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User:Eden2004

Computering engineer working in the video game field. Asian language and culture lover.

Please use my french account (same name) for contacting me.

title: User:Eden2004


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flyman

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:04, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Flyman
No info beyond dictionary definition of word. Nateji77 13:02, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — There are plenty of hits on Flyman in Google. 1913 Dictionary definition is of a driver of a fly, or light public carriage; another is for a theater stage hand, &c. But the current page is too brief and has little information value. — 18:21, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, misleading dicdef. Wyss 19:37, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flyman


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Talk:Māori creation myth

To Do

 * Wikify (and cleanup)
 * Link with creation belief article
 * Double-check macrons

-- FirstPrinciples 13:03, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Māori creation myth


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Cunningham Highway

The Cunningham Highway is a 327 km national highway located in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. The highway links the Darling Downs region with the urbanised outskirts of Ipswich via Cunninghams Gap.

The Cunningham carries the National Highway 15 shield between Ipswich and north of Warwick at its junction with the New England Highway at Glengallan where both the Cunningham and the New England head south concurrently to Warwick. Thereafter, the Cunningham carries the National Highway 42 shield to its south-western terminus with the Leichhardt Highway at Goondiwindi. The majority of the Cunningham Highway is a single carriageway with freeway standard and 6-lane arterial road standard towards its north-eastern terminus, near Ipswich.

State-controlled road
The Cunningham Highway is a state-controlled road, subdivided into four sections for administrative and funding purposes. Sections 17A, 17B, and part of 17D are part of the National Highway, while section 17C and part of section 17D are strategic roads. The sections are:
 * 17A – Goodna to Ipswich
 * 17B – Ipswich to Warwick
 * 17C – Warwick to Inglewood
 * 17D – Inglewood to Goondiwindi

State-controlled roads that intersect with the highway are listed in the main article.

History
The highway is named in honour of the explorer and botanist Allan Cunningham who followed a route close to where the modern-day highway runs. In 1828 after discovering the route Cunningham sent a report to Governor Ralph Darling emphasising the economic benefits that a link between the coast and pastoral lands of the Darling Downs would provide. The first road between the coast and the Darling Downs was Spicers Gap Road developed in 1859, which crossed the range at Spicer's Gap and was suitable for the drays used at that time. Although Cunningham's Gap was known at that time, it was considered too steep a route for drays. With the opening of the Southern railway line between Toowoomba and Warwick in 1871, passenger and goods transport switched to the railways and Spicers Gap Road fell into disuse and was not well maintained due to the cost.

It was not until the advent of automobiles that a route through the steep Cunningham's Gap became feasible. The original road was built entirely by voluntary labour and Acting Queensland Premier, William Forgan Smith, officially opened on 11 June 1927, the 100-year anniversary of Allan Cunningham's supposed discovery of Cunningham's Gap. Actually, Cunningham discovered two gaps, Spicer's Gap on 11 June 1827 as he approached from the Darling Downs side and Cunningham's Gap on 21 August 1828 as he approached from Ipswich. However, Cunningham mistakenly believed he had found both sides of the same gap and not two different ones. This mistake was then perpetuated on the monument to Cunningham unveiled as part of the official opening of the road, as it gave 11 June 1827 as the discovery of Cunningham's Gap.

The road was plagued by problems during this embryonic stage with the Royal Automobile Club of Queensland announcing that the road was closed, less than one month after it was officially opened. In 1935, the Mains Road Commission upgraded the road to highway and named it the Cunningham Highway. The new sealed road through the gap was eventually opened in November 1949.

Route
The north-eastern terminus of the Cunningham Highway is situated a short distance west of where the Warrego Highway reaches its eastern terminus with the Ipswich Motorway, at, a suburb of Ipswich. From this point, the Cunningham heads south-west as the Cunningham Motorway, bypassing to the south the Ipswich central business district, the original path of the highway, now named Warwick Road. The motorway transitions to the Cunningham Highway, and a further modern deviation takes the highway south of and RAAF Base Amberley through the Scenic Rim region including the towns and settlements of, the Fassifern Valley and.

From this point, the Cunningham Highway begins its ascent across the Great Dividing Range via a mountain pass at an elevation of 787 m above sea level called Cunninghams Gap, situated in the Main Range National Park, between the peaks of Mount Cordeaux and Mount Mitchell.

As the Cunningham Highway descends through the Southern Downs region and west adjacent to the settlement of, it reaches a major junction with the New England Highway near Eastments Ridge approximately 14 km north of Warwick. The two highways run south to Warwick, sharing the National Route 15 shield and cross the Condamine River before the concurrency terminates and the New England Highway runs south, carrying the National Highway 15 shield; and the Cunningham heads west by south-west through, , before reaching its south-western terminus on the outskirts of Goondiwindi.

Within close proximity of Goondiwindi, the Cunningham Highway links to the Newell, Leichhardt, and Barwon highways, with the Bruxner Highway nearby.

Towns on the Cunningham Highway
From northeast to southwest, the following towns and settlements are located on the Cunningham Highway:

 * Goondiwindi
 * Goondiwindi
 * Goondiwindi
 * Goondiwindi
 * Goondiwindi
 * Goondiwindi
 * Goondiwindi

Highway upgrades
A lead project to plan and conduct upgrades to the highway, at a total cost of $212.5 million, was in the planning phase in November 2021. The $25 million intersection upgrade described below is included in this project.

Intersection upgrade
A project to upgrade the intersection with the New England Highway east of Warwick, at a cost of $25 million, was due for completion in August 2022.

Reconstruction works
A project to reconstruct sections of the highway at Cunninghams Gap following bushfire damage, at a cost of $84.27 million, was due to start construction in early 2022.

Safety upgrades
A project to identify safety issues and propose solutions between Warwick and Inglewood, at a cost of $275,000, was under way in January 2022.

title: Cunningham Highway


text:
Electronic Warfare (album)

Electronic Warfare is a classic Underground Resistance release, which defined further developments and experiments in electro sound. It was released in double 12" format in 1996 under the catalog number #033.

Track listing

 * 1) A1 - "Logic Bomb"
 * 2) A2 - "Fiber Optic Commando (M.O.D.)"
 * 3) B1 - "Electronic Warfare (Vocal)"
 * 4) B2 - "Electronic Warfare (Instrumental)"
 * 5) B3 - "Electronic Warfare (Oz speaks)"
 * 6) C1 - "Biosensors In Tunnel Complex Africa"
 * 7) C2 - "Install 'Ho Chi Minh' Chip"
 * 8) D1 - "The Illuminator"

Officially released by the UR (Underground Resistance) collective. The members of UR are; Andre Holland, D-HA, DJ Rolando, Drexciya, Gerald Mitchell, Ghetto Tech, James Pennington, Mike Banks, Marc Floyd, Mark Taylor, Perception, Scan 7, Timeline,... But the tracks appeared on this release were mainly produced by "Mad" Mike Banks.

title: Electronic Warfare (album)


text: Template:Listen

title: Template:Listen


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Gloster Aircraft Company

The  Gloster Aircraft Company was a British aircraft manufacturer from 1917 to 1963.

Founded as the Gloucestershire Aircraft Company Limited during the First World War, with the aircraft construction activities of H.H. Martyn & Co. of Cheltenham, England it produced fighters during the war. It was renamed later as foreigners found 'Gloucestershire' difficult to pronounce. It later became part of the Hawker Siddeley group and the Gloster name disappeared in 1963.

Gloster designed and built several fighters that equipped the British Royal Air Force (RAF) during the interwar years including the Gladiator, the RAF's last biplane fighter. The company built most of the wartime production of Hawker Hurricanes and Hawker Typhoons for their parent company Hawker Siddeley while its design office was working on the first British jet aircraft, the E.28/39 experimental aircraft. This was followed by the Meteor, the RAF's first jet-powered fighter and the only Allied jet fighter to be put into service during the Second World War.

1917 – Formation
In 1917, during the midst of the First World War, the Gloster Aircraft Company Limited was formed under the name The Gloucestershire Aircraft Company Limited. At the time of its creation, its owners were Hugh Burroughes (1884–1985) and H H Martyn & Co. Limited, who held a 50 per cent share between them, and aircraft manufacturer Airco held the other 50 per cent. On the company's board were A W Martyn, Burroughes, and George Holt Thomas of Airco. The firm quickly acquired the aircraft component construction activities that were previously being carried out by H H Martyn & Co. for the war effort in order to perform subcontracted work from Airco; the provision of additional production capacity had been a major motivating factor for Airco's involvement in founding the company. H H Martyn were architectural engineers and had produced items such as propellers before moving to whole fuselages for Airco.

The firm rented facilities at Sunningend in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire to serve as their works. By the spring of 1918, the company was producing 45 new Bristol Fighter aircraft per week.

As the orders for aircraft increased, other companies in the Gloucester and Cheltenham district were contracted with work. Where any flying was involved, the aircraft would be transported (with wings detached) to a newly formed Air Board aircraft acceptance park at Brockworth, seven miles (11 km) away by motor transport. Although Brockworth Aerodrome was used by the company, it lacked any hangars until 1921, after which it would rent a portion of one hangar from the Air Board. Gradually, Gloucester would relocate its operational base to the Brockworth site.

