text:
The World at the End of Time

World at the End of Time is a 1990 hard science fiction novel by American writer Frederik Pohl. It tells the parallel stories of a human and a plasma-based intelligence who manage to survive to the time near the heat death of the universe. The book is thus a combined work in speculative cosmology and space colonization.

Plot summary
World at the End of Time follows the story of a young Earth-born human, Viktor Sorricaine, on a colony expedition to a distant star system. The colonists are frozen for the long trip between stars. Unknown to both the humans of Earth and the colonists, the stars around them are home to immensely long-lived (effectively immortal) plasma creatures—with no knowledge of, or interest in, the activities of insignificant matter creatures.

Wan-To, one of the oldest and most powerful plasma creatures, is engaged in a war. After creating modified copies of himself, or "children", for company, Wan-To finds himself in a deadly game of chess with them. The "board" is the entire galaxy and the weapons are the stars themselves. Each star may be home to an enemy "child"; using a variety of exotic particles, Wan-To is able to cause a targeted star to flare and kill any enemy that may be living within it. Some time after the colonists have left Earth, its own sun falls victim to the war, being made to explode with humanity on Earth being destroyed as collateral damage. The colonists are thus the only humans left.

Into the middle of this battlefield, the three colony ships (Ark, New Mayflower and Argosy) unwittingly head for their new home. Upon arriving, the colony begins to establish itself ... only to discover that their entire local group of stars appears to be undergoing a bizarre acceleration, and are dimming. After a disastrous disease outbreak and terraforming failures, the desperate colonists eventually decide to investigate the strange radiation emissions from a small world within their solar system.

Upon arriving in orbit, their ship is badly damaged and Viktor is forced into the onboard freezer systems. They are eventually rescued and unfrozen four hundred of the colony's years later, to find the colony in an even more desperate situation. The star around which the colony's world orbits has dimmed considerably (owing to the energy being siphoned off to accelerate it) and they are now travelling so fast that, because of relativistic effects, the universe around them has shrunk to a bright dot. The colony has become factionalized and heavily religious, with scientific investigation discouraged.

Viktor is eventually frozen again for attempting to investigate why they have been accelerating. He wakes four thousand of the colony's years later, to find the far descendants of the colony have rebuilt their society into habitats closely orbiting the dim star (a brown dwarf) and created a high-technology civilization dedicated to pleasure and comfort. He makes his way, eventually, to the former colony to find only a few fellow-colonists unfrozen and attempting to rebuild it. His unique status as someone who was born on "old Earth" brings publicity to their efforts and the rebuilding forges ahead.

During the four thousand years of Viktor's frozen sleep, the star system has been slowed again. After the vast amount of time that has passed, all that remains of the once young universe are dead stars and black holes, with Wan-To desperately surviving on the energy provided by proton decay. Wan-To receives a tachyon transmission from his long-forgotten systems and makes preparations to move into these last remaining stars — believing that the small matter creatures inhabiting the system are irrelevant and can be destroyed as a result should they become an irritation.

title: The World at the End of Time


text:
Attorney General of Ontario

The Attorney General of Ontario is the chief legal adviser to His Majesty the King in Right of Ontario and, by extension, the Government of Ontario. The Attorney General is a senior member of the Executive Council of Ontario (the cabinet) and oversees the Ministry of the Attorney General – the department responsible for the oversight of the justice system in the province of Ontario. The Attorney General is an elected Member of Provincial Parliament who is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario on the constitutional advice of the Premier of Ontario.

The goal of the Ministry of the Attorney General is to provide a fair and accessible justice system that reflects the needs of the diverse communities it serves across government and the province. The Ministry represents the largest justice system in Canada and one of the largest in North America. It strives to manage the justice system in an equitable, affordable and accessible way throughout the province.

Doug Downey was appointed Attorney General of Ontario on 20 June 2019, replacing Caroline Mulroney.

Authority
The Attorney General has the authority to represent the provincial government in court personally, but this task is almost always delegated to crown attorneys, or to crown counsel in civil cases. Both Ian Scott and Roy McMurtry, who were prominent courtroom lawyers before entering politics, acted for Ontario in constitutional appeals before the Supreme Court of Canada.

Most holders of the office have been practising lawyers or had legal training. Marion Boyd was the only Attorney General who was not a lawyer until Caroline Mulroney's appointment. Although Mulroney studied and practised law in the United States, she is not legally able to practise law in Canada.

Responsibilities
The Ministry of the Attorney General delivers and administers a wide range of justice services, including:

 * 1) administering approximately 115 statutes;
 * 2) conducting criminal proceedings throughout Ontario;
 * 3) providing legal advice to, and conducting litigation on behalf of, all government ministries and many agencies, boards and tribunals;
 * 4) providing advice on, and drafting, all legislation and regulations; and
 * 5) coordinating and administering court services throughout Ontario.

The Ontario Crown Attorney's Office, the Office of the Public Guardian and Trustee, the Office of the Children's Lawyer (formerly called the Official Guardian), and the Special Investigations Unit (SIU) all fall within the Ministry's responsibilities. The Ministry also partially funds Legal Aid Ontario, which is administered by an independent board and also receives funding through the Law Foundation of Ontario and from the federal government.

Portfolios
In 2008, Office of the Independent Police Review Director (IPRD) was established under the authority of the AG, as a civilian body with powers invested through Public Inquiries Act to investigate complaints about municipal police forces and the Ontario Provincial Police.

Following the 2013 release of former Supreme Court judge Frank Iacobucci's report on the relationship between Aboriginal peoples and the Ontario justice system, a position of deputy attorney general with responsibility for Aboriginal issues was created.

Attorneys-general of Upper Canada
1. John White (Frontenac County) 1791–1800 2. Robert Isaac Dey Gray 1800–1801 3. Thomas Scott 1801–1806 4. William Firth 1807–1812 5. G. D'Arcy Boulton 1814–1818 6. Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto 1818–1829, acting AG 1812–1814 7. Henry John Boulton 1829–1833 8. Robert Sympson Jameson 1833–1837, last British-appointed AG 9. Christopher Alexander Hagerman 1837–1840, first Canadian-born AG of Upper Canada 10. William Henry Draper 1840–1841, last AG of Upper Canada

Attorneys-general of the Province of Canada (Canada West)
In 1841, the Province of Upper Canada became the District of Canada West in the Province of Canada

11. William Henry Draper 1841–1843 12. Robert Baldwin 1843–1848 13. William Buell Richards 1848–1854 14. John A. Macdonald 1854–1862, 1864–1867 15. John Sandfield Macdonald 1862–1864

After 1867, the Attorney General position was split into federal and provincial counterparts:

Attorney General of Ontario Attorney General of Quebec (renamed the Ministry of Justice in 1965) Attorney General of Canada

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Attorney General of Ontario


text:
ItAli Airlines

ItAli Airlines S.p.A. was an airline based in Rome. It operated regional scheduled, charter and cargo services, as well as air taxi flights. Its main base was Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino International Airport, Rome.

History
The airline started operations in October 2003 and was wholly owned by Giuseppe Spadaccini. ItAli Airlines connected Pescara airport with the main Italian airports to feed national and international flights and some international destinations, particularly the daily service to Milan-Linate Airport is still operated with Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner.

Line activity, operated with Dornier 328Jet dwindled in favor of charter/ACMI flights, operated with McDonnell Douglas MD-82, mainly from bases at Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport and Milan Malpensa Airport.

At the beginning of the Summer 2009 was created the Air Taxi sector of the company on Rome Ciampino Airport with secondary base on Milan-Linate Airport in order to increase Cessna fleet operations. The flights were sold under the brand of MustFly, a subsidiary of ItAli Airlines. MustFly aircraft operated as General aviation under ItAli Airlines Air Operator's Certificate, including two Dornier 328Jet specially reconfigured to 19 seats.

On 21 October 2010, Mr Giuseppe Spadaccini, ItAli Airlines owner, and other 12 people were arrested by Pescara's Guardia di Finanza on suspicion of international tax evasion (around 90 million euros globally).

On 11 March 2011, the Italian Aviation Authority (ENAC) suspended the air operator's certificate due to the persistence of some critical issues from the carrier.

Destinations
During Winter Season 2010, ItAli Airlines served the following scheduled destinations:

Europe

 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Genoa -Genoa Airport (Key Airport)
 * Milan - Linate Airport
 * Reggio Calabria - Reggio Calabria Airport (Key Airport)
 * Rome - Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport (Hub)

 * 🇫🇷 France
 * Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport

Fleet
The ItAli Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft at the time of closure:

ItAli Airlines had placed an order for 10 Sukhoi Superjet 100-95 aircraft which were expected to be in service around mid-2010. This order also included 10 options. However, in January 2011, the ItAli's firm order had been dropped from Superjet International's order book.

title: ItAli Airlines


text:
Matriz (Ribeira Grande)

Matriz  is a parish in the district of Ribeira Grande in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 3,968, in an area of 10.84 km². It is situated on the north coast of the island. Together with the parish Conceição, it forms the town Ribeira Grande. It contains the localities Bairro de Santa Luzia, Caldeiras and Matriz.

title: Matriz (Ribeira Grande)


text:
Talk:University of Limerick

Controversy and allegations
The following was added by an anonymous contributor - and is quite a serious allegation.

Recent investigations and tribunals however, have led many to believe that this was achieved through bribing and coercion, in particular to the popular Limerick politician, Willie O'Dea.

