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Louis Dudek

Louis Dudek, (February 6, 1918 – March 23, 2001) was a Canadian poet, academic, and publisher known for his role in defining Modernism in poetry, and for his literary criticism. He was the author of over two dozen books. In A Digital History of Canadian Poetry, writer Heather Prycz said that "As a critic, teacher and theoretician, Dudek influenced the teaching of Canadian poetry in most [Canadian] schools and universities".

Life
Dudek was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Vincent and Stanislawa Dudek, part of an extended Catholic family which had emigrated from Poland, and was raised in that city's East End. He was lean and sickly as a child, which made him introverted and unusually sensitive. His mother died at 31, when he was eight.

Due to the family's financial limitations, Dudek dropped out of the High School of Montreal and went to work in a warehouse until, in 1936, his father was able to send him to college. He entered McGill University in Montreal, where he became a reporter and associate editor for the McGill Daily. He received his BA degree there in 1939.

Dudek went on to become a professor of English Literature at McGill University, a major figure in publishing and criticism, and was eventually recognized by being awarded the Greensheilds Chair as well as the Order of Canada. He had one son with his wife Stephanie, Gregory Dudek, who also became a professor at McGill University.

1940s
After graduating, Dudek briefly freelanced in journalism and advertising. He married Stephanie Zuperko on September 16, 1941, with whom he had one son, Gregory Dudek (a professor of computer science and former director of the McGill University School of Computer Science).

During this time Louis Dudek "was prominent among the poets who participated in First Statement (1942-1945), a seminal 'little magazine' in the development of modern Canadian literature." With John Sutherland, the magazine's editor, and poet Irving Layton, he "fought hard to foster a native tradition in poetry and establish new ways of writing in Canada, pioneering a direct style that articulated experience in plain language."

The Dudeks moved to New York City in 1943, where he began graduate studies in journalism and history at Columbia University, and soon changed his major to literature. His doctoral dissertation, Literature and the Press, was published in 1960. After receiving his PhD, he taught at New York's City College.

In New York, Dudek continued to contribute poems to First Statement and its successor, Northern Review. In 1944, some of his poems appeared in the anthology Unit of Five, alongside poetry by Ronald Hambleton, P. K. Page, Raymond Souster and James Wreford. His own first book of poetry, East of the City, was issued by Toronto's Ryerson Press in 1946.

Dudek began corresponding with modernist poet Ezra Pound in 1949, and met Pound in person the next year, who encouraged Dudek to adopt a more cosmopolitan approach to his writing.

1950s
By the early 1950s the Dudeks' marriage was ending. He returned to Montreal and joined the Department of English at McGill University in 1951, where he remained for the rest of his life. He became Greenshield Professor of English in 1969, and Professor Emeritus in 1984. His colleague Brian Trehearne remembered him as a "gifted and natural lecturer" who taught "one of the most popular and challenging courses in the history of the Faculty of Arts."

In 1952 Dudek founded Contact Press with Raymond Souster and Irving Layton. Its first book was Cerberus, an anthology by the three of them. Contact Press went on to publish "most of the important Canadian poets of the fifties and sixties." Dudek also worked on the little magazine CIV/n ("Civilation"), founded in 1953 and edited by Aileen Collins.

Dudek published his first long poem, Europe, in 1954.

In 1956 Dudek began the McGill Poetry Series, a series of chapbooks by McGill students published by Contact Press. The first in the series, printed in 1956, was Let Us Compare Mythologies, the first book from Leonard Cohen. In 1957 the series included The Carnal and the Crane, the first book by Daryl Hine.

In 1957 Dudek began Delta, his own poetry magazine, featuring "the work of many promising new poets" until 1966. He bought a press, installed it in his basement, and learned how to run it to print the magazine's early issues, as well as his 1958 book Laughing Stalks. In his own writing he continued to explore the possibilities of long poems, writing Transparent Sea in 1956 and En Mexico in 1958.

Throughout the 1950s Dudek remained "a passionate admirer and defender" of Ezra Pound. His efforts contributed to Pound's release in 1958 from St. Elizabeth's mental hospital, where Pound had been confined since 1946.

Later life
At odds with literary trends in the early 1960s, Dudek concentrated on teaching and writing his long poem Atlantis (published in 1967). In 1966 he founded Delta Canada Books with Michael Gnarowski and Glen Siebrasse, which published more than 30 titles between 1966 and 1971, including Dudek's Collected Poems (1971).

Dudek married Aileen Collins in 1970. The next year they began DC Books, which they ran until 1986, and which is still in operation.

He wrote a column on books, film and the arts for the Montreal Gazette between 1965 and 1969. "This activity together with his reviews, articles and radio talks has remained fundamental to Dudek's perception of the poet's and the critic's role in society." His collected columns were published in 1988 as In Defence of Art.

Dudek regularly contributed to Canadian academic journals, "and, in keeping with his commitment to literature as part of daily life", made frequent appearances on CBC Radio and in various newspapers as a commentator on arts and culture. The First Person in Literature was originally broadcast as a series of CBC Radio lectures.

He "kept up a lifelong battle against some of the most famous and influential voices in Canadian cultural writing, including Northrop Frye and Marshall McLuhan." Perhaps for that reason, some major awards passed him by.

Dudek always preferred to publish in the small press. "He was incredibly supportive of small publishers and writers," Simon Dardick, publisher of Véhicule Press, said of him. "There are dozens and dozens of writers and publishers who owe him so much. There was such a generosity of spirit there." In return, the small press contained some of his strongest supporters (including Véhicule Press), who continued to release Dudek's books through his lifetime.

Dudek's poetry "was a beacon to three generations of Canadian poets, and among them are names like Daryl Hine and Doug Jones in the '50s, George Bowering and Frank Davey in the '60s, and Ken Norris, Endre Farkas and Peter Van Toorn in the '70s and '80s."

Writing
Dudek began as a realist lyric poet influenced by the Imagists. Unit of Five (1944) shows a style that employs few adverbs and adjectives, as well as direct descriptions. His social impulse is also strong in East of the City (1946), which uses the city as the setting for most of its poems.

Social realism is absent form Dudek´s two next books, Twenty Four Poems (1952) and The Searching Image (1952). The first shows a strong influence of Imagism and its accumulative method. The second shifts drastically towards stylism and artifice with dense and obscure metaphors and elaborate syntax.

His "later poetry, typified by the collection Continuation 1 (1981), harks back to an earlier book, Epigrams (1975), and is an experiment in recording the fragmentary poetic moment."

Recognition
Louis Dudek, a biography by Susan Stromberg-Stein, was published in 1984; and that year, Dudek was invested as a member of the Order of Canada, honouring him as "one of Canada's leading poets, with 25 volumes of verse to his name."

Students, friends, and fellow poets honoured Dudek in 1990 with "a celebrated evening at Ben's Restaurant, where his peers gave him a special Canadian Writers' Award."

In 2006 a German translation of his selected poetry was published at Elfenbein-Verlag, Berlin. In 2001 George Hildebrand edited a critical collection, Louis Dudek: Essays on His Works (Guernica Editions).

Poetry

 * Unit of Five: Louis Dudek, Ronald Hambleton, P. K. Page, Raymond Souster, James Wreford. Edited by Ronald Hambleton. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1944.
 * East of the City. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1946.
 * Cerberus. By Louis Dudek, Raymond Souster and Irving Layton. Toronto: Contact Press, 1952.
 * The Searching Image. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1952.
 * Twenty-Four Poems. Toronto: Contact Press, 1952.
 * Europe. Toronto: Laocoön (Contact) Press, 1954. Reprinted: Erin, ON: The Porcupine's Quill, 1991.
 * The Transparent Sea. Toronto: Contact Press, 1956.
 * En Mexico. Toronto: Contact Press, 1958.
 * Laughing Stalks. Toronto: Contact Press, 1958.
 * Atlantis. Montreal: Delta Canada, 1967.
 * Collected Poetry. Montréal: Delta Canada, 1971.
 * Selected Poems. Ottawa: Golden Dog, 1975.
 * "Continuation 1". The Tamarack Review 69 (1976).
 * Cross-Section: Poems 1940-1980. Toronto: Coach House Press, 1980.
 * Poems from Atlantis. Ottawa: Golden Dog, 1981.
 * Continuation I. Montréal: Véhicule Press, 1981.
 * Zembla´s Rocks. Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1986.
 * Infinite Worlds: The Poetry of Louis Dudek. Robin Blaser ed. Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1988.
 * Continuation II. Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1990.
 * Small Perfect Things. Montreal: DC Books, 1991.
 * The Caged Tiger. Montreal: Empyreal Press, 1997.
 * The Poetry of Louis Dudek. Ottawa: The Golden Dog, 1998.
 * The Surface of Time. Montreal: Empyreal, 2000.
 * For You, You/Für Dich, Dir. Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin (English with German translation). Bernhard Beutler ed., 2006.

Prose

 * Literature and the Press: A History of Printing, Printed Media and Their Relation to Literature. Toronto: Ryerson Press and Contact Press, 1960.
 * The First Person in Literature. Toronto: CBC Publications, 1967.
 * All kinds of Everything: Teacher´s Guide. Toronto: Clarke, 1973.
 * Epigrams. Montreal: DC Books, 1975.
 * Selected Essays and Criticism. Ottawa: The Tecumseh Press, 1978.
 * Technology and Culture: Six Lectures. Ottawa: The Golden Dog Press, 1979.
 * Louis Dudek: Texts and Essays, 1981.
 * Ideas for Poetry. Montréal: Véhicule Press, 1983.
 * In Defense of Art: Critical Essays and Reviews. Aileen Collins ed. Kingston: Quarry Press, 1988.
 * Essays on Myth, Art, & Reality. Montréal: Véhicule Press, 1992.
 * The Birth of Reason. Montreal: DC Books, 1994.
 * Notebooks 1940-1994. Ottawa: Golden Dog Press, 1994.
 * 1941 Diary. Aileen Collins ed. Montreal: Empyreal, 1996.
 * Reality Games. Montreal: Empyreal, 1998.

