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Desmond Howard

Desmond Kevin Howard (born May 15, 1970) is an American former football wide receiver and return specialist who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 11 seasons. He played college football for the Michigan Wolverines, where he was a two-time All-American, including a unanimous All-American selection in 1991, winning the Heisman Trophy. He was selected fourth overall in the 1992 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins. Howard spent most of his career on special teams as a return specialist and holds the NFL single season record for punt return yardage. With the Green Bay Packers, Howard was named Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XXXI after setting an NFL record for punt return yards and returning a kickoff for a 99-yard touchdown, the longest return in Super Bowl history at the time. To date, he is the only special teams player to receive the award. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2010.

High school career
Howard was born in Cleveland, Ohio and earned All-American and All-Ohio honors as a tailback during his senior season at St. Joseph High School in Cleveland, Ohio, scoring 18 touchdowns with a record-breaking 5,392 rushing yards, as well as 10 interceptions on defense. He earned three varsity letters each in track and football, as well as one in basketball.

College career
Howard played college football at the University of Michigan. During his time there Howard set or tied five NCAA records, and twelve school records, including 19 receiving touchdowns in a single season, the program’s current all-time record. In 1991, Howard caught 62 passes for 985 yards and scored 23 total touchdowns, while also rushing for 180 yards and gaining 694 yards on special teams, with an average of 27.5 yards per kickoff return and 14.1 yards per punt return. He won the Heisman Trophy, Maxwell Award, and Walter Camp Award, earning unanimous All-American honors. Howard captured 85 percent of the first-place votes in balloting for the Heisman, the largest margin in history at that time. Howard also earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1992. In 2010, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and he was honored as the inaugural Michigan Football Legend, a program honoring former players equivalent to a retired jersey number. Each Michigan player to wear Howard's No. 21 jersey was to wear a patch recognizing Howard, and dress at a locker bearing a plaque with his name and time of tenure at Michigan. Howard finished his three seasons at Michigan with 249 rushing yards, 134 receptions for 2,146 yards, 1,211 kickoff return yards, and 339 yards returning punts, while also scoring 37 touchdowns.

Howard had come to Michigan as a tailback and initially struggled for playing time. He met with Michigan counselor Greg Harden, who helped him to build his confidence and achieve success on and off the field. Howard told 60 Minutes in 2014: "If Greg Harden wasn’t at the University of Michigan…I don’t win the Heisman."

On December 12, 2014, the Big Ten Network included Howard on "The Mount Rushmore of Michigan Football", as chosen by online fan voting. Howard was joined in the honor by Charles Woodson, Tom Harmon, and Anthony Carter.

On November 28, 2015, Howard had his #21 officially retired along with Gerald Ford (48), Tom Harmon (98), Ron Kramer (87), Bennie Osterbaan (47), and Albert, Alvin, and Whitey Wistert (11) at a ceremony before the Michigan game against Ohio State. Howard commented afterward, "Any time you have your name mentioned along with Gerald Ford, you've done something right."

The Heisman pose
Born and raised in Cleveland, Howard was, he later said, "very, very familiar" with the Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry. During the 1991 season, after he became a Heisman contender, Howard decided that he would do "something special" during the Ohio State-Michigan game "as a little shout-out to the people back in Ohio".

Ohio State coach John Cooper ordered his team to avoid giving Howard chances to score. The punt that Howard returned for a touchdown in the game was supposed to go out of bounds, so the Ohio State special teams players were unprepared for him. In the end zone, Howard wanted to do a backflip but, Howard later said, "chickened out"; instead he imitated the pose of the football player on the Heisman trophy bust, immediately receiving much media attention. Comparing his act to Muhammad Ali's taunting of opponents, Steve Rushin observed that although Howard's pose did not closely resemble that of the statue, "that looks more like the Heisman Trophy of our imagination than the Heisman trophy itself ... thousands of people must have instantly picked up some object and tried to do the same thing". Howard later said that "all of a sudden, everyone was doing it"; many have imitated the act, including fellow athletes, celebrities, and Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Howard said that the pose has become a greeting for fans meeting him, but he avoids doing it himself "because the more I do it, it kind of cheapens it".

Professional career
After college, Howard was selected by the Washington Redskins in the first round, fourth overall in the 1992 NFL Draft. The pick was considered a luxury for the Redskins, who had just won Super Bowl XXVI and had receivers Art Monk, Gary Clark, and Ricky Sanders on the roster. The Redskins, worried that the Green Bay Packers were going to draft Howard in the fifth spot, leapfrogged above them by dealing their two first-round picks - 6th and 28th - and their third-round choice (84th) to the Cincinnati Bengals for their first-round pick (4th) and their third-round pick (58th). Howard was the highest Redskins draft pick since they took Hall of Fame receiver Charley Taylor with the third pick in 1964. Redskins head coach Joe Gibbs remarked of Howard "This guy doesn't have any flaws. We're excited."

Howard's performance as a receiver was secondary to his skills as a punt and kickoff returner throughout his 11-year career. Though he recorded 92 receptions in his first four seasons, he excelled as a punt and kickoff returner throughout his career.

Howard played one season for the Jacksonville Jaguars in 1995, having been selected in the 1995 NFL expansion draft with the 55th pick. He had 26 receptions and one touchdown, with 10 kick returns.

His most notable professional season was in 1996 for the Green Bay Packers. He led the NFL in punt returns (58), punt return yards (875), punt return average (15.1), and punt return touchdowns (3), while gaining 460 kickoff return yards and catching 13 passes for 95 yards. His 875 punt return yards were an NFL record, easily surpassing the old record of 692 yards set by Fulton Walker in 1985. During the 1996 NFL postseason, Howard had a punt return for a touchdown in a game between the Packers and the San Francisco 49ers, and 46-yard punt return that set up another score. However, he did have an odd blunder in the second half, in which he failed to come out of the locker room in time for the start of the third quarter. No one on the team noticed, so the Packers had only 10 men on the field for the second-half kickoff, with no one in the returner position. As a result, San Francisco ran down the field and recovered the kickoff, leading to a 49ers touchdown. Still, the Packers won the game and eventually reached Super Bowl XXXI against the New England Patriots.

The Packers led 27–14 at halftime, but Patriots quarterback Drew Bledsoe led his team on a short drive that ended with Curtis Martin's 18-yard touchdown run to pull the Patriots within six points late in the third quarter. The Patriots boomed the ensuing kickoff to the one-yard line, but Howard effectively shattered the Patriots' hopes for a comeback with a 99-yard kickoff return for a Packers touchdown. His return and the Packers' subsequent two-point conversion closed out the scoring of the game, and the Packers eventually won 35–21. Bill Parcells, the Patriots' head coach, commented after the game: "We had a lot of momentum, and our defense was playing better. But [Howard] made the big play. That return was the game right there. He's been great all year, and he was great again today." Howard totaled a Super Bowl record 90 punt return yards and 154 kickoff return yards with one touchdown; his 244 all-purpose yards also tied a Super Bowl record. His performance won him the Super Bowl MVP award, making Howard the only player to ever win the award based solely on a special teams performance. His kickoff return touchdown in the Super Bowl ended up being the only one of his career.

Howard became a free agent after the season and signed with the Oakland Raiders. He led the NFL in kickoff returns (61) and kickoff return yards (1,381). Howard spent the 1998 football season with the Raiders before re-joining the Packers in 1999.

In the middle of the 1999 season, Howard was cut by the Packers after subpar performance and multiple injuries. He was signed by the Detroit Lions four days later, where he spent the rest of his career until his retirement after the 2002 season. In a special homecoming, he scored a special teams touchdown in his Lions debut. In February 2001, he made his first and only Pro Bowl appearance as the NFC's kick returner.

In his 11 NFL seasons, Howard caught 123 passes for 1,597 yards, rushed for 68 yards, returned 244 punts for 2,895 yards, and gained 7,595 yards returning 359 kickoffs. He also scored 15 touchdowns (7 receiving, 8 punt returns). Overall, Howard gained 12,155 all-purpose yards in his professional career.

Broadcasting career
Howard currently works for ESPN as a college football analyst. He appears as an in-studio personality and, in 2005, began traveling with Chris Fowler, Lee Corso, and Kirk Herbstreit to marquee matchup sites during the season for the pregame show ESPN College Gameday.

He is also currently the color commentator for Detroit Lions pre-season games on the Detroit Lions Television Network. He called games for the NFL on Fox for one season with former ESPN colleague Carter Blackburn.

Personal life
Howard served as the cover athlete for the college football video game NCAA Football 06.

Howard has 2 sons: Desmond Howard Jr. and Dhamir Howard and daughter Sydney Howard.

title: Desmond Howard


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The Monitor

The Monitor may refer to:

Publications

 * The Monitor: Or, British Freeholder, an 18th-century British periodical
 * The Monitor (Kansas City), a free monthly newspaper distributed in the Kansas City Area
 * The Monitor (Kirksville, MO), an alternative newspaper at Truman State University
 * The Monitor (Montenegro), a news magazine published in Podgorica
 * The Monitor (Montreal), a former community weekly paper in Montreal, now online only
 * The Monitor (Sydney), a former biweekly newspaper in Sydney, New South Wales
 * The Monitor (Texas), a newspaper covering the Rio Grande Valley
 * The Monitor (Uganda), a national newspaper with its sister "Sunday Monitor"
 * The Monitor, sometimes used as shorthand for the Christian Science Monitor

Other

 * USS Monitor, the United States Navy's first ironclad warship
 * The Monitor (comics), a DC Comics character from Crisis on Infinite Earths
 * The Monitor (album), an album by the band Titus Andronicus
 * The Monitor (film), the 2011 Norwegian film originally named Babycall

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Monitor


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Talk:Claud Raymond

Untitled
According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and other reliable sources, his name is spelled "Claud" without the "e".