If indeed there is some background to this, it should be provided before the topic is inserted into the article. If there is some substance to this, it should be tackled in a more measured way - and certainly not referring to individuals unless that is a definitive finding of some investigation. Neither should Wikipedia report malicious rumours if that is the case.

zoney ♣ talk 21:20, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed serious allegations should not be made without some facts or articles referenced, for instance the date of tribunal or who lead the investigations or an internet article cited from a reliable source. Wikipedia should not be a hot bed of rumour or score settling. Djegan 21:25, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

LAOTSE-Network. A network of leading European and Asian universities. UL is a partner university of LAOTSE. -- Bact 00:07, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Expansion
I have a list of when all the buildings were completed somewhere, if that would be appropriate for this section. --Zilog Jones 14:45, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. Perhaps put it in a table layout with links to the people the buildings are named after, for example: Kathleen Lonsdale Building Seabhcán 15:03, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it does sound good, but unfortunately my brother lost the list -_-. I think he got it off the Buildings Department (it was something related to his FYP), so one of us could always ask them again for it if we're bored. --Zilog Jones 15:55, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I've taken the material from UL Games Society and merged it in this article. I didn't think that the unsourced speculative history of a college gaming group was unencyclopedic. Mackensen (talk) 17:50, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

ULGSoc
I reverted the ULGS change as it makes no sense to have GSoc within the primary article as it is a tertiary organisation compared to the University and say the Students Union as secondary. If people feel GSoc doesn't need its own page it could be merged into a "UL Student Societies" page perhaps. Dowlingm 02:23, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've just noticed this, and thanks. I was planning on just deleting it from the main article alltogether after all the ruckus about having a dedicated page originally. The GSoc page is fine as it is now - I don't think it needs to be expanded. --Zilog Jones 18:55, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The games society page has been removed and a search for GSoc now leads to this page. Ergo, there now exists no information about the games society, whereas two other societies have seperate articles of varying detail. I don't think any one society warrants a page of its own and would suggest that the best way forward be a page for UL clubs and societies in general. TheCardinal 15:23, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think prob is reasonable to have a single page for all socities (or at least the notary ones) - would need a vote? Djegan 17:33, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Students Union
It says on USI that ULSU is not currently affiliated. Why is this? Seabhcán 13:01, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Many of the Students Unions of Ireland do not affiliate with the Union of Students in Ireland (USI). It could of being an issue with fees but I suspect it was something about policy. Djegan 19:20, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Too little services, too much politics. Some of USI's "training" material was merely photocopies of National Union of Students material. Dowlingm 20:31, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:University of Limerick 2005.png
Image:University of Limerick 2005.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 11:39, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:University of Limerick 2005.png
Image:University of Limerick 2005.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:43, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Recent removals of copyvio material
A set of fairly recently added material has just been removed. The copyvio issue appears genuine but the material covered valid and important topics, and it would have been nicer had it been rewritten (as one small section was) to remove the copyright issue. Can someone familiar with the University do this? Especially for Campus, but also Foundation, etc. Some of the more "promo" or peacock material need not be returned. SeoR (talk) 22:27, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Chuck Feeney/ Atlantic Philanthropies
I think that this article is missing some significant information on the history of the university, given that Chuck Feeney (through Atlantic Philanthropies) paid for the majority of what is Limerick University, yet there isn't a single mention of that fact.--Trounce (talk) 09:54, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

I have corrected this omission --Chris.exton (talk) 17:55, 28 May 2009 (UTC)--Chris.exton (talk) 17:55, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Famous Alumni and Staff
I just updated the "Famous Alumni and Staff" if anybody else has some suggestions please include them, I didn't know the current president of Georgia was ex UL until today :-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chris.exton (talk • contribs) 12:24, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Clubs and Societies
The sentence: More information regarding Clubs and Societies can be found here - UL Clubs and Societies contains an external link right in the article rather than in the external links section at the bottom of the page, i've never seen this in a wikipedia article before, is it right or should it be moved to external? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.46.238.44 (talk) 18:13, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Logo
Hi all,

Is the logo correct? It's source is said to be here but the logos are different. I can't find the one in the infobox on the UL website.  Nelson50 T  10:43, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Proposed merge with Kemmy Business School
Non-notable on it's lonesome. This article being with the main article as a section would be more useful. Kirbanzo (talk) 16:20, 19 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I have merged the Kemmy Business School article into this one. MarkZusab (talk) 22:19, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

"Thomond Village" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Thomond Village. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. The Banner talk 13:52, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Limerick


text:
Rigdonite

A Rigdonite is a member of the Latter Day Saint movement who accepts Sidney Rigdon as the successor in the church presidency to the movement's founder, Joseph Smith Jr. The early history of the Rigdonite movement is shared with the history of the Latter Day Saint movement, but as of the 1844 succession crisis becomes distinct. Sidney Rigdon and other church leaders, including Brigham Young and James J. Strang, presented themselves as leaders of the movement and established rival church organizations. Rigdon's group was initially headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was known at one point as the Church of Jesus Christ of the Children of Zion, and its adherents are referred to as Rigdonites, or sometimes "Pennsylvania Latter Day Saints" or "Pennsylvania Mormons." The only surviving organization that traces its succession back to Rigdon's organizations is The Church of Jesus Christ, founded by a group of Rigdon's followers led by William Bickerton.

Background
On June 1, 1841, Sidney Rigdon had been ordained by Joseph Smith as a "Prophet, Seer and Revelator" —which was one of the same ecclesiastical titles held by Smith. The Church of Jesus Christ maintains that as First Counselor to Smith, Rigdon should naturally have been the leader of the church after Smith's death. With this understanding, The Church of Jesus Christ disagrees that the Quorum of Twelve had the right to lead the church. The Church of Jesus Christ argues that Rigdon should have been allowed to be what he claimed to be—a "guardian" over the church until proper proceedings could decide the next president—and that proceedings which resulted in Brigham Young leading the church constituted a procedural violation.

After the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, Sidney Rigdon, who had been the first counselor in the First Presidency, claimed to have received a vision sustaining him as the leader of the Church. The subsequent succession crisis caused a large amount of confusion about who should succeed the slain prophet. Rigdon claimed the right to lead the church as the senior surviving member of the church's highest ruling body, the First Presidency. Up until Smith's death, the First Presidency had made nearly all the major decisions and led the Church of Christ both naturally and spiritually. The Quorum of Twelve Apostles, led by Brigham Young, also claimed the right to lead the church. The Quorum of the Twelve's claim was derived from a revelation of Joseph Smith allowing them to stand equal to the First Presidency in attending to natural matters of the church.

On December 27, 1847, when Young organized a new First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve only had seven of the original twelve members present to represent a council to decide the Presidency. William Smith, John E. Page, and Lyman Wight had previously denounced the proceedings and were not present (Young had called replacement apostles, but Rigdon saw these callings as invalid). John Taylor and Parley P. Pratt were in the Salt Lake Valley and could not have known of the proceedings. This left just seven present, a majority of one meaning Young would have to vote for himself in order to gain a majority quorum vote in favor of his leadership. Young chose two of the other apostles, Heber C. Kimball and Willard Richards, as his counselors in the First Presidency. This left only four members of the Quorum of the Twelve, as recognized by Sidney, present to vote in favor of creation of the new First Presidency: Orson Hyde, Wilford Woodruff, George A. Smith, and Orson Pratt. The Church of Jesus Christ views this action as a violation of church law compromising the authority of Sidney Rigdon without a majority quorum vote. The LDS Church does not agree with this view of the proceedings, as they recognize newly ordained apostles under Joseph Smith as authorized to offer a sustaining vote.

Rigdon's Pittsburgh church
Undaunted, Rigdon relocated to Pittsburgh and established a rival organization of the church. Ebenezer Robinson, founding publisher of the Times and Seasons, became publisher of a new church periodical, the Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate, (later the Messenger and Advocate of the Church of Christ.) The Rigdonite paper sought to expose and condemn the practice of plural marriage. Church elder Benjamin Winchester commented that Young and the Quorum of the Twelve had:
 * "Excited a certain portion of the Church to reject Elder Rigdon (which is a most horrid outrage upon the laws of the same) from a fear that he would bring them to...justice for teaching and practicing the doctrine of polygamy."

The Rigdonites came to believe that Joseph Smith had become a fallen prophet when he began to practice polygamy and that, as a result the "Lord smote him for this thing—cut him off from the earth." (Messenger and Advocate, Jan. 1, 1845)

Rigdon toured the eastern branches of the church in late 1844 and early 1845, gathering leaders to his cause. He was joined by former members of the First Presidency, John C. Bennett and William Law and also by former Apostle William E. McLellin.

On April 6, 1845—fifteen years after the original organization of the church—Rigdon presided over a General Conference of Rigdonite Latter Day Saints in Pittsburgh, establishing a new hierarchy. He himself was sustained as President of the Church. The new Quorum of the Twelve Apostles consisted of: William E. McLellin, George W. Robinson, Benjamin Winchester, James Blakeslee, Josiah Ells, Hugh Herringshaw, David L. Lathrop, Jeremiah Hatch, Jr., E.R. Swackhammer, William Small, Samuel Bennett. Carvel Rigdon became Presiding Patriarch, and a Standing High Council, Quorum of the Seventy, Presiding Bishopric, and other quorum presidencies were established. In addition, Rigdon called seventy-three men and boys to a "Grand Council," perhaps an adaptation of the Council of Fifty. Also at the conference, the new church organization formally returned its name to the 1830 church's original name, the "Church of Christ."

