text:
Zurab Nogaideli

Zurab Nogaideli (ზურაბ ნოღაიდელი; born 22 October 1964) is a Georgian businessman and a politician who served as the Prime Minister of Georgia from February 2005 until he resigned, citing health problems, on 16 November 2007. In December 2008, Nogaideli withdrew into opposition, setting up the Movement for a Fair Georgia party.

Early life and career
Born in Kobuleti, Ajaria, Georgia, Nogaideli graduated from the Moscow State University with a diploma in Physics in 1988. Before entering into national politics, he worked for the Institute of Geography of the Georgian Academy of Sciences between 1988 and 1992. In 1989–1990, he was also trained at the Institute of Geology of the Academy of Sciences of Estonia.

Parliament
He started his political career together with his friend, Zurab Zhvania, in the Green Party of Georgia in early 1990s. Nogaideli became a deputy in the Parliament of Georgia in 1992, elected following the overthrow of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia, and chaired the Parliamentary Committee on Environment Protection and Natural Resources during 1992–1995. He was again member of the successor Parliaments in 1995–1999 and 1999–2000, when he chaired the Parliamentary Tax and Income Committee.

Minister of Finance
He joined the government of Eduard Shevardnadze in the capacity of Minister of Finance in May 2000. During these years, he was considered a member of a political team of young reformists headed by Zurab Zhvania and Mikheil Saakashvili and proved to be quite an effective minister.

In 2001, he left the President-run Union of Citizens of Georgia party which he had joined in 1995. He was sacked, in 2002, without explanation, though it appears that he had intended to resign in protest against the policies of Shevardnadze's increasingly corrupted government (as the Minister of Justice Mikheil Saakashvili did a year before).

In a brief period of 2002–2003, he was involved in banking and investment ventures.

After Shevardnadze was ousted in the Rose Revolution of 21–23 November 2003, Nogaideli returned to government as the economic adviser to the acting president, Nino Burjanadze. He was re-appointed to his old post as Minister of Finance in February 2004 in the government of Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania.

Prime minister
President Mikhail Saakashvili nominated Nogaideli for the post of Prime Minister on 11 February 2005 following the untimely death of Zhvania. He was confirmed by the Georgian Parliament on 17 February 2005 by a vote of 175 to 24, and was sworn in immediately. Nogaideli is not a member of any party and is regarded as a technocrat with a tough approach to the corruption that plagues Georgia's economy.

According to Financial weekly Georgian newspaper The World Bank Group and the U.S. Agency for International Development has honored Zurab Nogaideli, Prime Minister of Georgia, as top business environment reformer of the year 2007. The Prime Minister has led reforms which have catapulted Georgia from a ranking of 112 to 37th place in the World Bank Group's 2007 global rankings on the regulatory ease of doing business.

Nogaideli is married with one son.

Resignation
Nogaideli announced his resignation on 16 November 2007 due to his poor health condition. In April 2007, Nogaideli underwent elective open-heart surgery at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital in Houston, U.S. The operation, led by leading US surgeon Dr. Charles Frazier, lasted for 8 hours and involved transplanting one mitral valve of the PM's heart.

After his resignation, Nogaideli said he would retire from politics and later joined the Kala Capital company – owned by the soccer star Kakha Kaladze – as its chairman.

Since June 2008, he has also been a chairman of the International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University Business Council.

Opposition
After the Russian-Georgian war, in September 2008, Nogaideli appeared in the Georgian press, unleashing heavy criticism of foreign and domestic policies of Mikheil Saakashvili. On 3 December 2008, he set up a new opposition party, the Movement for Fair Georgia.

In 2009, Nogaideli traveled several times in Russia, meeting top Russian officials, including Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (23 December 2009). In December 2009, he also met Eduard Kokoity, the breakaway South Ossetian leader, ostensibly to help release of the Georgian teenagers detained by the South Ossetian military. Nogaideli's rapprochement with Moscow met with a negative response from the Georgian government. President Saakashvili described Nogaideli's Russian stance as a "sin".

title: Zurab Nogaideli


text:
Arm warmer

Arm warmers are knitted "sleeves" worn on the arms. Sometimes worn by dancers to warm up their bodies before class, they have also become somewhat of a fashion item, appearing in the fall.

Arm warmers can also describe any glove-like articles of clothing that lack finger coverings and/or were originally designed to keep wrists and lower arms warm. Today, many competition and sport bicyclists as well as distance runners/marathoners wear spandex-compression arm-warmers.

History
Various sub-cultures, such as the punk, emo and goth subcultures, have also adopted arm warmers as a fashion statement. Stores such as Hot Topic sell arm warmers with chains and designs of skulls, piano keys, band logos, and other alternative inspired designs.

Sports
Sleeves made from Spandex or Lycra are used by long-distance runners and other endurance athletes. The compressive effect prevents swelling of the arm muscles and the build-up of lactic acid; they also provide insulation in cold weather and solar ultraviolet protection. During 2010 FIFA World Cup, arm warmers featuring the participating national teams became a phenomenon in the host country South Africa and abroad.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arm warmer


text:
Cheriton Hill

Cheriton Hill is a hill overlooking the English Channel near Folkestone in the south-east corner of Kent, England. The relatively low-lying hill (reaching only 188 metres above sea level) is covered with farmland, villages, narrow lanes, and footpaths. The highest point is on a covered reservoir next to the trig point; the highest natural point is nearby, probably close to the road to the village of Paddlesworth, near a transmitter mast, but the relatively flat summit gives no real impression of being on top of a hill.

By contrast, the southern edge of the hill is a steep escarpment which carries the ancient track named Pilgrims' Way, which is believed to date from 500 to 450 BC, and which runs from Folkestone along the North Downs hills. At this point the escarpment overlooks the huge Cheriton Channel Tunnel terminal, with views to France across the roofs of Folkestone. The slope of this escarpment forms part of the Folkestone Downs and is the location of the Folkestone White Horse, completed in 2003.

Cheriton Hill was the location of the discovery of the Late Spider orchid in the 19th century. At one point the number of known plants at Folkestone/Cheriton declined to just six, but with improved management of the chalk grassland by Eurotunnel and the White Cliffs Countryside Project, the population is now much healthier, estimated in 2008 to be 165 plants, some 30% of the UK population.

Cheriton Hill is one of the Marilyns identified since the publication of The Relative Hills of Britain in 1992, and is the most easterly Marilyn.

title: Cheriton Hill


text:
Talk:List of political parties in Iraq

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''The general rule on naming applies. That means: the parties are named in the English translation and the original native name is placed on the first line of the article unless the native form is more commonly used in English than the English form. Rationale and specifics: See: Naming conventions (use English)''.

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title: Talk:List of political parties in Iraq


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User talk:Ngc1976

Thanks for your notice about "vandalism" from this IP (194.232.85.82)

This is the proxy of WIFI, a Institute providing training for adults (http://www.wifi.at/)

I myself am a trainer on this institute, and have of course no idea who removed content. My wiki-username is User:Douglas77, btw.

If you experience deletion of content from this IP again, please contact the admin of the proxy. -- Douglas77

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Stenocereus

Stenocereus is a genus of columnar or tree-like cacti from the Baja California Peninsula and other parts of Mexico, Arizona in the United States, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Venezuela and the West Indies. The genus has been enlarged by the addition of species from several other genera. A close relative is the peculiar chinoa or chende cactus, Polaskia chende.

Description
The flowers are mostly borne near the apex of the stems and mostly nocturnal. They are considered easy to grow and generally grow slowly.

Stenocereus thurberi (the organ pipe cactus) is a well-known member of this genus and is widely distributed in Arizona and northern Mexico.

The fruit is similar to a dragon fruit. Those of Stenocereus gummosus, acidic and very refreshing, are highly favored by the Seris of northwestern Mexico who call the cactus ziix is ccapxl - "thing whose fruit is sour". It is commonly known in Spanish as pitaya agria, or by the English translation Sour Pitaya. S. griseus (Dagger Cactus) fruits, locally known as iguaraya, are relished by the Wayuu from the La Guajira Peninsula of Colombia.

Stenocereus are often used as ornamental plants in hot and arid regions, and as noted above, some species can double as a fruit crop.

