text:
Speeds and feeds

The phrase speeds and feeds or feeds and speeds refers to two separate velocities in machine tool practice, cutting speed and feed rate. They are often considered as a pair because of their combined effect on the cutting process. Each, however, can also be considered and analyzed in its own right.

Cutting speed (also called surface speed or simply speed) is the speed difference (relative velocity) between the cutting tool and the surface of the workpiece it is operating on. It is expressed in units of distance across the workpiece surface per unit of time, typically surface feet per minute (sfm) or meters per minute (m/min). Feed rate (also often styled as a solid compound, feedrate, or called simply feed) is the relative velocity at which the cutter is advanced along the workpiece; its vector is perpendicular to the vector of cutting speed. Feed rate units depend on the motion of the tool and workpiece; when the workpiece rotates (e.g., in turning and boring), the units are almost always distance per spindle revolution (inches per revolution [in/rev or ipr] or millimeters per revolution [mm/rev]). When the workpiece does not rotate (e.g., in milling), the units are typically distance per time (inches per minute [in/min or ipm] or millimeters per minute [mm/min]), although distance per revolution or per cutter tooth are also sometimes used.

If variables such as cutter geometry and the rigidity of the machine tool and its tooling setup could be ideally maximized (and reduced to negligible constants), then only a lack of power (that is, kilowatts or horsepower) available to the spindle would prevent the use of the maximum possible speeds and feeds for any given workpiece material and cutter material. Of course, in reality those other variables are dynamic and not negligible, but there is still a correlation between power available and feeds and speeds employed. In practice, lack of rigidity is usually the limiting constraint.

The phrases "speeds and feeds" or "feeds and speeds" have sometimes been used metaphorically to refer to the execution details of a plan, which only skilled technicians (as opposed to designers or managers) would know.

Cutting speed
Cutting speed may be defined as the rate at the workpiece surface, irrespective of the machining operation used. A cutting speed for mild steel of 100 ft/min is the same whether it is the speed of the cutter passing over the workpiece, such as in a turning operation, or the speed of the cutter moving past a workpiece, such as in a milling operation. The cutting conditions will affect the value of this surface speed for mild steel.

Schematically, speed at the workpiece surface can be thought of as the tangential speed at the tool-cutter interface, that is, how fast the material moves past the cutting edge of the tool, although "which surface to focus on" is a topic with several valid answers. In drilling and milling, the outside diameter of the tool is the widely agreed surface. In turning and boring, the surface can be defined on either side of the depth of cut, that is, either the starting surface or the ending surface, with neither definition being "wrong" as long as the people involved understand the difference. An experienced machinist summed this up succinctly as "the diameter I am turning from" versus "the diameter I am turning to." He uses the "from", not the "to", and explains why, while acknowledging that some others do not. The logic of focusing on the largest diameter involved (OD of drill or end mill, starting diameter of turned workpiece) is that this is where the highest tangential speed is, with the most heat generation, which is the main driver of tool wear.

There will be an optimum cutting speed for each material and set of machining conditions, and the spindle speed (RPM) can be calculated from this speed. Factors affecting the calculation of cutting speed are:

 * The material being machined (steel, brass, tool steel, plastic, wood) (see table below)
 * The material the cutter is made from (High-Carbon Steel, high-speed steel (HSS), Carbide, Ceramics, and Diamond tools)
 * The economical life of the cutter (the cost to regrind or purchase new, compared to the quantity of parts produced)

Cutting speeds are calculated on the assumption that optimum cutting conditions exist. These include:

 * Metal removal rate (finishing cuts that remove a small amount of material may be run at increased speeds)
 * Full and constant flow of cutting fluid (adequate cooling and chip flushing)
 * Rigidity of the machine and tooling setup (reduction in vibration or chatter)
 * Continuity of cut (as compared to an interrupted cut, such as machining square section material in a lathe)
 * Condition of material (mill scale, hard spots due to white cast iron forming in castings)

The cutting speed is given as a set of constants that are available from the material manufacturer or supplier. The most common materials are available in reference books or charts, but will always be subject to adjustment depending on the cutting conditions. The following table gives the cutting speeds for a selection of common materials under one set of conditions. The conditions are a tool life of 1 hour, dry cutting (no coolant), and at medium feeds, so they may appear to be incorrect depending on circumstances. These cutting speeds may change if, for instance, adequate coolant is available or an improved grade of HSS is used (such as one that includes [cobalt]).

Machinability rating
The machinability rating of a material attempts to quantify the machinability of various materials. It is expressed as a percentage or a normalized value. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) determined machinability ratings for a wide variety of materials by running turning tests at 180 surface feet per minute (sfpm). It then arbitrarily assigned 160 Brinell B1112 steel a machinability rating of 100%. The machinability rating is determined by measuring the weighed averages of the normal cutting speed, surface finish, and tool life for each material. Note that a material with a machinability rating less than 100% would be more difficult to machine than B1112 and material and a value more than 100% would be easier.

Machinability ratings can be used in conjunction with the Taylor tool life equation, $VT^{n} = C$ in order to determine cutting speeds or tool life. It is known that B1112 has a tool life of 60 minutes at a cutting speed of 100 sfpm. If a material has a machinability rating of 70%, it can be determined, with the above knowns, that in order to maintain the same tool life (60 minutes), the cutting speed must be 70 sfpm (assuming the same tooling is used).

When calculating for copper alloys, the machine rating is arrived at by assuming the 100 rating of 600 SFM. For example, phosphorus bronze (grades A–D) has a machinability rating of 20. This means that phosphor bronze runs at 20% the speed of 600 SFM or 120 SFM. However, 165 SFM is generally accepted as the basic 100% rating for "grading steels". Formula Cutting Speed (V)= [πDN]/1000 m/min Where D=Diameter of Workpiece in meter or millimeter N=Spindle Speed in rpm

Spindle speed
The spindle speed is the rotational frequency of the spindle of the machine, measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). The preferred speed is determined by working backward from the desired surface speed (sfm or m/min) and incorporating the diameter (of workpiece or cutter).

The spindle may hold the:
 * Material (as in a Lathe chuck)
 * Drill bit in a drill
 * Milling cutter in a milling machine
 * Router bit in a wood router
 * Shaper cutter or knife in a wood shaper or spindle moulder
 * Grinding wheel on a grinding machine.

Excessive spindle speed will cause premature tool wear, breakages, and can cause tool chatter, all of which can lead to potentially dangerous conditions. Using the correct spindle speed for the material and tools will greatly enhance tool life and the quality of the surface finish.

