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Zhou Jiannan

Zhou Jiannan (1917−1995) was a Chinese politician.

Biography
Zhou was born the third of four sons in Yixing, Jiangsu province. He graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 1937. After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Zhou left Shanghai. By the end of the year, he reached the revolutionary base of Yan'an and joined the Communist Party. In August 1938 he was sent to Chongqing to conduct guerrilla warfare.

In the 1980s, he acted as a mentor to Jiang Zemin.

Zhou Jiannan was the father of Zhou Xiaochuan, former governor of the People's Bank of China.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zhou Jiannan


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The International (golf)

The International (styled as The INTERNATIONAL) was a professional golf tournament in Colorado on the PGA Tour. It was played for 21 seasons, from 1986 through 2006, at the Castle Pines Golf Club at Castle Pines Village in Castle Rock, south of Denver.

It had the distinction of being one of two PGA Tour events not conducted at traditional stroke play, the only other exception is the match-play event, the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship. The International was the only tournament to use the Modified Stableford scoring system, enacted because of the significant elevation of the venue, which averages 6300 ft above sea level.

Beginning in 2007, the International was scheduled to change dates to be played during the first full weekend of July (July 5–8, and July 4–7, 2008), midway between the U.S. Open and the British Open. Tournament officials hoped this new date would draw even more top-ranked players, such as Tiger Woods, as it would no longer be contested the week before (or after) the year's final major (PGA Championship). Even with the change in dates, both tournament founder Jack A. Vickers and the membership of the club were apparently not happy with the overall direction the PGA Tour was taking.

On February 8, 2007, the PGA Tour announced the permanent cancellation of the International. It was replaced by the AT&T National, hosted by the Tiger Woods Foundation, and held in the Washington, D.C. area; near sea level and at standard stroke play.

The Modified Stableford scoring system returned to the PGA Tour in 2012 at the Reno–Tahoe Open, also at high elevation.

Format
The Modified Stableford system awards points on each hole, based on the score relative to par. It is designed to reward aggressive play, taking chances to go for birdies (or better), as the reward for a low score on a hole is typically greater than the punishment for a poor score. For example, over a two-hole span, a birdie (+2) and a bogey (−1) gain one point, where two pars gain nothing. The scoring operates as follows:

Holes in one are treated as the score relative to par; an ace on a par-3 hole would be considered an eagle and scored as +5.

The International used several different formats throughout its history. Until 1993, final-round scores alone determined the winner; additionally, the event had multiple cuts in every year except 2005.
 * 1986: Field cut to 78 after first round; cut to 39 after second round based solely on second-round scores; cut to 12 after third round based solely on third-round scores; winner determined solely by final-round score
 * 1987–1988: Field cut to 78 after first round; cut to 54 after second round based solely on second-round scores; cut to 18 after third round based solely on third-round scores; winner determined solely by final-round score
 * 1989: Field cut to 72 after second round based on two-round cumulative scores; cut to 24 after third round based solely on third-round scores; winner determined solely by final-round score
 * 1990–1992: Field cut to 72 after second round based on two-round cumulative scores; cut to 24 after third round based on three-round cumulative scores; winner determined solely by final-round score
 * 1993–1997: Field cut to 72 after second round based on two-round cumulative scores; cut to 24 after third round based on three-round cumulative scores; winner determined by four-round cumulative score
 * 1998–2004, 2006: Field cut to top 70 and ties after second round based on two-round cumulative scores; cut to top 35 and ties after third round based on three-round cumulative scores; winner determined by four-round cumulative score
 * 2005: Due to rain, schedule changed; no play Thursday; field cut to top 60 and ties after second round based on two-round cumulative scores; 36 holes played on Sunday, with winner determined by four-round cumulative score

title: The International (golf)


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Arizona State Route 202

Arizona State Route 202 (SR 202) or Loop 202 (202L) is a semi-beltway circling the eastern and southern areas of the Phoenix metropolitan area in central Maricopa County, Arizona. It traverses the eastern end and the southern end of the city of Phoenix, in addition to the cities of Tempe, Mesa, Chandler, and Gilbert, and is a vital route in the metropolitan area freeway system. Loop 202 has three officially designated sections along its route; the Red Mountain Freeway, the SanTan Freeway, and the Congressman Ed Pastor Freeway, also known as the South Mountain Freeway. The Red Mountain Freeway runs from the Mini Stack Interchange with Interstate 10 (I-10) and State Route 51 (SR 51) in Phoenix to the SuperRedTan Interchange with U.S. Route 60 (US 60) in Mesa. The SanTan Freeway runs from there to an interchange with Interstate 10 (I-10) in Chandler. The Congressman Ed Pastor Freeway runs from there to I-10 in western Phoenix.

Loop 202 was created after different sections of freeway within the Phoenix metro were given the designation, with the first section designated in 1990. The SanTan Freeway was completed in 2006, while the Red Mountain Freeway section was completed in 2008. The Congressman Ed Pastor Freeway officially opened on December 21, 2019.

Route description

Loop 202 begins as the Red Mountain Freeway at the Mini Stack, a four-level confluence with I-10 (Inner Loop) and SR 51 (Piestewa Freeway) in Central City, Phoenix. Heading eastward, the route passes through Eastern Phoenix and encounters partial interchanges with SR 143 (Hohokam Expressway) and Sky Harbor Blvd, both which provide motorists direct access to the Sky Harbor Airport. The freeway then skims the northern bank of the Salt River as it passes through Tempe with its downtown skyline visible across the Town Lake. It then crosses the river diagonally on a long bridge before encountering its first major junction with Loop 101 around milepost 9.5. At this point, Loop 202 enters the city of Mesa. It avoids the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community lands and has a junction with SR 87. It also passes the Falcon Field and the adjunct Boeing Mesa Facility. Just shy of the Superstition Mountains, the freeway turns southward and serves the Mesa Community College and the Red Mountain District Park. At milepost 30, it encounters US 60 (Superstition Freeway) on the SuperRedTan Interchange. This segment features HOV lanes from the start of the route to University Drive, with ongoing plans to extend the lanes.

Past the interchange, Loop 202 becomes the SanTan Freeway. Near Eastmark, the route curves west and encounters the western terminus of SR 24 (Gateway Freeway). Simultaneously, Loop 202 provides access to the Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport and the ASU Polytechnic campus. The freeway enters Gilbert and serves the Santan Village shopping district and the Mercy Gilbert Hospital. Next, it passes through Chandler, serving the namesake airport and encountering SR 87 again about 1 mi south of the downtown area. At milepost 50, it has a second interchange with Loop 101, which terminates here, beside the Chandler Fashion Center mall. At milepost 55, Loop 202 has a full-on junction with I-10 by Pecos Park. This section of Loop 202 has HOV lanes through I-10 out to Gilbert Road, also with long-term plans to extend the lanes eastward.

Continuing westward as the Congressman Ed Pastor Freeway (sometimes referred to as the South Mountain Freeway by locals), Loop 202 enters Phoenix as it follows the Pecos Road alignment between the gated communities of the Ahwatukee Foothills Village and the Gila River Indigenous Community. Near Komatke, the freeway curves northward and cuts through the western foothills of the South Mountain Preserve, with a direct interchange to a hotel and casino. The route passes through Laveen and crosses the Salt River again, which is the site of the future SR 30 junction. Loop 202 takes up the 59th Avenue alignment through the warehouse districts before finally terminating at milepost 78 with I-10 (Papago Freeway) about 6.5 mi west of Downtown Phoenix.

History
The final section of the Red Mountain Freeway opened on July 21, 2008, thus marking the completion of the original Regional Freeway System as approved by Maricopa County voters in 1985 by Proposition 300. The portion of the Red Mountain Freeway west of the Pima/Price Freeways was formerly known as the "East Papago Freeway," and it was initially designated SR 217. The remainder of the Red Mountain Freeway was to be SR 216. In 2006, this portion of Loop 202 was used to portray a Saudi Arabian superhighway in the 2007 film, The Kingdom. Filming also took place at Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport and the Arizona State University Polytechnic Campus. The city of Mesa received $40,000 for the use of the freeway from NBC Universal.

The SanTan Freeway was completed in 2006. This section of freeway was originally numbered as SR 220. It was given current designation on December 18, 1987, along with the East Papago and Red Mountain Freeway corridors and the portion of the SanTan Freeway east of Price Road. Between Price Road and the I-10 interchange, the freeway was to be part of Loop 101, and is officially designated as such, even though maps and road signs show it as part of Loop 202.

