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User talk:Wurkwurk

Hey guys, wurkwurk here. Vote LEFT LIBERAL!!

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Military Historian of the Year
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title: User talk:Wurkwurk


text: Category:Khedives of Egypt

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Khedives of Egypt


text: Category:Group theorists

title: Category:Group theorists


text:
Talk:Silvio Berlusconi/Berlusconi and the law

Legal investigations of Berlusconi

 * This section contains controversial paragraphs which are not backed up with sources. The section needs to be updated with links and references or corrected before it can be seen to meet Wikipedia's standards.  If you want to help the Wikipedia project, please provide references for correct statements and delete wrong ones.  Where a change might be disputed use the article's talk page for discussion.

Silvio Berlusconi undoubtedly has a rather long record of judicial trials, as several crimes have been alleged to him or his firms (see also the following subsection on Berlusconi's trials), including false accounting, tax fraud, corruption and bribery of police officers and judges. Some of Berlusconi's close collaborators, friends and firm managers have been found guilty of related crimes, notably his younger brother, Paolo, who in 2002 accepted to pay 52 million euros as a plea bargain to local authorities for various charges including corruption and undue appropriation17. However, no definitive conviction sentence has ever been issued on Silvio Berlusconi himself for any of the trials which have concluded so far; in some cases he has been fully acquitted of the alleged charges, in others he has been acquitted with dubitative formula (not proven), or he was acquitted because the statute of limitations expired before a definitive sentence could be issued; in one case a previously granted amnesty extinguished the crime (perjury) before the sentence came into effect. Some of the suspects on Berlusconi's person arise from real or perceived blank spots in his past. Notably, in 1981 a scandal arose on the discovery by the police of a secret freemasonry lodge (Propaganda Due, or P2) aiming to move the Italian political system in an authoritarian direction to oppose communism. A list of names was found of adherents of P2, which included members of the secret services and some prominent personalities from the political, industrial, military and press elite, among which Silvio Berlusconi, who was just starting to gain popularity as the founder and owner of "Canale 5" TV network. The P2 lodge was dissolved by the Italian parliament in december 1981 and a law was passed declaring similar organizations illegal, but no specific crimes were alleged to individual members of P2. Berlusconi later (1989) sued for libel three journalists who had written an article hinting at his involvement in financiary crimes and in this occasion he declared in court that he had joined the P2 lodge "only a very short time before the scandal broke" and "he had not even paid the entry fee". Such statements, however, conflicted with the findings of the parliamentary commission appointed to investigate the lodge's activity, with material evidence, and even with previous testimony of Berlusconi, all of which showing that he had actually been a member of P2 since 1978 and had indeed paid a 100,000 Italian liras entry fee. Because of this he was indicted for perjury, but the crime was extinguished by the 1989 amnesty.

Berlusconi's career as an entrepeneur is also often questioned by his detractors. The allegations made against him generally include suspects about the extremely fast increase of his activity as a constructon entrepeneur in years 1961-63, hinting at the possibility that in those years he received money from unknown and possibly illegal sources. These accusations are regarded by Berlusconi and his supporters as empty slander, trying to undermine Berlusconi's reputation of a self-made man. Frequently cited by opponents are also events dating to the 1980s, including supposed "favor exchanges" between Berlusconi and the former prime minister Bettino Craxi, indicted in 1990-91 for various corruption charges; and even possible connections to the Italian mafia, the latter accusations arising mostly from the curious circumstance that he employed for two years, as a stableman in his Arcore villa, the wanted mafia boss Vittorio Mangano4. Berlusconi acknowledges a personal friendship only to Craxi, and of course denies any ties to the mafia, stating that he was absolutely not aware of who Mangano really was when he employed him. Heated debate on this issue was recently (2004) triggered again when a Forza Italia senator and long time friend of Berlusconi, Marcello Dell'Utri, was sentenced to 9 years by the Palermo court on charge of "external association to the mafia" 5, a sentence on which Berlusconi refused to comment.

On some occasions, which raised a strong upheaval in the Italian political opposition, laws passed by the Berlusconi administration have effectively delayed ongoing trials on him, allowing the statute of limitations to expire, or stopped them entirely. Relevant examples are the law reducing punishment for all cases of false accounting; the new law on international rogatories, which made his Swiss bank records unusable in court against him 6; the law on legitimate suspicion, which allowed defendants to request their cases to be moved to another court if they believe that the local judges are biased against them 7,8; and most importantly the lodo Maccanico law, passed in June 2003, which granted the highest four state officers, including the Prime Minister, immunity from prosecution while in office2. This law froze Berlusconi's position in the SME-Ariosto trial in which he was accused of having corrupted judges in previous legal rulings regarding his partecipation in the public auction of the state-owned food company SME in the 1980s. However, the trial was not frozen for other defendants, and the former lawyer of Berlusconi's main firm (Fininvest) and former Italian defence minister, Cesare Previti, was sentenced to 5 years although the crime was reduced from corruption of judges to simple corruption 9,10. In January 2004 the Lodo Maccanico was nullified by the Constitutional court as it was ruled to be in conflict with the Italian constitution. Subsequently Berlusconi has declared his intent to re-introduce the law using the correct procedure for constitutional modification. Because of these legislative acts, political opposers accuse Berlusconi of passing ad personam laws, to protect himself from legal charges; Berlusconi and his allies, on the other hand, mantain that such laws are consistent with everyone's right to a rapid and just trial, and with the principle of presumption of innocence (garantismo); furthermore, they claim that Berlusconi is subject to a judiciary persecution, a political witch hunt orchestrated by politicized (left-wing) judges 11.

For such reasons, Berlusconi and his government have an ongoing quarrel with the Italian judiciary, which reached its peak in 2003 when Berlusconi commented to a foreign journalist that judges are "mentally disturbed" and "anthropologically different from the rest of the human race", remarks that he later claimed he meant to be directed to specific judges only, and of a humorous nature12. More seriously, the Berlusconi administration has long been planning a judiciary reform intended to limit the arbitrariness allowed to the judges in their decisions (for example by introducing civil liability on the consequences of their sentences), but which, according to its critics, will instead limit the magistrature's independence, by de facto subjecting the judiciary to the executive's control. This reform has met almost unanimous dissent from the Italian judges 13,14 and, after three years of debate and struggle, was passed by the Italian parliament in December 2004, but was immediately vetoed by the Italian President, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 15, who said some of the passed laws were "clearly uncostitutional". Presently (February 2005) the law is in process of being examinated by the parliament again, taking into account the President's objections of costitutionality.

Berlusconi has also been indicted in Spain for charges of tax fraud and violation of anti-trust laws regarding the private TV network Telecinco, but his status as a member of the European Parliament allowed him to gain immunity from prosecution 16.

Trials
Here, is a summary of each of the many trials involving Silvio Berlusconi with the status As of 2004.

Completed processes
False testimony on Propaganda 2 In 1990 Berlusconi was declared theoretically guilty of perjury by the appeal court of Venice for false testimony on his affiliation to the freemason lodge "Propaganda 2"; however the court did not proceed to a punishment sentence because the crime the crime had been extinguished by the 1989 amnesty.

Bribing a member of the Financial Police (corruption) First Court: condemned to jail (2 years and 9 months) for four bribes. Appeal court: the statute of limitations expired for three of the charges, an acquitted was given on the fourth with dubitative formula (similar to Scottish law not proven verdict).

All Iberian 1 (illegally financing a political party) First Court: condemned to jail (2 years and 4 months) for paying 21 billion lire (about 10 million Euro) to Bettino Craxi via an offshore bank account codenamed "All Iberian". Appeal Court: the statute of limitations expired before the appeal was completed so Silvio Berlusconi was acquitted.

