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State Library of New South Wales

The State Library of New South Wales, part of which is known as the Mitchell Library, is a large heritage-listed special collections, reference and research library open to the public and is one of the oldest libraries in Australia. Established in 1869 its collections date back to the Australian Subscription Library established in the colony of New South Wales (now a state of Australia) in 1826. The library is located on the corner of Macquarie Street and Shakespeare Place, in the Sydney central business district adjacent to the Domain and the Royal Botanic Gardens, in the City of Sydney. The library is a member of the National and State Libraries Australia (NSLA) consortium.

The Mitchell Wing of the State Library of New South Wales building was designed by Walter Liberty Vernon, assisted by H. C. L. Anderson and was built from 1905 to 1910, with further additions by Howie Bros in 1939; by FWC Powell & Sons in 1959; and by Mellocco Bros in 1964. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. Work began on the Macquarie Street Wing in 1983 and it was opened in 1988.

History
The first library collections were part of the Australian Subscription Library which was started by a group of wealthy Sydney citizens in 1826. It was then purchased for by the New South Wales Government in 1869 and became the Sydney Free Public Library. In 1895 it was renamed the Public Library of New South Wales until its most recent name change in 1975, when it became the State Library of New South Wales.

Establishment (1826–1900)
The Australian Subscription Library was established in 1826 at a meeting at the Sydney Hotel chaired by barrister John Mackaness. Library membership was subject to committee approval. James Mitchell, father of David Scott Mitchell (who would later bequeath his collection to the library), was a committee member from 1832 to 1853 and Vice President from 1856 to 1869.

In December 1827 operations began in rented premises in Pitt Street and in the two years following, the library led a peripatetic existence having been located a few years in George Street, Bridge Street, Macquarie Street and Macquarie Place. The library had financial problems and required more space to house its growing collections but negotiations in 1838 to construct a new library building broke down over member unwillingness to broaden access to the library. Fortunately for the members later negotiations with the government were more successful and construction of a new library building began in 1843. The foundation stone for this new building, on the corner of Bent and Macquarie Streets, was laid by Alexander Macleay and the library was opened in 1845.

Financial difficulties continued, and by 1869 the subscription library was in serious debt. The New South Wales Government was persuaded to buy it for ( for the books and  for the building). In September 1869, the Sydney Free Public Library opened its doors with a stock of 20,000 volumes. Over 60,000 people visited the library in its first year of operation as the Free Public Library. Robert Cooper Walker was appointed Principal Librarian. He, in collaboration with the Trustees (led by Charles Badham), worked to expand the educational role of the library both through collection expansion and the production of printed catalogues of the library's collection.

The library expanded its operations, opening a lending branch in 1877. This lending branch was handed to the Sydney Municipal Council in 1909 and later became the City of Sydney Library. Another of Walker's initiatives was to establish services across the state, with loans to organisations including the Wollongong School of Arts and the Mechanics' Institute at Plattsburg (modern-day Wallsend) and services for regional libraries from 1883. The library's collection continued to grow, causing continual storage and overcrowding problems; new additions included a First Folio in 1885 and the papers of William Bligh in 1902.

The Mitchell and Dixson bequests (1900–1929)
Australiana was a collecting focus for the library and David Scott Mitchell's collecting activities came to the attention of Henry Charles Lennox Anderson, Principal Librarian from 1893–1906. Anderson's stated aim of making the library a "National, and not a Municipal, Library" led him to collect Australiana material. However, Mitchell's efforts to collect as many books and manuscripts relating to Australia, the Pacific, the East Indies and Antarctica, particularly from 1886 onwards, created competition for these materials. Anderson realised that the library did not have the budget or contacts to compete with Mitchell (from the 1880s onward, George Robertson gave Mitchell first right of refusal on Australiana material purchased by Angus & Robertson), and attempted to build a working relationship with Mitchell. In 1898, Mitchell announced his intention to leave his collection to the people of New South Wales, subject to conditions including that the collection would be known as the "Mitchell Library". Although his offer was quickly accepted, construction of a new building to house the collection was delayed for several years.

Construction commenced in 1906, one year before Mitchell's death. Following Anderson's resignation in 1907, Frank Murcott Bladen (former head of the library's lending branch) was appointed Principal Librarian. In 1909, Hugh Wright was appointed to the newly created position of Mitchell Librarian; the creation of this role was another condition of Mitchell's bequest. Nita Kibble was another early member of the library staff. The Mitchell Library officially opened on 8 March 1910; Mungo MacCallum, then President of the Library Board of Trustees, spoke at the opening. The public library remained in the Bent Street building.

Mitchell had not kept a catalogue of his collection, and as a result, cataloguing was an early priority for librarians in the Mitchell Library. A research department was established as part of the public library in the 1920s under the direction of Nita Kibble, while Ida Leeson as Head of Acquisitions researched gaps in the library's collections. Kibble's research department was later used as a model by other State Libraries when establishing similar services. Mitchell's bequest also included funding for collection acquisition; expanding the library's collection (particularly in the area of Australiana and Pacific material) was a priority for both Wright and William Ifould, who was appointed Principal Librarian in 1912. Ifould envisioned the library as a repository of material relating to the history of Australia, not just New South Wales, and led efforts to collect material. The library acquired the papers of Lachlan Macquarie and his family in 1914, Matthew Flinders in 1922, and Abel Tasman's journal in 1926, and after World War I collected journals of soldiers from that conflict. The Commonwealth Parliamentary Library (now the National Library of Australia), established in 1901, was also collecting Australiana material. This led to conflict over the acquisition of the papers of James Cook, which were offered at auction in London in 1923. The Trustees chose not to bid for the papers as doing so would have limited the library's Australiana acquisitions budget for several years and Ifould, already in London with hopes of purchasing the papers for the Mitchell Library, was directed instead to purchase them on behalf of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library and the Public Library of New South Wales using funds provided by the Federal Government.

Sir William Dixson offered in 1919 to leave his collection of pictures, manuscripts and other materials relating to Australiana and the Pacific (particularly early European exploration) to the library; his offer was accepted in 1924. After a series of delays construction began on a new wing to house the collection, which was opened on 21 October 1929. Dixson was the guest of honour at the opening of an exhibition to mark the centenary of Mitchell's birth in 1936, and also paid for the bronze doors added to the Mitchell building in 1942, when extensions were added. His entire collection passed to the library after his death in 1952.

Growth and change (1930–1980)
Wright retired in 1932 and Ida Leeson was appointed Mitchell Librarian. In the 1930s, many women in the workforce suffered discrimination on the basis of gender, and her appointment caused controversy due to the seniority of the position as the deputy for the Principal Librarian at the time. The Library Trustees appointed a committee to consider the applicants and make an appointment. Despite the committee's support of Leeson (and general support of the Trustees for appointing the most suitable candidate regardless of gender), the Minister for Public Instruction was unwilling to approve the appointment due to the assumption that the Mitchell Librarian would deputise for the Principal Librarian and an unwillingness to see a woman in that role. A new position of Deputy Principal Librarian was created and filled by John Wallace Metcalfe, a librarian who had worked in the public library for nine years. This role would sit above the Mitchell Librarian role in the organisation's hierarchy. The decision to create it was criticised by the National Council of Women.

In 1934, Ralph Munn and E. R. Pitt led an inquiry into Australian libraries. Their report contrasted the regional library network in Australia with that in the United States of America and England, and recommended that further efforts be made to establish and support regional libraries. Their recommendations included the establishment of free public libraries in every local council area; this was enshrined in the Library Act 1939, which Ifould and Metcalfe helped to draft. Metcalfe also founded the Australian Institute of Librarians (now the Australian Library and Information Association) in 1937, the first professional body representing librarians, and was heavily involved in the Free Library Movement in 1935.

New indexes were created and cataloguing efforts continued to make the library's collections more accessible, while some books were placed on open access. The collection continued to grow. The Macarthur family papers were acquired in 1940, and in 1954 much of Miles Franklin's personal and literary papers came to the library after her death. The remaining papers from her collection were sold at auction to a private collector, and acquired 30 years later by the library. In collaboration with the State Library of Victoria and the National Library of Australia, a bibliography of sources relating to Asia and the Pacific was compiled in response to public interest sparked by World War II.