1919 – Interwar period
Following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 and the end of the First World War, the company suffered financial losses from the collapse of Airco, only receiving partial compensation for the cancellation of outstanding production orders. In 1920, following the closure of rival British aircraft manufacturer Nieuport & General, the services of its former chief designer, Henry Folland (1889–1954), were hired by the company; it also acquired the rights for the Nieuport Nighthawk fighter and various unassembled aircraft components.

In December 1926, it was decided that the name of the company should be switched to a simplified form—the Gloster Aircraft Company. This was reported because customers outside of the United Kingdom found it easier to pronounce and to spell. Typically, locals and employees simply referred to the company as GAC.

With the move to metal construction, the Sunningend factory was soon deemed to be no longer suitable; accordingly, in 1928, Gloster purchased the aerodrome at Brockworth, including all of the adjacent hangars and neighbouring office accommodation.

In 1934, Gloster was acquired by another British aircraft manufacturer, Hawker Aircraft. Regardless of this change in ownership, the company continued to produce aircraft under its own brand name. In that same year, Gloster produced one of its most famous aircraft, the Gladiator biplane. The 1935 merger of Hawker Aircraft and the interests of J. D. Siddeley (Armstrong Siddeley and Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft) saw Gloster become a part of Hawker Siddeley Aircraft, Ltd.

1939 – Second World War
At the outbreak of the Second World War, the firm lacked any modern designs of its own in production, but had significant expertise and production facilities available. Thus, Gloster undertook manufacture for Hawker-designed aircraft to equip the RAF on behalf of its parent company. During 1939, the company constructed 1,000 Hawker Hurricanes within the first 12 months of the conflict; Gloster delivered the last of its 2,750 Hurricanes in 1942. After ending production of the Hurricane, it was decided to manufacture the newer Hawker Typhoon in its place. Gloster proceeded to construct 3,300 in total, almost the entirety of the type.

1941 – Arrival of the Turbojet

Frank Whittle had first met Gloster's designer and test pilots in April 1939 and an official approach from the Air Ministry followed. As no existing aircraft was suitable for adaptation to take the new jet engine, and Gloster did not have much workload in its design department, Gloster received a contract in early 1940 – to design and build Britain's first jet aircraft. Two airframes were built in secrecy. Due to the risk of bombing, one of the aircraft was built offsite from Brockworth at Regent Motors Cheltenham.

On 15 May 1941, the first official test flight of the Gloster E.28/39 W 4041/G with a turbo-jet engine, invented by Sir Frank Whittle took off from RAF Cranwell (earlier taxying trials, in which the E.28/39 briefly became airborne, and therefore "flew", were carried out at the company's airfield at Brockworth).

Although the E.28.39 could in theory be used as a fighter, a specific fighter design was required and Gloster began work on a twin engine jet design. Once the E.28/39 had flown, the Air Staff told Gloster to stop work on their F.18/40 nightfighter (other aircraft could be adapted to replace it) to concentrate on the jet fighter. The jet design became the Gloster Meteor, the only jet to be used in combat by the Allied Forces during the Second World War.

First flying with the RAF in 1943, the Meteor commenced operations in mid-1944, only some weeks later than the world's first operational jet, the German Messerschmitt Me 262. Crucially, it became the first RAF aircraft with a high enough top speed to enable it to fly alongside V1 flying bombs and tip them under the wing so as to render the V1's gyro incapable of recovery. This made the V1s crash prematurely to earth in open countryside before they could reach London.

1945 – Setting world airspeed records
In 1945, a Meteor F Mk.4 prototype, stripped of armament, achieved a World Airspeed Record of 606 mi/h with Group Captain H. Wilson at the controls. During early 1946, another F Mk.4 prototype was used to set a world air speed record of 616 mph (991 km/h) true airspeed with Group Captain "Teddy" Donaldson flying the highly modified Meteor, nicknamed "Yellow Peril." The second pilot in the High Speed Flight, Bill Waterton achieved 614 mph. During the record attempt Donaldson became the first man to break the 1,000 km/h barrier, winning the Britannia Trophy and a Bar to his AFC. Meteors remained in service with several air forces for many years and saw action in the Korean War with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Eventually, Gloster Meteors in fighter, trainer and night fighter versions were in operational use by 12 nations.

1947 – Gloster's heyday
During Gloster's heyday, in 1947, S/L Janusz Zurakowski was employed as an experimental pilot. In the following years, he became one of the world's most famous experimental and aerobatics pilots. He developed a new aerobatic manoeuvre, the "Zurabatic Cartwheel", which held the audience captivated as he suspended the Gloster Meteor G-7-1 prototype he was flying, in a vertical cartwheel at the 1951 Farnborough Air Show, a manoeuvre the announcer declared to be "Impossible!" Serving for a brief period as the chief test pilot, he tested the many experimental versions of the Gloster Meteor, Javelin and E.1/44 fighters. During the Gloster years, "Zura" as he came to be known, set an international speed record: London-Copenhagen-London, 4–5 April 1950 at Gloster's instruction to sell the aircraft to the Danish Air Force.

In 1952, the two-seat, delta winged Gloster Javelin was developed as an all-weather fighter that could fly above 50000 ft at almost the speed of sound. This modern aircraft proved to be too heavy to take off from the short airfield in Brockworth, and was instead fitted out to the bare minimum and given a very small fuel load. It was then flown in a short hop to RAF Moreton Valence seven miles (11.27 km) to the south west, where the aircraft would be completed. It was this shortcoming of facilities, along with the rationalisation of the British aircraft industry, that would lead to the demise of Gloster. One blind alley was the work done (along with eight other British companies) on designing an aircraft to the same exacting Ministry specification that spawned the BAC TSR-2. The contract was issued to BAC but the Wilson Government cancelled the TSR2 project.

1960s – Demise
In 1961, the company was merged with Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft Limited to form Whitworth Gloster Aircraft Limited. Following another re-organisation, the firm became part of the Avro Whitworth Division of Hawker Siddeley Aviation in 1963, and the name Gloster disappeared as Hawker Siddeley rebranded its product line under its own name. In the late 1960s/early 1970s the Saunders-Roe Folly Works, by then owned by Hawker Siddeley was merged with the Gloster works to form Gloster-Saro utilising both companies' expertise in aluminium forming to produce fire appliances and tankers in the Gloster factory at Hucclecote, mostly based on Reynolds-Boughton chassis. In 1984 Gloster Saro acquired the fire tender business of the Chubb group with the company merging in 1987 with Simon Engineering to form Simon Gloster Saro. The company eventually was used to manufacture both alloy and, later, fibreglass fuel tankers for Companies such as Shell/BP.

The site at Brockworth was sold in 1964. In recent years the runway and old buildings have been demolished and replaced by standard modern industrial estate and office buildings.

Products

 * 1921 Gloster Mars – single-seat racing biplane later modified as the Gloster I
 * 1921 Gloster Sparrowhawk
 * 1922 Gloster Mars VI Nighthawk
 * 1922 Gloster Mars X Nightjar
 * 1923 Gloster Gannet – single-seat ultra light biplane
 * 1923 Gloster Grebe – single-seat day fighter biplane
 * 1923 Gloster Grouse
 * 1924 Gloster Gorcock – experimental single-seat fighter biplane
 * 1924 Gloster II – single-seat racing biplane
 * 1925 Gloster III – single-seat racing float biplane
 * 1925 Gloster Gamecock – single-seat day and night interceptor biplane
 * 1925 Gloster Guan – experimental single-seat high altitude fighter biplane
 * 1926 Gloster Goral – two-seat general purpose biplane
 * 1926 Gloster Goring – two-seat day bomber/torpedo biplane
 * 1927 Gloster IV – single-seat racing float biplane
 * 1927 Gloster Goldfinch – single-seat high-altitude day and night fighter biplane
 * 1927 Gloster Gambet – single-seat deck landing fighter biplane
 * 1928 Gloster Gnatsnapper – single-seat deck landing fighter biplane
 * 1929 Gloster VI – single-seat racing monoplane (world absolute speed record holder for a few hours in 1929)
 * 1929 A.S.31 Survey – two-seat photographic survey biplane
 * 1932 Gloster TC.33 – four-engined bomber/transport biplane
 * 1932 Gloster TSR.38 – three-seat torpedo/spotter/reconnaissance biplane
 * 1934 Gloster Gauntlet – single-seat day and night fighter biplane
 * 1934 Gloster Gladiator – single-seat day fighter biplane
 * 1937 Gloster F.5/34 single-seat day fighter monoplane prototype
 * 1939 Gloster F.9/37 twin-engined heavy fighter prototype
 * 1941 Gloster E.28/39 first British jet-engined aircraft
 * 1944 Gloster Meteor single-seat day fighter – only allied jet aircraft to see action during the Second World War
 * 1948 Gloster E.1/44 single-seat jet day fighter prototype
 * 1954 Gloster Javelin two-seat all-weather jet fighter
 * 1954 Gloster Meteor F8 "Prone Pilot" experimental conversion of Meteor

Chief Test Pilots

 * 1927–1935 Howard Saint
 * 1935–1942 Gerry Sayer
 * 1942–1944 Michael Daunt
 * 1945–1946 Eric Greenwood
 * 1947–1954 William Arthur Waterton
 * 1953–1960 Richard Frewen Martin
 * 1960–1961 Geoffrey Worrall

title: Gloster Aircraft Company


text:
User:Kjscn

Kjscn is Kevin J Smith's Wikipedia username. He has a longterm interest in astronomy, China, Macs, Mandarin and tea. Pages he has contributed to include:
 * Weifang
 * Tea
 * Oolong

title: User:Kjscn


text:
Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949

The state known today as Ireland is the successor state to the Irish Free State, which existed from December 1922 to December 1937. At its foundation, the Irish Free State was, in accordance with its constitution and the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, governed as a constitutional monarchy, in personal union with the monarchy of the United Kingdom and other members of what was then called the British Commonwealth. The monarch as head of state was represented in the Irish Free State by his Governor-General, who performed most of the monarch's duties based on the advice of elected Irish officials.

