text:
Colette Avital

Colette Avital (קולט אביטל, born 1 May 1939) is a Romanian-Israeli diplomat and politician. She served as a member of the Knesset for the Labor Party and One Israel between 1999 and 2009.

Biography
Born in Bucharest, Romania, Avital made aliyah to Israel with her family in 1950. While still a student, she began working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a secretary in order to cover the cost of her tuition. Over the years, she rose through the ranks at the ministry; she served with the Israeli delegation to Paris between 1982 and 1985, as ambassador to Portugal from 1988 until 1992, and as Consul General in New York City between 1992 and 1996. Upon returning to Israel, she was appointed Deputy Director in Charge of Western Europe, the third most important position in the ministry.

In 1999, Avital decided to run for the Knesset on behalf of the Labor Party, which formed the One Israel alliance together with Gesher and Meimad. Although she claimed 24th spot on the party list, Labor won only 23 seats in the May elections (One Israel won 26, of which two went to Gesher and one to Meimad) and Avital missed out. However, she entered the Knesset in November 1999 when Labor MK Matan Vilnai resigned. She served briefly as Chair of the Ethics Committee and headed the Investigative Commission for the Identification and Return of the Property of Holocaust Victims, which submitted its conclusions to the government in 2005. She chaired the Immigration, Absorption, and Diaspora Committee and in addition serves as the International Secretary of the Israeli Labor Party. In 2007, Avital was a candidate in the Israeli presidential election, together with Shimon Peres and Reuven Rivlin, the first ever woman candidate for the Israeli presidency. Despite voices from her own party calling her to withdraw from the race in favor of ex-labor leader Shimon Peres, Avital remained in the race. After an undecided first round, Avital withdrew from the race and endorsed Peres' candidacy, Rivlin followed suit, and Peres won the second round of balloting.

In June 2007, as part of a public relation effort by the New York Israeli consulate, Maxim magazine published photographs of Israeli models, all soldiers in the Israeli Defence Forces in a feature titled "Women of the Israeli Defence Forces". The feature drew an angry reaction from Avital: "There are enough beautiful and interesting things we can use to tap this demographic than to show a half-naked woman in a magazine of this kind, considered pornographic".

Placed 19th on the list, she lost her seat in the 2009 elections when the party was reduced to 13 seats.

In October 2021 Avital claimed that Shimon Peres, who died in 2016, had sexually harassed her.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Colette Avital


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Niles North High School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. 9 Keeps, 15 deletes, 1 merge. -- AllyUnion (talk) 06:29, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Niles North High School
If every high school had it's own page Wikipedia would double in size. Preisler 04:52, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Has potential to become encyclopedic. --Andylkl 05:44, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability not established, and this is not even an article.  Wikipedia is not a yellow pages. Indrian 06:50, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, BEEFSTEW score of zero. —Korath (Talk) 08:27, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete as high schools are not inherently notable. Radiant! 09:00, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Mikkalai 09:59, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. ALL schools are inherently notable.--Centauri 11:57, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * See Wiki is not paper. Keep Dan100 12:55, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Since that argument can be equally applied to keep each and every single article, it's not particularly valid. Quality is more important than quantity. Wikipedia is not the internet. Radiant! 15:44, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no logical reason or necessity to delete any article in Wikipedia that is not nonsense, vanity or original research.--Centauri 13:05, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

