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Ontario Hockey Association

The Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) is the governing body for the majority of junior and senior level ice hockey teams in the province of Ontario. Founded in 1890, the OHA is sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Federation along with the Northern Ontario Hockey Association. Other Ontario sanctioning bodies along with the OHF include the Hockey Eastern Ontario and Hockey Northwestern Ontario. The OHA controls three tiers of junior hockey; the "Tier 2 Junior "A", Junior "B", Junior "C", and one senior hockey league, Allan Cup Hockey.

In 1980, the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League vacated what was known as Tier I Junior "A" hockey. The league is now known as the Ontario Hockey League. Although it is not a charter member of the OHA, the OHL is affiliated with the OHA and Ontario Hockey Federation.

Founding
The OHA was founded in 1890 to govern amateur ice hockey play in Ontario. This was the idea of Arthur Stanley, son of Lord Stanley, then Governor General of Canada. Arthur played for the Ottawa 'Rideau Hall Rebels' and in the course of exhibition play against other teams in Ontario, convinced team officials to hold a meeting in November 1890 to discuss the idea. On November 27, 1890, at the Queen's Hotel in Toronto, delegates from hockey clubs around Ontario formed the Ontario Hockey Association.

The first executive was:

 * A. Morgan Cosby, Toronto Victoria Club, president,
 * John Barron, vice-president,
 * Henry Ward, vice-president,
 * C. K. Temple, Toronto St. George's Club, treasurer,
 * C. R. Hamilton, Toronto Victoria Club, secretary

Early history
In the beginning, the OHA had one league of senior men's hockey teams. This group included teams from Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, and London. In the first years, the schedule consisted of this group playing a series of elimination playoffs leading to a single-game final playoff. For the first three years the Ottawa Hockey Club was the champions, winners of the Cosby Cup. In 1894, the Ottawa team and the Association came to a disagreement over the venue of the finals, and Ottawa left the league. This was a schism that would lead to the forming of the Ottawa District Hockey Association, governing most of eastern Ontario ice hockey play.

In 1892, the junior-level was introduced for play at a lower level. It was not age-limited to young men under the age of 20 until 1896, when the OHA introduced the 'intermediate'-level play bracket. In 1919, the Memorial Cup was introduced, first called the 'OHA Memorial Cup', and was first won by University of Toronto Schools (UTS). It became the national championship trophy for junior-level play.

In 1897, the intermediate level was introduced. This was to organize teams of a lower standard than the seniors. The first champions were Berlin, defeating the Frontenacs 3–0.

Stanley Cup
From 1893 to 1908, teams from the OHA could and did challenge for the Stanley Cup, including:

 * Ottawa Hockey Club (was in both AHAC and OHA),
 * Queen's University of Kingston,
 * Toronto Marlboros,
 * Toronto Wellingtons

As senior-level play became professional, Stanley Cup challenges by the amateur clubs ceased, having been banned from play against professionals. After the introduction of the Allan Cup in 1908, clubs from the OHA would compete for that instead. The Ontario Professional Hockey League started to play in 1908 for senior-level men's pro hockey teams in Ontario. Champions of the OPHL would continue to challenge for the Stanley Cup. The senior-level men's league of the OHA is today composed of the six teams of Allan Cup Hockey.

1920s to 1970s
In 1924, the OHA voted to keep its ban on professional coaches in amateur hockey. When Queen's University at Kingston hired a full-time athletic director, OHA secretary W. A. Hewitt felt that the OHA should allow the director's involvement with the hockey team despite him being a paid professional. Hewitt proposed an amendment to the constitution which would allow the executive to scrutinize any coach and decide on the registration. The amendment was rejected by delegates who remained against any professionals in the OHA. Two years later, Hewitt brought up the issue again and argued that, "the original intention of this rule was to control the [professional] coach, not exterminate him". His constitutional amendment was subsequently approved in the late-1920s.

When the OHA contract with Arena Gardens was up for renewal in the late-1920s, some executives preferred the Ravina Gardens where teams could get 50 per cent of the gate receipts, compared to only 35 per cent of the gate receipts at the Arena Gardens. Hewitt argued that 35 per cent of a larger arena in an established part of the city would be more profitable than 50 per cent of a smaller arena under construction in a newer part of the city. Hewitt promised to negotiate a better deal, in exchange for the contract with Arena Gardens to be renewed on a year-by-year basis. The OHA signed multiple five-year contracts with Maple Leaf Gardens, in which all Toronto-based teams in the OHA played home games at the arena, except for the University of Toronto teams.

1980s to present
The trophy emblematic of Canadian Intermediate Hockey supremacy was the Hardy Cup. Only three teams from Ontario ever won the Hardy Cup (that ran from 1968 to 1990), two from the OHA: Georgetown Raiders in 1982 and Dundas Real McCoys in 1986. The third Ontario team was the Embrun Panthers of the Ottawa District Hockey Association. The intermediate classification was abolished in 1983 by the OHA. The top league, Major Intermediate A Hockey League was divided between the OHA Senior A Hockey League and the various Senior B leagues.

In September 1985, the Supreme Court of Ontario ruled against an appeal for a girl to play in the OHA, stating that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was not violated since the OHA was a private organization. In June 1986, the Court of Appeal for Ontario overturned the decision which was then upheled by the Supreme Court of Canada. The OHA's position had been that girls could not play on a boys' team when equal opportunity existed to play on a girls' team in her geographic area.

The OHA Senior A Hockey League ceased operations after the 1986–87 season, when it was reduced to three teams and the OHA was unable to find new teams. The league had become cost-prohibitive, and needed to cut costs and restructure senior ice hockey to compete for the Allan Cup.

During the summer in 1989, the Metro Toronto Hockey League (MTHL) and the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA), broke away from the OHA and formed the Central Canada Hockey Association, due to disagreement with an OHA restructuring proposal which would have limited their voting powers. The dispute ended when the Ontario Hockey Federation (OHF) was established, with equal representation for the OHA, Northern Ontario Hockey Association, MTHL, and OMHA. The OHF was given the mandate to oversee hockey in Ontario, and be a review panel for three years to propose further restructuring if necessary.

The OHA established bursaries as of the 1995–96 season, to counter the loss of players to scholarships in the United States. The OHA awarded the bursaries to students chosen to attend the University of Windsor, University of Waterloo, and Wilfrid Laurier University.

On-ice violence
In 1986, the Ontario Hockey Association, concerned with growing violence in hockey, suspended the Streetsville Derbys and the Brantford Classics from playing in the 1986–87 season. The suspension of the Derbys had to do with a stick-swinging incident in the final game of the league quarter-final against the Nobleton Devils. A Nobleton player was struck in the back of the head with a two-hand slash, which also struck a linesman and cut his eyelid. Brantford's suspension was related to a violent playoff brawl against the St. Catharines Falcons.

In 1987, the Port Elgin Bears withdrew from a Western Ontario Junior C Hockey League playoffs series due to perceived on-ice violence by the Hanover Barons. The OHA investigated the incident, which received national publicity when Port Elgin's coach was supported by Otto Jelinek, the Canadian Minister of State for Fitness and Amateur Sport. Port Elgin team officials were given one-year suspensions when the OHA found no evidence to justify abandoning the series.

Hazing incidents
When 13 people from the Tilbury Hawks were charged with sex-related crimes in 1994, the OHA sought to eliminate hazing from and suspended the team's officials for one year. Team trainer Paul Everaert and captain Ed Fiala pleaded guilty to their charges and were fined a total of $6,000. The team was forced out of Tilbury by the end of the 1993–94 season, relocating to Walpole Island and folding in 1999. The team was a part of an investigation and subject matter of an episode of The Fifth Estate.

In 1997, parents of players on the Kingsville Comets spoke out against hazing and campaigned for its end. The OHA stated it must educate its teams and players annually on acceptable practices to prevent incidents and change future behaviour. Each team was required to have a youth worker serving as a prevention services co-ordinator; and handbooks were given to players annually which covered hazing, alcohol, drug use, tobacco, and sexual harassment. The OHA then requested that the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) include the education in coaching certification programs, and for it to be available to all hockey administrators.

Restructuring junior hockey
The Ontario Hockey League (OHL) split from the OHA in July 1982. The OHA and OHL disagreed on financial terms of affiliation, then the OHL decided to handle its own administration. The OHA and the OHL later reached an interim affiliation agreement, which allowed the OHL to compete at the Memorial Cup.

In 1993, the Metro Junior B Hockey League and Central Junior B Hockey League, the OHA's two Toronto-area Junior B leagues, were officially recognized by the OHA as Junior A Leagues. The three remaining leagues, the Mid-Western Junior Hockey League, Western Ontario Hockey League, and Golden Horseshoe Junior Hockey League, who had been more dominant than their Toronto-area sister leagues in the Sutherland Cup department, were left to their own devices.

The Metro Junior A Hockey League (MetJHL) operated independent from the OHA as of the 1995–96 season, when it was opposed to a ruling by the CAHA which gave jurisdiction over junior hockey in the province to the OHA. Several teams departed the MetJHL to join the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJHL) which was affiliated with the OHA. The MetJHL insisted on its own administration and was opposed to paying fees to the OHA. The MetJHL rejoined the OHA in 1997, then merged into the OPJHL in 1998.

In 2001, the OHA appointed Vern Stenlund as its first "master mentor coach", to improve the quality of coaching and the player experience in junior hockey.

In 2007, the three Southwestern Ontario leagues opted to merge to form a 27-team superleague, the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League in hopes of eventually being promoted to Junior A and to attempt to prevent player poaching from the 37-team Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League.

