text:
Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive Formatting

About capitalization, reaching consensus
The article seems to be bouncing back and forth between capitalizing and not capitalizing the pronouns (or should I say Pronouns :-) ). It appears that the advocates for capitalization are mainly Bahá'ís who feel that capitalization denotes a proper level of respect for the central figures of the Bahá'í Faith and that, in some but not all cases, the non-capitalization position seems to be taken by others within the Wikipedia audience who feel that capitalization is either unnecessary, inappropriate, or not in line with the general preferences of the Wikipedia audience. In the hopes of coming to some final consensus on this, I would like to address this comment mainly to the former group. This concerns how, in my personal reading experience, pronoun capitalization is used in other Bahá'í publications.

In the authorized English translations of the writings of the Bahá'í Faith, and in the English letters of Shoghi Effendi if memory serves, the pronouns are generally capitalized. (This should be checked in the documents Shoghi Effendi addressed to the League of Nations and in connection with the official recognition of the Faith at the United Nations, since these may not be capitalized. One of these passages can be found on the inside back cover of any issue of the Journal of Bahá'í Studies, but I don't have one handy.)

However, in the contemporary letters of the Universal House of Justice both approaches are used. For example, in the Peace Message of 1985, one of the first documents to be addressed to the Peoples of the World, the pronoun (he) referring to Bahá'u'lláh is NOT capitalized. In letters to the Bahá'í community, it usually is. In the more recent letter to the world's religious leaders (April 2002), any use of the pronouns referring to Bahá'u'lláh appears to have been avoided, as it seems to have been in the Prosperity of Humankind statement (1994). However, in the April 2002 letter God, the Divine, etc., are capitalized, although I cannot find the use of the pronoun in this sense.

It seems to me that this difference of usage depends on the context of the communication, or the different audience that is being addressed. When a communication is addressed primarily to Bahá'ís or within the context of a religious dialogue with a recognized religious audience, the pronouns tend to be capitalized. This is also the case when referring to any of the founders of the major religions, such as Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. When a more general or non-religious audience is addressed, capitalization is often avoided.

Such variances in how capitalization is used, even within writings of the same author or institution, should not come as a surprise to Bahá'ís since, in several important works, Bahá'u'lláh emphasizes the importance of paying careful attention to the outlook and perceptions of the particular audience with whom one is communicating at any particular time. For example:

 * Not everything that a man knoweth can be disclosed, nor can everything that he can disclose be regarded as timely, nor can every timely utterance be considered as suited to the capacity of those who hear it.
 * http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/gwb-89.html#pg176

Referring directly to the above comment by Bahá'u'lláh, 'Abdu'l-Bahá emphasizes the point as follows:

 * Such is the consummate wisdom to be observed in thy pursuits. Be not oblivious thereof, if thou wishest to be a man of action under all conditions. First diagnose the disease and identify the malady, then prescribe the remedy, for such is the perfect method of the skilful physician.
 * http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/SAB/sab-215.html#pg269

In another place, Bahá'u'lláh writes

 * ''Every word is endowed with a spirit, therefore the speaker or expounder should carefully deliver his words at the appropriate time and place, for the impression which each word maketh is clearly evident and perceptible. The Great Being saith: One word may be likened unto fire, another unto light, and the influence which both exert is manifest in the world. Therefore an enlightened man of wisdom should primarily speak with words as mild as milk, that the children of men may be nurtured and edified thereby and may attain the ultimate goal of human existence which is the station of true understanding and nobility."
 * http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/tb-12.html#pg172

From a Bahá'í perspective, then, a few important points emerge.

 * First, it does not appear that we need to worry about belittling the figures being referred to by using small letters in pronouns, since this usage is common in official communications to particular audiences.
 * Second, since the audience of the Wikipedia is similar to the worldwide audience of the Peace Message in 1985, literally everybody and not primarily a religiously-inclined audience, small letters in pronouns would seem to be not only acceptable, but appropriate.
 * Third, within this audience, there are undoubtedly many people who might be offended or uneasy about seeing capitalized pronouns used to refer to religious figures in general, and we must pay careful attention to such sensitivities.

Given all of the above, I would like to propose that the use of uncapitalized pronouns in this article is appropriate. If everyone feels that what I have written here is enough to reach an agreement on this point, then in future I suggest we gently refer new readers and contributors who raise this issue to the foregoing discussion and revert the article changes accordingly.

I look forward to your responses.

-- Jonathan

Jmenon 08:39, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Many thanks for that thoughtful and thought-provoking insight, Jmenon. It'll be interesting to see how the other (please forgive my lack of apostrophes) Bahais here respond to this. To be honest with you, although I made the change, I'm not really beating the drum for anything other than consistency, both internal and with established policy. At some point, I'm gonna bounce over to Bab and sort out that article; a complete mess, incapable of any internal consistency, never mind consistency with WikiPolicy.

The main problem, as I see it, isn't about what the policy actually says--that's pretty clear. It's not even really if some people don't like the policy--take it up elsewhere. It's the fact that there are so darn many of these articles to make consistent! I think that keeping this disucssion here would be useful--it would seem that Christianity and Islam don't have the same level of concern being expressed about policy (despite a couple of glaring lapses in Xianity I'm about to fix). Wooster 18:26, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * what´s wrong with the Bab article? :) - --Cyprus2k1 14:50, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Try this paragraph.

 * Born on October 20 1819, in Shiraz to a well-known merchant of the city of Shiraz, his father died soon after his birth and the boy was raised by his uncle Hájí Mirzá Siyyid 'Ali, who was also a merchant. As a child He learned to read and write and was sent with other children to a teacher of religion. During these lessons the little boy showed uncommon wisdom and quickly attracted attention, since not only did He ask very difficult questions, but He answered them Himself. He did this so well that his teacher was dumbfounded. Upon reaching manhood, He joined his uncle in the family business, a trading house, and became a merchant. His integrity and piety won the esteem of the other merchants with whom He came in contact. He was also known for His generosity to the poor. In 1842 He married Khadíjih-Bagum and they had one son, Ahmad, who died in infancy.

 * Count the capitalisation errors. I make (ignoring beginnings of sentences) four pronouns and eight Pronouns.  It's a mess and needs to be sorted out.  However, I don't have time at the moment.  Wooster 16:20, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * i agree. i was writing that, but i was more worried about writing the article and later fixing it (capitalization, NPOV, etc..) . anyway, in the meanwhile i got into a busy epoch, and then vacations :) will be back on september! - --Cyprus2k1 16:38, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

pronunciation
I can't figure out how to say "Bahá'í". Can we get some guidance in this article? --Twinxor 19:39, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * "Bu-hi" - Bu as in but, and hi as in high. →Raul654 19:45, Jan 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * The first part is pretty close, remember it's a short "u" sound, not "oo". I would rather think it's like the "a" sound in "bar". The "hi" part is not one syllable, so it's more like "ha-ee". So in total "ba" "ha" "ee" -- Fadeaway919 19:52, Jan 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * And the stress is on the last syllable -- Fadeaway919 19:54, Jan 22, 2005 (UTC)

reasons
removed: "Bahá'u'lláh (meaning splendour or light of Allah) is the title that Mirza Husay Ali Nuri from Iran chose for himself as the new leader of the Bábí movement in Baghdad. His half brother, Mirza Yahya Nuri already had the title of Subh-i Azal (meaning Dawn of Eternity). These titles were not accidental. They both had to do with the Bábí symbolic concept and claim of "new light""

because this is already mentioned later.

removed: "Essentially, both Bábísm and Bahá'ísm are heavily based on an offshoot of the Shia branch of Islam."

it is POV.

"Baháism was one of the two sects of the Bábís when a split among the Bábís started, after Bahá'u'lláh challenged the leadership of the Bábí leader, his own half-brother, Subh-i Azal. The followers of Subh-i Azal became known as the Azali Bábís while the followers of Bahá'u'lláh became known as the Bahá'í Bábís or later just Bahá'ís."

this shouldnt be in the first paragraph but in "origins" or "history" or something. but still, its already mentioned in other related articles "Baháism" is a wrong term.

--Cyprus2k1 09:33, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * 1- I am going to put my contributions back into the article, because you decided on your own to remove them first, and then discuss (and even in discussion you are not discussing anything, just opining).

 * 2- "Bahism" may be a "wrong" term in Bahai circles, but certainly in a historical context, put next to "babism" and "azalism" as a transitional movement, is valid and legitimate. This is a good example that you are incapable of divorcing from your mind the strictly bahai religious culture.  This is why you have such a big problem accepting that wikipedia does not adhere to the language of a specific faith or culture, rather, it is a collaborative, open, online encyclopedia in which all people can contribute.

 * 3- it is most certainly NOT POV to say that Babism, and by extension, Bahaism, came out of Shaykhi branch of Shia Islam. Please educate yourself on the origins of your faith.  --Amir 09:46, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I want to take the opportunity to remind everyone of the Three-revert rule. If you revert more than three times in 24 hours, you will get blocked. Do not edit until you've sorted out your differences on the talk page. JRM 10:34, 2005 Jan 24 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive Formatting


text:
Tixtla

Tixtla (formally, Tixtla de Guerrero) is a town and seat of the Tixtla de Guerrero Municipality in the Mexican state of Guerrero. The name is Nahuatl, and means either "maize dough" (masa) from textli; "our valley" from to ixtla; or "temple by the water" from '' teoixtlen'

History
Antonia Nava de Catalán, a heroine of the Mexican War of Independence, was born in Tixtla. Tixtla was also the birthplace of both Independence hero and Mexican president Vicente Guerrero (1783–1831) and writer and educator Ignacio Manuel Altamirano (1834–1893). It served as the first capital of Guerrero, from 1851 to 1870, and the state constitution was promulgated there on 14 June 1851.

