text:
Talk:Marshmallow

Beefsteak edit
Please, do not vandalize Wikipedia. The entire first heading tells the uses of marshmallows for all. The veg info tells people what most don't realize (that gelatin is an animal product)--the anon edit is foolish and adds nothing useful. An omnivore could heat marshmallows with anything, or with nothing else at all. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 07:04, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There's no user named Beefsteak, as far as I can tell. --67.172.99.160 00:41, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Stop Deleting the Little Guy!
Hey! Why is it that people always remove the little guy. We don't remove Peeps or any big corporate entity, yet I see my sight removed. We are an award winning Marshmallow Maker and we make artisan marshmallows. Hand-made the old fashion way. No molds or machines are used in our process.....Please Support the little guy and don't remove our link. Corporate sites are OK, but the world can't fit into one Walmart Like category. Allow people to decide for themselves. No need to be a Wikipedia NAZI!
 * Please demonstrate Split Bean Coffee's fulfillment of the Wikipedia notability guidelines for companies and corporations before adding your external link again. Thank you. --Icarus 22:33, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I have removed all the advertising external links. Wikipedia is not an advertising medium, and NO link should go to an ordering page, either primarily or secondarily. To the SplitBean guy, you could try to start an article about your company IF there is something notable about other than you make yet another recipe for a marshmallow (such as that your marshmallows sing to you, or roast themselves, or something really notable). BUT remember that if you start a company article, critical information about your company can allow be included by others. -- Cecropia 02:24, 10 May 2006 (UTC)
 * P.S. Calling people Nazis is never useful, in Wikipedia or politics. -- Cecropia 03:14, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Splitbean, do you think that if you keep adding your company's link that we'll get tired and give in? Cecropia and I have both explained what criteria must be met before a company can be considered notable by Wikipedia standards. If you keep adding your company's link without demonstrating its notability, then this is considered spam (see this link for the relevant Wikipedia guidelines). If you keep spamming, then you will be blocked from editing sooner or later. Please, don't make it come to that. --Icarus 21:56, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

image
The is possible the worst photo of a marshmallow I can imagine. You can barely tell its shape, and as the caption says, it's an uncommon colour. Can anyone help out? -- TheMightyQuill 14:25, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Eggs come from chickens...
So would that not that not mean that the 'original' recipe for marshmallows would also be non-vegetarian? No meat! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.50.67.228 (talk • contribs) 20:08, 4 June 2006.
 * Eggs are an animal product but they are not "meat." Vegetarian societies almost always use eggs and milk, and most chicken eggs consumed are not fertile, if you want to take the further step of concern on eating something that could theoretically turn into an animal. As the article explains, "vegetarian" marshmallows can contain egg whites, but "vegan" marshmallows do not. -- Cecropia 03:10, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Aw man, Cecropia beat me to it! But I wrote my whole little response before seeing the dreaded "edit conflict" notice, so I'm going to go ahead and post it anyway :-P

 * Eggs are not vegan, so traditional marshmallows (and marshmallow fluff) are not vegan. Eggs are vegetarian, however, so gelatin-free marshmallows are indeed vegetarian.  Eggs are not considered meat by vegetarians because they do not require the chickens to be killed.  The eggs used in Western cooking are not fertilized, so calling them meat would be like calling a woman's monthly period an abortion. (Sorry if that grosses anyone out for any reason, but it's the most accurate analogy.) Some vegetarians choose not to eat eggs for various reasons, and some cultures do consider fertilized eggs to be a delicacy, but in general eggs are suitable for vegetarians.  --Icarus 03:16, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * As a lacto-ovo vegetarian, I can confirm that the vast majority of vegetarians eat (unfertilised) eggs and milk products, and those who do not are generally vegan, have allergies, or do it for a religious reason (I know Jains who are lacto vegetarians, and do not eat egg products). Joseph Sanderson 00:08, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Deaths section
Is that really relevant?

If it is, it probably doesn't need 5 references. I suspect that the content could be better placed elsewhere, since I don't feel it merits a section of its own. Perhaps it would be better placed in a Chubby Bunnies article? Joseph Sanderson 22:19, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that the information shouldn't necessarily be in this article. I propose that we merge anything not already in Chubby Bunny and add a "See also" wikilink to the bottom of this one. Because of today's drama, though, I think the merge should be put off for a couple of days to let things cool down before making any major changes. Just to be on the safe side. --Icarus (Hi!) 22:47, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Before removing sourced statement you should discuss it. Deadliness of marshmallow has a section of its own (with 5 sources). This aspect of marshmallow has multiple sources. In fact it's the only sourced section. So this means that it is of great importance and should have its place in the header.
 * With your logic, every article that is about an object that can cause someone to asphyxiate should include information about people choking on them. That's right, an article on Car keys should include such. :: Colin Keigher ( Talk ) 14:26, 23 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I also was thinking likewise, but I was naive. First, I removed this fear mongering non-sense, but fellows above, commited to marshmallow awareness, reverted my edits. I've try to reason them with examples that we don't have Death by Pizza section in Pizza, nor Death by Hot Dogs in Hot Dogs, but with no result. They have convinced me that to deny deadliness of marshmallow is an act of vandalism, so if that is Wiki consensus, it is fine with me. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 88.118.108.138 (talk) 16:20, 23 December 2006 (UTC).

The section is completely stupid, has been removed and will stay removed. People can choke and die on anything (and do.) We already have the Chubby Bunny article to cover marshmallow-related stupidity, and I've added a Chubby Bunny link in the "see also" section. The "danger" does not need to be present in the main marshmallow article unless someone has reliable information that marshmallows are, in fact, inherently more dangerous than most other types of food. --Lode Runner 05:40, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Not that it's worth an edit, but this is not wholly consistent with the approach taken in this section on the health hazards of mochi which are similar to marshmallows (i.e. soft, chewy, round confections).VeritasCurat (talk) 17:09, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

Proper toasting technique
"A popular, traditional treat is created by toasting marshmallows usually over a campfire or other source of open flame."

I know that the image of someone toasting a marshmellow on a stick over a roaring fire is a popular one, but it's pretty inaccurate (at least, it for those of us that do not enjoy eating pure carbon.) It takes forever to toast a marshmellow over flame if you take care to ensure that it doesn't catch on fire. It makes much more sense to roast the main course (which, unlike marshmellows, is usually not flammable) over the open flame, let the fire die down while you eat, and toast your marshmellows over the flameless (but still very hot) *coals*. Sure, I've known impatient people (mostly kids) who're happy to stick their marshmellows in the flame--usually resulting in nothing more than a gooey center coated by sooty, bitter blackness--but most campers I've met prefer the golden brown, carmalized, quick-and-easy toasting that coals offer. Perhaps the open-flame method is more popular due to widespread ignorance and/or impatience, but the coal method should at least be mentioned. --Lode Runner 22:56, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

I've run into more burned marshmallows using the supposedly proper method you recommend which actually takes long to toast a marshmallow. There is no one proper way, you just have to be careful and pay close attention to what you are doing. - annonymous 1/16/2011 2:37 AM EST. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.64.8.201 (talk) 07:37, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Most marshmallows are free of eggs
I believe marshmallows today usually do not contain egg whites. My wife is allergic to egg whites yet does not have any reaction to marshmallows. Take a look at http://home.howstuffworks.com/question128.htm for a recipe to make your own (no egg).

Also, look at http://www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/marshmallows.pdf especially where it says that perfectly good marshmallows can be made without egg white. Such egg-free marshmallows are also relatively resistant to spoilage.I cannot BELIEVE that marshmallows are made from animal marrow. I'll never eat a marshmallow again!

History
Some history on the marshmallow would be nice. The page mentions the company that holds the patent and the approximate time period they were invented. A more specific time, place, and inventor would be nice, if known. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.230.161.164 (talk) 14:33, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

While I hate to question whether the no-longer-available source#3 is the truth, whole truth, and nothing but the truth, I'm not sure I believe that 1948 was the first time people tried making them cylinder shaped or extruding them. I'm not old enough to have first-hand evidence, but they show up in a 1945 movie in the same size and shape as we have them today. (Wonder Man - see here @ 8:28.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.0.207.166 (talk) 05:08, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

I'd like to know WHY the gladiators rubbed marshmallow goo all over their bodies. To look sexy? Don't leave the reader to just assume it's a weird cultural thing.