The third and final leg of Loop 202, the Congressman Ed Pastor Freeway, named in honor of longtime U.S. Representative Ed Pastor (D-AZ), received final approval from the Federal Highway Administration on March 10, 2015, with construction completed at the end of 2019. Initially, the freeway was officially named as the South Mountain Freeway during its conception and construction (and still colloquially known as such), but received its current official name on October 22, 2019. The construction phase divided it into two distinct segments: the "eastern segment" that straddles the Ahwatukee-GRIC border and the "western segment" that parallels 59th Avenue through Laveen. Together, these segments form a 21.9 mi bypass around Downtown Phoenix, linking the metropolitan area's southwestern and southeastern suburbs. The Congressman Ed Pastor Freeway was to be SR 218. By July 19, 1991, it was renumbered as part of Loop 202. A 6 mi stretch of Loop 202, between 40th Street and 17th Avenue, includes a 16 ft wide shared-use path. The pathway is on the south side of the freeway and is also open to pedestrians and cyclists. The path was added because the former Pecos Road had been a popular cycling route for years.

Controversy
The Congressman Ed Pastor Freeway was the most controversial segment of Loop 202. Construction was delayed due to tension between three groups: regional transportation planners, who insisted that the freeway was necessary to ensure smooth traffic flow in the coming decades; residents of the adjacent Ahwatukee community, who would have lost 120 homes to eminent domain depending on the road's final alignment; and leaders and residents of the adjoining Gila River Indigenous Community (GRIC), who have oscillated between opposing and supporting the freeway in recent years.

The specific alignment of the freeway, initially referred to in 1983 as the "Southwest Loop Highway", was revised several times since 1985, when Maricopa County voters originally approved its construction as part of the regional highway network envisioned under Proposition 300. In 1988, the Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG), the region's transportation planning agency, suggested an alignment of the freeway's western segment along 55th Avenue and an alignment of the eastern segment along Pecos Road. A federal study in 2001 required ADOT to reexamine those suggestions, and the task of recommending the final alignment fell to a Citizen's Advisory Team formed in 2002. In April 2006, that panel released their final recommendations to route the western portion of the freeway four miles further west to connect with Loop 101, and to reject the proposed alignment of the eastern portion along Pecos Road, suggesting that the latter be built on Gila River Indigenous Community land instead. Two months later, ADOT overruled the panel's suggestion for the western segment and opted for the current 59th Avenue alignment instead.

In February 2012, a non-binding referendum was held in the Gila River Indigenous Community on whether the eastern portion of the freeway should be built on community land several miles south of Pecos Road. Options in the referendum were to build on community land, off community land, or not at all. The "no build" option won a plurality of votes, receiving 720 votes out of a total 1,481 cast. MAG sent out a press release soon after making it clear that construction of the freeway would move forward as planned along the Pecos Road alignment. Expecting this outcome, MAG and ADOT had previously (in 2010) shrunk the freeway's footprint from 10 lanes to eight to minimize its impact on Ahwatukee. Fearing the worst possible outcome of the freeway being built without exits onto community land (as would be the case with the Pecos Road alignment), Gila River Indigenous Community residents quickly formulated plans for a new referendum that would exclude the "no build" option, leaving only "yes on Gila River or no on Gila River." The tribal government rejected this proposal in July 2013.

As late as September 2013, the freeway still faced active opposition. A non-profit group called the Gila River Alliance for a Clean Environment filed a civil-rights complaint with ADOT in July, claiming the freeway would disproportionately and adversely affect tribe members. A freeway opposition group called Protecting Arizona's Resources and Children planned an environmental lawsuit. And the Environmental Protection Agency in August 2013 raised several objections to the state's 12-year, $21 million draft environmental impact statement that had deemed construction of the freeway to be more beneficial to the environment, by improving traffic flow and thus reducing pollution, than building no freeway at all. The EPA claimed that the statement contained overly optimistic traffic projections, did not sufficiently address air quality concerns, and could harm neighboring communities and environmental resources.

By April 2017, ADOT had purchased 1387 acres, or 90% of the land needed for the freeway. While construction was underway in 2017 on both ends of the freeway segment, no work had occurred on a five-mile (8 km) center segment adjacent to South Mountain until a final decision was made by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. A ruling was released in mid-2018 in the action brought by the Gila River Indigenous Community. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected Gila River Indigenous Community's claims in December 2017.

Construction
In March 2015, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) issued a Record of Decision approving the project and selecting a build alternative. ADOT immediately thereafter commenced right-of-way acquisition and the procurement of final design and construction services in the form of a design-build-maintain contractor or "developer." The developer will have been selected at the end of 2015 (actual date was a couple months after) and freeway construction will have begun in early 2016 (construction started later that same year), with the Chandler Boulevard extension project to facilitate local access beginning in summer 2015. However, new lawsuits in June 2015 from the group Protecting Arizona's Resources and Children, the Sierra Club, and the Gila River Indigenous Community threatened to delay the freeway's construction.

On August 26, 2015, ADOT started demolition of the first houses along the route for the South Mountain Freeway (Congressman Ed Pastor Freeway).

On February 27, 2016, the contract to design, build, and maintain the freeway was awarded to Connect 202 Partners, a joint venture led by Fluor Corporation, with Fluor, Granite Construction, Ames Construction, and Parsons Brinckerhoff being responsible for the final design and construction, and with Fluor and DBi Services, LLC being responsible for maintenance for 30 years.

The first phase of construction of the South Mountain Freeway (Congressman Ed Pastor Freeway) began on September 19, 2016, with improvements to the I-10/Loop 202 (Santan Freeway) interchange.

In early 2017, ADOT announced an updated design for the freeway, including Arizona's first diverging diamond interchanges at Desert Foothills Parkway and 17th Avenue; a reconfiguration near 51st Avenue that moved the freeway interchange to Estrella Drive in order to avoid a GRIC well; and a pedestrian bridge to connect the Del Rio subdivisions bisected by the freeway.

The freeway opened to traffic in late 2019 as originally planned, with construction being finalized in late 2020. The 6 mi shared used path between 40th Street and 17th Avenue along the south side of the freeway and the 32nd Street interchange both opened to the general public on October 31, 2020. However, a crash on northbound Loop 202 has yet to be written.

The final part of Loop 202 to open was the diamond interchange with Lindsay Road (exit 43) on the SanTan Freeway section in Gilbert. Initially not a part of the existing freeway, the interchange was planned through a partnership with ADOT and the town government in order to provide direct access to the central business district and other surrounding businesses and neighborhoods. Construction on the interchange began in January 2021 and the interchange opened to traffic on September 15, 2022, following a ribbon-cutting ceremony.

Spur route
State Route 202 Spur (Arizona Spur 202) is an unsigned state highway located in Phoenix. It begins at the Red Mountain Freeway (Loop 202) at exit 5. It continues west, intersecting the Hohokam Expressway (SR 143) and ends at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. This is an unsigned route, marked by westbound exit signs from Loop 202 as Sky Harbor Boulevard. The spur route was commissioned in 1993.

title: Arizona State Route 202


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Talk:Chengmi

Speedy Deletion tag removed
More than 24 hours after the article was tagged for Speedy Deletion, no one had found a case for it, so I removed the tag. This article was mentioned in another VfD, where the consensus was to delete the other article for similar reasons, but this article was not voted on. See Votes_for_deletion/Korpos_Mohol and Votes_for_deletion/Arvumi. As far as I can tell, this article does not meet the CSD criteria. SWAdair | Talk 07:17, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chengmi


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List of municipalities in Wyoming

Wyoming is a state in the Western United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, Wyoming is the least populous state with inhabitants but the 9th largest by land area spanning 97093.14 sqmi of land. Wyoming has 23 counties and 99 municipalities consisting of cities and towns. Wyoming's municipalities cover only 0.3% of the state's land mass but are home to 68.3% of its population.

Wyoming's largest municipality by population is the capital city Cheyenne with 65,132 residents, and the largest municipality by land area is Casper, which spans 26.9 mi2, while the smallest municipality in both categories is Lost Springs with 6 residents and an area of 0.09 mi2.

A Wyoming statute indicates towns are municipalities with populations of less than 4,000. Municipalities of 4,000 or more residents are considered "first-class cities".

Cities and towns
‡

†

title: List of municipalities in Wyoming


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Jelebu District

The Jelebu District (Negeri Sembilan Malay: Jolobu; Jawi: جلبو) is the second largest district in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia after Jempol, with a population over 40,000. Jelebu borders on the Seremban District to its west and Kuala Pilah District to its south, Jempol District to its southeast, Bentong and Bera Districts, Pahang to its east and Hulu Langat District, Selangor to the north. Jelebu is a suburban district with blossoming semi-agricultural industry. Jelebu is also a parliamentary constituency of the Dewan Rakyat in the Malaysian Parliament. Kuala Klawang is the principal town of the district.