—RaD Man (talk) 02:39, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This and all school articles. Wincoote 14:36, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I don't see how Wikipedia doubling in size would be a bad development. - SimonP 15:34, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete. Not all schools are inherently notable. The point is not size limit, but the very concept of what is and what is not encyclopedic. vlad_mv 15:39, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Schools are not inherently notable. This is non-notable. Carrp | Talk 16:09, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Notability not established.  Article in its entirety reads "Niles North High School in Skokie, Illinois is part of District 219.", and there's one external link.  --TenOfAllTrades | Talk 17:39, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, We have kept many school articles and as stated, a school in itself is notable due to the function it has. This article could need a rewrite and expansion though. Inter 18:10, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge: I just added a list to the Illinois page, Illinois. The information on the page-to-delete could/should be merged into the school's entry on that page. Courtland 19:40, 2005 Feb 20 (UTC)
 * Delete. Schoolcruft. Gamaliel 19:44, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - there's no content here. -- Cyrius|✎ 21:38, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the person who created the article doesn't even attempt to establish notability, I don't see much chance for improvement. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 23:47, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Bogus nomination (not in line with deletion policy) - David Gerard 00:01, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment:That's nice. Please read up on: Civility and Wikiquette. Thank you. Preisler 00:37, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Given the lack of civility and assumption of good faith that he's evidenced on this page, you might consider writing up an ArbCom complaint. Oh, wait, he's an arbitrator.  --BM 01:02, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If I wasn't such a sucker for irony that would be really sad :) Preisler 02:02, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is nothing whatsoever bogus about this nomination. RickK 00:11, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable school. Pretty soon we'll be arguing with the keep-everything crew over whether individual preschools and day-care facilities deserve articles.   — Gwalla | Talk 02:35, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * They do. What's your point? --Centauri 13:20, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I remember some people saying that "of course" all preschools should be included (who it was, escapes me at the moment). I disagree. Make a mention in Skokie, Illinois and delete - Skysmith 11:08, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Jayjg (talk) 04:55, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Norman Rogers\talk 09:57, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * STRONG delete as yet another example of some kid typing something totally and utterly banal and incomplete on a school computer. This is NOT an article.  It is a single sentence.  District 219?  What the hey is that?  There is more content in this discussion than in that statement.  I refuse to call it an article. - Lucky 6.9 23:06, 22 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I refuse to call it an article as well. But it is a valid stub submission so keep it.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Graeme Devine

Graeme Devine is a computer game designer and programmer who co-founded Trilobyte, created bestselling games The 7th Guest and The 11th Hour, and helped design id Software's Quake III Arena. He was Chairman of the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) from 2002–2003. One of Graeme's trademarks is his Scooby-Doo wardrobe. He has said of his work that "I've not stuck to any one genre, platform or IP throughout my career, and I hope people eventually work out that's just fine."

Biography
Devine was born in 1966 in Glasgow, Scotland and began his career working on the TRS-80 at age 14 in the late 1970s. His first games were published by Softek Software for the ZX Spectrum. He joined Atari, Inc. at age 16 to port their classic game Pole Position to the Commodore 64, Apple, and ZX Spectrum. He also worked for Lucasfilm's Games Division, Activision UK, and Virgin Interactive.

Devine founded Trilobyte in December 1990 with Rob Landeros. Together, they designed the original concept of the 1992 puzzle game The 7th Guest. Graeme was the lead programmer on the game and on its sequel The 11th Hour. The 7th Guest sold 2 million copies, and is credited (along with the game Myst) with encouraging the use of CD-ROM drives for games.

id Software
After the demise of Trilobyte in the late 1990s, Devine joined id Software in 1999 to work as a designer on Quake III Arena and Quake III Team Arena. At id he gained recognition in the Mac gaming community for supporting development on the platform. He also worked on the Game Boy Advance versions of Commander Keen (2001), Wolfenstein 3D, and Doom II, and was a programmer on Doom 3 until he moved to Ensemble in August 2003. Matthew J. Costello, who worked with Devine on The 7th Guest, would also help plot Doom 3 and, like 7th Guest, later novelize it. Devine then took the Lead Designer position for Halo Wars, an RTS for the Xbox 360. In February 2008 Devine was named one of the Top 100 Developers in the video game industry.

Apple
In 2009, Devine was hired by Apple Inc. He was in charge of making sure that Apple's iOS devices play games well. In December 2010, he left Apple to focus on developing games on iOS devices.

GRL Games
Devine founded GRL Games in Santa Cruz, California in 2010, focused on making games for the iPhone and iPad. According to the company's website, the GRL either stands for "Giant Robot Lizard" or "Graeme Roque Lori." GRL Games' first application, Full Deck Solitaire was released in 2011 along with Clandestiny, Full Deck Word Games, Full Deck Poker Solitaire and Solitaire Minute. GRL Games' announced Dance City on 10 March 2012.

Magic Leap
Magic Leap is a virtual retinal display system using light fields. The company started in 2010. In 2014, it had raised more than $540 million (~$ in ) of venture funding from Google, Qualcomm, Andreessen Horowitz, and Kleiner Perkins, among other investors. Devine was the Chief Creative Officer & Senior VP Games, Apps, and Creative Experiences until his departure in 2020.

title: Graeme Devine


text:
Polyptoton

Polyptoton is the stylistic scheme in which words derived from the same root are repeated (such as "strong" and "strength"). A related stylistic device is antanaclasis, in which the same word is repeated, but each time with a different sense. Another related term is figura etymologica.

