text:
Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, of Brayton

Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet (4 September 1829 – 1 July 1906) was an English temperance campaigner and radical, anti-imperialist Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1859 and 1906. He was recognised as the leading humourist in the House of Commons.

Lawson was Member for Carlisle, 1859–65, 1868–85; Cockermouth, 1886–1900; Camborne, 1903–1906; and Cockermouth 1906. He was the son of Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 1st Baronet, of Brayton, who changed his name from Wybergh, and Caroline Graham, daughter of Sir James Graham. He was privately educated at home. He was a founder member of both the National Liberal Club and the Reform League, a prominent member of the Peace Society, and the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade. He was a director of the Maryport and Carlisle Railway and a Justice of the Peace for Cumberland. He was always an enthusiast in the cause of temperance and in 1879 he became president of the United Kingdom Alliance. He was, like his younger brother William, a forward-thinking co-operator and agriculturalist.

Early days
Wilfrid Lawson the son of Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 1st Baronet, of Brayton, was born at Brayton Hall, Aspatria, Cumberland on 4 September 1829. Since the family preferred a simple sporting life, they encouraged their children to enjoy a string of outdoor pursuits, including fishing, shooting, ice skating, cricket and the family obsession, foxhunting. He bought John Peel's pack of hounds after Peel's death and became Master of the Cumberland Foxhounds. From early childhood, he developed an exceptional talent for mimicry and a talent for writing rapid, fluent, and vigorous verse that played so conspicuous a part in the serious correspondence of his mature life.

He received his education at home under the tutorship of John Oswald Jackson, a Congregational minister of some repute. In later life, both Lawson and his celebrated brother William openly declared their lack of formal education. Jackson predominantly taught his pupils Greek and Latin prose, complemented with mathematics, natural sciences, political economy, English and foreign history, with the elements of rhetoric and logic to enhance the curriculum. Lawson also gained a fondness for poetry, in particular the works of Lord Byron, whose lines often adorned his political speeches.

Family
On 13 November 1860, Lawson married Mary, daughter of Joseph Pocklington Senhouse of Netherhall, Maryport, Cumberland. Their union produced eight children; four boys, Wilfrid, Mordaunt, Arthur and Godfrey; and four girls. Ellen, Mabel, Lucy and Josephine. Ellen married Arthur Henry Holland-Hibbert, 3rd Viscount Knutsford (1855–1935), they produced one daughter named Elsie and one son named Thurstan. In 1895, Mabel married Alan de Lancey Curwen of Workington Hall, and they had three children. In 1896, Lucy married Edward Heathcote Thruston of Pennal Tower, Mochgullith, North Wales

In 1909, Josephine married Frederick William Chance, the member of Parliament for the city of Carlisle. Mary's sister, Blanche, married Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale (1831–1916). Blanche was the mother of Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India. Lawson succeeded to the baronetcy and estates upon the death of his father in 1867.

Early political influences
With limited access to his intellectual peers, Lawson received his political convictions from his father and a constant stream of influential household guests. In 1840, the family explored the consequences of adopting free trade and the repeal of the iniquitous Corn Laws. They eagerly digested the speeches of Granby, Disraeli, and the Duke of Richmond on one side and of Cobden, Bright and Villiers on the other, with the caricatured comments of Mr. Punch, to enrich the subject. The Lawsons shared the opinions of radicals, who argued that aristocrats were parasites of the state raising the price of the people's bread as a means of helping the landed interests and to add revenue to the state coffers which could be used for the anti-Christian purposes of corruption and foreign war. In 1843, after attending a series of travelling lectures given by Chalmers and Candlish, they re-enacted the prominent debates relating to the question of Church and State and discussed the Scottish church and its recent schism, when 451 ministers seceded, leaving the Kirk to form the Free Church of Scotland. In 1843, they debated the Rebecca Riots; and after Daniel O'Connell electrified Ireland with his desire to repeal the union they consumed endless hours debating the everlasting Irish Question. In 1848, they contemplated the events surrounding the revolution, when the morning newspapers reported some fresh upheaval, spreading relentlessly across Europe, shaking kingdoms and thrones, causing terrific slaughter in France, provoking Chartist riots in England, and bringing home lessons of deep political importance. Throughout the 1840s, they debated the morality of war, with particular reference to the Afghan and the Chinese Opium Wars. As the wars concluded the question of peace came to the fore. The leaflets of Elihu Burritt' a leading peace campaigner were awaited and absorbed on publication, while another apostle of peace, Henry Richard made a lecturing visit to Brayton. Lawson completed his education by reading The Nonconformist, edited by Edward Miall. Many of these early Whig refrains forged his character and formed his opinions and convictions pushing him along a path that led from romanticism and Evangelicalism to Cobdenism.

Political style
In his lifetime Lawson was one of Britain's most celebrated and popular political figures and yet he was not a pamphleteer or an essayist, nor was he the owner of a newspaper or a periodical like his radical colleagues, Joseph Cowen and Henry Labouchere. His strength of argument came from his unique way of transmitting the spoken word, which seldom lacked qualities of humour or entertainment such that his precise, logical, well-balanced arguments ranked high, when compared to contemporary political orators. Lawson became the chief jester to the House of Commons, where he contributed a rich, racy style to debates, earning him the epithet the "witty baronet". Lawson was a member of innumerable societies and pressure groups, and made many political speeches throughout his life on a wide variety of subjects and related incidents. Today he is widely remembered for his pursuit of the lost cause of temperance reform, when temperance was only one strand of a very complex set of ideas he espoused. Lawson was in fact, the most Cobdenite of the Cobdenites and his contribution to the debate on radical reform, and foreign and colonial policy was significant. In the context of his radical philosophy as a whole, Lawson was a full-blooded radical, whose views covered a wide range and were almost always, very extreme. If the voting habits of an individual Member of Parliament can be used to place that person along the radical spectrum then Lawson belongs on the outer fringes, for it is doubtful if any member of any British political party or of any time in the history of the modern British parliamentary system, has ever voted in as many minority divisions as Lawson.

Entry into politics
After Lord Palmerston dissolved Parliament in 1857, Lawson came forward as a radical to contest the West Cumberland stronghold owned by the Lowther family. The Lawsons were obsessed with the concept of political freedom and since the constituency had for over twenty years been denied the opportunity to select their representative Lawson senior was determined, at personal expense to offer the electorate a choice. Lawson stood as a Little Englander, with a radical programme endorsing the Liberal watchwords, Peace, Retrenchment and Reform. Lawson identified with the Manchester School of politics and consistently advocated their principles, particularly in response to conflict undertaken to promote selfish British interests. Although Lawson, a disappointing third in the poll, lost the election, the Manchester School in the form of Bright, Cobden, Miall, Milner Gibson and Layard all lost their seats.

1859 Carlisle election
After Lord Derby dissolved Parliament in 1859, Lawson was invited to stand with his uncle, Sir James Graham for the Carlisle constituency. Although Graham's address was moderate, he informed his agent, "Lawson and his father sincerely entertain extreme opinions, and may be considered partisans of Mr Bright. Lawson would go the whole length, would pledge himself to the ballot, and would go ahead of me." Lawson concurred; "I may honestly confess I am rather more of a radical than he (Graham)." When questioned on the lengths he would go in lowering the franchise, he replied, "As far as any proposition is likely to be brought into Parliament, which has the least chance of success." When the poll closed Graham stood at its head with 538 votes, Lawson trailed by 22 votes, 40 votes ahead of his Tory rival. As a result, he became a Member of Parliament. Lawson made his maiden speech on 20 March 1860, in a debate relating to the introduction of the Secret Ballot.

1865 Carlisle election
Under normal circumstances Lawson should have returned to the House of Commons in 1865; however, during the previous year he had introduced the Permissive Bill. A Bill so unpopular, he struggled to find a member to second the proposal. Needless to say Lawson lost the division by 294 votes to 37. For suggesting that people had the right to restrict the access of others to the liquor shops, the full weight of public opinion favouring the liberty of the subject, backed by the Tories and brewing industry, rained down upon him. Although Lawson was popular for other reasons, and lost the election by a mere seventeen votes, it prompted The Times newspaper to run an article suggesting that no future sensible constituency would ever return him to the house. However, an opportunity arose for an early return to parliament in July 1866, after Lord Naas, the Conservative member for the small ancient borough of Cockermouth became Chief Secretary of Ireland. When the redistribution of parliamentary seats became an electoral issue Lawson informed his would-be supporters that if elected he would not hesitate to do everything in his power, to support some form of borough disenfranchisement. However, when his defeat became a forlorn conclusion he retired from the contest.

1868 Carlisle election
By openly supporting Gladstone's desire to disestablish the Irish Church Lawson endured the wrath of the Church of England in the form of the Dean of Carlisle, who proclaimed Lawson the greatest radical in all of Europe. To those who accused Lawson of "robbing a poor man of his beer". He retorted, "Far from the truth I am trying to rob the rich man of his prey, out of the plunder he makes, from the homes and happiness of the working men of this country." He also supported the need for a national education policy based upon a secular system with the capacity to accommodate the various religious interests. Nationally the general election produced a landslide Liberal victory with a majority of over one hundred. Lawson returned to parliament at the head of the Carlisle poll.

1874 Carlisle election
As the 1874 general election approached, Lawson had good cause to feel satisfied with the progressive reforms introduced by the outgoing Gladstone government. They had gone some way to pacify Ireland by disestablishing the Irish church and introducing the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870. They had introduced an Education Bill, which Lawson welcomed with a few reservations. They had introduced the Local Government Board Act 1871, which put the supervision of the Poor Law under the Local Government Board. They had repealed the Ecclesiastical Titles Act and abolished the Religious tests in the universities. They had introduced much-needed army reforms, instituted the abolition of the sale of commissions in the army and made peacetime flogging illegal. In foreign affairs they had settled the Alabama Claims by international arbitration to the benefit of the United States; and kept Britain out of the Franco-Prussian War. They had introduced the Secret Ballot notwithstanding the serious opposition from the Tory party. Although parliament had passed the 1872 licensing act, Lawson had failed miserably to enact his Permissive Prohibitory Bill. In 1870, he had without success, introduced a resolution condemning the Opium traffic, which he compared to the problems associated with alcohol: "We go on to this day merrily poisoning the Chinese with opium as we do our own people with alcohol." Lawson also voted in a minority division of two in support of Sir Charles Dilke when heavily censured by parliament after seeking returns relating to the expenditure on the British Royal family. On 2 August 1870, at the time of the Franco-Prussian War, Lawson had opposed Gladstone, who sought parliament's permission to increase the army estimates by £2,000,000 and 20,000 men. Lawson saw the vote as a danger to Britain and represented the first step in a direction away from a policy of non-intervention, war when not a necessity, as he emphasised, a crime and no war was justified unless strictly defensive. Although he threatened to walk through the lobbies unattended he received support from six radicals. During the election, Lawson expressed his opposition to the ongoing Ashanti war which he saw as a continuation of the drive to open out Africa "We are opening out Africa to progress, civilisation and religion. I don't believe in the souls of a few being saved by destroying the bodies of many more out there. I don't believe in civilising and Christianising by the sword." Unlike many of his Liberal colleagues, Lawson was re-elected and would spend the vast majority of his time in the forthcoming parliament opposing Beaconsfieldism and what he saw as unnecessary conflict.

