2008. His brother Michael also played professional football, as did his uncle Gerry Nardiello and cousin Reis Ashraf.

Honours
Blackpool
 * Football League Championship play-offs: 2009–10

title: Daniel Nardiello


text:
File:FlyingWildVHS.JPG

Summary
Flying Wild DVD

Fair use in Flying Wild
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:FlyingWildVHS.JPG


text:
Talk:Webcam

Orphaned article that could...
Either be linked or merged to and from this one (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_webcams). But I'm half unsure and half to lazy to go through and make a stylistically correct process of either Undead Herle King (talk) 03:33, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Software & How-to's
This article could seriously use some clues to help people who want to put their own webcam on the web, everyone can already get their hands on the cameras, but nobody knows how to set up a live, real time, full motion video feed. Certainly not easily. And then nobody knows how to make mulitple cameras give feeds from the same site. And then there's no mention of how to let users take command of Pan / Tilt / Zoom functions, if a camera even has that.

Maybe a techie from the webcam pr0n industry could write us a how-to and place a link to it here?

I wouldn't really write how-to's. That will be to specific for each piece of hardware and platform and there's other sites for that, like howtoforge (not to be treated as an endorsement, just search google for more). Howtos are not encyclopedic enough if you ask me. What I would like to see though is a list of chat and/or voip programs that support webcams and videoconferencing, their license, on which operating systems they run and whether or not they support encryption. Mykeyspace 22:56, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. From web cam to webcam. Enjoy. –Hajor 19:19, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

"Webcam" yields about 41,200,000 Google hits. "Web cam" yields about 6,570,000 Google hits (less than 1/6 as many) and a suggestion that the user might have meant "webcam" (which is the far more common spelling). —Lifeisunfair 23:57, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional brief explanation, and sign your vote with: ~

Since the vote&move is over&done, is it appropriate to remove this section? Is there a guideline on deleting stuff like this from talk pages?
 * Support, for the reason cited above. —Lifeisunfair 23:57, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, "webcam" is the more common usage. -- Curps 06:51, 5 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Suppport I've never come across the spelling "web cam". Borisblue 23:15, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps we can put a section on the page of "Notable events captured (intentionally or not) on webcam". I have one that deserves mention:
 * Brandon Vedas dies by overdose of prescription drugs and alcohol
 * You'd consider that notable? I doubt you'll get more than 3, and even then they'll be questionable.   Troubleshooter    20:58, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Please, if we can come up with one or two more, let's make this a section on the article.
 * Anthropos 01:12, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The first webcam was pointed at this trojan room since when? 3 years ago? 50 years ago? thanks, Yonidebest 17:45, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Popularity
Comments/changes before I add this section? Several factors are leading the explosion in webcam popularity. Network effects (each person who has a webcam makes other webcams more useful; similarly, a phone is not useful if no one else has one), low costs and adult video are primary. Software enhancements that have made them easier to use:
 * 1) Features that link to Instant Messaging systems, or community websites, make it easier to find and establish links with other webcam users.
 * 2) Integrated image manipulation software can make webcams more pleasant to use, providing features such as wrinkle reduction, and aspect ratio change (look thinner), encouraging adoption. Elvey 18:22, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Have webcams really be utilized to their full potiental? The use of webcams to drive traffic to websites appears to have crested in the early 2000s. I, personally, am still shock at the lack of webcams on the net. One would have thought that webcam use would have taken off. --Jason Gaudet (talk) 22:35, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

External link
it has been suggested that the external link I removed should be replaced under the "fansite" terms of External links. Please discuss. - brenneman  {T}  {L}  23:56, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * My rationale was, pretty much: Though these links *do* attaract vandalism, and most of them *could* probably do with being removed, a single link to a directory of webcams seems reasonable - and, indeed, in line with section 3 of 'occasionally acceptable links' from External links. - Mike1024 (t/c) 00:31, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, I've just noticed the page List of live webcams of places around the world. No external links would probably be a good idea. - Mike1024 (t/c) 22:25, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've been working on an open webcam directory [WeatherBonk http://weatherbonk.com/weather/webcams.jsp].  It's a personal project (not a corportation trying to make money) that allows users to add and modify and geocode webcams and is now over 8000 cams.  I spent sometime looking for a comprehensive cam directory and couldn't find anything nearly as comprehensive or useful.  I'm not sure if this is something you would permit in the links section.    Thanks david

