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The Game (treasure hunt)

The Game is a non-stop 24- to 48-hour treasure hunt, puzzlehunt or road rally that has run in the San Francisco Bay and Seattle areas. Its teams use vans rigged with power and Internet access and drive hundreds of miles from puzzle site to puzzle site, overcoming often outrageous physical and mental challenges along the way, usually with no sleep. Teams in games have been required to walk around the roof of the Space Needle, find a puzzle hidden in a live rat, and circulate a petition to ban dihydrogen monoxide from local ecosystems while dressed in superhero outfits.

Game founder Joe Belfiore has described the Game as "the ultimate test for Renaissance men and women."

History
The earliest roots of The Game can be found in games created in Los Angeles in 1973 by a graphic designer named Donald Luskin and longtime friend, Patrick Carlyle. Teams competed all night long solving puzzles across L.A. for a $100 first prize. The game was a mostly underground affair, but eventually drew the attention of the Los Angeles Times. and later the Walt Disney Company, who produced a movie, Midnight Madness, based on Luskin's game.

In 1985 Joe Belfiore (at that time a student at Clearwater Central Catholic High School) and his friends, inspired by Midnight Madness, created a race like the one in the film. They played four more games before Joe moved to Stanford University to go to school. With Stanford classmates Eli Ben-Shoshan and Andrew Reisner, he created the Bay Area Race Fantastique (BARF) which occurred six times before changing its name to 'The Game'. There are some interesting notes about the initial BARFs and number of teams that actually completed them due to the hyper-competitive aspect of the BARF format. The term "Gentleman's Game" was used to describe the Stanford Game shortly after Joe Belfiore graduated, meaning there was no prize for winning, only bragging rights.

Two more events were held in the Bay Area before Joe Belfiore moved to Seattle to work for Microsoft, taking the official "The Game" with him (although the San Francisco Bay Area people still consider their games to also be "The Game"). Structurally, the two Games are identical, but the Seattle Games tend to be more competitive and require more technological gear. The post-Stanford Games were organized in Seattle, Napa/Sonoma, New York, Los Angeles and Las Vegas throughout 1995–2002.

Currently, versions of The Game (both full-blown and abbreviated foot-transportation-only) are organized regularly by Stanford dorm staff members as a bonding activity for their residents. Similarly, Microsoft continues running the "Intern Game" for summer interns, organized by Stanford Alums employed at Microsoft.

Structure
The general structure of The Game is a series of puzzle challenges, often called "Clues". Each challenge solves to the location where the next challenge can be found. During the course of The Game, a team will often travel all around a metropolitan area.

Usually there is an overall theme to the clues, or even a story that ties all the clues together.

Game communities
The next Game each year would typically be run by whatever team felt the ability, chutzpah and desire to do so. In the early days of BARF and in the subsequent Seattle Games, the first-right-of-refusal fell to the team who won the previous Game. Future Game Controls (GCs) in the Bay Area tended to rely on the expertise of previous GCs and the so-called legitimacy of owning the "Captain's List". In the Bay Area there is no "Central System" or "Central Ownership" per se, but rather an autonomous collective of Gamers (a group of teams that communicate with one another) and a group-moderated site.

As the Game grew, it became increasingly more high-tech and more psychological in nature, a result of each Game trying to "outdo" the previous Games. For instance, a team member might find themselves stripped of all clothes and spectacles, be dressed in nothing but a hospital gown, have the next puzzle be written on the back of their neck in reverse lettering, and then be deposited at a strip club. Teams became increasingly competitive and would even break the rules and mislead other teams in order to gain an advantage, much to the fellow participants' and organizers' displeasure. Such teams can become blacklisted by the community at large and no longer find themselves invited to future Games. This nature of self-policing (decentralized control and word-of-mouth) prevents out-of-control teams from destroying the elaborate events.

The Game culture has spawned several spinoffs in the Bay Area, including the Bay Area Treasure Hunt (BATH), Bay Area Night Game (BANG), Park Challenge, and The Iron Puzzler. There have been several spinoffs in other parts of North America as well. There are three yearly games in New York City that are very similar to The Game: Midnight Madness, The Haystack, and The Great All Nighter. There is also a yearly game in Hot Springs, Arkansas also called Midnight Madness. Midnight Madness Brevard also puts on events many times a year in Brevard County, Florida. Midnight Madness Vermont hosts MMVT events several times a year as well.

In 2009, the first multicity Game was created, the brainchild of Deborah Goldstein. Different Area Same Hunt, or DASH, the Game featured puzzles created by teams in Boston, MA, Washington, DC, Houston, TX, Los Angeles, CA, Palo Alto and San Francisco, CA, Portland, OR, and Seattle, WA. DASH was played in all 8 cities simultaneously. Since 2009, DASH has occurred several times, and continues to create and unite game communities in collaborative, multicity, realtime games.

Several new Games have appeared with modified formats, including the Black Letter Game (2012, 2015) in which the emphasis is on puzzles embedded in physical artifacts that are mailed to players on a monthly basis. No travel is required.

Notable events
During the 1999 Game, a bottle of bright green liquid was found at a game location in the New York City World Trade Center by a Marriott Hotel employee, prompting a partial evacuation of the hotel.

In the 2002 Game, "Shelby Logan's Run", player Bob Lord was severely injured after misunderstanding a clue and falling thirty feet down a disused mineshaft. The players were sent into the desert outside Las Vegas with a clue containing the warning "1306 is clearly marked. Enter ONLY 1306. Do NOT enter others." Arriving at the site from an unexpected direction, Lord mistakenly entered mineshaft 1296, not realising that the mines were numbered, and ignored anonymous, spraypainted warnings assuming that they were part of the game. The fall crushed several vertebrae and left Lord a quadriplegic, and a lawsuit was filed against the organisers of that year's Game, who were criticized for not mentioning the danger in the pre-game liability waiver. There was no Seattle-based Game for three years after the 2002 Game, although the Bay Area Game continued apace. The August 2005 "Mooncurser's Handbook" Game in Seattle, run by a group of twelve veteran Seattle Gamers, renewed the Seattle Game tradition, with a special emphasis on safety.