Manufacture
How are marshmallows manufactured? Specifically, why aren't they sticky on the outside? ~MDD4696 02:29, 2 October 2007 (UTC) they are not sticky on the outside because they are coated with powdered sugar and corn starch 69.119.253.197 (talk) 23:01, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Unsourced information
''A popular camping or backyard tradition in the United States is the toasting or roasting of marshmallows over a campfire or other source of an open flame. '' - This assertion is ridiculous and must be sourced or I will remove it very soon. I am genuinely disturbed by the continual appearance of unsourced information on Wikipedia, and feel that all pages must immediately be pared down to sourced information alone. Otherwise, how are we supposed to believe these marshmallow LIES? There is simply no reliable sourcing presented to back up this far-fetched marshmallow-related claim...as with so many other statements on Wikipedia - which should also be removed unless properly verified by the end of the month. The Encyclopedia Britannica would never allow marshmallows to be slandered like this. Imagine if this appeared in a print edition of Wikipedia, and a poor child in Somalia, having no other information on marshmallows, were to read this unsourced absurdity? Please remove this crap now. NBSTVM 00:00, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * IT HAS ALREADY BEEN ONE MINUTE SINCE I INSERTED THE FACT TAG. THIS GOES TO SHOW THAT THE INFORMATION IS FALSE AND SHOULD BE REMOVED.  OMG OMG OMG NBSTVM 00:03, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Huh? Surely there are better places to raise a complaint than here, and over this. Kroyw 00:12, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You are contributing to the destruction of Wikipedia by allowing unsourced information to be placed in the encyclopedia. Already, hundreds of children have been exposed to this article and learned UNVERIFIED information about marshmallows - a food they eat every day.  What if a child were to die in a fire while attempting to "toast" a marshmallow on the advice of this article?  You are wildly irresponsible, and would never be allowed near Encyclopedia Britannica.  You have removed a tag requesting sourcing for NO REASON.  I demand that this information be sourced or removed.  I am initiating a MARSHMALLOW WATCH starting now.  So far it has been ONE WHOLE DAY since sourcing was requested...and unsurprisingly, no sourcing has been given. NBSTVM 00:10, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I have left a message on your talk page relating to this matter. NBSTVM 00:17, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I am reverting your edit. Please review WP:POINT before repeating it. --Icarus (Hi!) 04:39, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I have reviewed WP:Point and believe that you are referring to the clause establishing that tags are to be used in situations where the content is likely to be challenged.  I feel that this content is likely to be challenged, and indeed have a number of questions about it myself.  The practice of roasting marshmallows is virtually obsolete, and the dangers involved are obvious, much like those of burning plastic.  Virtually no scouting or camping organizations participate in this sort of activity anymore, although a few rogue individuals may choose to do so on their own.  I agree that the word "tradition" in the sentence in question is appropriate, since the activity has taken place in the past, but I do not agree with the article's implication that its popularity is ongoing, especially coupled with the complete silence on the dangers of marshmallow roasting.  Some of my comments about EB were over the top, but I was giving vent to long-held feelings that Wikipedia is irresponsible, and that, seeing as one of its target audiences is underprivileged children (cf. the stated priorities of Jimmy Wales), Wikipedia should be more careful in publicizing dangerous activities which are not even particularly common.  Marshmallow roasting is a dying and dangerous "tradition", and the article should source any claims about its currency, safety, popularity, or benefits.  Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.  I'm sorry if I lost my temper.  NBSTVM 23:15, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You should be sorry for creating the disruption. If this is some weak attempt at humor it wasn't funny the first time.  Let it rest, NBSTVM. Kroyw 18:06, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * In a concession to the obstinacy of certain people here, I have refrained from demanding a fact check, and have edited the entry to a compromise version. NBSTVM 19:38, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

I find the amount of detail in the vegetarian section of the article absolutely unacceptable. It seams that the article is more dedicated to the topic of vegetarian's relation to marshmallows rather than the marshmallows them selfs. I mean, good god, this isn't vegepedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.229.216.89 (talk) 01:08, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

breakfast cerial
What do they call the little marshmallows that they put in lucky charms and other breakfast cerials? I think this information should be added to the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.104.4.252 (talk) 03:31, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

The marshmallow history
Everyone should know where they come from, and that they were invented by the Egyptians!! why would something like that be removed, repeatedly!!??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.30.19.81 (talk) 21:58, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Vegetarians and Gelatine
"Vegetarians" don't eat gelatine, it's made from dead animal, a Semi-vegetarian might. See: http://www.kurma.net/faq/ask30.htmlOosh (talk) 09:24, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Award-winning book
Marshmallow by Clare Turlay Newberry (Harper) 1943, caldecott honor ~ender 2008-11-18 2:32:AM MST —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.240.12.80 (talk)

Pre-softened?
Is it really necessary to say PRE-softened? It's just another abuse of that prefix in contemporary (American?) English. "Softened" is a past participle that indicates that something has been done before something else. To say that the gelatin is softened in water means that it has been softened before being added to the mixture. It would be rather difficult to soften it in water after it's been added! Caeruleancentaur (talk) 16:22, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Quite right, I have changed it, next time just be bold :)  S t e a lt h F o x  21:15, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Are they bad for animals?
I was wondering if feeding marshmallow to animals is bad for them? Im wondering because when people have marshmallow guns and shoot them out side I was wondering if the animals that comeby and eat them would get poisoned like dogs when they eat chocolate.sorry im not logged in but my computers internet is really slow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.82.158.206 (talk) 22:31, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Chocolate is only dangerous to animals because of the theobromine content of cocoa products (see Chocolate). So I imagine unless its chocolate marshmallows, it's not an issue  S t e a lt h F o x  00:48, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

SI/Imperial
Should the units used to describe the mass of mashmallow consumed yearly in the US not be quoted first in metric and then in imperial, due to the difference is values of units of the same name in different countries? Colostomyexplosion (talk) 15:09, 20 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The source cited uses avoirdupois units so while I have no love for them over SI, I believe that's what the primary unit used in the article, with a suitable SI conversion for the more enlightened. :p If you're worried about people mistaking it for troy pounds we can turn on links in the tempalted and that'll send them off to the correct unit article. Oosh (talk) 22:00, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Roasting Marshmallows
Roasting the marshmallows IS NOT a tradition of the western world because in Italy, France, Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Austria, Switzerland, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Slovenia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Andorra, San Marino, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Malta, Faroe Islands, Greece, Cyprus, Monaco, Georgia, Armenia, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Nakhchivan, Chechnya, Turkey and so on IT IS NOT a local tradition and so I modified Western World in North America --Francesco —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.14.79.137 (talk) 22:36, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Okay, fair enough. The reason it was changed to "western world" was because the list had grown to "United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the UK and Mexico." Not all of these are in North America, so that isn't a good alternative, either. I'm going to go change it to "North America and the English-speaking world" because it seems like that's the best way to cover all of the bases. --Icarus (Hi!) 04:30, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Proper English
The article should at least mention that marshmellows are spelt with an e in the UK.Daleks Rule (talk) 20:44, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

That's odd, I always thought it was the opposite. Indeed, I once got lashed out by a Brit online for spelling it "mellow". 98.220.223.197 (talk) 03:34, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

The only people that spell 'marshmallow' with an 'e' are those that cannot spell. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.222.220.246 (talk) 21:37, 26 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed - according to the Oxford English Dictionary "marshmellow" is not a word in UK English.VeritasCurat (talk) 16:59, 18 November 2019 (UTC)

What's the relevance of grey whales?
"According to the National Confectioners Association, Americans spend more than $125 million annually for upwards of 90 million pounds of marshmallow, a mass equivalent to 1,286 gray whales."

I'm not sure I can visualise this equivalency. How much is that in football courts? 84.112.202.36 (talk) 00:16, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Generally, football fields are used for measuring length or area, not mass. I suppose that you could talk about the mass of the top six inches of a football field, but I don't see much point in that. - AlanUS (talk) 22:33, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

Hey hey! Cereal anyone?
Should we add in the fact that a lot of cereals like Count Choculah and Lucky Charms use DE-hydrated marshmallows in their cereals? 173.33.32.4 (talk) 08:31, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

Removed claim that Doumak started his company because of patent
I've removed the claim that Doumak started a company on the strength of his patent on the extrusion process. According to the Doumak corporate website, the company was started in 1921 using the starch mogul process (they call it "cast mold marshmallows"). Further, the source that had been cited to support the claim, well, didn't.

Also, if anyone has information about precisely which patent that was, I'd be interested. I think it might be US 2,847,311 (Confection and Process For Producing the Same), but I'm not sure, as that's dated 12 Aug 1958, and the dates I've seen cited tend to be ~10 yrs earlier. Other funny thing is that 2,847,311 was assigned to National Dairy Products Corporation as far as I can tell; not sure what to make of that... Mount Flatten (talk) 10:26, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

Brands
This sentence is unclear: "Most of the current brands of commercially available marshmallows in the United States are made and copacked by Kraft Foods and Doumak, Inc, under such names as Jet-Puffed, Campfire, Kidd and numerous 'private label' store brands." Are the "private label" store brands made and copacked by Kraft and Doumak or not? - AlanUS (talk) 22:30, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

"Roasted" versus "toasted" marshmallow
I undid a recent change in the article from "toasted" to "roasted" marshmallows, and left it at "toasted marshmallows." In the US at least I have always heard "toasted," since it is exposed for a short while to very high radiant heat, and heated directly, perhaps over a campfire, like toasting bread, while roasting is typically at a much lower temp for a much longer time. Roasting can be either direct heat (coals or fire) or indirect heat in an oven. Marshmallows in an oven at 325 degrees F, like roasting beef, would melt without getting the desired dark char. Roasting near a flame or coals would be equivalent to toasting, I suppose. Google book search shows "toasted marshmallow" with 3030 results and "roasted marshmallow" with only 1050 results, so from reliable sources (as opposed to a simploe Google hits tally, "toasted" better satisfies WP:COMMON. Even Google hits favor "Toasted:" 500,000 hits versus 61,000 for "roasted." If this is one of those US versus UK usage" issues, then we should look back to the first edit which selected one version of English or the other and keep the article to that style per WP:ENGVAR, since the confection does not seem particularly closely related to either country. Edison (talk) 21:04, 2 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Six years later a reply: it is 'toasted' in Britain too. It is done over a campfire or the embers of a barbecue.  I have never heard "roasted". (Who would roast a marshmallow? It wouldn't survive.) Hogweard (talk) 12:34, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20141025202924/http://www.candyusa.com/AllAboutCandy/CandyType.cfm?ItemNumber=932 to http://www.candyusa.com/AllAboutCandy/CandyType.cfm?ItemNumber=932

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Section: Sucrose
Deleted this: "The crystallization process is explained by Le Châtelier's principle. It states that a system shifted away from equilibrium acts to restore balance by reacting in opposition to the shift. So, an increase in temperature causes the system to decrease in energy to bring the temperature down. The energy is then absorbed as the chemical bonds from the sucrose break down. This cools the system down, so more sucrose molecules break apart, and dissolve in the solution.