For a given machining operation, the cutting speed will remain constant for most situations; therefore the spindle speed will also remain constant. However, facing, forming, parting off, and recess operations on a lathe or screw machine involve the machining of a constantly changing diameter. Ideally, this means changing the spindle speed as the cut advances across the face of the workpiece, producing constant surface speed (CSS). Mechanical arrangements to effect CSS have existed for centuries, but they were never applied commonly to machine tool control. In the pre-CNC era, the ideal of CSS was ignored for most work. For unusual work that demanded it, special pains were taken to achieve it. The introduction of CNC-controlled lathes has provided a practical, everyday solution via automated CSS Machining Process Monitoring and Control. By means of the machine's software and variable speed electric motors, the lathe can increase the RPM of the spindle as the cutter gets closer to the center of the part.

Grinding wheels are designed to be run at a maximum safe speed, the spindle speed of the grinding machine may be variable but this should only be changed with due attention to the safe working speed of the wheel. As a wheel wears it will decrease in diameter, and its effective cutting speed will be reduced. Some grinders have the provision to increase the spindle speed, which corrects for this loss of cutting ability; however, increasing the speed beyond the wheels rating will destroy the wheel and create a serious hazard to life and limb.

Generally speaking, spindle speeds and feed rates are less critical in woodworking than metalworking. Most woodworking machines including power saws such as circular saws and band saws, jointers, Thickness planers rotate at a fixed RPM. In those machines, cutting speed is regulated through the feed rate. The required feed rate can be extremely variable depending on the power of the motor, the hardness of the wood or other material being machined, and the sharpness of the cutting tool.

In woodworking, the ideal feed rate is one that is slow enough not to bog down the motor, yet fast enough to avoid burning the material. Certain woods, such as black cherry and maple are more prone to burning than others. The right feed rate is usually obtained by "feel" if the material is hand fed, or by trial and error if a power feeder is used. In thicknessers (planers), the wood is usually fed automatically through rubber or corrugated steel rollers. Some of these machines allow varying the feed rate, usually by changing pulleys. A slower feed rate usually results in a finer surface as more cuts are made for any length of wood.

Spindle speed becomes important in the operation of routers, spindle moulders or shapers, and drills. Older and smaller routers often rotate at a fixed spindle speed, usually between 20,000 and 25,000 rpm. While these speeds are fine for small router bits, using larger bits, say more than 1 in or 25 millimeters in diameter, can be dangerous and can lead to chatter. Larger routers now have variable speeds and larger bits require slower speed. Drilling wood generally uses higher spindle speeds than metal, and the speed is not as critical. However, larger diameter drill bits do require slower speeds to avoid burning.

Cutting feeds and speeds, and the spindle speeds that are derived from them, are the ideal cutting conditions for a tool. If the conditions are less than ideal then adjustments are made to the spindle's speed, this adjustment is usually a reduction in RPM to the closest available speed, or one that is deemed (through knowledge and experience) to be correct.

Some materials, such as machinable wax, can be cut at a wide variety of spindle speeds, while others, such as stainless steel require much more careful control as the cutting speed is critical, to avoid overheating both the cutter and workpiece. Stainless steel is one material that hardens very easily under cold working, therefore insufficient feed rate or incorrect spindle speed can lead to less than ideal cutting conditions as the work piece will quickly harden and resist the tool's cutting action. The liberal application of cutting fluid can improve these cutting conditions; however, the correct selection of speeds is the critical factor.

Spindle speed calculations
Most metalworking books have nomograms or tables of spindle speeds and feed rates for different cutters and workpiece materials; similar tables are also likely available from the manufacturer of the cutter used.

The spindle speeds may be calculated for all machining operations once the SFM or MPM is known. In most cases, we are dealing with a cylindrical object such as a milling cutter or a workpiece turning in a lathe so we need to determine the speed at the periphery of this round object. This speed at the periphery (of a point on the circumference, moving past a stationary point) will depend on the rotational speed (RPM) and diameter of the object.

One analogy would be a skateboard rider and a bicycle rider travelling side by side along the road. For a given surface speed (the speed of this pair along the road) the rotational speed (RPM) of their wheels (large for the skater and small for the bicycle rider) will be different. This rotational speed (RPM) is what we are calculating, given a fixed surface speed (speed along the road) and known values for their wheel sizes (cutter or workpiece).

The following formulae may be used to estimate this value.

Approximation
The exact RPM is not always needed, a close approximation will work. For instance, a machinist may want to take the value of $$ {\pi }$$ to be 3 if performing calculations by hand.

 * $$RPM = {Cutting Speed\times 12 \over \pi \times Diameter}$$

e.g. for a cutting speed of 100 ft/min (a plain HSS steel cutter on mild steel) and diameter of 10 inches (the cutter or the work piece)

 * $$RPM = {Cutting Speed\times 12 \over \pi \times Diameter} = {12 \times 100 ft/min \over 3 \times 10 inches} = {40 revs/min}$$

and, for an example using metric values, where the cutting speed is 30 m/min and a diameter of 10 mm (0.01 m),

 * $$RPM = {Speed \over \pi \times Diameter} = { 1000 \times 30 m/min \over 3 \times 10 mm} = {1000 revs/min}$$

Accuracy
However, for more accurate calculations, and at the expense of simplicity, this formula can be used:

 * $$RPM = {Speed \over Circumference}={Speed \over \pi \times Diameter}$$

and using the same example

 * $$RPM = {100 ft/min \over \pi \times 10 \, inches \left ( \frac{1 ft}{12 \, inches} \right )} = {100 \over 2.62} = 38.2 revs/min$$

and using the same example as above

 * $$RPM = {30 m/min \over \pi \times 10 \, mm \left ( \frac{1 m}{1000 \, mm} \right )} = {1000*30 \over \pi*10} = 955 revs/min$$

where:
 * RPM is the rotational speed of the cutter or workpiece.
 * Speed is the recommended cutting speed of the material in meters/minute or feet/min
 * Diameter in millimeters or inches.

Feed rate
Feed rate is the velocity at which the cutter is fed, that is, advanced against the workpiece. It is expressed in units of distance per revolution for turning and boring (typically inches per revolution [ipr] or millimeters per revolution). It can be expressed thus for milling also, but it is often expressed in units of distance per time for milling (typically inches per minute [ipm] or millimeters per minute), with considerations of how many teeth (or flutes) the cutter has then determined what that means for each tooth.

