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Tom Heaton

Thomas David Heaton (born 15 April 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Manchester United and the England national team.

Heaton began his career in the Manchester United academy but was unable to break into the first team and spent time on loan with Swindon Town, Royal Antwerp, Cardiff City, Queens Park Rangers, Rochdale and Wycombe Wanderers, before joining Cardiff permanently after his release by Manchester United in July 2010. He then joined Bristol City on a one-year deal with an option of a second year but turned it down in May 2013 in favour of a move to Burnley, where he remained for six years before joining Aston Villa in 2019. After two years with Aston Villa, he returned to Manchester United in July 2021.

Formerly an international from under-16 to under-21 level, Heaton has been involved in senior England squads since 2015, finally making his senior debut in a friendly match against Australia on 27 May 2016.

Manchester United
Born in Chester, Cheshire, Heaton began his football career with Wrexham, for whom he played both in goal and in midfield, but, after making 20 appearances for the Manchester United Under-17 team in the previous two seasons, he signed for United as a trainee on 8 July 2002. He became a regular in the Under-17 team during the 2002–03 season, and picked up an FA Youth Cup winner's medal despite playing second fiddle to Luke Steele throughout the entire competition. He made his first appearance in the reserve team the following season, starting in a 3–1 home win over Birmingham City in the Premier Reserve League on 2 October 2003. At the end of the 2003–04 season, Heaton was named on the bench for the final of the Manchester Senior Cup against Manchester City, and won a winner's medal despite not taking the field.

By the 2004–05 season, Heaton had become the first-choice goalkeeper for the Manchester United reserve team, and was named on the bench for Stan Ternent's testimonial on 17 August 2004, coming on as a 76th-minute substitute for Luke Steele after Steele had earlier come on for Tim Howard. With Heaton in goal for 17 of the 28 Premier Reserve League North matches and 12 of the 22 Central League matches, the team went on to win both league titles by nine and five points respectively.

Heaton's form for the reserves resulted in him being loaned out to Swindon Town at the start of the 2005–06, initially until 1 January 2006. Heaton made his professional debut in a League Cup tie against Wycombe Wanderers, and in his second appearance against Yeovil Town in the league he saved a penalty from Lee Johnson. During his time at Swindon, he played over 20 matches, and was described as "one for the future" by manager Iffy Onuora. He returned to Manchester United, but, after the recall of Ritchie Jones from Royal Antwerp, Heaton was sent there for the rest of the season after United rebuffed an approach from Huddersfield Town.

Heaton spent the 2007–08 season with the first team-squad at Manchester United, appearing on the bench when Edwin van der Sar was out due to injury.

Cardiff City (loan)
At the end of the 2007–08 season, Heaton agreed to move to Championship club Cardiff City on loan for the duration of the 2008–09 season. He was chosen as the club's first choice goalkeeper, above Peter Enckelman, for the start of the season by manager Dave Jones. He played in every match until late November, with the exception of the League Cup third round tie against Swansea City, when he was replaced by Enckelman. However, late on in Cardiff's 2–1 away defeat to Plymouth Argyle on 22 November 2008, Heaton picked up an injury and was forced off. The injury would go on to cost Heaton his place in the team as the club went unbeaten with Enckelman in goal for over two months.

In February, Enckelman was forced to undergo knee surgery which saw Heaton return in goal on 16 February 2009, when he picked up the man of the match award in a 4–0 defeat at the hands of Arsenal. However, he tore his thigh muscle during the match, ruling him out for up to five weeks. On his return, Heaton found himself on the bench behind loanee Stuart Taylor but, following a 6–0 defeat against Preston North End, he replaced Taylor for the final three matches of the season. However, he was unable to keep Cardiff in the play-off places and he returned to Manchester United at the end of the season.

Queens Park Rangers (loan)
On 15 August 2009, Heaton was signed by Queens Park Rangers on an emergency three-month loan deal, the terms of which allowed him to compete in the League Cup. Heaton's loan spell ended on 8 November 2009. He made one first-team appearance during his loan, in the 1–0 defeat at Chelsea in the League Cup on 23 September 2009.

Rochdale (loan)
After returning from QPR, Heaton joined Rochdale on 13 November 2009 until the end of December 2009. He made his debut in a 3–2 loss against Chesterfield on 14 November 2009. The loan was then extended until 23 January 2010, before a further extension pushed the end date back to 31 January. In his 12 appearances for Rochdale, Heaton conceded only ten goals – including four clean sheets – and finished on the losing team just once.

Wycombe Wanderers (loan)
Heaton spent less than two weeks back at Manchester United before going back out on loan to Wycombe Wanderers on 12 February 2010. He went straight into the Wycombe starting line-up for their away match against Brentford the following day, which they drew 1–1. Heaton made his second appearance for the Chairboys in their 0–0 draw against Southampton on Tuesday 23 February 2010. He made a great save from a volley to keep the Chairboys on even terms with the Saints.

Return to Cardiff City

Meeting with Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson on his future at the club amidst an expiring contract, Heaton declined an offer to stay at Old Trafford, deciding instead to leave on free transfer in pursuit of regular playing time. Following his release by United, Heaton agreed a deal on 15 June 2010 to return to Cardiff City on 1 July 2010. He made his second debut in 4–1 win over Burton Albion in the League Cup on 11 August. After first-choice goalkeeper David Marshall suffered an elbow injury, Heaton established himself as Cardiff's new number one starter. In late February, however, he suffered a groin injury, so Jason Brown and Stephen Bywater were brought in as cover on loan. Upon his return, Heaton went into the team against Derby County, where they won 4–1, their first win in four matches. Heaton's performances during the 2010–11 season earned him the club's Young Player of the Year award.

Under new manager, Malky Mackay, Heaton found himself as cover for David Marshall, but he played a key part in the club's League Cup run in which they reached the final thanks to two saves from Heaton in a semi-final penalty shoot-out against Crystal Palace. He suffered an ankle injury just before the final, but he overcame the injury to start at Wembley Stadium. Heaton followed his penalty heroics against Crystal Palace when he started the penalty shoot-out by pushing Steven Gerrard's effort onto the bar, but he ultimately ended up on the losing team as Liverpool won the shoot-out 3–2. Despite the successful cup run, Heaton still found himself second string to Marshall and was released at the end of the season after rejecting a new contract in the Welsh capital.

Bristol City
In July 2012, Heaton held talks with Watford over a potential move; however, Watford's new owners decided to pull out of the move. Later that month, Heaton went on trial with Bristol City during their pre-season training camp in Spain and they opened contract talks soon after. On 27 July, Heaton signed a one-year deal with the club, with the option for a further 12 months. He made his debut on 18 August 2012, in a 1–0 defeat away to Nottingham Forest. A disappointing season in Bristol led to the club owning the worst defensive record in the league with 84 goals allowed, and they were relegated at the end of the season. Heaton started 43 of Bristol City's 46 matches in the Championship that season, and was viewed as one of the club's best players that season.

Burnley

Heaton joined Burnley in May 2013, after turning down a further one-year deal at Bristol City. He decided to stay in the Championship, and Burnley offered Heaton a two-year contract attaching him to the club until June 2015, with an option of a third year. A target of manager Sean Dyche while at Watford, Dyche's first Burnley signing was described as a "good technician" with a "great pedigree". Heaton immediately became the first-choice goalkeeper for Burnley following the departures of Lee Grant and Brian Jensen. He made his Burnley debut against Bolton Wanderers on 3 August 2013. On 24 August, he was the recipient of a rare technical caution (his second of the match) for handling the ball after releasing it whilst playing against Brighton, a match they lost 2–0. Heaton was a part of Burnley's defence that allowed only 37 goals, the fewest in the league, as Burnley returned to the Premier League for the first time since 2009–10. Heaton also picked up 19 clean sheets, the most by any keeper in the regular season.

Heaton made his Premier League debut on 18 August against Chelsea in a 3–1 loss. Heaton played in every minute of Burnley's Premier League campaign, the only goalkeeper in the league to do so, but his efforts would not be enough, as Burnley and their league-worst offence were relegated at the end of the season. After the season, Heaton was voted by his teammates as Burnley's Players' Player of the Year.

On 30 June 2015, Heaton signed a new three-year deal at the club through to the summer of 2018. Taking over for Jason Shackell, Heaton was named as captain for the 2015–16 season, captaining the team for the first time on 8 August 2015, on the opening day of the 2015–16 Championship season against Leeds United in a 1–1 draw. Heaton kept 20 clean sheets during the season, second only to Dimitrios Konstantopoulos of Middlesbrough, as Burnley did not lose in the second half of the Championship season on their way to becoming champions and earning promotion back to the Premier League at their first attempt. Towards the end of the season, Heaton was named in the Championship PFA Team of the Year.

On 20 July 2016, Heaton signed another new contract, this time a four-year deal running until the summer of 2020. On 29 October, Heaton made numerous saves during the match against former club Manchester United, the highlight being a mid-air, fully extended save of Zlatan Ibrahimović that Heaton claimed "nearly broke [his] arm". Afterwards, Heaton required medical attention but remained in the match to lead Burnley to a 0–0 draw, being named Man of the Match in the process. In the same season on 22 January 2017, Heaton made his 150th league appearance for the club as he was beaten by a 97th-minute penalty from Alexis Sánchez that saw Arsenal win 2–1.

Aston Villa
Heaton signed for newly promoted Premier League club Aston Villa on 1 August 2019 for an undisclosed fee, believed to be £8 million. On 1 January 2020, Heaton suffered a season-ending knee injury during a 2–1 win against his former team Burnley, a game which also saw his teammate Wesley suffer a similarly serious knee injury.

In September 2020, with Heaton still injured, Villa signed Emiliano Martínez from Arsenal as their new first choice goalkeeper. On 10 November 2020, after over ten months out, Heaton made his return to football for Aston Villa U23s – in a 2–2 draw away at Burnley U23s in the Premier League 2. On 26 December 2020, Heaton returned to the first team squad for the first time since his injury, featuring as an unused substitute in a 3–0 home win over Crystal Palace.