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title: Talk:Claud Raymond


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User:AllyUnion/Protection Warning 2

This article,, has been listed on Requests for page protection. However, protecting articles is a serious matter, and should not be taken lightly. The protection of an article is when the assumption of good faith has been broken. Before this page is protected, please try to use the dispute resolution process. If there is evidence of further disruptive edits, vandalism, and/or an edit war in progress, this may result in this page being protected. Please keep in mind that the Wikipedia has a three revert rule and may cause you to be blocked if you make more than three revisions within a 24 hour period, not counting revisions due to vandalism. The Wikipedia would like to assume good faith, and ask editors to calmly and rationally approach a resolution before the article is protected. Should this page be protected, please request for its unprotection also at Requests for page protection.

title: User:AllyUnion/Protection Warning 2


text: User talk:4.62.84.45

title: User talk:4.62.84.45


text: User talk:66.134.0.228

title: User talk:66.134.0.228


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Compton wavelength

The Compton wavelength is a quantum mechanical property of a particle, defined as the wavelength of a photon whose energy is the same as the rest energy of that particle (see mass–energy equivalence). It was introduced by Arthur Compton in 1923 in his explanation of the scattering of photons by electrons (a process known as Compton scattering).

The standard Compton wavelength $λ$ of a particle of mass $$m$$ is given by $$ \lambda = \frac{h}{m c}, $$ where $h$ is the Planck constant and $c$ is the speed of light. The corresponding frequency $f$ is given by $$f = \frac{m c^2}{h},$$ and the angular frequency $ω$ is given by $$ \omega = \frac{m c^2}{\hbar}.$$

The CODATA 2018 value for the Compton wavelength of the electron is $2.426 m$. Other particles have different Compton wavelengths.

Reduced Compton wavelength
The reduced Compton wavelength $ƛ$ (barred lambda, denoted below by $$\bar\lambda$$) is defined as the Compton wavelength divided by $2π$:
 * $$\bar\lambda = \frac{\lambda}{2 \pi} = \frac{\hbar}{m c},$$

where $ħ$ is the reduced Planck constant.

Role in equations for massive particles
The inverse reduced Compton wavelength is a natural representation for mass on the quantum scale, and as such, it appears in many of the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics. The reduced Compton wavelength appears in the relativistic Klein–Gordon equation for a free particle: $$ \mathbf{\nabla}^2\psi-\frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}\psi = \left(\frac{m c}{\hbar} \right)^2 \psi.$$

It appears in the Dirac equation (the following is an explicitly covariant form employing the Einstein summation convention): $$-i \gamma^\mu \partial_\mu \psi + \left( \frac{m c}{\hbar} \right) \psi = 0.$$

The reduced Compton wavelength is also present in Schrödinger's equation, although this is not readily apparent in traditional representations of the equation. The following is the traditional representation of Schrödinger's equation for an electron in a hydrogen-like atom: $$ i\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\psi=-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\nabla^2\psi -\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{Ze^2}{r} \psi.$$

Dividing through by $$\hbar c$$ and rewriting in terms of the fine-structure constant, one obtains: $$\frac{i}{c}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\psi=-\frac{\bar{\lambda}}{2} \nabla^2\psi - \frac{\alpha Z}{r} \psi.$$

Distinction between reduced and non-reduced
The reduced Compton wavelength is a natural representation of mass on the quantum scale and is used in equations that pertain to inertial mass, such as the Klein–Gordon and Schrödinger's equations.

Equations that pertain to the wavelengths of photons interacting with mass use the non-reduced Compton wavelength. A particle of mass $m$ has a rest energy of $E = mc^{2}$. The Compton wavelength for this particle is the wavelength of a photon of the same energy. For photons of frequency $f$, energy is given by $$ E = h f = \frac{h c}{\lambda} = m c^2, $$ which yields the Compton wavelength formula if solved for $λ$.

Limitation on measurement
The Compton wavelength expresses a fundamental limitation on measuring the position of a particle, taking into account quantum mechanics and special relativity.

This limitation depends on the mass $m$ of the particle. To see how, note that we can measure the position of a particle by bouncing light off it – but measuring the position accurately requires light of short wavelength. Light with a short wavelength consists of photons of high energy. If the energy of these photons exceeds $mc^{2}$, when one hits the particle whose position is being measured the collision may yield enough energy to create a new particle of the same type. This renders moot the question of the original particle's location.

This argument also shows that the reduced Compton wavelength is the cutoff below which quantum field theory – which can describe particle creation and annihilation – becomes important. The above argument can be made a bit more precise as follows. Suppose we wish to measure the position of a particle to within an accuracy $Δx$. Then the uncertainty relation for position and momentum says that $$\Delta x\,\Delta p\ge \frac{\hbar}{2},$$ so the uncertainty in the particle's momentum satisfies $$\Delta p \ge \frac{\hbar}{2\Delta x}.$$

Using the relativistic relation between momentum and energy $E^{2} = (pc)^{2} + (mc^{2})^{2}$, when $Δp$ exceeds $mc$ then the uncertainty in energy is greater than $mc^{2}$, which is enough energy to create another particle of the same type. But we must exclude this greater energy uncertainty. Physically, this is excluded by the creation of one or more additional particles to keep the momentum uncertainty of each particle at or below $mc$. In particular the minimum uncertainty is when the scattered photon has limit energy equal to the incident observing energy. It follows that there is a fundamental minimum for $Δx$: $$\Delta x \ge \frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\hbar}{mc} \right).$$

Thus the uncertainty in position must be greater than half of the reduced Compton wavelength $ħ/mc$.

Relationship to other constants
Typical atomic lengths, wave numbers, and areas in physics can be related to the reduced Compton wavelength for the electron ($\bar{\lambda}_\text{e} \equiv \tfrac{\lambda_\text{e}}{2\pi}\simeq 386~\textrm{fm}$ )|undefined and the electromagnetic fine-structure constant ($\alpha\simeq\tfrac{1}{137}$ ).

The Bohr radius is related to the Compton wavelength by: $$a_0 = \frac{1}{\alpha}\left(\frac{\lambda_\text{e}}{2\pi}\right) = \frac{\bar{\lambda}_\text{e}}{\alpha} \simeq 137\times\bar{\lambda}_\text{e}\simeq 5.29\times 10^4~\textrm{fm} $$

The classical electron radius is about 3 times larger than the proton radius, and is written: $$r_\text{e} = \alpha\left(\frac{\lambda_\text{e}}{2\pi}\right) = \alpha\bar{\lambda}_\text{e} \simeq\frac{\bar{\lambda}_\text{e}}{137}\simeq 2.82~\textrm{fm}$$

The Rydberg constant, having dimensions of linear wavenumber, is written: $$\frac{1}{R_\infty}=\frac{2\lambda_\text{e}}{\alpha^2} \simeq 91.1~\textrm{nm}$$ $$\frac{1}{2\pi R_\infty} = \frac{2}{\alpha^2}\left(\frac{\lambda_\text{e}}{2\pi}\right) = 2 \frac{\bar{\lambda}_\text{e}}{\alpha^2} \simeq 14.5~\textrm{nm}$$

This yields the sequence: $$r_{\text{e}} = \alpha \bar{\lambda}_{\text{e}} = \alpha^2 a_0 = \alpha^3 \frac{1}{4\pi R_\infty}.$$

For fermions, the reduced Compton wavelength sets the cross-section of interactions. For example, the cross-section for Thomson scattering of a photon from an electron is equal to $$\sigma_\mathrm{T} = \frac{8\pi}{3}\alpha^2\bar{\lambda}_\text{e}^2 \simeq 66.5~\textrm{fm}^2 ,$$ which is roughly the same as the cross-sectional area of an iron-56 nucleus. For gauge bosons, the Compton wavelength sets the effective range of the Yukawa interaction: since the photon has no mass, electromagnetism has infinite range.

The Planck mass is the order of mass for which the Compton wavelength and the Schwarzschild radius $$ r_{\rm S} = 2 G M /c^2 $$ are the same, when their value is close to the Planck length ($$l_{\rm P}$$). The Schwarzschild radius is proportional to the mass, whereas the Compton wavelength is proportional to the inverse of the mass. The Planck mass and length are defined by:

$$m_{\rm P} = \sqrt{\hbar c/G}$$ $$l_{\rm P} = \sqrt{\hbar G /c^3}.$$

Geometrical interpretation
A geometrical origin of the Compton wavelength has been demonstrated using semiclassical equations describing the motion of a wavepacket. In this case, the Compton wavelength is equal to the square root of the quantum metric, a metric describing the quantum space: $$\sqrt{g_{kk}}=\lambda_\mathrm{C}$$.

title: Compton wavelength


text: User talk:65.30.75.129

title: User talk:65.30.75.129


text: User talk:81.129.147.14

title: User talk:81.129.147.14


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Talk:Idris Shah

Idries Shah or Idris ?

Two Articles
There also exists the article Idries Shah here in english Wikipedia. --Mounir 11:02, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Idris Shah


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Vincent Hallinan

Vincent Hallinan (December 16, 1896 – October 2, 1992) was an American lawyer and candidate for President of the United States in the 1952 election on the Progressive Party ticket.