When the solution cools down, we see sugar crystals form. This is also explained by Le Châtelier's principle that says a decrease in temperature causes a system to generate energy to bring the temperature up. Since the formation of chemical bonds always releases energy, more sucrose molecules will join crystals already forming to increase the temperature. This explains why crystallization occurs when the temperature decreases. In marshmallow processing, these are the steps that occur as the sugar syrup solution is being heated and cooled." reason: really bad garbled up explanation of something so simple as melting<->crystallization or solid<->liquid phase change. the details belong to the article about crystallization anyway. 80.99.38.199 (talk) 20:16, 17 January 2018 (UTC).

 * since the deletion was reverted (twice) to avoid edit warring i leave it to the more experienced editors. still i wish you think about my proposal to remove that paragraph (its actually two paragraphs). 80.99.38.199 (talk) 22:26, 17 January 2018 (UTC).

corn syrup section
"Corn syrup is flavorless and cheap to produce which is why candy companies love using this product." i contest the statement of "flavorless" - i'd bet it is sweet and let me know if sweet is not counted as a flavor. perhaps the idea was to say it has a neutral/blank sweet taste. well, like sugar? also though i got no sympathy for candy companies, the later half of the sentence probably could and should be formed more neutrally. like, "corn syrup has a neutral sweet taste and is unexpensive, which is why it is favored by candy companies." 80.99.38.199 (talk) 20:32, 17 January 2018 (UTC). also, while seems quite common sense, the widespread use or favored use of corn syrup by candy makers could be confirmed by a source, or else it sounds too much like an opinion - i am inclined to take it as a valid statement, but a source would deinitely help.80.99.38.199 (talk) 22:00, 17 January 2018 (UTC).

section: SUCROSE STILL BLOWS!
as tried to draw attention to it before, the 'Section: Sucrose' suffers mightily from overblown and poorly phrased content. i found a well formed statement to decribe it: "I think you could say enough of that with 90% fewer words. Please review WP:NOTEVERYTHING, WP:NOTTEXTBOOK, WP:NOTNEWS, and WP:CRYSTAL for perspective, then provide a shorter draft using systematic review articles". (the exact wording comes from peanut butter talk page and it describes very well what is the problem with including excess information and beyond being excessive what is wrong with the writing style as well.)

the problematic section is:"Sucrose is another ingredient utilized in most aerated confections. It is a disaccharide that consists of one glucose and fructose molecule. This sugar provides sweetness and bulk to the marshmallow, while simultaneously setting the foam to a firm consistency as it cools.[15] Sucrose, and sugars in general, impair the ability of a foam to form, but improve foam stability. Therefore, sucrose is used in conjunction with a protein like gelatin. The protein can adsorb, unfold, and form a stable network, while the sugar can increase the viscosity.[16] Liquid drainage of the continuous phase must be minimized as well. Thick liquids drain more slowly than thin ones, and so increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase will reduce drainage. A high viscosity is essential if a stable foam is to be produced. Therefore, sucrose is a main component of marshmallow. But sucrose is seldom used on its own, because of its tendency to crystallize.

The crystallization process is explained by Le Châtelier's principle. It states that a system shifted away from equilibrium acts to restore balance by reacting in opposition to the shift. So, an increase in temperature causes the system to decrease in energy to bring the temperature down. The energy is then absorbed as the chemical bonds from the sucrose break down. This cools the system down, so more sucrose molecules break apart, and dissolve in the solution.

When the solution cools down, we see sugar crystals form. This is also explained by Le Châtelier's principle that says a decrease in temperature causes a system to generate energy to bring the temperature up. Since the formation of chemical bonds always releases energy, more sucrose molecules will join crystals already forming to increase the temperature. This explains why crystallization occurs when the temperature decreases.[13] In marshmallow processing, these are the steps that occur as the sugar syrup solution is being heated and cooled."

And it should be shortened like this:"Sucrose is another ingredient utilized in most aerated confections. It is a disaccharide that consists of one glucose and fructose molecule. This sugar provides sweetness and bulk to the marshmallow, while simultaneously setting the foam to a firm consistency as it cools.[15] Sucrose, and sugars in general, impair the ability of a foam to form, but improve foam stability. Therefore, sucrose is used in conjunction with a protein like gelatin. The protein can adsorb, unfold, and form a stable network, while the sugar can increase the viscosity.[16] Liquid drainage of the continuous phase must be minimized as well. Thick liquids drain more slowly than thin ones, and so increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase will reduce drainage. A high viscosity is essential if a stable foam is to be produced. Therefore, sucrose is a main component of marshmallow. But sucrose is seldom used on its own, because of its tendency to crystallize."

My suggestion is to delete the last 2 paragraphs and keep the first paragraph. 80.99.38.199 (talk) 14:27, 4 February 2018 (UTC).

seems to have reached agreement on deletion of overblown excessive paragraphs detailed above
since 2 months have passed and no objections have been raised, i am being bold and go on with it. reasons explained in details above. 80.99.38.199 (talk) 20:06, 14 April 2018 (UTC).

ok, so i did. i am still confused how "edit summary" text goes sometimes directly to appear as title of the edited section, and sometimes does not, but ok, i can accept that. hope that this time the deletion will be either accepted or if not someone actually takes time to argue about it instead of (brainlessly) reverting. 80.99.38.199 (talk) 20:16, 14 April 2018 (UTC).

Styrofoam?
Is the caption on the infobox image supposed to be "Styrofoam"? Are there marshmallow shape names I haven't heard of? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chlod (talk • contribs) 03:56, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Just a vandalized entry, it's been reverted. noq (talk) 14:40, 4 December 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 June 2020
The DOI cited in the reference at the end of this section is incorrect; it should be

10.1021/cen-v084n016.p041

instead of 10.1021/cen-v084n011.p041

(vol. 84 no.16, not no. 11).

Thanks! southcutt (talk) 23:05, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done RandomCanadian (talk / contribs) 02:42, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 September 2021
I would like to add Europa as part of the world where roasting or toasting of marshmallows over a campfire is very popular. Famrdevriesfrance (talk) 13:46, 1 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 13:53, 1 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I believe they were referring to the videogame Destiny 2, which has an emote where the player roasts a marshmallow over a campfire (and Europa as a destination). I'm not sure if your team would consider a lil nod to it appropriate, but the game does have a wiki page that could be linked for context, for what it's worth. NeonBlackHole (talk) 21:18, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 August 2023
Rochester, New York’s High Falls district was a manufacturing center in the early 1800s, harnessing the Genesee River to power mills along the gorge. In 1895, Joseph B. Demerath established the Rochester Marshmallow Company, becoming the first confectioner in America to manufacture and distribute commercial marshmallows. 2603:7081:1606:CB7E:D5AF:4C3:9DD4:F80C (talk) 01:37, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. —PlanetJuice (talk • contribs) 01:47, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 October 2023
Please add an image of a homemade marshmallow (such as 2,832 × 4,256 pixels, file size: 4.07 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg) underneath the paragraph detailing the homemade marshmallow making process in the manufacturing section. Image caption could state "an example of a typical homemade batch of marshmallows". RattusMori (talk) 23:14, 19 October 2023 (UTC)

 * does such an image exist on Wikimedia Commons? Elli (talk | contribs) 00:14, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * yes, Handmade Marshmallows by FatMatt (4774326832).jpg RattusMori (talk) 00:22, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks for finding that, User:RattusMori! DMacks (talk) 03:13, 20 October 2023 (UTC)
 * No problem! Thanks for adding it RattusMori (talk) 03:21, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

Marshmallow colors
I believe that marshmallows were made in a varety of colors. I see no mention of color. Aside from the normal white and pastel colors, I recall in the late 70s and 80's a darker gray or light brown color. This may have been brand specific, but in general discussion the colors they were made in is of some importance 65.189.60.80 (talk) 21:24, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marshmallow


text:
Sanchez-Mira

Sanchez Mira, officially the Municipality of Sanchez Mira (Ili nat Sanchez Mira; Ili ti Sanchez Mira; Bayan ng Sanchez Mira), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Cagayan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 26,164 people.