Beaconsfieldism
Lawson began his campaign against Disraeli's imperialist policies by opposing the annexation of the Fiji Islands. He supported Gladstone in his sustained attack on the British government's policy relating to the Eastern question by proposing, although unsuccessfully, Resolutions against the Vote of Credit for £6,000,000 and 20,000 men, and the calling out of the Reserve. He opposed Britain's invasion of Afghanistan, as he explained, on grounds of principle, honour, morality and justice. Between the years 1877 and 1881, Lawson was extremely busy protesting against the British government's imperial policies in South Africa. It began with a sustained attack against the annexation of the Transvaal, which swiftly lead to the Zulu war and the role played by Sir Bartle Frere, the High Commissioner to the Cape Colony, whom Lawson continuously asked parliament to recall. He led a successful opposition, following the death of Prince Louis Napoleon, thus preventing his burial in Westminster Abbey. He also led a successful opposition to the annexation of Basutoland by the Cape colony, thus maintaining the country's eventual independence from South Africa. Lawson summarised Disraeli's policies with the following statement:
 * "at the undertakings into which the Government had gone, the things they had done, or tried to do, or promised to do, or failed to do. They had set themselves up to frighten Russia, protect Turkey, to annex the Transvaal, to reform Asia Minor, to occupy Cyprus, to manipulate Egypt, to invade Zululand, to catch Cetywayo, to smoke out Secocoeine, and to secure a scientific frontier for India. How he asked, had they tried to do these things? They had shifted our Indian troops up and down, moved our fleet backwards and forwards, made secret treaties, sent ultimatums to everybody with whom they had the slightest quarrel, engaged in two cruel and unjust wars and paved the way for any number more."

Egyptian crisis
In 1880, the Carlisle constituency returned Lawson to parliament with an increased majority, while the country as a whole returned a Liberal government led by Gladstone. Lawson supported the claim of the atheist Charles Bradlaugh, who sought religious freedom. In relation to Irish affairs, he supported Gladstone's introduction of the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881, only to oppose the government after Gladstone introduced the Protection of Person and Property Act 1881, which Lawson described as "starting once more on the hopeless, miserable, never-ending attempt to settle the Irish difficulty by force." In January 1881, Lawson became a leading spokesman for the Transvaal Independence Committee, from where he denounced the belligerence before applauding the negotiated settlement to end the First Boer War. The Egyptian crisis followed. The British occupation of Egypt was the most important single act of British foreign policy during Gladstone's second administration and according to many historians has since become one of the classic case studies of the partition of Africa and of late nineteenth-century informal imperialism in general. Lawson's agitation against intervention in Egypt was completely in harmony with his support for the Transvaal Boers in their struggle against British rule; his support for Afghan tribesmen seeking to retain their independence; and his wish to see justice spread to encompass the needs of the Irish people. Underlying all of these policies was an inherent distrust of the concept of empire and a cardinal belief in the traditional assertions of Cobden, that Britain should promote peace, and avoid interference in the political institutions of other nations. In many respects, Egypt was Lawson's defining moment as an anti-imperialist radical. He not only led the agitation but he disagreed with the opinions of many of his radical contemporaries, and colleagues he had and would later stand shoulder to shoulder with in agitating against similar imperialist concerns. For three long years he criticised British diplomats and argued against a government of his own making; against the European bondholders' control of the country; against the bombardment of Alexandria; and against the British armies destruction of the Egyptian force under Ahmed Orabi at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir. He argued against parliament awarding a Vote of Thanks for Britain's military leaders; and in conjunction with Wilfrid Scawen Blunt campaigned for the release of Ahmed Orabi. On one occasion, in a blistering attack on the Government's forward policy, Lawson reminded his colleagues of their probable response had the bombardment occurred under a Conservative and not a Liberal administration.
 * They would have had his right hon. friend the Secretary of State for the Home Department (Sir William Harcourt), (laughter and cheers) stumping the country and denouncing Government by ultimatum. They would have had the noble Marquesss, the Secretary of State for India (Lord Hartington) moving a Resolution condemning the proceeding's taken behind the back of Parliament. (Cheers from the Irish Members.) They would have had the President of the Board of Trade (Joseph Chamberlain) summoning the caucus. (Cheers and laughter.) They would have had the other right hon. Gentleman, the Member for Birmingham, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (John Bright) declaiming in the Town Hall of Birmingham against the wicked Tory Government; and as for the Prime Minister, they all knew there would not have been a railway train, (cheers and laughter) passing a roadside station, that he would not have pulled up to proclaim the doctrine of non-intervention as the duty of the Government. (Laughter and cheers from the Irish Members). It was perfectly abominable to see men whom they respected, whom they believed in, whom they had placed in power, overturning every principle they had professed, carrying out a policy that was abhorrent to every lover of justice and of right.

As quickly as Gladstone began to solve one problem another arrived in the Sudan. In 1881, an obscure tribesman and religious zealot named Muhammad Ahmad, proclaimed himself the Mahdi, who initiated a Jihad against the Egyptian military occupation. After 50,000 Mahdist tribesmen annihilated a 10,000-strong Egyptian army under the command of a reluctant British mercenary, general William Hicks Pasha, the Cabinet fully understood the serious nature of their involvement in Egypt. This resulted in the dispatch of General Charles George Gordon to oversee the evacuation of Khartoum. After supporting a policy of "rescue and retire" Lawson quickly withdrew his support he could find no relationship between what Gladstone described as "a small service to humanity," and the killing of thousands of Arabs. After the death of Gordon, Lawson applauded Gladstone's decision to evacuate Sudan.

West Cumberland
In 1885, after the reduction of the Carlisle seat to one member Lawson decided to contest the Lowther dominated Cockermouth constituency. However, his attitude towards Gladstone's imperialist policies in Egypt had made enemies in his Cockermouth constituency and on 5 December, the newly enfranchised electorate rejected his appeal by a small but decisive margin of ten votes. As a result, Lawson missed the parliamentary debates surrounding Irish home Rule and the subsequent schism of the Liberal party. Lawson was extremely critical of the newly formed Liberal Unionists, particularly in the roles played by Joseph Chamberlain and John Bright. In Lawson's opinion, the turncoats had become the reactionary radical opposition and had placed Britain under the yoke of a Tory administration. He cared little for their names: Liberal Unionists, Dissenting Liberals, Hartingtonians, Chamberlainites, Old Whigs, Randolphians, Tory democrats, Conservatives, Constitutionalists, Ruling Councillors, Knight Harbingers, Union Jacks and Union Jackasses; they were all out and out Tories. Lawson returned to the House of Commons in the election of 1886, one of only three "Home Rulers" to capture a Conservative seat; converting a minority of ten into a majority of over one thousand. In parliament he vehemently opposed Arthur Balfour's coercion measures. He served as President of the second day of the 1887 Co-operative Congress.

The Newcastle programme and the second home rule bill
In October 1891, the Liberal Party held their annual conference in the city of Newcastle, where delegates thrashed out a radical agenda to take them through the next general election, and beyond to the new century. Immediately but reluctantly endorsed by Gladstone, the Newcastle Programme as it became popularly known was a grandiose scheme that enshrined the majority of Lawson's outstanding reforms. Lawson had waited a lifetime for the realisation of these enactments, and boasted: "If the chartists could rise from their graves they would not believe that the Liberal party had absolutely homologated those great reforms." The election issue was no longer simply Home Rule; it was the full Newcastle programme, and Lawson was anxious to settle the Irish question to secure further domestic reforms. Back in parliament Lawson continued to support Gladstone, who introduced his Second Home Rule bill, which, except for a reduced number of Irish members at Westminster mirrored its predecessor. As expected the bill's progress through Parliament was obstructed by the Opposition who emphasised all the inadequacies in the measure, which in turn justified the House of Lords rejecting the bill. In the Commons, the bill passed its third reading on 1 September. However, after four nights of obligatory debate, the Lords rejected the measure by a huge majority of 419 to 41. Lawson was furious, mend them, was not his way, "you only mend a thing you want to keep, and he never wanted to keep the House of Lords, he wanted to end them." After Gladstone's resignation in 1894 Lawson's expectations crumbled.

Boer war
The Cockermouth electorate returned Lawson to parliament in the general election of 1895, where, with a slightly reduced majority he continued to prosecute his anti-war opinions. In 1898, he criticised the government, the Clergy, the newspaper editors and above all, public opinion after a command under General Kitchener slaughtered thousands of Dervish natives at the battle of Omdurman. In 1896 he denounced the Jameson raid and sought answers to questions relating to the role played by the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain. When war came in the form of the Second Boer War, Lawson was unapologetic in his criticism of the British government's policy. He became a prominent Pro-Boer and a member of numerous anti-war organisations including the Stop the War Committee, the League of Liberals Against Aggression and Militarism, and the South Africa Conciliation Committee. On numerous occasions, he voted against, and spoke out against providing finance, sending men, ammunition and supplies, in the vain hope that with sufficient support he could bring down the government and so end the war. However, all his efforts came to nothing and in return he became one of the few pro-Boer politicians to lose his parliamentary seat at the subsequent so-called Khaki election of 1900.

Camborne
Following the death of William Sproston Caine M.P. on 17 March 1903, the Liberal Association of the Camborne Division of Cornwall invited Lawson to stand on their behalf at the forthcoming by-election. They made the offer under peculiarly acceptable conditions, for should he secure the seat, he would be at liberty, when the next election occurred, to return, should he wish, to his old constituency at Cockermouth. Almost immediately after the Cornish electorate returned Lawson with a huge majority, the Cockermouth Liberal Associated selected him to stand as their candidate at the next election. In parliament he continued to prosecute his anti-imperialist, Free Trade and temperance views while at home he began to campaign for the oncoming election. In January 1906 he returned with a majority of almost 600.

