text:
Akelarre (cipher)

Akelarre is a block cipher proposed in 1996, combining the basic design of IDEA with ideas from RC5. It was shown to be susceptible to a ciphertext-only attack in 1997.

Akelarre is a 128-bit block cipher with a variable key-length which must be some multiple of 64 bits. The number of rounds is variable, but four are suggested. The round function of Akelarre is similar to IDEA in structure.

After the successful cryptanalysis of Akelarre, its designers responded with an updated variant called Ake98. This cipher differs from the original Akelarre in the new AR-box (addition–rotation box), the swapping of words at the end of a round, and the addition of subkeys at the beginning of each round. In 2004, Jorge Nakahara, Jr. and Daniel Santana de Freitas found large classes of weak keys for Ake98. These weak keys allow a cryptanalysis faster than exhaustive search using only 71 known plaintexts, for up to 11.5 rounds of Ake98.

title: Akelarre (cipher)


text:
St. Clair Tunnel

The St. Clair Tunnel is the name for two separate rail tunnels which were built under the St. Clair River between Sarnia, Ontario and Port Huron, Michigan. The original, opened in 1891 and used until it was replaced by a new larger tunnel in 1995, was the first full-size subaqueous tunnel built in North America. (By full-size it is meant that it allowed a railroad to run through it.) It is a National Historic Landmark of the United States, and has been designated a civil engineering landmark by both US and Canadian engineering bodies.

First tunnel (1891–1995)
The first underwater rail tunnel in North America was opened by the St. Clair Tunnel Company in 1891. The company was a subsidiary of the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR), which used the new route to connect with its subsidiary Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway, predecessor to the Grand Trunk Western Railroad (GTW). Before the tunnel's construction, Grand Trunk was forced to use time-consuming rail ferries to transfer cargo.

The tunnel was an engineering marvel in its day and designed by Joseph Hobson. The development of original techniques were achieved for excavating in a compressed air environment. The Beach tunnelling shield, designed by Alfred Ely Beach, was used to assist workmen in removing material from the route of the tunnel and left a continuous iron tube nearly 7,000 ft long. Freight trains used the tunnel initially with the first passenger trains using it in 1892.

The tunnel measured 6,025 ft from portal to portal. The actual width of the St. Clair River at this crossing is only 2,290 ft. The tube had a diameter of 19 ft and hosted a single standard gauge track. It was built at a cost of $2.7 million.

Locomotives

Steam locomotives were used in the early years to pull trains through the tunnel, however concerns about the potential dangers of suffocation should a train stall in the tunnel led to the installation of catenary wires for electric-powered locomotives by 1907. The first use of electric locomotives through the tunnel in regular service occurred on May 17, 1908. The locomotives were built by Baldwin-Westinghouse.

A total of six electric locomotives were supplied by 1909. Each were equipped with three 240 horse power single phase motors and weighed 65 tons. They had a rigid wheel base and operated on a 3,300 volts, 25 cycle, single phase current. They had a maximum draw bar pull of 40,000 pounds, and a running draw bar pull of 25,000 lbs at 10 mph. According to a 1909 publication, it was standard practice to use two units together to pull a 1,000 ton train up the 2% grade. The entire length of the electric line was 4 miles and the trains were able to have a running speed of 20 mph to 30 mph. The Grand Trunk Railway used the locomotives to transfer both passenger and freight trains through the tunnel.

In 1923, the GTR was nationalized by Canada's federal government, which then merged the bankrupt railway into the recently formed Canadian National Railway. CN also assumed control of Grand Trunk Western as a subsidiary and the tunnel company and continued operations much as before.

The electric-powered locomotives were retired in 1958 and scrapped in 1959 after CN retired and scrapped its last steam-powered locomotives on trains passing through the tunnel. New diesel-powered locomotives did not cause the same problems with air quality in this relatively short tunnel.

Freight cars
After the World War II, railways in North America started to see the dimensions of freight cars increase. Canadian National (identified as CN after 1960) was forced to rely upon rail ferries to carry freight cars, such as hicube boxcars, automobile carriers, certain intermodal cars and chemical tankers, which exceeded the limits of the tunnel's dimensions.

Recognition
The tunnel was designated a Civil Engineering Landmark by both the Canadian and the American Societies of Civil Engineers in 1991.

The tunnel was declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1993.

The construction of the tunnel has also been recognized as National Historic Event by Parks Canada since 1992, with a plaque at the site.

Second tunnel (1995–present)

The second tunnel was built to handle intermodal rail cars with double-stacked shipping containers, which could not fit through the original tunnel or the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel in Detroit. By the early 1990s, CN had commissioned engineering studies for a replacement tunnel to be built adjacent to the existing St. Clair River tunnel. In 1992, new CN president Paul Tellier foresaw that CN would increase its traffic in the Toronto–Chicago corridor. The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement was implemented in 1989 and discussions for a North American Free Trade Agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico discussions were underway at that time (NAFTA was implemented in 1994). It was anticipated that import/export traffic on CN's corridor would increase dramatically as a result.

In 1993, CN began construction of the newer and larger tunnel. Tellier declared at the ceremonies:

"[The] tunnel will give CN the efficiencies it needs to become a strong competitive force in North American transportation"

Unlike the first tunnel, which was hand dug from both ends, the new tunnel was constructed using a tunnel boring machine named Excalibore. It started on the Canadian side and dug its way to the U.S.

The tunnel opened in late 1994 whereupon trains stopped using the adjacent original tunnel, whose bore was sealed. The new tunnel was dedicated on May 5, 1995. It measures 6129 ft from portal to portal with a bore diameter of 27 ft. It has a single standard gauge track that can accommodate all freight cars currently in service in North America; for this reason, the rail ferries were also retired in 1994 when the new tunnel opened.

On November 30, 2004, CN announced that the new St. Clair River tunnel would be named the Paul M. Tellier Tunnel in honour of the company's retired president, Paul Tellier, who foresaw the impact the tunnel would have on CN's eastern freight corridor. Signs bearing his name were installed over each tunnel portal.

Incident
On June 28, 2019, train CN M38331 28, hauling 100+ cars, had 40 cars derail in the tunnel, spilling 13,700 USgal of sulfuric acid and closing the tunnel for several days afterwards. The tunnel re-opened on July 10, 2019.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St. Clair Tunnel


text:
Talk:Nickel and Dimed

made a correction in the 'storyline' part
It said: "Even with the odds stacked on her side -- a college education culminating with a Ph.D. in biology, a car, no dependents (other than herself), and initial funds -- Ehrenreich fails to achieve a sustainable lifestyle." I took the bit about her degree out, since as a part of her exparament, she didn't reveal her educational background. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.100.207.174 (talk) 00:44, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

So she hid a sheet of paper and therefor no longer had an education? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.214.196.126 (talk) 16:52, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

peer review
In response to your request for comments, here are my reactions:
 * 1) well-written in terms of basic grammar, syntax, writing style, consistency, encyclopedic (or book review) tone.
 * 2) Interesting topic. My familiarity with the book is limited to having read the original article in Harper's from which the book was expanded, plus a long desriptive review in the NYRB. At least by those, I think your facts are accurate and balanced.

My suggestions
 * 1) Give a 1-2 sentence summary of her main message related to each of her jobs. You did that for most, but it would round out the summary and reduce some vagueness. It doesn't have to be a list and you have a good start. I am imagining perhaps another 5-10 sentences in the article.
 * 2) There is one sentence that seems like a problem to me:  With the odds stacked on her side, a college education culminating with a Ph.D. in biology, a car, only one person to support, and initial funds, Ehrenreich fails to sustain a suitable lifestyle. "a suitable lifestyle" is way too vague. Does she mean suitable to her middle class tastes, or is she arguing that any 40 hour a week job should pay enough to afford ___, ___, and ___? Is she arguing for raising the minimum wage, for requiring better benefits in low end jobs, or something else?

Overall, nice job. Your work here will be welcome. alteripse 04:01, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Criticism section
The "Criticism" section is entirely unsourced. Anyone can come up with reasons why this book is good reporting, is poor reporting, gives an accurate picture of the lives of low-wage earners, misconstructs the lives of low-wage earners and so on. Unless the section is backed up with sources it is original research and shouldn't be here. Pilatus 04:20, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I have now removed a few paragraphs from this section. The book is concerned with the economy of low-wage work. Her use of marijuana, contempt for her superiors, employers and the work itself and the low regard that she holds organized religion in have nothing to do with the aim of the book itself. In fact, the book is written by a journalist with a Socialist POV, not by a sociologist who aims to be impartial. This point has been made in the main article. Pilatus 13:18, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

I am restoring much of what has been removed. Marijuana use is important because (as it originally said before its unwarranted deletion) part of the job search was a drug test. I'm including as reference an article by the Columbia Journalism Review, which is extremely critical of this book, and cannot be said to be POV.

The only thing about this article is that the entire thing is POV, and socialist-minded contributors seem to have a knee-jerk reaction to any criticism. Too bad - there's no room for isms here. --L. 19:11, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Students of literary criticism quickly learn to distinguish between the author and the narrator or a literary work. Even in clearly autobiographical literature the narrator is not the author. The same is true in journalism, the author is distinct from the issues raised.
 * Drug testing is mentioned in the "Minnesota" chapter on several occasions, together with personality testing, to make the point that retailers insist on conformity in their employees. Questioning this conclusion of hers is legitimate critism, criticizing the person for taking marijuana is not.
 * Same with the "lack of work ethic". Her imagining to be a "princess" and eventually walking out on her second waitress job on a busy night is meant to convey a sense of overwork. One can question that, one may even question the author's use of literary devices, but one cannot attack the author for the role she plays as a waitress.
 * You are also quoting selectively. The biographical piece on Mrs Ehrenreich from the CJR that you mention in the article (it's less a review on the book and more a biography of the author) cites in the end positive statements from the Washington Post and a Columbia sociologist. Don't let your political standpoint get the better of you! Pilatus 02:56, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I do agree with the serious lack of objectivity in the book. Pilatus 04:23, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

This author/narrator dichotomy you introduce is a cop-out. This is not a piece of art; it is a piece of non-fiction intended to be journalism. Within journalism (and study the proceedings of libel cases if you don't believe me) a person's personal role and beliefs often become major issues, and cannot be seperated from their work. And by calling it journalism, it is open to criticism by professional journalists.