Edited

 * Canadian Poems, 1850-1952. Edited by Louis Dudek and Irving Layton. Toronto: Contact Press, 1952.
 * The Selected Poems by Raymond Souster. Toronto: Contact Press, 1956.
 * Delta: A Magazine of Poetry and Criticism. 1-26 (1957-1966).
 * Montreal: Paris of America. Edited by Michel Regnier and Louis Dudek. Toronto: Ryerson Press; Montreal: Editions du Jour, 1961.
 * Poetry of Our Time: An Introduction to Twentieth-Century Poetry Including Modern Canadian Poetry. Toronto: Macmillan, 1965.
 * The Making of Modern Poetry in Canada: Essential Articles on Contemporary Poetry in English. Edited by Louis Dudek and Michael Gnarowski. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1967.
 * All Kinds of Everything: Worlds of Poetry. Toronto: Clarke Irwin, 1973.
 * Dk/ Some Letters of Ezra Pound. Montréal: DC Books, 1974.

Fonds

 * The Dudek archives and many of his papers, known as the Louis Dudek fonds, are stored with Library and Archives Canada (formerly the National Library of Canada).

Except where noted, all bibliographical information courtesy of Canadian Poetry Online.

Discography

 * Six Montreal Poets. New York: Folkways Records, 1957. Includes A.J.M. Smith, Leonard Cohen, Irving Layton, F.R. Scott, Louis Dudek, and A.M. Klein.
 * The Green Beyond: Poems. Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1973.
 * A Poetry Reading. Toronto: League of Canadian Poets, 1982.

title: Louis Dudek


text:
Talk:Buggy the Clown

Minor Character
Shouldn't this article go under the minor characters section? I like Buggy but he's really not all that important to the plot.

 * Actually, he's more important than you think. By beating Don Krieg, Arlong AND Buggy, it raised Luffy's 1st bounty to 30mil. It would have been lower if Luffy didn't beat Buggy. Buggy also was one of the reasons Nami joined the crew. Buggy also helped us get more backstory on Capt. Shanks. He may seem like the One Piece version of Team Rocket (trying, but never succeeding), but he is somewhat major.

 * Buggy played a large enough role in the story to warrent his own page, plus this is a fairly large page. Justyn

 * He is Oda's favourite villian so most likely is gonna return, has a big enough back story to warrent it... He has had three appearances: First early on asa main villian, then the Rogue/Logue town thing and finally he is seen at the end of Alabasta.  Many other more major villians have only one or two appearances, he has been active in the story then them.  Angel Emfrbl 11:55, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

I'm not changing it, cos I never get the formatting right, but [ In the original Japanese version of One Piece, he inserts the word hade, which means "flashy" or "gaudy" into almost every sentence he speaks (Die with flash! You flashy bastard!).] Is a bit off. He uses it a lot, but it's really not an every sentance thing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Buggy the Clown


text:
Lefty Ruggiero

Benjamin "Lefty" Ruggiero (April 19, 1926 – November 24, 1994) was an American mobster in the Bonanno crime family. He is well known for his friendship and mentorship of FBI undercover agent Joseph D. Pistone, who Ruggiero knew as Donnie Brasco. When Pistone's operation was ended on July 26, 1981, the FBI intercepted and arrested Ruggiero on August 29, 1981. In November 1982, Ruggiero was sentenced to 15 years in prison for racketeering conspiracy; he was released in April 1993 before his death from cancer.

Early life
Ruggiero was born on April 19, 1926, in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, and grew up in the Knickerbocker Village private housing development in Little Italy, Manhattan. His father, Fiori Ruggiero, worked as a truck driver, and his mother, Frances, was a housewife. Ruggiero had two younger siblings named Dominick and Angelina. Ruggiero joined the Bonanno family organization as a young man, serving as a street soldier under caporegime Michael Sabella. Ruggiero soon became successful in bookmaking, extortion and loansharking rackets.

He lived in an apartment on Monroe Street in Manhattan in the same building as his friend and Bonanno soldier Anthony Mirra. Ruggiero reportedly owned a cigarette boat that he kept docked on the East River in New York. Ruggiero became good friends with future family boss Philip "Rusty" Rastelli and Mirra. Ruggiero became the part-owner of a fishery in the Fulton Fish Market in Manhattan. As a part-owner, Ruggiero put himself on the company payroll with a $5,000-a-month "no-show" job. During the 1970s, he purchased a social club in Little Italy.

Operation Donnie Brasco
Around the time Ruggiero became a made member in the Bonanno family, Anthony Mirra introduced him to Joseph Pistone. Pistone was an undercover FBI agent posing as an expert jewel thief named Donnie Brasco. Pistone's original mission had been to infiltrate truck hijacking and fencing rings. However, the friendships Pistone developed with Mirra and Ruggiero allowed the FBI to infiltrate the Mafia. Brasco started working for Ruggiero, placing bets and helping him make collections for the bookmaking operation in Ruggiero's social club.

Ruggiero mentored Brasco and eventually promised to sponsor him for membership in the family. Ruggiero developed a close friendship with Brasco, which caused friction with his old friend Mirra, who had initially introduced Brasco to Ruggiero. Brasco served as best man at Ruggiero's 1977 wedding and frequently advised Ruggiero on handling his son Tommy's heroin addiction.

Ruggiero once nearly discovered Brasco's true identity. Ruggiero and Brasco were in a Miami Beach, Florida restaurant as Ruggiero read a Time magazine containing an article about the infamous Abscam scandal and detailing how FBI agents posed as rich Arab businessmen to catch U.S. Congressmen taking bribes. What caught Ruggiero's eye was a picture of a white yacht that the FBI used to entertain the members of Congress. Ruggiero recognized the boat, the Left Hand, as the same boat Brasco provided several months before for a party. Brasco was able to convince Ruggiero that he did not know the boat's owner was related to the FBI.

During an earlier criminal enterprise, Ruggiero met Frank Balistrieri, the Mafia boss of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Ruggiero admitted to Pistone that he felt threatened while in the presence of Balistrieri. In 1979, Ruggiero converted his social club into a candy store and gave it to one of his daughters to manage. At the same time, Ruggiero and Brasco started a bookmaking operation out of the store. However, Ruggiero was soon dropped from the partnership because he could not provide the initial investment of $25,000.

The three capos murder
In 1979, Bonanno boss Carmine Galante was murdered, creating a power vacuum in the family. After Galante's murder, Philip Rastelli took over, running the organization from prison. However, one faction, led by Alphonse "Sonny Red" Indelicato, rebelled at Rastelli's leadership. At this time, Ruggiero joined the crew of Dominick "Sonny Black" Napolitano, a strong Rastelli supporter. On May 5, 1981, Indelicato and two other rebel capos, Philip Giaccone and Dominick Trinchera, were lured to a meeting and murdered.

After the deaths of the three capos, the rebellion against Rastelli was quashed. According to Pistone, the murderers were Napolitano, John Cersani, Joe Massino, Sal Vitale, Joseph DeSimone, Gerlando Sciascia, Nicholas Santora, Vito Rizzuto, Louis Giongetti, and Santo Giordano. Ruggiero and Cersani were lookouts and were sent in after to clean up the massacre and dispose of the bodies, along with Napolitano, James Episcopia, and Robert Caposio.

Reputation
Ruggiero relished life as a mobster. In front of Pistone, he once explained: "As a wiseguy you can lie, you can cheat, you can steal, you can finagle, you can cause a ruckus... you can do anything and nobody can say a word about it. Who wouldn't want to be a wiseguy?" Ruggiero was the epitome of a wiseguy and had the respect of other mobsters. He had a reputation as a killer but, on a daily basis, was not prone to violence. Ruggiero had never served time in prison; he had been arrested many times but never jailed. Ruggiero earned his nickname "Lefty" from tossing dice left-handed while playing craps. He got the nickname "Two Guns" because when he went out on a hit, he liked to use two guns.

By the 1970s, Ruggiero had acquired a gambling dependency. He was betting and losing heavily on horse races. Soon, he was borrowing money from Nicholas Marangello to cover losing bets. By 1977, Ruggiero owed Marangello $160,000. The Bonanno family told Ruggiero that he would have to repay Marangello before he could become a made man. By 1977, Ruggiero had paid most of his debt to Marangello, and the family accepted his membership. However, by 1978, Ruggiero was back in debt again to Marangello. To settle the debt this time, the family arranged to transfer the revenues from part of Ruggiero's criminal operations directly to Marangello. Due to his gambling problem, Ruggiero was always trying to hide his few assets from his creditors, Marangello and Sabella.

Aftermath and death
On July 26, 1981, the Donnie Brasco operation ended. FBI agents visited Napolitano's apartment on top of The Motion Lounge and informed him of Brasco's true identity. After the Bonanno leadership learned the truth, they immediately followed the men who brought Brasco into their midst. Mirra and Napolitano were murdered shortly afterward. On August 29, 1981, the FBI intercepted and arrested Ruggiero.

In November 1982, Ruggiero, along with Santora, Antonio Tomasulo, and Anthony "Fat Tony" Rabito, was convicted in a six-week jury trial for racketeering conspiracy and received a 15-year prison sentence. Ruggiero refused to believe that Donnie Brasco was a special agent in the FBI and not his associate. Ruggiero told his lawyer, "He'll never go against us." However, after Pistone testified against him, he later said, "I'll get that motherfucker Donnie if it's the last thing I do."

In April 1993, suffering from lung and testicular cancer, Ruggiero was released from prison after serving almost 11 years. He died on November 24, 1994.

In the 1997 film Donnie Brasco, Benjamin Ruggiero was portrayed by Al Pacino. Ruggiero's granddaughter Ramona Rizzo appeared on the TV show Mob Wives on VH-1.

title: Lefty Ruggiero


text: Talk:Green Giant

title: Talk:Green Giant


text: User talk:68.207.80.232

title: User talk:68.207.80.232


text: User talk:63.155.197.13

title: User talk:63.155.197.13


text:
Cyberdog (shop)

Cyberdog is a trance music and cyber clothing retail chain. Headquartered in Camden Market in London, it specialises in bright dance clothing, often featuring fluorescent colours and electronic components such as flashing lights. They also specialise in rave accessories such as glowsticks and other fluorescent items.