Geography
The municipality is located between 17°20' & 17°43' N and 99°15' & 99°28' W, some 20 km east of state capital Chilpancingo. It covers a total surface area of 290 km2. It reported 33,620 people in the 2000 census, including 18% Native Americans (speakers of Nahuatl and Tlapaneco).

Other towns in the municipality include Atliaca (population 5,981), Almolonga (1,346), Zoquiapa (1,243), and El Durazno (1,070).

Culture
The city is known for its music and festivals.

Notable people

 * Antonia Nava de Catalán
 * Ignacio Manuel Altamirano
 * Vicente Guerrero

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tixtla


text:
Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive History

Are Babists who didn't accept Bahaullah?
You know, it had never occurred to me - are there Babists who didn't accept Bahaullah? What grounds did he give for them to accept his revelation? What was the reaction in Islam?

I've examined the Bahá'í faith to some considerable extent, and as a personal opinion, if I was ever going to belong to an organised religion, this would be the one. A damn fine bunch of people.

As far as Babi's go, there was a small number who rejected Baha'u'llah, I don't remember their fate exactly, but they are written about in the book "God Passes By" by Shoghi Effendi. When Baha'u'llah died he specifically instructed that the Faith was to be led by his son "Abdul'Baha", but when Abdul'Baha passed away he left instructions for the Faith to be administered by his grandson Shoghi Effendi. When Shoghi Effendi died, he passed authority to an elected body called the "universal House of justice". A guy called Mason Remy declared in contrary that he was to be the ruler of the faith from then on, and he attracted a handful of followers, less than a few hundreds (compared to several million Bahá'ís). I considered including them in the article, but decided against it as they are such a tiny minority - it would also create a precedent for including every minute fringe group under every religion article.

His grounds for accepting his revelation were that he fulfilled prophecy in both the Bible and the Koran. The reaction by the Islamic faith was savage to say the least, the Bahá'ís have been persecuted and executed en masse ever since the 1860's. Over 100 000 Bahá'ís have fled Iran since the Islamic revolution, specifically to Canada and Australia (both countried passing resolutions condemning Iran for its treatment of the Bahai's).

You know, after all this comment, a lot of the above probably belongs in the article... some more research is needed (to validate some of my statements) before it goes in as "the facts". - MMGB
 * Manning, I'm afraid the precedent has been set and that we have the gnostics being presented as Christians, not to mention entries on every/some other group under the sun! Yep, the persecution does, explicitly (I remembered that, though not clearly), as does the architectural style (which is neat). I think you turned a sentence around - not his grounds for accepting his revelation, but theirs is what I was after.  If the Bab was dead, who validated Bahaullah as the Promised One? --MichaelTinkler

 * He did I guess, and the Babi's accepted him. Apparently there was a fairly general consensus that he was the "one" even before he personally announced it in 1863. According to the Bahá'í history I have read, Baha'u'llah was in prison in a place called the "Siyah Shal" which was a sewer where they chained up dissendents and he was told of his destiny "by God" in the late 1840's. (The Bab was executed by firing squad in 1844).

 * I think there is a difference between the Gnostics (who have a fairly significant number of believers in the Middle East and an established literature) and a fringe group such as the "Orthodox Bahá'ís". A better comparison would be with the "Potters of God" who I sincerely hope are not included under the article for Christianity. The may deserve their own article (again, questionable due to their size, they only have two web pages,both by the same guy) (BTW - I have revised some of my statements above after doing a bit of research) - MMGB

(a huge discussion about Gnostics and Chrisitanity was cut out and moved to talk:Christianity)

 * Maybe the Orthodox Bahá'ís deserve a page as well, but frankly there is so little evidence of their existence. I've been searching the web pretty hard and I'm almost willing to revise my estimate of membership down - there is a "Society of Indian OB" which seems to have 2 members, another in Australia which seems to have 1, and an American "National council" which only mentions 3 names. Their webpages make them out to be much more significant, but close examination doesn't bear this out. - MMGB
 * Ain't web-presence a wonderful thing? You used to have to have people who would stand on corners and pass out brochures to have a decent cult! I agree that gnosticism should be an autonomous thing, not a subset of Christianity.  It is needling to the Christians and condescending to the Gnostics to not take seriously their differences. --MichaelTinkler

I think Mason Remy should be mentioned. Sure, his following was small, but he seems to be reasonably well known (or at least, this isn't the first time I've ever heard his name mentioned). We have no shortage of space to write on religious groups. And its not as if the Remy was just some lone individual setting up his own religion in his backyard. -- SJK

Someone added what looks like a cut and paste job from a usenet FAQ. Did they have permission? Else it should be deleted. (And even if they have permission, it needs to be seriously reworked if we are to retain it...) -- SJK
 * Where on earth did that come from? Have you seen a usenet FAQ that this looks like it was cut from? Maybe someone just wrote a decent article. (Later - oops, ignore that, I checked past history and I see what you meant now - MMGB

- Article said: "The Bahá'í Faith also holds a (non-voting) seat at the United Nations." What on earth is that talking about? It sounds to me like it is claiming they are permanent observers to the General Assembly, but they are not. If all it means is that they are in consultative status with the Economic and Social Committee, it should say that. (And that isn't that big a deal -- thousands of organizations have that status.) -- SJK

 * Well why don't you research it, find out the actual state of affairs and put that in, rather than deleting something and complaining about it here. And a side comment meant nicely, this "delete and whine" behaviour is quite out of character for you, Simon - having a bad day? :) Manning

Sorry... actually I've got a end-of-year exam tommorow for one of my uni courses, natural language processing... :) -- SJK

 * fair enough Simon - I was just a bit surprised, you're normally much more cheerful :) Good luck with the exam. - MMGB

I cut out the Orthodox stuff... again! There are barely a handful of OB's in the world, and it misrepresents this religion of 5 million members to give a fringe group of a few hundred equivalent coverage. The page acknowleges the orthodox group, and links to the relevant page. Little else is needed. I'm not a Baha'i and don't particularly care about the issues under dispute, but it's a bit like putting "Polesitters of Christ" and Catholicism on equal footing. - User:MMGB

The opening sentence read that "The Baha'i faith is the world's newest major religion". As the history and the number of followers is discussed extensively elsewhere, I edited it to something hopefully a little less potentially controversial. --User:Robert Merkel

Had to reintroduce (MMGB) had agreed I think that a link to the Orthodox Bahai article would be appropriate. now link has been removed. So reintroduced link for promotion of the NPOV.

The Bábí Faith has its own scriptures and religious teachings, but its duration was very short. Are there not still Bábísts who believe that their Messiah has not yet arrived? Or are they what we are calling the Orthodox Bahai? -- Zoe

 * There are not independent Babi's who have not accepted Baha'u'llah. The Babi religion was ruthlessley suppressed in Iran in the 1860's and the seat of growth and development moved to Israel with the expulsion of Baha'u'llah to Acca.  That said, this probebly belongs in the artcle too.  Baha'u'llah's half-brother Mirza-Yahya was appointed by the Bab during his lifetime to be the formal head of the Babi religion until "him whom God shall make manifest" appeared "in the year 9"  even before the Bab's death, Baha'u'llah was commonly accepted as the successor and for all practical purposes the Babi religion "rolled over" into the Baha'i religion.     If I could come up with a good way to say that, I would put it in the article itself.  The whole section on beliefs needs serious editing and I'll try to get to that soon.
 * rboatright

- I did a pretty substantial edit and re-write of the section on beliefs. It still needs a LOT of work, but I have reduced the repetativeness, imposed some order on the chaotic order of that section, edited for NPOV as much as I can in one evening, and am thinking about how to fix the rest.

I have a question tho. At what point in a long article like this do you break into either sub pages, or reffered pages? Is this one approaching "break it up" size? I don't have a sense of how long a "long" article is for the wikipedia. Rboatright 07:12 Feb 18, 2003 (UTC)
 * Nowadays, there is a notice when you open the edit box that says how long it is if it is over 32 kbs, the size at which some browsers have trouble editing.  Above 20 kbs, it is worth considering if there is a convenient cut-off point but there is no hard and fast rule.  If you want to see the warning when you click on edit this page, see Grammy Hall of Fame Award; this page doesn't have one, but a break-up may prove worthwhile if you can think of a good way of splitting up the information. Tuf-Kat
 * Ok, thanks - a break up is probebly in the offing then, 'cause this is confusing and unworkable. a one or two screen page with links to [bahai theology] and [bahai religious practice] and [bahai administration] and so forth, and moving the narrative from this page to the *EXISTING* pages for Baha'u'llah and Abdu'l-Baha with one paragraph summeries here would make an intro here far more useful and readable I think. Argh, now what have I said? As though I don't have anything USEFUL to do with my life.  :-) Rboatright

Um, I didn't do this, but the last "vandalism" brings up an important issue. Although it is not so prominent at this page, it is quite disproportionate I would say at other pages to give these miniscule splinter groups as was removed such prominent attention by allowing them to be listed everywhere. Would it be considered appropriate to have "See David Koreish" at every mention of Christianity? The numbers of such a group as just removed here are described by outside sources as being very small. This issue is particularly important given that the focal point of the Bahá'í Faith is unity and its clear Successorship which can deliver on that unity, at least for those who accept its provisions. The provisions are unambiguous, at least to the vast majority of those who either accept the (mainstream) Bahá'í Faith as is or those who might be inclined to leave or not join it. It is certainly not appropriate to suppress or vandalize the right of people to put up their own page in a proper venue (as on its own page if people want to create such a page), but I would say it is also not reasonable to have its references populated everywhere. - Brettz9 05:57 Apr 14, 2003 (UTC)

To give some examples of being populated disproportionately, see Bab, Bábís, Kitab-i-Aqdas, Bahaullah, Bab, 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi to name a few