John Metcalfe was appointed Principal Librarian in 1942 following Ifould's retirement. Four years later Ida Leeson also retired, and Phyllis Mander-Jones was appointed as her successor, after a short time as Deputy Mitchell Librarian. During her tenure she prepared a report comparing archival practice in Australia with other countries, and arranged the acquisition of additional papers of the Macarthur family and the New South Wales Supreme Court's early records.

Metcalfe was an advocate for free public libraries and supported their establishment throughout his career. After Mander-Jones took leave in 1956, Jean Arnot was appointed Acting Mitchell Librarian. Three years later, after Metcalfe's retirement, Gordon Richardson was appointed as Principal Librarian. A series of position changes saw the Deputy Principal Librarian and Mitchell Librarians absorbed into the Principal Librarian position filled by Richardson. This situation remained until Richardson's retirement in 1973; his successor, Russell Doust, re-established the Mitchell Librarian role as a separate one and appointed Suzanne Mourot.

Dorothea Mackellar's papers were acquired in 1970, and Jørn Utzon's Sydney Opera House archive in 1972. The collection expanded in a new area with an oral history project, run in 1976, interviewing past staff members. By 1978, all government archives had been moved to the State Records Authority of New South Wales (then called the Archives Authority of New South Wales), which had been established in 1960 and was housed at the library until 1978.

The library today
Computer cataloguing of the library's collections began in the 1980s. The Australian Bicentenary prompted increasing public discussion about Australian society and history, and an increasing consciousness of women's history, multiculturalism in Australian society, and Indigenous Australian societies and histories. The library responded to public discussion by increasing research into Indigenous material held at the library, creating and filling identified Indigenous Services Librarians positions in 1991, and establishing an Indigenous Unit in 2013. The Rainbow Archives project was established in the 1980s, and migrants were interviewed to record oral histories for the collection.

Russell Doust retired in 1987 and was succeeded by Alison Crook, who commenced in the role months before the opening of the new Macquarie Street Wing. 1988 also saw a major exhibition on the arrival of the First Fleet and the interactions of the European arrivals with the Indigenous people of the area, the Eora peoples.

In 1998 the library acquired two large collections. The papers of George Bass were purchased for what was then the highest price paid at auction for manuscripts related to Australian topics. The estate of Jean Garling, author and dancer, passed to the library on her death. The library collections continue to expand, with recent acquisitions including 201 personal letters of surveyor John Septimus Roe (1797–1878) and the Edward Close sketchbook (1817–1818). In 2013 the library acquired two memorials written by Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernandes de Queirós to King Philip appealing for funding for an expedition to the fabled Terra Australis. The library holds a copy of all thirteen known surviving memorials.

In early 2014 controversy erupted over proposed changes to the Mitchell Library. A petition of over 200 well-known writers and academics was soon joined by over 9,000 other library users including historians, architects, archaeologists, academics and family historians. In reply the State Librarian, Alex Byrne, issued an open letter, and other writers debated the role of libraries in the digital age. In response the Library announced a restoration programme which effectively reversed the proposed changes.

On 22 March 2020 the Library buildings were closed to the public to help protect the health of visitors and staff and to minimise the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus) in New South Wales. It continued providing access to its online services during the shutdown period and reopened under NSW Health guidelines on 13 July 2020. After the easing of NSW COVID-19 restrictions the Library reverted to its normal opening hours on 8 March 2021. Due to a second outbreak of COVID-19 in the Sydney CBD on 25 June 2021 the Library followed advice from NSW Health and stopped public access to the building before re-opening on the 11 October 2021.

The Mitchell Building
By the 1890s, the library was running out of space to house its collection and accommodate staff in its building on the corner of Bent and Macquarie streets. Plans were underway for a new 'national' library building. The stimulus for this was David Scott Mitchell's offer of his extensive collection of Australiana to the people of New South Wales.

The condition of his offer was that his collection be housed either in the Public Library building or in a separate new building; as there was no room in the Public Library building and no suitable building existed a new building was erected. Work on the Mitchell Wing of the new building began in 1906 and finished in 1910 based on designs prepared by Walter Liberty Vernon, the Head of the Government Architect's Branch. The Mitchell Wing upon completion housed library reading rooms, work areas and the Mitchell bequest.

Nineteen years after the completion of the Mitchell Wing, more building took place on the site of the state library. The Dixson Wing, designed by architect Richard Macdonald Seymour Wells and completed in 1929, was added to the south side of the Mitchell Wing to provide storage and gallery space for the extensive collection of historical paintings presented to the library by Sir William Dixson. The galleries were refurbished in 1987 in preparation for the bicentennial exhibition held at the library in 1988.

In 1939 work began on the central section of the building, including the portico, the ornate vestibule and its reproduced Tasman Map in marble mosaic and the main reading room. The building was ready to be used in June 1942 and the Library (as a whole) was under one roof. Bronze doors were presented by William Dixson and were decorated with a series of images depicting Indigenous Australian people and European explorers. In 1964, the final section of the sandstone Mitchell Building was laid on the south east corner. This was designed by Alan Robertson from the Government Architect's Branch; one of the junior architects on the team was Andrew Andersons, who would later be principal architect for the design of the Macquarie Street Wing. Within 10 years the Library had outgrown this space too.

The Mitchell Wing celebrated its centenary in 2010 and in the lead-up to its centenary (from 2001), held a series of related exhibitions and events. Between 2018 and 2023 major new permanent and temporary exhibition spaces were opened in the Mitchell Building. These exhibition spaces are largely format based. On display in the Mitchell and Dixson wings are: over 300 Australian oil paintings on permanent display; a rotating 6-month exhibition of works on paper (watercolours and drawings); and a First Nations gallery which opened to the public in 2018.

The building also houses the Column Gallery, an exhibition space housed in the south-eastern side of the Mitchell building. This gallery space required a complete redesign of the old 1960s office and workspaces and was opened to the public in 2018. The building also houses a permanent display of maps in specially designed map rooms.

In 2022 work was completed on upgrading the Mitchell Library Reading Room which had remained largely unchanged since it opened to the public in 1942. Changes included new carpet, desks and chairs. The Dalgety walkway access was also filled in to allow for additional seating for readers. The Library's new 350 seat underground auditorium was opened on Sunday 29 October 2023.

The Macquarie Street Building
Further space was required for collection storage and public spaces, as well as staff work areas. Space became available south of the Mitchell Wing in the 1970s, when several buildings were demolished and Richmond Villa relocated to accommodate a new building for State Parliament, although this was initially used for temporary accommodation for parliamentary staff. Work began on the Macquarie Street Wing in 1983 and it was opened in 1988—Australia's bicentenary—by Queen Elizabeth II in company with Prince Philip. The new building fronts Macquarie Street and links up with the Mitchell Wing above ground and below ground. Andrew Andersons of the Government Architects Office was the design architect for the Macquarie Street Wing. The Government Architects Office was again engaged in 2011 for planned renovations for the building resulting in a redesigned reading room and construction of a new learning space for education programs. Work commenced in 2011 and was completed in 2012.

Collection
The State Reference Library contains a comprehensive and diverse collection of Australian and international research material. The collections grow through purchase, other acquisitions of material and legal deposit for all books published in New South Wales. A number of specialist services are located within the State Reference Library, including the legal information service established in 1990, a drug and alcohol information service and a family history research service.

The library contains over 6 million items including more than 2 million books, 1.2 million microforms, 1.1 million photographs, as well as newspapers, maps, architectural plans, manuscripts and other items. It is part of the PANDORA web archiving project of the National Library of Australia and also collects born digital material.

As well as being a general purpose reference and research library, it contains many historically significant collections including material dating from the European colonisation of Australia. These are held in the Australiana research collections known as the Mitchell Library (named for David Scott Mitchell, first collector of Australiana) and the Dixson Library (named after Sir William Dixson).