The interior of Stenocereus trunks often grows to form tough, cane-like stakes suitable for certain kinds of construction. The Wayuu use those of Dagger Cactus for building wattle and daub walls, a technique they call yotojoro, after their name for the cactus wood "canes".

title: Stenocereus


text:
Rami

Rami or Ramy may refer to:

In music

 * Rami (singer), Japanese singer
 * Rami El-Kaleh (born 1983), Libyan-Irish musician
 * Rami Jaffee (born 1969), American keyboardist
 * Rami Kleinstein (born 1962), Israeli singer and composer
 * Rami Yacoub (born 1975), Swedish music producer and songwriter known professionally as Rami
 * Rami Yosifov, Israeli guitarist
 * Ramy Ayach (born 1980), Lebanese musician
 * Rami (라미) (born 2007), Stage-Name of South-Korean girl group singer BabyMonster

In sports

 * Rami Hakanpää (born 1978), Finnish footballer
 * Rami Koivisto (born 1968), Finnish ice hockey player
 * Rami Miron (born 1957), Olympic wrestler
 * Rami Nieminen (born 1966), Finnish footballer
 * Rami Sebei (born 1984), Canadian professional wrestler
 * Rami Shaaban (born 1975), Swedish footballer
 * Rami Zur (born 1977), American Olympic sprint canoeist
 * Ramy Ashour (born 1987), Egyptian squash player

In law and politics

 * Rami Jarrah, British-Syrian award-winning journalist, a.k.a. Alexander Page
 * Rami Aman, Palestinian journalist and peace activist in the Gaza Strip
 * Rami Hamdallah (born 1958), Palestinian prime minister

Other people with the given name

 * Rami Ismail (born 1988), Dutch-Egyptian game developer
 * Rami Malek (born 1981), American actor and producer
 * Rami Mehmed Pasha (1645–1706), Ottoman statesman and poet, using the nom de plume Rami
 * Ramy Youssef (born 1991), American actor and comedian

Surname

 * Adil Rami (born 1985), French footballer
 * Ahmed Rami (poet) (1892–1981), Egyptian poet
 * Ahmed Rami (writer) (born 1946), Swedish–Moroccan writer and Holocaust denier
 * Yousef Al Rami, the Arabic name given to Joseph of Arimathea, mentioned in the Gospels as the wealthy person in whose tomb Jesus was buried

Other uses

 * The plural of ramus, literally a branch, as of a plant, nerve, or blood vessel:
 * Rami, the upward portions on both sides of the mandible
 * Superior pubic ramus
 * Rochester Athenaeum and Mechanics Institute, the former name of the Rochester Institute of Technology
 * Rami (Card game) or rummy, a group of card games based on matching cards of the same rank or sequence, and same suit
 * Rami Barracks, 18th-century built Ottoman military facility in Istanbul, Turkey
 * RAMI by J.M.K., a diecast model company that made cars in 1:43 scale in Lure, France
 * Ramie or rami, a flowering plant, generally used in textiles
 * Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland (RAMI), a medical learned society
 * CZ 2075 RAMI, a semi-automatic pistol

title: Rami


text:
Talk:Croughton, Northamptonshire

Elm
You sure the elm's demise "dates to the early 1900s"? It still sprouted leaves regularly in the early 1970s... Grutness...wha?  23:38, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I'm unconvinced by the explanation about the "thou" pronunciation being introduced from the USAF. When I lived in Croughton it was as often pronounced as in "thou" as it was as in "crow" by the villagers themselves - including by the older residents who had been living there since before the base was American-run. That suggests that both pronunciations had already been in use there before the base was American. And no, I didn't live on the base, I lived in what was then the post office, next to a church opposite the school - and I usually knew it as sounding like "thou". People in the village then said that people from the Blenheim end (towards Aynho) pronounced it one way, and people from the rest of Croughton pronounced it the other way. Grutness...wha?  11:05, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Croughton, Northamptonshire


text:
TeleFile

TeleFile was the U.S. Internal Revenue Service's automated voice-response system in place from 1992 through 2005.

The initial 1992 test involved 125,983 returns from Ohio residents. In 1997 TeleFile for employment taxes was introduced. In 2001 TeleFile was expanded to include the ability to file automatic extensions. The system allowed a user to have a refund directly deposited to a bank account, or a payment electronically extracted, by entering the routing number and account number.

In 2003, four million taxpayers used TeleFile, rather than complete the traditional 1040EZ form. However, on August 16, 2005, this method of filing was discontinued in favor of electronic filing. The IRS cited a decline in the number of TeleFile users, coupled with the costs involved in keeping the system operating.

title: TeleFile


text:
Free Reformed Churches of Australia

The Free Reformed Churches of Australia (FRCA) are a federation of 18 congregations, 16 in Western Australia, two in Tasmania and a home-congregation in Cairns. At the start of 2016 the total membership was 4,663. Their historical roots are in the Reformed Churches of the Netherlands (Liberated) as a result of post-World War II immigration, and their doctrinal roots are in the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation and the Bible. The first congregation was in Armadale, Western Australia, founded in 1951.

Doctrine
As a confessional church, the churches subscribe to the Three Forms of Unity: Canons of Dort, Belgic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism. The churches submit to the following three creeds as summaries of the faith: The Apostles Creed, The Nicene Creed, and The Athanasian Creed.

Churches
The FRCA has the following churches in Western Australia, in order of institution:
 * Armadale - instituted 24 June 1951
 * Albany - instituted 14 December 1952
 * Kelmscott (daughter of Armadale) - instituted 1 January 1981
 * Byford (daughter of Armadale) - instituted 27 January 1985
 * Mount Nasura (formerly known as Bedfordale; daughter of Kelmscott) - instituted 1 December 1987
 * Rockingham (daughter of Byford) - instituted 6 September 1992
 * West Albany (daughter of Albany) - instituted 6 August 1994
 * Southern River (formerly known as West Kelmscott; daughter of Kelmscott) - instituted 29 November 1998
 * Bunbury - instituted 25 November 2001
 * Darling Downs (daughter of Byford and Armadale) - instituted 6 July 2003
 * Baldivis (daughter of Rockingham) - instituted 1 July 2007
 * Mundijong (daughter of Byford) - instituted 6 December 2009
 * Busselton (daughter of Bunbury) - instituted 27 March 2011
 * Melville (daughter of Southern River) - instituted 2 February 2014
 * Cardup Brook (daughter of Byford and Mundijong) - instituted 25 June 2023
 * Comet Bay (daughter of Baldivis) - instituted 2 July 2023
 * There is a home-congregation in Cairns, Queensland, overseen by Armadale.

and the following churches in Tasmania:
 * Launceston - instituted 15 February 1953
 * Legana (daughter of Launceston) - instituted 4 December 1988

Sister relationships
The Free Reformed Churches of Australia have sister-church relationships with
 * Canadian and American Reformed Churches
 * Free Reformed Churches of South Africa (Die Vrye Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika,)
 * Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin)
 * Reformed Churches in Indonesia (Gereja Gereja Reformasi di Indonesia, NTT)
 * Reformed Churches of New Zealand
 * First Evangelical Reformed Church of Singapore

A long-standing sister church relation with the Reformed Churches of the Netherlands (Liberated) (Gereformeerde Kerken vrijgemaakt) was terminated at FRCA Synod Bunbury in June 2018.

Mission
Their local churches are actively engaged in mission work in several locations in Asia and the Pacific, including Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. They have particularly close ties with the Canadian and American Reformed Churches, and many of their ministers have received their theological training at the Canadian Reformed Theological Seminary.

title: Free Reformed Churches of Australia


text: Portal:Sports/Sports and games news

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: Portal:Sports/Sports and games news


text:
Halifax Grammar School

The Halifax Grammar School (HGS) is a private, educational day school in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is located in south-end Halifax, near Saint Mary's University. Approximately 600 students attend the school, making it the largest independent school in Atlantic Canada. At the high school level students take the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program. The Head of School is Steven Laffoley. All prospective students get tested every year for their own learning paths. The school offers merit-based scholarships in academics, community service, and athletics. The school is the leading school in Atlantic Canada

Schools
The school is divided into the Prep School (Grades Junior-Primary through Grade 4), the Middle School (Grades 5 through 9), and the Senior School (Grades 10 to 12). Each school has its own Head of School and teaching staff.

The Halifax Grammar School is located at 945 Tower Road and houses Junior Primary through grade 12. The Halifax Grammar School used to occupy two campuses, one located on Atlantic Street, and the other on Tower Road but an expansion was added on to the Tower Road campus, opening for the 2018-2019 school year allowing the entire school to be housed in a single campus. A building at 420 Tower Road was the original location of the school before they purchased the building on Atlantic Street, which they soon decided to expand. For two years, the School rented the Bethany building on the corner of Tower Road and Inglis Street from Saint Mary's University, before purchasing the closed Tower Road School building from the City of Halifax.

Academics
Halifax Grammar maintains a high level of academic achievement. The school has offered the International Baccalaureate program, which provides an internationally accepted qualification for entry into higher education, in its Senior School since 1993. All School Students are enrolled in the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program starting in Grade 10.

