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Colombian Conservative Party

The Colombian Conservative Party (Partido Conservador Colombiano) is a conservative political party in Colombia. The party was formally established in 1849 by Mariano Ospina Rodríguez and José Eusebio Caro.

The Conservative Party along with the Colombian Liberal Party dominated the Colombian political scene from the end of the 19th century until 2002, in bipartisan political hegemony. The two parties were in direct military conflict between 1948 and 1958, during the civil war period known as La Violencia, after which they established the "National Front", agreeing to rotate power, intercalating for a period of four presidential terms. The election victory of independent candidate Álvaro Uribe in 2002 put an end to dominance of two party politics in Colombia.

The Conservative Party is the third largest political force in the country's legislature after the Liberals and the Historic Pact for Colombia. It was part of the coalition of Juan Manuel Santos from 2010 to 2014 and supported the conservative government of Álvaro Uribe from 2002 to 2010. It currently supports the leftist government of Gustavo Petro, despite noticeable differences in ideology.

Origins
Lawyer José Ignacio de Márquez was elected president of Colombia in 1837. During his government, tensions between civil politicians and generals grew into the first civil war in Colombia. Marquez's supporters in the conflict were called the "Liberales ministeriales". After the war, known as the War of the Supremes (Guerra de los Supremos), General Pedro Alcántara Herrán won the presidency. Alcántara created a new constitution, with conservative and centralist characteristics. Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, a prominent member of Alcántara's government, supported the return of the Jesuits to the country and reformed the education system.

Alcántara was succeeded in office by General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, whose supporters created the Liberal Party in 1848. One year later, Mosquera's detractors Ospina Rodríguez and José Eusebio Caro formed the Conservative Party, which grouped the ministerial liberals, most of the authorities of the Catholic Church and important landowners. In the newspaper La Civilización of October 4, 1849, Ospina and Caro published the conservative program that became the ideological platform for the new party. In 1851, in the Cauca department, certain fractions of the Conservative Party took up arms to fight against the abolition of slavery.

Regeneration
In 1863, the Liberal party created a new constitution in the city of Rionegro, which was opposed by the Conservative Party. The country began an unstable period of economic decay and multiple short civil wars between states and parties. In 1876, the independent liberal politician Rafael Núñez was defeated by the official liberal candidate Aquileo Parra. Núñez was in favor of reforming the state and ending the federal system, replacing it with a centralist system administered from the capital, Bogotá. He was the Liberal candidate for the presidency in 1880 and won the election, despite many leaders of his own party opposing him.

Núñez was re-elected in 1884 with the support of the Conservative Party, and began the process known as the Regeneration (La Regeneración), in which a new constitution was written. The modern Republic of Colombia was founded with a centralized and protectionist government, and an education system managed by the Catholic Church. Universal suffrage, "contradictory with the hierarchical nature of the society", was abolished in 1880. Only those over the age of 21 with a "legitimate" trade or profession as means of subsistence, literate, earning at least $500 Pesos yearly (a substantial sum at the time) or owner of estates valued over $1500 Pesos could vote.

Conservative Hegemony
Following the events of the Regeneration, the Conservative Party remained in power in Colombia until 1930. During this period the country lost Panama to the United States. The overt partisanship and the use of the state power exacerbated old tensions, which would ultimately lead from small scale conflicts like the war of 1895 to historical periods such as "La Violence". Two notable violent episodes occurred in this period: the Thousand Days' War and the Banana massacre. During the Hegemony, the Central Bank (later the Bank of the Republic) was established, and the rail transport system that now crossed the country continued to improve. However, the emerging working class felt irritated with the consecutive conservative governments and began supporting the Liberal Party, winning the presidency with Enrique Olaya Herrera in 1930.

La Violencia
In 1946, after sixteen years of liberal governments, the conservative candidate Mariano Ospina Pérez won the presidency because the Liberal Party presented two candidates Gabriel Turbay and Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, neither of whom could gain a majority. Political violence had been on the rise during Ospina's term, and Gaitán became a victim of it during his second presidential bid. He was murdered in Bogotá on April 9, 1948. After his assassination, the period known as La Violencia began, in which popular unrest in cities caused uprisings like the Bogotazo riots. In the rural areas, members of the Liberal Party formed peasant guerrilla forces, which were then targeted by conservative and paramilitary forces. The Liberal Party boycotted the presidential election of 1950, which was won by the radical conservative Laureano Gómez. Gómez became the leader of the most radical faction of the Conservative Party, while Ospina formed a moderate faction friendly to the less extremist members of the Liberal Party.

National Front
In 1953 a coup d'état against Gómez was led by the conservative General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla. Rojas was close to Mariano Ospina Pérez and his faction of the Conservative Party, as well as to some moderate liberals. Rojas began his government with the support of prominent politicians of both parties, yet he decided to make his own political party in 1955, the Popular Action Movement. Rojas censored and closed important newspapers and began seeking re-election.

Fearing a possible dictatorship, members of the Conservative and Liberal parties created an alliance called the National Front (Frente Nacional) that prevented Rojas from being re-elected. The National Front was a pact in which for sixteen years, Conservatives and Liberals would share power locally and nationally, and govern the country by taking turns in the presidency. The Conservative Party would not present a candidate for the 1958 and 1966 presidential elections, and the Liberals would support the Conservative candidate in 1962 (Guillermo León Valencia) and 1970 (Misael Pastrana). During this historical period conservative dissidents led by Jorge Leyva Urdaneta opposed the pact, and presented him as presidential candidate in 1958 and 1962. Conservatives Belisario Betancur and Evaristo Sourdis were candidates for the 1970 election, losing against Pastrana.

Late 20th century
During the National Front the ideological differences between the parties started to disappear; however, the parties themselves survived because most of their members came from traditional families and political clans. Both parties were taken over by regional political lords, while traditional factions of the Conservative Party survived with new leaders. The Ospina faction survived through Misael Pastrana's son Andrés Pastrana, while Álvaro Gómez Hurtado, son of Laureano Gómez, led a dissident group called the National Salvation Movement. Gómez was murdered in 1995 in unclear circumstances, although some testimony claims that the killers were members of the government and the mafia. In 1982, conservative Belisario Betancur was elected president. After that, the party was in opposition until 1998, when Andrés Pastrana was chosen to be the president. The party used the name Social Conservative Party (Partido Social Conservador) between 1990 and 1992.

During this period many new parties were formed, including some movements that seceded from the Conservative Party. Among them were the National Salvation Movement (mentioned above), the "Independent Conservatism" movement of the Gerlein family, Pastrana's independent party New Democratic Force, the National Conservative Movement, and the movement in Antioquia called "Unionismo".

21st century
In 2002, although most Conservative senators and representatives initially backed Juan Camilo Restrepo in his bid for the presidency, the Conservative Party supported Álvaro Uribe in his campaign. Uribe was a former Liberal who ran as independent against the official liberal candidate Horacio Serpa. Restrepo was close to the government of Andres Pastrana and was criticized by members of his party who supported different candidates like Uribe and Noemí Sanín. In 2006, the Conservative Party supported Uribe's re-election and became the second largest party of his congressional coalition, after the Social Party of National Unity. In 2010, the Conservative Party won the second-greatest number of votes of any political force in Colombia, and joined Santos' coalition. In November, 2011 senator Efraín Cepeda was elected as the new president of the Conservative Party.

The Conservative Party increased its number of seats in the congress during the first decade of the 21st century. In the legislative elections of 2002, the Conservative Party won 13 of 102 seats in the Senate and 21 of 166 in the Chamber of Representatives. The party had the second highest number of votes, after the Liberal Party. Four years later, the Conservative Party won 18 seats in the Senate (5 more than in 2002) and 29 Representatives in the lower chamber (9 more than in 2002). The party stayed in the second place but this time after the Social Party of National Unity and above the Liberals. The situation was better for the conservatives in the elections of 2010, getting 22 senators and 36 seats in the Chamber of Representatives. As members of the uribista coalition and then of the National Unity Round Table (the government coalition of Juan Manuel Santos), the Conservative Party and the Social Party of National Unity have become ideological partners. In December 2011, the caucuses of the Conservative Party and the Social Party of National Unity created a pact to maintain the majority of both parties in the Chamber of Representatives.

The party was one of the most impacted by the Colombian parapolitics scandal, and it has been affected by corruption scandals that happened during the first decade of the 21st century in agencies of the government such as the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Dirección Nacional de Estupefacientes scandal. Conservative former president Andrés Pastrana spoke in favor of a change in the direction the party had taken. His comments generated a dispute with the party president, José Darío Salazar, who was being investigated by the Dirección Nacional de Estupefacientes at the time. In January 2012, the new president of the party, Efraín Cepeda, announced a modification of party rules in order to suspend the membership of those politicians who were under investigation.

Former attorney general Alejandro Ordóñez has become one of the most visible heads of the Conservative Party, and some groups inside the party supported a possible presidential campaign for him in 2014. Ordóñez is remembered for his conservative positions on moral and religious issues. However, other conservative politicians have sympathized with a reelection of Juan Manuel Santos.

Since 2014, due to disagreements with President Santos about the Colombian peace process and opposition to agreements with the FARC guerrillas, the party joined the opposition with the conservative Democratic Center, which also opposed making deals with the FARC. At the command of former president Andrés Pastrana, the party joined the movement to reject the peace agreements, claiming that signing an armistice agreement would allow the former guerrilla group to go unpunished. Despite attempts from President Santos to be inclusive and allow input from the opposition in the final agreement, the party's anti-peace stance did not permit them to collaborate. The party's primary focus was on the 2018 presidential election, in which former President Uribe's appointed candidate Iván Duque Márquez advocated reversing the peace process.