In inflected languages
In inflected languages (such as Latin), polyptoton is the repetition of a word in different grammatical cases. One example of this can be found in the Latin forms of the Roman deity Jupiter, or "Iuppiter". The word appears in various cases as follows: "Iuppiter" (nominative), "Iovem" (accusative), "Iovis" (genitive), "Iovi" (dative), and "Iove" (ablative).

Genesis
The form is relatively common in Latin Christian poetry and prose in a construction called the superlative genitive, in phrases such as sanctum sanctorum ("holy of holies"), and found its way into languages such as Old English, which naturally preferred the prevalent alliteration that is part and parcel of polyptoton—in fact, polyptoton is "much more prevalent in Old English verse than in Latin verse." The specific superlative genitive in Old English, however, occurs only in Latinate Christian poems, not in secular poetry.

Historical instances and usages
It is also used in public speaking, and several examples can be found in Churchill's speeches.

G. K. Chesterton frequently employed this device to create paradox: "It is the same with all the powerful of to-day; it is the same, for instance, with the high-placed and high-paid official. Not only is the judge not judicial, but the arbiter is not even arbitrary."

- G.K. Chesterton, The Man on Top (1912)

In combination with verbal active and passive voices, it points out the idea of a latent reciprocity:"Judge not, that ye be not judged"

- Matthew 7:1

An alternative way to use the device is to develop polyptoton over the course of an entire novel, which is done in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Shelley combines polyptoton with periphrastic naming, which is the technique of referring to someone using several indirect names. The creature in Frankenstein is referred to by many terms, such as "fiend", "devil", "being", and "ogre". However, the first term that Shelley uses in reference to the creature is "wretch". Throughout the novel, various forms of this are used, such as "wretchedly" and "wretchedness", which may be seen as polyptoton. According to Duyfhuizen, the gradual development of polyptoton in Frankenstein is significant because it symbolizes the intricacies of one's own identity.

Examples

 * "Who shall watch the watchmen themselves?" (Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?) — Juvenal
 * "Thou art of blood, joy not to make things bleed." — Sir Philip Sidney
 * "With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder." — William Shakespeare, Richard II II,i,37
 * "The Greeks are strong, and skillful to their strength / Fierce to their skill, and to their fierceness valiant" — William Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida I, i, 7-8
 * "Love is not love / Which alters when it alteration finds / Or bends with the remover to remove." — William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116
 * "The greatest weakness of all weaknesses is to fear too much to appear weak." — Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
 * "Do not listen to the reasoners; there has been too much reasoning in France, and reasoning has banished reason." — Joseph de Maistre, Considerations on France, criticizing the Cult of Reason during the French Revolution
 * "People complain of the despotism of princes; they ought to complain of the despotism of man. We are all born despots." — Joseph de Maistre, Against Rousseau
 * "Deep into that darkness peering / Long I stood there wondering, fearing / Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before." — Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven
 * "The expropriators are expropriated." — Karl Marx, Das Kapital
 * "To be ignorant of one’s ignorance is the malady of the ignorant." — Amos Bronson Alcott
 * "Diamond me no diamonds, prize me no prizes…" — Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine
 * "Absolute power corrupts absolutely." — Lord Acton
 * "If we lose our sanity, we can but howl the lugubrious howl of idiots, the howl of the utterly lost howling their nowhereness." — D. H. Lawrence
 * "The healthy man does not torture others—generally it is the tortured who turn into torturers." — Carl Jung
 * "There is no end of it, the voiceless wailing / No end to the withering of withered flowers / To the movement of pain that is painless and motionless / To the drift of the sea and the drifting wreckage / The bone’s prayer to Death its God. Only the hardly, barely prayable / Prayer of the one Annunciation." — T. S. Eliot, The Dry Salvages
 * "Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired." — Robert Frost
 * "Not as a call to battle, though embattled we are." — John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961.
 * "The young are generally full of revolt, and are often pretty revolting about it." — Mignon McLaughlin
 * "Reality isn’t made of matter, but what matters." — Jordan Peterson
 * "What was done to me was monstrous. And they created a monster." — V in V for Vendetta
 * "Secrets aren't secret. They're just hidden treasures, waiting to be exploited." — Stephen White, Dry Ice
 * "I am a disciple of discipline!" — David Goggins

title: Polyptoton


text:
Bionic (Sandbox album)

Bionic is the debut album of the 1990s Canadian rock band Sandbox. The album was recorded at Metalworks Studios between January and February 1995. It was released in 1995 on Latitude Records, a short-lived independent label from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador founded by local music promoter Frederick Brokenshire and run out of his Fred's Records music store. An enhanced edition was later released in 1996.