OHA president Brent Ladds led the study "Tomorrow's Game" to help teams manage their finances and volunteers, which began in 2006 as a survey of teams and leagues to assess priorities and gather recommendations. The study also proposed restructuring junior hockey as of the 2010–11 season, which would have reclassified teams from A to D levels, into a premier league and two developmental leagues. Teams in the proposed premier league would have been required to employ a full-time coach, doctor, nutritionist, and athletic trainers. Ladds felt that junior hockey in Ontario needed to be more attractive to players, who were departing the OHA for leagues elsewhere in Canada.

Presidents

The OHA was governed by elected presidents from 1890 to 1980. From 1980 onward, a board of directors was elected, with a full-time employee to execute duties as the president.

List of elected presidents of the OHA:

Administrators

W. A. Hewitt was named secretary of the OHA on December 8, 1903, to succeed William Ashbury Buchanan. As the secretary, Hewitt was the de facto referee-in-chief of the OHA. He spoke annually at referee meetings to review interpretations of new and existing rules of play, and sought consistency and more strict enforcement of the rules when dealing with dissent and physical play.

In January 1948, the OHA hired George Panter as an assistant secretary, then later made Panter its business manager to oversee day-to-day operations. Hewitt retained his office at Maple Leaf Gardens where he kept the OHA's records, despite that a new office was opened across the road. Bill Hanley became the business manager in 1951, and Hewitt's role gradually decreased. The OHA established a permanent referee-in-chief position in 1952, and lessened the workload on Hewitt. Hewitt retired in May 1966, then the OHA transferred the secretary's duties to Hanley and renamed his position from business manager to secretary manager. Hanley served as secretary manager until he retired in 1973, when he was succeeded by David Branch who filled the role until 1977.

Brent Ladds was appointed secretary-manager of the OHA on July 6, 1977. He was appointed president of the OHA on April 28, 1980, after a restructuring from an elected president into an elected chairman and an appointed president. He was to focus on the increasing business demands on the OHA, fundraising and publicity, and be a technical co-ordinator. He became the first paid full-time president of the OHA. He retired as OHA president in June 2012. He stated that when he began working for the OHA, he dealt with "three or four bench-clearing brawls [each] weekend", but that culture had changed over time. He felt that the OHA had transitioned into being "a more nimble and responsive organization" than when he began; and was proud of his work to advance player safety and reduce on-ice injuries, which included increased penalties for rough play and certification programs for coaches and referees.

Jurisdiction

Empowered by Hockey Canada, the OHA governs all Ontario senior and junior hockey not administered by Hockey Northwestern Ontario, Hockey Eastern Ontario, or Northern Ontario Hockey Association. This does not include the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League or Western Ontario Athletic Association (at the Senior level), which are run outside of Hockey Canada's jurisdiction and are not affiliated.

Hockey Eastern Ontario represents the part of Ontario East of and including Lanark County, Renfrew County, and Leeds County, but not including the town of Gananoque. Hockey Northwestern Ontario has control of the section of Northwestern Ontario west of the 85th meridian.

Junior A

 * Ontario Junior Hockey League

Junior B

 * Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League

Junior C

 * Provincial Junior Hockey League

Senior

 * Allan Cup Hockey – This league was formerly known as Major League Hockey
 * Ontario Elite Hockey League - Formerly the WOAA Senior Hockey League. This league competes as Sr. "AA" and does not currently compete for the Allan Cup

Please note: the Ontario Hockey League is not a member of the Ontario Hockey Association, but does carry a working relationship with it.

Junior

 * Big 10 Junior B Hockey League
 * Border Cities Junior B Hockey League
 * Central Ontario Junior C Hockey League
 * Eastern Junior B Hockey League
 * Empire B Junior C Hockey League
 * Georgian Mid-Ontario Junior C Hockey League
 * Golden Horseshoe Junior Hockey League
 * Great Lakes Junior C Hockey League
 * Metro Junior A Hockey League
 * Mid-Ontario Junior B Hockey League
 * Mid-Western Junior Hockey League
 * Midwestern Junior C Hockey League
 * Niagara & District Junior C Hockey League
 * Northern Junior D Hockey League
 * Ontario Junior Hockey League
 * Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (1972-1987)
 * Quinte-St. Lawrence Junior C Hockey League
 * Southern Counties Junior D Hockey League
 * Southern Ontario Junior A Hockey League
 * Southern Ontario Junior Hockey League
 * Southwestern Junior B Hockey League
 * Suburban Junior C Hockey League
 * Western Ontario Hockey League
 * Western Ontario Junior C Hockey League

Senior

 * Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League
 * Major Intermediate A Hockey League
 * OHA Senior A Hockey League
 * OHA Senior A Hockey League (1929-1979)

Championship trophies

Active trophies
 * OHA/OHF Senior "AAA" – J. Ross Robertson Cup
 * Senior "AA" – OEHL Cup (renamed J. F. Paxton Cup)
 * Senior "A" – Hugh McLean Trophy (OEHL Tier II champions)
 * OPJHL – Frank L. Buckland Trophy
 * Junior "B" – Sutherland Cup
 * Junior "C" – Clarence Schmalz Cup

Retired trophies
 * Senior "B" – Ken McMillan Cup
 * Senior "C" – W. A. Hewitt Cup
 * Intermediate division – J. Ross Robertson Cup
 * Major Junior – J. Ross Robertson Cup (transferred to the Ontario Hockey League)
 * SOJAHL – Jack Oakes Memorial Trophy
 * Super "C" – George S. Dudley Cup
 * Senior – Cosby Cup
 * Junior "D" - OHA Cup

title: Ontario Hockey Association


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Seventh day

The seventh day may refer to:

 * Saturday in some calendars
 * Sunday in other calendars
 * Friday in the Bahá'í calendar
 * Shabbat in Judaism
 * Sabbath in seventh-day churches
 * Qixi Festival, a Chinese festival that falls on the seventh day of the 7th month on the Chinese calendar

Film and TV

 * The 7th Day, a 2004 Spanish film
 * 7th Day (film), a 2014 Indian Malayalam-language film
 * The Seventh Day (1922 film), a 1922 American silent film
 * The Seventh Day (2021 film), a 2021 American film
 * The Seventh Day (TV series), a 2008 Hong Kong television series

Others

 * The Seventh Day (album), a 2008 Chinese album by Thin Man
 * The Seventh Day (novel), a 2013 Chinese novel by Yu Hua

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Seventh day


text: User talk:65.11.142.206

title: User talk:65.11.142.206


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Yield (chemistry)

In chemistry, yield, also known as reaction yield or chemical yield, refers to the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. Yield is one of the primary factors that scientists must consider in organic and inorganic chemical synthesis processes. In chemical reaction engineering, "yield", "conversion" and "selectivity" are terms used to describe ratios of how much of a reactant was consumed (conversion), how much desired product was formed (yield) in relation to the undesired product (selectivity), represented as X, Y, and S.

The term yield also plays an important role in analytical chemistry, as individual compounds are recovered in purification processes in a range from quantitative yield (100 %) to low yield (< 50 %).

Definitions
In chemical reaction engineering, "yield", "conversion" and "selectivity" are terms used to describe ratios of how much of a reactant has reacted—conversion, how much of a desired product was formed—yield, and how much desired product was formed in ratio to the undesired product—selectivity, represented as X, S, and Y.

According to the Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering manual, yield refers to the amount of a specific product formed per mole of reactant consumed. In chemistry, mole is used to describe quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

The Compendium of Chemical Terminology defined yield as the "ratio expressing the efficiency of a mass conversion process. The yield coefficient is defined as the amount of cell mass (kg) or product formed (kg,mol) related to the consumed substrate (carbon or nitrogen source or oxygen in kg or moles) or to the intracellular ATP production (moles)."

In the section "Calculations of yields in the monitoring of reactions" in the 1996 4th edition of Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry (1978), the authors write that, "theoretical yield in an organic reaction is the weight of product which would be obtained if the reaction has proceeded to completion according to the chemical equation. The yield is the weight of the pure product which is isolated from the reaction." In 'the 1996 edition of Vogel's Textbook, percentage yield is expressed as,

$\mbox{percent yield} = \frac{\mbox{actual yield}}{\mbox{theoretical yield}} \times 100$|undefined

According to the 1996 edition of Vogel's Textbook, yields close to 100% are called quantitative, yields above 90% are called excellent, yields above 80% are very good, yields above 70% are good, yields above 50% are fair, and yields below 40% are called poor. In their 2002 publication, Petrucci, Harwood, and Herring wrote that Vogel's Textbook names were arbitrary, and not universally accepted, and depending on the nature of the reaction in question, these expectations may be unrealistically high. Yields may appear to be 100% or above when products are impure, as the measured weight of the product will include the weight of any impurities.

In their 2016 laboratory manual, Experimental Organic Chemistry, the authors described the "reaction yield" or "absolute yield" of a chemical reaction as the "amount of pure and dry product yielded in a reaction". They wrote that knowing the stoichiometry of a chemical reaction—the numbers and types of atoms in the reactants and products, in a balanced equation "make it possible to compare different elements through stoichiometric factors." Ratios obtained by these quantitative relationships are useful in data analysis.

Theoretical, actual, and percent yields
The percent yield is a comparison between the actual yield—which is the weight of the intended product of a chemical reaction in a laboratory setting—and the theoretical yield—the measurement of pure intended isolated product, based on the chemical equation of a flawless chemical reaction, and is defined as,

$\mbox{percent yield} = \frac{\mbox{actual yield}}{\mbox{theoretical yield}} \times 100$|undefined

The ideal relationship between products and reactants in a chemical reaction can be obtained by using a chemical reaction equation. Stoichiometry is used to run calculations about chemical reactions, for example, the stoichiometric mole ratio between reactants and products. The stoichiometry of a chemical reaction is based on chemical formulas and equations that provide the quantitative relation between the number of moles of various products and reactants, including yields. Stoichiometric equations are used to determine the limiting reagent or reactant—the reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction. The limiting reagent determines the theoretical yield—the relative quantity of moles of reactants and the product formed in a chemical reaction. Other reactants are said to be present in excess. The actual yield—the quantity physically obtained from a chemical reaction conducted in a laboratory—is often less than the theoretical yield. The theoretical yield is what would be obtained if all of the limiting reagent reacted to give the product in question. A more accurate yield is measured based on how much product was actually produced versus how much could be produced. The ratio of the theoretical yield and the actual yield results in a percent yield.