Temperance
Although Lawson did not enter the House of Commons on behalf of the Temperance movement he became their chief parliamentary spokesman. In 1863 he spoke in favour of a Bill to introduce the Sunday closing of public houses. Later that year he proposed that "the Laws under which Licences are granted for the sale of Intoxicating Liquors are eminently unsatisfactory and deficient in power to protect the public, and therefore require immediate alteration." After the resolution was heavily defeated he was encouraged to introduce his Permissive Bill. On 8 June, Lawson rose in front of a packed House of Commons to deliver a speech of great ability that filled four pages of Hansard, to move the second reading of the first of several Permissive Bills. A policy that later became known as Local Option and eventually Local Veto, The Bill was fashioned to embody the convictions but not the policy of the United Kingdom Alliance. he did not propose to prohibit the sale of liquor by enactment. The Bill provided that on the application of any district, be that parish, town or borough, the votes of the ratepayers should be cast on the question of whether the trade in alcoholic beverages should exist in that district or not; where a majority of two-thirds of the ratepayers would be required to decide the outcome. The Bill was heavily defeated by a majority of 257. He reintroduced the bill again in 1869, 1870, 1871, 1873, 1874, 1876, 1878, In 1879, he varied his attack on the drink trade by proposing a Resolution in place of the Permissive Bill. Taking the words from a recommendation of the Convocation of the province of Canterbury, he asked that inhabitants of districts, being the persons most interested in the licensing of Public Houses, should themselves have the power of stopping such licensing, if they objected to having the trade forced upon them. In the following year he moved his resolution on two occasions, In the first, he was defeated by a majority of 114 votes, whereas on the second occasion he carried his motion by 26 votes. Although he carried the motion again in 1881 and 1883 with majorities of 42 and 87, Gladstone's government failed to enact the policy.

Death
On 30 June, though feeling tired and weary, Lawson went down to the House to record his vote. From where he returned to No 18, Ovington Square, Knightsbridge, London, went to bed and never rose again. The first part of the funeral arrangements took place at St Margaret's Church, Westminster amidst a large gathering of members of Parliament, family members, personal friends, and representatives of public bodies. The interment of the remains took place at Aspatria churchyard on the following day. The large concourse of people who followed the coffin from Brayton Hall to the churchyard was representative of the political and public life of the county, whilst the temperance organisations represented were of a national character. The inscription on the coffin read:- Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, Born 4 September 1829, Died 1 July 1906.

At the time of his death, Lawson was chiefly known as a pro-Boer, and anti-everything else; a little Englander, a Peace-at-any-price Man, a would-be destroyer of the established church, the House of Lords, the liquor traffic, and several other institutions less robust. He supported payment for Members of parliament, women's suffrage, the construction of a Channel tunnel, the Irish Home Rule movement, opposed coercion in all its manifestations and stoically defended Free Trade whenever a threat appeared. After a long career his successes were few, although in 1892, after an eighteen-year struggle, he did eventually get a majority against the motion for adjourning on the Derby day. Today he is primarily remembered as a Temperance Reformer. Although offered a Privy Councillorship by Henry Campbell-Bannerman he declined.

Memorials
On 21 April 1908, the Earl of Carlisle, unveiled a memorial, designed by Louis Frederick Roslyn, in the form of a drinking fountain surmounted by a bronze group of St. George and the dragon. The monument, financed by public subscription, stands in the town of Aspatria. On the front of the fountain is a portrait of Lawson, inscribed with dates of birth and death. On the right-hand side is a bronze panel representing Temperance, in which is portrayed a young girl offering a traveller a drink of water, drawn from an adjoining well. On the left-hand side a third panel depicts Peace, on which appears a tribesman dressed in savage garb, clasping the hand of friendship held out by a warrior kneeling at the feet of a winged Angel, which crowned by a halo is rising in the background. The fourth panel bears the following inscription:
 * Remember
 * Wilfrid Lawson
 * 2nd Baronet of Brayton & Isel
 * In whose honour this fountain is erected by his many friends and admirers. Beloved for the integrity of his life and the height of his ideals. An example for all time for one who gave himself for others, believing in the brotherhood of man. A lover of truth and mercy, a brave and strenuous advocate of temperance, which sacred cause he championed in the House of Commons for forty years with gay wisdom and perseverance.

On 6 June 1908, the Lawson family installed a stained glass window dedicated to the memory of their late patriarch, in the east end of Aspatria Church. The window is large and beautifully ornate, and symbolises the characters and scene of the last chapter of Revelations.

On 20 July 1909, the members of the United Kingdom Alliance and other Temperance organisations erected a second memorial in the Victoria Embankment Gardens in London, close to Cleopatra's Needle. It was unveiled, amidst continuous interruptions by suffragettes, by the then prime minister, H. H. Asquith, who said:
 * "Sir Wilfrid Lawson was one of the most remarkable and certainly one of the most attractive political characters of the times. He was an apostle not of lost but of gaining causes, content for most of his life to be in the minority, but watching year by year the minority slowly developing into the majority of the future. I doubt very much whether we shall ever see again in our time a combination in one and the same man of such fearlessness and courage, such a passionate love for freedom, such a single minded independence and self devotion, such an enduring and strenuous assiduity in pursuit of the cause once taken up, and never by him to be laid down; such a combination.".

The bronze statue, designed by David McGill, is striking, life-like and shows Lawson, in an attitude of debate. On the front of the pedestal on which it stands is the inscription: – "Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., of Brayton, Cumberland; born September 4th, 1829: Member of Parliament for Carlisle, Cockermouth, Camborne, 1859 1906; president of the United Kingdom Temperance Alliance, 1879 1909." On one side of the pedestal are the words. "A true patriot, a wise and witty orator, a valiant and farseeing reformer, he spent a long life as the courageous champion of righteousness, peace, freedom and temperance." On the other side, the inscription runs. "Erected by his friends and followers in grateful remembrance of his splendid leadership, and of his pure and unworldly life, July 20th, 1909."


text:
Nia Segamain

Nia Segamain, son of Adamair, was, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing his predecessor, Conall Collamrach. Geoffrey Keating says his mother was the presumed woodland goddess Flidais of the Tuatha Dé Danann, whose magic made wild does give milk as freely as domesticated cattle during his reign. He ruled for seven years, until he was killed by Énna Aignech. The Lebor Gabála synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy VIII Physcon in Egypt (145–116 BC). The chronology of Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 226–219 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 320–313 BC. His name means "sister's son or champion of Segamon", and is perhaps related to Segomo, an ancient Gaulish deity equated in Roman times with Mars and Hercules. A slightly more historical Nia Segamain occurs in early Eóganachta pedigrees, and this is sometimes interpreted as evidence for the Gaulish origins of the dynasties.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nia Segamain


text: Category:Heavy machine guns

title: Category:Heavy machine guns


text:
Wilfrid Lawson

Wilfrid Lawson may refer to:

 * Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 1st Baronet, of Isell (c. 1610–1688), MP for Cumberland 1659 and 1660 and Cockermouth 1660–1679
 * Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, of Isell (1664–1704), MP for Cockermouth 1690–1695
 * Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 3rd Baronet, of Isell (1697–1737), MP for Boroughbridge 1718–1722 and Cockermouth 1722–1737
 * Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 4th Baronet (c. 1732–1739)
 * Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 8th Baronet (c. 1707–1762), MP for Cumberland 1761–1762
 * Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 10th Baronet (c. 1764–1806)
 * Wilfrid Lawson (MP for Cockermouth) (c. 1636–? – c. 1679), High Sheriff 1678. Of Brayton
 * Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 1st Baronet, of Brayton (1795–1867)
 * Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, of Brayton (1829–1906), his son, British Liberal Party politician
 * Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 3rd Baronet, of Brayton (1862–1937), his son, also a Liberal Party politician and MP
 * Wilfred Lawson (died 1632) (1545–1632), English MP for Cumberland at various times between 1593 and 1621
 * Wilfrid Lawson (actor) (1900–1966), British character actor

title: Wilfrid Lawson


text:
Énna Aignech

Énna Aignech ("spirited, swift", an epithet usually applied to horses), son of Óengus Tuirmech Temrach, was, according to medieval Irish legend, a High King of Ireland. He took power after killing his predecessor, and relative's killer, Nia Segamain, and ruled for twenty or twenty-eight years, after which he was killed by Crimthann Coscrach, the grandson of the man who had killed Énna's grandfather, in the Battle of Ard Crimthainn. Crimthann was killed by Rudraige mac Sithrigi, the great-grandson of the killer of one of Énna's ancestors. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy VIII Physcon in Egypt (145–116 BC). The chronology of Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign to 219–191 BC, that of the Annals of the Four Masters to 313–293 BC.

title: Énna Aignech


text:
Pied-piping

In linguistics, pied-piping is a phenomenon of syntax whereby a given focused expression brings along an encompassing phrase with it when it is moved.

The term was introduced by John Robert Ross in 1967. It references the legend of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, where a piper lured rats and children away from their town. In syntactic pied-piping, a focused expression (such as an interrogative word) pulls its host phrase with it when it moves to its new position in the sentence. Metaphorically, the focused expression is the piper, and the host phrase is the material being pied-piped.

Pied-piping is an aspect of syntactic discontinuities and has to do with constituents that can or cannot be discontinuous. Pied-piping is most visible in cases of wh-fronting of information questions and relative clauses, but it is not limited to wh-fronting. It can also occur with almost any type of discontinuity, including extraposition, scrambling, and topicalization. Most, if not all, languages that allow discontinuities employ pied-piping to some extent. However, there are significant differences across languages in this area, with some languages using pied-piping much more than others.

Wh-clauses
In English, pied-piping occurs when a wh-expression drags its containing phrase with it to the front of the clause. The pied-piped material can be a noun phrase (NP), an adjective phrase (AP), an adverb phrase (AdvP), or a prepositional phrase (PP).

In the following examples, the focused expression is indicated in bold, and the fronted word/phrase in the (b) and (c) sentences is underlined, with the gap marking its canonical position. The material that has been pied-piped is any underlined material that is not bolded. The (b) sentences show the focused expression pied-piping the target phrase, and the (c) sentences show absence of pied-piping. which is often ungrammatical.