At a General Conference held that fall in Philadelphia, Rigdon announced that the church would re-establish a communitarian society on what was named "Adventure Farm" near Greencastle, Pennsylvania. Like many attempts to live the Law of Consecration in the Latter Day Saint movement, this experiment proved a failure. Rigdonite apostles William E. McLellin and Benjamin Winchester grew disgusted with Rigdon's leadership and found a new church president and organization in the person of David Whitmer and the Church of Christ (Whitmerite).

One of the replacements in the Quorum was William Bickerton. Bickerton, however, disagreed with Rigdon's proposed move to Greencastle and severed his ties to the Church. Bickerton remained in Monongahela, Pennsylvania, and never moved to Greencastle. By April 1847, the Adventure Farm community had collapsed and Rigdon had abandoned his flock, living out the rest of his life on the charity of relatives in New York state. Bickerton continued to live in the Monongahela area and in 1849 began meeting informally with other believers whom he had converted to the faith, few of which had ever been associated with Rigdon. In 1862, he formally organized his Pennsylvania followers into The Church of Jesus Christ.

Church of Jesus Christ of the Children of Zion
In January 1856, Stephen Post wrote to Rigdon about the disordered state of Mormonism, and in March Rigdon responded to Post's letter with a revelation commanding him to assist in reestablishing the Rigdonite organization. Post embraced Rigdon's prophetic claims and became an advocate of his cause, with an 1866 revelation designating him Rigdon's "spokesman." Post's non-Mormon wife, Jane, converted to the Rigdonite church in 1865 and was ordained an elder in 1868. In 1871, Post was sent on a mission to Manitoba, Canada, where he spent the rest of his life. After Rigdon's death, Post succeeded him as leader of the church, but died three years later. In 1880, Andrew J. Hinckle was appointed President of the Church in his stead, but was replaced by Jane Post in 1882. After Jane Post's death, the remaining organization quickly collapsed.

Scripture
Sidney Rigdon and his followers rejected many of the teachings taught by Joseph Smith. However, they accepted the Bible and the Book of Mormon as the word of God. In addition, Sidney Rigdon wrote many revelations in letters to Stephen Post, who then distributed it to Rigdon's adherents.

title: Rigdonite


text:
List of Nintendo products

The following is a list of products developed and/or published by Nintendo in any region. Products created by third parties on their platforms are not listed here, unless licensed to or distributed by Nintendo.

Officially-licensed without direct Nintendo involvement
There have been several commercially released video games officially licensed to use Nintendo-owned intellectual properties without the company or one of its subsidiaries being involved in the game's production or distribution.

title: List of Nintendo products


text:
Pretorius

Pretorius is a common Afrikaans surname.

Recorded in several forms (including Praetor, Praetorius, Pratorius, Pretorius, (German), and in English Preater, Preter and Pretor), Pretorius is a surname of Germanic origins, although the ultimate origin is the Roman (Latin) word "praetor". This literally meant "leader", but was used in Imperial Rome to describe officials who led processions, as well as the Praetorian Guard, who provided the security for the Senate and the Imperial Roman family. Although apparently first recorded in England several centuries before Germany, which is probably because of lost medieval records, it is rare in England, although now found in some numbers in Austria, Switzerland and South Africa.

People with the surname Pretorius

 * André Pretorius, South African rugby player
 * Andries Pretorius (1798–1853), Boer leader
 * Andries Pretorius (rugby player), South African rugby player
 * Karla Pretorius (1990-) South African and international netballer
 * Dewald Pretorius, South African cricketer
 * Dewald Pretorius (rugby union), South African rugby player
 * Dwaine Pretorius, South African cricketer
 * Frans Pretorius, South African-born, Canadian physicist
 * Giovanni Pretorius (1972–2021), South African Olympic boxer
 * Hattingh Pretorius, South African military commander
 * Jackie Pretorius, racecar driver
 * Jaco Pretorius, South African rugby player
 * Johan Pretorius, South African separatist
 * Kosie Pretorius, Namibian politician
 * Marianne Pretorius, South African rock climber
 * Mark Pretorius, South African theologian and philosopher
 * Mark Pretorius (rugby union), South African rugby player
 * Marthinus Wessel Pretorius first president of the South African Republic (often known as the Transvaal Republic) and son of Andries
 * Nico Pretorius, South African rugby player
 * Ryan Pretorius, American football place kicker from South Africa
 * Sarel Pretorius, South African rugby player
 * Spanner Pretorius, South African rugby player
 * Trompie Pretorius, South African rugby player

Fictional Characters

 * Doctor Septimus Pretorius, fictional mad scientist in Bride of Frankenstein
 * Edward Pretorius, fictional scientist and main antagonist in the horror film From Beyond

title: Pretorius


text:
Time of occurrence

In forensic investigation, the time of occurrence of an event (such as time of death, time of incident) is one of the most important things to determine accurately as soon as possible. Sometimes this can only be estimated. Some indicators that investigators use are rigor mortis, livor mortis, algor mortis, clouding of the corneas, state of decomposition, presence/absence of purged fluids and level of tissue desiccation.

Pathologists can assume a time of death via analysing necrophagous diptera. The odour from decaying flesh attracts different species as the stages of decomposition progress.

title: Time of occurrence


text: Category:Phase changes

title: Category:Phase changes


text:
Condensing

Condensing may refer to:
 * Condensation
 * Condensing steam locomotive
 * Condensing boiler
 * Condensing osteitis

title: Condensing


text:
Eltanin Antenna

The Eltanin Antenna is an object photographed on the sea floor by the Antarctic oceanographic research ship USNS Eltanin in 1964, while photographing the sea bottom west of Cape Horn.

Due to its regular antenna-like structure and upright position on the seafloor at a depth of 3904 m, some proponents of fringe and UFO-related theories including Bruce Cathie have suggested that it might be an extraterrestrial artifact. Other authorities have suggested that the object photographed by the Eltanin was an unusual carnivorous sponge, Chondrocladia concrescens (formerly Cladorhiza concrescens).

History
The 1,850-ton displacement vessel Eltanin was originally launched in 1957, and served with the United States Navy as a cargo-carrying icebreaker. In 1962, she was reclassified as an Oceanographic Research Ship and became the world's first dedicated Antarctic research vessel, a role she filled until 1975.

On 29 August 1964, while taking sample cores and photographing the seabed west of Cape Horn, South America, the Eltanin took the photograph reproduced in this article, at position 59°07'S 105°03'W, at a depth of 3,904 metre.

The first public mention of the unusual subject of the photograph was a news item which appeared in the New Zealand Herald on 5 December 1964, under the heading "Puzzle Picture From Sea Bed". In 1968, author Brad Steiger wrote an article for Saga Magazine, in which he claimed that the Eltanin had photographed "an astonishing piece of machinery... very much like the cross between a TV antenna and a telemetry antenna".

Identification as sponge

In 1971 the object was identified as Cladorhiza concrescens, a species of carnivorous sponge by Bruce C. Heezen and Charles D. Hollister in their book The Face of the Deep. The book reproduces the photograph taken by the USNS Eltanin as well as a redrawn version of a drawing by Alexander Agassiz which originally appeared in his 1888 Three Cruises of the Blake. Hollister and Heezen describe Cladorhiza concrescens as a sponge which "somewhat resembles a space-age microwave antenna", while Agassiz described the sponges as having "a long stem ending in ramifying roots, sunk deeply into the mud. The stem has nodes with four to six club-like appendages. They evidently cover like bushes extensive tracts of the bottom."

The identification was largely unknown outside marine biology circles until 2003, when a discussion of the Eltanin Antenna on a UFO mailing list caused researcher Tom DeMary to contact A. F. Amos, an oceanographer who had been aboard the USNS Eltanin in the 1960s. Amos referred DeMary to the Hezeen and Hollister book for further information, after which DeMary published scans of the sponge drawings online.

title: Eltanin Antenna


text:
Session border controller

A session border controller (SBC) is a network element deployed to protect SIP based voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) networks.

Early deployments of SBCs were focused on the borders between two service provider networks in a peering environment. This role has now expanded to include significant deployments between a service provider's access network and a backbone network to provide service to residential and/or enterprise customers.

The term "session" refers to a communication between two or more parties – in the context of telephony, this would be a call. Each call consists of one or more call signaling message exchanges that control the call, and one or more call media streams which carry the call's audio, video, or other data along with information of call statistics and quality. Together, these streams make up a session. It is the job of a session border controller to exert influence over the data flows of sessions.

The term "border" refers to a point of demarcation between one part of a network and another. As a simple example, at the edge of a corporate network, a firewall demarcates the local network (inside the corporation) from the rest of the Internet (outside the corporation). A more complex example is that of a large corporation where different departments have security needs for each location and perhaps for each kind of data. In this case, filtering routers or other network elements are used to control the flow of data streams. It is the job of a session border controller to assist policy administrators in managing the flow of session data across these borders.

The term "controller" refers to the influence that session border controllers have on the data streams that comprise sessions, as they traverse borders between one part of a network and another. Additionally, session border controllers often provide measurement, access control, and data conversion facilities for the calls they control.