When more than one reactant participates in a reaction, the yield is usually calculated based on the amount of the limiting reactant, whose amount is less than stoichiometrically equivalent (or just equivalent) to the amounts of all other reactants present. Other reagents present in amounts greater than required to react with all the limiting reagent present are considered excess. As a result, the yield should not be automatically taken as a measure for reaction efficiency.

In their 1992 publication General Chemistry, Whitten, Gailey, and Davis described the theoretical yield as the amount predicted by a stoichiometric calculation based on the number of moles of all reactants present. This calculation assumes that only one reaction occurs and that the limiting reactant reacts completely.

According to Whitten, the actual yield is always smaller (the percent yield is less than 100%), often very much so, for several reasons. As a result, many reactions are incomplete and the reactants are not completely converted to products. If a reverse reaction occurs, the final state contains both reactants and products in a state of chemical equilibrium. Two or more reactions may occur simultaneously, so that some reactant is converted to undesired side products. Losses occur in the separation and purification of the desired product from the reaction mixture. Impurities are present in the starting material which do not react to give desired product.

Example
This is an example of an esterification reaction where one molecule acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid) reacts with one molecule ethanol, yielding one molecule ethyl acetate (a bimolecular second-order reaction of the type A + B → C):

 * 120 g acetic acid (60 g/mol, 2.0 mol) was reacted with 230 g ethanol (46 g/mol, 5.0 mol), yielding 132 g ethyl acetate (88 g/mol, 1.5 mol). The yield was 75%.

 * 1) The molar amount of the reactants is calculated from the weights (acetic acid: 120 g ÷ 60 g/mol = 2.0 mol; ethanol:  230 g ÷ 46 g/mol = 5.0 mol).
 * 2) Ethanol is used in a 2.5-fold excess (5.0 mol ÷ 2.0 mol).
 * 3) The theoretical molar yield is 2.0 mol (the molar amount of the limiting compound, acetic acid).
 * 4) The molar yield of the product is calculated from its weight (132 g ÷ 88 g/mol = 1.5 mol).
 * 5) The % yield is calculated from the actual molar yield and the theoretical molar yield (1.5 mol ÷ 2.0 mol × 100% = 75%).

Purification of products
In his 2016 Handbook of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Michael Pirrung wrote that yield is one of the primary factors synthetic chemists must consider in evaluating a synthetic method or a particular transformation in "multistep syntheses." He wrote that a yield based on recovered starting material (BRSM) or (BORSM) does not provide the theoretical yield or the "100% of the amount of product calculated", that is necessary in order to take the next step in the multistep systhesis.

Purification steps always lower the yield, through losses incurred during the transfer of material between reaction vessels and purification apparatus or imperfect separation of the product from impurities, which may necessitate the discarding of fractions deemed insufficiently pure. The yield of the product measured after purification (typically to >95% spectroscopic purity, or to sufficient purity to pass combustion analysis) is called the isolated yield of the reaction.

Internal standard yield
Yields can also be calculated by measuring the amount of product formed (typically in the crude, unpurified reaction mixture) relative to a known amount of an added internal standard, using techniques like Gas chromatography (GC), High-performance liquid chromatography, or Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy) or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). A yield determined using this approach is known as an internal standard yield. Yields are typically obtained in this manner to accurately determine the quantity of product produced by a reaction, irrespective of potential isolation problems. Additionally, they can be useful when isolation of the product is challenging or tedious, or when the rapid determination of an approximate yield is desired. Unless otherwise indicated, yields reported in the synthetic organic and inorganic chemistry literature refer to isolated yields, which better reflect the amount of pure product one is likely to obtain under the reported conditions, upon repeating the experimental procedure.

Reporting of yields
In their 2010 Synlett article, Martina Wernerova and organic chemist, Tomáš Hudlický, raised concerns about inaccurate reporting of yields, and offered solutions—including the proper characterization of compounds. After performing careful control experiments, Wernerova and Hudlický said that each physical manipulation (including extraction/washing, drying over desiccant, filtration, and column chromatography) results in a loss of yield of about 2%. Thus, isolated yields measured after standard aqueous workup and chromatographic purification should seldom exceed 94%. They called this phenomenon  "yield inflation" and said that yield inflation had gradually crept upward in recent decades in chemistry literature. They attributed yield inflation to careless measurement of yield on reactions conducted on small scale, wishful thinking and a desire to report higher numbers for publication purposes.

title: Yield (chemistry)


text: User talk:65.16.217.59

title: User talk:65.16.217.59


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Bob Wood

Bob Wood may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Bob Wood (comics) (1917–1966), comic book artist during the Golden Age of Comics
 * Bob Wood (author) (born 1957), author of Dodger Dogs to Fenway Franks and Big Ten Country

Politics

 * Bob Wood (MP) (born 1940), Liberal Member of Parliament for Nipissing in the Canadian House of Commons, 1988–2004
 * Bob Wood (Ontario MPP) (born 1949), Progressive Conservative Member of Provincial Parliament for London South and London West in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, 1995–2003

Sports

 * Bob Wood (baseball) (1865–1943), Major League Baseball catcher
 * Bob Wood (basketball) (1921–2014), National Basketball Association player
 * Bob Wood (ice hockey) (1930–2007), ice hockey player in the National Hockey League

title: Bob Wood


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Walther P38

The Walther P38 (originally written Walther P.38) is a 9 mm semi-automatic pistol that was developed by Carl Walther GmbH as the service pistol of the Wehrmacht at the beginning of World War II. It was intended to replace the comparatively complex and expensive to produce Luger P08. Moving the production lines to the more easily mass producible P38 once World War II started took longer than expected, leading to the P08 remaining in production until September 1942 and copies remained in service until the end of the war.

Development
As the previous service pistol, the Luger P08, was expensive to produce, Germany started to look for a replacement as early as 1927, settling on the Walther P38 in 1938, which offered similar performance to the Luger P08 but took almost half the time to produce. The first design was submitted to the German Army and featured a locked breech and a hidden hammer but the Army requested that it should be redesigned with an external hammer.

The P38 concept was accepted by the German military in 1938 but production of prototype ("Test") pistols did not begin until late 1939. Walther began manufacture at their plant in Zella-Mehlis and produced three series of "Test" pistols, designated by a "0" prefix to the serial number. The third series pistols solved the problems for the German Army and mass production began in mid-1940, using Walther's military production identification code "480".

Several experimental versions were later created in .45 ACP, and .38 Super but these were never mass-produced. In addition to the 9×19mm Parabellum version, some 7.65×21mm Parabellum and some .22 Long Rifle versions were also manufactured and sold.

Design details

The P.38 is a semi-automatic pistol design, which introduced technical features used today in commercial and military semi-automatic pistols, including the Beretta 92FS and its M9 sub-variant.

The P38 was the first locked-breech pistol to use a double-action/single-action (DA/SA) trigger (the earlier double-action PPK was an unlocked blowback design, but the more powerful 9×19mm Parabellum round used in the P38 needed a locked breech design). The shooter could chamber a round, use the safety-decocking lever to lower the hammer without firing the round, and carry the weapon with a round chambered. The lever can stay on "safe", or if returned to "fire", the weapon remains safely "ready" with a long, double-action trigger pull for the first shot. Pulling the trigger cocks the hammer before firing the first shot with double-action operation. The firing mechanism extracts and ejects the first spent round, cocks the hammer, and chambers a fresh round for single-action operation with each subsequent shot; all features found in many modern handguns. Besides a DA/SA trigger design similar to that of the earlier Walther PPKs the P38 features a visible and tactile loaded chamber indicator in the form of a metal rod that protrudes from the rear of the slide when a round is chambered.

The moving-barrel mechanism is actuated by a wedge-shaped hinged locking piece underneath the breech. When the pistol is fired, the barrel and slide recoil together, until the hinged locking piece drives down, disengaging the slide and arresting further rearward movement of the barrel. The slide continues its rearward movement on the frame, ejecting the spent case and cocking the hammer before reaching the end of travel. Unlike most autopistols which eject empty cases to the right, the Walther P38 ejects empty cases to the left. Two recoil springs on either side of the frame and below the slide, having been compressed by the slide's rearward movement, drive the slide forward, stripping a new round from the magazine, driving it into the breech and re-engaging the barrel; ending its return travel with a fresh round chambered, hammer cocked and ready to repeat the process. The hinged locking piece assisted breechblock design provides good accuracy due to the in-line travel of the barrel and slide.

Initial production P38 pistols were fitted with walnut grips, but these were later supplanted by Bakelite grips. Sheet metal grips were used for a time on pistols produced in France after the war, being called "Gray Ghosts" by collectors on the account of their distinctive parkerizing and sheet metal grips. Post war P1 grips were made of black colored plastic.

Variants
The Walther P.38 was in production from 1939 to 1945. Initial development of the pistol took place 1937–1939, culminating in the first Model HP or Heerespistole ("army pistol"), which had several variants as engineering changes were made. Early production included a Swedish contract. The designation P.38 indicates Wehrmacht adoption in 1938, although the exact date is unknown. The transition from HP to the mechanically-identical P.38-marked pistols took place 1939–1940. Sweden bought the Walther HP in 1939.