It is 155 km from the provincial capital Tuguegarao and 632 km from Manila. Lying on a latitude of 18 degrees, 34 minutes north and a longitude of 121 degrees, 14 minutes east, the municipality is bounded on the north by the Babuyan Channel; on the south by the municipality of Luna, Apayao; on the east by the municipality of Pamplona, Cagayan; and on the west by the municipality of Claveria, Cagayan.

History
Formerly called Malukkit or Naluqui, meaning "a place of conflict/destruction", the name "Sanchez Mira" was given in honor of Manuel Sanchez Mira, a Spanish Brigadier General assigned in the Cagayan Valley who served as alcalde mayor of Cagayan. It was formally established as a town in 1894. Its first inhabitants were mostly Ilocanos from Paoay, Ilocos Norte.

Barangays
Sanchez Mira is politically subdivided into 18 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

 * Bangan
 * Callungan
 * Centro I
 * Centro II
 * Dacal
 * Dagueray
 * Dammang
 * Kittag
 * Langagan
 * Magacan
 * Marzan
 * Masisit
 * Nagrangtayan
 * Namuac
 * San Andres
 * Santiago
 * Santor
 * Tokitok

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Sanchez Mira was 26,164 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Sanchez Mira, belonging to the second legislative district of the province of Cagayan, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

Education
The Schools Division of Cagayan governs the town's public education system. The division office is a field office of the DepEd in Cagayan Valley region. The office governs the public and private elementary and public and private high schools throughout the municipality.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sanchez-Mira


text:
Inner Mongolian People's Party

The Inner Mongolian People's Party (IMPP) is an Inner Mongolian secessionist movement. The party was started in 1997 in Princeton, New Jersey. Citing the abuses of the Chinese government against Mongols during the Cultural Revolution, the goal of the party is to establish an independent state of Inner Mongolia; the potential for unification with the existent nation of Mongolia is beyond the current scope of party goals.

Establishment
The Inner Mongolian People's Party was established on 23 March 1997 in Princeton, New Jersey with the goal of creating an independent state of Inner Mongolia. Another reason for the creation of the IMPP is that some of the Inner Mongolian people still have many unaddressed grievances dating back to the atrocities committed during Cultural Revolution. They believe that the Chinese government has not been held accountable or acknowledged their wrongdoings. The re-unification of Inner Mongolia and Mongolia is not currently within the "scope" of the IMPP as their current primary focus is on attaining independence for Inner Mongolia.

Organization
The IMPP has a chairman and vice chairman who are directly elected. The secretary general is proposed by the chairman and approved by the Standing Committee, who is elected by Congress representatives. The chairman, vice chairman and secretary general all are automatically committee members. The IMPP has branches in a few countries that are set up by the chairman and vice chairman. Additionally, there is an advisory board that is made up of non-IMPP members.

In March 1997, more than fifty IMPP members from Mongolia, Germany, Japan, Canada and the United States attended the first Congress of the Inner Mongolian People's Party, which meets every four years, and acts as a decision-making body. Xi Haiming was elected as chairman, Bache was elected vice chairman, and Oyunbilig was elected as general secretary. Additionally, at the congressional meeting the Constitution was passed, membership criteria agreed upon, flag design finalized and, an "Open Letter to the People of Inner Mongolia" was issued and distributed. The party's headquarters are in the United States due to the contentious relationship with the People's Republic of China. Due to sensitivity issues and to protect IMPP members, there is limited information available to the public concerning party membership and the identities of their members.

Xi Haiming, Chairman
Xi Haiming, (Mongolian: Temtsiltu Shobtsood) was born in 1957 in Inner Mongolia. In the mid-1970s, he was actively involved in Inner Mongolian efforts to hold the Chinese government accountable to punish the people involved in the "cleansing campaign" during the Cultural Revolution. In 1981, the Chinese government implemented a policy to resettle millions of Chinese people in Inner Mongolia. Xi, as a student at the University of Inner Mongolia, became an influential student leader fighting to have the Chinese government reverse the policy and founded the Inner Mongolian League for the Defense of Human Rights. Due to his activities, the Chinese authorities put him under surveillance. In 1991, many of his friends were arrested causing him to flee to Mongolia. In 1993, he was granted political asylum in Germany and currently lives there with his wife and daughter.

Bache, Vice Chairman
Bache, born in 1955 in Xinjiang, used to be a member of the Chinese Communist Party. In 1990, he went abroad on official duty and did not return. Presently, he is a visiting scholar with the East Asian Institute at Columbia University.

Oyunbilig, General Secretary
Oyunbilig, born in 1968 in Inner Mongolia, graduated from Beijing University in 1990 and worked for the Chinese Aerospace Department and as a business representative to Mongolia. He was actively involved in the 1989 Tiananmen Square Student Movement in Beijing. In 1995, he was granted political asylum in the U.S. and is currently living in Maryland.

Membership
The only criterion for membership is that the individual accept the Constitution and is willing to actively participate in all events. According to the Constitution, members are free to withdraw their membership should they wish to do so.

Constitution
The Constitution, passed at the first Congress, states the party's main goals as "to uphold the principles of democracy and peace in fighting to end the Chinese Communist Party's colonial rule in Inner Mongolia" and the "ultimate goal is to achieve the independence of Inner Mongolia."

title: Inner Mongolian People's Party


text:
Zoan

Zoan ( Ṣōʿan) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a city of Egypt in the eastern Nile delta. Book of Numbers 13:22 says that it was built seven years after Hebron was built. Psalm 78:12,43 identifies the "field of Zoan" as the location where Moses performed miracles before a biblical Pharaoh to persuade him to release the Israelites from his service. The city is also mentioned in Book of Isaiah 19:11, 13, Isaiah 30:4 and Book of Ezekiel 30:14.

The Greek Septuagint in all of these verses uses the Greek name Tánis (Τάνις). Both Tanis and Tso'an are ultimately derived from the Ancient Egyptian name for Tanis, ḏꜥn.t (Bohairic Coptic ϫⲁⲛⲓ; Sahidic Coptic ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ; Modern Arabic صان Ṣan).

title: Zoan


text:
Blood pudding

Blood pudding may refer to:

 * Black pudding, a blood sausage with a high proportion of oat or barley
 * Blood sausage
 * Chew – Blood Puddin', a comic book series by John Layman and Rob Guillory
 * Pig blood curd, solidified pig's blood
 * Sanguinaccio dolce, an Italian dessert made from pig's blood
 * Tiết canh, a North Vietnamese blood pudding

title: Blood pudding


text:
Joseph Lonewolf

Joseph Lonewolf (January 26, 1932 – November 9, 2014) was a Native American potter from Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico, United States. He was known for his use of historical methods and his development of sgraffito and bas-relief techniques used a nail filed to a point as his main carving tool. The son of pottery artist and historical reconstructionist Camilio Sunflower Tafoya, Lonewolf was a precision mining equipment machinist until 1971, when a back injury forced him to retire.

His works, which have often been referred to as "pottery jewels", are notable for the use of Mimbres designs on sienna miniatures. His Designs are often reflect geometrical animal forms, He said "Each pot had a meaning but most are about nature".

Clay
When Joseph and his family go out to gather clay they do it with the utmost respect. Before the clay can be taken from Mother Earth they must say a prayer asking to take the clay and tell the clay mother that they are going to take her and make her into a beautiful pot. The clay is brought home and water is added to turn the clay to a liquid form known as slip. The slip is then strained through a screen to take out any rocks or roots and then the clay can be dried wedged up to be used.

Firing
After the wear had been carved away the piece is allowed to dry to a bone dry state and it is time be fired. Four tin cans are set up and a metal basket is placed on them to allow for good air flow. The pots are then placed in the basket and a fire is built under the basket. Planks of bark are leaned agents the stack in a tepee form and the whole pile is lit on fire. After the bon fire burns down, for an amount of time that is learned from years of experience, horse manure is shoved on to smother the flame and create a reduction atmosphere in the firing. The reduction causes the wear to turn black in color giving this work a particular look. "We do not talk about a pot until it is complete, If we do it will brake in the firing"

Lonewolf's work was explored in a series on American Indian artists for the Public Broadcasting System (PBS). Other artists in the series included R. C. Gorman, Helen Hardin, Allan Houser, Charles Loloma, and Fritz Scholder.

