text:
Talk:Baten Kaitos

Redundant
Can we just delete this article? The entry for Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean is much more detailed and complete.

Who/what is your favorite
Hey, everybody! What is: 1. You're favorite character? 2. you're favorite card? 3. you're favorite music?

Anyone think of anything else?

My favourite music track is Brave Way and my favourite character is Kalas.

Please refrain from using Wikipedia as a message board. --Slowking Man 21:26, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

I think that if ever results were to come, you would find them to be nearly all the same : Kalas as a favorite character (his stats are simply WAY better than any other character) and a Tarot Blade card for the favourite Magnus, or one of the three Sacred Items. As for music, well that's a point that might give out interesting results, but, as it says above, Wikipedia is not a message board...

SmegEd 17:17, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Discussion at Talk:Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean
You are invited to join the discussion at Talk:Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 17:56, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

Consensus claim by User:Sergecross73
Despite User:Sergecross73's claim of consensus, the truth is that he arbitrarily made this a redirect from a dab. Here's the history:

Up until March 18, 2006, this was a poor duplicate of Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean. Then:

 * 2006-03-18: merged and redirected
 * 2015-01-25: redirected to the star by User:Ian.thomson
 * 2015-04-15: reverted by Sergecross73
 * 2015-04-15: dab page created by User:Ian.thomson

It remained a dab page for nearly three years, then:
 * 2018-03-01: reverted by Sergecross73
 * 2018-10-22: dab page is restored by second editor
 * 2018-10-22: and immediately reverted by Sergecross73
 * 2019-07-06: dab page recreated by User:Zxcvbnm
 * 2018-07-13: and again reverted by Sergecross73
 * 2019-10-28: new dab page created by User:Shhhnotsoloud

It remained a dab page for nearly ten months, then:

 * 2020-08-23: again reverted by Sergecross73

Then, User:Shhhnotsoloud opened a discussion at Talk:Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean. User:Sergecross73 was the only user to respond and he opposed creation of the dab page. He was the only user to do so.

 * 2021-07-01: Unaware of the history, I created a new dab page
 * 2021-07-01: immediately reverted by Sergecross73, claiming consensus where none existed

I checked Talk:Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean, found that there was in actuality no consensus, and added my support, tipping the non-consensus to dab.

The only editor to oppose the dab page was User:Sergecross73. His claims of consensus were baldly false. By my count we have:

 * For dab: Ian.thomson, Zxcvbnm, Shhhnotsoloud, and myself (4 editors), plus an IP editor.
 * Against: Sergecross73.

Basically, User:Sergecross73 has been waging a slow-motion edit-war against consensus, and if he continues to misrepresent the situation, I will apply to have him de-admined. Skyerise (talk) 01:34, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I was not referring to the editors who have disagreed with me with a revert and then immediately dropped it over the course of 6 years. I was referring to the only actual discussion on it, and most recent discussion on it, which at the time of my comment fizzled out at one hard oppose and no other hard stances, and went unopposed for 10 months until today when you decided to unilaterally participate and close the discussion, which is of course a no no. If you're unhappy with it, start a new discussion. You need to look at the consensus at the most recent discussion though, not handcount the yearly passerby reverts over the last half decade. Sergecross73   msg me  02:13, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

Redirect Baten Kaitos
Baten Kaitos currently redirects to Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean. I changed it to a disambiguation page here but the move was reverted by. Please support or oppose changing Baten Kaitos to a disambiguation page. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 17:33, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose - it doesn’t make sense to have a dab page when none of the 3 entries are actually the word itself. Everything naturally disambiguates itself with the current titles. Sergecross73   msg me  17:52, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Except that Baten Kaitos is the proper name of the star, and so the redirect Baten Kaitos doesn't naturally disambiguate. However, the video game may well be the primary topic - the proper name for the star was highly obscure until adopted by the IAU recently and is still not in widespread use.  The star receives far fewer page hits and the video game dominates web search results and even book results, although I'd never heard of it until today.  Lithopsian (talk) 19:59, 25 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that’s why I made the change years back - the page views for the game is a lot higher, and Baten Kaitos isn’t even the common name for the star. Sergecross73   msg me  20:19, 25 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Support - the star is more significant than the game. If anything, the official star name should redirect to the star. Skyerise (talk) 22:44, 1 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Note: the assertion made by non-neutral User:Sergecross73 that Baten Kaitos isn't even the common name for the star is false. "Baten Kaitos"+star gets 415,000 hits compared to "Zeta Ceti", which gets just under 9,500 hits. Skyerise (talk) 23:10, 1 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Please assume good faith. That was not the point I was making. My point was that was that the star was better known as Zeta Ceti than it was known as Baten Kaitos. As in the article about the star is located at the Zeta name.  Sergecross73   msg me  02:24, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * But the star isn't better known as Zeta Ceti. It is better known as Baten Kaitos. The article is where it is not because it is the COMMONNAME, but because of a decision to name star articles consistently. Skyerise (talk) 03:36, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I made the comment based my knowledge on article titles. I do not know the intricacies of WP Astronomy's guidelines. If such a guideline exists, so be it then. No one has brought that up historically. Sergecross73   msg me  04:09, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Yeah, well I brought it up now because you were clearly making false assumptions based solely on your opinion that all articles must obviously already be at their COMMONNAME, which is simply not true. Skyerise (talk) 04:30, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Note - I've reopened the discussion. You can't come in to a discussion and then immediately close it in your favor. It's both a conflict of interest and a terrible close, there being just one of each hard stance given. Sergecross73   msg me  02:24, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * As is your repeated reverting of other editors with a false claim of consensus when the best you had (by ignoring the multiple long-term editors who made a needed dab page) was no consensus. Skyerise (talk) 03:05, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Again, what I said was that there wasn't a consensus to make it a dab. So it stayed a redirect since it had been since 2019. Sergecross73   msg me  03:26, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * That's simply not accurate. It was a dab for nearly three years, from 2015 to 2018 before you arbitrarily made it a redirect again. And the only reason that wasn't maintained is your multiple reverts. What there wasn't was a consensus to make it a redirect again after three years as a dab. Skyerise (talk) 03:36, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * And after that, it uncontentiously sat as a redirect for almost a year. Just like it sat as a redirect uncontentiously for the last year. These one off scenarios of a single editor getting single reverted by me, and then not challenging it further ever again does not add up to some sort massive consensus. It represents editors occasionally questioning and then dropping it ever once in a while. Sergecross73   msg me  03:49, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * keep DAB This should be discussed at Baten Kaitos, not on the talk page of one of its meanings. Discussing it here will bias the discussion (the WikiProject Astronomy linked here now). There are two video games, I would prefer a disambiguation page even without the star. The star just makes the case even clearer. If the name of the star finds larger use in the future, we can redirect there. --mfb (talk) 03:31, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree with Skyerise, this is not a good look. I personally can't see how the video game would be the primary topic, given that it's clearly named after the star. At most there is no primary topic, which is why I added the disambiguation. I also fail to see how an unbiased admin would dismiss actual editors as "passers-by" in an effort to enforce their own opinion. So count me as supporting the DAB page.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 02:29, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * When I say "passerby", I simply mean editors, like yourself, who participated in a single edit/revert cycle and then never made another edit or discussion about it. Sergecross73   msg me  16:49, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Weak support (for a dab page, just to be clear): the game seems a little jarring as the primary topic. Maybe it has a massive following that I've missed out on, but for average person not very likely.  I'm equally unsure about the star.  The IAU has picked the name out of the ether and heavily promoted it, but until the proper name is considered sufficiently standardised to become the name of the article, I'm not sure it merits being the redirect target.  Maybe one day, maybe even quite soon, or maybe the consensus will come down that way.  For me, a dab page seems the least worst thing for now, and I'm saying that as a a believer that dab pages at the base name should be the last resort.  Lithopsian (talk) 15:47, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * There is do doubt that it's the official name "In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)[14] to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems.[15] It approved the name Baten Kaitos for the component WDS J01515-1020 Aa on 12 September 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names." And as I've documented above, this was a dab page much longer than it was a redirect, with only one user taking it up himself to revert multiple editors who independently created dab pages. Skyerise (talk) 16:13, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * And it wasn't "picked out of the ether", it was the traditional name for the multiple star system which contains Zeta Ceti for centuries (when they didn't know it was a multiple star system) before it was decided to apply it only to the main star of the system. (added) It's been called that in astronomical works since at least the 9th century, possibly the 2nd century. (Ptolemy has been translated into Arabic and back to Greek multiple times. I don't believe an original manuscript exists). Skyerise (talk) 16:26, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Context matters - each individual editor, usually years apart from each other, dropped it immediately instead of following WP:BRD. It often stayed as a dab or as a redirect for years at a time because no one - myself included - has ever felt that strongly about it. (It sat as a dab for 3 years before I changed it back one time - does that sound like someone who cares much? I had completely forgotten about it and just happened to think about it when I was fully rewriting the Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean back in 2018.) Let's not lose focus on the situation here: It's a redirect between a game and a star, not a BLP or a touchy modern political/social issue. It's really not that serious. As such, I won't comment further - whether it's a dab or redirect, is largely inconsequential. Sergecross73   msg me  16:49, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Please stop responding to me in threads you didn't start. It's argumentative and unwanted, and clutters up the discussion unnecessarily. Make your own note entries or better yet, put your unwanted responses in the section below. You've posted that half-assed self-defense multiple times already. Your personal history with the article and redirect isn't relevant to this discussion, and doesn't bear repeating multiple times in it. Nobody mentioned you by name in this thread. Thanks. Skyerise (talk) 16:50, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Keep DAB Since there is no clear primary topic, dab is the obvious solution. MB 05:16, 3 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Disambiguate. Three title matches, two of them effectively exact. A derivative meaning should not be WP:PTOPIC or WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT; compare Talk:Jethro Tull (band). Note also that PTOPICs and PRIMARYREDIRECTs collect bad bluelinks, with very few exceptions. Narky Blert (talk) 11:50, 3 July 2021 (UTC)

