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Battle of Bear Paw

The Battle of Bear Paw (also sometimes called Battle of the Bears Paw or Battle of the Bears Paw Mountains) was the final engagement of the Nez Perce War of 1877. Following a 1200 mi running fight from north central Idaho Territory over the previous four months, the U.S. Army managed to corner most of the Nez Perce led by Chief Joseph in early October 1877 in northern Montana Territory, just 42 mi south of the border with Canada, where the Nez Perce intended to seek refuge from persecution by the U.S. government.

Although some of the Nez Perce were able to escape to Canada, Chief Joseph was forced to surrender the majority of his followers to Brigadier General Oliver Howard and Colonel Nelson A. Miles on October 5. Today, the battlefield is part of the Nez Perce National Historical Park and the Nez Perce National Historic Trail.

Background
In June 1877, several bands of the Nez Perce, resisting relocation from their traditional lands to a much smaller reservation in north central Idaho Territory, attempted to escape to the east, following a route through Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming territories over the Rocky Mountains and onto the Great Plains. The Nez Perce began their journey with the mistaken notion that after crossing the next mountain range or defeating the latest army sent to oppose them they would find a peaceful new home. They came to realize, however, that the only sanctuary available to them was in Saskatchewan, Canada alongside the Lakota led by Sitting Bull, who had found asylum there after the Great Sioux War of 1876. After passing through Yellowstone National Park, the Nez Perce headed north through the Montana Territory toward Canada.

By late September, the Nez Perce, numbering about 800, including fewer than 200 warriors, had traveled more than a thousand miles and fought several battles in which they defeated or held off the U.S. Army forces pursuing them. In the most recent of those battles, on September 13, the Nez Perce eluded the attempt of Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis to capture them at the Battle of Canyon Creek near present-day Billings. However, the Crow and Bannock scouts of Sturgis captured about 400 of the Nez Perce horses which slowed them in their race to the Canada–U.S. border. Meeting up with Sturgis after the battle, General Howard continued the pursuit, following the Nez Perce trail northward.

On September 12, Howard sent a message to Colonel Nelson A. Miles, who was stationed at Fort Keogh (then called the Tongue River Cantonment), requesting his assistance. On September 17, Miles received the message and replied that he would move northwest from the Yellowstone River with his soldiers in an attempt to intercept the Nez Perce and prevent what both officers feared: an alliance between the Nez Perce and the Lakota of Sitting Bull. To permit Miles the time he needed to get into position between the Nez Perce and the Canada–U.S. border, Howard slowed down his pursuit. The Nez Perce, exhausted by their long ordeal, also slowed down their flight, believing themselves a safe distance ahead of Howard's forces. They were not aware of Miles and his approach toward them.

On their journey north from Canyon Creek and through the Judith Basin near the present-day town of Lewistown, Montana, the Nez Perce raided several ranches for horses and food and reportedly killed one sheepherder.

The flight of the Nez Perce had incited sympathy among large segments of the American public, and even in the U.S. Army. After the Canyon Creek fight, an army surgeon said of the Nez Perce, "I am actually beginning to admire their bravery and endurance in the face of so many well-equipped enemies." Nevertheless, although they spoke favorably of the Nez Perce, Army commanders William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were determined to punish them severely to discourage other Indians who might consider rebelling against the rule of the United States.

Cow Island Landing
On September 23, the Nez Perce crossed the Missouri River near Cow Island Landing. Steamboats bound for Fort Benton, the local headquarters of Missouri River navigation, unloaded goods at Cow Island Landing late in the year, when the river's water levels dropped and the steamboats could not get up the river to Fort Benton. A small contingent of about a dozen soldiers under a sergeant were stationed at the landing to protect the stockpiled goods until they could be freighted on to Fort Benton by wagon train.

Upon the approach of the Nez Perce the outnumbered soldiers, along with two civilians, retreated into their camp, which had a low earth embankment built around it to protect it during rains. After crossing the river at some distance from the soldiers' camp, the main body of the Nez Perce went up Cow Creek for two miles and camped. A small delegation peacefully approached the small detachment of soldiers and asked for some of the stockpiled food. Upon being turned away with only a side of bacon and some hardtack, the Nez Perce waited until dark and pinned the soldiers down with rifle fire from bluffs overlooking their camp. They then rifled the stockpiled supplies, which were located at some distance from the soldiers' camp, and set them afire. Sporadic gunfire left two civilians wounded.

The Nez Perce proceeded upstream along Cow Creek the next morning. They were only 90 mi from the Canada–U.S. border. The soldiers were able to send a message downriver informing Colonel Miles of the location of the Nez Perce. Soon the Nez Perce encountered a wagon train with more supplies, which they also looted and burned. They thwarted an effort by 50 soldiers and civilian volunteers under Major Guido Igles to pursue them. In their raids around Cow Creek, the Nez Perce killed five men and stole or destroyed at least 85 tons of military supplies. However, although they gained a cornucopia of supplies, they had lost a day of travel and historians have proposed that the delay might have been decisive in allowing the U.S. Army to catch up.

Crisis in leadership
The Nez Perce never had unified leadership during their long fighting retreat. Looking Glass was the most important military leader and strategist while Chief Joseph seems to have been mainly responsible for camp management. An English-speaking French-Nez Perce mixed blood called Poker Joe or Lean Elk had become prominent as a guide and interpreter during the march. Poker Joe probably had a more knowledgeable appreciation of the determination of the U.S. Army to pursue and defeat the Nez Perce than did the other leaders.

With the forces of General Howard far behind the Nez Perce after the Canyon Creek fight, Looking Glass advocated a slower pace to allow the travel-weary people and their horses an opportunity to rest. Poker Joe argued for the opposite. The disagreement among the leaders came to a head in a council on September 24. Poker Joe yielded to Looking Glass, reportedly saying, "Looking Glass, you can lead. I am trying to save the people, doing my best to cross into Canada before the soldiers find us. You can take command, but I think we will be caught and killed." Looking Glass won his point and assumed command of the march. The Nez Perce moved toward Canada in slow stages for the next four days. They kept a close eye on the south for Howard and his soldiers, but were unaware that Miles was coming upon them rapidly from the southeast.

Miles catches the Nez Perce
Colonel Miles left Fort Keogh on September 18 with a force of 520 soldiers, civilian employees, and scouts, including about 30 Indian scouts, mostly Cheyenne but with a few Lakota. Some of the Indian scouts had fought against George Armstrong Custer in the Battle of the Little Big Horn only 15 months earlier, but had subsequently surrendered to Miles.

Miles was anxious to get involved in the pursuit of the Nez Perce and marched expeditiously northwest. He hoped to find the Nez Perce south of the Missouri River. His first destination was the mouth of the Musselshell River and from there he planned to move up the south bank of the Missouri. At the Missouri, Miles was joined by scout Luther "Yellowstone" Kelly. On September 25, Miles received a dispatch informing him of the Cow Creek fight and that the Nez Perce had crossed the Missouri going north. He changed his plans, crossed the Missouri, and headed toward the northern side of the Bear Paw Mountains, passing the east side of the Little Rocky Mountains. Miles made every effort to keep his presence unknown to the Nez Perce, who he believed were only a few miles to his west.

On September 29, several inches of snow fell. That day, Miles's Cheyenne scouts found the trail of the Nez Perce and a few soldiers and civilian scouts had a skirmish with Nez Perce warriors. The next morning the Cheyenne found the Nez Perce encampment on Snake Creek north of the Bear Paw Mountains. Miles's soldiers advanced toward it.

That same day, scouts reported to the Nez Perce leaders the presence of a large number of people to their east. Most of their leaders wished to continue quickly on toward Canada, but Looking Glass prevailed. The people seen, he said, must be other Indians. Assiniboine and Gros Ventre were known to be hunting in the area. Consequently, the Nez Perce went into camp on Snake Creek only 42 mi from Canada and slowly the next morning, September 30, prepared to continue their journey.

The battle
Miles hurried his attack on the Nez Perce camp for fear that the Indians would escape. At 9:15 AM, while still about 6 mi from the camp, he deployed his cavalry at a trot, organized as follows: the thirty Cheyenne and Lakota scouts led the way, followed by the 2nd Cavalry battalion consisting of about 160 soldiers. The 2nd Cavalry was ordered to charge into the Nez Perce camp. The 7th Cavalry battalion of 110 soldiers followed the 2nd as support on the charge into the camp. The 5th Infantry of about 145 soldiers, mounted on horses, followed as a reserve with a Hotchkiss gun and the pack train. Miles rode with the 7th Cavalry. Miles was following a tried and true tactic of the U.S. Army in fighting Plains Indians: attack a village suddenly and "shock and demoralize all the camp occupants—men, women, and children, both young and old—before they could respond effectively to counter the blow." However, the Nez Perce were warned by scouts of the approach of the soldiers a few minutes in advance. They were scattered, some gathering up the horse herd, west of the encampment, others packing to leave. Some men quickly gathered to defend the encampment while 50 to 60 warriors and many women and children rushed out of the village to attempt an escape to Canada.