Don't play the political card on me - as my profile and edits indicate, I despise all political standpoints, and have gotten flamed by libertarians and communists alike on Wiki. And FYI, a criticism section by definition would include selective critical statements on the book. Don't expect to lavish praise on a book without expecting negative comments. The edits I made were well-needed and conductive to Wiki's mission. --L. 16:11, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

The essay on Mrs Ehrenreich and her best-selling book that you are quoting in the article is actually heaping high praise on the author. The text says: "For Ehrenreich, Nickel and Dimed is something of a literary triumph. Her essays … seem one-dimensional when read in large doses. And while her books are absorbing and original, the writing isn't always stylish. Nickel and Dimed, however, shows us a veteran journalist at the very top of her game. The book has a sturdy architecture: four tight, compact chapters in which the prose achieves a perfect balance between wit, anger, melancholy, and rage." It continues: "Ehrenreich is superb on the capricious and demeaning aspects of low-wage work. … Her descriptions of the work itself often have a jarring, peculiar originality. … " Stating that "even the Columbia Journalism Review gave the book an extremely negative assessment" is misreading the article fully. Your political ideas did get the better of you. You might find it disquieting that Mrs Ehrenreich "never studied journalism … and never relinquished her disdain for authority" and that it somehow detracts form the validity of her work". The CJR doesn't, rather the contrary. (I agree with you that Barbara "never embraced objectivity" and unlike the essayist find that it damages her credibility enormously.) Unless that is backed up by external sources saying do is dangerously close to original research and thus shouldn't be here. Pilatus 23:46, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Pilatus, have you even bothered to read the Columbia essay im full?!? It attacks her for not discussing the "purges, executions, and show trials that characterized the Cultural Revolution" in her writings on China. They call her work prior to this book "one-dimensional" and not "stylish." Right after your "jarring" quote, the essay mentions "contradictory sentiments" and how her "compassion degenerates into spite." The final paragraph mixes insults with respect. In short, the article is giving her the most backhanded of praises, if this could be labeled praise at all.
 * Apparently, it is you who is allowing political sentiments and positive preconceptions of this book to color your interpretation of this article, and playing with irrelavent issues. "Students of literary criticism?" Accusations against me of political bias and original research? My friend, I am not impressed with long words and lawyerly nitpicking. --L. 00:55, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Does the essay really attack Ehrenreich for failing to discuss the horrors of the Cultural Revolution in 1974? That section of the text looks to me like a stock development story of the left-wing political activist - from someone whose "early journalistic output is indistinguishable from cant", moving in circles where "two … friends denounced [her]", that she left behind to develop "today's mature literary voice".

I also don't see her "compassion degenerating into spite" as "back-handed criticism", as you say. The essay clearly states that such sentiments are part of the journalistic tradition beginning with London and Orwell, they are a literary device to illustrate the "immutability of class boundaries" and provide "examples of reportorial honesty and, in Orwell's case, narrative sophistication". Besides, from Ehrenreich's standpoint, such behaviour is self-consistent, she implies that one must display solidarity with one's fellow workers, on everyone else one can heap scorn as much as one would like. Pilatus 01:38, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Let's get back to the marijuana issue and the "exiled princess" issue. I could make statements to the extent that these are literary devices used to make a point, and you use these to criticize the author and the book. Unless these statements are backed up by external sources these are original research in the sense of WP:NOR and should no be here. You say that "within journalism … a person's personal role and beliefs often become major issues, and cannot be seperated from their work. And by calling it journalism, it is open to criticism by professional journalists." I couldn't agree more. If any critic has made such statements they should be included with a reference to the source. If they can't be backed up with references they must go per Wikipedia policy. Pilatus 16:02, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

 * "I could make statements to the sense..." - gee, what does that sound like? Sorry, but direct quotes from the book can't be considered original research. The author of the CSJ article would hardly have included their remarks unless they meant something.

 * Your arguments that the harsh words in the article is somehow not an "attack" remind me of the sophism of the Stoic philosopher Epictetus. He once wrote that if someone's getting roasted over an open fire and feels pain, it's really only the guy's personal judgement and opinion that he's feeling pain from the fire.

 * This discussion is over. Your rewording of the CSJ article is acceptable, but I will brook no more of your deletions, which are clearly aimed at destroying all criticism against a book you admire. --L. 18:39, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

"I could make statements" means exactly that. It means that I could put forward my own interpretation backed up by quotes from the text. Do read WP:NOR, especially the section "Origin of this policy", which states "It can be quite difficult for us to make any valid judgment as to whether a particular thing is true or not. It isn't appropriate for us to try to determine whether someone's novel theory of physics is valid; we aren't really equipped to do that. But what we can do is check whether or not it actually has been published in reputable journals or by reputable publishers. So it's quite convenient to avoid judging the credibility of things by simply sticking to things that have been judged credible by people much better equipped to decide."

If you find that in some review the author is criticized for smoking hashish or thinking of herself as a fairy princess by all means put it in. If this can't be backed up by external sources it must be left out per established Wikipedia policy that isn't open to discussion.

There are a number of things wrong with the article. What is missing is a summary of the last chapter "Evaluation" of that book as well as a critical commentary on that - backed up with external sources, otherwise someone will come and shout WP:NOR.

I also think that there are a number of things wrong with the book - the style isn't great, the author sets herself up for failure in order to make a point and it is full of inconsistencies (case in point: in the "Minnesota" chapter the aunt of a friend who moved to Minneapolis as a single mother manages just fine with an unskilled job and advises her to "seek out a church". When the author tries the same she fails and the church isn't helful for her). Unless I see these things in the literature somewhere they can't go in the article per policy.

I will look up sorces in the next few days to work on the article and look forward to your collaboration. Pilatus 19:23, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Restored last good version, 11/21/06
Hey folks. I realize there has been some recent discussion about the book in the sections above. However, it's clear to me that this article got off track a few months back causing the primary image and intro to be removed. Here's where the article seems to have gone astray. Someone removed these important elements, then vandalism occurred which essentially solidified the bad edits.

Here's my first restore, which brings back the bulk of the better version. Here's a second "fix-up", which reinstates the good edits that have recently been made. Hopefully this is agreeable to all the legitimate editors involved in this article. --Wolf530 (talk) 15:21, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Where is the criticism of this book?
Why is there no criticism of this book? It is presented as if it where Gospel! No one has done the legwork to get valid criticism?

TuckerResearch 19:08, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The criticism section was erased because it did not cite any sources. However, there is now a new criticism section, which cites an article from The Christian Science Monitor as its source. This is a legitimate source, so it is OK to include it in the article. If anyone wishes to add any other criticisms, please cite a source. Grundle2600 (talk) 20:44, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

I just tried to examine that source, and it asks for a password and username with no explanation of how to access it. should internet sources be included when they can't be examined? maybe the isbn information of the relevant book would be better. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.75.166.34 (talk) 17:21, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

Seijihyouronka (talk) 08:16, 16 June 2008 (UTC) I don't like that the criticism section consists mostly of a description of another book refuting the conclusions of this book; it suggests an agenda.

It seems to me that "a description of another book refuting the conclusions of this book" is exactly what I'd expect to see in a criticism section. If it supported the conclusions of this book, it wouldn't be criticism. That critical book may well have its own agenda; so does Ehrenreich's book--that doesn't violate NPOV. What's important for this article is that Ehrenreich's book be described accurately, including criticisms. I think reference to a book whose author was inspired by Ehrenreich's book to put it to empirical test is perfectly appropriate. IMHO, that author took more reasonable steps than Ehrenreich, who started out with the expense of a car, didn't try to share living expenses, and didn't take steps to minimize her food bills or stick with any job long enough to try to work her way into a higher-paying position. Lippard (talk) 04:50, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Why is there so much hatred for this book?
People do live like this. Face reality instead of constantly trying to sweep it under the rug.
 * Perhaps because it appears biased, and internally contradictory. The author appears to have gone into this with an agenda.  For instance, she complains that these workers don't get enough to live on yet assumes that these same people can afford drugs and thus be put screened out by drug tests. If they have enough funds for drugs, then obviously they have enough to live on.  She seems laments that these workers have to live with family or others in order to have a place to live.  This is a near universal circumstance among even middle class students and young people.  Even young professionals find cost sharing and roommates make more social and  financial sense, even when they could afford more.  She shows bias in calling work uninteresting and degrading, which is pure personal opinion.  Manual work, often leaves the mind freer to contemplate other things that mental labor.  She complains that some have to live more expensively in hotels for lack of first and last month deposits, hmmm, why aren't they living with relatives or other workers and doing a saving? It is a shame, she could have written a self-help book with ideas for improving the lives of low wage workers, sharing strategies  like cost sharing living arrangments, instead she blames society for not giving these workers a life on a silver platter. --68.35.2.8 (talk) 22:31, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The reason is that there are large masses of conservatives that express their POV in open venues. Anything that expresses the viewpoint that America be anything less than the model Capitalist (and usually white Christian) country, and questioning of the existing order or championing of the under classes, will provoke their ire, and the sort of thing you see here. It's in their nature to be knee jerk reactionaries and Ehrenreich is the kind of person that is like a dog whistle for them. Only wiki policy have kept this reaction from being more severe in this article than what you currently see. Try to do the same thing to an article about something in their camp and be prepared for interminable squeals. 198.255.198.157 (talk) 17:30, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nickel and Dimed


text:
Hebenon

Hebenon (or hebona) is a botanical substance described in William Shakespeare's tragic play Hamlet. The identity and nature of the poison has been a source of speculation for centuries.