From User talk:AdamRaizen

I noticed your work on moving "Baha'i Faith" to "Baha'i faith". As I understand it, "faith" is part of the name of the religion in this case, and so should be capitalised. I've checked a couple of reference books, and the Baha'i web site and they use this format. Would you object to me changing it back again? Regards -- sannse 09:23 Apr 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * You're right. Sorry, I thought I was making it conform with the naming conventions. Go ahead and change it back. -- AdamRaizen

end of moved text

I added back "brief" for years (while removing the redundant "only") because "only" can have a negative connotation here, as if the short period of time was somehow inadequate. It is a common linguistic phenomenon, accepted by linguists, that adjectives might not apply to the noun to which it is attached in a literal, exact manner (e.g., "short temper" does not mean the temper itself is short, but its time to onset). Here "brief" is particularly significant because to Bahá'ís, the short ministry of the Báb, preceding the coming of Bahá'u'lláh, both considered independent "Twin" Manifestations of God, testifies to the potency of this new Age. - Brettz9 18:37 Apr 20, 2003 (UTC)

--

Independent religions
The Bahá'í Faith is the second most widespread of the world's independent religions

I don't understand this-- what's an independent religion? Marnanel 05:52, May 17, 2004 (UTC)

Baptists are a variety of christianity, not an independent religion. Ditto methodists &c. 12ver Islam, is a variety of Shia Islam, which is a peer to Sunni Islam which has a sub-sect of Wahabi Islam. But Islam is independent of Christianity or Judeism despite being decendent from them as Abrahamic religions. Similarly the Baha'i faith is not a sect of Islam as some persian clerics contend (a 12ver heresy), but is an independent religion. Rick Boatright 22:52, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Suggested new first paragraph
The original is straight out of Bahá'í literature and rather overplayed itself. I've tried to keep the facts. I would appreciate comments as I don't often contribute. So here it is, the suggested new paragraph:

"The Bahá'í Faith is a monotheistic religion, whose members follow the teachings of Bahá'u'lláh, their prophet founder. The Bahá'í Faith is established in 236 countries and territories throughout the world, leading some people to claim that it is the second most widespread religion in the world. The only place where it doesn't have a presence is in the State of the Vatican City. Many followers live in the Middle East, especially Iran and Iraq. Worldwide 6 million followers come from over 2,100 ethnic, racial, and tribal groups. Bahá'í Scriptures have been translated into 802 languages."

 * "leading some people to claim that it is the second most widespread religion in the world.", this is actually a fact and not just what some people claim. "Many followers live in the Middle East, especially Iran and Iraq. " well, the 3 countries with most Bahai´s are India, Iran and USA. i think we should keep the current first paragraph. or at most add a few things (like the countries with more followers) - --Cyprus2k1 06:45, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

The claim that it is the most widespread religion is presented as fact without any evidence. It would be good to see some stats on the number of believers in each state/country. If this means that they are organised enough to have a postal address in every town, we should know about it. It would also be good to know where the majority of the believers lived.

 * as i said above, the majority of believers live in (by order) India, Iran and USA., "The claim that it is the most widespread religion is presented as fact without any evidence." it doesnt say its the most widespread religion, it say its the SECOND most widespread religion, it also says "The Bahá'í Faith is the SECOND most widespread of the world's independent religions IN TERMS OF COUNTRIES IN WICH IS REPRESNTED". - --Cyprus2k1 09:13, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Update: just checked www.adherents.com wich claims that the countries with most bahais are India, USA, Iran http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html, about the number of bahais, the figure most provided in current Baha'i publications is 6.5 milion, however in 1998 Encyclopedia Britannica reports 7.67 million, the reason for this is that the Bahai World Center refuses to "play games" of artificialy inflacting the number of believers, also notice that no one is "born" bahai, one can only become a bahai at age 15 or older and if it so wishes to. --Cyprus2k1 09:26, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I have read what you write and I have also had a quick look at the sources.

Before I continue this discussion I would like to ask what your relationship is with the Bahá'í Faith. It would also be good, although perhaps intrusive, to ask what your faith is.

For your information, by heritage I am protestant Christian. By belief, humanist atheist, (whatever that means!)

 * I´am, as you can see in my user page a Bahai, but i dont see how that has any relevance to the discussion (or maybe your just curious :) ). anyway, the Baha'i Faith is the SECOND most (and not THE most) widespread religion in the world acording to Encyclopedia Britanica (and also the Bahai World Center). so i guess we could change, "acording to Encyclopedia Britanica" - --Cyprus2k1 14:29, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * btw, plese leave your signature.. --Cyprus2k1 14:29, 18 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Independent religion
The beginning section of this article says more than once that Baha'i is an "independent" religion. What does that mean? Also it says "according to some" it is the newest such religion. Who are those "some"? IbnRushd 04:44, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Talk:Bah%E1%27%ED_Faith - --Cyprus2k1 08:18, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

If the definition of independent religion is, as you said, inclusive of Christianity (admittedly more widespread than Bahai) and Islam (for population information, see http://islamicweb.com/begin/population.htm), why is Bahai not at least the third most widespread religion? As an aside, I do not know how much of an accomplishment it is to be widespread as it is to have a strong community of believers where the religion can thrive and believers can help each other grow. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.238.141.106 (talk • contribs).

which empire?

 * "The machinations of the Persian and Ottoman authorities took Bahá'u'lláh further and further into exile, from Baghdad to Istanbul (Constantinople), then to Edirne (formerly Adrianople, also within the Ottoman Empire), and finally, in 1868, to the penal colony of Acre (in present-day Israel), on the very edge of the Empire."
 * Ottoman or Persian? -Lethe | Talk 08:33, Jan 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually both. Bahá'u'lláh's first exile was from Tehran to Baghdad and that was solely due to the Persian authorities banishing him from Persia (he was free to choose his destination, and he chose Baghdad).  But them his exile from Baghdad to Constantinople was due mostly to the Persian authorities, even though Bahá'u'lláh was in Baghdad.  According to Baha'i sources, the Persian authorities through the ministers of the Shah and the Persian Ambassador wanted Bahá'u'lláh to be moved further from the Persian empire.  They succeeded in convincing the Ottomon authorities, especially the Grand Vizier, to send Bahá'u'lláh to Constantinople.  Even in Constantinople, the Persian Ambassador persisted in arousing the hostility of the Ottoman authorities against Bahá'u'lláh, which led to his exile to Adrianople.   The exile from Adrianople to Akka, however, was mainly due to the Ottoman empires.  Fadeaway919 16:10, Jan 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * And there is not a single shred of reliable historical evidence for this claim. Edward Browne, as you may well know, was very sympathetic to both the Babis and Bahais (particularly to the Babis).  He was (and is) a highly respected scholar.  He personally met both Bahaullah and Subh-i Azal.  He also, justifiably in my opinion, hated the Qajars (the ruling dynaty of Persia at that time).  Why didn't Edward Browne say anything about Iran pressuring the Ottoman empire to move the Bahais farther away from Iran?  This claim only exists in the Bahai literature.  The fact that so many inaccuracies, falsehoods, contradictions, speculations and slanted interpretations and claims exist in the Bahai culture should be enough to make any intelligent person to think about this movement.  --Amir 19:01, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Claim from authoritative Western source: 1988 Encyclopedia Brittannica, article Baha'i Faith:  "He was released in January 1853 and exiled to Bag had. There Bahá'u'lláh's leadership revived the Bábí community, and an alarmed Persian government urged the Ottoman government to move both Bahá'u'lláh and the growing number of his followers farther away from Persia's borders." -- Fadeaway919 19:31, Jan 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * I suspect that is based on Bahai literature. Can you point out to any hard authentic historical evidence to support that claim? Without existence of reliable evidence, it will be speculation at best.  --Amir 21:11, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Akká was the penal colony of the Ottoman Empire. --Jmenon 19:26, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive History


text:
Category:High schools in South Carolina

 * List of school districts in South Carolina

title: Category:High schools in South Carolina


text:
Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive Laws

Punishments for Arson and other crimes.
Well, the listed punishment for arson was certainly partially correct... the below from "Lights of Guidance"

 * 1198. Penalty for Arson -- Laws for a More Evolved Society

 * "As regards the question you raised about the penalty for arson in the Aqdas, the penalty for arson is burning or life imprisonment; in other word the same penalty as for first degree murder.

 * "We must not question this, but studying the Bahá'í Faith and its Teachings in their entirety, realize that the Law of God for this Day is a healing for the nations, and that, at a future period when a purely Bahá'í society exists and these laws can be enforced, humanity may have reached a much higher point to evolution than at present, and the mere threat of them may be sufficient in most cases to protect the Community and protect the law from being broken."

 * (From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi to an individual believer, February 15, 1957)
 * (Compilations, Lights of Guidance, p. 357)

as to branding homosexuals, that is simply false, period... There is NO MENTION of branding as a punishment in Baha'i literature except to DISCLAIM it, not to impose it. The following from "Messages of the Universal House of Justice 1963 - 1986" explains:

 * 251.4d 3. The punishments prescribed for theft, murder and arson are given only in barest outline. It is explained in Note 42 on page 64 of the Synopsis and Codification that these punishments are intended for a future condition of 450  society and will have to be supplemented and applied by the Universal House of Justice. The punishment for theft, for example, says that for the third offence a mark must be placed on the thief's forehead (nothing is said about branding), so that people will be warned of his proclivities. All details of how the mark is to be applied, how long it must be worn, on what conditions it may be removed, as well as the seriousness of various degrees of theft have been left by Bahá'u'lláh for the Universal House of Justice to decide when the law has to be applied. Similarly, merely the fundamental principles of the punishments for murder and arson are given in the Kitáb-i- Aqdas. Wilful murder is to be punished either by capital punishment or life imprisonment. Such matters as degrees of offence and whether any extenuating circumstances are to be taken into account, and which of the two prescribed punishments is to be the norm are left to the Universal House of Justice to decide in light of prevailing conditions when the law is in operation. Arson, as you yourself can see from the newspapers, is becoming an increasingly frequent offence -- scarcely a day passes without some building being burned or blown up, often causing agonizing death to innocent people. Bahá'u'lláh prescribes that a person who burns a house intentionally is to be burned or imprisoned for life, but again, the application of these punishments, the method of carrying them out and the fixing of degrees of offence are left to the Universal House of Justice. Obviously there is a tremendous difference in the degree of the offence of a person who burns down an empty warehouse from that of one who sets fire to a school full of children.
 * (The Universal House of Justice, Messages 1963 to 1986, p. 449)

As to your other edit, Cyrpus, Baha'is ARE obliged to support the faith with Material Offerings....