Functions
SBCs commonly maintain full session state and offer the following functions:
 * Security – protect the network and other devices from:
 * Malicious attacks such as a denial-of-service attack (DoS) or distributed DoS
 * Toll fraud via rogue media streams
 * Malformed packet protection
 * Encryption of signaling (via TLS and IPSec) and media (SRTP)
 * Connectivity – allow different parts of the network to communicate through the use of a variety of techniques such as:
 * NAT traversal
 * SIP normalization via SIP message and header manipulation
 * IPv4 to IPv6 interworking
 * VPN connectivity
 * Protocol translations between SIP, SIP-I, H.323
 * Quality of service – the QoS policy of a network and prioritization of flows is usually implemented by the SBC. It can include such functions as:
 * Traffic policing
 * Resource allocation
 * Rate limiting
 * Call admission control
 * ToS/DSCP bit setting
 * Regulatory – many times the SBC is expected to provide support for regulatory requirements such as:
 * emergency calls prioritization and
 * lawful interception
 * Media services – many of the new generation of SBCs also provide built-in digital signal processors (DSPs) to enable them to offer border-based media control and services such as:
 * DTMF relay and interworking
 * Media transcoding
 * Tones and announcements
 * Data and fax interworking
 * Support for voice and video calls
 * Statistics and billing information – since all sessions that pass through the edge of the network pass through the SBC, it is a natural point to gather statistics and usage-based information on these sessions.

With the advent of WebRTC some SBCs have also assumed the role of SIP to WebRTC Gateway and translate SIP. While no one signalling protocol is mandated by the WebRTC specifications, SIP over WebSockets (RFC 7118) is often used partially due to the applicability of SIP to most of the envisaged communication scenarios as well as the availability of open source software such as JsSIP. In such a case the SBC acts as a gateway between the WebRTC applications and SIP end points.

Applications
SBCs are inserted into the signaling and/or media paths between calling and called parties in a VoIP call, predominantly those using the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), H.323, and MGCP call-signaling protocols.

In many cases the SBC hides the network topology and protects the service provider or enterprise packet networks. The SBC terminates an inbound call and initiates the second call leg to the destination party. In technical terms, when used with the SIP protocol, this defines a back-to-back user agent (B2BUA). The effect of this behavior is that not only the signaling traffic, but also the media traffic (voice, video) is controlled by the SBC. In cases where the SBC does not have the capability to provide media services, SBCs are also able to redirect media traffic to a different element elsewhere in the network, for recording, generation of music-on-hold, or other media-related purposes. Conversely, without an SBC, the media traffic travels directly between the endpoints, without the in-network call signaling elements having control over their path.

In other cases, the SBC simply modifies the stream of call control (signaling) data involved in each call, perhaps limiting the kinds of calls that can be conducted, changing the codec choices, and so on. Ultimately, SBCs allow the network operators to manage the calls that are made on their networks, fix or change protocols and protocol syntax to achieve interoperability, and also overcome some of the problems that firewalls and network address translators (NATs) present for VoIP calls.

To show the operation of an SBC, one can compare a simple call establishment sequence with a call establishment sequence with an SBC. In the simplest session establishment sequence with only one proxy between the user agents the proxy’s task is to identify the callee’s location and forward the request to it. The proxy also adds a Via header with its own address to indicate the path that the response should traverse. The proxy does not change any dialog identification information present in the message such as the tag in the From header, the Call-Id or the Cseq. Proxies also do not alter any information in the SIP message bodies. Note that during the session initiation phase the user agents exchange SIP messages with the SDP bodies that include addresses at which the agents expect the media traffic. After successfully finishing the session initiation phase the user agents can exchange the media traffic directly between each other without the involvement of the proxy.

SBCs are designed for many applications and are used by operators and enterprises to achieve a variety of goals. Even the same SBC implementation might act differently depending on its configuration and the use case. Hence, it is not easily possible to describe an exact SBC behavior that would apply to all SBC implementations. In general it is possible to identify certain features that are common to SBCs. For example, most SBCs are implemented as back-to-back user agent. A B2BUA is a proxy-like server that splits a SIP transaction in two call legs: on the side facing the user agent client (UAC), it acts as server, on the side facing user agent server (UAS) it acts as a client. While a proxy usually keeps only state information related to active transactions, B2BUAs keep state information about active dialogs, e.g., calls. That is, once a proxy receives a SIP request it will save some state information. Once the transaction is over, e.g., after receiving a response, the state information will soon after be deleted. A B2BUA will maintain state information for active calls and only delete this information once the call is terminated.

When an SBC is included in the call path, the SBC acts as a B2BUA that behaves as a user agent server towards the caller and as user agent client towards the callee. In this sense, the SBC actually terminates that call that was generated by the caller and starts a new call towards the callee. The INVITE message sent by the SBC contains no longer a clear reference to the caller. The INVITE sent by the SBC to the proxy includes Via and Contact headers that point to the SBC itself and not the caller. SBCs often also manipulate the dialog identification information listed in the Call-Id and From tag. Further, in case the SBC is configured to also control the media traffic then the SBC also changes the media addressing information included in the c and m lines of the SDP body. Thereby, not only will all SIP messages traverse the SBC but also all audio and video packets. As the INVITE sent by the SBC establishes a new dialog, the SBC also manipulates the message sequence number (CSeq) as well the Max-Forwards value. Note that the list of header manipulations listed here is only a subset of the possible changes that an SBC might introduce to a SIP message. Furthermore, some SBCs might not do all of the listed manipulations. If the SBC is not expected to control the media traffic then there might be no need to change anything in the SDP body. Some SBCs do not change the dialog identification information and others might even not change the addressing information.

SBCs are often used by corporations along with firewalls and intrusion prevention systems (IPS) to enable VoIP calls to and from a protected enterprise network. VoIP service providers use SBCs to allow the use of VoIP protocols from private networks with Internet connections using NAT, and also to implement strong security measures that are necessary to maintain a high quality of service. SBCs also replace the function of application-level gateways. In larger enterprises, SBCs can also be used in conjunction with SIP trunks to provide call control and make routing/policy decisions on how calls are routed through the LAN/WAN. There are often tremendous cost savings associated with routing traffic through the internal IP networks of an enterprise, rather than routing calls through a traditional circuit-switched phone network.

Additionally, some SBCs can allow VoIP calls to be set up between two phones using different VoIP signaling protocols (e.g., SIP, H.323, Megaco/MGCP) as well as performing transcoding of the media stream when different codecs are in use. Most SBCs also provide firewall features for VoIP traffic (denial of service protection, call filtering, bandwidth management). Protocol normalization and header manipulation is also commonly provided by SBCs, enabling communication between different vendors and networks.

From an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) or 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) architecture perspective, the SBC is the integration of the P-CSCF and IMS-ALG at the signaling plane and the IMS Access Gateway at the media plane on the access side. On the interconnect side, the SBC maps to the IBCF, IWF at the signaling plane and TrGW (Transition Gateway) at the media plane.

From an IMS/TISPAN architecture perspective, the SBC is the integration of the P-CSCF and C-BGF functions on the access side, and the IBCF, IWF, THIG, and I-BGF functions on the peering side. Some SBCs can be "decomposed", meaning the signaling functions can be located on a separate hardware platform than the media relay functions – in other words the P-CSCF can be separated from the C-BGF, or the IBCF/IWF can be separated from the I-BGF functions physically. Standards-based protocol, such as the H.248 Ia profile, can be used by the signaling platform to control the media one while a few SBCs use proprietary protocols.

Controversy
During its infancy, the concept of SBC was controversial to proponents of end-to-end systems and peer-to-peer networking because:
 * SBCs can extend the length of the media path (the way of media packets through the network) significantly. A long media path is undesirable, as it increases the delay of voice packets and the probability of packet loss. Both effects deteriorate the voice/video quality. However, many times there are obstacles to communication such as firewalls between the call parties, and in these cases SBCs offer an efficient method to guide media streams towards an acceptable path between caller and callee; without the SBC the call media would be blocked. Some SBCs can detect if the ends of the call are in the same subnetwork and release control of the media enabling it to flow directly between the clients, this is anti-tromboning or media release. Also, some SBCs can create a media path where none would otherwise be allowed to exist (by virtue of various firewalls and other security apparatus between the two endpoints). Lastly, for specific VoIP network models where the service provider owns the network, SBCs can actually decrease the media path by shortcut routing approaches. For example, a service provider that provides trunking services to several enterprises would usually allocate each enterprise a VPN. It is often desirable to have the option to interconnect the VPN through SBCs. A VPN-aware SBC may perform this function at the edge of the VPN network, rather than sending all the traffic to the core.
 * SBCs can restrict the flow of information between call endpoints, potentially reducing end-to-end transparency. VoIP phones may not be able to use new protocol features unless they are understood by the SBC. However, the SBCs are usually able to cope with the majority of new, and unanticipated protocol features.
 * Sometimes end-to-end encryption can't be used if the SBC does not have the key, although some portions of the information stream in an encrypted call are not encrypted, and those portions can be used and influenced by the SBC. However, the new generations of SBCs, armed with sufficient computing capacity, are able to offload this encryption function from other elements in the network by terminating SIP-TLS, IPsec, and/or SRTP. Furthermore, SBCs can actually make calls and other SIP scenarios work when they couldn't have before, by performing specific protocol "normalization" or "fix-up".
 * In most cases, far-end or hosted NAT traversal can be done without SBCs if the VoIP phones support protocols like STUN, TURN, ICE, or Universal Plug and Play (UPnP).