The Statute of Westminster, passed in 1931, granted expanded sovereignty to the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, and permitted the Irish state to amend its constitution and legislate outside the terms of the Treaty. The Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936, enacted in response to the abdication of Edward VIII, removed the role of the monarch for all internal purposes, leaving him only a few formal duties in foreign relations as a "symbol of cooperation" with other Commonwealth nations. The Constitution of Ireland, which took effect in December 1937, established the position of president of Ireland, with the office first filled in June 1938, but the monarch retained his role in foreign affairs, leaving open the question of which of the two figures was the formal head of state. The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 ended the statutory position of the British monarch for external purposes and assigned those duties to the President, taking effect in April 1949, from which point Ireland was inarguably a republic.

Background
The Anglo-Irish Treaty was agreed upon to end the 1919–1921 Irish War of Independence fought between Irish revolutionaries who favored an Irish Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty provided for the Irish Free State, which excluded Northern Ireland, as an autonomous and self-governing dominion of the British Commonwealth, with the British monarch as head of state, in the same manner as in Canada and Australia. The treaty also mandated that members of the new Irish parliament would have to take an oath of allegiance that promised fidelity to George V and his heirs.

The disestablishment of the Irish Republic declared in 1919, the imposition of even a constitutional monarchy, and the continued ties to Great Britain were particularly contentious for many Irish nationalists. Even the Treaty's supporters viewed it as a compromise imposed on the Irish by their inability to achieve full independence through military means: Michael Collins, the republican leader who had led the Irish negotiating team, argued that it gave "not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire and develop, but the freedom to achieve freedom."

The Treaty was fiercely debated in the Second Dáil, the Irish Republic's revolutionary parliament. Éamon de Valera, the Republic's President, opposed the proposed dominion status for Ireland; instead, he advocated for a relationship he called external association, under which Ireland would be "associated" with the rest of the British Commonwealth and would "recognise His Britannic Majesty as head of the Association" — but not as Ireland's King or head of state.

Nevertheless, the Dáil narrowly approved the treaty, and de Valera resigned in protest. Pro-Treaty forces won the ensuing election and civil war, and the Free State's new constitution incorporated the monarchial elements mandated by the Treaty.

Irish Free State
The new Irish Free State thus established was a form of constitutional monarchy, a Dominion with the same monarch as the United Kingdom and other states within the British Commonwealth. Under its constitution, the King had functions that included the exercise of executive authority of the state, the appointment of the cabinet, the dissolution of the legislature, and the promulgation of laws. However, all of these were delegated to a representative called the Governor-General of the Irish Free State. The representative's title was not actually specified in the Treaty, and Collins considered a number of alternatives, including Commissioner of the British Commonwealth and President of Ireland. However, the Free State government ultimately settled on governor-general because it was the same title used by the corresponding officials in other Dominions. The office's Irish language title was Seanascal, meaning "high steward" or "seneschal", which was later used in English.

As was the case in all Dominions, by convention the governor-general acted on the advice of elected officials. For the most part, this advice came from Irish officials, and on a day-to-day basis the governor-general played a ceremonial role in the Irish Free State similar to the one the King played in the United Kingdom. (Notably, the head of government, who in practice held the most powerful position in the State, held the title President of the Executive Council rather than Prime Minister as in other Dominions.)

At the Free State's inception, however, the governor-general served an additional role as the British government's agent, as was true in other Dominions as well. This meant that all official correspondence between the British and Irish governments went through the governor-general and that he had access to British government papers. It also meant that he could receive secret instructions from the British government and so, for example, on assuming office Tim Healy was formally advised by the British government to veto any law that attempted to abolish the Oath of Allegiance. However, no such law was passed during Healy's term of office, and in practice the governor-general never received conflicting advice from Irish and British officials during the existence of the Free State.

Duties and functions
Under the original constitution of the Irish Free State in 1922, the monarch had a number of formal duties:

 * Executive authority: The executive authority of the state was formally vested in the monarch but exercised by the governor-general. Under Article 51, executive authority was to be exercised in accordance with Canadian practice. Thus, with few exceptions, the governor-general was bound to act on the advice of the Executive Council.
 * Appointment of the cabinet: The President of the Executive Council (prime minister) was appointed by governor-general after being selected by Dáil Éireann (the lower house of parliament). The remaining ministers were appointed on the nomination of the president, subject to a vote of consent in the Dáil.
 * Convention and dissolution of the legislature: The governor-general, on behalf of the monarch, convened and dissolved the Oireachtas on the advice of the Executive Council.
 * Signing bills into law: The monarch was formally, along with the Dáil and the Senate, one of three tiers of the Oireachtas. No bill could become law until it received the Royal Assent, which was given by the governor-general on behalf of the monarch. The governor-general theoretically had the right to veto a bill or reserve it "for the signification of the King's pleasure", in effect postponing a decision on whether or not to enact the bill, for a maximum of one year. However neither of these two actions was ever taken.
 * Appointment of judges: All judges were appointed by the governor-general, on the advice of the Executive Council.
 * Representing the state in foreign affairs: The monarch accredited ambassadors and received the letters of credence of foreign diplomats; ministers signed international treaties in his name. The role of the monarch in the Free State's foreign affairs was the only function retained by him after the constitutional changes of 1936.

Oath of Allegiance
The Oath of Allegiance was included in Article 17 of the Irish Free State's 1922 Constitution. It read:

"I (name) do solemnly swear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of the Irish Free State as by law established, and that I will be faithful to His Majesty King George V, his heirs and successors by law in virtue of the common citizenship of Ireland with Great Britain and her adherence to and membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of Nations."

The words "allegiance to the Constitution of the Irish Free State" were taken from De Valera's preferred version, which read: "I (name) do solemnly swear true faith and allegiance to the constitution of the Irish Free State, to the Treaty of Association, and to recognise the King of Great Britain as Head of Associated States".

Diminishing role of monarchy

The creation of the Irish Free State came at a time when all the Dominions of the British Empire were increasingly asserting their place as partners with the United Kingdom rather than its colonies, a process that Irish participation in Imperial affairs helped accelerate. For instance, while the Empire had since the 1880s been occasionally referred to as the Commonwealth of Nations, the text of the Oath of Allegiance in the Anglo-Irish Treaty was the first use of the phrase in statute law; it replaced the British Empire in the course of negotiations.

The Balfour Declaration, issued at the 1926 Imperial Conference, formally recognized the equality of the Dominions with the United Kingdom and with one another, and established that the various governors-general would henceforth only take advice from their Dominion governments. This equality was codified in legislative terms by the Statute of Westminster in 1931, which removed almost all of Westminster's remaining authority to legislate for the Dominions, effectively granting the Free State internationally recognised independence. It also granted the Free State the freedom to amend its constitution outside the terms set by the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Patrick McGilligan, the Free State Minister for External Affairs, called the Statute of Westminster "the solemn declaration by the British people through their representatives in Parliament that the powers inherent in the Treaty position are what we have proclaimed them to be for the last ten years," and went on to present the legislation as largely the fruit of the Free State's efforts to secure for the other Dominions the same benefits it already enjoyed under the treaty.

The 1932 Irish general election was won by Fianna Fáil, led by de Valera, on a republican platform. Over the next several years, the Irish government began reducing the visibility and formal role of the monarch and governor-general. Domhnall Ua Buachalla, a republican and former Fianna Fáil TD, was appointed governor-general in late 1932; on his government's advice, he withdrew from all public and ceremonial roles, performing in a perfunctory manner the minimum duties required by the Constitution. The governor-general's role in budget appropriations and ability to veto legislation were abolished, as was the Oath of Allegiance. No treaties requiring the assent of the king as head of state were signed from 1931 to 1937. Two methods were used to circumvent this: bilateral treaties were concluded at government rather than head-of-state level; for multilateral treaties, the Free State chose not to enrol at inauguration via the king's signature, but instead to accede a few months later via the signature of the Minister for External Affairs.

1936: Abdication crisis and the External Relations Act
In January 1936, George V died and was succeeded by his eldest son, who became Edward VIII. The new King's reign lasted only eleven months, and he abdicated in December of that year and was succeeded by George VI. The parliaments of independent members of the British Commonwealth were required to ratify this change in monarch, and de Valera's government decided to use this opportunity to drastically change the constitution.

The Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936, swiftly passed by the Oireachtas in response to the abdication, abolished the post of Governor-General and transferred most of the monarch's functions to other organs of government. Thus, for example, the executive power was transferred directly to the Executive Council, the right to appoint the President of the Executive Council was explicitly vested in Dáil Éireann (the lower house of parliament), and the power to promulgate legislation was transferred to the Ceann Comhairle (chairperson of the Dáil). However, the constitutional amendment also provided, without mentioning the monarch specifically, for the state to be represented by him in external affairs with other countries and their representatives:

"it shall be lawful for the Executive Council, to the extent and subject to any conditions which may be determined by law to avail, for the purposes of the appointment of diplomatic and consular agents and the conclusion of international agreements of any organ used as a constitutional organ for the like purposes by any of the nations referred to in Article 1 of this Constitution."

The nations referred to in Article 1 were the other members of the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom). The External Relations Act, adopted shortly after the constitutional amendment, gave life to this provision by providing that:

"so long as [the Irish Free State] is associated with the following nations, that is to say, Australia, Canada, Great Britain, New Zealand, and South Africa, and so long as the king recognised by those nations as the symbol of their co-operation continues to act on behalf of each of those nations (on the advice of the several Governments thereof) for the purposes of the appointment of diplomatic and consular representatives and the conclusion of international agreements, the king so recognised may … act on behalf of [the Irish Free State] for the like purposes as and when advised by the Executive Council so to do."

Thus, for the remaining year of the Irish Free State's existence, the king's role was restricted to diplomatic and foreign affairs — a standard head of state role — but he performed no formal duties in regards to domestic legislation or governance. The Act also recognized Edward's abdication and the accession of his brother as George VI.

1937: Constitution of Ireland
In 1937 a new Constitution was adopted on the proposal of Éamon de Valera, establishing the contemporary Irish state named Éire or, in the English language, Ireland. It did not describe or declare the state to be a republic, or use descriptions such as Republic of Ireland or the Irish Republic.

The new constitution filled the gap left by the abolition of the Governor-General by creating the post of a directly elected president of Ireland, who would "take precedence over all other persons in the State", but was not explicitly described as head of state. The president was henceforth responsible for the ceremonial functions of dissolving the legislature, appointing the government, and promulgating the law. Unlike most heads of state in parliamentary systems, the president was not even the nominal chief executive. Instead, the role of exercising executive authority was explicitly granted to the government—in practice, to the Taoiseach, a role similar to the Free State constitution's President of the Executive Council. The constitution also, like the 1922 constitution that preceded it, contained many provisions typical of those found in republican constitutions, stating, for example, that sovereignty resided in the people and prohibiting the granting of titles of nobility.

Article 29 of the new constitution mirrored the amendment to its predecessor passed the previous year, by permitting the state to allow its external relations to be exercised by the king. Article 29.4.2° provided that: "For the purpose of the exercise of any executive function of the State in or in connection with its external relations, the Government may to such extent and subject to such conditions, if any, as may be determined by law, avail of or adopt any organ, instrument, or method of procedure used or adopted for the like purpose by the members of any group or league of nations with which the State is or becomes associated for the purpose of international co-operation in matters of common concern."

This provision meant that the External Relations Act continued to have the force of law until the legislature decided otherwise, and so the monarch continued to represent the state abroad when empowered to do so.

Ambiguity from 1936 to 1949
After the passage of the External Relations Act, some commentators consider that it was unclear whether the Irish state had become a republic or remained a form of constitutional monarchy and (from 1937) whether its head of state was the President of Ireland or King George VI. Executive power continued to be exercised de facto by the head of government. Nevertheless, the exact constitutional status of the state during this period has been a matter of scholarly and political dispute.

From 1936 until 1949, the role of the king in the Irish state, having been reduced to a few formal duties in foreign affairs, was invisible to most Irish people. The monarch never visited the state during that period and, due to the abolition of the office of Governor-General, had no official representative there. The Irish government had also ceased to actively participate in the institutions of the British Commonwealth after the 1932 Imperial Conference. The president, on the other hand, played a key role in important public ceremonies.

Asked to explain the country's status in 1945, de Valera insisted that it was a republic. He told the Dáil that:

"The State ... is ... demonstrably a republic. Let us look up any standard text on political theory ... and judge whether our State does not possess every characteristic mark by which a republic can be distinguished or recognised. We are a democracy with the ultimate sovereign power resting with the people—a representative democracy with the various organs of State functioning under a written Constitution, with the executive authority controlled by Parliament, with an independent judiciary functioning under the Constitution and the law, and with a Head of State directly elected by the people for a definite term of office."

Referring to the External Relations Act he insisted that: "We are an independent republic, associated as a matter of our external policy with the States of the British Commonwealth."

Despite de Valera's views, many political scholars consider representing a nation abroad to be the key defining role of a head of state.

The issue seems to have come to a head in 1948 on an official visit to Canada by new Taoiseach John A. Costello, whose Fine Gael party carried the tradition of the pro-Treaty political forces in Ireland. During a state dinner with the Governor General of Canada, the Earl Alexander of Tunis, an agreement that there would be separate toasts for the King and for the President of Ireland was broken. Only a toast to the King was proposed, to the fury of the Irish delegation. Alexander, who was of Northern Irish descent, placed loyalist symbols, notably a replica of the famous Roaring Meg cannon used in the Siege of Derry, before an affronted Costello at the dinner. Shortly afterwards, while still in Ottawa, Costello announced that his government would introduce a bill that would unambiguously make Ireland a republic. Costello biographer David McCullagh has suggested that it was a spur of the moment reaction to offence caused by Alexander at the dinner, although the cabinet members at the time claimed that the decision had already been made and was announced early because it had been leaked to the Sunday Independent. The evidence of what really happened remains ambiguous.

The Republic of Ireland Act 1948
At any rate, The Republic of Ireland Bill was soon introduced into the Oireachtas. In the debate in the Seanad Éireann in December 1948 on the law, Costello argued that the bill would make the President of Ireland the Irish head of state. De Valera's party, the main opposition in the Dáil at the time, did not oppose the bill, and it passed quickly.

The Act contained three major provisions: it repealed the External Relations Act; it provided that the description of the state was the Republic of Ireland; and it provided that the external relations of the state would henceforth be exercised by the President.

The Act came into force on 18 April 1949, Easter Monday, to commemorate the Proclamation of the Irish Republic, which had been read by Patrick Pearse at the beginning of the Easter Rising on Easter Monday 1916. Soon after President Seán T. O'Kelly signed the act into law, he commemorated his new status as the clear and unambiguous Irish head of state with state visits to the Holy See and France. A visit to meet George VI at Buckingham Palace was also provisionally planned, but timetabling problems with the president's schedule prevented the meeting.

One practical implication of explicitly declaring the state to be a republic in 1949 was that it automatically led to the state's termination of membership of the then British Commonwealth, in accordance with the rules in operation at the time. However, on 26 April, just days after the Act came into effect, the Commonwealth issued the London Declaration, which allowed India to remain within the Commonwealth while becoming a republic. The formula used in the Declaration—that India would "accept ... The King as the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth"—has been noted for its similarity to de Valera's 1921 proposal for an Irish Republic's "external association" with the Commonwealth, and to the wording of the 1936 External Relations Act.

The United Kingdom responded to the Republic of Ireland Act by enacting the Ireland Act 1949. This Act formally asserted that the Irish state had, when the Republic of Ireland Act came into force, ceased "to be part of His Majesty's dominions" and accordingly was no longer within the Commonwealth. Nonetheless, the United Kingdom statute provided that Irish citizens would not be treated as aliens under British nationality law. This, in effect, granted them a status similar to the citizens of Commonwealth countries.

Title of the sovereign
While Henry VIII of England had adopted "King of Ireland" as a distinct title in 1544, that title was subsumed into a single royal title with the formal unification of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801, and no distinct royal title or style was revived for use in Ireland between 1922 and 1949. Instead, a single style was used throughout the British Commonwealth:

 * 1922–1927: By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India
 * 1927–1948: By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India
 * 1948–1949: By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith

The changes during this period were effected by acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which authorized the monarchs to make alterations to their style via royal proclamation. However, the wording of the 1927 change, brought about by the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927, was agreed upon at the 1926 Imperial Conference, in which representatives of the Irish Free State participated, and was formulated specifically to reflect the changed Irish political situation.

Irish law did not provide any alternate royal style or title during this period. The original text of the Constitution of the Irish Free State simply referred to the monarch as the "King" without further elaboration. The opening words of Ireland's superseding constitution of 1937 were "In the Name of the Most Holy Trinity, from Whom is all authority and to Whom, as our final end, all actions both of men and States must be referred", and there was no mention in it of the king or monarch; the External Relations Act, the only Irish law referring to the monarch still in force after 1936, called him "the king recognised by those nations [of the British Commonwealth] as the symbol of their co-operation."

