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Insular cortex

The insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes) within each hemisphere of the mammalian brain.

The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include compassion, empathy, taste, perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, interpersonal relationships, and awareness of homeostatic emotions such as hunger, pain and fatigue. In relation to these, it is involved in psychopathology.

The insular cortex is divided into two parts: the anterior insula and the posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified. The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum (meaning lid). The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.

Connections
The anterior part of the insula is subdivided by shallow sulci into three or four short gyri.

The anterior insula receives a direct projection from the basal part of the ventral medial nucleus of the thalamus and a particularly large input from the central nucleus of the amygdala. In addition, the anterior insula itself projects to the amygdala.

One study on rhesus monkeys revealed widespread reciprocal connections between the insular cortex and almost all subnuclei of the amygdaloid complex. The posterior insula projects predominantly to the dorsal aspect of the lateral and to the central amygdaloid nuclei. In contrast, the anterior insula projects to the anterior amygdaloid area as well as the medial, the cortical, the accessory basal magnocellular, the medial basal, and the lateral amygdaloid nuclei.

The posterior part of the insula is formed by a long gyrus.

The posterior insula connects reciprocally with the secondary somatosensory cortex and receives input from spinothalamically activated ventral posterior inferior thalamic nuclei. It has also been shown that this region receives inputs from the ventromedial nucleus (posterior part) of the thalamus that are highly specialized to convey homeostatic information such as pain, temperature, itch, local oxygen status, and sensual touch.

A human neuroimaging study using diffusion tensor imaging revealed that the anterior insula is interconnected to regions in the temporal and occipital lobe, opercular and orbitofrontal cortex, triangular and opercular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus. The same study revealed differences in the anatomical connection patterns between the left and right hemisphere.

The 'circular sulcus of insula' (or sulcus of Reil ) is a semi-circular sulcus or fissure that separates the insula from the neighboring gyri of the operculum in the front, above, and behind.

Cytoarchitecture
The insular cortex has regions of variable cell structure or cytoarchitecture, changing from granular in the posterior portion to agranular in the anterior portion. The insula also receives differential cortical and thalamic input along its length. The anterior insular cortex contains a population of spindle neurons (also called von Economo neurons), identified as characterising a distinctive subregion as the agranular frontal insula.

Development
The insular cortex is considered a separate lobe of the telencephalon by some authorities. Other sources see the insula as a part of the temporal lobe. It is also sometimes grouped with limbic structures deep in the brain into a limbic lobe. As a paralimbic cortex, the insular cortex is considered to be a relatively old structure.

Multimodal sensory processing, sensory binding
Functional imaging studies show activation of the insula during audio-visual integration tasks.

Taste
The anterior insula is part of the primary gustatory cortex. Research in rhesus monkeys has also reported that apart from numerous taste-sensitive neurons, the insular cortex also responds to non-taste properties of oral stimuli related to the texture (viscosity, grittiness) or temperature of food.

Speech
The sensory speech region, Wernicke’s area, and the motor speech region, Broca’s area, are interconnected by a large axonal fiber system known as the arcuate fasciculus which passes directly beneath the insular cortex. On account of this anatomical architecture, ischemic strokes in the insular region can disrupt the arcuate fasciculus. Functional imaging studies on the cerebral correlates of language production also suggest that the anterior insula forms part of the brain network of speech motor control. Moreover, electrical stimulation of the posterior insular can evoke speech disturbances such as speech arrest and reduced voice intensity.

Lesion of the pre-central gyrus of the insula can also cause “pure speech apraxia” (i.e. the inability to speak with no apparent aphasic or orofacial motor impairments). This demonstrates that the insular cortex forms part of a critical circuit for the coordination of complex articulatory movements prior to and during the execution of the motor speech plans. Importantly, this specific cortical circuit is different from those that relate to the cognitive aspects of language production (e.g., Broca’s area on the inferior frontal gyrus). Subvocal, or silent, speech has also been shown to activate right insular cortex, further supporting the theory that the motor control of speech proceeds from the insula.

Interoceptive awareness
There is evidence that, in addition to its base functions, the insula may play a role in certain higher-level functions that operate only in humans and other great apes. The spindle neurons found at a higher density in the right frontal insular cortex are also found in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is another region that has reached a high level of specialization in great apes. It has been speculated that these neurons are involved in cognitive-emotional processes that are specific to primates including great apes, such as empathy and metacognitive emotional feelings. This is supported by functional imaging results showing that the structure and function of the right frontal insula is correlated with the ability to feel one's own heartbeat, or to empathize with the pain of others. It is thought that these functions are not distinct from the lower-level functions of the insula but rather arise as a consequence of the role of the insula in conveying homeostatic information to consciousness. The right anterior insula is engaged in interoceptive awareness of homeostatic emotions such as thirst, pain and fatigue, and the ability to time one's own heartbeat. Moreover, greater right anterior insular gray matter volume correlates with increased accuracy in this subjective sense of the inner body, and with negative emotional experience. It is also involved in the control of blood pressure, in particular during and after exercise, and its activity varies with the amount of effort a person believes he/she is exerting.

The insular cortex also is where the sensation of pain is judged as to its degree. Lesion of the insula is associated with dramatic loss of pain perception and isolated insular infarction can lead to contralateral elimination of pinprick perception. Further, the insula is where a person imagines pain when looking at images of painful events while thinking about their happening to one's own body. Those with irritable bowel syndrome have abnormal processing of visceral pain in the insular cortex related to dysfunctional inhibition of pain within the brain.

Physiological studies in rhesus monkeys have shown that neurons in the insula respond to skin stimulation. PET studies have also revealed that the human insula can also be activated by vibrational stimulation to the skin.

Another perception of the right anterior insula is the degree of nonpainful warmth or nonpainful coldness of a skin sensation. Other internal sensations processed by the insula include stomach or abdominal distension. A full bladder also activates the insular cortex.

One brain imaging study suggests that the unpleasantness of subjectively perceived dyspnea is processed in the right human anterior insula and amygdala.

The cerebral cortex processing vestibular sensations extends into the insula, with small lesions in the anterior insular cortex being able to cause loss of balance and vertigo.

Other noninteroceptive perceptions include passive listening to music, laughter and crying, empathy and compassion, and language.

Motor control
In motor control, it contributes to hand-and-eye motor movement, swallowing, gastric motility, and speech articulation. It has been identified as a "central command” centre that ensures that heart rate and blood pressure increase at the onset of exercise. Research upon conversation links it to the capacity for long and complex spoken sentences. It is also involved in motor learning and has been identified as playing a role in the motor recovery from stroke.

Homeostasis
It plays a role in a variety of homeostatic functions related to basic survival needs, such as taste, visceral sensation, and autonomic control. The insula controls autonomic functions through the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. It has a role in regulating the immune system.

Self
The insula has been identified as playing a role in the experience of bodily self-awareness, sense of agency, and sense of body ownership.

Social emotions
The anterior insula processes a person's sense of disgust both to smells and to the sight of contamination and mutilation — even when just imagining the experience. This associates with a mirror neuron-like link between external and internal experiences.

In social experience, it is involved in the processing of norm violations, emotional processing, empathy, and orgasms.

The insula is active during social decision making. Tiziana Quarto et al. measured emotional intelligence (EI) (the ability to identify, regulate, and process emotions of themselves and of others) of sixty-three healthy subjects. Using fMRI EI was measured in correlation with left insular activity. The subjects were shown various pictures of facial expressions and tasked with deciding to approach or avoid the person in the picture. The results of the social decision task yielded that individuals with high EI scores had left insular activation when processing fearful faces. Individuals with low EI scores had left insular activation when processing angry faces.

Emotions
The insular cortex, in particular its most anterior portion, is considered a limbic-related cortex. The insula has increasingly become the focus of attention for its role in body representation and subjective emotional experience. In particular, Antonio Damasio has proposed that this region plays a role in mapping visceral states that are associated with emotional experience, giving rise to conscious feelings. This is in essence a neurobiological formulation of the ideas of William James, who first proposed that subjective emotional experience (i.e., feelings) arise from our brain's interpretation of bodily states that are elicited by emotional events. This is an example of embodied cognition.

In terms of function, the insula is believed to process convergent information to produce an emotionally relevant context for sensory experience. To be specific, the anterior insula is related more to olfactory, gustatory, viscero-autonomic, and limbic function, whereas the posterior insula is related more to auditory-somesthetic-skeletomotor function. Functional imaging experiments have revealed that the insula has an important role in pain experience and the experience of a number of basic emotions, including anger, fear, disgust, happiness, and sadness.

The anterior insular cortex (AIC) is believed to be responsible for emotional feelings, including maternal and romantic love, anger, fear, sadness, happiness, sexual arousal, disgust, aversion, unfairness, inequity, indignation, uncertainty, disbelief, social exclusion, trust, empathy, sculptural beauty, a ‘state of union with God’, and hallucinogenic states.

Functional imaging studies have also implicated the insula in conscious desires, such as food craving and drug craving. What is common to all of these emotional states is that they each change the body in some way and are associated with highly salient subjective qualities. The insula is well-situated for the integration of information relating to bodily states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes. The insula receives information from "homeostatic afferent" sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of other limbic-related structures, such as the amygdala, the ventral striatum, and the orbitofrontal cortex, as well as to motor cortices.

