text:
Talk:25924 Douglasadams

Post
IS this really a stub, or just a very small but valid entry. I would suggest the latter. Rich Farmbrough 21:38, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Rewrite 2017
As of 2017, 25924 Douglasadams has been rewritten and brought to a start level. R fassbind – talk  22:03, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:25924 Douglasadams


text:
Rickson Gracie

Rickson Gracie (born November 21, 1959) is a Brazilian retired mixed martial artist. He is a member of the Gracie family: the third oldest son of Hélio Gracie, brother to Rorion and Relson Gracie, and half-brother to Rolker, Royce, Robin and Royler Gracie. In the 1980s and 1990s, he was widely considered to be the best fighter of the Gracie clan, and one of the toughest in the world. In July 2017, he was promoted to ninth-degree red belt, the second-highest ranking in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.

Biography
Rickson Gracie, son of Helio Gracie, received his black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu at age 18 in 1977.

Matches against Rei Zulu
At 20, Gracie was pitted in a high-profile fight in Brasilia against famous Brazilian professional wrestler and fighter Casemiro "Rei Zulu" Nascimento Martins (father of Zuluzinho). Rei Zulu was not a qualified martial artist, having only a background in a supposedly indigenous wrestling style named tarracá, but he weighed 230 pounds (104 kg) and had experience in the vale tudo circuit, being supposedly 270–0 at the time. Despite the size difference, Gracie won the match at the third round by submitting Zulu with a rear naked choke, gaining immediate national recognition.

In 1984, Zulu requested a rematch in Rio de Janeiro, which became a controversial affair. According to Zulu, the Gracie family demanded the rules to be changed just one hour before the event, banning closed-fisted strikes, direct punches to the face, and kicks to a downed opponent. During the match, held in the Maracanazinho before an audience of 20,000 spectators, Zulu himself fouled by trying to eye-gouge Gracie, while Gracie himself gave Zulu a low blow later into the fight. Gracie also claimed Zulu was oiled up with vaseline in order to impede his grip. In any case, Gracie won again, submitting his opponent with another choke in the second round.

In November of the same year, Zulu defeated kickboxing champion Sérgio "Rock" Batarelli in another fight, which was the condition to host another match against Gracie, but it never happened.

Challenges to luta livre
In 1988, promoters tried to put together an anticipated fight between Gracie and luta livre exponent Marco Ruas. However, Hélio Gracie refused, demanding either that Gracie received a higher payment or that the bout happened inside the Gracie Academy, which were both rejected, so the fight didn't take place. Later, Gracie himself challenged Ruas to an impromptu match during a meeting with luta livre fighters in the Clube Boqueirão do Passeio. The reasons why this second fight fell off too are disputed: Gracie claimed Ruas asked for time to train, while Ruas claimed Hélio shut down the idea by claiming Ruas was not a true luta livre representative. Other names like Eugenio Tadeu and Hugo Duarte were offered, but rejected.

Months later, Gracie was challenged by lutador Denilson Maia, but the latter's father died and he had to be replaced by Duarte. Although Duarte only wanted to fight in an event for a purse, Gracie encountered him on the beach, slapped him in front of his students and demanded him to fight there, so Hugo stepped down and faced Gracie on the sand. Gracie won after making him surrender to punches to the face. Shortly after, claiming that Gracie students had kicked him and thrown sand to his eyes during the fight, Duarte came to Gracie's gym and demanded a rematch. Gracie won again, causing a riot which forced neighbours to call the police.

Shortly after, Gracie challenged Tadeu, who had been entangled in a bout with his brother Royler when the police came. Royler and Tadeu fought to a 50-minute draw. The rivalry between Brazilian jiu-jitsu and luta livre continued without Rickson Gracie, as he left Brazil for the United States after the fight.

Vale Tudo Japan
In 1994, Gracie was contacted by Erik Paulson to compete in Satoru Sayama's event Vale Tudo Japan. Gracie traveled to Japan and participated in the tournament, firstly facing Daido-juku stylist Yoshinori Nishi. Gracie took him down and Nishi answered with a lockdown from half guard, but Gracie was able to pass his guard and catch him with a rear naked choke when Nishi turned his back. He later faced much larger wing chun practitioner Dave Levicki, but he was an even easier prey once taken down, and Gracie won by TKO after a flurry of punches. Gracie then fought American kickboxer Bud Smith at the finals, winning by the same method in even less time and getting the tournament's victory.

The same year, pro wrestler Yoji Anjo performed a dojo storm to challenge Gracie, after failed negotiations about Gracie wrestling for Union of Wrestling Force International. Gracie was the better in the fight and performed abundant ground and pound on Anjo, who did not surrender, so Gracie choked him unconscious.

A year later, Gracie was invited again to the next Vale Tudo Japan. In the first round he faced shoot style professional wrestler and mixed martial artist Yoshihisa Yamamoto from Fighting Network Rings, who unlike Gracie's previous opponents managed to keep him away from the mat by using the ropes and even tried a guillotine choke. However, Gracie eventually took him down and choked him. He squared against another pro wrestler in the form of Koichiro Kimura, swiftly defeating him, then met shoot wrestler Yuki Nakai at the finals. Nakai, who was almost blind from an earlier match against Gerard Gordeau, put up strong resistance to Gracie, but Gracie managed to take his back and choke him for another tournament win.

Pride Fighting Championships
In 1997, Gracie signed up to a fight against Yoji Anjo's superior Nobuhiko Takada in the Pride 1 event. Before the Tokyo Dome's 47,860 spectators, Gracie defeated the inexperienced Takada, mounting him and locking an armbar in 4:47.

Now enjoying a growing popularity in Japan, according to Gracie he was proposed to fight Mario Sperry at Pride 3, but the process was stopped due to Carlson Gracie's disavowal. Pride management also offered him to take Royce Gracie's place in his cancelled match with Mark Kerr, but he refused, citing one month to be a too short time to prepare. Fighting Network Rings's chairman Akira Maeda also challenged Gracie and proposed a fight as his own retirement match, but it was rejected. Gracie only agreed to sign up to a rematch against Takada at Pride 4, stating: "I feel Takada is a warrior and deserves the chance to try and redeem himself."

In their rematch, Takada had improved and was able to wrestle Gracie to neutralize his groundwork advantage, but Gracie used a failed leglock attempt from the Japanese to sweep him and mount him. Nonetheless, Takada kept fighting under the jiu-jitsu master, dismounting him and threatening with a heel hook attempt, but Gracie, who was waiting until the end of the round to prevent Takada from capitalizing should he miss his opportunity, applied an armbar and submitted him again.

In May 2000, after Takada understudy Kazushi Sakuraba defeated Royler Gracie in the Pride 8 event, he took the mic and challenged Gracie, who was in the Gracie corner, but nothing came of it. Gracie preferred to face Pancrase's retired ace Masakatsu Funaki at Colosseum event. The event almost got cancelled, as Gracie demanded special rules which banned headbutts, elbow strikes, and strikes to the head both standing or on the ground, but an agreement was reached when the Pancrase management conceded to ban headbutts and elbows.

At the event, held at the Tokyo Dome and broadcast to 30 million TV Tokyo viewers, Gracie and Funaki started the fight clinching to the corner. Masakatsu appeared to have secured a guillotine choke, but the hold was loose and Gracie managed to go to the mat. They traded kicks to no effect, until some well timed upkicks from Gracie blew out Funaki's gravely injured knee. They clinched again, but the Japanese's injury rendered him unable to wrestle Gracie correctly, and he was taken down by the Brazilian, who promptly mounted him. Masakatsu looked stunned while Gracie bloodied his face with ground and pound, and finally Gracie forced his way into a rear naked choke. During the post-match interview, Gracie claimed that one of the hammerfists delivered by Funaki made him lose his eyesight for a few moments.

After the Colosseum event, Gracie expressed interest in fighting judo medalist Naoya Ogawa, who was signed up for the next Colosseum event. He was also proposed by Pride management to fight Kazushi Sakuraba, who had already defeated Royce Gracie as well, but Gracie refused saying that Sakuraba "didn't have the spirit of a warrior". Gracie further said he didn't want to fight a wrestler who was so much smaller than him. Thus, New Japan Pro-Wrestling invited him to face Shinya Hashimoto, Manabu Nakanishi or Kazuyuki Fujita, but they were refused. The fight against Ogawa was set to the next year, with Naoya vacating his NWA World Heavyweight Championship to focus on training for the bout.

