text:
Talk:Creflo Dollar

Let's Get Rid of Dollar's Official Bio
It's practically lifted word-for-word from his ministry's Web site. I think that's unfair to the reader. There are general things that can be agreed upon from his page and others that can elaborated upon, but particularly the end of the first section was absolutely a shill for him and not very objective.

In the opening bio it reads "Dollar received a BS degree in education in 1984 from West Georgia College in Carrollton, GA. His website claims that he has a master’s degree in counseling and a doctorate in counseling, but there is information about when or where those degrees were earned.[1]" This reads rather awkwardly. Should it be "but there is no information..." or "but there is information at ..." and then cite the reference? Greenbomb101 16:30, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Misc. comments
The second sentence is not a sentence. What is it supposed to mean? It is only a noun phrase. It might as well read "Moon Pies and Coca-cola." Which we all known is a profound statement of causal complexity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.50.114.125 (talk) 20:01, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

After reading the nonsense printed as so called information concerning Rhema Bible School, Kenneth Hagin, and the Word of Faith Movement, I sincerely expected to see much more criticism on Dr. Dollar's account. It is obvious that Wikipedia cannot be relied upon for factual information but is used purposely as an anti christian tool. However, as a Holy Spirit filled christian I am fully aware that the world could never understand an all powerful God capable of miracles and full of a love for all mankind that he would be impartial in giving such healings and wealth to all His children. I am greatly disappointed that one of God's annointed ministers such as Dr. Dollar has not gained your anti-faith based attention. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.212.11.8 (talk • contribs) 19 Feb 2005

One Love..

Can somebody please leave the annointed men of God alone!God says we as christians should not live like this world,we are different,and Please even if you claim to know dr Dollar don't do what u have already done again. the bible says 'WE SHOULD NOT JUDGE ONE ANOTHER' and next time don't play with fire by trying to embarass the annointed of God because you embarass yourself. Think clearly before you throw stones to someone without looking at yourself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.232.250.51 (talk • contribs) 4 Oct 2005

 * The anonymous user immediately above at IP 155.232.250.51 also deleted a comment (from a different IP address) from May, 2005 from the talk page entitled "Fools." It can be viewed by looking at the May '05 date in the talk page history. -- Lisasmall 19:06, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * This isn't the place for this or for some of the comments below. If you want to rant, get a blog or find an appropriate newsgroup/forum or make your own website. I'm a Spirit-filled Christian as well and your feelings for the mentioned so-called ministries are at sharp contrast to mine, but Wikipedia is a place to convey knowledge, not to set up soapboxes. Wordbuilder 14:52, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No, I think this is the place for these types of comments. This page is the "discussion" page.  And regardless, look at the other Wikipedia articles and you'll see there are thousands of pages filled up with these types of debates.  Creflo Dollar is a poor example of a minister if he drives around in a Rolls Royce.  The Bible clearly does not promise material prosperity.  What about all the starving Christians in Sudan?  Is Creflo Dollar somehow more in touch with God than they are?  He should sell one of his Rolls Royces and give the money to the poor. --208.22.45.148 14:08, 27 October 2006 (UTC)SCW

 * To help alleviate the confusion as to the purposed of an article's discussion page, I added the "talkheader" tag above. The purpose of this page is to discuss improving the article. It is not to express your opinions on the subject matter. --20:35, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

VfD debate link
This article has been kept due to lack of consensus at this VFD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  08:30, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Creflo Dollar has been used by God in a powerful way. Just because people do not understand some of his beliefs does not mean he should be persecuted. Many christians did not support the civil rights movement or the abolition of slavery because of their false doctrine that did not leave room for other 'interpretations' of right and wrong. His congregation of over 20,000 people speaks for itself. Leave Creflo Dollar and the God of Creflo Dollar, Jehovah, alone. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.185.248.249 (talk • contribs) 8 Feb 2006

 * Regardless of whether Creflo Dollar is right or wrong, you have to be out of your mind to cite the size of his congregation as proof of God's favor. Jim Jones convinced nearly 1000 people to commit suicide, and there are well over 20,000 Jehovah's Witness's out there.  Does the size of these groups also speak for itself in terms of being in the right?  --208.22.45.148 14:08, 27 October 2006 (UTC)SCW

Now... Back On Topic... Merge?
Since this discussion was supposed to be about whether or not to merge World Changers Church with Dr. Dollars history, I would add my own comment that that seems fine. It seems reasonable to me to include all related issues, history and accomplishments in his section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.59.244.182 (talk) 10 June 2006

 * I agree. Wordbuilder 14:52, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree also. -- Lisasmall 18:30, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Need research on birth name
While he claims Creflo Dollar is his birth name there are numerous sources who claim otherwise. Information about this that I previously added to the article has now been deleted. The article needs accurate information about this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.212.64.234 (talk) 21:28, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

2017
I was kind of wondering about this also... AnonMoos (talk) 23:59, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

"Dr." Dollar?
Why does the article consistently use the title "Dr."? I see that Martin Luther King is also repeatedly referred to as "Dr. King", but Einstein and Jonas Salk do not have the title. I suppose that Dr. King was usually called "Dr." in the press and so there's some argument for keeping the title. Is that the same reasoning for Dollar? (Personally, I find it a bit distasteful when someone with an academic doctorate insists on using the title, but maybe it's the norm for some theological degrees?) Phiwum 13:03, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

It's really up to the holder of the degree. Quite common among all walks of christian ministers to use the title, especially if they write books. 75.62.129.140 20:37, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Distasteful for people with PHD's to refer to themselves as Dr.? I'm not arguing about Dollar here when I say this, but that is absurd. If you have a PHD, you have just as much right to go by DR as a medical doctor does, if you want to. Now, obviously some take it too far but I strongly disagree with your blanket statement. katherinewelles 3:03, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Since my statement was clearly a matter of personal opinion, I don't particularly need to defend it. In any case, among academics, the rule is roughly that using "Dr." as a title is acceptable in an academic setting and not elsewhere.  As a matter of fact, in most academic settings, seeing the title "Dr." is fairly rare (outside of, say, dealing with students and the like).  You won't find the title in a conference proceedings for instance.
 * I never said anything about "as much right to go by DR" as a medical doctor, since etiquette doesn't have much to do with rights. Certainly, I have a right to use my title.  Heck, in the US, I probably had the right to use the title "Dr." when I was still in high school, since the US does not tend to legislate things like this (as long as I'm not pretending I'm an MD, say).  Nonetheless, I find it more than a bit distasteful when an academic PhD insists on using his title, particularly in non-academic circumstances.  But it may be the case that in different disciplines (including theology), the tradition is different. Phiwum 13:14, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Can we get a WP:RS that he has a real doctorate? I see many websites that doubt he does. In Dollar's official biography he says he has a doctorate, but does not give the school nor the year. In contrast, his honorary doctorate's school and year is mentioned. Strange? TYie34 (talk) 01:00, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I think we should go one further than that and delete the claim, since it is unsourced (and from my sleuthing, unsourceable). He wouldn't be the first televangelist to claim a doctorate where none was earned, but that doesn't mean that we should allow WP to act as his PR organ until someone can *disprove* something. If a claim is not properly supported by credible sources, it cannot remain here. Consequently, I'm pruning that claim out. Bricology (talk) 17:57, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

 * In the evangelical subculture it's not unusual for individuals with honorary doctorates from places like "Mumble Bible College" to use the "Dr." prefix much of the time. Those that have actual doctorates also regularly use the "Dr." prefix outside of an academic setting. It's an indicator of status in a milleu that values hierarchy and the signals of status. All this does not make the usage appropriate in secular settings including Wikipedia. Mike Doughney (talk) 01:49, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * In addition to the reasons discussed above for removing the usage of "Dr.", the repetitive usage is promotional and moreover violates Wikipedia's guidelines on concision. Writing that Creflo received a degree is concisely sufficient. Ijon Tichy x2 (talk) 15:45, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Those that hold a PhD are rightfully called doctors. Medical doctors are more accurately referred to as physicians, referring to them as doctors is more recent in history. Doctor comes from the Latin word docere, which means to instruct, teach, or point out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.162.242.119 (talk) 19:57, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia's manual of style advises against using academic credentials in most cases, WP:CREDENTIAL. The legitimacy of his doctorate does not have to be debated here. The article mentions his honorary doctorate. That's plenty. Grayfell (talk) 03:15, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

Removal of controversies section
I see that Jmaster1 has removed the controversies section entirely. This section seems important and relevant to the article, but included no citations at all. I assume this is why Jmaster1 removed it. In any case, it is a good reason to delete it.