A study using magnetic resonance imaging found that the right anterior insula is significantly thicker in people that meditate. Other research into brain activity and meditation has shown an increase in grey matter in areas of the brain including the insular cortex.

Another study using voxel-based morphometry and MRI on experienced Vipassana meditators was done to extend the findings of Lazar et al., which found increased grey matter concentrations in this and other areas of the brain in experienced meditators.

The strongest evidence against a causative role for the insula cortex in emotion comes from Damasio et al. (2012) which showed that a patient who suffered bilateral lesions of the insula cortex expressed the full complement of human emotions, and was fully capable of emotional learning.

Salience
Functional neuroimaging research suggests the insula is involved in two types of salience. Interoceptive information processing that links interoception with emotional salience to generate a subjective representation of the body. This involves, first, the anterior insular cortex with the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 33) and the anterior and posterior mid-cingulate cortices, and, second, a general salience network concerned with environmental monitoring, response selection, and skeletomotor body orientation that involves all of the insular cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex. A related idea is that the anterior insula, as part of the salience network, interacts with the mid-posterior insula to combine salient stimuli with autonomic information, leading to a high state of physiological awareness of salient stimuli.

An alternative or perhaps complementary proposal is that the right anterior insular regulates the interaction between the salience of the selective attention created to achieve a task (the dorsal attention system) and the salience of arousal created to keep focused upon the relevant part of the environment (ventral attention system). This regulation of salience might be particularly important during challenging tasks where attention might fatigue and so cause careless mistakes but if there is too much arousal it risks creating poor performance by turning into anxiety.

Decision Making
Studies have shown that damage or dysfunction in the insular cortex can impair decision-making, emotional regulation, and social behavior. The insula is considered a key brain structure in the neural circuitry underlying complex decision-making processes. It plays a significant role in integrating internal and external cues to facilitate adaptive choices.

Auditory perception
Recent research indicates that the insular cortex is involved in auditory perception. Responses to sound stimuli were obtained using intracranial EEG recordings acquired from patients with epilepsy. The posterior part of the insula showed auditory responses that resemble those observed in Heschl’s gyrus, whereas the anterior part responded to the emotional contents of the auditory stimuli. Clinical data additionally shows that bilateral damage to the insula after ischemic injury or trauma can lead to auditory agnosia. Functional magnetic resonance studies have also demonstrated that the insular cortex participates in many key auditory processes such as tuning into novel auditory stimuli and allocating auditory attention.

Direct recordings from the posterior part of the insula showed responses to unexpected sounds within regular auditory streams, a process known as auditory deviance detection. Researchers observed a mismatch negativity (MMN) potential, a well known event related potential, as well as the high frequency activity signals originating from local neurons.

Simple auditory illusions and hallucinations were elicited by electrical functional mapping.

Progressive expressive aphasia
Progressive expressive aphasia is the deterioration of normal language function that causes individuals to lose the ability to communicate fluently while still being able to comprehend single words and intact other non-linguistic cognition. It is found in a variety of degenerative neurological conditions including Pick's disease, motor neuron disease, corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. It is associated with hypometabolism and atrophy of the left anterior insular cortex.

Addiction
A number of functional brain imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex is activated when drug users are exposed to environmental cues that trigger cravings. This has been shown for a variety of drugs, including cocaine, alcohol, opiates, and nicotine. Despite these findings, the insula has been ignored within the drug addiction literature, perhaps because it is not known to be a direct target of the mesocortical dopamine system, which is central to current dopamine reward theories of addiction. Research published in 2007 has shown that cigarette smokers suffering damage to the insular cortex, from a stroke for instance, have their addiction to cigarettes practically eliminated. These individuals were found to be up to 136 times more likely to undergo a disruption of smoking addiction than smokers with damage in other areas. Disruption of addiction was evidenced by self-reported behavior changes such as quitting smoking less than one day after the brain injury, quitting smoking with great ease, not smoking again after quitting, and having no urge to resume smoking since quitting. The study was conducted on average eight years after the strokes, which opens up the possibility that recall bias could have affected the results. More recent prospective studies, which overcome this limitation, have corroborated these findings  This suggests a significant role for the insular cortex in the neurological mechanisms underlying addiction to nicotine and other drugs, and would make this area of the brain a possible target for novel anti-addiction medication. In addition, this finding suggests that functions mediated by the insula, especially conscious feelings, may be particularly important for maintaining drug addiction, although this view is not represented in any modern research or reviews of the subject.

A recent study in rats by Contreras et al. corroborates these findings by showing that reversible inactivation of the insula disrupts amphetamine conditioned place preference, an animal model of cue-induced drug craving. In this study, insula inactivation also disrupted "malaise" responses to lithium chloride injection, suggesting that the representation of negative interoceptive states by the insula plays a role in addiction. However, in this same study, the conditioned place preference took place immediately after the injection of amphetamine, suggesting that it is the immediate, pleasurable interoceptive effects of amphetamine administration, rather than the delayed, aversive effects of amphetamine withdrawal that are represented within the insula.

A model proposed by Naqvi et al. (see above) is that the insula stores a representation of the pleasurable interoceptive effects of drug use (e.g., the airway sensory effects of nicotine, the cardiovascular effects of amphetamine), and that this representation is activated by exposure to cues that have previously been associated with drug use. A number of functional imaging studies have shown the insula to be activated during the administration of addictive psychoactive drugs. Several functional imaging studies have also shown that the insula is activated when drug users are exposed to drug cues, and that this activity is correlated with subjective urges. In the cue-exposure studies, insula activity is elicited when there is no actual change in the level of drug in the body. Therefore, rather than merely representing the interoceptive effects of drug use as it occurs, the insula may play a role in memory for the pleasurable interoceptive effects of past drug use, anticipation of these effects in the future, or both. Such a representation may give rise to conscious urges that feel as if they arise from within the body. This may make addicts feel as if their bodies need to use a drug, and may result in persons with lesions in the insula reporting that their bodies have forgotten the urge to use, according to this study.

Subjective certainty in ecstatic seizures
A common quality in mystical experiences is a strong feeling of certainty which cannot be expressed in words. Fabienne Picard proposes a neurological explanation for this subjective certainty, based on clinical research of epilepsy. According to Picard, this feeling of certainty may be caused by a dysfunction of the anterior insula, a part of the brain which is involved in interoception, self-reflection, and in avoiding uncertainty about the internal representations of the world by "anticipation of resolution of uncertainty or risk". This avoidance of uncertainty functions through the comparison between predicted states and actual states, that is, "signaling that we do not understand, i.e., that there is ambiguity." Picard notes that "the concept of insight is very close to that of certainty," and refers to Archimedes' "Eureka!" Picard hypothesizes that during ecstatic seizures the comparison between predicted states and actual states no longer functions, and that mismatches between predicted state and actual state are no longer processed, blocking "negative emotions and negative arousal arising from predictive uncertainty," which will be experienced as emotional confidence. Picard concludes that "[t]his could lead to a spiritual interpretation in some individuals."

Other clinical conditions
The insular cortex has been suggested to have a role in anxiety disorders, emotion dysregulation, and anorexia nervosa.

History
The insula was first described by Johann Christian Reil while describing cranial and spinal nerves and plexuses. Henry Gray in Gray's Anatomy is responsible for it being known as the Island of Reil. John Allman and colleagues showed that anterior insular cortex contains spindle neurons.

title: Insular cortex


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Kraftsow

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:23, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

David Kraftsow and Thats Dave!
Delete. Fancruft or possibly geriatric self-promotion of a long-forgotten, short-lived television series. -- RWH 06:43, 2005 Feb 12 (UTC)
 * Delete - no evidence of existence, much less importance. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:32, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete both, not notable, articles are un-encyclopaedic. Megan1967 08:17, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - agree with Cyrius. TomTheHand 18:35, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

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Solomonic dynasty

The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. The dynasty was founded by Yekuno Amlak, who overthrew the Zagwe dynasty in 1270. His successors claimed he was descended from the legendary king Menelik I, the supposed son of the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, in order to legitimize the dynasty's assumption of power. Although this claimed ancestry gave the dynasty its name, there is no credible evidence that the dynasty was descended from Solomon or the Davidic line. The Solomonic dynasty remained in power until 1974, when its last emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by a coup d'état.

Foundation and origin myth
The Solomonic dynasty is the name given by modern historians to the line of Ethiopian Orthodox Christian monarchs that ruled Ethiopia from the late 13th century to 1974. The dynasty was founded by Yekuno Amlak, a noble from Shewa, who overthrew the last ruler of Ethiopia's Zagwe dynasty in 1270 and seized power.

The dynasty later claimed that Yekuno Amlak was a direct male line descendant of the royal house of the Kingdom of Aksum. The Aksumite kings had ruled much of Ethiopia from the 1st to the 10th centuries AD when they had been replaced by the Zagwe dynasty. Through the Aksumite royal house, it was also claimed that Yekuno Amlak was a descendant of the biblical king Solomon. The canonical form of the claim was set out in legends recorded in the Kebra Nagast, a 14th century text. According to this, the Queen of Sheba, who supposedly came from Aksum, visited Jerusalem where she conceived a son with King Solomon. On her return to her homeland of Ethiopia, she gave birth to the child, Menelik I. He and his descendants (which included the Aksumite royal house) ruled Ethiopia until overthrown by the Zagwe usurpers. Yekuno Amlak, as a supposed direct descendant of Menelik I, was therefore claimed to have "restored" the Solomonic line.