Despite the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act, "Great Britain, Ireland" was not officially omitted from the royal title until 1953. Then, each Commonwealth realm adopted a unique title for the monarch. No mention of Ireland was made in any except in the title within the United Kingdom and its dependent territories: it was changed from "of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas Queen" to "of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen".

title: Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949


text: User talk:142.227.151.125

title: User talk:142.227.151.125


text:
User:Ashujo

Articles
Some articles I have created or significantly contributed to:
 * Linus Pauling
 * Robert B. Woodward
 * Robert Oppenheimer
 * Hans Bethe
 * Enrico Fermi
 * Edward Teller
 * Richard Rhodes

title: User:Ashujo


text:
Gil da Cruz Trindade

Gil da Cruz Trindade (born 1 March 1982) is an athlete from East Timor. He was the first, along with Aguida Amaral, to represent East Timor at the Olympics, competing in the marathon of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. Trindade entered the race at the invitation of the International Olympic Committee, who sent him $250 and a plane ticket to Greece. While his only wish was to finish the race, Trindade failed to finish the marathon.

Achievements

 * All results regarding marathon, unless stated otherwise

title: Gil da Cruz Trindade


text:
Asterix Versus Caesar

Asterix Versus Caesar (also known in France as Astérix et la surprise de César) is a 1985 French animated adventure comedy film written by René Goscinny, Albert Uderzo and Pierre Tchernia, and directed by Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi (in their director debuts), and is the fourth film adaptation of the Asterix comic book series. The story, which combines the plots of Asterix the Gladiator and Asterix the Legionary, sees Asterix and his friend Obelix set off to rescue two lovers from their village that had been kidnapped by the Romans. The film's theme song, Astérix est là, was composed and performed by Plastic Bertrand.

A book was released containing the story and stills from the film. It was later reprinted when Orion Publishing re-released the entire series.

Plot
To honour Julius Caesar's successful campaigns of conquest, gifts are brought to Rome from across the Roman Empire. Seeking to cement the celebrations, Caesar orders Caius Fatuous, head of a prominent gladiator school, to provide him with a grand show. Meanwhile in Gaul, Asterix notices that his friend Obelix has begun acting strangely. Getafix soon reveals that he is in love with Panacea, Chief Vitalstatistix's niece, who had recently returned. Attempting to win her affection, Obelix becomes distraught when she is reunited with Tragicomix, a younger and handsome man (the son of a neighbouring chieftain) who intends to marry her. Seeking to spend time together, the two lovers venture out into nearby woods, only to be ambushed by a group of Romans, led by a fresh recruit hoping to make a good impression.

When Asterix and Obelix discover what happened, they inform the village, who proceed to attack the garrison. In the aftermath, the camp's Centurion is questioned. He reveals that he angrily ordered the recruit to take his prisoners away, knowing of the consequences that the recruit's actions would bring. Asterix and Obelix, joined by Dogmatix, proceed to the nearest Legion HQ for information on where the recruit went. Upon learning he was dispatched to a distant outpost in the Sahara Desert with his prisoners, they joined the army in order to follow after them. Arriving at the desert frontier, the pair learn that Panacea and Tragicomix escaped from the Romans before their arrival, and after deserting the Romans, soon discover that a band of slave traders found them and sold them on to Rome.

Securing passage to the Roman capital, Asterix and Obelix learn that Panacea and Tragicomix were bought by Caius. The pair attempt to meet with him at a bathhouse, causing Caius to witness them beating up his bodyguards easily. Impressed, he orders his men to capture them for his show. Following a small argument with his friend that causes him to misplace his magic potion, Asterix is kidnapped by Caius' men. When Obelix discovers he is missing, he proceeds to seek him out, rescuing him from a flooded cell. However Dogmatix goes missing, after running off into the city's sewers to recover the magic potion. Without both, the pair continue to seek out Panacea and Tragicomix and quickly learn that, under Caesar's orders, Caius arranged for them to become the grand finale of the emperor's show at the Colosseum.

Seeking to gain entry, the pair go to Caius' school and secure places as gladiators the following day. The Gauls soon quickly make a mess of the show, winning a chariot race and easily beating down a number of gladiators. As lions are released to kill them, alongside Tragicomix and Panacea, Dogmatix arrives with the magic potion. The group defeat the lions with the potion, while Obelix, distracted by Panacea, accidentally shatters a third of the Colosseum. Impressed with the show, Caesar grants the Gauls their freedom and gets Caius fed to the lions in their place. Returning home, the group arrive to their village's trademark victory feast being held in their honour. As the villagers celebrate, Asterix sits alone in a tree, after having somewhat fallen for Panacea on his return.

Voix additionnelles/Additional voices

 * Original: Michel Barbet (Le centurion Vapetimus), José Luccioni (L'annonceur du Colisée), Yves Barsacq (Ordralfabétix), Edmond Bernard, Paul Bisciglia, Gérard Croce, Jean-Pierre Darras (Abraracourcix), Alain Doutey, Philippe Dumat (Farfelus, le marchand d'esclaves), Michel Gatineau (Le bandit du désert, Un garde du corps de Caius Obtus aux thermes), Paul Mercey, Pierre Mirat (Le cuisinier romain), Séverine Morisot (speaking) (Falbala), Henri Poirier (Le chef du camp romain, Le romain au long discours), Patrick Préjean (Le décurion Superbus), Thierry Ragueneau (Tragicomix), Nicolas Silberg (Le présentateur des cadeaux), Pierre Tchernia (Terminus), Peter Wollasch, Danielle Licari (singing) (Falbala), Alain Coutey, Martin Lamotte, Roger Barbet
 * English: Sean O'Neil (Terminus), Bill Dunn, James Shuman (The decurion Incautius), Steve Gadler (Fulliautomatix), Bertie Cortez (Vitalstatistix), Stuart Seide, Jerry Di Giacomo (Garrulus Rumpus), Mike Marshall, Thomas M. Pollard, Bill Doherty, Christian Erickson, Paul Barrett, Patricia Kessler (Panacea), Norman Stockle, Derry Hall, Peter Semler, Arch Taylor (The roman cook, Nefarius Purpus), Robert Ground, Raphael Rodriguez (Spanish Recruit), Mostéfa Stiti (Farfelus, the slave trader), Herbert Baskind (Selectivemploymentax), Ken Starcevic

Non crédité/Uncredited

 * Original: Guy Piérauld (Agecanonix)
 * English: Edward Marcus (The centurion Vapetimus)

Home media
In 1990, the film was released on VHS by Celebrity Home Entertainment. In 2006, the film was released on Region 2 DVD as a part of a box set of animated Asterix films.

Television
In the United Kingdom, it was watched by 320,000 viewers on television during the first half of 2005, making it the ninth most-watched foreign-language film on UK television during that period.

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Asterix Versus Caesar


text:
Talk:Pain of Salvation

Lineups subsection
I would like to propose getting rid of the Lineups subsection under Personnel. Between the Members subsection and the Timeline subsection, the band's various membership configurations have been ably communicated. The Lineups section is redundant and is a less-efficient means of showing the band membership in comparison with the Timeline. Your thoughts? Wolfinruins (talk) 02:11, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Charts
-Does anybody agree that we should include some charting data (Billboard, euro equivalent, etc.) for PoS's songs/albums? That's actually what brought me to the page today, and the information was not available :( — Preceding unsigned comment added by RepubCarrier (talk • contribs) 23:46, 1 March 2011 (UTC)

pictures?
-Didn't the PoS wiki use to have pictures of the band? Why were they removed?

"other bands from Sweden", necesary?
- Does the "other bands from Sweden" section need to be there? I think the Pain of Salvation article should pertain only to Pain of Salvation, and not any related bands. If it's absolutely necessary to compile a list of Swedish bands, perhaps a Category:Swedish bands would be in order?

- I agree completely. The list should be taken out.

- The list should be taken out, although if someone would add some more text to replace it, it would look better. Inter\Echo 11:04, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

deletion of Remedy Lane page?
it appears as if the whole page pertaining to the album has been wiped out and replaced with an empty page for some band

Summary
I think the summary needs to be less characterising. Pain of Salvation have a very unique sound which isn't often compared to Dream Theater or Symphony X - It is just sometimes thrown into Prog Metal. And the Dickinson comparisons... What?

New Album 09?
The link to the the blog entry is password protected - does anyone have a link to a site where these infos are available publically? JohanNilsNagel (talk) 18:42, 17 August 2009 (UTC) --Unfotunetely you must be a member of the website to view the link. Not sure if it's anywhere else. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.173.43.8 (talk) 03:12, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Linoleum EP page
I'm not very good at using the editing on Wiki yet. I was wondering if anyone could create the page for the Linoleum EP now that we have a track listing, cover art, and release date. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.173.43.138 (talk) 23:31, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Biased wording throughout article
The general wording of this article is not very encyclopedic at all. Several points sound like advertisements for the albums in question rather than being informational, and many are even marked with "source needed" tags. If these things aren't addressed soon, someone (like me, perhaps) is going to have to remove some sentences. MXVN (talk) 06:50, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

I tried to take a stab at cleaning this up and improving NPOV. Still some work left on this! Wolfinruins (talk) 02:09, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Daniel Karlsson = The Moniker?
In the article, Daniel Karlsson is always linked to "The Moniker". That's not him, is he? They're both Swedish musicians with the same name, but otherwise I see absolutely no connection. 82.83.221.73 (talk) 15:12, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

Different person. Will do a quick update. Wolfinruins (talk) 04:13, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Hello. Daniel Karlsson is still linking to "The Moniker" page. XKuei (talk) 18:34, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:Siege of Kinsale