Early life and education
Hallinan was born into a large immigrant Irish Catholic family in San Francisco. The son of Elizabeth (Sheehan) and Patrick Hallinan, he was raised in the city and in Petaluma, California. His father was said to be a member of the Irish National Invincibles, a revolutionary organization that, among other activities, was reputed to have assassinated the Chief Secretary for Ireland and his secretary in 1882 (the infamous Phoenix Park Murders). Allegedly, the elder Hallinan had fled to the U.S. after the murders. The elder Hallinan became a streetcar conductor in San Francisco, and was one of the leaders of the Great Front Strike of 1899–1900.

Trained by Jesuits in high school, Hallinan passed the California Bar Examination at the age of 22, after studies at Saint Ignatius College and Law School, (now the University of San Francisco). He passed the bar exam on the first attempt and before he had graduated from law school.

Career
Hallinan's early successes in court included personal injury actions against the powerful Market Street Railway Company which ran most of the trolley lines on the streets of San Francisco and was a subsidiary of northern California rail interests. The rail company also owned the system whereby jurors' lists were kept and consulted by an appointed jury commissioner, in Hallinan's time an official of the railway, and he fought against this system for years before state law made the voter rolls the sole source of jurors.

Hallinan's years as a lawyer led to his selection in 1949, with partner James Martin McInnis, to defend Harry Bridges of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union on perjury charges arising from accusations that he had once been a Communist but had denied it. Hallinan received a contempt of court citation during the high-profile trial, and afterward spent six months in McNeil Island federal prison in Washington state. He was subsequently disbarred for 3 years by the State Bar of California but appealed his disbarment after his release from jail.

Hallinan ran for President of the United States in the 1952 election, as the candidate for Henry Wallace's Progressive Party and was the third highest polling candidate in the election receiving more than 140,000 votes. His running mate, Charlotta A. Bass, was the first African American woman chosen by a party as a vice-presidential candidate.

In 1953, Hallinan and his wife, Vivian (Moore), were indicted on 14 counts of tax evasion. After a three-week trial, on November 14, 1953, Hallinan was convicted on five counts of tax evasion, for evading $36,739 in federal income taxes after he reported only 20% of his income from 1947 to 1950. On December 8, 1953, he was sentenced to 18 months and a fine of $50,000 plus costs. His wife was acquitted.

In the 1956 election, Hallinan endorsed Socialist Workers Party presidential candidate Farrell Dobbs.

Hallinan visited U-2 pilot Gary Powers in Moscow soon after Powers’ conviction in the Soviet Union for espionage. He encouraged Powers to "study the Communist form of government, stating it was a "remarkable system...realizing the American system had grave flaws", and if he were to study it Powers "would learn a great deal."

In his 1963 autobiography, Hallinan claimed that he was prosecuted by the IRS for his political views, and that the government did not differentiate between tax avoidance (legal) and tax evasion. Also in his autobiography he argued for prison reform and in favor of treating drug addiction as a medical condition and providing clean maintenance drugs to addicts, and legalizing prostitution; and against laws forbidding private consensual sex, contraception and abortion, and against imperialism and American foreign policy.

Personal life
Hallinan was the father of six sons, including writer Conn M. Hallinan, San Francisco attorney Patrick Hallinan, and politician Terence Hallinan. He had several grandchildren.

Despite his Jesuit education, Vincent Hallinan was a militant atheist.

title: Vincent Hallinan


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New Vision

The New Vision is a Ugandan English-language newspaper published daily in print form and online.

Overview
New Vision is one of two main national English-language newspapers in Uganda, the other being the Daily Monitor. It is published by the Vision Group, which has its head office on First Street, in the Industrial Area of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city in that East African country.

History
It was established in its current form in 1986 by the Ugandan government. It was founded in 1955 as the Uganda Argus, a British colonial government publication. Between 1962 and 1971, the first Obote government kept the name of its daily publication as Uganda Argus. Following the rise to power of Idi Amin in 1971, the government paper was renamed Voice of Uganda. When Amin was deposed in 1979, the second Obote government named its paper Uganda Times. When the National Resistance Movement seized power in 1986, the name of the daily newspaper was changed to New Vision. The Uganda Argus and its successors always presented as the "official" newspaper of the government in power.

Vision Group
The Vision Group incorporated as the New Vision Printing & Publishing Company Limited (NVPPCL), started business in March 1986. It is a multimedia business conglomerate, that publishes newspapers, magazines and internet content. It also owns television stations, radio stations for which it provides some original programming. In addition, NVPPCL carries out commercial printing and advertising. NVPPCL is listed on the Uganda Securities Exchange, where it trades under the symbol NVL.

Leadership
On 12 October 2006, William Pike, chief executive officer (CEO) of the newspaper, resigned followed by editor-in-chief David Sseppuuya less than two weeks later. Pike had a long history with the paper, starting there as a sports journalist 19 years before. Pike was largely credited with maintaining a degree of editorial independence for the newspaper. It was reported in 2006 that "press freedom in Uganda might be in jeopardy",and that Pike was being "forced to resign apparently at the behest of President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni".

Pike's departure was followed by the appointment of Ugandan government spokesman Robert Kabushenga as CEO. As of July 2014, Kabushenga was still the CEO.

In late November 2006, Belgian journalist and activist Els de Temmerman became editor-in-chief after receiving written guarantees of her editorial independence. She resigned her post on 24 October 2008, stating "I have concluded that I can no longer count on the assurances I received when I accepted the job and so I must resign". In February 2009, Els de Temmerman returned as the editor-in-chief after a four-month absence. She resigned for the final time in mid April 2010, making room for her deputy, Barbara Kaija, who was formally appointed as the editor-in-chief.

title: New Vision


text:
Larry Brown (cornerback)

Larry Brown Jr. (born November 30, 1969) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and Oakland Raiders. He was named the MVP of Super Bowl XXX and played college football at Texas Christian University.

Early years
Brown attended Los Angeles High School, where he earned All-city honors in football and track.

After not receiving any scholarship offers, he began his collegiate career at Los Angeles Southwest College as a running back. He was moved to cornerback during his sophomore season, receiving All-league honors after tallying 61 tackles and 4 interceptions. He also practiced track.

As a junior he transferred to Texas Christian University, and was named the starter at left cornerback, collecting 27 tackles, one interception and one pass defensed in the first five games, until being lost for the season with an ankle injury. limited with injuries.

As a senior he regained his starter position, registering 75 tackles (fifth on the team), 2 interceptions and 10 passes defensed (led the team). He had 10 tackles against Oklahoma State University.

In 1990, he was invited to the Blue–Gray Football Classic, where he earned MVP honors, after making 9 tackles and one pass defensed.

Dallas Cowboys
Brown was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 12th round (320th overall) of the 1991 NFL Draft. Although there weren't many expectations for him at the start of preseason, he surprised the coaches with his play, even though he quit training camp for a few days because of personal reasons and also had a brief hospitalization that was thought to be appendicitis. In the fourth game, he passed Manny Hendrix on the depth chart at right cornerback, becoming the first Cowboys rookie to start at cornerback since Ron Francis in 1987. He posted 68 tackles (eighth on the team), 2 interceptions, 18 passes defensed (second on the team), one forced fumble and was named to the NFL All-rookie team. In the Cowboys 52–17 win over the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVII, he recorded an interception in the second quarter.

In 1992, he played opposite to Kevin Smith, making them the youngest starting cornerback duo in the league. He had 61 tackles (sixth on the team), one interception, 11 passes defensed (led the league), 5 special teams tackles and one fumble recovery.

In 1993, he recorded 63 tackles and 11 passes defensed (tied for second on the team). In 1994, he tallied 57 tackles, 4 interceptions (third on the team) and 12 passes defensed (tied for third on the team). The 1995 season would be a great season for Brown, recording six interceptions, returning two of them for touchdowns and recording 47 tackles, en route to the Cowboys reaching and winning Super Bowl XXX, in which he earned MVP honors with two second half interceptions, which the Cowboys converted into two touchdowns to prevent a Steelers comeback.

Oakland Raiders
Brown became a free agent immediately after his Super Bowl MVP performance and used his award as leverage to sign a lucrative contract (five years, $12.5 million with $3.5 million guaranteed) with the Oakland Raiders on February 20, 1996. In 1997, he was demoted to a backup role and suspended four weeks by the team for "conduct detrimental to the team". On June 3, 1998, he was waived after being a disappointment and playing only 12 games (one start) in two years for the Raiders. Brown is believed to be one of the NFL's biggest free agent busts in NFL history.

Minnesota Vikings
On June 16, 1998, he was signed as a free agent by the Minnesota Vikings, to help improve one of the worst secondaries in the league. He was limited with a hamstring injury and was released with an injury settlement on August 30.

Dallas Cowboys
On December 2, 1998, he returned to the Cowboys to provide depth at cornerback. He finished out the season and career playing four games for the Cowboys that season; upon his retirement, he had made 14 career interceptions, which he returned for a total of 210 yards and two touchdowns. He also had two fumble recoveries.

Personal life
Currently, Brown is a cohost of The Dallas Cowboys Radio Network Pregame and Postgame Shows on 105.3 The Fan, the flagship station of the Dallas Cowboys Radio Network.

He played himself in an episode of Married... with Children. He also appeared on Weekend Update in a 1996 episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Danny Aiello. He was named Number 3 in NFL Top 10 for Worst Free Agent Signings and Number 3 in One Shot Wonders.