However, there is no historical evidence supporting the legends or Yekuno Amlak's ancestry. There is no credible basis to the claims that the Aksumite royal house was descended from Solomon (or that any Aksumite king even claimed such an ancestry) or that Yekuno Amlak was descended from the Aksumite royal house. Solomon is dated to the 10th century BCE, hundreds of years before the founding of Aksum. Historian Harold G. Marcus describes the stories of the Kebra Nagast as a "pastiche of legends" created to legitimize Yekuno Amlak's seizure of power. David Northrup notes that "the Kebra Nagast's imaginative and emotive account of a line of descent from Solomon and Sheba to the kings of Aksum and the new Solomonic dynasty is highly improbable and unsupported by evidence. It is a myth." Although the story originated as a medieval political myth, it nevertheless became embedded in the Ethiopian sense of nationhood. This and the dynasty's continued propagation of the myth was reflected in the 1955 Ethiopian constitution, which declared that the emperor "descends without interruption from the dynasty of Menelik I, son of Queen of Ethiopia, the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon of Jerusalem".

Later history
Menelik II, and later his daughter Zewditu, would be the last Ethiopian monarchs who could claim uninterrupted direct male descent from Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba (both Lij Iyasu and Haile Selassie were in the female line, Lij Iyasu through his mother Shewarega Menelik, and Haile Selassie through his paternal grandmother, Tenagnework Sahle Selassie). The male line, through the descendants of Menelik's cousin Dejazmatch Taye Gulilat, still existed, but had been pushed aside largely because of Menelik's personal distaste for this branch of his family. The Solomonic Dynasty continued to rule Ethiopia with few interruptions until 1974, when the last emperor, Haile Selassie, was deposed. The Imperial family is currently non-regnant. Members of the family in Ethiopia at the time of the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution were imprisoned; some were executed and others exiled. In 1976, ten great-grandchildren of Haile Selassie were extracted from Ethiopia in an undertaking later detailed in a book by Jodie Collins, titled Code Word: Catherine. The women of the dynasty were released by the regime from prison in 1989, and the men were released in 1990. Several members were then allowed to leave the country in mid-1990, and the rest left in 1991 upon the fall of the communist régime. Many members of the Imperial family have since returned to live in Ethiopia.

During much of the dynasty's existence, its effective realm was the northwestern quadrant of present-day Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Highlands. The Empire expanded and contracted over the centuries, sometimes incorporating parts of modern-day Sudan and South Sudan, and coastal areas of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Southern and eastern regions were permanently incorporated during the last two centuries, some by Shewan kings and some by Emperors Menelik II and Haile Selassie; although much of the central and southern regions were previously incorporated into the empire under Amda Seyon I and Zara Yaqob, peripheral areas were lost after the invasion of Ahmad Gragn. In the modern era, the Imperial dynasty has several cadet branches. The elder Gondarine Amhara line, starting with Susenyos I in 1606 (although often credited to his son Fasilides who established his capital at Gondar) ended its rule with the fall of the largely powerless Yohannes III in 1855 and the coming to power of Tewodros II, whose later claims of Solomonic descent were never widely accepted. Following Tewodros, Wagshum Gobeze claimed the throne linking himself to the last independent Gondarine emperors through his mother, Aychesh Tedla, a descendant of Iyasu I, and reigned as emperor of Ethiopia with the title Tekle Giyorgis II for some years, highly investing in the renovation of churches and monuments in Gondar. Being also an heir to the Zagwe throne, his reign was meant to be a unification of both dynasties in the enthronement of a king bearing both lineages. Tekle Giyorgis II fought a battle with the Tigrean claimant Kassai Mercha (Yohannes IV), and the latter, who had retrieved superior weaponry and armament from the British in return for his assistance in the defeat of Tewodros II, would be able to defeat Tekle Giyorgis II's army, imprisoning and killing him. The Tigrean line came to power briefly with the enthronement of Yohannes IV in 1872, and although this line did not persist on the Imperial throne after the Emperor was killed at the Battle of Gallabat with the Mahdists in 1889, the heirs of this cadet branch ruled Tigray until the revolution of 1974 toppled the Ethiopian monarchy.

The Tigrean Cadet branch (along with its various sub-branches) traces its lineage to the main Solomonic line of Emperors through at least two female lines. The more recent link was through Woizero Aster Iyasu (wife of Ras Mikael Sehul, daughter of Mentewab and her lover, Melmal Iyasu, a Solomonic prince and nephew of Mentewab's late husband Bakaffa).

The Shewan line was next on the Imperial throne with the coronation of Menelik II, previously Menelik King of Shewa, in 1889. The Shewan Branch of the Imperial Solomonic dynasty, like the Gondarine line, could trace uninterrupted male line descent from King Yekonu Amlak, though Abeto Negassi Yisaq, the grandson of Dawit II by his youngest son Abeto Yaqob. The direct male line ended with Menelik II, who was succeeded first by the son of his daughter Lij Iyasu from 1913 to 1916, then by his daughter Zewditu until 1930, and finally by the son of a first cousin in the female line, Haile Selassie. Haile Selassie's reign lasted until 1974, when the dynasty was removed from power. His grandson Prince Zera Yacob is his legal heir and therefore the current head of the Imperial dynasty. The Shewan branch has several sub-branches, most notably the Selalle line established by Menelik II's uncle Ras Darge.

The oldest junior cadet branch of the Solomonic Dynasty is the Gojjam branch which traces its ancestry through various lines of the main branch of the Solomonic dynasty. One of the more prominent lines comes from Princess Walata Israel, the daughter of Melmal Iyasu and Empress Mentewab. She married Dejazmach Yosedek, who gave rise to the Gojam Imperial House by means of their child "Talaku" Ras Hailu. The Princes of Gojam, which include Ras Merid Hailu (son of Ras Hailu Yosedek), Ras Goshu Zewde, Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, Dejazmach Tadla Gwalu and Ras Desta Tadla all claim royal blood through the main Gonder Imperial House through Empress Mentewab and the Solomonic Prince Melmal Iyasu. Its most recent members include Tekle Haimanot, King of Gojjam; his son Leul Ras Hailu Tekle Haimanot, who was the most senior Ethiopian noble who submitted to the Italian occupation of 1936–1941; and his nephew Ras Hailu Belew, who was a noted figure in the resistance against the Italian occupation.

Coat of arms

The Imperial coat of arms was adopted by Haile Selassie I, and is currently held by his direct heir in the male line, Prince Zera Yacob, and by the Crown Council of Ethiopia. The arms are composed of an Imperial Throne flanked by two angels, one holding a sword and a pair of scales, the other holding the Imperial sceptre. The throne is often shown with a globus cruciger and a Star of David, representing the Christian and Jewish traditions. It is surmounted by a red mantle with the Imperial Crown, and before the throne is the Lion of the Tribe of Judah. The Lion of Judah was the central emblem of the Ethiopian tricolour during the reign of the monarchy, and now serves as the chief symbol of the Ethiopian monarchist movement. The Lion of Judah has also been adopted as the leading religious symbol for the Rastafari movement (a Western, African diasporic religious movement) that regards Emperor Haile Selassie as divine.

The phrase "Moa Ambassa ze imnegede Yehuda" (Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah) appeared on the arms, and always preceded the Emperor's official style and titles. The official Imperial Dynastic motto was "Ityopia tabetsih edewiha habe Igziabiher" (Ethiopia stretches her hands unto God), a quote from the.

The full title of the Emperor of Ethiopia was Negusa Nagast and Seyoume Igziabeher (Ge'ez: ሥዩመ እግዚአብሔር; "Elect of God"). The title Moa Anbessa Ze Imnegede Yehuda ("Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah") always preceded the titles of the Emperor. It was not a personal title but rather referred to the title of Jesus and placed the office of Christ ahead of the Emperor's name in an act of Imperial submission. Until the reign of Yohannes IV, the Emperor was also Neguse Tsion (Ge'ez: ንጉሠ ጽዮን, 'nəgusä tsiyon)', "King of Zion"), whose seat was at Axum, and which conferred hegemony over much of the north of the Empire (see: Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles).

title: Solomonic dynasty


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AMR 33

The Automitrailleuse de Reconnaissance Renault Modèle 1933 (AMR 33 or Renault VM) was a French light cavalry tank developed during the Interbellum and used in the Second World War.

Developed by Renault from 1932, the type was ordered by the French Cavalry in 1933; a total of 123 would be built until 1935. The AMR 33 was lightly armed and armoured; though it was very fast for its day, it proved to be a mechanically unreliable vehicle, especially its suspension elements being too weak. It was therefore succeeded by an improved type, the AMR 35.