In 2017, for the former Conservative president Andrés Pastrana, one of the Conservative Party's few remaining major figures, claimed that the party is "absolutely corrupt". He also called two of the most important Conservative leaders "corrupt": Senate speaker Efraín Cepeda, and senator Hernán Andrade. Commentators believe his complaints are aimed at running independently in coalition with the ruling party, the Democratic Center, and receiving favors.

Conservative program of 1849 (self-proclaimed)

 * Constitutional order over dictatorship.
 * Legality against violent methods.
 * Christian morality and its civilized doctrine over immorality and the corrupt doctrine of atheism and materialism.
 * Rational liberty over despotism.
 * Legal equality over academic or aristocratic privileges, religious tolerance.
 * Private property and its protection over socialism and communism.
 * Security over arbitrariness.
 * Civilization over barbarism.

Current program (self-proclaimed)
The party's current program includes several objectives: to continue the search for peace in Colombia (following the examples of former presidents Guillermo León Valencia, Belisario Betancur and Andrés Pastrana, as members of the party), to preserve national unity and the continuing belief in God held by the majority of Colombians, the need for a reform of the 1991 constitution in order to correct some of its flaws to promote the modernization of the state, to fight unemployment, poverty, and lack of security and to extend and defend property rights.

 * Belief of God being the center of the universe.
 * Belief in private systems.
 * Belief in fighting communism and all its ideals.
 * Belief in tradition.
 * Belief in free trade.
 * Belief in an organized society
 * Belief in defending family and life before anything.
 * Belief that these are the ideals that will provide a better future for the Colombian Society.

Electoral history
The Colombian Conservative Party is usually the second largest single party in the Colombian Congress, though far behind the numbers corresponding to the Colombian Liberal Party or those of multiple independent factions and candidates.

From 1958 to 1978 it, and the other major party, the Colombian Liberal Party, shared power as the result of the National Front agreement that followed the fall of General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla.

The Colombian Conservative Party has become a close political ally of President Álvaro Uribe, who was formerly a member of the opposing Liberal party. The party did not present its own candidate for the 2006 presidential elections, and instead supported President Uribe's reelection.

In 2010, the party held for the first time, primary elections to choose a candidate for presidency. Noemí Sanín was nominated presidential candidate of the Conservative Party, the first woman to do so.

In legislative elections of 2006 the party won 29 out of 166 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and 18 out of 100 seats in the Senate.

In 2010, the party won 23 seats in Senate and 37 in the chamber of Representatives.

title: Colombian Conservative Party


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Japanese Anarchist Federation

The Japanese Anarchist Federation (日本アナキスト連盟) was an anarchist organisation that existed in Japan from 1946 to 1968.

Formed in May 1946, shortly following the Second World War, the JAF was plagued by disputes between anarcho-communists and anarcho-syndicalists. These divisions culminated in its dissolution in October 1950. By 1956, anarcho-syndicalists reconstituted the Anarchist Federation, while anarcho-communists formed their own Japan Anarchist Club.

The JAF was involved in direct action in numerous forms, including anti-war agitation against the Korean War and Vietnam War, and protests against the 1960 Japan-US Security Treaty and the 1965 Japan-South Korea Treaty.

While anarchism gained support within the Zengakuren and Zenkyoto student groups during the 1960s, the Japanese Anarchist Federation remained a small organisation with little direct influence, and resolved to dissolve itself in 1968.

Another group calling itself the Anarchist Federation formed in October 1988.

Context

Anarchism in Japan has a long history, arguably having roots in the egalitarian structure of some communal villages during the Tokugawa era. Its modern form, however, originated in the political activities of Kōtoku Shūsui, an anarchist who edited the libertarian-socialist newspaper Heimin Shinbun in the early 20th century. He gained the permission of anarcho-communist writer Peter Kropotkin to translate his works into Japanese, which helped to steer the nascent anarchist movement in a communist direction.

Others in the anarchist movement gravitated towards anarcho-syndicalism. Amongst these was Sanshirō Ishikawa, who had learned syndicalist organising methods from French unions while in Europe. In contrast, advocates of anarcho-communism such as Sakutarō Iwasa were strongly focused on the principles of communal solidarity and mutual aid espoused by Kropotkin. Their focus, and rejection of ideas they perceived to be antithetical to anarchism, led to anarcho-syndicalists giving their ideology the label of 'pure anarchism'. 'Pure anarchists' sharply criticised syndicalist methods and argued that - even if unions seized power, the fundamentally exploitative nature of capitalism would remain, as they argued had happened in the Soviet Union.

In 1928, there was a split in the anarchist movement between these two factions, cementing their divide. As the Japanese state became more militaristic, repression of political movements such as anarchism intensified, particularly after the Manchurian Incident in 1931, and organised anarchist activism essentially became impossible until the end of the Second World War in 1945.

Founding and split
Following the war, and the subsequent occupation of Japan by American forces, anarchists coalesced into a new Japanese Anarchist Federation in May 1946. Both anarcho-communists and anarcho-syndicalists joined, conscious of trying to mend their pre-war division. Many of the leading figures were the same as before the war, with both Sanshirō Ishikawa and Sakutarō Iwasa participating. Iwasa was elected chairman of the National Committee of the Federation, a chiefly organisational role. In June 1946, they began to publish a journal, named Heimin Shinbun after Kōtoku Shūsui's magazine.

The organisation nonetheless failed to gain much support from the general public, due to a number of factors. Anarchists were discriminated against due to a policy of anti-communism pursued by the American-led Allied occupation force, and anarchists also faced opposition from the Japanese Communist Party and its strong trade union presence. Land reform instituted after the war also effectively eliminated the class of tenant farmers that had formed the core base of the pre-war anarchist movement. The anarchists within the JAF were also divided over their political strategy, quarrelling amongst themselves frequently. Idealism, rather than the practical considerations of the populace, became the focus of Heimin Shinbun, and this hindered their capacity to muster public support.

Tensions between the 'pure' and syndicalist anarchists resurfaced due to their lack of success. In May 1950, a splitting organisation, the 'Anarcho-Syndicalist Group' (Anaruko Sanjikarisuto Gurūpu) formed. By October 1950, the organisation had firmly split, and was dissolved. In June 1951 the anarcho-communists created a 'Japan Anarchist Club' (Nihon Anakisuto Kurabu). Significantly, Sakutarō Iwasa followed the communists in joining the Club, depriving the Federation of a central figure.

Refounding
By 1956, the Japanese Anarchist Federation had been reformed, albeit without reuniting with the communist faction. In that year, the JAF started publishing a new journal, Kurohata ('Black Flag'), which was later renamed Jiyu-Rengo ('Libertarian Federation'). Within the latter, a new anarchist theorist named Ōsawa Masamichi began to rise to prominence. He advocated a more gradual revolution, focusing on the social and cultural rather than the political. His ideas were controversial, decried by some as 'revisionist', but he firmly established a more reformist strand within the anarchist movement.

Direct action
As an anarchist movement, the Federation supported direct action on multiple occasions through its lifespan. One of the most significant of these was the national opposition to the Japan-US Security Treaty in 1960. Huge demonstrations swept major cities, and the Sōhyō union and others staged strikes of around 4 to 6 million workers. Nonetheless, the treaty was accepted by the government. Disillusionment with constitutional politics led the 'Mainstream' faction of the Zengakuren student movement to join with the JAF in calling for political violence as a form of protest.

A similar protest broke out in 1965 against the treaty with South Korea, with a similar result. Ōsawa commented in Jiyu-Rengo that the government's action was an 'outrage', but that this had happened repeatedly - and that each time a 'threat to parliamentary democracy' was talked about by journalists, two camps of party politicians furiously decried the other's action, but then proceeded to make a truce and ignore the problem.

Out of this disillusionment, anarchism gained ground within the protest movement, including the Zenkyoto student power movement created during anti-Vietnam War protests. The rise of protest groups encouraged the Japanese Anarchist Federation to declare 'The Opening of the Era of Direct Action' in 1968. This culminated in the occupation of Tokyo University by anarchist students for several months in 1968.

The anarchism espoused by these students was not that of the JAF, however. The 'Council of United Struggle' at the university declared that they were "aristocratic anarchists", struggling not on behalf of the worker but for themselves, attempting to deny their own aristocratic attributes by engaging in political struggle. Ōsawa, for example, approved of the use of violent tactics, but feared that it was too separated from the masses, claiming that "it would come to a new Stalinism" even if it did succeed.

Legacy
The separation of the Japanese Anarchist Federation from the contemporary political protests demonstrated the weakness of the organisation. In 1968, the organisation was finally disbanded. It resolved "creatively to dissolve" in an attempt to formulate new forms of organisation, and announced its dissolution formally in Jiyu-Rengo on the 1st January 1969.

Its anarcho-communist rival, the Japan Anarchist Club, remained active until March 1980. Another group calling itself the Japanese Anarchist Federation was formed in October 1988.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Japanese Anarchist Federation


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Kodaikanal

Kodaikanal (English: ) is a municipality and hill station in Dindigul district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is situated at an altitude of 2225 m in the Palani hills of the Western Ghats. Kodaikanal was established in 1845 to serve as a refuge from the high temperatures and tropical diseases during the summer in the plains. It is a popular tourist destination and is referred to as the "Princess of Hill stations" with much of the local economy is based on the hospitality industry serving tourism. As per the 2011 census, the city had a population of 36,501.

