text:
Verstehen

Verstehen, in the context of German philosophy and social sciences in general, has been used since the late 19th century – in English as in German – with the particular sense of the "interpretive or participatory" examination of social phenomena. The term is closely associated with the work of the German sociologist Max Weber, whose antipositivism established an alternative to prior sociological positivism and economic determinism, rooted in the analysis of social action. In anthropology, Verstehen has come to mean a systematic interpretive process in which an outside observer of a culture attempts to relate to it and understand others.

Verstehen is now seen as a concept and a method central to a rejection of positivist social science (although Weber appeared to think that the two could be united). Verstehen refers to understanding the meaning of action from the actor's point of view. It is entering into the shoes of the other, and adopting this research stance requires treating the actor as a subject, rather than an object of your observations. It also implies that unlike objects in the natural world human actors are not simply the product of the pulls and pushes of external forces. Individuals are seen to create the world by organizing their own understanding of it and giving it meaning. To do research on actors without taking into account the meanings they attribute to their actions or environment is to treat them like objects.

Meaning
Interpretive sociology (verstehende Soziologie) is the study of society that concentrates on the meanings people associate to their social world. Interpretive sociology strives to show that reality is constructed by people themselves in their daily lives.

Verstehen roughly translates to "meaningful understanding" or "putting yourself in the shoes of others to see things from their perspective." Interpretive sociology differs from positivist sociology in three ways:

 * 1) It deals with the meaning attached to action, unlike positivist sociology which focuses on behavior;
 * 2) It sees reality as being constructed by people, unlike positivist sociology which sees an objective reality "out there;" and
 * 3) It relies on qualitative data, unlike positivist sociology which tends to make use of quantitative data.

Dilthey and hermeneutics
Verstehen was introduced into philosophy and the human sciences (Geisteswissenschaften) by the German historist philosopher Johann Gustav Droysen. Droysen first made a distinction between nature and history in terms of the categories of space and time. The method of the natural sciences (Naturwissenschaften) is explanation (erklären), while that of history is understanding (verstehen).

The concept of Verstehen was later used by the German philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey to describe the first-person participatory perspective that agents have on their individual experience as well as their culture, history, and society. In this sense, it is developed in the context of the theory and practice of interpretation (as understood in the context of hermeneutics) and contrasted with the external objectivating third-person perspective of explanation (das Erklären) in which human agency, subjectivity, and its products are analyzed as effects of impersonal natural forces in the natural sciences and social structures in sociology.

Twentieth-century philosophers such as Martin Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer have been critical of what they considered to be the romantic and subjective character of Verstehen in Dilthey, although both Dilthey and the early Heidegger were interested in the "facticity" and "life-context" of understanding, and sought to universalize it as the way humans exist through language on the basis of ontology. Verstehen also played a role in Edmund Husserl and Alfred Schutz's analysis of the "lifeworld." Jürgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel further transformed the concept of Verstehen, reformulating it on the basis of a transcendental-pragmatic philosophy of language and the theory of communicative action.

Weber and the social sciences
Max Weber and Georg Simmel introduced interpretive understanding (Verstehen) into sociology, where it has come to mean a systematic interpretive process in which an outside observer of a culture (such as an anthropologist or sociologist) relates to an indigenous people or sub-cultural group on their own terms and from their own point of view, rather than interpreting them in terms of the observer's own culture. Verstehen can mean either a kind of empathic or participatory understanding of social phenomena. In anthropological terms this is sometimes described as cultural relativism, especially by those that have a tendency to argue toward universal ideals. In sociology it is an aspect of the comparative-historical approach, where the context of a society like twelfth century "France" can be potentially better understood (besserverstehen) by the sociologist than it could have been by people living in a village in Burgundy. It relates to how people in life give meaning to the social world around them and how the social scientist accesses and evaluates this "first-person perspective." This concept has been both expanded and criticized by later social scientists. Proponents laud this concept as the only means by which researchers from one culture can examine and explain behaviors in another. While the exercise of Verstehen has been more popular among social scientists in Europe, such as Habermas, Verstehen was introduced into the practice of sociology in the United States by Talcott Parsons, an American sociologist influenced by Max Weber. Parsons used his structural functionalism to incorporate this concept into his 1937 work, The Structure of Social Action.

Weber had more specific beliefs than Marx where he put value to understanding and meaning of key elements—not just with intuition or sympathy with the individual but also the product of "systematic and rigorous research". The goal is to identify human actions and interpreting them as observable events leading us to believe that it not only provides for a good explanation for individual actions but also for group interactions. The meaning attached needs to include constraints and limitations and analyze the motivation for action. Weber believed that this gives the sociologist an advantage over a natural scientist because "We can accomplish something which is never attainable in the natural sciences, namely the subjective understanding of the action of the component individuals."

Criticism
Critics of the social scientific concept of Verstehen such as Mikhail Bakhtin and Dean MacCannell counter that it is simply impossible for a person born of one culture to ever completely understand another culture, and that it is arrogant and conceited to attempt to interpret the significance of one culture's symbols through the terms of another (supposedly superior) culture. Just as in physical science all knowledge is asymptotic to the full explanation, a high degree of cross-cultural understanding is very valuable. The opposite of Verstehen would seem to be ignorance of all but that which is immediately observable, meaning that we would not be able to understand any time and place but our own. A certain level of interpretive understanding is necessary for our own cultural setting, however, and it can easily be argued that even the full participant in a culture does not fully understand it in every regard.

Critics also believe that it is the sociologist's job to not just observe people and what people do but also share in their world of meaning and come to appreciate why they act as they do. Subjective thoughts and feelings regarded as bias in the sciences is an important aspect to be controlled for while doing sociological research.

title: Verstehen


text:
User:Ketsuban

''This article is about the Wikipedia user Ketsuban. For the Pokémon character, see Missingno.''

Introduction
Ketsuban is an 22-year-old person living in the United States. She is an unabashed otaku, and has absolutely no life outside of the Internet.

She also adores kitties.

Cruft
Ketsuban believes that the word "cruft" when used derogatorily toward articles is offensive and debasing to those with an interest in said articles. Calling Nincada "fancruft" is a blatant insult to fans of Pokemon, for example.

In addition, just because there are people out there who find a particular type of article uninteresting does not mean that is grounds for deletion. Otherwise antiquark, an extremely tiny and boring (to some) article, is ripe for the picking. Ketsuban has nominated that article for deletion, but for some reason there are people out there who think she is "ridiculous" and immature for calling antiquarks "physicscruft".

She would also like to remind people that non-notability is not a VfD criterion.

Fun
For no reason, one day Ketsuban decided to visit random pages. The first one that came up was Randomization.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ketsuban


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zack barnes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. —Korath (Talk) 00:35, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

Zack barnes
Yet another teenager vanity article. On the edge of speediness, but not quite there. Szyslak 00:06, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A pretty blatant and obvious delete. Why does this not qualify as a speedy candidate?  GRider\talk 00:26, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I wish it counted as speedy, but it's a borderline case. This is what the old "preliminary deletion" proposal was made for. Szyslak 02:37, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete under criteria #1 for articles: "Very short articles with little or no context". – flamurai (t) 02:00, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * 04:57, Feb 18, 2005 Geogre deleted Zack barnes (Obvious vanity & an ad for his website)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces

The Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces (Arabic: القوات المسلحة لسلطان عمان, transliterated: al-Quwāt ul-Musallaḥatu lis-Sulṭān 'Umān) are the Royal Army of Oman, Royal Navy of Oman, Royal Air Force of Oman, Sultan's Special Force and other defense forces of the Sultanate of Oman. Since their formal establishment in the early 1950s, with British assistance SAF has twice overcome insurgencies which have threatened the integrity or social structure of the state, and more recently have contributed contingents or facilities to coalitions formed to protect Arab states of the Persian Gulf.

History
Oman has a military history which dates back to the 7th century. At the time, the forces of the Azd tribe were powerful enough to help Abu Bakr, a companion of Muhammad, in the War of al Mortadeen. It is said that even before that, the Azd tribe, led by Malek bin Faham, were able to defeat a Persian force which controlled Oman at that time.

The second known Omani army force was raised during the Yarubid dynasty, who forced the Portuguese out of the country in 1650. Under Yarubi rule, fortified buildings covered the country from the north of Musandam to the south of Dhofar, making Oman a great power in the Persian Gulf.

During the later al Busaidi dynasty, (mainly during the time of Said bin Sultan), Oman was a substantial empire with a very powerful military force, making Oman one of the greatest forces in the Indian Ocean, second only to the United Kingdom. After Said bin Sultan's death, political conflicts in Oman forced Oman to close in upon itself, and to transform from a powerful empire to a relatively poor country.

Buraimi dispute
Prior to 1954, when Said bin Taimur became ruler of Muscat and Oman, the defence of the region was guaranteed by treaties with the British Empire. The only armed forces in Muscat and Oman were tribal levies and a palace guard recruited from Baluchistan in Pakistan (due to a historical quirk by which the Sultan also owned the port of Gwadur). Prior to that year, there had been a dispute with Saudi Arabia over the ownership of the Buraimi Oasis, which was important for oil exploration rights.

For many centuries, the interior of Oman had been an autonomous region, the Imamate of Oman. The Imam of Oman was its religious and secular leader. In 1954, the Imam was Ghalib bin Ali. He had been prepared to muster Omani tribesmen to expel the Saudis from Buraimi, but at British instigation, the matter was settled by arbitration. To prevent the Imam interfering with the settlement over Buraimi, a battalion-sized task force, the Muscat and Oman Field Force was raised, and occupied the town of Ibri. The Sultan's prestige and authority was damaged by his disdain for his own people.

At this point, the SAF consisted of:

 * Batinah Force (an infantry unit raised from the coastal region north of Muscat)
 * Muscat Regiment (the expanded former Palace Guard).
 * Muscat and Oman Field Force

Some British officers were attached to each unit.

Jebel Akhdar campaigns
With the Field Force occupying part of his territory, Ghalib tried to declare the Imamate of Oman independent, but in December 1955 the Field Force captured Ghalib at the town of Rostaq. He was released on recognisances.