Though its name might suggest otherwise, the AMR 33 was not a scout vehicle and mostly was not equipped with a radio set. The AMR 33s were intended to form a large mass of light tanks, preceding the medium types into battle. In reality they never served as such; by the time enough medium tanks were produced to form armoured divisions, the AMR 33 had already been replaced by the AMR 35 and was limited to the Cavalry Divisions and in 1940 to the Cavalry Light Divisions to provide fire support to motorised infantry and dismounted cavalry. In the Battle of France of 1940 the AMR 33s were quickly lost. Some captured vehicles were for the duration of the war used by Germany.

Development
To counter the threat posed by the massive Soviet arms build-up since 1928, the year Joseph Stalin took power, the French government on 4 July 1930 conceived the plan to form a projection force capable of assisting its allies in the Cordon sanitaire. This force would have to consist of five motorised infantry divisions and the five existing cavalry divisions, one brigade of each of which would have to be motorised. The plan called for the introduction of many specialised vehicles, among which was an Automitrailleuse de Cavalerie type Reconnaissance (AMR), specified on 16 January 1932 as a vehicle of three tons, armed with a light 7.5 mm machine gun and having a range of 200 kilometres. It should have a crew of two, have an average terrain speed of 35 km/h and an armour base of 9 mm. Automitrailleuse was then the generalised term for any light armoured fighting vehicle armed with a machine gun. The Cavalry then used only wheeled vehicles because the tanks were too slow but the designation remained when tracked vehicles entered service. Although the name might suggest otherwise, an AMR was not a specialised reconnaissance vehicle but a skirmisher without a radio. The gathering and reporting of information was the task of an AMD (Automitrailleuse de Découverte).

In anticipation Louis Renault had early November 1931 already begun to design a tracteur léger de cavalerie type VM based on his Renault UE tractor. On 12 November the first drawings were examined and rejected because the vehicle in its proposed form was much too cramped. A larger hull was clearly necessary but Renault was hesitant to invest in it without the prospect of a possible order. On 21 November he was asked by the Section Technique de la Cavalerie to provide a tankette version of his Renault UE to test the feasibility of a tracked AMR-concept. Being hereby informed of the general outlines of the specifications, he sent on 22 December a representative to supreme commander Maxime Weygand to lobby for a Renault AMR. Weygand informed him that it had informally been decided to procure the AMR Citroën Kégresse P 28, a half-track made by Renault's competitor Citroën. After much deliberation however the General that very day committed himself to take a Renault tank into consideration.

That commitment being secured, Renault hastily designed a larger model, a wooden mock-up of which was presented in March 1932. Based on it an order was made on 20 April of five prototypes for a price of 171,250 FF per vehicle, to be delivered in September before the start of the autumn Champagne manoeuvres. The Cavalry saw this as a pre-series to obtain a platoon to be used for its very first trials with a mechanised unit. Renault however decided to provide each with a different suspension type, to lower the risk that his design would be found wanting. All were generally based on the Carden Loyd type that Renault had simply copied for his Renault UE – without paying any licence rights – and used the standard Renault Reinastella engine. As there simply wasn't time to fully develop all types before the autumn, in July the five vehicles, with military registration numbers 79756 to 79760, were delivered with the simplest one: two leaf springs on each side didn't spring the suspension units, they were the suspension units. In September the tanks were united in the first French Cavalry mechanised unit ever: the experimental Détachement Mécanique de Sûreté. The experience showed that they were very agile, but also noisy, poorly balanced and lacking sufficient range; unsurprisingly, the crew was always in for a bumpy ride.

After the exercise they were sent back to Renault, who shortly afterwards submitted three types for evaluation to the Commission d'Expériences du Matériel Automobile at Vincennes: prototype 79758, still with the original suspension, 79759 with added internal hydraulic dampers and 79760 with a fully new suspension consisting of a central bogie with a leaf spring and wheels at the front and the back connected to two horizontal helical springs. In November and December 1932 the "Commission de Vincennes" tested them, using as reference changed specifications determined on 10 June 1932. They were found to have a sufficient speed (56.25 – 60 km/h), but an insufficient range of 166 - 188 kilometres and to be too heavy with a weight of 4.8 tons. On 8 December it was decided to abandon the unrealistic three ton weight limit and install larger fuel tanks and heavier armour, 13 mm thick; the vehicles were again sent back. In April 1933 Renault submitted two types, fitted with 0.5 ton weights simulating an up-armouring from nine to thirteen millimetres maximum: 79758 rebuilt with a horizontal rubber spring suspension and 79757 fitted with a suspension derived from that of 79760, but now with a central vertical spring and the casings of the horizontal springs filled with oil to make them act as dampers. They were tested until June 1933 and, against the strong advice of Renault favouring the rubber springs, on 6 June a production was ordered for prototype 79757 as the AMR Renault modèle 1933 or AMR 33.

Production
On 8 March 1933 the Cavalry had already made a preliminary order of 45 for whatever type would be chosen. This was confirmed on 22 June together with a second order of twenty vehicles, deliveries were to start no later than 1 July. In the autumn a third order was made of fifty. The first vehicle was only delivered on 1 June 1934 however, due to financial difficulties; the last of the 115 in September. The production of the Citroën half-track was limited to fifty. It was decided to rebuild the original prototypes into standard vehicles; however in fact two were used to develop the AMR 35, an improved model that was necessary because the too-fragile suspension of the AMR 33 was prone to break down (or even simply to break off) and engine noise was excessive. Prototype 79758 was used to test several other improved configurations. To compensate three more AMR 33's were built in the spring of 1935 for a total of 123, including all prototypes. The chassis that was used for the development of the Engin P, a project for a 37 mm gun equipped tank destroyer, is not included in this number.

Description
The AMR 33 was a very small vehicle, 3.5 m long, 1.64 m wide and 1.73 m tall. It weighed only 5.5 metric tonnes; the unloaded weight of the hull 4.5 tonnes. The eight-cylinder 84 hp 4241 cc Renault Nervasport 24 CV engine allowed for an official maximum speed of 54 km/h – the Renault export brochure claimed 60 km/h and an off-road speed of 45 km/h. A Cleveland differential was used; there were four forward and one reverse gears. A fuel tank of 128 L allowed for a range of 200 km. The tracks were 22 centimetres wide. It had a wading capacity of sixty centimetres; could cross a trench 1.4 m wide, or climb a 45 cm vertical obstacle or a 50% slope.

The (riveted) armour of all vertical plates was 13 mm, of all inclined plates 9 mm, of the top 6 mm and of the bottom 5 mm. There was a crew of two: the driver to the left next to the engine and the tank commander/gunner behind him in the turret which was armed with a 7.5 mm Reibel machine gun. There was also a reserve machine gun that could be optionally placed on a pedestal on top of the turret for defence against aircraft. The vehicle carried 2250 7.5 mm rounds. The original proposal had foreseen the use of a special expensive Schneider turret; the prototypes had a very high octagonal Renault turret at the very back of the hull. This proved to be too awkward and was replaced on the series vehicles by a flatter design from the army Atelier de Vincennes, the AVIS-1, which was moved about a foot to the front to improve visibility. The AVIS was produced by Renault and had, unusually for a French tank turret of the thirties, a hatch in the top for observation. The normal access to the tank was by means of large double hatch at the back of the hull.

Operational history
The 115 vehicles available in 1934 were first assigned to the five cavalry divisions, a squadron of fifteen (three platoons of four, two reserve tanks and a command tank) for the GAM (Groupe d'Automitrailleuses) of each, except 5e DC which got ten and 4e DC which, all with priority from the first production batch, received forty: a squadron for its 4e GAM and its 18e Dragons and another ten for its 4e BDP (Bataillon de Dragons Portés). In 1935 5e DC received the three rebuilt prototypes, bringing its strength to thirteen. AMR 33s were also allocated to two independent cavalry regiments: 9e Dragons which received eight from the first batch of 65 and 11e Chasseurs which received twelve from the second batch of fifty. The organic strength thus equalled the total AMR 33 fleet. The rôle of the AMR 33s in the cavalry divisions was largely that of direct support of the dismounted horsemen.

In 1934 it was decided to transform 4e DC into an armoured division, the 1re DLM (Division Légère Mécanique or "Mechanised Light Division"). For its sole tanks this division then had six squadrons equipped with the AMR 33, the main battle vehicle being the half-tracked AMC P16s. Its fighting power was thus very limited indeed, but new tanks had been ordered, such as the AMC 34, the AMC 35 and the SOMUA S35. In 1937 a new DLM was created from 5e DC, the 2e DLM. The DLMs had three squadrons of AMRs each to accompany their motorized infantry (among many other types). At that time however the mechanical unreliability of the AMR 33 had become obvious and it was decided only to use the AMR 35 in the Cavalry armoured divisions, concentrating the AMR 33s into the remaining DCs. In case of mobilization, each of these would now have a larger RAM (Régiment d'Automitailleuses), to be created from the peacetime GAM, with two AMR squadrons, these again enlarged to four platoons of five plus two reserve tanks and a command tank. Total division AMR strength would thus be 46. As there were three divisions however, their need for 138 vehicles could not be met by the existing numbers of AMR 33s. Therefore 1re DC was to use the AMR 35 and the only units deploying the AMR 33 remained 2e DC and 3e DC. At the outbreak of the Second World War, France participating from 2 September 1939, total organic AMR 33 strength was still 92 and the remaining 28 AMR 33s were kept in reserve.