Etymology
The word Kodaikanal is an amalgamation of two Tamil language words: kodai meaning "gift" and kanal meaning "forest" translating to "gift of the forest".

History
The earliest references to Kodaikanal and the Palani hills are found in Tamil Sangam literature. Tamil composition Kuṟuntokai, the second book of the anthology Ettuthokai, mentions the mountainous geographic region (thinai) of Kurinji. The region is associated with Hindu god Murugan and is described as a forest with lakes, waterfalls and trees like teak, bamboo and sandalwood. The name of the region, Kurinji, derives from the name of the famous flower Kurinji found only in the hills and the occupants of the region were tribal people whose prime occupations were hunting, honey harvesting and millet cultivation. The hills were populated by the Palaiyar tribal people.

In 1821, a British Lieutenant, B. S. Ward, climbed up from his headquarters in the Kunnavan village to Kodaikanal to survey the area and reported of beautiful hills with a healthy climate with about 4,000 people living in well-structured villages. In 1834, J.C Wroughten, then revenue collector of Madura and C. R. Cotton, a member of the Madras Presidency's board of revenue, climbed up the hills from Devadanapatti. In 1836, botanist Robert Wight visited Kodaikanal and recorded his observations in the 1837 Madras Journal of Literature and Science. In 1852, Major J. M. Partridge of the Bombay Army built a house and was the person to settle there. In 1853, only six to seven houses were there when then Governor of Madras Presidency Charles Trevelyan visited in 1860. In 1862, American missionary David Coit Scudder arrived. In 1863, acting on a suggestion of Vere Levinge, then collector of Madurai, an artificial lake was formed.

In 1867, Major J. M. Partridge imported Australian eucalyptus and wattle trees and in 1872, Lt. Coaker cut a path along the steep south east facing ridge which overlooks the plains below and prepared a descriptive map the region. In the later half of the 19th century, it became a regular summer retreat for American missionaries and other European diplomats as a refuge from the high temperatures and tropical diseases of the plains. In 1901, the first observations commenced at the Kodaikanal Observatory. In 1909, the area had developed into a small town with 151 houses and a functioning post office, churches, clubs, schools and shops. In 1914, the ghat road was completed. It continued to serve as a summer retreat during the British Raj and became a popular hill station later.

Geography
The town sits on a plateau above the southern escarpment of the upper Palani Hills at 2225 m, between the Parappar and Gundar valleys. These hills form the eastward spur of the Western Ghats on the western side of South India. It has an irregular basin as its heartland, the center of which is now Kodaikanal Lake. The lake is a man-made lake of circumference 5 km, formed by blocking three water streams in 1863.

North of the town, high hills slope down into the villages and on the east, the hill slopes less abruptly into the lower Palani. A precipitous escarpment facing the Cumbum valley is on the south with a plateau leading to Manjampatti Valley in the Anamalai Hills in the west. There are many streams and waterfalls.

Flora and Fauna
In 1836, botanist Robert Wight visited Kodaikanal and recorded over 100 plant specimens. In 1861, Douglas Hamilton recorded 114 species of birds in Kodaikanal. In 1867, W T Blanford described a new species Callene albiventris of White-bellied blue robin, obtained by Samuel Fairbank from the Palani Hills. The native vegetation consisted of Meadows and grasslands on the hillsides with shola forests in the valleys. When the British established the town, big invasive species of pine, wattle and eucalyptus were planted and they became the dominant species replacing the native shola forests. There are numerous pear trees with flowering rhododendron and magnolia trees. Kurinji flower that blooms only once in 12 years is unique to the town.

Nilgiri Tahrs were reported in the open grasslands in the region in the 19th century. Other major fauna include Indian elephant, Indian gaur and Flying squirrel. There are many species of butterflies also found in the region. After multiple proposals over the years, the Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary was notified by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 2013 and covers over 700 km2. The lake has various introduced fishes.

Climate
Kodaikanal has a monsoon-influenced subtropical highland climate (Cfb, according to the Köppen climate classification, with a Cwb tendency). The temperatures remain cool throughout the year due to the high elevation.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, Kodaikanal had a population of 36,501 with a sex-ratio of 1,004 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 3,893 were under the age of six, constituting 1,945 males and 1,948 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 19.86% and .28% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 79.78%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 9,442 households. There were a total of 14,103 workers, comprising 163 cultivators, 744 main agricultural labourers, 130 in household industries, 12,118 other workers, 948 marginal workers, 10 marginal cultivators, 51 marginal agricultural labourers, 34 marginal workers in household industries and 853 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Kodaikanal had 48.8% Hindus, 12% Muslims, 38.7% Christians, 0.5% following other religions or did not indicate any religious preference.

Economy
The economy of Kodaikanal predominantly depends on tourism with about 3.2 million tourists visiting in 2009. Changes are made every year in the summer in preparation for the peak tourist season with major roads converted into one-way lanes to regulate the constant inflow of traffic and special police are brought in for the safety of the tourists and protection of local businesses. Plums, pears, peppers, carrots, cauliflower, cabbage, garlic and onions are cultivated by terrace farmers in surrounding villages and are trucked to the market.

Administration
Kodaikanal is administered by the Kodaikanal municipality, established in 1899. It became a Grade Two municipality in 1960, upgraded to first grade in the year 1975 and Selection Grade in 1983. It is a Special Grade Municipality with effect from 31 May 1994. The Municipal Council has 24 wards. There is a government run hospital and a few private centers, which are not equipped for complicated diagnoses and surgery.

Transportation
Early travelers traveled 50 km by bullock cart and then the last 18 km journey to Kodaikanal was undertaken by foot, horse, or palanquins with hired coolies. In 1854, an improved 16 km bridle path was built and was extended up to Kodaikanal in 1878. Engineer Major G. C. Law was deputed to study and submit a plan to build a motor-able road to the hills and the road was finally completed in 1914 and opened for public traffic in 1916. The road is currently designated as SH-156 with a length of 52.4 km and starts at the intersection with Grand Southern Trunk Road (NH-45), about 8 km west of Batlagundu. Also, during World War II, the Kodaikanal–Munnar Road, an evacuation road from Kodaikanal along the hillcrest to Top Station and Munnar was built, which was abandoned in 1990. The two main road routes to reach Kodaikanal are via Palani and Batlagundu. Bus services are operated by the state owned Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (TNSTC).

In 1875, the Indian Railways extended its line from Chennai to Tirunelveli and a train station named Kodaikanal Road to facilitate visits to Kodaikanal. The nearest railway stations are Palani (64 km) and Kodaikanal Road (80 km). The nearest major rail-head is Madurai Junction (114 km) in the east. The Kodaikanal-Gudalur Railway line was under the contemplation from 1889 with the first survey in 1897 and several surveys till 1920. In 1922, the district board of Madurai initiated the Government to cancel the sanction of the railway line. The nearest airports are Madurai International Airport (115 km) and Coimbatore International Airport (170 km) with regular flights from/to major domestic destinations and international destinations like Sharjah, Colombo and Singapore.

Education
Kodaikanal comes under the Batlagundu educational district. The town has a government school and many private schools. There are a few colleges, major of which is the Kodaikanal Christian College and Mother Teresa Women's University.

Tourism and recreation
Kodaikanal has several clubs and civil society organizations operating for social, charitable and environmental goals. Established clubs in Kodaikanal include Kodaikanal Boat Club (1890), Kodaikanal Golf Club (1895), Indian Club (1915), Kodaikanal Lions Club (1985) and Rotary Club. In 1890, the Kodaikanal Missionary Union (KMU) was formed to enable missionaries of various denominations to come together for recreation and in 1923 it built an Edwardian style clubhouse, which was handed over to Kodaikanal International School in the 1980s. Kodaikanal has several social service societies which promote local trade including the Kodaikanal People Development Group (KOPDEG), which has been successful in providing employment for marginalized women and marketing their products. The cottage crafts shop at Anna Salai is run by the voluntary organization, Coordinating Council for Social Concerns in Kodai (CORSOK) and the Potter's Shed, selling locally made pottery was established in 1994. Kodaikanal Lake Protection Council and Vattakkanal Organization for Youth, Community and Environment (VOYCE) are organizations involved in preserving Kodaikanal's environment.

There are many Hindu temples, mosques and churches. Kuzhanthai Velappar temple is believed to have been built three thousand years ago by the Cheras and consists of a Murugan idol made of Dashabashanam (10 metal alloys) believed to have been conscreated by Bhogar. Kurinji Andavar Temple which takes its name from the indigenous Kurinji flower that blooms once in 12 years at the location, was built in 1924 and is dedicated to Lord Murugan. La Saleth Church is a church dedicated to Virgin Mary, located near Coaker’s Walk.

Kodaikanal Lake is an artificial, roughly star-shaped 45 ha lake built in 1863 and is Kodaikanal's most popular geographic landmark and tourist attraction with rowboats and pedalos that can be hired at the Kodaikanal Boat Club. Berijam Lake is an artificial lake located 22 km from Kodaikanal. Bear Shola falls is a waterfall located about 3 km from Kodaikanal inside the forest with the water flow rate varying depending on the monsoons. Bryant Park is a landscaped park on the eastern side of Kodaikanal Lake, is named after the British officer who founded it and hosts an annual flower show in May. Coaker's Walk is a 1 km walkway constructed by Lt. Coaker in 1872 running along the edge of slopes on the south from which there is an unhindered view of the valley and plains below. Dolphin Nose is a viewpoint that offers a panoramic view of the valley and can be reached by a 3 km trek on an unguarded narrow path.

