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Functional dyspepsia

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder defined by symptoms emanating from the gastroduodenal region in the absence of an underlying organic disease that may easily explain the symptoms. Characteristic symptoms include epigastric burning, epigastric pain, postprandial fullness, and early satiety. FD was formerly known as non-ulcer dyspepsia, as opposed to "organic dyspepsia" with underlying conditions of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, or cancer.

The exact cause of functional dyspepsia is unknown however there has been many theories regarding the mechanisms. Risk factors for developing functional dyspepsia include female sex, smoking, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication use, and H pylori infection. Gastrointestinal infections can trigger the onset of functional dyspepsia.

Theories behind the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia include gastroduodenal motility, gastroduodenal sensitivity, intestinal microbiota, immune dysfunction, gut-brain axis dysfunction, abnormalities of gastric electrical rhythm, and autonomic nervous system/central nervous system dysregulation.

Functional dyspepsia is diagnosed based on clinical criteria and symptoms. Depending on the symptoms present patients may need blood work, imaging, or endoscopies to confirm the diagnosis of functional dyspepsia. Functional dyspepsia is further classified into two subtypes, postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS).

Functional dyspepsia can be managed with medications such as prokinetic agents, fundus-relaxing drugs, centrally acting neuromodulators, and proton pump inhibitors. Up to 15-20% of patients with functional dyspepsia experience persistent symptoms.

Functional dyspepsia is more common in women than men. In Western nations the prevalence is believed to be 10-40% and 5-30% in Asian nations.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of functional dyspepsia include epigastric burning, epigastric pain, postprandial fullness (often described as bloating by patients), and early satiety. Food consumption frequently makes dyspeptic symptoms worse. Although functional dyspepsia is typically chronic, the symptoms are generally sporadic, even during periods of severe symptoms.

Patients typically refer to early satiety as a vague abundance of gas after eating or discomfort, but in reality, what they truly mean is that they find it difficult to finish a normal-sized meal because they are uncomfortable or feel full.

While nausea and heartburn are still possible co-occurring symptoms, they are no longer regarded as major dyspeptic symptoms and may originate from different processes. When certain symptoms occur, such as vomiting, a coexisting or alternative condition, like gastroparesis, needs to be evaluated.

Causes
Functional dyspepsia has a wide range of complex etiologies. Gastric motor function abnormalities have long been linked to functional dyspepsia. However, a study revealed that there was no relationship between symptoms and stomach physiological abnormalities. The symptoms are significantly modulated by meal consumption, and genetic factors may also play a part.

Risk factors
Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a moderate correlation between dyspepsia in the general population and female sex, smoking, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication use, and H pylori infection.

On the other hand, the Kyoto consensus indicates that H pylori infection is an organic cause of dyspepsia, sometimes known as H pylori-associated dyspepsia. However, this phrase is controversial because the general consensus also indicates that the patient should be diagnosed with functional dyspepsia if symptoms continue or return following successful elimination.

In one long-term investigation, a high body mass index was an independent predictor of the emergence of functional dyspepsia.

Since the brain and gut communicate through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the enteric nerve system, psychological comorbidity plays a significant influence in the development of functional dyspepsia. Anxious participants had an eight-fold increased risk of developing functional dyspepsia compared to those without anxiety in a population-based survey conducted in Sweden. According to two Australian longitudinal investigations, there are reciprocal effects between the stomach and the brain. Specifically, people who had functional dyspepsia at baseline were more likely than those who did not experience anxiety or depression during follow-up.

Triggers
Acute gastroenteritis can lead to the development of post-infection functional dyspepsia. According to a meta-analysis of 19 papers, exposed people had nearly three times the chance of developing functional dyspepsia over the course of more than six months following an infection compared to non-exposed people.

Mechanism
Because functional dyspepsia symptoms are complicated and heterogeneous, the underlying pathophysiology of the disorder is still unknown despite a great deal of research. The causes of dyspeptic symptoms have been attributed to a number of pathophysiologic processes. These include gastroduodenal motility, gastroduodenal sensitivity, intestinal microbiota, immune dysfunction, gut-brain axis dysfunction, abnormalities of gastric electrical rhythm, and autonomic nervous system/central nervous system dysregulation.

Gastroduodenal motility
Patients with functional dyspepsia frequently have sensorimotor abnormalities of the gastroduodenum, including altered motility and pathological reactions to mechanical and chemical stimuli.

One of the main pathophysiologic mechanisms thought to underlie the symptoms of functional dyspepsia is delayed stomach emptying. Several studies have looked into the connection between the pattern and intensity of symptoms and delayed stomach emptying. The proportion of dyspeptic individuals with delayed stomach emptying varies from 20% to 50%, depending on the study.

In response to gastric balloon distension during fasting and following meal intake, patients with functional dyspepsia demonstrate impaired proximal stomach accommodation. Due to the poor accommodation, there is a disproportional volume distribution, with the fundus volume being less and the antral volume being bigger than usual. Furthermore, individuals suffering from functional dyspepsia exhibit compromised fundus accommodation in reaction to duodenal distension.

Gastroduodenal sensitivity
In functional dyspepsia, the stomach's sensitivity to chemical and mechanical stimuli is changed. After fasting and meal consumption, patients with functional dyspepsia exhibit visceral hypersensitivity following gastric fundus distension. Following stomach distension, even patients with normal accommodation experience discomfort. Additionally, some individuals exhibit hypersensitivity to distension of the duodenum, jejunum, or rectal cavity, indicating a more widespread sensitization of the central and autonomic nervous systems.

Intestinal microbiota
The small intestinal microbiota has been identified as a possible contributing element. In one study, an elevated duodenal mucosal bacterial load was inversely connected with quality of life and correlated with meal-related symptoms during a nutritional challenge test, despite the fact that relative bacterial abundance in the small intestine is difficult to interpret. The bile acid pool may vary as a result of microbiome modifications brought on by small intestine inflammation.

On the other hand, a decrease in primary bile acid levels may have an impact on the small intestine's microbial diversity, which may promote the proliferation of proinflammatory bacteria and low-grade inflammation, both of which may result in the breakdown of the epithelial barrier.

A shift in the ratio of main to secondary bile acids and decreased amounts of total bile acids in certain patients with functional dyspepsia during fasting further suggest the involvement of gastrointestinal microbes.

Immune dysfunction
Some other functional gastrointestinal disorders have been linked to low-grade mucosal inflammation and elevated quantities of inflammatory cells, such as intraepithelial lymphocytes and mast cells.

The quantity of cell-surface markers needed for more proliferation or differentiation of specialized cells, however, does not increase in functional dyspepsia; rather, it indicates the active state of these cells.

Reduced expression of two markers—FAS, which is involved in lymphocyte homoeostasis and cell apoptosis, and HLA-DRA, which is involved in B-cell proliferation—has been linked to functional dyspepsia and is thought to reflect changes in duodenal lymphocyte populations.

Moreover, duodenal eosinophilia has been linked to symptoms of postprandial distress syndrome, as opposed to an increase in mast cells.

Gut-brain axis dysfunction
There is a subpopulation of people with functional dyspepsia who have involvement in the gut-brain axis. Through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, changes in epithelial barrier function brought on by immune system and gastrointestinal microbiota disruptions can control gut-brain connections. The mechanisms involving corticotropin-releasing hormone and stress play a significant part in gastrointestinal permeability. This impact has been demonstrated in controlled trials including healthy volunteers under stress as well as in animal models of functional dyspepsia. Anatomical and functional connectivity impairments were observed in brain regions important for processing visceral afferent information in patients with functional dyspepsia, according to MRI results.

Abnormalities of gastric electrical rhythm
Additionally, there is proof that up to two thirds of patients with functional dyspepsia have anomalies in the underlying stomach myoelectrical activity, as determined by cutaneous electrogastrography. It is yet unknown how this discovery relates to stomach emptying and symptom patterns. There was no association discovered between the pattern of dyspeptic symptoms and the existence of electrogastrography results. There has been good evidence of a relationship between aberrant gastric electrical rhythm and delayed stomach emptying.

Autonomic nervous system/central nervous system dysregulation
It has been proposed that certain patients with functional dyspepsia may have anomalies in their autonomic nervous system. Particularly, it has been suggested that efferent vagal dysfunction may be the cause of antral hypomotility and poor adaption to a meal. Additionally, there is proof that psychological variables and both stomach functionality and symptoms of functional dyspepsia are related to psychopathology. Low vagal activity has been suggested as the mediating mechanism in these relationships.

Diagnosis
Functional dyspepsia is diagnosed using clinical symptoms and Rome IV criteria, which were recently revised. The clinical examination and patient history should look for alarm symptoms. Alarm symptoms include dysphagia, especially if progressive, or odynophagia, overt gastrointestinal bleeding, such as melena or hematemesis, persistent vomiting, unintentional weight loss, family history of gastric or esophageal cancer, palpable abdominal or epigastric mass or abdominal adenopathy, and signs of iron-deficiency anemia.

The diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia is as follows:

At least one of the following:

 * 1) Troublesome postprandial fullness.
 * 2) Troublesome early satiation.
 * 3) Troublesome epigastric pain.
 * 4) Troublesome epigastric burning.

The criteria must be met over the past three months, with the onset of symptoms occurring at least six months before diagnosis and there must be an absence of structural disease evidence that could account for the symptoms, including upper endoscopy.

Taking a thorough history that includes all relevant symptoms is the first step in the process. Patients are then categorized into the relevant subtype and any alarm symptoms or indicators that might point to a different diagnosis are reviewed.