Admission
The school is a tuition-based academic institution, with an admission fee to enrol a new student and other, additional costs. Students wear Grammar gear on assembly days and at special events.

Arts
The school's arts program is run by three teachers, including the painter Renee Forestall who teaches visual arts in the Middle and Senior Schools. At the High School level, students have the option of taking IB Standard Level Art.

Students may participate in the school's seven bands, learning repertoire from jazz, popular, and classical music. Prep School students in grades 3 and 4 must sing in the school choir, which performs several times each year in the community. Middle School students mount an annual dramatic production, often Shakespeare, while Senior School students produce an annual musical.

The school has a performing arts studio, funded through donations and fundraising efforts, that was completed in 2012.

Recent musicals
The school has run a Senior musical for over a decade. Actors, lighting technicians, and stage staff are all students. The school hires independent directors, band members and sound staff. The musicals that have been produced are:
 * 2021-2022: Pippin (musical)
 * 2019-2020: Newsies (musical)
 * 2018-2019: Seussical
 * 2017-2018: HGS Cabaret
 * 2016-2017: Grease
 * 2015-2016: Guys and Dolls
 * 2014-2015: Sweet Charity
 * 2013-2014: Anything Goes
 * 2012-2013: She Loves Me
 * 2011-2012: The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee
 * 2010-2011: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (musical)
 * 2009-2010: Urinetown
 * 2008-2009: The Boyfriend
 * 2007-2008: Into the Woods
 * 2006-2007: Bye Bye Birdie
 * 2005-2006: Guys and Dolls
 * 2004-2005: Fiddler on the Roof
 * 2003-2004: The Pajama Game
 * 2002-2003: Grease

Athletics
Boys and girls teams at Middle and Senior School levels compete in the primary athletic league of secondary schools in the province, the NSSAF. The school competes in a variety of sports including soccer, basketball, hockey, golf, track and field, cross country, skiing, badminton, and touch football. Halifax Grammar's Senior Varsity Basketball teams rank highly in Division 1 among the best high school teams in the province despite the small number of high school students in the school.

Past achievements for Grammar's athletic teams:

2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
 * Senior Boys Basketball: 2nd place, Boys Division 1 Capital Region
 * Senior Girls Basketball: 5th place, Girls Division 1 Capital Region
 * Girls Golf: Capital Region Banner
 * Senior Boys Basketball: Division 1 Boys Basketball Regional Banner and Provincial Silver Medalist
 * Senior Girls Basketball: Division 2 Girls Basketball Regional Banner and Provincial Bronze Medalist
 * Junior Boys Ski: Capital Regional Banner
 * Senior Girls X-Country: Regional Banner and Provincial Bronze Medalist
 * Senior Boys X-Country: Regional Banner and Provincial Bronze Medalist
 * Intermediate Boys X-Country: Citadel Zone Champions
 * Senior Boys Basketball: 2nd place, Boys Division 1 for Capital Region and NSSAF Provincial Silver Medalist
 * Junior Boys Skiing: Metro and Capital Regional Banner and Provincial Silver Medalists
 * Junior Boys Table Tennis: NSSAF Silver Medalists
 * Intermediate Boys singles Table Tennis: Capital Region Champion
 * Senior Boys singles Table Tennis: Capital Region Silver Medalist
 * Intermediate Boys Track and Field: 2nd place, Capital Region Championships
 * Junior Boys Table Tennis: Regional and Provincial Champions
 * Intermediate Boys X-Country: NSSAF Provincial Champions
 * Intermediate Boys Cross Country: Capital Region Champions
 * Senior Girls Basketball: NSSAF Division 3 Girls Basketball Capital Region Champions
 * Junior Boys Basketball: Capital Zone Banner
 * Senior Boys Basketball: 4th place, Metro Division 1 Boys Region and qualified for Provincials
 * Junior Boys and Intermediate Girls Skiing: NSSAF Provincial Champions
 * Senior Boys and Senior Girls Skiing: NSSAF Ski Provincial Champions
 * Track and Field Division 3: NSSAF Provincial Champions
 * Junior Boys X-Country: Citadel Zone Champions
 * Senior Boys X-Country: 2nd place, Capital Region Championships
 * Senior Girls Soccer: Division 3 Capital Region Champions
 * Senior Boys Soccer: Division 2 Capital Region Champions
 * Intermediate Track and Field: Capital Region Champions
 * Track and field: Division 3 NSSAF Provincial Champions
 * Junior Girls X-Country: Citadel Zone Championships
 * Intermediate Boys X-Country: Citadel Zone Champions, 2nd at Capital Region Championships, 3rd at NSSAF Provincial Championships
 * Senior Boys X-Country: 3rd place, Capital Region Championships
 * Senior Boys Basketball: Division 1 Boys Metro Region Finalists and NSSAF Bronze Medalists
 * Intermediate Boys and Girls Skiing: Capital Region Champions and NSSAF Provincial Champions
 * Senior Boys Skiing: Provincial Champions
 * Division 3 Senior Girls Soccer Capital Region Champions
 * Division 3 Senior Boys Soccer Capital Region Champions

Notable alumni

 * Howard Epstein – Nova Scotia Politician

 * Russell Smith - novelist
 * Jay Ferguson - musician, member of Sloan
 * Noah Pink - screenwriter, television producer, director, and swimmer
 * Elliot Page - actor
 * J. J. Gould - journalist
 * Jared Paul Stern - writer
 * Craig Silverman - journalist
 * David Goldbloom - psychiatrist
 * Alison Murray - filmmaker
 * Steven Laffoley - educator and author
 * Ben Proudfoot - filmmaker
 * Bill Black (businessman)

Heads of School

 * Charles Pengelly – 1958-1959 (Acting)

 * James Roxburgh – 1959-1962

 * Russell McNeill – 1962-1965

 * William Currie – 1965-1971

 * Colin Grimson – 1971-1975

 * Douglas Williams – 1975-1978

 * Peter Montgomery – 1978-1987

 * Robin Hinnell – 1987-1993

 * M.A. MacPherson – 1993-1995

 * John Messenger – 1995-2005

 * Paul Bennett – 2005-2009

 * Blayne Addley – 2009-2016

 * Steven Laffoley – 2016-Present

title: Halifax Grammar School


text:
Talpinae

The subfamily Talpinae, sometimes called "Old World moles" or "Old World moles and relatives", is one of three subfamilies of the mole family Talpidae, the others being the Scalopinae, or New World moles, and the Uropsilinae, or shrew-like moles.

These mammals in the order Eulipotyphla mainly live under ground. The species in this group are all found in Eurasia, except Neurotrichus gibbsii. Most species have front paws specialized for tunneling which are clawed and face outwards from the body. They mainly eat insects and other small invertebrates.

Taxonomy
Although most systems recognize this subfamily as monophyletic, some studies indicate that it as currently defined is paraphyletic with respect to the Scalopinae, with Desmanini being the most basal member, then a clade comprising Neurotrichini, Scaptonychini, and Urotrichini, then the Condylurini (otherwise classified in the Scalopinae), and then Talpini and Scalopini being sister groups to one another.

The list of species is:
 * Subfamily Talpinae
 * Tribe Desmanini
 * Genus Desmana
 * Russian desman, Desmana moschata
 * Genus Galemys
 * Pyrenean desman, Galemys pyrenaicus
 * Tribe Neurotrichini
 * Genus Neurotrichus
 * American shrew mole, Neurotrichus gibbsii
 * Tribe Scaptonychini
 * Genus Scaptonyx
 * Long-tailed mole, Scaptonyx fusicauda
 * Tribe Talpini
 * Genus Euroscaptor
 * Greater Chinese mole, E. grandis
 * Kloss's mole, E. klossi
 * Kuznetsov's mole, E. kuznetsovi
 * Long-nosed mole, E. longirostris
 * Malaysian mole, E. malayanus
 * Himalayan mole, E. micrurus
 * Ngoc Linh mole, E. ngoclinhensis
 * Orlov's mole, E. orlovi
 * Small-toothed mole, E. parvidens
 * Vietnamese mole, E. subanura
 * Genus Mogera
 * Echigo mole, M. etigo
 * Small Japanese mole, M. imaizumii
 * Insular mole, M. insularis
 * Kano's mole, M. kanoana
 * La Touche's mole, M. latouchei
 * Ussuri mole, M. robusta
 * Sado mole, M. tokudae
 * Senkaku mole, M. uchidai
 * Japanese mole, M. wogura
 * Genus Oreoscaptor
 * Japanese mountain mole, O. mizura
 * Genus Parascaptor
 * White-tailed mole, P. leucura
 * Genus Scaptochirus - China
 * Short-faced mole, S. moschatus
 * Genus Talpa
 * Altai mole, T. altaica
 * Aquitanian mole, T. aquitania
 * Blind mole, T. caeca
 * Caucasian mole, T. caucasica
 * Père David's mole, T. davidiana
 * European mole, T. europaea
 * Levant mole, T. levantis
 * Martino's mole, T. martinorum
 * Spanish mole, T. occidentalis
 * Ognev's mole, T. ognevi
 * Roman mole, T. romana
 * Balkan mole, T. stankovici
 * Talysch mole, T. talyschensis
 * Tribe Urotrichini
 * Genus Dymecodon
 * True's shrew mole, Dymecodon pilirostris
 * Genus Urotrichus
 * Japanese shrew mole, Urotrichus talpoides

