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User talk:Sketchee/Jan2005

Hi
Just wanted to remark that I think your comment on WikiProject is very insightful. Also, are you the same Sketchee from #RPGComics on Nightstar or Newnet or somewhere like that? I hung around there for a while, but you probably don't remember me. Andre ( talk ) 19:38, Jan 1, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Proposal to expand WP:CSD
''The first exception bothers me as people declare things as obvious "vandalism" too commonly and others don't feel that level of herecy dispute. It's become the Wikipedia equivalent of Godwin's law.--Sketchee 01:44, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)''
 * I'm intrigued by your comment. An admin today can do as you say and delete something calling it "vandalism". While the Proposal VIII doesn't change that aspect, it would help ensure proper deletion in almost every other case.  Deleting pure vandalism, as defined at Vandalism, is a core protection that we probably shouldn't interfere with. -- Netoholic @ 04:19, 2005 Jan 2 (UTC)

 * I think it's all about baby steps. I can't see a measure restricting the effectiveness of anti-vandalism to go through.  Indeed, I could see a future, if the "tag and bag" measure passes, for us to propose a technical solution from the MediaWiki developers.  Guess I can't see why you'd pass up a partial solution, but it's your choice. thanks. -- Netoholic @ 05:08, 2005 Jan 2 (UTC)

Greetings!
Just wanted to say hello and comment on the great work you've done organizing WikiProject Composers, and in general. :-) Mindspillage (spill your mind?) 07:34, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Adventurers!
I had to remove almost all the material from Adventurers! due to its being blatantly copied from [http://www.adventurers-comic.com/info.html the Adventurers! site]. Unless you've got permission to use it, it's going to need to be re-written pretty much from scratch. -- Cyrius|✎ 06:43, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Could you provide some documentation on the talk page? It's important to do so when you use other people's material, largely to avoid this sort of problem. -- Cyrius|✎ 17:43, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * So are you going to document it? -- Cyrius|✎ 04:27, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, just making sure you didn't either forget or get pissed off about it. -- Cyrius|✎ 05:43, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Carl Van Vechten/William Warfield
Thanks for your contributions to wiki. Adding the fine photographs of Carl Van Vechten to articles like that of William Warfield helps make this a better encyclopedia and honors both men. Awesome. Cheers, -Willmcw 12:15, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sketchee/Jan2005


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James Mercer (judge)

James Mercer (February 26, 1736 – October 31, 1793) was a Virginia lawyer, military officer, planter, jurist and politician.

Early and family life
Mercer was born in Stafford County, Virginia at his family's Marlborough plantation on February 26, 1736. His mother, the former Catherine Mason, was the youngest daughter of George Mason II, a prominent planter and his second wife Elizabeth Waugh, daughter of Rev. John Waugh. His father John Mercer had emigrated from Ireland and become a prominent lawyer, planter and land speculator. He married twice, although most of his children died before reaching legal age. James' mother Catherine bore ten children before her death in 1750 (when James was 14) and his stepmother Ann Roy (daughter of Dr. Mungo Roy of Essex County) bore nine children and survived her husband by two years.

Thus James Mercer was born into the First Families of Virginia and received a private education suitable to his class, as well as access to his father's library, if not the best, then one of the best in the area. At the time, Virginia had a primogeniture law so that landed estates passed to the firstborn son, clearly not James, as he knew in particular because his father was the guardian of and responsible for the education of his cousin George Mason, the firstborn son of George Mason III, who had died in a ferry accident. In 1753, John Mercer provided for James' future by apprenticing him to a master carpenter and builder, William Waite, and also bound with him four enslaved young Black men, so that at the end of the apprenticeship, Mercer would be able to build houses, churches, courthouses and other buildings in the region. Although Virginia did not abolish primogeniture until 1785, either the apprenticeship changed James' career path or his father reconsidered, for soon (like his two elder brothers who survived infancy and are discussed below), he traveled to Williamsburg for higher education under prominent lawyer George Wythe and others, and graduated from the College of William and Mary about 1755.

His eldest brother to reach adulthood, George Mercer, would become a planter, politician, soldier (in the French and Indian War) and speculator in western lands, before traveling to England as a representative of the Ohio Company (as well as Loyalist in the American Revolutionary War), and marrying but dying childless. His younger half brother John Francis Mercer would likewise become a planter and military officer (in the American Revolutionary War), but he married an heiress in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, where he would live, rise to become the state's Governor. His youngest brother Robert Mercer (1764-1800) also became a lawyer as well as newspaper editor. He married a daughter of prominent planter Landon Carter of King George County, but like the eldest brother George would only serve one term in the House of Delegates. James Mercer's sister Sarah Ann Mason Mercer (1738–1806) became the second wife of Col. Samuel Selden (1725–1791) and bore a son who reached adulthood, and his sister Mary Mercer (1740-1764) married Daniel McCarty Jr. but had no surviving children. Thus, James Mercer would ultimately share his wealth with his sons (neither of whom married) and the progeny of his half-sisters Grace Fenton Mercer (1751-1814); who married Essex County planter Muscoe Garnett (1736–1803), Anna Mercer (1760-1787); who married Benjamin Harrison VI., (son of Benjamin Harrison V the signer of the Declaration of Independence), and Maria Mercer (born 1761); who married Richard Brooke (1760–1816) of King and Queen County.

In 1772, James Mercer married Mary Eleanor Dick, the daughter of Major Charles Dick of Fredericksburg. Before she died in 1780, they had sons John Fenton Mercer (1773-1812) and Charles Fenton Mercer (1778-1858), who when they reached adulthood would continue the family political tradition, and daughters Mary Eleanor Dick Mercer (1774-1837; who would marry her cousin James Mercer Garnett), and Lucinda Mercer who married Solomon Betton of Loudoun County before resettling in Georgia. His younger son Charles Fenton Mercer would follow the family's legal and military path (in the War of 1812) as well as serve multiple terms in the House of Delegates in his uncle's lifetime before long service in the U.S. House of Representatives. He also promoted the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal after this man's death (and became its president for a time), which also served the family's longstanding and ongoing western real estate interests.

Military officer
In 1750, the Ohio Company, in which his father and George Washington were investors, established a store and fortified storehouse in Ridgeley west of the Appalachian Mountains, which was confiscated for military purposes as the French and Indian War began and became Fort Ohio. The legislature commissioned Col. George Washington as "defender of the Frontier", and he ordered a chain of forts constructed to protect traders and settlers on the frontier. Washington made Fort Loudoun in Winchester (the Frederick County seat still east of the Appalachians) his headquarters. Although his surveyor brother Lieutenant George Mercer would survive his wound at the battle of Fort Necessity in 1754 and rise to the rank of captain, his other brother Captain John Fenton Mercer, (1735–1756) was killed and scalped on April 18, 1756, at Fort Edward in what some called the "Battle of the Great Cacapon River" or "Mercer's Massacre" since 34 members of the garrison died and only six escaped the Native American attack. James Mercer, like his two elder brothers, had accepted an officer's commission after graduation. In 1756, Captain James Mercer became the commander of Fort Loudoun. However, when the war ended, the British forbad further settlement west of the Appalachians, which crimped the Ohio Company. Moreover, John Mercer and his descendants were not closely related to Dr. Hugh Mercer, a Scotsman who fought for the British in the French and Indian War before settling in Fredericksburg, where he become a prominent physician and militia officer before rising to the rank of General in the American Revolutionary War.

Lawyer, politician, planter and judge
After the war ended, Col. George Washington and Capt. George Mercer entered politics, though they would choose opposite sides in the next conflict. In 1761, Frederick County voters elected George Mercer and George Washington as their two representatives in the Virginia House of Burgesses. Voters in Hampshire County (which had been split from Frederick County in 1753 but remained lightly settled and was greatly affected by the post-war British ban on trans-Appalachian settlement) elected James Keith and Thomas Rutherford as their (part-time) representatives. However, James Keith soon resigned in order to become the Hampshire county clerk, and James Mercer replaced him for the long session, then consistently won re-election annually for the following decade, with several different men served as the county's other burgess. Unlike his brother James, George Mercer would only serve one term as a Burgess, possibly because he agreed to become a collector for the hated Stamp Tax in 1763 (though community pressure forced him to decline the position), Complicating matters, James Mercer did not live in Hampshire County, but his family owned property there. Western Virginia counties had problems sending representatives to the legislature at Williamsburg, due to both the costs and time required to travel, as Daniel Morgan (who led a successful defense of Fort Edward in the French and Indian War before his heroics in the American Revolutionary War and legislative service from his Winchester base), well knew.

After Dunmore's War, tensions with the royal governor escalated, and he dissolved the legislature. Hampshire County voters elected Mercer and newcomer Joseph Neville to represent them at the first four Virginia Conventions, and Mercer and long-term Hardy County resident Abraham Hite represented them at the Fifth Virginia Convention. Mercer and Hite then served as Hampshire County's first two delegates in the House of Delegates in 1776. Fellow delegates then chose Mercer as one of Virginia's representatives in the Continental Congress in 1779.

Meanwhile, Mercer had a house in Fredericksburg, but officially made his plantation in Spotsylvania County his residence. He served on the Spotsylvania County Committee of Correspondence before the war, and owned enslaved people at both locations: nine adults and three children in Fredericksburg in 1787 as well as 18 adults and 26 children in Spotsylvania County. By 1786, Mercer was a trustee of a new school in Fredericksburg, the Fredericksburg Academy, noting that it was ideal for training young men "of the middle Rank, a class the best fitted for a voyage though Life," and George Mason would send both his younger sons there, as well as his second wife's nephew, George Graham.