Brown's son Kameron was a 4-star wide receiver in high school and is currently playing football for Texas A&M. However, on November 23, 2020, Kameron announced on Twitter that he would transfer to UCLA for the 2021 season. His son Christopher Brown died in 1995 at 10 weeks of age after being born premature.

title: Larry Brown (cornerback)


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Blue Ridge Tunnel

The Blue Ridge Tunnel (also known as the Crozet Tunnel) is a historic railroad tunnel built during the construction of the Blue Ridge Railroad in the 1850s. The tunnel was the westernmost and longest of four tunnels engineered by Claudius Crozet to cross the Blue Ridge Mountains at Rockfish Gap in central Virginia.

At 4237 ft in length, the tunnel was the longest tunnel in the United States at the time of its completion. The tunnel was used by the Virginia Central Railroad from its opening to 1858, when the line was reorganized as the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (renamed Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1878). The Chesapeake and Ohio routed trains through the tunnel until it was abandoned and replaced by a new tunnel in 1944.

The new tunnel was named the "Blue Ridge Tunnel" as well, although the original tunnel still remains abandoned nearby. The old Blue Ridge Tunnel has since been named a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1976. In late 2020, after a decade of stabilization work and restoration as well as access pathway construction, the tunnel was opened to visitors as a linear park.

Construction
The Blue Ridge Railroad was incorporated by the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1849 with Claudius Crozet as chief engineer. Its purpose was to provide a crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains for the Virginia Central Railroad into the Shenandoah Valley.

The Virginia Board of Public Works, founded in 1816, supported numerous internal improvements in the state, owning part of the Virginia Central in stock as well as virtually all of the Blue Ridge Railroad.

A civil engineer of considerable skill, Crozet had identified the eventual route as early as 1839. Rail service reached Charlottesville by 1851; westward, the railroad closely followed the alignment of the ancient Three Notch'd Road.

To protect its investment and enable transportation, the State then incorporated and financed the Blue Ridge Railroad to accomplish the hard and expensive task of crossing the Blue Ridge mountain barrier to the west. Rather than attempting the more formidable Swift Run Gap, the state-owned Blue Ridge Railroad built over the mountains at the next major gap to the south, Rockfish Gap near Afton Mountain.

Overseen by Crozet, the crossing was accomplished by building four tunnels, including the 4237 ft Blue Ridge Tunnel near the top of the pass. Construction began in 1850 and was expected to be completed in three years but the first train passed through the tunnel in 1858 and construction continued until 1860. With construction proceeding from either side a decade before the invention of dynamite, the complex was dug through solid granite with only hand drills and black powder. The tunnel was less than 6 in off perfect alignment when it was holed through on December 29, 1856.

Records show that about 800 Irishmen and 40 enslaved African American laborers worked on the tunnel and there were 189 recorded deaths during its construction including men, women, and children who died during a cholera epidemic in 1854.

When completed, the Blue Ridge Tunnel was the longest in the United States and one of the longest tunnels in the world, a remarkable feat of engineering. It opened to rail traffic in April 1858, and was considered to be one of the engineering wonders of the modern world.

American Civil War
During the American Civil War, the infantry under Confederate General Stonewall Jackson earned the nickname "foot cavalry" by traveling very quickly across the Blue Ridge Mountains, to the consternation of the Union leaders opposing them. To do this, Jackson used his detailed knowledge of the gaps in the Blue Ridge and directed his troops to march through the Blue Ridge Tunnel.

Replacement
The Blue Ridge Railroad ceased to exist once the route across the mountains was completed, becoming a part of the Virginia Central Railroad. In 1868, the Virginia Central was merged with another state-chartered railroad, the Covington and Ohio Railroad, to create the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (renamed Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1878). This helped achieve Virginia's long-term goal of linking its navigable rivers of the Chesapeake Bay watershed with the Ohio River. The C&O Railroad was subsequently sold to Collis Potter Huntington.

The C&O replaced the Blue Ridge Tunnel in 1944 with a larger, parallel tunnel to accommodate the increased rail traffic of World War II. The new tunnel—which was 4 ft off alignment when constructed—is now referred to as the Blue Ridge Tunnel. It is still in use by CSX Transportation, the Buckingham Branch Railroad and Amtrak.

Phased construction
After the original tunnel was replaced, it became known as the Crozet Tunnel in honor of its remarkable engineer, for whom the nearby town of Crozet is named. As of 2022, it was slated for use as part of a rail trail project.

The Claudius Crozet Blue Ridge Tunnel Foundation secured a $749,000 grant through the Virginia Department of Transportation and the Commonwealth Transportation Board to begin Phase I of the project to reopen the long-closed tunnel with a bike path and hiking trail. Phase I will be a footpath from the former Afton rail depot to a concrete bulwark 700 feet into the tunnel. The first piece of the trail will begin and end on the east side of Afton Mountain.

"This is definitely safe where we're going," district supervisor Allen Hale said in 2015. "But once you get to the tunnel and someone walks through here and gets all the way up, they're going to want to go in... The ultimate goal … is to have the tunnel open all the way through to the west side to the Blue Ridge Mountains and have a trail connection to U.S. Route 250 on the other side," Hale said... According to the News & Advance archives, the $450,000 required for Phase II has already been raised. Hale hopes to begin Phase II some time this year. The date for Phase III has yet to be set. The Crozet Tunnel is open to foot traffic. The “Rails-To-Trails” walking/pedal cycling path is not yet, as of April 2021, complete to the tunnel.

Mapping the tunnel
In the fall of 2017, a University of Virginia assistant professor and two graduate students used a ground-based autonomous robot to scan and map the tunnel using LiDAR. The result was a three-dimensional map of the tunnel which can be used for restoration or construction projects in the future.

Reopening of the tunnel
On the 21st September 2020, the tunnel was opened with an access trail. A Nelson County Parks and Recreation press release announced the Claudius Crozet Blue Ridge Tunnel Trail system will open from sunrise to sunset.

The project incorporates an access trail through the restored tunnel and new trailheads on both sides of the Blue Ridge with access for hikers, walkers, bicyclists, and others.

Eventually, the project will link existing trails, a long-distance trail system, and the historic communities on both sides of the mountains. The tunnel is also near the convergence of Skyline Drive, the Blue Ridge Parkway, the Appalachian Trail, and U.S. Bicycle Route 76. On the eastern side, there is a 12-spot parking lot at 215 Afton Depot Lane, while the western trailhead is near 483 Three Notched Mountain Highway, where there are 25 parking spaces and two oversized areas for small buses. At this time, there are no plans to light the tunnel, so visitors are urged to bring headlamps and/or flashlights.

A mini documentary about the reopening of the tunnel was released onto Youtube in March 2021. The tunnel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.

title: Blue Ridge Tunnel


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Pierre Jonckheer

Pierre Jonckheer (born 5 May 1951) is a Belgian economist and politician, member of the Belgian French-speaking Green party, Ecolo.

Early life and education
Jonckheer grew up in Wallonia and Brussels and studied Economics at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain). During his studies he became an activist in student movements linked to the "Third World" as well as the left radical political movement. He graduated in 1974.

Academic
Jonckheer became an assistant professor in the Department of Economics of the Catholic University of Louvain. He then worked with different NGOs and in 1982 spent three months in Sri Lanka where he studied the working conditions of the Tamils. From 1984 to 1991 he worked as a researcher for the European Social Observatory (OSE), then became its director. In 1986 he joined Ecolo and in December 1991 he became provincial senator and in 1995, led the Ecolo list for the Senate. During his eight years as senator, he specialised in European politics. In 1999, he was elected to the European Parliament and was re-elected in 2004. In 2008, he co-founded the Green European Foundation (GEF).

Since 1973, Jonckheer has been a professor in the further education universities ISCO, CERGECO and FOPES.

Politics
In the Belgian Senate, Jonckheer was a member of the European Affairs Committee. During his years as an MEP, he held a leadership role in the European Green Party (EGP) as Co-President of the Green Group responsible for the relations with the EGP. In 2008 Jonckheer co-founded the Green European Foundation and is today its Co-President. The foundation focuses on research, training and publications on Green European issues and organises working seminars and panel debates.

Jonckheer was first elected as first substitute on the European Election list of 1989. This was his first experience of a political campaign. Hereafter, he was designated by Ecolo as provincial senator in 1991. Three years later, he led the Ecolo list for the Belgian Senate and was then directly elected. He was the President of the Green Group at the Senate as well as member of the European Affairs Committee. He also participated in the Enquiry Committee of the Rwanda Genocide.

In 1999, he was elected to the European Parliament. He was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and of the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection. He joined in the debates of the Services in the Internal Market Directive as well as on the European Constitutional Treaty.

title: Pierre Jonckheer


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George Wigg

George Edward Cecil Wigg, Baron Wigg, PC (28 November 1900 – 11 August 1983) was a British Labour Party politician who only served in relatively junior offices but had a great deal of influence behind the scenes, especially with Harold Wilson.

Background and early career
Wigg was the eldest of six children of Edward William Wigg (1870–1934), of Uxbridge Road, Ealing, manager of a dairy business, and his wife Cecilia (née Comber). Whilst Wigg's mother was extremely industrious, delivering milk alongside doing all the household work, his father was "indolent, disgruntled and lacking ambition" despite his wife's encouragement. On the failure of his own dairy business, Edward Wigg worked for that of his elder brother; George Wigg worked there alongside his father from the age of ten. After years of poor fortunes and having suffered from alcoholism, Edward was found dead in Ewhurst Lake in 1934, near to his birthplace; his son observed: "Why he was at the lake and how he got into it remains a mystery. The coroner recorded a verdict of death by misadventure." Cecilia Wigg subsequently remarried to a soldier.