title: Talpinae


text:
Talk:Numerian

Untitled
Is not that the solar diadem he is wearing on the illustrated coin? Might be worth mentioning, if it is. Is a connection to Sol Invictus far-fetched? I ask out of ignorance. --Wetman 11:36, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. It is common for emperors of the 3rd century to show their allegiance to Sol Invictus, Mithras, or other solar divinities.--Panairjdde 14:37, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Dates as emperor
I don't understand why the first paragraph states that Numerian was emperor beginning in December 283, but the text then relates that his father had died in July or August 283 (at which time Numerian began to lead the army out of Persia). Why the "interregnum" from August to December? I don't know the answer, but the article should explain. Wbkelley (talk) 15:17, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Divinization
What makes us think he was divinized? (I notice that he's included in the "deified Roman emperors" category.)

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title: Talk:Numerian


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User talk:Metal man123

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Metal Poll
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I guess ill see you at breakfest when you finally recover from Wikipedia. Bye for now body, your Brain 07:09, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

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User talk:Sbbhattacharyya

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Some idea
How about making separate portals - according to broad areas - as in Wikipedia? Supten 06:12, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Hello
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title: User talk:Sbbhattacharyya


text:
Sunless tanning

Sunless tanning, also known as UV filled tanning, self tanning, spray tanning (when applied topically), or fake tanning, refers to the effect of a suntan without exposure to the Sun. Sunless tanning involves the use of oral agents (carotenids), or creams, lotions or sprays applied to the skin. Skin-applied products may be skin-reactive agents or temporary bronzers (colorants).

The popularity of sunless tanning has risen since the 1960s after health authorities confirmed links between UV exposure (from sunlight or tanning beds) and the incidence of skin cancer.

The chemical compound dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is used in sunless tanning products in concentrations of 3%-5%. DHA concentration is adjusted to provide darker and lighter shades of tan. The reaction of keratin protein present in skin and DHA is responsible for the production of pigmentation.

Oral agents (carotenoids)
A safe and effective method of sunless tanning is consumption of certain carotenoids  —antioxidants found in some fruits and vegetables such as carrots and tomatoes—which can result in changes to skin color when ingested chronically and/or in high amounts. Carotenoids are long-lasting. In addition, carotenoids have been linked to a more attractive skin tone (defined as a more golden skin color) than suntan. Carotenes also fulfil the function of melanin in absorbing UV radiation and protecting the skin. For example, they are concentrated in the macula of the eye to protect the retina from damage. They are used in plants both to protect chlorophyll from light damage and harvest light directly.

Carotenaemia (xanthaemia) is the presence in blood of the yellow pigment carotene from excessive intake of carrots or other vegetables containing the pigment resulting in increased serum carotenoids. It can lead to subsequent yellow-orange discoloration (xanthoderma or carotenoderma) and their subsequent deposition in the outermost layer of skin. Carotenemia and carotenoderma is in itself harmless, and does not require treatment. In primary carotenoderma, when the use of high quantities of carotene is discontinued the skin color will return to normal. It may take up to several months, however, for this to happen.

Lycopene
Lycopene is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of beta-carotene and xanthophylls.

Lycopene may be the most powerful carotenoid quencher of singlet oxygen.

Due to its strong color and non-toxicity, lycopene is a useful food coloring (registered as E160d) and is approved for usage in the US, Australia and New Zealand (registered as 160d) and the EU.

Beta-carotene
Sunless-tanning pills often contain β-carotene. The American Cancer Society states that "Although the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved some of these additives for coloring food, they are not approved for use in tanning agents." Also that "They may be harmful at the high levels that are used in tanning pills."

Chronic, high doses of synthetic β-carotene supplements have been associated with increased rate of lung cancer among those who smoke.

Canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin is most commonly used as a color additive in certain foods. Although the FDA has approved the use of canthaxanthin in food, it does not approve its use as a tanning agent. When used as a color additive, only very small amounts of canthaxanthin are needed. As a tanning agent, however, much larger quantities are used. After canthaxanthin is consumed, it is deposited throughout the body, including in the layer of fat below the skin, which turns an orange-brown color. These types of tanning pills have been linked to various side effects, including hepatitis and canthaxanthin retinopathy, a condition in which yellow deposits form in the retina of the eye. Other side effects including damage to the digestive system and skin surface have also been noted. The FDA withdrew approval for use of canthaxanthin as a tanning agent, and has issued warnings concerning its use.

DHA-based products
DHA (dihydroxyacetone, also known as glycerone) is not a dye, stain or paint, but causes a chemical reaction with the amino acids in the dead layer on the skin surface. One of the pathways is a free radical-mediated Maillard reaction. The other pathway is the conventional Maillard reaction, a process well known to food chemists that causes the browning that occurs during food manufacturing and storage. It does not involve the underlying skin pigmentation nor does it require exposure to ultraviolet light to initiate the color change. However, for the 24 hours after self-tanner is applied, the skin is especially susceptible to ultraviolet, according to a 2007 study led by Katinka Jung of the Gematria Test Lab in Berlin. Forty minutes after the researchers treated skin samples with high levels of DHA they found that more than 180 percent additional free radicals formed during sun exposure compared with untreated skin. Another self-tanner ingredient, erythrulose, produced a similar response at high levels. For a day after self-tanner application, excessive sun exposure should be avoided and sunscreen should be worn outdoors, they say; an antioxidant cream could also minimize free radical production. Although some self-tanners contain sunscreen, its effect will not last long after application, and a fake tan itself will not protect the skin from UV exposure. The study by Jung et al. further confirms earlier results demonstrating that dihydroxyacetone in combination with dimethylisosorbide enhances the process of (sun-based) tanning. This earlier study also found that dihydroxyacetone also has an effect on the amino acids and nucleic acids which is bad for the skin.

The free radicals are due to the action of UV light on AGE (advanced glycation end-products) as a result of the reaction of DHA with the skin, and the intermediates, such as Amadori products (a type of AGE), that lead to them. AGEs are behind the damage to the skin that occurs with high blood sugar in diabetes where similar glycation occurs. AGEs absorb and provide a little protection against some of the damaging factors of UV (up to SPF 3), However, they do not have melanin's extended electronic structure that dissipates the energy, so part of it goes towards starting free radical chain reactions instead, in which other AGEs participate readily. Overall tanner enhances free radical injury. Although some self-tanners contain sunscreen, its effect will not last as long as the tan. The stated SPF is only applicable for a few hours after application. Despite darkening of the skin, an individual is still susceptible to UV rays, therefore an overall sun protection is still very necessary. There may also be some inhibition of vitamin D production in DHA-treated skin.

The color effect is temporary and fades gradually over 3 to 10 days. Some of these products also use erythrulose which works identically to DHA, but develops more slowly. Both DHA and erythrulose have been known to cause contact dermatitis.

Professional spray tan applications are available from spas, salons and gymnasiums by both hand-held sprayers and in the form of sunless or UV-Free spray booths. Spray tan applications are also available through online retail distribution channels and are widely available to purchase for in home use. The enclosed booth, which resembles an enclosed shower stall, sprays the tanning solution over the entire body. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) states when using DHA-containing products as an all-over spray or mist in a commercial spray "tanning" booth, it may be difficult to avoid exposure in a manner for which DHA is not approved, including the area of the eyes, lips, or mucous membrane, or even internally. DHA is not approved by the FDA for inhalation.

An opinion issued by the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, concluding spray tanning with DHA did not pose risk, has been heavily criticized by specialists. This is because the cosmetics industry in Europe chose the evidence to review, according to the commission itself. Thus, nearly every report the commission's eventual opinion referenced came from studies that were never published or peer-reviewed and, in the majority of cases, were performed by companies or industry groups linked to the manufacturing of DHA. The industry left out nearly all of the peer-reviewed studies published in publicly available scientific journals that identified DHA as a potential mutagen. A study by scientists from the Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, published in Mutation Research has concluded DHA 'induces DNA damage, cell-cycle block and apoptosis' in cultured cells.