Legislators selected Mercer as judge of the general court in 1780 and in 1788 he became one of the judges on the first Court of Appeals (later reorganized as the Supreme Court of Virginia). That year, Abraham Hite, who had represented Hampshire County alongside the nonresident Hite years earlier, but had been engaged in a long-running land dispute, moved from what had become Hardy County to Kentucky. On April 30, 1789 Judge Mercer admitted several new attorneys to the Virginia bar, including future President James Monroe, future U.S. Supreme Court justices John Marshall and Bushrod Washington, future senator John Taylor of Caroline, future Congressman Richard Brent, future Virginia governor Robert Brooke, future Maryland governor John Francis Mercer (his youngest half brother) and John Taliaferro Brooke (who would become one of his executors).

Death and legacy
Judge Mercer died in office in Richmond on October 31, 1793, about a year after his friend and fellow Ohio Company member George Mason.

Since his wife had died years earlier and their two daughters and one of their sons had not reached legal age, guardians were needed to administer his estate. Although he had anticipated this in his will, executed on May 23, 1791 (with a codicil dated three days later), his brothers in law Muscoe Garnett of Essex County and Benjamin Harrison of Richmond, refused to carry out their duties as executors, despite an order from the Spotsylvania County court (which had jurisdiction as his residence). Ultimately, relatives John Taliaferro Brooke and James Mercer Garnett were appointed in their place. Among other terms, Mercer's will gave 1000 pounds to his elder daughter Mary Eleanor Dick Mercer (with her aunt Mrs. Selden named as guardian), 300 pounds to his younger daughter Lucinda Mercer, his Bull Run land to son Charles Fenton Mercer, and other devises to his elder son John Fenton Mercer and niece Martha Mercer. Ultimately, all four children reached adulthood, although neither of his sons married.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: James Mercer (judge)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Posh Spice Takes It Up The Arse

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 02:24, Feb 13, 2005 (UTC)

Posh Spice Takes It Up The Arse
What a load of drivel. Deb 18:29, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Drivel, yes; true drivel, also yes. (Note: I mean that this really did exist as an anti-David Beckham soccer chant, not that it accurately describes their sexual practices.) But, that said, I don't think it's notable enough to warrant its own article. Delete. Bearcat 20:51, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * ...and yes, it's nowhere as notable as any other member of Category:Football songs and chants. Delete. Samaritan 23:10, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. non-notable RJFJR 00:02, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Victoria Beckham, already mentioned there. Kappa 00:03, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't deserve it's own article, and I can't imagine anyone genuinely searching for it to warrant a redirect. --Lawlore 00:39, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutralitytalk 00:41, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have to chuckle at the humour of people worrying that a redirect from Potatoe to Dan Quayle might be "insulting" and "POV", but aren't blinking an eye at a redirect from Posh Spice Takes It Up The Arse to Victoria Beckham. Delete. Uncle G 01:03, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)
 * Personnally I just felt potatoe should be redirected somewhere with relevant information, rather than deleted. Likewise this one Kappa 01:20, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, I find the article title offensive and un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 01:40, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Some people who attend football games are crude morons.   What they specifically yell is normally not encyclopedia material, and it isn't in this case.  --BM 02:14, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Could be an ofensive redirect. JoaoRicardo 03:39, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. 23skidoo 04:16, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This article was deleted already a while back. Recreation of deleted material. If for some reason that doesn't apply, Delete. DJ Clayworth 16:28, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as recreated deleted material. GRider\talk 22:09, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not finding a record of a prior deletion decision. Do you remember when it was?  If we can find it, then we can speedy delete.  Otherwise, regular delete.  Rossami (talk) 00:06, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * If you do find it, is it the same contents/contributor or different? Kappa 03:09, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: trivia. Wile E. Heresiarch 04:45, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:43, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --ZayZayEM 06:56, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Xulio Villarino

Xulio Villarino is a Spanish photographer born on the 21st of July, 1969 who lives in Porto de Bares, Mañón.

Villarino was born in Fazouro, Foz and began teaching himself the photographic techniques when he was 16 years old. He started working for the Spanish newspaper La Voz de Galicia in 1993, even though he has contributed to other publications, including El Semanal.

He has won numerous prizes, including:
 * Luis Ksado, 1998
 * Fuij Europress Photo Awards, 1999, Spanish Phase
 * Ortega y Gasset, 2000
 * Fuji, 2002 in the Travels category, 2003 in the News category

And has been shortlisted for:
 * Injuve, 1999
 * Luis Valtuena, 2000, 2001

title: Xulio Villarino


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John Herbert Claiborne

John Herbert Claiborne (March 16, 1828 – February 24, 1905) was a prominent Virginia politician and a leading medical administrator commanding a series of hospitals serving wounded Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War.

Biography
Born in 1828 in Virginia, Claiborne completed his medical studies in Philadelphia in 1851. That same year, he established a practice in Petersburg and served later as a House of Delegates representative and senator in the Virginia state government.

In 1862, Claiborne was ordered to establish a hospital in Petersburg for treatment of wounded soldiers and was made surgeon in charge in local Confederate forces. By the time of the Siege of Petersburg, he was the executive officer in charge of all military hospitals in Petersburg. The system in the city included seven hospitals at first, but by the time of the siege, they were consolidated into two buildings on the western side of Petersburg to avoid the shelling from the east.

Claiborne's first wife, Sara Joseph Alston, died shortly after the war. He remarried and raised another family with his second wife, Annie Leslie Watson. He continued to practice in Petersburg, and died at his home there on February 24, 1905. He was the grandfather of Robert Claiborne and Clara Claiborne Park and the great-grandfather of Paul Park.

title: John Herbert Claiborne


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Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, oyster fungus, hiratake, or pearl oyster mushroom is a common edible mushroom. It is one of the more commonly sought wild mushrooms, though it can also be cultivated on straw and other media.

Description
The mushroom has a broad, fan or oyster-shaped cap spanning 2–30 cm; natural specimens range from white to gray or tan to dark-brown; the margin is inrolled when young, and is smooth and often somewhat lobed or wavy. The flesh is white, firm, and varies in thickness due to stipe arrangement. The gills of the mushroom are white to cream, and descend on the stalk if present. If so, the stipe is off-center with a lateral attachment to wood. The spore print of the mushroom is white to lilac-gray, and best viewed on dark background. The mushroom's stipe is often absent. When present, it is short and thick. It has the bittersweet aroma of benzaldehyde (which is also characteristic of bitter almonds).

Similar species
It is related to the similarly cultivated Pleurotus eryngii (king oyster mushroom). Other similar species include Pleurocybella porrigens, Hohenbuehelia petaloides, and the hairy-capped Phyllotopsis nidulans.

Omphalotus nidiformis is a toxic lookalike found in Australia and Japan. In North America, the toxic muscarine-containing Omphalotus olivascens (the western jack-o'-lantern mushroom) and Clitocybe dealbata (the ivory funnel mushroom) both bear a resemblance to P. ostreatus.

Name
Both the Latin and common names refer to the shape of the fruiting body. The Latin pleurotus (side-ear) refers to the sideways growth of the stem with respect to the cap, while the Latin ostreatus (and the English common name, oyster) refers to the shape of the cap which resembles the bivalve of the same name. The reference to oyster may also derive from the slippery texture of the mushroom. The name grey oyster mushroom may be used for P. ostreatus.

Distribution and habitat
The oyster mushroom is widespread in many temperate and subtropical forests throughout the world, although it is absent from the Pacific Northwest of North America, being replaced by P. pulmonarius and P. populinus. It is a saprotroph that acts as a primary decomposer of wood, especially deciduous trees, and beech trees in particular. It is a white-rot wood-decay fungus.

The standard oyster mushroom can grow in many places, but some other related species, such as the branched oyster mushroom, grow only on trees. They may be found all year round in the UK.

While this mushroom is often seen growing on dying hardwood trees, it only appears to be acting saprophytically, rather than parasitically. As the tree dies of other causes, P. ostreatus grows on the rapidly increasing mass of dead and dying wood. They actually benefit the forest by decomposing the dead wood, returning vital elements and minerals to the ecosystem in a form usable to other plants and organisms. Oyster mushrooms bioaccumulate lithium.

Ecology
Although predatory behavior on nematodes has evolved independently in all major fungal lineages, P. ostreatus is one of the few known carnivorous mushrooms. Its mycelia can kill and digest nematodes, which is believed to be a way in which the mushroom obtains nitrogen.

Uses
Commercial cultivation of this mushroom first began in Germany as a subsistence measure during World War I, and it is now grown commercially around the world for food.

Culinary
Oyster mushrooms are used in Czech, Polish, and Slovak contemporary cuisine in soups and stews in a similar fashion to meat, as well as breaded to become a vegetarian alternative to the kotlet in Polish dishes. The oyster mushroom is a choice edible, and is a delicacy in Japanese, Korean and Chinese cuisine. It is frequently served on its own, in soups, stuffed, or in stir-fry recipes with soy sauce. Oyster mushrooms may be used in sauces, such as oyster sauce. The mushroom's taste has been described as mild with a slight odor similar to anise. The oyster mushroom is best when picked young; as the mushroom ages, the flesh becomes tough and the flavor becomes acrid and unpleasant.

Some toxic Lentinellus species are similar in appearance, but have gills with jagged edges and finely haired caps.

Other uses
The pearl oyster mushroom is also used to create mycelium bricks, mycelium furniture, and leather-like products.