Most of the controversy surrounding SBCs pertains to whether call control should remain solely with the two endpoints in a call (in service to their owners), or should rather be shared with other network elements owned by the organizations managing various networks involved in connecting the two call endpoints. For example, should call control remain with Alice and Bob (two callers), or should call control be shared with the operators of all the IP networks involved in connecting Alice and Bob's VoIP phones together. The debate of this point was vigorous, almost religious, in nature. Those who wanted unfettered control in the endpoints only, were also greatly frustrated by the various realities of modern networks, such as firewalls and filtering/throttling. On the other side, network operators are typically concerned about overall network performance, interoperability and quality, and want to ensure it is secure.

Lawful intercept and CALEA
Lawful intercept is governed in America by the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA).

An SBC may provide session media (usually RTP) and signaling (often SIP) wiretap services, which can be used by providers to enforce requests for the lawful interception of network sessions. Standards for the interception of such services are provided by ATIS, TIA, CableLabs and ETSI, among others.

History and market
According to Jonathan Rosenberg, the author of RFC 3261 (SIP) and numerous other related RFCs, Dynamicsoft developed the first working SBC in conjunction with Aravox, but the product never truly gained marketshare. Newport Networks was the first to have an IPO on the London Stock Exchange's AIM in May 2004 (NNG), while Cisco has been publicly traded since 1990. Acme Packet followed in October 2006 by floating on the NASDAQ. With the field narrowed by acquisition, NexTone merged with Reefpoint becoming Nextpoint, which was subsequently acquired in 2008 by Genband. At this same time, there emerged the "integrated" SBC where the border control function was integrated into another edge device. In 2009, Ingate Systems' Firewall became the first SBC to earn certification from ICSA Labs, a milestone in certifying the VoIP security capabilities of an SBC.

The continuing growth of VoIP networks pushes SBCs further to the edge, mandating adaptation in capacity and complexity. As the VoIP network grows and traffic volume increases, more and more sessions are passing through SBC. Vendors are addressing these new scale requirements in a variety of ways. Some have developed separate, load balancing systems to sit in front of SBC clusters. Others, have developed new architectures using the latest generation chipsets offering higher performance SBCs and scalability using service cards.

title: Session border controller


text:
I Dream

I Dream is a British children's musical television comedy programme aimed at teenage audiences, which aired in 2004. It was set at an esteemed performing arts college near Barcelona, Spain, and focuses on 13 teenagers who are invited to enrol at the college, Avalon Heights, over the summer. All eight members of the pop group S Club 8 star in the show alongside five other young actors and actresses and Hollywood film actor Christopher Lloyd of Back to the Future fame.

I Dream has the members of S Club 8 playing supposedly exaggerated versions of themselves, albeit with identical names to their real life counterparts. Each episode of the show includes several (usually two or more) songs and dance numbers involving both members and non-members of the band. Cast member George Wood explained the show "a modern day Fame".

The series' production company was 19 Television, a subsidiary of the corporation 19 Management, which is owned by the show's executive producer, Simon Fuller. The first episode of I Dream aired on Wednesday 22 September 2004 on BBC One. From the week of 23 November episodes were aired on Thursday instead of Wednesday, and the thirteenth and final episode aired on 16 December and featured Laila Rouass. Reruns of the show in the UK were broadcast on the CBBC Channel.

Cast

 * Matt Di Angelo as Felix (13/13 Episodes)
 * Rachel Hyde-Harvey as Amy (13/13 Episodes)
 * Helen Kurup as Khush (13/13 Episodes)
 * Lorna Want as Natalie (13/13 Episodes)
 * George Wood as Ollie (13/13 Episodes)
 * Jay Asforis as Jay (13/13 Episodes)
 * Daisy Evans as Daisy (13/13 Episodes)
 * Calvin Goldspink as Calvin (13/13 Episodes)
 * Frankie Sandford as Frankie (13/13 Episodes)
 * Rochelle Wiseman as Rochelle (13/13 Episodes)
 * Stacey McClean as Stacey (13/13 Episodes)
 * Hannah Richings as Hannah (12/13 Episodes)
 * Aaron Renfree as Aaron (8/13 Episodes)
 * Christopher Lloyd as Professor Toone (13/13 Episodes)

Episodes
1."Why Me?" – 22 September 2004 Amy, Felix, Ollie, Natalie and Khush receive an invite to Avalon Heights - a top secret academy for the performing arts, where everybody who's ever been anybody has spent a summer. It's a dream come true but as they settle in to work under the all-seeing eyes of Professor Toone and Patrick, the self-doubts and questions begin to emerge.

2."Just for the Record" – 29 September 2004 Professor Toone sets the first big assignment, and everyone bar Amy quickly finds team-mates. Amy ends up with Felix, with somewhat fiery results. Meanwhile, Calvin and Jay have fallen for Natalie, who exploits them mercilessly.

3."Hold the Front Page" – 6 October 2004 When the Avalon girls take a stroll along the beach they get more than the ice cream they bargained for. Khush is tricked by a scheming journalist into talking about Avalon Heights.

4."Lifestyle" – 13 October 2004 Toone decides to show the students that show business is as unpredictable and teaches the class about the beauty of change and why it's good for the mind.

5."Radio, Radio!" – 20 October 2004 Analie and Patrick march a reluctant Khush into the studio for her turn as morning DJ. Felix seizes the chance to crash the airwaves with his own, edgier pirate station.

6."Charity Record" – 27 October 2004 Calvin, Frankie and Amy are shocked to find workmen preparing to build a car park over a beautiful local pond which is home to hundreds of frogs. The gang launch a protest by recording a song highlighting the frogs' plight, and enlist Natalie to help get it noticed by the press.

7."Oliver" – 3 November 2004 A discussion about the musical Oliver leads to Felix and Ollie arguing about who's had the cushiest life. Ollie, seeking to prove his posh but tough credentials, accepts Felix's challenge to spend a week living a Dickensian deprived life in a barn. The Heights soon divides into those who have nothing in the barn and those who have far too much inside.

8."Together" – 10 November 2004 Music biz bigwig, Jack Smith, asks Stacey to perform at his birthday party. Natalie, Stacey and Amy form an unhappy girl band.

9."Jay's Pirate Video" – 17 November 2004 Jay decides he wants to direct a film. Both Frankie and Natalie become convinced he's made them the leading lady. Soon everyone's taking advantage of Jay's inability to say no to give themselves a major role.

10."Rap-unzel" – 24 November 2004 The students work on a contemporary musical version of Rapunzel, set on a council estate. Toone gets everyone to break free of typecasting and take on a new role that is outside their comfort zone, and Ollie, appointed as director, treats his cast harshly in a bid to shake his reputation for niceness.

11."Living it Easy" – 1 December 2004 Patrick and Felix lock horns and Patrick doubles Felix's workload. The students defend Felix and join him in the doghouse, so they organise a strike. When Toone suggests to Patrick that he may have been too harsh, he decides to strike as well.

12."Families" – 8 December 2004 The students work on a drama piece about families but as they're set to perform the piece, Ollie's parents turn up unannounced and get much more of an insight into their son than they ever bargained for.

13."Toone in Love" – 15 December 2004 Avalon Heights is in trouble and Toone thinks he'll to have to sell it. Returning from a weekend of Bhangra dancing having fallen in love Toone introduces his future wife but Natalie investigates her background and finds that what she might be really after has more to do with the Avalon Heights title deeds than Toone's eternal love.

Songs

 * 1) "Welcome to Avalon Heights" (Prof. Toone's version), "Why Me?" (Felix, Ollie, Amy, Natalie and Khush), "Why Me?" (Ollie's version)
 * 2) "Beautiful Thing" (Calvin and Jay), "Can I Trust You?" (Felix and Amy)
 * 3) "Waste Your Time on Me" (Natalie), "Take Me as I Am" (Khush)
 * 4) "Make a Change" (Prof. Toone, Frankie and Calvin), "I'm Here" (Ollie)
 * 5) "I'm Not Coming with You" (Khush), "Goodbye Radio" (Felix)
 * 6) "You're a Star" (Natalie), "Don't Steal Our Sunshine" (Frankie and Calvin)
 * 7) "Sunshine" (Ollie), "Been There" (Calvin)
 * 8) "Show Me the Stage" (Calvin, Aaron and Jay), "Our Life" (Stacey, Amy and Natalie)
 * 9) "I Dream" (Amy), "Back Off" (Jay)
 * 10) "Open Up My Heart" (Felix and Amy)
 * 11) "Here Comes Summer" (Calvin), "All of the Above" (Felix)
 * 12) "Higher" (Ollie), "Say It's Alright" (Ollie)
 * 13) "Be My Lollie" (Prof. Toone and Lollie Das), "I Want You" (Prof. Toone and I Dreamers), "I Want You Around" (Felix and Amy)

 * Opening Theme: "Dreaming" (Frankie and Calvin)

Note: Rochelle Wiseman, Daisy Evans and Hannah Richings did not have a solo in any of the show's songs.