Shakespeare's usage
Hebenon is the agent of death in Hamlet's father's murder; it sets in motion the events of the play. It is spelled hebona in the Quartos and hebenon in the Folios. This is the only mention of hebona or hebenon in any of Shakespeare’s plays.

 * Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole,
 * With juice of cursed hebenon in a vial,
 * And in the porches of my ears did pour
 * The leperous distilment; whose effect
 * Holds such an enmity with blood of man
 * That, swift as quicksilver, it courses through
 * The natural gates and alleys of the body;
 * And with a sudden vigour it doth posset
 * And curd, like eager droppings into milk,
 * The thin and wholesome blood; so did it mine;
 * And a most instant tetter bark'd about,
 * Most lazar-like, with vile and loathsome crust
 * All my smooth body.
 * Thus was I, sleeping, by a brother's hand,
 * Of life, of crown, of queen, at once dispatch'd:
 * —Ghost (King Hamlet, Hamlet's Father) spoken to Hamlet
 * [Act I, scene 5]

Identity of the poison
Writers from Shakespeare's time to the present have speculated about the identity of hebenon.

It may be different from hemlock, as hemlock is explicitly mentioned in several other writings of his (including King Lear, Macbeth, and Henry V). In favour of it being yew are the familiarity of yew as a poison and the similarity in symptoms. Edmund Spenser wrote of "the deadly heben bow" ("heben" being a word for ebony, from Latin hebenus). In favour of ebony (specifically, guaiac) is the fact that ebony was sometimes written with an h, but arguing against it is the low toxicity of guaiac. In favour of henbane is its toxic nature and the possible origin of hebenon as metathesis from henbane. Other authors question whether there is sufficient evidence to resolve the issue, or even whether Shakespeare's attention to botany and pharmacology was sufficient to say he meant a specific plant. John Updike's retelling in the novel Gertrude and Claudius identifies the poison as "the juice of hebona," which "combines the essences of yew and henbane, with other ingredients inimical to the blood's humors."

title: Hebenon


text:
Oneida Creek

Oneida Creek is a small river in New York in the United States. The creek enters the southeastern corner of Oneida Lake at a location known as South Bay, a bay of the lake. The name is derived from the Oneida tribe of the Iroquois. Stockbridge Falls is located on Oneida Creek.

Course
Oneida Creek rises in the Town of Smithfield. The cities of Oneida and Sherrill are located along the lower part of the creek. The creek forms part of the boundary between Madison and Oneida counties before entering Oneida Lake near the community of South Bay in the Town of Lenox, located just south of the mouth of the creek. Verona Beach State Park is located north of the mouth.

Hydrology
The flow of the creek near the City of Oneida averages about 175 cuft/s.

History
The region of the river is known for the historic Oneida Community of the 19th century. In the past the Erie Canal was closely associated with the creek prior to the canal being moved farther north.

title: Oneida Creek


text:
Shojo Beat

Shojo Beat is a shōjo manga magazine formerly published in North America by Viz Media. Launched in June 2005 as a sister magazine for Shonen Jump, it featured serialized chapters from six manga series, as well as articles on Japanese culture, manga, anime, fashion and beauty. After its initial launch, Shojo Beat underwent two redesigns, becoming the first English anthology to use the cyan and magenta ink tones common to Japanese manga anthologies. Viz launched a related imprint of the same name for female-oriented manga, light novels and anime.

Targeted at teenage women, the first issue of Shojo Beat launched with a circulation of 20,000. By 2007, the average circulation was approximately 38,000 copies, with half coming from subscriptions rather than store sales. It was well received by critics, who praised its mix of manga series and the inclusion of articles on Japanese culture, though some critics found the early issues boring and poorly written. In May 2009, Viz announced that it was discontinuing the magazine; the July 2009 issue was the last released. Fans were disappointed at the sudden news. Industry experts felt its loss would leave female comic fans without a magazine of their own but praised Viz for its choice to continue using the Shojo Beat imprint and branding for its shōjo manga and anime releases.

History
In February 2005, the San Francisco-based Viz Media announced the creation of a new manga anthology, Shojo Beat. Marketed as a sister publication of Viz's existing Shonen Jump, the magazine started with six manga titles: Crimson Hero, Kaze Hikaru, Baby & Me, Godchild, Nana, and Absolute Boyfriend. Of the six titles, two each came from Japanese publishers Shueisha, Shogakukan, and Hakusensha. The first issue, released in June 2005, featured Nana Komatsu of Nana on its July cover.

Yumi Hoashi was the publication's original editor-in-chief. In November 2006, Hoashi left Viz, and Marc Weidenbaum replaced him as the magazine's editor-in-chief. Weidenbaum remained the magazine's editor until February 13, 2009, when Viz announced that he had left the company, though the magazine continued to list his name in the role through the May 2009 issue. Starting with the June 2009 issue, publisher Hyoe Narita was listed as the editor-in-chief.

The magazine's panda mascot, Moko, was first introduced in the October 2005 issue, though he remained nameless until the July 2006 issue. He later was given his own Myspace account run by Viz. With the July 2007 issue, a new mascot, Beat Girl, was introduced. Included in each issue on the "Editor's Letter" page as the magazine's "illustrated spokesperson," she was drawn by different artists each time. A third mascot, a star-shaped figure named Hoshiko, was introduced with the March 2008 issue as a friend for Moko.

With the magazine's first anniversary issue, dated July 2006, Shojo Beat switched to using cyan and magenta ink tones for the manga pages rather than black-and-white. Though this mirrors the format of Japanese manga anthologies, it was a first for manga anthologies published in North America. Shojo Beat launched another redesign with the January 2007 issue. The new design included more vivid color schemes and fonts and introduced a new "Girl Hero" column to spotlight women Viz felt were charitable and selfless and who would inspire readers. The existing columns were also expanded.

In May 2009, the magazine stopped accepting new subscriptions and ceased publication with the release of the July issue. Existing Shojo Beat subscriptions were transferred to Viz's Shonen Jump magazine. With the first copy of Shonen Jump sent to former subscribers, a letter informed them of the transfer and how to request a refund for the unfilled portion of their subscriptions if they would prefer. In a press release, Viz stated that the "difficult economic climate" was behind the magazine's cancellation.

Features
As a manga anthology, the bulk of Shojo Beat's content was its manga chapters. Additional features included a letter from the editor, manga related news, a preview chapter from another Viz manga title being published under the "Shojo Beat" imprint, and articles on Japanese culture, current trends in Japan, and fashion and beauty. Sections toward the back of the magazine featured fan-related material, including fan art, letters from readers, manga drawing lessons, and cosplay how-to guides and highlights. The magazine's official website included additional articles, downloads of templates for dressing up the magazine's panda mascot "Moko", and online previews of many of the manga series being published under the "Shojo Beat" label.

Series
Shojo Beat contained chapters from six Japanese manga series licensed and translated to English by Viz. During its run, the magazine featured fourteen series, of which seven ended their runs and were replaced by other series. Only four of those replacements remained in the magazine until all of their chapters had been published. Each title serialized in the magazine was also published in tankōbon volumes under Viz's "Shojo Beat" label. Viz noted that it periodically removed incomplete series from the magazine to help "keep the magazine fresh" and to allow it to speed up publication of the individual volumes.

This is a complete list of all titles that were serialized in Shojo Beat. It does not include preview chapters. The titles that were running in the magazine when it was discontinued are highlighted.

Imprints
With the launch of the Shojo Beat magazine, Viz Media created new imprints for its manga and fiction lines. The "Shojo Beat" imprint included series featured in the magazine as well as other shōjo manga titles licensed by Viz after the magazine's conception. Viz began releasing a few Japanese light novels under a "Shojo Beat Fiction" imprint that were related to its "Shojo Beat" manga titles. In February 2006, Viz launched the "Shojo Beat Home Video" line for releasing anime titles primarily designed for female viewers. The first title under the new imprint was Full Moon o Sagashite, the anime adaptation of the same titled manga that was also released by Viz. To promote the new anime line, Viz included a preview disc of the first volume of Full Moon in the June 2006 issue of Shojo Beat. Though the magazine itself has been canceled, Viz stated in May 2009 that it will continue releasing both existing and new series under the "Shojo Beat" manga and anime imprints.

Circulation and audience
When Shojo Beat launched, it had a circulation of 20,000. In 2006, its average circulation had increased to 35,000, of which 41% were distributed through subscriptions, and the rest sold in newsstands and stores. In 2007, the circulation grew to 38,000, and subscriptions increased to 51%. The magazine's audience was overwhelmingly female, comprising 91% of its readers. Targeted towards "young women", Shojo Beat's "core audience" was between the ages of 13 and 19 and made up 61% of its readers; 47% of readers were 12–17 and 45% were 18–34.

Reception
Shojo Beat was nominated for a 2008 Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation Award in the category of "Best Publication", but lost to Japan's Newtype.

In reviewing the premiere release of Shojo Beat, IGN Jessica Chobot sharply criticized the magazine. She felt it looked and read "like a teenie-bopper magazine" and referred to the issue's cover as a "bright, hot-pink, migraine-inducing, bubble-lettered spectacle". She considered the contents boring, and disagreed with Viz's selection of series, noting, "it's as if Viz had taken everything from their backed-up reject pile and tried to pull one over on the female populace. 90% of what I was reading was either poorly drawn or poorly written (more often than not, it was both)." Comic World News' David Welsh disagreed, as he felt that the magazine had several good series, with Nana, Absolute Boyfriend and Crimson Hero as his version of the top three series of the initial issue. Greg McElhatton, co-founder of Wizard: The Guide to Comics and former reviewer for iComics.com, praised the magazine's mainstream appearance, calling it a "smart" decision, as it would draw in its target audience by visually showing them that it's a magazine for teenage girls. While he felt that two of the manga titles in the premiere issue had weak openings, he found that the magazine was "off to a good, if not great start".