(1) a. She bought that house. b. Which house did she buy ___? c. * Which did she buy ___ house?

(2) a. She is ten years old. b. How old is she ___? c. * How is she ___ old?

(3) a. John left the scene very slowly. b. How slowly did John leave the scene ___? c. * How did John leave the scene ___ slowly?

Pied-piping also occurs in embedded wh-clauses:

(4) a. Sarah likes someone's paper. b. Sam asked whose paper Sarah likes ___. c. *Sam asked whose Sarah likes ___ paper.

In (4), the possessive interrogative whose is contained within a determiner phrase (DP) that also includes paper. Attempting to move who and the possessive 's is syntactically impossible without also moving the possessive's complement, paper. As a result, (4b) is grammatical while (4c) is not because the focused expression has moved without the target phrase.

Relative clauses
Pied-piping is very frequent in relative clauses, where a greater flexibility about what can or must be pied-piped is discernible:

(5) a. He likes stories about hobbits. b. ...hobbits stories about whom he likes ___. c. ...hobbits about whom he likes stories ___. d. ...hobbits whom he likes stories about ___.

In English, the pied-piping mechanism is more flexible in relative clauses than in interrogative clauses, because material can be pied-piped that would be less acceptable in the corresponding interrogative clause.

(6) a. She laughed because of the face you made. b. ? Because of what did she laugh ___? - Pied-piping seems marginally acceptable in this matrix wh-clause. c. *We asked because of what she laughed ___? - Pied-piping is simply bad in this embedded wh-clause. d. ...the face you made because of which she laughed ___ - Pied-piping is possible in this relative clause.

(7) a. Tom likes your picture of Susan. b.?? Your picture of whom does Tom like ___? - Pied-piping seems strongly marginal in this matrix wh-clause. c. *They know your picture of whom Tom likes ___? - Pied-piping is simply bad in this embedded wh-clause. d. ...Susan, your picture of whom Tom likes ___ - Pied-piping is possible in this relative clause.

The (d) examples, where pied-piping has occurred in a relative clause, are acceptable. The corresponding wh-clauses in the (b) and (c) sentences are much less acceptable. This aspect of pied-piping (i.e. that it is more restricted in wh-clauses than in relative clauses in English) is poorly understood, especially in light of the fact that the same contrast in acceptability does not occur in closely related languages such as German.

Pied-piping vs. preposition stranding
Pied-piping is sometimes optional with English prepositions (in, of, on, to, with, etc.). In these flexible cases, preposition phrases can be constructed with a continuous structure (pied-piping) or an alternative discontinuous structure (preposition stranding). When pied-piping occurs, the preposition phrase is continuous, because the preposition follows the focused expression to a new position. In preposition stranding, the preposition phrase is discontinuous because the preposition stays in its original position while the focused expression moves away.

The following examples show cases where either pied-piping or preposition stranding can occur.

(8) a. Fred spoke with Susan. b. With whom did Fred speak ___. c. Who did Fred speak with ___?

(9) a. Fred is waiting for Susan. b. For whom is Fred waiting ___? c. Who is Fred waiting for ___?

Influences on variation
In cases where pied-piping and preposition stranding are interchangeable, both types of constructions are generally considered acceptable by native English speakers. However, prescriptive grammar rules specify that the object of a preposition must immediately follow its governing preposition. Preposition pied-piping is favoured in formal registers of English, such as academic writing and printed text. In comparison, pied-piping is disfavoured in colloquial registers. Speakers tend to prefer preposition stranding instead of pied-piping in informal contexts, such as private dialogue and private correspondence.

In (8) and (9) above, the (b) sentences present a formal register, while a colloquial register is observed in the (c) sentences.

Obligatory pied-piping
Although flexibility between pied-piping and preposition stranding exists, they are not always interchangeable. Pied-piping is mandatory in some cases. This occurs with some antecedent nouns (e.g., way, extent, point, sense, degree, time, moment) and some prepositions (e.g., beyond, during, underneath).

The following examples show cases where pied-piping is mandatory.

(10) a. You wrote this book in that way. b. I like the way in which you wrote this book ___. c. *I like the way which you wrote this book in ___.

(11) a. There is a field beyond the fence. b. The road ends at the fence, beyond which there is a field ___. c. *The road ends at the fence, which there is a field beyond ___.

Pied-piping is obligatory to form a grammatically sound sentence in the above (b) sentences, while absence of pied-piping results in an ungrammatical sentence in the (c) sentences.

Contrastively, pied-piping is not acceptable in some cases. This typically occurs with prepositions that are part of a verb's meaning. For example, pied-piping is not acceptable for phrasal verbs such as look after and some idioms such as get rid of. In these cases, preposition stranding is obligatory.

The following examples show cases where pied-piping is not acceptable.

(12) a. I'm looking after the cat this weekend. b. This is the cat which I'm looking after ___ this weekend. - Preposition stranding is obligatory c. *This is the cat after which I'm looking ___ this weekend.

(13) a. We have to get rid of the rotten apple. b. Where is the rotten apple which we have to get rid of ___? - Preposition stranding is obligatory c. *Where is the rotten apple of which we have to get rid ___? d. *Where is the rotten apple rid of which we have to get ___?

Pied-piping broadly construed
Broadly construed, pied-piping occurs in other types of discontinuities beyond wh-fronting. If one views just part of a topicalized or extraposed phrase as focused, then pied-piping can be construed as occurring with these other types of discontinuities. Assuming that just the bolded words in these examples bear contrastive focus, the rest of the topicalized or extraposed phrase is pied-piped in each (b) sentence of (14) and (15). Similar examples could be produced for scrambling. (14) a. She called his parents, not her parents. b. His parents she called, not her parents. - Topicalization can be construed as involving pied-piping.

(15) a. The student whom I know helped, not the student whom you know. b. The student helped whom I know, not the student whom you know. - Extraposition can be construed as involving pied-piping.

Theoretical approaches to pied-piping
In 1967, Ross defined a number of constraints including the Left Branch Condition. This condition constrains movement of a leftmost NP constituent out of a larger NP. When the leftmost NP moves, pied-piping is necessary in order to ensure that the Left Branch Condition is not violated. At the time, PPs were considered to immediately dominate P and NP, and APs and AdvPs were seen as dominating or being dominated by NPs. Ross' constraints apply to English, but they are not universally applicable to all languages. The fact that pied-piping varies so much across languages is a major challenge facing theories of syntax.

Subjacency Principle
Together with other constraints, the Left Branch Condition was combined into the subjacency condition which governs movement.

The Left Branch Constraint (adjusted): If a DP is the subject of a larger DP, it cannot be moved out of the larger DP.

In English, this constraint applies to possessive determiners, as seen in the sentences in (4). In these sentences, moving only the DP who, or both who and the possessive D 's (to form whose) violates the Left Branch Constraint. To ensure grammaticality, the larger DP must move whereby the interrogative whose pied-pipes the NP complement paper, seen in (4b).

Other approaches
As theories of syntax evolved, linguists have investigated the phenomenon of pied-piping in English and other languages using different syntactic models. Theoretical approaches to pied-piping have included Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Optimality Theory and assumptions from the Minimalist Program, and Word Grammar.

Pied-piping across languages
Pied-piping varies across languages. Languages with relatively strict word order, such as English, tend to employ pied-piping more often than languages that have relatively free word order, such as Slavic languages. The following examples from Russian, Latin, and German illustrate variation in pied-piping across languages.

Unlike in English, a pre-noun modifier in Russian (16) and Latin (17) does not need to pied-pipe the noun that it modifies.

Č′jui ty čitaješ knigu?

whose you read book

Whose book are you reading? (lit. Whose you reading book?) Cuius legis librum?

whose you.read book

Whose book are you reading? (lit. Whose you.reading book?)

When the word order of Russian in (16) and Latin in (17) is maintained in English, the sentences are unacceptable. This is because pre-noun modifiers must pied-pipe their noun in English. This is explained through the Left Branch Condition, as described in the section above. The Left Branch Condition appears to be absent in Russian and Latin.

Another example illustrating variation in pied-piping across languages is from German. In some cases, relative pronouns in German have the option to pied-pipe a governing zu-infinitive when they are fronted. In (18a), the relative pronoun das pied-pipes the zu-infinitive zu lesen 'to read' to the front of the relative clause. Pied-piping does not occur in (18b). Since both variants are acceptable, pied-piping in such cases is optional. Pied-piping in such constellations is impossible in English, as seen by the contrast between the ill-formed (19a) and the well-formed (19b) ).

...das Buch [ das zu lesen ] ich versuchte.

the book which to read I tried

the book that I tried to read ...das Buch [ das ] ich __ zu lesen versuchte.

the book which I {} to read tried

the book that I tried to read

(19) a. *...the book [ to read which ] I tried __ b. the book [ which ] I tried to read __

title: Pied-piping


text:
Cascade College

Cascade College was a private, four-year, liberal arts college associated with the Churches of Christ. Located in Portland, Oregon, United States, it was a branch campus of Oklahoma Christian University. Its mission was to emphasize spiritual growth and career preparation. Oklahoma Christian University closed Cascade at the end of the 2009 academic year due to financial problems.

History
Cascade had been founded as Columbia Christian College in 1956. For several years, Columbia had serious financial difficulties. Partially as a consequence, its regional accreditation was revoked. The school's board sought help from other colleges affiliated with Churches of Christ. Oklahoma Christian University agreed to fund the college as a branch campus. The newly renamed Cascade College opened in Fall 1994 after its acceptance as a branch by Oklahoma Christian University, with 143 students attending the first semester.

As a branch campus of Oklahoma Christian, Cascade College was accredited by The Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and was authorized by the State of Oregon to offer and confer academic degrees. In October 2008, plans were announced to close Cascade, because of financial difficulties, at the end of the 2009 academic year.

Academics
The college offered degree programs in pre-nursing, religion, business, marketing, English, interdisciplinary studies, elementary education, biology, communications and psychology.

Student life
Cascade College had a variety of activities, including service clubs, fraternities, sororities, drama club, psychology club, diversity club, instrumental groups, The Nature Society, Witness, campus ministry, academic clubs, theater and choir opportunities.

Athletics
The Cascade athletic teams were called the Thunderbirds. The college was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Cascade Collegiate Conference (CCC) from 1997–98 to 2008–09. The mascot was the Thunderbird.