Cited book
Has anyone actually read the book which is cited? Just citing a random book with 'webcam' in the title seems pointless from a verifiability standpoint IMHO 193.131.176.54 16:30, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

NECESITO INFORMACION DE LOS TIPOS DE WEBCAM QUE EXISTEN

Sexual activity
Seriously, there's no mention of people using webcams for sexual acts. It's pretty common (erm isn't it?). Mglovesfun 23:41, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * There's a bit saying "As with many new technologies, webcams and webcam chat found early commercial adoption and aggressive technology advancement through use by the pornography industry. The adult industry required 'live' images and requested a Dutch developer [...]" - were you thinking of more information than that? If so, go ahead and edit it in! Mike1024 (t/c) 07:50, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Pornography seems to imply commercial. But a lot of webcam sex is hobby stuff.  I know I get a lot of hits on my webcam site which, from the search strings, clearly show that people are associating "webcam" with "pictures of naked girls". 219.77.184.86 (talk)  —Preceding comment was added at 02:38, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Webcams have had a huge sexual following from the earliest days. From ca. 1997 on there have been both many amateur webcams in college dorm rooms to commercial entrepreneurs that hosted sites where an amateur could connect and broadcast more and more revealing scenes for gifts of money or clothing. In fact on some of these a person would send an object of clothing that the person would then wear on cam.  These were both heterosexual men and women and would tease viewing.  One such site in the late 1990s was KEYHOLE CAMS - often these were Reality or BigBrother style.  One of the Keyhole Cams sites was called BachelorCam, which was a house with three bachelors living in it and one or more of these guys would go on cam at different times.  Many were also gay sites, but many heterosexual males on cam would also offer homoerotic material that also drew the gay audience.  This could probably become even a separate page, but for starters, there should at least be a section here.   Doc ♬ talk 03:01, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

Someone has vandalized the page adding the text, "As webcam see my dick" and screwing up everything else in the section.. I'll revert to the most recent. 05:57, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Built-in Webcams?
Almost every laptop offers a built-in webcam these days - A trend no doubt started by Apple after it started including built-in iSight cameras with every single iMac, Macbook Pro, and Macbook. But was Apple the first? They were probably the first to offer it unilaterally and popularize it, but can anyone confirm which laptops were the first to include a built-in webcam? --Zippo 19:53, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The first I can remember was the VAIO PictureBook / PCG-C1 - but I don't have a cite for that, so I might be wrong. Mike1024 (t/c) 23:25, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Ede6772 (talk) 01:13, 5 April 2011 (UTC)Webcams are a popular 'built-in' option for laptops, however its not considered a 'universal' feature yet. More soon, more than likely all webcams will have built in webcams. If computers are not equipped with a webcam, to install one is farely easy and low cost. More details at http://www.consumersearch.com/webcam-reviews/laptop-webcams --Ede6772 (talk) 01:13, 5 April 2011 (UTC) (Ede6772)

Faked photo
The Army image under Videoconferencing is nice and touching but as the discussion at Image talk:TSgt Goodman inspects newest member of family.jpg notes it is obviously faked. The image of the baby was clearly photoshopped onto it and the list of rules above computer forbids use of webcams so this artistic picture is just a bit of propaganda/false advertising. It would be desirable to replace this image with a real one. Double Blue (Talk) 16:28, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge of Use of webcams into this article
I personally feel the article Use of webcams merely covers an aspect of the technology itself, and with this article not too long, I don't really see why that article shouldn't just belong to a section called "Applications" or something like that? — Northgrove 14:49, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

done
--62.251.21.22 (talk) 17:05, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

Wiring diagram
Perhaps a electrical wiring diagram schematics of a webcam with hardwired LED for the privacy section. That I would like to see. -- Frap (talk) 23:19, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Advertisment
This seems like an ad Most webcams feature built in microphones to make video conferencing more convenient. Creative Technology has introduced a webcam featuring built in noise cancellation to focus the audio to the speaker who is directly in front of the camera, excluding ambient noise.