After its cancellation, Publishers Weekly's Heidi MacDonald reported that the common response she saw from fans was that "everyone liked it but nobody paid for it". She noted that many fans expressed sorrow over the magazine's demise while indicating that they did not subscribe to it. Katherine Dacey, the former senior manga editor for PopCultureShock, remarked that the magazine had offered "just the right mixture of new stories, continuing series, and articles" and praised it for having a "funky, DIY vibe". The staff of the School Library Journal called the magazine "one of a kind" and felt that its loss would leave a void for female fans, a generally under-acknowledged group of comic and manga readers. Staff member Brigid Alverson felt Shojo Beat was a great overall package that "featured intelligent articles that allowed the reader to be enthusiastic about Japanese pop culture without being geeky" making it distinct from other magazines for girls that were normally "filled with brainless celebrity stories or service articles tied to commercial products". Other participants praised the magazine's fashion articles for its educational articles on Japanese culture and for featuring girls of a variety of body types wearing affordable fashions. Two staffers questioned Viz's decision to drop the magazine and wondered if the company had unrealistically expected the magazine to have the same circulation numbers as Shonen Jump.

title: Shojo Beat


text:
Proton Perdana

The Proton Perdana is a series of four-door mid-size sedan cars produced by Malaysian automobile manufacturer Proton.

First generation (1995–2010)
The first generation Proton Perdana is a badge engineered seventh generation Mitsubishi Eterna, developed as the result of a collaboration between Proton and Mitsubishi Motors. About 80,000 first generation Proton Perdana were sold between 1995 and 2013.

Proton refers to the 1995-1998 (non-V6) models as the first generation Proton Perdana and the 1998-2010 (V6) models as the facelifted Proton Perdana.

Second generation (2013–2020)
The second generation Proton Perdana is a badge engineered eighth generation Honda Accord, developed as the result of a collaboration between Proton and Honda Motor Company, Ltd. Proton refers to the 2013–2020 models as the second generation Proton Perdana. However, the general public commonly refers both 2013–2015 models and 2016–2020 models based on the eight generation Honda Accord as second generation Perdana.

title: Proton Perdana


text:
Proton GEN•2

The Proton GEN•2 (often simplified as Gen-2 or GEN2) is a compact 5-door liftback manufactured by Malaysian automobile manufacturer Proton which launched in 2004. It was initially codenamed Wira Replacement Model (WRM). The GEN•2 uses a platform which was extensively developed in house by Proton and technical partner Lotus. This platform was later adapted for the Proton Satria Neo and Proton Persona.

The GEN•2 was among the first models to be produced at Proton's Tanjung Malim plant, developed as part of the Proton City project. Although domestic sales of the GEN•2 was discontinued in 2012, Proton continues to produce the GEN•2 exclusively for export markets.

Etymology
The name GEN•2 is an abbreviation of Generation 2, as it served as the replacement to the Proton Wira Aeroback subcompact vehicle.

History

The Proton GEN•2 was launched in the third quarter of 2004 in Malaysia, where it became the first Proton to utilise an indigenously designed platform and engine. The CamPro (an abbreviation for Camshaft Profiling) engine and platform were both developed by Proton and Lotus Cars.

The Proton GEN•2 was first available with a 1.6 litre CamPro engine which produced 110 hp at 6,000rpm and 148Nm of torque at 4,000rpm, but in August 2005, it was complemented by a no frills 1.3 litre CamPro variant which output 95 hp at 6,000rpm and 120Nm of torque at 4,000rpm.

The GEN•2 was styled by Proton's Australian educated chief stylist Damian Chia. He drew inspiration from the traditional Malay kite known as wau bulan and the handle of the Malay dagger, the kris, in shaping the unique grille of the GEN•2. Chia also gave the new car what he described as tiger like eyes for a more forceful frontal appearance.

In July 2005, the GEN•2 R3 concept car was introduced at Dreamcars Asia Motorshow 2005. It was equipped with various aftermarket parts from Recaro, MOMO and Proton's own Race, Rally, Research (R3) division. Only 500 examples were made as a commitment to exclusivity and individuality.

In August the following year, Proton released another limited edition model called the GEN•2 Merdeka Millennium Edition (MME) in commemoration of Proton's R3 Amprex victory at the 2005 Merdeka Millennium Endurance race. The GEN•2 MME was limited to 200 units and featured slightly improved performance, an in car entertainment system, custom rims and a body kit.

The Proton GEN•2 EVE Hybrid Concept was unveiled at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show. EVE stood for Efficient, Viable, Environmental and it was primarily designed by Lotus Engineering with support from Proton. This concept car was powered by a CamPro 1.6 engine paired to a 30 kW (40 hp) electric motor. It also featured a continuously variable transmission, smart start-stop ignition and regenerative braking technology.

The GEN•2 EVE offered lower carbon dioxide emissions (134g/km, reduced from 172g/km), a 28% increase in fuel efficiency (50.2 MPG) and a higher power output (141 hp and 233Nm/1,500 rpm). Although this concept car never made it into production, certain elements such as the CVT gearbox did and a CamPro hybrid engine is currently under development.

Proton entered the Chinese market in 2007, under a strategic partnership with China's Youngman Automobile Group. The deal involved a minimum of 30,000 Proton GEN•2 CBU cars that were rebadged in China under the Europestar brand.

Proton set foot in the Thai market on 1 December 2007, with the mid life facelift of the Proton GEN•2.

The GEN•2 facelift was launched in the Malaysian market in March the following year. It was sold in two trim lines, the High Line and Medium Line respectively. Proton introduced two new engines for the GEN•2; the High- Line featured the CamPro CPS 1.6 litre engine (where CPS stood for Camshaft Profile Switching) which produced 125 hp at 6,500rpm, and 150Nm of torque at 4,500rpm.

The CamPro CPS incorporated variable valve timing and variable length intake manifold (VIM) technology to boost maximum power and remedy the undesirable torque dip which plagued the older CamPro engines. The Medium- Line was powered by the 1.6L CamPro IAFM (Intake Air-Fuel Module) which produced 110 hp at 6,000rpm and 148Nm of torque at 4,000rpm.

The CamPro IAFM was essentially a basic dual overhead cam CamPro engine equipped with a variable length intake manifold (VIM). However, the VIM technology used in the CamPro IAFM differed from the one used in the superior CamPro CPS. Aside from the engines, the facelifted GEN•2 was also equipped with a new front bumper, grille, rear spoiler and alloy wheels.

The interior was also updated in line with that of the Proton Persona which was released in the end of 2007. The GEN•2 HighLine came with leather upholstery, cruise control, dual SRS airbags, anti-lock brakes (ABS) and EBD, but the Medium- Line only got a driver’s airbag. The GEN•2 in all its variants were priced between RM53,488 and RM60,488.

The Proton GEN•2 1.6 GSX ecoLogic was launched in the United Kingdom in August 2008. It was technically a GEN•2 converted to run on both petrol and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The GEN•2 ecoLogic was complemented by a saloon (Proton Persona) ecoLogic variant as well.

Both dual fuel cars qualify for lower British road tax because LPG combustion produces less exhaust pollutants. Furthermore, the Proton-approved conversion is covered by the vehicle warranty (unlike aftermarket conversions), and both hatchback and saloon ecoLogic models retailed at £11,195 (~RM 54,250).

On 20 May 2010, Proton introduced the final update for the GEN•2 with two variants available: Medium-Line (auto only) and High-Line (manual and auto). It received mild exterior and interior changes, with the most distinctive feature being the black roof. The Medium- Line trim was upgraded to incorporate the more powerful CamPro CPS 1.6 engine, previously reserved for High- Line variants. The updated GEN•2 also received a price drop and was sold in three colours; Fire Red, Genetic silver and Solid White. The last Proton GEN•2s for the Malaysian market were sold in 2012.

Export Markets
The Proton GEN•2 was widely exported via Proton's worldwide dealer networks. It was sold in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Turkey, Romania, South Africa, Australia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, and Egypt among other markets.

An agreement was inked between Proton and Iranian distributor Zagross Khodro in December 2008, for CKD assembly of the Proton GEN•2 in Iran. It enabled the car to be more competitively priced in that market. GEN•2 models sold in export markets from 2011 onwards are equipped with the Proton Persona's L.E.D. tail lights, which help give the GEN•2 a more modern appearance.

Proton discontinued sales of the GEN•2 in Malaysia in 2012. However, Proton still produces the GEN•2 at their Tanjung Malim factory for exclusive sale to their export markets. Proton produced 1,148 GEN•2s in 2012 and a further 1,489 in 2013. Production of the GEN•2 stopped momentarily in November 2013, but resumed in July 2014 due to higher demand from some export markets, chiefly Egypt and Turkey.

Proton sold 682 units in 2012 and an additional 715 GEN•2s and Personas in 2013 in Turkey, as well as 496 and 593 GEN•2 units in 2012 and 2013 respectively in Egypt. Sales of the GEN•2 and Persona continue to increase in both markets. Between January and September 2014, 625 GEN•2s were sold in Egypt, and between January and November 2014, 562 GEN•2s and Personas were sold in Turkey.

The Proton GEN•2 was launched in Pakistan in September 2006; it was available in five variants: 1.3 M/T, 1.3 M/T (CNG), 1.3 A/T, 1.6 M/T and 1.6 M/T (CNG). Proton pulled out of Pakistan only a few years later.