Specific instances and similar games

 * San Francisco Bay Area games
 * Doctor When Game, San Francisco Bay Area, 2012
 * World Henchmen Organization (WHO), San Francisco recast, 2011
 * Ghost Patrol, 2008
 * Pirate's BATH (BATH3), 2007
 * No More Secrets, 2007
 * Hogwarts and the Draconian Prophecy, 2006
 * Paparazzi, 2006
 * Griffiths Collection, 2005
 * Justice Unlimited, 2004
 * The Genome Game, 2004
 * The Goonies Game, 2003
 * FoBiK, 2002
 * Shelby Logan's Run—The Official 'Seattle Game' 2002
 * Jackpot, Las Vegas, 2002
 * Zelda: A Hidden Link, 2001
 * Homicide: Life on the Farm, 2001
 * The 420 Game, 2001
 * MegaHard, 2000
 * Wonka, 1999
 * Amnesia, 1999
 * Dragonhunt, 1998
 * The Green Game, 1997
 * Star Wars, 1997
 * Indiana Jones, 1996
 * Godfather, 1996
 * SETI, 1996
 * Magic: The Gaming, 1995
 * Operation: The Plague, 1995
 * The Most Dangerous Game, 1994
 * King Arthur, 1994
 * HELL, 1994
 * R.A.T.R.A.C.E. 1993
 * Alice in Wonderland, 1993
 * Long Ride Home, 1992
 * "Circle K" Game, 1992
 * Mission Improbable, 1991

 * Shorter Bay Area games (less than 24 hours)
 * Clue: The Game, 2008
 * SFMiniGame (run simultaneously in Seattle), 2008
 * Midnight Madness: Back to Basics, 2008
 * The Apprentice: Zorg, 2006
 * CRANEA, 2005
 * BATH2, 2003
 * BATH1, 2001
 * Overnightmare, 2003
 * Magic 8-Ball, 2002
 * Beanie Babies Rescue, 1998
 * The Quest for Ultimate Power, 1997

 * Recurring Bay Area events (less than 24 hours)
 * Decathlon - 12 hour events from Shinteki
 * BANG (Bay Area Night Game)

 * Seattle games
 * Black Letter Labs, Seattle, 2012, 2015
 * World Henchmen Organization (WHO), Seattle, 2011
 * The Mooncurser's Handbook, Seattle, 2005
 * Shelby Logan's Run, Las Vegas, 2002
 * Blau Foundation, Seattle, 2001
 * VQuest, Seattle, 2000
 * The N. I. T., New York, 1999
 * ISETV, Los Angeles, 1998
 * Thanatos Society, Seattle, 1997
 * Hope2Die, Seattle, 1996
 * EnGenetics, Seattle, 1995

 * Portland games
 * WarTron, Portland, Oregon, 2012

 * Phoenix games
 * The Hunt, annual event since 1950

 * Boston games
 * Miskatonic University Game, 2019
 * WarTron, Greater Boston Area recast, 2013
 * BAPHL, (Boston Area Puzzle Hunt League) recurring event since 2010

 * Washington, D.C. games
 * The Famine Game, Washington D.C. Metro Area, 2013

 * National games and games outside the US
 * Cygnet LLP: Rebooting the UK Game - July 2011, London
 * Girls and Boys Come Out to Play - September 2014, London
 * DASH (Different Area Same Hunt) - a day Game run in multiple cities simultaneously
 * Casino Royale: The Game - April 2007, Singapore

title: The Game (treasure hunt)


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Brian Ashton (politician)

Brian Ashton is a former Canadian politician who served as a city councillor in Toronto, Ontario. Ashton represented Ward 36 Scarborough Southwest from amalgamation in 1997 to 2010. He did not run for re-election in the 2010 municipal election and was succeeded by Gary Crawford. Following retirement, he was elected president of the Canadian National Exhibition each year from 2012 to 2016. He was first elected in 1984 as a Scarborough alderman, before being elected to Metro Toronto Council in 1988 until amalgamation in 1997.

Career
Ashton has been involved in local politics since 1972, and worked as the research assistant to Scarborough mayor Gus Harris.

He was first elected to the city council of Scarborough in a 1984 by-election. He also served jointly on Metro Council for the ward of Scarborough Bluffs. Originally a member of the social democratic New Democratic Party, he declared himself unaffiliated, but was regarded as one of the more progressive members of the council. He also became known for his outspokenness, appearing frequently in the media. Chris Stockwell famously described him as "someone who carries a Tory membership card, talks like a Liberal, and votes like a New Democrat."

When Metro Council was separated from the city councils in 1988, Ashton ran for election to Metro Council and defeated Scarborough controller Bill Belfontaine. On Metro Council, he was best known for spearheading Toronto's failed bid for Expo 2000, which was awarded to Hanover, Germany by a narrow margin of one vote.

He went on to launch in the early 1990s and chair several innovative and progressive task forces: Social Development Strategy, Youth Task Force, and Gun Control Task Force.

He was a prominent opponent of Metro chairman Alan Tonks and was frequently considered to have ambitions to replace him. After being re-elected in the 1994 election, Ashton ran for the position when Metro councillors elected a new chairman. Running with the unreserved endorsement of the Toronto Star, his campaign ended when NDP and left-liberal councillors moved their support to Joe Pantalone. Ashton ended up receiving only three votes and Tonks won re-election.

When the former six municipalities and Metropolitan Toronto regional government were amalgamated into Canada's largest city government, Ashton was elected to the council of the new city of Toronto in 1997.

He quickly campaigned for the establishment of a standing committee responsible for economic development. Shortly thereafter Ashton became the first chair of the Economic Development and Parks Committee for the new city.

In 2006, Ashton's passion and belief in the economic benefits of a world expo saw him champion and chair a bid for the 2015 World's Fair. Core to his vision was siting the fair on Toronto's portlands and using the fair to accelerate the urbanization of this forgotten part of Toronto's waterfront. The 2015 fair was Toronto's to lose. Despite City and Federal government support, Premier Dalton McGuinty's Liberal government failed to fall behind the bid and it died.

In 2000, Ashton was appointed chair of the Toronto Transit Commission. An opponent of mayor Mel Lastman, he backed David Miller for mayor in the 2003 election.