SIK-inhibitors
A novel class of compounds has been found to stimulate melanogenesis in a mechanism that is independent from α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) activation of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1 receptor). This is accomplished via small molecule inhibition of salt-inducible kinases (SIK). Inhibition of SIK increases transcription of MITF which is known to increase melanin production. Work published in June 2017 has demonstrated compounds that have efficacy when applied topically to human skin. These compounds are still however in pre-clinical stages of development. Future directions may include the incorporation of SIK-inhibitor compounds with traditional UV-blocking sunscreens to minimize UV-related DNA damage in the short term while providing longer term protection through endogenous melanin production.

Tyrosine-based products
Tanning accelerators—lotions or pills that usually contain the amino acid tyrosine—claim that they stimulate and increase melanin formation, thereby accelerating the tanning process. These are used in conjunction with UV exposure. At this time, there is no scientific data available to support these claims.

Melanotan peptide hormones
The role of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in promoting melanin diffusion has been known since the 1960s. In the 1980s, scientists at University of Arizona began attempting to develop α-MSH and analogs as potential sunless tanning agents, and synthesized and tested several analogs, including afamelanotide, then called melanotan-I.

In the European Union and United States, afamelanotide is indicated for the prevention of phototoxicity in adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria. Afamelanotide is also being investigated as a method of photoprotection from in the treatment of polymorphous light eruption, actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma (a form of skin cancer). Bremelanotide is used for the treatment of generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women.

To pursue the tanning agent, melanotan-I was licensed by Competitive Technologies, a technology transfer company operating on behalf of University of Arizona, to an Australian startup called Epitan, which changed its name to Clinuvel in 2006.

A number of products are sold online and in gyms and beauty salons as "melanotan" or "melanotan-1" which discuss afamelanotide in their marketing. The products are not legal in any jurisdiction and are dangerous. Starting in 2007 health agencies in various counties began issuing warnings against their use.

Other melanogenesis stimulants
Eicosanoids, retinoids, oestrogens, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, endothelins, psoralens, hydantoin, forskolin, cholera toxin, isobutylmethylxanthine, diacylglycerol analogues, and UV irradiation all trigger melanogenesis and, in turn, pigmentation.

Temporary bronzers (skin colorants)
Bronzers are a temporary sunless tanning or bronzing option. These come in powders, sprays, mousse, gels, lotions and moisturizers. Once applied, they create a tan that can easily be removed with soap and water. Like make-up, these products tint or stain a person's skin only until they are washed off.

They are often used for "one-day" only tans, or to complement a DHA-based sunless tan. Many formulations are available, and some have limited sweat or light water resistance. If applied under clothing, or where fabric and skin edges meet, most will create some light but visible rub-off. Dark clothing prevents the rub-off from being noticeable. While these products are much safer than tanning beds, the color produced can sometimes look orangey and splotchy if applied incorrectly.

A recent trend is that of lotions or moisturizers containing a gradual tanning agent. A slight increase in color is usually observable after the first use, but color will continue to darken the more frequently the product is used.

Just as with the term "sunless tanner", the term "bronzer" is likewise not defined by law, or by regulations enforced by the FDA. What is defined and regulated is the color additive DHA, or dihydroxyacetone. (Note that the "color additive" dihydroxyacetone is itself colorless.)

Air brush tanning is a spray on tan performed by a professional. An air brush tan can last five to ten days and will fade when the skin is washed. It is used for special occasions or to get a quick dark tan. At-home airbrush tanning kits and aerosol mists are also available.

Risks
Tanners usually contain a sunscreen. However, when avobenzone is irradiated with UVA light, it generates a triplet excited state in the keto form which can either cause the avobenzone to degrade or transfer energy to biological targets and cause deleterious effects. It has been shown to degrade significantly in light, resulting in less protection over time. The UV-A light in a day of sunlight in a temperate climate is sufficient to break down most of the compound. It's important to continue wearing SPF while self-tanning, as self-tanner is generally a fake and temporary tan, and your skin is still sensitive to the sun.

If avobenzone-containing sunscreen is applied on top of tanner, the photosensitizer effect magnifies the free-radical damage promoted by DHA, as DHA may make the skin especially susceptible to free-radical damage from sunlight, according to a 2007 study led by Katinka Jung of the Gematria Test Lab in Berlin. Forty minutes after the researchers treated skin samples with 20% DHA they found that more than 180 percent additional free radicals formed during sun exposure compared with untreated skin.

A toxicologist and lung specialist at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine (Dr. Rey Panettieri) has commented, "The reason I'm concerned is the deposition of the tanning agents into the lungs could really facilitate or aid systemic absorption -- that is, getting into the bloodstream. These compounds in some cells could actually promote the development of cancers or malignancies, and if that's the case then we need to be wary of them." A study by scientists from the Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, published in Mutation Research has concluded DHA 'induces DNA damage, cell-cycle block and apoptosis' in cultured cells.

Many self tanners use chemical fragrances which may cause skin allergies or may trigger asthma. Furthermore, some of them contain parabens. Parabens are preservatives that can affect the endocrine system.

title: Sunless tanning


text:
Talk:History of pottery in Palestine

Untitled
02-09-05 I am copy and style editing this article, which has not had much attention since its creation. Some areas of the original article seem to lack complete sentences or don't quite make sense. I'm presently unfamiliar with the all research details cited, so will try to leave the "factual" material unaffected. In particular, I am trying to move from the plural 1st person "we" to the more academic 2nd or 3rd person and improving the sentence structure. Comments welcome -- please correct any historical errors.

Does anyone else think this article would be better as simply "Pottery in Palestine?"

- W (currently an anon)  --as of 02-17-05 WBardwin.

I agree that the title is clumsy. Perhaps a better title would be "southern Levantine pottery"? Bporter615 23:42, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Recent edits
Your recent material provides some very good information but please take the time to look over some Wikipedia conventions about style, in particular things like internal links. By removing previous material (admittedly not very good), you are also removing the article's ties to related articles and materials. This effectively isolates the article and makes it more difficult to "move around" the Wikipedia structure. Large scale edits like this are awkward for other editors, and may lead to concerns over Wiki's copyright restrictions. If you have more material to immediately contribute, I won't do any copy editing or "clean up" toward Wiki style until you are finished. Thanks for your interest in this long abandoned article. WBardwin 05:59, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Name Change
The name change from History of Pottery in the Southern Levant to History of Pottery in Palestine doesn't make sense in my opinion. For starters, the regions are not identical, Palestine being one of many names for a specific area within the Southern Levant. Secondly, the article itself deals with the region of the Southern Levant as a whole, not just the region of Palestine/Israel/Judea/Samaria etc. Thirdly, Palestine is a single name for a specific region within the Southern Levant which has had it name changed multiple times. Using the name Southern Levant is the most accurate choice, as well as the most apolitical. Drsmoo (talk) 09:00, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Please provide sources to back up your analysis of the WP:TITLE policy. Here are mine, as they relate to WP:COMMONNAME:
 * Google book search shows no books (ZERO) including the phrase "History of pottery in the Southern Levant" (Please note that the few links shown are all wikipedia mirrors (see VDM_Publishing and Books LLC))
 * Google book search shows 55 books including the phrase used in the current title
 * Also please see these google book charts showing the historical popularity of the various names of the region as a % of books in the google corpus...
 * COMPARING Israel,Palestine,Judah,Zion,Holy Land,Levant,Judea,Southern Syria,Southern Levant
 * ZOOMING IN ON THE BOTTOM TWO Southern Syria,Southern Levant
 * The first chart, whilst including a number of the biblical names which have other non-geographic uses, gives a good sense of relative scale. The second chart shows just how WP:FRINGE the term Southern Levant is outside wikipedia.
 * Oncenawhile (talk) 10:15, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

 * To begin with, your statement is factually wrong, as a google.co.uk book search reveals seven books which include the phrase History of Pottery in the Southern Levant, including a book with that title exactly. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bgeNQgAACAAJ&dq=%22history+of+pottery+in+the+Southern+Levant%22&hl=en&ei=EeXETuiCFuLm0QGwnYn2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA If one searches for "pottery in the southern levant" there are 2,780 results in google books. It is in no way fringe. Of course that is utterly irrelevant, this article is about pottery in the region of the Southern Levant, not in the subsection of the Southern Levant which was at one time called Palestine. Most of the results on the front page of the google book search are from around 100 years ago, they are in no way a contemporaneous guideline of what to call this article. Based on the logic of the Ngrams you posted, we should name the article History of Pottery in Israel, as that is far and away the most popular name currently available (though again, the area does not equal the entire Southern Levant, and this article includes more than just Israel/Palestine). The reason Southern Levant was chosen is because using any specific name like Canaan, Israel, Judea, Palestine etc is only one example of a name for the region, there have been many, and pushing for a single one only makes the article POV. Drsmoo (talk) 11:05, 17 November 2011 (UTC)
 * You have not read my post properly. I have now underlined the points you missed. Those two underlined points refute everything in your post above. Your last sentence shows the huge knowledge gap you have here. If you are happy to open your mind instead of constantly fighting, I can point you to some scholarly sources which will educate you on all the different names you mentioned and hopefully calm this whole thing down.Oncenawhile (talk) 22:11, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