In Indonesia, the facelifted Proton GEN.2 come with only the Campro IAFM engine and was sold in two variants: M/T and A/T. It was available in seven different colors: Tranquility Black, Metal Grey, Genetic Silver, Energy Orange, Solid Red, Passion Blue and Solid White. It came with a 3-year or 100,000 km warranty.

On 12 July 2018, 440 Proton GEN•2s were exported to the Middle East.

Other Developments
The Youngman Europestar L5 was launched at the 2011 Shanghai Motorshow. It was based on an extended GEN•2 platform (2,670mm, 70mm longer than the original) which was developed by Lotus and Youngman. It was also powered by Proton's CamPro CPS 1.6 litre engine which produced 125 bhp and 150Nm of torque. The Europestar L5 was available in hatchback and saloon variants priced between RMB98,000 and RMB122,000 (~RM48,700 - RM60,600).

The Proton GEN•2 was one of two models (the other being the Proton Savvy) that MG Rover was looking to rebadge when it entered talks with Proton. Unfortunately, negotiations ended shortly before the GEN•2's launch of September 2004 in the United Kingdom. MG Rover was eventually purchased by China's Nanjing Automobile in July 2005.

The American company Detroit Electric and Proton Holdings Berhad signed an agreement in March 2009. The RM1.2 billion (USD$331 million) deal was to involve the annual production of 40,000 to 100,000 Proton GEN•2 (e46) and Proton Persona (e63) electric vehicles (EV).

The cars were to be powered by an electric motor which could produce 150 kW (200 bhp) and 350 to 380Nm of torque. Its maximum projected range was 320 km (199 miles) on a 40kWh battery. The Detroit Electric e63 and e46 was targeted for sale in the United States, Europe and China. Prototype models were made in 2008, but commercial production was non existent. In January 2011, another updated prototype was caught in action, but no official announcements were made by Proton or Detroit Electric. The GEN•2 was phased out in 2012, and it is presumed that the agreement is no longer valid as of 2013.

Safety

 * 🇪🇺 - Euro NCAP (equivalent) -

The Proton GEN•2 has not been officially tested by the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP), but it has nonetheless been assessed at the Applus+ IDIADA crash testing facility in Spain, and is claimed to have scored an equivalent three star Euro NCAP rating.

The car is also designed to UNECE, ADR and GCC standards.

All Proton GEN•2s were equipped with a driver's airbag as a minimum requirement, and more expensive trim variants were offered with a front passenger airbag as well. However, the highest trim lines of the Proton GEN•2 sold in certain developed markets such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia were equipped with twin side airbags, making for a grand total of 4 airbags respectively. The side airbags were never offered in Malaysian market GEN•2s.

Reception
The original Proton GEN•2 received poor to mixed British and Australian reviews. The most criticised aspect of the car was the interior. It lacked the necessary refinement and practicality for vehicles of its class. Additionally, the seating position was deemed impractical and the CamPro engine lacked sufficient power.

However, the exterior was praised for its modern looks and the ride and handling attributes were also favourable. The GEN•2 ecoLogic was the only model to receive fair reviews. Auto Trader gave it 2.5/5 stars, commenting on the appalling interior as well as the generally good running costs, ride comfort and handling.

The Proton GEN•2 was also featured in Top Gear, Series 5, Episode 9 which aired on 26 December 2004 in the United Kingdom. It was compared with other cars from Malaysia and South Korea, in which the GEN•2's pricing and looks were favoured by James May. However, he also commented on the GEN•2's interior, where he quoted "I'd gladly trade the Lotus-developed suspension for some Toyota-developed door trim."

title: Proton GEN•2


text:
Heating pad

A heating pad is a pad used for warming of parts of the body in order to manage pain. Localized application of heat causes the blood vessels in that area to dilate, enhancing perfusion to the targeted tissue. Types of heating pads include electrical, chemical and hot water bottles.

Specialized heating pads (mats) are also used in other settings. Heat mats in plant propagation stimulate seed germination and root development; they operate at cooler temperatures. Heat mats also are available in the pet trade, especially as warming spots for reptiles such as lizards and snakes.

Electrical
Electric pads usually operate from household current and must have protection against overheating.

A moist heating pad is used damp on the user's skin. These pads register temperatures from 76 to 82 °C and are intended for deep tissue treatment and can be dangerous if left on unattended. Moist heating pads are used mainly by physical therapists but can be found for home use. A moist cloth can be added with a stupe cover to add more moisture to the treatment.

An electric heating pouch is similar in form to an electric heating pad but is curved to wrap around a joint.

Chemical

Disposable chemical pads employ a one-time exothermic chemical reaction. One type, frequently used for hand warmers, is triggered by unwrapping an air-tight packet containing slightly moist iron powder and salt or catalysts which rusts over a period of hours after being exposed to oxygen in the air. Another type contains separate compartments within the pad; when the user squeezes the pad, a barrier ruptures and the compartments mix, producing heat such as the enthalpy change of solution of calcium chloride dissolving.

The most common reusable heat pads contain a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate in water. Crystallization is triggered by flexing a small flat disc of notched ferrous metal embedded in the liquid. Pressing the disc releases very tiny adhered crystals of sodium acetate into the solution which then act as nucleation sites for the crystallization of the sodium acetate into the hydrated salt (sodium acetate trihydrate, CH3COONa · 3 H2O). Because the liquid is supersaturated, this causes the solution to begin to crystallize over a few seconds, typically by propagating from the initial nucleation site and eventually causing the entire contained liquid to solidify, thereby releasing the thermal energy of the crystal lattice. The use of the metal disc was invented in 1978.

The pad can be reused by placing it in boiling water for 10–15 minutes, which redissolves the sodium acetate trihydrate in the contained water and reconstites a supersaturated solution. Once the pad has returned to room temperature it can be triggered again. Triggering the pad before it has reached room temperature results in the pad reaching a lower peak temperature, as compared to waiting until it had completely cooled. This process can be repeated indefinitely.

High specific-heat capacity materials
Heating packs can also be made by filling a container with a material that has a high specific heat capacity, which then gradually releases the heat over time. A hot water bottle is the most familiar example of this type of heating pad.

A microwavable heating pad is a heating pad that is warmed by placing it in a microwave oven before use. Microwavable heating pads are typically made out of a thick insulative fabric such as flannel and filled with grains such as wheat, buckwheat or flax seed. Due to their relative simplicity to make, they are frequently sewn by hand, often with a custom shape to fit the intended area of use.

Often, aromatic compounds will also be added to the filler mixture to create a pleasant or soothing smell when heated. The source of these can vary significantly, ranging from adding essential oils to ground-up spices such as cloves and nutmeg, or even dried rose petals.

Phase-change materials
Phase change materials can be used for heating pads intended to operate at a fixed temperature. The heat of fusion is used to release thermal energy. This results in the pad heating up.

Function
Many episodes of pain come from muscle exertion or strain, which creates tension in the muscles and soft tissues. This tension can constrict circulation, sending pain signals to the brain. Heat application eases pain by:

 * dilating the blood vessels surrounding the painful area. Increased blood flow provides additional oxygen and nutrients to help heal the damaged muscle tissue.
 * stimulating sensation in the skin and therefore decreasing the pain signals being transmitted to the brain
 * increasing the flexibility (and decreasing painful stiffness) of soft tissues surrounding the injured area, including muscles and connective tissue.

As many heating pads are portable, heat may be applied as needed at home, at work, or while travelling. Some physicians recommend alternating heat and ice for pain relief. As with any pain treatment, a physician should be consulted prior to beginning treatment.

title: Heating pad


text:
Sha Tin College

Sha Tin College (STC) is a co-educational international secondary school in Hong Kong and a member of the English Schools Foundation.

Established in 1982 as the Shatin Annexe based in the campus of KGV School in Kowloon Tong, the school relocated to 3 Lai Wo Lane, Fo Tan, in 1985, adopting its present name.

Students
For the 2020–2021 school year, the school had 1389 students. In 2020, 65.8 percent of students were Chinese, a total of 894 students. The next largest group was Eurasians, then Caucasians.

Curriculum
Sha Tin College currently follows the IBDP curriculum. It caters to students aged between 11-20 (Year 7 to Year 13; some students are older due to various reasons). Year 12–13 students have the option to choose between the IBDP and the IBCP (International Baccalaureate Career-related Programme). In years 10-11 they follow the (I)GCSE curriculum. In years 7-9 they largely follow the IBMYP curriculum (International Baccalaureate Middle Years Programme).

Academics
Sha Tin College's IBDP program achieved a 40–40 status (where over 40% of students achieve 40 points or above). One student at the college achieved the world's highest IGCSE maths score.

Notable alumni

 * Dawen – Singer-songwriter
 * Stephanie Ho – Singer, actress and golfer
 * Vivian Kong – Professional Olympic fencer
 * Kaylin Hsieh – Professional Olympic fencer
 * Chu Ka Mong (Moonie Chu) - Professional Olympic fencer
 * Wesley Wong – Actor

As a filming location
Due to the school's location in the Hills as well as for logistical reasons, Sha Tin College has been a filming location for several TV shows and movies, including Fight Back to School.

title: Sha Tin College


text:
Fictitious defendants

A fictitious defendant is a person that cannot be identified by the plaintiff before a lawsuit is commenced. Commonly this person is identified as "John Doe" or "Jane Doe".

As the statute of limitations for many torts such as medical malpractice is generally very short, plaintiffs under pressure to issue an originating process such as a statement of claim often use contrived names such as John Doe in the title of proceedings and identify the person's role in the lawsuit in the body of the pleading. Generally, this tactic preserves the limitation period and, with leave of the court, the plaintiff can later substitute the real name of the defendant once it is learned during the discovery process.