Ashton continued to retain his maverick streak. In 2006, he voted to censure Howard Moscoe for leaking information from a confidential meeting, but decided against removing Moscoe as TTC chairman for giving Bombardier a non-bid contract. Moscoe retained his post but was forced to make an apology to David Shiner who faced a lawsuit as a result of the leak.

Ashton retained his council seat in the 2006 municipal election and was one of the few outsiders appointed to the Mayor's new executive committee. In 2007, Miller proposed a $60 vehicle-registration tax and 1.5% land transfer tax. Miller argued that the new measures were essential to sustaining the city's budget, without reducing services or raising property taxes. The Canadian Taxpayers Federation and Toronto Board of Trade were opposed on the grounds that it would hurt businesses, with polls showing that 70% of respondents supported cutting expenditures instead of raising taxes. Ashton himself supported the taxes and maintained that he would vote for them in October. He became the deciding vote against immediately implementing the measures which passed 23–22, as the motion deferred the debate until after the October 2007 provincial election.

Ashton defended his decision to break with Miller's allies, citing the numerous complaints from his constituents against the new taxes, and saying that he maintained his independence and that he expected to lose his committee seat. Ashton also alleged that Miller had called him an `a--hole' right after the vote, while Gord Perks called him a weasel. As a result of his failure to support the vote, Ashton was forced to resign from the executive committee. Ashton also voted against both taxes when council met to consider the matter after the provincial election.

In 2008, Ashton complained about a proposed wind farm 2 km off the shore of Scarborough would mar its natural beauty. He said "I think putting a wind farm off the [Scarborough] Bluffs is like throwing paint on the Mona Lisa."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brian Ashton (politician)


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S300

S300 may refer to:

Military and aviation

 * S-300 missile system, a Soviet/Russian surface-to-air missile system
 * HNoMS Ula (S300), a Royal Norwegian Navy submarine
 * Schweizer 300, formerly Sikorsky S300, a family of light utility helicopters

Other uses

 * Canon PowerShot S300, a camera
 * Lotus Esprit S300, a car
 * Mercedes-Benz S-300, a car
 * S300, a Sendo mobile phone model
 * S300, a Victorian Railways S class steam locomotive of Australia

title: S300


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Jimmy Snuka

James Reiher Snuka (born James Wiley Smith; May 18, 1943 – January 15, 2017) was a Fijian and American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Jimmy "Superfly" Snuka.

Snuka wrestled for several promotions from the 1970s to 2010s. He was best known for his time in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) in the 1980s to where he was credited with introducing the high-flying wrestling style. He was inducted into the WWF Hall of Fame in 1996, and was the inaugural ECW World Heavyweight Champion (a title he held twice) in Eastern Championship Wrestling (later Extreme Championship Wrestling). His children, Sim Snuka and Tamina Snuka, are both professional wrestlers.

Snuka was indicted and arrested in September 2015 on third-degree murder and involuntary manslaughter charges in relation to the May 1983 death of his girlfriend, Nancy Argentino, in Allentown, Pennsylvania. He pleaded not guilty, but was found unfit to stand trial in June 2016 due to dementia. Terminally ill with abdominal issues, his charges were dismissed on January 3, 2017, twelve days before his death.

Early life
Snuka was born in the British colony of Fiji on May 18, 1943, to Louisa Smith and Charles Thomas. Thomas was married to another woman, and Smith was engaged to Bernard Reiher. Before Snuka was born, his mother married Reiher. As a child, Snuka moved with his family to the Marshall Islands and then to Hawaii.

Snuka was active in amateur bodybuilding in Hawaii in the 1960s. He also enjoyed some success as a professional bodybuilder, earning the titles of Mr. Hawaii, Mr. Waikiki and Mr. North Shore.

Early career (1968–1981)
Snuka opted to go into the more lucrative career of professional wrestling due to the uncertainty of his making a living in bodybuilding. While working at Dean Ho's gym in Hawaii, Snuka met many of the wrestlers who worked in the South Pacific region and decided to try the business. Snuka made his debut as Jimmy Kealoha fighting Maxwell "Bunny" Butler in Hawaii in 1970. He later moved to the mainland and wrestled for Don Owen’s NWA Pacific Northwest territory where he held the belt as heavyweight champion six times. He first won the title by pinning Bull Ramos on November 16, 1973. It was in this territory that Reiher transformed himself into Jimmy Snuka. Snuka also held the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship six times with partner Dutch Savage. Snuka also had a two-year feud with another rookie, Jesse "the Body" Ventura.

Snuka also wrestled in several other National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) regions, including Texas. In 1977, he won both the Texas heavyweight and tag team titles. Snuka then left for the Mid-Atlantic where he formed a tag team with Paul Orndorff. In their first television match they defeated the NWA World Tag Team champions Jack and Jerry Brisco in a non-title bout. Orndorff and Snuka defeated Baron von Raschke and Greg Valentine to become the tag team title holders in 1979. On September 1, 1979, Snuka defeated Ricky Steamboat to hold the United States title. Snuka also formed a tag team with Ray Stevens while with this promotion. His career eventually led him to Georgia, where he teamed with Terry Gordy to win the NWA National Tag Team Championship by defeating Ted DiBiase and Steve Olsonoski."

World Wrestling Federation (1982–1985)
In January 1982, Snuka entered the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) as a villainous character under the guidance of Captain Lou Albano. Snuka lost several title shots at WWF champion Bob Backlund, including a steel cage match at Madison Square Garden on June 28, 1982, in which Snuka leapt from the top of the cage and missed a prone Backlund, who managed to roll out of the way and escape the cage for the win. The contest was declared Match of the Year by Pro Wrestling Illustrated.

Even though Snuka portrayed a violent villain, he won fans because of his athletic style. In a storyline in 1982, Buddy Rogers told Snuka that Albano was cheating him financially, and as a result, Snuka fired Albano. Snuka took on Rogers as his manager during the feud with Albano, Freddie Blassie, and Ray Stevens. The attack solidified Snuka's new role as a fan favorite seeking to settle the score. Snuka defeated Stevens in the majority of the series of matches between the two. He also faced several other of Albano's wrestlers, and defeated Albano in a steel cage match in Madison Square Garden.