Page history
I've moved some history that used to be at the title webcam to Talk:Webcam/History. Graham 87 12:51, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Night vision
In an article in Elektor magazine (december 2010), it is noted that any webcam can also modified to include night vision. All that is required is to not have an infrared filter on the webcam (so this needs to be removed if present) and infrared leds (or an infrared led floodlight) needs to be added. 91.182.239.56 (talk) 09:30, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Name of the article
Aren't webcams cameras that you can actually view through the web? I think this is different from videophoning. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.93.102.215 (talk) 22:38, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

Sales
Worldwide sales of PC cameras by year: . —  Ark25  (talk) 23:49, 14 September 2011 (UTC)
 * 2006: market value at 1.2 billion USD
 * 2004: 18 million units
 * 1999: 2.9 million units

Quickcam development -citation sought
Today, IP editor 69.181.202.42 deleted a paragraph of material regarding the development of the Connectix QuickCam, with the following edit summary comment: " Removed incorrect (and mostly non-sensical) historical development of project — DARPA and college/university collaborations had no part in QuickCam's hardware or software development.)"

Material removed:
 * "The QuickCam had started as a graduate degree research project in the early 1990's between various California and East Coast universities, and was originally designed with an RS-232 serial port connector color CCD camera. Both the Apple and Windows software versions were sponsored by DARPA and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. The Windows software version was compiled under both MS Visual Studios and Borland C/C++ compilers for both Windows 3.11 and Windows 95."

This material was originally added to the QuickCam article on January 3, 2011 by I.P. 174.65.7.88., and then copied into this article by yours truly (mea culpa). I'm parking the deleted material here to see if anyone can provide a reliable citation for it. Note that many blogs and mirrors have copied the material from Wikipedia, so they obviously don't count. Best: HarryZilber (talk) 00:01, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Technology: format?
A suggestion for an addition to the technology section: in which format do webcams transmit video to the computer? Is each frame separately compressed (jpeg?), or is each frame transmitted in some standard non-compressed format (which?), or does every camera use its own proprietary raw format for each frame (with the device driver on the computer dealing with conversion)? Thanks, AxelBoldt (talk) 18:46, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Is this correct definition..??
i feel this article encompasses to much of "web cameras". A "web camera" is not a "webcam". A webcam is a camera connected to your computer via USB or fire-wire. So this "webcam" is only accessible if connected to a computer. A "web camera" is accessible with OR without a computer. Web cameras are usually connected either by IP address or a direct coax cable connection. A web camera is what you see on the internet showing places across the world and is the only thing used in say a daycare or school. You can not access a webcam without a computer connected to the USB or fire-wire camera. Most web cameras can be accessed without having a computer connected to it. Web cameras have built-in software that allows you to access the camera from smart phone or computer across the net or web. A webcam does not have this software capability and will need special software on the computer it is connected to view the webcam from another location thru the web or net. Web cameras that are used say in daycare or schools have a direct connection to a computer either thru WiFi, Ethernet cable or coax cable. The distances these cameras are installed compared to the computer they are connected to is usually greater than USB or fire-wire can handle. These web cameras or surveillance cameras that are connected with WiFi, Ethernet or coax cables have special software in the computer they are connected to. The software records the happenings that go on in front of the cameras and as an added feature in the software gives web access for someone to view from a smart phone or computer. This software also has high security walls to keep just anyone from viewing them. These type camera systems have been around for years but started out as VCR recording. Once computers became easier to use and cheaper, software was created for these type systems. The software systems have not always had access to internet as bandwidth was always a problem. Bandwidth being to expensive to not good enough. Now that bandwidth is readily available and cheap there are web accessible cameras everywhere. Most web accessible cameras or web cameras now a days have their own software built-in to view directly at the camera and no need for camera to have a computer connection just a internet connection.