For example, in a medical malpractice case, the plaintiff may have been treated by doctors and nurses and did not know the names of those providers at the time. This is particularly true of plaintiffs who may have been unconscious during long periods of their treatment. At the beginning of the lawsuit, it may be impossible to determine which medical professional was negligent, so all persons who treated the plaintiff must be sued. However, the hospital records available to the plaintiff may be limited or unintelligible, and the hospital that does have the records may refuse to release them unless litigation is pending.

Typically, the plaintiff will plead as follows:

In the case of John Smith vs. Jones Memorial Hospital and Dr. John Doe.
 * 1) Jones Memorial Hospital is a hospital in the city of Anytown, USA.
 * 2) Dr. John Doe is a doctor employed by Jones Memorial, and at all relevant times was the plaintiff's treating physician.  The identity of the treating physician is unknown to the plaintiff despite the plaintiff's best efforts to identify the doctor.

Once the originating pleading is issued, the plaintiff is usually required to work with all deliberate speed to determine the names of the fictitious defendants through discovery of the defendants it is aware of. If the plaintiff delays too long, the court generally will not allow amendment of the claim to substitute the names of the appropriate party, and any valid claims against those defendants may become statute barred. However, the plaintiff may not, through the action of the fictitious defendants or the other defendants to the lawsuit, be prejudiced by any delay caused by obstruction or refusal to reveal the identities of the fictitious witnesses.

title: Fictitious defendants


text:
Talk:Logosophy

VFD Result
The result of the VFD can be found here: Votes for deletion/Logosophy -- AllyUnion (talk) 04:06, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) -- --Spharion 14:02, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC) The article is saying Logosophy is a "Science". Probably something like "is defined as a Science by it's followers" would go better. The article says also Logosophy is "inquestionably" something while it is quite questionably that.

First paragraph of principles section is one long sentence. Needs to be split. Might need to merge some paragraphs in this section too. RJFJR 17:00, 24 January 2006 (UTC) -- Logosophy isn't a "type of science." It's not science at all. "Self-help with some New Age flavor" suits it better. I have not edited the actual entry because I lack the time and patience to make the language neutral enough, but I hope someone goes ahead and does it. 200.188.187.235 00:25, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Logosophy and science
One can see implicit bias from several of Wikipedia's editor's in comments about this topic, showing a clear lack of knowledge of cross-cultural nuances and Philosophy of Science.

First and foremost, "ciencia" in Spanish and other Latin based languages such as French and Portuguese still keep the original Latin etymology of Scientia as "organized body of knowledge". If you would believe Merriam-Webster, the same would be true in English, but it seems that the indoctrination of scientificism in US public schools has made everything but hard sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) a candidate for pseudo-science classification, even Sociology, Psychology and other humanistic disciplines (see their own topics and you will know what I am talking about).

When Freud, Jung and others decided to create Psychology and its variants from scratch, if they had to wait permission from Academia and Encyclopedists to allow it to exist only after ratifying they were a legitimate science, we would be waiting until today. For that matter, even Aristotle, who is touted as one of the fathers of the scientific method, would be outcast by the simplistic definition of science embedded in pop American culture and imaginaire. It is only necessary to mention Paul Feyerabend's work (for instance, Against Method) to remind us that what is and what is not science is not a clear-cut picture.

Second, although Logosophy may not fit the Academic definition of Science (I would still dispute that in view of Feyerabend's ideas), it nevertheless supports and encourages Academic scientific research through helping its practitioner's in internalizing and living a scientific attitude:

- It recommends systematic observation as means to attain knowledge;

- It recommends that you should not believe in Logosophy (nor anything else) no matter how true its statements may seem. You are supposed to gather evidence on their reality in your own life through experimentation;

- Before you adopt a new concept, you must experiment with it and gather evidence in your own life that the new one is better than the current one you have;

- Concepts are bound to evolve as well;

- It is not true what cannot be individually verified through experimentation, and you need to be able to verify it repeatedly, not just once;

- The word belief must be replaced by the word knowledge, "because it is by knowing, and not by believing, that man becomes truly conscious of the management of his life; in other words, what he thinks and does;" in Initiation Course into Logosophy, §76;

- Occam's razor: Logosophy summarizes and simplifies a great body of human experience by solely postulating thoughts as living entities (which, by the way, has recently become sort of a fad with memetics; however, Logosophy had stated it since 1930);

- Thoughts are observable through the indirect consequences of their actions (in the same way you don't "see" atoms, you know about them in an indirect way such as Brownian motion, as Einstein showed in 1905, later ellaborated by Jean Perrin);

- Logosophy provides a more thorough definition of knowledge. According to it, cognitions (pieces of knowledge) emerge in the mind from the application of theoretical concepts to reality through experimentation; everything else just information about a topic, but not real knowledge of it.

In summary, it seems that Logosophy makes a "scientist of the mind" out of its practitioners. For that alone I would say that Logosophy is auxiliary to any rational endeavor, specially the one proposed by Stephen Hawking:

"However, if we discover a complete theory, it should in time be understandable by everyone, not just by a few scientists. Then we shall all, philosophers, scientists and just ordinary people, be able to take part in the discussion of the question of why it is that we and the universe exist. If we find the answer to that, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason -- for then we should know the mind of God."

---Brief History of Time (page 233, Expanded Edition, 1996)

There are other facets to the topic "Logosophy", which I might elaborate in the future.

By cmendonca

Logosophy does not fit the New Age definition from Wikipedia
As of June 16th 2006, the Wikipedia article on New Age says: "The term New Age describes a broad movement of late 20th century and contemporary Western culture, characterised by an individual eclectic approach to spiritual exploration." By "eclectic", it is explained later in the article that "New Agers typically construct their own spiritual journey based on material taken as needed from the mystical traditions of world religions, and also including shamanism, neopaganism and occultism."

Logosophy does not fit this New Age definition because:

- The Logosophical Foundation exists since 1930, so it was created long before the "late 20th century" date for New Age movements;

- It has no such "eclectic approach to spiritual exploration". As González Pecotche explains, "[i]n bringing to light the cognitions which emanate from its own fountainhead, Logosophy discards all known theories. It does so deliberately, for two essentials reasons: first, because its own originality demands it, and secondly, to avoid the confusion which would interfere with the free development of the mental domain as a result of the intermingling of seeds of distinct origins, because that kept in the "granary" of Logosophy is selected specially to produce the richest crop in the shortest time." in Logosophy Science and Method, page 2, Philosophical Library, Inc. 1959

The classification of Logosophy as "New Age" is therefore incorrect. However, it is not clear which classification to apply. Some might think that "Spirituality" would be a fit, but the current religious connotation of this word would be at odds with Pecotche's support for scientific research principles. "Philosophy" would be another option, but even better would be "Humanist psychology", a category that exists in Spanish Wikipedia but not in the English version. "Humanism" is the better choice in English.

Pecotche himself recognized this classification difficulty: "The very fact that totally new cognitions are involved will make it evident that they cannot have any common point of contact with anything known. They form a family of thoughts of such a special nature that it will be very difficult, if not utterly impossible, to establish a kinship between them and the rest." in Logosophy Science and Method, page 85, Philosophical Library, Inc. 1959

Logosophy probably defines a category of its own. As mentioned before, "Humanism" might be a fit. However, since there is no category stub for "Humanism", I am dropping the "New Age stub" classification for this article until it is not a stub and can be classified as either "Logosophy" and/or "Humanism".

--cmendonca

--64.140.1.226 02:21, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Logosophy as Humanism
Further research into Pecotche's writings show that the best classification of Logosophy is Humanism:

"Differing therefore from the generalized concept of humanism, our humanism starts from one's own sensitive and thinking being who seeks to accomplish within himself the evolutionary process that all humanity must follow. One's accomplishment in this respect will inevitably constitute later a true example of what each participant within the great human family can achieve". -- The mechanism of conscious life, Chapter XII: "Humanism as the innermost aspiration of the individual. The nature of logosophical humanism.", page 103

Therefore I am dropping the "Science stub" classification that Amalas applied, and also removing the NPOV marker that Mtiedemann applied. Mtiedemann comments were simply "not a science", with no further explanation, so I assume he/she was under the same implicit cultural bias as mentioned above in "Logosophy and science".

--cmendonca

--70.112.146.196 15:52, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

'Advert'
The article, as written, appears an uncritical POV advert for logosophy, presenting it as an established academic subject. I have therefore added an 'advert' tag. Mtiedemann 15:17, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * This is quite an old comment, I think it has been widely improved and we can remove this point from the discussion. --167.61.83.195 (talk) 03:58, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed, please remove this to do some cleanup here --Akma72 (talk) 16:12, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

Article outline
I am planning the rewrite of this article in NPOV. If any of you has a suggestion for an outline, please post it here.

--70.112.146.196 21:24, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Tentative outline
As a tentative outline, I have been thinking about this one:

1. Introduction

2. Theory of Knowledge

3. Moral and Political Theory

4. Relationship to Philosophy

5. Relationship to Science

6. Accomplishments and Influence

7. Suggestions for Further Reading

I have also been trying to find external references (magazine and newspaper articles, books that refer to Logosophy) in English. There are plenty in Spanish and Portuguese, but not many in other languages. Please post here the ones you might have from publications in the English language.

70.112.159.168 17:58, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Rewrite
I've seen that articles about Logosophy are having trouble with neutral point of view in a few languages.

I am afiliated to the Logosophical Foundation and member of an internacional comission that aims to diffuse Logosophy around the world, where I take care of the Internet diffusion. Taking the existing articles, I will rewrite one article about Logosophy, following Wikipedia policy. This article will be translated to other languages in the future, then included in other languages Wikipedias. My goal is to document Logosophy in Wikipedia with the same article in several languages.

If anyone wants to talk with me about the changes I will make, please leave a message on my talk page.