 * "And as the progress and extension of spiritual activities is dependent and conditioned upon material means, it is of absolute necessity that immediately after the establishment of Local as well as National Spiritual Assemblies, a Bahá'í Fund be established, to be placed under the exclusive control of the Spiritual Assembly. All donations and contributions should be offered to the Treasurer of the Assembly, for the express purpose of promoting the interests of the Cause, throughout the locality or country. It is the sacred obligation of every conscientious and faithful servant of Bahá'u'lláh who desires to see His Cause advance, to contribute freely and generously for the increase of that Fund..."
 * (Shoghi Effendi, Directives from the Guardian, p. 32)

But, that means giving money to the fund not burning sacrifices on the alter. Also, let us not forget the Huquq.....

 * 18. The minimum amount subject to Huququ'lláh is reached when ones possessions are worth the number of Vahid (19); that is, whenever one owneth 19 mithqals of gold, or acquireth possessions attaining this value, after having deducted therefrom the yearly expenses, the Huquq becometh applicable and its payment is obligatory.
 * (Compilations, Huququ'llah)

Rick Boatright 18:06, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * im interested in knowing where 148.188.128.36 "learned" such things, as they are partial correct, but twisted, maybe he made it up, or who told him did.

 * 1. as for the penalty for arson, is true but doesnt tell the "whole story"(as we can check in Shoghi Effendi letter above) probably on purpose to make a negative impression.
 * 2. as for branding of homosexuals, this is clearly false, i think that this was twisted from the punishments prescribed for theft..
 * 3. as for the Material Offerings thing, i think this was taken (twisted) from the Babi faith since "to offer priceless gifts to its founder" was a Babi Law (i think), but its not a Bahai law (the Aqdas abolishes it). anyway, it says "to contribute FREELY and generously for the increase of that Fund...", this contribution is a duty, but not a real obligation, Rboatright, if you are a bahai, you know that  NO ONE will ever come to you saying "if you dont offer something you are not a bahai anymore", in fact this kind of thing (pressure) is forbiden, pratices of plates going around asking (pressuring) for funds as we can see in some churches are also forbiden.
 * Huququ'llah came to appliance by the Universal House of Justice some time ago, but for now, its still up to each Bahai to pay it or not, no one imposses anything...

 * anyway, 1. and 2.(on theft) are Bahai "State" Law, and not "Spiritual" Laws and ordinances, so they shouldnt be there anyway. if someone wants to create a article about Bahai "State" Law, good luck (it will require a lot of work) :) - --Cyprus2k1 19:28, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive Laws


text:
Blue States (band)

Blue States is an English electronic music group headed by Andy Dragazis. The band has been active since 1997, and is currently based in London, England. A track from their 2002 album Man Mountain, "Season Song", is featured on the soundtrack to the British horror film 28 Days Later. The album 'Restless Spheres' was released on 16 September 2016.

Discography

 * Nothing Changes Under the Sun (2000)
 * Man Mountain (2002)
 * The Soundings (2004)
 * First Steps Into... (2007)
 * Sum of the Parts (2009), a B-Sides collection
 * Restless Spheres (2016)
 * World Contact Day (2022)

title: Blue States (band)


text: Template:NYCS Sea Beach south

title: Template:NYCS Sea Beach south


text: Template:NYCS West End south

title: Template:NYCS West End south


text:
Category:High schools in West Virginia

Articles about high schools in the U.S. state of West Virginia.

title: Category:High schools in West Virginia


text: Template:NYCS Brighton south

title: Template:NYCS Brighton south


text:
Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive Orthodox

Orthodox Baha'i Faith editwar
Belief Net rules require a neutral point of view when discussing topics. This is often times hard for us when we hold passionate viewpoints, however, I have had to change the wording somewhat on the link which was at first dropped and then changed to refer to another belief as "small, marginal and dissedent" this is not neutral, I persaonlly can live with small, but when addign the other color words to it, it intends to denigrate the group Orthodox Baha'i and is against belief net policy.

 * Well, a link to the Orthodox Baha'i Faith _belongs_ on this page. Now, based on best available estimates, their total membership WORLDWIDE is under 200, but still, as the most prominent dissident group on the web, they deserve mention, if only because people WILL encounter them in searches and stuff.

 * So, I agree with having the page there.  I _do_think "small" might be appropriate ,but I'll live with the wording as it is.

 * Rick Boatright

 * Recently deleted by Anon without a summary. --Menchi 00:57, Aug 2, 2003 (UTC)

Recently re-added to preserve a neutral point of view, I also have left the word small in. This tends to happen quite often getting beyond coinsidence isnt it? multiman

Well well the fellow just does nto udnerstand how wikipedia works, so restoring again as wekpedia does call for a neutral point of view and not deleting referencs to other articles where they are applicable. It can ultimately get you kicked off.

 * added it back in _again_ It's getting really old editing the OBF back in and in, and I _hate_ those people.  Oh well, one of the burdons I suppose. Rick Boatright 11/27/2003

Well it is edited out again, I am editing it back in so have you more than once, how can we report this retard who just doesnt seem to get the rules about editing out refernces? Oh by the way sorry to hear about your hatred, but we all bear burdens. :-) multiman

 * Yes, it is. You know, from where I sit, it's a fairly simple case of heresy.  :-)   But that doesn't mean it isn't _real_.  We have to deal with that every day on usenet. Why would people want to try to erase the existance of something.  If it _is_ a heresy, the simplest thing to do is to EXPOSE that. this constant effort to hide them just calls attention to their cause.  Arrrrrggghhhh   anyway, thanks MM Rick Boatright  01DEC2003

Thanks for the re-edit, I also contacted Jimmy Wales about it to see what could be done if it continues. Read your edit comments, please make such a proposal, I really dont think CGd gets it and who ever the IP address fellow is, both seem to be doing it unless they are one and the same. They also saw fit on 2 other pages to make these revisions in the name of NPOV. I cut some slack for a while since I had some trouble myself int he early days on wikipedia understandign what was meant by NPOV, but my patiece is wearing thin. Again, while we may not agree I appreciagte you intellectual honesty. Multiman

Just took a look at latest revision which again removes the link to OBF,I therefore reverted back to the earlier article which has link, in order to preserve NPOV and eliminate possible link terrorism multiman  13Jan04 - Small question. If you look in the Christianity article, you'll notice that whenever Christ is referred to in the third person, there's never a capital. However, for Babi, there is. Shouldn't this be standardised? I am (very, very) mildly put out that while people will give this mark of respect to one founder of a religion, they won't to another--and of course, it's not really very NPOV. Either small-letters Babi, i.e. he, him, his; or capitalise Jesus (He, Him, His). After all, Christians hold Jesus in at least as high regard as Baha'ists hold Babi and Bahaullah! Wooster 15:53, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Well Baha'is at least certainly wouldn't have a problem with pronouns referring to Jesus being capitalized--as we do it ourselves for Him! The articles here depend on the whim of those editing the pages, I would say (unless you want to suggest to the powers-that-be here that some strict policy be made about it).  On the one hand, religionists (or protagonists of a specific Faith tradition) feel that their view of a Divine Being is perfectly "neutral" view to hold (or more accuratley, an objective view), and they do not want to be disrespectful or apologetic of their beliefs by writing as if they did not believe it.  However, I think most reasonably-minded people (at least of Faith) would realize that at a website such as this, that even though they may capitalize pronouns themselves in their writing, they are not going to get upset if other people of a different mindset--especially if it is a majority opinion--wish to change them.  So, unless there is a specific policy about it, go ahead and make a change, if you wish, at either site and see what kind of reaction you get!  :)  Brettz9 03:17, 23 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Schism section
Oh, hi Rick Boatright. Obviously, those minority orthodox bahai' sect being "covenant breakers" who "attack" the bahai faith is POV of the majority sect. Obviously if you follow majority sect, such POV is a fact/truth but this site is not the place to make such claim. I tried to make more proper attribution of such POV in this regard. As long as POV is correctly attributed, I have no problem. Also, if someone within the faith breaks away and forms another group, that would fall into the linguistic definition of schism. To say "some would claim a schism of the Bahá'í Faith has occurred" is going bit too far away from NPOV policy of this site. IMO, the correct attribution would be to state that for theological reason, some Bahai faithfuls deny such schism ever occured. Well, as for my POV, the quote made in the section seems to imply that prevention of schism is conditional to "the ordination and appointment of the Centre of the Covenant". But that seems to be the whole point of the Ramey thingy and this site is not the place to "judge" such matter. However, if anyone can explain the controversy, that would be a definite contribution to this site. FWBOarticle

title: Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive Orthodox


text:
Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive NPOV

NPOV Problem
I noticed that Bahalluah is referred to in the 'proper pronoun' sence as in "He formally announced His mission to His family " Is there actually precident to do this? I am reading this article as a curious third party and the use of the 'proper pronoun' instantly told me that the writer is a follower of the faith. The rest of the text is factual and informative though (like others I would like to see some qualification for the "second most wide-spread religion claim"... as in how the spread of a religion is counted).

The text made me think that followers consider Bahalluah as the latest (final?) in a string of prophets from Moses to Jesus to Mohammed... etc.. and I dont think the proper pronoun would be used in referring to any of them.

I recommend to just use the lowercase form in the article.