Jelebu has an infamous recorded history of British and Japanese colonization as compared to other parts of Negeri Sembilan. Numerous priceless colonial artefacts were discovered in the small semi-agricultural town of Sungai Muntoh, which was once a prosperous mining town a century ago. These artefacts are now displayed in the state museum. Titi and neighbouring Sungai Muntoh were the most developed towns of all mining sites in Jelebu. The booming tin industry was one of the main reasons for the massacre in Titi, where more than 1,500 people, mainly Chinese, were killed. Altogether, about 5,000 people were killed by the Japanese-led army during World War II.

Geography and climate
The Titiwangsa Mountains, the longest mountain range in Malaysia, transverses through Jelebu District. As a result, most of its terrain are generally heavily forested and mountainous, specifically on its northern and western regions. The eastern and southern parts of the district are relatively flat, where agriculture flourished. Jelebu District is home to Negeri Sembilan's tallest mountain, Mount Besar Hantu (1,462 m), near the border with Pahang. Other significant peaks within the district are Mounts Telapak Buruk (1,193 m) and Berembun (1,014 m), both located along the border with Seremban District. The Pasoh Caves, the southernmost limestone cave complex in Malaysia, is also located in Jelebu. The Pasoh Caves are also known for being the first Paleolithic site in southern Peninsular Malaysia, as well as the southernmost in Malaysia.

Jelebu has the warmest climate recorded in Malaysian history. The southwestern part of Jelebu is considered as the driest place in Malaysia. However, in the mornings the temperatures are quite low and visibility is moderate due to the foggy climate.

Administrative divisions
Jelebu District is divided into 8 mukims, which are:
 * Glami Lemi
 * Kenaboi
 * Kuala Klawang (Capital)
 * Peradong
 * Pertang
 * Triang Hilir
 * Ulu Klawang
 * Ulu Triang

Economy
The rubber and mining business made Malaya as one of the richest in natural resources during the British colonial period. Jelebu was one such district that produced some of the world's best quality rubber and steel. Pineapple production there is ranked one of the top in Peninsular Malaysia. For some unknown reasons, Jelebu is home to some of the state's biggest and most advanced rehabilitation centres.

Politics
Currently Jelebu constituency is represented in the Dewan Rakyat by Dato' Jalaluddin Bin Alias of UMNO, the leading party of the federal opposition coalition Barisan Nasional.

In turn, Jelebu contributes 4 seats to the Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
 * Chennah;
 * Kuala Klawang;
 * Pertang; and
 * Sungai Lui.

Sungai Lui constituency is part of Jelebu parliamentary constituency but in district administration, it was part of the Jempol District and therefore in the local government level it was administered by the Jempol District Council (Majlis Daerah Jempol), which was formed on 28 August 1980 through the merger of the Kuala Klawang Town Board (Lembaga Bandaran Kuala Klawang) and the local councils (Majlis Tempatan) of Titi and Pertang.

Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats
List of Jelebu district representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat)

List of Jelebu district representatives in the State Legislative Assembly (Dewan Undangan Negeri)

Tourist attractions

 * Customs Museum (Muzium Adat) is a museum in Kuala Klawang which exhibits facets and lifestyle of the Malaysian people and identity of Negeri Sembilan.  It was constructed in 2005 and officially opened on 2 February 2008 by Negeri Sembilan Chief Minister Mohamad Hasan and Minister for Culture, Arts and Heritage Rais Yatim. The museum is housed in a four-story building, with a giant replica of Malay headdress at the top of its entrance and consists of four galleries, which are: Introduction of custom, Life cycle, Intellectual tradition, government and power and Pepatih customs.
 * Kuala Klawang Memorial or Martin Lister Memorial is a memorial in Kuala Klawang built to honouring Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.

title: Jelebu District


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Longyi

A longyi is a sheet of cloth widely worn in Myanmar (Burma). It is approximately 2 m long and 80 cm wide. The cloth is often sewn into a cylindrical shape. It is worn around the waist, running to the feet, and held in place by folding fabric over without a knot. In ancient times, Lethwei fighters would hitch it up (paso hkadaung kyaik) to compete. This folding technique is still being used in modern days when people play chinlone.

History

The modern longyi, a single piece of cylindrical cloth, is a relatively recent introduction to Burma. It gained popularity during British colonial rule, effectively replacing the paso and htamein of precolonial times. The word longyi formerly referred to the sarong worn by Malay men.

In the precolonial era, men's pasos used to be a long piece of 30 ft called taungshay paso (MY တောင်ရှည်ပုဆိုး) and unsewn. Alternately the htamein was a 4.5 ft long piece of cloth open at the front to reveal the calves, with a dark strip of cotton or velvet sewn on the upper edge, a patterned sheet of cloth in the middle and a strip of red or white cloth sewn below, trailing on the bottom like shorts train. Paso was commonly worn by men in 19th century Burma and Thailand. The amount of cloth in the paso was a sign of social status.

A western visitor to Rangoon in the 19th century wrote: "Nearly all the men are naked to the waist, or wear a small white open linen jacket, with a voluminous putso [paso] wound tightly round their loins and gathered into a great bundle or knot in front."

Visiting Amarapura, Henry Yule described the pasos and their equivalent for women, the htameins, as "the most important article of local production", employing a large proportion of the local population. The silk was imported from China. He wrote:

"The putso piece is usually from nine to ten yards long. When made up for use the length of web is cut in halves, which are stitched together so as to give double width. It is girt round the waist without any fastening."

However, with the onset of colonial rule, Lower Burma and urban areas more readily adopted the longyi worn in the Malay and Indian style, which was considered more convenient to wear.

The Myanmar longyi originated from India. Similar garments are found in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and the Malay Archipelago. In the Indian subcontinent it is known variously as a lungi, longi, kaili or saaram.

Design and style
In Burma, longyis worn by males are called pahso  (MY ပုဆိုး), while those worn by females are called htamein (MY ထဘီ, or htamain). Strictly speaking, they are not unisex attire, as the way they are worn as well as the patterns and makeup are different between the genders.

Men wear the modern paso by making a fold on either side in front and tied by tucking them together at the waist just below the navel. Women, on the other hand, always have a three cubit one finger span length but again unsewn in the old days like men's. They are worn wrapped around with a single broad fold in front and the end tucked in on one side or folding back at the hip and tucking into the opposite side of the waist, usually topped with a fitted blouse worn just to the waistband.

Hemlines rise and fall as the fashion of the day dictates although they are unlikely to go up above the knee. Longyis are generally sold unsewn but nowadays they are available ready to wear; htameins may even be sewn like Western skirts. Untying and re-tying a longyi is often seen in public with both genders, women much more discreetly than men.

Patterns and fabrics

Men's pasos are generally stripes or checks apart from plain colours and may be worn upside down or inside out with no difference. Women's htameins have a black calico band called a htet sint (MY အထက်ဆင့်, lit. 'top band') for the waist; they wear more multi-coloured and floral patterns, too.

Cotton is the basic material but all sorts of fabrics, both imported and home-grown, may be made into longyis. Tootal, georgette, satin and crepe have been made into htameins. Indonesian batik, although very expensive, have been very popular for decades; outfits of batik (MY ပါတိတ်) of the same design top and bottom were very popular in the 1980s.

For ceremonial and special occasions wearers use their best silks; the most elaborate ones are known as a cheik (MY အချိတ်, lit. hook), a beautiful and intricate wave or houndstooth pattern in several colour combinations from the weavers of Amarapura. They are worn especially at weddings, almost invariably by the bride and groom in matching colours. The poor may keep aside some traditional silks for special occasions.

In ancient times silks generally were worn by royalty and courtiers, the royal pasos and htameins richly embroidered with gold, silver, pearls and precious stones. Modern reproductions of these may be seen on the stage at zat pwès (theatrical performances).

Ethnic and regional weaves and patterns are plenty and popular. There are Rakhine longyi, Mon longyi, Kachin longyi, Inle longyi, Zin Mè (Chiang Mai) longyi, Yaw longyi, Seikkhun longyi, Dawei longyi and more.

Silk pasos, but not acheik, that men wear for special occasions are called Bangauk (Bangkok) paso. Kala (Indian) paso are often longer and are worn by taller people; Kaka zin refers to a broad check pattern of black, brown and white worn by Indian teashop owners. Mercerised longyis from India are popular as the fabric is more durable.

Versatility and convenience
The longyi suits the climate as it allows some air to circulate and keeps cool in the hot sun. Silk is unique in keeping warm in the winter as well as cool in the summer.

The longyi is versatile. Men often tuck the lower portions of their pasos at the top by bunching it in the front then passing it up between the legs round the back to the waist, known as paso hkadaung kyaik and, rather like the dhoti, usually for climbing and sporting activities instead of changing into shorts or trousers. Soldiers in ancient times wore their pasos in this manner either on their own or on top of a pair of trousers.