George Wigg was educated at Fairfields Council School and at Queen Mary's Grammar School, both in Basingstoke. Wigg served in the British Army as a regular soldier for almost all his career (from 1918 to 1937) up to his election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Dudley in 1945. He served in the Royal Tank Corps from 1919 to 1937 and returned to service in the Second World War, being commissioned into the Army Educational Corps in 1940 and serving until 1946 and reaching the rank of colonel. He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Emanuel Shinwell during the Attlee government.

According to Press Association reporter Chris Moncrieff, Wigg was unpopular with Labour MPs, but managed to use procedure to place the Profumo affair on the record in Parliament, leading to the pursuit of Profumo which ultimately resulted in the latter's resignation. Wigg also played an important part in the aftermath of the failed prosecution of suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams by questioning in Parliament the unusual conduct of the Prosecution led by Attorney-General, Reginald Manningham-Buller.

In January 1964, Wigg won a High Court action for libel against Angus Maude, a Conservative member. He was represented in court by Alan Orr QC, and substantial damages were awarded.

Paymaster-General; Peerage
Wigg was already known for passing on gossip to Harold Wilson (who had become Labour leader in 1963 on the death of Hugh Gaitskell). When Labour narrowly won the 1964 election Wilson appointed Wigg to the office of Paymaster General. Wigg's responsibilities were many and varied: among them, he was Wilson's link to the Security Service and the Secret Intelligence Service. In November 1967, he was appointed Chairman of the Horserace Betting Levy Board (Wigg loved horse racing) and left Parliament. He was created a life peer on 27 November 1967 taking the title Baron Wigg, of the Borough of Dudley. His resignation from parliament resulted in a by-election in the Dudley seat in early 1968, with the Conservatives gaining the seat before Labour reclaimed it at the general election two years later.

Wigg had been made a Privy Councillor in 1964.

Personal life
In 1930, Wigg married Florence, daughter of William Veal. They had three daughters.

title: George Wigg


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Golok

A golok is a cutting tool, similar to a machete, that comes in many variations and is found throughout the Malay Archipelago. It is used as an agricultural tool as well as a weapon. The word golok (sometimes misspelled in English as "gollock") is used in Indonesia and Malaysia. Both in Malaysia and in Indonesia, the term is usually interchangeable with the longer and broader parang. In the Sundanese region of West Java it is known as bedog. In the Philippines, the term gulok (also known as gunong), refers to different dagger weapons including the kris.

History
In Indonesia, the golok is often associated with the Betawi and neighboring Sundanese people. The Betawi recognize two types of golok; gablongan or bendo is the domestic tool used in the kitchen or field for agricultural purposes, and the golok simpenan or sorenam that is used for self-protection and traditionally always carried by Betawi men. The golok is a symbol of masculinity and bravery in Betawi culture. A jawara (local strongman or village champion) will always have a golok hung or tied around the waist at the hips. This custom, however, has ceased to exist since the 1970s, when authorities would apprehend those that carry the golok publicly and have it confiscated in order to uphold security, law and order, and to reduce gang fighting.

Sundanese, Javanese and Malay golok have also been recorded. The use of golok in Malay was recorded as early as the Hikayat Hang Tuah (text dated 1700) and Sejarah Melayu (1612),

Description
Sizes and weights vary, as does blade shape, but the typical length is 25-50 cm. Golok tend to be heavier and shorter than parang or common machetes, often being used for bush and branch cutting. Most traditional golok use a convex edge or an edgewise taper, where the blade is less likely to get stuck in green wood than flat edged machetes. The blade is heaviest in the centre and flows away in a curve to a sharp point at the tip.

Golok are traditionally made with a springy carbon steel blade of a softer temper than that of other large knives. This makes them easier to dress and sharpen in the field, although it also requires more frequent attention. Although many manufacturers produce factory-made golok, there are still handmade productions that are widely and actively made in Indonesia.

Modern application
The golok style is noted for being the pattern for British Army-issue machetes used since the early 1950s.

title: Golok


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Template talk:Geo-term-stub

What is this stub notice for? It sounds like its for definitoins of geographic terms (what else is there to write about geographic terms?). If that is so, shouldn't those articles be in wikitionary? Bawolff 22:20, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Have a look at some of the articles in the category: Global civilisation, Linear Reference System, Behavioral geography, Emergent coastline... all of them geographical terms which are not actual geographic locations, nor are they either topography or cartography. Grutness...wha?  13:57, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Why is an image of an armillary sphere (an instrument used in astronomy) in a template for geographic term stubs? Athænara  ✉  02:26, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Geo-term-stub


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Penna River

Penna (also known as Pinakini, Penneru, Penner, Pennar, Pennai) is a river of southern India. This is a unique river in world where after originating from Nandi hills, it flows as two different streams, one in North and South directions. The Penna rises in the Nandi Hills in Chikkaballapur District of Karnataka state, and runs north and east through the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh to empty into bay of bengal in Andhra Pradesh. It is 597 km long, with a drainage basin covering 55,213 km2: 6,937 km2 in Karnataka and 48,276 km2 in Andhra Pradesh. Along with this main stream there is another stream south towards Tamilnadu with the name Then Pennai or south Pennar which further moves towards the east to empty into the Bay of Bengal. The Penna river basin lies in the rain shadow region of Eastern Ghats and receives 500 mm average rainfall annually.

Etymology
Since the river flows in two streams, both North and South directions, it forms the shape of bow. Thus this river gets the name of bow called Pinakini named after bow Pinaka. The name of the river Penneru (alternatively Penner) is derived from Telugu words penu పెను meaning grand and yeru ఏఱు / యేఱు meaning river, stream, or a rivulet or else from neeru నీరు water, in flow of course. It is also known as Utthara Pinakini in Karnataka. The name Pinakini refers to Pinaka, the bow of Nandhiswara, the presiding deity of the Nandi hills at the origin of the river.

Course
The Penna river has several sources and mouths. The main stream starts in Nandi Hills in of Karnataka, flowing for 597 km to the north and east through several mountains and plains, draining into the Bay of Bengal in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. The river is seasonal, its main source of the water being from rains. Therefore, it appears like small stream during periods of drought. The major tributaries of the Penna are the Jayamangali, Kunderu and Sagileru from the north, and Chitravathi, Papagni and Cheyyeru from the south.

Karnataka
The Penna river rises at 13.25°N, 77.41°W at 11 km southwest of Chikkaballapur in Chennakesava Range of Nandi Hills in Karnataka. It begins flowing to the northwest at its source, near the town of Maralur. It flows for 48 km towards the north through the Kolar and Tumkur districts in Karnataka before entering Andhra Pradesh State at Hindupur Sri Sathya Sai district.

Ananatapur
At 69 km, the Penna meets the Kumudavati river. At 82 km, the Penna meets the Jayamangali river near the town of Hindupur in Sri Sathya Sai district. . The Jayamangali river rises in Tumkur district and traverses 77 km in northeast direction before joining the Penna river on the left bank. The Penna flows almost northwards for the next 146 km from the confluence of Jayamangali.

After traversing 67 km in Anantapur district, the Penna reenters Karnataka at Pavagada Taluk in Tumkur district at 115 km from its source. After traversing 13 km in Tumkur district again, it reenters Andhra Pradesh in Kalyandurg Taluk in Anantapur district at 128 km from its source. The Penna turns east at Penna Ahobilam and flows through Marutla and Katrimala forest reserves and near towns like Tadipatri.

Kadapa
The Penna gains the volume but loses stream by the time it crosses Palakondalu and enters Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. It regains the stream in district after meeting many tributaries including Chitravati, Bahuda, Papagni, Kunderu, Sagileru and Cheyyeru and flows near the towns like Kodur, Jammalamadugu, Proddatur, Kamalapuram and Siddhavattam.

The Penna meets its major tributary Chitravati at Gandalur near the Gandikota at 336 km from its source. The Chitravati rises near the Chikballapur town in the Chikballapur district of Karnataka and traverses 218 km in northeast direction in Kolar, Anantapur and Cuddapah districts before joining the Penna on the right bank. The Penna river forces through Gandikota gorge and flows east through a gap in the Eastern Ghats to go to the plains of Coastal Andhra.

The rivers Papagni and Kunderu meets the Penna near Kamalapuram. The Papagni river rises near Sidlaghatta town in Kolar district of Karnataka and traverses 205 km before joining the Penna on the right bank. The Kunderu river rises in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh and travels 205 km before joining the Penna on the left bank.

The Penna river continues in southeastern direction and cuts across the Nallamala hills. The river meets sagileru and turns east. The Sagileru rises in Prakasam district and flows south to meet the Penna. The Penna river meets Cheyyeru at Boyanapalli and Gundlamada near the Sidhout on the right bank. The Cheyyeru river is formed by the confluence of the rivers Bahuda and Puncha that originate in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. The two streams join at Rayavaram and flows towards north for 87 km before joining the Penna.

Nellore
The Penna emerges from Velikonda Range in Eastern Ghats at 467 km from its source and enters the plains under Somasila Dam in the Nellore district. The river flows near the towns like Atmakuru, Kovur, Jonnawada, Sangam and Nellore.

It meets two minor tributaries, the Boggeru and the Biraperu near the Sangam town. The Boggeru rises in Boggu Venkatapuram and joins other minor streams before meeting the Penna river. The Biraperu is a small stream which carries rainfall of the north east portion of Nellore, Udayagiri and Kavali Mandals to the Penna river.

It finally joins the Bay of Bengal at 14.58°N, 80.14°W near Utukuru at 597 km from its source.