 * That is incorrect, History of Pottery in the Southern Levant by Frederic P. Miller, Agnes F. Vandome, John McBrewster is not a copy of Wikipedia. Nor are the vast majority of the over 2,500 books with the phrase pottery in the Southern Levant. Nor is the fact that Israel is not a "biblical name" but the current common name for much of the area. Your argument based on google.co.uk book results for a specific phrase is utterly irrelevant. The reason Southern Levant was chosen and agreed with (over 5 years ago btw) is because it avoids the political back and forths of switching between Israel/Palestine etc. You are also contradicting your own argument, when you created the History of Palestine article (against Wikipedia policy btw) you stated that your intention was to leave the History of the Southern Levant article alone because, "These regions are all defined slightly differently, and therefore have different articles. With respect to the history of these regions, there may be other users in addition to the above-mentioned User:Drsmoo who feel strongly that the Southern Levant should have its own history article." http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:History_of_Palestine&diff=418832958&oldid=418739306 This flies in the face of the rationale you are now presenting for moving this article name from History of Pottery in the Southern Levant to History of Potery in Palestine. As you clearly understand that they are not entirely synonymous, you understand why replacing one with the other is unacceptable. With the only reason for doing so, and the reason it was unanimously accepted, being to avoid back and forth POV squabbling due to its status as WP:NPOV. Using the name History of Palestine is utterly POV as it is only one name for a specific time period within the region. In any case I've said my piece on the matter, waiting for opinions from other editors, rather than going back and forth presenting the same viewpoints in perpetuity. Drsmoo (talk) 07:08, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Please can you spend a bit more time considering your posts before you write them? This is getting embarrassing.
 * The book you are referring to IS a wikipedia mirror (put the authors' names into google and you'll see). Re biblical names, both Israel and Judah were names of people, and the names of tribes, in addition to later becoming geographic names. Re your use of the word "irrelevant", there is only one thing relevant for this debate and that is WP:TITLE.
 * Agree with your final point - i.e. let's wait for other's comments. In the meantime, maybe you can spend some time educating yourself on this subject.
 * Oncenawhile (talk) 23:00, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

 * It would be worthwhile if you would respond to points rather than posting personal attacks and going on with non sequiturs. You claimed that you copied History of the Southern Levant into History of Palestine because "These regions are all defined slightly differently, and therefore have different articles." Your move of the article history of Pottery in the Southern Levant to history of Pottery in Palestine flies in the face of this supposed justification. As well as flying in the face of WP:NPOV Drsmoo (talk) 02:09, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Have you still not read WP:TITLE?! There is a whole subsection on "Neutrality in article titles". As we have finally established, the title you support appears in ZERO books. Anyway, to call the term Palestine non-neutral is ignorant. It is and has always been the common scholarly term for the region. Seriously, you should spend a little time reading about the other terms you referred to and you will understand. Oncenawhile (talk) 10:01, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

 * So what did you mean when you wrote "These regions are all defined slightly differently, and therefore have different articles."? Drsmoo (talk) 14:58, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

I'm not particularly knowledgeable about historical geography, so I won't come down on a particular side of this debate. However, I should emphasize one point that Drsmoo made, which seems to have gotten lost in this discussion: an article title must accurately reflect the scope of material discussed in the article. This is just common sense, and it trumps any argument based on the relative popularity (or unpopularity) of any given term or phrase.

What is the scope of the term "Palestine"? What region does it refer to? I know that, historically, it refers to a region larger than the one governed by the modern-day Palestinian National Authority. However, I don't know whether it encompasses the entire region denoted by the phrase "Southern Levant". Does it? If it doesn't, then the title "History of Pottery in Palestine" is simply inaccurate, whatever may be said in its favor.

If the terms "Palestine" and "Southern Levant" do not refer to the same geographical area (if Palestine is smaller than the Southern Levant, for instance), then we have two options:
 * 1) Change the title back to "History of Pottery in the Southern Levant" and otherwise leave the article as is.
 * 2) Change the title back to "History of Pottery in the Southern Levant", THEN reduce the article's scope to pottery in Palestine (rather than the whole Southern Levant), THEN change the title to "History of Pottery in Palestine".

Of course, if "Palestine" and "Southern Levant" refer to the exact same geographical area, then nothing that I said above is relevant. But if they do not refer to the same region, then all this arguing about Google Books searches, etc. is pointless. Article titles should reflect the scope of article content. Period. --Phatius McBluff (talk) 18:15, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Hi Phatius, thanks for your comment. The answer to your question is complex, but I will try to summarise my understanding below:
 * Palestine Region
 * The term Palestine Region is the primary English-language term for the region which today comprises Israel and the Palestinian territories, and sometimes part of Western Jordan. See Timeline of the name Palestine for details.
 * The boundaries of the region have varied throughout history. They were first defined in modern times by the formation of the British Mandate for Palestine. These boundaries were drawn up following discussions with key Zionist leaders, whose position was formalized by the Zionist Organization at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (see here)
 * In defining the British Mandate, the key difference between the British and Zionist positions was the eastern boundary
 * The "natural border" on the east is the Arabian Desert
 * Naturally the Zionists wanted the largest area possible, and requested Palestine to be defined all the way to the Hejaz Railway on the border of the Arabian Desert. The British ultimately defined the mandate for Palestine as ending at the River Jordan (not as far east)
 * As a result, the eastern boundary as defined by Palestinian nationalism is the River Jordan
 * So in summary, the Region of Palestine may or may not include parts of Western Jordan, depending on the context. When discussing culture or ancient history, the "natural eastern boundary" is clearly implied. When talking about "national history" or otherwise, the British Mandate eastern boundary is implied
 * Israel
 * The (mostly secular) Zionist leaders had originally lobbied consistently for a "Jewish home in Palestine"
 * Later, Jewish opinion began to sway towards the religious name of the region "Land of Israel" (Eretz Yisrael in Hebrew)
 * This name referred to the Biblical Land of the Children of Israel (Israel being another name for Jacob). Israel, or Land of Israel, had never been a geographic name for the region outside of the Bible
 * On the Partition of Palestine in 1947-48, Israel was chosen as the name of the new state on 78% of Palestine
 * Southern Levant
 * The term Southern Levant is a neologism which began to become popular following Israel's capture of the remaining 22% of Palestine in the 1967 Six Day War (see this chart)

 * It is intended to refer to the Palestine Region with its "natural eastern border", but without using the word "Palestine".
 * This article
 * This article was created in 2004 with the title History of pottery in Palestine, and was later changed to History of pottery in the Southern Levant. The content changes in the intervening period have not changed the scope of the article.
 * Oncenawhile (talk) 20:22, 20 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we should rename the article "West Bank" to Judea and Samaria. After all, West Bank is a "neologism" which began to become popular after 1967. http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=West+Bank&year_start=1600&year_end=2000&corpus=0&smoothing=10 Drsmoo (talk) 15:45, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * For the purpose of clarification, Israel was in fact the name of a geographic area, and was referenced in the Mesha Stele among many other places. Israel was the name of a territory within the Southern Levant, as Palestine is also the name of a territory within the Southern Levant. You had originally stated that Southern Levant and Palestine were to be defined differently and have different articles, now you seem to be describing them as synonymous. Regarding etymology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant
 * "The term Levant, which first appeared in English in 1497, originally meant the East in general."
 * "The term became current in English in the 16th century, along with the first English merchant adventurers in the region"
 * "Today "Levant" is typically used by archaeologists and historians with reference to the prehistory and the ancient and medieval history of the region, as when discussing the Crusades. The term is also occasionally employed to refer to modern or contemporary events, peoples, states or parts of states in the same region, namely Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria (compare with Near East, Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Asia)."
 * As an aside, and purely in the interest of maintaining historical fact, as it has little relevance to this discussion your claim regarding the partition is also incorrect. Under the partition plan, the Arab state was to include 43% of the Palestine mandate including all of the major aquifers, while Israel was to include 56% of the Palestine mandate and mostly desert. Drsmoo (talk) 20:54, 20 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Your use of "many other places" is spurious. I can think of three in total, and all such biblical archaeology finds referring to Israel are disputed by biblical minimalists. Either way, the Mesha Stele, whether authentic or not, refers to the small northern Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), NOT the Land of Israel. On your final point, 78% refers to the Green Line (Israel) which designated de facto partition post the war. We should probably get back on topic now. Oncenawhile (talk) 22:01, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Please note this discussion has moved to Dispute resolution noticeboard at the thread History of pottery in the Southern Levant, History of pottery in Palestine Oncenawhile (talk) 21:29, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No concensus to move to new title, current title does no harm to WP. This article has bigger problems--sourcing--than its current title which is otherwise accurate. Mike Cline (talk) 00:49, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