Green valley view is located 5 km from the Kodaikanal lake and offers a view of the Vaigai dam located below. In 1906, with a view to growing valuable timber, H.D. Bryant started the Kodaikanal pine plantations in the south-west of Kodaikanal and the Pine forests have become a tourist attraction. Pillar rocks are two 122 m high rock-formations situated 7 km from the Kodaikanal lake. Shenbaganur museum is located 5 km from the Kodaikanal lake and has an orchidarium along with an archaeological museum. Silver Cascade is a 100 ft waterfall formed by the overflowing waters of the Kodaikanal lake, located 8 km ahead of town. Located on the outskirts of Kodaikanal, Guna caves, made popular by the Tamil movie Gunaa and previously called Devil's Kitchen, are deep bat-infested chambers between the gigantic boulders that are the pillar rocks.

Kodaikanal Solar Observatory, 6 km from the bus-stand on Observatory Road, at 2343 m is the highest location near Kodaikanal. The first observations were commenced here in 1901. Former Director John Evershed discovered the phenomenon of radial motion in sunspots, now known as the Evershed effect. The Kodaikanal Terrestrial Telescope can view a grand panorama including Sothupparai Dam, Vaigai Dam, Periyakulam and Varaha river. This Indian Institute of Astrophysics facility has a comprehensive astronomical science museum with organized public tours, access to the astronomy library, and scheduled night-time telescopic sky viewing.

Environmental pollution
Usage of plastic bags have been banned due to the pollution caused to the fragile ecosystem. In 1983, a second-hand mercury thermometer factory was shut down in New York and relocated to Kodaikanal. The factory owned by Unilever was shut down in 2001 over allegations of mercury contamination and serious environmental violations. When the factory was shut down, air and water-borne mercury emissions had already contaminated large areas of Kodaikanal and the surrounding forests with the same projected to remain for centuries. A Ministry of Labour committee in 2011 estimated that 11.2 tonnes of mercury could have been dispersed into the air and disposed of as waste from the thermometer factory. Unilever denied dumping the wastes and did not compensate the workers affected by the mercury poisoning and refused responsibility of cleaning up the contaminated soil. After years of legal cases in the Madras High Court, Unilever agreed to compensate the workers in 2016. Site remediation studies are being undertaken by national institutions based on which clean-up has to be done.

In popular culture
Kodaikanal has been the location for many movie shootings.

title: Kodaikanal


text:
Kodai

Kodai or Kōdai may refer to:

 * Kōdai (given name), a masculine Japanese given name
 * Kōdai or Takadai, a frame used for making kumihimo, a type of Japanese braid
 * Kodaikanal, a hill station located in Dindigul district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India
 * Kodai (2023), Indian Tamil-language film directed by Raajaselvam

title: Kodai


text:
Doug Frith

Douglas Cockburn Frith, (March 5, 1945 – March 21, 2009) was a Canadian politician. He represented the riding of Sudbury in the House of Commons of Canada from 1980 to 1988 as a member of the Liberal Party. From July 1996 to January 2008, Frith served as president of the Canadian Motion Picture Distributors Association, which is affiliated with the Motion Picture Association of America. He was honoured for his public service with the Queen's Jubilee Medals in 1977, 1992 and 2002 and was the recipient of the Public Service Award in 1988 for his work in the area of pension reform.

Early life
Frith was born in Brampton, Ontario, graduated from Sudbury High School and attended the University of Toronto. Before entering politics, he was a pharmacist in Sudbury. He was first elected as an alderman for Sudbury City Council in 1971 at the age of 26, and later served as chairman of the Regional Municipality of Sudbury between 1977 and 1980. As chair of the Regional Municipality of Sudbury, he established a new relationship between municipal government and Inco, and was instrumental in the launch of Science North.

Political career
He served as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Health from 1980 to 1982, in the final government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Between 1980 and 1984, Frith chaired the Special Committee on Pension Reform. When John Turner succeeded Trudeau as Liberal leader and Prime Minister in 1984, he brought Frith into cabinet as Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The Liberals lost the 1984 election, however, and Frith was one of just 40 Liberal MPs to be re-elected. Frith served as chairman of the National Liberal Caucus between 1984 and 1987. Between 1984 and 1988, Frith held the portfolio of Opposition Critic for National Defence and National Health and Welfare.

After politics
He did not run in the 1988 election in order to accept an appointment with Hill & Knowlton as senior vice-president. He became chairman of the Canadian subsidiary in 1995. From July 1996 to January 2008, Frith served as president of the Canadian Motion Picture Distributors Association, which is affiliated with the Motion Picture Association of America, and represents the interests of the American film industry in Canada. In April 2008, he joined Global Public Affairs as vice-chair. Frith served as chair of the Education Foundation of the Canadian Association of Former Parliamentarians (CAFP) and as the chair of the CAFP. Frith was a member on numerous Boards, including the Toronto East General Hospital, the Canadian Council on Aboriginal Business and the Canadian Film Centre.

Frith died following a massive heart attack in Ottawa on March 21, 2009.

title: Doug Frith


text:
Talk:Caper

dismabiguation
There should be a disambiguous page, as a caper is also a type of literary genre. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.51.76.96 (talk) 03:15, 2 February 2005 (UTC)

calminative
Could someone dismabiguate "calminative" here? I.e. what is it? --Mothperson 02:41, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Glucocapparin
This article refers to "glucocapparin", which wiki redirects as "unknown" and wiki asks: Did you mean: glucoraphanin? 68.11.146.54 (talk) 22:07, 4 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Glucocapparin is a different chemical compound than glucoraphanin, but it is a related glucosinolate. -- Ed (Edgar181) 12:26, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

expanding the article
Hey guys, my login to german wikipedia isn't working for the english WP ? Anyway, there's a good article about the caper in german wikipedia providing a bit more information on the matter. I'd like to translate some of that to expand this version, but someone would have to read it after that to ensure a decent style - my english has its source primarily in Southpark and Lord of the Rings, what sometimes leads to weird results ;-) 84.56.37.153 22:01, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd be glad to edit your additions (Auf deutsch lese und schreibe ich wie ein amerikanischer Student).--Curtis Clark 22:49, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Medicinal Uses
What is 'mar disease'? A search for it in the database and on the web turned up no results. Perhaps it's a typo? if not, please clarify. Also, can you cite references to it being good for said disease? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.27.27.244 (talk) 04:12, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

Capers growing higher and colder than mentioned in article
Capparis spinosa is alive and growing well in the arid hills of Ladakh up to 3500m or 11,500feet above sea level. The winters go down to -20C at night on a regular basis; the caper bushes die back to the ground and sprout from the ground every spring. They have incredibly deep roots. I would like to amend the information on the page to say this but it is my primary knowledge; I don't have a source to cite. I think Oxford's Flowers of the Himalayas would corroborate this but I don't have a copy to hand.

I've been picking and pickling capers in Ladakh every spring for 6 years and have no doubt on the plant's identity. The plant, leaves, flowers, buds, thorns and berries looks just like photos on this page and elsewhere online, and the pickled buds and berries taste like commercial capers I have purchased from Europe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by BeckyLadakh (talk • contribs) 07:32, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

Nominalisation of prose and other opacities
Take a look at this example – it's really not encyclopedic language but more a botanical text or university essay language style - would someone consider making the prose of this article accessible, put it in active voice, with brackets indicating meaning e.g.? And no, filling it with links would not improve things for a reader who deserves to get information from the first approach—
 * "The seed of the genus Capparis is bitegmic. The testa is 0.2–0.3 mm thick, with all its cell walls somewhat lignified, some of them with distinct thickening; its tegmen consists of an outer fibrous, lignified layer four to ten cells thick, with a lignified endotegmen composed of contiguous cuboid cells, with strongly thickened radial walls. Only the mesophyll between exo- and endotegmen is unlignified. Caper seed germination shows a dependence on the integrity of the covering structures."

Just sayin' – happy to transcribe whole article if it means I wouldn't get hammered Manytexts (talk) 06:27, 15 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually, it's a copyright violation (more below). Sminthopsis84 (talk) 15:00, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://books.google.ca/books?id=2I9wAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=The+seed+of+the+genus+Capparis+is+bitegmic.+The+testa+is+0.2–0.3+mm+thick,+with+all+its+cell+walls+somewhat+lignified&source=bl&ots=lLPwTbXemP&sig=pqpPlzsXgVWrqjOAP0guvr81ZcU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rGokU522NsWfqwGdr4GYAg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22The%20seed%20of%20the%20genus%20Capparis%22&f=false. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 15:04, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

Nutrition/Sodium content
It may be that levels of consumption vary considerably, but I would hardly call a full ounce of capers a typical serving. The jar that I have indicates a serving size of one teaspoonful (one-sixth ounce, about 4-5 grams), or 6% of the DV for sodium, which seems more reasonable. Richard K. Carson (talk) 00:23, 31 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Caper. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061101100756/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/capparid.htm to http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/capparid.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120716210723/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/Flav/flav.pdf to http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/Flav/flav.pdf

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:43, 14 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Checks as ok. --Zefr (talk) 16:17, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

languages
There is a Hebrew page, it should be linked in the languages section: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%A3_(%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%97). Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Danielbu (talk • contribs) 09:31, 28 November 2022 (UTC)
 * It's connected to the page on the genus Capparis. Graham87 (talk) 15:58, 7 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Maybe the genus Capparis page should be merged with this one, then... Danielbu (talk) 08:16, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caper


text:
Category:California Golden Seals players

These are articles about ice hockey players who played in the National Hockey League for the California Golden Seals.

There is also a list at List of California Golden Seals players.