Basin
The watershed of the Penna and its tributaries covers part of the southern Deccan plateau, including most of the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and part of Karnataka. The Kolar Plateau forms the divide between the Penna watershed and those of the Kaveri, Ponnaiyar, and Palar rivers to the south. The Penna drains the northern portion of the plateau, which includes parts of Kolar and Tumkur districts in Karnataka. The Krishna River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau to the west and north of the Penna's watershed, and the low Erramala hills forms the northern divide of the Penna basin. The upper watershed of the Penna includes Cuddapah District, central and eastern Anantapur District, the southern part of Kurnool District, northwestern Chittoor District.

The estuary of the Penna river extends 7 km upstream from the Bay of Bengal. Tidal influence and salt water extends further upstream during the November to June dry season. Coastal dunes as high as 7 meters form around the river mouth. Upputeru tidal creek, 15 km in length, and Isakapalli lagoon, separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Isakapalli barrier island, 180 m long and up to 3 m high, form the main coastal wetlands.
 * Estuary

The lower basin of the Penna is largely made up of ancient Archean rocks, principally granite and schist. The lower basin is made up of young sediments, including laterite and recent alluvium.

Climate
The Penna basin has a dry tropical monsoon climate. The upper basin of the Penna is semi-arid, with summer temperatures of 25–45 °C and winter temperatures of 18–35 °C. Most of the rainfall is provided by the moisture-bearing southwest monsoon, which provides rain to most of India between June and September. The Penna basin lies in the rain shadow of the high Western Ghats ranges, which prevents much moisture from reaching the region. Post-monsoon cyclonic storms in the coastal region produce additional rain during September and October. The winter northeast monsoon, which provides rain between December and March, provides little rain to the upper basin and slightly more to the lower basin. It varies greatly from year to year in south India, sometimes bringing powerful cyclonic storms with flooding and high winds. The mean annual rainfall is 550 mm/year in Anantapur, and 900 mm/year in Nellore. The Penna basin suffered from a prolonged drought in the 1990s, which caused much misery among the regions farmers and generated political demands to build an aqueduct to bring water from the Krishna River to Rayalaseema.

Vegetation
The upper basin was formerly covered by tropical dry forest, thorn forest, and xeric shrublands. Most of the dry tropical forest has now disappeared, due to clearance for grazing and overharvesting the forests for timber and firewood, replaced by thorny scrub forest. The remnant forests of the Deccan are largely deciduous, dropping their leaves in the dry winter and spring months. The East Deccan dry evergreen forests of Coastal Andhra were evergreen, but these forests have largely been reduced to tiny remnant pockets.

Port
The small boat port of Krishnapatnam used to lie on Upputeru creek, and has now been developed into a deep-water port. Buckingham Canal, a navigable man-made waterway that runs just behind the coast, allows small boats from the Penna to get to Chennai in the south and the Krishna River delta to the north. As of November 2015, Krishnapatnam Port is a major port situated at a distance of 24 km from Nellore city. Krishnapatnam is able to manage large ships with load capacities of 1,50,000 tonnes. It has become one of the deepest port of India with 18 meters of draft.

Literature
Telugu literature has flourished in the Penna basin which produced several well-known authors and poets like Kavibrahma Tikkana Somayajulu, Tallapaka Annamacharya, Pothuluri Veerabrahmendra Swamy, Yogi Vemana, Molla, Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma, Vidvan Vishvam, and C. Ramakrishna Reddy. Vidhwan Viswam's penneti paata which means "a song of River Penna" is very popular in Andhra Pradesh and in Raayala Seema in particular, it is a topic of study in graduation course Telugu language paper. Ramakrishna Reddy's "penneti kathalu" represented the tragic and cultural life of the people of Penna valley. These stories are credited to be the best of their kind with the accent of local language presented effectively.

Water use potential
The average annual water yield in river is nearly 6.316 billion cubic meters. All the water sources in the river basin are fully harnessed by constructing nearly 5 billion cubic meters capacity water storage reservoirs. Ground water is also extensively harnessed in the river basin beyond the long term sustainability.

The predominant rain fall is during North East Monsoon season whereas it is in South West monsoon in the adjoining Krishna river basin. This basin is situated geographically at lower elevation compared to the surrounding Krishna river basin. This feature facilitates water transfer from the adjoining Krishna basin. Water can be transferred from the adjoining Krishna basin into Penna basin up to 600 m MSL elevation with moderate water pumping (less than 100 m head). The river basin has extensive rain fed agriculture lands and good water storage sites for its all around development provided Krishna river water is imported to the basin. The monsoon flood waters of Krishna river during South West Monsoon months can be transferred for direct use in Penna basin without the need for water storage.

Interstate aspects
The Penna basin water apportionment is governed by colonial time water sharing agreement in the year 1892 and the Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956. However the future development of Penna basin depends on Interstate water sharing agreements of Krishna river. Tungabhadra Dam which is located in Karnataka and a joint project of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, is the only gate way to transfer water from Krishna river to the uplands of Penna basin up to 600 m MSL. The low lands of Penna basin can be supplied with Krishna river from the Srisailam dam up to 250 m MSL. The outcome of ongoing Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal – II is very crucial for the future of Penna river basin.

title: Penna River


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/War of July 1974

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was NO CONSENSUS TO DELETE. I'll redirect it. dbenbenn | talk 23:50, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

War of July 1974
The events referred in this article/stub is explained in more detail at Cyprus_dispute. I have already changed the links, and in the process orphaned the article. This article looks like an attempt at providing exposure for the website linked in the page, and by means of this link to go around NPoV policy of Wikipedia. at0 22:24, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete rather than redirect as the title is not instructive. at0 22:27, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Covered elsewhere, and this title is useless. --BM 23:01, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Cyprus dispute. Megan1967 01:47, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Duplicates (or at least it would duplicate if left to grow) content on Cyprus dispute, as Megan1967 reminded. I won't vote for a redirection because this does not seem to be a common term one would search Wikipedia for. Its only Google hits are from Wikipedia mirrors. JoaoRicardo 03:15, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Cyprus dispute - Skysmith 11:41, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:AllyUnion/Protection notice

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Pearl hunting

Pearl hunting, also known as pearling, is the activity of recovering or attempting to recover pearls from wild molluscs, usually oysters or mussels, in the sea or freshwater. Pearl hunting was prevalent in the Persian Gulf region and Japan for thousands of years. On the northern and north-western coast of Western Australia pearl diving began in the 1850s, and started in the Torres Strait Islands in the 1860s, where the term also covers diving for nacre or mother of pearl found in what were known as pearl shells.

In most cases the pearl-bearing molluscs live at depths where they are not manually accessible from the surface, and diving or the use of some form of tool is needed to reach them. Historically the molluscs were retrieved by freediving, a technique where the diver descends to the bottom, collects what they can, and surfaces on a single breath. The diving mask improved the ability of the diver to see while underwater. When the surface-supplied diving helmet became available for underwater work, it was also applied to the task of pearl hunting, and the associated activity of collecting pearl shell as a raw material for the manufacture of buttons, inlays and other decorative work. The surface supplied diving helmet greatly extended the time the diver could stay at depth, and introduced the previously unfamiliar hazards of barotrauma of ascent and decompression sickness.

History
Before the beginning of the 20th century, the only means of obtaining pearls was by manually gathering very large numbers of pearl oysters or mussels from the ocean floor or lake or river bottom. The bivalves were then brought to the surface, opened, and the tissues searched. More than a ton were searched in order to find at least 3-4 quality beads.

In order to find enough pearl oysters, free-divers were often forced to descend to depths of over 100 feet on a single breath, exposing them to the dangers of hostile creatures, waves, eye damage, and drowning, often as a result of shallow water blackout on resurfacing. Because of the difficulty of diving and the unpredictable nature of natural pearl growth in pearl oysters, pearls of the time were extremely rare and of varying quality.

Asian
In Asia, some pearl oysters could be found on shoals at a depth of 5 – from the surface, but more often divers had to go 40 ft or even up to 125 ft deep to find enough pearl oysters, and these deep dives were extremely hazardous to the divers. In the 19th century, divers in Asia had only very basic forms of technology to aid their survival at such depths. For example, in some areas they greased their bodies to conserve heat, put greased cotton in their ears, wore a tortoise-shell clip to close their nostrils, gripped a large object like a rock to descend without the wasteful effort of swimming down, and had a wide-mouthed basket or net to hold the oysters.

For thousands of years, most seawater pearls were retrieved by divers working in the Indian Ocean, in areas such as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and in the Gulf of Mannar (between Sri Lanka and India). A fragment of Isidore of Charax's Parthian itinerary was preserved in Athenaeus's 3rd-century Sophists at Dinner, recording freediving for pearls around an island in the Persian Gulf.

Pearl divers near the Philippines were also successful at harvesting large pearls, especially in the Sulu Archipelago. In fact, pearls from the Sulu Archipelago were considered the "finest of the world" which were found in "high bred" shells in deep, clear, and rapid tidal waters. At times, the largest pearls belonged by law to the sultan, and selling them could result in the death penalty for the seller. Nonetheless, many pearls made it out of the archipelago by stealth, ending up in the possession of the wealthiest families in Europe. Pearling was popular in Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Japan, India and some areas in Persian Gulf countries. The Gulf of Mexico was particularly famous for pearling, which was originally found by the Spanish explorers.

Persian Gulf
The shallow Persian Gulf produced many pearls, and the pearling industry flourished in Kuwait, UAE, and Qatar, with Bahrain producing the highest export. The price for pearls increased throughout the nineteenth century, with the pearl trade expanding in this region. At this time, pearls from the Persian Gulf were being traded in Aleppo and Istanbul, and there is evidence that merchants would sail to India (particularly Bombay) to sell pearls. By the 1930s, there were a few traders travelling all the way to Paris to sell their pearls. In the early twentieth century, it was estimated that about a quarter of the population living in the Persian Gulf's littoral was involved with the pearl trade. In the Persian Gulf, the pearling industry was dominated by slave labor, and male slaves were used as pearl divers until the final abolition of slavery in the Gulf states in the period of 1937–1971.