About
Cyberdog is a store in England that sells rave-wear and toys divided into four categories: Kawaii, Neon Clubwear, 2090s (or Futuristic), and Cybertronic. Products sold include clothing, jewelry, shoes and rave-toys.

Cyberdog was founded by fashion designer Terry Davy and business manager Spiros Vlahos. They began with a small stall in Camden Market in 1994, mostly selling goa trance items and designer clothing created by Davy. The couple's pet chihuahua, "Chichi the Cyberdog", inspired the name of their store and was featured as part of its brand image.

The business was successful and grew, relocating to an underground space in the Stables Market part of Camden Market. There are Cyberdog franchises in Ibiza Town, Spain, and Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Stores were previously also located in Manchester (closed in February 2018), Brighton (closed in January 2019) and Basel, Switzerland (closed sometime between 2005 and 2020). In November 2012, Cyberdog announced the launch of a sister brand 'Futurelovers', selling sex toys and fetish clothing.

title: Cyberdog (shop)


text:
Old Hundred Gold Mine

The Old Hundred Gold Mine is a gold mine in San Juan County, Colorado, United States. The mine is about five miles east of Silverton, Colorado, near the ghost town of Howardsville. The property is no longer mined, but is open for tours in the summer.

High on the mountain above the main entrance is the former boarding house for the miners. The boardinghouse structure was stabilized against collapse by preservation efforts funded by the Colorado State Historical Fund.

title: Old Hundred Gold Mine


text: User talk:24.146.23.211

title: User talk:24.146.23.211


text:
Ash Shamaliyah

Ash Shamaliyah (from Arabic الشمالية, 'northern') or Shamal ('north'), or variants, may refer to:

Places

 * Northern state, Sudan, or Ash Shamaliyah
 * Northern Governorate, Bahrain, or Ash Shamaliyah
 * Northern Region, Bahrain
 * North Governorate, Lebanon, or Ash Shamal
 * Al Shamal, a municipality in Qatar
 * Madinat ash Shamal
 * Shamal District, Afghanistan
 * Shamal, Khost Province

Arts and entertainment

 * Shamal (album), by Gong, 1976
 * Shamal, a music project by Enzo Rao
 * Shamall, a music band
 * Shamal, a character in Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha

People

 * Marina Shamal (born 1939), a Russian swimmer
 * Steve Shamal (born 1996), a French footballer
 * Shamal Bhatt, an 18th-century Gujarati narrative poet
 * Shamal George (born 1998), an English footballer

Other uses

 * Shamal (wind), a wind in the Middle East
 * Maserati Shamal, a car
 * USS Shamal, a ship
 * Al Shamal Islamic Bank, Sudan
 * Al-Shamal SC, a Qatari sports club
 * Al-Shamali AC, a Sudanese football club

title: Ash Shamaliyah


text: User talk:65.49.174.229

title: User talk:65.49.174.229


text:
Aymanam

Aymanam is a village in the Kottayam District of Kerala, India. It is about 4 km from the railway station in Kottayam along the road to Parippu, and 85 km from the Cochin International Airport. Aymanam is the setting for Arundhati Roy's 1997 novel The God of Small Things.

Demographics
India census, Aimanam had a population of 34,985 with 17,268 males and 17,717 females.

Etymology
Ay means "five" in and Vanam means "forest" in Malayalam. Hence, Aymanam means "five forests", which, according to tradition, were Vattakkadu, Thuruthikkadu, Vallyakadu, Moolakkadu and Mekkadu. They survive today only as "snake groves", where fertility idols, in the form of snakes, were worshiped under the trees. Families depute Brahmin once a year for ritualistic offering.

Geography
Lake Vembanad lies to the west of the village, near Kumarakom, with the Meenachil River providing its water supply, which often floods from June to August due to regular monsoons. Consequently, two-thirds of the village are paddy fields.

The borders of the village are mostly delineated by rivers or canals, and include the villages of Arpookara, Kumara Nallooru, Thiruvarpu and Kumarakom, and the municipality of Kottayam.

Notable residents

 * Arundhati Roy - writer
 * Aymanam John - writer
 * N.N. Pillai - Drama and cinema artist.
 * Vijayaraghavan (actor) - Malayalam movie actor.
 * Mary Poonen Lukose - Surgeon General of India and state legislator of Travancore.
 * Guinness Pakru - Malayalam Movie Actor
 * Mary Roy - Indian educator and women's rights activist

title: Aymanam


text:
List of Goethe-Institut locations

This list gives a geographical overview of all the worldwide locations of the Goethe-Institut. The list also includes Goethe Centres which are overseas German cultural institutions that have official cooperation agreements with the Goethe-Institut and offer some of the services of the Goethe-Institut, e.g. language classes and certification.

title: List of Goethe-Institut locations


text:
Talk:Khotyn

Feb 2005 talk

 * it has been in Turkish possession by the 17th century.

It was a Moldavian possession, while Moldavia was under the suzeranity of the Ottomans, so it had Moldavian administration, not Turkish.

 * Some 11000 cilvilians are estimated to have been killed during the massacre instigated by Romanian authorities.

I'd like a reference on this figure. Also, the article did not mentioned that this was staged by the Soviet Army... user:Bogdangiusca 21:21, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * My source is the Great Russian Encyclopedia, as reproduced at http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/119/731.htm Ghirlandajo 06:54, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * My source is the book Bessarabia, by Charles Upson Clark, New York, 1927.

 * This last organization acted precipitately and without warning the Central Committee; after a distribution of manifestoes early in January 1919, armed bands were sent in from Podolia at midnight Jan. 10, O.S., and it took ten days' fighting and the death of Gen. Stan Poetash before the invaders were driven back and the local Bolshevist uprising quelled.

 * And I believe that is more accurate than a propaganda-filled Soviet encyclopedia. Bogdan | Talk 08:40, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Soviet Union didn't exist in 1919;

 * Sorry, I meant the Bolsheviks, not the Soviets.

 * leave the Ukrainian history to the Ukes)

 * That is also Romanian history. Bogdan | Talk 08:40, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Leave Ukrainian history to Ukes?
HAHAHA! Hotin was a possetion of the Romanian principality of Moldova until the Austro-Hungarians took it, so I would very much say that Hotin is part of Romanian history, not Ukrainian! (unsigned by anon)

Battle of Chocim
Shouldn't this battle have its own article? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 23:53, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Voting in Bukovina

 * On 28 November 1918, in Cernăuţi, the General Congress of Bukovina voted for the union of Bukovina with Romania.

I couln't find anywhere how representative was this body, but it did vote for the union. Anyway, I supposed that at least the Romanians, the Germans and part of the Jews (they were an important minority in Bukovina) would have voted for. bogdan 23:15, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I responded to this at Talk:Bukovina. --Irpen 00:40, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Romanian annexation of Khotin
Why did you revert the part where it said that the Romanians of Bukovina voted to reunite with Romania? That's not a POV, is it? It's a fact, correct? Why did you remove that part? --Anittas 11:14, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * In mainstream history, this event is described as annexation. If you think there was some sort of plebiscite, you are free to provide your refs. --Ghirla | talk 11:17, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

What mainstream history? The Soviet history that also said that we annexed Basarabia, where in fact they voted to reunite with Romania? Do not remove non-POVs again! It is a fact that the Romanians of Bukovina voted to reunite with Romania and we have the right to write that! --Anittas 11:20, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Your interpretation of events is highly disputable. There is no need to dissimulate Romanian imperialism. You should provide valid English-language authorities if you want your allegations to be mentioned in the text. Take care, this is not a cheap Romanian prop booklet but an international encyclopedia. --Ghirla | talk 11:22, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

You are insultive. Romanian Imperialism? Cheap Romanian prop booklet? Please remove yourself from this article. If you go against a fact that is not disputed, then you got issues. Allegations? What allegations? I make no allegations. --Anittas 11:24, 29 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Provide references for your allegation and stop trolling, or you will be reported. --Ghirla | talk 11:25, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Excuse me, Ghirlandajo! This is a content dispute, not vandalism or trolling. I'm not yet endorsing any point of view because I don't know enough about this issue (history tends to be double-sided, always), but saying things like "take care, this is not a cheap Romanian prop booklet" is insulting and not constructive at all. I don't think Anittas' edits have been aggressive or tendentious at this article. If anything, your attitude and edit summaries have been more aggressive and less civil then Anittas'. This is simply a (quite minor) content dispute from two sides, as tends to happen in cases like these. So please, treat each other nicely. [[Image:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] Ronline ✉ 01:34, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Ronline, I welcome the attention of more reasonable Romanian editors to this article. Please note, that my edit was reverted without any discussion and than rereverted 3 or 4 times. People do get annoyed in content disputes and sometimes this reaches talk but reverting the disliked edit without discussion and references or with bad-faith explanations (like "Britannica is not a valid reference") has become a custom in several article on contentious between UA/RO topics. Saying "your sources is propaganda" is mutual at least. For more, I invite you to read recent talk:Bukovina and comment on some editors' discussion style. If I know what trolling is, talk:Bukovina is a good example. More eyes to check these disputes are always welcome but calls in this form are unhelpful. --Irpen 02:01, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, that is why I didn't involve myself in the dispute - I was just making a point that Ghirla's attitudes did not conform to WP:CIVIL, referring only to this article, not Bukovina, but I will inform myself about the dispute over there as well. For Khotyn, I think what we need to is this: look at the two versions that are constantly being reverted back and forth, and pick out the particular sentences of contention, and then try to either 1) make them more neutral or 2) back them up with sources. I think the dispute is centred on:

 * Was Khotyn annexed or did it vote for unification?
 * Which of the below is correct:

 * In my opinion, the version to the left makes a lot of judgement calls. It claims that there was a Romanian oppression and that the uprising was brutally suprpressed. This is in not NPOV. On the other hand, the statement to the right talks about the defeat of the Bolsheviks (was this not a civil uprising?) and as simple insurrection against the Romanians, when it was an uprising. So, both forms are POV, even though the one to the right makes less judgements.