However, tragedy struck when Gracie's son Rockson was found dead in January 2001. Affected by the loss, Gracie contemplated retirement, and the event fell off after some negotiations. Months later, he stated he was willing to fight again and evaluating propositions, but nothing came from it. When the matchup with Sakuraba was brought up again, Gracie expressed disinterest.

Other appearances
In August 2002, Gracie had a special appearance in Japanese media helping out Ogawa before his bout against Matt Ghaffari at the UFO Legend event, in which he assisted. After the event, Ogawa talked again about a fight against Gracie, which Gracie considered as possible return match. Gracie also mentioned Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira and Kazuyuki Fujita as candidates to fight him in said return. However, nothing of it came to fruition, even after UFO president Tatsuo Kawamura proposed creating an event in order to hold the match.

In 2003, Antonio Inoki offered Gracie USD$5 million for a fight against Fujita, but it had no answer.

After the match between Royler Gracie and Genki Sudo in 2004, the latter challenged Gracie. Producer Sadaharu Tanikawa tried to put together a bout between both, but he was unsuccessful. Three years later, after Kazushi Sakuraba defeated Masakatsu Funaki, Tanikawa also tried to promote a bout between Sakuraba and Gracie in 2008, with the same results.

On July 21, 2014, Gracie appeared on episode #524 of The Joe Rogan Experience podcast hosted by Joe Rogan.

In November 2014 he became an inductee of the Legends of MMA Hall of Fame, alongside Big John McCarthy, Pat Miletich, and Fedor Emelianenko.

In other media
Gracie was the subject of the 1995 documentary, Choke, by filmmaker Robert Goodman. The documentary followed Gracie and two other fighters (Todd Hays and Koichiro Kimura) as they prepared and fought in Tokyo's Vale Tudo Japan 1995. Released by Manga Entertainment, the film has been distributed to 23 countries. Gracie had a small role in 'The Incredible Hulk' as Bruce Banner's aikido instructor, despite his jiu-jitsu background. He has appeared on National Geographic's television programme Fight Science.

On May 8, 2020, news surfaced that a Netflix film about Rickson Gracie in production. The film is directed by José Padilha and the role of Gracie is played by Cauã Reymond. The film was targeted for release in the second half of 2021. It is yet to be released and no additional information has been given.

Criticism of other fighters
Gracie raised the ire of some in the MMA community by criticizing the abilities of top fighters. In 1996, speaking about Ultimate Fighting Championship tournament winners, he labelled Don Frye and Mark Coleman as "very weak", and said that the latter "would offer no danger." He also saw Wallid Ismail as an "average fighter," Kazushi Sakuraba as "not a fighter that has a great expertise in anything" and "lucky all the time," and Marco Ruas as "nothing special" and "basic". Ruas, who was known for challenging Gracie to a fight several times in his career, was quoted in return as: "Talk is cheap. He has to step up in the ring and prove what he says."

Though he had not fought in a sanctioned MMA contest in eight years, Gracie claimed in 2008 that he could still beat the current top fighters easily. In an interview with Tokyo Sports, Gracie argued that Fedor Emelianenko was a great athlete, but possessed "so-so" technical ability, and that he (Gracie) was "100% sure" that he could defeat him. Two years after, Gracie stated that he disagreed with those who view Emelianenko as "somehow special" and that he believed Emelianenko deserved to lose the decision in his fight with Ricardo Arona; described Brock Lesnar as having "zero defense from the bottom" in the fight against Carwin; and criticized Shane Carwin for what he perceived were deficiencies in Carwin's jiu-jitsu game, characterizing him as "strong as a bull but flimsy like a paper tiger." Previous critical comments that Gracie made about Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira (claiming that Nogueira had "no guard") prompted Wanderlei Silva to say that Gracie is "living in a fantasy world" and launch a new challenge to him.

Fighting record
His father Hélio Gracie disputed Rickson's claim to have had over 400 fights. According to Hélio, Rickson has only competed in fights that are commonly known and reported: the two against Rei Zulu and those that took place in Japan. Helio Gracie alleged that Rickson uses practice and amateur bouts to obtain a number over 400, and that if he counted his fights like Rickson does, he would have in excess of one million.

Footage does exist of Rickson competing against his cousin Rigan Machado in a jiu-jitsu match in 1986, in what was one of the first public matches between members of the family. He also competed in sambo and submitted several competitors in a tournament. However, these were not no holds barred or mixed martial arts fights, and as such would count towards his records in jiu-jitsu and sambo instead of his fighting record.

Rickson's only official loss in martial arts competition was at the 1993 U.S. Sambo Championships in Norman, Oklahoma. Rickson, claiming to be a gold medalist at 1980 Pan American Sambo Championships at 74 kilograms, faced judo and sambo champion Ron Tripp. Tripp threw Gracie to the canvas by uchi mata in 47 seconds, thus giving Tripp absolute victory under FIAS international sambo rules. Rickson disputed this loss, claiming he was misinformed of the rules of the event, despite claiming to be a two-time Pan American champion in sambo.

Personal life
Gracie has four children; Rockson Gracie (deceased), Kauan, Kaulin and Kron Gracie. His son Rockson died of a drug overdose in December 2000; Gracie was scheduled to fight Kazushi Sakuraba that year but the event was canceled and Gracie never fought professionally again.

Gracie announced in an interview on June 21, 2023 that he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2021.

Jiu-jitsu record

 * - style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Method
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Event
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Time
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
 * Win||🇧🇷 Joe Moreira || Submission (Choke) || V Copa Company - Absolute  || 1988|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Joe Moreira || Submission (Choke) || V Copa Company - Light Heavyweight|| 1988|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Rigan Machado || Submission (Rear-naked choke) || Independent promotion|| 1986|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Murilo Sa || Submission (Armbar) || Copa Cantao|| 1986|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Rigan Machado || Submission (Exhaustion) || III Copa Company|| 1986|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Otavio Peixotinho || Submission (Armbar) || LINJJI || 1984|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Sergio Penha || Submission (Choke) || AABB || 1981|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Sergio Penha || Submission (Armbar) || AABB || 1981|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Rigan Machado || Submission (Exhaustion) || III Copa Company|| 1986|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Otavio Peixotinho || Submission (Armbar) || LINJJI || 1984|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Sergio Penha || Submission (Choke) || AABB || 1981|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Sergio Penha || Submission (Armbar) || AABB || 1981|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Sergio Penha || Submission (Choke) || AABB || 1981|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Sergio Penha || Submission (Armbar) || AABB || 1981|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Sergio Penha || Submission (Armbar) || AABB || 1981|| || ||
 * Win||🇧🇷 Sergio Penha || Submission (Armbar) || AABB || 1981|| || ||

title: Rickson Gracie


text:
User talk:Canadiense~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Lst27 ( t a l k )  21:38, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Canadiense~enwiki


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User talk:THollan

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! violet/riga (t) 21:39, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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(The) Velvet Underground
You're right about reverting, I was being hyper-correct instead of practical. -- Curt Woyte 08:52, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Julia Stiles article
Good catch on the Julia Stiles article. Moreso then that person not being known, that quote should be deleted because it's not cited and could be totally made up. --Brian1979 16:00, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Re:RichardDavila
You can report him on WP:AIV. --cholmes75 (chit chat) 15:23, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Scratch that, it looks like he's been banned. --cholmes75 (chit chat) 15:24, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:THollan


text:
Paleoarchean

The Paleoarchean, also spelled Palaeoarchaean (formerly known as the early Archean), is a geologic era within the Archean Eon. The name derives from Greek "Palaios" ancient. It spans the period of time. The era is defined chronometrically and is not referenced to a specific level of a rock section on Earth. The earliest confirmed evidence of life comes from this era, and Vaalbara, one of Earth's earliest supercontinents, may have formed during this era.