On 28 May 2021, it was announced that Heaton would leave Aston Villa at the end of his contract.

Return to Manchester United
Following his release by Aston Villa, Heaton agreed to return to Manchester United on 2 July 2021, 11 years after first leaving them. He signed a two-year contract with the option of an extra year. On 8 December 2021, Heaton finally made his first-team debut, replacing Dean Henderson in the 68th minute of the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League match against Young Boys.

On 10 January 2023, Heaton started his first match for United in the EFL Cup game against Charlton Athletic, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 victory to help United qualify for the semi-finals. On 1 February 2023, he started in the second leg of the semi-final against Nottingham Forest, keeping another clean sheet as his team won 2–0 on the night (5–0 on aggregate) to reach the final. On 2 July 2024, he signed a one-year contract extension with the club.

International career
Having played for England at various youth levels, Heaton was handed his England under-21 debut in March 2008 by manager Stuart Pearce when he replaced Joe Hart as a substitute during a match against Poland. However, he did not make the final squad for the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.

On 21 May 2015, Heaton was called up to the England senior team for the first time ahead of a friendly against the Republic of Ireland and a UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Slovenia. Heaton continued to be included in Roy Hodgson's squads before finally making his debut as an 87th-minute substitute in place of Fraser Forster in England's Euro 2016 warm-up match against Australia, played at Sunderland's Stadium of Light. He was named in the squad for the UEFA Euro 2016 and wore the number 23.

On 16 May 2018, he was one of five players named on standby for the 23-man England squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Heaton was also part of the squad which finished third at the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League finals in Portugal, England's best major international achievement since UEFA Euro 1968.

On 10 June 2024, Heaton was called up by England to work as a training goalkeeper for UEFA Euro 2024.

Honours
Cardiff City
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2011–12

Burnley Manchester United
 * Football League Championship: 2015–16;
 * EFL Cup: 2022–23
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2022–23
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2022–23

 * FA Cup Winner: 2023-24

England
 * UEFA Nations League third place: 2018–19

Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2015–16 Championship

title: Tom Heaton


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CCW (album)

CCW is an album by Hugh Cornwell, formerly of the new wave group the Stranglers, with Roger Cook and Andy West (CCW: Cornwell, Cook, West). It was released in 1992 by UFO Records.

Background
Through his publishing company, Cornwell had been put together with English songwriter Roger Cook in the late 1980s to write songs. Cook was known for his songwriting collaboration with Roger Greenaway in the 1960s, penning songs such as "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" (The New Seekers) and "Something's Gotten Hold of My Heart" (Gene Pitney). Now living in Nashville in the US, Cook would periodically come to England to write with other songwriters. "Every few months he would come over and we would write a song," Cornwell said in 2006. "And then we had so many of these songs written that I suggested we do a record together. We brought in a third singer-songwriter called Andy West and so we became Cornwell, Cook and West."

The CCW album was recorded in December 1991 at Koh-san Studios in Bath with Cornwell producing. Neil Davidge, who would later work with Massive Attack, among others, co-produced 5 of the albums 10 tracks. With a 7-piece band, including session drummer Rob Brian, the trio promoted the album in 1992, playing shows in the UK and Europe.

"Sweet Sister" was released as a single from the album. Different formats included the non-album tracks "Let It Fall" and "Friend Wheel", penned by Andy West, and "I Believe", penned by Cook. The CD-single and 12" also included an 'FM Rock Club Mix' of "Sweet Sister" by remixer Simon Harris.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album liner notes.

 * CCW
 * Hugh Cornwell – vocals, electric and acoustic guitar
 * Roger Cook – vocals, electric and acoustic ukulele
 * Andy West – vocals, electric and acoustic guitar
 * Additional musicians
 * Herbie Flowers – electric and acoustic bass (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9)
 * Chris Goulstone – lead guitar (1, 10)
 * Joel Squires – harmonica (3)
 * Rob Brian – snare drum (4), drum kit (6), tabla (8)
 * Stuart Gordon – violin (5, 6)
 * Technical
 * Hugh Cornwell – producer
 * Neil Davidge – co-producer (1, 2, 7, 9, 10)
 * Pete Parsons – engineer
 * Phil Smee – design, photography

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CCW (album)


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Wicklow (Dáil constituency)

Wicklow is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects 5 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

Boundaries
The constituency spans the entire area of County Wicklow, including the towns of Wicklow, Arklow, Baltinglass, Greystones and Bray.

The Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017 defines the constituency as:

The Constituency Review Report 2023 of the Electoral Commission recommended that at the next general election, Wexford lose a seat to become a four-seat constituency with the transfer of territory in the south of County Wicklow to the new constituency of Wicklow–Wexford.

For the next general election, the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023 defines the constituency as:

1995 by-election
Following the death of Independent TD Johnny Fox, a by-election was held on 29 June 1995. The seat was won by the Independent candidate Mildred Fox, daughter of the deceased TD.

1968 by-election
Following the death of Labour Party TD James Everett, a by-election was held on 14 March 1968. The seat was won by the candidate Fine Gael Godfrey Timmins.

1953 by-election
Following the death of Fianna Fáil TD Thomas Brennan, a by-election was held on 18 June 1953. The seat was won by the Fine Gael candidate Mark Deering.

1944 general election
Figures for the 6th count are not available.

1943 general election
Full figures for the 2nd count are not available.

title: Wicklow (Dáil constituency)


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Talk:Mp3 files

This could well be a simple redirect to MP3. - Estel (talk) 19:51, Feb 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mp3 files


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2005 Northern Cypriot parliamentary election

Early parliamentary elections were held in Northern Cyprus on 20 February 2005, after the coalition government led by Mehmet Ali Talat lost its majority in the House of Representatives. The vote was a resounding victory for Mehmet Ali Talat's CTP-United Forces alliance, although it fell just short of a majority. The UBP, Democratic Party and BDH also crossed the 5% election threshold and won seats in the House.

Electoral system
The House had 50 members, elected for a five-year term by mitigated proportional representation. Under North Cyprus law, a party had to receive 5% of the total vote to get any seats in parliament.

Aftermath
Talat became Prime Minister, leading a coalition of the CTP and DP.

June 2006 by-election
A by-election was held on 25 June 2006 to fill the positions left vacant by the death of Salih Miroğlu (UBP general secretary) and the election of Talat as president. The two parliamentary seats in contention were in Lefkoşa and Kyrenia. This by-election was held together with municipal elections, and the United States Department of State reported that both "were generally free and fair". Of the two vacant seats, one was held by the National Unity Party, the other by the CTP. The two elected candidates were Gülboy Beydağlı and Özkan Yorgancıoğlu, both of which belong to the CTP. The latter thus increased its representation in the Assembly from 24 to 25 seats. The ruling coalition of the CTP and DP had difficulty forming a government after this by-election. When three deputies (two from the National Unity Party and one from the Democratic Party) resigned to form the new, progovernment Freedom and Reform Party in September, the coalition collapsed and Serdar Denktaş quit the government. The CTP then formed a coalition government with the newly formed Freedom and Reform Party, in which it was the biggest partner, holding seven ministries.


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Howard Spodek

Howard Spodek (November 4, 1941 – August 20, 2023) was an American world historian, a professor of history and geography and urban studies at Temple University. He received a B.A. from Columbia University in 1963 and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1972; while a graduate student, he visited India as a Fulbright Fellow. He joined the Temple faculty in 1972. As well as his faculty position at Temple, Spodek was the treasurer of the World History Association and a member of the editorial board of History Compass.

Spodek specialized in Indian history, and in particular on the city of Ahmedabad. He was the author of The World's History, a college textbook that is sometimes also used for high school Advanced Placement history courses and that has gone through four editions. He won Temple's Great Teacher Award in 1993.

Howard Spodek was born on November 4, 1941. He was a 1959 graduate of Taylor Allderdice High School in Pittsburgh.

Howard Spodek died at his home in Philadelphia, on August 20, 2023, at the age of 81.

title: Howard Spodek


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Paul McShane (footballer)

Paul David McShane (born 6 January 1986) is an Irish professional football coach and former player. Upon retirement in 2022 he was named the Professional Development Phase coach at Premier League side Manchester United.

Born in Wicklow, Ireland, McShane moved to England when he was 16 to play for Manchester United, with whom he won the 2003 FA Youth Cup. He had loan stints with Walsall and Brighton & Hove Albion before making a permanent move to West Bromwich Albion in 2006. He joined Sunderland a year later, but spent the 2008–09 season on loan to Hull City before making a permanent move there in 2009. He spent six years with Hull, broken up by loan spells with Barnsley and Crystal Palace, before joining Reading in 2015. After four years with Reading, he moved to Rochdale but was released following the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021, when he made a return to Manchester United as a player-coach for the club's under-23s team. He retired from playing at the end of the season, when he took up a youth coaching role full-time.

McShane represented the Republic of Ireland at every level from Under-15s upwards. He made six appearances for the under-21s before making his debut for the senior team in 2006. He was named in the Ireland squad for UEFA Euro 2012, but did not make an appearance at the tournament. He earned his 33rd and final cap in March 2016, although he was named as a standby player for UEFA Euro 2016.

Early life
Born in Wicklow, County Wicklow, McShane started his career with Greystones United, as well as playing for Newtown Juniors and his secondary school, St. David's. He later joined St Joseph's Boys, a club based in south Dublin.

Manchester United
In the summer of 2002, he signed for Manchester United. In December 2004, he was loaned to Walsall, where he played four league matches and scored once against Sheffield Wednesday. He played for Manchester United in the final of the 2003 FA Youth Cup in which they defeated Middlesbrough 3–1.

He played in pre-season friendly matches and was given the squad number 34, but did not make a full debut for Manchester United.

Brighton & Hove Albion
In August 2005, he moved to Brighton & Hove Albion on an initial five-month loan deal. The loan was later extended for the whole of the 2005–06 season. McShane was voted Player of the Season by the supporters, as well as the away supporters' Player of the Season.