 * I propose saying either of the two below:

 * My first version is, I would say, more Ukrainian POV, the second one is move Romanian POV, however, both are broadly NPOV in their language, since they don't make any judgement calls.

 * Now, in comparison to disputes like Moldovan language, this is a very minor dispute, about two sentences are in dispute. So, it should be worked out quite easily. Thanks, [[Image:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] Ronline ✉ 08:11, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I vote for the former version. Also, Ronline, since you recalled your admin duties here, please pay attention to the doings of your compatriots on the Romanian noticeboard, such as their regular postings in Romanian and persistent deletion of my admonitions to speak in English accompanied with a summary "we don't need it here". --Ghirla | talk 08:35, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Ghirla, as you probably know, I am a free speech advocate. For that reason, I think it's that what Anittas did (posting on the RO notice board) is OK, but that you also have the right to make any comments. For that reason, I made sure your comments were included. Now, onto the actual content: so you support this version - "The Ukrainian population rebelled against the Romanian occupation of the city (see Khotyn uprising). The uprising was, however, defeated by the Romanian Army within a month." OK, I suppose it should be inserted in then. Thanks, [[Image:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] Ronline ✉ 08:41, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, I have changed to:

 * The Ukrainian population rebelled against the Romanian annexation (this sounds most neutral) of the city (see Khotyn uprising). The uprising was, however, defeated by the Romanian Army within a month. This is still a preliminary version and one that is, IMO, still slightly biased towards a Ukrainian POV. Thanks, [[Image:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] Ronline ✉ 08:46, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Protected
I have temporarily protected this page to deal with the mind-boggling edit warring that has been taking place here. Please discuss your changes on the talk pages rather than reverting; uncivil edit summaries aren't that productive either. I urge you to consider Mediation or another form of dispute resolution. If you have reached agreement or want the page unprotecting, please post a request on Requests for page protection or ask me on my talk page. Thanks. Izehar 11:57, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've unprotected the page, since I think that the dispute wasn't significant enough to affect the article in a generalised way (I was surprised that the source of dispute was basically one statement). For this reason, if reverting goes on, 3RR should be applied (i.e. blocking) and not page protection. [[Image:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] Ronline ✉ 08:39, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Early history of Khotin

 * Khotyn was founded as an ancient fortified settlement located on cliffs above the Dniester, and is said to have been named after Kotizon, a 3rd-century Dacian chieftain. By the 10th century, it had become a minor settlement of the Kievan Rus. It later became part of the Principality of Halych and its successor, Halych-Volhynia. The town became an important trading center due to its position as a river crossing and by the 13th century became the site of a Genoese trading colony. Khotyn's famous castle was built by the Genoese and expanded by subsequent rulers.

where does all this info come from. Khotin was first mentioned in that 14th century List of Russian cities as a romanian and bulgarian minor town. If you can't source the info about Kievan/Halychian/Genoese rule, please remove it. Also where the z from Kotizo dissapeared if it really was named after him. I think the theory that claims it was named after the 13th century Cuman chieftain Kuthen/Kothen is more logical. Anonimu 17:43, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It's quite clear that Khotyn has absolutely nothing with Kotizo, it's just wishful thinking. If it were passed from Ancient times on to Romanian, it would have a peculiar form of "Cuţez" or something like that. :-) bogdan 14:15, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Nationalist mythology
I removed unsustainable claims about the Dacian chieftain who founded Khotin, about the "vlakhs" who were supposedly documented in the area in the 10th century, about the slave-trading Field-Marshal Munnich, the "Romanian-Nazi liberation" of the area during WWII, the "Soviet dictatorship" in the 1960s-1980s, and other such stuff. Bogdanguisca, please stop hijacking the article towards nationalist mythology. -- Ghirla -трёп-  07:40, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe they did take slaves. Maybe they didn't. But even if it's false, how in the world is that "Russophobic"? As a Russian friend of mine explains: "when we're good, we're very good, but when we're bad, we're very bad indeed." Perhaps the Russians were manifesting their barbaric, inhuman side in Hotin - a side that people in the region know all to well - and contemporary sources appear to back up that assertion. Biruitorul 08:25, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Your claims about "the barbaric, inhuman side" of the Russians and Bogdan's attempts to represent them as a slave-trading society in the 18th century certainly merit a mention in our article about Russophobia. Neither do I buy you claims that "barbarity" and "inhumanity" of Russians is "too well known" in the region where most inhabitants were massacred during the 1919 campaign of ethnic cleansing, conducted by the Romanian government. -- Ghirla -трёп-  08:35, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * That was not anti-Russian, but anti-Bolshevik. Romania has long looked up to Russia as a large, powerful Orthodox protector. The Reds were anything but, and represented a direct threat to the Church in Romania, should they have seized land, and of course in Russia itself. And given that the 61 million murders ordered by Stalin (himself a Georgian) were largely committed by Russians, I would say that that qualifies as barbaric and inhumane - there's a reason Russia isn't very popular in Poland, for instance. However, I certainly do not claim that Russians are more barbaric and inhumane than other peoples. but since Russia is the biggest country in the world, and the biggest in Europe by population, its barbarity and inhumanity will naturally be felt more keenly than that of, say, Belgium or Slovenia. Biruitorul 09:52, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

The claim about the uprising being incited by the Bolshevic provocateurs is outright ridiculous and, besides, anachronistic. Bolsheviks really had other things to worry about at the time. Also, they were separated from the area by UNR. The claim is referenced to the book published as long ago as at the interwar time. The author of the book, in turn, references the info the the Romanian own court documents. Sorry, guys, but this is unacceptable. When I was writing the uprising article, I checked several modern Ukrainian sources. Such sources usually have little sympathy to Bolshevism, and often to Russia in general as well. They all attribute the uprising to the nationalist policies of the Romanian state. One source specifically notes that the claim about Bolshevik provocateurs makes no sense. BOlsheviks were far away fighting with UNR at the time and Bolsheviks were never popular among the Ukrainian peasantry. --Irpen 10:47, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Just noticed that the article also says :"Ukrainian Bolshevik troops". This is not even funny. Ukrainian bolsheviks, were relatively few and those where in Kharkiv. Elsewhere, support of Bolsheviks among Ukrainians was rather rare. The only exception where it went on the rise was a year later during the invasion of Ukraine by Poland. Since Petlura collaborated with the invaders, more Ukrainians looked towards the Bolsheviks as the source of protection since, unlike the western neighbores, the Soviets actually had the national revival in their program which they also put into action once they won. (The brutal reversal in 10+ years is another matter). --Irpen 10:54, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, but let's say Hotin and its surroundings had become independent. That state would not have been viable on its own - look what happened to the UNR. The Cold War, which one could say began in 1917, didn't leave much room for nuance. Territory that was on the East-West border (like Bucovina) stood a great chance of falling, domino-like, to the Bolshevik onslaught. Plus, think of the atmosphere in 1919 - it was very tense, and there was a real fear of global revolution. So while the actions of the Romanian Army may seem excessive to us, I think one needs to put them into perspective. Plus, the Ukrainians who survived (and most did) were done a good turn to be kept in Romania because many more would doubtless have perished during the Holodomor.
 * As for the slavery claim, would this be a good compromise: "according to one 18th-century Moldavian chronicler...". That way, we highlight any implicit bias in the source. Biruitorul 16:41, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Biruitorul, I am not good in building the alternative histories and other what-ifs. The Holodomor took place ~15 years later and could not have been predicted at the time. In the immediate aftermath of these events, the Ukrainians of the Soviet Ukraine enjoyed an unheard of cultural revival in their history while in Poland and Romania they were subject to strong assimilationist policies of the respective nationalist governments. From the onstart, and my ref confirms that, Ukrainians of Khotyn were alienated by the nationalist policy of the Greater Romania and, as they saw the Ukrainian state (UNR) right across the river, they held their hopes on the help of UNR and rebelled against the Romanian rule. I am not talking here about Romanian suppression being excessive by the modern standards. This is not an Uprising article and a bare mention that the suppression was cruel is enough. However, I have several refs that say that Ukrainians revolted on their own rather than being "incited by Bolshevik provocateurs". The ref that claims the latter (Clarke) is unreliable as it was written in 1930s and is based on the documents of the Romanian own tribunal against the rebels, as Clarke acknowledges. I supplied three modern refs (two of them academic, and one an article in a newspaper, but still written by a historian) that claim otherwise. --Irpen 19:28, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You're right, Irpen, I did veer a little to much into hypotheticals. And I agree that, though understandable to me, the policy of the Romanian government was, in retrospect, misguided, and it undoubtedly over-reacted at Hotin. However, I would still like to emphasise that 1)in Soviet Ukraine, the church was probably (correct me if I'm wrong) being persecuted even in the heyday of the Ukrainian revival, while she was safe in Romania; and 2)the risk of worldwide revolution was quite powerful at this point - soviets were still functioning in Germany, while in Hungary, an already-resurgent Bolshevik movement would seize power in March. However, what I don't know is if the Romanian authorities put down the uprising blindly, or if they thought through any of these wider strategic aims, justifying it as pre-emptory action against a possible Soviet takeover. Biruitorul 20:04, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You are mistaken re (1). During those years exactly the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, the first genuinly Ukrainian OC in centuries, was created; and it enjoyed the encouragment of the Bolshevik authorities. While Soviets were generally anti-religion, the UAOC was seen as a tool to further suppress the ROC, always viewed by authorities with suspicion for its opposition to the revolution. Therefore, the government tolerated the new Ukrainian national church for quite some time, and did not suppress it in any way until the reversal of Ukrainization that started in early 30s. The church gained a relatively wide following among the Ukrainians. In 30s, when the policies changed, it was dismantled, true enough. --Irpen 20:17, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting, and quite duplicitous on the Soviets' part. They were certainly masters of manipulation. Biruitorul 22:36, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Khotyn


text:
Chungam, Kottayam

Chungam is a small junction in Kottayam city in Kerala state, Southern India. The junction borders the Meenachil river, which is one of the medium range rivers, but well known through Arundhati Roy's famous book The God of Small Things. Most of the events in the book took place in Chungam. Aymanam village, which is mentioned in the book, is about three kilometers away from Chungam. The oldest college and school in Kerala and India are here. The road that passes through Chungam is an alternate route to reach Kottayam Medical College.