title: Joseph Lonewolf


text:
User:Ombudsman

select contributions to articles

 * A Beautiful Mind, Abbott Laboratories, Able Danger, Advocacy, Administrative incompetence, Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society, American Medical Student Association, Anterior cingulate cortex, Anti-psychiatry, Anti-social behaviour order, Autism, Autism therapies
 * Bili Ape, Bonobo, Brodmann area 10
 * California Teachers Association, Causes of autism, Child advocacy, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Codex Alimentarius, Common Chimpanzee, Conditions comorbid to autism spectrum disorders, Corporate crime
 * Defeat Autism Now!, Dental amalgam controversy, Dignity, Dipsea Race, Double standard
 * Economic determinism, Epidemiology, Eugene, Oregon, Evolutionary neuroscience
 * Fukuoka Marathon
 * Gamma wave, Gerson Lehrman Group, Good Manufacturing Practice, Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
 * Homeland Security Act, Human evolution
 * Immune mediated inflammatory diseases, Involuntary treatment
 * Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, Journalist
 * Kaiser Permanente, Knee Knackering North Shore Trail Run
 * Lahore Marathon, Lead guitar, Leadville Trail 100, Leakey's Angels, Long-distance track event
 * Mad Pride, Mammillary body, Mediation, Mental Health, MMR vaccine, Multiday races
 * National Alliance on Mental Illness, National Health Federation, Neoteny, Non-Aristotelian logic
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 * Papez circuit, Party directed mediation, Peachtree Road Race, People United to Save Humanity, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Philadelphia Marathon, Pivotal response therapy, Polio vaccine, Polypharmacy, Proactive and Preemptive Operations Group, Procol Harum, Psychiatric hospital, Psychiatric survivors movement, Public stocks
 * Regressive autism, Renaissance Technologies, Researchers questioning the official account of 9/11, Resveratrol
 * Saccharomyces boulardii, Somatic nervous system
 * TreeHouse, Total Information Awareness Office
 * School of the Americas, School of the Americas Watch, Sensory Integration Dysfunction, Social Troubles Institute, Spindle neuron
 * Tapering (sports) Thimerosal
 * Ultramarathon, USA Track & Field
 * Vaccination, Vaccine, Vaccine court
 * Whistleblower
 * Zyprexa

select contributions to biographies

 * Patch Adams, Gordy Ainsleigh
 * Simon Baron-Cohen, Beddow Bayly, Melvin Belli, David Bergamini, Henry Bergh, Bruno Bettelheim, Howard Bloom, David Bohm, Zola Budd, Dan Burton
 * Judi Chamberlin, John Conyers, Harris Coulter
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 * Louis Leakey, Bernard Lagat
 * Brian Maxwell, Gayle McLaughlin, Robert S. Mendelsohn, Neil Z. Miller, Jan Moor-Jankowski
 * Steve Prefontaine, Karl Pribram
 * Michael Ratner, Jeremy Rifkin, Carl Rogers
 * Vandana Shiva, Keki Sidhwa, James Harris Simons, Nancy Snyderman
 * Russ Tice, Robin Trower
 * A. E. van Vogt
 * Martin Walker, Reggie Walton, Bernie Ward, Rosemary Waring, Dave Weldon, Lorna Wing, Milford H. Wolpoff
 * Robert Yerkes

WikiProjects

 * WikiProject Alternative medicine
 * WikiProject Biography
 * WikiProject California
 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Clinical medicine
 * WikiProject Countering systemic bias
 * WikiProject Drugs
 * WikiProject Guitarists
 * WikiProject Kindness Campaign
 * WikiProject Health controversies
 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Medical Genetics
 * WikiProject Medicine
 * WikiProject Primates
 * WikiProject Psychopathology
 * WikiProject Running
 * WikiProject Wikipedians against censorship

WikiCulture

 * Censorship
 * Wikipedia:Civility noticeboard
 * Concordia
 * Five pillars
 * Harmonious editing club
 * Kindness Campaign

title: User:Ombudsman


text: Category:825 births

title: Category:825 births


text:
User talk:Tobb

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

OMFG
Hihi!

Asriel86 03:11, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Jeebus
Asriel 86? OMG that's you!!.

Well, I suppose... but I don't know why.
Tobb: You had asked for proof that Space Tree was on newgrounds. A quick search turned up the episodes, I have posted links in the discussion to not clutter up the article. --Rgb9000 16:30, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tobb


text:
User talk:Kamrupi

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use 	 ~ (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

There is a Notice board for India-related topics. We also have an Indian collaboration of the week.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

title: User talk:Kamrupi


text: Category:795 births

title: Category:795 births


text:
Stuart Berg Flexner

Stuart Berg Flexner (1928–1990) was a lexicographer, editor and author, noted for his books on the origins of American words and expressions, including I Hear America Talking and Listening to America; as co-editor of the Dictionary of American Slang and as chief editor of the Random House Dictionary, Second Edition.

Personal life
Flexner was the son of clothing retailer David Flexner and Gertrude, née Berg. He was twice married, first to Miriam Bogen and then to Doris Louise Hurcomb.

title: Stuart Berg Flexner


text:
Talk:Yazidi Book of Revelation

Qu'ret Al-Yezid
Hello! I'm curious where the "Qu'ret Al-Yezid" comes from. I didn't see it in Joseph Isya's book. To the contrary, the "Al-Jilwah" which seems to also be called on wiki the "kiteb cilwe" ends at Chapter V. It also seems unusual that this quotation ends with "thus saith Shaitan" considering that its taboo to mention his name or anything that resembles it. Does anyone know anything about this?

128.104.60.117 02:02, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia has been fooled by this entry. The book is a work of fiction written sometime in the last 5 years and should be listed and referenced as such. At the very least, can we require references for the information provided in this article, particularly those referencing Kurdish culture and villages. Thank you.

No it was not written in the last 5 or so years as you claim or Anton LaVey would not Have had it in The Satanic Rituals which was written back in the 70's and no it didn't start with that clown either.Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.191.102.20 (talk) 17:49, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that this poem was referenced by LaVey? I'm not seeing this in any of his works...? Ryanspeakman (talk) 18:14, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

As an encyclopedia, is it proper to contain the entire body of this book; other documents and books, religious or otherwise, are simply referenced here at wikipedia.

Excerpts?
Do we want to include the ==Excerpts from Chapters== section? RJFJR (talk) 13:56, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

Moved here from article space. (Without commentary it is hard for a reader to interpret this.) We already some material at wikisource, if this isn't already there then it probably belongs there instead of in WP. RJFJR (talk) 16:15, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Excerpts from Chapters
"Chapter I

I was, am now, and shall have no end. I exercise dominion over all creatures and over the affairs of all who are under the protection of my image. I am ever present to help all who trust in me and call upon me in time of need. There is no place in the universe that knows not my presence. I participate in all the affairs, which those who are without call evil because their nature is not such as they approve. Every age has its own manager, who directs affairs according to my decrees. This office is changeable from generation to generation, that the ruler of this world and his chiefs may discharge the duties of their respective offices everyone in his own turn. I allow everyone to follow the dictates of his own nature, but he that opposes me will regret it sorely.

No god has a right to interfere in my affairs, and I have made it an imperative rule that everyone shall refrain from worshipping all gods. All of the books of those who are without are altered by them; and they have declined from them, although they were written by the prophets and the apostles. That there are interpolations is seen in the fact that each sect endeavors to prove that the others are wrong and to destroy their books.

To me truth and falsehood are known. When temptation comes, I give my covenant to him that trusts in me. Moreover, I give council to the skilled directors, for I have appointed them for periods that are known to me. I remember necessary affairs and execute them in due time. I teach and guide those who follow my instruction. If anyone obey me and conform to my commandments, he shall have joy, delight, and comfort.

Chapter II

I requite the descendants of Adam, and reward them with various rewards that I alone know. Moreover, power and dominion over all that is on earth, both that which is above and that which is beneath, are in my hands. I do not allow friendly association with other people, nor do I deprive them that are my own and that obey me of anything that is good for them. I place my affairs in the hands of those whom I have tried and who are in accord with my desires. I appear in diverse manners to those who are faithful and under my command.

I give and take away; I enrich and impoverish; I cause both happiness and misery. I do all this in keeping with the characteristics of each epoch. And none has a right to interfere with my management of affairs. Those who oppose me I afflict with disease; but my own shall not die like the sons of Adam that are without. None shall live in this world longer than the time set by me; and if I so desire, I send a person a second or third time into this world or into some other by the transmigration of souls.

Chapter III

I lead to the straight path without a revealed book; I direct aright my beloved and chosen ones by unseen means. All my teachings are easily applicable to all times and all conditions. I punish in another world all who do contrary to my will.

Now the sons of Adam do not know the state of things that is to come. For this reason, they fall into many errors. The beasts of the earth, the birds of heaven and the fish of the sea are all under the control of my hands. All treasures and hidden things are known to me; and as I desire, I take them from one and bestow them upon another.

I reveal my wonders to those who seek them, and in due time my miracles to those who receive them from me. But those who are without are my adversaries, hence they oppose me. Nor do they know that such a course is against their own interests, for might, wealth and riches are in my hands, and I bestow them upon every worthy descendant of Adam. Thus the government of the worlds, the transition of generations, and the changes of their directors are determined by me from the beginning.

Chapter IV

I will not give my rights to other gods. I have allowed the creation of four substances, four times and four corners; because they are necessary things for creatures.

The books of Jews, Christians and Muslims, as of those who are without, accept in a sense, i.e., so far as they agree with and conform to my statutes. Whatsoever is contrary to these, they have altered; do not accept it. Three things are against me and I hate three things. But those who keep my secrets shall receive the fulfillment of my promises. Those who suffer for my sake I will surely reward in one of the worlds.

It is my desire that all my followers unite in a bond of unity, lest those who are without prevail against them. Now, then, all ye who have followed my commandments and my teachings, reject all the teachings and sayings of such as are without.

I have not taught these teachings, nor do they proceed from me. Do not mention my name nor my attributes, lest ye regret it; for ye do not know what those who are without may do.

Chapter V

O yea that have believed in me, honor my symbol and my image, for they remind you of me. Observe my laws and statutes. Obey my servants and listen to whatever they may dictate to you of the hidden things. Receive that, that is dictated, and do not carry it before those who are without, Jews, Christians, Muslims and others; for they know not the nature of my teaching. Do not give them your books, lest thy alter them without your knowledge. Learn by heart the greater part of them, lest they be altered.