Early life
The geological record from the Paleoarchean era is very limited. Due to deformation and metamorphism, most rocks from the Paleoarchean era cannot provide any useful information. There are only two locations in the world containing rock formations that are intact enough to preserve evidence of early life: the Kaapvaal Craton in Southern Africa and the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia.

The Dresser Formation is located in the Pilbara Craton, and contains sedimentary rock from the Paleoarchean Era. It is estimated to be 3.48 billion years old. The Dresser Formation includes a great variety of structures caused by ancient life including stromatolites and MISS once formed by microbial mats. Such microbial mats belong to the oldest ascertained life form and may include fossilized bacteria. The Strelley Pool Chert, also located in the Pilbara Craton, contains stromatolites that may have been created by bacteria 3.4 billion years ago. However, it is possible that these stromatolies are abiogenic and were actually formed through evaporitic precipitation then deposited on the sea floor.

The Barberton Greenstone Belt, located in the Kaapvaal Craton, also contains evidence of life. It was created around 3.26 Ga when a large asteroid, about 37 to(-) wide, collided with the Earth. The Buck Reef chert and the Josefsdal chert, two rock formations in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, both contain microbial mats with fossilized bacteria from the Paleoarchean era. The Kromberg Formation, near the top of the Onverwacht Group which itself is a part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, dates back to approximately 3.416–3.334 Ga and contains evidence of microbial life reproducing via multiple fission and binary fission.

Continental development
Similarities between the Barberton Greenstone Belt in the Kaapvaal Craton and the eastern part of the Pilbara Craton indicate that the two formations were once joined as part of the supercontinent Vaalbara, one of Earth's earliest supercontinents. Both cratons formed at the beginning of the Paleoarchean era. While some paleomagnetic data suggests that they were connected during the Paleoarchean era, it is possible that Vaalbara did not form until the Mesoarchean or Neoarchean eras.

It is also unclear whether there was any exposed land during the Paleoarchean era. Although several Paleoarchean formations such as the Dresser Formation, the Josefsdal Chert, and the Mendon Formation show some evidence of being above the surface, over 90 percent of Archean continental crust has been destroyed, making the existence of exposed land practically impossible to confirm or deny. It is likely that during the Paleoarchean era, there was a large amount of continental crust, but it was still underwater and would not emerge until later in the Archean era. Hotspot islands may have been the only exposed land at the time.

Due to a much hotter mantle and an elevated oceanic geothermal gradient compared to the present day, plate tectonics in its modern form did not exist during the Paleoarchean. Instead, a model of "flake tectonics" has been proposed for this era of geologic time. According to this model, instead of normal subduction of oceanic plates, extensively silicified upper oceanic crust delaminated from lower oceanic crust and was deposited in a manner similar to ophiolites from the later Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons.

title: Paleoarchean


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Category talk:Bible chapters

What the heck is the purpose of having encyclopedia articles on individual chapters of the Bible? Is the goal to produce a chapter by chapter, verse by verse commentary?!? Seems impossible to do from a NPOV, but I'd love to hear what's really intended here. Thanks. Wesley 21:40, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Why would it be impossible to do NPOV? Can we write articles on LeVey's Satanic Bible, Homer's Odyssey and other religious works NPOV - if so, we can do this. --Oldak Quill 00:48, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Bible chapters


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Aperture (mollusc)

The aperture is an opening in certain kinds of mollusc shells: it is the main opening of the shell, where the head-foot part of the body of the animal emerges for locomotion, feeding, etc.

The term aperture is used for the main opening in gastropod shells, scaphopod shells, and also for Nautilus and ammonite shells.

The word is not used to describe bivalve shells, where a natural opening between the two shell valves in the closed position is usually called a gape.

Scaphopod shells are tubular, and thus they have two openings: a main anterior aperture and a smaller posterior aperture.

As well as the aperture, some gastropod shells have additional openings in their shells for respiration; this is the case in some Fissurellidae (keyhole limpets) where the central smaller opening at the apex of the shell is called an orifice, and in the Haliotidae (abalones) where the row of respiratory openings in the shell are also called orifices.

In gastropods
In some prosobranch gastropods, the aperture of the shell can be closed, and even completely sealed, with a sort of door or operculum.

The aperture of many snail shells is more or less round, rounded, elliptical or oval. This shape usually corresponds roughly to the cross-section of the body whorl of the shell.

The aperture of a snail shell can have many other forms: semicircular, trilobate or auriculate. In some gastropods, the aperture is narrowed by protruding plaits, which help make the soft parts of the animal less vulnerable to predation.

The growth of the shell is provided for by non-continuous addition of minute layers to the aperture margin (also called peristome) from the mantle border, the principal agent in the secretion of the shell.

Terminology
The margin of the aperture is sometimes continuous or entire (Epitonium), or becomes continuous in the adult (Caracolus); very frequently it is interrupted, the left side of the aperture being formed only by the body whorl. When the aperture is called holostomatous, this means that the aperture is rounded or entire, uninterrupted by the siphonal canal, notch, or by any other extension

For convenience of reference, the margin of a gastropod aperture is divided into three areas: The aperture is descending or deflected, when it does not follow the spiral of the shell, but turns downwards (such as in Helix). Sometimes it departs from contact with the preceding whorl (as frequently in Cylindrella.
 * The parietal wall with the outer lip (labrum): the area next to the penultimate whorl of the shell. The siphonal notch is situated at the top.
 * The columellar wall with the columellar lip (labium): the wall next to the columella. The siphonal canal is situated at its base.
 * The palatal wall: the outer free wall of the final whorl of the shell.

Shape
The shape of the aperture in a gastropod shell can be:
 * auriform, ear-shaped, as in Auriculella* bean - for example: Aerotrochus perdepressa
 * circular, rotundate, orbicular
 * claw-shaped aperture - Some Melongenidae have a claw-shaped aperture
 * crescent-shaped - examples: Hyalosagda arboreoides, Dialeuca conspersula
 * distorted aperture - Personidae has a distorted aperture
 * linear, narrow. Cypraea, Conus
 * longitudinal, when its greatest diameter is parallel with the axis of volution
 * lunate, semilunar, semicircular or half-moon Nerita
 * transverse, when its greatest diameter is at a right angle to the axis of volution
 * oblique, when the greatest diameter is oblique to the axis of volution
 * oblong, much longer than it is wide, rounded above and below
 * oval or teardrop - examples: Geomelania minor, Urocoptis ambigua
 * ovate, egg-shaped
 * patulous, when dilated and then compressed, when diminished at its entrance
 * quadrate, roughly square or rectangular, as in Architectonica
 * rounded, the circle slightly interrupted; example: Valvata sincera. Consequently, there is no siphonal canal but simply an opening for respiration.
 * semicircular
 * with the top angle acute - examples: Leptopeas micrum, Varicella griffithii
 * triangular, as in Janthina
 * without an aperture

With teeth
The shells of juveniles in some species (especially some families of land snails) have a simple aperture with a sharp edge, but after reaching adult size the aperture of the shell finally acquires adult characters, consisting of a thickened, reflected, inflected or lipped edge, which is sometimes more or less contracted by inflected calcareous projections known as teeth. These teeth may be outer lip teeth, columellar teeth or parietal teeth.

Folds or plicae are named by their position in the aperture, as follows. The numbers refer to those in the diagram shown opposite:

Folds or plicae 1. suprapalatal

2. upper palatal

3. interpalatal

4. lower palatal

5. infrapalatal

6. basal

Lamellae are named as follows: 1. infracolumellar

2. columellar

3. supracolumellar

4. infraparietal

5. parietal

6. angular and twin

7. paraller

title: Aperture (mollusc)


text: Category:High schools in Kentucky

title: Category:High schools in Kentucky


text:
Operation Soap

Operation Soap was a raid by the Metropolitan Toronto Police against four gay bathhouses in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, which took place on February 5, 1981. Nearly three hundred men were arrested, the largest mass arrest in Canada since the 1970 October crisis, before the record was broken during the 2006 Stanley Cup Playoffs in Edmonton, Alberta.