Oyster mushrooms can also be used industrially for mycoremediation purposes. Oyster mushrooms were used to treat soil that had been polluted with diesel oil. The mushroom was able to convert 95% of the oil into non-toxic compounds. P. ostreatus is also capable of growing upon and degrading oxo-biodegradable plastic bags; it can also contribute to the degradation of green polyethylene.

title: Pleurotus ostreatus


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John Claiborne

John Claiborne (January 26, 1778 –October 9, 1808) was a son of Thomas Claiborne (1749–1812) and brother of Thomas Claiborne (1780–1856). He was a Representative from Virginia; born in Brunswick County, Virginia in 1778; pursued academic studies; graduated from the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in 1798 and practiced; elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Ninth and Tenth Congresses and served from March 4, 1805, until his death in Brunswick County, Virginia, on October 9, 1808; interment in the family burying ground of Parson Jarratt, Dinwiddie, Virginia.

title: John Claiborne


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Friends of Friendless Churches

Friends of Friendless Churches (FoFC) is a registered charity formed in 1957, active in England and Wales, which campaigns for and rescues redundant historic places of worship threatened by demolition, decay, or inappropriate conversion. As of April 2021, the charity owns 58 redundant churches or chapels, 29 of which are in England, and 29 in Wales.

History
The charity was formed by Ivor Bulmer-Thomas, a writer, former MP and a high church Anglican. He was the charity's Honorary Director until his death in 1993. The first executive committee included prominent politicians, artists, poets and architects, including John Betjeman, John Piper, Roy Jenkins, T. S. Eliot, Harry Goodhart-Rendel and Rosalie Lady Mander. Initially the charity campaigned and obtained grants for the repair and restoration of churches within its remit. The 1968 Pastoral Measure established the Redundant Churches Fund (now called Churches Conservation Trust). However, the Church Commissioners turned down a number of buildings that the executive committee considered worthy of preservation, including Old St Matthew's Church, Lightcliffe, and St Peter's Church, Wickham Bishops. The charity therefore decided in 1972 to change its constitution, allowing it to acquire threatened buildings either by freehold or by lease. The tower of the church at Lightcliffe was the first property to be vested with the charity.

Operations
The charity raises money from various sources. Since 1999, it has worked in partnership with Cadw and the Church in Wales to take redundant churches in Wales into its care. In Wales, the charity receives funding for taking Anglican churches into its care. Of this, 70% comes from the Welsh Government through Cadw, and 30% from the Church in Wales.

In England, the charity does not receive regular public funding, but has obtained grants from bodies such as English Heritage. Other funds are raised from donations, membership fees and legacies from members of the public. Some churches have been supported by the formation of local groups of Friends. The charity administers two trusts, one of which, the Cottam Will Trust, was established by Rev S. E. Cottam for "the advancement of religion of objects of beauty to be placed in ancient Gothic churches either in England or Wales".

All the churches owned by the charity are listed buildings, and most are former Anglican churches, either from the Church of England or the Church in Wales, although three were private chapels, one was a Nonconformist chapel and another a Roman Catholic church.

On the charity's 50th anniversary in 2007 it published a book entitled Saving Churches, containing details of their history and accounts of their churches. The charity describes its mission as an architectural conservation organisation which aims to preserve beautiful places of worship as public monuments. The charity told The Guardian newspaper that cared-for and cherished should not mean fossilised, and instead they want to offer their places of worship for public events such as concerts, knitting groups, seasonal lectures, art exhibitions, supper clubs and the occasional religious ceremony. "They intend to carry on working tirelessly to preserve what Shakespeare described as our magnificent 'sermons in stone' for generations to come", The Guardian stated.

The Friends have argued against Church of England plans, published in 2021, that would diminish the democracy of the church closure process, and reduce the transparency and accountability of the Church.

People
The charity's patronage was made vacant following the death of the Marquess of Anglesey in 2013. The ecclesiastical patron is Rev Wyn Evans, former Bishop of St Davids, and the president is the Marquess of Salisbury.

Rachel Morley has been the director of the charity since 2018, and there were two members of staff, one part-time.

List of vested churches
The list is in two sections, one for England and the other for Wales. This division reflects the former management of most of the English churches by the Church of England and of the Welsh churches by the Church in Wales, and the different funding arrangements in the two countries.

Key

Formerly vested churches
St Peter's, Corpusty, Norfolk was owned from 1982, then transferred into the care of the Norfolk Churches Trust in 2009.

Partnership with Ancient Monuments Society
From 1993 to 2021, the Friends worked in partnership with the Ancient Monuments Society, sharing an office and staff, operating a joint membership scheme, and publishing a joint newsletter, while retaining separate finances and governing bodies. The co-operation came about because the Friends' founder, Ivor Bulmer-Thomas, was also Secretary and later Chairman of the Ancient Monuments Society. The arrangement was amicably dissolved at the request of the Friends, effective 27 September 2021.

title: Friends of Friendless Churches


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Obscene Publications Act 1857

The Obscene Publications Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c. 83 ), also known as Lord Campbell's Act or Campbell's Act, was a piece of legislation in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland dealing with obscenity. For the first time, it made the sale of obscene material a statutory offence, giving the courts power to seize and destroy offending material. The Act superseded a 1787 Royal Proclamation by George III titled Proclamation for the Discouragement of Vice. The proclamation commanded the prosecution of those guilty of "excessive drinking, blasphemy, profane swearing and cursing, lewdness, profanation of the Lord's Day, and other dissolute, immoral, or disorderly practices". Prior to this Act, the "exposure for sale" of "obscene books and prints" had been made illegal by the Vagrancy Act 1824. but the publication of obscene material was a common law misdemeanour The effective prosecution of authors and publishers was difficult even in cases where the material was clearly intended as pornography.

Origins
The spur for the Act arose from a trial for the sale of pornography presided over by the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Campbell, at the same time as a debate in the House of Lords over a bill aiming to restrict the sale of poisons. Campbell was taken by the analogy between the two situations, famously referring to the London pornography trade as "a sale of poison more deadly than prussic acid, strychnine or arsenic", and proposed a bill to restrict the sale of pornography, arguing that giving statutory powers of destruction would allow for a much more effective degree of prosecution. Lord Campbell, the Chief Justice of Queen's Bench, introduced the bill.

The bill was controversial at the time, receiving strong opposition from both Houses of Parliament, and was passed on the assurance by the Lord Chief Justice that it was "...intended to apply exclusively to works written for the single purpose of corrupting the morals of youth and of a nature calculated to shock the common feelings of decency in any well-regulated mind."

The House of Commons amended the bill to exclude Scotland, on the grounds that Scottish common law was sufficiently stringent.

Provisions of the Act
The Act provided for the seizure and summary disposition of any material deemed to be obscene, and held for sale or distribution, following information being laid before a "court of summary jurisdiction" (a magistrates' court). The Act required that following evidence of a common-law offence being committed – for example, on the report of a plain-clothes policeman who had successfully purchased the material – the court could issue a warrant for the premises to be searched and the material seized. The proprietor then would be called upon to attend court and give reason why the material should not be destroyed. The Act also granted authority to issue search warrants for premises suspected of housing such materials.

Application of the Act
The Act did not define "obscene", leaving it to the courts to devise a test, based on the common law.

Regina v. Hicklin was heard in 1868 and involved one Henry Scott, who resold copies of an anti-Catholic pamphlet entitled "The Confessional Unmasked: shewing the depravity of the Romish priesthood, the iniquity of the Confessional, and the questions put to females in confession." When the pamphlets were ordered destroyed as obscene, Scott appealed the order to the court of Quarter Sessions. Benjamin Hicklin, a London magistrate who was in charge of such orders as Recorder, revoked the order of destruction. Hicklin held that Scott's purpose had not been to corrupt public morals but to expose problems within the Catholic Church; hence, Scott's intention was innocent. The authorities appealed Hicklin's reversal, bringing the case to the consideration of the Court of Queen's Bench.

Chief Justice Cockburn, Campbell's successor as Lord Chief Justice, reinstated the order of the lower court, holding that Scott's intention was immaterial if the publication was obscene in fact. Justice Cockburn reasoned that the Obscene Publications Act allowed banning of a publication if it had a "tendency ... to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall." This test became known as the Hicklin test and allowed portions of a suspect work to be judged independently of context. If any portion of a work was deemed obscene, the entire work could be outlawed.

This interpretation was clearly a major change from Campbell's opinion only ten years before – the test now being the effect on someone open to corruption who obtained a copy, not whether the material was intended to corrupt or offend.

Cockburn's declaration remained in force for several decades, and most of the high-profile seizures under the Act relied on this interpretation.

Current status
The Obscene Publications Act 1959 significantly reformed the law related to obscenity, coming into force on 29 August 1959. The actual reform of the law was limited, with several extensions to police powers included. The 1959 did, however, repeal the 1857 Act and became the main Act dealing with obscene publications.

The Obscene Publications Act 1964 made several minor additional provisions to the 1959 Act. As of 2008 these latter two Obscene Publications Acts are still in force, albeit as amended by more recent legislation.

title: Obscene Publications Act 1857


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Bellevue Public Schools

Bellevue Public Schools operates 15 elementary schools (K-6; some schools also offer pre-kindergarten programs), three middle schools (7-8), and two high schools (9-12) in Bellevue in the U.S. state of Nebraska. The district has 662 teachers (FTEs) serving 9,666 students.

The district includes most of Bellevue, and almost all of Offutt Air Force Base.