Further irrelevant discussion goes here
(Note: duplicated from above so that the following thread makes sense) I agree with Skyerise, this is not a good look. I personally can't see how the video game would be the primary topic, given that it's clearly named after the star. At most there is no primary topic, which is why I added the disambiguation. I also fail to see how an unbiased admin would dismiss actual editors as "passers-by" in an effort to enforce their own opinion. So count me as supporting the DAB page.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 02:29, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * When I say "passerby", I just mean most interactions were just like the one between you and me: an edit, a revert, and the editor never challenging it again any further. I mean it in the same way that I'd call myself passerby to the Coldplay article if I made one edit to it back in 2017 and never returned again. Sergecross73   msg me  04:05, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Or maybe they just thought better of crossing an admin with an agenda. Skyerise (talk) 04:17, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * No need to make such assumptions. People are decide for themselves what discussions they want to participate in. It is not reasonable to go over edits and act as though they have participated in a talk page discussion. HighInBC Need help? Just ask. 04:22, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Whatever. You do things your way, I'll do things my way. Ciao! Skyerise (talk) 04:26, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Your accusation is baffling. I have never even mentioned being an admin at any point of this dispute, let alone threaten admin action on anyone, so I have no idea why you bring up a concern or "crossing an admin". I am acting as a regular editor, not an admin. And I have no "agenda", merely a stance on a dispute, sane as anyone else here. Please see WP:ASPERSIONS. You can't just kinda make vague unfounded accusations like that. Sergecross73   msg me  04:38, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, maybe you should take your personal, defensive responses to user talk pages rather than clutter the dab discussion with irrelevant defensive stances. Skyerise (talk) 05:07, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I can stop responding with defensive comments when you stop accusing me of all these bogus things. Before today, the first six years of this dispute consisted of about 6 reverts and a talk page discussion with about 5 comments about it. Today, you joined in, and the discussions got heated and expanded ten-fold. It's not hard to see who changed the tone of these discussions. I've been here all along and it was never heated. It's also weird for you to complain that I dont use your talk page when I've left multiple messages on your talk page that you removed without addressing. Sergecross73   msg me  05:16, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Because your last post to my talk page was aggressive, accusatory, and threatening, falsely accusing me of WP:CANVASS when I had notified both sides in the discussion. It just so happens that you are the only one opposed. And I did address them in the edit comment when reverting them, "read", which is more than I am required to do. Skyerise (talk) 05:57, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * This is not a neutral talk page notification. That's canvassing when you literally and directly notify someone and tell them how !vote. Sergecross73   msg me  06:05, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * And as I told you before, User:Zxcvbnm had already expressed their opinion today, here, at the time in the wrong place, before I left that message. It's at the top of this thread. Check the time stamps and go figure. I wasn't telling them how to vote, only where to do so such that their opinion would be registered in the discussion. Fixed now that the discussion is on the correct talk page. You seem to be trying to discredit my position by making false accusations. Apparently you care way too much about this dab page. Can't you just let the discussion proceed without repeatedly trying to discredit me? Skyerise (talk) 06:27, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

Skyerise you seem to be personalizing this. This is just a dry discussion about the best way for a title to be used. No need to make it about the editors involved in the discussion. Lets stick to the argument at hand and try not to make assumptions. HighInBC Need help? Just ask. 04:41, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * And you're acting as if you can convince me to change my position if you just reply to everything I say, You both have admin tags on your user pages. Do you really think other editors don't check that? I do, because many admins play exactly these sorts of dominance games. I'd personally prefer that you allow me to state my case without replying to my every comment. I've been a Wikipedia editor for 16 years and I won't be browbeaten by continual argumentative replies. You can stop now, okay? Go be productive and write an article. I've written one today, have you? Skyerise (talk) 04:52, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Further discussion about me or Sergecross73 should take place on our respective talk pages. It is not relevant here. HighInBC Need help? Just ask. 04:55, 2 July 2021 (UTC)
 * LoL. Now you get it. Foot, shoe... Skyerise (talk) 04:57, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

Request for closure
I have placed a request at Closure requests. Thank you, in advance, to the reviewer. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 07:44, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baten Kaitos


text:
Boys Life 2

Boys Life 2 is a compilation of four short films about being gay in America, released in 1997.

 * Must Be the Music (1996; directed by Nickolas Perry) offers a frank depiction of urban gay youth.
 * Nunzio's Second Cousin (1994; directed by Tom DeCerchio) finds a gay policeman getting even with homophobic people.
 * Alkali, Iowa (1995; directed by Mark Christopher) chronicles a Midwestern teenaged gay male who unearths his dead father's secret.
 * The Dadshuttle (1996; directed by Tom Donaghy) centers on the communication breakdown between a father and his son, who is gay.

A limited edition DVD also included a fifth segment, Trevor, starring Brett Barsky.

Partial cast

 * Must Be the Music
 * Milo Ventimiglia''
 * Nunzio's Second Cousin
 * Vincent D'Onofrio
 * Eileen Brennan
 * Seth Green
 * Alcali, Iowa
 * J. D. Cerna
 * Mary Beth Hurt
 * The Dadshuttle
 * Matt McGrath
 * Peter Maloney

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Boys Life 2


text: Category:British botanists

title: Category:British botanists


text:
Indented Head

Indented Head is a small coastal township located on the Bellarine Peninsula, east of Geelong, in the Australian state of Victoria. The town lies on the coast of the Port Phillip bay between the towns of Portarlington and St Leonards.

Indented Head's population fluctuates throughout the year, increasing drastically during the summer months, and is very much seasonal. Its beaches attract keen fisherman, boaters and families to the area. It is appreciated by locals and tourists for its quiet and isolated nature.

Early European exploration
Indented Head was named by the explorer Matthew Flinders in April 1802 when he observed the shape of the Bellarine Peninsula coastline from the summit of Arthurs Seat, across Port Phillip. For many years the name Indented Head was applied to the whole of the Bellarine Peninsula. Flinders was at that time in the process of completing the first circumnavigation of Australia, undertaken between December 1801 and June 1803, making a detailed survey of the coastline for the British government, sailing aboard HMS Investigator (1798).

The Batman expedition encounters local Wathaurong (Aboriginal) people and William Buckley
In 1835, the Tasmanian colonist John Batman set up his base camp for the land speculation company Port Phillip Association at Indented Head while he returned to Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) to collect his family and additional provisions. He left the small base camp in the care of his ex-convict servants William Todd and Gumm, and 5 Aboriginal members of his party named Bullett, Bungett, Old Bull, Pigeon and Joe the Marine. Some of these Aboriginal people had been brought from Sydney to Tasmania by Batman, who employed them in his bounty hunting 'roving parties' rounding up Tasmanian Aboriginal people in the island's north-east in the late 1820s.

The escaped convict William Buckley made contact with the men at Batman's camp in July 1835. Buckley had been living with the local Wathaurong people for over thirty years since his escape from an early settlement near Sorrento in 1803. Large numbers of local Aboriginal people frequented the small campsite, and Todd's diary records what must have been a fascinating intercultural exchange including extensive 'Corrobboring', singing, and shared hunting parties, although Todd himself generally did not participate. On 3 August 1835, after the small camp's imported food supplies ran low, Todd recorded, "We have commenced eating Roots the same as the Natives do" - these were murnong or Yam Daisy roots (Microseris lanceolata) which were a staple of the Wathaurong diet and would have been collected in large quantities by local women.

A monument marks the place (now in Batman Park) where Batman was believed to have landed.

Twentieth century until today
Camping grounds were established along the Indented Head foreshore during the 1920s but it was many years before a permanent population was established, the Post Office opening in 1947. The area is still a popular family holiday destination and facilities include a sailing club, a boat ramp, jetty, and numerous sandy beaches. The shoreline also hosts a number of historical boat sheds.

The retired Port Phillip paddle steamer, Ozone, was sunk at Indented Head in 1925 to form a breakwater. The wreck remains a distinctive landmark visible offshore from the main beach. One of the Ozone's anchors has also been incorporated into a monument located on the cliff-top beside the Taylor Reserve camping ground.

The 1970s and 1980s saw an increase in construction of holiday homes, and a larger permanent population. The Harvey estate began construction in 2007, and has been the largest housing development to date within Indented Head.

In late 2008 a new Post Office and General Store was constructed on The Esplanade, the only business operating in Indented Head.

Tourist destinations
The historic Ozone wreck, the Indented Head Yacht Club, and the long stretches of clear sandy beaches that line The Esplanade, all attract visitors to the area.

title: Indented Head


text: Category:Scottish botanists

title: Category:Scottish botanists


text:
Boys Life 3

Boys Life 3 is a compilation of five short films that deal with coming-out and the trials and tribulations of being gay in America.

Premises

 * Inside Out (1996, directed by Jason Gould; starring Alexis Arquette and Elliott Gould)
 * Just One Time (1998, directed by Lane Janger; starring Guillermo Díaz, Jennifer Esposito, Joelle Carter): A man wants his girlfriend to have a sexual relationship with another girl, just one time.
 * Hitch (2000, directed by Bradley Rust Gray, starring Jason Herman, Drew Wood): Two friends on a road-trip: one is gay, the other straight. The former gets attracted to the latter.
 * Majorettes in Space (French: Des majorettes dans l'espace, 1996, directed by David Fourier, starring Elise Laurent, Jean-Marc Delacruz, Olivier Laville): Two male Russian cosmonauts, one of whom has a fetish for majorettes, are in space without condoms. A young heterosexual couple have sex outdoors. Pope John Paul II is passionate about airports but enforces the sexually restrictive teachings of the Catholic Church. Vincent, a young gay man, is dying of AIDS.
 * $30 (1999, directed by Gregory Cooke, starring Sara Gilbert, Erik MacArthur, Gregory Itzin): A father buys his closeted son a night with a prostitute.

title: Boys Life 3


text:
Boys Life 4: Four Play

Boys Life 4 is an anthology of four gay-themed short films that have been hits on the film festival circuit.