Feed rate is dependent on the:

 * Type of tool (a small drill or a large drill, high speed or carbide, a boxtool or recess, a thin form tool or wide form tool, a slide knurl or a turret straddle knurl).
 * Surface finish desired.
 * Power available at the spindle (to prevent stalling of the cutter or workpiece).
 * Rigidity of the machine and tooling setup (ability to withstand vibration or chatter).
 * Strength of the workpiece (high feed rates will collapse thin wall tubing)
 * Characteristics of the material being cut, chip flow depends on material type and feed rate. The ideal chip shape is small and breaks free early, carrying heat away from the tool and work.
 * Threads per inch (TPI) for taps, die heads and threading tools.
 * Cut Width. Any time the width of cut is less than half the diameter, a geometric phenomenon called Chip Thinning reduces the actual chipload.  Feedrates need to be increased to offset the effects of chip thinning, both for productivity and to avoid rubbing which reduces tool life.

When deciding what feed rate to use for a certain cutting operation, the calculation is fairly straightforward for single-point cutting tools, because all of the cutting work is done at one point (done by "one tooth", as it were). With a milling machine or jointer, where multi-tipped/multi-fluted cutting tools are involved, then the desired feed rate becomes dependent on the number of teeth on the cutter, as well as the desired amount of material per tooth to cut (expressed as chip load). The greater the number of cutting edges, the higher the feed rate permissible: for a cutting edge to work efficiently it must remove sufficient material to cut rather than rub; it also must do its fair share of work.

The ratio of the spindle speed and the feed rate controls how aggressive the cut is, and the nature of the swarf formed.

Formula to determine feed rate
This formula can be used to figure out the feed rate that the cutter travels into or around the work. This would apply to cutters on a milling machine, drill press and a number of other machine tools. This is not to be used on the lathe for turning operations, as the feed rate on a lathe is given as feed per revolution.

$$FR = {RPM \times T \times CL} $$

Where:
 * FR = the calculated feed rate in inches per minute or mm per minute.
 * RPM = is the calculated speed for the cutter.
 * T = Number of teeth on the cutter.
 * CL = The chip load or feed per tooth. This is the size of chip that each tooth of the cutter takes.

Depth of cut
Cutting speed and feed rate come together with depth of cut to determine the material removal rate, which is the volume of workpiece material (metal, wood, plastic, etc.) that can be removed per time unit.

Interrelationship of theory and practice
Speed-and-feed selection is analogous to other examples of applied science, such as meteorology or pharmacology, in that the theoretical modeling is necessary and useful but can never fully predict the reality of specific cases because of the massively multivariate environment. Just as weather forecasts or drug dosages can be modeled with fair accuracy, but never with complete certainty, machinists can predict with charts and formulas the approximate speed and feed values that will work best on a particular job, but cannot know the exact optimal values until running the job. In CNC machining, usually the programmer programs speeds and feedrates that are as maximally tuned as calculations and general guidelines can supply. The operator then fine-tunes the values while running the machine, based on sights, sounds, smells, temperatures, tolerance holding, and tool tip lifespan. Under proper management, the revised values are captured for future use, so that when a program is run again later, this work need not be duplicated.

As with meteorology and pharmacology, however, the interrelationship of theory and practice has been developing over decades as the theory part of the balance becomes more advanced thanks to information technology. For example, an effort called the Machine Tool Genome Project is working toward providing the computer modeling (simulation) needed to predict optimal speed-and-feed combinations for particular setups in any internet-connected shop with less local experimentation and testing. Instead of the only option being the measuring and testing of the behavior of its own equipment, it will benefit from others' experience and simulation; in a sense, rather than 'reinventing a wheel', it will be able to 'make better use of existing wheels already developed by others in remote locations'.

Academic research examples
Speeds and feeds have been studied scientifically since at least the 1890s. The work is typically done in engineering laboratories, with the funding coming from three basic roots: corporations, governments (including their militaries), and universities. All three types of institution have invested large amounts of money in the cause, often in collaborative partnerships. Examples of such work are highlighted below.

In the 1890s through 1910s, Frederick Winslow Taylor performed turning experiments that became famous (and seminal). He developed Taylor's Equation for Tool Life Expectancy.

Scientific study by Holz and De Leeuw of the Cincinnati Milling Machine Company did for milling cutters what F. W. Taylor had done for single-point cutters.

"Following World War II, many new alloys were developed. New standards were needed to increase [U.S.] American productivity. Metcut Research Associates, with technical support from the Air Force Materials Laboratory and the Army Science and Technology Laboratory, published the first Machining Data Handbook in 1966. The recommended speeds and feeds provided in this book were the result of extensive testing to determine optimum tool life under controlled conditions for every material of the day, operation and hardness."

A study on the effect of the variation of cutting parameters in the surface integrity in turning of an AISI 304 stainless steel revealed that the feed rate has the greatest impairing effect on the quality of the surface, and that besides the achievement of the desired roughness profile, it is necessary to analyze the effect of speed and feed on the creation of micropits and microdefects on the machined surface. Moreover, they found that the conventional empirical relation that relates feed rate to roughness value does not fit adequately for low cutting speeds.

title: Speeds and feeds


text:
Talk:Grand College of Rites

NPOV check, further wikify/rewrites
I added the NPOV check template to the article because large portions of it seem biased against the GCR, but I'm not at all knowledgable on the subject and so can't really rewrite it sufficiently to make it neutral. Also, the convoluted grammar errors (fragments, etc.) in the last large paragraph are too complex for me to resolve since I don't know exactly what the original author was trying to say, and I don't know what's important and what isn't. If you know more about Freemasonry and the Grand College of Rites, please give this article some much-needed attention. --Darkwind 01:21, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

The article seems to gain a pro-GCR slant. It would be great to hear the defense of the GCR's actions, but not if the editor is going to erase criticisms. Both points of view need to be equally represented, and simply stating that anyone who disagrees with the GCR is greedy or ambitious seems to me like oversimplification.