Snuka also feuded with Don Muraco in 1983, which began after Snuka entered the ring for a match against Don Kernodle on the June 18 episode of Championship Wrestling while Muraco, the Intercontinental Heavyweight champion, was being interviewed. Muraco, enraged at the perceived lack of respect, confronted Snuka at ringside, triggering a brawl. This feud led to a defining moment of Snuka's career on October 17, 1983, in a steel cage match at Madison Square Garden. The match ended in a loss for Snuka, but afterward he dragged Muraco back into the ring and connected with the most famous "Superfly splash" of his career, off the top of the 15 ft high steel cage. Future wrestling stars the Sandman, Mick Foley, Tommy Dreamer, and Bubba Ray Dudley were all in attendance at the event and cite this match as the reason they decided to actively pursue professional wrestling. Snuka was named the 1983 Wrestler of the Year by Victory Magazine (later renamed WWF Magazine) for his efforts.

In June 1984, Snuka became embroiled in a feud with one of the WWF's top villains, "Rowdy" Roddy Piper. In a segment of Piper's Pit, Piper hit Snuka on the left side of his head very close to the temple, with a coconut. The attack led to a series of grudge matches between the two that were played out over venues across the US throughout the summer of 1984. In late 1984, Snuka entered a rehabilitation facility; the WWF created a storyline in which Piper had broken Snuka's neck by hitting him over the head with a chair. Tonga Kid, who was billed as Snuka's cousin, continued the feud on Snuka's behalf.

The remainder of Snuka's initial WWF stint had him frequently tangling with Piper one way or another, often via tag matches or wrestling Piper's closest ally, Bob Orton Jr. Snuka defeated Orton at The War to Settle the Score on February 18, 1985; an injury during the match forced Orton to wear a cast on his left arm, which he continued to wear after the injury healed. The feud played a small part in the first WrestleMania, in March 1985, when Snuka acted as a cornerman for Hulk Hogan and Mr. T when they defeated Piper and Paul Orndorff (with Orton in their corner). Snuka left the WWF in July 1985, though he still appeared in cartoon form when Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling premiered in September.

Japan, AWA and more (1985–1988)
After spending the rest of 1985 and early 1986 competing for New Japan Pro-Wrestling, Snuka resurfaced in the American Wrestling Association (AWA), replacing Jerry Blackwell as Greg Gagne's partner, to defeat Bruiser Brody and Nord the Barbarian in a tag team cage match at WrestleRock 86.

Snuka split his time between the AWA and Japan throughout 1986 and 1987. His most notable feud in the AWA during that time was with Colonel DeBeers, who portrayed a racist and looked down on Snuka because of his skin color. This led the way for a series of grudge matches in 1987.

Snuka also worked for Pacific Northwest Wrestling and Continental Wrestling Association. In 1988, he worked a couple of matches in Singapore. He wrestled throughout 1988 for All Japan Pro Wrestling, often teaming with Tiger Mask.

Return to WWF (1989–1993)
Snuka re-emerged in the WWF at WrestleMania V on April 2, 1989. He made his televised return to action on the May 27 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event XXI, defeating Boris Zhukov. After a brief feud with the Honky Tonk Man, Snuka made his in-ring pay-per-view debut at SummerSlam against "Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase. Snuka lost the match by count-out as a result of interference from DiBiase's bodyguard Virgil.

By the later part of 1989, Snuka was put into a spot like many veterans before him, being used to help put over other rising stars such as "Mr. Perfect" Curt Hennig. At the Survivor Series, Snuka and Hennig were each the final remaining members of their teams, with Hennig pinning Snuka to win the match for his team. In January 1990, Snuka made his Royal Rumble match debut, lasting 17 minutes and eliminating two competitors before being eliminated by the eventual winner, Hulk Hogan. Snuka had his first WrestleMania match at WrestleMania VI, where he was defeated by Rick Rude. When the Intercontinental Championship was vacated after WrestleMania, Snuka entered the tournament to crown a new champion. He was eliminated in the first round when he once again lost to Mr. Perfect. At that November's Survivor Series, Snuka joined Jake Roberts and the Rockers in a losing effort against Rick Martel, the Warlord and Power and Glory.

On March 24, 1991, Snuka was defeated by the Undertaker at WrestleMania VII, which began Undertaker's undefeated streak at WrestleMania. In January 1992, he competed in the Royal Rumble for the vacant WWF Championship, but lasted only three minutes before being eliminated by Undertaker. Snuka left the WWF soon after, his last recorded match being a loss to Shawn Michaels at the Los Angeles Sports Arena on February 8, 1992.

In the midst of his ECW career, Snuka once again returned to the WWF on September 25, 1993, defeating Brian Christopher at a Madison Square Garden house show. He returned to television two nights later, defeating Paul Van Dale via Superfly Splash on the September 27 episode of Monday Night Raw. The following week on Raw, Snuka participated in a battle royal for the vacant Intercontinental Championship, in which he was eliminated by Rick Martel before departing the company.

Heavyweight champion (1992)
After leaving the WWF in March 1992, Snuka toured with various smaller organizations and played a role in the formation of Tod Gordon's Philadelphia-based Eastern Championship Wrestling (ECW) organization along with fellow veterans Don Muraco and Terry Funk. Snuka made his ECW debut as a fan favorite at a live event on April 25. He won his first match, a battle royal to qualify for the ECW Heavyweight Championship match against Salvatore Bellomo, the winner of the other battle royal. Immediately after, Snuka defeated Bellomo to become the promotion's first heavyweight champion. A day later, he dropped the title to Johnny Hotbody.

He returned to ECW on July 14, where he defeated Hotbody to regain the heavyweight title, winning it for a second time. He made his first successful title defense, against Mr. Sandman, on July 15. Snuka held the title for the next two months, defeating challengers like Super Destroyer No. 1 and King Kaluha, before losing the title to Muraco on September 30. Snuka unsuccessfully challenged Muraco for the title in a rematch on October 24, after which he turned into a villain by feigning confrontation with color commentator Stately Wayne Manor and then attacking ECW owner Tod Gordon with a chair. Snuka took on Hunter Q. Robbins III as his manager and closed the year with a loss to Davey Boy Smith on December 19.