Medusa Cinema (false accounting) First Court: sentenced to jail (16 months) for false accounting of 10 billion Lire (about 5 millions Euro) in some Silvio Berlusconi's bank accounts. Appeal Court: acquitted on the charge with dubitative formula (not proven).

Lodo Mondadori (corrupting a judge) Appeal Court: statute of limitations expired before the appeal was completed so Silvio Berlusconi was acquitted.

Trials still running (September 2004)
All Iberian 2 (false accounting) Trial suspended: both the European Court of Justice and the Italian Constitutional Court are examining the new laws on social crimes approved by Berlusconi's Government. If the new laws are accepted, the crime statute of limitations will have expired.

Macherio estates (embezzlement, tax fraud and false accounting) First Court: acquitted for embezzlement and tax fraud, the statute of limitations expired before a verdict was reached on the two cases of false accounting. Appeal Court: acquitted for embezzlement, tax fraud and the first case of false accounting; statute of limitations expired for the second.

Lentini affair (false accounting / 5 millions Euro paid secretly to Torino football club for buying the player Luigi Lentini) First court: The statute of limitations expired for the charge. Appeal court: still running.

Fininvest media group consolidated (false accounting / 750 millions Euro of illegal (black) funds stored by Fininvest in 64 offshore societies) The statute of limitations expired due to the new laws on false accounting recently approved by Berlusconi's government.

SME-Ariosto (corrupting a judge) Trial suspended due to the "Lodo Maccanico", the new law recently approved by Italian government giving immunity to the five highest state officers (premier, president of the Republic, Senate's president, Deputy Chamber's president, Constitutional Court's president).

SME-Ariosto (false accounting) Trial suspended: the European High Court of Justice is examining the new Italian laws on social crimes (see trial on All Iberian 2 above).


text:
Freewheel Burning

"Freewheel Burning" is a song by the English heavy metal band Judas Priest, appearing on their 1984 album Defenders of the Faith, and released as the first single off that album. The 12" version of the single contained an extended guitar intro that was omitted on the full-length release.

The B-sides of this single are live versions of "Breaking the Law" and "You've Got Another Thing Comin'" recorded at the US Festival from Glen Helen Park, near Devore, San Bernardino in California on 29 May 1983 in front of an approximately audience of 375,000 people. The version of "Breaking the Law" is also the first official version released to feature K.K. Downing's added live guitar solo.

The music video contains footage of the band playing while a boy is playing the arcade game Pole Position over which Rob Halford's face is superimposed.

Reception
PopMatters said, "Tom Allom's production is incredibly dense, lending an already heavy song an added layer of darkness. The guitar tone is tar thick, yet sleek, Holland's robotic drumming — a far cry from the unhinged speed of Metallica and Slayer that same year — cold and impersonal, while Halford's vocals are over the top, screaming, screeching, spitting out lines like bullets."

Loudwire noted the, "savage twin guitar riff, thunderous drum beat and falsetto-emblazoned vocals". Blabbermouth said, "There's still magic listening to Rob Halford blitz his way through those tongue twisters".

Cover versions
A cover version of this song was released by band Fozzy on their 2002 album, Happenstance.

Personnel

 * Rob Halford – vocals
 * Glenn Tipton – lead guitar
 * K. K. Downing – rhythm guitar
 * Ian Hill – bass
 * Dave Holland – drums

title: Freewheel Burning


text:
World Figure Skating Hall of Fame

The World Figure Skating Hall of Fame serves as a repository for the sport of figure skating. The World Figure Skating Hall of Fame is where the greatest names in the history of the sport are honored. It is located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States.

Skaters such as Dick Button, Katarina Witt, Midori Ito, Sonja Henie, Alexei Yagudin, and Michelle Kwan have been honored in the Hall of Fame.

Inductees
* Indicates that they were inducted into the golden category, which considers contributions prior to WWII. ** Dmitriev was inducted with both partners he won Olympic gold with *** Indicates that they were inducted into the legends category, which considers contributions prior to 1960.

title: World Figure Skating Hall of Fame


text: Talk:Safety school

title: Talk:Safety school


text:
Achille Fould

Achille Marcus Fould (17 November 1800 – 5 October 1867) was a French financier and politician who was four times minister of finance between 1849 and 1867. A major figure of the Second French Empire, his politics have been described as "conservative by instinct, liberal by reflection."

Family and personal life
Achille Fould was born on 17 November 1800 in Paris, the third son of French Jewish banker Beer Léon Fould and Charlotte née Brullen. In 1823 he married Henriette (Harriet) Goldschmidt (1800-1870), also a banker's daughter and sister of Adolphus Goldsmith. They had three children: Adolphe-Ernest (1824-1875), Charlotte-Amélie (1826-1917), and Gustave Fould (1836-1884).

In 1847, Fould acquired a property in Tarbes which he subsequently expanded on designs by architect Louis-Jules Bouchot. In 1863, he had another holiday house erected in Vichy, later known as the chalet des roses.

Fould converted to Protestantism in 1858. Following his death in his Tarbes property, his funeral service was held on 1867/10/14 at the Protestant Oratoire du Louvre in Paris, and he was buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Career

Achille Fould began his career working for the family bank, which had been started in Paris by his father in 1799 and was later led by his elder brother Benoît Fould. Following the July Revolution in 1830, he acquainted himself with princes of the reigning House of Orléans. In 1834, he was among the founders of the Jockey-Club de Paris.

In 1839, Fould entered politics and was elected a conseiller général in the department of the Hautes-Pyrénées. In 1842, he was elected as a deputy of Hautes-Pyrénées. During subsequent years, he worked in the Chamber of Deputies on economic and fiscal matters.

In 1848, following the revolution of February, he published two pamphlets against the use of paper money, respectively entitled Pas d'Assignats and Observations sur la question financière. He re-entered the National Assembly on 1848/09/13 as deputy of the Seine Department. Despite his past associations with the Orleanists, he moved gradually closer politically to Louis Napoleon, who made him minister of finance on 1849/10/31. He left the ministry in January 1851 but led it again between April and October 1851.

Fould was reappointed as finance minister the day after the coup d'état of December 1851, which he had helped prepare even though he was not directly involved in its execution. On 1852/01/22, following the confiscation of the property of the House of Orléans, he resigned the office of minister of finance but was appointed Senator a few days later. In July 1852, he was appointed Minister of State and in December of the same year, Minister of the Imperial Household, retaining both positions until November 1860. As such, he was one of the most powerful political figures of the Second French Empire, with major influence over economic and financial matters as well as direct authority over prominent national institutions such as the Legion of Honour, the Institut de France, theaters, museums, and libraries. He oversaw Napoleon III's Louvre expansion and directed the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1855. In 1857, he became a member of the Académie des beaux-arts. In 1859, during the absence of Napoleon III who was campaigning in Italy, Fould was effectively in charge of France's government as Secretary of the Privy Council.

Within the new Louvre, Fould was awarded a palatial apartment in the newly built complex later known as the Richelieu Wing, which was also to house the offices of both ministries he led. The suite of ornate rooms was still unfinished when he resigned in late 1860 and was subsequently used by Fould's successor as Minister of State, Alexandre Colonna-Walewski. It later served as official residence of the French Finance Minister from the 1870s to the 1980s. An examplar of the Second Empire style of interior decoration, it became part of the Louvre Museum in 1993 and has been subsequently known as Appartements Napoleon III, sometimes inaccurately referred to as the appartements du duc de Morny. During the second half of the 1850s, Fould's wife Henriette used the Château du Val (Saint-Germain-en-Laye) in Saint-Germain-en-Laye and had it remodeled.