Miles's plan fell apart quickly. Rather than attacking the camp, the Cheyenne scouts veered to the left toward the horse herd, and the 2nd Cavalry, commanded by Captain George L. Tyler, followed them. The Cheyenne and Tyler captured most of the horse herd of the Nez Perce and cut off from the village about seventy men, including Chief Joseph, plus women and children. Joseph told his 14-year-old daughter to catch a horse and join the others in a flight toward Canada. Joseph, unarmed, then mounted a horse and rode through a ring of soldiers back into the camp, several bullets cutting his clothing and wounding his horse.

Tyler's detour to the horse herd eliminated him from the van of the advancing soldiers and the main battle. He detached one company to chase the Nez Perce heading toward Canada. The company pursued the Nez Perce about five miles and then retreated as the Nez Perce organized a counterattack. Once the women and children were safely out of reach of the soldiers, some of the Nez Perce warriors came back to join their main force.

While the Cheyenne, Tyler, and the 2nd Cavalry were chasing horses, the 7th Cavalry, under Captain Owen Hale, followed Miles's plan by continuing a rapid advance on the village. As they approached, a group of Nez Perce rose up from a coulee and opened fire, killing and wounding several soldiers. The soldiers fell back. Miles ordered two of the three companies in the 7th Cavalry to dismount and quickly brought up the mounted infantry, the 5th, to join them in the firing line. Company K meanwhile had become separated from the main force and was also taking casualties. By 3:00 PM, Miles had his entire force organized and on the battlefield and he occupied the higher ground. The Nez Perce were surrounded and had lost all their horses. Miles ordered a charge on the Nez Perce positions with the 7th Cavalry and one company of the infantry, but it was beaten back with heavy casualties.

At nightfall on September 30, Miles's casualties amounted to 18 dead and 48 wounded, including two wounded Indian scouts. The 7th Cavalry took the heaviest losses. Its 110 men suffered 16 dead and 29 wounded, two of them mortally. The Nez Perce had 22 men killed, including three leaders: Joseph's brother Ollokot, Toohoolhoolzote, and Poker Joe—the last killed by a Nez Perce sharpshooter who mistook him for a Cheyenne. Several Nez Perce women and children had also been killed. Miles later said of the battle that "the fight was the most fierce of any Indian engagement I have ever been in....The whole Nez Perce movement is unequalled in the history of Indian warfare."

The siege
During the cold and snowy night following the initial battle, both the Nez Perce and the U.S. soldiers fortified their positions. Some Nez Perce crept out between the lines to collect ammunition from wounded and dead soldiers. The Nez Perce dug large and deep shelter pits for women and children and rifle pits for the warriors covering all approaches to their camp, which was a square about 250 yd on each side. About 100 warriors manned the defenses, each armed with three guns including a repeating rifle. In the words of a soldier, "to charge them would be madness."

Miles's greatest fear—and the Nez Perce's greatest hope—was that Sitting Bull might send Lakota warriors south from Canada to rescue the Nez Perce. The next morning, the soldiers saw what they thought were mounted columns of Indians on the horizon, but they turned out to be herds of bison. Looking Glass was killed at some point during the siege, when he thought he saw an approaching Lakota and raised his head above a rock to see better and was hit and killed instantly by a sniper's bullet.

The Cheyenne scouts may have initiated negotiations. Three of them rode into the Nez Perce fortifications and proposed a parley. Chief Joseph and five other Nez Perce, including Tom Hill, a Nez Perce/Delaware who acted as interpreter, agreed to speak with Miles. Soldiers and warriors collected the bodies of their dead during the truce. When the negotiations were unsuccessful, Miles apparently took Joseph prisoner. According to a Nez Perce warrior, Yellow Wolf, "Joseph was hobbled hands and feet" and rolled up in a blanket. Miles's violation of the truce, however, was checkmated by the Nez Perce. A young lieutenant named Lovell H. Jerome wandered "through his own folly" into the Nez Perce camp during the truce. The Nez Perce took Jerome prisoner and the next day, October 2, an exchange of Chief Joseph for Jerome was carried out.

On October 3, the soldiers opened fire again with a 12-pounder Napoleon gun which did little damage to the dug-in Nez Perce, although one woman and one small girl were killed when a shell hit a shelter pit. On October 4, in the evening, General Howard arrived at the battlefield with an escort. Howard generously allowed Miles to retain tactical control of the siege.

Meanwhile, the Nez Perce were divided on the subject of surrender, Joseph apparently in favor while White Bird, the one other surviving leader, opposed surrender and favored a break-out through the army's lines and a dash toward Canada. Joseph later said, "We could have escaped from Bear Paw Mountain if we had left our wounded, old women, and children behind. We were unwilling to do this. We had never heard of a wounded Indian recovering while in the hands of white men."

Surrender
Howard suggested that Captain John and Old George, two Nez Perce men accompanying him, be used to induce Joseph to surrender. Each of the two men had a daughter among the besieged Nez Perce. The next morning, October 5, at 8:00 AM, all firing ceased and the two Nez Perce crossed into Joseph's lines. They apparently promised that none of the Nez Perce would be executed, they would be given blankets and food, and would be taken back to the Lapwai reservation in Idaho. With these assurances, Joseph advocated surrender and White Bird concurred. The two Nez Perce returned to the army lines with an oral message from Joseph which was translated as follows:

"“I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed; Looking-glass is dead. Too-hul-hul-suit is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men, now, who say ’yes’ or ’no’[that is, vote in council]. He who led on the young men [Joseph’s brother, Ollicut] is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people–some of them–have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find; maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever!”"

Joseph's message is frequently cited as one of the greatest American speeches. Coincidentally, Arthur "Ad" Chapman, the translator of Joseph's message, was also the man who had fired at a Nez Perce truce party before the Battle of White Bird Canyon nearly four months earlier, thus setting off a war which might have been avoidable.

Chief Joseph, Tom Hill, and several other Nez Perce then met with Howard, Miles, and Chapman between the lines. Joseph indicated that he surrendered only his own band and that others would make their own decisions. He later said that "General Miles said to me in plain words, 'If you come out and give up your arms, I will spare your lives and send you to your reservation." At ll:00 AM, the surrender negotiations were completed and Joseph returned to his lines. In mid to late afternoon, Joseph appeared for the formal surrender, mounted on a black pony with a Mexican saddle and flanked by five warriors on foot. According to Lieutenant Charles Erskine Scott Wood, who left an account of the surrender, Joseph's gray woolen shawl showed the marks of four or five bullets and his forehead and wrist had been scratched by bullets. Joseph dismounted and offered General Howard, whom he knew personally, his Winchester rifle. Howard motioned for him to give the rifle to Miles. The soldiers then escorted Joseph to the rear. Lt. Wood said Joseph was "in great distress" over the fate of his daughter who had become separated from him early in the battle.

With Joseph's surrender, Nez Perce began to come up out of the rifle pits and surrender their arms to the soldiers. White Bird and about 50 followers, however, slipped through the army lines and continued on to Canada, joining other Nez Perce who had escaped earlier during the battle and siege. General Howard considered White Bird's escape a violation of the surrender agreement. Yellow Wolf, a Nez Perce warrior, later responded, "The surrender was just for those who did no longer want to fight. Joseph spoke only for his own band."

The total number of Nez Perce who surrendered or were captured was 431, including 79 men, 178 women, and 174 children. Estimates of the number of Nez Perce who escaped to Canada vary, but one estimate was 233, consisting of 140 men and boys and 93 women and girls, including Joseph's daughter. Forty-five Nez Perce were reported to have been captured en route to Canada and at least five, and possibly as many as 34, were killed by Assiniboine and Gros Ventre who had been encouraged by Miles to "fight" any Nez Perce who escaped. By contrast, some of the Nez Perce were aided by Cree who were in the area. The Nez Perce who successfully reached Canada were hospitably received by Sitting Bull, although reported by Canadian authorities to be in pitiful condition.

The scout Chapman reported that the soldiers had captured 1,531 horses in the battle. The Cheyenne and Lakota scouts took 300 horses as payment for their services. About 700 were, by order of Colonel Miles, to be returned to the Nez Perce the next spring, but that return of the horses never occurred. Most of the other Nez Perce property was said to have been burned in a warehouse fire at Fort Keogh.

Aftermath
The Nez Perce had carried out an epic fighting retreat for 1170 mi across parts of four states, only to be halted 40 mi from safety in Canada. Joseph had impressed the entire nation with his campaign. Howard and Miles praised the Nez Perce and even General William T. Sherman praised them for their fighting ability and the relative lack of atrocities they committed. Miles had promised Joseph that his people would return to reservations in their homeland, but this promise was overruled by Sherman. The Nez Perce were sent to Kansas and Indian Territory, despite the protests of Howard and Miles. In 1885, the Nez Perce were allowed to return to Washington but Joseph was refused permission to live in his homeland in the Wallowa River Valley in northeastern Oregon.