Note: Based on 2002–2003 school year data

title: Bellevue Public Schools


text: Category:Ferry transport in Hong Kong

title: Category:Ferry transport in Hong Kong


text:
Obscene Publications Act 1959

The Obscene Publications Act 1959 (7 & 8 Eliz. 2. c. 66) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom Parliament that significantly reformed the law related to obscenity in England and Wales. Prior to the passage of the Act, the law on publishing obscene materials was governed by the common law case of R v Hicklin, which had no exceptions for artistic merit or the public good. During the 1950s, the Society of Authors formed a committee to recommend reform of the existing law, submitting a draft bill to the Home Office in February 1955. After several failed attempts to push a bill through Parliament, a committee finally succeeded in creating a viable bill, which was introduced to Parliament by Roy Jenkins and given royal assent on 29 July 1959, coming into force on 29 August 1959 as the Obscene Publications Act 1959. With the committee consisting of both censors and reformers, the actual reform of the law was limited, with several extensions to police powers included in the final version.

The Act created a new offence for publishing obscene material, repealing the common law offence of obscene libel which was previously used, and also allows Justices of the Peace to issue warrants allowing the police to seize such materials. At the same time it creates two defences; firstly, the defence of innocent dissemination, and secondly the defence of public good. The Act has been used in several high-profile cases, such as the trials of Penguin Books for publishing Lady Chatterley's Lover and Oz for the Schoolkids OZ issue.

Background and passage
Obscene publications were, historically, something for the canon law; the first prosecution in a court of common law was not until 1727. Prior to the passing of the 1959 Act, the publication of obscene materials within England and Wales was governed by the common law and the Obscene Publications Act 1857. The common law, as established in R v Hicklin [1868] 3 QB 360, set the test of "obscenity" as "whether the tendency of the letter published is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influence and into whose hands the publication might fall", while the 1857 Act allowed any stipendiary magistrate or any two Justices of the Peace to issue a warrant authorising the police to search for, seize, and destroy any obscene publications. It was generally accepted that the existing law was heavily flawed, for several reasons. Firstly, the so-called "Hicklin test" from R v Hicklin was both unduly narrow and unyielding; it did not, for example, take into account the intentions of the defendant. Secondly, the test meant that individual sections of a published work could be analysed and the entire work declared obscene, even if the rest of the work was fairly mild. Thirdly, there was no defence based on the public good, and no opportunity to submit evidence showing the artistic merits of the work, and fourthly, works could be destroyed without the author or publisher even being informed and given an opportunity to speak.

During the 1950s, efforts started to attempt reform of the law. Following the prosecution of several notable publishers, the Society of Authors formed a committee (with Norman St John-Stevas as legal advisor) to recommend reform of the existing law, submitting their proposals and a draft bill to the Home Office in February 1955. Instead of the wholesale reform the Society hoped for, the government instead chose limited reform through the Children and Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1955 dealing with horror comics, which kept the Hicklin test but required that the work as a whole be examined. The Society and sympathetic Members of Parliament then attempted to introduce a Private Member's Bill, but this was quashed by the ensuing general election. Another Private Member's Bill was successfully introduced in March 1957 and sent to a committee. Composed of a mix of censors and reformers, the committee's recommendations were mixed, consisting of both conservative (further powers of search and seizure for the police) and liberal (the use of expert evidence attesting to the work's artistic merit) proposals.

The committee's proposals were published in March 1958, and a new bill was introduced under the Ten Minute Rule, failing to gain the requisite support. After A. P. Herbert stood for Parliament on a platform of obscenity reform, the Home Office had a change of heart and introduced a new bill through Roy Jenkins in 1959, a compromise between the aims of the campaigners and the goals of the Home Office. It was introduced to the House of Lords by Lord Birkett, received royal assent on 29 July 1959, and came into force on 29 August 1959 as the Obscene Publications Act 1959.

Act
The Act is relatively short, divided into 5 sections, the fifth covering the extent of the Act and its commencement date. Section 1 covers the test to determine if something is obscene; an article is taken to be obscene if the entire article "is, if taken as a whole, such as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it". The test is based on "persons"; DPP v Whyte [1972] AC 849 established that it was not sufficient for an individual to be depraved or corrupted, it must be that a significant number of people likely to read it would become corrupt. "Article" is defined within Section 1 as anything containing material that is read or looked at, any sound recordings and any film or other picture record. A publisher, as used in the Act, is also defined in Section 1; "publisher" is taken to mean anyone who "distributes, circulates, sells, lets on hire, gives, or lends it, or who offers it for sale or for letting on hire", or "in the case of an article containing or embodying matter to be looked at or a record, shows, plays or projects it". The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 amended this section to include the transmission of the article electronically.

Section 2 covers the actual prohibition of publishing "obscene material". Section 2(1) creates a new offence, "publishing an obscene article", which replaces the common law misdemeanour of "obscene libel" which was previously the crime. Somebody can be found guilty of this regardless of if it was done for profit or not. Where the article is a film, the consent of the Director of Public Prosecutions is required before a prosecution can commence. Section 2(4) states that, where an article is obscene, no other common law charges should be brought, and it should instead be dealt with through the 1959 Act, intended to limit prosecutions to those crimes found in this Act. Section 2(5) creates a defence of "innocent dissemination"; if the publisher can prove that they did not anticipate any obscenity problems, and did not examine the article in question for such issues, they cannot be convicted.

Powers of search and seizure are covered by Section 3, which also repealed the Obscene Publications Act 1857. This section allows a Justice of the Peace, if satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe obscene publications are kept on certain premises for profit, to issue a warrant for that location. This warrant allows a police officer to enter the premises, search them and remove any suspect publications; if such publications are found, the officer can also take records relating to the businesses trade. The articles must then be brought before a magistrate and either forfeited by the owners or returned. The owner, author or publisher of the articles, or the person from whom they were seized, may appear before the magistrate to argue why they should not be forfeited.

Section 4 creates the defence of public good, which applies both to prosecutions for publication of obscene materials and to the forfeiture proceedings described in Section 3. This allows for a valid defence if the defendant can show that the publication of the materials was justifiable as for the "public good", which is defined as "in the interests of science, literature, art or learning, or of other objects of general concern". Experts and their testimony are admissible for determining the value of such publications. This section was initially treated very strictly by trial judges, but this attitude was reversed after the 1976 trial of the book Inside Linda Lovelace, where the jury found the publishers not guilty despite the judge saying that "if this isn't obscene, members of the jury, you may think that nothing is obscene". Three years later the Williams Committee recommended that restrictions on written pornography be lifted, and these restrictions have been largely abandoned.

Lady Chatterley's Lover trial
The first noted prosecution under the Obscene Publications Act was of Penguin Books in R v Penguin Books Ltd. [1960] for publishing Lady Chatterley's Lover. The book, which contained the use of the words "fuck" and "cunt" multiple times, along with sexual scenes, was banned completely in England and Wales until the conclusion of the trial; by the mid-1980s, it was on the school syllabus. Penguin Books relied on Section 4's "public good" defence, with academics and literary critics such as E. M. Forster and Helen Gardner testifying at the trial that the book was one of literary merit. The trial at the Old Bailey eventually ended with a not guilty verdict, allowing the book to be openly published and sold in England and Wales for the first time since it was published in 1928. This trial and its verdict is seen as heralding "a new wave of sexual 'morality' for which the 1960s is now famous". Graham Lord wrote that the case "was the first trumpet call of the permissive society, the moment many believe that British morality, manners and family life began seriously to deteriorate".

Stass Paraskos trial
In 1966 an exhibition at Leeds College of Art of paintings by the Cyprus-born British artist Stass Paraskos, entitled Lovers and Romances, was prosecuted by the City of Leeds police and the Director of Public Prosecutions under the Vagrancy Acts of 1828 and 1837, and the Obscene Publications Act 1959. When the exhibition opened it was allegedly visited by a local school group, the leader of which objected to an image depicting a woman performing manual sex on a man. The exhibition was raided by the police and closed down. Despite luminaries of the art world speaking in Paraskos's defence, including Herbert Read and Norbert Lynton, and a message of support from Britain's Home Secretary Roy Jenkins, Paraskos lost the trial and was fined twenty-five pounds. The case was later cited in the report of a working party convened in 1968, under the chairmanship of John Montgomerie, by the Arts Council of Great Britain, to review the obscenity laws in England and Wales. In this report it was suggested the artist should not have been prosecuted in this case, even if the works of art were deemed obscene, as he was not the publisher as defined by the Obscene Publications Act.

Schoolkids Oz trial
In 1971 the editors of Oz were tried for publishing obscene materials, specifically the Schoolkids Oz issue. Oz was an underground magazine with a circulation of 40,000 which aimed to challenge the "older generation's outdated beliefs and standards of behaviour and morality". For its 28th issue, 20 teenagers were invited to contribute and edit it. The published version was 48 pages long, with the front consisting of a sheet from the French erotic book Desseins Erotiques, which depicted four naked women licking each other and performing sex acts. Inside were articles about homosexuality, lesbianism, sadism and a cartoon strip which showed Rupert Bear "ravaging" a "gipsy granny". John Mortimer acted for the defence, and after the longest obscenity trial in English legal history the defendants were convicted. After a three-day hearing in the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, this conviction was overturned; the Court of Appeal recognised 14 errors of law and a large number of errors of fact in the trial judge's summing up to the jury.

Later cases
Later cases have included:
 * 1976: the Inside Linda Lovelace obscenity trial (found not guilty)
 * 1991: David Britton's Lord Horror prosecution (not prosecuted - banned under the act, but later overturned)
 * 2009: R v Walker where Darryn Walker was found not guilty under the Obscene Publications Act for posting a story entitled "Girls (Scream) Aloud", a fictional written account on an internet erotic story site describing the kidnap, rape and murder of pop group Girls Aloud.
 * 2010: Gavin Smith who was charged after discussing his fantasies about spanking children. After the Crown Prosecution Service appealed the judge's original ruling that there was no case to answer, he was subsequently convicted in 2012.
 * 2011: The British Board of Film Classification refused to classify an uncut version of Tom Six's The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence), considering it "potentially obscene".
 * 2012: R v Peacock where a man was unsuccessfully prosecuted for selling DVDs featuring BDSM, fisting and urolagnia.