Date
All the references I can find through Google say the climactic battle happened on December 24th 1601. Is this a Gregorian/Julian calendar thing?Demiurge 13:23, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Honestly, I don't know. I'm not really all that much of an expert on the time period and such. But I'd be curious to find out what happened on that date... or, rather, where the discrepancy comes from. LordAmeth 23:57, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * There was a letter in the Irish Times today making that very point. Madam, - Brendan McWilliams (Weather Eye, April 6th) writes that the reformed Gregorian calendar of 1582 was not adopted in Britain or Ireland until 1752. He is misinformed as far as Ireland is concerned.  It was used in the territories under the control of Hugh O'Neill and Hugh O'Donnell in the late 16th and early 17th centuries which is why the Battle of Kinsale was fought either on Christmas Eve, 1601 or January 3rd 1602, depending on which side you were on. The new calendar was also used by the Confederation of Kilkenny in the 1640s. - Yours, etc., GEARÓID O'SULLIVAN, Woodley House, Upper Kilmacud Road, Dublin 14.I've noted it in the article.  Joestynes 09:12, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Whoops! I had it the wrong way round. January 3rd would be the Catholic date, wouldn't it? Interesting that in Republic of Ireland the British date is the one usually quoted.  Maybe Christmas Eve better parallels the Good Friday/Easter Monday of other significant Irish battles. Joestynes 07:37, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Article Name
Has anybody in Ireland ever heard somebody refer to the Battle of Kinsale as a 'siege'? 194.125.72.144 19:29, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Not here, anyway. It's universally known as the "Battle of Kinsale". 86.46.31.148 (talk) 01:13, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

Date arís
Hirman Morgan says the English date for the battle of Kinsale is 24 December 1601. This article has October 1601. Morgan's article is here: http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:fpjYF8d4focJ:www.ucc.ie/academic/history/common/download.php%3Fid%3D108+%22palesmen%22+%22nine+years+war%22&hl=ga&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=ie 86.42.68.161 16:49, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, the articles uses the dates according to the modern calendar. The English didn't use the modern calendar at the time, but the article must hence the discrepancy. Ben W Bell   talk  12:25, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * How does the date in the article, 3 January 1602, fit into all of this? I would have thought that it is the modern date? 86.44.32.114 (talk) 01:34, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Whatever about the English, the Irish used the modern date/had changed to the Gregorian calendar by the time of the Battle of Kinsale so surely this article should be using the October date? 109.77.125.55 (talk) 01:17, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

English Casualties
I highly doubt that an army of over 6000 strong only managed to cause 1-3 causualties, this figure is ridiculous! Could someone please correct this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.42.134.249 (talk) 23:54, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

English casualties of "6000+ dead" from a force of 12,000? This figure is surely misleading, given that at no point did the English suffer a significant reverse. Certainly, over the course of the entire Elizabethan campaign the English might have lost 6000 men to disease, but this could hardly be considered a consequence of the "Battle of Kinsale". It is worth recalling that the Irish suffered many losses to disease and starvation over the same period. Some clarity and balance please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.199.236.90 (talk) 15:26, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Might be best to list them as sick or dead to disease; it was after all fought during winter with poor weather and boggy marshes. Shire Lord (talk) 20:15, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

Spanish Propaganda
Sorry but in my opinion who ever wrote this fair play but it seems that their very pro spainsh and is vastly dismissive of the Irish soldiers. This whole article is baiscly singing the praises of the Spanish soldiers who landed at Kinsale and theres alot of myth and untruth written about there actual involvement in this campaign. The fact is that at this time Spain was negotiating in peace talks with England and hence used this Spanish landing as a way of forcing their demands. It is historic fact that the Spainsh were under strict instructions not to engage the English forces at Kinsale. They did not "bravely" do anything in this engagement exept remain in the town of kinsale. It is incorrect to say

-" The Irish army left the field in some disorder while the supporting Spanish army led by Ocampo tried to hold the charge and the ensuing massacre" So that would mean that the irish force of over 6000 fled in chaos leaving 200 spanish to (sucessfully!?) defend an assualt against a 6000 stong english force. No, That spanish force in question had not reached the battle, they were behind O'donells force and were not present at the engagement. The rearguard action you ve mentioned was mounted by the force under Richard Tyrell.

-The only Spanish causalties came from Disease and starvation

The rearguard action mounted by Tyrell attempted (bravely) to get between the retreating O'Neill and the advancing English cavalery - Correct. The Irish forces left the field in some disorder - this is also correct however, in fact it is overly generous to the Irish effort. O'Neill had failed to get into 'tercio' formation after wandering aimlessly the night before then suddenly finding himself too close to English lines. O'Donnell's men refused to follow him into battle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.98.60.207 (talk) 23:48, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

-The Irish cavalry DID use stirrups! Why would nt they? They had every other military equipment that other European nations had(Exept Seige guns) and imported there wepons from Britian and Europe, and had military persons from Europe and England teaching them the latest in military techniques, why would they forget to mention stirrups. Also the Normans used stirrups in Ireland in the 12 century, if the native gaels had neglected to see this during the course of 400 years i'd eat my háta! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.42.175.71 (talk) 02:25, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

Volcano & Kinsale

 * Huaynaputina
 * "Episode three sees scientists examine the cause of near Artic conditions that occurred during the Battle of Kinsale, a massive volcanic eruption on the other side of the world. It could explain how the most important battle in Irish history was won and lost".
 * 0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 05:19, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Siege of Kinsale


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/15 Hours On A September Thursday

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:04, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

15 Hours On A September Thursday
Track listing for an album. Nateji77 13:24, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * 'Twas a legitimate redlink from Matthew Good, the famously temperamental Canadian rockstar. Keep, cleanup and expand slightly.
 * okay. put something explaining what is on the page and i've no problem withdrawing the vfd. Nateji77 15:04, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I see it's been given context. would be an alternative to VfD in this kind of case. Kappa 17:36, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable demo album - less than 60 Google hits. Megan1967 02:36, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Demo albums are just as interesting, they show an artist's development. Kappa 06:12, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - the article's hardly had chance to develop - Drw25 15:36, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michael Alijewicz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 14:24, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Michael Alijewicz
Vanity. Speedy if possible. Nateji77 13:24, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Speedy delete, it's not patent nonsense, but obviously not a valid article either. Mgm|(talk) 13:49, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. - Jpo 13:57, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * If it's just barely not patent nonsense, I'd submit it is pure vandalism ("silly vandalism" and "attention-seeking vandalism"), which is CSD 3. The only potentially valid information is that he was born September 20, 1985 and is married. "There is little need to discuss the greatness of his eminent superior genius Michael James Alijewicz, as he is, quite simply, the greatest man who ever lived," etc. Samaritan 14:33, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll speedy it. It looks like CSD criterium #3 applies. Mgm|(talk) 19:30, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of cities and towns in the Western Cape

This is a list of cities and towns in the Western Cape province of South Africa. They are divided according to the districts in which they are located.

Cape Metropole

 * Atlantis
 * Bellville
 * Blouberg
 * Blue Downs
 * Brackenfell
 * Cape Town
 * Crossroads
 * Delft
 * Durbanville
 * Eerste River
 * Elsie's River
 * Fish Hoek
 * Goodwood
 * Gordon's Bay
 * Guguletu
 * Hout Bay
 * Khayelitsha
 * Kraaifontein
 * Kuils River
 * Langa
 * Macassar
 * Melkbosstrand
 * Mfuleni
 * Milnerton
 * Mitchell's Plain
 * Noordhoek
 * Nyanga
 * Parow
 * Simon's Town
 * Somerset West
 * Strand

West Coast

 * Aurora
 * Bitterfontein
 * Chatsworth
 * Citrusdal
 * Clanwilliam
 * Darling
 * Doringbaai
 * Dwarskersbos
 * Ebenhaeser
 * Eendekuil
 * Elands Bay
 * Goedverwacht
 * Graafwater
 * Grotto Bay
 * Hopefield
 * Jacobsbaai
 * Jakkalsfontein
 * Kalbaskraal
 * Klawer
 * Koekenaap
 * Koringberg
 * Lamberts Bay
 * Langebaan
 * Langebaanweg
 * Lutzville
 * Malmesbury
 * Moorreesburg
 * Paternoster
 * Piketberg
 * Porterville
 * Redelinghuys
 * Riebeek-Kasteel
 * Riebeek West
 * Saldanha
 * St Helena Bay
 * Strandfontein
 * Vanrhynsdorp
 * Velddrif
 * Vredenburg
 * Vredendal
 * Wupperthal
 * Yzerfontein

Cape Winelands

 * Ashton
 * Bonnievale
 * Ceres
 * De Doorns
 * De Hollandsche Molen
 * Denneburg
 * Franschhoek
 * Gouda
 * Kayamandi
 * Klapmuts
 * Kylemore
 * Languedoc
 * McGregor
 * Montagu
 * Op-die-Berg
 * Paarl
 * Pniel
 * Prince Alfred Hamlet
 * Rawsonville
 * Robertson
 * Robertsvlei
 * Rozendal
 * Saron
 * Stellenbosch
 * Touws River
 * Tulbagh
 * Wellington
 * Wemmershoek
 * Wolseley
 * Worcester