During WWII, the P.38 was produced by Walther, Mauser, and Spreewerk. To conceal manufacturer identities, each wartime manufacturer used a letter code: ac (Walther); byf (Mauser), and cyq (Spreewerk), followed by the date (e.g.: ac44: Walther 1944 production). Spreewerk did not mark production dates. Pistols were produced in blocks of 10,000 consecutively numbered pistols, with each block having a consecutive letter suffix, to conceal production volume. 1,277,680 P.38s were produced during WWII: 617,585 by Walther in Zella-Mehlis; 372,875 by Mauser in Oberndorf; 287,220 by Spreewerk Grottau. Late in the war, the Spreewerk cyq die broke. Subsequent pistols appear to be marked "cvq" due to the broken die. About 31,400 pistols are so marked. Spreewerk production ended April 1945.

From 1945 to 1946, several thousands of pistols were assembled for the French armed forces (frequently dubbed "grey ghosts" because of parkerized finish and grey sheet metal grips). Only after 1957 was the P38 again produced for the German military. West Germany desired to rebuild its military so that it could shoulder some of the burden for its own defense. Walther retooled for new P38 production since no military firearms production had occurred in West Germany since the end of the war, knowing that the military would again seek Walther firearms. When the Bundeswehr announced it wanted the P38 for its official service pistol, Walther readily resumed P38 production within just two years, using wartime pistols as models and new engineering drawings and machine tools. The first of the new P38s were delivered to the West German military in June 1957, some 17 years and two months after the pistol had initially seen action in World War II, and from 1957 to 1963 the P38 was again the standard sidearm.

P1
In late 1963 the postwar military model P1 was adopted for use by the West German military, identifiable by the P1 stamping on the slide. The postwar pistols, whether marked as P38 or P1, have an aluminium frame rather than the steel frame of the original design. Starting in June 1975, the aluminum frame was reinforced with a hex bolt above the trigger guard, and a slightly modified, stronger slide design was introduced. During the 1990s the German military started replacing the P1 with the P8 pistol and finally phased out the P1 in 2004.

P4
An improved version of the P38, the Walther P4, was developed in the late 1970s and was adopted by the police forces of South Africa, Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-Württemberg.

P5
Improved version with a closed slide.

Users

 * 🇦🇫: Afghan National Police received 10,000 P1s after the fall of the Taliban
 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Supplied by Germany during World War II
 * 🇹🇩 Chad: P1 variant.
 * 🇨🇱 Chile: Chilean Army.
 * Independent State of Croatia
 * East Germany: Used primarily by police and paramilitary.
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Finnish UN peacekeeping forces, P1 variant.
 * 🇫🇷 France: Replaced by the mid-1950s.
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: P1 variant.
 * undefined
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq: Kurdistan Region received 8,000 P1 pistols in 2014
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan – used as a service pistol in private security companies at least up to 2007.
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon: Used in small numbers by the Lebanese Army and later by some Lebanese militias during the 1958 Lebanon crisis and the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990).
 * North Macedonia: P1 variant.
 * 🇲🇿 Mozambique
 * Nazi Germany
 * North Vietnam
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: Norwegian Armed Forces. Replaced by the P80 in 1985
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Used by Portuguese Army until 2019, when was replaced by the Glock 17 Gen 5.
 * Rhodesia: Standard sidearm of the BSAP.
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa: Standard sidearm of SA Police.
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: HP variant. The Swedish military designation was "pistol m/39". Sweden also used P38s that were confiscated from the German military during World War II.
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand: Used by Royal Thai Police as Type 96 Pistol (ปืนพกแบบ 96, ปพ.96).
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay
 * 🇺🇸 United States: Used by US Army Special Forces assigned to Detachment 'A', Berlin during the Cold War.
 * West Germany
 * West Berlin Police Manurhin manufactured P38s from France due to treaty restrictions.
 * Bundesgrenzschutz
 * Bereitschaftspolizei
 * Yugoslav Partisans
 * Yugoslav Partisans

title: Walther P38


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aaron Ritter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was SPEEDIED. dbenbenn | talk 00:01, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Aaron Ritter
The bits that establish alleged notability are inherently unverifiable. --fvw *  01:06, 2005 Feb 2 (UTC)
 * Delete. Patent nonsense. Yes, that's right, I voted to delete something. --Centauri 01:30, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, articles like this should be speediable. Gazpacho 01:31, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And it's been speedily deleted at least once today already... by me. Delete -- Francs2000 | Talk  01:32, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * That was an entirely different article (well, "article"...) though. --fvw *  01:41, 2005 Feb 2 (UTC)
 * So it was. -- Francs2000 | Talk 01:43, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It really should have been given the "nonsense" tag. An obvious speedy. --LeeHunter 01:48, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I deleted it. Elf | Talk 01:51, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * And it's been recreated in slightly slimmer form. I don't think this is a CSD, so I suggest we let it ride out its VfD. --fvw *  02:00, 2005 Feb 2 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, possible vanity. Megan1967 02:40, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Curps 05:54, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

And I've re-deleted it. Future histories are inherently nonsense and therefore valid speedy deletes. RickK 06:02, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Manifestis Probatum

Manifestis Probatum is a papal bull dated 23 May 1179, in which Pope Alexander III officially recognised the ruler and self-proclaimed king Afonso Henriques as the first sovereign King of Portugal.

The Papacy did not at first recognize the legitimacy of Afonso's adoption of the royal title in 1139, instead continuing to regard him as a vassal of the kingdom of León. The switch in papal policy in 1179 was justified by Afonso's reconquest of lands to the south of the Iberian Peninsula to which no other Christian monarch had claim.

Text
Alexander, Bishop, Servant of the servants of God, to the most beloved son in Christ, Afonso, Illustrious King of the Portuguese, and to his heirs, in perpetuity: It is manifestly proven that, as a good son and catholic prince, you have rendered innumerable services to your mother, the Holy Church, intrepidly exterminating through hardships and military prowess the enemies of the Christian name and diligently propagating the Christian faith, thereby leaving to generations still unborn a name worthy of memory and an example deserving of imitation. The Apostolic See must love with sincere affection and strive to efficiently attend, in their just petitions, those chosen by the divine Providence for the government and salvation of the people. We, therefore, because of your qualities of prudence, justice and suitability for government, take you under the protection of Saint Peter and our own, and grant and confirm by apostolic authority to your excellent domain, the Kingdom of Portugal, full honours of kingdom and the dignity that befits kings, as well as all places which, with the help of the Celestial Grace, you have wrested from the hands of the Saracens, and to which your neighbouring Christian princes may not claim any rights. And so that your devotion and service to Saint Peter, Prince of the Apostles, and to the Holy Roman Church is further aroused, We decide to extend this same concession to your heirs and, with the help of God, We promise to defend it for them, as far as our apostolic magistracy is concerned. Do continue, therefore, to show yourself a beloved son, humble and devoted to the honour and service of your mother, the Holy Roman Church, and to defend Her interests by spreading the Christian faith in such a way that this Apostolic See may take joy in having such a devoted and glorious son whose affection cannot be in doubt. As tangible representation that said kingdom belongs to Saint Peter, you have determined as a testimony of great reverence to surrender annually two marks of gold to Us and Our successors. You and your successors will endeavour, therefore, to consign to the Archbishop of Braga pro tempore this census that belongs to Us and Our successors. We determine accordingly that it is unlawful for any man to brazenly cause any trouble to you or your heirs or your kingdom, or to seize anything that belongs to it or, in the case it has been seized, to keep it, debase it, or cause any torment to it. If anyone, in future, whether ecclesiastic or secular person, willingly challenges that which has been determined under this Constitution without presenting suitable satisfaction after a second or a third admonition, may they be stripped of the dignity of their honour and power, forelearn that they will be held accountable for their iniquity before the Divine Judgement, and be excluded from the Communion of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Jesus Christ, our divine Lord and Redeemer. May the peace of Our Lord Jesus Christ be with all those who respect the rights of this kingdom and their king, so that they may gather the fruit of good works in this world and the reward of eternal peace before the Severe Judge. Amen. Amen. Peter, Paul, Alexander PP. III Bene valete

title: Manifestis Probatum


text: Template:Romania-geo-stub

title: Template:Romania-geo-stub


text:
Norwich School (disambiguation)

Norwich School is an independent fee-paying school in Norwich, England.

Norwich School may also refer to:

 * Norwich School of Painters, 19th century provincial art movement in Britain
 * Norwich School (glassmakers), mediaeval Norwich-based community of stained glass makers
 * Norwich University of the Arts, formerly Norwich School of Art & Design in Norwich, England
 * Norwich High School for Girls, independent girls fee-charging school with selective entry in Norwich, England
 * Norwich High School for Boys, short-lived independent school, that became the Langley School, Norfolk, England
 * City of Norwich School, secondary comprehensive school situated in Norwich, England
 * Norwich Law School, part of the UEA in Norwich, England
 * Norwich High School, located at Midland Drive in Norwich, New York, United States of America

title: Norwich School (disambiguation)


text: Category:Steam cars

title: Category:Steam cars


text: Category:Romania geography stubs

title: Category:Romania geography stubs


text:
Bob Wood (MP)

Bob Wood (born March 11, 1940) is a former Canadian politician. Wood represented the riding of Nipissing in the House of Commons of Canada from 1988 to 2004 as a member of the Liberal Party. Wood did not stand for re-election in the 2004 election.

Wood was born in Ayer's Cliff, Quebec. Prior to entering politics, he was a radio broadcaster in North Bay, Ontario.

title: Bob Wood (MP)


text:
Talk:Balgowlah Heights

Bias?
Funny, but NPOV?? I have been there, but I don't know sufficiently to rewrite it. Anyone? /marxmax

 * i've given it a shot. basically a lot of it had to be removed, simply wasn't appropriate for an encyclopedia, but i kept as much as possible. clarkk 13:25, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Page move
This page was moved from "Balgowlah Heights" to "Balgowlah Heights, New South Wales" as per the naming convention set out at Wikipedia:Naming conventions (places) -- Ianblair23 07:18, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

food
there is not much food here — Preceding unsigned comment added by Qweddsfsfddgsghshsgsvwghelp (talk • contribs) 02:19, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Balgowlah Heights


text:
Steve Baer

Steve Baer (October 13th, 1938 to May 17th, 2024) was an American inventor and pioneer of passive solar technology. Baer pioneered and helped popularize the use of zomes. He took a number of solar power patents, wrote a number of books and publicized his work. Baer served on the board of directors of the U.S. Section of the International Solar Energy Society, and on the board of the New Mexico Solar Energy Association. He was the founder, chairman of the board, president, and director of research at Zomeworks Corporation. He was the creator of Zome Architecture as well as one of creators of Zometool, a construction set educational toy or device that had evolved from playground climbers and other structures that had been created by Zomeworks.