So after all that I feel that webcam is the small camera that is built into the screen of your laptop or one you can buy and connect thru USB. A webcam is NOT a web accessible camera. You cant take a web accessible camera and use it on a web video chatting software like Omegle or Chatrulette. An IP camera also can not be used as a "webcam". Without some crazy special software that I could only find to work on a Linux or Unix system.

http://resource.dlink.com/view/hello-world/ http://www.video-conferencing-guide.org/video-conference-camera.html http://www.g0hwc.com/streaming_webcam.html http://www.tomshardware.com/forum/21247-3-camera-webcam http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,1237,t=Webcam&i=54369,00.asp http://www.experienceproject.com/dictionary/definition-of/Webcam http://www.hudsonhorizons.com/Our-Company/Internet-Glossary/Webcam.htm http://www.techterms.com/definition/webcam Robertguero (talk) 16:48, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

 * You bring up a good point. I think "webcam" is frequently (and widely) used in reference to two separate (albeit, often related concepts): one being a type of computer peripheral (a class of digital motion cameras originally developed for, and still often used for, capturing video on a home PC for live or recorded streaming over the internet), the other being a point source of Web-accessible live video.  An IP-addressable or Web-page-hosted camera is generally still called a "Webcan" even if there is no Webcam (in the PC peripheral sense) employed in its production.  Furthermore, off-the-shelf Webcams (again, in the hardware peripheral sense) are used for many things besides capturing video for internet distribution, yet are still commonly called "Webcams".  (Consider also that a large proportion of the video now recorded for internet dissemination is done with mobile phones, which almost no one would call "Webcams".)  Additionally (as evidenced many times in this Wikipedia article), the built-in camera on a laptop is also termed a "Webcam", even though it is not an externally attached peripheral.

 * In contemporary usage, as I see it, "Webcam" refers both to a particular type of camera hardware (regardless of whether it is usually used to generate content for distribution through the Web) and also to any internet location that streams live video (regardless of hardware). Two separate concepts.
 * Starling2001 (talk) 05:31, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

Sorry Guys - this article didn't help me
I came here for my vision impaired older friends. I wanted to know what USB camera I can get so they can point it at a magazine and read on a big screen TV. The article doesn't even discuss this use, which lots of old people do apparently. And the artile didn't help me decide what the options are for choosing a webcam. The one we have now is a cheapie for $10 and is not up to the job. So I only gave the article 2 stars. Hopefully some wikipedia person could improve it (I don't have the knowledge). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.61.61.161 (talk) 02:56, 14 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Because that's not a webcam. Maikel (talk) 20:38, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

This just in
Someone not using his real name (talk) 01:06, 22 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I'm going to use duct tape in future. --Roxy the dog (resonate) 02:21, 22 December 2013 (UTC)

Not a portmanteau

 * "The term 'webcam' (a portmanteau) may also be used in its original sense. . ."

It is not a portmanteau; there is no blending of two words. The fact that "camera" is abbreviated does not make its concatenation with the whole word "Web" a portmanteau. For example: "defcon" (a double abbreviation and concatenation of "defense condition") is not, "surgical cam" (where "camera" has been abbreviated) is not, but "surgicam" (where the last syllable of "surgical" has been replaced, somewhat punnishly, with "cam") is.

(Okay, I admit that I just made up "surgicam" 'cuz I don't really have time at the moment to come up with any good examples, but I would be pretty surprised if the word doesn't already exist. I suppose I'm not making my point very clearly.  But, hey, this isn't a discussion on Facebook; I'm not supposed to be gettin' all extraneous and chatty here.  So there!) Starling2001 (talk) 06:05, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

Videoconferencing prior to 1994
Quote: Videoconferencing via computers already existed

Where, how? Thanks, Maikel (talk) 20:38, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Standard
What's the technical standard for connecting a webcam via USB? Is it related to the OS? Thank you. Maikel (talk) 20:56, 8 April 2021 (UTC)
 * USB video device class. Maikel (talk) 12:31, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

Team-B-Vital Improvement Drive
Hello all!

This article has been chosen as this fortnight's effort for WP:Discord's #team-b-vital channel, a collaborative effort to bring Vital articles up to a B class if possible, similar to WP:Articles for Improvement. This effort will run for up to a fortnight, ending early if the article is felt to be at B-class or impossible to further improve. Articles are chosen by a quick vote among interested chatters, with the goal of working together on interesting Vital articles that need improving.