West Bromwich Albion
On 10 August 2006, McShane and fellow 2003 FA Youth Cup winner Luke Steele moved to West Bromwich Albion on a permanent basis in a deal that saw Tomasz Kuszczak join United on a season-long loan with a permanent deal confirmed for the following summer. He made his debut for West Brom in a 3–0 win over Leyton Orient in the League Cup on 24 August 2006. His goal against Leeds United in the FA Cup on 6 January 2007 sent Albion on their way to a 3–1 victory. It was the first of three goals he scored in 42 appearances for the club.

Sunderland
On 26 July 2007, McShane joined Sunderland for an initial £1.5 million fee. McShane's first match for the Black Cats ended in success – his performance helping Sunderland to a clean sheet and a 1–0 win over Tottenham Hotspur.

Hull City

On 29 August 2008, Sunderland accepted a loan offer for McShane from Hull City, who were newly promoted to the Premier League. While playing for Hull, he scored the opening goal at Anfield in a league match versus Liverpool on 13 December 2008. His last match during his loan spell for Hull was an FA Cup victory over Newcastle United on 14 January 2009, as he was recalled to Sunderland by manager Ricky Sbragia.

On 30 August 2009, McShane rejoined Hull on a permanent transfer for an undisclosed fee. On 16 February 2011, he joined Barnsley on a two-month loan, but Hull were given the option to recall him after 28 days. He scored his first goal for Barnsley in a 4–2 win over Bristol City on 9 April 2011.

On 13 January 2012, McShane joined Crystal Palace on a one-month loan. McShane's loan at Palace was extended until the end of the 2011–12 season on 31 January 2012.

The 2012–13 season started more positively for McShane than his previous few seasons at Hull as he enjoyed regular appearances under new manager Steve Bruce, often being deployed as part of Hull's new system of a three-man defence. He scored his first goal in over four years on 1 December 2012, shouldering the ball home to help Hull to a 2–1 victory at Nottingham Forest. More solid performances at the heart of the Tigers' defence followed for McShane in 27 appearances that season, until he was ruled out for the rest of the campaign with ankle ligament damage suffered in a match, again against Nottingham Forest. With his contract running out at the end of the season, this injury put McShane's long-term future at the club in doubt. However, McShane returned to the team unexpectedly before the end of the season. On 4 May 2013, McShane started on the final day of the season in a match against Cardiff City, a match which the Tigers had to win to guarantee promotion to the Premier League. In the 63rd minute of the match, an inswinging corner from Robbie Brady was met by the right foot of McShane, who saw the ball nestle in the corner of the net to give his team the lead. This meant the Irishman had potentially scored the goal to promote Hull (although Watford's subsequent loss to Leeds United meant they achieved this regardless). In the aftermath of the match, Stephen Quinn, talking of his teammate, said "Mac's my age and I want to be like him. I want to structure my life like him. He dedicates his whole life to playing. He's had knock-downs in the past but that's the measure of the man. That's why I like him even more, he comes back from anything like that. He's an almighty man who you want in the trenches wherever you go." Steve Bruce later confirmed that McShane would be offered a new contract for the next season in the top flight. On 8 July 2013, McShane signed a new two-year deal with Hull City.

McShane's 2013–14 Premier League season started slowly as he was mainly named as a substitute for the opening two months of the campaign, but was finally included in the starting eleven away against Tottenham, a match in which he was successful in keeping the home side out up until a controversial 80th-minute penalty. He started the next match, again away at Tottenham but this time in the League Cup three days later, and put in a similarly impressive performance, scoring a header in the 99th minute past a helpless Brad Friedel. He followed this up next Saturday with another impressive display, earning the Tigers a clean sheet in a 1–0 win over Sunderland. On 17 May 2014, he played as a substitute in the 2014 FA Cup Final against Arsenal.

On 28 May 2015, Hull City released McShane and five other players who were out of contract at the end of the 2014–15 season.

Reading
On 2 July 2015, McShane signed a three-year contract with Reading. He made his first professional appearance for the Royals on 8 August 2015 in a 2–1 defeat away to Birmingham City. McShane's first goal for Reading came during a 3–1 victory against his former club West Bromwich Albion on 20 February 2016, where he scored the equaliser during the FA Cup Fifth Round match at the Madejski Stadium.

He was released by Reading at the end of the 2018–19 season.

Rochdale
On 10 October 2019, it was announced that McShane had joined League One side Rochdale on a short-term contract until January 2020. This was extended by 18 months in mid-January 2020.

Return to Manchester United
On 23 July 2021, he returned to former club Manchester United as a player-coach, with the intention of being used as an overage player in under-23s matches while coaching in the youth set-up. He played in the 2021–22 EFL Trophy wearing the number 62, but retired from playing at the end of the season and took up a full-time role as the club's Professional Development Phase coach.

International career

McShane received his first senior international call-up to the Republic of Ireland squad from manager Steve Staunton on 25 September 2006, for the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers against Cyprus and the Czech Republic. An injury to Andy O'Brien and the suspension of Richard Dunne (the two central defenders that had started the match against Cyprus) meant that McShane was given his first international cap against the Czech Republic on 11 October 2006. The match ended in a 1–1 draw, with McShane being named man of the match. McShane was part of the team that missed out on place at the 2010 FIFA World Cup after being defeated by France in Paris in a play-off, and was the Irish player directly behind Thierry Henry when Henry twice handballed late in extra-time before crossing for William Gallas to score an illegitimate, but accepted, goal.

On 29 May 2012, he was called in from the international wilderness to the Irish UEFA Euro 2012 squad following an injury to Kevin Foley ahead of the tournament.

Style of play
Eamon Dunphy once compared McShane to Spanish international defender Sergio Ramos, labelling Sergio Ramos "...like Paul McShane on steroids".

Honours
Manchester United U18
 * FA Youth Cup: 2002–03

Hull City
 * Football League Championship runner-up: 2012–13
 * FA Cup runner-up: 2013–14

Republic of Ireland
 * Nations Cup: 2011

title: Paul McShane (footballer)


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Badges of the United States Air Force

Badges of the United States Air Force are specific uniform insignia authorized by the United States Air Force that signify aeronautical ratings, special skills, career field qualifications, and serve as identification devices for personnel occupying certain assignments.

Most Air Force badges are awarded in three degrees or skill levels. Aeronautical rating badges for pilots, combat systems officers, observers, and air battle managers are awarded at basic, senior, and command levels; while flight nurses and flight surgeons are awarded ratings at the basic, senior, and chief levels. All other aviation badges are awarded at the basic, senior, and master levels. Air Force occupational badges are normally issued in basic, senior, and master level for officers. A star and wreath system, worn above the Air Force badge, denotes which degree or skill level a service member currently holds. Previously, enlisted wear the basic badge after completing technical school, the senior badge after award of the 7-skill level, and the master badge as a master sergeant or above with 5 years in the specialty from award of the 7-skill level. For non-rated commissioned officers, the basic badge is awarded after completion of technical training, the senior badge after 7-years in their respective AFSC, and master at 15-years. Now most career field CFETPs denote the requirements for awarding each level.

Chaplain, aeronautical, space, cyberspace, and missile operations badges, along with the Air Force Commander's Insignia are mandatory for wear on Air Force uniforms. With the most recent changes to Air Force uniform regulations, restrictions have been lifted on the wear of other service's skill badges that airman have earned. Precedence of badges within the same category depends on the airman's current assignment.

The Air Force is the most restrictive service with regards to which Air Force badges may be worn on the uniforms by other branches of the US Armed Forces. Most badges issued exclusively by the Air Force may only be displayed on Air Force uniforms. The exception to this rule is the Space Operations Badge.

The Air Force previously authorized continued use of a number of aviation badges originally issued by the U.S. Army during World War II. Such badges are no longer authorized and are now categorized as obsolete badges.

Aviation Badges
Sources:

Occupational Badges
An Air Force Occupational Badge is a military badge of the United States Air Force which is awarded to those members of the Air Force community who are engaged in duties "other than flying". The purpose of the Air Force Occupational Badge is to denote and recognize training, education and qualifications received in a particular career field and to provide recognition in an outwardly displayed badge.

The first Air Force Occupational Badges began appearing on Air Force uniforms in the late 1950s. Prior to this time, the only Air Force badges authorized were the Pilot Badge and other aeronautical rating badges, such as the Navigator Badge and Flight Surgeon Badge.

Miscellaneous Badges
As of 17 January 2014, Airmen are authorized to wear any qualification/skill badge they have earned on Air Force uniforms. With the exception of the new Air Force Combat Diver Badges, the other qualification badges listed in this section are specifically awarded by the Air Force as well as other armed services of the U.S. Department of Defense.

Duty Badges
Sources:

Tabs
* A black border denotes an AFSC designated as a "first responder" career field.

Award Badges
Sources:

title: Badges of the United States Air Force


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Talk:Republic of the Rif

Question
Riff or Rif? --Oldak Quill 19:52, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know, but I've created Republic of the Rif as a redirect here. Google has lots more hits for "Republic of the Riff"... but they're all Wikipedia mirrors. --rbrwr± 17:38, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * If you add "-wikipedia" to the search terms then "Rif" wins hands down. But I don't know how to reverse the redirect. 19 Aug 2005

 * 'Tis done. Jobh 14:49:36, 2005-08-23 (UTC)

 * It is decidedly "Rif" - "Riff" would be an entirely different (non-existant) word in Arabic. Any transliterations that use a double-f are archaic and also misleading.  This is also quite the stub, perhaps it should be marked as such. The Frog 21:19, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Neither one thing nor the other. We Rifians call our homeland Arif, which has nothing to do with the Arabic term Rif. 2A0C:5A82:2203:F900:40DF:7091:7329:9155 (talk) 17:38, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

Rif and the Alaouite dinasty
It would be interesting to mention in the article the relationship between the Rif republic and the Alaouite kingdom of Morocco, which I suspect were not friendly, if not opposed itself. Mountolive 05:18, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Task force of (an unbelievable) 400,000...chemical weapons (and German too!)- very POV!JohnC (talk) 21:15, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Current value
If I had £1 Sterling note in 1925, I could obtain myself 24 of these 1 riff banknotes. Despite the collapse of the Rif Republic, these 24 banknotes could with some ease fetch me USD 1200,00. Does the increased value come from the mis-spelling on the banknotes, or is it something else?

removing POV tag with no active discussion per Template:POV
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
 * In the absence of any discussion, or if the discussion has become dormant.

Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 04:47, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

Official language
The pictured currency in the article is in Arabic, not in Berber.--عبد المؤمن (talk) 22:25, 30 April 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:43, 27 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg

title: Talk:Republic of the Rif


text:
Alexander Lawton

Alexander Robert Lawton (November 4, 1818 – July 2, 1896) was a lawyer, politician, diplomat, and brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

Early life
Lawton was born in the Beaufort District of South Carolina. He was the son of Alexander James Lawton and Martha Mosse. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1839, placing 13th out of 31 in his class. He served as a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery until resigning his commission in 1840 to study law. He attended the Harvard Law School, graduating in 1842. He settled in Savannah, Georgia, and entered the fields of law, railroad administration, and state politics.

Civil War
Lawton favored Georgia's secession and became colonel of the 1st Georgia Volunteers. He commanded the Savannah troops that seized Fort Pulaski, the first conflict of the war in Georgia. He was commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army on April 13, 1861, and commanded the forces guarding Georgia's seacoast before being reassigned to Virginia. He led his brigade effectively during Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, the Seven Days Battles, and the Second Battle of Bull Run (Second Manassas). His last field service was at the Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg), where he commanded the division of the wounded Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell. Lawton was seriously wounded early in the morning of September 17, 1862, while defending his portion of the Army of Northern Virginia's line. Initially carried from the field to a temporary hospital, he spent months at home recuperating.

In August 1863, Lawton became the Confederacy's second Quartermaster-General. Although he brought energy and resourcefulness to the position, he was unable to solve the problem of material shortages and poorly regulated railroads.

Postbellum career
In the years after the Civil War, Lawton became increasingly important as a political figure in Georgia, serving in various administrative posts. He lost the 1880 election for the U.S. Senate in an election which seemed to represent a victory of the "New South" over the "Old South." He was chosen President of the American Bar Association in 1882. Five years later, he was appointed Minister to Austria-Hungary and left that post in 1889. Lawton died in Clifton Springs, New York.

title: Alexander Lawton


text:
Mark Howard

Mark Howard may refer to:

 * Mark Howard (footballer, born January 1986), English footballer
 * Mark Howard (footballer, born September 1986), English football goalkeeper
 * Mark Howard (broadcaster), Australian television broadcaster on 9am with David & Kim on Network Ten
 * Mark Howard, musician and member of the Cluster Pluckers
 * Mark Howard (producer) (born 1964), record producer
 * Mark Howard (racing driver) (born 1965), British racing driver

title: Mark Howard


text:
Talk:Terri Schiavo case

Untitled
A custom index of the archives for the Terri Schiavo page has been created at Talk:Terri Schiavo/archives with a general description of each archive's contents.

other neurologists (removed from "initial medical" paragraph)
Other neurologists—Drs. Jeffery M. Karp, James H. Barnhill, and Thomas H. Harrison—also examined Terri over the years and made the same diagnosis; they also shared an opinion about her very poor chances for recovery. Dr. Ronald Cranford, a neurologist and expert on coma and unconsciousness, testified in 2005 that nothing in the medical records suggested disagreement among Terri’s physicians about the underlying diagnosis.

Lead section rewrite
I am working on a rewrite of the lead section of this article from scratch. I am working on it at User:Pages777/Terri Schiavo case lead. Please collaborate with me at that page for about a week (until July 30, 2021) and then we will engage in consensus building and hopefully replace the current lead. I think that the main advantage of my version is that the three paragraphs have a coherent train of thought.--Pages777 (talk) 20:26, 23 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Do you believe someone who thinks an eating disorder makes you a "stupid, destructive and evil person" who deserves to experience severe health consequences of that illness is a prime candidate for rewriting this article? Vaticidalprophet 23:04, 23 July 2021 (UTC)
 * You would benefit from taking the existing advice from 7-8 July in the article history where multiple users already highlighted the WP:POV and MOS:EDITORIAL language in your preferred lead, like "as is typical", "endured wave after wave", "memorialized his fidelity", etc. I fail to see how your proposed revisions improve the current lead, notwithstanding the unconvincing assertion of a "right to lifer" bias. --Scuoise (talk) 23:31, 23 July 2021 (UTC)

Grammar
@Elizium23, why did you revert the edit? This is how I know it in English grammar. "Low" in the original sentence acts as a noun. Therefore, it cannot have an adverb modifying it. Adverbs only modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs as far as I know. It also would make "an" obsolete as what follows it isn't a noun or noun phrase. My revision changes "low" to an adjective and therefore, having "abnormally" before it makes it grammatically correct and does not at all affect the original message. Why then would you revert it? — Python Drink (talk) 22:51, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

 * "low" was not a noun, it was an adjective, and your change messes up the flow. Elizium23 (talk) 22:56, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
 * now I feel stupid; you're actually right. My brain just didn't notice the figures. — Python Drink (talk) 23:17, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

what is a relief bill?

 * On March 20, 2005, the Senate, by unanimous consent, passed their version of a relief bill

what is a relief bill? Marnanel (talk) 22:13, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terri Schiavo case


text:
Zone Routing Protocol

Zone Routing Protocol, or ZRP is a hybrid wireless networking routing protocol that uses both proactive and reactive routing protocols when sending information over the network. ZRP was designed to speed up delivery and reduce processing overhead by selecting the most efficient type of protocol to use throughout the route.

How ZRP works
If a packet's destination is in the same zone as the origin, the proactive protocol using an already stored routing table is used to deliver the packet immediately.

If the route extends outside the packet's originating zone, a reactive protocol takes over to check each successive zone in the route to see whether the destination is inside that zone. This reduces the processing overhead for those routes. Once a zone is confirmed as containing the destination node, the proactive protocol, or stored route-listing table, is used to deliver the packet.

In this way packets with destinations within the same zone as the originating zone are delivered immediately using a stored routing table. Packets delivered to nodes outside the sending zone avoid the overhead of checking routing tables along the way by using the reactive protocol to check whether each zone encountered contains the destination node.

Thus ZRP reduces the control overhead for longer routes that would be necessary if using proactive routing protocols throughout the entire route, while eliminating the delays for routing within a zone that would be caused by the route-discovery processes of reactive routing protocols.

Details
What is called the Intra-zone Routing Protocol (IARP), or a proactive routing protocol, is used inside routing zones. What is called the Inter-zone Routing Protocol (IERP), or a reactive routing protocol, is used between routing zones. IARP uses a routing table. Since this table is already stored, this is considered a proactive protocol. IERP uses a reactive protocol.

Any route to a destination that is within the same local zone is quickly established from the source's proactively cached routing table by IARP. Therefore, if the source and destination of a packet are in the same zone, the packet can be delivered immediately.

Most existing proactive routing algorithms can be used as the IARP for ZRP.

In ZRP a zone is defined around each node, called the node's k-neighborhood, which consists of all nodes within k hops of the node. Border nodes are nodes which are exactly k hops away from a source node.

For routes beyond the local zone, route discovery happens reactively. The source node sends a route request to the border nodes of its zone, containing its own address, the destination address and a unique sequence number. Each border node checks its local zone for the destination. If the destination is not a member of this local zone, the border node adds its own address to the route request packet and forwards the packet to its own border nodes. If the destination is a member of the local zone, it sends a route reply on the reverse path back to the source. The source node uses the path saved in the route reply packet to send data packets to the destination.

title: Zone Routing Protocol


text:
Obsolete badges of the United States military

Obsolete badges of the United States military are a number of U.S. military insignia which were issued in the 20th and 21st centuries that are no longer used today. After World War II many badges were phased out of the United States Armed Forces in favor of more modern military badges which are used today.

A unique obsolete badge situation occurred with General of the Air Force Henry H. Arnold, who in 1913 was among the 24 Army pilots to receive the first Military Aviator Badge, an eagle bearing Signal Corps flags suspended from a bar. Replaced in 1917 by the more conventional "wings" embroidered design (authorized as an oxidized silver badge in 1921), Arnold displayed both types on his uniform throughout his career. The original Military Aviator Badge design can be seen in pictures of him in uniform.

The following is a listing of obsolete U.S. military badges and insignia organized by branch of service.


text:
Talk:Scientific community

Classic case of quotation out of context
If you read the whole thing you will arrive at the following:

 * Finally, I would remind you to notice where the claim of consensus is invoked. Consensus is invoked only in situations where the science is not solid enough. Nobody says the consensus of scientists agrees that E=mc2. Nobody says the consensus is that the sun is 93 million miles away. It would never occur to anyone to speak that way.

If you still think that it is legit and NPOV to introduce the quotation then also please add mine so the article reads thus,

 * Criticism of the notion of "scientific consensus"

 * Michael Crichton argued against appeals to the "scientific community" or "consensus of scientists" in the Caltech Michelin Lecture entitled "Aliens Cause Global Warming" (meant to be a serious lecture with a catchy title), 17 January 2003:

 * I want to pause here and talk about this notion of consensus, and the rise of what has been called consensus science. I regard consensus science as an extremely pernicious development that ought to be stopped cold in its tracks. Historically, the claim of consensus has been the first refuge of scoundrels; it is a way to avoid debate by claiming that the matter is already settled. Whenever you hear the consensus of scientists agrees on something or other, reach for your wallet, because you're being had.