Although many gay bathhouses had previously been raided in Canada and other smaller raids followed, Operation Soap is considered a special turning point in the history of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community in Canada; the raids and their aftermath are today widely considered to be the Canadian equivalent of the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City. Mass protests and rallies were held denouncing the incident. These evolved into Toronto's current Pride Week, which is now one of the world's largest gay pride festivals and celebrated its 35th anniversary in 2015.

Most charges connected to the incident were eventually dropped or discharged, although some bathhouse owners were fined $40,000. Canada's "bawdy-house" law, under which the charges in this raid were laid, remained in effect until it was repealed in 2019, but was only rarely applied against gay establishments after the trials connected to the 1981 raids ended.

At the time it was widely believed that the raids were approved by Attorney General of Ontario Roy McMurtry and the provincial government. In a 2007 interview, however, McMurtry said that this was not the case: "The irony of the whole thing was that I had expressed my concern to the chief of police; that it really looked like we were dissolving into a police state. The whole thing looked terrible. Without a doubt, that was one of my most frustrating experiences." McMurtry subsequently served as Chief Justice of Ontario and wrote the 2003 decision of Ontario's Court of Appeal in favour of same-sex marriage.

In 2016, the play RAID: Operation Soap, written by Raymond Helkio and starring performance artist Keith Cole and actor Johnny Salib, premiered to a sold-out audience at Buddies In Bad Times Theatre in commemoration of 35 years since the raids. The same year, Toronto Police chief Mark Saunders expressed regrets on behalf of the Toronto Police Service for the raids.

Journalist Matthew Hays has criticized the media's frequent labelling of the Toronto raids as being Canada's Stonewall; according to Hays, that distinction should be extended to the 1977 Mystique and Truxx bathhouse raids in Montreal, which led within just a few months to Quebec becoming the first government in Canada to pass a law banning discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

History
The murder of Emanuel Jaques, an immigrant shoeshine boy, led to large protests to "clean up" Yonge Street in 1977. The political momentum from the protests would lead to Toronto police raiding many adult stores, body-rub parlours, and shoeshine stands along Yonge Street. Police would raid these establishments and make charges against business owners, effectively closing down many businesses even if many charges were eventually dropped.

Mayor John Sewell strongly supported gay rights in his 1978–1980 term as mayor. He condemned police raids, including the controversial raid on the gay magazine The Body Politic, where Toronto Police confiscated the newspapers subscription lists, advertisers lists, and other user information. Sewell strongly opposed these acts; however, his views ultimately cost him re-election. Without strong civic condemnation of raids on gay establishments, Operation Soap was the first raid on a gay establishment after Sewell left office.

1981

 * February 5: At 11 p.m., more than 150 police simultaneously raid the Club Baths, the Romans II Health and Recreation Spa, the Richmond Street Health Emporium and the Barracks in Toronto. Twenty owners, including George Hislop and Peter Maloney, are charged with "keeping a common bawdyhouse"; 286 men are charged as found-ins. The Richmond is so heavily damaged that it never reopens.
 * February 6: Over 3,000 protestors stage a mass demonstration against the raids, blocking traffic at several major intersections.
 * February 11: Hislop announces that he will run as an independent protest candidate in the riding of St. George in the 1981 provincial election.
 * February 16: Metropolitan Community Church of Toronto pastor Brent Hawkes begins a 25-day hunger strike.
 * February 20: Over 4,000 protestors march from Queen's Park to 52 Division of the Toronto Police.
 * March 6: A "Gay Freedom Rally", effectively Toronto's first Pride event, is held. Speakers, including author Margaret Atwood and Member of Parliament Svend Robinson, denounce the bathhouse raids. Robinson would later become Canada's first openly gay Member of Parliament in 1989; although he was already an MP and a civil libertarian activist at the time of the raids, he had not yet publicly come out.
 * March 12: Hawkes ends his hunger strike when Toronto City Council asks the mayor's community and race relations advisor, Daniel Hill, to investigate the bathhouse raids and the larger issue of police relations with the gay community. Hill later declines, but Arnold Bruner takes on the investigation on July 13.
 * March 19: The provincial election is held; Hislop loses to Progressive Conservative candidate Susan Fish. Fish was also supportive of the gay community in her riding; shortly after her election, she participated in a rally at Queen's Park to support the inclusion of sexual identity in the Ontario Human Rights Code.
 * March 30: Charges stemming from an earlier raid at the Barracks go to trial.
 * April 21: Six more people, including Hislop, are charged in connection to the February 5 raid.
 * May 30: A similar raid takes place in Edmonton, Alberta.
 * June 12: The March 30 trial finds two Barracks employees guilty of keeping a common bawdyhouse; three owners are found not guilty.
 * June 16: Police raid two more bathhouses, the Back Door Gym and Sauna and the International Steam Baths, arresting a further 21 men.
 * June 20: Demonstrators protest the June 16 raids; police violence against the protestors is reported.
 * July 3: The New Democratic Party calls for the bawdyhouse section of the Criminal Code to be repealed.
 * September 24: Bruner's report, Out of the Closet: Study of Relations Between Homosexual Community and Police, is released. It recognizes the gay community as a legitimate community, and calls for a permanent dialogue committee between the community and the Toronto Police.
 * September 30: A man charged with assaulting a police officer at the June 20 protests is acquitted in provincial court; the judge calls for an investigation into police conduct.
 * October 7: Toronto's lesbian community holds its first Dykes in the Street march.
 * November 2: The first keeper trial from the February 5 raids comes before the court. One employee pleads guilty, but is given an absolute discharge; five others have their charges withdrawn.
 * November 20: The head of the Club Baths pleads guilty to conspiracy and is fined $40,000.

1982

 * January 11: The owner of the Richmond Street baths pleads guilty; five other charges are dropped.
 * January 20: Police chief Jack Ackroyd issues a statement that gay people are entitled to "the same rights, respect, service and protection as all citizens", and recognizing them as "legitimate members of the community". Gay leaders note, however, that his statement recognizes gay individuals, but says nothing about the legitimacy of "the gay community".
 * February 6: A demonstration commemorating the anniversary of the raids is held.
 * March 26: One owner of the Back Door Gym is found guilty and fined $3,000; two others are given conditional discharges.
 * June 2: A full-page ad supporting repeal of the bawdyhouse laws, signed by over 1,400 people, appears in The Globe and Mail.

By April 1983, 87 per cent of the "found-ins" charged in the Toronto and Montreal raids have been acquitted at trial; 36 individuals have been found guilty but received absolute or conditional discharges. The last remaining charge related to the 1981 raids was settled by plea bargain on February 7, 1985.

title: Operation Soap


text:
User:Emax/chris

(moved from Requests for arbitration)

Administrator Chris_73
His behavior as an administrator is not acceptable. He urged Helga Jonas (user:H.J., one of her sockpuppets user:24.7.179.169) to start editwars.

He call user Space Cadet a moron (...And ''just ignore the ridiculing of Space Cadet (Liebchen??? - what a mXXXX)...) and he makes fun of Polish culture (... In the meantime, please enjoy this particular aspect of the polish culture''...). (see: ).

He urged hardbanned Helga Jonas to start editwars and was very thankful for her vandalism (...Thank you very much for your work...).

Because of personal reasons (he dont like Poles, and specially me), he claimed yesterday that i have broked the 3RR, but i did not broke the rule and my block wasn't backed by official policy. (see: ). For the exact same reason admins refused to ban other users, see:.

After the block he tried to silent me and remove my comments on the Administrators' noticeboard. The Controversial blocks article says: nr. 3 ''If possible, contact other administrators informally to be sure there are others who agree with your reasoning. The administrators' noticeboard, IRC and email are effective tools for this.''