Rebellion in 1957
Talib bin Ali, the Imam's brother, had fled to Saudi Arabia. He returned from there in 1957 with 300 well-equipped fighters, and the insurrection broke out again. Talib's forces occupied a fortified tower near Bilad Sait, which the Field Force lacked the heavy weapons to destroy. After some weeks' inconclusive fighting, Suleiman bin Himyar, the Sheikh of one of the major tribes in the interior, openly proclaimed his defiance of the Sultan, and began a general uprising. The Muscat and Oman Field Force was largely destroyed as it tried to retreat through hostile towns and villages.

The rebellion was suppressed by the Muscat Regiment and the Trucial Oman Levies from the neighbouring United Arab Emirates. The decisive factor however, was the intervention of infantry (two companies of the Cameronians) and armoured car detachments from the British Army and aircraft of the RAF. Talib's forces retreated to the inaccessible Jebel Akhdar. The SAF's attacks up the few paths up the Jebel were easily repelled.

Stalemate 1957–1959
The Sultan's army was reorganised under a British soldier, Colonel David Smiley. The Batinah Force was renamed the Northern Frontier Regiment and the remnants of the Muscat and Oman Field Force merged into the new Oman Regiment. Within each unit and sub-unit, Baluchi and Arab soldiers were mixed. This prevented units defecting to or openly sympathising with the rebels, but led to tensions within units, and orders were frequently not followed because of language problems. Many of the notionally Omani soldiers were recruited from the province of Dhofar, and looked down upon by other Arabs.

The Army was still unable to deal with Talib's stronghold. The few paths up the Jebel Akhdar were far too narrow to deploy attacking battalions or even companies. One attempt was made against the southern face of the Jebel, using four infantry companies (including two companies from the Trucial Oman Scouts, from what would later become the United Arab Emirates. The attackers withdrew hastily after concluding they were vulnerable to being ambushed and cut off. In another attempt, infantry launched a feint and then withdrew while Avro Shackleton bombers of the RAF bombarded the supposedly massed defenders. They inflicted no casualties.

For two years, rebel infiltrators continually mined the roads around the Jebel, and ambushed SAF and British detachments and oil company vehicles. The SAF were spread in small detachments in the towns and villages at the foot of the Jebel, and thus vulnerable and on the defensive. Their arms (mainly British weapons of World War II vintage) were less effective than the up-to-date equipment used by Talib's fighters. An SAF artillery unit with two 5.5-inch medium guns harassed the settlements on the plateau on top of the Jebel Akhdar, to little effect.

It was estimated by some British officers that a full-scale attack by a British brigade would be required to recapture the jebel. Smiley and others felt that a smaller operation by Special Forces with air support would suffice. Eventually in 1959, two squadrons from the British Special Air Service were deployed, under Anthony Deane-Drummond. After making feint operations against outlying positions on the north side of the Jebel, they scaled the southern face of the Jebel at night, taking the rebels by surprise. Supplies were parachuted to them once they reached the plateau; this may have misled some of the rebels into thinking that this was an assault by paratroops. There was little further fighting. Talib and his fighters either melted back into the local population or fled to Saudi Arabia.

Later operations in Oman
Some insurgents continued to cross into Oman from Saudi Arabia or via the UAE, and laid landmines which continued to cause casualties to SAF units and civilian vehicles. The SAF lacked the numbers to prevent this infiltration. A paramilitary force, the Oman Gendarmerie was formed in 1960 to assist the SAF in this task, and also to take over normal policing duties. The landmine campaign eventually dwindled away.

The only apparent threat to Oman at this point appeared to be a shadowy Marxist group who attempted to assassinate the Sultan's Interior Minister, and may also have planted bombs on civil aircraft, including a Vickers Viscount of United Arab Airlines which broke up in mid-air 27.5 km north of Elba on 29 September 1960, killing all 23 people on board.

Dhofar campaign
In 1964, a rebellion began in the southern province of Dhofar, again supported by Saudi Arabia. The initial aims of the rebellion were greater autonomy for the region, and an improvement in its living standards.

The Sultan's forces in Dhofar consisted only of an irregular Dhofar Force, recruited from local "jibali" tribes. Only in 1965 were two battalions of the SAF sent to the province. Most units of the Omani Army at this time were understrength, and badly equipped and trained. The air force consisted of a few piston-engined transport and ground-attack aircraft. The navy possessed a single dhow.

The Dhofar Force was disbanded in 1966, after some of its members tried to assassinate the Sultan. The Desert Regiment was raised to replace it. The Southern Regiment was also formed and all Baluchi soldiers were eventually concentrated in the two battalions of this regiment, although the change took several years to implement fully.

The rebellion continued at a low level until 1967. In that year, the establishment of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) adjacent to Dhofar, gave the rebels access to sources of arms, supplies and recruits, and also radicalised the rebel movement. As the PFLOAG, this sought the overthrow of the Sultanate and other pro-Western regimes in the Persian Gulf.

By 1969, the Adoo, as the rebels were known, had overrun much of Dhofar, and there were attacks on SAF positions elsewhere in Oman. It was clear to the Sultan's British backers and advisors that the situation was critical. Said bin Taimur's rule had been reactionary and despotic. Almost all progress since the Middle Ages had been outlawed in Oman. In 1970, the Sultan was overthrown in a palace coup, which was planned and supported by the British. His son, Qaboos bin Said, replaced him.

Reform and modernisation
Qaboos had attended Sandhurst and served as an officer in the British Army with the 1st Bn the Cameronians (Scottish Rifles). His outlook was far wider and more liberal than his father's. He immediately instituted major social and military reforms throughout the country. As part of a "hearts and minds" campaign to win over the population of Dhofar, an amnesty was declared for surrendered rebels. Former rebels formed Firqat irregular units, trained and assisted by teams from the Special Air Service. The Firqats eventually numbered 1800, and deprived the rebels of local support in their home areas.

Meanwhile, the regular units of the Army were expanded and re-equipped. More Omanis were recruited and Baluchis were concentrated in separated units. Large numbers of officers and NCO instructors seconded from the British Army and Royal Marines were attached to units. (There were also several British and Commonwealth mercenaries). Two new infantry units were raised in 1971: the Frontier Force (a Baluchi unit) in Dhofar, and the Jebel Regiment in the interior of Oman.

The various supporting arms, which had previously existed as ad hoc units and detachments were also formally established. The new corps were the Artillery Regiment, Signal Regiment, Armoured Car Squadron, Engineering Unit, Garrison Detachment and the Training Regiment. The Oman Gendarmerie was also strengthened and modernised.

The Air Force acquired BAC Strikemaster and Hawker Hunter attack aircraft, Shorts Skyvan and Caribou transport aircraft, and UH-1 Iroquois helicopters, flown by seconded RAF or contract (i.e. mercenary) pilots. Two Pilatus Porter air ambulances used extensively during the Dhofar conflict were retained in the Air Force until the late 1970s.

Later operations in Dhofar
The army established lines of defensive posts to block rebel movements and supply trains, assisted by troops supplied by the Shah of Iran. The process took time, but by 1972 the rebels were being starved of support. To retrieve the situation, they launched a major attack on the coastal town of Mirbat, but were defeated by Firqats, Gendarmerie and SAS detachments, with air support.

In 1973, an SAF offensive intended to capture the main rebel supply base at Shershitti Caves was defeated, although an exposed position at Sarfait near the border with the PDRY was captured. This position, codenamed Simba, was held for two years. Meanwhile, the Adoo were slowly driven to the edge of their former territory. Another offensive in 1975 finally isolated the rebels from the PDRY. The rebellion was declared to be over in 1976.

At the end of this period, the Army numbered 13,000. It was organised into a Southern Brigade (under Brigadier John Akehurst, responsible for operations in Dhofar), and a Northern Brigade which garrisoned the rest of the country. The Army's Commander-in-Chief during most of the Dhofar rebellion was Major General Timothy Creasey, who was replaced near the end of the conflict by Major General Ken Perkins.

Gulf Wars
In the years following the end of the Dhofar rebellion, the SAF continued to expand and modernise. Links with Britain remained close and all three UK armed services have provided advisers on Loan Service to the SAF and this arrangement remains in place; although numbers have steadily reduced as 'Omanisation' progressed. One facility enjoyed by Britain was the use of the airbase on Masirah Island off the southern coast, as a staging post. The United States was granted the same facilities, which was to become important as tension increased in the Persian Gulf. In the mid-1980s the Sultan of Oman's Air Force (SOAF) operated Hawker Hunter F6, SEPECAT Jaguar and C-130 Hercules aircraft from an in-country air base at Thumrait.

In 1987 there was a border conflict with the PDRY which saw the whole of the SAF mobilised. Sorties into Oman by Toyota pickup trucks armed with Dushka 12.5mm heavy machine guns killed several lightly-armed Omani troops. The PDRY sent a Motorised Infantry force to reinforce the border but this was destroyed by SOAF Jaguars. Peace talks quickly followed.

As part of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Oman assigned an infantry battalion to the force known as Peninsula Shield during the Iran–Iraq War.

In 1990, the Iraqi Army unexpectedly invaded Kuwait, also a member of the GCC. A large international coalition formed, first to discourage further Iraqi aggression. The aims of the coalition changed to the restoration of Kuwaiti sovereignty, as more forces were deployed to Saudi Arabia. Oman's role in First Gulf War was mainly as a base area and staging post for the large United States Air Force and British Royal Air Force contingents deployed to the Persian Gulf. Some transport aircraft and tanker aircraft flew out of Masirah, but the Sultan of Oman's Air Force did not directly participate in attacks on Iraq.

An Omani battalion served in Saudi Arabia, as part of the GCC contribution to the ground war to liberate Kuwait. It formed part of the Saudi Arabian-led Task Force Omar along with the Saudi 10th Mechanised Brigade. It advanced into Kuwait on the second day of the ground offensive and had no casualties.

In 2001, Oman hosted a large contingent of the British Army, which held Exercise Saif Sareea II (in which 12500 members of the SAF also participated). The stated aims of the exercise were to practise rapid deployment and test equipment in severe conditions.

Present day
Since the defeat of the Dhofar insurgents, the likelihood of internal strife caused by poverty or tribal dissension has steadily decreased as a result of the increasing standards of living, and the provision of public health and education.