Cascade competed in nine intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports included basketball, cross country, soccer and track & field; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, soccer, track & field and volleyball.

Campus
The 11-acre historic Cascade College campus was purchased from Oklahoma Christian University and Cascade Inc. by Columbia Christian Schools in 2012. Warner Pacific College, another Portland area Christian liberal arts college, and former partner with Cascade College, houses several continuing education classrooms and a computer lab.

Controversies
Many questioned the decision to close the college in light of several multimillion-dollar projects which Oklahoma Christian had undertaken in recent years, including the erection of a clock tower estimated to cost $30 million.

title: Cascade College


text:
List of United States military books

Books about the U.S. military or for members of the military.

General

 * Classified Secret-Controlling Air Strikes in the Clandestine War in Laos by Jan Churchill
 * Code Name Bright Light-US POW Rescue Efforts in the Vietnam War by George J. Veith
 * 10,000 Days Of Thunder- A History of the Vietnam War by Philip Caputo
 * Fast Movers-Jet Pilots and the Vietnam Experience by John Darrell Sherwood
 * In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam by (Former Secretary of Defense) Robert S. McNamara
 * Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987-88 by Harold Wise
 * One Shot, One Kill- American Combat Snipers: WWII, Korea, Vietnam, Beirut by Charles W. Sasser/Craig Roberts
 * Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military by Oxford University Press
 * Pathfinder: First In, Last Out by Richard R. Burns
 * REQUIEM: By The Photographers Who Died In Vietnam and Indochina by Random House
 * The Secret War Against Hanoi-Kennedy's and Johnson's use of spies, Saboteurs, and covert warriors in North Vietnam by Richard H. Shultz Jr.
 * Stolen Valor: How The Vietnam Generation Was Robbed Of Its Heroes And Its History by B. G. Burkett and Glenna Whitley
 * Vietnam Firebases, 1965-1973 by Randy E. M. Foster
 * Vietnam Order of Battle by Shelby L. Stanton
 * Where We Were In Vietnam: A Comprehensive Guide To The Firebases, Military Installations, and Naval Vessels Of The Vietnam War, 1945-1975 by Michael P. Kelley

Army

 * A Bright Shining Lie by Neil Sheehan
 * Acceptable Loss-Fighting in Vietnam by Kregg P. Jorgenson
 * American Warrior: A Combat Memoir Of Vietnam by John "Doc" Bahansen Jr.
 * A Soldier Reports by GEN William C. Westmoreland
 * A Hundred Miles of Bad Road by D. W. Birdwell & K. W. Nolan
 * The Army and Vietnam by Andrew F. Krepinevich Jr.
 * Battle For Hue, Tet 1968 by Keith Nolan
 * Bell UH-1 Huey "Slicks" 1962-75 by Chris Bishop
 * Black Hawk Down by Mark Bowden
 * Chickenhawk by Robert Mason
 * Death In The A-Shau Valley, L Company LRRP's Vietnam, 1969-1970 by Larry Chambers
 * Death Valley, Summer Offensive, August 1968 by K. W. Nolan
 * Dispatches by Michael Herr
 * Doc: Platoon Medic by Daniel E. Evans Jr.
 * Dustoff-The Memoir of an Army Aviator by Michael J. Novosel
 * Eyes Behind The Lines-L Company Rangers in Vietnam 1968 by Gary A. Linderer
 * Gunslingers In Action, Cobra-Vietnam by Lou Drendel
 * Hamburger Hill, The Brutal Battle For Dong Ap Bia, May 11–20, 1969 by Samuel Zaffiri
 * House To House-Playing The Enemy's Game, Saigon, May 1968 by Keith W. Nolan
 * If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home by Tim O'Brien
 * In Pharaoh's Army: Memoirs of the Lost War by Tobias Wolff
 * Into Laos, The Story of Lam Son 719/Dewey Canyon II, 1971 by Keith W. Nolan
 * The Killing Zone- My Life In The Vietnam War by Frederick Downs
 * Low Level Hell by Hugh Mills
 * Mounted Combat In Vietnam by GEN Donn A. Starry
 * Recondo: LRRP's In Vietnam by Larry Chambers
 * Ringed in Steel: Armored Cavalry, Vietnam 1967-1968 by Michael D. Mahler
 * RIPCORD(Firebase), Screaming Eagles Under Siege, Vietnam 1970 by K. W. Nolan
 * Rolling Thunder, In A Gentle Land by Andrew Wiest
 * Sappers in the Wire - The Life and Death of FIREBASE MARY ANN by Keith W. Nolan
 * Snake Pilot: Flying The Cobra Attack Helicopter In Vietnam by Randy R. Zahn
 * Six Silent Men- LRRP's In Vietnam by Kenn Miller
 * SOG: The Secret Wars of America's Commandos by John Plaster
 * Tanks in the Wire! - The First Use Of Enemy Armor In Vietnam by David B. Stockwell
 * The 13th Valley, by John M. DelVecchio
 * Tank Sergeant-1/69th Armor, Vietnam by Ralph Zumbro
 * They Marched Into Sunlight: War and Peace, Vietnam and America, October 1967 by David Maraniss
 * Thunderbolt: General Creighton Abrams and the Army of His Time by Lewis Sorley
 * To The Limit- An Air Cavalry Pilot In The Vietnam War by Tom A. Johnson
 * The Tunnels Of Cu Chi by Tom Mangold
 * Through The Valley, Vietnam, 1967-1968 by James F. Humphries
 * US Army AH-1 Cobra Units in Vietnam by Johnathon Bernstein
 * US Infantry, Vietnam by Jim Mesko
 * Vietnam Choppers, Helicopters In Battle 1950-1975 by Simon Dunstan
 * Vietnam Airmobile Warfare Tactics by Bruce B. G. Clarke
 * Westmoreland: A Biography of General William Westmoreland by Samuel Zaffiri
 * We Served In Silence by author Glenn K. Fannin Jr. A Vietnam war novel relating the activities of the Army Security Agency. Recently categorized as Unclassified by the NSA.
 * We Were Soldiers Once… And Young: Ia Drang—The Battle That Changed The War In Vietnam by LTG Harold G. Moore

Navy

 * A-6 Intruders In Vietnam by Jesse Randall
 * AD Skyraider-In Detail & Scale by Bert Kinzey
 * The Bluejacket's Manual by Thomas J. Cutler
 * Brown Water, Black Berets-Coastal and Riverine Warfare In Vietnam by Thomas J. Cutler LCDR USN
 * Confession To A Deaf God- Memoir Of A Mekong River Rat by Gary R. Blinn
 * Crusader! Last of the Gunfighters by Rear Admiral Paul T. Gillcrist
 * Douglas A-1 Skyraider-Warbird Tech V13-Revised by Larry Davis
 * Douglas A-1 Skyraider by Robert F. Dorr
 * Douglas A-4 Skyhawk by Peter Kilduff
 * F-8 Crusader In Detail & Scale by Bert Kinzey
 * F-8 Crusader Units of the Vietnam War by Peter Mersky
 * F-8 Crusader In Action by Jim Sullivan
 * First SEAL, by Lieutenant Commander Roy Boehm & Charles Sasser
 * Fox Two- The Story Of America's First Ace In Vietnam by R. Cunningham/Jeffrey Ethell
 * Gray Ghosts-US Navy and Marine Corps Phantoms by Peter E. Davies
 * In the Shadow of Greatness by USNA Class of 2002
 * Inside the Danger Zone: The U.S. Military in the Persian Gulf 1987-88 by Harold Wise
 * Launch The Intruders: A Naval Attack Squadron In The Vietnam War 1972 by Carol Reardon
 * McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawk By Brad Elward
 * One Perfect Op: An Insider's Account of the Navy SEAL Special Warfare Teams, by Master Chief Dennis "Snake" Chalker & Kevin Dockery
 * On Yankee Station- The Naval Air War Over Vietnam by CDR John B. Nichols
 * Point Man, by Chief James "Patches" Watson & Kevin Dockery
 * The Real Team, By Commander Richard Marcinko & ten SEAL Team 6 veterans
 * Riverine- A Pictorial History of the Brown Water War In Vietnam by Jim Mesko
 * River Rats by Ralph Christopher
 * Rogue Warrior, by Commander Richard Marcinko & John Weisman
 * Stop and Search - A novel of small boat warfare off Vietnam (1969) by W. E. Butterworth
 * Swift Boat Down-The Real Story Of The Sinking Of PCF-19 by James Steffes, ENC Retired
 * The Vietnam Brown Water Navy 1965-1969 by Gordon L. Rottman
 * Topgun Days by Dave "Bio" Baranek
 * Tour of Duty- (Senator) John Kerry and the Vietnam War by Douglas Brinkley
 * Vietnam-The Naval Story by Frank Uhlig Jr.
 * US Navy F-4 Phantom II MIG KILLERS 1972-1973 by Brad Elward/Peter E. Davies
 * US Small Combatants-From PT Boats to the Brown Water Navy by Norman Friedman
 * War On The Rivers-A Swift Boat Sailor's Chronicle Of The Battle For The Mekong Delta by Weymouth D. Symmes