The last edit of this page is quite poor. Instead of providing more information in favor of the GCR to allow the reader to make up their own mind about the controversy surrounding the GCR's suppression of various rites, the editor merely removed information which might be unfavorable to the GCR. It is impossible to deny that part of the GCR's stated purpose is to suppress said Rites. It is a part of their constitutions, and they make new members agree to support this goal. Why not let the GCR's petition and constitutions speak for themselves? Why remove them from the article? This isn't making a better article by fleshing out both points of view. This is intellectual dishonesty. The GCR makes this fact as plain as day to everyone who visits their website or looks at their petition. Their goal of suppressing various rites is unambiguous. The simplistic nature in which the situation with the Rite of Memphis is explained, and the lack of acknowledgement that there are many masons who simply wish that the GCR would stop suppressing it and other rites, so that they could have them, rather than a desire for prestige, or money, is saddening. I would love to see the article improved, not by supporting one opinion or the other, and not by providing less information, but more, from both sides. -Pessina 04/15/2005

There are clearly 2 different tones and viewpoints conflicting here, and I doubt the viewpoints are going to come to agreement. I suggest something roughly like: I'm not familar with the details so I can't add many facts, but I can restructure and rephrase the existing content accordingly. Hopefully this will make each viewpoint clear and reduce further editing/rewriting conflicts. Scott 11:24, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Reworking the opinionated phrasing into more neutral language.
 * Reworking the last 2 paragraphs into something like the following:
 * A description of the mission of GCR excluding the controversal 'protecting' role,
 * "Controversy sometimes arises when other groups attempt to revive...",
 * The GCR view of protecting rituals & legitimacy, etc.
 * Critics views of supression, etc.
 * "An example of this is the controversy over the Rites of Memphis...".
 * Create a new 'Rites of Memphis' page (there isn't one now):
 * Move the Rites of Memphis description and details of the dispute there,
 * Structure the page similarly.

The new edit is inaccurate. There is NOT significant overlap of leadership within the AASR and the GCR.

NPOV
I've added the NPOV flag because this article as it stands makes definite claims about apparently disputed facts. Please bracket the dispute appropriately. Thank you. Kelly Martin 00:41, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

---

This article needed serious help when I found it. Whoever did the last edit seemed to have no understanding of masonic jurisprudence and continually threw around the words "regular" and "irregular" as if they were some kind of vague designation for rites that were "mainstream" and "alternative" rather than having a specific intent. The editor also displayed an egregious lack of knowledge regarding masonic history in the USA, not to mention a humorous use of language saying that the A&PR had caused a "ruckus" in the 19th century. The GCR's detractors who have edited this article haven't always been exactly accurate either, but for God's sake, I hope that we can do better than this in the future.

references and some fact checking needed
I have attempted to wikify and add some references. The bits claiming that the AASR was deemed spurious by the GM of the GL of the Three Globes at Berlin is not independently supportable by any sources. All the weblinks for this protocol trace back to RGLE linked sites. As several claims have been made by that group, and by supporters of that group on wikipedia, and not backed up by independently verifiable sources, their information should be treated skeptically, at best.--Vidkun 16:01, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not convinced that the material about the legitimacy of Morins patent actually have a place in this article. There may be a case for discussing differences of opinion between GCR and AASR SJ (I get the impression that there are some) but that's it.  The link to the RGLE page is specious but I have seen that content elsewhere.ALR 20:40, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I haven't seen that content elsewhere except in pages linked to RGLE, specifically anything with Cabinda in the name. If you have other sources, could you please share them?  What I think is that someone is trying to say that the GCR is spurious, because of its close ties to the AASR SJ (Art De Hoyos is one notable link between the two), and, by saying that, get support for their own group (be it RGLE, the New Rite of Memphis, the Rite of the Rose Cross of Gold, the United Grand Lodge of America . . .).--Vidkun 22:17, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Grand College of Rites. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060615020029/http://grandcollegeofrites.org/index.php to http://www.grandcollegeofrites.org/index.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:34, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Grand College of Rites


text:
User talk:Retroreflect

Welcome to Retroreflect's talk page

--Retroreflect 01:19, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Retroreflect


text:
OOO

OOO, Ooo, or ooo may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * "Ooo", a song by !!! from the 2015 album As If
 * "Ooo", a track from the 2015 Undertale Soundtrack album
 * "O.O.O (Over&Over&Over)", theme of TV competition show Girls Planet 999
 * Kamen Rider OOO, a 2010–11 tokusatsu series
 * Land of Ooo, the setting of animated series Adventure Time
 * OOO, the production code for the 1972 Doctor Who serial The Time Monster
 * OnlyOneOf (OOO), a K-pop boy group under 8D Creative

Computing and networking

 * .OOO, an Internet top-level domain
 * OpenOffice.org (OOo), a discontinued office application suite
 * Out-of-order execution (OoO), a paradigm in microprocessors

Other uses

 * OOO, a business and finance abbreviation for out of office
 * ООО, a type of private limited company in Russia
 * OOO gauge, an old British model railway scale
 * Object-oriented ontology, a metaphysical school of thought
 * O-O-O, the move notation for queenside castling in chess

title: OOO


text:
Talk:Thyratron

Dear me! This page reads like homage to 1940s engineering, rather than state of the art technology worth several tens of millions of dollars in annual sales! Historical background is fine; actually, I am very much in favour of it, but the use of thyratrons for motor control went out with Cuban heels and flared trousers… Three pictures, supposedly illustrative of current thyratrons, not one of which is less than forty years old – probably older! If anyone is monitoring this, I invite them to comment; failing that, or even if comments are forthcoming, I will amend this page. It should reflect a technology that while admittedly being slowly replaced by solid state devices, ain’t dead yet. Good grief! Applications include Dekatron calculators? Noise sources? Who wrote this stuff? Or is this a joke? If it is, it is in extremely poor taste. Peter Maggs 17:11, 22 October 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peter Maggs (talk • contribs)

Given that a thyratron is gas-filled, I'm not sure it belongs in the Wiki category of "Vacuum tubes (although I take your point)".

Atlant 01:23, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I know, I struggled with that one for a bit. I just wanted it to reside with the other components of the same style. If you can think of a category that encompasses vacuum & gas-filled tubes then lets add it in :) If we called them 'glass components' then we'd be emphasizing their construction rather than their electronic function..

--Hooperbloob 02:26, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * "Electron Devices"? Isn't that the title of the relevant IEEE Journal? --Pjacobi 12:10, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)

It is tough to think of a single category that encompasses both vacuum tubes and gas tubes and yet still conveys any meaningful data. I guess we ought to make a category called "Vacuum and gas tubes" and create subcats within there for "Vacuum tubes" and "Gas tubes". The "Gas tubes" category could then be the home for a whole host of devices including thyratrons, Mercury vapor rectifiers, Voltage regulator tubes, Nixie tubes, Decatrons, and the like.

What do you think about that?