Joseph was an eloquent spokesman for his people, well known and respected by his old foes in the U.S. Army and by the American public. He died on September 21, 1904, on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington; his doctor said he died of a broken heart.

Ten Medals of Honor were presented to soldiers after the battle. One interesting pair was that of 1st Lt. Henry Romeyn and First Sergeant Henry Hogan. Hogan is one of only 19 American servicemen to have won two Medals of Honor. He received his for carrying a severely injured Lt. Romeyn off the battlefield, also making Hogan one of only three men to receive a Medal of Honor for rescuing a fellow Medal of Honor winner. The medals were presented some time later, in 1884.

Today, the Bear Paw Battlefield is managed by the National Park Service as part of the Nez Perce National Historical Park. The site is located 16 mi south of the town of Chinook, on County Route 240 in Blaine County, Montana. It was comprehensively surveyed in 1935 by a team that included Nez Perce veterans of the conflict. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1988.

The Blaine County Museum has an exhibit dedicated to the Bear Paw Battlefield. The museum is located in Chinook, Montana. The museum provides information about the battle and showcases items from the battlefield. The public can organize tours of the Blaine County Museum and the Bear Paw Battlefield jointly.

Order of battle
Department of the Columbia – Brigadier General Oliver O. Howard District of the Yellowstone – Colonel Nelson A. Miles Nez Perce
 * Headquarters
 * Adjutant – 1st Lieutenant George W. Baird
 * Aide-de-Camp – 1st Lieutenant Frank D. Baldwin
 * Engineer – 2nd Lieutenant Oscar F. Long
 * Scouts – 2nd Lieutenant Marion M. Maus
 * Surgeon – Major Henry R. Tilton
 * Assistant Surgeon – 1st Lieutenant Edwin F. Gardner
 * 7th U.S. Cavalry: Captain Owen Hale
 * Company A – Captain Myles Moylan
 * Company D – Captain Edward S. Godfrey
 * Company K – Captain Owen Hale senior officer of detachment
 * 2nd U.S. Cavalry: Captain George L. Tyler
 * Company F – Captain George L. Tyler senior officer of detachment
 * Company G – 2nd Lieutenant Edward J. McClernand
 * Company H – 2nd Lieutenant Lovell H. Jerome
 * 5th U.S. Infantry: Colonel Nelson A. Miles
 * Company B – Captain Andrew S. Bennett
 * Company F – Captain Simon Snyder
 * Company G – 1st Lieutenant Henry Romeyn
 * Company I – 1st Lieutenant Mason Carter
 * Company K – Captain David H. Brotherton
 * Company D – attached to Company K
 * Chief Joseph
 * Looking Glass
 * Ollokot
 * White Bird
 * Toohoolhoolzote
 * Poker Joe
 * 200 warriors

title: Battle of Bear Paw


text: File:PiesDescalzos.jpg

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:PiesDescalzos.jpg


text: Talk:Azerbaijani literature

title: Talk:Azerbaijani literature


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Giovanni de Macque

Giovanni de Macque (Giovanni de Maque, Jean de Macque) (1548/1550 – September 1614) was a Netherlandish composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque, who spent almost his entire life in Italy. He was one of the most famous Neapolitan composers of the late 16th century; some of his experimentation with chromaticism was likely influenced by Carlo Gesualdo, who was an associate of his.

Life
Macque was born in Valenciennes, but moved to Vienna at an early age, where he sang as a choirboy, and where he studied with Philippe de Monte, the renowned composer of madrigals. When his voice broke in late 1563 — the only evidence for his birthdate — he was moved out of the choir and into a Jesuit college, and sometime before 1574 he moved to Rome, where he worked as a composer and as an organist; he published his first book of madrigals in 1576 (in Venice, which had a much more active publishing industry). While in Rome he met Marenzio, and his early book of serious madrigals shows Marenzio's influence.

Macque moved to Naples around 1585, where he became famous as the leader of the Neapolitan school. His first employment there was with the Gesualdo household, a place he remained until May 1590 (shortly before the Gesualdo murders: see Carlo Gesualdo). Some of his work at this time is dedicated to Carlo, as well as the other members of the aristocratic household: Cesare d'Avalos, father of Carlo's murdered wife, as well as Fabrizio, Carlo's father. Later in 1590, however, he became organist at Santa Casa dell'Annunziata in Naples, and in 1594 organist to the Spanish viceroy (Naples was a Spanish possession at the time); in 1599 he became maestro di cappella at the Chapel Royal of Naples. While maestro di cappella he taught many of the later Neapolitan composers, including Luigi Rossi.

Music and influence
Macque was a prolific madrigalist, who published 12 separate books of madrigals, although the numbering is confusing: for example the Primo libro de madrigali, for six voices, dates from 1576 in Venice, while another Primo libro de madrigali, for four voices, dates from 1587. After 1585, when he moved to Naples, his music shifted from the conservative Roman style to the more progressive Neapolitan one; perhaps he began renumbering his publications based on his stylistic change. His early and late madrigals include both light and serious music and often require virtuoso singing skill; likely some of these pieces were intended for performance by the concerto di donne, the three virtuoso female singers at the ducal Este court at Ferrara, which had a strong musical connection with Naples throughout the 1590s.

After 1599, his music shifted in style again; Macque began experimenting with chromaticism of the kind found in Gesualdo's madrigals. Most likely the nobleman influenced Macque, but it is possible that some of the influence went the other way, since the dating of Gesualdo's individual compositions is difficult, due to his publication of his work in large blocks, many years apart. Some of the madrigals Macque wrote after 1599 include "forbidden" melodic intervals (such as sevenths), chords entirely outside of the Renaissance modal universe (such as F# major) and melodic passages in consecutive chromatic semitones.

In addition to his madrigals, he was a prolific composer of instrumental music, writing canzonas, ricercars, capriccios and numerous pieces for organ. Some of his music is extraordinarily progressive harmonically, and can be compared with the vocal music of Gesualdo: the Consonanze stravaganti (exact date unknown, probably early 17th century) is a particularly good example. See Grout (1) for an extended example from this composition. (Complete score is available on IMSLP.)

Macque also wrote sacred music, including a book of motets for five to eight voices, litanies, laudi spirituali, and contrafactum motets (motets originally in another language, fitted with new texts known as contrafacta).

References and further reading

 * W. Richard Shindle, "Giovanni de Macque", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
 * Note: this article contains some new information not included in the 1980 New Grove article by the same author.
 * Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
 * (1) Donald Jay Grout, A History of Western Music. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1980. ISBN 0-393-95136-7
 * Catherine Deutsch, Ariosità et artificiosità dans les madrigaux de Giovanni de Macque (1581-1597), Ph.D. Univ. Paris-Sorbonne, 2007.

title: Giovanni de Macque


text:
Talk:Vicente Fox

20th Century Fox
Is his family behind the movie studios? The McChicken costs $1 (talk) 23:36, 19 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Very unlikely. --Diego Grez (talk) 02:47, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Presidency
This section talks about his public persona, and then quotes one historian that only condemns his presidency. I don't know a lot about Mexican politics, but my Mexican friends seem to love Fox, so he must have done something good (housing?). This section says nothing of his specific policies - it just says he was inept - it seems biased and not very detailed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jyonsin (talk • contribs) 18:14, 11 June 2017 (UTC)

Post-Presidential Discussion of the War on Drugs
I suggest the addition of the following text.

Former Mexican President Vicente Fox said that "making drug consumption legal in the United States would lessen its use and take the illegal stream of money away from the criminal cartels." He used Holland and Portugal as two examples for the successful implementation of this policy.

Let us disscuss. My best regards, Geraldshields11 (talk) 18:39, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

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Criticism of Donald Trump
I want to expand the section about Fox's criticism of Donald Trump in the "post-presidency" section, but apparently my edits are rigorously shitty and not good enough for Wikipedia, and keep getting reverted. This is the information I want to add to the section: 1. Fox has emerged as a staunch and vocal critic of Donald Trump because of Trump's comments about Mexico and Mexicans. 2. Fox apologized to Trump for the strong language he used when denouncing Trump's border wall proposal, while standing by his criticism of the proposal itself and calling on Trump to apologize for his comments about Mexicans being "rapists". 3. Fox has personally invited Donald Trump to visit Mexico with him. 4. Despite his apology, Fox continues to constantly criticize Trump to the international media, most notably on Twitter, where he alternates between trolling Trump and responding to his rhetoric. (Just about every tweet Fox makes is about or directed at Trump, and has earned recognition from the media multiple times). 5. Fox has personally vowed to end Trump's political career and has stated, "I intend to be Donald Trump's shadow until he leaves politics."