Impact and assessment
The Act was found deficient in a variety of ways. Firstly, the test meant that "sting" operations where the police purchased "obscene" materials were not considered sufficient evidence of publication, since the police were not considered easy to "corrupt" due to their regular exposure to the materials. It also meant that prosecutors often had to prove that purchasers were unaware of the obscene nature of material on sale prior to purchase, as those who actively sought out such material were deemed unlikely to be corrupted by it. Secondly, the offer of such materials for sale was not held to be publication, since it was merely an invitation to buy, not an actual purchase. Thirdly, the courts held in Straker v DPP [1963] 1 QB 926 that negatives for photographs could not be forfeited if it was not intended to publish them, regardless of their obscene nature. As a result, the Act was amended by the Obscene Publications Act 1964, which created the offence of "possessing obscene articles for publication or sale" and also extended "obscene materials" to cover photographic negatives. Another criticism levelled at both Acts was that they failed to define "obscene" properly, relying on the old common law definition and giving no help to the judge or jury as to how to apply it properly. Some anti-pornography feminists are of the opinion that the Act fails to adequately censor content as a result of this lack of clarity. The National Campaign for the Repeal of the Obscene Publications Acts (NCROPA) was set up in 1976 by the actor David Webb; it operated until the late 1990s.

21st century
By the early 21st century it had become evident that there was a disparity between what was deemed to be offensive under the Act and what would be regarded as offensive by a significant proportion of the general public. This may have been due to the age of the law or an indication that the UK had become a diverse and multicultural society. In 1996 there were 562 cases brought, in which 324 individuals were convicted. Even with this small number of trials, a third of convictions resulted in prison sentences, and only a small number of cases went to jury trials. The number of prosecutions fell from 309 in 1994, 131 in 1999, 39 in 2003 to 35 in 2005. This decline may have been partly due to the changing behaviour of jurors, who had become less likely to consider material as depraving and corrupting, and who were reluctant to convict defendants for the private use of material amongst consenting adults. Another reason for the decline may have been the range of alternative legislation which had become available for use in place of the Act. Suggestions given by the Crown Prosecution Service included:
 * Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 ("extreme pornography")
 * Protection of Children Act 1978
 * Video Recordings Act 1984 and 2010
 * Indecent Displays (Control) Act 1981
 * Customs Consolidation Act 1876, Amendment Act 1887 (Importation of Indecent and Obscene Material)
 * Children and Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1955.

Nevertheless the Act continued to have a significant impact in English law for many years, with its precedents serving to provide a definition of obscenity that were used in other legal contexts. For instance, anything deemed likely to contravene the Act was prohibited from videos awarded an R18 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification, and the Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014 extended these restrictions to online video on demand. A list of the categories of material most commonly prosecuted under the Act was published by the Crown Prosecution Service.

However, following a public consultation, the Crown Prosecution Service published guidelines in 2019 indicating that pornography depicting consenting adults engaged in legal acts would no longer be prosecuted under the Act, provided no serious harm was caused and the likely audience was over the age of 18. The guidelines also clarified that material that is purposefully obscene can be justified as in the public good if it is "in the interests of science, literature, art or learning".

title: Obscene Publications Act 1959


text:
Chicken Kiev

Chicken Kiev, also known as chicken Kyiv, is a dish made of chicken fillet pounded and rolled around cold butter, then coated with egg and bread crumbs, and either fried or baked. Since fillets are often referred to as suprêmes in professional cookery, the dish is also called "suprême de volaille à la Kiev". Stuffed chicken breast is generally known in Russian and Ukrainian cuisines as côtelette de volaille. Though it has disputed origins, the dish is particularly popular in the post-Soviet states, as well as in several other countries of the former Eastern Bloc, and in the English-speaking world.

History
The history of this dish is not well documented, and various sources make claims about its origin. Since the 18th century, Russian chefs have adopted many techniques of French haute cuisine and combined them with the local culinary tradition. The adoption was furthered by the French chefs, such as Marie-Antoine Carême and Urbain Dubois, who were hired by Russian gentry. In particular, the use of high quality meat cuts, such as various cutlets, steaks, escalopes and suprêmes became widespread in the 19th century, and a number of original dishes involving such components were developed in Russia at that time.

Côtelette de volaille
The French term de volaille means "of poultry" and denotes almost exclusively chicken dishes in French cookbooks. The name côtelette de volaille means thus simply "chicken cutlet". Despite the original French name, the Russian recipe is unknown in French cuisine, where the term côtelette de volaille refers to chicken breasts in general and is used nearly synonymously with chicken filet or suprême. The French term also denotes a minced chicken cutlet-shaped patty. The general Russian term for chicken cutlets, kurinaya kotleta (куриная котлета), refers predominantly to such minced cutlets, whereas kotleta de-voliay (котлета деволяй) is applied exclusively to the stuffed chicken breast dish. The latter name appears in the pre- and post-revolutionary Russian literature (in cookbooks as well as in fiction) since the beginning of the 20th century and is usually mentioned as a common restaurant dish.

The recipe in the classical Russian cookery textbook The Practical Fundamentals of the Cookery Art by Pelageya Alexandrova-Ignatieva (which had eleven editions between 1899 and 1916) includes a complex stuffing similar to quenelle (a mixture of minced meat, in this case the rest of the meat of the chicken, and cream) but with butter added. It also points out that "the cutlets de volaille are made from whole chicken fillets, like the game cutlets à la Maréchale". The recipe is preceded by a similar one for "hazel grouse cutlets à la Maréchale" with a quenelle and truffle stuffing. Another Russian cookbook published at the same time gives basically identical recipes for côtelette de volaille and côtelette à la Maréchale and notes that the only difference between them is that the former are made of chicken while the latter are made of game, such as hazel grouse, blackcock, etc.

The term à la Maréchale ("marshal-style") denotes in French cookery tender pieces of meat, such as cutlets, escalopes, sweetbreads, or chicken breasts, which are treated à l'anglaise ("English-style"), i.e. coated with egg and breadcrumbs, and sautéed. Numerous recipes of such dishes, some of them with stuffings, are described in both Western and Russian cookbooks of the 19th century. Among the stuffed versions, one finds a recipe for a "fowl fillet à la Maréchale" stuffed with truffles and herbs in The Art of French Cuisine of the 19th Century (1847) by Marie-Antoine Carême, and a similar filet de poulets à la Maréchale with herbs and forcemeat in La cuisine classique (1868) by Urbain Dubois. Elena Molokhovets' A Gift to Young Housewives, the most successful Russian cookbook of the 19th century, has included since its first edition in 1861 an elaborate recipe for "hazel grouse à la Maréchale" stuffed with Madeira sauce, portobello mushrooms and truffles.

Pozharsky cutlet
The main difference between the old time côtelette de volaille and the modern chicken Kiev is that the elaborate stuffings of the former are replaced by butter. The use of butter for chicken cutlets has been known in Russian cuisine at least since the invention of the Pozharsky cutlet in the first half of the 19th century. The Pozharsky cutlets are breaded ground chicken patties for which butter is added to minced meat. This results in an especially juicy and tender consistency. The dish was a widely appraised invention of 19th-century Russian cuisine, which was also adopted by French haute cuisine and subsequently by the international cuisine.

While the roots of chicken Kiev can thus be traced back to French haute cuisine and Russian cookery of the 19th century, the origin of the particular recipe known today as chicken Kiev remains disputed.

Individual attributions
The Russian Tea Room Cookbook notes that chicken Kiev was "most likely ... a creation of the great French chef Carême at the Court of Alexander I." Marie-Antoine Carême spent just several months of the year 1818 in St. Petersburg, but made a profound impact on Russian cuisine in this short time. The reforms carried out by his followers introduced in particular various meat cuts into Russian cookery. The recipe of the Russian côtelette de volaille is not present in Carême's major work mentioned above, but his "fowl fillet à la Maréchale" could have served as the starting point for the further development of such dishes.

Some Russian sources attribute the creation of this dish (or of its precursor) to Nicolas Appert, French confectioner and chef, best known as the inventor of airtight food preservation. In contrast, common biographic sources for Appert do not mention this dish, and the origin of these claims is unclear.

Novo-Mikhailovsky cutlet
Russian food historian William Pokhlyobkin claimed that chicken Kiev was invented in 1912 as Novo-Mikhailovskaya kotleta in а St. Petersburg Merchants' Club located near the Mikhailovsky palace, and was renamed kotleta po-kiyevski in 1947 by a Soviet restaurant. However, these claims collide with primary sources. The cookbook by Alexandrova-Ignatieva (including editions before and after 1912) describes indeed Novo-Mikhailovsky cutlets and mentions that they were invented in the club near the Mikhailovsky palace. However, in the provided recipe these cutlets are made from minced meat similarly to the Pozharsky cutlet, with the only difference being the meat pounded by a tenderizer until it gets minced. This allows one to remove tendons from the meat and results in a more tender consistency of the ground meat than after the use of a grinder. The author also remarks that not only breasts but also other parts of chicken can be prepared this way and added to the mixture of meat and butter.

The second claim of Pokhlyobkin's version is invalidated, as the references of chicken Kiev appeared in published sources much earlier, since the 1910s.