In rural areas men are often seen with a folded paso on one shoulder either for use when bathing (yei lè — lit. 'water change' — longyi) or for use as a cushion for a carrying pole on the shoulder or a heavy load on the back. Women, when they bathe, simply wear their htamein higher by tucking it just under the arms to cover their breasts before removing the blouse; they may be seen using the htamein as a buoy in the river by trapping some air in and secured underneath by the hands. They use a man's paso or another piece of long fabric, rolled and coiled as a cushion on top of their heads to carry water pots, firewood, baskets and trays; it is the street hawker's customary way of carrying wares.

Changing is done simply by stepping into the new longyi and pulling it up, at the same time loosening and dropping the old one, or the new one can be pulled over from the head down. However, even when in private, women change without removing all their clothes. Instead, they will wear one htamein while changing into a new one. A woman may be seen pulling her htamein up bit by bit as she wades deeper and deeper into a river without getting it wet. It is merely a matter of lifting it up in the bathroom or in bed for that matter. Washing and ironing cannot be simpler as they are cylindrical pieces of cloth, easily hung, pressed, folded and stacked with a bare minimum use of wardrobe space.

Lethwei
In ancient times, traditionally Lethwei fighters would hitch up their longyi to compete in matches. Fighters would put it up as "shorts" called paso hkadaung kyaik to be able to use their legs and kick. Nowadays, in Lethwei matches fighters wear shorts which arbor a flag reminiscing of the longyi ancient days.

title: Longyi


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Chibouk

A chibouk (chibouque; from the çıbık, çubuk (English: "stick" from the Persian word choobak "چوبک" meaning small wooden stick) (Serbian: "Čibuk"); also romanized čopoq, ciunoux or tchibouque)  is a very long-stemmed Turkish tobacco pipe, often featuring a clay bowl ornamented with precious stones. The stem of the chibouk generally ranges between 4 and 5 ft. (1.2 and 1.5 m), much longer than even Western churchwarden pipes. While primarily known as a Turkish pipe, the chibouk was once popular across the Ottoman Empire and in Iran as well.

Like Chinese opium pipes, chibouk are antiquated smoking devices, and are rarely, if at all produced in modern times. Their use in Turkey and the Middle East may have died out with the growing popularity of the hookah and cigarettes. Old chibouk and chibouk bowls can still be purchased as antiques.

Similar pipes were once used in North Africa to smoke hashish. Some specialized chibouk were produced to act as long, cigarette-holding pipes. Some had detachable mouthpieces.

Enver Pasha was known to have smoked chibouk, as was Jirjis al-Jawhari (Moallem Guerguis Koft), a Coptic Egyptian leader appointed the General Steward of all Egypt by Napoleon in 1798.

The Chibouk Smoker by Théobald Chartran, Turc Au Chibouk by James Lewis Caw, Interieur d'un café Turc by Chevalier Auguste de Henikstein, and Guerrier fumant le Chibouk by Johann Hermann are examples of chibouk featured in art and illustration.

title: Chibouk


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Category:Madhva religious leaders

Philosophers, religious leaders, matha heads, and dasas (composers) belonging to the Dvaita group of Hinduism.

title: Category:Madhva religious leaders


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Emily Neves

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was 4 Merge, 2 Keep, 4 delete. The consensus seems to be merge, but there is no article to merge to at the moment. -- AllyUnion (talk) 17:05, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Emily Neves
One of 195. Didn't even make the cut down to 44. RickK 07:33, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * One of the popular ones, like Leroy Wells, who also has a page here that has been safe since early February. I would suggest merging them both into "notable Season 4" appearances under the American Idol topic or something, which is what I was trying to do. I still don't have a hang of this system... - Badgers07 I'm not opposed to keeping, like Megan suggested, either. I personally don't find it a bad idea to have well-known, popular American Idol contestants on here.
 * Keep, but with reservations. Article needs expansion. Megan1967 08:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, concur with Badger. Radiant! 09:36, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * If anyone gets a page, it's Mary Roach. -- Riffsyphon1024 09:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect or, failing that, just delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:56, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect as per Starblind. There's just so freakin' many idol contestants, we really have to scrutinize who established notablity and who had a nice voice for their 15 minutes of fame. --InShaneee 17:56, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just another contestant. Even the runners up are getting less and less notable these days. -R. fiend 01:27, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect - David Gerard 13:52, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:43, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not one of the final 12. Gamaliel 05:26, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not meet the very liberal WikiProject Music/Notability and Music Guidelines. —Korath (Talk) 06:13, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Her 5 minutes of fame are over. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:27, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not even remotely notable enough for an encyclopedia. —Stormie 13:33, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
File:Gettingawaywithmurder.jpg

Summary
Description: The cover of Papa Roach's album Getting Away with Murder.

Source: The creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all derivative images is held by the artist or record company. Fair use is claimed regardless.

Fair use rationale for Getting Away with Murder (album)

 * 1) No free equivalent is available.
 * 2) The cover is intended for wide distribution and its use here does not detract from the album.
 * 3) The cover is low resolution and only the front portion is used.
 * 4) The cover has been previously published by retail outlets.
 * 5) The cover meets general Wikipedia content requirements.
 * 6) The cover meets Wikipedia's image use policy.
 * 7) The cover is used only in the said article.
 * 8) For an article about an album, the cover is one of the most relevant images that can be included.
 * 9) The cover is used in the article namespace.
 * 10) The source and copyright tag is identified for the cover.

Licensing
© Geffen Records

title: File:Gettingawaywithmurder.jpg


text:
Talk:African-American Jews

Comment
04:16, 8 October 2006 (UTC)68.253.254.196Google for Black Jews, this article seems to be a pride article with a long list. Very questionable, and would consider deleting. I added some information about the real Black Jews (the religious movement) which needs to be expanded, but the list came before and it's not clear whether they are mainstream Jews, Jews by association (hereditary but many are not practicing and do not identify as Jewish), or part of the Black Jews movement.

This is not a disambig page
This is not a disambig - it's an article. I will remove the disambig if there are no objections.--Commander Keane 16:54, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

merge
The Black Hebrews section should really be merged with the Black Hebrews article, and mentioned here only in passing, as they are far from the only group of Black Jews, claimed or recognized as such. Tom e rTALK 04:39, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

African American?
Why is this part of African American topics? Isn't this first and formost a black topic. There's always this will of dividing black people into small groups. Doesn't this concern the rest of the "black world", in the Caribbean, Brazil and Africa. There's a few jews in Africa as well, hence this shouldn't be a stricly African American topic.

 * As "black" is an adjective, I would say this is first and foremost a Jewish topic, which is why I made the recommendation I made in the section ("merge") above. Tom e rtalk  02:30, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

They are different
First, "black jews" are any Jew that happens to be black.

The "Black Hebrews" are specific group of people.

No merge.

talk 02:30, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Black Jews / List of Black Jews
Black Jews / List of Black Jews look a lot like one another right now. There should be one page that is a Template:disambig for "Black Jews" and one page that is an actual list for "List of Black Jews," with a Template:dablink at the top. Someone mind doing the cutting, pasting, comparing, and alphabetizing? — < T A L K JNDRLINE   T A L K >

Mothers Line
Judaism is matriarchal. You can only be a Jew via the female line if not converted, and those listed as Jews via their fathers cannot be called Jews. Dainamo 12:25, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

How do you know that modern Jews are even related to ancient Hebrews? Today, there are no people Hebrew by blood. Most to all are European converts. Judaism now, is a practice, not a race.

--Vehgah 02:08, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

I don't think you know much about Jews. For instance, cohanim from India to Ethiopia to Miami have specific genes in common. This is because the only way to be a cohen is to be descended from one. It is true that a good chunk of the Ashkenazi Jewish population is from European conversion (much less than half, though), but I don't really see how that pertains to the subject of Black Jews. anon

It doesn't pertain to the article, just the list of so-called "black jews". For clarity I am describing what Judaism defines as a Jew. Unless convereted you are not a Jew if your mother was not one I'm not sure of the correct term, but Afro-Hebrew sounds good but unlikely. I rather suspect it would be more correct to stick to the national origins of the Jewish dexcent e.g. Polish, Israeli etc. Dainamo 17:30, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

2 Lists
there are 2 lists of black jews. the one in this article and the one that this article refers to. there differ. can someone fix this? and shouldn't we just have one list, so that we do not have to update both lists all of the time?

Thoughts???????????????

Tx.