However, to create a larger number of motorised units, from 1 December 1939 till 15 February 1940 the last three cavalry divisions were disbanded and their personnel and matériel, supplemented with new motorized units, was redistributed among five new Divisions Légères de Cavalerie ("Cavalry Light Divisions"). It was first decided that these within each of the two battalions of their Régiment de Dragons Portés (motorised infantry regiment) would incorporate two AMR 33 platoons (half a squadron), which, together with six reserve tanks, would create a demand for five times 26 or 130 vehicles, slightly lower than the available total of 112. These later figures included the AMR 35s of the 1re DLC, inherited from the 1re DC.

On 10 May, the day of the German invasion, this measure was shown to have been still insufficient. Only 5e DLC had its official strength of 26, the other three divisions having apparently not yet started to make an attempt to increase their strength: 2e DLC fielded 22 AMR 33s, 3e DLC twenty and 4e DLC 23, for a total strength of 91. There was thus a matériel reserve of 22 vehicles. In the Battle of France the type fared very badly. The DLCs in the Ardennes unexpectedly encountered the main German armoured force and could only fight a delaying battle for which the AMR 33 was not very useful. It was poorly armed and armoured – and very unreliable because of its one good point: its speed which wore out the suspension units. It was faster than any German tank of the time. Around 10:00 on 10 May near Vancé, AMR 33 N° 83950 of 3e DLC had the dubious distinction of being the first French tank to be destroyed in the battle, being hit by German anti-tank gunfire, killing the crew. During the first week of the fighting 75% of the AMR 33s was lost, often because of a breakdown.

On 7 June 1940 the 7e DLM was created, an emergency unit, of which 4e RAM was part. That regiment had an allocation of fourteen AMRs; to this number probably nine AMR 33s belonged from the matériel reserve. All these vehicles would again be lost before the armistice of 25 June.

Some captured AMR 33s were used by the Germans as the Panzerspähwagen VM 701 (f), probably mostly in France itself.

A single vehicle survives at the Musée des Blindés at Saumur.

AMR 33 TSF
In 1934, the three command vehicles of the 4e GAM and 18e dragons of 4e DC were rebuilt as AMR 33 TSF (Télégraphie Sans Fil or "wireless") by fitting them with an ER29 radio set, the antenna of which was placed on the left back corner of the hull. It is unknown whether any other command tanks were so modified.

Modernisation
Already in 1934 it became obvious that Renault had been right in advising to select a different suspension type. The standard one proved to be much too flimsy and especially the oil shock dampers were very maintenance intensive. Both the three vehicles built in 1935 and the two rebuilt prototypes were therefore fitted with an improved AMR 35 suspension type with rubber cylinders. Prototype 79758 had been used to test three different systems: the first with the trailer wheel touching the ground, the second with five road wheels and the last was the one selected. The second type would form the basis for the Renault ZB, a lengthened export version, destined for China. It was more lightly armoured at 9 mm and had a 65 hp engine. Twelve were ordered in 1938, six with a 13,2 mm machine gun and six with a 37 mm cannon.

After continuing reports regarding the unreliability of the matériel – often ascribed to the fact that not professional drivers but half-trained conscripts were the most frequent users – it was decided to investigate whether structural changes had to be made. Accordingly, the type was again tested by the Commission de Vincennes between 8 September 1936 and 5 May 1937. The commission concluded on 17 February 1938 that the suspension was fundamentally unsuited for cross-country driving and advised that all existing vehicles be fitted with a new system. When war broke out, it was decided to improve readiness by fully revising all AMR 33s. During that process they were to be refitted with the new suspension. About half a dozen vehicles had been so modified on 10 May.

Type M
Late in 1932 – this is known by a later confirming letter dated 18 December 1932 – Renault had a meeting with General Weygand, during which he proposed to develop an entire family of light armoured fighting vehicles based on the AMR 33-chassis. He was especially interested in producing a Voiture légère de transport de personnel, an armoured personnel carrier capable of transporting four to five infantrymen and having a crew of two and a 19 CV engine. As there was an insufficient budget to equip even a limited part of the Infantry with fully tracked vehicles this plan was abandoned, but on 20 March 1933 Renault received an order from the STMAC (Section Technique des Matériels Automobiles de Combat) to develop a prototype of a different design discussed with Weygand: a command vehicle corresponding to the specifications of 9 January 1931 for a so-called Type M.

In September 1933 two prototypes were presented in Mailly, which were rebuilt with a more powerful 22 CV engine in 1934. In January of that year it had been decided to order ten of these, but to use the chassis of the AMR 35 instead. The second prototype would be used in the autumn of 1936 to develop the Renault YS artillery observation vehicle, the production vehicles of which would however also be based on the AMR 35 chassis.

Engin P
On 9 January 1931 the French Artillery officially issued the specifications for a Type P, which was to be a véhicule antichar, a self-propelled antitank-gun, that was to serve in the Maginot Line as a tank destroyer. On that date Renault, who had been informed of the plans about a year earlier, had already begun to develop a prototype. The first plans foresaw a very small tracked vehicle, a chenillette, weighing no more than 1.5 metric tonnes, on which a 25 mm antitank-gun was to be mounted on a tripod in an open position. The gun would have to be removable, so that it also could be placed on the ground after having been transported by the vehicle.

However, the same year it was decided to let the 25 mm gun be towed by the Renault UE chenillette, making the Type P redundant in its original scope. The Artillery therefore decided to mount, under armour, a much more powerful 37 mm Modèle 1934 fortress gun with a muzzle velocity of 860 m/s, which yet had to be developed by the Atelier de Puteaux, the State armament arsenal.

In 1932 Renault delivered a prototype, a specially built chassis (N° 81805), that in general form resembled the standard AMR 33. A turret was absent however, and the hull roof had been raised. In the middle of the front of the superstructure there was room for a gun; to the left of it the driver was to be seated. Almost all available space was then occupied; this was solved by letting the gun loader sit on the floor, with his outstretched legs below the gun breech. In this cramped position he was supposed to load the weapon, taking with his right hand rounds from a stock of 107 shells, that had been positioned on the left back of the hull, where in the standard AMR 33 the back exit hatch was located. The third crew member, the commander, sat on the right, squeezed between the hull roof and the engine; he had hardly any headroom.

The Puteaux workshop only finished the prototype, now named the Engin P, in the spring of 1935. After the gun was placed, the Engin P weighed 4565 kilogrammes and had a maximum speed of 54.1 km/h. On 18 April 1935 the CEMAV (Commission d'Expériences du Matériel Automobile de Vincennes), after testing, expressed a very negative opinion: "An ancient and outdated model [...] incapable of rendering serious service". Moreover, on 24 June the Conseil Consultatif de l'Armement decided that in future all guns up to a calibre of 47 mm would have to be towed by the Renault UE after modifying the latter type (though this in fact never happened). As a result, the Engin P was rejected.

Renault YI
In the years 1932 and 1933 Renault developed a series of three unarmoured military caterpillar tractors. The smallest of these, the tracteur de 2 tonnes with the factory designation Renault YI, largely used the AMR 33 suspension, though the sprocket was not spoked but consisted of a single convex plate. The vehicle had an open cargo room behind, the engine in front and the cabin in between. The French Ministry of War ordered two Renault YI.

The Trench-Jumper
AMR 33 prototype N° 78758 was used in 1935 by the engineer Nicolas Straussler, a former citizen of Austria-Hungary who at the time lived in the United Kingdom, to demonstrate his hydraulic "Trench-Jumper" that he already had tested in England. He had proposed the system in 1933 to the French Army and the Atelier et Chantier de la Loire had obtained an exemplar. The contraption consisted of two large hydraulic arms that were to be fitted on the front and back of a vehicle. The arm in front would secure itself on the opposite bank of a trench to be crossed, preventing the tank from falling in. The tank would then drive over the trench, folding the forward arm, while the back arm would lodge itself on the bank of departure and unfold, pushing the vehicle safely across. In this way a trench two metres wide could be crossed.

The system was tested on 3 April 1935 and 21 March, 30 April and 4 May 1936 and finally in March 1938. It proved to be quite effective but in 1938 the Commission de Vincennes rejected the project as the small gain in trench-crossing capacity did not make up for the higher weight.