The following step is a thorough physical examination, which is crucial for a number of reasons. Patients are first reassured by the examination that their problems are being addressed seriously. Second, even in a patient with typical symptoms, the examination may yield results that point to a different diagnosis.

Unfortunately, there is currently no reliable biomarker to aid in the diagnosis, and history and clinical examination cannot reliably differentiate functional dyspepsia from organic dyspepsia causes. There is no validated diagnostic algorithm, and current guidelines and the Rome committee oppose routine laboratory testing in all patients. Requesting a complete blood count is probably a good idea because anemia diagnosis could alter the final diagnosis. Liver function tests are needed if there is concern regarding a potential hepatobiliary cause of severe episodic epigastric discomfort. It is not advised to regularly monitor thyroid testing or celiac serology, nor is it advised to frequently screen for pancreatitis using serum lipase or amylase levels.

While a negative endoscopy is strictly necessary to validate a functional dyspepsia diagnosis, the majority of dyspepsia patients (80%) have been reported to have no organic abnormalities at endoscopy, with under 10 percent having a peptic ulcer and fewer than 0,5% having gastro-esophageal cancer. The most recent guidelines for managing dyspepsia prohibit endoscopic use in patients under 60 years of age because its low yield, even in cases where alarm symptoms are present. Noninvasive urea breath tests or stool antigen testing for H pylori should be performed on these patients. People who have chronic symptoms should be considered candidates for endoscopy. Gastric biopsies should also be taken, and if H pylori is found, treatment for the infection should begin.

Because of the low yield, routinely requesting an abdominal ultrasound or CT scan in the absence of alarm symptoms or signs is not advised. Up to 25% of individuals with functional dyspepsia display delayed stomach emptying, making gastric emptying investigations of little benefit despite the significant symptom overlap and diagnostic confusion between gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia.

Differential diagnosis's for functional dyspepsia include gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, medication side effects, chronic mesenteric ischemia, symptomatic gallstone disease, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, biliary dyskinesia, or gallbladder cancer, Crohn’s disease, peptic ulcer disease (and infection with Helicobacter pylori), infiltrative diseases such as eosinophilic gastroenteritis, sarcoidosis, and amyloidosis, gastro-oesophageal malignancy, gastrointestinal complications of parasites such as giardia lamblia, strongyloides, and anisakiasis, gastroparesis, chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Classification
The Rome IV criteria further classifies functional dyspepsia into two subtypes, postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS). Postprandial distress syndrome is marked by dyspeptic symptoms brought on by meals, such as postprandial fullness and early satiety and accounts for 69% of patients with functional dyspepsia. Epigastric pain syndrome is characterized by burning or pain in the stomach that may not always happen after eating and accounts for 7% of patients. 25% of patients have overlapping PDS and EPS.

Treatment
Treatment for functional dyspepsia involves addressing the predominant symptom or symptoms with a realistic discussion of the limitations of available therapies to manage expectations, as well as providing reassurance that there is no structural cause for the symptoms and an explanation of the pathophysiology and natural history of the disorder.

For individuals with functional dyspepsia who are infected, H. pylori eradication treatment is recommended in all guidelines because it can potentially alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of developing stomach cancer and peptic ulcers.

Although they haven't been thoroughly investigated, dietary and lifestyle changes are typically advised. It makes sense to advise patients to eat smaller, more frequent meals and to steer clear of foods that worsen their symptoms. Eating less fattening meals may be advised because the duodenum's lipid content increases the stomach's mechanosensitivity. Although there is no proof connecting coffee and spicy meals high in capsaicin to symptoms, they are generally avoided.

Prokinetic medications are effective in treating functional dyspepsia by stimulating the contractions of the stomach's smooth muscle and have been suggested as initial treatments for PDS. Prokinetics include agonists of the 5-HT receptor 4 (5-HT4), antagonists of the D(2) dopamine receptor, and agonists of the motilin receptor, such erythromycin. There aren't many high-quality trials and there's frequently little evidence in the literature supporting their symptomatic benefit.

5-HT1A agonists, muscarinic auto-receptor antagonists, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as acotiamide, can all target impaired stomach accommodation. Research has demonstrated that the 5-HT1A agonists buspirone, tandospirone, and acotiamide are beneficial for PDS symptoms.

Numerous, frequently tiny, investigations have assessed centrally acting neuromodulators in the context of functional dyspepsia. Its reasoning stems from the common occurrence of psychiatric comorbidity and the theory that visceral hypersensitivity may react to centrally active neuromodulators and play a role in the development of symptoms. These medications are most likely the most helpful for EPS. However, similar to 5-HT1A agonists that act on stomach accommodation, they may also have therapeutic effects in PDS through their effects on gastrointestinal motility. When administered at a modest dosage in the evening, the antidepressant mirtazapine has demonstrated effectiveness in treating early satiety and nausea in individuals with functional dyspepsia who have lost weight and do not exhibit clinically significant co-occurring depression or anxiety.

The most widely utilized first-line therapy for functional dyspepsia is inhibition of acid secretion. The results indicate that gastro-esophageal reflux disease is the principal indication, as response rates are highest (up to 45%) in patients with associated heartburn. Compared to people with PDS, those with EPS are more likely to respond.

Outlook
The natural history of most people with functional dyspepsia is chronic and variable, consisting of periods during which the patient has no symptoms at all interspersed with phases of symptom return.

According to data from population-based studies, during an extended period of follow-up, 15–20% of patients with functional dyspepsia may experience persistent symptoms, and 50–35% may experience a resolution of symptoms; the remaining 30–35% of patients may experience fluctuating symptoms that meet the criteria for another functional gastrointestinal disorder.

Functional dyspepsia is a chronic condition, although there is no proof that it is linked to a lower chance of survival.

Epidemiology
Regardless of the various functional dyspepsia criteria, the population prevalence of the disorder varies greatly around the world, with high overall rates (10–40%) in Western nations and low overall rates (5–30%) in Asian nations. Women are more likely than males to experience functional dyspepsia.

title: Functional dyspepsia


text: Category:Urban theorists

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Urban theorists


text:
Dermorphin

Dermorphin is a hepta-peptide first isolated from the skin of South American frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa. The peptide is a natural opioid that binds as an agonist with high potency and selectivity to mu opioid receptors. Dermorphin is about 30–40 times more potent than morphine, but theoretically may be less likely to produce drug tolerance and addiction due to its high potency. The amino acid sequence of dermorphin is H-Tyr- D -Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2.

Dermorphin is not found in humans or other mammals and similar D -amino acid peptides have only been found in bacteria, amphibians, and molluscs. Dermorphin appears to be made in these through an unusual posttranslational modification carried out by an amino acid isomerase. This unusual process is needed because the D -alanine in this peptide is not among the 20 amino acids coded for in the genetic code and thus the peptide cannot be synthesized in the usual way from the encodings in the genome of an organism.

Illicit use
Dermorphin has been illegally used in horse racing as a performance-enhancing drug. Due to dermorphin's painkilling activity, horses treated with dermorphin may run harder than they would otherwise.

title: Dermorphin


text:
International Metalworkers' Federation

The International Metalworkers' Federation (IMF) was a global union federation of metalworkers' trade unions, founded in Zürich, Switzerland in August 1893. the IMF had more than 200 member organisations in 100 countries, representing a combined membership of 25 million workers.

History
The federation was founded as the International Metallurgists' Bureau of Information. In 1904, the International Secretariat of Foundry Workers merged into the federation, which renamed itself as the "International Metalworkers' Federation". From 1921, its constitution called for not only international co-operation to improve wages and conditions, but also for workers to take over the means of production.

Membership of the federation reached 1.9 million in 1930, but fell to only 190,000 in 1938, hit by the international depression. By 1947, membership had reached a new high of 2.7 million, and the federation took a leading role in opposing the World Federation of Trade Unions, instead becoming a founding constituent of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.

The organization held a congress every four years, consisting of delegates from the member organisations. The congress established the broad lines of the IMF's policies and actions and elected the President and General Secretary of the IMF. Some member unions wished for the federation to hold sectoral conferences, and the IMF's refusal to do so led six unions to found the International Federation of Foundry Workers in 1949, but this was dissolved in 1954.

The international headquarters of IMF was based in Geneva, Switzerland. There were regional offices in Johannesburg, New Delhi, Kuala Lumpur, Santiago, Mexico City, and a project office in Russia.

In June 2012, the IMF merged into the new global federation IndustriALL Global Union.

Affiliates
The following unions were affiliated in 2009:

 * Notes

General Secretaries

 * 1893: Hermann Vogelsanger
 * 1896: Charles Hobson
 * 1904: Alexander Schlicke
 * 1920: Konrad Ilg
 * 1954: Adolphe Graedel
 * 1971: Ivar Noren
 * 1974: Herman Rebhan
 * 1989: Marcello Malentacchi
 * 2009: Jyrki Raina

Presidents

 * 1960: Otto Brenner
 * 1972: Hans Rasmussen
 * 1974: Eugen Loderer
 * 1984: Hans Mayr
 * 1987: Franz Steinkühler
 * 1993: Klaus Zwickel
 * 2003: Jürgen Peters
 * 2009: Berthold Huber

title: International Metalworkers' Federation


text:
Operation Cathedral

Operation Cathedral was a police operation that broke up a major international child pornography ring called The Wonderland Club operating over the Internet. It was led by the British National Crime Squad in cooperation with 1,500 officers from 13 other police forces around the world, who simultaneously arrested 104 suspects in 13 countries (including Australia, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the UK, and the US) on 2 September 1998. The case received widespread international attention due to the highly organised nature of the ring, leading to public concerns of online child sexual abuse and legislative changes in the UK.