Modern chicken Kiev
Oral tradition in Kyiv attributes the invention of the "cutlet de volaille Kiev-style" (kotłeta de-voljaj po-kyjivśky) to the restaurant of the Continental hotel in Kyiv in the beginning of the 20th century. A luxury hotel built in 1897 in the center of Kyiv, it was run until the Nazi German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. The building was then mined by the retreating Red Army and exploded when the German Army occupied Kyiv in September 1941. After the war, the building was rebuilt and has since then been used by the Kyiv Conservatory. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Chicken Kiev was the signature dish of the hotel's restaurant.

An early reference of "Kiev cutlets from chicken or veal" is found in the Cookery Digest (1915), a collection of recipes which were published in the Moscow Journal for Housewives in 1913–1914. These were minced meat cutlets similar to the Pozharsky cutlets, but shaped like a croquette with a bar of cold butter placed in the middle. Like modern chicken Kiev, the croquettes were covered with egg and breadcrumbs and fried.

Later, "chicken cutlets Kiev-style" were listed in Apportionments for dinners, separate dishes and other products of public catering (1928) which served as a standard reference for Soviet catering establishments. The book also included other items for chicken cutlets, such as "cutlet de volaille" and "cutlet à la Maréchale". The book demanded renaming of many traditional restaurant dishes to replace the (mostly French-style) "bourgeois" names with simple "proletarian" forms. In particular, the "cutlet Kiev-style" had to be renamed into "chicken cutlet stuffed with butter". This program was not realised immediately (at least not completely), and its successor, The Directory of Apportionments for Catering (1940), published by the Soviet Ministry of Food Industry, still included the traditional names. In post-World War II publications of this directory and in other Soviet cookery books, such as Cookery (1955), the "Kiev-style" name was retained, but the terms de volaille and à la Maréchale were indeed dropped in favour of simple names such as "chicken cutlet stuffed with milk sauce", "chicken cutlet stuffed with liver" and "chicken cutlet stuffed with chicken quenelle and mushrooms". As a result of this policy, the names de volaille and à la Maréchale disappeared from menus of Soviet restaurants.

The "old-style" name "cutlet de volaille Kiev-style" was occasionally mentioned in some post-World War II Soviet fiction books. In particular, in a short story This Is Not Written In A Cookbook (1947) by Yevgeny Vorobyov, a Soviet soldier and a former chef in a Moscow noble hotel explains to his comrade in arms, that "cutlets de volaille are made for two tastes. There are cutlets de volaille Kiev-style and cutlets de volaille jardiniere."

The name kotlet de volaille is used to this day for chicken Kiev in Poland. The name is oftentimes polonised as dewolaj (dewolaje for plural).

Mentions of chicken Kiev are also found in US newspapers starting from 1937. The reports describe the Russian-style restaurant Yar in Chicago serving this dish. The restaurant existed until 1951 and was run by Vladimir Yaschenko, a former colonel of the imperial Russian army. It was styled after the famous eponymous Moscow restaurant and was frequented by celebrities of that time. After World War II, US newspapers mentioned chicken Kiev served in New York restaurants. Recipes for a "chicken cutlet à la Kiev" were published in The New York Times in 1946 and in Gourmet magazine in 1948.

Since the end of the 1940s or beginning of the 1950s, chicken Kiev became a standard fare in Soviet high class restaurants, in particular in the Intourist hotel chain serving foreign tourists. Tourist booklets warned the diners of the danger it presented to their clothing. At the same time the popularity of this dish grew in the US. According to Darra Goldstein chicken Kiev became "a symbol of Russian haute cuisine".

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, supermarket chains in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada rebranded their versions of the dish to "chicken Kyiv" (in line with the general media shift from the Russian-derived name "Kiev" to "Kyiv") to show respect and support for Ukraine and Ukrainians.

Variants
Chicken Kiev is made from a boned and skinned breast which is cut lengthwise, pounded and stuffed with butter. Western recipes usually call for garlic butter, while in Russian ones regular butter is used. Herbs (parsley and dill) can be added to the butter. In some American recipes butter is replaced by blue cheese.

In the classical preparation of French côtelettes de volaille, the humerus bone of the wing is left attached. This also holds for their Russian versions and in particular for chicken Kiev. For serving, the bone is usually covered with a frilled paper napkin. However, industrially produced pure fillets are often used nowadays, and the cutlets are served without the bone. This is the usual way of serving chicken Kiev in the US. A spherically shaped version was developed by English chef Jesse Dunford Wood.

Convenience food
In the middle of the 20th century, semi-processed ground meat cutlets were introduced in the USSR. Colloquially known as Mikoyan cutlets (named after Soviet politician Anastas Mikoyan), these were cheap pork or beef cutlet-shaped patties which resembled industrially produced American beef burgers. Some varieties bore names of well known Russian restaurant dishes but they had little in common with the original dishes. In particular, a variety of a pork patty was called "Kiev-style cutlet". Since the late Soviet times, "real" chicken Kiev cutlets have been offered in Russia as convenience food.

Introduced in Britain during 1979, chicken Kiev was Marks & Spencer company's first ready-made meal. It remains popular in the UK, being readily available in supermarkets and served in some restaurant chains. Due to its popularity, it is included in the UK inflation basket which is composed by the Office for National Statistics for calculations of the consumer price inflation indices. The wide popularity of chicken Kiev as a pre-packaged meal led to the term Kiev being applied to various stuffed chicken dishes, such as "leek-and-bacon Kiev" or "cheese-and-ham Kiev" (the same dish as chicken cordon bleu). Vegetarian Kievs were introduced in the UK in the 1990s, and are popular vegetarian convenience foods.

Similar dishes
Among other dishes similar to chicken Kiev, the aforementioned chicken cordon bleu with a cheese and ham filling instead of butter is particularly popular in the West. The recipe of Karađorđeva šnicla, a Serbian breaded veal or pork cutlet, was inspired by chicken Kiev.

Cultural references
"'Chicken Kiev' speech" is the derisive name coined by William Safire for then-U.S. President George H. W. Bush's speech in Kyiv on 1 August 1991, which opposed independence for Ukraine, cautioning Ukrainians against "suicidal nationalism". Bush did what he could diplomatically to keep the Soviet Union together, but on 24 August Ukraine declared independence, and on 1 December Ukrainians voted for it in a national referendum, leading to the USSR's dissolution by December 26.

In 2018, a bronze miniature sculpture of chicken Kiev was placed on Horodecki street in Kyiv, near the restaurant "Chicken Kyiv". The sculpture became the first of a set of such mini-sculptures depicting famous symbols of Kyiv placed throughout the city as part of an art project.

title: Chicken Kiev


text:
Obscene Publications Act 1964

The Obscene Publications Act 1964 (c. 74) (OPA) is a short piece of English legislation providing minor additional provisions in addition to the Obscene Publications Act 1959, which is the primary statute in this area.

The OPA 1964 was specifically designed to strengthen the law around obscenity, particularly regarding the production of obscene articles for sale and the materials used in the production of obscene articles.

title: Obscene Publications Act 1964


text:
Rail transport in Shropshire

The English county of Shropshire has a fairly large railway network, with 19 National Rail stations on various national lines; there are also a small number of heritage and freight lines, including the famous heritage Severn Valley Railway running along its eastern border with Worcestershire.

The majority of the county's public rail services are run by Transport for Wales Rail; the remainder are run by West Midlands Trains (under their West Midlands Railway brand) and Avanti West Coast.

National Rail services
National Rail services in Shropshire are centred about Shrewsbury station (all other 'national rail' stations in Shropshire have a direct train service to Shrewsbury, which is the county town), which is managed by Transport for Wales. The station is at the junction of the Wolverhampton to Shrewsbury Line, Shrewsbury to Chester Line, the Welsh Marches Line (between Cardiff and Manchester) and the Cambrian Line (towards Welshpool). Craven Arms station is at the junction between the Welsh Marches Line and the Heart of Wales Line, although services on the Heart of Wales Line begin at Shrewsbury rather than Craven Arms itself. There are direct train services from Shrewsbury (and elsewhere in the county) to the cities of Manchester, Birmingham and Cardiff, as well as the port at Holyhead where regular ferries to Dublin depart.

There are no electrified railways, as such, in the county despite the surrounding railway nodes of Crewe, Chester and Wolverhampton all being electrified (the funicular Bridgnorth Cliff Railway, although electrically powered, is cable worked). This has meant that since the mid-1990s rail privatisation, there has been a reluctance to establish a direct service to London by the cross-country railway companies (previously British Rail ran direct trains from Shrewsbury to London), notably Virgin Trains West Coast who previously ran services to London Euston from the county in 2000. There was a direct service to London Marylebone, provided by the open-access company Wrexham & Shropshire, which operated from 28 April 2008 to 28 January 2011 and used diesel locomotives. On 11 December 2014, Virgin Trains recommenced direct services between Shrewsbury and London Euston.

Freight only lines
There are two freight only lines in operation in the Telford area. One is the line from Madeley Junction on the Shrewsbury to Wolverhampton Line to Ironbridge Power Station via the historic industrial area of Coalbrookdale. The other is the newly restored line from Wellington to the Telford International Railfreight Park in Donnington which links the Terminal at Donnington with the Shrewsbury to Wolverhampton Line.

There is also the short Abbey Loop line in Shrewsbury which is generally only used by freight trains.

Historically, after the closure of the 'Potts' Line in 1960, the former Shrewsbury Abbey Station became an Esso oil terminal. The line utilised a short stub of the closed Severn Valley line from Sutton Bridge Junction before being reversed and switched towards the terminal. The terminal was closed in July 1988 and the line was subsequently removed.