-anonymous user 6-29-2004

 * Well, it is the case that Baha'i do tend to uppercase pronouns when refering to Baha'u'llah. But then, we tend to upper case pronouns when refering to Mohammed, Jesus, The Buddha, Zoroaster, & Etc. Moslems do the same thing.  I note that christians are inconsistant in this matter.   It really bothers you? Rick Boatright 23:33, 29 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * about the seccond most widespread please see the section above. Baha´is consider Baha'u'llah to be the most recent but not the last of the manifestations of God. - --Cyprus2k1 13:51, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I raised this earlier this year (see discussion here a little further up) and was revisiting some old contributions to see what had happened afterwards (yeah, I know it takes a while...) I looked up policy, to see if there was one on this issue, and, as I suspected, there is.

 * The Manual of Style has a section on this very issue. Officially, Bahaullah and the others aren't meant to be referred to with capitals for pronouns.  I guess someone with the will and the time could knuckle down and make sure we've got an article which is consistent here.

 * For the record, it doesn't offend me particularly, although I could well understand the reaction of someone who was offended. I was rather surprised to notice the discrepancy, and that's really my motivation for bringing this up.  My concern is that the 'Pedia be seen to be being consistent in its usage--and this is an area where I would feel more strongly than some others.  Wooster 17:31, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * This just in. I decided to have a bash at making this article consistent with policy (frankly, I wonder whether it wouldn't be less hassle to make policy consistent with this article and give the folks over at Christianity what for...).  I hope I got it right.  If it was in quote marks, I left it.  I decapitalised He, Him, His, Father, Grandfather.  Probably a Himself, too.  I didn't do Guardian or Messenger.  I toyed with One and decided against it--The_Matrix being a precedent : ) Wooster 14:39, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Be more specific
This article does indeed look like an advertisement pamphlet in some places. I think that giving factual evidence for all that praise would surely help. One example: "Bahá'ís have also become increasingly involved in projects of social and economic development around the world." is absolutely not factual. It's just a statement that is quite biased. Is this a claim of some Bahai guy or is it a fact? And if it's a fact, you need to qualify it by saying "Bahais spent 10 zillions of dollars building hydroelectric plants in poor countries" or "Bahais printed 10 trillions of copies of multiplication tables and gave them to poor children", stuff like that. :) Any evidence that Bahais are in fact involved, preferably with some references.

I would not dive in editing this article, because my knowledge of Bahai religion is limited, so I could only go through the text and delete all such unstubstantiated claims. It would be better if someone more familiar with the subject would try to locate some facts and references first. Paranoid 14:18, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

FAC
I think something needs to be done before it can be a featured article. I am not saying there are factual errors in this article, but I think lack of external perspective prevents it from being of a featured article. There is an inherent bias in writing an article from the position of an insider. What do people outside of this religion think about Bahai Faith? Paranoid 17:51, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * i want to help, but im afraid i dont understand what you mean... i tryed comparing other religon articles like Buddhism( which was a featured article) and see nothing like "what people outside think" - --Cyprus2k1 18:32, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Check out Scientology instead. :))) Of course, in no way do I imply that Bahai is an evil totalitarian sect, I just think that it would help you understand my point. Buddhism, IMHO, is slightly more neutral and factual, it doesn't say that the religion is "good" as often. Also, it's an established (so it's well known) religion and relatively uncontroversial. I should clearly state that I don't see any significant problems in the article, it's more a matter of style and the feeling when reading it. I thought that it's caused by the fact that the Buddism article was (probably to a large extent) written from the position of outsiders (and what bias was initially there was probably removed by intensive editing), while Baha'i Faith article was probably written mostly by people connected with this religion and wasn't edited that much. For me the impression that it's a slightly sugary and PRy text was noticeable.

 * So I think that an unbiased editor could really help this article to improve. Paranoid 19:17, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * But where does it say the religion is "good" :)? note that a religion does not necessary has to be or have something "bad" (a common view, at least in someparts of europe), if the article has something stating (as a fact) the religion is "good" (or "bad") that such is POV and should be corrected, so please point out... :)
 * i think that an article on independent religion could clarify things, since it seems to confuse people.
 * just to clarify something( this is not criticism..),the term "sect" is often confused with the term "cult", a sect is a branch from a main religion (so technically we could say the catholic church is one of the sects of christianity), the Bahai Faith is not considered a sect (of islam) the same way Christianity is not considered a sect of Judaism. (and thus the term "independent religion") - --Cyprus2k1 20:41, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * As I said, there are no glaring POV errors, but it appears to me that there is bias (because the article was written by the supporters). BTW, personally I think that any religion is very bad and all believers should be reeducated (though, from what little I know about Bahai, it's much better than most religions), but that should not distract us. Let me say it again, there aren't glaring errors and most sections are actually fine. But overall the article looks to me like it could benefit from someone unrelated to Bahai carefully going through it and correcting the style (and possibly some content) slightly. Sorry, it's not very constructive. :(

 * Thanks for correcting my wrong use of "sect". In my native language the term "sekta" is usually used to mean cults like scientology, Moon's church, etc. Paranoid 22:31, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive NPOV


text:
Aston on Clun

Aston on Clun is a village in south Shropshire, England.

It lies near to the River Clun, with the brook from Hopesay flowing through the village itself, and is on the B4368 road between the towns of Clun and Craven Arms. The village of Broome, which has a railway station, is also close by. It is in the civil parish of Hopesay.

Amenities
There is a public house, the "Kangaroo Inn" (named after a 19th-century Atlantic "cable runner" ship) and next door a small car garage. Until recently, the village had a post office and, since 2013, the village has had a small convenience shop once again, now located by the village hall.

To the rear of the village hall is a large (modern) village green.

Attractions
At the centre of the village lies an Arbor Tree, which usually has flags ceremonially held amongst its branches. The village still celebrates Arbor Day, a tree dressing ceremony related to Oak Apple Day, annually on the last Sunday in May.

History
In 1949 the Oaker Estate was wound up and auctioned off in small plots as lots. The estate covered almost all of the village and surrounding countryside, including the Kangaroo Inn which was lot number 1. Inside the pub today the original maps, auction documents and deeds of the Oaker Estate sale can be seen.

The present-day post town is Craven Arms; previously Aston on Clun was a post town itself.

title: Aston on Clun


text:
Houston Street Line

Houston Street Line may refer to::

 * Houston Street Line (surface), a bus route in Manhattan, New York City
 * Houston–Essex Street Line, a rapid-transit line in Manhattan, New York City

title: Houston Street Line


text:
1924 in Germany

The following lists events that happened during 1924 in the Weimar Republic.

National level

 * President - Friedrich Ebert (Social Democrats)

 * Chancellor - Wilhelm Marx (Centre)

Events

 * 4 January – The Emminger Reform is enacted that abolished the jury system and replaced it with a mixed system of judges and lay judges.
 * 31 January – Leaders of independent republic of the Rhineland Palatinate attempting to formally secede from Germany fails from lack of support.
 * 23 February – Great Britain reduces German reparation recovery duties on German goods to 5% due to Germany's economic troubles.
 * 26 February – The trial of Adolf Hitler for the Beer Hall Putsch begins and will last until 1 April.
 * 3 March – Germany signs a treaty of friendship with Turkey.
 * 4 May – German federal election, May 1924
 * 26 May – Wilhelm Marx's government resigns after negotiations break down for a coalition.
 * 6 June – Germany accepts the Dawes Plan for the reduction of World War I reparations.
 * 16 August – Representatives of the French government agree to leave the Ruhr in the Occupation of the Ruhr during the London Conference of World War I reparations.
 * 29 August – The German Reichstag approves the Dawes Plan.
 * 30 August – The German Reichsbank begins operating independently of the German government by issuing a new mark after the hyperinflation completely devaluates the old mark.
 * 10 October – An international loan is granted to Germany to help the reconstruction of Germany's economy and industry.
 * 18–30 November – France and Belgium return control of the Ruhr to Germany in the Occupation of the Ruhr.
 * 7 December – German federal election, December 1924
 * German company Hugo Boss was founded.

Arts and literature

 * Thomas Mann's novel Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain) is published.
 * Kurt Hielscher's photographic album Deutschland: Baukunst und Landschaft (Germany: Architecture and Landscapes) is published.
 * Forbidden Paradise, starring Pola Negri, Rod La Rocque, and Adolphe Menjou, is released by director Ernst Lubitsch.
 * The Last Laugh, starring Emil Jannings, is released by director F.W. Murnau.
 * Waxworks, starring William Dieterle, Emil Jannings, Conrad Veidt, and Werner Krauss, is released by director Paul Leni.
 * The opera Intermezzo is first performed by Richard Strauss in Dresden, Germany.
 * Artist Kurt Schwitters creates the Merz 32 collage.
 * Die Häschenschule a children's book written by Albert Sixtus and illustrated by Fritz Koch-Gotha is published.