Tension on Oman's western border has lessened since the Yemeni unification in 1990. Oman includes the tip of the Musandam Peninsula in the Persian Gulf, which may be significant in future conflicts in the region.

The army has steadily decreased its dependence on British and other foreign assistance, and increased its degree of mechanisation, although emphasis on light infantry operations remains; as part of their training, soldiers repeat the SAS ascent of the Jebel Akhdar in 1959. The Navy is one of the most modern in the region, and the Air Force is respected.

In any future major regional conflict, Oman may be able to rely on support and aid from Britain and the United States.

Equipment
The army is qualitatively superior to that of many neighbouring countries except Saudi Arabia and Iran, with one regiment of British-built Challenger 2 main battle tanks and the other slightly larger regiment of M60 (predominantly M60A3s) MBTs rounding out Oman's sole armoured brigade. Oman recently received 174 Piranha light armoured vehicles and over 80 VBL scout cars from France to further strengthen military capabilities. In terms of artillery, in the 1990s, Oman received G6 155 mm howitzers from South Africa, and Oman's anti-tank capabilities are to be greatly strengthened by the soon-to-be-delivered 100 Javelin missiles from the United States. On a troop level, Oman's armed forces are frequently trained and briefed by the regular British Army, including the elite Special Air Service (SAS).

The primary assault rifle of the Omani army is the Austrian Steyr AUG rifle, with some special task units using M-16 and M-4 variants, plus many other small arms varieties.

title: Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces


text:
Talk:Black Fury (character)

This article seems to not specify a specific Black Fury character, but all the ones referenced in comics. Perhaps the different, but samely named, characters can each have their own entry, followed by a number for differentiation?
 * Maybe, but I personally doubt that they are significant enough, based on the data in the article, to each merit their own pages. However, a rewrite of the existing one would be in order.  Badbilltucker 17:38, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

=Film?=

What about the early film about Pennsylvanian coal miners? 68.63.165.28 (talk) 18:25, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

If you have the source to back it up then add it. Fluffyroll11 (talk) 03:06, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

Infobox needed
Someone really should add an info box. Fluffyroll11 (talk) 03:05, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Black Fury (comics). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/66nTzorDi?url=http://www.toonopedia.com/missfury.htm to http://www.toonopedia.com/missfury.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:16, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

Miss Fury
Miss Fury is not widely known as "Black Fury", so does not really belong in this article. 24.149.37.234 (talk) 01:58, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

 * She was initially called the Black Fury by characters in the comic strip itself. See Toonopedia citation.--Tenebrae (talk) 21:00, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

 * But she is being presented in the article as if she is the primary "Black Fury" (picture and all), when she should, per WP:NAME, be at Miss Fury and this article (if it needs to exist at all) should be about the characters actually commonly known as "Black Fury" (with a note about and a link to Miss Fury). 24.149.37.234 (talk) 23:11, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I could see making Miss Fury an article, since that's how she was primarily known, and including a "main article" link here. What do other editors think? --Tenebrae (talk) 20:56, 26 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Any objections? I'll wait a few more days, and if not, I'll go ahead and do this unless someone else wants to do it first.--Tenebrae (talk) 21:10, 6 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Fury (character)


text: Category:Sao Paulo

title: Category:Sao Paulo


text:
Holtensen

Holtensen may refer to the following places in Lower Saxony, Germany:

 * a part of Barsinghausen
 * a part of Einbeck
 * a part of Göttingen
 * a part of Hamelin
 * a part of Springe
 * a part of Wennigsen

title: Holtensen


text: User talk:70.248.132.101

title: User talk:70.248.132.101


text:
European Union Contest for Young Scientists

The European Union (EU) Contest for Young Scientists is a science fair, initiated by the European Commission. It is a part of the European Union Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, and is managed by the Directorate General for Research in the European Commission.

The EU Contest was set up to promote the ideals of cooperation and interchange between young scientists. It provides an annual showcase of the best of European student scientific achievement and such attracts widespread media interest. The EU Contest is hosted annually in a different European country. Every year a new local host organisation co-operates with the European Commission to organise the event.

The EU Contest was initiated in 1989 when European Commission president Jacques Delors took up the challenge from Royal Philips Electronics of the Netherlands of organising the Europe-wide student science fair. Philips has organised this annual event since 1968, but felt the time had come for the European Union to take on the organisation after 20 successful Philips Contests.

In addition to multiple days in the exhibit hall for judging, competitors travel to various science museums and attractions in the host city. Winners of the contest participate in a press conference after the awards ceremony.

Venues for the EU Contest for Young Scientists

 * 1st: Brussels, Belgium 1989
 * First Prize Winners (6): Mogens Markussen (DK), Stephan Schlitter (DE), Grace O'Connor/Sinead Finn (IE), Lina Tomasella (IT), Nicola Kirk (UK) and Jean-Pierre Wyss/Matthias Zimmermann/Elmar Artho (CH)
 * 2nd: Copenhagen, Denmark 1990
 * First Prize Winners (6): Paul Vauterin/Bruno Callens (BE), Waltraud Schulze (DE), Annagh Minchin (IE), Donatella Manganelli (IT), Brian Dolan/Lee Kiera/Ann Marie Malon (UK) and Marco Ziegler (CH)
 * 3rd: Zürich, Switzerland 1991
 * First Prize Winners (7): Robert Nitzschmann (DE), Barry O'Doherty/Daniel Dundas (IE), Paul Hoffmann (LU), Angus Filshie (UK), Christian Tost/Sabine Zang (AT), Torkild Jensen (NO) and Hans Jacob Feder (NO)
 * 4th: Seville, Spain 1992
 * First Prize Winners (6): Hendrik Küpper/Frithjof Küpper/Martin Spiller (DE), Oliver Trapp (DE), Anders T. Skov (DK), Martin Hesselsoe (DK), Jean Byrne/Elizabeth Dowling (IE) and Dominik Zeiter/Ewald Amherd/Reinhard Fubber (CH)
 * 5th: Berlin, Germany 1993
 * First Prize Winners (6): Henrik Mouritsen (DK), Lars Knudsen/Peter Andersen (DK), Albert Barmettler/Guenther Ederer (AT), Jan Kristian Haugland (NO), Rodger Toner/Donal Keane (IE) and Maria Salvany Gonzalez/Antoni Camprubi I Cano/Fidel Costa Rodriguez (ES)
 * 6th: Luxembourg, Luxembourg 1994
 * First Prize Winners (6): Oliver Krüger (DE), Eike Lau (DE), Jane Feehan (IE), Christian Krause (DK), Henrik Strøm (NO) and Samuel Schaer (CH)
 * 7th: Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom 1995
 * First Prize Winners (3): Sven Siegle (DE), Brian Fitzpatrick/Shane Markey (IE) and Christopher Mead/Matthew Taylor (UK)
 * 8th: Helsinki, Finland 1996
 * First Prize Winners (3): Tobias Kippenberg (DE), Yann Ollivier (FR) and Wouter Couzijn (NL)
 * 9th: Milan, Italy 1997
 * First Prize Winners (3): Eike Hübner (DE), Fiona Fraser/Ciara McGoldrick/Emma McQuillan (IE) and Christoph Lippuner/Antoine Wüthrich (CH)
 * 10th: Porto, Portugal 1998
 * First Prize Winners (3): Gabor Bernath (HU), Paul Pak/Peter Weilenmann (AT) and Robert Carney/Matthew Thomas (UK)
 * 11th: Thessaloniki, Greece 1999
 * First Prize Winners (3): Sarah Flannery (IE), Sverrir Gudmumdsson/Pall Melsted/Tryggvi Thorgeirsson (IS) and Michał Książkiewicz (PL)
 * 12th: Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2000
 * First Prize Winners (3): Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki (PL), Joanne Daniel/Gemma "Legend" Dawson/Alex Wilkie (UK) and Nickoloz Tchankoshvili (GE)
 * 13th: Bergen, Norway 2001
 * First Prize Winners (3): Thomas Aumeyr/Thomas Morocutti (AT), Sebastian Abel (DE) and James Lee Mitchell (UK)
 * 14th: Vienna, Austria 2002
 * First Prize Winners (3): Pawel Piotrowski (DE), Martin Etzrodt/Martin von der Helm (DE) and Lauri Kauppila (FI)
 * 15th: Budapest, Hungary 2003
 * First Prize Winners (3): Jana Ivanidze (DE), Uwe Treske (DE) and Gábor Németh (HU)
 * 16th: Dublin, Ireland 2004
 * First Prize Winners (3): Gerhard Schoeny/Martin Knoebel/Floreian Groessbacher (AT), Charlotte Strandkvist (DK) and Mario Chemnitz (DE)
 * 17th: Moscow, Russia 2005
 * First Prize Winners (3): Igor Gotlibovitch/Renate Landig (DE), Javier Lopez Martinez-Fortun/Eliecer Perez Robaina/Carlos Machado Carvajal (ES) and Silvana Konermann (CH)
 * Second Prize Winners: Zdeněk Janovsky (CZ), Stephen Schulz (DE), Patrick Collison (IE)
 * 18th: Stockholm, Sweden 2006
 * First Prize Winners (3): Michael Kaiser/Johannes Kienl (AT), Alexander Joos/Johannes Burkart (DE) and Tomasz Wdowik (PL)
 * Second Prize Winners: Thomas Gigl (DE), Michal Marcinkowski (PL), Zoltan Tarjanyi/Csaba Vass (HU)