Early life
Steve Baer was born in Los Angeles. In his teens while a student at Midland School, he read Lewis Mumford and decided technology needn’t necessarily degrade or complicate people's lives. In the latter 1950s, Baer worked at various jobs and attended Amherst College and UCLA. In 1960, he joined the U.S. Army, being stationed in Germany for three years. He also was married in 1960. After discharge from the Army, he and his wife, Holly settled in Zurich, Switzerland, where he worked as a welder and attended Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, studying mathematics. Here he became interested in the possibilities of building innovative structures using polyhedra (non-rectangular polyhedrons).

Baer and his wife moved back to the United States, settling in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where Baer initially worked as a welder of trailer frames for the Fruehauf Trailer Services company. He founded the company Zomeworks with Barry Hickman and Ed Heinz.

Zomes
Baer and Ed Heinz experimented with constructing buildings of unusual geometries that they came to called "zomes" or Zome Architecture, often using heavy sheet metal as the main exterior material. Some of the earliest experiments were carried out in cooperation with members of the intentional communities Drop City and Maniera Nueva.

Baer had also become interested in using solar energy for direct heating of buildings, inspired by reading Farrington Daniels' Direct Use of the Sun’s Energy. He began to experiment with practical methods, always seeking to simplify his approach as the experiments proceeded. Steve Baer was a key organizer of an important grassroots Western-American conference, Alloy, focusing on these matters. Because the conference was spotlighted in the Whole Earth Catalog, Baer and Zomeworks became better known among solar enthusiasts in the U.S. Baer also was known as the author of Dome Cookbook and Zome Primer.

In the early years at Zomeworks, Baer was able to work with other innovators and idea people, such as the solar designers Day Chahroudi, Dave Harrison, and Dick Henry. In 1975, Zomeworks published an illustrated book, Sunspots, written by Baer and illustrated by Criss-Cross; focusing on solar-design principles.

One of Zomeworks' inventions was the now-expired patented Beadwall, which consists of two sheets of glass with small styrofoam beads blown in the space between them by an air pump at night to insulate the window areas of the building (the beads being removed by vacuum action in the morning). The design is somewhat similar to the drum wall.

Baer’s approach has been to develop strategies and products that simplify rather than complicate; things that add to, rather than detract from, the self-sufficiency of a building and its occupants. The "Track Rack" solar tracker which Baer and Zomeworks staff developed is a metal-framed passive-solar dynamic mounting for photovoltaic (PV) modules. With an arrangement of cylinders, pistons, and tubing, the device uses the differential pressure and movement of entrapped liquid to enable gravity to turn the rack and follow the sun. Depending on heat and hydraulics, and without motors, gears, or computerized controls, the rack enables the PV module to face the sun ("sunflower-wise") for maximum efficiency. To fit into the developing solar energy industry, Zomeworks has designed and builds several Track Racks to fit all common photovoltaic modules.

Another invention, the Skylight Tracker, has a dual purpose: it shades a skylight for indirect daytime lighting while making electricity from PV panels built into the shading slats.

Besides designing, testing, and fabricating solar-energy equipment, Baer and his company have provided consulting services to architects. Baer's design work was included in the Contemporary Developments in Design Science exhibit at St. John the Divine Cathedral, New York City, in 1995.

Baer's unconventional "zome" building-design approach, with its multi-faceted geometric lines, has been taken up by French builders in the Pyrenees. A 2004 book, Home Work edited by Lloyd Kahn, has a section featuring these buildings.

While Zomeworks has been known mainly for exploring passive solar strategies and equipment, some of the equipment the company has developed more recently, for solar-driven space cooling, has used active-solar principles.

Awards

 * 2010 Global Award for Sustainable Architecture

title: Steve Baer


text:
Category:Durant Motors

This category is for all businesses held by, or owned by Durant Motors.

title: Category:Durant Motors


text:
Chris Stein

Christopher Stein (born January 5, 1950) is an American musician known as the co-founder and guitarist of the new wave band Blondie. He is also a producer and performer for the classic soundtrack of the hip hop film Wild Style, and writer of the soundtrack for the film Union City, as well as an accomplished photographer.

Music
In 1973, Stein became the guitarist of the Stillettoes and began a romantic relationship with Debbie Harry, one of the singers. In the summer of 1974, Stein, Harry, and the band's rhythm section left to start their own group which they eventually called Blondie. They soon became fixtures in the punk and new wave scene centered around CBGB and Max's Kansas City, and by the end of the decade achieved international stardom. Blondie broke up in 1982, but reformed in 1997 and has been active off and on ever since. In addition to being the sole writer of the Blondie song "Sunday Girl", Stein co-wrote numerous hits with Harry, including "Heart of Glass", "Dreaming", "Island of Lost Souls", "Rapture", and "Rip Her to Shreds". Stein also ran the Animal Records label between 1982 and 1984.

In 2015, Blondie members Debbie Harry and Chris Stein made a guest appearance alongside The Gregory Brothers in an episode of Songify the News, and they collaborated again to parody the 2016 United States presidential election debates.

Photography and writing
A photographer, Stein documented the early New York City punk music scene, the visual allure of Debbie Harry and Blondie, and his collaborations with artists including Andy Warhol and H.R. Giger. Stein's photography was published in September 2014 by Rizzoli in his book, Chris Stein / Negative: Me, Blondie, and the Advent of Punk. Stein was a contributing photographer to Punk magazine between 1976 and 1979 - often using it to promote Blondie.

The book Negative: Me, Blondie and the Advent of Punk was launched with in an exhibition curated by Jeffrey Deitch at the Chelsea Hotel’s Storefront Gallery in New York City alongside images by the likes of Mick Rock, Bob Gruen, Annie Leibovitz and Robert Mapplethorpe, which also coincided with the fortieth anniversary of the formation of Blondie. There was also an exhibition at Somerset House in London. Some of the photographs in Negative have also been published in the Debbie Harry, Chris Stein and Victor Bockris co-authored volume Making Tracks: The Rise of Blondie, first published by Elm Tree, London (1982). Making Tracks was later reissued by Da Capo, New York (1998).

Stein's photography has also been shown in an exhibition at the Morrison Hotel Gallery, West Hollywood in August 2013; in a joint exhibition with Eddie Duggan at the University of Suffolk (April–May 2017), entitled A la recherche du punk perdu, and in an exhibition in a Blondie 'pop-up' shop in London's Camden Market, linked to the 2017 Blondie performance at the Roundhouse.

A second book of Stein's photography, H.R. Giger: Debbie Harry Metamorphosis: Creating the Visual Concept for KooKoo, chronicling the collaboration between himself, Debbie Harry and, H.R. Giger for Harry’s 1981 solo album was published by Titan Books on April 18, 2023.

Stein authored a third book, Under a Rock, a memoir that he wrote himself over the course of a few years. It will be published on June 11, 2024 by St. Martin's Press, an imprint of Macmillan Publishing.

Personal life
Stein was born to Jewish parents in Brooklyn, New York, on January 5, 1950. He grew up in the Midwood section of Brooklyn and attended Midwood High School in Brooklyn, but he was expelled for his long hair. Stein was co-host of TV Party, a public-access television cable TV show in New York City, that ran from 1978 to 1982. In 1983, Stein was diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris, a rare autoimmune disease of the skin. He was cared for by his then-partner Debbie Harry and he has since regained normal function. Stein had developed a mild form of the disease, and was able to control it with a program of steroids.

While in Blondie, Stein and Harry maintained a romantic relationship but never married. The couple went their separate ways in 1985, but have continued to work together on a professional basis. In 1999, Stein married actress Barbara Sicuranza, with whom he has two daughters. In July 2023, Stein said that one of their daughters had died in May. She had struggled with substance abuse, and overdosed.

Stein has not toured with Blondie since 2019 due to heart issues, but has remained active with the band and is a major contributor to a forthcoming Blondie album. About his health condition, he stated: "I've been dealing with a dumbass condition called Atrial Fibrillation or AFib which is irregular heartbeats and combined with the meds I take for it I'm too fatigued to deal."

title: Chris Stein


text:
Category:Transport in Liverpool

Transport in Liverpool.

title: Category:Transport in Liverpool


text:
Albert Frey (architect)

Albert Frey (October 18, 1903 – November 14, 1998) was a Swiss-born architect who established a style of modernist architecture centered on Palm Springs, California, United States, that came to be known as "desert modernism".

European years
Born in Zurich, Switzerland, Frey received his architecture diploma in 1924 from the Technikum engineering school in Winterthur, Switzerland. There, Frey trained in traditional building construction and received technical instruction rather than design instruction in the then popular Beaux-Arts style. Prior to receiving his diploma, Frey apprenticed with the architect A. J. Arter in Zurich and worked in construction during his school vacations.

It was also around this time that Frey became aware of the Dutch De Stijl movement, the German Bauhaus school and movement, and the modernism movement developing in Brussels. All would prove to be significant influences to Frey's later work.