Note: The California Golden Seals were previously known as the California Seals (1967) and Oakland Seals (1967–70), and were relocated to become the Cleveland Barons who were later merged with the Minnesota North Stars.


text:
Chapultepec metro station

Chapultepec is a station on the Mexico City Metro. It is located in the Cuauhtémoc borough in the center of Mexico City. In 2019, the station had an average ridership of 57,873 passengers per day, making it the 14th busiest station in the network. Since 9 November 2023, the station has remained closed for modernization work on the tunnel and the line's technical equipment.

General information
The station logo depicts a grasshopper (chapulín). The station's name comes from the Bosque de Chapultepec, a large nearby park that contains a hill with the same name. Chapultepec means "grasshopper hill" in Nahuatl. The station was opened on 5 September 1969 with service eastward to Sevilla, when Chapultepec served as the western terminus of Line 1. Westward service from Chapultepec to Juanacatlán started 11 April 1970.

Chapultepec lies along Line 1 only. Despite no longer being a terminal and not being a transfer station for other metro lines, the station does play an important role as a bus transfer station, connecting with a vast array of microbuses that service the north of Mexico City and areas in the adjacent State of México, such as Ciudad Satélite, Valle Dorado, Arboledas and Cuautitlán Izcalli.

The station is also served by two trolleybus lines of STE: One is L2 (formerly route S), which runs east from Chapultepec to Metro Velódromo along the arterial thoroughfares known as Eje 2 Sur and Eje 2A Sur and is one of two high-frequency trolleybus lines that STE calls "Zero-Emissions Corridors". The other is route I, which connects Chapultepec with Metro El Rosario, to the north.

Chapultepec has an information desk; the station forecourt also contains a collection of retail stores, including a clothes boutique, a drugstore and a record store.

The station serves the following neighborhoods: San Miguel Chapultepec, Colonia Juárez, Colonia Condesa and Colonia Roma Norte.

Nearby

 * Headquarters of the Secretariat of Health
 * Headquarters of the Mexican Social Security Institute
 * Torre Mayor, 225 metres tall skyscraper.
 * Bosque de Chapultepec, the closest points of interest to the station are:
 * Museo de Arte Moderno, museum of modern art.
 * Chapultepec Castle
 * Heroic Cadets Memorial, monument dedicated to the memory of the Niños Héroes.
 * Chapultepec Zoo
 * Estela de Luz, monument that commemorates the bicentenary of Mexico's independence.

Exits

 * East: Tampico street and Avenida Chapultepec, Colonia Roma Norte
 * Northeast: Circuito Interior José Vasconcelos, Colonia Juárez
 * West: Circuito Interior, San Miguel Chapultepec
 * Northwest: Circuito Interior, Colonia Juárez
 * North: Circuito Interior and Bosque de Chapultepec
 * South: Circuito Interior José Vasconcelos, Colonia Condesa

title: Chapultepec metro station


text:
User:Randrewlove

Substantial

 * None as of yet

Minor

 * Zerbst
 * Köthen

title: User:Randrewlove


text: User talk:68.90.189.136

title: User talk:68.90.189.136


text:
Talk:Hetmans of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Old discussions
Artcl Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky refers to a suspicious hetman Jan Piotrus Sapieha. Can anyone clarify?

I know only Paweł Jan Sapieha (anyway, Peter, Paul, what's the difference? both saints :-) someone could make a mistake), but he is from a different time. Mikkalai 03:20, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

B-class review
This article is currently at start/C class, but could be improved to B-class if it had more (inline) citations. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 03:48, 5 May 2012 (UTC)


text:
1926 German Grand Prix

The 1926 German Grand Prix was an auto race held at the AVUS track on 11 July 1926. It was the first ever German Grand Prix. The race was held in heavy rain, and was won by Germany's native son, Rudolf Caracciola.

Recognising a lack of available vehicles for the new Grand Prix formula (for example, the 1926 French Grand Prix had just three starters), the organisers decided to admit a diverse field vaguely described as sports cars. These were divided into three classes based on engine capacity: Class D (2L-3L), Class E (1.5L-2L) and Class F (1.1L to 1.5L). The race start was staggered, with class D released first, followed by class E, and finally class F, at 2-minute intervals.

The race was marred by an accident involving driver Adolf Rosenberger, whose car crashed into one of the marshals' huts, killing three people.

The German Grand Prix would not return to the AVUS track until 1959.

title: 1926 German Grand Prix


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Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster

Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster, 2nd Lord of Connaught (c. 1210 – 28 July 1271) also spelt Burke or Bourke, was an Irish peer from the House of Burgh.

Biography
De Burgh was the second son of Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Lord of Connaught and Egidia de Lacy.

In 1243, he succeeded his father as Lord of Connacht. In a royal order from Westminster in September 1247, Sir John Fitzgeoffrey was charged by the king with seizing the lands of Walter de Burgh's older brother Richard, who had died. The de Burgh lands in Connaught were being held by John de Livet, likely the son of Gilbert de Lyvet, one of the earliest Lord Mayors of Dublin and Marmaduke de Eschales (Scales).

The traditional account that Walter de Burgh became earl of Ulster through marriage to a cousin is no longer generally accepted. According to that account, Walter married a cousin, Lady Maud de Lacy, only daughter and heiress of Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster (by his second wife, Emmeline de Riddlesford, the granddaughter of Walter de Riddlesford). It was asserted that in 1264 De Burgh was created Earl of Ulster in her right. Walter de Burgh was granted the lands of Ulster in 1263 by Edward, who had been granted Ireland in 1254.

In 1270, he and Walter de Ufford, the Justiciar of Ireland, were defeated by Aedh mac Felim Ua Conchobair at Áth an Chip.

He married Avelina, daughter of Sir John Fitzgeoffrey, Justiciar of Ireland, about 1257.

He died, aged about 60, in Galway, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster ('The Red Earl of Ulster'). Other children were three sons, Theobald, William and Thomas, and a daughter, Egidia, who married Sir James Stewart (1260–1309), 5th High Steward of Scotland.

title: Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster


text:
Red Death

The Red Death may refer to:

 * The Masque of the Red Death, an 1842 short story by Edgar Allan Poe
 * The Masque of the Red Death (1964 film), a 1964 film adaptation starring Vincent Price
 * Masque of the Red Death (1989 film), a 1989 remake of the 1964 film
 * Red Death, a fictional disease in Osmosis Jones
 * Red Death, a fictional dragon in the 2010 film How to Train Your Dragon
 * Masque of the Red Death (Ravenloft), a campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
 * The Red Death, a New York death metal band
 * "Red Death at 6:14", a single by the American garage rock band The White Stripes.
 * Red Death, a character on the animated television series The Venture Bros
 * Red Death, a version of the DC Comics character Batman from an alternate Earth.
 * Anthracycline drugs due to their red color and cytotoxic effects, particularly Doxorubicin.

title: Red Death


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BWDM Records

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:58, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

BWDM Records
Not a speedy delete candidate, but a substub at best. Delete unless expanded.-gadfium 03:24, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.
 * Delete. Article does not establish notability. Gamaliel 03:28, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, article does not establish notability, Google test shows 4 hits (with 421 other similar pages omitted). Megan1967 05:47, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this article should be expanded, not deleted.warpozio 10:43, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Marginal vote of delete unless someone can convince otherwise. GRider\talk 19:36, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Randrewlove

I guess this is where you can complain or contact me. So go for it already.

title: User talk:Randrewlove


text:
Kodaikanal International School

Kodaikanal International School (KIS) is a co-educational independent residential school offering education for grades P-12. It is located on 43 acre in Kodaikanal, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India. Kodaikanal is a hill station at 2133 m in the Palani Hills, 121 km northwest of Madurai.

Early alumni of KIS include US Ambassador to India Robert F. Goheen (1936) and US Senator Chris Van Hollen (1977).

In 1975, KIS became the first school in India to offer the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program (IB) and the IB Middle Years Program (MYP). It also awards its own certificate, the KIS Diploma, to all graduates. It is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools (US) and recognized by the Association of Indian Universities.

The current principal is Corleigh (Corey) Stixrud.

Origins (1890–1919)

In the early 1880s, there was a great need for an English-medium school in South India, due to an ever-increasing Christian mission community in the area. Having a school at a hill-station would allow the children of missionaries to escape the tropical diseases that were claiming the lives of so many, and provide a cool and open atmosphere that stimulated learning.

In the early months of the year 1900, a woman by the name of Margaret Eddy came to visit her son Sherwood (after whom Sherwood Dormitory is named), who was working as a missionary in Batlagundu. Seeing the need for a school, and also realising that the missionaries could not find the means to establish one, she decided to begin the process herself. She held the first Kodaikanal Conference on 1 June 1900, in which she established a Committee whose duty it was to find teachers and a building in which schooling would be held.

After commissioning The Highclerc Hotel as a building more than a year later, under the leadership of Mrs. Margaret Eddy, "Highclerc School" was opened to students on 1 July 1901. By 1902 the owners of the building had drastically increased the rent, so the school was moved to Rock Cottage and Central House. In 1905, Mrs. Eddy returned to Kodaikanal, and was able to buy The Highclerc Hotel from its new owner for INR 29,000 along with 3.5 acre of land. Since that time the school has remained in its present location. Mrs. Eddy served as principal of Kodai School, without salary, from 1901 to 1905, when she was forced to return to the America due to a sickness.

Development (1920–1959)
Significant development of the school that began in the late 1920s, when land acquisitions provided dormitory accommodation and facilities for the growing school, continued during the next three decades. By 1930, the school had fully expanded into a high-school accommodating preschool through grade twelve, and that same year, Tracy Manley became the first student to receive a High School Diploma from Kodai School. In 1944, Dayavu Dhanapal became the first Indian woman staff member to join the school.