Etymology
Chungam is the Malayalam equivalent of tax. So all the locations where the tax was collected came to be known as Chungam; indeed Kerala has a number of places with the same name.

Education
The CMS College and the CMS College Higher Secondary School; both around 200 years of age were built by the Rev. Benjamin Baily of the Church Missionary Society, London. They were built with the generous help and assistance of Col. Munroe, the then Resident of the East India Company, and HH Rani Gauri Laxmi Bhai, the reagent queen of the erstwhile Travencore state.

CMS College is the ancient seat of learning in India. It once had the largest hall in Asia. The Great Hall, as it's called, is truly a work of art. The same place has one of Kerala's ancient Seminaries and one of the first Malayalam press too. The Orthodox Theological Seminary is the seat of the reformation that has changed the Kerala Syrian Christian Beliefs. The CMS press, one of the first of its kind in Kerala, was started by the Rev. Benjamin Bailey. He was not happy with the existing models and he made a new one with the help of a blacksmith and a carpenter and with an Encyclopaedia! The Press is also the first in South India. It still houses Bailie's ancient press, printing devices, and other published works. He is the one who has standardized the official Malayalam script and accent; thus making Malayalam more than a mere dialectical variant of Tamil. The CMS College Higher Secondary School is now housed in his ancient house. Bailey had made the Holy Trinity Cathedral; which is one of the biggest churches of the CSI church.

title: Chungam, Kottayam


text:
Malloossery

Malloossery is a small village in Kottayam district of Kerala state, south India. It is close to Kottayam. Private buses that travel to this small village from Kottayam city. It is mainly an agriculture based village, but the new generation is leaving this field and looking for professional jobs. Christians, Hindus and Muslims live together here. St. Thomas Catholic Church, St. Sebastian's Catholic Church, St. George Knanaya Jacobite Chappel, Thidamboor Temple, Malloorkulangara Mahadeva Temple and Malloossery Juma Masjid are the main worship centres. The Feast of St. Mary at St. Thomas Catholic Church is very famous here.

Administration
Malloossery is a part of Kumaranalloor Grama Panchayat(Now this panchayat merged to Kottayam Municipality in 2011, Perumbaikkad Village, Kottayam Thaluk. It is part of Kottayam Legislative Assembly and Kottayam Parliament Seat. Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan is the Member of the legislative assembly and Jose K Mani is the Member of parliament.

Geography
The Meenachil river flows near Malloossery. This area is predominantly of Hindu population. Famous Siva temple Thidamboor Mahadeva temple and Malloorkulangara Siva Temple situate in this village. St. Thomas L.P School serve the basic educational needs of this village. CMS College High School and CMS College are quite close to Malloossery. MG University Campus also situated here mainly School of Social Science and Applied Science (Pullarikunnu). Chungom junction and Varissery junction of Kottayam-Kudayampadi route are part of this village.

title: Malloossery


text:
Talk:British racing green

Napier Green
Green was evidently Britain's chosen or assigned racing color from early on without any particular shade identified. In 1902, Selwyn Francis Edge driving a green Napier automobile won Gordon Bennett Cup in the Paris-Innsbruk race. They evidently called that color Napier Green. The sample in the table is from the car's color at Napier 30 HP and is the closest hexidecimal I could come up with. It would be a nice addition to this page if someone could find out when and how green was assigned to British cars and the transitions to the official British Racing Green color. DialUp 21:24, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * See comment below. Pyrope 11:40, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Deep Brunswick Green
I found this sample of Deep Brunswick Green at British Standard 381c Colours. It was listed as 381c 227 and as hex #183828. DialUp 22:39, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I removed the BS 381C reference from the main text as, as you have pointed out, this is a colour chart (hence the C appended) and so contains a large variety of different colours, most of which are not even greens. Pyrope 10:07, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Link to vote for deletion page
Votes_for_deletion/British_racing_green I put the link to the old VFD page for reference, since there is some useful info on it that someone may want to merge into article.

Votes for deletion results
This page was listed on votes for deletion. Please see Votes for deletion/British racing green for the results of the debate. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:55, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Speed limit?
According to Top Gear, the Gordon Bennett Cup race was switched from England to Ireland because Parliament brought in a speed limit of 12mph. Not sure how true that is. violet/riga (t) 20:24, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Standard colour
While the term "British Racing Green" comes from motor racing, there has never been a prescribed shade. British racing cars have been painted every shade of green. The standard shade has acquired currency outside motor sport. - Ian Dalziel 06:54, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Indeed, in fact I would dispute the given reasoning for the adoption of green as Britain's racing colour. As far as I can recall, having been a Motor Sport reader for a while now, the first instance of green in use as a racing livery was by Aston Martin, who chose green to reflect their then recent sucesses in the various Ulster Trophy races. This was a lighter shade, closer to the Napier Green above. Green was then adopted by Bentley and later MG and so came into common use for British cars. Has anyone else heard this version of events? Pyrope 11:39, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

I think Napier's use of green, and the adoption of green as the British colour in Gordon Bennett and then Grand Prix racing pre-dates Aston Martin. I am not so happy about the cavalrymen of Braunschweig and the locomotives of GWR being in this article. I do not believe that either colour was ever described as British Racing Green and I do not believe that either influenced the choice of green as the British motor racing colour. I think I shall remove those paragraphs unless someone can come up with some justification for them. -- Ian Dalziel 09:21, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Agreed. The Brunswick/Braunschweig connection seems like reverse reasoning to me. Pyrope 16:37, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Eventually got round to removing the speculation. (though something had signed me off without my noticing) -- Ian Dalziel 11:54, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Mike Lawrence claimed in his Grand Prix Cars, 1945-65 that any old shade of green can be used to represent GB, before going on to have a pop at Scottish teams co-opting Austria's colours. I read somewhere – I think in some Guinness–published tome – that Edge was give green for the 1902 Gordon Bennett race as it was considered a lucky colour on the Continent; this would offset any bad luck that might settle on his car due to it carrying the number 13. Long before Aston Martin was even a twinkle in Lionel Martin's eye. Mr Larrington (talk) 17:44, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

1903
The article tells the story that the 1903 Gordon Bennett Cup saw a change for the (already green) Napier cars to 'shamrock green' in honour of the Irish venue. There's a citation in the Leinster Leader to support this.

The 1903 Napier is depicted in this painting and this modern. I'm not sure if that's 'shamrock green' or not, but it seems a relatively dark shade to me, and counter to the passage in the article: "In keeping with these Irish/Napier roots, many of the earliest greens used on British racing cars were of a lighter olive, moss or emerald green. Later, darker shades became more common."

Looking at news reports in advance of the race: the Boston Evening Transcript Apr 3 - "cars will probably be colored as follows... United Kingdom, emerald green", the NYT Jul 2 has - "the holder of the cup will start first with his green Napier racer".

The Napier & Son article meanwhile, accredits Racing Green to: the 1902 Gordon Bennett... Piloted by Edge and his cousin, Cecil, she (the car) wore what would become known as British racing green."

So I'm thinking, the green livery seems dependant on context for its various shades and different interpretations. Hakluyt bean (talk) 05:04, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, precisely. The whole point of the section is to counter the idea that there is one single shade of green that is "British racing green". British racing green is the colour of a British racing car painted green. The 1902 Napier was quite a bit lighter in colour than the 1903 car (as used to be shown before someone deleted an unsourced, but useful, colour swatch) and the 1903 car is much lighter than some of the Bentley entries and Willie Grover's Monaco Bugatti (which in some lights even appear black). Colour is subjective, unless you agree to only use Pantone terms, or similar, but these are in themselves subjective and frequently a little poetic in their interpretation. Even where you use a reference material such as emerald, a huge variety of natural hues exist. What is your interpretation of "emerald" green? Was the writer of the 1903 BET article thinking of the same thing? The painting you highlight was painted in 1987 and the artist never saw the cars in period, and the Napier in the Beulieu museum may very well have been repainted at some later, or not.  Pyrop e  14:09, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
 * You are right. The question of the actual shade of green is open to interpretation.  All available colour images of the 1903 cars show a dark green but descriptions describe Napier green/green in honour of Ireland/Emerald green/Shamrock green.  The predecessor cars from 1902 are described as 'olive green'.  So it may be that the 1903 cars were repainted a different shade of green for 1903, but if so they were repainted a darker shade for display in museums today.  1903 doesn't seem to be a significant watershed. The article atm suggest it's the point of origin, which doesn't seem to be borne out.  Green as a national racing livery appears to begin with Napier.  The preferred actual colour (apparently Brunswick green) may have only been settled more recently.
 * Erm... Yet again, and as re-stated above by Pyrope, there is no "preferred actual colour". -- Ian Dalziel (talk) 10:52, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * 1903 is the watershed point because that is the first known reference to a car specifically representing the UK being painted green as a national livery, and not just a manufacturer choosing green as its preferred colour.  Pyrop e  12:10, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

 * As to why green for Napier and one or two other early racing cars, no-one seems to know, but I read that early steam locomotives were often shades of green, variously described, but again no-one seems sure exactly what shades were used. One nice expression of this uncertainty I heard is that 'Great Western Railway green can be described as a shade of Brunswick Green, but not all Brunswick Greens are GWR green'.  Anyhow, the best way to settle this is to go back to the source.  Here is Edge's 1903 Napier photographed at the time.  Unfortunately... it is in black and white. Hakluyt bean (talk) 08:22, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Cyan
I'm sorry,

It is not a big deal within the scope of this page, but cyan is definitely not green.