Overberg

 * Arniston
 * Baardskeerdersbos
 * Betty's Bay
 * Birkenhead
 * Botrivier
 * Bredasdorp
 * Caledon
 * Dennehof
 * De Kelders
 * Elgin
 * Elim
 * Fisherhaven
 * Franskraalstrand
 * Gansbaai
 * Genadendal
 * Grabouw
 * Greyton
 * Hawston
 * Hermanus
 * Hotagterklip
 * Infanta
 * Kleinbaai
 * Kleinmond
 * Klipdale
 * L'Agulhas
 * Napier
 * Onrusrivier
 * Papiesvlei
 * Pearly Beach
 * Pringle Bay
 * Riviersonderend
 * Rooi Els
 * Sandbaai
 * Skipskop
 * Stanford
 * Struisbaai
 * Suiderstrand
 * Suurbraak
 * Swellendam
 * Uilenkraalsmond
 * Van Dyksbaai
 * Vermont
 * Wolvengat
 * Villiersdorp

Garden Route

 * Avontuur
 * Albertinia
 * Amaliënstein
 * Bergplaas
 * Boggomsbaai
 * Bracken Hill
 * Brandwag
 * Brenton-on-Sea
 * Buffelsbaai
 * Calitzdorp
 * Dana Baai
 * De Hoop
 * De Rust
 * De Vlugt
 * Dysselsdorp
 * Farleigh
 * Friemersheim
 * George
 * Glentana
 * Gouna
 * Gouritsmond
 * Great Brak River
 * Groot-Jongensfontein
 * Harkerville
 * Haarlem
 * Hartenbos
 * Heidelberg
 * Herbertsdale
 * Herold
 * Herolds Bay
 * Hoekwil
 * Jonkersberg
 * Karatara
 * Keurboomsrivier
 * Keurboomstrand
 * Knysna
 * Kranshoek
 * Kurland Estate
 * Ladismith
 * Little Brak River
 * Matjiesrivier
 * Mossel Bay
 * Nature's Valley
 * Noetzie
 * Oudtshoorn
 * Pacaltsdorp
 * Plettenberg Bay
 * Port Beaufort
 * Puntjie
 * Rheenendal
 * Riversdale
 * Ruiterbos
 * Schoemanshoek
 * Sedgefield
 * Slangrivier
 * Stilbaai
 * Touwsranten
 * Twee Rivieren
 * Uniondale
 * Vanwyksdorp
 * Vermaaklikheid
 * Volmoed
 * Victoria Bay
 * Vleesbaai
 * Wilderness
 * Wittedrift
 * Witsand
 * Woodville
 * Zoar

Klein Karoo

 * Montagu
 * Barrydale
 * Ladismith
 * Calitzdorp
 * Oudtshoorn
 * De Rust

Central Karoo

 * Beaufort West
 * Laingsburg
 * Leeu-Gamka
 * Matjiesfontein
 * Merweville
 * Murraysburg
 * Nelspoort
 * Prince Albert


text:
User:Synkronos

Jason Burke

title: User:Synkronos


text:
Józsefváros

Józsefváros (Josefstadt) is the 8th district of Budapest, Hungary. It is the part of the city centre in the wider sense as one of the 18–19th century older suburbs, close to Belváros.

Location
The main streets in Józsefváros are Baross utca, Rákóczi út and Üllői út; Kálvin tér connects this district with the 5th and 9th. Keleti (Eastern) Railway Station is located at the junction of 7th, 8th and 14th districts.

Name
The 18th century suburb was first called Alsó-Külváros (literally "Lower Suburb"). It was named after the heir of the Hungarian throne, Emperor Joseph II in 1777.

Description
Józsefváros mostly consists of old, often neglected residential buildings with nice interiors. It can be divided into three parts, the borders being Grand Boulevard (Nagykörút) and the roads Fiumei út and Orczy út.

The innermost, central part includes several remarkable spots, such as the National Museum, and the central buildings of the Eötvös Loránd University, the Semmelweis University, the Academy of Drama and Film, and the Metropolitan Ervin Szabó Library, complemented by the Kempelen Farkas Student Information and Resource Centre. The Piarist Secondary School, the main building of the Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church, and the law faculty of the Pázmány Péter Catholic University are also situated here, as well as the Hungarian Radio. This part is called "Palace Quarter", out of which one can still see Wenckheim Palace, hosting the Metropolitan Library, and Pálffy Palace with the Classical Music Collection of the above. This neighborhood underwent major renovations between 1996 and 2002 and it has become a happy, swarming place with scores of students and several cafés and pizzerias.

The second part, beyond Nagykörút (about 1/2 mi farther) has a worse reputation, due to the prostitution that was rampant in the 1990s (and earlier), which has been mostly eliminated through cameras throughout the district. In this part one can find the Centre for Foreign Languages (the oldest and "authentic" language examination place in Hungary), Erkel Theatre (a department of the Hungarian State Opera House), the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Corvin Budapest Film Palace (a multiplex cinema), one of Budapest's biggest gardens (Orczy-kert), and a large complex of cliniques.

Its traditional craftsmen neighbourhood, which became a slum in the previous decades, is currently under re-development. The dilapidated 19th century housing stock is cleared to make way for large office blocks and housing developments. Corvin-Szigony Project is the biggest urban renewal project in Central-Europe. The effects and methods of the project were criticized, mainly for the destruction of the architectural heritage of the area.

The residential parts occupy less area in the third part, which is noted for Eastern Railway Station, Józsefváros Railway Station and Kerepesi Cemetery, one of the most famous cemeteries in Hungary, with mausoleums for the most reputable historical personalities.

Demographics
According to 2011 census, the population of the district was 76,250. It is relatively homogeneous with the Hungarian majority. Józsefváros is noted for its high concentrations of Roma (Gypsy) residents (4.5%). The district has attracted a significant number of Chinese immigrants (0.8%).

Politics
The current mayor of VIII. District of Budapest is András Pikó (member of c8 - NGO in VIII district - supported by Momentum).

The District Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 members (1 Mayor, 12 Individual constituencies MEPs and 5 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:

Related novels and movies
Ferenc Molnár's youth novel, The Paul Street Boys (A Pál utcai fiúk, 1907), which was made into film several times (see the Imdb entry of the most famous version), originally takes place at real venues of this district: Pál utca, Mária utca and Füvészkert (botanical garden).

In 2004, a caricaturistic animated movie Nyócker was made about an infamous part of this district which has been screened in several European countries and won numerous awards on the international scene.

The starting and closing scenes of Fateless (Sorstalanság, 2005), the movie made from Imre Kertész's Nobel Prize–winning novel, were screened in this district, namely at Lőrinc pap tér.

The second season of Baptiste, a British TV Drama, takes place around Jozsefvaros, and hate crimes against the immigrant population that lives there.

Twin towns
Józsefváros is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 '''Pescina, Italy
 * 🇦🇹 District VIII of Vienna, Austria
 * 🇷🇴 Iosefin of Timișoara, Romania
 * 🇹🇷 Küçükçekmece of Istanbul, Turkey
 * 🇩🇰 Aalborg, Denmark
 * 🇩🇪 Ibbenbüren, Germany

title: Józsefváros


text:
The Mind Fixers

The Mind Fixers was a seven-part series of newspaper stories by Jon Franklin which won the award for Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism in 1985, first appearing in the Baltimore Evening Sun in July 1984.

The series explores the science of molecular psychiatry as an alternative to psychoanalysis since Freud, dismissing the latter as "surrounded by an aura of witchcraft, proceeding on impression and hunch, often ineffective, it was the bumbling and sometimes humorous stepchild of modern science."

Based upon interviews with more than fifty scientists, Franklin takes a generally optimistic point of view, looking forward to the possibility of "psychic engineering" when psychiatry becomes an "exact science" with "specialized drugs". He paraphrases his sources as saying that the new science is "capable of curing the mental diseases that afflict perhaps 20 percent of the population and constitute a major drain on the gross national product," as well as "untangling the ancient enigma of criminality and violence, and eventually expanding the boundaries of "the normal mind."

Academic and Medical Sources
Philosopher Daniel Dennett says "we're out an out materialists", summing up opinions of academics at a Johns Hopkins conference who find that mind is a direct mechanistic outgrowth of the brain. Dr. Candace Pert of NIMH says that the mechanistic view is the humanitarian one, arguing for destigmatization giving that mental illness is purely physical illness.

title: The Mind Fixers


text:
Strathfield massacre

The Strathfield massacre was a shooting rampage at a shopping centre in Strathfield, Sydney, Australia, on 17 August 1991. The shooter was Wade Frankum, who killed himself as police arrived at the scene. The incident left eight dead and six wounded.

Perpetrator
Wade John Frankum was born in 1958 and had worked at various occupations including as a retail assistant. In the apartment where Frankum lived alone, police found a large collection of violent literature and video copies of violent films. One of his books was a well-thumbed copy of American Psycho and although there is no direct evidence that the controversial novel had inspired Frankum, a number of suggestions that it had done so were made in newspapers. Frankum also owned a copy of Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment. Investigators suggested that both his reading and viewing habits contributed to his motivation for the shooting.

Rampage
At around 1:00 p.m., 33-year-old Frankum went to Strathfield Plaza, a shopping centre in the Inner West of Sydney. He sat in a café called The Coffee Pot, where he drank a number of cups of coffee.