 * Let's be clear: the work of science has nothing whatever to do with consensus. Consensus is the business of politics. Science, on the contrary, requires only one investigator who happens to be right, which means that he or she has results that are verifiable by reference to the real world. In science consensus is irrelevant. What is relevant is reproducible results. The greatest scientists in history are great precisely because they broke with the consensus.

 * There is no such thing as consensus science. If it's consensus, it isn't science. If it's science, it isn't consensus. Period.

 * In addition, let me remind you that the track record of the consensus is nothing to be proud of. Let's review a few cases.

 * And shall we go on? The examples can be multiplied endlessly. Jenner and smallpox, Pasteur and germ theory. Saccharine, margarine, repressed memory, fiber and colon cancer, hormone replacement therapy … the list of consensus errors goes on and on.

 * Finally, I would remind you to notice where the claim of consensus is invoked. Consensus is invoked only in situations where the science is not solid enough. Nobody says the consensus of scientists agrees that E=mc2. Nobody says the consensus is that the sun is 93 million miles away. It would never occur to anyone to speak that way.

 * Support of the notion of "scientific consensus"
 * Michael Crichton argued against appeals to the "scientific community" or "consensus of scientists" in the Caltech Michelin Lecture entitled "Aliens Cause Global Warming" (meant to be a serious lecture with a catchy title) only when invoked in situations where the science is not solid enough, 17 January 2003:

 * Finally, I would remind you to notice where the claim of consensus is invoked. Consensus is invoked only in situations where the science is not solid enough. Nobody says the consensus of scientists agrees that E=mc2. Nobody says the consensus is that the sun is 93 million miles away. It would never occur to anyone to speak that way.

--LexCorp 20:03, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You are missing the point of the quote. Crichton is saying that we should not talk of "consensus".  The last paragraph (which was already in the quote anyway) is not justifying consensus, but pointing out that the only time people do talk of "consensus" is where it's not legitimate to do so.  To put it another way, if you want to speak of "consensus" at all, the correct place would be where the science is rock solid, but it is instead used where the science is not rock solid.  Philip J. Rayment 01:45, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I DON'T agree that this is a NPOV. It clearly objects to a well recognised and stablished method and DOES NOT provide any supporting evidence for his claims. Therefore it has to be considered a point of view and NOT a fact. Following the guidelines of the Wikipedia, I'm removing the quote. Askewmind 00:13, Feb 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * The NPOV policy requires that POVs be attributed (as this is) rather than be presented as fact, not that they be left out. I have reinstated the quote.  Philip J. Rayment 01:45, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Doesn't belong. The very same quote was recently added to scientific consensus by user: Ungtss - a creationist chap who has a definite anti-science bias. The Crichton stuff has been extensively discussed there. Part of my comment from that talk: ''The Crichton quote is a bit much (seems to be everyone's favorite around here :-) - yes he is a good writer of fiction and yes, he did give a speech with a doozey of a title, but his credentials in science are nowhere near to the proportion of fame he has both here and in the real world. So ... find more real scientist criticisms.'' As Crichton states and as is noted in consensus science: consensus science is not science. It is basically a hi-jacking of science for political or activist purposes. Let's discuss what the scientific community is - not what it is not. And definitely not what anti-science POV types want to falsely portray it as. -Vsmith 02:17, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * If some of those reasons had been provided to start with, I probably would not have reinstated the quote. But the main reasoning provided was POV (which is an invalid reason to reject it; it was really a case of it being a POV that some editors didn't like).  And I reckon that you throw the term "anti-science" around a bit too readily.  Philip J. Rayment 05:34, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

How big is the "community"?
Hi there. Over at places like intelligent design we occasionally get into mini-revert wars where a statement like "... is judged as pseudoscience by the scientific community" is altered to "... is judged as pseudoscience by most of the scientific community" (emphasis added). My reading of "scientific community" is that it's not necessarily 100% of scientists out there, but is probably > 90%. I don't think the latter edit of the statement is a useful characterisation of what the "scientific community" is (not least because "most" is a bit of a weasle word).

I notice that there's nothing in the article at the moment which might expand on this point (or something like it). Possibly because it's not worth making. Anyway, before I make any edits, I thought I'd canvas for views (both on the item I raise and whether it's worth including in the first place). Ideally, I'd like the scientific community page to make it clear what statements like "the scientific community says ..." mean.

Cheers, --Plumbago 09:32, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

P.S. One of these revert wars is currently taking place at Michael Behe.

 * Not too surprisingly I think that "the community" consists of the majority of people active in a field, especially those who are publishing, citing others work, being cited, participating in conferences and workshops... It's neither the totality of workers active in a field. In addition, "rejection" (as per ID) relates not so much to an active rejection, but to the passive rejection of not citing work in a field, and not incorporating [some set of ideas] into their science.  Guettarda 20:16, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I like this notion of "passive rejection". I'd not thought of expressing it that way before, but it's nicely accurate.  It also somewhat counters the idea that there's some vast scientific conspiracy against the likes of ID.  I'll have a think about this and see if I can come up with some way of wording this into the main article.  Don't hold your breath though!  :)  Cheers, --Plumbago 13:53, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that there needs to be some care here. Certainly the most ardent supporters of intelligent design are not bona-fide members of the scientific community.  Indeed, most of them are guilty of what Judge Jones refered to as "wanting to change the ground rules", but there may be a minority who while not looking to the supernatural are none-the-less positing that certain thing may represent the result of being designed.  Certainly we can now "design" organisms, so why not someone else?
 * That point aside, may I suggest that the statement in question be reworded to "There is a broad consensus within the scientific community (and near unaniminty in the areas of the biological sciences) that intelligent design (ID) is pseudoscience." Because of tenure and the like, there must be some people in various educational institiutions who have decided to endorse intelligent design and who cannot now be dislodged.  However, many of these scientists are not biologists anyway.
 * In other words, as I see it both versions are correct: For the scientific community as a whole, ID is pseudoscience.  However, for the scientific communiity as a set of individuals, it is also true that most (but not all) of then see ID as pseudoscience.  I hope that my suggested edit will permit the individual side to be focussed on while emphasizing the extent to which ID is frowned on. --EMS | Talk 17:07, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Intelligent design is not pseudoscience, it is meta-science, that is: "beyond science". And most scientists being dedicated to the cause of materialism will never accept intelligent design, that is but natural. Polytope 4D (talk) 07:33, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree! Oakwood (talk) 19:09, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

Additions
Self-taught scientist have historically been at odds with the scientific community (such as Oliver Heaviside). J. D. Redding

Home scientists are at odds with University schooled & employed scientists BECAUSE; They DO NOT have a clear means of communication between them. A place where- funded scientists & home scientists alike can share and argue theory and hypothesis. EX: Home scientists are consistent in having- MORE QUESTIONS. (This is a fairly easy theory to disprove?)Yodahungry (talk) 14:45, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Pseudoscience
I cut the pseudoscience para. PS isn't much of a concern for the scientific community. For most sci disciplines the question doesn't arise at all. It doesn't deserve this much space in the article, and probably doesn't deserve mention at all. Its also wrong: the overwhelming determiner of science is publication in reputable journals. For ref, the paras are:

 * Historical and present-day scientists have used a variety of methods for determining who was inside or outside the scientific community, which is often required for determining what fields of investigation at all are labeled as being "science". Fields of knowledge which purport to be scientific, but are judged to be outside the norms of the scientific community, are labeled as "pseudoscience". The scientific method implicitly necessitates the existence of the scientific community, wherein the processes of peer review and reproducibility are undertaken.

 * It is the scientific community that recognizes and supports the current consensus within the field: the reigning paradigm, and which properly resists change until repeated and substantial evidence demands a paradigm shift, according to the theory of scientific change put forward by Thomas Kuhn. According to Kuhn, new communities establish themselves around new paradigms by developing their own terminology, sense of history, and sense of problems to be solved (and those to be ignored).

William M. Connolley 18:56, 17 January 2006 (UTC).

I'll stop editing this as WMC has removed meaningful content ... (again as in other articles). J. D. Redding

Scientific communities of practice?
Erm, what on Earth is this paragraph about? Sounds like someone's just puffing up the reputation of some arbitrary study (which, by the way, isn't by Briggs & Souza; it's by Snyder and Briggs; or perhaps "de Souza Briggs"). Having had a glance at this, it's not obviously focused on science, and I can find only a single cite for it in the Web of Science (and that might be incorrect). Anyway, can someone please explain why this work is important before I hack the whole section out? Among other things, it reads suspiciously like OR. --Plumbago 13:58, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Per User_talk:Stevenson-Perez, I'm hacking the whole section out. -- TedFrank 20:42, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

March 14, 2007 Note to ‘Plumbago’, RE: The scientific communities of practice contribution to Wikipedia's ‘Scientific Community’
Dear Plumbago,

Thanks for reading the scientific CoP entry in the Wikipedia scientific community section. Thanks for catching the mis-attribution of the Snyder & de Souza Briggs citation: That correction has been effected.

Thanks also for inviting a collegial dialogue on the merits of this material, especially with regard to its potential OR content.

To the best of my knowledge, there is no original research (OR) dimensions in the scientific CoPs contribution, other than the synthesis of sometimes poorly-connected references in the literature on the topic.

For example, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) has recently acknowledged the validity of the scientific communities of practice approach in measuring the net 'value' of NIH-sponsored scientific research discoveries -- through the launching of the new NIH Office of Behavioral & Social Science Research initiative (please see the NIH "Healthier Lives Through Behavioral & Social Sciences Research" Report  for an example of their thinking in this regard{ [5] } ).

Many credible elements of the American academic scientific community are also insisting upon an early educational exposure of students to basic scientific communities of practice principles. Examples of ongoing research in this promising area of early childhood education in scientific CoP principles include Northwestern University’s “Bootstrapping a Community of Practice: Learning Science by Doing Projects in a High School Classroom Program” [6].

In addition, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has recently become even more strident in this regard, insisting that the scientific community must actively pursue the creation of more-useful communities of practice in science & technology on a global scale [7]: This new scientific CoP focus by the National Academy of Science falls under its high-priority Science & Technology for Sustainability (STS) Program [8].