--Epeefleche 22:31, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Adding place-holder heading
I added a heading of "Types" over the "Mainstream Judaism / Beta Israel" and "" sections. I don't think "Types" is the best choice, but the two sections needed something to contain them (as they weren't quite appropriate to upgrade to level 2 heads). Feel free to change it. EVula 17:26, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

It seems like there is a problem with the truth about Jacob and Esau(Edom). What is the true race or should I say color of the Hebrews during the time of Moses and the Egyptian's Pharoah mix up. The holy bible isn't blasphemous about the truth about Israel and God's chosen people. That's why white christians try to keep the world and the black american race out of the old testament studies by verbally blaspheming the lord's commandments. I know who you are Esau(Edom), and Jesus Knows too. Revalation 2:9

Peace be unto all nations in Jesus name one of the "lost tribes of JUDAH"

Rabbi Regina Smith?
Who is regina smith? Google only turns up one hit (wikipedia) for "Rabbi regina smith." Though there are several for rabbi "regina smith," none seem to indicate a notable black jew. Anyone have any sources for this? Avraham 05:17, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Lemba
Why does this page not mention the Lemba? 83.67.215.251 18:42, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Copyright violation
An anonymous editor dumped material from Zimbabwe’s “Black Jews” and The Story of the Lemba People into this article today. Since the material was copied directly from those sources, I had to delete it.

If anybody has any questions, please read WP:COPYVIO and post any further questions here. Thanks. — Malik Shabazz (Talk | contribs) 18:22, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

the first statement
"black jews are jews who are black"

thank you, captain obvious, did you also know that black jews are blacks who are jews? no? well now you do, and i guess you should add that as the second statement.....please consider revising that first statement — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.146.150.24 (talk) 20:33, May 23, 2007

 * Done. — Malik Shabazz (Talk | contribs) 02:13, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Merge from List of Black Jews
Given the current length of the list of Black Jews, I think it would be appropriate to merge the content of the list into this article under a section titled "Notable Black Jews" or the like. Any thoughts? -- Black Falcon (Talk) 07:15, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * support considering the size of the list. Also would be consistent with Black Muslims-- Sef rin gle Talk 06:47, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅. Cheers, Black Falcon (Talk) 07:01, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Notable Black Jews
Jewish African Americans is similar to List of Black Jews, which was merged into this article recently. I propose that Jewish African Americans be merged in as well. — Malik Shabazz (Talk | contribs) 19:09, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I support the proposed merge. The list of Jewish African Americans consists of only 4 members, one of whom is already noted in this article. I see no reason why nationality (American) can't simply be noted after the name (e.g., "Sammy Davis, Jr. (1925–1990), American dancer and singer"). -- Black Falcon (Talk) 19:15, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I support this as well, but please ensure that each insertion is properly sourced. Jayjg (talk) 19:18, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Will do. — Malik Shabazz (Talk | contribs) 19:44, 10 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Support This definitely should be merged, no use having 2 pages for the same thing. Tyler Warren 04:42, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

New title
I appreciate the consistency with Islam in the African Diaspora, but some of the "Black Jews" in the article aren't of African descent. Cochin Jews in southern India evidently are referred to as "Black Jews", but the descendants of more recent Jewish immigrants to that part of India (Paradesi Jews) are called "White Jews". I suppose we can just take them out of this article; they do have articles of their own. — Malik Shabazz (Talk | contribs) 05:20, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Prehaps we should move them to Paradesi Jews or Cochin Jews, or whatever article best describes them then.  Yahel  Guhan  00:30, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Since there can be a difference between people of Jewish heritage and those who practice Judaism, and since this article includes Black Hebrews who consider themselves Jews but are not of Jewish heritage nor do they practice normative Judaism, would anybody object to renaming this article "Jews and Judaism in the African diaspora" or "Judaism and Jews in the African diaspora"? — Malik Shabazz (Talk | contribs) 00:29, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

I'm finding the discontinuity between the topic and the article to be fairly jarring. This covers far more groups than just African ones and doesn't go into any serious detail on what its topic implies. What I see is a set of mutually exclusive definitions of the term Black Jew, and without a very severe restructuring involving multiple articles maybe it should be called that again? -- Strangelv 11:14, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right. Until very recently, this article was titled "Black Jews". The content hasn't been updated to reflect the new title and focus. — Malik Shabazz (Talk | contribs) 05:27, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

jewish slave owner?
slaves belonging to jews would have followed judaism? 61.95.13.82 15:00, 18 October 2007 (UTC)
 * In the American South, no. In the former Jewish colony in Suriname, I think yes, sort of.--Pharos 23:42, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

List of Black Jews
A year ago we merged that list, which consisted of 9 names, into this article. The list now includes 29 people, with another 15 or so who are unsourced and commented out. I think we should consider moving the list back into its own article. — Malik Shabazz (talk · contribs) 22:09, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * In the absence of any objections, I moved the content to List of Jews in the African diaspora. — Malik Shabazz (talk · contribs) 05:55, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Beta Israel
I am going add info to the section from http://www.adl.org/presrele/IslME_62/2659_62.asp --Java7837 (talk) 22:12, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Who is Harry Wall and what makes him a WP:RS concerning Beta Israel? — Malik Shabazz 22:14, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

 * It's from the ADL, a reliable website --Java7837 (talk) 23:00, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I see that it was already being used in the article concerning the requirement that men of Beta Israel undergo a second circumcision. — Malik Shabazz 23:03, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

On a related subject, please don't replace the results of a 1999 study commissioned by the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption with a 1993 study of a single village. It seems obvious to me that the national statistics are more notable than those of a single village, although we can mention both if you'd like. — Malik Shabazz 23:10, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

The Black Jews of India
I added "Cochin Jews, including the Black Jews of Malabar" to See Also and it was reverted AGF. A previous version of this article used to be called Black Jews, if I read the history correctly, and that search term redirects here. I fully understand that Cochin Jews are not African, which is why I didn't try to insert the link into the main body of the article. But surely it is of assistance to our readers to point them towards the Black Jews of Malabar? Isn't that exactly what See Also is for? BrainyBabe (talk) 13:12, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually, that's what a hatnote is for. You raise a good point. I had forgotten that Black Jews redirects here. Thank you. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 21:03, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Content
I'm afraid this article is pretty much a pointless collection of loosely related (or completely unrelated) issues. From translating the Russian version - it strictly relates to African Americans who have embraced a religion similar to Judaism over the course of the 20th century (most notable are "Black Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem"), though are not recognized as Jews by the main Jewish groups. The English title is poorly connected to the Russian one and even more problematic - not related to the content, which is a weird mix of descriptions for ethnic Jews (North African) groups of mixed Jewish ancestry or recognized as part of the Jewish panethnicity (Ethiopian Jews, Black Jews of Malabar) groups of possible mixed Jewish ancestry in Africa (Lembas) and African Americans who have recently embraced a form of Judaism (Black Hebrew Israelites, Alliance of Black Jews and related groups).Greyshark09 (talk) 20:09, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Also this article might greatly overlap African Jews in its current title.Greyshark09 (talk) 20:12, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * After checking through the topic it seems the article was and should be a disambig page. I would like to ask for other opinions before i begin disintegration process for this page (merging info into relevant articles, while keeping only the disambig basic info).Greyshark09 (talk) 22:20, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
 * What should it disambiguate? — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 02:15, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * "Black Jews" disambiguation should refer to either Black Jews of Malabar (Cochin), Beta Israel, Black Hebrew Israelites and perhaps Lemba. The current title "history of the Jews in the African diaspora" is certainly referring to African Jews and not the chaotic content of this article, so Black Jews should be disambig page, while this one to be redirected to "African Jews".Greyshark09 (talk) 05:28, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The fact that you think the current title refers to African Jews makes me wonder whether you understand the word "diaspora". — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 01:48, 16 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Jews of Africa are a part of Jewish diaspora; maybe the problem with the current title is that it is not clear whether this refers to "diaspora of Africans" (African indigenous peoples, for whom reference as Jews is largely irrelevant - maybe "Adoption of Judaism among African diaspora" may be clearer, but that clearly overlaps Hebrew Israelites) and "Jewish diaspora in Africa" (diaspora Jews who lived/live in Africa).Greyshark09 (talk) 07:17, 18 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Following the edits at List of Jews in the African diaspora, i get to the same problem i'd discussed here with you, but got no answer - what is this article about? is it about mixed Jewish-African ancestry people (many of whom are not considered Jewish)? About people who are somehow identified with Judaism (Black Hebrew Israelites)? About Jewish-affiliated communities in Africa, evolving trough conversion or mixture like Beta Israel and Lemba? Let's agree on content and title via WP:GF, because currently the articles are a complete mess which is highly confusing.Greyshark09 (talk) 15:31, 25 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry for not replying. I didn't notice your message here.
 * This article, like the list, is about Jews in the African diaspora. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 01:20, 27 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Black Hebrew Israelites are generally not defined as Jews; Maghrebi Jews are not a part of African diaspora (generally West and Central African origins); Ethiopian Jews as well are not generally classified as African diaspora (generally West and Central African origins). It seems that this page is a collection of unrelated topics with no academic reference . At best we can describe the mixed Jewish-African people like Lenny Kravitz for instance, but he is either not considered Jewish, so the title is a problem; the fact that Black Jews redirects here makes it even more confusing, because it may also refer to Black Jews of Malabar (per hatnote). I think that "Black Jews" should be made a disambig page, but this strange unsourced topic page should be deleted. Do you object?Greyshark09 (talk) 14:42, 27 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The article cites as further reading four books about Jews in the African diaspora that Google seems to have missed (I'm not counting the memoirs). If you feel the article should be deleted, use AfD. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 01:13, 28 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I shall try to find some source for the definition of "Jews in the African diaspora" (if there is such a definition at all) and if not - i will AfD this article (i will notify you).Greyshark09 (dibra) 13:21, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment - i'm removing Black Hebrew Israelites from here, since they are clearly do not belong to even broadly defined Jewish identity.GreyShark (dibra) 16:58, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * you clearly interrupted in the middle of my edit (North America section). I tried to edit it before reinserting. Not the best way, but not a reason for warning me. Assume WP:GF - you know i'm not new here.GreyShark (dibra) 17:05, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment - i moved section on Beta Israel museum to the Beta Israel article - seems much more relevant there, since Ethiopian Jews are not a typical case of African diaspora.GreyShark (dibra) 17:10, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