Television champion and various feuds (1993–1994)
Snuka became a member of Paul E. Dangerously's new faction Hotstuff International on the debut episode of the company's eponymous television program Eastern Championship Wrestling on April 6 and won an eight-man tournament for the vacant television championship by defeating Larry Winters, the undefeated Tommy Cairo and Glen Osbourne. Snuka frequently teamed with his stablemates Eddie Gilbert and Muraco. Snuka made his first televised title defense against Osbourne on the May 25 episode of Eastern Championship Wrestling, where Snuka retained the title. Snuka successfully defended the title against J.T. Smith and the NWA Pennsylvania Heavyweight champion Tommy Cairo at Super Summer Sizzler Spectacular, while also defending the title on Eastern Championship Wrestling. Snuka lost the title to Terry Funk in a brutal steel cage match at NWA Bloodfest''.

Snuka's next notable match took place at The Night the Line Was Crossed in 1994, where he faced rising star Tommy Dreamer in an infamous match. During the match, Dreamer kicked out of a pinfall attempt by Snuka after a Superfly splash, thus marking one of the few times in wrestling history that an opponent kicked out of Snuka's finishing move. Snuka still managed to win by delivering three splashes. Snuka continued his assault on Dreamer after the match, which began a feud between the two. Snuka lost to Dreamer on March 5 before beating him in a steel cage match at Ultimate Jeopardy. Snuka wrestled his last ECW match at Hardcore Heaven in August, where he and the Tazmaniac picked up a tag team victory over the Pitbulls. Later that month, ECW was taken over by Paul Heyman, who renamed it Extreme Championship Wrestling.

World Championship Wrestling appearances (1993, 2000)
Snuka wrestled for one night at WCW's Slamboree 1993: A Legends' Reunion on May 23, 1993, teaming with Don Muraco and Dick Murdoch against Wahoo McDaniel, Blackjack Mulligan, and Jim Brunzell in a no contest.

Snuka also appeared on WCW Monday Nitro January 10, 2000, where he gave Jeff Jarrett a Superfly splash off the top of a steel cage.

Independent circuit and retirement (1995–2015)
Snuka continued to spend much of his time with East Coast Wrestling organizations through the mid-1990s and into the 2000s. During this time, he wrestled the Metal Maniac in a series of matches that spanned across many independent wrestling promotions, winning most of these matches. On August 15, 1997, Snuka defeated the Masked Superstar at the IWA Night of the Legends show in Kannapolis, North Carolina via disqualification when his opponent hit special guest referee Ricky Steamboat.

Snuka also participated at the first X Wrestling Federation TV tapings, accompanying his son, Jimmy Snuka Jr. to the ring for matches, including one match where they both delivered a Superfly splash to prone opponents. On June 22, 2002, Snuka won the International Wrestling Superstars (IWS) United States Championship by pin fall against King Kong Bundy in Atlantic City, New Jersey. On April 3, 2004, Snuka and Kamala fought to a no-contest at the International Wrestling Cartel's first-annual "Night Of Legends" event in Franklin, Pennsylvania.

In 2004, Snuka made an appearance for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling at their Victory Road pay-per-view as Piper's guest on Piper's Pit.

On July 1, 2006, Snuka wrestled for 1PW's Fight Club 2 event where he teamed with Darren Burridge to defeat Stevie Lynn and Jay Phoenix.

On March 28, 2009, Snuka again participated at the IWC's "Night Of Legends" event, where he defeated former rival Orton. On August 1, Snuka teamed with Jon Bolen, Jimmy Vegas, and Michael Facade (with Dominic DeNucci) to defeat James Avery, Logan Shulo, Shane Taylor and Lord Zoltan (with Mayor Mystery) at IWC's "No Excuses 5" in Elizabeth, Pennsylvania. On November 28, 2009, he teamed with his son at an NWA Upstate event in Lockport, New York. They defeated the NWA Upstate Tag Team champions Hellcat and Triple X in a non-title match.

In 2011, Jimmy Snuka competed at JCW: Icons and Legends event in a battle royal match won by Zach Gowen. On May 11, 2014, Snuka teamed up with the Patriot to defeat the team of Brodie Williams and Mr. TA at a Big Time Wrestling event. Snuka's last match was at an ECPW event, where he teamed up with Frankie Flow to defeat the team of Andrew Anderson and Jason Knight on May 15, 2015, just 3 days before his 72nd birthday.

Sporadic WWE appearances (1996−2009)
Snuka was inducted into the WWF Hall of Fame class of 1996. Afterward, he competed at the 1996 Survivor Series. Snuka received a lifetime achievement award from WWE at Madison Square Garden on WWE Raw, August 26, 2002.

In 2005, he appeared at the WWE Homecoming, where he delivered a Superfly splash to Rob Conway. He was a part of the Taboo Tuesday pay-per-view, where fans voted for him (ahead of Kamala and Jim Duggan) to team with Eugene against Conway and Tyson Tomko. Snuka won the match, pinning Conway after a Superfly splash. He appeared at the 2007 WWE draft edition of Raw in a vignette for Vince McMahon appreciation night. On June 24, 2007, Snuka was introduced as Sgt. Slaughter's tag team partner in the open invitational match for the WWE Tag Team Championship at Vengeance, but he was ultimately pinned by his son, Deuce. In 2008, Snuka appeared in the Royal Rumble. He was in the match less than five minutes and primarily focused his efforts on onetime nemesis, Piper. Both were quickly eliminated by the next entrant, Kane.

On the March 2, 2009, episode of Raw, he was attacked by Chris Jericho during a parody of Piper's Pit. This was part of a storyline where Jericho was disrespecting and attacking legends. Two weeks later, on the March 16, 2009, episode of Raw, Snuka, Piper, Ric Flair and Steamboat attacked Jericho. At WrestleMania 25 on April 5, 2009, Snuka teamed with Steamboat and Piper to face Jericho in a legends of WrestleMania handicap match with Flair in their corner. Snuka was the first man eliminated by Jericho, who eventually won the match.