Atlant 20:26, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Given that the pressure in a thyratron is on the order of 30 millibars (3% of air pressure at sea level) the word "vacuum" is not undeserved. Vaxalon 13:43, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Why not a catagory Electron tubes? That covers both. -- RTC 05:49, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

What is with the "world view" header? Did Tesla invent this too? Is someone saying that the Chinese and the Soviets invented this technology first? They may well have... but regardless of the origin calling this "a western viewpoint" is silly. I suppose low atmospheric pressure argon behaves differently in Ethiopia, for example. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.95.7.245 (talk) 04:18, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Thyratron. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120905132123/http://home.roadrunner.com/~mathematikos/Etymology/thyristor.pdf to http://home.roadrunner.com/~mathematikos/Etymology/thyristor.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:37, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thyratron


text:
User:Dpbsmith/Ashlee Simpson's "Lives with Father"

Lives with Father is the title of a 2015 book by Ashlee Simpson and Jessica Simpson, as told to Variety reporter Clarence A. McManus.

The Simpsons skyrocketed to fame in the early 2000's and, like a skyrocket, exploded and fell swiftly to earth. The book relates how their trajectories were skilfully guided by their controlling father, Joe Simpson, who packaged and commercially exploited every aspect of their lives.

Ashlee retained a small fan base and continued to tour and perform through the end of the decade; however, as in the case of Judy Garland, some of her fans were only interested in seeing whether the emotionally fragile Ashlee would break down on stage.

Ironically, the book itself became famous only as a result of the actions of Joe Simpson, who unsuccessfully tried to suppress its publication because of the unflattering details it revealed about him and his relationships to his daughters.

The book sold 18,000 copies and was made into a docudrama which aired once on the Christian Family Cable Network.


text:
Pizzoccheri

Pizzoccheri (pizzòcher, ) is a type of short tagliatelle, a flat ribbon pasta, made with a blend of buckwheat flour and wheat flour. It is believed to have originated in Valtellina, a valley in the northern Italian region of Lombardy. It is also popular in Val Poschiavo, a side valley of Valtellina which belongs to the Swiss canton of Grisons.

Pizzoccheri can be made by hand or can be purchased pre-made.

History
The dish was first identified in 1550, in the Category of Inventories of Things that May be Eaten in Italy by Ortensio Lando.

In the 1799 book Die Republik Graubündent (The Republic of Graubünden), German historian Heinrich L. Lehmann wrote about a "perzockel" dough made from buckwheat flour and egg.

In popular culture
Two pizzoccheri fairs (or sagre) take place in Teglio: La Sagra dei Pizzoccheri, celebrated annually in July, and the festival of The Golden Pizzocchero, celebrated annually in September.

In 2002, the Accademia del Pizzocchero di Teglio was founded to promote traditional preparations of pizzocchero.

In 2016, the dish gained the European Union's recognition of protected geographical indication (PGI).

Variations
Pizzoccheri della Valtellina – the original variation from Valtellina, is cooked along with greens (often Swiss chard, but also Savoy cabbage), and cubed potatoes. This mixture is layered with pieces of Valtellina Casera cheese and ground Grana Padano or Parmesan, and dressed with garlic lightly fried in butter.

Pizzoccheri bianchi della Valchiavenna – from the area around Chiavenna, is quite distinct, being a form of gnocchetti, often made from white wheat flour and dry bread.

title: Pizzoccheri


text: User talk:69.156.91.104

title: User talk:69.156.91.104


text:
User talk:Beland/Praise

The advice in the song goes:

''Remember compliments you receive. Forget the insults. If you succeed in doing this, tell me how. Keep your old love letters. Throw away your old bank statements.''

I usually delete personal messages from the current page after I've replied to them. If anyone, including myself, cares to read them, they are in the edit history. But I've decided to keep some of the random praise I sometimes get, in a transparent attempt to make myself feel better and make myself look good.

Don't let this quirky affectation dissuade you from posting critical comments on my personal talk page. I want to know if you have a problem with my writing or my behavior, so I can explain myself, fix it, or apologize as needed. I just prefer to delete requests and criticism after I've made a satisfactory reply, lest all of it clutter up my personal space too much. Clutter prevention is also why these comments are on a page of their own.

Mary Schmich, please take note.

Love,

Beland

Praise
Hey, thanks for your work cleaning up the LGBT categories. They've been a mess for a while, and I think at one point I even promised to do it, but spaced the whole thing. Anyhow, just wanted to let you know that your efforts are appreciated. -Seth Mahoney 06:26, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

Your improvements on my first attempt at "bisexual culture" were excellent. Thanks. Jliberty 14:00, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)

I'm glad to see you're working on cleaning up the Wikipedia: namespace.
This is just a small note of thanks and congrats to you for continuing to work on cleaning up the Wikipedia namespace. I just came across your updates to the Wikipedia Namespace WikiProject, and wanted to thank you. I havn't been able to put much time into that recently, so it's good to see it's still being worked on. JesseW 20:52, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

lots of edits, not an admin
Hi - I made a list of users who've been around long enough to have made lots of edits but aren't admins. If you're at all interested in becoming an admin, can you please add an '*' immediately before your name in this list? I've suggested folks nominating someone might want to puruse this list. Thanks. -- Rick Block (talk) 23:02, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your work on Wikipedia!

I noticed that you have done an incredible amount of work on Wikipedia doing a lot of corrections, fixes, and cleanup. I hereby award you the Working Man's barnstar for your hard work performing chores and duties on Wikipedia. Thanks! — Stevey7788 (talk) 21:22, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Hey there
I saw your request on WP:RFPP (which I did, by the way) and thought to myself: That's odd. I mean, why is Beland, one of our best janitors, not an admin? Do you know why Beland is not an admin? Because if it's just to do with a nomination, I'd be pleased to nominate you myself. Please :) Dmcdevit·t 06:27, August 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yay! Dmcdevit·t 01:03, August 28, 2005 (UTC)

Admin nomination
Requests for adminship/Beland. How embarassing. -- Beland 20:29, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

Congrats
It's kind of traditional for the promoting bureaucrat to congratulate their newly minted admin and thereby impart some sagely advice. Or at least notify them they've been promoted. I don't know where Ed's head is, but let me be the first to congratulate you then. That RFA was just what I expected it would be. Feel free to ask me if you have any questions about your new admin tools! Dmcdevit·t 19:58, September 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your congratulations, and thanks for your nomination. I'm already finding my new powers surprisingly handy.  "Hey I can do that myself now!" -- Beland 04:48, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Congrats
Sorry for the lateness of this, but congrats on becoming an admin! --Kbdank71 16:15, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

End of the World
Hey, great work there. I added those Native American, Islamic and Zoroastrian prophecies way back when. I hope you liked them. Anyway, have a Working Man's Barnstar for you work:

Take care, Molotov (talk)  19:25, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Templates with red links
. Thank you - your efforts are much appreciated! We'll surely be putting in fair labor to eliminate template redlinks, so these tools show what we've got rather than what we're missing! -- BD2412 talk 03:32, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