Internationalization (1960–1989)
The 1960s marked the beginning of a new era in the school's history; a period of revolutionising social changes. In 1960, Herb Krause, whose grand daughter is a Kodai School graduate and a former teacher at the school, took the role of principal after ten years as a teacher. Krause's goal was to open the school up to students of all nationalities and religions – a movement away from the traditional American Christian image the school had had. In 1966, a committee was established to improve the curriculum, staff and instructional material of the school, and it was accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools in 1968 as a result of the committee's work. A new merit/demerit disciplinary system was introduced as a "supplementary system of discipline and guide to staff members" – a very controversial standardisation of disciplinary consequences.

Another major change in the school occurred during this time – nationalism was becoming more and more visible in the world, and the American missionary exodus from India began. This debased the Kodai School community in a way that could not have been expected. The nature of the Kodai School student body needed to change in order to meet enrolment needs and budget realities. Herb Krause began visiting New Delhi, Bangkok and Beirut. Several international companies endowed grants upon the school in return for guaranteed places for students. Consequently, a student body of a more diverse and cosmopolitan background developed.

This led to a new debate about religious freedom, having to do with the fundamental mission and purpose of the school. The Kodai School staff were divided into two groups: one supporting a mandatory Christian curriculum, with the other supporting religious freedom. When the new chaplain, Robert Dewey, arrived in 1965, the issue came to a head. Dewey merged the ideals of a Christian school and religious freedom: he once said "creative dialogue is absolutely essential if the school is going to be what it wants to be. It is the only word that I know that suggests educationally and experientially what the school can be and is at its best".

Robert Carman ('48) worked with Frank Jayasinghe, the new Director of Development, to produce Project Design, a document which outlined the mission, philosophy, and expectations of students within the school. In 1972, Kodai School was renamed "Kodaikanal International School", and it became the first international school in India. When Jayasinghe took over as Principal in 1973, he continued Krause's campaign for students – enrolment increased from 279 students in 1975 to 475 in 1985.

In 1975 KIS became the first school in India to adopt the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program. In 1977 the first KIS students sat for the first IB examinations in India. Another significant development was the recognition of the KIS High School Diploma by the All India University Board in 1981 and by a number of individual universities in India.

Recent history (1990–present)
In 1994, Project Design (1974) was revised and renamed Design '94. Design '94 stands today as "the statement of the mission, philosophy, goals and objectives of KIS". In 2006, KIS officially was granted its request to follow the IB Middle Years Program curriculum for grades 6–10, and it began issuing MYP Diplomas. KIS also offers the IB Primary Years Programme (PYP) for grades 1–5. As of 2014, KIS offers all 3 programs of the IB Curriculum viz. the PYP, MYP and the IBDP. KIS also offers the KIS High School Diploma which is awarded to all graduating students who don't opt for the IB Diploma. KIS has a current strength of 440 students and 127 teaching staff. The staff and students come from over 25 different nationalities and from every continent.

Robotics team
The KIS Robotics Team is a group of robotics students who compete annually in the Interschool Robotics Junior competition that is held by Tetronics, Ltd, in Bangalore. The team also competes in the International School robotics competition in Seoul, South Korea.

Social Experience
Since the 1960s, KIS social awareness has taken the form of various community service programs, social studies focus and development education courses in the curriculum. Manual Labor program, Youth Corps, Community Experience program and today's Social Experience program, or SoEx, have all been tried over the years with varying degrees of success. Leaders in the Indian development field have contributed to workshops and retreats for staff and students. SoEx groups have worked in orphanages, taught and assisted in local school support programs and been involved in village planning and tribal community development projects. Every Saturday, there is a SoEx activity in which all students can voluntarily participate; such as a visit to the Shenbaganur Orphanage, the Mercy Home, or the village school.

Student Council (StudCo)
The Student Council (StudCo) is a group of students representative of the high-school student body (grades 9–12). StudCo meets weekly to discuss school issues, rules, and student concerns. Any student is free to request that StudCo focus on a certain issue. Representatives of StudCo from each grade address each of the four high-school grades individually every Monday at an evening meeting. The members of StudCo are elected democratically by the student body and stand as representatives of the entire student population.

Middle-school Council (MidCo)
The Middle-school Council (MidCo) is a group of students representative of the middle-school student body (grades 6–8). MidCo meets weekly to discuss school issues, rules, and student concerns. Any student is free to request that MidCo focus on a certain issue.

Financial aid
Financial aid is provided to scholarship students.

Campus facilities

KIS is divided into two academic campuses: The Highclerc Campus for its high school (grades 9–12) and Ganga Campus for its elementary school (grades P-5) and middle school (grades 6–8). KIS also incorporates a Wilderness Camp, which offers outdoor education programs for students. It is located in the forest two hours away from Kodaikanal, near the village of Poondi. Highclerc Campus overlooks the large Kodaikanal Lake and the rest of the town of Kodaikanal.

Partnership and student exchange
KIS has since 2008/2009 a partnership and student exchange with the following German institutions:Gymnasium Andreanum in Hildesheim and the Evangelisches Schulzentrum Leipzig in Leipzig. In addition, there is a French Exchange for students in the 10th grade, which allows for a 3-month stay in Lorient, France. A 2-week exchange, open to 9-10th grade students, in Italy is also available.

Charity
Many NGO's are based within Kodiakanal and the school often has programs in which students will help these charities through documentation and the raising of funds.

Notable alumni

 * William D. Coleman (1915–2001), pastor
 * Robert F. Goheen (1919–2008), academic and ambassador
 * Eugene Irschick (born 1934), Professor Emeritus, UC Berkeley
 * Romulus Whitaker (born 1943), conservationist
 * Michael Aung-Thwin (1946-2021), Burmese historian and academic
 * Stephen R. Donaldson (born 1947), American novelist
 * S. Ashok Kumar (1947–2000), judge
 * Kai Bird ( born 1951), American author and columnist
 * Chris Granner (born 1957), Composer and sound designer
 * Chris Van Hollen (born 1959), American politician
 * Ashok Kamte (born 1965), IPS Officer (Maharashtra Cadre)
 * Sajeeb Wazed (born 1971), Bangladeshi businessman and politician
 * Arjun Rampal (born 1972), Indian actor, model, film producer and television personality
 * Ram Kapoor (born 1973), actor
 * Aatish Taseer (born 1980), writer
 * Zayed Khan (born 1980), former Indian actor and producer
 * Esha Deol (born 1981), actor and model
 * Pawo Choyning Dorji (born 1983), Bhutanese filmmaker and photographer
 * Taaha Shah (born 1987), actor and model

title: Kodaikanal International School


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User:Everyking/Autobiography promotion and publicity

Ashlee Simpson's 2004 album Autobiography and its singles have received a considerable degree of promotion in the United States—where it has enjoyed the most success—and also in some other countries. Much of the attention Simpson and her music received in 2004 focused on contrasting her with her sister, Jessica Simpson, and making her more rock-oriented image primary—article titles dubbed her "The Rock Sister" and "The Sister Who Rocks". Additionally, Simpson's personal involvement in the writing of her "autobiographical" songs contributed to a perception that she is somewhat more real than many other popular American singers, with more genuine sentiment reflected in her lyrics. Simpson's reality show, The Ashlee Simpson Show, displayed these aspects of her image clearly, although some have suggested that the degree of corporate backing for a debut artist—including the unusually high degree of promotion that comes with having the making of an album as the subject of a television show—indicates that her success was "manufactured" and that her father and manager, Joe Simpson, uses reality television to achieve success that might not be possible otherwise.

Even before The Ashlee Simpson Show first aired on June 16, however, the first single, "Pieces of Me", was began picking up significant radio play in May 2004, and it was noted in an article in the Los Angeles Times that it was the most rapidly added song on radio up to that point in the year. Simpson also began making notable television performances of "Pieces of Me", such as at Summer Music Mania, a concert taped on May 20 and aired on June 1. Also in late May, she sang on The Tonight Show, and in the days leading up to her album's release, she sang on The Late Show with David Letterman and Good Morning America. On July 20, the day of Autobiography ' s U.S. release, she appeared on MTV's music video countdown show Total Request Live—a focal point of teenage popular culture. Subsequently, she appeared on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on July 27 and performed at the pre-show for the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards on August 29.

Promotion for Autobiography and "Pieces of Me" came later in Europe, primarily beginning in September 2004. At this time, Simpson made a number of television appearances there: she appeared on the German and U.K. versions of Total Request Live, and in the U.K. she also performed "Pieces of Me" on Top of the Pops (September 17), Top of the Pops Saturday (September 25), CD:UK, and Popworld.

In the U.S., "Pieces of Me" was followed by a second single, "Shadow", in September, and this was accompanied by another round of television appearances. On September 20, Simpson appeared again on Total Request Live; although she did not sing "Shadow" as scheduled because she was not feeling well, she gave an interview and introduced the "Shadow" music video—it had already debuted on the show and was at number two on the countdown that day. She was also on Live with Regis and Kelly on September 22, giving an interview and then performing "Shadow"; on the same day, she was on The Tonight Show again, also performing "Shadow". "Shadow" was also the album's second single in Australia.