Personal life
Snuka was the part-owner of Body Slam University and Coastal Championship Wrestling in South Florida with Dan Ackerman and Bruno Sassi. He wrote an autobiography, Superfly: The Jimmy Snuka Story, which was released on December 1, 2012.

Family
Snuka was married three times. His second marriage was to Sharon Ili and they had two daughters Liana Snuka and Sarona. Through his marriage to Sharon, Snuka was part of the Anoaʻi wrestling family. He has two granddaughters named Milaneta Polamalu and Maleata Polamalu and he has a stepdaughter Ata Louise, Sharon's third daughter. His third marriage was to Carole on September 4, 2004. He was the stepfather to Carole's three children: Bridget, Richard, and Dennis. He was also married to Patrice Aguirre, the mother of wrestler Gino Hernandez.

Nancy Argentino's death and murder allegations
On May 10, 1983, a few hours after defeating José Estrada at a WWF television taping at the Lehigh County Agricultural Hall in Allentown, Pennsylvania, Snuka placed a call for an ambulance. When emergency personnel arrived at his room at the George Washington Motor Lodge, they found that his girlfriend and mistress, Nancy Argentino, had been injured. She was transported to Allentown's Sacred Heart Medical Center, where she died shortly after an "undetermined craniocerebral injuries." The coroner's report stated that Argentino, 23, died of traumatic brain injuries consistent with a moving head striking a stationary object. Autopsy findings show Argentino had more than two dozen cuts and bruises—a possible sign of serious domestic abuse—on her head, ear, chin, arms, hands, back, buttocks, legs, and feet. Forensic pathologist Isidore Mihalakis, who performed the autopsy, wrote at the time that the case should be investigated as a homicide until proven otherwise. Deputy Lehigh County coroner Wayne Snyder later said, "Upon viewing the body and speaking to the pathologist, I immediately suspected foul play and so notified the district attorney." Snuka had previously been arrested for beating Argentino on January 18, 1983, at a hotel in Salina, New York, fighting off several deputies who were called by the hotel's night manager. Although Argentino initially sought prosecution, she later denied wanting such; in a later-released file from the murder investigation, an officer's note indicates that “Vince McMahon tried to talk her out of making the complaint against Snuka”, with later investigative journalist David Bixenspan speculating on McMahon's role.

Snuka was the only suspect involved in the subsequent investigation. Although charges were not pressed at the time against Snuka, the case was left officially open. In 1985, Argentino's parents won a $500,000 default judgment against Snuka in U.S. District Court in Philadelphia. Snuka appears not to have ever paid, claiming financial inability. On June 28, 2013, Lehigh County District Attorney Jim Martin announced that the still-open case would be reviewed by his staff. On January 28, 2014, Martin announced that the case had been turned over to a grand jury.

On September 1, 2015, 32 years after the incident, Snuka was arrested and charged with third-degree murder and involuntary manslaughter for Argentino's death. It is the oldest case to result in charges in Lehigh County's history. On October 7, 2015, Snuka's lawyers agreed to forego a preliminary hearing, which the prosecution contended was a waste of court resources, given the thorough grand jury investigation. In return, they received transcripts and other evidence from that investigation, which defense attorney Robert J. Kirwan II said would be much more helpful in preparing Snuka's case than a hearing would have been.

On November 2, 2015, Snuka pleaded not guilty before Judge Kelly Banach. A hearing to determine Snuka's competency for trial began in May 2016. Snuka's attorneys argued that a forensic psychologist found Snuka's mental and physical health to be deteriorating. Prosecutors countered by showing a tape of Snuka performing wrestling moves at a May 2015 match. On June 1, 2016, Banach ruled that Snuka was not mentally competent to stand trial for the murder and that a new hearing would be held six months later to re-evaluate his competency, though his attorneys maintained that his condition would not improve over time. Banach dismissed the charges on January 3, 2017, deeming Snuka mentally unfit to stand trial.

Illness and death
In August 2015, Snuka's wife, Carole, announced that he was diagnosed with stomach cancer. As a result, he had surgery to remove his lymph nodes, part of his stomach and all apparent cancer. She said they both expected he would fully recover after "a long road ahead". Following his arrest his attorney, William E. Moore, told reporters Snuka had dementia, stemming from wrestling-related injuries, to the point of being unfit for trial, and a judge ultimately agreed.

In July 2016, Carole Snuka, acting as representative for her husband, joined a class action lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred "long term neurological injuries" and that the company "routinely failed to care" for them and "fraudulently misrepresented and concealed" the nature and extent of those injuries. The suit is litigated by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in a number of other lawsuits against WWE. According to a court document filed by Kyros in November 2016, Snuka was diagnosed with "chronic traumatic encephalopathy or a similar disease". WWE challenged the filing, stating that "no medical report was included" in it. Since the September 2007 autopsy on Chris Benoit that detected he had CTE, the Kyros Law Firm has represented over 60 wrestlers or estates of deceased wrestlers (including Carole Snuka) in litigation against the WWE. The lawsuit was dismissed by US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant in September 2018.