His behavior should have some consequences (exspecially because he offended Poles and called Space Cadet a moron).--Emax 13:11, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Guess Emax is upset that he got blocked for a 3RR. Anyway, I don't know any Helga Jones, and the edits of the anon looked good to me. The complete discussion can be found on User talk:24.7.179.169/Archive, including the links to the two apologies for the two missteps (see and ), which followed shortly thereafter. I have no problem with Polish people, although I do not think too highly of Emax, for reasons other than his nationality. As for the 3RR: I stand by my view that the block was valid. Note, that I did not block him personally. I did block some of his IP adresses and reverted some of his edits while Emax was doing block evasion using numerous anonymous IP adresses. The suggestion to contacting other Admins as listed on Controversial blocks applies to the blocking admins, not to the blocked users, and the guidelines were followed by the parties responsible for the block. Thanks -- Chris 73 Talk 16:13, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Your not acceptable behavior was also noticed by Hallibut and BTW i was blocked but i dont have broked the 3RR (its clear why you have claimed that i broke the rule...)Emax 16:41, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * No, its applies for all users. --Emax 17:47, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

''I have moved these diffs from the votes section. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 16:15, 2005 Feb 3 (UTC)''
 * - making fun of Polish culture
 * and [ - calling Space Cadet a moron and thanked for Helga Jonas vandalism and editwars.
 * and [ - try to silent me on the Administrators board

 * --Emax 15:42, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

Chris also vandalized user-talk pages see:
 *
 *
 *

 *

Is it allowed for an administrator offending other users? What would be happen, if an user would call an administrator a moron? I guess he would be banned. And why is the blocking policy not the same for all users (see: Marcus2 case .)--Emax 16:41, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Emax/chris


text:
User talk:LeeDavis

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Lst27 ( t a l k )  21:42, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:LeeDavis


text:
User talk:Chotchki

Hey Daniel, Michael, Arun, and Andrew,

Sorry for running you on a wild goose chase, but after I setup this page I realized that the wikipedia admins would probably not approve of this page. So it has been moved here. Sorry again about the hassle.

title: User talk:Chotchki


text:
User talk:Gniw

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --Lst27 ( t a l k )  21:42, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Cangjie method
Thank you for making the Cangjie method article more informative. But there are some symbols that my browser doesn't show correctly. For example, in the table under "The short list of exceptions", the city radical doesn't show on my browser. All I see is a little square. How can I make it show up properly? ~Wang123 (Talk) 06:48, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Missing Characters
Hi Gniw,
 * I just realized something. I don't think the problem is that I don't have the font installed. When I copy the "square" representing the missing character from the article into MS Word, or into an input field of another browser window, then the character appears correctly. So I must have the correct font installed on my computer.

 * I think the problem lies in the web browser that I'm using. I just remembered a recent incident where my browser didn't properly show the IPA (international phonetic alphabet) symbols in the Hong Kong article page. At the time, I was corresponding with the user who inserted the IPA symbols into the article. That user fixed it by using something called an "IPA template". Unfortunately, I'm not familiar enough with HTML to understand how it works. From my understanding though, this only seems to be a problem with MSIE 6. When I try to view the article with Netscape 7.2, it works. But most other users wouldn't think of trying a different browser. And unfortunately, the population of MSIE users on the net is large enough for this to be a concern to you.

 * I hope this information helps you. I know you would want your work to be readable by the largest range of people possible.

~Wang123 (Talk) 11:11, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

A response to your comment
I've added a response to your comment in my talk page. Sorry for a 2 month delay. I haven't been very active on this site recently. Kowloonese 19:25, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

The word 係
As for the edit summary, I think the word was more usually used in written Chinese between the World Wars than today.. since vernacular Chinese which started to flourish in the late 1910s actually incorporated elements of different languages and dialects in its early stage of development. Kuo-yü was not in widespread use as today, and the way people wrote was influenced by the way they speak. Its usage is actually preserved to certain extent in written texts in Taiwan, but probably not the case in mainland China. — Instantnood 05:13, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Replied
 * Thanks so much.. learnt something new. :-D In fact most of the texts I read containing this usage are old texts, or those published in Taiwan. — Instantnood 07:09, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi Gniw! (Wing)
Thanks for the greeting on my talk page. Guess we should start a category for the ex-IO crew, eh? :) Cheers, Madmagic 03:55, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Room vs. Soup (RE)
In some English dialects, if not most, the U sound in soup is pronounced closer to the German ü or Russian ю, than the Hebrew U sound. In fact, I don't know if there's an exact English equivalent to this sound, but the U in room sounds more 'flat'. Same with the U in ooze for instance. If you think it's really important though, maybe it's better to search for more relevant sounds, or ask an expert.

On an unrelated note, you might want to specify that the language used in your spelling of Wing is Persian and not Arabic. I stared at it wondering what the last letter was until I noticed the link said 'Persian'. Not really important though I guess.

— Ynhockey 01:06, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

I also noticed on your user page the frustration regarding the Bable system. I agree completely that it's inadequate, although it is for slightly different reasons than you. In any case, check Wikipedia talk:Babel (at the bottom) for a discussion, and add your input :)

Kōgaryū
I checked out the article, I must say that the language and wording is somewhat beyond my knowledge of Japanese. Besides, you're the one who's supposed to know Kanji, or at least the remote meaning of many of them ;). But even so, I translated the section titled 特徴, into someone that's probably coherent; although this part:

All major decisions in the municipality were made by a majority vote from the union representatives.

is somewhat improvised, since it doesn't say that the majority vote involved only representatives (but this is what I can logically derive from the text. Will do some research on the subject later and make farther edits.)

At one point I actually thought of lowering my Japanese 'level' to 1, but I can understand average Japanese speech for all it's worth and speak and write on an OK level, which would probably constitute as a 2. Reading is a bit problematic, you know, I wasn't raised with Kanji, learning them is a bit difficult. But I'm already at about 400-500 :).

— Ynhockey 04:42, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikihug
Here is a Wikihug because I noticed your stress level was so high; I hope whatever stress you're having fades soon. ♥♥purpl e  feltangel  ♥  ♥  21:35, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Ming Pao Daily News (Toronto)
Could you please not include a subheading for "Rivals" in the article, given that both of the rivals listed are already links within the body text? Wikipedia policy is quite explicit that we're not supposed to repeat links in that manner. Thanks. Bearcat 06:59, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Replied
 * Ah, okay, sorry...thought you did since you've done the majority of the editing on the article since the last time I removed it. No worries. (And I already removed it, so no need for you to do that.) Bearcat 07:07, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Replied
 * The problem is that you can't characterize the Star ' s content as "extreme"; it's a point-of-view assertion (and not particularly a true one, either -- it's actually very much a "mushy middle" paper that seems further left because of what it gets compared to.) Bearcat 07:14, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Replied

Acacia Theatre Company
Hi, I've noticed that you have completed the merger on the above article. I had initiated the merger (i. e. placed the merge tags) and also initiated the discussion about merger, saying that I'd wait for comments till 22nd November before merging. The merge tags clearly indicate the place for discussing the issue. While I can appreciate your enthusiasm in merging, I'd also like you to be more circumspect in future and look at the discussion page(s) before acting on the merger. Kindly revert the changes so that there could be more participation on the discussion page. Thanks, --Gurubrahma 11:25, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Replied
 * Hi, thanks a ton!! I do accept that there is not much to be merged. However, I've been involved in around 30 mergers and sometimes the comments can be illuminating. For example, in this case, one may say Acacia Theatre should be retained as it is not a company (as in a LLC) as such, but only a drama troupe. Someone else may come back saying that the usage of company predates LLC and was used for drama troupes since the middle ages etc. Of the mergers I've been involved with, roughly 50% are closed without a discussion but in the other 50% lot of comments have come about. Regards, --Gurubrahma 05:40, 19 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Replied

Proposal up for a vote
A new proposal on representation of Norse mythology names is now up for a vote. I'm letting you know because you commented on that page :) - Haukur Þorgeirsson 00:51, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

English and NPOV
Thanks for your comments on the Noah's Ark piece. If the opponents revert it again, I may next delete the preposterous "objections" by "scientists" and the replies to these. The whole section is concocted out of whole cloth, just as is the enforced dichotomy between atheist scientists (a lie) and spiritual Creationists.