 * 19th: Valencia, Spain, 2007
 * First Prize Winners (3): Florian Ostermaier/Henrike Wilms (DE), Márton Spohn (HU) and Abdusalam Abubakar (IE)
 * 20th: Copenhagen, Denmark 2008
 * First Prize Winners (3): Magdalena Bojarska (PL), Martin Tkáč (SK) and Lily Muller (UK)
 * 21st: Paris, France 2009
 * First Prize Winners (3): Aleksander Kubica/Wiktor Pilewski (PL), Fabian Gafner (CH), Liam McCarthy/John D. O'Callaghan (IE)
 * 22nd: Lisbon, Portugal 2010
 * First Prize Winners (3): Miroslav Rapčák/David Pěgřímek (CZ), Łukasz Sokołowski (PL), Dávid Horváth/Márton Balass (HU)
 * 23rd: Helsinki, Finland 2011
 * First Prize Winners (3): Alexander Amini (IE), Pius Markus Theiler (CH), Povilas Kavaliauskas (LT)
 * 24th: Bratislava, Slovakia 2012
 * First Prize Winners (3): Mark James Kelly / Eric Doyle (IR), Jakub Nagrodzki (PL), Philip Huprich / Manuel Scheipner / Daniel Zindl (AT)
 * 25th: Prague, Czech Republic 2013
 * First Prize Winners (3): Ciara Judge/Emer Hickey/Sophie Healy-Thow (IE), named three of "The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014" by Time magazine in 2014, Frederick Edward Turner (UK), Perttu Aku Anttoni Pölönen (FIN)
 * 26th: Warsaw, Poland 2014
 * 2014 First Prizes Winners (3): João Pedro Estácio Gaspar Gonçalves de Araújo (POR), Mariana De Pinho Garcia / Matilde Gonçalves Moreira da Silva (POR) / Luboš Vozdecký (CZ)
 * 27th: Milan, Italy 2015
 * First Prize Winners: Michał Bączyk and Paweł Piotr Czyż, Sanath Kumar Devalapurkar, Lukas Stockner
 * 28th: Brussels, Belgium 2016
 * First Prize Winners: Ane Espeseth and Torstein Vik, Valerio Pagliarino, River Grace
 * Second Prize Winners: Tassilo Schwarz, Kayley Ting, Ivo Zell
 * Third Prize Winners: Diana Bura and Mari Louise Fufezan, Tomáš Heger, Yongchan Hong and Yunji Seo
 * 29th: Tallinn, Estonia 2017
 * First Prize Winners: Karina Movsesjan (CZ), Adam Jan Alexander Ohnesorge (CH), Danish Mahmood (CA)
 * Second Prize Winners: Colette Benko (CA), Kamil Humański (PL), Yana Zhabura (UA)
 * Third Prize Winners: Arne Jakob Geipel and Matthias Paul Grützner and Julian Egbert (DE), Florian Cäsar and Michael Plainer (AT), Chavdar Tsvetanov Lalov (BG)
 * 30th: Dublin, Ireland 2018
 * First Prize Winners: Adrian Fleck and Anna Fleck (DE), Brendon Matusch (CA), Nicolas Fedrigo (CA)
 * Second Prize Winners: Alexandru Liviu Bratosin and Petru Molla and Mihnea Vlad Bojian, Karl Hendrik Tamkivi, Francisco Miguel Araújo
 * Third Prize Winners: Marina Gudzhabidze and Dea Ilarionova and Shorena Gudzhabidze, Kyuhee Jo and Chaeyoung Lee, Sijia Zhang
 * 31st: Sofia, Bulgaria 2019
 * First Prize Winners: Leo Li Takemaru, Poojan Pandya, Adam Kelly, Alex Korocencev, Felix Sewing, Magnus Quaade Oddershede
 * Second Prize Winners: Saba Gogichaishvili, Nia Gogokhia, Olli Järviniemi, Jaehyun Lee, Claudia Lídia Pubill Quintillà
 * Third Prize Winners: Antoni Ignacy Lis, Noah Scheiring, Andreas Ladner, Tobias Schauer, Océane Zofia Adrienne Patiny, Aliaksandr Piachonkin
 * 32nd: Salamanca, Spain 2021
 * First Prize Winners for 2020: Feridun Balaban, Cormac Thomas Harris, Alan Thomas O'Sullivan
 * Second Prize Winners for 2020: Ophélie Léna Rivière, Yordan Tsvetkov Tsvetkov
 * Third Prize Winners for 2020: Dmitriy Gorovoy, Jarosław Jakub Brodecki
 * First Prize Winners for 2021: Marik Müller, Viktor Stilianov Kolev, Carla Caro Villanova, Illia Nalyvaiko
 * Second Prize Winners for 2021:Mehmet Sertaç Çeküç, Hardit Singh (CA), Sophie Lynn Wiesmann, Giovanni Benetti
 * Third Prize Winners for 2021:Gregory Guy Tarr, Matus Mlynar, Michal Bravanský


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Caroline St John-Brooks

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. —Korath (Talk) 14:54, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

Caroline St John-Brooks
Caroline St John-Brooks, who sadly passed away almost a year and a half ago, was a "British journalist and academic." I've just refactored in real-time all there is to read within this substub. Does this alone meet the "requirements" for inclusion on Wikipedia? Do the 321 google hits help? GRider\talk 00:12, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep seems notable enough.Wolfman 00:33, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Author of at least four books. Notable academic in the field of education. – flamurai (t) 02:04, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Notable. Megan1967 08:55, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 11:41, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Former editor of the Times Educational Supplement which together with her record of publications suggests that she is notable in the field of British education. Capitalistroadster 14:25, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lekh Ram

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 10:21, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Lekh Ram
This page contains very little biographical information about the person being written about. Instead, it reads more like hate literature denouncing the person without providing a good counter-view. In addition, the quality of the writing is very poor. Qwertyca 00:14, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, article as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 02:10, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: This was listed as a copyvio on 15 February. The author has has simply removed the copyvio notice. They have an interesting edit history and an even better user talk page. No vote as yet. Andrewa 06:31, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Brookie 15:20, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Verstehen

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:42, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Verstehen
This is not a good definition.

Dictdef. Incorrect pronunciation, as well. RickK 00:15, Feb 18, 2005 (UTC) So is this about verboten or verstehen? Why do you compare the two words, which have nothing whatsoever in common?
 * No vote. The article needs some assistance, clearly, but, if we remove this, would we have to remove articles like verboten too? BenSamples 05:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Scratch that. Delete, and I'm marking verboten for VfD as well. BenSamples 05:49, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but leave verboten alone—it's been long-adopted into collequial English. --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 14:19, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * But how is verboten more than a dictdef? (I put it up for VFD already so you might want to see the discussion there.) BenSamples 07:31, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Please reconsider your wish to have Verstehen deleted. It is used in the article on Max Weber, but it has also been on Requested articles/Applied arts and sciences as well as Requested articles/Social Sciences and Philosophy. The word also crops up in two lists, List of sociology topics and List of criminology topics.

In other words, first someone thinks we need an article on that term, then someone else decides to have a go at it and writes a stub. Finally, you come along and want to have it deleted again. But the word is still on the Requested Articles list. And what exactly is it that is not legitimate about a stub? Keep.  00:49, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and expand significantly!!! Verstehen is a fundamental component of a significant branch of sociology.  See, e.g.,  --BD2412 00:42, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I added a little to it - definitely enough to take it out of the realm of mere definitions, but it does need more. --BD2412 02:24, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, proper article. Grue 12:47, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but I think it would be more like "fair stay-un". Kappa 22:36, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, and expand. Megan1967 07:06, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Dic Aberdaron

Dic Aberdaron (Richard Robert Jones; 1780–1843), also known as Dick of Aberdaron, was a Welsh traveller and polyglot.

Life

Aberdaron was born in 1780 in the coastal town of Aberdaron with the herbalist Alice Griffith as midwife. He had little or no formal education, but was reputed to have taught himself 14 or 15 languages, both ancient and modern, including Latin at the age of 11.

Aberdaron's Welsh, Greek and Hebrew dictionary is now kept at St Asaph Cathedral.

He is buried in the parish church of St Asaph, north Wales. William Roscoe, the writer, wrote a Memoir of him and the Welsh poet R. S. Thomas, who was once the vicar of Aberdaron, wrote a poem about him, simply titled Dic Aberdaron. T. H. Parry-Williams wrote a somewhat different poem with the same title in Welsh, stressing his eccentricity and the pointlessness of his learning, since he never appears to have used any of his languages, but concludes: "Chwarae-teg i Dic – nid yw pawb yn gwirioni'r un fath" (Fair play to Dic – not everybody is silly in the same way).

title: Dic Aberdaron


text:
Gospel of the Ebionites

The Gospel of the Ebionites is the conventional name given by scholars to an apocryphal gospel extant only as seven brief quotations in a heresiology known as the Panarion, by Epiphanius of Salamis; he misidentified it as the "Hebrew" gospel, believing it to be a truncated and modified version of the Gospel of Matthew. The quotations were embedded in a polemic to point out inconsistencies in the beliefs and practices of a Jewish Christian sect known as the Ebionites relative to Nicene orthodoxy.

The surviving fragments derive from a gospel harmony of the Synoptic Gospels, composed in Greek with various expansions and abridgments reflecting the theology of the writer. Distinctive features include the absence of the virgin birth and of the genealogy of Jesus; an Adoptionist Christology, in which Jesus is chosen to be God's Son at the time of his Baptism; the abolition of the Jewish sacrifices by Jesus; and an advocacy of vegetarianism.

The omission of the genealogical records and the virgin birth of Jesus narrative is explained by Epiphanius as being because "they insist that Jesus was really man."

It is believed to have been composed some time during the middle of the 2nd century in or around the region east of the Jordan River. Although the gospel was said to be used by "Ebionites" during the time of the early church, the identity of the group or groups that used it remains a matter of conjecture.

The Gospel of the Ebionites is one of several Jewish–Christian gospels, along with the Gospel of the Hebrews and the Gospel of the Nazarenes; all survive only as fragments in quotations of the early Church Fathers. Due to their fragmentary state, the relationships, if any, between the Jewish–Christian gospels and a hypothetical original Hebrew Gospel are uncertain and have been a subject of intensive scholarly investigation. The Ebionite gospel has been recognized as distinct from the others, and it has been identified more closely with the lost Gospel of the Twelve. It shows no dependence on the Gospel of John and is similar in nature to the harmonized gospel sayings based on the Synoptic Gospels used by Justin Martyr, although a relationship between them, if any, is uncertain. There is a similarity between the gospel and a source document contained within the Clementine Recognitions (1.27–71), conventionally referred to by scholars as the Ascents of James, with respect to the command to abolish the Jewish sacrifices.