Collection highlights
The library has been continuously adding to its collections since 1826 and holds collections of manuscripts, books, artworks, photography and artefacts of national and international significance. These include:

 * Original Log of the Proceedings of HMS Bounty in a Voyage to the South Seas, William Bligh, 1 December 1787- 22 October 1788, Safe 1/46.
 * Journal kept by Joseph Banks on board HMS Endeavour during the first voyage undertaken by James Cook to the Pacific Ocean.
 * Harold Lasseter's diary documenting his expedition in 1930 searching for gold.
 * George Augustus Robinson's journal from 1832 recording his activities in Tasmania, notable for the detailed information he recorded about the local Aboriginal people he encountered.
 * The Holtermann Collection of over 3,500 glass-plate negatives and albumen prints, many of which depict life in New South Wales goldfield towns between 1871 and 1876.
 * Richardson Collection of 289 volumes of rare bibles, religious works, early printed books and a small collection of medieval manuscripts.
 * First Fleet Journals. The Library holds the most comprehensive collection of First Fleet journals in the world; of the fifteen journals known to survive, ten are held in the State Library's collections.
 * Shakespeare Folios. The Library holds a copy of the extremely rare 1623 "First Folio" as well as copies of the "Second", "Third" and "Fourth" folios.
 * World War One Collection. The Library holds a rich and significant collection of personal diaries and letters written by those who served in the First World War.
 * Indigenous Languages Collection. These records are vocabularies and other language material from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and date from 1788 to the 1930s.
 * George Morrison Collection. A comprehensive collection of the personal papers of 'Morrison of Peking' that documents a volatile time in world history and is of international significance.
 * Australian Antarctic Expedition (1911-1914) photographs, notes, and reports. Includes over 2000 photographic negatives taken on the expedition.
 * Frank Hurley's Antarctic colour plates of Shackleton's Endurance expedition as well as his colour Paget plates from World War One.
 * The Social Media Archive is the Library's Digital Collecting Strategy partnership with CSIRO Data 61 to collect and archive publicly-available social media.
 * Sir William Dixson numismatic collection of over 7800 coins, notes and tokens.
 * Two of three surviving copies of the New South Wales General Standing Orders, the first book published in Australia.

Electronic resources
Computer cataloguing commenced in the early 1980s for books, and in 1992 for pictures and manuscripts. A large cataloguing backlog of material without an electronic record prompted the library's successful 2008 application for government funding to create over one million electronic catalogue records. The library subscribes to electronic databases which are accessible for cardholders via the catalogue. The digitisation of the papers of Sir Joseph Banks, completed in 1997, was the first digitisation project of original manuscripts undertaken by the library. It was followed by further digitisation of manuscript and picture collections including the papers of Matthew Flinders, the Hood collection of photographs by Sam Hood and son Ted Hood, and the Holtermann Collection of images of the NSW goldfields of the 1860s and 1870s, which is now listed on the UNESCO Australian Memory of the World Register. Digitised images of items from the library's collection are available in the catalogue, and some are also available through thematic online exhibitions. In 2012 the library received State Government funding to digitise 12 million pages from its collection, including newspapers, manuscripts, pictures and books.

Legal deposit
In Australia, legal deposit legislation exists at the national and state levels to support the provision of access to Australian research, heritage and culture. The Copyright Act 1968 governs legal deposit requirements at a national level. In New South Wales, legal deposit is required under the New South Wales Copyright Act 1879–1952, ss 5–7. The State Library of New South Wales, along with New South Wales Parliamentary Library and University of Sydney Library are entitled to "receive a copy of every book first published in New South Wales within two months of publication. 'Book' is defined in the Act as any book, newspaper, pamphlet, leaflet, music, map, chart or plan separately published and 'bound', sewed or stitched together'."

As a member library of National and State Libraries Australia, the organisation collaborated on the creation of the National edeposit (NED) system, which enables publishers from all over Australia to upload electronic publications as per the 2016 amendment to the Copyright Act 1968 and other regional legislation, and makes these publications publicly accessible online (depending on access conditions) from anywhere.

Services
Access to the library reading rooms and galleries is free. There are a range of services that are accessible via a library card including remote access to electronic resources for NSW residents, access to books and other material from storage, and bookings for onsite study rooms. The library hosts free exhibitions, both from its own collections and from other organisations such as World Press Photo.

Relationship with NSW public libraries
The library administers the sections of the Library Act 1939 and the Library Regulation that relate to local authorities and public libraries in New South Wales. The library provides information, professional development programs, advice and the payment of grants and subsidies to local authorities operating New South Wales public libraries.

The State Library's Public Library Services team provides a research program on behalf of public libraries in New South Wales. This covers standards and guidelines for library buildings and services, economic value studies, services and management of public libraries.

Online services
The Australian Indigenous Index, or INFOKOORI, is an index to the fortnightly newspaper Koori Mail, covering from May 1991 to July 2016, as well as to biographical information from various magazines, including Identity (1971-1982); Our AIM (1907-1961); and  Dawn (1952-1969) / New Dawn (1970-1975).

Collaborations with Wikimedia
The library has contributed to a number of Wikimedia projects, including:

 * Added images to Wikimedia Commons
 * Added New South Wales Library locations to Wikidata
 * Since 2016, the library has contributed to 1Lib1Ref

Governance
The library is an agency of the Ministry of Arts in the New South Wales State Government.

State Librarian
The role of the State Librarian is prescribed in the New South Wales Library Act 1939, ss 7a. The State Librarian is the Secretary of the Library Council of New South Wales. There have been 19 people appointed to manage the collections since 1827.

Mitchell Librarian
Mitchell's bequest stipulated that a position be created called the Mitchell Librarian. There have been 10 Mitchell Librarians since 1909:

Heritage listing
As of 21 March 2001, the public library of New South Wales houses a public facility initiated in 1869 and is one of the most important libraries in Australia. It was the second purpose-built library and the only remaining public library in Sydney dating from the early twentieth century. The building is still in use and has a lengthy association with several historically important persons such as Government Architect WL Vernon. It is significant for the prominent position it occupies at the termination of one of the most historically important streetscapes in Australia. The building is of aesthetic significance reflecting important stylistic influences on the architecture of the twentieth century. The library is a recognised symbol in Sydney and has had a long association with the provision of library services to the local and regional community of New South Wales. The development and interior layout of the progressive stages of the building reflect the changing attitudes to library planning theory. It is significant as one of the only Government buildings in the Federation Academic Classical styles. Only two of these are cultural buildings, the other being the Art Gallery of NSW.

State Library of New South Wales building was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

The Mitchell Wing has been in continuous use as a public library since its completion in 1907. The building is the second purpose-built library in Sydney, and the earliest remaining. The Mitchell Wing is specifically associated with a number of prominent Sydney residents who have acted as benefactors, librarians, architects and craftsmen on the building. The bequests of three people, namely Edward Wise, David Scott Mitchell and William Dixson formed the basis of the collections. The Mitchell Wing houses a unique collection of Australiana and reference material held in Trust by the State Library of New South Wales for the general public. The building is closely associated with the development of the NSW Government Architect's Office and particularly with the work of Walter Liberty Vernon, Richard McDonald Seymour Wells, Cobden Parkes and Edward Herbert Farmer.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The building, as the repository of a unique collection of Australiana, is crucial to the community's sense of place. The importance of the building to the community is demonstrated in part by its completion in the early 1940s when other public works had been severely reduced by World War II. The inclusion of the Mitchell Wing on a number of Commonwealth, State and Local heritage registers indicates the value placed on the building by the community.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The original Mitchell Stack of steel and glass was regarded as highly innovative at the time of its construction. The two-storey stack area is now a unique example of a highly resolved design solution addressing structure, lighting and aesthetics. The building was the first public building in New South Wales, apart from hospitals, to have been fully air-conditioned.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The building is a rare example of the Academic Neo-Classical style used for public buildings in Sydney. It is also a rare building type within the state.

title: State Library of New South Wales


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Borys Tarasyuk

Borys Ivanovych Tarasyuk (Борис Іванович Тарасюк; born 1 January 1949) is a Ukrainian politician who twice served as the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and a former MP who is since December 2019 Ukraine's permanent representative to the Council of Europe.

Tarasyuk studied international relations and international law at National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, and graduated in 1975. Besides Ukrainian, he is fluent in English, French and Russian. As of 2012, Tarasyuk is a sitting member of the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy. He is a Senior Network Member at the European Leadership Network (ELN).

Career as foreign minister
Tarasyuk served as deputy of foreign minister from 9 March 1992 until 16 September 1995. In 1995 – 1998 he was ambassador in Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Ukraine representative in NATO. He became foreign minister for the first time from 17 April 1998 until 29 September 2000. He later broke with President Leonid Kuchma, and became a foreign relations adviser to Viktor Yushchenko, the main opposition candidate in the 2004 presidential elections. After Ukraine's Orange Revolution, Tarasyuk became foreign minister again on 4 February 2005, and served in the Cabinets of Yulia Tymoshenko, Yuriy Yekhanurov, and Viktor Yanukovych. Tarasyuk favors Ukrainian integration with the European Union.