 * Qu'ret al-Yezid
 * Revelation of Melek Ta'us

 * Wherefore, it is true that my knowledge encompasses the
 * Very truth of all that is,
 * And my wisdom is not separate from my heart,
 * And the manifestation of my descent is clear unto you,
 * And when it is revealed to the children of Adam it will
 * Be seen by all.
 * And many will tremble thereby.
 * All habitations and desert spaces are indeed of my own creation, set forth,
 * All fully within my strength, not that of the false gods;
 * Wherefore I am he that men come with their rightful worship,
 * Not the false gods of their books, wrongly written;
 * But they come to know me, a peacock of bronze and gold,
 * Wings spread over Kaaba, temple, and church, not to be overshadowed.
 * And in the secret cave of my wisdom it is known that there is no god but myself,
 * Archangel over all the host, Melek Ta'us.
 * Knowing this, who dares deny?
 * Knowing this, who dares fail to worship?
 * Knowing this, who dares worship the false gods of the Koran and bible?
 * Know that who knows me will I cast into paradisiacal gardens of my pleasure!
 * But the Yezid who knows me not will I cast into affliction.
 * Say then, I am the only and exalted archangel;
 * And I make prosperous whom I will,
 * And I enliven whom I will.
 * Say then, I alone am to be praised from the Towers of Lalish,
 * And from the mountain of Ararat to the western sea.
 * Say then, let the light of knowledge flash forth from the ziarahs,
 * Flash forth from the river of Euphrates to the hiddeness of Shamballah.
 * Let my Sanjak be carried from its safe place into the temple,
 * And let all the clans of Yezid know of my manifestation,
 * Even Sheikan, and Sinjar, and Haliteyeh, and Malliyeh, and Lepcho,
 * And the Kotchar who wander among the heathen."

Additional text can be found in the book Al-Jilwah.

title: Talk:Yazidi Book of Revelation


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Magnetic resonance imaging/archive1

Magnetic resonance imaging
This is a well-written article that I happened across when hypertexting from other articles. I think it deserves to be listed because it's thorough, well-documented, and informative. Joshuaschroeder 07:17, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. References are one of the basic requirements of an article. This article doesn't have any. Jeronimo 07:45, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * True. I've worked on this article some, and will try soon to add references to the books I use. Xiggelee 10:30, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC) P.S. While I'm happy to see this article nominated, I still feel like there's a lot of work to be done on it before it's featured.
 * Please do. Also can you please elucidate what you feel needs to be done and place that on the talk page, here, or both? It would help both the commentors here and the future article. Agree with the others. Object until well referenced. - Taxman 22:38, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. With references, though, it's a must.  GREAT images. --PopUpPirate 00:04, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Jervis McEntee

Jervis McEntee (July 14, 1828 – January 27, 1891) was an American painter of the Hudson River School. He is a lesser-known figure of the 19th-century American art world, but was a close friend and traveling companion of several of the important Hudson River School artists. Aside from his paintings, McEntee's unpublished journals, written from 1872 to 1890, are an enduring legacy, documenting the life of a New York painter during and after the Gilded Age.

Biography
McEntee was born in Rondout, New York on July 14, 1828, the son of James Smith McEntee (1800-1887), a civil engineer, and his wife Sarah Jane McEntee (1805-1883). His sister Mary was the wife of architect and co-designer of New York's Central Park Calvert Vaux. Otherwise, little is known of his childhood. From approximately 1844–1846, he attended the Clinton Liberal Institute in Clinton, New York.

He exhibited his first painting as a self-taught artist at the National Academy of Design in New York City in 1850. In the fall of that year he apprenticed with Frederic Edwin Church, then regarded as a rising star in the American art world. He left Church's studio in 1851, and while he never achieved Church's level of fame and fortune, they remained lifelong friends. After studying with Church, McEntee attempted a career as a businessman in Rondout, but did not experience much success. After three years he gave up business and devoted himself wholly to his art, becoming one of the charter residents of Richard Morris Hunt's Tenth Street Studio Building in 1857. Since many of the building's other occupants were bachelors or commuters, McEntee and his wife (who was known as a lively, sympathetic hostess) became the center of a spontaneous salon frequented by some of the best-known artists, writers, and actors of the era. After his wife died in 1878, McEntee stayed on at the building, an increasingly lonely widower, until his death in 1891.

McEntee was a particularly close friend of Hudson River School artists Sanford Robinson Gifford, Worthington Whittredge, John Ferguson Weir, as well as figurative painter Eastman Johnson. He was made an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1860, and a full academician in 1861. In 1869 he visited Europe, painting much in Italy. He died of Bright's disease at his home in Rondout on January 27, 1891, and is buried in Montrepose Cemetery in Kingston, New York.

Artistic style

The landscapes of Jervis McEntee are known for their melancholy and poetic mood. The sky is often cloudy in a McEntee landscape, the season autumn. While Jasper Francis Cropsey and other artists typically painted bright fall foliage, McEntee often captured the season near its end, with the leaves faded and falling from the trees.

"Some people call my landscapes gloomy and disagreeable," McEntee wrote in his journal. "They say I paint the sorrowful side of nature …But this is a mistake…Nature is not sad to me but quiet, pensive, restful."

Journals
Aside from his paintings, McEntee's enduring legacy are the detailed journals he kept from the early 1870s until his death. These diaries provide a vivid, accurate impression of the life of a typical New York painter during and after the Gilded Age. In his writings, McEntee records a detailed account of Hudson River School artists, their day-to-day life, gossip and personal reflections, and the overall arc of the American art world in the second half of the 19th century. He discusses his artistic successes and trials, particularly as money becomes more scarce with the decline in popularity of Hudson River School art.

The journals contain first-hand information on the inner workings of the National Academy and the Century Club, on the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, efforts to revive the American Art-Union, and on the vigorous growth of art societies and exhibitions throughout the country. The diaries also reveal the economy of art during the period, including the prices, patterns of collecting and patronage, the artists' dependence on personal contacts through clubs, social gatherings, and influential friends. Long passages describe McEntee's overwhelming anxieties over money and family difficulties; he is frequently lonely and depressed, and always worried about his status as an artist.

McEntee's journals are now kept by the Archives of American Art, a research center within the Smithsonian Institution. Five volumes of these diaries, from 1872 to 1890, have been digitally scanned, transcribed, and can be browsed in their entirety online. In addition, the Archives holds McEntee's personal papers, which were digitized in 2007.

Selected works

 * The Doge's Palace (Venice), undated, St. Johnsbury Athenaeum
 * The Melancholy Days Have Come (1861), National Academy of Design
 * Indian Summer (ca. 1861), Detroit Institute of Arts
 * Evening Landscape, Late Autumn (1861), Bowdoin College Museum of Art
 * Mount Desert Island, Maine (1864), John Wilmerding Collection, National Gallery of Art
 * October Snow (1870)
 * The Woods of Asshockan, Catskills (1871), St. Johnsbury Athenaeum
 * Sea from Shore (1873), Mead Art Museum
 * Cape Ann (1874)
 * A Song of Summer (1876)
 * Winter in the Mountains (1878)
 * Clouds (1870), Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center
 * The Edge of a Wood (1880)
 * Kaatskill River (1881)
 * An Autumn Memory (1883), Worcester Art Museum
 * Shadows of Autumn (1884)
 * The Kaatskills in Winter (1884)
 * A Cliff in the Katskills (c. 1885), Brooklyn Museum
 * Christmas Eve (1885)
 * Shadows of Autumn (1886)

title: Jervis McEntee


text:
Talk:Panzer 35(t)

Comment by Chrisboote
There is NO way this tank moved 190 km/h off-road. Might the figure be missing a decimal point?

Yes - also, from everything I've read over the last 30 years, the crew for this vehicle was 4 not 5. The accompanying text supports this - Unsigned comment by User:Chrisboote