The album's first single, "Curious", reached #34 on Canada's RPM Singles chart and #8 on Canada's Alternative chart. The song also received regular airplay on MuchMusic. "Curious" was also nominated for "Favourite New Song" at the 1995 CASBY Awards. Videos were later released for the singles "Collide" and "Here and There".

Track listing

 * All songs written by Sandbox, except where noted.
 * 1) "Intro" – 0:15
 * 2) "Curious" – 3:56
 * 3) "Collide" – 3:38
 * 4) "For You" – 3:41
 * 5) "Decisions" – 4:29
 * 6) "Grief" – 4:21
 * 7) "Three Balloons and a Trapdoor" – 3:24  (Nicole Frosst, Mike Smith)
 * 8) "Here and There" – 3:20
 * 9) "Live" – 4:13
 * 10) "Flux" – 4:16
 * 11) "Weatherman" – 2:47
 * 12) "Lustre" – 3:19
 * 13) "... And the Mood Changes" – 4:09

Personnel

 * Paul Murray – vocals, kazoo
 * Scott MacFarlane – bass, bells, vocals
 * Troy Shanks – drums, piano, vocals
 * Mike Smith – guitar, vocals
 * Jason Archibald – guitar, vocals

title: Bionic (Sandbox album)


text:
Assumpsit

Assumpsit ("he has undertaken", from Latin, assumere), or more fully, action in assumpsit, was a form of action at common law used to enforce what are now called obligations arising in tort and contract; and in some common law jurisdictions, unjust enrichment. The origins of the action can be traced to the 14th century, when litigants seeking justice in the royal courts turned from the writs of covenant and debt to the trespass on the case.

Fragmentation of actions for breach of agreement
In the early days of the English common law, agreements were enforced in local courts. Where one wished to enforce an agreement in the royal courts, it was necessary to fit one's claim within a form of action. In the 13th and 14th centuries the forms of action for the enforcement of agreements were covenant, debt, detinue, and account. These were all writs in the praecipe form, meaning that they commanded the defendant to perform an act: for example, to keep a promise; to yield up a sum of money or chattel unjustly withheld; or to render accounts.

These actions were subject to various limitations. For example, by the middle of the 14th century at the latest, it was necessary for a plaintiff in an action of covenant to have a deed. In an action of debt sur contract, a deed was not necessary, but a defendant was able to wage his law and the sum claimed had to be a sum certain fixed at the date of contract. Such rules could easily work hardship. What if a promisor (A) orally agreed to supply grain to a promisee (B), but failed to do so? In such a case, B would be unable to bring a writ of covenant due to the absence of a deed. B would instead bring debt sur contract, bringing a number of transaction witnesses. But what if A elected wager of law and simply hired his eleven oath-helpers?

Emergence of assumpsit
Litigants began to turn from the praecipe writs of covenant and debt to the ostensurus quare writ of trespass. By the middle of the 14th century the royal courts were recognising that a writ of trespass would lie even without an allegation that the defendant had acted vi et armis contra pacem regis (with force and arms against the King's Peace). This action became known as trespass on the case.

To bring the claim within trespass on the case, the plaintiff would characterise the defendant's breach of agreement as a wrong. During the 15th century, the received learning was that an action on the case did not lie for mere inaction ("nonfeasance"). By the beginning of this 16th century, this was no longer the case. Provided a plaintiff could show that the defendant was guilty of misfeasance, deceit, or the plaintiff had made a pre-payment, the plaintiff could bring assumpsit for nonfeasance.

By the beginning of the 16th century lawyers recognised a distinct species of action on the case known as assumpsit, which had become the typical phrase in the pleadings.

Assumpsit in lieu of debt
The question that arose in the 16th century was whether assumpsit could be brought in lieu of debt. For a plaintiff, assumpsit was the more desirable course: the defendant would not be able to elect to wage his law as he would in debt sur contract.

In order to bring assumpsit, the plaintiff would plead that, the defendant being indebted to the plaintiff, the defendant had later promised to pay the debt. In short, the plaintiff would separate the existence of the debt (which generated an action of debt sur contract) from a promise to pay the debt (which would generate an assumpsit for nonfeasance). This form of pleading gave rise to the name of the action: indebitatus assumpsit.

The practice of the King's Bench and the Court of Common Pleas differed during the course of the 16th century. In the King's Bench, it was not necessary for the plaintiff to prove the subsequent promise. The Common Pleas disagreed. Matters came to a head in Slade's Case in 1602. The case effectively established that assumpsit could be used in lieu of debt: the law would imply a promise to pay the debt from the existence of the debt itself.