Births

 * 3 January – Otto Beisheim, German businessman (died 2013)
 * 4 January – Marianne Werner, German athlete (died 2023)
 * 15 January – Georg Ratzinger, German priest and conductor (died 2020)
 * 3 February – Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern, German nobleman (died 2010)
 * 12 February – Karl-Heinz Kipp, German entrepreneur (died 2017)
 * 4 March – Gert Boyle, German-born American businesswoman (died 2019)
 * 11 March – Peter Scholl-Latour, German journalist (died 2014)
 * 15 March – Walter Gotell, German actor (died 1997)
 * 27 March – Herbert Zangs, German artist (died 2003)
 * 8 April – Günter Pfitzmann, German actor (died 2003)
 * 10 April – Wolfgang Menge, German television director and journalist (died 2012)
 * 23 April – Ruth Leuwerik, German film actress (died 2016)
 * 3 May – Yehuda Amichai, German-born Israeli poet (died 2000)
 * 4 May – Hans-Günther Thalheim, German Germanist and linguist (died 2018)
 * 12 May – Jürgen Dethloff, German engineer (died 2002)
 * 14 May – Coco Schumann, jazz musician (died 2018)
 * 23 May – Karlheinz Deschner, German writer (died 2014)
 * 31 May – Gisela May, German actress and singer (died 2016)
 * 3 June – Günther Rühle, German theatre critic (died 2021)
 * 4 June – Heinz Westphal, German politician (died 1998)
 * 10 June – Friedrich L. Bauer, German computer scientist (died 2015)
 * 19 June – Anneliese Rothenberger, German operatic soprano (died 2010)
 * 20 June – Rainer Barzel, German politician (died 2006)
 * 5 July – Niels Jannasch, German-born Canadian historian and museum curator (died 2001)
 * 25 July – Arnold Weiss, German-born American soldier (died 2010)
 * 15 August – Werner Abrolat, German actor (died 1997)
 * 16 August – Ralf Bendix, German Schlager singer, music producer, composer and songwriter (died 2014)
 * 18 August – Armin, Prince of Lippe, German nobleman (died 2015)
 * 2 September – Wolfgang Zeidler, German judge (died 1987)
 * 4 September – Helmut Schlesinger, German economist
 * 15 October – Marguerite Andersen, German-Canadian author and educator (died 2022)
 * 6 November – Jeanette Schmid, Czech-born entertainer (died 2005)
 * 18 November – Elfie Pertramer, German actress (died 2011)
 * 30 November – Otto Kaiser, German biblical scholar (died 2017)
 * 6 December
 * Harald Heckmann, German musicologist (died 2023)
 * Meinrad Miltenberger, German canoeist (died 1993)
 * 11 December – Heinz Schenk, German actor and television presenter (died 2014)
 * 15 December – Esther Béjarano, German member of the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz (died 2021)

Deaths

 * 20 January – Franz Dibelius, German Protestant theologian (born 1847)
 * 27 February – Hans Georg Friedrich Groß, German balloonist and airship constructor (born 1860)
 * 20 March – Adolf von Scholz, German politician (born 1833)
 * 10 April – Hugo Stinnes, German industrialist and politician. (born 1870)
 * 23 April – Karl Helfferich, German politician (born 1872)
 * 25 April – Ernst Büchner, German chemist (born 1850)
 * 11 August – Franz Heinrich Schwechten, German architect (born 1841)
 * 10 October – Carl von Thieme, German banker (born 1844)
 * 2 December – Hugo von Seeliger, German astronomer (born 1849)

title: 1924 in Germany


text:
Talk:Baháʼí Faith/Archive Covenant of Bahá'u'lláh and division

Excommunicated vs. expelled
Hi, I'm Jonathan Menon and I am a Canadian living in Italy. I have just found Wikipedia and made a couple of changes today, including changing the word "excommunicated" to "expelled". In my opinion the term "excommunicated" is a very "loaded" word, carrying a great deal of residual assumptions with it from its history in the Catholic church, one of which is the power of the Pope and the way that power has been exercised over the centuries. Of course, the very definition of power in the Faith and the use of authority by the Institutions of the Faith, is very different from this particular reading. "Expelled" has less baggage with it, and I thought it would be more appropriate.

I also have some other things to add, which I will do over the next while.

I would like to see this article become a featured article, and am willing to help in achieving that.

Best wishes,

Jonathan

Jmenon 08:39, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

More on schism
Brett9 removed the following:

 * Prior to the 1970s no such attempt survived beyond its founder's death.

This is simply historically true. The various Remeyite organizations were the first schismatic group of Baha'is to persist past the death of their founder. No followers of Mirza Yahya continued past his death, etc. Unless Brent can come up with an example, I'm going to keep reverting this one. Rick Boatright 21:31, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I just realized my mistake. I had interpreted the statement for some reason as referring to no attempt surviving beyond the successive passing of authority in the Faith (e.g., the Muhammad 'Alí groups claiming authority from 'Abdu'l-Bahá's time outliving 'Abdu'l-Bahá and continuing their claims, which they did). My apologies.  If you feel there is some reason to put it in, it is your prerogative. I don't think it is particularly remarkable given that any such movements would naturally try to find at least some remote, albeit unconvincing, connection to the times in which authority was passing. [[User:Brettz9|Brettz9 (talk)]] 16:06, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reverted to the earlier edition, as links were removed and to restore a more NPOV as user Saed removed links against Wiki rules, and removed any reference to any other point of view.

 * maybe the really question is, is really a matter of NPOV and wiki rules, or is wikipedia being victim of (just) one or two persons actively envolved in defamation?? - --Cyprus2k1 21:03, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

This entire article reeks of a Baha'i pamphlet or a press release. There is almost none of the controversial issues about the Baha'i faith, and when these have been added Baha'i apologists remove them. Scientology, anyone?

 * nonsense, your just pissed off because you really cant find any arguments to necessarly include obf reference in the other articles so now you turned to a personal attack with a very false analogy. - --Cyprus2k1 09:46, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Cypress is violating the norms of wikipedia by removing content. I am a former member of the Baha'i faith and am posting anonymously to avoid reprisals against my family who are still members of the Baha'i faith and could face consequences. I was driven out of the Baha'i faith by members of the local spiritual assembly who threatened to remove my administrative rights. I have a right to add factual information of relevance to the readers of this article, even if such information is not appreciated by the Baha'i religious authorities.

Cypress, please quit removing factual content. You are welcome to edit factual content, not revert or remove it in toto. Continued reversions or mass deletions will result in me escalating this dispute to Wikipedia mediation and arbitration processes if necessary. Thanks!

65.184.35.245 22:48, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * ok. first of all, please please please stop hipocritly using "wikipedia norms" as i way to state untrue(or twisted/misleading) facts on the articles.
 * if you were driven out, you probably did CONTINUOUSLY something VERY wrong(i.e endangering the community or trying to take control)
 * about the reprisals thing.., no one will come after you (on the contrary). this is obviously a Appeal to emotion and Appeal to fear(what is the use of posting anonymously if you then post your own website??)
 * __
 * ok. i absolutely hate edit wars, so lets discuss this:
 * __
 * things i deleted and why:
 * __
 * "Homosexual marriage and sexual activity is strictly forbidden." this is not tottaly factual and is misleading(read: twisted fact), sexual activity is forbidden BEFORE marriage, which is what "Chastity outside marriage is required. " means.
 * __
 * " -- the ultimate sanction to compel obedience and submission to Baha'i authority." is POV...
 * (see history for other POV to NPOV edits/added(added.. NOT deleted...))
 * __
 * "Some critics of the Baha'i Faith argue that the Baha'i religious authorities use the threat of declaration as a "covenant breaker" in order to stifle free speech"
 * what do you mean by "Baha'i religious authorities"? its a very weird thing to say since there is no clergy in the bahai faith and institutions are bahais themselves.
 * no one uses the "threat of declaration as a "covenant breaker" in order to stifle free speech" but since you say "some critics argue", hey, what can one do?
 * - --Cyprus2k1 11:46, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

65.184.35.245, I came here because of your note on Talk:Main Page. dab (ᛏ) 16:17, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If you pick a random username, you will be more anonymous than with your IP visible, which shows you are in the US
 * I find nothing scandalous in C2k1's reversion.

Dbachmann, maybe I'll go out and revert some of your edits I disagree with then, since you don't disapprove of blanket reverts from critics.

Cyprus, if you think there are no religious authorities in the Baha'i faith, you are mistaken. Who do you think the UHJ, 4 North American Continental Councillors, 50+ Auxiliary Board members and 4000+ assistants do? Not sure how many where you live, but I suspect it is comparable. Mostly those "assistants" spy on the believers and report back anything "questionable" they hear.

Thanks for making much more reasonable edits this time. 63.106.106.2 20:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * everyone mentioned are also bahais, they are not "priests".i know many of those members myself, there is no "persecution" or any weird conspiracy theory. i will not bother to discuss this further since wikipedia is not a forum... - --Cyprus2k1 20:39, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Changes made by 204.50.168.164
204.50.168.164 says he eliminated some unnecessary and very marginal information. Most of the information he removed regards the very small (tiny) division in the Faith and other negative attitudes towards the Baha'i Faith. Even though I'm a Baha'i and don't believe those negative viewpoints, I see them as necessary in the article to keep a NPOV. Thus in the spirit of being impartial I am reverting them. --Navidazizi 15:18, 06 Jan 2005 (UTC)


text:
Alice Maher

Alice Maher (born 1956)  is a contemporary Irish artist working in a variety of media, including sculpture, photography and installation.

Education
Maher was born in Kilmoyler, near Bansha, County Tipperary and received her early education at Ballydrehid National School and at Coláiste Chríost Rí, Cahir. She later graduated from the University of Limerick and the Crawford College of Art in Cork. Then she undertook an MA at the University of Ulster, Belfast in 1985 and 1986. Maher spent time in San Francisco Art Institute in 1986 as a Fulbright Scholar.

Career
Maher works in a range of media, often from outside the tradition of fine art and more from the natural and domestic world, such as hair, nettles, bees and thorns. She has explored the themes of childhood and death, such as Mnemosyne, 2003, wherein she creates a bedlike structure constructed from refrigerator coils; when the coils become frosty they gleam a luminous white sheen. She is interested in how identities, particularly gendered identities, are constructed by history and culture.

Exhibitions
Maher's work was the subject of a survey show at the Irish Museum of Modern Art, IMMA, in 2012 titled Becoming. The exhibition took place in the IMMA's temporary location at Earlsfort Terrace as the museum was undergoing renovations at the time. Maher represented Ireland at the São Paulo Art Biennial in 1994.

Collaborations
Maher has collaborated with artists from a range of disciplines. She collaborated with the composer Trevor Knight since 1999. Knight has produced soundtracks for her animated videos. Visitant, a live show combining dance, music and visual art, was a collaboration between Maher, Knight, the Butoh dancer Gyohei Zaitsu and musician Áine O'Dwyer. Visitant was performed at the Project Arts Centre in 2014.