By the way, your English is, of course, superb, but near the top of your user page for "none of which has anything to do with my job title." I might use "have" for "has." Technically, "anybody, anyone, nobody, no one " and so on are singular, but "none" is tricky. Your usage makes some sense, but Merriam Webster on line says: "pronoun, singular or plural in construction" for "none" so I would pluralize it according to the construction and for assimilability by the hoi polloi. We might say "none of them was here" but the Agatha Christie cinema (1945) (which I saw that year, when it was new), based on ten little indians, is entitled "And Then There Were None." (The ten get killed one by one, as I recall). It is in your case a question of whether the grouping you refer to is regarded en masse or discretely. If en masse, then you are best off (in my opinion) the way you wrote it - the "none" refers to the group of items, from which you distance yourself. If discrete, I think the "have" is better, because you are counting off the items one by one. In any case, the average American (and, I'd wager, Brit) would consider the "has" stilted or giving pause. Or you could say "not any of which has..." Best regards, Carrionluggage 01:09, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Chinese Bible versions
多謝你有關中文聖經的貢獻. 我已將中文維基百科有關條目的鏈結加入文章中. 若你有空不妨也寫寫其他中文譯本的文章.

註：我住密西沙加市的，請多多指教.

Thank you for your contribution about Chinese Bible version. I have added the link for corresponding articles in Chinese Wikipedia in those articles. Also try writing other articles on other translations.

Note: I live in Mississauga, noce to meet you.

SYSS Mouse 05:34, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Replied

Re: Kung Kao Po

 * Reference

Are all the non-Cantonese speakers interested in knowing how to say a lot of Hong Kong-related terms in Cantonese? Definitely not. Even if some of them are interested in knowing about how to say something in Cantonese, can you expect all of them to know how to read those phonetic symbols? Of course not. So, there is not really a great demand for the Cantonese phonetic symbols, and that is exactly why there is no point to "flood" the first line in every article with three to four types of phonetic symbols for Cantonese like Instantnood always do. Especially when the formal name, like Kung Kao Po, is already a phonic translation from Cantonese, there is even more ridiculous and stupid for you to add several phonetic symbols for Cantonese that are serving the same purpose. A lot of people may want to come to the "real content" as soon as possible. But because they have to go through those three redundant types of symbols all the time before coming to the "real content". That is stupid.

Your analogy with the Hebrew-related articles does not make sense also. Such Hebrew terms are translated to English by phonic translations, but with several different spellings. A similar example in Cantonese would be "Kung Hei Fat Choi" and "Kung Hay Fat Choy", in which case both spellings should be include. But "Kung Kao Po" just have one official phonic translation. The case is completely different from that of the Hebrew-related articles. Don't force people to do some nonsense things that you come up with (for instance, deleting all the alternative romanizations of the Hebrew-related articles). If you want to do that, do it by yourself.

"Chinese people just do not value our own culture and heritage." Some Chinese people don't, but I do. You are overgeneralizing. (By the way, do you have the qualification to judge whether other Chinese people respect Chinese culture?) On top of that, what is the purpose for you to suddenly add this irrelevant sentence that does not follow from your previous paragraph? Do you mean it is a sign of unrespect to Chinese culture, just because we provide information about Cantonese pronunciation in a wiser way, and delete several symbols (while the symbols themselves are not Chinese characters)? That makes no sense at all. Think about it.

Well, if you want to insist adding things into the Kung Kao Po. Go ahead. Your edits may not necessarily be reverted. People may prefer allowing you to do something nonsense, rather than having an edit war with you.

-Alanmak 12:00, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Original message: ''This is sad. How can any English speaker know how to pronounce the name of the newspaper in Cantonese? Cantonese people of course knows how to pronounce the words; or do you provide Cantonese romanizations just for Cantonese people? Chinese people just do not value our own culture and heritage. Look at Hanukkah and Rosh Hashanah. Look at Kashrut. See how they all are romanizations. And they all have detailed romanizations in brackets that look just like the article titles. Look at their detailed romanizations in the parentheses. Try to remove their detailed romanisations, and see how other people might feel about your actions. The former two examples even have the detailed romanizations spelt exactly the same as the article titles, and the latter only differ by one letter; for "Kung Kao Po" at least the title of the newspaper is spelt very differently than the jyutping!—Gniw (Wing) 22:00, 28 November 2005 (UTC)''

Cantonese IPA
Re: /Criticism of Wikipedia, I guess the "normal IPA" you're referring to is something close to the S. L. Wong style, which is in turn modified from IPA, and used by academics like M W Ho in teaching. Many dictionaries claim their systems to be IPA, but they're not truly IPA and were actually modified for convenience of readers. Wikipedia is written for everybody and I believe using the real set of IPA (with tone contours) would be more useful for most readers who have no training in any specific system for Cantonese. — Instantnood 17:53, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Replied

 *  Thanks for your reply. The IPA symbols that I've added were based on Yale romanization, but I tend to omit the ː mark. I agree [k] and [kʰ] are phonemes with the English  and  respectively, but IMO on Wikipedia phonetic is more useful than phonemic, since phonemic is only useful for native speakers who are familiar with the symbols and the phonemes. (And by the way thanks for the friendly note on the endash. :-D ) — Instantnood 09:32, 30 November 2005 (UTC)
 *  Hmm.. IPA is actually the most recommended since it's useful to all readers who have no understanding of any systems specific to certain languages. What do you think we can improve it so it's going to be less confusing and ambiguous? — Instantnood 18:54, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Ongoing discussion on "Kung Kao Po"
I changed the colour of the table in the Kung Kao Po article to white colour, because the smaller "inner" box - the box in which the phonetic symbols are placed - has a white background colour. The colour doesn't really matter. You may change it to a more fancy colour if you want to. The idea of making the table is perfectly fine for me.

I have been thinking about whether 粵拼 should be provided, in addition to the phonic translation "Kung Kao Po", during the past few hours. I think that the 粵拼 does help for a little bit. If we make a table aside, it is fine to put 粵拼 in it. I just don't want to "flood" the first line of every articles with a **** load of phonetic symbols before readers can really come to the "real" content. But that Instant. guy is opposing the idea of making a table, which shows several phonetic symbols, aside of the make content of the article. (But meanwhile, he was the one who proposed that idea at the early beginning, and he was the one who always blame people for "flooding" the articles.) Let's stop the edit war and try to work something out.

- Alanmak 08:31, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Jesus
Check out the Jesus article and edit it to keep it focused on Jesus and a biographical account of Him. Watch the Jesus page to keep it focused on Him. Thank you. Scifiintel 21:59, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

[m]
In fact there're only three words pronounced in this way. :-) — Instantnood 14:09, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Ending consonant
Hello Wing can you think of any language (preferably European) that the ending consonants are pronounced in similar ways as the 入聲s in Cantonese and other Chinese languages? Thanks. — Instantnood 16:15, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Replied
 *  But then in Korean when an ending consonant is followed by a null initial, it's linked to the next syllable, unlike Cantonese and other Chinese languages. Is there any example in European languages? The Hong Kong English article suggested Basel German, but I haven't found any material to support that yet. Btw, sort of following up, how can we improve the way Cantonese pronunciation guide can be presented in IPA? Thanks. — Instantnood 16:38, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 *  I'm tryng to make sure the Basel German claim is correct, and if not, to provide another example. What about the aspirated and unaspirated divide in Cantonese.. is it like Danish, for instance? What can we do to improve the IPA pronunciation guide? — Instantnood 17:12, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 *  French is perhaps another exception, that voiceless consonants are not aspirated (see French phonology). — Instantnood 20:11, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Kung hei fat choi
Please kindly share with us at a move request discussion your observation from among the people in Toronto, and in other places in Ontario and Canada on the usage of this phrase. Thanks. — Instantnood 17:41, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

User categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians by alma mater page. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians by alma mater for instructions. --Cooksey 22:09, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Warm, sleepy and happy
Hi Gniw! I was passing by and saw that your Wikistress was very high. So this is a warm, sleepy and happy cat to make you feel warm, sleepy and happy. I hope your stress levels drop soon! ➨ ❝ R E  DVERS ❞ 22:14, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Serif
I read your discussion with James on his talk page. Is the dispute resolved? For the record, I can see merit to both sides of the argument, mostly because we're not really sure what's happened to the term "roman." -Vontafeijos 15:18, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Everything is fine re serif v.s roman. The discussion between Gniw and myself stemmed from semantic confusion, but we resolved that. :^) Arbo 03:53, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Pronunciation in English
I've put back the released. It is not aspirated. The aspiration can be simply tested by putting our hand in front of mouth, and saying 貝 and 佩. The unaspirated 貝 is with no strong flow of air whlist 佩 is. If you test it with word 舌 (sit), 十 (sap) and 育 (yuk), it make no strong air flow like aspirated initial character 貝, 鐵, 奇 and so on after pronounced the plosive. I've also confirmed this in 粵音韻彙. (I think in t of sit in English is aspirated.) See also  Aspiration (phonetics). HenryLi 05:09, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Reply
Have you tested that the final plosive really gave your hand a strong flow of air as those at the beginning?