Can someone verify some or all of these deleted claims?

 * A Word of Faith teacher, Dollar is sometimes criticized for advocating a prosperity-oriented teaching held by most Christians to be a misreading of Christian theology . Many of Dollar's church members believe that his Rolls-Royce automobiles, which were given to him by the church, his private jet, and million-dollar Atlanta home and multimillion-dollar Manhattan apartment confirm the validity of his prosperity gospel teachings.  +   A Word of Faith teacher, Dollar is sometimes criticized for advocating a prosperity-oriented teaching held by most Christians to be a misreading of Christian theology . Many of Dollar's chur

 * Critics, however, believe his lifestyle is proof of nothing more than the generosity of his parishoners. Dollar has explained that prosperity primarily involves improved relationships with God, family, friends.

 * Dollar's church has amassed a fortune in real estate, mostly in College Park. Like other Word of Faith preachers, Dollar is often accompanied by bodyguards in public, and has stated, "I'm a part of the God class."

 * Creflo has also appeared in front of the World Dome in the 2001 rap video Welcome to Atlanta with rappers Ludacris and Jermaine Dupri.

 * On another occasion, Dollar donated money as a show of appreciation to law enforcement officers in Fulton County, Georgia.

 * Many of his critics claim he was born with the name Michael Smith; however, his actual birth name is Creflo A. Dollar, Jr. after his father, Creflo A. Dollar Senior. A man by the name of Michael Smith held a few high-ranking titles during his 12 years of membership/service at World Changers Church, but they are, in fact, two separate people.

Thanks much. Phiwum 13:19, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

This article mentions the Welcome to Atlanta video appearance:

http://www.ottawamennonite.ca/sermons/dust-off.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by Onorland (talk • contribs) 16:55, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

"Swindler" vandalism
I don't like the word "swindler" in the first paragraph. Personal feelings aside, the article should remain objective.

 * No, of course "swindler" did not belong there. You corrected a vandalism that other editors had missed.  Thanks much, but please remember to sign your talk page posts by appending four tildes. Phiwum 03:29, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

*cracks the whip*
Oh, stop arguing and get to work. This article is a mess. I put some templates in and cleaned up the Controversy section a bit. Can someone work on all those s in the first section? Thank you! ComputerSherpa 22:05, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Video request
Can someone post the video clip from one of the TBN broadcasts [a few years ago] where he said "Worship me! I mean worship God!"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.61.86.122 (talk) 05:06, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Doesn't really seem relevant to me. A simple slip of the tongue that signifies nothing much at all. Phiwum 12:45, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Good News
Creflo Dollar owns a jet model "Gulfstream 3"...this could lead to a mis-understanding that he owns 3 jets. He also has stated in interviews that he does not own 2 Rolls Royces, he own's 1 and that 1 was a gift from his congregation. He states that he would never spend that much money on a Rolls Royce for several reasons.

It is said that the Atlanta church brings in about 70-80 million a year. Every year they pay $57,000 to have the church audited by Grant Thorton (the largest firm around) They give the members an opportunity to come into the accounting department to look at the books.

Thirty million goes into television, the church has a staff and sixty ministries. There is something called "The Joseph Project" that is designed to help men that are in and out of jail, in and out of drugs, in and out of marriages, etc. They have outreaches in Ukraine, Uganda, Cameroon and Brazil, providing shelter for the homeless and those in need. There were about a dozen houses being built in Brazil at one time. The church provides groceries for about 180 families per week.

It has been said that he does not use one penny of the churches money to pay for any of his lifestyle. He stopped taking a salary from the church a number of years ago. He owns businesses and invests in real estate, that's how he pays for himself and his family. He has invested 28 million dollars of his own personal money into the church.

He flies to New York every Saturday to preach in Madison Square Garden. It costs approximately $800,000 a year to rent it out and $85,000 to rent storage space nearby. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Royalgem21 (talk • contribs) 03:19, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Removed Controversy Section
I decided to remove this section because it was biased and many threw out opinions rather than facts. For instance the user states that one of the reason whyh Creflo Dollar is controversal because he claims Jesus was God who came down as a man, which in fact is central to Christianity. Other negative things listed under the controversy section were simply made up and biased. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jfssoccer (talk • contribs) 23:07, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I have restored the controversy section as it was. It contains two valid citations from reliable sources. It does not contain "made up material" as you falsely allege. Do not delete verified content on Wikipedia; you may be restricted from editing if you continue. Mike Doughney (talk) 23:14, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:BITE. The bulk of the text was unsourced and constituted an unsourced controversial claim about a living person, which should be removed on sight under our biographies of living persons policies.  Rather than blindly restoring libel, you should confirm that the text really is cited.  I have added sources about the lawsuit and changed the language to reflect what the Tulsa World says about the amended lawsuit.  I removed the Baptist criticism completely as it was unsourced. --B (talk) 23:36, 7 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I take issue with your claim that "the bulk of the text was unsourced." Are you referring to this article or Hagin's? One middle paragraph of Baptist objections to Dollar was possibly verifiable (such objections are widely known and sometimes reported) but was unsourced and should have been removed; I certainly don't think it would have qualified as libelous. The rest was valid. I am fundamentally opposed to wholesale removal of criticism/controversy sections based on vague objections, thus the motivation for my restoration of these sections and warning the user about that and their disparagement aimed at me. Careful editing to remove unsourced material, with an explanation of each edit, should then follow. Mike Doughney (talk) 00:21, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Everything in a criticism section needs to be (1) reliably sourced both in terms of the thing being criticized actually having happened and in terms of the criticism being levied, (2) specifically about the subject of the biography in question and not just in general terms about something relating to him, (3) significant and not just some guy's rant, and (4) really a criticism and not merely a disagreement. Every non-WOF Christian, myself included, disagrees with the "name it, claim it" theology of the WOFers.  It's a terrible heresy, but that doesn't mean that every WOFer's article should be turned into a criticism of WOF.  The statement "Dollar is known for his controversial teachings of Prosperity theology" is true, but it doesn't belong in the criticism section unless there is really an objective criticism to be levied there, not merely that we disagree with it. --B (talk) 04:41, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
 * It's unclear to me exactly what you're flogging here. The statement "Dollar is known for his controversial teachings of Prosperity theology" satisfies all of your criteria: it's sourced to a New York Times article about Dollar that spends at least three paragraphs explaining that there are individuals and organizations in the field who object to what he does ("an "F" grade for financial transparency"), i.e. there is in fact a controversy here. Are you suggesting that some further evidence of controversy is needed? I think the Times article is quite sufficient. If not, the whole sentence, perhaps dropping the word "controversial" should be appended to the lede paragraph to further explain who Dollar is. Mike Doughney (talk) 06:06, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Why would Creflo Dollar attending ORU be a controversial Issue? What's controversial about attending a university? Does these following statements not qualify as being an opinion? How do we know Creflo is known for controversial teachings? How is owning a Rolls Royce controversial? Pastors when they are finished teaching get paid by the people through what's called a pastor's offering which is taken after each sermon.