Background
Epiphanius is believed to have come into possession of a gospel that he attributed to the Ebionites when he was bishop of Salamis, Cyprus. He alone among the Church Fathers identifies Cyprus as one of the "roots" of the Ebionites. The gospel survives only in seven brief quotations by Epiphanius in Chapter 30 of his heresiology the Panarion, or "Medicine Chest", (c. 377) as a polemic against the Ebionites. His citations are often contradictory and thought to be based in part on his own conjecture. The various, sometimes conflicting, sources of information were combined to point out inconsistencies in Ebionite beliefs and practices relative to Nicene orthodoxy, possibly to serve, indirectly, as a polemic against the Arians of his time.

The term Gospel of the Ebionites is a modern convention; no surviving document of the early church mentions a gospel by that name. Epiphanius identifies the gospel only as "in the Gospel used by them, called 'according to Matthew'" and "they call it 'the Hebrew [gospel]'". As early as 1689 the French priest Richard Simon called the text "Gospel of the Ebionites". The name is used by modern scholars as a convenient way to distinguish a gospel text that was probably used by the Ebionites from Epiphanius' mistaken belief that it was a Hebrew version of the Gospel of Matthew. Its place of origin is uncertain; one speculation is that it was composed in the region east of the Jordan where the Ebionites were said to have been present, according to the accounts of the Church Fathers. It is thought to have been composed during the middle of the 2nd century, since several other gospel harmonies are known to be from this period.

Composition
According to scholars Oskar Skarsaune and Glenn Alan Koch, Epiphanius incorporated excerpts from the gospel text at a late stage in the composition of Panarion 30, primarily in chapters 13 and 14. As Epiphanius describes it, "The Gospel which is found among them ... is not complete, but falsified and distorted ..." (13.1–2). In particular, it lacked some or all of the first two chapters of Matthew, which contain the infancy narrative of the virgin birth of Jesus and the Davidic genealogy via Solomon, "They have removed the genealogies of Matthew ..." (14.2–3).

There is general agreement about the seven quotations by Epiphanius cited in the critical edition of "Jewish Christian gospels" by Philipp Vielhauer and Georg Strecker, translated by George Ogg, in Schneemelcher's New Testament Apocrypha. The translations of Bernhard Pick (1908), with the sequence of four fragments arranged in the order of Vielhauer & Strecker from the beginning of the gospel are as follows:

"It came to pass in the days of Herod, King of Judaea under the high priest Caiaphas, that John came and baptized with the baptism of repentance in the river Jordan; he is said to be from the tribe of Aaron and a son of Zacharias the priest and of Elizabeth and all went out to him. (13.6) And it came to pass when John baptized, that the Pharisees came to him and were baptized, and all Jerusalem also. He had a garment of camels' hair, and a leather girdle about his loins. And his meat was wild honey, which tasted like manna, formed like cakes of oil. (13.4) The people having been baptized, Jesus came also, and was baptized by John. And as he came out of the water the heavens opened, and he saw the Holy Spirit descending under the form of a dove, and entering into him. And a voice was heard from heaven: 'Thou art my beloved Son, and in thee am I well pleased'. And again: 'This day have I begotten thee'. And suddenly shone a great light in that place. And John seeing him, said, 'Who art thou, Lord'? Then a voice was heard from heaven: 'This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased'. Thereat John fell at his feet and said: 'I pray thee, Lord, baptize me'. But he would not, saying 'Suffer it, for so it behoveth that all should be accomplished'. (13.7)"

"'There was a man named Jesus, and he was about thirty years old; he has chosen us. And He came into Capernaum and entered into the house of Simon, surnamed Peter, and He opened His mouth and said, 'As I walked by the Sea of Tiberias, I chose John and James, the sons of Zebedee, and Simon and Andrew and Thaddaeus and Simon Zelotes, and Judas Iscariot; thee also, Matthew, when thou wast sitting at the receipt of custom, did I call and thou didst follow me. According to my intention ye shall be twelve apostles for a testimony unto Israel'.' (13.2b–3)"

The three quotations by Epiphanius in Panarion 30.13.6, 4, and 7, respectively, form the opening of the gospel narrative, including the mission of John the Baptist, his appearance and diet, and the baptism of Jesus by John. The beginning of the gospel (13.6) has parallels to the Gospel of Luke but in abbreviated form. The text shows a familiarity with the infancy narrative of Luke 1:5 despite lacking a birth narrative of its own. Quoting from the text regarding the diet of John (13.4), Epiphanius complains that the Ebionites have falsified the text by substituting the word "cake" (egkris ἐγκρίς) for "locust" (akris ἀκρίς, in Matthew 3:4). The similarity of the wording in Greek has led scholars to conclude that Greek was the original language of composition. In the narrative of the baptism of Jesus by John (13.7), the voice of God speaks three times in close parallels to the Gospel of Mark 1:11, Luke 3:22 (Western text-type), and Matthew 3:17, respectively. The presence of multiple baptismal theophanies has led to a consensus among modern scholars that the text quoted by Epiphanius is a gospel harmony of the Synoptic Gospels. The appearance of a great light on the water may be an echo of St. Paul's conversion or an additional harmonization of the Gospel of the Hebrews to this work.

Epiphanius begins his description of the gospel text (13.2b–3) with a quotation which has the apostle Matthew narrating directly to the reader. Jesus recalls how the twelve apostles were chosen and addresses Matthew in the second person as "you also Matthew". Although twelve apostles are mentioned, only eight are named. They are said to be chosen by Jesus, "for a testimony to Israel". The phrase "he has chosen us" has been interpreted as evidence that the text may be the lost Gospel of the Twelve mentioned by Origen. However, the identification of the gospel text quoted by Epiphanius with this otherwise unknown gospel is disputed. The position of this quotation was tentatively assigned based on a parallel to the Synoptic Gospels.

The fifth and sixth quotations (following Vielhauer & Strecker's order) are associated with a Christological controversy. The polemics of Epiphanius along with his quotations of the gospel text (in italics) are shown in parallel:

"'Moreover they deny that he was a man, evidently on the ground of the word which the Savior spoke when it was reported to him: 'Behold, thy mother and thy brethren stand without', namely:  'Who is my mother and who are my brethren'? And he stretched forth his hand towards his disciples and said: 'These are my brethren and mother and sisters, which do the will of my Father'.' (14.5)"

"'They say that he was not begotten of God the Father, but created as one of the archangels ... that he rules over the angels and all the creatures of the Almighty, and that he came and declared, as their Gospel, which is called according to the Hebrews, reports: 'I am come to abolish the sacrifices, if ye cease not from sacrificing, the wrath will not cease from you'.' (16.4–5)"

The fifth quotation (14.5) appears to be a harmony of Matthew 12:47–48 and its Synoptic parallels. However, Jesus' final proclamation shows a closer agreement to 2 Clement 9:11 than any of the Synoptics. The unity of this quotation with the gospel text in Chapter 13 has been questioned. The command to abolish the sacrifices in the sixth quotation (16.5) is unparalleled in the Canonical Gospels, and it suggests a relationship to Matthew 5:17 ("I did not come to abolish the Law") that is echoed in the Clementine literature.

Referring to a parallel passage in Luke 22:15, Epiphanius complains that the Ebionites have again falsified the gospel text:

"'They destroyed the true order and changed the passage ... they made the disciples say, 'Where wilt Thou that we prepare for Thee to eat the Passover'?  To which He replied:  'I have no desire to eat the flesh of this Paschal Lamb with you'.' (22.4)"

thereby making Jesus declare that he would not eat meat during the Passover. The immediate context suggests the possible attribution of the quotation to a Clementine source; however a linkage between the gospel fragments and the Clementine literature remains uncertain.

Christology
The baptismal scene of the gospel text (13.7) is a harmony of the Synoptic Gospels, but one in which the Holy Spirit is said to descend to Jesus in the form of a dove and enter into him. This divine election at the time of his baptism is known as an Adoptionist Christology, and it is emphasized by the quotation of Psalm 2:7, as found in the "Western text" of Luke 3:22, "You are my son, this day I have begotten you." The Spirit entering into Jesus and the great light on the water are thought to be based on the prophecies of Isaiah 61:1 and 9:1, respectively. His Adoptionist son-ship is characterized by the belief that Jesus was a mere man, who, by virtue of his perfect righteousness, was imbued with the divinity of the eternal Christ through his Baptism in order to carry out the prophetic task for which he had been chosen.

The absence of any reference to a Davidic son-ship in the gospel text suggests that Jesus has been elected to be the end-time prophet, the Chosen One, sent to abolish the Jewish sacrifices. The Prophet-Christology of the gospel text quoted by Epiphanius is more at home with the Clementine literature than the Christology of the Ebionites known to Irenaeus. According to scholars Richard Bauckham and Petri Luomanen, Jesus is understood in this gospel as having come to abolish the sacrifices rather than substituting for them; thus it is unlikely that it contained the same institution of the Eucharist as practiced by Nicene orthodox Christianity. However, scholars have yet to reach a consensus over the sacrificial significance of Jesus' mission as depicted in the Ebionite gospel.

Vegetarianism
The change in wording of the gospel text from "locust" (akris) to "cake" (egkris) for John the Baptist's diet (13.4) has been interpreted as evidence of Jewish vegetarianism. However, the association of the diet of John the Baptist with vegetarianism has been questioned. Epiphanius gives no indication of concern for vegetarianism in this part of the Gospel text, and it may instead be an allusion to the manna in the wilderness of Exodus 16:31 and Numbers 11:8, or, according to scholar Glenn Alan Koch, to 1 Kings 19:6 where Elijah eats cakes.

Further evidence has been found in the quotation based on Luke 22:15 (22.4), where the saying has been modified by insertion of the word "flesh" to provide a rationale for vegetarianism. The immediate context of the quotation suggests that it may be closely related to a Clementine source, the Journeys of Peter. Reading from the same source, Epiphanius states that the Ebionites abstained from "meat with soul in it" (15.3), and he attributes this teaching to Ebionite interpolations: "they corrupt the contents and leave a few genuine items". Due to the close association of this saying with the Clementine literature of the 3rd and 4th century, the earlier practice of vegetarianism by the 2nd-century Ebionites known to Irenaeus has been questioned. The strict vegetarianism of the Ebionites known to Epiphanius may have been a reaction to the cessation of Jewish sacrifices and a safeguard against the consumption of unclean meat in a pagan environment.