The pearling industry in this region reached its zenith around 1912, "the Year of Superabundance." By the 1950s, however, dependency on pearls was replaced by dependency on oil, as oil was discovered and the oil industry became the dominant economic trade.

Americas
In a similar manner as in Asia, Native Americans harvested freshwater pearls from lakes and rivers like the Ohio, Tennessee, and Mississippi, while others successfully retrieved marine pearls from the Caribbean and waters along the coasts of Central and South America.

In the time of colonial slavery in northern South America (off the northern coasts of modern Colombia and Venezuela), slaves were used as pearl divers. A diver's career was often short-lived because the waters being searched were known to be shark-infested, resulting in frequent attacks on divers. A slave who discovered a great pearl could sometimes purchase his freedom.

The Great Depression in the United States in the 1930s made it hard to get good prices for pearl shell. The natural pearls found from harvested oysters were a rare bonus for the divers. Many fabulous specimens were found over the years. By the 1930s, over-harvesting had severely depleted the oyster beds. The US government was forced to strictly regulate the harvest to prevent the oysters from becoming extinct, and the Mexican government banned all pearl harvesting from 1942 to 1963.

Australia
Although harvesting of shells had long been practiced by Aboriginal Australians, pearl diving only began in the 1850s off the coast of Western Australia and the pearling industry remained strong until the advent of World War I, when the price of mother-of-pearl plummeted with the invention and expanded use of plastics for buttons and other articles previously made of shell.

In the 1870s, pearling began in the Torres Strait, off Far North Queensland. By the 1890s, pearling was the largest industry in the region, and had a huge impact on coastal Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Because of the dangers of diving, almost no white people participated, and Asian, Pacific, and Indigenous Australians were used as cheap labor for the industry. Shells were the main aim for collection, and the whole industry was essentially a colonial one geared to procuring mother-of-pearl for sale to overseas markets for the making of buttons. As time went on and sources were depleted, divers were encouraged to dive deeper, making the enterprise even more dangerous. Divers experimented with the heavy diving suit, discarding the full diving suit and using the helmet and corselet only, which became standard practice until 1960. "Hookah" gear, tested to 48 fathoms (87 metres) in 1922, was considered unsuitable for the strong tides in these waters, and the later Scuba equipment did not supply enough air to spend the time required underwater and for decompression while surfacing

Colonial Latin America
During the first half of the sixteenth century, Spaniards discovered the extensive pearl oyster beds that existed on the Caribbean coast of Venezuela, particularly in the vicinity of Margarita Island. Indigenous slavery was easy to establish in this area because it had not yet been outlawed; therefore, indigenous peoples were captured and often forced to work as pearl divers. Since violence could not protect the efficiency of the slave trade, coastal chieftains established a ransoming system known as the "rescate" system.

As this system continued to grow, more and more oyster beds were discovered along the Latin American coast, including near Riohacha on Colombia's Guajira Peninsula. However, due to over-exploitation of both indigenous labor and the oyster beds, the Spanish pearl economy soon plummeted. By 1540, previous Spanish settlements along the coast had been abandoned as the Spanish looked elsewhere for more labor and newer markets. The pearl industry was partially revived in the late sixteenth century when Spaniards replaced indigenous labor with African slave labor.

Process
Oyster harvesting methods remained much the same along the coast and varied depending on the divers' conditions, the region's topography, and a Spanish master's work demands.

Venezuela
On Margarita Island, small zones were inspected in advance by the divers, who relied on breath-hold endurance to dive and resurface. Once those small zones had been depleted of their oysters, the men on the boat - which usually included a dozen divers, a Spanish navigator, a diving chief, oarsmen, and a foreman - moved on to the next oyster bed. To retrieve the pearls, the divers carried a small net that had one end tied to the boat and the other end tied to the fishing net. The shells that they extracted were usually placed in this basket, but for dives of greater depth, the divers also had to wear stones tied to their bodies as they submerged into the ocean. The stones acted as a ballast until they resurfaced, where the divers then untied the stones from their bodies. The divers would receive a slight break to eat and rest and continue this work until sundown, where they all presented their catch to the foreman, return to the ranchería to have some dinner, and then open the oyster shells.

The divers were locked in their quarters at night by the Spaniards, who believed that if the divers (who were mostly male) compromised their chastity, they would not be able to submerge but rather float on the water. The divers who either had a small catch or rebelled were beaten with whips and tied in shackles. The working day lasted from dawn till dusk and being underwater, along with bruises, could affect the health of some divers. Furthermore, it is well known that the coastal waters were often infested with sharks, so shark attacks were quite frequent as well. As the fisheries continued to diminish, slaves hid some of the valuable pearls and exchanged them for clothing with their bosses.

On Cubagua, another Venezuelan island, the Spaniards used natives as slave labor in their initial attempts to establish a thriving pearl market in this area. Indians, especially those from Lucayo in the Bahamas, were taken as slaves to Cubagua since their diving skills and swimming capabilities were known to be superb. Likewise, the Spaniards began to import African slaves as the indigenous populations died off from disease and over-exploitation and Africans became so preferred by the Spanish over indigenous labor that a royal decree of 1558 decreed that only Africans (and no natives) should be used for pearl diving. Like other pearl diving groups controlled by the Spanish, the pearl divers could be treated harshly based on their daily pearl retrieval. Unlike the other pearl diving groups, however, the divers on Cubagua were marked by a hot iron on their face and arms with the letter "C," which some scholars argue stood for Cubagua.

The pearl diving process in Cubagua varied slightly from other Spanish pearl diving practices. Here, there were six divers per boat and divers worked together in pairs to collect the pearls. These pearl divers used small pouches tied to their necks to collect the oysters from the sea bottom. Some scholars have reported that because of the climate in Cubagua, the heat would cause the oysters to open themselves, making the pearl extraction process a bit simpler. Natives, unlike Africans, were given less rest time and could potentially be thrown off the boat or whipped to commence work sooner. Similar to slaves on Margarita Island, all pearl diving slaves were chained at night to prevent escape; in addition, deaths not only resulted from shark attacks, but also from hemorrhaging caused by rapid surfacing from the water and intestinal issues induced by constant reentry into cold water.

Panama
Diver groups in the Panamanian fisheries were larger than those on Margarita Island, usually comprising 18–20 divers. Instead of net bags, these divers surfaced with oysters under their armpits or even in their mouths, placing their catch in a cloth bag on board the ship. Each diver would continue to submerge until he was out of breath or extremely tired, but also after they had met their fixed quota for the day. Once the bags were full, the divers caught another breath and immediately began pearl extraction aboard the vessel, handing the pearls to the foreman who accounted for both imperfect and perfect pearls. Excess pearls were given to the divers who could sell them to the vessel owner at a just price; in contrast, if the divers did not meet their daily quota, they would either use their reserve pearls to fulfill the quota for the next day or write that amount of pearls into a debt account. Like the Venezuelan divers, the Panamanian divers also faced the danger of shark attacks, although they usually carried knives to defend themselves.

Present
Today, pearl diving has largely been supplanted by cultured pearl farms, which use a process widely popularized and promoted by Japanese entrepreneur Kōkichi Mikimoto. Particles implanted in the oyster encourage the formation of pearls and allow for more predictable production. Today's pearl industry produces billions of pearls every year. Ama divers still work, primarily now for the tourist industry.

Pearl diving in the Ohio and Tennessee rivers of the United States still exists today. Pearling in Highland rivers in Scotland was prohibited in 1995 after the mussel population was driven to near extinction, see Pearl.

title: Pearl hunting


text:
Dexter Jackson (safety)

Dexter Lamar Jackson (born July 28, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL Draft. He played college football at Florida State.

Jackson won a Super Bowl with the Buccaneers when the team defeated the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII; he was also named Super Bowl MVP. Jackson played for the Arizona Cardinals and Cincinnati Bengals as well.

College career
Jackson attended Florida State University and was a Human Science Major and a letterman in football. In football, he was named as an All-Atlantic Coast Conference as a junior, and he finished his college football career with 194 tackles, 7 interceptions, 16 passes defensed, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and blocked four field goals.

First stint with Buccaneers
Jackson was selected by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round (113th overall) of the 1999 NFL Draft. He made his NFL debut versus the Denver Broncos.

Jackson was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXVII, recording two interceptions. He was the first safety to win the award since Jake Scott in 1973, the third defensive back overall (joining Scott and Larry Brown).

Arizona Cardinals
The Super Bowl win came just before Jackson declared for free agency. The Pittsburgh Steelers had a verbal agreement to sign Jackson; however, he backed out at the last minute and signed with the Arizona Cardinals instead. The Steelers then went to "Plan B" and drafted Troy Polamalu.

Second stint with Buccaneers
Jackson rejoined the Buccaneers in 2004, and played with them until the end of the 2005 season.

Cincinnati Bengals
Before the 2006 season Jackson signed with the Cincinnati Bengals as a free agent. He played three seasons with the team before being released on March 6, 2009.

Florida Tuskers
Jackson finished his professional career with the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League. Jackson was among several former Buccaneers on the Tuskers' inaugural roster and played for the team for the 2009 season before retiring.

Coaching career
Jackson has coached in the greater Atlanta area with CoachUp, a private coaching service.