Dollar is known for his controversial teachings of Prosperity theology.[8]

He was a member of the Oral Roberts University Board of Regents and, along with four other board members, is named in a lawsuit against the university alleging wrongful termination, among other claims.[9][10]

Dollar is also known to have received a Rolls Royce from his church.[11] (Jfssoccer (talk) 01:36, 9 July 2008 (UTC)).
 * Being on the board and named in a lawsuit is inherently controversial. Being a WOFer/prosperity gospel/name it-claim it teacher is not and in order for that to belong in the controversy section, we would need a citation from a reliable source criticizing Dollar personally for something he did relative to his theology.  Simply the fact that the vast majority of Christians disagree with his theology is not a controversy.  As for driving a Rolls Royce, if he is taking heat in the media for his excesses, then yes, that's worth mentioning.  If nobody outside of Wikipedia cares, though, then we shouldn't care either.  As for the "pastor's offering", that's not entirely correct.  A visiting speaker is often given a "lover offering" by the congregation, but that is usually reserved for someone who does not have a regular salary.  In other words, if a visiting missionary came to speak at our church, we would almost certainly give him or her a love offering for his or her ministry, but if the pastor from the church down the street spoke, a love offering is not traditionally expected.  I suppose that different denominations or areas have different traditions, but if he is on salary from his church and collecting love offerings for himself personally beyond reasonable travel expenses, then that's outside what I believe to be the norm. --B (talk) 03:37, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

There's nothing wrong with him accepting a Rolls Royce from his church as a gift... he also doesn't get a salary according to an interview i watched. 94.192.129.91 (talk) 01:00, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The content you removed was referenced. Wikipedia is not censored.   Ndenison  talk  05:34, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Can we confirm his birthday?
It's listed on this page as January 28. However, it is listed on his Who2 Biography page as January 15. It is also listed under the Births section of our own January 15 page (it is a duplicate of the entry in the January 28 page). Moobler (talk) 06:53, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

I thought he was a kids tv show... damn —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.57.2.252 (talk) 08:15, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Has External Link "Video Stream of Creflo Dollar on November 30, 2007" been hijacked?
"External links" item "Video Stream of Creflo Dollar on November 30, 2007 with remarks to the Senate inquiry" now points to "http://www.wisdomministries.org/".

Has this been hijacked? Spydy (talk) 16:55, 27 May 2010 (UTC)

NPOV tag
Considering all the previous Talk/Discussion Page topics, I think it is more than reasonable to add a tag expressing concerns about NPOV. At least that will clue readers in to the fact that virtually all the sources come from Dollar or his ministry's website and do more than point out a lack of good citations. Scrawlspacer (talk) 07:55, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

FALSE - W-2 FORMS? YOU CAN NOT BE SERIOUS
As a member of World Changers Church I can verify for myself that Creflo Dollar does NOT ask for W-2 forms for verifcation of salary/tithe percentage. Common day lynching. You can not be serious! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.58.132.66 (talk) 19:42, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

If it is that much of a concern for you, please do not make such a loud fuss about it. Instead, you should use the established method for correcting errors.
 * Use the simple "edit" method
 * Provide reliable citations for the correct information
 * Have done with it.

And, if you are unsure how to do any of this for yourself, please ask here. I am sure that somebody will assist. There is no stigma attached to inability. 184.41.44.167 (talk) 01:30, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Creflo Bishop Longs Comment
A YouTube video of Pastor Creflo Dollar defending his "brother in the Lord," Bishop Eddie Long, is making its way across the blogosphere. In the video, Dollar addresses church members for turning their back on their pastor, who recently settled four sexual-coercion lawsuits, when he is in trouble. Dollar likens Long's "troubles" to a "wreck," applauding the fact that Long had "insurance" -- i.e., Jesus. Dollar admonishes Long's followers who are looking for a new church home in his ministry. Dollar preaches: "That [Long] is my friend, that is my brother in the Lord. If you came from there, you get on back over there where you're supposed to be and do what you need to be doing because he got insurance and Jesus paid the premium." Seriously? We won't throw baby Jesus out the window with the bathwater, but these pastors who fail to acknowledge the level of duplicity allegedly exercised by Long is immoral and unacceptable. As reports surface that Long's church attendance is waning, Dollar defends his friend, telling folks to go back. Likening a man who allegedly preyed on young boys -- plying them with gifts and trips in the process -- to a "wreck" is disingenuous at best and foul at worst. Dollar is right; everyone makes mistakes, but trivializing an alleged misdeed like Long's scandal and criticizing those who would walk away is foul. We're taking it back to '88 and giving Pastor Dollar the gas face. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lgathers630 (talk • contribs) 17:31, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

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Controversies section?
Adding a controversies section to this article seems appropriate. Does anyone object? 24.63.16.140 (talk) 06:30, 19 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Try reading the existing article. There is already quite a lot of well-sourced information about aspects that are 'controversies'.  Sales-driven newspapers and media like stoking "controversy".  Please also read WP:CSECTION which discourages "controversy" sections in Wikipedia articles.  So, bearing in mind that Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia rather than a sales-driven newspaper, what would you propose adding or changing, and why?  And what reliable sources would you use to present the various sides in the proposed items that you would classify as 'controversies'? And how would you support a case for making this an exception to that WP:CSECTION recommendation? Feline Hymnic (talk) 11:01, 19 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Creflo Dollar


text:
Marksville

Marksville may refer to:

 * Marksville, Louisiana, a city in the United States
 * Marksville, Virginia
 * Marksville culture, an archaeological culture in the United States

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marksville


text:
Ligurian Republic

The Ligurian Republic (Repubblica Ligure, Repubbrica Ligure, République ligure) or Republic of Liguria was a French client republic formed by Napoleon on 14 June 1797. It consisted of the old Republic of Genoa, which covered most of the Ligurian region of Northwest Italy, and the small Imperial fiefs owned by the House of Savoy inside its territory. Its first Constitution was promulgated on 22 December 1797, establishing a directorial republic. The directory was deposed on 7 December 1799 and the executive was temporarily replaced by a commission. In 1802, a doge was nominated for a 5-year term, according to the second Constitution imposed by Napoleon, and a Senate was established.

The Republic was briefly occupied by Austrian forces in 1800, but Napoleon soon returned with an army and retook it. A new Constitution was published in 1802, establishing institutions more similar to those of the previous Genoese Republic, with a Doge who was president of a Senate. The Ligurian Republic used the traditional Genoese flag, consisting of a red cross on a white background.

In June 1805, the territory was annexed by the First French Empire.

History
After conflict was sparked in May 1797 between Genoese inhabitants regarding their wealthy rulers, Napoleon took Genoa and established his own order. The French engaged in a mass robbery of Genoa, leaving the people and their land in a ruinous state. Napoleon announced the founding of the Ligurian Republic on 6 June 1797. The people's cooperation under Napoleon's domain was undoubtedly brought on in part by Archbishop Giovanni Lercari, who showed his support of the French only three days later. A Ligurian constitution was crafted, which was unprogressive and meant only as a temporary document. That December, the constitution's replacement emerged. A large majority approved the constitution by plebiscite.

In June 1798, the rulers of the Ligurian Republic led the people into war against the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia after exiles attempted to form an uprising. The French eventually intervened in the war, resulting in the French occupation of Piedmont.

In 1800, the Ligurian Republic was besieged by the Austrian army and British fleet. An estimated 30,000 casualties resulted from the conflicts, and the French army had to be relied on for economic restoration. Eventually, the Ligurian leaders placed themselves at the feet of Napoleon, asking that he take direct control. He accepted.

In June 1805, the area was directly annexed by France as the departements of the Apennins, Gênes and Montenotte. After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, the republic was briefly restored between 28 April and 28 July. Following the Congress of Vienna, it was awarded to Piedmont-Sardinia and annexed on 3 January 1815. Its territories formed the new Duchy of Genoa within the Savoyard state.

title: Ligurian Republic


text:
Italian Republic (Napoleonic)

The Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana) was a short-lived (1802–1805) republic located in Northern Italy. Napoleon Bonaparte served as president and its capital was Milan.

The republic
The Italian Republic was the successor of the Cisalpine Republic, which changed its constitution to allow the French First Consul Napoleon to become its president. The new constitution changed the name of the state to the "Italian Republic"; it consisted of the same areas that had comprised the Cisalpine Republic, primarily Lombardy and Romagna.

The republic had a territory of more than 42,500 km2, and a population of 3,840,000 in 12 départements. Milan was the capital city, the main center having 124,000 inhabitants in 1764. The country was prosperous despite the plundering experienced in preceding centuries. Its economy was based on cereal agriculture and cattle raising, plus flourishing small industries, notably the production of silk.