Relationship to other texts
Epiphanius incorrectly refers to the gospel in his possession as the Gospel of Matthew and the gospel "according to the Hebrews", perhaps relying upon and conflating the writings of the earlier Church Fathers, Irenaeus and Eusebius, respectively. His 4th century colleague Jerome remarks that the Nazarenes and Ebionites both used the Gospel of the Hebrews, which was considered the original Matthew by many of them. Jerome's report is consistent with the prior accounts of Irenaeus and Eusebius.

The relationship between the Gospel of the Ebionites, the Gospel of the Hebrews, and the Gospel of the Nazarenes remains unclear. All the Jewish–Christian gospels survive only as fragments in quotations, so it is difficult to tell if they are independent texts or variations of each other. Scholar Albertus Klijn established the modern consensus, concluding that the gospel harmony composed in Greek appears to be a distinctive text known only to Epiphanius. Scholar Marie-Émile Boismard has claimed the Ebionite gospel is partly dependent upon a hypothetical Hebrew gospel as a source; however this conjecture remains a minority view. Its putative relationship to the gospel text known to Origen as the Gospel of the Twelve remains a subject of scholarly debate.

The Ebionite gospel is one example of a type of gospel harmony that used the Gospel of Matthew as a base text but did not include the Gospel of John; it is believed to pre-date Tatian's Diatessaron (c. 170) which included all four canonical gospels. The gospel has a parallel to a quotation in a mid-2nd-century homily known as 2 Clement, suggesting that both may be dependent on a harmonizing tradition from an earlier 2nd century source. The harmonized gospel sayings sources used by Justin Martyr to compose his First Apology and Dialogue with Trypho were similarly based on the Synoptic Gospels. According to scholar George Howard, harmonization was a widely used method of composition in the early Patristic period. Many of the heterodox variants found in the Gospel of the Ebionites may have been adopted from a larger pool of variants that were in circulation; an example is the appearance of a great light that shone during Jesus' Baptism which is also found in the Diatessaron.

The Recognitions of Clement contains a source document (Rec. 1.27–71), conventionally referred to by scholars as the Ascents of James, which is believed to be of Jewish–Christian origin. The Ascents shares a similarity to the Gospel of the Ebionites with regard to the baptism of the Pharisees by John (Pan. 30.13.4; Rec. 1.54.6–7) and the command to abolish the Jewish sacrifices, adding that a Christian water baptism is to be substituted for the remission of sins. Based on these similarities, scholars Richard Bauckham and F. Stanley Jones have postulated a direct dependence of the Ascents of James on the Gospel of the Ebionites.

Inferences about the Ebionites
The gospel Epiphanius attributed to the Ebionites is a valuable source of information that provides modern scholars with insights into the distinctive characteristics of a vanished branch of Jewish Christianity. However, scholars disagree on whether the information contained within the seven fragments preserved by Epiphanius accurately reflects the traditions of the second-century Ebionite sect known to Irenaeus, or if their belief system changed, perhaps greatly, over a span of 200 years compared to this early group. The Ebionites known to Irenaeus (first mentioned in Adversus Haereses 1.26.2, written around 185) and other Church Fathers prior to Epiphanius were described as a Jewish sect that regarded Jesus as the Messiah but not as divine. They insisted on the necessity of following Jewish law and rites and they used only the Jewish–Christian gospel. The Ebionites rejected the epistles of Paul of Tarsus, whom they regarded as an apostate from the Law.

In Epiphanius' polemic against the Ebionites found in Panarion 30, a complex picture emerges of the beliefs and practices of the 4th century Ebionites that cannot easily be separated from his method of combining disparate sources. While scholars such as Hans-Joachim Schoeps literally interpreted Epiphanius' account as describing a later syncretic development of Ebionism, more recent scholarship has found it difficult to reconcile his report with those of the earlier Church Fathers, leading to a conjecture by scholar Petri Luomanen that a second group of Hellenistic-Samaritan Ebionites may also have been present. The rejection of the Jewish sacrifices and the implication of an end-time prophet Christology due to the lack of a birth narrative lend support for the association of the Gospel of the Ebionites with a group or groups different from the Ebionites known to Irenaeus.

Scholarship in the area of Jewish Christian studies has tended to be based on artificial constructs similar to those developed by the early Christian heresiologists, with the underlying assumption that all of the beliefs and practices of these groups were based on theology. This has led to the perpetuation of ideological definitions that fail to take into account the pluriformity of these groups, reflecting differences in geography, time periods in history, and ethnicity. With respect to Epiphanius, and the Ebionites in particular, insufficient attention has been paid to the highly speculative nature of his theological constructs and his mixing together of disparate sources, including his use of a gospel harmony that may have had nothing to do with the Ebionite sect known to Irenaeus. In the end, he presents an enigmatic picture of the Ebionites and their place in early Christian history.

title: Gospel of the Ebionites


text:
Talk:John Sergeant (journalist)

Merge
I agree that this page should be merged with John Sargeant. DAAdshead 10:02, 12 January 2006 (UTC) (Author of John Sargeant page.)

Oxford not Cambridge

 * "The son of a missionary who was also a distinguished linguist, he has Russian blood on his mother's side, and was brought up in various locations including Jerusalem and Oxford. He studied politics at Magdalene College, Cambridge, and made a name for himself in student comedy revues, with the result that, after graduation, he starred with Alan Bennett in a series of sketch shows on BBC."

Changed to Magdalen College, Oxford in line with various websites, and Sergeant's own remarks on the BBC Radio 4 programme With Great Pleasure, Thurs 17 Feb 2005.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on John Sergeant (journalist). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140809214010/http://www.mentorn.tv/News/?id=88 to http://www.mentorn.tv/News/?id=88

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:23, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on John Sergeant (journalist). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140809214010/http://www.mentorn.tv/News/?id=88 to http://www.mentorn.tv/News/?id=88

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:16, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on John Sergeant (journalist). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130504113740/http://www.francisfrith.com/britains-first-photo-album to http://www.francisfrith.com/britains-first-photo-album/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:28, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Sergeant (journalist)


text:
Frances Farmer Presents

Frances Farmer Presents is an American anthology series that aired on Indianapolis station WFBM-TV (then an NBC affiliate). The series premiered on October 13, 1958, and ended in September 1964.

Synopsis
Film actress Frances Farmer had gone to Indianapolis to appear in the play The Chalk Garden, where a WFBM executive saw her performance and suggested she would be an ideal celebrity to host their new daily series showcasing vintage films. The show premiered in October 1958, and quickly became the top-rated show in its time period, a position it retained until it left the air in September 1964. It was one of the first locally produced television programs to be broadcast in color.

Farmer not only introduced the daily feature, she also frequently interviewed visiting celebrities, people as diverse as Mitch Miller, Dan Blocker, Marsha Hunt, Marge Champion, and her ex-husband Leif Erickson. Farmer also took her show on the road to Purdue University. There is existing film of her two weeks at Purdue, where she hosted the show while simultaneously appearing in The Sea Gull. Farmer interviewed many of the students appearing in the play, as well as Purdue's president and theater department chairman, Joseph Stockdale.

title: Frances Farmer Presents


text: User talk:130.88.24.219

title: User talk:130.88.24.219


text:
Dynamic Tension

"Dynamic Tension" is the name Charles Atlas gave to the system of physical exercises that he first popularized in the 1920s.

Dynamic Tension is a self-resistance exercise method which pits muscle against muscle. The practitioner tenses the muscles of a given body part and then moves the body part against the tension as if a heavy weight were being lifted. Dynamic Tension exercises are not merely isometrics, since they call for movement. Instead, the method comprises a combination of exercises in three disciplines: isotonic, isokinetic, and some exercises in the isometric discipline.

Charles Atlas Ltd., which Atlas incorporated in 1929, owns the trademark for Dynamic Tension.

History
After being bullied as a child, Charles Atlas joined the YMCA and began to do numerous exercise routines. He became obsessed with strength. He said that one day he watched a tiger stretching in the zoo and asked himself, "How does Mr. Tiger keep in physical condition? Did you ever see a tiger with a barbell?" He concluded that lions and tigers became strong by pitting muscle against muscle.

The story may be apocryphal, but it captures the essence of Atlas's innovation. There were many other "isometric" courses available at the time, and sales took off only after Atlas used an advertisement depicting a bully kicking sand in a weakling's face. Some other notable users of this method include Joe DiMaggio, Max Baer, Rocky Marciano, Joe Louis, Robert Ripley and Alan Wells.

title: Dynamic Tension


text:
Isometric exercise

An isometric exercise is an exercise involving the static contraction of a muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint. The term "isometric" combines the Greek words isos (equal) and -metria (measuring), meaning that in these exercises the length of the muscle and the angle of the joint do not change, though contraction strength may be varied. This is in contrast to isotonic contractions, in which the contraction strength does not change, though the muscle length and joint angle do.

The three main types of isometric exercise are isometric presses, pulls, and holds. They may be included in a strength training regime in order to improve the body's ability to apply power from a static position or, in the case of isometric holds, improve the body's ability to maintain a position for a period of time. Considered as an action, isometric presses are also of fundamental importance to the body's ability to prepare itself to perform immediately subsequent power movements. Such preparation is also known as isometric preload.

Overcoming and yielding isometrics
An isometric action is one where the observable angle of the joints is maintained. While this definition always applies there are various sub-definitions which exist in order to emphasise how effort is being applied during specific isometric exercises. In a yielding isometric exercise the ambition is to maintain a particular body position; this may also be called maintaining an isometric hold. In an overcoming isometric exercise the ambition is to push or pull against either another part of the self, which pushes or pulls back with equal force, or to move an immovable object. On this basis, an overcoming isometric may additionally be referred to as being an isometric press or an isometric pull.

Unweighted isometrics
In unweighted isometrics the exerciser uses only themselves for resistance. For example, holding a crouched position, or pressing the palms of the hands against each other. Where by the self presses against itself, this is also referred to as self-resistance or Dynamic Tension training.