Smoke-laying tank
In 1938 a smoke-laying system was tested, using the AMR 33. An AM5 apparatus was fitted by the Chaubeyre factory. It was not taken into production, despite a favourable report by the Section Technique de la Cavalerie.

title: AMR 33


text:
User talk:Renamed user ixgysjijel/Archive1

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - Vague | Rant 00:29, Nov 19, 2004 (UTC)
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Uganda piece
Nice work! Just got back from there, have a few Ugandan pieces of my own on my to do list. sunbird 00:43, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

persecution/prosecution/punishment
Unfortunately there is a disorder with categories related to human relations. And unfortunaely I am weak in English. For example, it is naural to have a category for various treatments of people ehich the treated people don't like: punishment, persecution, prosecution, ignoring, inflicting pain, etc.. What will it be? misitreatment? maltreatment? However these words bear a flavor of injustice. But I'd like to put just punishments here as well. Mikkalai 02:54, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I see what you're saying, but I still think that using "punishment" means that somebody has to have done something that needs to be punished. And in an article about refugees, it seems to apply that the refugees did something to deserve being forced from their homes.  It sounds like you're looking for something like "War crimes" or "Violations of international law". BanyanTree 03:16, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

CSB
You're welcome. Actually, it drew my attention to how confusing several aspects of that page were; I think I've fixed them now. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:59, Nov 25, 2004 (UTC)

Rebellion Rebel Insurgent Freedom fighter Mutiny Militia Militant Terrorism
This network of linked terms is a bit of tangle, imo. Rebellion is the umbrella term, but is one of the shortest of the articles, excluding the lists. Rebel states outright that it is someone who uses armed violence, backs away to include kids peeved at their dad, and ends listing rebel groups from science fiction, all within one page, without linking to Rebellion. A number of articles are well written, such as Freedom fighter and Terrorism, but they define each other in various ways. There is also a lack of 'event - participant pairs' besides Rebellion - Rebel, so no Insurgency or Mutineer (the destination of this last is amusing in this context). (Some of the others are hard to pair and Terrorism has its own network.) The Insurgent article links to Subversive, also amusing, and there is no pair. I am willing to put some time into this and would appreciate help, but beforehand I would really like to hear some thoughts on whether to create the pairs and kick Warren Zevon to a new page, meld the pairs that already exist, ignore Subversive or anything else that strikes you. Cheers, BanyanTree 09:49, 25 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I think Rebel should be merged into Rebellion, because at the moment Rebellion just gives us Political rebellion, which won't be what the reader is after in every or even most cases, and also because that seems to be accepted practice--we don't have an article called Terrorist, it just redirects to Terrorism. That said, it may be hard to describe rebellion without it becoming a series of dictionary definitions. Perhaps rebellion could be a few summaries of various types of rebellion, with Main article at Example. under each header. I think all of the 'individual' articles (Insurgent, for example) should go to their event form, although something like Freedom fighter is harder to do that with, given Wikipedia's propensity for the singular. Perhaps Freedom fighter can stay. Militant is well written, but the article's title seems to clash with the usual style, however I don't know where else it could go. I guess that's all I've got on the issue. I hope some of it can be of help. - Vague | Rant 04:06, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC)

Mai-Mai and LRA
Great work on these articles. - Xed 11:47, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Partition of India
You voted for Partition of India, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

Wikigremlin, Wikifairy, Housekeeping Zombie
Hi BanyanTree,

So your talk note on Congo Civil War led me to your Housekeeping Zombie article. It seems useful to have such a definition, but unfortunately we should not have encyclopedia articles on invented terms that are used only by ... you. I troubled to do the time tested resort of us all, the google search:

 * wikignome/s: 1592
 * wikigremlin/s: 149
 * wikifairy/ies/wikifaery/ies: 238
 * housekeeping zombie/s: 12

Most of the latter 3 are of course mirrors or derivatives of the Wikipedia articles themselves.

As a courtesy I wanted to let you know before I listed WikiGremlin, WikiFairy, and Housekeeping Zombie on VFD. Unless you have a great reason to keep them. Tempshill 22:02, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Congo Civil War split etc
…do you want to be the one to move Congo Civil War? It seems like a significant action given the history of the article and, as someone who is really new, I feel vaguely uneasy about doing it instead of one of the long-time contributors who developed it. Cheers, BanyanTree 17:51, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd like it split, and you're welcome to split it, but the reason I haven't gone ahead and split the article is simply that it seems such a huge endeavour. A lot of the text on the page refers to both wars in the same breath - do we just just copy the text to both pages? Ultimately, I'd like the History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to be similar to History of Sweden, History of Germany etc, with a sidebar which has links to the relevant historical periods (like Second Congo War, or Second Congolese War). I'm not one of the significant contributors of the article - my contributions have mainly been copyedits. I think Users SimonP and DJ Clayworth provided the bulk of the article. I've promised to contribute in the Talk page of Congo Civil War, but again it was too daunting. I even read the only book specifically dedicated to the war (The African Stakes in the Congo War) - unfortunately it's mostly unreadable verbiage more concerned more with dry political theory than what actually happened. How can it be - nearly 4 million dead, and not one proper book on the subject?? Compare it to 9/11 (3000 dead) and the countless books which followed. Because most people know very little about the war, the article has to be much clearer than most. Almost like a childrens encyclopedia, with lots of pictures and illustrations. - Xed 19:39, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Congo history box looks great! Also, thanks for correcting my misunderstanding on "references". And here I thought those external link numbers were just eye sores. I do have a question though. The one time I tried to move an article to a page that already existed, I had to have the old page deleted in order to retain the edit history. That's not really an issue for First Congo War as I was planning on just a cut and paste, but do we have to delete the blank Second Congo War before moving Congo Civil War in order to keep the history? Let me know, and congrats once again on the box. Cheers, BanyanTree 20:14, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the compliment about the box. I'm not sure I've spilt up the periods in the right way. I had to cut a lot of text from Congo Free State and paste it in Colonisation of the Congo, which doesn't quite work yet. Congo Free State really needs a summary of Colonisation of the Congo on it's page to provide context. And the title Precolonial Congo seems to frame the history purely in terms of Congo's subsequent colonisation, if you see what I mean.
 * In my eagerness to get rid of the red links in the History box, I completely forgot about the issue of moving the edit history to Second Congo War. Personally, it wouldn't bother me if the history goes, though I can understand if all the other contributors felt slighted. So, to play safe, I guess Second Congo War needs to be deleted. - Xed 21:38, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Mau Mau Uprising
Was wandering through some of "my contributions," and decided to stop by Mau Mau to see what had become of it. Thank God someone with some sense came along, tore it down and rebuilt it from the ground up. What a piece of crap it was! I don't have the time to read the improved article in its entirety, but I've seen enough to know it's far more balanced and factual than that claptrap that formerly passed for an article.

KCA, huh? The local, well-heeled, old-line upper class/yuppie-dominated white-bread civic association in my area goes by the same acronym. I found the juxtaposition of that group and the Mau Mau hilariously incongruous. Thanks for the best laugh I've had in a week. :-D Peace 2 u.  deeceevoice 17:12, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Yep. Kalorama. :-p deeceevoice 09:08, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the alert - seems like a good idea. -==SV 00:05, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Africa-related regional notice board
I see you take an interest in Africa-related topics. Thought I woudl point you to Africa-related regional notice board if you haven't already seen it. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 05:22, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for mentioning the board on your user page. At this rate, we might really be able to get some momentum going. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 21:05, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

overlooking facts; disregarding scientific competence
I guess, you are a little overheated, my dear friend, because of recent ugly real vandalism, which makes me angry, too.

After calming down, I strongly recommend to study the following publication: PLANETARY CONFIGURATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION by N. Venkatanathan et al.

These Indian researchers of the Madras university have predicted the Indian Ocean Earthquake within only 150 km and 29 minutes error (see numerous references on my special page i.a. Telegraph, India of 28.10.2004 and http://www.newstodaynet.com/27DEC/SS6.HTM ).

Perhaps, after really studying the 8 pages and the other references, you finally understand, why I want to place this on Wikipedia article of Indian Ocean Earthquake: because it was predicted and not everybody knows.

e-greetings from --Wikinaut 03:05, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Should create a new standalone "Lost Citizen" page, and link it from Main 2004 Tsunami Page
In response to your msg in the history page of 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake:

I think we should separate the "lost citizen" page (Lost Citizen Page) as standalone page, just like the Donation page.

Should start a talk for opinion. --Godric 21:47, Dec 30, 2004 (UTC)

about my 'snarkines'
...walks up, raises hand, takes a breath to start to talk...

...pauses...

...lowered hand and exhaled. Nevermind. Sorry.^_^

...Turns around and muttered under breath... (I was just trying to be bold..).

...sits down in front of PC. Now lets see what else I can contribute ^_^...

--Lemi4 05:33, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Re sorry: Aw shucks, Sir, it's okay; no offense taken^_^ I personally think you're doing a grrreat job as an Admin, considering the number of edits per minute happening and all that pressure. And I wanna thank you (and all the Admins, and All Wikipedians) for the great service to humanity that you are doing on behalf of all Wikipedians that agree with me (and I am of the oppinion the number would be many, and not just Wikipedians).