History of pottery in Palestine → History of pottery in the Southern Levant – Relisted. Vegaswikian (talk) 06:46, 29 November 2011 (UTC) with History of pottery in Palestine becoming a redirect to History of pottery in the Southern Levant. I'm filing this as a neutral party assisting the parties involved in a dispute listed at the Dispute Resolution Noticeboard and, except for the observations which I've made in that discussion, express no opinion about the matter. For the arguments, please see the discussions: Regards, TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 16:47, 22 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Immediately above in the Name Change section of this talk page,
 * On Drsmoo's talk page, and
 * At the DRN discussion.

 * Oppose Palestine is a term commonly used to describe this geographic region in academic disciplines like archaelogy, history and art history concerned with the history of pottery. Its use is far more widespread than Southern Levant. Besides it being numerically more common in a google book search, a look at the kinds of. sources that come up shows them to br high quality RS, often definitive works in their fields. I realize some people think the word is purely or primarily political, but this is not necessarily so. It has a long history of conventional use in English and the political situation has not led to its banishment. It is still in wide use today and is thr most common name used to discuss this topic.  T i a m u t talk 20:29, 22 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Support Southern Levant is a politically neutral term. --PiMaster3 talk 21:04, 28 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Strong Support -- WE have much too much edit-warring over Israel/Palestine. Historically it was Israel (and Edom and Moab); then Israel and Judea; later Outremer; then Palestine; and 1948-67 Israel and Jordan.  The propsoed target is a NPOV solution to the problem.  Even if Palestine is the term used by archaeologists, it has become politically charged and we will have endless name-warring, which does no one any good, and is laibale to casue the article to suffer vandalism.  The word Palestine is cognate with the Philistines, a people who occupied a region comprising the Gaza Strip and an adjacent area.  It has refer to a larger area, but we cannot re-fight the 1948, 1956, 1967, 1974 etc conflicts on the fields of Wikipedia.  Peterkingiron (talk) 17:46, 1 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment: I have been watching from the sidelines, but just a quick comment that the post above is overflowing with incorrect facts. I am happy to pick them out one by one if anyone wants, but in the meantime I wanted to make clear to the uninvolved that the editor above has demonstrated very poor knowledge of basic facts in the subject which he has a strong view on. Oncenawhile (talk) 22:01, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose, scholarly usage is uniformly "Palestine". Claiming that the use of "Palestine" has become "politically charged" could just as easily be said of the use of "Israel". By the way, did you know that there is a article List of birds of Israel and an article List of birds of Palestine? Speciate (talk) 05:32, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose, unless someone can show significant scholarly usage for "Southern Levant" (which based on the map at Levant, would seem anyway not to be a particularly good description of the region covered by this article).--Kotniski (talk) 11:26, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment: In fact, the article specifically describes the region of the Southern Levant, and has done so for years. There are eight references to Southern Levant in the article and three to Palestine, two of which are in the lead which was written when Oncenawhile changed the article name. Your statement is factually wrong and I am skeptical that you've read through the article. It is quite puzzling that you would link to the map at Levant, as opposed to using the map at Southern Levant to inform your opinion. There are several times more scholarly articles discussing "ancient Israel" then there are discussing "ancient Palestine" Making your point ultimately irrelevant, Southern Levant has been the article name for years not because it is more in use than "Israel" or "Palestine" but because it is a neutral term that encompasses both areas. There is an article called Pottery in Palestine which deals with the History of Pottery in Palestine, as opposed to this article, which deals with the History of Pottery in the Southern Levant. Regarding the statement that Palestine being politically charged could just as easily be applied to Israel, I agree, which is why a neutral name was chosen years ago. Before which there were constant back and forth move battles. Drsmoo (talk) 22:55, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment Hi Drsmoo, I won't rehash all the points we've already debated on this since our discussions are linked to above, but I do want to state my opinion that the arguments you just made in your post have already been thoroughly refuted. You continue to use illogical arguments, such as your proposal to compare the term "ancient Israel" to "ancient Palestine" which apart from being irrelevant, implies that you don't know what the term "Ancient Israel" means. And you refuse to acknowledge that the view exists that "Southern Levant" is not at all neutral, i.e. that it is a neologism coined to serve a political purpose, and using any term other than the scholarly wp:commonname would be non-neutral. Oncenawhile (talk) 00:01, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment You have already stated your opinion multiple times. I did not respond to your comment earlier, despite it being incorrect, in an effort to not continue the back and forth which has already been documented. You stated you're not interested in rehashing all the points, but then proceeded to do exactly that, I suggest you stop your bullyish behavior, remove your "comment to my comment" and allow independent editors to voice their view. Drsmoo (talk) 00:08, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I remain unconvinced that "Southern Levant" accurately describes the region covered by this article. It includes Syria, after all, which is very much in the north of the Levant. If anything, we're talking here about the western Levant. But there seems no reason to use this obscure designation when we have the easily recognizable "Palestine" available. --Kotniski (talk) 13:10, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
 * This article has described Pottery in the Southern Levant for five years. I'm still flabbergasted that you could actually say with a straight face that the article doesn't describe the Southern Levant, when it has for five years, and there are 8 references in the body to Southern Levant, and only 1 to Palestine. As Oncenawhile posted on the History of the Southern Levant page "as i read the article it includes almost no explanation of the History of Jordan, concentrating almost exclusively on the History of Palestine." http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:History_of_the_Southern_Levant&diff=420405007&oldid=419550617 While this is untrue regarding the History of the Southern Levant article, he is implying that Southern Levant and Palestine are not entirely synonymous and describe different regions, as Oncenawhile also stated when he made the History of Palestine article, "Wikipedia currently has many articles describing overlapping regions in this area - e.g. Palestine, Canaan, Zion, the Land of Israel, Syria Palaestina, Southern Syria, Jund Filastin, Outremer, the Holy Land and the Southern Levant. These regions are all defined slightly differently, and therefore have different articles." (emphasis mine) http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:History_of_Palestine&diff=418832958&oldid=418739306 For example, there is an article called Pottery in Palestine which describes the history of Pottery in Palestine. Of course this opinion, that Palestine and Southern Levant describe different areas, was not stated when attempting to change the article name here or elsewhere from Southern Levant. It seems there is a great deal of disingenuousness involved with the attempt to change this article title. Drsmoo (talk) 15:14, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
 * We can't draw many conclusions from the terms that Wikipedia editors have decided to use in the article - we should be more interested in what terms the sources use. Is the whole article based on the once source that's listed? How does that source (and any others) refer to the region that it's supposed to cover?--Kotniski (talk) 17:07, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
 * It appears so, while there have been several editors for this article, none seemed to have cited many sources. Drsmoo (talk) 17:42, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose - this long-running attempt to excise the word Palestine from the encyclopedia is disruptive in that it attempts to replace standard usage terms in scholarly text with supposedly politically neutral phrases. People, remember that this is supposedly an encyclopedia, and that we are charged with attempting to create a reference work based on the highest quality sources. We cannot disregard the fact that the word used by those sources is nearly uniformly Palestine. This succeeded at History of Palestine because a user was able to get away with move-warring to a preferred name without any consensus. That cannot be taken as evidence of any consensus for the position. The name used by the sources is Palestine, so to should the name used by Wikipedia be Palestine.
 * "The name used by the sources is Palestine" There aren't any sources in this article. No one is attempting to excise the word Palestine, and the paranoia is what is disruptive. May I also remind you that this discussion is about this particular article, and nothing aside from this particular article.Drsmoo (talk) 18:02, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