Tarasyuk was formally dismissed by the Verkhovna Rada on 1 December 2006. He disputed this dismissal in Kyiv Shevchenkivskyi District court, and on 5 December parliament's decision was reversed on the grounds that it violated Ukrainian law. On the same day, Yushchenko issued a decree that Tarasyuk must keep his job.

Despite this court order and presidential decree, he was not allowed to enter cabinet meetings and this caused political conflict based on interpretations of amendments to Constitution. On 30 January 2007 Tarasyuk announced his resignation. In 2009, he served as the Chairman of the Committee of the Verkhovna Rada on issues of European integration.

Political career since his ministerial post
Tarasyuk was placed at number 7 on the electoral list of Batkivshchina during the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election. He was elected into parliament. A part of People’s Movement of Ukraine, including Tarasyuk, merged (the rest of this party had merged with Ukrainian People's Party in May 2013 ) into Batkivshchina on 15 June 2013.

In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election he was again re-elected into parliament; this time after placing 12th on the electoral list of Batkivshchina.

Tarasyuk did not participate in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election.

On 24 December 2019 President Volodymyr Zelensky appointed Tarasyuk as Ukraine's permanent representative to the Council of Europe.

Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation
Borys Tarasyuk is the founder of the Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation (IEAC), a political action committee established to campaign for NATO- and European Union memberships in Ukraine. The group is funded by Western donations and is open about its goals. The IEAC' logo juxtaposes the flag of Ukraine with the logos of NATO and the European Union. Polls cited by Tarasyuk showed that only between 18% and 22% of Ukraine's population supported NATO-membership in 2007. The percentage has increased to 47% by 2014.

The Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation has influenced Ukraine state policy in the past. For example, a report produced by the Institute titled Trilateral Plan for Solving the Transnistrian Issue recommended changes to the customs regime relating to Transnistria. Less than five weeks after the report's publication, the recommendations were implement and signed into law. Ukraine-Transnistria border customs conflict followed on 3 March 2006. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the European Union, and the United States backed the legislation, while Russia opposed it.

Academic degrees and awards

 * 2005 State Order "For Merits", I Grade
 * 2002 Doctor Honoris Causa of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
 * 1999 State Order "For Merits", II Grade
 * 1996 State Order "For Merits", III Grade
 * 1992 Diplomatic Rank of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary

Borys Tarasyuk has been decorated with highest state awards of Argentina, Brazil, France, Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden and Venezuela.

title: Borys Tarasyuk


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Talk:Capital (Futures)

Capital
“You say that all these terms have different, specific meanings with respect to futures, but this isn't true. The concept of capital, for instance, is no different whether we're talking about stocks, futures, private equity, or anything else. Rhobite 04:12, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)”

Almost anything can be an asset and used as capital. Stock certificates, patents, copyrights, even toxic waste dumps in New Jersey, can be used as capital. However, I don’t expect that they can be used as margin in their current form by organized futures exchanges. In other words, unless it is in a specific (highly liquid) form, “the general concept of capital,” may not be used to Speculate in the futures markets.

The concept of capital in stocks is not the same as futures. This is the basic misconception often held by stock people. The stock traders concept does not include unrealized gains. When you buy a stock you cannot spend it until it is sold. You may borrow against it, pay interest on your own gains if you like, but you cannot spend it until it is sold. The concept of capital in futures does not recognize fantasy paper like stocks as capital. Stock certificates are not acceptable as futures margin as far as I know. Futures gains are gains and can be spent instantly to buy anything that you want, whenever you want it. We cannot say cash is required for futures margin, as certain interest earning securities as well as unrealized gains may also be acceptable. GT

 * Your constant jabs at "stock people" are becoming a little annoying. This isn't a "stock vs. futures" debate here. I'm sorry to inform you that the concept of capital is the same, no matter how many analogies you make. And didn't you agree with me yesterday, when you said "Yes you are right about Capital. My apology" ? Rhobite 22:27, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

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User:Gniw

 * This is the user page of Gniw. For the simiarly-pronounced operating system that Gniw uses, see GNU.

This place is ridiculous. I’m out of here. Bye. 後會無期.

Yeah, I am back for a while, but I will be out of here tomorrow. This is too much of a time sink, too stressing. I don’t go here to get personal insults.

Remember: Don’t believe everything you read in Wikipedia. (Very Important™)

PS: To whoever who deleted comments on my talk page that aren't yours: The fact that I didn't do anything about a comment doesn't mean you have the right to delete someone else's comment. You are rude and you are a vandal.

悲しくてしまう ウィキペデイアで編集することになちゃったから

title: User:Gniw


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stuart Mendelssohn Principle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:20, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Stuart Mendelssohn Principle
No Google hits. Seems fictional, or at least non-notable. DJ Clayworth 21:47, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Page creator explicitly states it is fictional. -- Curps 21:49, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I award this article the Stuant Mendelssohn Medal of Deletion. — Ливай | ☺ 22:31, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Though the principle itself is true enough... Delete. --Lawlore 22:36, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. original. (funny but not encyclopedic). RJFJR 23:34, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * My thoughts exactly (although I'm also wondering who Stuart Mendelssohn is). Delete. Uncle G 23:49, 2005 Feb 5 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 05:37, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mae Murray

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:13, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mae Murray
About a character in a non notable (103 Google hits) book. Evil Monkey∴Hello 21:49, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If you check 'What links here' you find someone of the same name was a silent film actress from the 1920s and was notable. Dbiv 22:37, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as rewritten. Good work! Dbiv 23:38, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with the above --Neigel von Teighen 22:40, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I rewrote the article to be about the actress. Keep the current version.  RickK 23:31, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Commendable save! — Ливай | ☺ 01:48, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as rewritten by RickK; notable silent film actress. Antandrus 23:32, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Rewritten. RJFJR 23:47, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not sure about the procedure for unlisting a page. Evil Monkey∴Hello 00:07, Feb 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Thanks to Rick K for his work.Capitalistroadster 00:36, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * keep now. Yuckfoo 01:26, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep rewrite. Good catch, RickK! Bearcat 04:20, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, ditto to RickK. Samaritan 22:56, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for continued organic growth. GRider\talk 17:51, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
George Holyoake

George Jacob Holyoake (13 April 1817 – 22 January 1906) was an English secularist, co-operator and newspaper editor. He coined the terms secularism in 1851 and "jingoism" in 1878. He edited a secularist paper, the Reasoner, from 1846 to June 1861, and a co-operative one, The English Leader, in 1864–1867.

Early life
George Jacob Holyoake was born in Birmingham, where his father worked as a whitesmith and his mother as a button maker. He attended a dame school and a Wesleyan Sunday School, began working half-days at the same foundry as his father at the age of eight, and learnt his trade. At 18 he began attending lectures at the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute, where he encountered the socialist writings of Robert Owen and later became an assistant lecturer. He married Eleanor Williams in 1839 and decided to become a full-time teacher, but was rejected for his socialist views. Unable to teach full-time, Holyoake took a job as an Owenite social missionary. His first posting was in Worcester, but the following year he was transferred to a more important one in Sheffield.

Owenism
Holyoake joined Charles Southwell in dissenting from the official Owenite policy that lecturers should take a religious oath to enable them to take collections on Sundays. Southwell had founded an atheist publication, Oracle of Reason, and was soon imprisoned on those grounds. Holyoake took over as editor, having moved to an atheist position as a result of his experiences.

Holyoake was influenced by the French philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, notable in sociology and famous for the doctrine of positivism. Comte had himself attempted to establish a secular "religion of humanity" to fulfil the cohesive function of traditional religion. Holyoake was an acquaintance of Harriet Martineau, who translated various works by Comte and was perhaps the first female sociologist. She wrote to him excitedly on reviewing Darwin's On the Origin of Species in 1859.

Prosecution
In 1842, Holyoake became one of the last persons convicted for blasphemy in a public lecture, held in April 1842 at the Cheltenham Mechanics' Institute, though this had no theological character and the incriminating words were merely a reply to a question addressed to him from the body of the meeting.