Overview
The Wonderland Club, (also officially known as w0nderland) named after Alice in Wonderland, was described as "an international network of paedophiles involving the rape of boys and girls live on camera and the traffic in images of the torture of children as young as two months". It was created in 1995 by two American paedophiles, including one named Peter Giordano and consisted in an Internet Relay Chat with an encryption system created initially by the former KGB. The investigation had been sparked by a tip-off from US police investigating the 1996 rape of an 8-year-old girl broadcast live to paedophiles by webcam. The accused, Ronald Riva of Greenfield, California, was in a paedophile gang called The Orchid Club and was encouraged during the assault by six others, including Ian Baldock, a member of Wonderland.

One reason for the high profile of the operation was the unusually high number of images possessed, produced, and distributed by Wonderland members (more than 750,000 images and 1,800 videos). One requirement for entry to the club, apart from a recommendation from an existing member, was the expectation to supply 10,000 new or self-produced pornographic images of children. Despite substantial police work, only 17 of the 1,263 individuals appearing in the images have been identified: one from Argentina, one from Chile, one from Portugal, six from the United Kingdom, and seven from the United States. The Portuguese national was later identified as Rui Pedro Teixeira Mendonça, an 11-year-old boy kidnapped in Lousada on 4 March 1998 and whose whereabouts are currently unknown.

Six members of the club committed suicide after the raids. Other raids related to the Cathedral operation include 1999's Operation Queensland, involving 20 police forces, and 2001's Operation Janitress, which included police forces across 12 regions.

British members
The following is a list of British citizens arrested as a result of Operation Cathedral, and their ages when convicted:

 * Ahmed Ali, 31, taxi driver, nicknamed "Caesar". Jailed for two years.
 * Ian Baldock, 31, computer consultant. Jailed for two-and-a-half years.
 * Andrew Barlow, 25, computer consultant, nicknamed "Mix". Jailed for two years.
 * Stephen Ellis, 40, computer salesman. Heavily encrypted his computer files. Committed suicide in January 1999 prior to the trial.
 * David Hines, 30, unemployed, nicknamed "Mutt's Nutts", who later discussed the club publicly on Panorama. Jailed for two-and-a-half years.
 * Gary Salt, taxi driver, former engineer, nicknamed "Jazz" and "chairman" of the club. Assisted the Cathedral sting by providing his login details. In 1998, he was sentenced to 12 years for sex offences. Released from prison in 2010 (having changed his name to Anthony Andrews) he was re-arrested months later when caught viewing indecent images on a computer in Old Trafford Library.
 * Gavin Seagers, 29, computer consultant and Sea Cadets youth leader. Jailed for two years. Arrested and sentenced again in 2011 for a similar offence as Gavin Smith.
 * Antoni Skinner, 36, computer consultant, nicknamed "Uhura" and "Satan". Jailed for 18 months.
 * Frederick Stephens, 46, taxi driver, nicknamed "Guess Who" and "Me Again". Jailed for a year.

Legal changes
On 13 February 2001, seven British members of Wonderland were sentenced at the same court hearing at Kingston upon Thames Crown Court. At this time, however, the maximum sentence for the particular crimes in the UK was three years, leading to the UK-based perpetrators only being sentenced between 12 and 30 months for their crimes. Protests by child care campaigners led to proposed legal revisions of British laws and an increase in penalties to 10 years as per the Sexual Offences Act 2003.

title: Operation Cathedral


text:
Talk:4G

Health effects of 4G?
I know there's a big debate whether 4G represents a greater radiation threat than 3G, but there's nothing in this article about it - not even a link to Mobile phone radiation and health. Since there are specific articles claiming that 4G is more dangerous than 3G, should there be related info here? Timtempleton (talk) 21:52, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

UK subheading
There shouldn't be a subheading for the UK. Merge content into an existing subheading, move to another article, or delete. —DIV (120.17.117.106 (talk) 11:38, 8 March 2019 (UTC))

Differing summaries of the subject
Hi,

As a techno-illiterate (and user of an old Nokia only for talk & text, no internet because I don't want/need it on my phone, and currently on 3G) I have a question that may sound stupid, but I'm wondering about the two different summaries of this subject, one on the disambig page: "4G is a generation of standards for mobile telecommunication" and the other at the top of this article: "This article is about the mobile internet access standard." The second one could be taken to imply that 4G only provides internet access and doesn't provide phone (talk & text) services. For all I know, this may be the case, but if not, perhaps the summary for this page should be changed to "This article is about the mobile telecommunication standard.".

Thanks in advance. --Philologia 00:00, 13 August 2019 (UTC)

Past 4G Networks
Since T-Mobile is shutting down Sprint's LTE network on 30 June 2022, would it be constructive to add a Past 4G networks section to the page similar to the section in the 2G and 3G articles? Joshua Shah (talk) 14:48, 4 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:4G


text:
Talk:Joyful Child Foundation

On 10 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Joyful Child Foundation for a record of the discussion.

title: Talk:Joyful Child Foundation


text:
Talk:Peter J. Brennan

Good Article
But I took out the sentence "It is believed that the resistance to minority recruitment led to many minority workers not joining unions." While the exclusion of blacks and other minority workers from unions may have once created a general opposition to unions in the African-American community, those days ended sixty years or more ago. I think that the particular problem in the construction trades has more to do with residual white racism, nepotism and territoriality (some trades are happy to be smaller so they have more jobs for fewer members) in the unions, rather than with lingering resentments on the part of black workers outside them. At any rate, the issue is complex enough that I thought this stray sentence coming at the end of the article only started problems; maybe someone who knows the field can deal with it in encyclopedic detailin some other article. 24.126.41.116 10:04, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC) aka User:Italo Svevo

This article was mentioned
This article was mentioned and linked here. Bearian (talk) 19:33, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Peter J. Brennan


text:
User:NeoUrfahraner

I am living in Urfahr, which is the part of Linz lying on the north side of the Danube. My native language is German, so my primary contributions are also under the username NeoUrfahraner in the German Wikipedia. Feel free to improve my English contributions whenever needed. I am interested in doing some kind of gateway functions between the English Wikipedia and the German speaking world, so if you have any questions about the German speaking world in general or about Austria in particular, feel free to contact me.

A list of my contributed pictures can be found in my picture gallery in the German Wikipedia.

Shortcuts

 * Manual of Style
 * Merging

de:Benutzer:NeoUrfahraner fr:Utilisateur:NeoUrfahraner

title: User:NeoUrfahraner


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Elijah Kiel

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. However, since User:TheoClarke found useful material to merge into a larger article and (and that merger was not opposed) and since there is no argument presented explicitly against the redirect, I am going to exercize my discretion and make this into a redirect instead. Rossami (talk) 06:00, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Elijah Kiel
I'm not entirely sure what this is, but it appears to be a minor character from some book or TV series, or possibly the background for a roleplaying character. Radiant! 12:26, Feb 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. He's a character from a japanese anime show called Gundam Seed. If you follow the characther links from that page they all redirect to Cosmic Era list of characters. ZayZayEM 08:15, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)heRed|DaveTheRed]] 22:30, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable minor fictious character, fancruft. Megan1967 23:39, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Anicruft. --Bucephalus 14:45, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: fancruft. Wile E. Heresiarch 17:10, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * DELETE --ZayZayEM 08:15, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect'. I have merged what could be gleaned from the garbled material on this page into Cosmic Era list of characters. --Theo (Talk) 19:47, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
River Dwyryd

The River Dwyryd (Afon Dwyryd), is a river in Gwynedd, Wales which flows principally westwards; draining to the sea into Tremadog Bay, south of Porthmadog.

Geography
The Dwyryd rises in the hills to the north of Ffestiniog. At its most northern extent, water draining from Moelwyn Mawr drains into Llyn Ystradau, the outflow of which forms the source of the Afon Goedol. This is joined by the River Bowydd at grid reference:. At Rhyd-y-Sarn, the Afon Goedol is joined by the Afon Teigl (originating from Manod Mawr). Thereafter, the river is called the Afon Dwyryd. Below Rhyd y Sarn by Pont Dolymoch, the river is joined by the Afon Cynfal which flows from the east down a deep wooded gorge which includes the spectacular Rhaeadr Cynfal (Cynfal waterfall) south of Ffestiniog. The main river then flows through a wide valley formed by glaciation, with a broad flat base formed from glacial moraines and riverine gravel deposits. The valley, the Vale of Ffestiniog, has much agriculture but is subject to routine winter flooding.

The Afon Tafarn-helyg has its confluence about 1 mi further downstream. This tributary rises south of Gellilydan and just north of the reservoir of Llyn Trawsfynydd but does not receive any water from the reservoir.

There are a number of small lakes and reservoirs in the woodlands north of Plas Tan y Bwlch which also drain south into the river. These lakes include Llyn y Garnedd, Llyn Hafod y Llyn and Llyn Mair.

At Maentwrog the Dwyryd becomes a long and sandy tidal estuary, flowing under the road and railway line at Pont Briwet, before joining with the estuary of the River Glaslyn and then entering into Porthmadog Bay. The Afon y Glyn which drains the southwest catchment from Llyn Tecwyn Uchaf and Llyn Tecwyn Isaf enters the southern side of the Glaslyn estuary at the south end of a large extent of salt marsh known as Glastraeth (green beach) on its south bank and opposite the village of Portmeirion.