Fould resigned again in November 1860 in protest against Napoleon III's policy announcements which entailed spending which he viewed as imprudent, and retired to his adoptive hometown of Tarbes. From there, he campaigned in favor of greater fiscal discipline. As France was losing the trust of financial markets, Napoleon III eventually reversed course and expressed approval of Fould's views. Fould thus could come back as finance minister on 1861/11/14, succeeding his rival Pierre Magne whom he blamed for excessive laxity. The return of market confidence was crystallized in Napoleon III's visit to James de Rothschild at the latter's Château de Ferrières on 1862/12/18, which Fould orchestrated. Fould then reduced the floating debt by negotiating a loan of 300 million francs (1863).

In view of the regime's sagging popularity at home and growing challenges abroad, the Emperor grew dissatisfied with Fould's fiscal straitjacket and clashed with his finance minister in late 1866. Eventually Napoleon III made Fould resign in January 1867; he was succeeded by stalwart politician Eugène Rouher. Fould spent a few months traveling then again retired to Tarbes, where he died unexpectedly on 1867/10/05.

Honors
Achille Fould was made a chevalier in the Legion of Honour in 1848, officier in 1850, commandeur in late 1851, grand officier in 1854, and eventually grand croix, the highest rank, in 1856.

title: Achille Fould


text: Talk:Safari (travel)

title: Talk:Safari (travel)


text:
Air Sénégal International

Air Sénégal International was an airline with its head office in Dakar, Senegal. It was a regional carrier operating a scheduled domestic network and regional flights to neighbouring countries. It also operated charter and air taxi flights. Its main base was Dakar-Yoff-Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport.

On April 24, 2009, the airline suspended all of its operations.

History
The airline was established on 1 February 1971 as Air Sénégal and started operations on 23 February 2001. It was restructured as an international carrier following the acquisition of a majority stake by Royal Air Maroc in 2001. It was part of Groupe Royal Air Maroc, who owned 51% of the company's shares, with 49% being held by the Senegalese government.

At one time the airline had its head office on the grounds of Dakar-Yoff-Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport in Yoff, Senegal.

In 2006 the airline disclosed losses of $16 million. In 2007, the Senegalese government stated that effective 5 November 2006, it would purchase a further 26% of the airline, raising its stake to 75%. The Senegalese government stated that support from Royal Air Maroc had "shown its limitations", and that the airline needed to be recapitalised.

In late 2009, a new airline was announced to replace Air Sénégal International. The new airline was called Senegal Airlines and had a fleet of 4 Airbus A320 aircraft and 2 Airbus A330 aircraft. Operations commenced in January 2011, but ceased by April 2016. Senegal Airlines was then also replaced as flag carrier by Air Senegal, which began operations in May 2018.

Destinations
As of 2007, Air Sénégal International operated scheduled passenger flights to the following destinations:

Africa

 * 🇧🇯 Benin
 * Cotonou - Cadjehoun Airport
 * 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso
 * Ouagadougou - Ouagadougou Airport
 * 🇨🇻 Cape Verde
 * Praia - Nelson Mandela International Airport
 * Côte d'Ivoire
 * Abidjan - Port Bouet Airport
 * 🇬🇲 The Gambia
 * Banjul - Banjul International Airport
 * 🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau
 * Bissau - Osvaldo Vieira International Airport
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea
 * Conakry - Conakry International Airport
 * 🇲🇱 Mali
 * Bamako - Senou International Airport
 * 🇲🇷 Mauritania
 * Nouakchott - Nouakchott International Airport
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * Niamey - Diori Hamani International Airport
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal
 * Cap Skirring - Cap Skirring Airport
 * Dakar - Dakar-Yoff-Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport
 * Saint Louis - Saint Louis Airport
 * Tambacounda - Tambacounda Airport
 * Ziguinchor - Ziguinchor Airport
 * 🇹🇬 Togo
 * Lomé - Tokoin Airport

Europe

 * 🇫🇷 France
 * Marseille - Marseille Provence Airport
 * Paris - Orly Airport
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Milan - Malpensa Airport
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * Gran Canaria - Gran Canaria Airport
 * Madrid - Barajas Airport

Codeshares
At May 2007, Air Sénégal International had codeshare agreements with the following airlines:
 * 🇧🇪 Brussels Airlines (Star Alliance)
 * 🇪🇸 Iberia Airlines (Oneworld)
 * 🇲🇦 Royal Air Maroc
 * 🇿🇦 South African Airways (Star Alliance)
 * 🇨🇻 TACV

Fleet
At March 2008, the Air Sénégal International fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

Previously operated
At August 2006 the airline also operated:
 * 1 Boeing 737-200
 * 1 Boeing 737-500

title: Air Sénégal International


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/William W. Walter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 15:38, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

William_W._Walter
non-notable, website advertisement DS 17:34, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC) This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete, unless someone can provide more notable content. Zzyzx11 19:47, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, promo. Megan1967 01:44, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Temple Bruer Preceptory

Temple Bruer Preceptory  is a historic building in the civil parish of Temple Bruer with Temple High Grange, North Kesteven, Lincolnshire, England. It is one of the few Knights Templar sites left in England where any ruins remain standing. Its name comes from its Templar ownership and its position in the middle of the Lincoln Heath, bruyère (heather) from the French language current at the time. It was founded in the period 1150 to 1160 and the order was dissolved in 1312. The site is located between the A15 and A607 roads, 2.5 mi north from Cranwell. The site has been excavated twice, firstly by the Rev Dr. G. Oliver, the rector of Scopwick in 1832–3, and in 1908 by Sir William St John Hope.

Foundation and history
The preceptory of Temple Bruer was founded late in the reign of Henry II (1154–89), This date is based on the grant of a market by Henry II to William of Ashby de la Launde, who was admitted soon afterwards into the fraternity of the preceptory, He increased the original endowment before his death. Other benefactors were Maud de Cauz, John d'Eyncourt, Robert of Everingham, William de Vescy, Gilbert of Ghent. The house seems to have been of considerable size and importance; the brethren were allowed to crenellate the great gate in 1306 Following the suppression of the order of Knights Templar in France, Edward II followed in 1308 by sending John de Cormel, the sheriff of Lincolnshire, with 12 knights and their forces to arrest the Templars at Temple Bruer. These included William de More, the Preceptor and Grand Master of the order in England. For a time they were held in the Clasketgate in Lincoln before being sent to the Tower of London. The order was totally suppressed by Pope Clement V in 1312, with the instruction that the Templar properties were to be transferred to the Knights Hospitallers. It took until the 1330s for the Hospitallers to recover the estates from the English King.

Following the death of Sir John Babington in 1534, Sir Giles Russell was made commander at Temple Bruer. His letters show that he did not reside at Temple Bruer; but finding that the house was in a ruinous condition he made some effort to get it repaired and put it in a better condition. In 1539 Russell was made turcopolier, of the Order and being at the time in Malta, he probably saw little of his commandery before its dissolution in 1541.

The lands of the preceptory
The original endowment included lands in Ashby de la Launde, with the parish church and pasturage for sheep; lands and church at Rowston, Heckington, Burton, and were granted by benefactors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In 1338 the revenue of the house was £177 7s. 7d., including the churches of Ashby and Rowston, the free chapel of Bruere, with lands at Bruere, Rowston, Wellingore, Ashby de la Launde, Brauncewell, and North Kirkby; the expenses were £84 0s. 2d. The clear value of the house at the dissolution was £16 19s. 10¾d., including the bailiwick of South Witham and the farm of half the rectory and the grange of Holme in Heckington, with perquisites of a court.

Maurice Beresford and John Hurst listed Bruer as a Deserted Medieval Village in their definitive work. This lay to the south in a dry valley. An aerial photograph suggests that it was a walled enclosure with a gatehouse.