Short films

 * O Beautiful (2002, directed by Alan Brown), tells the aftermath of a gay bashing. Shown in split screen.
 * Jay Gillespie
 * David Rogers
 * L.T.R. (2002, directed by Phillip J. Bartell), a mockumentary about a gay couple in a "long-term relationship."
 * Cole Williams
 * Weston Mueller
 * Bumping Heads (2002, directed by Brian Sloan), about two men who hold different views about their relationship. (one is in love, and the other one just want to be friends).
 * Craig Chester
 * Andersen Gabrych
 * This Car Up (2003, directed by Eric Mueller), about a messenger and businessman who cross paths. It uses slot machine type images to convey what both characters are thinking.
 * Michael Booth
 * Brent Doyle

title: Boys Life 4: Four Play


text:
Jaime Garzón

Jaime Hernando Garzón Forero (24 October 1960 – 13 August 1999) was a Colombian comedian, journalist, politician, and peace activist. He was popular on Colombian television during the 1990s for his unique political satire. In addition to his work on television, he also had roles as a peace negotiator in the release of FARC guerrillas' hostages. He was murdered in 1999 by right-wing paramilitary hitmen, with suspected support from members of the Colombian military and security services, according to testimonies of former paramilitaries commanders.

Life
Jaime Garzón was born in Bogotá on 24 October 1960. He studied law and political science at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, but his active involvement in politics and television did not allow him to finish. Garzón was an avid fan of Millonarios FC, a football club based in his hometown of Bogota.

Mayor of Sumapaz
Garzón joined the political campaign of Andrés Pastrana Arango for mayor of Bogotá. After winning the elections, Pastrana nominated him as mayor of Sumapaz, an underdeveloped rural locality in the district, in 1988. Garzón tried to improve the standard of living in Sumapaz. In a year, he created a health center, the school was improved and the only street of town was paved.

But his originality was not well seen by the central administration of Pastrana. Asked in a telegram to notify the number of legal brothels in Sumapaz, he answered: "Después de una inspección visual, informo que aquí las únicas putas, son las putas FARC", a sarcastic answer typical of his sense of black humor, roughly translated as "After a visual inspection, I report that the only whores around here are the fucking FARC", a wordplay, as in Colombian Spanish the word 'putas' could mean both 'whores' as noun, and 'fucking' as an intensifier adjective. That answer and other eccentricities, brought to the conclusion by the central administration that he had founded a brothel in Sumapaz. The municipal government secretary, Volmar Pérez Ortiz, signed his destitution. For this reason, Garzón sued Pastrana's administration; the case was ruled in his favor only in 1997.

Between 1990 and 1994 he worked at the Nariño House during the presidency of César Gaviria. He helped in the translations of the new Colombian Constitution of 1991 into the indigenous languages and as a presidential adviser in communications.

Career

In 1987, the director of the Noticiero de las 7, Antonio Morales Riveira, knew of the fame of the Mayor of Sumapaz in imitating politicians. He brought Garzón to the newscast; it was the first time he would appear on television.

He worked on various television parodies, becoming famous with the TV show Zoociedad (Zoociety) in the 1990s which contained humor about materialistic society and politics. Garzón then started working on a program called "¡Quac! El Noticero", collaborating with actor Diego León Hoyos until 1997.

Garzón created many instantly recognizable fictional characters. One of them was "Heriberto de la Calle". Heriberto was a shoe shiner who interviewed different personalities, including politicians.

Peace activist
On 23 March 1998, 200 FARC guerrillas kidnapped 32 people on the Villavicencio – Bogotá road. Among the hostages were four US citizens and an Italian.

On 27 March a commission, with the authorization of anti-kidnapping czar José Alfredo Escobar and led by Garzón, allowed the release of nine of the hostages.

On 6 May 1998, General Jorge Enrique Mora Rangel, commander of the Colombian Army, publicly asked Escobar to investigate Garzón for his participation in the release of the hostages. On 4 June, Escobar, defended the role of Garzón in the release of the hostages as a humanitarian mission. Garzón tried to have an appointment with General Mora Rangel, but he was not accepted. The journalist sent a telegram to the military where he said: "General, do not look for enemies among the Colombians that risk their life everyday to build a proud nation as I want and as you are fighting for."

In May 1999 Garzón said in a cocktail party in front of some personalities, among them the US Ambassador, that General Mora was accusing him of being a collaborator of the FARC.

On 25 May 1999, Senator Piedad Córdoba was kidnapped by the paramilitary group of Carlos Castaño, and she was accused by him of being a collaborator of the guerrilla. According to Senator Córdoba, Castaño also mentioned Garzón. Once she was released, she met the journalist and warned him of the danger.

The participation in the process of the FARC's hostage releases and the intention to promote a dialogue of peace brought him many threats, but the most noticeable were those from Castaño.

Murder
On Tuesday, 10 August 1999, Garzón visited the paramilitary leader Ángel Gaitán Mahecha, who was in the Modelo Prison in Bogotá with the intention to arrange a meeting with Carlos Castaño. The meeting was to be held on 14 August in the Córdoba Department.

On Wednesday, 11 August, Garzón said to his wife and a makeup artist that he was going to be killed the next day.

On Friday, 13 August, at 5:45, local time, Garzón was approaching the Radionet station in Bogotá in his gray Jeep Cherokee. When he was turning toward the south coming from 26th Street in the Barrio Quinta Paredes sector, in front of Corferias, two men riding a high velocity white motorcycle with hidden plates approached the car and called his name, then shot him five times. He was 38 years old.

The word quickly spread as his own colleagues at Radionet were the first to give the news to Colombia. Hundreds of people went out into the streets. The vehicular traffic worsened when a pedestrian bridge fell onto the North Highway, near 122nd Street, because a group of people thought wrongly that the funeral would pass by the site. Three people died and 30 were injured.

On that Friday night, sports presenter César Augusto Londoño for Noticiero CM& had to introduce a memorial note to Heriberto de la Calle, one of the characters of his murdered companion. He introduced the note saying: "that's all for sports ... Shitty country!".

On 5 February 2021, the court confirmed the 26-year sentence against former ADS deputy director José Miguel Narváez for the murder of Jaime Garzón after more than 21 years of the crime.

Investigation
According to Judge Julio Roberto Ballén Silva, the AUC reacted against his involvement in negotiations for the release of guerrilla-held hostages on behalf of their family members. There are several versions of what happened in the days preceding his murder. In one of them Garzón was informed of an order to assassinate him; he then contacted Castaño, who scheduled a meeting with him to take place just the day after his murder and sent a counter order to abort the assassination. The order apparently either never reached the actual killers, or came after it was too late. This led some to speculate that the meeting was a trap.

An investigation conducted by the TV program Contravía directed by Holman Morris provides evidence of the participation of agents of the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS, the then state intelligence agency) in employing false witnesses to cause the investigation turn away from the real events. Likewise, the paramilitary leader Freddy Rendón Herrera aka "El Alemán" accused members of the military forces of being intellectual authors of the murder.

Castaño is accused of being the mastermind of the crime
On 13 September 1999, the authorities reacted promptly to guarantee the arrest of the assassins of the journalist. Four people participated in the first investigations as key witnesses of the crime: María Amparo Arroyave Mantilla, Wilson Llano Caballero alias El Profe, Maribel Pérez Jiménez and Wilson Raúl Ramirez Muñoz.

Although the time of the crime was too early and María Amparo Arroyave was on the 4th floor of a building (located 100 meters from the place of the assassination) and the two hitmen were wearing helmets, she was able to give a detailed description of one of the assassins' face and clothing.

On 19 August 1999, as an answer to the suggestion of a journalist, who had said that the responsibility for the crime of Garzón fell on the military superiors, the Minister of Defense, Luis Fernando Ramírez, along with several commanders of the National Army, made a public declaration. In it, they announced that such suggestion was defamatory and that they rejected and condemned the crime of one of the best journalists of the end of the century, the best humorist and the sharpest critic of the Colombian society of the last decades.

On 6 January 2000, the Police of Medellín arrested Juan Pablo Ortiz Agudelo, alias Bochas, who, according to the Administrative Department of Security, was the assassin that shot Garzón and was recognized by María Amparo Arroyave.

On 24 April Carlos Castaño, top leader of the AUC, was formally accused of being the mastermind of the crime. On 6 June he was declared absent defendant.

On 24 September 2001, the Police arrested Edilberto Antonio Sierra Ayala in Belén de Umbría under the accusation of being the other criminal who had driven the motorbike.

On 3 January 2002, the tribunal made the closure of the process official. Therefore, a request of the civil part to review the case was ignored by the tribunal.

Complaints of manipulation of the investigation
On 21 January 2000, the Attorney General was the first entity to cast doubt on the veracity of María Amparo Arroyave's testimony. The Attorney then ordered a careful inspection of the place from which she claimed that she saw the crime. According to lawyer Alirio Uribe Muñoz, the Attorney concluded that observing the details of the assassins from the place she claimed that she saw the crime was impossible. Furthermore, the Attorney found several contradictions in her description and a few coincidences with other witnesses's, who happened to be nearer to the place of the crime; none of them could remember the assassins' faces, because they were very fast. Nevertheless, none of these inconsistencies had been reviewed in the record. Arroyave Montoya then disappeared and then was contacted by the DAS agent Juan Ángel Ramírez García, whom Attorney General Office did not allow his investigation.

In October 2002, Reporters Without Borders and Red Damocles also questioned the veracity of Wilson Llano Caballero's testimony, who also was considered to be a key witness during the first investigation and was presented as a DAS Informant: He provided pictures and information about the alleged murderers, alias "Bochas" and "Toño", and convinced his girlfriend, Maribel Pérez Jiménez, and his neighbour, Wilson Raúl Ramírez, to declare against the two suspects.

Confessions of paramilitary leaders
On 11 March 2004, Judge Julio Roberto Ballén Silva then acquitted the two alleged assassins of the journalist. The sentence allowed opening an investigation into the agents, officials and false witnesses of the first process. The tribunal concluded once more that Carlos Castaño was the mastermind of the crime, therefore Castaño was sentenced to 38 years in prison and fined 790 million pesos. However, in April of that very year, Castaño was killed probably by disputes among the same paramilitary members.

On 9 May 2008, the former Paramilitary leader Diego Fernando Murillo alias Don Berna, said that members of the criminal gang La Terraza of Medellín, that served Carlos Castaño, were the assassins of Garzón.