Black Jews
Black Jews redirects here, but this article doesn't add any clearance on who are black Jews, specifically referring to black Jews of Malabar. I think black Jews should be a proper disambiguation page to Malabar Jews, Ethiopian Jews, Black Hebrew Israelites and people with mixed Jewish-African ancestry. Any opposition to expand the disambig page?GreyShark (dibra) 18:13, 31 March 2014 (UTC) ✅ - with no objection after 4 months.GreyShark (dibra) 10:49, 10 August 2014 (UTC)

Page name
I think the best title for this page would be Jewish African-Americans, or something of that sort. Any opinions before i make a proposal?GreyShark (dibra) 18:14, 31 March 2014 (UTC)
 * In order to make some clarity in this topic it seems that we have to differentiate two subjects:
 * 1. Black Hebrews (and associated movements) - claim Israelite descent by legends and practice a hybrid religion with Jewish, Christian and Afro-American cultural elements.
 * 2. Jewish African-Americans / African-American Jews - African-Americans of partial Jewish ancestry (mixed origins) or African-American converts to Judaism in accordance with common practice (orthodox and perhaps even conservative & reformist), who self-identify as Jews; this relates to articles History of the Jews in the African diaspora, List of Jews in the African diaspora, Alliance of Black Jews, Category:Jews in the African diaspora, Category:African-American Jews.
 * I think of first merging the cats Category:Jews in the African diaspora and Category:African-American Jews into one cat. Opinions?GreyShark (dibra) 17:08, 31 March 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ Jewish African-Americans.GreyShark (dibra) 22:23, 14 December 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 21 May 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved Jewish African-Americans to African-American Jews. Moved List of Jewish African-Americans to List of African-American Jews.  Anarchyte  ( work  |  talk )   11:22, 8 June 2016 (UTC)

– Not a compound modifier. Mark Schierbecker (talk) 06:38, 21 May 2016 (UTC) -- Relisting.  Anarchyte  ( work  |  talk )   11:09, 28 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Jewish African-Americans → Jewish African Americans
 * List of Jewish African-Americans → List of Jewish African Americans

 * Support as second choice. African-American Jews seems more natural to me, and it would be my first choice. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 14:21, 21 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Either is fine by me. Mark Schierbecker (talk) 01:18, 22 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Malik's suggestion seems more natural to me as well. Jayjg (talk) 22:16, 22 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Same here, Malik's suggestion is what is used more often. Sir Joseph (talk) 15:47, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:African-American Jews


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leroy Wells

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 14:25, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Leroy Wells
Oh, come on! This guy is one of over 100,000 who tried out and didn't even make it out of the first round. RickK 07:42, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, well Emily was scraping it, but Leroy just didnt get past go. Megan1967 08:40, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, we can't have articles for every person who auditioned for American Idol. Those who didn't make it past the first round and haven't been picked up by a major label aren't encyclopedic. Mgm|(talk) 11:29, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Idol cruft. jni 11:37, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Idolcruft. Do people really have nothing better to do than adding what they watched on TV last night to wikipedia? -R. fiend 01:25, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 09:43, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. You've got to be kidding me. Gamaliel 04:34, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. not notable.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 04:40, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)


text: Talk:Minerva class battleship

title: Talk:Minerva class battleship


text:
Egosyntonic and egodystonic

In psychoanalysis, egosyntonic refers to the behaviors, values, and feelings that are in harmony with or acceptable to the needs and goals of the ego, or consistent with one's ideal self-image. Egodystonic (or ego alien ) is the opposite, referring to thoughts and behaviors (dreams, compulsions, desires, etc.) that are conflicting or dissonant with the needs and goals of the ego, or further, in conflict with a person's ideal self-image.

Applicability
Abnormal psychology has studied egosyntonic and egodystonic concepts in some detail. Many personality disorders are egosyntonic, which makes their treatment difficult as the patients may not perceive anything wrong and view their perceptions and behavior as reasonable and appropriate. For example, a person with narcissistic personality disorder has an excessively positive self-regard and rejects suggestions that challenge this viewpoint. This corresponds to the general concept in psychiatry of poor insight. Anorexia nervosa, a difficult-to-treat disorder (formerly considered an Axis I disorder before the release of the DSM-5) characterized by a distorted body image and fear of gaining weight, is also considered egosyntonic because many of its sufferers deny that they have a problem. Problem gambling, however, is only sometimes seen as egosyntonic, depending partly on the reactions of the individual involved and whether they know that their gambling is problematic.

An illustration of the differences between an egodystonic and egosyntonic mental disorder is in comparing obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder. OCD is considered to be egodystonic as the thoughts and compulsions experienced or expressed are not consistent with the individual's self-perception, meaning the thoughts are unwanted, distressing, and reflect the opposite of their values, desires, and self-construct. In contrast, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder is egosyntonic, as the patient generally perceives their obsession with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, as reasonable and even desirable.

Freudian heritage
The words "egosyntonic" and "egodystonic" originated as early-1920s translations of the German words "ichgerecht" and "nicht ichgerecht", "ichfremd", or "ichwidrig", which were introduced in 1914 by Freud in his book On Narcissism and remained an important part of his conceptual inventory. Freud applied these words to the relationship between a person's "instincts" and their "ego." Freud saw psychic conflict arising when "the original lagging instincts ... come into conflict with the ego (or ego-syntonic instincts)". According to him, "ego-dystonic" sexual instincts were bound to be "repressed." Anna Freud stated that psychological “defences” which were “ego-syntonic” were harder to expose than ego-dystonic impulses, because the former are ‘familiar’ and taken for granted. Later psychoanalytic writers emphasised how direct expression of the repressed was ego-dystonic, and indirect expression more ego-syntonic.

Otto Fenichel distinguished between morbid impulses, which he saw as ego-syntonic, and compulsive symptoms which struck their possessors as ego-alien. Heinz Hartmann, and after him ego psychology, also made central use of the twin concepts.

title: Egosyntonic and egodystonic


text: User talk:70.66.34.64

title: User talk:70.66.34.64


text: User talk:67.80.20.219

title: User talk:67.80.20.219


text: User talk:70.176.57.208

title: User talk:70.176.57.208


text: User talk:67.86.193.118

title: User talk:67.86.193.118


text:
User talk:Paulrutter

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title: User talk:Paulrutter


text:
User talk:Badgers07

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title: User talk:Badgers07


text:
User talk:Scottjduffy

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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title: User talk:Scottjduffy


text:
User talk:BRooter76

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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Image Tagging Image:Palo Verde.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Palo Verde.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Could you add a tag to let us know its copyright status? (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --michael180 16:13, August 5, 2005 (UTC

Image source/licensing for Image:Blue Palo Verde.jpg
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Image Tagging for Image:BCPTower.jpg
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Unspecified source for Image:Arizona Loop 101.gif
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Image:Arizona Loop 202.gif listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Arizona Loop 202.gif, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.  T M F Let's Go Mets - Stats 16:27, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:BRooter76


text:
User talk:Vvuppala

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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There is an Notice board for India-related topics. We' ve an Indian collaboration of the week. I am sure, you would like to join us.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