Weighted isometrics
Weighted isometrics involve the additional holding of a weight, and the pressing or pulling of an immovable weight or structure. For example, in a bench press set-up the barbell can be held in a fixed position and neither pushed upwards nor allowed to descend. Alternatively, in a mid-thigh pull set-up, a person can attempt to pull a fixed, immovable bar upwards.

Isometrics in combination with dynamic exercise

Isometric training is rarely used by itself and it is usually incorporated into a wider training regime. For instance, an isometric plank may be incorporated into a plyometrics regime. In addition, when a subject performs a dynamic movement, supportive muscle groups can work isometrically. For example, if a person squats while holding a dumbbell in front of their chest, then their arm action will be relatively isometric, whilst their leg action will be dynamic. Such a relationship between an isometric hold and a dynamic movement is often found in weightlifting: participants commonly hold a barbell overhead with straight arms whilst straightening their legs as they stand up from a squat position. This allows for the legs to be primarily responsible for the lifting of the weight.

In most sporting contexts, however, the use of a pure isometric action is rare. In skiing, for example, the skier consistently maintains a crouched position. Whilst this may be considered to be an isometric hold, there is also an amount of dynamic movement as the skier alters how deep the crouch is during their travel. Thus, isometrics can be said to be involved in and supportive of the overall skiing action, even though it is not solely isometric in nature.

In weight training and calisthenics, it is often the case that one phase of the exercise is more difficult to perform than others. If the exerciser tends to fail at this point then it is referred to as a sticking point. An isometric hold may be incorporated to strengthen the exerciser's action at this point. For instance, a sticking point in a heavy back squat is usually the lowest position reached. An isometric hold can be adopted in this position in order to strengthen the lifter's ability to hold the weight there. Over a period of training this can help them to lift the weight more easily from this position and thereby eliminate the sticking point.

Isometric presses as preparation for explosive power movements
The isometric preloading of muscles is instinctively performed in order to generate power to be used in subsequent dynamic movements: a fundamental element of this muscular preloading is the performance of an isometric press action. An everyday example is a person getting up off a chair. They first raise their posterior off the chair and then perform a pressing action downwards on their bent legs. As the bent legs resist the downward force upon them in equal measure, an isometric press is generated. From this point, the person then straightens and stands up. A more dynamic example is a vertical jump. Here, the jumper crouches down and adopts a similar isometric press before powering upwards into the jump. The employment of isometric presses in order to aid explosive power movements is also found in sports such as boxing. Here, the boxer may bend their lead leg, while positioning their torso and its respective bodyweight over it, so there exists equal forces between the upwards force of the bent leg and the downward force of the torso. The boxer then throws a lead hook from this position and the forces from the isometric press are channelled into the punch and help to increase its overall power. Such a channelling of force fundamentally represents the purpose of an isometric preload: which is as a preparatory action to aid a subsequent power movement.

Force measurement devices for isometric actions

 * Force measurement plate: This involves the subject standing on a force measurement plate. Their bodyweight and their downward muscular force presses down on the plate which registers a reading. The subject's downwards muscular force is usually based upon them pressing or pulling against something which precipitates a downwards pressing action from them. For example, for a mid-thigh pull exercise, the subject pulls upwards on a fixed barbell which is positioned around their mid-thigh area. This action causes them to push downwards with their feet and exert pressure, additionally to their bodyweight, onto the plate.
 * Dynamometer: A dynamometer is a device which involves two handles being pushed, pulled or squeezed together, or pushed or pulled apart, in order to register a reading. As the handles are typically extremely stiff there is very little movement and the action remains predominantly isometric in nature. For example, a dynamometer can be used to measure grip strength: it is held in one hand and the participant attempts to squeeze its two handles together; this registers a force measurement on the gauge.
 * Electromyograph: An electromyograph measures muscle activation levels through the use of electrodes which are either placed on the muscle in the form of pads, or inserted into the muscle in the form of needles. It is able to measure muscle activation levels for isometric holds as well as for presses and pulls. Typically there is a strong correlation between the mechanical measurement of applied force and the measurement of muscle activation by electromyography.

Müller and Hettinger
In the 1950s, German scientists Dr. Erich Albert Müller and Theodor Hettinger "observed that contractions involving less than about one third of maximum strength do not train the muscle. If the contraction of a  muscle exceeds one third of its maximum strength, its mass grows and hence also its strength". The study at the Max Planck Institute consisted of over 200 experiments over a ten-year period. Theodor Hettinger published his book Physiology of Strength. They both developed a training program based on isometrics exercise.

In the 1960s, professor James A. Baley put isometrics to the test with a class of 104 college students at the University of Connecticut to study the results on tests measuring increases in strength, endurance, coordination, and agility. The original article showed significant gains after a 4 week program of isometric exercises. Isometric exercises were first brought to the modern American public's attention in the early days of physical culture, the precursor to bodybuilding. Many bodybuilders had incorporated isometric exercises into their training regimens.

Medical uses
Isometric exercises can also be used at the bedside to differentiate various heart murmurs; the murmur of mitral regurgitation gets louder as compared to the quieter murmur of aortic stenosis. They can also be used to prevent disuse syndrome in a limb that has been immobilized by a cast following a fracture.

Isometric exercises are recommended in case of injury. The exercises help maintain strength and promote recovery.

NASA studies
NASA has researched the use of isometrics in preventing muscle atrophy experienced by astronauts as a result of living in a zero gravity environment. Isometrics, muscle lengthening and muscle shortening exercises were studied and compared. The outcome showed that while all three exercise types promoted muscle growth, isometrics failed to prevent a decrease in the amount of contractile proteins found in the muscle tissue. The result was muscle degradation at a molecular level. As contractile proteins are what cause muscles to contract and give them their physical strength, NASA concluded that isometrics may not be the best way for astronauts to maintain muscle tissue.

title: Isometric exercise


text:
User talk:The Confessor

Hi. I have looked over all of your edits. You have not really committed any really gross improprieties, though there are a couple things I should mention. One important thing is that when you sign your comments on a talk page you just type. When you save this will be replaced by your username and a timestamp (just like at the end of this comment). If you only want your username, no timestamp, use three tildes. Also, your use of your talk page is... unconventional. If you're doing draft work you could put it on a subpage of your user page, like User:The Confessor/Temp, or whatever.

Have fun at Wikipedia. Eric119 05:52, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comments, Eric119. Have you seen the Harry Potter character bios? I'm thinking that they might be a good template to use for our WoT Glossary. The Confessor 15:06, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wheel of Time wikicity
Hey, if you have any interest/inclination, there is now a Wikicities project at wot.wikicities.com that you may be interested in. Please see the Community portal for more information. --nae'blis, who is not logged in at the moment

title: User talk:The Confessor


text: User talk:68.82.68.65

title: User talk:68.82.68.65


text:
Berg Upper Secondary School

Berg Upper Secondary School (Norwegian: Berg videregående skole) was an upper secondary school located in Oslo, Norway. The school was established in 1925 and provided education leading to the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma as well as the college preparatory "studiespesialisering" of the Norwegian school system. The school was closed in 2014, and most programs and employees moved to the new Blindern Upper Secondary School. The buildings are now the location of Berg skole.

In its final years, the school had around 465 students - 108 graduating in the Norwegian system and 55 graduating with IB Diplomas each year. About 70 faculty members worked at the school.

It was the first Norwegian educational institution to offer the IB Diploma (in 1978) and was a leading institution in several educational reforms. The school was ranked among the best performing schools in the International Baccalaureate system.

Berg had several winners of the national science competitions. Among these are Magnus Deli Vigeland and Nina Holden, who both have won the Abel Competition.

Notable alumni

 * Arvid Storsveen (1915–1943), engineer and founder of the WWII resistance/intelligence organisation XU
 * Erik Diesen (1922–1999), journalist and television pioneer
 * Nils Christie (1928–2015), sociologist and criminologist
 * Helge Reiss (1928–2009), actor
 * Ole Peter Kolby (born 1939), diplomat and former president of the UN Security Council
 * Jon Skolmen (born 1940), actor and comedian
 * Finn Wagle (born 1941), former primate in the Church of Norway and bishop in Nidaros (Trondheim)
 * Else Bugge Fougner (born 1944), lawyer and former minister of justice
 * Trond Kirkvaag (1946–2007), comedian
 * Ivar Formo (1951–2006), Olympic gold medalist
 * Lars Saabye Christensen (born 1953), novelist, recipient of the Nordic Council Prize for Literature
 * Per Christian Ellefsen (born 1954), actor
 * Per Boye Hansen (born 1957), Director of Bergen International Festival
 * Siri Bjerke (born 1958), Divisional Director in Innovation Norway, former Minister of Environment
 * Torstein Bieler (born 1959), musician
 * Vigdis Hjorth (born 1959), novelist
 * Lars Fredrik Beckstrøm (born 1960), musician (deLillos)
 * Gabriel R. G. Benito (born 1960), Dean and Professor BI Norwegian Business School
 * Rune Bjerke (born 1960), President and CEO of DnB NOR
 * Ida Hjort Kraby (born 1960), lawyer
 * Vetle Lid Larssen (born 1960), novelist
 * Jonas Gahr Støre (born 1960), Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs, former Secretary General of the Norwegian Red Cross and Executive Director in the World Health Organization (WHO)
 * Inger Marie Sunde (born 1961), former Chief Public Prosecutor (førstestatsadvokat), prosecutor in the case against "DVD-Jon"
 * Hege Duckert (born 1962), journalist and editor of Dagbladet
 * Henrik Mestad (born 1964), actor
 * Helene Uri (born 1964), novelist
 * Fredrik Skavlan (born 1966), journalist, illustrator and television personality
 * Simen Agdestein (born 1967), International chess grandmaster and National Team player in soccer
 * Bård Folke Fredriksen (born 1967), head of the Conservative Party in Oslo City Council
 * Henrik H. Langeland (born 1972), novelist
 * Håvard Homstvedt (born 1976), New York based painter
 * Nikolai Astrup (born 1978), Member of the Norwegian Parliament, vice chairman of Oslo Conservative Party and former editor of the Minerva political magazine
 * Elisabeth O. Sjaastad (born 1978), film director
 * Petrit Selimi (born 1979), Foreign Minister of Kosovo
 * Simen Hegstad Krüger (born 1993), Olympic gold medalist, cross country skiing

The International Baccalaureate Diploma
IB at Berg requires a student to study languages, social sciences, natural sciences and mathematics over two years. It is based on the first year of Norwegian videregående skole, or similar academic preparation. The IB Diploma course which is taught in English, is designed to cater for internationally mobile student applicants and Norwegian students interested in a secondary school education offering notably a somewhat greater in-depth study in three of the university preparatory subjects, taught in English.