From 1924 through 1928, Frey worked on various architectural projects in Belgium. In 1928, Frey secured a position in the Paris atelier of the noted International Style architect Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret. Frey was one of two full-time employees of the atelier and coworkers included Josep Lluís Sert, Kunio Maekawa, and Charlotte Perriand. During his period of working for Le Corbusier, Frey worked on the Villa Savoye project and other significant projects. In 1928, Frey left the atelier to take up work in the United States, but continued to maintain a friendship with Le Corbusier for many years.

American years
In September 1930, Frey returned to New York from another visit to France. Frey, the first architect in America to have worked directly with Le Corbusier, now began working with the American architect A. Lawrence Kocher who was also the managing editor of Architectural Record. Their collaboration would last until 1935, and they would reunite for a brief collaboration again in 1938. Although only four buildings were built by the pair, they contributed significantly to the American modernist movement through their numerous articles published in Architectural Record on urban planning, the modernist aesthetic, and technology. One collaboration was the 1931 Aluminaire House, designed for an exhibition, and later sold to New York architect Wallace K. Harrison for $1000. Harrison used it as a guest house on his Long Island property for years. Another of their commissions was an office/apartment dual-use building for Kocher's brother, Dr. J. J. Kocher of Palm Springs. This project introduced Frey to the California desert, which was to become his home and the backdrop for most of his subsequent work.

From 1935 to 1937, Frey worked with John Porter Clark (1905–1991), a Cornell-educated architect, under the firm name of Van Pelt and Lind Architects as both were unlicensed in California. In 1937, Frey briefly returned to the east coast to work on the Museum of Modern Art in New York. While in New York, Frey married Marion Cook, a writer he had met in Palm Springs. In 1938, Frey and his wife went to France and returned to America on the Normandie, a floating art deco masterpiece.

Upon completion of his work on the Museum of Modern Art in 1939, Frey and Marion returned to California to resume his collaboration with Clark, which would continue for nearly twenty more years. Frey and Marion divorced in 1945 and neither remarried. At the end of World War II Palm Springs' population almost tripled, and the city experienced a building boom. Known as an escape for the Hollywood elite and a winter haven for east coast industrialists, Palm Springs emerged post-war as a resort community for a broader segment of the American populace with more leisure time than any previous generation.

Frey and Clark were well positioned to capitalize on this, and both the city and their firm benefited from an unprecedented period of construction. Significant buildings by Frey during this period include the following:
 * Kocher-Samson Building
 * Cree House II
 * Frey's private residences, Frey House I and Frey House II
 * Loewy House, built for industrial designer Raymond Loewy
 * North Shore Beach and Yacht Club at North Shore, Salton Sea – renovated (May 2010)
 * Palm Springs Aerial Tramway Valley Station
 * Palm Springs City Hall (1952)
 * Salton Bay Yacht Club, Salton City
 * Villa Hermosa (1946) – updated in 1956 by Frey & renovated in 2003
 * Tramway Gas Station, with an iconic "flying wedge" canopy, at the entrance to the Palm Springs Tramway, now used as a visitors center.

Frey died in Palm Springs, aged 95, and was buried at Welwood Murray Cemetery.

Legacy
After some consideration, a shopping center at the corner of Sunrise Way and Ramon Road in Palm Springs that bore a Frey-designed façade was demolished and replaced with an entirely new center that incorporates architectural touches in Frey's style. Newly designed structures along Palm Canyon Drive are now being fitted with Frey-styled accents, including butterfly rooflines, glass walls, rock facings and exposed ceilings.

Frey's buildings helped establish Palm Springs as a progressive desert mecca for innovative modern architecture during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He produced designs for the spectrum of architectural commissions, from bespoke custom homes to institutional and public buildings, most of which are still in use today.

In comparison with his contemporary and fellow European transplant, Richard Neutra, Frey's designs are more integrated into the surrounding landscape and draw from the local surroundings for color and metaphor. In contrast to Neutra, Frey's designs are more commercial and less philosophically dogmatic, and hence more accessible. By embracing the American idiom while incorporating the modernist philosophy influenced by Le Corbusier, Frey produced a new regional vernacular. In 1996, he was awarded the Neutra Award for Professional Excellence.

A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to Frey in 2010. The Palm Springs Art Museum mounted an exhibit entitled "Albert Frey: Inventive Modernist" scheduled to run January 13, 2024 – June 3, 2024, curated and designed by Brad Dunning, in conjunction with their reconstruction of Aluminaire House.

title: Albert Frey (architect)


text:
User talk:DragonTorus

Greetings, fellow wanderers.

title: User talk:DragonTorus


text: User talk:82.232.94.27

title: User talk:82.232.94.27


text:
Maine of Tethba

Máiné of Tethbae or Máiné mac Néill was a supposed son of Niall Noigiallach. Writing of him in 1973, Irish historian Francis John Byrne stated his belief that:

"We may suspect then that eastern Uí Máiné was so successfully absorbed into the Uí Néill ambit that their kings, by a polite fiction, were accepted into the dominant dynasty circle ... The fact that the annalistic obit of Máiné mac Néill in 440 is so much earlier than that of any of his supposed brothers also suggests that he was adopted into the dynasty some time after the synthetic historians had agreed to push back the date of Niall's reign by a generation or more. [Byrne 1973:92–93]"

It is actually far more likely that Máine Mór was the ancestor of the Uí Maine, whose kingdom once covered a region over the entire of what is now County Galway north and east of Athenry, all of south County Roscommon, and stretching over the River Shannon into the regions called Cenél Máiné, Cuircni, Calraige and Delbhna Bethra. Cenél Máiné lay in the south-west portion of the kingdom of Tethbae – on the east shore of Lough Ree – and when it was taken over by the Uí Néill, its ruler's ancestor was given a pedigree making him a son of Niall.

Ui Máiné remained a powerful independent kingdom in its own right for several further centuries.

title: Maine of Tethba


text: User talk:68.56.42.120

title: User talk:68.56.42.120


text:
Talk:Communes of the Savoie department

Untitled
The syntax used here for placenames which conflict with the same name in another administrative/geographic region ("foo (bar)") is not what the English Wikipedia seems to have standardized on for placenames; rather, general style on this Wikipedia seems to be to use "foo, bar" for placenames. The relevant policy page is at Naming conventions (city names)), and while there apparently is no fully formalized policy on the English Wikipedia for all countries (argh, what a nightmare it will be if it's country by country!), I do see a note in the Talk: page about French cities, but no resolution. See Rochefort (disambiguation) for an example of places in France done with the "," style. Noel (talk) 01:19, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Approximately 90% of the French communes needing disambiguation are disambiguated as "Commune, département". You are right, there has not been any resolution for the disambiguation of French communes, and there is no "official" way of doing so in France. Thus, for the time being, the de facto consensus (most common usage) within Wikipedia is "Commune, département". olivier 08:10, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Communes of the Savoie department


text:
RCC

RCC can stand for:

Technology

 * Radio common carrier, a service provider for public mobile service
 * Radio-controlled clock
 * Ringing choke converter, a switched-mode power supply
 * Recompression chamber, a chamber used to treat divers from decompression sickness
 * Remote center compliance, a device used in robotic assembly

Medical

 * Renal cell carcinoma
 * Red cell count

Substances

 * Reinforced carbon–carbon
 * Reinforced cement concrete
 * Roller-compacted concrete

Organizations

 * Rescue coordination centre
 * Roman Catholic Church
 * Radio Communications Committee of the IEEE Communications Society
 * Range Commanders Council of the Inter-Range Instrumentation Group
 * RCC Broadcasting Company, Japanese TV station
 * Red Cross of Constantine, the common colloquial name of a Masonic order
 * Regional Cancer Centre (India).
 * Regional Commonwealth in the field of Communications, the conference of communications regulators from the Commonwealth of Independent States
 * Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council
 * Iraqi Revolution Command Council
 * Libyan Revolutionary Command Council
 * Syrian Revolutionary Command Council
 * Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation in Sudan
 * Rape Crisis Centers in the United States
 * RCC Broadcasting, a Japanese commercial broadcaster

Schools

 * Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, in Munich, Germany
 * RCC Institute of Technology, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * Recaredo Castillo College, in Surigao del Sur, Philippines
 * Regional Computer Center, regional educational institutions located across India
 * Riverside Community College District, or RCCD, headquartered in Riverside, California, United States
 * Riverside City College, an RCCD campus located in Riverside
 * Rockingham Community College, in Wentworth, North Carolina, United States
 * Rockland Community College, in Ramapo, New York, United States
 * Rogue Community College, in the Rogue Valley region of Oregon, United States
 * Roxbury Community College, in Boston, Massachusetts, United States
 * Royal College of Chemistry, in London, England
 * Royal College Curepipe, in Curepipe, Mauritius
 * RCC Institute of Information Technology in India
 * Royal College, Cinnamon Gardens, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka
 * Regional Congress Committees, of the Indian National Congress, as in Mumbai Regional Congress Committee

Sport

 * Richmond Cricket Club, an English cricket club
 * Richmond Cricket Club, an Australian cricket club, now known as Monash Tigers
 * Ringwood Cricket Club, an Australian cricket club

Buildings

 * Ramanujan Computing Centre
 * Redcar Central railway station, England; National Rail station code RCC

Other uses

 * Rail City Casino, a casino located in Sparks, Nevada
 * RecentChangesCamp, an unconference focused on wikis, held 2006 to 2012
 * Red Carpet Club, former name of United Airlines airport lounges
 * Region connection calculus, used for spatial-temporal reasoning
 * Relaxed Chebyshev center, a term in geometry
 * Rescue coordination centre, a primary search and rescue facility
 * Resource Compiler, a QT tool
 * River continuum concept, a model for classifying and describing flowing water

title: RCC


text: User talk:81.62.139.74

title: User talk:81.62.139.74


text:
Rugby (automobile)

The Rugby was a brand of automobiles assembled by the Durant Motors Company of New York City, New York (USA). Beside badges and right-hand drive for some models, the vehicle was identical to Durant's Star car, and was assigned to export markets by Durant Motors, due to the name Star being under copyright by the Star Motor Company in the British Commonwealth.