Can you all help me add this information to the article in a way so it won't get reverted within five seconds of me adding it? Reattacollector (talk) 01:32, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

Expropriation of local groundwater in Chiapas Mexico
The following content has been removed twice when I tried to add it to this article under Early Years > Business Career. I want to continue the discussion of this content, because it is important content and should be included somewhere, though perhaps in a different location or article? Here is the content I wrote that was deleted:

'''Fox was also largely responsible for Coca Cola's expropriation of local groundwater in Chiapas, Mexico "by allowing unlimited extraction of deep water resources" that obstructed access to local groundwater and increased consumption of soda, which contributed to Mexico's diabetes epidemic, currently the nation's leading cause of death. '''

The reason given for deleting the content was that it violates WP:SYNTH. However, the article cited (Nash, 2007) explicitly states the following (quote) ''During the presidency of Vicente Fox, who had served as the chief executive officer of Mexico's Coca-Cola Company prior to his taking office, the federal water agency gave permission to the company to tap deep groundwater resources. The water is not metered, and the municipality does not receive reimbursement. [...] The drive to privatize rights to exploit groundwater and make it available to foreign private companies surged during Vicente Fox's presidential term. As former president of Mexico's Coca-Cola Company, Fox was instrumental in assessing the wealth of subsoil waters and asserting the need of foreign capital with the perforation technology to dig deep wells. It was no surprise when he introduced the new Law of National Waters in 2004 that authorizes the privatization of the entire hydraulic infrastructure of federal property-dams, canals, and irrigation ditches and prioritizes the rights of extraction of water by corporations. [...] During his presidency the Fox administration has granted rights to exploit more groundwater in a country than ever before. The country now faces water shortages owing principally to the use of subterranean water, by large-scale agribusiness. [...] The reform in the law at the federal level has enabled the Coca-Cola company to exploit deep wells in San Cristobal de Las Casas. Although the municipality of San Cristobal does not receive any rent or payments for the rights of exploitation of the wells, Coca-Cola Company is now selling not only their signature soft drink but also 400 product lines that now include bottled water for this increasingly scarce resource. The corporation's new distribution center in San Cristobal consolidates its market gains in consumption of Coca-Cola in indigenous territory while taking advantage of low prices for clear water in territory that was known for abundant water supplies. The market has expanded with the demands of a growing tourist industry and also of low income ladinos and Indians who have no access to groundwater. Consumption of bottled water in Mexico has doubled from 1999 to 2004 as a result of increasingly contaminated waters [...]'' (endquote).

I welcome your feedback on where to include this information within Wikipedia, if not directly in the article for Vicente Fox himself. Thank you for your time and consideration.

respectfully, Matthew Musselman (talk) 18:57, 26 July 2017 (UTC)
 * There is no issue with including a summary of the above information in the article, as it's properly sourced. The issue is with combining the two sources to allege that Fox was personally responsible for a major increase of diabetes in Mexico. That's where the WP:SYNTH part comes in. Joefromrandb (talk) 02:14, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

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Trump
A huge portion of this article is devoted to Fox's statements regarding Donald Trump. That section is almost as large as the section regarding Fox's presidency. I would suggest that we cut the Trump section down by at least half. Thoughts? -- MagicatthemovieS

Why nothing on the wild government spending of Vicente Fox?
President Vicente Fox vastly increased the pay of police officers, promised free health care for everyone, and set up a massive government backed housing campaign - which has collapsed into massive waste and corruption.

There is nothing on any of this in the article - people could read the article and not know (because it does not inform them) that the main feature of the President Fox's Presidency was wild government spending - government spending commitments (on such thing as housing and health care) that are now unsustainable for Mexico.2A02:C7D:B47A:C900:351A:524E:754C:E7BA (talk) 13:21, 31 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vicente Fox


text: User talk:61.5.36.165

title: User talk:61.5.36.165


text:
Fuyang, Hangzhou

 is one of ten urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang Province, East China. Fuyang is located in the northwest of Zhejiang on the Fuchun River, a tributary of the Qiantang River. The city is the birthplace of numerous notable individuals, including modern Chinese short story writer and poet Yu Dafu.

As of 2002, it has a population of approximately 680,000 of whom some 135,000 come from other cities and 90,000 Druzes inside the walls. The total area of Fuyang is 1808 km2.

History
Fuyang was founded during the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. The settlement's first name was Fuchun with the name of Fuyang used from 394 AD onwards.

Recent research has shown that the Ming dynasty Hongwu Emperor fled through Fuyang from Yuan dynasty forces during the closing years of that dynasty. Evidence of the pursuit has been found on the Tianzhong and Anding Mountains as well as in Yushan Village.

During an offensive against the rebels in Zhejiang at the time of the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864), Imperial commander Zuo Zongtang laid siege to Hangzhou and gradually captured the surrounding towns, including Fuyang to the southwest. In the final assault, General Jiang Yili and French commander Paul d'Aiguebelle destroyed part of the walls and took the city by storm, before sacking it.

In the early 20th century Fuyang was a hub for paper and bamboo products with Fuyanese bamboo used for the ribbing in paper umbrellas produced in Hangzhou.

Chinese Guomindang forces fought numerous battles against the Imperial Japanese Army in Fuyang and Xindeng, then a separate administrative area, during the World War II Japanese occupation of China. In December 1937 neighboring Hangzhou fell to the Japanese army and in January 1939 Japanese and Chinese forces fought for control of Fuyang. In 1942 Japanese forces clashed with Chinese Guomindang troops for control of Xindeng during a Japanese offensive against Jinhua, the then capital of Zhejiang province. The United States Army Air Forces bombed Japanese positions in Fuyang in August 1943, reportedly inflicting hundreds of casualties. In early August 1945, Japanese troops launched an offensive from Fuyang and captured the neighboring centers of Tonglu, Xindeng, and Lin'an City.

In 2011, a serious storm caused damage to many buildings in Fuyang. On the 23June, 457 farmhouses collapsed through storm damage, leading to compensation claims of more than 50,000 yuan. The seriousness of the catastrophe surpassed that of a 2009 typhoon in which 380 farmhouses suffered damage. The reconstruction cost the government a significant amount.

Geography and climate
Fuyang has a total area of 1831.22 km2 and is located at 30.05°N, 119.95°W. The city extends 68.67 km EW and 50.37 km NS. The area has many low mountains, hills, valleys, hills, basins, plains and other types of landscape. The low hilly area covers 1385 km2 (75.9%) of the total area, while the plains account for 18.7% and water areas 5.4%.

Located in northwestern Zhejiang province, in 1994 Fuyang was administratively merged into Hangzhou. The city has several highways including the G320 national road, Hangxijing, as well as highways 05, 23, 19 and 14. Fuyang is 32 mi from Hangzhou and convenient transport makes it possible to reach Hangzhou Train Station and Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport within one hour. In 2012, 45 natural disasters occurred in Fuyang, the majority not serious, although eight people died in October. To the southeast of the city, mountains cover a total area of 309.1 km2, accounting for the 16.9% of the city and 22.3% of the total mountain area. The elevation in this area exceeds 500 m while the relative height is more than 400 m.

The climate in Fuyang is temperate and humid subtropical monsoon during the spring and summer seasons. The annual average temperature is 16 C with 1460 mm of precipitation.

Architecture
A significant percentage of historic Fuyang city was demolished by wars in the 1940s and China's modernization campaign that began in the 1980s. Many of the notable structures standing in Fuyang today are of recent construction.

The Fuchun River waterfront runs several kilometers along the left bank of the river and is a center for social gatherings and sightseeing. Yu Dafu Park is located on the riverfront.

The Fuyang International Trade Center Hotel is one of the most prominent structures in Fuyang. The five-star luxury hotel is situated on the left bank of the Fuchun River and was constructed with 320 million RMB in funding by the Zhejiang Sea & Land Holding Group Co., Ltd. The structure covers an area of 43,000 m2, has 27 floors, and is the tallest building in Fuyang.

Mountains
Fuyang is known for its scenic mountain views and has numerous notable mountains, including Longmen Mountain, Ting Mountain, Guanshan Mountain and others. Many of these mountainous areas serve as places for locals to relax.

 * Guan Mountain is one of the best known tourist attractions in Fuyang. The mountain takes its name from its resemblance to a stork standing close to the nearby Fuchun River. Throughout history, the mountain has been deemed a place of seclusion with many historic figures including Li Bai, the well-known Chinese Tang dynasty poet and Song dynasty poet and politician Su Dongpo repairing to the area. The Songjun Villa was the home of Fuyang poet and author Yu Dafu (1896–1945) and his mother. This and other sites have been preserved by the Fuyang local government.
 * Longmen Mountain is located in the village of Xingmeiwu, and at 1100 m is the highest mountain in Fuyang.
 * Mount Tianzhong is also a noted feature.