The whole of the river drains off igneous and ancient rocks of the Cambrian and Ordovician which are all base-poor. Much of the catchment has also been used for commercial forestry during the last hundred years. As a consequence, many of the tributaries are highly acidic as a result of atmospheric acidification. This has constrained the quality of the fishery and the biodiversity in many tributaries. Some of these problems have been exacerbated by past industrial activities including metal mining, slate mining, animal skin processing and the use by the army of a gunnery range with large amounts of emplaced metal cartridge shells.

Afon Prysor
The Afon Prysor is the largest tributary of the Dwyryd, entering its left bank in the tidal section downstream of Maentwrog. It rises in the hills to the east of Trawsfynydd and flows past the southern end of the village to enter Llyn Trawsfynydd, a large reservoir close to the A470. Prior to construction of the dam in the 1920s for hydroelectric power, the river had wandered across a broad upland marsh here known as Cors Goch. It is the only inland water in the UK that has been used as a source of cooling water for a nuclear power station. The Afon Prysor resumes its course below the dam, to flow down to the Dwyryd through the steeply wooded valley of Ceunant Llennyrch which is at the core of a national nature reserve. Most of the flow from the reservoir is channelled through the hydro-electric power station close to Maentwrog; the flow then re-joins the Prysor just before the confluence.

River traffic
At no point is the river deep enough to accommodate sea-going ships, but in the second half of the 18th century a number of quays were constructed west of Maentwrog from which small vessels took cargoes of timber and, increasingly, slate to be transferred to sea-going ships in deeper water southwest of what would become Porthmadog, transferring to Porthmadog itself when its harbour was opened in 1824. The river was and remains so shallow that viable cargoes could only be carried at spring tides. Some of the quays remain to this day, used by anglers. The opening of the Ffestiniog Railway in 1836 dealt a mortal blow to the Dwyryd traffic, which ended completely by 1860.

title: River Dwyryd


text:
User talk:Laney/Welcome

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here's some tips:
 * You can introduce yourself on the new users page.
 * You can sign your name using three tildes, like . If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.
 * Remember to use the show preview button before you save a page.
 * If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page.

Other useful pages are: how to edit, how to write a great article, naming conventions, manual of style and the Wikipedia policies.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 12:47, Mar 28, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Laney/Welcome


text:
Template talk:Afd2

Relisting debates
It was recently brought to my attention that when relisting AfD debates the "View Log" link still points to the old AfD log rather than the newer transclusion destination. I don't know that there's any way to fix this in the template programming (doubt it, but I'm no programmer)...if not, perhaps this means WP:RELIST should have a remark about manually changing the log? Thoughts? — Scientizzle 19:43, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I can't think of anything, but I've just got minor template syntax knowledge. I'm pretty sure it can't be done, because the tempalte is substited, as is relist.  It might be possible to look for some comment added by the relist template and update the "View log" link according to the timestamp from relisting, but that sounds more like a bot thing.  I at least update the link when I relist, so people can get back to the log an AfD is on, and I suggest that for the time being at least.  Perhaps a discussion at WT:DELPRO or WP:AN would help.  Cheers.  lifebaka (talk - contribs) 20:05, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * My own limited programming knowledge suggested a very small chance of a programming solution, but I thought I'd ask...I think I'll probably bring it up at Wikipedia talk:Deletion process. I've almost never use that log button, the manual fix isn't discussed at WP:RELIST, and nobody told me about it in the year-and-a-half I've been closing AfDs! — Scientizzle 20:29, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Documentation
Please add  to the bottom of the template. Thanks. -- Suntag  ☼  13:24, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅. — Huntster (t • @ • c) 13:28, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks. -- Suntag  ☼  13:38, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

DRV notice in AfD page
The DRV discussion |here seems to approve providing notification of DRVs in an AfD. Template:Afd2 should be modified so that, in addition to the box listing "AfDs for this article:" that it also lists "DRVs for this article:" (which should only appear if there are any prior DRVs or subsequent DRVs). Thoughts? -- Suntag  ☼  13:38, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's doable. The "AfDs for this article" section works because an AfD exists at its own page that gets transcluded on to the AfD log.  DRVs, on the other hand, are not transcluded and do not exist on their own page - they are merely a subsection of each day's DRV log, and thus there exists no way to access previous DRVs on a subject via templates. Shereth 16:14, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

adding closure date ?
per the discussion on AN here about early closures of AfD debates. What do watchers of the page think about adding something like
 * Discussion scheduled to end

To the template - reminding closers of the time the debate is supposed to run for ? - Peripitus (Talk) 11:30, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Just a quick note in support of this change. We'll see if it sticks :) Xymmax So let it be written   So let it be done  15:43, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Oppose - WP:NOTBURO, and on first look, prohibits speedy closures even when they're warranted. Also looks ugly. Sceptre (talk) 21:43, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Can someone please remove it? It serves no purpose whatsoever. Anyone who knows how to close an AfD knows that five days is standard. AfD is sorted by day, so a mental calculation is all that's required, unlike RfA, where this kind of notice is useful. As I've said, on the face of it, it prevents any AfD from being closed prior to the time limit, regardless of whether speedy closure is warranted/needed. It's also an eyesore which appears five times on my screen (1440*900) which serves no useful purpose whatsoever. Sceptre (talk) 22:05, 3 February 2009 (UTC) I've removed this based on the opposition on this page. per the discussion on WP:AN I think some sort of notice is required as admins are clearly not following the 5 day policy - what form the notice though ? - Peripitus (Talk) 01:59, 4 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Keep the notice, I think it is a good idea to reinforce the deletion policy that AFDs are meant run at least five days as was discussed on WP:AN recently. It gives clarity to contributors on when the AFD will close in almost all cases. However I would add the word 'scheduled' to the message so that it reads "Discussion scheduled to run until at least 8 February 2009" to give some leeway in the limited cases where an early closure is required. Davewild (talk) 22:33, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Do we need that 125 times on a single log page, especially when we can put a notice at the top of that instead? At the very least, noinclude it. Sceptre (talk) 22:36, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Ok you make a reasonable case as I see the notice has make placed on the days log. I suggest taking the notice off here for now as Sceptre suggests and lets see if the notice on the days log has the desired effect of reducing the early closures. If it does not then we can reconsider whether a notice on here, perhaps in a less obtrusive manner, could be made. Davewild (talk) 22:42, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I added the notice to today's only just to see what it would look like; that's now unobtrusive. Sceptre (talk) 23:06, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Bug in template
During the deletion review of Acharya S, there was a discussion of the AFD page. Articles for deletion/Acharya S (2nd nomination). This page includes 3 AFDs including one for Articles for deletion/Acharya Sita Ram Chaturvedi who is not the same person, not a related article.... I'm not sure how frequently this occurs but I think is a bug in the template. jbolden1517Talk 21:43, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Discussion message
Per (part of) this discussion Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion, how difficult would it be to add a brief talkheader type message specific to deletion discussions? Just how brief would be another issue - ranging from a couple of words linking to AFD to some or all of template:not a ballot. The message could either come above the article name (would look best on the AFD entry) or on the right of it, above the links (would look best on the log page). Separately from the feasibility, is it a good idea to explore this? (NB A related idea exists in the archive for this talk page, with no obvious outcome.) Rd232 talk 02:58, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer not to have a message, however short. A cursory look at past AfDs with participation from new users will show that manual additions of "notavote" templates don't seem to have an impact on behavior.  I can't imagine that an automatic reminder will be much more effective. Protonk (talk) 07:29, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It might, because of being more widely and consistently applied. Also how exactly can you tell from past AFDs that templates haven't add much effect? The major effect would be discouraging people never previously involved with WP from leaving a vote; if they have nothing to add to the discussion they wouldn't leave a message, and hence no trace. In other words, if the template dissuades (some) potential voters from voting, only a pretty sophisticated statistical analysis (certainly more than a cursory glance) would be able to tell. NB bear in mind templates were only selectively applied in the past on problem AFDs - whose statistical behaviour is therefore abnormal; adding it to all AFDs and seeing if it improves average behaviour (even anecdotally) would be a valid trial. Rd232 talk 13:10, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Quantitatively, I can't prove it. I have no way of knowing whether or not the addition of a big "notavote" template stopped a half dozen people or forced them to give support for their reasoning.  My strong suspicion is that it doesn't.  Anyone who has been around AfD for a while can recongnize that kind of debate from a mile away.  Some website, game or bio is nominated for deletion and a few dozen people on a forum dedicated to the subject show up to argue that the article should be kept.  Someone (usually the nominator) puts that big ugly template up reminding folks that AfD isn't a vote and I would say about 15-25% of the time it is heeded.  The other times it is ignored completely, it is made moot (article is speedied, or no one shows up), or the newcomers were being hyper-formal anyway (something I've seen a lot).  when it is heeded, it is helpful.  But another thing to consider for a template which is transcluded to every AfD is that people tend to ignore directions like that.  We have the various edit-notices for namespaces and those are ignored frequently (though it is difficult to make a good judgment on their value...we may get a chance when the devs remove single article edit notices, but that is another story).  The manually added notavote templates are large and conspicuous.  they may get noticed by people coming to AfD for the first time.  But any template which would reach consensus here to be on all AfDs would be nowhere near as conspicuous.  Even if you don't buy my story about people ignoring directions based on repeated viewing, you have to concede that a much more unobtrusive template would garner much less attention. Protonk (talk) 18:26, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Not necessarily with single AFD pages - it's a much more favourable situation than talk pages, where people jump to recent discussion at the bottom of the page and away from the top, where the notices are (hmm, food for thought... anyway). By contrast, on an AFD entry people start by reading the nomination (don't they?) and a small, unobtrusive notice right next to it (almost part of the nomination) is more likely to be read. In fact by being small enough not to trigger the jaded web-user's "it's an ad, don't look at it" response, it might be more effective than the bigger notavote notice. Rd232 talk 19:18, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Concur with Protonk. Some discuss and some vote regardless, it seems, of the presence of the template. Editors work out how the debates work over time and admins mostly sort the wheat from the chaff in closing. - Peripitus (Talk) 07:38, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Admins are forced to sort wheat from chaff, what's the alternative, nobody ever closing the AFD? The issue is whether we can/should make it easier by trying to reduce the chaff. It may well not work, but I don't see the harm in trying. Rd232 talk 13:10, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Slight improvement of template for readability
Looking at the this template used for RfDs (requests for deletion) on simple.enwiki, I was thinking that it looks better and more aesthetically pleasing with dots and a little extra space separating each link than the currently-used vertical line. I was hoping we could incorporate that here (see the current examples at simple:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion. (I'd talk about the other features that I like there, but I'll reserve that for WT:AFD when I get the chance.) Any thoughts? MuZemike 23:36, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I like it, too, but it's not actually this template that does that, it's la, which has several counterparts. The talk page for all of them is Template talk:Ln. Propose it there.--Aervanath (talk) 04:08, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Add search button
Editprotected