India related links
Gurubrahma 05:34, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Good work!
Hi Varun, noticed your good work on Andhra Pradesh and related articles. Also, pl. try to retain information by making it NPOV rather than removing it (e.g. info abt IT, Bio-tech) etc. --Gurubrahma 05:34, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Indian American
Hey Varun, being one I thought you would be able to add something to this article Indian American. Good work on Andhra Pradesh. keep it up --Vyzasatya 17:37, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Apartheid outside South Africa
I replied to your comments there if you want to have a read. I can see where you're coming from, but still have to disagree. Cheers, -  >>michaelg | talk 12:04, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow, wasnt expecting an about face but rightio! Cheers, have a top time on wikipedia! (whatever your view) Cheers, - [[Image:Flag of Australia.svg|24px]] >>michaelg | talk 12:23, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't have time to deal with it right now...could you take a look at the Israel section? Maybe it's just the sleep in my eyes, but the first "sentence" appears to be a disjoint mélange of 2, maybe 3, poorly thrown-together phrases without proper "glue"...  TShilo12 14:44, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Nice to see you
hi, nice to find you here, we shall surely inter-act more. Have a nice time improving the contents. --Bhadani 15:33, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Radcliffe wikify
Hi Doops,

My name is Varun. I'm currently on a editing spree of college-related articles. The reason I added a wikify tag to Radcliffe article was because it does not have the same quality as other college articles. I saw on your user page that you are an alum of Harvard. If you would like to help wikify the Radcliffe article, please see my edits of UMass Amherst. As for your comment as to why I didn't do the editing myself, an article doesn't just become wikified by the insertion of link tags. Even your own Harvard College is far more wikified than the Radcliffe page.

In the future, please pose questions as to tags in the Discussion page of the article in question, thanks!

Vvuppala 07:29, 18 November 2005 (UTC) (copied from User talk:Doops)

 * Hi, Varun. I think you may be misunderstanding the word "wikify". Wikification isn't so much a question of content as of how that content is formatted — in particular, is there a healthy dose of internal wikipedia links? Typically, the "wikify" tag is used for articles with large chunks of undigested text, often cut-and-pasted from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica or other public domain source. They need formatting, links, and often lots of rewriting to make them encyclopedic in tone. Adding the tag to an article automatically adds it to the huge (currently ca. 2000 articles) Category:Articles that need to be wikified; for the sake of the sanity of the brave souls who try, largely in vain, to rescue articles like this from this category, we should only send articles there which really need it.

 * As far as article quality is concerned, I would argue that Radcliffe College is actually a much better article than Harvard College right now. The latter is rambling, poorly-organized, and gives too much attention to some things and not enough attention to othevs; since I know something about the college I feel I really ought to make it a better article — but it's a daunting task. The Radcliffe College article, on the other hand, is direct and to-the-point; it makes the most important points about that college clearly. It is shorter, of course; but that's a separate issue from quality, I would argue. Harvard College has lots of info but is a crummy article; Radcliffe College is brief but well-written and -organized.

 * Should Radcliffe College be longer? Maybe. But let me point out that Radcliffe College no longer exists; it has been defunct in law since 1999 and in practice since the mid 1970s. It's only natural that living colleges will have more active articles. And, even aside from that, I believe that article quality is as least as important as quantity of information, as long as all the important bases are covered. Don't get me wrong -- it's always possible to add interesting new info to articles; and I'm not opposed to the possibility of growth for the Radcliffe College article. I just don't think it's a priority, when so many Wikipedia articles are crummy.

 * By the way, I presume you know this already; but in case you don't — if you come across a really short article (just a paragraph or two) which isn't already marked as a stub, you can use the tag to do so. But again, like the  tag, we should only use it where truly appropriate.

 * Cheers, Doops | talk 08:09, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, it's me again. Actually, I also hadn't noticed that Radcliffe was tagged as a stub. I've removed it, based on my reading of the criteria at stub. I think that this article lies somewhere in the vast middle ground between stubs and featured articles. Doops | talk 09:02, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Portal for Hyderabad
Hi,

I started working on portal for Hyderabad. The page is attracting lot of crap, whereas people should be adding content. Hope you are enjoying The Netherlands.

Chirags 20:37, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Please forgive my geographical ignorance about Amherst. Chirags 16:15, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup Taskforce
I've added the page TheCollegeWeb to your desk. See if there's anything you can do with it, but as I mentioned, there are 7 or 8 cleanup tags at the top of the article.  haz  (user talk) e 20:31, 24 February 2006

Hello
Greetings, the holi-hangover continues! --Bhadani 07:47, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

INCOTW
You voted for Indian American, this week's Indian Colloboration of the Week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. - Ganeshk  ( talk ) 05:39, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

AfD Nomination: Registered Student Organizations at UMass Amherst
I've nominated the article Registered Student Organizations at UMass Amherst for deletion under the Articles for deletion process. We appreciate your contributions, but in this particular case I do not feel that Registered Student Organizations at UMass Amherst satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion. I have explained why in the nomination space (see What Wikipedia is not and Deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Registered Student Organizations at UMass Amherst. Don't forget to add four tildes ( ~ ) at the end of each of your comments to sign them. You are free to edit the content of Registered Student Organizations at UMass Amherst during the discussion, but please do not remove the "Articles for Deletion" template (the box at the top). Doing so will not end the discussion. --Slowking Man 14:40, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Ségolène Royal
My pleasure. Nasty vandal, by the way: by inserting that image in a template, about a thousand pages were affected... A question about this edit:. Are you sure her page should link to domestic partnership? That is defined as a relationship "between individuals who live together and share a common domestic life but are not joined in a traditional marriage, a common-law marriage, or a civil union." But Royal and Hollande are joined in a civil union, the Pacte civil de solidarité. Cheers, Skarioffszky 08:20, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

UMassWiki
Hello! I'd just like to remind you that there's an entire wiki devoted to UMass at umasswiki.com? Please stop by and make some edits or add articles! We've been around over a year and are serving up to 90,000 pages a month, but we could really use more good editors. :) --Neurophyre(talk) 10:00, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Image:Camino icon.png
Hello, Vvuppala. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Camino icon.png) was found at the following location: User:Vvuppala. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 08:01, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Please re-register
 Hello, ! You are receiving this notice because the Cleanup Taskforce has been inactive, as a result of this all active taskforce members are being asked to re-register.

For more information see: Cleanup Taskforce/Not Dead Yet

If you do not re-register here within 15 days of receiving this notice your name will be removed from the membership list (if you were unable to reply to this notice in time, you can just add you name back).

RJFJR 00:48, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

University of Massachusetts WikiProject
I noticed that you have attended the University of Massachusetts system. You are welcomed to join the WikiProject University of Massachusetts at your own convenience. If you have any questions for me, I will respond as soon as possible. Your participation is appreciated. Kevin Rutherford (talk) 02:07, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

File:Caminowiki2.png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Caminowiki2.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Kelly hi! 19:05, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:58, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vvuppala


text:
Talk:Ł

MediaWiki: 1, Foot: 0
One would naturally expect Ł to be a valid page title. However, due to an unfortunate placement in the UTF-8 encoding, MediaWiki refuses to acknowledge its existence entirely. Those interested in the fate of this unlucky letter may find an explanation in bug 1587. ‣ ᓛᖁ  [ ᑐ ] 08:09, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately some people are violently opposed to moving the en wiki to the UTF-8 encoding (from ISO-8859-1), so letters like Ł remain invalid titles. Nor is it the only case: take a look at and despair….Jordi·✆ 08:49, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I would be very interested to hear someone pronounce this out of context (if possible) and then in various contexts. Thanks. gren グレン 04:37, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It sounds like english w. For example, mały would sound something like mahwe, [máwe] in IPA.

"However, the old pronunciation is preserved in eastern part of Poland (...)" Could someone add the 'old pronunciation'?

Yeah, he's right. What was the "old pronounciation"?

There you are: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant

Origins
Anyone have any information as to the origins of this letter? It does not appear to come from the proto-slavic, more likely it is an import from another language: except, which? bofh 22:18, 7 Feb 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't understand what you mean? You might be mixing up a letter glyph with the soud it represents, which doesn't need to have much to do with each other. (J in English, German and French are mostly pronounced completely different, and words beginning with J in the different lnaguages are seldom related.) The sound the letter represents has evolved from the Proto-Slavic velarized alveolar lateral approximant, as the page says. The glyph itself is a variation of Latin L, possibly because the letter was still pronounced similarly to a Latin L when the alphabet began to be used. 惑乱 分からん 10:29, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Reason for additional references (verify) tag
In accordance to the very wise principles endorsed by WP:RESPTAG, I now explain my reason for restoring the verify (additional references needed) tag:

While Anton has provided plenty of references to back up the usage of the letter in modern Polish, he has provided none to back up the use of the letter in other languages, nor in archaic Polish.