Slade's Case effectively put an end to the use of debt sur contract, and with it wager of law. Of course, it was not possible to bring assumpsit where the proper action was debt sur obligation (that is, debt on a deed or bond).

Common counts
Claims in actions of assumpsit can be divided into: Where a plaintiff brought assumpsit in lieu of debt sur contract, it was necessary for the plaintiff to specify how the antecedent debt had arisen. It was insufficient for the plaintiff to merely allege that, being indebted, the defendant promised to pay. This gave rise to the "common counts": common ways of pleading how the debt arose. It is important to note that where assumpsit was brought in lieu of debt, the plaintiff's action was for a liquidated sum. In contrast, where a plaintiff brought special assumpsit, the action was for an unliquidated sum assessed by the civil jury.
 * (a) common or indebitatus assumpsit, brought usually on an implied promise, and
 * (b) special or express assumpsit, founded on an express promise.

Examples of the common counts include: By the 18th and 19th centuries, the action of assumpsit was used to enforce both contractual and quasi-contractual claims. The recognition in Slade's Case that the law would import or imply a promise to pay the debt paved the way for other implications.
 * For goods sold ("quantum valebant");
 * For work done ("quantum meruit");
 * For money lent;
 * For money due on an account stated;
 * For money laid out to the use of the defendant; and
 * For money had and received to the defendant's use.
 * In some cases, such as actions for a reasonable remuneration for services provided to the defendant at the defendant's request (a quantum meruit), the implication might be a true reflection of reality. If so, in modern terms, this is simply an action in contract for breach of an implied term.
 * In other cases, however, the implication of a promise to pay was wholly fictitious. For example, where A mistakenly paid money to B, A would bring an action for money had and received to the defendant's use. In such a case, the law would imply a promise by B to pay the debt. In modern terms, this is an action in unjust enrichment: B is enriched by the receipt of money at the expense of A in circumstances which are 'unjust' (viz., that A's intention to benefit B is vitiated by the mistake).

Abolition of the forms of action
The Common Law Procedure Act 1852 abolished the common law forms of action in England and Wales. Furthermore, assumpsit as a form of action became obsolete in the United Kingdom after the passing of the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875.

In the United States, assumpsit, like the other forms of action, became obsolete in the federal courts after the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938. Thirty-five states have moved to rules similar to the FRCP (see Civil procedure in the United States), which have replaced the various forms of action with the civil action. However, many states continue to recognize assumpsit as a common law or statutory cause of action or allow the use of the old "common counts" as causes of action. For example, California has a special "common counts" cause of action form (to be attached to an optional form complaint) based directly on the old common counts that were pleaded in assumpsit.

Modern significance
The traces of the law relating to assumpsit are still felt today, particularly in the law of contract and unjust enrichment. For example, consideration is only necessary in relation to simple contracts. Where a claimant brings an action in contract for non-performance of a promise contained in a deed, there is no need to show that the claimant supplied consideration for the promise. The reason for this is historical: where there was no deed, the correct action was assumpsit for nonfeasance; in the latter, in debt sur obligation. These were two distinct forms of action with their own distinct procedural requirements.

In the law of unjust enrichment, reference is still made to actions for money had and received and quantum meruit. The practice is often deprecated by English unjust enrichment scholars but is frequently encountered in Australia.

title: Assumpsit


text:
F. Thomson Leighton

Frank Thomson "Tom" Leighton (born 1956) is the CEO of Akamai Technologies, the company he co-founded with the late Daniel Lewin in 1998. As one of the world's preeminent authorities on algorithms for network applications and cybersecurity, Leighton discovered a solution to free up web congestion using applied mathematics and distributed computing.

He is on leave as a professor of applied mathematics and a member of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He received his B.S.E. in Electrical Engineering from Princeton University in 1978, and his Ph.D. in Mathematics from MIT in 1981. His brother David T. Leighton is a full professor at the University of Notre Dame, specializing in transport phenomena. Their father was a U.S. Navy colleague and friend of Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of naval nuclear propulsion and a founder of the Research Science Institute (RSI).

Leighton has been on numerous government, industry, and academic advisory panels, including the Presidential Informational Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC) and chaired its subcommittee on cybersecurity. He is on the board of trustees of the Society for Science & the Public (SSP) and of the Center for Excellence in Education (CEE), and he has participated in the Distinguished Lecture Series at CEE's flagship program for high school students, the Research Science Institute (RSI).