 * Yup. Commander, loader, driver-MG operator and radio operator. And the 190 figure refers to range, not speed. 120 off-road and 190km on paved road. Halibutt 13:12, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Machinegun - Coax or Ball Mount?
The article says the turret MG was a coax - wasn't it in a separate ball-mount, like the 38(t) and the Soviet T-28? "Coax" means it is aimed with the main gun, and I am not sure that's the case. DMorpheus 19:14, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * No idea. WWII Vehicles has one source that says coax, and four sources that say nothing.  The gun in Image:Panzer 35(t) 1.jpg looks like coax, but it's not clear. --Carnildo 02:31, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Found the source of confusion - it was both. The MG had its own ball mount so it could be aimed and fired independent of the main gun - but they could also be coupled. DMorpheus 15:19, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Radio Operator
Was the radio operator in the hull with the radio, or in the turret as the article says? DMorpheus 19:14, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * WWII Vehicles says the radio operator doubled as the loader, so presumably he was in the turret. --Carnildo 02:31, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * But the radio and antenna are in the hull. Normal practice for most European designs (with the exception of the British) was to put the radio and operator in the hull. DMorpheus 15:20, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The radio operator sat in the hull, to the left of the driver. See: Spielberger, Walter, 1980, Die Panzer-Kampfwagen 35(t) und 38(t) und ihre Abarten einschließlich der tschoslowakischen Heeresmotorisierung 1920-1945, Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart--MWAK 16:27, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Page move
while i appreciate that Panzerkampfwagen 35(t) was the full German title of this vehicle it does not automatically follow that that should be the article title. Panzer 35(t) seems to be a very common name for it in English language sources. Before moving can we get some other opinions on the article name first. GraemeLeggett (talk) 19:51, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I think that this is a difference in approach to German names as many English-speakers adopt short names like Panzer X rather than spell out the full, cumbersome German name, or even its slightly less cumbersome abbreviation like Pz.Kpfw. X. But note that the major histories of German tanks spell everything out in full so these aren't exactly unfamiliar to people. My preference is to use the proper German name with redirects from the likely variants. That way I don't have to waste time explaining how the short form arose. I dislike Panzer X because it's a post-war name. Wartime names were usually, following the British practice, to use Mark X. And I bet that more people are familiar with that name than Panzer X, but I have no proof and there's no way to get it. I bet nobody is going to know that we're having this discussion so you might want to elevate it up to either the AFV task force or the MilHist project for further discussion. Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 20:13, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

citation request deleted
I've deleted the citation request on armor penetration as it's covered in the citation several sentences later. But I will have to rewrite the sentence later to clarify it better. Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 20:25, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * You could just repeat the appropriate citation at the earlier point... On a not unrelated note, I think perhaps I could move the parenthical statement about the "t" in 35(t) out of the leading sentences to a different point in the article - either a proper note or as a later sentence in the intro. There both translations/explanations of the Czech and German designations could be explained. Paraphrasing heavily - they work out roughly as "Light tank 1935 model" and "1935 Tank (Czechoslavakian)" don't they? Do you think that idea has mileage? GraemeLeggett (talk) 12:19, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * If you think it will read better, feel free to give it a try. I was thinking about deleting the list of designations as most of them are covered in the body of the text. What do you think? Sturmvogel 66 (talk) 22:11, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Romanian Production?
I reverted an edit that said Romania produced some 35(t)s, even though it was sourced to the normally-reliable Steve Zaloga. I checked a couple Romanian sources first and they do not make this claim. I'm also aware that Romania attempted production of the much smaller and simpler Chenillette UE and managed to build a few only with French-supplied engines. I will keep looking into this but for now I suggest it's a stretch. If I am wrong I'll be happy to put it back. Regards, DMorpheus2 (talk) 16:48, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

 * DMorpheus2 I agree, it's quite a stretch. But the bit about the overhaul and repair seems reasonable enough, so I added it back. Still, I myself can't help but notice how some things just don't seem to add up. Romania lost 19 tanks in the Siege of Odessa, but when the division entered back in action it had 109 tanks. 126 - 19 = 107. So...where do the 2 extra tanks come from? Also, it very specifically says later in the article that Romania could only muster 59 R-2/Pz.Kpfw. 35(t)s on 1 April and 30 August 1943, but raised this to 63 by 25 March 1944, emphasis on Romania and raised. I believe, that a very limited Romanian production would explain these increases, since the only documented transfer seems to be the 26 tanks given by Germany. Who knows, maybe the Romanians cobbled a few tanks from various spare parts, like they did with the sole AH-IV tankette they built. All is just speculation for now, but I will keep researching. Regards, 86.120.125.252 (talk) 18:44, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, the number of available/unservicable/lost tanks do not really add up. Maybe some confusion in the book source. Probably some 'lost' tanks were not total losses and may have been rebuilt/repaired over time once sufficient spare components were obtained. --Denniss (talk) 21:39, 11 August 2016 (UTC)

 * This may help....I checked a more recent Zaloga book, "Tanks of Hitler's Eastern Allies" ISBN 978-1-78096-020-3, p. 26. There was a pre-war plan to build over 200 R-2s (Romanian designation for the 35(t)) but this was never done. Older sources might have confused the planning for actual execution. In fact Romanian production of any AFV was severely constrained by their inability to manufacture armor plate. The Germans didn't want to supply it, nor did they want Czech factories supplying it - they needed it themselves. Even the Romanian production of a few dozen TACAM self-propelled guns relied on scrap armor taken from existing vehicles. Their UE tractors were assembled from French components.
 * Denniss, yes, the issue of how a tank loss is defined is always an issue. It's nearly impossible to fully reconcile records when, e.g., a completely destroyed, blown-up vehicle and a vehicle with, say, a broken track are both counted as 'lost'. DMorpheus2 (talk) 13:21, 12 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Panzer 35(t)


text: Category:804 births

title: Category:804 births


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dynamic elements

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Cool Hand Luke  07:52, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Dynamic elements
A page that was created from copyrighted content. That describes something in an unusual way that was specific to the original article (doesn't really make sense out of context). That is linked by nothing. Should be deleted. AlistairMcMillan 07:21, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added copyvio. Delete in any event, as this is a unique idiom for topics covered elsewhere with more standard language. HyperZonktalk 17:04, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:209.170.255.11

title: User talk:209.170.255.11


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-28/Arbitration report

The Arbitration Committee devised a way to handle violations of the No legal threats policy last week, a type of conduct for which it had not previously needed to construct a specific remedy. New cases also came up as problems over circumcision-related articles continued, this time involving a different editor, and a privately negotiated arrangement with Anthony DiPierro collapsed and went into arbitration.

No using the wiki while maintaining legal threats
While threats of legal action had been cited in the original decision against RK, no specific remedy was applied on that point beyond the general four-month ban RK received. In the case of WikiUser, however, the arbitrators had to consider evidence that he had directly stated that he planned on suing Wikipedia.

In June 2004, only a few days after first beginning to edit Wikipedia and getting into a dispute with several users over the England article, WikiUser resorted to a request for arbitration without any of the usual preliminaries for resolving disputes. The request was dismissed, and when WikiUser tried to bring it again, he claimed to be collecting evidence and building his case for a lawsuit. An edit on his talk page also threatened to sue the "Nazis" who own Wikipedia.

Besides all of this, the arbitrators found evidence of personal attacks and determined that WikiUser had significantly disrupted Wikipedia in a variety of ways, including vandalism and edit warring. These problems, rather than the legal threats themselves, led first to a request for comment and then finally the arbitration case. The personal attacks and disruption each earned a one-year ban, with the bans to run concurrently.

After the year was concluded, the ruling provided that the ban for making legal threats would also end, assuming that WikiUser did not make further threats or take other legal action. The ban would have to remain in place if legal action was initiated; arbitrator Sannse made the point that she considered this a protective measure rather than a punitive one. Meanwhile, if WikiUser returns at the end of one year, the decision includes a six-month probation period during which he can be blocked for disruptive behavior.

New cases
The ban of Robert the Bruce (arbitration) apparently was not sufficient encouragement for some of the activists on the circumcision articles to improve their behavior, and this time one of the editors on the opposite side of the controversy, Robert Blair, became the subject of an arbitration case requested by Alteripse. The arbitrators voted for a temporary injunction prohibiting Blair from editing articles in the subject area, as they had previously with Robert the Bruce, which was scheduled to go into effect on Monday.

Meanwhile, a dispute that had narrowly avoided arbitration on previous occasions came to a head over Anthony DiPierro's efforts to preserve articles that have gone through the Votes for deletion process. DiPierro was subject to a standing order allowing him to be blocked for making provocative edits, to which he had agreed rather than go to arbitration over a dispute with Raul654. Recently, problems had centered on Votes for undeletion and DiPierro's use of his user space to store deleted articles.

The arbitrators voted to accept the case on Saturday, and DiPierro withdrew from the agreement to the standing order after the case was accepted. In addition to Raul654, four other arbitrators decided to recuse themselves due to various levels of personal involvement in the matter, leaving only six arbitrators to hear the case with mav on a temporary leave of absence from arbitration duties.


text: Category:876 deaths

title: Category:876 deaths


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The static part of HTML

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Cool Hand Luke  07:47, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

The static part of HTML
A page that was created from copyrighted content. That describes something in an unusual way that was specific to the original article (doesn't really make sense out of context). That is linked by nothing. Should be deleted. AlistairMcMillan 07:24, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete linkspam, info already covered elsewhere. --InShaneee 16:41, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added copyvio. Delete in any event, as this is a unique idiom for topics covered elsewhere with more standard language. HyperZonktalk 17:05, Feb 28, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Richard Mead

Richard Mead, FRS, FRCP, (11 August 1673 – 16 February 1754) was an English physician. His work, A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Method to be used to prevent it (1720), was of historic importance in the understanding of transmissible diseases.

Life
The eleventh of thirteen children of Matthew Mead (1630–1699), an Independent minister, Richard was born at Stepney, London. He studied at Utrecht for three years under JG Graevius. Having decided to follow the medical profession, he then went to Leiden and attended the lectures of Paul Hermann and Archibald Pitcairne. In 1695 he graduated in philosophy and physic at Padua, and in 1696 he returned to London, entering at once on a successful practice.