Remaining site
The ruin consists of the intact square south tower of the temple church, one of two added to the original structure during the Templars' tenure, north and south of the chancel or presbytery. The Preceptory Tower is currently in the care of Heritage Lincolnshire The farmhouse which stands to the south of the tower was built in the 1840s for Charles Chaplin of Blankney Hall. It is likely that it was designed by the architect William Adams Nicholson, who acted as estate architect for Charles Chaplin.

1833 excavations

In 1833 Rev. Dr. Oliver was allowed to excavate the site by Charles Chaplin of Blankney Hall, who had recently acquired the Temple Bruer estates. Dr Oliver remarks: The present proprietor, Charles Chaplin Esq. of Blankney, has evinced a laudable anxiety to preserve the present Tower from ruin, by the introduction of a new roof, and by securing the cracks and fissures in the walls. Dr Oliver's account of his excavations paints a lurid account of the discoveries and would appear to be supporting a justification for the charges which were brought against the Lincolnshire Knights Templars who were brought to trail first in Lincoln in November 1309 and later in London in 1310. Subsequent excavation in 1908 showed that Dr Oliver's excavation had misinterpreted the features of the Preceptory and it is possible that Dr Oliver may have encountered skeletons from a Charnel house in his excavations. It was also shown that part of the passage system described by Oliver was a crypt and the horrible cavern, the stones of which had assumed the colour of brick was a medieval oven structure''

1908 excavations
In 1908 William St John Hope, together with Col. Reeve of Leadenham Hall, and with the permission of Lord Londesborough, the owner, undertook extensive excavations on the site. Hope was a leading medieval archaeologist of the period and Assistant Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries.

Hope appears to have identified part of the precinct wall to the west of the church as that which was authorised by the 1306 licence to crenellate, which referred to a certain part and strong gate and which was noted in the 1338 Extent as a curtilagio. He also discovered a number of slight structures the south wall of the precinct, which were probably the henhouse and stables mentioned in the Extent. A larger building lay to the south of the church. This was 36m long and 11.5m wide, and was probably a barn. Hope was able to distinguish four phases of the development of the Preceptory. The first phase was the church with a round nave, about 15m in diameter, with a ring of eight columns, which distinguished a central area from an outer aisle. To the east was a rectangular presbytery of two bays measuring about 8m by 4m, with an apse at the east end. Below this lay a crypt, which may be the feature shown in the bottom left-hand corner of Samuel Buck 1726 engraving of the Preceptory. No clear indication was found of the fenestration except at the east end of the apse; and there was no clear point of access to the nave, though this may have lain on the north side where outside several rock cut graves into the local limestone, were recorded. This first phase appears to equate with the initial foundation of the Preceptory in the mid-12th century.

The second phase dates from the later 12th century. A porch was constructed at the west end. The apse was removed and the presbytery extended two further bays to the east. This was followed by a third phase when towers were added to either side of the extended presbytery. A similar arrangement was adopted at the nearby Aslackby Preceptory. The northern tower survived as foundations, while the southern tower remains to its full height. Access to the ground floor of the tower is from the north and would formerly communicated into the presbytery. To the east of the door are the remains of a double piscina which would have served the high altar. Above the door is a corbel that supported the rib vault of the presbytery roof; while to the right is the triple-shafted respond of the south side of the chancel arch. The ground floor room of the tower is a rib-vaulted chamber with windows in three sides. This room has an impressive blind arcade on its west and south sides, with a stone bench beneath. This bench has had incorporated a double sedilia and piscina. There is a further chamber above, reached by a spiral staircase. The fourth or final phase of building was the addition, revealed as foundations on the south side, of a chapel. The roof line of this chapel can be clearly seen on the west face of the standing tower. The photographs published by Hope show that ruinous elements of the upper parts of the tower were extensively repaired at a later date.

Other Templar preceptories in Lincolnshire

 * Aslackby Preceptory, Kesteven
 * Eagle, Kesteven
 * Temple Bruer Preceptory
 * Witham Preceptory, Kesteven
 * Willoughton Preceptory, Lindsey

Templar 'camera' and granges in Lincolnshire

 * Bottesford, Lindsey . Cell of Willougton
 * Temple Belwood, Belton, North Lincolnshire
 * Grantham Angel and Royal
 * Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
 * Great Limber, Lindsey
 * Horkstow, Lindsey Cell of Willoughton.
 * Mere, Branston and Mere. Probably a grange of Willoughton.

title: Temple Bruer Preceptory


text:
Talk:Freeze distillation

Okay, what fermentation products are unhealthy that are concentrated by this process? -- ~ender 2005-02-26 10:13:MST

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(From the wiki article "Fusel alcohols")

Fusel alcohols, also sometimes called fusel oils, are higher order (more than two carbons) alcohols formed by fermentation and present in cider, mead, beer, wine, and spirits to varying degrees.

The compounds involved are chiefly:

* 1-propanol * 2-propanol * butanol (various isomers) * amyl alcohol * furfural

Excessive concentrations of these fractions can cause off flavours, sometimes described as "spicy," "hot," or "solvent-like." Some beverages, such as whiskey, Siwucha and traditional ales and ciders, are expected to have relatively high concentrations of fusel alcohols as part of the flavor profile. In other beverages, such as vodka and lagers, notable presence of fusel alcohols is considered a fault. Very high concentrations — usually caused by incompetent distillation — can cause acute illness, including headaches, nausea, vomiting, clinical depression, or coma. Such a liquor may be referred to as rot-gut or rotgut.

Fusel alcohols are formed when fermentation occurs:

* at higher temperatures, * at lower pH, * when yeast activity is limited by low nitrogen content.

 * Thank you anonymous hero.
 * However, I'd still like to know how much fusel alcohol (by percentage?) is considered dangerous, how you might test for such a thing and/or prevent it. I see low temperatures and high pH would be desired, according to your post - but that makes me confused when the article says that freeze distallation would cause a too-high concentration of such products...
 * ~ender 2005-10-03 16:09:MST

 * It says that fermentation at high temperatures produces more fusel alcohol, but freeze distillation is distillation, and in distillation low temperatures leave more fusel alcohol in (apparently). NHammen 16:13, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * freeze "distillation" is not distillation, thats why there are fusels in the product. fusels boil at higher temperatures in true distillation, so are easily seperated. Xcomradex 04:05, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

I suspect that in many cases the more immediate concern is concentration of methanol. (Excessive methanol in bootleg liquor is a well-known problem.) RomanSpa 00:49, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't the frozen material become progressively poorer in alcohol content?

"The liquid left behind would be richer in alcohol, and as a consequence, further freezing would take place at progressively lower temperatures, and the frozen material, while always poorer in alcohol than the (increasingly rich) liquid, would become progressively richer in alcohol." 138.162.0.44 05:21, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freeze distillation


text:
Tungabhadra River

The Tungabhadra River is a river in India that starts and flows through the state of Karnataka during most of its course, Andhra Pradesh and ultimately joining the Krishna River near Murvakonda in Andhra Pradesh

The river Tungabhadra derives its name from two streams viz., the Tunga, about 147 km long and the Bhadra, about 178 km long which rise in the Western Ghats. The river after the confluence of the two streams near Shimoga, runs for about 531 km till it joins the river Krishna at Sangamaleshwaram in Andhra Pradesh. It runs for 382 km in Karnataka, forms the boundary between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh for 58 km and further runs for the next 91 km in Andhra Pradesh. The total catchment area of the river is 69,552 km2 up to its confluence with Krishna and it is 28,177 km2 up to Tungabhadra Dam. It is influenced chiefly by the South-West monsoon. It is a perennial river but the summer flows dwindle to as low as 2.83 to 1.42 cumec (100 to 50 cusec).