Maher's film Cassandra's Necklace, produced for her retrospective exhibition at IMMA in 2015, was based on an unpublished script by Irish writer Anne Enright and features the actress Charlie Murphy.

In 2018, Maher collaborated with the poet Doireann Ní Ghríofa on the book Nine Silences published by Salvage Press.

Collections

 * Berry Dress, 1994, The Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin
 * The Arts Council of Ireland including
 * Nettle Coat (1996)
 * The Crawford Gallery, Cork, including
 * Irish Dancers (1992)
 * Fairytale Wall (2002), Special Investigation Unit, Level 2, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast

title: Alice Maher


text:
Evelyn Beatrice Longman

Evelyn Beatrice Longman (November 21, 1874 – March 10, 1954) was an American sculptor whose allegorical figure works were commissioned as monuments and memorials, adornment for public buildings, and attractions at art expositions in the early 20th-century. She became the first woman sculptor to be elected a full member of the National Academy of Design in 1919.

Early life and education
The daughter of Edwin Henry and Clara Delitia (Adnam) Longman, she was born on a farm near Winchester, Ohio. At the age of 14, she earned a living working in a Chicago dry-goods store. At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, which she visited when she was almost 19 years old, Longman was inspired to become a sculptor. She attended Olivet College in Michigan for one year but returned to Chicago to study anatomy, drawing, and sculpture. Working under Lorado Taft at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, she earned her diploma for the four-year course of study in only two years.

In 1901, Longman moved to New York, where she studied with Hermon Atkins MacNeil and Daniel Chester French. Her debut in large-scale public sculpture came at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, where her male figure, Victory, was deemed so excellent in invention and technique that it was given a place of honor on the top of the fair's centerpiece building, Festival Hall. A smaller bronze version, a statuette dated 1903, was later located, and in 2007 was sold at auction for $7,800—a small price for a piece representing the hallmark of a celebrated sculptor.

Career
Longman's 1915 Genius of Electricity, a gilded male nude, was commissioned by AT&T Corporation for the top of their corporate headquarters in downtown Manhattan. The figure was reproduced on Bell Telephone directories across the country from 1938 until the 1960s. Around 1920, Longman assisted Daniel Chester French and Henry Bacon by creating the sculptural decorations for the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. In 1923, she won the Watrous Gold Medal for best sculpture.

Longman is also often noted for sculpting the hands on the Lincoln Memorial, although this is not confirmed to be true. She assisted with many aspects of the Lincoln Memorial, but French himself modeled the hands.

In 1918, Longman was hired by Nathaniel Horton Batchelder, the headmaster of the Loomis Chaffee School, to sculpt a memorial to his late wife. Two years later, she married Batchelder, moving to Connecticut at the height of her career. During the next 30 years, Longman completed dozens of commissions, both architectural and independent works, throughout the United States. She was an active member of the Loomis Chaffee School, donating countless items that are currently held still at the school, as well as in the surrounding town. Her work was also part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.

After her husband's retirement, Longman moved her studio to Cape Cod, where she died in 1954.

After Longman's death, her husband is rumored to have scattered her ashes at Chesterwood, the home and studio of her former employer and mentor, Daniel Chester French.

Major works

 * Victory (1904), commissioned for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis.
 * Great Bronze Memorial (1909) chapel doors at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis.
 * Allegorical sculpture for the Foster Mausoleum and bronze bas-relief for Timothy Murphy memorial, Upper Middleburgh Cemetery, Middleburgh, New York
 * Horsford doors (1910), the front entrance of Clapp Library at Wellesley College.
 * Wreaths, eagles and inscriptions (1914) on the inner walls of the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, DC.
 * Aenigma, bust of German actress Kate Parsenow.
 * Genius of Electricity (1915), later known as Electricity and The Spirit of Communication or simply Spirit of Communication, commissioned for the top of the AT&T skyscraper in New York City, later relocated to Bedminster, NJ. It stood in the lobby AT&T's downtown Dallas, TX headquarters until 2019 when it was removed for a reimagining of the lobby to reflect the changing nature of AT&T to a media company after the acquisition of Warner Brothers, now Warner Media, a subsidiary of AT&T. It will be re-installed in the completed AT&T Discovery District in April 2020.
 * Fountain of Ceres (1915) in the Court of the Four Seasons at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco.
 * L'Amour (1915) in the Palace of Fine Arts at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition San Francisco.
 * Senator Allison Monument (1916) Des Moines, Iowa.
 * Illinois Centennial Monument (1918), Chicago, IL.
 * Spirit of Victory (1926), Spanish–American War Memorial in Bushnell Park, Hartford, Connecticut. Spirit of Victory by Evelyn B. Longman, Hartford, CT - April 2016.JPGSpirit of Victory by Evelyn B. Longman, Hartford, CT - July 2012.jpg
 * Victory of Mercy (1947), Loomis Chaffee School, Windsor, CT. [[File:Victory of Mercy Monument (1947), Loomis Chaffee School, Windsor, CT - April 2016.jpg|thumb|Victory of Mercy (1947), Loomis Chaffee School, Windsor, Connecticut.]]
 * Edison (1952), 12.5 foot bronze portrait bust of Thomas Alva Edison in Washington D.C. at the Naval Research Laboratory.

Other works
Two of Longman's bas relief sculptures serve as memorials in Lowell Cemetery in Lowell, Massachusetts. Her 1905 sculpture of a cloaked woman holding a finger to her lips adorns the grave of John Ansley Storey. Longman's Mill Girl sculpture, dedicated in 1906, memorializes Lowell mill worker Louisa Maria Wells.

In 1920, Longman carved the marble fountain in the lobby of the Heckscher Museum of Art. The young grandchildren of August Heckscher posed for the three small figures that serve as its focal point. An inscription around the rim reads, "Forever wilt thou love and they be fair."

A notable sculpture on the Windsor, Connecticut town green on Broad Street is the monument dedicated "To the Patriots of Windsor." Longman sculpted the large bronze eagle with partly spread wings bearing a wreath, atop a tall fieldstone pedestal, in 1928; it was dedicated in 1929. Her war shrine, Madonna and Child, is found in Windsor's Grace Episcopal Church, and was opened for community use in 1943. By the end of 1944, over 2,000 people had recorded their names on the shrine's register.

Another example of her work, The Craftsman, also known as Industry can be seen outside the main entrance of A. I. Prince Technical High School in Hartford, Connecticut (formerly known as Hartford Trade School). The statue, completed in 1931, was placed there in 1960 in honor of the industrial pioneers of Hartford. Sitting on a 16,000 pound granite foundation, the approximately 1,950 pound bronze sculpture remains an inspiration to students today.

Minneapolis Institute of Art collection includes Putto on a Seahorse, 1933 in bronze.

Honors and awards
Evelyn Longman Batchelder was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994.

Noted relative
Longman's niece was the noted Canadian portrait and landscaper painter Mildred Valley Thornton as related on her maternal line.

title: Evelyn Beatrice Longman


text:
Curie

Curie may refer to:
 * Curie family, a family of distinguished scientists:

 * Jacques Curie (1856–1941), French physicist, Pierre's brother
 * Pierre Curie (1859–1906), French physicist and Nobel Prize winner, Marie's husband
 * Marie Skłodowska–Curie (1867–1934), Polish chemist and physicist, two-time Nobel Prize winner, Pierre's wife
 * Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956), French physicist and Nobel Prize winner, Pierre and Marie's daughter
 * Frédéric Joliot-Curie (1900–1958), French physicist and Nobel Prize winner, Irène's husband
 * Ève Curie (1904–2007), French-American journalist and pianist, Pierre and Marie's daughter
 * Henry Richardson Labouisse (1904–1987), American diplomat and director of UNICEF, Ève's husband

Scientific concepts, inventions and discoveries

 * Curie (unit) (Ci), unit of radioactivity
 * Curie (lunar crater)
 * Curie (Martian crater)
 * Curie (rocket engine), a liquid-propellant engine designed by Rocket Lab
 * Curie temperature, also known as the Curie point
 * Curie's law
 * Intel Curie, a sub-miniature x86/Quark-based platform for wearable applications
 * Curium, a synthetic chemical element with atomic number 96

Institutions

 * Curie Institute (Paris)
 * Curie Institute (Warsaw)
 * Curie Metropolitan High School, a secondary school in Chicago
 * Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris

Military vessels

 * French submarine Curie (Q 87), a French submarine in the First World War
 * French submarine Curie (P67), a French submarine in the Second World War

CURIE

 * CURIE, a syntax for Compact URIs

title: Curie


text:
Broome, Shropshire

Broome (historically: Broom) is a small village in south Shropshire, England.

It has a railway station on the Heart of Wales Line, and is near to Aston on Clun, Clungunford and the small market town of Craven Arms. There is a pub — the Engine and Tender — currently closed. The River Clun flows nearby.

It is part of the civil parish of Hopesay.

title: Broome, Shropshire


text:
Cyprine

Cyprine may refer to:

 * a variety of the mineral vesuvianite
 * a valid mineral species (see cyprine (mineral), IMA2015-044) from the vesuvianite group
 * the Icelandic cyprine, an ocean quahog
 * a type of vaginal lubrication
 * a character in Sailor Moon

See also: Cyprinid

title: Cyprine


text:
User:Nug (usurped)

hi

title: User:Nug (usurped)


text:
Talk:Taormina

Untitled
The article as I found it read like something from a Which tourist guide. I've tidied up the English, and tried to make it more like an Encyclopaedia article, but there's some way to go yet. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:47, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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Images
I think the article has too many images showing the panorama from Taormina instead of images of Taormina itself!!! For instance there isn't a photo of Piazza IX Aprile the main square! What do other contributors think? Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 16:59, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taormina


text:
Rufus Ingalls

Rufus Ingalls (August 23, 1818 – January 15, 1893) was an American military general who served as the 16th Quartermaster General of the United States Army.