I found the aspiration (phonetics) with a note on English.

''English voiceless stops are aspirated when they begin a stressed syllable, as in pen, ten, Ken, but this is not distinctive. That is, these consonants have unaspirated variants in other positions, such as word-finally or in an initial cluster with [s], as in spun, stun, skunk.''

Word-finally is unapirated. See also English_language.

You are right. I haven't learnt French. I only know the aspiration rule differs between English and French. For example, the Chinese translation 巴黎 of Paris matches the unaspirated P in beginning position in French.

Without good comparison, the section does not really helped neither to correct interpretation of the pronunciation nor to illustrate the different between actual sound of Cantonese and the perception from English speaker.

HenryLi 12:50, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Serif
Responding to your post to my talk page (sorry for the delay; I was on vacation; and sorry if, as your user page suggests, I've missed you, for reasons I completely understand)---I agree with your change and your reversion. Thanks. Bentorr 23:29, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Ninja
I was confused, then, by your statement, "I don't think the kanji "忍" has the literal meaning of "concealed" at all." I took this to mean that you didn't think the character meant "concealed", and therefore 忍者 didn't mean "concealed person". Can you see how I could be confused by the apparent contradiction? I posted this here on your talk page, too, since you said you were unwatching the article. --nihon 04:13, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Re: Capitalisation
 Thanks so much for your input. You may say I'm a little bit English-centric, but I'd say the French terms for its administrative divisions has entered English, and, to a certain extend, would follow the English rules. I agree it's understandable why the Hong Kong Government capitalises the term on its website. — Instantnood 22:08, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Do you know who these two guys are?
http://imgnews.naver.com/image/090/2005/10/07/N2005100711133745001.JPG --성혀니 10:16, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Those are tutors of tuition class, protraying themselves like pop idols in the ads. — Instantnood 08:32, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't understand what you say. Because I'm not living on Hong Kong--성혀니 11:09, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * No, I don't know who these two guys are.—Gniw (Wing) 06:57, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

linguistic question
hello, could i ask u some questions concerning phonology? i am a complete phonetic idiot (indeed an idiot in almost everything), so i hope someone like u can give me some guides. An urgent question for me is: is it true that we can pronounce, say, the sound (or u may say phoneme) /b/ in four ways: ???--K.C. Tang 12:06, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) unaspirated and unvoiced
 * 2) aspirated and voiced
 * 3) unaspirated and voiced
 * 4) aspirated and unvoiced
 * I think ur explanation is clear enough. So much from u, thanks a lot! However, if my understanding is correct, "b" can be aspirated, as in the ancient Indo-European langauges, eg, Sanskrit (we can often see "bh" in Sanskrit transcription). So it seems that we can have voiced and aspirated "b". But then can we have a voiceless and unaspirated "b"? I wonder. --K.C. Tang 00:48, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * woo......thanks for your patient explanations! although i must admit that the more i know, the more i am confused. +_- --K.C. Tang 08:57, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
 * but which kind of Cantonese transliterations you prefer? --K.C. Tang 09:58, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * but every transliteration method claims to be IPA, so which one do u mean, u can show me? i hope not that kind with those arcane symbols of 53, 56... and yes, i don't think the Jyutping an ideal method, but i guess a reason y ppl prefer it is that we can check the Jyutping at, but are there any sites where we can check the IPA? i dun know. --K.C. Tang 02:41, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Pe̍h-oē-jī
As with other Wikipedia procedures, common sense applies first before what is written in the policy. I do not support the deletion of the entire article. Rather, I posted the tag on it in order to attract attention from Wikipedians with the necessary language skills to translate the article.

The translation does not need to be completed in 2 weeks; it only needs to be shown that someone is working to translate it. You can see examples of this in this section of the page. I agree that the information in the Chinese text section is useful, but it is not appropriate to have such a large section not in English in the English (language) Wikipedia. — J3ff 05:46, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Ame ni mo Makezu
Hello Gniw -- I had some belated comments on your edits, over on the Talk page. Any replies welcome! Cheers, Eiríkr Útlendi 16:51, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Wikimedia Canada
Hi there! I'd like to invite you to explore Wikimedia Canada, and create a list of people interested in forming a local chapter for our nation. A local chapter will help promote and improve the organization, within our great nation. We'd also like to encourage everyone to suggest projects for our national chapter to participate in. Hope to see you there!--DarkEvil 02:25, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Image:First issue of Today Daily News.jpg
Gniw, I think there is no problem to tag the image with because this is not only for newspaper photograph, it covers some portion other than newspaper also. I have tagged with it. If you have any problem with this tag please let me know. Thank you, Shyam  ( T / C ) 07:35, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

I would love your help.
I know you are interested in christianity, and I recently started a new wiki over at wikicities which is on the subject of christianity. Christian Knowledge Base is the site.

The goal is to have a knowledgebase on christianity from a distinctly "C(hristian)POV" rather than the NPOV. It is not meant to be a mere Christian Encyclopedia, but to foster a real sense of community. I'd like to include things like current events, news, stories, and anything that would add to both an understanding of Christianity, but also its enjoyment. I'm looking for help to build a resource that could really enrich the lives of Christians.

I know you are busy but I am actively seeking new sysops/admins to help me build this site up, and I would be positively thrilled if you could contribute in any capacity whatsoever. nsandwich 05:51, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Establishment of The Wikimedia Hong Kong
encyclopedist 17:09, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Boshiamy is not pronunciation based
I've noticed your edit on Chinese input methods for computers. I'm a regular user of boshiamy, and i can assure you that it is entirely a structure based method. 嘸蝦米是形碼輸入法. (Boshiamy codes (long):"ovff cofu mn dez kmp lomf caur bp wyu . ", (short):"oek cox mn jn kmp tf cai bp wu . ") for example, to input 是 (not using short code), I decompose it into 日 一 止, and type in D E Z. In this process, I've never made use of the sound of 是 shi4. And to input 形, I decompose it into 幵 三(slanted), convert them into K M, and add P to it for the last stroke. I don't need to know that 形 is pronounced as xing2. And every user familiar with boshiamy has already forgotten the reason behind their association with letters. When I see 日, I type D without thinking, but certainly not 日 -> Day -> D, which is only for the very beginner. That's why boshiamy is not pronunciation based. -137.189.4.1 14:01, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

How to enter Chinese characters by typing their equivalent english Words?
Hello, dear Gniw.

I have a question. In the article Chinese input methods for computers you wrote that "Yet some systems allow Chinese characters to be input by typing their equivalent English words."

I am very interested, what systems do, if I had such possibility in my computer, I would use Chinese characters to communicate with friends. Because I can understand mostly, but don't know any pronunciation, just can't type yet.

Thank you for any help.

Inyuki 18:06, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Jesus
I recently found that the Jesus article on Wikipedia is the first item that comes up when you search for "Jesus" on the world’s most widely used search engine, Google.

Please edit the Jesus article to make it an accurate and excellent representation of Him; also, please edit other languages versions of the Jesus article as they are lacking, and perhaps also edit Baidu's wiki Jesus article.

The Jesus article may be a person’s first impression of Jesus. It would be nice if their first impression was from a Christian or the Bible, but for so many in these new days it probably comes from the Internet. Watch the Jesus page to keep it focused on Him. Thanks a lot.