Course
The Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of the Tunga River and the Bhadra River at Koodli which flow down the eastern slope of the Western Ghats in the state of Karnataka. The two rivers originate in Mudigere Taluk of Chikmagalur District of Karnataka along with the Nethravathi (west-flowing river, joining the Arabian Sea near Mangalore), the Tunga and the Bhadra rise at Gangamoola, in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 1458 metres (near Samse Village). According to a Hindu mythological legend, after killing the demon Hiranyaksha, Varaha Swamy (the third incarnation of Vishnu) felt very tired. He took rest on the region now known as Varaha Parvatha. When he sat on that peak, sweat began flowing from his scalp. The sweat which flowed from the left side of his scalp became the Tunga river, and the sweat which flowed from his right side became Bhadra River.

After emerging from the source, the Bhadra river flows through Kudremukh mountain region, Tarikere Taluk and the industrial city of Bhadravathi, while the Tunga river flows through Sringeri Taluk, Thirthahalli Taluk and Shimoga Taluk. More than 100 tributaries, streams, creeks, rivulets and the like contribute to the two rivers. The journey of the Tunga and the Bhadra is 147 and 171 km respectively, till they join at Koodli, at an elevation of about 560 metres near Holehonnur, about 15 km from Shivamogga, areca granary of the country. Though both Tunga and Bhadra rivers start at same source (Gangamoola), they flow separately for some distance and then they later unite with each other at Koodli village. Hence from there, the composite name Tungabhadra was given. From there, the Tungabhadra meanders through the plains to a distance of 531 km. After confluence, the Tungabhadra river flows through Honnali and Harihara taluks of Davangere district. Then it flows through Harapanahalli, Hoovina Hadagali, Hagaribommanahalli, Hospet and Siruguppa Taluks of Bellary district. In Siruguppa Taluk of Bellary district, it receives its tributary Vedavathi River. The river forms a natural boundary between Bellary and Koppal districts and then between Bellary and Raichur districts along its course. After entering Andhra Pradesh, it flows through Mantralaya and then through Kurnool. It receives its tributary Handri river near Kurnool. Then it joins the Krishna near Gundimalla Village of Jogulamba Gadwal district of Telangana state. The confluence of Tungabhadra and Krishna River is a holy pilgrimage site - The Sangameswaram Temple. The Jogulamba Temple(dedicated to Devi) is present near Alampur village. The Sangameswaram Temple (Dedicated to Shiva) is present in Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh. The Varada flowing through Shimoga, Uttara Kannada and Haveri districts and Vedavathi in Chikkamagalur, Chitradurga and Bellary districts in Karnataka and the Handrail in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh are the main tributaries of the Tungabhadra. Many rivulets and streams join these tributaries. There is a popular saying in Kannada "Tunga Paana, Ganga Snana", which means "Drink Tunga River water, which is tasty & sweet, and bath in Ganga River, which is holy".

There are many holy places all along the rivers: primarily temples of Saiva cult on the banks of the Bhadra and all the cults on the banks of the Tunga. Sringeri, Sarada Peetham established by the Adi Shankaracharya is the most famous one on the left bank of the Tunga, about 50 km downstream of its origin. The earlier Shringeri Sharada Peetham established by Adi Shankaracharya is at Koodli, the place of confluence of Tunga and Bhadra rivers. Hampi one of the important heritage locations being listed by UNESCO is on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. Nava Brindavan, an island where the final resting location of nine holy Madhva saints is in the midst of the Tunga Bhadra River. One can view the Tunga Bhadra River from famous Yantroddaraka Hanuman Temple at Hampi. Virupaksha Temple is also on the banks of the Tunga Bhadra River. The resting spot of Vasudendra Teertha is also on the banks of Tunga Bhadra River at Kenchangudda, Siruguppa. Manthralayam Sree Raghavendra Swamy Muth in Kurnool District and Alampur District, Jogulamba is the presiding deity at this holy place of Alampur- known as Dakshina Kashi, are the other important pilgrimage centres. There is a cluster of Nava Brahma temples constructed by the early Chalukyas.

An important feature of the river banks is the flood protection walls all along the rivers, constructed by Sri Krishna Devaraya between 1525 and 1527 AD. They are found wherever there is a possibility of land erosion during the floods. It starts at Sringeri and ends at Kurnool, just few kilometres from its mouth. They are stone constructions and still intact. Very large boulders of 3' x 4' x 5' are also used in its construction.

Piles of granite in varying shades of grey, ochre and pink dominate the landscape. The river has cut through weaker rocky substrata of the Hampi landscape and created a narrow gorge where granite hills confine the river in a deep ravine.

In this setting the ruins of Vijayanagara and Hampi, the seat of power of the Vijayanagar empire, overlook this holy river, creating a mythological landscape merging sacred traditions about a multitude of significant divinities.

The granite outcrops slowly disappear as the river flows south and the land opens into a long, broad plain ending at the rising slopes of the Sandur hills, rich in iron and manganese, beyond which is the town of Hosapete. The Tungabhadra Dam was constructed at Hosapete in the middle of the 20th century to harness the river water, aiding the growth of agriculture and industry in the region.

The Tungabhadra River then flows east, joining the Krishna in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana border. From here the Krishna continues east to empty into the Bay of Bengal. The wedge of land that lies north of the Tungabhadra River, between the Tungabhadra and the Krishna, is known as the Raichur Doab.

Temples

 * The Huligema Temple on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at Koppal district, Karnataka.
 * The Markendeshwara Temple to Lord Shiva on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at Shivapur village, Koppal district, Karnataka.
 * Sri Shringeri Sharadamba Temple and Dakshinamnaya Sringeri Sharada Peetham on the banks of the Tunga River in Chikmagalur district, Karnataka.
 * Bidarallamma Temple to Goddess Renuka on the banks of the Tunga River in Gadag district, Mundaragi taluk Karnataka.
 * Pampapati Temple in Kampli of Ballari district, Karnataka.
 * Harihareshwara Temple on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at Harihara.
 * Surrounding the modern town of Hampi are the ruins of Vijayanagara, the site of the powerful Vijayanagara Empire's capital city and now a World Heritage Site. The site includes the Vijayanagara temple complex ruins.
 * The Moola Brindavana of Guru Raghavendra Swamy on the banks of the Tungabhadra river at Mantralayam, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh.
 * Sri Dakshina Shirdi Sai Baba Temple to Shirdi Sai Baba, known as Dakshina Shirdi, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River at Kurnool, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh.
 * Sri Jogulamba Temple to Goddess Parvathi, known as Dakshina Kashi, in Alampur about 25 km from Kurnool.
 * The early Chalukyas built a cluster of temples on the left northern banks of the Tungabhadra river.
 * The Nava Brahma Temples complex, one of the earliest models of temple architecture in India.
 * The Sangameswaram Temple to Lord Shiva at the place where several holy rivers meet in Sangameswaram, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. According to myth, the Pandavas of Mahabharata once came to Kurnool during their exile. They decided to install a Shiva Linga in this region after visiting Srisailam Mallikarjuna Temple. So, Dharmaraya (Yudhishtira) told his brother Bhima to bring a Shiva Linga from Kashi. Later, they consecrated the Linga at the confluence of the Krishna River and the Tungabhadra River along with 5 other tributaries. Hence, the Linga was named Sangameshwaram (Sangama means "where rivers meet"). Tunga Bhadra River Pushkara (festival) is held once in 12 years.

Recent dams
A dam was constructed about 15 km upstream from Shimoga at Gajanur across the River Tunga. Another dam was constructed at Lakkavalli about 15 km upstream of Bhadravati across the River Bhadra. They are multipurpose dams (multipurpose dams help in generation of electricity, irrigation of land, prevention and control of floods, etc.) and irrigate lands in Shimoga, Chikkamagalur, Davanagere and Haveri.