The flag of the Italian Republic maintained the three Italian-Milanese national colours, but with a new, less revolutionary, pattern. The coat of arms was specified in a decree on 13 May 1802. A treaty of friendship and commerce with the Republic of San Marino was signed on 10 June 1802, and a Concordat with the Holy See on 16 September 1803.

The government created the National Guard of Italy, a National Gendarmerie, and a finance police; the metric system was introduced and a national currency was planned, although never minted during the Republican era.

In 1805, following Bonaparte's assumption of the title of Emperor of the French, the Italian Republic was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia), with Napoleon as king and his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais as viceroy.

Institutional form
According to the Italian constitution of 1802, sovereignty resided in three electoral colleges of three to two hundred members: the College of Owners (il Collegio dei possidenti), the College of Scholars (il Collegio dei dotti), and the College of Traders (il Collegio dei mercanti), the first having its seat in Milan, the second in Bologna, and the third in Brescia. All the colleges elected a commission of control and supreme rule, called the Censorship (la Censura), composed of twenty-one members and based in Cremona.

The head of state was the president of the republic (il Presidente della repubblica), Napoleon Bonaparte, elected for 10 years. The president had full executive powers, appointed the vice-president (il Vicepresidente) and the secretary of state, took legislative and diplomatic initiative, chose the ministers, public agents, ambassadors, and chiefs of the army, summoned the executive councils, and prepared the budget. The vice-president, Francesco Melzi d'Eril, acted for the president during his absence. Melzi was described as a gentleman and effectively ruled over the state's domestic affairs during the three years of the republic's life. Never submitting to Napoleon, Melzi was demoted after the monarchy's proclamation in favour of more controllable men; however, Melzi's character ensured him Napoleon's deep private respect during all the years of the French empire. Melzi also introduced obligatory conscription to Italy.

The Consulta (la Consulta di Stato) was a commission of eight members led by the president of the republic and in charge of foreign policy. The commissioners were appointed by the Censorship upon nomination by the three colleges: many former members of the Directory of the Cisalpine Republic entered into office. The Consulta ratified treaties, approved any special decrees concerning state security, and in the event of the death or resignation of the president, appointed the successor. The minister of foreign affairs was chosen from among the commissioners.

The Legislative Council (il Consiglio legislativo) was a commission of at least ten members appointed by the president for three years. Its mission was to allow the president to submit legislation, helping him in the elaboration of laws and being present when they were discussed in parliament. The secretary of state (il segretario di Stato) was the chief of the public administration. He promulgated the laws, guarded the state's seal, and countersigned presidential acts. The first secretary was Diego Guicciardi, soon followed by Pellegrino Nobili and, finally, by Luigi Vaccari.

The government comprised seven ministers (i ministri). The Minister of War was at first Alessandro Trivulzi and then, from 1804, General Domenico Pino; Minister of Interior was at first Luigi Villa and then, from 1803, Daniele Felici; Minister of Foreign Affairs was Ferdinando Marescalchi; Minister of Justice and Great Judge was Bonaventura Spannocchi; Minister of Treasury was Antonio Veneri; Minister of Finance was Giuseppe Prina; Minister of Religion was Giovanni Bovara. To draw up its budgets, the government was assisted by a Commissionership for National Accountancy.

The parliament of the republic was the Legislative Body (il Corpo Legislativo) with limited powers. It was composed of 75 members elected in each department by the three colleges. It was summoned by the president of the republic and could only approve or reject a law, the discussion being reserved to a more restricted Chamber of orators or Chamber of speakers (Camera degli oratori, a committee of fifteen speakers). First appointed at the Meetings of Lyon, one-third of the parliament had to be renewed every two years.

The tribunals were divided into tribunals of first instance (tribunali di prima istanza), courts of appeal (corti d'appello), courts of revision (corti di revisione), and a court of cassation (corte di cassazione). The judges of the first two were appointed by the Consulta, the latter two by the three colleges.

Local administration
Following the French system, The state was divided into 12 départements (dipartimenti). The chief of the department was the prefect (prefetto), an office created on 6 May 1802. The prefect was the state's representative in each province (dipartimento), and had two main functions: the first was to implement the administrative decisions of the central government and to control the local authorities, the second was leadership of the police. The local legislative body was the General Council (Consiglio generale), composed of representatives of the communes. The government appointed the Central Departmental Administration (Consiglio della prefettura), composed of five or seven members chosen from nominations submitted by the General Council: the Administrations had powers over taxes and public works and, generally, represented local interests.

The departments were divided into districts (distretti) equivalent to the French arrondissements. The chief of the district was the vice-prefect, which had powers similar to those of the prefect, but for a smaller area. However, the structure of the districts was not uniform over all the territory of the republic, and some districts were administered by a district council and a chancellor.

The districts were divided into communes. Communes with more than 3,000 inhabitants had a city council (consiglio comunale) of thirty or forty members, chosen by the General council from nominations submitted by the same city council. In the smaller communes, all the taxable citizens were councillors. The council elected an executive municipality of three to nine members, helped in its executive functions by a city secretary. All city offices were held only by owners and traders, and the leadership of the owners was assured. Each commune had a tax collector.

List of departments and districts

 * Agogna (capital Novara)
 * District of Novara, District of Vigevano, District of Domodossola, District of Varallo, District of Arona
 * Crostolo (capital Reggio Emilia)
 * Lario (capital Como)
 * District of Como, District of Varese, District of Sondrio, District of Lecco
 * Lower Po (capital Ferrara)
 * Mella (capital Brescia)
 * District of Brescia, District of Chiari, District of Verolanuova, District of Salò
 * Mincio (capital Mantua)
 * District of Mantua, District of Revere, District of Verona, District of Castiglione
 * Olona (capital Milan)
 * District of Milan, District of Pavia, District of Monza, District of Gallarate
 * Panaro (capital Modena)
 * Reno (capital Bologna)
 * Rubicone (capital Forlì)
 * Serio (capital Bergamo)
 * District of Bergamo, District of Clusone, District of Treviglio, District of Breno
 * Upper Po (capital Cremona)
 * District of Cremona, District of Crema, District of Lodi, District of Casalmaggiore

title: Italian Republic (Napoleonic)


text:
Jesu (album)

Jesu is the first full-length album by British experimental music band Jesu, released through Hydra Head Records on 8 December 2004. Unlike the Heart Ache EP, where Justin Broadrick executed all instrumentation himself, this release features Ted Parsons on drums, Diarmuid Dalton on bass, and a guest appearance by Paul Neville on guitar on the track "Man/Woman". The album was released in Japan by Daymare Recordings and contains two additional instrumental remixes on a bonus disc. In February 2005, a double vinyl picture disc set was released by Hydra Head, limited to 1000 copies.

In 2022, Broadrick described Tired of Me as "one of my most favorite songs I ever wrote" as it documented an extremely painful period in his life following the dissolution of Godflesh (the musical group he'd led since the 1980s) and the break-up of a long-time romantic relationship.

Personnel

 * Jesu
 * Justin Broadrick – guitar, vocals, bass, programming
 * Ted Parsons – drums, percussion
 * Diarmuid Dalton – bass ("Your Path to Divinity", "Tired of Me", "We All Faulter", "Guardian Angel")
 * Paul Neville – guitar ("Man/Woman")

 * Technical personnel
 * Justin K. Broadrick – production, photography
 * Lars Klokkerhaug, Lars Sorensen – engineering
 * Aaron Turner – design, layout

title: Jesu (album)


text:
Heart Ache

The Heart Ache EP is the first release by Jesu. Justin Broadrick wrote both tracks, played all of the instruments as well as mixed and produced the EP. It was originally released on 30 August 2004 by Dry Run Records; Avalanche Recordings released a 12" vinyl version in January 2008 also. The vinyl version is limited to 1500 copies.

Hydra Head was scheduled to re-release the CD edition in September 2009 but it was later rescheduled to be released on 16 November 2010. This new edition, titled Heart Ache/Dethroned, includes a second disc featuring a previously unreleased 2003 EP titled Dethroned. Daymare Records released the compilation in Japan on 24 November 2010 and included one bonus track not available on the Hydra Head version of the Dethroned EP.