In June 2008, paramilitary leader Jorge Iván Laverde, alias El Iguano, declared before Law of Justice and Peace that the former sub-director of the DAS, José Miguel Narváez, instigated Carlos Castaño to kill Jaime Garzón. A month later, in July, another paramilitary former member, Ever Veloza García alias HH, gave a USB drive that belonged to Carlos Castaño to the Attorney General and said that the USB contained evidence that Castaño ordered La Terraza gang to assassinate Jaime Garzón. Furthermore, Veloza said that Castaño had said, at several occasions, that the crime of Garzón was a mistake and that "it was carried out to do some friends of the National Army a favor ".

In October 2009 former paramilitary leader Freddy Rendón Herrera, alias "El Alemán", told the Justice and Peace process that Carlos Castaño had ordered the assassination of the journalist under "specific request of senior military leaders of the time".

Popular culture

 * Garzón is portrayed by Colombian actor Jose Manuel Ospina as the character of 'Jairo García' in TV Series Tres Caínes.

title: Jaime Garzón


text:
Sant Nirankari Mission

Sant Nirankari Mission is a spiritual organisation based in Delhi, India. It was founded in 1929 by Buta Singh. Mata Sudiksha, the daughter of Satguru Baba Hardev Singh, is the sixth spiritual head of the Mission since 17 July 2018.

History
Nirankari Mission had its formal beginning on 25 May 1929, the day when Avtar Singh met Buta Singh. In 1943, Baba Buta Singh passed on his position to Shenshah Baba Avtar Singh. Baba Avtar Singh moved to Delhi after partition, where the "Sant Nirankari Mission" was created in 1948 (in 1947) He was succeeded by his son Gurbachan Singh in 1962.

Baba Gurbachan Singh was assassinated on 24 April 1980. With Baba Gurbachan Singh's last breath, he appointed his son Hardev Singh as the next Satguru.

In 2016, Mata Savinder Hardev succeeded her husband Hardev Singh after a fatal accident. In 2018, she declared her daughter Sudiksha Savinder Hardev as the sixth spiritual leader of the organization, days before she succumbed to her deteriorating health.

Baba Buta Singh (1873–1943)
In 1929, Baba Buta Singh established the Sant Nirankari Mission. Before his death in 1943 at Kohmari, Baba Buta Singh handed over the responsibility of spreading the holy gyan to Shehnshah Baba Avtar Singh.

Shehnshah Baba Avtar Singh (1899–1969)
Shehnshah Avtar Singh was born on 31 December 1899 in Latifal village of present-day Pakistan. In May 1929 he met Baba Buta Singh. In 1943, Buta Singh named Avtar Singh as successor before his death.

After the 1947 Indo-Pak partition, Baba Avtar Singh established the Sant Nirankari Mandal in Delhi, India. In 1962, Baba Avtar Singh entrusted it to Baba Gurbachan Singh. Shehnshah Avtar Singh became one with Nirankari on 17 September 1969.

Satguru Baba Gurbachan Singh (1930–1980)
Gurbachan Singh was born on 10 December 1930 to Baba Avtar Singh and Mata Budhwanti Kaur, in Peshawar, a city in present-day Pakistan. He was married to Kulwant Kaur (Nirankari Raj Mata).

Baba Gurbachan Singh took over the organization in 1962. He was assassinated on April 24, 1980.

Satguru Baba Hardev Singh (1954–2016)
Hardev Singh was born on 23 February 1954 in Delhi to Baba Gurbachan Singh and Nirankari Raj Mata Kulwant Kaur as parents. After the cold blooded assassination of Baba Gurbachan Singh in 1980, he became the next Satguru. He was honored by the United Nations (U.N.O.) with special consultative status in 2012, which was later upgraded to general consultative status in 2018.

He died on 13 May 2016 in an automobile accident, when he was travelling to attend a spiritual gathering in Canada with both of his son-in-laws. One of them succumbed to his injuries. The other son in law was driving the vehicle when the accident occurred. Details are still vague around the exact cause of the accident.

Satguru Mata Savinder Hardev (1957–2018)
Savinder Hardev was born on 12 January 1957. She was the wife of Hardev Singh. After the death of her husband, she became the fifth head of the organization.

Before her death, she handed over the organization to her daughter Sudiksha. She died on 5 August 2018

Satguru Mata Sudiksha Savinder Hardev (1985)
Sudiksha was born on 13 March 1985. She was named as the Satguru of the Nirankari Mission on 17 July 2018.

She is now the sixth head of the Nirankari Mission.

Beliefs
The organization teaches "self-realization through God-realization". Being born as a human being through the cycles of reincarnation has been described as superior to all other species of animal created by God. Nirankaris believe that it is "meaningless to worship" until one has a sight of God. Simply repeating the word "water" does not quench your thirst. One must experience "water" and consume it in order to truly quench your thirst. It focuses on the belief that God is formless yet exists in all forms.

Nirankari Museum
The Nirankari Museum was inaugurated by fourth satguru of the Mission, Satguru Baba Hardev Singh, on 22 February 2005. The museum is located within the Nirankari Sarovar Complex in New Delhi. It depicts the history and key teachings of the Mission through audio-visuals and pictures.

title: Sant Nirankari Mission


text:
Hidden personality

Hidden personality is the part of the personality that is determined by unconscious processes.

Sigmund Freud
The basic assumption of Freud's psychoanalytic view of the person is an energy system in which all mental processes are considered to be energy flows, which can flow freely or can get sidetracked or dammed up. Freud argues that the goal of all behaviour is the reduction of tension through the release of energy, which produces pleasure. People function in accordance with hedonistic principles, seeking unbridled gratification of all desires. The endless pursuit of pleasure is, however, in conflict with society and civilization, as the uncontrolled satisfaction of pleasure is not accepted. In Freud's view, humans are primarily driven by sexual and aggressive instincts. Sexual and aggressive energy prevented from expression in a more direct way are converted to cultural activities such as art and science. Energy used for cultural purposes is, however, no longer available to sexual purposes and Freud concludes that the price of civilization is misery, the forfeit of happiness and a sense of guilt.

Freud's theory of personality is based on the idea that much of human behaviour is determined by forces outside awareness. The relation between the person and society is controlled by primitive urges buried deep within ourselves, forming the basis of the hidden self. Freud argues that much of our psychic energy is devoted either to finding acceptable expressions of unconscious ideas or to keeping them unconscious. Freud constructed his concept of the unconscious from analysis of slips of the tongue, dreams, neuroses, psychoses, works of art and rituals. In psychoanalytic theory, mental life is divided into three levels of awareness. The largest portion of the mind is formed by the unconscious system and only a very small part by the conscious. The preconscious-system stands like a partition screen between the unconscious-system and consciousness. The conscious mind is like the tip of an iceberg, with its greatest part – the unconscious – submerged. Psychoanalytic theory is fundamentally a motivational theory of human behaviour and Freud claimed that "psychoanalysis aims at and achieves nothing more than the discovery of the unconscious in mental life".

Carl Rogers
Humanist psychologist Carl Rogers opposed psychoanalytic personality theory as he was dissatisfied with the 'dehumanising nature' of this school of thought. The central tenet of humanistic psychology is that people have drives that lead them to engage in activities resulting in personal satisfaction and a contribution to society: the actualising tendency. This tendency is present in all organisms and can be defined as the motivation present in every life form to develop its potentials to the fullest extent. Humanistic psychology is based on an optimistic view of human nature and the direction of people's movement is basically towards self-actualisation. Some might criticise Rogers as being a naive optimist and point out the violent history of humanity. Rogers defends his view by referring to the fact that his theory is based on more than twenty-five years of experience in psychotherapy.

A person's identity is formed through a series of personal experiences, which reflect how the individual is perceived by both him or herself and the outside world – the phenomenological field. Individuals also have experiences of which they are unaware and the phenomenological field contains both conscious and unconscious perceptions. The concept of the self is, according to Rogers, however, primarily conscious. The most important determinants of behaviour are those that are conscious or are capable of becoming conscious. Rogers argues that a notion of the self that includes a reference to the unconscious (as with Freud) cannot be studied objectively as it can not be directly known.

Rogerian personality theory distinguishes between two personalities. The real self is created through the actualising tendency, it is the self that one can become. The demands of society, however, do not always support the actualising tendency and we are forced to live under conditions that are out of step with our tendencies. The ideal self is the ideal created through the demands of society. Rogers does not see it as something to strive for (that is the real self) but an ideal imposed on us we can never fully reach. Rogers' view of 'hidden' personality relates to the person one could be given the right circumstances within society. For an individual to be truly happy and for self-actualisation to be realised, the public and hidden selves must be as similar as possible. Rogers believed that when all aspects of a person's life, surroundings and thoughts are in harmony, thus the ideal state of congruence is reached.

Carl Jung
Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist who became one of the most famous and influential psychological thinkers and innovators of all time. Early in his career, Jung studied with Sigmund Freud and was thought to possibly succeed Freud as the leading promoter of Freud's brand of psychoanalysis. Later in his career Jung's thinking diverged significantly from Freudian psychology in ways that are directly relevant to the concept of the inferior function. Jung viewed human personality from a broad perspective, so his system for understanding individual differences and similarities is complex. Jung saw the human psyche as containing everything necessary to grow, adapt, and heal itself. He believed that people were capable of directing their own personality development and benefiting from both positive and negative life experiences (Quenk 2002).

In his studies, Carl Jung divided the psyche into the unconscious and the conscious minds. Freud viewed the unconscious as containing the Id, the Superego and the Ego, whereas Jung developed a different model. He described the unconscious as consisting of two major components: the Personal Unconscious and the Collective Unconscious (Quenk 2002).

Jung looked at all behavior including neurotic symptoms as ways of stimulating an individual's growth toward completion. He was interested in personality development as it occurred over the life span and saw it as an ongoing process.

Personal Unconscious
The Personal Unconscious, as conceived by Jung, encompasses the totality of what Freud recognized as "the unconscious" and corresponds to what most of us intuitively associate with the term "unconscious mind." It contains those elements of our own unique life experience which have been forgotten, ignored, repressed, suppressed or otherwise blocked from consciousness. Some of these elements can be easily recalled into consciousness at will, while others may be more difficult to access or retrieve. In simpler terms, the Personal Unconscious are the thoughts, ideas, emotions, and other mental phenomena acquired and repressed during one's lifetime.