I have added these details to the referenced citation, to lessen the chance that other readers might gain the same mis-impression that you did.

I hope that these improvements are satisfactory to you. If you have any further concerns, or if you want to see additional citations of scientific communities of practice references at the ‘Scientific community’ location, please feel free to let me know.

Sincerely, Stevenson-Perez 20:33, 14 March 2007 (UTC)stevenson-perezStevenson-Perez 20:33, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Terminology...Evolution is a "Law", not a "Theory"
Should evolution be publicly described as a "Scientific Law" or a "Scientific Theory"? I think that both are accurate, but "Scientific Law" would be understood by the general population as a way of communicating what is actually meant by the level of confidence that the current scientific understanding of Evolution is. This is based on an article I read in wired magazine. The link is as follows: http://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/15-11/st_thompson -Alex.rosenheim 15:43, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * There is this continuing misunderstanding that somehow a "scientific law" is epistemologically stronger than a "scientific theory". This is plainly not the case. A scientific theory is simply the most accurate and predictive explanation for the sum total of all observations. A scientific law is a succinct statement, based on theory, that offers narrow predictions for very particular sets of observables. Thus the "Laws of Thermodynamics" are based on a broader theory of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. In no sense is there a "higher level of confidence" in them than the theory that they are based on. ScienceApologist 15:50, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Basically one can prove that a theory is valid if one can account for it using the Laws of Thermodynamics (all energy, matter and entropy is accounted for). All sciences become "pure science" as they have mathematical proofs. Thus Physics is a purer science than Biology. The Purest science of all is Mathematics. In the material universe (the subject matter of science) all is goverened by the first, second and third laws of Thermodynamics which is used to account for everything in physical reality: Matter and energy is neither created nor distroyed and the natural flow of order is from high to low (Entropy). The Laws are what we know to be true. They are what MUST be used in science to be sure we're doing "Science" and not theorizing or hypothesisizing. The laws are integral to proving anything is a physical reality. Thus the theory of evolution cannot not be used to prove anything. It is a theory. As most of Biology, including the Theory of evolution (as it has been applied to just about any field you can imagine) has no mathematical basis yet, these are not considered pure sciences. As a study such as Biology has more and more mathematical basis it becomes a purer science. If one were to use Theory to validate theory, well... we're just creating myths.

Darwinzadunce (talk) 02:29, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Could we have a proper definition for the word 'science' according to the scientific community as a whole, on this page?210.212.162.172 (talk) 07:33, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Yes, I agree with you. There should be a definition for the word 'science'. The word science should have to do something with "knowing things as they are". Current scientists may be very proud of their knowledge and advancement, but what about the important unanswered questions in life? Origin of life, purpose of life, reason for misery and suffering, and death? can the scientific community answer these questions? Consider the following: (Extracts from a book by an author who was well aware of the scientists' "scientific method")

The living entity is ignorant of his origin. He does not know why this material world was created, why others are working in this material world and what the ultimate source of this manifestation is. No one knows the answers to these questions, and this is called ignorance. By researching into the origin of life, important scientists are finding some chemical compositions or cellular combinations, but actually no one knows the original source of life within this material world. No philosopher, scientist or politician actually knows wherefrom we have come, why we are here struggling so hard for existence and where we will go. Generally people are of the opinion that we are all here accidentally and that as soon as these bodies are finished all our dramatic activities will be finished and we will become zero. Such scientists and philosophers are impersonalists and voidists. There are so many scientists, philosophers and big leaders, but they do not know wherefrom they have come, nor do they know why they are busy within this material world to obtain a position of so-called happiness. In this material world we have many nice facilities for living, but we are so foolish that we do not ask who has made this world habitable for us and has arranged it so nicely. Everything is functioning in order, but people foolishly think that they are produced by chance in this material world and that after death they will become zero. -59.95.33.112 (talk) 16:51, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

Magisterium
I think that the word Magisterium would be appropriate when talking about the scientific community, in this article, in other articles and in other writings and publications, because of the consensus approach within scientific circles that often mirrors that of closed communities (cf Consensus Patrum). I think that this was Paul Feyerabend's fundamental epistemological criticism on the pretensions of modern science, namely that of constituting a scientific society by using the same kind of social control tools as that of religion. Feyerabend compares Science to a Church or Community and cynically says that the only reason that there have been conflicts between Church and Science is because both of them are structured like Churches. ADM (talk) 16:20, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

And it is. Scientific 'communities' often operate through public funding, depending on the importance of the material researched, and thus have specific political guidelines to abide by or their funding is pulled. This is one of the reasons why independent researchers are so important to the scientific method -- they provide mainstream research with competition from a less politically motivated environment. If there's no checks and balances among the scientific ranks and those outside the mainstream, it would quickly balloon into a scientific totalitarianism with a monopoly on reality by the elite, where any challenges will be shunned as heresy ('pseudoscience') and the challengers as heretics ('pseudoscientist'). Both are modern forms of excommunication. The old clergy wore black robes, the new clergy wears white robes. This was the same criticism of Freud's psychoanalysis concerning fascism -- both share the same premises. Thus, popular science with disregard toward individual researchers, regardless of their findings, inevitably, result in your (and above) cited material. This, I believe, is what Mr. Gould as well as Mr. Crichton were getting at, and rightfully so. Those in the mainstream need to speak out against deception. If something is true, it's true, and needs no consensus. This is good science. If it does (to be true), it's politics. This is bad science. 'Scientific community' appeals for the sake of authority, and not their accumulated evidence, is bad science. It simply does not follow. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.105.184.93 (talk) 02:33, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

 * How does the scientific community establish using scientific method that the majority of the members today, who "form" the scientific community are not self-centered rogues, rascals and scoundrels? How do they defend themselves? How can the community say that society is advancing (not superficially) by using the scientific method? -59.95.57.62 (talk) 16:46, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

How does today's scientific community using scientific methodology define the following terms? 1) cheater / cheating 2) rogue 3) scoundrel 3) Scientism 4)Consciousness 5)Keeping general populace in darkness and ignorance in the name of scientific methodology 6)Trying to avoid the real questions of life: why are there miseries and suffering?, why is there death?, real purpose of life -59.95.57.62 (talk) 16:52, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

meaningless sentence re Vienna Circle
Hi everyone,

This article has the following sentence:
 * The Vienna Circle, for instance, had a paramount (i.e. symbolic) influence on the semiotic regime represented by the Scientific Community in Europe.

I have the following comments/questions:
 * 1) If one thing has a paramount influence on another, how can its influence be merely symbolic?
 * 2) What is a "semiotic regime"? Why is its article redlinked?
 * 3) Why are the words "Scientific" and "Community" wikilinked? Why are they capitalized?

--Kevinkor2 (talk) 22:28, 25 September 2010 (UTC) (: hehe, and why did Wikipedia log me out before I made this comment? :)

Dead Link?
Link number 1 may or may not be working. Wekn reven i susej eht Talk• Follow 11:31, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

Fool's Paradise
The majority of scientists in the scientific community, who are mostly atheistic, are just living in a fool's paradise. At the end of their life unpleasant circumstances await them as they will find that they have wasted their life in pursuit of gross material knowledge/enjoyment. -59.95.18.251 (talk) 13:25, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi 59.95.18.251|59.95.18.251. Actually atheists are not the majority of scientists at all since numerous studies have shown that there is an even distribution among atheists and theists of every kind in science. Many of the studies on scientists' beliefs are found in the Relationship between science and religion page. One need only to look at Nobel prizes in science to see that atheists only make less then 5% of all prizes in science whereas Christians make up 60-75% of the prizes and Jews make up about 25% of the prizes. Mayan1990 (talk) 02:19, 16 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Mayan1990, thank you for your information. You seem to take the most obvious meaning of the word atheist as "someone who does not believe that God (quick definition: The Supreme Personality and Independent Controller, and the Cause of all causes) exists". But atheists can be complicated. A person may outwardly say he believes in God/Higher Power, but he may not really believe in/accept God (and his supreme independence). A person may believe in God, but still may be determined to oppose God and His authority; this is also a type of atheism according to the Vedic literatures. The Vedic scriptures are quite broad-minded, and the problem is most scientists mainly know about the Christian concepts of God (which is authoritative to a certain extent, but frankly speaking, is not broad-minded). -117.202.197.236 (talk) 16:32, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scientific community


text:
Luke Steele (footballer)

Luke David Steele (born 24 September 1984) is an English football manager and former professional footballer. He is joint-manager of National League North side Peterborough Sports.

As a player he played professionally as a goalkeeper but spent his final season in the game playing as a forward. He came through the youth academy at Peterborough United before signing for Premier League side Manchester United. Whilst with United he had an extensive loan spell with Coventry City which lead to a permanent, though short-lived, move to West Bromwich Albion. He also played in the Football League with Barnsley, Bristol City, Nottingham Forest and Millwall, as well as stints with Greek side Panathinaikos. He ended his career with a stint at non-league Stamford before a spell with Notts County in the National League. Between 2021 and 2022 he played for non-league side Deeping Rangers as an outfield player.

He was capped internationally at England U18, U19 and U20 level.

Peterborough United
Born in Peterborough, Steele started his career at local side Peterborough United, where he played alongside Ryan Semple and Sean St Ledger. In December 2001, Steele spent a week on trial with Manchester United, for whom he played in two matches with the club's under-17s side. He returned for three more under-17s appearances and two for the reserves on a month-long loan spell in March 2002. After returning to Peterborough in April 2002, he made his senior debut in a 2–2 draw away to Reading on 13 April. After another appearance in a 2–1 home win over Bury a week later, Manchester United paid Peterborough £500,000 on 11 May to sign Steele on a four-year contract, with the fee potentially rising to £2.25 million after a certain number of first-team appearances.