--Gtondello 14:04, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Dictionary Definitions - Argentina
SAPIENS Illustrated encyclopedia of the Castilian language. Editorial Sopena Argentina - Volume II, Year 1958

(translated from Spanish)

González Pecotche, (Carlos Bernardo). Philosopher and writer Argentinean. born in 1901, founder of Logosofía. Author of: Dialogues; Introduction to the Logosophical Cognition; Logosophical Exegesis; The mechanism of Conscious Life; Logosophy. Science and Method; etc. He uses the pseudonym of “Raumsol”.

Logosophy (Gr. logo, treaty, study, and Sophia, wisdom).f. Philosophical ethical doctrine founded by Carlos González Pecotche, who leads to self cognition. It admits the reality of a conscious system composed of two minds: superior, which it takes care of the Metaphysical world (incumbent of the spirit), and the inferior one, relating to common intellectual and physical activities. The thoughts, which have autonomy and are independent of the individual will, are born and act under the influence of own or other people's psychic and moral states. With a rigorous selection of them, the authority-thought arises and must govern the spiritual and conscious life one self. It maintains the principle of conscious evolution, which leads Man to achieve the highest purpose of his existence: his self redemption thru the type of knowledge that is essential to that finality. It affirms the absolute originality of his method, applicable to the individual life, and from whose adoption relates to his reencounter with his own spirit. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 200.125.37.193 (talk) 13:22, 25 February 2007 (UTC).

National Administration of Post office from Uruguay - Commemorative stamps
Commemorative stamp issued in 1992 by the National Administration of Post office from Uruguay

Listed here as part of the 1992 releases. (December 29, 1992) “60 Años de Logosofia” (60 years of Logosophy in Uruguay) — 200.125.35.230 01:55, 28 February 2007 (UTC)J.Dusio

The preceding unsigned comment was added by 200.125.37.193 (talk) 13:27, 25 February 2007 (UTC).

Commemorative stamp issued in 2001 by the National Administration of Post office from Uruguay: (August 7th, 2001) "100 años del Nacimiento de González Pecotche fundador de la Logosofía" (Centennial of the Birth of Bernardo González Pecotche, founder of Logosophy)

Original web reference in English

Original web reference in Spanish

Current web reference in Spanish

 * 72.177.118.252 17:16, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * cm 70.253.93.127 (talk) 07:16, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

The Honorable House of Representatives of the Argentina Nation declares of interest the pedagogical and humanistic work
The Honorable House of Representatives of the Argentina Nation declares of interest the pedagogical and humanistic work that the Logosophical Foundation –in pro of human improvement- has been doing for seventy five years (see: http://www1.hcdn.gov.ar/proyxml/expediente.asp?fundamentos=si&numexp=0448-D-2006)

Review File Nbr. 0448-D-2006 Parliamentary Proceeding 7 Summary: To declare of interest the Pedagogical and Humanistic work that the Logosophical Foundation –in pro of human improvement- has been doing for seventy five years

Signers OSUNA, WHITE INES - LOVAGLIO SARAVIA, ANTONIO - GODOY, RUPERTO EDUARDO. Send to Commissions: COOPERATIVE SUBJECTS, MUTUALES and OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS; EDUCATION.

The House of Representatives of the Nation RESOLVES: To declare of interest of this Honorable Camera, the pedagogical and humanistic work developed by the Logosófica Foundation for the Human Overcoming, association without aims of profit, founded by the thinker and Argentine educator Carlos Bernardo González Pecotche, who has been spreading for 75 years an integral and formative proposal, of deep human value and scientific rigor, whose application in the formal and no-formal education highly produces beneficial results for the personal improvement and the improvement of the society.

Foundations The Logosófica Foundation in pro of Human Improvement fulfills 75 years of fecund work of diffusion and formation in the Logosophical thought. Logosophy contributes with knowledge for the creation of a new culture and proposes a rigorous method of integrated thought and action that has as its principal objective, the conscious evolution of the human being. It is a characteristic of this method the essential necessity of individual verification of the transmitted knowledge, as a guarantee to the conquest the one’s personal knowledge.

Among their fundamental teachings are those that concern with one self knowledge, undeniable base for the knowledge of our personal life, its projections in the life of others and consequently, in the spheres of the highest accomplishments of human intelligence.

Other branches of the Logosófica Foundation, in addition to the Argentinean, grow in Brazil, Uruguay, Venezuela, Ecuador, Mexico, the United States, Spain, Israel and there exist groups of students scattered in other 40 countries.

The creator of Logosophy is Argentine thinker and humanist Carlos Bernardo González Pecotche, born in Buenos Aires on August 11th  1901 who died on April the 4th, 1963.

In 1930 he establishes the institution that soon will be constituted as the Logosophical Foundation as the channel for the diffusion and study of this method. At this moment, this institution without profit aims has, in the City of Buenos Aires its headquarter and other 10 branches in different points of our country.

Logosophy generates a deep relationship with pedagogy: the logosophical method is a formative method for the person, therefore with deep educative roots.

In words of its founder, Carlos Bernardo González Pecotche: "The Logosophical Pedagogy is the pedagogy of the right saying, the right thinking; it is the pedagogy of the happiness, because at the same time that teaches, it builds happiness

The logosophical pedagogy is based on clear and simple conceptions of respect, honesty and the knowledge of elementary rules of discernment and understanding of the insurmountable advantages granted by a high and dignity conduct.

Its rich didactic volume offers new objectives, precise directions and novel techniques to teaching, supported in the psychological, mental, moral and sensible life of the human being, all of which contributes to obtaining a solid education that hierarchizes the human condition.

According to the logosophical pedagogy, to teach it is not only necessary to posses the knowledge that is going to be transmitted, but also to cultivate the virtues that distinguish whom will be the transmitter. The educator has to be an example of it, to allow the student to benefit from observing and learning what the teacher has conquer himself and it is reflected as an inseparable part of himself. For example he will be patient to teach a knowledge, and for that reason he will know how to guide the children to practice that patience themselves, to assimilate it in their interior.

The Logosophical Pedagogy is nowadays completely applied in the specific educative institutes in levels of primary and secondary education in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. In Argentina there are schools of both levels in the Independent city of Buenos Aires and the city of Parana (Entre Rios). But its impact in Argentinean pedagogy has been extended by the hundreds of teachers that have been motivated by the central ideas of this proposal and have participated in many ways of reflection and improvement in boarding the logosophical pedagogy.

For many years, different levels from government have been supporting the accomplishment and actions of the Logosófica Foundation.

(Follows a list of several national and international ones, omitted for short, that can be found in the original document referred at the beginning)

The permanent activities of diffusion that are offered to the community are: - Regullar Courses of individual and collective Information Weekly informative presentations Conferences in diverse cultural and social scopes among which, the almost permanent presence in the hall Jorge Luis Borges the National Library, for the International day of Logosophy (11 of August) – Constant Presence in newspapers, radial and television

As much by the force and value of its ideas, as by its proposal of protagonism of people in the improvement of the community, the logosophical thought forms an encouraging message and a concrete route in the present process of repair of the deep social crisis that our society has lived. And the Logosophical Foundation –in pro of Human Improvement-, organization dedicated to the continuous action of diffusion, education and increase of this wisdom, initiated by the clarified vision of the Argentine thinker Carlos B. González Pecotche, deserves the recognition of its disinterested work. And for that reason I ask for to my pairs the approval of the present project of resolution.

PROCEEDING: Deputies - CONSIDERATION And APPROVAL: 08/11/2006 APPROVED — 200.125.35.230 01:52, 28 February 2007 (UTC)J.Dusio

The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jdusio (talk • contribs) 14:55, 25 February 2007 (UTC).

Def: Larousse Editions. Madrid. Spain. 1992
PEQUEÑO LAROUSE ILUSTRADO Larousse Editions. Madrid. Spain. 1992

González Pecotche (Carlos Bernardo), Argentine educator (1901-1963), creator of the doctrine of Logosophy (logosofía).

Logosophy (Logosofía) f. Ethical-philosophical doctrine, held by Argentine educator C. B. González Pecotche, that by means of its own method, conducts man to realize the knowledge of himself and his self improvement through a process of conscious evolution — 200.125.35.230 01:52, 28 February 2007 (UTC)By J.Dusio

The preceding comment was added by Jdusio (talk • contribs) 15:06, 25 February 2007 (UTC).

---Thanks for adding the last two references. I can see they were both translated from Spanish. I changed the word "defended" to "held" ("sustained" might also apply) in the last one because the meaning of "defend" in this context is different from the equivalent word in the original quote in Spanish (in translator's jargon, those two words are "false friends") 72.177.118.252 16:57, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite done
I have made a major rewrite of this article, trying to present it on a neutral form, easier to understand and including several citations, based on the same article edited on the Portuguese Wikipedia. I am open to further suggestions to improve any part of it. --Gtondello (talk) 02:51, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