The Collective Unconscious
Many philosophers have advanced the theory that the human mind is a "blank slate," capable of being molded by our upbringing, which includes social experiences. In working with patients, Carl Jung observed the development of repeated themes in different people's artwork, dreams and fantasies. Yet he noticed that many of these themes had no relation to and could not have originated from any connection to the person's own individual life experiences.

Jung concluded that, in addition to our Personal Unconscious, we each possess a deeper aspect of the unconscious. It was in identifying this second unconscious region that Jung's model differentiated itself from Freud's. Naming it the Collective Unconscious, Jung theorized that this region contained psychological elements not developed during the course of our own lives, but passed on through our common evolutionary history to all members of our species. There are shared, fundamental elements that make up the Collective Unconscious and generate a limiting framework around which our psychic material organizes. He referred to those as Archetypes. Archetypes are the fundamental elements of the collective unconscious. Jung, states that every human being is born with a psyche that expects to engage, influence, and to undergo certain life milestones. For instance, our psyches have evolved to expect us to be born, to expect us to have parents, to expect us to encounter particular types of other people and creatures with which we share the earth, to expect us to have children, and to expect us to eventually die. These fundamental psychological expectations have become embodied, Jung claimed, in a common set of basic tendencies in the unconscious that predispose us to generate particular ideas, concepts and imagery related to them. These tendencies are the Archetypes.

Foundations of Personality
Freud and Roger's theory of personality are based on some very different assumptions. Their concept of human nature and the role of rationality in human motivation are diametrically opposed. Although both theories include a hidden personality, both concepts are very different in that for Freud it is our natural state, while for Rogers it is the self-created by the demands of society.

Human Nature
Freud theorised that people have an unconscious mind that would, if permitted, manifest itself in incest, murder and other activities which are considered crimes in contemporary society. Freud believes that neuroticism is a result of tensions caused by suppression of our unconscious drives, which are fundamentally aggressive towards others.

Rogers agrees that we may behave aggressive and violent at times, but at such times we are neurotic and are not functioning as fully developed human beings. Rogers reverses Freud's concept of neuroticism and thinks that what Freud has construed as our natural state of being is actually unnatural and unhealthy behaviour. For Rogers, the core of our nature is essentially positive and aligned towards self-actualisation, while for Freud, we solely are driven by sexual and aggressive instincts. Recent research support Rogers' point of view as it has shown that people with an optimistic style of thought tend to cope more effectively with stress than do people who have a pessimistic style.

Reason in Human Behaviour
Revolutions in the history of science have one common feature: they deconstruct our convictions about our own self-importance. Copernicus moved our home from centre of the universe to its periphery, Darwin relegated us to descent from an animal world and Freud discovered the unconscious and deconstructed the myth of a fully rational mind. In Freud's view, human beings are basically irrational and the unconscious mind is alogical. We are forever driven by irrational, practically uncontrollable unconscious instincts that are the ultimate cause of all activity.

Rogers sees human beings as basically rational and behaviour is controlled through reason. Rationality and the actualising tendency are inseparably connected in Rogers' basic image of personality. Human behaviour is, according to Rogers: "exquisitely rational, moving with subtle and ordered complexity toward the goals the organism is endeavouring to achieve". The natural course of the actualising tendency is, however, often blocked by psychosocial conditions. When this happens, people become estranged from their true nature and may behave irrationally through anti-social and destructive behaviour.

Hidden Personalities
The Freudian concept of the unconscious mind was never experimentally verified by him and remained a theoretical construct. Critical questions about what is available to immediate observation and what occurs unconsciously could never be fully answered by Freud as he did not possess any of the current day technological possibilities. Through contemporary cognitive science, it has been discovered that most of our thought actually is unconscious, not in the Freudian sense of being repressed, but in the sense that it operates beneath the level of cognitive awareness, inaccessible to consciousness and operating too fast to focus on.

Unconscious processing goes on in the mind of humans, not because we have to filter out threatening stimuli and impulses, but because many cognitive operations go on without conscious participation. The brain operates in this way in order not to flood the conscious part of the mind with impressions. The unconscious is a type of process, a way of constructing perception, memories and other kinds of cognition, not a portion of the mind. This view agrees with Roger's concept of the unconscious, who theorised that the unconscious is only a part of the phenomenological field and does not control our personality.

Aside from Freud and Roger's views on the hidden personality there is a simplified idea of stress. When our hidden personality emerges it is also referred to as out-of-character episodes. These are essential to our general well-being as well as helping to continue our own personal growth and development. When a hidden personality emerges it's also called being 'in the grip'. This refers to the times when the inferior function is being showcased. This happens when we are low on energy and under great stress. Stress is defined as any external or internal event that lessens or depletes one's mental and physical well being. Stress is a necessary and sufficient stimulus for bringing out our hidden personality. Unconscious contents are charged with energy that must be discharged in order for a person to function comfortably and with minimal tension and distress. One of the most powerful and universal ways human beings deal with being unacknowledged, unconscious thoughts and feelings is through projection. Because the inferior function is appropriately understood as an unconscious process that is subject to the mechanism of projection. Projection involves attributing to others an unacknowledged, unconscious part of ourselves- something that lies outside our conscious awareness. What we project onto others can be negative or it can be positive. In Jung's psychology, projection often accounts for our initial attraction to or rejection of others. A person may be a ready "host" for one or more aspects of our own unconscious, and it's a way our psyche regulates itself. Equilibrium is maintained when people eliminate their contradictory ideas or feelings (Quenk 2002).

We are all capable of using our tertiary and inferior functions when a particular task requires them.

Jung suggested that we all have instincts that pushes us to grow toward completion, or to become the best possible version of ourselves. This goal is called individualization, a state of self-awareness or self-actualization we strive for and hardly ever achieve. Jung saw the lifelong quest of individualism as more important than focusing on an unattainable end point.

title: Hidden personality


text:
Kansas's congressional districts

Kansas is divided into 4 congressional districts, each represented by a member of the United States House of Representatives. The number of districts in Kansas remained unchanged after the 2010 census. Historically, the state has held as many as eight seats (1893–1933). The number of congressional seats decreased from five to four following the 1990 census. Between 1990 and 2000, the population of Kansas grew by 8.5% from 2,477,574 to 2,688,418, making it the 32nd most populated state; all four congressional seats were retained.

From 2010 to 2018, the state's congressional delegation was composed of all Republicans. However, following the 2018 elections, one incumbent was ousted by a Democratic challenger, changing the state's delegation to a 3-1 Republican majority.

List of districts and representatives
Members of the United States House delegation from Kansas, their terms, their district boundaries, and the district political ratings according to the CPVI. For the 118th Congress, the state's congressional delegation consists of 3 Republicans and 1 Democrat.

Historical results

History of district boundaries
Table of United States congressional district boundary maps in the State of Kansas, presented chronologically. All redistricting events in Kansas between 1973 and 2013 are shown.

Obsolete districts

 * Kansas Territory's at-large congressional district
 * Kansas's at-large congressional district
 * Kansas's 5th congressional district
 * Kansas's 6th congressional district
 * Kansas's 7th congressional district
 * Kansas's 8th congressional district

title: Kansas's congressional districts


text:
User talk:Gcmestspchic

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! JoaoRicardo 07:31, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Gcmestspchic


text:
Amaranthoideae

The Amaranthoideae are a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae. The stamens have anthers with two lobes (locules) and four pollen sacs. The main distribution of the subfamily is in tropical America, in tropical and southern Africa, and in Australia.

The genera Amaranthus (the amaranths) and Celosia (the cockscombs) contain many ornamental species, as well as species whose seeds are used as pseudocereals and leaves as leaf vegetables.

Systematics
The subfamily Amaranthoideae comprises about 57 genera with about 330 species. Phylogenetical research revealed that the subfamily is polyphyletic and its traditional classification (tribe Amarantheae Rchb. with two subtribes Amaranthinae und Aervinae) does not reflect the phylogenetic relationship. Therefore, a new taxonomical grouping is required. Müller & Borsch (2005) recognized several clades:

 * basal group:
 * Bosea L., on Macaronesian Islands, and in Cyprus and western Himalaya.
 * Charpentiera Gaudich., endemic to Hawaii and the Australian Ridge (Tubuai-Islands)
 * Cladus Amaranthoids:
 * Amaranthus L. (Syn.: Acnida L., Amblogyna Raf.), with about 60 species, occurring also extratropical in temperate regions.
 * Chamissoa Kunth, with about 24 species in Middle and South America.
 * Tribus Celosieae, with multiovulate ovaries. This tribe is the only monophyletic one. With about 5 genera and about 69 species:
 * Celosia L., with about 45–60 species.
 * Deeringia R.Br. (Syn.: Cladostachys D.Don, Dendroportulaca Eggli), with about 7 species.
 * Henonia Moq.
 * Hermbstaedtia Rchb., in southern Africa.
 * Pleuropetalum Hook. f.
 * Cladus Aervoids, in tropical regions of Africa and Asia:
 * Aerva Forssk., with about 10 species.
 * Nothosaerva Wight
 * Ptilotus R.Br. (Syn.: Dipteranthemum F.Muell., Kelita A.R.Bean, Trichinium R.Br.), with about 110 species in Australia
 * Cladus Achyranthoids, in tropical regions of Africa and Asia and on Pacific islands:
 * Achyranthes L., with about 15 species, for example:
 * Achyranthes mutica A.Gray
 * Calicorema Hook. f.
 * Cyathula Blume, with about 27 species.
 * Nototrichium Hillebr.
 * Pandiaka (Moq.) Hook. f.
 * Psilotrichum Blume (Syn.: Psilostachys Hochst.), with about 14 species.
 * Pupalia Juss.
 * Sericostachys Gilg & Lopr.
 * Many genera are not yet investigated for their grouping into clades:
 * Achyropsis (Moq.) Hook. f.
 * Allmania R.Br. ex Wight, with only one species:
 * Allmania nodiflora (L.) R.Brown ex Wight, in tropical Asia.
 * Allmaniopsis Suess.
 * Arthraerua (Kuntze) Schinz
 * Centema Hook. f.
 * Centemopsis Schinz
 * Centrostachys Wall.
 * Chionothrix Hook. f.
 * Dasysphaera Volkens ex Gilg, with about 4 species in tropical eastern Africa
 * Digera Forssk.
 * Eriostylos C.C.Towns.
 * Herbstia Sohmer (Syn. Siamosia K.Larsen & Pedersen)
 * Indobanalia A.N.Henry & B.Roy (Syn.: Banalia Moq.)
 * Kyphocarpa (Fenzl) Lopr. (Syn.: Cyphocarpa (Fenzl) Lopr. orth. var.), in southern Africa.
 * Lagrezia Moq. (Apterantha C.H.Wright)
 * Lecosia Pedersen
 * Leucosphaera Gilg
 * Lopriorea Schinz
 * Marcelliopsis Schinz (Syn.: Marcellia Baill.)
 * Mechowia Schinz
 * Nelsia Schinz
 * Neocentema Schinz
 * Nyssanthes R.Br.
 * Omegandra G.J.Leach & C.C.Towns.
 * Pleuropterantha Franch.
 * Polyrhabda C.C.Towns.
 * Psilotrichopsis C.C.Towns.: with 1–3 species in Thailand and the Malaysian peninsula.
 * Rosifax C.C.Towns., with only one species:
 * Rosifax sabuletorum C.C.Towns., endemic to Somalia.
 * Saltia R.Br. ex Moq. (Syn.: Psilodigera Suess.), with only one species:
 * Saltia papposa (Forssk.) Moq., endemic on the southern Arabian peninsula.
 * Sericocoma Fenzl (synonym Pseudosericocoma Cavaco) with 3 species in southern Africa.
 * Sericocomopsis Schinz, with 2 species in tropical East Africa.
 * Sericorema (Hook. f.) Lopr., with 2 species in southern Africa.
 * Stilbanthus Hook. f., with only one species:
 * Stilbanthus scandens Hook. f., in Asia.
 * Trichuriella Bennet (Syn.: Trichurus C.C.Towns.), with only one species:
 * Trichuriella monsoniae (L. f.) Bennet, in Southeast Asia.
 * Volkensinia Schinz, with only one species:
 * Volkensinia prostrata Schinz, in East Africa.