I decided to add a talk instead of editing because seems to be the root of the problem is not here. But where? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Senki.xyz (talk • contribs) 03:54, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

Possible removal from list
An entry in List of colors: N–Z contained a link to this page.

The entry is :

 * Napier green

I don't see any evidence that this color is discussed in this article (although I do see a relevant comment on this page from 2006) and plan to delete it from the list per this discussion: Talk:List_of_colors

If someone decides that this color should have a section in this article and it is added, I would appreciate a ping.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  12:45, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

When did the name appear?
The article has a lot of detail about different shades of green, when they appeared, and which became known as "British Racing Green", but it does not say when the name was first used. For all I can tell it might have been twenty years after the colour was first painted on a racing car. Does anybody know? 85.255.232.153 (talk) 19:50, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
 * 1903. That's pretty clear. The precise shade is much more variable. Andy Dingley (talk) 20:08, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Tagging original research and bogus reference
I have tagged the section International rise to prominence as an uncited block and due to the bogus reference created by on 8 March 2020 - just a load of wikilinks enclosed by ref tags, viz:. I split the block into two paragraphs.--Rocknrollmancer (talk) 01:24, 13 May 2021 (UTC)

 * That's not a 'bogus reference', just a mis-formatted footnote. It does need a citation, true, but presenting it with nefarious intent is hardly fair. Assume good faith Rocknrollmancer, you really shouldn't need reminding of that basic tenet of Wikipedia. Pyrop  e  01:32, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thought that would get your attention (I did trawl through the history and I have been following your talk page). Officious imperative, again, be a bit more humble perhaps?--Rocknrollmancer (talk) 01:38, 13 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Hmm, interesting answer. So despite not having had anything to do with me in the past you have decided to stalk me and antagonise me? My comment above was directly related to the edit you made to this article. There was no indication in that footnote that it was intended to be a reference (for a start, to what does it refer?), it just used the ref tags incorrectly. The more collegial and productive route would have been for you to note that for a fix, or even for you to have made the required fix yourself. Why didn't you? Pyrop  e  01:42, 13 May 2021 (UTC)

Missing percentage
Missing percentage under Historic paint mixing formulas Pdb100 (talk) 09:54, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:British racing green


text:
Submarine Products

Submarine Products Ltd (1959−1990) was a diving gear manufacturer, with a factory in Hexham in Northumberland, England. It was founded in 1959 by Lieutenant-Commander Hugh Oswell.

Until the late 1950s, the British Siebe Gorman company patents kept aqualungs expensive in Britain, and many British sport divers had to use home-made breathing sets and ex-armed forces or ex-industry rebreathers. Some became expert at home-making scuba diving demand regulators from industrial parts such as Calor Gas regulators.

In 1959 Hugh Oswell designed around the Cousteau-Gagnan patent and made sport diving breathing sets accessibly inexpensive. Submarine Products Ltd were the first company to make scuba sets readily available to the public in the United Kingdom. They developed a unique diver delivery vehicle (the Subskimmer), and were important for introducing high quality plastics (e.g. ABS) into the manufacture of underwater breathing apparatus. For many years they supplied their Black Prince regulators and other open circuit equipment to the Royal Navy. When the British Navy decided to purchase foreign competitors' closed circuit equipment, imports became increasingly difficult. After financial difficulties, Submarine Products Ltd ceased in 1990.

1950s
According to the Classic Dive Books website, "In the mid-1950s Lt Cdr Hugh Oswell was a serving officer in the Royal Navy at Portsmouth and in his spare time, he was working on improvements and modifications to existing underwater breathing equipment – even developing his own designs. He was assisted in producing his prototypes by Harry Biscoe who was also based at Portsmouth but had access to engineering facilities. Some time later, Oswell was posted to Tyneside as liaison officer at Swan Hunter shipyards. In 1957, the Royal Navy introduced staff reductions and Oswell took a redundancy package and that finances his new business venture Submarine Products based at Acomb near Hexham in Northumberland in the UK. Harry Biscoe was offered a job which he kept for the life of the company".

1955. July: According to the Hong Kong Commerce and Industry Department Trade Bulletin, "A brand new Hong Kong product is (...) underwater swimming equipment (...). Marketed under the registered name of 'Sealion', this equipment, designed by a British engineer, functions on the well-proven compressed air system and incorporates several original features (patents applied for) which are said to make breathing easier and mean fewer moving parts. The manufacturers claim that in price, the 'Sealion' compares favourably with similar equipment produced elsewhere. This, combined with its improved design, should make it popular with overseas buyers. A model shown at the recent Canadian International Trade Fair attracted considerable attention. There are several variations of the 'Sealion' and full details can be obtained from the manufacturers, Submarine Products Limited, 32 Printing House, Duddell Street, Hong Kong." This is the first known reference to either the "Sealion" regulator or the "Submarine Products" company. The "British engineer" in the article was presumably Hugh Oswell.

1957. May: An advertisement appears in the British Sub-Aqua Club journal Triton, describing Hugh Oswell’s "Sealion" regulator as "widely popular in Australia because of these outstanding features: Simplicity - only 4 moving parts; Safety - 2-way mouthpiece valves fitted in Super-flex spiral breathing tubes; Efficiency - Built-in reserve". According to the 1957 underwater catalogue of the London sporting goods store Lillywhites and the CG-45.com double-hose regulator collection website, at least 500 Sealion Mark I regulators were imported to Australia by Bob Wallace-Mitchell of Melbourne, a keen Victorian spearfisherman and distributor of Porpoise diving equipment for Ted Eldred, who designed the world's first single-hose regulator. In this May 1957 Triton advertisement, Andrews & Dalton of 126 Hanworth Road in Hounslow, Middlesex offers the Sealion regulator complete with cylinder and harness at £22 10s 0d. July: J. G. Fenn Ltd. of Stoke on Trent charges the same amount for this kit while pricing Typhoon, Siebe Gorman and Heinke scuba sets at £26 12s 6d, £40 and £42 respectively.

1958. September: Operating from Andrews & Dalton’s Hounslow address, Underwater Sports Ltd launches Mark II "Sealion Aqualung" incorporating "a yoke fitting for standard cylinders, pressure gauge take-off and peripheral holes for easier exhalation".

1959. July: Submarine Products Ltd., "makers of 'Sealion' diving equipment", which now trades from Andrews & Dalton’s Hounslow address, introduces the "Aquamobile" underwater scooter "powered by an ordinary 12-volt car battery". September: Submarine Products Ltd. represents French diving equipment manufacturer Beuchat of Marseilles as "sole agent" within Britain for Tarzan double-skinned isoprene wetsuits, which "are standard equipment with the French Navy". November: Submarine Products Ltd. moves to Acomb House in Hexham, Northumberland.

1960s
1960. March: Submarine Products offers "a complete range of equipment for the discerning diver", namely Sealion breathing apparatus with the Mark III regulator, Tarzan suits, fins, knives, masks, spearguns and the Aquamobile, "the world’s finest water scooter". May: The company launches the Sealion Atlantic scuba set "incorporating the revolutionary Venturi action in the mouthpiece and completely eliminating the flooded hose hazard" while recommending the purchase of Tarzan Espadon (Beuchat) diving accessories “for quality and value”. November: The firm’s product range includes Espadon "Aquacetera", namely a compensator mask, a stainless-steel knife, safety-yellow full-foot fins and a flexible rubber snorkel; American Skooba-"totes" dry suits made by So-Lo Marx of Loveland, Ohio, to complement French Tarzan wetsuits made by Beuchat of Marseilles; the firm’s own Atlantic regulator and Aquamobile underwater scooter "to add the thrill of speed".

1961. March: Submarine Products announces "an amazing development in weight belts", namely a diver’s weight-belt with screw-in weights and quick-release mechanism. The design is awarded French patent FR1314235 towards the end of the following year.

1962. January: Submarine Products introduces a plunger pressure gauge. March: The firm’s first but undated 16-page catalogue highlights Atlantic and Super Sealion breathing sets and accessories; Tarzan masks, fins, snorkels, spearguns, knives and neoprene wetsuits; Skooba-"totes" brown and yellow gum-rubber dry suits; Cristal torches and flood lamps; Triton diving instruments; and Bauer portable compressors. May: “Green label” Atlantic twin set. July: Underwater lamp with 100-watt tungsten-iodine bulb.

1964. Submarine Products releases a second 16-page catalogue with the year of issue on the front cover. New products include: a triple cylinder set; a dial pressure gauge and a depth gauge; Jetfins and Super Tarzan lined wetsuits from France, dark-green Skooba-“totes” dry suits, the "world’s finest", from the USA; the Aquamobile submarine built for two or three divers wearing breathing apparatus and the 300-watt underwater lantern. The catalogue also announces the publication of a "complete and comprehensive guide to all aspects of skin diving".

1966. The company brings out a new undated 12-page catalogue resembling the 1964 version but dispensing with the “professional range” comprising the Aquamobile submarine, Bauer compressor and underwater lantern.

1967. Submarine Products moves into new purpose-built premises complete with test tanks and a pressure chamber at Bridge End in Hexham. Business diversifies into manufacturing moulded plastic products ranging from boat hulls to breathing equipment for divers and firefighters. The firm exports widely, supplying underwater gear to the Australian, Indian, Korean and Jordanian navies.

1969. April: Submarine Products introduces its last double-hose regulator, the "Black Prince", to create a floating scuba set with a “scientifically shaped” back harness and an aluminium compressed air cylinder. The company releases another undated 12-page catalogue with a safety buoy and a budget wetsuit as new Tarzan lines, but without the Skooba-"totes" dry suit, which is no longer made in the USA.

1970s
1972. February: Submarine Products deploys the slogan "Even the Navy put their foot in it" to boost sales of its imported Beuchat Jetfins "used extensively by the American and French navies as well as the Royal Navy". August: Submarine Products introduces its first single-hose regulator with "the new name in diving, Aquarius", which also becomes a registered trademark of the company. The Aquarius product range initially comprises the single-hose regulator and a diver’s torch.