Per some support and zero objections at WT:AFD (and I've waited a long time, just in case anyone objected), could someone please restore the search template to Afd2, which was reverted here? It was reverted on merely procedural grounds; nobody has ever objected to its inclusion. WhatamIdoing (talk) 23:07, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ —Th e DJ (talk • contribs) 00:09, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

I object to this change. We should not promote intellectual laziness or the common misconception that Google = reliable source. ☯ Zenwhat (talk) 01:15, 10 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Google != Reliable source, but Google often provides links to reliable sources that can be used in the article. Rather than encouraging laziness, this encourages people to actually check how notable something is before blindly saying "there's no references on the page, so it's not notable" when there are loads of obvious RSes on the front page of Google News. Greg Tyler (t • c) 22:58, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I also object to this change, which was made after a tiny discussion without attempts to engage users who have previously objected. Stifle (talk) 08:27, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

Find sources
editprotected

Change  to. The template is called Findsources, so it seems logical not to point to the redirect instead. I know it's not necessary, but in something used so widely, the removal of one template from the transclusion list could be appreciated... Greg Tyler (t • c) 22:54, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅. Cheers.  lifebaka++ 23:26, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Deletion link removed
Per discussion at Wikipedia_talk:AfD, I've removed the link to delete the subject of an AfD from the AfD page itself. It's been brought to my attention that a number of administrators believe it is acceptable to actually delete articles without even looking at them, even in cases of contentious discussion. PROD and CSD require administrators to actually look the article "in the face" in the process of deleting it--AfD should be no different. Jclemens (talk) 21:18, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

AfD statistics
I've boldly added http://toolserver.org/~betacommand/cgi-bin/afdparser as an utility link to the template. It gives a useful quick headcount, though that is obviously not a sufficient basis for a closure.  Sandstein  18:37, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

AfD statistics link
If there is going to be an AfD statistics link (which isn't working for me right now btw), shouldn't it also show up on the log page? This revision of a template sandbox has the change. Thanks, MrKIA11 (talk) 17:44, 4 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I've moved your proposed code to the proper place: Template:Afd2/sandbox. One query: do you know what the purpose of the following code is?

</noinc lude>
 * It is a somewhat baffling. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 23:56, 4 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah that confused me also, but when I removed it, it messes up the actual . Apparently the inner ones get removed when the template is substed. I'm not sure exactly how that works, but it is definitely needed. MrKIA11 (talk) 00:52, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I've made the requested edit for you. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 09:30, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Would "vote count" or something be better than "AfD statistics". Personally, I had no idea what it was at first. MrKIA11 (talk) 14:38, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Plain link
Would it be possible to turn the AfD stats link into a plain link to keep consistency with the rest of the template? Jeffrey Mall (talk • contribs) - 21:19, 18 December 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ . Amalthea  11:10, 19 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Can it use instead? Right now the stats link does not work on later nominations. Tim Song (talk) 18:39, 19 December 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅. It seems to work fine. MrKIA11 (talk) 14:35, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Broken?
AfD statistics doesn't appear to work, and it frankly has never worked for me. As toolserver is not down, maybe it is no longer being maintained? If that is the case, I see no reason for it to remain. Perhaps it could be removed?—  Dæ dαlus Contribs 03:51, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It has been broken for months. See below for my request to have it removed back in August.  Snotty Wong   babble 13:46, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Link removed, tool owner notified. Thanks, Amalthea  13:59, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Someone should have told me a lot sooner, I would have fixed it, something with the toolserver broke the way CGI scripts work, however I have adjusted and will be running stats every 30 minutes. http://toolserver.org/~betacommand/reports/afd/.html is the new link to the working stats. ~betacommand/AFD.html will also be updated at the same time. There are a few page titles where this doesnt work, but it should resolve the issue for the most part. There are a bug with re-listed AfDs and their expirations that im working on but that should also be a nice tool for people to review. ΔT The only constant 22:18, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I have added the new link, which is up and running. For an example, see here. Willking1979 (talk) 23:07, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Transclusion problems
It appears the recent changes to the template have caused a minor problem. I think there is an includeonly tag that shouldn't be there. Everything looks fine when you're viewing an individual AfD page. However, when you're viewing all of them on the log page (where they are transcluded), you see a bunch of wikicode. See Articles for deletion/Log/2010 October 22. Snotty Wong  soliloquize 04:00, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Looks like an editor has been manually fixing the problem, so it's not visible anymore. I'm not sure if it's something wrong with the template or something that was caused by manual edits.  I'll remove the editprotected template and keep an eye on it.  Snotty Wong   yak 04:12, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Redirect correction
editprotected Since "Findsources" is now called to improve readability, could the transclusion here be changed so we avoid this redirect? Thanks, --The Evil IP address (talk) 10:44, 2 May 2010 (UTC)
 * done —Th e DJ (talk • contribs) 21:37, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

remove afd statistics link
AFD is not a vote... we don't decide what to do by counting heads but by discussing principles... Arskwad (talk) 16:27, 10 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The AfD Statistics link hasn't been working for quite awhile (for me anyway). It hangs for a long time, and then times out with an error message.  I'm going to remove the link from the template.  If you disagree, revert and discuss here.    Snotty Wong   chatter 16:34, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Oops, didn't realize the template was protected. Admins, can you remove the "AfD Statistics" link from this template?  The link to a toolserver script has been broken for ages.    Snotty Wong   comment 16:35, 4 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Since this is protected, BRD doesn't really apply. I suggest starting a discussion at WT:AFD on the usefulness of the link first. HJ Mitchell  |  Penny for your thoughts?   01:40, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Proposed Change to template
In response to an Administrator's Noticeboard discussion, I've proposed the addition of a timestamp to this template. Debate is ongoing at WP:AN; your input is welcome. UltraExactZZ Said~ Did 15:16, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Should "Find sources" only provide Google links?
See Template talk:Find sources. Mange01 (talk) 20:10, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

Adding A Watch Link To The Template So That We Can Click On It On WP:Articles For Deletion/YYYY Mmmm DD Pages
I think it would be a great idea to adding a watch link to the template, so that we can click on it on WP:Articles For Deletion/YYYY Mmmm DD Pages.

We can click on the watch link to watch the article, but I think clicking on the link to watch the page's deletion discussion would be user-friendilyness.Curb Chain (talk) 23:55, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

I'm Not Sure How To Fix It, But If You Know How, To Request A Change To This Template, Type Into The Edit Box
I've noticed that sometimes, the previous afd box shows up and sometimes it doesnt. this needs to be fixed.Curb Chain (talk) 04:12, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Can you show diffs of when it occured? IRWolfie- (talk) 23:30, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

Documentation
Can someone explain what this template is used for in the Usage section? Thanks! Kaldari (talk) 19:09, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

Headers delinked
I have opened a discussion with a suggestion at WT:Articles for deletion in which editors who are involved with this template may want to participate. Thank you in advance! –  Paine Ellsworth   C LIMAX ! 02:40, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

If no further discussion is needed, the headers will be delinked soon. –  Paine Ellsworth   C LIMAX ! 17:47, 5 September 2013 (UTC)
 * It's fully protected by the way with a WP:REDLOCK, IRWolfie- (talk) 18:21, 5 September 2013 (UTC)

Stats link has changed
The link titled "Stats" (http://toolserver.org/~snottywong/cgi-bin/votecounter.cgi?page=) now redirects to https://tools.wmflabs.org/jackbot/snottywong/cgi-bin/votecounter.cgi?page=. It also appears to be broken. Please fix/replace this ASAP.-- Auric    talk  19:07, 3 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment. I've asked about this at WT:Toolserver, and hopefully those toolserver experts can help us out. –  Paine Ellsworth   C LIMAX ! 16:18, 4 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I've removed the deadlink; once a working replacement has been identified, please request addition here. — xaosflux  Talk 01:57, 5 August 2014 (UTC)
 * is now the maintainer of this tool. ‑Scottywong | squeal _  03:34, 5 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks, if anyone else wants to also think about how to fix or improve it he's welcome too (I would create a dedicated WMFLABS project). JackPotte (talk) 11:17, 5 August 2014 (UTC)
 * It doesn't look like it needs to be improved, it looks like it's just not there. It returns a 404 error, which means that the votecounter.cgi file can't be found in that location.  Is that the correct url, or has the location of that file changed recently?  ‑Scottywong | spout _  13:46, 5 August 2014 (UTC)
 * That must be an absolute vs relative address problem, I'm testing it locally to be sure. JackPotte (talk) 10:46, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