Marine Corps

 * A Sniper In The Arizona, 2/5th Marines in the Arizona Territory 1967 by John J. Culbertson
 * Ambush Valley: I Corps Vietnam 1967-A Marine Battalion's Battle For Survival by Eric Hammel
 * 13 Cent Killers: The 5th Marine Snipers in Vietnam by John Culbertson
 * Basrah, Baghdad, and Beyond: U.S. Marine Corps in the Second Iraq War by N.E. Reynolds
 * Battle Cry, by Leon Uris
 * Bloody Tarawa by Eric Hammel and John E. Lane
 * Boot by Daniel Da Cruz
 * Born on the Fourth of July by Ron Kovic
 * Breakout by Martin Russ
 * The Bridge at Dong Ha by John Grider Miller
 * Chesty: The Story of Lieutenant General Lewis B. Puller, USMC by Jon T. Hoffman
 * Corps Business: The 30 Management Principles of the U.S. Marines by David H. Freedman
 * Dauntless Marine - Joseph Sailer Jr., Dive Bombing Ace of Guadalcanal by Alexander S. White
 * Dear Mom: A Sniper's Vietnam - Joseph T. Ward
 * Devilbirds by John A. De Chant
 * Dog Company Six by Edwin Howard Simmons
 * Expendable Warriors: The Battle For Khe Sanh by Bruce B. G. Clarke
 * Fields of Fire by James Webb
 * First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps by Victor H.Krulak
 * Flags of Our Fathers by James Bradley
 * Flying Leathernecks by Richard G. Hubler & John A. De Chant
 * Fortunate Son: The Autobiography of Lewis B. Puller, Jr. by Lewis Puller Jr.
 * Generation Kill by Evan Wright
 * Gray Ghosts - US Navy and Marine Corps Phantoms by Peter E. Davies
 * Guadalcanal - The Definitive Account of the Landmark battle by Richard B. Frank
 * Guidebook for Marines, by the staff of the Marine Corps Association
 * HOGs in the Shadows - Combat Stories from Marine Snipers in Iraq by Milo S. Afong
 * History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II by Robert Sherrod
 * Hill 488 by Ray Hildreth/Charles W. Sassar
 * Hold High the Torch - A History of the 4th Marines by Kenneth W. Conduit & Edwin T. Turnbladh
 * "I'm Staying with My Boys..." The Heroic Life of Sgt. John Basilone, USMC by Jim Proser
 * In the Shadow of Greatness by USNA Class of 2002
 * Images of America - Camp Pendleton by Thomas O'Hara
 * Iwo Jima - Portraits of a Battle by Eric Hammel
 * Jarhead: A Marine's Chronicle of the Gulf War and Other Battles by Anthony Swofford
 * The Journal of Patrick Seamus Flaherty: United States Marine Corps, Khe Sanh 1968 by Ellen Emerson White
 * Making the Corps, by Thomas E. Ricks
 * Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit by Tom Clancy
 * Marine Fighting Squadron Nine (VF-9M) by Jess C. Barrow
 * Marine Rifleman: Forty-Three Years in the Corps by Wesley Fox
 * The Marine Officer's Guide by Kenneth W. Estes
 * Marine Sniper - 93 Confirmed Kills-Carlos Hathcock, Vietnam by Charles W. Henderson
 * Mongoose in the Sand by Ron Godby
 * No Bended Knee : The Battle for Guadalcanal by Merrill B. Twining, Neil G. Carey (Editor)
 * No True Glory: a Frontline Account of the Battle of Fallujah, by Bing West
 * One Bullet Away: The Making of a Marine Officer by Nathaniel C. Fick
 * Operation Buffalo: USMC Fight for the DMZ by Keith William Nolan
 * Operation Tuscaloosa-2/5th Marines at An Hon, 1967 by John J. Culbertson
 * Phase Line GREEN, The Battle For Hue, 1968 by Nicholas Warr
 * A Rumor Of War-Marines In Vietnam by Philip Caputo
 * Semper Fi in the Sky - The Marine Air Battles of World War II by Gerald Astor
 * Semper Fidelis - The History of the United States Marine Corps by Allan Millett
 * Semper Fi: Vietnam by Edward F. Murphy
 * Stay off the Skyline - The Sixth Marine Division on Okinawa by Laura Homan Lacey
 * The Highway War - A Marine Company Commander in Iraq by Seth Folsom
 * The March Up: Taking Baghdad with the 1st Marine Division by Ray L. Smith & Bing West
 * The U.S. Marine Corps Story by J. Robert Moskin
 * The U.S. Marine Corps: An Illustrated History by Merrill L. Bartlett
 * The Village by Bing West
 * Uncommon Men: The Sergeants Major of the Marine Corps by Alfred M. Gray
 * United States Marine Corps Air Stations of World War II by M.L. Shettle
 * United States Marine Corps Aviation Squadron Lineage, Insignia and History Volume 1 by Michael J. Crowler
 * U.S. Marine Corps Aviation - 1912 to Present by Peter Mersky
 * U.S. Marine Corps Aviation Unit Insignia 1941 - 1946 by Jeff Millstein
 * USMC: A Complete History by Jon T. Hoffman
 * US Marines In Vietnam 1965-1973 by Charles D. Melson
 * US Marine Corps Tank Crewman 1965-1970 Vietnam by Oscar Gilbert
 * The Walking Dead: A Marine's Story of Vietnam by Charles W. Sasser/Craig Roberts
 * The War That Would Not End-US Marines In Vietnam by Charles D. Melson
 * Warlord - No Better Friend, No Worse Enemy - Ilario Pantano
 * Warrior Culture of the U.S. Marines by Marion F. Sturkey
 * Shoulder to Shoulder with the Marines Who Took Fallujah by Patrick K. O'Donnell
 * With the Old Breed by E.B. Sledge

Air Force

 * Aces and Aerial Victories-USAF In Southeast Asia 1965-1973 by R. Frank Futrell
 * Air War Hanoi by Robert F. Dorr
 * A Code To Keep by Ernie Brace
 * And Kill Migs by Lou Drendel
 * Bury Us Upside Down- The Misty Pilots And The Secret Battle For The Ho Chi Minh Trail by Rick Newman
 * Clashes-Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965-1972 by Marshall L. Michel
 * Code Of Honor by Lt Col John A. Dramesi
 * Check Six- A Fighter Pilot Looks Back by Maj Gen F. C. Blesse
 * Convair F-102 Delta Dagger-A Photo Chronicle by Wayne Mutza
 * Development and Employment of Fixed-wing Gunships 1962-1972 by Frederick Shaw/Timothy Warnock
 * The Eleven Days of Christmas: America's Last Vietnam Battle (B-52's Maximum Effort) by Marshall L. Michael
 * First In, Last Out: Stories By The Wild Weasels In Vietnam by Edward T. Rock
 * F-4C, F-4D, & RF-4C Phantom II In Detail & Scale by Bert Kinzey
 * F-100 Super Sabre: In Action by Larry Davis
 * F-105 Thunderchief: Walk Around by Ken Neubeck
 * F-105 Thunderchief: In Action by Ken Neubeck
 * Hit My Smoke! Forward Air Controllers in Southeast Asia by Jan Churchill
 * Journey Into Darkness-The Story of a (F-104) Starfighter Pilot in Vietnam by Col Philip E. Smith/Peggy Herz
 * The Linebacker Raids-The Bombing of North Vietnam, 1972 by John T. Smith
 * Linebacker II - A Strategic and Tactical Case Study by Lt Col Leonard D. G. Teixeira
 * Lockheed F-104 Starfighter by Jim Upton
 * Lockheed F-104 Starfighter by Martin Bowman
 * Lockheed SR-71-The Secret Missions Exposed by Paul F. Crickmore
 * Lockheed's SR-71 "BlackBird" Family, A-12, F-12, D-21, SR-71 by James C. Goodall
 * Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird by Steve Pace
 * Lockheed U-2 Dragon Lady by Dennis Jenkins
 * The Lovable One-Niner- A Complete History of the Cessna L-19 Bird Dog by Minard D. Thompson
 * McDonnell Douglas F-4 Gun Nosed Phantoms by Kris Hughes, Walter Dranem
 * Magic 100- An F-105 Fighter Pilot's 100 Combat Missions In Vietnam by Brig Gen Al Lenski
 * Martin B-57 Canberra- The Complete Record by Robert C. Mikesh
 * McDonnell F-101 Voodoo by Robert F. Dorr
 * 100 Missions North by Kenneth H. Bell
 * North American F-100 Super Sabre by Peter E. Davies
 * North American F-100 Supersabre by David A. Anderton
 * Once a Fighter Pilot by Brig Gen Jerry W. Cook
 * One Day Too Long-Top Secret Site 85 and the Bombing of North Vietnam by Timothy N. Castle
 * One Day in a Long War. May 10, 1972, Air War, North Vietnam by Jeffrey Ethell
 * Over The Beach-The Air War In Vietnam by Zalin Grant
 * Palace Cobra-A Fighter Pilot In The Vietnam Air War by Ed Rasimus
 * Pak Six-A Story of the War in the Skies of North Vietnam by Gene I. Basel
 * The Phantom Story by Anthony M. Thornborough and Peter E. Davies
 * The Rescue of BAT-21 by Darrel D. Whitcomb
 * Republic F-105 Thunderchief by David Anderton
 * Republic F-105 Thunderchief by Larry Davis/David Menard
 * Rolling Thunder by John T. Smith
 * Roll Call: Thud-A photographic Record of the F-105 Thunderchief by J. M. Campbell/M. Hill
 * SAC Tanker Operations in the Southeast Asia War by Charles K. Hopkins
 * SR-71 Blackbird: Stories, Tales, and Legends by Rich Graham
 * SR-71 Revealed: The Inside Story by Rich Graham
 * Thunderchief: The Right Stuff and How Fighter Pilots Get It by Don Henry
 * Thud Ridge- F-105 Thunderchief Missions Over Vietnam by Jack Broughton
 * USAF F-4 Phantom II MIG KILLERS 1965-1968 by Peter E. Davies
 * Walk Around: SR-71 Blackbird by James C. Goodall
 * When Thunder Rolled-An F-105 Pilot Over North Vietnam by Ed Rasimus
 * Wild Weasel- The SAM Suppression Story by Larry Davis
 * Wolfpack-Hunting MiG's Over North Vietnam by Jerry Scutts
 * War For The Hell Of It: A Fighter Pilot's View Of Vietnam by Ed Cobleigh
 * Yeager: An Autobiography by Brig Gen Chuck Yeager

title: List of United States military books


text:
EHealth

eHealth describes healthcare services which are supported by digital processes, communication or technology such as electronic prescribing, Telehealth, or Electronic Health Records (EHRs). The use of electronic processes in healthcare dated back to at least the 1990s. Usage of the term varies as it covers not just "Internet medicine" as it was conceived during that time, but also "virtually everything related to computers and medicine". A study in 2005 found 51 unique definitions. Some argue that it is interchangeable with health informatics with a broad definition covering electronic/digital processes in health while others use it in the narrower sense of healthcare practice using the Internet. It can also include health applications and links on mobile phones, referred to as mHealth or m-Health. Key components of eHealth include electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, health information exchange, mobile health applications, wearable devices, and online health information. These technologies enable healthcare providers, patients, and other stakeholders to access, manage, and exchange health information more effectively, leading to improved communication, decision-making, and overall healthcare outcomes.