1973. July: Submarine Products launches the Aquarius Mark II single-hose regulator with adjustable neckband, exhaust deflector and the option of lightweight steel or aluminium cylinders and a convertible backpack harness to complete the scuba set. The Aquarius range now includes a wetsuit and a petrol-driven aqua scooter for surface use. November: An underwater cine camera case joins the range.

1974. September: Aquarius 2000 demand valve "designed with safety in mind but still with superb styling. Fully downstreamed with piston first stage. This regulator also has a screw-off front for easy access and a brand new flow control knob for adjusting breathing resistance to the diver’s own requirements."

1976. November: Submarine Products introduces its "second-generation" Aquarius A.B.L.J. with a "really effective dump valve, high up to give virtually instant braking in rapid ascent."

1980s
1980. The company publishes a brochure with the mission statement “Our aim is to produce gear of a professional standard which nevertheless is neither too costly nor too complex for the sports diver to use”, adding, “We have recently re-equipped the Royal Navy and the Royal Engineers with diving apparatus. Similar diving sets can be bought in shops as far apart as the Solomon Islands and Singapore, Osaka and Geneva. Submarine Products now manufactures a wider range of underwater equipment than any other British manufacturer.” The accompanying price list comes with the then new Aquarius 3000 single-hose regulator and with the Black Prince double-hose regulator launched in 1969. The Aquarius range now includes a full-face mask, while Beuchat sub continues to supply other masks, snorkels, Jetfins and knives to complete the collection.

1982. March: New Scientist publishes an illustrated article entitled "Powerboat that gets a sinking feeling." The piece begins: "The crew of this boat seems to be taking emergency action after a nasty puncture. In fact, this fast inflatable is in the process of being converted into a submarine. Hugh Oswell of Submarine Products at Hexham, Northumbria (sic) designed the Subskimmer for commandos attacking ships or harbours from the sea". According to the CG-45.com website, "the cost of developing this project was phenomenal, and the company grew financially. Commander Oswell was confident that these costs would be covered by a contract with the Royal Navy, but that did not happen". H. I. Sutton’s website provides further information about the Submarine Products military range of underwater craft and rebreathers.

Mid-1980s. Submarine Products bids to continue supplying the Royal Navy but loses the contract to rival company Sabre Air Products.

1988. In the New Year Honours List, Managing Director of Submarine Products Ltd. Hugh Henry Bayley Oswell is appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).

1989. June: Submarine Products goes into receivership, ceasing to trade altogether in 1990.

Patents
During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, several American, British, French, German and Italian patent applications were filed on behalf of Submarine Products Ltd.:
 * FR1314235 (published 26 November 1962): Ceinture de lestage pour plongeur. The drawings accompanying this French patent show the prototype of the Submarine Products SEALION weight belt, which enables divers to adjust their buoyancy by screwing weights on or off, without removing the belt.
 * GB1315047 (published 26 April 1973): Transportation means. This British patent protects the invention of a toy truck designed to transport a child in a sitting position along a track with a rack formation. No evidence of concept entering production stage.
 * GB1506865 (published 12 April 1978): Improvements in or relating to valve assemblies. This British patent relates to valve assemblies particularly, but not exclusively, for use with high-pressure cylinders used in diving apparatus.
 * GB2015348 (filed 23 February 1979): Underwater breathing apparatus. This British patent application relates to closed-circuit underwater breathing apparatus.
 * DE2907416 (filed 26 February 1979): Unterwasser-Atmungsgerät. This German patent application relates to underwater breathing apparatus described in British patent application GB2015348.
 * FR2418148 (filed 27 February 1979): Appareil respiratoire sous-marin. This French patent application relates to underwater breathing apparatus described in British patent application GB2015348.
 * IT1114975B (filed 27 February 1979): Perfezionamento negli apparecchi di respirazione subacquea. This Italian patent application relates to underwater breathing apparatus described in British patent application GB2015348.
 * US4273120 (filed 27 February 1979): Underwater breathing apparatus. This American patent application relates to underwater breathing apparatus described in British patent application GB2015348.
 * GB2075848 (filed 19 May 1981): Demand valve. This British patent application relates to a demand valve, or regulator, used in underwater breathing apparatus.
 * US4411285 (published 25 October 1983): Demand valve. This American patent relates to a demand valve, or regulator, used in underwater breathing apparatus described in British patent application GB2075848.

title: Submarine Products


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Al's Breakfast

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Joyous 18:56, Feb 19, 2005 (UTC)

Al's Breakfast
non-notable restaurant — J3ff 21:26, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC) "Non notable?" Bah you Philistines. Not an ad, I actually am a customer who is frequently repelled by the 'attitude' but nevertheless drawn there by the darn food. :)
 * Delete, not notable, reads like a promo. Megan1967 00:12, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, fun ad, though. Wyss 00:57, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - it's making me hungry! --Brookie 08:23, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, non-notable, even to the majority of the population of Minneapolis. So there. Also, anonymous comments in the VFDs are disregarded. You have to sign your name for it to count. DS 22:15, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC) (oh, and delete)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Simon Adebisi

Simon Adebisi is a fictional character played by Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje on the HBO dramatic series Oz. Initially a side character, Adebisi later serves as one of the main characters in the first four seasons, beginning with the fourth episode of the first season where he is eventually promoted to leader of the Homeboys gang. After the first half of season four, his character was killed off the show so Akinnuoye-Agbaje could film the movie The Mummy Returns.

A ruthless Nigerian inmate with a penchant for rape, murder and physical intimidation, Adebisi controlled much of the drug trade at one point and is among the most feared and powerful inmates in the prison. Throughout his time in Oz, Adebisi is seen to have both sociopathic and maniacal tendencies, showing little to no remorse for the various atrocities he had committed both in and out of prison. He is also shown to have a severe addiction to heroin, suffering a nervous breakdown due to withdrawals in season 2, for which he is subsequently thrown into the psych ward where his insanity is further explored through various psychotic episodes. Adebisi's character dies in season four, when he is killed by Kareem Saïd in self-defense.

Character overview
"Prisoner #93A234: Simon Adebisi. Convicted May 2, 1993 - Murder in the first degree. Sentence: Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole."

Adebisi is serving life without the possibility of parole for beheading an undercover police officer with a machete four years prior to the events of the first episode. A giant of a man, he often uses physical intimidation to impose his will around the prison, not afraid to assault, rape or even kill anyone who stands in his way. As one of the leaders of the Homeboys (the main black gang in Oz), Adebisi is considered one of the prison's most dangerous inmates, and becomes one of the most recognizable characters on the show. He is well known for his trademark tilted hat, which Akinnuoye-Agbaje suggested was inspired by the "Area Boys" of Lagos, Nigeria.

Adebisi is Nigerian - specifically Yoruba - and speaks with a strong accent, but had lived in America for about 15 years prior to his incarceration. Little else is known of his life before Oz; it is implied on more than one occasion that he was married, though, his wife is never shown on screen or mentioned in any great detail. Adebisi is shown to be short-tempered, hedonistic, sociopathic and occasionally psychotic, though, he is also shown to be capable of engineering and executing long-term plans through intellect and manipulation. In one rare instance, he shows compassion; when fellow inmate Bob Rebadow raises $3,000 to send his terminally ill grandson to Disneyland, Adebisi convinces his men not to rob him, remarking "sometimes it is good to be human."

Season 1
Adebisi began as a minor character; a member of the Homeboys and lieutenant of leader Jefferson Keane. He is first shown threatening to rape new cellmate Tobias Beecher on the latter's first night in prison. Like Keane and most of the other Homeboys, he immediately clashes with new muslim inmate Kareem Said, whose strict religious values oppose the Homeboys' reputation for drug abuse and violence. After Kareem begins to change Jefferson's mind and eventually converts him to Islam, Adebisi remains opposed, calling Said's teachings "bullshit" and continuing to side with the rest of the Homeboys. Following Keane's execution in Episode 4, Paul Markstrom takes over as the new leader of the Homeboys until Adebisi and Kenny Wangler kill him when it is discovered he is an undercover cop. Adebisi then takes over as the new leader and immediately partners in the drug trade with the Wiseguys, the prison's Italian gang. Their boss Nino Schibetta is shown to respect his leadership skills, seeing him as the best drug player among the black inmates. Adebisi, who works in the kitchen and sees himself as the boss, later grows annoyed with Schibetta after he instates Ryan O'Reily as the new boss of the kitchen. O'Reily however immediately begins to plot Schibetta's death, pitching to Adebisi the idea to insert crushed glass into Schibetta's food, which will slowly but painfully kill him. Adebisi agrees and the two form somewhat of an alliance, successfully carrying out their plan over the following weeks as Schibetta is eventually killed in episode 7. In the Season 1 finale, Adebisi, along with O'Reily, Said, Miguel Alvarez and Scott Ross, is one of the leaders of the Emerald City riot, representing the Homeboys. Throughout the episode, Adebisi and the rest of his gang are constantly seen abusing heroin, until they run out and are unable to source any more in the wake of the riot. Adebisi suffers a breakdown from the withdrawal, begging Said for more heroin, or "tits", as it is referred to in Oz; he and the rest of the Homeboys are subsequently tied up and taken prisoner by the other inmates towards the end of the standoff between the inmates and guards. In that episode, it is revealed that Adebisi's crime was exploited to have swept the previous governor out of office and gave Governor James Devlin his opening to reinstate the death penalty, which later resulted in Keane's execution.

Season 2
Adebisi continues to suffer severe heroin withdrawal in solitary during the post-riot lockdown. However, he is able to maintain control of the Homeboys when Emerald City reopens. Nino Schibetta's son Peter comes to Oz and learns that Adebisi is responsible for the death of his father, and is himself poisoned by Adebisi. Schibetta swears revenge and tries to kill Adebisi with help from Chucky Pancamo. In the prison kitchen Adebisi beats up Peter and Pancamo. After knocking out Pancamo, Adebisi brutally rapes a semi-conscious Schibetta. As a result, Schibetta is traumatized and humiliated, telling the authorities he doesn't remember what happened to him. In denial about being raped, Schibetta psychologically and emotionally deteriorates. Subsequently, he is transferred to the Oz prison psych ward.