title: Amaranthoideae


text:
User talk:Mihils

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. SWAdair | Talk 07:34, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Mihils


text:
Roy Daniells

Roy Daniells, (April 6, 1902 – April 13, 1979) was a Canadian poetry professor. He helped build the University of British Columbia's creative writing department and fostered the careers of several major Canadian writers.

Education and career
Daniells was born in London (UK) on April 6, 1902, but received the bulk of his education in Canada following his family's relocation to Victoria, BC in 1910. He attended University of British Columbia (UBC) and University of Toronto, receiving a Ph.D. from the latter in 1936. Thereafter, he worked at the University of Manitoba, heading its English department until 1946 when he took a position at his alma mater UBC. When Garnet Sedgewick retired in 1948, Daniells became department head, holding that post until 1965. During that time, he helped establish a Creative Writing Department at UBC and also promoted the university's funding of studies in Canadian Literature.

In 1965, Daniells was named the first University Professor of English Language and Literature. Daniells helped the writing careers of Margaret Avison, Earle Birney, Joy Coghill, Daryl Duke, Roderick Haig-Brown, Eli Mandel, Margaret Laurence, Eric Nicol, Sheila Watson, Phyllis Webb, Adele Wiseman, and George Woodcock, among others. He retired in 1974.

There is a biography of Daniells by author Sandra Djwa.

Publications
As an academic, Daniells had broad focus, specializing in John Milton and seventeenth century English literature, but also published widely on Canadian literature and history, including the 1969 volume Alexander Mackenzie and the North West (Great Travellers Series, London, Faber and Faber). He was also a poet with two published volumes.

Awards and honours

 * first University Professor of English Language and Literature (1965)
 * Lorne Pierce Medal (1970)
 * Companion of the Order of Canada (1971)

title: Roy Daniells


text:
Heym (gun manufacturer)

Heym AG is a German gun manufacturer established in 1865. Heym manufacture shotguns, bolt-action rifles, and double rifles.

Company history
Heym was founded in Suhl, Germany by Friedrich Wilhelm Heym in July 1865. On May 24, 1891 they were issued Patent Nr. 60215 for a three barreled hunting rifle with three triggers and three hammers on the same axis. This was the birth of the first hammerless drilling. The company expanded producing drillings, shotguns, and over and under rifle-shotgun combinations. Russia was their most important export market until 1914.

In 1912 Adolf Heym assumed management of the company and began shifting the export market from Russia to the USA. August Heym assumed management of the company in 1920, and began production of Anson & Deeley Drillings, double rifle drillings, drillings with three triggers, double rifles, and rifle shotgun combination guns.

Following World War II in 1945, Heym made a new start in the West Germany. The factory moved to Ostheim in the Rhön/ Lower Franconia. August and Rolf Heym oversaw the establishment of a new factory. Heym products during this time consisted of cuckoo clocks, slide rules, spinning wheels, among various other products.

Heym built a new factory in Münnerstadt/ Lower Franconia, Germany in 1952 and transferred manufacturing to this site. Their first cold hammer forging machine “Aklett” was purchased in 1960. Rolf Heym took over management of the company in 1963 until his death in 1972. At that time Elisabeth Heym assumed management of the company and began acquisition of new foreign markets.

In 1988 Oskar W. Zurflüh of Zurich assumed management of the company. The company was transferred to Jürgen Nierich, Munich, HEYM Jagdwaffenfabrik GmbH & Co. KG in 1992. They built a modern weapons factory in Gleichamberg / Thuringia, Germany in 1995 and transferred production from Münnerstadt. On February 1, 1998 Thomas Wolkmann of Erfurt re-established the company as HEYM Waffenfabrik GmbH (Limited), with a strong emphasis on foreign markets especially Eastern Europe and North America. The company went public in October, 2002. The name was changed in February 2007 to Heym AG.

Products

 * Safety rifle/shotgun Mod. 22F
 * Repeating rifle, Mod. SR 10
 * Repeating rifle, Mod. SR 40 short action
 * Mod. Mauser 3000
 * Repeating rifle SR 20
 * Repeating rifle SR 21
 * Repeating rifle SR 30 (straight-pull bolt action)
 * Repeating rifle Safari Express
 * Over and under rifle Mod. 55
 * Side lock drilling Mod. 37
 * Block action rifle (HEYM/RUGER) HR 30 / 38
 * Double rifle(s), Mod. 80 / 88
 * Over Under Double Rifle Model 26
 * Military training aids
 * Flare pistols
 * Air pistols 4.5 mm
 * Air rifle “HEYM Junior” 4.5 mm
 * Air rifle “HEYM”
 * Zollkarabiner ZK52 (1952 for the west german custom, based on Mauser 98 system)
 * Polizeikarabiner PK52 (1952 for the west german police, based on Mauser 98 system)

New products since 1995:
 * HEYM Straight pull repeating rifle Mod. SR 30 Special Editions
 * Introduction of the HEYM repeating rifle Mod. SR 21
 * HEYM side lock rifle drilling Mod. 37 BK
 * HEYM side lock vierling Mod. 37 V
 * Heym Safari Express Light (based o  Mauser 98 system)
 * HEYM side lock double rifle Mod. 88 B/SS Jumbo
 * HEYM Grand Royal - custom made rifle

Awards

 * 1887	Silver Medal Königsberg
 * 1893	Bronze Medal Erfurt
 * 1897	Silver State Medal Erfurt
 * 1895	Gold Medal Dresden
 * 1897	Bronze Medal Leipzig
 * 1914	Silver State Medal Warsaw, Poland
 * 1914	Gold Medal Kiev, Russia
 * 1924	Gold Medal Frankfurt

title: Heym (gun manufacturer)


text: User talk:68.84.227.108

title: User talk:68.84.227.108


text: User talk:130.101.152.15

title: User talk:130.101.152.15


text:
Another Perfect Day

Another Perfect Day is the sixth studio album by English rock band Motörhead. Released in May 1983 by Bronze Records, it would be the band's last studio album with the label. It is the band's only studio album to feature lead guitarist Brian "Robbo" Robertson, best known for his work with Thin Lizzy.

Recording
After lead guitarist "Fast" Eddie Clarke left Motörhead in 1982 in the midst of the band's Iron Fist US tour, guitarist Brian "Robbo" Robertson (ex-Thin Lizzy, Wild Horses) was recruited to complete the tour. Drummer Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor, who had been a huge Thin Lizzy fan, had lobbied vocalist/bassist/band leader Lemmy to hire Robertson. The change was initially welcomed by both Lemmy and Taylor; in Joel McIver's book Overkill: The Untold Story of Motörhead, Lemmy is quoted at the time saying that the band's sound had: ""[the sound] changed a little now that Brian's joined the band; I think it's gotten more musical.""

These feelings would change dramatically once they entered the studio with producer Tony Platt; Lemmy would recall years later in the Motörhead documentary The Guts and the Glory: ""Recording Another Perfect Day was fucking torture. Brian, he'd take seventeen hours doin' a guitar track. It fuckin' took so long compared with the other albums. And then when it was released everybody fucking hated it.""

The original vinyl release featured a lyric-sheet insert, with a cartoon storyboard of the adventures of the new band, as it were. The cassette and US LP versions had a vastly different track list, with "I Got Mine" opening the album and "Back at the Funny Farm" opening side two. The band supported the album with the Another Perfect Tour tour, and almost immediately audiences and industry personnel alike took notice of the jarring contrast between Lemmy and Taylor, clad in their usual leathers, and Robertson, who took to wearing satin shorts and slip-on espadrille shoes onstage, which were becoming quite fashionable in the mid-1980s. In his 2002 autobiography White Line Fever, Lemmy writes:""Brian's fashion sense continued to shock and horrify fans throughout the tour of Europe at the end of the year. Let's face it, ballet shoes and Motörhead do not mix!"" Lemmy began to make light of Robertson's attire during shows, but he explained to Classic Rock interviewer David Ling: ""All that shit about being dressed differently; all the wearing of stupid shorts, it was just to get at me. Or make sure everybody knew he wasn't in Motörhead, just a featured guest artist, doing us a favour from the great heights as a Thin Lizzy guitar player."" In his memoir, Lemmy put the album into perspective: ""We had to get another guitar player fast so we could continue the tour, and we chose Brian Robertson, who had been in Thin Lizzy. Technically, he was a better guitarist than Eddie, but ultimately he wasn't right for Motörhead. With Robbo our slide downwards began to pick up speed, which was unfair really, because the record we made with him, Another Perfect Day, was very good... Another Perfect Day stood the test of time – a lot of fans have recanted now and come to like it. But that didn't help us back then.""