So Happy New Year! Lets be glad that we're doing what we can, we're doing the few things that we can do to help, and that we can do good:) --Lemi4 02:50, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Re:Insanity
Hi BanyanTree, thanks for the concern. Me and my family are fine, thanks! Btw, no offence taken. =P --Andylkl 19:22, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC)

(Barnstar moved to my user page) I just wanted to express my sincerest gratitude for you taking the initiative in creating donations for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Thank you. – ClockworkSoul 08:34, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Featured article?
Would you mind if I nominated Lord's Resistance Army at Featured Article Candidates? I think it is worth it. Articles like this make me proud of Wikipedia. — mark ✎ 14:13, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm flattered you'd be willing to nominate Lord's Resistance Army. Please do.  It can only get better through the critiquing process.  It clearly cries out for a few pictures, and I've been kicking myself since I started editing it for not taking a personal camera along when I was in northern Uganda a few years ago.  But, then again, I didn't know about Wikipedia then ...  :)  Cheers, BanyanTree 19:04, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll bring it to WP:FAC. I've listed it on Peer Review to begin with; maybe other people can provide additional sources or pictures, or suggest other improvements. On a sidenote, asking the owners of pictures you know of to release some of their pictures under GFDL for use on Wikipedia might be a possibility. I'm off now... Wikipedia is unbearably slow these days. Regards,  — mark ✎ 21:06, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dear BanyanTree
(please refer to delete votes)
 * Dear Wiki contributors, admins & sysops. You have been mislead by Curps. Please see that article in question and decide for yourselves if deletion is a correct Wiki thing to do. I have decided not to pursue the re-naming of Curps's article 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and through consultation with other helpful Wikis, I have decided to start a series of Asian Tsunami articles on my own ... there is freedom to initiate such a move right ? The articles in questions is proposed to drill deep in the subject in question. In Asian tsunami : The earthquake I have attempted to focus just on the earthquake that caused the Asian Tsunamis. In Asian tsunami : Time-line (currently vandalised by Curps), I have drilled down to the exact minutes to minutes account of the waves of deadly tsunamis. I will be added other article in the Asian tsunami series like the humanitarian aspects, current news & occurrences etc. because I think it is the right thing to do. kenkam 06:55, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Comments on Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines
Hi BanyanTree, Thank you for your kind understanding & comments. I have listened to your advised & visited Policies and guidelines ... found out some interesting pointers to share with you.

Key policies
1) Avoid bias. Articles should be written from a neutral point of view, representing differing views on a subject fairly and sympathetically. 2) Don't infringe copyrights. Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. Submitting work which infringes copyrights threatens our objective to build a truly free encyclopedia that anyone can redistribute, and could lead to legal problems. See Wikipedia copyrights for more information. 3) Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Its goals go no further. See What Wikipedia is not for more info. 4) Respect other contributors. Wikipedia contributors come from many different countries and cultures, and have widely different views. Treating others with respect is key to collaborating effectively in building an encyclopedia. For some guidelines, see Wikipedia etiquette, Wikipedia:Writers rules of engagement, Wikipedia:Civility, Dispute resolution.
 * Was Curps Neutral when he deleted other points of view, even if they were differing. The term "Asian Tsunami" is an accept term or name for the event that happened on the 26th Dec 2004, covered by news media and the net. Blatantly calling 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake is silly because there have been hundreds of earthquakes very week since 26th Dec 2004 but there is only one deadly tsunami that has been named by the media as the "Asian Tsunami".kenkam 08:16, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * No problems here. kenkam 08:16, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * An 'encyclopedia' by Wiki definition is "containing articles on topics in many different fields ... specialise in a particular field", by branching Asian Tsunami to its categories covering specialised field & topics is my purpose & goal. In fact, I have come to a point to consider creating a "Asian Tsunami" Wiki project on my own ... care to contribute here ;-) kenkam 08:16, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I admit I see thing differently, maybe because I am orient-asian, from a land far away ... in this case at the epicentre of the disaster ... I need some respect & space which Curps has failed big time in rendering to me / others. kenkam 08:16, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Behaviour guidelines
5) No personal attacks (and move personal debates to email) 6) Please do not bite the newcomers Three revert rule (Revert wars considered harmful)
 * I am attacked by Curps ... if this was real-life I would have been murdered by him already !! ... ;-) kenkam 08:16, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Not only did Curps bite me, he chew the bits he bit-off from me !! He bit me when I was new, before I had an account, and he is bitting me now too !! kenkam 08:16, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * While I had the courtesy to announce my idea to propose a change of name of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, he just went ahead & moved my articles without consultation & consensus ... poor me. kenkam 08:16, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Role of the international community in the Rwandan Genocide
BanyanTree, just to notify you of this recent page, I believe translated from French wikipedia by User:PZFUN who has made many valuable contributions to South African articles. There seems to be a lot of new material, but maybe suffers from bias ? Wizzy 09:15, Jan 16, 2005 (UTC)

Sexuality drawings
Greetings ! I have added a few new drawings about sexuality; you can review them at Sexuality. I would have liked to find specifically male homosexual positions, but couldn't really think of any... If you happen to have specific ideas, please do drop me a note. Thank you you for the suggestion, and happy editing ! Rama 11:09, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Rwanda
Thank you! Yeah, I translated it from French into the English. I will do the other page as soon as I have the motivation to translate it back from French. I would really appreciate it if you would go through and take a look at the pages. I'm not the best editor in the world! :) Thank you! Páll 00:32, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I translated the last article. A couple of sentences don't make very much sense in French, so I did as much as i could in English. Páll 02:32, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)

CD cover
Actually, the CD is okay, even with the big copyright notice. It fall under the US fair use laws, and so we can keep it if you like. -- user:zanimum

 * I went and found another cover that I could use in the lead for Franco Luambo, so WP probably doesn't need the picture with the nasty copyright notice right across it. If someone feels that it might be useful to someone sometime, I have no problem leaving it though.  Thanks for asking.  Cheers, BanyanTree 05:04, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

LRA on FAC
Hi BanyanTree, I hope I didn't surprise you by placing it on FAC :). I see you're adressing the points raised; just make sure to report it on the request also, I guess the votes turn to support then. I'll look into it also, in a few hours (I'm going to eat with my girlfriend now). Kind regards,  — mark ✎ 17:57, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Mark. Your placement wasn't a surprise, but waking up from a night out to see it getting hammered on didn't help my head any.  It's always a bit humbling to see something you've worked on go to FAC, isn't it?  ;)  If you could take a look, in particular, at the comments on language and grammar, it'd be a great help.  I have a blindspot for flaws in my own sentences.  Cheers, BanyanTree

 * I'll certainly do my best. However, I'm not a native speaker of English so creating brilliant prose is not my strongest point. I think I'll ask some others to help as well.
 * As for the reference thing — I must say I don't particularly like the inline external links; I would like them better if they were like the off-line references. Could be a matter of taste though; I don't know how they think about it at FAC. Don't mind me if you don't agree.  — mark ✎ 22:47, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The article is really shaping up. I had done a photo search before but couldn't find anything, but delved into the government images after the FAC comment and came up with the IDP photos. I'm really not sure about the Kony picture. I am not familiar with all the different types of copyright and so am pretty conservative about image use.

I don't much like the look of in-line references at all and think small super-script endnotes would be preferably. But there's not really a simple way to do that, and I'm not willing to do such a tedious tweak. - BanyanTree 21:46, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Tedious indeed, because you'd have to renumber all thirty manually every time something is added or removed. That's not an option. As for the Kony picture, I'm not sure about it either. You could take a look here and maybe give it a shot. Or not. Anyway, the article is getting better and better — really cool! BTW, the US Government IDP pictures are a welcome addition. Keep up the good work!  — mark ✎ 00:15, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

LRA article
Thanks for the comments, Banyan! I went to Uganda last summer, so I'm quite interested in the LRA. How long before it gets featured, do you reckon? TreveX 20:42, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Congratulations!
Lord's Resistance Army is a Featured Article now! — mark ✎ 13:36, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Congratulations to you as well! It wouldn't have been possible without your great maps.  - BanyanTree 15:22, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
I don't know if my user page was on your watch list, or if you followed the vandal's trail, but thanks for reverting my page. :) --Golbez 19:40, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Dynamo Open Air

Untitled
How best to cite references? Take scans of event programmes? DOA we loved you, R.I.P. 80.176.88.36 (talk) 23:51, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dynamo Open Air


text:
Talk:Discothèque (song)

Untitled
The links claiming that Bono said Discotheque is a re-write of "Begging You" are just unsourced claims that U2 ripped off The Stone Roses. It's clear after listening to the song that Begging You might have inspired U2 to make Discotheque, but it's by no means a rip off, or a re-write.

I suggest the sentence be changed to "Bono has admittted that the song is inspired by The Stone Roses' 'Begging You'", because it's obvious when comparing the songs, and that's what the link actually says.

Zebulon Macon 07:29, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:DiscotequeU2.png
Image:DiscotequeU2.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 15:34, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

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New song
Mujhe toh song bahut acche lagte hai 2409:4089:8397:F39B:0:0:2989:88AC (talk) 01:29, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Discothèque (song)


text:
Talk:DiscussionBoard

Every software on Comparison_of_Internet_forum_software points to a page except DiscussionBoard. Why?

VfD
On April 8, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep (article rewritten). See Votes for deletion/DiscussionBoard for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:18, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:DiscussionBoard


text: Talk:Immunoisolate

title: Talk:Immunoisolate


text: Talk:Commission of Anarchist Relations

title: Talk:Commission of Anarchist Relations


text:
Rattus Norvegicus (album)

Rattus Norvegicus (also known as The Stranglers IV) is the debut studio album by English punk rock band the Stranglers, released on 15 April 1977.

It was one of the highest-selling albums of the punk era in Britain, eventually achieving platinum record sales. Two of its tracks, "Peaches" and "(Get A) Grip (On Yourself)", were released as 7-inch singles in the UK.

Background
The album was originally going to be titled Dead on Arrival but it was changed at the last minute. The Stranglers IV prefix was a deliberate attempt by the band to cause confusion. The released title is the taxonomic name for the brown rat. The album was produced in one week by Martin Rushent and was a snapshot of the band's live set at the time.