Theme song and soundtrack
The show's theme song, "Dreaming", was performed by band members Frankie and Calvin and was released as a single on 15 November 2004. It reached number nineteen on the UK Singles Chart, and was billed as 'I Dream featuring Frankie & Calvin'. On 29 November 2004 an official I Dream soundtrack album titled Welcome to Avalon Heights was released and entered the UK Albums Chart at number 133 in its first week. In France, the song "Say It's Alright" was released as a single in July 2005 and reached number 32.

title: I Dream


text: User talk:24.102.133.35

title: User talk:24.102.133.35


text:
Blake's hitch

The Blake's hitch is a friction hitch commonly used by arborists and tree climbers as an ascending knot. Unlike other common climbing hitches, which often use a loop of cord, the Blake's hitch is formed using the end of a rope. Although it is a stable knot, it is often backed up with a stopper knot, such as a figure-of-eight knot, for safety. It is used for both ascending and descending, and is preferred by many arborists over other hitches, such as the taut-line hitch, as it is less prone to binding.

History
The first known presentation of this knot was made by Heinz Prohaska in an Austrian guides periodical in 1981; in 1990, he presented it in a caving journal, Nylon Highway. Separately, Jason Blake discovered the knot for himself and presented it to the arborist community in a letter to Arbor Age in 1994, after which it was enthusiastically adopted by arborists. It has since become well known under the name "Blake's hitch".

Usage
This hitch has two conventional forms – the 4/2 and the 5/3 – although other variations are possible. The 5/3 version has the tail pass up through the bottom three turns of the coil which has five total turns. In the 4/2 version the tail passes up through two of the four coils. The hitch is dressed and set tight enough to provide enough grip for the applied load without being tighter than necessary. This hitch is most commonly used with 12-13mm (1/2 inch) static climbing ropes. (Heinz has advised that where slippage of the base, "4/2" knot seems to result from extra slippery rope(s), add a turn to the away end (i.e., that end beyond the tucked tail); if slippage seems to result from rope stiffness, add a turn at the near end, resulting in the "5/3".)

Tying
In practice it helps to insert the thumb under the lower turns since this facilitates threading the tail in later. After passing the tail round the standing end, the tail then must pass back behind the standing line and up through the desired number of turns of the coil. A stopper knot is then added to the dangling tail to prevent any chance of it pulling out.

Tying this knot incorrectly, by not passing the tail behind the standing line after looping, can lead to failure.

title: Blake's hitch


text:
Bozhurishte

Bozhurishte (Божурище ) is a town in western Bulgaria. It is the administrative center of Bozhurishte Municipality in Sofia Province; close to Kostinbrod and the capital Sofia. The old airport of Sofia, now a military one, is near the town. Bozhurishte was first mentioned in 1750. Its name is derived from the flower peony (божур).

TEREM, a former weapons manufacturer owned by the government and recently sold to private investors, operates from Bozhurishte. Logistics Park Bozhurishte is also part of the city economy and stands as the only large logistics, strategic storage, and light industrial project in the small city.

title: Bozhurishte


text:
Doctor Faustus (novel)

Doctor Faustus is a German novel written by Thomas Mann, begun in 1943 and published in 1947 as Doktor Faustus: Das Leben des deutschen Tonsetzers Adrian Leverkühn, erzählt von einem Freunde ("Doctor Faustus: The Life of the German Composer Adrian Leverkühn, Told by a Friend").

Outline
The novel is a re-shaping of the Faust legend set in the context of the first half of the 20th century and the turmoil of Germany in that period. The story centers on the life and work of the (fictitious) composer Adrian Leverkühn. The narrator is Leverkühn's childhood friend Serenus Zeitblom, who writes in Germany between 1943 and 1946.

Leverkühn's extraordinary intellect and creativity as a young man mark him as destined for success, but his ambition is for true greatness. He strikes a Faustian bargain for creative genius: he intentionally contracts syphilis, which deepens his artistic inspiration through madness. He is subsequently visited by a Mephistophelean being (who says, in effect, "that you can only see me because you are mad, does not mean that I do not really exist" ), and, renouncing love, bargains his soul in exchange for twenty-four years of genius. His madness – his daemonic inspiration – leads to extraordinary musical creativity (which parallels the actual innovations of Arnold Schoenberg).

Leverkühn's last creative years are increasingly haunted by his obsession with the Apocalypse and the Last Judgment. He feels the inexorable progress of his neuro-syphilitic madness leading towards complete breakdown. As in certain of the Faust legends, he calls together his closest friends to witness his final collapse. At a chamber-reading of his cantata "The Lamentation of Doctor Faust", he ravingly confesses his demonic pact before becoming incoherent. His madness reduces him to an infantile state in which he lives under the care of his relatives for another ten years.

Leverkühn's life unfolds in the context of, and in parallel with, the German cultural and political environment which led to the rise and downfall of Nazi Germany. But the predisposing conditions for Leverkühn's pact with the devil are set in character, and in the artistic life, the artistic processes themselves, not merely as political allegory. The interplay of layers between the narrator's historical situation, the progress of Leverkühn's madness, and the medieval legends with which he consciously connects himself makes for an overwhelmingly rich symbolic network, an ambiguous complexity that cannot be reduced to a single interpretation.

Plot
The origins of the narrator and the protagonist in the fictitious small town of Kaisersaschern on the Saale, the name of Zeitblom's apothecary father, Wohlgemut, and the description of Adrian Leverkühn as an old-fashioned German type, with a cast of features "from a time before the Thirty Years' War", evoke the old post-medieval Germany. In their respective Catholic and Lutheran origins, and theological studies, they are heirs to the German Renaissance and the world of Dürer and Bach, but sympathetic to, and admired by, the "keen-scented receptivity of Jewish circles".

They are awakened to musical knowledge by Wendell Kretzschmar, a German American organist, lecturer, and musicologist in Kaisersaschern. After schooling together, both boys study at Halle – Adrian studies theology; Zeitblom does not, but participates in discussions with the theological students – but Adrian becomes absorbed in musical harmony, counterpoint and polyphony as a key to metaphysics and mystic numbers, and follows Kretzschmar to Leipzig to study with him.

Zeitblom describes "with a religious shudder" Adrian's embrace with the woman who gave him syphilis (whom Adrian names "Esmeralda" after the butterfly that fascinates his father), how he worked her name in note-ciphers into his compositions, and how the medics who sought to heal him were all prevented from effecting a cure by mysterious and deadly interventions. Zeitblom begins to perceive the demonic, as Adrian develops other friendships, first with the translator Rüdiger Schildknapp, and then after his move to Munich with the handsome young violinist Rudi Schwerdtfeger, Frau Rodde and her doomed daughters Clarissa and Ines, a numismatist named Dr. Kranich, and two artists named Leo Zink and Baptist Spengler.

Zeitblom insists, however, on the unique closeness of his own relationship to Adrian, for he remains the only person whom the composer addresses by the familiar pronoun. Adrian meets the Schweigestill family at Pfeiffering in the country an hour from Munich, which later becomes his permanent home and retreat. While a fictional town, Mann based Pfeiffering on the actual Bavarian town of Polling.

He lives at Palestrina in Italy with Schildknapp in 1912, and Zeitblom visits them. It is there that Adrian, working on music for an operatic adaptation of Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost, has his long dialogue with a Mephistopheles figure who appears either objectively or out of his own afflicted soul. In these central pages, the fulcrum of the story, Zeitblom presents Adrian's manuscript of the conversation. The demon, speaking in archaic German, claims Esmeralda as the instrument by which he entraps Adrian and offers him twenty-four years' life as a genius – the supposed incubation period of his syphilis – if he will now renounce the warmth of love. The dialogue reveals the anatomy of Leverkühn's thought.

Adrian then moves permanently to Pfeiffering, and in conversations with Zeitblom confesses a darker view of life. Figures of a demonic type appear, such as Dr. Chaim Breisacher, to cast down the idols of the older generation.

In 1915, Ines Rodde marries, but forms an adulterous love for Rudi Schwerdtfeger. Adrian begins to experience illnesses of retching, headaches and migraines, but is producing new and finer music, preparing the way for his great work, the oratorio Apocalypsis cum Figuris ('The Apocalypse with Figures' ). Schwerdtfeger woos himself into Adrian's solitude, asking for a violin concerto that would be like the offspring of their platonic union.

By August 1919 Adrian has completed the sketch of Apocalypsis. There is also a new circle of intellectual friends, including Sextus Kridwiss, the art-expert; Chaim Breisacher; Dr. Egon Unruhe, the palaeozoologist; Georg Vogler, a literary historian; Dr. Holzschuher, a Dürer scholar; and the saturnine poet Daniel zur Höhe. In their discussions they declare the need for the renunciation of bourgeois softness and a preparation for an age of pre-medieval harshness. Adrian writes to Zeitblom that collectivism is the true antithesis of Bourgeois culture; Zeitblom observes that aestheticism is the herald of barbarism.

Apocalypsis is performed in Frankfurt in 1926 under Otto Klemperer with 'Erbe' as the St. John narrator. Zeitblom describes the work as filled with longing without hope, with hellish laughter transposed and transfigured even into the searing tones of spheres and angels.

Adrian, producing the concerto which Rudi solicited, attempts to evade his contract and obtain a wife by employing Rudi as the messenger of his love. She however prefers Rudi himself, and not Adrian. Soon afterwards Rudi is shot dead in a tram by Ines out of jealousy. As Adrian begins to plan the second oratorio The Lamentation of Doctor Faustus, in 1928, his sister's child Nepomuk is sent to live with him. The boy, who calls himself "Echo", is beloved by all.

As the work of gigantic dimensions develops in Adrian's mind, the child falls ill and dies, and Adrian, despairing, believes that by gazing at him with love, in violation of his contract, he has killed him with poisonous and hellish influences.