Following the album and tour, Robertson and Taylor left Motörhead to form the band Operator, leaving only Lemmy to continue on with Motörhead. Since then, "Shine", "Die You Bastard!", "Dancing on Your Grave", "I Got Mine", "Another Perfect Day", "One Track Mind", and "Rock It" have been featured in the band's live set. In 2013, Lemmy told Lee Marlow of Classic Rock that he hadn't spoken to Robertson since 1983 and maintained: ""I've enjoyed all the line-ups – but not that one. That was the lowest point in our career.""

Sleeve artwork
Joe Petagno, the sleeve artist, commented that the cover was inspired by the upheaval prevalent in the band and its members at the time: ""I didn't hear the music. I think I got a rough mix. It was different. But, I did it on a beer box, with a drawing board on my lap and some paints and a bucket of water by my side. And the reason it turned out the way it was – it was all chaos. Chaos in my life, and chaos in Lemmy's life. I brought it to London with me to deliver it personally to the guys and everyone was freaked over it. They'd never seen anything like it. And I remember Philthy said, "Fuck man! If the kids see that on acid, they're just going to freak!... It's one of my favourite sleeves. ""

In 1988 Castle Communications re-issued this album along with Overkill in a gatefold sleeve.

Critical reception
John Franck of AllMusic calls Another Perfect Day "one of the most unique (albeit misunderstood) albums in the entire Motörhead catalog", adding that it is one of "the band's best-sounding records ever, but tinkering with a legendary formula is always fraught with danger (is that a boogie-woogie piano on 'Rock It'?), and as one might expect, the results here are alternately exhilarating and sometimes frustrating". Motörhead biographer Joel McIver wrote in 2011 that it was "worth revisiting for those who may have forgotten its genuine charms". Thrash metal band Sepultura named themselves after the third track from this album, "Dancing on Your Grave" ("sepultura" is "grave" in Portuguese). The songs "Back at the Funny Farm" and "Marching Off to War" were featured on the video game Brütal Legend.

Sanctuary Records 2006 2-CD deluxe edition

 * Disc one is the original album minus the bonus tracks, except the B-side of the "I Got Mine" single.
 * Disc two is a live recording at the Manchester Apollo, 10 June 1983.

Personnel
Per the album's liner notes.
 * Lemmy – bass, vocals
 * Brian "Robbo" Robertson – guitars, piano on "Rock It", Fender piano on "Shine" and backing vocals on "Back at the Funny Farm"
 * Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor – drums

Production

 * Tony Platt – producer, mixing
 * Andy Pearce – mastering (2006 remaster)
 * Joe Petagno – Snaggletooth
 * Curt Evans – 2006 cover design

2006 deluxe edition remaster

 * Steve Hammonds – release coordination
 * Jon Richards – release coordination
 * Malcolm Dome – sleeve notes
 * Mick Stevenson – project consultant, photos, and archive memorabilia

title: Another Perfect Day


text: Category:British anthropologists

title: Category:British anthropologists


text:
Ian Buruma

Ian Buruma (born 28 December 1951) is a Dutch writer and editor who lives and works in the United States. In 2017, he became editor of The New York Review of Books, but left the position in September 2018.

Much of his writing has focused on the culture of Asia, particularly that of China and 20th-century Japan. He was the Paul W. Williams Professor of Human Rights and Journalism at Bard College from 2003 to 2017.

Early life and education
Buruma was born and raised in The Hague, Netherlands. His father, Sytze Leonard "Leo" Buruma, was a Dutch lawyer and son of a Mennonite minister; his mother, Gwendolyn Margaret "Wendy" Schlesinger, was a Briton of German-Jewish descent. He went to study at Leiden University in 1971, and obtained a Candidate degree in Chinese literature and history in 1975. He subsequently pursued postgraduate studies in Japanese cinema from 1975 to 1977 at the College of Art (Nichidai Geijutsu Gakko) of the Nihon University in Tokyo, Japan.

Overview
Buruma worked as a film reviewer, photographer, and documentary filmmaker in Japan between 1975 and 1981. During the 1980s, he edited the cultural section of the Far Eastern Economic Review in Hong Kong. He later traveled throughout Asia working as a freelance writer. Buruma is a board member of Human Rights in China and a fellow of the European Council of Foreign Relations. Buruma has contributed numerous articles to The New York Review of Books since 1985 and has written for The Guardian. He held fellowships at the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin (1991) and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. (1999), and he was an Alistair Horne fellow of St Antony's College in Oxford, United Kingdom. In 2000, he delivered the Huizinga Lecture (on "Neoromanticism of writers in exile") in the Pieterskerk in Leiden, Netherlands.

From 2003 to 2017, Buruma was Luce Professor of Democracy, Human Rights and Journalism at Bard College in New York City, New York. In 2017, he became editor of The New York Review of Books (NYRB), succeeding founding editor Robert B. Silvers.

He has been a regular contributor to Project Syndicate since 2001.

New York Review of Books controversy
In September 2018, Buruma left the NYRB position following a dispute about his publication of an essay by Canadian talk show host Jian Ghomeshi. Ghomeshi was acquitted in 2016 of one count of choking and four counts of sexual assault after over 20 women complained either to the police or in the media. The publication of the essay was controversial, in part, because Ghomeshi wrote that the allegations against him were "inaccurate". In an interview with Slate magazine, Buruma defended his decision to publish the piece. He denied that the article was misleading because it had failed to mention that Ghomeshi had been required to issue an apology to one of the victims as part of the terms of a case against him. He also denied that the title, "Reflections from a Hashtag", was dismissive of the #MeToo movement; stated that the movement has resulted in "undesirable consequences"; and said: "I'm no judge of the rights and wrongs of every allegation. ... The exact nature of [Ghomeshi's] behavior – how much consent was involved – I have no idea, nor is it really my concern."

In response to outrage over his defense of the article,  the Review leadership later stated that it had departed from its "usual editorial practices" as the essay "was shown to only one male editor during the editing process", and that Buruma's statement to Slate about the staff of the Review "did not accurately represent their views". More than 100 contributors to the Review, including Joyce Carol Oates and Ian McEwan, signed a letter of protest to express fears that Buruma's exit threatened intellectual culture and "the free exploration of ideas".

Awards
In 2004, Buruma was awarded an Honorary Doctorate (Dr.h.c.) in Theology from the University of Groningen.

In 2008, Buruma was awarded the Erasmus Prize, which is awarded to an individual who has made "an especially important contribution to culture, society or social science in Europe". He was included in Foreign Policy magazine's 2010 list of the "100 top global thinkers".

Buruma has won several prizes for his books, including the Los Angeles Times Book Prize and the PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay for Theater of Cruelty.

Personal life and views
Buruma has been married twice. He and his first wife, Sumie Tani, had a daughter, as did he and his second wife, Eri Hotta. Buruma is a nephew of the English film director John Schlesinger, with whom he published a series of interviews in book form.

He argued in 2001 for wholehearted British participation in the European Union because they were the "strongest champions in Europe of a liberal approach to commerce and politics".

title: Ian Buruma


text:
User talk:Glyphottie

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User:Sandor~enwiki

 * ''This user is a sock puppet of User:Rienzo, also known as

sv:Användare:LouiseR, as established by the arbitration comittee - .''

title: User:Sandor~enwiki


text:
User talk:Sandor~enwiki

I have blocked User:Sandor. See Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents for the full reasoning. The user made no edits to the main or article namespaces, obviously knows there way about Wikipedia and zoned right in on a particular user to pick a fight. DanKeshet 03:11, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Sandor~enwiki


text:
Talk:Juan Díaz de Solís

Untitled
Isn't this a duplicate article of Juan Diaz de Solís? - User:Dimadick
 * Has been fixed. -LlywelynII (talk) 15:08, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

juan diaz de solis was the captian of the first ship for the Spanish that reached the [Y]ucatan p[eninsu]la - 69.118.205.45 (talk) 20:53, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Juan Díaz de Solís reached Río de la Plata but named it "Mar Dulce" (Sweet Sea) or something similar.
 * Yes, although it was renamed the Río de Solís in his honor, until Sebastian Cabot popularized the idea that it was the Río de la Plata. -LlywelynII (talk) 15:08, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Apparently the people involved in this entry don't want to bother to correct the obvious error that Solis was Spanish. He was born in Portugal and defected to Spain due to problems with the Portuguese Crown. The references in the article are all old and wrong, except for Toribio de Medina who got it right. It does Wikipedia's reputation no good to have wrong headed, incorrect, amateurish articles. And even more so when someone who knows points out the error and it is ignored. This is a shamefully incorrect article. But is Wiki doesn't care, why should I? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.225.109.243 (talk) 21:23, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

I changed some things - Diaz de Solis was not Spanish. He was a Portuguese working for Spain from 1504. I added some references. It still needs quite a bit of work and verification. Damndirtyape
 * From the Spanish Wikipedia article, it seems that Solis was certainly Spanish, and he might have been born in Portugal or not. It also seems that he sailed for Portugal and left them for French pirates because the money was better, and only later did he sign up with the Spanish crown. It would be interesting to assess how authoritative is the lone reference given, which BTW is by an English author, who has historical reasons to favor Portugal over Spain. elpincha 13:35, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The Spanish Wikipedia article is wrong. He was not Spanish. There are various primary sources in the Archivo de Indias of Seville referring to him as 'The Portuguese Juan Diaz de Solis'. He was born Joao Dias da Solis in Portugal, and moved to Spain from Portugal in 1504. If you want to verify this, go into the Archivos Españoles en Red. There are many digitized documents relating to Diaz de Solis from the early 1500s. Whether the reference was by an English author is neither here nor there, and it is plain ridiculous to assume that he has some agenda favouring Portugal over Spain. Moreover, Stevenson was a respected cartographic historian, and such allegations have never been hurled at him. You seem to be a lone voice on that one. If, however, you can claim to be an authority of repute yourself, go right ahead and say that - if you can back it up with evidence. Damndirtyape —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.101.5.35 (talk) 20:11, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It is generally accepted that Juan Díaz de Solís was born in Lebrija, Andalucia, Spain. Regarding the name controversy for the Río de la Plata, it should be noted that it was also known as Río de Solís for some years (see Journal of Inter-American Studies, Vol. 2, No. 3. (Jul., 1960), page 240 ) Asterion talk 04:46, 19 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Generally accepted by whom? Evidence is scant and there is no real evidence that he was Spanish. Again, have a look at primary sources.