Broadcasting career
On September 19, 2011, Dexter Jackson and former World Boxing Organization cruiserweight world champion Tyrone Booze began a new radio show called "All Sports" with Randy Harris on Clearwater, Florida's WTAN AM 1340. The show has also aired on WDCF, WZHR and online on the Talking Sports Network.

Personal life
Jackson is married to Tina Jackson (of Miami, FL) and has four daughters: Jazmine, Daisia, Meah, and Taylor. Jackson serves as Youth & Recreation Manager for the Tampa Housing Authority, a non-profit organization in Tampa.

title: Dexter Jackson (safety)


text: Category:Ghanaian boxers

title: Category:Ghanaian boxers


text: Category:Ghanaian sportspeople

title: Category:Ghanaian sportspeople


text:
Talk:Northamptonshire

[Untitled]
Removed Stanford Hall as it's in Leicestershire!--JBellis 17:42, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure whether this is the right place to mention it (apologies if not), but the article reads "Corby is said to be the largest town in England without a railway station." Corby's population (2002 est.) is 53,741. The town of Gosport on the south coast has a population of 77,092 (2002 est.) and also does not have a railway station. Whilst I cannot confirm that Gosport is the largest such town (although the claim is made locally), Corby is certainly not the largest and this sentence should probably be removed from this article. Hope this is helpful. Regards, S Latham.

 * Indeed, this is often stated without any actual proof. I've removed this from both Northamptonshire and Corby. Tom- 15:32, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I think this was the case in the 1980's and was used as a basis for re-instating a service between Kettering and Corby. The service was little used and eventually withdrawn. I suppose it depends on where you draw the boundaries of the town, and how far away the nearest station must be before the town is defined as "not having a station". It was quoted in our local paper (Kettering Evening Telegraph) last Thursday, but no figures were given.

I've found a few snippets which may be of interest:

 * All 3 of Leigh, Gosport and Corby have all been claimed to be the largest in this Parliamentary session (normally by their local MPs who are looking for funding for a transport project) to be the largest. More...
 * From the House of Commons, 15 March 2005:"I can answer part of my hon. Friend's query about whether there are people in a worse position by comparing Leigh, with its population of 43,000, with Corby, which has a population of some 50,000 and does not have a railway station." More...
 * From the House of Commons, 28 June 2005: Mr. Philip Hollobone (Kettering) (Con) "Is the Secretary of State aware that calls for the reopening of the Kettering to Corby railway line to regular passenger traffic enjoy popular support in north Northamptonshire? However, in the Government's Milton Keynes and south midlands sub-regional spatial strategy, published in March, plans for the reopening of that line were described as a possible future priority, but not a current priority. Given that Corby is the largest town in western Europe without access to a regular rail passenger service, can the Secretary of State advise the House when plans for the reopening of Corby station will be announced?" More...

 * -=# Amos E Wolfe talk #=- 18:33, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:EH icon.png
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BetacommandBot (talk) 05:15, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Creating WikiProject Northants
Im thinking on creating a WikiProject on Northamptonshire but I would need some help and what do you think on this idea, please tell me on my talk page. Likelife (talk) 12:58, 22 July 2009 (UTC) Go to :WikiProject Council/Proposals/Northamptonshire if you support or don't. Likelife (talk) 10:48, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Cleaning up
This article is Top Priority. It has been written in good faith, but has been tagged for several issues. This is in no way intended as a criticism, and should be regarded as flagging of areas that need urgent attention. The issues stem from the many different  contributions and styles of writing, layout, and format. A partial clean up  has been made to  demonstrate the extent  of work  still needed to  be done to  make this the Northamptonshire Project  flagship  article,  but  a thorough copyedit  is required. Issues include, but are not  limited to: This article is a hugely collaborative effort. Several regular contributors whose hard work  is greatly appreciated, may not  be fully  applying the Manual  of Style or may not  have mastered the editing  tools, or undertstood the importance of making  edit  summaries. Northamptonshire Wikipedians may also be able to help improve this article or provide advice on editing. --Kudpung (talk) 22:37, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Non-encyclopedic prose style
 * POV or unverifiable statements
 * Incorrect dispalay of inline references and book sources
 * Peacock terms
 * Vague time line citations (such as: in the past, recently, in  the future, will  be, etc)
 * Speculation on  future events. Wiki  is not  a crystal  ball and things that  haven't  happened yet  should not  be reported unless accompaniede by verifiable references such as official  document  confirming  the granting  of planning  permission, new railways, etc.
 * Conflict of information: The article states that there is only  one university in  the county, but  states that  the Tresham Institute "...offers courses in  conjunction  with  several  local  universities..." Please delete or rephrase to  be more specific - copy  editors can't  guess whether the informatioin  is accurate of not.
 * Sports: Unless of critical national  importance, such  as, for example,  winning  the FA cup, or a small  village team getting to  the quarter final  of it, detailed histories and game results of local  clubs are not  of encyclopedic interest.
 * Source material: possible over use of one single source in some sections. While correctly  sourcing  information  is highly  desirable - in  fact  mandatory - intensive use of one source may   unintentionally  introduce too much  of that  one author's opinion or research conclusions. An effort should be made at  a greater diversity  of sources to  ensure an  even balance.

 * Regarding Tresham College (No longer institute), it offers courses in conjunction with several local universities. The universities being DeMontfort Leicester, DeMontfort Bedford and Northampton University. I shall edit the article to reflect this in the morning when I am sober. ReformatMe (talk) 00:03, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

 * There is a large amount of pionts here which need addressing, and could not be done quickly but hope we can all agree that we will all help chaging this page and get rid of all things against Wikipedia's policy. Likelife (talk) 10:01, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

Colleges
I've reinstalled the list of colleges because: I think there is no  harm in  a county  article listing  them in  the education  section; there aren't  many;  colleges are de facto  notable so  they  could/should have their own articles; the red links might  inspire someone - me? ;) to write the articles.--Kudpung (talk) 15:26, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Alan Titchmarsh and his pancreas
I'm interested in what others think about the inclusion of Alan Titchmarsh's 'Pancreas of England'. I guess it should appear in the Geography section if anywhere, and definitely be referenced. My opinion is that it should not be in the lead, which gives it undue prominence; Titchmarsh is a television presenter, not a geographer or historian. At the moment the article says Northants has been likened to a pancreas "most notably" by Titchmarsh, but Googling has produced no other mentions of it... Bogbumper (talk) 20:32, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

 * You are quite right  to  bring  this up. In  my  opinion, a casual one-off remark  by a TV or radio presenter, unless it  has become a popular buzzword,  is not  important enough  for  a mention anywhere in  a Wikipedia article. The same goes for the unreferenced mention  of 'squires and spires'. I  suggest  cutting  these things out and expanding  the intro  into  a proper summary  of the article  that  follows it.--Kudpung (talk) 02:06, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I've removed the offending paragraph completely. I'll do some work on the intro this week if I get a chance. ReformatMe (talk) 23:55, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Seems good to me. I've seen 'spires and squires' used before elsewhere, but we'll need references for it, of course... Here's one from The Rough Guide to Britain. I made a stub for Hunsbury Hill, by the way. Bogbumper (talk) 07:26, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The pancreas is back again!!!!! and it's not referenced... Bogbumper (talk) 14:43, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I've heard the phrase being used from time to time recently with reference to Northamptonshire, and a Google search shows several references to it being "England's Pancreas", so surely it should be included. I doubt that Titchmarsh would have invented the phrase. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.81.199.40 (talk) 20:41, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Are there reputable references to back this up? Last time I looked, there weren't. I bet if you asked a sample of people (even in Northants) what or where England's pancreas was, they'd just look at you blankly. Bogbumper (talk) 10:13, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

Populations of largest towns
In the list of town populations, borough/district populations were being used. This made the towns artificially large - Daventry, for instance, trebled in size as it took in Weedon, Long Buckby, Brixworth, Moulton, and all of the other large villages in its district. I've therefore amended the figures to the town populations as per the underlying articles, all as at the 2001 census. Matthew (talk) 23:46, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Northamptonshire Flag
The flag shown on this article seems to be completely fictitious. I have never seen on in real life and there is no evidence of a flag like this anywhere online. Does anyone have any evidence for its existence? I know Northamptonshire County Council use a green and white flag with white and red roses, based on their coat of arms. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.81.199.40 (talk) 16:59, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I admit I've never seen it either.Likelife (talk) 08:33, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The reference for the flag shown at the moment (File:County Flag of Northamptonshire.png) is a non-reliable fringe nationalist website (see "reference" link). Northamptonshire did send a flag to the UK government to hang - see link - but it looks nothing like the one on display here at the moment. For that reason I'm removing the current flag and will append a note to Commons. TheGrappler (talk) 22:56, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Though NB the county council, and county, flags need not be the same! But the Flag Institute doesn't list a Northamptonshire design and I can't see any RS to back up the fringe source. TheGrappler (talk) 23:14, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Market Harborough
The town of Market Harborough has never, in its entire history, been in the county of Northamptonshire. It was stated on the page that Market Harborough was once in the historic county of Northamptonshire (in the same way that the Soke of Peterborough once was), but this has never been so. It was also stated without a citation, and the fact that this was approved shows laziness and sloppyness on the part of the page editors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.18.176.10720:20, 13 April 2024 (talk)
 * Please assume good faith. The error arose from a misreading of the source: on looking at it more closely, it is clear now that it was only the Little Bowden neighbourhood of Market Harborough that was in Northamptonshire. I will fix it but why not sign up and fix such errors yourself next time?

title: Talk:Northamptonshire