However, two distractions hold Adebisi's attention: first, his crush on death row inmate Shirley Bellinger, who flirts with him through notes before rejecting him upon discovering that he is black. Secondly, his heroin addiction is out of control. The Italian Mob, seeking revenge for Schibetta's rape, takes advantage of this when new inmate and Mafia boss Antonio Nappa gets Adebisi put into drug rehab through his staff connections. Adebisi is deposed as the head of the Homeboys and cut out of the drug trade through the help of Nappa's former friends. Another Nigerian Yoruba prisoner, an elderly man named Kipekemie Jara, comes to Oz, and begins to rehabilitate Adebisi, but at the same time the stress of the change brings on schizophrenic visions and severe psychosis. The Italians and the blacks consider Jara a threat, so they kill him. The shock and trauma of the event triggers a nervous breakdown in Adebisi and he is moved to the psych ward, placed in a cell right next to Peter Schibetta.

Season 3
Adebisi comes out of the psych ward pretending to be a changed man. To prove he is sane, he defends Peter Schibetta from an attacker in the psych ward. This convinces Antonio Nappa that a potential change in heart from Adebisi could prove useful for the Italian mobsters. This is all a ploy, however, as Adebisi takes a job in the AIDS ward as a means of obtaining blood from AIDS patient Robbie Gerth to prick Nappa undetected with an HIV-infected needle. When Dr. Nathan confirms that Nappa is HIV-positive, he is sent to the AIDS ward, and Pancamo assumes leadership of the Italians. From here Adebisi gets ready to take control of the Homeboys once again.

Meanwhile, Kenny Wangler is leading the Homeboys, who no longer trust Adebisi. Adebisi approaches Pancamo about becoming partners in the drug trade. Pancamo initially refuses because he is still angered about the beating Adebisi gave him and Schibetta. However, when Adebisi points out that he could be a strong ally, Pancamo agrees to work with him as long as he gets rid of Wangler. Adebisi then shows his sincerity with a plot to depose current black gang member Wangler by burning the skin of Wangler's allies, Poet and Junior Pierce, while Wangler is away at a funeral. When Wangler arrives back in Oz, he is locked in as Adebisi's cellmate. Adebisi practices various African "warrior training" activities such as hog tying Wangler naked. Adebisi then forces Wangler to accuse Unit Manager Tim McManus of sexual harassment. The claim hurt McManus, as he is already facing a sexual harassment suit from Claire Howell, putting McManus's credibility at further risk.

Adebisi begins to formulate a plan to take over Emerald City and make it "all black." The first step is to convince the impressionable Correctional Officer Clayton Hughes to help his African American counterparts behind bars as opposed to keeping them locked in. Adebisi tells him that his father had also died in Oz and then convinces Hughes that a white inmate murdered his father. Hughes, after seeing a few white officers make racist statements, starts accusing other black staff members, including Warden Leo Glynn, of betraying their own people and working for an oppressive white-run system. Adebisi's second step involved rallying the black inmates as a means of taking over the prison. He engineers a plan which results in the prison guards throwing Augustus Hill in the hole. He exploits the perceived racism of the white officers in order to incense the black inmates to riot. Despite opposition from Muslim inmate Kareem Said, the black inmates led by Adebisi begin shouting "Set Hill Free" and start physically confronting both the White inmates and correctional officers. Fearing a riot, Glynn locks Oz down into the new millennium and fires Hughes for being sympathetic to Adebisi's cause. Hughes however leaves Adebisi with a gun on his last day of work.

Season 4
After the lockdown, Adebisi manipulates Warden Glynn to let Poet, Pierce, and Wangler back into Em City claiming that the racial situation will rest easier getting them back. He then secretly gives bullied inmate Guillaume Tarrant the gun. Intending to eliminate Wangler, Adebisi leaves the gun under Tarrant's mattress. Tarrant goes on a shooting spree that results in the deaths of multiple inmates, including Wangler and Pierce, and a guard. With four blacks including one correctional officer dead at the hands of a white inmate, Adebisi's goals are accomplished and his plan is set in motion as Glynn fires McManus for overlooking the gun smuggling incident. Raoul Hernandez informs on him, convinced that the Latinos will move to aid the Whites. Hernandez tells Glynn that Adebisi used the gun to stir up racial tension and that it was given to him by Hughes. Adebisi and Pancamo agree that it is time for Hernandez to die, and use new inmate Enrique Morales to kill Hernandez and take his position as El Norte's gang leader. Meanwhile, a new inmate named Desmond Mobay, who is supposedly Jamaican, wants in with the gangsters. Mobay is actually a narcotics detective named Johnny Basil who is sent in to bust the drug trade in Emerald City. Adebisi is suspicious and opposes having Mobay join as a member their crew. But Mobay comes though and passes every initiation test successfully, eventually gaining their confidence.

Over the course of the season Adebisi, with the help of Zahir Arif, persuades outside community leaders to pressure Glynn into hiring a black man to replace McManus. Glynn is running for Lieutenant Governor, and sees that hiring a black man to run Emerald City is likely to gain him more support from African American voters. Eventually, Glynn does hire a black man named Martin Querns. Querns, himself an ex-drug dealer, is told to rid Emerald City of violence and racial tension. Querns tells the inmates that they may sell and use drugs freely as long as there is no violence. Head guard Sean Murphy, an ardent supporter of McManus, is appalled by Querns' system, especially because it makes Adebisi, Pancamo, and Morales the trustees. Murphy questions Querns' motive in transferring all of the Aryan and Biker inmates out of Emerald City. Querns fires Murphy and instates a black officer Travis Smith as the head of Emerald City. Querns later recommends that Glynn transfer out all of the guards loyal to Sean Murphy also. Glynn allows Querns to transfer all of the white guards with the exception of Claire Howell, who hates McManus. All of the new guards transferred into Emerald City are black, as are all of the new inmates. However, none of these inmates are Muslim. This angers Arif, who had helped Adebisi get a black man to run Emerald City in the first place. The new inmates are also all loyal to Adebisi, who becomes the most powerful and influential inmate in the prison, and is given free rein by Querns as long as he suppresses violent incidents. Adebisi now has the freedom to satisfy all his vices, installing a curtain in his cell and creating his own version of "paradise", although he could not escape the fact that he was still in prison. In time, the Christian and gay gangs, both predominantly white, are replaced by black inmates, and soon the Italian and Latino inmates are deprived of the drug trade. When these two groups are sent to Unit B, two of Adebisi's lieutenants, Poet and Supreme Allah, are named trustees to replace Pancamo and Morales.

At the same time, two of the few white inmates left in Emerald City, Chris Keller and Ryan O'Reily, decide to work together to bring Adebisi and Querns down. Keller murders inmates Nate Shemin and Mondo Browne, and they frame Supreme Allah. This causes Glynn to begin to mistrust Querns, who in turn begins to mistrust Adebisi, who tries to force a confession out of his lieutenant and various others. Adebisi is rattled by these events and begins to distrust his own men.

Said, the re-instated leader of the Muslims, is greatly concerned about the effects of Adebisi's leadership in Emerald City under Querns. Said believes that Emerald City is rapidly becoming an inferno in which black inmates are being mentally poisoned. Noting Adebisi's distrust of his men in light of the murders, Said pretends to join forces with Adebisi with the covert intention of bringing him down. Said learns of Adebisi's video recordings of drug parties in his cell, and resolves to find a way to supply Glynn with this damning evidence of Querns' misconduct.

Adebisi accepts Said's request to move into his cell and voluntarily gives him a video tape to "test his loyalty." However, Said gives the tape to the warden and Querns is immediately fired. When McManus is reinstated as unit manager of Emerald City, he announces Adebisi's transfer out of the prison unit. In retaliation Adebisi tries to kill Said, gaining the attention of McManus, the guards and the prisoners. A large bloodstain splatters on the white curtains of the cell the two share and Adebisi soon emerges, seemingly victorious and unscathed. However, he reveals his injuries by spitting out blood from his mouth and collapsing at the top of the stairs, dead. His death was later ruled as self-defense since Adebisi attempted to murder Said first.

title: Simon Adebisi


text:
Ping Pals

Ping Pals is a chat/accessory program developed by WayForward Technologies and published by THQ for the Nintendo DS. It was released on December 8, 2004 in North America & It was released in Europe in early 2005. The program allows the user to customise their "Ping Pal" avatar and game interface by selecting from over 1000 different items such as hairstyles, makeup, clothing, backdrops, music loops and sound effects.

Gameplay
Items can be unlocked by trading with other players or buying them in a shop. Players must trade to complete their collections, as each cartridge's shop offers a different subset of the items. Players receive a regular allowance of coins, using the DS' date-keeping functionality, and can get more by playing mini-games (such as Guess the Number and Hot Potato), typing certain secret words in chat (each word works once per file) and even for choosing to display the credits screen more than once.

Up to 16 players can connect wirelessly using one game cartridge; each must be within about 100 feet (30 m) of one of the others to exchange text and picture messages.

Reception
Although Ping Pals was marketed as a nonviolent, girl-friendly game, it was frequently criticized as not being interactive enough to be called a game. In addition to this, the DS has a built-in chat program called PictoChat. PictoChat includes features that Ping Pals lacks, and due to this, the game received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. For instance, Nintendo Official Magazine, in its Nintendo DS special, opened their review of the game by describing its existence as being "a bit like paying money to breathe air." By contrast with other summaries in the magazine, which were typed and more detailed, the reviewer gave a one word summary, handwritten in PictoChat, reading "POINTLESS".

Several images in Ping Pals were licensed from QPlay. These include the Cupimon, a green creature that dances in the startup animation, and several avatar and clothing graphics.

The game received two zeroes and one 1.5 from Electronic Gaming Monthly, the lowest average score in the history of the publication.

title: Ping Pals


text: Category:Military images

title: Category:Military images