History
The Rugby was built from 1923 based on the Star car and production ended in 1928 together with the Star. The Star name was changed to Durant and all 4-cylinder Durants exported carried the Rugby name until the end of the Durant line in Canada in 1932.

Commercial cars were marketed based on the Rugby. Some Durant commercial vehicles were badged Rugby's and sold in the US for 1928. Commercial trucks from January 1928 were Rugby's to the end of production in 1933 at Dominion Motors in Leaside. The last remaining US plant in 1931 was Lansing which stopped in August 1931. Leaside became Canadian owned in January 1931, as Dominon Motors, Ltd. and they chose to continue the Durant into 1932 and Rugby into 1933.

REO cars were also built there beginning in 1932. In August 1931, Dominion made the Canadian Frontenac car to the end of 1933. All production stopped in December 1933. The company charter was finally surrendered in 1944.

Production of the Rugby occurred at the following plants:
 * Elizabeth, New Jersey (Star and Rugby)
 * Lansing, Michigan (Star and Rugby)
 * Long Island City, New York (Star)
 * Oakland, California (Star and Rugby)
 * Leaside (Toronto), Canada (Star and Rugby)

title: Rugby (automobile)


text: User talk:70.32.213.29

title: User talk:70.32.213.29


text:
Paddy Torsney

Patricia Ann "Paddy" Torsney, (born December 19, 1962) is a Canadian politician. She is a former member of the House of Commons of Canada, previously representing the riding of Burlington for the Liberal Party. In 2006, Torsney was defeated by Conservative Party candidate Mike Wallace.

Torsney was educated at McGill University in Montreal, receiving a Bachelor of Commerce degree in 1985. From 1985 to 1989, she worked as a special assistant to the office of David Peterson, the Liberal Premier of Ontario. Torsney then worked as a Senior Consultant to the firm of Hill and Knowlton from 1989 to 1993.

Torsney was first elected to parliament in the election of 1993, defeating her closest opponent, Progressive Conservative Mike Kuegle, by almost 10,000 votes. The Progressive Conservatives had previously held the riding since 1972, under retiring Member of Parliament (MP) Bill Kempling.

The PCs under Jean Charest targeted Burlington in the 1997 election, but Torsney again defeated Kuegle by just over 3,500 votes. She won an easier victory in the 2000 election, against a more divided opposition.

The newly formed Conservative Party of Canada made a strong bid for the riding in the 2004 election, running local councillor Mike Wallace against Torsney. Most observers believed that Torsney would lose. However, a last-minute resurgence in Liberal support resulted in a 4,000-vote victory. In the 2006 election, she again faced off against Wallace, losing to him by 2,570 votes. In the 2008 election Torsney lost to Wallace by 9,027 votes.

Torsney was the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of the Environment from 1998 to 2000. On July 20, 2004, she was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of International Cooperation.

In 2002, Torsney chaired a committee which recommended several changes to Canada's drug laws, including the decriminalization of small amounts of marijuana.

Torsney was President of Canadian group of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, and has worked for the worldwide abolition of land mines. She is also a former board member of UNICEF Canada.

In 2007, Liberal Party of Canada Leader, Stéphane Dion, appointed Torsney as Deputy Principal Secretary in the Office of the Leader of the Opposition. She resigned from the position in April 2008.

title: Paddy Torsney


text:
1935 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1935 Atlantic hurricane season was a near-normal hurricane season. Altogether, ten tropical cyclones developed, eight of which intensified into tropical storms. Five of those tropical storms strengthened into hurricanes, while three of those reached major hurricane intensity. The season ran from June 1 through November 15, 1935.

There were five notable systems in 1935. A weakening late-August hurricane sank numerous ships off the coast of Newfoundland, causing 50 fatalities. In early September, the Labor Day hurricane made landfall in Florida twice, the first time as a Category 5 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale, the first Category 5 U.S. landfall on record, resulting in about 490 deaths and $100 million (1935 USD) in damage along its path. It was the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record in terms of barometric pressure, a record later surpassed by Hurricane Gilbert in 1988, as well as the strongest at landfall by 1-minute sustained winds, a record equalled by Hurricane Dorian in 2019. It is also one of only four Category 5 hurricanes on record to strike the contiguous United States, along with Hurricane Camille (1969), Hurricane Andrew (1992), and Hurricane Michael (2018).

Late in September, the Cuba hurricane struck the country as a Category 3 and later the Bahamas as a Category 4. The hurricane caused 52 fatalities and roughly $14.5 million in damage. The Jérémie hurricane caused significant impacts in Cuba, Haiti, Honduras, and Jamaica in the month of October. Overall, the storm was attributed to about 2,150 deaths and $16 million in damage, with more than 2,000 fatalities in Haiti alone. The Yankee hurricane struck the Bahamas and Florida in early November. The system resulted in 19 deaths, while damage totaled roughly $5.5 million. Collectively, the tropical cyclones of the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season caused roughly $136 million in damage and 2,761 fatalities.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 106 units, slightly higher than the 1931–1943 average of 91.2. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Tropical Storm One
Historical weather maps and ship data indicate that a low-pressure area developed into a tropical depression about 105 mi south of Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, at 00:00 UTC on May 15. The depression moved north-northwestward and made landfall in Santo Domingo Este, Dominican Republic, about 12 hours later. After emerging into the Atlantic Ocean near the Turks and Caicos Islands, the cyclone intensified and became a tropical storm around 12:00 UTC on May 16. The storm then began to curve northeastward and accelerate. On May 18, the Dutch ship Magdala observed sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1003 mbar, marking the storm's peak intensity. The system was absorbed by a frontal boundary by 00:00 UTC on May 19, about 860 mi east-southeast of Bermuda.

Hurricane Two
Data from ships and nearby Windward Islands indicate that a tropical depression formed approximately 275 mi southeast of Barbados around 06:00 UTC on August 16. The depression tracked north-northwestward and intensified into a tropical storm around 00:00 UTC on August 18, while situated between the islands of Antigua and Barbuda. Continuing north-northwestward, the cyclone intensified into a hurricane while north of the Lesser Antilles at 00:00 UTC on August 19. Curving west-northwest, the storm gradually intensified into a Category 2 hurricane the following day. On August 20, the system began to curve northward and later north-northeastward. The cyclone peaked with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) on August 22, but weakened to a minimal Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (195 km/h) by the time it passed just west of Bermuda later that day. On August 24, the storm weakened to a Category 2 hurricane and began to turn more northward. Continuing to curve northwestward on August 25, the system continued to weaken to a Category 1 hurricane, later striking Newfoundland as an extratropical cyclone on August 26. The storm dissipated later that day.

Called Newfoundland's "worst gale in 36 years," the remnants of the hurricane battered the island with damaging winds. Charlottetown in Prince Edward Island received 5.6 in of rain over a three-day span. In St. John's, Newfoundland, wind gusts averaged 83 km/h and caused extensive property damage. Total losses were estimated in the thousands of dollars. Communication lines across the island were downed, though the greatest effects were felt offshore. Gale-force winds and rough seas wrecked multiple schooners off the coast of Newfoundland, claiming an estimated 50 lives. Every ship that set sail within a day of the storm was damaged. Six people drowned when Walter sank near Trepassey. The SS Argyle was dispatched on search and rescue for three other vessels; however, upon discovery of the ships they reported no sign of life and their crew are believed to have been washed overboard. In the days following the storm, wrecks of schooners, such as the Carrie Evelyn, washed ashore.

Hurricane Three
The Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935

An area of disturbed weather developed into a tropical depression around 06:00 UTC on August 29 while situated roughly 200 mi northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands. The depression initially strengthened slowly as it moved west-northwestward and then westward, reaching tropical storm intensity by early on August 31. Later that day and on the following day, the system passed through the Bahamas and reached hurricane intensity around 12:00 UTC on September 1. After passing near the south end of Andros Island, the storm rapidly intensified while moving across the Straits of Florida, achieving major hurricane status by 06:00 UTC on the next day. At approximately 00:00 UTC on September 3, the cyclone intensified into a Category 5 hurricane, with winds peaking at 185 mph (295 km/h). Around that time, a weather station on Craig Key, Florida, observed a barometric pressure of 892 mbar, the lowest in relation to the storm. About two hours later, the hurricane made landfall on Long Key at the same intensity. The storm made its final landfall on the sparsely populated Apalachee coast near Cedar Key on September 4 as a Category 2 hurricane. Turning northeast, the system weakened to a tropical storm over Georgia on September 5, but re-intensified into a hurricane on September 6 shortly after emerging into the Atlantic offshore Virginia. The storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later that day, but persisted until being absorbed by another extratropical cyclone offshore southern Greenland on September 10.

In the Bahamas, the press stated that no damage occurred, though one report indicated that the storm caused some damage in extreme southern Andros Island. The Florida Climatological Data report notes that islands in the vicinity of the storm's landfall location "undoubtedly" experienced sustained winds between 150 and 200 mph and gusts "probably exceeding" 200 mph. Additionally, tides reached about 30 ft above mean water level, while a storm surge of 18 to 20 ft lashed the Upper Keys. A train intending to evacuate people to safety arrived too late; storm surge prevented the train from advancing past Islamorada and instead washed it off the tracks except for the locomotive and tender. The hurricane caused near total destruction of all buildings, bridges, roads, and viaducts between Tavernier and Key Vaca, including portions of the Florida East Coast Railway in the Upper Keys. Also heavily impacted were three Federal Emergency Relief Administration camps of World War I veterans. By March 1, 1936, officials had confirmed 485 deaths in the Florida Keys, with 257 veterans and 228 civilians killed. Along Florida's gulf coast, the hurricane impacted Cedar Key particularly severely. Nearly all roofs experienced at least minor damage, many of which were blown off, while winds also downed many trees and power lines. The cyclone also severely damaged docks and fishing vessels. Three deaths occurred in the town. Rains and winds damaged some crops and properties in Georgia and the Carolinas. In Virginia, one tornado in Norfolk caused about $22,000 in property damage while a second near Farmville resulted in about $55,000 in damage and two deaths. Further, flooding along the James River inflicted damage around $1.65 million. Overall, the hurricane caused approximately $100 million in damage.