Awards and honors

 * The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) awarded Leighton the John von Neumann Medal in 2023 for “fundamental contributions to algorithm design and their application to content delivery networks.”
 * In 2018, Leighton won the Marconi Prize from the Marconi Society for "his fundamental contributions to the technology and establishment of content delivery networks".
 * He was elected as an ACM Fellow in 2018 for "his leadership in the establishment of content delivery networks, and his contributions to algorithm design".
 * In 2017, Leighton and Lewin were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, for Content Delivery Network methods.
 * He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * In 2012, Leighton became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
 * In 2009, Leighton became a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
 * In 2008, Leighton was appointed as a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.
 * In 2004, Leighton was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the design of networks and circuits and for technology for Web content delivery.
 * In 2001, Leighton received the IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award.
 * In 1981, Leighton was named the first winner of the Machtey Award.

Personal life
He is married to the MIT professor Bonnie Berger, and they have two children.

Books

 * Mathematics for Computer Science (with Eric Lehman and Albert R. Meyer, 2010)
 * Introduction to Parallel Algorithms and Architectures: Arrays, Trees, Hypercubes (Morgan Kaufmann, 1991), ISBN 1-55860-117-1.
 * Complexity Issues in VLSI: Optimal layouts for the shuffle-exchange graph and other networks, (MIT Press, 1983), ISBN 0-262-12104-2.

title: F. Thomson Leighton


text:
Index of journalism articles

Articles related to the field of journalism include:

0–9

 * 24-hour news cycle
 * 2003 invasion of Iraq media coverage

A

 * ABC News
 * Advocacy journalism
 * Afghanistanism
 * AP Stylebook
 * Assignment editor
 * Associated Press

B

 * Beat reporting
 * Breaking news

C

 * Canadian Association of Journalists
 * CBC News
 * CBS News
 * Chart
 * Chicago circulation wars
 * Citizen journalism
 * CNN
 * Columnist
 * Committee to Protect Journalists
 * Copy editing
 * Creative nonfiction

D

 * Dak edition
 * Decline of newspapers
 * Deep Throat
 * Desktop publishing

E

 * Editing
 * Editor
 * Editor-at-Large
 * Editorial
 * Editorial board
 * Editorial independence
 * Editorial page
 * Embedded journalist
 * Eyewitness News

F

 * First Amendment to the United States Constitution
 * Fourth Estate
 * Fox News Channel
 * Freedom of the press
 * Free newspaper
 * Full disclosure

G

 * Gag order
 * Gotcha journalism
 * Graphic design

H

 * Headline
 * Headlinese
 * Hedcut
 * History of American newspapers
 * Hostile media effect
 * House style

I

 * Information graphic
 * International Association of Independent Journalists Inc.
 * Inverted pyramid (journalism)
 * Investigative journalism
 * Interpretive journalism

J

 * Journalese
 * Journalism
 * Journalism ethics and standards
 * Journalism scandals
 * Journalism school
 * Journalist

L

 * Letter to the editor
 * List of daily news podcasts
 * List of newspapers
 * Literary journalism
 * Local news

M

 * Magazine
 * Managing editor
 * Mass media
 * Masthead
 * Media balance
 * Media bias
 * Muckraker

N

 * Nameplate
 * NBC News
 * New Journalism
 * New York Times
 * News
 * News agency
 * News design
 * News media
 * News release
 * News source
 * News style
 * News values
 * Newseum
 * Newspaper
 * Newspaper circulation
 * Newsprint

O

 * Obituary
 * Objectivity
 * Online newspaper
 * Op-ed
 * The Open Notebook

P

 * Pie chart
 * Photojournalism
 * Print syndication
 * Printing
 * Proofreading
 * Publisher
 * Pulitzer Prize

R

 * Remembrance Day of Journalists Killed in the Line of Duty
 * Reporter
 * Reporters Without Borders
 * Reuters
 * profession

S

 * Science journalism
 * Sob sister (journalism)
 * Sportswriting
 * Star-Ledger
 * Style guide

T

 * Tabloid journalism
 * Teletype
 * Television news
 * Trade journalism
 * Typography