Tungabhadra Dam (TB Dam), also considered a multipurpose dam, is across the river Tungabhadra. The dam is near the town of Hosapete in Karnataka. Its storage capacity is 135 Tmcft. Owing to siltation, the capacity has come down by about 30 tmcft. If there are seasonal and late rains, an estimated 235 tmcft is released. It is filled when water is let into the canals during the rainy season. The main architect of the dam was Thirumalai Iyengar, an engineer from Madras. A general-purpose hall was named after him. It has become a picnic or tourist spot over the years. TB Dam is near the heritage site Hampi. One of the major problems and concerns associated with TB Dam is that it has been undergoing a lot of siltation. Because of silt deposition in the dam, the storage capacity of the dam is coming down. Another major problem associated with TB Dam is increased pollution, resulting in decreasing fish population. This is seriously affecting fishermen, who are solely dependent on the river for their livelihood.

The Sunkesula Barrage near Kurnool city, a long barrage dam, was constructed across the Tungabhadra River around 1860 by the British engineer, hailed as Bhagiratha for Rayalaseema, Sir Arthur Cotton. Originally, it was intended to be used for navigation during the British Raj. The barrage was reconstructed by Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy as Tungabhadra Barrage, to provide irrigation for Kadapa district. As road and rail transportation increased, it is now supplying water for Kurnool and Kadapa districts, through the K. C. Canal. It impounds about 15 billion cuft of water and irrigates about 300000 acre amount of land in Kurnool and Kadapa districts.

Problems
Industrial pollution has damaged the Tungabhadra River. Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Vijayanagara, Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts of Karnataka and in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh generate enormous amounts of effluents. Nearly 30 million liters of effluents are released into the Tunga from Shimoga each year." This is the contribution of just one city which, unlike Bhadravathi and Hospet, cannot boast of being an industrial city. As a result of the effluents, Tungabhadra is one of the most polluted rivers in the country.

Downriver from the industries, the water has turned dark brown and has a pungent odor. Tungabhadra river's pollution has affected 1 million people in the sub-basin as most villages use the river water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing and livestock water, previously obtained through an ancient tank system. The livelihood of village fishermen has been harmed by regular fish kills that have exhausted Tungabhadra's fisheries.

title: Tungabhadra River


text:
Talk:Florence Owens Thompson

Hecate Painting
Although my background knowledge on this picture is somewhat limited, I couldn't help but notice that the positioning of the people in the photograph (notably the children) shares very stong resemblance to a famous colour print by William Blake titled The Night of Enitharmon's Joy. Is there any evidence to suggest that the print had an effect on the shoot (ie. was it organised as such), or is it just pure coincidence? 60.242.210.126 (talk) 02:46, 7 April 2013 (UTC)
 * There is no information extant on the Internet connecting these two images. You, or anyone else at WP, may see a connection, but unless someone of note in the field of art history makes this connection, we cant.(mercurywoodrose)99.101.139.102 (talk) 13:51, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Timing chain
The article says "the car timing chain snapped...." It's a minor detail to be sure, but that is very unlikely as hardly any cars had timing chains in the 1930's. Andyyso (talk) 15:49, 3 January 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Andyyso (talk • contribs) 20:21, 29 December 2011 (UTC)
 * She also said they had a Hudson, and Hudsons got timing chains already in 1923, so I'd say it's possible. https://egge.com/kit/hu289m23-26/ Hepcat65 (talk) 09:14, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

Adultery
The article seems to insinuate that Florence was an adulteress, but doesn't come out and say it. What's that about? Also she sure doesn't look like a 100% cherokee... (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 16:54, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't see what you mean. Perhaps you misread the article. -- Solipsist 19:12, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * "A full blood Cherokee Indian, from Oklahoma, Florence, in 1917, married Cleo Owens, a farmer. Cleo lost his job in 1931 and the family moved to Oroville in Northern California, where Cleo joined his sisters and brothers working in the fields picking peaches. Cleo died soon after moving, at age 32, from a high fever and was buried there. At Cleo's death Florence was expecting a child. During the next two years, Florence stayed around Oroville while her husband's family followed the crops around the state returning to winter at Oroville. In 1933, Florence informed them that she was expecting. The whole family was in a uproar, but Florence never told who the father was."
 * (Sam Spade | talk | contributions) 14:02, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * To me, it is not adultery having a child from some one else when the husband is already dead --Melaen 15:50, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Dead link
Link to Smithsonian article no longer works. | Mr. Darcy talk 04:36, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Oklahoma
Here is says that she was born in Oklahoma. . .The problem is that Oklahoma did not become a state of the union until November 16th, 1907 which would mean that she was actually born in Oklahoma territory vs. Oklahoma the state. -- Mcnarysims 22:19, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Further Details?
Why does the page not discuss further details, like her life after the Depression (it says she lived till '83), perhaps how she died? This seems like a stub to me. -- 137.28.224.138 01:53, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree -- and what became of the children? Some of them must still be around. -- Globe199 (talk) 04:33, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Full-blooded?
The article says she is a full-blooded native american, which is obviously not the case as you can see in the picture. The citations used to support this claim are from newspaper articles, which have no way of verifying her genetic background. Given that they so conflict with what the picture shows, these cannot be considered reliable sources for the claim. One of the citations seems to mean that she was full-blooded for the purposes of tribal rights, not that she was literally full-blooded. If you'll check the dictionary you'll see that full-blooded means pure. This sort of claim could only be verified with genetic testing. Fixentries (talk) 23:36, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry but genetic testing is not the standard used in Wikipedia. Reliable sources are.  There are 3 listed now, and more if you care to search.  If you have a problem with the sources, you'll have to do some leg work to find out where they came up with their info.  Wikipedia is not here to do your homework for you.  I'm sorry you don't like that Mrs. Thompson doesn't look Cherokee enough for you.  It's a shame that there are places where people are hung up on looks.  T34CH (talk) 23:46, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Full-blooded is a genetic claim. A reliable source for that would involve genetic testing.  You can see that the woman is not a pure Cherokee.  Wikipedia is here to do my homework for me - the burden is on you when adding material to provide a source that is credible for the statements it makes.  The article explains the logic used to call her full-blooded - that both her parents had tribal rights.  That is not a basis for saying she's a pure native american.  Fixentries (talk) 23:52, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * LA Times seems to trump your opinion: . T34CH (talk) 00:17, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Not to mention that Fixentries' conclusions based on her looks are pure original research, therefore verboten.--Ramdrake (talk) 00:23, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * If a photograph obviously does not depict what it purports to, who decides if it should be removed? Fixentries (talk) 00:31, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * . Can we move on?  T34CH (talk) 00:40, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Sure, what would you like to work on next? Fixentries (talk) 00:44, 8 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Also you have to remember that Wikipedia is based on verifiability, not truth. It many be true that Florence Owens Thompson isn't a full blooded Cherokee but without a source to back it up there is nothing you can do. -- Esemono (talk) 11:10, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

The third citation you offered gives the following explanation: "Both of her parents claimed Cherokee blood rights to the land making her a full blooded Native American of the Cherokee Nation". This logic does not make for a claim that she is a "full-blooded" (dictionary says it means "pure") Native American. Could we possibly change the wording to something more like this source? Fixentries (talk) 15:12, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The citation, however, says full-blooded, and that is what we go with. Your interpretation of what “full-blooded” means (based on a dictionary or not) is immaterial. Clearly, full-blooded means something different here. Consider changing it to a link and linking it to an article on the definition of membership within Native-American tribes? Irbisgreif (talk) 17:47, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Besides, folks, please remember this was 1936. At that point, nobody had come up with a concept of genetic purity (except the Nazis, who assessed it on a person's looks -- sounds familiar?), So yes, she was a full-blooded Cherokee, in the sense it had back in 1936, which is primarily a legal sense. There's no point in asking for a genetic assay, really.--Ramdrake (talk) 18:08, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I pointed out on RSN a much better source written in 2002 by a journalist with a PhD in Sociology who interviewed the family and said she was "full".  This seems to make the above complaints pretty moot as Fixentries objections are over the wording in what turns out to be a wiki (it wasn't clear on the website when I found it, but someone at RSN pointed it out last night).  I think Fix was just being pointy.  Anyway, I'll be switching out those two entries once the protection lapses.  T34CH (talk) 18:23, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Basic anthropology is proof enough she is not full blooded Native. 184.96.254.193 (talk) 23:22, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Who gives a flying F***K what she was?? Frankly, it's the photo that carries the weight of history NOT the woman. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.119.151.233 (talk) 09:16, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

full-protection against edit war
I've protected the article for three days in lieu of blocking users who have been performing a lot of reverts and making borderline personal attacks.