It took an intervention by supporters to stop him being walked in chains from Cheltenham to Gloucester Gaol, and there was a formal complaint to the Home Secretary, which was upheld. He was well supported by the Cheltenham Free Press at the time in his actions, but attacked in the Cheltenham Chronicle and Examiner. Those at the lecture, the second in a series, moved and carried a motion "that free discussion was equally beneficial in the departments of politics, morals and religion." In 1842 Holyoake and the socialist Emma Martin formed the Anti-Persecution Union to support free thinkers in danger of arrest.

Secularism
Holyoake nonetheless underwent six months' imprisonment and editorship of the Oracle changed hands. After the paper closed at the end of 1843, Holyoake founded a more moderate one, The Movement, which survived into 1845. Holyoake also founded the Reasoner, where he developed the concept of secularism, followed by the Secular Review in August 1876. He was the last person indicted for publishing an unstamped newspaper, but the prosecution was dropped when the tax was withdrawn.

He retained his disbelief in God, but after the Oracle soon came to see "atheism" as a negative term, preferring "secularism". He then adopted the term "agnostic", when it appeared.

In the 1850s Holyoake and Charles Southwell were lecturing in East London. Harriet Law, then a Baptist, began debating with them, and in the process changed her beliefs. She "saw the light of reason" in 1855 and became a supporter of Holyoake and a prominent secular speaker.

After an 1877 split with Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, leaders of the National Secular Society (NSS), Holyoake, Charles Watts and Harriet Law founded the British Secular Union, which remained active until 1884.

On 6 March 1881, Holyoake was a speaker at the opening of Leicester Secular Society's Secular Hall in Humberstone Gate, along with Harriet Law, Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh. He chaired the Rationalist Press Association in 1899–1906.

Co-operative movement
Holyoake's later years were mainly spent on the working-class co-operative movement. He served as President for the first day of the 1887 Co-operative Congress. He wrote a history of the Rochdale Pioneers (1857), The History of Co-operation in England (1875; revised ed. 1906) and The Co-operative Movement of To-day (1891). He also published (1892) an autobiography entitled Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life, and in 1905 two volumes of reminiscences, Bygones Worth Remembering. Holyoake died in Brighton, Sussex, on 22 January 1906, and was buried in the eastern section of Highgate Cemetery in London. The grave lies in a north-east section, off the main paths, and is not readily accessible, but visible between graves on the east side of the main central-north path, behind George Eliot's grave.

The Co-operative Movement decided to build a lasting monument to him: a permanent home for the Co-operative Union in Manchester. Holyoake House was opened in 1911 and also houses the National Co-operative Archive. A second collection is held at Bishopsgate Library.

Other aspects
Holyoake coined the term "jingoism" in a letter to The Daily News on 13 March 1878, referring to the patriotic song "By Jingo" by G. W. Hunt, popularised by the music hall singer G. H. MacDermott. Referring back to this he wrote, "I had certainly intended to mark, by a convenient name, a new species of patriots... [whose] characteristic was a war-urging pretentiousness which discredited the silent, resolute, self-defensiveness of the British people."

Holyoake was the uncle of an independent MP and convicted fraudster, Horatio Bottomley, and contributed to the cost of Bottomley's upkeep after he was orphaned in 1865. The New Zealand Prime Minister Keith Holyoake was related to him.

Memorials
Holyoake is listed on the south face of the Reformers' Memorial in London's Kensal Green Cemetery.

The Cooperative Union Limited Holyoake House, Hanover Street, Manchester, Greater Manchester, M60 0AS has Holyoake commemorated on the side of the building as “one of the pioneers of Co-operation who for nearly 70 years was a strenuous worker for liberty and reform”.

The National Secular Society unveiled a blue plaque commemorating Holyoake on Friday 17 August 2018. It is mounted on the front of a newsagents' at 4 Woburn Walk in Bloomsbury, London, WC1H 0JL, as part of the Marchmont Association's scheme of local history commemorative plaques.

Holyoake Road in Headington, Oxford, Holyoake Walk in Ealing, London, Holyoake Terrace in Penrith, Cumbria and Holyoake Terrace in Sevenoaks, Kent, are named after George Holyoake.

Publications

 * Rationalism: A Treatise for the Times (London: J. Watson, 1845)
 * The History of the Last Trial by Jury for Atheism in England: A Fragment of Autobiography (London: J. Watson, 1850)
 * Christianity and Secularism Report of a Public Discussion Between Rev. Brewin and G. J. Holyoake (London: Ward & Co, 1853)
 * Rudiments of Public Speaking and Debate or, Hints on the Application of Logic (New York: McElrath & Barker, 1853);
 * The Trial of Theism (London, 1858)
 * The Principles of Secularism (London, 1870)
 * The History of Co-operation in England: Its Literature and its Advocates (Volume I Volume II) (London: Trübner & Co, 1875)
 * English Secularism: A Confession of Belief (Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company, 1896)

title: George Holyoake


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AEML

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:12, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

AEML
Moved from Pages needing translation into English:
 * French, apparantly about a Swiss orginization. Was heavily nonsense, so could it be a vandalism attempt?  Bart133 (t) 05:13, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't look like vandalism. It's about an association of medical students in the city of Lausanne. I'm not entirely sure it's encyclopedia-worthy (~750 Google hits for 'AEML Lausanne') and it is at least partly a copyvio from . — Ливай | ☺ 18:23, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Apparently non-notable student group, pretty much like any other. Could imaginable be merged to appropriate university if anyone wants to bother. In French; in my opinion, not worth the effort of translation. Delete. -- Jmabel | Talk 21:50, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * It doesn't seem to be connected to any particular university within Lausanne, but I could be wrong (in which case it is probably at the University of Lausanne). In any case, this group doesn't seem particularly notable and probably isn't worth translating or transwikiing so my vote is delete. — Ливай | ☺ 22:19, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. --Idont Havaname 00:13, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AEML


text:
Pierre Cartier (mathematician)

Pierre Émile Cartier (born 10 June 1932) is a French mathematician. An associate of the Bourbaki group and at one time a colleague of Alexander Grothendieck, his interests have ranged over algebraic geometry, representation theory, mathematical physics, and category theory.

He studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris under Henri Cartan and André Weil. Since his 1958 thesis on algebraic geometry he has worked in a number of fields. He is known for the introduction of the Cartier operator in algebraic geometry in characteristic p, and for work on duality of abelian varieties and on formal groups. He is the eponym of Cartier divisors and Cartier duality.

From 1961 to 1971 he was a professor at the University of Strasbourg. In 1970 he was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice. He was awarded the 1978 Prize Ampère of the French Academy of Sciences. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Publications

 * (1st edition 1969)
 * (1st edition 1992)
 * Freedom in Mathematics, Springer India, 2016 (with Cédric Villani, Jean Dhombres, Gerhard Heinzmann), ISBN 978-81-322-2786-1.
 * Translation from the French language edition: Mathématiques en liberté, La Ville Brûle, Montreuil 2012, ISBN 978-23-601-2026-0.
 * Pierre Cartier: Alexander Grothendieck. A country known only by name. Notices AMS, vol. 62, 2015, no. 4, pp. 373–382, PDF.
 * Pierre Cartier: Alexander Grothendieck. A country known only by name. Notices AMS, vol. 62, 2015, no. 4, pp. 373–382, PDF.

as editor

 * (1st edition 1990)

title: Pierre Cartier (mathematician)


text: File:Media player sonique-1.95.png

title: File:Media player sonique-1.95.png


text:
User:Yappakoredesho

I am especially writing articles about Martial arts.

Articles which I have begun writing or made
I am the first editer who made follwing articles.