The first 10,000 copies of the original vinyl release included a free 7-inch single, containing "Peasant in the Big Shitty" (live) and "Choosey Susie". The album launch party was held in the Water Rat pub on the King's Road in World's End, Chelsea.

Remastered versions of the album with bonus tracks were reissued on CD in 1996, 2001 and 2018.

Lyrics
According to the book The Stranglers-Song by Song, "Sometimes" describes a violent argument with a girlfriend. The same girlfriend is the subject of "Strange Little Girl" which was written earlier by Cornwell and Hans Wärmling. "Goodbye Toulouse" describes the destruction of Toulouse predicted by Nostradamus.

"London Lady" is loosely based on a contemporary female journalist, and "Hanging Around" describes the characters found in the London pubs where the band performed. In 1981, it was covered by Hazel O'Connor on her third album, Cover Plus, and released as a single.

The lyrics of "Peaches" take the form of an internal monologue by a man ogling girls on the beach. The song was notably featured in the opening scene of Jonathan Glazer's 2000 film Sexy Beast.

"(Get a) Grip (On Yourself)" is based on the band's life in their squat in Chiddingfold, Surrey. It features Eric Clarke, a Welsh coal miner friend of manager Dai Davies, on saxophone. "Ugly" mentions Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem Ozymandias.

"Down in the Sewer" has four sections: "Falling", "Down in the Sewer", "Trying to Get Out Again", and "Rat's Rally". The 'sewer' refers to London. The song references an episode of the 1975 post-apocalyptic BBC TV drama Survivors titled "Lights of London", where the protagonists leave the safety of a farming community to head for the city, which they find can only be entered through a rat-infested sewer.

Reception and legacy
Rattus Norvegicus was ranked at No. 10 among the top albums of the year for 1977 by NME, with "Peaches" ranked at No. 18 among the year's top tracks. NME later ranked it at No. 196 on its 2014 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. In 2000, Rattus Norvegicus was voted number 766 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums. It was also included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Robert Smith of the Cure cited Rattus Norvegicus as one of his five favourite albums in a 1985 interview.

Track listing

 * Free single

 * 1996 CD reissue bonus disc (EMI)
 * Disc one as per original album

 * 2001 CD bonus tracks

 * 2018 CD reissue bonus tracks (Parlophone)

 * Live at The Nashville pub in West Kensington, 10 Dec 1976

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album liner notes.

 * The Stranglers
 * Hugh Cornwell – guitars, lead and backing vocals
 * Jean-Jacques Burnel – bass guitar, lead and backing vocals
 * Dave Greenfield – keyboards (Hammond L100 Organ, Hohner Cembalet electric piano, Minimoog synthesizer), backing and lead vocals
 * Jet Black – drums, percussion

 * Additional musicians
 * Eric Clarke – tenor saxophone ("(Get A) Grip (On Yourself)")

 * Technical
 * Martin Rushent – production
 * Alan Winstanley – engineering
 * Doug Bennett – mixing engineering
 * Benny King – mixing engineering assistance
 * Vic Maile (with the Island Mobile) – engineering ("Peasant in the Big Shitty")
 * Barry Cooder – remixing ("Grip '89")
 * Taff B. Dylan – remixing ("Grip '89")
 * Trevor Rogers – sleeve photography
 * Paul Henry – sleeve design, art direction

title: Rattus Norvegicus (album)


text:
Talk:List of Boeing 767 operators

update
I want to updae the list of the operator and i'm wondering about the best source ?

Article layout
I split out the former and current operators into two different sections but User:Zaps93 doesnt like it. As this should be a matter of concensus not opinion has anybody any suggestions (as most of these list of articles dont have a standard layout). I do think the list needs more information my main objections to the old style was the repeating many times of the term Boeing 767 which wasnt really needed and it was not allways clear who are the current operators. Any suggestions? MilborneOne (talk) 15:34, 1 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Due to the fact that was not me, but my cousin (under my user). I myself actually believe we have a table drawn up showing operators of a certain typer. E.g.

 * I will be happy enough to spend time and draw this up, and also make a table for past operators and types, I believe this is a good idea to give people clearer and better way of viewing it. Also as you can see it is clearer than just British Airways, it states type operated and country all in a chart. Also I apologize for my cousins actions. Thank You. Zaps93 (talk) 15:42, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Still think it would be good to have information on when operated in the former operators. Need to make it clear if the figures are the maximum operated and stuff like that. But I would be OK if you want to change the list to a table. MilborneOne (talk) 15:49, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank You MilborneOne. I will start right away. Any futher suggestions please do put down in my talk or this discussion page. Thank You again. Zaps93 (talk) 15:52, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

I think you need to add Air New Zealand to the list... they have 5 300ER's

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New source available for operator list
A new edition of the Flightglobal airliner census that was used as the source for the operator list has been published, so someone should probably update the table with that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.129.87.122 (talk) 09:41, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

Former operators situation
There was a removal of all former operators of the Boeing 767, so someone should do the same thing with the chart as the Airbus A340, 330 and the Boeing 777 operatos chart by listing both current and former operators with current operators in green and former operators in red with the number they have currently or before they retired. Loveheart547 (talk) 14:30, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Boeing 767 operators


text:
Talk:Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Dumortier (surname) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:10, 25 March 2022 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Iwakura Mission

Germany Prussia
Hi

naming Prussia and Germany is not very clear, since Prussia is in Germany.

I suppose one should either name the other german countries that were travelled to or just write Prussia.

(4-23-08) Yo, I believe Prussia was still around in the 1870s, so Prussia is A-ok. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.114.52.39 (talk) 06:45, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Prussia became a German state in 1871, the Mission visited Prussia continental Europe in 1872. So Germany is the correct term to be used.--Beliar (talk) 09:28, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:Monad (Gnosticism)

is known
This needs some help: Plotinus is known to have been the one philosopher who clearly establishes the one as the center source of Platonic philosophy. Known by whom? Clearly... according what criteria? I'm removing this sentence and hopefully someone can come up with a clearer message. --ESP 01:05, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Zodiac
Capricorn's spirit is Saturn ie the 12 moons are zodiacal towards the human race, Mars and Uranus is Aries as Ra and Seth, Taurus is Venus (as the bull whom formed to gain second position of the sun aka hera or isis, wife of cronos) (velikovsky ref), Aquarius is Mercury (as an initiated being) and Sag is Jupiter (as Zeus whom fights his father cronos) with finally Pisces as Neptune and Pluto (as horus). Gemini (as thoth) is somehow connected to Earth with the human non-sacred signs of Cancer as the moon and Leo as the sun (discluded). The male side of the moon is sometimes included as Scorpio whilst the Libra sign connects itself with Venus and Sirius outside our system as does Virgo with Vulcan in the great past. These are the 7 holy monads as planets in our system. It could be referenced if needed that monads are not only divine beings but planets within the cancer system inside the milky way of our solar logoi. -- 02:28, 12 June 2014 User:Mvdc1980

 * I really don't think this has much to do with historic Gnosticism... AnonMoos (talk) 02:34, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Monad (Gnosticism)


text:
List of Arkansas railroads

The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of Arkansas.

Class I railroads

 * BNSF Railway (BNSF)
 * Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS)
 * Union Pacific Railroad (UP)

Regional railroads

 * Missouri and Northern Arkansas Railroad (MNA)

Shortline and terminal railroads

 * Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi Railroad (ALM)
 * Arkansas Midland Railroad (AKMD)
 * Arkansas and Missouri Railroad (AM)
 * Arkansas Southern Railroad (ARS)
 * Camden and Southern Railroad (CSR)
 * Dardanelle and Russellville Railroad (DR)
 * Delta Valley and Southern Railway (DVS)
 * De Queen and Eastern Railroad (DQE)
 * East Camden and Highland Railroad (EACH)
 * El Dorado and Wesson Railway (EDW)
 * Fordyce and Princeton Railroad (FP)
 * Fort Smith Railroad (FSR)
 * Kiamichi Railroad (KRR)
 * Little Rock Port Authority Railroad (LRPA)
 * Little Rock and Western Railway (LRWN)
 * Louisiana and North West Railroad (LNW)
 * North Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad (NLA)
 * Ouachita Railroad (OUCH)
 * Prescott and Northwestern Railroad (PNW)
 * Warren and Saline River Railroad (WSR)
 * West Memphis Base Railroad (WMBR)

Passenger railroads

 * Amtrak (AMTK): Texas Eagle

Heritage and scenic railroads

 * Northwestern Arkansas A&M Excursion
 * Eureka Springs and North Arkansas Railway
 * Fort Smith Trolley Museum

Industrial rail operations

 * Bauxite and Northern Railway (BXN)
 * Granite Mountain Quarries Railroad (GMQX)

Defunct railroads

 * Electric
 * Inter-City Terminal Railway

title: List of Arkansas railroads


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris Sadler

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 08:34, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Chris Sadler
Vanity, possibly a speedy candidate but seems a bit too long. Sadler is a duplicate of this page. Xezbeth 21:09, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke article. Direct the creator to Uncyclopedia, which may be more suitable to their talents. Average Earthman 02:18, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - another "Oh Honestly!" case of rubbish - do they have nothing better to do? Brookie 20:01, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.