✅ – Seems to be okay now. but I'm not sure I'm testing it properly. Can someone else confirm before it's returned to the template? –  Paine Ellsworth   C LIMAX ! 03:08, 7 August 2014 (UTC) –   Paine Ellsworth   C LIMAX ! 15:17, 7 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks! ‑Scottywong | chat _ 16:03, 7 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Pleasure! –  Paine    01:36, 8 August 2014 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 7 June 2015
I suggest the following changes: There should be no unnecessary capitals.
 * Replace with  in this template
 * Move Template:REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD to Template:Remove this template when closing this AfD

2602:306:B8E0:82C0:C57C:A2C7:42EA:556A (talk) 14:56, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. It's to draw attention. -- Red rose64 (talk) 17:16, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

AfD Stats tool appears to be broken
Not sure where to bring this up, so bringing it up here. You click the "Stats" link on an AFD, you get taken to a page with heading "AfD Vote Counter", but no actual content other than the heading. See for example this. I think the tool is broken. SJK (talk) 22:26, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

Database error
Anyone else getting this database error when accessing this template? "A database query error has occurred. This may indicate a bug in the software.

[Xou4VQpAAMEAA8@da1cAAAAE] 2020-04-06 23:16:37: Fatal exception of type "Wikimedia\Rdbms\DBQueryError""

Here's the error in play. This is extremely odd. – Toxi  Boi!  (contribs) 23:19, 6 April 2020 (UTC)
 * See Wikipedia talk:Village pump (technical). Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 00:31, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 22 August 2021
Sync with the sandbox; this adds an explicit  parameter to the invocation of la so that it properly formats articles with an equals sign in the title. Vahurzpu (talk) 15:56, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅. Good catch. -- Tamzin  [cetacean needed] (she/they) 16:07, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Show "edits since nomination" link?
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion – this involves an edit to this template. – SD0001  (talk) 09:50, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

cat parameter
This needs documentation. There isn't a list of what the categories are that can be used for this. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  08:19, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I found the list somewhere else (via the preview output of Template:Afd), and added a link to it in this template's documentation.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  08:34, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Afd2


text:
Rebecca Harding Davis

Rebecca Blaine Harding Davis (June 24, 1831 – September 29, 1910) was an American author and journalist. She was a pioneer of literary realism in American literature. She graduated valedictorian from Washington Female Seminary in Pennsylvania. Her most important literary work is the short story "Life in the Iron-Mills," published in the April 1861 edition of The Atlantic Monthly. Throughout her lifetime, Davis sought to effect social change for African Americans, women, Native Americans, immigrants, and the working class, by intentionally writing about the plight of these marginalized groups in the 19th century.

Early life
Rebecca Blaine Harding was born at the David Bradford House in Washington, Pennsylvania, on June 24, 1831, to Richard and Rachel Leet Wilson Harding. Rebecca was the eldest of five children. After an unsuccessful entrepreneurial spell in Big Spring, Alabama, the family finally settled in 1836 in Wheeling, which at the time was in Virginia (in the portion of the state that is now West Virginia). At the time, Wheeling was developing into a productive factory town, the concentration of which was iron and steel mills. The environment of Rebecca's home town would later affect the themes and vision of her fiction, like "Life in the Iron-Mills." Despite Wheeling's productivity and its accessible location along the Ohio River, Davis described the world of her childhood as having belonged to a slower, simpler time, writing in her 1904 autobiography Bits of Gossip that, "there were no railways in it, no automobiles or trolleys, no telegraphs, no sky-scraping houses. Not a single man in the country was the possessor of huge accumulations of money such as are so common now", being before their invention in the Second Industrial Revolution.

Education
During the earlier part of Davis's childhood, public schools in her hometown were not yet available. Her education was mainly undertaken by her mother, with occasional instruction from tutors. While being home-schooled, Rebecca read such authors as Harriet Beecher Stowe, sisters Anna and Susan Warner, and Maria Cummins, which initiated her interest in literature. When Davis was fourteen, she was sent to Washington, Pennsylvania to live with her mother's sister, and attend the Washington Female Seminary. She graduated as class valedictorian in 1848, at the age of seventeen. Rebecca described the school as "enough math to do accounts, enough astronomy to point out constellations, a little music and drawing, and French, history, literature at discretion". After returning to Wheeling, she joined the staff of the local newspaper, the Intelligencer, submitting reviews, stories, poems, and editorials, and also serving briefly as an editor in 1859.

Personal life and family
Upon returning to her industrial hometown, Wheeling, Rebecca Harding Davis socialized very little, staying largely within her own family circle. She continued this isolated way of life for thirteen years until the publication of Life in the Iron Mills in 1861.

Life in the Iron Mills, published in The Atlantic Monthly in April 1861, is regarded by many critics as a pioneering document marking the beginning of realism in American literature. The successful publication of the short story also won her acclaim in the literary circles of her time. At the time it was published, Harding was acknowledged as a "brave new voice" by Louisa May Alcott and Ralph Waldo Emerson. They were impressed with the author's goal, which was "to dig into the commonplace, this vulgar American life, and see what is in it". She later met and became acquainted with Emerson whilst staying with Nathaniel Hawthorne during a trip she had long delayed to meet her publisher James T. Fields. She greatly admired both of these American writers. During this trip around the North, which originated with her publisher's desire to meet her personally, Davis also became close friends with her publisher's wife, Annie Adams Fields.

On her journey back from a meeting with her publisher, Rebecca met L. Clarke Davis in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, whom she had been corresponding with since he had contacted her as an admirer of her work after the publication of "Life in the Iron-Mills." They became engaged one week after meeting and were married on March 5, 1863. Clarke was four years younger than Davis and not yet financially or professionally established in the world. The following year she gave birth to their first son, Richard Harding Davis, who was to become a writer and journalist himself. Their second son, Charles Belmont Davis was born in 1866 and also became a writer; their daughter, Nora, in 1872.

At the start of their marriage, Rebecca was the primary income provider for the family, as Clarke worked to establish himself in his law career. She accomplished this through her writing and as an editor for the New York Tribune. However, ten years after their marriage Davis had faded substantially from the literary world. Clarke gave up law and became an editor for The Philadelphia Inquirer as well. In 1892, Davis received a small critical and popular success with Silhouettes of American Life, but it was her last. She died at age 79, on September 29, 1910.

Legacy
A prolific writer, Rebecca Harding Davis is credited with over 500 published works. Despite her outpouring of literary works, she was almost entirely forgotten by the time of her death in 1910. However, Davis was rediscovered in the very early 1970s by the feminist writer Tillie Olsen, who found a collection of Davis's works in a junk shop. Olsen quickly recognized the talent and significance of Davis's writings, and personally endeavored to reintroduce Davis's work. In 1972, The Feminist Press published "Life in the Iron-Mills" with Olsen's own biographical interpretation of Davis's life in relation to a selection of her published works. Olsen's non-fiction volume, titled Silences, was an analysis of authors' silent periods in literature, including writer's blocks, unpublished work, and the problems that working-class writers, and women in particular, have in finding the time to concentrate on their art, and the second part of the book was a study of the work of Davis.

In April 2013, a historical marker in Davis's honor was placed near Swanson Science Center, the site of the former McIlvaine Hall/Washington Female Seminary. The effort to place the marker there was led by Jennifer Harding, a Washington & Jefferson College English professor, who has no biological relationship to the author. The historical marker was the first dedicated to a woman in Washington, Pennsylvania.

In 2013, an issue of Topic: The Washington & Jefferson College Review was dedicated to articles about Davis.

A thorough biography titled Rebecca Harding Davis: A Life Among Writers by Sharon M. Harris (Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2018) (ISBN 978-1-946684-30-1) appeared after biographical writing by Jane Atteridge Rose and Jean Pfaelzer.

Major work: "Life in the Iron-Mills"
"Life in the Iron Mills;" or, The Korl Woman is widely considered Rebecca Harding Davis's most significant work. Published in 1861 in The Atlantic Monthly, "Life in the Iron-Mills" was one of the first works to explore industrialization in American literature. The short story saw its publication around the dawn of the American Civil War, and is one of Davis's earliest published works. It has become an important text not only for its artistic merit, but for its historical implications. Both its form and content were ground breaking at the time of its publication, being a narrative that follows the lives of laborers and the consequences of industrialization, in a traditionally realistic style.

"Life in the Iron-Mills" is set in a small village whose center is industrial work, especially that of the iron mills. It is described as a polluted and oppressive village, inhabited by laborers, mostly "masses of men, with dull, besotted faces bent to the ground, sharpened here and there by pain or cunning; skin and muscle and flesh begrimed with smoke and ashes". The short story's protagonist is Hugh Wolfe, an iron mill laborer who possesses artistic talent and a spiritual desire for higher forms of pleasure and fulfillment. Despite the hopefulness of Wolfe's artistic drive, he becomes the story's tragic hero, as his yearning for a better life leads to his imprisonment and ultimate death.

Though the short story is concerned with larger themes such as industrialization and the working class, Davis's depiction of Hugh Wolfe, and her command of realism allows the reader to focus on the individual within the labor class, and the consequences of its realities upon his heart and soul. In "Life in the Iron-Mills," "Harding reveals what, historically was done to workers and suggests what could be done for them, moral education and social uplift."