Manchester United
Steele began the 2002–03 season as the starting goalkeeper for the Manchester United reserve team, before being usurped by the likes of Ricardo and Roy Carroll, and becoming a regular in the under-19s. Over the course of the season, Steele made 27 appearances for the under-19s, including eight in the FA Youth Cup, in which Manchester United beat Middlesbrough 3–1 on aggregate in the final. He also made a total of three appearances for the reserves, including a 2–1 defeat to Oldham Athletic in the Manchester Senior Cup on 13 February 2003.

In 2003–04, Steele competed for the starting place in the under-19s side with Tom Heaton, but made just four appearances between August and October before being ruled out for the rest of the season. He made his return in the build-up to the 2004–05 season, playing for the reserves in a friendly against Irish side Cobh Ramblers, before making his first appearance for the Manchester United first team in a 3–1 win over Burnley in Stan Ternent's testimonial on 17 August 2004; after coming on as a substitute for Tim Howard in the 29th minute, Steele was himself replaced by Heaton in the 76th. He then made two league appearances for the reserves before joining Coventry City on a three-month loan on 10 September 2004. After conceding 30 goals in 18 appearances in those initial three months, the clubs agreed to extend Steele's loan until the end of the season. He finished the season with 62 goals conceded in 36 matches.

Steele returned to Manchester United for the 2005–06 season, where, with Ricardo and Carroll having left the club, and Ben Foster and Tom Heaton out on loan, he became the club's third-choice goalkeeper behind Edwin van der Sar and Tim Howard. After coming on for Van der Sar in the 75th minute of a 3–0 pre-season friendly win over Beijing Hyundai, Steele was an unused substitute in four more first-team matches that season, including two matches in the early rounds of Manchester United's League Cup-winning campaign and the FA Cup third round draw with Burton Albion. He also made 19 appearances for the reserves as they won the Premier Reserve League title, the North/South Play-off Shield and the Manchester Senior Cup.

In July 2006, Steele was part of the Manchester United party for their pre-season tour of South Africa, where he shared goalkeeping duties with Ben Foster. He only played in one of the three games, starting the final match against Kaizer Chiefs and making a noteworthy save from Shaun Bartlett's header before being replaced by Foster in the 77th minute. He played in one more friendly match for the first team, a 2–1 defeat away to Preston North End, before joining Coventry City on loan for a second time on 4 August 2006. However, the loan was cut short after just six days when Steele and defender Paul McShane were transferred to West Bromwich Albion as part of the deal that took Tomasz Kuszczak to Manchester United.

West Bromwich Albion
On 23 December 2006, Steele once again joined Coventry on an initial seven-day emergency loan that was subsequently extended to the end of the season.

Steele made his Albion debut in a 2–1 win away at Leicester City on 8 December 2007.

In February 2008, he joined Barnsley on a one-month emergency loan. They required a goalkeeper for their fifth round FA Cup tie with Liverpool, as Heinz Müller was injured, while on-loan Tony Warner was cup-tied. Steele delivered a Man of the Match performance on his debut in a surprise victory over the Premier League side at Anfield, allowing Barnsley to progress to the quarter finals. He also won the FA Cup Player of the Round award for his performance in the game. He then helped Barnsley reach the semi-finals of the FA Cup by keeping a clean sheet against Chelsea in a game which they won 1–0.

On 17 March 2008, Steele returned from his loan, with talks deadlocked over who should pay his wages during a proposed extended loan period. He rejoined Barnsley three days later, after the two clubs agreed a further loan period until the end of the season, with a view to a permanent transfer. Steele represented Barnsley in the FA Cup semi-final at Wembley Stadium, where they lost 1–0 against Cardiff City.

Barnsley
A permanent transfer to Barnsley was completed on 21 May 2008, with Steele signing a one-year contract after his performances in the FA Cup.

On 9 July 2008, Steele was fined £1,000 by the FA for breaching shirt sponsorship rules; during the 2007–08 season he regularly wore an undergarment bearing a logo that was visible above the collar of his official goalkeeping kit. The FA warned him several times of this misconduct but Steele continued to wear the undergarment and was subsequently fined.

Panathinaikos
On 17 July 2014, Steele left Barnsley for Super League Greece club Panathinaikos after activating a clause allowing him to leave for nothing should the club be relegated from the Championship. He made 29 league appearances during the 2014–15 season as Panathinaikos finished second behind Olympiacos, plus another eight appearances in other competitions. On 29 June 2015, he extended his stay in Greece for another three years by signing a new contract until 2018. On 16 September 2016, English goalkeeper Luke Steele was included in UEFA Europa League's "Team of the Week", despite his team's home loss against AFC Ajax. After a string of below-par goalkeeping efforts in the month of November 2016, resulting in unfavourable team results and personal morale drop, Panathinaikos decided to remove him from first-choice keeper until further notice and bring youngster Odysseas Vlachodimos into the starting eleven.

Bristol City
On 31 August 2017, Steele signed a one-year contract with Bristol City, with an option of a further year.

He was released by Bristol City at the end of the 2017–18 season after making just 8 appearances, the highlight of which was in City's 2–1 win over defending champions Manchester United in the EFL Cup. Following this, Steele had a trial with Sheffield United during pre-season against Bradford City, but was not taken on by the club.

Nottingham Forest
On 1 August 2018, Steele signed a two-year deal with Nottingham Forest. He made his debut for Forest on 14 August in the first round of the 2018–19 EFL Cup against Bury as a substitute, after Jordan Smith had been sent off. The game finished 1–1 after 90 minutes with Forest going through to the second round 10–9 on penalties, one of which Steele scored for Forest.

On 8 August 2019, Steele was loaned to Championship side Millwall until January 2020.

On 31 January 2020, Steele was loaned back to Millwall for the remainder of the season.

Notts County
On 20 April 2021, Steele signed for Notts County on a short-term deal following an injury to first-choice goalkeeper Sam Slocombe.

Deeping Rangers
Prior to Steele joining the club, he played for local clubs Peterborough Northern Star reserves and Spalding Sunday League side Jubilee as a striker, as well as signing for Northern Premier League Division One South East side Stamford on 14 December 2020 in his natural position. In February 2021, following his time at Stamford, Steele was initially set to return to hometown club Peterborough as backup; however, the Football League blocked the move due to Steele already playing for three clubs during the 2020–21 season.

Steele would go on to sign for Deeping Rangers as a forward. On 4 January 2022, he scored the winning goal a 1–0 win over Sleaford Town.

Peterborough Sports
Steele arrived at sports in February 2023. And immediately made an impact, along with joint-manager Michael Gash, winning Manager of the Month, remaining undefeated in the month of March.

International career
Steele is an England youth international, having played for his country at under-18, under-19 and under-20 level. He made his under-18 debut against Italy on 4 March 2002, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 defeat. In June that year, he was selected for a four-team tournament in Lisbon against Portugal, Norway and Slovakia; he played in the games against Portugal and Slovakia.

In September 2002, Steele progressed to the England Under-19s team, making his debut in a 3–1 away win over Hungary at Hidegkuti Nándor Stadium in Budapest. He was the team's first-choice goalkeeper throughout qualification for the 2003 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, playing the first two games of each qualification round, before Lee Camp took over once qualification was secure. Steele started all three games at the finals in Liechtenstein in July 2003, but England were eliminated with just one win in three group games. Steele played just twice for the Under-20s, both friendlies, but he kept a clean sheet in both as England beat the Netherlands and Russia.

In September 2005, Steele was called up to the England Under-21s team, for the 2007 European Championship qualifiers against Austria and Poland. He was also called up in November 2005 for the England U-21 squad.

Managerial career
On 8 February 2023, Steele agreed to become joint-manager of Peterborough Sports alongside Michael Gash.

Honours
Individual
 * Barnsley Player of the Season: 2011–12

title: Luke Steele (footballer)


text: User talk:67.39.78.23

title: User talk:67.39.78.23


text:
Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy

The Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy (Kungliga Gustav Adolfs Akademien) in Uppsala is one of 18 Swedish royal academies and dedicated to the study of Swedish folklore. Its name is often expanded to Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur ("...for Swedish Folk Culture").

The Academy was founded on 6 November 1932, on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the death of King Gustavus Adolphus in the Battle of Lützen. It was initiated by the Professor of Nordic Languages, Jöran Sahlgren, and the first president was the historian and politician Karl Gustaf Westman. In 1973 Anna-Maja Nylén became the first professionally-engaged woman elected to the Academy.

The Academy publishes the periodicals Saga och sed: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs akademiens årsbok, founded in 1934, and Arv: Nordic yearbook of folklore, founded in 1946, and Svenska landsmål och svenskt folkliv (English title: Swedish dialects and folk traditions), published since 1904 by the Archives for Dialect and Folklore studies in Uppsala and taken over by the Academy in 1996.

Members
The Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy for Swedish Folk Culture's members are divided into the categories of honorary members, supporting members, senior members, domestic working members, foreign working members and corresponding members. The number of domestic working members can be a maximum of 40, foreign working members and supporting members a maximum of 30. A working member is transferred to the senior member category at the age of 70. In 2016, 218 people were members of the Academy.

title: Royal Gustavus Adolphus Academy


text:
User:Mcon99

Check out my home page:

www.dj-beertap.com

title: User:Mcon99


text:
Badges of the United States Marine Corps

Insignia and badges of the United States Marine Corps are military "badges" issued by the United States Department of the Navy to Marines who achieve certain qualifications and accomplishments while serving on both active and reserve duty in the United States Marine Corps.

As described in Chapters 4 and 5 of Marine Corps Uniform Regulations, "badges" are categorized as breast insignia (worn immediately above ribbons/medals), identification badges (usually worn at breast pocket level), and marksmanship badges (worn immediately below ribbons).

For the purpose of this article, the term "badge" shall be used exclusively to describe identification badges and marksmanship badges, and the term "insignia" shall be used for other worn accoutrements, according to the language in Marine Corps Uniform Regulations.