What is wrong with you?
Dear Beland, you look like a perfect wiki guy - the best janitor, run the most helpful Pearle, created my beloved maintenance colab, now you are going to reorganize community portal (according to my ideas)... You seriously sound and look too good to be true. So before I complete fall in wiki-love, what is wrong with you? ;) Renata3 03:00, 25 October 2005 (UTC

Nudge, nudge :-)
Check back here - you are awesome!! --HappyCamper 03:40, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

I am impressed
What a great way to keep your talk page uncluttered and current. And then the really wonderful advice on only keeping the love letters and praise! I love it!!! I've copied your explanations at the top of each talk page and set my talk page(s) up the same way. Remember: The greatest compliment is imitation! (Not much there on mine yet, but hey: What isn't yet, is bound to happen!)  --Mmounties 21:15, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Barnstar!
I am moved to give you this barnstar after hearing about Neglected articles. You do so much great work, I just thought it should be recognized. Feel free to move the award template wherever you like. JesseW, the juggling janitor 08:45, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Help portal
Looks promising; a definite improvement to the existing page. Keep up the good work! Dan100 (Talk) 13:24, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Tundra
Thanks for the helpful edits. This is exactly the medicine that Wikpedia needs.
 * —-- That Guy, From That Show!  (talk) 2006-03-05 08:02Z

Featured picture nomination successful
Thanks for the contribution! --PS2pcGAMER (talk) 10:18, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Thank You
Thanks for your thoughtful comments on the clothing and fashion articles. It's nice to know that someone out there is interested beyond the handful of us writing them. :-)  - PKM 02:28, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Arbitrary thanks!
I just wanted to drop off a quick thanks for operating Pearle. I can see it's saved a lot of people a lot of tedious effort; not only does that free up editors for what they're supposed to be doing (editing), it increases the overall accessibility of Wikipedia, which I think is more important than most people would guess. Per your backlog, feel free to ignore this indefnitely; I'm just hoping it'll brighten your day, even if only a bit, when you eventually do get to it. Anyway, thanks! Luna Santin 11:17, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for the information
Regarding User_talk:Huji, and as you didn't mention if you are watching my talk page, I would like to thank you very much, for your help.

huji— TALK (not watching yours)

Barnstar

 * Congrat! NCursework 08:17, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Genetics
You're most kind, thanks. :) It's a great help for us at Medical genetic wikiproject. I try to work as useful as I can. We'll see, I can't count on too many participants, it's a tight topic. But this List of pages needing attention section lets us work harder. Thanks. :) NCursework 08:21, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Thank you
...for your welcome improvements to the Minuteman Bikeway article. I think you have deftly finessed the distance ambiguity issue, which needed to be put to rest once and for all. Cheers, Hertz1888 (talk) 03:49, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

Transportation in the United States
Thanks for rationally reorganizing and improving this article. It is so much more readable and approachable. :)Synchronism (talk) 22:28, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar
(feel free to add to your user page if you like). yours,Smeelgova 02:35, 10 October 2006 (UTC).

Barnstar
You've earned it.

Economy of the United States - BARNSTAR
I don't know how much has been edited by you exactly but it looks pretty neat. SSZ (talk) 20:34, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

homosexuality and Catholicism
Thanks for starting that section! –Roscelese (talk ⋅ contribs) 18:44, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

Neglected articles
Thanks for the update. Maurreen (talk) 08:01, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Judicial system of the PRC
I was just looking at the talk page history for Talk:Judicial system of the People's Republic of China, and saw your (very old) comment. This is likely the longest article I've found that cites no references. It's strange how these barren deserts emerge on Wikipedia, and on top-importance articles no less. In any case, I'm thinking of having a crack at reordering the page. If you have an ongoing interest in the topic, please partake! Regards, Homunculus (duihua) 06:15, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

Happy 13th Wiki-Birthday Beland

For all of the many known and generally unknown good things you have done here, here is to wishing you a very happy 13th Wiki-Birthday today Beland. I speak for myself, and for many others no doubt. Hope you have a good one. Scott P. (talk) 17:13, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

Thank you for being one of Wikipedia's top medical contributors!

 * please help translate this message into your local language via meta

Thanks again :-) --  Doc James  along with the rest of the team at Wiki Project Med Foundation 18:08, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

Thanks
Hey - I just wanted to say thanks for all of your amazing work on Wikipedia! You've personally helped me and hundreds of thousands of other people out, and I really appreciate it. You're personally making a huge contribution to keeping the world's information clear, accessible, and high-quality. Thanks so much for what you do!

Ameobea (talk) 22:31, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

Editor of the Week
User:Darylgolden submitted the following nomination for Editor of the Week:
 * I nominate Beland to be Editor of the Week. He is a prolific editor, having made over 69000 edits, mostly gnomish in nature. Their work in setting up Typo Team/moss is particularly commendable. This is a project that automatically finds typos on Wikipedia through a database search. Since its inception, the project has led to thousands of typo corrections and numerous entries added to Wiktionary. Beland's technical skills and general editing is truly invaluable to the project, and they're definitely deserving of this award.

You can copy the following text to your user page to display a user box proclaiming your selection as Editor of the Week:

Thanks again for your efforts! ― Buster7  ☎   00:30, 4 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Oh hurray, thanks! -- Beland (talk) 01:23, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

14 years of adminship
 Wishing Beland a very happy adminship anniversary on behalf of the Wikipedia Birthday Committee! Chris Troutman ( talk ) 17:17, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

Thank you for being one of Wikipedia's top medical contributors!

 * please help translate this message into your local language via meta

Thanks again :-) --  Doc James  along with the rest of the team at Wiki Project Med Foundation 18:35, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

Happy First Edit Day!
 Happy First Edit Day! Have a very happy first edit anniversary!

From the Birthday Committee, CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 00:08, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

Happy Adminship Anniversary!
 Happy Adminship Anniversary! Have a very happy adminship anniversary on your special day!

Best wishes, CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 19:44, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

Unit names
Thanks for your work on cleaning up lower-cased symbols for litre. XAM2175 (T) 11:23, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Beland/Praise


text:
User talk:Dpbsmith/Ashlee Simpson's "Lives with Father"

The contents of this page is speculative if not fictional. In 2015 if it becomes apparent that its content is accurate it will be moved into the namespace. Otherwise I will not do so and of course nobody else should either. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:26, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Neighborhood rebranding in New York City

Neighborhood rebranding in New York City has been a constant phenomenon for decades as real estate promoters, community groups, and residents all sometimes rename communities to increase prestige and distance themselves from an older negative reputation.