Kickboxing

 * List of male kickboxers
 * Adam Watt
 * Akeomi Nitta
 * Azem Maksutaj
 * Buakaw Por.Puramuk
 * David Archuleta
 * Duane Ludwig
 * Giuseppe DeNatale
 * HAYATO
 * Hiromi Amada
 * Jorgen Kruth
 * Kash Gill
 * Kozo Takeda
 * Masaaki Kato
 * Mark Hunt
 * Masato (kickboxer)
 * Mike Bernardo
 * Musashi (kickboxer)
 * Tadashi Sawamura
 * Takashi Ito
 * Takayuki Kohiruimaki
 * Tetsuya Yamato
 * Taiei Kin
 * Yoshihiro Sato
 * Kaew Fairtex

 * List of female kickboxers
 * List of K-1 champions

 * All Japan Kickboxing Federation
 * AJKF
 * Martial Arts Japan Kickboxing Federation
 * K-1 Grand Prix '97 1st Round
 * New Japan Kickboxing Federation
 * NJKF
 * Shin Nihon Kickboxing Association
 * SNKA
 * Federation International K-1 Association
 * List of IBF Muay Thai world champions
 * Template:Japanese Kickboxing organizations
 * List of WBC Muaythai world champions
 * List of WBC Muaythai diamond champions
 * International Boxing Federation Muaythai
 * List of WPMF male world champions
 * List of WPMF female world champions
 * Category:Kickboxers
 * Category:Kickboxers by nationality
 * Category:American kickboxers
 * Category:Croatian kickboxers
 * Category:Japanese kickboxers

 * Kickboxing weight classes

Mixed martial arts

 * List of male mixed martial artists
 * Rickson Gracie
 * Hidehiko Yoshida
 * Noboru Asahi
 * Keisuke Fujiwara

 * List of female mixed martial artists

 * Transition of UFC title:The name of this article was changed as "List of UFC champions" now.

 * Category:Mixed martial artists
 * Category:Mixed martial artists by nationality
 * Category:American mixed martial artists
 * Category:Brazilian mixed martial artists
 * Category:Dutch mixed martial artists
 * Category:Japanese mixed martial artists
 * Category:Ukrainian mixed martial artists

 * Template:Mixed martial arts champions
 * List of Deep champions
 * List of KOTC champions
 * Risingon

Shoot boxing

 * Shoot boxing

Boxing

 * List of WBC world champions
 * List of WBA world champions
 * Bridgerweight

Karate

 * List of karateka
 * List of karate competitors

Others

 * Champion belt
 * Diploma (Japan)
 * Technical associate
 * Advanced Diploma
 * World Mahjong Organization
 * World Mahjong Championship
 * World Series Of Mahjong
 * Open European Mahjong Championship
 * Mai Hatsune
 * European Mahjong Association
 * European Riichi Championship
 * Defensive memorial cordon
 * Defensive meritorious badge
 * European Yo-Yo Championship
 * Asia Pacific Yo-Yo Championships
 * Category:Karateka
 * List of Yo-yo world champions
 * Hiroyuki Suzuki (yo-yo perfomer)
 * Shinji Saito
 * Chess boxing
 * Marcus Koh
 * International Yo-Yo Federation
 * Hajime Isayama
 * World Chessboxing Association
 * International Amateur Pair Go Championship
 * List of Evolution Championship Series champions
 * World Cyber Games 2013
 * World Cyber Games 2002
 * Golden Kamuy
 * Latin American Yo-Yo Contest
 * International Online Riichi Mahjong Competition

Kickboxing

 * List of kickboxing organizations
 * Transition of WKA world title
 * Transition of ISKA world title
 * Transition of WPKL world title
 * Transition of WKF world title

Mixed martial arts

 * List of mixed martial arts organizations
 * Transition of shooto world title
 * Transition of Pancrase title
 * Transition of KOTC world title

Shoot boxing

 * Transition of WSBA world title

Boxing

 * List of boxing organizations

 * Transition of WBA world title
 * Transition of IBF world title
 * Transition of WBO world title
 * Transition of WBU world title
 * Transition of WBF world title
 * Transition of IBO world title

 * Transition of WBC youth title
 * Transition of WBC intercontinental title

 * Transition of WBA international title

&

title: User:Yappakoredesho


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Accredited scientist

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:18, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Accredited scientist
The phrase could have many meanings. The normal one (i.e. a scientist accredited by some sort of institution) is predominant in Google, but isn't worthy of an article. This one doesn't seem to be mentioned. DJ Clayworth 21:52, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. incorrect dictdef. RJFJR 23:35, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * There's someone somewhere named Stuart Mendelssohn and going under title "accredited scientist", that the author is having a go at. Delete. Uncle G 23:52, 2005 Feb 5 (UTC)
 * Delete, dicdef. --Idont Havaname 00:02, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Lectonar 08:17, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are exactly 290 hits for "accredited scientist" on Google: it's simply not a common expression, and seems to be used mostly by people who have no idea what scientists do or why it's silly to think that anyone would be accrediting people as "scientists" rather than something more specific. - Nunh-huh 08:21, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, maybe worthy of a mention on some other page, but not important enough for its own article.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:1998 in politics

title: Category:1998 in politics


text:
Hubble (crater)

Hubble is a lunar impact crater that lies very near the east-northeastern limb of the Moon. At this location it is viewed almost from the side from Earth, and the visibility of this feature is affected by libration. It lies to the north of the Mare Marginis and northeast of the crater Cannon. About one crater diameter to the north-northeast is Lyapunov.

The rim of this crater is worn and eroded, and it has a somewhat irregular edge in places. The inner wall is wider along the western side, where the rim has a slight outward bulge. The most intact portion of the rim lies along the eastern side, and the inner wall of this face is visible from the Earth.

The interior floor has been resurfaced by basaltic lava, giving it a lower albedo than the surrounding terrain. It is, however, not quite as dark as the lunar mare to the south. This surface is relatively level and featureless, with only a few tiny craterlets. It lacks a central peak, but a pair of small craterlets lies near the midpoint.

Satellite craters
By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Hubble crater.

title: Hubble (crater)


text:
Mussoorie

Mussoorie is a hill station and a municipal board, in Dehradun city in the Dehradun district of the Indian state Uttarakhand. It is about 35 km from the state capital of Dehradun and 290 km north of the national capital of New Delhi. The hill station is in the foothills of the Garhwal Himalayan range. The adjoining town of Landour, which includes a military cantonment, is considered part of "greater Mussoorie", as are the townships Barlowganj and Jharipani.

Mussoorie is at an average altitude of 2005 m. To the northeast are the Himalayan snow ranges, and to the south, the Doon Valley and Shiwalik ranges. The second highest point is the original Lal Tibba in Landour, with a height of over 2275 m. Mussoorie is popularly known as The Queen of the Hills.

In the recent years, Mussoorie has again gained popularity as an upcoming travel destination with many attractions such as Camel's back road, Dhanaulti, Lal Tibba, etc. Uttarakhand Government reported 3.02 million (30.23 Lacs) travelers to Mussoorie in 2019.

History

Mussoorie has long been known as Queen of the Hills. The name Mussoorie is often attributed to a derivation of mansūr, a shrub which is indigenous to the area. The town is often referred to as Mansuri by Indians.

In 1803 the Gorkhas under Umer Singh Thapa conquered the Garhwal and the Dehra, whereby Mussoorie was established. On 1 November 1814, a war broke out between the Gorkhas and the British. Dehradun and Mussoorie were evacuated by the Gorkhas by the year 1815 and were annexed to the district of Saharanpur by 1819.

Mussoorie as a resort was established in 1825 by Captain Frederick Young, a British military officer. With F. J. Shore, the resident Superintendent of Revenues at Dehradun, who explored the region and built a shooting lodge on Camel's Back Road. Young became a magistrate of Doon in 1823. He raised the first Gurkha Regiment and planted the first potatoes in the valley. His tenure in Mussoorie ended in 1844, after which he served in Dimapur and Darjeeling, later retiring as a General and returning to Ireland. There are no memorials to commemorate Young in Mussoorie. However, there is a Young Road in Dehradun on which ONGC's Tel Bhawan stands.

In 1832, Mussoorie was the intended terminus of the Great Trigonometric Survey of India that began at the southern tip of the country. Although unsuccessful, the Surveyor General of India at the time, George Everest, wanted the new office of the Survey of India to be based in Mussoorie; a compromise location was Dehradun, where it remains. The same year the first beer brewery at Mussoorie was established by Sir Henry Bohle as "The Old Brewery". The brewery opened and closed twice before it was re-established by Sir John Mackinnon as Mackinnon & Co. in 1850.

By 1901, Mussoorie's population had grown to 6,461, rising to 15,000 in the summer. Earlier, Mussoorie was approachable by road from Saharanpur, 58 mi away. Accessibility became easier in 1900 with the railway coming to Dehradun, thus shortening the road trip to 21 mi.