The score of the Lamentation is completed in 1930, Adrian summons his friends and guests, and instead of playing the music he relates the story of his infernal contract, and descends into the brain disease which lasts until his death ten years later.

Zeitblom visits him occasionally, and survives to witness the collapse of Germany's "dissolute triumphs" as he tells the story of his friend.

Sources and origins
Mann published his own account of the genesis of the novel in 1949. The novel's title and themes are inseparable in German literature from its highest dramatic expression in the Faust I and Faust II of the poet Goethe, and declares Mann's intention to address his subject in the light of that profound, authentic exploration and depiction of the German character. Yet the relationship is indirect, the Faustian aspect of Leverkühn's character being paralleled in the abnormal circumstances surrounding Nazism. Helen Lowe-Porter, the novel's first English translator, wrote of its themes, "Readers of Faustus will and must be involved, with shudders, in all three strands of the book: the German scene from within, and its broader, its universal origins; the depiction of an art not German alone but vital to our whole civilization; music as one instance of the arts and the state in which the arts find themselves today [sc. 1949]; and, finally, the invocation of the daemonic."

Nietzsche
The trajectory of Leverkühn's career is modeled partly upon the life of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900). From his supposed contraction of syphilis to his complete mental collapse in 1889 and his death in 1900, Nietzsche's life presents a celebrated example imitated in Leverkühn. (The illnesses of Delius and Wolf also resonate, as does the death of Mahler's child after he had tempted fate (as Alma Mahler thought) by setting the Kindertotenlieder.) Nietzsche's 1871 work The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music, presents the theme that the evolution of Art is bound up with the duality of the Apollonian and Dionysian Hellenic impulses, which the novel illuminates. Perhaps the 'serene' Zeitblom and the tragical Leverkuhn personify such a duality between impulses towards reasoned, contemplative progress, and those toward passion and tragic destiny, within character or creativity in the context of German society. Mann wrote, "Zeitblom is a parody of myself. Adrian's mood is closer to my own than one might – and ought to – think."

Guidance
Theodor Adorno acted as Mann's adviser and encouraged him to rewrite large sections of the book. Mann also read chapters to groups of invited friends (a method also used by Kafka) to test the effect of the text. In preparation for the work, Mann studied musicology and biographies of major composers including Mozart, Beethoven, Hector Berlioz, Hugo Wolf, Franz Schreker and Alban Berg. He communicated with living composers, including Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg and Hanns Eisler. In Chapter XXII Leverkühn develops the twelve-tone technique or row system, which was actually invented by Arnold Schoenberg. Schoenberg lived near Mann in Los Angeles as the novel was being written. He was very annoyed by this appropriation without his consent, and later editions of the novel included an Author's Note at the end acknowledging that the technique was Schoenberg's invention, and that passages of the book dealing with musical theory are indebted in many details to Schoenberg's Harmonielehre.

Models for the composer-legend
Leverkühn's projected work The Lamentation of Dr Faustus echoes the name of Ernst Krenek's Lamentatio Jeremiae prophetae, an oratorio of 1941–1942 which combines the Schoenbergian twelve-tone technique with modal counterpoint. As a model for the composer-legend Mann was strongly aware of Hans Pfitzner's opera Palestrina, premiered at Munich in 1917. Leverkühn's preoccupation with polyphonic theory draws on the opera's theme of how the composer Palestrina sought to preserve polyphonic composition in his Missa Papae Marcelli. The tenor Karl Erb (also very famous as Evangelist narrator in Bach's St. Matthew Passion) created the role in Pfitzner's opera, and the singer-narrator in Leverkühn's Apocalysis cum Figuris is named 'Erbe' (meaning 'heritage', i.e. inheritor of the tradition) in reference to him. Two other German operas of the time, the Berlin-based Ferruccio Busoni's Doktor Faust (left unfinished in 1924), and Paul Hindemith's Mathis der Maler (about Matthias Grünewald), completed 1935, similarly explore the isolation of the creative individual, presenting the ethical, spiritual and artistic crises of the early 20th century through their roots in the German Protestant Reformation.

Naming
Throughout the work personal names are used allusively to reflect the paths of German culture from its medieval roots. For examples, Zeitblom's father Wohlgemut has the resonance of the artist Michael Wohlgemuth, teacher of Albrecht Dürer. Wendell Kretzschmar, the man who awakens them to music, probably hints at Hermann Kretzschmar, musical analyst, whose 'Guides to the Concert Hall' were widely read. The doomed child's name Nepomuk, in the 19th century quite popular in Austria and southern Germany, recalls the composer Johann Nepomuk Hummel and the playwright Johann Nestroy. Reflecting the (Counter-Reformation) cult of John Nepomuk, it therefore also evokes the high rococo, the 're-echoing of movement', in the St John Nepomuk Church architecture by the Asam brothers in Munich, and probably the descriptions and interpretations of it by Heinrich Wölfflin.

The character of the violinist Rudi Schwerdtfeger is modelled on Paul Ehrenberg of Dresden, an admired friend of Mann's. But in general the characters and names echo philosophies and intellectual standpoints without intending portraits or impersonations of real individuals. They serve the many-layered, multi-valent allusiveness of Mann's style to underpin and reinforce the symbolic nature of his work.

Themes
As a re-telling of the Faust myth, the novel is concerned with themes such as pride, temptation, the cost of greatness, loss of humanity and so on. Another concern is with the intellectual fall of Germany in the time leading up to World War II. Leverkühn's own moods and ideology mimic the change from humanism to irrational nihilism found in Germany's intellectual life in the 1930s. Leverkühn becomes increasingly corrupt of body and of mind, ridden by syphilis and insanity. In the novel, all of these thematic threads – Germany's intellectual fall, Leverkühn's spiritual fall, and the physical corruption of his body – directly correspond to the national disaster of fascist Germany. In Mann's published version of his 1938 United States lecture tour, The Coming Victory of Democracy, he said, "I must regretfully own that in my younger years I shared that dangerous German habit of thought which regards life and intellect, art and politics as totally separate worlds." He now realised that they were inseparable. In Doktor Faustus, Leverkühn's personal history, his artistic development, and the shifting German political climate are tied together by the narrator Zeitblom as he feels out and worries over the moral health of his nation (just as he had worried over the spiritual health of his friend, Leverkühn).

Adaptations

 * Franz Seitz's 1982 adaptation of the novel for West German television starred Jon Finch as Adrian Leverkühn.
 * Alexander Sokurov's film Faust (2011) is loosely based on both Mann's novel and Goethe's play.

English translations

 * H. T. Lowe-Porter translated many of Mann's works, including Doctor Faustus, almost contemporaneously with their composition. Mann completed Doctor Faustus in 1947, and in 1948 Alfred A. Knopf published Lowe-Porter's English translation. The translator in her note remarked 'Grievous difficulties do indeed confront anyone essaying the role of copyist to this vast canvas, this cathedral of a book, this woven tapestry of symbolism.' She described her translation as 'a version which cannot lay claim to being beautiful, though in every intent it is deeply faithful.' She employed medieval English vocabulary and phrasing to correspond with those sections of the text in which characters speak in Early New High German.
 * John E. Woods' translation (Knopf, 1997; Vintage, 1999) is in a more modern vein, and does not attempt to mirror the original in this way.

title: Doctor Faustus (novel)


text:
National Women's Basketball League

The National Women's Basketball League, often abbreviated to the NWBL, was an organization governing professional basketball leagues for women in the United States. The league was founded in 1997 and began play in the Fall of that year. The league held its season during the off-season of the WNBA. During the WNBA off-season, some WNBA players would play in the NWBL. The league ceased operations in 2007.

History
In contrast to the ABL, WBA, and the WNBA before it, the NWBL was founded to govern a competitive amateur league for women. The NWBL was founded in 1997, in the shadow of both the ABL and the WNBA. The league is considered to be the brainchild of Patrick Alexander and Kevin Szotkowski, who saw the rapid growth of women's athletics of the time and decided to go into the business of promoting women athletes. With the assistance of former college basketball players and NWBL co-founders Jolynn Schneider and Jeanine Michealsen, Alexander and Szotkowski launched an aggressive marketing campaign in the Fall of 1997 to recruit players and teams.

Although the recruitment campaign was not without its problems (including the death of Nick Johnson, co-founder of the marketing firm behind the league), the NWBL enrolled four teams by November and held its first championship series in December 1997. The first four teams enrolled were the San Diego Waves (considered to be the first NWBL team), the Columbus Lady Blazers, the Washington DC Defenders and the Long Beach Lightning. By the end of 2000, the league grew to encompass 600 players in 15 states and 26 cities.

The 2001 season was the first season for the NWBL Pro League, which now serves as the primary organization for the NWBL. The first four teams in the newly formed league were the Atlanta Justice, the Birmingham Power, the Mobile Majesty and the Kansas City Legacy. The league managed to finish its first season in April 2001 when the Atlanta Justice won the 1st NWBL Pro Cup.

Since 2001, the NWBL Pro League has played host to such WNBA stars as Sheryl Swoopes, Sue Bird, Tamika Catchings and Becky Hammon. The league folded in 2007, and since then the WNBA and WABA have been the only Women's Professional leagues in the United States.