Heavy on primary sources
This article remains very heavily reliant on primary sources ( González Pecotche's own writings and logosophy institution advertising) rather than scholarly, independent sources that offer both summaries and criticism of logosophy. I'd emphasize the criticism part of that, too; surely if this is a world-wide movement, some criticism has been offered? If so, let's get in the article. Cheers, -- Khazar (talk) 07:39, 15 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Not quite advertising, I do agree it´s quite reliant on primary sources, but we're exaggerating to call it "advertising"... --167.61.83.195 (talk) 04:01, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I have been tracking this article for expansion, but the main issue remains that while there are several secondary sources in Portuguese and Spanish, there are not many (that I know of) in English, French and other languages. I am following the current editing of the article in Spanish and will help with referring/translating existing secondary sources after it is stable. I currently have one main reference by a Sociology professor from University of Boston, Bernard Phillips. He has briefly reviewed Pecotche's ideas on education in one of his books. 75.50.59.26 (talk) 01:34, 25 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Sounds terrific--thanks, Khazar (talk) 01:35, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Logosophy does not fit the Esotericism definition from Wikipedia
A bot seems to have classified this as esoteric content, I request a citation or removal of such categorization. --167.61.83.195 (talk) 04:03, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Agree, please provide citation or remove classification --Akma72 (talk) 22:10, 13 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I got a notification about this classification the other day; I also do not agree with it. --cmendonca 108.253.244.38 (talk) 21:51, 15 February 2017 (UTC)
 * please remove if there is no citation in a day or so, lets just be bold here as wikipedia policy suggests in this cases please --83.244.151.146 (talk) 17:08, 16 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Removed as discussed. I think this talk page needs some cleanup and better arrangement, will see if I can improve as well --179.27.65.250 (talk) 18:29, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for doing it. Where did this classification come from? The editor provided no explanation… maybe just gut feeling?
 * Sometime ago another editor had classified Logosophy as "New Age" (which is the modern version of "Esotericism"). As I showed above in this talk page, this wasn't the case, and later I found it being a kind of Humanism. Why was this ignored? The editor might have avoided this mistake, had he read this talk page, understood that Logosophy is not New Age because its contents are incompatible with it, and that since the classification “New Age” is included under "Esotericism", therefore Logosophy is not Esotericism.
 * On top of that, I do remember reading somewhere that Pecotche explicitly discouraged his students from pursuing those things that are classified under Esotericism in Wikipedia (especially the Paranormal, Occultism and Spiritualism), as they have no scientific basis. I will look for that reference again, it has been a while. --cmendonca 2602:306:CFDF:4260:B021:B726:7934:B204 (talk) 02:26, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Independently from what Pecotche might have said, it would still be from a primary source, which is not as good as a secondary or tertiary source, but better than no source at all like in the case of this edit… in any case, this was properly removed, since the editor needs to provide citations for such classification, particularly if nothing in the article suggests such thing. Regards --Akma72 (talk) 16:04, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I recommend translating the Spanish version of the article into English. It is larger and has plenty of tertiary sources. Taking into account that this philosophy started in Argentina, therefore it is natural to find more tertiary references in Spanish than in English, so translating it would take care of the “Primary sources” advert which does not exist in the Spanish version. --AstorPiazzolla (talk) 19:56, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Logosophy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Humanist League Manifesto

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:45, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Humanist League Manifesto
The article's creator, 24.236.152.155, has been on a spree to hype his "Under Construction" website and some guy (probably himself, but that's speculation). Advertising/non-notable. —Mar·ka·ci: 2005-02-10 04:06 Z
 * Delete. 1 Google hit for title of article, non-notable, POV, advertising.  Quite an obvious delete with this one. --Idont Havaname 04:14, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV, vanity. --bainer 04:35, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Googling around I see that there are some 'humanist leagues' in Europe but I don't get the sense that this site has anything to do with them. It's just an under construction page with one link asking for a donation. --Lee Hunter 04:50, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * A social/political ad/attempt to use Wikipedia as a web host. Delete. Samaritan 04:57, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, almost a cool band name, though. Wyss 20:49, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
María Asunción Aramburuzabala

María Asunción Aramburuzabala Larregui (born 2 May 1963) is a Mexican billionaire businesswoman. She is the chairperson of Tresalia Capital, a venture capital firm. As of March 2022, her net worth is estimated at US$6.2 billion.

Early life
María Asunción Aramburuzabala Larregui was born on 2 May 1963 in Mexico City, Mexico to Pablo Aramburuzabala Ocaranza, a Spanish Basque brewer in Mexico, and Lucrecia Larregui González, a Mexican painter whose father, José Larregui Iriarte, was a Navarrese miller in Mexico. She is the granddaughter of Félix Aramburuzabala Lazcano-Iturburu, a Spanish Basque immigrant who co-founded the Mexican brewery Grupo Modelo in 1925 with his friend and partner Pablo Díez Fernández. Her father was the Executive Vice President of the Grupo Modelo brewery.

Aramburuzabala graduated from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México where she majored in accounting.

Family business
The Mexican brewery, Cervecería Modelo, was founded in 1925 by a group of businessmen, including don Pablo Díez Fernández — who became the company's President, CEO and major stockholder — and Felix Aramburuzabala. Felix's son, Pablo Aramburuzabala, the executive vice president of the brewery, died unexpectedly in 1995 of lung cancer at the age of 63. After his death, several groups tried to gain control of his family's share in Modelo — his wife and two daughters bonded together against these groups.

The family created Tresalia Capital ("tres aliadas" or three allies) in order to diversify the family investments. Through Tresalia, they have made investments in large Mexican companies, as well as the management of private equity, real estate, infrastructure, venture capital, technology and the creation of new companies.

After Grupo Modelo's sale, she reinvested her proceeds into Anheuser-Busch InBev, continuing the family tradition in the beer business.

Wealth
With a net worth estimated at $6.2 billion, she is the sixth-richest person and second-richest woman in Mexico.

In October 2021, she was found to be implicated in the Pandora Papers, which uncovered the offshore hidden wealth of many around the world, in a similar manner as the Panama Papers. According to the Pandora Papers, Aramburuzabala acquired two private jets and transferred at least $40 million through a trust fund located in New Zealand, Sky Chariot Trust.

Personal life
In 1982, she married Paulo Patricio Zapata Navarro. They had two children, and they divorced in 1997.

On 26 February 2005, she married Tony Garza, U.S. ambassador to Mexico, in a small religious ceremony in Mexico City. On 23 April, they had the civil ceremony near Valle de Bravo, west of Mexico City. U.S. First Lady Laura Bush attended. An estimated one-third of the guests were from Texas. The couple divorced in May 2010.

Awards and honors

 * First woman to be inducted into the prestigious IAOP (International Association of Outsourcing Providers)
 * 2004, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, presented by Awards Council member Carlos Slim
 * 2007, Fortune Magazine’s “50 most powerful women in global business”
 * 2009, San Antonio Woman of Achievement
 * 2014, Named One of Mexico’s Most Powerful Women by Forbes

title: María Asunción Aramburuzabala


text:
IGA, Inc.

IGA, Inc., is a franchised chain of grocery stores that operates in more than 41 countries. Unlike chain stores, IGA franchises are independently owned and operated. Many of these stores operate in small-town markets and belong to families that manage them. IGA was founded in the United States as the Independent Grocers Alliance in 1926. The headquarters is in Chicago, Illinois.

United States
IGA was started in May 1926 when a group of 100 independent retailers in Poughkeepsie, New York, and Sharon, Connecticut, led by J. Frank Grimes, organized themselves into a single marketing system. Guidance from the IGA management came in the form of marketing and access to a consistent supply chain. After a few years, the company began making its own canned food brand.

By the end of its first year, the group had expanded to include more than 150 retailers. In 1930, over 8,000 grocery stores were using the IGA name. It now [when?] operates with 5000 different locations worldwide.

As of 2023, there were 763 locations in 38 states and territories in the US. The states with the highest concentration are North Carolina, South Carolina and Kentucky.

William Olsen was the company CEO until 1988, when he was replaced by Thomas Haggai. Haggai retired in 2016.

The company uses the "Hometown Proud Supermarkets" slogan. Today [as of when?], many IGA grocery stores are still located in smaller cities and towns throughout the United States.

The stores in the alliance remain independently owned and operated. The alliance oversees several resources shared among the member stores. These include, most visibly, the IGA store brand products and the logistical network that distributes them. The alliance also provides training and assessment programs and an online advertising platform. It regularly coordinates promotional events and charity fundraising events that benefit store communities.

Canada
In Canada (apart from British Columbia), IGA is a group of independent grocers supplied by Sobeys, which franchises the name. Acquired by Sobeys as part of its purchase of the Oshawa Group Ltd., it now operates primarily in Quebec.

The IGA operations in Atlantic Canada were sold to Loblaw Companies Limited (except for Edmundston, Shediac and Dieppe which runs as IGA-Co-op, previously acquired by Sobeys New Brunswick) and were restructured under its existing brands. The company-owned stores west of Quebec now mainly operate under the Sobeys banner. In Ontario, IGA stores have been converted to the Foodland banner. There are, however, many IGA stores still operating in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, with one opening in Emerald Park, Saskatchewan, in 2016.

IGA Extra locations are larger and carry a wider variety of general merchandise, more akin to the hypermarket model. They include a pharmacy, large bakery, a bank, a bistro, a post office, and a larger selection of food items. IGA Extra launched in the early 2000s to take the place of Sobeys locations in the Quebec City and Montreal areas. In 2015, several Co-op Atlantic stores became IGA stores supplied by Sobeys Quebec after Co-Op decided to exit the grocery store business.

In Quebec, IGA also operates smaller supermarkets. These include Bonichoix and Tradition (a brand introduced in 1999).

In British Columbia except for the towns of Fort Nelson, Chetwynd and Golden, IGA stores (previously Marketplace IGA) are, for the most part, independently owned and are operated by Georgia Main Food Group.

Australia
The IGA brand in Australia is owned by Metcash, an Australian conglomerate retailer and wholesaler. The company supplies groceries, promotional materials, and other things to a large number of locally owned Australian supermarkets, and a few other brands like Foodland and Friendly Grocer. Collectively, they are the fourth biggest competitor in major Australian supermarkets, after Coles, Woolworths and Aldi. There are 1,400 independently owned IGA stores throughout Australia, with most running their own IGA Community Chest, which raises funds to support local communities and charities.

Philippines
Walter Mart Supermarket is the first and only alliance member in the Philippines with 21 locations, mostly in Metro Manila and Luzon - from Gapan, Nueva Ecija in the north to Tanauan, Batangas in the south.

Commonwealth of Dominica
HHV. Whitchurch is the only known company in Dominica that is following the IGA. It has one location in Dominica which is in Roseau. It is located in Old St Box 771 Roseau and is one of the popular supermarkets in the country.

title: IGA, Inc.