On December 2, 2016, it was announced that Snuka was in hospice and had six months left to live, due to a terminal illness. He died on January 15, 2017, at age 73 in Pompano Beach, Florida.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All Japan Pro Wrestling
 * World's Strongest Tag Determination League (1981) – with Bruiser Brody
 * World's Strongest Tag Determination League Technique Award (1988) – with Tiger Mask II
 * All-Star Wrestling Alliance / American States Wrestling Alliance
 * ASWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * American Wrestling Association
 * AWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Catch Wrestling Association
 * CWA British Commonwealth Championship (1 time)
 * Cauliflower Alley Club
 * Other honoree (1996)
 * Continental Wrestling Association
 * CWA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with J. T. Southern
 * East Coast Pro Wrestling
 * ECPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Eastern Championship Wrestling
 * NWA ECW Heavyweight Championship (2 times, inaugural)
 * NWA ECW Television Championship (1 time)
 * ECW Heavyweight Championship Tournament (1993)
 * ECW Television Championship Tournament (1993)
 * Georgia Championship Wrestling
 * NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Terry Gordy
 * International Wrestling Superstars
 * IWS United States Championship (1 time)
 * Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 * NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (1 time)
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (2 times) – with Paul Orndorff (1) and Ray Stevens (1)
 * National Championship Wrestling
 * NCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Johnny Gunn
 * National Wrestling Federation
 * NWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time, last)
 * National Wrestling League
 * NWL Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Northeast Wrestling
 * NEW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA All-Star Wrestling
 * NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (Vancouver version) (1 time) – with Don Leo Jonathan
 * NWA Big Time Wrestling
 * NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Gino Hernandez
 * NWA Tri-State Wrestling
 * NWA Tri-State Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA West Virginia/Ohio
 * NWA West Virginia/Ohio Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2010
 * Pacific Northwest Wrestling
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (6 times)
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with Frankie Laine and Dutch Savage (6)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Match of the Year (1982) vs. Bob Backlund in a cage match on June 28
 * Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (1983)
 * Tag Team of the Year (1980) with Ray Stevens
 * Ranked No. 75 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993
 * Ranked No. 29 of the top 500 singles wrestlers during the PWI Years in 2003
 * Pro Wrestling This Week
 * Wrestler of the Week (January 25–31, 1987)
 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2012
 * Ring Around The Northwest Newsletter
 * Tag Team of the Year (1973–1974, 1976) with Dutch Savage
 * Wrestler of the Year (1975)
 * Universal Superstars of America
 * USA Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * USA Pro Wrestling
 * USA Pro New York Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * World Wide Wrestling Alliance
 * WWWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * WWWA Intercontinental Championship (1 time)
 * World Wrestling Federation
 * WWF Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Tag Team of the Year (1981) with Terry Gordy
 * Best Flying Wrestler (1981)
 * Best Wrestling Maneuver (1981, 1983) Superfly Splash
 * Most Unimproved (1984)
 * Worst on Interviews (1984)
 * Most Washed Up Wrestler (1984)

title: Jimmy Snuka


text:
User talk:PACair411

Why do you beleive that the image you added to the Vickers hardness test is copyright-free? Did you create it or is it from a U.S. government publication? It certainly does not appear to have been created before 1923. Rmhermen 00:59, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:PACair411


text:
Talk:Placebo

Another possible historical account
I found this in The Anatomy of Melancholy by Robert Burton (1621):

--- And sometimes a strong conceit or apprehension, as [1617]Valesius proves, will take away diseases: in both kinds it will produce real effects. Men, if they see but another man tremble, giddy or sick of some fearful disease, their apprehension and fear is so strong in this kind, that they will have the same disease. Or if by some soothsayer, wiseman, fortune-teller, or physician, they be told they shall have such a disease, they will so seriously apprehend it, that they will instantly labour of it. A thing familiar in China (saith Riccius the Jesuit), [1618]If it be told them they shall be sick on such a day, when that day comes they will surely be sick, and will be so terribly afflicted, that sometimes they die upon it. Dr. Cotta in his discovery of ignorant practitioners of physic, cap. 8, hath two strange stories to this purpose, what fancy is able to do... --- from: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10800/10800-h/ampart1.html

Needs clarification
I have attempted to edit this line, but was reverted: "The use of placebos as treatment in clinical medicine raises ethical concerns, as it introduces dishonesty into the doctor–patient relationship." However, for example, if the patient were *told* that they were being given a placebo, then there would be no dishonesty. It is possible that this statement is being taken out of context from the cited work. As it stands, the statement is misleading. Perhaps more context from the cited work can be given to illustrate the way in which giving a placebo might introduce dishonesty into a doctor-patient relationship. Gitpushoriginmaster (talk) 15:24, 26 November 2019 (UTC)
 * The reason is clear - bypassing informed consent. The scenario you set out does not appear in the sources we cite, does it? Alexbrn (talk) 15:34, 26 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I concur with Alexbrn, "bypassing informed consent" was recently added in fact to precisely clarify why placebo may introduce dishonesty. But I think I see what you mean: I need to check but I think that there are studies showing that the placebo effect can still happen even when the patient is informed, in which case there would be no bypassing of informed consent. I need to check for sources then, but this may make this statement about dishonesty a bit too strong, but then this can be easily fixed by changing "as it introduces dishonesty" -> "as it may introduce dishonesty". Let me check for sources and we'll see. --Signimu (talk) 21:14, 26 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Found that it's called "open-label placebos", but need to find a review and if multiple studies reproduced the result. Also, the lede only mentions the informed consent issue, but it should probably also mention the fact that in clinical research patients are given a placebo when there are effective medications available (as described later in the article), this is also an ethical issue. --Signimu (talk) 00:09, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Found 3 reviews on open-label placebos: and 1 in french (but not focused on open-label placebos). --Signimu (talk) 00:27, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
 * What happens in research is another matter, the text in question applies to what happens in clinical medicine. Alexbrn (talk) 08:07, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
 * @Signimu, "as it may introduce dishonesty" is exactly the change I attempted to make. I'm glad you concur. Gitpushoriginmaster (talk) 19:11, 17 December 2019 (UTC)
 * I have edited the lede to clarify that placebos do not need to be disguised in order to be considered placebos or to have placebo effects. It also includes a note about the ethical issues of using a placebo as a control in a clinical trial when there is already an existing treatment. Anywikiuser (talk) 12:07, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

First sentence and Section 1 "Definitions"
The first sentence has a questionable reference. As it contains a definition, the definition should be absolutely solid, not in contradiction (and best: in no means different) from the definitions given in the respective section, and the definition should refer to a reference that is outmost credible. These conditions do not seem to apply here, as the currenty reference 1 stems from one national academic society and not from democratically legitimzed regulatory, refers to only one indication, namely pain, and most importantly, refers to a very unusual situation, namely "placebo in pain management". Please note that such use is likely to be illegal! Placebos cannot be prescribed or purchased. Legal use of placebos is confined to clinical trials. However, there is a solid and extremely widely accepted reference for this topic, namely the Internationl Conference for Harmonization (ICH) with its guideline E10 "Choice of COntrol Group in Clinical Trials", issued and adopted in 2000. The sentence essential for placebo in this guideline is: "In a placebo-controlled trial, subjects are randomly assigned to a test treatment or to an identical-appearing treatment that does not contain the test drug." There are other important considerations below this sentence. Hence, it appears justified to modify the sentence to a definition: >>Placebo is expected to be an identical-appearing treatment that does not contain the test drug.<< You may also refer to the older US definition given in 21 CFR 314. §128, b 2 i: "Placebo concurrent control: The test drug is compared with an inactive preparation designed to resemble the test drug as far as possible." As the US FDA themselves contributed to and adopted finally ICH E10, they do not see a relevant difference between these definitions. All in all, please consider 1. modifying the first sentence, 2. removing reference 1 as far as definitions are concerned, 3. inserting the definitions given by ICH E10 and 21 CFR 314, 4. providing respective references.