Berg was authorized to teach the IB Diploma in 1978.

title: Berg Upper Secondary School


text:
Nate Champion

Nathan D. Champion (September 29, 1857 – April 9, 1892) — known as Nate Champion — was a key figure in the Johnson County War of April 1892. Falsely accused by a wealthy Wyoming cattlemen's association of being a rustler, Champion was the first person targeted by a band of hit men hired by the cattlemen. In reality, Champion was simply a small rancher who stood up against the big cattlemen's practice of claiming all unbranded young cattle on the range. He is celebrated for his heroic stand in his besieged cabin and for a heartfelt letter written at the time describing the events.

Early life
Nate Champion was born 29 September 1857 in Leander, Texas. His parents were John and Naomi Champion. One of eighteen brothers and sisters, he grew up in the Round Rock area. His father served as sheriff of Williamson County for while his Aunt Hattie Cluck drove her own cattle to market in Abilene, Kansas in 1871. With the money she and her husband George purchased the land that would become Cedar Park. Like most footloose cowboys of that area he worked his way north to Wyoming where he worked for several ranches before building his own spread.

The Johnson County War
The dramatic events of 1892 took place against a background of violent conflict over land use that stretched from 1889 to 1909. Historian Richard Maxwell Brown refers to the events in Wyoming as part of a wider "Western Civil War of Incorporation."

In the early days in Wyoming, most of the land was in the public domain, open both to stockraising as open range and to homesteading. Large numbers of cattle were turned loose on the open range by large ranches, sometimes financed by other investors. In the spring a roundup was held and the cows and the calves belonging to each ranch were separated and the calves branded. Before the roundup, sometimes calves, especially orphan or stray calves, were surreptitiously branded, and thus taken. The large ranches, concerned about this practice, forbade their employees from owning cattle and aggressively defended against rustling.

The situation became steadily worse after the poor winter of 1886. The large companies began to aggressively appropriate land and control the flow and supply of water in this area; they justified these excesses on what was public land by using the catch-all allegation of rustling, and vigorously sought to exclude the smaller ranchers from participation in the annual roundup; apparently agents of the larger ranches killed several alleged rustlers. A number of lynchings of alleged rustlers took place in 1889, including the double lynching of innocent homesteaders and ranchers Ella Watson and Jim Averell.

The large ranches were organized as the Wyoming Stock Growers Association (the WSGA) and gathered socially as the Cheyenne Club in Cheyenne, Wyoming. In April 1892 the WSGA hired killers from Texas; an expedition of 50 men was organized, which proceeded by train from Cheyenne to Casper, Wyoming, then toward Johnson County, intending to eliminate alleged rustlers and also, apparently, to replace the government in Johnson County. Major Frank Wolcott led the Regulators into Johnson County. To prevent an alarm, the telegraph lines out of Buffalo were cut. The expedition was accompanied by two newspaper reporters whose lurid accounts later appeared in the eastern newspapers.

Attack on Champion
The first target of the WSGA was Nate Champion at the "KC Ranch". Champion was a small rancher who was active in the efforts of small ranchers to organize a competing roundup. Three men besides Champion were at the KC. Two men, evidently trappers, who had taken shelter for the night, were captured as they emerged from the cabin early that morning to collect water at the nearby Powder River, while the third, Nick Ray, was shot while standing inside the doorway of the cabin and died a few hours later. The fourth, Nate Champion, was besieged. Two passers-by noticed the ruckus and rode to Buffalo, where Johnson County Sheriff William "Red" Angus raised a posse of 200 men and set out for the "KC Ranch".

Champion held out for several hours, killing at least four of the vigilantes, and wounding several others. During the siege, Champion kept a poignant journal which contained a number of notes he wrote to friends while taking cover inside the cabin. "Boys, I feel pretty lonesome just now. I wish there was someone here with me so we could watch all sides at once." he wrote. The last journal entry read: "Well, they have just got through shelling the house like hail. I heard them splitting wood. I guess they are going to fire the house tonight. I think I will make a break when night comes, if alive. Shooting again. It's not night yet. The house is all fired. Goodbye, boys, if I never see you again."

With the house on fire, Nate Champion signed his journal entry and put the journal in his pocket before he emerged, running from the back door with a Colt revolver in the left hand and a Winchester rifle in the right. He was gunned down by four men firing simultaneously, hit by 28 bullets. The invaders later pinned a note on Champion's bullet-riddled chest that read "Cattle Thieves Beware". They also carefully removed entries from the diary which named some of the attackers.

Aftermath of death
The following day the posse led by the sheriff besieged the invading force at the "TA Ranch" on Crazy Woman Creek. After two days, one of the invaders escaped and was able to contact the acting Governor of Wyoming, Amos W. Barber. Frantic efforts to save the besieged invaders ensued, and telegraphs to Washington resulted in intervention by the President of the United States, Benjamin Harrison. The Sixth Cavalry from Fort McKinney was ordered to proceed to the "TA Ranch" and take custody of the invaders and save them from the posse. As part of the surrender, the invaders turned in all their arms and equipment to the Army. Major Wolcott, as unofficial leader of the group made a list of these arms and provided it to the government.

In the end the invaders went free due to cunning legal maneuvers by the defense attorneys. Many of the leaders of the invaders, such as W. C. Irvine, were themselves Democrats, and their opponents were mostly Democrats. A scandal was caused by the rescue of the Invaders at the order of President Harrison, and the failure of the courts to prosecute them. As a result of the scandal, Wyoming voted Democratic in the elections of 1894.

Dramatic representations

 * Henry Brandon (1912–1990) played Champion in a 1955 episode of Jim Davis's syndicated western television series, Stories of the Century.
 * Christopher Walken played a highly fictionalized Champion in Michael Cimino's 1980 film Heaven's Gate.
 * Tom Berenger is Cain Hammett in Johnson County War. Cain is completely based on the life, actions and looks of Nate Champion.

title: Nate Champion


text:
Talk:Monster Garage

Newbie comment
Wow, how informative! -- 80.186.144.210 (Talk) 00:20, 18 February 2005
 * Hello :-). Please could you sign talk pages with 4 tildes ( ~ } . Duke toaster 13:23, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Regarding the Rock'em, Sock'em Robots failure
I don't remember the heads being welded to the cars as indicated in the article. Originally Jesse made two heads and identically tack welded each to a plate. The teams where then allowed to mount the _plate_ as securely to the vehicle as they could. One of the teams had the idea to mount the plate on springs(valve return springs IIRC). This caused a controversy because the other team felt, correctly, that the springs would allow the head to take a much greater hit without breaking the tack welds than a more rigidly mounted one. I believe the inclusion of the spring mount arouse out of a difference in interpretation of the 'off the cuff' mounting instructions given by Jesse about attaching the plates. The issue was settled with a coin toss by Jesse, I do not recall the exact resolution at this time. Perhaps someone with the episodes on DVD (if they're available) confirm this? AnotherBrian 12:19, 7 June 2006 (UTC) "The whole section of the article was dead wrong--it listed the xB as losing the contest. (It didn't.) I rewrote it; someone feel free to check my math. --Billfred 01:36, 6 August 2006 (UTC)"

Last episode?
In the season finale "Ultimate Old School Wagon," it's mentioned that the Monster Garage is closing for good. --CCFreak2K 01:56, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Last Episode
The "Series" Finale aired on June 12, 2006. Sadly, Monster Garage is no more. Trustonay1 03:03, 13 June 2006 (UTC)trustonay1

perhaps somebody could ad some information regarding that midget so frequently seen lurking around the reconstruction area?

midget
if i remember correctly he's called Body Drop. That should be a start if anyone is interested. His name is Chris Artiaga, enjoy. 70.224.42.216 01:52, 18 August 2006 (UTC) xenokilla 8/17/06

Cancellation
Why was the show canceled? Was it because the producers/Jesse didn't want to continue, or because of ratings? ViperBite 02:51, 28 June 2007 (UTC)
 * There was a falling out between Jesse and the producers. Specifically Jesse wanted to do an Iraq build and the producers did not. So Jesse walked away from the show and produced the Iraq show himself. Because of the presumably bad feelings between Jesse and the producers the show dissolved. Nodekeeper 09:17, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
 * BTW, this is after much forum research, else I would put in the article. Nodekeeper 09:45, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

I think the whole thing was a bit of a mystery why it lasted so long.Landroo (talk) 00:52, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MonsterGarage.jpg
Image:MonsterGarage.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:28, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

De Lorean DMC-12 Hovercraft
Was this supposed to be a bad pun reference to the Back to the Future trilogy? "but ultimately ran out of time"

DancingMan (talk) 06:08, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Big Schwag and Frankie Whiteside
Hi everybody. I'm contributing to the monster garage in french, and I see that none of you talks about The Big Schwag and Frankie Whiteside. Neither talking about the ritual quotes for opening and closing episode (available on IMDb). I'll not edit this page because I'll just make mistakes in your language, but think about it! 81.220.253.225 (talk) 10:55, 1 August 2008 (UTC)Factory

Vehicles

 * On the show this generally meant making one vehicle that could transform into another such as a PT Cruiser which could change into a wood chipper,

Clumsy wording. A wood chipper is not a kind of vehicle. I don't have a specific citation for this at the moment. 24.45.249.139 (talk) 22:50, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Monster Garage. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081006070749/http://www.barrett-jackson.com/application/search/monstergaragecarlist.aspx to http://www.barrett-jackson.com/application/search/monstergaragecarlist.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:59, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

According to Edd China's 2019 autobiography
Grease Junkie: A book of moving parts, The idea for the show was derived from the shortlived 2002 UK series Panic Mechanics. 194.207.183.182 (talk) 11:08, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monster Garage