At approximately 3:30 p.m., apparently without provocation, Frankum pulled a large knife from an army surplus duffel bag and repeatedly stabbed one of two teenage girls who were sitting behind him, killing the girl.

Leaving the knife in the body of the girl, he pulled a Chinese-made SKS semi-automatic rifle out of his duffel and shot around the café, killing five more people. He then shot the café's owner dead and fled into the main area of the centre, where he killed his last victim.

Frankum ran into the rooftop car park and held a car owner at gunpoint, demanding that she take him to Enfield, a nearby suburb. Before the woman could start her car, police began to arrive on the scene with Constable Darren Stewart the first to arrive. He was shot at in his police car by Frankum from the car park rooftop, Stewart had run through the Strathfield shopping centre to engage Frankum, but, upon arriving at the carpark rooftop, Frankum shot numerous rounds into the door leading to the carpark, pinning down Stewart. Upon hearing more approaching sirens, Frankum apologised to the woman and then got out of the car, knelt on the ground, and committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.

Victims
Frankum's shooting spree lasted around 10 minutes. He killed seven people and injured six, none of them personally known to him.

Victims:

 * Roberta Armstrong, age 15
 * Robertson Kan Hock Voon, age 51
 * Patricia Rowe, age 37
 * Carole Dickinson, age 47
 * Joyce Nixon, age 61
 * Rachelle Milburn, age 17
 * George Mavris, age 51

Bravery award
Greg Read, 41, a father of three and Vietnam veteran, was awarded the Star of Courage for saving the lives of eight people during the rampage.

title: Strathfield massacre


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/W-Kiss

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETED. dbenbenn | talk 02:43, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

W-Kiss
"Traditional Japanese Flash game".

I know Japan is technological, but I don't think Flash is exactly "traditional". (That is the flash it is talking about, no?). And I damn dissapointed there wasn't at least an external link... --ZayZayEM 13:39, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC) Delete; managed to find a non-hentai reference [|here]; but the article isn't really much help. Nateji77 14:38, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * '"W-kiss" "flash"' gives me 2 results on Clusty and 370 on Google of which the first then seem unrelated. Delete. Mgm|(talk) 13:53, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-notable. I get 690 google hits for '"Wild Kiss" Flash', and 373 for '"W-kiss" Flash'. The first twenty or so are unrelated. There is nothing "traditional" about "Flash", unless you're talking about indecent exposure. --Deathphoenix 14:12, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It may refer to a flash version of KISS (KIsekae Set System), which is based on the traditional Japanese game of kisikae played with cardboard dolls, very popular in otaku and anime circles. Possibly written by a non-English speaker, which would explain the confusing syntax. Problem is, there doesn't appear to be anything encclopedic associated with the term W-Kiss, so Delete it. Wyss 19:21, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, article writing as it stands is un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 02:38, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Carrp | Talk 04:19, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Silly. Delete. Radiant! 14:59, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/W-Kiss


text:
Anthim I

Anthim I (Антим I, secular name Atanas Mihaylov Chalakov, Aтанас Михайлов Чалъков; 1816 – 1 December 1888) was a Bulgarian education figure and clergyman, and a participant in the Bulgarian liberation and church-independence movement. He was the first head of the Bulgarian Exarchate, a post he held from 1872 to 1877. He was also the first Chairman of the National Assembly of Bulgaria, presiding the Constituent Assembly and the 1st Grand National Assembly in 1879.

Anthim I was born in Kırk Kilise (Lozengrad) in Eastern Thrace (today Kırklareli, Turkey) and became a monk in the Hilendar monastery on Mount Athos.

He studied in the Halki seminary (on the Princes' Islands near Constantinople), in Odessa as well as in Russia. He graduated from the Moscow Theological Academy (in Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra) in 1856. He was ordained hieromonk by Metropolitan of Moscow Philaret Drozdov.

He was Archbishop of Preslav (from 1861) and then of Vidin (from 1868).

After he unilaterally declared an independent national church of the Bulgarians on May 11, 1872, he was defrocked by the Patriarchal Synod, under whose canonical jurisdiction he had been consecrated bishop. The condemnation was later affirmed at the Council in Constantinople in September the same year.

He died in Vidin in 1888 and his mausoleum can be found in the yard of the Vidin Archbishopric.

Honour
Antim Peak in Imeon Range on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Antim I.

title: Anthim I


text:
Cristiano Zanetti

Cristiano Zanetti (born 10 April 1977) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a midfielder and current football coach. He was most recently in charge of Massese.

Zanetti played for several Italian clubs throughout his career, winning titles with Fiorentina, Roma, Inter, and Juventus. At international level, he represented the Italy national football team at the 2000 Summer Olympics, at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and at UEFA Euro 2004.

Early career
He played for Fiorentina (1993–96), Venezia (1996–97), and Reggiana (1997–98), before he joined the defending UEFA Cup Champions Inter Milan aged 21, in 1998, where he played alongside his unrelated namesake, Argentine fullback Javier Zanetti. Zanetti made his club debut for Internazionale on 26 August 1998 against FC Skonto before joining Cagliari along with Mohamed Kallon. During his time with Fiorentina, he won a Coppa Italia in 1996.

Roma
In the summer of 1999, he was signed by Roma in a joint-ownership bid for 7 billion Italian lire. Under manager Fabio Capello, he soon became a member of the starting line-up and he won a Scudetto with Roma during the 2000–01 season.

Inter Milan
In June 2001, Zanetti re-joined Inter Milan under manager Héctor Cúper; Inter paid 10 billion Italian lire to buy back Zanetti. He was a regular starter under Cuper, and with the club he managed to the reach of the semi-finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup and the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League, also narrowly missing out on the Serie A title both of those seasons. The 2003–04 season was more disappointing, however, and upon the arrival of new manager Roberto Mancini, he was deployed with less frequency due to injuries, as well as the arrivals of Edgar Davids and Esteban Cambiasso in midfield, although he was finally able to capture some silverware during his final two seasons at the club. During his second stint with Inter, he won two Coppa Italia trophies in 2005 and 2006, a Supercoppa Italiana in 2005, and he was also awarded a Serie A title after the Calciopoli scandal in 2006.

Juventus
Zanetti moved to Juventus in 2006 on a free transfer, despite the match-fixing controversy surrounding the Turin giants and their subsequent relegation. Zanetti was Luciano Moggi's final signing as the Juventus transfer director before his five-year ban due to his role in the Calciopoli scandal. Zanetti won the Serie B title with Le Zebre in 2007, earning Juventus Serie A promotion. The following season, he helped Juventus to a third place in Serie A, which allowed them to qualify for the UEFA Champions League in 2008. Juventus were eliminated in the round of 16, and they reached the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia, also finishing second in Serie A.

Fiorentina
Zanetti signed with his first professional club Fiorentina on 10 August 2009, as the club was preparing to play in 2009–10 UEFA Champions League play-off round. He signed a 2+1 contract. He is the second player to join La Viola from Juventus in 2009–10 season after Marco Marchionni. Zanetti was tagged for €2 million and deducted from Felipe Melo transfer fee. He made his debut for ACF Fiorentina on 29 September 2009 against Liverpool in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League. His assist led to Fiorentina's first goal, scored by young Montenegrin Stevan Jovetić. Fiorentina eventually won the match 2–0.

Brescia
On 31 January 2011, Zanetti signed for Brescia on a two-year contract. He retired before the conclusion of the 2011–12 Serie B season, however, after cancelling his contract with the club.

International career
Zanetti represented Italy at Under-21 level on 19 occasions, winning the 2000 UEFA European Under-21 Championship under manager Marco Tardelli; he also took part in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney with Italy, where the team was eliminated in the quarter-finals. He subsequently played for the Italian senior national team at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and at UEFA Euro 2004. In total, he won 17 caps for the national side between 2001 and 2004, under Giovanni Trapattoni, and he scored one goal in a 2–1 friendly away win over Switzerland, on 30 April 2003.

Style of play
Zanetti has been described as a hardworking and tough tackling defensive midfielder, with good vision, technique, passing ability, and a controlling influence on the midfield, and was known in particular for his ability to break down possession and subsequently start attacking plays, which also enabled him to be deployed as a central midfielder, or even as a deep-lying playmaker in front of the defence; he was also deployed as a left-sided offensive-minded central midfielder on occasion, known as the mezzala role in Italian football jargon. Despite his talents, he was often injury-prone throughout his career.

Managerial career
In 2013 Zanetti accepted an offer to become youth coach at Pisa, heading the Giovanissimi Nazionali (Under-16). In 2014, he became a coaching graduate and obtained a UEFA Pro Licence. In 2014 become youth coach at Prato.

International

 * Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zanetti goal.

Managerial statistics
Updated 10 April 2021

Honours
Fiorentina
 * Coppa Italia: 1995–96

Roma
 * Serie A: 2000–01

Inter Milan
 * Serie A: 2005–06
 * Coppa Italia: 2004–05, 2005–06
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2005

Juventus
 * Serie B: 2006–07

Italy U21
 * UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2000

title: Cristiano Zanetti


text:
User:Skevos mavros

This is a holding page for information about me, Skevos Mavros. It is my intention to contribute images and corrections to the Wikipedia. Go to my home page for contact information.

--Skevos Mavros 13:48, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Skevos mavros