Past teams

 * Atlanta Justice (2001–02)
 * Birmingham Power (2001–05)
 * Chicago Blaze (2002–05)
 * Colorado Chill (2004–06)
 * Grand Rapids Blizzard (2003)
 * Houston Stealth (2002–04)
 * Iowa Cornettes (2004)
 * Lubbock Hawks (2005)
 * Mobile Majesty (2001)
 * San Francisco Legacy (2006, Dallas Fury 2004-05, Tennessee Fury 2003, Kansas City Legacy 2001-02)
 * San Diego Siege (2006)
 * San Jose Spiders (2005–06)
 * Springfield Spirit (2002–04)

Champions

 * 2001 Atlanta Justice 90-75 Birmingham Power
 * 2002 Houston Stealth 68-59 Chicago Blaze
 * 2003 Houston Stealth 95-76 Tennessee Fury
 * 2004 Dallas Fury    73-69 Colorado Chill
 * 2005 Colorado Chill 77-70 Dallas Fury
 * 2006 Colorado Chill 78-71 San Diego Siege

title: National Women's Basketball League


text:
Cajun Dart

Cajun Dart is the designation of an American sounding rocket. The Cajun Dart was used 87 times between 1964 and 1970. The Cajun rocket motor was developed from Deacon.

Staged on top of a Nike rocket, it was part of the Nike-Cajun sounding rocket; it was also used as part of the Terasca three-stage rocket.

Specs

 * Takeoff thrust: 36 kN
 * Maximum flight height: 74 km
 * Takeoff weight: 100 kg
 * Diameter: 0.17 m
 * Length: 4.10 m

title: Cajun Dart


text:
Talk:Interahamwe

IPA
This article needs more IPA. --82.139.47.117 19:31, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

I would add in the IPA, but when I type it in, it appears as boxes, though I can read it on other pages. Could somebody please take care of the IPA for me? --Ionius Mundus 19:47, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

I really believe this article needs to be revised quite a bit as I have found some overall errors... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.51.146.22 (talk) 22:26, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 05:45, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Flag
The flag currently shown, as per the source on its, is that of the Rwandan Democratic Movement, which seems to be aka Republican Democratic Movement. This party seems to have been part of the RPF-led government following the war, so it's unlikely it had anything to do with the Interahamwe. The source on CRWflags seems to be confused, so I'm removing the flag for now. Bulbajer (talk) 07:18, 22 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, I found another source. I'll ask for the file page to be renamed to reflect the correct name of the party. Bulbajer (talk) 07:31, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

Interahamwe meaning: Those That Work Together - Rwandan's answer to the planned division and destruction of their society...
Wonder if there is, in truth, a more unsung reason for Rwandans choosing the word 'Interahamwe' and the meaning behind it. One wonders that Rwandans rightly precieved that a malignant outside force was indeed trying to sew destructive division amongst Rwandan society. Think about it, 'society working together' is exactly the opposite of what the divide and rule elites ever want. Seems Rwandans were very much onto divisive and destructive nature against their society. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:C7D:411:1600:A0DA:D1C5:F1DA:81A9 (talk) 02:13, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Interahamwe


text:
NWBL

NWBL may refer to:

 * National Women's Basketball League, United States
 * National Wheelchair Basketball League (Australia)

title: NWBL


text:
CTM

CTM is an initialism that may stand for:

Companies and organizations

 * Compagnie de Transports au Maroc, a Moroccan public bus transport company
 * Companhia de Telecomunicações de Macau, a Macau telecommunications company
 * Confederation of Mexican Workers, a confederation of labor unions

Technology

 * Cell Transmission Model, a traffic prediction algorithm
 * Chemical transport model, a simulation of atmospheric chemistry and pollution
 * Close to Metal, a low-level programming interface
 * Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming, a 2004 textbook
 * Corner transfer matrix, a method in statistical mechanics
 * Critical thermal maximum, the temperature above which an organism cannot survive
 * Current Transformation Matrix, the transformation matrix currently applying in a graphics pipeline
 * Certified Technology Manager, an accreditation by ATMAE - Association of Technology, Management and Applied Engineering.

Transport

 * Chatham railway station (Kent), Kent; National Rail station code
 * Cheltenham railway station, Melbourne
 * Chetumal International Airport, Mexico; IATA code
 * Kattankulathur railway station, Chengalpattu, India; Indian Railways station code

Other

 * Canadian Tire money, a retail loyalty program
 * Chaland de transport de matériel, a French landing craft class
 * Chicken tikka masala, a curry dish
 * Community Trade Mark, now European Union trade mark, a designation for goods or services
 * Computational theory of mind, the view that the human mind is best conceived as a computational system
 * Corporate travel management, a generic term for corporate travel agencies
 * Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, a period of rapid warming in the Cretaceous period

title: CTM


text:
Soul music (disambiguation)

Soul music is a musical genre, closely related to rhythm and blues, which grew out of the African-American gospel and blues traditions during the late 1950s and early 1960s in the United States.

Soul music may also refer to:
 * Soul Music (novel), the title of a Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett
 * Soul Music (TV series), animated TV Series based on the novel by Terry Pratchett
 * Soul Music (radio series), BBC Radio 4 series about the emotional impact of music
 * Soul Music, Dru Hill band member Woody Rock's 2002 gospel album

title: Soul music (disambiguation)


text:
Hoyle

Hoyle is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Arthur Hoyle (1922–2012), Australian historian and biographer
 * Bert Hoyle (1920–2003), English footballer
 * Colin Hoyle (born 1972), English footballer
 * David Hoyle (performance artist) (born 1962), British performance artist
 * David W. Hoyle (1939–2023), North Carolina politician
 * Dean Hoyle (born 1967), British businessman
 * Doug Hoyle (born 1930), British politician
 * Edmond Hoyle (1672–1769), compiler of rules of card games
 * Sir Fred Hoyle (1915–2001), British astronomer and science fiction writer
 * Geoff Hoyle (born 1945), British actor
 * Geoffrey Hoyle (born 1942), English science fiction writer, son of Sir Fred Hoyle
 * Henry Hoyle (1852–1926), Australian politician and rugby league football administrator
 * Isaac Hoyle (1828–1911), British mill owner and politician
 * Jacob Hoyle (born 1994), American Olympic fencer
 * Jonas Hoyl (1834–1906), American politician
 * Joshua Hoyle (died 1654), English theologian
 * Katie Hoyle (born 1988), New Zealand footballer
 * Sir Lindsay Hoyle (born 1957), British politician and current Speaker of the House of Commons
 * Mark Hoyle (born 1987), British YouTuber known as LadBaby
 * Rebecca Hoyle, British mathematician
 * Robert Hoyle (1781–1857), British businessman and politician
 * Stephen Hoyle (born 1992), English footballer
 * Theodore Hoyle (1884–1953), English cricketer
 * Trevor Hoyle (born 1940), English science fiction writer
 * William Hoyle (disambiguation)

title: Hoyle


text:
ICRF

ICRF can refer to:

 * Imperial Cancer Research Fund, a cancer research organization in the United Kingdom
 * International Celestial Reference Frame, a reference frame in astrometry and astronomy
 * Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, a law enforcement agency in Russia
 * Israel Cancer Research Fund, a North American charitable organization that supports cancer research in Israel
 * Ion cyclotron resonance frequency

title: ICRF


text:
Ramzi Abed

Ramzi Abed (was born on March 5, 1973) is the founder of Bloodshot Pictures and also the founding member of the electronic group, Elektracity. He is a Palestinian-American visual artist, performer and filmmaker based on Planet Earth known for The Tunnel (2001), Waking (1999) and Telephone World (2013). He works out of both Falls Church, Virginia and Los Angeles, California. Creates films that focus on dying and transcending the physical world. Each of his films often features characters when they are sleeping. He was previously married to Amanda Staggs(October 31, 2004 - July 2010) (separated).

Film career
His early short film The Tunnel was screened at numerous film festivals all over the world, including the Deep Ellum and TromaDance film festivals in 2001 and 2002 respectively. Abed's projects include Upside Downtown, starring Masuimi Max, and The Devil's Muse, based on the unsolved murder of Elizabeth Short known as the "Black Dahlia murder". The Devil's Muse marked his first collaboration with David J, who created the original score and soundtrack for the film. The Devil's Muse was released digitally by Cinetic Media and theatrically and on DVD by HALO 8 Entertainment. His English- and Hebrew-language feature film In A Spiral State was released theatrically and on DVD through HALO 8 on September 29, 2009. His documentary on avant-garde erotica, The New Erotic was originally slated to be released in the summer of 2011. His feature film Noirland starring James Duval and Twink Caplan wrapped production in 2010, and was preparing for a theatrical premiere in 2014.

Music career
Abed is a founding member of the electronic group, Elektracity known for their improvisation and layered sound effects. Other members include make-up artist and fashion designer Amanda Staggs and producer/actor, Eric Fleming.

Filmography

 * 1998: Nobody (short)
 * 1999: Waking (short)
 * 2000: The Interview (documentary short)
 * 2001: The Tunnel (short)
 * 2003: Clay Fields (documentary)
 * 2003: Shortkutz Vol. IV (video short)
 * 2005: Upside Downtown
 * 2006: Black Dahlia Movie (documentary)
 * 2007: The Devil's Muse
 * 2009: Kelly Deerdale, Naturist (video short)
 * 2009: In a Spiral State
 * 2011: The New Erotic: Art Sex Revolution (documentary)
 * 2012: Telephone World
 * 2012: Nerdy Girls (credited as MR. E)
 * 2020: Noirland (post-production)

title: Ramzi Abed