Parks and zoos

 * Xinsha Island is a small island in the middle of the Fuchun river, with an area of 4.12 km2 and is surrounded by water and trees. West of the island is the largest natural freshwater swimming pool in east China. The beach area extends to 3,000,000 m2. The island is a popular tourist destination during the summer.
 * Yu Dafu Park is located near the Fuchun River and is a memorial to the writer Yu Dafu.
 * Hangzhou Wild Animal World Zoo is the largest zoo in eastern China.
 * Enbo Park is one of the oldest parks in Fuyang and is home to the historic Enbo Bridge.
 * Changpukan is a well known location in Fuyang and includes Changpuling mountain.
 * Guanshan Park is located within Fuyang city east of the river, and is a first-level national scenic area, known as the east China culture notable mountains.
 * Huang Gongwang Forest Park was named after painter Huang Gongwang's well-known masterpiece Fu chun shan ju tu. It covers 333 ha of which 96.5% is forest.
 * Dong Wu Park is on Jiangbin West Road and occupies 200,000 m2. Inside the park, there is a 50,000 m2 artificial lake. The design and the style of structure represent the culture of the Three Kingdoms period.

Surrounding Villages

 * Longmen Village lies 16 km from Fuyang and is a modern tourist attraction ranked as an AAAAclass national scenic spot. The village is surrounded by mountains. It is named after an ancient poem written by the poet Yan Ziling (严子陵) when he visited here. Also, it is the homeland of Sun Quan, who was the king of Wu during the Three Kingdom period. A children's entertainment park is located near the Rainbow bridge.
 * Jinzhu Village is located in Gaoqiao town.

One of the historic architectural features in Fuyang is Longmengkezhan, noted for its local specialties and traditional snacks such as Shenxian Chicken and Youcaidofupi. People believe that the great Sun Quan set off from exactly here after his mother made him the special food of his hometown. Increasing numbers of tourists now visit this place of interest.

Government
The chief political officer of the Fuyang Municipal People's Government is the Mayor of Fuyang. Under the mayor are deputy mayors and chief directors of municipal departments of the office and city bureau. In addition there is a local Vice Secretary of the Communist Party, a position currently occupied by Huang Haifeng  Huang also serves as the acting Mayor of Fuyang.

The executive vice mayor of Fuyang is Tong Dinggan. There are several vice mayors, including Fang Renzhen, Han Lu, Wang Xiaoding, Wang Shupin, Qiu Fushui, and Sun Jie. Jiang Jun is the secretary of Fuyang district committee of the Communist Party. The bureau chief of Fuyang is Liu xuejun, while Xu Fengming  serves as the state taxation bureau chief of Fuyang

Administrative divisions
There are four subdistricts, 15 towns, and six townships under the city's administration:

Subdistricts

 * Fuchun Subdistrict (富春街道)
 * Lushan Subdistrict (鹿山街道)
 * Dongzhou Subdistrict (东洲街道)
 * Chunjiang Subdistrict (春江街道)

Towns

 * Gaoqiao (高桥镇)
 * Shoujiang (受降镇)
 * Changkou (场口镇)
 * Chang'an (常安镇)
 * Wanshi (万市镇)
 * Dongqiao (洞桥镇)
 * Xukou (胥口镇)
 * Xindeng (Sinteng) (新登镇)
 * Luzhu (渌渚镇)
 * Lingqiao (灵桥镇)
 * Dayuan (大源镇)
 * Changlü (常绿镇)
 * Longmen (龙门镇)
 * Lishan (里山镇)
 * Yongchang (永昌镇)

Townships

 * Huanshan Township (环山乡)
 * Huyuan Township (湖源乡)
 * Shangguan Township (上官乡)
 * Yushan Township (渔山乡)
 * Chunjian Township (春建乡)
 * Xintong Township (新桐乡)

Economy
The city's GDP in 2010 was 41.58 billion yuan while in December 2012 the consumer price index (CPI) increased by 0.9%

Fuyang, especially the Chunjiang Subdistrict, is an industrial center with over 200 paper mills and copper factories. Light industries including paper making and textiles industry constitute about eighty-percent of Fuyang's domestic industry. The paper-making industry was originally based in the small village of Liyuan with the best known product being strawboard.

Fuyang ranks in the top 100 towns in China for economic growth.

The first business village in Fuyang was Tangjiawu.

In May 1992, based on Fuyang's location, resources and industrial advantages, four centers were established in Fuchun Bay, Farmers City, Silver Lake and Takahashi to speed up the improvement of infrastructure, promote investment, and introduce a large number of projects driven by the tourism industry, real estate and other tertiary industries. Integration with Hangzhou's large scale transportation and travel infrastructure was also made a priority.

The Fuyang Economic Development Zone, formerly known as the Fuchun River Economic Development Zone was founded in 1992. It was the first provincial-level development zone approved by the People's Government of Zhejiang Province. In 2005, following a national audit it was upgraded to the Fuyang Economic Development Zone, and in 2012 it became the Fuyang National Economic and Technological Development Zone.

In 2002, the richest man in Fuyang was Jianyi Wang. He was also considered the 99th wealthiest Chinese by Forbes.

Notable companies
Zhejiang Fuchunjiang Smelting Co., Ltd. was founded in 1958 and is located on the banks of the Fuchun River. The company specializes in the production and operation of copper smelting and employees more than 990 people, include engineers and technical personnel. Average annual output is 36,000 tons of blister copper, 100,000 tons of electrolytic copper, four tons of gold, 120 tons of silver, and 80,000 tons of industrial sulfuric acid.

Zhejiang Fuchunjiang Environmental Thermoelectric Co., Ltd. was the first listed company in Fuyang. The company is mainly engaged in the business of cogeneration. The main products are electricity and steam, with a total installed capacity of 88 mW and an average heating capacity of 415 ZhengDun/hour. Electricity and steam respectively accounted for 30% and 70% of operating income.

Transportation
Fuyang District is served by Line 6 (Hangzhou Metro). Another mode of public transportation in Fuyang is an extensive public bus system. The main bus terminals are located at Dapuzha, New Transport Station, Maternity Care Hospital, Second Food Market, Guanshan Park, Jiangnan High school, and Fuyang Film station. The fare for Fuyang's ubiquitous taxis start at 7 yuan. There are two long-distance bus stations in Fuyang, Fuyang New Bus Station and Fuyang New South Bus Station. There are frequent buses running between Fuyang District and urban area of Hangzhou, and other nearby cities.

The major highway near Fuyang is the 3695 km Highway 320, which begins in Shanghai and ends in Yunnan. Lushan Street is the main throughway in Fuyang. Private vehicles traveling along the highways connecting Fuyang with Hangzhou and neighboring urban centers are subject to toll fees.

Education
There are a number of primary and secondary schools located in Fuyang administered by the Fuyang Metropolitan Education Board. Xu Yichao is director general of the Fuyang Education Department. Among the schools that fall under the Fuyang Metropolitan Education Board's jurisdiction are:

Primary schools

 * Yongxing Primary School (永兴小学)
 * Fuyang No. 1 Primary School (富阳一小) Also known as Fuyang Experiment Primary School, it was founded in 1905 during the reign of the Qing dynasty Guangxu Emperor.
 * Fuyang No. 2 Primary School (富阳二小)
 * Fuyang No. 3 Primary school (富阳三小)
 * Fuyang No. 4 Primary school (富阳四小)
 * Fuyang No. 5 Primary school (富阳五小)
 * Fuyang No. 6 Primary school (富阳六小)
 * Fuyang No. 7 Primary school (富阳七小)
 * Fuyang Dayuanzhen Central School (富阳市大源镇中心小学)
 * Fuyang Chunjiang Central School (富阳市春江中心小学)
 * Fuyang Wanshizhen Central School (富阳市万市镇中心小学)

Middle schools

 * Fuyang Yongxing Middle School (永兴中学) has 42 classes, more than 2400 students and 160 teachers. The school includes various courses, especially for the study of English. Students have six classes every week as well as morning and evening English reading time. Every Wednesday afternoon, there are more than 70 clubs for students to participate in and expand their outlook. Every year the school has a summer and winter camp, which provide students with opportunities to study aboard.
 * Fuchun Middle School (富春中学)
 * Yudafu Middle School (郁达夫中学)
 * Dongzhou Middle School (东州中学)
 * Fuchun Third Middle School (富春三中)

High schools

 * Fuyang High School, includes the Fuyang AP Center .  There are a total of almost 260 students who study at the Fuyang AP center, almost 60 students in grade 12, 70 students in grade 11 and 130 students in grade 10. Fuyang High School has sub-campuses, including Fuyang High School, Fuyang South River High school, Fuyang Yongxin Middle School, Fuyang Chunjiang Middle School and Fuyang High School AP Center. These five schools are all well known in Fuyang.
 * Jiangnan High School
 * Fuyang No. 2 High School, includes an international China-Canada center.
 * Xindeng High School
 * Changkou High School
 * Shiyan High School
 * Chengzhen Vocational School
 * Daqing Vocational School

College

 * Fuyang Radio & Television University, also known as Fuyang dianda.