Perhaps the most notable of Simpson's 2004 televised performances came when she appeared on Saturday Night Live (an American sketch comedy show, broadcast from New York City) as a musical guest on the night of October 23/24, and was scheduled to perform "Pieces of Me" and then "Autobiography" (which was at the time still planned as the third single). She was unable to perform the second of these songs due to an embarrassing error with a vocal backing track, which she claimed she needed because her voice was weak that night due to acid reflux (a condition which had also featured on The Ashlee Simpson Show). Despite her illness, Simpson received some poor publicity from this incident—some accused her of lip synching and criticized or poked fun at her, and videos of the incident were circulated on the Internet—but she subsequently gave a successful performance of "Autobiography" at the Radio Music Awards on October 25.

Promotion for "La La", the third single, began in the U.S. in November 2004. Simpson appeared on Total Request Live on November 18 to sing it, and during an interview with Carson Daly she said of "La La" in comparison to her previous two singles: "It's nice because ... "Pieces of Me" was ... an up and happy kind of song, and "Shadow" was more serious, and now I get to have fun and ... jump around and be crazy, so I feel like this song's probably the closest to my personality." The music video for "La La" debuted on television in an episode of MTV's Making the Video on November 23, although it had been shown on the Internet a day earlier.

During a concert that was broadcast live on the Internet by AOL Music Live on the evening of December 6, Simpson performed (in order) "Autobiography", "Nothing New", "Love Me for Me", "Shadow", "Surrender", "Undiscovered", "Pieces of Me", and (as an encore) "La La"—with a coy Christmas song, "Santa Baby", leading into it. According to a Geffen press release, this show "had the biggest 1 week audience ever for AOL with 1.6 million plays." Simpson also performed "La La" (with "Santa Baby" as a lead-in), as well as "Pieces of Me", on Jingle Ball Rock, a television special featuring performances by a number of popular artists; it was taped on December 3 and aired on December 17. Additionally, an episode of The Tonight Show in which Simpson performed "La La" aired a few hours later. Simpson performed "Autobiography", "Pieces of Me" and "La La" on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve 2005, in addition to hosting the West Coast portion of the show. At the Orange Bowl halftime show on January 4, 2005, she gave a fairly elaborate performance of "La La", including dancers and fireworks, but after she finishing singing, pronounced booing was heard from some in the audience—perhaps a lingering effect of Simpson's failed SNL performance and the criticism it provoked.

In the United Kingdom, it was decided that "La La" would be the second single instead of "Shadow", and therefore "La La" began its run in the U.K. at about the same time as it did in the U.S. Simpson performed "La La" on Top of the Pops (January 7), CD:UK (January 8), and Today with Des and Mel (January 12), with the Des and Mel performance being preceded by an interview; a CD single for "La La" is planned for U.K. release later in January 2005. Simpson will further promote the album with her first U.S. headlining tour in early 2005; dates are currently scheduled from February 18 to April 20.


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Talk:Zao (American band)

Russ being in the band
The site says he is still in it, and if he is injured, I doubt this means he is permanently out, so for now, I added him back to members.24.61.84.44 03:17, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Changed the meaning of Greek word Zao
the greek word ζάω means "I live" in biblical Greek, it does not mean "alive" which would be ζωντανός in contemporary greek. if they meant it to mean "alive" then they mistranslated the word... i edited the page to reflect the actual meaning of the word.

 * ...but they did have a song called "Alive is Dead" hinting that they were going to be breaking up.Whitey138 (talk) 01:58, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

I am sure there is alot more meanings you could get out of "alive is dead" it would moste likely relate to something that happened in there lives, not the future of the band —Preceding unsigned comment added by ICheets (talk • contribs) 02:17, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Where are they from?
I had long heard that they were from Parkersburg, West Virginia. Today, Slipper changed the location to Greensburgh, Pennsylvania. Is there any source for this? --Idont Havaname (Talk) 00:08, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I checked their Myspace page, which says that the band currently live in or near Pennsylvania. But the band's earlier bios said they were from Parkersburg.  I'll reword the introduction accordingly. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 19:51, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I am from Parkersburg and saw their first show. They were from the Parkersburg, WV/Marietta, OH area, but by the time "Liberate" came out, I think Jesse Smith was the only member left from the area. Dlmccaslin 05:48, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Side projects
Though impressive, the side projects list in this article is not necessary knowledge about the band. Suggestions? —Joshfist 03:28, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Moved the section to its own page: Zao (band)/List of Zao related side projects. —Joshfist 21:23, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Question about Gods/GODS: Were/Are Jesse Smith and Rob Horner both involved in this? I thought Jesse was the only Zao member who was part of that project. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 03:40, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

History
There are currently many loose sentences in the section that should be included in an article rewrite. The section needs to be cleaned up and wikified rather than reshuffled throughout the article. —Joshfist 14:00, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

About Russ Cogdell's return.
Several editors wish to emphasize that Russ Cogdell is on hiatus or returning; however, the FAQ list on Zao's MySpace has this to say about the subject: Q: What happened to Russ? A: He went on a medical leave due to his knee being injured in August 2005. In the interim, he got married and is working at home and spending time with his wife. Rock 'n Roll doesn't wait and Zao soldiered on. At this stage, we don't expect his return or want a replacement. If/when he decides to return, we have his area of the stage (in addition to a bunch of cushy gym mats) waiting for him. Noting that he may or may not come back in the article is not necessary, as the same could theoretically be stated for any previous member of the band. —Joshfist 03:41, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Russ is back in the band now. Scott also said in the most recent interview on their MySpace blog that the core of the band over about the last decade has been him, Russ, and Dan, and that Zao won't be adding any more permanent members. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 19:17, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

The Pic
I'd do it myself, but I can't seem to find a version with a correct band pic, instead of Gene Snitsky. So, could someone fix it, please?

Listing music videos
If they have more than one music video (I assume they do), then the music videos should get their own section in the discography rather than putting them in Other releases. They don't need any additional notes, except if they are especially noteworthy - e.g. did well on a TV network. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 01:55, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

"Detrimental and demonic" citation
I agree that this needs better sourcing, and I can't provide exactly that. But I do recall an issue of FlamexResistant (a Montreal-based 'zine) where they talked about their home churches in West Virginia excluding them because of their tattoos, so if you can locate that perhaps that's a suboptimal substitute. - Cheers, PhilipR 03:01, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Zao (punk band)?!
Zao's style has never been punk. I would suggest using Zao (metal band) if you want to identify them by genre. Although, a better way to name the page without igniting a genre controversy is to call this page Zao (US band), and similarly go back to Zao and re-label Zao (zeuhl) as Zao (French band). The French band doesn't have an article here anyway. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 13:22, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * No problem. I got my inspiration for the label "punk" from the Dutch wikipedia. Moreover, the article says the bands falls in the christian metalcore genre, and that article says it's a from of hardcore punk; that was the reason a tagged it with punk; but well, I don't know anything about the genre, so any better article title is fine ;-) --LimoWreck 17:07, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Not a Christian Band Anymore
Well, since it is said that they have stated that they are no longer a Christian band, then why are they still labeled as such in the category? IronCrow 03:26, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah really man. They haven't been Christian band since...well their last Christian album was Where Blood And Fire Bring Rest.

 * No The Funeral Of God had christian intones as well.

 * They haven't labeled themselves as a Christian band since Where Blood and Fire Bring Rest and, from what they've posted in the Q&A sections on their MySpace page, are very tired of that debate. The current version of the article accurately describes how their stance on the "Christian" issue has changed over time.  I'm about to work on the History section. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 19:53, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

They can still be refered as a Christian band because their early work was. Just like people still refer to metallica as thrash metal even though they haven't been for over 15 years.

Zao have undergone so many lineup changes over the years, none of the original members (who were all self-proclaimed Christians) remain. Zao started out as a Christian band, but today they prefer to be known as a group of open-minded, free-thinking individuals. You can listen to a lot of secular music and read Christian themes into it if you want...but that does not make that group Christian. Zao should be classified as secular, regardless of whether or not the members claim to be Christians. --hXc ryan-- 15:25, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

The idea that a band should continue to be classified as a Christian because their early work was is foreign to me. Correct me if I am wrong, but a butterfly is a butterfly, even if it once was a caterpillar. Whether the band played a key influence in creating the Christian metal genre or not is irrelevant in their classification. What is the band currently? That is what they should be classified as. It is entirely appropriate that the article itself refers to their influence on the Christian metalcore genre, but face the facts: Zao has entirely different members and and entirely different style than it did in the mid 90s. --Wick3dd 01:45, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I've been looking into this, and I've noticed they still contain Christian elements, but I still cant really prove it all that much. As for classification: Former Christian musical groups is good enough. IronCrow 21:03, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Was Corey Darst the vocalist in any of Zao's demo songs?
I'm expanding the History section right now. I have Legendary and recall that there were 3 demo tracks at the end of it. Were those done with Corey Darst on vocals or Dan Weyandt? Also, who did the vocals on their This Is Solid State songs? This Is Solid State Vol. 3] had a Zao song called "The Icarus Complex", which was also a demo track on Legendary (the other two demo tracks on Legendary were "One Last Time" and "All Dressed Up (With No Place to Go"). I don't think any of these songs were recorded with Joshua Ashworth. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 20:29, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Dan Weyandt recorded those 3 demo tracks. I own a copy of Legendary --hXc ryan-- 15:28, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

The vocals are by Cory Darst. It says so in the liner notes of the CD. If you have the cd go look. It has a list of the members and the tracks they are on.--

Dan did not sing on the demo tracks. It was Corey. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.215.154.145 (talk) 20:44, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

More on the Christian/not debate
According to the most recent interview on their MySpace page, all of their current members identify themselves as Christians. Jeff Gretz, who's no longer in the band and was replaced by Josh Walters from the Juliana Theory, was open about not being a Christian, but Scott said that the rest of the members (including Josh) are. However, the band is not.