Also, watch out to follow Wikipedia's Policies and guidelines. It is especially hard for the Three-revert rule and the Neutral point of view policy to be followed because of the nature of the article, but please follow these policies along with citing sources so that the article does not get locked from editing and can't be improved further. Thanks again. Scifiintel 18:01, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Wiktionary
Hi, should the Wiktionary entry for this kanji be changed to reflect the Sino-Japanese zā pronunciation? Badagnani 18:05, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Isn't that fascinating? You're absolutely right; Cantonese (and often Korean) seem to preserve ancient pronunciations, as the consonant endings were changed over time in the Mandarin dialect (which is now the standard). As an example, the ancient Chinese flute yak (籥) is now called yue. But in Korean and Cantonese it preserves the ancient consonant ending. Badagnani 08:35, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Regarding Wiktionary, I'd say go ahead and add those Sino-Japanese pronunciations (with examples, like I did) and that enriches everyone's knowledge. Badagnani 08:37, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Ci fan tuan
Hi, do you think Ci fan tuan should be put into the "Dim sum" and/or "Dumplings" categories? Badagnani 18:19, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

That's a nice way you add reference links to your discussion page posts. Isn't zongzi considered a dumpling? If so, probably ci fan tuan is one too, due to its being small and steamed. Badagnani 18:35, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for info. A dumpling, as defined by Wikipedia, is a small cooked ball of dough or doughy substance, sometimes wrapped and sometimes with a filling. I added "Dumplings" and "Dim sum" cats for ci fan tuan. But I wonder how it's cooked. The article doesn't say. I assume either steaming or boiling.

Yeah, I know what you mean about Wikipedia, but the information we're sharing is really invaluable. It's a kind of volunteer work for world knowledge, I think. And you have a lot of knowledge to share. It's a community, so there will always be some small conflicts, but we try to be reasonable and level-headed and add to one another's knowledge. That's the best case scenario, and it often works that way between editors, at least in the Asian cuisine articles I work on. Badagnani 22:08, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Re: Serif
I had actually been going back and forth between Blackletter and Gothic alphabet (I didn't know Japanese gothic typeface existed, and it isn't listed on the disambig page. Should it be, perhaps?) for that link. It was mostly because of these lines that I did stick it as Blackletter:
 * "The blackletter must not be confused either with the genuinely Gothic alphabet or with the sans-serif typefaces that are also sometimes called Gothic." (from Serif)
 * "Blackletter typefaces for the Latin alphabet are sometimes referred to as "Gothic script"." (from Gothic alphabet)

I had understood Serif to mean that the name gothic has fallen out of use because it is incorrect, so it made sense to me that another script that specifically mentioned being confused with gothic would be the right link. However, I can definitely understand why you're suggesting Japanese gothic, and all things considered, I agree that it makes more sense, especially stylistically, since it is in fact sans-serif. I also hadn't been thinking of the "typography sources" as possibly referencing non-Latin alphabets, though that was probably silly.

As far as whether "Japanese" should be removed from the name or not, I think I'd have to agree with those who say it should stay. Since there's already confusion about what gothic script is or isn't with the Latin alphabet, the last thing we need is to add more confusion with another script entirely, even if it is also called gothic. At any rate, I'll go fix that link now. Thanks for pointing it out. -Bbik 04:41, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I stand corrected, Japanese gothic is/was listed on the disambig page, just way at the bottom where I managed to overlook it.
 * I would imagine no one I know knows anything about gothic in relation to fonts, much less in Japanese, but I highly doubt any of them think gothic originated anywhere but in Europe, at some point during the Middle Ages. For my part, I'd previously heard of gothic as a font name, but never thought anything of it, it was just one of many in a list of fonts I never used.  Actually, if anything, I probably thought it was a serif font, as some sort of correlation to gothic cathedrals and all their points and extra bits. -Bbik 06:42, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Umlaut (diacritic)
Your log message is not very informative. Please explain your rationale.

I know the difference between an umlaut and a diaeresis. There pinyin ü describes the same kind of sound change as the German umlaut. What is your rationale for abusing the word "diaeresis", which is a totally different thing? Do you mean you consider the Finnish ü also a diaeresis?! Do you know what a diaeresis is? Maybe you should reread the article too. Or perhaps you should take out a dictionary and see what a diaeresis is, since Wikipedia articles are so untrustworthy.—Gniw (Wing) 19:28, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Please try to read my comment on the article’s talk page; I know it’s a mess and it’s hard to read. Sorry for the mess.

 * I know that in Finnish (and most other European languages), ä and ö are considered letters in their own rights and not accented letters (you might have known that if you checked my user page). But if you have to call the diacritic that is technically just part of the letter, you will have to call it an umlaut because that’s what it is. It is not a diaeresis.

 * You are confusing the symbol with its linguistic meaning. In modern Spanish, for example, the diaeresis mark normally does not represent a diaeresis in the phonological sense. Yet it's still called "diaeresis".

 * “Any other use is a diaresis” is wrong. I don’t know why you trust this part of the article so much, but this statement is false, and I have support from the Merridiam-Webster. Please do not use this article itself to prove your point; according to current Wikipedia practice, the part of the article you are using is lacking citations and I have reasonable grounds to say that what it says is false.

 * (For the sake of argument, let’s suppose that "any other use is a diaeresis". You said “By extension, the same word is used in languages that have borrowed the umlaut mark from German due to German cultural influence”. What does this mean? This means “indicating a more front or central articulation” (the 2003 Webster’s definition), which is precisely what the Mandarin pinyin ü is. Even according to your own reasoning, the pinyin ü has an umlaut, not a diaeresis.)—Gniw (Wing) 13:55, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No, that's not what umlaut means. Popular dictionaries are not reliable sources for specialized linguistic terms. Look, the plain fact of the matter is that only German and languages that have been influenced by German use the word "umlaut". Everyone else call it "diaeresis" or "trema" (in English the three words are used). I have no idea what it's called in Chinese, but you can't justify the name "umlaut" on the grounds that its value in Chinese is analogous to the one it has in German -- it isn't. FilipeS 15:08, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know what will convince you, but English of course calls it a diaeresis, because in English the diacritic is used to divide vowels, not to indicate a sound change.

 * It's also called "umlaut", sometimes.

 * In French it's the same situation. It's a tréma because it is used to divide vowels, not to indicate a sound change.

 * Not always.

 * It's very unfortunate that "everyone else" that matters (e.g., Finnish) don't consider the mark a diacritic but part of standalone letters. But it makes absolutely no sense to call them "diaereses". They are simply not. They don't serve the function of diaeresis.—Gniw (Wing) 16:49, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * See my comments in the talk page of the article. FilipeS 16:52, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Cookies
Hello! I just wanted to give you a plate of cookies for being a Wikipedian. I hope your Wikistress gets better! I'm really sorry that you are feeling down about Wikipedia. Maybe some cookies can help! :) Peace and Wikilove, Neranei 23:24, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Appreciated your contributions to koga ryu
Your contributions to the koga ryu article are appreciated. Hope you come back to wikipedia perhaps under another name? User5802 05:32, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Today Daily News.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Today Daily News.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 05:38, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Whatever. You don't care about anything anyway.—Gniw (Wing) (talk) 00:21, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Celebrations for 2nd Anniversary of Wikimedia Hong Kong

Dear:  ：

Wikimedia Hong Kong has been founded two year ago. Today, we would like to invite you to a great event for our second anniversary celebrations, that is co-host by us - Digital Content Jam 1.0, which is belongs to The 3C Digital Creativity Dialogue Series -- Creativity, Content, Community.

This is the information of the event：

 * Date: 31, July, 2009 (Friday)
 * Time: From 7:00pm to 9:30pm
 * Venue: eTech Centre Meeting Room M2 &3, 4/F Opulent Building, 402-406 Hennessy Road, Wan Chai（Google map）
 * '''Language: Cantonese
 * Free snacks and drinks will be served!

'''Please register via the link below to tell us if you would like to join the event. Registration Form'''

Regards, Hong Kong Wikimedian Tango Chan×Chat with me 10:26, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:First issue of Today Daily News.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:First issue of Today Daily News.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Kelly hi! 16:53, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Queries

 * Please see Talk:Tai tou. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 21:23, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Q9 input method

A tag has been placed on Q9 input method requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. Remsense 诉  22:25, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Q9 input method

The article Q9 input method has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non-notable web tool/software."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Remsense 诉  22:39, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Internal code

The article Internal code has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Does not seem to be a distinct topic."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Remsense 诉  11:54, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gniw