Fuyang plans to build a college town in 2013.

Local food
Fuyangese cuisine has a long history and is based on the culinary traditions of Zhejiang Province. Taste, color, and freshness are important for components of traditional Fuyanese dishes, as is the shape of the final product. Some notable Fuyanese dishes includes Fuchun River Shad, pork and vegetable dish called qianjiang rousi ., Fuyangese roast duck , You Deng Guo , sanshan chestnuts , and a Fuyanese version of tofu skin. Local produce includes Anding Mountain watermelon (安顶山西瓜) Anding Mountain Yunwu Tea, both cultivated on the farm land of local Anding Mountain. There is also a local fruit called baiguo.

Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains
Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains is one of the top ten ancient masterpieces of China, created by Fuyang native Huang Gongwang. He began work on the painting in 1348 and took about three years to complete it then presented it to a Taoist priest as a gift in 1350. A century later, the painting was acquired by the Ming dynasty painter Shen Zhou (1427–1509). During the reign of the Chenghua Emperor (1465–1487), Shen Zhou sent the painting to an unnamed calligrapher to be inscribed. However, the son of this calligrapher seized the painting which, after a few changes of hands, reemerged on the market for sale at a high price. Unable to afford it, there was nothing Shen Zhou could do except to make a copy of the painting himself. This imitation by Shen Zhou has become the most well-known and acclaimed copy among all others.

Not long after he made the copy, Shen Zhou gave it to a bureaucrat friend named Fan Shunju. Fan Shunju then began to search for the authentic copy. When he found it, he bought it at a hefty price and invited Shen Zhou to inscribe it. Shen Zhou then noted down at the end of the scroll the story of how the painting was lost and found.

Over the following centuries, the painting passed through the hands of several owners, including Tan Zhiyi, Dong Qichang and Wu Zhengzhi. When Wu Zhengzhi died, he passed the painting to his third son Wu Hongyu, who loved the painting so much that when he went into seclusion, he left behind all valuables and only brought the painting and a copy of the Thousand Character Classic by Master Zhiyong.

Fortunately, Wu Hongyu's nephew Wu Jing'an rescued the painting, which was however already aflame and torn into two. The smaller piece, also the beginning section, measuring 51.4 centimeters long, was subsequently known as The Remaining Mountain. After passing through the hands of numerous collectors, it came into the possession of Wu Hufan, a painter and collector, during the 1940s. In 1956, it finally settled down in the Zhejiang Provincial Museum in Hangzhou.

In 2011, in order to help rebuild the relationship between mainland China and Taiwan, the Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountain was shown in Taipei's National Palace Museum.

Cinema
The spy film Tianji(天机•富春山居图) will be released in June 2013. The film stars actress Lin Zhiling and actor Liu Dehua and some scenes were shot in Fuyang.

Embroidery
Yongzhen Mao, the Director of Hunan Shaping Xiang Embroidery Museum, after two years planning invited the Chinese Crafts and Artisan Masters Aiyun Liu, Yan Shen, Yan Yang, Qiaoyun Chen, Min Yang, Ying Luo and over 30 other masters to recreate Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains as a tapestry. Over five months, the embroidery was finished according to its original size. The work is 50 cm high and 13 m long, and uses threads of different shades of ink painting, in order to achieve "sub-colored ink" artistic effect. It is now stored in the National Museum of China.

Festivals

 * Annual Fuchun River Sports Festival 　is an important part of the implementation of the five-year action plan to build the city's charismatic personality, expand its visibility and influence, and improve the city's image to enhance the quality of life.
 * Banshan Peach Blossom Festival Since 2004, Fuyang has successfully held a Peach Blossom Festival.
 * Tea-picking Festival People enjoy picking tea and to feel like a farmer.

Notable individuals
Fuyang is the birthplace of many notable people dating back to Three Kingdoms period, including Li Zongmian, Li Tiao, and Lin Zhun.

Modern

 * Yu Dafu, one of the greatest Chinese literary figures of the first half of the 20th century. Among his works are the novels "Sinking", and "Guoqu." In 1945 Yu was executed in Singapore by the Japanese military and he is considered to be a Chinese martyr in the fight against Japanese imperialism.
 * Sun Jie, Chinese Olympic rower, was born in Fuyang on June13, 1986.
 * Hong Lei, the vice president of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was born in Fuyang in 1969 and attended Fuyang High School.
 * Yu Feng, noted artist and a niece of Yu Dafu. She was born in Fuyang in 1916.
 * Jiang Zhenghua, Vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress, was born in Fuyang in 1937.
 * Mai Jia, a writer and scriptwriter, was born in 1964. He was a recipient of the Mao Dun literature prize. He earned 28 million yuan in 2010, which made him the 15th wealthiest writer in China. Mai served in the army for seventeen years. Originally called Benxu Jiang, Mai Jia lives in Dayuan, Fuyang. He wrote the novels Jiemi, Ansuan, and Fengsheng.
 * Xu Yulan, a noted Yue operatic.

Ancient

 * Sun Quan, the king of Wu in the Three Kingdoms period, was originally from Longmen in Fuyang.
 * Huang Gongwang was a noted painter who painted Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains.
 * Tang dynasty poet Luo Yin was originally from Longmen, Fuyang. He was born in AD 833.
 * Li Zongmian, was a chancellor in the Tang dynasty.
 * Tang dynasty calligrapher Sun Guoting wrote the notable work Shu Pu.
 * Two well known prime ministers in feudal China, Dong Bangda and Dong Hao, were a father and son who originated from Fuyang.

title: Fuyang, Hangzhou


text: Category:Elementary schools in Canada

title: Category:Elementary schools in Canada


text: Talk:Star Control

title: Talk:Star Control


text:
Regina—Qu'Appelle

Regina–Qu'Appelle (formerly Qu'Appelle) is a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1904 to 1968 and since 1988.

Geography
The district includes the northeastern quarter of the city of Regina and the surrounding eastern rural area including the towns of Balgonie, Fort Qu'Appelle, Indian Head, Qu'Appelle, Pilot Butte, and White City; extending northwards to the towns of Southey, Cupar, Raymore, Punnichy, and Wynyard.

History
The Qu'Appelle riding was first created in 1903 and covered the Northwest Territories, including what would later be Saskatchewan. In 1905, the district was amended to just cover Saskatchewan.

In 1966, Qu'Appelle riding was abolished when it was redistributed between the Qu'Appelle—Moose Mountain, Regina—Lake Centre, Regina East and Assiniboia ridings.

In 1987, Regina—Qu'Appelle was created from parts of the Assiniboia, Humboldt—Lake Centre, Qu'Appelle–Moose Mountain and Regina East ridings.

The riding was known as Qu'Appelle from 1996 to 1998. In 1998, its name was changed back to Regina—Qu'Appelle.

This riding gained fractions of territory from Palliser, Regina—Lumsden—Lake Centre and Blackstrap during the 2012 electoral redistribution. It became the only hybrid urban-rural riding in the Regina area after the 2012 redistribution.

Demographics

 * According to the 2011 Canadian census; 2013 representation

Languages: 91.0% English, 1.3% Ukrainian, 1.2% German, 1.0% French

Religions: 67.2% Christian (28.8% Catholic, 11.9% United Church, 7.9% Lutheran, 4.0% Anglican, 1.3% Baptist, 1.3% Pentecostal, 12.0% Other), 3.6% Traditional Aboriginal Spirituality, 1.1% Muslim, 26.9% No religion

Median income (2010): $29,627

Average income (2010): $37,401

Members of Parliament
The riding has elected the following members of the House of Commons:

Current member of Parliament
Its Member of Parliament is Andrew Scheer, the former leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Leader of the Official Opposition. Formerly in the insurance industry,  he served in the 41st Canadian Parliament as Speaker of the House of Commons. He was first elected in the 2004 election. In a previous parliamentary session he served as a member on the Standing Committee on Transport and the Standing Committee on Official Languages.

title: Regina—Qu'Appelle


text:
Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School

Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School (BLMCSS) is a Baptist secondary school in Sha Tin, Hong Kong, near Lek Yuen Estate. It was established in 1978 by the Baptist Convention of Hong Kong. Situated in the new town of Sha Tin, the school is a co-educational grammar school offering education at the first to sixth form levels education in Hong Kong. English is the major medium of instruction whereas Cantonese are used for subjects like Chinese Language, Chinese History, Chinese Literature, Liberal Studies, Visual Arts, Physical Education. In junior forms, Mandarin Chinese is also taught. The school has mission in providing an all-round education based on Christian values by nurturing their moral, intellectual, physical, social, aesthetic and spiritual skills, knowledge and attitude. It is a band 1 school.