Please discuss the article, and when it comes off of unprotection in three days, know a block will be waiting the involved editors if they so much as sneeze across the article. Please focus on the content and do it here, not by fighting over the article. tedder (talk) 07:06, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Wouldn't it make more sense for the article to be called "Migrant Mother"?
The photo is what's notable, not Thompson herself.Prezbo (talk) 02:14, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

 * One could easily argue that the large amount of coverage given to Thompson and her family in the 70s, 80s, and 90s makes her notable, and that the photo merely drew attention to her story. Also, to name this article, which uses many RS sources to tell Owen's life story, after a photograph instead of the person is quite dehumanizing.  T34CH (talk) 16:35, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

 * If someone thinks that she is not notable, one can request that the article be rename or deleted. I halfheartedly support one or the other. --Burst of unj (talk) 09:51, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Actually the article on Florence Owens Thompson satisfies the requirements for notability per WP:N. All of the news articles about her and her family's life over the years from the Sacramento Bee, Today Show, CNN, PBS, various documentary filmmakers, etc., focus on their experience during the Great Depression and beyond. Evenrød (talk) 23:51, 8 September 2015 (UTC)

Sold the "tires" to buy food?
A Library of Congress page has a caption in quotes stating "These people had just sold their tent in order to buy food" (http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/128_migm.html). Although at the beginning of this LOC page is a different quote which says "tires", which is an account that is referenced as "Popular Photography, Feb. 1960".

The quote in this Wikipedia article ("These people had just sold their tires to buy food.") is referenced to a New Times article which says the quote is from Lange's field notes. But the quote from the Library of Congress page looks very much like field notes. Does anyone know for sure whether the field notes has "tires"? Maybe in an interview with Popular Phototgraphy, Lange forgot and said "tires" in place of "tent". Or is the Library of Congress trying to make amends? 99.181.133.121 (talk) 14:20, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

husband's name
In the first paragraph of article it lists Florence's husband as a Jim Hill, but he is not listed as a spouse in the sidebar. Did she have two husbands, or three? 11/12/12

Apparently a common-law husband.

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Name
There are reputable secondary sources using the name "Florence Owens Thompson", given without explanation, and this or Florence Owens-Thompson seem to be the most common versions of her name given--not sure if Wikipedia may have itself influenced search results at least. But is there any evidence that she ever actually used her combined her first and third husbands' names in this fashion? Her gravestone says Florence Leona Thompson. NTK (talk) 10:00, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

A "symbol of White motherhood"?
Mid-way through the section "Iconic photo" it states "Although Thompson became a famous symbol of White motherhood, her heritage is Native American." No source is provided for the rather odd claim that Thompson symbolized "White motherhood" as opposed to any other specific category of motherhood, or no sub-category at all. From reading Lange's notes, and from reading Thompson's comments, I cannot find anything that supports the notion that any specific ethnicity was intended to be communicated to the viewer. To me, that sort of specificity looks like WP:OR and as such, it should either be backed up by proper sources, or removed. Bricology (talk) 03:32, 19 June 2018 (UTC)
 * This is an old conversation, but, while Thompson had a Choctaw step-father, her own claims to any Native ancestry is contested and she is not a member of any tribe. Yuchitown (talk) 21:25, 17 June 2020 (UTC)Yuchitown

Draft:Migrant Mother
A draft entitled Draft:Migrant Mother has been submitted for review. The draft contains useful information that is not in this article and probably should be in Wikipedia. This raises a question concerning naming and splitting. There has been previous discussion of whether this article should be renamed Migrant Mother, the name of the photograph. The question should be considered as follows. Should we have: Robert McClenon (talk) 20:39, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
 * One article entitled Florence Owens Thompson
 * One article entitled Migrant Mother
 * Two articles, one about the person and one about the photograph?
 * I would say one article titled Migrant Mother. the current article on the subject has as primary subject the photograph, which is the famous part here. The subject is part of the story, but it's the photograph that is important and well-known part.ThatMontrealIP (talk) 15:29, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I would agree that Florence Owens Thompson be merged with Draft:Migrant Mother (which appears well-written & sourced) into to the article Migrant Mother, the name by which the iconic photograph is known.Djflem (talk) 07:22, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * One article called "Migrant Mother". Thompson is notable solely because of the photograph. — Mr. Guye (talk) (contribs)  22:25, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Merge as Migrant Mother One minor but interesting detail is that the woman in the picture is not called Florence Thompson, but Florence Owens. Her identity wasn't revealed until many years later, at which point she had remarried to Mr. Thompson. Which should make it quite clear that the photograph is the encyclopedically notable subject of the article. Owens Thompson's life story, while certainly a tale of perseverance, would be unknown to the wider world without the photograph. ~ trialsanderrors (talk) 21:01, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
 * One article entitled Migrant Mother Agreed with above, her notability and the photograph's are one and the same. The article should be titled Migrant Mother but still include Thompson's biographical information, as that played a role in making the photograph notable. -- AnandaBliss (talk) 22:32, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Consensus seems clear here, so perhaps this could be closed?ThatMontrealIP (talk) 14:42, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I wholly agree with GuzzyG's considerations below. I think we have enough content for two articles, considering that both subjects are notable. I suggest we keep this article as is and make the draft a new article. —capmo (talk) 15:30, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Two articles. I have been fascinated by this photo for decades, but only learned the name and ethnicity of the subject last month, when I read the NYTimes article "Unraveling the Mysteries of Dorothea Lange’s ‘Migrant Mother’" referred to in our article. I bought the MOMA book the article refers to. The short book hardly speaks about Thompson, except to mention that Lange veered from her usual habit of carefully documenting biographical information about her subject. In our society, and most of the English-speaking world, viewers generally assume a person is white, unless visual clues make it obvious that she is not. Every time I looked at that picture over the decades, I empathized with her pain and care, but I assumed she was a hard-working white migrant worker. Another NYTimes article states that Florence Owen Thompson was full-blooded Cherokee (see the first sentence of the Biography section of our article). I want us to see her as who she was, not just as the subject of a great photograph. I think that justifies a separate article for her, and another for Migrant Mother. the photo. Paulmlieberman (talk) 19:47, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

I hope everyone that voted here, also votes the same for every person listed in [Category:People notable for being the subject of a specific photograph], you know since Thompson is the most iconic photo portrait figure. We wouldn't wanna be bias. Same for figures like Lisa del Giocondo. Or is Thompson the exception? Also worth noting that on Wikidata, 20 other wikis have the Thompson article and only 3 the photograph, should the English wiki set the standard, should we try on the other language wikis too? We have three articles related to the We Can Do It! poster, the poster itself and Naomi Parker Fraley and Geraldine Doyle. Iconic posters, photos and paintings tend to have an article both, it's a established rule, if this was to change we need a more formal discussion than this and every article has to be discussed, otherwise we change the most known and the unknown ones are not held to the same standard, which is bad form for a encyclopedia to be so inconsistent. GuzzyG (talk) 01:05, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