The modern-day United States Marine Corps currently maintains the following breast insignia and identification badges:

Breast Insignia
As per Marine Corps Assignment, Classification and Travel Systems Manual (ACTS MANUAL) MCO P1000.6, Marines wear the appropriate breast insignia for qualification or designation in aviation, parachutist, explosive ordnance disposal, and diving.

Authorized breast insignia are worn on the left breast of all service and dress coats. They may optionally be worn on khaki shirts when the shirt is the outermost garment, utility coats or maternity work uniform coats. Miniature versions exist for evening dress jackets.

When worn alone, it is worn in the same position a single ribbon would be worn. When worn with ribbons, medals, or marksmanship badges, it is positioned 1/8 in above such awards. On combat utility uniform coats with slanted pockets, it is worn above a horizontal line tangent to the highest point of the pocket or "U.S. MARINES" service tape.

No more than two USMC-approved breast insignia shall be worn at any one time. When two insignia are worn they are ordered from top to bottom in the following order with 1/8 in separation in between: diver, EOD, parachutist, aviation. A Marine with more than one insignia within the parachutist, EOD and diver groups may only wear the senior insignia of the group. Marines may wear two insignia from the aviation group. If the Marine Special Operator Insignia is worn, no other insignia shall be worn.

Aviation Insignia
Aviation Insignia are breast insignia that are issued to Marines who are qualified or designated to perform duties related to operation and support of Marine aircraft.

Officer insignia include the Naval Aviator insignia and Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Officer insignia for pilots and the Naval Flight Officer (NFO) insignia for non-piloting officers. There is also an astronaut version of the aviator and NFO Insignia, known as the Naval Astronaut and Naval Astronaut (NFO), respectively.

The Marine Aerial Navigator insignia is issued to enlisted personnel qualified to act as navigators aboard Marine aircraft; the Naval Aviation Observer insignia is issued to flight support personnel; and the Aircrew insignia and UAS Operator insignia are issued to enlisted personnel designated to operate equipment aboard aircraft.

Parachutist Insignia

The Parachutist Insignia, also known as "lead sleds" or "lead wings", is awarded to personnel upon successful completion of the Basic Airborne Course at the Army Airborne School. The silver Basic Parachutist Insignia is issued for completion of basic parachutist training, five qualifying jumps. The gold Navy and Marine Corps Parachutist Insignia (first authorized for Marines in 1963 and Navy Parachute Riggers in 1941) are issued after five additional qualifying jumps. Graduation of US Navy Parachute Rigger school is no longer mandatory to earn the device.

Explosive Ordnance Disposal Insignia

The Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Breast Insignia, also known as the "Crab", is awarded to personnel who have successfully completed training at the Naval School Explosive Ordnance Disposal (NAVSCOLEOD), Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. Personnel are trained to deal with the render-safe and disposal of conventional and unconventional munitions ranging from unserviceable small arms ammunition, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), to chemical/biological and nuclear munitions.

Diver Insignia

Diver Insignia are issued to personnel who are qualified divers and is given in several degrees. The first degree of diver insignia is SCUBA Diver. The remaining insignia are awarded for deep sea dive qualifications and are issued in the degrees of Second Class, First Class, and Master Diver.

Combatant diver insignia is issued to graduates of the Combatant Diver Course, who are typically in the recon community. This badge features a Dräger LAR-V rebreather and low-profile diving mask.

Marine Special Operator Insignia

In August 2016, the Marine Corps approved a new Marine Special Operator Insignia for wear by graduates of the five-phase Individual Training Course (ITC).

The pin device will first be issued to the next ITC graduating class of critical skills operators. Critical skills operators and special operations officers already in the field will receive their pins later.

Marksmanship Badges

Marine Corps marksmanship qualification badges are suspended beneath a bar reading the type of weapon and qualification received. The badge is also different in appearance, depending on which weapon qualification has been obtained. For a marksmanship qualification badge to be obtained, a service member must obtain a passing score and will receive a qualification level depending on the score obtained. Once a qualification has been obtained, and the marksmanship badge issued, the badge may be worn for the remainder of a military career, or until a different level of qualification (higher or lower) is achieved.

In addition to the standard marksmanship badges, the Marine Corps has numerous marksmanship competition badges that are authorized for wear on the Marine Corps uniform as permanent awards. These badges are awarded alongside trophies that are present to the top-performing Marines at Marine Corps sponsored marksmanship competitions. The following marksmanship competition badges are authorized for wear on Marine Corps service uniforms and are listed in order of precedence:
 * Distinguished International Shooter Badge
 * Distinguished Marksman Badge
 * Distinguished Pistol Shot Badge
 * Lauchheimer Trophy Badge (Gold, Silver, and Bronze)
 * Marine Corps Rifle Championship Badge (McDougal Trophy)
 * Marine Corps Pistol Championship Badge (Walsh Trophy)
 * Service level Excellence-In-Competition (EIC) Badges
 * National/Interservice/Marine Corps Rifle Competition Badge (Gold)
 * National/Interservice/Marine Corps Pistol Competition Badge (Gold)
 * National/Interservice/Marine Corps Rifle Competition Badge (Silver)
 * National/Interservice/Marine Corps Pistol Competition Badge (Silver)
 * National/Interservice/Marine Corps Rifle Competition Badge (Bronze)
 * National/Interservice/Marine Corps Pistol Competition Badge (Bronze)
 * Inter-Division Rifle Competition Badge
 * Inter-Division Pistol Competition Badge
 * Fleet Marine Force (FMF) Combat Infantry Trophy Match Badge
 * Annual Rifle Squad Combat Practice Competition Badge (Gold, Silver, and Bronze)
 * Unit level EIC Badges
 * Division Rifle Competition Badge (Gold)
 * Division Pistol Competition Badge (Gold)
 * Division Rifle Competition Badge (Silver)
 * Division Pistol Competition Badge (Silver)
 * Division Rifle Competition Badge (Bronze)
 * Division Pistol Competition Badge (Bronze)
 * Rifle Team Match Badges (San Diego, Wharton, Elliott, Wirgman, Lloyd, and Smith Trophies)
 * Pistol Team Match Badges (Holcomb, Edson, Shively, and Pacific Trophies)


text:
Paul Tierney (footballer)

Paul Thomas Tierney (born 15 September 1982) is a former professional footballer who played as a left-back. His brother Marc is also a former professional footballer. Born in England, he represented the Republic of Ireland U21 team.

Club career
Born in Salford, Greater Manchester, Tierney signed for Manchester United as a trainee in July 1999 and as a professional 12 months later. He was loaned out to Crewe Alexandra (where he scored his first career goal against Blackpool), Colchester United, and Bradford City. He made his senior debut for Manchester United on 3 December 2003 against West Bromwich Albion in the League Cup. He signed for Livingston on 16 June 2005 having been released by Manchester United, but failed to impress in his first season at the club and they were relegated from the Scottish Premier League. He joined Blackpool on 2 June 2006 on a free transfer.

In July 2007, Blackpool manager Simon Grayson allowed Tierney to join Stockport County in a six-month loan deal. At Stockport he scored once against Macclesfield in the Football League Trophy. Tierney returned to Blackpool in January 2008, and in May 2008, he was released by the club. In September 2008 he signed for Conference National club Altrincham. However, he left the club after less than a month.

International career
Tierney made his debut for the Republic of Ireland under-21s against Italy in the 2002 Toulon Tournament. He made three appearances during Ireland's qualifying campaign for the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, with his last cap coming in the draw with Georgia in March 2003.

Personal life
Paul is the brother of former Bolton Wanderers player Marc Tierney. His career was eulogised in the song 'The Ballad of Paul Tierney' by the Lonely Tourist.

Honours
Individual
 * Blackpool
 * League One play-off final winner 2006–07
 * Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year (1): 2001–02

title: Paul Tierney (footballer)


text:
Texas A&M University School of Architecture

Texas A&M University School of Architecture is the architecture school of Texas A&M University.

With over 2,000 students, the school is one of the largest architectural schools in the nation. Established in 1905, Texas A&M's architecture program is the oldest in Texas. The program became a formal college at Texas A&M in 1969. In 2022, the university changed the designation to school.

Departments

The school's three departments — architecture, construction science, and landscape architecture and urban planning — together offer 15 degree programs, including undergraduate programs, master's degree programs, and three Ph.D. programs.

The Department of Architecture at Texas A&M University is one of the largest and most diverse professional programs in the United States, with five unique degree programs. Nationally ranked among other accredited professional programs in architecture, the department enters its second century of architectural education by creating and disseminating knowledge to students through the studio education method with an emphasis on sustainability. The Department of Construction Science is one of the largest programs of construction higher education in the nation. The department's primary mission is to prepare undergraduates and graduate students for successful careers in construction and construction-related industries. In 2021 it became the first institution in Texas to offer a Ph.D. in Construction Science. The Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, through two undergraduate and four graduate degree programs, provides education, research and outreach in planning, design, development and management of communities to continually improve the quality of the living environment, and by extension, the quality of our lives.
 * Architecture
 * Construction Science
 * Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning

Department of Architecture

 * Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Architecture
 * Master of Science in Architecture (M.S.)
 * Master of Architecture (MArch)
 * Master of Architecture — Career Change
 * Bachelor of Environmental Design (B.E.D.)

Department of Construction Science

 * Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Construction Science
 * Master of Science (M.S.) in Construction Management
 * Bachelor of Science in Construction Science (B.S.)

Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning

 * Bachelor of Science in Urban & Regional Planning (B.S.)
 * Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (B.L.A.)
 * Master of Land and Property Development (M.L.P.D)
 * Master of Landscape Architecture (M.L.A.)
 * Master of Urban Planning (M.U.P)
 * Doctor of Philosophy in Urban & Regional Science (Ph.D.)

Minors in the School of Architecture

 * Architectural Fabrication & Product Design
 * Architectural Heritage Conservation
 * Art and Architecture History
 * Facility Management
 * Leadership in the Design and Construction Professions
 * Sustainable Architecture & Planning
 * Urban Planning

Faculty

 * Samuel E. Gideon, professor of architecture

 * Adrian Smith, American architect