Educational Values and Beliefs
2W

Whole-Person Development: To self, family, studies and careers, people, society, country, world and mankind, and God

Whole School Approach: Academics, Guidance and Discipline, Activity, Gospel.

School ethos
Under the Baptist Convention of Hong Kong, the school was founded by the Lui Ming Choi Foundation. It is one of the five secondary schools operating under the supervision of the Convention. The School’s motto is "明道致知" in Chinese, derived from the idea of Zhu Xi, a Confucianist in Song Dynasty and incorporated this into Christian belief, which means understanding God’s teachings to become wise and intellectual. This concludes the expectation for its graduates.

Though the School holds the spread of the Gospel to be one of its missions, the atmosphere is relatively open and liberal, not only in the religious aspect, but also the socio-political. Till to date, the School and its Student Union hold memorial service and activities concerning the Tiananmen Square protests and June Fourth Movement which happened in mainland China, 1989.

Campus
Situated at the bank of Shing Mun River, the campus development is restrained. Nonetheless, the school extended the new wing in 1999 and undertook renovation and classroom reshuffle in order to facilitate the setting up of its multimedia laboratory and language laboratory. In the construction plan, a roof garden was included. The building of garden expanded the very limited space in where casual activities or even relaxation for students and staff could be taken place. Apart from classrooms and congregation hall, the school equips with science laboratories, playgrounds, rooms for various kinds of art, language and multimedia facilities for modern education. The school applied to Education Bureau (EDB) in 2007 for a new campus site reserved under the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation Tai Wai Maintenance Centre Property Development Project, but lost to Shatin Tsung Tsin Secondary School. In February 2015, the construction project of a new annex was approved by the Financial Committee of the Legco. The Project commenced on 28 December 2015 and will be finished in 2018. The government burdened around 150 million dollars for the construction project.

Education reform of Hong Kong
Witnessing the vast change brought by the education reform in Hong Kong, the school was transformed to fit into the new environment and well preserve its teaching and learning quality. The new curriculum with new highlight on social science and liberal studies will be introduced. Syllabi for public examination for the entrance of university will soon be revised to catch the structural change of Hong Kong's educational system, from seven years secondary education to six years whilst one more year will be added to tertiary education.

The school has a strong structure bounding both internally and externally. The 3 main internal bodies, the Parents' Association, the Alumni Association and the Student Union, engage intimately in various aspects of school operations. Externally, the School has strong linkages with secondary schools over the city and educational institutions. In 2004, the Education and Manpower Bureau named the school as one of the twenty school tiding direct partnership with the best 20 in mainland China.

Lectures
The school has hosted former Chief Secretary for Administration Anson Chan, President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong Jasper Tsang, and entrepreneur Joseph Lee for lectures. In 2015, the school hosted Joshua Wong to speak about politics and civil disobedience which caused a group of parents to protest outside the school that Wong was teaching their students to violate the law.

Class structure

Like most other secondary schools in Hong Kong, Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School serves form 1 through form 6. Form 1 to 3 are Junior classes; 4 to 6 are Certificate. Junior classes studies subjects of all streams like languages, computer, arts, science, sports and many others. As a Christian school, studied of bible is included in the curriculum. Certificate classes are targeted at the HKCEE, an open certificate examination for secondary education. Students are divided into arts, business or science stream according to their interests.

From the academic year 2009, the Form 4 class will be ceased, and those classes will be replaced into NS1, NS2 and NS3 respectively to complying with the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education.

Extracurricular activities
The School traditionally accommodates an active student body. Students participate widely in programmes and competitions of sports, music, performing arts, technological innovation and so on. There are more than 80 extracurricular activities students, most numerous options among schools in Hong Kong. Numerous students secured prestigious awards like Sir Edward Youde Memorial Scholarship in Hong Kong.

Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School boasts as one of the HK secondary schools with the largest variety of extracurricular activities for students to participate in, with particular strengths in sports, drama, and music. Many prizes have been awarded to the students of BLMCSS. Below is a list of student clubs:

 * Student Union
 * Academic Societies: Art Society, Design and Technology Society (Robotics Team), Home Economics Society, Europe Club, Bridge Club, Mathematics Society, Magic Club, Geography Society, Music Society, English Society, Chinese Society, Biology Society etc.
 * Service: Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, Red Cross, Peer Support Scheme, Stage Support team, CampusTV, Prefect etc.
 * Sports: PE Society and other ball teams(Football, Basketball, Handball, Volleyball, Badminton, Table Tennis), Folk Dance Club, Jazz Dance Club, Oriental Dance Club, Latin Dance Club
 * Music: Music Society, and more than 30 different instrument class, including both Western and Chinese instruments
 * Drama: Drama Club (Drama is a compulsory academic subject for F.1 students)

Student union
The Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School Student Union (also known as BLMCSSSU or LMCSU) has the longest history in its sort among schools in the East New Territories. Formed in 1983, the students' union has been playing a key role in students' activities, as well as external involvement. Departments of the Union organise ranges of programme and activity to enhance learning experience and campus life. It also connects the student population with other schools' fellows through joint schools functions and friendly dialogues.

The Union is a democratic organisation which consists of two main bodies: the Executive Committee, which is the cabinet executing mandated power, and the Representative Council, holding power of amending the Constitution of the Union, passing working plans, budgets, approving reports, debate and vote on Committee proposals. In principle, the Committee and the Council cooperate to enact and push forward any proposals and plans. The principal acts as the President-in-Nomine. 2 to 3 teaching staff are assigned by the Principal to be Advisors to supervise and guide the operation of the Union, who are seen to be real supervisors. The Committee coordinates working schedule and details with Advisors' consent, though not bounded in the Constitution.

Counselors are elected once a year. There is one seat for every class, therefore 31 in total. The method adopted is simple majority and monitored by the class teacher at the academic year commencement in September. Nomination is open to all in the class except members in any proposed cabinet(s) in the Committee election. Generally, most senior will seek incumbency and have sort of association with proposed cabinet(s) to complete the political system of the Union.

Alumni
Due to the influence of the serving culture in their alma mater, alumni are observed in facets of social commitment. Large portion of graduates pitched themselves into education, some of them in academic research. Similarly large portion achieved qualification in professions like legal, medical services, and engineering business.

Student Support
Whole School Approach to Catering for Student Diversity: Differentiated instructions are implemented to cater for learner diversity. Split classes and remedial classes are offered in junior secondary English lessons to cater for their learning differences. Also, there are variations in the curriculum content and teaching strategies of the different curriculum sets to accommodate different abilities, skills, learning paces and styles of students. Through a wide range of learning activities including F.1 Summer Bridging Camp and afterschool tuition groups, students ’diverse learning needs are catered, and so they have become more motivated to learn.

Notable alumni

 * Moon Lau, an actress under TVB management

title: Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School


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North Atlanta High School

North Atlanta High School is a comprehensive public high school of approximately 2300 students in the Paces neighborhood of the Buckhead community of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The school is a part of Atlanta Public Schools (APS).

The school was formed after North Fulton High School combined with Northside High School during the 1991–1992 school year. This merger resulted in North Atlanta High School being the only high school in APS to host two magnet programs: the International Studies Program and the Performance Arts. The Performance Arts program is now technically defunct, but North Atlanta continues to encourage students' artistic abilities and talents in performance.

Northside High School (1950–1991)
Fulton County School Board opened Northside High School in 1950 at the current location of the Sutton Middle School: 7th-8th Grade Campus building. Northside High School became part of the APS when the property was annexed into the city of Atlanta. The school colors were purple and white, and the school nickname was the Tigers. In 1969, APS opened a planetarium at the Northside campus. Originally, it was one of three planetariums owned by Atlanta Public Schools (the other two being at Fulton and Harper High). It can seat 110 people. A magnet program in the performing arts was started in 1972.

North Atlanta High School (1991–present)
In June 1990 the APS school board voted to merge Northside and North Fulton High, closing the North Side Campus and making the North Fulton campus host the new school. In January 1991 the school board chose the name North Atlanta High School.

In September 1991 the school opened. The students attended the North Fulton campus, until June 1994, while the former Northside High School underwent a $15 million renovation. In 1998, North Atlanta was designated as a Georgia School of Excellence by the Georgia Department of Education. After the 2001–2002 school year, West Fulton High School and Harper-Archer High School closed. Since there wasn't adequate capacity at Douglass High School, the closest school, the students in the Scott and Boyd Elementary school districts were rezoned to North Atlanta. This area encompassed both Hollywood Courts and the former Perry Homes. Starting in 2004, Newsweek rated North Atlanta as being one of the best high schools in the country for three consecutive years. In the spring of 2008, the Aga Khan visited and gave a speech at North Atlanta as a part of the annual IB conference.