When having done this, you might find that the section 1 (Definitions) might require re-editing. Then you might find also other sections of the placebo article that need improvement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hajokrem (talk • contribs) 10:18, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * , thank you for the interesting references and comment. Please feel free to update the entry, as you seem knowledgeable about it and the references you provide are sound, and it is unlikely others will not do it (at least in the near future). If you do so, I will fix any formatting issue or wording, so don't worry. Signimu (talk) 14:18, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
 * These definitions only deal with the use of placebos in clinical trials. Anywikiuser (talk) 11:30, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hajokrem writes that from the sources it's stated placebos are regulated and only allowed for clinical trials, is that true? Signimu (talk) 13:08, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The prevailing view in medical ethics is that placebos have an important role in clinical trials. Otherwise, it is considered unethical to give fake medicine to a patient, especially if the patient is being deceived.
 * But even if it is considered unethical, it still happens in practice. Alt-med is basically an entire industry that is built on giving out placebos. Besides alt-med, this UK survey shows it is common for doctors to prescribe an unrelated medicine as a placebo. Anywikiuser (talk) 10:54, 12 December 2019 (UTC)
 * , to be fair, alt med is also largely unethical... Guy (help!) 12:03, 12 December 2019 (UTC)
 * , correct, any other use is unethical. Guy (help!) 12:02, 12 December 2019 (UTC)

Creating a redirect from contextual effect?
I have seen objections to the term "placebo effect" for a couple of reasons. Some are technical, basically that it is a fuzzy term that can cover a mixture of several effects that should be considered separately: reporting bias in RCT + social ritual healing (common knowledge is that going to the doctor and following her instructions make people better, and that expectation makes it happen) + various noise in remission statistics (reversal to the mean, spontaneous remission etc.); here is a possible source discussing it. Some are political: the name "placebo effect" allows cranks to say "well, there is an effect" and convince the public in a way "as efficient as sugar" does not (see the start of that though I doubt that is a reliable source by WP's standards).

I would think my first source is enough to justify a redirect from contextual effect to here and a small mention in the lead but I have no idea how well-received in the community those views are (if they are totally fringe, we probably should not). Non-expert me has found Google Scholar hits for "placebo effect" (163k) vs "contextual effect" (15k, most seem to be about medicine) that indicate the term is in use, but that is hardly convincing ("faith healing" scores 24k).

The political objections might be worth a discussion too somewhere but only if it is a sourceable view (not necessarily among practitioners, but also among skeptics, governmental bodies, etc.). For obvious reasons I found mostly opinion pieces to that effect. Tigraan Click here to contact me 14:26, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

Self contradiction
Reading the article feels like a true rollercoaster, which is pretty troublesome when you want to get a sense of the validity of the concept. What i mean is that the article contains several quotes and sources about deeming placebo insignificant, dubious or outright dismissible, while at the exact same time it provides factual data that its a very much existing, functioning and measurable concept, especially with pain, nausea, depression.

In its nature the article is completely self-defeating, because if its taken at face value, one is left with a PhD level demonstration of what gossip among scientists and medical professionals looks like with everyone throwing slanted/partial data in the pool, then at the end you are exactly where you started: It exists, maybe, but we cant really figure how much, but its most certainly insignificant, except when its not. I mean... is this supposed to be some red tape bureaucratic comedy? Whilst writing these articles, you might wish to provide a factual, on ground conclusion. An answer if you will instead of tossing in pro and contra data points left and right, creating an informational mire. 37.191.17.124 (talk) 00:21, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah, this article does seem weird. It seems to be stating repeatedly that The Powerful Placebo was debunked and implying that there's no such thing as the placebo effect, which seems unlikely given the extent of the measures that usually seem to be taken to allow for the placebo effect in clinical trials.  Possibly it just means that the particular data used in The Powerful Placebo were duds, rather than that the placebo effect doesn't exist?  If so, it might make sense for it to say so.  Wombat140 (talk) 04:16, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I think the issue here is that while the idea of a Placebo Effect for quantitative health outcomes has been debunked, patients still *self-report* things like decreased pain, reduced depression, etc. I agree the article would benefit with being restructured to first cover the "history and debunking" of a "real placebo effect" (historical misunderstanding of regression to the mean) and then continue with a discussion of the "actual placebo effect" as it related to self-reported conditions. Meekohi (talk) 13:46, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Placebo


text:
Talk:The Religion of India

Nominated for deletion

 * On 24 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Budhism (book).
 * I'll do cleanup, but eventally the title is going to have to be fixed. --K e rowyn 00:32, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Bad translation

 * Why is the English translation of Weber's work called "The Religion of India" (no plural)? It's clearly a bad translation. This is the original German: "Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie. Bd.2, Hinduismus und Buddhismus", i.e. "collected essays on religious sociology, vol. 2, Hinduism and Buddhism".  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.144.199.9 (talk) 01:04, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Religion of India


text:
Stick (unit)

The stick may refer to several separate units, depending on the item being measured.

Length
In typography, the stick, stickful, or stick of type was an inexact length based on the size of the various composing sticks used by newspaper editors to assemble pieces of moveable type. In English-language papers, it was roughly equal to 2 column inches or 100–150 words. In France, Spain, and Italy, sticks generally contained only between 1 and 4 lines of text each. A column was notionally equal to 10 sticks.

Mass
In American cooking, a stick of butter is taken to be 4 ounces (about 113 g).

Volume
In American cooking, a stick of butter may also be understood as ½ cup or 8 tablespoons (about 118 mL).

title: Stick (unit)