Early life and career
Ingalls was born in the village of Denmark in what is now Maine (at the time, it was a part of Massachusetts). His father Cyrus was a prominent local mill owner and politician who was among those at the Maine constitutional convention in 1819. Through his father's political connections, Rufus Ingalls was appointed to the United States Military Academy, graduating in the Class of 1843, which included his friend Ulysses S. Grant. Ingalls was brevetted as a Second Lieutenant and assigned to garrison duty in the western frontier.

In 1845, he joined the First U.S. Dragoons with the rank of first lieutenant. Ingalls served in the Mexican–American War in the New Mexico Territory in the Army of the West under Col. Stephen W. Kearny. Ingalls distinguished himself in action at the skirmish at Eabudo and conflict at Pueblo de Taos, for which he received the brevet rank of first lieutenant. He later served in California under Kearny. He became a quartermaster in 1848 and served in that role the rest of his career.

Promoted to the rank of captain, he was assigned to duty in the Oregon Territory in 1849, and then to Fort Vancouver in 1852, along with Ulysses Grant. There, he joined the local Freemasons. In early 1854, while on duty in Washington DC, Ingalls was ordered to accompany the Steptoe Expedition from Fort Leavenworth in Kansas across the continent through the Utah Territory to the Pacific Coast.

Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War in April 1861, Ingalls was reassigned to duty at Fort Pickens in Florida. He became a major and then a lieutenant colonel in the volunteer army. Shortly after the First Battle of Manassas in July, he moved northward to Virginia to serve as aide-de-camp to Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. He was promoted to the rank of major in January 1862.

Ingalls helped establish effective supply depots at Yorktown, Eltham's Landing, Cumberland Landing, and White House Landing for McClellan's Army of the Potomac during the Peninsula Campaign. He skillfully evacuated White House Landing with all supplies, transportation and labor during the Seven Day's Battles. Consequently, he became the Chief Quartermaster of the Army of the Potomac in August 1862 following the Peninsula Campaign and performed his duties efficiently during the Northern Virginia and subsequent Maryland Campaigns, winning praise for his logistics skills.

In June 1864, his old friend Ulysses S. Grant placed Ingalls in charge of supply with responsibility for all Federal armies operating against Petersburg and Richmond. His logistics base at City Point, Virginia, became the largest port operation in the Western Hemisphere.

Ingalls was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court House.

Ingalls won brevets to the rank of major general in both the regular and volunteer services.

Postbellum
With the surrender of Robert E. Lee in April 1865 and the subsequent mustering out of much of the Union Army, Ingalls left the City Point depot in May. He returned to Washington, and in July 1866 was given the rank of colonel in the Regular Army. He served in a variety of quartermaster posts for the next two decades in New York City, San Francisco, and Chicago. For sixteen years, he was the chief quartermaster of the Pacific and the Missouri Division.

On February 23, 1882, he was named as the 16th Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army, with the full rank of brigadier general, succeeding Daniel H. Rucker. He retired from the army in 1883 and entered civilian life in Oregon. Ingalls moved to New York City in 1891, where he died two years later at the age of 74. He was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.

Honors
Ingalls Street in San Francisco is named for him. Rufus Ingalls was inducted into the Quartermaster Hall of Fame in 1987.

title: Rufus Ingalls


text:
The Gorgeous Hussy

The Gorgeous Hussy is a 1936 American period film directed by Clarence Brown, and starring Joan Crawford and Robert Taylor. The screenplay was written by Stephen Morehouse Avery and Ainsworth Morgan, which was based on a 1934 novel by Samuel Hopkins Adams. The supporting cast includes Lionel Barrymore and James Stewart.

The film's plot tells a fictionalized account of President of the United States Andrew Jackson and an innkeeper's daughter, Peggy O'Neal. Peggy O'Neill had a central role in the Petticoat affair that disrupted the cabinet of Andrew Jackson.

Plot
In 1823 Washington D.C., Major O'Neal and his daughter Margaret "Peggy" O'Neal run an inn that is frequented by politicians. Peggy is outspoken for a woman of her time, and when Tennessee senator Andrew Jackson visits, she affectionately refers to him as "Uncle Andy."

Peggy is secretly in love with the well-known Virginia senator John Randolph, but her feelings are seemingly unrequited. When new inn resident "Beau" Timberlake refers to Peggy as a "tavern girl" while drinking, John slaps him in defense of Peggy. Beau soon falls in love with Peggy himself and proposes, but she refuses, because her affections are reserved for John. John spurns her advances, thinking that she is too young and does not really mean it, but begins to have a change of heart. When he finally realizes that they are both in love, however, he learns from Beau that Peggy has finally consented to marry him. Peggy again talks to John about their future, but John again rejects her, thinking that the younger Beau would be a more suitable husband.

On the night of their marriage, "Uncle Andy" hears a commotion in their room, and can't believe that Beau and Peggy are married. Instead of reading their marriage license, Beau shows Peggy his orders. He must leave for a three-month tour of duty aboard the USS Constitution the next day. However, when Constitution returns to Washington, Peggy learns that Beau has died when his men lost track of him.

In 1828, John returns from being the minister to Russia. Peggy is excited to see him, and he tells her how unhappy he was so far from Washington. At the same time, Jackson is elected U.S. president amid a campaign of verbal attacks aimed at his wife Rachel, whom he inadvertently married before her divorce from her first husband was final. Soon after the election, Rachel dies after asking Peggy to look after Jackson. Having been close to Jackson since the beginning, Peggy becomes his official hostess and confidante. Fulfilling Rachel's premonition, this causes many of the Washington political wives to gossip and snub her. At the same time, Jackson comes under political fire from Southerners, such as John Randolph, who feels he has turned against them by his stand on state rights.

At a ball, Peggy's childhood friend, "Rowdy" Dow, wants to fight Southern senator John C. Calhoun because of an insulting remark about Peggy, however, she interrupts and asks him to dance instead. Seeing Rowdy and Peggy dancing, John returns home, but is followed by Peggy, who once again professes her love. This time, John admits his own love and they plan to marry. Soon after telling Jackson what has happened, however, Peggy realizes that differing political views will never allow her and John to be happy, and they part.

A short time later, Secretary of War John Eaton, who has loved Peggy for years, proposes. She is fond of him, and believes, like Jackson, that marriage will bring her respectability. A year later, Rowdy comes to visit and tells Peggy that John Randolph has been shot and is near death. She asks Rowdy to take her to see her John, who was shot by Sunderland, a Southerner trying to prevent him from revealing to Jackson a proposed violent rebellion. John dies contentedly after Peggy's visit. On the way back to Washington, Peggy and Rowdy's coach is accosted by Sunderland, who demands safe passage to Washington in exchange for not revealing that he has seen them. Rowdy throws him out, but soon Jackson's cabinet members and their wives come to him to demand that Peggy be sent away from Washington. When Peggy arrives at the meeting, Jackson lies by saying she was sent to see John Randolph by him and that Rowdy was asked by John Eaton to accompany her. Jackson then demands the resignation of his entire cabinet, except for Eaton.

Finally, Peggy, who knows that even Jackson's kind lie will not lead to her acceptance in Washington, asks him to send John Eaton as the special envoy to Spain where she knows that they will find contentment.

Cast

 * Joan Crawford – Margaret "Peggy" O'Neal
 * Robert Taylor – 'Bow' Timberlake
 * Lionel Barrymore – Andrew Jackson
 * Franchot Tone – John Eaton
 * Melvyn Douglas – John Randolph of Roanoke
 * James Stewart – 'Rowdy' Dow
 * Alison Skipworth – Mrs. Beall
 * Beulah Bondi – Rachel Jackson
 * Louis Calhern – Sunderland
 * Melville Cooper – Cuthbert

 * Sidney Toler – Daniel Webster
 * Gene Lockhart – Major O'Neal
 * Clara Blandick – Louisa Abbott
 * Frank Conroy – John C. Calhoun
 * Nydia Westman – Maybelle
 * Willard Robertson – Samuel D. Ingham
 * Charles Trowbridge – Martin Van Buren
 * Rubye De Remer – Mrs. Bellamy
 * Betty Blythe – Mrs. Wainwright
 * Zeffie Tilbury – Mrs. Daniel Beall

Reception
Howard Barnes in the New York Herald Tribune noted "In the title role Joan Crawford is handsome, although century-old costumes do not go well with the pronounced modernity of her personality. She makes of Peggy Eaton a straightforward and zealous figure....[A] show that is rich with trappings and accented by moments of moving intensity."

However, writing in The New York Times, film critic Frank Nugent thought there was "not enough hussy" in the performance, and wrote "Miss Crawford's Peggy is a maligned Anne of Green Gables, a persecuted Pollyanna, a dismayed Dolly Dimple."

Beulah Bondi was nominated for an Oscar in the best supporting category and George Folsey received a nomination for cinematography.

Box office
The Gorgeous Hussy was one of Crawford's higher grossing pictures during her years at MGM. At a cost of $1,119,000, it was the highest budgeted film she had made up to that time. The film grossed a total $2,019,000: $1,458,000 from the U.S. and Canada and $561,000 in other markets. It made a profit of $116,000.

title: The Gorgeous Hussy


text:
Shooting at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Shooting at the 1980 Summer Olympics took place at the Dynamo Shooting Range in Mytishchi in eastern part of Moscow between 20 and 26 July. Seven events were contested. Although events were mixed, i.e. open to both men and women, all medals were swept by men, and there were only 5 women competing compared to 77 in Los Angeles 1984, which introduced separate female events.

Participating nations
A total of 239 shooters, 234 men and 5 women, from 38 nations competed at the Moscow Games:

title: Shooting at the 1980 Summer Olympics