His Mechanical Account of Poisons appeared in 1702, and, in 1703, he was admitted to the Royal Society, to whose Transactions he contributed in that year a paper on the parasitic nature of scabies. In the same year, he was elected physician to St. Thomas' Hospital, and appointed to read anatomical lectures at the Surgeon's Hall. On the death of John Radcliffe in 1714, Mead became the recognised head of his profession; he attended Queen Anne on her deathbed, and in 1727 was appointed physician to George II, having previously served him in that capacity when he was prince of Wales.

While in the service of the king, Mead got involved in the creation of a new charity, the Foundling Hospital, both as a founding governor and as an advisor on all things medical. The Foundling Hospital was a home for abandoned children rather than a medical hospital, but it is said that through Dr. Mead's involvement, the Foundling was equipped with both a sick room and a pharmacy. He is even supposed to have influenced the architect, Theodore Jacobsen, into incorporating a large courtyard to promote the children exercising. A full-size portrait of Dr Mead, donated by the artist Allan Ramsay in 1747, ensures that his contribution will not be forgotten, and is permanently displayed at the Foundling Museum.

Mead was also a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the College of Physicians and a Freemason (although it is not known to which lodge he belonged). Mead was a collector of paintings, rare books, classical sculpture, gems and zoological specimens, which he made available for study at the library in his Bloomsbury house. His collection consisted of 10,000 volumes. In 1752 he received a letter from Camillo Paderni, concerning the progress at the excavations of the Villa of the Papyri. After his death, it took 56 days to auction them to book collectors from England and abroad. His "Genuine and Entire Collection of Valuable Gems, Bronzes, Marble and other Busts and Antiquities" was auctioned by Abraham Langford at his house in the Great Piazza, Covent Garden on 11-15 March 1755.

Mead's country estate was at Old Windsor in Berkshire, but he died at his house in Bloomsbury in 1754. His London home later formed the basis of Great Ormond Street Hospital.

Mead was buried in Temple Church. A monument to him was placed in the north aisle of the nave of Westminster Abbey, with a bust by Peter Scheemakers.

Religious views
In 1755 was published (posthumously) Mead's Medica Sacra; Or, A commentary on the most remarkable diseases, mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. He made use of the work of his relative Joseph Mede's Doctrine of Demons and also of his once patient Isaac Newton's Chronology to argue that pagan ideas regarding demons had entered Christianity. Like Arthur Ashley Sykes and others, Mead understood those afflicted by demons in the New Testament to refer simply to those suffering from a variety of illnesses:

"That the Daemoniacs, daimonizomenoi, mentioned in the gospels, laboured under a disease really natural, though of an obstinate and difficult kind, appears to me very probable from the accounts given of them."

Yet, Verses 28-34, in the Gospel of Mathew, Chapter 8, specifically state that Jesus was spoken to by the 'demon', disproving its inanimateness; it personified itself by telling Jesus that his name was "Legion", and asked Him to relocate him into the nearby pigs. Jesus replied "Go", and after entering them Mathew records they then ran over the mountainside.

Possible foibles
Mead is satirised in Laurence Sterne's novel, Tristram Shandy, where he briefly appears as Dr Kunastrokius: "—Did not Dr. Kunastrokius, that great man, at his leisure hours, take the greatest delight imaginable in combing of asses' tails, and plucking the dead hairs out with his teeth, though he had tweezers always in his pocket?" The name Kunastrokius is clearly a sexual pun, perhaps referencing Voltaire's Cunegund of Candide (1759). One of Sterne's correspondents later complained that he was reviving widespread rumours that Mead had gone bankrupt due to paying for elaborate sexual favours. Sterne defended himself on the grounds that all he did was "most distantly hint at a droll foible in his character...known before by every chamber-maid and footman within the bills of mortality".

Works
Besides the Mechanical Account of Poisons (2nd ed, 1708), Mead published:
 * a treatise De Imperio Solis ac Lunae in Corpora humana, & Morbis inde oriundis (On the Influence of the Sun and Moon upon Human Bodies and the Diseases Arising Therefrom) (1704)
 * A Short Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Method to be used to prevent it (1720)
 * De variolis et morbillis dissertatio (1747)
 * Medica sacra, sive de morbis insignioribus qui in bibliis memorantur commentarius (1748)
 * On the Scurvy (1749)
 * Monita et praecepta medica . Grund & Holle, Hamburgi 1752 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 * Life of Mead by Dr Matthew Maty appeared in 1755.
 * Pharmacopoeia [Pharmacopoea] Meadiana : faithfully gathered from original Prescriptions, containing the most elegant Methods of Cure in Diseases ; to which are annexed useful Observations upon each Prescription ; the whole digested under proper Heads . Hinton, London 1756 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

title: Richard Mead


text: Category:872 deaths

title: Category:872 deaths


text:
AsiaStar

AsiaStar is an American communications satellite which was operated by 1worldspace. It was constructed by Matra Marconi Space with Alcatel Space based on the Eurostar E2000+ bus design. Launch occurred on 21 March 2000, at 23:29:00 UTC. The launch was contracted by Arianespace, and used an Ariane 5G carrier rocket flying from ELA-3 at the Centre Spatial Guyanais. The INSAT-3B satellite was launched on the same rocket.

Following its launch and on-orbit testing, it was placed in geostationary orbit at 105.0° East, from where it provides mobile communications services to Asia. It carries three transponders, and has an expected on-orbit lifespan of 12 years. The satellite had a weight of 2777 kg, and 5.6 kW of power, and three-axis stabilized; has relayed digital radio broadcasts to East Asia.

On 31 December 2009, Worldspace ceased broadcasting on the Asiastar satellite in line with its bankruptcy issues. However, as of 30 November 2010, two Free to Air (unencrypted) stations are still available, namely Sai Global Harmony and Radio France International. In 2010, the ownership of the AsiaStar satellite as well as other assets of the 1worlspace company were bought by Noah A. Samara (former CEO of 1worldspace) and by his new company Yazmi USA.

The AsiaStar satellite was acquired in late 2014 by New York Broadband LLC and used as an orbital placeholder for their planned Silkwave 1 (originally NYBBSat-1) satellite. As of 2020, Silkwave 1 has not been launched.

title: AsiaStar


text:
AfriStar

AfriStar (sometimes known as AfriStar 1) is a satellite formerly owned and operated by the company 1worldspace (formerly known as WorldStar) and now owned and operated by Yazmi USA. The satellite was built by EADS Astrium (formerly known as Matra Marconi Space) and Alcatel Space. Based on Astrium's Eurostar E2000+ bus design, the geostationary orbit satellite broadcast digital radio programs in the L-Band frequency (1452–1492 MHz range).

Launch
Afristar was launched on 28 October 1998 at 22:16:00 UTC, by an Ariane 44L launch vehicle (V-113) from the Centre Spatial Guyanais, at Kourou, since the pad ELA-2. AfriStar was the first WorldSpace satellite. It broadcast digital radio over Africa and the Middle East. Small handheld radios were able to pick up the transmissions from its three L-band beams, each beam covering approximately 14 million km2 on the Earth. The satellite carried from 24 to 96 radio channels with on-board processing to allow variable bit rates from mono to CD audio quality transmission. The broadcasters send their programs up to the satellite with a small X-band ground station.

The satellites had a design life of 12 years, with an orbital maneuver life of 15 years, which means that each satellite has been designed and fueled to maintain its assigned orbital position (within 0.1°) for 15 years. After that point, the satellite must be decommissioned. The AfriStar satellite developed a defect in its solar panels. As a result of this defect, the energy collected by those panels was less than intended. In March 2010, WorldStar announced that it was considering disposing of its satellites by boosting them to a higher orbit and expending their remaining fuel.

It was repurposed in 2010 for Samara's Yazmi online education company and then sold on in 2017 to CMMB/Hong Kong's Silkwave broadcasting operator, now part of CMMB Vision. On 6 January 2018, the Afristar satellite's orbit was raised to the GEO graveyard. The satellite was retired after 20 years service at the 21.0° East location.

Sister satellites
The AfriStar satellite has a sister satellite, AsiaStar satellite, an exact copy, built by the same companies, formerly owned and operated by 1worldspace and now owned and operated by Yazmi USA.

In addition to AfriStar and AsiaStar, another similar satellite was built by the same companies for 1worldspace. This satellite was known as AmeriStar (originally CaribStar) and was purposed to serve South America, Latin America, and the Caribbean from 95.0° West. The satellite was however not launched as the L-band frequencies used by 1worldspace are commandeered by the United States Air Force. This satellite was reconfigured and was since known as AfriStar 2. AfriStar 2 was to be launched to 21.0° East in August 2007. This launch did not happen. This satellite was intended to expand coverage for Western Europe in addition to the existing coverage of AfriStar 1, which it would have eventually replaced. 1worldspace would have used ETSI Satellite Digital Radio (SDR) open standard in the new European coverage beam.

The AfriStar 2 (AmeriStar, CaribStar) satellite was never launched, although its build was completed. Its last known status was in storage at EADS Astrium's and Thales Alenia Space facilities in Toulouse, France and Stevenage, U.K.

Another satellite of identical design (known as WorldStar 4), for which long lead parts had been procured and partially assembled, was at one point also maintained in storage in Toulouse, France. The intention was to have this satellite integrated and tested for a future launch in an abbreviated period of time. This satellite was never completed, and its components have since been cannibalized to other projects.

title: AfriStar


text: Category:804 deaths

title: Category:804 deaths