The Nehru family, including Nehru's daughter Indira (later Indira Gandhi) were frequent visitors to Mussoorie in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, and stayed at the Savoy Hotel. They also spent time in nearby Dehradun, where Nehru's sister Vijayalakshmi Pandit ultimately settled full-time.

On 20 April 1959, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, the 14th Dalai Lama took up residence at Mussoorie, this until April 1960 when he relocated to Dharamsala in Himachal Pradesh, where the Central Tibetan Administration is today headquartered.

The first Tibetan school was established in Mussoorie in 1960. Tibetans settled mainly in Happy Valley. Today, about 5,000 Tibetans live in Mussoorie.

Geography and climate
Mussoorie has an average elevation of about 2005 m. The highest point is "Lal Tibba", at a height of about 2275 m, although the name Lal Tibba is now also used to describe a lookout point, a short distance from the peak.

Mussoorie has a fairly typical subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) for the mid-altitude Himalaya. Summers are warm and very wet, with July and August averaging approximately 660 mm of rain per month due to orographic lift of the extremely moist monsoonal air. The pre-monsoon seasons in April and May is warm and generally dry and clear, giving way to heavy rainfall from mid-June, while the post-monsoon season is also dry and clear but substantially cooler. In winter, rainfall is a little more frequent than in the pre-and post-monsoon seasons, and the general weather cool and partly cloudy. Mussoorie usually receives a few spells of snowfall in December, January and February, although the number of snowy days has come down in recent years due to a combination of local and global factors, such as deforestation, construction activity and global warming. Between October and February the town shows the rare "winterline" phenomenon.

Government
The Mussoorie Municipal Council   is the civic or urban local body that governs the city. It is essentially the city government and differs from the MDDA (Mussoorie Dehradun Development Board), which is a state run organisation.

This corporation consists of 13 wards and is headed by a Chairman who presides over a deputy chairman and 12 other corporators representing the wards. The Chairman is elected directly through a first-past-the-post voting system and the deputy chairman is elected by the corporators from among their numbers.

The council is composed of elected officials like the mayor and corporators, administrative officials, like the Executive Officer and technical officers who have expertise in various domains.

Demographics
As of 2011 India census, Mussoorie had a population of 30,118. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Mussoorie has an average literacy rate of 89%, higher than the national average of 75%: male literacy is 94%, and female literacy is 84%. In Mussoorie, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. In Mussoorie Nagar Palika Parishad, female sex ratio is of 812 against the state average of 963. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Mussoorie is around 918 compared to Uttarakhand state average of 890.

Landmarks

Tourism, concentrated during summer and winter, is the most significant segment of the Mussoorie economy.

Bhadraj Temple
Bhadraj Temple is a famous temple in Yamuna Valley. It is dedicated to Balarama, the brother of Krishna. People visit here to go trekking and for camping. Greenfield is a safe place for camping here. There are views of the Chaukhamba and Banderpunch peaks.

As of October 2023, the drive from Clouds End to Dudhli village is cumbersome in a difficult terrain. It would be preferable to trek from Clouds End to Dudhli village. The trek from Dudhli village to the Temple is about 5 km in steep gradient.

Dhanaulti
Dhanaulti is a hill station located 24 km away from Mussoorie. The Doon Valley and snow-covered Garhwal Himalayas can be viewed from there.

Camel's Back Road
Camel's Back Road incorporates a nature walk. The road, which takes its name from a rocky outcrop in the shape of a camel's hump, contains hotels, motels, and a cemetery. The oldest Christian church in the Himalayas, St Mary's, is above Mall Road.

Lal Tibba
Lal Tibba earlier was at the highest peak of Mussoorie where presently TV Tower is located. The earlier Lal Tibba peak had a fixed large binocular through which one could see the snow clad peaks of Himalayas that lies to the north. After the construction of TV Tower the binocular was shifted on the Landour ridge towards west which is now named as Lal Tibba and is located near "Childer's Lodge".

Gun Hill
Gun Hill is the second highest point of Mussoorie, at an altitude of 2024 m and at 30.4953°N, 78.0745°W, and is accessed by cable car constructed from the Mall road. The cable car was constructed by the efforts of Mr. Hukam Singh Pawar when he was the chairman, Mussoorie Municipal Board. At Gun Hill is a cannon previously used to sound midday time for the local inhabitants. It is the second-highest spot after Lal Tibba.

Kempty Falls
The Kempty Falls, 40 ft high and 4,500 ft above sea level, is 15 km from Mussoorie, accessed by track and ropeway from Mussoorie-Yamuna Bridge Road. The Britishers on their way to and from Mussoorie to Chakrata camped at the falls for tea and therefore the name Camp Tea became Kempty.

Lake Mist
About 5 km before Kempty Falls on the Mussoorie-Kempty road is Lake Mist, through which flows the Kempty river with its numerous small waterfalls. The resort of Lake Mist provides accommodation, restaurant facilities and boating.

Municipal Garden
The Municipal Garden provides an artificial mini-lake with paddle boats. It is 4 km by road transport and 2 km via Waverly Convent School road on foot.

Mussoorie Lake
The newly developed (1994) Mussoorie Lake was built by City Board and Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority. The lake, providing pedal boats and views of Doon Valley and nearby villages, is 6 km from Mussoorie on the Mussoorie-Dehradun road.

Bhatta Falls
Bhatta Falls are 7 km from Mussoorie on the Mussoorie-Dehradun Road near the village of Bhatta. The falls are 3 km by foot from Bhatta which can also be reached by ropeway started around in 2019

Jharipani Fall
Jharipani Fall is on the Mussoorie-Jharipani road, 8.5 km from Mussoorie.

Mossy Fall
Mossy Fall is surrounded by a dense forest and is 7 km from Mussoorie, and is accessed via Barlowganj or Balahisar.

Sir George Everest's House
At Park Estate are the remains of the building and laboratory of Sir George Everest, the Surveyor-General of India from 1830 to 1843. It is after George Everest that the world's highest peak Mt. Everest is named. It is 6 km from Gandhi Chowk and a scenic walk from Library Bazaar, although accessible by road transport to at least Haathi Paon. The place provides a view of Doon Valley on one side and a panoramic view of the Aglar River valley and the peaks of the Himalayan ranges on the other.

Happy Valley
Happy Valley lies on the western side of Library Point. The tourist attraction includes Tibetan sanctuaries, a municipal garden, and the IAS Academy. Lal Tibba is a further tourist attraction in the cantonment of Landour near Mussoorie, and overlooks the Himalayas.

Nag Devta Temple
The ancient Nag Devta Temple is dedicated to Snake God Shiva, It is on Cart Mackenzie Road about 6 km from Mussoorie on the road to Dehradun. There is vehicular access to the temple, which provides a view of Mussoorie and the Doon Valley.

Jwalaji Temple (Benog Hill)
At an altitude of 2240 m Jwalaji Temple is 9 km west from Mussoorie, and cannot be accessed by vehicle although a motor road goes most of the way from Mussoorie. It is at the top of Benog Hill and contains an idol of the Goddess Durga; from the temple is a view of the valley of the Aglar River.

Cloud End
Cloud End is surrounded by thick deodar forest. The bungalow, built-in 1835 by a British major, was one of the first four buildings in Mussoorie and has been converted to a hotel.

Van Chetna Kendra
Van Chetna Kendra, a 339 ha sanctuary 11 km to the south from Library Point, was established in 1993. It is significant for the extinct bird species Mountain Quail (Pahari Bater), last spotted in 1876.

Benog Wildlife Sanctuary
The sanctuary, about 6.3 km from Library Point and open to the public, provides a woodland habitat for indigenous birds, and animals.

Mall Road
Mall Road, with architectural evidence of a colonial past, is a shopping area at the centre of Mussoorie, and contains shops, cafes, video game establishments, skating rinks, a nearby Tibetan market place, and a Methodist church. The Mall road starts from Picture Palace in the east to Library point towards the west.

Lal Tibba
Lal Tibba, also called Depot Hill because of its former use as a military depot, is the highest point in Mussoorie with an altitude of 2,275 m, with views over the town and its surroundings. A Japanese telescope, with views of Himalayan ranges including Badrinath, Kedarnath, Banderpunch, was installed at Lal Tibba in 1967.

Dalai Hills Mussoorie

The Dalai Hills Mussoorie and Happy Valley are two of the most impressive and beautiful places in Mussoorie. It takes about 400 meters walk from the Tibetan temple in Happy Valley to reach.