Track listing

 * 1) "Heart Ache" – 19:42
 * 2) "Ruined" – 20:13

Personnel

 * Justin Broadrick – guitar, bass, vocals, programming

title: Heart Ache


text:
Petar Kočić

Petar Kočić (Петар Кочић; 29 June 1877 – 27 August 1916) was a Bosnian Serb writer, activist and politician. Born in rural northwestern Bosnia in the final days of Ottoman rule, Kočić began writing around the turn of the twentieth century, first poetry and then prose. While a university student, he became politically active and began agitating for agrarian reforms within Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had been occupied by Austria-Hungary following the Ottomans' withdrawal in 1878. Other reforms that Kočić demanded were freedom of the press and freedom of assembly, which were denied under Austria-Hungary.

In 1902, Kočić published his first short story collection. He published two more short story collections in 1904 and 1905, and subsequently adapted one of his most successful short stories, The Badger on Trial, for the stage. Kočić subsequently led several demonstrations in Sarajevo and was imprisoned on three occasions for publishing newspaper tracts critical of Habsburg rule. He spent the majority of his imprisonment in solitary confinement, which contributed to his development of depression. In 1909, Kočić was released as part of a general amnesty. The following year, he published his third and final short story collection, and won a seat in the newly created Diet of Bosnia (Sabor), where he became the leader of a faction of anti-Austrian Serb nationalists. He lobbied for increased concessions to Bosnian Serb peasants and farmers, agitating against the Austro-Hungarians as well as the Bosnian Muslim landowning class. He left the Sabor in 1913, citing mental exhaustion. In January 1914, Kočić was admitted into a Belgrade mental hospital, where he died two years later.

Kočić was one of the most important Bosnian Serb politicians of the Austro-Hungarian era, as well as one of Bosnia and Herzegovina's most important twentieth-century playwrights. He was noted for his fiery temperament and sharp wit, which he frequently deployed against the Austro-Hungarian authorities. Kočić's works not only influenced an entire generation of Bosnian intellectuals, such as the future Nobel laureate Ivo Andrić, but also the Serbian and Yugoslav nationalist movements, as well as the Bosnian autonomist and Yugoslav communist movements. Numerous streets in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia carry his name and his likeness has appeared on Bosnian 100 KM banknotes since 1998.

Early life and education
Petar Kočić was born into a Bosnian Serb family on 29 June 1877 in the hamlet of Stričići, in the Zmijanje region, near Banja Luka in northern Bosnia. His father, Jovan, was an Eastern Orthodox priest and his mother, Mara, was a housewife. Within a year of his birth, the Bosnia Vilayet was occupied by Austria-Hungary, bringing more than four centuries of Ottoman rule to a sudden end. Kočić's father had taken his priestly vows in 1873. In 1879, Kočić's mother died while giving birth to his younger brother Ilija, and his father decided to become a monk at the Gomionica Monastery, where he adopted the monastic name Gerasim.

Following his mother's death, Kočić and his siblings, Milica and Ilija, were sent to live with their extended family in a peasant zadruga. Each member of the zadruga was assigned a particular role. Kočić was tasked with herding livestock. At the time, ninety percent of Bosnia's population was illiterate, and storytelling took on a predominantly oral character, as exemplified by the tradition of the gusle, a one-stringed instrument used to accompany the recitation of epic poetry, which was the primary form of entertainment in Serb peasant communities. Kočić remained illiterate until the age of eleven, when he was dispatched to Gomionica, where his father had since become abbot, to receive basic schooling. Kočić's stay at the monastery, during which he was taught the history of the Serbs and became acquainted with Serbian tradition and lore, left an indelible impression on him, and was to influence his future writing. In 1888, around the time Kočić arrived at Gomionica, his father was arrested by the Austro-Hungarian police for leading a demonstration against Crown Prince Rudolph during a state visit to Banja Luka, and sentenced to seven months' imprisonment.

Kočić left Gomionica after two years and completed his primary education at the Eastern Orthodox religious school in Banja Luka, though he returned to the monastery every summer in order to spend time with his father. Kočić was the best student in his class at the religious school, and upon graduating in 1891, he departed for Sarajevo to attend high school at the First Sarajevo Gymnasium. During his first three years, he excelled in subjects such as mathematics, as well as Greek, Latin, German and Serbo-Croatian, which the Austro-Hungarians deemed the "language of the land" (zemaljski jezik), so as not to become entangled in local ethnolinguistic disputes. Kočić experienced a violent fit in his fourth year, swearing at a theology teacher and throwing a textbook at him over a poor grade. He was dismissed from the classroom and subjected to a monetary fine. According to a classmate, the outburst changed Kočić, "turning him from an ambitious, disciplined student, into a truant and frequenter of kafanas and bars." Following an incident in which a visibly intoxicated Kočić and his friends verbally abused Muslim students in a hotel bar, Kočić was expelled from the Gymnasium. He found himself unable to enroll into any of the high schools in Bosnia, having apparently drawn the ire of the Austro-Hungarian authorities. Kočić was forced to continue his education in neighbouring Serbia and enrolled into a Belgrade high school, from which he graduated in 1899.

Early writing and activism
While in Belgrade, Kočić met the writer Janko Veselinović, whose popular short stories and novels romanticized Serbian peasant life. Kočić shared several of his poems with Veselinović, who recommended that he focus on prose instead. Kočić's time in Belgrade was marked by dire poverty. "Although Serbian," he wrote, the city was "a foreign world." Kočić's behaviour became extremely volatile, as exemplified in a letter he wrote his childhood friend and future wife Milka Vukmanović, threatening to kill her and then himself if she married another man. Letters to his father, pressing for money, also struck an abusive and manipulative tone. The notion of suicide began to appear more frequently in his notes. "I will kill myself," he wrote, "to put an end once and for all to all the sufferings and torments that have pursued me from my birth. My life in Banja Luka was hard and dark, in Sarajevo still worse, and in Belgrade, it reached the very climax of suffering." The historian Robin Okey describes such passages as "a reminder of the stresses on young students in this first transition from patriarchalism, particularly without funding when illness and hunger were recurrent."

Frequently homeless, Kočić took to sleeping on the street. One evening, he was woken by a kick to the gut. A policeman stood overhead, swearing and threatening to arrest him. Kočić fled but later recounted that he forgave the policeman because the kick had been administered by "the same soldier who will, sooner or later, carry victorious banners" into Bosnia. Historian Edin Hajdarpašić believes Kočić's response to this incident is emblematic of his nationalist philosophy. "Some roughness from one's co-nationals was understandable," Hajdarpašić writes, "but an 'alien' rule of law was intolerable since it violated, by default, the 'native' national sentiment that Kočić claimed as his position."

In the fall of 1899, Kočić enrolled into the University of Vienna's Department of Slavistics and began writing prose. His first short story appeared in the publication Bosanska vila (Bosnian Fairy) in 1899. Soon, Kočić began taking part in South Slavic student demonstrations on campus, demanding freedom of the press and assembly in Bosnia. Despite living in the city and being well educated, Kočić took up the cause of the Bosnian Serb peasants. Most peasants were kmets, or serfs, and did not own the land they tilled. Though they were no longer legally referred to as serfs from 1878 onwards, their farmland remained the property of the Muslim landowning class, which emerged from the Ottoman withdrawal largely unscathed. Kočić helped produce memoranda outlining the protesters' demands, which attracted the attention of the Austro-Hungarian authorities. Kočić understood that his political views could lead to restrictions being imposed on his liberty, as demonstrated in a letter he wrote Vukmanović in 1901: "I shall spend perhaps the greater part of my life in jails and prisons, because all us students are going to begin a struggle against the [Austrians], who plunder our nation, deprive it of its freedom, and destroy its happiness."