I have also added citation needed tags to clarify exactly what it is that needs that additional verification, again, as suggested by WP:RESPTAG. Cromulent Kwyjibo (talk) 20:15, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. Anton Mravcek (talk) 23:46, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

łt?
How do you write ł in handwriting without it looking like a t? 212.137.63.86 (talk) 16:01, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Łł —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.18.76.220 (talk) 12:15, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Yeah, but a joined ł has a tail just like a t. I've checked the font Mistral and the only difference is that ł is a bit taller. ??? 212.137.63.86 (talk) 15:18, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Handwritten Ł ł (well at least in my parents' handwriting) looks like $$\ \ell$$ with a wavy line on top. Kasnie (talk) 17:22, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I've even seen it as an L with a tilde on top or through the middle. Probably due to a typewriter workaround. Anton Mravcek (talk) 19:56, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Handwritten Ł looks like L with a line crossing the main line of the letter and ł looks like l with tilde above it. native speaker --84.10.185.230 (talk) 12:19, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It doesn't have to be tilde, may be straight line. The important fact is that the stroke is at the top of the letter, to disambiguate it from t.

Capital Ł in cursive writing looks much like the £ sign. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Azarien (talk • contribs) 13:14, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

ł on the left, t on the right --ɬaɬ (talk) 12:50, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

diacritic
Is this considered to be a diacritic symbol? Tkuvho (talk) 21:10, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
 * No, it's a letter. A diacritic is something added to a letter (for example, the ¸ on ç). r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 23:19, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Our article diacritic uses the term in both senses, whether the addition of the sign produces a new letter or not, for example it says "The Scandinavian languages, by contrast, treat the characters with diacritics ä, ö and å as new and separate letters of the alphabet, and sort them after z." According to this usage, the slash should be viewed as a diacritic sign even though it creates a new letter according to the Polish convention.  I wonder why the slash is not mentioned there. Tkuvho (talk) 21:15, 2 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see much difference between the two. Ł is considered a separate letter in Polish, but it's obviously derived from L.--Azarien (talk) 13:11, 28 February 2012 (UTC)
 * A diacritic is what is added to the letter, here the slash is the diacritic and L is the letter. Sometimes diacritics are used to create new letters with different meaning, and sometimes they just create variants of letters with added meaning, and sometimes even it's style variants with no added meaning. They way the are used in alphabet's order varies from one language to another or even within one language. -Moyogo/ (talk) 13:22, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Ł. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070623073728/http://email.eva.mpg.de/rara2006/abstracts_webpage/TUTTLE.pdf to http://email.eva.mpg.de/rara2006/abstracts_webpage/TUTTLE.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 22:58, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

Ł (L stroke) vs Ƚ (L bar)
I don't think Ƚ|L-bar is meant to represent the same character as L-stroke (this article). It is currently redirected here, but should it be? ⇔ ChristTrekker 16:03, 6 May 2016 (UTC)
 * No. IPA editor (talk) 16:24, 7 January 2019 (UTC)

Combining Diacritical Marks stroke or solidus?
Referring to :

❓

Ł=eule
Well this is susugent means eule but ł <— this skiny right here means Ule and its inglish letter l

And you guess it 2A0B:6204:F2F8:6D00:E1AA:BB35:6B3D:1DA7 (talk) 14:11, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ł


text:
List of CSX Transportation predecessor railroads

The following railroads merged to form CSX Transportation.

 * The Seaboard System Railroad merged with Chessie System which consisted of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and Western Maryland Railroad to form CSX Transportation July 1, 1986.
 * The Seaboard Coast Line Railroad merged with the Louisville and Nashville Railroad and others to form the Seaboard System Railroad December 29, 1982.
 * The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad merged with the Seaboard Air Line Railroad to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad July 1, 1967.
 * The Charleston and Western Carolina Railway merged into the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad December 31, 1959.
 * The Seaboard Air Line Railroad merged with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad July 1, 1967.
 * The Piedmont and Northern Railway merged into the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad July 1, 1969.
 * The Louisville and Nashville Railroad merged with the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad and others to form the Seaboard System Railroad December 29, 1982.
 * The Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway merged into the Louisville and Nashville Railroad August 30, 1957.
 * The Monon Railroad merged into the Louisville and Nashville Railroad July 31, 1971.
 * The Georgia Railroad merged into the Seaboard System Railroad in 1983.
 * The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway merged into CSX Transportation August 31, 1987.
 * The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad merged into the CSX Transportation August 31, 1987.
 * The Western Maryland Railway merged with others to form  CSX July 1, 1986.
 * The Pere Marquette Railway merged into the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway June 6, 1947.
 * The Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad, which was majority-owned by CSX, merged into CSX Transportation in 1991.
 * The Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, of which part had been used by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, sold that portion to CSX Transportation in 1991. On September 11, 1992, CSX Transportation bought the rest through the Three Rivers Railway.
 * Atlanta and West Point Railroad
 * Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad
 * Chessie System
 * Clinchfield Railroad
 * New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad merged with Pennsylvania Railroad and New York Central Railroad to form Penn Central
 * Western Railway of Alabama
 * Pennsylvania Railroad
 * New York Central
 * Penn Central Transportation Company
 * Erie Railroad merged with Delaware, Lackawanna and Western to from Erie Lackawanna
 * Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad merged with Erie Railroad to form Erie Lackawanna
 * Erie Lackawanna Railway
 * Lehigh Valley Railroad
 * Reading Company
 * Central Railroad of New Jersey
 * Lehigh and Hudson River Railway
 * Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines
 * Monongahela Railroad
 * Conrail
 * Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad Merged into Louisville and Nashville in 1976


text:
Stuart Hibberd

Andrew Stuart Hibberd (5 September 1893 – 1 November 1983) was a British radio personality for 40 years. He is perhaps best known for his announcements of the death of King George V in 1936, and of Adolf Hitler in 1945.

Early life
Hibberd was the son of W.H. Hibberd, and was born in the town of Broadstone, in Wimborne, Dorset, in South West England, on 5 September 1893.

Education
Hibberd was educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Wimborne Minster, followed by Weymouth College, an independent school for boys in the seaside town of Weymouth in Dorset in South West England. He then won a Choral Scholarship to St John's College at the University of Cambridge.

Life and career
Hibberd volunteered at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, becoming an Army officer. He served with the Dorset Regiment at Gallipoli (in Turkey), and then in India, reaching the rank of captain.

Hibberd married Alice Mary Chichester in July 1923, and joined the BBC the following year, winning an MBE for his broadcasting in 1935. He was the chief announcer on BBC Radio until his retirement from the post in 1951, but continued to present BBC radio programmes until 1964.

Hibberd had a unique, immediately recognisable, voice. It could be described like someone whispering aloud. His voice was ideal for grave and solemn occasions and he is best remembered for his announcement of King George V's impending death on 20 January 1936 with the words: "The King's life is moving peacefully towards its close".

From 1949, Hibberd presented The Silver Lining, a Thursday afternoon programme aimed at disabled and housebound people. Hibberd retired as chief announcer in 1951, but continued to present The Silver Lining until it ended its run in 1964.

Hibberd was the subject of This Is Your Life in May 1957 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the King's Theatre, Hammersmith, London. He died on 1 November 1983, at the age of 90, and his funeral was held three days later, at St Peter's Church in Budleigh Salterton in Devon.

title: Stuart Hibberd


text:
Opera houses in the Czech Republic

There are ten opera houses in the Czech Republic. The most important are the two opera houses in Prague - National Theatre (Prague) and Prague State Opera.

There are four other opera houses in Bohemia - in Plzeň, České Budějovice, Liberec and Ústí nad Labem - and four other opera houses in Moravia - in Brno, Ostrava, Olomouc and Opava.

List of the opera houses

 * National Theatre (Národní divadlo) in Prague - Estates Theatre (Stavovské divadlo) stage
 * State Opera (Státní opera Praha) in Prague
 * National Theatre Brno (Národní divadlo Brno) - Janáček Theatre (Janáčkovo divadlo) stage
 * (Jihočeské divadlo) in České Budějovice
 * (Divadlo F. X. Šaldy Liberec)
 * (Moravské divadlo Olomouc)
 * (Slezské divadlo Opava)
 * National Moravian-Silesian Theatre (Národní divadlo moravskoslezské)
 * J. K. Tyl Theatre - (Divadlo J. K. Tyla v Plzni) in Plzeň
 * (Severočeské divadlo opery a baletu) in Ústí nad Labem

title: Opera houses in the Czech Republic