Confused as to why the article has been reverted to the Spanish version when dda certainly seems to have the best of the argument above. In any case, if someone could add a REDIRECT to this page from Juan de Solis, it'd be appreciated. It's currently missing. -LlywelynII (talk) 15:08, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Díaz is not a middle name. Family name, including paternal and maternal surnames, was Díaz de Solís. Nonetheless, it does not hurt to cover all possible mispellings in the title. Regards, Asterion talk 13:56, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Which was my point. Spanish names can be crazy long. Doesn't change the fact that people will search the English wiki for Juan de Solis if they forget the Diaz. -LlywelynII (talk) 15:08, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

---

Wrong wrong wrong. Evidently whoever controls this page wants Wikipedia to spread wrong information. All sources cited are far too old to be credible, with the exception of Medina who got it all right in 1897. Solis was a Portuguese who became dissatisfied with Manuel I of Portugal and defected to Spain. This is very clear as a previous contributor pointed out. But some blockhead with a fixed and wrong idea won't correct the entry. Sad that Wiki has to put up with people who think they know but don't. Disgusting in fact.98.225.109.243 (talk) 16:32, 31 January 2011 (UTC) A writer who knew what he was doing would follow the most reputable and modern experts on the matter. Not old and outdated sources. Two undoubted experts are John Parry of Harvard who wrote The Age of Reconaissance and Samuel E. Morison of Harvard who wrote European Voyages to America as well as the classic English bio of Columbus. Since neither is Portuguese or Spanish they are free of nationalistic bias. Both state without modification that Solis was Portuguese by birth although he worked in Spain and sailed for Spain. Your amateur writers need to wise up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.63.202.17 (talk) 02:04, 4 May 2012 (UTC) If your writers knew more they would know that there is a village in Portugal, Sao Pedro de Solis, from which Joao Dias probably took his last name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.63.202.17 (talk) 02:11, 4 May 2012 (UTC) Very ignorant article written on the basis of very old sources only one of which is still useful (Medina) and ignoring much more recent work by eminent authorities. Typical of Wikipedia where naive amateurs rule and make the decisions to the detriment of those who know more. And then Wiki has the gall to ask for money. Why give money to an outfit that prizes ignorant amateurs over knowledgable professionals? Solis, moreover, was NOT the first European to find the Rio de la Plata. Esteban Froes preceded him:4.– Estevan Froes (o Flores) es importante además porque hasta hace poco tiempo se consideraba a la expedición de Juan Díaz de Solís como la primera armada europea en llegar al Río de la Plata en 1516. Al parecer el dicho Froes estuvo cuatro años antes en el mismo río durante la expedición portuguesa que iba al mando de Diogo Ribeiro, terminando bajo su dirección al morir éste a manos de los indios. A su vuelta a Portugal, con los navíos en muy mal estado, Froes se refugió en la isla Española donde fue preso por españoles, de ahí que tengamos noticia de sus quejas en la carta al rey de Portugal. La citada carta fue descubierta por Varnhagen en el Archivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo de Lisboa y un fragmento de ella dice así: «[S]eñor, no quieren dictar sentencia, ni recibir la prueba de lo que alegamos, o sea, que vuestra alteza poseía estas tierras hace más de veinte años y que ya Juan Coelho, el de la Puerta de la Cruz, vecino de la ciudad de Lisboa, ya había venido por donde nosotros vinimos a descubrir y que vuestra alteza estaba en posesión de estas tierras...» [Versión española de Laguarda Trías] (Laguarda 76). Véase de Rolando Laguarda Trías, El Predescubrimiento del Río de la Plata por la expedición portuguesa de 1511-1512. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.63.202.17 (talk) 21:49, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

 * He didn't "defect" to Spain because of dissatisfaction or more money. He defected to Spain because he was wanted for murder in Portugal.  :) At least that's according to the commentaries of Afonso de Albuquerque.  "João de Solis" was assigned to pilot Albuquerque's ship, the Cirne in the 1506 India armada commanded by Tristão da Cunha.  But Solis murdered his wife and fled to Castile two days before the scheduled departure date (April 5, 1506), forcing Albuquerque's ship to remain in Belem for a few more days while awaiting assignment of a new pilot from the royal offices. Eventually, tired of waiting, Albuquerque appointed his ship's master, Diogo Fernandes Pereira, as the new pilot. (Quote from Comentarios: Port, Eng). Whether this João de Solis is the same person as Juan Diaz de Solis isn't certain.  But what is the likelihood of two prominent and well-trained pilots named "Solis" serving both Portugal and Spain in this period, with the timing matching the records in both countries?  (Of course it doesn't clarify Solis's nationality in either case; but it was customary for Portuguese commentators to refer to the nationality of foreign pilots, and no comment is made here.) Walrasiad (talk) 22:44, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

A letter from the Portuguese ambassador João Mendes de Vasconcelos to King Manuel in 1512 states unequivocally that Juan Diaz de Solis is Portuguese, and is the same person who is Piloto Mayor of the Casa de la Contratación. Source: Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Alguns documentos do Archivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo açerca das navegações e conquistas portuguezas (Lisbon, 1892), pp. 262 – 263. A 1517 decree from the Spanish court also lists Díaz de Solís as a Portuguese. Again, no doubts here. Source: ‘Juan Díaz de Solys, Portugues’. Archivo General de Indias, INDIFERENTE, 419, L.6 ,F.602R-602V, ‘Orden a los oficiales de la Casa de la Contratación’, 21 January 1517.

Can we PLEASE stop having this argument? He was Portuguese, not Spanish. The sources that list him as Spanish are old, and greatly in error. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.111.157.78 (talk) 11:31, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Not "unequivocally". The 1512 Vasconcelos letter (at least the copy I found in Navarrete, 1829: v.3 p.127) doubtlessly does say he did prior work for the Portuguese Casa da India. But it is ennervatingly unclear about his nationality - I say ennervating, because Vasconcelos does assert explicitly his friend Joao Anriques is Portuguese ("ele e a mulher sao portuguezes"), while not making a similar statement about Solis himself. Likely, is not "unequivocally". Or maybe you're referring to a different letter? Walrasiad (talk) 02:50, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Why are you ignoring the decree of 1517? Is that also unclear? Do you not believe that either? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.174.78.66 (talk) 16:40, 16 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately I haven't been able to track down the 1517 decree. It'd be helpful if I could read the original. Or perhaps you could transcribe the relevant passage? Walrasiad (talk) 17:19, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

It's digitised on Portal de Archivos Españoles (pares.mcu.es), and the reference is: ‘Juan Díaz de Solys, Portugues’, which is stated clearly (well, as clearly as 16th century script can be!) on the fourth line. The exact document number is: Archivo General de Indias, INDIFERENTE, 419, L.6 ,F.602R-602V, ‘Orden a los oficiales de la Casa de la Contratación’, 21 January 1517. It's a pretty short document referencing his activities in the Rio de la Plata and some complaints from the Portuguese. I think I was referencing another letter from Vasconcellos in another book of printed primary sources. I listed it on the article page at the bottom. I'll get back with the exact reference when I locate it. In any case, I think the new change at the top of the article about his uncertain origin is certainly an improvement on the old version insisting on his Spanish origin. Sorry about the snippiness of my previous comment, BTW. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.174.78.66 (talk) 22:52, 23 December 2012 (UTC)

Disputed tag on 6 Sep 2023
Per vars (more recent) sources listed in Pinzón–Solís voyage, the date given in this article for the voyage to Yucatan seems to be mistaken. – Asdfjrjjj (talk) 03:57, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Juan Díaz de Solís


text:
Talk:Reveal Codes

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Reveal Codes. The consensus was to redirect it to Word Perfect. dbenbenn | talk 07:51, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reveal Codes


text:
User talk:Politicsboy

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions.

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— Trilobite (Talk) 07:56, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Thanks for improving the John Paul Jenkins article. As you may have gathered there was a bit of an edit war over it, and the author tried to have it deleted when he realised he didn't have the right to censor its contents. Your work on it is appreciated. One very minor and inconsequential point of Wikipedia style: section headings are not capitalised throughout; i.e. "Political career", "External links", etc. Cheers.

title: User talk:Politicsboy


text:
Template talk:Milwaukee Metropolitan Area

Comment
I think that the list of major suburbs, minor suburbs, and counties should be put in alphabetical order within each group, not in order by population. First, it's hard to read through the list to find the specific suburb one is looking for. Second, every time that one city gets larger than another, the template will need to be changed. It's also not clear to someone who's not familiar with Milwaukee what order they are in; it looks haphazard at first. (This goes for the other suburb templates as well.

Any objections to changing it to alphabetical? --BaronLarf 07:57, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

Not using any accepted definition of "Milwaukee metropolitan area"
Wondering at what point the decision was made to list Racine County here. According to the census bureau, Racine County is part of the Racine metro area, not the Milwaukee one. It is part of the Milwaukee combined statistical area, but so are several other bordering counties which are not listed here. Regardless of one's feelings about the definition of metro Milwaukee, this is an encyclopedia and we are to use the census bureau definitions. This template should be updated in one of two ways:
 * Remove Racine County, leave title unchanged
 * Add Walworth, Dodge, and Jefferson, and change title to "Milwaukee combined statistical area"

Thoughts? 198.177.93.252 (talk) 16:48, 26 October 2021 (UTC)


text: Category:English zoologists

title: Category:English zoologists


text:
Talk:Proof that 1 = 2

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Proof that 1 = 2. dbenbenn | talk 08:02, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proof that 1 = 2