During his stay in Vienna, Kočić joined the Serbian academic society Zora (Dawn). It was here that he met Pavle Lagarić, another aspiring writer. Lagarić recognized Kočić’s literary talents and introduced him to realism, moving him away from the romanticism of Veselinović. Petar adapted to the new style with ease, publishing his first collection of short stories, S planine i ispod planine (From the Mountain and Below the Mountain) in 1902. Kočić first read the drafts of his stories to members of Zora, took note of their comments and concerns, and made changes accordingly. Between 1902 and 1905, Kočić published three volumes of short stories, all under the same title, S planine i ispod planine. Notable among these was Jazavac pred sudom (The Badger on Trial), in which a farmer attempts to sue a badger for eating his crops. Kočić subsequently adapted the story into a one-act play. It premiered at Belgrade's National Theatre on 26 November 1905.

Anti-government tracts and imprisonment
Upon graduating, Kočić left Vienna in April 1904 and returned to northern Bosnia, where he and Vukmanović eloped on 18 September. In February 1905, the two relocated to Skopje, in Ottoman-controlled Macedonia, where Kočić worked as a teacher at a local Serbian-language high school. Upon arriving in Skopje, Kočić was shaken by the news that his father had died. During his stay, he staged the first theatrical performance in the city's history, a stage production of Jazavac pred sudom. Kočić remained in Skopje for less than a year. He made the mistake of writing an article for the Belgrade daily Politika that was critical of the local Serbian archimandrite, prompting his superiors to arrange a transfer to Bitola, which he declined. Kočić and his wife moved back to Vienna, but their stay there proved to be shortlived. Within a year, the couple relocated to Sarajevo, where Kočić became the general secretary of Prosveta (Enlightment), a Serb cultural society. In May 1906, he took part in a province-wide general strike. In his speeches, he drew parallels between the grievances of workers and those of peasants, whose discontent continued to fester, as the average size of their plots had decreased by 11 percent between 1895 and 1910.

Shortly after relocating to Sarajevo, Kočić applied for a license to publish a satirical newspaper called Jazavac (The Badger). Kočić declared that the newspaper would mock "everything that is rotten and sick in our contemporary social life". His request again brought him to the attention of the Austro-Hungarian authorities, who compiled a secret internal memorandum branding him "a fanatical revolutionary" who led "an Austrophobic movement dedicated to organizing a pan-Serbian uprising in Bosnia." In October 1906, Kočić led a student protest against a Bosnian Croat newspaper titled Hrvatski dnevnik (The Croatian Daily), which he had accused of using pejoratives in describing the Bosnian Serbs. The authorities acted quickly against both Kočić and the paper's two editors. The editors, both of whom were from Croatia, were expelled from the province. Kočić was notified that he had 48 hours to leave Sarajevo or face arrest.

He moved back to Banja Luka, but according to biographer Thomas Butler, "the authorities were not satisfied with merely banishing him." In 1907, Kočić applied for a license to publish a newspaper called Otadžbina (Fatherland), which was granted. The first issue appeared on 28 June 1907, during Vidovdan (St. Vitus Day), a holiday of great significance in the Serbian national consciousness marking the anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo. In that issue, Kočić bitterly criticized Austro-Hungarian rule and its negative effect on the peasant, for which he and his managing editor Vasa Kondić were jailed. Kočić was imprisoned inside the Black House, the same prison in which his father had been held. He was first sentenced to two months' imprisonment, but persisted in his recriminations, leading to a second stint in prison that lasted eight months, then a third which lasted fifteen. Kočić spent the majority of his imprisonment in solitary confinement, but sympathetic peasants often appeared at his window and waved at him, which kept his spirits high. Midway through one of his stints in prison, he was transferred to a correctional facility in Tuzla, where he was not allowed to speak to his fellow prisoners or the prison guards. This had a negative effect on his psychological well-being. He slipped into a deep depression and became increasingly worried about the welfare of his wife and child in his absence.

During Kočić’s imprisonment, Austria-Hungary formally annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. His sentence was commuted in early 1909, as part of a general amnesty for political prisoners. By this time, Kočić’s physical health had also deteriorated. He first returned to his native Stričići, where he rested for two months and collected material for a folk narrative about the history of Zmijanje. The resulting short story collection, titled Jauci sa zmijanja (The Wailing from Zmijanje), was published in 1910.

Bosnian Parliament, psychological deterioration and death
Austria-Hungary allowed for the formation of a Diet of Bosnia (Sabor) in 1910. Kočić ran in the district of Banja Luka as a candidate of the Agrarian Party and won. One senior Austro-Hungarian official described all the Serb members of parliament, with the exception of Kočić, as being "formally loyal" to the Habsburg crown. Other officials were far less restrained in their criticism, branding Kočić a "well-known agitator", "extremist", "proselytizing subversive", "fanatical revolutionary", "destructive influence", "spiritus rector of disaffection", "boundlessly excitable demagogue" and the "most zealous champion of the Great Serb cause".

By 1911, Kočić had relocated to Sarajevo, ready to represent his district. Shortly thereafter, he was appointed to the Administrative and Cultural Council. He wrote little, with the exception of Sudanija (Trials), a dialogue based on his prison experiences, and instead devoted himself to penning fiery speeches to be delivered in the Sabor. The main subjects of these speeches were the agrarian question and forestry rights, both of which disproportionately affected the Bosnian Serb peasantry, Kočić's primary constituents, who made up nearly half of Bosnia and Herzegovina's rural population at the time. During this period, Kočić was one of the two primary proponents of agrarian reform in the province, alongside Lazar Dimitrijević.

Kočić also went about agitating against the Muslim landowning class. The Muslim landlords became one of the primary targets of his speeches, second only to the Austro-Hungarians. "Every kmet's income is taxed," Kočić complained, "while people in towns do not pay any taxes on the interest they get on their money in the banks nor do the feudal lords pay taxes on the one third they obtain from the kmets." Kočić's movement was one of four Bosnian Serb parties in the Sabor, and the only one representing the Serb peasantry. The other three represented city-dwelling Serb nationalists, pan-Slavic Serbs, and pro-Habsburg Serbs. The historian Ivo Banac describes Kočić's followers as "the most uncompromising anti-Austrian Serb nationalists in Bosnia-Herzegovina." Kočić and his followers also had extensive ties to Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia), a South Slav nationalist student movement calling for an end to Austro-Hungarian rule.

By 1912, the strains of politics were beginning to take a toll on Kočić's mental health, and he vacated his position on the Administrative and Cultural Council the following year. He spent the subsequent months at a resort near Mount Ivan, in central Bosnia, but the state of his mental health remained poor. In January 1914, Kočić was admitted to a Belgrade mental hospital, where he died on 27 August 1916, amid the chaos of World War I and the city's occupation by Austria-Hungary. By some accounts, Kočić committed suicide, but this has been denied by his family. He was survived by his wife Milka and daughter Dušanka, who went on to become a professor. The couple also had a son, Slobodan, who predeceased his father. Kočić's remains were buried at Belgrade's New Cemetery.

Style and themes
Like those of his contemporaries Aleksa Šantić, Vladimir Ćorović and Jovan Dučić, Kočić's writings were greatly influenced by the Nemanjić-Byzantine literary tradition, which was mainly taken up by Serb writers, and primarily dealt with themes from Serbian history, such as the medieval Serbian Empire and the Battle of Kosovo. His stories all bespeak the social and political beliefs to which he adhered. His primary sources of inspiration were Serbian epic poetry and Njegoš's Gorski vijenac (The Mountain Wreath; 1847). Kočić's works were written in his native Ijekavian dialect, primarily spoken west of the Drina.

Powerless peasants standing up to the complex Austro-Hungarian bureaucratic apparatus, usually in court, is a theme that recurs throughout Kočić's works. His stories were often satirical in nature and dealt with the everyday hardships faced by the Bosnian Serb peasantry, mocking the Austro-Hungarian administration and pointing out its flaws. They also had patent didactic overtones. "These features alone," Hajdarpašić writes, "the satirical tone, the complaints about the government, the comparisons to the Turkish yoke, do not stand out as particularly exceptional, suggesting in fact rather narrow targets of Kočić's critique." According to Hajdarpašić, stories such as Jazavac pred sudom "enabled him to encapsulate a wide array of grievances in an accessible and entertaining literary form."