 * As the conclusion of this discussion is unclear, I have accepted the draft as an article. Further discussion on merging is possible, but I suspect there's enough for both, considering she is the subject of one of the most famous photographs of the world. (and probably the NYT article is a sufficient source for the individual)_  DGG ( talk ) 03:52, 3 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Given the creation of the article, and as there was no consensus for a merge, closing the merge discussion. Klbrain (talk) 08:30, 13 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Florence Owens Thompson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New literacy studies

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge. -- AllyUnion (talk) 16:41, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

New literacy studies
The contents of this article should be merged with literacy and article deleted without redirection. --SqueakBox 16:54, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, merge. Radiant! 17:58, Feb 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Literacy. Megan1967 02:18, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Orphan work

An orphan work is a copyright-protected work for which rightsholders are positively indeterminate or uncontactable. Sometimes the names of the originators or rightsholders are known, yet it is impossible to contact them because additional details cannot be found. A work can become orphaned through rightsholders being unaware of their holding, or by their demise (e.g. deceased persons or defunct companies) and establishing inheritance has proved impracticable. In other cases, comprehensively diligent research fails to determine any authors, creators or originators for a work. Since 1989, the amount of orphan works in the United States has increased dramatically since some works are published anonymously, assignments of rights are not required to be disclosed publicly, and registration is optional. As a result, many works' statuses with respect to who holds which rights remain unknown to the public even when those rights are being actively exploited by authors or other rightsholders.

Extent
Precise figures of orphan works are not readily available, even though libraries, archives and museums hold a vast number of them. In April 2009, a study estimated that the collections of public sector organisations in the UK held about 25 million orphan works. Examples of orphan works include photographs that do not note the photographer, such as photos from scientific expeditions and historical images, old folk music recordings, little known novels and other literature. Software which becomes an orphaned work is usually known as abandonware. In 2015, the Computerspielemuseum Berlin estimated that around 50% of their video game collection consisted of at least partial orphans. Source code escrow can prevent software orphaning but is seldom applied.

Impact
In countries whose laws do not specifically allow for the use of orphan works, orphan works are not available for legal use by filmmakers, archivists, writers, musicians or broadcasters. Because rightsholders cannot be identified and located to obtain permission, historical and cultural records such as period film footage, photographs, and sound recordings cannot be legally incorporated in contemporary works in such countries (unless the incorporation qualifies as fair use). Public libraries, educational institutions, and museums that digitise old manuscripts, books, sound recordings, and film may choose to not digitise orphan works or make orphan works available to the public for fear that a re-appearing rightsholder may sue them for damages.

Causes
According to Neil Netanel the increase in orphan works is the result of two factors: (1) that copyright terms have been lengthened, and (2) that copyright is automatically conferred without registration or renewal. Only a fraction of old copyrighted works are available to the public. Netanel argues that rightsholders have "no incentive to maintain a work in circulation" or otherwise make their out-of-print content available unless they can hope to earn more money doing so than by producing new works or engaging in more lucrative activities. Some works are deliberately published in ways that make them orphan works (or make certain rights to them "orphan rights"). In particular, all anonymously self-published works are by definition orphan works, regardless of how much revenue they are generating for their authors through advertising or other means. Authors of orphan works argue that these modes of publishing and of earning revenues from orphan works are increasing, and are especially attractive to "whistleblowers, leakers, writers on controversial or stigmatized topics, and writers who fear harassment or retaliation if they are 'outed' or can be identified or located."

Canada
Canada has created a supplemental licensing scheme, under Section 77 of its Copyright Act, that allows licenses for the use of published works to be issued by the Copyright Board of Canada on behalf of unlocatable rightsholders after a prospective licensor has "made reasonable efforts to locate the [holders of] the copyright". As of June 2023, the Board had issued 321 such licenses and denied 36 applications.

European Union
The European Commission (EC), the executive branch of the European Union (EU), created a report on Digital Preservation of Orphan Works and Out-of-Print Works in 2007.

On 4 June 2008, European representatives of museums, libraries, archives, audiovisual archives and rightsholders signed a Memorandum of Understanding calling for an orphan works legislation supported by rightsholders that would help cultural institutions to digitize books, films, and music whose authors are unknown, making them available to the public online. In 2009 the Strategic Content Alliance and the Collections Trust published a report on the scope and impact of orphan works and their effect on the delivery of web services to the public.

In October 2012 the European Union adopted Directive 2012/28/EU on Orphan Works. It applies to orphan works that were created in the EU as printed works (books, journals, magazines and newspapers), cinematographic and audio-visual works, phonograms, and works embedded or incorporated in other works or phonograms (e.g. pictures in a book). Under certain conditions, the directive can also apply to unpublished works (such as letters or manuscripts). Whether orphaned software and video games ("Abandonware") fall under the audiovisual works definition is a matter debated by scholars.

The Directive was influenced by a survey of the state of intellectual property law in the United Kingdom called the Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth. James Boyle, one of the experts consulted for the Review, acknowledged the directive as "a start", but offered this criticism of the resulting policy:

"In brief, the scheme is heavily institutional, statist, and inflexible. Its provisions can really only be used by educational and cultural heritage institutions, only for non-profit purposes, with lengthy and costly licensing provisions designed to protect the monetary interests of—almost certainly—nonexistent rightsholders. The EU seemed never to grasp the idea that citizens also need to have access to orphan works, for uses that almost certainly present no threat to any living rightsholder." By 2018, six years after the enactment of the directive, around 6,000 works had been entered into the orphan works registry that it created. Critics cited the low numbers as evidence "that the EU approach to orphan works is unreasonably complex and won’t adequately address the problem it’s trying to fix," namely enabling mass digitization efforts.

United Kingdom
On 29 October 2014, the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) launched an online licensing scheme for orphan works. It differs from the EU's directive (which no longer applies in the UK) in several aspects, e.g. by allowing anyone instead of just cultural institutions to submit works, while however imposing application and license fees. A launch press release by the IPO was entitled "UK opens access to 91 million Orphan Works", but four years later, only 144 licenses had been granted, covering 877 works. On the 31st December 2020, at midnight, after the end of the Brexit transition period and when the UK left the EU, the orphan works exception, transposed from the EU Directive, was removed from the UK's legislative framework and ceased to apply. Naomi Korn, a PhD researcher at the University of Edinburgh is currently analysing the impact of this regulatory change.

Other nations
Hungary, India, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea have established state licensing options for orphan works.

title: Orphan work


text:
Fagus mexicana

Fagus mexicana, the Mexican beech or haya, is a species of beech endemic to northeastern and central Mexico, where it occurs from Nuevo León, Tamaulipas south to Hidalgo, Veracruz and Puebla. It is restricted to Tropical montane cloud forests in the Sierra Madre Oriental.

It is closely related to the American beech Fagus grandifolia and is usually treated as Fagus grandifolia subsp. mexicana (Martínez) E.Murray.

Description
Fagus mexicana is a deciduous tree, reaching heights of 25–40 m tall and up to 1 m trunk diameter. The leaves are alternate and simple, with a slightly toothed margin, usually smaller than those of American beech, 5–8 cm long and 3–5 cm broad. The buds are long and slender, 15–25 mm long and 2–3 mm thick.

The flowers are small catkins which appear shortly after the leaves in spring. The seeds are small triangular nuts 15–20 mm long and 7–10 mm wide at the base; there are two nuts in each cupule, maturing in the autumn 6–7 months after pollination.

title: Fagus mexicana