Style
Rebecca Harding Davis's literary style is most commonly labeled as realism. However, her literary works mark a transition from romanticism to literary realism, so they combine elements of Sentimentalism, Romanticism, Realism, and Naturalism. For instance, "Life in the Iron Mills" uses sentimental elements such as a narrator who directly addresses the well defined reader, a didactic purpose, and characters in extreme situations for the purpose of emotionally stirring the reader to action. The short story also uses Romantic elements such as a statue symbolizing a spiritually hungry woman and owned by the narrator, reminiscent of the relic found in the custom house by the narrator of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. And it uses a realistic style with journalistic specificity and characters typical of their social class and speaking in its vernacular, comparable to that of writers in the height of American literary realism, which came two decades after the text was published. Although realism is the genre most prominently attached to Davis's collective works, naturalism is also prevalent in her writing style. Naturalism is thematically linked to realism. Where realists, like Davis, endeavor to depict reality, naturalists expand on that reality by approaching the scientific and or psychological influences on characters due to their environments. In Life in the Iron Mills, the two genres are blended to create a realistic depiction of the everyday life of iron mill worker Hugh Wolfe, as well as illustrate the effects of that environment upon him. In addition to realism and naturalism, Davis also published works employing such literary genres as the gothic and folklore.

Themes
Recurring themes in Rebecca Harding Davis's works are the social and political issues of the nineteenth-century: the American Civil War, race, regionalism, the working class, and women.

Industrialism
Having lived in the steel town of Wheeling, West Virginia, Davis had first-hand experience with the controversies and hardships associated with industrialism. She utilizes the theme of industrialism in Life in the Iron Mills by calling attention to the dark and dismal setting of the iron mills. She not only provides vivid imagery of the dismal landscape, but imagery of the working class as well. By exploring the effects of the iron mills on its inhabitants, Davis is able to depict her own concerns and frustrations associated with the marginalization of the working class. Davis's depiction of the daily routines of the laboring class is a common theme throughout her writing, and most importantly serves the purpose of unveiling the maltreatment of such individuals. Her goal in relating the physical and mental starvation that plagues the inhabitants of these mills is to urge her audience to form spiritual solutions to these issues rather than social solutions.

Female social roles
The exploration of female social roles in nineteenth-century society is a common theme in Davis's works. Her female characters can be viewed as early proto-feminist symbols because they exemplify the issues surrounding the commodification of women, and the patriarchal society that places restrictions on female identity. These issues can be seen in the heroine of Davis's novel Margret Howth. Though Howth works in the mills, her issues flow from her relations with her male counterparts. At novel's end she marries Stephen Holmes, which can both symbolize her acceptance of her Christian destiny despite her father's protestations, and her acceptance of the role of wife and mother. Through this character Davis is representing the power that patriarchal society has over the nineteenth-century female, while also presenting a strong female character who recognizes her moral independence. Davis goes further in her exploration of the true female identity by addressing the role domesticity plays in the lives of her characters. Domesticity, which once defined the roles of nineteenth-century women, is altered by Davis's placement of women in the iron mills. By describing the harsh conditions under which these women labored, Davis is capitalizing on the idea that women are capable of integrating work life into their home life.

Another work in which Davis depicts the power of a female figure is Life in the Iron Mills. The Korl Woman, sculpted by Hugh Wolfe, represents an all-encompassing sublime image of laboring class womanhood. The intensity with which this figure is received, and the humanistic quality of its structure relay a message intended to reveal the true image of not only laborers, but female beauty as well. The Korl woman serves as a symbol that challenges nineteenth-century standards of femininity. Thus, Davis utilizes the Korl Woman to depict the realistic effects of the iron mills, while simultaneously questioning female societal restrictions as a whole.

Works (partial list)
Books

 * Margret Howth: A Story of Today (1861)
 * Waiting for the Verdict (1867)
 * Dallas Galbraith  (1868)
 * Kent Hampden (1892)
 * Kitty's Choice or Berrytown and Other Stories (1873)
 * John Andross (1874)
 * A Law unto Herself (1878)
 * Natasqua (1886)
 * Kent Hampden (1892)
 * Silhouettes of American Life (1892)
 * Doctor Warrick's Daughters (1896)
 * Frances Waldeaux (1897)
 * Bits of Gossip (1904)

Short fiction

 * Life in the Iron Mills, The Atlantic Monthly (1861)
 * David Gaunt (1862)
 * John Lamar (1862)
 * Paul Blecker (1863)
 * The Wife's Story (July 1864), The Atlantic Monthly
 * Ellen (1865)
 * The Harmonists (1866)
 * In the Market (1868)
 * A Pearl of Great Price (1868)
 * Put out of the Way (1870)
 * The Balacchi Brothers (1872) Lippincott's Magazine
 * General William Wirt Colby, Wood's Household Magazine (1873)
 * Earthen Pitchers (1873–1874)
 * Marcia (1876)
 * A Day with Doctor Sarah (1878)

Essays

 * Men's Rights (1869)
 * The House on the Beach (1876)
 * Life Saving Stations (March 1876) Lippincott's Magazine
 * Some Testimony in the Case (1885)
 * Here and There in the South (1887)
 * Women in Literature (1891)
 * In the Gray Cabins of New England (1895)
 * The Disease of Money-Getting (1902)

title: Rebecca Harding Davis


text:
Leb i sol

Leb i sol (Леб и сол) is a Macedonian and former Yugoslav rock group founded in the 1970s by Vlatko Stefanovski (guitar), Bodan Arsovski (bass guitar), Nikola Kokan Dimuševski (keyboards) and Garabet Tavitjan (drums). Tavitjan ceded the drumwork to Dragoljub Đuričić for some of the albums, while Kiril Džajkovski replaced Kokan on Kao Kakao and Putujemo. Beside being the most eminent Macedonian band, they were also one of the most important acts of the Yugoslav rock scene.

History
"Leb i sol" is a traditional greeting which literally translates to "bread and salt". It is often used as an expression of spite or determination; e.g. "I will eat bread and salt if I have to, but I will not give in!", but that has nothing to do with the band's name. More commonly, distinguished visitors to villages and communities would be offered a piece of home-baked bread and a dip of salt as a traditional welcome, which is where the name of the band really came from. Their music combined elements of rock, jazz fusion and ethnic Macedonian music. As the band matured, the jazz influences became less obvious. However, in concert, Leb i sol performances of jazzed-up and lengthy versions of traditional ethno-folk classics such as "Jovano Jovanke" or "Aber Dojde Donke", were often received with great enthusiasm and cheer.

Leb i sol were very popular in the 1970s and 1980s and, while not selling as many records as some pop and folk acts, were very well known and respected and often sold-out venues in most of the larger cities in Yugoslavia. The first two albums are often considered foundational, while most are diverse enough to be, at least in part, accessible to a fairly wide audience. The influence of ethnic music and folk music of Republic of Macedonia are recognizable in the use of odd meters (5/4, 7/8) and non-traditional scales (e.g. the Phrygian dominant scale). While all the musicians were fairly accomplished, Vlatko Stefanovski is frequently regarded as an exceptional guitar virtuoso.

Reunion
After splitting in 1995, the band members started successful solo careers and each of them released several solo albums. In 2006 Leb i sol gathered again for a successful reunion tour across the entire former Yugoslavia to mark the 30th anniversary of their formation. Later, Vlatko Stefanovski left the group. With a new line-up, in 2008, the band recorded a new studio album titled I taka nataka. An international concert tour is being planned.

Discography

 * Leb i sol (PGP RTB, 1977)
 * Leb i sol 2 (PGP RTB, 1978)
 * Ručni rad (PGP RTB, 1979)
 * Beskonačno (PGP RTB, 1981)
 * Sledovanje (PGP RTB, 1981)
 * Akustična trauma—Double Live (PGP RTB, 1982)
 * Kalabalak (Jugoton, 1983)
 * Tangenta (Jugoton, 1984)
 * Zvučni zid (Jugoton, 1986)
 * Kao kakao (Jugoton, 1987)
 * Putujemo (Jugoton, 1989)
 * Live Anthology -- Live in Kragujevac (1990)
 * Live in New York—CD/cassette (1991)
 * Anthology—Double CD compilation (1995)
 * Live in Macedonia—CD/DVD (2006)
 * I taka nataka—CD (Hammer production, 2008)

title: Leb i sol


text:
Municipal arrondissements of France

In France, a municipal arrondissement (arrondissement municipal ) is a subdivision of the commune, and is used in the country's three largest cities: Paris, Lyon and Marseille. It functions as an even lower administrative division, with its own mayor. Although usually referred to simply as "arrondissements", they should not be confused with departmental arrondissements, which are groupings of communes within one département.

General characteristics
There are 45 municipal arrondissements in France: 20 in Paris (see: Arrondissements of Paris), nine in Lyon (see: Arrondissements of Lyon), and 16 in Marseille. However, a law in 1987 assigned the 16 arrondissements of Marseille to eight secteurs ("areas"), two arrondissements per secteur. Thus, in effect, Marseille can be more properly described as being divided into eight secteurs, the sixteen arrondissements having been made merely units of demarcation.

 * Area
 * The largest arrondissement is the ninth arrondissement of Marseille: 63.21 km2 (24.4 sq. miles, or 15,620 acres), which is 26 percent of the size of the city of Marseille, and is 60 percent the size of the city of Paris (including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes). It contains the Luminy Park, which is a protected park, and the calanques of Marseille.
 * The smallest arrondissement is the second arrondissement of Paris: 0.992 km2 (0.383 sq. miles, or 245 acres).