Contemporary critics noted that Kočić's peasant characters deviated from the idyllic representations that were prevalent in 19th-century South Slavic literature, and that his stories instead depicted rural life as strenuous and hard. Kočić was also noted for his extensive use of word play, usually for comedic effect. An example of this can be found in Sudanija, in which the main character, an illiterate peasant named Ćiko Trubajić, incorrectly refers to the paragraphs in the Austro-Hungarian law code using a sociolect, paligrafi ("paligraphs"). In a number of stories, particularly Jazavac pred sudom, Kočić repeatedly mocks the Austro-Hungarians for their poor grasp of Serbo-Croatian. In his speeches before the Sabor, he frequently lambasted the authorities for their supposed corrupting influence on the Serbo-Croatian language. The authority figures who frustrate the powerless Serb peasant's calls for justice are faceless, nameless individuals who have trouble understanding the nuances and subtleties of Balkan life. "Kočić's objections seemed directed not at political oppression as such," Hajdarpašić contends, "but rather specifically against the 'foreign' character of the Habsburg administration."

Legacy
Kočić was one of the most important Bosnian Serb politicians of the Austro-Hungarian era. He was also one of Bosnia and Herzegovina's most important twentieth-century playwrights. Short stories such as Jazavac pred sudom inspired an entire generation of young South Slav workers, farmers and intellectuals to oppose Austro-Hungarian rule. The most notable of these was the writer Ivo Andrić, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961. Kočić's cause was also taken up by South Slav nationalists such as Gavrilo Princip, the Young Bosnian who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in June 1914, precipitating the July Crisis and the outbreak of World War I. Young revolutionaries, Butler writes, "learned from Kočić's example that Bosnia could not be freed through the law and the courts."

The radical land reforms advocated by Kočić only came to fruition after World War I, following the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was later renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. According to the historian Marko Attila Hoare, this caused the Muslim landowning class to further resent the Bosnian Serb peasantry and was one of the contributing factors behind the genocide of hundreds of thousands of Serbs by the Croatian nationalist Ustaše movement during World War II. The appeal of Kočić's political pronouncements among Bosnian Serbs extended across the political spectrum. During World War II, the Serbian nationalist Chetniks and the communist Partisans, both of whose members were predominantly Serbs, upheld Kočić as a hero. This manifested itself in the creation of the "Petar Kočić" Chetnik Detachment, under the command of Uroš Drenović. In Partisan propaganda, Kočić was lauded as an anti-German revolutionary who fought to liberate Bosnia and Herzegovina from foreign domination. During the socialist period, which lasted between 1945 and 1991, Kočić's Serb heritage was deliberately understated in schoolbooks, and schoolchildren were taught to regard him as an exclusively Bosnian historical and literary figure.

Kočić's works witnessed a resurgence in popularity following the breakup of Yugoslavia. During the Bosnian War, Kočić's likeness was used on the obverse of Republika Srpska 5,000 to 500 million dinar notes. In 1998, his likeness began to appear on 100 KM notes issued in Republika Srpska, which became official tender following the Dayton Agreement. Numerous streets in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro bear his name. A Sarajevo street named after Kočić was renamed during the Bosnian War, as part of the Bosniak-dominated central government's plan to reduce the number of city streets named after non-Bosniaks. Before the war, Banja Luka's central library carried Kočić's name, but was later renamed the National Library of Republika Srpska. One of the city's largest parks continues to bear his name; at its centre is a life-sized statue of the writer. Kočić's last months were dramatized in Goran Marković's 2016 film Slepi putnik na brodu ludaka (A Stowaway on the Ship of Fools).

List of works
Source:

 * 1902 S Planine i ispod planine. Srpsko akademsko društvo zora, Vienna (short story collection)
 * Jablan
 * Kod Markanova točka
 * Grob slatke duše
 * Zulum Simeuna Đaka
 * Istiniti zulum Simeuna Đaka
 * Đurini zapisi
 * Mrguda
 * 1904 S Planine i ispod planine. Srpska štamparija, Zagreb (short story collection)
 * Uspomeni genija Đure Jakšića
 * Jelike i omorike
 * Kroz maglu
 * Mračajski proto
 * Jazavac pred sudom
 * 1905 S Planine i ispod planine. Taletova štamparija, Belgrade (short story collection)
 * Iz starostavne knjige Simeuna Đaka
 * Mejdan Simeuna Đaka
 * Rakijo, majko!
 * Sa zbora
 * Jajce
 * Pjesma mladosti
 * U magli
 * 1910 Jauci sa zmijanja. Srpska štamparija, Zagreb (short story collection)
 * Zmijanje
 * Molitva
 * Vukov Gaj
 * Kroz mećavu
 * 1911 Sudanija. Islamska dioničarska štamparija, Sarajevo (dialogue)

title: Petar Kočić


text:
Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar

Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar (formerly known as Saskatoon—Rosetown) was a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1997 to 2015.

Geography
The district consisted of the southwestern quadrant of Saskatoon and the surrounding southwestern rural area which included the towns of Biggar, Rosetown and Delisle.

History
It was created in 1996 as "Saskatoon—Rosetown" from Kindersley—Lloydminster, Saskatoon—Clark's Crossing, Saskatoon—Dundurn and The Battlefords—Meadow Lake ridings.

In 1997, it was renamed "Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar".

This riding was the closest in Saskatchewan in 2008, when it was decided by fewer than 300 votes. The major parties nominated the same candidates in 2011 as they did in 2008. The incumbent was Conservative Kelly Block, an administrator from Saskatoon. She held the riding against Delisle farmer and National Farmers Union activist Nettie Wiebe.

Following the Canadian federal electoral redistribution, 2012, the riding was abolished. The Saskatoon portion became part of Saskatoon West, while the rural portions joined Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek and Battlefords—Lloydminster.

Election results
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in the 2000 election.

Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in the 1999 by-election.

title: Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar


text: User talk:70.70.56.53

title: User talk:70.70.56.53


text:
Michael Newton (author)

Michael Newton (September 16, 1951 – September 6, 2021) was an American author best known for his work on Don Pendleton's The Executioner book series.

Biography
Altogether, Newton published 357 books, which included 258 novels and 99 nonfiction books. He also published 91 nonfiction articles and 58 shorter pieces, including chapters in several best-selling true-crime anthologies.

In 2017 Newton received the Lifetime Achievement Peacemaker Award from Western Fictioneers, honoring his publication of 62 western novels.

Cryptozoology
Newton's Encyclopedia of Cryptozoology won the American Library Association's award for Outstanding Reference Work in 2006. The book features 2,744 entries on cryptozoology with a glossary and lengthy bibliography. It was positively reviewed in The Quarterly Review of Biology as enjoyable reading and an important resource on the topic.

The Executioner

 * #--: The Executioner's War Book (with Don Pendleton)
 * #29: Command Strike (with Don Pendleton)
 * #30: Cleveland Pipeline (with Don Pendleton)
 * #31: Arizona Ambush (with Don Pendleton)
 * #32: Tennessee Smash (with Don Pendleton)
 * #38: Satan's Sabbath (with Don Pendleton)
 * #41: The Violent Streets
 * #45: Paramilitary Plot
 * #49: Doomsday Disciples
 * #55: Paradines Gauntlet
 * #60: Sold for Slaughter
 * #68: Prairie Fire
 * #71: Blood Dues
 * #75: The Bone Yard
 * #77: Hollywood Hell
 * #81: Shock Waves
 * #83: Missouri Deathwatch
 * #89: Defenders and Believers
 * #91: The Trial
 * #100: Blood Testament
 * #101: Eternal Triangle
 * #103: Assault on Rome
 * #106: Run to Ground
 * #108: Time to Kill
 * #111: The Fiery Cross
 * #114: Cold Judgment
 * #119: Line of Fire
 * #124: Night Kill
 * #129: Haitian Hit
 * #133: Blood Run
 * #142: Fatal Error
 * #149: Blood Rules
 * #151: Message to Medellin
 * #155: Hawaiian Heat
 * #162: Colors of Hell
 * #165: Fire Sweep
 * #170: Baja Blitz
 * #186: Fire Burst
 * #187: Cleansing Flame
 * #190: Killing Range
 * #194: Deadly Contest
 * #200: Crisis Point
 * #206: Hunting Cry
 * #210: Fire Lash
 * #211: Steel Claws
 * #212: Ride the Beast
 * #222: Patriot Gambit
 * #223: Hour of Conflict
 * #224: Call to Arms
 * #229: Zero Tolerance
 * #233: Tough Justice
 * #249: Shadow Target
 * #258: Target Lock
 * #268: Shattered Trust
 * #269: Shifting Shadows
 * #270: Judgment Day
 * #277: Dirty Mission
 * #281: Blood Stone
 * #287: Rogue Warrior
 * #290: Pursued
 * #300: Warrior's Requiem
 * #303: Sea of Terror
 * #308: Into the Fire
 * #309: Flames of Fury
 * #310: Killing Heat
 * #317: Hour of Judgment
 * #330: Dual Action
 * #334: Jungle Justice
 * #338: Nuclear Reaction
 * #344: Primal Law
 * #357: Extreme Justice
 * #361: Final Resort
 * #366: Pele's Fire