Thank you! Rema goxer (talk) 22:07, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Webcam


text:
Talk:Corpus Juris Civilis

Byzantine law is not just The Corpus Juris Civilis
It underwent major reforms during the Macedonian Dynasty, and it also had a profound impact on maritime law. This article should be broken down to reflect these points and others in more detail. --Anon
 * I am in agreement, there needs to be a general Byzantine law article with a segment on the Corpus Juris Civilis. --Caponer 15:14, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

The Corpus Iuris and Judaism
In the course of my edit, I removed the following language from the beginning of the article.

 * "It was profoundly anti-semitic. It reduced the jews to citizens of second class. Judaism was described as an "infectious disease" which led to death."

This was inserted by an anonymous user yesterday and I think it was not an entirely appropriate statement for a couple of reasons:

 * 1) It is certainly true that the Corpus Iuris contains a nuber of provisions which discriminate against Jews. Still, I think it is not justified to characterize it as "profoundly antisemitic" and still less justified to place this statement at the beginning of a (currently very short) encyclopedia article on the CIC. This gives the impression as if anti-semitism were the single most important feature of the CIC. This is not the case. Discriminatory provisions constitute only a fraction of the texts of the CIC. Moreover, these provisions were taken over in large part from preivious legislation. The above-quoted statement gives the impression as if anti-semitic laws had been newly introduced at the occasion of the promulgatioon of the Corpus Iuris.
 * 2) I was unable to verify the specific assertion that "Judaism was described as an "infectious disease" which led to death." anywhere in the CIC. No such language seems to exist in C. 1, 9, the title of Justinian's Code dealing specifically with the legal status of Jews.

For these reasons, I replaced the paragraph in question with a more detailed and softer statement regarding the reflection of the Empire's social order in the CIC and specifically the position of Jews. I moved this text from the beginning of the article to the section dealing with the Codex Justinianus. I think this is more appropriate since the Code is the part which contains most (if not all) of the disciminatory provisions. I would like to leave it to further discussion whether it is advisable to write about the discriminatory provisions in the CIC at such length in this article.

I completely deleted the text regarding judaism as an infectious disease. If someone comes up with a source containing such language, it could be put back in.

I hope these changes are acceptable to all, including the user who inserted the original paragraph. Otherwise I'll be happy to discuss all suggestions for futher improvements and enhancements of the text. --Thomas Ruefner 20:16, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I don't think the paragraph on anti-Jewish legislation belongs in this article at all: it makes it sound as if this legislation exists as a separate volume alongside the Codex, the Digest and the Novellae. The information is important, but should go to some more general article on late Roman law. --Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) 13:34, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Request name change to Byzantine Law
I want to enlarge this article to cover a wider variety of time, I have a few good sources now so can we change it?

 * You could write a separate article, since they are not exactly the same. Adam Bishop 08:28, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I concur with Adam. Rodney Boyd 11:55, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I am willing to make a compromise over this, so I'll start one tomorrow.

 * I agree with Adam and Rodney — Corpus Juris Civilis should be an article on its own. Of course, if you create an article on Byzantine Law, CJC would warrant some space in it, with a Template:Main tag directing the reader to CJC for more info. — Joe Kress 01:51, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not sure how to do this, but I think we should have body of civil law redirect here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.13.61.61 (talk) 13:03, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Civil law is a broader subject than the corpus of Roman law, which in turn is not fully embodied in the specific documents that are the subject of this article. Each civil law has its own corpus. --Wetman 14:11, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Unintellectual addition
Someone had made a rather unintellectual addition to this page. I think I managed to remove it, however am new to Wikipedia alterations....it was in the second section.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.27.58.87 (talk • contribs)

 * Thanks for your help, but other than my recent reversion of vandalism, the only recent "attempt to remove vandalism" was by Lulujannings who only merged two previously separate paragraphs (in the second section), which is writing style, not vandalism. — Joe Kress 05:40, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

"It is certainly true that the Corpus Iuris contains a nuber of provisions which discriminate against Jews", byzantine law ....Judaism... racism... Totally shocked here. Folks, where did you study Roman Law Institutions? Who were your professors? --Jack 1:30, 17 Jan 2007 (UTC)

Justinian
Justinian was a survivor of the plague, although it took it's toll on him and he later suffered many effects of the disease. This may have taken a few years off what his life span would have been.
 * This can be mentioned in the Justinian article. I doubt what effect it may have had on his life span, as he died in his eighties. Iblardi 15:11, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

"Revival"
I disagree with part of the intro particularly the following statement.
 * Justinian gave orders to collect legal materials of various kinds into several new codes which became the basis of the revival of Roman law in the Middle Ages.