Types
The term can encompass a range of services or systems that are at the edge of medicine/healthcare and information technology, including:

 * Electronic health record: enabling the communication of patient data between different healthcare professionals (GPs, specialists etc.);
 * Computerized physician order entry: a means of requesting diagnostic tests and treatments electronically and receiving the results
 * ePrescribing: access to prescribing options, printing prescriptions to patients and sometimes electronic transmission of prescriptions from doctors to pharmacists
 * Clinical decision support system: providing information electronically about protocols and standards for healthcare professionals to use in diagnosing and treating patients
 * Telemedicine: physical and psychological diagnosis and treatments at a distance, including telemonitoring of patients functions and videoconferencing;
 * Telerehabilitation: providing rehabilitation services over a distance through telecommunications.
 * Telesurgery: use robots and wireless communication to perform surgery remotely.
 * Teledentistry: exchange clinical information and images over a distance.
 * Consumer health informatics: use of electronic resources on medical topics by healthy individuals or patients;
 * Health knowledge management: e.g. in an overview of latest medical journals, best practice guidelines or epidemiological tracking (examples include physician resources such as Medscape and MDLinx);
 * Virtual healthcare teams: consisting of healthcare professionals who collaborate and share information on patients through digital equipment (for transmural care)
 * mHealth or m-Health: includes the use of mobile devices in collecting aggregate and patient-level health data, providing healthcare information to practitioners, researchers, and patients, real-time monitoring of patient vitals, and direct provision of care (via mobile telemedicine);
 * Medical research using grids: powerful computing and data management capabilities to handle large amounts of heterogeneous data.
 * Health informatics / healthcare information systems: also often refer to software solutions for appointment scheduling, patient data management, work schedule management and other administrative tasks surrounding health. There can be integrated data collection platforms for devices and standards and require extended research.
 * Internet Based Sources for Public Health Surveillance (Infoveillance).

Contested Definition
Several authors have noted the variable usage in the term; from being specific to the use of the Internet in healthcare to being generally around any use of computers in healthcare. Various authors have considered the evolution of the term and its usage and how this maps to changes in health informatics and healthcare generally. Oh et al., in a 2005 systematic review of the term's usage, offered the definition of eHealth as a set of technological themes in health today, more specifically based on commerce, activities, stakeholders, outcomes, locations, or perspectives. One thing that all sources seem to agree on is that e-health initiatives do not originate with the patient, though the patient may be a member of a patient organization that seeks to do this, as in the e-Patient movement.

eHealth literacy
eHealth literacy is defined as "the ability to seek, find, understand and appraise health information from electronic sources and apply knowledge gained to addressing or solving a health problem." According to this definition, eHealth literacy encompasses six types of literacy: traditional (literacy and numeracy), information, media, health, computer, and scientific. Of these, media and computer literacies are unique to the Internet context, with eHealth media literacy being the awareness of media bias or perspective, the ability to discern both explicit and implicit meaning from media messages, and to derive meaning from media messages. The literature includes other definitions of perceived media capability or efficacy, but these were not specific to health information on the Internet. Having the composite skills of eHealth literacy allows health consumers to achieve positive outcomes from using the Internet for health purposes. eHealth literacy has the potential to both protect consumers from harm and empower them to fully participate in informed health-related decision making. People with high levels of eHealth literacy are also more aware of the risk of encountering unreliable information on the Internet On the other hand, the extension of digital resources to the health domain in the form of eHealth literacy can also create new gaps between health consumers. eHealth literacy hinges not on the mere access to technology, but rather on the skill to apply the accessed knowledge. The efficiency of eHealth also heavily relies on the efficiency and ease of use regarding technology being used by the patient. A high understanding of technology will not overcome the obstacles of overcomplicated technology being used by patients that are physically and mentally hindered.

The population of elderly people surpassed the number of children for the first time in history in 2018. A more multi-faceted approach is necessary for this age group, because they are more susceptible to chronic disease, contraindications of medication, and other age-related setbacks like forgetfulness. Ehealth offers services that can be very helpful for all of these scenarios, making an elderly patient's quality of life substantially better with proper use.

Data exchange
One of the factors blocking the use of e-health tools from widespread acceptance is the concern about privacy issues regarding patient records, most specifically the EPR (Electronic patient record). This main concern has to do with the confidentiality of the data. There is also concern about non-confidential data. Each medical practice has its own jargon and diagnostic tools, so to standardize the exchange of information, various coding schemes may be used in combination with international medical standards. Systems that deal with these transfers are often referred to as Health Information Exchange (HIE). Of the forms of e-health already mentioned, there are roughly two types; front-end data exchange and back-end exchange.

Front-end exchange typically involves the patient, while back-end exchange does not. A common example of a rather simple front-end exchange is a patient sending a photo taken by mobile phone of a healing wound and sending it via email to the family doctor for control. Such an action may avoid the cost of an expensive visit to the hospital.

A common example of a back-end exchange is when a patient on vacation visits a doctor who then may request access to the patient's health records, such as medicine prescriptions, x-ray photographs, or blood test results. Such an action may reveal allergies or other prior conditions that are relevant to the visit.

Thesaurus
Successful e-health initiatives such as e-Diabetes have shown that for data exchange to be facilitated either at the front-end or the back-end, a common thesaurus is needed for terms of reference. Various medical practices in chronic patient care (such as for diabetic patients) already have a well defined set of terms and actions, which makes standard communication exchange easier, whether the exchange is initiated by the patient or the caregiver.

In general, explanatory diagnostic information (such as the standard ICD-10) may be exchanged insecurely, and private information (such as personal information from the patient) must be secured. E-health manages both flows of information, while ensuring the quality of the data exchange.

Early adopters
Patients living with long term conditions (also called chronic conditions) over time often acquire a high level of knowledge about the processes involved in their own care, and often develop a routine in coping with their condition. For these types of routine patients, front-end e-health solutions tend to be relatively easy to implement.

E-mental health
E-mental health is frequently used to refer to internet based interventions and support for mental health conditions. However, it can also refer to the use of information and communication technologies that also includes the use of social media, landline and mobile phones. E-mental health services can include information; peer support services, computer and internet based programs, virtual applications and games as well as real time interaction with trained clinicians. Programs can also be delivered using telephones and interactive voice response (IVR).

Mental disorders includes a range of conditions such as alcohol and drug use disorders, mood disorders such as depression, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, delusional disorders such as schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. The majority of e-mental health interventions have focused on the treatment of depression and anxiety. There are also E-mental health programs available for other interventions such as smoking cessation, gambling, and post-disaster mental health.

Advantages and disadvantages
E-mental health has a number of advantages such as being low cost, easily accessible and providing anonymity to users. However, there are also a number of disadvantages such as concerns regarding treatment credibility, user privacy and confidentiality. Online security involves the implementation of appropriate safeguards to protect user privacy and confidentiality. This includes appropriate collection and handling of user data, the protection of data from unauthorized access and modification and the safe storage of data. Technical difficulties are another potential disadvantage. With almost all forms of technology, there will be unintended difficulties or malfunctions, which doesn't exclude tablets, computers, and wireless medical devices. Ehealth is also very dependent on the patient having functional Wi-Fi, which can be an issue that cannot be fixed without an expert.

E-mental health has been gaining momentum in the academic research as well as practical arenas in a wide variety of disciplines such as psychology, clinical social work, family and marriage therapy, and mental health counseling. Testifying to this momentum, the E-Mental Health movement has its own international organization, the International Society for Mental Health Online. However, e-Mental health implementation into clinical practice and healthcare systems remains limited and fragmented.

Programs
There are at least five programs currently available to treat anxiety and depression. Several programs have been identified by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence as cost effective for use in primary care. These include Fearfighter, a text based cognitive behavioral therapy program to treat people with phobias, and Beating the Blues, an interactive text, cartoon and video CBT program for anxiety and depression. Two programs have been supported for use in primary care by the Australian Government. The first is Anxiety Online, a text based program for the anxiety, depressive and eating disorders, and the second is THIS WAY UP, a set of interactive text, cartoon and video programs for the anxiety and depressive disorders. Another is iFightDepression a multilingual, free to use, web-based tool for self-management of less severe forms of depression, for use under guidance of a GP or psychotherapist.

There are a number of online programs relating to smoking cessation. QuitCoach is a personalised quit plan based on the users response to questions regarding giving up smoking and tailored individually each time the user logs into the site. Freedom From Smoking takes users through lessons that are grouped into modules that provide information and assignments to complete. The modules guide participants through steps such as preparing to quit smoking, stopping smoking and preventing relapse.

Other internet programs have been developed specifically as part of research into treatment for specific disorders. For example, an online self-directed therapy for problem gambling was developed to specifically test this as a method of treatment. All participants were given access to a website. The treatment group was provided with behavioural and cognitive strategies to reduce or quit gambling. This was presented in the form of a workbook which encouraged participants to self-monitor their gambling by maintaining an online log of gambling and gambling urges. Participants could also use a smartphone application to collect self-monitoring information. Finally participants could also choose to receive motivational email or text reminders of their progress and goals.

An internet based intervention was also developed for use after Hurricane Ike in 2009. During this study, 1,249 disaster-affected adults were randomly recruited to take part in the intervention. Participants were given a structured interview then invited to access the web intervention using a unique password. Access to the website was provided for a four-month period. As participants accessed the site they were randomly assigned to either the intervention. those assigned to the intervention were provided with modules consisting of information regarding effective coping strategies to manage mental health and health risk behaviour.

eHealth programs have been found to be effective in treating borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Cybermedicine
Cybermedicine is the use of the Internet to deliver medical services, such as medical consultations and drug prescriptions. It is the successor to telemedicine, wherein doctors would consult and treat patients remotely via telephone or fax.

Cybermedicine is already being used in small projects where images are transmitted from a primary care setting to a medical specialist, who comments on the case and suggests which intervention might benefit the patient. A field that lends itself to this approach is dermatology, where images of an eruption are communicated to a hospital specialist who determines if referral is necessary.

The field has also expanded to include online "ask the doctor" services that allow patients direct, paid access to consultations (with varying degrees of depth) with medical professionals (examples include Bundoo.com, Teladoc, and Ask The Doctor).

A Cyber Doctor, known in the UK as a Cyber Physician, is a medical professional who does consultation via the internet, treating virtual patients, who may never meet face to face. This is a new area of medicine which has been utilized by the armed forces and teaching hospitals offering online consultation to patients before making their decision to travel for unique medical treatment only offered at a particular medical facility.