Examples
Several neighborhoods were rebranded after the Civil War when slightly tawdry neighborhoods like Harsonville, centered on what is now Broadway about 68th Street, were reclassified as part of suburban Bloomingdale farther up Bloomingdale Road, which itself was rebranded as "The Boulevard". What is now the Upper West Side was meant to be named the "West End" to lure an Anglophile upper class; however, that designation was not accepted.

After World War II, the name of the small and fashionable hill that had been known as Murray Hill was applied to the featureless area to its east.

The neighborhood of SoHo, Manhattan, which stands for South of Houston Street, is deliberately imitative of Soho in London. TriBeCa, another rebranding, applied to the more southerly part of the former Lower West Side stands for Triangle Below Canal Street. The use of acronym and medial capitals has been influential in adjacent neighborhoods trying to pick up on SoHo's cachet. The most obvious inspiration is NoHo, located North of Houston Street, and NoLIta, North of Little Italy. Other attempts of upscale rebrandings failed, especially in "Clinton", which residents continue to call "Hell's Kitchen". Some rebrandings, such as SoHa (South of Harlem) for Morningside Heights and south Harlem, have been controversial.

The trend has also spread beyond Manhattan. The former Pigtown, Brooklyn became Wingate, Brooklyn early in the 20th century. At mid-century, the prosperous portions of South Brooklyn north of Gowanus Expressway and west of Gowanus Canal successfully dissociated themselves from Red Hook and became known by several local names. Late in the century the term BoCoCa was applied with less success by the medial capital method to encompass these neighborhoods of Boerum Hill, Cobble Hill, and Carroll Gardens. The more successful Dumbo, in Downtown Brooklyn, stands for Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass. DoBro is a recently created name describing the Downtown Brooklyn business district along Fulton Street.

The Riverdale section of the Bronx is sometimes called NoMa (North of Manhattan). In the Port Morris section of the South Bronx, many brokers and new residents call it SoBro (South Bronx) with limited success; it was renamed in order to eliminate the negative stereotypes of the South Bronx, but many older residents continue to call it the South Bronx. Efforts to change to "Downtown Bronx" have been even less successful. In 2015 developers tried to rebrand a portion of the South Bronx as the Piano District, a reference to the piano factories were located in the area a century earlier.

Proposed legislation
In April 2011, New York State Assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries promised to introduce a bill to require a series of approvals for new neighborhood names — from the community board, the City Council and the mayor. The bill would also punish real estate brokers who promoted property with an unofficial, made-up name. The bill calls for fines and the possible suspension or revocation of brokers’ licenses.


text: User talk:216.221.64.59

title: User talk:216.221.64.59


text:
Heracleopolis Magna

Heracleopolis Magna (Μεγάλη Ἡρακλέους πόλις, Megálē Herakléous pólis), Heracleopolis (Ἡρακλεόπολις, Herakleópolis) or Herakleoupolis (Ἡρακλεούπολις) is the Roman name of the capital of the 20th nome of ancient Upper Egypt, known in Ancient Egyptian as nn nswt. The site is located approximately 15 km west of the modern city of Beni Suef, in the Beni Suef Governorate of Egypt.

Name
In Ancient Egypt, Heracleopolis Magna was called nn nswt, meaning Child of the King (appearing as hnn nswt or hwt nn nswt; also transcribed Henen-Nesut or Hut-Nen-Nesut). This later developed into Ϩⲛⲏⲥ or ϩⲛⲉⲥ, which was borrowed into early اهناس Ahnās. The site is now known as Ihnasiyyah Umm al-Kimam "Ihnasiyyah, Mother of the Shards" and as Ihnasiyyah al-Madinah "The City of Ihnasiyyah".

The Greek name meant "City of Heracles", with the epithet "great" being added to distinguish it from other towns with that name. The Greek form became more common during the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which came to power after the death of Alexander the Great. The Roman Empire used a Latinised form of the Greek name.

Some Egyptologists and Biblical scholars connect the biblical city of Hanes (חָנֵס Ḥānês) mentioned in with Heracleopolis Magna.

Early Dynastic Period
The date of the earliest settlements on the site of Herakleopolis is not known, but an entry on the Palermo Stone reporting king Den's visit to the sacred lake of Heryshef at Nenj-neswt, the ancient name of the city, suggests that it was already in existence by the mid First Dynasty, c. 2970 BC.

First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC)

Herakleopolis first came to prominence and reached its apogee of power during the First Intermediate Period, between 2181 and 2055 BC. Eventually after the collapse of the Old Kingdom, Egypt was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt. Herakleopolis became the principal city of Lower Egypt and was able to exercise its control over much of the region. Herakleopolis exerted such great control over Lower Egypt during this time that Egyptologists and Egyptian archaeologists sometimes refer to the period between the 9th and 10th Dynasties (2160–2025 BC) as the Herakleopolitan Period. During this period, Herakleopolis often found itself in conflict with the de facto capital of Upper Egypt, ancient Thebes.

Middle Kingdom (2055–1650 BC)
Between the latter part of the First Intermediate Period and the early Middle Kingdom, the city became the religious center of the cult of Heryshaf, and the Temple of Heryshaf was constructed. Heracleopolis Magna and its dynasty was defeated by Mentuhotep II in c. 2055–2004 BC, which ushered in the Middle Kingdom period.

Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC)
By the time of the Third Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC), Herakleopolis again rose in importance. There were many renovations and new constructions of the temple and mortuary centers that existed in the city, and it again became an important religious and political center.

Ptolemaic Egypt (322–30 BC)
By the Ptolemaic Kingdom (332–30 BC), Herakleopolis was still an important religious and cultural center in Egypt. The Greek rulers of this period, in an attempt to find connections and comparisons between their own gods and the gods of the land that they were now ruling, associated Haryshef with Heracles in the interpretatio graeca, thus the name often used by modern scholars for Herakleopolis.

Roman Egypt (30 BC–390 AD)
The site of Herakleopolis was occupied even into Roman times. Near the Necropolis of Sedmet el-Gebel, houses dating to this period were found, which in and of itself implies a continued occupation of the area.

Notable people

 * Theophanes (Θεοφάνης), a Physicist.

Sir Flinders Petrie and Edouard Naville

The first person to undertake an extensive excavation at Herakleopolis was the Swiss Egyptologist Edouard Naville. After excavating what he believed to be the entirety of the Temple of Heryshef, Naville came to the conclusion that he had found all that Herakleopolis had to offer.