This seems to imply Roman law was effectively dead worldwide and Justinian brought about a renaissance. That implication is completely untrue. Roman law was alive and well in the empire. Justinian's contribution was to codify and organize what had been a patchwork of legislation.

What is true is that in the West Roman law had largely died out and when the West began to reorganize itself they adopted Justinian's code as the basis for their new legal systems (at that time they were not "denying" the Romanness of the Eastern Roman Empire as Western historians of the Renaissance did).

Also, by the same token is it appropriate to call Justinian a "Byzantine Emperor"? Granted the point in history where "Roman" history ends and "Byzantine" history begins is highly debated. But, among other things, the term "Byzantine" tends to be reserved for the period when the empire switched to being strictly Greek-speaking and stopped associating itself with the West. Given that Latin was the language of Justinian's court, and he was the one that tried to restore the empire, it seems odd to not call him the Roman Emperor. The Justinian I article refers to him as the Eastern Roman Emperor which seems more appropriate.

--Mcorazao 05:25, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
 * "Roman" is correct. In Justinian's day the people of the Eastern Roman Empire, by then the eastern remainder of the whole Empire, called themselves "Romans" (even though they usually said it in Greek) and tended to look down upon western Romans as losers.  Constantinople (formerly a Greek town, Byzantion) had been developed by Constantine I in the fourth century as a substitute capital for the whole empire.  In the introductory part of the Corpus Iuris Civilis, the Institutes, Justinian is fanfared with Roman titles, "Imperator Caesar Flavius Justinianus ... semper Augustus (Emperor and Caesar, Flavius Justinian ... forever Augustus)" and speaks of himself as "princeps Romanus (roughly:  head of the Roman state)".  As long as this is borne in mind, there may be no harm in thinking of him - in a broader perspective - as "Byzantine".  And, anyway, "Constantinopolitan" is unspeakable. --Wikiain (talk) 03:33, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

"Sub-Roman"
People who haven't read any history seem to have such a problem over this descriptive term. It was confidently deleted here, where it is currently being used to modify Odoacer's kingdom, suggestive of. Odoacer's struggle to keep up Roman appearances. "Sub-Roman" is such a clear signifier: do people think it means "sub-human" or something? I'm hornswoggled. --Wetman (talk) 20:39, 25 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Very strange statement. In Theodorich's kingdom Roman law was respected nothing less than in Odoacer's. And it was finally defeated by Byzantines. So we can speak of vanishing of Roman law in Italy only after 727 or larer when Italy secessed from Byzantine empire (but not in whole). Parts of Italy remained under Byzantines at least until Lombard invasion in the mid 8th century. So Roman law could be in oblivion only between mid-8th century and mid-11th century. Not so long time.--79.111.181.199 (talk) 18:07, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Correct name Corpus Iuris Civilis?
Why is it called "Corpus Juris Civilis", I thought in Latin "J" did not exist? Gryffindor 20:30, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