I just saw this and wanted to make a note of it here for anyone who wants to work it into the article; I don't have time to do that tonight. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 05:52, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I've updated it just now. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 20:31, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Genre
An anon recently changed their first genre from hardcore to death metal. I'm going to revert that. As far as I know, Zao has never been a death metal band. Their early work (Splinter) tended more toward hardcore, and Daniel Weyandt uses the kind of vocals that are used in black metal. --Idont Havaname (Talk) 15:19, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

I've always perceived Zao as a grindcore band with black metal-influenced vocals. Dan Weyandt screams into a distorted PA... --hXc ryan--

I personally asked the band about their genre in an email via myspace and the drummer at the time (Jeff Gretz) said they have never considered themselves metalcore. He stated that the band is just plain heavy metal. Their current ablum has some death metal undertones, as have many of their albums. Songs like "It's Hard Not To Shake With A Gun In Your Mouth", or "At Zero (Simeon Simmons)" display death metal tendancies. However, the band as a whole does not. In reality, the best argument in favor of Zao being a death metal band is the fact that Weyandt's vocal style reflects that of Jeffrey Walker from Carcass.

If anyone would like to see what Gretz wrote to me, I will glady post it. --Wick3dd 01:57, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Ok I am tired of people editing the genre. Zao does NOT consider themselves to be hardcore or metalcore! Thank you whoever added "early" next to hardcore. The band considers themselves metal, nothing more. I am adding it and I do not wish to see it removed. If need be, I can give cite direct quotes from the band to myself over this issue. --Wick3dd 06:29, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

I am removing it not because they are just Metalcore (an offshoot of Hardcore) but simply because a band is not the authority on what they are. I could start a Pop group and call it Black Metal, but it doesn't mean it is. Camalus 14:59, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Their current cd lacks elements of hardcore though. I am not going to add it because metal is such an ambiguous term, but their new album really does not fit the bill of metalcore. Most of the songs are fast, short, and without breakdowns. I realize that they have been metalcore for most of their other albums, but this new one is kind of a stumbler. Help resolving this would be appreciated, thank you. --Wick3dd 06:18, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Pioneers?
Although I'm a fan of Zao, I think it is less than accurate to claim that Zao "pioneered" the boundaries of Christian music/metal. As a long time collector of Christian metal, I would point to Resurrection Band, Messiah Prophet, Stryper, Blackhouse, Deliverance, Vengeance Rising, and Mortification as pioneering. Each one brought a significant subgenre into the Christian marketplace.

But Zao, great band that they are, was treading a well beaten path by the time they were selling CDs at Christian bookstores. I have a vinyl record of hardcore Christian band The Lead from the middle 1980s (!). You can argue that Zao is metalcore, or some hybrid, and not really hardcore and I don't disagree. But "pioneers" is simply inaccurate.

--/\/\aetryx --Maetryx 03:45, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Before Zao, I don't think there were any Christian bands with Carcass-like vocals. You have to give them credit for that, at least. --hXc ryan-- 15:29, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for responding. I still think that no form of the word "pioneer" applies to Zao. If a Christian metal band arises tomorrow with vocals similar to Rammstein, are they pioneers? The sentence mixes metaphors in any case. How does one pioneer a boundary? I could more accurately credit Zao with extending the boundaries of Christian metal. And, though convoluted, I supposed one could claim that they "pioneered" the copying of Carcass by a Christian band. Then again, Living Sacrifice beat them to the punch with the album Nonexistent released in 1992. Maetryx 02:38, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

I do not think they are pioneers of Christian metal. I think they pioneered a certain style of music, or at least greatly added to it. The whole Christian scene had been around for years before them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wick3dd (talk • contribs) 19:13, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Vocal style
So it looks like there is a bit of disagreement about the vocal style of Shawn Jonas vs. Daniel Weyandt. Comparing Shawn's vocal screaming to death grunting I don't think is true. Shawn uses a screaming style that uses the top of the throat, yet it able to produce a medium pitched sound. Weyandt uses a gutteral style of screaming, akin to how one would scream in death metal, but he does it at a much higher pitch. This is fairly clear to me as I can scream via both methods. You can see a similar thing with the band Candiria. In their 2nd album, 'Surrealistic Madness' the song Elevate in Madness is sung with a very low gutteral screaming style. However, in their 4th album, 'Process of Self-Development' the same song Elevate in Madness is sung with a much higher pitch, but the style of screaming that the vocalist uses is the same. It's just a different pitch. What do you guys think? Anyone know of of a verifiable source for this information? --Terevos 21:35, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Original research
What's the original research tag for? Dan, the CowMan 16:14, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Page move
to Zao (band) as there is no article for the French band. Support? Oppose? Inhumer (talk) 04:55, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Yeah. I support. --Wick3dd (talk) 21:00, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Anyone else? Inhumer (talk) 19:40, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Just do it. --Wick3dd (talk) 23:48, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

I can't, theres a disambiguation page there. Inhumer (talk) 20:14, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Done as per request. Dekimasu よ! 09:24, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Updated Info on Demos
I deleted "1994 - Conflict Demo," since this was incorrect. The "Conflict" demo is the "Sustained Demo." "Conflict" is the first track on this demo, along with "Deep," "Rest," and "Sickness". It was also released in 1995, not 1994. 98.215.166.117 (talk) 16:52, 9 September 2009 (UTC) 9-9-9

Lack of sources and a lot of fan cruft
I removed a lot of the article and an editor requested that I restore it so I did, but I tagged it. It has to be sourced soon because it violates WP:V at the very least and WP:BLP as well. There's on section that has not had any sources sine late 2012 (more than two years). I don't expect any references to be added, but if it does, that's great. Don't forget to read WP:RS and avoid primary sources (social media posts by the band, etc.) but try to use secondary sources by reputable editors.

As for Wikipedia:Fancruft, that's an essay, not even a guideline, but it describes some of the intricacies discussed in the article. It might be the best content to remove whether or not it can be reliably sourced. Walter Görlitz (talk) 01:38, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * It's not clear to my why additional material was added to a section that has no references and is tagged as such but no references were added. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:07, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

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Redundancy
In the "Religion" subheading, twice the article states that currently, only bassist Martin Lunn identifies as a Christian. It says this in the first paragraph there, then re-states it in the second as if it is introducing a new point. The two should be consolidated, since they are essentially both making the same point about Zao no longer being a "Christian band." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dartist (talk • contribs) 18:43, 29 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Feel free to fix that. Walter Görlitz (talk) 21:23, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

Side project no longer online
Grand National Hustler was a project with Dan Weyandt on drums and vocals, artist Gabe Felice on guitar and Ben Zehner on bass. Used to be listed but not there anymore. A youtube video of their album went up recently. They were a stoner rock band similar to Fu Manchu back in 2001. Cobra Soul was a short lived group formed after Ben left the group, recordings have been found of this recently and should be up soon. 2601:547:B05:B31:14F3:C847:EA1A:9D7D (talk) 15:00, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zao (American band)


text:
Roger Kerr

Roger Lawrence Kerr (17 January 1945 – 28 October 2011), a public policy and business leader, was the executive director of the New Zealand Business Roundtable, a free-market think-tank based in Wellington, New Zealand.

Early life
Kerr grew up on a farm at Appleby on the South Island of New Zealand, near Nelson. Thirteen years younger than his sister Barbara and 10 years younger than his brother Alan, a paediatric heart surgeon, his arrival was a surprise for the family. He attended Appleby Primary and was one of the first students to attend Waimea College in Richmond. He was first in the country in School Certificate (New Zealand). He studied for an MA (Honours, First Class) (in his Arts degree he studied French) from the University of Canterbury. His master thesis was titled Jean-Paul Sartre : theoricien et critique de la litterature. He also obtained a BCA from Victoria University of Wellington. Roderick Deane, the senior government official and businessman, who lectured economics, said Kerr was "the most outstanding economics student I ever had when I was teaching".

Career
Kerr spent much of his career in the economic policy debate in New Zealand. He was hired by Sir Ron Trotter and Sir Douglas Myers, then chairman and vice chairman of the New Zealand Business Roundtable, in 1986 as the first executive director. Kerr was a vocal proponent of Rogernomics and of policies that can be broadly characterised as free market. Before leading the Business Roundtable, he joined the New Zealand Treasury at age 32. At the Treasury he served as Director of Economics II and was part of the team of economists that authored Economic Management, the briefing paper presented to the Fourth Labor Government of New Zealand, which many regard as the blueprint for the economic reforms that followed. Kerr later became an assistant secretary.

He served as a director of the Electricity Corporation of New Zealand from 1986 to 1994, as a member of the Council of Victoria University of Wellington from 1995 to 1999, and as a member of the Group Board of Colonial Limited in Melbourne from 1996 to 2000.

Prior to Kerr's time at the Treasury he worked at Ministry of Foreign Affairs including as a diplomat in Brussels.

Personal life
Kerr was married to Margaret Northcroft for over 30 years with whom he had three sons, Bernard, Nicholas and Richard, two of whom live in the United States and one of whom lives in New Zealand. The marriage to Northcroft ended in divorce. He married Catherine Isaac in January 2010. Kerr died on 28 October 2011, after battling metastatic melanoma for a year.

Honours and awards

 * Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to business, in the 2011 Queen's Birthday Honours
 * Alan McGregor Fellowship, 2011
 * Charles Copeman Medal, 2005
 * NZIER Qantas Economics Award, 2001
 * Tasman Medal, 1994

title: Roger Kerr