His friend Sir Flinders Petrie, on the other hand, “...in 1879 suspected that the region already cleared was only a part of the temple,” and thus Herakleopolis (or Ehnasya as he called it, a name harking back to the site's period of Roman occupation) had much left to be unearthed.

Petrie discovered a great deal that Naville had not believed existed. He completed the excavation of the temple of Heryshef, and attempted to find other remains in an area around the temple. In so doing, he succeeded in discovering such previously unknown features. such as a house's remains from the Roman period of occupation. He also identified another temple that he attributed to the 19th Dynasty, as well as the aforementioned additions to the Temple of Heryshef associated with Ramesses the Great. Other than archaeological features, the artefacts found by Petrie during his excavation are numerous, and span the entire chronological range of settlement. Relating specifically to artefacts found from the end of the First Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, Petrie uncovered numerous pot sherds he associated with the 11th Dynasty. From the later Roman periods, Petrie found numerous objects associated with many of the mortuary sites that he unearthed, including iron tools, pottery, and icons.

Recent excavations
While other excavations are not numerous and are naturally overshadowed by that of Flinders Petrie and his famous expedition, there have been several more recent excavations that have also increased knowledge of the site. During the 1980s, a Spanish team conducted excavations and uncovered such artefacts as a libation altar and a pair of decorated eyes, presumably from a statue, all attributed to a temple dated to the Third Intermediate Period.

A Spanish team also conducted excavations as recently as 2008, under the direction of María del Carmen Pérez-Die of the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid, Spain. Their efforts revealed a previously unknown tomb with several false doors dating to the First Intermediate Period, as well as funeral offerings, all of which had not been vandalized. Other finds include the funeral chapel of senior official Neferjau and his wife Sat-Bahetep, and the remains of tomb H.1 belonging to a late-11th Dynasty officier named Khety.

title: Heracleopolis Magna


text:
Peter Julian

Peter S. Julian (born April 16, 1962) is a Canadian Member of Parliament for the New Democratic Party (NDP), representing the riding of New Westminster—Burnaby. He was first elected in 2004.

Personal life
Julian was born on April 16, 1962, in New Westminster, British Columbia, to Terry and Ruth Julian. His father Terry was a school administrator, historian and author, and a 2002 recipient of the Queen's Jubilee Medal. He has a sister, Randi, and a brother, Patrick.

Julian played basketball for Douglas College and was a sports reporter for The Other Press in the 1980's. Prior to his political career, Julian worked in a variety of settings, including as a financial administrator, and as a manual labourer at an oil refinery, factories and various small businesses.

Julian is fluently bilingual in the English and French languages and is also functional in American Sign Language. He lives in the 10th Avenue area of New Westminster. He graduated from New Westminster Secondary School and holds a bachelor's degree in political science from the Université du Québec à Montréal with a specialization in International Relations.

Political career
In 2002, Julian ran for the City Council in New Westminster, British Columbia. He received 3,275 votes, losing a spot on the council by 74 votes.

After losing his bid for city council, Julian ran for the New Democratic Party nomination in the riding of Burnaby—New Westminster, British Columbia. On March 7, 2004, Julian defeated Dave Mackinon to be the NDP's candidate in the 2004 federal election. Julian won the general election, defeating Mary Pynenburg of the Liberal Party of Canada by just 329 votes. He was re-elected by 3,971 votes over Pynenburg in 2006. In the federal election held on October 14, 2008, Julian won the riding of Burnaby—New Westminster by over 6,900 votes. Julian won the riding again in 2011 with 49.67% of the votes.

He also co-founded the Save St. Mary's Hospital Community Coalition. He was a founding member of the BC Disability Employment Network and the Burnaby-New Westminster Council of Canadians. He has also volunteered for the local Emergency Social Services, for Royal City Soccer, East Burnaby Minor Baseball, the United Way, and the United Church of Canada.

In the New Democratic Party Shadow Cabinet, Julian was the Energy and Natural Resources Critic. Julian previously served as the NDP critic for International Trade, Transportation, Persons with Disabilities, Treasury Board, Western Fisheries Critic, Industry, and the 2010 Vancouver-Whistler Olympics. Julian also served as the Deputy NDP Caucus Chair. During the 2011–12 NDP leadership race, Julian took over from candidate Peggy Nash to serve as the NDP's Finance Critic until the race was over, at which point Nash retook her spot and Julian was shifted to the lower-profile position of Energy Critic.

Julian vocally opposed the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP) that he believed threatened Canada's sovereignty through deep integration with the United States and Mexico. As NDP Transport Critic, Julian led the successful fight in the House of Commons to stop the SMS transport safety bill, which he believed to be an attempt to turn safety over to air transport companies themselves, something Julian termed "self-serve safety". Julian also initiated an NDP task force to meet and consult with diverse Canadian immigrant communities across the country, and to learn more about the challenges they face.

The Georgia Straight newspaper has called Julian "one of the region's hardest working politicians". Julian ranked 3rd of 308 MPs in the 39th Parliament on bills, votes, and speeches.

Amid the NDP's third-place performance in the 2015 federal election, Julian was re-elected. Party leader Tom Mulcair appointed him to continue serving as NDP House Leader.

On December 21, 2016, Julian registered to run in the NDP leadership race to succeed Tom Mulcair. He withdrew on July 5, 2017, after trailing fellow candidates Charlie Angus, Niki Ashton, Guy Caron, and Jagmeet Singh in fundraising. He subsequently endorsed Singh for leader.

On January 31, 2018, Peter Julian was named finance critic in the NDP shadow cabinet by party leader Jagmeet Singh. In addition, Julian was made House Leader of the NDP and energy critic on March 14, 2019.

Committees

 * Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on International Trade

title: Peter Julian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/HMS Hermione

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. —Korath (Talk) 02:07, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

HMS Hermione
So... like... yeah. This is the first time I've nominated something for deletion. I hope I'm not sucking at it. (Ketsuban)

 * Well, you forgot to add it to Votes for deletion! The article as originally proposed was one of User:Pumpie's useless stubs, quite worthy of deletion. But I expanded it, and now vote keep. Gdr 23:47, 2005 Mar 28 (UTC)

 * Keep. useful article. Slac speak up!  00:13, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as salvaged. Except for the image, the nominated version was a useless piece of junk. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:01, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Gdr has done a good salvage job on this. Capitalistroadster 11:39, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Now a clear keep. Alai 03:14, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep There are hundreds of articles about {[Royal Navy]] ships. Many people are interested in militaria (I'm not one of them). Wincoote 01:48, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep  S γ ω Ω η Σ  tαlk 19:22, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.