U

 * United Press International

v

 * Vox

W

 * Wall Street Journal

Y

 * Yellow journalism

title: Index of journalism articles


text:
Talk:People's Army of Vietnam

Restructure the Corps
In the lastest news, the 1st Corps and 2nd Corps of PAVN were merged to form "Corps 12", and in the future 3rd and 4th Corps will also be similarly merged. I guess that we need to start to think about restructuring that section in the article. https://www.qdnd.vn/quoc-phong-an-ninh/tin-tuc/tiep-nhan-nguyen-trang-cac-co-quan-don-vi-thuoc-quan-doan-1-quan-doan-2-va-phan-vien-5-benh-vien-7-quan-khu-3-ve-quan-doan-12-753500  Hwi . padam   02:02, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I notice there’s a huge error in the article:
 * Rudolph Rummel has estimated that 100,000 Hmong perished in genocide between 1975 and 1980 in collaboration with PAVN.[34]
 * This is plainly wrong, as the Lao insurgency was not a genocide. The sentence should be changed to:
 * Rudolph Rummel has estimated that 100,000 Hmong perished in the Laos insurgency between 1975 and 1980. Dessangi (talk) 15:42, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:People's Army of Vietnam


text:
Restatements of the Law

In American jurisprudence, the Restatements of the Law are a set of treatises on legal subjects that seek to inform judges and lawyers about general principles of common law. There are now four series of Restatements, all published by the American Law Institute, an organization of judges, legal academics, and practitioners founded in 1923.

Connection with the rule of precedent
Individual Restatement volumes are essentially compilations of case law, which are common law judge-made doctrines that develop gradually over time because of the principle of stare decisis (precedent). Although Restatements of the Law are not binding authority in and of themselves, they are potentially persuasive when they are formulated over several years with extensive input from law professors, practicing attorneys, and judges. They are meant to reflect the consensus of the American legal community as to what the law is, and, in some cases, what it should become. As Harvard Law School describes the Restatements of the Law:

"The ALI's aim is to distill the 'black letter law' from cases, to indicate a trend in common law, and, occasionally, to recommend what a rule of law should be. In essence, they restate existing common law into a series of principles or rules."

Each Restatement section includes a black-letter principle, comments, and illustrations, and, in the form of reporters' notes, a detailed discussion of all the cases that went into the principle summarized in that one section. By citing a Restatement section in a legal brief, a lawyer may bring to the attention of a judge a carefully studied summary of court action on almost any common law legal doctrine. The judge can then consider the Restatement section and make an informed decision as to how to apply it in the case at hand. While courts are under no formal obligation to adopt Restatement sections as the law, they often do because such sections accurately restate the already-established law in that jurisdiction, or on issues of first impression, and are persuasive in terms of demonstrating the current trend that other jurisdictions are following.

Restatements are rare in common law jurisdictions outside of the United States, where law reports are more frequent. Former Justice of the High Court of Australia William Gummow attributes the requirement for Restatements in the United States to the lack of a nationwide court of final common law adjudication.

On subjects where the law is not settled or states differ too widely, the ALI has not been able to produce a Restatement. In the area of criminal law, for example, the ALI formulated the Model Penal Code, intended to guide legislators on what statutes they should enact as law.

Impact
The Restatements of the Law is one of the most respected and well-used sources of secondary authority, covering nearly every area of common law. While considered secondary authority (compare to primary authority), the authoritativeness of the Restatements of the Law is evidenced by their acceptance by courts throughout the United States. The Restatements have been cited in over 150,000 reported court decisions.

In December 1923, Benjamin N. Cardozo explained the prospective importance of the Restatements in a lecture at Yale Law School: "When, finally, it goes out under the name and with the sanction of the Institute, after all this testing and retesting, it will be something less than a code and something more than a treatise. It will be invested with unique authority, not to command, but to persuade. It will embody a composite thought and speak a composite voice. Universities and bench and bar will have had a part in its creation.

I have great faith in the power of such a restatement to unify our law."

Andrew Burrows refers to the Restatements of the Law as informing the work of the advisory group that he convened to produce A Restatement of the English Law of Unjust Enrichment in the introduction to that work.

Criticism
Some of the most renowned legal scholars in the United States, including Judge Richard Posner and law professor Lawrence M. Friedman, have heavily criticized the Restatements, characterizing them as badly flawed.

In a 2007 article, professor Kristin David Adams surveyed and summarized the various critiques of the Restatements, which included the following:
 * 1) its drafters are overwhelmingly elite and hence elitist;
 * 2) the Restatements are too conservative and not as progressive as intended;
 * 3) the Restatements essentially reify the law and legal profession rather than trying to incorporate "real world" empirical insights from other disciplines;
 * 4) they have insulated the law from more aggressive reform;
 * 5) they are based on the illusion that the common law is more rational than it actually is or can be;
 * 6) they lag behind the "real world" concerns of practicing lawyers; and
 * 7) the Restatements are too progressive.