Dunsvirk Court
Renest Dunsvirk Court, a luxury boutique hotel in Mussoorie, is perched a top a hill, offering an exquisite blend of history and modernity. Originally owned by Lords Dunsvirk and Guthrie during the British Raj, this historic property was later acquired by the Maharaja of Baroda. It was transformed into a hotel in 1989 and has recently been meticulously restored to preserve its traditional architecture while adding modern amenities for the discerning traveler.

Situated at the highest elevation in Mussoorie at 7200 feet, Renest Dunsvirk Court provides guests with unparalleled 360-degree panoramic views of majestic snow-capped peaks and lush deodar forests. The expansive 4.5-acre property features an open lawn, a banquet hall, ample parking, a restaurant and bar, a high-end wellness spa, and a fully-equipped gym, ensuring a luxurious and rejuvenating stay.

Soham Heritage and Art Centre
Bala Hisar is a museum in Uttarakhand that showcases cultural heritage of the state in different art formations yurts.

Education and services
There is a Christian institution called the Landour Community Hospital. It is a small mission hospital run by the Emmanuel Hospital Association, Delhi catering to the medical needs of the people on the hills for the last 75 years.

The schools include Convent of Jesus and Mary, Waverly (1845), St. George's College (1853), Woodstock School (1854), Oak Grove School (1888), Wynberg-Allen (1888), Guru Nanak Fifth Centenary (1969), and Convent of Jesus and Mary Hampton Court.

St. George's College, Mussoorie (founded in 1853) is amongst the oldest and most reputed schools in the country. It has been run by the Patrician Brothers since 1893. Spread over 400 acre, the school is popularly referred to as 'Manor House'. Over the years, its alumni have made distinguished contributions in several fields, especially in serving the armed forces of the nation. The school's imposing facade stands out as one of the main architectural attractions of Mussoorie.

Woodstock School is a Christian, international, co-educational, residential school in Landour, a small hill station contiguous with the town of Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India. The school traces its origin to the 1850s when a group of English ladies were enlisted by British officers and American missionaries to provide a Protestant education for girls.

Woodstock is among the most well-known boarding schools of the Indian Subcontinent, said by some to be the best international school in India. (Others are the Kodaikanal International School and the Hebron School, Ooty, both in South India.) The school has a campus spread over an area of about 250 acre and is in a forest region with a variety of flora including pine, rhododendron, and oak. The terrain of the campus has an altitude range of 350 m from its lowest point to the highest point. Classes at Woodstock begin from ECP (Early Childhood Program) and follow up to grade 12.

Oak Grove School stands out from the other notable institutions of Mussoorie for two reasons. First, it is affiliated with the CBSE, New Delhi, which is a rarity amongst the residential schools of Mussoorie. Second, it is a secular government-aided school, run by the Northern Railway. The school was founded in 1888 by the East Indian Railway (EIR) and passed to the Indian Railways when railways were nationalised after Independence. It has three semi-independent wings and is on two hills in Jharipani, 8 km from Mussoorie town, near the famous Jharipani fall.

Wynberg Allen School, established in 1888, is a well-known school which ranks amongst the finest in the country. In Kanpur, during the year 1887, a group of friends, Mr. Alfred Powell, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Foy and Brigadier J H Condon met and decided to set up a school in Mussoorie. The school was built at Jabarkhet along the Tehri road and was later shifted to the present Wynberg Estate. The object was to provide for and give to children, wholly or partly of European descent, an education based on Protestant Christian principles; to maintain such children; and to give them an academic and practical training conducive to economic welfare and happiness. It now accommodates students of all descents.

The school consists of two branches—the Junior branch (Wynberg) and the Senior branch (Allen) and accommodates around 700 children. The school has four houses: Allen, Powell, Foy and Condon. A student from the institution is referred to as an "Alwynin."

The Convent of Jesus and Mary, Waverley, Mussoorie was established in 1845 by the Religious Sisters of Jesus and Mary Mussoorie Educational Society.

The school is conducted by the Religious Sisters of Jesus and Mary. It is an all-girls school and perhaps the oldest Convent school in India. Waverley is at an elevation of 7000 ft above sea level on one of the healthiest, most extensive and well wooded hills of Mussoorie. The Jesus and Mary congregation was the first congregation of Sisters to come to the north in 1842 at the invitation of Bishop Borghi the Vicar Apostolic of the Agra Mission. The Archbishop requested the sisters to come to Mussoorie to start a school for girls. In 1845 the sisters came to Mussoorie. The estate of Waverley belonging to an Italian gentleman had just come into the market and the nuns bought it. That year saw the commencement of one of the most important Catholic educational institutions in the North of India. Thousands of girls, Catholic and non-Catholic alike, have since passed through Waverley. The small inadequate bungalow which was all the accommodation at first offered, has given place to a group of tastefully conceived buildings which dominate the town of Mussoorie.

Guru Nanak Fifth Centenary School (GNFCS) is another one of Mussoorie's well-known schools and one of the best boarding establishments in India. Previously owned by the Seventh-day Adventists and known from 1922 to 1969 as Vincent Hill School, GNFCS purchased the land and extensive buildings and founded an international school in the sacred memory of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, on the occasion of His 500th birth anniversary, celebrated in November 1969. The girls are housed at Shangri La at 6750 ft above sea level on an 11 acre plot, wooded with cypress, cedar and oak, on the south and west, facing the snow clad Himalayan peaks, to the north. The boys are at Vincent Hill: It is 3 km from the Library Chowk. Surrounded by picturesque scenery and upgrading the old Vincent Hill School, it comprises a campus spread over 45 acre. The GNFCS prepares students in accordance with the 10+2 formula for school education, for the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (10 year course) examination and the Indian School Certificate (12 year course) examination.

Other schools in Mussourie include Mussoorie International School (founded in 1984), Mussoorie Modern School, Tibetan Homes, CST Mussoorie and St Clares Convent School.

Mussorie has the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, the premier training institute for officers of the Indian Foreign Service, Indian Administrative Service and other civil services. This unique institute is about 2 km from Gandhi Chowk.

The library area houses the academy of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, a central police organization belonging to the Government of India. The academy was moved to this location in 1978, consequent upon reorganization of the force, and located at two separate patches of land known as Cainville Estate (Adminb wing) and Astel estate (Combat wing) The academy has grown over the years so as to take friendly foreign countries officers as its trainees.

The academy also serves the local inhabitants as the first-responder in any major or minor rescue and relief work. The Director of the academy (as in December 2023) is Sriram Taranikanti.

Economy
The economy in Mussoorie is primarily dependent on tourism. Tourists come primarily from New Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and other northern states. In Mussoorie itself, there were 2,794,108 domestic tourist arrivals and 1865 foreign arrivals in 2017. There is a projected 58.5% growth forecast in foreign tourist arrivals due to EVisa nationally. Educational institutions are another contributor to the local economy. The Uttarakhand Government has created investment proposals for the development of a mountain forest resort and a development of ropeways in order to boost tourism in the region. The ropeway which was inaugurated on 6 March 2019 is being built is completed in 2022.

Transport
Mussoorie is connected by road to Delhi and major cities. It is called the "Gateway" to Yamunotri and Gangotri shrines of Northern India. The nearest Airport Jolly Grant in Dehradun is 60 km away from the city The closest rail station is Dehradun. Within Mussoorie are taxis and buses. A ropeway between Purkul Gaon, Dehradun and Mussoorie is in the works. This rope way is projected to reduce traffic congestion and increase tourist footfall to Mussoorie.

Notable people

 * Sir George Everest
 * Ruskin Bond
 * Bill Aitken (writer)
 * Tom Alter
 * Anita Desai
 * Saira Banu
 * Jamila Gavin
 * Stephen Alter
 * Nayantara Sahgal
 * Martha Chen
 * Victor Banerjee
 * Saeed Jaffrey

title: Mussoorie


text:
Talk:History of music

Should we get rid of the gallery for 1 image in the lead?
A gallery tends to have a ton of useless images that don't contribute much to the article's quality. Should we ditch them all together? CactiStaccingCrane (talk) 03:00, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

 * oppose, images are useful. Many people read only the lead, and images can help to grasp the width of the subject.
 * Artem.G (talk) 07:08, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of music