I Think Juris should be changed to Iuris. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Twodogsstuck (talk • contribs) 04:03, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * One form is not necessarily more correct than the other. It's just a matter of spelling convention. In classical Latin, the sound j did exist, but it was represented by the letter i. Differentiation between the letters i and j only occurred in the Middle Ages. Since the name "Corpus Juris Civilis" was coined in the 16th century, there is no reason to use classical spelling conventions here; this could in fact be argued anachronistic, because unlike classical proper names, historically this title was never spelled that way. Iblardi (talk) 11:15, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Why is Scots law based upon Roman law?
A discussion on the origins of the Scottish legal system is taking place at WikiProject Scotland. Editors of this article may be able to throw light on the topic. To contribute to the discussion, please click here. References, per WP:VERIFY, would be especially welcome! Thank you in advance. --Mais oui! (talk) 08:07, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Should the Time Period Be Characterized As the "Middle Ages" or "Late Antiquity"?
The article states: "Justinian gave orders to collect legal materials of various kinds into several new codes, spurred on by the revival of interest in the study of Roman law in the Middle Ages." While it may be technically correct to refer to this period as Early Medieval, most people would think of the Sixth Century as being more Late Antiquity. Indeed, the characterization "Late Antiquity" seems especially appropriate for the Corpus Juris Civilis, because it represents the final development of a Roman institution rather than the beginning of what would become a Medieval institution. Indeed, the CJC was essentially forgotten in Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages. It was Western Europe's rediscovery of the CJC at the end of the 11th Century/beginning of the 12th Century that gave rise to the CJC's status as the primary source of law in modern Continental Europe, a hiatus that suggests the CJC's origin should be understood more as Late Roman than as Early Medieval. It has even been commented that the timing of the discovery of the CJC is one reason why the common law system arose in England, while the civil law system took root in Continental Europe. England had to fashion a new legal system following the Norman Conquest of 1066, and this was done on the basis of traditional law because there was no other source of law available. Less than a century later, as Continental European economic institutions were becoming more complex and the CJC was being rediscovered, the CJC began to be adopted on the Continent -- through the influence of universities -- because it offered a set of rules appropriate for increasingly complex market economies -- which had not existed in Europe for centuries. England did not join in this adoption, largely because England had just created a new legal system and was still in the process of adapting its newly-developed legal institutions to the changing conditions of the time. Thus, the common law system may be seen as Medieval in origin, while the civil law system may be seen as Roman in origin, or at least in inspiration. Since the CJC represents the end of Roman law rather than the beginning of Medieval law, it may be more appropriate to describe its time period as that of Late Antiquity. Bob99 (talk) 14:00, 7 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree, Bob99. My colleagues specialising in history of this period (who refer to themselves nicely as "late antiques") certainly classify the period as Late Antiquity, distinct from later periods that are characterised as "Middle Ages" and "medieval".  Aside from labels, as you say the medieval "revival of interest" is totally separate from Justinian's work. But the article seriously confuses the whole CJC/CIC with the part of it, the Code (Codex) that is a collection of extracts from legislation and, in effect, an update of the Theodosian Code (Codex Theodosiani).  As I expect you will know, The whole CJC/CIC consists of: the Code, in its second edition; the Digest (Digesta), which is a collection of extracts from juristic writings; the Institutes (Institutiones), which is/are an introductory textbook and a bit more; and the Novels (Novellae), which are later laws of Justinian (not collected by him but I think intended by him to be incorporated in a further edition of the Code). --Wikiain (talk) 01:20, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

Manuscripts, preservation...
A section on the existing manuscripts, their quality, and the general question of how well the text has been preserved, would be very useful, as for most texts from before the printing age. So if you know about this (I don't), please add something. -- 85.179.173.180 (talk) 11:18, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * See Littera Florentina. There are at least four levels of enquiry to pursue, interdependently:  condition of manuscripts; accuracy of transcription; editions and prospects thereof; and accuracy of translation. A good starting point is Roman Law Resources. --Wikiain (talk) 04:00, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

Legislation about religion
On 9 December 20110, user 98.117.124.36 changed "uniting Church and state" to "creating a pseudo-theocracy". I have reverted this, as (said with necessary brevity) "casting more shadow than light". How Justinian's regime is to be characterised is much debated: it used to be termed "caesaro-papism", but that has fallen out of use as imprecise, and perhaps anachronistic in both elements. "Uniting", too, is vague, since the association between church and state was through the emperor as head of both rather than an institutional combination - governors and bishops had their distinct spheres. It can also be questioned whether this structure was achieved by Justinian's laws or only registered in them as something already in existence. One has at least to distinguish earlier laws that are recorded in the Code from those that had been enacted by Justinian himself. I would leave "uniting Church and state", as begging questions but not mortgaging them to any particular answer. Answers might be introduced later in the section, or linked to if they are provided elsewhere. --Wikiain (talk) 23:09, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