Adams then defended the Restatement project by arguing that all these critiques were actually critiques of the common law itself.

First
In the period between 1923 and 1944, the American Law Institute published Restatements of Agency, Conflict of Laws, Contracts, Judgments, Property, Restitution, Security, Torts, and Trusts. This series was later expanded in 2015 and 2019 with publication of the Restatements of Employment Law and Liability Insurance respectively. Projects are currently underway to further expand the series by drafting Restatements on the Law of American Indians, Charitable and Nonprofit Organizations, Children and the Law, Consumer Contracts, Copyright, Corporate Governance, and U.S. Law of International Commercial and Investor-State Arbitration.

Second
In 1952, the Institute started the Restatement, Second — updates of the original Restatements with new analyses and concepts with and expanded authorities. (A Restatement on Foreign Relations Law of the United States was also undertaken.) The second Restatement of the Law was undertaken to reflect changes and developments in the law, as well as to implement a new format that provided more expansive commentary and more meaningful illustrative material, affording fuller statements of the reasons for the positions taken. For example, the volumes generally included a set of Reporter's Notes that detailed the reasons on which the principles and rules stated were based and the authorities that supported them. And for the convenience of legal researchers, the second series of volumes also provided cross-references to the key numbers of the West Publishing Company's Digest System and to the American Law Reports annotations of the Lawyers Cooperative Publishing Company. In addition, appendix volumes included digest paragraphs of decisions of state appellate courts and federal courts citing the Restatements on each subject.

Third
The third series of Restatements was started in 1987 with a new Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States. The Restatement, Third, now includes volumes on Agency, the Law Governing Lawyers, Property (Mortgages, Servitudes, Wills and Other Donative Transfers), Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, Suretyship and Guaranty, Torts (Products Liability, Apportionment of Liability, Economic Harm, and Physical and Emotional Harm), Trusts, and Unfair Competition. New Restatement projects are currently underway as part of the Restatement, Third, series on Conflict of Laws and Torts (Defamation and Privacy, Intentional Torts to Persons, Remedies, and Concluding Provisions).

Fourth
A volume on the Foreign Relations Law of the United States, released in 2018, was the first in the Restatement, Fourth, series to be completed; however, rather than being a complete update to the previous volume from the third series on the same subject, it is instead limited to selected topics in treaties, jurisdiction, and sovereign immunity. Other new projects are currently underway as part of the Restatement, Fourth, series on Property.

Current versions

 * 1) Restatement of Agency, Third (2006)
 * 2) Restatement of Conflict of Laws, Second (1971; revised 1986 and 1988)
 * 3) Restatement of Contracts, Second (1981)
 * 4) Restatement of Employment Law (2015)
 * 5) Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States, Third (1987; some topics superseded by Restatement of Torts, Foreign Relations Law of the United States, Fourth)
 * 6) Restatement of Foreign Relations Law of the United States, Fourth (2018; limited to selected topics in treaties, jurisdiction, and sovereign immunity)
 * 7) Restatement of Judgments, Second (1982)
 * 8) Restatement of Law Governing Lawyers, Third (2000)
 * 9) Restatement of Liability Insurance (2019)
 * 10) Restatement of Property (1936–40; mostly superseded by Restatement of Property, Second and Third volumes)
 * 11) Restatement of Property, Second, Landlord and Tenant (1977)
 * 12) Restatement of Property, Third, Mortgages (1997)
 * 13) Restatement of Property, Third, Servitudes (2000)
 * 14) Restatement of Property, Third, Wills and Other Donative Transfers (1999, 2003, and 2011)
 * 15) Restatement of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, Third (2011)
 * 16) Restatement of Security (Division I largely superseded by the Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code; Division II entirely superseded by Restatement of Suretyship and Guaranty, Third)
 * 17) Restatement of Suretyship and Guaranty, Third (1996)
 * 18) Restatement of Torts, Second (1965, 1977, and 1979; some sections superseded by Restatement of Torts, Third)
 * 19) Restatement of Torts, Third, Apportionment of Liability (2000)
 * 20) Restatement of Torts, Third, Liability for Economic Harm (2020)
 * 21) Restatement of Torts, Third, Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm (2009 and 2012)
 * 22) Restatement of Torts, Third, Products Liability (1998)
 * 23) Restatement of Trusts, Third (2003, 2007, and 2012)
 * 24) Restatement of Unfair Competition, Third (1995)

title: Restatements of the Law