Tropical Storm Four
A tropical depression formed in the northwestern Caribbean on August 30. The system moved westward and soon made landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula near Playa del Carmen. After emerging into the Bay of Campeche on the following day, the cyclone intensified into a tropical storm. By early on September 1, the system peaked with sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Around 18:00 UTC that day, the storm made landfall in the Mexican state of Veracruz to the southeast of the city of Veracruz. After moving inland, the storm quickly weakened to a tropical depression early on September 2, before dissipating several hours later. Authorities closed the Port of Veracruz. A weather station in the city of Veracruz recorded sustained winds up to 67 mph. Heavy rains generated by the system washed out train tracks, delaying railroad traffic.

Hurricane Five
The Cuba Hurricane of 1935

The origin of this hurricane is uncertain, though it is believed to have coalesced into a tropical depression over the central Caribbean Sea on September 23. The disturbance gradually organized as it moved to the west, and strengthened to tropical storm intensity less than a day after formation and further to a hurricane by September 25. The cyclone subsequently curved northward from its initial westward motion. On September 27, the storm reached major hurricane intensity before making landfall near Cienfuegos, Cuba, as a Category 3 hurricane the next day. After passing the island, the system reintensified and peaked with a minimum barometric pressure below 945 mbar (hPa; 27.91 inHg) and maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h), making it a Category 4 hurricane. At the same time, the tropical cyclone passed over the Bahamian island of Bimini before moving out to sea. As it progressed northeastward, the hurricane gradually weakened before transitioning into an extratropical storm on October 2. The extratropical remnants traversed Newfoundland before dissipating later that day.

The hurricane caused widespread destruction from destruction from the Greater Antilles to Atlantic Canada. In Jamaica, the storm's strong winds and heavy rain destroyed roughly 3 percent of the island's banana production and damaged road networks. Damage on the island country totaled to $2.7 million and two people died. In Cayman Brac, strong winds damaged infrastructure and crops, though no fatalities resulted. Most of the cyclone's deaths occurred in Cuba, where the storm made its first landfall. The hurricane's effects left a 100 mi wide swath of damage across the country. A large storm surge destroyed low-lying coastal towns, particularly in Cienfuegos where numerous homes were destroyed and 17 people died. Throughout the nation, the hurricane wrought $12 million in damage and killed 35 people. As it crossed Cuba, widespread evacuation procedures occurred in southern areas of Florida, heightened due to the effects of a disastrous hurricane which struck less than a month prior. However, damage there was only of moderate severity. Passing directly over Bimini in The Bahamas, a large storm surge destroyed nearly half of the island; 14 people were killed here. Farther north, the storm had slight impacts in Bermuda and Atlantic Canada, though a person drowned off of Halifax, Nova Scotia, due to rough seas.

Hurricane Six
A broad low-pressure area organized into a tropical depression over the southwestern Caribbean around 12:00 UTC on October 18. Initially moving eastward, the depression intensified into a tropical storm roughly 24 hours later. The cyclone then began to curve north-northeastward and move very slowly. Around 13:00 UTC on October 21, the system made landfall in Jamaica near the Morant Point Lighthouse with winds of 60 mph (100 km/h). The storm reached hurricane intensity early on October 22 and made landfall near Santiago de Cuba later that day with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). Although the storm curved southwestward and re-entered the Caribbean, land interaction with Cuba weakened it to a tropical storm early on October 23. The storm re-intensified into a hurricane about eight hours later. On October 26, it made landfall in Honduras near Cabo Gracias a Dios as a Category 1 hurricane. The cyclone maintained intensity after moving inland before weakening to a tropical storm on October 26, eventually weakening to a tropical depression on October 27 over interior Central America. The system dissipated shortly thereafter.

Flooding and landslides in Jamaica damaged crops, property, and infrastructure; fruit growers alone suffered about $2.5 million in losses. Just offshore, an unidentified vessel went down with her entire crew in the hostile conditions. Strong winds lashed coastal sections of Cuba, particularly in and around Santiago de Cuba. There, the hurricane demolished 100 homes and filled streets with debris. A total of four people died in the country. In Haiti, the storm did most damage along the Tiburon Peninsula of southwestern Haiti, especially in Jacmel and Jérémie. Catastrophic river flooding left roughly 2,000 people dead, razed hundreds of native houses, and destroyed crops and livestock. Entire swaths of countryside were isolated for days, delaying both reconnaissance and relief efforts. The hurricane later unleashed devastating floods in Central America, chiefly in Honduras. Reported at the time to be the worst flood in the nation's history, the disaster decimated banana plantations and communities after rivers flowed up to 50 ft (15 m) above normal. Torrents of floodwaters trapped hundreds of citizens in trees, on rooftops, and on remote high ground, requiring emergency rescue. The storm left thousands homeless and around 150 dead in the country, while monetary damage totaled $12 million. Flooding and strong winds also impacted northeastern Nicaragua, though damage was much less widespread.

Hurricane Seven
The Yankee Hurricane of 1935 or The Miami Hurricane of 1935

A tropical storm of extratropical origins formed about 220 mi east of Bermuda around 06:00 UTC on October 30. The storm steadily intensified and moved west-northwestward, passing about 55 mi north of Bermuda early on October 31. After reaching hurricane intensity around 12:00 UTC on the next day, the cyclone curved west-southwestward. The system then turned south-southwestward by early on November 3, around the time that it reached Category 2 strength. Peaking with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 964 mbar shortly thereafter, the storm curved southwestward later that day while approaching the Bahamas. Just after 00:00 UTC on November 4, the hurricane struck North Abaco at the same intensity. The cyclone then continued west-southwestward and made landfall in Miami-Dade County, Florida, near present-day Bal Harbour around 18:00 UTC on November 4 with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). The storm emerged into the Gulf of Mexico early the following day and weakened to a tropical storm around 00:00 UTC on November 6 while beginning to curve west-northwestward. Thereafter, the system decelerated and curved westward late on November 7, at which time it weakened to a tropical depression. By 12:00 UTC on November 8, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 140 mi west of St. Petersburg, Florida, and dissipated several hours later.

While the storm passed north of Bermuda on October 31, a weather station recorded sustained winds of 35 mph. Hurricane-force winds lashed the Abaco Islands for approximately 1–3 hours, while Grand Bahama observed sustained winds of 60 mph. On the former, the storm sank five sponging vessels and caused 14 deaths. The storm is known as the Yankee hurricane in Florida due to its unusual approach toward Florida from the north and its arrival late in the season. In Florida, storm surge and abnormally high tides flooded and eroded portions of Miami Beach, including about 10 ft of the causeway linking the city to Miami. However, little structural damage occurred except to buildings with defect roofs. In Hialeah, considered the worst hit city in the Miami area, approximately 230 homes suffered complete destruction, while many others sustained damage. Among the others buildings severely damaged or destroyed in the city included two churches, a building occupied by two businesses, and a warehouse. The storm uprooted 75 percent of avocado trees and 80 percent of citrus trees, while floodwaters inundated about 95 percent of potatoes in Miami-Dade County. In Broward County, the town of Dania Beach appeared to suffer the worst damage in the county, with approximately 90 percent of buildings damaged to some degree there. Throughout the county, the hurricane damaged at least 40 homes beyond repairs, while over 350 homes suffered minor damages requiring repairs. A total of 5 deaths were reported, along with injuries to 115 people. The hurricane caused approximately $5.5 million in damage in Florida, $4.5 million of which was incurred to properties.

Tropical Storm Eight
Based on historical weather maps, a weak trough developed into a tropical depression about 215 mi northeast of Bermuda around 00:00 UTC on November 3. The cyclone initially moved northeastward and reached tropical storm intensity around 18:00 UTC. On November 4, the system attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1001 mbar, the latter being observed by a ship. The storm curved southeastward late on November 4 and then southwestward about 24 hours later. Late on November 6, the system turned to the west. On the following day as the cyclone began turning south-southwestward, a weather station on Bermuda observed sustained winds of 40 mph. The storm weakened to a tropical depression early on November 9 and began to execute a cyclonic loop. Around 12:00 UTC on November 10, it re-intensified into a tropical storm. The storm completed its cyclonic loop by November 12 and resumed moving south-southwestward. Around 06:00 UTC on November 13, the cyclone fell below tropical storm intensity again and dissipated early on November 14 while located about 300 mi south-southeast of Bermuda.

Other systems
In addition to the eight gale-force systems identified within HURDAT, two other cyclones were classified as tropical depressions. The first of these developed over the northern Gulf of Mexico on August 23. On this day, a ship observed sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h)—the highest in relation to the system. The lowest observed pressure of 1008 mbar (hPa; 29.77 inHg) was recorded on August 25. Researchers at the National Hurricane Center (NHC) noted that the system may have become a weak tropical storm, but a lack of concrete evidence prevented classification as such. Remaining nearly stationary for four days, the depression finally moved northeast on August 27 and made landfall over the Florida Panhandle. The system weakened once onshore and dissipated over Georgia on August 29. The second depression was identified near the Cape Verde Islands on October 2. A nearly stationary system, the depression lingered for three days before diminishing. Ships on October 2 reported sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a pressure of 1006 mbar (hPa; 29.71 inHg). The depression may have been a tropical storm, but this could not be conclusively assessed.

Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that have formed during the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their names, duration, peak strength, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1935 USD.

title: 1935 Atlantic hurricane season