SuperBolan

 * #5: Flight 741
 * #8: Rogue Force
 * #13: Flesh and Blood
 * #19: Assault
 * #29: Lethal Impact
 * #36: Hellground
 * #39: Blood Strike
 * #41: Vendetta
 * #43: Omega Game
 * #47: Jungle Law
 * #56: Terror Spin
 * #64: Initiation
 * #65: Cloud of Death
 * #66: Termination Point
 * #69: Vengeance
 * #71: Killsport
 * #79: Power of the Lance
 * #80: A Dying Evil
 * #88: Sleepers
 * #93: Retaliation
 * #107: Survival Reflex
 * #111: State of Evil
 * #116 Ripple Effect
 * #124: Colony of Evil
 * #129: Altered State

Stony Man

 * #7: Stony Man VII
 * #9: Strikepoint
 * #11: Target America
 * #15: Blood Debt
 * #17: Vortex
 * #28: Blood Star

The Destroyer

 * #108: Bamboo Dragon
 * #110: Never Say Die
 * #132: Wolf's Bane
 * #133: Troubled Water

The Gun Series

 * The Gun (2002)
 * Justice Gun (2003)
 * Vengeance Gun (2004)
 * Rebel Gun (2005)
 *  Bounty Gun (2006)

Lawman Series

 * The Lawman (2007)
 * Slade's Law (2008)
 * Helltown (2008)
 * Massacre Trail (2009)
 * Hanging Judge (2009)
 * Manhunt (2010)

Non-fiction

 * How to Write Action Adventure Novels (1989)
 * Armed and Dangerous: A Writer's Guide to Weapons (1990)
 * Silent Rage (1994)
 * The FBI and the KKK
 * The FBI Encyclopedia
 * The Encyclopedia of Forensic Science
 * The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida (2001)
 * The Encyclopedia of Bank Robberies, Heists, and Capers (2002)
 * The Encyclopedia of Kidnappings (2002)
 * The Encyclopedia of high-tech crime and crime-fighting (2004)
 * Encyclopedia of Cryptozoology: A Global Guide to Hidden Animals and Their Pursuers (2005)
 * The Encyclopedia of Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories (2006)
 * The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers (2006)
 * The Encyclopedia of American Law Enforcement
 * The Encyclopedia of Crime Scene Investigation (2008)
 * The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes (2009)
 * Mr. Mob: The Life and Crimes of Moe Dalitz (2009)
 * Criminal Justice: Crime and Criminals (2010)
 * Criminal Justice: Crime-fighting and Crime Prevention (2010)

Reviews

 * Mason P. Review of Newton, Michael, The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: A History. // H-CivWar, H-Net Reviews. November, 2010.
 * Ortiz P. Review of The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida, by Michael Newton // Journal of Southern History. — 2004. — Vol. 70, No. 4. — P. 949–950. —.
 * Zuber G. Michael Newton. The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida. The Florida History and Culture Series. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 2001. xiii+260 pages // The Journal of Southern Religion. — 2002. — Vol. 5.

title: Michael Newton (author)


text:
Talk:Heart Ache

Fair use rationale for Image:JesuHeartache.jpg
Image:JesuHeartache.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:15, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jesu - Heart Ache.JPG
Image:Jesu - Heart Ache.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot 08:48, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Heart Ache


text:
Category:Elementary schools in the United States

See also: Elementary school


text:
Talk:Jesu (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:JesuAlbum.jpg
Image:JesuAlbum.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:15, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jesu - Jesu.jpg
Image:Jesu - Jesu.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 08:49, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Genre
I am adding shoegazing to the list of genres. One might argue the shoegazing elements are not as prominent as they are on later releases, or even absent until later releases, but I beg to differ: 1. Shoegazing bands tended to play very droning riffs, which are appropriately present here. 2. The lyrics are often barely discernible and the vocals are loaded with reverb and delay, clearly mimicking the shoegazing technique of using the "vocals as an instrument" approach alluded to in the shoegazing article. 3. Feedback and weird ambient effects are all over the place, a trademark of shoegazing bands. 4. Shoegazing seems to come in two main varieties: that influenced more by noise rock and that influenced more by dream pop. One could say Jesu is more the former and Conqueror more the latter. Ratiuglink (talk) 03:50, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jesu (album)


text:
Martina Sorbara

Martina Sorbara (born November 13, 1978) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and frontwoman of the band Dragonette.

Background
The daughter of Greg Sorbara, a former Member of Provincial Parliament and Minister of Finance in Ontario, she grew up in Maple, Ontario and attended the Toronto Waldorf School in Thornhill, Ontario.

Career
Her debut album, Unplaceables, was released independently in 1998 and is no longer in print. During her early solo career, an early hook that often got media attention was that she sewed many of her own clothes and built her own guitars.

Sorbara's second album, The Cure for Bad Deeds, was released independently in 2000. An expanded version of the album, adding five newly-recorded tracks not present on the original independent release, appeared on Nettwerk in 2002. Both versions of the album were produced by Jian Ghomeshi.

She supported the second album with a national tour, performing on the folk festival circuit and as an opening act for Danny Michel and Sarah Harmer. Sorbara's main single from the album was "Bonnie & Clyde II", which also had a music video that got airplay on MuchMusic and MuchMoreMusic, reaching #26 on the MuchMusic Countdown, as well as making an appearance on the Women & Songs compilations and appearing in the film All I Want. The album was a nominee for Pop Album of the Year at Canadian Music Week's Canadian Independent Music Awards in 2003.

Sorbara recorded a version of the Christmas song "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" for the 2003 Nettwerk compilation album, Maybe This Christmas Too?. That same year, she was featured on the soundtrack to Uptown Girls singing the song "Spinning Around the Sun". She can also be heard on the From the Girls compilations issued by Nettwerk that contained a new recording of a song called "Withered on the Vine".

She had begun working on her third solo album, which was tentatively slated for release in 2005, but abandoned the project after meeting Dan Kurtz of The New Deal at a Canadian music festival and forming an electropop duo with him. Initially named The Fuzz, that project evolved into Dragonette. She subsequently characterized her early solo music as sounding like it had been made for tampon commercials.

Sorbara co-wrote and sang on the 2006 Basement Jaxx single "Take Me Back to Your House". She also appeared in the video for the song. She was credited as Martina Bang.

In 2009, Sorbara was featured on The Henrys album Is This Tomorrow, singing on the track "Chair by the Window". In 2010, Sorbara performed the vocals in Martin Solveig's songs "Hello", "Boys & Girls" and "Big in Japan". She is also featured in Kaskade's song "Fire in Your New Shoes", which was released on April 13, 2010. In November 2010 she was featured in the song "Animale", which was the result of a collaboration between Dutch DJ and producer Don Diablo and Dragonette.

Personal life
Sorbara was married to Dragonette's bassist Dan Kurtz, but announced their separation in May 2016.

In September 2018, she gave birth to her first child with her partner, the Canadian celebrity chef Cory Vitiello.

Discography

 * 1998: Unplaceables
 * 2002: The Cure for Bad Deeds (Nettwerk)

title: Martina Sorbara