Self-monitoring healthcare devices
Self-monitoring is the use of sensors or tools which are readily available to the general public to track and record personal data. The sensors are usually wearable devices and the tools are digitally available through mobile device applications. Self-monitoring devices were created for the purpose of allowing personal data to be instantly available to the individual to be analyzed. As of now, fitness and health monitoring are the most popular applications for self-monitoring devices. The biggest benefit to self-monitoring devices is the elimination of the necessity for third party hospitals to run tests, which are both expensive and lengthy. These devices are an important advancement in the field of personal health management. Self-monitoring healthcare devices exist in many forms. An example is the Nike+ FuelBand, which is a modified version of the original pedometer. This device is wearable on the wrist and allows one to set a personal goal for a daily energy burn. It records the calories burned and the number of steps taken for each day while simultaneously functioning as a watch. To add to the ease of the user interface, it includes both numeric and visual indicators of whether or not the individual has achieved his or her daily goal. Finally, it is also synced to an iPhone app which allows for tracking and sharing of personal record and achievements.

Other monitoring devices have more medical relevance. A well-known device of this type is the blood glucose monitor. The use of this device is restricted to diabetic patients and allows users to measure the blood glucose levels in their body. It is extremely quantitative and the results are available instantaneously. However, this device is not as independent of a self-monitoring device as the Nike+ Fuelband because it requires some patient education before use. One needs to be able to make connections between the levels of glucose and the effect of diet and exercise. In addition, the users must also understand how the treatment should be adjusted based on the results. In other words, the results are not just static measurements.

The demand for self-monitoring health devices is skyrocketing, as wireless health technologies have become especially popular in the last few years. In fact, it is expected that by 2016, self-monitoring health devices will account for 80% of wireless medical devices. The key selling point for these devices is the mobility of information for consumers. The accessibility of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets has increased significantly within the past decade. This has made it easier for users to access real-time information in a number of peripheral devices.

There are still many future improvements for self-monitoring healthcare devices. Although most of these wearable devices have been excellent at providing direct data to the individual user, the biggest task which remains at hand is how to effectively use this data. Although the blood glucose monitor allows the user to take action based on the results, measurements such as the pulse rate, EKG signals, and calories do not necessarily serve to actively guide an individual's personal healthcare management. Consumers are interested in qualitative feedback in addition to the quantitative measurements recorded by the devices.

eHealth During COVID-19
The pandemic that impacted the entire world made it extremely difficult for vast amounts of people to receive adequate healthcare in person. Elderly citizens and people with chronic health conditions were at more risk than the average healthy human, therefore they were more adversely affected than most. The switch from in-person to telehealth appointments and interventions was necessary to reduce the risks of spreading and/or contracting the disease. The forced use of telehealth during the pandemic highlighted its strengths and weaknesses, which accelerated the progression of this medium. The user feedback on eHealth during the COVID-19 pandemic was very positive, and consequently many patients and healthcare providers reported that they will continue to use this method of healthcare following the pandemic.

In developing countries
eHealth in general, and telemedicine in particular, is a vital resource to remote regions of emerging and developing countries but is often difficult to establish because of the lack of communications infrastructure. For example, in Benin, hospitals often can become inaccessible due to flooding during the rainy season and across Africa, the low population density, along with severe weather conditions and the difficult financial situation in many African states, has meant that the majority of the African people are badly disadvantaged in medical care. In many regions there is not only a significant lack of facilities and trained health professionals, but also no access to eHealth because there is also no internet access in remote villages, or even a reliable electricity supply.

Approximately 13 percent of people who live in Kenya have health insurance. A majority of the total health expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa was paid out-of-pocket, which forces millions into poverty yearly. A Kenyan service by the name of M-PESA may offer a solution to this problem. This mobile platform provides full transparency of patients needs and allows access to medical products and the ability to efficiently manage their funding.

Internet connectivity, and the benefits of eHealth, can be brought to these regions using satellite broadband technology, and satellite is often the only solution where terrestrial access may be limited, or poor quality, and one that can provide a fast connection over a vast coverage area.

Evaluation
While eHealth has become an indispensable facet of healthcare in the past 5 years, there are still barriers preventing it from reaching its full potential. Knowledge of the socio-economic performance of eHealth is limited, and findings from evaluations are often challenging to transfer to other settings. Socio-economic evaluations of some narrow types of mHealth can rely on health economic methodologies, but larger scale eHealth may have too many variables, and tortuous, intangible cause and effect links may need a wider approach. There are no international guidelines for the usage of eHealth due to many variables such as ignorance on the matter, infrastructure issues, quality of healthcare professionals and lack of healthcare plans. It should also be stated that the effectiveness of eHealth is also dependent on the patient's condition. Some researchers believe that online healthcare may be most efficient as a supplement to in-person care.

title: EHealth


text:
Madame Du Barry (1934 film)

Madame DuBarry is a 1934 American historical film directed by William Dieterle and starring Dolores del Río, Reginald Owen, Victor Jory and Osgood Perkins. The film portrays the life of Madame Du Barry, the last mistress of King Louis XV of France. While this film does not serve accuracy to Madame Du Barry, it does feature antiques and jewelry that came from the actual days when Madame Du Barry lived. This film was being edited just as the Hollywood Production Code was gaining real power, and faced many problems with censors of the time. A May 27, 1934, New York Times column, “Studio Activities on the Western Front”, focusing on the “cracking down” of censors noted that a reel and a half had already been cut from the film, including a bedroom scene.

Plot
Louis XV, the pleasure-loving King of France in the mid-eighteenth century, is nearing 60, and, his wife and his important and beloved former mistress Madame de Pompadour both being gone, he yearns for a new woman companion who would treat him as a man rather than as a favour-dispensing king. He fails to find such a woman at the Deer Park, a "school" for ladies in waiting— and would-be royal mistresses— set up in memory of Madame de Pompadour. However, one of his courtiers, the Duc de Richelieu, knows (as a lover or customer, it is strongly suggested) a young woman of the people, Jeanne du Barry, who is an exuberant, free-spirited soul with no agenda except having a good time. He introduces her to Louis, and she makes a hit. She moves into Versailles, where Louis showers her with extravagant gifts, and she keeps him fascinated with changing moods and challenges. Early in their relationship, she demands a sleigh ride with Louis in the summer, and Lebel, the palace steward, has to arrange this by buying all the sugar in Paris to put under the sleigh runners.

Du Barry and Louis have unalloyed fun for a while, but Louis's three grown daughters and their friend the Duchesse de Granmont are scandalized and join with the Prime Minister, Choiseul, to try to freeze her out of court. Richelieu's nephew, the upright official the Duc d'Aiguillon, rebukes Louis and Du Barry for ruining France with their extravagance, and opposes a war with England Choiseul wants to start. When Choiseul spoils Du Barry's formal court presentation by having her dress and wig stolen and the tipsy noblewoman who was to present her abducted, she shows up at the court gathering in her nightgown, and Louis storms out but then turns and beckons her to follow. Du Barry takes revenge on Choiseul by charming him, promising him a reward and luring him into a compromising situation where Louis catches him seemingly trying to take liberties with her. Louis fires Choiseul and makes D’Aiguillon Prime Minister, and the war with England is averted, to the bemusement of the English ambassador at the trivial cause of so major a result.

Louis’ slow, pedantic grandson and heir, Louis the Dauphin, is betrothed to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette, and Du Barry is among those who drive to the frontier with Louis and the Dauphin to receive her. Marie Antoinette snubs her, which she takes with good humour. After an elaborate wedding party that ends in a thunderstorm, the Dauphin spends his wedding night lecturing Marie Antoinette on the causes of the weather instead of comforting her. Louis asks Du Barry to talk to him about the facts of life for the sake of France; Marie Antoinette and her new allies, Louis’ sisters and the Duchesse de Granmont, are furious when they find Du Barry and the Dauphin behind a closed door, though nothing has happened. As they all shout at each other, Louis collapses.

Du Barry gathers his favourite field flowers and makes her way to his deathbed as his family and the doctors abandon it. They share some happy memories, and he dies. Du Barry is packing to leave when word comes that she is to be deprived of the castle Louis gave her and imprisoned in another chateau. She bids a mocking farewell to Marie Antoinette and the Dauphin, now Louis XVI, and goes off between two officers, ruefully singing the trivial little song she sang to Louis throughout their relationship.

Cast

 * Dolores del Río as Madame Du Barry
 * Reginald Owen as Louis XV
 * Victor Jory as Duc Armand d'Aiguillon
 * Osgood Perkins as Duc de Richelieu
 * Verree Teasdale as Duchess de Granmont
 * Ferdinand Gottschalk as Lebel
 * Anita Louise as Marie Antoinette
 * Maynard Holmes as The Dauphin
 * Henry O'Neill as Duc de Choiseul
 * Hobart Cavanaugh as Professor de la Vauguyon
 * Halliwell Hobbes as English Ambassador
 * Arthur Treacher as Andre
 * Jesse Scott as Zamore
 * Robert Greig as The King's Chef (uncredited)
 * Edward LeSaint as Doctor (uncredited)
 * Leo White as Wig Man (uncredited)

Reception
In his October 25, 1934, review of this “ handsomely lacquered historical photoplay”, New York Times critic Andre Sennwald observed that “In the decorative and brunette person of Dolores Del Rio, la comtesse possesses all the visual glamour of a chorus girl… (failing) rather definitely to come alive on the screen as the fascinating courtesan of history… You will not discover…why she has excited the imaginations of the generations which followed her. However, Sennwald praised much of the film, citing Owens' portrayal of the penultimate King of France in particular: “As a comical account of the lecherous Louis and his fetching mistress,… so earnest is it in its efforts to show how the turbulent wench took the French treasury for 100,000,000 livres that, although its intention is to accent her ailure, its effect is to convince the spectator that the guillotine was much too good for her… Although "Madame Du Barry" is not the definitive screen masterpiece on one of the world's most celebrated fancy ladies, it is always pleasant and sometimes it sparkles… It wears its powdered wigs and jeweled rapiers gracefully and it does not suffer from too conscientious a passion for historical truth. While you are mentally requesting the privilege of wringing Miss Del Rio's lovely neck in some of her gushy and quixotic moments, you are also applauding Reginald Owen's excellent performance as the jaded and foolishly profligate Louis Quinze… To support Mr. Owen's priceless Louis, there are a number of excellent players, including Osgood Perkins as Richelieu and Victor Jory as d'Aiguillon—two important rôles which, by the way, are so blurred in the writing as to cause some confusion concerning their precise places in the story.”

The film was considered a box-office disappointment for Warner Bros.

title: Madame Du Barry (1934 film)