-

”Uniting Church and state” is inaccurate and stating that Justinian was the head of both the state and the church is simply untrue: in Eastern Orthodoxy there is no head of the Church, the only ones with authority are the bishops of the Church. Eastern emperors were often considered collaborators and co-workers of the Christian Church but not once were they given a papal-like status, as evident by the temporal excommunication of emperor Theodosius by Pope/Bishop Ambrosius and emperor Leo the Isaurian's iconoclastic views that were firmly rejected by most of the church's bishops. Furthermore, except for a few exceptional cases, bishops never held political office and emperors never held the title ”Pontifex Maximus”. Justinian never was a bishop, much less a head of the church. In the Byzantine Empire the state and the church collaborated with each other but they weren't ruled by one and the same authority, so Byzantium wasn't exactly a theocracy. Emperors based their policy on Christianity at lot but they weren't authorities of the Christian Church and they had no say in terms of religious doctrine, or if they did their word wasn't final since it had to be approved by the church bishops. Byzantium was a rather secular-religious hybrid. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.233.93.157 (talk) 10:32, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

Codex repetitae praelectionis
Why does the above-named re-working of the Code, which came into force in 534 by the constitutio Cordi, not feature in this article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.173.31.167 (talk) 13:22, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I've now done that, in the course of working toward this being an article that focuses on the CIC as a whole, to be supported by separate articles on each of the four parts - two of which already exist. (Please sign your comments, so that we can discuss more effectively.) --Wikiain (talk) 00:05, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Hello Noailles
Hello and welcome, Noailles - since you don't yet have a talk page. I think you've made some useful contributions in this and related articles, but I also think they need to be more checked out and more clearly presented - for example, using citation templates which you can find in Help. Best wishes --Wikiain (talk) 23:56, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

Codex Repetitae Praelectionis
This has been created is anyone want to expand it. Philafrenzy (talk) 16:01, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Corpus Juris Civilis. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060912/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr:80/Haiti/Cours/Ak/ to http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131212125221/http://www.leges.uni-koeln.de/en/lex/codex-iustinianus/ to http://www.leges.uni-koeln.de/en/lex/codex-iustinianus/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:33, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

unsourced content

 * There is far too much unsourced content that it is impossible to know what is or is not original research. --Otr500 (talk) 08:22, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

Corpus Iuris Civilis complete

 * Corpus Iuris Civilis Mommsen and Krueger edition; photographically reproduced
 * Corpus Iuris Civilis Lion, Hugues de la Porte, 1558–1560: photographically reproduced
 * Digestum vetus
 * Infortiatum
 * Digestum novum
 * Codex
 * Volumen parvum
 * The Roman Law Library Including Corpus Iuris Civilis, Mommsen and Krueger edition; digitised

Institutiones, Codex and Digesta

 * Latin Law Library Text (edition unstated); digitised

Corpus Iuris Civilis complete

 * The Civil Law English translation (from Latin editions earlier than that of Mommsen and Krueger) by S.P. Scott, 1932

Codex

 * The Justinian Code In S.P. Scott's translation (see previous); digitised
 * Information on the Justinian Code and its manuscript tradition on the Bibliotheca legum regni Francorum manuscripta website, A database on Carolingian secular law texts (Karl Ubl, Cologne University, Germany).
 * Bruce W. Frier, ed. (2016, The Codex of Justinian. A New Annotated Translation, with Parallel Latin and Greek Text, Cambridge University Press, p. 2963, ISBN 9780521196826.

Novellae

 * David J.D. Miller & Peter Saaris, The Novels of Justinian: A Complete Annotated English Translation Cambridge University Press, p. 1192, ISBN 9781107000926 Codex and Novellae
 * Annotated Justinian Code English translation (from the Mommsen and Krueger edition) by Fred H. Blume, 1943; revised by Timothy Kearley, 2005–2009 (greatly preferable to Scott's translation).

Selections
Otr500 (talk) 08:57, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Selected Laws of Justinian Internet Medieval Sourcebook

title: Talk:Corpus Juris Civilis


text:
List of Washington locations by per capita income

Washington is the twelfth richest state in the United States of America, with a per capita income of $22,973 (2000) and a personal per capita income of $33,332 (2003).

Washington counties ranked by per capita income
Note: Data is from the 2010 United States Census Data and the 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.


text: User talk:65.102.119.243

title: User talk:65.102.119.243