The Gobowen to Blodwell line, which runs through Oswestry, has been a mothballed line since the 1980s. It previously served a small number of stone quarries in the area. In 2008 the line was bought by Shropshire County Council and will likely be used in part by the Cambrian Heritage Railways being set up in the area (by the Cambrian Railways Trust and Society, see Heritage section below) and also as a cycle path from Oswestry to Gobowen.

Former railways
There are many closed lines in Shropshire, including

 * Tenbury and Bewdley Railway which ran from the now-closed Woofferton station on the Shrewsbury to Hereford line and passing briefly through Herefordshire through Tenbury Wells, Cleobury Mortimer, and then into Worcestershire to Bewdley
 * Cleobury Mortimer and Ditton Priors Light Railway
 * Bishop's Castle Railway was a $19 1/2$ mile line running from just north of Craven Arms station to Bishop's Castle
 * Severn Valley Railway; although part of the southern section has been restored, the line used to continue north from Bridgnorth to Sutton Bridge Junction in Shrewsbury
 * Craven Arms station to Wellington via Much Wenlock and a junction with the Severn Valley Railway at Buildwas. A small section of this line has been reopened as the Telford Steam Railway. There was also a branch via Madeley to Shifnal.
 * Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway (the 'Potts Railway'), an 18-mile line from Shrewsbury Abbey to Llanymynech with a branch to Criggion
 * Minsterley branch line was a 9-mile line from Shrewsbury station to Minsterley, with a further branch to Snailbeach
 * Stafford to Wellington line ran from Wellington to Stafford via Newport and Gnosall. Although closed in the 1960s, new track has been restored from east of Wellington to Donnington in 2008. It is hoped the next phase would be to reconnect Newport to the railway network. The line is in the top 36 'Lines that should reopen' listing published by the Campaign for Better Transport.
 * Wellington to Nantwich in Cheshire, via Market Drayton, with another line running into Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire from Market Drayton
 * Oswestry to Newtown, passing through Shropshire
 * Oswestry, Ellesmere and Whitchurch Railway, a constituent line of the Cambrian Railways system
 * The Tanat Valley Light Railway, running from Llanyblodwel up the Tanat valley to Llangynog in Powys
 * Wrexham and Ellesmere Railway, a constituent line of the Cambrian Railways system which ran for a short distance within Shropshire
 * Whitchurch and Tattenhall Railway which ran for a short distance in Shropshire before passing into Cheshire

Many were closed in the 1960s, although the county did not fare too badly under Dr Beeching's massive nationwide railway cuts. The Heart of Wales Line was saved from closure. However, some previously major railway centres in the county, such as Oswestry, Newport and Market Drayton, now have no public railways.

Heritage railways
There are three heritage railways in Shropshire: the Severn Valley Railway from Bridgnorth en-route to Kidderminster (in Worcestershire), the Telford Steam Railway at Horsehay & Dawley, and two restored stretches of the Cambrian Railways, being run by Cambrian Heritage Railways between Oswestry and Weston Wharf, and between Llynclys South and Penygarreg Lane in Pant.

Cambrian Heritage Railways also (since taking on the former Cambrian Railway Society CRS) aims to restore part of the Potteries, Shrewsbury & North Wales Railway at Nantmawr for use as a heritage railway. The CHR have a second operating base at Oswestry railway station, with a small collection of locos and rolling stock.

As well as the heritage only lines, the national lines of Shropshire witness a regular number of special charter trains with heritage diesel and steam locomotives and historic carriage stock in operation.

Stations
Here are listed the 19 National Rail stations in current use in the county.

1 Sometimes written as "Hoptonheath". 2 Although the town of Knighton is in Powys, Wales, the railway station is in Shropshire, England.

Tunnels
There are four railway tunnels in use at present in Shropshire:

 * Oakengates Tunnel - the longest tunnel in the county, located between Oakengates and Telford Central stations, on the Shrewsbury to Wolverhampton Line
 * Ludlow Tunnel - a short tunnel just to the south of Ludlow station, on the Welsh Marches Line
 * Heath Hill Tunnel - located between Lawley Common and Horsehay on the Telford Steam Railway, this tunnel was reopened to trains with track relayed through it in early 2009, as part of the heritage railway's northward extension to Lawley
 * Knowlesands Tunnel - a very short tunnel on the Severn Valley Railway, located between Bridgnorth and Hampton Loade

A notable disused tunnel exists running beneath High Town of Bridgnorth, which once carried the railway from Bridgnorth station northwards towards the Ironbridge Gorge. The tunnel continues to be maintained and is in good condition. There is the possibility of the Severn Valley Railway extending northwards through the tunnel, with the tunnel's owner BRB (Residuary) Ltd offering the heritage railway first refusal, however there would be substantial difficulties in reinstating the railway beyond the tunnel to the north of Bridgnorth.

title: Rail transport in Shropshire


text:
Medical practice management software

Medical practice management software (PMS) is a category of healthcare software that deals with the day-to-day operations of a medical practice including veterinarians. Such software frequently allows users to capture patient demographics, schedule appointments, maintain lists of insurance payors, perform billing tasks, and generate reports.

In the United States, most PMS systems are designed for small to medium-sized medical offices. Some of the software is designed for or used by third-party medical billing companies. PMS is often divided among desktop-only software, client-server software, or Internet-based software.

The desktop-only variety is intended to be used only on one computer by one or a handful of users sharing access. Client-server software typically necessitates that the practice acquire or lease server equipment and operate the server software on that hardware, while individual users' workstations contain client software that accesses the server. Client-server software's advantage is in allowing multiple users to share the data and the workload; a major disadvantage is the cost of running the server. Internet-based software is a relatively newer breed of PMS. Such software decreases the need for the practice to run their own server and worry about security and reliability. However, such software removes patient data from the practice's premises, which can be seen as a security risk of its own.

PMS is often connected to electronic medical records (EMR) systems. While some information in a PMS and an EMR overlaps — for example, patient and provider data — in general the EMR system is used for the assisting the practice with clinical matters, while PMS is used for administrative and financial matters. Medical practices often hire different vendors to provide the EMR and PMS systems. The integration of the EMR and PMS software is considered one of the most challenging aspects of the medical practice management software implementation.

Components of practice management software
Most practice management software contains systems that allow users to enter and track patients, schedule and track patient appointments, send out insurance claims and patient statements as part of the collection process, process insurance, patient and third party payments, and generate reports for the administrative and clinical staff of the practice. Typically, using a PMS also involves keeping up to date large sets of data including lists of diagnosis and procedures, lists of insurance companies, referring physicians, providers, facilities, and much more.

Appointment scheduling
Practice management systems often include a calendaring or scheduling component that allows staff to create and track upcoming patient visits. Software is often differentiated by whether it allows double-booking, or whether it uses scheduling or a booking model. Schedules are often color-coded to allow healthcare providers (i.e. doctors, nurses, assistants) to easily identify blocks of time or sets of patients.

Claims and statements
If the patient carried a valid private or public insurance policy at the time these services were provided, the charges are then sent out as an insurance claim. The process of sending charges may happen on paper, usually with the use of the CMS-1500 form. This form lists the provider who performed the service, the patient, the services performed and the related diagnoses. For institutional (typically hospital) charges, claims may also be sent out on the UB-04 forms (formerly the UB-92 which use of was discontinued in 2007). Claims may also be sent out electronically using industry-standard electronic data interchange standards.

In most cases, electronic claims are submitted using an automated software process. Some practice management system vendors will update CPT/ICD-10 codes in the Practice Software on an annual basis. Some, especially smaller firms, leave it entirely up to medical practices. While a lot of insurance payers have created methods for direct submission of electronic claims, many software vendors or practice users use the services of an electronic claim clearinghouse to submit their claims. Such clearinghouses commonly maintain connections to a large number of payers and make it easy for practices to submit claims to any of these payers. Instead of creating a connection to every payer, the practice user or software vendor must only connect to the clearinghouse.

Once a claim is adjudicated by the payer, some sort of response is sent to the submitter. This usually comes as a paper Explanation of Benefits (EOB) or an Electronic Remittance Advice (ERA). These describe the actions that the payer took on each claim: amounts paid, denied, adjusted, etc.

In cases where a patient did not have proper insurance, or where insurance coverage did not fully pay the charges, the practice will usually send out patient statements. Practice management software often contains ways for a practice to print and mail their own statements (or other correspondence), and may even contain a way to interface to third-party patient statement printing companies.

Reporting
Almost invariably, the process of running a medical practice requires some introspection, and practice management software usually contains reporting capabilities to allow users to extract detailed data on financial performance and patient financial histories. PMS often has both pre-setup reports and allows users to design their own, ad-hoc reports. In some cases, the reporting functionality of PMS interfaces with decision support systems or has similar functionality built-in.

Practice management software and commerce
The global veterinary PMS industry size was estimated to be 323 million in 2016 with more than 120 million from United States. Veterinary PMS is expected to be growing at the rate of 8.9% per year. There are more than 20 different software available in the market for Veterinary PMS.

Practice management software (PMS) has traditionally been commercial; few viable free practice management systems exist, though a few open source systems are under development. PMS usually costs about $100 to tens of thousands of dollars to license and operate.