About the closing of this move request: As noted in the template, above, the closing guidelines are set out at Requested moves/Closing instructions. In a discussion with Drsmoo on my talk page today, I misinformed him/her that a no consensus result here necessarily results in the title staying the same. The "Determining consensus" section of those guidelines actually says, among other important things:"However, sometimes a requested move is filed in response to a recent move from a long existing name that cannot be undone without administrative help. Therefore, if the closer feels that no consensus has been reached, they may move the article back to the most recent stable name. If the most recent stable name is itself a matter of dispute, closers are expected to use their own judgment in determining the proper destination."Since this article was named History of pottery in the Southern Levant from 22 June 2006 until it was first changed to the current title on 21 October 2011, that provision would seem to clearly apply if a no-consensus outcome is what eventually happens here. I would also note in passing that in light of the serious issues and controversy concerning this issue, the "Non-admin closure" section of those guidelines would appear to not allow a non-admin closure to this discussion. I continue to express no opinion as to what the best or proper closure of this listing would be. Regards, TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 18:16, 8 December 2011 (UTC) Clarification added above (underlined). — TransporterMan  ( TALK ) 18:29, 8 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi TransporterMan, thanks again for your input. Just to add that the issue of application is not clear cut, because this article began life with the current name (History of pottery in Palestine), was stable until 2006, and no move discussion was held when the name was changed to Southern Levant. Since this article has a very low view hit rate, the 2006 move appears to have gone under the radar of the community. Oncenawhile (talk) 00:51, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Comment It would seem that the conclusion of this discussion will automatically determine the question of whether History of the Southern Levant and History of Palestine should be merged, if indeed they are one and the same area. If this is the case, this discussion should be publicised elsewhere to a wider audience. Chesdovi (talk) 11:35, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I disagree, as Oncenawhile, who initiated this move dispute, correctly noted, Southern Levant and Palestine are different areas which need different articles. With that said, I have no issues with this, or that, discussion being publicized to a larger audience. Drsmoo (talk) 16:04, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:History of pottery in Palestine


text:
User talk:Robeik

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
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Guido de Bres
Hi, do you have any views on the naming of this artcile which is under dispute at Talk:Guido de Bres. Jezhotwells (talk) 10:48, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robeik


text:
User talk:Dsabo5

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

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title: User talk:Dsabo5


text:
Talk:Goodnight Sweetheart (TV series)

Theme song?
This is such a sweet TV show. It's a shame I only got to watch a couple of episodes. Does anyone know more about the theme song? 128.12.20.195 04:10, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

May be a bit late responding but I believe the theme song is 'Goodnight Sweetheart' by Al Bowlly. His 'Guilty' is on Amelie soundtrack. MEDChambers (talk) 13:59, 18 March 2017 (UTC)

Jack the Ripper
Perhaps someone more familiar with 'Goodnight Sweeetheart' could add to the Jack the Ripper article, under the Television sub-heading. I remember an episode where Jack the Ripper makes it through the portal and dies in the future, hence his mysterious disappearence in the past.--Commander Keane 11:46, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The episode in question is called "The 'Ouses In Between". Gary gets a taxi in the 1940s to Duckett's Passage - but gets dropped off at the wrong end, where he finds another time portal that takes him back to around the time Jack The Ripper was at large. There, he meets an ancestor of both the PC Deadmans that he knows, both in the 1990s and the 1940s - also, he meets a singer there who looks like Yvonne, but speaks like Phoebe - a series of events that take place throughout that episode reveal that Jack The Ripper - whose real identity is never revealed - somehow, as Gary did, found a time portal that led him to the 1940s, then found another that led him to the 1990s - at the start, Gary can smell cigars (he doesn't smoke) in his shop and it.turned out Jack The Ripper was hiding in there - the episode culminates in Jack The Ripper deciding to live in the 1990s - though, the moment he sets foot outside the door of Gary's shop, he gets run down by a car. Arthurvasey (talk) 14:56, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

Portal
The article is very good, but I think there is a factual error in relation to the plot of the final episode (no. 63 'Accentuate the Positive'. After he prevents Clement Attlee from being poisioned, he returns to Ducketts Passage to discover that the time portal has already closed.  He is not presented with any choice - he is trapped in 1945 and it is in this situation that the series ends.

 * Someone's probably confused it with #54, "Just in Time", where Gary believes the portal is going to be shut down and facing the choice he decides he has to stay with Phoebe and Michael. Timrollpickering (talk) 00:31, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

Son
Perhaps under 'Trivia' some mention should be made of the fact that the little boy who plays Pheobe & Gary's son is actually Christopher Ettridge's son (Reg Deadman) in real life. The boy is never credited though so I don't know what his first name would be.

 * This is in 'One O'Clock Jump' Series 3 Episode 3. The real life son of Christopher Ettridge, who plays the young boy Frank, is Alfie Ettridge Rogers. If you watch Nicholas Lyndhurst's reaction when PC Deadman picks the little boy up, you will see a genuine smile - not acting. The credits are on IMDB. Tedmarynicz (talk) 12:44, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

Similarities to Italian film
Does anyone know whether the marked similarities between Goodnight Sweetheart and the 1985 Italian film Non Ci Resta Che Piangere are coincidental, or if there was some kind of a rights buyout as I've heard rumoured but can't find confirmed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.106.152.164 (talk) 13:31, 16 January 2007 (UTC).

Gary's accent
When did Gary's cockney accent disappear? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.159.135.137 (talk) 02:58, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Are you thinking of his role in "Fools and horses"? From what I can hear he sounds the same from episode one to the last. --Monotonehell 07:26, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

What a length!
This plot summary is far too long, it needs to be condensed. Edito*Magica (talk) 13:41, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Postmodern?
How does Yvonne's ambition to juggle career and family make her postmodern? AuntFlo (talk) 07:50, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Dr Who Blink
I wonder if anyone else spots similarities between the Dr. Who Episode Blink and the last episode specifically? Flung backwards in time, Surname Sparrow, Message left under the Wallpaper.

Or is that just Intertextuality? Skb random (talk) 17:46, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

Change of actors
I think the article should say why the two female actors who appeared in the first three series left to be replaced. Having just been watching the show, it is rather odd and creepy when there are two new actors in the same roles at the beginning of the fourth series. 31.48.191.252 (talk) 09:24, 25 November 2015 (UTC)
 * To add that amount of detail would require a published rationale for the changes (the same thing happens in a lot of series). I personally don't know why, although I have seen the interview with Elizabeth Carling, but I can't remember much about it except she's from the north country. I have added a summary into the intro to cover that there were changes, as these two females were the co-stars, unlike the others (males) in the infobox who were support actors. -Semperito (talk) 02:33, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

Rolf Harris Appearance in show - has his scene been cut in replays of the show?
Just a big question, but did Rolf Harris get his scene from the show's fifth series, cut out? I saw mention of this on a forum, so curious about it. If it is true that his appearance in the show was cut out in replayed episodes, could we amend the line in the article's "Historical figures" section to reflect that possibly? GUtt01 (talk) 01:32, 3 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I've just watched a replay on UKTV Gold and the sequence was missing. It can be viewed on youtube. I will add a footnote to address this query, which should be all that's needed. Thanks for pointing this out.-Semperito (talk) 02:24, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Star Trek as a possible inspiration
I just watched the Star Trek episode City on the Edge of Forever, where Kirk and Spock chase McCoy through a time portal to the 1930s. At one point in the episode the song Goodnight Sweetheart is played, and the motif continues throughout. I feel like this is too much of a coincidence, but I can't find anything about a connection. Xereeto (talk) 08:58, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Goodnight Sweetheart (TV series)


text: User talk:194.201.43.36

title: User talk:194.201.43.36


text:
Arthur Fallot

Étienne-Louis Arthur Fallot (September 29, 1850 in Sète, Hérault – April 30, 1911) was a French physician.

Fallot attended medical school in Montpellier in 1867. While in residence in Marseille he wrote a thesis on pneumothorax. In 1888 he was made Professor of Hygiene and Legal Medicine in Marseille. In 1888 Fallot described in detail the four anatomical characteristics of tetralogy of Fallot, a congenital heart defect responsible for blue baby syndrome.

title: Arthur Fallot


text:
Talk:Sodium boric acid

Merge discussion
Sodium Boric Acid refers to the sodium salt of boric acid also known as sodium borate.

Boric Acid has pKa values 9.14, 12.74, and 13.80.

Since a compound has most of its buffering capacity within 1 pH of its pKa, Sodium Borate would primarily be useful as a buffer in the pH ranges 8.14-10.14 and 11.74-14.80.

I would suggest however that Sodium Boric Acid should be renamed Sodium Borate and indicating the formula as NaH2BO3. Since Borax is typically of the form Na2B4O7 and represents an oxidation of two molecule of Borate to sodium tetraborate and subsequent dehydration to the anhydrous borax though since this the oxidation occurs in water and borax is highly soluble in water. The borax will exist in a hydrated solution state and only made anhydrous by extraction of the water.

72.37.171.52 17:19, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sodium boric acid