As of the 2008–2009 school year, the incoming 9th grade class was zoned to Douglass High School. In 2008, North Atlanta began its partnership with the Juilliard School. Juilliard began its inaugural Summer Jazz program in June 2008, and planned to continue the camp in future years. In the summer of 2009, APS started its $40 million renovation on the building. Phase 1 included the expansion and modernization of the instructional classrooms, while Phase 2 included the grounds and rooms such as the theatre and the cafeteria.

Phase two of the SPLOST 3 renovation, in the summer of 2010, included renovations and modernization of all non-instructional facilities such as the media center and athletic areas.

The 2010–2011 school year saw the third wave of Atlanta Public Schools' High School Transformation Initiative. The new changes included extending the IB Diploma Programme to each SLC, eliminating the status of a magnet program from the International Studies SLC, and other initiatives aimed at increasing student achievement. A fourth SLC was tentative for the transformation.

In order to alleviate overcrowding at Sutton Middle School, around 2009 APS issued a proposal to create state-of-the-art facilities for NAHS elsewhere in Buckhead, and to use the then-current NAHS facilities on Northside Drive at Kingswood Lane as a new middle school. However, instead of creating a new middle school, it was decided that Sutton Middle School would be separated into two campuses. Its new 7th and 8th Grade Campus was established at this location (apparently by the 2013–2014 school year), and its 6th Grade Campus remains at the school's original location on Powers Ferry Road at Jett Road, 3.5 miles north of the Northside Drive campus.

Campus
APS purchased a former IBM office building on Northside Parkway in the Paces neighborhood of Atlanta, along with its 56 acre wooded campus. The 11-story building, which previously housed 5,000 IBM employees in its 507093 ft2, was converted to new facilities for NAHS students. The campus straddles a retention pond. The parking deck is used for parking, while the more distant parking lots have become a track and field. Another building, deemed unsuitable for the school, was imploded on October 27, 2012, to be rebuilt as a theater and gymnasium, among other purposes. The architecture was led by Cooper Carry and construction was performed by J.E. Dunn. The new school was ready for the 2013–2014 school year. The cost of the new campus altogether was $147 million; APS received some criticism for the cost, which made the school the most expensive public high school in the history of the state.

Student activities
The North Fulton Quiz Bowl team won the 1990 AA state title in the tournament sanctioned by the Georgia Academic Team Association, and Northside won the 1991 AAA title. In 1998, the North Atlanta Quiz Bowl team won the state championship before going on to finish with a No. 16 national ranking at the Tournament of Champions in Chicago, Illinois. The team also earned a berth in the 2000 Tournament of Champions.

State championships

 * Northside

 * Football: 1957 (AAA)
 * Boys' track: 1956 (AA); 1979 (7AAAA) mile relay State Champions

 * North Fulton

 * Girls' swimming: 1957, 1958, 1959
 * Football: 1966 (AA)
 * Boys' cross country: 1953–54, 1955, 1956, 1966 (Div. II), 1971 (AA), 1972 (AA), 1973 (AA), 1974 (AA), 1975 (AA), 1979 (AA)
 * Boys' basketball: 1953 (AA)
 * Boys' track: 1954 (AA tie w/ Griffin), 1967 (AA), 1974 (AA)

 * North Atlanta
 * Girls' basketball: 2000 (AAA)
 * Girls' cross country: 2021 (6A)
 * Girls’ tennis: 2022 (6A)
 * Boys’ cross country: 2022 (6A)
 * Boys' track & field:2023 200m relay (6A)

Bus route
Bus 12 that runs through Cumberland Mall feeds through the former campus of North Atlanta High School (now Sutton Middle School). It also runs through the new campus, the IBM building in Fulton County.

Feeder schools

 * Elementary schools: Bolton Academy, Brandon Elementary, Garden Hills Elementary, Jackson Elementary, Smith Elementary, and E. Rivers Elementary
 * Middle school: Sutton Middle

Notable alumni

 * Johntá Austin - singer, songwriter, producer
 * David Cross (Northside High School) - actor best known for his role in Arrested Development and the sketch comedy show Mr. Show
 * James Dickey (North Fulton High School) - author of Deliverance
 * Cydney Gillon - Contestant on the 32nd season of Survivor and professional body builder
 * Sam Graddy (Northside High School) - gold medal winner in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1984 Summer Olympics; former NFL player for the Denver Broncos and the Los Angeles Raiders
 * Jasmine Guy (Northside High School) - actress best known for her role as Whitley Gilbert in A Different World
 * Matt Hullum - director, best known for Lazer Team and Red Vs Blue
 * Erika Jayne (Northside High School) - The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills; singer; actress
 * Billy Milner (Northside High School) - 1995 NFL first round draft pick of the Miami Dolphins
 * Ed Nutting (Northside High School) - former NFL player for the Dallas Cowboys
 * E. Earl Patton (North Fulton High School) - Atlanta businessman and politician
 * Travis Payne (Northside High School) - choreographer
 * Christiani Pitts - actress, singer, dancer
 * RuPaul (Northside High School) - drag queen, musician, and actor, full name RuPaul Andre Charles
 * Bobby V - R&B singer; also known as Bobby Valentino
 * Stephen Weatherly - professional football player - DE for the Cleveland Browns
 * Curtis Williams - rapper, co-founder of Two-9
 * Van Earl Wright (North Fulton High School) - American Sportscaster
 * Sam Wyche - (North Fulton High School) - football player, coach
 * Kerry R Sarden - Basketball player/coach, Health and P.E (Personal Fitness) teacher.

title: North Atlanta High School


text:
Buick Invicta

The Buick Invicta is a full-size automobile produced by Buick from 1959 to 1963. The Invicta was a continuation of the mid-range Buick Century that mated the standard size Buick LeSabre (pre-1959, Buick Special) body with Buick's larger 401 cubic inch Fireball V8 engine. The Invicta continued to be the intermediate hardtop coupe, hardtop sedan, convertible and station wagon, labeled as the Buick Invicta Estate, until it was replaced by the Buick Wildcat as a coupe or sedan, while the station wagon was replaced by the Buick Sport Wagon in 1965.

The name was derived from Latin and signified 'unconquerable, invincible, unbeatable, unvanquished' according to Buick Motor Division sales training materials.

First generation (1959–1960)
The Invicta series was introduced as a full line of body styles for model year 1959. Sales never approached that of either the entry-level LeSabre or top level Electra models, but were consistent with the traditional sales penetration of Buick's sporty mid-priced models (the 1954 to 1958 Century and 1963 to 1970 Wildcat).

In a survey of 1959 Buick owners in the March, 1959 issue of Popular Mechanics, 47.1% of owners like the ride comfort, though many (25.2%) said the drive shaft tunnel was too big.

Starting in 1960, an Invicta Custom trim package was offered, featuring bucket seats and a 'consolette' in the hardtop coupe, convertible and wagon and a leather bench seat with a center armrest on some 4 door hardtops. Sales were nominal.

According to Robin Moore's 1969 book The French Connection, "the 1960 Buick Invicta had a peculiarity in body construction conducive to the installations of...extraordinary, virtually detection-proof traps concealed within the fenders and undercarriage" that made it a popular model for international heroin smugglers.

Second generation (1961–1963)
The Invicta received several updates for the 1961 model year. It was the last year the 364 cubic inch Buick V8 engine was offered before the engine was retired. The station wagon did not reappear until the 1962 model year.

1962 saw the debut of the Wildcat two-door hardtop within the Invicta series. The Wildcat featured most of the interior trim of the Invicta Custom, which included standard bucket seats and upgraded door panels. Instead of the Invicta Custom's short console, however, the Wildcat had a long console with a tachometer and a shift lever. Other Wildcat features included special badging and exterior trim, along with a vinyl top and Electra 225-like taillights, rather than those of the LeSabre/Invicta. These features placed the Wildcat well in step with the shift towards sports-oriented models.

For 1963, the Wildcat would replace the Invicta four-door hardtop, two-door coupe, and convertible. The Invicta series had a 6-passenger station wagon as its sole model. Only 3,495 Invicta station wagons were built for 1963, after which the name disappeared.

Buick Invicta concept (2008)
The Invicta nameplate was re-trademarked by Buick in 2004, a concept car bearing that name was unveiled at the Beijing Auto Show on April 19, 2008. The vehicle was designed in a collaboration between the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan and Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center in Shanghai, China. The designers responsible for the exterior design were Justin Thompson and Richard Duff.

The concept was equipped with a 2.0-liter direct injection turbo engine rated at 250 hp and 220 lbft mated with a 6-speed automatic transmission, MacPherson strut front and independent rear suspensions, four-wheel anti-lock disc brakes, 20 x 8.5 inch polished aluminum wheels with P245/40R20 tires. Featured on the car are several traditional Buick design cues: the Sweepspear, VentiPorts, a tri-color Buick trishield, and the waterfall grille.

The vehicle's designs were later used on the second generation Buick LaCrosse.

title: Buick Invicta