PMS often needs to interface with the outside world. There are a number of standards that are used:

 * HL7 — used to communicate with hospitals, or EHR systems
 * ANSI X12 EDI transactions, including:
 * 270 — eligibility & benefit inquiry - Is the patient an insured of this payer?
 * 271 — eligibility & benefit response (response to 270) - A yes or no response that the patient is insured.
 * 276 — claims status inquiry (follows 837 submissions)
 * 277 — claim status response (response to 276)
 * 835 — claim payment/advice (follows 837) - 837 medical claims is paid, and amount of payment and the patient's financial responsibility
 * 837D — claim submission for dental claims
 * 837I — claim submission for institutional claims
 * 837P — claim submission for professional claims

title: Medical practice management software


text:
Acuña

Acuña or Acuna may refer to:

People with the surname

 * Alejandro Nogués Acuña (1907-1989), Argentine chess player
 * Alex Acuña (born 1944), Peruvian percussionist
 * Ángela Acuña Braun (1888-1983) first female attorney in Central America (from Costa Rica)
 * Antonio Osorio de Acuña (1459–1526), Spanish bishop
 * Brianda de Acuña (1576-1630), Spanish nun and writer
 * Carlos Acuña (1914–1999), Argentine composer and singer
 * Carlos Manuel Acuña (1937–2013), Argentine journalist
 * Carlos Javier Acuña (born 1988), Paraguayan football (soccer) player
 * Clarence Acuña (born 1975), Chilean footballer
 * Cristóbal Diatristán de Acuña (1597–1676), Spanish missionary and explorer
 * Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, conde de Gondomar (1567–1626), Spanish diplomat
 * Fort Acuña, a Filipino basketball player
 * Francisco Acuña de Figueroa (1791–1862), Uruguayan poet
 * Francisco Javier González-Acuña, Mexican mathematician, professor, and author
 * Hernando de Acuña (c. 1520–1580), Spanish poet, soldier and diplomat
 * Jason Acuña (born 1973), Italian-born American actor
 * Johany Alexánder Acuña (born 1997), Colombian serial killer
 * Juan Acuña (1923–2001), Spanish football goalkeeper
 * Juan de Acuña, marqués de Casafuerte (1658–1734), Spanish military officer and viceroy of New Spain from 1722 to 1734
 * Judith Elida Acuña, Argentine politician
 * Julián Acuña Galé (1900–1973), Cuban botanist for whom the standard author abbreviation "Acuna" is used when citing a botanical name
 * Justicia Acuña (1893-1980), Chilean engineer; first woman with this profession in her country and in South America
 * Luis Acuña (born 1989), Argentine footballer
 * Luisangel Acuña (born 2002), Venezuelan professional baseball player
 * Manuel Acuña (1849–1873), Mexican poet and playwright
 * Manuel Acuña Roxas (1892–1948), President of the Philippines
 * Marcela Acuña (born 1976), Argentine boxer
 * Marcos Acuña (born 1991), Argentine footballer
 * Mario Acuña (1940–2009), Argentine astrophysicist
 * Matías Pérez Acuña (born 1994), Argentine footballer
 * Mirta Acuña de Baravalle (born 1925), Argentine human rights activist
 * Patrick Acuña (born 1986), American musician, drummer of the indie rock band Silent Old Mtns
 * Pedro Bravo de Acuña (died 1606), Spanish military officer and colonial official in the New World and the Philippines
 * Ricardo Acuña (born 1958), Chilean former tennis player
 * Roberto Acuña (born 1972), Argentine-born Paraguayan football (soccer) player
 * Roberto Acuña (basketball) (born 1990), Argentine basketball player
 * Rodolfo Acuña (born 1932), American historian
 * Ronald Acuña Jr. (born 1997), Venezuelan professional baseball player
 * Val Acuña, a Filipino basketball player
 * Valentino Acuña (born 2006), Argentine footballer
 * Walter Acuña (born 1992), Argentine footballer

Places

 * Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila, Mexico
 * Acuña (municipality), also in the Mexican state of Coahuila

title: Acuña


text:
Ravenswood, Ipswich

Ravenswood is a district within Ipswich, in the Ipswich district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It is sited on the old Ipswich Airport to the south-east of the town. The area has grown rapidly due to private housing development. The old airport building has been transformed into small flats, and part of the terminal has been redeveloped for commercial purposes.

1172 homes have been built on the site so far, with a few hundred more to be built in the coming years, along with a planned sports park. The estate is bound to the north by Nacton Road, bound to the west and south west by Gainsborough Sports Centre and the Orwell County Park. It is also bound to the south by the A14 and a disused airport access road.

Construction
The development was planned to be environmentally sensitive. Space for cars is limited, with traffic calming measures and frequent bus service links to the town centre. Mixed cycle paths and walkways are also a feature. Incorporated into the design of the buildings and sewers is a sustainable urban drainage system which allows rainfall to be returned to the environment without going through the sewerage system.

A number of pieces of public art have been installed: "Formation" by Rick Kirby at the entrance, designed to commemorate the areas links with aviation; "Handstanding" by Martin Heron near the school; "Green Wind 2" by Diane Maclean as a focal point beyond the end of Downham Boulevard on the Tump; and "Propeller" by Harry Gray has been placed adjacent to the green.

The estate was fully built by Persimmon plc and Bellway, as well as Charles Church to the South of the estate. 4 restaurants have also been constructed at the entrance of the estate.

In Autumn 2019, a resident discovered an untapped fund for community projects from Bellway, who built much of the housing on the estate, which totalled about £60000. Soon after Some of the fund was used to pave a dirt track from the edge of the estate to the country park near The Tump on the nearby Brazier’s Wood. More recently, a new fencing project by Ipswich Borough Council has closed off some of the nearby meadows to help safeguard Rare Skylarks from human activity and disturbance. The area is also a habitat for Muntjac deer, ladybirds and lizards due to the grassland and heathland habitats being suitable for wildlife.

At the end of 2019, plans for The Stephen Hawking Neurological Centre next to Bluebird lodge along the South of the estate. It has a planned capacity of 24 residents and will be a local centre for the charity running the site. As of December 2021, no construction has occurred yet, but it may begin in 2022.

In March 2021, Ipswich Borough Council approved plans from Handford Homes, a housing company owned by Ipswich Borough Council, for 96 new homes on areas U, V, and W. There is a lot of criticism about the plans, due to the high number of social homes in the same place, potentially breaking the 35:65 social to private home plan that made the estate successful and attractive for residents. Despite these criticisms, construction will begin in early 2022, and it will go ahead as planned.

Amenities
Ravenswood has a primary school with a good Ofsted rating, sports centre and an NHS independent care centre. A retirement home named after Jamie Cann the MP for Ipswich who died in 2001 is also in the area. Behind the former airport terminal building, which has been converted into apartments, a small shopping centre has been built with one public house. Orwell Country Park is near to the area. The estate also features more care homes, known as Bluebird Lodge and Prince George care home.

Patches of gym equipment have also been installed due to money received from a community fund in 2019.

title: Ravenswood, Ipswich


text:
Talk:Randy Gardner

Does this article offer anything of interest? This could easily be moved into the main article on the topic.

The referenced BBC article says:

 * The current world record for the longest period without sleep is 11 days, set by Randy Gardner in 1965. Four days into the research, he began hallucinating. This was followed by a delusion where he thought he was a famous footballer. Surprisingly, Randy was actually functioning quite well at the end of his research and he could still beat the scientist at pinball.

But this Wikipedia article says that there were no psychotic symptoms during the period of sleep deprivation. Aren't hallucinations and delusions considered to be somewhat psychotic? Nonenmac 18:41, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Now the article says "On his final day without sleep, Gardner ... spoke without slurring or stumbling over his words, ... and he showed no signs of the psychotic behavior.". So maybe both are true -- there were these symptoms during the experiment, just not on the last day.

 * Either way, there are several sentence fragments throughout this article. As I don't understand how to integrate them into the article, i'm just going to put up a cleanup tag. (for example: "In 1965, as a 17-year-old high school student, Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours with the help of two friends who took turns keeping him awake, pinball games and a growing number of television reporters.") Themindset 4 July 2005 19:51 (UTC)

sleep information

 * http://silentpartners.org/sleep/sinfo/
 * http://abc.net.au/science/sleep/facts.htm
 * http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/healthspectrum/features/0104/awake.html
 * http://sleepnet.com/
 * http://www.pbs.org/livelyhood/nightshift/sleep_deprivation.html
 * http://www.vedantam.com/sleep05-2001.html
 * http://longestlife.com/longlife.htm
 * http://www.sdreader.com/php/cover.php?mode=article&showpg=1&id=20040923
 * http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/weblog/comments/2367/P20/

what's the most you've gone without sleep?
This seems to be a popular question on college campuses.

 * http://www.physicsforums.com/archive/t-54977_Whats_your_record_for_going_without_sleep?.html
 * http://www.physicsforums.com/archive/topic/t-2993_sleep_deprivation.html
 * http://forum.iamnotageek.com/archive/index.php/t-48764.html
 * http://forum.iamnotageek.com/t-48764.html
 * http://www.scienceforums.net/forums/archive/index.php/t-5396.html

Death by Sleep Deprivation -- urban legend? The article at http://www.deeperwants.com/cul1/homeworlds/journal/archives/001284.html implies that going for 264 hrs without sleep is fatal. Is this just an urban legend? (After all, Randy Gardner went 264 hours, and he seemed to be just fine after sleeping for 14 hours and 40 minutes ).

http://www.sciam.com/askexpert_question.cfm?articleID=0000F879-8E01-1CD1-B4A8809EC588EEDF mentions "Another rare disorder, Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI), is an autosomal dominate disease that is invariably fatal after about six to 30 months without sleep." ... "Despite the rat studies in Chicago, I am unaware of any reports that sleep deprivation per se has killed any human (excluding accidents and so forth)."

title: Talk:Randy Gardner