 * Population
 * The most populous arrondissement is the fifteenth arrondissement of Paris, with 225,362 inhabitants at the 1999 census. If the 15th arrondissement of Paris were a commune, it would be the ninth most-populous commune of France, larger than the cities of Bordeaux, Lille, and Grenoble.
 * The least populous arrondissement is the 16th arrondissement of Marseille, with only 16,002 inhabitants (2019). However, the 16th arrondissement is part of the eighth secteur of Marseille (92,109 inhabitants in 2017), and is not really administered by itself, as explained above. The second least populous arrondissement in France is the first arrondissement of Paris, with 15,917 inhabitants (2019); however, It is also governed together with the 2nd, 3rd and 4th arrondissements as 1st sector of Paris (Paris-Centre; 100,196 inhabitants in 2017).

 * Density
 * The arrondissement with the highest population density is the 11th arrondissement of Paris, with 40,672 residents per km2 (105,339 per sq. miles) in 1999.
 * The arrondissement with the lowest population density is the ninth arrondissement of Marseille, with 1,151 residents per km2 (2,981 per sq. miles) in 1999.

Municipal arrondissements have names only in Paris and are seldom used even there. In Paris, residents are very familiar with the arrondissements and, when asked where they live, they will almost always answer with the number. In Lyon, three arrondissements – Vieux Lyon (fifth), la Croix Rousse (fourth) and Vaise (ninth) – are generally referred to by those names, and the others are referred to by number. In Marseille, it is common for people to refer to the names of the neighborhoods, such as Ste. Anne or Mazargues, but also to the number of the arrondissements.

Municipal arrondissements are used in the five-digit postal codes of France. The first two digits are the number of the département in which the address is located (75 for Paris; 69 for Rhône in which Lyon is located; 13 for Bouches-du-Rhône in which Marseille is located); the last three digits are the number of the arrondissement so the postal code of a person living in the 5th arrondissement of Paris is "75005 Paris", and for a person living in the 14th arrondissement of Marseille it will be "13014 Marseille". The only exception is the 16th arrondissement of Paris, which is divided between two postal codes because of its size: "75016 Paris", in the south of the arrondissement, and "75116 Paris", in the north of the arrondissement.

The arrondissements of Paris form a clockwise spiral or snail pattern beginning from the first in the centre. In Marseille, they form a meandering path from the first down through the southwest, to the southeast, northeast and finally to the northwest. The arrondissements of Lyon do not form any discernible pattern at all, and only two pairs of arrondissements with a common border have consecutive numbers: the first and the second as well as the seventh and the eighth.

Some other large cities of France are also divided between several postal codes, but the postal codes do not correspond to arrondissements.

History
The first municipal arrondissements were created on 22 August 1795 when the city (commune) of Paris was split into twelve arrondissements. At the time, the National Convention was wary of the municipalities in big cities because of their revolutionary moods (Paris) or because of their counter-revolutionary leanings (Lyon and many other cities in the provinces), and so the Convention decided to split the large cities (communes) of France into smaller communes. Paris, unlike the other large cities, was not split into smaller communes, but into arrondissements, a newly created category, and the central municipality was abolished.

In 1805 Napoleon reunited all the large cities of France, but Paris was left divided. Eventually, in 1834, the city (commune) of Paris was reunited, with a municipal council for the whole city, but without a mayor, the municipality being ruled by the prefect of the department of Seine and by the Prefecture of Police. The twelve arrondissements were preserved, being needed for the local administration of people in such a large and populous city as Paris.

On 31 December 1859, the central government enlarged the city of Paris, annexing the suburban communes surrounding Paris, and the arrondissements were reorganised due to the enlargement. Twenty arrondissements with new boundaries were set up and they are still the arrondissements found today in Paris.

In the case of Lyon, in 1852, after more than fifty years of hesitation, the central government finally allowed Lyon to annex its immediate suburbs, which had become extremely populous due to the Industrial Revolution. The commune of Lyon annexed the communes of Croix-Rousse, La Guillotière, and Vaise. Wary of the new size of the city and the power held by the municipality, the central government decided to divide Lyon into five arrondissements, and the office of mayor of Lyon was abolished. The prefect of the department of Rhône was left to rule the municipality.

In 1881, the office of mayor of Lyon was re-established, and the commune of Lyon reverted to the standard status of French communes. However, the arrondissements were maintained, still being needed in such a populous city. New arrondissements were created in Lyon in 1867, 1912 and 1957 by splitting the third and seventh arrondissements. In 1963, Lyon annexed the commune of Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe, and in 1964, the ninth arrondissement of Lyon was created as a result of the annexation, thus reaching the final arrangement of nine arrondissements found in Lyon today.

In 1977, the office of mayor of Paris was re-established after almost 183 years of abolition, but the arrondissements were left untouched.

In 1981, the Socialists won the French general elections and in the following year, they passed several key laws redefining the powers of the regions, departments, and communes, with the clear objective of ushering in a less centralised France. On 31 December 1982, the so-called "" (Loi PLM) was passed, where PLM stands for Paris Lyon Marseille. These three communes were given a special status, derogating from the general status of communes, and were officially divided into municipal arrondissements. Where arrondissements already existed, in Paris and Lyon, the law preserved the already existing boundaries. In Marseille, where there were no arrondissements before 1982, sixteen arrondissements were set up.

The municipal arrondissements were given an official status by the law, each with own their town hall (mairie d'arrondissement) and mayor (maire d'arrondissement). For the first time in history, arrondissement councils (conseils d'arrondissement) were created in the arrondissements, directly elected by the inhabitants of each. The city halls (mairies) of Paris, Marseille and Lyon were preserved above the mairies d'arrondissement, with a central mayor for each city overseeing the arrondissements.

In these three cities, the arrondissements were made the administrative unit dealing directly with citizens. For all necessary queries and official business (for example, birth, marriage and death registrations and records), citizens go to their respective mairie d'arrondissement. The city hall (mairie centrale) does not generally have direct contact with the citizens and is in charge of larger matters such as economic development or local taxation. It was felt that the arrondissements should deal with the individual matters of citizens, the local arrondissement town halls being more accessible than the centralised city hall. (See "Rights and duties of the arrondissement council and mayor" below.)

The law was largely welcomed but some wondered why it was applied only to Paris, Lyon and Marseille. These three cities are the largest in France (with 2,125,246 inhabitants in Paris, 798,430 inhabitants in Marseille, and 466,000 inhabitants in Lyon) and the law was meant to have the local administrations become more accessible and tied to their respective citizens. However, many thought the law could have been applied to other populous cities, in particular to the fourth largest city of France, Toulouse (435,000 inhabitants), and the fifth largest city, Nice (342,738 inhabitants); both cities where the central city halls have to deal with a large number of citizens. Nonetheless, to this day only Paris, Lyon and Marseille are divided into municipal arrondissements.

In 1987, a new law assigned the sixteen arrondissements of Marseille to eight secteurs, two arrondissements per secteur, as explained above; and in Marseille there are now only eight mairies d'arrondissement, each one administering both arrondissements of each secteur.

Status
The PLM Law of 1982 governs the status of the municipal arrondissements.

Unlike French communes, municipal arrondissements have no legal "personality" and so they are not considered legal entities, have no legal capacity and have no budget of their own.

The three communes of Paris, Lyon, and Marseille are ruled by a municipal council and a mayor. In Paris the municipal council is called Paris council (conseil de Paris). Each arrondissement (or secteur in Marseille) has an arrondissement council (conseil d'arrondissement) and an arrondissement mayor. Two thirds of the councillors on the arrondissement council are elected inside the arrondissement; the remaining one third is made up of members of the municipal council elected at the commune level above the arrondissements. The arrondissement mayor is elected by the arrondissement council and must be a member of the municipal council of the commune.

The law of 27 February 2002 on local ("proximity") democracy increased the powers of both the arrondissement councils and the arrondissement mayors.

The council and the mayor of the arrondissement have these rights and duties:
 * The arrondissement council manages local community facilities (child care centres and public nurseries, sport centres and stadiums, local parks etc.) but must obtain permission from the municipal council before building new facilities.
 * The arrondissement council is asked for advice by the municipal council in any project whose completion takes place on the territory of the arrondissement. In particular, the arrondissement council gives an opinion on matters regarding local non-profit associations and on modifications of local zoning (Plan Local d'Urbanisme).
 * Arrondissements have a say in social housing: half of the social housing dwellings (council flats) within the territory of the arrondissement are allocated by the arrondissement mayor; the other half is allocated by the mayor of the commune.
 * The arrondissement mayor and his deputies are in charge of registering births, deaths and marriages in the arrondissement.
 * The arrondissement council can submit written questions to the mayor of the commune on any matter regarding the arrondissement. It can also ask the municipal council to debate over any matter regarding the arrondissement.
 * The municipal council and the mayor of the commune can delegate certain powers to the arrondissement councils and mayors.
 * The arrondissement council can create neighbourhood committees (conseils de quartier) with people in a given neighbourhood, who meet regularly and draft proposals about life in their neighbourhood.

title: Municipal arrondissements of France


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/February 24, 2005

It should say Veteran, not Hero, for the sake of NPOV. Gerritholl 12:42, 24 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
Walter Horton

Walter Horton may refer to:

 * Big Walter Horton (1921–1981), American blues harmonica player
 * Walter Horton (landowner) (1512–?), English politician
 * Walter H. Morton, locomotive engineer
 * Walter S. Horton (1857–1944), American football player and lawyer

title: Walter Horton